{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly above average tropical cyclone season. It ran from 1 November 1999 to 30 April 2000. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a \"tropical cyclone year\" separately from a \"tropical cyclone season\", with the \"tropical cyclone year\" for this season lasting from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season\nTwo of the most notable cyclones of the season were Steve and Rosita. Cyclone Steve transversed the entire Australian continent, and although a fairly weak cyclone, caused widespread flooding in Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia, while Cyclone Rosita made an almost direct hit on Broome as a severe Category\u00a04 cyclone, devastating several remote stations and the town itself. Rosita surprised many residents of its arrival, as it made landfall very late in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Ilsa\nIlsa formed to the northeast of the Cocos Islands on 11 December 1999. The cyclone moved to the south of Christmas Island on the 13th producing a heavy swell which caused some damage. Its development was impeded by vertical windshear for a large part of its lifetime. After a long track eastwards across the Indian Ocean it eventually crossed the Western Australian coastline on the Eighty Mile Beach near the Sandfire Roadhouse during the early afternoon of 17 December 1999. Apart from producing heavy rainfall, Ilsa did not produce any significant damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone John\nTropical Cyclone John started as a low to the south-west of Timor on 9 December 1999. It rapidly intensified and moved towards the Pilbara coast of Western Australia. Just before landfall it was a severe category 5 storm with a central pressure of 915\u00a0hPa, with winds estimated at being up to 205\u00a0km/h (130\u00a0mph). The cyclone crossed the coast just to the west of Whim Creek between Port Hedland and Karratha on 8:30\u00a0am (WST) 15 December 1999. At the time of coastal crossing, it was estimated to have a central pressure between 930 and 940\u00a0hPa. The cyclone moved inland before dissipating the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone John\nPort Hedland experienced gale-force winds for a period of 18\u00a0hours and near storm force winds with gusts to 124\u00a0km/h (78\u00a0mph) were observed on 15 December for most of the day. A maximum storm surge of 2\u00a0metres was recorded by the Port Hedland Authority at 6\u00a0am WST. At Karratha, on the western side of the circulation, the maximum wind gust recorded was 113\u00a0km/h (70\u00a0mph). At Cape Lambert, winds averaged 150\u00a0km/h (95\u00a0mph) for 5\u00a0hours with a maximum gust of 210\u00a0km/h (130\u00a0mph).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone John\nThere was some minor damage in Karratha. High winds and flooding caused extensive structural damage at many stations in the Pilbara and mining operations were suspended at many sites. The 113-year-old Whim Creek Hotel suffered major damage with the top floor lost, and the town of Newman experienced some flooding (500\u00a0mm (20\u00a0in) of rain was recorded). However, major towns in the Pilbara escaped any serious damage, and the damage was relatively light due to the sparseness of population in the area John hit. There were no deaths from John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone John\nTen hours prior to landfall on the Australian coastline, John was moving southwards directly towards Karratha and Dampier. Had John failed to turn to the south-east like what it did, damage to the towns of Karratha, Dampier, Roebourne and Wickham caused by John would have been much worse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Kirrily\nTropical Cyclone Kirrily formed about 350\u00a0km (215\u00a0mi) east of the Cocos Islands on 24 January 2000 and moved west southwest towards the Western Australian coast. Kirrily intensified, reaching Category 2  status on 27 January. On 28 January, Kirrily turned southwest, moving away from the coast, weakening to below cyclone strength by 31 January, while located approximately 900\u00a0km (560\u00a0mi) west of Carnarvon. The lowest central pressure was estimated to have reached 970\u00a0hPa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 84], "content_span": [85, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nA low-pressure area developed within the monsoon trough on 1 February, while located about 250\u00a0km (155\u00a0mi) south of the Indonesian island of Bali. The low formed due to a surge of energy within the monsoon that had crossed the equator from the northwest. Associated convection was initially sparse, and over the subsequent few days the system tracked west-southwestward without much development, moving around a large ridge over northwestern Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 87], "content_span": [88, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0008-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nThere was initially moderate wind shear in the region, although an anticyclone was developing aloft, which allowed the convection was able to persist over the center and gradually develop outflow. Late on 3 February, the Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (PTCWC) upgraded the tropical low to a Category\u00a01 on the Australian tropical cyclone scale, estimating 10\u00a0minute sustained winds of 65\u00a0km/h (40\u00a0mph). At 04:00\u00a0UTC the next day, the PTCWC named the storm Tropical Cyclone Leon. An hour prior, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 11S, while the storm was located about 215\u00a0km (130\u00a0mi) south-southeast of Christmas Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 87], "content_span": [88, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nAfter becoming a named storm, Leon turned more to the west-southwest, due to a trough weakening the ridge to the south. The storm developed increased convective banding, aided by decreasing wind shear, and quickly intensified. Early on 5 February, the PTCWC upgraded Leon to a Category\u00a03 on the Australian scale, estimating 10\u00a0minute winds of 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph). At 22:00\u00a0UTC that day, the agency estimated an initial peak of 140\u00a0km/h (85\u00a0mph).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 87], "content_span": [88, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0009-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nOn 6 February, the cyclone developed an eye in the center of the convection that was only visible on Special sensor microwave/imager, not on satellite imagery. On the same day, the JTWC upgraded Leon to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, estimating 1\u00a0minute winds of 140\u00a0km/h (85\u00a0mph). A trough passing to the south increased wind shear, causing the storm to weaken. Around that time, Leon passed about 510\u00a0km (315\u00a0mi) south of the Cocos Islands, while turning more to the west after the ridge strengthened to the south. By 8 February, the circulation was exposed from the rapidly dwindling thunderstorms. At 18:00\u00a0UTC that day, Leon crossed 90\u00b0\u00a0E into the south-west Indian Ocean,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 87], "content_span": [88, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Marcia\nMarcia was a Category\u00a01 cyclone that formed on 15 February, and remained quasi-stationary in the open Indian Ocean at around 15\u02daS, 103\u02daE. Perth issued its final warning on 17 February at 0400 UTC, downgrading to a tropical low. Marcia dissipated on 21 February. The lowest central pressure was 992\u00a0hPa achieved on 16 February at 1000 UTC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 76], "content_span": [77, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Steve\nA long lived cyclone lasting 13\u00a0days, Steve actually made landfall four times on the Australian mainland. It formed on 25 February 2000 and crossed the Queensland coast north of Cairns the same day as a strong Category\u00a02 in the Australian Scale. It weakened to a low and then redeveloped in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Steve then crossed into the Northern Territory and weakened again. The low then moved over the Indian Ocean near Broome and reformed again into a tropical cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 75], "content_span": [76, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0011-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Steve\nIt intensified into a strong Category\u00a02, reaching its peak intensity, and made landfall to the west of Karratha. It weakened to a Category\u00a01 and emerged again over the Indian Ocean near Carnarvon. It finally made its fourth landfall as a weak Category\u00a01 on 9 March 2000 near Shark Bay. It accelerated to the south-east towards Esperance and emerged over the Great Australian Bight where it became extratropical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 75], "content_span": [76, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Steve\nThere was extensive damage across a wide area of Australia, from Cairns in Queensland to Esperance in Western Australia on 11 March. Most of the damage was caused by severe flooding which resulted with costs in excess of $100\u00a0million (AUD). There were no reports of deaths from Cyclone Steve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 75], "content_span": [76, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Norman\nSevere Tropical Cyclone Norman developed from a low that moved off the west Kimberley coast on 29 February 2000. The cyclone tracked parallel to the Pilbara coastline for 3\u00a0days at a distance of about 250\u00a0km (155\u00a0mi), before continuing on a westward track away from the Western Australian coast. Norman quickly reached a peak intensity as a Category 4 cyclone on 2 March with a central pressure estimated at 920\u00a0hPa, while about 780\u00a0km (485\u00a0mi) to the west-northwest of Exmouth. Norman soon weakened over the following 2\u00a0days. During 6 March, the cyclone changed direction to a southerly track. The system finally dissipated on 8 March. Norman had no direct impact on Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Olga\nOlga formed from a low that developed in the Timor Sea on 15 March 2000. The low maintained a west southwest track, paralleling the Kimberley and Pilbara coasts. The low was named Tropical Cyclone Olga on 17 March while located approximately 570\u00a0km (355\u00a0mi) to the north of Exmouth. Olga intensified to Category 2  status with a central pressure of 980\u00a0hPa. By the 20th the system had weakened to a tropical low while located about 970\u00a0km (605\u00a0mi) to the west of Carnarvon. The system had no direct effect on Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Tessi\nA tropical low in the northern Coral Sea moved toward the coast, deepened into Tropical Cyclone Tessi on 2 April and crossed the coast near Bambaroo and Crystal Creek (80\u00a0km (50\u00a0mi) north of Townsville) early on 3 April as a Category\u00a02 system on landfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Tessi\nTessi's winds unroofed buildings, uprooted trees, downed power lines in the area between Ingham and Ayr. The Strand suffered wave damage with several boats destroyed. Heavy rain caused landslides on Townsville's Castle Hill destroying two homes and requiring the evacuation of another fifty homes. Considerable damage to personal property and to Townsville City infrastructure was reported. Townsville Aero reported a record April wind gust of 130\u00a0km/h (81\u00a0mph), a record April daily rainfall total of 271.6\u00a0mm (10.7\u00a0in) and the cyclone was the main contribution to a record April monthly total of 546.2\u00a0mm (21.5\u00a0in). In addition, moderate damage was also reported throughout Magnetic Island and the then Thuringowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Tessi\nMinor to moderate flooding in the Haughton River increased to major in the lower reaches with the highest level since the start of records in 1978 being recorded at Giru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Vaughan\nA tropical low was first identified near New Caledonia on 29 March. The low tracked northwest through the Coral Sea to become Tropical Cyclone Vaughan early on 4 April. The system rapidly intensified to Category\u00a02 during the morning of the 4th and tracked westward toward the north Queensland tropical coast. Cyclone Vaughan weakened a little during 5 April and was downgraded to a Category\u00a01 system before re-intensifying to Category\u00a02 early on 6 April. However, by late morning on the 6th the system again rapidly weakened and was downgraded below cyclone strength during the afternoon. The remnants of Cyclone Vaughan drifted slowly northwest and dissipated during 7 April. There was no evidence of any significant impact on the coast from Vaughan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Paul\nPaul formed about 1000\u00a0km (620\u00a0mi) north of Karratha on 13 April 2000 and moved west, away from the West Australian coastline, thus never posing any threat to coastal communities. The cyclone showed rapid intensification and Severe Tropical Cyclone Paul reached Category\u00a05 status during 15 April, and the lowest central pressure was estimated to have been about 920\u00a0hPa the following day. Severe Tropical Cyclone Paul passed about 200\u00a0km (125\u00a0mi) to the south of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands during the 17th and the central pressure was estimated to be about 940\u00a0hPa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0019-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Paul\nWind gusts at Cocos Islands were in the order of around 50\u00a0km/h (30\u00a0mph). TC Paul continued to weaken as the system followed a general west-south-west track across the Indian Ocean. The cyclone slowed to be almost stationary on 20 April and weakened to below cyclone strength. Perth issued the final warning for TC Paul on 20 April when the Category\u00a01 cyclone was in the vicinity of latitude 14.7\u00b0 south and longitude 94.3\u00b0 east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Rosita\nRosita was named on 17 April while located 670\u00a0km (415\u00a0mi) north of Port Hedland. It rapidly intensified into a Category\u00a05 storm on 19 April while moving to the east-south-east. Rosita struck the Kimberley coast as a Category\u00a04 at 0100\u00a0hours WST on 20 April 2000, 40\u00a0km (25\u00a0mi) south of Broome. According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Rosita made landfall as a Category\u00a05 cyclone. Its lowest central pressure was estimated to be 930\u00a0hPa a couple of hours prior to landfall. The small cyclone left severe structural damage in Eco Beach tourist resort, Yardoogarra and Thangoo Stations. Elsewhere there was considerable tree and powerline damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nOn 2 December, TCWC Brisbane reported that a tropical low had developed within a monsoonal trough about 325\u00a0km (200\u00a0mi) to the north of Cook Town. During that day the low moved eastwards while weakening, before TCWC Brisbane issued the final bulletin on the low early the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nOn 10 January, a tropical low developed to the northwest of Cairns. It moved to the southeast before it was last noted, the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0023-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nOn 19 February, a weak tropical low formed about 225\u00a0km to the east-southeast of Townsville. It became stationary until it was last seen on the same day. There is a possibility that Steve formed from the remnant of this low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0024-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nA tropical low was seen beginning to form, while located over the Solomon Sea on 14 March. It moved to the southeast before it was last noted while dissipating on 16 March, to the north of Townsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0025-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nOn 26 April, a tropical low was detected to the west of Cooktown. It moved to the west, before turning north and to the east, until it entered the South Pacific basin on 31 April. It meandered on the basin, before reentering the Australian basin on 2 May. It accelerated to the west until it was last noted near Mackay on the same day. It also possessed gale-force winds; however, like the low that formed two days later, it wasn't named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0026-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nThe last system of the season formed on 20 May as a tropical low to the south of the Solomon Islands. It was last seen on 23 May as it entered the South Pacific basin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0027-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Storm names\nMost tropical cyclones in the region are assigned names by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Tropical cyclones are named if they are non-frontal low-pressure systems of synoptic scale developing over warm waters, or if Dvorak intensity analysis indicate the presence of gale force or stronger winds near the centre. Therefore, tropical systems with gales in one or more quadrants, but not near the centre, are not named. All names assigned in the Australian region are selected sequentially. Only the names used during this cyclone season are listed below. The complete list of names for each basin are found in the World Meteorological Organization's official lists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0028-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Storm names\nEach Australian Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane) maintains a list of names arranged alphabetically and alternating male and female. Tropical cyclones that develop in the South-East Indian Ocean are assigned names by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Perth. This region includes the areas east of 90\u00b0E, south of the Equator, and west of 125\u00b0E. Tropical cyclones that develop south of the Equator between 125\u00b0E and 141\u00b0E are assigned names by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Darwin, Northern Territory. This area includes most of the cyclones that form in the Arafura Sea and Western Gulf of Carpentaria. Tropical cyclones in the Coral Sea and Eastern Gulf of Carpentaria between 141\u00b0E and 160\u00b0E and south of 10\u00b0S are assigned names by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Brisbane, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157378-0029-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Australian region cyclone season, Storm names\nNo storms formed in Darwin region during the 1999\u20132000 season. However, Cyclone Steve was named by TCWC Brisbane before passing through the warning area of Darwin. Additionally, the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea reserves the right to name cyclones that develop in the Solomon Sea and Gulf of Papua, north of 10\u00b0S between 141\u00b0E and 160\u00b0E. Names are selected randomly from their list and retired once they are used. No cyclones were named by this warning centre during the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157379-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Austrian Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Austrian Cup (German: \u00d6FB-Cup) was the 66th season of Austria's nationwide football cup competition. It commenced with the matches of the Preliminary Round in July 1999 and concluded with the Final on 16 May 2000. The competition was won by Grazer AK after beating Austria Salzburg 4\u20133 on penalties and hence qualifying for the 2000-01 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157379-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Austrian Cup, Third round\nAustria Salzburg Amateure were awarded a walkover against FCN St P\u00f6lten, as St P\u00f6lten were declared bankrupt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157380-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Austrian Football Bundesliga, Overview\nIt was contested by 10 teams, and FC Tirol Innsbruck won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157381-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Austrian Hockey League season\nThe 1999-00 Austrian Hockey League season was the 70th season of the Austrian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Austria. Four teams participated in the league, and EC KAC won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157382-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Azadegan League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Azadegan League was the 9th season of the Azadegan League that was won by Persepolis. The following is the final results of the Azadegan League's 1999\u20132000 football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157383-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Azerbaijan Top League\nThe 1999-2000 Azerbaijan Top League was contested by twelve clubs and won by FK Shamkir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157383-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Azerbaijan Top League, Teams, Stadia and locations\n1Qaraba\u011f played their home matches at Surakhani Stadium in Baku before moving to their current stadium on 3 May 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157384-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 BAI Basket\nThe 1999\u20132000 Season of BAI Basket (31st edition) ran from November 20, 2008 through May 16, 2000, with 8 teams playing in three different stages: in stage one (regular season) teams played a double round robin system. In stage two, the six best teams played a single round robin tournament in serie A and the last six did the same for the consolation group, serie B. Finally, in stage three (final four) the best four teams from serie A played in a round robin at four rounds for the title. The winners of the regular season and of the serie A are awarded a bonus point for the serie A and the final four, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157385-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bahraini Premier League, Overview\nIt was contested by 12 teams, and Bahrain Riffa Club won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157386-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ball State Cardinals men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ball State Cardinals men's basketball team represented Ball State University as a member of the Mid-American Conference during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by seventh-year head coach Ray McCallum, Ball State played their home games at Worthen Arena. The Cardinals finished atop the MAC West Division regular season standings. Ball State won the MAC Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament as No. 11 seed in the Midwest region. In the opening round, the Cardinals were beaten by No. 6 seed UCLA and finished the season with a 22\u20139 record (11\u20137 MAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157387-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bangladeshi cricket season\nThe 1999\u20132000 cricket season in Bangladesh saw the introduction of the National Cricket League, although it did not have first-class status until the 2000\u201301 season. Internationally, the country hosted tours by the West Indies, England A and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157387-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bangladeshi cricket season, International tours\nIn October 1999, West Indies led by Brian Lara played a single first-class match against the Bangladesh national team, which was drawn. The teams also played a two-match series of Limited Overs Internationals (LOI) which West Indies won 2\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157387-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bangladeshi cricket season, International tours\nIn October and November, an England A team visited Bangladesh en route to New Zealand and played five matches. Two of these were first-class matches, both being drawn, and one was a List A limited overs match, all three against the national team. England A won the limited overs match by 5 wickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157387-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bangladeshi cricket season, International tours\nIn January 2000, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) toured the country to play five matches including one first-class against the national team. This was drawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157387-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bangladeshi cricket season, International tours\nBangladesh in their matches against the touring teams were captained by Aminul Islam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157387-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bangladeshi cricket season, National Cricket League launched\nThe National Cricket League was launched with six teams taking part, each representing one of the country's administrative divisions. The teams were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157387-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bangladeshi cricket season, National Cricket League launched\nThe championship was won by Chittagong, who won seven of their ten matches played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157388-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Barnsley F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Barnsley F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157388-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Barnsley F.C. season, Season summary\nBarnsley qualified for the play-offs and, after thrashing Birmingham City 5-2 on aggregate (with a 2-1 defeat at Oakwell insufficient for Birmingham to best Barnsley over two legs after the Tykes' 4-0 win at St Andrew's), reached the final at Wembley to face Ipswich Town. Barnsley took the lead through an own goal by Ipswich goalkeeper Richard Wright, but goals from Tony Mowbray, Richard Naylor and Marcus Stewart put Ipswich 3-1 up. A Craig Hignett penalty with twelve minutes left gave Barnsley hope, until Martijn Reuser's goal on the stroke of injury time. The 4-2 defeat condemned Barnsley to a second consecutive season in the First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157388-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Barnsley F.C. season, Season summary\nBarnsley, who were the Football League's top scorers with 88 goals, could have achieved automatic promotion, but for their poor defence that conceded 67 goals - the worst of any in the top twelve of the First Division, and joint fourth-worst in the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157388-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Barnsley F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157388-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Barnsley F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157389-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Barys Astana season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Barys Astana season was the inaugural season of the franchise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157390-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Basingstoke Bison season\nDuring the 1999-00 season, the Basingstoke Bison participated in the British National League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157390-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Basingstoke Bison season, Schedule And Results, British National League Play-Offs\nThe top eight BNL teams qualified for the playoffs. In the Quarter-Finals the teams were split into two groups of four with the teams finishing 1st, 4th, 5th and 8th in the league going into Group A and the others into Group B. Teams tied on points in the Quarter-Final group stages were separated first by wins in normal time, then by away wins in normal time. The two top teams in each group qualified for the Semi-Finals with the winner of one group playing a best-of-three series against the runner-up in the other group. Home ice advantage went to the top team in each group. The winning semi-finalists competed for the title in a best-of-five finals series, with the home ice advantage going to the team that finished highest in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 91], "content_span": [92, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157390-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Basingstoke Bison season, Schedule And Results, NTL: Christmas Cup\nThe third Christmas Cup campaign was open to the ten British National League clubs and played on a knockout basis over the Christmas and New Year period. The draw for the quarter-finals was based on the league's final standings in 1998/1999 with first playing eighth, second playing seventh and so on. The last placed sides, Edinburgh Capitals and Paisley Pirates, first played off against league newcomers, Milton Keynes Kings and Solihull Blaze, for the right to enter the competition proper. The Cup was sponsored by telecoms and cable TV company, ntl:, the league's new partner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157391-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belarusian Cup\n1999\u20132000 Belarusian Cup was the ninth season of the Belarusian annual football cup competition. Contrary to the league season, it is conducted in a fall-spring rhythm. The first games were played on 18 July 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157391-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belarusian Cup, Round of 32\nThe games were played on 18 and 20 July 1999. Three Premier League clubs (Molodechno, Lida, Torpedo-MAZ Minsk) received a bye to the next round by drawing of lots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157391-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belarusian Cup, Round of 16\nThe games were played on 1 and 17 October 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157391-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belarusian Cup, Semifinals\nThe games were played on 19 and 20 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157392-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belarusian Extraliga season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Belarusian Extraliga season was the eighth season of the Belarusian Extraliga, the top level of ice hockey in Belarus. Four teams participated in the league, and Tivali Minsk won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157393-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belgian Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Belgian Cup was the 45th season of the main knockout competition in Belgian association football, the Belgian Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157393-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belgian Cup, Final rounds\nThe final phase started in the round of 32 when all clubs from the first division entered the competition (18 clubs plus 14 clubs from the qualifications). All rounds were played in one leg except for the semifinals. The final game was played at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels and won by Genk against Standard Li\u00e8ge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157394-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belgian First Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 season of the Jupiler League was held between August 6, 1999, and May 11, 2000. Sporting Anderlecht became champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157394-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belgian First Division, Promoted teams\nThese teams were promoted from the second division at the start of the season:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157394-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belgian First Division, Relegated teams\nThese teams were relegated to the second division at the end of the season:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157394-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belgian First Division, Anderlecht's title success\nAnderlecht became champions on April 21, 2000, after the defeat of rival Club Brugge at Herman Vanderpoortenstadion to Lierse 1-0 as, prior to these results, they were 7 points ahead of Brugge with 3 matches to go. The next day Anderlecht beat Racing Genk 4-1 and then Standard Li\u00e8ge 2-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157394-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belgian First Division, The relegation dog fight\nCharleroi avoided relegation with a controversial draw against Anderlecht on the last day of the season. Anderlecht were already champions and played with Enzo Scifo who had previously signed a deal with Charleroi. However, the result was irrelevant as Geel lost their last match to Club Brugge and were thus relegated with Lommel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157395-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belgian Hockey League season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Belgian Hockey League season was the 80th season of the Belgian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Belgium. Seven teams participated in the league, and Phantoms Deurne won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157396-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belizean municipal elections\nBelize municipal elections, 1999\u20132000, were a series of municipal elections held respectively on March 1, 1999 and March 1, 2000 to fill seats in the various town councils and city councils in Belize. It was the last Belize City council election held independently of the town boards, and also the last in which a nine-member council was elected. Sixty-five seats were available, of which the ruling People's United Party won sixty and the United Democratic Party won five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157396-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Belizean municipal elections\nIn the 2000 election, voter turnout in 3 of the 8 municipalities was less than 12%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157398-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Biathlon World Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Biathlon World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon, organised by the International Biathlon Union. The season started on 2 December 1999 in Hochfilzen, Austria, and ended on 19 March 2000 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. It was the twenty-third season of the Biathlon World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157398-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Biathlon World Cup, Calendar\nBelow is the IBU World Cup calendar for the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157399-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Birmingham City F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Birmingham City Football Club's 97th in the Football League. They finished in fifth place in the Football League First Division, qualifying for the promotion play-offs, but lost the first leg of the semifinal 4\u20130 at home to Barnsley. Although they won the away leg, they were eliminated 5\u20132 on aggregate. Birmingham entered the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup at the third round and lost to Everton in the fourth, and after entering the League Cup in the first round and defeating Newcastle United in the third, lost to West Ham United in the fourth round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157399-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Birmingham City F.C. season\nPaul Furlong was top scorer with 11 goals, all scored in league competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157400-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season\nBlackburn Rovers F.C. were in Division One for the 1999\u20132000 season, having been relegated from the FA Premier League after seven years. The expected comeback to the top flight did not materialise, in spite of several expensive purchases staying at the club. Brian Kidd was sacked on 3 November 1999 after 11 months in charge, with Rovers 19th in the league despite more than \u00a330 million having been spent on players in that time. Long-serving coach Tony Parkes was placed in temporary charge of the team as the search for a successor began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157400-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season\nFormer defender Colin Hendry, who had been part of the title winning team in 1995 and who had started his first spell at Ewood Park in the 1980s, was linked with a return to the club as player-manager. Other names linked with the vacancy included Graeme Souness, Colin Todd, Roy Evans and Joe Kinnear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157400-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season\nThe appointment of Graeme Souness on 15 March 2000 gave renewed hopes of a resurgence in 2000\u201301. Blackburn finished 11th in the final table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157400-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157400-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157401-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackpool F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 92nd season (89th consecutive) in the Football League. They competed in the 24-team Division Two, then the third tier of English league football, finishing 22nd. As a result, they were relegated to the league's basement division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157401-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackpool F.C. season\nNigel Worthington resigned as manager during the season. He was replaced by the former Liverpool midfielder Steve McMahon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157401-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackpool F.C. season\nThe club suffered a tragedy on 30 January 2000 with the death of striker Martin Aldridge in a car crash near Northampton at the age of 25. Aldridge, who had been at Blackpool for 18 months, was on loan at Rushden & Diamonds at the time of his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157401-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackpool F.C. season\nJohn Murphy was the club's top scorer, with ten goals in all competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157401-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackpool F.C. season\nOn 15 January, Bloomfield Road hosted a \"Break The Gate\" promotion for the visit of Luton Town. Chairman Karl Oyston pledged that revenue generated from home supporters in excess of the hardcore 3500 would be made available to Steve McMahon for team strengthening. Two days later it was announced that \u00a312,000 had been raised. The scheme was repeated for the visit of Brentford on 29 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157401-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackpool F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157401-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Blackpool F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157402-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 121st season in Bolton Wanderers F.C. 's existence, and their second successive season in the Football League First Division. It covers the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157402-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season, Appearances\nBolton used a total of 30 players during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157403-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Borussia Dortmund season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Borussia Dortmund played in the Bundesliga, the highest tier of the German football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157403-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Borussia Dortmund season, Season summary\nMichael Skibbe was demoted from his role of head coach in early February after a run of only one win in the last 10 matches, returning to his  previous role as coordinator of the youth team. Bernd Krauss came as his replacement, but only lasted 2 months before being sacked himself with Dortmund one point clear of relegation with five games left. Udo Lattek, who had managed Dortmund nearly two decades earlier, came in for the final five games and saved Dortmund with 8 points in those remaining games, with only one loss (to champions Bayern Munich). Ultimately, Dortmund finished 11th, five points clear of relegation. Lattek returned to retirement at the end of the season (he would never manage another team again) and was succeeded by former Dortmund defender Matthias Sammer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157404-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup\n1999\u20132000 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup was the sixth season of Bosnia and Herzegovina's annual football cup. The Cup was won by \u017deljezni\u010dar who were first in the final group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157404-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup, Overview\nIn the final stage of the competition, four clubs from the Football Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the two clubs from the Football Federation of Herzeg-Bosnia joined the competition. After a preliminary round, the remaining three advanced to the final group with only forward matches at the end of which the first-placed in the group won the trophy and qualified for the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup (qualifying round).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157404-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup, Bosniak Cup, Quarterfinals\nThe first legs were played on 26 February and the second legs were played on 22 March 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157404-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup, Preliminary round\nThe first legs were played on 22 May and the second legs were played on 26 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season was the team's 76th season of operation. The Bruins failed to qualify for the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season, Off-season\nFollowing a second-round loss to the Buffalo Sabres the year previous, the Bruins headed into the 1999\u20132000 season with confidence that they could reach the playoffs for the third straight year under head coach Pat Burns. General manager Harry Sinden signed no free agents in the offseason and made no significant moves heading into the season. Goaltender Byron Dafoe was to be the starter for the third straight year following his best season in 1998\u201399, going 32\u201323\u201311 with a .926 save percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season, Regular season\nOn February 21, 2000, Marty McSorley, playing for the Bruins, swung his stick and hit Donald Brashear in the head with seconds left in the Bruins-Vancouver Canucks game. Brashear lost consciousness and suffered a grade 3 concussion, but not from immediate contact with the stick. The stick hit Brashear's helmet, but caused him to fall backward, and his head hit hard on the ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season, Regular season\nAs a result of the stick incident, McSorley was charged with assault and suspended by the NHL for the remainder of the 1999\u20132000 season (including playoffs) missing 23 games. On October 4, 2000, a jury found McSorley guilty of assault with a weapon for his attack on Brashear. He was sentenced to 18 months probation. The trial was the first for an on-ice attack by an NHL player since 1988. After his assault conviction, his NHL suspension was extended to one full year (through February 21, 2001). This suspension was the longest in NHL history and afterwards McSorley never played in another NHL game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season, Regular season\nDuring the regular season, the Bruins were the only team not to score a short-handed goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season, Playoffs\nThe Bruins failed to qualify for the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157405-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Bruins season, Draft picks\nBoston's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157406-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Celtics season\nThe 1999\u201300 NBA season was the 54th season for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Celtics signed free agents Calbert Cheaney and undrafted rookie guard Adrian Griffin, while acquiring Danny Fortson, and former Celtics forward Eric Williams from the Denver Nuggets. In the third year of the Rick Pitino era, the Celtics won their first three games, and played around .500 for the first few months. However, they struggled and suffered a ten-game losing streak between March and April, but managed to win five of their final six games. Fans and the media began to show their impatience with the struggling franchise, who finished out of the playoffs again with a 35\u201347 record, fifth in the Atlantic Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157406-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Boston Celtics season\nSecond-year star Paul Pierce had a stellar season averaging 19.5 points, 5.4 rebounds and 2.1 steals per game, while Antoine Walker led the team with 20.5 points and 8.0 rebounds per game, and Kenny Anderson provided them with 14.0 points per game. Following the season, Dana Barros was traded to the Dallas Mavericks, who then traded him to the Detroit Pistons two months later, Cheaney was traded to the Denver Nuggets, Fortson was dealt to the Golden State Warriors, and Pervis Ellison signed as a free agent with the Seattle SuperSonics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157407-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Botola\nThe 1999\u20132000 Botola is the 44th season of the Moroccan Premier League. Raja Casablanca are the holders of the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157408-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bradford City A.F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Bradford City competed in the FA Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157408-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bradford City A.F.C. season, Season summary\nDavid Wetherall's goal on the final day of the season gave Bradford City a surprise 1\u20130 victory over Liverpool, which secured survival and kept them in the top division that the Bantams had spent 77 years trying to regain. Paul Jewell then walked out at Valley Parade to take over at relegated Sheffield Wednesday, leaving his assistant Chris Hutchings to pick up the pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157408-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bradford City A.F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157408-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bradford City A.F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157408-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bradford City A.F.C. season, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157409-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Brentford F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Brentford competed in the Football League Second Division. After returning to the Second Division as Third Division champions, a forgettable season ended in a 17th-place finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157409-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Brentford F.C. season, Season summary\nBrentford entered the 1999\u20132000 Second Division season with the bulk of the squad which finished the 1998\u201399 season as Third Division champions. Four fringe players were released and the trio of Darren Freeman, Charlie Oatway and Paul Watson were sold to Brighton & Hove Albion for a combined \u00a330,000 fee. Just four players were brought in \u2013 three youngsters on free transfers (Richard Kennedy, Stephen Jenkins and David Theobald) and another youngster on a season-long loan, Southampton's Phil Warner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157409-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Brentford F.C. season, Season summary\nThe Bees enjoyed a 10-match unbeaten start to the season in the Second Division, hovering in the playoff places and setting a new club record of 26 league matches without a defeat, which stretched back into the previous season. The run came to an end with the team's first league defeat of the season at the hands of Gillingham on 19 October 1999. Days earlier, centre back Hermann Hrei\u00f0arsson had been sold for a club-record \u00a32,500,000 fee to Wimbledon, which weakened the defence. The backline was shored up with two big-money signings, \u00a3250,000 Scott Marshall and \u00a3150,000 \u00cdvar Ingimarsson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157409-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Brentford F.C. season, Season summary\nThe season began to drift away from Brentford in November 1999, with injuries causing a run of eight defeats in 10 games. The League Cup and FA Cup had been exited in the first rounds and the club were knocked out of the Football League Trophy at the semi-final stage in February 2000. \u00a3100,000 was spent on new forwards Julian Charles and Lorenzo Pinamonte either side of the Millennium, neither of whom made an impact. Brentford closed out the season with just one win in 17 matches in all competitions to finish in a disappointing 17th place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157409-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Brentford F.C. season, Season summary\nOne record was set during the season, that of the shortest Football League career with Brentford, when trainee Clement James made a substitute appearance of 8 minutes on his debut versus Stoke City on 8 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157410-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bristol City F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Bristol City F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division where they finished in 9th position. They also reached the final of the Football League Trophy losing 2\u20131 to Stoke City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157410-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bristol City F.C. season, Season summary\nTony Pulis was appointed as manager for City's return to Division Two, but a mediocre first half of the season (including failing to win a single league game in October or November) saw the alarming possibility of a second successive relegation battle, rather than a promotion challenge. Just after the turn of the year, Pulis left to become manager of Portsmouth, and coach Tony Fawthrop took over for the remainder of the season, assisted by Leroy Rosenior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157410-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bristol City F.C. season, Season summary\nA much-improved second half of the season saw a respectable 9th place finish, and while Fawthrop initially accepted the manager's job on a permanent basis at the end of the season, he changed his mind and opted to focus on his business interests outside of football. Danny Wilson was therefore recruited as the manager to lead them into the next season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157411-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bristol Rovers F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Bristol Rovers competed in the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157411-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bristol Rovers F.C. season, Season summary\nBristol Rovers nearly reached the play-offs, finishing seventh that season despite never dropping out of the playoffs all season until the last day of the season with a defeat at Cardiff City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157411-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bristol Rovers F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157411-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bristol Rovers F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157412-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 British Basketball League season\nThe 1999-2000 BBL season, was known as the Dairylea Dunkers Championship for sponsorship reasons, the regular season commenced on September 15, 1999, and ended on April 8, 2000, with a total of 13 teams competing. For the first time in the league\u2019s history, the 13 teams were split into two geographically divided Conferences, seven in the North and six in the South, with northern teams playing 36 games and southern teams playing 34 games each. The season was dominated by the success of Manchester Giants, conquering the Northern Conference and Championship Play-offs, whilst London Towers were victorious in the Southern Conference and the uni-ball Trophy. Sheffield Sharks were also successful in defending their Sainsbury's Classic Cola National Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157412-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 British Basketball League season\nLondon Towers featured in European competition, participating in the Saporta Cup, though with a 3-7 record they finished at the bottom of Group G and thus failed to progress beyond the Group stage. Cross-town rivals Greater London Leopards also made a brief appearance in the Kora\u0107 Cup but following a 155-189 aggregate defeat to \u00cdRB Reykjanesb\u00e6r in the Preliminary Round, their first foray into Europe was merely a cameo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157412-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 British Basketball League season\nThe Southern All-Stars beat their Northern rivals in the eleventh annual All-Star Game with a 177-180 victory, the closest result in the League's history. That was the 7th overall win of the South against the North who won 5 games since the All-Star Game's inception in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157413-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 British Collegiate American Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 BCAFL was the 15th full season of the British Collegiate American Football League, organised by the British Students American Football Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157413-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 British Collegiate American Football League, Changes from last season\nThis meant the number of teams in BCAFL stayed at 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 79], "content_span": [80, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157414-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 British National League season\nThe 1999\u20132000 British National League season was the fourth season of the British National League, the second level of ice hockey in Great Britain. 10 teams participated in the league, and the Fife Flyers won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157415-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Brown Bears women's ice hockey season\nThe 1999-2000 Brown Bears women's ice hockey team represented Brown University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157416-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Buffalo Sabres season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Buffalo Sabres season was the 30th for the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise that was established on May 22, 1970. The season saw the Sabres qualify for the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, but lose in the first round to the Philadelphia Flyers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157416-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Buffalo Sabres season, Regular season\nThe Sabres struggled on the power-play, scoring only 37 power-play goals (tied for 28th with Phoenix Coyotes) and finishing 28th in power-play percentage (10.54%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157416-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Buffalo Sabres season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157416-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Buffalo Sabres season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157416-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Buffalo Sabres season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157416-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Buffalo Sabres season, Playoffs\n2000 Stanley Cup playoffsThe Sabres lost the Conference quarter-finals (4\u20131) versus the Philadelphia Flyers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157416-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Buffalo Sabres season, Draft picks\nBuffalo's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157417-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bulgarian Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Bulgarian Cup was the 60th season of the Bulgarian Cup. Levski Sofia won the competition, beating Neftochimic Burgas 2\u20130 in the final at the Stadion Hristo Botev in Plovdiv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157417-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bulgarian Cup, First round\nIn this round entered winners from the preliminary rounds together with the teams from B Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157417-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bulgarian Cup, Second round\nThis round featured winners from the First Round and all teams from A Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157418-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bulgarian Hockey League season\nThe 1999-00 Bulgarian Hockey League season was the 48th season of the Bulgarian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Bulgaria. Five teams participated in the league, and HK Slavia Sofia won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157419-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bundesliga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Bundesliga was the 37th season of the Bundesliga, Germany's premier football league. It began on 13 August 1999 and ended on 20 May 2000. FC Bayern Munich were the defending champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157419-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bundesliga, Competition modus\nEvery team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away. Teams received three points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal difference and, if still tied, by goals scored. The team with the most points were crowned champions while the three teams with the fewest points were relegated to 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157419-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bundesliga, Team changes to 1998\u201399\n1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, VfL Bochum and Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga after finishing in the last three places. They were replaced by Arminia Bielefeld, SpVgg Unterhaching and SSV Ulm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157419-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bundesliga, Season overview\nFive matches before the end of the league, Bayer Leverkusen had 61 points and defending champions Bayern Munich was in 60. At the 30th fixture, Bayer 04 got 3 points ahead, and continued winning till the 33rd round. Before the final fixture start, Bayer had 73 points, with Bayern having 70. However, Leverkusen lost away to Unterhaching 2\u20130, and Bayern celebrated the championship winning against Werder Bremen 3\u20131 at home, due to their superior goal difference over Bayer 04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157419-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bundesliga, Champion squad\nDefenders: Thomas Linke (27 / 1); Markus Babbel (26 / 1); Bixente Lizarazu  (22 / 1); Samuel Kuffour  (18 / 2); Patrik Andersson  (16); Lothar Matth\u00e4us (15 / 1). Midfielders: Jens Jeremies (30 / 3); Paulo S\u00e9rgio  (28 / 13); Stefan Effenberg (captain; 27 / 2); Michael Tarnat (26 / 1); Thorsten Fink (26); Mehmet Scholl (25 / 6); Michael Wiesinger (13 / 1); Thomas Strunz (9); S\u0142awomir Wojciechowski  (3 / 1); Mario Basler (2); Andrew Sinkala  (1). Forwards: Hasan Salihamid\u017ei\u0107  (30 / 4); Roque Santa Cruz  (28 / 5); Giovane \u00c9lber  (26 / 14); Carsten Jancker (23 / 9); Alexander Zickler (14 / 7). (league appearances and goals listed in brackets)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157419-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bundesliga, Champion squad\nOn the roster but have not played in a league game: David Jarol\u00edm .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157419-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bundesliga, Champion squad\nTransferred out during the season: Lothar Matth\u00e4us (to MetroStars); Mario Basler (to 1. FC Kaiserslautern).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157420-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Burnley F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Burnley's 5th season in the third tier of English football. They were managed by Stan Ternent in his second full season since he replaced Chris Waddle at the beginning 1998\u201399 campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157420-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Burnley F.C. season\nBurnley won promotion at Scunthorpe United on the final day of the season, reaching 2nd place for the first time that season and pipping Gillingham who had looked certainties for automatic promotion down the final stretch. Selling their 2,500 ticket allocation at Glanford Park, there were also 7,000 Clarets watching from the Longside Stand at Turf Moor as the game was beamed back onto a big screen in the centre of the pitch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157421-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bury F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Bury F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157421-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bury F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the 1999-2000 season, Bury had a disappointing campaign after relegation from the second tier of English football the previous season which at one stage saw manager Warnock resigning from his role on 2 December to take over as Sheffield United manager. Andy Preece and Steve Redmond took temporary charge until the end of the season and Bury finished the season in 15th place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157421-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bury F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157421-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Bury F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157422-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Busta Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Busta Cup was the 34th edition of what is now the Regional Four Day Competition, the domestic first-class cricket competition for the countries of the West Indies Cricket Board (WICB). It was played from 6 January to 25 February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157422-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Busta Cup\nSix teams contested the competition \u2013 Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, the Leeward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Windward Islands. Barbados topped the table after the round-robin, but lost to the Leeward Islands in their semi-final. However, the Leeward Islands lost to Jamaica in the final, who won their fifth domestic first-class title. Jamaica's Chris Gayle was the leading run-scorer and was named player of the tournament, while Curtly Ambrose of the Leeward Islands and Guyana's Mahendra Nagamootoo were the equal leading wicket-takers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157422-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Busta Cup, Statistics, Most runs\nThe top five run-scorers are included in this table, listed by runs scored and then by batting average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157422-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Busta Cup, Statistics, Most wickets\nThe top five wicket-takers are listed in this table, listed by wickets taken and then by bowling average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157423-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Butler University in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Their head coach was Barry Collier, serving in his 11th and final season at the school. The Bulldogs played their home games at Hinkle Fieldhouse as members of the Midwestern Collegiate Conference. Butler finished first in the MCC regular season standings by three games and won the MCC Tournament to receive the conference\u2019s automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament \u2013 the school\u2019s third NCAA Tournament appearance in four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157423-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team\nAs No. 12 seed in the East region, and entering play with a 15-game win streak, the Bulldogs were beaten at the buzzer by No. 5 seed Florida, 69\u201368 in OT, in a game the Gators used as a springboard to an eventual National runner-up finish. Butler finished the season with a record of 23\u20138 (12\u20132 MCC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157424-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 C.D. Motagua season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was F.C. Motagua's 49th season in existence and the club's 34th consecutive season in the top fight of Honduran football. After finishing in third place last season, the club were looking for their 8th and 9th league title. They also competed in the 1999 UNCAF Interclub Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157424-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 C.D. Motagua season, Overview\nAfter manager Ram\u00f3n Maradiaga took charge of the Honduras national football team, the club hired Mexican coach Jos\u00e9 Trevi\u00f1o with whom they were able to win the Apertura tournament. With the win, Trevi\u00f1o returned to Mexico and assistant coach and former striker Luis Reyes managed to repeat and won the Clausura tournament. This was the second time in history the club was able to retain the title consecutively, after doing so in 1997\u201398. Internationally, Motagua faced Comunicaciones F.C., Juventus FC, C.D. Luis \u00c1ngel Firpo and Deportivo Saprissa in the 1999 UNCAF Interclub Cup, but were unable to proceed from the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157425-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CA Osasuna season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 80th season in the existence of CA Osasuna and the club's sixth consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football. The season covered the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157426-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CD Badajoz season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 95th season in the existence of CD Badajoz and the club's eighth consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157427-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CD Legan\u00e9s season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 72nd season in the existence of CD Legan\u00e9s and the club's seventh consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football. The season covered the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157428-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CD Logro\u00f1\u00e9s season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 60th season in the existence of CD Logro\u00f1\u00e9s and the club's third consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157429-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CD Tenerife season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 88th season in the existence of CD Tenerife and the club's first season back in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157430-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CD Toledo season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 61st season in the existence of CD Toledo and the club's seventh consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157431-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CERH European League\nThe 1999\u20132000 CERH European League was the 36th edition of the CERH European League organized by CERH. Its Final Four was held on 29 and 30 April 2000 in Porto, Portugal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157431-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CERH European League, Group stage\nIn each group, teams played against each other home-and-away in a home-and-away round-robin format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157431-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CERH European League, Group stage\nThe two first qualified teams advanced to the Final Four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157431-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CERH European League, Final four\nThe Final Four was played in the Pavilh\u00e3o Rosa Mota, Porto, Portugal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157432-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CF Extremadura season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 76th season in the existence of CF Extremadura and the club's first season back in the second division of Spanish football. The season covered the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157433-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 CHL season was the eighth season of the Central Hockey League (CHL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157433-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CHL season, Regular season, Division standings\nNote: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; SOL = Shootout loss;  Pts = Points; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157433-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CHL season, Regular season, Division standings\ny - clinched league title; x - clinched playoff spot; e - eliminated from playoff contention", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157434-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 CP M\u00e9rida season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 88th season in the existence of CP M\u00e9rida and the club's second consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season was the 20th National Hockey League season in Calgary. It featured a very young line-up, as befitted the \"Young Guns\" slogan the team was using at the time. Twenty-nine-year-old Steve Dubinsky was the oldest forward on the team when the season started. The Flames were pitting their hopes for ending their playoff drought on the off-season acquisition of 37-year-old goaltender Grant Fuhr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season\nThe season started with young sniper Jarome Iginla holding out, as he was unable to come to a contract agreement with General Manager Al Coates. Despite lacking a contract, Iginla attended training camp, however he missed the first two games of the season before a deal could be reached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season\nThe Flames youth led to an inconsistent team, often bouncing between long winning and losing streaks. It took the Flames 20 games to win their first game in regulation time, however the team would break an NHL record on January 21, 2000 by winning their eighth overtime game. At the end of the season the Flames set an NHL record by winning ten games in overtime. The Flames also struggled with injuries all season, losing 479 man-games to injury, and using a total of 45 players over the course of 1999\u20132000. As a result, the Flames would finish last in the Northwest Division, missing the playoffs for the fourth straight year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season\nFollowing the season, the Flames cleaned house, firing Coates, and announcing they would not be offering head coach Brian Sutter and assistant coach Rich Preston new contracts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season\nOn the bright side for the Flames, two players were selected to participate in the 2000 NHL All Star Game, as Phil Housley represented the North American team, while Valeri Bure represented the European team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season\nRookie defenceman Robyn Regehr became the youngest nominee for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy in NHL history after he survived a serious car accident over the summer of 1999 that left him with two broken legs. Regehr would play 57 games for the Flames, but would not win the award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season\nPrior to the season, the Flames lost right winger Ed Ward to the Atlanta Thrashers in the 1999 NHL Expansion Draft. The Flames also dealt Andreas Karlsson to the Thrashers in exchange for promises not to select certain unprotected players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Regular season, Season standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Regular season, Season standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Regular season, Season standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Playoffs\nThe Flames finished 12th in the Western Conference, ten points behind the 8th place San Jose Sharks. Calgary failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fourth straight season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Player statistics, Skaters\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Player statistics, Skaters\n\u2020Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Calgary. Stats reflect time with the Flames only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Player statistics, Goaltenders\nNote: GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals against average", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Transactions\nThe Flames were involved in the following transactions during the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Draft picks\nCalgary's picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft, held in Boston, Massachusetts. The Flames had the 9th overall pick, however they traded down two spots to get Marc Savard from the New York Rangers. With the 11th overall pick, the Flames drafted Oleg Saprykin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157435-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Calgary Flames season, Farm teams, Saint John Flames\nThe Baby Flames finished the 1999\u20132000 season with a .500 record at 32\u201332\u201311\u20135, good enough for 2nd place in the Atlantic Division. They would be swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Lowell Lock Monsters three games to none, however. Daniel Tkaczuk and Benoit Gratton led the team in points with 66 each, while Rico Fata led in goals with 29. Ten different goaltenders suited up for the Flames, led by Jean-Sebastien Giguere, who started 44 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157436-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cambridge United F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Cambridge United F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division where they finished in 19th position on 48 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157437-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio\nThe 1999\u20132000 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio season was the 15th season since its establishment. It was contested by 16 teams, and S.S. Folgore/Falciano won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157437-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio, Regular season, Results\nAll teams play twice against the teams within their own group and once against the teams from the other group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157438-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Canadian network television schedule\nThe 1999\u20132000 Canadian network television schedule indicates the fall prime time schedules for Canada's major English broadcast networks. For schedule changes after the fall launch, please consult each network's individual article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157439-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cardiff City F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Cardiff City F.C. 's 73rd season in the Football League. They competed in the 24-team Division Two, then the third tier of English football, finishing twenty-first, suffering relegation to Division Three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157439-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cardiff City F.C. season\nDuring the season manager Frank Burrows parted company with the club, being replaced by Billy Ayre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157439-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cardiff City F.C. season, Players\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157440-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carlisle United F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Carlisle United Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 23rd position narrowly avoiding relegation to the Football Conference by goal difference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season was the franchise's 21st season in the National Hockey League and third as the Hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season, Regular season\nThe Hurricanes were the least penalized team during the regular season, with only 253 power-play opportunities against them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season, Regular season\nAlong with the NHL 2000 patch worn league-wide, Carolina wore Two other patches, one that celebrated their first season at the New Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena, and the other in memory of Steve Chiasson, who died in a drunk driving crash after the Hurricanes were eliminated in the quarterfinals of the 1999 Stanley Cup Playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL=Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM=Penalties in Minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season, Playoffs\nThe Hurricanes failed to qualify for the playoffs, despite qualifying the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season, Draft picks\nCarolina's picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft in Boston, Massachusetts. The Hurricanes have the 16th overall pick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season, Farm teams, International Hockey League\nThe Cincinnati Cyclones are the Hurricanes International Hockey League affiliate for the 1999\u20132000 IHL season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157441-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Carolina Hurricanes season, Farm teams, East Coast Hockey League\nThe Florida Everblades are the Hurricanes East Coast Hockey League affiliate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157442-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Celta de Vigo season\nRC Celta de Vigo contested La Liga, the UEFA Cup and Copa del Rey in the 1999-2000 season. Being title contenders up until Christmas, Celta lost their form in the second half of the season, aside from a 4-0 victory against Juventus in the last 16 of the UEFA Cup. The end result was 7th and quarter finals of the UEFA Cup, which meant the side missed out on Champions League football once again. The club also missed the chance to become the first Spanish championship-winning team from Galicia, with arch rivals Deportivo La Coru\u00f1a winning La Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157442-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Celta de Vigo season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157442-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Celta de Vigo season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157443-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Celtic F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 112th season of competitive football by Celtic. Celtic competed in the Scottish Premier League, UEFA Cup, Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157443-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Celtic F.C. season, Summary\nThe season saw Celtic finish second in the league, 21 points behind winner Rangers. They won the League Cup beating Aberdeen in the final, reached the second round of the UEFA Cup losing to Lyon and were knocked out of the Scottish Cup in the third round by Inverness Caledonian Thistle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157443-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Celtic F.C. season, Summary, Managers\nCeltic started the season under newly appointed John Barnes who, on 10 February, was sacked by the club. Celtic's Director of Football Kenny Dalglish took over as caretaker manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157443-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Celtic F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157444-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Central Connecticut Blue Devils men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Central Connecticut Blue Devils men's basketball team represented Central Connecticut State University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Blue Devils were led by fourth-year head coach Howie Dickenman, and played their home games at the William H. Detrick Gymnasium in New Britain, Connecticut as members of the Northeast Conference. After finishing atop the conference regular season standings, the Blue Devils also won the Northeast Conference Tournament to receive the school\u2019s first-ever bid to the NCAA Division I Men\u2019s Tournament. An No. 15 seed in the Midwest region, Central Connecticut fell to No. 2 seed Iowa State, 88\u201378, to finish the season with a record of 25\u20136 (15\u20133 NEC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157445-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Charlotte Hornets season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the 12th season for the Charlotte Hornets in the National Basketball Association. Despite finishing the previous season with a 26\u201324 record, the Hornets had the third overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft, and selected UCLA point guard Baron Davis, and signed undrafted rookie forward Eddie Robinson during the off-season. The Hornets got off to a solid 16\u20137 start, posting an 8-game winning streak in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157445-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Charlotte Hornets season\nHowever, tragedy struck on January 12, 2000 when guard Bobby Phills was killed in a car accident while racing with teammate David Wesley after a team practice; Wesley also had a suspended driver's license at the time. The Hornets then retired Phills' #13 jersey on February 9 during a game against his former team, the Cleveland Cavaliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157445-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Charlotte Hornets season\nDespite the loss of Phills, and a 7-game losing streak between December and January, the Hornets were competitive and finished the first half of the season strong with a respectable 27\u201320 record, as Eddie Jones was selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. At midseason, the team acquired Dale Ellis from the Milwaukee Bucks, and re-signed free agent Chucky Brown after a brief stint with the San Antonio Spurs. The Hornets won their final seven games finishing second in the Central Division with a 49\u201333 record, and qualified for their fifth playoff appearance. Jones averaged 20.1 points and 2.7 steals per game, and was named to the All-NBA Third Team, and to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team, while Derrick Coleman averaged 16.7 points, 8.5 rebounds and 1.8 blocks per game, and Wesley provided the team with 13.6 points and 5.6 assists per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157445-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Charlotte Hornets season\nIn the playoffs, the Hornets faced the 5th-seeded Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference First Round, but were eliminated three games to one. The Hornets finished eleventh in the NBA in attendance for the season. Following the season, Jones, Anthony Mason and second-year guard Ricky Davis were all traded to the Miami Heat, second-year center Brad Miller signed as a free agent with the Chicago Bulls, and Brown was released to free agency. Ellis, who was involved in a trade with the Heat was released, and then retired", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157445-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Charlotte Hornets season, Transactions\nTraded a 2000 2nd round draft pick (Jason Hart was later selected) and a 2002 2nd round draft pick (Chris Owens was later selected) to the Milwaukee Bucks for Dale Ellis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157446-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Charlton Athletic F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Charlton Athletic F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157446-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Charlton Athletic F.C. season, Season summary\nAlan Curbishley and his Charlton side won the First Division title to regain promotion to the FA Carling Premiership for the 2000-2001 season at the first time of asking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157446-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Charlton Athletic F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157446-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Charlton Athletic F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157447-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chelsea F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Chelsea F.C. 's 86th competitive season, eighth consecutive season in the FA Premier League and 94th year as a club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157447-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chelsea F.C. season, Season summary\nAfter a very good third-place finish last season, Chelsea qualified for the Champions League third qualifying round, and were expected to go one better and win the title. France captain Didier Deschamps was signed for \u00a33 million from Juventus to add even more quality and experience to a Chelsea midfield that already boasted Dennis Wise, Roberto Di Matteo and Gustavo Poyet. Blackburn Rovers striker Chris Sutton was also signed for \u00a310 million, but he proved to be a flop with only one league goal all season, which came in a 5-0 drubbing of Man Utd at Stamford Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157447-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chelsea F.C. season, Season summary\nHis strike partner, Gianfranco Zola, had a poor league season by his standard, scoring just four goals, but he made up for that by again setting up many more goals for the team. Chelsea opened the season with 4-0 win over newly promoted Sunderland with Gus Poyet scoring a stunning scissors kick goal. Zola, in contrast to his average league form, made Europe sit up and notice as he led Chelsea's Champions league debut appearance in the group stage. Chelsea were drawn against AC Milan, Hertha Berlin and Galatasary with their first game being against AC Milan at Stamford Bridge. Chelsea topped Group H with 11 points after some standout performances, particularly an impressive 5-0 win in Turkey and two creditable draws home and away with AC Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157447-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chelsea F.C. season, Season summary\nZola scored a spectacular free kick in a 3\u20131 win over F.C. Barcelona at Stamford Bridge, but Chelsea were eliminated in the second leg at the Nou Camp. On the Premier league front, Gianluca Vialli's side finished a solid fifth place in the final table but were too inconsistent to mount anything like a title challenge. Chelsea won their fourth cup in four seasons with a 1\u20130 win over Aston Villa at Wembley, after David James dropped the ball from a Chelsea corner allowing Di Matteo to score. Chelsea had the last cup final triumph at the old Wembley stadium before it was rebuilt. Gus Poyet was key during Chelsea's FA cup run, scoring a hat trick against Hull at Boothferry Park in a 6-1 win and netting twice against Newcastle at Wembley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157447-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chelsea F.C. season, Season summary\nOn 26 December 1999, in their 1\u20132 away win over Southampton, Chelsea became the first team in the Football League history to field a starting eleven without an English player. The squad was made up of: Ed de Goey, Albert Ferrer, Franck Leboeuf, Emerson Thome, Celestine Babayaro, Deschamps, Dan Petrescu, Di Matteo, Poyet, Gabriele Ambrosetti and Tore Andr\u00e9 Flo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157447-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chelsea F.C. season, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157447-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chelsea F.C. season, First team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157447-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chelsea F.C. season, Statistics\nStatistics taken from. Squad details and shirt numbers from  and.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157448-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chesterfield F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Chesterfield F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division where they finished in 24th position and were relegated to Division Three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157449-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chicago Blackhawks season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Chicago Blackhawks season was the Chicago Blackhawks' 74th season of operation. Finishing 11th in the Western Conference, they did not qualify for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157449-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chicago Blackhawks season, Regular season\nThe Blackhawks tied the Atlanta Thrashers for the most short-handed goals allowed during the regular season, with 13. Captain Doug Gilmour is traded in March to the Buffalo Sabres. The team completes the season without a captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157449-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chicago Blackhawks season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157449-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chicago Blackhawks season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157449-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chicago Blackhawks season, Regular season, Final standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157449-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chicago Blackhawks season, Draft picks\nChicago's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157450-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chicago Bulls season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Bulls' 34th season in the National Basketball Association. The Bulls won the Draft Lottery, and selected Elton Brand out of Duke University with the first overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft, and also drafted Ron Artest out of St. John's University with the sixteenth pick. During the offseason, the team acquired Hersey Hawkins from the Seattle SuperSonics, and signed free agents Fred Hoiberg, Matt Maloney, and re-signed former Bulls guard B. J. Armstrong, and former Bulls center Will Perdue, who both won championships from the team's first three-peat in the early 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157450-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chicago Bulls season\nHowever, the Bulls' struggles continued as they lost 26 of their first 28 games, posting 10 and 11-game losing streaks respectively. At midseason, Toni Kuko\u010d was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers, as the team acquired John Starks from the Golden State Warriors in a three-team trade. However, after just four games, Starks was released to free agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157450-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chicago Bulls season\nThe Bulls finished last place in the Central Division with a 17\u201365 record. Brand averaged 20.1 points, 10.0 rebounds and 1.6 blocks per game, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team, and shared Rookie of The Year honors with Steve Francis of the Houston Rockets. Artest averaged 12.0 points and 1.7 steals per game, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. Following the season, Hawkins re-signed as a free agent with his former team, the Charlotte Hornets, Randy Brown signed with the Boston Celtics, Maloney signed with the Atlanta Hawks, and Armstrong, Perdue and Dickey Simpkins were all released to free agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157451-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chilean presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Chile on 12 December 1999, with a runoff on 16 January 2000. The result was a victory for Ricardo Lagos of the Concert of Parties for Democracy alliance, who received 51% of the vote in the runoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157452-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chinese Basketball Association season\nThe season ran from November 21, 1999, to March 19, 2000. Nanjing Army Thunder and Hubei Mailyard were promoted from the Second Division. Vanguard from the Second Division was merged with Beijing Olympians and the club was known as Vanguard Beijing Olympians for the next several seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157452-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chinese Basketball Association season, Playoffs\nThe top 8 teams in the regular season advanced to the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 57], "content_span": [58, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157452-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chinese Basketball Association season, Playoffs\nIn the Final series, Bayi Rockets defeated Shanghai Sharks (3-0), and claimed its 5th straight CBA championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 57], "content_span": [58, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157452-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chinese Basketball Association season, Playoffs\nTeams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in regular season, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. Home court advantage belongs to the team with the better regular season record; teams enjoying the home advantage are shown in italics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 57], "content_span": [58, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157452-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chinese Basketball Association season, Relegations\nThe bottom 4 teams played the relegation round by round-robin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157452-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Chinese Basketball Association season, Relegations\nNanjing Army Thunder and Hubei Mailyard were relegated to the Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157453-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u201300 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team represented University of Cincinnati as a member of Conference USA during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The head coach was Bob Huggins, serving in his 11th year at the school. The team held the #1 ranking in the AP poll for 12 weeks during the season, but had their national championship hopes undermined when Naismith Player of the Year Kenyon Martin broke his leg during the Conference USA Tournament. The Bearcats finished with a 29\u20134 record (16\u20130 C-USA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157453-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team, Rankings\n^Coaches did not release a Week 1 poll. *AP did not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157454-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cleveland Cavaliers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the 30th season of the National Basketball Association in Cleveland, Ohio. The Cavaliers had the eighth pick in the 1999 NBA draft, and selected Andre Miller from the University of Utah. During the offseason, the team acquired Lamond Murray from the Los Angeles Clippers, and signed free agent Mark Bryant. After playing just five games the previous season, Zydrunas Ilgauskas would miss the entire season due to foot injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157454-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cleveland Cavaliers season\nUnder new head coach Randy Wittman, the Cavaliers played around .500 with an 11\u20139 start in their first 20 games, but then continued to struggle losing ten of their next eleven games. The team finished 6th in the Central Division with a 32\u201350 record. Shawn Kemp led the team with 17.8 points, 8.8 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game, while Murray finished second on the team in scoring averaging 15.9 points per game, and Miller made the NBA All-Rookie First Team, averaging 11.1 points and 5.8 assists per game. The Cavaliers also finished the season with the highest amount of defensive 3-second violations, a record that still stands today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157454-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cleveland Cavaliers season\nFollowing the season, Kemp was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers, Bob Sura was traded to the Golden State Warriors, Andrew DeClercq was dealt to the Orlando Magic, Bryant was released to free agency, and Danny Ferry signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157454-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cleveland Cavaliers season\nFor the season, the Cavaliers changed their uniforms which would last until 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157454-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cleveland Cavaliers season, Draft picks\n*1st round pick acquired from Boston in Vitaly Potapenko deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157455-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Club Atl\u00e9tico Boca Juniors season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Club Atl\u00e9tico Boca Juniors season was the 70th consecutive Primera Divisi\u00f3n season played by the senior squad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157455-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Club Atl\u00e9tico Boca Juniors season, Summary\nThe club' s main goal for Apertura was clinching its three consecutive League title for the first time in its history. The squad was reinforced with few players included forward Alfredo Moreno. The race for the title started early against archrivals River Plate during the whole season. Finally, the club finished on 2nd spot just below of Millonarios thanks to key injured players and a 0\u20132 defeat against River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157455-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Club Atl\u00e9tico Boca Juniors season, Summary\nFor Clausura Tournament the club was reinforced with several players included forward Marcelo Delgado from Racing. The team played a decent season finishing again on 2nd spot thanks to a judicial sanction suspended the game against Newell's Old Boys and deducting 3 points due to a fireworks throwed to the field. In the replay, Newell's won the match and Boca Juniors finished below of Champions River Plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157455-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Club Atl\u00e9tico Boca Juniors season, Summary\nMeanwhile, after six years the club returned to play Copa Libertadores and advanced to Quarterfinals defeating archrivals River Plate included a 3-0 landslide in second leg of the series at La Bombonera. In Semifinals the squad eliminated Mexican team America thanks to a Samuel goal in the final minutes of the second leg of the series. In the Finals of the tournament the squad defeated incumbent Champions  Palmeiras after a penalty shoot-out series clinching the title after 22 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157455-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Club Atl\u00e9tico Boca Juniors season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 50], "content_span": [51, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157456-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Clydebank F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Clydebank's thirty-fourth season in the Scottish Football League. They competed in the Scottish First Division where they finished 10th and relegated to the Scottish Second Division. They also competed in the Scottish League Cup, Scottish Challenge Cup and Scottish Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157457-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coca-Cola Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Coca-Cola Cup was a triangular ODI cricket competition held in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates from 22 to 31 March 2000. It featured the national cricket teams of South Africa, Pakistan and India. Its official sponsor was Coca-Cola. The tournament was won by Pakistan, who defeated South Africa in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157458-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Codan Ligaen season\nThe 1999\u201300 Codan Ligaen season was the 43rd season of ice hockey in Denmark. Ten teams participated in the league, and the Frederikshavn White Hawks won the championship. Gladsaxe SF was relegated to the 1. division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157459-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colchester United F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Colchester United's 58th season in their history and their second successive season in the third tier of English football, the Second Division. Alongside competing in the Second Division, the club also participated in the FA Cup, the League Cup and the Football League Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157459-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colchester United F.C. season\nFollowing of a rocky first season back in the third tier, Colchester had an equally unharmonious beginning to the 1999\u20132000 season, with managing director Steve Gage resigning, shortly followed by manager Mick Wadsworth. Former player, caretaker manager and assistant manager Steve Whitton was appointed Wadsworth's replacement. It was a season of much change but little progress, as the U's stuttered to another 18th-placed finish, despite a strong start to the new Millennium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157459-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colchester United F.C. season\nColchester suffered first round exits once more in all three cup competitions after Crystal Palace beat the U's 5\u20133 over two legs in the League Cup, and Swansea City dumped them out of the FA Cup and Football League Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157459-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colchester United F.C. season, Season overview\nMick Wadsworth made swingeing cuts to the playing staff in the close season as nine first-team regulars were allowed to leave, including fan favourites Joe Dunne and Tony Adcock, who fell just four goals short of Martyn King's club record of 131 career league goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157459-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colchester United F.C. season, Season overview\nDespite the numerous changes, all was not well behind the scenes at Colchester United. Managing director Steven Gage resigned on the eve of the new season, and within two weeks of the season starting, Wadsworth had also resigned to join Crystal Palace. Wadsworth had brought in a number of highly paid players, most of whom were linked to controversial football agent Barry Silkman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157459-0004-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colchester United F.C. season, Season overview\nWhen Brian Launders was sacked by the club for gross misconduct, Silkman took Colchester United to court, exposing the influence agents had on the game and confirming Steve Wignall statements regarding agents following his resignation the season prior. As a result, U's chairman Peter Heard invoked a policy of no longer dealing with agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157459-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colchester United F.C. season, Season overview\nSteve Whitton was appointed Wadsworth's replacement after serving as caretaker manager and having been Wadsworth's assistant. By October, the Colchester were bottom of the league following a dismal run of one win in eleven games, including a 5\u20132 defeat by Cambridge United. Whitton reinstated ostracised players such as Tony Lock and Richard Wilkins and re-signed Joe Dunne and Steve McGavin. He led the U's to safety with an 18th position finish, as Steve McGavin registered 16 goals for himself, while Lomana LuaLua emerged as a future star with 14 goals to his name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157459-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colchester United F.C. season, Season overview\nIn the cup competitions, Colchester exited all three at the first round stage. Swansea City defeated the U's in the FA Cup and Football League Trophy, while Wadsworth's then-future club Crystal Palace saw off Colchester 5\u20133 on aggregate in the League Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157459-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colchester United F.C. season, Squad statistics, Player debuts\nPlayers making their first-team Colchester United debut in a fully competitive match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157460-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colorado Avalanche season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Colorado Avalanche season was the Avalanche's fifth season. It was the first season in the new Pepsi Center arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157460-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colorado Avalanche season, Regular season, Season standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157460-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colorado Avalanche season, Regular season, Season standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157460-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colorado Avalanche season, Regular season, Season standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157460-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Colorado Avalanche season, Draft picks\nColorado's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157461-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Combined Counties Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Combined Counties Football League season was the 22nd in the history of the Combined Counties Football League, a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157461-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Combined Counties Football League, Clubs\nThe league featured 20 clubs from the previous season, along with one new club:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157462-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1999\u20132000 collegiate men's basketball season. The Huskies completed the season with a 25\u201310 overall record. The Huskies were members of the Big East Conference where they finished with a 10\u20136 record. They made it to the Second Round in the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. The Huskies played their home games at Harry A. Gampel Pavilion in Storrs, Connecticut and the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut, and they were led by fourteenth-year head coach Jim Calhoun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157462-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team, Roster\nListed are the student athletes who were members of the 1999\u20132000 team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157463-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut (UConn) during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Huskies, led by Hall of Fame head coach Geno Auriemma in his 15th season at UConn, played their home games at Harry A. Gampel Pavilion and the Hartford Civic Center and were members of the Big East Conference. UConn finished the regular season with a record of 27\u20131 and went 16\u20130 in the Big East to win the regular season conference championship. They also won the Big East Tournament. Then, they won the NCAA Tournament, defeating Tennessee in the final to win their second national championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157463-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team, Roster\nListed are the student athletes who were members of the 1999\u20132000 team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157464-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Copa Federaci\u00f3n de Espa\u00f1a\nThe 1999\u20132000 Copa Federaci\u00f3n de Espa\u00f1a was the 7th staging of the Copa Federaci\u00f3n de Espa\u00f1a, a knockout competition for Spanish football clubs in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B and Tercera Divisi\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157464-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Copa Federaci\u00f3n de Espa\u00f1a\nThe Regional stages began in 1999, while the national tournament took place from November 1999 to April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157465-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Copa Presidente\nThe Copa Presidente 1999\u20132000 is the first staging of the Copa El Salvador football tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157465-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Copa Presidente, Knockout stage, Qualified teams\nThe nine group winners and the three best runners-up from the group stage qualify for the final stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157465-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Copa Presidente, Knockout stage, Semi Final teams\nThe three group winners and the best runners-up from the Quarterfinals group stage qualify for the semi final .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157466-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Copa del Rey\nThe 1999\u20132000 Copa del Rey was the 98th staging of the Copa del Rey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157466-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Copa del Rey\nThe competition started on 1 September 1999 and concluded on 27 May 2000 with the Final, held at the Estadio Mestalla in Valencia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157466-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Copa del Rey, Semi-finals\nNote: Barcelona failed to play the second leg due to a fixture clash with UEFA international matches, which left Barcelona with only seven first-team players. The competition rules at the time for the Copa del Rey allowed sides a maximum of three youth players per match, leaving Barcelona with a squad of ten players for the return leg against Atl\u00e9tico de Madrid. The ten Barcelona players refused to take to the field as a protest against the Spanish FA (RFEF), thus forfeiting the match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157467-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coppa Italia\nThe 1999\u20132000 Coppa Italia was the 53rd edition of the tournament, which began on 15 August 1999 and ended on 18 May 2000. In the final, Lazio beat Internazionale 2\u20131 on aggregate to win their third Coppa Italia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157467-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coppa Italia, Second round\nBologna, Cagliari, Bari, Venezia, Hellas Verona, Piacenza, Perugia and Torino are added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157467-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coppa Italia, Third round\nInternazionale, Parma, Juventus, Fiorentina, Lazio, Roma, Udinese and Milan are added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157468-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coupe de France\nThe Coupe de France 1999\u20132000 was its 83rd edition. It was won by the FC Nantes Atlantique, which defeated Calais RUFC in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157469-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coventry City F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Coventry City competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157469-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coventry City F.C. season, Season summary\nCoventry City were one of the Premiership's best-performing sides at home during 1999\u20132000, achieving 12 victories at the Highfield Road stadium, but failed to win a single away game all season. Their dismal away record ruined their hopes of getting anywhere near the top five, and they were restricted to 14th place in the final table. 1999-2000 also marked the end of 43-year-old goalkeeper Steve Ogrizovic's illustrious career at the club, and severed their final remaining link with the 1987 FA Cup winning side. Robbie Keane proved a successful signing with 12 goals in 34 league appearances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157469-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coventry City F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157469-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coventry City F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157469-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Coventry City F.C. season, First-team squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157470-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Creighton Bluejays men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Creighton Bluejays men's basketball team represented Creighton University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bluejays, led by head coach Dana Altman, played their home games at the Omaha Civic Auditorium. The Jays finished with a 23-10 record, and won the Missouri Valley Conference tournament to earn an automatic bid to the 2001 NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157471-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Crewe Alexandra F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, their 77th in the English Football League, Crewe Alexandra F.C. competed in the Football League First Division where they finished in 19th position on 51 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157472-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Croatian First A League\n1999\u20132000 Croatian First A League was the 9th season of the Croatian handball league since its independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157473-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Croatian First Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Croatian First Football League was the ninth season of the Croatian First Football League, the national championship for men's association football teams in Croatia, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 24 July 1999 and ended on 13 May 2000. Dinamo Zagreb (Croatia Zagreb in fall season) were the defending champions, having won their ninth championship title the previous season, and they defended the title again, after a win against Rijeka on 6 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157473-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Croatian First Football League, Results, Matches 1\u201322\nDuring matches 1\u201322 each team plays every other team twice (home and away).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157473-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Croatian First Football League, Results, Matches 23\u201333\nDuring matches 23\u201333 each team plays every other team once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157474-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Croatian Football Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Croatian Football Cup was the ninth edition of Croatia's football knockout competition. Osijek were the defending champions, and it was won by Hajduk Split.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157475-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Croatian Ice Hockey League season\nThe Croatian Hockey League Season for 1999-2000 resulted with KHL Medve\u0161\u010dak winning the title for the fourth time in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157475-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Croatian Ice Hockey League season, Playoffs, Finals\nMedvescak swept Zagreb in a best of five series, by 3-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157476-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Croatian Second Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Druga HNL was the ninth season of Druga HNL, the second level league in Croatian football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157476-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Croatian Second Football League\nThe format of the league was unchanged from the 1998\u201399 season. A total of 17 clubs competed in Druga HNL this season, in a double round-robin format (following relegation from 1998\u201399 Prva HNL, Mladost 127 was supposed to compete in Druga HNL, but the club folded due to financial difficulties and Druga HNL was reduced to 17 teams before the season started).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157477-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Crystal Palace F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Crystal Palace F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157477-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Crystal Palace F.C. season, Season summary\nCrystal Palace finished in a secure 15th final place. At the end of the season, veteran defender Andy Linighan was voted the club's player of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157477-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Crystal Palace F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157477-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Crystal Palace F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157478-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cuban National Series\nThe 39th Cuban National Series was marked by Santiago de Cuba's remarkable postseason run to win its second straight National Series. Under the direction of manager Higinio V\u00e9lez, the Avispas won eleven straight games in the playoffs, sweeping Camag\u00fcey, Granma and finally Pinar del R\u00edo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157479-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei\nThe 1999\u20132000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei was the 62nd edition of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157479-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei\nThe title was won by Dinamo Bucure\u0219ti against FC U Craiova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157479-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei, Format\nFirst round proper matches are played on the ground of the lowest ranked team, then from the second round proper the matches are played on a neutral location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157479-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei, Format\nIf a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes into extra time. If the match is still tied, the result is decided by penalty kicks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157479-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei, Format\nIn the semi-finals, each tie is played as a two legs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157479-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei, Format\nFrom the first edition, the teams from Divizia A entered in competition in sixteen finals, rule which remained till today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157479-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei, Semi-finals\nThe matches were played on 15 March and 12 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157480-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cymru Alliance\nThe 1999\u20132000 Cymru Alliance was the tenth season of the Cymru Alliance after its establishment in 1990. The league was won by Oswestry Town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157481-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup was the 58th edition of the Cypriot Cup. A total of 50 clubs entered the competition. It began on 10 November 1999 with the preliminary round and concluded on 13 May 2000 with the final which was held at GSP Stadium. Omonia won their 11th Cypriot Cup trophy after beating APOEL 4\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157481-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup, Format\nIn the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup, participated all the teams of the Cypriot First Division, the Cypriot Second Division, the Cypriot Third Division and 8 of the 14 teams of the Cypriot Fourth Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157481-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup, Format\nThe competition consisted of six knock-out rounds. In the preliminary round and in the first round each tie was played as a single leg and was held at the home ground of the one of the two teams, according to the draw results. Each tie winner was qualifying to the next round. If a match was drawn, extra time was following. If extra time was drawn, there was a replay at the ground of the team who were away for the first game. If the rematch was also drawn, then extra time was following and if the match remained drawn after extra time the winner was decided by penalty shoot-out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157481-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup, Format\nThe next three rounds were played in a two-legged format, each team playing a home and an away match against their opponent. The team which scored more goals on aggregate, was qualifying to the next round. If the two teams scored the same number of goals on aggregate, then the team which scored more goals away from home was advancing to the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157481-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup, Format\nIf both teams had scored the same number of home and away goals, then extra time was following after the end of the second leg match. If during the extra thirty minutes both teams had managed to score, but they had scored the same number of goals, then the team who scored the away goals was advancing to the next round (i.e. the team which was playing away). If there weren't scored any goals during extra time, the qualifying team was determined by penalty shoot-out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157481-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup, Format\nThe cup winner secured a place in the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157481-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup, \u03a1reliminary round\nAll the 14 clubs of the Cypriot Second Division, all the 14 clubs of the Cypriot Third Division and 8 clubs from the Cypriot Fourth Division (first eight of the league table the day of draw) participated in the preliminary round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157481-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Cup, First round\nThe 14 clubs of the Cypriot First Division advanced directly to the first round and met the winners of the preliminary round ties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157482-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot First Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Cypriot First Division was the 61st season of the Cypriot top-level football league. Anorthosis won their 11th title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157482-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot First Division, Format\nFourteen teams participated in the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot First Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The last three teams were relegated to the 2000\u201301 Cypriot Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157482-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot First Division, Format\nThe champions ensured their participation in the 2000\u201301 UEFA Champions League and the runners-up in the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157482-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot First Division, Format\nThe teams had to declare their interest to participate in the 2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup before the end of the championship. At the end of the championship, the higher placed team among the interested ones participated in the Intertoto Cup (if they had not secured their participation in any other UEFA competition).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157482-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot First Division, Format, Point system\nTeams received three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157482-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot First Division, Changes from previous season\nEvagoras Paphos, Doxa Katokopia and Aris Limassol were relegated from previous season and played in the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Second Division. They were replaced by the first three teams of the 1998\u201399 Cypriot Second Division, Anagennisi Deryneia, Ethnikos Assia and APOP Paphos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157483-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Fourth Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Fourth Division was the 15th season of the Cypriot fourth-level football league. MEAP Nisou won their 1st title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157483-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Fourth Division, Format\nFourteen teams participated in the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Fourth Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted to the 2000\u201301 Cypriot Third Division and the last three teams were relegated to regional leagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157483-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Fourth Division, Format\nHowever, in the summer, after the end of the championship, Evagoras Paphos merged with APOP Paphos to form AEP Paphos (AEP took the place of APOP in the 2000\u201301 Cypriot First Division. Because of this, playoffs between the bottom three teams of the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Second Division and the fourth team of the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division were held for the extra place in the 2000\u201301 Cypriot Second Division. Also, playoffs between the bottom three teams of the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division and the fourth team of the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Fourth Division were held for the extra place in the 2000\u201301 Cypriot Third Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157483-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Fourth Division, Format, Point system\nTeams received three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157484-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Second Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Second Division was the 45th season of the Cypriot second-level football league. Digenis won their 2nd title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157484-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Second Division, Format\nFourteen teams participated in the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Second Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted to 2000\u201301 Cypriot First Division and the last three teams were relegated to the 2000\u201301 Cypriot Third Division. However, in the summer, after the end of the championship, Evagoras Paphos merged with APOP Paphos to form AEP Paphos (AEP took the place of APOP to 2000\u201301 Cypriot First Division). Because of this, playoff matches were played between the bottom three teams of 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Second Division and the fourth team of 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division (ASIL Lysi), for the extra place in 2000\u201301 Cypriot Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157485-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division was the 29th season of the Cypriot third-level football league. THOI Lakatamia won their 2nd title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157485-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division, Format\nFourteen teams participated in the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first three teams were promoted to the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Second Division and the last three teams were relegated to the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Fourth Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157485-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division, Format\nHowever, in the summer, after the end of the championship, Evagoras Paphos merged with APOP Paphos to form AEP Paphos (AEP took the place of APOP in the 2000\u201301 Cypriot First Division. Because of this, playoffs between the bottom three teams of the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Second Division and the fourth team of the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division were held for the extra place in the 2000\u201301 Cypriot Second Division. Also, playoffs between the bottom 3 teams of the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division and the fourth team of the 1999\u20132000 Cypriot Fourth Division were held for the extra place in the 2000\u201301 Cypriot Third Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157485-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Cypriot Third Division, Format, Point system\nTeams received three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157486-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Czech 1. Liga season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Czech 1.liga season was the seventh season of the Czech 1.liga, the second level of ice hockey in the Czech Republic. 14 teams participated in the league, and HK Dukla Jihlava won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157487-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Czech 2. Liga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Czech 2. Liga was the seventh season of the 2. \u010desk\u00e1 fotbalov\u00e1 liga, the second tier of the Czech football league. Eventual winners, FC Synot clinched promotion to the Czech First League five matches before the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157488-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Czech Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Czech Cup was the seventh season of the annual football knock-out tournament of the Czech Republic. Winners Slovan Liberec qualified for the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157488-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Czech Cup, Round 1\n74 teams entered the competition at this stage. Along with the 22 winners from the preliminary round, these teams played 48 matches to qualify for the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157488-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Czech Cup, Round 4\n\u010cel\u00e1kovice were the only team from the fourth level to take part in round 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157488-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Czech Cup, Semifinals\nThe semifinals were played on 2 and 3 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157489-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Czech Extraliga season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Czech Extraliga season was the seventh season of the Czech Extraliga since its creation after the breakup of Czechoslovakia and the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157490-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Czech First League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Czech First League, known as the Gambrinus liga for sponsorship reasons, was the seventh season of top-tier football in the Czech Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157491-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 C\u00f3rdoba CF season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 49th season in the existence of C\u00f3rdoba CF and the club's first season back in the second division of Spanish football since 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Deutsche Eishockey Liga season was the 6th season of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (English: German Ice Hockey League). An agreement was reached between DEL and the 1. Liga. With DEL being the top-level league, it would be known as the DEL - Die 1. Bundesliga, and the 1. Liga as the 2. Bundesliga. A new logo displaying the full name was introduced at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season\nThe regular season was played from September 10, 1999, until March 12, 2000; the playoffs started soon thereafter on March 17. The M\u00fcnchen Barons, who bought their license from the EV Landshut, became DEL champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season\nA number of major changes were introduced this season. One change was the reintroduction of relegation. However, while the Moskitos Essen were to be relegated, they were granted a stay as the Starbulls Rosenheim had to retread due to finance issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season\nThe second change was that there would be no overtime played; in case a game ends in a tie after the regular periods, shootouts commenced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season, Regular season\nAll teams played each other 4 times, for a total of 56 rounds. The first 8 placed teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season, Relegation Round\nIn the relegation round, all teams played each other once and the points were added to the regular season standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season, Relegation Round\nThe Moskitos Essen should have been relegated. However, the Starbulls Rosenheim transferred their DEL license to the  Iserlohner EC and pulled themselves voluntarily out of the league due to financial trouble. The matter went to court and the Moskitos won an order to stay in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season, Playoff, Semifinals\nSemifinals started April 1 with the regular season best placed team left played against the worst, and the second best vs. third best.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season, Playoff, Finals\nFinals started Aprile 22nd, with the K\u00f6lner Haie playing home first, due to better regular season placement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157492-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DEL season, Playoff, Finals\nWith the last game, the M\u00fcnchen Barons became the DEL Champion, winning a German title for the first time in their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157493-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DFB-Pokal\nThe 1999\u20132000 DFB-Pokal was the 57th season of the annual German football cup competition. It began on 31 July 1999 and ended on 6 May 2000. In the final Bayern Munich defeated Werder Bremen 3\u20130 to take their tenth title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157494-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DFB-Pokal Frauen\nThe Frauen DFB-Pokal 1999\u20132000 was the 20th season of the cup competition, Germany's second-most important title in women's football. The first round of the competition was held on 22\u201325 August 1999. In the final which was held in Berlin on 6 May 2000 FFC Frankfurt defeated Sportfreunde Siegen 2\u20131, thus defending their title from the previous seasons and claiming their second title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157494-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DFB-Pokal Frauen, 1st round\n* Windhorst Drosendorf and Ahrbach withdrew their teams. N\u00fcrnberg and Saarb\u00fccken thus advanced to the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157494-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DFB-Pokal Frauen, 2nd round\n* Hertha Zehlendorf withdrew their team. Brauweiler Pulheim thus advanced to the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157495-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Mavericks season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Mavericks' 20th season in the National Basketball Association. This season is especially notable as Mark Cuban purchased the team from Ross Perot Jr. in January 2000. Under Cuban's leadership, the Mavs built a foundation for continued NBA success that eventually led to two Finals appearances (and one championship) in the next decade. During the offseason, the Mavericks re-acquired former center Sean Rooks from the Los Angeles Lakers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157495-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Mavericks season\nThe Mavericks continued to struggle with a 9\u201323 start, as Gary Trent only played just eleven games due to hamstring and groin injuries. However, after the slow start, the team then won 11 of their next 15 games. At midseason, the Mavs signed flamboyant power forward Dennis Rodman on February 3, a month after Cuban bought the team. However, Rodman's behavior issues led to a very short (12 game) tenure in Dallas before he was released to free agency in early March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157495-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Mavericks season\nMichael Finley averaged 22.6 points per game and was named NBA All-Star for the first time in his career, as he was selected to play in the 2000 NBA All-Star Game in Oakland. Second-year star Dirk Nowitzki showed improvement averaging 17.5 points per game, while Cedric Ceballos provided the team with 16.6 points per game. The Mavericks won nine of their final ten games in April, and finished fourth in the Midwest Division with a 40\u201342 record. However, they missed the playoffs for the tenth straight season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157495-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Mavericks season\nFollowing the season, Ceballos was traded to the Detroit Pistons, Erick Strickland was traded to the New York Knicks, Rooks was dealt to the Los Angeles Clippers, Robert Pack was sent to the Boston Celtics, who then sent him back to his former team, the Denver Nuggets, and Hot Rod Williams, who missed the entire season with a back injury, retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157495-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Mavericks season, Regular season, Standings\nz= clinched division titley= clinched division titlex= clinched playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157495-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Mavericks season, Mark Cuban\nOn January 15, 2000, Mark Cuban purchased a majority stake in the NBA Dallas Mavericks basketball team for $285 million from H. Ross Perot, Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157495-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Mavericks season, Dennis Rodman\nIn the 1999\u20132000 NBA season, the then 38-year-old power forward was signed by the Dallas Mavericks, meaning that Rodman returned to the place where he grew up. For the Mavericks, he played 12\u00a0games, was ejected twice and alienated the franchise with his erratic behavior until he was waived again; Dallas guard Steve Nash commented that Rodman \"never wanted to be [a Maverick]\" and therefore was unmotivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157496-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Stars season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Dallas Stars season was the Stars' seventh season. The Stars were the defending Stanley Cup champions and once again advanced to the finals. However, this time they lost to the New Jersey Devils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157496-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Stars season, Regular season\nThe Stars allowed the fewest power-play goals during the regular season, with 33, and had the best penalty-kill percentage, at 89.25%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157496-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Stars season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157496-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Stars season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157496-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Stars season, Regular season, Final standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157496-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dallas Stars season, Draft picks\nDallas's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157497-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Danish 1st Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Danish 1st Division season was the 55th season of the Danish 1st Division league championship and the 14th consecutive as a second tier competition governed by the Danish Football Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157497-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Danish 1st Division\nThe division-champion and runner-up promoted to the 2000\u201301 Danish Superliga. The teams in the 13th to 16th spots relegated to the 2000\u201301 Danish 2nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157498-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Danish Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Danish Cup was the 46th installment of the Danish Cup, the highest football competition in Denmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157499-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Danish Superliga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Danish Superliga season was the 10th season of the Danish Superliga league championship, governed by the Danish Football Association. It took place from the first match on July 24, 1999, to final match on May 28, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157499-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Danish Superliga\nThe Danish champions qualified for the third UEFA Champions League 2000-01 qualification round, the runner-up entered the Champions League in the second qualification round, while the third placed team qualified for the first qualification round of the UEFA Cup 2000-01. The fourth and fifth placed teams qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup 2000, while the two lowest placed teams of the tournament was directly relegated to the Danish 1st Division. Likewise, the Danish 1st Division champions and runners-up were promoted to the Superliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157500-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dayton Flyers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Dayton Flyers men's basketball team represented the University of Dayton during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Flyers, led by ninth year head coach Oliver Purnell, played their home games at the University of Dayton Arena and were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 22\u20139, 11\u20135 in A-10 play. They fell in the semifinal round of the Atlantic 10 Tournament, but received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament. As No. 11 seed in the West region, the Flyers were beaten by No. 6 seed and eventual regional runner-up Purdue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157501-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 DePaul Blue Demons men's basketball team\n1999\u20132000 DePaul Blue Demons men's basketball team represented DePaul University during the 1999\u20132000 men's college basketball season. They received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament where they lost in the first round to Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157502-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Denver Nuggets season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Nuggets' 24th season in the National Basketball Association, and 33rd season as a franchise. It was also their first year at the Pepsi Center. During the offseason, the Nuggets acquired Ron Mercer from the Boston Celtics, and signed free agent George McCloud. With Dan Issel back as head coach, the Nuggets had a solid nucleus of second-year star Raef LaFrentz, Antonio McDyess and Nick Van Exel with a 17\u201315 record to start the season. However, the Nuggets would struggle and slip below .500 holding a 21\u201327 record at the All-Star break.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157502-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Denver Nuggets season\nAt the trade deadline, Mercer was dealt along with Chauncey Billups, who only played just 13 games due to a shoulder injury, and Johnny Taylor to the Orlando Magic for Tariq Abdul-Wahad and Chris Gatling. The Nuggets went on a 7-game losing streak in March, but won their final four games, and finished fifth in the Midwest Division with a 35\u201347 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157502-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Denver Nuggets season\nMcDyess averaged 19.1 points, 8.5 rebounds and 1.7 blocks per game, while Van Exel provided the team with 16.1 points and 9.0 assists per game, LaFrentz averaged 12.4 points, 7.9 rebounds and 2.2 blocks per game, and top draft pick James Posey made the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. Following the season, Bryant Stith was traded to the Boston Celtics, Gatling was dealt back to the Miami Heat, who then sent him to the Cleveland Cavaliers, and Cory Alexander signed as a free agent with the Orlando Magic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157503-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo Alav\u00e9s season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, the Spanish football club Deportivo Alav\u00e9s placed 6th in La Liga. The team reached the second round of the Copa del Rey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157503-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo Alav\u00e9s season, Season summary\n1999\u20132000 was Alav\u00e9s's third season under head coach Man\u00e9, who guided them to the Segunda Divisi\u00f3n title in his first season, and led them to La Liga survival with 16th place in 1998\u201399. The success continued in the club's second top flight campaign, as Alav\u00e9s finished in sixth place, the best result in their history. This qualified them for the first round of the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup, their first ever European campaign, where they went on to reach the final before losing 5\u20134 to a Liverpool golden goal. They had somewhat less success in the Copa del Rey, where they were eliminated on away goals in the second round after a 2\u20132 aggregate draw with Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B side Real Uni\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157503-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo Alav\u00e9s season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157503-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo Alav\u00e9s season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157504-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 Spanish football season, Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a competed in La Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157504-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a season, Season review\nDeportivo won the Spanish league title, finishing in first place of the league table for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157504-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157504-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a season, Transfers, Summer\nIn:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157504-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a season, Transfers, Summer\nOut:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157504-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a season, Transfers, Winter\nIn:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157504-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a season, Transfers, Winter\nOut:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157505-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Derby County F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 English football season was Derby County F.C. 's fourth consecutive season in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157505-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Derby County F.C. season, Season summary\nAfter two successive top 10 finishes which gave promise a possible bid for a UEFA Cup place, Derby County endured their most difficult season in recent year as they finished 16th with a mere 38 points, just two places and five points clear of relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157505-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Derby County F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157505-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Derby County F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157505-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Derby County F.C. season, Players, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157506-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Pistons season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Pistons' 52nd season in the National Basketball Association, and 43rd season in the city of Detroit. During the offseason, the Pistons re-signed free agents Terry Mills and Michael Curry. After the retirements of Joe Dumars and Bison Dele, the Pistons were led by Grant Hill and Jerry Stackhouse as they provided a 1-2 scoring punch, and were both selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. The Pistons struggled losing their first four games, but then won 18 of their next 28 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157506-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Pistons season\nHead coach Alvin Gentry was fired after a 28\u201330 start, and was replaced with George Irvine, as the Pistons won 14 of their next 24 games, and finished fourth in the Central Division with a 42\u201340 record. Hill averaged 25.8 points, 6.6 rebounds and 5.2 assists per game, and was named to the All-NBA Second Team, while Stackhouse finished second on the team in scoring with 23.6 points per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157506-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Pistons season\nHowever, during the final month of the season, Hill suffered a devastating ankle injury. In the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Pistons were swept by the Miami Heat in three straight games, as Hill re-injured his left ankle in Game 2, and sat out Game 3, where the Pistons lost at home to the Heat 91\u201372. Following the season, Hill was traded to the Orlando Magic, Lindsey Hunter was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks, Christian Laettner and Loy Vaught were both dealt to the Dallas Mavericks, and Mills signed as a free agent with the Indiana Pacers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157506-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Pistons season\nFor the season, the Pistons added new dark red alternate road uniforms with black side panels, which lasted until 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157506-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Pistons season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157507-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Red Wings season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Detroit Red Wings season was Detroit's 74th season of operation in the National Hockey League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157507-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Red Wings season, Regular season\nThe Red Wings led in goals for during the regular season, with 278. They also finished first in power-play goals scored, with 69 (tied with the Philadelphia Flyers) and power-play percentage (20.41%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157507-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Red Wings season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157507-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Red Wings season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157507-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Red Wings season, Regular season, Final standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157507-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Red Wings season, Player statistics, Goaltending\n\u2020 Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Red Wings. Stats reflect time with the Red Wings only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157507-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Red Wings season, Player statistics, Goaltending\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty minutes;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0GS = Games Started; TOI = Time on Ice; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals-against Average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots Against; SV% = Save Percentage;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157507-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Detroit Red Wings season, Draft picks\nDetroit's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157508-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Division 1 season (Swedish ice hockey)\n1999\u20132000 was the first season that Division 1 functioned as the third-level of ice hockey in Sweden, below the second-level Allsvenskan and the top-level Elitserien (now the SHL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157508-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Division 1 season (Swedish ice hockey), Format\nThe league was divided into four regional groups. In each region, the top teams qualified for a promotion round for the opportunity to be promoted to the Allsvenskan. The bottom teams in each group were forced to play in a relegation round in order to retain their spot in Division 1 for the following season. These were also conducted within each region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157509-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Divisi\u00f3n de Honor de Futsal\nThe 1999\u201300 season of the Divisi\u00f3n de Honor de Futsal is the 11th season of top-tier futsal in Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157510-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Divizia A\nThe 1999\u20132000 Divizia A was the eighty-second season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157510-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Divizia A, Champion squad\nGoalkeepers: \u0218tefan Preda (30 / 0); Khalid Fouhami  (4 / 0). Defenders: Cornel Buta (9 / 3); Liviu Ciobotariu (9 / 0); \u0218erban Cristescu (1 / 0); Cornel Dobre (4 / 0); Daniel Florea (25 / 0); Sorin Iodi (2 / 0); Adrian Iordache (1 / 0); Giani Kiri\u021b\u0103 (32 / 3); Gheorghe Mihali (21 / 3); Valentin N\u0103stase (26 / 0); Lauren\u0163iu Opricean\u0103 (1 / 0); Tinel Petre (18 / 0); M\u0103d\u0103lin Marius Popa (1 / 0); Iosif T\u00e2lvan (9 / 0); Marian V\u0103tavu (2 / 0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157510-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Divizia A, Champion squad\nMidfielders: Alexandru B\u0103l\u021boi (2 / 1); Florin Cernat (10 / 0); Cristian Constantin (1 / 0); Marius Coporan (9 / 0); C\u0103t\u0103lin H\u00eeldan (29 / 1); Daniel Iftodi (29 / 4); Ioan Lupescu (29 / 6); R\u0103zvan P\u0103dure\u021bu (1 / 0); Florentin Petre (22 / 7); Gabriel Popescu (9 / 0); Daniel Timofte (6 / 0); Cristian Vlad (12 / 1). Forwards: Bogdan Aldea (10 / 1); Claudiu Dr\u0103gan (11 / 5); Bogdan Mara (8 / 2); Adrian Mihalcea (29 / 13); Adrian Mutu (18 / 18); Marius Niculae (27 / 12); Constantin Stan (1 / 0); Ion Vl\u0103doiu (12 / 12). (league appearances and goals listed in brackets)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157511-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Divizia B\nThe 1999\u20132000 Divizia B was the 60th season of the second tier of the Romanian football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157511-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Divizia B\nThe format has been maintained to two series, each of them having 18 teams. At the end of the season, the winners of the series promoted to Divizia A and the last four places from both series relegated to Divizia C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157512-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Djurg\u00e5rdens IF Hockey season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Djurg\u00e5rdens IF Hockey season was the season in which the Swedish Djurg\u00e5rden ice hockey team finished first in the league, one point ahead of Bryn\u00e4s. Djurg\u00e5rden was going to play rival F\u00e4rjestad in quarterfinals. After a tough 7-game series Djurg\u00e5rden won and got to play Lule\u00e5 and won pretty easily with a score of 3-0. Then in the finals Djurg\u00e5rden played against Modo Hockey with the Sedin twins (Daniel Sedin and Henrik Sedin). Djurg\u00e5rden won 3-0 and became Swedish champions for the first time since 1991. It was also the season in which Djurg\u00e5rden's coach Hardy Nilsson created the new play called Torpedo hockey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157512-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Djurg\u00e5rdens IF Hockey season, Player statistics, Regular season, Skaters Top-10\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157512-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Djurg\u00e5rdens IF Hockey season, Player statistics, Playoffs, Skaters Top-10\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157513-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Drexel Dragons men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Drexel Dragons men's basketball team represented Drexel University  during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Dragons, led by 1st year head coach Steve Seymour, played their home games at the Daskalakis Athletic Center and were members of the America East Conference (AEC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157513-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Drexel Dragons men's basketball team\nThe team finished the season 13\u201317, and finished in 5th place in the AEC in the regular season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157514-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team represented Duke University. The head coach was Mike Krzyzewski. The team played its home games in Cameron Indoor Stadium in Durham, North Carolina, and was a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157515-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Duleep Trophy\nThe 1999\u20132000 Duleep Trophy was the 39th season of the Duleep Trophy, a first-class cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: Central Zone, East Zone, North Zone, South Zone and West Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157515-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Duleep Trophy\nNorth Zone won the final against West Zone on first innings lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157516-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dumbarton F.C. season\nSeason 1999\u20132000 was the 116th football season in which Dumbarton competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Football League for the 94th time, the Scottish Cup for the 105th time, the Scottish League Cup for the 53rd time and the Scottish Challenge Cup for the ninth time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157516-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dumbarton F.C. season, Overview\nSeason 1999-2000 would be one of the most memorable for Dumbarton, but not because of any titles won or lost, but because this would be the last season that the club would play at their famous Boghead Park. Dumbarton's home had been here for the past 121 years - the longest that any British football club had stayed at any home ground. Now the ground had been sold and Dumbarton would move to a new purpose built stadium at the foot of Dumbarton Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157516-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dumbarton F.C. season, Overview\nThe season itself was unremarkable. Three promotion places were up for grabs due to the addition of Elgin City and Peterhead the following season, however despite an encouraging start there was never a real chance of a top three finish and in the end a midtable 6th place was achieved. It would be the final game however that would define the whole campaign. As it was a crowd in excess of 3,000 turned out to bid farewell to the old ground and with it a fine victory over promoted East Fife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157516-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dumbarton F.C. season, Overview\nIn the national cup competitions, there was little to cheer. In the Scottish Cup, Dumbarton lost to Stenhousemuir in the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157516-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dumbarton F.C. season, Overview\nIn the League Cup, after a win over Brechin City, Dundee would easily dispatch Dumbarton in the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157516-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dumbarton F.C. season, Overview\nWith new found sponsorship, the Scottish Challenge Cup was re-instated, but the same old failures beset Dumbarton - yet another first round defeat, this time to Airdrie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157516-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dumbarton F.C. season, Overview\nLocally, in the Stirlingshire Cup, Dumbarton lost their two group ties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157516-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dumbarton F.C. season, Youth Team\nDumbarton played an under 19 team in the Scottish Youth Division B, and with 6 wins and 4 draws from 26 games, finished 9th of 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157517-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season saw Dundee compete in the Scottish Premier League where they finished in 7th position with 41 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 91st year of football played by Dundee United, and covers the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000. United finished in eighth place, an improvement on last year's ninth-place finish, despite accumulating fewer points in this campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season\nUnited were knocked out of both domestic cup competitions by Aberdeen \u2013 in the League Cup semi-finals and the Scottish Cup quarter-finals, both by a score of 1\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Review and events\nUnited sold top scorer Billy Dodds to Rangers at the start of December and immediately the club's fortunes changed. Sitting third in the league, the club would win only one of the next fourteen league games and three in total for the rest of the season. In fact, United lost 11 of the last 13 matches, consigning them to eighth place. Such was Dodds' impact that he finished top scorer, despite only playing the first four months of the season with the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Match results\nDundee United played a total of 44 competitive matches during the 1999\u20132000 season. The team finished eighth in the Scottish Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Match results\nIn the cup competitions, United were knocked out of the Scottish Cup at the quarter-finals stage, losing 1\u20130 to Aberdeen. The same team knocked United out of the CIS Insurance Cup, this time at the semi-final stage. Both matches finished 1\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Player details\nDuring the 1999\u201300 season, United used 29 different players, with a further three named as substitutes who did not make an appearance on the pitch. The table below shows the number of appearances and goals scored by each player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Player details, Goalscorers\nThirteen players scored for the United first team with the team scoring 52 goals in total. Despite leaving the club in early December and playing only eighteen matches, Billy Dodds was the top goalscorer, scoring ten goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Player details, Discipline\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, eight United players were sent off, and twenty players received at least one yellow card. In total, the team received eight dismissals and 70 cautions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Transfers, In\nNine players were signed during the 1999\u20132000 season, with a total (public) transfer cost of around \u00a3750,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Transfers, In\nThe players that joined Dundee United during the 1999\u201307 season, along with their previous club, are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Transfers, Out\nSeven players left the club during the season with only one transfer \u2013 Billy Dodds to Rangers \u2013 bringing in a fee (\u00a31.3m). The club made a transfer profit of around \u00a3500k for the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Transfers, Out\nListed below are the players that were released during the season, along with the club that they joined. Players did not necessarily join their next club immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157518-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Dundee United F.C. season, Playing kit\nThe jerseys were sponsored for the fourth consecutive season by Telewest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157519-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ECHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 ECHL season was the 12th season of the ECHL. Before the start of the season, the Miami Matadors and Columbus Chill suspended operations, the Chesapeake Icebreakers, who originally suspended operations, moved to Jackson, Mississippi. The league also welcomed expansion franchises in North Little Rock, Arkansas and Trenton, New Jersey, as well as welcoming back a franchise in the former market of Greensboro, North Carolina. The New Orleans Brass moved into the New New Orleans Arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157519-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ECHL season\nThe league also created a new individual award, the Plus Performer Award, to be awarded to the player who leads the league in plus-minus rating at the end of the regular season. The Florida Everblades finished first overall in the regular season, winning the Brabham Cup and the Peoria Rivermen won their first Kelly Cup, defeating the Louisiana IceGators four games to two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157519-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ECHL season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L= Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points; Green shade = Clinched playoff spot; Blue shade = Clinched division; (z) = Clinched home-ice advantage", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157520-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EEHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Eastern European Hockey League season, was the fifth season of the multi-national ice hockey league. 13 teams participated in the league, and HC Berkut-Kyiv of Ukraine won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157521-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EHF Champions League\nThe 1999\u20132000 EHF Champions League was the 40th edition of Europe's premier club handball tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157522-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EHF Women's Champions League\nThe 1999\u20132000 EHF Women's Champions League was the seventh edition of the modern era of the premier competition for European national champions women's handball clubs, running from 1 October 1999 to 27 May 2000. Hypo Nieder\u00f6sterreich defeated Macedonia's Gjorce Petrov in the final to win its eighth title, with Budu\u0107nost Podgorica (which defeated defending champion Duna\u00fajv\u00e1rosi NKS in the quarter-finals) and Dynamo Volgograd also reaching the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157523-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EHF Women's Cup Winners' Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 EHF Women's Cup Winners' Cup was the twenty-fourth edition of EHF's competition for women's handball national cup champions. It ran from October 1, 1999, to May 28, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157523-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EHF Women's Cup Winners' Cup\n1997 Champions League champion Mar Valencia became the first Spanish team to win the Cup Winners' Cup, defeating 1988 and 1989 champion Kuban Krasnodar in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157524-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EPIHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 EPIHL was the 3rd season of the English Premier Ice Hockey League, the sport's third tier, which is split into a Premier Division and a regionalized Division One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157524-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EPIHL season\nThere is no automatic promotion to the  British National League from the English League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157524-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EPIHL season\nIn the Premier Division, teams met six times, three at home and three away, while in Division One sides played one home, one away in the North and two home, two away in the South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157524-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EPIHL season\nChelmsford Chieftains won the English Premier Ice Hockey League's first three-leg Grand Slam with successes in the League, Play-Offs and Millennium Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157525-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eastern Counties Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Eastern Counties Football League season was the 58th in the history of Eastern Counties Football League a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157525-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eastern Counties Football League, Premier Division\nThe Jewson Premier Division featured 20 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs, promoted from Division One:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157525-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eastern Counties Football League, Premier Division\nSudbury Town merged with Sudbury Wanderers to form new club AFC Sudbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157525-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eastern Counties Football League, Premier Division\nHiston won the league on the last day of the season, coming from behind to win 2-1 win away at Gorleston with Wayne Goddard scoring the winner in the 76th minute. The victory meant that title rivals Wroxham, who still had a game in hand against Warboys Town, could not catch them. Histon's victory gained them promotion to the Dr. Martens League and also saved Felixstowe Port & Town from relegation as, had Wroxham won, they would not have been promoted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157525-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eastern Counties Football League, Division One\nDivision One featured 16 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157526-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eastern Illinois Panthers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Eastern Illinois Panthers men's basketball team represented the Eastern Illinois University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was Rick Samuels' 20th season as head coach at Eastern Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157526-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eastern Illinois Panthers men's basketball team\nGuard Kyle Hill was leading scorer, averaging 19.1 points per game, junior forward Merve Joseph with 7.3 rebounds per games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season was the Oilers' 21st season in the NHL, and they were coming off a 33\u201337\u201312 record in 1998\u201399, earning their third-straight playoff appearance. However, they were defeated in the first round by the eventual Western Conference Champions, the Dallas Stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season\nThe Oilers did not bring back Head Coach Ron Low, who had been with the team since 1995, and hired former Oilers defenceman Kevin Lowe as his replacement. Lowe played with Edmonton from 1979 to 1992, and then again from 1996 to 1998, winning five Stanley Cups with the team, and scored the first NHL goal in Oilers history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season\nEdmonton saw its win total drop to 32; however, it earned 88 points, the team's highest point total since the Stanley Cup-winning 1989\u201390 season, and qualified for the playoffs for the fourth-straight season, finishing in seventh place in the Western Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season\nOffensively, newly named captain Doug Weight rebounded from his injury-plagued 1998\u201399 season and led the club with 51 assists and 72 points. Ryan Smyth was the Oilers' goal-scoring leader, with 28 goals. Alexander Selivanov scored 27 goals and 47 points in his first full season with the Oilers, while Bill Guerin scored 24 goals. Defenceman Roman Hamrlik led the blueline with 45 points, while second-year player Tom Poti scored nine goals and earned 35 points. Sean Brown led the club in penalty minutes once again, with 192.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season\nIn goal, Tommy Salo got the bulk of the action, winning 27 games, while recording a goals against average (GAA) of 2.33, earning two shutouts along the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season\nThe Oilers opened the playoffs against the Dallas Stars, the fourth-straight season that these teams faced each other. The Stars finished in second place in the Western Conference with 102 points, 14 points higher than the Oilers. The Stars earned a 2\u20130 series lead by winning both games in Dallas; however, the Oilers cut the lead in half with a 5\u20132 victory in Game 3 at Skyreach Centre. Dallas won Game 4 by a 3\u20131 score, then finished off the series in Game 5 in Dallas, ending the Oilers' season for the third year in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season, Season standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season, Season standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season, Season standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157527-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Edmonton Oilers season, Schedule and results\nLegend: \u00a0\u00a0Win (2 points)\u00a0\u00a0Loss (0 points)\u00a0\u00a0Tie (1 point)\u00a0\u00a0Overtime Loss (1 point)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157528-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eerste Divisie\nThe Dutch Eerste Divisie in the 1999\u201300 season was contested by 18 teams. NAC Breda won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157528-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eerste Divisie, Promotion/relegation play-offs\nIn the promotion/relegation competition, eight entrants (six from this league and two from the Eredivisie) entered in two groups. The group winners were promoted to the Eredivisie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157529-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Egyptian Premier League\nFourteen teams contested the 1999\u20132000 edition of the league. The first team in the league, Al Ahly, were crowned the champions, and qualified for the first round of the CAF Champions League in 2000 along with the team finishing in second place. Third placed team qualified to confederation cup. Finally, the last three in the league will play next season in the second division .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157530-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eintracht Frankfurt season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Eintracht Frankfurt season was the 100th season in the club's football history. In 1999\u20132000 the club played in the Bundesliga, the top tier of German football. It was the club's 98th season in the first tier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157530-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eintracht Frankfurt season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157530-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eintracht Frankfurt season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157530-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eintracht Frankfurt season, Players, Eintracht Frankfurt II\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157530-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eintracht Frankfurt season, Players, Under-19s\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157530-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eintracht Frankfurt season, Players, Under-17s\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157531-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ekstraklasa, Overview\nA total of 16 teams competed in the 1999\u20132000 season. Polonia Warsaw won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157532-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Elche CF season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 77th season in the existence of Elche CF and the club's first season back in the second division of Spanish football. The season covered the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157533-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eliteserien season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Eliteserien season was the 61st season of ice hockey in Norway. Nine teams participated in the league, and Storhamar Ishockey won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157534-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Elitserien (men's handball)\nThe 1999\u20132000 Elitserien was the 66th season of the top division of Swedish handball. 12 teams competed in the league. The league was split into an autumn league and a spring league. The eight highest placed teams in the autumn league qualified for the spring league, whereas the four lowest placed teams qualified for Allsvenskan along with the highest placed teams from the autumn season of Division I (the second level).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157534-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Elitserien (men's handball)\nThe six highest placed teams in the spring season of Elitserien qualified for the quarterfinals, whereas the two lowest placed teams qualified for the preliminary round of the playoffs, along with the two highest placed teams of Allsvenskan. Redbergslids IK won the regular season and also won the playoffs to claim their 18th Swedish title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157535-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Elitserien season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Elitserien season was the 25th season of the Elitserien, the top level of ice hockey in Sweden. 12 teams participated in the league, and Djurg\u00e5rdens IF won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157536-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 England Hockey League season\nThe 1999\u20132000 English Hockey League season took place from September 1999 until May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157536-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 England Hockey League season\nThe men's National League was won by Canterbury with the women's National League going to Hightown. The top four clubs entered the Premiership tournament which culminated with men's & women's finals on 1 May. Cannock won the men's Premiership tournament and Hightown claimed the women's Premiership tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157536-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 England Hockey League season\nThe Men's Cup was won by Reading and the Women's Cup was won by Clifton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157536-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 England Hockey League season, Men's Cup (EHA Cup), Final\n(Held at the National Hockey Stadium (Milton Keynes) on 7 May)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157536-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 England Hockey League season, Women's Cup (EHA Cup), Final\n(Held at National Hockey Stadium (Milton Keynes) on 7 May)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157537-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eredivisie\nThe Dutch Eredivisie in the 1999\u20132000 season was contested by 18 teams. PSV won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157537-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eredivisie, Promotion/relegation play-offs\nIn the promotion/relegation competition, eight entrants (six from the Eerste Divisie and two from this league) entered in two groups. The group winners were promoted to (or remained in) the Eredivisie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157538-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Eredivisie (ice hockey) season\nThe 1999\u201300 Eredivisie season was the 40th season of the Eredivisie, the top level of ice hockey in the Netherlands. Seven teams participated in the league, and the Nijmegen Tigers won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157539-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Essex Senior Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Essex Senior Football League season was the 29th in the history of Essex Senior Football League a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157539-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Essex Senior Football League, Clubs\nThe league featured 13 clubs which competed in the league last season, along with two new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157540-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Esteghlal F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season are the Esteghlal Football Club's 8th season in the Azadegan League, and their 6th consecutive season in the top division of Iranian football. They are also competing in the Hazfi Cup and Asian Cup Winners' Cup, and 55th year in existence as a football club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157540-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Esteghlal F.C. season, Player\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157541-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Euro Hockey Tour\nThe 1999-2000 Euro Hockey Tour was the fourth season of the Euro Hockey Tour. The season consisted of four tournaments, the \u010cesk\u00e1 Poji\u0161\u0165ovna Cup, Karjala Tournament, Baltica Brewery Cup, and the Sweden Hockey Games. The games Canada participated in did not count towards the final standings of the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157542-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EuroLeague Women\nThe 1999\u20132000 Euroleague Women was the fourth edition of the Euroleague era of FIBA's premier international competition for European women's basketball clubs. It ran between 22 September 1999 and 6 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157542-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 EuroLeague Women\nDefending champion and Final Four host MBK Ruzomberok won its second title beating former champion Bourges Basket in the final. BK Brno and Dynamo Moscow also reached the Final Four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157543-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 European Challenge Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 European Challenge Cup was the fourth year of the European Challenge Cup, the second tier rugby union cup competition below the Heineken Cup. The tournament was held between November 1999 and May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157543-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 European Challenge Cup, Pool stage, Pool 7\n* Agen deducted two points for fielding non-registered players in two matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157544-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 European Challenge Cup pool stage, Pool 7\n* Agen deducted two points for fielding non-registered players in two matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157545-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 European Hockey League\nThe 1999\u20132000 European Hockey League was the fourth and last  edition of the European Hockey League. The season started on September 21, 1999, and finished on February 6, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157545-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 European Hockey League\nThe tournament was won by Metallurg Magnitogorsk, who beat HC Sparta Praha in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157545-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 European Hockey League\nThe points system used in the first round of the tournament was: the winner in regular time won 3 points; in case of a tie, an overtime is played, the winner in overtime won 2 points and the loser in overtime won 1 point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157546-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Everton F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Everton competed in the Premier League, the FA Cup, and the Football League Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157546-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Everton F.C. season, Season summary\n1999\u20132000 brought a one-place improvement upon last season's 14th-place finish for Everton, but the blue half of Merseyside was still left frustrated by their side's lack of success, something which had been a familiar scene for far too long. Manager Walter Smith, determined to save his job and preserve Everton's top flight status, pulled off one of the biggest transfer surprises of the close season by bringing in Paul Gascoigne and bolstering one of the most ungainly squads currently in the Premiership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157546-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Everton F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157546-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Everton F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157546-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Everton F.C. season, Squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 FA Cup  (known as The FA Cup sponsored by AXA for sponsorship reasons) was the 119th staging of the FA Cup. Both the semi-finals and final of the competition were played at Wembley Stadium for the last time before reconstruction work began. The competition culminated with the final between Chelsea and Aston Villa. The game was won by a goal from Chelsea's Roberto Di Matteo, giving them a 1\u20130 victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup\nThe title holders Manchester United, withdrew from the 1999\u20132000 competition due to their participation in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship in South America, to take place in early 2000, thus becoming the first FA Cup winners not to defend their title. Despite this being at the request of the Football Association (FA), they received criticism from journalists and television pundits. To keep the competition running smoothly, the FA chose to draw one team from among those lower-division teams defeated in the second round to progress as \"lucky losers\" to the third. Darlington were the team drawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup\nThe main competition started in November 1999 for clubs from the Football League and Premiership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup, Calendar\nManchester United, who were the winners the previous season, did not enter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup, First round proper\nThis round is the first in which teams from the First Division and Second Division compete with non-league teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup, First round proper\n\u2021 - Oxford City's replay with Wycombe Wanderers was abandoned after extra time due to a fire within the stadium. The score was 1\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup, Third round proper\nThis round marked the first time First Division and Premier League (top-flight) teams played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup, Semi-finals\nAston Villa booked their first FA Cup final appearance since 1957 by beating Bolton Wanderers on penalties after a goalless draw, while Chelsea reached their first final after just three years with a narrow 2\u20131 win over Newcastle United (who had been finalists in the previous two seasons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup, Final\nThe 2000 FA Cup Final was contested between Chelsea and Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium, with Chelsea coming out 1-0 winners. Roberto Di Matteo scored the winning goal 17 minutes from the end, three years after he had opened the scoring within the first minute of Chelsea's last FA Cup final win. This was Villa's first FA Cup final for 43 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup, Media coverage\nIn the United Kingdom, ITV were the free to air broadcasters for the third consecutive season while Sky Sports were the subscription broadcasters for the twelfth consecutive season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157547-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup, Media coverage\nThe matches shown live on ITV Sport were: Huddersfield Town 0\u20132 Liverpool (R3); Arsenal 0\u20130 Leicester City (R4); Aston Villa 3\u20132 Leeds United (R5); Tranmere Rovers 2\u20133 Newcastle United (QF); Bolton Wanderers 0\u20130 Aston Villa (SF); and Chelsea 1\u20130 Aston Villa (Final)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157548-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup qualifying rounds\nThe 1999\u20132000 FA Cup Qualifying Rounds opened the 119th season of competition in England for 'The Football Association Challenge Cup' (FA Cup), the world's oldest association football single knockout competition. A total of 558 clubs were accepted for the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157548-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup qualifying rounds\nThe large number of clubs entering the tournament from lower down (Levels 5 through 9) in the English football pyramid meant that the competition started with five rounds of preliminary (1) and qualifying (4) knockouts for these non-League teams. The 32 winning teams from Fourth Round Qualifying progressed to the First Round Proper, where League teams tiered at Levels 3 and 4 entered the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157548-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup qualifying rounds, Calendar\nManchester United, who were the winners the previous season, did not enter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157548-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Cup qualifying rounds, 1999\u20132000 FA Cup\nSee 1999-2000 FA Cup for details of the rounds from the First Round Proper onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157549-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Premier League\nThe 1999\u20132000 FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the eighth season of the FA Premier League, and Manchester United secured their sixth Premiership title. Like the previous season, they lost only three league games all season. Unlike in 1998\u201399 season, they won by a comfortable margin \u2013 18 points as opposed to a single point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157549-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Premier League\nTheir only disappointment of the season came when they lost their defence of the European Cup following a 3\u20132 defeat against Real Madrid in the quarter finals. Manchester United had withdrawn from the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup to participate in the FIFA World Club Championship at the request of the FA who wanted Manchester United to compete to support England's bid to host the World Cup. Chelsea would go on to win the lastFA Cup held at Wembley Stadium before its redevelopment. The League Cup final was won by Leicester City, for the second time in four seasons. In Europe, Leeds United reached the UEFA Cup semi final and Arsenal were on the losing side to Galatasaray in the UEFA Cup final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157549-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Premier League\nOnly one newly promoted team suffered relegation: Watford, who finished in last place, and achieved a record Premiership low of just 24 points (a record since broken by Sunderland (twice) and by Derby County, Aston Villa and Huddersfield Town), despite a decent start to their campaign which saw them beat both Liverpool (at Anfield) and Chelsea. The most successful promoted team was Sunderland, who finished seventh in the final table and spent much of the season pushing for a place in European competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157549-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Premier League\nBradford City, back in the top division for the first time since 1922, secured their Premiership survival on the last day of the season with a 1\u20130 win over Liverpool. The result meant that Liverpool lost out on a Champions League place, and Wimbledon were relegated after 14 years of top-division football. Second-from-bottom Sheffield Wednesday were relegated in their penultimate game of the season, having spent 15 of the previous 16 seasons in the top division. Wednesday's season included an 8\u20130 defeat at Newcastle. Amazingly Coventry City went all season without an away win but still managed to secure 14th place due to an impressive home record which saw them win 12 out of their 19 matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157549-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Premier League\nAs well as Premiership champions Manchester United and runners-up Arsenal, third placed Leeds United qualified for the 2000\u201301 Champions League. UEFA Cup places went to fourth placed Liverpool, F.A Cup winners Chelsea, and League Cup winners Leicester City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157549-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Premier League\nPromoted to the Premiership for 2000\u201301 were First Division champions Charlton Athletic, runners-up Manchester City and playoff winners Ipswich Town. For the first time since the formation of the Premiership, all of the promoted teams had been members of the Premiership before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157549-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Premier League, Teams\nTwenty teams competed in the league\u00a0\u2013 the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the First Division. The promoted teams were Sunderland, Bradford City and Watford, returning after absences of two, seventy-seven and eleven years respectively. This was also both Bradford City and Watford's first season in the Premier League. They replaced Charlton Athletic, Blackburn Rovers and Nottingham Forest. Charlton Athletic and Nottingham Forest were immediately relegated after a season's presence while Blackburn Rovers' seven-year top flight spell came to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157550-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Trophy\nThe 1999\u20132000 FA Trophy was the thirty-first season of the FA Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157551-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FA Women's Premier League\nThe 8th season of the FA Women's Premier League. Croydon F.C. 's women's team retained their League title, and added the FA Women's Cup to seal a second double in four years. A 3\u20130 defeat to Arsenal on 4 May 2000 ended an unbeaten league run stretching back almost two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157552-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FAW Premier Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 FAW Premier Cup was the third season of the tournament since its founding in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157553-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Barcelona season\nFC Barcelona did not repeat its successful season in 1998\u201399, and fell back to second in La Liga, as well as knocked out of the Champions League in the semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157553-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Barcelona season\nBarcelona did not perform well in the mid season and lost the league title to Deportivo La Coru\u00f1a just 5 points behind and Louis van Gaal was let go by the club, with former Real Betis coach Lorenzo Serra Ferrer taking over after 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157553-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Barcelona season\nDespite trophyless season, the side managed to reach the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League, where it lost to eventual competition runners up Valencia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157553-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Barcelona season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Fussball Club Basel 1893 season was their 106th season since the club's foundation. Following their promotion in the 1993\u201394 season this was their sixth consecutive season in the highest tier of Swiss football. Ren\u00e9 C. J\u00e4ggi was the club's chairman for the fourth year. FC Basel played their home games in the Stadion Sch\u00fctzenmatte while the new stadium was being built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, Overview\nOn 15 June 1999 Christian Gross was appointed as the new first team trainer and he assigned Ruedi Zbinden as his co-trainer. Forming his new team, Gross made a number of signings before the season started. These new signings included defensive players such as Alexandre Quennoz, who signed from Sion, Ivan Knez from Luzern and Murat Yakin who came from Fenerbah\u00e7e and forwards such as George Koumantarakis who signed in from Luzern, Didier Tholot from Sion and Thomas H\u00e4berli from Kriens. The most interest was raised in the signing of Pascal Zuberb\u00fchler in a goalkeeper swap with Stefan Huber who then went to Grasshopper Club. In the outwards direction Mario Frick transferred to Z\u00fcrich, Abedi to Yverdon and Fabrice Henry to Hibernian (on loan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, The Campaign, Pre-season friendlies\nBefore the domestic League season started on 7 July Basel had little time to get things ready. They organised one test game against lower tier SR Del\u00e9mont, which was played in Laufen and won 2\u20130, and they entered the Sempione Cup, which was played in Balsthal. Here Basel played the semi-final against Brasilian team Ituano FC, which was lost, and the third place match against Croatian Dinamo Zagreb, in which they also suffered a defeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, The Campaign, Domestic League\nThe qualifying round of the League season 1999\u20132000 was contested by twelve teams. The first eight teams of the First Stage (or Qualification) were then to compete in the Championship Round. The season started on 7 July. Basel's priority aim was to reach the Championship stage and end the season in the top three. The season started sub-optimal, the team remained unbeaten, but with just three wins and four draws in the first seven rounds, they lost contact to the table leaders. Following their first defeat, in the away game against Lausanne-Sport, Basel improved their position in the table with another three victories. Basel suffered their first home defeat on 2 October against Yverdon-Sports, but they ended the Qualification Round in second position in the league table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, The Campaign, Domestic League\nThe Championship Round started on 12 March 2000. The participating teams took half of the points (rounded up to complete units) gained in the Qualification as bonus with them. Basel played amongst the table leaders and in the tenth round they even managed a 3\u20131 victory against league leaders St. Gallen. However, in their last four matches Basel won only two further points and dropped to third position behind champions St Gallen and Lausanne, against whom the final game of the season ended in a 0\u20133 home defeat on 7 June 2000. Nevertheless, Basel qualified for the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, The Campaign, Domestic Cup\nBasel's clear aim for the Swiss Cup was to win the title. In the round of 32, they were drawn away against Mendrisio. In the next round a home game against Grasshopper Club, ended in a draw and was eventually won in the penalty shoot out. The quarterfinal against Lausanne-Sport ended the cup run. Lausanne continued and advanced to the final, but here they were beaten by Z\u00fcrich in a penalty shoot-out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, The Campaign, Europe\nBasel were qualified for the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup. The first round was played against Slovenian team Korotan Prevalje on 20 and 26 June 1999 and won 6\u20130 on aggregate. The second round draw brought the Czech Republic club Boby Brno to Basel on 4 July. The return leg a week later gave Basel a 4\u20132 victory on aggregate. Although the first leg of the third round was won away from home against Hamburg, the Germans won the second leg in the Stadion Sch\u00fctzenmatte and Hamburg proceeded due to the away goals rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, Players, First team squad\nThe following is the list of the Basel first team squad. It includes all players that were in the squad the day the season started on 7 July 1999 but subsequently left the club after that date and it includes all players that transferred in during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, Players, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, Players, Transfers in\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, Players, Transfers out\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157554-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Basel season, Results, Nationalliga A, League table\nThe first eight teams of the Qualification phase competed in the Championship Playoff Round. They took half of the points (rounded up to complete units) gained in the Qualification as Bonus with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157555-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Bayern Munich season\nThe 1999\u20132000 FC Bayern Munich season was the 100th season in the club's history. FC Bayern Munich clinched its second consecutive league title, its third consecutive DFB-Ligapokal championship, and the 1999\u20132000 DFB-Pokal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157555-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Bayern Munich season, Squad, Bookings\nSource: Only competitive matches = Number of bookings;  = Number of sending offs after a second yellow card;  = Number of sending offs by a direct red card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157555-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Bayern Munich season, Results, Bundesliga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Bundesliga campaign began on 14 August when Bayern played in the opening game of the season against Hamburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157556-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Nantes Atlantique season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 57th season in the existence of Nantes Atlantique and the club's 38th consecutive season in the top flight of French football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157556-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Nantes Atlantique season, Season summary\nNantes Atlantique competed in the French Division 1, the Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue, Troph\u00e9e des Champions, and the UEFA Cup. Nantes Atlantique entered the season as reigning Coupe de France winners, having defeated Sedan in the final in May 1999. Despite struggling in the league and only finishing one point above the relegation zone, the 1999\u20132000 season would prove to be one of the most successful campaigns in club history, winning both the Coupe de France and Troph\u00e9e des Champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157556-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Nantes Atlantique season, Season summary\nThe Coupe de France final is noteworthy as Nantes Atlantique's opponents, Calais, became the first amateur club to reach the final. Nantes would prevail with a 90th-minute penalty converted by top scorer Antoine Sibierski after a back and forth match. Calais' cup run was voted as the best of all time by France Football magazine readers in 2017 and the club went through bankruptcy and liquidation later that same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157557-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC O\u021belul Gala\u021bi season\nO\u021belul have appointed Dumitru Dumitriu as their new manager after Vasile Simiona\u015f left the team in early June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157557-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC O\u021belul Gala\u021bi season, Players, Transfers, Out\nEU = if holds or not a European Union passport; Country: when 2 flags, 1st flag = country that plays for internationally, 2nd flag = country of birth; N = number on jersey; P = Position (for position name, pause mouse pointer on abbreviation); Name = Name on jersey (for more extensive name, pause mouse pointer on name); Age = age on the day of the signing; Moving from = only indicate the club the player was playing before start playing for this club in this season, for the type of the moving see Status column; Moving to = only indicates the club the player is going to play next, for the type of the moving see Status column; Ends = when the player's current contract ends; n/a = Not applicable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157558-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Porto season\nThis article shows the statistics of FC Porto in the competitions and matches played during the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157558-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Porto season, Kit\nPorto's kit was manufactured by Italian kit manufacturer Kappa and sponsored by Portuguese ceramics producer Revigr\u00e9s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157558-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Porto season, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157559-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Schalke 04 season, Season summary\nSchalke had a poor season, finishing in 13th place - only four points clear of relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157559-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Schalke 04 season, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157559-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FC Schalke 04 season, First team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157560-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA EuroLeague\nThe 1999\u20132000 FIBA EuroLeague was the 43rd installment of the European top-tier level professional club competition for basketball clubs (now called simply EuroLeague). It began on September 23, 1999, and ended on April 20, 2000. The competition's Final Four was held at PAOK Sports Arena, Thessaloniki, with Panathinaikos defeating Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv in the EuroLeague Final, in front of 8,500 spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157560-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA EuroLeague\nEfes Pilsen finished in the third position, and FC Barcelona finished fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157560-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA EuroLeague, Team allocation, Country ranking\nFor the 1999\u20132000 EuroLeague, the countries are allocated places according to their place on the FIBA country rankings, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1996\u201397 to 1998\u201399.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157560-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA EuroLeague, Team allocation, Teams\nThe labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157560-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA EuroLeague, Second round\n(The individual scores and standings of the First stage were accumulated in the Second stage)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157560-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA EuroLeague, Second round\nIf one or more clubs were level on won-lost record, tiebreakers were applied in the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157561-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA Saporta Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 FIBA Saporta Cup was the thirty-fourth edition of FIBA's 2nd-tier level European-wide professional club basketball competition. It occurred between September 21, 1999, and April 11, 2000. The final was held at Lausanne, Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157561-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA Saporta Cup, Country ranking\nFor the 1999\u20132000 FIBA Saporta Cup, the countries are allocated places according to their place on the FIBA country rankings, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1996\u201397 to 1998\u201399.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157561-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA Saporta Cup, Team allocation\nThe labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157561-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIBA Saporta Cup, Team allocation\n* Tatami Rh\u00f6ndorf (3rd in the previous season of Bundesliga) merged with Skyliners Frankfurt (at that time newly formed club), so Skyliners took their place in the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157562-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series\nThe 1999\u20132000 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series was a series of stages where events in men's and women's artistic gymnastics were contested. The series was a two-year long competition culminating at a final event, the World Cup Final in 2000. A number of qualifier stages were held. The top 3 gymnast in each apparatus at the qualifier events would receive medals and prize money. Gymnasts who finished in the top 8 would also receive points that would be added up to a ranking which would qualify individual gymnasts for the biennial World Cup Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157562-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series, Stages\nFor the first time, the World Championships was part of the World Cup series. One extra event was held in December 2000, the Stuttgart World Cup, after the World Cup Final in Glasgow; this extra stage, however, was officially considered part of the 2001\u20132002 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157563-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup series\nThe 1999\u20132000 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup series was a series of stages where events in rhythmic gymnastics were contested. The series consisted of a two-year long competition, culminating at a final event \u2014 the World Cup Final in 2000. A number of qualifier stages were held. The top 3 gymnasts in each apparatus at the qualifier events would receive medals and prize money. Gymnasts that finished in the top 8 also received points which were added up to a ranking that qualified for the biennial World Cup Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157563-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup series, Stages\nBesides specific World Cup stages, the 1999 World Championships was also part of the 1999\u20132000 World Cup series. Even though some stages distributed only a single set of medals after the all-around event, all of the stages awarded points valid for each different apparatus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 58], "content_span": [59, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157564-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup\nThe 34th World Cup season began in October 1999 and concluded at the World Cup finals in March 2000. The overall winners were Hermann Maier (his second) and Renate G\u00f6tschl (her first), both of Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157564-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup\nMaier set a new record for total points in one season, with 2000. This was not eclipsed until Tina Maze garnered 2,414 in the 2013 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157564-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, Men, Downhill\nIn Men's Downhill World Cup 1999/2000 the all results count.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157564-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, Men, Super G\nIn Men's Super G World Cup 1999/2000 all results count. Hermann Maier won his third Super G World Cup in a row. Austrian athletes won six races out of seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157564-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, Men, Giant Slalom\nIn Men's Giant Slalom World Cup 1999/2000 all results count. Austrian athletes won eight races out of nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157564-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, Men, Slalom\nIn Men's Slalom World Cup 1999/2000 the all results count.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157564-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup, Men, Combined\nIn Men's Combined World Cup 1999/2000 both results count. Kjetil Andr\u00e9 Aamodt won his fourth Combined World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157565-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 19th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies. The season began on 27 November 1999 in Kiruna, Sweden and finished on 19 March 2000 in Bormio, Italy. Johann M\u00fchlegg of Spain won the men's cup, and Bente Skari of Norway won the women's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157565-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 World Cup season is the only season where a Middle Distance Cup has been arranged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157566-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup was the twenty first World Cup season in freestyle skiing organised by International Ski Federation. The season started on 11 September 1999 and ended on 17 March 2000. This season included three disciplines: aerials, moguls, dual moguls and ballet. Ballet title was not awarded and this was the last season ballet was on world cup calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157566-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup\nDual moguls counted as season title and was awarded with small crystal globe separately from moguls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157567-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup\nThe 1999/00 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 17th World Cup season, a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS. It started on 9 Dec 1999 in Vuokatti, Finland and ended on 17 March 2000 in Val di Fiemme, Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157568-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Ski Flying World Cup\nThe 1999/00 FIS Ski Flying World Cup was the 10th official World Cup season in ski flying awarded with small crystal globe as the subdiscipline of FIS Ski Jumping World Cup. First ski flying team event in history was held this season in Planica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157569-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup\nThe 1999/00 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup was the 9th in a row (7th official) Continental Cup Winter season in ski jumping for men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157569-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup\nOther competitive circuits this season included the World Cup and Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157569-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup, Europa Cup vs. Continental Cup\nThis was originally last Europa Cup season and is also recognized as the first Continental Cup season by International Ski Federation although under this name began its first official season in 1993/94.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157570-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup was the 21st World Cup season in ski jumping and the 10th official World Cup season in ski flying. It began in Kuopio, Finland on 27 November 1999 and finished in Planica, Slovenia on 19 March 2000. The individual World Cup was won by Martin Schmitt and the Nations Cup by Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157570-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup\nLower competitive circuits this season included the Grand Prix and Continental Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157570-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup, Map of world cup hosts\nAll 18 locations which have been hosting world cup events for men this season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157571-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FK Partizan season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 54th season in FK Partizan's existence. This article shows player statistics and matches that the club played during the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157572-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup was the seventh season of the FR Yugoslavia's annual football cup. The cup defenders was Red Star Belgrade, and they were him successfully defended, after they defeated FK Napredak Kru\u0161evac in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157572-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup, First round\nThirty-two teams entered in the First Round. The matches were played on 23, 24 and 25 November 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157572-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup, First round\nNote: Roman numerals in brackets denote the league tier the clubs participated in the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157572-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup, Second round\nThe 16 winners from the prior round enter this round. The matches were played on 8 and 10 December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157572-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup, Second round\nNote: Roman numerals in brackets denote the league tier the clubs participated in the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157572-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup, Quarter-finals\nThe eight winners from the prior round enter this round. The matches were played on 5 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157572-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup, Quarter-finals\nNote: Roman numerals in brackets denote the league tier the clubs participated in the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157572-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup, Semi-finals\nNote: Roman numerals in brackets denote the league tier the clubs participated in the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157572-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup, Final\nNote: Roman numerals in brackets denote the league tier the clubs participated in the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157573-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ferencv\u00e1rosi TC season, Transfers, Summer\nIn:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157573-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ferencv\u00e1rosi TC season, Transfers, Summer\nOut:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157573-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ferencv\u00e1rosi TC season, Transfers, Winter\nIn:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157573-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ferencv\u00e1rosi TC season, Transfers, Winter\nOut:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157573-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ferencv\u00e1rosi TC season, Statistics, Top scorers\nIncludes all competitive matches. The list is sorted by shirt number when total goals are equal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157573-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ferencv\u00e1rosi TC season, Statistics, Disciplinary record\nIncludes all competitive matches. Players with 1 card or more included only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157574-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina\nStatistics of First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1999\u20132000 season. It was contested only by Bosniak and Croatian clubs. Serbian clubs played in the 1999\u20132000 First League of the Republika Srpska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157574-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Overview\nIt was contested by 8 teams, and Brotnjo won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157574-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Play-offs, Second leg\nBrotnjo 1\u20131 Budu\u0107nost Banovi\u0107i on aggregate. Brotnjo won on away goals rule and qualified for 2000\u201301 UEFA Champions League (first qualifying round), while Budu\u0107nost qualified for 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup (qualifying round).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157574-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Play-offs, Intertoto Cup play-off\nZrinjski was qualified for 2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup (first round).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia\nThe 1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia was the eighth season of the FR Yugoslavia's top-level football league since its establishment. It was contested by 21 teams, and Red Star Belgrade won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Incidents\nThe season was marred by a tragic event on 30 October 1999, during Partizan vs. Red Star tie (the 113th edition of the Ve\u010diti derbi) when seventeen-year-old Red Star fan Aleksandar \"Aca\" Radovi\u0107 from Opovo was killed by a signaling rocket fired from within the stadium. Radovi\u0107, a third-year student at the First Belgrade Gymnasium, was supporting his team from the Partizan Stadium's north end when in 20th minute of the match he got hit in the chest by a signaling rocket fired from the opposite end of the stadium, which is where Partizan fans were located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Incidents\nPartizan just scored a goal to go up 1-0 and a certain section of their fans Grobari fired a series of ship signaling rockets from the south stand where they traditionally gather as a way of celebrating the goal. Most of those rockets landed on the stadium's north stand where Red Star's fans Delije always gather, and one of them hit the unfortunate teenager right in the chest near his throat, cutting his aorta. He died almost instantly as he was being moved from the stands onto the stadium's athletic track and into the ambulance car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Incidents\nAmazingly, the match was not stopped and the two teams continued playing, a decision that led to a lot of public criticism directed at two clubs, the football league, and the FA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Incidents\nFurther investigation conducted by the police discovered that the particular rocket that killed Radovi\u0107 was fired by Partizan fan Majk Halkijevi\u0107 (born 1975) from Krnja\u010da. In addition to Halkijevi\u0107, three other individuals \u2014 Nenad \"Kec\" Kecojevi\u0107 (born 1976) from Mali Mokri Lug, Aleksandar \"Sale\" Aleksi\u0107 (born 1975) from Krnja\u010da, and Zoran \"Prcko\" Jovanovi\u0107 (born 1974) from Belgrade \u2014 were also firing rockets at the stadium during the match. According to the investigation, the ship signaling rockets were originally purchased in Greece before being smuggled into Serbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0003-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Incidents\nIn Belgrade, Grobari leader Zoran \"\u010cegi\" \u017divanovi\u0107 bought 10 of them along with 60 flares, all from Mirko Urban. \u010cegi brought the stuff to Partizan Stadium on the day of the derby, handing it over to \u010caslav \"\u010caja\" Kurandi\u0107. \u010caja then took the flares and rockets into the stadium with help from FK Partizan's equipment manager Branko \"Gavran\" Vu\u010di\u0107evi\u0107 who hid them inside the bags with team's sports equipment. Once inside the team's dressing room, the packages with flares and rockets were passed to Goran \"Tuljak\" Matovi\u0107 and Dragan \"Lepi Gaga\" Petroni\u0107 through the dressing room's window. The packages were then carried through the east stand and onto the south stand through the protective fence while Nikola \"D\u017eoni\" Dedovi\u0107 diverted steward's attention. On the south stand, group leader \u010cegi distributed the rockets and flares to a certain number of Grobari, including Majk Halkijevi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 941]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Incidents\nAt an almost two-year trial, the accused did not face murder charges but a lesser charge of \"disturbing public order and causing general endangerment\". The verdict was delivered on 1 March 2001, with Halkijevi\u0107 receiving a 23-month sentence. Aleksandar \"Sale\" Aleksi\u0107 got 20 months while Nenad \"Kec\" Kecojevi\u0107, Zoran \"\u010cegi\" \u017divanovi\u0107 (Grobari leader), and \u010caslav \"\u010caja\" Kurandi\u0107 got 18 months. Furthermore, Dragan \"Lepi Gaga\" Petroni\u0107 and Sr\u0111an \u0160alipurovi\u0107 got six months, while Mirko Urban also known as Mirko Pekar (Mirko the Baker), accused of selling the rockets to Grobari, got 18 months. The rest of the accused\u2014Zoran \"Prcko\" Jovanovi\u0107, Nikola \"D\u017eoni\" Dedovi\u0107, Branko \"Gavran\" Vu\u010di\u0107evi\u0107, and Goran \"Tuljak\" Matovi\u0107\u2014were acquitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Teams\nDue to decision of the Football Association of FR Yugoslavia of enlargement of the league from 18 to 22 teams, the teams from earlier season was not relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Teams\nBefore that season FK Pri\u0161tina was withdrew from the competition due to situation in Kosovo, so a status of the team was frozen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Teams\nFrom the 1998\u201399 Second League of FR Yugoslavia to the league was entered: Borac \u010ca\u010dak, \u010cukari\u010dki, Hajduk Beograd and Sutjeska Nik\u0161i\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157575-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, Winning squad\nChampions: Red Star Belgrade (Coach: Miloljub Ostoji\u0107 (sacked couple of weeks into the season), Slavoljub Muslin)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157576-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 First League of the Republika Srpska\nThe 1999\u20132000 First League of the Republika Srpska is the 5th season since establishment. Since Football Association of Republika Srpska is not a member of UEFA nor FIFA, league champion did not qualified for European tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157577-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Florida Gators men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Florida Gators men's basketball team represented the University of Florida in the sport of basketball during the 1999\u20132000 college basketball season. The Gators competed in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They were led by head coach Billy Donovan, and played their home games in the O'Connell Center on the university's Gainesville, Florida campus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157577-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Florida Gators men's basketball team\nThe Gators were the SEC regular season champions, winning a share of the title with a 12\u20134 conference record. They earned a five seed in the 2000 NCAA Tournament where they advanced to the Final Four and then made the school's first ever appearance in the NCAA championship game where they lost to Michigan State. Florida ended the season No.2 in the final USA Today/ESPN Rankings and were ranked wire-to-wire for the first time in school history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157578-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Florida Panthers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Florida Panthers season was their seventh season in the National Hockey League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157578-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Florida Panthers season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL=Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM=Penalties in Minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157578-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Florida Panthers season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157578-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Florida Panthers season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157578-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Florida Panthers season, Playoffs\nThe Panthers made the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since 1997. As the fifth seed in the Eastern Conference, they played the fourth-seeded New Jersey Devils. However, the Panthers were eliminated in a four-game sweep. The Devils' sweep over the Panthers began a 12-year drought where the Florida team never made the playoffs. The Panthers would reenter the playoffs in 2012 after winning the Southeast Division title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157578-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Florida Panthers season, Draft picks\nFlorida's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157579-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football Conference\nThe Football Conference season of 1999\u20132000 was the twenty-first season of the Football Conference, also known as the Nationwide Conference for sponsorship reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157580-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Football League (known as the Nationwide Football League for sponsorship reasons) was the 101st completed season of The Football League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157580-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 season saw the league dispense with the traditional 1\u201311 numbering of players\u2019 shirts in favour of squad numbers, a system that had been adopted by the Premier League a few seasons before. This also meant that players\u2019 names appeared on the back of their shirts for the first time since the league\u2019s inception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157580-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League\nThe three promotion places in Division One went to champions Charlton Athletic, runners-up Manchester City and playoff winners Ipswich Town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157580-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League\n1999\u20132000 also saw some of Division One\u2019s biggest clubs miss out on promotion \u2014 the biggest of these were Blackburn Rovers (11th) and Nottingham Forest (14th). Steve Coppell ended his fourth spell as Crystal Palace manager after doing wonders to keep a virtually bankrupt club clear of the Division One relegation zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157580-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League\nGoing down were Walsall, Port Vale and Swindon Town. West Bromwich Albion just missed out on the drop zone thanks to a late turn-around in form during the final weeks of the season which followed the appointment of Gary Megson as manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157580-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League\nDavid Moyes, 37, showed promise as one of the league\u2019s most highly rated young managers after he guided Preston North End to the Division Two championship. Stan Ternent\u2019s two-year rebuilding project at Burnley paid off as they finished runners-up in the division and would establish themselves as a second tier side for nine years until promotion to the Premier League happened at the end of the 2008\u201309 season. Joining them in Division One were Peter Taylor\u2019s Gillingham, who had reached the upper half of the league for the first time in their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157580-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League\nGoing down were Cardiff City, Blackpool, Scunthorpe United and Chesterfield. Narrowly avoiding the drop were Oxford United, who struggled all season long despite the club\u2019s financial crisis being eased by the arrival of new Tanzanian chairman Firoz Kassam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157580-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League\nSwansea City, Rotherham United, Northampton Town and Peterborough United occupied the four promotion places in Division Three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157580-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League\nChester City were relegated on the last day of the season, ending their 69-year league career and would be relegated from the League again nine years later while Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United saved themselves from Conference football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Football League Cup (known as the Worthington Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 40th staging of the Football League Cup, a knockout competition for England's top 92 football clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup\nThe competition began on 10 August 1999, and ended with the final on 27 February 2000, the last final to be held at the old Wembley Stadium. For the first time in English football history, the entire draw for each round was made after the First Round. This meant each team could plot their route to the final as well as predicting future opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup\nThe tournament was won by Leicester City, who beat Tranmere Rovers 2\u20131 in the final, thanks to two goals from Matt Elliott, sandwiched by an equaliser from David Kelly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, First round\nThe 70 First, Second and Third Division clubs (with the exception of Blackburn Rovers and Charlton Athletic, who were relegated from the Premiership last season) compete from the First Round. Each section is divided equally into a pot of seeded clubs and a pot of unseeded clubs. Clubs' rankings depend upon their finishing position in the 1998\u201399 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, First round\n1 Team at home in the 1st leg is denoted as the home team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, Second round\nThe 35 winners from the First Round joined the 13 Premier League clubs not participating in European competition, along with Blackburn Rovers And Charlton Athletic in Round Two. First leg matches were played on 14 and 15 September, second leg matches were played on 21 and 22 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, Second round\n1 Team at home in the 1st leg is denoted as the home team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, Third round\nThe 25 winners from the Second Round joined the seven Premiership clubs participating in European competition in Round Three. Matches were played on 12 and 13 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, Fourth round\nMost matches were played on 30 November 1 December with one played on 15 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, Quarter-finals\nThe four matches were played between 14 December and 12 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, Quarter-finals\nNOTE: This match was a replay after West Ham were order to replay the match after fielding an ineligible player in the original tie. West Ham had won the original tie on penalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, Semi-finals\nThe semi-final draw was made in December 1999 after the conclusion of the quarter finals. Unlike the other rounds, the semi-final ties were played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The first leg matches were played on 12 and 25 January 2000, the second leg matches were played on 26 January and 2 February 2000. Tranmere Rovers reached the first major cup final of their history with a fine win over Bolton Wanderers, while Leicester City's victory over Aston Villa gave them their third appearance in the competition's final in four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157581-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Cup, Final\nThe 2000 Worthington Cup Final was played on 27 February 2000 and was contested between Leicester City and Tranmere Rovers at Wembley Stadium. Leicester won the game 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157582-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Trophy\nThe 1999\u20132000 Football League Trophy, known as the Auto Windscreens Shield for sponsorship reasons, was the 17th staging of the Football League Trophy, a knock-out competition for English football clubs in Second and Third Division. The winners were Stoke City who beat Bristol City 2\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157582-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Trophy\nThe competition began on 7 December 1999 and ended with the final on 16 April 2000 at the Wembley Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157582-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Football League Trophy\nIn the first round, there were two sections: North and South. In the following rounds each section gradually eliminates teams in knock-out fashion until each has a winning finalist. At this point, the two winning finalists face each other in the combined final to determine the winners of the Football League Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157583-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Four Hills Tournament\nThe 1999\u20132000 Four Hills Tournament took place at the four traditional venues of Oberstdorf, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Innsbruck and Bischofshofen, located in Germany and Austria, between 29 December 1999 and 6 January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157584-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Frauen-Bundesliga\nThe Frauen-Bundesliga 1999\u20132000 was the 10th season of the Frauen-Bundesliga, Germany's premier football league. It began on 29 August 1999 and ended on 21 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157585-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 French Division 1\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ligue 1 season (then called Division 1) was the 62nd since its establishment. AS Monaco won the French Association Football League with 65 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157585-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 French Division 1, Final table\nPromoted from Ligue 2, who will play in Division 1 season 2000/2001", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157585-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 French Division 1, Player of the year\nThe trophy was awarded by the National Union of Professional Footballers to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157586-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 French Division 2\nThe Division 2 season 1999/2000, organised by the LFP was won by Lille OSC and saw the promotions of Lille OSC, EA Guingamp and Toulouse FC, whereas Amiens SC, ASOA Valence and CS Louhans-Cuiseaux were relegated to National.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157587-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 French Rugby Union Championship\nThe 1999\u20132000 French Rugby Union Championship was played by 24 teams divided in the preliminary phase in two pool of 12. The first two team of each pool were directly admitted to the quarter finals. The team classified from 3rd to 6th of each pool were admitted to a Barrage round. The four winners were admitted also to the quarter of finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157587-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 French Rugby Union Championship\nStade Fran\u00e7ais won the title beating in the final the Colomiers (at the first final of their history). It was the second victory for the Stade Fran\u00e7ais in the professional era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157587-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 French Rugby Union Championship\nAth the end of the season four team were relegated to lower division: Montauban, Toulon, Racing Paris, N\u00eemes. There was only one promotion from second division, (B\u00e9ziers), in order to reduce to 21 the number of clubs in first division in 1999\u20132000, and 16 in the 2000\u201301 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157587-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 French Rugby Union Championship, Preliminary round, Pool 2\nBecause of a default of 10 million French francs, the Ligue Nationale de Rugby relegated the June 24, 2000 the RC Toulon in the second division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157587-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 French Rugby Union Championship, Preliminary round, Pool 2\nA Barrage match was arranged between Aurillac and Racing Paris. It was won by Aurillac, that remain in first division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157588-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Fresno State Bulldogs men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Fresno State Bulldogs men's basketball team represented California State University, Fresno during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was head coach Jerry Tarkanian's fifth season at Fresno State. The Bulldogs played their home games at Selland Arena and were members of the Western Athletic Conference. They finished the season 24\u201310, 11\u20133 in WAC play to finish in second place. They defeated No. 14 Tulsa to win the WAC Tournament and earn the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The Bulldogs lost in the first round to eventual Final Four participant Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157589-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Fulham F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Fulham F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157589-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Fulham F.C. season, Season summary\nBefore the 1999-2000 season, Paul Bracewell was appointed as Fulham manager and despite them competing in the top half of Division One throughout the campaign, Bracewell was sacked on 30 March 2000 by millionaire owner Mohamed Al-Fayed after failing to provide instant success that was demanded from the owner who is desperate to see Fulham play Premiership football and Karl-Heinz Riedle along with assistant Roy Evans took over as caretaker managers on a temporary basis until the end of the season and they guided the Cottagers to a 9th-place finish. On 9 April 2000, the more experienced Jean Tigana was appointed as Bracewell's successor and took over in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157589-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Fulham F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157589-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Fulham F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157589-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Fulham F.C. season, Players, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157590-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Galatasaray S.K. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Galatasaray's 96th in existence and the 42nd consecutive season in the 1. Lig. This article shows statistics of the club's players in the season, and also lists all matches that the club have played in the season. Galatasaray completed a treble of the 1.Lig, Turkish Cup and UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157591-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gamma Ethniki\nThe 1999\u20132000 Gamma Ethniki was the 17th season since the official establishment of the third tier of Greek football in 1983. Akratitos was crowned champion, thus winning promotion to Beta Ethniki. Nafpaktiakos Asteras also won promotion as a runner-up of the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157591-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gamma Ethniki\nThesprotos, Agersani Naxos, Niki Volos, Neapolis Thessaloniki, Poseidon Michaniona, Ethnikos Katerini, Keratsini, Karditsa, Edessaikos and Doxa Vyronas were relegated to Delta Ethniki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157592-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 George Mason Patriots Men's basketball team represents George Mason University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was the 34th season for the program, the third under head coach Jim Larra\u00f1aga. The Patriots played their home games at the Patriot Center in Fairfax, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I college basketball season. The Hoyas were coached by Craig Esherick in his first full season as head coach; he had replaced John Thompson in mid-season the previous year after Thompson's resignation. The Hoyas played most of their home games at the MCI Center in Washington, DC, although they played two home games at McDonough Gymnasium on the Georgetown campus. They were members of the Big East Conference and finished the season 19-15, 6-10 in Big East play. They advanced to the semifinals of the 2000 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament before losing to Connecticut. Not invited to the NCAA Tournament, they appeared in the 2000 National Invitation Tournament (NIT) \u2013 their third consecutive NIT appearance \u2013 and advanced to the second round before losing to California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 946]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Regular season\nAfter Georgetown stumbled to a 15-16 record the previous season \u2013 the Hoyas' first losing season since 1972-73 \u2013 Esherick, with control over the team for a full season for the first time, introduced a taller lineup this year centered around 6-foot-7 (201-cm) freshman forward Victor Samnick, 6-foot-10 freshman center (208-cm) Lee Scruggs, and 6-foot-11 (211-cm) junior center Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje. This change reduced junior guard Nat Burton into a reserve role and his offensive production dropped from the previous year, but he nonetheless started 15 of the team's 34 games and averaged 7.1 points and 4.8 rebounds per game for the season. He scored in double figures seven times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Regular season\nJunior guard Anthony Perry had led the team in scoring the previous year, and he started this season strong, including 18 points against fourth-ranked North Carolina and 19 against sixth-ranked Florida in back-to-back games in the Maui Invitational Tournament in the latter half of November 1999. On January 8, 2000, however, he shot only 1-for-10 (10%) from the field against Seton Hall at the MCI Center, and after that his scoring declined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Regular season\nBy the end of the year, he was averaging only 8.7 points per game, down from 14.0 points per game the previous season, although his shooting average from the field improved from 33.8 percent in 1998-99 to 34.7 percent in 1999-2000 and he scored the winning basket as the Hoyas upset Louisville at the MCI Center at the beginning of February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Regular season\nWith Perry in a shooting slump for much of the season, sophomore guard Kevin Braswell led the team in scoring. Starting all 34 games \u2013 in fact, he started all 128 games during his collegiate career \u2013 he averaged 22.3 points per game during the three games of the Maui Invitational and scored in double figures 10 times in the first 11 games of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0003-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Regular season\nAlthough he shot only 1-for-13 (7.7%) from the field in the Big East season opener against Providence, he recovered to shoot a combined 45% from the field and average 20 points a game in five straight games in January 2000. Inconsistent play plagued him throughout his career, however, and he followed this successful five-game stretch with another five games in which he shot only a combined 17 percent from the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Regular season\nAn injury forced junior center Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje to miss the season opener, and it limited him in the next four games. In the sixth and seventh games of the year, however, he scored a combined 35 points and grabbed 21 rebounds against Howard and Bethune\u2013Cookman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0004-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Regular season\nHe followed this up with 18 points and 15 rebounds against James Madison at the beginning of January 2000, a career-high 32 points against Southern of New Orleans in February 2000, and 27 points against Pittsburgh three days later; by mid-February he was averaging 18 points, eight rebounds, and three blocked shots per game in Big East play. A foot injury sidelined him late in the regular season, but he finished the year averaging 12.8 points, 7.7 rebounds, and 2.5 blocked shots per game for the season overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Regular season\nAfter the defeat of James Madison at the beginning of 2000, Georgetown's record stood at 8-3 \u2013 with two of the losses against Top Six opponents \u2013 as Big East play began, and hopes ran high among Hoya fans that the team could win the conference's regular season behind the play of Boumtje-Boumtje, Braswell, Perry, and the others. However, the 1999-2000 Hoyas were a disappointment in conference play, posting a 16-13 regular-season record overall and finishing in a three-way tie for eighth place in the Big East with a 6-10 conference record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Big East Tournament\nThe eighth-place finish gave the Hoyas the No. 9 seed in the 2000 Big East Tournament. In the first round, they upset No. 8 seed West Virginia, with Braswell scoring 19 points, including a game-winning three-pointer with less than a second left in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Big East Tournament\nThe Hoyas advanced to a quarterfinal meeting the following day with archrival Syracuse, ranked 12th in the nation and seeded No. 1 in the tournament. During the early part of the first half of the game and again early in the second half, Georgetown's defense held Syracuse scoreless for a stretch, allowing the Hoyas to build a seven-point lead. Scruggs shot 9-for-14 (64.3%) from the field and scored 20 points. Braswell also had a 20-point game, including a 10-for-12 (83.3%) performance from the free-throw line, as well as eight assists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0007-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Big East Tournament\nBraswell and Georgetown guard Demetrius Hunter held Syracuse senior point guard Jason Hart to 3-for-10 (30%) shooting from the field. When Braswell passed the ball inside to Boumtje-Boumtje and Boumtje-Boumtje scored on a dunk with 4:29 to play, electrifying the crowd, Georgetown took a 60-51 lead. Syracuse closed to a three-point deficit but got no closer, and after Braswell deflected the ball late in the game, Georgetown won 76-72 in a huge upset. It was only the second time in 19 years that a Big East Tournament No. 1 seed lost in the quarterfinals. During the game, the Hoyas shot 27-for-31 (87.1%) from the free-throw line, while Syracuse shot only 9-for-18 (50%) in free throws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, Big East Tournament\nThe big win over Syracuse gave Georgetown its only appearance in the semifinals of the Big East Tournament between 1997 and 2006. In the semifinal game, the Hoyas faced the tournament's No. 4 seed, 21st-ranked Connecticut, and lost 70-55. The loss left Georgetown with an overall record of 18-14, not enough to receive an invitation to the 2000 NCAA Tournament. It was the third straight season that Georgetown missed the tournament, the first time that had happened since the 1971-72, 1972-73, and 1973-74 teams had missed postseason play in consecutive years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nFor the third consecutive season, Georgetown appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT). In the first round, the Hoyas went on the road on March 15, 2000, to face favored Virginia on national television in one of the greatest games in both NIT and Georgetown history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nThe Hoyas entered the game with both Boumtje-Boumtje and Samnick out with injuries and only nine scholarship players available. In the first half, Braswell shot 1-for-6 (16.7%) in his first six field goal attempts and missed his first two free throws, while Scruggs committed two personal fouls early in the game. Virginia, meanwhile, scored easily and went on a 14-0 run, although Georgetown freshman guard Demetrius Hunter kept Georgetown in the game with four three-point shots and the Hoyas managed to tie the game at 29-29 with 6:36 left in the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0010-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nVirginia pulled away again, and at halftime led 49-38. By five minutes into the second half, the Cavaliers had extended their lead to 58-43, but the Hoyas then went on a 17-2 run to tie the game at 60-60 with under 11 minutes to play. Virginia took the lead with 7:48 left in regulation and the Hoyas lost Hunter, freshman forward Courtland Freeman, and senior center Jameel Watkins to foul-outs. In the final 3:39 of regulation, Virginia shot 1-for-7 (14.3%) from the field, and Georgetown trailed by only four points with less than two minutes left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0010-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nWith 1:48 remaining, Burton sank two free throws, and, after Virginia failed to score on its next position, Perry scored on a layup to tie the score at 77-77 with 1:14 left. Scruggs blocked a Virginia drive to the basket with two seconds left, Burton missed on a 50-foot (15-meter) last-second shot, and the game went into overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nIn the first overtime, Virginia opened strong but the Hoyas stayed close and took an 84-83 lead on a Nat Burton tip-in, after which Braswell scored on two free throws to give Georgetown an 86-83 lead. Scruggs began to limp and came out of the game, reducing the Hoyas to only four scholarship players (Braswell, Burton, Perry, and senior forward Rhese Gibson) and walk-on sophomore forward Gharun Hester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0011-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nDespite the shortage of personnel, Georgetown held an 88-85 lead with 14 seconds left when Hester fouled Virginia freshman guard Roger Mason, Jr., as he scored, and he sank his free throw to tie the game at 88-88 and force a second overtime. Television cameras had detected a Virginia guard calling a time-out when the Cavaliers had none left, which should have resulted in a technical foul, but when Esherick complained about it between overtime periods he was called for a technical instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nWith 2:51 left in the second overtime and Virginia leading 96-93, an exhausted Scruggs went to the bench. Perry tied the game with a three-pointer, after which Virginia's Donald Hand hit a three-pointer. Braswell then replied wkith another three-pointer \u2013 the third three-point shot in a minute \u2013 to tie the game at 99-99. After Virginia missed on its next possession and then fouled Gibson, Gibson sank two free throws to give the Hoyas a 101-99 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0012-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nWith 24 seconds remaining, Virginia sophomore forward Chris Williams scored to tie the game at 101-101, making Virginia the first team to score 100 or more points against Georgetown since Seton Hall scored 102 in a win over the Hoyas in January 1976. Time expired, and Georgetown played a third overtime for the first time since January 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nWith only five players left and three of them playing with four fouls, Georgetown had to avoid fouling and Chris Williams was able to take advantage of that to score twice and give Virginia a 105-101 lead with 3:38 remaining. But then the Hoya defense stopped Virginia on three consecutive possessions while Hester, Burton, and Braswell each scored, giving Georgetown a 107-105 lead with 2:20 left to play. After each team sank two free throws, Virginia scored inside to tie the game at 109-109 with 40 seconds left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0013-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nAfter a time-out, Braswell passed the ball to Hester, who launched a 22-foot (6.7-meter) shot and scored the first three-point field goal of his two-year collegiate career, giving the Hoyas a 112-109 lead with 31 seconds to play. Virginia barely missed a three-pointer in response, Georgetown sank one of two free throws, and the Cavaliers then scored inside to close to 113-111. Virginia got the ball back, again missed a three-pointer, and fouled Braswell with 6.8 seconds remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0013-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nAfter Braswell missed one of his two free throws, Virginia was trailing 114-111 and still had a chance to tie the game, but the Cavaliers threw the ball out of bounds and fouled Braswell on the inbounds pass. Braswell sank one of his two free throws and the game finally ended after three-and-a-half hours of play with a 115-111 upset Hoya victory. Scruggs and Braswell required intravenous fluids after the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nThe Hoyas shot 49 percent from the field during the game. Gibson tied his career high with 13 rebounds in 38 minutes of play, while Gharun Hester had career highs in both points scored (9) and rebounds (10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0014-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nBraswell scored 11 field goals, 14 free throws, and 40 points in the game \u2013 joining Allen Iverson as the only Georgetown players since 1970 to score 40 points in a game \u2013 with 14 of his points coming in the second half and 18 in the three overtimes; he shot 4-for-6 (66.7%) from the field and 10-for-12 (83.3%) from the free-throw line in overtime. His 49 minutes of play set a record for the most minutes played by one Georgetown player in a single game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nThe game set a number of other records, including the most combined points in a Georgetown game (226, breaking the previous record of 216 set in a game against Holy Cross in January 1973), the most combined points in an NIT game (breaking the previous record of 213 set by Connecticut and Holy Cross in the 1955 NIT), the most three-point field goals made in a Georgetown game (12, tying the record set twice in 1996 in games against Providence and Miami), most points scored by Georgetown in a postseason game (115, breaking the record of 98 set against Texas Tech in the 1996 NCAA Tournament), and the most combined points in a Georgetown post-season game (226, breaking the record of 188 set in the Texas Tech game in the 1996 NCAA Tournament).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Season recap, National Invitation Tournament\nSix days after the grueling win over Virginia, Georgetown faced California in the second round. Braswell was unable to repeat his heroics, shooting 1-for-12 (8.3%) from the field and scoring only two points, and the Hoyas' season came to an end with a 60-49 loss to the Golden Bears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157593-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team, Rankings\nThe team was not ranked in the Top 25 in the AP Poll at any time. It also was not ranked in the Top 25 in the final or postseason Coaches' Poll; its Coaches' Poll rankings during the rest of the season are not available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157594-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgian Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Georgian Cup (also known as the David Kipiani Cup) was the fifty-sixth season overall and tenth since independence of the Georgian annual football tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157594-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgian Cup, Quarter-finals\nThe matches were played on 15 March (first legs) and 22 March 2000 (second legs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157594-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Georgian Cup, Semi-finals\nThe matches were played on 2 May (first legs) and 9 May 2000 (second legs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157595-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Getafe CF season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 17th season in the existence of Getafe CF and the club's first season back in the second division of Spanish football. The season covered the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Gillingham F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division, the third tier of the English football league system. It was the 68th season in which Gillingham competed in the Football League, and the 50th since the club was voted back into the league in 1950. The team started the season in poor form, failing to win any of the first five league games, but then went on a much-improved run and began challenging for promotion to the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season\nRobert Taylor scored 18 goals in 19 games by November, after which he was signed by Manchester City for \u00a31.5\u00a0million, a new record fee for Gillingham. On the last day of the regular season, the team had a chance to gain automatic promotion, but lost and instead had to enter the play-offs. After defeating Stoke City in the semi-finals, Gillingham beat Wigan Athletic in the final to gain promotion to the second tier of the English football league system for the first time in the club's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season\nGillingham also had their best run to date in the FA Cup, beating two Premier League teams before being knocked out by a third, Chelsea, at the quarter-final stage. The team reached the second round of the Football League Cup but were eliminated in the first round of the Football League Trophy. The team played 62 competitive matches, winning 34, drawing 12, and losing 16. Despite leaving the club before the mid-point of the season, Taylor was the team's top goalscorer with 18 goals. Nicky Southall made the most appearances, playing 59 times. The highest attendance recorded at the club's home ground, Priestfield Stadium, was 10,386, for the home leg of the play-off semi-final against Stoke City. Having led the team to promotion, manager Peter Taylor left the club after a single season to become manager of Leicester City of the Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Background and preseason\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Gillingham's 68th season playing in the Football League and the 50th since the club was elected back into the League in 1950 after being voted out in 1938. It was the club's fourth consecutive season in the Football League Second Division, the third tier of the English football league system. In the 1998\u201399 season, Gillingham had reached the Second Division play-off final but lost to Manchester City following a penalty shoot-out and thus missed out on promotion to the First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Background and preseason\nOne month after the play-off final, Tony Pulis was dismissed from his job as the club's manager, amid accusations of gross misconduct on his part, a decision which led to a lengthy and acrimonious court case between Pulis and club owner Paul Scally. In early July, Scally appointed Peter Taylor as the club's new manager; Taylor had left his post as head coach of the England under-21 team the previous month. The new manager appointed Andy Hessenthaler, who had played for the club since 1996, to a player-coach role; Steve Butler, who had left the club a year earlier, returned from Peterborough United to take up a similar position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Background and preseason\nThe club signed several other new players before the start of the season. Taylor's first signing was Junior Lewis, a  midfielder who joined from non-League club Hendon; he had previously played under Taylor's management at Dover Athletic. Barry Miller, a defender, also stepped up from non-League football, having last played for Farnborough, and former Port Vale defender Brian McGlinchey also joined the club; both players had been released by their previous clubs at the end of the preceding season but played for Gillingham on a trial basis during pre-season and performed well enough to be offered contracts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0003-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Background and preseason\nAndy Thomson and Christian Lee, both forwards,  were signed from Oxford United and Northampton Town respectively; Gillingham paid transfer fees of \u00a325,000 for Thomson and \u00a335,000 for Lee. The club also signed Anthony Williams on loan from Blackburn Rovers to act as back-up for Vince Bartram, the club's first-choice goalkeeper. The team prepared for the upcoming season with a number of friendly matches against non-League teams. Writing in The Times, Nick Szczepanik did not tip Gillingham for a top-six finish, stating that the team had \"missed their chance\" following the previous season's play-off final defeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Background and preseason\nSignificant redevelopment work took place at the club's Priestfield Stadium in the close season. The Rainham End terracing was demolished and a new stand of the same name built in its place over the summer. The main stand was also demolished, but the work to build its replacement encountered various delays. The new Medway Stand did not open to spectators until the latter stages of the season, and some of the facilities would not be completed until more than a year after work began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0004-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Background and preseason\nThe project also caused financial problems for the club, as the work eventually cost significantly more than had been originally estimated. The team's first-choice kit, featuring blue and black striped shirts, was unchanged from the previous season with the exception of local newspaper the Medway News replacing dairy brand Kool as the shirt sponsor. A new change kit, to be worn in the event of a clash of colours with the opposition, was adopted, with yellow shirts replacing the previous season's black and red stripes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, August\u2013December\nGillingham began the season with an away game against Bury; Thomson scored on his debut but Gillingham lost 2\u20131. The first home game a week later against Bristol Rovers also resulted in a defeat. The team then gained three consecutive draws, and after five games were in 22nd position in the 24-team division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0005-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, August\u2013December\nThe match against Blackpool on 21 August included a controversial incident after Gillingham goalkeeper Bartram intentionally kicked the ball out of play so that an injured Blackpool player could receive medical treatment; when Blackpool took the throw-in they retained possession of the ball and scored the equalising goal. Manager Taylor was ejected from the technical area by the referee for entering the field of play and arguing with him over an unwritten rule that in such circumstances the player taking the throw-in returns the ball to the opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, August\u2013December\nGillingham gained their first league win of the season at the sixth attempt on 4 September, defeating Oldham Athletic 2\u20131 after scoring two goals in the first six minutes of the match. The second was scored by Emmanuel Omoyinmi on his debut after joining on loan from West Ham United; the following week he scored again as Gillingham beat Oxford United 2\u20131 to move into the top half of the league table. The team then suffered another setback, losing to Preston North End. September ended with Gillingham in 15th place in the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, August\u2013December\nOn 9 October, Gillingham achieved their biggest win of the season, defeating Wrexham 5\u20131 at Priestfield; Robert Taylor scored a hat-trick inside the last half-hour of the game. Four games later, he repeated the feat, scoring all three goals in a 3\u20130 victory over Bristol City. That match marked Pulis's first appearance at Priestfield since his dismissal from the role of Gillingham manager, as he was now in charge of Bristol City; he received a standing ovation from the home fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0007-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, August\u2013December\nTaylor scored for the fifth consecutive game in a 4\u20131 win over Scunthorpe United on 23 November, taking his total to 15 goals in 15 Second Division games; two days later, he was signed by Manchester City for a transfer fee of \u00a31.5\u00a0million, a new record for the highest fee received by Gillingham for a player. His initial replacement in the starting line-up was Rodney Rowe, a recent signing from York City. Despite losing their most prolific goalscorer, the team won their first three games without Taylor and were in fifth position in the league table after a 2\u20131 victory over Colchester United on 26 December. Gillingham's final match of 1999 resulted in a 2\u20130 defeat away to Wigan Athletic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, January\u2013May\nGillingham signed two new players on 2 January, making them the first club in English professional football to conclude transfer business in the year 2000. Striker Iffy Onuora and midfielder Ty Gooden both joined from Swindon Town for a combined transfer fee of \u00a3200,000. It marked the start of a second spell at the club for Onuora, who had played for Gillingham between 1996 and 1998; he was a regular starter for the remainder of the season, with Rowe largely used only as a substitute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0008-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, January\u2013May\nThe team's first match of 2000 resulted in a 2\u20132 draw at home to Reading; Thomson gave Gillingham the lead in the 90th minute, but their opponents then equalised in injury time. The next two games both ended in defeat, and a goalless draw away to Chesterfield in the first match of February meant that the team had gone five games without a win. This left the team in seventh position in the table, albeit having played fewer games than all the teams above them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, January\u2013May\nOn 5 February, Gillingham won a Second Division match for the first time in 2000, defeating Stoke City 3\u20130. It was the start of a run of four consecutive victories, which also included a win away to Preston North End, who had been top of the division going into the match. In the match against Preston, striker Carl Asaba, the team's top goalscorer in the previous season, made his first Football League appearance for nine months following a lengthy absence due to a hernia which required three operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0009-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, January\u2013May\nIn March, Gillingham inflicted Bristol City's first home league defeat of the season. Gillingham lost consecutive away games against Colchester United and Wycombe Wanderers over the Easter weekend, but then beat Chesterfield 1\u20130, beginning an eight-game unbeaten run. This run included victories within four days over two of the other teams chasing promotion, Wigan Athletic and Burnley; following the latter win, Stephen Wood of The Times noted that Gillingham were \"entering their best form at the perfect moment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, January\u2013May\nIn the penultimate game of the season, Asaba scored Gillingham's third hat-trick of the season as the team beat Cardiff City 4\u20131. The result left Gillingham second in the table going into the final game, ahead of Burnley on goal difference; Gillingham would finish in that position and gain automatic promotion to the First Division if their result away to Wrexham matched or bettered that achieved by Burnley away to Scunthorpe United. Gillingham, however, lost 1\u20130, while Burnley won and thus moved above Gillingham into second place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0010-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, January\u2013May\nFinishing third meant that Gillingham entered the play-offs for the final promotion place along with the three teams that finished below them. After the match, manager Taylor told the press \"We are a bit sore, but we will be fine. It's up to me to earn my money and lift them. But I've got no doubts; I've always said that the spirit is first-class. Now it's going to be tested\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, Play-offs\nIn the play-off semi-finals, Gillingham played sixth-place finishers Stoke City. In the first match of the two-legged tie, Stoke scored two goals in the first eight minutes. Although Gooden scored after 18 minutes, Stoke extended their lead to 3\u20131 in the second half. In the fifth minute of injury time, Hessenthaler scored to make the final score 3\u20132. Before half-time of the second leg, Stoke's Clive Clarke was sent off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0011-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, Play-offs\nGraham Kavanagh was also dismissed early in the second half, leaving Stoke with just nine players, after which Barry Ashby scored a goal for Gillingham to bring the aggregate score level at 3\u20133. In extra time, Onuora and Paul Smith scored further goals for Gillingham, who thus secured victory by a final aggregate score of 5\u20133. The crowd of 10,386 was the season's largest attendance at Priestfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, Play-offs\nGillingham played Wigan Athletic in the final at Wembley Stadium. Gillingham took the lead in the first half when Wigan defender Pat McGibbon scored an own goal under pressure from Onuora. Wigan equalised shortly after half-time, and believed they had taken the lead when Southall blocked a shot from Wigan's Arjan de Zeeuw on the goal-line; the Wigan players believed that the ball had in fact crossed the line, but the referee ruled otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0012-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Second Division, Play-offs\nWith no further goals being scored by either team, the match went into extra time, during which Wigan took a 2\u20131 lead when Stuart Barlow scored a penalty kick. Gillingham scored two goals in the last six minutes through Butler and Thomson, both of whom had come on as substitutes, to win 3\u20132. Gillingham thus gained promotion to the second tier of English football for the first time in the club's 107-year history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Cup matches, FA Cup\nAs a Second Division team, Gillingham entered the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup in the first round and were drawn to play away to Cheltenham Town, newly-promoted into the Football League Third Division from the Football Conference. The match at Cheltenham's Whaddon Road ground ended 1\u20131, necessitating a replay at Priestfield, which Gillingham won 3\u20132. In the second round, Gillingham played Darlington of the Third Division and won 3\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0013-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Cup matches, FA Cup\nDarlington were reinstated into the competition, however, when they were randomly selected from all the teams defeated in the second round to fill the vacant slot in the third round left by Manchester United's decision to withdraw from the FA Cup to take part in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship. In the third round, Gillingham played away to Walsall of the First Division and held them to a 1\u20131 draw. The replay also finished 1\u20131, but unlike in the initial match the rules of the competition meant that extra time was played and Gillingham scored again to win 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Cup matches, FA Cup\nGillingham's opponents in the fourth round were Bradford City of the Premier League. Gillingham took a two-goal lead and, although Bradford scored in the last 15 minutes, Gillingham scored a third moments later and defeated their higher-level opponents 3\u20131 to reach the last 16 of the FA Cup for only the second time in the club's history. It was also the first time that Gillingham had defeated a team from the highest division of English football in the FA Cup since 1908. In the fifth round, Gillingham played another Premier League team, Sheffield Wednesday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0014-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Cup matches, FA Cup\nWednesday scored in the first half and with 20 minutes of the match left, the score remained 1\u20130. Mark Saunders scored an equalising goal in the 70th minute and two minutes later Thomson scored to give Gillingham the lead. Southall added a third goal in the last 10 minutes and Gillingham won 3\u20131 to reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup for the first time. For the third consecutive round, Gillingham faced Premier League opposition, this time Chelsea. Although Gillingham restricted their opponents to a single goal in the first half, the Premier League team scored a further four after the interval to make the final score 5\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Cup matches, Football League Cup\nAs a Second Division team, Gillingham entered the 1999\u20132000 Football League Cup in the first round and were drawn to play Brighton & Hove Albion of the Third Division. The first leg of the two-legged tie took place at the Withdean Stadium, Brighton's new home after a period spent sharing Priestfield Stadium, and resulted in a 2\u20130 win for Gillingham. The score was the same in the second leg, so Gillingham progressed to the second round with a 4\u20130 win on aggregate. In the next round Gillingham were paired with Bolton Wanderers of the First Division. The first leg at Priestfield ended in a 4\u20131 victory for the visitors and Bolton won the second leg 2\u20130 to secure a 6\u20131 aggregate victory and eliminate Gillingham from the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Cup matches, Football League Cup\nGillingham's participation in the League Cup had repercussions months after the team were eliminated from the competition. Omoyinmi, who was on loan from West Ham United, played in both matches against Bolton. When his loan ended, he returned to West Ham and played briefly as a substitute in their League Cup quarter-final victory over Aston Villa in December. As he had already played for a different team earlier in the competition, however, he was cup-tied and therefore not eligible to play for West Ham. Due to the presence on the pitch of an ineligible player, the teams were ordered to replay the match and West Ham lost the second game and were eliminated from the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Cup matches, Football League Trophy\nIn the first round of the 1999\u20132000 Football League Trophy, a competition for Second and Third Division teams, Gillingham played Torquay United of the Third Division. With several regular players rested, Gillingham were defeated 3\u20130 by their lower-division opponents and were thus eliminated from the competition at the earliest stage. The attendance of 2,718 was the lowest of the season at Priestfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Players\nSouthall made the most appearances for Gillingham during the season, playing in 59 of the team's 62 matches; he missed only one Second Division game, one FA Cup game, and one League Cup game. Six other players made over 50 appearances: Paul Smith played 58 times, Hessenthaler and Ashby 57 times each, Bartram 56 times, Lewis 55 times, and Butters 54 times. Two players, both goalkeepers, played only one game during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0018-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Players\nCharlie Mitten played in goal in the team's one match in the League Trophy, and Steve Mautone played in one league match when Bartram was unable to make it to the ground in time due to a traffic accident. In both cases it was the only appearance the player ever made for Gillingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Players\nEven though he left before the mid-point of the season, Taylor was the team's leading goalscorer, with 18 goals in 19 games before his move to Manchester City; his total was made up of 15 goals in the Second Division, 2 in the FA Cup and 1 in the League Cup. His two hat-tricks, scored within a little over three weeks of each other, made him only the 13th player in 68 seasons to score multiple Football League hat-tricks for Gillingham. Thomson scored 14 times across all competitions, and Southall was the only other player to reach double figures, with 13 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Players\nFW = Forward, MF = Midfielder, GK = Goalkeeper, DF = Defender", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Players\na.   Gooden joined the club after Taylor left and was allocated the squad number which Taylor had previously worn. Mautone joined the club after Omoyinmi left and was allocated the squad number which Omoyinmi had previously worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Aftermath\nFollowing the play-off final, the Gillingham players and officials celebrated promotion with an open-top bus parade around the town of Gillingham. The club offered a new contract to Taylor to remain as manager for Gillingham's first season in the First Division, but he rejected it and left to take over as manager of Premier League team Leicester City. In his place, the club appointed Hessenthaler to a player-manager position, the first managerial appointment of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157596-0022-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gillingham F.C. season, Aftermath\nGillingham secured a mid-table finish in the club's first season in the second tier of English football, ending the season in 13th position in the 24-team division. The team spent five seasons in the second tier, renamed the Football League Championship in 2004, before being relegated at the end of the 2004\u201305 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season is the fourth in the history of the Glasgow Warriors as a professional side. During this season the young professional side competed as Glasgow Caledonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season\nThis season saw Glasgow Caledonians compete in the competitions: the Welsh-Scottish League and the European Champions Cup, the Heineken Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Team, Squad\nProps Willie Anderson Gavin Blackburn Alan Brown Danny Herrington Dave Hilton Gordon McIlwham Euan Murray Alan Watt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Team, Squad\nLoose Forwards Gareth Flockhart Donnie Macfadyen Jon Petrie Roland Reid John Shaw Gordon Simpson Martin Waite", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Team, Squad\nBack Three Michael Bartlett Ashley Bond Rory Coupar James Craig Rory Kerr Shaun Longstaff Torquil Mathewson Glenn Metcalfe Rowen Shepherd Derek Stark", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Team, Academy players\nThe Glasgow Thistles squad was once again sent to New Zealand in the summer of 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Player statistics\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Glasgow have used 36 different players in competitive games. The table below shows the number of appearances and points scored by each player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Player statistics\nThe statistics for the first match of the Scottish Inter-District Championship are included in the Welsh-Scottish League statistics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Player movements, Player transfers, In\nJonathan Stuart from  Leicester Tigers Alan Brown from  Dundee HSFP Danny Herrington from  Kirkcaldy RFC Torquil Mathewson from  Glasgow Hawks Gavin Blackburn from  London Scottish Ashley Bond from  Sportive Ortheziene Roland Reid from  Golden Lions Craig Chalmers from  Edinburgh Reivers Dave Hilton from  Bath Rugby Alan Watt from  Currie RFC Andy Nicol from  Bath Rugby Michael Bartlett from  Canterbury Rory Kerr from  West of Scotland Ian McInroy from  West of Scotland Dougie Hall from  Hillhead Jordanhill Darren Burns from  Edinburgh Reivers Barry Irving from  London Scottish Steve Griffiths from  Leeds Tykes Donnie Macfadyen from  Boroughmuir", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Player movements, Player transfers, Out\nDerrick Patterson to  Stade Fran\u00e7ais Tom Smith to  CA Brive Stuart Grimes to  Newcastle Falcons Kevin McKenzie retirement Rob Wainwright retirement John Manson retirement Alan Kittle to  Musselburgh Guy Perrett sabbatical to focus on medical studies Gordon Mackay to  Lyon OU Murray Wallace to  Boulder Colorado Chris Paterson to  Edinburgh Reivers Cameron Little to  Glasgow Hawks Luke Smith to  Racing 92 John Leslie to  Munakata Sanix Blues Aaron Collins to  Gala Matt McGrandles to  Stirling County Chris Simmers to  Glasgow Hawks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Pre-season and friendlies, Match 1\nGlasgow Caledonians:  A Bulloch; J Craig, J Stuart, I Jardine, S Longstaff; T Hayes, A Nicol; D Hilton, G Scott, W Anderson, S Campbell, S Griffiths, G Flockhart, M Waite, G Simpson. Replacements - I McInroy, R Kerr, B Irving, G Beveridge, F Stott, Gavin Blackburn, G McIlwham,C Docherty, A Watt, D Burns, J Shaw, Torquil Mathewson, D McFadyen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Pre-season and friendlies, Match 1\nUlster: J Bell, S Bell, G Leslie, M Blair, S Bromley, A Clarke, S Coulter, J Cunningham, M Edwards, J Fitzpatrick, R Fredericks, D Topping, D Humphreys, P Johns, G Longwell, N Malone, S Mason, T McWhirter, E Miller, D O'Cuinneagain, J Topping, A Ward, R Irwin, R Weir", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Pre-season and friendlies, Match 2\nOntario: S Rodgers; J Collins, B Luke, D Daypuck, S Keenan; C Robinson, R Stickel; B Stoikos, L Gardiner, M Jacques, I Dann, M Carter, J Tomlinson, P Ross, D Swindells", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Pre-season and friendlies, Match 2\nGlasgow Caledonians: A Bulloch; T Mathewson, J Stuart, I Jardine, S Longstaff; T Hayes, A Nicol; G McIlwham, G Scott, W Anderson, S Griffiths, D Burns, G Flockhart, G Simpson, D McFadyen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Pre-season and friendlies, Match 3\nUruguay A: A Ibarria, G Souza, C Arocena, De Freitas, A Vazquaz, S Arocena, E Caffera, M Brussoni, L Machado, F Victor, G Manini, F Auesperg, S Mosquera, G Laffitte, N Achard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Pre-season and friendlies, Match 3\nGlasgow Caledonians: A Bulloch, S Longstaff, I McInroy, J Stuart, R Kerr, B Irving, G Beveridge, G McIlwham, C Docherty, A Watt, S Campbell, J Petrie, J White, G Simpson, M Waite. Substitutions: W Anderson for Watt (40), G Blackburn for McIlwham (47), F Stott for Beveridge (64), T Mathewson for Longstaff (70).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Pre-season and friendlies, Match 4\nGlasgow Caledonians:B Irving; T Mathewson, A Bulloch, I Jardine, R Kerr; T Hayes, F Stott; G McIlwham, G Scott, W Anderson, S Griffiths, D Burns, J White, G Flockhart, D McFadyen. Replacements: J Stuart, Graeme Beveridge, S Campbell, M Waite, G Blackburn, A Watt, C Docherty. Used: G Beveridge for Stott, 70; AWatt for Anderson, 80.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Pre-season and friendlies, Match 4\nEdinburgh Reivers:S Lang; K Milligan, M Di Rollo, K Utterson, C Sharman; S Welsh, G Burns; R McNulty, G McKelvey, B Stewart, N Hines, I Fullarton, S Scott, G Hayter, G Dall. Subs: A Common for Lang, 39; M Proudfoot for Stewart, 55; A Jacobsen for McNulty, 67; M Lee for Utterson, 70.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Pre-season and friendlies, Match 4\nBy winning all 3 three matches in Ontario, Glasgow won the Canadian Tri-Continental Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Scottish Inter-District Championship\nStill with only Glasgow and Edinburgh remaining as professional teams in Scotland, the Tri-Series was ran again. This time however the tournament had no sponsor as Tennents had pulled out of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Scottish Inter-District Championship\nThe first tie of the Tri-Series was held jointly with the Welsh-Scottish League. The match is shown below for convenience, however since it is also a Welsh-Scottish League match and is included in those statistics, only 2 matches for the Scottish Inter-District Championship are recorded for statistical purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitions, Scottish Inter-District Championship, 1999-2000 League Table\nOnly for completeness. The Tri-Series was run as a best of three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 109], "content_span": [110, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitive debuts this season\nA player's nationality shown is taken from the nationality at the highest honour for the national side obtained; or if never capped internationally their place of birth. Senior caps take precedence over junior caps or place of birth; junior caps take precedence over place of birth. A player's nationality at debut may be different from the nationality shown. Combination sides like the British and Irish Lions or Pacific Islanders are not national sides, or nationalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0023-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitive debuts this season\nPlayers in BOLD font have been capped by their senior international XV side as nationality shown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0024-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitive debuts this season\nPlayers in Italic font have capped either by their international 7s side; or by the international XV 'A' side as nationality shown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0025-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitive debuts this season\nPlayers in normal font have not been capped at senior level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157597-0026-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Glasgow Warriors season, Competitive debuts this season\nA position in parentheses indicates that the player debuted as a substitute. A player may have made a prior debut for Glasgow Warriors in a non-competitive match, 'A' match or 7s match; these matches are not listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157598-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Golden State Warriors season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Warriors' 54th season in the National Basketball Association, and 38th in the San Francisco Bay Area. The city of Oakland hosted the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. During the offseason, the Warriors acquired Mookie Blaylock from the Atlanta Hawks, and rookie guard Vonteego Cummings from the Indiana Pacers. The Warriors struggled losing 16 of their first 18 games as head coach P. J. Carlesimo was fired after a 6\u201321 start, and was replaced with General Manager Garry St. Jean, where the team suffered a 12-game losing streak between December and January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157598-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Golden State Warriors season\nSecond-year star Antawn Jamison led the Warriors in scoring with 19.6 points per game, and was invited to the Slam Dunk Contest during the All-Star Weekend, but did not participate due to a knee injury, and was out for the remainder of the season after 43 games. Chris Mills, Erick Dampier and Terry Cummings all missed large parts of the season due to injuries. At midseason, the Warriors traded John Starks to the Chicago Bulls, and acquired second-year guard Larry Hughes, and former Warriors forward Billy Owens from the Philadelphia 76ers in a three-team trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157598-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Golden State Warriors season\nThe Warriors lost 23 of their final 26 games, and finished sixth in the Pacific Division with a 19\u201363 record. Following the season, Donyell Marshall was traded to the Utah Jazz in a four-team trade, Owens was dealt along with Jason Caffey to the Milwaukee Bucks, Terry Cummings retired and St. Jean was fired as coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157599-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team\nThe 1999-2000 Gonzaga men's basketball team represented Gonzaga University as a member of the West Coast Conference during the 1999-2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by first-year coach Mark Few and reached the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157600-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final\nThe 1999\u20132000 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final was held in Lyon, France from January 13 to 16, 2000. It was the culmination of the 1999\u20132000 Grand Prix Series. Skaters qualified for the event by accumulating points throughout the season. The events of the series were the 1999 Skate America, the 1999 Skate Canada International, the 1999 Sparkassen Cup on Ice, the 1999 Troph\u00e9e Lalique, the 1999 Cup of Russia, and the 1999 NHK Trophy. The top six skaters in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing met at the final to crown the Grand Prix Final Champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157600-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final\nThe format of the event differed from other years. Singles and pair skaters competed in the short program and the free skating, and ice dancers competed in the original dance and the free dance. The top four finishers in each discipline were split in groups of two and then competed head-to-head in different free skating finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157601-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Basket League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Greek Basket League season was the 60th season of the Greek Basket League, the highest tier professional basketball league in Greece. It was also the 8th season of Greek Basket League championship that was regulated by HEBA (ESAKE). The winner of the league was Panathinaikos, which beat PAOK in the league's playoff's finals, although the regular season winner was Olympiacos. The clubs Sporting and Esperos were relegated to the Greek A2 League. The top scorer of the league was Alphonso Ford, a player of Peristeri. \u017deljko Rebra\u010da was voted the MVP of the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157602-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup was the 58th edition of the Greek Football Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157602-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup, Tournament details\nTotally 56 teams participated, 18 from Alpha Ethniki, 18 from Beta, and 20 from Gamma. It was held in 6 rounds, included final. An additional round was held between first and second, with 4 matches, in order that the teams would continue to be 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157602-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup, Tournament details\nThis year came back the phase of groups in the First round, after its provisional three-year suppression. Until quarter-finals, all matches were single. The most interesting round was Second, after drawing of Olympiacos against PAOK and Aris against Panathinaikos, with the home teams to take the qualification with difficulty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157602-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup, Tournament details\nFinal was contested by AEK Athens, who previously eliminated rivals Olympiacos and Ionikos, for their first and only time in history, having favourable draws in their course to the Final, but also after a very difficult qualification from First round in the goals difference, after triple equivalence in standings with Leonidio and Panetolikos. However, the win with score 8\u20130 against Nafpaktiakos Asteras in quarter-finals was remarkable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157602-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup, Tournament details\nAEK Athens easily won the game 3-0 and earned their 12th cup in club's history. A remarkable moment of the Final was at 32th minute while score was 0-0, after a cross from Petkov, Demis Nikolaidis scored with his hand. The referee Douros did not realize the violation of Nikolaidis and ran towards the center of the field, with Nikolaidis immediately showing him that he should not count the goal. The referee approached Nikolaidis, who explained to him exactly what happened. As a result, the referee changed his decision, canceled the goal and gave handball and showed Nikolaidis a yellow card for his violation. Nikolaidis was later honored by the International Olympic Committee for his fair play towards the referee of the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157602-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup, First round\nThe phase was played in a single round-robin format. Each win gained 3 points, each draw gained 1 point, and each loss did not gain any points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157602-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup, Quarter-finals\nFirst legs were held on 9, 10, 16 and 17 February 2000. Second legs on 1, 2, 8 and 9 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157602-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup, Semi-finals\nFirst legs were held on 12 April 2000 and second were held on 19th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157602-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Greek Football Cup, Final\nThe 56th Greek Cup Final was played at the Olympic Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157603-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Grimsby Town F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Grimsby Town F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157603-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Grimsby Town F.C. season, Season summary\nAfter a brilliant first full season back in the second tier finishing 11th, Grimsby a season later really struggled and finished the 1999\u20132000 season in 20th, avoiding relegation at the expense of Buckley's former club Walsall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157603-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Grimsby Town F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157603-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Grimsby Town F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157604-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Guildford Flames season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season, was the Guildford Flames' eighth year of ice hockey. The Guildford Flames competed in the British National League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157604-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Guildford Flames season\nThe season saw the Flames get their first-ever taste of foreign opposition, with the visit of Manitoba Bison to the Guildford Spectrum on Wednesday 15 December 1999, one of four matches on their UK tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157604-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Guildford Flames season, Schedule And Results, Benson & Hedges Cup\nThe big surprise of the 1999 Benson & Hedges Cup was the failure of the defending Plate holders, Guildford Flames, to get past the first round of the Cup. Unfortunately for Stan Marple's team, they were drawn into the difficult Group C which produced the eventual Plate finalists, Basingstoke Bison and Slough Jets. That said, Flames were the only BNL team to beat the Bison, 5-1, on the first weekend of the season, a contest best remembered for Bison turning up without their strip and a mass brawl in the final minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157604-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Guildford Flames season, Schedule And Results, British National League Play-Offs\nThe top eight BNL teams qualified for the playoffs. In the Quarter-Finals the teams were split into two groups of four with the teams finishing 1st, 4th, 5th and 8th in the league going into Group A and the others into Group B. Teams tied on points in the Quarter-Final group stages were separated first by wins in normal time, then by away wins in normal time. The two top teams in each group qualified for the Semi-Finals with the winner of one group playing a best-of-three series against the runner-up in the other group. Home ice advantage went to the top team in each group. The winning semi-finalists competed for the title in a best-of-five finals series, with the home ice advantage going to the team that finished highest in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157604-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Guildford Flames season, Schedule And Results, NTL: Christmas Cup\nThe third Christmas Cup campaign was open to the ten British National League clubs and played on a knockout basis over the Christmas and New Year period. The draw for the quarter-finals was based on the league's final standings in 1998/1999 with first playing eighth, second playing seventh and so on. The last placed sides, Edinburgh Capitals and Paisley Pirates, first played off against league newcomers, Milton Keynes Kings and Solihull Blaze, for the right to enter the competition proper. The Cup was sponsored by telecoms and cable TV company, ntl:, the league's new partner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157605-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Guinea-Bissau general election\nGeneral elections were held in Guinea-Bissau on 28 November 1999, with a second round for the presidential election on 16 January 2000. The presidential election resulted in a victory for opposition leader Kumba Ial\u00e1 of the Party for Social Renewal (PRS), who defeated Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1 of the ruling African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde. The PRS were also victorious in the National People's Assembly election, winning 38 of the 102 seats. This was the first time an opposition party won an election since the country's independence in the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157605-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Guinea-Bissau general election\nVoter turnout was 71.9% for the second round of the presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157606-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 HNK Hajduk Split season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 89th season in Hajduk Split\u2019s history and their ninetieth in the Prva HNL. Their 3rd place finish in the 1998\u201399 season meant it was their 9th successive season playing in the Prva HNL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157606-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 HNK Hajduk Split season, Notes\n1. Match as awarded to Hrvatski Dragovoljac because was Hajduk fielded suspended player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157606-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 HNK Hajduk Split season, Notes\n2. Match abandoned after 81 minutes due to crowd trouble. Due this the match was awarded to \u0160ibenik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157606-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 HNK Hajduk Split season, Notes\n3. Match abandoned after 86 minutes due to mass fight between both clubs' supporters and the police. The match was a registered with 2:0 Hajduk's win and the club was punished by having their three matches behind closed doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157607-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 HNK Rijeka season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 54th season in Rijeka's history. It was their 9th season in the Prva HNL and 26th successive top tier season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157607-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 HNK Rijeka season, Matches, Squad statistics\nCompetitive matches only. Appearances in brackets indicate numbers of times the player came on as a substitute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157608-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hamburger SV season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Hamburger SV season was the 112th season in the club's history. During the 1999\u20132000 season, they competed in the Bundesliga, in which they finished 3rd alongside the DFB-Pokal where they reached the third round and the UEFA Intertoto Cup, where they were finalists, losing to Montpellier on penalties. The season covers the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157608-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hamburger SV season, Season summary\nHamburg rose to third place in the final table - their highest finish since finishing as runners-up in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157608-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hamburger SV season, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157608-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hamburger SV season, First team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157609-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hartlepool United F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Hartlepool United Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 7th position on 72 points and qualified for the play-offs but lost to local rivals Darlington in the semi-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157609-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hartlepool United F.C. season, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157610-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hazfi Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Hazfi Cup was the 13th season of the Iranian football knockout competition. Teams from Tehran or Tehran province play each other only once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157611-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Heart of Midlothian F.C. 's 17th consecutive season in the top level of Scottish football, playing in the Scottish Premier League. Hearts also competed in the Scottish Cup and League Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157611-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157611-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157612-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Heineken Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Heineken Cup was the fifth edition of the Heineken Cup of rugby. Teams from France, Ireland, Italy, Wales, England and Scotland were divided into six pools of four and played home and away matches against each other. The pool winners and two best runners-up qualified for the knockout stages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157613-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Heineken Cup pool stage\nIn the 1999\u20132000 Heineken Cup pool stage matches, teams received", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157614-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hellenic Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Hellenic Football League season was the 47th in the history of the Hellenic Football League, a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157614-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hellenic Football League\nAt the end of the season the Hellenic League merged with the Chiltonian League. 17 clubs from the latter formed Division One East, while Hellenic League Division One clubs formed Division One West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157614-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hellenic Football League, Premier Division\nThe Premier Division featured 16 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157614-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hellenic Football League, Division One\nDivision One featured 13 clubs which competed in Division One last season, along with two new clubs, joined from the Oxfordshire Senior League:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157615-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hertha BSC season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Hertha BSC season was the 107th season in club history. The club played their home matches at Olympic Stadium. The season began on 11 August 1999 and finished on 20 May 2000. The club finished 6th in the Bundesliga. The club were eliminated in the fourth round of the DFB-Pokal, the preliminary round of the DFB-Ligapokal and the Second Group Stage of the Champions League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157616-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hibernian F.C. season\nSeason 1999\u20132000 was Hibs' first season back in the top flight of Scottish football, the newly founded Scottish Premier League, after gaining promotion from the First Division in 1999. Hibs re-established themselves well in the top flight, finishing in sixth place. The club also had a good Scottish Cup run, but were disappointingly beaten 2\u20131 by Aberdeen, who finished bottom of the SPL, in the semi-final at Hampden Park. The season was also memorable for Hibs fans due to a 3\u20130 win in the \"Millennium derby\" against Hearts. There was a landmark day towards the end of the season, as the last game on the Easter Road slope was played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157616-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hibernian F.C. season, Scottish League Cup\nAs a club newly promoted to the SPL, Hibs entered at the second round stage of the competition, in which they defeated Clyde in a penalty shootout. This win sent Hibs through to a third round match against Kilmarnock at Rugby Park. In that match, Hibs conceded two early goals, and despite efforts by Pat McGinlay and Kenny Miller, Kilmarnock ran out 3\u20132 winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157616-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hibernian F.C. season, Player stats\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Hibs used 29 different players in competitive games. The table below shows the number of appearances and goals scored by each player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157617-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Highland Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Highland Football League was won by Keith. Fort William finished bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157618-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hofstra Flying Dutchmen basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Hofstra Flying Dutchmen basketball team represented Hofstra University from Hempstead, New York in the 1999\u20132000 season. Led by head coach Jay Wright, Hofstra finished with a record of 24\u20137, the best in the AEC, and won the AEC tournament. As a result of winning the tournament, Hofstra was invited to the NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157618-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hofstra Flying Dutchmen basketball team\nThis was the final season that Hofstra's sports teams were known as the Flying Dutchmen and Flying Dutchwomen. In summer 2000, the school officially changed their nickname to the Pride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157618-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hofstra Flying Dutchmen basketball team, Postseason results\nAEC Tournament3/4/00 @ Bob Carpenter Center, Newark, DE Vs. Boston U. W, 80\u2013623/5/00 @ Bob Carpenter Center, Newark, DE Vs. Drexel W, 69\u2013513/11/00 @ Mack Sports Complex, Hempstead, NY Vs. Delaware W, 76\u201369NCAA Tournament3/17/00 @ Marine Midland Arena, Buffalo, NY Vs. Oklahoma State L, 66\u201386", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 69], "content_span": [70, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157619-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Honduran Liga Nacional\nThe 1999\u20132000 Honduran Liga Nacional was the 35th season in the Honduran top division, the tournament was divided into two halves (Apertura and Clausura) and it determined the 35th and 36th national champions in the league's history. The league games started 18 September 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157619-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Honduran Liga Nacional, Apertura\nThe Apertura was the opening half of 1999\u20132000 season in the Honduran Liga Nacional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157619-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Honduran Liga Nacional, Clausura\nThe Clausura tournament of the 1999\u20132000 season in the Liga Nacional de F\u00fatbol de Honduras started on 11 March 2000 at San Pedro Sula with a scoreless match between C.D. Marath\u00f3n and C.D. Platense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157619-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Honduran Liga Nacional, Clausura, Final round, Semifinals\nNote: Motagua (3rd) had the right to play the second leg at home after finishing above Marath\u00f3n (5th) in the regular season; Marath\u00f3n however claimed they had to close the series at home after they defeated Platense in the Hexagonal who finished 2nd; eventually Motagua granted home-field advantage in the second leg at San Pedro Sula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157619-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Honduran Liga Nacional, Relegation\nRelegation was determined by the aggregate table of both Apertura and Clausura tournaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157620-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Honduran Segunda Divisi\u00f3n\nThe 1999\u20132000 Honduran Segunda Divisi\u00f3n was the 33rd season of the Honduran Segunda Divisi\u00f3n. Under the management of Juan Ramos, Deportes Savio won the tournament after defeating Palestino F.C. in the final series and obtained promotion to the 2000\u201301 Honduran Liga Nacional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157621-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hong Kong FA Cup\n1999\u20132000 Hong Kong FA Cup was the 25th staging of the Hong Kong FA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157621-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hong Kong FA Cup\nIt was competed by all of the 8 teams from Hong Kong First Division League. The competition kicked off on 30 March 2000 and finished on 9 April with the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157621-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hong Kong FA Cup\nHappy Valley won the cup for the first time after beating Orient & Yee Hope Union by 7-2 in the final, the highest scoring final in the cup history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157622-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hong Kong First Division League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Hong Kong First Division League season was the 89th since its establishment. The season began on the 7 September 1999 and ended on 20 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157622-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hong Kong First Division League, Second stage\nNB: Teams take points and goals halved from first phase. GF and GA is rounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157623-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Houston Rockets season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Rockets' 33rd season in the National Basketball Association, and 29th season in the city of Houston. This season is notable for the Rockets acquiring top draft pick Steve Francis from the University of Maryland in a trade from the Vancouver Grizzlies, who drafted him with the second overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft. During the offseason, the Rockets acquired Walt Williams, Kelvin Cato and Carlos Rogers from the Portland Trail Blazers, and signed free agent Shandon Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157623-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Houston Rockets season\nThe Rockets got off to a bad start losing ten of their first twelve games, but later won six straight games in January, but then lost eight straight in March. Hakeem Olajuwon played just 44 games due to a hernia injury, and breathing problems. The Rockets won seven of their final ten games in April, and finished sixth in the Midwest Division with a record of 34\u201348, failing to qualify for the playoffs, which was the first time they missed the postseason since the 1991\u201392 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157623-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Houston Rockets season\nAfter he already announced in the off-season that the upcoming season would be his last, Charles Barkley suffered a knee injury in December, which forced an early end to his career. However, he would return on April 19, 2000 against the Vancouver Grizzlies, his final NBA game. He came off the bench and scored on a put-back, scoring his final career points, after which he received a standing ovation. After the game, Barkley retired, ending his 16-year NBA career. He averaged 14.5 points and 10.5 rebounds per game in 20 games this season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157623-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Houston Rockets season\nFrancis averaged 18.0 points, 5.3 rebounds, 6.6 assists and 1.5 steals per game, as he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team, and shared Rookie of the Year honors with Elton Brand of the Chicago Bulls. He also participated in the Rookie-Sophomore Game and the Slam Dunk Contest during the All-Star Weekend. Francis finished second in the Dunk Contest to Vince Carter of the Toronto Raptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157623-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Houston Rockets season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157624-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season\nFollowing the sacking of Peter Jackson at the end of the previous season, owner Barry Rubery hired Steve Bruce as his replacement, and Huddersfield finished in 8th place in Division One that season, just 2 points outside the play-offs. This season also saw Town beat Chelsea at Stamford Bridge in the Worthington Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157624-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season, Squad at the start of the season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157624-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season, Review\nRubery and managing director Ian Ayre talked up the side's chances of promotion, pointing to the acquisition of the high-profile Steve Bruce as a clear indication of their ambition. More serious investment brought the likes of Clyde Wijnhard, Chris Lucketti, Giorgos Donis, Scott Sellars, Kenny Irons, Ken Monkou and Dean Gorr\u00e9 to the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157624-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season, Review\nThe Terriers tore up the Division for the first few months playing attractive attacking football in the 7\u20131 annihilation of Crystal Palace (their best league result for 20 years), plus notable wins over rivals Ipswich Town, recently relegated Premier League side Blackburn Rovers, Manchester City and Nottingham Forest. During October and November, Town won 6 games in a row, a best for 17 years. In early October, the side even scored a famous 1\u20130 victory over Chelsea at Stamford Bridge in the League Cup and were widely considered to be 'the best Town side in 30 years'. They lost to fellow Premier League side Wimbledon in the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157624-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season, Review\nBy Christmas time, Town were top of the table, but the loss of key defenders Steve Jenkins, Chris Lucketti, Ken Monkou and David May (who only made one appearance for Town because of injury) all suffered injuries at the wrong time. At the turn of the year, with the side suffering a blip in form, manager Bruce accepted the BBC's offer to cover previous club Manchester United's involvement in the much-derided FIFA Club World Championship in Brazil. With Town's form suffering, his popularity with the club's supporters plummeted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157624-0003-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season, Review\nA run of 2 wins in 13 games didn't help things much either. Also during that run star striker Marcus Stewart was surprisingly sold to fellow 1st Division side Ipswich Town for a record fee of \u00a32.75million. Less than a month later, he scored Ipswich's winning goal in a 2-1 win between the sides at Portman Road. Town signed Sheffield United's striker Martin Smith. Following that dreadful run Town went on a run of 6 games unbeaten, which saw Town on the verge of a play-off place with 4 games left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157624-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season, Review\nAfter losing 3-0 at home to fellow play-off contenders Bolton Wanderers, they beat relegated Port Vale, meaning Town would get a play-off spot by winning their last 2 games at home to Stockport County and away to Fulham at Craven Cottage, but instead they lost them 2-0 and 3-0 respectively. In the end, if they won either of those last 2 games they would have got a play-off place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157624-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season, Squad at the end of the season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157625-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hull City A.F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Hull City Association Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157625-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hull City A.F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157625-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Hull City A.F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157626-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 I-Divisioona season\nThe 1999\u20132000 I-Divisioona season was the 26th and final season of the I-Divisioona, the second level of Finnish ice hockey. The second-level Finnish league became the Mestis for the 2000-01 season. 12 teams participated in the league, and K\u00e4rp\u00e4t Oulu, Vaasan Sport, and Diskos Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 qualified for the promotion/relegation round of the SM-liiga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157627-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 IHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 IHL season was the 55th season of the International Hockey League, a North American minor professional league. 13 teams participated in the regular season, and the Chicago Wolves won the Turner Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157627-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 IHL season, Offseason\nThe Indianapolis Ice departed the IHL and joined the CHL for the CHL\u2019s 1999-00 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157627-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 IHL season, Offseason\nThe Las Vegas Thunder we\u2019re forced to fold after the UNLV refused to renew their lease to continue playing at Thomas & Mack Center forcing the Thunder to fold after failing to negotiate with Orleans Arena and MGM Grand Garden Arena", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157627-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 IHL season, Player statistics, Scoring leaders\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157627-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 IHL season, Player statistics, Leading goaltenders\nNote: GP = Games played; Min \u2013 Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157628-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 IIHF Continental Cup\nThe Continental Cup 1999\u20132000 was the third edition of the IIHF Continental Cup. The season started on September 24, 1999, and finished on December 28, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157628-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 IIHF Continental Cup\nThe tournament was won by HC Ambr\u00ec-Piotta, who won the final group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157628-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 IIHF Continental Cup, First Group Stage, Group M standings\nHC Ko\u0161ice, HC Keramika Plze\u0148, VEU Feldkirch, HC Ambr\u00ec-Piotta, Ak Bars Kazan, HK Neman Grodno    \u00a0:  bye", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ice Hockey Superleague season was the fourth season of the Sekonda Ice Hockey Superleague (ISL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season\nThere were no changes in the teams from the 1998\u201399 season. However the league introduced a wage cap of \u00a3500,000 for this season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season, Benson & Hedges Cup\nThe 1999 Benson & Hedges Cup consisted of the teams from the ISL and the teams from the British National League (BNL). The BNL teams were split into three groups of four teams (groups A, B and C) and the ISL teams were split into two groups of four teams (groups D and E). Each team played the other teams in the group once at home and away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season, Benson & Hedges Cup\nThe group winners from the BNL groups and the best runner-up entered the knock-out stage in a preliminary challenge round qualifier with the winners progressing to the challenge round to meet the fourth placed teams from the ISL group stage. The winners of the challenge rounds entered the quarter finals with the top three teams from each ISL group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season, Benson & Hedges Cup\nAll games after the group stages were home and away aggregate scores except for the challenge round and the final itself which were one-off games. The final was held at Sheffield Arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season, Benson & Hedges Cup, Finals, Final\nThe final took place at Sheffield Arena between Manchester Storm and London Knights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season, Challenge Cup\nAll eight teams in the league competed in the Challenge Cup. The first round was the first home and away meeting of each team in the league with the points counting towards both the Challenge Cup table and the league table. The top four teams progressed to the semi finals. The semi finals were home and away games with the winner on aggregate progressing to the one off final game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season, Challenge Cup\nIn a repeat of the previous season's Challenge Cup final, Sheffield Steelers took on the Nottingham Panthers and won the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season, League\nEach team played three home games and three away games against each of their opponents. All eight teams were entered into the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157629-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISL season, Playoffs\nAll eight teams in the league took part in the playoffs. Group A consisted of Bracknell, London, Newcastle and Nottingham while Group B consisted of Ayr, Cardiff, Manchester and Sheffield. The top two teams from each playoff group qualified for the finals weekend. The third place playoff was dropped for this season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157630-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISU Junior Grand Prix\nThe 1999\u20132000 ISU Junior Grand Prix was the third season of the ISU Junior Grand Prix, a series of international junior level competitions organized by the International Skating Union. It was the junior-level complement to the Grand Prix of Figure Skating, which was for senior-level skaters. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance. The top skaters from the series met at the Junior Grand Prix Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157630-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISU Junior Grand Prix, Competitions\nThe locations of the JGP events change yearly. In the 1999\u20132000 season, the series was composed of the following events:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157630-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISU Junior Grand Prix, Junior Grand Prix Final qualifiers\nThe following skaters qualified for the 1999\u20132000 Junior Grand Prix Final, in order of qualification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157630-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISU Junior Grand Prix, Junior Grand Prix Final qualifiers\nThere were eight qualifiers in singles and six in pairs and ice dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157630-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISU Junior Grand Prix, Junior Grand Prix Final qualifiers\nThere was an unbreakable tie in 4th place standings in the pairs event, and so Chantal Poirier / Craig Buntin of Canada and Aliona Savchenko / Stanislav Morozov of Ukraine both qualified in 4th position. There were no 5th place qualifiers in pairs, because that spot was left empty as a result of the tie for fourth. The two teams had tied exactly, down to the 7th tiebreaker. In later years, a different final tiebreaker was added, one which would have allowed for this tie to be broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157631-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup\nThe 2000 Short Track Speed Skating World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season for short track speed skating. The season began on 19 October 1999 and ended on 4 February 2000. The World Cup was organised by the ISU who also ran world cups and championships in speed skating and figure skating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157632-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Icelandic Hockey League season\nThe 1999-00 Icelandic Hockey League season was the ninth season of the Icelandic Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Iceland. Three teams participated in the league, and Skautafelag Reykjavikur won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157633-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Idaho Vandals men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Idaho Vandals men's basketball team represented the University of Idaho during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Members of the Big West Conference, the Vandals were led by third-year head coach David Farrar and played their home games on campus at the Kibbie Dome in Moscow, Idaho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157633-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Idaho Vandals men's basketball team\nThe Vandals were 12\u201316 overall in the regular season and 6\u201310 in conference play, tied for third in the East division standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157633-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Idaho Vandals men's basketball team\nThey met West division champion Long Beach State in the first round of the conference tournament and lost by eleven points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157634-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157634-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team, Regular season\nIn 2000, for the third time in four seasons, Illinois advanced to the NCAA Tournament, this time as a #4 seed. After defeating Penn in the opening round, the Illini season ended with a defeat to eventual national runner-up Florida. The Fighting Illini spent much of the season ranked in the Top 25, climbing as high as No. 15 in late December. An early three-game losing streak in Big Ten play put the Illini in a hole to start league play at 1-3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 72], "content_span": [73, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157634-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team, Regular season\nBut, Illinois went on to win 10 of the last 12 league games before finishing second in the Big Ten Tournament. During the February 19th game vs. Northwestern, the Illini would set an NCAA record fewest points allowed in the first half of a game by giving up only 6 points. Cory Bradford earned second-team All-Big Ten honors after leading Illinois in scoring and the Big Ten in three-point field goals. Forward Brian Cook was named Co-Freshman of the Year in the conference and earned All-Tournament honors with strong play in the Big Ten Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 72], "content_span": [73, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157635-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Illinois State Redbirds men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Illinois State Redbirds men's basketball team represented Illinois State University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Redbirds, led by first year head coach Tom Richardson, played their home games at Redbird Arena and competed as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157635-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Illinois State Redbirds men's basketball team\nThey finished the season 10\u201320, 5\u201313 in conference play to finish in a tie for eighth place. They were the number eight seed for the Missouri Valley Conference Tournament. They were defeated by Wichita State University in their opening round game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157636-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team represented Indiana University. Their head coach was Bobby Knight, and it would ultimately be his last full season coaching the Hoosiers. The team played its home games in  Assembly Hall in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157636-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team\nThe Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 20\u20139 and a conference record of 10\u20136, finishing 4th in the Big Ten Conference. After losing to the Fighting Illini in the quarterfinals of the Big Ten Tournament, the Hoosiers were invited to dance in the 2000 NCAA Tournament. IU lost in the first round to Pepperdine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Pacers' 24th season in the National Basketball Association, and 33rd season as a franchise. It was their first season playing at the Conseco Fieldhouse. During the offseason, the Pacers acquired top draft pick and high school star Jonathan Bender from the Toronto Raptors. The Pacers played around .500 with a 7\u20137 start to the season, but then won 15 of their next 17 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season\nThe team finished first place in the Central Division with a 56\u201326 record, highlighted by a franchise-best 25-game winning streak at home, which was worthy of the Eastern Conference first seed in the playoffs, guaranteed home-court advantage throughout the Eastern Conference playoffs for the first time in franchise history, and an all-time franchise best win-loss record. Jalen Rose, who played the previous three seasons off the Pacers' bench, became a starter replacing Chris Mullin in the lineup at small forward, and led the team in scoring with 18.2 points per game, and was named Most Improved Player of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0000-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season\nReggie Miller finished second on the team in scoring averaging 18.1 points per game, while Rik Smits provided them with 12.9 points per game, Dale Davis averaged 10.0 points and 9.9 rebounds per game, and Austin Croshere played an increased role as the team's sixth man averaging 10.3 points per game off the bench. Miller and Davis were both selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game in Oakland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season\nIn the playoffs, the Pacers defeated the Milwaukee Bucks in five games in the Eastern Conference First Round, and the Philadelphia 76ers in six games in the Eastern Conference Semi-finals, before preceding to defeat their arch-rivals, the New York Knicks in a tough, hard-fought six-game series in the Eastern Conference Finals for the fifth time in seven years, en route to advancing to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history. However, the Pacers would lose in the Finals to the Los Angeles Lakers in six games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season\nFollowing the season, Larry Bird resigned as head coach, Davis was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers, Mullin was released and later re-signed as a free agent with his former team, the Golden State Warriors, Mark Jackson signed with the Toronto Raptors, and Smits retired after playing 12 seasons in the NBA with the Pacers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, Regular season\nThe Pacers began a new era by moving into Conseco Fieldhouse after 25 years at Market Square Arena. They would start the season with a 7-7 record but finished with a 56-26 record, good enough to win their 2nd straight division title. The Pacers even won 25 straight games at their new arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Summary\nThe following scoring summary is written in a line score format, except that the quarter numbers are replaced by game numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Aspects\nAlthough the Lakers were one of the more talented teams in the NBA the previous year, they failed to win a single game against the San Antonio Spurs in the 1999 NBA Playoffs. Twenty-four days after being swept by the eventual league champion, the Lakers signed Phil Jackson as head coach. Jackson, famous for coaching Michael Jordan and the six-time champion Chicago Bulls, would build his triangle offense around Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant. general manager Jerry West surrounded O'Neal and Bryant with effective role players such as Glen Rice, Ron Harper (who had experience with Jackson's triangle offense as part of the '96\u2013'98  Bulls), and A. C. Green (member of the last two Lakers championship teams).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Aspects\nAlong with these starters, the Lakers also possessed a strong bench. Robert Horry not only had championship experience with the Houston Rockets but also was a threat on the perimeter and a defensive star. Derek Fisher was a defensively minded point-guard with the ability to shoot well from long range. Rick Fox, acquired after being released by the Boston Celtics, was the Lakers' sixth man. With a healthy O'Neal, the Lakers dominated the regular season, with winning streaks of 11, 16, and 19 en route to a 67\u201315 record, tying the 1992 Chicago Bulls and 1986 Boston Celtics as the fifth best record in NBA regular season history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Aspects\nAlthough many expected the Lakers to reach the Finals, the road would be a rocky one. In the first round, the Lakers won the first two games against the Sacramento Kings, only to drop the next two games in Sacramento. The Lakers then defeated Sacramento in Game 5, 113\u201386, to face the Phoenix Suns in the conference semi-finals. The Lakers clobbered the Suns, winning the series 4\u20131 (with their only loss coming in Game 4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0007-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Aspects\nIn Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Portland Trail Blazers, Rasheed Wallace earned two technical fouls and was ejected; the Lakers took advantage of Wallace's absence and secured victory. The Trail Blazers stormed back in the next game, giving the Lakers their worst home loss of the season in a 106\u201377 shellacking. This setback did not affect Los Angeles, as they assembled a 3\u20131 series lead by winning the next two games in Portland. The Lakers underestimated the Trail Blazers, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0007-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Aspects\nLed by former Jackson linchpin Scottie Pippen, Portland won back-to-back elimination games and forced a series-deciding Game 7. Amid several controversial foul calls by referee Dick Bavetta against members of the Trail Blazers, Portland relinquished a 75\u201360 fourth quarter lead. Rallying back with a 25\u20134 run, the Lakers won the game and secured a berth in the NBA Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Aspects\nIn the 1997\u20131998 NBA season, the Chicago Bulls narrowly defeated the Pacers, 4 games to 3, in the Eastern Conference Finals. The 1998\u20131999 NBA season began with a lockout but saw Indiana return to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they fell to the New York Knicks. The 1999\u20132000 NBA season brought several major changes to the Pacers. It was their first season at Conseco Fieldhouse, as well as their first since 1993 without center Antonio Davis, who was traded for the rights to the No. 5 overall pick in the 1999 NBA Draft. Jalen Rose replaced Chris Mullin in the starting line up, winning the NBA Most Improved Player award, while Austin Croshere replaced him as the sixth man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Aspects\nThe Pacers started the season 7\u20137 but eventually finished with an Eastern Conference best 56\u201326 record, including a franchise-best 25 game win streak at home. The Pacers, like the Lakers, struggled in the playoffs. They needed a clutch Travis Best three-pointer to dispatch the Milwaukee Bucks in five games. Indiana faced the Philadelphia 76ers in the second round and took the series in six games, earning a trip to the Eastern Conference Finals. The Pacers would face their rival Knicks, winning a memorable six game series in a reversal of fortunes from years past. With the victory, Indiana advanced to the first NBA Finals in franchise history, becoming the second former ABA team to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 1\nThe Lakers dominated from the start. The Lakers shot 15-for-20 (75%) in the first period while the Pacers shot only 7-for-20 (35%). Miller would miss all of his shots in the first quarter to give the Lakers a 15-point lead. Croshere came off the bench to keep the Pacers alive in the 2nd quarter, scoring 9 points and grabbing 4 rebounds in the quarter. Although the Pacers attempted a comeback in the 2nd quarter, they were still down by 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0010-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 1\nIn the 3rd quarter, it would be Jackson who led the Pacers to a comeback, cutting the Lakers lead by 2. Miller also hit his first field goal in the 3rd quarter, though it would be his last. The Lakers handled the Pacers in the final quarter, with a 13\u20132 run winning by 17 points. O'Neal scored 43 points and grabbed 19 rebounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 2\nLos Angeles and Indiana were evenly matched for the first quarter, both scoring 28. However, Los Angeles suffered a major setback when Kobe Bryant left the game in the 2nd quarter due to a sprained ankle and did not return. Jalen Rose later admitted that he intentionally stuck out his foot when Kobe shot a jumpshot in order to trip him when he landed. Ron Harper went in for Bryant and scored 21 points for the game. Desperate to try to gain the lead, Larry Bird resorted to the \"Hack-a-Shaq\" strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0011-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 2\nShaq shot 39 free throws, making only 18, an NBA record for most free throws attempted. Despite this low percentage, Shaq made 9 of 16 in the 4th quarter to keep a Lakers lead. The Pacers cut the lead to 99\u201396 and were looking to foul Shaq, but when Shaq got the ball he passed to Robert Horry who converted not only the layup, but the foul shot as well giving them a 102\u201396 lead en route to a 111\u2013104 Lakers victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 3\nTaking advantage of Kobe Bryant's ankle injury, Indiana restored a semblance of parity to the proceedings. Kobe's absence was felt as the Pacers had an 11\u20132 run in the first quarter to take an 8-point lead. Austin Croshere once again had another huge 2nd quarter, scoring 8 points as the Pacers shot 61% from the field. The Lakers tried to make a run to get back into the game, but upon doings so, Indiana answered with 12 straight points and led by 17. The Lakers were desperate and attempted another run to get within 3 points, but Reggie Miller nailed all his free throws at the end of the game to give Indiana a 9-point win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 4\nThe Pacers took a quick 9\u20132 lead due to Rik Smits hitting his first four shots. Kobe Bryant attempted to play with his sore ankle but only managed to score 6 points in the first half. Even though Bryant and O'Neal were in foul trouble in the first half (each picking up his third with 5 minutes remaining in the second quarter), Indiana could not take advantage and did not extend their lead. This would be a problem as Kobe Bryant scored 10 points and the Lakers took a 62\u201360 lead due to a Glen Rice three-pointer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0013-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 4\nThe game remained close going into the fourth quarter, when O'Neal and Reggie Miller scored 14 and 13 points respectively, sending the game into overtime. Midway through overtime, O'Neal committed his sixth foul but 21-year-old Bryant delivered three clutch shots, as the Lakers were able to overcome back-up center John Salley's inability to effectively defend Smits. Smits and Miller scored all 14 of Indiana's OT points, but it was not enough to overcome as Miller missed a last-second three-pointer, and L.A. was able to pull one out in Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 5\nReggie Miller and the Pacers dominated the game from the start in what would be Larry Bird's last game as a coach in the state of Indiana. Reggie Miller came out and made 5 straight shots including a 4-point play. The Pacers hit their first 6 three-point shots in the game. The Pacers would have a 20-point lead in the 2nd quarter, and eventually won by 33 \u2013 it was the worst Lakers NBA Finals loss since the 148\u2013114 loss to Boston in the 1985 NBA Finals, known as the \"Memorial Day Massacre.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 5\nWith their loss in Game 5, the Lakers record in close-out games dropped to 3\u20136 in the 2000 NBA Playoffs (the other losses coming in Games 3 and 4 in the first round against Sacramento, Game 4 in the series against Phoenix, and Games 5 and 6 versus Portland). As a result, the series returned to California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 6\nAfter the two teams traded blows in the first quarter, Mark Jackson concluded the period with a turn-around half-court shot at the buzzer to give the Pacers a 26\u201324 advantage. They would not relinquish their lead until the fourth quarter. In the first half, the Pacers would lead by as many as twelve points. However, the Lakers chipped away and entered intermission trailing 56\u201353. Indiana, however, added two more points to their lead, and entered the final period in a position to force a decisive seventh game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 6\nIn the fourth quarter, the momentum shifted. The Lakers got four timely three-pointers from Derek Fisher, Robert Horry, and Rick Fox. The turning point occurred on a play where Brian Shaw stole the ball from Jalen Rose, leading to a fast break where Shaquille O'Neal hit an off-balance shot to give the Lakers the lead. The Pacers never led after that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157637-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana Pacers season, NBA Finals, Game 6\nThe Lakers would build a seven-point lead, but the Pacers fought back to tie the score at 103. After a timeout, the Lakers scored six unanswered points to regain control. The Pacers made one final valiant effort, but it fell short and the Lakers clinched their first championship in twelve years. Shaquille O'Neal led all scorers with 41 points and also pulled down 12 rebounds. He was awarded the Finals MVP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157638-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana State Sycamores men's basketball team\n1999\u20132000 Indiana State Sycamores men's basketball team represented Indiana State University during the 1999\u20132000 men's college basketball season. They received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament where they lost in the first round to Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157638-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Indiana State Sycamores men's basketball team\nRoyce Waltman was MVC coach of the year award and Nate Green was the conference player of the year award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157639-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Inter Milan season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Football Club Internazionale Milano's 91th in existence and 84th consecutive season in the top flight of Italian football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157639-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Inter Milan season, Season\nFollowing a poor previous season, Inter welcomed the arrival of Marcello Lippi on the bench. Striker Christian Vieri was acquired from Lazio for \u20ac49,000,000 which broke the world transfer record at the time. The other purchases were Di Biagio, Peruzzi, Blanc (French national team captain), Panucci, Jugovi\u0107, and the winter window added Iv\u00e1n C\u00f3rdoba and Seedorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157639-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Inter Milan season, Season\nVieri proved to be an excellent goalscorer, scoring five times in first the month of the league, bringing Inter to the top of the standings. However, when autumn came, the side lost him and his partner, Ronaldo, to heavy injuries. Inter was not able to retain their advantage: Lazio and Juventus surpassed them, leaving Lippi's side in fourth place. After the regular season, Inter beat Parma in a play-off awarding the last spot of the Champions League: Inter won 3\u20131, with two goals scored from Roberto Baggio in his last appearance for the side. Inter also had the chance to win a trophy but failed, losing the final of the Coppa Italia to Lazio for a 2\u20131 aggregate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157639-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Inter Milan season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157639-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Inter Milan season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157640-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Interliga season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Interliga season was the first season of the multi-national ice hockey league. Eight teams participated in the league, and EC KAC from Austria have won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157642-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. season\nInverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. in their sixth season in the Scottish Football League competed in the Scottish First Division, Scottish League Cup, the Scottish Challenge Cup, the Scottish Challenge Cup where they made their first major final against Second Division team Alloa Athletic where they lost on a penalty shoot-out after a 4\u20134 draw and Scottish Cup where they famously beat Scottish Premier League team Celtic 3\u20131 in the 3rd Round in season 1999\u20132000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157643-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iona Gaels men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Iona Gaels men's basketball team represented Iona College during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Gaels, led second-year by head coach Jeff Ruland, played their home games at the Hynes Athletic Center and were members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. The Gaals finished second in the MAAC regular season standings, and would go on to win the MAAC Basketball Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament. As the No. 14 seed in the Midwest region, the Gaels lost to No. 3 seed Maryland in the opening round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157644-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ionikos F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Ionikos' 6th straight season on the Greek first tier and the 9th season on that tier overall. Managing a lower league finish than the previous season, their biggest feat was reaching the domestic cup final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157645-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team represented the University of Iowa as members of the Big Ten Conference during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by first-year head coach Steve Alford and played their home games at Carver\u2013Hawkeye Arena. They finished the season 14\u201316 overall and 6\u201310 in Big Ten play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team represents Iowa State University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Cyclones were coached by Larry Eustachy, who was in his 2nd season. They played their home games at Hilton Coliseum in Ames, Iowa and competed in the Big 12 Conference. The captains were Stevie Johnson and Michael Nurse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team\nThey finished the season 32\u20135, 14\u20132 in Big 12 play to win the regular season conference title. They defeated Baylor, Oklahoma State, and Oklahoma to win the Big 12 Conference Tournament and earn an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. They defeated Central Connecticut, Auburn, and UCLA to reach the Elite Eight where they lost to Michigan State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Previous season\nThe previous season they finished the season 15\u201315, 6\u201310 in Big 12 play to finish in 9th place. They lost to Colorado in the first round of the Big 12 Conference Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Previous season, Offseason departures\nIn the offseason associate head coach Steve Barnes left to become the Head Coach of the San Jose State Spartans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 90], "content_span": [91, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Previous season, Offseason departures\nIn the spring of 1999 Rodney Hampton was arrested for disorderly conduct by the Ames Police. Shortly after head coach Larry Eustachy dismissed him for violating team rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 90], "content_span": [91, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Previous season, Offseason departures\nWhile red-shirting the 1998-99 season Travis Spivey was arrested for simple assault in season and was suspended from the team, after the charges were dropped he was reinstated. Then later that year in the summer he was charged with sexual assault and was immediately dismissed from the team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 90], "content_span": [91, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Previous season, Offseason departures\nShortly after graduation Tony Rampton would go on to represent his home country of New Zealand on their national team, the New Zealand Tall Blacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 90], "content_span": [91, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Preseason\nThe preseason Big 12 Coaches' Poll picked Iowa State to finish sixth in the conference. Marcus Fizer was also named to the Preseason Top 50 by the Wooden Award Committee as well as Preseason All-Big 12 first team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Regular season\nOn November 23, 1999, Iowa State didn't receive any votes in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll. They also were ranked T\u201347th in the AP Top 25 poll with 2 points. From November 26 \u2013 November 28 the Cyclones participated in the Big Island Invitational at Hilo Hawai'i. From December 3 \u2013 December 4 the Cyclones hosted the Norwest Cyclone Challenge. From December 21 \u2013 December 22 the Cyclones hosted the Tribune Holiday Classic. On December 14, 1999, Iowa State didn't receive any votes in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0008-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Regular season\nThey also were ranked T\u201347th in the AP Top 25 poll with 1 point. On December 21, 1999, Iowa State didn't receive any votes in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll. They also were ranked T\u201346th in the AP Top 25 poll with 1 point. On December 28, 1999, Iowa State didn't receive any votes in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll. They also were ranked T\u201339th in the AP Top 25 poll with 6 points. On January 4, 2000, Iowa State didn't receive any votes in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0008-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Regular season\nThey also were ranked T\u201339th in the AP Top 25 poll with 6 points. On January 11, 2000, Iowa State received 1 point in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked T\u201347th. They also were ranked 30th in the AP Top 25 poll with 26 points. On January 18, 2000, Iowa State received 6 points in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked T\u201339th. They also were ranked 29th in the AP Top 25 poll with 56 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0008-0003", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Regular season\nOn January 25, 2000, Iowa State received 20 points in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked 29th. They also were ranked 28th in the AP Top 25 poll with 49 points. On February 1, 2000, Iowa State received 76 points in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked 24th. They also were ranked 20th in the AP Top 25 poll with 331 points. On February 8, 2000, Iowa State received 115 points in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked 21st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0008-0004", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Regular season\nThey also were ranked 17th in the AP Top 25 poll with 519 points. On February 15, 2000, Iowa State received 277 points in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked 17th. They also were ranked 14th in the AP Top 25 poll with 811 points. On February 22, 2000, Iowa State received 229 points in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked 18th. They also were ranked 17th in the AP Top 25 poll with 662 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0008-0005", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Regular season\nOn February 29, 2000, Iowa State received 353 points in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked 14th. They also were ranked 10th in the AP Top 25 poll with 1,045 points. The time of the March 4, 2000 Baylor game was changed from 7:00\u00a0p.m. CST to 6:00\u00a0p.m. CST. On March 4, 2000, Iowa State clinched their first conference title since 1945 with a 75\u201354 win over Baylor. On March 7, 2000, Iowa State received 478 points in the USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked 9th. They also were ranked 7th in the AP Top 25 poll with 1,272 points. On March 14, 2000, Iowa State was ranked 6th in the AP Top 25 poll with 1,441 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 67], "content_span": [68, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Post-season\nJamaal Tinsley and Marcus Fizer were each named to the Midwest Region All-Tournament team. Head coach Larry Eustachy was also named the Big 12 Coach of the Year and the AP National Coach of the Year. Eustachy also received the Henry Iba Award. Marcus Fizer was named an All-American. Fizer and Tinsley were also named to the Big 12 First Team. Fizer and Tinsley also won the Ralph A. Olsen Award. On March 13, 2000, Iowa State announced that head coach Larry Eustachy had signed a 10-year contract extension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0009-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Post-season\nOn March 30, 2000, Jamaal Tinsley announced he had elected to stay at Iowa State for his senior season. On March 31, 2000, Larry Eustachy was voted the AP National Coach of the Year. On April 4, 2000, Iowa State received 657 points in the final USA Today/ESPN Top 25 coaches poll which had them ranked 3rd. On April 13, 2000, Larry Eustachy and Marcus Fizer announced that Fizer would forgo his senior season and has signed with an agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Player stats\nNote: GP= Games played; MPG= Minutes per Game; SPG= Steals per Game; RPG = Rebounds per Game; APG. = Assists per Game; BPG = Blocks per Game; PPG = Points per Game", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157646-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team, Rankings\nThe Cyclones finished the season ranked 3rd in the Coaches Poll, this is the highest final ranking in school history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157647-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball team represented Iowa State University in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. This was head coach Bill Fennelly's 5th season at Iowa State. The Cyclones were members of the Big 12 Conference and played their home games at the Hilton Coliseum. They finished the season 27\u20136, 13\u20133 in Big 12 play to finish tied for first place. They were the champions of the Big 12 Women's Tournament defeating Texas by 10 points in the finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157648-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ipswich Town F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Ipswich Town competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157648-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ipswich Town F.C. season, Season summary\nIpswich finished the season in third place in the First Division, missing out on the two automatic places for promotion to the Premiership and instead took part in the play-offs for the fourth year running, to determine the third promoted team. Ipswich finished two points behind Manchester City (who were promoted in second place) and four behind league winners Charlton Athletic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157648-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ipswich Town F.C. season, Season summary\nOn the final day of the league season Ipswich played Walsall, and won 2\u20130 with two goals from Ipswich's top scorer David Johnson, who finished the season with 22 goals. At one point, after his first goal, second place Manchester City were trailing to Blackburn, meaning that Ipswich would qualify for promotion automatically. However, this only lasted nine minutes, with City eventually scoring four goals to win the match and secure promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157648-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ipswich Town F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the play-off semi-finals, Ipswich faced sixth-placed Bolton Wanderers, who had beaten them in the semi-final the previous year. After a 2\u20132 draw in the first leg away at the Reebok Stadium, Ipswich won 5\u20133 at Portman Road, winning 7\u20135 on aggregate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157648-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ipswich Town F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the play-off final, the last domestic competitive fixture at Wembley Stadium before the stadium was redeveloped, Ipswich played fourth-placed Barnsley, beating them 4\u20132 and finally securing their return to the Premiership after an absence of five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157648-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ipswich Town F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157648-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ipswich Town F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157648-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ipswich Town F.C. season, First-team squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157648-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ipswich Town F.C. season, Pre-season\nIpswich traveled to Scandinavia for pre-season prior to the 1999\u20132000 season, playing friendlies against Swedish sides Gefle IF and GIF Sundsvall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157649-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iran 2nd Division\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by 5.125.193.105 (talk) at 09:31, 15 March 2020 (\u2192\u200eGroup 3). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157649-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iran 2nd Division\nIran Football's 2nd Division 1999-2000 season was played in three groups of nine or ten teams each. The top two teams from each group went through to a final round, and the top two teams from that round - Bargh Shiraz and Esteghlal Rasht - gained promotion to the Azadegan League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157650-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iranian Basketball Super League\nThe following is the final results of the Iran Super League 1999/2000 basketball season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157651-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iranian Volleyball Super League\nThe following is the final results of the Iranian Volleyball Super League (Velayat Cup) 1999/2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157652-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iraq FA Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Iraq FA Cup was the 24th edition of the Iraq FA Cup. The tournament was won by Al-Zawraa for the third time in a row and the 14th time in their history, beating Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya 4\u20133 on penalties in the final after a 0\u20130 draw. Al-Zawraa also won the League, the Elite Cup and the Super Cup in the 1999\u20132000 season to become the second Iraqi side to win the domestic quadruple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157653-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iraqi First Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Iraqi First Division was the 26th season of the competition since its foundation in 1974. The name of the league was changed from Iraqi Premier League to Iraqi First Division, and the season kicked off on 1 October 1999. The league title was won by Al-Zawraa for the second season in a row and the ninth time in their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157653-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Iraqi First Division\nThey also won the Iraq FA Cup, the Iraqi Elite Cup and the Iraqi Super Cup in this season, completing only the second domestic quadruple in Iraqi football history after Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya achieved it in the 1996\u201397 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157654-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Irish Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Irish Cup was the 120th edition of Northern Ireland's premier football knock-out cup competition. It concluded on 6 May 2000 with the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157654-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Irish Cup\nPortadown were the defending champions, winning their 2nd Irish Cup last season after Cliftonville were disqualified from the 1999 final. This season Portadown reached the final again, but were defeated 1\u20130 by Glentoran, who won the cup for the 18th time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157655-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Irish League\nThe Irish League in season 1999\u20132000 comprised two divisions of 10 teams each, and Linfield won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157656-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Irish League Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Irish League Cup (known as the Coca-Cola League Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 14th edition of Northern Ireland's secondary football knock-out cup competition. It concluded on 18 April 2000 with the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157656-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Irish League Cup\nLinfield were the defending champions after their fifth League Cup win last season; a 2\u20131 victory over Glentoran in the previous final. This season they won a record third successive League Cup with a 4\u20130 victory over Coleraine in the final to lift the cup for the sixth time overall. The 4\u20130 scoreline remains the joint largest margin of victory in a League Cup final to date, with the record being equalled in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157656-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Irish League Cup\nLinfield's record of winning three consecutive League Cups was equalled by Cliftonville's three consecutive wins in 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314 and 2014\u201315. It was then broken when Cliftonville added a fourth consecutive win in 2015\u201316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157657-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israel State Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Israel State Cup (Hebrew: \u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4\u200e, Gvia HaMedina) was the 61st season of Israel's nationwide football cup competition and the 46th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157657-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israel State Cup\nThe competition was won by Hapoel Tel Aviv who had beaten Beitar Jerusalem 4\u20132 on penalties after 2\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157657-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israel State Cup\nAs Hapoel Tel Aviv won the double, Beitar Jerusalem qualified to the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup, entering in the qualifying round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157657-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israel State Cup, Results, Seventh Round\nByes: Hapoel Ironi Dimona, Hapoel Ironi Hod HaSharon, Hapoel Makr, Hapoel Nazareth Illit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157658-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israeli Hockey League season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Israeli Hockey League season was the ninth season of Israel's hockey league. Five teams participated in the league, and HC Ma'alot won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157659-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israeli Premier League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Israeli Premier League season was the first in its history. The league had been formed to replace the former top division, Liga Leumit, which became the country's second tier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157659-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israeli Premier League\nBefore the season started Ironi Ashdod and Liga Alef side Hapoel Ashdod were merged into F.C. Ashdod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157659-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israeli Premier League\nThe season took place from the first match on 14 August 1999 to the final match on 27 May 2000. Hapoel Tel Aviv won the title, teams relegated were Hapoel Kfar Saba, Maccabi Herzliya and Hapoel Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157660-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israeli Women's Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Israeli Women's Cup (Hebrew: \u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd\u200e, Gvia HaMedina Nashim) was the 2nd season of Israel's women's nationwide football cup competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157660-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Israeli Women's Cup\nThe competition was won by Maccabi Haifa who had beaten ASA Tel Aviv University 1\u20130 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 85th season of the Isthmian League, which is an English football competition featuring semi-professional and amateur clubs from London, East and South East England. The league consisted of four divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League, Premier Division\nThe Premier Division consisted of 22 clubs, including 19 clubs from the previous season and three new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League, Premier Division\nDagenham & Redbridge won the division and were promoted to the Football Conference. Aylesbury United, Boreham Wood and Walton & Hersham finished bottom of the table and relegated to Division One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League, Premier Division\nBefore the start of the season Hampton changed name into Hampton & Richmond Borough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League, Division One\nDivision One consisted of 22 clubs, including 17 clubs from the previous season and five new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League, Division One\nCroydon won the division and returned to the Premier Division at the first attempt. Bedford Town and Leyton Pennant also get a promotion. Chertsey Town and Leyton Pennant relegated to Division Two, while Leatherhead were reprieved after Hemel Hempstead were refused promotion from Division Two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League, Division Two\nDivision Two consisted of 22 clubs, including 16 clubs from the previous season and six new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League, Division Two\nHemel Hempstead Town won the division, but were refused promotion due to ground grading. Northwood were promoted to Division One along with Ford United who get a second consecutive promotion. Wingate & Finchley finished in relegation zone along with Witham Town and Chalfont St Peter and returned to Division Three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League, Division Three\nDivision Three consisted of 21 clubs, including 17 clubs from the previous season and four new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157661-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Isthmian League, Division Three\nGreat Wakering Rovers debuted in the league and achieved promotion at the first attempt along with East Thurrock United and Tilbury. Southall resigned and joined the Combined Counties League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157662-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Jackson State Tigers basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Jackson State Tigers basketball team represented Jackson State University in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers, led by 11th-year head coach Andy Stoglin, played their home games at the Williams Assembly Center in Jackson, Mississippi as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference. After finishing the conference regular season tied for fourth in the standings, Jackson State won the SWAC Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As No. 16 seed in the West region, the Tigers were beaten by No. 1 seed Arizona in the opening round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157663-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Japan Figure Skating Championships\nThe 1999\u20132000 Japan Figure Skating Championships were the 68th edition of the event. They were held on December 24\u201326, 1999 in Fukuoka. National Champions were crowned in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. As well as crowning the national champions of Japan for the 1999\u20132000 season, the results of this competition were used to help pick the teams for the 2000 World Championships and the 2000 Four Continents Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157664-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Japan Ice Hockey League season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Japan Ice Hockey League season was the 34th season of the Japan Ice Hockey League. Six teams participated in the league, and the Seibu Tetsudo won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157665-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Juventus F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Juventus Football Club's 102nd in existence and 98th consecutive season in the top flight of Italian football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157665-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Juventus F.C. season, Season review\nJuventus came close to adding to its collection of league titles, but in the end, a controversial refereeing decision denied them the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157665-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Juventus F.C. season, Season review\nJuventus led 1\u20130 at home to Parma in their penultimate match. Parma made a huge effort to equalise, and thought they had got the desired goal when Fabio Cannavaro headed the ball into the back of the net during stoppage time. However, referee Massimo De Santis discovered a foul that was only apparent to him and, despite wild protest from the Parma players, the goal was disallowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157665-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Juventus F.C. season, Season review\nOn the last day of the season, title rivals Lazio beat Reggina by 3\u20130 at home, but Juventus unexpectedly ran into problems at Perugia, where the heavens opened at 0\u20130 in half-time. Referee Pierluigi Collina nonetheless decided to kick off the game, albeit half an hour too late. Nervous Laziali and players followed the Perugia\u2013Juventus game via radio, hoping that Juventus would be defeated. A draw would mean a re-match between the sides to decide the title, while a win would give Juventus another scudetto. The Juventus players' efforts were in vain, since Alessandro Calori struck a half-volley into the back of the net with half an hour to go. With Juventus unable to reply, they lost the title in the final round of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157665-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Juventus F.C. season, Season review\nIt was a bitter end to the season for the Turin club, who had led the table for most of the campaign and lost just one of their first 26 matches, only to collapse in the final 8 games (4 losses suffered in those games). To make matters worse, Juventus had endured a humiliating UEFA Cup run, being beaten 4\u20130 and eliminated in the round of 16 by Spanish club Celta Vigo. This was their earliest exit from European competitions since the 1987\u201388 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157665-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Juventus F.C. season, Players, Squad information\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157666-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 KBL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Anycall Professional Basketball season was the fourth season of the Korean Basketball League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157667-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup was the 82nd edition of the tournament, at the time known as the Amstel Cup for sponsorship reasons. The competition started on 31 July 1999 and the final was played on 21 May 2000. Roda JC beat NEC 2\u20130 and received the cup for the second time. A total of 86 clubs participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157667-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup, Group stage\nThe matches were played between July 31 and August 31, 1999. 79 clubs participated, 39 of which advanced to the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157667-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup, Knock-out Stage, First round\nThe matches of the first round were played on September 22 and 23, 1999. sc Heerenveen entered the tournament this round, during the group stage they were still active in the Intertoto Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157667-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup, Knock-out Stage, Second round\nThe matches of the second round were played on October 28 and 30, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157667-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup, Knock-out Stage, Round of 16\nThe matches of the round of 16 were played on January 27, 28 and 30, 2000. The Eredivisie teams that had been playing in European competitions after qualification last season, entered the tournament this round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157667-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup, Knock-out Stage, Quarter finals\nThe quarter finals were played on February 16 and 17, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157667-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup, Knock-out Stage, Semi-finals\nThe semi-finals were played on April 11 and 12, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157668-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team represented the University of Kansas in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, which was the Jayhawks' 102nd basketball season. The head coach was Roy Williams, who served his 12th year at KU. The team played its home games in Allen Fieldhouse in Lawrence, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157669-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Karnataka State Film Awards\nThe 1999\u20132000 Karnataka State Film Awards, presented by Government of Karnataka, to felicitate the best of Kannada Cinema released in the year 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157669-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Karnataka State Film Awards, Jury\nA committee headed by Jayamala was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157670-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kategoria e Dyt\u00eb\nThe 1999\u20132000 Kategoria e Dyt\u00eb was the 53rd season of a second-tier association football league in Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157670-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kategoria e Dyt\u00eb, Championship/promotion playoff, Final\nBes\u00eblidhja Lezh\u00eb was promoted to the 2000\u201301 National Championship, with Besa Kavaj\u00eb had another chance to promotion, playing a tie against 13th-placed team of 1999\u20132000 National Championship, KF Elbasani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157670-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kategoria e Dyt\u00eb, Championship/promotion playoff, Relegation/promotion playoff\nBesa Kavaj\u00eb was promoted to the 2000\u201301 National Championship, with Elbasani being relegated down to the 2000\u201301 Kategoria e Dyt\u00eb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157671-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kazakhstan Cup\nThe 1999\u201300 Kazakhstan Cup is the 8th season of the Kazakhstan Cup, the annual nationwide football cup competition of Kazakhstan since the independence of the country. The competition begins on 11 May 1999, and will end with the final in Jule 2000. Kaisar-Hurricane are the defending champions, having won their first cup in the 1998-99 competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157672-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kazakhstan Hockey Championship\nThe 1999\u20132000 Kazakhstan Hockey Championship was the eighth season of the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship, the top level of ice hockey in Kazakhstan. Nine teams participated in the league, and Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157673-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kent Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Kent Football League season was the 34th in the history of Kent Football League a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157673-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kent Football League, Clubs\nThe league featured 18 clubs which competed in the previous season, no new clubs joined the league this season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157674-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team represented University of Kentucky in the 1999-2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The head coach was Tubby Smith and the team finished the season with an overall record of 23-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157675-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kilmarnock F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Kilmarnock's second season in the Scottish Premier League. Kilmarnock also competed in the Scottish Cup, Scottish League Cup and the UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157675-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kilmarnock F.C. season, Summary, Season\nKilmarnock finished ninth in the Scottish Premier League with 37 points. They reached the semi\u2013final of the League Cup, losing to Celtic. Kilmarnock also reached the third round of the Scottish Cup, losing to Alloa Athletic and lost in the first round of the UEFA Cup to 1. FC Kaiserslautern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157676-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Kuwaiti Premier League, Overview\nIt was contested by 14 teams, and Al Salmiya Club won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157677-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 LEB season\nThe 1999\u20132000 LEB season was the 4th season of the Liga Espa\u00f1ola de Baloncesto, second tier of the Spanish basketball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157677-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 LEB season, LEB Oro Playoffs\nThe two winners of the semifinals are promoted to Liga ACB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157678-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 LEN Champions League\nThe 1999\u201300 LEN Champions League was the 37th edition of LEN's premier competition for men's water polo clubs. It ran from 27 October 1999 to 27 May 2000, and it was contested by 28 teams. The Final Four (semifinals, final, and third place game) took place on May 26 and May 27 in Be\u010dej.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157679-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 LSU Tigers basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 LSU Tigers basketball team represented Louisiana State University in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by John Brady and played their home games at Pete Maravich Assembly Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157679-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 LSU Tigers basketball team, Rankings\n*AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings^Coaches did not release a Week 2 poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157680-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 La Liga\nThe 1999\u20132000 La Liga season, the 69th since its establishment, began on 21 August 1999 and ended on 20 May 2000. Deportivo La Coru\u00f1a won their first league title with 69 points, the lowest for a champion since three points for a win was introduced in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157680-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 La Liga, Awards and season statistics, Fair Play award\nRayo Vallecano was the winner of the Fair-play award with 102 points, moreover it was elected on 8 June 2000 in Brussels as one of the two entries by UEFA to enter UEFA Cup in the qualifying round by the same condition of Fair Play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157681-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Lafayette Leopards men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Lafayette Leopards men's basketball team represented Lafayette College during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Leopards, led by 5th year head coach Fran O'Hanlon, played their home games at the Kirby Sports Center and were members of the Patriot League. They finished the season 24\u20137, 11\u20131 in Patriot League play to finish tied for first place. They defeated Army, Lehigh, and Navy to win the Patriot League Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As No. 15 seed in the East region, they lost in the opening round to No. 2 seed Temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157682-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Lamar Cardinals basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Lamar Cardinals basketball team represented Lamar University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Cardinals, led by first year head coach Mike Deane, played their home games at the Montagne Center as members of the East Division of the Southland Conference. The Cardinals finished the season 15\u201316, 8\u201310 in Southland play. They won the Southland Basketball Tournament and earned an automatic bid into the 2000 NCAA Tournament as No. 16 seed in the East region. In the opening round, the Lamar was beaten by No. 1 seed Duke, 82\u201355.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157683-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Latvian Hockey League season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Latvian Hockey League season was the ninth season of the Latvian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Latvia. Six teams participated in the league, and HK Liep\u0101jas Metalurgs won the championship. HK Liep\u0101jas Metalurgs received a bye until the final, as they played in the Eastern European Hockey League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157684-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 League of Ireland First Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 League of Ireland First Division season was the 15th season of the League of Ireland First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157684-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 League of Ireland First Division, Overview\nThe First Division was contested by 10 teams and Bray Wanderers A.F.C. won the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157684-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 League of Ireland First Division, Promotion/Relegation Play-off\nThird placed Kilkenny City played off against Waterford United who finished in tenth place in the 1999\u20132000 League of Ireland Premier Division. The winner would compete in the 2000\u201301 League of Ireland Premier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157684-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 League of Ireland First Division, Promotion/Relegation Play-off, 2nd Leg\nKilkenny City won 2\u20130 on aggregate and were promoted to the Premier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157685-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 League of Ireland Premier Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 League of Ireland Premier Division was the 15th season of the League of Ireland Premier Division. The division was made up of 12 teams. Shelbourne won the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157685-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 League of Ireland Premier Division, Regular season\nThe season saw each team playing three rounds of games, playing every other team three times, totalling 33 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157685-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 League of Ireland Premier Division, Promotion/Relegation Play-off\nWaterford United who finished in tenth place played off against Kilkenny City, the third placed team from the 1999\u20132000 League of Ireland First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157685-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 League of Ireland Premier Division, Promotion/Relegation Play-off, 2nd Leg\nKilkenny City won 2\u20130 on aggregate and were promoted to the Premier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 84], "content_span": [85, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157686-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 League of Wales\nThe 1999\u20132000 League of Wales was the eighth season of the League of Wales since its establishment in 1992. It began on 20 August 1999 and ended on 6 May 2000. The league was won by Total Network Solutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157688-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leeds United A.F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Leeds United A.F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157688-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leeds United A.F.C. season, Season summary\nAfter a promising previous season, good times looked to be on the horizon for David O'Leary and his young team in his first full season in charge, even after losing their previous season's top scorer Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink to Spanish side Atletico Madrid. O'Leary added more young quality to his squad, defenders Michael Duberry and Danny Mills were signed from Chelsea and Charlton respectively. Midfielders Eirik Bakke and Jason Wilcox also joined, along with striker Michael Bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157688-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leeds United A.F.C. season, Season summary\nLeeds had a tough start in the league, wins over Southampton and newly-promoted Sunderland were each followed with losses to Liverpool and Manchester United, but a 2\u20131 win at Tottenham saw Leeds begin a record of 10 straight wins at home. Leeds stormed to the top of the Premiership, with new striker Michael Bridges and Harry Kewell scoring regularly, but in the New Year star players Lee Bowyer and Jonathan Woodgate were involved in an off the pitch incident in Leeds city centre, a saga which was to hamper the club for the next few years. In the meantime, Leeds made relatively early exits from both domestic cup competitions, going out of the League Cup to eventual winners Leicester City, and the FA Cup to eventual runners-up Aston Villa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157688-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leeds United A.F.C. season, Season summary\nDefeats to Manchester United and Liverpool saw Leeds lose ground in the title race; however, Leeds were progressing well in the UEFA Cup and reached the semi final against Turkish side Galatasaray. However two Leeds supporters were stabbed to death in clashes before the game; the deaths clearly affected Leeds on the pitch that night, and they lost the first leg of the tie 2\u20130. A 2\u20132 draw in the return leg meant Leeds were knocked out of the UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157688-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leeds United A.F.C. season, Season summary\nDomestically, four consecutive league defeats almost ended hopes of finishing in the top three, but Leeds recovered well enough to go into the final day in third place, leaving them needing to better Liverpool's result in order to secure Champions League football. While Leeds could only draw, their neighbours Bradford City did them a huge favour by unexpectedly defeating Liverpool, securing not only their own top-flight survival, but third place for Leeds. Champions League qualification capped off an overall successful season for Leeds, and seemingly provided a platform for the club to build on going forwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157688-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leeds United A.F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157688-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leeds United A.F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157688-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leeds United A.F.C. season, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157689-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leicester City F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Leicester City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157689-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leicester City F.C. season, Season summary\nLeicester City achieved their highest league finish in 24 years by coming eighth in the final table, as well as reaching their third League Cup final in four years. They triumphed for the second time under Martin O'Neill and the third time in their history, beating Tranmere Rovers 2\u20131 at Wembley. O'Neill then left the club after accepting the offer to manage Celtic. In came former England under 21 coach Peter Taylor as his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157689-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leicester City F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157689-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leicester City F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157689-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Leicester City F.C. season, Squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157690-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Levante UD season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 91st season in the existence of Levante UD and the club's first season back in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157691-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liechtenstein Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Liechtenstein Cup was the fifty-fifth season of Liechtenstein's annual cup competition. Seven clubs competed with a total of fifteen teams for one spot in the qualifying round of the UEFA Cup. Defending champions were FC Vaduz, who have won the cup continuously since 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157692-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Alef\nThe 1999\u20132000 Liga Alef season saw Hapoel Majd al-Krum (champions of the North Division) and Maccabi Ashkelon (champions of the South Division) winning the title and promotion to Liga Artzit. At the end of the season, Liga Artzit clubs, Beitar Tel Aviv and Shimshon Tel Aviv merged to form Beitar Shimshon Tel Aviv, and Hapoel Nir Ramat HaSharon were also promoted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157692-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Alef\nAt the bottom, Maccabi Afula (from North division) and Hapoel Or Yehuda (from South division) were all automatically relegated to Liga Bet, whilst Sektzia Nes Tziona were reprieved from relegation, after Maccabi Lazarus Holon folded at the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157693-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Artzit\nThe 1999\u20132000 Liga Artzit season was the first in which Liga Artzit was the third tier of Israeli football due to the formation of the Israeli Premier League. Only the champions, Hapoel Ramat Gan, were promoted as restructuring continued in the divisions above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157693-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Artzit\nHapoel Ironi Dimona and Hapoel Iksal were relegated to Liga Alef. At the end of the season Beitar Tel Aviv and Shimshon Tel Aviv merged to form Beitar Shimshon Tel Aviv. The spare place in the division was filled by promoting the third-best club from Liga Alef rather than reprieving Hapoel Ironi Dimona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157694-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Bet\nThe 1999\u20132000 Liga Bet season saw Tzeirei Nahf, Maccabi Ironi Tirat HaCarmel, Hapoel Herzliya and Hapoel Marmorek win their regional divisions and promoted to Liga Alef.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157694-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Bet\nSecond placed clubs, Hapoel Kafr Sumei, Hapoel Jaljulia and Maccabi Jerusalem/Ma'ale Adumim were also promoted, after several vacancies were created in Liga Alef.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157694-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Bet\nAt the bottom, Maccabi Givat HaRakafot (from North A division), Ironi Zikhron Ya'akov, Hapoel Barta'a, Maccabi Beit She'an (from North B division) and Hapoel Ar'ara (from South A division) were all automatically relegated to Liga Gimel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157694-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Bet, South B division\nBeitar Ramla and Hapoel Eilat were suspended; Hapoel Be'er Ya'akov and Maccabi Shikun Hamizrah withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157695-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Femenina de Baloncesto\nThe 1998-99 Liga Femenina de Baloncesto was the 37th edition of Spain's premier championship for women's basketball clubs. Defending champion Celta Vigo defeated CB Islas Canarias in the play-off's final to win its fifth title. CD Ensino and Ros Casares Valencia also reached the play-offs. On the other hand, CB Tres Cantos and Baloncesto Alcal\u00e1 were relegated as the bottom teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157696-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Gimel\nThe 1999\u20132000 Liga Bet season saw 153 clubs competing in 11 regional divisions for promotion to Liga Bet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157696-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Gimel\nBeitar Safed, Hapoel Maghar, Hapoel Bnei Manda, Hapoel Yafa, Maccabi Tzur Shalom, Hapoel Baqa al-Gharbiyye, Shimshon Bnei Tayibe, Maccabi Yehud, Beitar Holon, Hapoel Sde Uzziah/Be'er Tuvia and Hapoel Rahat won their regional divisions and promoted to Liga Bet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157696-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Gimel\nSecond placed clubs, Hapoel Ramot Menashe Megiddo, Hapoel Aliyah Kfar Saba, Maccabi Holon, Beitar Kiryat Gat and Moadon Tzeirei Rahat were also promoted, after several vacancies were created in Liga Bet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157696-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Gimel, Sharon Division\nHapoel Jisr az-Zarqa, Maccabi Amidar Netanya and Maccabi Kfar Yona withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157697-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Indonesia Premier Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Liga Indonesia Premier Division (known as the Liga Bank Mandiri for sponsorship reasons) was the sixth season of the Liga Indonesia Premier Division, the top division of Indonesian football. The season began on 7 November 1999 and ended on 23 July 2000. The league was made up of 28 clubs. PSM won the title after beating Pupuk Kaltim 3\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157697-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Indonesia Premier Division\nThis season was marred with the death of Persebaya's Eri Irianto on 3 April 2000, after collapsing following a heart attack on the pitch during a league match against PSIM Yogyakarta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157698-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Leumit\nThe 1999\u20132000 Liga Leumit season was the first in which Liga Leumit was Israeli football's second tier, following the establishment of the Israeli Premier League in the summer of 1999. Due to the ongoing restructuring, the league had only 10 clubs (expanded to 12 the next season as three clubs were relegated from the Premier League and only one promoted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157698-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Leumit\nMaccabi Jaffa started the season in Liga Leumit, but a failure to have their budget approved by the Israel Football Association led to them being replaced by Bnei Sakhnin (who had finished 9th the previous season and had been relegated to the third tier) soon after the season started, with Maccabi Jaffa dropping into Liga Alef, the fourth tier. Jaffa's results were all annulled and Sakhnin took over their fixtures, replaying the ones Jaffa had already played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157698-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Leumit\nTzafririm Holon won the title and were promoted, whilst Hapoel Ashkelon finished bottom and were relegated to Liga Artzit. Holon's Danny Nir'on was the league's top scorer with 23 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157699-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Nacional de F\u00fatbol Femenino\nThe 1999\u20132000 Liga Nacional de F\u00fatbol Femenino was the 12th season of the Spanish women's football first division. Irex Puebla won its first title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157699-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Nacional de F\u00fatbol Femenino, Competition format\nTeams were divided into four groups of 14 teams each one. The four group winners would qualify to the Final Four for deciding the league champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157699-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Nacional de F\u00fatbol Femenino, Final four\nThe Final Four was played on 29 April and 1 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157700-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liga Nacional de Hockey Hielo season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo season was the 26th season of the Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo, the top level of ice hockey in Spain. Six teams participated in the league, and CH Txuri Urdin won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157701-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ligat Nashim\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ligat Nashim was the second season of women's league football under the Israeli Football Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157702-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Lithuanian Hockey League season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Lithuanian Hockey League season was the ninth season of the Lithuanian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Lithuania. Four teams participated in the league, and Vyltis Elektrenai won the championship. Vyltis was the first team to win the league other than SC Energija.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 108th season in Liverpool F.C. 's existence. The club finished fourth in the Premier League, thus qualifying for the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nAfter a disappointing seventh-place finish the previous season, which left Liverpool without even UEFA Cup qualification, manager G\u00e9rard Houllier began to rebuild his squad and made seven close season signings. The attack was bolstered with the arrival of Titi Camara, Erik Meijer and Vladim\u00edr \u0160micer. Succeeding Aston Villa-bound David James in goal was Dutchman Sander Westerveld. A new look central defence featured St\u00e9phane Henchoz and Sami Hyypi\u00e4. Following the summer departure of former captain Paul Ince, Jamie Redknapp was made the new captain of the side, with Robbie Fowler appointed as vice-captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nThe season began on 7 August 1999 with a 2\u20131 win at Sheffield Wednesday, with Robbie Fowler and the debutant Titi Camara finding the net. However, the next game saw newly promoted Watford \u2013 in the top flight for the first time in over a decade \u2013 travel to Anfield and come away surprise 1\u20130 winners. Defeat followed in the next game as Liverpool travelled to Middlesbrough, but then came victories over Leeds United and Arsenal which saw the Reds occupy eighth place as the first month of the season drew to a close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nSeptember saw the Reds navigate the second round of the Football League Cup with a comfortable aggregate win over financially troubled Division Three side Hull City, though they failed to achieve any victories in the league, losing 3\u20132 at home to Manchester United (with Jamie Carragher scoring two own goals), drawing 2\u20132 at Leicester City and finally losing 1\u20130 at home to Everton in the Merseyside derby. This left Liverpool 12th by the end of September, while their cross-city rivals were showing signs of a revival after three dismal seasons by occupying sixth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0006-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nThings improved slightly in October with two league victories over Chelsea and West Ham United. Southampton had ended Liverpool's League Cup hopes with a third round defeat earlier in the month, which ended with Liverpool's league standing slightly improved to ninth place. With a third of the season now gone, they were eight points off the top of a table being led by Leeds United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nNovember was a much better month for the Reds, who achieved wins over Bradford, Derby County and Sunderland to occupy fifth place by 20 November. They were now just six points behind leaders Manchester United. However, the month ended on a low note as they lost 1\u20130 at West Ham United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nLiverpool's revival continued in December as they beat struggling Sheffield Wednesday 4\u20131 at Anfield. With the FA Cup third round unusually being played before Christmas, they travelled to Division One promotion chasers Huddersfield Town on 12 December and came away 2-0 victors. A 2\u20130 win over Coventry City on 18 December meant that the Reds were still fifth in the league at Christmas, six points behind Manchester United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nTheir FA Cup quest ended in a shock 1\u20130 fourth round defeat at home to Blackburn Rovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nLiverpool's attack was bolstered with the club record \u00a311 million signing of Leicester City's Emile Heskey on 10 March 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nThe first two months of the new millennium saw mixed results for the Reds, but many of the teams around them dropped points as well, meaning that by mid February they were third in the league and just six points behind leaders Manchester United, who had a game in hand. There now appeared to be a realistic chance that the Reds might finally be able to end their ten-year wait for the league title. Three successive draws followed in March, then came a five-match winning run which lifted them to second place by 16 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0011-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nHowever, Manchester United now had an 11-point lead at the top of the table with just five games remaining, and needed just five points from those remaining games to be certain of retaining the league title. However, Liverpool still had something to play for, as the top three places in the Premier League now meant Champions League qualification. Competition for second and third place was still fierce, with Arsenal, Leeds United, Chelsea and Aston Villa all in close contention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nHowever, the season ended with a disastrous run of results. A goalless draw at Goodison Park in the Merseyside derby was followed by a 2\u20130 defeat at Chelsea. Emile Heskey's first game against old club Leicester on 3 May was a disaster as the East Midlanders came away from Anfield with a 2\u20130 victory. A goalless draw against Southampton followed, and on the final day of the season, 14 May, the Reds travelled to a Bradford City side battling it out with Wimbledon to avoid the last relegation place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157703-0012-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Liverpool F.C. season, Events of the season\nAn early David Wetherall goal gave Bradford a 1\u20130 win over the Reds, who surrendered a Champions League place and were forced to settle for a place in the UEFA Cup instead. The result also relegated Wimbledon, who, 12 years to the day, had beaten the Reds in one of the greatest FA Cup final shocks of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157704-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Livingston F.C. season\nSeason 1999-00 saw Livingston compete in the Scottish First Division. They also competed in the Bell's Challenge Cup, League Cup and the Scottish Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157704-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Livingston F.C. season, Summary\nSeason 1999\u201300 was Livingston's first season in the Scottish First Division having been promoted the previous season they finished fourth in the league. They reached the quarter final of the challenge cup, were knocked out of the League Cup in the second round and the Scottish Cup in the fourth round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157704-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Livingston F.C. season, Summary, Managers\nLivingston started the season under Ray Stewart and on 15 March 2000 he was sacked by the club with Jim Leishman being reappointed as manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157705-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Logan Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Logan Cup was a first-class cricket competition held in Zimbabwe from 3 March 2000 \u2013 7 April 2000. It was won by Mashonaland, who beat Manicaland in the final having finished second behind them in the league stage of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157706-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Clippers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Clippers' 30th season in the National Basketball Association, and their 16th season in Los Angeles. The Clippers began playing in their new arena, the Staples Center, and are co-tenants with their crosstown rival, the Los Angeles Lakers. In the 1999 NBA draft, the Clippers selected Lamar Odom from the University of Rhode Island with the fourth overall pick. During the offseason, the team acquired Derek Anderson from the Cleveland Cavaliers, and Eric Murdock from the New Jersey Nets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157706-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Clippers season\nAfter a 4\u20137 start, the Clippers continued to struggle losing nine consecutive games, then lost ten straight games in January, and posted a 13-game losing streak in February. Head coach Chris Ford was fired after an 11\u201338 start, and was replaced with interim Jim Todd. Ford would return coaching for the Philadelphia 76ers midway through the 2003\u201304 season. At midseason, the team signed free agent Jeff McInnis, then released Troy Hudson to free agency in March. The Clippers then suffered a 17-game losing streak in the final two months of the season, finishing last place in the Pacific Division with a league worst record of 15\u201367.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157706-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Clippers season\nOdom provided a bright spot as he averaged 16.6 points, 7.8 rebounds, 4.2 assists and 1.3 blocks per game, and made the NBA All-Rookie First Team. Maurice Taylor led the team in scoring with 17.1 points per game, while Anderson averaged 16.9 points per game. Following the season, Anderson signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs, Taylor signed with the Houston Rockets, Murdock retired and Todd was fired as coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157706-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Clippers season, Transactions\nThe Clippers have been involved in the following transactions during the 1999-2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157707-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Kings season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Kings season was the Kings' 33rd season in the National Hockey League. It was the Kings' first season in Staples Center, which replaced The Forum as the Kings home venue. The Kings made it to the playoffs, but lost in the first round to Detroit. The 1999-2000 season was the Kings' first in Staples Center", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157707-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Kings season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157707-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Kings season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157707-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Kings season, Regular season, Final standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157707-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Kings season, Playoffs\nThe Kings were swept by the Detroit Red Wings in 4 games in the 1st round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157707-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Kings season, Transactions\nThe Kings were involved in the following transactions during the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157707-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Kings season, Draft picks\nLos Angeles's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Lakers' 52nd season in the National Basketball Association, and 40th season in Los Angeles. It was also the Lakers first season playing in their new arena, the Staples Center, becoming co-tenants with their crosstown rival, the Los Angeles Clippers. During the offseason, the team re-acquired former Lakers forward A. C. Green from the Dallas Mavericks, and signed free agents Ron Harper, Brian Shaw and John Salley. Green won championships with the team in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season\nMore significantly, the Lakers hired former Chicago Bulls coach Phil Jackson, who would go on to help the team win 5 NBA championships over the course of the next 12 years. After an 8\u20134 start to the season, the Lakers won seven consecutive games, then posted a 16-game winning streak between December and January, a 19-game winning streak between February and March, and an 11-game winning streak between March and April, finishing the regular season with 67 wins and 15 losses, the most wins since the 1971\u201372 team won a franchise-record 69 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0000-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season\nThe Lakers clinched the top seed in the playoffs for the 25th time in franchise history and the first in nine years. Center Shaquille O'Neal averaged 29.7 points, 13.6 rebounds and 3.0 blocks per game, and was almost unanimously named the Most Valuable Player of the regular season, and was also named to the All-NBA First Team, and NBA All-Defensive Second Team. 21-year old shooting guard Kobe Bryant averaged 22.5 points, 6.3 rebounds and 4.9 assists per game, and was named to the All-NBA Second Team, and NBA All-Defensive First Team. The Lakers had the best team defensive rating in the NBA, with O'Neal and Bryant both finishing within the top 5 of Defensive Player of The Year voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season\nIn the playoffs, the Lakers were pushed to the limit by the Sacramento Kings, whom they defeated in a deciding fifth game in the Western Conference First Round, before going on to defeat the Phoenix Suns in five games in the Western Conference Semifinals. In the Western Conference Finals, they defeated a Portland Trail Blazers team featuring Rasheed Wallace, Scottie Pippen and Steve Smith in seven games, before going on to win the NBA Finals 4\u20132 against the Indiana Pacers, earning the franchise its 12th NBA championship. It was the Lakers' first championship since 1988. It was also Phil Jackson's seventh championship as a head coach, and the first with a team besides the Chicago Bulls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season\nThe season is memorable, 21-year-old Bryant being named to the All-NBA Defensive First Team while emerging as one of the NBA's young superstars, Glen Rice finishing third on the team in scoring averaging 15.9 points per game, the Lakers signing Harper and Shaw to give the team a veteran presence, and hiring Phil Jackson to give the team a championship experience. Bryant, O'Neal and coach Jackson represented the Western Conference in the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. Following the season, Rice was traded to the New York Knicks, Green signed as a free agent with the Miami Heat, and Salley retired after making a comeback.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season\nFor the season, the Lakers sported new uniforms which remained in use until 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season\nBecause of their dominant regular and postseason performance, as well as O'Neal and Bryant's individual achievements, this Los Angeles Lakers team is widely regarded as one of the greatest teams in NBA history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary\nThe Lakers went 31-19 during the shortened lockout season of 1998-99, good enough to claim the fourth spot of the Western Conference. They cruised past the Rockets on the first round, before bowing down to the eventual champions, the Spurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary\nThe Lakers started their season without Kobe Bryant, who missed the first month of the regular season due to a preseason hand injury, so Phil Jackson used veteran forwards such as A.C. Green and Glen Rice to fill the void left by Bryant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, November\nOn November 2, 1999, the Lakers started their season with a 91-84 win on the road against the Utah Jazz. Glen Rice led the Lakers with 28 points to go along with 5 3-pointers made. The very next day, the Lakers got their first win at home after defeating the visiting Vancouver Grizzlies, 103-88, behind Shaquille O'Neal's double-double performance of 28 points and 10 rebounds. It was also the first time that the Lakers played in STAPLES Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0007-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, November\nTheir first loss of the season came on November 6 when the Lakers were defeated by the home team, Portland Trail Blazers, led by Scottie Pippen. In that game, Shaquille O'Neal led both teams in scoring as he scored 21 points to go along with 10 rebounds and 2 blocks. The next two games, the Lakers were pitted against the Dallas Mavericks led by rising stars Steve Nash and Dirk Nowitzki. They played first at the Lakers homecourt then the next game, on the Mavericks homecourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0007-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, November\nHowever, they were no match for the dominance of O'Neal who averaged 28.5 points per game, 15.0 rebounds per game and 2 blocks per game in those two contests. The Lakers will face the Houston Rockets the next two games, this time, they will face the Rockets first on the road before going home to face the Rockets there. During their first meeting on November 10, the Lakers were pushed to the limit for Shaquille O'Neal was fouled out in the game. He just played 16 minutes for the entire game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0007-0003", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, November\nHowever, the Rockets were not able to capitalize the opportunity as the veterans of the Lakers led by Glen Rice's 24 points, powered the Lakers towards their 5th win of the season. They match-up against each other again two days after, but without O'Neal who was suspended, they bowed to the visiting Rockets, 81-97, who was led by Hakeem Olajuwon and Steve Francis. Two days after, the Lakers bounced back because O'Neal was back who dominated the whole game against the visiting Atlanta Hawks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0007-0004", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, November\nO'Neal recorded 23 points, 11 rebounds, 3 assists and 3 blocks as he led the Lakers towards the win. The Lakers, led by the strong performance of O'Neal, overpowered the home team, Phoenix Suns, who were led by Jason Kidd and former Bulls player, Luc Longley, 91-82. O'Neal recorded 34 points, 18 rebounds, 4 assists and 8 blocks for the Lakers. On November 18, the Lakers were up against the Nick Van Exel-led Nuggets. Van Exel was the former point guard of the Lakers. During the first half, the Lakers were up 42-39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0007-0005", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, November\nHowever, the Nuggets stormed back as they got the win, 93-82. It was the Lakers' third loss of the season. Shaquille O'Neal led all scorers with 36 points to go along with 8 rebounds. The Lakers next faced the Chicago Bulls. O'Neal led the Lakers towards their eighth win of the season as they defeat the visiting Bulls, 103-95. O'Neal recorded 41 points, 17 rebounds and 7 blocks. On November 21, the Lakers were up against the Vince Carter-led Toronto Raptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0007-0006", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, November\nHowever, Vince Carter scored 34 points to go along with 13 rebounds as the Raptors take the win in STAPLES Center, 111-102, to give the Lakers their fourth loss of the season. For the Lakers, O'Neal was again the leading scorer with 37 points to go along with 19 rebounds. On their last game for the month in November, the Lakers traveled on the road to match-up against the Gary Payton-led Seattle Supersonics. However, the Lakers just proved too much to be handled as they dispatched the Supersonics, 101-77. They finished the month of November with an 11-4 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, December\nOn December 1, 1999, Kobe Bryant was back from almost a month of not playing due to injury, and this time, they were up against the 2-11 Golden State Warriors. Bryant came off the bench to play almost 30 minutes and scored 19 points and grabbed 6 rebounds. O'Neal also contributed 28 points and 23 rebounds as they got the 12th win of the season. Six days later, the Lakers won their 15th game of the season, led by Shaquille O'Neal who recorded 30 points, 16 rebounds and 7 blocks, in a 91-80 win over the visiting Washington Wizards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0008-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, December\nOn December 12, Kobe Bryant scored 26 points and Shaquille O'Neal contributed 22 points and 24 rebounds as the Lakers won their 17th win of the season after beating the visiting Detroit Pistons, 101-93. Two days after, Phil Jackson re-inserted Kobe Bryant into the startling lineup for the first time this season. And now, the Lakers were up against their division rivals, the L.A. Clippers. O'Neal recorded 21 points, 19 rebounds and 3 blocks and Bryant added 18 points as the Lakers dismissed the Clippers, 95-68.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0008-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, December\nOn December 17, the Lakers won their fifth straight game as they won on the road against the Timberwolves, 97-88. Kobe Bryant paved the way with 28 points, 7 rebounds and 12 assists. Three days later, Shaquille O'Neal recorded 34 points, 20 rebounds and 2 blocks in a 99-90 win over the home team, Boston Celtics, for the seventh straight win. The next game, the Lakers were visited by the defending champions, the San Antonio Spurs who were led by the \"Twin Towers\" of Tim Duncan and David Robinson for a Christmas showdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0008-0003", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, December\nAt halftime, the Lakers led the Spurs, 50-42, before the Spurs surged in the third quarter, outscoring the Lakers, 25-21, cutting the lead to four. However, the Lakers responded in the fourth quarter as they pulled away and won their eighth straight game. Shaquille O'Neal recorded 35 points and 14 rebounds as the Lakers took a narrow win over the visiting Mavericks, 108-106.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0008-0004", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, December\nOn their last game of the century and year 1999, the Lakers won their tenth straight game, after defeating the visiting Suns, 103-88, thanks to Shaquille O'Neal's performance of 27 points, 19 rebounds, 7 assists and 5 blocks. For the month of December, the Lakers have a record of 14-1, and they went undefeated at their homecourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, January\nOn the first two games of the 21st century (year 2000), the Lakers were up against the Clippers, whom they defeated both games. On the second game, O'Neal recorded 40 points and 19 rebounds for the Lakers. On January 10, Bryant and O'Neal combined for 61 of the 130 points of the Lakers whom they guided towards a win over the visiting Nuggets. It was their 15th straight win The next game, they traveled in Milwaukee in which they recorded their 16th straight win after beating the Bucks, 103-94.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0009-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, January\nTheir 16-game winning streak came to an end when the Reggie Miller-led Indiana Pacers beat the Lakers, 111-102. It was their sixth loss of the season. Their seventh loss came against the Seattle Supersonics wherein Gary Payton led the Supersonics towards the win. Following their loss against the Supersonics, in the next 6 games, they have a record of 2 wins and 4 losses, and 3 of the 4 losses came on the road. Their last win for the month of January happened on January 28 wherein the Lakers defeated the visiting Bucks, 117-89.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, February\nThey started the month of February with an 81-105 loss to the defending champions, San Antonio Spurs. The \"Twin Towers\" proved too much for the Lakers. O'Neal led the Lakers in scoring with 31 points. The next game, the Lakers blows out the visiting Utah Jazz, 113-67. Shaquille O'Neal recorded 25 points, 6 rebounds and 5 blocks to lead the Lakers. It was the tied for the sixth highest point differential in Lakers franchise history. On February 9, the Lakers had another blowout win, this time against the visiting Timberwolves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0010-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, February\nO'Neal recorded 37 points, 16 rebounds and 4 blocks as the Lakers won 114-81. On February 20, the Lakers escaped the Allen Iverson-led 76ers on the road, 87-84, thus winning their seventh straight game. O'Neal once again led the Lakers with 22 points, 16 rebounds, 9 assists and 4 blocks. During their last game of February, O'Neal and Bryant recorded 55 points of the 90 Laker points as they led the Lakers towards their 12th straight win, escaping the home team, Portland Trail Blazers, 90-87. They ended the month of February with a record of 12-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, March\nOn March 1, the Lakers defeated the visiting Vancouver Grizzlies, 103-91, thus winning their 13th straight win. Kobe Bryant led the Lakers in scoring with 27 points to go along with 6 rebounds and 3 assists. Five days later, the Lakers were up against the Clippers, and they won their 16th straight win, 123-103. O'Neal recorded a career-high 61 points to go along with 23 rebounds and 3 assists for the Lakers. They also have won their 50th game of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0011-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, March\nThree days after, Bryant and O'Neal combined for 59 points as they defeated the home team, Golden State Warriors, 109-92, to extend their winning streak to 17 in a row. With that win, the Lakers now have their second longest winning streak in franchise history, after beating their winning streak earlier in the season when they won 16 in a row. They also won 16 in a row back in January to February 1991. On March 12, their winning streak were nearly snapped as they overcame a 12-point deficit against the visiting Sacramento Kings. The Lakers won 109-106.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0011-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, March\nBryant recorded 40 points, 10 rebounds and 8 assists and O'Neal added 39 points, 20 rebounds and 5 assists. The very next day, O'Neal, Bryant and Rice combined for 82 points as they extend their winning streak to 19 games as they defeat the home team, the Denver Nuggets, 118-108. Their 19-game winning streak was the longest in the NBA for four years when the 1995-96 Bulls won 18 in a row. Their 19-game winning streak ended when they were defeated by the home team, Washington Wizards, 102-109, despite O'Neal's 40 points and 12 rebounds for the Lakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0011-0003", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, March\nThey got back in the winning column, as they blown out the home team, the Detroit Pistons, 110-82. In that game, they've won their 54th game of the season. O'Neal led the Lakers with 35 points and 11 rebounds. O'Neal again led the Lakers as he recorded 43 points and 10 rebounds as they won again, 92-85, against the home team, New York Knicks. On March 20, O'Neal and Rice combined for 56 of the 100 Lakers points as they got the road win in Miami, 100-89. Bryant also added 23 points and 5 rebounds for the Lakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0011-0004", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, March\nOn March 26, in a road game against the Sacramento Kings, the Kings jumped out on an early lead, leading the Lakers 50-47 by the end of the first half. However, the Lakers outscored the Kings, 43-37, in the second half, thus winning the game, 90-89. The Lakers now have won their sixth straight game. In their last game for the month of March, the Lakers defeated the visiting 76ers, 100-88. O'Neal led the Lakers with 37 points, 14 rebounds, 5 assists and 8 blocks. The Lakers now have won their 61st game of the season, the first time they have won over 61 games for over a decade. They ended the month of March with a 15-1 win record, only losing to the Washington Wizards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, April\nTheir first game on April was against the visiting Knicks. O'Neal led the Lakers with 34 points, 12 rebounds, 4 assists and 5 blocks as the Lakers captured their 62nd win of the season, 106-82. On April 5, O'Neal recorded 49 points and 13 rebounds as the Lakers recorded their 64th win of the season as they won on the road, 111-104, against the home team, Golden State Warriors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0012-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Regular Season Summary, April\nOn April 10, the Lakers captured their 65th win of the season, behind Kobe Bryant's 33 points, 10 rebounds and 6 assist performance for the Lakers, as they escaped the visiting SuperSonics, 106-103. Their 65 wins have matched their 2nd highest win total for a single season in franchise history, matching the 1986-87 Lakers season. Their 67th win of the season came in a 101-95 win over the visiting Timberwolves. O'Neal once again led the Lakers with 33 points, 14 rebounds and 8 assists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, Western Conference First Round\n(1) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (8) Sacramento KingsLast Playoff Meeting: 1984 Western Conference First Round (Los Angeles won 3-0; Kings were in Kansas City, Missouri)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, Western Conference First Round\nIn Game 1, the Lakers started the game strong, outscoring the visiting Kings, 65-55, at halftime. The Lakers carried this momentum all the way towards the second half, thus winning Game 1 of the series. O'Neal led the Lakers with 46 points, 17 rebounds and 4 blocks. Bryant added 23 points, 7 rebounds and 5 assists for the Lakers. Shaquille O'Neal became the first player to record that statline since Hakeem Olajuwon back in 1987. He also became the first Lakers player to have done that since Kareem Abdul-Jabbar recorded 45 points and 18 rebounds back in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, Western Conference First Round\nIn Game 2, the Lakers were once again dominant, outscoring the visiting Kings in every quarter. Kobe Bryant led the Lakers with 32 points and 4 rebounds. O'Neal added 23 points, 19 rebounds, 6 assists and 3 blocks for the Lakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, Western Conference First Round\nIn Game 3, the series now shifted in Sacramento, wherein the Kings now host the Lakers. Up 2-0 in the series, the Lakers lead the Kings, 51-46, at halftime. The Lakers maintained that lead until the end of the third quarter. However, the Kings outscored the Lakers 33-20 during the fourth quarter, thus winning against the visiting Lakers. Kobe Bryant led all players in terms of scoring with 35 points for the Lakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, Western Conference First Round\nIn Game 4, the Kings opened up their largest lead of the series in the first half, leading the visiting Lakers, 56-45, at halftime. Despite the Lakers outscoring the Kings in the third quarter, the Kings responded in the fourth quarter, thus the Lakers lost again on the road, 88-101. Kobe Bryant once again led all players in scoring with 32 points to go along with 6 rebounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, Western Conference First Round\nWith the Kings winning in Game 4, this sets up for a winner-take-all Game 5 back in Los Angeles. The Lakers, determined to avenge their losses, blows out the visiting Kings, 113-86, thus advancing to the next round. Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers with 32 points, 18 rebounds and 4 assists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, Western Conference Semifinals\n(1) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (5) Phoenix SunsLast Playoff Meeting: 1993 Western Conference First Round (Phoenix won 3-2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, Western Conference Finals\n(1) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (3) Portland Trail BlazersLast Playoff Meeting: 1998 Western Conference First Round (Los Angeles won 3-1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Summary\nThe following scoring summary is written in a line score format, except that the quarter numbers are replaced by game numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Aspects\nAlthough the Lakers were one of the more talented teams in the NBA the previous year, they failed to win a single game against the San Antonio Spurs in the 1999 NBA playoffs. Twenty-four days after being swept by the eventual league champion, the Lakers signed Phil Jackson as head coach. Jackson, famous for coaching Michael Jordan and the six-time champion Chicago Bulls, would build his triangle offense around Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant. General Manager Jerry West surrounded O'Neal and Bryant with effective role players such as Glen Rice, Ron Harper (who had experience with Jackson's triangle offense as part of the '96\u2013'98 Bulls), and A. C. Green (member of the last two Lakers championship teams).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0023-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Aspects\nAlong with these starters, the Lakers also possessed a strong bench. Robert Horry not only had championship experience with the Houston Rockets but also was a threat on the perimeter and a defensive star. Derek Fisher was a defensively minded point-guard with the ability to shoot well from long range. Rick Fox, acquired after being released by the Boston Celtics, was the Lakers' sixth man. With a healthy O'Neal, the Lakers dominated the regular season, with winning streaks of 11, 16, and 19 en route to a 67\u201315 record, tying the 1992 Chicago Bulls and 1986 Boston Celtics as the  in NBA regular season history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0024-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Aspects\nAlthough many expected the Lakers to reach the Finals, the road would be a rocky one. In the first round, the Lakers won the first two games against the Sacramento Kings, only to drop the next two games in Sacramento. The Lakers then defeated Sacramento in Game 5, 113\u201386, to face the Phoenix Suns in the conference semifinals. The Lakers clobbered the Suns, winning the series 4\u20131 (with their only loss coming in Game 4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0024-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Aspects\nIn Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Portland Trail Blazers, Rasheed Wallace earned two technical fouls and was ejected; the Lakers took advantage of Wallace's absence and secured victory. The Trail Blazers stormed back in the next game, giving the Lakers their worst home loss of the season in a 106\u201377 shellacking. This setback did not affect Los Angeles, as they assembled a 3\u20131 series lead by winning the next two games in Portland. The Lakers underestimated the Trail Blazers, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0024-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Aspects\nLed by former Jackson linchpin Scottie Pippen, Portland won back-to-back elimination games and forced a series-deciding Game 7. Amid several controversial foul calls by referee Dick Bavetta against members of the Trail Blazers, Portland relinquished a 75\u201360 fourth quarter lead. Rallying back with a 25\u20134 run, the Lakers won the game and secured a berth in the NBA Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0025-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Aspects\nIn the 1997\u20131998 NBA season, the Chicago Bulls narrowly defeated the Pacers, 4 games to 3, in the Eastern Conference Finals. The 1998\u20131999 NBA season began with a lockout but saw Indiana return to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they fell to the New York Knicks. The 1999\u20132000 NBA season brought several major changes to the Pacers. It was their first season at Conseco Fieldhouse, as well as their first since 1993 without center Antonio Davis, who was traded for the rights to the No. 5 overall pick in the 1999 NBA Draft. Jalen Rose replaced Chris Mullin in the starting line up, winning the NBA Most Improved Player award, while Austin Croshere replaced him as the sixth man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0026-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Aspects\nThe Pacers started the season 7\u20137 but eventually finished with an Eastern Conference best 56\u201326 record, including a franchise-best 25 game win streak at home. The Pacers, like the Lakers, struggled in the playoffs. They needed a clutch Travis Best three-pointer to dispatch the Milwaukee Bucks in five games. Indiana faced the Philadelphia 76ers in the second round and took the series in six games, earning a trip to the Eastern Conference Finals. The Pacers would face their rival Knicks, winning a memorable six game series in a reversal of fortunes from years past. With the victory, Indiana advanced to the first NBA Finals in franchise history, becoming the second former ABA team to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0027-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 1\nThe Lakers dominated from the start. The Lakers shot 15-for-20 (75%) in the first period while the Pacers shot only 7-for-20 (35%). Miller would miss all of his shots in the first quarter to give the Lakers a 15-point lead. Croshere came off the bench to keep the Pacers alive in the 2nd quarter, scoring 9 points and grabbing 4 rebounds in the quarter. Although the Pacers attempted a comeback in the 2nd quarter, they were still down by 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0027-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 1\nIn the 3rd quarter, it would be Jackson who led the Pacers to a comeback, cutting the Lakers lead by 2. Miller also hit his first field goal in the 3rd quarter, though it would be his last. The Lakers handled the Pacers in the final quarter, with a 13\u20132 run winning by 17 points. O'Neal scored 43 points and grabbed 19 rebounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0028-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 2\nLos Angeles and Indiana were evenly matched for the first quarter, both scoring 28. However, Los Angeles suffered a major setback when Kobe Bryant left the game in the 2nd quarter due to a sprained ankle and did not return. Jalen Rose later admitted that he intentionally stuck out his foot when Kobe shot a jumpshot in order to trip him when he landed. Ron Harper went in for Bryant and scored 21 points for the game. Desperate to try to gain the lead, Larry Bird resorted to the \"Hack-a-Shaq\" strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0028-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 2\nShaq shot 39 free throws, making only 18, an NBA record for most free throws attempted. Despite this low percentage, Shaq made 9 of 16 in the 4th quarter to keep a Lakers lead. The Pacers cut the lead to 99\u201396 and were looking to foul Shaq, but when Shaq got the ball he passed to Robert Horry who converted not only the layup, but the foul shot as well giving them a 102\u201396 lead en route to a 111\u2013104 Lakers victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0029-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 3\nTaking advantage of Kobe Bryant's ankle injury, Indiana restored a semblance of parity to the proceedings. Kobe's absence was felt as the Pacers had an 11\u20132 run in the first quarter to take an 8-point lead. Austin Croshere once again had another huge 2nd quarter, scoring 8 points as the Pacers shot 61% from the field. The Lakers tried to make a run to get back into the game, but upon doings so, Indiana answered with 12 straight points and led by 17. The Lakers were desperate and attempted another run to get within 3 points, but Reggie Miller nailed all his free throws at the end of the game to give Indiana a 9-point win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0030-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 4\nThe Pacers took a quick 9\u20132 lead due to Rik Smits hitting his first four shots. Kobe Bryant attempted to play with his sore ankle but only managed to score 6 points in the first half. Even though Bryant and O'Neal were in foul trouble in the first half (each picking up his third with 5 minutes remaining in the second quarter), Indiana could not take advantage and did not extend their lead. This would be a problem as Kobe Bryant scored 10 points and the Lakers took a 62\u201360 lead due to a Glen Rice three-pointer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0030-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 4\nThe game remained close going into the fourth quarter, when O'Neal and Reggie Miller scored 14 and 13 points respectively, sending the game into overtime. Midway through overtime, O'Neal committed his sixth foul but 21-year-old Bryant delivered three clutch shots, as the Lakers were able to overcome back-up center John Salley's inability to effectively defend Smits. Smits and Miller scored all 14 of Indiana's OT points, but it was not enough to overcome as Miller missed a last-second three-pointer, and L.A. was able to pull one out in Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0031-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 5\nReggie Miller and the Pacers dominated the game from the start in what would be Larry Bird's last game as a coach in the state of Indiana. Reggie Miller came out and made 5 straight shots including a 4-point play. The Pacers hit their first 6 three point shots in the game. The Pacers would have a 20-point lead in the 2nd quarter, and eventually won by 33 \u2013 it was the worst Lakers NBA Finals loss since the 148\u2013114 loss to Boston in the 1985 NBA Finals, known as the \"Memorial Day Massacre.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0032-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 5\nWith their loss in Game 5, the Lakers record in close-out games dropped to 3\u20136 in the 2000 NBA Playoffs (the other losses coming in Games 3 and 4 in the first round against Sacramento, Game 4 in the series against Phoenix, and Games 5 and 6 versus Portland). As a result, the series returned to California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0033-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 6\nAfter the two teams traded blows in the first quarter, Mark Jackson concluded the period with a turn-around half-court shot at the buzzer to give the Pacers a 26\u201324 advantage. They would not relinquish their lead until the fourth quarter. In the first half, the Pacers would lead by as many as twelve points. However, the Lakers chipped away and entered intermission trailing 56\u201353. Indiana, however, added two more points to their lead, and entered the final period in a position to force a decisive seventh game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0034-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 6\nIn the fourth quarter, the momentum shifted. The Lakers got four timely three-pointers from Derek Fisher, Robert Horry, and Rick Fox. The turning point occurred on a play where Brian Shaw stole the ball from Jalen Rose, leading to a fast break where Shaquille O'Neal hit an off-balance shot to give the Lakers the lead. The Pacers never led after that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0035-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Playoffs, NBA Finals, Game 6\nThe Lakers would build a seven-point lead, but the Pacers fought back to tie the score at 103. After a timeout, the Lakers scored six unanswered points to regain control. The Pacers made one final valiant effort, but it fell short and the Lakers clinched their first championship in twelve years. Shaquille O'Neal led all scorers with 41 points and also pulled down 12 rebounds. He was awarded the Finals MVP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0036-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Transactions\nThe Lakers have been involved in the following transactions during the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157708-0037-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Los Angeles Lakers season, Transactions, Trades\nBriefly, the Lakers considered to trade Kobe Bryant for Grant Hill, but it never came close to consummation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157709-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Louisiana\u2013Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Louisiana\u2013Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns men's basketball team represented the University of Louisiana at Lafayette during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Ragin' Cajuns, led by third-year head coach Jessie Evans, played their home games at the Cajundome and were members of the Sun Belt Conference. They finished the season 25\u20139, 13\u20133 in Sun Belt play to finish in second place. They were champions of the Sun Belt Conference Tournament to earn an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament where they lost in the first round to Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157710-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team represented the University of Louisville in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The head coach was Denny Crum and the team finished the season with an overall record of 19\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157711-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Luton Town F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Luton Town F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157711-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Luton Town F.C. season, Season summary\nJust before the 1999\u20132000 season, the club was sold to Cliff Bassett, while player sales continued to balance the books. Young duo Kelvin Davis and Chris Willmott were sold to Wimbledon for \u00a3900,000, and Lawrence was forced to sell Gary Doherty late on in the season, but he successfully kept an inexperienced Luton side up once again. Mike Watson-Challis then purchased the club in 2000, and Lawrence was sacked to be replaced by former Luton player Ricky Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157711-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Luton Town F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157711-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Luton Town F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157712-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Luxembourg Championship season\nThe 1999-00 Luxembourg Championship season was the fourth season of Luxembourg's hockey league. Three teams participated in the league regular season. The top team from the regular season, Lokomotiv Luxembourg, qualified for the final to play Tornado Luxembourg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157713-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Luxembourg Cup (ice hockey)\nThe 1999\u201300 Luxembourg Cup was the seventh playing of the Luxembourg Cup ice hockey tournament. Five teams participated in the tournament, which was won by Galaxians d'Amneville II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157714-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Luxembourg National Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Luxembourg National Division was the 86th season of top level association football in Luxembourg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157714-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Luxembourg National Division, Overview\nIt was performed in 12 teams, and F91 Dudelange won the championship after a play off phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157715-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 MC Alger season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season is MC Alger's 32nd season in the Algerian top flight, They will be competing in National 1, the Algerian Cup the Algerian League Cup and the CAF Champions League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157715-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 MC Alger season, Squad list\nPlayers and squad numbers last updated on 1 September 1999.Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157715-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 MC Alger season, Squad information, Goalscorers\nIncludes all competitive matches. The list is sorted alphabetically by surname when total goals are equal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157716-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 MSV Duisburg season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, MSV Duisburg played in the 1. Bundesliga, the highest tier of the German football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157716-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 MSV Duisburg season, Season summary\nAfter 3 years of top-half finishes, Duisburg were relegated in last place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157716-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 MSV Duisburg season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157717-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macclesfield Town F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Macclesfield Town Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 13th position on 65 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157718-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macedonian First Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Macedonian First League was the 8th season of the Macedonian First Football League, the highest football league of Macedonia. The first matches of the season were played on 15 August 1999 and the last on 28 May 2000. Sloga Jugomagnat defended their championship title, having won their second title in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157719-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macedonian Football Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Macedonian Football Cup was the 8th season of Macedonia's football knockout competition. FK Vardar were the defending champions, having won their fourth title. The 1999\u20132000 champions were FK Sloga Jugomagnat who won their second title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157719-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macedonian Football Cup, Quarter-finals\nThe first legs were played on 15 March and second were played on 22 March 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157719-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macedonian Football Cup, Semi-finals\nThe first legs were played on 5 April and the second were played on 19 and 20 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157720-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macedonian Second Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Macedonian Second Football League was the eighth season since its establishment. It began in August 1999 and ended in May 2000. Due to change of the league structure in season 2000\u201301, the 19 teams was relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157720-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macedonian Second Football League, Relegation playoff\nShk\u00ebndija Arachinovo were won the match and stayed in the Macedonian Second League, while Tiverija were relegated to the Macedonian Third League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157720-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macedonian Second Football League, Relegation playoff\nMesna Industrija were won the match and promoted to the Macedonian Second League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157720-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macedonian Second Football League, Relegation playoff\nMladost GT Orizari were won the match and promoted to the Macedonian Second League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157720-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Macedonian Second Football League, Relegation playoff\n11 Oktomvri were won the match and promoted to the Macedonian Second League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157721-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Magyar Kupa\nThe 1999\u20132000 Magyar Kupa (English: Hungarian Cup) was the 61st season of Hungary's annual knock-out cup football competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157722-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maltese Premier League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Maltese Premier League was the 20th season of the Maltese Premier League, and the 85th season of top-tier football in Malta. It was contested by 10 teams, and Birkirkara F.C. won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157722-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maltese Premier League, Teams\nThe following teams were promoted from the First Division at the start of the season:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157722-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maltese Premier League, Teams\nFrom the previous Premier League season, the following teams were relegated to the First Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157722-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maltese Premier League, Second round, Championship Pool\nThe teams placed in the first six positions in the league table qualified for the Championship Pool, and the points obtained during the first round were halved (and rounded up) before the start of second round. As a result, the teams started with the following points before the second round: Birkirkara 24 points, Valletta 20, Floriana 17, Sliema Wanderers 17, Piet\u00e0 Hotspurs 13 and Hibernians 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157722-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maltese Premier League, Second round, Relegation Pool\nThe teams which finished in the last four league positions were placed in the Relegation Pool and at the end of the round the two lowest-placed teams were relegated to the First Division. The points obtained during the first round were halved (and rounded up) before the start of second round. As a result, the teams started with the following points before the second round: Naxxar Lions 8 points, Gozo 7, Zurrieq 6, Rabat Ajax 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157723-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester City F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Manchester City F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157723-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester City F.C. season, Season summary\nAfter gaining promotion to the First Division following a thrilling play-off final against Gillingham, Manchester City won a second successive promotion, coming second in the First Division behind Charlton Athletic, to return to the top flight of English football after a five-year absence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157723-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester City F.C. season, Team kit\nThe team kit was produced by Le Coq Sportif and the shirt sponsor was Eidos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157723-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester City F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157723-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester City F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157723-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester City F.C. season, Squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157724-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester United F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Manchester United's eighth season in the Premier League, and their 25th consecutive season in the top division of English football. United won the Premier League title for the sixth time in eight seasons (with a record 18-point margin and 97 goals scored) as well as becoming the first English club to win the Intercontinental Cup when they defeated Palmeiras in Tokyo. However, they surrendered their Champions League title with a 3\u20132 defeat by eventual champions Real Madrid in the quarter-finals. The club controversially did not defend their FA Cup crown, upon request by The Football Association, to compete in the inaugural FIFA Club World Championship in Brazil instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157724-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester United F.C. season\nMark Bosnich, previously at United as a reserve goalkeeper from 1989 to 1991, returned to the club as Peter Schmeichel's successor, but failed to live up to expectations and in September, the club swooped for Italian Massimo Taibi to provide competition for him. However, Taibi suffered some high-profile mistakes and returned to his homeland at the end of the season after just five games for the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157724-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester United F.C. season\nAs the season wore on, long-time reserve goalkeeper Raimond van der Gouw was increasingly called on as the starting goalkeeper, and proved a fairly reliable performer, but at 37 years old as of the end of the season, it was clear that he would not be a long-term solution. United then solved the goalkeeping crisis by paying AS Monaco \u00a37.8\u00a0million for Fabien Barthez. Also new to the squad for 1999\u20132000 were French defender Mika\u00ebl Silvestre and South African winger Quinton Fortune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157724-0001-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester United F.C. season\nJesper Blomqvist and Wes Brown missed the entire season due to injury, while similar misfortune restricted defenders David May and Ronny Johnsen to three first-team appearances between them. Jordi Cruyff left the club on a free transfer to Deportivo Alav\u00e9s at the end of the season, seeing out his four-year contract at a club where he had failed to claim a regular first-team place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157724-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester United F.C. season, Transfers\nNo players left Manchester United in the 1999 summer transfer window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157724-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester United F.C. season, Transfers\nOn 21 August, South African midfielder Quinton Fortune signed from Atl\u00e9tico Madrid for a fee of \u00a31.5\u00a0million. Also arriving were Italian goalkeeper Massimo Taibi and French defender Mika\u00ebl Silvestre. All three players had slightly different careers at United and all stayed at United for a different number of seasons: Fortune spent seven years at Old Trafford, and his career was mixed; Taibi turned out to be a major flop and left after just one season; Silvestre left in 2008 and had a successful career with United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157724-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester United F.C. season, Transfers\nUnited's only winter departure was Norwegian Erik Nevland, who returned to homeland club Viking Stavanger after two seasons. Richard Wellens departed on 23 March to Blackpool for a nominal fee. John Curtis joined Blackburn Rovers on 31 May for a fee of \u00a31.5\u00a0million, while Michael Twiss joined Port Vale on 30 June on a free transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157724-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Manchester United F.C. season, Transfers\nNo players joined United in the winter transfer window, but on 21 May, French goalkeeper Fabien Barthez was acquired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157725-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mansfield Town F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Mansfield Town Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 17th position with 56 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157726-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team represented the Marquette University in the 1999\u20132000 season. Their head coach was Tom Crean. The Golden Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 15\u201314, 8\u20148.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157727-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team represented the University of Maryland in the 1999\u20132000 college basketball season as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). The team was led by head coach Gary Williams and played their home games at the Cole Field House. They lost to UCLA in the 2000 NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157727-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team, Pre-Season, Accolades\nTerence MorrisPreseason All-AmericanWooden Award CandidatePreseason ACC Player of the year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 73], "content_span": [74, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157727-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team, Season Recap\nThe Terrapins opened their season with a victory over San Francisco in the Preseason NIT \u2013 Gary Williams' 400th career win. They beat Tulane in the preseason tournament before losing to Kentucky in the semifinals. They defeated Notre Dame in the consolation game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157727-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team, Season Recap\nThey would go on to win all of their non-conference home games, extending their home out of conference winning streak to 72 games. Maryland did not lose a non-conference game in Cole Field house in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157727-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team, Season Recap\nThe team lost its ACC opener at NC State and dropped two more to begin league play 0-3. After the poor start in conference, however, the Terrapins went 11-2 over the remainder of the season to finish 2nd in the ACC. The Terrapins' signature victory of the season came when they defeated #3 Duke in Cameron Indoor Stadium, ending an 18-game win streak, 46-game home winning streak, and 31-game ACC home winning streak for the Blue Devils. Following the win, Maryland students rioted on the College Park campus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157727-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team, Season Recap\nIn the ACC Tournament, the team advanced to the championship game, where they lost to Duke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157727-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team, Season Recap\nReceiving a #3 seed in the 2000 NCAA Tournament, the Terrapins defeated #14 seed Iona 74-59. However, in the second round Williams' team looked \"helpless\" as #6 seed UCLA put on an offensive showcase and won easily 105-70, one of the worst tournament losses in Maryland history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157727-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team, Season Recap\nIn the summer of 2000, the University of Maryland broke ground on the Comcast Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157727-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team, Season Recap, Accolades\nJuan Dixon1st Team All- AccLonny Baxter1st Team All-ACCSteve BlakeAll-ACC honorable mention", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157728-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Massachusetts legislature\nThe 181st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1999 and 2000 during the governorship of Paul Cellucci. Tom Birmingham served as president of the Senate and Thomas Finneran served as speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157729-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Meistriliiga (ice hockey) season\nThe 1999-00 Meistriliiga season was the tenth season of the Meistriliiga, the top level of ice hockey in Estonia. Four teams participated in the league, and Tartu Valk 494 won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season\nMersin \u0130dmanyurdu (also Mersin \u0130dman Yurdu, Mersin \u0130Y, or M\u0130Y) Sports Club; located in Mersin, east Mediterranean coast of Turkey in 1999\u20132000. Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu (M\u0130Y) participated in Second League 1999\u201300 season for the 26th time. M\u0130Y could not attend promotion group and promotion play-offs, therefore couldn't promote. The team also participated in T\u00fcrkiye Kupas\u0131 (Turkey Cup) in 1999\u201300 and eliminated at Round 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season\nMacit \u00d6zcan was club president. Ali G\u00fcltiken started the season, which was his first head coaching experience. Later M\u00fcjdat Yalman took over the team. Murat Akay had the most appearances, while Ersan Parlatan was top goalscorer. The stats are low this season due to the withdrawal of teams who were severely affected by the 1999 \u0130zmit earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Second League participation\nMersin \u0130dmanyurdu took place in Group 1 in 1999\u20132000 Second League season. League was played in three stages. In the first stage, 50 teams in five groups (10 clubs in each) played for the first two rankings to play in the promotion group. The promotion group consisted of those 10 teams. At the end of the second stage top two teams promoted to 2000\u201301 First League. The remaining 8 teams in each ranking group played in classification groups, by carrying points and goals from ranking groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Second League participation\nBottom two teams in Groups 2, 4, 5 relegated to 2000\u201301 Third League at the end of the season. Due to the earthquake that occurred on August 17, 1999, Sakaryaspor and D\u00fczcespor in Group 1 and Dar\u0131ca Gen\u00e7lerbirli\u011fi in Group 3 withdrew from the league and demanded excuse. TFF has decided that the teams would not be relegated. One another worst team from Group 1 and two other worst teams in Group 3 had relegated at the end of the season. In the third stage, 8 clubs (3 from the promotion group and 1 each from 5 classification groups) played one-leg play-off games in Antalya Atat\u00fcrk Stadium to determine the third team to be promoted to First League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Second League participation\nMersin \u0130dmanyurdu took place in Group 1 consisted of 10 teams and finished the first stage at 7th place and couldn't take a place in the promotion group. In the classification group, the team finished 4th and could not attend to promotion play-off games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Second League participation, Ranking group league table\nMersin \u0130Y's league performance in 1999\u20132000 Second League Ranking Group 1 season is shown in the following table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 101], "content_span": [102, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Second League participation, Ranking group games\nMersin \u0130dmanyurdu (M\u0130Y) 1999\u20132000 Second League season first half game reports in Ranking Group 1 is shown in the following table. Kick off times are in EET and EEST.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 94], "content_span": [95, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Second League participation, Classification group league table\nClassification group 1 was played with 8 teams remaining after top two of ranking group were promoted to promotion group. Top team in the group promoted to promotion play-offs, while bottom two teams relegated to 1999\u20132000 Third League season. Points and goals were carried from ranking group. M\u0130Y obtained 7 wins, 3 draws and 4 losses and finished fourth. However,  because points and goals were carried from ranking group, in aggregate M\u0130Y finished fifth and did not play promotion play-offs. Mersin \u0130Y's league performance in Second League Classification Group 1 in 1999\u20132000 season is shown in the following table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 108], "content_span": [109, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Second League participation, Classification group games\nMersin \u0130dmanyurdu (M\u0130Y) 1999\u20132000 Second League season first half game reports in Classification Group 1 is shown in the following table. Kick off times are in EET and EEST.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 101], "content_span": [102, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Turkish Cup participation\n1999\u20132000 Turkish Cup was played by 64 teams in 4 rounds prior to quarterfinals in one-leg elimination system. [ Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu] had participated in 38th Turkish Cup (played as T\u00fcrkiye Kupas\u0131 in 1999\u201300) from Round 1 and eliminated at Round 2. The opponents in first round were 3rd League team Ceyhanspor. In Round 2, 2nd League team BB Ankaraspor eliminated M\u0130Y. Galatasaray won the cup for the 13th time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Turkish Cup participation, Cup track\nThe drawings and results Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu (M\u0130Y) followed in 1999\u201300 Turkish Cup are shown in the following table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 Turkish Cup participation, Game details\nMersin \u0130dmanyurdu (M\u0130Y) 1999\u201300 Turkish Cup game reports is shown in the following table. Kick off times are in EET and EEST.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, Management, Club management\nMacit \u00d6zcan, mayor of Mersin city was president. \u00d6zcan elected President in club congress after 18 April 1999 local elections. Mayors presided the club many times in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, Management, Coaching team\nAli G\u00fcltiken was head coach at the start of the season. After 4th round M\u00fcjdat Yalman, who coached team in previous season came to the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157730-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu season, 1999\u20132000 squad\nAppearances, goals and cards count for 1999\u201300 Second League Ranking and Classification Groups games and 1999\u201300 Turkish Cup games. 18 players appeared in each game roster, three to be replaced. Only the players who appeared in game rosters were included and listed in order of appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157731-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Miami Heat season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the 12th season for the Miami Heat in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Heat signed free agents Otis Thorpe and undrafted rookie guard Anthony Carter. The Heat played the first two months of the season at the Miami Arena. They played their final home game at the Miami Arena on December 28, 1999 against the Minnesota Timberwolves, and then moved into the American Airlines Arena on January 2, 2000 against the Orlando Magic. The Heat got off to a 15\u20134 start, then later on holding a 30\u201317 record at the All-Star break.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157731-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Miami Heat season\nHowever, Tim Hardaway played just 52 games due to knee injuries, and Voshon Lenard was out for the remainder of the season with a lower abdominal strain after 53 games. At midseason, the team signed free agent Bruce Bowen. The Heat went on a 7-game winning streak between March and April, and finished first place in the Atlantic Division with a 52\u201330 record. Alonzo Mourning averaged 21.7 points, 9.5 rebounds and 3.7 blocks per game, and was named Defensive Player of the Year for the second consecutive year. He was also named to the All-NBA Second Team, NBA All-Defensive First Team, and was selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. Jamal Mashburn finished second on the team in scoring averaging 17.5 points per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157731-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Miami Heat season\nIn the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Heat swept the Detroit Pistons in three straight games en route to advancing to the second round for the first time since 1997. In the Eastern Conference Semi-finals, they faced the New York Knicks for the fourth consecutive year. After taking a 3\u20132 series lead, the Heat would lose the final two games to the 3rd-seeded Knicks, including an 83\u201382 loss in Game 7 at Miami. Following the season, Mashburn and P.J. Brown were both traded along with Thrope to the Charlotte Hornets, Voshon Lenard and Mark Strickland were both traded to the Denver Nuggets, and Clarence Weatherspoon was dealt to the Cleveland Cavaliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157731-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Miami Heat season\nFor the season, the Heat changed their logo adding a darker red color to the flaming basketball, and added new uniforms with side panels to their jerseys and shorts. The uniforms lasted until 2009, where they switched the logo to the other leg of the shorts, while the primary logo is still present as of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157731-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Miami Heat season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157732-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team represented the University of Miami during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Hurricanes, led by head coach Leonard Hamilton, played their home games at the Miami Arena as members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 23\u201311, 13\u20133 in Big East play to finish in a tie for first place. They lost in the semifnals of the Big East Tournament to St. John's, but received an at-large invitation to the NCAA Tournament as No. 6 seed in the South region. Miami defeated Arkansas and No. 3 seed Ohio State to reach the first Sweet Sixteen in program history. In the regional semifinal round, the Hurricanes lost to the Golden Hurricane of Tulsa, 80\u201371.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team represented Michigan State University in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team played their home games at Breslin Center in East Lansing, Michigan. They were coached by Tom Izzo, in his fifth year as head coach, and were members of the Big Ten Conference. The Spartans finished the season 32\u20137, 13\u20133 to win a share of the Big Ten regular season championship for the third consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\nAs the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten Tournament, they defeated Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois to win the tournament championship for the second consecutive year. As a result, they received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As the No. 1 seed in the Midwest region, they defeated Valparaiso and Utah to advance to the Sweet Sixteen for the third consecutive year. They then defeated Syracuse and Iowa State to advance to the Final Four for the second consecutive year. After a win in the National Semifinal over fellow Big Ten foe Wisconsin, MSU won the National Championship over Florida. The win marked the school's second National Championship and Izzo's only championship to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Previous season\nThe Spartans finished the 1998\u201399 season with an overall record of 33\u20135, 15\u20131 to finish in first place in Big Ten play. Michigan State received a No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament, their second consecutive trip to the Tournament, and advanced to the Final Four, their first trip to the Final Four under Tom Izzo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 72], "content_span": [73, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, Non-conference play\nThe Spartans were looking to build on their Final Four appearance the year before with seniors, Mateen Cleaves (12.1 points and 6.9 assist per game) and Morris Peterson (16.8 points and 6.0 rebounds per game), leading the way. MSU began the season ranked No. 3 in the country, but were without starting point guard and team captain, Cleaves, who sustained a stress fracture in his right foot during the offseason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, Non-conference play\nWithout Cleaves, the Spartans began the season with a home win over Toledo before travelling to Puerto Rico for the Puerto Rico Shootout. In Puerto Rico, they defeated Providence and South Carolina to advance to the championship of the tournament. In the championship game, they lost to No. 20 Texas. The Spartans went on to defeat No. 2 North Carolina on the road as part of the inaugural ACC\u2013Big Ten Challenge. MSU returned to East Lansing for easy wins over Howard and Eastern Michigan. A win over No. 5-ranked Kansas in the Great Eight in Chicago followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0003-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, Non-conference play\nA road loss to No. 2 Arizona followed the neutral court win over Kansas. MSU sandwiched home wins over Oakland and Mississippi Valley State around a loss on the road to unranked Kentucky. A shocking loss on the road at Wright State added to the early season struggles and ended the non-conference slate. MSU would enter the Big Ten schedule at 9\u20134 and ranked No. 11 in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 92], "content_span": [93, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, Big Ten play\nCleaves returned to the Spartans lineup on January 5, 2000 to help the Spartans to wins over Penn State and Iowa. Led by Cleaves the Spartans defeated No. 9 Indiana before losing their first Big Ten game on the road to No. 7 Ohio State. The loss stopped MSU's 21-game conference winning streak dating back to 1999. The Spartans bounced back with wins over Northwestern in back-to-back games, holding Northwestern to 29 points in the second game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0004-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, Big Ten play\nA win over Illinois led by Charlie Bell's 20 points led to a matchup against rival Michigan with the Spartans at 15\u20135, 6\u20131 on the season. In Ann Arbor, MSU blew out the Wolverines as Michigan was without leading scorer Jamal Crawford who was declared ineligible 20 minutes before the game started because of NCAA investigations. Led by Morris Peterson's 32 points and 10 points, MSU had no problems with Michigan especially without their leading scorer, winning by 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0004-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, Big Ten play\nMSU then stepped out of conference for a matchup with No. 7 Connecticut, a fellow participant in the prior year's Final Four. The Spartans had no problems with the Huskies, scoring 25 second chance points and 20 points off Huskie turnovers. MSU returned to the Big Ten to face Purdue in West Lafayette and were upset, falling 70\u201367. The loss dropped the Spartans to 17\u20136, 7\u20132. The Spartans would rebound to beat Wisconsin in Madison before beating No. 7 Ohio State to avenge their earlier loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0004-0003", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, Big Ten play\nA close win over Wisconsin in East Lansing marked their 26th straight win in the Breslin Center and pushed the Spartans to 10\u20132 in conference. A road win over Penn State preceded an overtime road loss to Indiana. MSU returned home and blew out Minnesota 79\u201343. In the final regular season game of the season, the Spartans faced Michigan. Cleaves dished out 20 assists as he set the Big Ten career record for assists in the 114\u201363 thumping of the Wolverines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, Big Ten play\nThe Spartans finished the conference slate with a 13\u20133 conference record and 23\u20137 overall while being ranked No. 2 in the country. MSU earned a share of the Big Ten regular season title with Ohio State, their third consecutive championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, Big Ten Tournament\nThe Spartans went on to win the third annual Big Ten Tournament as the No. 2 seed, defeating No. 25 Illinois for the championship for the second consecutive year. Cleaves and Peterson were named to the All\u2013Tournament Team and Peterson was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 91], "content_span": [92, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, NCAA Tournament\nAs a result of their strong finish, the Spartans were awarded the No. 1 seed, their second consecutive No. 1 seed, in the Midwest Region of the NCAA Tournament. From there, the Spartans cruised to their third consecutive Sweet Sixteen with wins over Valparaiso, and Utah. MSU continued their National Championship push by reaching their second consecutive Final Four with wins over Syracuse and Iowa State. MSU won every game by double digits despite playing the best possible seed in each round. In their Final Four matchup, Michigan State faced off against fellow Big Ten foe, Wisconsin, beating them in a hard-fought game, 53\u201341.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 88], "content_span": [89, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157733-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team, Season summary, NCAA Tournament\nIn the National Championship game, the Spartans triumphed over the Florida 89\u201376, despite losing Cleaves to an ankle injury 3:42 into the second half. Cleaves eventually returned, severely limping and in obvious pain, to lead the Spartans to the championship. Cleaves was subsequently named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Joining Cleaves on the NCAA All-Tournament Team were Morris Peterson, Charlie Bell, and A.J. Granger. The National Championship was the school's second ever basketball National Companionship and first since 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 88], "content_span": [89, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157734-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1999\u20132000 season. The team played its home games in the Crisler Arena in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference. Under the direction of head coach Brian Ellerbe, the team finished tied for seventh in the Big Ten Conference. The team earned an eight seed but was defeated in the first round of the 2000 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157734-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\nThe team earned an invitation to the 2000 National Invitation Tournament, where it was eliminated in the first round. The team was unranked for all eighteen weeks of Associated Press Top Twenty-Five Poll, and it also ended the season unranked in the final USA Today/CNN Poll. The team posted a 1\u20137 record against ranked opponents. Its lone victory occurred on January 7, 2000, against Illinois by a 95\u201391 margin in overtime at Crisler Arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157734-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\nJosh Asselin, Darius Taylor and Peter Vignier served as team captains, and LaVell Blanchard and Kevin Gaines shared team MVP  honors. The team's leading scorers were LaVell Blanchard (404 points), Kevin Gaines (339 points) and Jamal Crawford (283 points). The leading rebounders were Blanchard (224), John Asselin (155) and Pete Vignier (114).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157734-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\nThe team twice surpassed the school single-game record total of 34 free throws made set on December 9, 1998, when they totaled 37 against Illinois on January 16, 2000, and then with 38 against Iowa on March 1, 2000. The single-game total of 38 continues to be the school record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157734-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\nIn the 2000 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament at the United Center from March 9\u201312, Michigan was seeded eighth. In the first round they lost to number 9 Penn State 76\u201366.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157734-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\nOn March 15, 2000, Michigan lost to Notre Dame 75\u201365 at the Joyce Center in South Bend, Indiana, in the first round of the 2000 National Invitation Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157735-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Middlesbrough F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Middlesbrough participated in the FA Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157735-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Middlesbrough F.C. season, Season summary\nMiddlesbrough experienced another satisfactory season, finishing 12th in the Premiership. They never looked like qualifying for Europe, but were never in any danger of relegation. Nor did they make much of an impact in the cup competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157735-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Middlesbrough F.C. season, Kit\nMiddlesbrough's kit was produced by Errea. The home shirt consisted of a red shirt with vertical navy and white stripes (repeated diagonally on the arms), white shorts with red stripes and red socks with navy and white trim. The away strip consisted of a white shirt with purple hoop framed with a black line, purple collar and shoulder bars, again with black trim, white shorts trimmed with purple and black and white purple topped socks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 40], "content_span": [41, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157735-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Middlesbrough F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157735-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Middlesbrough F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157735-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Middlesbrough F.C. season, Squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157736-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Midland Football Alliance\nThe 1999\u20132000 Midland Football Alliance season was the sixth in the history of Midland Football Alliance, a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157736-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Midland Football Alliance, League\nThe league featured 19 clubs from the previous season, along with three new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157737-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Midland Football Combination\nThe 1999\u20132000 Midland Football Combination season was the 63rd in the history of Midland Football Combination, a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157737-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Midland Football Combination, Premier Division\nThe Premier Division featured 17 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season was the team's seventh season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Off-season\nThe Ducks made a few changes during the summer, with the focus on improving their scoring depth much like last season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Off-season\nTed Donato was acquired from the Ottawa Senators with Antti-Jussi Niemi in exchange for goalie Patrick Lalime on June 18, 1999The Mighty Ducks acquired Oleg Tverdovsky from the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for Travis Green on June 26, 1999 in order to give the team more scoring from the blue line since Fredrik Olausson was the only point producing defence man last season. Defense man Mike Crowley would not make the roster with the Ducks although scoring 4 goals and 9 points in 28 games over the last two seasons, being sent to the Long Beach Ice Dogs of the IHL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Off-season\nRookies Mike Leclerc and Niclas Havelid earned roster spots. Vitaly Vishnevskiy would be their first choice to get a call up from Cincinnati in case of needing a defense man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Off-season\nOn September 27, five days before the season started the Ducks acquired prospect Ladislav Kohn from the Atlanta Thrashers in exchange for 2000 8th round Draft pick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Regular season\nThe season went down very much like the last one. The Mighty Ducks lost their first two games getting shut out both times but won their next two scoring eight goals. Anaheim made an early deal with the Islanders sending Ted Drury to Long Island in exchange for Tony Hrkac, who won the Stanley Cup with Dallas last season. They played very consistent until December 26, 1999 going 18-13-4-1 winning four games in a row in mid December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0005-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Regular season\nWhat seemed like the winning streak they needed quickly turned on its head becoming their longest winless streak going 0-6-1 and being below the .500 mark for the first time this season. Anaheim stayed below that mark until January 26, 2000 when rumors occurred about trading Selanne to give the Ducks more depth in order to make the Play Offs, which looked questionable at that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Regular season\nThe Ducks did boost their line up though by acquiring Kip Miller from Pittsburgh on January 29. Ironically, the Ducks had a five-game unbeaten streak which began in Pittsburgh and going 7-3-4 since Kip Miller's acquisition by February 29. In early March Anaheim struggled to keep up with Edmonton and San Jose going 1-3-2-1 and winless the last four games during that stretch until March 15. The Ducks then again made a Play Off push winning the next three games but going 3-4-0-1 in their last eight games thus missing the post season by 4 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0006-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Regular season\nSince the Mighty Ducks never were out of the Play Off picture fans and experts criticized General Manager Pierre Gauthier's decision not to obtain a player with some scoring touch (Sergei Krivokrasov and Brendan Morrison were dealt at the trading deadline). Late acquisitions Ed Ward and Jorgon Jonsson had no impact, each scoring only one goal though Ward brought some physical play with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Regular season\nAnaheim's biggest problem was their Penalty Kill, the Mighty Ducks struggled a lot short-handed during the regular season, as they had the lowest penalty-kill percentage in the NHL at 79.05%. The Defense did a good job ranking seventh in the west but their bad Penalty kill resulted in allowing 21 more goals which cost them the Play Offs. Offensively their defence men scored 43 goals compared to 25 goals last season, contributed by Olausson and Tverdovsky for a combined 30 goals. Both goalies had another very solid season though their SV% was down compared to the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0007-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Regular season\nHebert recorded his second best GAA of his career and fifth straight season with three or more shutouts. Their Offense relied on their first line again combing for 94 goals (109 goals last season) but saw more secondary scoring from other players as Cullen, Aalto and Nielsen improved their goal and point totals. Marty McInnes missed 20 games, which was a factor their Powerplay was good but nowhere near the dominance of last season ranking number 14 with a percentage of 16,57%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Regular season, Final standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Playoffs\nThe Ducks failed to qualify for the playoffs despite recording 83 Points again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Transactions\nAcquired Tony Hrkac and Dean Malkoc from the New York Islanders for Ted Drury on October 29, 1999", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Transactions\nWaived Jim McKenzie, claimed off waivers by the Washington Capitals on January 20, 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Transactions\nAcquired Kip Miller from the Pittsburgh Penguins for a 2000 9th round Draft pick on January 29, 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Transactions\nAcquired Jorgen Jonson from the New York Islanders for Johan Davidson on March 11, 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Transactions\nAcquired Ed Ward from the Atlanta Thrashers for a 2001 7th round Draft pick on March 14, 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Transactions\nTraded Dan Trebil to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a 2000 5th round Draft pick on March 14, 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Transactions\nAcquired Corey Hirsch from the Nashville Predators for future considerations on March 14, 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157738-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim season, Draft picks\nAnaheim's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157739-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Millwall F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Millwall F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division, the third tier of English football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157739-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Millwall F.C. season, Season summary\nMillwall had a good season and finished fifth in the Second Division, qualifying for the play-offs, but were beaten in the semi-finals by Wigan Athletic 1-0 on aggregate. The club also saw failure in both domestic cup competitions, being eliminated from both in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157739-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Millwall F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157739-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Millwall F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157740-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Milwaukee Bucks season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Bucks' 32nd season in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Bucks acquired Danny Manning and re-acquired Dale Ellis from the Orlando Magic, and signed free agent Darvin Ham. After missing most of the previous season with an ankle injury, Sam Cassell played a full season as the Bucks won their first three games, and played above .500 in the first half of the season. However, they struggled in February posting a 3\u20139 record as Ellis was traded to the Charlotte Hornets, and Haywoode Workman was released to free agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157740-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Milwaukee Bucks season\nWith less than a month to go, the Bucks playoff chances appeared bleak as they had a 32\u201337 record in late March. However, down the stretch, they won 10 of their final 13 games to sneak into the playoffs as the #8 seed in the Eastern Conference, finishing fifth in the Central Division with a 42\u201340 record. Ray Allen and Glenn Robinson were both selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. Allen led the team in scoring with 22.1 points per game, and Robinson finished second on the team in scoring averaging 20.9 points per game, while Cassell provided them with 18.2 points, and 9.0 assists per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157740-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Milwaukee Bucks season\nHowever, in the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs, they would lose 3\u20132 to the top-seeded Indiana Pacers, losing Game 5 by just one point, 96\u201395 at the Conseco Fieldhouse. Following the season, Manning signed as a free agent with the Utah Jazz, Vinny Del Negro was traded to the Golden State Warriors, and second-year forward Robert Traylor was dealt to the Cleveland Cavaliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157741-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey season\nIn the 1999-2000 season, the Golden Gophers ice hockey team from the University of Minnesota won its first women\u2019s national team title at the AWCHA National Championship. Nadine Muzerall scored the game-winning goal in the 4-2 national championship win over Brown Bears and earned all-tournament honors with three goals and an assist in two games. For the season, Muzerall owned totals of 49 goals, 28 assists and 77 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157741-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey season\nMuzerall\u2019s 49 goals, 16 power-play goals and 1.29 goals-per-game were school records. In a 10-0 win over Bemidji State, she set school records with five goals and seven points, during a season which saw her go on a 20-game point streak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157742-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Minnesota Timberwolves season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Timberwolves' 11th season in the National Basketball Association. The Timberwolves acquired the sixth pick in the 1999 NBA draft from the New Jersey Nets, and selected Wally Szczerbiak out of Miami University. For the season opener, the Timberwolves traveled to Tokyo, Japan to play their first two games against the Sacramento Kings. After a 7\u20135 start, the Timberwolves struggled posting an 8-game losing streak in December, but then won 20 of their next 25 games. The Timberwolves enjoyed their first 50-win season finishing third in the Midwest Division with a 50\u201332 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157742-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Minnesota Timberwolves season\nKevin Garnett averaged 22.9 points, 11.8 rebounds, 5.0 assists, 1.5 steals and 1.6 blocks per game, and was named to the All-NBA First Team, and to the NBA All-Defensive First Team, while being selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. Szczerbiak had a solid rookie season averaging 11.6 points per game, and made the NBA All-Rookie First Team, while Terrell Brandon provided the team with 17.1 points, 8.9 assists and 1.9 steals per game. However, in the Western Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Timberwolves lost in four games to the Portland Trail Blazers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157742-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Minnesota Timberwolves season\nFollowing the season, tragedy struck on May 20, 2000 when Malik Sealy died in a car accident, where he was killed by a drunk driver, who was on the wrong side of the road. Sealy, who was 30 years old, was just coming home from a birthday party for his teammate Garnett, who had just turned 24 years old on May 19, 2000. Also following the season, Bobby Jackson signed as a free agent with the Sacramento Kings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157742-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Minnesota Timberwolves season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157743-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team represented the University of Missouri during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA men's college basketball season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157744-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Moldovan \"A\" Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Moldovan \"A\" Division season is the 9th since its establishment. A total of 14 teams are contesting the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157745-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Moldovan \"B\" Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Moldovan \"B\" Division (Romanian: Divizia B) was the 9th season of Moldovan football's third-tier league. There are 27 teams in the competition, in two groups, 13 in the North and 14 in the South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157746-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Moldovan National Division, Overview\nIt was contested by 10 teams and Zimbru Chi\u015fin\u0103u won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157747-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Montreal Canadiens season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Montreal Canadiens season was the club's 91st season of play. The club failed to qualify for the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs. Pierre Boivin replaced Ronald Corey as team president of the Canadiens. On September 2, 1999, Molson executive James Arnett announced that Molson would put the franchise up for sale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157747-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Montreal Canadiens season, Off season\nSaku Koivu makes Canadiens history, as the first European to be named the team's captain. He succeeds Vincent Damphousse, who was traded the previous season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157747-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Montreal Canadiens season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157747-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Montreal Canadiens season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157747-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Montreal Canadiens season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157747-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Montreal Canadiens season, Draft picks\nMontreal's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157748-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Motherwell F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Motherwell's 2nd season in the Scottish Premier League, and their 15th consecutive season in the top division of Scottish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157748-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Motherwell F.C. season, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157749-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Munster Rugby season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Munster Rugby season was Munster's fifth season as a professional team, during which they competed in the IRFU Interprovincial Championship and Heineken Cup. It was Declan Kidney's second season in his first spell as head coach of the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157749-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Munster Rugby season, 1999\u20132000 squad\nNote: Flags indicate national union as has been defined under WR eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-WR nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157750-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NBA season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the 54th season of the National Basketball Association. The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA championship, beating the Indiana Pacers 4 games to 2 in the 2000 NBA Finals. This would also be Charles Barkley\u2019s final season in the NBA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157750-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NBA season, Playoffs\nTeams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Home court advantage does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead the team with the better regular season record; teams enjoying the home advantage are shown in italics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157750-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NBA season, NBA awards, Players of the month\nThe following players were named the Players of the Month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157750-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NBA season, NBA awards, Rookies of the month\nThe following players were named the Rookies of the Month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157751-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NBL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBL season was the 22nd season of competition since its establishment in 1979. A total of 11 teams contested the league. The Newcastle Falcons folded and were replaced by the Cairns Taipans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157751-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NBL season, Regular Season\nThe 1999-2000 Regular Season took place over 24 Rounds between 2 October 1999 and 11 March 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157751-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NBL season, Ladder\nThe NBL tie-breaker system as outlined in the NBL Rules and Regulations states that in the case of an identical win-loss record, the results in games played between the teams will determine order of seeding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157751-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NBL season, Ladder\n13-way Head-to-Head between Adelaide 36ers (3-3), Townsville Crocodiles (3-3) and Perth Wildcats (3-3). Adelaide 36ers won For and Against (+27), Townsville Crocodiles (+18), Perth Wildcats(-45).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157751-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NBL season, Ladder\n23-way Head-to-Head between Wollongong Hawks (4-2), Canberra Cannons (3-3) and Sydney Kings (2-4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157752-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings\nThe 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings was made up of two human polls, the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll, in addition to various other preseason polls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157753-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season began on November 11, 1999, with the Coaches Vs. Cancer Classic, progressed through the regular season and conference tournaments, and concluded with the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament Championship Game on April 3, 2000, at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157753-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, Season outlook, Pre-season polls\nThe top 25 from the AP Poll November 9, 1999 and the ESPN/USA Today Poll November 4, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 83], "content_span": [84, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157753-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, Regular season, Conference winners and tournaments\n29 conference seasons concluded with a single-elimination tournament, with only the Ivy League or the Pac-10 choosing not to conduct conference tournaments. Conference tournament winners generally received an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The Mountain West Conference began operation in 1999-00 and their tournament winner did not receive an automatic bid (although UNLV, winners of the inaugural MWC tournament, did receive an at-large bid).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 101], "content_span": [102, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157753-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, Coaching changes\nA number of teams changed coaches throughout the season and after the season ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 67], "content_span": [68, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157754-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey rankings\nTwo human polls made up the 1999\u201300 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey rankings, the USCHO.com Division I Men's Poll and the USA TODAY/American Hockey Magazine Poll. As the 1999\u201300 season progressed, rankings were updated weekly. There were a total of 15 voters in the USA Today poll and 40 voters in the USCHO.com poll. Each first place vote in the USA today poll is worth 15 points in the rankings and 10 points in the USCHO.com poll with every subsequent vote worth 1 fewer point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157755-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season began on October 1, 1999, and concluded with the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament's championship game on April 8, 2000, at the Providence Civic Center in Providence, Rhode Island. This was the 53rd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 105th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157755-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the inaugural year for College Hockey America, a seven-team conference (Wayne State begins conference play the following year) that was created for the purpose of stabilizing all the remaining independent Division I ice hockey teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157755-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season\nThe University of Vermont cancelled the remainder of their season on January 14, 2000, as a result of a criminal investigation into hazing practices when it was revealed that players had lied to investigators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157755-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season, Player stats, Scoring leaders\nThe following players led the league in points at the conclusion of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157755-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season, Player stats, Scoring leaders\nGP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157755-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season, Player stats, Leading goaltenders\nThe following goaltenders led the league in goals against average at the end of the regular season while playing at least 33% of their team's total minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157755-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season, Player stats, Leading goaltenders\nGP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/shootout losses; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157756-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings\nTwo human polls comprise the 1999\u201300 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings, the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll, in addition to various publications' preseason polls. The AP poll is currently a poll of sportswriters, while the USA Today Coaches' Poll is a poll of college coaches. The AP conducts polls weekly through the end of the regular season and conference play, while the Coaches poll conducts a final, post-NCAA tournament poll as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157757-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey season began on October 22, 1999 and concluded on March 18 of the following year. This was the 27th season of Division III college ice hockey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157757-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey season, Conference and Rule Changes\nThe NCAA began offering automatic bids for conference tournament champions for the first time. Partly due to this development, ECAC East split into two conferences when the NESCAC began sponsoring ice hockey as a sport and the 9 existing programs left ECAC East to form the new league. Each team in the ECAC East and NESCAC played one another in one game that counted in their respective conference standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157757-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey season, Conference and Rule Changes\nBecause the NESCAC now sponsored ice hockey as a varsity sport, the conference dropped the policy that allowed member schools to play in only one postseason tournament. Member teams could now play in both the conference tournament and the national tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157757-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey season, Conference and Rule Changes\nDespite the dissolution of the Division II Tournament, five eastern teams continued to compete as Division II programs. At the conclusion of the regular season they held an ECAC Division II Tournament rather than compete in their respective conference tournaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157757-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey season, Conference and Rule Changes\nMinnesota\u2013Crookston joined the MCHA, despite being a Division II program, and met conference guidelines by not offering scholarships to any players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157758-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA football bowl games\nThe 1999\u20132000 NCAA football bowl games concluded the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season. In the second year of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) era, Florida State defeated Virginia Tech in the 2000 Sugar Bowl, designated as the BCS National Championship Game for the 1999 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157758-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NCAA football bowl games\nA total of 23 bowl games were played between December 18, 1999 and January 4, 2000 by 46 bowl-eligible teams. One new bowl was established for the 1999\u20132000 season: the Mobile Alabama Bowl (now known as the Dollar General Bowl).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs\nThe National Football League playoffs for the 1999 season began on January 8, 2000. The postseason tournament concluded with the St. Louis Rams defeating the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV, 23\u201316, on January 30, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs\nThese playoffs were notable in that all outdoor games were played with gametime temperatures of 50\u00a0\u00b0F or higher, making for one of the warmest playoff seasons of all time. It was also the first time since 1969 that no California-based NFL team made the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs\nIt also marked the last time all three Florida-based teams - the Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers - made the playoffs, with the Jaguars and Dolphins facing off in the divisional round. As the Jaguars and Buccaneers would advance to their respective conference championships, the postseason became the closest to having a Super Bowl between teams from Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Participants\nWithin each conference, the three division winners and the three wild card teams (the top three non-division winners with the best overall regular season records) qualified for the playoffs. The three division winners were seeded 1 through 3 based on their overall won-lost-tied record, and the wild card teams were seeded 4 through 6. The NFL did not use a fixed bracket playoff system, and there were no restrictions regarding teams from the same division matching up in any round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0003-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Participants\nIn the first round, dubbed the wild-card playoffs or wild-card weekend, the third-seeded division winner hosted the sixth seed wild card, and the fourth seed hosted the fifth. The 1 and 2 seeds from each conference then received a bye in the first round. In the second round, the divisional playoffs, the number 1 seed hosted the worst surviving seed from the first round (seed 4, 5 or 6), while the number 2 seed played the other team (seed 3, 4 or 5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0003-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Participants\nThe two surviving teams from each conference's divisional playoff games then meet in the respective AFC and NFC Conference Championship games, hosted by the higher seed. Although the Super Bowl, the fourth and final round of the playoffs, was played at a neutral site, the designated home team was based on an annual rotation by conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Schedule\nIn the United States, ABC broadcast the first two Wild Card games on January 8, and Super Bowl XXXIV. CBS telecast the rest of the AFC playoff games and Fox the rest of the NFC games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nThis game is remembered for the controversial \"Music City Miracle\": Kevin Dyson took a lateral from Frank Wycheck on a kickoff to score the game-winning touchdown with under 15 seconds left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nIn the first quarter, the Titans had a big chance to score when Jevon Kearse forced a fumble while sacking Buffalo quarterback Rob Johnson that linebacker Barron Wortham recovered on the Buffalo 29-yard line. It was the start of a long day for Johnson, who ended up completing just 10 of 22 passes while being sacked six times, twice by Kearse. However, Tennessee only gained 3 yards with their next drive and Al Del Greco missed a 43-yard field goal attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nEarly in the second quarter, Craig Hentrich's 44-yard punt pinned the Bills back at their own 4-yard line. Then on 2nd and 6 from the 8, Kearse sacked Johnson, forcing a fumble that went through the end zone for a safety that gave the Titans a 2-0 lead. After the safety, Derrick Mason returned the free kick 42 yards to the Bills 28-yard line. Five plays later, Tennessee quarterback Steve McNair scored on a 1-yard touchdown run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0007-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nAfter several punts, Buffalo got a first down on their own 43 when Kurt Schulz forced and recovered a fumble from Titans running back Eddie George. But the Bills could not gain a first down and had to punt. Then the Titans drove 56 yards in 11 plays. Del Greco initially missed a 45-yard field goal attempt, but the Bills were penalized for defensive holding on the play, and Del Greco's second attempt was good from 40 yards on the last play of the half. At the end of the half, the Bills were trailing 12\u20130 and had only managed to gain 64 yards, while also losing 44 yards on nine penalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nBut in the second half, the Bills managed to rally back. On Buffalo's first play of the third quarter, Antowain Smith broke off a 44-yard run, sparking a 62-yard drive that ended with his 4-yard touchdown carry, making the score 12-7. Later on, Tennessee drove to the Bills 39-yard line, only to lose the ball due to an interception by Antoine Winfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0008-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nWith 41 seconds left in the third quarter, a Titans punt gave Buffalo the ball on their own 35-yard line, where they proceeded to drive 65 yards, featuring a 37-yard completion from Johnson to Eric Moulds, with a roughing the passer penalty on Kearse adding another 15. Smith finished the drive with another 4-yard touchdown run, giving the Bills a 13\u201312 lead after receiver Kevin Williams dropped a pass from Johnson on the two-point conversion attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nLate in the fourth quarter, Titans receiver Isaac Byrd's 16-yard punt return to the Bills 45 and five carries from George for 17 yards set up a 36-yard field goal by Del Greco, giving Tennessee a 15\u201313 lead with 1:38 left. But following a 33-yard kickoff return by Williams, the Bills retook the lead with a 41-yard field goal from Steve Christie at the end of a 38-yard drive that saw Johnson lose a shoe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0009-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nStuck in the no-huddle offense in order to beat the clock, Johnson was forced to play without a shoe for most of the drive, but still managed to lead the team into scoring range with two key completions to Peerless Price for 23 yards. Christie's field goal gave the Bills a 16\u201315 lead with only 16 seconds left in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nOn the ensuing Christie kickoff, fullback Lorenzo Neal picked up the ball at his own 25-yard line. He then handed off to Wycheck, who ran all the way to the right sideline before lateralling the ball all the way back to Dyson on the left side of the field. After taking the ball, Dyson ran 75 yards for a touchdown to give his team the win. The play would be reviewed by referee Phil Luckett, but it was determined that Wycheck's lateral did not travel forward, and the play was upheld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\n\"We worked on that play yesterday\", said Titans coach Jeff Fisher of the winning return. \"The play is called Home Run Throwback, it's a play you usually work on Saturdays, the day before a game. That play was designed with Frank Wycheck in the middle to try and put the ball out laterally.\" However, this was the first time they ran the play with Dyson, who replaced Mason as kick returner when he was injured earlier in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nGeorge finished the game with 106 rushing yards. Bills defensive end Bruce Smith had 2.5 sacks. Both teams combined for just 413 total yards (219 for Buffalo, 194 for Tennessee). The game would mark the end of an era in Buffalo as it was the final game that Smith, Thurman Thomas and Andre Reed played for the Bills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nThe Bills would not make the playoffs again after this game for another 18 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16\nThis was the third postseason meeting between the Bills and Titans. Buffalo won the prior two meetings when the Titans were the Houston Oilers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, NFC: Washington Redskins 27, Detroit Lions 13\nRedskins running back Stephen Davis rushed for 119 yards and two touchdowns in the first half as Washington dominated the Lions, who had barely made the playoffs with an 8\u20138 record and had lost their last four games of the season. Washington outgained Detroit in rushing yards, 223\u201345, and recorded five sacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 116], "content_span": [117, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, NFC: Washington Redskins 27, Detroit Lions 13\nWashington took advantage of two key penalties against the Lions on their first drive as they drove 79 yards to score on Davis' 1-yard touchdown run. The first was a running into the punter penalty against linebacker Clint Kriewaldt that enabled them to keep the ball, and the second was a 41-yard pass interference penalty on Lions defensive back Bryant Westbrook. The next time Washington got the ball, they drove 87 yards, featuring a 58-yard run by Davis, and scored with another Davis touchdown run to take a 14\u20130 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 116], "content_span": [117, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, NFC: Washington Redskins 27, Detroit Lions 13\nLate in the first quarter, Redskins cornerback Champ Bailey intercepted a pass from Gus Frerotte and returned it five yards to the Lions 39, setting up a 33-yard field goal from Brett Conway. After a punt, running back Brian Mitchell gave the team excellent field position with an 11-yard return to the Lions 49-yard line. Davis then rushed five times for 45 yards, setting up another field goal from Conway that gave the team a 20-0 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 116], "content_span": [117, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0017-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, NFC: Washington Redskins 27, Detroit Lions 13\nDavis was knocked out of the game on Washington's next possession, but his replacement, Skip Hicks, rushed for 13 yards and caught two passes for 27 as the Redskins drove 82 yards in eight plays. Brad Johnson finished the drive with a 30-yard touchdown pass to Albert Connell, giving the Redskins a 27\u20130 lead with 1:19 left in the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 116], "content_span": [117, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, NFC: Washington Redskins 27, Detroit Lions 13\nAfter a scoreless third quarter, the Lions finally managed to get a touchdown when lineman Lamar Campbell blocked a 31-yard field goal attempt by Conway and Ron Rice returned the ball 94-yards for a touchdown with 9:23 left in regulation. But after that, they were unable to score again until Frerotte finished a 90-yard drive with a 5-yard touchdown pass to Ron Rivers on the last play of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 116], "content_span": [117, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, NFC: Washington Redskins 27, Detroit Lions 13\nThe Lions, after this game, would not make the playoffs again until the 2011 season. Further, Washington would not host another playoff game until 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 116], "content_span": [117, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Saturday, January 8, 2000, NFC: Washington Redskins 27, Detroit Lions 13\nThis was the third postseason meeting between the Lions and Redskins. Washington had won both prior meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 116], "content_span": [117, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, NFC: Minnesota Vikings 27, Dallas Cowboys 10\nRunning back Robert Smith helped the Vikings beat the Cowboys by rushing for a team playoff record 140 yards while also catching three passes for 58 yards and a touchdown. The Vikings also got a big performance out of quarterback Jeff George, who threw for 212 yards and three touchdowns, and receiver Randy Moss, who caught five passes for 127 yards and a touchdown. Dallas quarterback Troy Aikman threw for 286 yards and an interception in the final postseason game of his Hall of Fame career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0021-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, NFC: Minnesota Vikings 27, Dallas Cowboys 10\nThis was also the final postseason game in the Hall of Fame career of running back Emmitt Smith, who rushed for 99 yards, caught a pass for 14 yards, and scored a touchdown. His 99 rushing yards gave him an NFL record postseason total 1,586 yards, surpassing the previous record of 1,556 yards held by Franco Harris. Cowboys receiver Raghib Ismail caught eight passes for 163 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, NFC: Minnesota Vikings 27, Dallas Cowboys 10\nEarly in the first quarter, Smith's 65-yard run set up an Eddie Murray field goal. It was the main highlight of the day for Smith, who gained only 30 yards on 14 carries for the rest of the game. Minnesota was forced to punt on their next drive, but returner Deion Sanders muffed the kick and Dwayne Rudd recovered the ball for the Vikings at the Cowboys 30-yard line. Four plays later, Gary Anderson kicked a 47-yard field goal to tie the game. Aikman led the Cowboys back, completing two passes to Ismail for gains of 45 and 25 yards before Smith finished the drive with a 10-yard touchdown run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0023-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, NFC: Minnesota Vikings 27, Dallas Cowboys 10\nIn the second quarter, Rudd stripped the ball from Cowboys running back Robert Thomas and safety Anthony Bass recovered the fumble at the Dallas 26-yard line. Faced with third down and 25 on the ensuing possession, George completed a short pass to Smith, who took it 26 yards for a touchdown to tie the game. Later in the quarter, George threw a 58-yard touchdown pass to Moss after a daring 14-yard run by Smith on third down and 12, giving the Vikings a 17\u201310 lead with 22 seconds left in the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0024-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, NFC: Minnesota Vikings 27, Dallas Cowboys 10\nEarly in the third quarter, Anderson kicked a 38-yard field goal to increase the Vikings lead to 20\u201310. In the fourth quarter, they drove 67 yards and scored with George's 5-yard touchdown pass to Cris Carter, while the Cowboys lost any chance of a comeback due to two more costly turnovers. First they drove inside the Vikings 20-yard line, but linebacker Ed McDaniel forced a fumble from receiver Jason Tucker right before he could cross the goal line and the ball rolled through the end zone for a touchback. Later on, Dallas drove all the way to the Minnesota 6-yard line, but safety Robert Griffith intercepted a pass intended for Tucker in the end zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0025-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, NFC: Minnesota Vikings 27, Dallas Cowboys 10\nThis was the sixth postseason meeting between the Cowboys and Vikings. Dallas had won four of the previous five meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0026-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nThe Seattle Seahawks played host to their first playoff game since the 1984 season. But they were dominated by the Dolphins defense, who held them to only 171 yards, with just 32 in the second half, and sacked quarterback Jon Kitna six times, three by Trace Armstrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0026-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nAlthough they would jump out to a 17\u201310 lead in the third quarter, the Dolphins would rally back behind quarterback Dan Marino, who threw for 196 yards and a touchdown, leading his team to their first playoff win on the road since 1972 in what ultimately proved to be the final game played at the Kingdome and the final win of Marino's career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0027-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nAt the end of the game's opening drive, Seattle punter Jeff Feagles' 35-yard punt pinned the Dolphins back at their own 4-yard line. Three plays later, Seahawks running back Charlie Rogers returned Tom Hutton's 58-yard punt 15 yards to the Miami 47. Kitna then completed a pair of passes to Mike Pritchard for gains of 12 and 17 yards as the team drove to a touchdown on his 9-yard completion to Sean Dawkins. Miami's only score of the first half was a 32-yard field goal from Olindo Mare set up by Brock Marion's 47-yard kickoff return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0028-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nIn the second quarter, Miami got the ball with good field position when Marion intercepted a pass from Kitna on the Dolphins 41, but this merely resulted in three incompletions and a punt. After a few more drives, a 15-yard facemask penalty against Dolphins defensive lineman Sam Madison turned Ricky Watters' 14-yard run into a 29-yard gain, setting up Todd Peterson's 50-yard field goal with less than a minute left in the half. The Seahawks finished the half leading 10\u20133, and had limited Miami to just 69 offensive yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0029-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nBut Miami took the second half kickoff and nearly doubled their yardage, driving 60 yards in 10 plays, including receptions by O. J. McDuffie for gains of 11 and 27 yards. Marino, who completed only five of eight passes for 28 yards in the first half, completed all six of his passes for 55 yards on the drive and finished it with a 1-yard touchdown pass to Oronde Gadsden. On the ensuing kickoff, Rogers fumbled the ball, then picked it up and returned it 85 yards for a touchdown, giving Seattle a 17\u201310 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0029-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nAfter a few punts, Miami drove 32 yards in six plays, aided by two runs by Autry Denson for 28 yards, to set up a 50-yard field goal from Mare, cutting the score to 17\u201313. After the field goal, the Dolphins recovered an onside kick, but could only advance to their 49-yard line before being forced to punt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0030-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nWith 9:09 remaining in the fourth quarter, Feagles' 50-yard punt gave the Dolphins the ball on their own 15-yard line. Marino then engineered an 11-play, 85-yard game-winning scoring possession. He completed four of seven passes for 84 yards on the drive, including a 23-yard completion to Tony Martin on third down and 17 from his own 8-yard line, a 20-yard pass to Martin from the Seahawks 49 to the Seahawks 29, and a 24-yard completion to Gadsden at the Seattle 5-yard line on third and 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0030-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nRookie running back J. J. Johnson's 2-yard touchdown run finished the drive with 4:46 left in the game, and the Seahawks could not score again. After being forced to punt, Seattle didn't get the ball back until 1:05 remained, when Hutton's 38-yard punt pinned them on their own 12-yard line. They would only be able to reach their 29 before time ran out. This is the last playoff game that the Seahawks played as an AFC member, as they would move to the NFC starting in the 2002 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0031-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nRogers finished the game with 4 kickoff returns for 159 yards and a touchdown, along with 3 punt returns for 24 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0032-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Wild Card playoffs, Sunday, January 9, 2000, AFC: Miami Dolphins 20, Seattle Seahawks 17\nThis was the third postseason meeting between the Dolphins and Seahawks. Both teams split the prior two meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 112], "content_span": [113, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0033-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 62, Miami Dolphins 7\nThe Jaguars shredded the Dolphins with 520 total offensive yards in what became Miami quarterback Dan Marino's last game in the NFL and the most lopsided postseason contest since the Chicago Bears defeated the Redskins 73\u20130 in the 1940 NFL Championship Game. Their defense forced seven turnovers and held the Dolphins to 131 total yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 119], "content_span": [120, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0034-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 62, Miami Dolphins 7\nJacksonville running back Fred Taylor rushed for 135 yards and a touchdown on 18 carries in the first half, while also catching a 39-yard touchdown reception. In the second half, his replacement, James Stewart, added 62 yards on 11 carries. Quarterback Mark Brunell, playing with braces on both knees, completed five of nine passes for 102 yards and two touchdowns before being replaced by Jay Fiedler in the second quarter after the Jaguars scored 38 points in the first 18 minutes. Fiedler completed seven of 11 passes for 172 yards, two touchdowns, and an interception. Receiver Jimmy Smith had the best postseason performance of his career, catching five passes for 136 yards and two touchdowns. Marino completed just 11 of 25 passes for 95 yards and a touchdown, with two interceptions and a fumble that was returned for a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 119], "content_span": [120, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0035-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 62, Miami Dolphins 7\nOn the opening drive of the game, Brunell led the Jaguars 73 yards in nine plays, featuring a 41-yard completion to Smith, and finished the drive with an 8-yard touchdown pass to Smith 4:28 into the game. After the ensuing kickoff, Jacksonville cornerback Aaron Beasley intercepted Marino's first pass of the game and returned it five yards to the Dolphins 41-yard line, setting a 45-yard field goal from Mike Hollis. Following a three-and-out for Miami, Tom Hutton's 57-yard punt pinned the Jaguars back at their own 9-yard line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 119], "content_span": [120, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0035-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 62, Miami Dolphins 7\nBut two plays later, Taylor took off down the right sideline for an NFL playoff record 90-yard touchdown run. Then on Miami's next possession, defensive end Tony Brackens forced a fumble from Marino and dove on the ball. With most players on both teams thinking he was down by contact, Brackens got up and started celebrating while the Dolphins offense walked off the field, but his teammate Bryce Paup realized that no one had touched Brackens and the play was still ongoing. He ran up to Brackens, shoved him in the back, and told him to start running, and Brackens ended up returning the ball 16 yards for a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 119], "content_span": [120, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0036-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 62, Miami Dolphins 7\nThe situation never got much better for the Dolphins. After another three and out, Jacksonville got the ball back at their own 47-yard line, and they scored another touchdown when Taylor caught a short pass on third down and 14 and took it 39 yards for a touchdown, giving the Jaguars a 31\u20130 lead just 12 seconds into the second quarter. Then on Miami's next possession, Jaguars rookie Corey Chamblin blocked Hutton's punt and Chris Howard recovered the ball on the Dolphins 21-yard line. Faced with third down and 14 again on their ensuing drive, the Jaguars decided not to pass and Stewart ended up scoring with a 25-yard touchdown run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 119], "content_span": [120, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0037-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 62, Miami Dolphins 7\nMiami continued to turn the ball over through the second quarter. Beasley recorded his second interception from Marino on the Dolphins next possession. Then after a punt, running back Autry Denson fumbled a pitch from Marino, and safety Donovin Darius recovered the ball at the Dolphins 7-yard line. This time, the Jaguars could not take advantage of the turnover. Two plays later, Dolphins defensive back Calvin Jackson intercepted a pass from Fiedler in the end zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 119], "content_span": [120, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0037-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 62, Miami Dolphins 7\nBut several plays after the interception, Jacksonville safety Carnell Lake forced and recovered a fumble from J. J. Johnson on the Dolphins 30-yard line, setting up a 30-yard field goal from Hollis with 1:47 left in the second quarter. Marino, who completed only three of 11 passes for 12 yards up to this point, finally managed to respond, completing seven of 12 passes for 79 yards on an 80-yard scoring drive and finishing it off with a 20-yard touchdown pass to Oronde Gadsden with less than 20 seconds left before halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 119], "content_span": [120, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0038-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 62, Miami Dolphins 7\nBut even so, it was clear by now the game was over, as the Jaguars held a commanding 41\u20137 lead. Marino was benched in the second half, and his replacement, Damon Huard, completed just five of 16 passes for 46 yards in the rest of the game. Meanwhile, Jacksonville continued to increase their lead. On the third play of the second half, Fiedler threw a 70-yard touchdown pass to Smith. Later on in the third quarter, he threw a 38-yard touchdown pass to Alvis Whitted. And in the final quarter, another fumble from Johnson set up the final points of the game, a 5-yard touchdown run by Howard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 119], "content_span": [120, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0039-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 62, Miami Dolphins 7\nThis was the first postseason meeting between the Dolphins and Jaguars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 119], "content_span": [120, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0040-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, NFC: Tampa Bay Buccaneers 14, Washington Redskins 13\nThe Buccaneers forced two key turnovers in the second half to rally from a 13\u20130 deficit, while their defense held Washington to just 157 yards, with only 32 in the second half. The win sent Tampa to its first NFC Championship Game in 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0041-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, NFC: Tampa Bay Buccaneers 14, Washington Redskins 13\nAfter a scoreless first quarter, a 35-yard punt from Mark Royals gave the Redskins great field position on the Tampa Bay 43-yard line. Brad Johnson started out the drive with a 19-yard completion to Albert Connell, and then a 12-yard run by Stephen Davis set up a 28-yard field goal from Brett Conway with 5:37 remaining in the second quarter. Then in the second half, Brian Mitchell returned the opening kickoff 100 yards for a touchdown, a playoff record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0041-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, NFC: Tampa Bay Buccaneers 14, Washington Redskins 13\nLater in the third quarter, Darrell Green intercepted a pass from Buccaneers quarterback Shaun King and returned it 12 yards to the Buccaneers 36-yard line, setting up Conway's second field goal to take a 13\u20130 lead. But after a Bucs punt, Tampa Bay safety John Lynch intercepted a pass from Johnson on the Tampa Bay 27-yard line. Aided by a 31-yard pass interference penalty on Leomont Evans, the Buccaneers subsequently drove 73 yards in six plays and scored on Mike Alstott's 2-yard touchdown run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0041-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, NFC: Tampa Bay Buccaneers 14, Washington Redskins 13\nThen in the fourth quarter, defensive tackle Steve White forced a fumble from Johnson while sacking him and Warren Sapp recovered the ball on the Redskins 32-yard line. King then went to work, completing a 17-yard pass to Bert Emanuel and a 13-yard pass to Warrick Dunn. On fourth down and 1, Alstott's 5-yard run moved the ball to the Washington 3-yard line, and King eventually finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown pass to John Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0042-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, NFC: Tampa Bay Buccaneers 14, Washington Redskins 13\nThe Redskins had a chance to win the game with a 51-yard field goal attempt in the final seconds of the game, but the snap from center Dan Turk to Johnson, the holder, was off and the Bucs won. (Contrary to popular belief, the snap was not to Matt Turk, the team's punter and Dan's brother.) It was Dan Turk's last game in the NFL, as he died later that year due to cancer. Meanwhile, King became the first rookie to lead his team to a playoff win since Pat Haden in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0043-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Saturday, January 15, 2000, NFC: Tampa Bay Buccaneers 14, Washington Redskins 13\nThis was the first postseason meeting between the Redskins and Buccaneers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0044-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nAs expected, this match between the two high powered offenses produced a lot of points (86), and yards (880, 405 by St. Louis, 475 by Minnesota). But after falling behind 17\u201314, St. Louis stormed to victory with 35 second half points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0045-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nMinnesota took the opening kickoff and drove 60 yards in 11 plays, setting up a Gary Anderson field goal. But after the ensuing kickoff, Rams quarterback Kurt Warner on their first play from scrimmage, threw a 77-yard touchdown pass to Isaac Bruce. A 13-yard sack by Rams safety Billy Jenkins on the Vikings ensuing drive forced a punt, and Warner once again went to work. He threw a 26-yard completion to Bruce and an 11-yarder to Torry Holt before finishing the drive with a 41-yard touchdown pass to running back Marshall Faulk. Another sack, this time by linebacker Charlie Clemons, forced Minnesota to punt again, and once again the Rams decided to go deep, but this time the Vikings were ready, and cornerback Jimmy Hitchcock intercepted Warner's pass at his own 4-yard line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0046-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nAfter the interception, Jeff George led the Vikings 96 yards in eight plays, completing passes to Randy Moss and Jake Reed for gains of 24 and 41 yards and finishing the drive with a 22-yard touchdown completion to Cris Carter, cutting the score to 14\u201310 5:07 into the second quarter. Later on, Rams defensive back Dexter McCleon intercepted a pass from George on the Vikings 41-yard line. But on the next play, Faulk fumbled a handoff and safety Robert Griffith recovered the ball on the 47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0046-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nAfter that, Minnesota took the lead by driving 53 yards and scoring on a 4-yard touchdown run from fullback Leroy Hoard with 2:40 left in the half. Aided by Bruce's 22-yard reception, the Rams responded with a drive to the Minnesota 37-yard line, but a 9-yard sack by defensive lineman John Randle pushed St. Louis out of field goal range and the score remained 17\u201314 by halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0047-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nThe momentum seemed to be in Minnesota's favor, but the Rams suddenly exploded with 35 points in the second half. First, St. Louis receiver Tony Horne returned the second half kickoff 95 yards for a touchdown. The Vikings were forced to punt on their next possession, and Az-Zahir Hakim returned the ball 15 yards with a facemask penalty adding another 5, giving the Rams a first down on Minnesota's 49-yard line. Faulk rushed three times for 14 yards and then Warner completed an 18-yard pass to Roland Williams at the Vikings 14-yard line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0047-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nAfter an 8-yard reception from Bruce, Faulk scored on a 1-yard touchdown run, increasing St. Louis' lead to 28\u201317. The Vikings had to punt again on their next drive, and Warner subsequently led the Rams 62 yards in 11 plays on the way to a 13-yard touchdown pass to tight end Jeff Robinson with 13 seconds left in the third quarter. After the ensuing kickoff, Rams tackle D'Marco Farr recovered a fumbled snap from George on the Vikings 23-yard line. Warner then completed passes to Holt and Hakim for eight and 10 yards, then ran four yards to the 1-yard line. Warner finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown pass to offensive lineman Ryan Tucker on a tackle-eligible play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0048-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nAfter another Vikings punt, Warner led the Rams 62 yards in eight plays and capped off the drive with a 2-yard touchdown pass to Williams, increasing St. Louis' lead to 49\u201317 with just over eight minutes left in regulation. George, who completed only two of eight passes for \u22129 yards in the second half until then, responded with three touchdown passes in the final five minutes of the game. His 42-yard completion to Moss on the ensuing drive set up his 4-yard touchdown pass to Reed. Then Carter recovered an onside kick, and the Vikings scored another touchdown on George's 44-yard pass to Moss. Following a Rams punt, Minnesota drove 85 yards in 16 plays to score on George's 2-yard touchdown toss to Moss, but by then only 35 seconds remained on the clock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0049-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nWarner finished his first career playoff game completing 27 of 33 passes for 391 yards, five touchdowns, and an interception. Bruce caught four passes for 133 yards and a touchdown. Hakim rushed for five yards, caught five passes for 49 yards, and returned three punts for 72 yards. Horne set a franchise postseason record with 174 kickoff return yards. Jenkins had 11 tackles and a sack. George completed 29 of 50 passes for 423 yards, four touchdowns, and an interception. Moss caught nine passes for 188 yards and two touchdowns. Carter caught seven passes for 106 yards and a score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0050-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nThis was the first NFL postseason game ever played in St. Louis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0051-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 49, Minnesota Vikings 37\nThis was the seventh postseason meeting between the Vikings and Rams. Minnesota previously won five of the prior six meetings while the Rams were in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 115], "content_span": [116, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0052-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 19, Indianapolis Colts 16\nAlthough the Indianapolis Colts, behind second year quarterback Peyton Manning, had posted some gaudy numbers en route to a sterling 13\u20133 regular season record, the upstart Tennessee Titans paid them little respect. Running back Eddie George rushed for a team playoff-record 162 yards, including a 68-yard touchdown, to help lead the Titans to victory. Manning endured a rough playoff debut as he completed only 19 of 42 passes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 118], "content_span": [119, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0053-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 19, Indianapolis Colts 16\nDespite George's impressive day, he actually struggled for most of the first half, gaining only 38 yards on nine carries while kickers Mike Vanderjagt and Al Del Greco spent the first two quarters trading field goals. Indianapolis scored first on their second drive with a 42-yard drive that ended with a 40-yard field goal by Vanderjagt. After a punt from each team, Tennessee drove 46 yards to tie the score on Del Greco's 49-yard field goal on the first play of the second quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 118], "content_span": [119, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0053-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 19, Indianapolis Colts 16\nFollowing two more punts, Indy put together the longest drive so far from either team, moving the ball 62 yards in seven plays, including Manning's 33-yard completion to receiver E. G. Green, to take a 6-3 lead on Vanderjagt's 40-yard field goal. Derrick Mason returned the ensuing kickoff 47 yards to the Titans' 47-yard line. Two plays later, a 29-yard scramble from quarterback Steve McNair set up Del Greco's 37-yard field goal kick. Manning then completed 5/6 passes for 57 yards and rushed for seven on a 66-yard drive that ended with the team taking a 9-6 lead with Vanderjagt's 34-yard field goal with six seconds left in the first half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 118], "content_span": [119, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0054-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 19, Indianapolis Colts 16\nTennessee's liability to get into the end zone came to an end on just the third play of the third quarter, when George took a handoff from McNair and stormed through the middle of the field for a 68-yard touchdown run. Then after several punts, the Titans put together a 13-play, 73-yard drive, featuring a 26-yard completion from McNair to receiver Chris Sanders. With 12:57 left in the fourth quarter, Del Greco finished the drive with his third field goal, increasing the Tennessee lead to 16\u20139.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 118], "content_span": [119, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0054-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 19, Indianapolis Colts 16\nLater in the quarter, the Colts had a great opportunity to come back when wide receiver Terrence Wilkins returned a punt 87 yards to the Titans 3-yard line, but it was overruled by a replay challenge from coach Jeff Fisher. Fisher had to burn a timeout to get his challenge heard over the roaring crowd in the RCA Dome, but it paid off, as the replay showed Wilkins had stepped out of bounds at his own 33-yard line during the return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 118], "content_span": [119, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0055-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 19, Indianapolis Colts 16\nThe lost opportunity was devastating. Indianapolis went three-and-out on their ensuing possession and Mason returned their punt 19 yards to the Colts 42-yard line, setting up Del Greco's fourth field goal to make the score 19\u20139. The Colts then turned the ball over on downs with their next drive, but managed to get it back with 3:11 left when defensive end Mark Thomas recovered a fumble from George on the Indianapolis 39. The Colts then drove 61 yards in nine plays to score on a 15-yard touchdown run by Manning, but by then there was only 1:50 left in the game and Titans receiver Yancey Thigpen sealed the victory by recovering Vanderjagt's onside kick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 118], "content_span": [119, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0056-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Divisional playoffs, Sunday, January 16, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 19, Indianapolis Colts 16\nThis was the first postseason meeting between the Titans and Colts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 118], "content_span": [119, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0057-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 33, Jacksonville Jaguars 14\nThe Jacksonville Jaguars had been one of the NFL's best teams in the 1999 season, pacing the AFC with a 14\u20132 record. However, both of those losses came at the hands of their opponents in the AFC Championship Game, the Tennessee Titans. The Titans would prove up to the task of beating their division rival once again as the Titans scored a resounding 33\u201314 victory. The Titans advanced to their first Super Bowl in team history by forcing six turnovers and a safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0058-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 33, Jacksonville Jaguars 14\nJacksonville took the opening kickoff and started out strong, gaining 51 yards on their first two plays. First, Mark Brunell completed an 18-yard pass to Jimmy Smith, and then Fred Taylor ran 33 yards to the Titans 13-yard line. Three plays later, Brunell threw a 7-yard touchdown pass to tight end Kyle Brady. But Tennessee struck right back. First, Derrick Mason returned the ensuing kickoff 44 yards to the Titans 49-yard line. Then quarterback Steve McNair completed three passes for 23 yards and rushed for 14 on a 51-yard drive that ended with his 9-yard touchdown pass to Yancey Thigpen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0059-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 33, Jacksonville Jaguars 14\nIn the second quarter, the Jaguars drove 72 yards to the Titans 5-yard line, only to have Brunell throw an interception to safety Marcus Robertson in the end zone. But after forcing a punt, they drove 65 yards in four plays and took a 14\u20137 lead with a 33-yard touchdown run from James Stewart. Tennessee was forced to punt again on their next drive, but Reggie Barlow muffed the kick and Steve Jackson recovered the ball for the Titans on the Jacksonville 19-yard line. After that, Al Del Greco kicked a 34-yard field goal, cutting the score to 14\u201310 with 20 seconds left in the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0060-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 33, Jacksonville Jaguars 14\nThe Titans defense dominated the second half, forcing four turnovers, while the offense took advantage of key penalties to take control of the game. On Tennessee's first drive of the second half, McNair completed a 15-yard pass to Eddie George at midfield, with a roughing the passer penalty on Tony Brackens adding another 15 yards. Two plays later, cornerback Fernando Bryant committed a 28-yard pass interference penalty while trying to cover Kevin Dyson, moving the ball to the Jaguars 6-yard line. After a 5-yard run by George, McNair scored on a 1-yard touchdown run, giving Tennessee their first lead of the game, 17\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0061-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 33, Jacksonville Jaguars 14\nOn Jacksonville's next drive, Brady lost a fumble while being tackled by Robinson, and lineman Jason Fisk recovered the ball at the Jaguars 35-yard line. McNair subsequently led his team to the 7-yard line, but then linebacker Kevin Hardy stripped the ball away from tight end Frank Wycheck and Lonnie Marts recovered the ball on the 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0062-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 33, Jacksonville Jaguars 14\nThen Tennessee's defense stepped up. First, linebacker Barron Wortham stuffed Taylor for no gain. Then Josh Evans and Fisk shared a sack on Brunell in the end zone for a safety. After that, Mason returned the free kick 80 yards for a touchdown, giving the Titans a 26\u201314 lead. Jacksonville reached the Titans 36-yard line on their next drive, but turned the ball over on downs with Brunell's incomplete pass on fourth down and 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0063-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 33, Jacksonville Jaguars 14\nIn the fourth quarter, Brunell lost a fumble while being sacked by Kenny Holmes and Jevon Kearse initially recovered it on the 15-yard line. However, he attempted to lateral the ball to Samari Rolle, who fumbled the pitch, and receiver Keenan McCardell recovered it. But a few plays later, Brunell turned the ball over again when he threw an interception to rookie safety Donald Mitchell at the Titans 39-yard line. On the ensuing drive, McNair ripped off a 51-yard run, then scored on a 1-yard touchdown run to put the game away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0064-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 33, Jacksonville Jaguars 14\nMcNair completed 14 of 23 passes for 112 yards, a touchdown, and an interception, and rushed for 91 yards and two touchdowns. Mason returned four kickoffs for 174 yards and two punts for 14 yards. Taylor rushed for 110 yards and caught two passes for 16 yards. This would be the Jags' last home playoff game until 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0065-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, AFC: Tennessee Titans 33, Jacksonville Jaguars 14\nThis was the first postseason meeting between the Titans and Jaguars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 125], "content_span": [126, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0066-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nIn a hard-fought defensive struggle in which both teams combined for only 512 yards and lost a total of five turnovers, Rams quarterback Kurt Warner's 30-yard touchdown pass to Ricky Proehl with 4:44 left in the game was just enough to edge out Tampa Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0067-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nOn the first scrimmage play of the game, Bucs defensive end Steve White intercepted a screen pass from Warner on the Rams 20-yard line, setting up a 25-yard field goal from Mart\u00edn Gram\u00e1tica. The Rams responded by driving 74 yards in 16 plays with Warner completing seven of 10 passes for 61 yards, including a 22-yard completion to tight end Roland Williams. But on third and goal from the Bucs 7-yard line a fumbled handoff exchange from Warner to Marshall Faulk on third down forced them to settle for a 24-yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0068-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nThe second quarter would be full of missed opportunities and poor play from both teams. On the first play, a high snap from Bucs center Tony Mayberry went over quarterback Shaun King's head and into the end zone. King managed to knock the ball out of the end zone to prevent a touchdown, but it gave the Rams a safety and a 5\u20133 lead. Az-Zahir Hakim returned the free kick 15-yards to the Rams 40-yard line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0068-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nHakim also caught a 14-yard pass and ran for six as the team drove to the Bucs 26, but the drive halted there and Wilkins missed a 44-yard field goal attempt. Following a punt from each team, Tampa Bay also got good field position from a 14-yard punt return from Karl Williams that gave them a first down on the Rams 45. Although they would drive to the St. Louis 26, they would ultimately fare no better than the Rams did. On third down, King lost a fumble while being sacked by Charlie Clemons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0068-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nKing recovered the ball, but the 13-yard loss pushed the team out of field goal range. The next time Tampa Bay had the ball, King threw a pass from the Rams 41 that went right into the arms of St. Louis defensive back Todd Lyght. A few plays later, the half ended with the score still 5-3, despite the Rams' 159\u201375 advantage over the Buccaneers in total yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0069-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nJust as in the first half, Tampa Bay scored a field goal on their opening drive on the third quarter, set up by a 32-yard reception by Jacquez Green and a 15-yard facemask penalty on Taje Allen. Meanwhile, Warner was intercepted twice by the Buccaneers defense, including a costly interception to Hardy Nickerson on the Tampa Bay 3-yard line. But late in the fourth quarter, Rams defensive back Dr\u00e9 Bly intercepted a pass from King at the Buccaneers 49-yard line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0069-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nSeveral plays later, Warner threw a 30-yard touchdown pass to Proehl with 4:44 left, taking an 11\u20136 lead after the two-point conversion failed. King responded by leading the Bucs deep into St. Louis territory. With 1:25 left, his 22-yard completion to Williams gave the team a first down on the Rams 22-yard line. But on the next play, he was sacked by Grant Wistrom for a 13-yard loss. After that, his potential 11-yard completion to Bert Emanuel was controversially overturned by a replay challenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0069-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\n(The play led the NFL to adopt the \"Bert Emanuel rule\" after the season, which still allows for a catch to be ruled if a receiver maintains possession and control of the ball even if the ball touches the ground.) Then King threw two consecutive incompletions, turning the ball over on downs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0070-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nProehl was the sole offensive star of the game, finishing with six catches for 100 yards and a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0071-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nEn route to attending the game, Kansas City Chiefs star player and future Hall of Famer Derrick Thomas was involved in a car accident in Kansas City that led to his death two weeks later from the injuries he sustained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0072-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Conference Championships, Sunday, January 23, 2000, NFC: St. Louis Rams 11, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6\nThis was the second postseason meeting between the Buccaneers and Rams. The Rams won the only prior meeting while in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 122], "content_span": [123, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157759-0073-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NFL playoffs, Super Bowl XXXIV: St. Louis Rams 23, Tennessee Titans 16\nThis was the first Super Bowl meeting between the Rams and Titans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NHL season was the 83rd regular season of the National Hockey League. With the addition of the expansion Atlanta Thrashers, 28 teams each played 82 games. This was the first season played in which teams were awarded a point for an overtime loss. The New Jersey Devils defeated the defending champion Dallas Stars for their second Stanley Cup championship. During the regular season, no player reached the 100-point plateau, the first time this had happened in a non-lockout season since the 1967\u201368 season. Also, in the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, the New Jersey Devils overcame a three games to one deficit against the Philadelphia Flyers to win the Eastern Conference Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, League business\nThroughout the regular season and playoffs, teams wore a patch celebrating the turn of the millennium (see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, League business\nBeginning this season, teams would earn one point for an overtime loss in the regular season instead of zero. It was hoped that this change would stop teams from playing very defensively during the overtime to guarantee the single point from a tie. The number of ties had been going up for some years and the NHL was hoping to counter this trend and did so quite successfully with this rule change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, League business\nThis season was also the start of the NHL's partnership with ABC, who would televise a few regional games every season, as well as games three through seven of the Stanley Cup Finals. ESPN, who with the ABC deal renewed their contract with the NHL, continued to show regular season and playoff games as well as the first two games of the Stanley Cup Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, League business\nWayne Gretzky's jersey number, 99, was retired league-wide on February 6, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, League business\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the inaugural year for the Atlanta Thrashers. They would join the Southeast Division, marking the return of the NHL to Atlanta since the Atlanta Flames moved to Calgary in 1980. It was also the first year for the Carolina Hurricanes' home rink, the Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena, the Los Angeles Kings played their first season at the Staples Center after 32 seasons at the Great Western Forum, and the Colorado Avalanche played their first season at the Pepsi Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, League business\nA new award, the Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award, was introduced this season for the goaltender with the best save percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, League business, Overtime rule changes\nThe standings will record three points for games decided in overtime: 2 to the winning team, and 1 to the loser. In addition, overtimes will be played with four skaters per side, instead of five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Uniform Changes and Patches\nLeague wide: an NHL 2000 patch was worn this season for the New Millennium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Uniform Changes and Patches\nAnaheim: Jade Alternates Retired. Eggplant pants with Jade Stripes are restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Uniform Changes and Patches\nAtlanta: White jerseys have the team logo, while the road darks have the alternate mark. The team wore inaugural season patches for their first season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Uniform Changes and Patches\nCarolina: Shade of red is darkened. In addition to the NHL 2000 Patch, the Hurricanes wore two other patches this season, one celebrated the opening of the Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena, and the other was in Memory of Steve Chiasson, who died in a single-vehicle, alcohol-involved crash after the Hurricanes were eliminated in the 1999 Stanley Cup Playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Uniform Changes and Patches\nDallas: The alternates from 1998\u20131999 become the basis of the team's new home Uniform. the actual 1998\u20131999 Alternates become the new road uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Uniform Changes and Patches\nOttawa: The Alternates from the 1998\u20131999 become the new Road Uniforms", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Uniform Changes and Patches\nToronto: All-star game patch worn for 2000 NHL All-Star Game. The Alternates worn during the 1998\u20131999 season for the last year at Maple Leaf Gardens go on a one year hiatus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Regular season, Final standings, Eastern Conference\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Regular season, Final standings, Eastern Conference\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Regular season, Final standings, Western Conference\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Regular season, Final standings, Western Conference\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Playoffs\nTwo upsets occurred in the first round as seventh-place Pittsburgh defeated the second-place Washington Capitals in five games and eighth-place San Jose defeated the first-place St. Louis Blues in seven games. Both Pittsburgh and San Jose lost in the second round to end their seasons. In the East, fourth-place New Jersey Devils defeated fifth-place Florida Panthers, third-place Toronto Maple Leafs and first-place Philadelphia Flyers to advance to the final. In the West, the second-place Dallas Stars defeated the seventh-place Edmonton Oilers, eighth-place San Jose Sharks, and the third-place Colorado Avalanche to advance to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Playoffs, Final\nThe New Jersey Devils defeated the Dallas Stars four games to two to win the Stanley Cup. Scott Stevens of New Jersey was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the playoffs' most valuable player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Player statistics, Scoring leaders\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Player statistics, Leading goaltenders\nNote: GP = Games played; Min \u2013 Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0023-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Milestones, Debuts\nThe following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1999\u20132000 (listed with their first team, an asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157760-0024-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NHL season, Milestones, Last games\nThe following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1999\u20132000 (listed with their last team):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157761-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NOFV-Oberliga\nThe 1999\u20132000 season of the NOFV-Oberliga was the sixth season of the league at tier four (IV) of the German football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157761-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NOFV-Oberliga\nThe NOFV-Oberliga was split into two divisions, NOFV-Oberliga Nord and NOFV-Oberliga S\u00fcd. FC Sch\u00f6nberg 95 from the northern division entered into a play-off with southern champions FSV Hoyerswerda for the right to play FC Rot-Wei\u00df Erfurt for a place in the following season's Regionalliga. FC Sch\u00f6nberg 95 won the first round of matches, but lost 4\u20132 on aggregate to FC Rot-Wei\u00df Erfurt, and would have to play for a further season in the NOFV-Oberliga. As a result, no team was promoted, and due to Regionalliga restructuring, a total of 13 teams were relegated to the lower leagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157762-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NTFL season\nThe 1999/00 NTFL season was the 79th season of the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157762-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NTFL season\nWaratah have won there 15th premiership title while defeating the Palmerston Magpies in the grand final by 40 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157763-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NWHL season, 1999-2000, Final standings\nNote: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, Pts = Points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157763-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NWHL season, Playoffs, NWHL Finals\nIn the first game, the Sainte-Julie Pantheres came back and tied the game 2-2. In the deciding game, Beatrice Aeros player Cherie Piper scored in the first period. That would prove to be the game-winning goal as Beatrice claimed the championship by a 1\u20130 score. Lauren Goldstein earned the shutout for the Aeros. Goaltender Marie-Claude Roy of the Sainte-Julie Pantheres was selected MVP for the Finals. She stopped 80 of 83 shots in the two game series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157763-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NWHL season, Team by team, Laval Le Mistral\nIn 1999\u20132000, Laval Le Mistral's Annie Desrosiers was second in the league in goals with 29. Her 45 points ranked eleventh in the league. She was an assistant captain despite being a 20-year-old. For the 2000\u201301 season, the team captain was 21-year-old Anik Bouchard. Two members of the Japanese National Team competed for Le Mistral. Masako Sato was second in team scoring in 1999\u20132000, and her sister Rie played only one season (1999\u20132000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157763-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NWHL season, Team by team, Laval Le Mistral\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Le Mistral allowed an average of five goals per game, second last in the NWHL. Goaltender Marieve Dyotte was 5-10-1 with a 6.44 goals against average, while Vania Goeury was 2-14-3 with 4.08 GAA. During the season, Laval received 605 penalty minutes. The result was allowing 44 goals in 35 games. Anik Bouchard had 91\u00a0minutes, Chartrand (88\u00a0minutes) and Valerie Levesque had 60\u00a0minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157763-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NWHL season, Team by team, Sainte-Julie Pantheres\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Sainte-Julie Pantheres finished ahead of the Montreal Wingstar in first place by one point. The club defeated Laval and Montreal in the playoffs, and faced the Beatrice Aeros in the finals in Brampton, Ont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157763-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NWHL season, Team by team, Sainte-Julie Pantheres\nIn the net, Marie-Claude Roy compiled an 11-6-4 record and a 2.02 Goals against average. The other goalie, Isabelle Leclaire, posted a 9-2-2 record and a 1.95 GAA. National team member Nancy Drolet scored 29 goals and added 17 assists. Mai-Lan Le scored 31 points in 31 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157763-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 NWHL season, International\nThe NWHL had 18 players represent their respective countries at the 2000 Women's World Hockey Championships in Mississauga, Ontario. Rob Insley, of the Beatrice Aeros, will be equipment manager for Team Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157764-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nashville Predators season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Nashville Predators season was the Nashville Predators' second season in the National Hockey League (NHL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157764-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nashville Predators season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157764-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nashville Predators season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157764-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nashville Predators season, Regular season, Final standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157764-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nashville Predators season, Playoffs\nThe Predators failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second year in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157764-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nashville Predators season, Player stats, Regular season\nMIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T/OT = Ties/overtime losses; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots against; SV = Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157764-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nashville Predators season, Draft picks\nNashville's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157765-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (India)\nThe 1999\u20132000 National Football League, also known as the Coca-Cola National Football League for sponsorship reasons, was the fourth season of National Football League, the top Indian league for association football clubs, since its inception in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157765-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (India), Overview\nIt was contested by 12 teams, and Mohun Bagan won the championship under the coach Subrata Bhattacharya. This is their second National Football League title. Churchill Brothers came second and Salgaonkar came third. For the first time, the tournament was played without any group stage (as that was followed in previous seasons) and in \"Home and Away\" system. Dempo and BSF (Border Security Force) were relegated from the National Football League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157766-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (Ireland)\nThe 1999-2000 National Football League, known for sponsorship reasons as the Church & General National Football League, was the 69th staging of the National Football League (NFL), an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland. Derry beat Meath in the final after a replay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157766-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (Ireland), Format, League structure\nThe top 16 teams were drawn into Divisions 1A and 1B. The other 16 teams were drawn into Divisions 2A and 2B. Each team played all the other teams in its section once: either home or away. Teams earned 2 points for a win and 1 for a draw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157766-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (Ireland), Format, Finals, promotions and relegations\nThe top two teams in Divisions 2A and 2B progressed to the Division 2 semi-finals and were promoted to Division 1. The bottom two teams in Divisions 1A and 1B were relegated. The top two teams in Divisions 1A and 1B progressed to the NFL semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 88], "content_span": [89, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157766-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (Ireland), Format, Tie-breaker\nIf two or more teams are level on points, scoring average was used to rank the teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 65], "content_span": [66, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157766-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (Ireland), Division 1, Division 1A Table\nCompete in Division 1 semi-finals\u00a0\u00a0Automatic relegation to Division 2A", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157766-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (Ireland), Division 1, Division 1B Table\nCompete in Division 1 semi-finals\u00a0\u00a0Automatic relegation to Division 2B", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157766-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (Ireland), Division 2, Division 2A Table\nCompete in Division 2 semi-finals and automatic promotion to Division 1A", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157766-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Football League (Ireland), Division 2, Division 2B Table\nCompete in Division 2 semi-finals and automatic promotion to Division 1B", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157767-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 1\nThe 1999\u20132000 National League 1, sponsored by Jewson, was the thirteenth full season of rugby union within the third tier of the English league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157767-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 1, Structure\nThe league consisted of fourteen teams, playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of twenty-six matches for each team. There were two promotion places with the top two teams promoted to the newly named 2000\u201301 National Division One (previously known as the Allied Dunbar Premiership Two). Two teams were relegated to either National League 2 North or South, depending on geographical location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157767-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 1, Participating clubs\nTen of the clubs participating in last seasons competition. To make up the numbers two of the teams (Birmingham & Solihull and Manchester) were promoted from National 2 North, and two from National 2 South (Camberley and Henley) were also promoted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157767-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 1, Sponsorship\nNational League 1 is sponsored by the building suppliers, Jewson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157768-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 North\nThe 1999\u201300 National League 2 North was the thirteenth full season of rugby union within the fourth tier (north) of the English league system, and the last until 2009-10 to use the name National League 2 North. It is counterpart to National League 2 South, which covers the southern half of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157768-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 North\nKendal finished the season as champions, 5 points clear of second placed Stourbridge, to gain the only promotion spot to the 2000\u201301 National Division 2 (former National League 1). It was the second year in a row that Stourbridge had to be content with the runners up spot. At the other end of the table, Sheffield were the only side to be relegated, only winning 3 games and finishing 5 points adrift of safety. Sheffield would drop to Midlands 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157768-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 North\nThe reason National League 2 North only had one relegation place compared to National League 2 South (who had two) was that both of the two teams relegated from the division above were based in the south of the country, requiring more places to accommodate for their arrival the following season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157768-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 North, Structure\nEach team played home and away matches against each of the other teams, playing a total of twenty-six matches each. The league champions were promoted to National Division 2 while the bottom side dropped to either North 1 or Midlands depending on locality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157768-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 North, League table\nGreen background are promotion places. Pink background are relegation places. Updated: 22 January 2018", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157768-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 North, Sponsorship\nNational League 2 North is part of the Jewson National Leagues and is sponsored by Jewson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157769-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 South\nThe 1999\u201300 National League 2 South (sponsored by Jewson) was the thirteenth full season of rugby union within the fourth tier (south) of the English league system, and the last until 2009\u201310 to use the name National League 2 South. It is counterpart to National League 2 North, which covers the northern half of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157769-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 South\nAt the end of the season, Esher were crowned as champions gaining promotion to the 2000\u201301 National Division 2 (former National League 1), 5 points clear of second place Penzance & Newlyn. At the other end of the table, the first side to go down were Metropolitan Police who had a truly awful campaign with 26 losses from 26 games despite having finished 5th the previous season. They were followed by Norwich and Bridgwater & Albion who were much more competitive but still somewhat short of 12th placed Weston-super-Mare, who finished four points clear. Metropolitan Police and Norwich would drop to London 1 while Bridgwater Albion would fall to South West 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157769-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 South\nThe reason National League 2 South had three relegation places compared to National League 2 North (who had one) was that both of the two teams relegated from the division above were based in the south of the country, requiring more places to accommodate for their arrival the following season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157769-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 South, Structure\nEach team played home and away matches against each of the other teams, playing a total of twenty-six matches each. The league champions were promoted to National Division 2 while the bottom three sides dropped to either London 1 or South West 1 depending on locality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157769-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 South, League table\nGreen background are promotion places. Pink background are relegation places. Updated: 22 December 2017", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157769-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National League 2 South, Sponsorship\nNational League 2 South is part of the Jewson National Leagues is sponsored by Jewson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157770-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Professional Soccer League season, League standings, Scoring leaders\nGP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157771-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Soccer League\nThe 1999\u20132000 National Soccer League season, was the 24th season of the National Soccer League in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157771-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 National Soccer League, Overview\nIt was performed by 16 teams. Wollongong Wolves won the championship. Auckland Kingz and Parramatta Power entered the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157772-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nationalliga A\nStatistics of National League A in the 1999\u20132000 football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157772-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nationalliga A, Nationalliga A\nThe Qualification Round to the League season 2001\u201302 was contested by twelve teams. The first eight teams of the First Stage (or Qualification) were then to compete in the Championship Playoff Round. The teams in ninth to twelfth position completed with the top four teams of the Nationalliga B in a Nationalliga A/B Playoff round. At the end of the season  FC St. Gallen won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157772-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nationalliga A, Nationalliga A, Champion Playoffs\nThe first eight teams of the regular season (or Qualification) competed in the Championship Playoff Round. They took half of the points (rounded up to complete units) gained in the Qualification as Bonus with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157772-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nationalliga A, Nationalliga A/B Playoffs\nThe teams in ninth to twelfth position in the Nationalliga A completed with the top four teams of the Nationalliga B in a Nationalliga A/B Playoff round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157773-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nationalliga A season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Nationalliga A season was the 62nd season of the Nationalliga A, the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland. 10 teams participated in the league, and the ZSC Lions won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157774-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I\nThe 1999\u20132000 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I, also known as NB I, was the 98th season of top-tier football in Hungary. The league was officially named Professzion\u00e1lis Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g (PNB) for sponsorship reasons. The season started on 7 August 1999 and ended on 27 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157774-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I, Overview\nIt was contested by 18 teams, and Dunaferr FC won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157775-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I (women's handball)\nThe 1999\u20132000 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I is the 49th season of the Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I, Hungary's premier Handball league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157775-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I (women's handball), Team information\nThe following 12 clubs compete in the NB I during the 1999\u20132000 season:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157775-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I (women's handball), Regular season (Alapszakasz)\nPld - Played; W - Won; D - Drawn; L - Lost; GF - Goals for; GA - Goals against; Diff - Difference; Pts - Points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157775-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I (women's handball), Regular season (Alapszakasz)\n1 Dunaferr SE entered 2000-01 Cup Winners' Cup as winners of 1999\u20132000 Magyar Kupa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157775-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I (women's handball), Regular season (Alapszakasz)\nM\u00f3nika B\u00e1rdos, Nikolett Brigov\u00e1cz, Julianna Cioculeas, Rita Deli, Erika Kirsner, Beatrix K\u00f6k\u00e9ny, Veronika Kov\u00e1cs, D\u00f3ra L\u0151wy, Ildik\u00f3 P\u00e1d\u00e1r, Zs\u00f3fia P\u00e1szor, Eszter Siti, T\u00edmea Sug\u00e1r, Enik\u0151 T\u00f3th and Alexandra Wolf.Head Coach: Andr\u00e1s N\u00e9meth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season\nThe 1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season was the franchise's 18th season in the National Hockey League since the franchise relocated to New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season\nAfter firing head coach Robbie Ftorek on March 23, the team won their second Stanley Cup championship on June 10, 2000 in a double-overtime victory in Game 6 of the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals against the Dallas Stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Off-season\nThe summer of 1999 for the New Jersey Devils leading up to the franchise's 18th season in the NHL since the franchise relocated from Colorado was a difficult one, especially after being eliminated in the Eastern Conference Semi-finals to the New York Rangers in five games in 1997, and in the Eastern Conference Quarter-finals the previous two years: to the Ottawa Senators in six games in 1998 and to the Pittsburgh Penguins in seven games in 1999, the latter coming on Continental Airlines Arena ice. But with the addition of Claude Lemieux, the 1995 Conn Smythe Trophy winner returning to the Devils' uniform, the franchise were poised for another run for the Stanley Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Preseason\nLegend:\u00a0\u00a0Win (2 points)\u00a0\u00a0Loss (0 points)\u00a0\u00a0Tie (1 point)\u00a0\u00a0OTLoss (1 point)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Regular season\nThe Devils finished the regular season with the fewest power-play opportunities (274), but they finished 2nd overall in power-play percentage, with 20.07% (55 for 274).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Regular season, Season standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL=Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM=Penalties in Minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Regular season, Season standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Regular season, Season standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Playoffs, Stanley Cup Finals\nNew Jersey advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals with home ice advantage as the fourth seed, becoming the lowest seeded team to have home ice advantage in the Stanley Cup finals. This record was later broken by the Devils again in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Media\nTelevision coverage was on Fox Sports Net with Mike Emrick and Chico Resch and radio coverage was on WABC 770 with Mike Milbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Player statistics, Playoffs\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0MIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T/OT = Ties/overtime losses; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots against; SV = Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, 50th NHL All-Star Game\nNew Jersey Devils NHL All-Star representatives at the 50th NHL All-Star Game in Toronto, Ontario, at the Air Canada Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157776-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Devils season, Draft picks\nThe Devils' draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft at the FleetCenter in Boston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157777-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Nets season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Nets' 33rd season in the National Basketball Association, and 24th season in East Rutherford, New Jersey. During the offseason, the Nets re-acquired Johnny Newman from the Los Angeles Clippers, and re-signed free agent Sherman Douglas. Without Jayson Williams, who missed the entire season with a leg injury, the Nets struggled losing 15 of their first 17 games, but would eventually get hot winning 13 of their next 18 games, and find themselves near the playoff picture with a 31\u201340 record as of March 30. However, a rash of late season injures cost the team to lose their final eleven games, finishing sixth in the Atlantic Division with a 31\u201351 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157777-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Nets season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, several Nets reached different milestones. Stephon Marbury dished out his 2,000th assist and Kendall Gill scored his 10,000th career point. Marbury led the team with 22.2 points and 8.4 assists per game, and was named to the All-NBA Third Team. Gill led the team with 139 total steals, ranking him ninth in the league. Keith Van Horn finished second on the team in scoring with 19.2 points per game. Following the season, head coach Don Casey was fired, Scott Burrell and Gheorghe Mure\u0219an were both released to free agency, and Williams retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157777-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Jersey Nets season, Regular season\nThe Nets started the season at 2-15, a franchise record low. Despite the poor start, the Nets rallied back to compete for a playoff spot. The Nets were still alive in the playoff race at the beginning of April with three weeks left in the season. After the first week of April, the team was without their leading scorer, Stephon Marbury, who struggled with knee injuries. Other injuries included rookie Evan Eschmeyer (ankle), and starting shooting guard Kerry Kittles (knee). The Nets were officially eliminated from playoff contention on April 7 after a 103-85 loss to the Miami Heat. The team finished the season by losing their final 11 games of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157778-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season\nThe 1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season was the 28th season in the franchise's history. In this season, the Islanders slipped to last place in the Atlantic Division, and 13 overall in the Eastern Conference, to miss the Stanley Cup playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157778-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season, Off-season\nCaptain Trevor Linden was traded to the Montreal Canadiens; defenseman Kenny Jonsson was named his replacement as captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157778-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season, Regular season\nThe Islanders had the most power-play opportunities against during the regular season, with 420, and allowed the most power-play goals, with 84.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157778-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season, Regular season\nOn March 2, 2000, the Islanders scored three short-handed goals in a 5\u20135 tie with the Ottawa Senators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157778-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL=Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM=Penalties in Minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157778-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157778-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157778-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season, Playoffs\nThe Islanders missed the playoffs for the sixth consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157778-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Islanders season, Draft picks\nNew York's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157779-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Knicks season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the 53rd season of the team in the National Basketball Association. The Knicks entered the season as runner-ups of the 1999 NBA Finals, where despite losing to the San Antonio Spurs in five games, they became the first eighth seeded team to reach the NBA Finals. During the offseason, the Knicks re-signed free agent John Wallace. After advancing to the NBA Finals as the #8 seed last year, the Knicks won their first three games, but lost seven of their next ten games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157779-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Knicks season\nHowever, they won 11 of their next 13 games, and finished second in the Atlantic Division with a 50\u201332 record, good enough for their first 50-win season since 1997. Allan Houston led the team in scoring averaging 19.7 points per game, while Latrell Sprewell, who became starting small forward after playing off the bench the previous season, provided the team with 18.6 points per game, and Patrick Ewing would not be far behind with 15.0 points, 9.7 rebounds and 1.4 blocks per game. Houston and head coach Jeff Van Gundy both represented the Eastern Conference during the 2000 NBA All-Star Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157779-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Knicks season\nIn the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Knicks swept the Toronto Raptors in three straight games. In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, they faced the Miami Heat for the fourth consecutive year. They would defeat the 2nd-seeded Heat in a tough, hard-fought seven-game series, but would lose in six games to the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals, ending their hopes of making the Finals for a second straight year. As of 2021, this marks the last time the Knicks had made the Eastern Conference Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157779-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Knicks season\nThis season marked an end of an era as Ewing was traded to the Seattle SuperSonics following the season, after fifteen seasons in New York. Also following the season, Chris Dudley was traded to the Phoenix Suns, and Wallace was traded to the Dallas Mavericks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157779-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Knicks season, Player stats\nNOTE: Please write players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157780-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Rangers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 New York Rangers season was the 74th season for the team in the National Hockey League (NHL). In the regular season, the Rangers finished in fourth place in the Atlantic Division with a 29\u201338\u201312\u20133 record. New York failed to qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the third straight season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157780-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Rangers season\nFor the second time in three seasons, the Rangers fired their head coach during the regular season. John Muckler, who took the position after Colin Campbell's firing in 1997\u201398, was himself fired with four games left in the season. General manager Neil Smith was also fired, bringing an end to his tenure which had seen the Rangers win the Stanley Cup but also fall on hard times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157780-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Rangers season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL=Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM=Penalties in Minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157780-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Rangers season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157780-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Rangers season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157780-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Rangers season, Playoffs\nThe Rangers failed to qualify for the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, missing the playoffs for the third consecutive season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157780-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Rangers season, Player statistics\n\u2020Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Rangers. Stats reflect time with Rangers only. \u2021Traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with Rangers only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157780-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New York Rangers season, Draft picks\nNew York's picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft in Boston, Massachusetts, at the FleetCenter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157781-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 New Zealand Figure Skating Championships\nThe 1999\u20132000 New Zealand Figure Skating Championships was held at the Queenstown Fun Centre in Queenstown from 14 through 16 September 1999. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles and ladies' singles across many levels, including senior, junior, novice, adult, and the pre-novice disciplines of juvenile, pre-primary, primary, and intermediate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season\nThis article covers the squad and match results for Newcastle United's 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season\nDuring the season, English football club Newcastle United competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons), finishing in 11th place. The season is notable for the resignation of Ruud Gullit early in the season, with Bobby Robson replacing him as manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season, Season summary\nFour defeats from Newcastle's first five Premiership fixtures prompted the resignation of manager Ruud Gullit after one year in charge. He had fallen out with Alan Shearer and dropped the striker, who was absent in an embarrassing 2\u20131 loss to arch-rivals Sunderland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season, Season summary\nVeteran ex-England manager and self-confessed Geordie, Bobby Robson was brought in to replace Gullit - making Robson, at 66, the oldest manager in the league. His first home game in charge was particularly memorable and impressive: an 8\u20130 victory over Sheffield Wednesday, which remains the club's record Premier League home win. Striker Alan Shearer scored five of the goals in that game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season, Season summary\nRobson ensured Newcastle's survival in the Premiership. This was achieved with stylish attacking football and with Lee and Shearer back onside. Robson consolidated a fading Newcastle side, and they finished a secure 11th in the final table. More impressively, they were the division's third-highest scoring team with 63 goals from 38 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season, Players, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season, Players, Trialists\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157782-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Newcastle United F.C. season, Statistics, Appearances, goals and cards\n(A player sent off for 2 bookable offenses has been counted as 2 yellows and 1 red in the above table)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157783-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team represented the University of North Carolina from Chapel Hill, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157783-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team\nLed by head coach Bill Guthridge, the Tar Heels reached the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament. It marked the 15th Final Four appearance in program history, and the second in three years for Coach Guthridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157784-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 North West Counties Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 North West Counties Football League season was the 18th in the history of the North West Counties Football League, a football competition in England. Teams were divided into two divisions; Division One and Division Two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157785-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Arizona Lumberjacks men's basketball team\nThe 1999-2000 Northern Arizona Lumberjacks men's basketball team represented Northern Arizona University in the 1999-2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Lumberjacks were led by head coach Mike Adras, and played their home games at the Walkup Skydome as members of the Big Sky Conference. After finishing third during the conference regular season, Northern Arizona won the Big Sky Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As No. 15 seed in the West region, the Lumberjacks lost to No. 2 seed St. John's in the opening round, 61\u201356.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157786-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Counties East Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Northern Counties East Football League season was the 18th in the history of Northern Counties East Football League, a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157786-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Counties East Football League, Premier Division\nThe Premier Division featured 17 clubs which competed in the previous season, along with three new clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157786-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Counties East Football League, Division One\nDivision One featured 11 clubs which competed in the previous season, along with five new clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157787-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Northern Football League season was the 102nd in the history of Northern Football League, a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157787-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Football League, Division One\nDivision One featured 17 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs, promoted from Division Two:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157787-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Football League, Division Two\nDivision Two featured 16 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs, relegated from Division One:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157787-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Football League, Division Two\nAlso, Ryhope CA changed name to Kennek Ryhope CA, while Washington changed name to Washington Ikeda Hoover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157788-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Premier League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Northern Premier League season was the 32nd in the history of the Northern Premier League, a football competition in England. Teams were divided into two divisions; the Premier and the First.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157788-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Premier League, Promotion and relegation\nIn the thirty-second season of the Northern Premier League Leigh RMI (as champions) were automatically promoted to the Football Conference. Guiseley and Winsford United were relegated to the First Division; these two clubs were replaced by relegated Conference side Altrincham, First Division winners Accrington Stanley and second placed Burscough. In the First Division Flixton and Whitley Bay left the League at the end of the season and were replaced by newly admitted North Ferriby United and Vauxhall Motors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157788-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Premier League, Cup Results\nPresident's Cup: 'Plate' competition for losing teams in the NPL Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157788-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Premier League, Cup Results\nChairman's Cup: 'Plate' competition for losing teams in the NPL Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157788-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Northern Premier League, Cup Results\nPeter Swales Shield: Between Champions of NPL Premier Division and Winners of the NPL Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157789-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Norwich City F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Norwich City F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157789-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Norwich City F.C. season, Season summary\nManager Bruce Rioch resigned in March after failing to take Norwich anywhere near a place high enough to qualify for promotion to the Premier League. He was replaced by former Northern Ireland manager (and player for Norwich's arch-rivals Ipswich Town) Bryan Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157789-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Norwich City F.C. season, Season summary\nAt the end of the season, top-scorer Iwan Roberts was named the club's player of the year. It was the second consecutive season the Welsh striker had won the award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157789-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Norwich City F.C. season, Kit\nNorwich signed a two-year kit manufacturing deal with Alexandra plc. Norfolk-based mustard maker Colman's remained the kit sponsors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 39], "content_span": [40, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157789-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Norwich City F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157789-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Norwich City F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157790-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They finished the regular season with a record of 22\u201315, 8-8. The team's sole loss was by a 61\u201375 score against Wake Forest in the NIT Tournament. The team was coached by Matt Doherty in his first year at the school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157790-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball team\nForward Troy Murphy was the team's captain and leading scorer, averaging 22.7 points per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157791-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nottingham Forest F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Nottingham Forest competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157791-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nottingham Forest F.C. season, Season summary\nUnder the management of David Platt, Forest were expected to make a push for an immediate return to the Premier League, but it all went wrong for Forest and they never looked anywhere near attempting a promotion challenge. In fact, they finished the season closer to a second successive relegation than the play-off places, let alone the automatic promotion places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157791-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nottingham Forest F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157791-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nottingham Forest F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157791-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Nottingham Forest F.C. season, First-team squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157792-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Notts County F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Notts County F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157792-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Notts County F.C. season, Season summary\nDespite the departure of manager Sam Allardyce to his old club, Bolton Wanderers, in October, Notts County enjoyed a strong season in the Second Division to finish 8th, although they finished some distance from the higher-placed promotion contenders, finishing 15 points behind the team that finished just above them, Bristol Rovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157792-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Notts County F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157792-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Notts County F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157793-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OB I bajnoksag season\nThe 1999\u20132000 OB I bajnoks\u00e1g season was the 63rd season of the OB I bajnoks\u00e1g, the top level of ice hockey in Hungary. Seven teams participated in the league, and Dunaferr SE Dunaujvaros won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157794-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 OHL season was the 20th season of the Ontario Hockey League. The season was the first to award a point for an overtime loss. Twenty teams each played 68 games. The Barrie Colts won the J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeating the Plymouth Whalers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157794-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OHL season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: DIV = Division; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime Losses; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157794-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OHL season, Regular season, Scoring leaders\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157794-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OHL season, Regular season, Leading goaltenders\nNote: GP = Games Played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime Losses;  SL = Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against Average", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157794-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OHL season, Playoffs, Playoff scoring leaders\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157794-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OHL season, Playoffs, Playoff leading goaltenders\nNote: GP = Games Played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime Losses; SL = Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against Average", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157794-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OHL season, 2000 OHL Priority Selection\nOn June 3, 2000, the OHL conducted the 2000 Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection at the Hershey Centre in Mississauga, Ontario. The Mississauga IceDogs held the first overall pick in the draft, and selected Patrick Jarrett from the Soo Thunderbirds. Jarrett was awarded the Jack Ferguson Award, awarded to the top pick in the draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157794-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OHL season, 2000 OHL Priority Selection\nBelow are the players who were selected in the first round of the 2000 Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157795-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OPJHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 OPJHL season is the seventh season of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL). The thirty-five teams of the North, South, East, and West divisions competed in a 49-game schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157795-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OPJHL season\nCome February, the top eight teams of each division competed for the Frank L. Buckland Trophy, the OPJHL championship. The winner of the Buckland Cup, the Brampton Capitals, failed to win the Dudley Hewitt Cup as Central Canadian Champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157795-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OPJHL season, Final standings\nNote: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime Losses; SL = Shootout Losses; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157795-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 OPJHL season, Scoring leaders\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157796-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team\nThe 1999-00 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team represented Ohio University in the college basketball season of 1999\u20132000. The team was coached by Larry Hunter and played their home games at the Convocation Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157797-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball represented The Ohio State University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by third-year head coach Jim O'Brien, the Buckeyes finished 23\u20137 (13\u20133 Big Ten) and reached the second round of the NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157798-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team represented the University of Oklahoma in competitive college basketball during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team played its home games in the Lloyd Noble Center and was a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Big 12 Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157798-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team\nThe team posted a 27\u20137 overall record (12\u20134 Big 12). The Sooners received a bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament as No. 3 seed in the West region. After an opening round win over Winthrop, the Sooners lost to No. 6 seed Purdue, 66\u201362.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157799-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball team represented Oklahoma State University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by 10th-year head coach Eddie Sutton and played their home games at Gallagher-Iba Arena in Stillwater, Oklahoma. They finished the season 27\u20137, 12\u20134 in Big 12 play to finish in a tie for third place. The Cowboys lost to Iowa State in the semifinals of the Big 12 Tournament. The team received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as the No. 3 seed in the East region. Oklahoma State reached the Elite Eight after wins over Hofstra, Pepperdine, and Seton Hall, but lost in the regional final to Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157800-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Oldham Athletic A.F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157800-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the 1999\u20132000 season, it began in disastrous fashion with the Latics losing their first five matches and failing to score in the first four. Ritchie's side however recovered well, proving difficult to beat, and losing only four of their nineteen remaining away matches, comfortably finishing in mid-table with 61 points from their 46 league matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157800-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157800-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157801-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Olympiacos F.C. season\nThe 1999\u201300 season was Olympiacos's 39th consecutive season in the Alpha Ethniki and their 2nd consecutive season in the UEFA Champions League. In the beginning of the summertime Olympiacos named Italian Alberto Bigon coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157801-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Olympiacos F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157802-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Olympique de Marseille season\nOlympique de Marseille nearly crashed out of the French league following a chaotic season, in which all things that could go wrong, indeed went that way. Despite having several internationally respected players in the squad, only goal difference saved the team from being relegated. On the other hand, l'OM was only seven points behind Lens in fifth, suggesting that the league was the tightest ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157803-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Omani League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Omani League was the 24th edition of the top football league in Oman. Dhofar S.C.S.C. were the defending champions, having won the previous 1998\u201399 Omani League season. Al-Oruba SC emerged as the champions of the 1999\u20132000 Omani League with a total of 42 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157803-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Omani League, Teams\nThis season the league had 10 teams. Oman Club and Al-Ittihad Club were relegated to the Second Division League after finishing in the relegation zone in the 1998\u201399 season. The two relegated teams were replaced Second Division League teams Ruwi Club and Bawshar Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157804-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, the Oregon Ducks men's basketball team were placed third in the Pacific-10 Conference, winning 13 matches and losing 5. Their overall record was 22 wins, 8 losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157805-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Orlando Magic season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the 11th season for the Orlando Magic in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Magic hired Doc Rivers as Head Coach while acquiring Tariq Abdul-Wahad from the Sacramento Kings, Chris Gatling from the Milwaukee Bucks, Ben Wallace from the Washington Wizards, second-year forward Pat Garrity from the Phoenix Suns, and top draft pick Corey Maggette from the Seattle SuperSonics, while signing free agents John Amaechi, Monty Williams and undrafted rookie guard Chucky Atkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157805-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Orlando Magic season\nThe Magic's transition continued at midseason, trading Abdul-Wahad and Gatling to the Denver Nuggets for Ron Mercer, Chauncey Billups and former Magic forward Johnny Taylor. However, Billups never played for the Magic due to a shoulder injury he sustained in Denver, while second-year forward Matt Harpring only appeared in just four games due to an ankle injury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157805-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Orlando Magic season\nThe Magic got off to a 15\u201311 start, but then struggled losing 13 of their next 14 games. The team played around .500 as the season progressed, posting a 7-game winning streak between March and April, finishing fourth in the Atlantic Division with a 41\u201341 record, falling just one game short of the playoffs by finishing ninth in the Eastern Conference. Darrell Armstrong led the team with 16.2 points, 6.1 assists and 2.1 steals per game, and Atkins was selected to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. Despite missing the playoffs, Rivers was named Coach of the Year. This season was characterized by the slogan \"Heart and Hustle\", as the team was known for its hard-working style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157805-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Orlando Magic season\nFollowing the season, Wallace and Atkins were both traded to the Detroit Pistons, Billups signed as a free agent with the Minnesota Timberwolves, Mercer signed with the Chicago Bulls, Maggette was dealt along with Derek Strong to the Los Angeles Clippers, Harpring was sent to the Cleveland Cavaliers, and Taylor was released to free agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157805-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Orlando Magic season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157806-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Orsz\u00e1gos Bajnoks\u00e1g I (men's water polo)\n1999\u20132000 Orsz\u00e1gos Bajnoks\u00e1g I (men's water polo) was the 94th water polo championship in Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season was the eighth season of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). This season saw the Senators drop in the standings, as they finished with 95 points, down from the 103 they registered the previous season. They finished second in the Northeast Division and sixth in the Eastern Conference. They qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the fourth straight season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season, Regular season\nThis season is remembered by fans as the season that star forward Alexei Yashin decided to sit out due to his contract. He was entering the final year of a five-year contract that he signed with Ottawa in 1995. However, Yashin demanded a large pay raise after his impressive 1998\u201399 season and set a deadline that the Senators had to offer him a new contract, or he would miss the entire season. The Senators opted not to sign him, and Yashin sat out the entire 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season, Regular season\nWith the loss of Yashin, Daniel Alfredsson was named captain, and, despite missing 25 games due to various injuries, he scored 59 points, behind only Radek Bonk's 60 points in team scoring. Marian Hossa tied Shawn McEachern for the team lead in goals, with 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season, Regular season\nThe Senators traded goaltender Damian Rhodes to the Atlanta Thrashers as part of a deal during the 1999 NHL Expansion Draft, and acquired Patrick Lalime from the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to split goaltending duties with Ron Tugnutt. Tugnutt had a sub-par season by his standards, and was dealt to the Pittsburgh Penguins for two-time Stanley Cup champion goaltender Tom Barrasso at the trade deadline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season, Playoffs\nBarrasso was the starting goalie going into the playoffs. However, it was a short stay for the goaltender, as the Senators were eliminated in six games in the first round by their provincial rivals, the Toronto Maple Leafs. The series was the first Ottawa\u2013Toronto Stanley Cup series since 1922, when the original Senators defeated the St. Patricks in an NHL playoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season, Playoffs\nToronto was the higher seed and drew home ice advantage. The first five games were all won by the home team. The Maple Leafs won 4\u20132 in Game 6 at Ottawa to win the series four games to two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157807-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ottawa Senators season, Draft picks\nOttawa's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157808-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oxford United F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Oxford United F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division where they finished in 20th position avoiding relegation to Division Three by a single point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157808-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Oxford United F.C. season, Season summary\nAfter an inconsistent start, a run of seven defeats in eight games cost manager Malcolm Shotton his job by the end of October, and made it apparent that the club would be fighting to avoid a second successive relegation. Mickey Lewis became caretaker manager, assisted by former manager Maurice Evans, and oversaw an initial upturn in form that saw the team begin to climb up the table. A poor run of form after Christmas plunged the team straight back into relegation trouble, however, leading to Lewis stepping aside in favour of another former manager, Denis Smith, in February. Results remained inconsistent at best, but in the end the team did enough to just barely avoid relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157809-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PAOK FC season\nThe 1999\u201300 season was PAOK Football Club\u2019s 74th in existence and the club\u2019s 41st consecutive season in the top flight of Greek football. The team will enter the Greek Football Cup in the First round and will also enter in UEFA Cup starting from the First round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157809-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PAOK FC season, Players, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157809-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PAOK FC season, Statistics, Squad statistics\nAppearances denote players in the starting lineup, with the numbers in parentheses denoting appearances as substitute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157810-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PGA Tour of Australasia\nThe 1999\u20132000 PGA Tour of Australasia was a series of men's professional golf events played mainly in Australia and New Zealand. The events were played during the calendar years of 1999 and 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157810-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PGA Tour of Australasia\nNew Zealander Michael Campbell was the runaway leader of the Order of Merit; he won four tournaments during the season and won more than double the prize money of runner-up Lucas Parsons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157810-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PGA Tour of Australasia, Main tournament results\nThe table below shows the 1999\u20132000 schedule. It only lists official money events on the main tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157810-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PGA Tour of Australasia, Final Order of Merit\nThe Order of Merit was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in Australian dollars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157811-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PSV Eindhoven season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 Dutch football season, PSV Eindhoven competed in the Eredivisie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157811-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PSV Eindhoven season, Season summary\nPSV claimed the Eredivisie title with a margin of 16 points between them and second-placed Heerenveen, scoring 105 goals in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157811-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PSV Eindhoven season, Kit\nPSV's kit was manufactured by Nike and sponsored by Philips", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 35], "content_span": [36, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157811-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 PSV Eindhoven season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157812-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Panathinaikos F.C. season\nIn the 1999\u201300 season Panathinaikos played in Greece's top division, the Alpha Ethniki. They also competed in the UEFA Cup and the Greek Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157812-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Panathinaikos F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Where a player has not declared an international allegiance, nation is determined by place of birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157813-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Parma A.C. season\nParma Associazione Calcio did not manage to compete for a much-vaunted first Serie A title, which still proved elusive. In the summer following the end of the season, star striker Hern\u00e1n Crespo ran out of patience, and signed with champions Lazio for a then-world record transfer fee, in a deal that saw Mat\u00edas Almeyda and S\u00e9rgio Con\u00e7eic\u00e3o join Parma. Parma did manage to hold on to Lazio targets Gianluigi Buffon and Lilian Thuram, maintaining hope that the club could break its duck in 2000\u201301.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157813-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Parma A.C. season, Players, Squad information\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157814-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Penn Quakers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Penn Quakers men's basketball team represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Quakers, led by 11th-year head coach Fran Dunphy, played their home games at The Palestra as members of the Ivy League. They finished the season 21\u20138, 14\u20130 in Ivy League play to win the regular season championship. They received the Ivy League's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament where they lost in the First Round to Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157815-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pepperdine Waves men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Pepperdine Waves men's basketball team represented Pepperdine University in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by first-year head coach Jan van Breda Kolff. The Waves played their home games at the Firestone Fieldhouse and were members of the West Coast Conference. They finished the season 25\u20139, 12\u20132 in WCC play to win the regular season conference title. Pepperdine lost in the championship game of the West Coast Conference Tournament, but did receive an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as No. 11 seed in the East region. In the opening round, the Waves surprised No. 6 seed Indiana \u2013 in what would be head coach Bobby Knight\u2019s final game at the school \u2013 before falling to Oklahoma State in the second round, 75\u201367.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157816-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Persepolis F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the Persepolis's 9th season in the Azadegan League, and their 17th consecutive season in the top division of Iranian Football. They were also be competing in the Hazfi Cup and Asian Club Championship. Persepolis was captained by Hossein Abdi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157816-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Persepolis F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157817-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Perth Glory SC season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Perth Glory SC season was the club's fourth in the Australian National Soccer League (NSL). The club won the NSL minor premiership as the leading team in the league. In the Grand Final, the Glory missed out on the NSL championship when they lost in a penalty shoot-out after surrendering a 3\u20130 half-time lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157817-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Perth Glory SC season, Background\nIn 1998\u201399, Perth Glory finished third on the NSL table, being eliminated in the preliminary final by eventual losing grand-finalists Sydney United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157817-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Perth Glory SC season, Background\nPerth Glory entered the 1999\u20132000 season as one of the favourites to win the championship, with SportsTAB offering odds of 4/1, placing them second to South Melbourne (7/2). Ray Gatt in The Australian predicted the Glory as champion, calling the signings of Kasey Wehrman, Peter Buljan and Hamilton Thorp \"coups\" while former Australia national soccer team coach Rale Rasic in Action Soccer tipped the Glory as runners-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157817-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Perth Glory SC season, Season review, Coaching\nIn February 2000, Glory chairman Nic Tana announced that coach Bernd Stange would be leaving the club at the end of the season. Despite club management and the board agreeing to a two-year contract extension, Tana as 75 percent club shareholder, had called a shareholder meeting and blocked the extension. The decision was unpopular with supporters with a protest occurring before the round 23 match against Canberra Cosmos. In late February, Tana reversed his decision and offered Stange a new one-year contract. In April, Stange finally agreed to the new deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157817-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Perth Glory SC season, Season review, Final series\nAs minor premiers, Perth Glory won the right to proceed to week two of the NSL finals. In the first leg of the major semifinal, they lost to Wollongong Wolves 1\u20130 at Brandon Park, the Wolves' home ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157817-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Perth Glory SC season, Season review, Final series\nThe second leg of the major semifinal was held at Subiaco Oval, rather than their regular venue Perth Oval, to accommodate an expected larger crowd. In the match, Perth Glory win 2\u20130 over the Wolves, 2\u20131 on aggregate, to qualify for the grand final. The crowd of 42,764 was an Australian record for a club soccer match. In the wake of the record crowd, the Western Australian government announced a purpose-built stadium for the Glory in central Perth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157817-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Perth Glory SC season, Season review, Final series\nThe 2000 National Soccer League Grand Final was held at Subiaco on 11 June. The match was seemingly over at halftime, with Perth Glory leading 3\u20130, however the Wolves came back to draw the match in the 89th minute. The score remained 3\u20133 at the completion of extra time, with the match going to a penalty shootout to determine the champion. Wollongong won the shootout 7\u20136 with James Afkos, son of Glory co-owner Paul Afkos, missing a penalty. The crowd of 43,242 was a new record for an Australian club soccer match, standing until 2006. The match was also the first national league grand final to feature teams not aligned with a particular ethnic group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157817-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Perth Glory SC season, Squad statistics\nStatistics accurate as at the end of the 1999\u20132000 NSL season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157818-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Peterborough United F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Peterborough United Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 5th position on 78 points and gained promotion to the Football League Second Division via the Play-offs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157818-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Peterborough United F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157819-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia 76ers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the 76ers' 51st season in the National Basketball Association, and 37th season in Philadelphia. During the offseason, the Sixers signed free agent Bruce Bowen, and acquired Billy Owens from the Orlando Magic. The team also replaced center Matt Geiger in the lineup with power forward Tyrone Hill. The Sixers lost their first three games and got off to an 11\u201312 start, but played above .500 as the season progressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157819-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia 76ers season\nAt midseason, the team traded Owens and second-year guard Larry Hughes to the Golden State Warriors, and traded Bowen to the Chicago Bulls for Toni Kuko\u010d in a three-team trade. However, Bowen never played for the Bulls and was released to free agency, and signed with the Miami Heat. The Sixers posted a 7-game winning streak in March, and won seven of their final nine games. The team finished third in the Atlantic Division with a 49\u201333 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157819-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia 76ers season\nAllen Iverson averaged 28.4 points, 4.7 assists and 2.1 steals per game, and made his first All-Star appearance as he was selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game in Oakland. He was also named to the All-NBA Second Team. In the Eastern Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Sixers defeated the 4th-seeded Charlotte Hornets in four games. In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, they faced the top-seeded Indiana Pacers, who swept them in the second round of the playoffs last year. The Pacers would defeat the Sixers in six games to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals for the fifth time in seven years, then to the NBA Finals for the first time, where they lost in six games to the Los Angeles Lakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157819-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia 76ers season\nFor the season, the Sixers added new blue alternate road uniforms that lasted until 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157819-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia 76ers season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season was the Philadelphia Flyers' 33rd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). One of the most tumultuous seasons in franchise history, the Flyers reached the Eastern Conference Finals, losing in seven games to the New Jersey Devils, blowing a 3-1 series lead in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Off-season\nAfter going unclaimed in the 1999 NHL Expansion Draft, longtime goaltender Ron Hextall was waived by the Flyers on July 1 for the purpose of buying out the final season of his contract. Hextall cleared waivers and announced his retirement on September\u00a06, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Off-season\nLongtime broadcaster Gene Hart, who was awarded the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award in 1997, died from a variety of illnesses on July 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Off-season\nA little over a week later on July 23, defenseman Dmitri Tertyshny, coming off his rookie season, was fatally injured in a boating accident. Tertyshny was on a boating trip to Okanagan Lake in British Columbia with two players from the Flyers' minor-league affiliate Philadelphia Phantoms, Francis Belanger and Mikhail Chernov, when a freak accident caused him to suffer fatal injuries. The boat hit a wave and caused him to fall forward overboard. The boat ran over him and its propeller slashed his neck and his jugular vein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Regular season\nHead coach Roger Neilson was diagnosed with bone cancer, forcing him to step aside in February 2000 to undergo treatment, so assistant coach Craig Ramsay took over as interim coach for the rest of the season; Neilson later recovered but was informed that he would not be returning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Regular season\nIn January, longtime Flyer and fan favorite Rod Brind'Amour was shipped to the Carolina Hurricanes for Keith Primeau, with the intention of acquiring a big center to complement Eric Lindros. Meanwhile, the strife between Flyers management (particularly GM Bob Clarke) and Lindros, continued to worsen. Less than a month after Ramsay took over, Lindros suffered his second concussion of the season. He played several games after the initial hit and afterwards criticized the team's training staff for failing to initially diagnose the concussion after it happened. It was after this that the Flyers' organization decided to strip Lindros of the captaincy on March 27 and name defenseman Eric Desjardins the team's captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Regular season\nWith Lindros out indefinitely, the Flyers rallied to overcome the distractions and a 15-point deficit in the standings to win the Atlantic Division and the No. 1 seed in the East on the last day of the regular season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Regular season, Season standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL=Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM=Penalties in Minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Regular season, Season standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Regular season, Season standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Playoffs\nThey easily defeated their first round opponent, the Buffalo Sabres, in five games. Primeau's goal in the fifth overtime of Game 4 against the team's second-round opponent, the Pittsburgh Penguins, turned that series in the Flyers' favor as they won in six games, coming back from a 2\u20130 series deficit. After dropping Game 1 to New Jersey in the Eastern Conference Finals, the Flyers peeled off three straight wins to take a 3\u20131 series lead. But New Jersey refused to give up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0010-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Playoffs\nAfter New Jersey won Game 5, Lindros returned to the lineup for the first time since March for Game 6 in another losing effort. Early in Game 7, Lindros was on the receiving end of a hit by Scott Stevens, giving him another concussion and leaving the Philadelphia crowd deflated. Without Lindros, the Flyers lost the decisive game by a score of 2\u20131. To date, it is the only time (of 64 total series) a team in the Conference Finals or Semi-finals round has held a 3-1 series lead and lost. It was the second time in franchise history the team lost a series after leading 3 games to 1. New Jersey went on to win the Stanley Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Schedule and results, Regular season\nWin (2 points)\u00a0\u00a0Loss (0 points)\u00a0\u00a0Tie/overtime loss (1 point)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Transactions\nThe Flyers were involved in the following transactions from June 20, 1999, the day after the deciding game of the 1999 Stanley Cup Finals, through June 10, 2000, the day of the deciding game of the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Transactions, Signings, Free agency\nThe following players were signed by the Flyers via free agency. Two-way contracts are marked with an asterisk (*).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 73], "content_span": [74, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Transactions, Signings, Internal\nThe following players were either re-signed by the Flyers or, in the case of the team's selections in the NHL Entry Draft, signed to entry level contracts. Two-way contracts are marked with an asterisk (*).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Transactions, NHL Expansion Draft\nThe 1999 NHL Expansion Draft was held on June 25, 1999. It featured one expansion team, the Atlanta Thrashers, selecting players from the other NHL teams except the Nashville Predators. Each NHL team was allowed to protect either 1 goaltender, 5 defensemen, and 9 forwards OR 2 goaltenders, 3 defensemen, and 7 forwards. All first-year players were exempt. The Thrashers were provided a list of players they could select.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Transactions, Waivers\nThe Flyers were not involved in any waivers transactions. The 1999 NHL Waiver Draft was held on September 27, 1999. The Flyers protected the following players: goaltenders Brian Boucher and John Vanbiesbrouck, defensemen Adam Burt, Eric Desjardins, Karl Dykhuis, Dan McGillis, Luke Richardson, and Chris Therien, forwards Mikael Andersson, Craig Berube, Rod Brind'Amour, Marc Bureau, Keith Jones, Daymond Langkow, John LeClair, Eric Lindros, Sandy McCarthy, Mark Recchi, Mikael Renberg, and Valeri Zelepukin. The Flyers left the following players unprotected: goaltender Neil Little and defensemen Jeff Lank and Dean Melanson, and forwards Mark Greig, Paul Healey, Mike Maneluk, Steve McLaren, Jim Montgomery, Sean O'Brien, Roman Vopat, Peter White, and Jason Zent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Transactions, Departures\nThe following players left the team via free agency, release, or retirement. Players who were under contract and left the team during the season are marked with an asterisk (*).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Draft picks\nPhiladelphia's picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft, which was held at the FleetCenter in Boston on June 26, 1999. The Flyers traded their second-round pick, 58th overall, the New York Islanders' 2000 sixth-round pick, and Dainius Zubrus to the Montreal Canadiens for Mark Recchi on March 10, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0018-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Draft picks\nThey also traded their fifth-round pick, 148th overall, and Colin Forbes to the Tampa Bay Lightning for Mikael Andersson and Sandy McCarthy on March 20, 1999, their eighth-round pick, 237th overall, to the Carolina Hurricanes for the rights to Francis Lessard on May 25, 1999, and their ninth-round pick, 265th overall, to the Dallas Stars for the Stars' 1998 ninth-round pick on June 27, 1998. The St. Louis Blues received the Flyers' sixth-round pick, 180th overall, as compensation for the Flyers hiring Roger Neilson as their head coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157820-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philadelphia Flyers season, Farm teams\nThe Flyers were affiliated with the Philadelphia Phantoms of the AHL and the Trenton Titans of the ECHL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157821-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philippine Basketball League season, 1999 (1st) Yakult-Challenge Cup, Semifinal standings\nEliminated from the semifinals were Dr.J/Ana, Dazz and Montana. Red Bull defeats Chowking in a playoff game to advance in the finals series against Welcoat, the Paint Masters made it first via superior quotient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 99], "content_span": [100, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157821-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philippine Basketball League season, 1999 (1st) Yakult-Challenge Cup, Finals\nA torrid third-quarter run and tight defense down the stretch was all it took for Welcoat to win their PBL championship as it held off Red Bull, 80-74, to complete a three-game sweep as the Paint Masters finally stepped out of the shadows of the Asia Brewery franchise Stag Pale Pilsen / Tanduay, which dominated the league the past three years before the latter ascended to the PBA this year. It was coach Junel Baculi's first PBL title since steering Hapee Toothpaste to the Import-Reinforced Conference title in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157821-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philippine Basketball League season, 1999 Vis-Min Cup\nThe Vis-Min Cup is not part of the PBL's regular conference. The special hoopfest took place starting on July 18 and the Mindanao games were held in Dapitan City. Chowking and Blu Detergent fought for the Mindanao championship after finishing at number one and two in a group that includes Hapee Fil-Am, Dapitan Dolphins and PBL member Monta\u00f1a Jewels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157821-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philippine Basketball League season, 1999 Vis-Min Cup\nIn the Visayas tournament held in Mandaue, Cebu City, the three non-PBL entries that joined Red Bull and Welcoat are one-time PABL champion Lhuillier Jewelers, Upland Feeds and Team Chicago Bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157821-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philippine Basketball League season, 1999 Vis-Min Cup\nChowking beat Blu Detergent for the Mindanao crown. The fastfood kings have captured the overall championship by topping Visayas champion Red Bull, 69-60, to win the special tournament. Chowking coach Leo Austria's charges includes Allen Patrimonio, Christian Nicdao, Joel Co, Roger Yap and Ronald Saracho. The Robert F. Kuan franchise completed a championship sweep of six straight wins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157821-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philippine Basketball League season, 1999-2000 (2nd) Yakult-Challenge Cup, Team standings\nThe top four teams had a twice-to-beat advantage in the quarterfinal round, pairings were Welcoat-Kendi Mint, Ana-Boom, Red Bull-Dazz and Blu-Chowking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 99], "content_span": [100, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157821-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philippine Basketball League season, 1999-2000 (2nd) Yakult-Challenge Cup, Team standings\nWelcoat and Red Bull meet in a best-of-three semifinals series while the two other winners of the quarterfinals are Ana Water Dispenser and Blu Detergent. Welcoat and Ana prevailed, two games to one, in their respective series to set up a finals showdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 99], "content_span": [100, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157821-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Philippine Basketball League season, 1999-2000 (2nd) Yakult-Challenge Cup, Finals\nThe Paint Masters recorded their second straight \"sweet sweep\" with a controversial 58-56 squeaker over hard-fighting Ana Water Dispenser. Ana's Paolo Mendoza hit an off-balance three-point shot with .4 second remaining, which was nullified by the referees, saying the foul was made by Welcoat's Yancy De Ocampo before the shot, the decision of the referees not to count Mendoza's shot was loudly booed by Ana followers, had it been counted will give Ana a hairline 59-58 lead and could have prevented an outright celebration by Welcoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 91], "content_span": [92, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157822-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Coyotes season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Phoenix Coyotes season was the Coyotes' fourth season in Phoenix, the franchise's 21st season in the NHL and 28th overall. The Coyotes made the Stanley Cup playoffs, losing in the first round to Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157822-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Coyotes season, Regular season\nThe Coyotes struggled on the power play, scoring only 37 power-play goals, tied with the Buffalo Sabres for 28th in the League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157822-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Coyotes season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157822-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Coyotes season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157822-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Coyotes season, Regular season, Final standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157822-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Coyotes season, Playoffs, Western Conference Quarterfinals, (W3) Colorado Avalanche vs. (W6) Phoenix Coyotes\nThe first two games were in Colorado. Games 1 and 2 were won by Colorado. Game 1 was won by a score of 6\u20133, and game 2 was won by a score of 3\u20131. Games 3 and 4 were in Phoenix. Colorado was victorious in game 3 4\u20132, but the Coyotes won game 4 3\u20132. Back in Colorado, the Avalanche went on to win 2\u20131 and take the series 4\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 126], "content_span": [127, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157822-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Coyotes season, Draft picks\nPhoenix's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157823-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Suns season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the 32nd season for the National Basketball Association's Phoenix Suns. During the offseason, the Suns acquired All-Star guard Anfernee Hardaway from the Orlando Magic, signed free agent Rodney Rogers, and re-signed former Suns center Oliver Miller, who played for the team when they reached the 1993 NBA Finals. Scott Skiles would come on as head coach, replacing Danny Ainge after a 13\u20137 start to the season. The Suns posted a 7-game winning streak between November and December, then won eight straight games in February, and finished third in the Pacific Division at 53\u201329, and extend the franchise's record for playoff appearances before losing in the Western Conference Semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157823-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Suns season\nClifford Robinson led the team in scoring at 18.5 points per game. Hardaway, Jason Kidd, Rodney Rogers, Tom Gugliotta, and top draft pick Shawn Marion rounded out a list of six Suns players averaging double-digits in points. Hardaway provided the team with 16.9 points and 5.3 assists per game, while Kidd averaged 14.3 points, led the NBA with 10.1 assists per game, and was tied for fifth in steals with 2.0 per game, while being selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157823-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Suns season\nRogers played a sixth man role averaging 13.8 points per game off the bench, and finished the regular season fourth in three-point field goal percentage, and won the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award. Kidd would earn All-NBA First Team honors, and he and Robinson both made the NBA All-Defensive Second Team. Marion was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. In March, Kidd suffered an ankle injury and missed the final month of the regular season. Former Suns guard Kevin Johnson would come out of his retirement, averaging 6.7 points and 4.0 assists per game in six games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157823-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Suns season\nThe Suns finished with the same regular season record, but did not have home court advantage going into their Western Conference First Round match-up with the defending champion San Antonio Spurs. Still, the Suns would advance to their first conference semifinals appearance since the 1994\u201395 season en route to taking the series three games to one. The Suns lost in the conference semifinals to new league MVP Shaquille O'Neal, Kobe Bryant and the eventual champion Los Angeles Lakers four games to one. Following the season, Johnson retired for the second and last time, Rex Chapman also retired due to continuing injuries, Miller was released to free agency, and Luc Longley was traded to the New York Knicks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157823-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Suns season, Offseason, NBA Draft\nThe Suns received the ninth pick from a trade with the Dallas Mavericks in 1998. With the pick they selected combo forward Shawn Marion from UNLV. Marion averaged 18.7 points, 9.3 rebounds, 2.5 steals and 1.9 blocks per game in one year with the Runnin' Rebels. On July 30, the Suns signed him to a 4-year rookie contract for $5.9 million. Though missing two months with a knee injury, Marion averaged 10.2 points and 6.5 rebounds per game in his first season, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. Marion would play over eight seasons with the Suns, becoming an All-Star four times and being named to the All-NBA Third Team twice, before being traded to the Miami Heat in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157823-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Suns season, Offseason, NBA Draft\nThe Suns traded their first-round pick to the Chicago Bulls in 1999. With the pick the Bulls selected future All-Star and Defensive Player of the Year Ron Artest (later Metta World Peace). They also traded their second-round pick to the Houston Rockets in 1996. With the pick the Rockets selected Tyrone Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157823-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Suns season, Player statistics, Season\n\u2020 \u2013 Minimum 300 field goals made. ^ \u2013 Minimum 55 three-pointers made. # \u2013 Minimum 125 free throws made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157823-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Phoenix Suns season, Player statistics, Playoffs\n\u2020 \u2013 Minimum 20 field goals made. ^ \u2013 Minimum 10 free throws made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157824-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Piacenza Calcio season\nPiacenza Calcio crashed out of Serie A, following a dismal season. With ex-Inter coach Luigi Simoni at the helm, the club was looking to climb into midtable in Serie A, but the absence of Simone Inzaghi and the ageing of several key players rendered disastrous form, and Simoni was soon sacked. In the end, Piacenza finished rock bottom of the table and their five-year stint in the top flight was ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157825-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by first year head coach Ben Howland, the Panthers finished with a record of 13\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season was the team's 33rd in the National Hockey League. It was the first season under ownership led by former superstar Mario Lemieux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Off-season\nIn June 1999, a U.S. Bankruptcy Court Judge granted former player Mario Lemieux ownership of the Penguins franchise, who were in danger of either relocating to Portland, Oregon, or folding. Lemieux received final approval of team ownership by NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman on September 3, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Regular season\nOn April 7, 2000, Jaromir Jagr scored just 13 seconds into the overtime period to give the Penguins a 2\u20131 road win over the Buffalo Sabres. It would prove to be the fastest overtime goal scored during the 1999\u20132000 regular season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL=Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM=Penalties in Minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Player statistics\n\u2020Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Penguins. Stats reflect time with the Penguins only. \u2021Denotes player was traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with the Penguins only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Awards and records, Awards\nIn addition, Owner Mario Lemieux and General Manager Craig Patrick were recipients of the Lester Patrick Trophy for outstanding service to hockey in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Transactions\nThe Penguins have been involved in the following transactions during the 1999\u20132000 season:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Farm teams\nThe Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, previously known as the Cornwall Aces, debuted in the AHL as the top minor league affiliate for the Pittsburgh Penguins. Playing in the Empire State Division, they finished last overall in the Western Conference with a record of 23-43-9-5. WBRE, the NBC station in Wilkes-Barre/Scranton, received a James H. Ellery Memorial Award for outstanding television coverage. Marketing executives Brian Magness and Rich Hixon won the Ken McKenzie Award as the league's outstanding marketing executives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157826-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Pittsburgh Penguins season, Farm teams\nThe Wheeling Nailers of the East Coast Hockey League finished the season in fifth place in the Northwest Division with a record of 25-40-5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157827-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season\nThe 1999\u201300 season was the 105th season in the history of Plymouth Argyle Football Club, their 75th in the Football League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157827-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157827-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157828-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Polska Liga Hokejowa season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the 65th season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa, the top level of ice hockey in Poland. Eight teams participated in the league, and Unia Oswiecim won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Port Vale's 88th season of football in the English Football League, and sixth successive season in the First Division. Vale suffered relegation in 23rd place, some thirteen points adrift of safety. They also exited the FA Cup at the Third Round, and were knocked out of the League Cup at the First Round by fourth tier Chester City for the second consecutive season. The club spent nothing on transfers, but sold young players for some \u00a31.5 million \u2013 despite this the club was heading towards bankruptcy. The club continued to gain one generation of players at the expense of the successful '90s generation; Martin Foyle, Paul Musselwhite and Ian Bogie departing, with fresh talent such as Micky Cummins and Mark Goodlad arriving in their place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, First Division\nThe pre-season saw Brian Horton sign Jeff Minton (Brighton & Hove Albion), Tommy Widdrington (Grimsby Town), and Steve Rimmer (Manchester City) on free transfers. He also took Andy Oakes in on loan from Derby County and Matt Glennon from Bolton Wanderers as back-up goalkeepers, and striker Martin Aldridge on loan from Blackpool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, First Division\nThe season started with a goalless draw at Ewood Park with Blackburn Rovers, but soon went downhill with two defeats. Vale then entered inconsistent form, winning three and losing three in a run of six games. However just two points from seven October games indicated Vale's future. Also in the month, striker Marcus Bent, signed by John Rudge nine months earlier for \u00a3375,000, was sold to Sheffield United for a bargain \u00a3300,000, and was later sold on by the \"Blades\" for a \u00a31.7 million profit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, First Division\nThe club set a record on 5 September, when just 3,737 turned up to see a 3\u20130 win over Grimsby Town \u2013 a division record low for a television match. The Vale ended the year in solid form, unbeaten in seven games, despite just two victories (over rivals Crewe Alexandra and against Sheffield United at Bramall Lane). In December, Carl Griffiths was sold back to former club Leyton Orient for \u00a3100,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, First Division\nIn January, Horton signed defender Sagi Burton (Sheffield United) on a free transfer, and signed Martin Bullock and Gareth Taylor on one month loans from Barnsley and Manchester City respectively. Controversially, he also sold promising young defender Anthony Gardner to Tottenham Hotspur for \u00a31 million. The next month David Healy would arrive on loan from Manchester United for the remainder of the season. Also, former international Ville Viljanen became the first Fin to play for the club, when he joined from V\u00e4stra Fr\u00f6lunda IF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0003-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, First Division\nIn March, Horton made two key signings, bringing two young players that would be with the club for several years to come: Irish midfielder Micky Cummins (Middlesbrough) and goalkeeper Mark Goodlad (Nottingham Forest). He also sold Tony Butler to West Bromwich Albion for \u00a3140,000. During this transfer activity Vale won just once in a sequence of seventeen games. A 2\u20130 win over Portsmouth on 1 April raised hopes of Vale escaping the drop, but Horton's side gained just three points in their final eight games, thus dooming Vale to third tier football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, First Division\nThey finished in 23rd place with 36 points, a massive thirteen points away from the safety of West Bromwich Albion, and only ahead of Swindon Town on goals scored. With just seven victories, they had the fewest wins in the division. Tony Rougier only needed nine goals in all competitions to become the club's top-scorer. The relegation meant that Brian Horton lost his 'proud record' of never being relegated as a player or as a manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, First Division\nAt the end of the season numerous players were allowed to leave on free transfers: eight-year club veteran goalkeeper Paul Musselwhite (Hull City); five-year club favourite Ian Bogie (Kidderminster Harriers); Wayne Corden (Mansfield Town); Stewart Talbot (Rotherham United); Mark Snijders (AFC '34); Kevin Pilkington (Aberystwyth Town); and Steve Rimmer (Marine). Legendary striker Martin Foyle also retired, after nine years as Vale's star striker. Simon Barker also retired, at the age of 35. Meanwhile, the club's board increased to five members: Bill Bell (chairman), Andrew Bellfield, Paul Wright, Neil Hughes, and Charles Machin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions\nIn the FA Cup, Vale lost 2\u20130 to Premier League outfit Leeds United at Elland Road, to exit the competition at the Third Round. Just 11,912 turned up for the game, after the Vale board refused to allow a price reduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157829-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions\nIn the League Cup, for the second successive season Third Division Chester City knocked the Vale out at the First Round. In the 2\u20131 defeat at the Deva Stadium both sides finished the game with ten men, and as the return leg was a 4\u20134 draw, Chester achieved a 6\u20135 aggregate win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157830-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portland Trail Blazers season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season  was the 30th season for the Portland Trail Blazers in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Blazers acquired All-Star forward and 6-time champion Scottie Pippen from the Houston Rockets, acquired Steve Smith from the Atlanta Hawks, and signed free agent Detlef Schrempf. The Blazers got off to a fast start winning 13 of their first 15 games, and later on posted an 11-game winning streak in February. The Blazers finished with a 59\u201323 record, which tied them for the second-highest win percentage in franchise history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157830-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portland Trail Blazers season\nFinishing second in the Pacific Division, they earned the #3 seed in the Western Conference on the basis that the 55\u201327 Utah Jazz won the Midwest Division title. (However, the Blazers would enjoy the homecourt advantage over Utah in their second-round playoff series). The Blazers made the playoffs for the 18th consecutive year. Rasheed Wallace averaged 16.4 points, 7.0 rebounds and 1.3 blocks per game, and was selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. Smith finished second on the team in scoring averaging 14.9 points per game, while Pippen averaged 12.5 points, 6.3 rebounds, 5.0 assists and 1.4 steals per game, and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157830-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portland Trail Blazers season\nIn the playoffs, the Blazers defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves 3\u20131 in the Western Conference First Round, and the 2nd-seeded Jazz 4\u20131 in the Western Conference Semifinals for the second consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157830-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portland Trail Blazers season\nIn the Western Conference Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers, the Blazers came back from a 3\u20131 series deficit to force Game 7. Up by 15 points with ten minutes remaining in Game 7, the Blazers suffered a 15\u20130 run by Los Angeles that tied the score, and the Lakers pulled out an 89\u201384 victory to advance to the 2000 NBA Finals, where they would go on to defeat the Indiana Pacers in six games to win their 12th NBA championship. Following the season, Brian Grant was traded to the Miami Heat, and Jermaine O'Neal was dealt to the Indiana Pacers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157830-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portland Trail Blazers season\nThe Blazers did not win another playoff series until May 2, 2014, when Damian Lillard hit a 3-point shot with 0.9 seconds left to beat the Houston Rockets 99\u201398 in Game 6 of the Western Conference First Round of the 2014 playoffs. The Blazers would not return to the Western Conference Finals until 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157830-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portland Trail Blazers season, Offseason\nAlthough the Trail Blazers did not have any picks in the 1999 NBA draft, they were active during the offseason. On draft day, the Blazers purchased the draft rights to Roberto Bergersen from the Atlanta Hawks. Bergersen would not sign with the team; instead, he signed with the Idaho Stampede of the Continental Basketball Association. On August 2, the Blazers traded Jim Jackson and Isaiah Rider to the Hawks for Ed Gray and Steve Smith. The same day, the Blazers signed veteran forward Detlef Schrempf. Smith would be the starting shooting guard on the \"Jail Blazers\". Schrempf would finish his career with Portland, retiring in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157830-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portland Trail Blazers season, Offseason\nOn October 2, the Blazers were involved in a seven-player trade with the Houston Rockets. In the trade, the Blazers traded six players\u2014Stacey Augmon, Kelvin Cato, Ed Gray, Carlos Rogers, Brian Shaw, and Walt Williams\u2014for Scottie Pippen. Pippen would be the Blazers' starting small forward until 2003, when he signed with the Chicago Bulls, the team which he spent the majority of his career with. On October 5, the Blazers signed Antonio Harvey, and the following day, they signed Joe Kleine. On October 12, the Rockets waived  Augmon, and the Blazers re-signed him on October 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157830-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portland Trail Blazers season, Draft picks\nThe Blazers owned no picks in the 1999 NBA draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157830-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portland Trail Blazers season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157831-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portsmouth F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Portsmouth F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157831-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portsmouth F.C. season, Season summary\nManager Alan Ball's contract was terminated on 9 December with Portsmouth in the relegation zone. He was replaced by Bristol City manager Tony Pulis, who steered the club to survival in the First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157831-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portsmouth F.C. season, Season summary\nThe end of the season saw the retirement of club goalkeeping legend Alan Knight, who made 801 career appearances over 22 years, all spent at Fratton Park. His final appearance came in a First Division match against Norwich City at Carrow Road in January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157831-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portsmouth F.C. season, Kit\nPortsmouth ended their kit manufacturing deal with Admiral after two years, to manufacture their own kits under the brand name \"Pompey Sport\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 37], "content_span": [38, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157831-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portsmouth F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157831-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Portsmouth F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, known as the 1999\u20132000 Castle Premiership for sponsorship purposes, was the fourth season of the Premier Soccer League since its establishment in 1996. The season began on 30 July 1999 and ended on 4 June 2000. Mamelodi Sundowns once again managed to secure their crown, sealing their third successive PSL title. Along with their success in the PSL's predecessor - winning three National Soccer League titles in 1988, 1990 and 1993 - this gave Mamelodi Sundowns their 6th South African championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League\nSundowns tallied 75 points for the season, equalling the points record they jointly set with Kaizer Chiefs last season, but unlike the previous season in which the title was decided by goal difference, there was no close title race this season as Sundowns finished comfortably ahead of second placed Orlando Pirates with an 11-point margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League\nAs before, the league was contested by 18 teams, sixteen returning from the 1997\u201398 season and two newly promoted clubs; the returning African Wanderers and Tembisa Classic. The league continued to run parallel to the European football calendar (August\u2013May) and not run concurrently with the African football calendar (January\u2013December).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Club mergers and name changes\nAt the conclusion of the 1998-99 PSL season Cape Town clubs Cape Town Spurs and Seven Stars merged, and in conjunction with Dutch giants Ajax Amsterdam, named the new club Ajax Cape Town F.C.. The merger came about after Seven Stars' Chairman and owner Rob Moore had travelled to the Netherlands to conclude the transfer of star striker Benni McCarthy. At the transfer meeting the Ajax Amsterdam board mentioned to Moore that they would like to set up a Football Development Academy in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Club mergers and name changes\nWith this in mind, Moore developed a blueprint for the creation of a new football club that would best be able to harness the talents of young South African footballers and operate as a feeder club to Ajax Amsterdam. Moore submitted his proposal to the Ajax Amsterdam board and they accepted it, entrusting Moore with the task of returning to South Africa and implementing his idea. Once back home Moore contacted Cape Town Spurs' Chairman John Comitis and invited him to join this new venture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0002-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Club mergers and name changes\nThe two Chairman agreed and so, in October 1998, Ajax Cape Town was created from the merger of the two clubs and with the technical input of Ajax Amsterdam. The new club adopted the famous kit and badge - with a slight modification, replacing the word Amsterdam with Cape Town - of their European parent club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Club mergers and name changes\nThe merger between Ajax Cape Town and Free State Stars left the PSL with 17 teams, one short of the 18 it required. In order to fill the vacant spot a second team was created out of the Cape Town Spurs-Seven Stars merger; Mother City F.C.. However, unlike the planning and resources that went into establishing Ajax Cape Town, Mother City came into existence in a far more rushed manner with nowhere near the resources or technical input of Ajax Cape Town. The result was a club that set as yet unbroken records for fewest wins, most goals conceded and fewest points in a league season. The club was relegated with ease and would cease to exist a mere 3 years after its establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Club mergers and name changes\nFree State club Qwa Qwa Stars changed their name to Free State Stars F.C. in order to broaden their appeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Season summary\nMamelodi Sundowns clinched a record third successive Premier Soccer League title when they romped home in first place at the end of the 1999\u20132000 season. After a nail-biting finish to the 1998-99 season that saw Sundowns and Kaizer Chiefs finish level on points, Sundowns had a much easier time securing the title this time around, finishing comfortably ahead of second placed Orlando Pirates. Chiefs, who had finished runners-up for the past three seasons, fell back to third place as they found themselves unable to replicate their performance from the 1998\u201399 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Season summary\nThe newly created Ajax Cape Town had a strong season, finishing in fourth place on 53 points, with inaugural PSL champions Manning Rangers just behind them in fifth. Wits University, Jomo Cosmos and Hellenic rounded out the top eight. Newly promoted Tembisa Classic had a strong debut season, finishing in a respectable 9th place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Season summary\nPopular KwaZulu Natal club AmaZulu and the newly formed Mother City found themselves at the wrong end of the table. After years of just avoiding the drop by finishing 14th, 15th & 14th over the course of the past three seasons, AmaZulu's luck finally ran out as they were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0007-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Season summary\nHeading into the final day of the season AmaZulu found themselves level on points with African Wanderers - who had only just returned to the PSL following their relegation at the end of the 1997-98 season - with only goal difference separating them; AmaZulu's goal difference of -11 keeping them above African Wanderers who had a goal difference of -13. All AmaZulu had to do was equal or better African Wanderers' result on the final day of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0007-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Season summary\nFor their final fixtures neither team had it easy as AmaZulu had to travel to face Ajax Cape Town while Wanderers had to host runners-up Orlando Pirates. In a thrilling result African Wanderers managed to put four goals past Pirates in a magnificent 4\u20133 win while AmaZulu suffered an agonising 2\u20131 defeat, putting both teams level on goal difference but moving Wanderers onto 39 points, three ahead of AmaZulu and into safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Season summary\nMother City however never looked like they would survive. By season's end they had set PSL records for the fewest wins (2), most defeats (28), most goals conceded (85), worst goal difference (-63) and fewest points (10). Mother City conceded 4-goals or more on 6 occasions and twice conceded 6. Following their relegation the club would not return to the PSL and would only last for two more seasons in the National First Division before shutting down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157832-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premier Soccer League, Season summary\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was characterised by prolific goalscoring, with an average of 2.69 goals per match. Of particular interest were the games between Classic and Hellenic which featured a startling 15 goals. Classic had suffered a 6-0 drubbing at the hands of Hellenic on 14 August 1999 but returned home and defeated Hellenic in a thrilling 9-goal affair, running out 5-4 winners. Other high scoring games included SuperSport United's 7\u20132 rout of AmaZulu in Mthatha and the pulsating 4\u20134 draw in Bloemfontein between Bloemfontein Celtic and Manning Rangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157833-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premiership Rugby\nThe 1999\u20132000 English Premiership (known as the Allied Dunbar Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the thirteenth full season of rugby union within the first tier of the English leagues, known as the Premiership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157833-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premiership Rugby\nThe league was reduced from fourteen teams to twelve following London Scottish and Richmond both entering administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157833-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premiership Rugby, Table\nPoints increased from 2 to 3 for a win after the World Cup in November 1999. This was an attempt to ensure competitive balance in the leagues for teams while they were without their international players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157833-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Premiership Rugby, Leading scorers\nNote: Flags to the left of player names indicate national team as has been defined under World Rugby eligibility rules, or primary nationality for players who did not earn international senior caps. Players may hold one or more non-WR nationalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157834-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Preston North End F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Preston North End F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157834-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Preston North End F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the 1999\u20132000 season, Preston finally made their return to the second tier of the Football League, after an absence of almost twenty years. Jon Macken, whom Gary Peters had signed from Manchester United two years previously, had a storming season scoring 22 league goals, his flair being reinforced by the team's solid spine of Teuvo Moilanen in goal, defenders Graham Alexander, Colin Murdock, Michael Jackson and Rob Edwards and a central midfield made up of workhorses Gregan and Rankine. Blackpool, who are Preston's archrivals got relegated to basement division the same season. This meant Preston took revenge from Blackpool after 30 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157834-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Preston North End F.C. season, Season summary\nThe championship was confirmed at Cambridge United on 24 April, a game which brought North End's seventh, and last, defeat of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157834-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Preston North End F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157834-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Preston North End F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157835-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primeira Liga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Primeira Liga was the 66th season of top-tier football in Portugal. The competition was renamed Campeonato Nacional da Primeira Liga (National Championship of the First League), Primeira Liga for short, after the Portuguese League for Professional Football took control of the two top nationwide leagues in 1999. It started on 20 August 1999 and ended on 14 May 2000. The league was contested by 18 clubs with Porto as the defending champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157835-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primeira Liga\nSporting won their first Championship in 18 years (since 1981\u201382) and qualified for the 2000\u201301 UEFA Champions League first group stage, along with Porto, who qualified for the thirdqualifying round. Benfica, Boavista, qualified for the UEFA Cup; in opposite, Vit\u00f3ria de Set\u00fabal, Rio Ave and Santa Clara were relegated to the Segunda Liga. M\u00e1rio Jardel was the top scorer with 38 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157835-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primeira Liga, Promotion and relegation, Teams relegated to Segunda Liga\nBeira-Mar, Chaves and Acad\u00e9mica, were consigned to the Liga de Honra following their final classification in 1998\u201399 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157835-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primeira Liga, Promotion and relegation, Teams promoted from Liga de Honra\nThe other three teams were replaced by Gil Vicente, Belenenses and Santa Clara from the Liga de Honra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157836-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primera B Nacional\nThe 1999\u201300 Argentine Primera B Nacional was the 14th season of second division professional of football in Argentina. 34 teams competed; the champion and runner-up were promoted to Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157836-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primera B Nacional, Promotion Playoff\nThe Promotion Playoff was played by the teams placed 1st and 2nd of each zone. The winning team was declared champion and was automatically promoted to Primera Divisi\u00f3n. The teams that lost in semifinal joined into the Quarterfinals of the Second Promotion Playoff, and the team that lost in the final joined in the semifinal of the Second Promotion Playoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157836-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primera B Nacional, Second Promotion Playoff\nThe Second Promotion Playoff or Torneo Reducido was played by the teams placed 3rd to 6th of each zone. Atl\u00e9tico de Rafaela and San Mart\u00edn (M) joined in the Quarterfinals, and Quilmes joined in the Semifinals. The winner was promoted to Primera Divisi\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157836-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primera B Nacional, Promotion Playoff Primera Divisi\u00f3n-Primera B Nacional\nThe best two teams of the overall standings that were not promoted (Quilmes and Almagro)  played against the 18th and the 17th placed of the Relegation Table of 1999\u20132000 Primera Divisi\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157836-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primera B Nacional, Relegation\nNote: Clubs with indirect affiliation with AFA are relegated to the Torneo Argentino A, while clubs directly affiliated face relegation to Primera B Metropolitana. Clubs with direct affiliation are all from Greater Buenos Aires, with the exception of Newell's, Rosario Central, Central C\u00f3rdoba and Argentino de Rosario, all from Rosario, and Uni\u00f3n and Col\u00f3n from Santa Fe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157837-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primera Divisi\u00f3, Overview\nIt was contested by 8 teams, and Constel\u00b7laci\u00f3 Esportiva won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157838-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primera Divisi\u00f3n A season\nPrimera Divisi\u00f3n A (M\u00e9xican First A Division) is a Mexican football tournament. This season was composed of Invieno 1999 and Verano 2000. Irapuato F.C. was the winner of the promotion to First Division after being champion in the two tournaments of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157838-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Primera Divisi\u00f3n A season, Promotion final\nIrapuato F.C. gained the promotion to First Division directly, the team won the two tournaments corresponding to the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157839-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented the Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The head coach was Bill Carmody and the team co-captains were Mason Rocca and Chris Young. The team played its home games in the Jadwin Gymnasium on the University campus in Princeton, New Jersey, and was the runner-up of the Ivy League. The team earned an invitation to the 32-team 2000 National Invitation Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157839-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team\nUsing the Princeton offense, the team recovered from a 1\u20134 start and posted a 19\u201311 overall record and an 11\u20133 conference record. On December 18, 1999, against UAB Blazers, Spencer Gloger made 10 three-point field goals in a single game to tie Matt Maloney's current Ivy League record with a total that continues to stand as the highest total by an Ivy League player against a non-league foe. In the National Invitation Tournament the team lost its first round contest against the Penn State Nittany Lions at Bryce Jordan Center State College, Pennsylvania, on March 15 by a 55\u201341 score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157839-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team\nThe team was led by All-Ivy League first team selection Chris Young. The team won the twelfth of twelve consecutive national statistical championships in scoring defense with a 54.6 points allowed average. Young led the Ivy League in field goal percentage with a 55.3% average in conference games. He also led the conference in blocked shots with 90, which continues to be the second highest single-season total in league history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157839-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team\nThis was the last season as coach for Carmody who gave way to John Thompson III the following year. Carmody helped Princeton achieve a 76.1% (210\u201366) winning percentage for the decade of the 1990s, which was the eighth best in the nation. Carmody retired with the Ivy League's all-time highest winning percentage in all games (78.6%, 92\u201325), surpassing Butch van Breda Kolff's 76.9% mark, and in conference games (89.3%, 50\u20136), surpassing Chuck Daly's 88.1% mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157840-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team represented Purdue University as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by Gene Keady and played its home games at Mackey Arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157840-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team, Schedule and results, NCAA basketball tournament\nDuring the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Purdue qualified for the Elite Eight, where they lost to the Wisconsin Badgers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 101], "content_span": [102, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157841-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 QMJHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 QMJHL season was the 31st season in the history of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The league grants the Montreal Rocket an expansion franchise, returning a team to the most populous city in Quebec. The QMJHL splits into four divisions, retaining the names Lebel and Dilio for its conferences. The Lebel conference is split into the West and Central divisions, and the Dilio Conference is split into the East and Maritime divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157841-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 QMJHL season\nThe overtime loss statistic is adopted by the Canadian Hockey League. The QMJHL had previously experiment with a single point awarded for an overtime loss in the 1984\u201385 QMJHL season. Sixteen teams played seventy-two games each in the schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157841-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 QMJHL season\nBrad Richards of the Rimouski Oc\u00e9anic is the top scorer in the league, wins the regular season and playoff MVP awards, and three other individual awards at the season's end. Richards helped Rimouski finish first overall in the regular season winning their first Jean Rougeau Trophy, and their first President's Cup, defeating the Hull Olympiques in the finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157841-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 QMJHL season, Final standings\nNote: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; PTS = Points; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157841-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 QMJHL season, Scoring leaders\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157841-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 QMJHL season, Playoffs\nBrad Richards was the leading scorer of the playoffs with 37 points (13 goals, 24 assists).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157842-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 QSPHL season\nThe 1999-00 QSPHL season was the fourth season of the Quebec Semi-Pro Hockey League, a minor professional league in the Canadian province of Quebec. 14 teams participated in the regular season, and the Rapides de LaSalle won the league title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157843-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Qatar Stars League, Overview\nIt was contested by 9 teams, and Al-Sadd Sports Club won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157844-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Queens Park Rangers F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157844-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the 1999\u20132000 season, QPR were in the top half for most of the campaign but even though their play-off hopes were all but sunk after a poor run of form at the turn of the year by going nine league games without a win, QPR still kept themselves well clear of danger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157844-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157844-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157845-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 RC Lens season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 93rd season in the existence of RC Lens and the club's 11th consecutive season in the top flight of French football. In addition to the domestic league, Lens participated in this season's editions of the Coupe de France, the Coupe de la Ligue and the UEFA Cup. The season covered the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157845-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 RC Lens season, Season summary\nLens reached the UEFA Cup semi-final before being eliminated by Arsenal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157845-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 RC Lens season, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157846-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 RK Zamet season\nThe 1999-2000 season was the 43rd season in RK Zamet\u2019s history. It is their 8th successive season in the 1. A HRL, and 23rd successive top tier season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157847-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rangers F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 120th season of competitive football by Rangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157847-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rangers F.C. season, Overview\nRangers played a total of 55 competitive matches during the 1999\u20132000 season. The team finished first in the Scottish Premier League and won Advocaat his second consecutive league title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157847-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rangers F.C. season, Overview\nRangers won the title by 21 points after some very consistent form throughout the season, only failing to win eight matches and losing just two. Rangers were undefeated against Celtic winning three out of the four matches. The signing of Michael Mols proved to be very significant with the striker scoring nine goals in his first nine league matches, although he suffered a serious injury later on in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157847-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rangers F.C. season, Overview\nIn the domestic cup competitions, they were knocked out of the League Cup at the quarter-finals stage, losing 1\u20130 to Aberdeen. However, the team won the Scottish Cup, defeating Aberdeen 4\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157847-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rangers F.C. season, Overview\nIn European competition, the team qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stages after a win over UEFA Cup holders Parma in the third qualifying round, whom Rangers has lost to the previous season en route to Parma's UEFA Cup win. They were drawn alongside Bayern Munich, PSV Eindhoven and Valencia. Rangers were unable to qualify for the next stage of the Champions League after a narrow 1\u20130 loss in Munich on the final match day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157847-0004-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rangers F.C. season, Overview\nThe game saw Michael Mols suffer a serious knee injury after attempting to avoid a collision with Oliver Khan, and he was therefore out for the rest of the season. Rangers finished third in the group and dropped into the UEFA Cup, where they drew Borussia Dortmund. Despite a convincing 2\u20130 win in Glasgow, Rangers lost 2\u20130 in Dortmund and lost the tie overall after a penalty shoot-out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157847-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rangers F.C. season, Appearances\nList of squad players, including number of appearances by competition", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157848-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ranji Trophy\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ranji Trophy was the 66th season of the Ranji Trophy. Mumbai defeated Hyderabad by 297 runs in the final. V. V. S. Laxman set new seasonal records of 1415 runs and eight hundreds. Kanwaljit Singh's 62 wickets is the second best for a season, after Bishan Bedi's 64 wickets in 1974-75. During the tournament, Rajeev Nayyar made the longest innings in first-class cricket, batting for 1,015 minutes for Himachal Pradesh against Jammu & Kashmir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157849-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Reading F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Reading F.C. 's second consecutive season in Division Two, following their relegation from the Division One in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157849-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Reading F.C. season, Season events\nIn July, midfielder Byron Glasgow tested positive cocaine and cannabis, and was subsequently sacked by the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157849-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Reading F.C. season, Season events\nOn 17 September, Manager Tommy Burns and Assistant Manager Packie Bonner where sacked by the club due to poor results, with Alan Pardew being announced as the Caretaker Manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157849-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Reading F.C. season, Season events\nIn February, Andy McLaren become the second Reading player to test positive for cocaine within the last year, and was sacked by the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157849-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Reading F.C. season, Squad, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Where a player has not declared an international allegiance, nation is determined by place of birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157849-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Reading F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Where a player has not declared an international allegiance, nation is determined by place of birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157850-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Real Madrid CF season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Real Madrid C.F. 's 69th season in La Liga. This article shows statistics of the club's players in the season, and also lists all matches that the club played in the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157850-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Real Madrid CF season, Summary\nThis was the season that marked the start of the Vicente del Bosque era of trophy winning at the club, having taken over from John Toshack early in the campaign. The squad was also largely different from the previous squad, with the arrival of Steve McManaman (Liverpool) and Nicolas Anelka (Arsenal) from the English Premier League respectively, as well as local talents M\u00edchel Salgado, and Iv\u00e1n Helguera, to support the budding young talent of Ra\u00fal, Iker Casillas, Fernando Morientes and Guti, as well as the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro and Roberto Carlos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157850-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Real Madrid CF season, Players, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157851-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Recreativo de Huelva season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 111th season in the existence of Recreativo de Huelva and the club's second consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157852-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Red Star Belgrade season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Red Star Belgrade participated in the 1999\u20132000 First League of FR Yugoslavia, 1999\u20132000 FR Yugoslavia Cup and 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157852-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Red Star Belgrade season, Season summary\nRed Star won their seventh double in this season. The 17-year-old Red Star fan Aleksandar Radovi\u0107 was killed by a signaling rocket fired from Partizan fans during the 113th Eternal derby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157852-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Red Star Belgrade season, Season summary\nOn 7 August 1999, Red Star played a friendly match against Real Madrid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157853-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Red Stripe Bowl\nThe 1999\u20132000 Red Stripe Bowl was the 26th season of what is now the Regional Super50, the domestic limited-overs cricket competition for the countries of the West Indies Cricket Board (WICB). It ran from 27 October to 7 November 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157853-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Red Stripe Bowl\nEight teams contested the competition \u2013 the six regular teams of West Indian domestic cricket (Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, the Leeward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Windward Islands), plus two invited international teams from the ICC Americas region (Bermuda and Canada). The tournament was impacted by rain, with three matches (including the final) being interrupted and another three (including a semi-final) being abandoned entirely. Jamaica eventually defeated the Leeward Islands in the final to win their sixth domestic one-day title. Leeward Islands batsman Sylvester Joseph led the tournament in runs, while Guyana's Neil McGarrell took the most wickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157853-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Red Stripe Bowl, Statistics, Most runs\nThe top five run scorers (total runs) are included in this table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157853-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Red Stripe Bowl, Statistics, Most wickets\nThe top five wicket takers are listed in this table, listed by wickets taken and then by bowling average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157854-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Reggina Calcio season\nReggina Calcio made its Serie A debut in the 1999-00 season, ending the season in twelfth place for the southernmost team in the league at the time. The season also saw the definite breakthroughs of Roberto Baronio, Andrea Pirlo, and Mohamed Kallon, leading to all three players joining larger clubs in the summer. The performance also owed much to goalkeeper Massimo Taibi, returning from a poor spell at Manchester United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Regionalliga was the sixth season of the Regionalliga as the third tier of German football. It was also the last season to be competed in four divisions. Teams were not only competing for promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, but also to qualify for the new two-division Regionalliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga\nAs in the previous seasons there were four divisions: Nord, Nordost, West/S\u00fcdwest and S\u00fcd. Each division comprised 18 teams, with the exception of the West/S\u00fcdwest division that had 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Nord\nVfL Osnabr\u00fcck was promoted to 2nd Bundesliga by beating 1. FC Union Berlin in the play-offs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Nord\nVfB L\u00fcbeck, Eintracht Braunschweig, SV Wilhelmshaven, SV Werder Bremen Amateure and L\u00fcneburger SK qualified for the new two-division Regionalliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Nordost\n1. FC Union Berlin remains in the Regionalliga, as the club could not secure promotion in the play-off against VfL Osnabr\u00fcck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Nordost\n1. FC Union Berlin took part in the play-offs against LR Ahlen and SC Pfullendorf, but could not win promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Nordost\nDresdner SC, FC Erzgebirge Aue, FC Carl Zeiss Jena, SV Babelsberg 03, FC Sachsen Leipzig and Rot-Wei\u00df Erfurt qualified for the new two-division Regionalliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, West/S\u00fcdwest\nLR Ahlen won promotion to the 2nd Bundesliga by beating 1. FC Union Berlin and SC Pfullendorf in the play-offs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, West/S\u00fcdwest\nTeams ranked from 3 to 11 qualified for the new two-division Regionalliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, S\u00fcd\nSSV Reutlingen 05 was promoted to the 2. Bundesliga. SC Pfullendorf took part in the play-offs against 1. FC Union Berlin and LR Ahlen, but could not win promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, S\u00fcd\nTeams ranked 3 to 13 qualified for the new two-division Regionalliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Promotion playoffs, Round 1\nThe champions of the Regionalliga Nord (VfL Osnabr\u00fcck) and Regionalliga Nordost (1. FC Union Berlin) faced each other in a two-legged playoff. Osnabr\u00fcck, as winners, were promoted to the 2. Bundesliga, while Union were given another chance at promotion in round 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Promotion playoffs, Round 2\n1. FC Union Berlin faced the runners up of the Regionalliga West/S\u00fcdwest (LR Ahlen) and Regionalliga S\u00fcd (SC Pfullendorf) in a round-robin tournament. Ahlen won this mini-league, and took the final promotion place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Relegation playoffs, Nord\nKickers Emden, champions of the Oberliga Niedersachsen/Bremen, beat TuS Felde, Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein champions in a playoff to face L\u00fcneburger SK, who had finished 6th in the Regionalliga Nord. L\u00fcneburg won 3\u20131 on aggregate to stay in the Regionalliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Relegation playoffs, Nordost\nFC Sch\u00f6nberg 95, champions of the NOFV-Oberliga Nord, beat FSV Hoyerswerda, NOFV-Oberliga S\u00fcd champions in a playoff to face Rot-Wei\u00df Erfurt, who had finished 7th in the Regionalliga Nordost. Erfurt won 4\u20132 on aggregate to stay in the Regionalliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Relegation playoffs, West/S\u00fcdwest\nSV Elversberg, who had finished twelfth in the Regionalliga West/S\u00fcdwest, entered a mini-league with VfB H\u00fcls (Oberliga Westfalen champions), Wuppertaler SV (Oberliga Nordrhein champions) and Borussia Neunkirchen (Oberliga S\u00fcdwest champions) for a place in the Regionalliga. Elversberg won the league with a 100% record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157855-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Regionalliga, Relegation playoffs, S\u00fcd\nNo team from the Oberliga Hessen entered qualification, so the champions of the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg (SV Sandhausen) and Bayernliga (Jahn Regensburg) played off in the first round. Regensburg won 5\u20136 on aggregate, and went on to play FSV Frankfurt, winning 6\u20133 on aggregate to earn promotion to the Regionalliga S\u00fcd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157856-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rochdale A.F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Rochdale A.F.C. season was the club's 79th season in the Football League, and the 26th consecutive season in the fourth tier (League Division Three).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157857-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Romanian Hockey League season\nThe 1999\u201300 Romanian Hockey League season was the 70th season of the Romanian Hockey League. Seven teams participated in the league, and SC Miercurea Ciuc won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157858-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rotherham United F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Rotherham United Football Club competed in the Football League Third Division where they finished in 2nd position on 84 points and gained promotion to the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157859-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rugby Union County Championship\nThe 1999\u20132000 Tetley's Bitter Rugby Union County Championship was the 100th edition of England's County Championship rugby union club competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157859-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Rugby Union County Championship\nYorkshire won their 13th title, after defeating Devon in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157860-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Russian Superleague season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Russian Superleague season was the fourth season of the Russian Superleague, the top level of ice hockey in Russia. 20 teams participated in the league, and HC Dynamo Moscow won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica's 96th season in existence and the club's 66th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football. It ran from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000. Benfica competed domestically in the Primeira Liga and the Ta\u00e7a de Portugal. The club also participated in the UEFA Cup, by virtue of finishing third in that tournament the previous season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season\nAfter sacking Scottish coach Graeme Souness, Benfica appointed UEFA Champions League-winning manager Jupp Heynckes. Limited by ongoing financial difficulties, the club signings consisted of players either on the books, free transfers or loans, such as with the Spaniards Chano and Tote, the former on a free deal, and the latter on loan. Tote arrived to replace Rushfeldt, who signed and practised with the team, before being recalled back by Rosenborg with disagreements over his transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season\nBenfica started their campaign with a six-game winning streak in their first seven league games, topping the league until December; when a record-setting loss to Celta de Vigo, the greatest in its history, negatively affected the team mentality, causing them to drop to third place in Matchday 19, which would become their final position, finishing eight points behind Sporting, but securing a position in the upcoming season's UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season\nIn total Benfica won 21 league matches, drew 6 and lost 7. Nuno Gomes was the season topscorer with 20 goals, of which 18 occurred in the Primeira Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, Pre-season\nAfter a season which saw Graeme Souness sacked, the club looked for more experience and chose Jupp Heynckes on 30 May. During a 20-year career, the German manager had won titles for Bayern Munich and Real Madrid and was the first manager in 32 years to clinch a European title for Madrid the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, Pre-season\nThe pre-season, which began in early July, included nine preparation matches in Portugal and abroad. From 18 to 31 July, the team played six matches against German teams. Their first game in Lisbon was against Bayern Munich on 10 August, and four days later they participated in the Trofeo Memorial Nereo Rocco against AC Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, Pre-season\nHeynckes immediately requested signings in all three positions: defence, midfield and attack. Although the club scouted Hanuch (signed by Sporting) and Claudio Husa\u00edn for the midfield, the only players to join the team were Maniche and Marco Freitas (both on the club payroll and returning from one-year loans to Alverca). For attack Benfica considered Barcelona player Giovanni (who said, \"It would be an honour for me to work with Heynckes\") but ultimately signed Chano, a 34-year-old Spanish player from CD Tenerife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, Pre-season\nThe club was involved in a transfer saga over Norwegian striker Rushfeldt. He signed and practised with the team but left after Rosenborg claimed there were financial issues related to his transfer. He was replaced by Tote, on loan from Real Madrid, with the club president saying that \"Tote was always the first choice\" and Rushfeldt \"did not have the personality or mental strength to play for Benfica\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, Pre-season\nGoalkeeper Michel Preud'homme retired at age 39. Arriving in 1994, he made nearly 200 appearances over five seasons and became a fan favourite. Benfica hired two replacements: Argentine Carlos Bossio and German Robert Enke. Heynckes described Bossio as the \"more experienced\" goalkeeper, with \"a great talent\", but also defining Enke as a \"good, young goalkeeper; a promise\". The Argentine had appearances on his national team and was the first choice at Estudiantes, while the German had its breakthrough at Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach only a few months earlier. However, in a pre-season game against Bayern Munich Bossio conceded two goals: \"I am calm, although we lost the game and my performance led to some 'scolding'.\" Enke confidently stepped into the position: \"If I do not make mistakes, there will be no reason to change goalkeepers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, August and September\nBenfica visited Vila do Conde for their opening Primeira Liga game on 22 August. Although S\u00e9rgio Nunes scored in the ninth minute, Hugo Henrique of the home team equalised it minutes later for a 1\u20131 draw. During the last week of August Benfica hosted Salgueiros, scoring one goal and missing a number of opportunities to increase their lead. Record entitled its article \"If the Spaniard was a goalscorer it would have been a slaughter\", referring to the wastefulness of Tote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, August and September\nOn 12 September Benfica visited Azores and beat Santa Clara 3\u20130 to move to top of the league table, tied with five other teams. Four days later the club started their European campaign, facing Dinamo Bucuresti at home. They lost 1\u20130, when a shot by Nastase slipped through Enke's legs. In the title race, Benfica led the table after defeating Vit\u00f3ria Set\u00fabal. Newspaper Record portrayed the game as easy win for the club, writing, \"Nothing better to raise morale than to win comfortably, without rush, without pushing, without any problem whatsoever.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, August and September\nBefore their European game, the team travelled to Faro to defend their lead. They won their fourth consecutive match, with Nuno Gomes scoring his fourth goal in five games. At the end of September, Benfica travelled to Romania to play Dinamo Bucuresti. After a first-half goal by Maniche, Chano scored in the 71st minute to send Benfica into second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, October and November\nThe club's momentum continued into October, when they defeated Estrela da Amadora with two second-half goals; Record summarized that the goals, \"Finished the game off when it was most needed\". On 16 October Benfica visited Barcelos, and increased their lead to four points over second-place FC Porto. In Europe, the club defeated P.A.O.K. in Greece, taking an advantage back to Portugal for the second leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, October and November\nIn their eighth Primeira Liga match Benfica hosted Boavista F.C., settling for a draw after Whelliton scored in the 80th minute. It was the first time since late August that Benfica dropped points. For their last October game, they visited Alverca to face the local team, F.C. Alverca. Benfica lost their first league match; with a display that Record characterized as being under a Halloween spell; that resulted in \"their worst performance of the season, and seeing Porto close in on the top of the table.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, October and November\nOn 4 November, Benfica hosted P.A.O.K. for the second leg of their European qualifier. They lost 2\u20131 in normal time, requiring extra time and a penalty shootout to decide the match. The Lisbon side converted all their shots, progressing into the next round. Four days later, the club defeated S.C. Braga by one goal in a league match to open a three-point lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, October and November\nAfter a one-week break for the Ta\u00e7a de Portugal, Benfica visited Est\u00e1dio das Antas for the Cl\u00e1ssico against Porto. They lost 2\u20130 with goals from Capucho and Jardel, and the title-holders reduced Benfica's league lead to one point. In Jo\u00e3o Marcelino view, \"The game between Porto and Benfica had to forcibly answer some questions \u2014 and it did not disappoint expectations. The easy win by Fernando Santos' team clearly showed who still is, almost six years later, the best team in domestic football; and the way that Jupp Heynckes accepted defeat could be used as evidence that he has been pushing his players to their current limit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, October and November\nThe following Thursday, Benfica visited Vigo for the third round of the UEFA Cup. Benfica made club history in the match; at half-time they were already losing 4\u20130, and three more goals in the second half broke the record for goals conceded, in their worst defeat ever. At their next training session hundreds of fans booed the team, and the club president compelled his players to apologize for their performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0015-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, October and November\nTeam captain Jo\u00e3o Pinto read a statement: \"To Benfica, and to their supporters; aware of the abnormality of the result from the match in Vigo; the players, represented by the captain and vice-captain, publicly acknowledge that they didn't perform to club standards. We promise to redouble our commitment, towards dignifying this club. To them and to the millions of fans, we formally apologize.\" November's final game, a 2\u20130 victory over Campomaiorense, retained Benfica's league lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, December and January\nBenfica began December with a draw against Belenenses, with Porto's victory ensuring they surpassed Benfica in the league table. The team performance was at such a level that it allowed Record to claim, \"The goalscoring chances could be counted on the fingers of a hand.\" In the second leg of the UEFA Cup against Celta de Vigo, the Spaniards and Heynckes fielded lineups almost entirely composed of reserves and the match ended in a one-all draw. On Matchday 14, Benfica beat U.D. Leiria by 3\u20132 with \"two freak goals ensuring a win. \", as Record put it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0016-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, December and January\nThe final game of the year was a visit to Guimar\u00e3es. Benfica scored first but allowed Vit\u00f3ria S.C. to come back, losing a third league match. They had not won outside Est\u00e1dio da Luz since 16 October (when they led by four points), and began the New Year four points behind the leader in third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, December and January\nThe year started with a Derby de Lisboa at home. After a scoreless tie, Sporting CP benefited from the points-share and Benfica fell to six points behind Porto. On 12 January the club hosted Amora for the Portuguese Cup, scoring seven goals against the third-tier team. Three days later, Benfica visited Funchal and nearly lost; Record labelled Enke's performance as crucial for Benfica, illustrating, \"In the key moment of the game, when Enke defended a penalty in the 10th minute, he saved Benfica from leaving Funchal with a defeat. In a sluggish performance, only new signings Uribe and Machairidis showed good form.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, December and January\nOn Matchday 18, Benfica hosted Rio Ave, winning their first league game in a month. Four days later, Benfica again played Sporting for the Portuguese Cup. Losing 3\u20131, the team were eliminated in their own stadium for the fourth time in club history; the first three were by Sporting in 1962\u201363, Braga in 1965\u201366 and Boavista in 1991\u201392. Benfica ended January with three points away from home for the first time since October, after defeating Salgueiros 2\u20131 in the Vidal Pinheiro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, February and March\nNow focused on the league, Benfica continued their momentum and defeated Santa Clara at home. Chano was decisive in unlocking the game in the perspective of Record: \"He was the vitamin that gave imagination and clarity to Benfica's midfield\". They won a fourth consecutive time, beating Vit\u00f3ria de Set\u00fabal in Est\u00e1dio do Bonfim and gaining ground on Porto and Sporting (both of whom lost points). On 22 February, Benfica hosted Farense knowing that a win would put them one point behind the joint Primeira Liga leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, February and March\nBenfica were surprised by the Faro side's opposition. Jos\u00e9 Manuel Delgado wrote in his match report for Record: \"Heynckes' defence show[ed] inexplicable passivity, and Quinzinho was a loose threat that no one could stop. With an impressive performance, Farense made one, two and nearly three goals\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0020-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, February and March\nShortly after the 15-minute mark the Angolan striker was injured and Farense threats stopped, allowing Benfica to turn the match around: \"After his substitution Benfica started to settle in the midfield, better supporting the attack\u00a0...until Maniche put the threats in practise and scored in the 23rd and 38th minutes, with Nuno Gomes leaving Benfica in the lead before halftime\". For their last February match, Benfica visited Est\u00e1dio Jos\u00e9 Gomes to face the local team, Estrela da Amadora. Two goals by G\u00e1ucho and another by Kenedy gave them their first league loss since 19 December, with Porto and Sporting regaining a four-point lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, February and March\nThe Lisbon side rebounded with a home win against Gil Vicente F.C. ; Jos\u00e9 Manuel Delgado called the victory \"convincing, with moments of good football\". The second game in March was at Est\u00e1dio do Bessa. The match report in Record depicted Benfica's performance as good to begin with (\"[Benfica] was better in the first half, scored first and stopped the Boavista press in the beginning of the second half\"), until they conceded to Boavista before the final whistle: \"[Benfica] receded, receded, until suffering a last-minute goal by Litos with Boavista reduced to ten men.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0021-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, February and March\nOn Matchday 26 Benfica hosted Alverca, defeating them with a late goal by Jo\u00e3o Tom\u00e1s and avenging October's loss. The team ended March with a visit to Braga, undefeated by Benfica since 1995\u201396. Although the team led the game early, another late goal and the subsequent loss allowed both rivals to increase their lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, April and May\nOn 1 April Benfica faced Porto in the second Cl\u00e1ssico of the season, and a second-half goal by Sabry helped the club defeat their historic rivals. Gomes Ferreira commented: \"The game was perfect for a nil-nil draw, when in the 67th minute a moment of genius decided the game: a great, meaningful goal from Saby, launching Benfica into the title race and hampering Porto\". Benfica maintained their momentum on a trip to the Portalegre team, Campomaiorense. An early dismissal of Jos\u00e9 Soares helped them win easily, with Sabry scoring in a fourth consecutive game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0023-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, April and May\nOn 16 April Benfica hosted Lisbon rivals Belenenses, losing 3-2 and dampening any championship hopes. A week later the team lost their second straight match (their seventh defeat of the season) to Uni\u00e3o de Leiria 2\u20131, despite scoring first. On 30 April Benfica returned to top form, and in Miguel Costa Nunes opinion, defeated a \"debilitated and riddled with internal conflicts\" Vit\u00f3ria de Guimar\u00e3es 3\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0024-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, April and May\nIn the penultimate game of the season, Benfica faced Sporting for the third time; in their previous meetings, the club had tied once and lost once. Sporting, the league leader, was three points away from ending an 18-year drought dating to 1981\u201382. A late goal by Sabry dashed their hopes, preventing them from winning the title from Benfica. In the aftermath of the game, Record reported in their headline: \"Till the end: A late goal from Sabry completely froze the thousands of Sporting fans waiting to celebrate the title\", while O Jogo header read \"Sabry causes short-circuit in Alvalade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0024-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Summary, April and May\nBenfica ended the season with a third consecutive win, beating Madeira side Mar\u00edtimo 2\u20131. However, in Jos\u00e9 Ribeiro's piece for Record, he wrote that Benfica \"missed out on a thrashing that the fans and Mar\u00edtimo deserved\". The club finished four points from a Champions League berth and eight behind Sporting, who won their long-awaited title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0025-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Player statistics\nThe squad for the season consisted of the players listed in the tables below, as well as staff member Heynckes (manager).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0026-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Player statistics\nNote 1: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157861-0027-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.L. Benfica season, Player statistics\nNote 2: Players with squad numbers marked \u2021 joined the club during the 1999-0000 season via transfer, with more details in the following section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157862-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.S. Lazio season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Societ\u00e0 Sportiva Lazio's 100th season since the club's existence and their 12th consecutive in the top division of Italian football. In this season, Lazio won their second Scudetto of their history, and their third Coppa Italia, completing an historical double.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157862-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.S. Lazio season\nIn Europe, Lazio was knocked out at the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League, but won the 1999 UEFA Super Cup against Manchester United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157862-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.S. Lazio season, Players, Squad information\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157862-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.S. Lazio season, Players, Transfers, In\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157862-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.S. Lazio season, Players, Transfers, Out\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157862-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 S.S. Lazio season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157863-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SC Bastia season\nFrench football club SC Bastia's 1999\u20132000 season. Finished 10th place in league. Top scorer of the season, including 12 goals in 11 league matches have been Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric N\u00e9e. Was eliminated to Coupe de France end of 64, the Coupe de la Ligue was able to be among the semi final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157863-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SC Bastia season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157864-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SD Compostela season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 72nd season in the existence of SD Compostela and the club's second consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157865-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SD Eibar season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 60th season in the existence of SD Eibar and the club's 12th consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football. The season covered the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157866-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SK Rapid Wien season\nThe 1999\u20132000 SK Rapid Wien season is the 102nd season in club history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157867-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SM-liiga season\nThe 1999-2000 SM-liiga season was the 25th season of the SM-liiga, the top level of ice hockey in Finland. 12 teams participated in the league, and TPS Turku won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157868-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SSV Ulm 1846 season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the first time SSV Ulm 1846 played in the 1. Bundesliga, the highest tier of the German football league system. After 34 league games, SSV Ulm finished in 16th place, and were relegated back to the 2. Fu\u00dfball-Bundesliga. The club reached the fourth round of the DFB-Pokal; losing 2\u20131 away to Werder Bremen. Hans van de Haar was the club's top goal scorer, with 12 goals in all competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157869-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SV Werder Bremen season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, SV Werder Bremen played in the 1. Bundesliga, the highest tier of the German football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157869-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SV Werder Bremen season, Season summary\nHaving barely escaped relegation last season, Bremen rose to 9th in the final table - 6 points off Champions League qualification. The club also qualified for the UEFA Cup again, giving them the chance to improve on that season's run to the quarter-finals. The team also reached the DFB-Pokal final for the second season running, but lost to Bayern Munich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157869-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SV Werder Bremen season, First team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157870-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sacramento Kings season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Kings' 51st season in the National Basketball Association, and 15th season in Sacramento. During the offseason, the Kings acquired Nick Anderson from the Orlando Magic, and signed free agents Tony Delk, Darrick Martin and re-signed Tyrone Corbin. For the season opener, the Kings traveled to Tokyo, Japan to play their first two games against the Minnesota Timberwolves. Coming off a winning record in a strike-shortened season was much expected of the Kings, who got off to a fast start winning nine of their first ten games, which included an 8-game winning streak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157870-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sacramento Kings season\nThe team held a 30\u201318 record at the All-Star break. However, they played below .500 for the remainder of the season losing seven of their final eight games, finishing fifth in the Pacific Division with a 44\u201338 record. Chris Webber averaged 24.5 points, 10.5 rebounds, 4.6 assists, 1.6 steals and 1.7 blocks per game, and was named to the All-NBA Third Team, and selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. Second-year star Jason Williams provided the team with 12.3 points, 7.3 assists and 1.4 steals per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157870-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sacramento Kings season\nIn the Western Conference First Round, the Kings lost in five games to the top-seeded and eventual champion Los Angeles Lakers. Following the season, Corliss Williamson was traded to the Toronto Raptors, Corbin signed as a free agent with the Raptors, and Delk signed with the Phoenix Suns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157870-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sacramento Kings season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157871-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Saint Louis Billikens men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Saint Louis Billikens men's basketball team represented Saint Louis University in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Billikens were led by head coach Lorenzo Romar who was in his first season at Saint Louis. The team played their home games at Scottrade Center. They were a member of Conference USA. The Billikens finished the season 19\u201314, 7\u20139 in C-USA play to finish 5th in the conference standings. They won the C-USA Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament where they were defeated by Utah in the opening round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157872-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Samford Bulldogs basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Samford Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Samford University in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by third-year head coach Jimmy Tillette, played their home games at the Pete Hanna Center in Homewood, Alabama as members of the Trans America Athletic Conference. After finishing third in the TAAC regular season standings, Samford won the TAAC Tournament for the second straight season to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As No. 13 seed in the Midwest region, the Bulldogs were defeated by No. 4 seed Syracuse in the opening round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157873-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Antonio Spurs season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the San Antonio Spurs' 24th season in the National Basketball Association, their 27th season as the Spurs, and their 33rd season as a franchise. After having won their first NBA championship in 1999, where they defeated the #8 seed New York Knicks in five games, the Spurs signed free agents Terry Porter, Samaki Walker and Chucky Brown during the offseason. However, prior to the season, Sean Elliott was diagnosed with a kidney disorder, and missed the first four months of the season. He would then receive a kidney transplant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157873-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Antonio Spurs season\nIn 1999-2000, the Spurs won 14 of their first 17 games, including a 7-game winning streak. They battled for first place in the Midwest Division all season, with Tim Duncan and David Robinson both being selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. At midseason, Brown was released to free agency and re-signed with the Charlotte Hornets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157873-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Antonio Spurs season\nOn March 14, the Spurs' playoff spirits would get a lift when Elliott returned and played in the final 19 games. However, as the season wounded down, Duncan suffered a knee injury. The Spurs finished second in the Midwest Division with a 53\u201329 record, but without Duncan, they were eliminated in the Western Conference First Round of the playoffs by the 5th-seeded Phoenix Suns in four games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157873-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Antonio Spurs season\nDuncan averaged 23.2 points, 12.4 rebounds and 2.2 blocks per game, and was named to the All-NBA First Team, and to the NBA All-Defensive First Team, while Robinson averaged 17.8 points, 9.6 rebounds  and 2.3 blocks per game, and was selected to the All-NBA Third Team. Following the season, Mario Elie signed as a free agent with the Phoenix Suns, and Jerome Kersey signed with the Milwaukee Bucks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season\nThe 1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season was the team's ninth season of operation in the National Hockey League (NHL). Under third-year head coach Darryl Sutter, the Sharks posted a winning record for the first time in franchise history; in doing so, they managed to clinch a playoff berth for the third consecutive season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season\nThe Sharks' 1999\u20132000 regular season is remembered, in large part, for the heroics of captain Owen Nolan. Nolan, in his fourth full season with the team, posted career-best goal (44) and point (84) totals; both figures established new franchise records. Nolan's excellent play was complemented by that of fellow forwards Vincent Damphousse and Jeff Friesen; fan-favorite Mike Ricci, in his third season with the team, also turned in a quality campaign. All told, San Jose's offense improved considerably despite disappointing production from young forwards Patrick Marleau and Marco Sturm. By contrast, the Sharks' defense regressed despite quality play from starting goaltender Steve Shields, rookie goaltender Evgeni Nabokov, and defensemen Gary Suter and Brad Stuart. Still, the team finished the 1999\u20132000 campaign with franchise-record point (87) and win (35) totals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season\nThe Sharks' competent play netted them the Western Conference's eighth, and final, playoff berth. In the first round, they faced the top-seeded (and heavily favored) St. Louis Blues. As expected, the Blues took the series' first game with relative ease; the Sharks shocked onlookers, however, by winning each of the next three. The Blues responded with two decisive victories of their own; in doing so, they forced a deciding seventh game in St. Louis. There, in an upset on par with their 1994 victory over the Detroit Red Wings, the Sharks scored a stunning 3\u20131 victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season\nThe game is remembered, in part, for an infamous center-ice goal by Owen Nolan on Blues goaltender Roman Turek. The goal, which gave the Sharks a 2\u20130 lead, ultimately served as the series-winner. In the second round, the team faced the second-seeded Dallas Stars. Unlike the Blues, the defending Stanley Cup champion Stars made quick work of the Sharks; while the latter managed to steal a game in San Jose, they were ultimately eliminated in five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season, Regular season\nThe Sharks had the most power-play opportunities during the regular season (377) and scored the most short-handed goals (16).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season, Regular season, Final standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season, Roster\n9\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Harvey\u00a0\u202211\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Nolan\u00a0\u202212\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Sutter\u00a0\u202214\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Marleau\u00a0\u202215\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Korolyuk\u00a0\u202218\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Ricci\u00a0\u202219\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Sturm\u00a0\u202221\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Granato\u00a0\u202222\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Stern\u00a0\u202224\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Sundstrom\u00a0\u202225\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Damphousse\u00a0\u202226\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Lowry\u00a0\u202232\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Craven\u00a0\u202233\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Myhres\u00a0\u202237\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Matteau\u00a0\u202239\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Friesen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157874-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 San Jose Sharks season, Roster\n3\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Rouse\u00a0\u20225\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Norton\u00a0\u20227\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Stuart\u00a0\u202210\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Ragnarsson\u00a0\u202220\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Suter\u00a0\u202223\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Heins\u00a0\u202227\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Marchment\u00a0\u202240\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Rathje\u00a0\u202242\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Sutton\u00a0\u202243\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Hannan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157875-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Santosh Trophy\nThe 1999\u20132000 Santosh Trophy was the 56th edition of the Santosh Trophy, the main State competition for football in India. It was held from 9 to 23 April 2000 in Thrissur and Chalakudy, Kerala. Twenty-eight teams from all over the country were supposed to take part in the national state championships, but six pulled out. Maharashtra beat the home team of Kerala 1\u20130 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157875-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Santosh Trophy, Qualified teams\nThe following eight teams qualified for the Santosh Trophy proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157876-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Santosh Trophy qualification\nThe 1999\u20132000 Santosh Trophy qualifiers began on 19 March and ended on 8 April 2000. A total of 22 teams completed the qualifying phase and play-off round to decide four of the eight places in the final round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157876-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Santosh Trophy qualification\nA total of 28 teams entered the competition and were divided into eight 'clusters' with three or four teams in each cluster. Six teams \u2014 Sikkim, Mizoram, Andaman and Nicobar, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya \u2014 pulled before the start of the competition reducing the number to 22. Following the round-robin stages, eight teams played the play-offs, and Services, Punjab, Karnataka and Maharashtra made it to the final round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157876-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Santosh Trophy qualification, Qualification, Cluster V\nThe first game of Cluster V was played between Uttar Pradesh and Assam on 1 April. However, at 30 minutes into the first half, play had to stopped due to rain. Assam were up 1\u20130 after a 20th minute penalty kick conversion by Akom Ao. The match was replayed the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157876-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Santosh Trophy qualification, Play-offs\nThe winner of each 'cluster' played a play-off game each and the final two qualification spots were determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157877-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Saudi First Division\nIn 1999\u20132000 Saudi First Division, the second-tier league of football in Saudi Arabia, was won by Al-Ansar F.C. of the Medina region. Along with Al-Qadisiyah they were promoted to the Saudi Professional League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157877-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Saudi First Division, Relegation play-offs\nAl Taawon, who finished 8th, faced Najran, who finished 9th for a two-legged play-off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157879-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Challenge Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish Challenge Cup was the ninth season of the competition, which was also known as the Bell's Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons. It was competed for by the 30 member clubs of the Scottish Football League. The defending champions were Falkirk, who defeated Queen of the South 1\u20130 in the 1997 final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157879-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Challenge Cup\nThe final was played on 21 November 1999, between Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Alloa Athletic at Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie. Alloa Athletic won 5\u20134 on penalties after a 4\u20134 draw after extra time, to win the tournament for the first time in the club's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157879-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Challenge Cup, First round\nForfar Athletic and Livingston received random byes into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157879-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Challenge Cup, Notes\nA. The 1998\u201399 tournament was suspended due to lack of sponsorship", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157880-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish Cup was the 115th staging of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition, also known for sponsorship reasons as the Tennent's Scottish Cup. The Cup was won by Rangers who defeated Aberdeen 4\u20130 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157881-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish First Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish First Division was won by St Mirren, finishing as one of two promoted teams. As the Scottish Premier League was being expanded to twelve teams Dunfermline Athletic were to be joined by Falkirk in a three team playoff against Aberdeen with the top two placed teams entering the Scottish Premier League. However, this didn't occur as Falkirk's Brockville Stadium didn't meet the then SPL requirements for having a 10,000 all-seater stadium. Clydebank finished bottom and were relegated to the Scottish Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157881-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish First Division, Attendances\nThe average attendances for Scottish First Division clubs for season 1999/00 are shown below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157883-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Inter-District Championship\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish Inter-District Championship was a rugby union competition for Scotland's professional district teams. With the merging of the 4 districts into 2 in 1998; now only Glasgow and Edinburgh were involved in the Scottish Inter-District Championship. Glasgow Caledonians and Edinburgh Reivers then fought it out in a renamed Tri-Series. The previous year this was sponsored by Tennents Velvet, but this year the Tri-Series ran without a sponsor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157883-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Inter-District Championship\nThree matches were played between the clubs. Glasgow won the series, beating Edinburgh 2-1. A league table is shown for completeness. Both teams entered the next year's Heineken Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157883-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Inter-District Championship\nThe first Tri-Series game of the season doubled as a fixture in the 1999-2000 season's Welsh-Scottish League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157883-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Inter-District Championship, Results, Round 1\nGlasgow Caledonians: Metcalfe, McInroy, A Bulloch, Jardine, Longstaff, Hayes, Nicol, Hilton, G Bulloch, McIlwham, Campbell, White, Reid, McFadyen, Petrie. Replacements: Irving, Stark, Beveridge, Waite, Burns, Scott. Edinburgh Reivers: Lang, Milligan, Paterson, Utterson, Sharman, Hodge, Fairley, Stewart, Scott, Proudfoot, Lucking, Fullarton, Mather, Leslie, Hogg. Replacements: Di Rollo, Lee, Burns, Hayter, Dall, McNulty, McKelvey", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157883-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Inter-District Championship, Results, Round 2\nEdinburgh Reivers: C Paterson, K Milligan, J Hita, G Shiel, D Lee, D Hodge, G Burns, A Jacobsen, S Scott, B Stewart, A Lucking, I Fullarton, C Mather, C Hogg (G Hayter, 54 min), G Dall. Glasgow Caledonians: G Metcalfe, S Longstaff, A Bulloch, J Stuart, J Craig, T Hayes, A Nicol, D Hilton, G Scott, G McIlwham, S Campbell (M Waite, 63), J White, R Reid (D Hall, 65), G Simpson, D Macfadyen (J Petrie 28).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157883-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Inter-District Championship, Results, Round 3\nGlasgow Caledonians: R Shepherd; A Bulloch, J Stewart, I Jardine, T Hayes; B Irving, F Stott; D Hilton, G Bulloch, G McIlwham, S Campbell, D Burns, J White, M Waite, G Simpson. Subs: G Scott for Waite 34mins, G Beveridge for Stott 66, A Watt for Hilton, 72. Edinburgh Reivers: G Kiddie; K Milligan, J Hita, G Shiel, K Utterson; G Ross, I Fairley; A Jacobsen, S Scott, B Stewart, A Lucking, I Fullarton, C Mather, G Hayter, G Dall. Subs: M Proudfoot for Stewart, 51. S Walker for Milligan, 69.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157884-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Junior Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish Junior Cup was a competition in Scottish Junior football. It was won by Whitburn; they defeated Johnstone Burgh 4\u20133 on penalties after drawing 2\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157884-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Junior Cup, First round\nThese ties were scheduled to take place on Saturday 9 October 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157884-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Junior Cup, Second round\nThese ties were scheduled to take place on Saturday 6 November 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157884-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Junior Cup, Third round\nThese ties were scheduled to take place on Saturday, 4 December 1999", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157884-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Junior Cup, Fourth round\nThese ties were scheduled to take place on Saturday, 15 January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157884-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Junior Cup, Fifth round\nThese ties were scheduled to take place on Saturday, 12 February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157884-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Junior Cup, Semi-Finals\nThese ties were played on 28 April 2000 & 5 May 2000, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157885-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish League Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish League Cup was the 54th staging of the Scotland's second most prestigious football knockout competition, also known for sponsorship reasons as the CIS Insurance Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157885-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish League Cup\nThe competition was won by Celtic, who defeated Aberdeen 2\u20130 in the Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League (known as the 1999\u20132000 Bank of Scotland Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the second season of the Scottish Premier League, the top level of football in Scotland. It began in on 31 July 1999 and concluded on 21 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League\nRangers, the defending champions, retained their title on 22 April 2000, after their nearest challengers Celtic drew 1\u20131 with Hibernian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Teams\nA total of 10 teams competed in the league, the top 9 sides from the 1998\u201399 Scottish Premier League and the champions of the 1998\u201399 Scottish First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Teams\nHibernian were promoted to the league after winning the 1998\u201399 First Division by a 23-point margin. They replaced Dunfermline Athletic who were relegated after a three-season stint in the top flight, finishing bottom of the league the previous season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Overview\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League was won by Rangers for the second successive year, finishing 21 points ahead of nearest rivals Celtic. As champions, Rangers qualified for the Champions League while Celtic and third-placed Hearts qualified for the UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Overview\nAs the SPL was being expanded to 12 teams, the bottom finishing side were to face the second and third finishing sides from the First Division, in a three team play-off. However, due to Falkirk's stadium (Brockville Park) having fewer than the SPL minimum required 10,000 seats, the playoff did not take place. Therefore, bottom-placed Aberdeen were spared relegation and Dunfermline were promoted automatically as the First Division runner-up. Aberdeen appeared in both the League Cup and Scottish Cup final, but lost both to Celtic and Rangers, respectively. However, as Scottish Cup runners-up, they also qualified for the following season's UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Overview\nCeltic entered the season under new management with former Liverpool player John Barnes taking charge in June 1999. It proved to be a brief and unsuccessful reign, however, after being sacked in February 2000, ten points behind Rangers in the league, and in the wake of a Scottish Cup defeat to First Division Inverness Caledonian Thistle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Overview\nOn 20 October 1999, Aberdeen and Motherwell played out a match which finished in a 6\u20135 victory for Aberdeen at Fir Park. This was the record for the highest-scoring match in Scottish Premier League history, until Motherwell and Hibernian played out a 6\u20136 draw in May 2010, also at Fir Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Overview\nRangers secured the league title on 22 April 2000, after Celtic drew 1\u20131 with Hibernian at Celtic Park, leaving Celtic with a 17-point deficit with only 5 matches left to play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Results, Matches 1\u201318\nDuring matches 1\u201318 each team plays every other team twice (home and away).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Results, Matches 19\u201336\nDuring matches 19\u201336 each team plays every other team a further two times (home and away).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157886-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League, Attendances\nThe average attendances for SPL clubs during the 1999/00 season are shown below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157887-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Second Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish Second Division was won by Clyde and ended with Alloa Athletic pipping Ross County to second place on the final day of the season thanks to a 6-1 win over Queen of the South, while Ross County could only manage a 2-2 draw away at Stenhousemuir. The top three were promoted as a result of league reconstruction. Hamilton Academical were relegated after they were docked 15 points for breaking league rules: with the players in dispute with the club management over unpaid wages, the team failed to fulfil a fixture against Stenhousemuir on 1 April 2000 at Ochilview Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157887-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Second Division, Attendance\nThe average attendance for Division Two clubs for season 1999/00 are shown below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157888-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scottish Third Division\nThe 1999\u20132000 Scottish Third Division was won by Queen's Park who, along with second and third  placed Berwick Rangers and Forfar Athletic, gained promotion to the Second Division. Albion Rovers finished bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157889-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scunthorpe United F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Scunthorpe United F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157889-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scunthorpe United F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the 1999-2000 season, after a successful play-off final win to ensure promotion the season before, Scunthorpe weren't able to maintain their Second Division status and were relegated back to the Third Division in 23rd place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157889-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scunthorpe United F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157889-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Scunthorpe United F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157890-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seattle SuperSonics season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the 32nd season for the Seattle SuperSonics in the National Basketball Association. The Sonics had the 13th pick in the 1999 NBA draft, and selected Corey Maggette out of Duke University, but soon traded him to the Orlando Magic for Horace Grant. The team also acquired Brent Barry from the Chicago Bulls, and signed free agents Vernon Maxwell, second-year forward Ruben Patterson and three-point specialist Chuck Person. Two years removed from the George Karl-era, the Sonics once again managed to make the playoffs finishing fourth in the Pacific Division with a 45\u201337 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157890-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seattle SuperSonics season\nThey took the 2nd-seeded Utah Jazz to a fifth and decisive game in the Western Conference First Round before being eliminated on Utah's home floor. All-Star point guard Gary Payton averaged 24.2 points, 6.5 rebounds, 8.9 assists and 1.9 steals per game, and led the league with 177 three-point field goals. He also earned high individual honors for the season, including All-NBA First Team and NBA All-Defensive First Team selections, while being selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157890-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seattle SuperSonics season\nVin Baker averaged 16.6 points and 7.7 rebounds per game, while Barry contributed with 11.8 points per game. Following the season, Grant was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers after just one season in Seattle, Maxwell was traded to the New York Knicks, but was released to free agency, and re-signed as a free agent with the Philadelphia 76ers, and Person retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157890-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seattle SuperSonics season\nFor the season, the Sonics added new dark red alternate road uniforms which lasted until 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157890-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seattle SuperSonics season, Offseason, Draft picks\nThe 1999 NBA Draft saw the Seattle SuperSonics with the 13th and 41st overall picks, the latter of which was acquired by the Denver Nuggets. With the remaining pick, the Sonics selected Duke University's Corey Maggette, regarded by some as the \"best pure athlete in the entire draft.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157890-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seattle SuperSonics season, Offseason, Draft picks\nOn draft night, the Sonics traded Maggette to the Orlando Magic, along with veteran players Billy Owens, Don MacLean, and Dale Ellis. In return, the Sonics received veteran forward Horace Grant, a three-time NBA champion with the Michael Jordan-led Chicago Bulls (1991\u20131993). They also received two future second-round draft picks (No. 42 in 2000 and No. 42 in 2001) in the deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157890-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seattle SuperSonics season, Regular season\nSeattle began the season by winning 9 out of their first 11 games, capping off the run with a win over the Houston Rockets on November 20, 1999. Their strong play continued through the month of January, where a 7-game win streak put them at a season-high 14 games over .500 (27-13). Though the Sonics only managed to win 18 of their final 42 games, their early-season success offset their late-season losses, keeping them safely within the playoff picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157890-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seattle SuperSonics season, Regular season\nWith two games left in the season, the Sonics overcame the Sacramento Kings in overtime to secure the 7th seed in the Western Conference. This assured that the team would avoid the 1st-seeded Los Angeles Lakers, who finished the season with an NBA-best 67-15, in the first round of the playoffs. Particularly, the seeding eliminated the possibility of unfavorable match-ups with a young Kobe Bryant and season MVP Shaquille O'Neal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157890-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seattle SuperSonics season, Regular season\nThe Sonics would lose their final game of the regular season and finish with a 45-37 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157891-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Second League of FR Yugoslavia\nThe 1999\u20132000 Second League of FR Yugoslavia season (Serbian: Druga liga Jugoslavije) consisted of three groups of 18 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157891-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Second League of FR Yugoslavia\nOriginally 14 teams from 7 groups of Third Division would be promoted, but in the end only 13 teams remained (only one of which was from the Timok Group). It was not necessary to relegate one team from Second League East, as Crvena Zvezda Gnjilane had already withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157891-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Second League of FR Yugoslavia\nDue to the formation of South Group (Montenegro), no team were relegated in West Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157892-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n\nThe 1999\u20132000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n was the 69th edition since the establishment of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157892-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n\n22 teams participated in the league. The teams that promoted to La Liga were UD Las Palmas, Osasuna and Villarreal CF. The teams that relegated to Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B were CP M\u00e9rida, Atl\u00e9tico de Madrid B, CD Logro\u00f1\u00e9s and CD Toledo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157893-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B\nThe 1999\u20132000 season of Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B of Spanish football started August 1999 and ended May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157893-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B, Group I\nTeams from Asturias, Canary Islands, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Community of Madrid and Galicia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157893-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B, Group II\nTeams from Aragon, Basque Country, Cantabria, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Castilla\u2013La Mancha, La Rioja and Navarre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157893-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B, Group III\nTeams from Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Region of Murcia\u00a0and Valencian Community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157893-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B, Group IV\nTeams from Andalusia, Castilla\u2013La Mancha, Ceuta, Extremadura, Melilla and Region of Murcia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157894-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Divis\u00e3o B\nThe 1999\u20132000 Segunda Divis\u00e3o season was the 66th season of the competition and the 50th season of recognised third-tier football in Portugal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157894-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Divis\u00e3o B, Overview\nThe league was contested by 58 teams in 3 divisions with AD Ovarense, FC Marco and Nacional Funchal winning the respective divisional competitions and gaining promotion to the Liga de Honra. The overall championship was won by FC Marco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157895-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Liga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Segunda Divis\u00e3o de Honra season was the 10th season of the competition and the 66th season of recognised second-tier football in Portugal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157895-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Segunda Liga, Overview\nThe league was contested by 18 teams with FC Pa\u00e7os de Ferreira winning the championship and gaining promotion to the Primeira Liga along with SC Beira-Mar and CD Aves. At the other end of the table Moreirense FC, AD Esposende and SC Covilh\u00e3 were relegated to the Segunda Divis\u00e3o.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157896-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Serbian Hockey League season\nThe Serbian Hockey League Season for 1999-2000 was the ninth season of the league. Only three teams participated, as in the previous season. Once again, the teams from Belgrade were out because the arena in Belgrade was out. HK Vojvodina was the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157896-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Serbian Hockey League season, Playoffs\nThere were only the finals. HK Vojvodina beat HK Spartak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157897-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Serie A\nThe 1999\u20132000 Serie A (known as the Serie A TIM for sponsorship reasons) was the 98th season of top-tier Italian football, the 68th in a round-robin tournament. It was contested by 18 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157897-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Serie A\nBy late March, Juventus topped the table by nine points over Lazio with only eight games remaining, but they lost to Milan, to Lazio at the Stadio delle Alpi, and to Hellas Verona, with Lazio only dropping two points, against Fiorentina. Lazio won the title on the final day of the season when Juventus lost their match against Perugia 1\u20130 on an almost flooded pitch, while Lazio comfortably beat Reggina 3\u20130 at home at the Stadio Olimpico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157897-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Serie A, Teams\nHellas Verona, Torino, Lecce and Reggina had been promoted from Serie B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157897-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Serie A, UEFA Champions League qualification\nInternazionale qualified to 2000\u201301 UEFA Champions League's third qualifying round, while Parma qualified to the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157898-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Serie A (ice hockey) season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Serie A season was the 66th season of the Serie A, the top level of ice hockey in Italy. 15 teams participated in the league, and HC Bozen won the championship by defeating Asiago Hockey in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157899-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Serie B\nThe Serie B 1999\u20132000 was the sixty-eighth tournament of this competition played in Italy since its creation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157899-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Serie B, Teams\nAlzano, Fermana, Pistoiese and Savoia had been promoted from Serie C, while Salernitana, Sampdoria, Vicenza and Empoli had been relegated from Serie A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157900-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team represented Seton Hall University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA men's college basketball season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157901-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Shield season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Sheffield Shield season was the 98th season of the Sheffield Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition of Australia. Queensland won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157902-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield United F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Sheffield United competed in the English First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157902-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield United F.C. season, Season summary\nSteve Bruce resigned from his post as Sheffield United manager after just one season in charge, mentioning chaos in the club's boardroom meetings and a lack of transfer funds. Adrian Heath replaced him as boss but resigned after six months and long-time Sheffield United supporter Neil Warnock took over the reins and prevented a threat of relegation, securing a 16th-place finish. During the season, striker Lee Morris was sold to Derby County for a club-record transfer of \u00a33m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157902-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield United F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157902-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield United F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157903-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Sheffield Wednesday's 133rd season in existence. They competed in the twenty-team Premier League, the top tier of English football. The club finished nineteenth and were relegated from the Premier League for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157903-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Season summary\nBarring the opening-day 2-1 home defeat to Liverpool, Sheffield Wednesday were in the bottom three all season long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157903-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Season summary\nA very poor start to the season saw the club fail to win any of their first nine league games (gaining just one solitary point away to Premier League newcomers Bradford City) and an 8\u20130 hammering at the hands of Newcastle United in September saw most people tip the club as favourites for relegation, and this opinion was further strengthened by their failure to make a substantial improvement as the season went on as they won just once in their first 17 games (twice in their first 20).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157903-0001-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Season summary\nThe cups offered little respite, with the Owls getting to the fourth round of the League Cup before losing to Division One side Bolton Wanderers, while in the FA Cup they needed a replay to beat Wolverhampton Wanderers (albeit Wolves only drew the first leg by a goal that replays clearly showed had not actually crossed the line), before suffering a humiliating exit to Division Two side Gillingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157903-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Season summary\nDespite this, chairman Dave Richards steadfastly refused to sack manager Danny Wilson, and his patience was rewarded with an improved run of form after Christmas, which saw just one defeat in five games. However, the team's form slumped once again after that, and Richards departed to become chairman of the Premier League early in 2000. The remaining directors decided that enough was enough and on 21 March, Wilson's managerial contract was terminated, three days after an appalling 1-0 defeat away to a struggling Watford side who had previously won only once in their previous 20 league games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157903-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Season summary\nPeter Shreeves, who had previously been assistant to Wilson's predecessor, Ron Atkinson, took temporary charge, and kept the Owls in contention for survival right up to the penultimate day of the season. A failure to beat Arsenal confirmed their relegation after nine successive seasons of top division football, but they did manage a 3\u20133 draw at Highbury. Bradford City manager Paul Jewell was then given the uphill task of restoring Premier League football to the club, though the club's mounting debts triggered fears that further struggles would lie ahead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157903-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157903-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157903-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Players, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157904-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slough Jets season\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Frietjes (talk | contribs) at 19:53, 12 March 2020 (expand templates per Fb team TfD outcome and Fb competition TfD outcome and Fb cl TfD outcome and Fb rbr TfD outcome). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157904-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slough Jets season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season, saw the Slough Jets compete in the British National League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157904-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slough Jets season, British National League Play-Offs\nThe top eight BNL teams qualified for the playoffs. In the Quarter-Finals the teams were split into two groups of four with the teams finishing 1st, 4th, 5th and 8th in the league going into Group A and the others into Group B. Teams tied on points in the Quarter-Final group stages were separated first by wins in normal time, then by away wins in normal time. The two top teams in each group qualified for the Semi-Finals with the winner of one group playing a best-of-three series against the runner-up in the other group. Home ice advantage went to the top team in each group. The winning semi-finalists competed for the title in a best-of-five finals series, with the home ice advantage going to the team that finished highest in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157904-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slough Jets season, NTL: Christmas Cup\nThe third Christmas Cup campaign was open to the ten British National League clubs and played on a knockout basis over the Christmas and New Year period. The draw for the quarter-finals was based on the league's final standings in 1998/1999 with first playing eighth, second playing seventh and so on. The last placed sides, Edinburgh Capitals and Paisley Pirates, first played off against league newcomers, Milton Keynes Kings and Solihull Blaze, for the right to enter the competition proper. The Cup was sponsored by telecoms and cable TV company, ntl:, the league's new partner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157905-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak 1. Liga season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovak 1.Liga season was the seventh season of the Slovak 1. Liga, the second level of ice hockey in Slovakia. 12 teams participated in the league, and Marinskeho hokeja club won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157906-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovak Cup was the 31st season of Slovakia's annual knock-out cup competition and the seventh since the independence of Slovakia. It began on 25 July 1999 with Preliminary round and ended on 8 May 2000 with the Final. The winners of the competition earned a place in the first round of the UEFA Cup. Slovan Bratislava were the defending champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157906-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak Cup, Preliminary round\nThe first legs were played on 25 July 1999. The second legs were played on 4 August 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157906-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak Cup, First round\nThe games were played on 21 and 22 September 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157906-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak Cup, Semi-finals\nThe first legs were played on 4 April 2000. The second legs were played on 18 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157907-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak Extraliga season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovak Extraliga season was the seventh season of the Slovak Extraliga, the top level of ice hockey in Slovakia. Eight teams participated in the league, and HC Slovan Bratislava won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157908-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak Superliga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovak First Football League (known as the Mars superliga for sponsorship reasons) was the seventh season of first-tier football league in Slovakia, since its establishment in 1993. This season started on 24 July 1999 and ended on 17 May 2000. \u0160K Slovan Bratislava are the defending champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157908-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak Superliga, Format changes\nThe season was the last one in which 16 teams competed, as Mars superliga decided that the league would be reduced to 10 teams the following season. Therefore, seven teams were relegated to the 2. Liga and only one was promoted from the 2. Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157908-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak Superliga, Teams\nA total of 16 teams was contested in the league, including 14 sides from the 1998\u201399 season and two promoted from the 2. Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157908-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovak Superliga, Teams\nFC Rimavsk\u00e1 Sobota and BSC JAS Bardejov was relegated to the 1999\u20132000 2. Liga. The two relegated teams were replaced by FK DAC 1904 Dunajsk\u00e1 Streda and FK VTJ Koba Senec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157909-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovenian Basketball League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovenian Basketball League, known as Liga Kolinska for sponsorship reasons, was the 9th season of the Premier A Slovenian Basketball League, the highest professional basketball league in Slovenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157909-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovenian Basketball League, Regular season\nP=Matches played, W=Matches won, L=Matches lost, F=Points for, A=Points against, Pts=Points", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157910-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovenian Football Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovenian Football Cup was the ninth season of the Slovenian Football Cup, Slovenia's football knockout competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157911-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovenian Hockey League season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovenian Ice Hockey League was the ninth season of the Slovenian Hockey League. Olimpija have won the league championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157912-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovenian PrvaLiga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovenian PrvaLiga season started on 1 August 1999 and ended on 20 May 2000. Each team played a total of 33 matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157913-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovenian Second League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovenian Second League season started on 15 August 1999 and ended on 4 June 2000. Each team played a total of 30 matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157914-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Slovenian Third League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Slovenian Third League was the eight season of the Slovenian Third League, the third-highest level in the Slovenian football system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157915-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Carolina State Bulldogs basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 South Carolina State Bulldogs basketball team represented South Carolina State University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by head coach Cy Alexander, played their home games at the SHM Memorial Center and were members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. The team won the MEAC regular season and conference tournament titles, and received an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157915-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Carolina State Bulldogs basketball team\nAs No. 16 seed in the South region, the team lost to Stanford in the opening round, and finished with a record of 20\u201314 (14\u20135 MEAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season\nThe 1999\u20132000 South Pacific tropical cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation and ran from November 1, 1999, to April 30, 2000, in the South Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season\nThe regional tropical cyclone operational plan defines a \"tropical cyclone year\" separately from a \"tropical cyclone season\", with the \"tropical cyclone year\" for this season lasting from July 1, 1999, to June 30, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season\nAll of the six named storms affected land in some way, but no major damage was reported from any of the storms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Iris\nA disturbance was identified on January 3 at 06:00 (UTC) near Espiritu Santo in Vanuatu. The storm was difficult to locate the general centre for the next couple of days, but on January 6, it became more organised, while displaying midget characteristics. On January 7 at 21:00 (UTC), it was named Tropical Cyclone Iris, located 330\u00a0km (205\u00a0mi) northwest of Port Vila, moving southeast. In Vila, 110\u00a0km (70\u00a0mi) away from Iris's centre, recorded winds of only up to 20 knots (37\u00a0km/h), explaining the very small size of the cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0003-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Iris\nIris intensified with 10-min winds increasing to 60 knots (110\u00a0km/h) on January 8 at 12:00 (UTC). JTWC's estimated 1-min winds was 65 knots (120\u00a0km/h). There were some indications that Iris could be far more intense than what the warning centres estimated, mainly due to its small size. Iris accelerated eastward, leaving Vanuatu. On January 9, Iris began its weakening trend, while moving closer to Fiji. Iris was downgraded to a depression on January 10, just 48\u00a0hours after it had reached its peak intensity. The final warning placed the centre on the Dateline 150\u00a0nmi (280\u00a0km) southeast of Fiji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Iris\nFresh to strong winds and very rough seas were experienced over the western and southern parts of Fiji. Overall damage was minimal. Cyclone Iris was most notable for its rapid strengthening in its early stages, followed by its rapid decay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Jo\nA disturbance was first identified over northern parts of Vanuatu on January 19. It developed slowly, but deepened quickly on January 22, and advisories were issued on the system on January 23. It moved southward and was upgraded to Tropical Cyclone Jo on January 24 at 03:00 (UTC). Jo moved to the south-east and attained storm force winds 15\u00a0hours after being named. The cyclone reached its peak intensity on January 26 at 00:00 (UTC) located 650\u00a0km (400\u00a0mi) south of Nadi, with 10-min average winds of 60 knots (110\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0005-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Jo\nJTWC's peak 1-min average winds were 65 knots (120\u00a0km/h). Jo moved further to the south-east, and moved close enough to affect Fiji. Gusts to 50 knots (93\u00a0km/h) were recorded on Viti Levu on Fiji, even though Jo was about 445\u00a0km (275\u00a0mi) away from the Fiji. Flash flooding was reported, but there was no major river flooding. Cyclone Jo was declared extratropical on January 28 at 06:00 (UTC) when located more than 1,000\u00a0nmi (1,900\u00a0km) east of North Island in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Kim\nDuring February 22, a cold core low developed into a tropical depression, about 110\u00a0km (70\u00a0mi) to the east-southeast of Rikitea in French Polynesia. It initially developed little but late on February 24, the depression developed rapidly, and the storm reached tropical storm strength at 18:00 (UTC), named Tropical Cyclone Kim. It was located about 75\u00a0km (45\u00a0mi) west of Rikitea or about 125\u00a0km (75\u00a0mi) southeast of Mururoa. Cyclone Kim reached hurricane strength on February 25, only 18\u00a0hours after being named, while moving to the south-west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0006-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Kim\nThe storm reached its peak intensity of 80 knots (150\u00a0km/h) on February 26 at 12:00 (UTC), located more than 1295\u00a0km (805\u00a0mi) east of Tahiti. Minimum pressure at this time was 955\u00a0mbar. The estimated 1-min average winds from NPMOC was 100 knots (190\u00a0km/h). Kim gradually weakened over cooler waters, still moving to the south-west. Cyclone Kim became extratropical south of Tahiti on February 29 at 06:00 (UTC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Kim\nDamage from Kim was minimal from Rikitea, since it was only a depression at the time. The island recorded 10-min average winds of 27 knots (50\u00a0km/h), with a peak gust of 52 knots (96\u00a0km/h) and a minimum pressure of 996\u00a0mbar. As a hurricane, the island of Rapa Iti recorded a gust of 74 knots (137\u00a0km/h), when Kim was 150\u00a0km (90\u00a0mi) away from the island. A pressure of 995.8\u00a0mbar was recorded. Overall, damage in French Polynesia was minor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Leo\nOn March 4, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 14F had developed about 95\u00a0km (60\u00a0mi) to the west-northwest of French Polynesia under a tropical upper tropospheric trough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Mona\nAs Leo was developing, a new disturbance formed south of Apia in Western Samoa. The first gale warning was issued on March 7 as it moved closer to northern Tonga. Wind warnings were issued for some islands in Tonga including Vavau, Haapai and Tongatapu. The storm rapidly developed on March 8 at 06:00 UTC, and was named Tropical Cyclone Mona six hours later, while located 75\u00a0km (45\u00a0mi) west of Haapai and moving slowly southward. A storm warning was put for the whole Tongatapu Group on the 8th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0009-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Mona\nAn eye developed on March 9, and Mona was upgraded to hurricane intensity at 0600 UTC, located 55\u00a0km (35\u00a0mi) west of Tongatapu. Mona moved south-southeastward and accelerated. It reached an intensity of 75 knots (139\u00a0km/h) on March 10, 370\u00a0km (230\u00a0mi) southeast of Tongatapu. NPMOC's 1-min winds were estimated at 80 knots (150\u00a0km/h). Minimum pressure of Mona was 965\u00a0mbar. It began to weaken rapidly, as it sped off southwards, and became extratropical on March 11 at 12:00 UTC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Cyclone Mona\nIn the Vavau and Haapai groups, there was damage to crops, particularly to banana and coconut plantations. There was moderate damage to houses and school buildings in Tongatapu. The unofficial damage assessment, according to the Tongan National Disaster Management Office, totalled Tongan $6\u00a0million. A police patrol boat sank off Eua Island in the Tongatapu group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Neil\nOn April 12, RSMC Nadi started monitoring a tropical disturbance, that had developed within a trough of low pressure to the northeast of Fiji. During the next day the system moved southwestwards towards Fiji and developed into a tropical depression, as convention around the center increasing. At 17:00 UTC, it was named Tropical Cyclone Neil, located 150\u00a0km (90\u00a0mi) southeast of Kadavu. It moved slowly southward, but on April 16 at 12:00 UTC, it was downgraded to a tropical depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Neil\nDamage from Neil was minimal. Kadavu and Ono-i-Lau in Fiji reported gales from Neil, while torrential rain was experienced over some parts of Fiji. There was one fatality due to drowning, but not directly associated with the cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nOn September 5, a tropical depression had developed in conjunction with a weak tropical wave about 600\u00a0km (375\u00a0mi) to the south-southeast of Port Vila in Vanuatu. During that day the depression moved slowly towards the southeast, while weakening due to the influence of north-westerly windshear, before the final advisory was issued during September 6. Tropical Disturbance 01F and 02F then developed towards the end of November, but remained weak and did not significantly develop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0013-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nOn December 1, Tropical Depression 03F developed near the Vanuatuan islands, over the next few days the depression remained near stationary before it was last noted on December 3. Tropical Depression 04F developed near New Caledonia on December 5, over the next few days it moved quickly towards the east, before weakening during December 7, while located near the Tongan Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nOn April 10, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 18F had developed from an upper-level low, the system subsequently moved south-eastwards but was never classified as a tropical depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157916-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South Pacific cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nTropical Disturbance 23F developed between Fiji and Vanuatu during May 6, and was briefly referred to as a tropical depression by RSMC Nadi but it develop further as it was sheared. Tropical Disturbance 24F subsequently developed near the Solomon Island of Rennell during May 20, and moved westwards into the Australian region over the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season\nThe 1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season was the first on record in which two storms \u2013 Leon\u2013Eline and Hudah \u2013 struck Mozambique at tropical cyclone intensity, or with maximum sustained winds of at least 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph). The most notable storm of the season was Eline, which was the third longest-lasting storm on record in the basin. It lasted for 29\u00a0days while traversing the southern Indian Ocean, making the strongest landfall in decades along eastern Madagascar in late February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season\nThe storm was the first in a series of three storms that struck the country in early 2000, along with Gloria in March and Hudah in April. Collectively, the three storms killed at least 316\u00a0people. The season started on November\u00a01, 1999, and ended for most of the basin on April\u00a030, 2000; for Mauritius and the Seychelles, the season continued until May\u00a015. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the basin;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season\nDespite the destructive nature of the season, it began later than usual. Cyclone Astride originated toward the end of December, bringing rainfall and gusty winds to northern Madagascar while in the region. In January, Cyclones Babiola and Connie both formed east of Madagascar and took southerly tracks. Connie passed near R\u00e9union island, producing 1,752\u00a0mm (69.0\u00a0in) of rainfall in the mountainous peaks and killing two people. Eline, the longest lasting storm of the season, struck Mozambique while the country was experiencing its worst flooding in 50\u00a0years, collectively causing around 700\u00a0deaths and about $500\u00a0million in damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season\nThe storm also killed 12\u00a0people in Zimbabwe and 21 in South Africa. Just two weeks after Eline struck Madagascar, Tropical Storm Gloria affected the same general region, bringing additional deaths and damage. Cyclone Hudah in April was the strongest storm of the season, reaching peak 10\u2011minute winds of 220\u00a0km/h (140\u00a0mph). It caused three deaths in Mozambique, although its effects were worse in Madagascar, where there were 111\u00a0deaths. The final storm of the season was Tropical Storm Innocente, which dissipated on April\u00a024. In addition to the named storms, there were four unnamed tropical disturbances or storms, as well as one subtropical cyclone that formed in the southern Mozambique Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Season summary\nThe M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France office (MFR) on R\u00e9union island issued warnings in tropical cyclones within the basin during the season. The agency estimated intensity through the Dvorak technique, which utilized the continuous satellite imagery in the basin since May 1998. Wind estimates were sustained over 10\u00a0minutes, to be converted to 1\u2011minute winds by dividing by 0.88, as compared to a divisor of 0.80 in previous years. Warnings on tropical cyclones in the region were from the coast of Africa to 90\u00b0\u00a0E, south of the equator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Season summary\nThe Joint Typhoon Warning Center \u2013 a joint United States Navy\u00a0\u2013 United States Air Force task force \u2013 also issued tropical cyclone warnings for the region. Beginning this season, the MFR changed their method for labeling tropical disturbances, classifying them sequentially by number. In previous years, the agency labeled disturbances by letter and number of the subsequent unnamed storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Season summary\nThe season began later than usual, the third consecutive one to do so. There were no indications of tropical cyclogenesis before the middle of December, putting the season among the latest 20% since 1967 in terms of seasons' first storms. On December\u00a026, the MFR utilized the QuikSCAT satellite for the first time in the basin to assess a storm's intensity. During the season, 14\u00a0tropical disturbances formed, which is near average, and they tended to last longer than normal. Eleven of these disturbances became tropical depressions, of which nine attained gale force winds and were named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0003-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Season summary\nIn addition, four storms reached tropical cyclone intensity, or 10\u2011minute sustained winds of 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph). The 9\u00a0named storms and 4\u00a0tropical cyclones is also the basin average for each category in a given year. There were 61\u00a0days in which a storm was active, greater than the median of 48 and more than double than the previous season. In general, storms formed south of 10\u00b0\u00a0S, with the exception of the first storm Astride, and most storms generally tracked east to west due to a strong ridge east of Madagascar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Astride\nOn December\u00a023, a circulation with accompanying convection became evident about 400\u00a0km (250\u00a0mi) southeast of Diego Garcia, becoming a tropical disturbance. While moving to the south, the thunderstorms organized more, aided by low wind shear, good outflow, warm waters, and its position beneath an anticyclone. Curving west-southwestward due to a ridge to the south, the system intensified into a tropical depression and later Tropical Storm Astride on December\u00a025. That day, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 03S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0004-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Astride\nThe storm developed a large area of convection, prompting the MFR to upgrade it to a severe tropical storm on December\u00a026, estimating 10\u2011minute winds of 95\u00a0km/h (60\u00a0mph). On December\u00a027, the JTWC upgraded Astride to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane due to the appearance of an eye feature, estimating 1\u2011minute winds of 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph). Later that day, the storm weakened unexpectedly, perhaps related to wind shear from a trough to the south. The convection deteriorated markedly, and the weakening storm turned more to the west-northwest on December\u00a029 due to a weaker ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0004-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Astride\nConvection reorganized slightly, although it was dislocated from the center. Early on December\u00a030, the storm passed about 70\u00a0km (45\u00a0mi) northeast of Tromelin Island. Curving back to the west, Astride struck northeastern Madagascar between Vohemar and Antsiranana on December\u00a031 as a minimal tropical storm. It emerged into the Mozambique Channel as a tropical depression, and despite forecasts to the contrary, it reintensified into a tropical storm before passing near Mayotte on January\u00a02. Early the next day, Astride weakened back to tropical depression status before moving ashore eastern Mozambique near Pemba, dissipating soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Astride\nOn Tromelin, Astride brought strong winds, including 10\u2011minute sustained winds of 101\u00a0km/h (63\u00a0mph) and gusts to 127\u00a0km/h (79\u00a0mph). No damage was reported in Madagascar during the storm's passage there. When Astride passed just south of Mayotte, it brought gusts to 76\u00a0km/h (47\u00a0mph), strong enough to knock over some banana trees and to destroy a stone house. The storm also dropped 150\u00a0mm (5.9\u00a0in) of rainfall over 24\u00a0hours, including 41\u00a0mm (1.6\u00a0in) in one hour. Heavy rainfall accompanied Astride's final landfall, penetrating as far inland as Malawi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Babiola\nToward the beginning of January, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) remained active across much of the basin, with low pressure and widespread thunderstorms. One such area persisted southeast of Diego Garcia and organized sufficiently to be classified as a tropical disturbance on January\u00a03. That day, the JTWC issued the first of three Tropical Cyclone Formation Alerts, noting the increase in convection. The system moved to the northeast along the southeastern edge of a ridge near the equator, but turned back to the southwest on January\u00a05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0006-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Babiola\nThat day, convection increased over the center, after having previously been dislocated due to wind shear. Late on January\u00a05, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 02S, and on the next day, the MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Babiola. The storm accelerated to the southwest and continued to intensity. An irregular eye formed on January\u00a08, prompting the MFR to upgrade Babiola to tropical cyclone status. The outflow and the eye became more pronounced after further strengthening, and the cyclone attained peak 10\u2011minute winds of 155\u00a0km/h (100\u00a0mph) on January\u00a09. The JTWC, by contrast, estimated peak 1\u2011minute winds of 165\u00a0km/h (105\u00a0mph).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Babiola\nAround the time of peak intensity, Babiola began turning more to the south due to an approaching trough. Late on January\u00a09, the cyclone passed about 400\u00a0km (250\u00a0mi) east of Rodrigues. Increased shear weakened the eyewall and convection, and Babiola weakened below cyclone status on January\u00a011. Early the next day, the JTWC discontinued advisories as the storm was beginning to become extratropical. The MFR followed suit later on January\u00a012, although the agency continued to track Babiola. The storm shifted south-southwestward on January\u00a013 before resuming its southeast trajectory, influenced by a ridge to the south. On January\u00a014, the remnants of Babiola passed just west of \u00cele Amsterdam, where gusts reached 90\u00a0km/h (56\u00a0mph). Later that day, the storm merged with the trough that had originally turned it to the southeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Connie\nAn area of thunderstorms formed on January\u00a022 east of the northern tip of Madagascar, organizing into a tropical disturbance three days later. By late on January\u00a025, the MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Connie, and on the same day the JTWC initiated advisories on the storm as Tropical Cyclone 08S. With favorable conditions, Connie gradually organized while initially stationary, later beginning a steady southeast motion on January\u00a026. The JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane on January\u00a027, around the same time that the MFR upgraded Connie to tropical cyclone status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 90], "content_span": [91, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0008-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Connie\nThe storm's eye became well-defined as the winds increased, and the MFR estimated peak 10\u2011minute winds of 185\u00a0km/h (115\u00a0mph) on January\u00a028; on the same day, the JTWC estimated peak 1\u2011minute winds of 220\u00a0km/h (140\u00a0mph). Increased shear weakened the storm as it curved southwestward, and late on January\u00a029 Connie passed about 130\u00a0km (80\u00a0mi) northwest of R\u00e9union. The storm turned to the southeast again and became extratropical on February\u00a01, dissipating the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 90], "content_span": [91, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Connie\nWhile passing northwest of Mauritius, the outer fringes of Connie brought heavy rains peaking at 647\u00a0mm (25.5\u00a0in) over the span of six days, or equivalent to a month's worth of precipitation. These rains helped relieve extreme drought conditions. The storm also produced gusts of 134\u00a0km/h (83\u00a0mph), and one person died after falling off his roof. The storm also brought heavy rainfall to R\u00e9union, totaling 1,752\u00a0mm (69.0\u00a0in), of which 1,296\u00a0mm (51.0\u00a0in) occurred in over 24\u00a0hours. Wind gusts there reached 155\u00a0km/h (95\u00a0mph) in Peite France. Many roads across the island were damaged, and about 40,000\u00a0people lost power, while more than 100\u00a0homes were destroyed. Two persons were killed, and 600\u00a0people were left homeless. Although the agriculture sector suffered the most significant damages, overall damage was minor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 90], "content_span": [91, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Moderate Tropical Storm Damienne\nThe same monsoon trough that spawned Connie also produced an area of convection southeast of Diego Garcia on January\u00a028. The circulation slowly organized, and the MFR classified it as a tropical disturbance on January\u00a030. A nearby trough steered the system southeastward initially and later to the southwest. On January\u00a031, the system became a tropical depression, and later Moderate Tropical Storm Damienne the next day, reaching peak winds of 65\u00a0km/h (40\u00a0mph). Also on February\u00a01, the JTWC initiated warnings on Tropical Cyclone 10S, which estimated 1\u2011minute winds of 95\u00a0km/h (60\u00a0mph).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0010-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Moderate Tropical Storm Damienne\nIncreased wind shear removed the convection on February\u00a02, causing marked weakening, and prompting the JTWC to discontinue advisories that day. This was despite forecasts of strengthening to near tropical cyclone status. As a weak tropical disturbance, Damienne turned to a rapid westward motion, passing north of Rodrigues and Tromelin. The circulation dissipated on February\u00a07 off the northeast coast of Madagascar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nOn February\u00a01, a low-pressure area formed within the monsoon trough to the south of Indonesia, which would eventually become Tropical Cyclone Leon in the Australian basin, as well as Tropical Cyclone 11S according to JTWC. The storm tracked westward across much of the Indian Ocean, fluctuating in strength due to changes in the atmosphere. After crossing 90\u00b0\u00a0E, the MFR began tracking the system as Tropical Storm Eline on February\u00a08. The storm continued westward across the Indian Ocean and intensified greatly as it approached the east coast of Madagascar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0011-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nLate on February\u00a017, Eline made landfall near Mahanoro with 10\u2011minute winds of 165\u00a0km/h (105\u00a0mph), making it the strongest storm to hit the country in several decades. The storm rapidly weakened over land, but restrengthened in the Mozambique Channel to reach peak 10\u2011minute winds of 185\u00a0km/h (115\u00a0mph). On February\u00a022, Eline made landfall about 80\u00a0km (50\u00a0mi) south of Beira, Mozambique near peak intensity and quickly weakened over land. The well-defined circulation moved across southern African, finally dissipating over eastern Namibia on February\u00a029. Throughout its duration, Leon\u2013Eline lasted 29\u00a0days, a record longevity for a storm in the south-west Indian Ocean. The track was over 11,000\u00a0km (6,800\u00a0mi), or about 25% of the Earth's circumference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nEline struck while Madagascar was in the midst of a cholera epidemic that had killed over 1,000\u00a0people. The storm directly killed at least 64\u00a0people in Madagascar, although Tropical Storm Gloria struck shortly thereafter, compounding upon the damage and making it difficult to discern the individual damage totals. Damage from Eline was estimated at US$9\u00a0million. Collectively the two storms killed 205\u00a0people in the country, destroyed about half of the rice harvest, and left 10,000\u00a0homeless. In the region around Vatomandry, where Eline made landfall, 65% of houses were damaged, 90% of crops were lost, and 75% of health facilities were wrecked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nBefore Eline struck Mozambique, the worst floods since 1951 had affected the nation since January, killing about 150\u00a0people. The additional rainfall and flooding from Eline created the country's worst natural disaster in a century. The combined effects destroyed over 250,000\u00a0ha (620,000 acres) of crop fields and killed 40,000\u00a0cattle. Eline's passage disrupted ongoing relief efforts, with the port in Beira blocked for two weeks due to five sunken ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0013-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nHigh levels along the Limpopo River isolated the town of Xai-Xai, with water levels along the river reaching as high as 11\u00a0m (36\u00a0ft) above normal in some areas, as well as 15\u00a0km (9.3\u00a0mi) wide. A dam broke along the river, flooding the town of Chokwe in the middle of the night and trapping several unprepared residents. About 55\u00a0people drowned in Sofala Province after rescue helicopters arrived too late to save them. Around 20,000\u00a0people in the capital city of Maputo lost their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0013-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nIn addition to the floods, strong winds blew away many roofs and some entire houses made of mud. The combined effects of the preceding floods and Eline left about 300,000\u00a0people homeless, about 700\u00a0deaths, and damage estimated at $500\u00a0million (2000\u00a0USD). The cyclone and the floods disrupted much of the economic progress Mozambique had made in the 1990s since the end of its civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nElsewhere in southern Africa, Eline brought strong winds and heavy rainfall when it crossed into eastern Zimbabwe, due to maintaining a well-defined structure. Rivers overflowed their banks in the country, damaging crops and houses while leaving 15,000\u00a0people homeless. The storm killed 12\u00a0people in the country. Flooding from the storm extended southward into Swaziland and South Africa. In the latter country, Eline dropped 503\u00a0mm (19.8\u00a0in) of rainfall in Levubu over three days, causing the Limpopo River to reach its highest level in 15\u00a0years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0014-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Intense Tropical Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline\nOfficials opened dams along the Limpopo River to prevent structural damage, which caused higher levels along the river to the east. At least 21\u00a0people died in the country, and about 80,000\u00a0people were left homeless, forcing many people into churches and schools. Damage in Limpopo Province alone was estimated at $300\u00a0million (USD). To the north, Eline dropped about 90\u00a0mm (3.5\u00a0in) of rainfall in southern Malawi, while gusty winds caused a power outage in Blantyre. Farther west, rainfall rates of 50\u2013100\u00a0mm (2\u20134\u00a0in) were also reported in Botswana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Felicia\nWhile Eline was making landfall on Madagascar, another area of convection formed to its east on February\u00a017 within the ITCZ. Its structure was similar to a monsoon depression, due to a large circulation with weak winds near the center. However, it was organized enough to be classified as a tropical disturbance on February\u00a018 to the southeast of Diego Garcia. It moved southeastward with increasing convection, prompting the Mauritius Meteorological Service to name it Felicia while still as a tropical depression on February\u00a020. The convection however remained disorganized, and there were several small circulations within the broad gyre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0015-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Felicia\nAfter turning to the southwest due to a nearby trough, Felicia's circulation became more compact, as evidenced by a QuikSCAT pass. Outflow increased as wind shear decreased, and Felicia became a moderate tropical storm on February\u00a021. On the same day, the JTWC initiated advisories on the storm as Tropical Cyclone 12S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Felicia\nLate on February\u00a022, the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, while the MFR estimated peak 10\u2011minute winds of 110\u00a0km/h (70\u00a0mph). This was based on a 100\u00a0km (60\u00a0mi) wide eye feature that had developed in the storm's center. Around the time of peak intensity, Felicia passed about 500\u00a0km (310\u00a0mi) southeast of Rodrigues. The interaction of the trough and a ridge to the east increased wind shear, causing the storm to weaken. On February\u00a024, the storm became extratropical while still maintaining a well-defined circulation. It slowed and looped back to the northwest due to a ridge to the south, gradually becoming less defined and dissipating on February\u00a026.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Gloria\nOn February\u00a027, a circulation formed within the monsoon trough between Diego Garcia and St. Brandon, displaced due to wind shear, but organized enough for the MFR to track it as Tropical Disturbance 8. The shear gradually decreased, allowing the thunderstorms to organize as it moved westward. On February\u00a028, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 15S, and on February\u00a029 the MFR upgraded it to tropical depression status. The depression turned west-northwestward before rounding a ridge and turning to the southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0017-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Gloria\nThe thunderstorms organized into a central dense overcast on March\u00a01, prompting the MFR to upgrade it to Moderate Tropical Storm Gloria only 150\u00a0km (95\u00a0mi) from the northeast coast of Madagascar. Gloria continued quickly to the southwest, gradually intensifying and developing an eye feature; on that basis, the MFR estimated peak 10\u2011minute winds of 95\u00a0km/h (60\u00a0mph), or severe tropical storm status, by the time it made landfall 10\u00a0km (6\u00a0mi) north of Sambava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0017-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Gloria\nOperationally, the JTWC upgraded Gloria to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, with 1\u2011minute winds of 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph), although the agency downgraded the storm to the same peak as the MFR. The structure initially remained well-defined, although the circulation became difficult to locate as it progressed through the country. On March\u00a04, the system exited Madagascar into the Mozambique Channel with scattered thunderstorms slowly reforming. On the next day, the JTWC discontinued advisories, although the MFR continued monitoring the system, labeling it as a tropical disturbance on March\u00a08. Later that day, Gloria made landfall near Inhambane in southeastern Mozambique before turning to a southward drift, dissipating on March\u00a010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Gloria\nAs a developing disturbance, Gloria produced winds approaching gale-force on St. Brandon. Similar conditions were reported on Tromelin. When Gloria struck Madagascar, it produced sustained winds of 72\u00a0km/h (45\u00a0mph) at Antalaha, about 70\u00a0km (45\u00a0mi) south of Sambava. The storm brought heavy rainfall, with Mananjary reporting a two\u2011day total of 427\u00a0mm (16.8\u00a0in). The rains from Gloria occurred less than two weeks after Cyclone Leon\u2013Eline struck the country, bringing additional flooding, landslides, and damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0018-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Gloria\nIn Sambava, near where Gloria moved ashore, the storm killed 18\u00a0people, destroyed hundreds of homes, and damaged a road connecting the area to the capital of Madagascar, Antananarivo. Farther inland, the cyclone killed 40\u00a0people at Andapa. Overall, Gloria killed at least 66\u00a0people, although the exact toll was initially unknown due to disrupted communications. Before Gloria emerged into the Mozambique Channel, various news outlets noted the potential for the storm to affect storm-ravaged Mozambique. However, minimal rainfall accompanied Gloria's final landfall. The rains were enough to delay flights for a day, which were transporting relief aid following Eline's devastating landfall in Mozambique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah\nA tropical low formed in the Australian basin on March\u00a024, moving westward due to a strong subtropical ridge to the south. Despite having intensified enough, the Bureau of Meteorology did not name the system, and on March\u00a025 the system crossed into the South-West Indian Ocean, whereupon it was named Hudah. An eye formed, and the storm intensified into a tropical cyclone on March\u00a027 well to the southeast of Diego Garcia. The structure fluctuated due to dry air, although Hudah was able to intensify steadily on March\u00a031 after conditions became more favorable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0019-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah\nThe next day, the MFR upgraded it to a very intense tropical cyclone, estimating peak 10\u2011minute winds of 225\u00a0km/h (140\u00a0mph). By contrast, the JTWC estimated 1\u2011minute winds of 235\u00a0km/h (145\u00a0mph). Cyclone Hudah maintained peak winds until making landfall just southeast of Antalaha, Madagascar on April\u00a02. It weakened greatly over land, but like Eline it re-intensified over the Mozambique Channel. It re-attained tropical cyclone status on April\u00a05 and reached 10\u2011minute winds of 160\u00a0km/h (100\u00a0mph) by the time it made landfall on Mozambique near Pebane, Mozambique on April\u00a08. It dissipated by the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah\nWhile in the vicinity, Hudah brought moderate winds to Rodrigues, St. Brandon, and Tromelin. The cyclone affected the same parts of Madagascar that were previously impacted by Eline and Gloria. Waves reached at least 8\u00a0m (26\u00a0ft) in height along the coast. The storm was considered the worst to affect the Antalaha region in 20\u00a0years, where 90% of homes were destroyed. It was estimated that the storm left at least 100,000\u00a0people homeless in Madagascar, and there were 111\u00a0deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0020-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Hudah\nIn Mozambique, damage was much less than expected, and the storm affected areas farther north in the country than where Eline struck. Heavy rainfall occurred along the coast, but was insufficient to cause river flooding. Strong winds damaged roofs and downed trees, mostly around Pebane, and the storm killed three people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Subtropical Depression 13\nOn April\u00a06, a cold front exited the southeast coast of Africa into the Mozambique Channel, producing a small circulation on the next day southeast of Mozambique. On April\u00a07, the system organized into Subtropical Depression 13 and gradually separated from the dissipating cold front. A ridge to the south steered the depression northward as the system became better defined. However, persistent wind shear initially prevented convection from organizing over the center. On April\u00a09, the depression turned northwestward toward Mozambique as thunderstorms increased, aided by a decrease in wind shear through a shift in the jet stream. The center came very close to the Mozambique coast near Inhambane. Due to the small radius of maximum winds, the coastline was spared from strong gusts, although the system dropped 93.8\u00a0mm (3.69\u00a0in) of rainfall in Inhambane over 48\u00a0hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 84], "content_span": [85, 955]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Subtropical Depression 13\nThe storm turned toward the east on April\u00a011 away from land. Convection organized thereafter into an eye feature, but was weaker than thunderstorms in typical tropical cyclones, resulting in its subtropical classification. The MFR estimated peak 10\u2011minute winds of 95\u00a0km/h (60\u00a0mph) on April\u00a012, noting that the system should have been named, but also that its \"structure has had no recent analogue in [the basin].\" Meanwhile, the JTWC issued three Tropical Cyclone Formation Alerts, but never issued advisories. An increase in wind shear deteriorated the eye feature and the convection, promptly causing weakening. On April\u00a015, the circulation dissipated off the southwest coast of Madagascar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 84], "content_span": [85, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0023-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Moderate Tropical Storm Innocente\nThe final storm of the year had its origins in the Australian basin. An area of convection persisted on April\u00a08 to the southwest of Indonesia, developing a distinct center two days later while moving to the west. However, the thunderstorms were unable to organize due to wind shear. On April\u00a011, the MFR estimated that the system became a tropical disturbance, although since it was east of 90\u00b0\u00a0E the agency did not issue advisories at that time. On the next day, the system crossed into the basin and was classified as Tropical Disturbance 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 92], "content_span": [93, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0023-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Moderate Tropical Storm Innocente\nOver the next few days, the convection waxed and waned, with the strongest winds in the northern periphery. On April\u00a014, the JTWC began tracking the system as Tropical Cyclone 26S. The disturbance maintained a general west-southwest trajectory, influenced by a ridge to the south. After slowing down and encountering a more favorable environment, the system intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Innocente on April\u00a017, reaching peak 10\u2011minute winds of 70\u00a0km/h (45\u00a0mph). Operationally, the MFR upgraded Innocente to storm status a day earlier, only to downgrade and re-upgrade; it was maintained as a depression during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 92], "content_span": [93, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0023-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Moderate Tropical Storm Innocente\nThe return of wind shear again caused weakening, beginning on April\u00a018. A weak circulation persisted for several days, turning to the northwest with brief increases in thunderstorms. On April\u00a024, Innocente dissipated, although the circulation drew moisture from the south to produce heavy rainfall on Mauritius, peaking at around 400\u00a0mm (8\u00a0in).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 92], "content_span": [93, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0024-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nThroughout the latter half of January, thunderstorms persisted in the Mozambique Channel. On January\u00a012, the MFR classified an area of convection as Tropical Disturbance 3, although the agency ceased issuing advisories on the next day. Convection persisted, with an associated exposed circulation as of January\u00a022. Two days later, the MFR issued one bulletin on the system before dropping advisories. The JTWC tracked the system as an area of potential development until January\u00a026, when the thunderstorms weakened. The disturbance brought heavy rainfall to southwestern Madagascar, which followed a prolonged drought. In Morombe, rainfall over 36\u00a0hours accumulated to the average yearly total. This caused flooding and damage to crops and preceded devastating flooding that affected the nation over the subsequent months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0025-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nToward the end of February, the ITCZ produced a large area of convection in the eastern portion of the basin which would spawn two disturbances. On February\u00a029, Tropical Disturbance 9 formed within the system well to the southeast of Diego Garcia. The convection organized slightly despite easterly wind shear, which left the circulation exposed. On March\u00a01, the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 17S, estimating winds of tropical storm force the next day. The MFR, by contrast, classified it as a tropical depression while moving generally southwestward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0025-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nThe convection weakened on March\u00a03 due to the wind shear, and the circulation steered more to the west-northwest. After nearly dissipating on March\u00a05, the thunderstorms reorganized, possibly due to influence from the monsoon. It turned back to the east, possibly due to interaction with the approaching Cyclone Norman in the Australian basin. Convection soon after diminished over the depression, and the system dissipated on March\u00a011 near 90\u00b0E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0026-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Other systems\nOn March\u00a01, Tropical Disturbance 10 formed within the same system that spawned the previous depression, only farther to the west. It also encountered wind shear, preventing much intensification. The system remained nearly stationary and failed to organize more. The MFR issued its last advisory on March\u00a03. The MFR also issued bulletins on Norman as Tropical Disturbance 11, which briefly entered the basin on March\u00a010 before dissipating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0027-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Storm names\nA tropical disturbance is named when it reaches moderate tropical storm strength. If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status west of 55\u00b0E, then the Sub-regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status between 55\u00b0E and 90\u00b0E, then the Sub-regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Mauritius assigns the appropriate name to the storm. A new annual list is used every year so no names are retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157917-0028-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Storm names\nThis was the last season to feature all-female names in the basin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157918-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southampton F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Southampton Football Club competed in the FA Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157918-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southampton F.C. season, Season summary\nManager Dave Jones was given leave from his duties in January to concentrate on clearing his name in connection with child abuse charges, and former England boss Glenn Hoddle was appointed on a temporary basis. Hoddle did well to keep the Saints clear of relegation, and safety was achieved with a 15th-place finish and a respectable 44 points. As the new season approached, it was still unclear as to whether Jones would ever return to the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157918-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southampton F.C. season, Season summary\nMatt Le Tissier scored a modest six goals during the season, but that was sufficient to bring his total number of Premier League goals to 100, making him the first midfielder to reach this milestone. Le Tissier reached the milestone in Southampton's 2\u20131 defeat to Sunderland on 1 April 2000 with a goal from the penalty spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157918-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southampton F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157918-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southampton F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157918-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southampton F.C. season, First-team squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157919-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southeast Missouri State Redhawks men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Southeast Missouri State Redhawks men's basketball team represented Southeast Missouri State University in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Redhawks, led by fifth-year head coach Gary Garner, played their home games at the Show Me Center in Cape Girardeau, Missouri as members of the Ohio Valley Conference. They finished the season 24\u20137, 14\u20134 in OVC play to finish in second place. They won the OVC Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Southeast Missouri State was the No. 13 seed in the West region and they lost to LSU in the opening round. As of 2021, this is the only time the Redhawks have participated in the Men\u2019s Division I NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157920-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southeastern Conference women's basketball season\nThe 1999\u20132000 SEC women's basketball season began with practices in October 1999, followed by the start of the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I women's basketball season in November. Conference play started in early January 2000 and concluded in March, followed by the 2000 SEC Women's Basketball Tournament at the McKenzie Arena in Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157921-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southern Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Southern Football League season was the 97th in the history of the league, an English football competition. At the end of the previous season Midland Division was renamed Western Division, and Southern Division was renamed Eastern Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157921-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southern Football League\nBoston United won the Premier Division and earned promotion to the Football Conference. Atherstone United, Gloucester City, Grantham Town and Rothwell Town were relegated from the Premier Division, whilst Folkestone Invicta, Moor Green, Fisher Athletic and Stafford Rangers were promoted from the Eastern and Western divisions, the former two as champions. Fleet Town, Yate Town and Stourbridge were relegated to the eighth level whilst Raunds Town resigned from the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157921-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southern Football League, Premier Division\nThe Premier Division consisted of 22 clubs, including 18 clubs from the previous season and four new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157921-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southern Football League, Eastern Division\nThe Eastern Division consisted of 22 clubs, including 16 clubs from the previous season Southern Division and six new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157921-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Southern Football League, Western Division\nThe Western Division consisted of 22 clubs, including 16 clubs from the previous season Midland Division and six new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157922-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SpVgg Unterhaching season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the first time SpVgg Unterhaching played in the 1. Bundesliga, the highest tier of the German football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157922-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SpVgg Unterhaching season, Season summary\nSpVgg Unterhaching surprised everyone with a respectable 10th-place result in their inaugural Bundesliga season, and also famously played the spoiler's role in deciding who would win the championship that year. Their first Bundesliga win came in just their second match of the season, with a 2-0 victory over MSV Duisburg at home. While struggling in away matches, Unterhaching remained undefeated at home in nine games before losing 2-0 to their stronger neighbours, Bayern Munich. Prior to this loss, they had earned wins at home in matches against highly favoured teams like VfB Stuttgart and Borussia Dortmund, beating them 2-0 and 1-0 respectively. They earned their first away win in the Bundesliga by beating VfB Stuttgart 2-0 once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157922-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SpVgg Unterhaching season, Season summary\nOn the final matchday of the season, visiting Bayer Leverkusen needed only a draw in Unterhaching to secure their first national title, but instead went down to defeat to the determined home side. Things took a bad turn for Leverkusen when Michael Ballack scored an own goal that put home side ahead in the 20th minute. Their title hopes ended when Haching midfielder Markus Oberleitner made the score 2-0 in the 72nd minute. Meanwhile, Bayern Munich beat Werder Bremen 3-1 at home and were able to overtake Leverkusen on goal difference to snatch away the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157922-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 SpVgg Unterhaching season, Season summary\nWith a 10th-place result, Unterhaching finished ahead of long-established sides Borussia Dortmund and Schalke 04. They ended the season with the league's fifth best home record with 10 wins and 5 draws in 17 matches, having lost only to Bayern Munich and 1. FC Kaiserslautern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157923-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Spartan South Midlands Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Spartan South Midlands Football League season is the 3rd in the history of Spartan South Midlands Football League a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157923-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Spartan South Midlands Football League, Premier Division\nThe Premier Division featured 18 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs, promoted from the Senior Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157923-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Spartan South Midlands Football League, Senior Division\nThe Senior Division featured 17 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 65], "content_span": [66, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157923-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Spartan South Midlands Football League, Division One\nThe Division One featured 14 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157924-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sporting CP season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Sporting Clube de Portugal's 94th season in existence and the club's 66th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football. In addition to the domestic league, Sporting CP will participate in this season's editions of the Ta\u00e7a de Portugal and UEFA Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157924-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sporting CP season, Season summary\nGiuseppe Materazzi was signed as manager, but was sacked after only a few months, following a shock 3-0 defeat to Viking in the UEFA Cup. He was replaced by Augusto In\u00e1cio, who was unable to reverse Sporting's fortunes on the continent but still guided them to the title and the domestic cup final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157924-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sporting CP season, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157925-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sporting de Gij\u00f3n season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Sporting de Gij\u00f3n season was the second consecutive season of the club in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n after its last relegation from La Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157925-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sporting de Gij\u00f3n season, Overview\nAfter the 33rd round, Pedro Braojos was sacked and Ciriaco Cano, former player of the club, replaced him at the helm of the first squad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157925-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sporting de Gij\u00f3n season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157925-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sporting de Gij\u00f3n season, Squad, From the youth squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157926-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sri Lankan cricket season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Sri Lankan cricket season featured a Test series between Sri Lanka and India. Sri Lanka then played a further series against Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157926-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sri Lankan cricket season, Test series\nThe series with South Africa ended 1\u20131 with 1 match drawn:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157926-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sri Lankan cricket season, Test series\nThe Pakistan team in Sri Lanka in 2000 played 3 Tests and a LOI tri-series. Pakistan won the Test series against Sri Lanka by 2\u20130 with one match drawn:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157926-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sri Lankan cricket season, Further reading\nThis article about a Sri Lankan cricket season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157927-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St Johnstone F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season saw St Johnstone compete in the Scottish Premier League where they finished in 5th position with 42 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157928-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Bonaventure Bonnies men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 St. Bonaventure Bonnies men's basketball team represented St. Bonaventure University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bonnies, led by 8th-year head coach Jim Baron, played their home games at the Reilly Center and were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 21\u201310, 11\u20135 in A-10 to finish in second place. They lost to Temple in the championship game of the A-10 Basketball Tournament, but did earn an at-large bid to the 2012 NCAA Tournament where they lost in the opening round to Kentucky, 85\u201380 in 2OT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157929-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team represented St. Francis College during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by Ron Ganulin, who was in his ninth year at the helm of the St. Francis Terriers. The Terrier's home games were played at the  Generoso Pope Athletic Complex. The team has been a member of the Northeast Conference since 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157929-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team\nThe Terriers finished the season at 18\u201312 overall and 12\u20136 in conference play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157930-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. John's Red Storm men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 St. John's Red Storm men's basketball team represented St. John's University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by Mike Jarvis in his second year at the school. St. John's home games are played at Alumni Hall and Madison Square Garden and the team is a member of the Big East Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157931-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Louis Blues season\nThe 1999\u20132000 St. Louis Blues season was the 33rd season for the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise that was established on June 5, 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157931-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Louis Blues season\nThe Blues qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the 21st consecutive season after finishing the regular season with a record of 51\u201319\u201311\u20131 (114 points), sufficient to win the Central Division title as well as the Presidents' Trophy for the highest points total in the NHL. It was the Blues' first division title since the 1986\u201387 season, when they won the Norris Division, and their last until the 2011\u201312 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157931-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Louis Blues season, Regular season\nThe Blues allowed the fewest goals during the regular season with 165, and had the most shutouts with nine. They also tied the Washington Capitals for the fewest short-handed goals allowed with just three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157931-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Louis Blues season, Regular season, Season standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157931-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Louis Blues season, Regular season, Season standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157931-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Louis Blues season, Regular season, Season standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157931-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 St. Louis Blues season, Draft picks\nSt. Louis's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157932-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stanford Cardinal men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Stanford Cardinal men's basketball team represented Stanford University as a member of the Pac-10 Conference during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by head coach Mike Montgomery and played their home games at Maples Pavilion. Stanford spent a total of five weeks as the top-ranked team in the AP poll, finished tied atop the Pac-10 regular season standings, and received an at-large bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament as No. 1 seed in the South Region. After an opening round win over South Carolina State, the Cardinal were upset by No. 8 seed North Carolina. Stanford finished with an overall record of 27\u20134 (15\u20133 Pac-10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157932-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stanford Cardinal men's basketball team, Rankings\n*AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings^Coaches did not release a week 2 poll", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 59], "content_span": [60, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157933-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stockport County F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Stockport County F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157933-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stockport County F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the 1999\u20132000 season, Andy Kilner replaced Gary Megson as Stockport's manager in the summer. Stockport had a brilliant first half of the campaign and on Boxing Day, they sat in the play-off places but afterwards came a dramatic slide in form with just 2 wins from the next 22 league games and Stockport finished the season in a disappointing 17th place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157933-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stockport County F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157933-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stockport County F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was Stoke City's 93rd season in the Football League and sixth in the third tier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season\nFor the third pre-season Stoke were looking for a new manager but the directors were finding it difficult with first choice Tony Pulis joining Bristol City openly admitting that he felt the board lacked ambition. Second choice was Gary Megson and he accepted the job offer as did John Rudge who became director of football. Stoke slowly built up some decent results but there were still tensions between fans and the board and so when news spread that an Icelandic business consortium wanted to take over it became a no-brainer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season\nUnfortunately for Megson new chairman Gunnar G\u00edslason appointed his own man, former Iceland national manager Gudjon Thordarson. In came a number of Icelandic players and the side did well winning the Football League Trophy and reached the play-offs against Gillingham. After beating the \"Gills\" 3\u20132 in the first leg, two controversial refereeing decisions cost Stoke dearly and they lost the second leg 3\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League\nFor the third consecutive summer, Stoke were hunting for a new manager, this time they had a clear favourite, Tony Pulis. However Pulis decided to join Bristol City after openly admitting that he felt the board lacked ambition. Second choice was Gary Megson, hard working and honest manager in the same mould as Pulis and he accepted Stoke's job offer. He appointed Nigel Pearson as his assistant and surprisingly John Rudge was made director of football after spending a long time at Port Vale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League\nThere was little expectation as the season began with some steady if unspectacular results and by the end of August L\u00e1rus Sigur\u00f0sson was sold to West Bromwich Albion for \u00a3350,000. Peter Thorne was proving to be a top player in the Second Division he scored the first few of his 30 goals. Stoke then went on a nine match unbeaten run and lifted themselves into the play-offs. In October news spread that a group of Icelandic businessmen were interested in taking control of the club and by mid November Stoke fans had their wishes granted and Gunnar G\u00edslason completed the Icelandic takeover under the name of Stoke Holding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League\nGary Megson through no fault of his own was replaced by Gudjon Thordarson and in came a number of Icelandic players and the new era began well with Stoke beating Wycombe Wanderers 4\u20130 away. There was now a much better feeling about the club with the injection of new money and players but this was knocked back greatly in early 2000. On 23 February 2000 arguably one of the greatest footballers the world has ever seen Stanley Matthews died at the age of 85. Matthews was not just a club legend but also to Stoke-on-Trent as a whole. He was remembered in a perfect way with Stoke beating Chesterfield 5\u20131 with Thorne scoring four goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League\nStoke maintained their form from this match and went unbeaten until the final match of the season but despite a 1\u20130 defeat at Reading Stoke finished two points above Bristol Rovers and entered the play-offs. Their opponents were Gillingham and in the first leg 22,124 saw Stoke make a great start going into a 2\u20130 lead thanks to Arnar Gunnlaugsson and Kyle Lightbourne Gillingham pulled one back but Thorne restored Stoke's two goal advantage. Andy Hessenthaler then scored in injury time meaning the second leg would be a very tough match. In the second leg at Priestfield Stadium referee Rob Styles sent off both Graham Kavanagh and Clive Clarke for minor offences and Gillingham went on to win 3\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, FA Cup\nAnother early exit for Stoke this season, defeated 2\u20130 away at Blackpool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League Cup\nAfter beating last seasons opponents Macclesfield Town Stoke lost 3\u20131 to Premier League Sheffield Wednesday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157934-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League Trophy\nStoke began their Football League Trophy campaign on a cold December night against Third Division Darlington at the Britannia Stadium. With the scores level after normal time Kyle Lightbourne scored a golden goal to send Stoke through. Away wins over Oldham Athletic, Blackpool and Chesterfield saw Stoke in the area final against Rochdale. A 3\u20131 win in the first leg was followed by a 1\u20130 win in the second earning a place in the final against Bristol City. A crowd of 75,057 at Wembley saw Graham Kavanagh opened the scoring for Stoke before Paul Holland equalised for the Robins. Peter Thorne scored a close range winner for Stoke after 82 minutes earning Stoke their second Football League Trophy win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157935-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sunderland A.F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Sunderland participated in the FA Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157935-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sunderland A.F.C. season, Season summary\nSunderland's 1999\u20132000 season started at Stamford Bridge, where Chelsea beat them 4\u20130. However, in the return match later in the season Sunderland turned the tables on Chelsea, avenging their 4\u20130 defeat with a 4\u20131 win at the Stadium of Light. Sunderland also achieved a 2\u20131 victory over rivals Newcastle United at St. James' Park,  a result which helped bring about the resignation of Newcastle's manager, Ruud Gullit. At the end of the season Sunderland finished seventh, with Kevin Phillips winning the European Golden Shoe in his first top-flight season, scoring 30 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157935-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sunderland A.F.C. season, Team kit and sponsors\nThis season was the first in which the club was sponsored by car dealership Reg Vardy, and the last in which ASICS made the club's kit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157935-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sunderland A.F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157935-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sunderland A.F.C. season, Players, Left club during the season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157935-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sunderland A.F.C. season, Players, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157936-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sussex County Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Sussex County Football League season was the 75th in the history of Sussex County Football League a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157936-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sussex County Football League, Division One\nDivision One featured 18 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs, promoted from Division Two:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157936-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sussex County Football League, Division Two\nDivision Two featured 14 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with four new clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157936-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Sussex County Football League, Division Three\nDivision Three featured twelve clubs which competed in the division last season, along with four new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157937-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Swansea City A.F.C. season\nThe 1999\u201300 season was Swansea City A.F.C. 's 80th season in the English football league system, in this season Swansea finished 1st in the 3rd division with a total of 85 points from 46 games. It was also memorable for the fastest red card for a player in Swansea's history as Walter Boyd was red carded at half time against Darlington at Feethams and was taken off the pitch in a matter of seconds after the restart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157937-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Swansea City A.F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157938-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Swindon Town F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Swindon Town F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157938-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Swindon Town F.C. season, Season summary\nSwindon's financial problems came to a head during the 1999\u20132000 season when in January 2000 Swindon\u2014\u00a34m in debt and losing \u00a325,000 a week\u2014went into administration for the first time. Chairman Rikki Hunt was forced to resign and 15 members of staff were made redundant. At one point manager Jimmy Quinn was told not to pick midfielder Robin Hulbert because one more appearance would trigger a  \u00a325,000 payment to Everton under the terms of his 1996 transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157938-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Swindon Town F.C. season, Season summary\nSwindon's future was safeguarded when a consortium headed by business tycoon Terry Brady took over the club and they came out of administration towards the end of the season. But it was too late to save Swindon's place in Division One\u00a0\u2014 they had already been relegated in bottom place. The club's new owner sacked manager Jimmy Quinn and appointed Colin Todd\u00a0\u2014 who had won promotion to the Premiership with Bolton in 1997\u00a0\u2014 as manager, in hope of getting the club's fortunes back on track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157938-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Swindon Town F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157938-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Swindon Town F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157939-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Swiss Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Swiss Cup is the 75th season of Switzerland's annual football cup competition. It began on 7 August 1999 with the first games of Round 1 and ended on 28 May 2000 with the Final. The winners of the competition qualified for the 2000-01 UEFA cup first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157940-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Syracuse Orangemen basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Syracuse Orangemen basketball team represented Syracuse University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA men's basketball season. The head coach was Jim Boeheim, serving for his 24th year. The team played its home games at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, New York. The team finished with a 26\u20136 (13\u20133 Big East) record, while making it to the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157941-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 TBHSL season\nThe 1999\u201300 Turkish Ice Hockey Super League season was the eighth season of the Turkish Ice Hockey Super League, the top level of ice hockey in Turkey. Eight teams participated in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157942-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 TSV 1860 Munich season, Season summary\n1860 Munich finished fourth in the Bundesliga and qualified for the Champions League third qualifying round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157942-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 TSV 1860 Munich season, Kit\n1860 Munich's kit was manufactured by Nike and sponsored by tourism company FTI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 37], "content_span": [38, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157942-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 TSV 1860 Munich season, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157942-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 TSV 1860 Munich season, First team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157943-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections\nBy-elections to Natham and Thiruvattar constituencies were held in Tamil Nadu, India, on 5 and 11 September 1999 respectively. Elections for three state assembly constituencies, Nellikuppam, Tiruchirappalli - II and Arantangi  were held on 17 February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157943-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections\nIn the first phase, TMC lost a seat to AIADMK and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) lost a seat to Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI (M)). In the second phase, AIADMK splinter party MADMK, was able to pick up a seat from AIADMK and DMK was able to hold on to its seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157944-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tampa Bay Lightning season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Tampa Bay Lightning season was the Lightning's eighth season of operation. The club placed fourteenth overall in the Eastern Conference and failed to make the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157944-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tampa Bay Lightning season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL=Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM=Penalties in Minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157944-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tampa Bay Lightning season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157944-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tampa Bay Lightning season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157944-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tampa Bay Lightning season, Playoffs\nThe Lightning were unable to qualify for the playoffs for the fourth consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157944-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tampa Bay Lightning season, Draft picks\nTampa Bay's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157945-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ta\u00e7a de Portugal\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ta\u00e7a de Portugal was the 60th edition of the Portuguese football knockout tournament, organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The 1999\u20132000 Ta\u00e7a de Portugal began in September 1999. The final was played on 21 May and replayed four days later as the inaugural match ended tied at the Est\u00e1dio Nacional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157945-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ta\u00e7a de Portugal\nBeira-Mar were the previous holders, having defeated Campomaiorense 1\u20130 in the previous season's final. The Auri-negros were eliminated in the fourth round by second division side Imortal. Porto defeated Sporting CP, 2\u20130 in the cup final replay to win their tenth Ta\u00e7a de Portugal. As a result of Porto winning the domestic cup competition, the Drag\u00f5es faced 1999\u20132000 Primeira Liga winners Porto in the 2000 Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157945-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ta\u00e7a de Portugal, Fifth Round\nTies were played on the 9\u201312 January. Replays were played on the 19 January. Gil Vicente took a bye to the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157945-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ta\u00e7a de Portugal, Sixth Round\nTies were played on the 25\u201326 January. Replays were played on the 2 February. Porto took a bye to the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157946-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Temple Owls men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Temple Owls men's basketball team represented Temple University in the 1999\u201300 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by head coach John Chaney in his 18th year. The Owls were undefeated at home, both in Atlantic-10 games and overall. After winning the Atlantic-10 Tournament, the Owls received an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament and were seeded #2 in the East Region. They played at the First Niagara Center and defeated the Lafayette Leopards 73\u201347 in the first round. However, in the second round the Owls were upset by 10th seeded Seton Hall in a close overtime game (65\u201367).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157947-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team represented the University of Tennessee during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by third-year head coach Jerry Green, and played their home games at Thompson\u2013Boling Arena in Knoxville, Tennessee as a member of the Southeastern Conference. After finishing as one of four SEC teams with a 12\u20134 conference record, they were invited to the NCAA Tournament where they reached the Sweet Sixteen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157947-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team, Rankings\n*AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings^Coaches did not release a Week 2 poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157948-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tennis Borussia Berlin season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the ninth time Tennis Borussia Berlin played in the 2. Bundesliga, the second highest tier of the German football league system. After 34 league games, Tennis Borussia finished 13th. Sa\u0161a \u0106iri\u0107 scored 14 of the club's 42 league goals. However, ten days following the last round of league games, the German Football Association revoked TeBe's license for the following season, and as a result, the club were relegated instead of the Stuttgarter Kickers. The club made it to the third round of the DFB-Pokal where they lost 3\u20132 after extra time to Hertha BSC. The club's reserve team, Tennis Borussia Berlin (Amateure), won the Berliner Landespokal, beating Berliner FC Dynamo 2\u20130 in the final at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157949-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Terceira Divis\u00e3o\nThe 1999\u20132000 Terceira Divis\u00e3o season was the 50th season of the competition and the 10th season of recognised fourth-tier football in Portugal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157949-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Terceira Divis\u00e3o, Overview\nThe league was contested by 118 teams in 7 divisions of 10 to 18 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157950-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tercera Divisi\u00f3n\nThe Spanish Tercera Divisi\u00f3n 1999\u201300 started on August 1999 and ended in June 2000 with the promotion play-off finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157951-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tetley's Bitter Cup\nThe 1999\u201300 Tetley's Bitter Cup was the 29th edition of England's rugby union club competition. Wasps won the competition defeating Northampton in the final. The event was sponsored by Tetley's Brewery and the final was held at Twickenham Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157952-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Thailand Provincial League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Pro League Football League for the five-year pilot of the Football Association of Thailand. The management team of the tournament in the first 3 years there will be no relegation. The Organising Committee has selected the teams from various sports associations in each sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157953-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Torneo Argentino A\nThe 1999\u201300 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fifth season of third division professional football in Argentina. A total of 16 teams competed; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the team finish in first place for the first time since the 1962\u201363 season. It was also the Maple Leafs' first 100-point season, as well as long-time NHLer Wendel Clark's last season in the NHL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season\nThe Maple Leafs had their second consecutive 45-win season and broke the 1992\u201393 franchise record for most points accumulated in a season. Mats Sundin averaged a point per game, scoring 32 goals and picking up 41 assists for 73 points in 73 games. Jonas Hoglund had a career year, finishing third on the team in points with 56 (29 goals and 27 assists). Goaltender Curtis Joseph set a Maple Leafs record for wins in a season by a goaltender, with 36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season\nThe Leafs put Steve Sullivan on waivers and on October 23, 1999, he was picked up by the Chicago Blackhawks. In early 2000, Wendel Clark returned to the Leafs for the third time and had a two-goal game on February 1 in a 5\u20133 Maple Leafs win at Tampa Bay. In March, the Leafs traded Mike Johnson to Tampa Bay in exchange for Darcy Tucker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season\nThe Leafs got off to a red-hot start to the season, winning 10 of their first 14 games with four shutouts. The team suffered a setback on December 4, 1999, in a home game against the Pittsburgh Penguins. Forward Yanic Perreault was coming around the Pittsburgh net with the puck when Penguins goaltender Tom Barrasso slashed Perreault with his goalie stick. Perreault suffered a broken arm and missed 23 games; Barrasso received a four-game suspension for his actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season\nAnother setback occurred on March 11 at Ottawa, when Senators forward Marian Hossa was attempting to clear the puck out of the centre-ice zone. Hossa swung his stick in a golf-swing motion and caught Toronto defenceman Bryan Berard in his right eye. Berard had to leave the game due to the injury and Hossa was assessed with a double minor for high-sticking. It was the last NHL game Berard would play for nearly a year-and-a-half. Additionally, Sergei Berezin, a 37-goal scorer in 1998\u201399, missed 21 games for the team, but nonetheless finished with a solid 26 goals for Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0002-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season\nDespite these hindrances, the Leafs battled on, defeating four solid teams between March 16 and April 1 (Detroit on March 16, New Jersey on March 25, St. Louis on March 29 and Washington on April 1). The Leafs finished third in the Eastern Conference and first in the Northeast Division\u2014the first time the Leafs had won a division title since 1938. Mats Sundin led all skaters in overtime goals scored, with four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season, All-Star Game\nThe 50th National Hockey League All-Star Game was part of the 1999\u20132000 NHL season, and took place in Toronto's Air Canada Centre on February 6, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season, All-Star Game\nThe all-star week festivities saw the Canadian Hockey League Top Prospects Game played on February 2, and an exhibition game between the Canadian and American women's national teams on February 3. The Heroes of Hockey game and the Skills Competition were held on February 5. It is to note that the opening face-off for the Heroes of Hockey game were Ted Lindsay and Fleming Mackell, two players who played in the 1st National Hockey League All-Star Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season, All-Star Game\nThe week also was a good sendoff for Wayne Gretzky, who had retired the previous season. His #99 was raised to the rafters, despite him never playing for the hometown Maple Leafs, as a show of his number's League-wide retirement. Gretzky also made it clear that he would not partake in any oldtimer or Heroes of Hockey game unless it was held in Edmonton, a statement that was realized with the 2003 Heritage Classic three years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season, Season standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season, Season standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season, Season standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Transactions\nThe Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157954-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Draft picks\nToronto's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157955-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Raptors season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Raptors' fifth season in the National Basketball Association. The Raptors received the fifth overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft from the Denver Nuggets, and selected high school star Jonathan Bender, but soon traded him to the Indiana Pacers for Antonio Davis, and signed free agents Muggsy Bogues and three-point specialist Dell Curry. In their first full season playing at the Air Canada Centre, the Raptors got off to a 12\u20136 start, but then lost five of their next six games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157955-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Raptors season\nHowever, the team got better as the season progressed, winning seven straight games between February and March. Second-year star Vince Carter led the team in scoring, averaging 25.7 points per game. He also won the Slam Dunk Contest in Oakland and was selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game, while his cousin Tracy McGrady provided the team with 15.4 points, 6.3 rebounds and 1.9 blocks per game. The Raptors improved and qualified for their first playoff appearance with a 45\u201337 record, finishing third in the Central Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157955-0000-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Raptors season\nHowever, in the postseason, they were swept in the Eastern Conference First Round by the New York Knicks in three straight games. Following the season, McGrady was traded to the Orlando Magic, Doug Christie was dealt to the Sacramento Kings, Dee Brown signed as a free agent with the Magic, and head coach Butch Carter was fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157955-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Raptors season\nCarter was fired on June 13, 2000 after the organization decided they wanted a return of \"stability\" to the franchise. In his last season as coach of the Raptors, he invited friend and rap star Percy Miller, otherwise known as Master P, to the pre-season training camp to try out for the team. Carter claimed it was an attempt to deflect media attention away from Vince Carter, but was criticized for trying to draw attention to himself and his friendship with Miller. Carter also released a book where he claimed that his coach at Indiana, Bobby Knight, had launched into a racist tirade during practice, which Knight denied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157955-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Raptors season\nCarter was involved in public feuds with stars Vince Carter and Tracy McGrady, limiting their minutes because he didn't want to burn them out in their young careers. Carter also had an off-court feud with his ex-wife. During the opening round of the 2000 NBA Playoffs against the Knicks, Knick center Marcus Camby, who had played under Carter during the 1997\u201398 season, made what Carter considered an inflammatory remark about Carter by calling him a \"liar\", and Carter decided to file a $5-million defamation suit against him for what he said were inaccurate statements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157955-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Raptors season\nNBA Deputy Commissioner Russ Granik believed it was a frivolous suit and criticized Carter for filing it, which led to Carter dropping the suit. In his last few weeks as Raptors coach, Butch Carter made attempts to ouster friend Glen Grunwald as General Manager and was cited as one of the reasons why Tracy McGrady decided to leave the team and sign with the Orlando Magic. The Raptors organization, players, and fans all had decided that Carter's off-court issues were too much of a distraction for the team going forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157955-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Raptors season\nThe season saw the Raptors change their uniforms adding side panels to their jerseys and shorts. The home jerseys lasted until 2006, while the road jerseys lasted until 2003, where the city name \"Toronto\" was replaced with the team name \"Raptors\" on the front of their jerseys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157955-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toronto Raptors season, Vince Carter\nVince Carter was selected to an All-Star Team for the first time, and showcased his athleticism and dunking abilities in the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Contest. He won the contest by performing an array of dunks including a 360\u00b0 windmill, a between the legs, and an \"elbow dunk.\" Though he has not competed in the dunk contest since, Carter has been voted into the Eastern Conference NBA All-Star Team starting lineup several times through fan balloting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157956-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toto Cup Al\nThe 1999\u20132000 Toto Cup Al was the 16th season of the third-most important football tournament in Israel since its introduction. This was the first edition to be played with both Israeli Premier League and Liga Leumit clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157956-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toto Cup Al\nThe competition began on 6 August 1999 and ended on 15 February 2000, with Maccabi Petah Tikva beating Maccabi Haifa 4\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157956-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toto Cup Al, Format change\nStarting with this edition, the competition was played as a knock-out tournament, with the first two rounds played over two legs, with ties from the quarter-finals and on were decided in a single match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157957-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toto Cup Artzit\nThe 1999\u20132000 Toto Cup Artzit was the 1st time the cup was being contested as a competition for the third tier in the Israeli football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157957-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toto Cup Artzit\nThe competition was won by Hapoel Ramat Gan, who had beaten Hapoel Ra'anana 5\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157957-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Toto Cup Artzit, Competition format\nAs 1999\u20132000 Liga Artzit was composed of 12 teams, and as 4 teams, Hapoel Ashdod, Beitar Tel Aviv, Sektzia Nes Tziona and Hapoel Lod were not allowed to compete since their budget was not approved, the remaining 8 clubs played the competition as a straight knock-out tournament, with the quarter-finals being played over two legs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157958-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the FA Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157958-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season, Season summary\nTottenham Hotspur failed to make much of an impact on their return to Europe after an eight-year exile, nor were their cup exploits particularly impressive. Tenth place in the final table was a long way short of the top-five finishes attained by local rivals Arsenal and Chelsea, and manager George Graham bolstered his ranks for the 2000-01 season by paying a club record fee for Ukrainian striker Sergi Rebrov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157958-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157958-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157958-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season, First-team squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157958-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season, Statistics, Goal scorers\nThe list is sorted by shirt number when total goals are equal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157959-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Trabzonspor season\n1999\u20132000 Trabzonspor season  was the 25th consecutive season that the club played in the 1. Lig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157959-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Trabzonspor season, Season summary\nTrabzonspor finished 6th the 1999\u20132000 season. Trabzonspor was included in the Turkish Cup from 3rd round. Galatasaray defeated Trabzonspor 2 \u2013 1 in Trabzon in quarter finals. Trabzonspor could not qualify to play in any European cup games for the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157959-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Trabzonspor season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157959-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Trabzonspor season, European Cups\nTrabzonspor couldn't qualify to play in any European cup games in 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157960-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tranmere Rovers F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Tranmere Rovers F.C. competed in the Football League First Division where they finished in 13th position on 57 points. Rovers had great success in the cup competitions reaching the final of the League Cup, losing 2\u20131 to Leicester, and also made the quarters in the FA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157961-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team represented the University of Tulsa as a member of the Western Athletic Conference in the 1999\u20132000 college basketball season. The Golden Hurricane played their home games at the Reynolds Center. Led by head coach Bill Self, they finished the season 32\u20135 overall and 12\u20132 in conference play to finish atop the WAC standings. After losing in the championship game of the 2000 WAC Men's Basketball Tournament, the team defeated UNLV, #7 Cincinnati, and #23 Miami (FL) to reach the Elite Eight of the NCAA Tournament, before falling to North Carolina in the South Regional Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157961-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's basketball team, Rankings\n^Coaches did not release a Week 1 poll. *AP did not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 64], "content_span": [65, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157962-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tunisian Coupe de la Ligue Professionnelle\nThe 1999\u20132000 Tunisian Coupe de la Ligue Professionnelle was the 1st edition of the top knockout tournament for the Tunisian league football clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157962-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tunisian Coupe de la Ligue Professionnelle, Round of 16\nEsp\u00e9rance Sportive de Tunis, \u00c9toile Sportive du Sahel and Club Africain received a bye to Round of 16. Both Esp\u00e9rance Sportive de Tunis and \u00c9toile Sportive du Sahel withdrew from the competition and were replaced by Jendouba Sport and CO Medenine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157963-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Onel5969 (talk | contribs) at 09:04, 7 October 2019 (Disambiguating links to US Monastir (link changed to US Monastir (football); link changed to US Monastir (football); link changed to US Monastir (football); link changed to US Monastir (football)) using DisamAssist.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157963-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1\nThe 1999\u20132000 Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 season was the 74th season of top-tier football in Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157964-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Turkish Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 Turkish Cup was the 38th edition of the annual tournament that determined the association football S\u00fcper Lig Turkish Cup (Turkish: T\u00fcrkiye Kupas\u0131) champion under the auspices of the Turkish Football Federation (Turkish: T\u00fcrkiye Futbol Federasyonu; TFF). Galatasaray successfully contested Antalyaspor in the final by 5\u20133 after extra time. The results of the tournament also determined which clubs would be promoted or relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157965-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UAE Football League, Overview\nIt was contested by 12 teams, and Al Ain FC won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157966-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u201300 UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team represented the University of California, Irvine during the 1999\u201300 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Anteaters were led by 3rd year head coach Pat Douglass and played at the Bren Events Center and were members of the Big West Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157966-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team, Previous season\nThe 1998\u201399 UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team finished the season with a record of 6\u201320 and 2\u201314 in Big West play. Freshman guard Jerry Green won the conference freshman of the year award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157967-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team finished 4th in the conference. The Bruins competed in the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, losing to the Iowa State Cyclones in the sweet sixteen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157968-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UD Las Palmas season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 51st season in the existence of UD Las Palmas and the club's fourth consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football. The season covered the period from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157969-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UD Salamanca season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 77th season in the existence of UD Salamanca and the club's first season back in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157970-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UE Lleida season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 61st season in the existence of UE Lleida and the club's sixth consecutive season in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League\nThe 1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League was the 45th season of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the eighth season since its rebranding from the \"European Champion Clubs' Cup\" or \"European Cup\". The competition was won by Real Madrid, who clinched a historic eighth title win by beating fellow La Liga side, Valencia in the final. The final was hosted in the Stade de France in Paris, the city where the original roots of the competition had begun nearly 50 years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League\nJust after two years of allowing runners-up of strongest continental leagues to enter the tournament, UEFA went even further and expanded the tournament to up to four strongest teams from Europe's top national leagues. As a result, the tournament was a stark contrast from 1996\u201397 (which took place only three years prior) where only top national champions and title holders participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League\nThe competition was dominated by the Spanish teams, with three of the four semi-finalists coming from Spain, namely Real Madrid, Valencia and Barcelona. The final between Real Madrid and Valencia marked the first time that both finalists in the competition had come from the same country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League\nManchester United were the defending champions, but were eliminated by eventual winners Real Madrid in the quarter-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Changes to the competition format\nThe 1999\u20132000 edition of the Champions League featured a whole different format to the competition. An additional qualifying round was introduced to generate two group stages, firstly with 32 teams \u2013 eight groups of four \u2013 who played six matches each to reduce the competition to 16 teams for the second group stage, with the eight third-placed teams moving to the UEFA Cup third round. At the end of the second group stage, eight teams remained to contest the knock-out stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Association team allocation\nA total of 71 teams participated in the 1999\u20132000 Champions League, from 47 of 51 UEFA associations. Liechtenstein (who don't have their own league) as well as Andorra and San Marino did not participate. Additionally, Bosnia and Herzegovina were not admitted due to having no nation-wide champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Association team allocation\nBelow is the qualification scheme for the 2000\u201301 UEFA Champions League:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Association team allocation, Association ranking\nCountries are allocated places according to their 1998 UEFA league coefficient, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1993\u201394 to 1997\u201398.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Association team allocation, Distribution\nThe title holders (Manchester United) qualified for the Champions League group stage through their domestic league, thus the group stage spot reserved for the title holders was vacated. Additionally, Bosnia and Herzegovina was not admitted as their play-off for Champions League qualification didn't take place. Due to these factors, the following changes to the default access list are made:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Association team allocation, Participants\nLeague positions of the previous season shown in parentheses (TH: Champions League title holders).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Round and draw dates\nThe schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held in Geneva, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Qualifying rounds, Third qualifying round\nLosing teams advanced to the first round of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, First group stage\n16 winners from the third qualifying round, 10 champions from countries ranked 1\u201310, and six second-placed teams from countries ranked 1\u20136 were drawn into eight groups of four teams each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0012-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, First group stage\nCompared to the two previous seasons, three associations (England, France, The Netherlands) were allowed three teams \u2013 the league winner and runner-up from each nation qualified for the first group stage, and the third-placed teams qualified for the third qualifying round \u2013 and three associations were allowed four teams (Germany, Italy, Spain) \u2013 the league winner and runner-up from each nation qualified for the first group stage, and the third- and fourth-placed teams qualified for the third qualifying round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0012-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, First group stage\nEight additional associations were still allowed two teams (Czech Republic, Greece, Norway, Portugal: league winner in group stage; Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Turkey, Russia: league winner in third qualifying round). The top two teams in each group advanced to the Champions League second group stage, while the third-placed teams advanced to round three of the UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, First group stage\nAIK, Boavista, Bordeaux, Chelsea, Fiorentina, Hertha BSC, Lazio, Maribor, Molde, Valencia and Willem II made their debut in the group stage. Maribor was the first Slovenian side to play in group stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Second group stage\nEight winners and eight runners-up from the first group stage were drawn into four groups of four teams each, each containing two group winners and two runners-up. Teams from the same country or from the same first-round group could not be drawn together. The top two teams in each group advanced to the quarter-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157971-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, Top goalscorers\nThe top scorers from the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League (excluding qualifying rounds) are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157972-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League group stage\nThe 1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League group stage matches took place between 14 September and 3 November 1999. The draw for the group stage was made in August 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157972-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League group stage\nThe group stage featured the 16 automatic qualifiers and the 16 winners of the third qualifying round. Each team was drawn into one of eight groups but avoided teams from their own country. All four teams in the group played home and away matches against each other to determine the winner and runner-up in the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157972-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League group stage\nAt the completion of the group stage, the top two teams in each group advanced to play in a second group stage, while the third-placed teams dropped down to the UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157972-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League group stage, Seeding structure\nSeeding was determined by the UEFA coefficients. Clubs from the same association were paired up to split the matchdays between Tuesday and Wednesday. Clubs with the same pairing letter would play on different days, ensuring that teams from the same city (e.g. Milan and Internazionale, who also share a stadium) did not play on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157972-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League group stage, Tie-breaking criteria\nBased on Article 7.06 in the UEFA regulations, if two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria will be applied to determine the rankings:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 66], "content_span": [67, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157973-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League knockout stage\nThe knockout stage of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League began on 4 April 2000 and ended with the final at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis on 24 May 2000. The top two teams from each of the four groups in the second group stage competed in the knockout stage. For the quarter-finals, each group winner was randomly drawn against the runner-up from another group. The four quarter-final winners were then drawn together for the semi-finals, the winners of which contested the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157973-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League knockout stage\nEach quarter-final and semi-final was played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home; the team that scored the most goals over the two legs qualified for the following round. If the two teams scored the same number of goals over the two legs, then the team that scored more goals away from home qualified for the next round; if both teams scored the same number of away goals, matches would go to extra time and then penalties if the teams could not be separated after extra time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds\nThe qualifying rounds for the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League began on 13 July 1999. In total, there were three qualifying rounds which provided 16 clubs to join the group stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, First qualifying round\nThe draw for this round was performed on 30 June 1999 in Geneva, Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 73], "content_span": [74, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, First qualifying round, Seeding\nPartizan Skonto Zimbru Chi\u0219in\u0103u Litex Lovech Haka  \u017dalgiris Vilnius \u00cdBV Sloga Jugomagnat Barry Town", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 82], "content_span": [83, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, First qualifying round, Seeding\nFlora Tallinn Tsement Ararat Glentoran St Patrick's Athletic Valletta HB T\u00f3rshavn Tirana Jeunesse Esch Kapaz", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 82], "content_span": [83, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, First qualifying round, Second leg\nSloga Jugomagnat 2\u20132 Kapaz on aggregate. Sloga Jugomagnat won on away goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 85], "content_span": [86, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Second qualifying round\nThe draw for this round was performed on 23 June 2000 in Geneva, Switzerland. Unlike the future seasons of Champions League qualification, all winners of previous round were treated as unseeded regardless of their coefficients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 74], "content_span": [75, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Second qualifying round, Seeding\nDynamo Kyiv Br\u00f8ndby Rapid Wien Be\u015fikta\u015f Rangers AIK CSKA Moscow", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 83], "content_span": [84, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Second qualifying round, Seeding\nWidzew \u0141\u00f3d\u017a  Rapid Bucure\u0219ti Dinamo Tbilisi Genk  Slovan Bratislava MTK Hung\u00e1ria Rijeka", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 83], "content_span": [84, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Second qualifying round, Seeding\nMolde Anorthosis Famagusta  Maribor Hapoel Haifa Dnepr-Transmash Mogilev Partizan Skonto", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 83], "content_span": [84, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Second qualifying round, Seeding\nZimbru Chi\u0219in\u0103u Litex Lovech Haka \u017dalgiris Vilnius \u00cdBV Sloga Jugomagnat Valletta", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 83], "content_span": [84, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Second qualifying round, Second leg\nBe\u015fikta\u015f 1\u20131 Hapoel Haifa on aggregate. Hapoel Haifa won on away goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 86], "content_span": [87, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Second qualifying round, Second leg\nLitex Lovech 5\u20135 Widzew \u0141\u00f3d\u017a on aggregate. Widzew \u0141\u00f3d\u017a won 3\u20132 on penalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 86], "content_span": [87, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Third qualifying round\nThe draw for this round was performed on 23 July 1999 in Geneva, Switzerland. Unlike the future seasons of Champions League qualification, all winners of previous round were treated as unseeded regardless of their coefficients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 73], "content_span": [74, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Third qualifying round, Seeding\nParma Borussia Dortmund Spartak Moscow Chelsea PSV Eindhoven Lyon Fiorentina Valencia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 82], "content_span": [83, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Third qualifying round, Seeding\nMallorca AEK Athens Galatasaray  Croatia Zagreb Hertha Boavista  Sturm Graz Aalborg BK", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 82], "content_span": [83, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Third qualifying round, Seeding\nServette Teplice Dynamo Kyiv Br\u00f8ndby Rapid Wien Hapoel Haifa Rangers AIK", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 82], "content_span": [83, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Third qualifying round, Seeding\nMolde Widzew \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Skonto Zimbru Chi\u0219in\u0103u Maribor Anorthosis Famagusta MTK Hung\u00e1ria Partizan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 82], "content_span": [83, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Third qualifying round, Summary\nLosing teams advanced to the first round of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 82], "content_span": [83, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157974-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Third qualifying round, Second leg\nMolde 1\u20131 Mallorca on aggregate. Molde won on away goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 85], "content_span": [86, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157975-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League second group stage\nThe 1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League second group stage matches took place between 23 November 1999 and 22 March 2000. The second group stage featured the eight group winners and eight group runners-up from the first group stage. Each team was drawn into one of four groups, each of which featured three other clubs. All four teams in the group played home and away matches against each other to determine the winner and runner-up in the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157975-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League second group stage\nAt the completion of the second group stage, the top two teams in each group advanced to the quarter-finals, while the other two teams were eliminated from European competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157975-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League second group stage, Teams\nThe winners of the first group stage groups are put into seeded pots 1 and 2 according to their UEFA coefficients. The four group-winners with the best coefficients will go into seed pot 1. The eight group runners-up will be put into seed pots 3 and 4 according to the same principle, i.e. the four clubs with the best coefficients will go into seed pot 3. One club from each seed pot will be drawn into each of the four groups. Clubs from the same association cannot be drawn into the same group and group-winners and runners-up from the same first-stage group will not be drawn into the same group again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 57], "content_span": [58, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157975-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League second group stage, Tie-breaking criteria\nBased on Article 7.06 in the UEFA regulations, if two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria will be applied to determine the rankings:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 73], "content_span": [74, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157975-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League second group stage, Groups, Group B\nThe game started 45 minutes later than it was officially scheduled to, as there was a serious traffic incident that jammed the roads to Old Trafford and United officials decided to delay the game to give fans time to arrive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 67], "content_span": [68, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157976-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup season was the 29th edition of the UEFA Cup competition. The final took place at Parken Stadium in Copenhagen and was won by Galatasaray, who defeated Arsenal in the final. The game was scoreless through the first ninety minutes and stayed that way through thirty minutes of extra time. The match went on to penalty kicks in which Gheorghe Popescu scored the winning goal to win the cup. Galatasaray won the cup without losing a single game. The competition was marred by violence involving Turkish and English hooligans in the semi-finals and the final, in particular the fatal stabbings of Leeds United fans Kevin Speight and Christopher Loftus by Galatasaray fans in Istanbul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157976-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup\nParma were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Werder Bremen in the fourth round. This team entered in first round due to elimination in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157976-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup\nIt was the first season of the new format UEFA Cup; it had absorbed the now defunct Cup Winners' Cup to include domestic cup winners, and now featured an additional knockout round. This was the first year when the UEFA Cup winners qualified for the UEFA Super Cup. This season's champions also qualified for the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship, which was never held. So far, Galatasaray are the only UEFA Cup champions to qualify for a Club World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157976-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup, Association team allocation\nA total of 142 teams from 49 UEFA associations participated in the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup. Associations are allocated places according to their 1999\u20132000 UEFA league coefficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157976-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup, Association team allocation\nBelow is the qualification scheme for the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157976-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup, Association team allocation, Redistribution rules\nA UEFA Cup place is vacated when a team qualify for both the Champions League and the UEFA Cup, or qualify for the UEFA Cup by more than one method. When a place is vacated, it is redistributed within the national association by the following rules:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157976-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup, Association team allocation, Teams\nThe labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157976-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup, Fourth round, Second leg\nUdinese 2\u20132 Slavia Prague on aggregate. Slavia Prague won on away goals rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157977-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup first round\nThe first round of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup began on 14 September 1999. The round included 38 winners from the qualifying round, 16 losing teams from the Champions League 3rd qualifying round, 3 winners of the Intertoto Cup and 39 new entrants. This narrowed the clubs from 96, down to 48 teams in preparation for the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157978-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup qualifying round\nThe qualifying round matches of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup were played on 12 and 26 August 2000. The round consisted of 38 matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157979-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup second round\nThe second round of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup began on 19 October 1999. The round included 48 winners from the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157979-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup second round, Matches, Second leg\n2\u20132 on aggregate. AEK Athens won on away goals rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157979-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup second round, Matches, Second leg\n2\u20132 on aggregate. Werder Bremen won on away goals rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157980-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup third round\nThe third round of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup began on 23 November 1999. The round included 24 winners from the second round and eight third-placed teams from the Champions League first group stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157980-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup third round, Matches, Second leg\nBorussia Dortmund 2\u20132 Rangers on aggregate. Borussia Dortmund won 3\u20131 on penalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157980-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup third round, Matches, Second leg\nLeeds United 2\u20132 Spartak Moscow on aggregate. Leeds United won on away goals rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157980-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup third round, Matches, Second leg\nBayer Leverkusen 2\u20132 Udinese on aggregate. Udinese won on away goals rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157981-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 United Hockey League season was the ninth season of the United Hockey League (Colonial Hockey League before 1997), a North American minor professional league. 14 teams participated in the regular season and the Flint Generals won the league title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157981-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UHL season, Offseason\nThe Fort Wayne Komets joined the league as an expansion team after departing from the IHL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157981-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UHL season, Offseason\nThe Thunder Bay Thunder Cats were bought by United Sports Ventures and relocated the team to Rockford to become the Rockford IceHogs", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157981-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UHL season, Offseason\nThe Madison Monsters relocated to Knoxville to become the Knoxville Speed", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157981-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UHL season, Offseason\nThe Winston-Salem Icehawks relocated to Glens Falls to become the Adirondack Icehawks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157981-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UHL season, Offseason\nThe Saginaw Gears relocated to Massillon, Ohio midseason after opting out of their lease with Wendler Arena", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157982-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UMass Minutemen basketball team\nThe 1999\u201300 UMass Minutemen basketball team represented the University of Massachusetts Amherst during the 1999\u201300 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Minutemen, led by fourth year head coach Bruiser Flint, played their home games at William D. Mullins Memorial Center and are members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 17-16, 9-7 in A-10 play to finish in third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157983-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UNC Wilmington Seahawks men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 UNC Wilmington Seahawks men's basketball team represented the University of North Carolina Wilmington during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Seahawks, led by sixth-year head coach Jerry Wainwright, played their home games at the Trask Coliseum and were members of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157983-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UNC Wilmington Seahawks men's basketball team\nAfter finishing fourth place in the CAA regular season standings, the Seahawks won the CAA Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament \u2013 the first appearance in school history \u2013 as No. 15 seed in the South region. UNC Wilmington lost to No. 2 seed Cincinnati in the opening round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157984-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball team represented the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. The team was coached by Bill Bayno and played their home games at the Thomas & Mack Center on UNLV's main campus in Paradise, Nevada as a member of the Mountain West Conference. The Runnin' Rebels finished the season 23\u20138, 10\u20134 in MWC play. They won the 2000 Mountain West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, earning a No. 10 seed in the South Region. The Runnin' Rebels lost to No. 7 seed Tulsa in the opening round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157985-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 USM Alger season\nIn the 1999\u20132000 season, USM Alger is competing in the National for the 20th time, as well as the Algerian Cup. It is their 5th consecutive season in the top flight of Algerian football. They will be competing in Ligue 1 and the Algerian Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157985-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 USM Alger season, Squad list\nPlayers and squad numbers last updated on 1 September 1999.Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157985-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 USM Alger season, Squad information, Goalscorers\nIncludes all competitive matches. The list is sorted alphabetically by surname when total goals are equal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157986-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 USM Blida season\nIn the 1999\u20132000 season, USM Blida is competing in the National 1 for the 15th season, as well as the Algerian Cup. They will be competing in Ligue 1, and the Algerian Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157986-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 USM Blida season, Squad information, Goalscorers\nIncludes all competitive matches. The list is sorted alphabetically by surname when total goals are equal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157987-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Cup\nThe Ukrainian Cup 1999\u20132000 was the ninth annual edition of Ukraine's football knockout competition, known as the Ukrainian Cup. The winner of this competition was Dynamo Kyiv, beating FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157987-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Cup\nThe format of competition was completely changed. The competition itself started on March 11, 2000 with 32 teams: 16 from the Premier League, 14 from the First League, and both finalists of the Second League cup. The Second League Cup took place in the late 1999 involving some 44 teams out which two finalists qualified for the Ukrainian Cup. Those finalists later also played a final game for the competition's trophy in May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157987-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Cup, Round and draw dates\nAll draws held at FFU headquarters (Building of Football) in Kyiv unless stated otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157988-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian First League\n1999\u20132000 Ukrainian First League was the ninth season of the Ukrainian First League which was won by FC Dynamo-2 Kyiv. The season started on July 25, 1999, and finished on June 19, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157988-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian First League, Promotion and relegation, Relegated teams\nOne club was relegated from the 1998-99 Ukrainian Top League:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157988-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian First League, Promotion and relegation, Teams\nIn 1999-00 season, the Ukrainian First League consists of the following teams:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157989-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Hockey Championship\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Hockey League season was the seventh season of the Ukrainian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Ukraine. Eight teams participated in the league, and HC Sokil Kyiv won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157990-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League is the ninth season of 3rd level professional football in Ukraine. The competitions are divided into three groups \u2013 A, B, and C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157990-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League\nThe groups were won respectively by FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi, FC Borysfen Boryspil and FC Dnipro-2 Dnipropetrovsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157990-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League, Team changes, Promoted\nThe following team were promoted from the 1998\u201399 Ukrainian Football Amateur League:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157990-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League, Team changes, Relegated\nThe following team were relegated from the 1998\u201399 Ukrainian First League:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157990-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League, Group A\nNew clubs: Bukovyna Chernivtsi, Podillya Khmelnytskyi, Dynamo Lviv, Nyva Vinnytsia (the farm team of FC Vinnytsia), Prykarpattia-2 Ivano-Frankivsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157990-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League, Group C\nNew clubs: Desna Chernihiv, Kremin Kremenchuk, ADOMS Kremenchuk, Mashynobudivnyk Druzhkivka, Arsenal Kharkiv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157991-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League Cup\nThe Ukrainian Second League Cup 1999\u201300 was the first edition of Second League Cup competition designated exclusively for clubs of the Second League. It was organized as a qualification tournament for the Ukrainian Cup with only the finalist advancing to the national cup competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157991-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League Cup\nThe Cup started with a qualification round on August 18, 1999, and consisted of 11 pairs. The winner of that round was identified by a single game and advancing to the first round of competition. The first round started on September 1. From the first round and all the way to the final teams played a home-away elimination type tournament. The best two teams faced off after qualifying for the main event. Both Borysfen and Kherson were eliminated in the second round of the Ukrainian Cup with a big margin on March 29, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157991-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League Cup\nLater they met each other for the final of the Second League Cup on May 6, 2000, although the last semifinal game of that tournament took place on November 16, 1999. In the final that took place at the Dinamo Stadium in Kyiv Borysfen beat Kherson earning itself the first trophy of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157991-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ukrainian Second League Cup, Competition schedule, Final\nThe final was held at the Dynamo Stadium on May 6, 2000, in Kyiv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157992-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Umaglesi Liga\nThe 1999\u20132000 Umaglesi Liga was the eleventh season of top-tier football in Georgia. It began on 12 August 1999 and ended on 30 May 2000. Dinamo Tbilisi were the defending champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157993-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United Counties League\nThe 1999\u20132000 United Counties League season was the 93rd in the history of the United Counties League, a football competition in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157993-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United Counties League, Premier Division\nThe Premier Division featured 19 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with one new club, promoted from Division One:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157993-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United Counties League, Division One\nDivision One featured 17 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with one new club:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157994-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule\nThe following is the 1999\u20132000 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 1999 through August 2000. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series cancelled after the 1998\u201399 season. All times are Eastern and Pacific, with certain exceptions, such as Monday Night Football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157994-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule\nEach of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157994-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule\nPBS is not included; member stations have local flexibility over most of their schedules and broadcast times for network shows may vary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157994-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule, Tuesday\nNote: On Fox, Ally aired as re-edited half-hour repeats of the original hour-long Ally McBeal series. On CBS, Falcone premieres at 9:00\u00a0p.m. on April 4, 2000. On UPN, Secret Agent Man was supposed to premiere at 9:00pm, but however due to the show not getting the \"buzz\" before the fall premiere, The Strip was premiered instead, and the show aired later on in a different night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157994-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule, Wednesday\nNote: On ABC, Clerks premiered at 9:30 on May 31, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157994-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule, Thursday\nNote: On NBC, the sitcom Daddio premiered on March 23, 2000 at 8:30. On Fox, Family Guy only had two airings and one special Sunday airing, and then on March 7, 2000, the show was moved to Tuesdays. On The WB, Popular premiered Wednesday, September 29, 1999 at 9:00 pm. On Fox, Manchester Prep was supposed to air at 8-9, but it was cancelled at the last minute. On ABC, Then Came You was scheduled to air at 8:30 PM EST, but due to the show not getting the \"buzz\" before the fall premiere, Whose Line Is It Anyway? was aired at the last minute, and the show aired later on in a different night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157994-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule, By network, The WB\nNote: The * indicates that the program was introduced in midseason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157995-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule (daytime)\nThe 1999\u20132000 daytime network television schedule for the six major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States in operation during that television season covers the weekday daytime hours from September 1999 to August 2000. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 1998\u201399 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157995-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule (daytime)\nAffiliates fill time periods not occupied by network programs with local or syndicated programming. PBS \u2013 which offers daytime programming through a children's program block, which the service rebranded as PBS Kids on September 6 \u2013 is not included, as its member television stations have local flexibility over most of their schedules and broadcast times for network shows may vary. Also not included are stations affiliated with Pax TV; although Pax carried a limited schedule of first-run programs, its schedule otherwise was composed mainly of syndicated reruns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157996-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 United States network television schedule (late night)\nThese are the late night schedules for the four United States broadcast networks that offer programming during this time period, from September 1999 to August 2000. All times are Eastern or Pacific. Affiliates will fill non-network schedule with local, syndicated, or paid programming. Affiliates also have the option to preempt or delay network programming at their discretion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157997-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Utah Jazz season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Utah Jazz's 26th season in the National Basketball Association, and 21st season in Salt Lake City, Utah. During the offseason, the Jazz signed free agent Olden Polynice, then later on signed Armen Gilliam in January. The Jazz were now the oldest team in the NBA still led by John Stockton and Karl Malone, who were both selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. The Jazz got off to a solid 15\u20137 start, which included a 7-game winning streak, but then lost six straight games between January and February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157997-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Utah Jazz season\nHowever, they would win nine consecutive games between February and March, and recapture the Midwest Division with a solid 55\u201327 record, qualifying for the playoffs for the 17th straight season. Malone averaged 25.5 points and 9.5 rebounds per game, and was named to the All-NBA Second Team. Bryon Russell finished second on the team in scoring averaging 14.1 points per game, while Stockton provided them with 12.1 points, 8.6 assists and 1.7 steals per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157997-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Utah Jazz season\nIn the playoffs, the Jazz defeated the Seattle SuperSonics three games to two in the Western Conference First Round, but would lose in five games to the Pacific champion Portland Trail Blazers in the Western Conference Semifinals for the second consecutive year. Following the season, Jeff Hornacek retired ending his fourteen-year career in the NBA, Gilliam also retired while Howard Eisley was traded to the Dallas Mavericks, and Adam Keefe was dealt to the Golden State Warriors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157997-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Utah Jazz season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157998-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Utah State Aggies men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Utah State Aggies men's basketball team represented Utah State University in the 1999\u20132000 college basketball season. This was head coach Stew Morrill's 2nd season at Utah State. The Aggies played their home games at the Dee Glen Smith Spectrum and were members of the Big West Conference. They finished the season 28\u20136, 16\u20130 to capture the regular season championship. They also won the Big West Tournament to earn an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament as No. 12 seed in the South Region. Entering play on a 19-game winning streak, the Aggies lost to No. 5 seed and AP #20 Connecticut in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00157999-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Utah Utes men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Utah Utes men's basketball team represented the University of Utah as a member of the Mountain West Conference during the 1999\u20132000 men's basketball season. Led by head coach Rick Majerus, the Utes finished with an overall record of 23\u20139 (10\u20134 WAC) and advanced to the second round of the NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158001-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Valencia CF season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 Spanish football season, Valencia competed in La Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158001-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Valencia CF season, Season summary\nDuring Spring of 1999, after rumours of Claudio Ranieri being linked to Atl\u00e9tico Madrid the club replaced the Italian head coach for the upcoming season, the final choices were Radomir Anti\u0107 from Atl\u00e9tico Madrid with a contract until 2000 with colchoneros and Argentine H\u00e9ctor C\u00faper from RCD Mallorca free in June and whom, finally, was appointed as new manager. Valencia CF emerged as a world football heavyweight after reaching the Champions League final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158001-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Valencia CF season, Season summary\nNew coach H\u00e9ctor C\u00faper focused heavily on making the defence invincible, although, despite the general perception of a much more defensive Valencia, they actually conceded the same amount of league goals as they had under previous coach Claudio Ranieri. Among the key players were playmaker Gaizka Mendieta (voted as the best midfielder in the Champions League), fellow midfielder Gerard, goalkeeper Santiago Ca\u00f1izares, winger Javier Farin\u00f3s and striker Claudio L\u00f3pez, who was sold to Lazio at the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158001-0001-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Valencia CF season, Season summary\nLazio had been Valencia's opponents in the quarter-final of the Champions League, which resulted in a 5\u20132 victory for Valencia against the eventual Italian champions. Gerard was also sold, to the team that had nurtured him, Barcelona, for \u00a315 million. Barcelona had been Valencia's opponents in the semi-finals, and had been crushed 4\u20131 away. A 2\u20131 defeat at the Camp Nou still saw Valencia progress to the final at Stade de France, where they came up against Real Madrid in the first ever all-Spanish final of the competition. Valencia's dreams were shattered by a clear 3\u20130 defeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158001-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Valencia CF season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158001-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Valencia CF season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158002-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Valparaiso Crusaders men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Valparaiso Crusaders men's basketball team represented Valparaiso University during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Crusaders, led by 12th-year head coach Homer Drew, played their home games at the Athletics\u2013Recreation Center as members of the Mid-Continent Conference. Valpo finished second in the Mid-Con regular season standings, but went on to win the Mid-Con Tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As No. 16 seed in the Midwest region, the Crusaders lost to No. 1 seed an eventual National champion Michigan State, 65\u201338, to finish with a record of 19\u201313 (10\u20136 Mid-Con).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158003-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Canucks season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Vancouver Canucks season was the team's 30th in the National Hockey League (NHL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158003-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Canucks season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL = Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158003-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Canucks season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: CEN \u2013 Central, PAC \u2013 Pacific, NW \u2013 Northwest", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158003-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Canucks season, Regular season, Final standings\nbold \u2013 Qualified for playoffs; p \u2013 Won Presidents' Trophy; y \u2013 Won division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158003-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Canucks season, Transactions, Draft picks\nVancouver's picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158004-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Grizzlies season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Grizzlies' 5th season in the National Basketball Association. After finishing the lockout season with the worst record, the Grizzlies received the second overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft, and selected Steve Francis from the University of Maryland. However, Francis refused to play for the Canadian team, and was later on traded to the Houston Rockets for second-year guard Michael Dickerson, Othella Harrington, Brent Price and Antoine Carr. Dickerson would reunite with his former University of Arizona teammate, second-year star Mike Bibby. Francis, now with the Rockets, would be named Rookie of The Year along with Elton Brand of the Chicago Bulls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158004-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Grizzlies season\nDuring the offseason, the Grizzlies signed free agents Grant Long and Dennis Scott. After a 3\u20133 start to the season, the team still struggled posting an 11-game losing streak, as head coach Brian Hill was fired after a 4\u201318 start, and was replaced with Lionel Hollins. The Grizzlies went on a 12\u2013game losing streak between February and March, losing 14 of their 15 games in March, and finishing last place in the Midwest Division with a 22\u201360 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158004-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Grizzlies season\nShareef Abdur-Rahim continued to lead the team with 20.3 points, 10.1 rebounds and 1.1 blocks per game, while Dickerson averaged 18.2 points per game, and Bibby provided the team with 14.5 points and 8.1 assists per game. Following the season, Scott was traded along with second-year guard Felipe L\u00f3pez, and Cherokee Parks to the Washington Wizards, but was released to free agency, Carr retired, and Hollins was fired as coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158004-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Grizzlies season, Offseason, Draft\nThe Grizzlies originally had three picks entering the Draft. Steve Francis was the 2nd overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft from the University of Maryland. Francis most notably cried after being chosen by Vancouver, swearing the Chicago Bulls would regret selecting Elton Brand first overall instead. Following Vancouver's draft, Francis publicly announced that he did not want to play for the Grizzlies, citing the distance from his Maryland home, taxes, endorsements, and God's will. Francis was heavily criticized for his antics, especially in Vancouver. Following his public outburst, Francis was traded to the Houston Rockets that summer in a three-team, 11-player deal that brought Michael Dickerson, Othella Harrington, Antoine Carr, Brent Price, plus first- and second-round picks to the Grizzlies. He and Brand shared Rookie of the Year honors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158004-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vancouver Grizzlies season, Offseason, Draft\nObinna Ekezie from the University of Maryland was their second pick. Their final pick in the draft was Antwain Smith from the Saint Paul's College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158005-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Venezuelan Primera Divisi\u00f3n season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season of the Venezuelan Primera Divisi\u00f3n, the top category of Venezuelan football, was played by 12 teams. The national champions were Deportivo T\u00e1chira.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158006-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 VfL Bochum season\nThe 1999\u20132000 VfL Bochum season was the 62nd season in club history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158006-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 VfL Bochum season, Review and events\nOn 24 October 1999 head coach Ernst Middendorp was sacked. Bernard Dietz was appointed caretaker on 25 October 1999. Ralf Zumdick was appointed head coach on 1 January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158007-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 VfL Wolfsburg season\nVfL Wolfsburg finished one place lower than the last season, but still qualified for European competition via the Intertoto Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158007-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 VfL Wolfsburg season, First team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158007-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 VfL Wolfsburg season, First team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158008-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vietnamese Cup\nThe 1999\u20132000 National Cup is the 8th edition of the Vietnamese Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158008-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vietnamese Cup, Round 2\n[ NB: Cong An = Police; Quan Khu = Military Zone; Duong Sat = Railways SC]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158009-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Villarreal CF season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 77th season in the existence of Villarreal CF and the club's first season back in the second division of Spanish football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158010-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by second-year head coach Pete Gillen, and played their home games at University Hall in Charlottesville, Virginia as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158011-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vyshcha Liha\nThe 1999\u20132000 Vyshcha Liha season was the 9th since its establishment. FC Dynamo Kyiv were the defending champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158011-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vyshcha Liha, Teams, Promotions\nNote: the 1998\u201399 Ukrainian First League was won by the second team of Dynamo Kyiv, FC Dynamo-2 Kyiv, which could not be promoted. The third placed team FC Torpedo Zaporizhia was originally also had to be promoted, but due to its financial situation it filed for bankruptcy. Because of the situation with Torpedo, the Professional Football League of Ukraine scheduled a playoff game which was won by Prykarpattia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158012-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Vysshaya Liga season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Vysshaya Liga season was the eighth season of the Vysshaya Liga, the second level of ice hockey in Russia. 23 teams participated in the league. The top four teams in the final round qualified for an opportunity to be promoted to the Russian Superleague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158013-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 WCHL season\nThe 1999-00 West Coast Hockey League season was the fifth season of the West Coast Hockey League, a North American minor professional league. Eight teams participated in the regular season, and the Phoenix Mustangs were the league champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158014-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 WHL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 WHL season was the 34th season for the Western Hockey League. Eighteen teams completed a 72-game season. The Kootenay Ice won the President's Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158014-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 WHL season, Regular season, Scoring leaders\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158014-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 WHL season, Regular season, Goaltending leaders\nNote: GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties\u00a0; GA = Goals against; SO = Total shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158014-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 WHL season, All-Star game\nOn January 19, the Eastern Conference defeated the Western Conference 10\u20139 at Kelowna, British Columbia before a crowd of 5,420.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158015-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 WNBL season\nThe 1999\u20132000 WNBL season was the 20th season of competition since its establishment in 1981. A total of 8 teams contested the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158016-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 WPHL season\nThe 1999\u201300 Western Professional Hockey League season was the fourth season of the Western Professional Hockey League, a North American minor pro league. 18 teams participated in the regular season, and the Shreveport Mudbugs were the league champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158017-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Walsall F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Walsall F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158017-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Walsall F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the 1999\u20132000 season, Walsall were relegated on the final day despite derby wins over local rivals Wolverhampton Wanderers, Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion earlier in the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158017-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Walsall F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158017-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Walsall F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158018-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Capitals season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Washington Capitals season was the Washington Capitals 26th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158018-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Capitals season, Offseason\nOwner Abe Pollin sold the Capitals to an investor group headed by America Online president Ted Leonsis on May 12, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158018-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Capitals season, Regular season\nThe Capitals tied the St. Louis Blues for the fewest short-handed goals allowed, with just 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158018-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Capitals season, Regular season, Final standings\nNote: CR = Conference rank; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; OTL=Overtime loss; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM=Penalties in Minutes; Pts = Points\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158018-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Capitals season, Regular season, Final standings\nDivisions: AT \u2013 Atlantic, NE \u2013 Northeast, SE \u2013 Southeast", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158018-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Capitals season, Regular season, Final standings\nZ \u2013 Clinched Conference; Y \u2013 Clinched Division; X \u2013 Clinched Playoff spot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158018-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Capitals season, Draft picks\nWashington's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158019-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Huskies men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Washington Huskies men's basketball team represented the University of Washington for the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by seventh-year head coach Bob Bender, the Huskies were members of the Pacific-10 Conference and played their home games this season off campus at KeyArena in Seattle, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158019-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Huskies men's basketball team\nThe Huskies were 10\u201320 overall in the regular season and 5\u201313 in conference play, tied for eighth in the standings. There was no conference tournament this season; last played in 1990, it resumed in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158019-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Huskies men's basketball team\nBuilt over seventy years earlier in 1927, Hec Edmundson Pavilion underwent a renovation this season and reopened in the fall of 2000. The Huskies' interim home court was KeyArena at Seattle Center, the home of the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics. Washington won just twice at KeyArena in Pac-10 play, a one-point upset of UCLA in early January, and a four-point win over rival Washington State in March; in between, they lost seven consecutive home games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158020-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team represented Washington State University for the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by first-year head coach Paul Graham, the Cougars were members of the Pacific-10 Conference and played their home games on campus at Beasley Coliseum in Pullman, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158020-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team\nThe Cougars were 6\u201322 overall in the regular season and 1\u201317 in conference play, last in the standings. There was no conference tournament this season; last played in 1990, it resumed in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158020-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team\nGraham was hired in March 1999; he was previously an assistant at Oklahoma State under Eddie Sutton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158021-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Wizards season\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season was the Wizards' 39th season in the National Basketball Association. In the 1999 NBA draft, the Wizards selected Richard Hamilton from the University of Connecticut with the seventh pick. During the offseason, the team acquired Isaac Austin from the Orlando Magic, and signed free agents Aaron Williams and Michael Smith. The biggest news would involve the front office as retired All-Star guard, and former Chicago Bulls legend Michael Jordan joined the team as Vice President in January. After winning their first game of the season, the Wizards continued to under achieve posting a 7-game losing streak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158021-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Wizards season\nWith a 14\u201330 record midway through the season, head coach Gar Heard was fired and replaced with Darrell Walker, and the team signed free agent Don Reid, who was previously released by the Detroit Pistons. Despite posting a solid 10\u20137 record in March, the Wizards finished last place in the Atlantic Division with a 29\u201353 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158021-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Wizards season\nMitch Richmond led the team in scoring with 17.4 points per game, while Juwan Howard averaged 14.9 points per game, and Rod Strickland provided the team with 12.6 points and 7.5 assists per game. Following the season, Austin was traded to the Vancouver Grizzlies, Tracy Murray was traded to the Denver Nuggets, Williams signed as a free agent with the New Jersey Nets, Reid signed with the Orlando Magic, and Walker was fired as coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158021-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Washington Wizards season, Player statistics\nNOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158022-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Watford F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Watford F.C. competed in the FA Premier League, after being promoted from the First Division last season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158022-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Watford F.C. season, Season summary\nWatford managed some encouraging early results, including victories over Liverpool and Chelsea, suggesting that experienced manager Graham Taylor might be able to keep the club in the Premier League against all expectations. However, after the victory against Chelsea on 18 September, Watford only managed three more wins all season, and it soon became obvious that this campaign was a bridge too far after two successive promotions. The club were eventually relegated with the then-lowest points total in Premier League history, although observers widely predicted that Taylor would at least stabilise the club in Division One again, and maybe even get the club to make an immediate return to the Premiership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158022-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Watford F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158022-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Watford F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158022-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Watford F.C. season, Players, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158023-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Welsh Alliance League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Welsh Alliance League was the sixteenth season of the Welsh Alliance League after its establishment in 1984. The league was won by Halkyn United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158024-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Welsh-Scottish League\nCardiff won the inaugural Welsh-Scottish League. However they lost their final match against Swansea at home thus losing an unbeaten home record that dated back to December 1997. The points system was complicated by the Rugby World Cup and only two points were awarded for a win prior to November 1999. Both Cardiff and Pontypridd were deducted points by playing Edinburgh during this World Cup period; although the matches were scheduled to take place outwith the World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158024-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Welsh-Scottish League, 1999-2000 League Table\nThe top 5 Welsh teams plus Edinburgh and Glasgow qualified for next season's Heineken Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158025-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wessex Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 Wessex Football League was the 14th season of the Wessex Football League. The league champions for the third time in their history were Wimborne Town, who won the title on goal difference. There was no promotion to the Southern League, but East Cowes Victoria Athletic finished bottom and were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158025-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wessex Football League\nFor sponsorship reasons, the league was known as the Jewson Wessex League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158025-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wessex Football League, League table\nThe league consisted of one division of 21 clubs, increased from 20 the previous season, after one new club joined:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158026-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, West Bromwich Albion F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158026-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season, Season summary\nWest Bromwich Albion struggled under the new management of Brian Little and he was sacked in March after just one win from the last 16 league games (between 27 November - 4 March), picking up 9 points from the possible 48 and leaving the club in deep relegation peril. He was replaced by former Stoke City manager Gary Megson, who guided Albion to safety in 21st place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 58], "content_span": [59, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158026-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season, Kit\nWest Bromwich Albion retained the previous season's kit, manufactured by Belgian company Patrick and sponsored by the West Bromwich Building Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 47], "content_span": [48, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158026-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158026-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 85], "content_span": [86, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 season, West Ham United competed in the Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nWest Ham's involvement in the Intertoto Cup meant that they would have their shortest close-season in history. Only 62 days had passed since the last game of the previous season before West Ham took to the field against Jokerit of Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nWest Ham had already played four games before the Premier League season began, and this match-fitness head-start on the rest of the division would see them in third place after five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nAlthough they lost in the first leg of the Intertoto Cup Final 1\u20130 at home to Metz, West Ham managed to win the return leg 3\u20131 two weeks later and ensure UEFA Cup football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nHarry Redknapp regarded this result as his greatest night as West Ham's manager: \"That was a great performance and a great day for West Ham, to win the Intertoto Cup and to be in the UEFA Cup and turning in such an outstanding performance against a good French team, to go over there and play so well and win 3\u20131. We took great support over to France and they enjoyed their day. Yeah, I think that was special. That was a real good day for me and West Ham's history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nFrank Lampard was West Ham's top European goalscorer with four in ten games. He was ever-present in West Ham's European campaign, along with Trevor Sinclair, Paolo Di Canio and captain Steve Lomas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nAfter making only one substitute appearance in West Ham's first Intertoto Cup game, Ian Wright was loaned to Nottingham Forest. Later in the season he signed a permanent deal at Celtic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nOn 15 December 1999, West Ham played a League Cup quarter-final game against Aston Villa. The game went to extra time and a reserve player, Emmanuel Omoyinmi, was brought on as a substitute for Paulo Wanchope in the 113th minute. Unknown to Redknapp, Omoyinmi had previously played in the competition for Gillingham, where he had spent time on loan earlier in the season, and was thus ineligible to play. Although the Hammers won the game on penalties, the game was replayed after the Football League upheld a complaint by Villa. West Ham lost the replay 3\u20131. The error eventually led to the resignations of the club secretary Graham Mackrell and the football secretary Alison Dowd: \"Whatever happens, I'm responsible for administration here at West Ham United. The buck does stop with me,\" said Mackrell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\n26 March 2000 saw West Ham meet Wimbledon. The Hammers had only beaten the Dons at home twice in the previous ten meetings between the clubs. The 9th minute of the game saw Di Canio score what would become the BBC's \"Goal of the Season\" with an airborne volley. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Kanout\u00e9 doubled West Ham's lead in the 59th minute, before Wimbledon pulled one back after 75 minutes with a 25-yard volley from former Hammer Michael Hughes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nWest Ham's heaviest defeat of the season came on 1 April when they were demolished by table-toppers and eventual champions Manchester United. Wanchope opened the scoring in the 11th minute but Manchester United proceeded to score seven, including a Paul Scholes hat-trick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nThis sparked West Ham into a run of three straight wins, culminating with their biggest win of the season on 22 April, when they beat Coventry City 5\u20130. Di Canio scored in the 48th and 67th minutes, with the other goals coming from Michael Carrick, Javier Margas and Kanout\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nThe Boleyn Ground saw its largest attendance of the season (26,044) on the last day against Leeds United. The game ended 0\u20130, and West Ham finished 9th in the Premier League, putting them in the top nine for the third consecutive season. Redknapp said after the Leeds game: \"It's been a good season again. People don't realise that West Ham have only finished in the top ten 14 times in its entire history and this is only the second time that we've done it three years running.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary\nDi Canio was the season's leading scorer with 17 goals in all competitions. Sinclair made the most appearances with 49 in all competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Results, League Cup\nNOTE: This match was a replay after West Ham were ordered to replay the match after fielding an ineligible player in the original tie", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, First-team squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, First-team squad, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Transfers\nSignings for the 1999-2000 season included full-backs Gary Charles, for \u00a31.2 million from Benfica, and 37-year-old former England International Stuart Pearce, who signed from Newcastle United on a free transfer. Also arriving was Croatian Igor \u0160timac, for \u00a3600,000, who followed his Derby County teammate Paulo Wanchope to Upton Park. West Ham had already spent \u00a33.5 million the previous month to bring in the lanky Costa Rican.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Transfers\nAll of these transfers had been funded by the \u00a35.75 million sale of Eyal Berkovic to Celtic, and Stan Lazaridis' \u00a31.9 million departure to Birmingham City. West Ham had only spent \u00a3300,000 for Lazaridis four years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158027-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Ham United F.C. season, Transfers\nHarry Redknapp had tried to bring Slaven Bili\u0107 back from Everton but the player failed a medical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158028-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Midlands (Regional) League\nThe 1999\u20132000 West Midlands (Regional) League season was the 100th in the history of the West Midlands (Regional) League, an English association football competition for semi-professional and amateur teams based in the West Midlands county, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and southern Staffordshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158028-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 West Midlands (Regional) League, Premier Division\nThe Premier Division featured 19 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158029-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Western Football League\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 98th in the history of the Western Football League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158029-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Western Football League\nThe league champions for the fifth time in their history (and the second season running) were Taunton Town, but runners-up Mangotsfield United took promotion to the Southern League. The champions of Division One were Devizes Town after they finished the season unbeaten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158029-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Western Football League, Final tables, Premier Division\nThe Premier Division was reduced from 20 clubs to 19 after Tiverton Town were promoted to the Southern League, and Calne Town and Keynsham Town were relegated to the First Division. Two clubs joined:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158029-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Western Football League, Final tables, First Division\nThe First Division was reduced from 19 clubs to 17 after Dawlish Town and Minehead Town were promoted to the Premier Division, and Glastonbury and Heavitree United left the league. Two clubs joined:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158030-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wichita Thunder season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Wichita Thunder season was the eighth season of the CHL franchise in Wichita, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158031-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wigan Athletic F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Wigan Athletic F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158031-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wigan Athletic F.C. season, Season summary\nOn 1 June 1999, John Benson was appointed as Wigan's manager. As Wigan settled into their new home at the JJB Stadium, Benson's side went 26 league games undefeated, before losing at home to Oldham Athletic on 7 January 2000, Benson picking up 2 Manager of the Month awards in the process. Towards the end of the season Wigan lost their form and found themselves in the play-off final at Wembley against Gillingham. A few days prior to the game, Benson had announced he was stepping down but remained to lead his team out at Wembley and ultimately a 3\u20132 defeat after being 2\u20131 up with only 7 minutes of extra time remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158031-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wigan Athletic F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158031-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wigan Athletic F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158032-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wimbledon F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Wimbledon competed in the Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158032-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wimbledon F.C. season\nThe season began with a new manager, Norway's Egil Olsen, after the close season resignation of long-serving Joe Kinnear, but Olsen was ousted with two weeks of the season remaining and replaced by coach Terry Burton, who was unable to save Wimbledon from relegation after 14 successive seasons of top division football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158032-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wimbledon F.C. season, Season summary\nWimbledon's new season began with a 3-2 win against newly-promoted Watford at Vicarage Road; this would turn out to be the Dons' only ever away league win throughout the season. The close-season resignation of former Joe Kinnear because of health problems (he would suffer from them again as manager of Newcastle United) after seven years as manager led to the appointment of former Norwegian national coach Egil Olsen as Wimbledon's new manager, giving Dons fans hope of beating the drop once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158032-0002-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wimbledon F.C. season, Season summary\nThe mid-season collapse of star striker John Hartson's move to Tottenham Hotspur was further good news to the cause, but a run of eight straight defeats during the final weeks of the season dragged Wimbledon into the depth of the relegation mire. Olsen was sacked after a 3\u20130 defeat away to Bradford City, to be replaced by former coach and assistant manager Terry Burton for the final two games of the season. A 2\u20132 draw at home to Aston Villa gave them hope going into their last game, away to Southampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158032-0002-0002", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wimbledon F.C. season, Season summary\nThey were one place above the relegation zone on goal difference, but a 2\u20130 defeat at the Dell \u2013 combined with Bradford's 1\u20130 win over Liverpool \u2013 condemned Wimbledon to relegation and ended their 14-year stay in the top flight. The transition coincided with the end of one of the most remarkable rags-to-riches stories in football, which had started with Wimbledon's election to the Football League in 1977 and seen them reach the top flight nine years later, before peaking as 1988 FA Cup Final winners. Their relegation was confirmed 12 years to the day that Wimbledon achieved their famous victory over Liverpool at Wembley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158032-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wimbledon F.C. season, Players, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158032-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wimbledon F.C. season, Players, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158032-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wimbledon F.C. season, Players, Reserve squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158033-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Winthrop Eagles men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Winthrop Eagles men's basketball team represented Winthrop University during the 1999\u20132000 college basketball season. This was head coach Gregg Marshall's second season at Winthrop. The Eagles competed in the Big South Conference and played their home games at Winthrop Coliseum. They finished the season 21\u20139, 11\u20133 in Big South play to finish second in the conference regular season standings. They won the 2000 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to receive the conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament as No. 14 seed in the West region. The Eagles lost to No. 3 seed Oklahoma in the opening round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158034-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team\nThe 1999\u20132000 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison in the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The head coach was Dick Bennett, coaching his fifth season with the Badgers. The team played its home games at the Kohl Center in Madison, Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference. Wisconsin finished the season 22\u201314, 8\u20138 in Big Ten play to finish in sixth place. The Badgers received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as a No. 8 seed in the West Region. They defeated Fresno State, Arizona, Louisiana State and Purdue en route to the Final Four before losing to Michigan State, 53\u201341, in Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158034-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team, Records & trivia\nTony Bennett was a member of the support staff, officially listed as a team manager in the team's media guide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 67], "content_span": [68, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158035-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wollongong Wolves FC season\nThe 1999\u20132000 Wollongong Wolves season was the club's 20th season since its establishment in 1980. The club participated in the National Soccer League for the 19th time. They were crowned runners-up in the premiership and the champions of the finals series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158035-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wollongong Wolves FC season, Players, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158036-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 101st season of competitive league football in the history of English football club Wolverhampton Wanderers. They played the season in the second tier of the English football system, the Football League First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158036-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season\nFor a second consecutive season the team finished in seventh position, missing out on the play-offs by one place. Defeat in their penultimate match to play-off rivals Bolton Wanderers ultimately doomed them to miss out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158036-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season, Results, Pre-season\nWolves spent several weeks of pre-season training in S\u00f6lvesborg, Sweden. They played against four local sides during this tour, their first visit to the country since 1994, before returning home to face further opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158036-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season, Results, Pre-season\n\"Wolves XI\" pre season results (all away): 0\u20131 vs Hereford United (21 July), 3\u20131 vs Tiverton (28 July), A\u2013A vs Telford United (2 August, abandoned at half time due to lightning)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158036-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season, Results, Football League First Division\nA total of 24 teams competed in the Football League First Division in the 1999\u20132000 season. Each team played every other team twice: once at their stadium, and once at the opposition's. Three points were awarded to teams for each win, one point per draw, and none for defeats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158036-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season, Results, Football League First Division\nThe provisional fixture list was released on 24 June 1999, but was subject to change in the event of matches being selected for television coverage or police concerns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158036-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season, Players, Statistics\nKey:\u00a0\u00a0\u2021 On loan from another club \u00a0\u00a0* First appearance(s) for the club", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158036-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season, Players, Statistics\nCorrect as of the season's end. Starting appearances are listed first, followed by substitute appearances in parentheses where applicable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158036-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season, Kit\nThe season retained the club's home kit from the previous season, but brought a new away kit that was again a white shirt but with a change to a black collar. Both were manufactured by Puma and sponsored by Goodyear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 50], "content_span": [51, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158037-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 World Sevens Series\nThe 1999\u20132000 IRB Sevens World Series was the first season of the IRB World Sevens Series which was run by the International Rugby Board. The season took place between the 2 December 1999 to the 28 May 2000 as the series consisted of ten tournaments spread over five continents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158037-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 World Sevens Series\nNew Zealand went on to become the series winner after they won five of the ten tournaments with Fiji finishing eight points behind despite winning the remaining five tournaments. The leading try-scorer on the inaugural series was Fiji's Vilimoni Delasau, who notched 83 tries over the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158037-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 World Sevens Series, Schedule\nThe official schedule was announced on the 2 December 1999 with ten tournaments being revealed with the New Zealand and South Africa tournaments being played for the first time. An eleventh tournament held in England was considered by the International Rugby Board but wouldn't come to fruition with the tournament being left off the calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158037-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 World Sevens Series, Schedule\nOne of the bigger tournaments to fluctuate in the cycle was the Hong Kong Sevens which was organized by the Hong Kong Rugby Union. After the union, initially suggested the tournament to be the final stop of the tour. This proposal was rejected by the IRB and was later acknowledged with the Hong Kong Sevens receiving special status with the winner getting 30 points instead of 20 for the other tournaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158037-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 World Sevens Series, Final standings\nSouth Africa reached the semifinal stage of the Brisbane Sevens but was stripped of all points for the tournament due to fielding ineligible players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158037-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 World Sevens Series, Tournaments, Dubai\nThe opening tournament of the brand new series saw the teams head over to Dubai with the three day event starting on the Wednesday with the international tournament being played on the Thursday and Friday. In the cup final, it was New Zealand that took out the cup final defeating Fiji by 24 points with Australia and Scotland taking out the plate and bowl respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158038-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wrexham F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Wrexham F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158038-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wrexham F.C. season, Season summary\nIn the 1999-2000 season, Wrexham had a satisfying league campaign finishing mid-table in 11th place. The season also saw Wrexham again beat a top-flight team in the FA Cup, this time in the shape of Middlesbrough. The final score of the match was 2\u20131, with the second half goals coming from Robin Gibson and Darren Ferguson after being behind to the Premiership outfit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158038-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wrexham F.C. season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158038-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wrexham F.C. season, Squad, Left club during season\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158039-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Wycombe Wanderers F.C. season\nDuring the 1999\u20132000 English football season, Wycombe Wanderers F.C. competed in the Football League Second Division where they finished in 12th position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158041-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ystalyfera RFC season\nThe confidence after promotion the previous season ensured a good start at a higher level, all six matches in September 1999 being victories. First defeat of the season was at home to Birchgrove who were to finish in 2nd place and promoted. Notable results and performances were regular, including the only home defeat over eventual champions Trimsaran 30-19, away victories at Haverfordwest 23-17, Mumbles 21-11 and Newcastle Emlyn 17-12. Big wins were against Aberystwyth 51-8, Kidwelly 33-15, Gowerton 60-12, Tumble 31-15 and Mumbles at home in the last game of the season with a highly entertaining 43-32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158041-0000-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 Ystalyfera RFC season\nOminously however at the latter end of the league campaign were comprehensive losses at Aberystwyth 5-46, 15-29 at Brynamman and Kidwelly 19-62. The \u2018rich\u2019 West Wales Cup results of recent seasons continued with wins at Ammanford 45-15 and an impressive 19-10 beating of Division two Bonymaen. Unfortunately the Semi-Final draw was again versus First Division Dunvant which was scratched. Players who had advanced their careers with other sides largely returned and Captain was Stephen Munkley. Top points scorer was Michael Morgan with 128 and Damian James scored a maximum 13 tries. Arwel Williams won both the Players Player and Supporters Player of the year awards. Impressively 49 players, all from Ystalyfera, appeared for the team in this season, a fact much envied by other teams at this level of the National League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158042-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Argentine football\nThe 1999-2000 season in Argentine football saw River Plate win both the league championships, while Boca Juniors won the Copa Libertadores 2000 and Talleres de C\u00f3rdoba won the 1999 Copa CONMEBOL to become the first team from C\u00f3rdoba Province to win a major international title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158042-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Argentine football, Relegation, Relegation playoffs\nThe teams draw 4-4 therefore Belgrano stay in the Argentine First Division. Quilmes remains in Argentine Nacional B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158042-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Argentine football, Relegation, Relegation playoffs\nAlmagro win 2\u20131 and are promoted to the Argentine First Division. Instituto are relegated to the Argentine Nacional B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158042-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Argentine football, National team\nThis section covers the Argentina national team's matches from August 1, 1999, to July 31, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158043-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Australian soccer\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 31st season of competitive association football in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158043-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Australian soccer, National teams, Australia national soccer team, Results and fixtures\nIn Australia's fourth OFC Nations Cup run, they were declared Champions after they won 2\u20130 against New Zealand and had conceded no goals through their whole run in the 2000 OFC Nations Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 100], "content_span": [101, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158043-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Australian soccer, Women's football, Women's National Soccer League, Grand Final\nThe 1999 Women's National Soccer League Grand Final was played at Marconi Stadium on 20 November. The match was contested between the NSW Sapphires and the SASI Pirates. NSW won the Grand Final in a 1\u20130 victory by an own goal by Dianne Alagich in the 18th minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 93], "content_span": [94, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158044-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Belgian football\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 97th competitive season in Belgian football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158044-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Belgian football, National team\nBelgium qualified for the Euro 2000 as a host but could not even reach the quarter-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158045-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Dutch football\nThe 1999\u20132000 season in Dutch football was the 44th season in the Eredivisie. PSV Eindhoven won the title, while Roda JC won the Dutch National Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 120th season of competitive football in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Premier League\nManchester United were crowned FA Premier League champions with an 18-point margin over runners-up Arsenal and with just 3 league defeats all season. This was despite their failure to retain the European Cup and withdrawal from the FA Cup in order to compete in the FIFA Club World Championship \u2013 a campaign which was short lived. Andy Townsend also once said in The Sun that Manchester United should be \"banned for life\" from the FA Cup. Their season after the domination of 1998\u201399 was seen as a relative failure by the tabloids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0001-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Premier League\nMan United's failure in the FIFA Club World Championship, was surprisingly compounded by the press even more when David Beckham's wife Victoria, admitted on The Big Breakfast that he enjoys wearing her thongs. It was during this tournament he was sent off against Mexican team Club Necaxa, which was seen as the starting point in his team's first-round exit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Premier League\nSunderland made an impressive Premiership comeback by finishing seventh and just missing out on a UEFA Cup place, in part due to 30 goals from prolific striker Kevin Phillips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Premier League\nWatford went down in bottom place with a record Premiership low of 24 points. Sheffield Wednesday were next to go down. On the last day of the season, Wimbledon lost 2\u20130 at Southampton and Bradford City achieved a shock 1\u20130 home win over Liverpool thanks to a goal by David Wetherall. This meant that Bradford had survived the drop and Liverpool had surrendered a UEFA Champions League place to Leeds United. It also meant that Wimbledon's 14-year spell in the top flight was over and they were relegated to Division One 12 years to the day that they had beaten Liverpool to achieve a shock FA Cup triumph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Division One\nThe three promotion places in Division One went to league champions Charlton Athletic, runners-up Manchester City and playoff champions Ipswich Town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Division One\n1999\u20132000 also saw some of Division One's biggest clubs miss out on promotion\u2014the biggest of these were Blackburn Rovers (11th) and Nottingham Forest (14th). Steve Coppell ended his fourth spell as Crystal Palace manager after doing wonders to keep a virtually bankrupt club clear of the Division One relegation zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Division One\nGoing down were Walsall, Port Vale and Swindon Town. West Bromwich Albion just missed out on the drop zone thanks to a late turn-around in form during the final weeks of the season which followed the appointment of Gary Megson as manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Division Two\nDavid Moyes, 37, showed promise as one of the league's most highly rated young managers after he guided Preston North End to the Division Two championship. Stan Ternent's two-year rebuilding project at Burnley paid off as they finished runners-up in the division. Joining them in Division One were Peter Taylor's Gillingham, who had reached the upper half of the league for the first time in their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Division Two\nGoing down were Cardiff City, Blackpool, Scunthorpe United and Chesterfield. Narrowly avoiding the drop were Oxford United, who struggled all season long despite the club's financial crisis being eased by the arrival of new Tanzanian chairman Firoz Kassam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Division Three\nSwansea City, Rotherham United, Northampton Town and Peterborough United occupied the four promotion places in Division Three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, Division Three\nChester City were relegated on the last day of the season, ending their 69-year league career while Shrewsbury Town and Carlisle United saved themselves from Conference football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, FA Cup\nChelsea beat Aston Villa 1\u20130 in the last FA Cup final at Wembley before its redevelopment. The competition was played despite the absence of holders Manchester United due to FIFA Club World Championship commitments. Their absence meant that in the 3rd round of the competition, there was an uneven number of teams, and so Darlington were picked out of a hat of \"lucky losers\" and played against Aston Villa despite having lost in the 2nd round of the competition. Villa beat them 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, FA Cup\nIn a one-off season, most FA Cup rounds were played a few weeks earlier than their traditional dates. For example, the first round was played in late October (rather than mid-November) and the third round was held on the second Saturday in December (instead of its annual place at the start of the new year). The experiment has not been repeated since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Overview, League Cup\nLeicester City beat Tranmere Rovers 2\u20131 to yield their second League Cup in four seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Events, United retain their title\nManchester United retained their Premiership title after losing just three league games all season and finishing 18 points ahead of runners-up Arsenal. Roy Keane was voted Player of the Year by both the PFA and FWA and Dwight Yorke finished as the club's top scorer with 20 Premiership goals. United lost their defence of the European Cup after losing to eventual winners Real Madrid in the quarter finals. Along the way they suffered an embarrassing 5\u20130 domestic loss to Chelsea, the biggest ever defeat for a British team defending the European Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Events, Chelsea triumph in Wembley finale\nChelsea beat Aston Villa 1\u20130 in the last FA Cup final at Wembley before the stadium was closed for reconstruction. Robert di Matteo, who had scored in the 1997 final, scored the only goal of the 2000 final to give Chelsea their third FA Cup triumph and end Villa's hopes of winning the trophy for the first time since 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Events, O'Neill lured to Celtic\nMartin O'Neill guided Leicester City to their second League Cup triumph in four seasons before moving north of the border to Celtic, whose 'dream team' partnership of Director of Football Kenny Dalglish and Head Coach John Barnes had ended a nightmare as they finished 21 points behind champions Rangers in the SPL title race and had suffered a shock SFA Cup exit at the hands of Inverness Caledonian Thistle, which had inspired The Sun newspaper headline: \"Super Caley Go Ballistic, Celtic Are Atrocious\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Events, England blow it at Euro 2000\nEngland overcame Scotland in the qualification playoffs to qualify for Euro 2000, and beat Germany in the group stages. But they surrendered a two-goal lead to lose 3\u20132 to Portugal and lost by the same scoreline to Romania, and thus failed to reach the quarter finals. This dismal showing saw continued calls for the F.A. to terminate Kevin Keegan's contract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Events, Veteran Robson takes over on Tyneside\nBobby Robson, 66, became the oldest manager ever to take charge of a Premiership club when he succeeded 37-year-old Ruud Gullit as manager of Newcastle United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Events, Chester out, Kidderminster in\nChester City were relegated to the Conference after 69 years of Football League membership. They were replaced by Conference champions Kidderminster Harriers, who had won the Conference title six years earlier but had been refused promotion because their Aggborough ground did not meet capacity requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Events, Coppell quits Palace again\nSteve Coppell was sacked as Crystal Palace manager, having been in charge of the club four times in 16 years. New owner Simon Jordan brought in Alan Smith (who had managed Palace between 1993 and 1995) as Coppell's successor. The change of hands gave Palace fans hope for the future after a financial crisis had almost put the club out of business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Events, Shearer quits the international stage\nAlan Shearer retired from international football after playing for England at Euro 2000, much to the dismay of many fans who felt that he still had a few years left in him at the highest level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Events, Wimbledon relegated after 14 years\nWimbledon were relegated from the Premiership after 14 years in the top flight. Their fate was sealed on 14 May 12 years to the day that they had achieved their famous FA Cup victory over Liverpool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0023-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Awards\nRoy Keane captained Manchester United to another Premiership title triumph and was credited with the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0024-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Awards\nLeeds United's 22-year-old Australian midfielder Harry Kewell was voted PFA Young Player of the Year after helping to secure a Champions League place for his side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0025-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Awards\nKevin Phillips scored 30 Premiership goals for Sunderland to win the Premier League Golden Boot and making him the season's highest scorer among all four English professional divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0026-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nSir Alex Ferguson guided Manchester United to their sixth Premiership title in eight years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0027-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nGianluca Vialli won his fourth major trophy in two-and-a-half seasons by winning the FA Cup for Chelsea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0028-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nDavid O'Leary ended his first full season as Leeds United manager with a run to the semi finals of the UEFA Cup and qualification for next season's Champions League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0029-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nPeter Reid achieved a remarkable seventh-place finish for Sunderland in their Premiership comeback season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0030-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nMartin O'Neill ended his spell at Leicester City by achieving the Foxes' highest ever Premier League finish and by winning a second League Cup in four seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0031-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nJoe Royle took Manchester City into the Premiership after winning a second successive promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0032-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nAlan Curbishley guided Charlton Athletic to promotion back to the Premiership at the first attempt after they finished champions of Division One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0033-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nGeorge Burley finally got Ipswich Town into the Premiership when they triumphed in the Division One playoffs after three successive seasons of failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0034-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nDavid Moyes continued Preston North End's revival by guiding them to title success in Division Two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0035-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nStan Ternent guided Burnley to runners-up spot in Division Two and secured their promotion to Division One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0036-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Successful managers\nJohn Hollins brought success to Swansea City, who won the Division Three title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0037-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, FA Premier League\nManchester United retained the Premier League title, winning it for the sixth time in eight seasons, and finished the season as champions by a record 18-point margin; while their season was marred by faltering results in the early stages, a struggle to replace long-serving goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel, and their controversially withdrawing from the FA Cup in favour of an ultimately fruitless entry into the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship, they made up for this in style by winning all but three games (only one of which ended in defeat) after Christmas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0038-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, FA Premier League\nArsenal finished runners-up for the second successive season, having spent much of the season well off the pace of the Champions League spots before a strong run in the late stages saw them clinch second place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0038-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, FA Premier League\nLeeds United's season was essentially the opposite of those of the two teams above them, leading the table for much of the first half of the season, only for their form to completely implode in the final months, with only Liverpool's failure to win on the final day securing them a Champions League spot; their third-place finish was nonetheless their highest since title glory in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0039-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, FA Premier League\nLiverpool's fourth-place finish meant that they had to settle for a UEFA Cup place, a shock defeat to Bradford City (who defied all the odds to avoid relegation in their first top-flight season for nearly 80 years) preventing them from qualifying for the Champions League on the final day. Joining Liverpool in the UEFA Cup were fifth placed FA Cup Winners Chelsea, and League Cup winners Leicester City. Newly promoted Sunderland just missed out on Europe, with a winless run from Boxing Day to mid-March ending their hopes, but their seventh-place finish was their highest for decades, and star striker Kevin Phillips bagged both the Golden Boot and the European Golden shoe, scoring 30 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0040-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, FA Premier League\nRuud Gullit stepped down as Newcastle manager after one point from the first five games of the league campaign, paving the way for 66-year-old former England manager Bobby Robson to take up his first post in England since leaving the England job in 1990, and his first at club level since 1982. Robson steered Newcastle to an 11th-place finish and they also reached the FA Cup semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0041-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, FA Premier League\nBradford's escape from relegation meant that Wimbledon, who were beaten by Southampton on the final day of the season, were relegated from the Premiership after 14 successive seasons of top-flight football. Sheffield Wednesday went down after three seasons of steady decline, having been in the top flight for all but one season since 1984, as a horrific first half of the season, which saw them bottom with a paltry 6 points at Christmas, ultimately proved too much to recover from.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0041-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, FA Premier League\nWatford's first top-flight season for more than a decade ended in relegation, being undone by a poor run of form from late September onwards which saw them slip into the bottom three, where they couldn't recover, ultimately resulting in them posting the lowest-ever points total for a Premier League team until that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0042-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, Football League Division One\nCharlton Athletic won the division with greater ease than the final table suggested \u2013 they were in fact the first team in the country to win promotion, but a return of just 4 points from their last 7 matches allowed the pursuing teams to close the gap. Manchester City won their second successive promotion in the runners-up spot, well and truly putting the memories of their relegation to the Second Division behind them. Ipswich Town finished in the play-offs for the fourth season in a row, but this time they were successful as they triumphed over Barnsley at Wembley and won promotion back to the Premier League after a five-year absence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0043-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, Football League Division One\nWolves narrowly missed out on the playoffs for the third season running, while Huddersfield Town's eighth-place finish was perhaps the closest they had come to returning to the top flight since losing their top-flight place in 1972. Fulham finished ninth as their recent revival continued, but a failure to win a second successive promotion saw Paul Bracewell sacked as manager and replaced with Jean Tigana, who had won a French league title and reached a European Cup semi-final with AS Monaco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0044-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, Football League Division One\nSwindon suffered from a financial crisis and a transfer embargo for most of the season, and the effect on the pitch was obvious as they were relegated in bottom place. Port Vale, who had only survived the previous season due to the League's short-lived usage of Goals Scored over Goal Difference, went down with them. Walsall took their survival battle to the final day of the season, but were unable to avoid an immediate relegation back to Division Two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0045-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, Football League Division Two\nPreston won the division title after 19 years away from the top two divisions, showing great progress under promising young manager David Moyes. Burnley, who were unfancied and even tipped for relegation by some owing to two unimpressive previous seasons, achieved promotion in the second automatic spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0045-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, Football League Division Two\nAfter losing in the previous year's play-off final, Gillingham won promotion via the Division Two playoffs to reach the upper half of the English league for the first time in their history, their opponents in the play-off final being a Wigan Athletic side playing their first season in the impressive new 25,000-seat JJB Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0046-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, Football League Division Two\nChesterfield started the season well enough, but a dreadful run of 2 wins in 20 games mid-season consigned them to relegation and spelled the end as manager for John Duncan after seven years. Scunthorpe, who had won promotion via the play-offs the previous year, never achieved enough wins to have a serious chance of survival, and went straight back down. Blackpool had been coping well in previous seasons despite financial problems, but they finally took their toll this season and helped send the club down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0046-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, Football League Division Two\nCardiff were the final relegated team, eventually proving the weakest of a group of sides that could have easily gone down in the last weeks of the season. The highlight of their season was their game against Cambridge United, where they drew despite being a player down after 45 minutes, two players down after 63 minutes and 3 players down after 75 minutes. Oxford United finished one point clear of a second successive relegation, their future secured after being taken over by hotelier Firoz Kassam, who enabled construction work to resume on the club's long-awaited new stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0047-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, Football League Division Three\nSwansea and Rotherham, both of whom had been dumped out in the play-off semi-finals the previous year, led the table for virtually the entire season. Swansea eventually won the title by drawing a stormy last game of the season between the two sides. The third automatic spot was won by Northampton, who were led to promotion by new manager Kevin Wilson after a poor start to the season under previous manager Ian Atkins. Peterborough won the play-offs, returning to Division Two after an absence of three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0048-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, League tables, Football League Division Three\nA four-way relegation scrap took place throughout most of the season, involving Chester, Shrewsbury, Carlisle and York. York eventually pulled away to safety with some good results in the final weeks of the season, leaving the other three to face a final-day relegation battle. In the end, Chester, who had spent virtually the entire season rooted to the bottom of the table and only had the chance of a last-day escape because of similarly poor campaigns by Carlisle and Shrewsbury, were relegated to the Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0049-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n17 June 1999 \u2013 David James leaves Liverpool after seven years in a \u00a31.7\u00a0million move to Aston Villa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0050-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n21 June 1999 \u2013 France national football team captain Didier Deschamps joins Chelsea in a \u00a33\u00a0million move from Juventus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0051-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n30 June 1999 \u2013 Bradford City prepare for their first time top division season for nearly 80 years with a club record \u00a31.4\u00a0million move for Leeds United defender David Wetherall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0052-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n5 July 1999 \u2013 Chelsea pay a club record \u00a310\u00a0million for Blackburn Rovers striker Chris Sutton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0053-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n14 July 1999 \u2013 Newcastle United pay Ipswich Town \u00a36.5\u00a0million for midfielder Kieron Dyer and Everton pay Trabzonspor \u00a33\u00a0million for on-loan striker Kevin Campbell (who scored eight goals in seven games for them late last season).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0054-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n23 July 1999 \u2013 Leeds United sign striker Michael Bridges from Sunderland for \u00a35\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0055-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n29 July 1999 \u2013 Four years after leaving Arsenal, Stefan Schwarz returns to English football in a \u00a34\u00a0million move to Sunderland from Valencia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0056-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n31 July 1999 \u2013 Middlesbrough sign German international midfielder Christian Ziege from AC Milan for \u00a34\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0057-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n1 August 1999 \u2013 Arsenal lift the Charity Shield thanks to a 2\u20131 victory over Manchester United at Wembley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0058-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n2 August 1999 \u2013 Arsenal sell Nicolas Anelka to Real Madrid for \u00a323\u00a0million \u2013 the highest fee involving a British club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0059-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n3 August 1999 \u2013 Arsenal sign Thierry Henry for an estimated fee of \u00a311 million, reuniting with his former manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0060-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n4 August 1999 \u2013 Leeds United sell Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink to Atl\u00e9tico Madrid of Spain for \u00a312\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0061-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n7 August 1999 \u2013 Wigan Athletic mark their first game at the JJB Stadium with a 3\u20130 win over Scunthorpe United in Division Two. The first Premier League games of the season include Chelsea's 4\u20130 home win over newly promoted Sunderland and Watford's return the top flight being soured by a 3\u20132 home defeat against Wimbledon. Bradford, meanwhile, mark their first top-flight game since 1922 with a 1\u20130 away win over Middlesbrough, in which Dean Saunders scores a last gasp winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0062-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n10 August 1999 \u2013 Kevin Phillips scores his first two Premier League goals in Sunderland's 2\u20130 home win over his old club Watford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0063-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n11 August 1999 \u2013 Manchester United beat Sheffield Wednesday 4\u20130 at Old Trafford. Michael Bridges scores a hat-trick for Leeds United in their 3\u20130 away win over Southampton. Leeds United sign Coventry City striker Darren Huckerby for \u00a34.4\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0064-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n14 August 1999 \u2013 Tommy Mooney scores for Watford in their shock 1\u20130 league win at Liverpool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0065-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n18 August 1999 \u2013 19-year-old Wolverhampton Wanderers striker Robbie Keane becomes Coventry City's record signing in a \u00a36\u00a0million deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0066-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n21 August 1999 \u2013 Manchester United captain Roy Keane scores twice as Manchester United beat Arsenal 2\u20131 in the league at Highbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0067-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n25 August 1999 \u2013 Kevin Phillips and Niall Quinn plunge Newcastle United into crisis as they score in Sunderland's 2\u20131 derby win at St. James' Park,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0068-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n27 August 1999 \u2013 Lazio beat Manchester United 1\u20130 in Monaco to win the European Super Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0069-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n28 August 1999 \u2013 Ruud Gullit resigns after one year as manager of Newcastle United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0070-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n30 August 1999 \u2013 Andy Cole scores four goals against his old club Newcastle United as Manchester United beat them 5\u20131 at Old Trafford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0071-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n31 August 1999 \u2013 The first month of the league season ends with treble winners Manchester United looking well placed for retaining their league title as Premier League leaders with five wins and a draw from their first six games. Aston Villa are their nearest contenders, while Chelsea, West Ham United and Leicester City complete the top five. Sheffield Wednesday and Newcastle United, both winless, prop up the rest of the top flight, while Bradford City occupy the final bottom three position at the end of the first month of their first top division season for nearly 80 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0071-0001", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\nIpswich Town are hopeful of making it back to the Premier League after five seasons away (during which time they have suffered three playoff disappointments) as they finish the first month of the season as Division One leaders. Stockport County have emerged as surprise contenders for a Premier League place as they stand second in Division One. The playoff zone is occupied by West Bromwich Albion, Manchester City, Birmingham City and Fulham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0072-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n3 September 1999 \u2013 Newcastle United appoint Bobby Robson as their new manager. The former England manager, 66, is the oldest manager in all four division of the English league \u2013 and almost 30 years older than his predecessor Ruud Gullit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0073-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n7 September 1999 \u2013 Ade Akinbiyi becomes the most expensive Division Two player when he leaves Bristol City for Division One promotion hopefuls Wolverhampton Wanderers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0074-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n11 September 1999 \u2013 Jamie Carragher scores two own goals as Liverpool lose 3\u20132 at home to Manchester United in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0075-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n17 September 1999 \u2013 Former England and Liverpool full-back Rob Jones retires from football at the age of 28 after failing to recover from a succession of injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0076-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n18 September 1999 \u2013 Newcastle United record the second highest win in FA Premier League history when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 8\u20130. Alan Shearer scores five goals in this game, while Kevin Phillips scores a hat-trick in Sunderland's 5\u20130 win at Derby County. In a rare appearance for Manchester United, Jordi Cruyff scores a late equaliser in their 1\u20131 home draw with Wimbledon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0077-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n30 September 1999 \u2013 Manchester United retain their lead of the Premier League, with Leeds United now their nearest contenders by a two-point margin. Arsenal, Sunderland and Chelsea complete the top five. Sheffield Wednesday remain bottom after a terrible first two months of the season, while Newcastle United remain second from bottom despite that record-breaking victory 12 days ago, and Wimbledon now occupy the final remaining relegation position. Ipswich Town and Birmingham City are level on points at the top of Division One. Charlton Athletic, Manchester City, Fulham and Barnsley complete the top six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0078-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n2 October 1999 \u2013 Sheffield Wednesday pull together with a 5\u20131 home win over Wimbledon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0079-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n3 October 1999 \u2013 Chelsea crush Manchester United 5\u20130 \u2013 the first domestic competitive game that United have lost for nearly nine months. Alan Shearer scores twice as Newcastle beat Middlesbrough 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0080-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n24 October 1999 \u2013 A Premier League thriller at Goodison Park sees Everton and Leeds United draw 4\u20134, a result that ends the Yorkshire club's 10-match winning streak. Elsewhere, a late Trevor Sinclair equalizer for West Ham stops ten-man Sunderland's ascension to the top; the Black Cats instead rise to third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0081-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n31 October 1999 \u2013 October draws to a close with Leeds United as the new Premier League leaders, with Manchester United in second place and trailing them by two points. Arsenal, Sunderland and Leicester City complete the top five. Sheffield Wednesday remain bottom, with Watford and Bradford City completing the bottom three. Manchester City lead Division One, with Ipswich Town, Charlton Athletic and Birmingham City level on points as their nearest rivals. Huddersfield Town and Fulham complete the top six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0082-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n13 November 1999 \u2013 Paul Scholes scores twice as England beat Scotland 2\u20130 at Hampden Park in the Euro 2000 qualifying playoff first leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0083-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n20 November 1999 \u2013 Marc Overmars scores a hat-trick in Arsenal's 5\u20131 home league win over Middlesbrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0084-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n30 November 1999 \u2013 Manchester United are back on top of the Premier League as November draws to a close, with former leaders Leeds United now bracketed on points with Arsenal as their nearest rivals. Newly promoted Sunderland's excellent start to the season sees them still in fourth place, with a resurgent Liverpool standing fifth. Sheffield Wednesday and Watford continue to prop up the rest of the Premier League, accompanied in the drop zone by a Derby County side who had spent the previous two seasons chasing a place in Europe. Manchester City remain top of Division One, with Huddersfield Town now second and in the hunt for top division for the first time in nearly 30 years. Charlton Athletic, Ipswich Town, Barnsley and Fulham occupy the playoff places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0085-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n1 December 1999 \u2013 Film producer and actor Bill Kenwright, 54, completes a takeover of Everton after buying out former owner Peter Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0086-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n4 December 1999 \u2013 Ole Gunnar Solskjaer scores four goals in Manchester United's 5\u20131 home league win over Everton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0087-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n31 December 1999 \u2013 1999 draws to a close and as the new millennium approaches, Leeds United are back on top though with just a one-point lead over Manchester United who have a game in hand. Arsenal, Sunderland and Liverpool are the only three teams still posing a reasonable threat to the top two. Sheffield Wednesday's terrible season has continued as they remain bottom with a mere two wins and nine points from their first 20 games, while Watford and Derby County remain in the bottom three. The race for promotion to the Premier League is still headed by Manchester City and Huddersfield Town, while Charlton Athletic, Ipswich Town, Barnsley and Stockport County complete the top six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0088-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n8 January 2000 \u2013 Liverpool suffer a shock 1\u20130 home defeat to Blackburn Rovers (now in Division One) in the FA Cup fourth round. Tranmere Rovers, on a good run in the League Cup, progress to the fifth round of the FA Cup after a surprise 1\u20130 win at home to Sunderland in the fourth round. There is a major shock also for Bradford City, who are crushed 3\u20131 by Division Two Gillingham at Priestfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0089-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n12 January 2000 \u2013 Liberian striker George Weah, 31, joins Chelsea on a six-month loan from A.C. Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0090-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n19 January 2000 \u2013 Arsenal's hopes of FA Cup glory are ended in a replay penalty shoot-out defeat by Leicester City, who boost their own bid for a cup double.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0091-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n29 January 2000 \u2013 The FA Cup fifth round brings some surprise results as Gillingham's giant-killing run continues with a 3\u20131 home win over Sheffield Wednesday and Charlton Athletic win at Coventry City to give the rest of the Premier League some idea of what they will be performing like when inevitable promotion is achieved. Leicester City's hopes of a domestic cup double are ended when they lose 2\u20131 at Chelsea, while Cambridge United's impressive run ends in a 3\u20131 home defeat by Bolton Wanderers. On the transfer front, Division One strugglers West Bromwich Albion sell Italian midfielder Enzo Maresca to Juventus for \u00a34\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0092-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n30 January 2000 \u2013 Blackpool striker Martin Aldridge, 25, on loan to Rushden & Diamonds, dies in an Oxford hospital after being injured in a car crash in Northamptonshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0093-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n31 January 2000 \u2013 Struggling Sheffield Wednesday complete the month unbeaten in the FA Premier League. Danny Wilson is named FA Premier League Manager of the Month, but the club are still in the relegation zone, though no longer in the bottom place (now occupied by a Watford side whose form in last four months has been little short of hopeless). Bradford City occupy the other bottom three position. Manchester United now lead at the top on goal difference ahead of Leeds United, with Arsenal and Liverpool still posing a threat but Sunderland's challenge is ebbing away. Charlton Athletic have taken over from Manchester City as Division One leaders. Ipswich Town, Barnsley, Huddersfield Town and Wolverhampton Wanderers complete the top six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0094-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n12 February 2000 \u2013 Manchester United suffer their first Premier League defeat in four months, and only their third of the season, as they lose 3\u20130 at Newcastle United. A Premier League thriller at Upton Park sees West Ham United beat Bradford City 5\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0095-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n19 February 2000 \u2013 Bolton Wanderers reach the FA Cup semi-finals with a 1\u20130 win over Charlton Athletic as they hope to challenge for a \"Wembley double\" of the FA Cup final and Division One play-off final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0096-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n20 February 2000 \u2013 Gillingham's FA Cup dreams are ended with a 5\u20130 defeat at Chelsea, while a 2\u20131 defeat at home to Aston Villa resigns Everton to another season of disappointment in Walter Smith's second season as manager. Tranmere Rovers are eliminated by Newcastle United after a brave 3\u20132 defeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0097-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n23 February 2000 \u2013 Stanley Matthews, one of the greatest English footballers of all time, dies at the age of 85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0098-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n26 February 2000 \u2013 Wimbledon become the first team this season to be unbeaten twice in the league by Manchester United after holding them to a 2\u20132 draw at Selhurst Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0099-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n29 February 2000 \u2013 Manchester United have now extended their Premier League lead to six points as February ends, with Leeds United posing the closest threat, while Arsenal and Liverpool (along with a resurgent Chelsea) pose a more distant threat, and Sunderland are now focused on qualifying for the UEFA Cup rather than challenging for the league title. Sheffield Wednesday and Watford continue to prop up the Premier League, with Bradford City joining them in the drop zone. Charlton Athletic and Manchester City continue to head the Division One promotion race, with Ipswich Town, Barnsley, Huddersfield Town and Birmingham City completing the top six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0100-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n4 March 2000 \u2013 Debutant striker Stan Collymore scores a hat-trick for Leicester City in their 5\u20132 win over Sunderland in the Premier League, just days after his transfer from Aston Villa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0101-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n7 March 2000 \u2013 John Hartson's proposed move from Wimbledon to Tottenham Hotspur collapses after he fails a medical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0102-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n10 March 2000 \u2013 Liverpool pay a club record \u00a311\u00a0million for Leicester City striker Emile Heskey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0103-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n11 March 2000 \u2013 Steffen Iversen scores a hat-trick in Tottenham's 7\u20132 home league win over Southampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0104-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n22 March 2000 \u2013 Dean Windass scores a hat-trick in Bradford City's 4\u20134 relegation crunch thriller with Derby County at Valley Parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0105-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n31 March 2000 \u2013 Manchester United are now looking all set for title glory as they head the table by a seven-point margin with Leeds United as their closest rivals. Liverpool, Chelsea and Arsenal are looking more and more distant a threat in the race to prevent the Premier League trophy from remaining at Old Trafford. At the other end of the table, Sheffield Wednesday and Watford are looking doomed, with Bradford City occupying the final relegation position and Derby County hovering dangerously close to the drop zone. The race for Premier League football next season is headed by Charlton Athletic and Ipswich Town. Barnsley, Manchester City, Huddersfield Town and Birmingham City complete the top six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0106-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n2 April 2000 \u2013 Aston Villa beat Bolton Wanderers on penalties after a goalless draw in the FA Cup semi-final at Wembley, to reach their first FA Cup final for 43 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0107-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n5 April 2000 \u2013 Two Leeds United Fans, Chris Loftus and Kevin Speight are killed on the eve of the club's UEFA Cup Semi Final against Galatasaray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0108-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n9 April 2000 \u2013 Two goals from Gus Poyet give Chelsea a 2\u20131 win over Newcastle United in the FA Cup semi-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0109-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n10 April 2000 \u2013 A late surge by Middlesbrough is unable to prevent Manchester United from winning a thrilling Premier League 4\u20133 at the Riverside Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0110-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n15 April 2000 \u2013 All Premier League matches kicked off at 3.06 pm, to commemorate the 96 Liverpool supporters who lost their lives in the Hillsborough disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0111-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n19 April 2000 \u2013 Derby County bring Georgi Kinkladze back to England after two years with Ajax after agreeing a \u00a33\u00a0million deal. Manchester United surrender their defence of the European Cup after losing 3\u20132 at home to Real Madrid in the quarter final second leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0112-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n21 April 2000 \u2013 Charlton Athletic win promotion back to the Premier League after one season away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0113-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n22 April 2000 \u2013 Manchester United seal their sixth Premier League title in eight seasons with a 3\u20131 win at Southampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0114-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n29 April 2000 \u2013 Bradford City boost their survival bid and dent Wimbledon's with a 3\u20130 win at Valley Parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0115-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n30 April 2000 \u2013 April draws to a close with champions Manchester United an incredible 19 points ahead of second placed Arsenal, who have two games in hand. Liverpool are looking set for the third Champions League place, while Chelsea head the UEFA Cup race. Leeds United meanwhile have fallen to fifth place after a disastrous run of results, and now look unlikely to even qualify for European competition at all. Aston Villa, Sunderland and West Ham United remain in with a slim chance of taking the league's UEFA Cup slot. Charlton Athletic have been confirmed as Division One champions, but the race for second place is still being contested by Manchester City and Ipswich Town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0116-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n7 May 2000 \u2013 Chester City are relegated to the Football Conference after 69 years of Football League membership. On the same day, Manchester City secure promotion to the Premier League as Division One runners-up (their second successive promotion), Walsall suffer relegation to Division Two, Burnley secure promotion to Division One as Division Two runners-up, and Northampton seal the third and final automatic promotion place in Division Three. Chester City's place in the Football League will be taken by Conference champions Kidderminster Harriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0117-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n9 May 2000 \u2013 Sheffield Wednesday are relegated from the Premier League after nine successive seasons of top-flight football, but go down fighting with a 3\u20133 draw against Arsenal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0118-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n14 May 2000 \u2013 Wimbledon lose 2\u20130 at Southampton and are relegated to Division One after 14 years in the top flight. Bradford City, meanwhile, confirm their survival with a 1\u20130 win over Liverpool who surrender a Champions League place that instead went to Leeds United. Ironically, this came 12 years to the day that Wimbledon achieved their famous FA Cup triumph over Liverpool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0119-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n14 May 2000 \u2013 ITV announces a \u00a3500\u00a0million bid to bring live Premier League matches onto terrestrial television for the first time. If the deal goes ahead, it will be the first time since 1992 (when the Premier League was created from the old Football League First Division) that live top division football has been shown on any terrestrial television channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0120-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n18 May 2000 \u2013 West Ham United sell Marc-Vivien Fo\u00e9 to Olympique Lyonnais for \u00a36\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0121-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n20 May 2000 \u2013 Chelsea beat Aston Villa 1\u20130 in the last FA Cup final to be played at Wembley before the 77-year-old stadium is rebuilt. Roberto Di Matteo, who scored for Chelsea in the opening minute of their 1997 triumph, scores the only goal of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0122-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n29 May 2000 \u2013 Ipswich Town seal promotion to the Premier League after a five-year exile by defeating Barnsley 4\u20132 in the Division One playoff final at Wembley. It is their first win at Wembley since they won the FA Cup in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0123-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n30 May 2000 \u2013 Arsenal sign Cameroon defender Lauren for \u00a37.2\u00a0million from Mallorca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0124-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n31 May 2000 \u2013 Manchester United pay a national record fee for a goalkeeper when they sign AS Monaco and France goalkeeper Fabien Barthez for \u00a37.8\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0125-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n1 June 2000 \u2013 Martin O'Neill leaves Leicester City to take over as manager of Celtic. Tottenham Hotspur pay a club record \u00a311\u00a0million for Dynamo Kiev striker Sergei Rebrov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0126-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n2 June 2000 \u2013 Chelsea equal the national transfer record (set by Alan Shearer four years ago) with a \u00a315\u00a0million move for Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0127-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n14 June 2000 \u2013 Match of the Day, the longest-running and most popular football programme on British television, is set to end after next season as a result of ITV's \u00a3183\u00a0million deal to show highlights from Premier League games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158046-0128-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in English football, Diary of the season\n20 June 2000 \u2013 Chelsea sign Icelandic striker Ei\u00f0ur Gu\u00f0johnsen from Bolton Wanderers for \u00a35\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158047-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in German football\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 90th season of competitive football in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158048-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Portuguese football, Portuguese Liga\nThe 1999/2000 season of the Portuguese First Division began on August 20, 1999, and ended on May 14. Sporting CP became champions for the first time in eighteen years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158048-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Portuguese football, Promoted teams\nThese teams were promoted from the Portuguese Second Division of Honour at the start of the season:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158048-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Portuguese football, Relegated teams\nThese teams were relegated to the Portuguese Second Division of Honour at the end of the season:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158050-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Scottish football\nThe 1999\u20132000 season was the 103rd season of competitive football in Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158050-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Scottish football, League Competitions, Scottish Third Division\nIn the 1999\u20132000 Scottish Third Division, Queen's Park pipped Berwick Rangers to the title on the final day of the season with a 3\u20132 victory at Cowdenbeath, Berwick finished second and due to league reconstruction Forfar Athletic were also promoted in third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158051-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 in Venezuelan football\nThe following article presents a summary of the 1999\u20132000 football season in Venezuela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158052-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 snooker season\nThe 1999\u20132000 snooker season was a series of snooker tournaments played between 23\u00a0July 1999 and 28\u00a0May 2000. The following table outlines the results for ranking events and the invitational events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158052-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 snooker season, Official rankings\nThe top 16 of the world rankings, these players automatically played in the final rounds of the world ranking events and were invited for the Masters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158053-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 \u00c9lite Ligue season\nThe 1999\u20132000 \u00c9lite Ligue season was the 79th season of the \u00c9lite Ligue, the top level of ice hockey in France. Nine teams participated in the league, and Hockey Club de Reims won their first league title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158054-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 \u00darvalsdeild kvenna (basketball)\nThe 1999\u20132000 \u00darvalsdeild kvenna was the 42nd season of the \u00darvalsdeild kvenna, the top tier women's basketball league in Iceland. The season started on October 2, 1999 and ended on April 10, 2000. Keflav\u00edk won its ninth title by defeating KR 3\u20132 in the Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158054-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132000 \u00darvalsdeild kvenna (basketball), Competition format\nThe participating teams first played a conventional round-robin schedule with every team playing each opponent twice \"home\" and twice \"away\" for a total of 20 games. The top four teams qualified for the championship playoffs while none were relegated to Division I due to vacant berths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0000-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process\nThe FARC-Government peace process (1999\u20132002) (Spanish: Proceso de Paz entre las FARC y el gobierno Pastrana), from January 7, 1999, to February 20, 2002, was a failed peace process between the Government of President Andr\u00e9s Pastrana Arango and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla group in an effort to bring to an end the ongoing Colombian armed conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0001-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Prelude\nThe FARC began their rebel activities in the early 1960s during the National Front years in which bipartisan hegemony controlled and held political power. In an effort to exterminate the armed guerrilla movements the Colombian government aided by the United States launched an attack to destroy the \"Marquetalia Republic\" a guerrilla enclave in central Colombia. After this attack the FARC guerrilla retreated to isolated or poor government presence areas and began establishing a parallel state governed by them. The guerrillas began extorting and kidnapping landowners and assaulting local agrarian banks (Caja Agrarias).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0002-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Prelude\nDuring the 1980s and 1990s the Colombian drug cartels had increased their power and in some cases had hired the guerrillas such as the FARC and ELN guerrillas to protect illicit cultivations from the government forces. The most powerful of the cartels; the Medell\u00edn and Cali Cartels had engulfed in a war with the government. The Medell\u00edn Cartel led by Pablo Escobar also became an enemy later of the FARC in a struggle to control the profitable illegal drug trafficking business. Escobar helped create right wing paramilitary groups. The FARC guerrilla used the revenues from taxing drug lords, and cultivation and production of these to finance their rebel activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0003-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Prelude\nOn August 18, 1989, the Medell\u00edn Cartel assassinated the liberal presidential candidate Luis Carlos Gal\u00e1n. C\u00e9sar Gaviria replaced him and was then elected president of Colombia. Gaviria avenged the death of Galan by dismantling the Medell\u00edn Cartel, but the gap left by this organization was quickly filled by the Cali Cartel and the FARC, which began expanding its influence and armed power in the countryside mainly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0004-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Prelude\nDuring the government of Ernesto Samper the opposing candidate Andr\u00e9s Pastrana accused President Samper of financing its campaign with money from the Cali Cartel. The political scandal known as the \"8000 Process\" surged and weakened the presidency and government institutions. The United States also conditioned its support for the government, focusing mainly on aiding the military forces on operations against narcotics, that would ultimately help bring down the Cali Cartel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0005-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Prelude\nWithout any major adversaries in the drug business other than the growing AUC paramilitary group, the FARC gained control of most of the drug production and trade, as well as financing its political rhetoric and influence over most of the regions in Colombia. With the weakening of the drug cartels the guerrillas became the main issue affecting Colombia. Andr\u00e9s Pastrana ran for the presidential office again and as a candidate his campaign sustained negotiations with the FARC for a possible peace process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0006-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process\nPastrana then appointed Victor G. Ricardo as High Commissioner for Peace and held conversations with Manuel Marulanda Velez (aka Tirofijo) top commander of the FARC on June 15, 1998. On July 9 elected president Pastrana travelled to the mountains of Colombia and personally met with rebel commanders including \"Tirofijo\" himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0007-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process\nOn October 8 both sides agreed to create a demilitarized zone in the region of El Caguan, a jungle region in south central Colombia made up by the municipalities of Vista Hermosa, La Macarena, La Uribe and Mesetas in Meta Department, and San Vicente del Cagu\u00e1n in Caquet\u00e1 Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0008-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process\nOn August 7, 1998 Pastrana becomes president of Colombia for the period 1998\u20132002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0009-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process\nOn December 14, 1998, the Pastrana administration and the FARC agreed to begin formal peace talks on January 7, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0010-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Demands and proposals\nThe FARC demanded and proposed certain issues in order to begin; the following were proposed to quell the armed conflict: vision of the conflict, negotiation criteria, preparation of the negotiation, political legitimacy, security, participation, negotiated political settlement, civilian population, recommendations to the civilian population and rules of behavior regarding the masses. The group also considered fundamental topics: democracy, functioning of the state, the public force, social and economic aspects, agrarian reform, natural resources, sovereignty, drug trafficking, paramilitarism and CONVIVIR security groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0011-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Demands and proposals\nOn the other hand, the government tried to persuade the FARC to leave the Colombian Army Cazadores Battalion, stationed in the area of El Caguan, but FARC opposed. Victor  G Ricardo agreed to withdraw the Battalion without consulting military officials. The government urged the FARC to support projects to manually eradicate illegal crops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0012-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin\nAs planned the formal dialogues began on January 7, 1999, in a ceremony at El Caguan with the presence of President Pastrana, but without the presence of \"Tirofijo\". The FARC argued that there was a possible threat to assassinate their commander \"Tirofijo\". FARC negotiator Joaqu\u00edn G\u00f3mez acted on behalf of Tirofijo. President Pastrana said that \"the absence of Manuel Marulanda Velez cannot be a reason to not continue with the instalment of the dialogue to agree on an agenda that will conduct us to peace\". On January 8, \"Tirofijo\" showed up and insisted that there had been a possible assassination attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0013-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nOn January 11, guerrilla commander Jorge Brice\u00f1o threatened to kidnap high-profile people if the government did not comply with FARC's demands for a prisoner exchange. Some years before, the FARC had kidnapped  a considerable number of military personnel, high-profile politicians and government officials. Pastrana replied with a threat to end the peace process if the FARC carried out the kidnappings. On January 19 the FARC froze the dialogues that the AUC paramilitary groups were resurging and demanded the government to act against these groups and its supporters within the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0014-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nOn February 6 President Pastrana extends the duration of the demilitarized zone and sets it to expire on May 7. Three days later, Pastrana and \"Tirofijo\" finally met publicly and set a new meeting on February 14 to resume dialogues. The FARC had purportedly frozen the peace talks because of the government's spraying of glyphosate to eradicate illegal crops as stated in the Plan Colombia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0015-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nBetween February 25 and March 11, three American indigenous-rights activists, Terence Freitas, Lahe'ena'e Gay, and Ingrid Washinawatok were abducted by the FARC in Arauca Department and later assassinated. The FARC admitted the assassination and apologized. The Colombian government then accused a high ranking FARC member known as Germ\u00e1n Brice\u00f1o (brother of Jorge Brice\u00f1o) of the assassination and the United States demanded the FARC to hand over the perpetrators. The FARC refused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0016-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nFrom April 20 to May 1, both parties met unofficially in El Caguan to discuss the paramilitary issue and the FARC's demands to expand the area of the demilitarized zone, which was due to expire on May 7, and to extend  the timeframe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0017-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nOn May 2, President Pastrana travelled to the demilitarized zone and personally met with \"Tirofijo\" for a second time. Pastrana convinced him to begin formal peace-talks on May 6. It was agreed that the demilitarized area would remain in size, but its expiration would be postponed. Another decision was to form an International Verification Commission to observe the agreements and the FARC's actions in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0018-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nOn May 26, Colombian Minister of Defense, Rodrigo Lloreda resigned after criticising the president's handling of the peace process. Lloreda opposed the indefinite extension of the timeline of the demilitarized area. The High Commissioner for Peace's remarks suggesting an extension of the demilitarized area for the FARC triggered a discontent in some servicemen in the Colombian military; 18 generals also tried to resign but the president only accepted Lloreda's. The head of the armed forces, Gen. Fernando Tapias, offered President Pastrana a public show of support. Pastrana then appointed Luis Fernando Ram\u00edrez as Defense Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0019-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nThe Center for International Policy led a delegation of US Congressmen to Colombia. Among the representatives was William Delahunt (D-MA) and six other members of Congress, who met with government officials and representatives of political parties, church groups, peace groups, human rights groups, US government employees stationed in Colombia and the United Nations. On June 4 the delegation of US representatives travelled to El Caguan to meet with rebel leaders. They held talks without results with guerrilla commander Ra\u00fal Reyes regarding the drug trade, kidnappings and the assassination of US citizens, specially related to the three US indigenous workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0020-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nThe government then announced that the formal negotiations with the FARC would begin on July 7. But a day before, both parties postponed the peace talks until July 19 alleging that three of FARC's negotiators could not arrive on time to the meeting, the FARC argued that they also needed more time to organize their positions regarding the International Commission, as agreed between  \"Tirofijo\" and President Pastrana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0021-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nBetween 8\u201312 July the FARC launched an armed offensive (called by them as \"armed strikes\" from the Spanish: paro armado), in which the guerrilla group attacked 15 small towns and targeted infrastructure; mainly commercial banks, bridges and energy infrastructure, random kidnappings (Colloquially called in Colombian Spanish: pescas milagrosas) as well as assaulting numerous National Police small posts. The Military of Colombia, with the help of the U.S. government, counterattacked by bombing guerrilla enclaves using U.S. provided satellite intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158055-0022-0000", "contents": "1999\u20132002 FARC\u2013Government peace process, Peace Process, Formal dialogues begin, Frozen dialogues\nOn July 15, 1999 Defense Minister Luis Fernando Ram\u00edrez and the Colombian General of the Chief of Staff Fernando Tapias requested US$500 million as aid to fund counter-narcotics and counter-insurgency warfare. The then head of the US Office of National Drug Control Policy Barry McCaffrey called for a billion dollar as supplemental assistance for the war on drugs in South America, half of it to be assigned to Colombia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158056-0000-0000", "contents": "199Quad\n199Quad is the debut studio album by American miami bass group 69 Boyz. It was released in 1994 through Rip-It Records. Recording sessions took place at the Bass Station in Orlando, Florida. Production was handled entirely by 95 South. It features guest appearances from 95 South, Big Tyme and Booty Man. The album reached number 59 on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on July 11, 1995 for selling 1,000,000 copies. The album spawned two charted singles: \"Tootsee Roll\" and \"Kitty Kitty\", which made it to the Billboard Hot 100 peaking at #8 and #51 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158056-0001-0000", "contents": "199Quad, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Da S.W.A.T. Team (Jay McGowan and Van Bryant).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158057-0000-0000", "contents": "199X\n199X is the debut extended play by South Korean co-ed group, Triple H, composed of solo singer Hyuna and Pentagon members Hui and E'Dawn. It was released by Cube Entertainment and LOEN Entertainment on May 1, 2017. The song \"365 Fresh\" was released as the title track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158057-0001-0000", "contents": "199X, Background and release\nOn April 13, 2017, the first teaser images were released, revealing the three members of Triple H. A few days later, a concept preview video was released setting a release date for May 1, 2017, at 12 pm. On April 20, the full track list was released, revealing the name of the title track as \"365 Fresh\" and for the EP of five songs as 199X. On April 26, an audio teaser of the upcoming EP was released, revealing a short version of each song. From April 27 to April 29, individual teasers were released, starting with Hyuna, followed by Hui and E'Dawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158057-0002-0000", "contents": "199X, Background and release\nThe EP was released on May 1, 2017, through several music portals, including Melon in South Korea and iTunes for the global market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158057-0003-0000", "contents": "199X, Promotion, Single\n\"365 Fresh\" was released as the title track from the EP. The song debuted at number 81 on the Gaon Digital Chart with 26,199 digitals downloads sold. A music video was released in conjunction with the EP on May 1. The story follows as each member committed a crime that leads them to find each other and be followed by the police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158057-0004-0000", "contents": "199X, Commercial performance\n199X debuted at number 4 on the Gaon Album Chart on the chart issue dated April 30 - May 6, 2017. In its second week, the EP fell to number 32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158057-0005-0000", "contents": "199X, Commercial performance\nThe EP also charted at number 10 on Billboard's World Albums on the week ending May 20, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158057-0006-0000", "contents": "199X, Commercial performance\nThe EP entered at number 22 on the Gaon Album Chart for the month of May 2017 for 5,157 physical copies sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158058-0000-0000", "contents": "199th (Manchester) Brigade\nThe 199th (2/1st Manchester) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of  the British Army that saw active service during the First World War as part of 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division and was reformed as 199th Infantry Brigade in the Second World War, serving with 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division until August 1944 when it was redesignated 166th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158058-0001-0000", "contents": "199th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War\nIt was raised as a second line brigade, and was formed as a duplicate of the Manchester Brigade, originally with the title of 2/1st Manchester Brigade. The brigade, composed of four battalions of the Manchester Regiment, was part of the 2nd East Lancashire Division, and consisting of the men in the Territorial Force who, upon being asked to serve overseas after the outbreak of war, originally had not agreed to serve overseas. The brigades' original intention was to provide drafts of replacements for the first line units serving overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158058-0002-0000", "contents": "199th (Manchester) Brigade, First World War\nHowever, due to conscription being introduced and the Military Service Act of 1916, the brigade, by now titled 199th (2/1st Manchester) Brigade, eventually ended up serving with the 66th Division as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. The brigade fought in the Battle of Passchendaele in late 1917. The brigade also saw service during Operation Michael in March 1918, part of the German Army's Spring Offensive, and, as with the rest of the division, suffered extremely heavy casualties. The brigade and division were later reformed and saw service during the final Hundred Days Offensive, which ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158058-0003-0000", "contents": "199th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was disbanded after the war along with the whole of the Territorial Force which was reformed in 1920 as the Territorial Army. The brigade was also reformed in 1939 just before the Second World War as the war clouds with Nazi Germany were fast approaching and war was becoming increasingly likely. The brigade was reformed as the 199th Infantry Brigade and was again assigned to the 66th (East Lancashire) Division. However, after the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from France, the 66th Division was disbanded in June 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158058-0003-0001", "contents": "199th (Manchester) Brigade, Second World War\nThe brigade was later assigned to the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, serving with it for the rest of the war, and in 1944, was redesignated the 166th Infantry Brigade. The brigade saw many changes in its infantry battalions throughout the war and never saw active service outside the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158059-0000-0000", "contents": "199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF\nThe 199th (Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158059-0001-0000", "contents": "199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, History\nThe battalion was founded by the CEF to improve their recruitment success by having an all-Irish regiment. They were also called the \"Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers\", as a tribute to Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn, who funded the battalion. Based in Montreal, Quebec, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158059-0002-0000", "contents": "199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, History\nAfter sailing to England in December 1916, the battalion was sent on a tour of Ireland at the request of the Colonial Secretary, the Canadian-born Bonar Law. On its return to England, the battalion was absorbed into the 23rd Reserve Battalion, CEF, on May 11, 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158059-0003-0000", "contents": "199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, History\nThe 199th (Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers) Battalion, CEF, had two commanding officers: Lieutenant-Colonel H. J. Trihey (December 26, 1916 \u2013 January 10, 1917) and Lieutenant-Colonel J. V. O'Donahoe (January 10, 1917 \u2013 April 11, 1917).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158059-0004-0000", "contents": "199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, History\nIn 1920, the perpetuation of the 199th Battalion was assigned to the Irish Canadian Rangers, a Montreal infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia that disbanded in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158059-0005-0000", "contents": "199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, References, Sources\nThis Canadian military history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 82], "content_span": [83, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158059-0006-0000", "contents": "199th Battalion Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers, CEF, References, Sources\nThis World War I article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 82], "content_span": [83, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0000-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron\nThe 199th Fighter Squadron (199 FS) is a unit of the Hawaii Air National Guard 154th Wing located at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Honolulu, Hawaii. The 199th is equipped with the F-22A Raptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0001-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, Overview\nThe 199th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the 154th Wing. They operate the F-22A Raptor, the Air Force's 5th generation fighter aircraft with a select component of active duty personnel acting in the cadre role. Its combination of stealth, supercruise, maneuverability and integrated avionics, coupled with improved supportability, represents an exponential leap in warfighting capabilities. The Raptor performs both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions allowing full realization of operational concepts vital to the 21st-century Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0002-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished in late 1944 at Peterson Field, Colorado, as the 464th Fighter Squadron. Trained under XXII Bomber Command  as a Very Long Range P-47N Thunderbolt bomber escort squadron, programmed for B-29 Superfortress escort duty from Okinawa. For four months they received combat training for long-range escort, strafing, and dive-bombing. Training delayed due to P-47N aircraft non-availability, finally equipped in the late spring of 1945 with the long-distance fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0003-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nDeployed to Okinawa in June 1945 as part of the 507th Fighter Group and prepared for the invasion of Japan along with the 413th and 414th Fighter Groups, all equipped with P-47N. On 1 July 1945 it began flying airstrikes from Ie Shima, targeting enemy ships, railroad bridges, airfields, factories, and barracks in Japan, Korea, and China. On 8 August 1945 the group escorted B-29 bombers on a raid, shooting down several Japanese fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0004-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron flew some long distance fighter-bomber sweeps over Japanese Home Islands 1 July 1945 \u2013 14 August 1945 but never performed operational B-29 escort missions due to the end of the war in August. Last \"Ace in a Day\" of World War II was 1st LT Oscar Perdomo of the 464th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0005-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard\nThe wartime 463d Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 199th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Hawaii Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Bellows Field, Waimanalo, Hawaii, and was extended federal recognition on 4 November 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 199th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 463d Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-47N Thunderbolts and was operationally gained by Seventh Air Force. Its mission was the air defense of Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0006-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard\nBellows Field, which was attacked during the 7 December 1941 Japanese attack on Oahu, was excess after World War II ended, and it served as home for the Hawaii Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0007-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard\nIn 1947, the costs to operate Bellows as an active Air National Guard station led the Territorial government to negotiate with the Army about its future. The Army indicated that it wanted to retain the field in a commissioned status but that it had no funds to maintain the field. The Army offered the Aviation Unit of the Hawaiian National Guard joint use of the field provided all maintenance was assumed by the Guard. A settlement was reached to move the 199th to Hickam Field, and to use excess facilities there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0008-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nThe Very-Long-Range (VLR) F-47N was used for air defense patrols over the Islands and had a range which could extend its interception ability over a thousand miles from Hickam. The 199th was not federalized during the Korean War, however many of its members volunteered to serve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0009-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nThe 199th joined the jet age in 1954 when it finally retired its aging Thunderbolts for F-86E Sabre day fighters that were made available after serving in combat over the skies of Korea. The squadron stood runway alert as part of the air defense forces in Hawaii beginning in 1954, having alert pilots in the cockpit from 30 minutes before sunrise to 30 minutes after sunset each day. Beginning in 1958, the squadron received F-86L Sabre Interceptors which could be controlled by Ground Control Interceptor station radar and could operate 24/7/365 in all weather conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0010-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nOn 1 December 1960, the 199th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 154th Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 199th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 154th Headquarters, 154th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 154th Combat Support Squadron, and the 154th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0011-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nAlong with the change to Group status, on 7 December the Hawaiian Air National Guard began receiving Mach-1 F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors eventually 29 F-102s were received. This was in line with the policy of equipping ANG units with one generation of aircraft behind the active-duty Air Defense Command forces. For the next sixteen years, the 154th FIG operated the Delta Daggers establishing an excellent safety record. In December 1961, The new Hawaii Air National Guard (HANG) complex was completed and consisted of 60 acres. The land was originally part of Fort Kamehameha and had been acquired in 1960 by permit from the U.S. Army to the Hawaii ANG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0012-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Air Defense mission\nThe 154th flew the Delta Dagger throughout the 1960s, and although the Hawaii ANG was not activated during the Vietnam War, several of its pilots volunteered for combat duty in Southeast Asia. The group was the longest user of the interceptor, being equipped with the F-102 long after most of its Air National Guard counterparts were upgraded to the F-106.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0013-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Tactical fighters\nThe last F-102A finally left ANG service in October 1976, when the 199th FIS of the Hawaii ANG traded in their Delta Daggers for F-4C Phantom II and the 154th became a Tactical Fighter Group. The F-4C was a workhorse tactical fighter-bomber during the Vietnam War, and could also be used as an effective interceptor. The Hawaii ANG used the Phantom in both roles, employing it during training exercises with Army and Marine units in ground exercises, as well as retaining the standing air defense alert at Hickam. On 3 November 1978, the 154th became a Composite Group with the addition of a C-130A Hercules and a C-7A Caribou flight", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0014-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Tactical fighters\nAfter a decade flying the F-4C, the 154th received F-15A Eagles in 1987 along with a twin-seat F-15B trainer as part of the retirement of the F-4 from the Air Force inventory. The F-15As were received from the 21st Tactical Fighter Wing, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, which was upgrading to the F-15C model. The Eagles received from Alaska had been upgraded though the F-15 Multi-Stage Improvement Program (MSIP) and were used in an air defense mission, which the Hawaii ANG had taken over. In mid-1991, early F-15C versions were received, and the Hawaii ANG operated both the A and C models of the Eagle for the next two decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0015-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Tactical fighters\nIn 1989 with inactivation of the PACAF 326th Air Division, the 154th Composite Group took over the air defense Radar mission in Hawaii. The 169th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron began operating a JSS radar site at Mount Kaala, Oahu along with the FAA, and the 150th Aircraft Control and Warning Flight operates a joint-use JSS radar site at Kokee Air Force Station, Kauai. These radar sites are linked to the NORAD Hawaii Region Air Operations Center (HIRAOC) at Wheeler Army Airfield, Oahu, . With these two sites, 24/7 air surveillance of the Hawaiian island chain is provided. The 154th Aircraft Control Squadron on Kauai also provides a mobile, self-sustainable, combat ready, forward extension and control element equipped to meet the Air Force's ground theater air control systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0016-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 154th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 154th Group. In January 1993, the 203d Air Refueling Squadron was recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 203d assumed the rotating deployments of KC-135s to Hickam which started in the 1970s by SAC-gained stateside Air National Guard squadrons. On 1 August 1994 the C-130 flight was expanded and the 204th Airlift Squadron was recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0017-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base-One Wing\" directive, the 155th was changed in status to a Wing, and the 199th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 154th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0018-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn July 2010, the Hawaii Air National Guard welcomed the first of its new inventory of F-22A Raptors. The 154th Wing was the second ANG unit to be equipped with the F-22. The 199th is planned to have 20 aircraft, the initial aircraft being transferred from the 325th Fighter Wing, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida; the remaining 18 aircraft will come from the 1st Fighter Wing, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158060-0019-0000", "contents": "199th Fighter Squadron, History, Hawaii Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe F-22 is designed to counter advanced surface-to-air missile systems and next-generation fighters equipped with launch-and-leave missile capability. The F-15s were sent to the boneyard, the last Eagle leaving in 2011. The 199th operates with the active-duty 19th Fighter Squadron as their cadre unit, although the Hawaii ANG is responsible for seventy-five percent of the mission configuration. This is the first time an Air National Guard unit, the 199th Fighter Squadron, has taken the position of only having an active duty squadron as a cadre flying unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0000-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States)\nThe 199th Infantry Brigade (Light) is a unit of the United States Army which served in the Army Reserve from 1921 to 1940, in the active army from 1966 to 1970 (serving in the Vietnam War), briefly in 1991\u20131992 at Fort Lewis, and from 2007 as an active army training formation at Fort Benning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0001-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Early history\nConstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 199th Infantry Brigade, an element of the 100th Division. Organized in December 1921 at Huntington, West Virginia. Redesignated 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 199th Brigade. Location changed 27 October 1931 to Parkersburg, West Virginia. Redesigned 24 August 1936 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 199th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0002-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Early history\nConverted and Redesignated 23 February 1942 as 100th Reconnaissance Troop (less 3rd Platoon), 100th Division (Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 200th Infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3rd Platoon, 100th Reconnaissance Troop, 100th Division). Troop ordered into active military service 15 November 1942 and reorganized at Fort Jackson, South Carolina as the 100th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, an element of the 100th Infantry Division. Reorganized and Redesignated 2 August 1943 as the 100th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. Reorganized and Redesignated 7 September 1945 as the 100th Mechanized Reconnaissance Troop. Inactivated 11 January 1946 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0002-0001", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Early history\nRedesignated 15 October 1946 as Reconnaissance Platoon, 100th Airborne Division. Activated 2 December 1946 at Louisville, Kentucky. (Organized Reserves Redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; Redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve). Reorganized and Redesignated 31 August 1950 Anti-tank Platoon, 100th Airborne Division. Reorganized and Redesignated 12 May 1952 as the 100th Reconnaissance Company, an element of the 100th Infantry Division. Inactivated 22 April 1953 at Louisville, Kentucky. Activated 9 April 1955 at Neon, Kentucky. Disbanded 17 April 1959 at Neon, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0003-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Early history\nReconstituted (less 3rd Platoon) 23 March 1966 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 199th Infantry Brigade (3rd Platoon, 100th Reconnaissance Company- hereafter separate linage.) Activated 1 June 1966 at Fort Benning, Georgia. Inactivated 15 October 1970 at Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0004-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War\nThe unit was formed for the second time. It trained at Fort Benning, Georgia and Camp Shelby, Mississippi from September to November 1966 in preparation for deployment to Vietnam from Fort Benning, Georgia. The 199th was the only combat unit to train at Camp Shelby during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0005-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War\nNicknamed \"the Redcatchers\", the unit was hastily moved to S\u00f4ng B\u00e9, Vietnam on 10 December 1966 to provide an increased U.S. presence in the III Corps Tactical Zone and remained there until its return to Fort Benning on 11 October 1970, where it was inactivated. The unit was briefly reactivated at Fort Lewis Washington from the remains of the 9th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0006-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War\nThe brigade was conducting Operation Uniontown in \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai Province when the 1968 Tet Offensive began. It immediately began a defense of U.S. II Field Force headquarters at Long Binh Post against attacks by the VC 275th Regiment. One battalion was moved by helicopter to attack a Viet Cong command post at the Phu Tho racetrack inside Saigon, then engaged in house-to-house fighting in Cholon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0007-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War\nDuring 1969, the 199th was responsible for the security of the region north and east of the capital, and in 1970 moved into the \"Iron Triangle\" when other units participated in the Cambodian Incursion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0008-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Vietnam War\nThe brigade was deactivated in 1970 until it was reactivated in 1991 and 2006, but some and few units of the 199th Infantry Brigade were retained by the army. When the tension was increased between the Warsaw Pact and NATO to breakout the war and necessary to be reinforced, the 199th Infantry Brigade will be fully mobilized immediately and sent to Berlin to take on the duty and defend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0009-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Recent history\nDuring the drawdown of the 9th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis in 1991\u20131992, a residual brigade, based around the division's 3rd Brigade, was briefly active as the 199th Infantry Brigade (Motorized) from 16 February 1991 before being reflagged on 16 July 1992 as the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0010-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Recent history\nThe structure of 199th Infantry Brigade at that time was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0011-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Recent history\nThen-Lieutenant Colonel Peter W. Chiarelli commanded the 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0012-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), Recent history\nOn 27 June 2007, the 11th Infantry Regiment was reflagged as the 199th Infantry Brigade at Fort Benning. In October 2013, the brigade underwent changes to its task organization as part of restructuring within the Maneuver Center. The brigade was designated as the Leader Development Brigade and reorganized to contain both Armor and Infantry BOLC, OCS, and the MCCC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158061-0013-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Brigade (United States), In popular culture\nMichael Lee Lanning, a retired lieutenant colonel, served a tour in Vietnam with the Redcatchers as a lieutenant. He reported to Vietnam where as a second lieutenant he served as an infantry platoon leader and reconnaissance platoon leader. After his promotion to first lieutenant, he commanded a rifle company, Bravo Company of the 2d Battalion, 3d Infantry. He wrote two books about his experiences there: The Only War We Had: A Platoon Leader's Journal of Vietnam (New York: Ivy Books/Random House, 1987); and Vietnam 1969-1970: A Company Commander's Journal (New York: Ivy Books/Random House, 1988).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158062-0000-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 199th Infantry Division (199. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158063-0000-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 199th Infantry Division (German: 199. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158063-0001-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 199th Infantry Division was formed on 1 November 1940 in occupied Norway, with Hans von Kempski as the initial divisional commander. It was assembled at the same time as the divisions of the 13th and 14th Aufstellungswelle, but is considered part of neither, and is instead counted as part of the 7th. The initial divisional personnel was drawn from other divisions in occupied Norway, including the 69th, 163rd, 181st, 196th, and 214th Infantry Divisions. The initial divisional staff was taken from the staff of the Commander of Rear Army Area Norway (German: Kommandeur r\u00fcckw\u00e4rtiges Armeegebiet Norwegen), initially formed on 10 January 1940 as Field Command 673. Additional personnel was taken from Landwehr formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158063-0002-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nInitially, the 199th Infantry Division consisted of the Infantry Regiments 341, 345, and 357, as well as the Artillery Regiment 199. These regiments were staffed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158063-0003-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe military value of the 199th Infantry Division was estimated to be low within the Wehrmacht, and it was kept away from combat until the very end of the war. In late 1940, the division was sent to Oslo. Between June 1941 and February 1945, the 199th Infantry Division was on garrison duty in the Narvik area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158063-0004-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOn 1 April 1942, Kempski was replaced as divisional commander by Wilhelm Raithel. On 1 June 1942, Infantry Regiment 341 as well as the 3rd Detachment of Artillery Regiment 199 (the latter redesignated Artillery Detachment 270) were transferred to the 270th Infantry Division. As a result, the 199th Infantry Division was switched to a binary model, as it was left with only two Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158063-0005-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOn 1 August 1943, Raithel was replaced as divisional commander by Walter Wissmath. Wissmath was in turn replaced by Helwig Luz on 20 June 1944. Luz would command the 199th Infantry Division until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158063-0006-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn early 1945, the 199th Infantry Division was strengthened with several smaller army formations, including the Fortress Battalions 649, 651, 652, and 1014. These battalions were overseen by elements of the staff of Fortress Infantry Regiment 856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158063-0007-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn 1945, the division was rushed to Germany to assist in the Wehrmacht's desperate defensive measures. Before deployment in the Berlin area, the third battalions of the Grenadier Regiments 345 and 357 were used to form a third Grenadier Regiment, numbered 373. This technically returned the 199th Infantry Division from a binary to a ternary model, but the actual fighting strength of the division remained at six infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158063-0008-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 199th Infantry Division was largely captured by Red Army forces in Mark Brandenburg. Smaller elements escaped via Havelberg to instead go into American captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158064-0000-0000", "contents": "199th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 199th Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army, Louisiana Army National Guard. They are no longer a maneuver element, and today perform duties as a Regional Training Institute at Camp Beauregard, LA. The 199th Infantry Regiment was formed on 1 May 1952 and served the state of Louisiana until 4 August 1960, when it was consolidated with the 156th Infantry Regiment. Between 1960 and 1997, the remnants of the 199th became known as the Louisiana Military Academy, and conducted training for the Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158064-0000-0001", "contents": "199th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe regiment was reactivated on 3 July 1997 as the 199th Regiment, in order to serve as the Louisiana National Guard's RTI. Today, they teach the following courses; Officer Candidate School (OCS), Warrior Leadership Course (WLC), Advanced Leadership Course, Military Police School (31B), Horizontal Engineer School (12N), Vertical Engineer School (12W), and Transportation School (88M).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158065-0000-0000", "contents": "199th Motor Rifle Division\nThe 199th Motor Rifle Division was a motorized infantry division of the Soviet Army from 1970 to 1989. The division was based in Krasny Kut, Primorsky Krai and became a storage base in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158065-0001-0000", "contents": "199th Motor Rifle Division, History\nThe division was formed in January 1970 in Krasny Kut, Primorsky Krai. It was subordinated to the 5th Red Banner Army. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 70% strength. On 1 October 1989, it became the 5506th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158065-0002-0000", "contents": "199th Motor Rifle Division, Composition\nIn 1988, the division included the following units. All units were based at Krasny Kut unless noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0000-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 199th Medium Combined Arms Brigade, formerly the 199th Motorized Infantry Brigade, is one of the six combined arms brigades of the 80th Group Army in the Northern Theater Command Ground Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0001-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Creation\nThe 199th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c199\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 5th Brigade, 3rd Column of Huabei Military Region Field Force. Its history can be traced to the 7th Brigade of Jicha Column formed in October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 71], "content_span": [72, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0002-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Creation\nUnder the command of 67th Corps, it took part in many major battles during the Chinese civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 71], "content_span": [72, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0003-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Creation\nThe division was composed of 595th, 596th, and 597th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 71], "content_span": [72, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0004-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Korean War\nIn October 1950, Artillery Regiment, 199th Division was activated in Tanggu, Tianjin, which was later redesignated as 579th Artillery Regiment in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 73], "content_span": [74, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0005-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), Korean War\nIn June 1951, the division was deployed into Korea along with its corps HQ. The division took part in the defensive operations in Kumsong area in fall 1951, during which it suffered heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 73], "content_span": [74, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0006-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn June 1954, the division pulled out from North Korea and redeployed in Laiwu. Shandong, where 199th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was activated and attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0007-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn April 1960 the division was renamed as 199th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c199\u5e08) . By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0008-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn June 1969, 579th Artillery Regiment was redesignated as Artillery Regiment, 199th Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0009-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn August 1969, 199th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment detached from the division and became the 3rd Independent Tank Regiment of Jinan Military Region, which was then attached to the 13th Tank Division in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0010-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nFrom March 1985 to June 1986, the division was deployed into the Laoshan area to participate in the Sino-Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0011-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn June 1986, the division was reconstituted as a northern motorized infantry division, category A, and redesignated as  199th Motorized Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c199\u5e08):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0012-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nThe division maintained as a combat-ready unit in Jinan Military Region. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0013-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn 1998, the division was transferred to the 26th Army following 67th Army's disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0014-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn 2003 the division was reduced and reconstituted as  199th Motorized Infantry Brigade(Chinese: \u6469\u6258\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c199\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0015-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn April 2017 the brigade was reconstituted as  199th Medium Combined Arms Brigade(Chinese: \u4e2d\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c199\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158066-0016-0000", "contents": "199th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nThe brigade is now a maneuvering part of PLA 80th Group Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158067-0000-0000", "contents": "199th New York State Legislature\nThe 199th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5, 2011, to December 31, 2012, during the first two years of Andrew Cuomo's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158067-0001-0000", "contents": "199th New York State Legislature, State Senate\nAn extraordinary session of the State Senate was held on December 7, 2011 to codify a tax code reform promoted by Cuomo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158067-0002-0000", "contents": "199th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Michael Gianaris, Adriano Espaillat, Greg Ball and Tom O'Mara changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158067-0003-0000", "contents": "199th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158067-0004-0000", "contents": "199th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158067-0005-0000", "contents": "199th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158068-0000-0000", "contents": "199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 199th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, alternately known as the Commercial Regiment, was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the American Civil War. Raised in Philadelphia in  late 1864, the regiment enlisted for one year and was sent to the Army of the James during the Siege of Petersburg. During the Third Battle of Petersburg it assaulted Forts Gregg and Alexander, then pursued the retreating Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, fighting at Rice's Station and Appomattox Court House. Following the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, the regiment moved to Richmond, where it mustered out in late June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158068-0001-0000", "contents": "199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was organized at Camp Cadwalader near Philadelphia during August, September and October 1864, for a term of one year under the command of staff officer Colonel James C. Briscoe. It was also known as the Commercial Regiment, and many of its soldiers had previously served in other regiments, including Lieutenant Colonel Ambrose A. Lechler, former Colonel of the 176th Pennsylvania Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158068-0001-0001", "contents": "199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was sent to the front in October and took positions on the extreme right of the Army of the James on the New Market Road at Deep Bottom Landing, joining the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of X Corps. Shortly after fortifying its position, the 199th went into winter quarters with the army, during which it conducted training while also being employed in picket duty, fortification building, and road construction. In December it was transferred to the newly formed XXIV Corps, still with the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division. With strict discipline and sanitation, the regiment was capable of active service when the northern hemisphere spring arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158068-0002-0000", "contents": "199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe division crossed the James River on 28 March and moved southwards through the night to arrive in front of the Confederate fortifications on 29 March. The division participated in the Third Battle of Petersburg, during which it attacked Forts Gregg and Alexander on 2 April. The regiment attacked Fort Gregg on the right of the brigade, commanded by Brevet Brigadier General Thomas O. Osborn. Advancing in line of battle at the head of the division, the 199th was to the left of the 67th Ohio and the 39th Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158068-0002-0001", "contents": "199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nIt counterattacked the Church Road with the brigade at 09:00, forcing back Confederate troops from a salient that they had gained in a counterattack earlier that day. At 13:00 the brigade was committed to the attack on Fort Gregg, advancing through a hail of fire. Briscoe was hit in the leg within the last 300 yards to the fort, but continued onward with others from the regiment into the ditch in front of the fort, partially filled with water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158068-0002-0002", "contents": "199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThere, First Lieutenant Oliver Sproul of Company H planted the colors of the 39th Illinois in the parapet of the fort after the 39th's color bearer was shot. Along with other Union troops, the men of the regiment advanced into the fort and captured it. The regiment lost eighteen killed or mortally wounded, and 91 wounded; among the latter were six officers, including Briscoe and two company commanders. Briscoe was made a brevet brigadier general for his gallantry, and was promoted to command the brigade; he was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Robert P. Hughes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158068-0003-0000", "contents": "199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nFollowing the breakthrough at Petersburg, the 199th pursued the retreating Confederate Army of Northern Virginia along the Southside Railroad to Burkeville and Appomattox. The regiment fought in skirmishes, and lost two killed and one wounded at the Battle of Rice's Station on 6 April, and two killed and eight wounded at the Battle of Appomattox Court House on 9 April. The division was moved to Richmond and encamped two miles north of the city shortly after the Confederate surrender at Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158068-0003-0001", "contents": "199th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment remained at the camp until it was mustered out on 28 June, with its recruits and Briscoe being transferred to the 188th Pennsylvania Infantry, which mustered out on 14 December. During its service, the regiment lost two officers and thirty men killed or died of wounds and 52 men to disease, out of a total enrollment of 1,462 officers and men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0000-0000", "contents": "19:19\n\"'19:19\" is the seventh episode of the second season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium. It premiered on the Fox network on November 7, 1997. The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong, and directed by Thomas J. Wright. \"19:19\" featured guest appearances by Kristen Cloke and Christian Hoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0001-0000", "contents": "19:19\nMillennium Group offender profiler Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) investigates the abduction of a bus full of schoolchildren, requiring the help of fellow Group members Peter Watts (Terry O'Quinn) and Lara Means (Cloke) as he tracks a man preparing for a third world war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0002-0000", "contents": "19:19\n\"19:19\" featured several minor guest stars who would later return to the series, as well as the second appearance by recurring actor Cloke. The episode was viewed by approximately 5.98 million households in its initial broadcast, and received a mixed response from television critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0003-0000", "contents": "19:19, Plot\nIn Broken Bow, Oklahoma, Matthew Prine (Christian Hoff) intently watches several televisions simultaneously, scrawling his reactions across every inch of his floor. As he finishes writing, he experiences a vision of the future\u2014nuclear war and its barren aftermath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0004-0000", "contents": "19:19, Plot\nLater, Millennium Group offender profilers Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) and Peter Watts (Terry O'Quinn) investigate the disappearance of a bus full of schoolchildren. They believe the driver was also a victim, and not responsible; they meet with the local sheriff, John Cayce (Steven Rankin), who has dredged the bus from a lake. It is empty, but inside, Black experiences the same vision as Prine. He also finds paint transfer on the exterior, indicating the perpetrator was driving a white van. A false positive results as police apprehend storm chasers in a different van, who warn that a violent tornado is approaching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0005-0000", "contents": "19:19, Plot\nPrine is behind the kidnapping, and forces the children and driver into an underground bunker. He and his accomplice count the hostages, realizing that there is one less child than they had anticipated. Black and Cayce realize this too, and race to the home of the child who had not taken the bus that morning. They arrive in time to apprehend Prine as he attempted to snatch the child, and take him into custody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0006-0000", "contents": "19:19, Plot\nBlack believes Prine is not driven by malice; he and Watts use the resources of the Millennium Group to find his home, discovering the dense writings across his floors. They learn that Prine believes a third world war is imminent, and took the children as he believes one of them is destined to bring peace during this time, wishing to protect this child when he learns which one it is destined to be. Black seeks aid from another Group member, Lara Means (Kristen Cloke), who is able to observe Prine's behavioural tells for clues when interviewing him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0006-0001", "contents": "19:19, Plot\nThis, coupled with analysis of soil from his clothing, points to the children being held in an aluminium quarry. The investigators rush to the quarry, where Prine's accomplice engages them in a firefight. However, the advancing tornado forces them to take cover; it kills Prine and lifts the roof from the entombing bunker. It subsides as quickly as it arrived, and the children emerge safely from the wreckage; Black senses that Cayce's daughter may be the prophesied peacemaker. It turns out that the tornado destroyed the school where the children would have been if they weren't abducted, and that Prine had saved their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0007-0000", "contents": "19:19, Production\n\"19:19\" was written by frequent collaborators Glen Morgan and James Wong. The duo would pen a total of fifteen episodes throughout the series' run. The pair had also taken the roles of co-executive producers for the season. \"19:19\" was directed by Thomas J. Wright, who helmed a total of twenty-six episodes across all three seasons. Wright would also go on to direct \"Millennium\", the series' crossover episode with its sister show The X-Files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0008-0000", "contents": "19:19, Production\nThe episode features the second appearance of Kristen Cloke as Millennium Group member Lara Means. Cloke had first portrayed the character in \"Monster\", and would last appear in the second-season finale \"The Time Is Now\". Several of the episode's minor guest stars would appear again later in the series. Bill Marchant, who portrayed Prine's accomplice, reappeared in an unrelated role in the third-season episode \"Collateral Damage\", while Kurt Evans, who played a sheriff's deputy, resurfaced in \"Darwin's Eye\", also in the third season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0009-0000", "contents": "19:19, Broadcast and reception\n\"I ... wish that one of these episodes would eventually make every idea in its head come together, instead of seeming like a random collection of interesting facts and cool knowledge, like one of those old Reader\u2019s Digest \"fun facts\" compendiums, assembled into TV episode form\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0010-0000", "contents": "19:19, Broadcast and reception\n\"19:19\" was first broadcast on the Fox network on November 7, 1997. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 6.1 during its original broadcast, meaning that 6.1 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode. This represented approximately 5.98 million households, and left the episode the eighty-fourth most-viewed broadcast that week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0011-0000", "contents": "19:19, Broadcast and reception\nThe A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff rated the episode a \"B\", finding its final act to be powerful and entertaining. However, he believed that the episode suffered from a poor opening act, and was critical of what he saw as a poor performance by guest star Steven Rankin. Bill Gibron, writing for DVD Talk, rated the episode 3 out of 5, feeling that the episode's police procedural elements did not mesh well with its theological themes. Gibron felt that the plot's resolution was overly contrived, but praised the chemistry between the lead actors, highlighting Henriksen and Cloke in particular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158069-0011-0001", "contents": "19:19, Broadcast and reception\nRobert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated \"19:19\" three-and-a-half stars out of five. Shearman felt the episode was a successful blend of the investigative plot structure used in the first season with the themes of religious eschatology introduced in the second season; however, he believed that the plot \"ran out of steam\" by the final act, sacrificing engaging drama for accurate but dry psychology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158070-0000-0000", "contents": "19;29 Performance\n19;29 was a London-based theatre company who specialised in making work in undiscovered or under-explored sites, interrogating the atmosphere and heritage of these spaces and making performances in response to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158070-0001-0000", "contents": "19;29 Performance\nThe company was formed in 2005 by Artistic Directors Felix Mortimer and Susanna Davies-Crook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158070-0002-0000", "contents": "19;29 Performance, Past productions\nA series of projects which investigated the telling and retellings of the Bluebeard myth, this included a film made jointly with Unthank Films, a Museum in Stroud Green, A radio play and A live piece at Traquair House", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158070-0003-0000", "contents": "19;29 Performance, Past productions\nAn exploration of power and choice at Hornsey Town Hall, North London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158070-0004-0000", "contents": "19;29 Performance, Past productions\nAn exploration of the Orpheus myth at Clyde Road Depot in North London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158070-0005-0000", "contents": "19;29 Performance, Past productions\n19;29's adaptation of Sarah Kane's seminal 1995 play Blasted premiered at The Mosser Hotel in San Francisco on 19 June 2008. The US production was held in association with Exit Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158070-0006-0000", "contents": "19;29 Performance, Past productions\nThis adaptation of Sarah Kane's play Blasted was performed in the Queens Hotel in Leeds in conjunction with the West Yorkshire PlayhouseThe Guardian's theatre critic Lyn Gardner called the production an \"inspired idea\" and it formed part of a national debate about subversion of theatrical space, which culminated in artistic director Felix Mortimer responding in The Guardian. The production ran in February 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158070-0007-0000", "contents": "19;29 Performance, Past productions\nThis site-specific promenade piece encompassed three locations. The action began in St George's Field cemetery, and ended at DN:10 Railway Arches beneath Leeds railway station. Audiences were transported between the locations by doubledecker bus. The play was a hybrid of Henrik Ibsen's Hedda Gabler and the life of Sylvia Plath. The production ran in March 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158070-0008-0000", "contents": "19;29 Performance, Past productions\nThis adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus was performed in the oak lined Special Collections room at the University of Leeds's Brotherton Library in England. The production ran in May 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158071-0000-0000", "contents": "19LIVE86\n19LIVE86 is the first live album by the Serbian rock band Ekatarina Velika, released in 1987. The album marks EKV's rising popularity following the commercial success of their third album S vetrom uz lice. It was recorded on November 2, 1986, at one of the five sold out performances in the famous Kulu\u0161i\u0107 club in Zagreb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158071-0001-0000", "contents": "19LIVE86, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Milan Mladenovi\u0107; all music is composed by Ekatarina Velika, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158072-0000-0000", "contents": "19P/Borrelly\nComet Borrelly /b\u0252\u02c8r\u025bli/ or Borrelly's Comet (official designation: 19P/Borrelly) is a periodic comet, which was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 2001. The comet last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 28, 2015 and will next come to perihelion on February 1, 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158072-0001-0000", "contents": "19P/Borrelly\nDeep Space 1 returned images of the comet's nucleus from 3400 kilometers away. At 45 meters per pixel, it was the highest resolution view ever seen of a comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158072-0002-0000", "contents": "19P/Borrelly, Discovery\nThe comet was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly during a routine search for comets at Marseilles, France on December 28, 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158072-0003-0000", "contents": "19P/Borrelly, Deep Space 1 flyby\nOn September 21, 2001 the spacecraft Deep Space 1, which was launched to test new equipment in space, performed a flyby of Borrelly. It was steered toward the comet during the extended mission of the craft, and presented an unexpected bonus for the mission scientists. Despite the failure of a system that helped determine its orientation, Deep Space 1 managed to send back to Earth what were, at the time, the best images and other science data from a comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158073-0000-0000", "contents": "19XX: The War Against Destiny\n19XX: The War Against Destiny is a vertical scrolling shooter arcade game released by Capcom in 1995. The story takes place before a fictional 20th century war as a lone pilot tries to defeat an entire army and evil organization from starting another World War, which soon escalates to a nuclear apocalypse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158073-0001-0000", "contents": "19XX: The War Against Destiny\nThis game is the fourth in a series of World War II vertical shooters published by Capcom, and is the last game in the series developed by Capcom. The previous games in the series 1942, 1943: The Battle of Midway, and 1941: Counter Attack are on the original Capcom System or CPS-1 hardware and were released from 1984\u20131990. The CPS-2 platform allows for an art style different from that of previous games. It is followed by 1944: The Loop Master in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158073-0002-0000", "contents": "19XX: The War Against Destiny, Gameplay\nThe player selects one of three different planes, each with different ratings in speed, power, and the strength of their homing attack. When flying through the stages, three primary weapons can be used by picking up their respective items, to fire either spreading vulcan bullets, straight-firing lasers, or multi-directional missiles. By holding button 1, the player can charge a blaster shot. If this shot hits a large enemy, the player will automatically lock on to that enemy, and can fire fast homing laser shots to damage it further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158073-0002-0001", "contents": "19XX: The War Against Destiny, Gameplay\nThere is a supply of smart bombs which can be used to clear away the majority of enemies and their projectiles from the screen. Smart bombs can also be charged up, and each level of charge yields a different effect. If the player is shot down while charging up a bomb, the bomb does not go off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158073-0003-0000", "contents": "19XX: The War Against Destiny, Gameplay\nAt the end of every level, the player receives additional points for the number of bombs held in stock, a rank increase of 1-5 for the percentage of enemies destroyed, a grade for the time it took to defeat the boss, and a bonus for every medal collected which is multiplied by the rank. After beating the last level, the player also gets a large bonus for the number of lives they have remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158073-0004-0000", "contents": "19XX: The War Against Destiny, Release\n19XX: The War Against Destiny has been ported to GameTap but 19XX is not included in the Capcom Classics Collection, because Capcom considers classics as predating 1995. In February 2021, it was included as part of pack 3 in the Capcom Arcade Stadium compilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158073-0005-0000", "contents": "19XX: The War Against Destiny, Reception\nIn Japan, Game Machine listed 19XX: The War Against Destiny in the February 15, 1996 issue as being the tenth most-popular arcade game at the time. A reviewer for Next Generation commented that \"it's clean looking animation, multilevel backgrounds, digitized explosions, and various streams of patterned enemies place 19XX among the cream of the crop\". He found that the varied methods of attack set it apart from other shooters. Retro Gamer's Stuart Campbell regarded it as one of the worst shooters from Capcom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158074-0000-0000", "contents": "19th (Western) Division\nThe 19th (Western) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, part of Kitchener's Army, formed in the Great War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158074-0001-0000", "contents": "19th (Western) Division, Formation history\nThe 19th (Western) Division was created under Western Command in September 1914, shortly after the outbreak of the Great War, from men volunteering for Lord Kitchener's New Armies. The division, whose first commander was Major General Charles Fasken, a 59-year old Indian Army officer brought out of retirement, was formed as part of Kitchener's Second New Army (K2) and, in common with most other newly-raised Kitchener units, there was a severe shortage of trained officers and NCO's to train the men, alongside a lack of modern equipment, training facilities and billets. However, by June 1915, training had progressed well and the division was sent to the Western Front, where it remained for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158074-0002-0000", "contents": "19th (Western) Division, Order of battle\nThe 19th (Western) Division was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158075-0000-0000", "contents": "19th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 19th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films and television shows released in 2019 and were announced on January 12, 2020. The awards recognized films created by and about people over the age of 50. The ceremony on January 19, 2020 was hosted by actor Tony Danza, and was broadcast on PBS as part of its Great Performances series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158075-0001-0000", "contents": "19th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0000-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards\nThe 19th AVN Awards ceremony, presented by Adult Video News (AVN), took place January 11, 2002 at the Venetian Hotel Grand Ballroom, at Paradise, Nevada, U.S.A. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards in more than 80 categories honoring the best pornographic films released between Oct. 1, 2000 and Sept. 30, 2001. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller and directed by Mark Stone. Comedian Bobby Slayton hosted the show for the third time; his co-host was adult film star Teri Weigel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0001-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards\nFade to Black won eight awards including Best Film and Best Director\u2014Film for Paul Thomas. Other winners included Euphoria with seven trophies, Island Fever with three and numerous movies with two wins apiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0002-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 19th AVN Awards were announced on November 9, 2002. Taboo 2001 and Underworld tied for the most nominations with 12 each, followed by Bad Wives 2, Fade to Black and Taken which each received 11. Euphoria followed with nine and Beast, Marissa and Unreal had eight apiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0003-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 11, 2002. Paul Thomas's win for Best Director\u2014Film was his third; he won previously for Justine (1993) and Bobby Sox (1996). Nikita Denise was first European actress to win Female Performer of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0004-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0005-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Additional Award Winners\nThese awards were announced, but not presented, in two pre-recorded winners-only segments shown on the ballroom's video monitors during the event. Trophies were given to the recipients off-stage:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0006-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame\nAVN Hall of Fame inductees for 2002 were: Christoph Clark, Patrick Collins, Raquel Darrian, Samantha Fox, Janine Lindemulder, Missy, Michael Ninn, Rocco Siffredi, P. J. Sparxxx, Randy Spears, Tianna", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0007-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers, comedy or tributes. The show's trophy girls were Carmen Luvana and Monique Alexander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0008-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThe awards show was held on the four-month anniversary of New York and Washington terrorist attacks and as such, began with a pre-recorded video tribute to post 9/11 U.S.A. featuring industry stars offering personal tributes to the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0009-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThe show was not without its share of controversies. To keep the length of the show as short as possible by limiting the number of awards presented on stage, about 50 of the awards split into two groupings are announced in rapid succession on a screen with awards handed out later. In the first of these groupings the announcements were made by the animated characters of 2 Funky 4 U, a forthcoming animated feature by Private North America. However, some of the animated characters \"offended some audience members as being allegedly racist.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0010-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nLater, Snoop Dogg generated excitement by appearing on stage to accept the award for Best Selling Tape of 2001. After returning to his seat he was thronged by about 100 fans eager to meet or congratulate him, obstructing the view of people sitting behind, although the crowd did disperse without incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0011-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThen AVN publisher Paul Fishbein went on stage to present the Reuben Sturman Memorial Special Achievement Award to Cincinnati retailer Elyse Metcalf. Fishbein gave a recap of her high-profile obscenity trial and acquittal in the previous year but Metcalf gave the show an awkward moment because she was not there to accept the honor. Metcalf had left earlier \"after becoming upset over remarks made to her by a financial supporter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0012-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThe show was recorded for later broadcast and a video of the awards show was issued by VCA Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0013-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Performance of year's movies\nSnoop Dogg's Doggystyle was announced as the adult movie industry's top selling movie and Island Fever was the top renting movie of the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 67], "content_span": [68, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158076-0014-0000", "contents": "19th AVN Awards, In Memoriam\nJohn Leslie and Joey Silvera ended the show by asking for a moment of silence in memory of late director Alex de Renzy who had died in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158077-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Academy Awards\nThe 19th Academy Awards took place on March 13, 1947, and continued a trend through the late 1940s of the Oscar voters honoring films about contemporary social issues. The Best Years of Our Lives concerns the lives of three returning veterans from three branches of military service as they adjust to life on the home front after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158077-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Academy Awards\nThe Academy awarded Harold Russell\u2014a World War II veteran who had lost both hands in the war and who, despite not being an actor, portrayed Homer Parrish in The Best Years of Our Lives\u2014an Honorary Academy Award for \"bringing hope and courage to his fellow veterans\", believing he would not win the Best Supporting Actor award for which he was nominated. As it happened, he did win the competitive award, making him the only person to receive two Oscars for the same performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158077-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Academy Awards\nThis was the first time since the 2nd Academy Awards that every category had at most 5 nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158077-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Academy Awards, Awards\nNominees were announced on February 9, 1947. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division\nThe 19th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Eighth Air Force at Carswell Air Force Base, Texas, where it was inactivated on 30 September 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division\nDuring World War II, the unit was designated as IX Bomber Command and was the command and control organization for Ninth Air Force in the Western Desert Campaign. Using predominantly B-24 Liberator heavy and B-25 Mitchell medium bombers, it supported the British Eighth Army against the German Afrika Korps from airfields ranging from Palestine in 1942 across North Africa to the final defeat of German forces in the Tunisia Campaign in May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division\nLater, during the 1944 Battle of Normandy and the 1945 Western Allied invasion of Germany, as the 9th Bombardment Division, the unit directed B-26 Marauder medium bombers in tactical roles supporting Allied ground forces from D-Day to V-E Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, Heraldry\nAzure, surmounting a lightning flash gules, a globe argent with latitude and longitude lines dark blue and encircled with a planetary ring of the last strewn with stars of the third and fimbriated of the like all bandwise, in chief an olive branch fesswise or, all within a diminished border of the third. (Approved 11 March 1959.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Canal Zone\nThe 19th Air Division was first organized on 30 June 1929 as the 19th Composite Wing at France Field, Canal Zone. It was a consolidation of Air Corps units in the Canal Zone, and was activated on 1 April 1931. It consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Canal Zone\nDuring the 1930s the 19th Wing participated in maneuvers, flew patrol missions, made good will flights to Central American and South American countries, and flew mercy missions in South America. In January 1939, it flew missions to aid earthquake victims in Santiago, Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Canal Zone\nIt was redesignated as the 19th Bombardment Wing on 19 October 1940 as the United States prepared for a possible war. By late August 1941, a total of 71 aircraft, consisting of B-18 Bolos; B-17B Flying Fortresses; A-20 Havocs, and A-17A Nomads were assigned to various groups under its control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Canal Zone\nIt was replaced by the 13th Bombardment Wing in an administrative reorganization of the Panama Canal Air Force on 25 October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nReactivated as IX Bomber Command, the unit was assigned to Ninth Air Force in Egypt on 17 November 1942. Its component groups were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\n* Formed from HALPRO components along with personnel and equipment sent from Tenth Air Force. B-17s which were assigned were determined to be non-operational and never used in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nIX Bomber Command was quickly put together in late 1942 to aid the British Eighth Army's drive west from Egypt into Libya against Rommel's Afrika Corps during the Western Desert Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0010-0001", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nIt consisted of units and aircraft put together for an attack on Japan which was canceled after the Burma Road was captured by Japanese forces, making its planned base in China unable to support the attack (HALPRO Mission); by Pearl Harbor Attack and Philippines survivor early model B-17 Flying Fortresses that had been sent from Australia, and by some early B-24 Liberator and B-25 Mitchells which were sent across the South Atlantic Transport route from Morrison Field, Florida, via Brazil and across Central Africa via Sudan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nThe United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) began planning for a buildup of American air power in the Middle East in January 1942 in response to a request from the British Chief of the Air Staff. The initial unit to arrive was given the codename \"Halverson Project\" (HALPRO). It was under the command of Colonel Harry A. Halverson (formerly Brig Gen Billy Mitchell's Executive Officer) and consisted of twenty-three B-24D Liberator heavy bombers with hand-picked crews. It had initially been assigned to the China Burma India Theatre to attack Japan from airfields in China, but after the fall of Rangoon, the Burma Road was cut, so the detachment could not be logistically supported in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nHALPRO's first mission was flown on 12 June 1942 against the Romanian oil facilities at Ploie\u015fti. Thirteen B-24s flew this first U.S. mission against a European target, causing negligible damage. On 15 June, seven planes assisted the Royal Air Force (RAF) in attacking an Italian fleet which had put to sea to intercept a British resupply convoy (Operation Vigorous) on its way to Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0012-0001", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nHALPRO then flew in support of British Commonwealth forces fighting in the deserts of Egypt and Libya on the eastern end of the Sahara Desert (the British term Western Desert refers to the Sahara being to the west of Egypt). HALPRO's primary mission became the interdiction of supplies to Rommel's Army in North Africa by bombing strikes on Axis cargo ships at sea or in the ports of Tobruk and Benghazi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nReinforced during early 1943, its subordinate units attacked enemy storage areas, motor transports, troop concentrations, airdromes, bridges, shipping, and other targets in Libya, Tunisia, and other areas. In May 1943 after the Tunisian Campaign ended, Tunisia became available for launching attacks on Pantelleria (Operation Corkscrew), Sicily (Operation Husky), and mainland Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nThe command attacked airfields and rail facilities in Sicily and took part in Operation Husky, carried paratroopers, and flew reinforcements to ground units on the island. Heavy bomb units of the Ninth also participated in the famed low-level assault on oil refineries at Ploesti (Operation Tidal Wave) Romania on 1 August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nLater in August 1943, it was decided to reassign Ninth Air Force to England to be the tactical air force in the planned invasion of France scheduled for May 1944. The IX Bomber Command reassigned its groups to Twelfth Air Force, and eventually its heavy bombardment groups became the core of the newly activated Fifteenth Air Force, while its B-25 Mitchell medium bomber groups remained with Twelfth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, North Africa\nThe command's headquarters at Soluch Airfield, Libya, was inactivated on 1 October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, Normandy Campaign\nThe IX Bomber Command was reassigned to Marks Hall, England on 16 October 1943. It took over the 3rd Bombardment Wing of the Eighth Air Force VIII Air Support Command. It was expanded and consisted of three Wings of medium bomber groups:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, Normandy Campaign\nIn England, and later on the continent after D-Day, IX Bomber Command became the medium bomber component of Ninth Air Force. Its initial mission was attack to German Atlantic Wall defenses along the English Channel coast of France. After D-Day, its primary mission was changed to fly tactical bombardment missions supporting Allied ground forces as they advanced from the Normandy Beaches across France into Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, Normandy Campaign\nIn addition, it attacked enemy airfields in Nazi-occupied areas in support of Eighth Air Force strategic bombing missions as well as operations against German V-weapon sites. Additional missions involved attacks on rail marshaling yards, railroads, airfields, industrial plants, military installations, and other enemy targets in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, World War II, Normandy Campaign\nIt was redesignated as the  9th Bombardment Division, Medium on 30 August 1944. The last combat missions was flown on 3 May 1945 by the 386th, 391st, 409th & 410th Bomb Groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Air Force Reserve\nRedesignated as the 19th Bombardment Wing, it served another brief period with the reserve from 1946\u20131949, carrying out routine training activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nIt was redesignated again and activated at Carswell Air Force Base, Texas in February 1951 as the 19th Air Division, part of Strategic Air Command (SAC). It commanded the two Convair B-36 Peacemaker wings at Carswell, the 7th and 11th Bombardment Wings. By September 1952, the B-36s assigned to the 7th and 11th Wings comprised two thirds of SAC's intercontinental bomber force. These same units were later equipped with B-52 Stratofortress and KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft training in global strategic-bombardment and air-refueling operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nOn 1 September 1952, what was then thought to be a tornado rolled across the Carswell flight line, with winds over 90 miles per hour recorded at the control tower. By the time it had passed \"the flight line was a tangle of airplanes, equipment and pieces of buildings.\" None of the 82 bombers on the base escaped damage, and SAC declared the division non-operational. Maintenance personnel of the 7th and 11th Wings went on an 84-hour weekly work schedule and began to restore the least damaged aircraft to operational status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0023-0001", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nMore heavily damaged aircraft were worked on by personnel from the San Antonio Air Materiel Area, where the depot for the B-36 was located. The planes that had been most heavily damaged were towed across the field to the Convair plant where they had been manufactured. Within a month, 51 of the base's Peacemakers had been returned to service and the division was again declared operational. By May 1953, all but two of the planes had been returned to service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nIn 1959, the 3958th Operational Training and Evaluation Squadron was reassigned to the division from SAC headquarters. At the same time the squadron was upgraded to a group and assigned the 3958th Combat Crew Training Squadron and the 3958th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nThe 3958th, along with its counterpart 6592d Test Squadron of Air Research and Development Command, representatives of Air Materiel Command, Convair and other contractors formed the Convair B-58 Hustler test force, and, at the time of the 3958th's transfer, was involved in Category II testing of the B-58. This testing phase included tests of aircraft subsystems and its J79 engines. Before Category II tests were completed, seven aircraft were lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nCategory II tests, led by the 6592d, were completed by the end of June 1960, and, Category III tests (operational testing) began in August. These tests were conducted primarily by the division's 43d Bombardment Wing (Carswell AFB, Ft. Worth, Texas) with the technical assistance of the remainder of test force. In anticipation of its expanded testing and crew-training mission for the Hustler, SAC had inactivated the 3958th and transferred its mission, personnel and equipment to the 43d Bomb Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0027-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nIn January 1967, the division began deploying B-52 aircraft and aircrews to Southeast Asia for combat operations, continuing until 1973. In 1975, the 19th provided air-refueling support for the evacuation of Vietnamese and Americans from South Vietnam. With the end of the Vietnam War, the division began transitioning control of most of its B-52 wings (with the exception of the 7th Bombardment Wing at Carswell AFB) into KC-135 Stratotanker air refueling and LGM-25C Titan II ICBM wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0028-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, History, Strategic Air Command\nWith the retirement of the Titan II in 1987, the 19th Air Division was itself inactivated in September 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158078-0029-0000", "contents": "19th Air Division, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158079-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 19th Air Refueling Squadron (19 ARS) is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force. At the time of its inactivation, it was based at Otis Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158079-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Air Refueling Squadron\nOn 19 Sep 1985 the 19th Air Refueling Squadron,(Medium), was consolidated with the 19th Ferrying Squadron, a unit that was last active 31 Mar 1944. This action was directed by Department of the Air Force Letter DAF/MPM 662q Attachment 2 (Inactive Units), 19 Sep 1985. The Consolidated Unit will retain the Designation of 19th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158080-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Squadron\nThe 19th Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 60th Operations Group, Travis Air Force Base, California. The last sortie was flown on 2 August 1996 and the unit inactivated effective 30 September 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158080-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 19th Airlift Squadron was constituted as the 19th Transport Squadron on 22 November 1940. Activated on 1 January 1941 at Hickam Field, Hawaii, the squadron was assigned to Hawaiian (later, Seventh) Air Force, flying the Douglas C-33 (DC-2). During the course of World War II, the squadron would conduct aerial transportation within the Hawaiian Islands and to forward bases in the Pacific. In May 1942, the squadron was moved over to the adjoining John Rogers Airport (now Honolulu International Airport) due to space issues at Hickam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158080-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was re-designated the 19th Troop Carrier Squadron on 5 July 1942. That same year, the unit transitioned to the C-53 aircraft. The following year, it converted to the C-57 and C-47. In 1944, it added the C-45 to its inventory. On 15 August, the 19th became assigned to VI Air Service Area Command and the following year, on 15 December 1945, to AAF, Middle Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158080-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Squadron, History, Cold War\nWith the end of the war, the 19th continued its intra-theater operations in the Hawaiian Islands. It was reassigned 4-engined C-54 Skymasters and also C-46 Commandos. In 1948 it was transferred to Bergstom AFB in Texas and assigned to Tactical Air Command. However, the squadron deployed to Wiesbaden Air Base in Germany in June 1948 in response to the urgent need for C-54 transports due to the Berlin Airlift. There it flew constant missions in the Berlin Air Corridor to airports in West Berlin and back to Wiesbaden. The 19th remained in Occupied Germany until it was inactivated on 26 August 1948, its aircraft assigned to other units in Occupied Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158080-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Squadron, History, Cold War\nRe -designated as the 19th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium, on 23 May 1952, the squadron was reactivated on 10 June 1952 at Brady AB, Japan. The squadron flew with the C-46 aircraft under the 315th Troop Carrier Group. Its mission at Brady was to provide passenger transportation between South Korea, Japan and other US bases in the western Pacific. The squadron inactivated on 18 January 1955 due to budget reductions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158080-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe last generation of the squadron was activated as the 1403d Military Airlift Squadron, which was designated, and activated, on 1 August 1984 at Yokota Air Base in Japan. The squadron had been attached to 316th Tactical Airlift Group, and then the 374th Tactical Airlift Wing starting on 1 October 1989. Its mission was to provide intra-theater airlift for high-ranking PACAF and civilian officials and small mission\u2013essential equipment, flying C-12 Huron twin-engine prop planes, and in 1985, upgrading to the C-21 Learjet. The squadron was designated the 19th Airlift Squadron on 1 April 1992 and assigned to the 316th Airlift Support Group, before being reassigned on 1 June 1992 to the 374th Operations Groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158080-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe 19th AS transferred to the 60th Operations Group, Travis AFB, California on 1 November 1993, in a name-only re-designation of the 7th Airlift Squadron. Its VIP aircraft at Yokota were transferred back to the United States. In turn, the 19th took over the C-141B Starlifters and mission of the 7th as part of the re-designation, as part of an Air Force initiative to retain low-numbered units on active duty. With a final flight and inactivation ceremony on 2 Aug 1996, the squadron was inactivated on 30 September 1996 as part of the retirement of the C-141 fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158080-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing\nThe 19th Airlift Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Mobility Command's Eighteenth Air Force. It is stationed at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. The wing is also the host unit at Little Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing\nThe Wing provides the Department of Defense its largest Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport fleet, supplying humanitarian airlift relief to victims of disasters, to airdropping supplies and troops into the heart of contingency operations in hostile areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing\nActive for over 60 years, the 19th was a component wing of Strategic Air Command's deterrent force during the Cold War. The wing served in the Korean War and Operation Desert Storm. Its component units are currently engaged in combat operations as part of the Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing\nThe 19th Airlift Wing is commanded by . Its Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant Justin Strain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, Units\nThe 19th Airlift Wing is organized into a quad-group structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, Units\nThe 19th Airlift Wing staff includes a variety of agencies that directly support the wing commander, group commanders and the base population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History\nThe 19th Bombardment Wing was formed in 1948 from resources of the former North Guam Air Force Base Command (Provisional). The 19th, with the 19th Bombardment Group as its operational flying unit, operated Andersen Air Force Base and maintained proficiency in Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. In May 1949, headquarters Twentieth Air Force moved from Guam to Kadena Air Base, Okinawa and its former staff was assigned to the 19th Bomb Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History\nAt Andersen, the wing assumed responsibility for administering two active and one semi-active bases plus an assortment of communication, weather, radar, rescue and other facilities and units including the Marianas Air Materiel Area, a wing size unit. Many of the units and facilities were inactivated with a few months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History\nIn October 1949, the 19th Wing again became subordinated to Twentieth Air Force and the remaining units in the Marianas and Bonin Islands were transferred to other organizations. From 17 October 1949 until 28 June 1950, the wing continued B-29 training, operation of Anderson and some rescue and reconnaissance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Korean War\nWhen the Korean War broke out in late June 1950, the 19th Bombardment Group was immediately detached from the wing for combat operations from Kadena. From Kadena, the wing's operational squadrons (28th, 30th, 93d) attacked North Korean invasion forces. The first Superfortress unit in the war, the group on 28 June attacked North Korean storage tanks, marshalling yards, and armor. In the first two months, it flew more than six hundred sorties, supporting United Nations ground forces by bombing enemy troops, vehicles, and such communications points as the Han River bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Korean War\nAt Kadena, the group was initially under the operational control of Twentieth Air Force. After 8 July 1950, it was attached to Far East Air Forces Bomber Command (Provisional). Many of the aircraft flown by the 19th Bomb Group squadrons in combat were refurbished B-29s that were placed in storage after World War II, then brought back into operational service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Korean War\nIn the north, its targets included an oil refinery and port facilities at Wonsan, a railroad bridge at Pyongyang, and Yonpo Airfield. After United Nations ground forces pushed the communists out of South Korea, the 19th Group turned to strategic objectives in North Korea, including industrial and hydroelectric facilities. It also continued to attack bridges, marshalling yards, supply centers, artillery and troop positions, barracks, port facilities, and airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Korean War\nIn accordance with organizational change within the Strategic Air Command (SAC) and later throughout the entire Air Force, the 19th Bomb Group was inactivated on 1 June 1953 and its squadrons assigned directly to the 19th Bomb Wing, which moved its headquarters to Kadena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nIn May 1954, the Wing was reassigned from Far East Air Forces to SAC and moved to Pinecastle Air Force Base, Florida, turning in its war-weary and obsolete B-29s at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, en route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nIn 1954 the propeller-driven B-29s were replaced with new Boeing B-47E Stratojet swept-wing medium bombers capable of flying at high subsonic speeds and primarily designed for penetrating the airspace of the Soviet Union. They were assigned to the 28th, 30th, and 93rd Bombardment Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nThe wing also gained an air refueling unit with the 100th Air Refueling Squadron which was attached to the wing from 2 February 1955 until 16 August 1956. In February 1956, the 19th Air Refueling Squadron was permanently assigned to the wing. Both units flew Boeing KC-97 Stratotankers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nEarly in 1955, the wing deployed to Sidi Slimane Air Base, French Morocco, January \u2013 April 1956, and to Ben Guerir Air Base, Morocco, May \u2013 July 1957. From July 1957 to April 1961, the wing maintained a portion of its tactical resources on overseas alert. Its B-47s were phased out of the SAC inventory beginning in 1960, sending the wing's last Stratojet to Davis-Monthan in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nThe 19th moved to Homestead Air Force Base, Florida on 1 June 1956 from Pinecastle. At Homestead, the wing consisted of one squadron in Florida (28th BS), and four squadrons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nThe wing converted to the Boeing B-52H Stratofortress and Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft in 1961\u20131962. However, most of its aircraft were reassigned. SAC was then in the process of establishing strategic wings and the 19th lost four squadrons to them. This left the 19th with one squadron of B-52Hs (28th BS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nOn 7 June 1962, a wing B-52H broke the world record for distance flown on a closed course without landing or refueling. The mission was flown from Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina. The flight covered 11,336.92 miles and broke a record set two years earlier by a B-52G of the 5th Bombardment Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nAt Homestead, the wing won the Fairchild Trophy in the SAC bombing and navigation competition for 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nThe 19th moved without personnel or equipment to Robins Air Force Base, Georgia in mid-1968, it absorbed resources of the 465th Bombardment Wing and converted to the B-52G. At Robins, the 19th furnished B\u201352 Operation Arc Light crews and KC\u2013135 aircraft and crews supporting Yankee Team, Foreign Legion & Young Tiger Tanker Task Forces and crews to other SAC organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0021-0001", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nIn the spring & summer of 1972, all assigned B-52Gs aircraft & crews deployed to the provisional strategic wing at Andersen Air Force Base and its KC-135A aircraft and crews deployed to the 376th Strategic Wing, at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, involved in combat operations in Southeast Asia. In 1972, the wing deployed virtually all its aircraft and crews for combat operations, leaving headquarters at Robins minimally staffed. In November 1973, the wing returned from deployment and resumed normal operations. The 19th Bombardment Wing won the Omaha Trophy as the Outstanding Wing in SAC for 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nThe wing lost its B-52s and was redesignated as the 19th Air Refueling Wing on 1 October 1983. The wing undertook worldwide aerial refueling missions for various operations and exercises and supported the Eielson (Alaskan); Andersen (Pacific); & Spanish (European) Tanker Task Forces. It flew air refueling missions supporting Operation Urgent Fury, the overthrow of the Stalinist regime in Grenada 23 \u2013 24 October 1983. Beginning in 1984, it provided two EC-135 aircraft and crews to support the United States Central Command in Southwest Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nWith conversion to KC-135R aircraft, the wing continued supporting the Alaska and, Pacific Tanker Task Forces in 1988 and the Caribbean Tanker Task Force in March 1990. It flew air refueling missions for the Operation Just Cause, the overthrow of the regime of Manuel Noriega in Panama 18 \u2013 21 December 1989 and deployed resources to Southwest Asia, August 1990 \u2013 March 1991, providing air refueling, cargo, and command, control and communications support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nIt was redesignated the 19th Air Refueling Wing on 1 September 1991. The 19th Operations Group was activated at the same time as the flying component of the wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War\nFrom January 1992, it provided a Boeing EC-137 Stratoliner and crews to support the United States Special Operations Command, and from August 1992 the wing supported the Saudi Tanker Task Force. It provided air refueling support to NATO fighters in Bosnia in September \u2013 October 1995. Several KC-135R tankers deployed to Southwest Asia to support Operation Southern Watch, January \u2013 March 1996 and to Turkey for Operation Provide Comfort, April \u2013 June 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, Post Cold War\nOn 1 July 1996, the 19th Air Refueling Wing was inactivated, and its functions turned over to its operations group, redesignated the 19th Air Refueling Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0027-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, History, 19th Airlift Wing\nThe 19th was reactivated at Little Rock Air Force Base on 1 October 2008 as the 19th Airlift Wing. It is also the sponsor unit of Cadet Squadron 19 \"Wolverines\" at the United States Air Force Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158081-0028-0000", "contents": "19th Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158082-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Alabama Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Alabama Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158082-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Alabama Infantry Regiment was formed in Huntsville, Alabama, on August 14, 1861. The unit fought in the Battle of Shiloh on April 6 and 7, 1862. The regiment surrendered at Salisbury, North Carolina, at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons\nThe 19th Alberta Dragoons originated in Edmonton, Alberta on 1 February 1908, when the 19th The Alberta Mounted Rifles were authorized to be formed and was redesignated as the 19th Alberta Dragoons on 3 January 1911. On 16 February 1936, it was amalgamated with The Alberta Mounted Rifles. It was redesignated the 19th (Reserve) Alberta Dragoons on 7 November 1940. On 1 April 1946, it was amalgamated with the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Edmonton Fusiliers and redesignated as the 19th (Alberta) Armoured Car Regiment, RCAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0000-0001", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons\nIt was redesignated the 19th Alberta Armoured Car Regiment on 4 February 1949, the 19th Alberta Dragoons (19th Armoured Car Regiment) on 1 November 1954 and the 19th Alberta Dragoons on 19 May 1958. It was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle on 28 February 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons\nIn 2006, the 19th Alberta Dragoons were amalgamated with the South Alberta Light Horse, which retained that designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons\nThe regiment perpetuated the 3rd Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Canadian Expeditionary Force; the 9th Battalion, CEF; 66th Battalion (Edmonton Guards), CEF; 138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF; and 202nd (Sportsman's) Battalion, CEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons\nWilliam Antrobus Griesbach joined the 19th Alberta Dragoons in 1906 as a Lieutenant, just prior to World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons, The Great War\nDetails of the 19th Alberta Dragoons, the 21st Alberta Hussars and 23rd Alberta Rangers were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protective duty. The 19th Alberta Dragoons recruited the 1st Divisional Cavalry Squadron, CEF, authorized on 10 August 1914, which embarked for Great Britain on 1 October 1914. The squadron was redesignated as A Squadron, Canadian Corps Cavalry Regiment, CEF, on 12 February 1916 and as A Squadron, Canadian Light Horse, CEF, on 21 February 1917. It fought in France from 12 February 1915 until the end of the war and was disbanded on 6 November 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons, The Great War\nThe 3rd Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, was authorized on 7 November 1914, embarked for England on 12 June 1915 and fought in France as from 22 September 1915 as part of the 1st Canadian Mounted Rifles Brigade until absorbed by the 1st Battalion and 2nd Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles on 31 December 1915. The regiment was subsequently disbanded on 12 August 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons, The Great War\nThe 9th Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Britain on 1 October 1914, where it was redesignated as the 9th Reserve Infantry Battalion, CEF, on 29 April 1915, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps. The battalion was formally disbanded on 15 September 1917. The 66th Battalion (Edmonton Guards), CEF, was authorized on 20 April 1915 and embarked for Britain on 28 April 1916 where its personnel were absorbed by the 9th Reserve Battalion, CEF on 7 July 1916 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps. The battalion was formally disbanded on 30 August 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0006-0001", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons, The Great War\nThe 138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 22 August 1916 where its personnel were absorbed by 128th Battalion, CEF, on 8 December 1916 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps. The battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920. The 202nd (Sportsman's) Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Britain on 23 November 1916 where its personnel were absorbed by the 9th Reserve Battalion, CEF, on 27 May 1917 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps. The battalion was disbanded on 18 February 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158083-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Dragoons, The Second World War\nDetails of The Edmonton Fusiliers were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and then placed on active service on 1 September 1939 for local protection duties. These details were disbanded on 31 December 1940. The regiment mobilized the 1st Battalion, The Edmonton Fusiliers, CASF, on 24 May 1940. It served in Canada in a home defence role as part of the 13th Infantry Brigade, 6th Canadian Infantry Division. The 1st Battalion disbanded on 14 November 1945. The regiment also mobilized the 3rd Battalion, The Edmonton Fusiliers, CASF, for active service on 12 May 1942, which  served in Canada in a home defence role as part of the 16th Infantry Brigade, 8th Canadian Infantry Division. The 3rd Battalion  disbanded on 15 August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158084-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Legislature\nThe 19th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from May 24, 1979, to October 5, 1982, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1979 Alberta general election held on March 14, 1979. The Legislature officially resumed on May 24, 1979, and continued until the fourth session was prorogued on May 4, 1982 and dissolved on October 5, 1982, prior to the 1982 Alberta general election on November 2, 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158084-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's nineteenth government was controlled by the majority Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta for the third time, led by Premier Peter Lougheed. The Official Opposition was led by Robert Curtis Clark of the Social Credit Party and later Raymond Speaker. The Speaker was Gerard Amerongen who would serve in the role until he was defeated in the 1986 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158085-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Algerian Parachute Battalion\nThe 19th Algerian Parachute Battalion (Fr: 19e bataillon de parachutistes alg\u00e9riens) was a French paratroop battalion formed in French Algeria in 1950. The battalion was disbanded in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158086-0000-0000", "contents": "19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\nThe 19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was a party conference held by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 28 June to 1 July 1988. The conference was attended by 4,991 delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158086-0001-0000", "contents": "19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, The Conference\nThe General Secretary, Mikhail Gorbachev, declared in his opening speech that political reform was the key issue. Gorbachev wanted to achieve the \"democratization of the life of the state and society\", and wanted the Soviet Union to \"move along the path of the creation of a socialist state under the rule of law\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 84], "content_span": [85, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158086-0002-0000", "contents": "19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, The Conference\nThe Conference called for elections for the governmental soviets at all levels, with secret ballots and multiple candidacies, and it established the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 84], "content_span": [85, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158086-0003-0000", "contents": "19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, The Conference\nAlthough Gorbachev had to compromise on some of his several objectives because of conservative resistance, the conference was a significant victory for Gorbachev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 84], "content_span": [85, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158087-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Gardel Awards\nThe 19th Annual Gardel Awards ceremony were held on June 6, 2017. The TN network broadcast the show live from the Gran Rex Theatre in Buenos Aires. The ceremony recognizes the best recordings, compositions, and artists of the eligibility year, which runs from January 1, 2016 to January 31, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158087-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Gardel Awards\nLalo Mir and Maju Lozano hosted the ceremony. The \"pre-telecast\" ceremony was held on the same day at the Opera Allianz Theatre prior to the main event and was hosted by Gabriela Radice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158087-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Gardel Awards\nThe nominations were announced on May 9, 2017 at the N\u00e9stor Kirchner Cultural Centre. Abel Pintos acquired the most nominations with five, while Carajo, Eruca Sativa and Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas followed with three nominations each. Pintos was the biggest winner of the night with three trophies, including Best Male Pop Album the Golden Gardel Award for Album of the Year for 11, and Song of the Year for \"C\u00f3mo Te Extra\u00f1o\". Eruca Sativa, Carajo and Babas\u00f3nicos followed with two trophies each. The Solidarity Gardel Award went to Le\u00f3n Gieco, for the video of his song \"La memoria\", which pays tribute to the victims at the AMIA bombing attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158087-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Gardel Awards, Background\nThe 2017 edition of the Gardel Awards received 1,500 applications, marking a 23% of increase regarding the 2016 edition, even though Universal, one of the major record companies, declined to submit its artists for award consideration. The genre that received the most nominations was rock, followed by folklore and pop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158087-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Gardel Awards, Nominees and winners\nNominees were taken from the Gardel Awards website. Winners are listed in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158088-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 19th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 19, 1977, and were broadcast live on American television (CBS). It was the seventh and final year Andy Williams hosted the telecast. The ceremony recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158088-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Grammy Awards\nHelen Hayes's win made her the second person to become an EGOT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on November 15, 2018 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Winners and nominees, Urban\nDaddy Yankee, Urbani Mota Cede\u00f1o, Juan G. Rivera Vazquez and Luis Jorge Romero \u2014 \"Dura\" (Daddy Yankee)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Winners and nominees, Alternative\nAnt\u00f3n Alvarez Alfaro, Pablo Diaz-Reixa and Rosal\u00eda \u2014 \"Malamente\" (Rosal\u00eda)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Winners and nominees, Tropical\nJos\u00e9 Alberto \"El Canario\" and El Septeto Santiaguero \u2014 A Mi Qu\u00e9 - Tributo a los Cl\u00e1sicos Cubanos", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Winners and nominees, Tropical\nJuan Luis Guerra, Juan Carlos Luces and V\u00edctor Manuelle \u2014 \"Quiero Tiempo\" (V\u00edctor Manuelle featuring Juan Luis Guerra)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Winners and nominees, Regional Mexican\nRoger Vel\u00e1squez & The Latin Legendz \u2014 Tex Mex Funk", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Winners and nominees, Regional Mexican\nCalibre 50  \u2014 Guerra de PoderPesado  \u2014 Los \u00c1ngeles Existen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Winners and nominees, Classical\nClaudia Montero \u2014 \"Luces y Sombras. Concierto Para Guitarra y Orquesta De Cuerdas\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Winners and nominees, Arrangement\nMilton Salcedo \u2014 \"Se Le Ve\" (Milton Salcedo featuring Amaury Guti\u00e9rrez, Carlos Oliva y Michel Puche)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158089-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Winners and nominees, Production\nRafa Sardina and Eric Boulanger \u2014 50 A\u00f1os Tocando Para Ti (Orquesta Filarm\u00f3nica De Bogot\u00e1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158090-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 19th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e) was the nineteenth edition of the biannual Gulf Cup competition, and took place in Muscat, Oman, from 4 to 17 January 2009 and was won by Oman for the first time in its history, in a penalty shootout against regional rivals, Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158090-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 19th Arabian Gulf Cup marked as a milestone in the competition when it was broadcast for the first time in HD, and featured virtual graphics, such as distance between free kick barrier and the goal, 9.15 m circle for free-kicks, and off-side line detection with help from Al-Jazeera Sports. Many praised Al-Jazeera for their excellent coverage of the competition, noting that the camerawork was very similar to UEFA Euro 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158090-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Arabian Gulf Cup, The postponing of the competition\nThe 19th Arabian Gulf Cup was originally planned out to be held in 2008, but due to Cyclone Gonu damaging Muscat six months before the planned time of the event, it was then postponed to early 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158091-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Arabian Gulf Cup squads\nThis article lists the confirmed national football squads for the 19th Arabian Gulf Cup tournament held in Oman between January 4 and January 17, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158092-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona State Legislature\nThe 19th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1949 to December 31, 1950, during the first year of Dan Edward Garvey's first full term as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators and house members remained constant at 19 and 58, respectively. The Democrats controlled one hundred percent of the senate, while the Republicans gained two house seats, to a total of seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158092-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 10, 1949; and adjourned on March 19. There were two special sessions: the first convened on February 20, 1950, and adjourned sine die on March 19, 1950; while the second convened on April 10, 1950 and adjourned sine die on April 15, 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158092-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158092-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 19th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which convened in Phoenix, Arizona. The session began on January 18, 1897, and ended on March 18, 1897.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nA long running feud within the territory's Democratic Party had come to an end with the removal of L. C. Hughes as governor on March 30, 1896. He was replaced by Benjamin Joseph Franklin. The effects of the Panic of 1896 had been felt in the territory. Despite this, the territorial government's financial outlook remained solid. The territory's cattle and mining industries continued to expand and new settlers kept arriving. Work to construct the grounds for a territorial capitol were under way but no capitol building had yet been authorized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session\nThe session began on January 18, 1897. Of the 320 bills introduced, 88 were signed into law. A number of vetos by Governor Franklin caused animosity between himself and the House of Representatives. This included 11 pocket vetos at the end of the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nThe governor was sick at the time the session began. This resulted the address being delayed until the afternoon of January 28. The governor was present while the address was read to the session members by the governor's son, Alfred. At roughly 20,000 words, the address was considered to be of \"unusual length\" and spoke of the territory's glorious future potential. In many respects the speech was an argument for statehood as well as the traditional address. It began by complimenting the session member's honor, intelligence, and patriotism. Franklin then asked for the legislators to practice financial restraint and to not be hasty in the performance of their duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nSpeaking about the territory's development, Franklin noted the territorial population had reached an estimated 101,000 with opportunities for future growth if additional acreage could be put to agricultural use through new irrigation projects. Mining continued to be the territory's largest economic engine with US$14\u00a0million in revenue during 1896. Cattle ranching and farming followed with an estimated revenues of US$3\u00a0million and US$2\u00a0million each. Enrollment at the University of Arizona had reached 149 students with 16,936 children enrolled in the territory's schools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nThe National Guard had grown to 488 officers and men within the territory. With the cities of Phoenix, Prescott, and Tucson employing a total of three police officers, crime rates on a per capita basis were still lower in Arizona than on the East Coast. Meanwhile, discipline at Yuma Territorial Prison was described as \"firm, but kindly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nGovernor was concerned about tax avoidance, saying \"The burden of taxation is pt to rest most heavily upon the citizen of small and fixed holdings, rather than upon the one possessed of large wealth which is variously invested, and therefore more intangible and difficult to reach.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0006-0001", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nTowards this end he called for the railroads, which he called \"quasi public corporations\", to pay a more in taxes, arguing \"the State guarantees to every citizen a security for his person and his property, and those who, of niceness must expect the most protection should, and of right ought to give the largest return thereof.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nOne of the first actions taken by the session was a revision of the territorial livestock laws. Cattle ranchers were please when the system of county level brand registration was replaced by a new system operated at the territorial level. The new system simplified most of the registration requirements and prevented brand duplication within the territory. Another law encouraged conservation of wild game and mountain trout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nPermission to construction of a territorial capitol building was granted. The permission included a US$100,000 bond authorization. A compulsory education bill passed but vetoed by the governor. Meanwhile, Flagstaff's reform school was converted into an insane asylum and special tax was authorized for creation of a new reform school in Benson. The Santa Fe Railroad was granted permission to purchase the bankrupt Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. Additionally, new railroads were given a fifteen-year exemption from taxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nDuring the session, a number of newspaper editors visited the legislature seeking payment for services provided to previous sessions. The visits soon reached nuisance levels and the House, as a joke, passed a bill making it a felony to publish or edit a newspaper within the boundaries of the territory. Penalty for violation was set at 10 to 20 years in the territorial penitentiary. The Council never gave the House bill serious consideration and by the end of the session payments of US$72 to each of the daily newspapers and US$36 to the weeklies was authorized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nTwo legislative actions caused unforeseen future problems. In the first, the three sections of the territorial penal code that defined homicide were repealed and replaced by a new definition. The change the side effect of creating a legal loophole which overturned most past murder convictions and forced charges against those awaiting trial to be dropped. Dozens of murders were left unpunished, including those allegedly committed by the Apache Kid and Black Jack Ketchum's gang members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0010-0001", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nThe second was a $3,000 appropriation to the Arizona Pioneer's Historical Society so that the society could collect mementos and testimonials from the territory's earliest settlers. The President of the Council, Fred G. Hughes, embezzled roughly two-thirds of this appropriation to pay off gambling debts and was imprisoned in Yuma Territorial Prison before being paroled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158093-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nAs the session drew to an end, tensions between the House of Representatives and Governor Franklin, a gold Democrat in a predominately free silver territory, grew. The cause of the animosity was a series of vetoes issued by the governor, including bills granting tax reductions to irrigation projects, mine smelters, and sugar beet factories along with pay increases for county employees. This resulted in the House passing a resolution sponsored by L. O. Cowan declaring \"the best interests of the territory demanded an immediate change in the office of governor.\" The Council responded by tabling the resolution and passing another proclaiming \"that it has implicit confidence in the integrity and ability of out present governor, the Honorable B. J. Franklin.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's)\nThe 19th (Dawson's) Arkansas Infantry (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The regiment was present for but not engaged during the Battle of Pea Ridge. At the Battle of Arkansas Post, the regiment became split, with part of the regiment surrendering with the garrison when the post capitulated. The captured portion of the regiment was eventually exchanged and released on the east side of the Mississippi and served the remainder of the war with the Confederate Army of Tennessee. The un-captured portion of the regiment was consolidated with the remnants of the 24th Arkansas and served the remainder of the war in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Organization\n19th (Dawson's) Infantry Regiment completed its organization at Nashville, Arkansas, in November 1861. The field officers were Colonel C. L. Dawson; Lieutenant Colonels A. S. Hutchison and P. R. Smith; and Majors Joseph Anderson, David H. Hamiter, and John G. McKean. The unit was inducted into Confederate Service at Nashville, Arkansas, on November 21, 1861. The 19th Arkansas Regiment was organized from seven companies from Hempstead, Pike, Polk and Sevier counties. Three additional companies from Hempstead, Scott and Sevier were later added, the last (Company K) on March 3, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Organization\nSeveral Companies contained officers and men who had previously served in the 5th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, which had disbanded rather than enter Confederate service following the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Charles L. Dawson, who had previously commanded the 37th Arkansas Militia Regiment of Sevier County, was elected colonel at the regiment's organization. The unit was composed of volunteer companies from the following locations in Arkansas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Organization\nThe 19th (Dawson's) Arkansas Regiment had strong support among the population where it was recruited. Even though there was a certain degree of pro-Union sentiment in the mountains of southwest Arkansas, the region continued to supply huge numbers of recruits to the 19th Arkansas, and civilians kept up a steady supply of clothing, equipment and other supplies to the men. In fact, the 19th Arkansas started off as one of the largest (in terms of number of men), best clothed (their unique frock coats and Australian-style hats were unmistakable), and best equipped (though marginally armed) Arkansas regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Organization\nAdditionally, the regiment was blessed with some of the best company commanders in the business. The company officers were mostly men who had been active in the prewar militia, and many were veterans of the Arkansas State Troops and had seen combat close up and personal at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. The officers were highly literate, mostly professional men, and familiar with infantry drill and tactics. Many of the staff officers were former businessmen who were used to keeping up with records and reports. The privates of the regiment were also a pretty literate bunch of men who wrote home frequently, providing many insights to modern researchers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Pea Ridge Campaign\nStill unsupplied with sufficient arms, the 19th Arkansas was present, but not engaged, at the Battle of Pea Ridge, where it was detailed to guard the army's train. After the battle, the 19th Arkansas was stationed on the border for a few months, and was ordered to conduct a long, difficult and pointless march through the Indian Territory. The regiment was ravaged by disease during this period. Today, the graves of some of the soldiers of the 19th Arkansas can still be found in the Confederate Cemetery at Atoka, Oklahoma. Many other men were left behind sick at various places, and were never heard from again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Pea Ridge Campaign\nReturning to Arkansas, the regiment was reorganized for the war on August 13, 1862, and was issued new arms and equipment. Recruiting details from the 19th Arkansas had been busy in May and June, bringing a large number of new recruits back with them to Camp White Sulphur Springs, near Pine Bluff. The 19th Arkansas did not receive many of these recruits, however. Many of the new recruits died of disease before they were mustered into service, and were buried in untold numbers of unmarked graves at White Sulphur Springs. Others were shamelessly \"shanghaied\" and assigned to other units. The 24th Arkansas Regiment received a large number of men recruited by the 19th Arkansas, and Hart's Arkansas Battery was reconstituted by the addition of many of the 19th Arkansas recruits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Arkansas Post\nAssigned to the garrison of Fort Hindman at Arkansas Post, a large part of the regiment was captured when the fort was surrendered on January 11, 1863. Some of the men were absent from Arkansas Post, and they were subsequently organized into a new regiment (Hardy's). The men who were captured were sent to prisons in the North, and when exchanged in April were assigned to the Army of Tennessee, where they spent the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0005-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Arkansas Post\nOf the 633 men of the 19th Arkansas Regiment who were captured at Arkansas Post, 185 died of disease in prison, another 58 died in hospitals in Virginia after being released from prison, and 24 had taken the oath of allegiance; so the regiment entered upon its service east of the Mississippi River with only 306 men. As a result, the 19th Arkansas was field-consolidated with the survivors of the 24th Arkansas Regiment and Crawford's Arkansas Battalion (also captured at Arkansas Post), under command of Lieut. Col. Augustus S. Hutchinson of the 19th Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Chickamauga Campaign\nThis consolidated unit fought together at the Battle of Chickamauga where they reported casualties of 16 killed or mortallywounded, 80 wounded, and one captured. At Chickamauga, the unit fought in a brigade made up entirely of the Arkansas Post prisoners, and commanded by General James Deshler who was killed during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Chickamauga Campaign\nAfter Chickamauga, the unit's consolidation was changed. The Arkansas units were moved into the Arkansas Brigade of Cleburne's division, and were destined to remain there for the rest of the war. On November 15, 1863, the 24th Ark. was removed from its attachment to the 19th and combined the 2nd and 15th Arkansas. The 8th Arkansas was then united with the 19th, to form the 8th - 19th Arkansas, which organization was to remain in place until the middle of April, 1865. However, it appears that these two units maintained separate unit structures inside the newly reorganized regiment. The ten companies of the 19th were then reorganized by combining them into five as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Chickamauga Campaign\nColonel George Baucum of the 8th Arkansas assumed command of the consolidate unit. The units remained consolidated for the rest of the war. The unit saw light action at the decisive victory by General Cleburne over Sherman at Tunnel Hill on November 25, 1863, and was in reserve most of the day at the thrashing of the Union pursuit forces at Ringgold Gap, Georgia, on November 27, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Atlanta Campaign\nThe 8th-19th played a part in all of Cleburne's actions in the Atlanta Campaign, but particularly distinguished itself at the Battle of Pickett's Mill, when it was sent across a cornfield to counter a Union thrust which was about to turn the Confederate right flank. Cavalry General John Kelly, a former commander of the 8th Arkansas, appeared before the men, and in an electrifying charge, led them into the corn to stop the Union attack cold. Baucum and the unit were cited in General Cleburne's report on the battle. Casualties for the 19th portion of the regiment were 8 killed and 5 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Atlanta Campaign\nThe unit saw heavy action in the Battle of Atlanta, where it lost many men. Colonel Baucum was shot in the face, while Lt. Col. Hutchison was wounded in the arm. Both being lost for many months, command devolved upon Major David H. Hamiter of the 19th Arkansas, who was to command the regiment until the final days of the war. At Jonesboro, 49 men of the 19th, and 77 men of the 8th were captured when Govan's Brigade was overrun by a massive Union attack. Only heroic fighting by the remainder of the men and the rest of Cleburne's division saved the Confederate position from being destroyed. The flag of the consolidated 8th-19th was captured by Medal of Honor winner, 2nd LT Jeremiah Kuder of the 74th Indiana Infantry Regiment during this fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Franklin\u2013Nashville Campaign\nThe 8th-19th saw action with the remainder of Cleburne's Division during the Tennessee Campaign, and was one of the few Confederate infantry units to become engaged at Spring Hill, before the curious collapse of the Confederate high command that day. On November 30, 1864, Govan's Brigade, the 19th among them lost over 60% of their men during the fateful Confederate assault at Franklin, Tennessee. Charging into the vortex of the battle around the Carter House, the unit fought hand to hand until driven into the ditch outside the second line of works. General Cleburne was one of six Confederate Generals killed during this attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Franklin\u2013Nashville Campaign\nThe 8th-19th was part of the contingent of the Army of Tennessee that traveled to the Carolinas to resist the army of General Sherman. It saw action one last time at the Battle of Bentonville. At least five members of the 19th are known to have been wounded in this battle, but exact casualty figures are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Service, Franklin\u2013Nashville Campaign\nThe 18th/24th lost thirty-eight percent of the 226 engaged at Chickamauga, and the 8th/19th reported 16 casualties at Ringgold Gap and totaled 363 men and 285 arms in December 1863. At the Battle of Atlanta the 8th/19th had 97 men disabled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Battle Flags\nThere is one surviving battle flag of the Combined 8th/19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. The flag is a Hardee Battle flag pattern, Cleburne's Division 1864 issue. It was produced and decorated specifically for the combined unit, displaying battle honors of each. The poorly dyed blue field, now faded to pea green, is typical of the 1864 flags. When it was captured at Jonesboro, Georgia, on 1 September 1864, the flag was identified as that of an artillery battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0014-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Battle Flags\nThe honor of crossed cannon, as well as the unit's position on the battle field in support of Key's Battery, caused the confused attribution. The flag is made of cotton with black and white paint and currently measures 35\" x 34 1/2\". The flag was marked with War Department Capture Number 206. It is currently located at the Old State House Museum, Little Rock Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Consolidation and Surrender\nThe remnants of ten depleted Arkansas regiments, along with one mostly-Arkansas regiment, in the Army of Tennessee were consolidated into a single regiment at Smithfield, North Carolina, on April 9, 1865. The 19th Arkansas, was lumped together with the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 15th, 19th, 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiments and the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment as the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158094-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dawson's), Consolidation and Surrender\nOf the 1,200 men who served in the 19th at various times, only 5% were present at the end. The men of the 19th had only enough people to fill one company in the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry. Company I of the 1st Consolidated Arkansas was made up of the 49 survivors of the 19th Arkansas. The unit was commanded at the surrender of the army by Captain William B. Cone, originally of Company E. On April 26, 1865, the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment was present with the Army of Tennessee when it surrendered in Greensboro, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's)\nThe 19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment or Dockery's Arkansas Infantry Regiment was an infantry formation of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. There were two other regiments which were designated as the 19th Arkansas. Dawson's 19th Arkansas Infantry was organized at Nashville, Arkansas, on November 21, 1861. Hardy's Arkansas Infantry, which is also occasionally referred to as the 19th Arkansas was organized in 1863 from those parts of Dawson's 19th Infantry Regiment, the 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and Crawford's Arkansas Infantry Battalion, which escaped capture at the Battle of Arkansas Post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Organization\nThe 19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment was organized on April 2, 1862, at DeValls Bluff, with Col. Hamilton P. Smead in command. The regimental quartermaster was Capt. Thomas P. Dockery, future brigadier-general. The regiment comprised ten companies from Columbia, Hot Spring, Lafayette, Ouachita and Union counties. The unit was composed of volunteer companies from the following counties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service\nSoon after being organized, the regiment was ordered to Mississippi, along with the rest of General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West. The unit boarded a steamer and moved down White River, out at its mouth, then up the Mississippi River and landed at Memphis, Tennessee. The Confederate commander at Memphis reported on April 7 that Colonel Smead's command with a total of 762 soldiers (of which 560 were fit for duty) was present but armed with double barrel shotguns and inferior rifles. The unit was assigned to the Brigadier General Albert Rust's brigade. The regiment was immediately ordered to move via paddle steamer to Fort Pillow, approximately 50 miles (80\u00a0km) north of Memphis, along with the remainder of Rust's Brigade. At Fort Pillow, during a bombardment by Union gunboats, the regiment saw their first enemy fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service\nThe unit remained at Fort Pillow for about two weeks. The unit experienced few casualties in the bombardment of Fort Pillow, but many of the soldiers became sick, and several died due to the very muddy conditions and poor water supply at the fort. The unit left Fort Pillow on April 26 moved back to Memphis and then on to Camp Churchill Clark, near Corinth, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service\nIn early May 1862 the Confederate Army underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service\nThe reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh. After settling in at Camp Churchill Clark, near Corinth, Mississippi, the 19th Arkansas was reorganized for the war and new officers were elected. All of the original field officers were thrown out in the election of May 12, 1862, and in their place the men elected Colonel Thomas P. Dockery, Lieutenant Colonel William H. Dismukes, and Major Horatio G. P. Williams. On June 2, 1862, the two Hot Spring County companies were consolidated. Company D (from Rockport) was merged into Company E (from Hot Springs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Iuka-Corinth Campaign\nDuring the Iuka-Corinth Campaign, the 19th Arkansas was assigned to Brigadier General William L. Cabell's brigade of Brigadier General Dabney H. Maury's Division of Major General Sterling Price's 1st Corps the Confederate (Army of the West). The unit participated in the Battle of Corinth and the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge, and reported 129 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 75], "content_span": [76, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Vicksburg Campaign\nThe regiment was assigned to Brigadier General Martin E. Green's brigade of Major General John S. Bowen's Division, of Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton's Army of Mississippi for the Vicksburg Campaign. When General Green was killed on June 27, 1863, Colonel Dockery was placed in command of Second Brigade, Bowen's Division, and so actual field command of the 19th Arkansas Regiment devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Dismukes, who led the regiment through the terrible battles that preceded the Siege of Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0006-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Vicksburg Campaign\nThe 19th Arkansas fought at Battle of Port Gibson, Battle of Champion's Hill, and the Battle of Big Black River Bridge, where Lieutenant-Colonel Dismukes was mortally wounded and most of the regiment was captured. Major Horatio Gates Perry Williamson was promoted to lieutenant-colonel after Dismukes' death, and the uncaptured remnant of the 19th Arkansas fell back to Vicksburg, where it endured the forty-day siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nThis regiment surrendered with the Army of Mississippi at Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 4, 1863. General U. S. Grant initially demanded the unconditional surrender of the Vicksburg garrison, but faced with the necessity of feeding 30,000 starving Confederates and having the idea that these soldiers might do more harm to the Confederate cause by being released to return home rather than being exchanged as whole units, he relented and allowed for the immediate parole of the surrendered units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0007-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nAccording to the Confederate War Department, Union leader encouraged the surrendered confederates to simply return home, rather than reporting to parole camps to await their eventual exchange. The able bodied Confederate soldiers who were released on parole walked out of Vicksburg (they were not allowed to proceed in any military formations) on July 11, 1863. Paroling of these able bodied men was completed in their respective regimental camps inside Vicksburg prior to July 11. Those who were wounded or sick in the various hospitals in Vicksburg were paroled, and were released as soon as they could leave on their own. July 15/16 is the most common date of these Vicksburg hospital paroles. Some of the most seriously wounded and sick were sent by steamship down the Mississippi River and over to Mobile, Alabama, where they were delivered on parole to Confederate authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 973]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nConfederate commanders designated Enterprise, Mississippi as the rendezvous point (parole camp) for the Vicksburg parolees to report to after they got clear of the last Federal control point at Big Black Bridge. By August 3, 1864 it was apparent that most of the Arkansas units had bypassed the established parole camps, and with the assistance of their Union captors, simply crossed the river and returned home. On August 3, 1863 it was reported that only a very small number of the paroled Arkansas troops had reported to parole camps east of the Mississippi River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nOn August 8, 1863, General Pemberton, wrote to Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate Army, Brigadier General Samuel Cooper to report that the troops from Trans-Mississippi Department (including Arkansas) had abandoned the Army of Mississippi before permission was obtained to furlough them. The troops were ordered to rendezvous at Camden, Arkansas. General Pemberton also requested to send Arkansas troops paroled at after the surrender of Port Hudson to that Camden as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0009-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nBecause so many of the Vicksburg parolees, especially from Arkansas, simply went home, Major General Pemberton requested Confederate President Davis to grant the men a thirty furlough beginning on July 21. Soldier who did not report to the parole camp with in the time limits of the furlough were not punished as deserters as long as the soldier eventually showed up at a parole camp to be declared exchanged and returned to duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nOn August 9, 1863, Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon wrote to General Kirby Smith, Commanding the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, informing him that Colonel T.P. Dockery of the 19th Arkansas had been ordered to cross the Mississippi River and reassemble the men of his former brigade at Camden Arkansas. Dockery was to arm, recruit, and return to active service the men of his brigade as quickly as they were exchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0010-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nSeddon opined that prisoners who, with the connivance and instigation of the enemy, left Vicksburg before being properly accounted for by their officers, were not properly listed a prisoners, and therefore were free to re-enter service immediately. Seddon also indicated that it might be advisable to distribute these men to other commands rather than keeping them together, but he left that matter up to General Smith. Seddon's letter included Colonel Dockery's commission as a Brigadier General. On August 10, 1863, Colonel Dockery received the following orders from the Confederate Secretary of War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nYou will reassemble the scattered and furloughed troops which have passed west of the Mississippi, of the brigade recently commanded by you at the surrender of Vicksburg, at Camden, in Arkansas, or such other point as may be designated by General Smith. On such reassembling, you will take command and proceed to organize and equip them as soon and as perfectly as may be practicable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0011-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nYou will discriminate between such as before the final departure from Vicksburg were, by the act or with the complicity of the enemy, contrary to the terms of the capitulation, transferred to the west bank of the Mississippi, and those who afterward by straggling or after furlough returned to that side, and return lists as early as possible of the two classes, both to the general commanding the Trans-Mississippi Department, and to the Adjutant and Inspector General here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0011-0002", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nThe first class will, with the approval of the commanding general, be regarded as discharged from all obligations of parole, and free for immediate service. Of the exchange or discharge of the others, you will be informed as soon as it can be effected. When reconstituted, you will, under the instruction of the general commanding, and in conformity with the regulations existing, or which may be prescribed for the execution of the conscript law, endeavor to recruit and refill the numbers of your brigade. It is desirable that these troops, or their equivalent, should, as opportunity will allow, be returned from the west to the east side of the Mississippi  ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nGeneral Kirby Smith acknowledged the receipt of Seddon's letter on September 11, 1863. General Smith reported that he did not expect that Dockery would have as much success as might be hoped for in reassembling his brigade. General Smith indicated that he lack sufficient weapons to arm Dockery's reconstituted brigade and the military situation in Arkansas would likely prevent Dockery and his men from being returned to duty east of the Mississippi river as Seddon had hoped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0012-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nThe exchange declaration reports issued by Colonel Robert Ould in Richmond for various units in the Vicksburg and Port Hudson surrenders began in September 1863 based upon men who actually reported into one of the two parole camps. On October 16, 1863, the Confederate Exchange Agent, R.O. Ould declared the staff of Colonel Dockery, captured at Vicksburg on July 4, 1863 to be duly exchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nWhen Colonel Dockery was appointed brigadier-general, Lieutenant-Colonel Williamson was promoted to colonel and placed in command of the 19th Arkansas. On December 5, 1863, General Kirby Smith wrote to Lieutenant General Holmes, commanding the District of Arkansas that he was expecting the arrival of 1200 weapons which were to be sent to Dockery's brigade. Smith indicated that Dockery's Brigade was to be returned to service as Infantry (as opposed to mounted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nOn December 5, 1863, General Kirby Smith ordered Brigadier General Dockery, to \"quietly, but promptly, draw in and prepare for the field all the men of your command.\" General Smith indicated that Dockery would be supplied with arms and they Dockery's Brigade would serve as infantry, even if some of Dockery's men had been mounted. By December 23, 1863, General Smith was still attempting to secure weapons for General Dockery's men. General smith ordered General Dockery with \"900 unarmed men\" to move to Monroe, LA on or before 1 January 1864 to receive weapons from Brigadier General Alfred Mouton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nIn January 1864, the Chief Paymaster of the Trans-Mississippi wrote to the Departments Inspector General to report that he lacked sufficient funds on hand to pay the paroled and exchanged prisoners from Vicksburg and Port Hudson assembling at Washington Arkansas under General Dockery. On February 27, 1864 Confederate General Richard Taylor reported to Major General W.R. Boggs, Chief of Staff to General Kirby Smith, that during the month of January 1864, \"1,400 stand of arms were crossed (over the Mississippi River) and distributed among General Dockery's unarmed brigade.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0015-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nBy March 1864, Dockery's Brigade, consisting of remnants the now paroled and exchanged Arkansas regiments from Vicksburg and Port Hudson, was stationed near Monticello, in Drew County, Arkansas. General Fagan was with Dockery's Brigade assisting in the organization, but near the end of the month withdrew, leaving Brigadier General Dockery in command of his Brigade and Crawford's Brigade. Many of the regiments were mere skeletons, with companies numbering less than 10 men each, so many consolidations were made with in Dockery's Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0015-0002", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nThe heavy loss of men sustained by the 19th Arkansas and Johnson's 15th Arkansas, which was surrendered at Port Hudson made it necessary to consolidate these two regiments. But because their enviable records each regiment was permitted to retain its number; and the new regiment was known as the Consolidated 15th and 19th Arkansas Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0015-0003", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nThe regimental officers of the 15th Arkansas had been carried away to Union prison camps in the surrender and not exchanged so Captain Joe, who had managed to escape from Union custody, as senior remaining captain, took command of the remnant of the 15th Arkansas, and Colonel Williams of the 19th was placed in command of the Consolidated Regiment. A portion of the brigade was mounted, and General Dockery took command of this part; and Colonel Williams commanded the infantry portion of the brigade. This left the infantry portion of the 15th and 19th under the command of Captain Joe until the 23rd of May, 1864, when he resigned upon a surgeon's certificate, because of wounds received at Port Hudson. This left Lieutenant Dock in command of Company B in the Consolidated Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nGeneral Dockery had mounted a portion of his brigade, ostensibly to help facilitate the re-assembly of the brigade. This action caused friction with Confederate leadership. The Confederate Army had at this point far more mounted commands that was necessary and the logistical requirements to support such a large mounted force far exceeded the ability of the Arkansas country side to support. By late March, Dockery had a portion of his brigade mounted and a regimental size portion of the brigade under the command of Colonel Williams dismounted as infantry. Dockery's Brigade consisted of the following elements:The mounted portion under Colonel Dockery consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nThe infantry portion of Dockery's brigade was a regimental size (approximately 400 man) organization and was commanded by Lieut. Col. Horatio G. P. Williams. This organization is occasionally referred to as the 19th Arkansas Infantry, but was actually composed of dismounted company size elements of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Paroled, exchanged and re-organized\nThe remnants of the following Arkansas regiments were also assigned to Dockery's brigade, but in numbers below company strength and the exact manner in which they were consolidated with the mounted and infantry portions of the brigade is unknown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 89], "content_span": [90, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition\nAfter being exchanged and reorganized the regiment, along with the rest of Dockery's Brigade, saw extensive action during the Camden Expedition at the Battles of Prairie D'Ane, Marks' Mills, and Jenkins Ferry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 72], "content_span": [73, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, The Expedition to Mount Elba\nThe 1864 Camden Expedition was part of a two-pronged strategy by the Union Army to drive Confederate resistance out of southwestern Arkansas and northern Louisiana, and to penetrate into Confederate Texas. Union Major General Frederick Steele led a Union force from Little Rock on March 23, 1864, with the objective of joining forces with Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks at Shreveport, Louisiana. Confederate forces in Arkansas were directed from Washington, where the Confederate government of the state relocated after the fall of Little Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 102], "content_span": [103, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, The Expedition to Mount Elba\nIn support of General Steele's movements toward Arkadelphia, Arkansas, Union Colonel Powell Clayton, stationed at Pine Bluff, decided to conduct an attack Colonel Dockery's forces at Monticello. Clayton had received information that Dockery was about to leave Monticello to oppose Steele's movement. The expedition to Mount Elba began on March 27, 1864 when the Powell's forces under left Pine Bluff. Colonel Clayton's force consisted of elements of Eighteenth Illinois Infantry, Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Infantry, Fifth Kansas Cavalry, First Indiana Cavalry, Seventh Missouri Cavalry (US), totaling approximately 237 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 102], "content_span": [103, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, The Expedition to Mount Elba\nMajor General Sterling Price, the commander of the Confederate district of Arkansas, had ordered General Dockery to harass the rear flanks of the Union troop movements and attack Union supply trains. General Dockery's forces consisted of his own brigade and elements of Colonel Crawford's Arkansas Cavalry Brigade, including Poe's and McMurtrey's Cavalry Battalions. \"Unfortunately,\" Price reported, \"before Brigadier-General Dockery could execute this order he was on March 29 attacked at Mount Elba by a party of the enemy from Pine Bluff and completely routed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 102], "content_span": [103, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0022-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, The Expedition to Mount Elba\nThey at the same time captured at Long View his entire train (twenty-six wagons) and about 200 prisoners.\" \"Col. Clayton, commanding the expedition from Pine Bluff, destroyed the pontoon bridge at Longview--burned a train of thirty-five wagons loaded with camp and garrison equipage, ammunition, quartermaster's stores, etc., and captured over three hundred prisoners  ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 102], "content_span": [103, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0022-0002", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, The Expedition to Mount Elba\n.He engaged Dockery's division, of about 1200 men, from Monticello, on the morning of the 30th ult., routed and pursued him ten miles, with a loss on his side of over one hundred killed and wounded--capturing a large quantity of small arms and two stands of colors. Our loss did not exceed fifteen in killed, wounded and missing  ... .Three hundred horses and mules and many wagons were captured. Col. Clayton by this expedition has added fresh laurels to his brow. He is worthy of all honor, and deserving the highest reward at the hands of the government. He has been in every instance successful and will be promoted to the rank of Brigadier General for valiant service to the Union cause. He justly deserves the honor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 102], "content_span": [103, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Prairie D'Ane\nConfederate Major General Sterling Price ordered Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke to harry the Union column and to prevent it from crossing the Little Missouri River as it moved toward Washington. Advance Union forces clashed with Confederate defenders in the Battle of Elkin's Ferry on April 3. The outnumbered Confederates were forced to withdraw, and General Marmaduke established a defensive position, lightly fortified by earthworks, on the road between Elkin's Ferry and Washington at the western edge of the sparsely-populated Prairie d'Ane, a roughly circular area of prairie surrounded by woodlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Prairie D'Ane\nAfter waiting for the arrival of reinforcements, General Steele advanced on April 9, but was stopped in the Battle of Prairie D'Ane, a series of encounters that ended on April 12. General Dockery's Brigade assisted Marmaduke's division in Prairie D'Ane, 9\u201312 April. After making a feint in the direction of the Confederate state capital at Washington, Arkansas, Steele then turned and occupied Camden, on April 15, in order to resupply his army, which was then on half-rations. Price had stripped Camden of personnel in order to defend Washington, and the Union forces occupied the city against no significant opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Poison Spring\nAfter a two-day wait, General Steele sent out foraging parties into the countryside and awaited news from Banks. However, Banks was in retreat, having been defeated at the Battle of Mansfield, and now more of Kirby Smith's forces were heading into Arkansas to intercept Steele. Dwindling supplies for his army at Camden forced Steele to send out a 1,200-man foraging party to gather corn that the Confederates had stored about twenty miles away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0025-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Poison Spring\nAfter loading the corn into over 200 wagons and proceeding about 5 miles on April 18, Col. James M. Williams's party was savagely attacked by John Marmaduke's division, assisted by the 19th Arkansas as part of Dockery's Brigade at the Battle of Poison Spring. Williams was forced to retreat northward into a marsh, where his men finally regrouped and fell back to Camden, minus the wagonloads of much needed corn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Jenkins Ferry\nSteele was relieved on April 20 when a wagon train arrived from Pine Bluff with welcome supplies. One week later, the Battle of Marks' Mills resulted in the capture of 2,000 more of Steele's men and many more wagons. Steele decided to abandon Camden under the cover of darkness and retreated to back toward Little Rock on April 26. Three days later, he reached the Saline River at Jenkins' Ferry and began constructing a pontoon bridge. Smith's Confederates arrived on April 30 and repeatedly attacked the retreating Federals in windy and rainy conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0027-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Jenkins Ferry\nColonel H. G. P. WILLIAMS, of the 19th Arkansas, led his \"dismounted casuals\" of Dockery's Brigade on the left of Churchill's Division during the battle and filed the following report of his operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0028-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Jenkins Ferry\nI carried into action nearly 400 men, divided into four small detachments, commanded respectively by Capt. 's Drewry and Etris, Maj. Southerland, and Lieut. Gillespie, composing the infantry portion of Brig.-Gen. Dockery's brigade. Being temporarily detached from your division, I was ordered by Gen. Smith to cross a large creek or bayou, and moved rapidly down it on the left until I engaged the enemy. I had moved about 1,000 yards when my skirmishers engaged those of the enemy, and my line continuing to advance, the engagement soon became general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0028-0001", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Jenkins Ferry\nAfter a severe contest of about thirty minutes I succeeded in driving him before me until he entirely disappeared in the under-brush. We again advanced slowly and cautiously, with desultory firing, until the engagement again became general, and lasting for about one hour, with very heavy musketry on each side; but again he was driven back and his fire virtually silenced. At this stage of the battle I was ordered by a staff officer of Gen. Smith to withdraw my forces and recross the creek where I first entered the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0028-0002", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Jenkins Ferry\nI fought with some advantages, my command being in the brush and thick timber, while the heaviest body of the enemy occupied the left corner of an open field across the creek, upon whom my fire was principally directed  ...   ... I cannot refrain from noticing the action of Lieut. Gillespie, Twelfth Battalion Sharpshooters, commanding detachment, on the field. For activity and daring he was particularly conspicuous, and I would respectfully urge that promotion could not be bestowed upon a more worthy or efficient officer. Capt. Franklin, First Battalion Dismounted Cavalry, commanding a company, deserves the highest praise for his conduct. ... My loss was 1 killed, 14 wounded, and 1 missing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0029-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Jenkins Ferry\nColonel Steele repulsed the Confederate attacks and finally crossed with what was left of his force, destroying the bridge to prevent Smith from following. He was compelled to abandon most of his remaining supply wagons in the swamp north of the river. A badly chagrined Steele finally reached his base at the Little Rock Arsenal on May 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0030-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Campden Expedition, Battle of Jenkins Ferry\nOn May 8, 1864, Brigadier General T.J. Churchill reported that the strength of Dockery's Brigade was 870 effectives of 900 assigned. On 25 June 1864, a Union intelligence report placed Dockery's Brigade including 900 paroled and exchanged prisoners at Washington, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0031-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Last Year of the war\nThe remnants of Dockery's 19th Arkansas were consolidated with the 15th and 20th Arkansas Infantry on November 29, 1864, and the consolidated unit renamed as the 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment. The consolidated regiment was assigned along with the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiments to the 2nd (McNair's) Arkansas Brigade, 1st (Churchill's) Arkansas Division, 2nd Corps, Trans-Mississippi Department, from September 1864 to May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0032-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Service, Last Year of the war\nOn 22 January 1865, Major General Churchill was ordered to move his division to Minden, Louisiana, and occupy winter quarters. Union commanders in the Department of the Gulf reported on March 20, 1865 that General McNair's brigade was located at Minden, Louisiana, with the rest of Churchill's Division. In early April 1865, the division concentrated near Shreaveport Louisiana, and then moved to Marshall, Texas, by mid April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0033-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Surrender\nThe 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment was stationed at Marshall, Texas, when the war ended, and was officially surrendered with the Department of the Trans-Mississippi by Major General E. Kirby Smith on May 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158095-0034-0000", "contents": "19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Dockery's), Notes\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the United States Government document: \", National Park Service\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 50], "content_span": [51, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158096-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Armored Battalion \"M.O. Tumiati\"\nThe 19th Armored Battalion \"M.O. Tumiati\" (Italian: 19\u00b0 Battaglione Corazzato \"M.O. Tumiati\") is an inactive armored battalion of the Italian Army based in Florence in Tuscany. Originally the battalion, like all Italian tank units, was part of the infantry, but since 1 June 1999 it is part of the cavalry. Operationally the battalion was last assigned to the Motorized Brigade \"Friuli\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158096-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Armored Battalion \"M.O. Tumiati\", History\nThe battalion was formed during the 1975 army reform: on 23 September 1975 the XIX Armored Battalion of the Infantry Brigade \"Friuli\" was renamed 19th Armored Battalion \"M.O. Tumiati\". The 19th Tumiati was granted a new war flag on 12 November 1976 by decree 846 of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone. The battalion received the traditions of the XIX Tank Battalion \"M\", which had been formed by the 31st Tank Infantry Regiment on l February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158096-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Armored Battalion \"M.O. Tumiati\", History\nThe battalion, equipped with M15/42 tanks and Semoventi 75/34 self-propelled guns, fought German forces, which tried to occupy Piombino on September 10 1943, two days after Italy had switched sides with the Armistice of Cassibile. After the battle for Piombino the battalion retreated to the countryside and destroyed its tanks, before the personnel dispersed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158096-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Armored Battalion \"M.O. Tumiati\", History\nAfter World War II the XIX battalion was reformed in Florence in 1959 as armored unit of the Infantry Brigade \"Friuli\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158096-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Armored Battalion \"M.O. Tumiati\", History\nTank and armored battalions created during the 1975 army reform were all named for officers, soldiers and partisans, who were posthumously awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour for heroism during World War II. The 19th Tank Battalion's name commemorated 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment Second Lieutenant Francesco Tumiati, who had served in the Western Desert Campaign in 1941-1942 and joined a partisan unit after the German occupation of Italy in 1943. After 8 months as commander of a partisan detachment Tumiati was caught by German forces and executed on 17 May 1944. Equipped with M47 Patton tanks and M113 armored personnel carriers the battalion joined the Motorized Brigade \"Friuli\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158096-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Armored Battalion \"M.O. Tumiati\", History\nAfter the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to draw down its forces and the 19th Armored Battalion was disbanded on 6 May 1991 in preparation for the merger of the Motorized Brigade \"Friuli\" and Mechanized Brigade \"Trieste\" on 1 June 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158097-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Armoured Regiment (India)\n19 Armoured Regiment is an armoured regiment of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158097-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Armoured Regiment (India), Formation\n19 Armoured Regiment was raised on 25 March 1985 at Ahmednagar. It has an all-India all-class composition, drawing troops from various castes and religions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158097-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment was presented the \u2018President\u2019s Standards\u2019 at Babina, Uttar Pradesh on 19 October 2010 by the then President of India, Mrs. Prathiba Patil. Five armoured regiments of the 31 Armoured Division (19, 12, 13, 83 and 15 Armoured Regiments) were awarded the colours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158097-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment had the honour of participating in the Republic Day parade in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158097-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Armoured Regiment (India), Equipment\nThe Regiment was equipped with Vijayanta tanks at its raising. It is presently equipped with the T-90 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158097-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Armoured Regiment (India), Regimental Insignia\nThe Regimental insignia consists of crossed lances with pennons, overlaid with the numeral \"19\" inscribed on the crossing of the lances, mounted by an armoured fist and a scroll at the base with the words \" \u0915\u0935\u091a\u093f\u0924  \u0930\u0947\u091c\u093f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\" (Kavachit Regiment, meaning Armoured Regiment) in Devanagari script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158097-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Armoured Regiment (India), Regimental Insignia\nThe motto of the regiment is \u2018\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e  \u0935\u093f\u0928\u092f  \u0935\u0940\u0930\u0924\u093e\u2019 (Vidya, Vinay, Veerta), which translates to \u2018Knowledge, Humility and Bravery\u2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158098-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Army (German Empire)\nThe 19th Army (German: 19. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 19 / A.O.K. 19) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed in France on 4 February 1918 from the former South Army command. It served exclusively on the Western Front and was dissolved on 24 January 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158098-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Army (German Empire), History\n19th Army was one of three armies (along with 17th Army and 18th Army) formed in late 1917 / early 1918 with forces withdrawn from the Eastern Front. They were in place to take part in Ludendorff's German spring offensive. The Germans had realised that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the overwhelming human and mat\u00e9riel resources of the United States could be deployed. They also had the temporary advantage in numbers afforded by nearly 50 divisions freed by the Russian withdrawal from the war (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). It was still in existence when the war ended, serving on the Western Front as part of Heeresgruppe Herzog Albrecht von W\u00fcrttemberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158098-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Army (German Empire), History, Order of Battle, 30 October 1918\nBy the end of the war, the majority of the units assigned were lower quality Landwehr Divisions indicative of the relatively quiet sector that the Army was operating in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe 19th Army was a field army of the Soviet Union's Red Army, formed in 1941 and active during the Second World War. The army was formed three times, although only two of its formations saw combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union)\nIts third formation was disbanded in June 1945 and its troops used to reinforce the Northern Group of Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), First formation\nThe army was first formed in June 1941 in the North Caucasus Military District under the command of General Lieutenant Ivan Konev. Division Commissar I.P. Sheklanov became Member of the Army's Military Soviet. Initially the army consisted of", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), First formation\nSources disagree as to whether a Mechanized Corps, either the 25th or the 26th, was directly subordinate to the Army as well. Three weeks before the outbreak of war the 19th Army was sent by rail to Ukraine in the Cherkassy region. The army received orders from the People's Commissar for Defence, Marshal Semyon Timoshenko, to defend the Kiev Fortified Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), First formation\nFrom 25 June 1941, the Army was included in the Group of Reserve Armies of the Highest Command (Stavka). The 19th Army was transferred by rail to Vitebsk, Rudnia, Smolensk. On 2 July, army was included into Western Front. The transfer by rail took more time than was expected. On 9 July the first units to arrive received orders to deny Vitebsk to the enemy and attack in the western direction and reach the western bank of Dvina. On the contrary, to the 11 July enemy brushed away Soviet forces from Vitebsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), First formation\nOn 11 July, the 19th Army was strengthened by 7th Mechanized Corps and on the next day attacked Vitebsk anew. At that time the enemy had the initiative. To the 16 July, German forces struck through Yartsevo to Smolensk. Three Soviet armies (16th, 20th and 19th) found themselves in the operational encirclement. On 14 July, 19th Army Headquarters received orders to transfer its troops to the 16th Army and to move to the Kardumovo region, and then Yartsevo. 19th Army Staff with great effort broke out of the encirclement near Wadino and received new divisions under its command. Those new forces took defensive positions on the river Vol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), First formation\nDuring August\u2013September 1941, 19th Army took part in the Battle of Smolensk and tried to destroy the enemy Dukhowszczina group. In the middle of August army was strengthened with rifle, cavalry, tank division, two gun artillery regiments, three artillery divisions and two batteries of Rocket Artillery (Katyusha) additional from air army was protected by 43rd Mixed Aviation Division. Despite this reinforcements the army was not able to perform its task. A new attack on 1 September on Smolensk was also unsuccessful. On 10 September, the army took defensive positions. On 12 September, Konev became the commander of Western Front. New commander of 19th Army became General Lieutenant M.F. Lukin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), First formation\nIn October 1941, forces of the 19th Army fought in the Vyazma Defensive Operation (2\u201313 October). The army was surrounded by enemy forces southwest of Jelnya. In the middle of October part of the army fought its way out of the encirclement to the Mozhaisk defence line. The Army commander M.F. Lukin and Chief of Staff General Major Vasily Malyshkin became prisoners of war. The member of the Military Soviet of the Army Divisional Commissar I.P. Sheklanov died in action. General Lieutenant Ivan Boldin then took command, but soon afterwards the army was disbanded, on 20 October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), First formation\nThe army's chief of Staff was General Major P.N. Rubtsov, from June to July 1941, and then Colonel W.F. Malyschkin, who was promoted to General Major from October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 2nd formation\nThe army was formed on the basis of a STAVKA Directive from 20 November 1941 in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. By STAVKA order from 23 November 1941, army was reformed into 1st Shock Army under direct command of STAVKA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\nFormed on 4 April 1942 on the base of STAVKA Directive from 27 March 1942. Army was formed on a base of Kandalakhsa Operational Group which was a part of the Karelian Front. The Army's units were 104th and 122nd Rifle Divisions, 77th Marine Rifle Brigade, 4th Ski Brigade, two separate tank battalions and some artillery and other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\n99th Rifle Corps was also active with the army for a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\nUp until December 1944 the Army was defending the Kandalaksha direction. In September, her forces defeated enemy Allakurti group and by the months end reached the USSR state border with Finland on river Naruska-Joki, lake Onikamo-Jarvi where the army went on the defence. On 15 November 1944 army was transferred into the Stavka Reserve and in January 1945 it was positioned near Grodno and Bia\u0142ystok.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\nOn 29 January 1945, the Army was subordinated to the 2nd Belorussian Front (2nd Formation). Then it took part in the East Pomeranian Offensive (10 February-4 April) during which course on 5 March it advanced to the coast of the Baltic Sea north of Koslin (Koszalin) and had an important role in the destruction of the east-Pomeranian enemy group. Next, the army together with 1st Guards Army, 70th Army and forces of the Baltic Fleet destroyed the enemy Gdynia  group and entered port of Gdynia (28 March).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0012-0001", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\nIn April-beginning of May the units of the army took part in destruction of enemy group in western coast of Danzig Bay. Then, in cooperation with the 2nd Shock Army, the army cleared Wolin peninsula, and Usedom and Rugia islands. On 9 May army received the capitulation of the German units on the Hel peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\nOn 1 May 1945 the army consisted of the 132nd Rifle Corps (18th, 27th, and 205th Rifle Divisions), the 134th Rifle Corps (10th Guards Rifle Division, 310th Rifle Division, 313th Rifle Divisions), the 91st and 153rd Fortified Regions (\u0423\u0420), the 204th Guards Artillery Brigade, the 884th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment, the 268th Mortar Regiment, and the 186th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment (\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\nThe army and its headquarters were disbanded and elements of their troops used to reinforce the Northern Group of Forces on 10 June 1945, in accordance with a Stavka directive on the formation of the Northern Group of Forces dated 29 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\nGeneral Major Stepan Morozov (March 1942- May 1943)General Major from February 1944- General Lieutenant Georgy Kozlov (May 1943-March 1945)General Lieutenant Vladimir Zakharovich Romanovsky (March 1945 - to the war's end)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\nBrigade Commissar from December 1942 Colonel Kalinovsky A.P. (April 1942-March 1944)General Major Pankov S.i (March 1944 - to the war's end)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158099-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Soviet Union), 19th Army 3rd formation\nColonel from January 1943- General Major Markuschevich S.A. (April 1942-March 1945)General Lieutenant Ljapin P.I. (March 1945-to the war's end)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158100-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe 19th Army (German: 19. Armee) was a World War II field army of the German Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158100-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nFormed in August 1943 in occupied southern France from Armeegruppe Felber (the LXXXIII. Armeekorps), the 19th Army defended southern France, the Vosges Mountains, Alsace, Baden and southern W\u00fcrttemberg during the Allied invasion of southern France and other large Allied military operations that had as their goal the liberation of southern France and the invasion of southern Germany. Although nominally a field army, the 19th Army was under strength and consisted of third tier soldiers, wounded veterans, conscripts and Hiwis. Southern France in general was treated as a third tier theatre and given minimal attention by the OKW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158100-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe entire army was outfitted with damaged and obsolete equipment, with four of the 19th army's divisions designated \"static divisions,\" meaning that they were stripped of all mobile assets and forbidden to move from their assigned positions. The Hiwis in particular proved unreliable and typically deserted or surrendered at the first opportunity. The only asset that posed any threat to Allied plans was the 11th Panzer Division, and even then it had  2 of its five tank battalions reassigned to other formations deemed more critical to the war effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158100-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nDuring Operation Dragoon, the 19th Army was trapped in an enormous encirclement, suffering 7,000 killed or missing, 20,000 wounded, 130,000-140,000 captured and was largely destroyed as a fighting force. However, its headquarters survived intact, retreated northwards and participated in the defense of the Rhine River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158100-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter the debacle in Southern France, the 19th Army was recreated with poorly trained conscripts and tasked with defending the west bank of the Rhine, and the city of Strasbourg. The 19th Army was again encircled and largely destroyed during the battle for the Colmar Pocket in January and February 1945. Once again its headquarters survived capture and was rebuilt largely from Volkssturm and hastily trained replacement troops in early 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158100-0003-0001", "contents": "19th Army (Wehrmacht), History\nWith many of its best men and junior leaders dead or captured, the 19th Army's effectiveness was seriously impaired and it proved unable to parry the thrusts of its constant foe, the French First Army. Split by deep French armored thrusts into Baden, the Black Forest, and W\u00fcrttemberg, the 19th Army was destroyed in the area of Stuttgart and M\u00fcnsingen in late April 1945, with remnants of the army surrendering as late as 8 May 1945. Formal surrender was accepted by Maj. General Edward H. Brooks, Commander of the U.S. Army's VI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France)\nThe 19th Army Corps (19e Corps d'Arm\u00e9e) was a corps of the French army. In December 1870, the Tours delegation created the 19th Army Corps which was formed in Alen\u00e7on. Recreated by decree of the JO of August 13, 1874, it brought together the various military units of Algeria. It constituted the nucleus of the Army of Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France)\nThe corps appears to have been disbanded and superseded by the 10th Military Region by a decree of 18 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), 19th Military Region\nThe Army Corps was located in the 19th Military Region of the Metropolitan Army which included the three d\u00e9partements of Algiers, Oran and Constantine, situated in modern day Algeria. The garrisons were principally in Algiers, Mascara, Tlemcen, and Ain. Elements were also in Tunisia, forming the 'Tunisian occupation division', located mainly in Tunis, Bizerte and Sousse. The other twenty military regions of the Metropolitan army covered mainland France, hence the distinction this was the 'Army of Africa'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Franco-Prussian War\nTwenty one army corps were established in December 1870, each with its own military region. The 19th Army Corps was stood down on 13 March 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), From 1870 to 1914\nThe corps' Oran and Algiers divisions fought the -'A\u00eft Khabbash', a fraction of the A\u00eft Ounbgui khams of the A\u00eft Atta confederation in the late 1890s. The conflict ended by the annexation of the Touat-Gourara-Tidikelt complex by France in 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), First World War\nThe Moroccan Division was one of the most decorated units of the French Army and all its regiments were distinguished by unit citations mentioned in despatches of the armed forces at the end of the conflict. The Moroccan Division was the only division to receive the battle honour of being decorated with the l\u00e9gion d'honneur throughout the course of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), First World War\nThe following troops were detached from the 19th Army Corps to serve in the Corps exp\u00e9ditionnaire d'Orient. Two provisional regiments, composed of a total of five Zouave battalions and one Foreign Legion battalion, saw action in the Gallipoli campaign, and thereafter on the Salonika front, fighting alongside British troops in both theatres of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Second World War\nThe 85th African Infantry Division (France) (85e DIA) was a Formation-A-Class reserve mountain division mobilized 2 September 1939 in Algiers. The 85th DIA occupied covering positions along the Libyan border until the end of May 1940 and was then shipped to Marseille by 3 June 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Second World War\nOn 10 May 1940, the corps comprised the 85e DIA; the 181st African Infantry Division (France); the 182nd African Infantry Division (France); the 183rd African Infantry Division (France); the East Saharan Front of division size; an armoured battalion, an infantry battalion (21e Bataillon d'Infanterie L\u00e9g\u00e8re d'Afrique, of the Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa), and a cavalry regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Second World War\nThe Oran, Constantine, and Algiers Divisions existed on 8 November 1942 as Operation Torch began; the corps was commanded by Lieutenant General fr:Louis Koeltz while the Algiers Division was under Charles Mast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Second World War\nThe corps joined the Allies in late 1942 when Vichy French forces in north-west Africa went over to the Allies after 'Torch' and Hitler ordered 'Case Anton,' the German and Italian occupation of Vichy France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Second World War\nThe Corps order of battle in 1942 (as far as known) during this time was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Second World War\nDivision de Marche du Maroc\u00a0:As of 27 decembre 1942\u00a0:7e r\u00e9giment de tirailleurs marocains (Moroccan native infantry regiment)3e r\u00e9giment de tirailleurs marocains (Moroccan native infantry regiment)4e r\u00e9giment de tirailleurs tunisiens (Tunisian native infantry regiment)3e r\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger d'infanterie (foreign legion infantry regiment)1er Groupe de tabors marocains (Moroccan native infantry regiment)1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment (1er r\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger de cavalerie) (2 escadrons\u00a0? 1 groupe\u00a0?) (Foreign Legion)2 groupes de 751 battery of 47mm1 escadron d'automitrailleuses (GB)1 company of light tanks  (US)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Second World War\nNB sont mentionn\u00e9s\u00a0: mountain artillery reinforcements (2 ou 3 ou 4 batteries\u00a0?)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Second World War\nThe 19th Army Corps fought as an Allied formation within the British 1st Army until the surrender of Axis forces in Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158101-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (France), Postwar changeover to 10th Military Region\nGeneral fr:Henry Martin (g\u00e9n\u00e9ral) appears to have been the last commander of the 19th Army Corps (1944-46) and the first commander of the successor 10th Military Region, formed in accordance with the decree of 18 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 68], "content_span": [69, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158102-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 19th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158103-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue (San Francisco)\n19th Avenue is a north-south city street in San Francisco, California. It consists of two non-contiguous segments that are separated by Golden Gate Park. The southern segment is a six-lane arterial thoroughfare, mostly signed as part of California State Route 1, that goes through the southwestern part of the city. The non-contiguous northern segment is primarily a residential street through the Richmond District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158103-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue (San Francisco), Route description, Southern segment\nThe southern segment of 19th Avenue begins as a northern continuation of St. Charles Avenue, a dead end street south of Randolph Street near the Ingleside neighborhood of San Francisco. 19th Avenue then proceeds northwest to Junipero Serra Boulevard. After crossing Junipero Serra, it heads north, passing San Francisco State University and Stonestown Galleria to Sloat Boulevard. The street then runs through the Sunset District to the southern edge of Golden Gate Park, where it then continues inside the park as Crossover Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158103-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue (San Francisco), Route description, Southern segment\nDespite being a city street, the avenue between Junipero Serra Boulevard and Golden Gate Park is designated as part of the State Highway 1. The portion of the avenue between Junipero Serra Boulevard and Eucalyptus Drive is also run by the Muni Metro M Ocean View light rail, providing access to Downtown. 19th Avenue is located between 18th Avenue and 20th Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158103-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue (San Francisco), Route description, Northern segment\nThe northern segment of 19th Avenue has its southern terminus at Fulton Street at the northern edge of Golden Gate Park. It heads north as a two-lane residential street through the Richmond District, crossing Geary Boulevard. It then ends at a cul-de-sac north of Lake Street, just short of the southern edge of the Presidio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158103-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue (San Francisco), Safety measures\nState Senator Leland Yee authored a bill designating 19th Avenue as a double-penalty zone for speeding, illegally overtaking, driving under the influence, driving recklessly, seat belt violations, and other traffic offences enforced by California Highway Patrol San Francisco Division, which took effect on 1 January 2009. Previous legislative efforts were vetoed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2006, on the grounds that double-fine zones are ineffective without necessary safety measures. In 2007, the bill failed to come to a final vote before the Senate session ended. On February 22, 2008, Yee successfully reintroduced the bill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158104-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue and Junipero Serra / 19th Avenue and Randolph stations\n19th Avenue and Junipero Serra (inbound) and 19th Avenue and Randolph (outbound) are a pair of one-way light rail stop on the Muni Metro M Ocean View line, located in the Merced Heights neighborhood of San Francisco, California. They opened with the line on October 6, 1925. The line was replaced with buses on August 6, 1939, but streetcar service resumed on December 17, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158104-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue and Junipero Serra / 19th Avenue and Randolph stations\nInbound and outbound trains stop at opposite ends of the block. Inbound trains stop before crossing Junipero Serra Boulevard, while outbound trains stop before crossing Randolph Street. (A separate stop, labeled 19th Avenue and Randolph in both directions, is located two blocks to the southeast.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158105-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue and Randolph station\n19th Avenue and Randolph is a light rail stop on the Muni Metro M Ocean View line, located in the Ingleside neighborhood of San Francisco, California. The stop opened with the line on October 6, 1925. The line was replaced with buses on August 6, 1939, but streetcar service resumed on December 17, 1944. There are no platforms at the stop; passengers must wait on the sidewalk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158106-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue/Camelback station\n19th Avenue/Camelback is a station on the Metro light rail line in Uptown Phoenix, Arizona, United States. A park and ride lot is adjacent to the station on the south side of Camelback Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158106-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue/Camelback station, Station art\n\"This landmark is approximately 30 feet tall, with an aluminum \u201cskin\u201d on the outside made from cut segments of aluminum bars. Fiber optic lights under the skin transform the sculpture into an inviting beacon at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158107-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue/Dunlap station\n19th Avenue/Dunlap is a station on the Valley Metro light rail line in Phoenix, Arizona. It was opened as part of Phase 1 of the Northwest Extension of the system on March 19, 2016, and will remain the end of the line until 2024, when Phase 2 extends the line to Metrocenter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158108-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Avenue/Montebello station\n19th Avenue/Montebello is a station on the Metro light rail line in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. A large park and ride lot is located on the east side of 19th Avenue. The station is immediately south of Bethany Home Road. The station was the northern terminus of the Valley Metro Rail until the Northwest Extension opened in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158109-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 19th Bangladesh National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information, Bangladesh to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema released in the year 1994. The ceremony took place in Dhaka and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh. The National Film Awards are the only film awards given by the government itself. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1994 was the 19th ceremony of National Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 19th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Although the unit's numerical designation was bestowed upon it during World War I, the unit can trace its origins back to 1860 when a Volunteer Rifle corps was raised in South Sydney. During World War I, the 19th Battalion was raised as a unit of the Australian Imperial Force, attached to the 5th Brigade, of the 2nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0000-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia)\nThe unit was formed in 1915 and was first sent to Gallipoli where it fought against the Turks, before being withdrawn from the peninsula and being sent to France in early 1916, where it served in the trenches along the Western Front. Over the next two years the battalion fought in many major battles and won numerous battle honours. In April 1918, it took part in defending against the German Spring Offensive, before the Allies launched their own last-ditch effort as part of the Hundred Days Offensive. The battalion was disbanded in October 1918 due to manpower shortages in the AIF and most of its men were sent to reinforce the other three battalions of the 5th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia)\nIn 1921, the 19th Battalion was reformed as part of the Citizens Forces (later the \"Militia\"), becoming known as the 19th Battalion (The South Sydney Regiment). From 1930 the battalion was linked with the 1st Battalion to form the 1st/19th Battalion (City of Sydney's Own Regiment), before being linked with the 20th Battalion. During World War II the battalion initially served in the defence of Darwin before being delinked from the 20th Battalion in 1941 and deployed in New Guinea and New Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia)\nIn 1945, the battalion was disbanded and was not reformed until 1966 when it was re-raised as part of the Citizens Military Force, serving as a special conditions battalion known as the 19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment. The battalion would maintain a similar role until 1995, although in 1971 it would be amalgamated with the 1st Battalion once more to form the 1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, Early origins\nLike many Australian infantry battalions, the 19th Battalion's lineage is a complex one. As a result of a series of re-organisations, the battalion can trace its origins to 1860 when a corps of volunteers was raised in the southern suburbs of Sydney becoming known as \"South Sydney's Own\", a part of the military forces of the New South Wales colonial defence force. In 1903, following the Federation of Australia, this unit became part of the Commonwealth Military Forces and was subsumed into the 1st Australian Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, Early origins\nIn 1912, a system of compulsory military service was introduced and the unit was renamed the 21st Infantry, and then later, in 1915, the 22nd Infantry. This scheme greatly expanded the army, however, when World War I began, due to the provisions of the Defence Act (1903) which precluded sending conscripts overseas to fight, it became necessary to raise an all volunteer force, separate to the home military force \u2013 the Citizens Forces \u2013 for service in the Middle East and Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nThis force was known as the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). As a part of this, the 19th Battalion was raised in March 1915, in Liverpool, New South Wales, drawing some of its personnel from men who had already served with the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force. Upon establishment the battalion was assigned to the 5th Brigade, which was part of the 2nd Division. After completing basic training in Australia, the battalion was dispatched to Egypt where further training was undertaken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nLater, the battalion was sent to Anzac Cove as part of a wave of reinforcements that were sent to the peninsula following the initial landing, arriving there on 21 August 1915. Following that, it took part in the attack on Battle of Hill 60, during which it was dispatched to the Azmak Dere, where a gap had formed following the British 11th Division's withdrawal amidst confused fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nAfter this, the battalion was mainly employed in the defence of Pope's Hill, until it was withdrawn on 19 December 1915. It returned to Egypt and was involved in the defence of the Suez Canal zone in the early months of 1916. The battalion was then sent to France. Arriving there on 22 March 1916, the battalion moved to the Armenti\u00e8res area for familiarisation of trench warfare procedures on the Western Front, a completely different style of warfare to that encountered on Gallipoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0005-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nIn July 1916, as part of the 2nd Division's relief of the 1st Division, the battalion arrived at Pozi\u00e8res, where it took part in the Battle of Pozi\u00e8res. In November 1916, following a period of respite in a quieter sector in Belgium, the 19th Battalion involved in an attack on a trench system known as \"the Maze\" near Flers, suffered devastating losses in winter conditions that were described as the \"worst ever encountered by the AIF\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nIn 1917, the 19th Battalion was involved in the attack on German forces after their retreat to the Hindenburg Line. The battalion also took part in three other major battles in 1917, Second Bullecourt, Menin Road and Poelcappelle in Belgium. In 1918 the battalion helped to repel the German spring offensive, and it was during this time, on 7 April 1918, that Lieutenant Percy Storkey earned a Victoria Cross for his actions during the fighting in Hangard Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0006-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nFollowing this, the battalion took part in the Allied offensive that eventually brought about the end of the war, fighting around Amiens and Mont St Quentin before coming up against the \"Beaurevoir Line\" at Estrees on 3\u20134 October 1918. This engagement was the battalion's last combat operation in the war, as the whole of 2nd Division was withdrawn from the line after the 6th Brigade's attack on Montbrehain on 5\u20136 October. On 10 October 1918, while resting near Vignacourt, the 19th Battalion was disbanded in order to reinforce other battalions in the 5th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nDuring the war, the battalion suffered 2,903 casualties. There are 874 names of 19th Battalion personnel killed in action recorded on the Australian War Memorial (AWM) Roll of Honour. Members of the 19th Battalion received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, five Distinguished Service Orders (DSOs), one Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), 20 Distinguished Conduct Medals (DCMs), 31 Military Crosses (MCs), 90 Military Medals (MMs), eight Meritorious Service Medals (MSMs) and 19 Mentions in Despatches (MIDs). For its war service, the battalion was awarded 20 battle honours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nShortly before the end of World War I, Australia's home military force was re-organised into multi-battalion regiments, with each regiment being formed to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF battalions that had been raised from personnel drawn from their geographical area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0008-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nIn April 1921, following a review of Australia's defence requirements as the demobilisation process came to an end, the AIF was officially disbanded and the decision was made to reorganise the units of the Citizens Forces in order to perpetuate the designations and battle honours of the AIF battalions; this saw the multi-battalion regiments disbanded and single battalions being formed. As a result, the 2nd Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment, a unit that could trace its lineage back to 1860, was reformed as the 19th Battalion, perpetuating both the lineage of its predecessor Citizens Forces units and that of its associated AIF unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nIn 1927, the unit adopted the territorial designation of \"The South Sydney Regiment\". At the same time the motto Fortiter et Fideliter (Boldly and Faithfully) was authorised. The battalion was assigned to the 9th Brigade, 2nd Division, upon its re-establishment. Initially, the Citizens Force was maintained through a system of compulsory service, however, in 1929\u201330, after the election of the Scullin Labor government, the Citizens Force was reorganised as the \"Militia\", and was maintained on a volunteer only basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0009-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years\nThroughout the 1930s, as a result of manpower shortages and the austerity measures that resulted from the economic hardships of the Great Depression, the unit was amalgamated with the 1st Battalion. In 1939, these two battalions were delinked, however, the 19th was further amalgamated with the 20th Battalion to form the 20th/19th Battalion, adopting the territorial designation of the \"Parramatta and Blue Mountains Regiment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nAt the start of World War II, the 20th/19th Battalion served as a machine-gun unit in Sydney before part of it was sent to Darwin to serve as a garrison force in 1941. The machine gunners later formed part of the 6th Machine Gun Battalion. Meanwhile, Darwin's regular garrison \u2013 the Darwin Mobile Force \u2013 was disbanded and as a consequence the battalion received a cadre of experience regular former non-commissioned officers who were subsequently commissioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0010-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nInitially, this force was known as the Darwin Infantry Battalion, but from 1 November 1941 the title of the 19th Battalion was readopted with the unit having separated from the 20th. During their time as part of the Darwin garrison, the 19th provided a significant part of the Army's contribution to the defence of the town against Japanese attacks; they remained there until September 1942 when they were relieved by troops from the 10th/48th Battalion, which had been transferred from the New South Wales south coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nAfter their relief, the 19th was transported to Mt Isa and then flown back to Narellan where the troops were given a long period of leave. Upon reconstitution in October, the battalion was re-equipped and a period of training around the Nepean River followed. Consisting of about 750 personnel, the 19th was reassigned to the 28th Brigade, along with the 20th and 34th Battalions. In November, the 19th moved to a training camp near Newcastle where they received amphibious training alongside US personnel to become a demonstration unit for the Joint Overseas Operational Training School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0011-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nAfterwards, the battalion moved to Woodford, Queensland, where jungle training was undertaken. In April 1943, the 19th Battalion moved to Gordonvale and was reassigned to the 6th Brigade. In July it deployed to the Buna area in New Guinea where it was used on defensive duties carrying out patrols and providing labour for work parties. In late May 1944, the battalion was transported aboard the Duntroon to Lae, establishing itself around Buolo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nIn December 1944, the battalion was sent to New Britain, embarking upon the transport Francis J. Parkman, and over the course of the next five months they undertook a campaign of harassment operations to keep the large number of Japanese forces stationed there off balance. Using barges to advance up the coast towards the Gazelle Peninsula, the 19th Battalion relieved the 14th/32nd Battalion and on 28 February 1945 crossed the Mevelo River, whereupon they began advancing towards the Wulwut River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0012-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nAt this point they came up against the forward Japanese defensive positions that had been dug-in along the Waitavalo ridge, which lay behind the Wulwut and overlooked the Waitavalo and Tol plantations. On 5 March, the 19th attempted to cross the river, but was initially turned back by intense Japanese mortar and machine-gun fire. A second attempt later in the day was successful, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nAfter this, the 19th subsequently captured a number of Japanese positions before moving on to Bacon Hill, the crest of the ridge where the main Japanese defensive position was located. At this point they were relieved by the 14th/32nd Battalion. After the 14th/32nd captured Bacon Hill further patrols were sent inland and towards Jammer Bay via the coast. The Australians subsequently secured a position along a line between Wide Bay and Open Bay, at which point they changed to a defensive posture, designed to keep the Japanese bottled up on the Gazelle Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0013-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nAs a result, the battalion took no further part in major offensive operations. Throughout the fighting on New Britain, the 19th Battalion suffered 64 battle casualties, which consisted of seven officers and 57 other ranks. In April 1945, the battalion was brought back to Australia in order to prepare for further operations. In July, however, as it became clear that the war was about to end the 19th was disbanded as it became surplus to Australia's military requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0013-0002", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, World War II\nDuring the course of the war the battalion suffered a total of 69 casualties, of which 18 were killed in action or died on active service. Members of the battalion received the following decorations for their service: one OBE, four MCs, two MMs and 13 MIDs. The 19th Battalion was awarded three battle honours for its service during World War II; in 1961, it was also entrusted with the four battle honours that the 2/19th Battalion had received for its service during the Malayan Campaign and the Fall of Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, Post World War II\nFollowing the end of the war even though the Citizens Military Force (CMF) was reformed in 1948, the battalion was not re-raised at the time. The CMF had been reformed on a restricted establishment and as a result the unit remained off the order of battle until 1966 when the 19th Battalion was re-raised as the 19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, a special conditions battalion, assigned at divisional level to provide training for national servicemen and volunteers who were unable to meet their training obligations due to their residence in isolated areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0014-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), History, Post World War II\nThe battalion continued to fulfil a similar role until 1995, although in 1971 it was amalgamated with the 1st Battalion once more to form the 1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, an Australian Army Reserve unit that remains in existence today and perpetuates the honours and traditions of both the 1st and 19th Battalions and their predecessor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158110-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Australia), Lineage\n1860\u20131862 \u2014 1st Regiment New South Wales Rifle Volunteers (The South Sydney Volunteer Corps)1862\u20131868 \u2014 The Sydney Battalion New South Wales Volunteer Rifles1868\u20131876 \u2014 The Suburban Battalion New South Wales Volunteer Rifles1876\u20131878 \u2014 1st Regiment New South Wales Volunteer Infantry1878\u20131901 \u2014 2nd Regiment Volunteer Rifles1901\u20131903 \u2014 1st Infantry Regiment1903\u20131908 \u2014 1st Australian Infantry Regiment1908\u20131912 \u2014 1st Battalion, 1st Australian Infantry Regiment1912\u20131913 \u2014 21st Infantry (Sydney Battalion)1913\u20131915 \u2014 21st (Woollahra) Infantry1915\u20131918 \u2014 22nd Infantry1918\u20131921 \u2014 2nd Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment1921\u20131927 \u2014 19th Battalion1927\u20131930 \u2014 19th Battalion (The South Sydney Regiment)1930\u20131937 \u2014 1st/19th Battalion1937\u20131939 \u2014 1st/19th Battalion (City of Sydney's Own Regiment)1939\u20131941 \u2014 20th/19th Battalion1941\u20131945 \u2014 19th Battalion (The South Sydney Regiment)1966\u20131971 \u2014 19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 967]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF\nThe 19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF was a unit of the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, History\nThe battalion was originally raised at Exhibition Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on 6 November 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, History\nAs part of the 4th Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division, the 19th went from its station in Toronto to West Sandling Camp, Shorncliffe, England, 23 May 1915 and then to France on 14 September 1915 where it served from 1915 to 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, History, 1916 World War Service, Battle of Thiepval\nThe 19th moved out at 6:45\u00a0p.m. on 25 September 1916, following the 20th, 18th, and 21st Canadian battalions on the Albert-Bapaume road toward Courcelette. They were instructed to be at the ready for any movement as they staged themselves at the road with G.F. Morrison commanding. On the 26th, the 19th was instructed to move to Sausage Valley and be ready, and they arrived on the 27th. On the 28th, the 19th was instructed to push forward towards Le Sars where the enemy line was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 90], "content_span": [91, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0003-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, History, 1916 World War Service, Battle of Thiepval\nOn the 29th, heavy artillery fire rained down on their position, resulting in heavy casualties. Reports came in that the British had taken the Destremont farm southwest of Le Sars while snipers fired on their position. With a fair amount of shelling coming from Pys, orders came from Rennie to push forward. In his diary of the action at Thiepval, Private John Mould of the 19th expressed the intensity of the advance:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 90], "content_span": [91, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, History, 1916 World War Service, Battle of Thiepval\nUnmerciful shells were sent over in dozens and within a very short time the ground all around us looked to all appearance like a newly ploughed field. How we escaped without being cut up is one of the things I am not able to explain. I had a very close call myself during this bombardment, a shell bursting within 2 yards of where I was digging. I never knew a thing for a few minutes, the force of the explosion sending me quite silly. It was an awful experience and one which I hoped would not happen again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 90], "content_span": [91, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, History, 1916 World War Service, Battle of Thiepval\nAfter about 5 hours of this terrible anxiety, things became much quieter so we were able to proceed with our work of digging more quicker than before. Keeping hard at it during the night, we had by the morning completed 3 lines of trenches and also consolidated them good enough to protect the Battalion from machine gun fire and shrapnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 90], "content_span": [91, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, History, 1916 World War Service, Battle of Thiepval\nOn 15 October 1916, Major General R.E.W. Turner, V.C., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O., commander of the 2nd Canadian Division, decorated the men who were honoured for their recent service in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 90], "content_span": [91, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, History, 1916 World War Service, Battle of Le Transloy\nThe 19th, without its D-Company, who had joined the 20th Battalion, joined with the 18th and 20th Canadian Infantry Battalions, the 4th and 5th Canadian Infantry Brigades, and the 23rd British Division on 1 October 1916 in a concentrated attack of the German lines near Le Transloy. On 3 October, D-Company rejoined the 19th, and were relieved by the . Total losses were 13 killed, 87 wounded, 29 sick, and 3 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158111-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF, History, 1918 World War Service\nThe 19th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF is perpetuated by The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand)\nThe 19th Battalion was a formation of the New Zealand Military Forces which served, initially as an infantry battalion and then as an armoured regiment, during the Second World War as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand)\nThe 19th Battalion was formed in New Zealand in 1939 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel J. S. Varnham. After a period of training it embarked for the Middle East and then onto Greece in 1941 as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division. It participated in the Battles of Greece and later in Crete. Evacuated from Crete, it then fought in the North African Campaign and suffered heavy losses during Operation Crusader. Brought back up to strength, the battalion participated in the breakout of the 2nd New Zealand Division from Minqar Qaim in June 1942, where it had been encircled by the 21st Panzer Division. The following month, the battalion suffered heavy casualties during the First Battle of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand)\nIn October 1942, the battalion was converted to an armoured unit and designated 19th Armoured Regiment. To replace men lost at El Alamein, personnel were drawn from a tank brigade being formed in New Zealand. The regiment spent a year in Egypt training with Sherman tanks, before embarking for Italy in October 1943 to join the Eighth Army. It participated in the Italian Campaign, fighting in actions at Orsogna and later at Cassino. The regiment finished the war in Trieste and remained there for several weeks until the large numbers of Yugoslav partisans also present in the city withdrew. Not required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations, the regiment was disestablished in late 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Formation\nThe 19th Battalion was formed in New Zealand in 1939 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Varnham, a veteran soldier who had commanded an infantry company during the First World War, and was the second of three infantry battalions making up the 4th Infantry Brigade. Its personnel were drawn from the lower half of the North Island of New Zealand and formed into Wellington, Wellington/West Coast, Hawke's Bay and Taranaki companies. Most of the battalion's personnel entered Trentham Camp on 3 October, with officers and non-commissioned officers having commenced their training the previous week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Formation\nAfter completing their initial training, the battalion's 760-odd personnel departed on the liner RMS Strathaird for the Middle East on 5 January 1940 as part of the first echelon of the 2nd New Zealand Division, commanded by Major General Bernard Freyberg; the 4th Brigade was one of the division's three infantry brigades. The battalion arrived at its base in Maadi, Egypt on 14 February, and was involved in training and garrison duty at the Baggush Box, a defensive position in the Western Desert, for most of the next 12 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Formation\nWork improving the fortifications escalated in September, when the Italian Army crossed the Egyptian border and Baggush was bombed. The battalion was reinforced in December with personnel from the third echelon of the 2nd New Zealand Division, which had just arrived in Egypt having spent several months in the south of England. It was then tasked with the defence of the Royal Air Force's aerodromes in the Western Desert, which called for the wide distribution of the battalion's companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece\nThe British Government anticipated an invasion of Greece by the Germans in 1941 and decided to send troops to support the Greeks, who were already engaged against the Italians in Albania. The 2nd New Zealand Division was one of a number of Allied units dispatched to Greece in early March. The 4th Brigade was tasked with the defence of the Aliakmon Line in northern Greece with the 2nd New Zealand Division positioned on the northern side of Mount Olympus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0005-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece\nThe 19th Battalion was the reserve for 4th Brigade and spent most of its time from late March to early April preparing roading and defensive positions. On 6 April, the Germans invaded Greece and advanced so rapidly that their forces quickly threatened the Florina Gap. The brigade was withdrawn to the Servia Pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece\nThe 19th Battalion was tasked with holding the mouth of the pass and spent the next few days digging in. On 13 April, German Stukas bombed the battalion causing its first casualties of the war. The following day, German armour reached the Servia Pass. The positions of the battalion's Wellington and Hawkes' Bay companies were the subject of an attack on the night of 14\u201315 April. The Germans were resolutely defeated and at dawn, 120 of them were prisoners of war and another 150 or so were killed, while the battalion's own casualties amounted to two dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0006-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece\nDuring the action, the battalion's commander, Varnham, was wounded and evacuated with its second-in-command, Major Blackburn, taking over for the next two months. Despite artillery fire and bombing, the battalion continued to hold up the Germans for three days before being withdrawn. Its new position was at Molos, near Thermopylae, which was reached after a bombing raid killed more personnel. The battalion was charged with monitoring the coast for the next few days although one company was detached during this time and sent to Thermopylae to man defensive positions there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece\nOn 24 April, the 4th Brigade was moved to Kriekouki Pass through which the entire 2nd New Zealand Division was to withdraw. The 19th Battalion was in reserve. Again a company was detached for defensive duties, this time at Corinth Canal. In the early hours of 27 April, after contact with a German convoy of 100 vehicles, the brigade withdrew again, this time through Athens to Porto Rafti, from where it was to be evacuated. Once in position, the 19th Battalion was held in reserve on the road, just a mile from the beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0007-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece\nIn the meantime, the company at the Corinth Canal was caught in a German attack and cut off; most became prisoners of war. On the night of 29 April, and into the early hours of the following morning, the brigade was evacuated with the battalion being the last unit to embark from Porto Rafti. The campaign in Greece resulted in 24 men of the battalion being killed, with 20 wounded. Nearly 150 were made prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Crete\nFrom Greece, the 19th Battalion was shipped to the island of Crete where it arrived on 28 April with 475 personnel. Designated as the reserve battalion for 4th Brigade, it was stationed just to the east of Galatas. By mid-May it was increasingly apparent that the Germans would mount an invasion of Crete. The airborne invasion by the Germans commenced in the morning of 20 May, while many of the battalion's soldiers were eating breakfast. Most of the descending paratroopers over the area were shot as they parachuted down and their equipment integrated into the defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Crete\nA field hospital in the 18th Battalion's sector was captured by paratroopers and about 500 wounded soldiers and medical staff were made prisoners of war. When the Germans left the area, they took their prisoners. Elements of 19th Battalion came across them and after a short engagement killed the guards and freed their captives although some had inadvertently received friendly fire. By the afternoon, it, like the neighbouring 18th Battalion, was in control of its area of responsibility and had killed or captured around 150 paratroopers. However, a prison to the southwest was in the hands of the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0009-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Crete\nThat evening, two companies of the battalion mounted a counterattack after a report that the paratroopers at the prison were clearing an airfield. Although supported by some light tanks, the New Zealanders became lost and the next morning were ordered to return to their defensive positions. The battalion was then engaged in fighting over a hill that overlooked the road to Chania, key to preventing the Germans from advancing to the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Crete\nIn the afternoon of 25 May, the Germans attacked along the road from the prison, towards Galatas. After defending for two hours, the 4th Brigade withdrew, with 19th Battalion temporarily being attached to the 5th Infantry Brigade, positioned to the west of Chania. Two day later, while manning a rearguard defensive line at Chania, it supported a counterattack mounted by Australian and New Zealand forces in an action later known as the Battle of 42nd Street, following an advance by the 141st Mountain Regiment. The Germans were routed but the Allied forces withdrew that evening as the Germans began reinforcing their lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Crete\nThe withdrawal was at a forced march up and over the mountains to the port town of Sphakia. The 5th Brigade was part of the rearguard, fighting delaying actions to prevent chasing Germans of the 85th Mountain Regiment from cutting the road to Sphakia. The evacuation commenced on the nights of 28 and 29 May, with 19th Battalion departing on the latter date aboard Australian destroyers. Its casualties during the fighting on Crete amounted to just over 60 dead, around 70 wounded and 80 made prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa\nOnce back in Egypt, the 19th Battalion began to receive reinforcements to bring it back up to strength and Varnham, recovered from the wounds received in Greece, resumed command. By 24 June it was at its full complement although still short on equipment. Training was initially limited to route marches and lectures on the learnings of the campaigns in Greece and Crete but by August it was getting re-equipped and battlefield training was underway. The 2nd New Zealand Division was now preparing for a role in the upcoming Libyan offensive, and several divisional and brigade level exercises were carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0012-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa\nBy September, the battalion was based at the Baggush Box, building up the defences there with the rest of the 4th Brigade alongside the 6th Infantry Brigade, while also doing intensive training in open desert warfare. During this time, Varnham was sent back to New Zealand to perform special duties. His replacement as commander of the battalion was Major S. F. Hartnell, who had been one of its company commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa\nThe battalion's training was in preparation for the 2nd New Zealand Division's role in the upcoming Operation Crusader, which was planned to lift the siege of Tobruk. The New Zealanders were part of the 8th Army's XIII Corps, which was tasked with isolating and capturing the frontier posts held by the enemy while XXX Corps moved to the south to defeat the armour of Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps. At the same time, the Tobruk garrison was to attempt a breakout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Operation Crusader\nThe 19th Battalion began moving forward to the starting positions for Operation Crusader on 12 November, leaving just over 60 men behind around which a new battalion could be formed in the event of heavy losses. The operation commenced on the night of 18 November, with the division moving forward across the Libyan border. The 4th Brigade, with 19th Battalion as its reserve, cut off the road between Bardia and Tobruk on 22 November, and rounded up Italian prisoners of war. The New Zealanders were then ordered to support British armoured units of XXX Corps at Sidi Rezegh, which had suffered heavy losses from Rommel's armour. Meanwhile the outbreak from Tobruk was progressing slowly, having met with an unexpected German division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Operation Crusader\nThe 4th Brigade was tasked with advancing to Tobruk, via an escarpment linking Zaafram and Belhamed and onto Ed Duda; the 6th Brigade was to advance to Sidi Rezegh along an escarpment to the south. The 19th Battalion led the brigade for part of this advance before providing flank protection during its attack on an airfield at Gambut. It then was involved in the brigade's nighttime attack on 24 November which captured Zaafran. The 6th Brigade in the meantime had secured Sidi Rezegh although unexpectedly strong resistance that there were many casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Operation Crusader\nIn order to break through to Tobruk, an attack on Ed Duda was mounted by 6th Brigade on the night of 25 November. This failed with heavy losses. A corresponding attack on Belhamed, mounted by the 18th and 20th Battalions, was more successful although the New Zealanders were left on a ridge and exposed to heavy artillery fire. The 19th Battalion had been held in reserve at Zaafran for the Belhamed attack. By this stage, it was the only full strength infantry unit left in the 4th and 6th Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0016-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Operation Crusader\nIt was ordered to link up with the Tobruk garrison, elements of which had moved forward to take Ed Duda in light of 6th Brigade's failure to do so. The plan called for the battalion to advance behind Matilda II tanks from a British armoured regiment. The attack, one of the British Army's first nighttime attacks involving both infantry and armour, was a success. The tanks scattered the enemy, and any pockets of resistant were dealt with by the following infantry. The attack was completed without any casualties among the battalion and over 500 enemy were made prisoners of war. The efforts secured a corridor through to Tobruk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Operation Crusader\nThe battalion established a defensive position in a wadi to the east of Ed Duda. There they collected stray enemy soldiers as prisoners of war and were also subject to shelling. The next day, the battalion was divided into two; a portion returned to Zaafran while the other remained at Ed Duda. In the meantime, pressure was building on 6th Brigade, which was now surrounded and subject to heavy artillery fire. German tanks of the 15th Panzer Division overran the brigade on the afternoon of 30 November. The following day, the 18th and 20th Battalions were pushed off Belhamed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Operation Crusader\nAfter the withdrawal of 4th and 6th Brigades from Belhamed and Sidi Rezegh respectively, two companies of the 19th Battalion remained at Ed Duda, becoming part of the Tobruk defensive perimeter. They remained as part of the Tobruk garrison until 11 December, when they were transported via Tobruk back to Baggush. The other two companies had already returned to Baggush with the remnants of the 4th and 6th Brigades. Although the 19th Battalion was relatively intact, most of the remaining infantry battalions had suffered heavy losses. The entire division would spend the next few months in a rebuilding phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Rebuilding\nIn early March 1942, the 19th Battalion moved, with the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Division, to Syria to defend against a possible attack through Turkey on the Middle East oilfields by the Germans. Based at Zabboud, the battalion was set to work on preparing defences covering routes to the south. By June, the defensive positions were largely complete and many of the battalion's soldiers were granted leave for sightseeing. Then, following the attack on the Eighth Army's Gazala Line by Panzer Army Africa, the 2nd New Zealand Division was recalled to Libya. It commenced its journey from Syria on 17 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Rebuilding\nThe New Zealanders made their way to a neglected fortified position to the west of Mersa Matruh, surrounded by minefields, reaching it on the night of 21 June; the battalion had travelled 900 kilometres (560\u00a0mi) in five days. It spent four days at Matruh, where it formed an anti-tank platoon equipped with a complement of 2-pounder anti-tank guns. These had been taken over from the 2nd New Zealand Division's No. 7 Anti-Tank Regiment which had just received 6-pounder guns. Freyberg, the divisional commander, disliked the plan for his command to be based at Matruh, regarding it as a trap. After the fall of Tobruk to Rommel's forces, the division was ordered on 25 June to establish defensive positions at Minqar Qaim. It was to hold and delay the advance of the Panzer Army Africa for as long as it could while remaining intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Rebuilding\nThe 19th Battalion arrived at Minqar Qaim in the late afternoon of the following day, where it was positioned on the south of the division's perimeter. On the way, it was attacked by German bombers although there was only one casualty. By the middle of the afternoon of 27 June, the division had been encircled by the 21st Panzer Division. German tanks and infantry approached the 2nd New Zealand Division's positions and were successfully beaten off. Later in the day, Freyberg was wounded and the commander of 4th Brigade, Brigadier Lindsay Inglis, took over command of the division. Prior to his wounding, Freyberg had decided that the New Zealanders were to attempt a breakout from their encirclement that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Rebuilding\nOn the south side of the New Zealand perimeter, the 19th Battalion was closest to the designated area for the breakout. Under a bright moon, the infantry marched with bayonets fixed, beginning in the early hours of 28 June before machine gun fire broke out. Many Germans were caught in a state of undress and were swiftly dealt with. Having achieved the breakthrough, transport was quickly brought up and the battalion were loaded up for the trip to the El Alamein line. Its casualties were light; 21 men were killed or died of their wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, El Alamein\nDespite the events of Minqar Qaim, the 2nd New Zealand Division was one of the most complete divisions of the Eighth Army still able to be employed along the El Alamein line. The area was subject to further offensives by Panzer Army Afrika and on 14 and 15 July 1942, during the First Battle of El Alamein, the battalion was involved in an effort to assist 30 Corps, by being part in what would be known as the Battle of Ruweisat Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, El Alamein\nThe Italian Brescia and Pavia divisions, along with elements of the 15th Panzer Division, held Ruweisat Ridge, which was in the centre of the El Alamein line, and dominated the surrounding area. The 4th Brigade was to take the western end of the ridge, with Brigadier Howard Kippenberger's 5th Brigade tasked with the capture of the centre of the ridge. The 5th Indian Brigade was allocated to deal with the eastern end. British tanks, in the form of two armoured brigades, were to protect the flanks and be in support to deal with the expected counterattack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, El Alamein\nAfter a night-time advance of over 6 miles, the 19th Battalion was positioned on the ridge. Its ranks had increased with the presence of 60 soldiers from 18th Battalion who had become separated from their unit during the advance. The brigade's move forward had routed much of the Italian defences although, on daybreak, it was discovered that numerous strong points had been bypassed, leaving the German line in front of the ridge largely intact. The 5th Brigade was also on the ridge but was widely dispersed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0025-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, El Alamein\nIts advance had skirted a regiment of panzers, which in the early hours of the morning of 15 July routed the flanking battalion of the 5th Brigade. This left the battalions of the 4th Brigade even more exposed and receiving fire from the enemy. The Indians were likewise in position having secured their objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, El Alamein\nThe battalion's infantry struggled to dig good defensive positions, with rock encountered just beneath the surface. A counterattack by elements of the 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions was launched in the afternoon of 15 July. The limited number of anti-tank guns present were exposed and quickly became immobilised or had to withdraw. This left the infantry of the 4th Brigade to be surrounded and large numbers were forced to surrender. The 20th Battalion was overrun first, with some of its personnel making it to the positions of 19th Battalion. It too became surrounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0026-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, El Alamein\nBy nightfall, the brigade had been overrun and 1,100 soldiers, many from 19th Battalion, were taken prisoner. Among them was Hartnell, although he was able to escape when night fell and make his way back to the Allied lines. The British tanks belatedly moved forward and although this drove off the German armour, the other infantry brigades withdrew from Ruweisat Ridge later in the evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0027-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, El Alamein\nOf the battalions of 4th Brigade, only 18th Battalion had sufficient strength to remain in the field. Its commander had received fatal wounds at Ruweisat Ridge and an officer of 19th Battalion, Major Clive Pleasants, took over. The losses suffered by the 19th and 20th Battalions saw them withdrawn to Maadi to recover and reequip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0028-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Conversion to armour\nIt had previously been decided to form an armoured brigade to provide tank support to the 2nd New Zealand Division and as a result, the 1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade was formed in July 1941. This brigade was still undergoing training in New Zealand in September 1942 when it was decided to convert the 4th Brigade, still refitting at Maadi, while the 5th and 6th Brigades continued to campaign in Egypt. The brigade still in New Zealand was broken up to provide reinforcements for the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0029-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Conversion to armour\nAt the time, the 19th Battalion had 600 personnel but later in the month nearly 200 were transferred to infantry battalions and the remainder informed of the pending conversion to armour. On 5 October 1942, the battalion was officially designated 19th Armoured Regiment and the following month, its ranks were increased with personnel from the 3rd Army Tank Battalion, newly arrived from New Zealand. In December, a pair of Covenanters and a Crusader tank was provided to the regiment for training but one of these was soon lost in a live firing exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0029-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Conversion to armour\nThe two remaining tanks were rostered to the squadrons for practical training for two day periods until April 1943, when the regiment began receiving the M4 Sherman tanks that were to be its operational complement. At about the same time, its commander, Hartnell, was promoted to brigadier and appointed second in command of the 4th Armoured Brigade and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel R. McGaffin. The new commander had experience with armour, having commanded the 3rd Army Tank Battalion when it was formed in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0030-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Conversion to armour\nThe war in North Africa had concluded in May with the defeat of Axis forces in Tunisia, so a new operational role for the 2nd New Zealand Division was required. Consideration was given to transferring it to the Pacific but once the New Zealand Government decided that the division would stay in Europe, it joined the Eighth Army, which was now engaged in the Italian campaign. The regiment embarked for Italy in early October, having only reached full strength the previous month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0031-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy\nThe regiment disembarked at Taranto on 22 October and early the following month were reunited with its tanks, these having been transported separately. As the New Zealanders advanced towards the Sangro, the 19th Regiment, in the lead, was detached to support the 19th Indian Brigade in an operation at Perano, on 18 November 1943. The town was believed to be lightly held but the operation was compromised by orders to not use wireless for communication. This was to avoid the Germans detecting the presence of the 2nd New Zealand Division in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0031-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy\nInstead of the light opposition that was expected, A Squadron, which was composed of 14 Sherman tanks, encountered elements of the 16th Panzer Division. The Indians secured their objective but the clash with the Germans resulted in four Shermans being destroyed and seven of the squadron's personnel killed. Before the Germans withdrew, they had scavenged papers from one of the destroyed tanks which alerted them to the fact that the New Zealanders were now in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0032-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Orsogna\nLater in the month, the division crossed the Sangro with a view to taking the high ground beyond, a series of ridges culminating in one peaked by the town of Orsogna. Initial attacks on Orsogna in the first week of December involved infantry, and then the tanks of 18th Regiment; these failed as did subsequent attempts mounted later in the month. As a stalemate settled, the infantry of the 2nd New Zealand Division remained active around Orsogna with the 19th Regiment being based at Sfasciata Ridge and providing support as mobile artillery. It would spend the winter months in this role, with one squadron at a time rotated out as a reserve every eight days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0033-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Orsogna\nThere was still the occasional need for a foray to be made by the regiment's tanks. Over the first two weeks of January 1944, C Squadron was operating in assistance of a flanking battalion of paratroopers at Poggiofiorito while B Squadron was making long range shoots in aid of the 28th Battalion. On 15 January, the regiment, along with the rest of the division, began to withdraw from the Orsogna sector. It rested for two weeks at Piedimonte on the western side of the Apennines in preparation to join the fighting in the sector of the 5th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0034-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino\nIn February, the 2nd New Zealand Division was transferred to the 5th Army and, as part of the newly formed New Zealand Corps to be commanded by Freyberg, took responsibility from the United States II Corps for the Cassino section of the Gustav Line. For the previous few weeks, the strategically important town of Cassino, controlling the entrance to the Liri Valley and overlooked by the mountain of Monte Cassino, had been under attack by the American forces but remained in the hands of the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0035-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino\nThe New Zealand Corps took responsibility for the sector on 12 February. The 19th Regiment was involved in the first attack mounted by the New Zealand forces on the town, on 17 February, following the 28th Battalion which had secured a bridgehead across the Rapido River. However, the tanks never got started. Engineering work had not been completed in time on a railway embankment that led into the town and the tanks were unable to move in. Shelled while waiting, they suffered 12 casualties before withdrawing back to Mignano, from where they had started their advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0036-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino\nThe regiment was tasked with supporting a further attempt on the town, this time involving the 6th Brigade, the objective being to secure a bridgehead to be exploited by the other regiments of the 4th Armoured Brigade. Poor weather delayed the start of the attack by three weeks. On 15 March, Cassino was bombed, followed by an artillery bombardment after which B Squadron moved into the town behind the infantry of 25th Battalion. However, the tanks were unable to keep up with the soldiers as they moved forward and this affected their ability to provide the desired support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0036-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino\nThe Germans defended strongly, assisted by the rubble that hampered the easy movement of the tanks. This dashed hopes of a quick break through. Instead the tank crews disembarked and using tools, cleared spaces for their Shermans to be well positioned for providing cover for the infantry. In the evening, A Squadron and a troop from C Squadron moved in to support the 26th Battalion, which reinforced the 25th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0037-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino\nLittle progress was made over the coming days, and several tanks became disabled and lost in the rubble in their efforts supporting the attacks made by the New Zealand infantry. The two infantry brigades of the 2nd New Zealand Division were withdrawn from Cassino in early April and sent to the Apennines but the 4th Armoured Brigade remained in place, under the command of the 6th British Armoured Division which now had responsibility for the sector. The New Zealand regiments provided indirect artillery support during this time. The Allied forces began preparing for a major offensive against the Gustav Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0037-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino\nThis commenced on 11 May, and then, on short notice, the 19th Regiment was attached to the British 4th Infantry Division. It was to support that division's operations against Cassino. The regiment moved up on the night of 13 May and went into action the next day. Further engagements followed over the next few days, during which two tanks of B Squadron were lost, before Cassino was captured on 18 May. The regiment then returned to the control of the 2nd New Zealand Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0038-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Advance to Florence and beyond\nThe 2nd New Zealand Division was withdrawn from action in mid-June and remained in reserve, recuperating after the efforts of the previous few months, until 9 July, when it was attached to XIII Corps. They were to lead the advance to Florence. In the approach to the Paula Line, less than 10 kilometres (6.2\u00a0mi) from Florence, there were a series of small-scale actions, with the tanks of the 4th Armoured Brigade supporting the attacking infantry, as the German defenders fought a delaying withdrawal on the approach to the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0038-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Advance to Florence and beyond\nIn one such engagement, on 29 July, one of the regiment's tank troops supported 24th Battalion in its attack on San Michele, in the Tuscan hills. After hectic fighting as a result of a German counterattack, the Shermans, of which only two were still mobile, had to withdraw in order to fix faults that had developed with their guns. The Paula Line was breached on 4 August and Florence captured the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0039-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Advance to Florence and beyond\nIn August, Lieutenant Colonel A. Everist took command of the regiment after McGaffin was appointed second-in-command of 4th Armoured Brigade. Everist had been a company commander with the unit prior to the regiment's conversion to armour. The division was tasked with participating in the Adriatic offensive, which aimed to break the Gothic Line. In preparation for the forthcoming action, the regiment's tanks were overhauled at its temporary base of operations at Iesi. The offensive commenced on 12 September, with the 2nd New Zealand Division attacking the Coriano Ridge. The regiment's involvement began with C Squadron assisting in an engagement mounted by a Greek brigade at Rimini Airfield. It then pushed on, accompanied by 22nd Battalion, fording the Marecchia River on 22 September. Progress was slow thereafter as it advanced into the Po valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0040-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Advance to Florence and beyond\nOn 19 and 20 October, the 4th Armoured Brigade was involved in its first and only action as a brigade in an attack towards the Savio River. This was primarily a tank action, in contrast to previous battles in which the armour supported the infantry. The attack, which saw two of the regiment's squadrons being covered by 24th and 25th Battalions while the third, C Squadron, was part of an artillery shoot covering a crossing by Canadian units, was a success and pushed the Germans across the Savio. However, progress had been slower than expected due to poor weather and muddy conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0041-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Winter months\nThe 2nd New Zealand Division was then sent into reserve on 22 October for a rest. In the first week of November, Everist left the 19th Regiment to return to New Zealand on furlough. His replacement as commander was Lieutenant Colonel H. H. Parata, who had previously served with the regiment for a twelve-month period from July 1943. The regiment returned to the front, based at Faenza to support the crossing of the Senio River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0041-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Winter months\nIt began providing artillery support on 20 December, with B Squadron forming a gunline along the Senio and engaging spotted targets; it would expend over 12,000 rounds in this duty, which it performed until 6 January 1945. The regiment remained at Faenza for several weeks, with one squadron forward on the Senio, providing targeted shoot in response to infantry requests, and another guarding the road behind the crossing. The squadrons rotated out on a regular basis back to Faenza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0042-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Winter months\nBy February 1945, the infantry picked up the intensity of their patrolling and the regiment's squadrons were more frequently called up to lay down fire on targets identified as being of interest. They also began to receive the Sherman Firefly, which mounted a 17-pounder anti-tank gun, each troop allocated one of these tanks. In early March, the division was withdrawn from the Senio front for a rest on the Adriatic coast, with the 19th Regiment settling in at Cesenatico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0043-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Resuming the advance\nAfter its rest, the 19th Regiment returned to the front lines in early April with Everist was back in command, having returned from his furlough to New Zealand. At this time, the 2nd New Zealand Division was part of the Eighth Army's V Corps, which was mounting a renewed offensive. Along with the 20th Regiment, on the night of 10 April, it supported the New Zealand infantry's crossing of the Santerno River. This was followed by the crossing of the Scolo Correcchio a few days later. One troop encountered a Panther tank, which knocked out the commander's Sherman. In turn the Panther was destroyed by the troop's Firefly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0044-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Resuming the advance\nThe Sillaro River was crossed on 14 April, with all three squadrons heavily engaged in the support of the 9th Infantry Brigade. Two tanks were lost. By this time, the 2nd New Zealand Division was at the vanguard of the Eighth Army's advance and it was transferred from V Corps back to XIII Corps, which was thrusting to the northwest of the country. From 18 to 19 April, the Gaiana River, defended by the 4th Parachute Division, was the regiment's focus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0044-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Resuming the advance\nOnce the defence was overcome, the regiment resumed its advance but was then subject to a friendly fire incident, when the leading troop was bombed by Supermarine Spitfires. A two-day rest followed before it rejoined the advance. The Po was crossed by the infantry without incident on 24 April, although congestion with other traffic of V Corps meant it was a few days before the 19th Regiment was able to traverse the river. The regiment's headquarters section crossed first with C Squadron on 29 April and proceed to cross the Adige as well. The other squadrons went over the Po the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0045-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Trieste\nBy 1 May German resistance was fading and only isolated pockets provided resistance as the New Zealanders moved towards Venice. The headquarters section and C Squadron, still separate from the rest of the regiment, gained the town of Sistiana on 2 May and were then ordered to advance to Trieste, where Yugoslav Partisans had partial control of the city. On the approach and in sections of Trieste, the New Zealanders had to deal with diehard enemy elements which refused to surrender. One such group was holed up in the city's courthouse and C Squadron's tanks put several cannon shots into the building allowing the partisans entry to destroy the German garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0046-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Trieste\nThe war ended shortly afterwards but the 2nd New Zealand Division remained in Trieste for several weeks until the large numbers of Yugoslav partisans also present in the city withdrew. With the war over, long serving personnel left for New Zealand while the regiment moved to Florence to winter. A group of personnel remained near Trieste to help with the transport of its Shermans to Bologna before rejoining the rest of the regiment in September. Not required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations, the regiment was disestablished in November 1945. By then most its personnel had already departed. Some went on to join J Force, the New Zealand contingent to serve in Japan on occupation duties, while the rest returned to New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0047-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Trieste\nDuring the war, the 19th Battalion and its successor, the 19th Armoured Regiment, lost nearly 230 officers and men either killed in action or who later died of their wounds, including 34 men who died as prisoners of war. Nearly 490 personnel were made prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0048-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Honours\nFour members of the battalion, including three of its commanders, were awarded the Distinguished Service Order while a member of the YMCA who was attached to the battalion for a portion of its service overseas was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Twelve officers were awarded the Military Cross while two others received the United States Bronze Star and the Greek Military Cross respectively. One soldier received the Distinguished Conduct Medal and 20 others the Military Medal. Numerous men, including the founding commander of the battalion, were mentioned in dispatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0049-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Honours\nThe 19th Battalion and its successor, the 19th Armoured Regiment, was awarded the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0050-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Honours\nMount Olympus, Servia Pass, Olympus Pass, Elasson, Molos, Greece 1941, Crete, Maleme, Galatas, Canea, 42nd Street, Withdrawal to Sphakia, Middle East 1941\u201344, Tobruk 1941, Sidi Rezegh 1941, Sidi Azeiz, Belhamed, Zemla, Alam Hamza, Mersa Matruh, Minqar Qaim, Defence of Alamein Line, Ruweisat Ridge, El Mreir, Alam el Halfa, North Africa 1940\u201342, Perano, The Sangro, Castel Frentano, Orsogna, Cassino I, Cassino II, Gustav Line, Advance to Florence, Cerbaia, San Michele, Paula Line, St. Angelo in Salute, Pisciatello, Bologna, Sillaro Crossing, Gaiana Crossing, Italy 1943\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158112-0051-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (New Zealand), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 19th Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158113-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (United States Marine Corps)\n19th Battalion was a battalion in the Fleet Marine Corps Reserve based in Augusta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158113-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion (United States Marine Corps), History\nThe battalion was formed in December 1936 and was mobilized 7 November 1940 for service in anticipation of World War II. Upon mobilization, the Marines were sent to various assignments throughout the Marine Corps as was customary for the time. The battalion was subsequently disbanded after mobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras)\nThe 19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras) was a Volunteer unit of the British Army in existence from 1860 to 1961 under various titles. A detachment served in the Second Boer War and two full battalions fought in World War I, receiving the surrender of Jerusalem and crossing the Jordan among other exploits. During World War II the regiment operated as a searchlight unit and briefly as an infantry battalion, before becoming an anti-aircraft regiment in the postwar years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Origin\nThe invasion scare of 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Force and huge enthusiasm for joining Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). However, in some areas such as London and its suburbs, the number of proposed units outstripped the available recruits, and the Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex, the Marquis of Salisbury, tried to rationalise them into a smaller number of better-supported RVCs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 52], "content_span": [53, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Origin\nIn the Parish of St Pancras, two leading Parliamentary spokesmen for the Volunteer movement proposed competing units: Lord Elcho (MP for Haddingtonshire) wanted to form the 'Euston Road Rifles', while Lord Enfield (MP for Middlesex) was organising the 'North Middlesex' RVC. Salisbury merged the two into the 29th (North Middlesex) Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps under Enfield's command. (Elcho was already a very active commanding officer of the London Scottish RVC; Enfield also held the ceremonial position of Honorary Colonel of the 2nd or Edmonton Royal Rifle Regiment of Middlesex Militia.) The first commissions for officers of the 29th Middlesex were issued on 28 February 1860. The uniform was grey with scarlet facings and a grey fur Busby with a plume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 52], "content_span": [53, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Origin\nThe new unit had its first headquarters at Kent Lodge in Park Village East, near Regent's Park, and later had a drill hall in Pratt Street, Camden Town. It was successful in attracting working-class recruits from the railway yards and densely populated areas of Camden Town, Kentish Town and Somers Town north of Euston Road. In 1880, following mergers and disbandments of less successful units, the 29th Middlesex was renumbered 17th. The following year it became the 4th Volunteer Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment (3rd Volunteer Battalion from 1892), but retained its title of 17th (North Middlesex) RVC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 52], "content_span": [53, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Boer War\nThe battalion sent a Service Company of volunteers to South Africa to serve alongside the Regulars of the 2nd Battalion Middlesex Regiment in the Second Boer War and as a result received its first Battle Honour: South Africa 1900\u201302. Four of these volunteers died on service and are commemorated by a plaque now in St Pancras Parish Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Territorial Force\nUnder the Haldane Reforms, the former Volunteers were subsumed into the Territorial Force in 1908. The 17th Middlesex became the 19th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment (St Pancras) (TF) and formed part of 5th London Brigade in the 2nd London Division. Its new headquarters and drill hall was at 76 Camden High Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), World War I\nThe outbreak of war on 4 August saw the men of the 19th Londons at Perham Down on Salisbury Plain, where they had just arrived for their annual training camp with the rest of 2nd London Division. They were immediately recalled to Camden to complete their mobilisation and by mid-August the battalion had reached its war station at Hatfield, Hertfordshire. The County of London Territorial Force Association began raising 'Second Line' battalions, which led to the formation of a duplicate 2/19th London battalion; consequently the existing battalion was prefixed 1/19th. Subsequently, a reserve or 'Third Line' battalion (3/19th) was organised to supply drafts to the other two battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons\nIn October 1914, 2nd London Division was selected for service on the Western Front and progressive training was carried out through the winter. Men who had volunteered for Home Service only were transferred to the 2/19th Battalion. 5th London Bde was the leading element of the division to land in France on 9/10 March 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0006-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons\nIn May the division (already known in France simply as 'The London Division' to distinguish it from the Regular Army 2nd Division) took its place in the line and was designated 47th (1/2nd London) Division, with the brigades numbered consecutively: 5th London became 141st (1/5th London) Brigade. The 1/19th served in this brigade throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1915\nDuring 1915 the battalion was engaged in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1915\nAt the Battle of Loos the 1/19th formed part of the second wave attacking the southern side of Loos village itself. Its CO, Lt-Col Collison-Morley, was killed at the head of the battalion soon after leaving the trenches, and the 1/19th encountered stiff opposition in Loos cemetery before pushing on to clear houses and cellars in the village. It ended the day at its final objective, the coal-mine winding gear known as 'Tower Bridge'. 1/19th suffered the heaviest casualties in 47th Division that day (14 officers and 372 other ranks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1916\nDuring 1916 the battalion was engaged in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1917\n47th Division moved into the Hill 60 sector of the Ypres Salient in October 1916 and took part in regular raids and crater fighting for a number of months. It then took part in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1918\nBy early 1918 the British Army was suffering a severe manpower shortage and a number of battalions were disbanded to bring others up to strength. In February the 1/19th received a large draft of 14 officers and 375 men from A, B and D Companies 1/7th Londons in 140th (4th London) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1918\nWhen the German Spring Offensive opened on 21 March, 47th Division had just relieved another formation in the line and were holding the right flank of Third Army. The main blow fell on Fifth Army to the south, but the Londoners were heavily bombarded and later in the day the Germans attacked behind a smoke screen. 1/19th took part in the successful counter-attack to regain the positions lost. However, Fifth Army was collapsing and 47th Division, with its flank open, was obliged to fall back on successive lines of half-dug trenches. The retirement, with rearguards contesting the German advance throughout, went on for six days and casualties were heavy. By the end, the remnants of 1/19th and 1/20th Londons were formed into a composite battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1918\nThe Germans attempted to renew the offensive on 5 April. By now 47th Division had reorganised. Most of 1/19th was with 141 Bde in divisional reserve, but one company was in the front line still attached to 1/20th. The attack was made after an intense bombardment, and fighting went on all day, with reserves fed in progressively. The Germans made some gains, but the line held. 47th Division was relieved that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1918\n47th Division now had three quiet months, resting and then holding a quiet sector of the line, which gave the battalions time to absorb the hundreds of 18-year-old recruits they were sent to fill up their ranks. It was then engaged in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1918\nAfter a further period of rest, 47th Division was preparing for a move to the Italian Front when it was instead ordered to take part in the final operations on the Western Front. On 1 October 141 Bde was hurried forward to keep in touch with the retreating Germans. Like the rest of the brigade, 1/19th Bn was now very weak, and further casualties were suffered from German rearguards, but the brigade took Aubers Ridge, scene of previous costly attacks during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0015-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1918\nThe pursuit continued, until on 4 October the 1/19th secured a position on the strongly-held Armentieres-Wavrin railway embankment. The advance was resumed on 16 October, 1/19th coming upon Fort d'Englos, one of the string of forts encircling Lille. On 28 October the division accompanied Third Army's commander, Sir William Birdwood on his ceremonial entry into Lille. 141 Brigade resumed its place in the Line on 31 October and took up positions along the River Schelde. The river was crossed on 9 November, and the Armistice with Germany on 11 November found the battalions of 141 Bde administering the liberated city of Tournai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, 1919\nDemobilisation of 47 Division began in early 1919. By March the units had been reduced to cadres, and these left for England in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 1/19th Londons, Commanding Officers\nThe following officers commanded 1/19th Londons during World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons\nIn the enthusiasm of August 1914, it took only a fortnight to recruit the 2/19th battalion to full strength. One whole company was enlisted from the Railway Clearing House and the rest of the battalion from other local businesses and organisations such as London Zoo in Regent's Park. Early training was undertaken in civilian clothes, parading in the drill hall and then marching to Regent's Park for training. The first commanding officer was Lt-Col E.J. Christie, a believer in singing on the march, and the battalion soon became known as 'Christie's Minstrels'. In October the battalion absorbed the unfit and Home Service men of 1/19th, but lost some of its best recruits in exchange. The Home Service men were later passed on to the 3/19th (Reserve) Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons\nThe organisation of the Second Line Territorials was a duplicate of the First Line, so that 2/19th Londons was assigned to 2/5th London Brigade in 2/2nd London Division. At the end of 1915, these were redesignated 180th (2/5th London) Brigade and 60th (2/2nd London) Division respectively, and sent to Sutton Veney on Salisbury Plain for intensive training prior to going overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons\nBy the time the 2/19th Battalion arrived at Salisbury Plain in January 1916, it was much depleted by the drafts it had sent to the 1/19th in France. It was brought up to strength by a draft from the Middlesex Regiment, the return of the Home Service men from 3/19th (the passage of the Military Service Act in January 1916 made them liable for overseas service), and by a draft of 250 volunteers from the Royal Army Medical Corps (who were untrained in infantry work).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Western Front\n2/19th Battalion landed in France on 25 June 1916. After a period of familiarisation alongside the experienced 1/5th Seaforth Highlanders, the battalion took over a section of the line on Vimy Ridge. Over succeeding weeks the 2/19th alternated in the line, in support and in reserve with the 2/17th Londons. The 60th Division adopted coloured flashes painted on each side of the steel helmet to aid recognition: 180 Bde adopted a triangle, which was blue in the case of the 2/19th Bn. During the summer the battalion was engaged in occasional crater-fighting and trench-raiding. After five months in the line, it had suffered around 200 casualties, 40 of them fatal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Salonika\nOn 1 November, 60th Division was ordered to prepare to move to the Macedonian front, and the battalion embarked at Marseille on 25 November and landed at Salonika on 1 December. It began the march north on 18 December and went into the line on Christmas Eve. The battalion was peripherally involved in the Battle of Doiran 24\u20135 April and 8\u20139 May 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Palestine\nThe 60th Division was next transferred to the Egyptian Expeditionary Force for the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The 2/19th left Lake Doiran on 1 June and marched back to Salonika where it embarked on 10 June. After a period of training and acclimatisation in the Canal Zone, the battalion moved up to the front in July. On 31 October the battalion was with 180th Brigade in divisional reserve for the Battle of Beersheba, but the attack was so successful that it never came into action. On 6 November the 2/19th was one of the attacking battalions that captured the Kauwukah position during the Battle of Hareira and Sheria. The Sheria position remaining untaken, the brigade attacked again the following day, and the 2/19th suffered heavy casualties, the acting commanding officer, Major A.W. Gray, being killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Palestine\nThe pursuit through the Judaean Hills saw the battalion engaged at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and by 25 November it took over the Nebi Samwil position a few miles from Jerusalem. This position had been captured after heavy fighting by British and Indian troops. On 27 November the Turks opened a heavy bombardment on the mosque that crowned the hill, which was held by D Company of 2/19th. This was followed by wave after wave of attacks, but the company, without significant artillery support, drove them all back, causing several hundred casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Palestine\nDuring the night of 7/8 December the 2/19th began the attack on Jerusalem by taking the Deir Yesin position. After a holdup in daylight, the battalion renewed the attack in the afternoon. The following morning, the Turks had retreated. Sergeants Hurcomb and Sedgewick went out to reconnoitre and met the Mayor of Jerusalem and a party of civilians who offered them the keys of the abandoned city. After the capture of Jerusalem, the 2/19th, reduced to some 300 men, went into billets in the city. On 11 December it provided a guard of honour for General Allenby's ceremonial entry into the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Palestine\nThe Turkish counter-attack on Jerusalem began on 27 December. When 180th Brigade relieved the defenders who had beaten off the initial Turkish attacks, it went over to the offensive, with 2/19th capturing the slopes of Shab Saleh. After a pause, Allenby resumed his advance and the 2/19th took part in the capture of Jericho on 19\u201321 February 1918, storming Talat ed Dumm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0027-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Palestine\nThe battalion took part in the 1st and 2nd Trans-Jordan raids of 21 March\u20132 April and 30 April\u20134 May. On the first occasion (the Battle of Hijla) the leading elements of the 2/19th struggled across the river by swimming and rafting during the night of 21/22 March while other battalions were driven back. Once a pontoon bridge had been completed and reinforcements arrived, the advance continued in the afternoon of 22 March with artillery support. But the next position could not be taken and the troops were pinned down until nightfall, the 2/19th suffering heavy casualties. A second night attack succeeded in extending the bridgehead. The battalion remained in reserve during the subsequent attack on Amman, and covered the retirement of the raiding force to the bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0028-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Palestine\nIn the 2nd Transjordan raid, the 2/19th attacked out of the Jordan bridgehead. The night attack on 29/30 April became bogged down with heavy casualties against strengthened Turkish positions. The leading companies held out during the daylight hours until other units outflanked the position. The battalion then held the outpost line until the raiders returned on 4 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0029-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Palestine\nIn the summer of 1918 many units from 60th Division were transferred to the Western Front and the division was converted to the Indian establishment. 2/19th Londons remained, however, as the sole British battalion in 180th Bde, alongside three newly recruited Indian Army units. The division was intensively trained for its part in the forthcoming Megiddo offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0030-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Palestine\nAt Zero hour on 19 September 1918, the Indian battalions of 180th Bde attacked, and had taken all their objectives by 05.40. The 2/19th Londons then passed through, forced the passage of the shallow Nahr el Faliq with some losses, and established a bridgehead on the far side by 07.20. 181st Brigade followed through and continued the attack. The division had accomplished all its tasks and played a major part in the final defeat of the Turkish army in Palestine. This set-piece battle is known as the Battle of Sharon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0031-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, Palestine\nThe pursuit of the retreating Turks was so rapid that the infantry formations were left behind, and 2/19th Londons, together with the rest of 60th Division, was left to collect prisoners and secure captured stores along the line of advance until the Armistice with the Turks was signed on 30 October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0032-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 2/19th Londons, 1919\u201320\nThe 2/19th Londons spent the New Year at Alexandria, where it was required to keep order among the Egyptian population. In March 1919 it embarked for Lebanon, from where it was sent to Homs in Syria. On 24 March the battalion was amalgamated with 2nd Battalion Leicestershire Regiment, but retained its identity, the HQ of 2nd Leicesters returning to the UK. In April the composite battalion moved to Aleppo to keep order during the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. Parties of the battalion had already been sent home for demobilisation, and in October 1919 a large draft of men arrived from the Suffolk Regiment to maintain numbers. The battalion was disbanded on 21 January 1920 in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 69], "content_span": [70, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0033-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 3/19th Londons\nThe Third-Line battalion was formed on 25 March 1915, when it went into camp in Richmond Park. Subordinate to the 2nd London Reserve Group (later Brigade), it trained drafts for the First and Second Line battalions and never left the UK. In January 1916 it moved to Winchester. On 8 April 1916 it was redesignated 19th (Reserve) Battalion, London Regiment. It later moved to Chisledon in November 1917, and then Blackdown in March 1918 when it joined the 1st London Reserve Brigade. By October 1918 it was at Hunstanton, and it was disbanded on 11 June 1919, when it was probably at Shoreham-by-Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0034-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Interwar\nOn 16 February 1920, the 47th Division began to reform in the new Territorial Army, and by 1922 the battalion had fully reformed as the 19th London Regiment (St Pancras) (TA) in 141 (5th London) Bde. (The London Regiment had disappeared as a separate entity during World War I, and its battalions were now designated as 'Regiments' within their previous parent regiment \u2013 the Middlesex Regiment in the case of the 19th Londons.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0035-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Interwar\nIn 1935 the 47th Division was converted into the 1st Anti - Aircraft Division and 19th London was selected as one of its TA infantry battalions to be converted into searchlight units; on 1 November it was transferred to the Royal Engineers and redesignated 33rd (St Pancras) Anti - Aircraft Battalion RE (TA). Shortly afterwards it joined 29th (East Anglian) Anti - Aircraft Brigade. At this point the battalion's HQ and two searchlight companies (Nos 332 and 333) were still based at 76 Camden High Street, but soon afterwards they moved to a new drill hall at Albany Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0035-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Interwar\n334 Company was newly raised by the Hertfordshire (rather than London) Territorial Association, which provided a new drill hall in St Albans Road, Barnet, opened in April 1938. The Hon Carol Fellowes was commissioned as major in command. Fellowes had served as a lieutenant in the Royal Norfolk Regiment in Mesopotamia in 1917\u201319. A further company (No 335) was based at another new drill hall at Tottenham High Road, but early in 1939 this company and establishment were transferred to a new 74th (Essex Fortress) AA Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0036-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mobilisation\n33rd AA Battalion was mobilised on 26 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis and went to its war stations (334 Company to Baldock). It was stood down after 12 days. In June 1939, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun and searchlight positions. 334 Company was deployed on 13 August. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, Anti- Aircraft Command was fully mobilised at its war stations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 98], "content_span": [99, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0037-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mobilisation\nThe battalion mobilised in 29 AA Bde, but by the end of September 1939 had transferred to the new 40th Anti- Aircraft Brigade, covering East Anglia. 33rd AA Bn occupied S/L sites across Hertfordshire supporting the Debden Sector of No. 12 Group RAF, with battalion HQ at Stansted Mountfitchet. On 2 September, the day before war was declared, a colour party of the battalion returned to Albany Street and took the colours to St Pancras Town Hall for safekeeping. By mid-September, a detachment of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) had been attached to the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 98], "content_span": [99, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0038-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mobilisation\nOn 1 July 1940, 33rd AA Bn came under the command of 6 AA Bde HQ, newly arrived at Debden after participating in the Norwegian Campaign. The brigade ordered the construction of a concrete pillbox at each S/L site and each company and section HQ \u2013 a total of 75 in 33rd Bn's area. These were to provide defended patrol bases in the event of attack by enemy paratroops, and each site was joined by an infantry detachment and equipped with a wireless set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 98], "content_span": [99, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0039-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, The Blitz\nOn 1 August 1940 the RE 'Anti- Aircraft' (searchlight) battalions were transferred to the Royal Artillery, so the battalion became the 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment RA (TA) and the AA companies and sections were redesignated searchlight batteries and troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0040-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, The Blitz\nOn 10 August, Debden Sector was transferred from 12 Group to No. 11 Group RAF, so 6 AA Bde similarly transferred to 6th AA Division, responsible for the eastern approaches to London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0041-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, The Blitz\n33rd S/L Rgt was largely unaffected by the Battle of Britain, but during the subsequent night Blitz on London it was active, particularly in cooperation with the night fighters of Debden Sector. The S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3500 yards, but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6000 yards by September 1940. The difficulty of illuminating night bombers led to a redistribution of S/Ls into clusters of three lights, one of which was the 'master light' that would eventually be equipped with searchlight control radar (SLC). This meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards apart. 33rd S/L Regiment carried out the redistribution during December 1940 and January 1941, but did not begin to receive SLC equipment until October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0042-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, The Blitz\nThe regiment supplied a cadre of experienced officers and men to 230th S/L Training Rgt at Blandford Camp where it provided the basis for a new 520 S/L Bty formed on 14 November 1940. This battery later joined 85th S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0043-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, The Blitz\nIn May 1941 the regiment was required to form a composite troop of six searchlights withdrawn from cluster sites to defend the new night-fighter base at RAF Hunsdon. By July this had become E Troop of 334 Bty. S/Ls were sometimes exposed as homing beacons for friendly aircraft. Once SLC equipment was widely available, 33rd S/L Rgt 'declustered' and reverted to deployment by single lights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0044-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mid-war\nBy October 1941 the availability of SLC radar was sufficient to allow AA Command's S/Ls to be 'declustered' into single-light sites spaced at 10,400-yard intervals in 'Indicator Belts' along the coast and 'Killer Belts' at 6000-yard spacing inland to cooperate with the RAF's night fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0045-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mid-war\nOn 23 January 1942, 33rd S/L Rgt was increased by one battery, with 543 Bty joining from 89 S/L Rgt, though it was several months before it moved into the regimental area from Kent. 543rd S/L Bty had originally been formed in March 1941 from a cadre of 64th (1/6th Essex) S/L Rgt at 237 S/L Training Rgt at Holywood, Northern Ireland, with personnel mainly from Manchester. It had served with 89th S/L Rgt around Exeter and Plymouth during the latter part of the Blitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0046-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mid-war\nIn January 1943, the growing ATS detachments allocated to AA units were reorganised: those with 33rd S/L Rgt became B Company, 6 AA Bde Group ATS, with a dedicated platoon to each S/L company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0047-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mid-war\nOn 10 April 1943, 33rd S/L Rgt was ordered to change places with 73rd (Kent Fortress) S/L Rgt in 27th (Home Counties) AA Bde, taking over four areas of Kent under Biggin Hill Sector of 11 Group RAF, with Regimental HQ at Faversham. This area was under regular attack by Luftwaffe fighter-bombers, and the defensive armament of S/L positions was increased, with twin Vickers K machine gun mountings being added to the existing Lewis guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0047-0001", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mid-war\nThe regiment's first Category 1 'kill' came on the night of 15/16 September when a site of 334 Bty at Kingsgate shot down a Heinkel He 111 with Lewis and Vickers guns, shared with the local Light AA gun unit. In September the regiment began to receive twin 0.5-inch Browning machine guns on power mountings. Between 21 January and 14 March 1944 the Luftwaffe carried out eleven night raids on London in the so-called 'Baby Blitz': two sites of 334 Bty shared another Cat 1 kill on 22/23 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0048-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mid-war\nHowever, by early 1944, AA Command was being forced to release manpower for the planned invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). 33rd S/L Rgt's contribution came through the disbandment of 543 Bty on 6 March and E Trp of 334 Bty; however E Trp of 346 Bty, 36th (Middlesex) S/L Rgt joined on 13 March as D/332 Trp. From September 1943 the regiment had been carrying out experiments on new combinations of S/Ls and SLC; in July1944 this was stepped up with the start of the V-1 flying bomb campaign against London, though Kent was on the fringe of the V-1s' route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0049-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mid-war\nOn 21 September, a USAAF B-17 Flying Fortress, attempting to reach the emergency airfield at RAF Manston, crashed onto one of the regiment's positions at Minster. Seven members of the detachment were commended for bravery in rescuing survivors from the burning wreck, and Lance-Bombardier Harkness and Gunner Bateman were later awarded the British Empire Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0050-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Mid-war\nAs 21st Army Group overran the V-1 launching sites in Northern France, the Luftwaffe began to launch them from aircraft over the North Sea. AA Command shifted units from Kent to deal with the threat, and in November 33 S/L Rgt had to take over some of these units' sites along the East Kent coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0051-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 632nd (St Pancras) Regiment\nBy the end of 1944, 21st Army Group was suffering a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. At the same time the Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks on the United Kingdom could be discounted. In January 1945 the War Office began to reorganise surplus anti-aircraft and coastal artillery regiments in the UK into infantry battalions, primarily for line of communication and occupation duties in North West Europe, thereby releasing trained infantry for frontline service. 27th (Home Counties) Anti - Aircraft Brigade was one of the HQs selected for conversion, becoming 303rd Infantry Brigade on 22 January 1945. Within the brigade, 33rd S/L Rgt was redesignated 632nd (St Pancras) Infantry Regiment RA the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 73], "content_span": [74, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0052-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 632nd (St Pancras) Regiment\nThe regiment reorganised as a garrison battalion at Eastbourne, with A Bty (HQ) and five rifle batteries designated B to E. Infantry training included a short period attached to 61st Infantry Division, when the regiment was reorganised again as conventional infantry battalion, with RHQ, HQ Bty, three rifle batteries (A\u2013C), and Support Bty. After VE-day, 303 Bde was sent to Norway in June 1945 following the liberation of that country (Operation Doomsday). 632 Regiment left Eastbourne on 5 June to embark from Leith for Norway, where it carried out duties until early December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 73], "content_span": [74, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0053-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), 632nd (St Pancras) Regiment\nAs a prewar TA unit, the regiment was not disbanded, but passed into 'suspended animation' on 31 January 1946 at Colchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 73], "content_span": [74, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0054-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Postwar\nThe regiment was reformed on 1 April 1947 in 52 AA Brigade of the postwar TA as 568th (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment RA, changing its designation on 16 March 1949 to 568th (St Pancras) (Mixed) Light Anti- Aircraft/Searchlight Regiment RA ('Mixed' indicating that it was composed partly of women of the Women's Royal Army Corps.) While the regiment reformed at Albany St, the company at Barnet was not reformed, and its drill hall was taken over as HQ for 479th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Heavy AA Rgt. 568th LAA/SL Regiment formed part of 54 (Thames & Medway) AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0055-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Postwar\nIn 1955, 568th LAA/SL Rgt merged with the 512th (Finsbury Rifles) and 656th (Tower Hamlets) LAA Regiments, becoming Q (St Pancras) Battery of the resulting 512 LAA Regiment in 33 AA Brigade. This regiment in turn was absorbed into 300 LAA Regt in 1961 when the St Pancras lineage was discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0056-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Battle honours\n(1/19th): Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Le Transloy, Messines 1917, Ypres 1917, Langemarck 1917, Cambrai 1917, St Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Ancre 1918, Albert 1918, Pursuit to Mons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0057-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Battle honours\n(2/19th): France and Flanders 1915\u201316, Doiran 1917, Macedonia 1916\u201317, Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jerusalem, Jericho, Jordan, Megiddo, Sharon, Palestine 1917\u201318", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0058-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Battle honours\nBold text indicates those honours selected to be displayed on the regiment's Colours. The Royal Artillery does not carry battle honours, so none were awarded to the regiment after its conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0059-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Insignia\nUpon transfer to the Royal Engineers, the men of 33rd AA Battalion retained their 'XIX County of London' cap badge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0060-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Insignia\nDuring the Munich crisis mobilisation, a group of sergeants from 334 Company stole a cockerel with saddle and reins from a roundabout at Baldock Fair. This subsequently became the inanimate mascot of the sergeants' mess, and a colour picture of it was adopted as the company's emblem, used as a vehicle marking in the early part of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0061-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Insignia\nAfter transfer to the RA, red-and-blue arm of service strips were sewn onto battledress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0062-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Memorials\nThe 1914\u201318 war memorial panel of the 19th Londons, formerly at the old drill hall in Camden High Street, is now in the South Vestibule of St Pancras Parish Church. It carries the names of 1069 members of the regiment who died during World War I. The 19th London's regimental badge is also included in the stained glass war memorial window in the North Gallery at St Pancras Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158114-0063-0000", "contents": "19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras), Memorials\nThe 19th London is listed on the City and County of London Troops Memorial in front of the Royal Exchange, London, with architectural design by Sir Aston Webb and sculpture by Alfred Drury. The right-hand (southern) bronze figure flanking this memorial depicts an infantryman representative of the various London infantry units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158115-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 19th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 25 June \u2013 6 July 1969. The Golden Bear was awarded to the Yugoslav film Rani radovi directed by \u017delimir \u017dilnik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158115-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia)\nThe 19th Brigade was a formation of the Australian Army that was raised as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force for service during World War II. It was briefly raised in 1912 as a Militia formation providing training as part of the compulsory training scheme. Later, during World War II, the brigade was established in April 1940 in Palestine as a triangular formation, the brigade was created by transferring one infantry battalion from three other brigades. It was subsequently assigned to the 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0000-0001", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia)\nThroughout 1941, the brigade fought in North Africa, Greece and on Crete, before undertaking garrison duties in Syria, remaining there until January 1942. Following the Japanese entry into the war, the 19th Brigade was withdrawn to Australia and subsequently undertook garrison duties in Darwin. It did not see combat again until late in the war, when it was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in 1944\u20131945. The brigade was disbanded in December 1945 in Puckapunyal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe 19th Brigade briefly existed as Militia brigade that was partially formed in 1912, following the introduction of the compulsory training scheme. At this time, it was assigned to the 4th Military District. The brigade's constituent units were spread across various locations in South Australia including Unley, Mount Gambier, Glenelg, Hindmarsh, West Adelaide, Port Adelaide, Semaphore and East Adelaide. The formation was short lived, and was not raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) during the First World War. It remained on the order of battle as a Militia formation during the war, but was not re-raised in the interwar years when the Militia was reorganised to replicate the numerical designations of the AIF in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe 19th Brigade was formed in April 1940 at Qastina, in Palestine, when the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) was reorganised and the composition of Australian infantry brigades was changed from four infantry battalions to three, to replicate the British Army brigade establishment since 1918. In creating the brigade, it was proposed that the fourth battalion from the first three 2nd AIF brigades \u2013 the 16th, 17th and 18th \u2013 be transferred to the new brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nTransport problems led to the third battalion of the 18th Brigade, which was in Palestine, joining the brigade instead of the 2/12th Battalion, which was in Britain. On formation, the brigade consisted of the 2/4th, 2/8th and 2/11th Battalions. It was assigned to the 6th Division, replacing the 18th Brigade, which had been sent to the United Kingdom to bolster the garrison there following the Fall of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe first commander was Brigadier Horace Robertson, who joined from Australia. The new brigade was based at \"Kilo 89\" in Palestine before concentrating with the rest of the 6th Division at Borg El Arab in Egypt, where an intensive period of collective training, including divisional level exercises where undertaken, prior to the brigade commencing combat operations. During these exercises, the 19th Brigade assumed a defensive role while the 16th and 17th Brigades practised assault techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0003-0001", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe following month, the 6th Division was sent to the Libyan border and in January 1941 they captured Bardia, during which the 19th Brigade was divisional reserve and played only a limited role, reinforcing the 17th Brigade in mopping up operations to the south of the fortress. The brigade played a more prominent role in the capture of Tobruk, moving through a gap created by the 16th Brigade, to attack the port area. Later, they joined the advance on Derna and then Benghazi, after which they were withdrawn to Ikingi Maryut for rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nIn March 1941, Brigadier George Vasey assumed command of the brigade after Robertson fell ill. The 6th Division then took part in the short-lived Greek campaign. The 19th Brigade arrived at Piraeus on 3 April and began moving to Kozani. Following the German invasion of Greece, the brigade fought a series of unsuccessful actions, firstly at Vevi, as the Germans steadily advanced through the country, pushing the Allies back. The brigade was bolstered by the attachment of a battalion of the Kings Royal Rifle Corps and later the  New Zealand 26th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nOn 24 April, the brigade fought a delaying action against German mountain troops in the Brallos Pass, before they were evacuated by sea from Megara the following day. The 19th Brigade was transported to Crete, where they formed part of a hastily established garrison of British, Australian, New Zealand and Greek troops. The Battle of Crete began on 20 May 1941, in which the 19th Brigade fought around Canea, before the 2/8th Battalion took part in a counter-attack at 42nd Street before the majority of the brigade was evacuated from Sfakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nWithdrawn to Egypt, the brigade concentrated around Khassa in Palestine and then moved to Julius in June, until October 1941, when they were allocated to garrison duties in Syria following the conclusion of the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign. Brigadier James Martin took command of the brigade from December 1941 and for the rest of the war. In early 1942, following the Japanese entry into the war, the brigade was withdrawn from Syria and returned to Palestine. From there, it returned to Australia and became part of the Darwin garrison force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nIn Darwin, the brigade defended against a possible Japanese invasion. In April 1942, the 2/11th Battalion was detached from the brigade and sent to its home state of Western Australia; its place in the brigade was taken by a Militia unit, the 23rd/21st Battalion, which had been raised in Victoria in May 1942; the 2/11th Battalion rejoined the brigade in July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0006-0001", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nWhile the 16th and 17th brigades from the 6th Division took part in some of the early campaigns in the Pacific, including the Kokoda Track campaign and the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign, the 19th Brigade remained in Australia and had to wait three-and-a-half years before returning to action. In June 1943, the brigade was relieved around Darwin by the 12th Brigade and moved to the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland and amphibious training was undertaken in November. In late 1944, the brigade was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in New Guinea, as the Australians relieved US forces around Aitape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe 19th Brigade arrived in October 1944, before the other Australian brigades and with the 16th Brigade, began a general advance along the coast towards Wewak, alternating between offensive operations and maintaining the defensive perimeter around Aitape. In December 1944 and January 1945, the 19th Brigade pushed across the Danmap River before being relieved. They resumed the advance in May from the Hawain River and by June 1945, the brigade had linked up with Farida Force and Wewak had been taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0007-0001", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe 19th Brigade went on the defensive around the base, as the Australians began penetrating towards the southern ranges, fighting actions around Mount Shiburangu and then Mount Tazaki. In July, the 8th Brigade relieved the 19th, although elements from the 2/11th Battalion continued to patrol around Boram Airfield until the 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion arrived; at war's end in August 1945, the brigade was located around Wewak. Demobilisation began almost immediately but a shortage of shipping kept the brigade overseas for several months after the end of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158116-0007-0002", "contents": "19th Brigade (Australia), History\nIn mid-November 1945, the brigade's cadre staff embarked upon the SS Ormiston and sailed via Finschhafen and Port Moresby to Brisbane, where they were allocated camp facilities around Chermside where demobilisation continued. At the end of the month, the remaining personnel moved to Puckapunyal, Victoria, where final disbandment was completed around 14 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158117-0000-0000", "contents": "19th British Academy Film Awards\nThe 19th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1966, honoured the best films of 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158117-0001-0000", "contents": "19th British Academy Film Awards, Winners and nominees\nLee Marvin \u2013 Cat Ballou as Kid Shelleen/Tim StrawnLee Marvin \u2013 The Killers as Charlie Strom", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158117-0002-0000", "contents": "19th British Academy Film Awards, Winners and nominees\nPatricia Neal \u2013 In Harm's Way as Lieutenant Maggie Haines", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158117-0003-0000", "contents": "19th British Academy Film Awards, Winners and nominees\nThose Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines \u2013 Osbert Lancaster and Dinah Greet", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158117-0004-0000", "contents": "19th British Academy Film Awards, Winners and nominees\nBe Careful Boys \u2013 Vera Linnecar, Nancy Hanna and Keith Learner", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158118-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Busan International Film Festival\nThe 19th Busan International Film Festival was held in South Korea from October 2 to October 11, 2014, and was hosted by Ken Watanabe and Moon So-ri. A total of 312 films from 79 countries were screened with total attendance of 226,473. Hong Kong director Ann Hui receives the Asian Filmmaker of the Year award. The closing film was Gangster Payday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158119-0000-0000", "contents": "19th CableACE Awards\nThe 19th Annual CableACE Awards ceremony was held on November 14, 1997, and was the final edition of the CableACE Awards. Below are the nominees and the winners from that ceremony in the main categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA\nThe 19th Canadian Army Field Regiment (Self Propelled) Royal Canadian Artillery (RCA) was a Field Artillery regiment in the Canadian Armed Forces during the Second World War. They would see action in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, before ending the war in Germany. It was commonly referred to as The 19th Field Regiment, The 19th Army Field Regiment, The 19th Field or by the men of the regiment, Hell on Wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, Canada\nThe 19th Field received its mobilizing orders in August 1941, for three batteries to be formed from the three Reserve Brigade areas in Military District No. 1. The batteries were the 55th Field Battery (London, Ontario), the 63rd Field Battery (Guelph, Ontario), and the 99th Field Battery (Wingham, Ontario). From September 1941 to July 1943, the 19th Field was brought up to full strength and received training at Camp Borden, Ontario; Shilo, Manitoba; Prince Rupert, British Columbia; and Petawawa, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, Canada\nDuring this time, they trained first with 18-pounders, 4.5\" howitzers, and finally, what would become their main armament in Europe, the 25-pounder RAM, better known as the Sexton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, England\nOn 5 July 1943, the 19th Field received orders to move overseas. They left Halifax on 21 July on board the RMS Queen Elizabeth and arrived in Greenock 27 July 1943 and fell under the command of the II Canadian Corps. On 19 October 1943, the 19th Field was briefly transferred to the command of the 5th Canadian Armoured Division before once again being transferred to the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division when the 5th was moved to the Italian Campaign. Between July 1943 and May 1944, the 19th Field would begin training for the coming invasion of mainland Europe and exchanged their Sextons for American M7 Priests, which were self-propelled 25-pounders, similar to the Sexton that had an armament of 105mm and could fire a distance of 11,500 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, England\nWhile in England, the 19th took part in several training operations, but specifically \"Exercise Savvy\". It was the first divisional training exercise the regiment took part in, which focused on the firing of artillery on ships towards coastal targets and landing on beaches under fire. While in England, the 19th Field was also inspected by General Bernard Montgomery on 28 February 1944, and King George VI on 25 April 1944, in the prelude to the invasion of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, England\nOn 23 May 1944, the 19th Field's camp was sealed for security reasons and plans were finalized for Operation Overlord: the long-awaited invasion of German occupied France. The final preparations were made as all vehicles were waterproofed and ammunition was brought up. On 1 June 1944, the 19th Field moved to its marshalling areas in Gosport and Southampton before embarking on the longest day. On June 3, 1944, Forward Observation Officers (FOOs) went to their respective units with the North Shore Regiment as Landing Craft were prepared to be filled with infantry units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, D-Day: 6 June 1944\nThe Canadian assault on Juno Beach had three infantry brigades \u2013 the 7th, 8th and 9th \u2013 of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division with the 7th landing at Courseulles-sur-Mer, the 8th at Bernieres-sur-Mer and St. Aubin-sur-Mer with the 9th landing after the initial assault passing through the 8th's sector and advancing on Authie and Carpiquet airfield before capturing the high ground above Caen. The 19th was attached to the 8th brigade and the 12th, 13th, and 14th Field Regiments were also involved bringing a total of 96 M7 Priest guns into action. Specifically, the 19th was part of the 14th Canadian Field Regiment Artillery Group led by Lt.-Col. H.S. Griffin with each regiment firing towards the beaches from four Landing Craft towards their target of Nan Red beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, D-Day: 6 June 1944\nThe Landing Craft carrying the 19th and the other three Field Regiments advanced at about 6:30\u00a0a.m. with the 22nd and 30th LCT Flotilla carrying the 24 M7 Priests of the 19th. At 7:39\u00a0a.m., Major Peene the Fire Control Officer, gave the order to commence firing when they were 9,000 yards out. The guns of the 19th were the first Canadian to go into action and began firing towards northern France to signal the imminent invasion of German occupied Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0007-0001", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, D-Day: 6 June 1944\nEach gun launched 100 to 150 rounds over the course of about 30 minutes further saturating the German held territory. One gun from each of the six troops were firing phosphorus shells with seven fires being started on the Nan Red beach  The commander of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, General Rod Keller, said the SP's \"put on the best shoot they ever did.\" The Field Regiments had their M7 Priests strapped to the deck of the landing craft and went in firing towards the beaches as planes and naval vessels pounded the beaches. After they reached a 2,000 yards from shore they turned around and passed the inbound North Shore Regiment infantry of the first wave. Once the beachhead had been secured they came around again and landed with the second wave of infantry to provide close artillery support against any German counterattack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, D-Day: 6 June 1944\nArtillery is often a feared weapon of war, but studies conducted by the 21st Army Group's 2nd Operational Research Section found the gunners were highly inaccurate thanks to the intense waves of the English Channel. The report said the 19th missed their targets by up to 1,000 yards since they were sent on the wrong course inland by the navy. Once it was corrected, the inaccuracy prevailed with the unpredictable English Channel wreaking havoc on the sights of the gunners. They were still about 700 yards wide and 300 yards deep from their intended target. Also causing difficulty was that the concrete fortifications were between three and seven feet in thickness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, D-Day: 6 June 1944\nAt 9:10\u00a0a.m. 'D' Troop of the 63rd Battery landed west of St. Aubin-sur-Mer under mortar and rifle fire on Nan Red beach and within 10 minutes they had their first gun 200 yards inland and in action providing fire support. 'C' Troop followed shortly after with 'E' and 'F' Troop also landing and in action by 10 a.m. with the 55th Battery and Q Battery being delayed due to a rudder being damaged and massive traffic trying to land on the beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, D-Day: 6 June 1944\nShortly after landing, the 19th took their first casualties of the war with Lt. Malcolm, the regimental survey officer, being wounded and Gunner B.T. McHughen being killed. A further two men were killed and 17 more wounded on the first day. The regiment had its vehicle damaged when a M7 Priest of 'E' Troop hitting a mine and a track was blown off with it taking two hours to repair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0010-0001", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, D-Day: 6 June 1944\nThe 55th Battery also faced its first difficulty when an ammunition explosion had two M7 Priests and a Bren Carrier catch fire quickly spreading to other vehicles and threatening to become larger as it moved towards live ammunition. Gunner H.R. Chaplin, already wounded from shrapnel, jumped in the Bren Carrier that had the ammunition and moved it safety to prevent further casualties or damage. Chaplin received the Military Medal for this act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, D-Day: 6 June 1944\nThey ran into the German 716th Infantry Division that was primarily used as an occupation division and primarily made up of Polish, Russians, Ukrainians and other nationalities from the Soviet Union who were pressed into service. They had mostly obsolete Czechoslovakian equipment from the late-1930s, but also had a small cadre of non-commissioned officers that had combat experience on the Eastern Front giving the green troops veteran leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158120-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Army Field Regiment RCA, D-Day: 6 June 1944\nThe 19th ended D-Day in positions just outside St. Aubin-sur-Mer with them being called for close fire support multiple times throughout the day as German tanks and infantry counterattacked the positions gained by Canadian infantry. With night falling over northern France and the Allied beachhead secured the 19th had three soldiers killed and another 18 wounded in the first 24 hours of Operation Overlord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158121-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 19th Canadian Comedy Awards honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy of 2018. Canadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 22 categories, determined by votes from the public and industry members. The awards ceremony was held at Toronto's Second City on 4\u00a0June 2019, hosted by Ali Hassan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158121-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Comedy Awards\nNominations were led by feature Room For Rent and web series A Gay Victorian Affair with five each. A Gay Victorian Affair won all four Beavers for web series, while Room for Rent won three in film and Baroness von Sketch Show won three in television. Chanty Marostica won for Best Stand-up and Comedy Album of the Year, and Catherine O'Hara was honoured as Comedic Artist of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158121-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Comedy Awards, Ceremony\nThe awards ceremony was scheduled to be held on Sunday 2\u00a0June 2019 at the Yuk Yuk's comedy club in Toronto, Ontario, which had donated the use of its facilities. However, the club was not accessible and producers of the no-budget show sought another free venue, to accommodate a cast member of Generally Hospital who uses a power wheelchair. Generally Hospital addresses themes of disability, and its cast was nominated for Best Live Ensemble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158121-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Comedy Awards, Ceremony\nThe awards ceremony was held at Toronto's Second City on 4\u00a0June 2019, hosted by Ali Hassan with presenters Ron Sparks, Kate Davis, Andrew Chapman, and Martha Chaves. The ceremony was executive produced by Kyra Williams, who had received the Roger Abbott Award at the 2014 ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158121-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe Beaver was awarded in twenty-two categories. Only industry members could vote in the nine categories for best direction, performance and writing in features, TV series or specials, or web series. The other thirteen categories were open to public voting. Voting took place between 19\u00a0April and 10\u00a0May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158122-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Film Awards\nThe 19th Canadian Film Awards were held on September 23, 1967 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Fred Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158123-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Ministry\nThe Nineteenth Canadian Ministry was the cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson. It governed Canada from 22 April 1963 to 20 April 1968, including all of the 26th, and 27th Canadian Parliaments. The government was formed by the Liberal Party of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158124-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Parliament\nThe 19th Canadian Parliament was in session from May 16, 1940, until April 16, 1945. The membership was set by the 1940 federal election on March 26, 1940, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1945 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158124-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Parliament\nIt was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and the 16th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the so-called \"National Government\" party (the name which the Conservatives ran under in the 1940 election), led in the House by Richard Hanson and Gordon Graydon consecutively as the three successive national leaders of the party, Robert Manion, Arthur Meighen and John Bracken did not have seats in the House of Commons. With the selection of Bracken as national leader in December 1942, the party became known as the Progressive Conservatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158124-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was James Allison Glen. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1933-1947 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158124-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nFollowing is a full list of members of the nineteenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158124-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nElectoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158125-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 19th Cavalry Regiment (\"Na Lele Lio\", literally \"The Flying Horses\" in Hawaiian) was a United States Army parent cavalry regiment, represented in the Hawaii Army National Guard by Troop E, 19th Cavalry, part of the 29th Infantry Brigade at Wahiawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158125-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nConstituted and organized in 1967, the regiment was called up during the Vietnam War but did not go overseas, and became an air cavalry unit in the early 1970s. It was disbanded in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158125-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 19th Cavalry was constituted on 24 October 1967 in the Hawaii Army National Guard as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS). It was organized and Federally recognized on 17 December 1967 at Wahiawa to consist of Troop E, part of the 29th Infantry Brigade. During the Vietnam War in May 1968, the 29th Brigade was mobilized for active Federal service to serve as the strategic reserve for United States Army Pacific. Troop E was ordered into active Federal service on 13 May 1968 at Wahiawa, under the command of Captain Kazumasa Ota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158125-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nThe troop spent its active service period training at Schofield Barracks, and was also equipped with the M114A1 armored fighting vehicle at the time. In June, the troop received ten M551 Sheridan tanks, the first time the Sheridan was sent outside of the continental United States. It was released from active service and reverted to state control on 12 December 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158125-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nIn 1974, the troop became the first Guard unit to receive the Bell AH-1 HueyCobra attack helicopter and was redesignated Troop E (Air). It spent its two-week annual training period in August 1980 at the Pohakuloa Training Area alongside troops of the 25th Infantry Division. Around January 1984, the troop received nine AH-1S Cobra helicopters, replacing the older Cobras. Between November 1984 and October 1986, it was commanded by Captain (later Major) Gary M. Hara, who later became deputy commanding general of United States Army Pacific. On 31 July 1986, one of the troop's Bell OH-58A Kiowa helicopters crashed, slightly injuring the pilot and aerial observer. On 1 June 1989, it was withdrawn from CARS and reorganized under United States Army Regimental System (USARS) with headquarters at Fort Ruger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158125-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Cavalry Regiment (United States), History\nThe 29th Infantry Brigade became an enhanced readiness unit on 1 September 1995. Troop E, 19th Cavalry was one of the units inactivated on the same date as part of the transition, in which the brigade incorporated units from Oregon and California. Troop F, 82nd Cavalry from the Oregon Army National Guard replaced Troop E, 19th Cavalry as the brigade reconnaissance troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158126-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\nThe 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (19th CCDI) was elected by the 19th National Congress on 24 October 2017, and its turn lasts until the convocation of the 20th National Congress in 2022. The CCDI is composed of 133 members. A member has voting rights. To be elected to the CCDI, a candidate must be a party member for at least five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158126-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\nThe 1st Plenary Session in 2017 was responsible for electing the bodies in which the authority of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection was invested when it was not in session: the 19th Standing Committee. It was also responsible for electing the CCDI Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158126-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, References, Sources\nPlenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership, Central Military Commission members, Standing Committee of the Central Committee membership, offices an individual held, retirement, if the individual in question is military personnel, female, has been expelled, is currently under investigation or has retired:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 70], "content_span": [71, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158127-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 19th Central Committee (19th CC) of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 19th National Congress in 2017, and will sit until the next National Congress is convened in 2022. It formally succeeded the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158127-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe committee is composed of full members and alternate members. A member has voting rights, while an alternate does not. If a full member is removed from the Central Committee the vacancy is then filled by an alternate member at the next committee plenum \u2013 the alternate member who received the most confirmation votes in favour is highest on the order of precedence. To be elected to the Central Committee, a candidate must be a party member for at least five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158127-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe first plenary session in 2017 was responsible for electing the bodies in which the authority of the Central Committee is invested when it is not in session: the Politburo and the Politburo Standing Committee. It was also responsible for approving the members of the Secretariat, 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and its Standing Committee. The third plenary session in 2018 nominated candidates for state positions. The fourth plenary session issued a decision on modernizing governance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158127-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, References, Sources\nThe three links below are databases on individual Central Committee members. You can find their individual work history, birthdate, or ethnicity. Search for individuals or press on their names and you'll be led to a page devoted to the specific individual you searched for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158127-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, References, Sources\nPlenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity, the Central Committee member- and alternate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership, Central Military Commission members, Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection membership, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, offices an individual held, retirement, if the individual in question is military personnel, female, has been expelled, is currently under investigation or has retired:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn\nOn display in the Art Institute of Chicago, in the African Art and Indian Art of the Americas, is a 19th-century drinking horn. Originally from the Kuba Kingdom, the drinking horn is made out of wood, iron, and copper alloy. Drinking horns were usually a gift to the friends and family of kings or given to a warrior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, History, Kuba Kingdom\nThe Kuba Kingdom, founded in the 17th century, is located in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It held nine provinces and chiefdoms were a part of that society. They were surrounded by other tribes such as the Yaka, Suku, Pende, etc. The people from the Kuba kingdom were also known as the Bakuba. They were skilled at hunting, farming, and fishing. One of the more important aspects of the Kuba kingdom was their religion. They were heavily based on the spirits of mother earth and those of their past kings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, History, Kuba Kingdom\nWhen it came to their religious ceremonies, the way someone was buried depended on the items placed in the coffin. For the wealthy, they had several items such as delicate figurines, masks, and drinking cups placed in their coffin. The detail and quality of the items told where they were in the social hierarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, 19th Century Drinking Horn, Object History\nThe Kuba kingdom was located in what is known today as the Democratic Republic of Congo. The kingdom was known for their supernatural powers and spiritual beliefs. Like many kingdoms, royalty was one of the most important parts. Besides having one ruler, they had 19 other rulers underneath the king that managed the 19 groups in Kuba. One of the many ways that these kings showed their status and power was by the amount of money they spent. When it comes to drinking horns, kings would give them out to their family and friends to show their wealth and generosity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 70], "content_span": [71, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, 19th Century Drinking Horn, Object History\nDrinking horns were one of the many objects that showed class. The more elegant and intrinsic the design, the higher in society they were. The patterns and material made for the drinking horn was an important aspect to show status. Drinking horns were typically used to drink palm wine. The intake of this beverage is an example of something that was done with events held by the king. This may also be an event in which the king shows his generosity and hands out gifts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 70], "content_span": [71, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0002-0002", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, 19th Century Drinking Horn, Object History\nThe drinking horn is in the shape of a buffalo horn that symbolizes the status of the warrior that received it. The design of the horn includes patterns that are in a geometrical shape, a crocodile, and a hand. This specific drinking horn has an attachment made out of iron that can be attached to a belt that the warrior would wear. The fact that the drinking horn has this accessory and option to be attached to a belt shows a high level of status within not only the Kuba society, but also the warrior community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 70], "content_span": [71, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, 19th Century Drinking Horn, Ownership History\nThis specific drinking horn was first owned by object collector, Raoul Blondiau. He was a collector and diplomat who was based in Brussels. Blondiau is a well-known collector that is mentioned several times in many different institutions. Blondiau then sold the drinking horn to the Theatre Arts Monthly in New York City. It was a part of the Harlem Museum of African Art Travelling Exhibit at that time. During the ownership of the Theater Arts Monthly, it was lent to the Chicago Children\u2019s Museum for Negro in Art Week. It was lent during the month of December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0003-0001", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, 19th Century Drinking Horn, Ownership History\nBeing a part of a traveling exhibit, the object moved around. At one point, it was lent to the Memorial Art Gallery in Rochester, New York. In the Art Institute of Chicago\u2019s website, it is said to have been gifted to the museum by G. F. Harding in 1928. No information has been found concerning G. F. Harding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, Further reading\nClarke, John Hendrik. \"The Old Congo.\" John Henrik Clarke Virtual Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. <>.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, Further reading\n\"Kuba - Art & Life in Africa - The University of Iowa Museum of Art.\" Kuba. University of Iowa Museum of Art, n.d. Web. <>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, Further reading\n\"Kuba Cups - RAND AFRICAN ART.\" Kuba Cups - RAND AFRICAN ART. N.p., n.d. Web. <>.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, Further reading\nLowes, Sara, Nathan Nunn, James A. Robinson, and Jonathan Weigel. \"The Evolution of Culture and Institutions: Evidence from the Kuba Kingdom.\" Autocratic, Democratic, and Optimal Government (n.d.): n. pag. 2 Mar. 2014. Web", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158128-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Century Drinking Horn, Further reading\nWeston, Bonnie E. \"Kuba - Rand African Art.\" Kuba - Rand African Art. N.p., n.d. Web. <>.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158129-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Century Spring Hill Neighborhood Thematic Resource\nThe 19th Century Spring Hill Neighborhood Thematic Resource is a multiple property submission of buildings that were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places. It covers eight properties in the Spring Hill neighborhood of Mobile, Alabama, all built during the mid-19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158129-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Century Spring Hill Neighborhood Thematic Resource\nThey represent the most intact buildings to survive from the period when Spring Hill was a summer retreat town for wealthy Mobilians seeking to escape the heat and yellow fever epidemics of the city. Situated upon what was once the western hills outside Mobile, Spring Hill was gradually absorbed by the larger city and little remains today from its period as an independent community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad\nThe 19th Chess Olympiad, comprising an open team tournament as well as the annual FIDE congress, took place between September 5\u201327, 1970, in Siegen, West Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad\nThe Soviet team with six Grandmasters, led by world champion Boris Spassky, lived up to expectations and won their tenth consecutive gold medal, although only by a single point, with Hungary and Yugoslavia taking the silver and bronze, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Tournament report\nHeld at the Siegerland Hall venue, a total of 64 nations applied to enter the tournament. Unfortunately, space constraints and FIDE's intended model format meant that only 60 could be accommodated. It was then found that four teams were to have their applications rejected on the grounds that they had missed the deadline. These four teams were: Argentina, France, Ecuador, and Venezuela. When Panama withdrew their application, Argentina took their place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Tournament report\nThe tournament was run as a two-stage round-robin. Six preliminary groups of 10 teams each determined the composition of five Finals of 12 teams each, with the top two from each group ending up in Final A etc. Several unsatisfactory aspects of this system were voiced, however, and they manifested themselves in a variety of ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Tournament report\nFirstly, the pressure was raised to fever pitch at a very early stage in the proceedings. A single poor result in the preliminaries could condemn a team to a low final group. All this proved too much for England's top player, Jonathan Penrose, who in his crucial last-round preliminary match, blundered a piece and fainted from the shock. A nervous player at the best of times, he was retired from the rest of the contest on medical grounds and England ended up in Group C, below their seeding, which they then went on to win by a hefty margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Tournament report\nThe Sunday Times reported several instances of cheating. For example, in the Indonesia versus Switzerland preliminary match, a player moved his queen next to the opponent's king with check. Capturing the queen with the king was forced and so the player made the move for his opponent, declaring stalemate and shaking hands all in one movement. His dazed opponent ended up signing the scoresheet before recovering his wits and realizing (too late) that it was not a stalemate at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Tournament report\nIt was possible for strong teams, sitting comfortably in favourable qualification spots, to not try as hard as they might have in other circumstances. Such actions could influence the qualification process below them and, as a deliberate ploy, could have assisted in assigning a strong rival to a lower final group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Tournament report\nThen there was the whole question of apartheid. Albania decided to forfeit their game against South Africa as a protest against racial segregation and so lost 4\u20130. Naturally, this meant that the whole group dynamic was lost and the resulting placings somewhat distorted. Some teams and a small number of strong players did not compete at all as a protest against the participation of the South African team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Tournament report\nThe teams competed for the Hamilton-Russell Cup. Matches were scored by game points, with match points being used in the event of a tie-break. The Chief Referee was International Arbiter Harry de Graaf. A total of 360 players took part, including 35 grandmasters and 66 international masters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Tournament report\nAs was customary, the FIDE congress was also held during the Olympiad and the major news concerned the retirement of President Folke Rogard after 21 years of service. He was to be replaced by former World Champion Max Euwe and this appeared to be a universally popular decision. Another important issue was the presentation of a proposed new system for the awarding GM and IM titles; the congress adopted in full the report submitted by a committee comprising top player Svetozar Gligori\u0107, Professor Arpad Elo and FIDE Vice President Mr. Dorazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Tournament report\nThe tournament was very well attended by the public, particularly on the day that current World Champion Boris Spassky played future champion Bobby Fischer, with an estimated 3000 spectators turning up (Spassky won).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Individual performances\nWorld Champion Boris Spassky took the best score on board one (79.17%) and won a suit as a prize. Bobby Fischer finished a close second with 76.9% and Bent Larsen a close third with 76.5%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Individual performances\nTigran Petrosian extended his amazing run of unbeaten Olympiad games to 90 (won 58, drawn 32).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Individual performances\nViktor Korchnoi lost only one game - as a result of oversleeping he defaulted to the Spaniard, Diez del Corral. There was no satisfactory explanation as to why (non-playing) team captain Paul Keres or one of Korchnoi's teammates could not have telephoned his room when noticing he was a few minutes late.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Individual performances\nOscar Panno drew a record 15 games; however this may be partially explained by his accommodation. Siegen was a small place and many competitors were housed in the surrounding area. When Korchnoi asked Panno where he was living, his reply was \"in a pure field\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158130-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nPreliminary head-to-head results were carried over to the finals, so no teams met more than once. All preliminary groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments. The results were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158131-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Christmas\n19th Christmas  is the twentieth novel in the Women's Murder Club novel series  by James Patterson and Maxine Paetro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158131-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Christmas, Plot\nChristmas is coming upon San Francisco. Detective Sgt. Lindsay Boxer, her family, and her friends of the Women's Murder Club have much to celebrate. Crime is down. The courts are slow and the medical examiner's office is quiet. Journalist Cindy Thomas is working on a story about the true meaning of Christmas in San Francisco. Then a series of crimes and threats of horrific crimes to come put the entire police force into nonstop action. At first, all they have is a name, \"Loman,\" behind the threats. It takes until Christmas before enough pieces come together to find enough to hope to pinpoint where Loman can be caught.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158131-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Christmas, Reviews\nJoe Hartlaub wrote a very positive review of this novel in Book Reporter, referring to the Women's Murder Club Series, saying, \"I am tempted to call THE 19th CHRISTMAS the best entry in the series thus far...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158131-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Christmas, Reviews\nThis book was at the number one spot in the \"Combined Print & E-Book Fiction\" section of \"The New York Times Best Sellers\" list for October 27, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158132-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Coast Artillery (United States)\nThe 19th Coast Artillery Regiment was  a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. It was the garrison of the Harbor Defenses of San Diego, replacing the 3rd Coast Artillery there. The regiment was active from 1940 until broken up into battalions and partially inactivated in October 1944 as part of an Army-wide reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158132-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage 1\nConstituted 20 October 1918 as the 19th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps) (C.A.C.) and organized 29 October 1918 at Fort MacArthur, California, but demobilized 25 December 1918. The 4th, 10th, 11th, 13th, 14th, 18th, and 19th Companies of the Coast Defenses of Los Angeles were reassigned to create the regiment. This was one of a number of Coast Artillery regiments mobilized to operate heavy and railway artillery on the Western Front in World War I, but the Armistice resulted in the dissolution of the 19th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158132-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage 2\nConstituted in the Organized Reserve 31 January 1935 as the 625th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) (HD), allotted to the Regular Army as an inactive unit 15 August 1935. Redesignated as the 19th CA (HD) 19 January 1940, regimental HHB and Battery A activated 1 February 1940 at Fort Rosecrans, replacing Battery D, 3rd Coast Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158133-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\nThe Nineteenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held from 5 to 14 October 1952. It was the first  party congress after World War II and the last under Joseph Stalin's leadership. It was attended by many dignitaries from foreign Communist parties, including Liu Shaoqi from China. At this Congress, Stalin gave the last public speech of his life. The 19th Central Committee was elected at the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158133-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Changes\nAn unofficial \"inner circle\" of Stalin's closest associates included Lavrentiy Beria, Nikolai Bulganin, Kliment Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, Georgy Malenkov, Mikhail Pervukhin, Maksim Saburov, and Nikita Khrushchev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158134-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Congress of the Philippines\nThe Nineteenth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabinsiyam na Kongreso ng Pilipinas) is the future meeting of the national legislature of the Philippines, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The convention of the 19th Congress was followed by the 2022 Presidential election, 2022 Senate election, which will replace half of the Senate membership, and the 2022 House of Representatives elections which will elect the entire membership of the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158134-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Congress of the Philippines\nThe House of Representatives will meet in the Batasang Pambansa Complex and the Senate will meet in the GSIS Complex, with a scheduled move in 2023 to its new building in Navy Village, Taguig, from 2022 to a certain date in 2025, from the first to third year of the presidency of the future 17th president of the Philippines; this will be the end of tenure for senators elected in 2019. The 19th Congress will be officially opened by the newly elected president together with the joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158135-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158135-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized beginning July 25, 1862, and continued through September 9, 1862, at Litchfield, Connecticut, under the command of Colonel Leverette Ward Wessells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158135-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Slough's Brigade, District of Alexandria, Defenses of Washington, to January 1863. Tyler's Command, District of Alexandria, Military District of Washington, and XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to November 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158135-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Connecticut Infantry ceased to exist on November 23, 1863, when it was redesignated as the 2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158135-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Connecticut for Washington, D.C., September 15. Guard and patrol duty at Alexandria, Virginia, January 12, 1863. Garrison duty at Fort Worth (Virginia) in May 1863. At redoubts near Fort Lyon, November 1863. Companies B, F, and G served at Fort Ellsworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158135-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nCasualties for the regiment during its brief time as an infantry have not been located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158136-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Continental Regiment\nThe 19th Continental Regiment was a unit of the Connecticut Line in the 1776 establishment of the Continental Army. It is a successor to Webb's Connecticut Regiment (also known as the 7th Connecticut Provincial Regiment), which was part of the 1775 establishment, and it continued to be commanded by Col. Charles Webb. Active during the New York and New Jersey campaign, it was on the lines but did not fight at the Battle of Long Island. It saw action at the Battle of White Plains and retreated with George Washington's army to Pennsylvania in late 1776. It then participated in the Battle of Trenton. Some of its men chose to overstay their enlistment and also saw action in the Battle of the Assunpink Creek and the Battle of Princeton in early 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158136-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Continental Regiment\nWith the reorganization of the Continental Army at the end of 1776, the regiment became the 2nd Connecticut Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158137-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 19th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 16, 2014 at the Barker Hangar at the Santa Monica Airport, honoring the finest achievements of 2013 filmmaking. The ceremony was broadcast on The CW and hosted by Aisha Tyler. The nominees were announced on December 16, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158137-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nAdele Exarchopoulos \u2013 Blue Is the Warmest Colour as Adele", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158137-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nLeonardo DiCaprio \u2013 The Wolf of Wall Street as Jordan Belfort", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158137-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe Great Gatsby \u2013 Catherine Martin (Production Design)/Beverley Dunn (Set Decoration)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158137-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees, Louis XIII Genius Award\nEthan Hawke, Julie Delpy and Richard Linklater \u2013 The Before Trilogy (Before Sunrise, Before Sunset, and Before Midnight)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158138-0000-0000", "contents": "19th C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 19th C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1993 and took place on 26 February 1994 at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by G\u00e9rard Depardieu and hosted by Fabrice Luchini and Cl\u00e9mentine C\u00e9lari\u00e9. Smoking / No Smoking won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158139-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 19th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday of October and terms began on the first Tuesday in January. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening January 6, 1795, two weeks before the beginning of the third year of the administration of Governor Joshua Clayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158139-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three senators and seven representatives for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates. Both chambers had a Federalist majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158139-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158139-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nRepresentatives were elected by the public for a one-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158140-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 19th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1966, were presented in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158141-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Division (German Empire)\nThe 19th Division (19. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed on October 11, 1866, and was headquartered in Hannover. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the X Army Corps (X. Armeekorps). The division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158141-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Division (German Empire), Recruitment\nDuring the Franco-Prussian War, the division was a mixed unit, with Hannoverian, Oldenburg and Westphalian elements. It was subsequently reorganized so that it was recruited primarily from the former Kingdom of Hannover, which had become the Prussian Province of Hanover after 1866, along with Oldenburg, a grand duchy mostly surrounded by the Prussian province. Among the division's units were several that perpetuated the traditions of the King's German Legion, a British Army unit of the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158141-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nDuring the Franco-Prussian War, the 19th Infantry Division fought in the battles of Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte, and then in the Siege of Metz. It then fought in the Loire Campaign, including the battles of Beaune-la-Rolande, Beaugency-Cravant, and Le Mans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158141-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn World War I, the 19th Infantry Division participated in the 1914 Battle of Li\u00e8ge and the subsequent Allied Great Retreat, including the First Battle of the Marne and the First Battle of the Aisne. It was sent to the Eastern Front in 1915 and again in 1916, seeing action in the Gorlice-Tarn\u00f3w Offensive and the Russian Brusilov Offensive. It returned to the Western Front and, after a period in the trenches, saw action in the German 1918 Spring Offensive and the subsequent Allied counteroffensives, including the Hundred Days Offensive. The division was rated a first class division and regarded as one of the best German divisions by Allied intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158141-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Division (German Empire), Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War\nDuring wartime, the 19th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 19th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158141-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nGerman divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. As noted above, the 19th Division was reorganized to become primarily a Hannover/Oldenburg unit. The organization of the 19th Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158141-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914, at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 19th Division was again renamed the 19th Infantry Division and its initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158141-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 19th Infantry Division's order of battle on March 8, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158142-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 19th Division (\u7b2c19\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-j\u016bky\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its ts\u016bsh\u014dg\u014d code name was the Tiger Division (\u864e\u5175\u5718, Tora heidan). It was also occasionally referred to in Korean accounts as Ranam Division, after the location of its main base. The 19th Division and the 20th Division were both raised as a garrison force for Korea. After Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, and subsequent occupation, and then annexation of Korea in 1910, the need was felt for a dedicated garrison force, raised from people with local knowledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158142-0000-0001", "contents": "19th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 19th Division was stationed in far northeast Korea, in what is now North Hamgyong Province. The division received its colors on 24 December 1915 and headquarters have moved to Yongsan District 16 April 1916; however, the division was not considered combat-ready until 1918. The delay was due to limited funding available for the division to build its facilities in Korea and the need to recruit and train personnel from mainland Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158142-0000-0002", "contents": "19th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nIn addition, the new division was beset with problems related to malaria and shigellosis at its main base at Ranam in northern Korea, having recorded 672 disease-related officers casualties during 1917. As result, the headquarters have moved to Ranam-guyok only 10 April 1919. The first commander of the 19th Division was Lieutenant General Tachibana Koichir\u014d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158142-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAfter the Mukden Incident 18 September 1931, the regiment-sized detachment of the 19th Division, organized as 38th Independent Mixed Brigade was called upon to provide assistance to 20th division in Japanese invasion of Manchuria, during which it occupied Changchun and Harbin, and in the subsequent Pacification of Manchukuo. It continued to be stationed in Manchuria afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158142-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n26 July 1938, the 19th division was called for a Battle of Lake Khasan against the Soviet Union. Afterwards, with increasing tension and subsequent border clashes the 19th Division had 500 killed and 900 wounded from 6 to 11 August 1938. It was then recalled to its original garrison location in Ranam on the Korean border area with the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158142-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn May, 1943, the IJA 74th Infantry Regiment was separated from the 19th Division and was elevated to become the core of the new 30th Division. As the situation for Japan continued to deteriorate for Japan in the Pacific War, a decision was made to trust in the Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact, and reduce forces held back in reserve against the Soviet Union. In December 1944, the remainder of the 19th Division was transferred to the control of Japanese Fourteenth Area Army in the Philippines. The 19th Division was subsequently largely annihilated in combat in the mountains of central Luzon during the subsequent Battle of Luzon from January 1945 and ceased to exist a functional unit at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158142-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAs the sea blockade made reinforcement of Luzon problematic, parts of 19th division were re-routed to Kaohsiung, Taiwan 22 December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158143-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Division (North Korea)\nThe 19th Infantry Division was a military formation of the Korean People's Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158143-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Division (North Korea)\nIt defended the Kumchon area north of Kaesong with the 27th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158143-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Division (North Korea)\nThe United States 1st Cavalry Division began attacking on October 9, 1950, along the main highway from Kaesong to Kumchon. The US 8th Cavalry had to stop repeatedly and wait for engineer troops to clear mines from the road. Halfway to Kumchon on the twelfth the 8th Cavalry was halted by a North Korean strongpoint, defended by tanks, self-propelled guns, and antiaircraft weapons. In spite of a sixteen-plane air strike and a 155-mm howitzer barrage, the strongpoint held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158143-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Division (North Korea)\nThe US 5th Cavalry's 1st Battalion encountered the 19th and 27th Division's defenses on October 11 as they were holding a long ridge with several knobs \u2014 Hills 179, 175, and 174 \u2014 that dominated a pass fifteen miles northeast of Kaesong. The 5th Cavalry finally drove the defenders from the ridge during the afternoon of the twelfth, after much fierce fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158144-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Syrian rebel group)\nThe 19th Division (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 19\u200e) was a Syrian rebel group which fought in the Syrian Civil War. The group was created in June 2013 in the western countryside of the Aleppo Governorate as a part of a foreign-funded project to unify local Free Syrian Army-affiliated factions into bigger factions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158144-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nIn September 2012, the Ansar Brigade (Arabic: \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u200e, Liwa al-Ansar) was formed as part of the Mutasim Billah Brigades in the western Aleppo countryside. The group was known for producing improvised fighting vehicles. In June 2013, the group joined several other rebel groups in the area and formed the 19th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158144-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nIn late June 2013, a rebel court in Darat Izza arrested a media activist after he criticized Lt. Col. Muhammad Bakur, commander of the Ansar Brigade of the 19th Division. The arrest was condemned by an opposition court in Atarib, which demanded the Darat Izza court to release him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158144-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nOn 22 July 2013, the Supporters of the Caliphate Brigade, part of the 19th Division, along with al-Qaeda's al-Nusra Front, took part in a massacre of 51 Syrian Army soldiers in Khan al-Asal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158144-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Syrian rebel group), History\nOn 25 September 2013, the 19th Division signed a statement, along with 12 other Syrian rebel groups, in which it rejected any foreign-based opposition group, including the Syrian National Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158145-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Division (United States)\nThere have been a number of 19th Divisions in the history of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158145-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Division (United States)\nDuring the Second World War the division remained inactive. However, it saw service of a kind as a \"phantom division\" as part of Allied deception measures. It was assigned to SHAEF for use in Operation Fortitude South, but was never actually utilized during that endeavor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158145-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Division (United States)\nThe division's order of battle included the following fictional units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158145-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Division (United States)\nIn July 1944 the Division was redesignated as the 109th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158146-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 19th North Dalmatia Division (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Devetnaesta severnodalmatinska divizija) was a Yugoslav Partisan division formed in Biovi\u010dino Selo on 4 October 1943. Upon formation it had 3,559 soldiers in three brigades, those being: the 5th, 6th and 7th Dalmatia Brigades. During all of its existence it was a part of the 8th Corps. Commander of the division was Milan Kupre\u0161anin while its political commissar was Petar Babi\u0107. The division mostly operated in Dalmatia, Lika and Bosnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158147-0000-0000", "contents": "19th EAC Ordinary summit\nThe 19th EAC Ordinary summit was held on 23 February 2018 in Kampala, Uganda. The focus of the summit was deepen regional integration through infrastructure development and financing for health. on the agenda of the meeting was the status of the EAC political federation and the speedy integration of South Sudan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158147-0001-0000", "contents": "19th EAC Ordinary summit, Agenda, Manufacturing\nVarious sectors of development were discussed as a sector of growth such as Textile, Apparel and Agro-processing. A major focus for boosting regional manufacturing, the heads of states directed the EAC council to work on the process to harmonize the automotive industry regulations in the region. The leaders are looking to help reduce the importation of used vehicles and in turn grow the local vehicle assembly and manufacturing businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158147-0002-0000", "contents": "19th EAC Ordinary summit, Agenda, Economic Partnership Agreement\nThe European Economic Partnership agreement continues to be and important trade agreement that is still pending partner state approval. Museveni continued to reiterate that he is engaging with EU officials to ensure that a satisfactory agreement is agreed upon soon. Kenya & Rwanda are still the only members to sign the EU-EAC EPA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 64], "content_span": [65, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158147-0003-0000", "contents": "19th EAC Ordinary summit, Agenda, New Members\nThe council continued to guide the body to fast track the integration of South Sudan into the trade bloc. Political issues and funding has stagnated the process of integrating the new member into the block. Moreover, the EAC council had not as discussed the report that was presented at 18th EAC Ordinary summit to analyze the admission criteria for Somalia. The council aimed to discuss this at the next summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158148-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Empire Awards\nThe 19th Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Jameson Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2013 and took place on 30 March 2014 at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 14 categories as well as five honorary awards. The awards for Best Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress were first introduced this year. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of Empire magazine two special honorary awards were presented, the Action Hero of our Lifetime and the Legend of our Lifetime awards. Irish actor James Nesbitt hosted the show for the first time. The awards were sponsored by Jameson Irish Whiskey for the sixth consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158148-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Empire Awards\nIn related events, Empire and Jameson Irish Whiskey held the 5th Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final on March 29, 2014 at The Brewery, London, England. The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning, Sky Movies Premiere English presenter Alex Zane, Scottish radio DJ Edith Bowman, Scottish director Jon S. Baird and English director Ben Wheatley, which selected from a shortlist of 24 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158148-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Empire Awards\nGravity won two awards including Best Film and Best Director for Alfonso Cuar\u00f3n. Other winners included The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug also with two awards and 12 Years a Slave, Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa, Blue Jasmine, Filth, Saving Mr. Banks, The Conjuring, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, The Wolf of Wall Street and The World's End with one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158148-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Empire Awards\nSimon Pegg received the Empire Hero Award, Hugh Jackman received the Empire Icon Award, Paul Greengrass received the Empire Inspiration Award, Arnold Schwarzenegger received the special honorary 25th anniversary Action Hero of our Lifetime award and Tom Cruise received the special honorary 25th anniversary Legend of our Lifetime award. David Smith from the United Kingdom won the Done In 60 Seconds Award for There Will Be Blood (Milk), his 60-second film version of There Will Be Blood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion\nThe 19th Engineer Battalion is a United States Army engineering unit. This unit provides general engineering support during military operations. It is an Echelon Above Brigade (EAB) engineer unit, composed of five-line companies (15th Construction Company, 42nd Route Clearance Company, 502nd Multi-Role Bridging Company, 541st Sapper Company, 887th Engineer Support Company), one support company (Forward Support Company), one headquarters company (Headquarters and Headquarters Company), and one firefighting detachment (550th Fire Fighter Detachment). As of October 16, 2005, it is stationed at Fort Knox under the 20th Engineer Brigade, XVIII Airborne Corps. The 19th Engineer Battalion O/O deploys engineer forces to provide mission command and general engineer support to decisive action in support of Expeditionary, Army, Joint, or Combined Military Operations world-wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit Insignia\nSHIELD: The shield of the coat of arms is used to indicate the descent of the 19th Engineer Battalion from the 3rd Battalion of the 36th Engineer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit Insignia\nCOLORS: The colors red and white are the traditional engineer colors. The wavy partition line and the Seahorse symbolize participation in Marine Transportation and Amphibious Landings by the 36th Engineer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, World War II\nThe parent unit of the 19th Engineer Battalion was constituted on October 1, 1933, in the Regular Army as the 36th Engineer Regiment. The 19th Engineer Battalion originated as the 3rd Battalion of the 36th Engineer Combat Regiment. The regiment was activated at Plattsburg Barracks in June 1941. The Regiment was trained for amphibious and support operation, earning the unit its distinctive seahorse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, World War II\nDuring World War II, the battalion conducted five amphibious landings while accompanying allied armies through Africa, Italy, France, Germany, and Austria. 3rd Battalion deployed to the North Africa Campaign in 1942, where it conducted its first contested amphibious landing as a part of Operation Torch. The unit would move with and support allied forces east through North Africa during the Tunisia Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, World War II\nAfter pushing Axis forces out of North Africa, the battalion participated in the Battle of Sicily, its second amphibious landing. It would push across the island with the 7th Army, eventually forcing German and Italian forces off Sicily. The unit followed across the Mediterranean, taking part in its third amphibious assault at Naples-Foggia, followed by its fourth in support of Operation Shingle near Anzio. For fifty days, the battalion was part of the 7 miles (11 kilometers) Brigade front, earning the distinction as \"The Little Seahorse Division\" by the German Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, World War II\nIn 1944, the 3rd Battalion participated in the invasion of southern France, code-named Operation Dragoon, conducting what would be its fifth and final amphibious assault of the war. It would continue to support Allied forces through three subsequent campaigns: the Rhineland Campaign, the Ardennes-Alsace Campaign, and the Central Europe Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, World War II\nOn February 15, 1945, the unit was re-designated the 36th Engineer Combat Group, with the 3rd Battalion being re-designated the 2828th Combat Engineer Battalion at Fort Lewis. The battalion had suffered 902 combat casualties, including 44 killed in action. For their gallantry and service, the battalion was awarded 10 campaign streamers from World War II. Soldiers in the battalion earned seven Silver Stars and 13 Bronze Stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Cold War, Stateside\nOn April 29, 1947, the 2828th Engineer Battalion was re-designated the 19th Engineer Combat Battalion and activated at Fort Meade, MD on July 9, 1952. During this time it focused mainly on training, local construction, and domestic relief missions on the East Coast of the United States. In October 1954, it responded to the destruction caused by Hurricane Hazel, helping to clear and rebuild the area around Cambridge and Wingate, Maryland. In August 1955, the 19th assisted the citizens of northern Pennsylvania after Hurricane Diane caused massive flooding in the region. In the winter of 1958, the battalion returned to Maryland to assist with a snow emergency in Baltimore. Finally, they travelled to French Creek in Pennsylvania where they conducted explosive clearing of ice floes in two gorges to prevent flooding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Cold War, Vietnam War\nIn 1965, the Battalion deployed to Vietnam in an amphibious landing on the beaches of Qui Nhon. Its primary mission was to upgrade highway QL-1 from a dirt trail to an all-weather road connecting Qui Nhon and Bong Son. The first phase of this project consisted of the construction of seven Bailey Bridges, decking three existing railroad bridges, and building six timber trestle bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0009-0001", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Cold War, Vietnam War\nDuring this time, the battalion completed construction projects in support of the Republic of Korea Tiger Division, the 4th Cavalry, the Americal Division, the 4th Infantry Division, and the 199th Light Infantry Brigade, to include port and airfield repair, warehouses, fuel and ammo depots, and pipelines. In the end, the 19th improved and upgraded more than 70 kilometers of QL-1, constructing 11 Bailey Bridges and 34 timber pile bridges, so multiple times, through near-daily enemy contact. The unit returned to Fort Lewis, on October 14, 1970, having suffered more than 505 casualties including 105 killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm\nThe Battalion deployed to Saudi Arabia in early 1991 in support of the 1st Armored Division, during which time they constructed two crossing routes over the Trans-Arabian pipeline. With the beginning of the invasion of Iraq on February 24, B Company pushed 200 lanes through the berms along the Iraq/Saudi Arabia border. As the 1st Armored Division pushed into Iraq, the battalion built 220\u00a0km of road and constructed FARPs for 4th Aviation Brigade's AH-64 Apache helicopters. They also provided recovery support for the 1st Armored Division as their vehicles became stuck in the wet sand of the region. All told, the 19ths built or maintained more than 475\u00a0km of roads, 15 helipads, four pipeline crossings, three prisoner holding areas, and 241 points of entry into Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nOn October 16, 2005, the 19th Engineer Battalion was reactivated at Fort Knox, KY, as the Army's first modular Engineer Battalion, allowing each company to deploy individually in support of US operations. In August 2006, the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Forward Support Company, 15th Engineer Company, and 72d Survey and Design Detachment deployed to Iraq, followed in October by the 60th Engineer Company. The battalion was assigned the mission of assured mobility, partnering with Iraqi Army Engineer Units to provide General Engineering (GE) support within Task Force Lightning's (25th Infantry Division) Area of Operations (AO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0011-0001", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIt repaired 2664 road craters and 40 destroyed culverts throughout its 15-month deployment, returning to Fort Knox in November 2007. During this deployment, the unit lost its only Soldier during the Global War on Terror, 1LT Christopher Rutherford of the Forward Support Group, who died in an IED strike in July 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\n502nd Multi-role Bridging Company (MRBC) deployed to Iraq in support of the Iraqi offensive into Mosul. This deployment was both a training mission and an operational mission. The Soldiers worked with an Iraqi bridge regiment in preparing and emplacing a 230-meter Improved Ribbon Bridge across the Tigris River. They also assisted in the repair of a bridge across the Zab River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn December 2006, the 76th Engineer Company deployed to Afghanistan in support of a brigade expansion. With the Afghan Theater expanding to include two Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs), life support capabilities needed to be expanded to accommodate the increased troop presence. As such, half of the company began construction to expand Bagram Airfield before moving to FOB Fenty in February 2007 to rapidly expand housing and infrastructure. The other half of the company was tasked with the same mission at FOB Salerno before the company reconsolidated at FOB Fenty in June 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 87], "content_span": [88, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom\nWhen 173d Airborne Brigade Combat Team took over the battlespace, 76th continued their work, constructing 185 B-huts, four SEA-huts, and six brick-and-mortar barracks across 14 FOBs. The company was then tasked with the winterization of the theater, constructing or upgrading infrastructure at 16 FOBs simultaneously. The company returned to Fort Knox in March 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 87], "content_span": [88, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom\nOn April 28, 2009, the battalion returned to Afghanistan with 15th Engineer Company, 60th Engineer Company, 76th Engineer Company, and eventually 502d Multi-role Bridge Company, setting up its battalion command post at Kandahar Air Field. With Kandahar as the main hub, the battalion pushed companies to FOBs Wolverine, Frontenac, and Spin Buldak, respectively. Though deployed independently of each other, the three engineer companies had similar missions: expanding life support areas and improving FOB security and force protection measures throughout their AOs. These improvements included helipads, taxiways, UAV landing strips, berms, entry control points, and ammunition holding areas among other construction projects. In total, the battalion completed more than $23 million worth of work while deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 87], "content_span": [88, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn August 2009, 502 MRBC joined the battalion in Afghanistan to conduct fixed and float bridging operations throughout Afghanistan. Most of the company, including the headquarters, was stationed at Camp Leatherneck to support operations in the Helmand river valley, while one platoon remained at Kandahar. These elements provided bridge site reconnaissance and support to their respective AOs. Sites included the Saracha Bridge along Highway 1, the Regak Bridge in Uruzgan Province, and the construction of a Mabey Johnson Bridge at the Andar Bridge site. In April 2010, the 19th Engineer Battalion began its return to Fort Knox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 87], "content_span": [88, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn Nov 2013, 19th Engineer Battalion, along with 450 Soldiers, deployed to Kuwait on their fourth deployment since their reactivation at Fort Knox under the command of LTC John Lloyd. During the deployment, the unit was responsible for road construction, infrastructure improvements, and a variety of facility upgrades, including projects in Tajikistan. The unit redeployed to Kentucky in August 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 87], "content_span": [88, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn Mar 2016, 42nd Clearance Company deployed to Afghanistan, less than three years after joining 19th Engineer Battalion at Fort Knox. Captain Jason Schwartz took the company to Afghanistan where they conducted route clearance operations and provided security to multiple bases across Afghanistan, while performing engineer and construction tasks. They deployed again between Oct 2018 and July 2019 under CPT Aaron Beatty, the Battalion's last deployment as a part of the Global War on Terror. During this deployment, 42nd conducted route clearance missions in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel in southern Afghanistan. The unit identified and cleared more than 400 IED's, 8 rocket sites, and conducted more than 200 Quick Reaction Force Missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 87], "content_span": [88, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Stateside Missions, Hurricane Sandy\nWithin 96 hours of Hurricane Sandy's destruction of the New York Metropolitan Area, the Battalion deployed in support of United States Army Corps of Engineers recovery operations. The battalion led an unwatering team consisting of the Army's 86th Dive Detachment, 76th Engineer Company, the Marine's 8th Engineer Support Battalion, and others. The team removed trash and debris, conducted structural assessments, and pumped out large municipal buildings and areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Stateside Missions, Operation Faithful Patriot\nIn 2018, Soldiers from 19th Engineer Battalion, to include 541st SAPPER Company, 15th Engineer Construction Company, and 887th Engineer Support Company were deployed to the US-Mexico border in support of the Department of Homeland Security and US Customs and Border Patrol. During this deployment, the unit was largely tasked with emplacing concertina wire barricades along the border at Hidalgo and improving roads on Base Camp Donna in Donna, TX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Named Exercises, Atlantic Resolve\nIn February 2021, 550th Fire Fighting Detachment deployed to Novo Selo Training Area, Bulgaria to provide Fire Fighting Support to the Black Seas Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Named Exercises, DEFENDER-Europe 21\nIn May 2021, 541st SAPPER Company deployed to Novo Selo Training Area, Bulgaria to take part in the annual multi-national NATO training exercise DEFENDER-Europe. While at DEFENDER-Europe 21, 541st worked hand-in-hand with Bulgarian and American units to execute a complex training scenario focusing on counter-mobility operations. They returned from this operation in June 2021. DEFENDER-Europe is the premiere NATO training operation, integrating more than 28,000 Soldiers from more than 26 nations to respond to crisis should the need arise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Unit History, Named Exercises, Resolute Castle 21\nIn July 2021, 887 Engineer Support Company, based out of Fort Campbell, Kentucky, deployed to Cincu, Romania in support of US Army Europe and Africa's (USAREUR-AF) Resolute Castle 21 mission. Resolute Castle is a multinational training exercise that traditionally has been supported by US Army Reserve and National Guard Engineer Units, as well as NATO Engineers, for up to six months of the year. RC21 was the seventh iteration. 887 ESC fell under 62nd Engineer Battalion, 36th Engineer Brigade during their rotation to Europe, where they worked on multiple construction products in support of US Allies and partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Goodbread, Edward M (9 July 1952 \u2013 18 November 1953)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nMAJ Denton, Charles T (19 November 1953 - 12 August 1954)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Young, Roger L. (25 October 1959 - 12 August 1960)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0027-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Mewshaw, Charles T. (13 August 1960 - 14 July 1961)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0028-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Regn, Elmer M. (15 July 1961 - 6 April 1962)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0029-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Mattews, Amos C (30 June 1965 - 16 July 1966)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0030-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Rhodes, Nolan C. (16 July 1966 - 23 July 1967)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0031-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Remson, Andrew C Jr. (23 July 1967 - 2 March 1968)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0032-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Sutton, James L. (2 March 1968 - 7 September 1968)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0033-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Wisdom, Donald L. (7 September 1968 - 7 February 1969)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0034-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Burns, Gilbert L. (7 February 1969 - 10 July 1969)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0035-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Andrews, Wilson P (11 July 1969 - 15 February 1970)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0036-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Gardner, Morris L (15 February 1970 - 10 June 1970)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0037-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC West, Pleasant (10 June 1970 - 4 November 1970)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0038-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Carpenter, Robert (4 November 1970 - 16 December 1970)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0039-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Daly, Timothy E. (May 1983 - 10 May 1985)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0040-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Roscoe, Heath C. (12 February 2008 - 24 June 2010)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0041-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Ray, David C. (24 June 2010 - June 2012)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158149-0042-0000", "contents": "19th Engineer Battalion, Commanders\nLTC Lloyd, Paul C (June 2012 - 5 September 2014)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158150-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Ersatz Division (German Empire)\nThe 19th Ersatz Division (19. Ersatz-Division) was a unit of the German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158150-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Formation and recruitment\nThe 19th Ersatz Division was formed on mobilization from 11 brigade replacement battalions (Brigade-Ersatz-Bataillone). Each brigade replacement battalion was numbered after its parent infantry brigade, and was formed with two companies taken from the replacement battalion of each of the brigade's two infantry regiments. One brigade replacement battalion was formed by three regiments. Thus, collectively, the 11 brigade replacement battalions represented troop contributions from 23 different infantry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158150-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Formation and recruitment\nThe units of the 21st Mixed Ersatz Brigade were raised from the VI Army Corps area, which covered most of the Prussian Province of Silesia. These units were disbanded after the opening fighting in Lorraine, with their troops sent to other units in mid-September 1914. Alternatively, it is possible that the brigade remained in Silesia and was attached to the 4th Landwehr Division. The sources are in conflict. On 26 August the brigade was with the 4th Landwehr Division in the east. The other two brigades of the division were from the Kingdom of Saxony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158150-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Formation and recruitment\nThe units of the 45th Mixed Ersatz Brigade were raised from the XII (1st Royal Saxon) Corps area, which covered eastern Saxony. The units of the 47th Mixed Ersatz Brigade were raised from the XIX (2nd Royal Saxon) Corps area, which covered western and southern Saxony. Thus, after the dissolution of the 21st Mixed Ersatz Brigade, the division became a fully Saxon unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158150-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 19th Ersatz Division fought on the Western Front in World War I. It fought in the Battle of the Frontiers, seeing action in Lorraine. With occasional rests, it remained in the trenchlines in Lorraine until October 1916. It was then in the line near Verdun until July 1918. That month, it went into the line near Reims. It was there when it met the Allied Aisne-Marne Offensive, part of the Second Battle of the Marne. After the severe fighting there, the division left the line for rest and reconstruction. In late August, it fought against the Allied Oise-Aisne Offensive. It was then returned to a quiet sector in Lorraine, where it remained until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158150-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 19th Ersatz Division on mobilization in August 1914 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158150-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Ersatz Division (German Empire), Order of battle on July 12, 1918\nThe division underwent several structural changes as the war progressed. As noted above, the Silesian brigade was dissolved early in the war. The other Saxon mixed Ersatz brigades were converted to Ersatz infantry brigades as cavalry, artillery, and pioneer Ersatz units were grouped and reorganized. The brigade replacement battalions were grouped into Ersatz infantry regiments. The 19th Ersatz Division was triangularized in October 1916. Cavalry was reduced, pioneers were increased to a full battalion, and an artillery command and a divisional signals command were created. The division's order of battle on July 12, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158151-0000-0000", "contents": "19th European Film Awards\nThe 19th European Film Awards were presented on December 2, 2006 in Warsaw, Poland. The winners were selected by the members of the European Film Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158152-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Expeditionary Weather Squadron\nThe 19th Expeditionary Weather Squadron is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force. It last performed weather related duties as part of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan from 2009 to 2014. It was assigned to the 504th Expeditionary Air Support Operations Group. The squadron was first active during World War II where it served in Africa. Following the end of the war, it was stripped of personnel and equipment, but remained on the active roll until 1947. The squadron was reactivated in 1948 and provided weather services from various bases in the midwestern United States until inactivating in 1961 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158152-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Expeditionary Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first organized at Bolling Field, District of Columbia at the end of June 1942. After organizing and training in the United States, it departed for the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in September, arriving in Egypt in November. Squadron headquarters was located on the Horn of Africa, at Gura, Eritrea by December, but relocated to Accra, Gold Coast (now Ghana) by the spring of 1943, and remained there for the rest of the war. The squadron operated through detachments located throughout northern Africa and, after 1943, in Italy. The squadron supported special operations in the Mediterranean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158152-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Expeditionary Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nBy May 1944, it had seven detachments operating behind German lines in the Balkans, primarily in Albania and Yugoslavia. In March, two squadron weather observers and a radioman had parachuted into Yugoslavia and were embedded with Tito's partisan forces to provide information for Douglas C-47 Skytrains airlifting supplies for the partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158152-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Expeditionary Weather Squadron, History, World War II\nIn the spring of 1946 the squadron left Accra, and in June 1946, moved without personnel to Wiesbaden, Germany. It remained there as a paper unit until inactivating in October 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158152-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Expeditionary Weather Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe squadron was again activated on 1 June 1948 at Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas. It moved twice in the next three years before arriving at Kansas City, Missouri in September 1951, providing regional weather coverage for USAF units. From Kansas City, and later, from Grandview Air Force Base (later Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base, its detachments provided weather services for the bases of Central Air Defense Force (CADF) and the squadron commander acted as the staff weather officer for CADF. After CADF was inactivated, it provided the same services for 33d Air Division bases. It was inactivated on 8 July 61 and its personnel and equipment transferred to the 29th Weather Squadron, which moved on paper from Malmstrom Air Force Base to Richards-Gebaur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158152-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Expeditionary Weather Squadron, History, Global War on Terror\nThe squadron was redesignated the 19th Expeditionary Weather Squadron and converted to provisional status. It was assigned to Air Combat Command (ACC) to activate or inactivate as needed. By October, ACC had organized the squadron at and assigned it to the 504th Expeditionary Air Support Operations Group at Bagram Air Field to perform weather observation and forecasting duties as part of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan from 2009 to 2014. The squadron primarily provided support to Army task forces operating throughout Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158152-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Expeditionary Weather Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158153-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 19th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158153-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 19th Field Artillery was Constituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158153-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/16 inches (2.70\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Or, a bend Gules between in chief an eagle close of the same ducally crowned and gorged with a collar of the first and in base a fusil of the like.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158153-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nScarlet and yellow are the colors used for Artillery. The red diamond is indicative of the 5th Division with which the Regiment served after it was organized in 1917 by transfer of men from the 7th Division. The red bend, from the arms of Lorraine, commemorates the baptism of fire from the Regiment in taking Frapelle east of St. Die in the Vosges in the Lorraine. The eagle, the device of St Mihiel, represents the heavy fighting the Regiment participated in at St. Mihiel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158153-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Field Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 19th Field Artillery Regiment on 15 April 1935. It was redesignated for the 19th Field Artillery Battalion on 14 November 1940. On 27 June 1958, it was redesignated for the 19th Artillery Regiment. Effective 1 September 1971, the insignia was redesignated for the 19th Field Artillery Regiment. The description and symbolism were revised on 14 May 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158153-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nOr, a bend Gules between in chief an eagle close of the same ducally crowned and gorged with a collar of the first charged with a Lorraine cross of the second and in base a fusil of the like.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158153-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nOn a wreath of the colors (Or and Gules) a demi horse Sable hoofed and tongued Or with draft harness of the like. MottoPER SCINTILLAM FLAMMA (Through The Spark, The Flame).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158153-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nScarlet and yellow are the colors used for Artillery. The red diamond is indicative of the 5th Division with which the Regiment served after it was organized in 1917 by transfer of men from the 7th Division. The red bend, from the arms of Lorraine, commemorates the baptism of fire for the Regiment in taking Frapelle east of St. Die in the Vosges in the Lorraine. The motto alludes to an incident at Frapelle when Battery A had trouble with one of the lights which served as an aiming point. Private Louis Birtz went out in front of his piece and held lighted matches up for the gunner to sight his piece. All through the barrage he lay there. The eagle, the device of St. Mihiel, represents the heavy fighting the Regiment participated in at St. Mihiel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158153-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Field Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 19th Field Artillery Regiment on 24 January 1922. It was amended to correct the motto on 30 January 1922. On 18 November 1940, it was redesignated for the 19th Field Artillery Battalion. The coat of arms was redesignated for the 19th Artillery Regiment on 27 June 1958. Effective 1 September 1971, it was redesignated for the 19th Field Artillery Regiment. The coat of arms was amended to revise the symbolism on 14 May 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron\nThe 19th Fighter Squadron is part of the Pacific Air Forces' (PACAF) 15th Wing (15 WG) at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is one of the oldest in the United States Air Force, its origins dating to 14 June 1917, being organized at Kelly Field, Texas. It served overseas in France as part of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. The squadron saw combat during World War II, and became part of the Tactical Air Command during the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron\nToday the 19th FS operates the F-22 Raptor aircraft conducting strategic attack, interdiction, suppression of enemy air defenses, as well as offensive and defensive counterair (air-to-air) missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nOriginally established as an Army Flying School Squadron, the 19th was based in Texas, Ohio, and New York for short periods. After a few weeks at the Air Service Replacement Concentration Barracks in St. Maixent, from 1 January 1918, the squadron moved for Seventh Aviation Instruction Center (repair) at Aulnat Aerodrome, east of Clermont-Ferrand, France, to train and observe the French company Michelin's airplane manufacture and assembly procedures. It stayed with 7th AIC until the end of 1918. Moving for Cenac, near Bordeaux on 29 December, the squadron left France on 18 March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron, History, Inter-war years\nRenamed the 19th Pursuit Squadron, the squadron flew from various locations in the Hawaiian Islands beginning in 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron suffered six casualties as a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on 7 December 1941, but no fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was then stationed aboard the USS Natoma Bay, off Saipan. Upon arriving, the 19th flew night and day missions, strafing and using general purpose bombs and rockets in support of advancing U.S. ground troops. Using homemade napalm bombs made out of napalm, gasoline, and oil placed inside fuel tanks, the 19th helped U.S. forces successfully invade and capture Saipan, Tinian, and Guam islands in only three months. The squadron's mission then changed to long-range bomber escort missions with occasional strike missions to nearby Pagan Island and Iwo Jima. The squadron then relocated to Okinawa, where the first 19 FS pilots were awarded their 'ace' rating. Later, in August 1945, after numerous aerial victories and assorted bombing missions, it participated in the Japanese surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nFrom 1982\u20131993, it trained for close air support, air-to-air superiority, and maintained a state of readiness to deploy worldwide. In June 1987, the 19th set a new world record for the number of F-16 sorties flown in one day with 160, besting the previous record of 144. In September 1992 the 19th deployed to Southwest Asia to fly combat air patrol missions to enforce terms of United Nations cease fire agreement following Operation Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nOn 1 January 1994, the 19th took over personnel, facilities and equipment of 43d Fighter Squadron at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. It won the Hughes Trophy in recognition as the top air superiority squadron in the USAF for 2001. Since 1994, it has mobilized, deployed, and employed fighter aircraft worldwide to accomplish air superiority in support of warfighting commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron, History, Modern era\nIn 2010 the 19th became part of the 15th Wing at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam. The 19th is an associate unit with the Hawaii Air National Guard's 199th Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158154-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158155-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Filmfare Awards\nThe 19th Filmfare Awards were held in 1972, honoring the best in Hindi films in the year 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158155-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Filmfare Awards\nAnand led the ceremony with 8 nominations, followed by Mera Naam Joker with 7 nominations and Kati Patang with 6 nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158155-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Filmfare Awards\nAnand won 6 awards, thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158155-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Filmfare Awards, Main Awards, Best Lyrics\nAndaz \u2013 Hasrat Jaipuri for Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158155-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Filmfare Awards, Main Awards, Best Playback Singer, Male\nMera Naam Joker \u2013 Manna Dey for Ey Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158155-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Filmfare Awards, Main Awards, Best Playback Singer, Female\nCaravan \u2013 Asha Bhosle for Piya Tu Ab to Aa Ja", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158156-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Filmfare Awards South\nThe 19th Filmfare Awards South Ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1971 was an event held in Shanmukhananda Hall Bombay on 24 March 1972 along with Hindi Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158156-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Filmfare Awards South\nThe awards were introduced in 1954, around the films released in 1953. Filmfare Awards, initially recognizing only the Hindi film industry, considered South Indian regional Telugu and Tamil cinema was honored from 1964 onwards. In 1966, awards were presented to Best Film in Malayalam cinema and the Kannada cinema was honored from 1970 onwards. The chief guest of the evening was General Sam Manekshaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158157-0000-0000", "contents": "19th G7 summit\nThe 19th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo, Japan, on July 7\u20139, 1993. The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158157-0001-0000", "contents": "19th G7 summit\nThe Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158157-0001-0001", "contents": "19th G7 summit\nThe summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158157-0002-0000", "contents": "19th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158157-0003-0000", "contents": "19th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThe 19th G7 summit was the first summit for U.S. President Bill Clinton and the last summit for Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa. It was also the first and only summit for Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell and Italian Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158157-0004-0000", "contents": "19th G7 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants are the current \"core members\" of the international forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158157-0005-0000", "contents": "19th G7 summit, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Issues which were discussed at this summit included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158157-0006-0000", "contents": "19th G7 summit, Accomplishments\nIn 1993, the summit leaders called for an \"international agreement\" to \"protect forests,\" but there is little evidence of follow-up action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158158-0000-0000", "contents": "19th GLAAD Media Awards\nThe GLAAD Media Awards were created in 1990 by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) to \"recognize and honor media for their fair, accurate and inclusive representations of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community and the issues that affect their lives.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158158-0001-0000", "contents": "19th GLAAD Media Awards\nHere, the nominees of the 19th GLAAD Media Awards, awarded in 2008, are listed. The winners are listed in bold type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158159-0000-0000", "contents": "19th GMA Dove Awards\nThe 19th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on 1988 recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 1987. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158160-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Game Developers Choice Awards\nThe 19th Game Developers Choice Awards is an annual awards ceremony by Game Developers Choice Awards held at the Game Developers Conference, for outstanding game developers and video games. It was hosted by Tim Schafer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158160-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Game Developers Choice Awards\nAmerican video game director, Amy Hennig (Naughty Dog) received the Lifetime Achievement Award. Rieko Kodama received the Pioneer Award for her contributions during her time with Sega and video games such as Alex Kidd, Phantasy Star and Sonic the Hedgehog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158161-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Gemini Awards\nThe 19th Gemini Awards were held on December 13, 2004 to honour achievements in Canadian television. It was broadcast on CBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158161-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nJanet Wright, Brent Butt, Gabrielle Miller, Eric Peterson, Tara Spencer-Nairn, Lorne Cardinal, Nancy Robertson, Fred Ewanuick", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158161-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nDebra McGrath, Peter Oldring, Lisa Merchant, Rebecca Northan, Paul O'Sullivan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158161-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nRick Mercer, Peter Keleghan, Leah Pinsent, Dan Lett, Jackie Torrens", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158161-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nMary Walsh, Greg Thomey, Cathy Jones, Shaun Majumder, Mark Critch", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158161-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Gemini Awards, Awards, Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series\nMichael Jackson, Shelley Thompson, Barrie Dunn, Robb Wells, Cory Bowles, Lucy Decoutere, Sarah Dunsworth, John Dunsworth, Tyrone Parsons, Pat Roach, Jonathan Torrens, Mike Smith, John Paul Tremblay, Jeanna Harrison-Steinhart, Garry James", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 83], "content_span": [84, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158162-0000-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 19th General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1900. The general assembly sat from 1901 to 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158162-0001-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe Liberal Party led by Robert Bond formed the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158162-0002-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Newfoundland\nSir Charles Cavendish Boyle served as colonial governor of Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158162-0003-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1900:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158163-0000-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe 19th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1851 and 1855. The assembly was dissolved on April 25, 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158163-0001-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Nova Scotia, John Harvey. John Le Marchant became governor in 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158164-0000-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 19th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between February 9, 1854, and May 10, 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158164-0001-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, Alexander Bannerman. John Jardine was elected speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158164-0002-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nEdward Palmer, the leader of the Conservative Party, chose John Myrie Holl, a member of the Legislative Council, as Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158164-0003-0000", "contents": "19th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Members\nThe members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1854 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158165-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Genie Awards\nThe 19th Genie Awards were held on February 4, 1999 to honour Canadian films released in 1998. It marked only the second time in the 1990s, after the 16th Genie Awards in January 1996, that the awards were held in the winter of the year following the year in which eligible films were released, rather than the late fall of the same year; the awards have subsequently retained the winter scheduling since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158165-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Genie Awards\nThe ceremony was held at the Living Arts Centre in Mississauga, Ontario. Actor Albert Schultz hosted the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158165-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Genie Awards\nLast Night and Such a Long Journey were tied for the most nominations, with 12 nods each. However, The Red Violin won the most awards, with eight wins including Best Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158166-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Globe Awards\nThe 19th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1961 films, were held on March 5, 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158166-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Globe Awards, Winners and nominees, Film, Silver Globe\nThe Good Soldier Schweik (Der Brave Soldat Schwejk) (West Germany)The Important Man (\u00c1nimas Trujano: El hombre importante) (Mexico)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158166-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Globe Awards, Winners and nominees, Film, Best Song\n\"Town Without Pity\" - Town Without Pity (Dimitri Tiomkin - music, Ned Washington - lyrics)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158167-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Horse Awards\nThe 19th Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:\u7b2c19\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on October 24, 1982, at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158168-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Melody Awards\nCeremonies of the 19th Golden Melody Awards (Chinese: \u7b2c19\u5c46\u91d1\u66f2\u734e; pinyin: D\u00ec sh\u00edji\u01d4 j\u012bn q\u016b ji\u01ceng) were held in Taipei, Taiwan in 2008. Nominees were announced on May 22, 2008, and the award winners in 12 traditional music categories (of 47 nominees) and 23 popular music categories (of 124 nominees) were selected by a panel of 33 judges after four rounds of jury meetings. Initially, there were 10,632 submissions from 185 companies in the music industry, making it the largest submission pool in the Awards' history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158168-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Melody Awards\nWinners for artistic and traditional music categories were announced on June 21, 2008, at Taipei County Hall in a ceremony separate from that for popular music categories. It was the second consecutive year that the ceremony for this category group was held separately, and it did not attract as much media attention as the ceremony for the popular music categories. By contrast, artists from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, and Canada attended the awards ceremony for popular music categories, which was held at the Taipei Arena on July 5, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158168-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Golden Melody Awards\nActress sisters Barbie and Dee Shu, former news anchor Patty Hou, and actress Matilda Tao hosted this event, whose list of award presenters included Canadian recording artist Daniel Powter and Japanese drama stars Akito Kiriyama, Junta Nakama, and Yuya Takaki. Both events were broadcast on the satellite cable Azio Television channel on June 28 and July 5, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158168-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Melody Awards\nMalaysian singer Gary Chaw and Singaporean singer-songwriter Tanya Chua were named Best Mandarin Male and Female Singers in the popular music category, respectively. Chua won the Best Mandarin Female Singer award for the second time; she last won the award in the 17th Golden Melody Awards. Chua's record seven nominations for her album Goodbye & Hello are the most received by a female artist. Taiwanese musician and singer Jay Chou, who received a record-breaking eight nominations for his album On the Run and film Secret, was not able to attend the event due to his tour in China. Chou's primary lyricist Vincent Fang was present to receive the award of Best Lyricist for the song \"Blue and White Porcelain\" (Chinese: \u9752\u82b1\u74f7; pinyin: q\u012bng hu\u0101 c\u00ed). Pop rock band Sodagreen received its second consecutive award as Best Band for its album Incomparable Beauty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158168-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Melody Awards, Nominees and winners, Popular music categories, Best aboriginal album\nIpay Buyci is a self-titled album in the Atayal language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 96], "content_span": [97, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158168-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Melody Awards, Nominees and winners, Popular music categories, Best aboriginal singer\nIpay Buyci, the winner of this category, is a member of the ethnic Atayal people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 97], "content_span": [98, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158169-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 19th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 20, 1999, at the Huntley Hotel Garden Room in Santa Monica, California, to recognize the worst movie industry had to offer in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158170-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Goya Awards\nThe 19th Goya Awards took place in Madrid, Spain on 30 January 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158170-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Goya Awards\nThe Sea Inside was nominated for 15 awards and won 14, including the four regular acting awards (Bardem, Bugallo, Due\u00f1as and Rivera) and the two acting awards for Best New Actor and Actress, Best Director (Amen\u00e1bar), Best Film and Best Original Screenplay (Amen\u00e1bar and Gil).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158171-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Grenadier Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 19th Grenadier Division  (German: 19. Grenadier-Division) of the German Army in World War II was formed in October 1944 from the depleted 19. Luftwaffen-Sturm-Division (\"19th Air Forces Assault Division\"), which was transferred to the Heer (\"Army\") and renamed 19. Volksgrenadier-Division (\"19th People's Grenadier Division\") .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup\nThe 19th Grey Cup was the 1931 Canadian Rugby Union championship game that was played at Percival Molson Memorial Stadium in Montreal, between the Regina Roughriders and the Montreal AAA Winged Wheelers. The hometown Winged Wheelers shut-out the Roughriders 22-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Montreal AAA Winged Wheelers\nAfter going 6-0 in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union regular season, Montreal earned a bye to the Eastern final. There they shutout the Western Ontario Mustangs 22-0, clinching a spot in the Grey Cup game. Montreal's running back Gordon Perry won the Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy as the IRFU MVP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Montreal AAA Winged Wheelers\nThe Winged Wheelers were looking to become the first team from outside of Ontario to raise the Grey Cup trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Regina Roughriders\nRegina were just as dominant as Montreal during the regular season and playoffs. They dispatched the Winnipeg St.John's 47-5 in the Western Semi-Finals, and then beat the Calgary Altomahs-Tigers 26-2 in the West Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Regina Roughriders\nThere was a considerable pressure on the Roughriders team heading into the contest. This was the fourth straight year that they voyaged East to challenge for the Grey Cup, losing the three previous occasions (scoring a disappointing nine points in those games). They did not fare much better at the fourth time of asking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Pre-game\nThere was controversy during the week leading up to the game. The Canadian Rugby Union named Howie Milne as the head official for the matchup. However, Montreal's management took exception to the selection, as Milne was from Regina and even rode the train with the Roughriders team to Montreal. Moreover, Milne had played for the Roughriders up until 1928. This was the first time a western referee had ever been selected to preside over a Grey Cup game. Montreal launched a protest, and the union relented, naming Joe O'Brien as the head referee the night before the game. Milne was moved to umpire, while Tom Barton was appointed as the head linesman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Pre-game\nThe game was played in some of the worst conditions in Grey Cup history. During the evening prior to kickoff, there was a heavy snowstorm, leaving large ice patches on the field. With the turf rock hard, the game kicked off with the temperature hovering around -9 C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Pre-game\nThe weather did little to help attendance, as a disappointing 5,112 fans turned out to Percival Molson Memorial Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Pre-game\nWith the turf in dismal condition, Fred Wilson, the manager of the Roughriders, organized for pairs of lacrosse shoes to the sent to his team. The shoes somehow found their way into the Montreal dressing room, meaning that the visiting team had unintentionally supplied their opponents with excellent footwear for the icy conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Pre-game\nUnbeknownst to Wilson, Regina head coach Al Ritchie had employed a Montreal shoemaker to attach leather cleats to the Roughriders' shoes. However, Ritchie's plan was foiled by the snowstorm, meaning that the Winged Wheelers had a major advantage out of the gate because of their footwear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Game summary\nMontreal opened the scoring on their first possession of the game, with Wally Whitty kicking the ball out for a deadline point. Before teams struggled in the miserable conditions until midway through the quarter. Regina's Eddie James fumbled a snap on his own 35-yard line, and Pete Jotkus dribbled on the ball into the end zone. Huck Welch kicked the convert, and Montreal held a 7-0 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThere was no scoring to speak of in the second quarter. The Winged Wheelers had the best chance, when Bernard Haynes nearly intercepted a pass from Curt Schave. Had he held on to the ball, it would have been an easy touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Game summary\nNeither team experienced much offensive success early in the third quarter. Montreal extended their lead by scoring a rouge. After a two-and-out, Welch ran the punt back to Regina's 27-yard line. Stevens then passed to Grant, who maneuvered his way into the end zone for the first offensive touchdown of the game. Welch would miss the convert, but the Winged Wheelers held a 13-point advantage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Game summary\nMontreal started off the fourth quarter by dominating the field position. After electing to punt from Regina's 30-yard line on their first drive, Welch knocked in a field goal from 29 yards out. The Roughriders struggled the move the ball, only accumulating 24 yards and one first down in the final quarter. An interception by Bert Adams led to Stevens' second touchdown pass of the game. This time he found Wally Whitty, who scampered into the end zone untouched. Stevens then ran in the extra point himself, giving Montreal a 22-point lead which they would hold to the final whistle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe freezing and icy conditions took its toll on both teams. Only seven forward passes were completed during the game, while the teams combined for nine fumbles, seven of which were committed by the victorious Montreal side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Game summary\nWith the win, the Winged Wheelers were the first team based outside of Ontario to claim the Grey Cup. Additionally, their 1931 victory was the first national championship for Montreal football teams since 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Trivia\n- To date, this is the only Grey Cup game ever hosted by Percival Molson Stadium. Of the first 42 Grey Cups, the 19th was the sole match held outside of Ontario. The next Grey Cup played in Montreal was the 57th Grey Cup at the Autostade in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Trivia\n- Immediately following the final whistle, Montreal's Edward \"Red\" Tellier knocked-out Regina's George Gilhooley with a punch to the jaw. Tellier was upset after some illegal blows during the game, but waited until after match to confront Gilhooley. Tellier was suspended for life by the Canadian Rugby Union, but would be reinstated in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Trivia\n- This game also marked the first time that use of a forward pass was allowed by the Canadian Rugby Union. Consequentially, the first touchdown pass in Grey Cup history was from Montreal's Warren Stevens. Kenny Grant made the catch late in the third quarter, giving his team a 13-0 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158172-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Grey Cup, Trivia\n- Three players who participated in the game would go on to be inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame; Eddie James from Regina (1963), and Huck Welch (1964) and Gordon Perry (1970) of Montreal. Regina head coach Al Ritchie was also inducted as a builder in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158173-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Guam Legislature\nThe 19th Guam Legislature was a meeting of the Guam Legislature. It convened in Hagatna, Guam on January 5, 1987 and ended on January 2, 1989, during the 1st and 2nd years of Joseph F. Ada's 1st Gubernatorial Term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158173-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Guam Legislature\nIn the 1986 Guamanian general election, the Democratic Party of Guam won an thirteen-to-eight (13-8) majority of seats in the Guam Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158173-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Guam Legislature\nSenator John F. Quan died in office on June 26, 1988. John F. Quan honored after his death by the establishment of the John F. Quan Memorial Scholarships in Oceanic Research by Guam Public Law 19-37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158174-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belarus)\nThe 19th Guards Mechanized Brigade is a formation of the Armed Forces of Belarus based in Zaslonovo (ru:\u0417\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e), a few kilometers east of Lepiel. The brigade traces its history back to the 1942 formation of the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps of the Soviet Army during World War II. Subsequent designations during the Cold War included 2nd Guards Mechanized Division and 19th Guards Tank Division. Following the Cold War, the 19th Guards Tank Division was relocated to Belarus and became part of their armed forces in 1992. Thereafter, the unit was reduced to a personnel and equipment cadre unit and titled the 19th Guards Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment before being upgraded to a mechanized brigade in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158174-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belarus), Second World War\nFormed in the Tambov area on 15 October 1942 from elements of the 22nd Guards Rifle Division, the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps was under the command of Major General Karp Sviridov and subordinated to the Southern Front and the 2nd Guards Army until late 1943, at which time the corps became a front-level asset and fought with the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Ukrainian Fronts for the rest of the war. By the end of the war, the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps commanded the 4th, 5th, and 6th Guards Mechanized Brigades, as well as the 37th Guards Tank Brigade. The corps fought at Stalingrad in 1942-43, at Melitopol in 1943, Odessa and Budapest in 1944, and Vienna in 1945. The 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps finished the war as part of the 6th Guards Tank Army in the area of Bene\u0161ov, Czechoslovakia, on 9 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158174-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belarus), Cold War\nThe 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps, like all Soviet mechanized corps, was reorganized as a division in mid-late 1945, and was renamed the 2nd Guards Mechanized Division. The 2nd Guards Mechanized Division was part of the Southern Group of Forces based at Esztergom, Hungary. The division was part of the Soviet forces that crushed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. On 15 December 1956, the division was reorganized as a tank division and renamed the 19th Guards Tank Division (Military Unit Number 16132). The 97th Motor Rifle Regiment transferred to the division from the 27th Mechanized Division on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158174-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belarus), Cold War\nThe division's 87th Guards Heavy Tank Regiment dropped the designation \"Self-Propelled\", also on the same day. The 67th Separate Tank Training Battalion was disbanded in 1960. In 1961 the 99th Separate Missile Battalion was activated. The 74th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion was formed on 19 February 1962. The 87th Guards Heavy Tank Regiment became a regular tank regiment around this time. In 1968, the 55th Separate Sapper Battalion became an engineer-sapper battalion. The chemical defence company was upgraded to a battalion in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158174-0002-0002", "contents": "19th Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belarus), Cold War\nThe 1081st Separate Material Supply Battalion formed from the 690th Separate Motor Transport Battalion in 1980. The chemical defence battalion was once again downsized to a company in 1985. On 7 September 1987, the 99th Separate Missile Battalion became part of the 459th Missile Brigade. Among other veterans of the unit, Yuri Budanov served with the division in the late 1980s in Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158174-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belarus), Cold War\nThe 87th Guards Tank Regiment, 99th Separate Guards Reconnaissance Battalion and 74th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion disbanded in December 1989. They were replaced by the 130th Guards Tank Regiment, 56th Separate Reconnaissance Battalion and 77th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion from the disbanded 13th Guards Tank Division. The division withdrew to Zaslonovo and became part of the 7th Tank Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158174-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belarus), Post-Soviet service\nFollowing the end of the Cold War, the unit was withdrawn to Zaslonovo in Belarus 1992 and then became part of the Armed Forces of Belarus. At some point following relocation, the division was reorganized and became a Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment, a partial-strength mechanized infantry formation. \"One of the equipment storage bases is the 19th, the former 19th Guards Tank Division at Zaslonovo in the Lepiel region. On October 1, 2003, the base was considerably strengthened. From other bases of storage of arms and techniques now we are distinguished favorably by new structure. Besides a battalion of protection, storage and service, motor-rifle and tank battalions were added.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158174-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belarus), Post-Soviet service\nIn 2008 the base for storage of weapons and equipment was again upgraded into a brigade; 2012 reports suggest one-two established manoeuvre battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 19th Guards Rifle Division was formed from the first formation of the 366th Rifle Division on March 17, 1942. At this time it was in the 52nd Army of Volkhov Front, taking part in the Lyuban Offensive Operation, which was planned to encircle and defeat the enemy forces laying siege to Leningrad. However, just at that time the German 18th Army was in the process of cutting off the Soviet Lyuban grouping in a pocket, and over the following months the division was nearly destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0000-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division\nEnough survivors emerged from the swamps in June and July to rebuild the unit, and it fought in the Second Sinyavino Offensive before it was shifted south into Kalinin Front to take part in the battle and siege of Velikiye Luki in December. In the summer of 1943 the 19th Guards fought in the battles for Smolensk, and won its first battle honor, \"Rudnya\". in September. During the offensive in the summer of 1944 it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its successes in the fighting around Vitebsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0000-0002", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division\nIt was further honored in February, 1945, with the Order of Lenin for its role in the victories in East Prussia. In the summer the division was moved by rail with its 39th Army to the Far East and saw action in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August, winning its second battle honor, \"Khingan\", for its services. The division continued to see service well into the postwar era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe division was officially raised to Guards status on March 17, 1942, although its sub-units would not be redesignated for a month or more. Its basic order of battle would eventually be:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nCol. Semyon Ivanovich Bulanov remained in command of the division, which was part of 52nd Army in Volkhov Front. This came just as the German 18th Army was in the process of cutting off and trapping parts of the 52nd and the 59th and all of 2nd Shock Army in the half-frozen wasteland south of Lyuban, and the division was already fighting for its existence. The encirclement was completed on March 20, but it was tenuous. On March 27 a gap was opened near the village of Miasnoi Bor, but it was only 3\u20135\u00a0km wide. The Red Army forces in the salient continued to operate under these circumstances through April and into May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nOn May 12, Soviet intelligence indicated that 18th Army was about to attack again to cut the corridor. In light of this, orders came from the STAVKA to begin a phased withdrawal from the salient on May 14; when this proved impossible due to the depleted state of its forces, a full breakout and withdrawal was ordered on May 21. Colonel Bulanov was recorded as missing in action on July 25. During June and July, individual soldiers and small parties of men of the 19th Guards found their way out of the pocket through the thinly-held German lines. They were formed up with survivors of the 25th Cavalry Division to rebuild the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\nCol. David Markovich Barinov was assigned to command of the division on July 26; he would be promoted to major general on November 27. The Soviet high command was anticipating a German summer offensive near Leningrad (which was in fact being planned) and intended to forestall it with an offensive of its own. This attack would break the siege by penetrating the land corridor east of the city between the Neva and Naziia rivers, south of the village of Sinyavino. The \"bottleneck\" was heavily defended and fortified, and much of the terrain was peat bogs. The rebuilt 19th Guards was allocated to the 6th Guards Rifle Corps with the 3rd and 24th Guards and 265th Rifle Divisions, which formed the shock group of the 8th Army of Volkhov Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\nThe overall offensive began on August 19, with 55th Army attacking across the Neva from Leningrad. 8th Army began its attack at 0210 hrs on August 27, striking the junction of the German 227th and 223rd Infantry Divisions on a 15\u00a0km front with about a four-to-one advantage in manpower. On the first day, the 24th Guards and 265th Divisions broke the boundary and forced their way across the Chernaya River. Early the next day the 19th Guards exploited the breakthrough, advancing 5 to 6\u00a0km and reaching the southeastern approaches to Sinyavino by nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0005-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\nThis promising start was soon stymied as German reserves, including elements of 96th and 170th Infantry Divisions assembled at Sinyavino. On the 29th the Tiger tank made its inauspicious combat debut when four were committed south of Sinyavino Heights; two of them broke down almost immediately and a third had its engine overheat. By the 31st 6th Guards Corps had suffered such severe attrition against fierce and skillful German resistance that its penetration was contained. Over September 5\u20136, 19th and 24th Guards were withdrawn from the salient, although a General Staff report on September 15 stated that the first part of this withdrawal by the 19th was unauthorized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\nAs of October 1 the division was in 2nd Shock Army, but having been withdrawn it escaped the second encirclement and breakout of that Army in late September. By November 1 the rebuilding division had been moved south to the reserves of Kalinin Front in accordance with a directive from the STAVKA to that Front's commander, Lt. Gen. M. A. Purkaev, on October 13:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\n\"... 2. In the Front's reserve in the Soblago region - the 8th Estonian Corps, consisting of the corps headquarters, the 7th and 249th Estonian Rifle Divisions and the 19th Guards Rifle Division. The corps is beginning to move following the 5th Guards Rifle Corps from the Yegorevska region and the 19th Guards Rifle Division from the Volkhov Front. This corps will not be employed without the STAVKA's permission.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\nAt the beginning of December, as the battle for Velikiye Luki was underway, the 8th Corps was still in the reserves of Kalinin Front. Within two weeks it was subordinated to 3rd Shock Army and committed to the battle to reduce the encircled garrison of Velikiye Luki, but most of this fighting was done by the two Estonian divisions while 19th Guards was attached to 5th Guards Rifle Corps as of December 12, holding off the German attempts to relieve the garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0008-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\n61st Guards Rifle Regiment was subordinated to 9th Guards Rifle Division, while the rest of the 19th formed a second echelon behind 5th Guards Corps. On December 18 General Barinov left command of the division; he was replaced by Col. Ivan Dmitrievich Vasilev. The next German relief attempt began on December 20. Following an artillery preparation, five German tanks accompanied by infantry were seen near the village of Pupkova and were engaged by the 54th Guards Rifle Regiment and attached antitank guns, driving them back with the loss of one tank, but this was a diversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0008-0002", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\nBy noon the main German attack had captured the village of Gromovo and was threatening the junction of two regiments of 9th Guards, so Maj. Gen. A. F. Beloborodov, commander of 5th Guards Corps, ordered the main forces of the 19th to back them up. By 1500 hrs. the junction had been forced, and the 61st Regiment, with the 6th Guards Machine Gun Battalion, was forced to hold the gap. By 1700 hrs. night was falling, and the division was able to report to General Beloborodov that: \"The attacks are repulsed. The enemy has not advanced a single step.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\nThe German relief attempt was renewed on December 23 in the area around Pupkova. By the end of the day the gunners of the 19th, assisted by two ski brigades and the 36th Tank Brigade, had knocked out 17 panzers and driven the Germans back to their start line. On January 3, 1943, just before the next relief effort, the tip of the wedge driven by the German forces towards the city was defended in the first echelon by the 54th Guards Regiment and the 1193rd Regiment of the 360th Rifle Division, backed by that division's 1195th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0009-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Sinyavino and Velikiye Luki\nA lapse in Soviet intelligence had failed to reveal newly-arrived enemy forces, which began another offensive on January 4. During this attack the 19th Guards held the perimeter of the wedge-shaped relief corridor from the west and northwest. The offensive made almost no gains after the 5th, and by the 12th had collapsed in exhaustion just 3\u00a0km from the western outskirts of Velikiye Luki. The remnants of the garrison surrendered on January 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nOn January 27 Colonel Vasilev handed his command over to Col. Dmitrii Tikhonovich Zhukov, but that officer in turn was replaced on January 31 by Maj. Gen. Ivan Prokofevich Repin. By February 1, 8th Corps had been withdrawn into reserve, and the division remained in 3rd Shock Army directly under Army command. Later that month it was finally subordinated to 5th Guards Rifle Corps, where it would remain until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0010-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nDuring these months the Corps gradually advanced westward in the direction of Novosokolniki, which involved a seesaw battle over several weeks for a German stronghold on the Ptahinski Hill, which finally ended on July 6. On July 8 General Repin handed command to Col. Konstantin Mikhailovich Vyazemskii, but he was in turn replaced less than a week later by Maj. Gen. Boris Semyonovich Maslov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nDuring August the 5th Guards Corps, now with the 17th and 19th Guards Rifle Divisions, was transferred to the 39th Army, still in Kalinin Front. The division would remain in this Corps and this Army for the duration of the war and into the postwar, sharing its combat path with the 17th Guards. Following the liberation of Smolensk in September, Kalinin Front launched an offensive in the direction of Vitebsk. This began with an assault on the German positions at Rudnya, led by the 1st Penal Battalion and a mobile group from 43rd Army and followed by three divisions of 5th Guards Corps. The town was liberated on September 29 and the 19th Guards won its first battle honor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\n\"RUDNYA - ...19th Guards Rifle Division (Maj. Gen. Maslov, Boris Semyonovich)... By order of the Supreme High Command the 19th Guards Rifle Division is granted this name.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nIn early November, Army Gen. A. I. Yeryomenko, commander of the recently renamed 1st Baltic Front, ordered the 43rd and 39th Armies to concentrate north of the Smolensk - Vitebsk railroad and highway in order to renew the advance on the latter city, which had slowed significantly over the past weeks. The assault was to open on November 8 against the positions of the German 206th and 14th Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0013-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nAlthough the divisions of the two Soviet armies were worn down to about half strength from earlier fighting, they still held a five-fold advantage in infantry, as well as superiority in armor and artillery. The offensive, in which the 19th Guards had a follow-on role, began as planned and opened a gap on a 10\u00a0km front by the next day, and gained as much as 10\u00a0km in depth over 10 days of fighting, before the German forces were able to rebuild a continuous front. On December 5, General Maslov handed command of the division over to Col. Feoktist Dannilovich Maiboroda, but this proved temporary as Maslov returned to command on December 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nDuring these command changes, 39th Army, this time with 5th Guards Corps in the lead, began another joint offensive with 43rd Army on December 19, again striking the defenses of 14th Infantry east of Vitebsk, on the Borok - Goriane sector, backed by nearly 100 tanks. The attack made very limited gains, and 5th Guards Corps was withdrawn and sent south of the Smolensk - Vyasma road on December 21, with the entire offensive shut down two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0014-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nThis redeployment was made in order to reinforce a new assault by 33rd Army on this sector, which began on December 23. 19th Guards was deployed immediately south of the Smolensk - Vitebsk railroad, with the immediate objective of the village of Ugliane, although the overall goal of the offensive was to link up with 4th Shock Army and encircle the German forces in Vitebsk. By December 26, 5th Guards Corps had advanced a mere 2\u20133\u00a0km, leading to a caustic telegram from the STAVKA to the 1st Baltic Front, demanding greater progress. Despite this, 39th Army only managed to gain another 1\u20132\u00a0km by December 28 before stalling completely, while 33rd Army soldiered on until January 6, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nThe offensive was renewed on January 8. 5th Guards Corps formed 39th Army's shock group on a 6\u00a0km-wide between the Smolensk - Vitebsk road and the village of Vaskova, facing the 206th Infantry Division. The division was in the first echelon, with 9th and 91st Guards Rifle Divisions, backed by two tank brigades and the 17th Guards in second echelon. By now these divisions were at less than 40 percent of authorized strength. Although the German forces were similarly weakened, 5th Guards Corps' attack floundered after an advance of only about 1\u00a0km. Although 33rd and 5th Armies to the south made greater progress, it was at a heavy cost, and the offensive was finally shut down late in the month. General Maslov left command of the division on January 19, and was replaced by Col. Samuil Ilich Tzukarev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nThrough the rest of January and most of February 5 Guards Corps was in reserve in 39th Army, which had been reassigned to Western Front. Near the end of the month it was ordered the Karamidy region astride the familiar Smolensk - Vitebsk road. A new offensive began on February 29, but just prior to its start the German command withdrew several units east of Vitebsk, including the 206th Infantry, back to shorter and more defensible lines. The STAVKA took this as a preliminary to a full withdrawal from the Vitebsk salient, and ordered a pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0016-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus\nThis soon turned into yet another bloody frontal assault against fixed defenses. 19th Guards was committed on March 5, but by then it was clear that the operation was a failure, after gaining just several hundred metres (apart from the voluntary withdrawals) at  heavy cost. This marked the end of major fighting on this sector until summer. The day after, Colonel Tzukarev left command of the division; he was succeeded over the next 12 days by two other colonels, until Col. Pavel Nikonovich Bibikov took command on March 18. This officer would be promoted to major general's rank on April 20, 1945, and would remain in command for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Operation Bagration\nOn April 24 Western Front was disbanded, and 39th Army was reassigned to the new 3rd Belorussian Front. In the buildup for the Soviet summer offensive, 5th Guards Rifle Corps was still holding ground east and northeast of the Vitebsk salient, occupied by LIII Army Corps of 3rd Panzer Army, which was now closely enveloped on three sides and exceptionally exposed to encirclement after the fighting of the previous fall and winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0017-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Operation Bagration\n39th Army was tasked with completing that envelopment from the south, with 5th Guards Corps assigned to a deep penetration action, facing the 197th Infantry Division of VI Army Corps. The Corps was supported by the 28th Guards Tank Brigade, plus the 735th and 957th Self-Propelled Gun Regiments (SU-76s). The offensive began on the afternoon of June 22, preceded by a 2-hour-and-20-minute combined artillery and air bombardment. After a successful initial advance, the second day began at 0600 hrs. with another hour of artillery preparation against the 197th Infantry, which allowed 5th Guards Corps to crash through its positions and begin advancing quickly to the west and southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Operation Bagration\nThe Corps soon reached the Luchesa River, being held on a 6\u00a0km front by the 197th Division's 347th Infantry Regiment. By 0930 hrs. the river was crossed and a 60-tonne capacity bridge was soon installed, followed by 24-tonne and 9-tonne bridges as well. At this point 19th Guards came out of second echelon, crossed the Luchesa with the 28th Guards Tank Brigade and 735th SU Regiment, and began racing westward against light opposition. By 1300 hrs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0018-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Operation Bagration\nall four divisions of 5th Guards Corps were attacking on the front line, and by 10 hours later had advanced up to 10\u00a0km from the river. A counterattack by a regiment of 95th Infantry Division, supported by tanks, failed to slow the Soviet advance, and the remainder of the 197th was driven back to join LIII Corps within the salient. At 0600 hrs. on June 24 the 19th and 91st Guards Divisions broke through German VI Corps and continued driving west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0018-0002", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Operation Bagration\n91st Guards reached the Dvina River north of Ostrovno, while the 19th reached the same river at Gnesdilovichi, meeting the advance elements of 43rd Army of 1st Baltic Front, cutting the corridor to Vitebsk, and helping to encircle elements of the 197th Infantry and the 4th Luftwaffe Field Division at Ostrovno. 35,000 German troops were now trapped in Vitebsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Into Belarus, Operation Bagration\nDuring June 25 the division solidified its junction with 43rd Army as the German forces made frantic efforts to reopen the corridor. Hitler insisted that the 19th Guards' old foe, 206th Infantry Division, remain in the city as long as possible. This turned out to be very short indeed, as Vitebsk was cleared during June 26 and 27, while 19th Guards helped mop up the pocket at Ostrovno before marching westwards again. By July 1 the 39th Army had returned to 1st Baltic Front, and on July 2 the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its part in the liberation of Vitebsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic States and East Prussia\nIn the aftermath of Bagration, 1st Baltic Front began a pursuit operation into the Baltic states. By July 19 it had crossed the eastern border of Lithuania near \u0160ven\u010dionys. Two weeks later, as the rate of advance slowed due to logistics and increasing resistance, 19th Guards was in the vicinity of Jonava, and 39th Army was returned to 3rd Belorussian Front. On August 12 the division was recognized for its role in the liberation of Kaunas with the award of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0020-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic States and East Prussia\nBy about August 15, when Army Group Center tried to plug the \"Baltic Gap\" in Operation Doppelkopf, the division was on the east bank of the Neman River, at the confluence of the Dubysa River, and remained in this area through September and into October, dealing with the German counter-offensive and bringing up replacements and supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic States and East Prussia\nIn the plan for the Vistula-Oder Offensive, 39th Army was on the right flank of 3rd Belorussian Front, south of the Neman. 5th Guards Rifle Corps was in the first echelon with 94th Rifle Corps, facing a breakthrough sector 8\u00a0km wide, with the immediate objective of destroying the enemy forces in the Pilkallen area, before advancing westward and capturing Tilsit by the end of the fifth day. The offensive began on January 12, 1945, and made immediate progress. However, on the 14th the Germans launched heavy counterattacks along the front while the Soviet advance ran into deeply echeloned defenses. 39th Army beat off as many as 15 such attacks by up to a battalion in strength, backed by 8-16 tanks apiece. The 124th Rifle Division, committed from second echelon, broke into Pilkallen and seized the railroad station, the only significant advance of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic States and East Prussia\nOn January 17, 5th Guards Corps made a powerful attack in the center of its Army's front, broke through the Gumbinnen defense line, and by the end of the day had reached the line Kurschelen - Gross Schorellen - Spullen, having turned its main forces to the northeast. By this time it was clear that 39th Army was making the best progress among the armies of the Front, and the 1st Tank Corps was moved in to exploit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0022-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic States and East Prussia\nThis Corps began its attack the following morning and made immediate progress; 5th Guards Corps advanced as much as 20\u00a0km in its wake, captured Rautenburg, forced a crossing of the Inster River, and continued advancing to the northwest. This advance prepared the way for elements of 43rd Army to break into Tilsit in the afternoon of January 19. On January 22, 39th Army overall reached the Curonian Lagoon along the line of the Deime River, splitting the German defense. The defenders made use of prepared positions along this line to put up fierce resistance the following day, and it was not until 1900 hrs. that 5th Guards managed to force the river, gain a foothold on the west bank, and open the way to K\u00f6nigsberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Baltic States and East Prussia\nThe right-flank forces of 39th Army continued their pursuit on January 27, reaching the near approaches to the K\u00f6nigsberg fortress and became involved in stubborn fighting. The Army commander, Lt. Gen. I. I. Liudnikov, wanted to isolate the city from the north as quickly as possible, and assigned his 5th Guards and 113rd Rifle Corps the task pursuing the enemy, reaching the Frisches Haff, and preventing the enemy from withdrawing to the west. In February, 39th Army was assigned to the Zemland Group of Forces in 3rd Belorussian Front, and on February 19 the 19th Guards was awarded the Order of Lenin for its service in the capture of Tapiau, Allenburg, Nordenburg, and other towns in East Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Soviet invasion of Manchuria\nThe division remained in Samland until late April, when it was removed, with its Army, to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. By July 1 it was in Transbaikal Front, and remained there in early August when the Soviet offensive against the Japanese forces in Manchuria began. In the preparation for the invasion, 39th Army was in the easternmost tip of Mongolia, and was to help lead the Front as the western pincer of a strategic encirclement of the Kwantung Army. The Army had the 61st Tank Division as part of its forward detachment. The offensive was launched on the morning of August 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Soviet invasion of Manchuria\nThe attack began without artillery or air preparation, and no initial resistance was encountered on 39th Army's front. 5th Guards Rifle Corps advanced behind the 206th Tank Brigade south of the Halung-Arshaan and Wuchakou Fortified Regions, defended by two regiments of the Japanese 107th Infantry Division. The forward detachments gained 60\u00a0km on this first day, but the rifle divisions were falling behind, so they formed new mobile detachments based on the supporting self-propelled artillery battalions. By this time 39th Army was advancing through the rugged Greater Khingan to cut the rail line at Solun and isolate the fortified regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0025-0001", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Soviet invasion of Manchuria\nIt was not until August 12 that 5th Guards Corps met any notable opposition when it ran into elements of the 107th Infantry attempting to withdraw by rail. These were dispersed and the road to Solun was reopened. That town was taken the next day. On August 14 the 19th Guards advanced along the railroad west of Solun against Japanese units retreating from Wuchakou which were also being pressured by 124th Rifle Division moving eastwards. The division remained in this area, guarding communications, until organized resistance ceased after August 18. In September the division was awarded its second battle honor, \"Khingan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158175-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nThe division ended the war with the full title of 19th Guards Rifle, Rudnya-Khingan, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division (Russian: 19-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0425\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f). With the 5th Guards Rifle Corps and the 39th Army, the division remained in China after the end of the war, based at Antung. The division continued to serve with the 39th Army of the Far Eastern Military District at Port Arthur postwar. By 1953 it was directly subordinated to the Army headquarters. It was disbanded in September, 1955, as the Army withdrew from China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158176-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Guldbagge Awards\nThe 19th Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 1982 and 1983, and took place on 31 October 1983. Fanny and Alexander directed by Ingmar Bergman was presented with the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158177-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Helpmann Awards\nThe 19th Annual Helpmann Awards for live performance in Australia was held across two nights; the Curtain Raiser Ceremony on 14 July 2019 and the Awards Ceremony on 15 July 2019 at the Arts Centre Melbourne. Nominations were announced on 12 June 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158177-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Helpmann Awards\nMajor winners of the awards included cross-cultural play Counting & Cracking (seven awards including Best Play and Best New Australian Work), Indigenous musical Barbara and the Camp Dogs (four awards including Best Musical and Best Original Score) and opera The Magic Flute from Komische Oper Berlin (three awards including Best Opera).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158178-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Hollywood Film Awards\nThe 19th Hollywood Film Awards were held on November 1st, 2015. The ceremony took place at The Beverly Hilton Hotel in Santa Monica, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158179-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe 19th Hong Kong Awards ceremony, honored the best films of 1999 and took place on 16 April 2000 at the Hong Kong Coliseum, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Eric Tsang, Sandra Ng and Vincent Kok, during the ceremony awards are presented in 16 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158179-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158180-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Huading Awards\nThe 19th Huading Awards ceremony was held on May 21, 2016 at Chengdu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158181-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Hyderabad Regiment\nThe 19th Hyderabad Regiment was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed at the time of reforms of the Indian Army after the First World War, when it moved from single-battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments. The regiment saw service during the Second World War, and after Operation Polo was incorporated into the Indian Army as the Kumaon Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158181-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Hyderabad Regiment, Second World War\nThe 19th Hyderabad Regiment in 1939, consisted of four regular battalions; the 1st (Russell's), 2nd (Berar), 4th and The Kumaon Rifles. The 19th expanded during the war adding another eight battalions to the 19th Hyderabad Regiment. Two more battalions from Hyderabad, (not to be mistaken with the 19th Hyderabads) the 1st and 2nd Hyderabad Infantry were raised as part of the Indian State Forces. The battalions of the 19th Hyderabad Regiment fought in the Middle East, North Africa, Persia, Malaya, Singapore and Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158181-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Hyderabad Regiment, Second World War\nThe Kumaon Rifles were based in Hong Kong at the beginning of the War but were transferred to the Middle East as part of the 24th Indian Infantry Brigade. The battalion took part in the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941 under Major-General William Slim. They remained in Persia as part of the garrison throughout the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158181-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Hyderabad Regiment, Second World War\nThe 4th Battalion was part of the 12th Indian Infantry Brigade based in Malaya when the Japanese Army invaded in December 1941. The 4/19th Hyderabads were one of the few battalions in Malaya that were relatively well trained in jungle warfare. Although the battalion performed well in the fighting retreat in north-west Malaya, they were practically annihilated at the disastrous Battle of Slim River on 7 January 1942. The few survivors of the 4th Battalion were withdrawn to Singapore where they took part in the brief defence of the island before it surrendered on 15 February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158181-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Hyderabad Regiment, Second World War\nIn 1948, after Operation Polo, the regiment was incorporated into the Indian Army as the Kumaon Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158182-0000-0000", "contents": "19th IIFA Awards\nThis was the 19th edition of the International Indian Film Academy Awards. This edition was held in Thailand on 22-24 June 2018. This was for the second time this event was held in Thailand after 2008. The show was hosted by Karan Johar and Ritesh Deshmukh. The awards were given for the Bollywood films in 2017. The award for Best Actor was won by Irrfan Khan for Hindi Medium and award for Best Actress was won by Sridevi for Mom posthumously. Tumhari Sulu was announced as the Best Film", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158183-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Three companies formerly with Col. Elmer Ellsworth's Zouave Cadets wore a zouave uniform consisting of a dark blue zouave jacket with red trimmings, red pants, leather gaiters, a sky blue shirt, red sash, and a red French styled kepi with a dark blue band. The jacket cuffs were trimmed in yellow-orange and red. Brass buttons went down both fronts of the jacket. They were organized into four separate companies on May 4, 1861, in Chicago. It was consolidated and mustered into Federal service as the 19th Illinois Volunteer Infantry on June 17, 1861. It was mustered out at Chicago on July 9, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158183-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History of the nineteenth\nOn May 2, 1861, the Illinois State Legislature authorized the \"acceptance for State service of ten regiments of infantry,\" one cavalry regiment and one light artillery battalion. The act provided that \"one such regiments be raised out of volunteer companies then at Springfield, as the regiment from the state at large, and one regiment from each of the nine congressional districts.\" On May 4, 1861, the regiment from the State at large was mustered into service at Camp Yates. By June 3, it was ordered to Chicago where it became the core of the regiment. It was eventually mustered into United States service for three years and on June 17, 1861, it became the 19th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The nineteenth has been revered as \"a solid and expert Zouave regiment\" which, until the battle of Chickamauga was remembered for its charge at Stone's River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158183-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Illinois Infantry was organized at Chicago, Illinois and mustered into federal service on June 17, 1861, for a three-year enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158183-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on July 9, 1864, at its expiration of enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158183-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 4 officers and 60 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 4 officers and 101 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 169 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\n19th Indiana Battery Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was often referred to as Harris' Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized at Indianapolis, Indiana and mustered on August 5, 1862, for a three-year enlistment under the command of Captain Samuel J. Harris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to 34th Brigade, 10th Division, Army of the Ohio, September 1862. 34th Brigade, 10th Division, I Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. Artillery, 5th Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. Artillery, 5th Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1863. Artillery, 4th Division, XIV Corps, to October 1863. Artillery, 3rd Division, XIV Corps, to July 1864. Artillery Brigade, XIV Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe 19th Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out of service on June 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nOrdered to Louisville, Kentucky. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201315, 1862. Battle of Perryville, October 8. March to Lebanon and Woodsonville October 16\u201328, and duty there until December. Operations against Morgan, in Kentucky, December 22, 1862 \u2013 January 2, 1863. March to Nashville, Tennessee, then to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, January 1863, and duty there until June. Expedition to Auburn, Liberty, and Alexandria February 3\u20135. Expedition to Woodbury March 3\u20138. Action at Vaught's Hill, near Woodbury, March 20. Expedition to Lebanon, Carthage, and Liberty April 1\u20138. Expedition to McMinnville April 20\u201330. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Hoover's Gap June 24\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nOccupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Shellmound August 21. Narrows, near Shellmound, August 28. Reconnaissance toward Chattanooga August 30\u201331. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19\u201321. Siege of Chattanooga September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Battles of Orchard Knob November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25. Demonstrations on Dalton, Georgia, February 22\u201327, 1864. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0004-0002", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nAdvance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Ackworth June 2. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0004-0003", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nOperations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April. Fayetteville, North Carolina, March 11. Taylor's Hole Creek, Averysboro, March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 32 men during service; 1 officer and 10 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 21 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nAt the Battle of Perryville, the 19th Battery went into battle with 142 officers and enlisted men. The battery suffered losses of three killed, 12 wounded, and three missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158184-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Armament\nAt Perryville, the 19th Battery was armed with four 12-pounder Napoleons and two 3-inch Ordnance rifles. In December 1862, the battery reported having the following 3-inch rifle ammunition: 86 Hotchkiss fuze shell, 96 Hotchkiss canister shot, 28 Schenkl canister shot. The unit reported having 15 Army revolvers and 16 cavalry sabers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158185-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 19th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 2003, were announced on February 28, 2004. It was hosted by John Waters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158185-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Independent Spirit Awards, Nominees and winners, Producers Award\nMary Jane Skalski \u2013 The Jimmy Show and The Station Agent", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158186-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 19th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. It was formed in October, 1940 at Old Delhi in India and assigned to the 8th Indian Infantry Division. In August 1941, they took part in the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. In September 1943, they moved to the Italian Front, coming briefly under command of the 2nd New Zealand Division in November 1943 and the British 1st Infantry Division in December 1943. Apart from those two attachments the brigade remained with the 8th Indian Division for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158187-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was one of the original regiments in the Army of the Potomac's Iron Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158187-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Indiana was raised at Indianapolis, Indiana, on July 29, 1861. It saw severe fighting in the 1862 Northern Virginia Campaign. In their first battle at Gainesville, the 19th supported the left flank of the embattled 2nd Wisconsin, fighting Confederates near the buildings of John Brawner's Farm. They also fought in the main part of the Second Battle of Bull Run, where they, along with the rest of the Iron Brigade, were part of the rear guard covering the retreat of Union Army General John Pope. During the subsequent Maryland Campaign, the 19th attacked Turner's Gap in the Battle of South Mountain, and then suffered considerable casualties battling Hood's Texas Brigade in the D.R. Miller cornfield at Antietam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158187-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nDuring the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1, 1863, the 19th pushed a part of James J. Archer's Confederate brigade off McPherson's Ridge, and then stubbornly defended the heights later in the day before withdrawing to Seminary Ridge. When the I Corps retreated to Cemetery Hill, the Iron Brigade and the 19th Indiana were sent over to nearby Culp's Hill, where they entrenched. They saw comparatively little action the rest of the battle. The regiment later served that year in the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns and in 1864 during the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158187-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was amalgamated with the 20th Indiana Infantry on October 18, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158187-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 19th Indiana suffered 5 Officers and 194 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, 1 officer and 116 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 316 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158187-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Indiana Infantry Regiment, In fiction\nLucas McCain of The Rifleman served as a lieutenant in the 19th Indiana during the war. This background was dealt with during an episode where McCain takes in a wounded southern veteran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158187-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Indiana Infantry Regiment, In fiction\nDeputy U.S. Marshals Eli Flynn and William Henry Washington from According to Hoyle by Abigail Roux both served in the 19th Indiana during the war, and then later served in the Indian Wars, before becoming Marshals together. Washington, at least, still carries his army-issued Colt .44 from when he served with the Iron Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158188-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 19th Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\"\nThe 19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\" (Italian: 19\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Venezia\") was a infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Venezia was classified as a mountain infantry division, which meant that the division's artillery was moved by pack mules instead of the horse-drawn carriages of line infantry divisions. Italy's real mountain warfare divisions were the six alpine divisions manned by Alpini mountain troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\"\nThe division was raised in 1934 to serve in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War under the name \"Gavinana\". After the war it was demobilized and reduced to a brigade in July 1936. The division was again mobilized on 15 April 1939 as 19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\" named for the city of Venice. After the Armistice of Cassibile between the Allies and Italy in September 1943 the division joined the Yugoslav Partisans in Montenegro and formed the Partisan Division \"Garibaldi\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Second Italo-Ethiopian War\nThe Gavinana division was staying in Eritrea near Ethiopian border in the Adi Quala and Enda-Ghergis. 3 October 1935, it crossed Mareb River as part of the Italian II Corps, thus beginning the invasion. On that day, it crushed an Ethiopian fortified position at De\u2019\u0101ro Tekl\u0113. 4 October 1935, the Gavinana division have captured the \u0100d\u012b \u0100bun town, and 6 October 1935, has captured an important road junction at Adwa town. The advance than largely stopped, as several battles were fought around Adwa, particularly at Inda M\u012bka\u2019\u0113l to the south of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Second Italo-Ethiopian War\nAfter the eventual Ethiopian counter-attack was stalled, the Gavinana division has participated in the Second Battle of Tembien, starting from 26 February 1936 an attack around Shire, Ethiopia. 2 March 1936 it destroyed a large Ethiopian formation near Mai Nebri, Eritrea, and 3 March 1936 was in pursuit of shattered Ethiopian troops along the Tacazze River, returning to Inda Silas\u0113 near Shire, Ethiopia 4 March 1936. 5\u20137 March 1936, it reached Indabaguna town. 9 March 1936, the Gavinana division have occupied Debarq, and 2 April 1936, have stopped at Dabat. It was relieved from the front-line duties 22 April 1936 and sent to Axum. For the rest of war, it participated in mopping-up operations around Mendefera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Occupation of Albania\nThe reformed \"Venezia\" division was mobilized for the occupation of Albania, landing in Durr\u00ebs during 25\u201330 April 1939. It was responsible for the cities of Elbasan and Pogradec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Greco-Italian War\n10 June 1940, the Venezia division was close to Yugoslavian border in the valley of Drin, the Bulqiz\u00eb and southern shores of Debar lake. 26 October 1940, it got the orders to transfer to the Greek border to Kor\u00e7\u00eb area. 2 November 1940, the Venezia division was relocated to the south of Lake Prespa to parry an anticipated Greek attack. Its defence stretched along Zaroshk\u00eb-Bilisht-Kapshtic\u00eb line. 3 November 1940, the Greek forces have attacked the division right flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Greco-Italian War\nAlthough the Venezia division initially held the position, during 4\u20135 November 1940, it was pushed out of Kapshtic\u00eb, Bilisht and Bitincke towns, falling back to the Devoll river. Consequently, Greek have shifted the focus of their attacks on centre and left (northern) flank of the Venezia division, but without much success despite heavy fighting 8\u201315 November 1940. Meanwhile, the Venezia division was outflanked on south by Greek breakthrough to Ersek\u00eb 16 November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0004-0002", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Greco-Italian War\nIt tried to rectify the frontline by pulling out the southern flank from the Devoll river valley, while Greek intensified their attacks on retreating Italians 17\u201319 November 1940. 21 November 1940, the contact with neighbour Italian forces on the south flank was lost, as the division had made a stand at the Pogradec\u2013Bu\u00e7imas\u2013Bregu i Zervask\u00ebs line on southern tip of Lake Ohrid. The Greek resumed their attacks 26 November 1940, but the Venezia division have started to retreat to Shkumbin river valley only 29 November 1940, after again being outflanked from the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0004-0003", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Greco-Italian War\nRearguard have fought a fierce delaying battle 1\u20137 December 1940, in the outskirts of the city of Pogradec and southern shores of Lake Ohrid, from Kalas\u00eb to as far to south as pass of Qafa e Vash\u00ebs. The outstretched southern flank of Venezia division was retreating to the north, but rapid Greek advance have resulted in some elements of the division being stranded by 9 December 1940 on mountaintop of \"Breshenihcut\" surrounded by Greek forces until being rescued 23\u201324 December 1940. At the beginning of the 1941, the division was reinforced by the 72nd blackshirts militia legion (regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0004-0004", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Greco-Italian War\nDespite the reinforcement and severe weather, the division positions continued to crumble, resulting in failure of the \"Kungullit\" mount defences 7 January 1941. Unexpectedly, it was a last major loss for the Venezia division, as the fighting intensity had begun to decrease during January\u2013March, 1941. 7 April 1941 was recorded a last Greek attack on Qafa e Vash\u00ebs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Greco-Italian War\n14 April 1941, the Italian forces began a general offensive. The Venezia division have participated by advancing first to Pogradec, and than turned south to Maliq and Kor\u00e7\u00eb, capturing it 15 April 1941, without meeting a severe resistance. 18 April 1941, the Venezia division have reached Ersek\u00eb", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Operations in Yugoslavia\nIn July, 1941, the Venezia division was transferred to the Montenegro coast near Shkod\u00ebr, quartering in city of Podgorica, and towns of Berane and Kola\u0161in Municipality. It was tasked with mopping-up and anti-partisan fighting. In 1942, the division was reinforced by 383rd infantry regiment and continue to operate in the same area. In 1943, the Partisans encroachment on the city of Podgorica become apparent, resulting in more fighting. The cooperation with the Chetniks have saved the Venezia division from severe losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", History, Operations in Yugoslavia, Transformation to the Garibaldi brigades\nAfter the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943, the 118th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht) and soon Chetniks demanded the Venezia disarm, but were refused and division command (General Giovanni Battista Oxilia) was able to consolidate the forces and maintain discipline. But cooperation with Chetniks deepened from early October, 1943, resulting in fights against Germans starting from 13 October 1943. The area of fighting included Berane, Kola\u0161in Municipality, Brodarevo, and Murino. During these battles, the division was reorganized into the six brigades, from Venezia I to Venezia VI. Further reorganization happened on 1 December 1943, resulting in three brigades: Garibaldi II, Garibaldi III and Garibaldi IV, with some additions from the other Italian units. Garibaldi I was a mostly unrelated brigade, despite some  personnel flow to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 109], "content_span": [110, 970]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158189-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division \"Venezia\", C.R.O.W.C.A.S.S.\nThe names of 12 men attached to the Venezia Division can be found in the CROWCASS List established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia for war crimes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158190-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (India)\nThe 19th Indian Infantry Division was an infantry division of the Indian Army during World War II, and played a prominent part in the final part of the Burma Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158190-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (India), History\nThe 19th Indian Infantry Division was raised in Secunderabad, India in October 1941 during the Second World War and became part of Southern Army, which was mainly concerned with defence against a possible seaborne invasion by the Japanese. The division originally consisted of the 47th, 48th and 49th Indian Infantry Brigades. The divisions' first General Officer Commanding (GOC) was Major General Sir Jackie Smyth VC, who left in December to take command of the 17th Indian Infantry Division, then fighting in Burma. Between January and April 1942 all three brigades were reassigned and replaced by the 62nd, 64th and 98th Indian Infantry Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158190-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (India), History\nAfter short periods under the command of Major General Geoffry Scoones and Douglas Stuart the division in October 1942 came under the command Major General Thomas Wynford Rees, who was to become GOC until December 1945. The division spent an extended period on internal security duties and in training before being committed to the Fourteenth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Sir William J. \"Bill\" Slim, on the Burma front in July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158190-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (India), History\nFrom October the division concentrated on the Imphal plain under IV Corps and from November its brigades were involved in operations on the Chindwin River advancing to establish contact with the British 36th Infantry Division advancing from the north on their left. Concentrating once more at Sinlamaung the division came under Indian XXXIII Corps, and played the major role in the capture of Mandalay which was completed on 20 March. Transferred to IV Corps, it guarded the Fourteenth Army's lines of communication and mounted an offensive towards Mawchi, in the Kayah State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158190-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (India), History\nThe division's successes were due to its fitness and high morale. It had a high proportion of pre-war regular soldiers among its officers and senior Non-Commissioned Officers. The 19th Indian Division was occasionally referred to as the \"Dagger Division\", from its divisional sign, which was a hand thrusting a dagger overhand, in yellow on a red background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158190-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (India), History\nDuring the Second World War, a large number of brigades were assigned or attached to the division. The included at various points the 9th, 47th, 48th, 49th, 62nd, 64th, 98th and 99th Indian Infantry Brigades as well as the 22nd (East Africa) Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158190-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (India), Order of Battle 1 March 1945\nGeneral Officer Commanding: Major General Thomas Wynford ReesCommander, Royal Artillery: Brigadier John Alexander MacDonaldChief of Staff (GSO1): Lieutenant Colonel John Masters", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158190-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (India), Postwar\nJust before the Indian/Pakistani war of 1965 began, 19th Infantry Division was at Baramula under XV Corps (India). Its brigades were the 104th Brigade, Tithwal, the 161st Brigade, Uri and the 268th Indian Infantry Brigade, Baramula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158191-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)\nThe 19th Infantry Division was a formation of the Ottoman Army, during the Balkan Wars and the First World War. Two thirds of the division was made up of Syrian Arabs, who faced the first wave of the Allied invasion during the Gallipoli campaign, and one third were Turks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158191-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire), Formation\nThe 18th and 27th Regiments were also assigned to the division later in the Gallipoli campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158192-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Poland)\nThe 19th Infantry Division (Polish: 19 Dywizja Piechoty, Lithuanian: 19-oji P\u0117stinink\u0173 Divizija) of the Polish Army was established in 1923 after the incorporation of Central Lithuania into Poland. It was part of the Prusy Army during the German-led Invasion of Poland. Later during the war, in the summer of 1944, the division was recreated as a Home Army unit, taking part in the Operation Ostra Brama in the summer of 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158192-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Poland), Background\nDuring the Interbellum, the division was stationed in Vilnius (then named Wilno), which was part of the Second Polish Republic in 1922\u20131939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158192-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Poland), Operations, German invasion of Poland\nThe 19th Infantry Division under General J\u00f3zef Kwaciszewski belonged to northern group of Prusy Army, under General Stefan D\u0105b-Biernacki. On September 5, 1939, the division was sent to Piotrk\u00f3w Trybunalski, where it faced the Wehrmacht's 1st Panzer Division of the XVI Army Corps. On September 6, following their victory in the battle of Piotrk\u00f3w Trybunalski, Germans captured General Kwaciszewski and the remains of the division withdrew due to mounting German pressure. On the evening of the September 7, the division's units were scattered and tried to break through the German lines and escape eastwards, towards the Vistula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158192-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Poland), Operations, German invasion of Poland\nOn September 8 Colonel Tadeusz Pe\u0142czy\u0144ski began reconstruction of the division, with two infantry regiments (77th, 86th), and some artillery, which managed to cross the Vistula. Following the order of General Dab-Biernacki, the division was renamed to the 19th Infantry Brigade. The unit took part in the Battle of Tomasz\u00f3w Lubelski, finally capitulating on September 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158192-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Poland), Operations, German invasion of Poland\nLida was where the reserve center of the division was stationed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158192-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Poland), Operations, Soviet invasion of Poland\nOn September 17, 1939, when news of the Soviet invasion of Poland reached the town, a 150-man strong assault company was formed in Lida with the task of reaching Wilno by breaking through the advancing Red Army. The plan was changed, and the company headed for Grodno, where it partook in the Battle of Grodno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158192-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Poland), Commanders\nUntil 1927, the division was commanded by General Micha\u0142 Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski, who was replaced by General Tadeusz Kasprzycki (1927\u20131931). For most of the 1930s, the division was commanded by General Eugeniusz Godziejewski, who in mid-April 1936 was replaced by its last interbellum commandant, General Jozef Kwaciszewski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158192-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Poland), Order of battle\nInitially, the division consisted of the following infantry regiments that were previously the armed forces of the Republic of Central Lithuania:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158193-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 19th Infantry Division (Russian: 19-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 19-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158194-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 19th Infantry Division was a formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158194-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History\nOriginally formed 1 October 1934 as Artillerief\u00fchrer VI in Hannover, the division was renamed 19. Infanterie-Division on 15 October 1935. Mobilized on 25 August 1939 the division participated in the Invasion of Poland and the Battle of France. After the French campaign, the division was reorganized as a tank division and on 1 November 1940 was renamed 19th Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158195-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 19th Infantry Regiment (\"Rock of Chickamauga\") is a United States Army infantry regiment which is assigned to the US Army Training and Doctrine Command, with the assignment of conducting Basic and Advanced Infantry Training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158196-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Intelligence Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 19th Intelligence Squadron (19th IS) is an intelligence unit located at Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina. The 19th IS is associated with United States Army airborne and ground operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158196-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Intelligence Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 19th Intelligence Squadron is to provide knowledge and communications expertise to develop realistic training scenarios for special operations forces' tactics, techniques and procedures validation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158197-0000-0000", "contents": "19th International Emmy Awards\nThe 19th annual International Emmy Awards took place on November 25, 1991, Roger Moore was host of the ceremony at the New York Hilton, which was telecast on the A&E channel, a cable network, on 28 December. The award was displayed in over 20 countries, including Italy, Germany, Australia, Spain, Japan and China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158197-0001-0000", "contents": "19th International Emmy Awards, Judgment\nThis year's entries \u2013 242 from 24 nations \u2013 were judged in New York City and Los Angeles by U.S.-based TV executives, distributors, buyers, producers, writers and directors. To ensure that programs are not judged on production values alone, judges are instructed to consider the concept behind a show as well as the execution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158197-0002-0000", "contents": "19th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe International Emmy Awards are given by the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Of the 18 programs nominated in six categories, 14 were English-language, including all of the nominees in three categories: arts documentary, popular arts, and programs for children and young people. The other categories are drama, documentary, and performing arts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158197-0003-0000", "contents": "19th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nShows produced in the United Kingdom accounted for 10 of the 18 nominations. Three Australian programs were nominated, as well as two from Canada and one each from France, Spain and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158197-0004-0000", "contents": "19th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe awards ceremony was produced by Joseph Cates and sold by Warner Bros., and broadcast by Italian web RAI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158197-0005-0000", "contents": "19th International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nIn addition, special awards were given to Henry P. Becton Jr., president and general manager of the WGBH Foundation in Boston, who received the International Council's Directorate Award, and documentary producer Adrian Cowell, who was given the Founder's Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158198-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158198-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Iowa Infantry was organized at Keokuk, Iowa and mustered in for three years of Federal service on August 25, 1862. It was the second Iowa regiment to fully muster for active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158198-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Iowa was assigned to Orme's Brigade, Heron's Division, Army of the Frontier. After completing a rigorous 35 mile march on December 6th, 1862, the regiment prepared for battle. By this time, Lieutenant Colonel Samuel McFarland had taken command of the regiment. The next day was the Battle of  Prairie Grove. Herron's Division deployed on the left side of the Union line, on a slight ridge facing south. In front of them was positioned a Confederate battery. General Herron ordered the 20th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment and the 19th Iowa Infantry forward to capture the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158198-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe two regiments gallantly charged, and captured the confederate battery. However, General Herron had vastly underestimated the amount of Confederates in the area. The two regiments, numbering some 500 men each, fought back numerous countercharges from half a dozen Confederate regiments. Eventually, overpowered and running low on supplies, the two regiments withdrew back to Union lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158198-0002-0002", "contents": "19th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe rebels then rallied and mounted their own assault, however they were beaten back savagely by the skilled gunnery of the 1st Missouri Battery E and the 1st Missouri Battery L. The regiment lost a total of 45 Killed, 143 Wounded,  and 2 Captured, for a total of 200 Casualties, nearly a 40% casualty rate. Among the dead was Lt Colonel Samuel McFarland, killed leading the assault on the confederate battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158198-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Iowa went on to fight in the Siege of Vicksburg, where it suffered only one man wounded during the siege. The regiment was deployed to the far right of Heron's Division, and its position is marked today by a monument in the Vicksburg National Military Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158198-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nMuch of the regiment was captured at the Battle of Sterling's Plantation. At Sterling's Plantation, the Regiment had been cut off from surrounding friendly units, but held their position on a levee overlooking the oncoming rebels. The 19th Iowa, now being commanded by Major John Bruce, and the 26th Indiana Infantry Regiment were tasked with holding the line. These two regiments numbered less than 500, and were trying to hold their ground against rebels that outnumbered them 3:1. Colonel John Leake, commanding the Union forces at Sterling's Plantation, was seriously wounded in the fighting. Leaderless, flanked, tired, and outnumbered 3:1, the Union forces surrendered piecemeal. Though some companies escaped, most of the regiment was captured. Much of the regiment was paroled in early 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158198-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment closed out the war with the Battle of Spanish Fort and the Battle of Fort Blakely, where it was noted for its gallant actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158198-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 19th Iowa mustered 1132 men at one time or another during its existence. It suffered 6 officers and 86 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 2 officers and 98 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 192 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158199-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 19th Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c19\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 19th edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 2009 in film. The ceremony took place on May 15, 2010 at Shin-Bungeiza in Tokyo. The five films released 2000 to 2009 were also elected as Zero-age Best 5 films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158200-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Japan Record Awards\nThe 19th Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Imperial Garden Theater in Chiyoda, Tokyo, on December 31, 1977, starting at 7:00PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158201-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Kansas Militia Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158201-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Kansas Militia Infantry was called into service on October 9, 1864. It was disbanded on October 29, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158201-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe unit was called into service to defend Kansas against Price's Raid. The regiment saw action at Byram's Ford, Big Blue, October 22. Westport October 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158202-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Kansas Volunteers\nThe Nineteenth Kansas Volunteers or the Nineteenth Kansas Cavalry was a volunteer cavalry regiment mustered for a six-month service, in 1868, in response to hostilities concerning the Plains Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158202-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Kansas Volunteers, History\nThen-governor Samuel J. Crawford, formed the 1200 strong regiment in response to the request from General Philip H. Sheridan. Crawford then resigned his post and was appointed colonel of the regiment, 7 November 1868. The regiment was moved to Camp Supply, with some difficulty due to lack of familiarity with the terrain and the inclement winter weather, arriving only after guides from the camp intercepted them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158202-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Kansas Volunteers, History\nOn December 7, the regiment headed south under Sheridan in close pursuit of their enemy. By March, all the tribes had surrendered, and the regiment was then barracked at Fort Hays, where it remained until April 1869, when it was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158203-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158203-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Harwood in Harrodsburg, Kentucky and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on January 2, 1862, under the command of Colonel William Jennings Landram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158203-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 20th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to February 1862. 20th Brigade, 6th Division, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. 27th Brigade, 7th Division, Army of the Ohio, to October 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to November, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 10th Division, Right Wing, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 10th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to August 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps, to June 1864. Defenses of New Orleans, Louisiana, June 1864. District of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158203-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky, on January 26, 1865. Veterans and new recruits were transferred to the 7th Kentucky Veteran Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158203-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Somerset, Ky., January 1862, and duty there until April. Battle of the Cumberland Gap (June 1862) Campaign March 28-June 18. At Cumberland Ford until June. Occupation of Cumberland Gap June 18-September 16. Evacuation of Cumberland Gap and retreat to Greenupsburg (now called Greenup in Greenup County, KY) on the Ohio River September 16-October 3. Expedition to Charleston, Va., October 21-November 10. Moved to Memphis, Tenn., November 10\u201315, and duty there until December 20, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 3, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26\u201328. Battle of Chickasaw Bayou December 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158203-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition to Arkansas Post, Ark., January 3\u201310, 1863. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman, Battle of Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311. Moved to Young's Point, La., January 15\u201322, and duty there until March 10. Expedition to Fort Pemberton and Greenwood March 10-April 5. Moved to Milliken's Bend, La., April 5\u20138. Movement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Port Gibson, Miss., May 1; Battle of Champion Hill May 16; Battle of Big Black River Bridge May 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158203-0004-0002", "contents": "19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Vicksburg May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22, Surrender of Vicksburg July 4. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 5\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. Camp at Big Black until August 13. Ordered to New Orleans, La., August 13. Duty at Carrollton, Brashear City and Berwick until October. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Grand Coteau (Battle of Bayou Bourbeux) November 3. At New Iberia until December 19. Moved to New Orleans December 19, thence to Madisonville January 19, and duty there until March. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158203-0004-0003", "contents": "19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAdvance from Franklin to Alexandria March 14\u201326. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads also known as Battle of Mansfield April 8. Bayou de Paul April 8. Battle of Pleasant Hill April 9. Cane River Crossing Battle of Monett's Ferry April 22\u201323. At Alexandria April 27-May 13. Near Alexandria May 2\u20139. Retreat to Morganza April 13\u201320. Mansura May 16. Moved to Baton Rouge, La., May 29, and duty there until January 1865. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158203-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 198 men during service; 1 officer and 42 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 152 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158204-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Kisei\nThe 19th Kisei was the 19th edition of the Kisei tournament of the board game go, in 1995. Since Cho Chikun won the previous year, he was given an automatic place in the final to defend his title. Sixteen players battled in a single elimination tournament to decide the final 2. Those two would then play each other in a best-of-7 match to decide who would face Cho. Kobayashi Satoru became the challenger after beating Kobayashi Koichi, but lost 4 games to 2 against Cho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158205-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Kolkata International Film Festival\nThe 19th Annual Kolkata Film Festival was held on 10 to 17 November 2013. The Kolkata International Film Festival (KIFF) is an annual film festival held in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The 19th KIFF was inaugurated by Mr. Amitabh Bachchan on 10 November and was attended by a host of luminaries including Shah Rukh Khan - also the state's brand ambassador as well as actor Kamal Haasan in the presence of Mamata Banerjee who is the current Chief Minister of West Bengal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158206-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche\nNgawang Lobzang Thupstan Chognor (Tibetan: \u0f44\u0f42\u0f0b\u0f51\u0f56\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb3\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f5f\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f50\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f66\u0f9f\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f46\u0f7c\u0f42\u0f0b\u0f53\u0f7c\u0f62, Wylie: ngag dbang blo bzang thub bstan mchog nor), commonly known as 19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche (19 May 1918\u00a0\u2013 4 November 2003) was a Buddhist lama, who also served as India's ambassador to Mongolia. He is mainly known for his efforts in reviving Buddhism in Mongolia and Russia by linking them with the community of Tibetan exiles in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158206-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche\nHe was born in the Matho branch of the Royal House of Ladakh, India. He was the youngest child of his father, Nangwa Thayas, the titular King of Matho, and his wife, Princess Yeshes Wangmo of the Royal House of Zangla. He was recognised by the Thirteenth Dalai Lama as a reincarnation of Bakula Arhat, one of the Sixteen Arhats who in legend were direct disciples of Gautama Buddha. He was a direct descendant of the last King of Ladakh Tsepel Tondup Namgyal. He was, in fact, his great-great-great grandson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158206-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche\n\"In 1962 ... allowed the Indian troops to convert a section of his Pethub Monastery into a makeshift military hospital. When a section of people in Kashmir demanded plebiscite, Rinpoche categorically stated that Ladakhwould never go to Pakistan and would remain with India.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158206-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche\nLater he served in the Parliament of India, and was deeply engaged with welfare, education and rights of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of India. In his later years, he became India's Ambassador in Mongolia. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1988. The airport at Leh in the Indian region of Ladakh is named after him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158207-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 19th Lambda Literary Awards were held in 2007, to honour works of LGBT literature published in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers\nThe 19th Lancers is an armoured regiment of the Pakistan Army. Before 1956, it was known as 19th King George V's Own Lancers, which was a regular cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed  in 1922, by the amalgamation of 18th King George's Own Lancers and 19th Lancers (Fane's Horse). On Partition of India in 1947, the regiment was allotted to Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers, 18th King George's Own Lancers\nThe regiment was raised at Gwalior during the upheaval of the Indian Mutiny in 1858, as the 2nd Regiment of Mahratta Horse. In December, it was joined by a small body of independent cavalry of Punjabi Rajput Muslims called the  Tiwana Horse. In 1861, it was redesignated as the 18th Regiment of Bengal Cavalry, becoming Lancers in 1886. The regiment served in the Second Afghan War during 1879\u201380 and took part in the 1897 Tirah Campaign on the North West Frontier of India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers, 18th King George's Own Lancers\nDuring World War I, the regiment was sent to France in 1914 with the Indian Cavalry Corps and participated in the Battles of the Somme and Cambrai. In 1918, it moved to Egypt joining the 13th Cavalry Brigade and took part in General Edmund Allenby's campaign in Palestine. The regiment fought in the Battle of Megiddo and the subsequent dash towards Damascus \u2013 riding 550 miles in 38 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers, 19th Lancers (Fane's Horse)\nThe regiment was raised as the Fane's Horse by Captain Walter Fane at Cawnpore in 1860 for service in the Second Opium War. In China, the regiment fought in several sharp actions including those at Sinho, Chan-chi-wan and Pa-le-chiao. It then took part in the capture of Chinese capital of Pekin (Beijing). In 1861, the regiment was redesignated as the 19th Regiment of Bengal Cavalry, becoming Lancers in 1864. It served in the Second Afghan War and fought in the Battle of Ahmad Khel in 1880. During World War I, the regiment served in France in the 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade and participated in the Battles of the Somme and Cambrai. In 1918, it took part in the Palestinian Campaign and fought with distinction in the Battle of Megiddo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers, 19th King George V's Own Lancers\nAfter the First World War, the number of Indian cavalry regiments was reduced from thirty-nine to twenty-one. However, instead of disbanding the surplus units, it was decided to amalgamate them in pairs. This resulted in renumbering and renaming of the entire cavalry line. The 18th King George's Own Lancers and 19th Lancers (Fane's Horse) were merged to form the 18th/19th Cavalry. In 1923, the regiment was redesignated as the 19th King George's Own Lancers, and in 1937 as 19th King George V's Own Lancers. Their uniform was scarlet with white facings and blue overalls. The badge consisted of crossed lances with the cypher of King George V at the intersection, a crown above, and the title scroll below. The new class composition of the regiment was one squadron each of Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs and Hindu Jats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers, 19th King George V's Own Lancers\nDuring the Second World War, the 19th KGVO Lancers was the divisional Reconnaissance Regiment of 25th Indian Infantry Division and fought in the Third Arakan Campaign in Burma. In November 1944, the 25th Indian Division cleared the Mayu Range down to Foul Point and occupied Akyab Island. These actions included the decisive Battle of Kangaw and landings at Myebon and Ru-Ywa to intercept the retreating Japanese. The regiment was actively engaged in these battles. In May, a squadron of 19th KGVO Lancers took part in the seaborne assault landing near Rangoon, which led to the capture of the Burmese capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0005-0001", "contents": "19th Lancers, 19th King George V's Own Lancers\nIn April 1945 the 25th Indian Division was withdrawn to South India to prepare for the invasion of Malaya. Although Japan surrendered in August, the operation proceeded as planned and the 25th Division along with 19th KGVO Lancers was the first formation to land in Malaya. It then proceeded to occupy the capital Kuala Lumpur and accepted the surrender of the Japanese Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers, 19th King George V's Own Lancers\nIn 1947, with the partitioning of the British Indian empire and the creation of a separate state of Pakistan, the 19th King George V's Own Lancers was transferred to the Pakistan Army. The regiment exchanged its Jat squadron with the Central India Horse for its Punjabi Mussalman squadron, and gave its Sikh squadron to Skinner's Horse in return for its Mussalman squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers, 19th Lancers\nIn 1956, when Pakistan became a republic, all references to the British royalty were dropped and the regiment became simply the 19th Lancers. During the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, the regiment had the unique distinction of serving in four theatres of war. Its Recce Troop served with 12 Division in Operation Grand Slam, while the rest of the regiment was deployed near Kasur as part of 1 Armoured Division. From Kasur, it was later sent to Lahore Sector and then finally to Chawinda as part of 6 Armoured Division. It was here, that 19th Lancers finally got a chance to go into action. The regiment saw heavy fighting and played an important role in blunting the Indian offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers, 19th Lancers\nIn 1993\u201394, the regiment was deployed in Mogadishu, Somalia, as part of United Nations Peacekeeping Forces (UNOSOM II). The regiment's performance was highly commendable and it played a key role in rescuing the American Rangers, who were trapped by Somali gunmen after the disastrous American operation on 3 and 4 October 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158208-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Lancers, Battle honours\nBattle of Taku Forts (1860), Pekin 1860, Ahmad Khel, Afghanistan 1878\u201380, Tirah, Punjab Frontier, Somme 1916, Bazentin, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Cambrai 1917, France and Flanders 1914\u201318, Megiddo, Sharon, Damascus, Palestine 1918, Buthidaung, Mayu Valley, Myebon, Kangaw, Ru-Ywa, Dalet, Tamandu, Rangoon Road, Burma 1942\u201345, Chawinda 1965, Lower Dir and Swat (2017-2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158209-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 19th Landwehr Division (19. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 19th Light Brigade was a Regular Army infantry brigade of the British Army. As the 19th Infantry Brigade fought in the First and Second world wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe brigade became 19 Light Brigade in 2005, and moved to Northern Ireland following the end of Operation Banner and \"normalisation\" of British military operations in the province. Following the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR), the Brigade entered suspended animation in March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\n19th Infantry Brigade was not part of the original British Expeditionary Force (BEF) but was formed in France between 19 and 22 August 1914 from line of communication defence battalions as an independent brigade. It immediately went into action at the Battle of Mons on 23 August, then participated in the Retreat from Mons and subsequent battles under various corps headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nFrom 12 October 1914 the brigade was attached to 6th Division at the time of the Battle of Armenti\u00e8res, transferring to 27 Division on 31 May 1915. On 19 August 1915, 19th Bde formally joined 2nd Division (replacing 4th (Guards) Bde, which had left to join the new Guards Division). It served with 2nd Division at the Battle of Loos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nThese attachments had all been to formations of the Regular Army, but on 25 November 1915, 2nd Division exchanged 19th Bde with a brigade from 33rd Division, a newly-arrived 'New Army' ('Kitchener's Army') formation. The intention was to share experience, and as soon as it joined 33rd Division, the brigade exchanged one of its veteran battalions with one of the  newcomers. It remained with 33rd Division on the Western Front until the Armistice with Germany. Like the rest of the BEF, it was reduced from a four-battalion to a three-battalion establishment in February 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe 19th Infantry Brigade was a regular British Army formation at the beginning of the Second World War. It had been raised in 1938 for Internal Security in Palestine, and appears to have joined the 7th Infantry Division on its reformation in September\u2013October 1938. On 3 September 1939, it was converted to HQ Jerusalem Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-1945\nIn the 1980s, the 19th Brigade was based at Colchester as part of the 3rd Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-1945, Structure 1989\nIt would have had to cross the Channel to join the rest of the division, stationed with the British Army of the Rhine in Germany. Following the disbandment of the 3rd Armoured Division following the end of the Cold War, the brigade joined the new 3rd Mechanised Division, and moved to Catterick Garrison in Yorkshire in April 1993. The brigade Signal squadron was based at Gaza Barracks,Catterick garrison. The brigade deployed as the part of the UK contribution to UNPROFOR- The UNITED NATIONS PROTECTION FORCE IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. This was Operation Grapple 5, between November 1994 and May 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-1945, Structure 1989\nThey were replaced by 20 Armoured Brigade HQ and Signal Sqn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-1945, Structure 1989\nIn September 1995, the HQ and Signal Sqn deployed on Exercise SUMAN WARRIOR at Canberra lines,Terendak Camp,Malaysia. Members of the Signal Sqn also deployed on EX Med Man 5 in 1996 as part of the 1KORBR battle group at BATUS Suffield,Canada. The HQ and Signal Sqn then deployed to Operation Lodestar in the Former Yugoslavia between November 1997 and May 1998. This was as part of the NATO SFOR deployment. The brigade HQ and Signal Squadron were part of MND SW HQ AND SIGNAL SQN based at the Banja Luka Metal Factory and other locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-1945, Structure 1989\nAs part of the Delivering Security in a Changing World review in 2003, it was announced that the brigade was to become a 'Light' formation. The Brigade deployed on Operation Telic 2 between May and November 2003 taking over from 7 Armoured Brigade. The brigade became 19 Light Brigade as of 1 January 2005, and deployed to Iraq on Operation Telic 9 (November 2006 \u2013 May 2007) for an unusually long 7-month tour before handing over to 1 Mechanised Brigade and returning to Catterick. It then began moving to Northern Ireland following the end of Operation Banner and \"normalisation\" of British military operations in the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-1945, Structure 1989\nThe Brigade deployed on Operation Herrick 10 in April 2009, replacing 3 Commando Brigade, where it planned and executed Operation Panther's Claw \u2013 named after Bagheera, the panther forming the Brigade insignia. The Bde returned to the UK in October 2009 having taken over 70 fatalaties- significantly more than seen in previous operational tours of Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158210-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom), Post-1945, Structure 1989\nSecretary of Defence Liam Fox announced on 18 July 2011 that 19 Bde was to be disbanded as part of the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) in March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons\nThe 19th Light Dragoons was a cavalry regiment of the British Army created in 1781 for service in British India. The regiment served in India until 1806, and in North America during the War of 1812, and was disbanded in Britain in 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons, History, Great Britain\nOn 25 April 1779 warrants were issued to raise three regiments of light dragoons, the 19th, 20th and 21st, to address potential French aggression during the American Revolutionary War. The 19th was made up of drafts from the 1st and 2nd Dragoon Guards and the 4th and 10th Dragoons. The 19th did not see overseas service and was disbanded in June 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons, History, India\nThe regiment was raised by Colonel Sir John Burgoyne (a cousin of General John Burgoyne) as the 23rd Regiment of Light Dragoons on 24 September 1781 for service in India. There had been no European cavalry to that date in India, and successive commanders there had called upon the regular British Army to supply a cavalry unit. The regiment arrived at Fort St. George, Madras in 1782 and became the first British cavalry regiment to serve in India. In 1786, the regiment was renumbered as the 19th Regiment of Light Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons, History, India\nThe 19th played a major role in the Anglo-Mysore Wars and Anglo-Maratha Wars. Their first campaign was against Tipu Sultan of Mysore from 1790 to 1792. After defeating Tipu, the 19th were on garrison duty until 1799 when war broke out with Tipu again. This time, the Sultan was killed during the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons, History, India\nIn 1800, the 19th fought Dhondia Wagh's rebel army and in 1803, led by Major-General Arthur Wellesley (who later became the Duke of Wellington), they participated in the Battle of Assaye in September 1803. In this battle, the outnumbered British troops defeated a Maratha army and the regiment was subsequently awarded the battle honour of \"Assaye\" and presented with an honorary colour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons, History, India\nThe 19th Light Dragoons then spent time garrisoning various British outposts. They were stationed at Cheyloor in 1802, at Arcot in 1803, in Bombay in 1804, and at Arcot again from 1805 to 1806. The regiment was summoned to Vellore on the night of 10 July 1806 to rescue the 69th Regiment of Foot who had been the victims of a revolt by Indian sepoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons, History, North America\nThe regiment embarked for England on 20 October 1806, and remained in Britain until the outbreak of the war with the United States in 1812. The 19th were one of three British regular cavalry units that served in North America during the War of 1812, and the only one to serve in Canada. (The 14th Light Dragoons served on campaign in New Orleans but had no horses,  The 6th Inniskilling Dragoons served on the East coast of the United States.) The regiment's first three squadrons arrived at Quebec City in May 1813 and were mounted on horses procured in Lower Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons, History, North America\nTwo squadrons were sent to Upper Canada where they were involved in the blockade and re-capture of Fort George, and the destruction of Black Rock and Buffalo in New York State. Elements of the two squadrons participated in Colonel Thomas Pearson's delaying action against Brigadier General Winfield Scott's brigade during the American invasion of 1814. They subsequently fought at the Battle of Chippawa in July 1814, the Battle of Lundy's Lane later in the month and the Siege of Fort Erie in August 1814. Another troop pursued American raiders who had struck at Battle of Malcolm's Mills in November 1814. For these actions, the regiment earned the battle honour of \"Niagara\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons, History, North America\nThe other squadron had been stationed south of Montreal at The Halfway house (Saint Luc area as well as Fort Lennox and The Block houses along the Lacolle border) and participated in the Battle of Plattsburgh in September 1814. In the autumn of 1814, the two squadrons serving on the Niagara rejoined the other squadron. The regiment served south of Montreal until the end of the war. They were sent back to England in August 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158211-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Light Dragoons, History, Disbandment\nThe 19th Light Dragoons were re-equipped as lancers in September 1816 and renamed the 19th Lancers. The regiment remained in Britain until it was disbanded on 10 September 1821 due to reductions in size of the British Army. In 1862, the 19th Hussars were created and given permission to inherit the battle honours of the 19th Light Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158212-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment from Louisiana that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158212-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, History, Formation\nThe future companies of the 19th Louisiana arrived at Camp Moore, established near Tangipahoa in May 1861 to provide an assembly point for Louisiana volunteer companies joining the Confederate army, in the late summer and early fall of 1861. There, they waited for assignment to a regiment, which came when the 19th Louisiana was organized on 19 November 1861. The 19th was initially understrength, having only eight of its required ten companies; the remaining two joined on 11 December to bring it to a strength of 873 men. The ten companies, hailing from north Louisiana, were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158212-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, History, Formation\nCaddo Parish lawyer Benjamin Lewis Hodge of the Keachi Warriors was elected colonel, De Soto Parish planter James M. Hollingsworth of the Henry Marshall Guards lieutenant colonel, and Shreveport lawyer Wesley Winans of the Caddo 10th major. Hollingsworth, a graduate of the Western Military Institute, was the only one of the three with military training. Ten members of the regiment died of disease at Camp Moore, where the north Louisianans were exposed to illnesses that they had not been exposed to before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158212-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, History, Formation\nAfter organizing, the regiment was moved between 11 and 16 December via the New Orleans and Great Northern Railway to Camp Roman, several miles west of New Orleans, and thence to the newly established Camp Benjamin, located near Camp Roman, between 1 and 3 January 1862. The regiment moved to Corinth, Mississippi in February 1862. The 19th Louisiana fought in the Battle of Shiloh between 6 and 7 April, losing roughly a fifth of its total strength. It remained in the trenches at Corinth to guard the brigade camps and supplies during the 9 May Battle of Farmington. From July, it served as part of the garrison of Mobile, Alabama, encamped at Pollard east of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158212-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, History, Formation\nThe 19th Louisiana was ordered to report to the Army of Tennessee at Tullahoma, Tennessee in April 1863, where it joined the Louisiana brigade of Daniel W. Adams. With the brigade, it moved to Jackson, Mississippi in May to join General Joseph E. Johnston's army. The brigade fought in the Siege of Jackson between 5 and 25 July, with the 19th repulsing an attack on its trenches on 12 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158212-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, History, Formation\nReturning to the Army of Tennessee in north Georgia, the regiment and its brigade fought in the Battle of Chickamauga between 19 and 20 September. Company F of the regiment captured two Union cannons during the battle, but the regiment lost 153 out of the 350 officers and men engaged. In the Battle of Missionary Ridge on 25 November, the 19th repulsed several attacks but was forced to retreat when outflanked by the Union advance. It spent the winter of 1863 to 1864 encamped near Dalton, Georgia with the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158212-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, History, Formation\nDuring the Atlanta campaign, the regiment fought at the battles of Mill Creek Gap (8\u201311 May), Resaca (14\u201315 May), New Hope Church (25\u201328 May), Atlanta (22 July), Ezra Church (28 July), and Jonesboro (31 August). It moved into Tennessee with the army and on 30 November arrived too late to fight at the Battle of Franklin. Heavily engaged at the Battle of Nashville between 15 and 16 November, the regiment retreated with the army from Nashville to Tupelo, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158212-0005-0001", "contents": "19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, History, Formation\nThe 19th spent several months there before going to Mobile with the brigade, where it fought in the Siege of Spanish Fort between 27 March and 8 April 1865. At the beginning of the siege, the regiment mustered 152 men. After the evacuation of Mobile, the 19th Louisiana was consolidated with other Louisiana units to form the Pelican Regiment. Companies A, E, and I of the 19th became Company A of the new unit, while C, F, G, and K became D, and B, D, and H became E. This proved brief, as on 8 May the regiment surrendered at Gainesville, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158213-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 19th Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 20 January 2014, at the Espace Pierre Cardin in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by actress Carole Bouquet. Television journalist Estelle Martin and director Patrick Fabre were the hosts for the night. Blue Is the Warmest Colour won four awards including Best Film. Other winners included Me, Myself and Mum, The French Minister,  Venus in Fur, Grand Central, Horses of God and The Young and Prodigious T.S. Spivet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158213-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Lumi\u00e8res Awards, Winners and nominees\nL\u00e9a Seydoux \u2014 Blue Is the Warmest Colour & Grand Central", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158214-0000-0000", "contents": "19th MMC \u2013 Ruse\nThe 19th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Ruse is a constituency whose borders are the same as Ruse Province in Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158214-0001-0000", "contents": "19th MMC \u2013 Ruse, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election the 19th Multi-member Constituency \u2013 Ruse elected 8 members to the Bulgarian National Assembly: 7 of which were by proportionality vote and 1 was by first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158215-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Maine Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158215-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\n19th Maine was organized at Bath, Maine and mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on August 25, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158215-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe total loss of the 19th Maine in the two days of fighting [at Gettysburg] were 12 officers and 220 men, almost 53% of the 19th. The regiment took into battle on the second day of July 440 officers and men.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158215-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment absorbed the 5th Company of Unassigned Maine Infantry in November 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158215-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Maine Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was discharged from service on May 31, 1865 following the Union victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158215-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Maine Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\n1,441 men served in the 19th Maine Infantry Regiment during its service. It lost 192 enlisted men killed in action or died of wounds. 501 members of the regiment were wounded in action, 184 died of disease, and 47 died in Confederate prisons for a total of 376 fatalities from all causes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158215-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Maine Infantry Regiment, External link\nMedia related to 19th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Wikimedia Commons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158215-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Maine Infantry Regiment, External link\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158216-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 19th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in June 1932. The legislature sat from February 14, 1933, to June 12, 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158216-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Manitoba Legislature\nA coalition between the Progressive Party of Manitoba led by John Bracken and the Liberal Party led by Murdoch Mackay formed the government. Bracken served as premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158216-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Manitoba Legislature\nFawcett Taylor of the Conservatives was Leader of the Opposition. After Taylor resigned in 1933, William Sanford Evans became party leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158216-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Manitoba Legislature\nThe Minimum Wage Act was amended to include male workers over the age of 18. The minimum hourly wage in Manitoba was $0.25 for urban workers and $0.21 for rural workers. Up until 1931, the minimum wage only applied to female workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158216-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Manitoba Legislature\nJames Duncan McGregor was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until December 1, 1934, when William Johnston Tupper became lieutenant governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158216-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1932:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States)\nThe 19th Marine Regiment was a composite engineer regiment of the United States Marine Corps subordinate to the 3rd Marine Division. It existed from September 1942 until September 1944. In December 1943 there was a large change of command in the Regiment. Marine engineer regiments were eventually disbanded in favor of independent engineering battalions within the parent Marine divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States), Subordinate units\nThe regiment was a composite of three different types of battalions and a headquarters and service company:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States), History\nAssigned to the 3rd Marine Division, on 11 March 1943 Col Robert M. Montaque took command of the Regiment in New Zealand. September 1943 saw the regiment land in the Bougainville campaign on that island. The seabees bulldozed paths through the jungle for tanks to attack the Japanese lines. C. Company with other 19th Marines built a corduroy road for tanks and supply movement for the 7th marines. Companies C, F, & I were attached to the 3rd RCT while Companies A, D, & G were attached to the 9th RCT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States), History\nFrom there it went to Guadalcanal in preparation for the Battle of Guam (1944). It landed in the assault on Guam with Companies C, F, & I attached to the 3rd Marine Regimental Combat Team, Companies A, D, & G attached to the 9th Marine Regimental Combat Team and Companies B, E, & H attached to the 21st Marine Regimental Combat Team. The regiment was decommissioned on 17 August. The 25th NCB was returned to the Navy and assigned to the 5th Naval Construction Brigade, remaining on Guam until the war ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States), History\nWith the inactivation of the 19th Marine Regiment the 3rd Engineer Battalion and the 3rd Pioneer Battalion were posted directly to the 3rd Marine Division. The 25th Naval Construction Battalion was replaced by the 62nd Naval Construction Battalion which was attached directly to the V Amphibious Corps for the Battle of Iwo Jima. The 3rd Pioneers landed on yellow 2 beach on D-plus 3 and remained there until D-plus 6. On D-plus 6 black beach was created and the pioneers moved there as did the 3rd Engineers. The 62nd NCB was made the lead Battalion for getting Motoyama Airfield #1 operational in place of the 133rd NCB which had taken heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States), Unit awards\n\"Naval Unit Commendation,3d MarinesThe Secretary of the Navy takes pleasure in commending the", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States), Unit awards\n\"For outstanding heroism in action against enemy Japanese forces during the invasion, seizure, occupation and defense of Empress Augusta Bay Beachhead, Bougainville, Solomon Islands, from November 1 to December 22, 1943. In action against the enemy for the first time, the THIRD Marines landed on an extremely wide front in the face of perilous surf and beach conditions and through flanking fire of hostile machine guns, anti-boat guns, mortars, small arms and artillery from heavily entrenched positions on Cape Torokina and Puruata Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0005-0001", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States), Unit awards\nPressing forward through almost impenetrable jungle and swampy terrain, this Regiment completely reduced the intricate system of mutually supporting Japanese pillboxes, bunkers, fire trenches and foxholes which constituted the Cape Torokina defense, and secured its portion of the objective by evening of D-Day. Shifted to the left flank of the beachhead, the THIRD Marines smashed a Japanese counter-landing and drove steadily forward despite difficulties of terrain, supply and communication and, developing the main enemy position in a meeting engagement on the Numa. Numa trail, completely wiped out the Japanese 23rd Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0005-0002", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States), Unit awards\nIn continuous action as a front line regiment for a total of fifty-two consecutive days, the gallant men and officers of the THIRD Marines, by their skill in jungle warfare and their aggressive fighting spirit, contributed greatly to the success of the campaign and enhanced the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158217-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Marine Regiment (United States), Unit awards\nAll personnel attached to and serving with the THIRD Marines at Bougainville from November 1 to December 22, 1943, are authorized to wear the NAVY UNIT COMMENDATION Ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Massachusetts was organized at Camp Schouler in Lynnfield, Massachusetts and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on August 28, 1861, under the command of Colonel Edward Winslow Hinks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Lander's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October 1861. Lander's Brigade, Stone's (Sedgwick's) Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Massachusetts mustered out of service on June 30, 1865, and was discharged July 22, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Massachusetts for Washington, D.C., August 30. Camp at Meridian Hill until September 12, 1861. Moved to Poolesville, Md., September 12\u201315. Guard duty on the Upper Potomac until December. Operations on the Potomac October 21\u201324. Action at Ball's Bluff October 21. Moved to Muddy Run December 4, and duty there until March 12, 1862. Moved to Harpers Ferry, then to Charlestown and Berryville March 12\u201315. Ordered to Washington, D.C., March 24, and to the Peninsula March 27. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. West Point May 7\u20138. Battle of Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, May 31-June 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSeven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Oak Grove, near Fair Oaks, June 25. Peach Orchard and Savage Station June 29. White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. Harrison's Landing July 8. At Harrison's Landing until August 15. Movement to Alexandria August 15\u201328, thence to Fairfax Court House August 28\u201331. Cover Pope's retreat from Bull Run August 31-September 1. Maryland Campaign September\u2013October. Battle of South Mountain September 14 (reserve). Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Moved to Harpers Ferry September 22, and duty there until October 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0004-0002", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAdvance up Loudon Valley and movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg December 11\u201315. (Forlorn Hope to cross Rappahannock at Fredericksburg December 11.) Duty at Falmouth, Va., until April 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Maryes' Heights. Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3\u20134. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 2\u20134, Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13\u201317. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Bristoe Station October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Robertson's Tavern, or Locust Grove, November 27. At Stevensburg until May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0004-0003", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDemonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May\u2013June. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Laurel Hill May 8. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312. Po River May 10. Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0004-0004", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nReam's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkin's House March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge and Farmville April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington May 2\u201313. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Duty at Washington until June 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158218-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 294 men during service; 14 officers and 147 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 133 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece)\nThe 19th Mechanized Division (Greek: 19\u03b7 \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1) was a mechanized infantry division of the Hellenic Army, established on 15 January 1941. Its formation was not completed until late March. Its nucleus was the pre-war Mechanized Cavalry Regiment, augmented with captured Italian tankettes and cars, motorcycles and Universal Carriers provided by the British. Although officially a \"mechanized\" unit, as the division was mostly truck-borne, it is usually called the 19th Motorized Division in English-language literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece)\nThe division confronted the German invasion of Greece on 6 April 1941, covering the left flank of the Eastern Macedonia Army Section defending the forts of the Metaxas Line. In a series of clashes, the division was destroyed piecemeal as a fighting formation by 9 April. Its remnants surrendered along with the rest of the Greek Army in eastern Macedonia on 10 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Establishment\nThe origins of the division lie in the first attempts of the Hellenic Army to introduce mechanization in the interwar period. In 1931, Greece acquired its first tanks\u2014two Vickers 6-Ton light tanks, one each of Type A and Type B, and two Carden Loyd tankettes. Initially used for training, they were formed into a tank battalion in 1935, with the expectation that they would be complemented with 14 light tanks ordered in Britain and France. In the event, these were never delivered due to the priority given by Britain and France to their own rearmament and the outbreak of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Establishment\nIn 1937, a Mechanized Cavalry Regiment was formed within the Hellenic Army's single Cavalry Division, in an apparent effort to follow the French Division L\u00e9g\u00e8re de Cavalerie model. The regiment comprised c.\u2009165 trucks (44 each of Mercedes-Benz W 152 and Mercedes-Benz LG 2500 and 75 other trucks, mostly Fiats), as well as motorcycles and other vehicles, but no armoured cars or tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Establishment\nWith the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War on 28 October 1940, the Mechanized Cavalry Regiment mobilized and fought as part of the Cavalry Division and later of the 8th Infantry Division. On 15 December, a Tank Company was formed within the regiment out of 35 L3/35 tankettes captured from the Italians in the Battle of Elaia\u2013Kalamas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Establishment\nAt the same time, a Tank School was set up in December in Athens, aiming to prepare Greek crews for the use of 40 Light Tank Mk IIIB \"Dutchman\" tanks promised as aid by the British; in the event, only ten of these were delivered to Greece, but the British sent also 100 Universal Carriers and 185 Austin 8 HP cars equipped with machine-guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Establishment\nWith this equipment at hand, the Greek GHQ issued an order (\u0391\u03a0 7014) on 15 January 1941 for the establishment of the 19th Mechanized Division at Athens, under Major General Nikolaos Lioumbas. The division was to be structured around the Tank School, with a complement of 77 Universal Carriers and 100 Austins. The entire Mechanized Cavalry Regiment was to be incorporated in it, and further personnel were provided from the Cavalry Division (40 officers and 1,000 other ranks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0005-0001", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Establishment\nDespite several applications by infantry officers, none were selected to serve in the new division, which was exclusively staffed by cavalry personnel (c.\u20098,000 men). The initial order provided for the establishment of a full tank regiment and two mechanized infantry regiments, but due to the aforementioned lack of tanks this never came to pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Establishment\nDue to delays in the officers and men arriving from the Albanian front, the first subunits became operational on 12 February. On 16 February, it began its move to the Larissa\u2013Tyrnavos\u2013Trikala area, where it was assembled by 26 February. The division was subordinated to the Central Macedonia Army Section (TSKM) upon its establishment (4 March) and moved to the area of Katerini, where its units arrived by 10 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0006-0001", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Establishment\nBetween 14 and 17 March, the Mechanized Cavalry Regiment, transferred from the Albanian front, was gradually incorporated into the division: its Light Company formed the 19th Reconnaissance Group; its 1st Combat Company, with the 1st and 4th MG troops and the 1st and 4th Mortar Troops, formed the 191st Mechanized Regiment; its 2nd Combat Company, with the 2nd MG troop and the 2nd Mortar Troop, formed the 192nd Mechanized Regiment; and its 3rd Combat Company, with the 3rd MG troop and the 3rd Mortar Troop, formed the 193rd Mechanized Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Establishment\nThe Tank Company followed in late March. The tanks had to be driven all the way from the front in Albania to the division's new staging area at Kilkis, which resulted in two falling out of action and considerable wear on the rest, a major headache in view of the almost complete lack of spare parts. The haste in forming the division and scarcity of material meant that the division was barely battle-worthy, and insufficiently motorized. Brigadier H.V.S. Charrington, commander of the British 1st Armoured Brigade, described it as \"recently enlisted garage hands\", with \"no possible prospect of fighting usefully as a mobile force\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history\nThe division's original role, as part of TSKM, was to cover the Mount Vermion\u2013Mount Olympus line, shielding the British \"W Force\" as it assembled in its rear. It therefore occupied the eastern, coastal sector in front of Mount Olympus. As the units of \"W Force\" arrived and took positions on the Vermion\u2013Olympus line, the British commander, Lt. General Henry Maitland Wilson, planned to assign the division to cover a sector of some 11\u00a0km north of Katerini, with the sea to their right and the 2nd New Zealand Division to their left. However, on 20 March, the division was redeployed north, around Lake Doiran, on anti-paratrooper duties, leaving the Olympus sector to be covered by overstretched New Zealand troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history\nOn 28\u201329 March, in the face of the looming German invasion, the division moved further northeast to the area of Kilkis and Lachanas, coming under the control of the Eastern Macedonia Army Section (TSAM). On the way the two Italian tankette companies, along with the car-mounted Skoda battery, were detached and stationed at Neos Koukloutzas near Thessaloniki in anti-paratrooper duties. On 30 March, the 19th Reconnaissance Group was likewise detached for anti-paratrooper duties in the rear of the 7th Infantry Division at Doxato, while the 191st Regiment was detached as reserve for TSAM's Group of Divisions (14th and 18th Infantry Divisions) in the Sidirokastro area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history\nThe remainder of the division was tasked with three possible missions: securing the border sector Lake Doiran\u2013Polykastro, currently lightly held by the 9th Border Sector; the reinforcement of the Mount Krousia defensive line, held by the Krousia Detachment (\u0391\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u039a\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd); and covering the Group of Divisions' retreat should they be forced to abandon the main defensive line along Mount Beles. From 30 March, the division was engaged in reconnoitring these areas. On 4 April, the division was reinforced by the newly constituted IVb Mountain Artillery Battalion (IV\u03b2 \u039c\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 \u039f\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd), of two 4-gun batteries with Skoda 75\u00a0mm guns captured from the Italians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 6 April\nWith the onset of the German offensive on 6 April, the division assumed positions covering TSAM's left flank up to Lake Doiran. To reinforce it, TSAM subordinated to the division the independent Krousia Detachment under Col. Ilias Sionidis. This was formed around the 2nd Cavalry Regiment (1,400 men, 1,050 horses), with the command staff of the 81st Infantry Regiment, reinforced by the 5th\u20137th Security Companies, the newly formed 2nd Transport Security Battalion, the B3 Field Artillery Battalion (eight M1917 guns), and two 85 mm mod. 1925 guns and other minor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 6 April\nThe division commander ordered his units to take up their positions in four sectors, from east to west: the 2nd Cavalry Regiment, west of Lake Kerkini (Lt. Col. Konstantinos Stergiou); the remainder of the Krousia Detachment (Col. Sionidis); 192nd Mechanized Regiment (Col. Konstantinos Asimakis); 193rd Mechanized Regiment (Col. Iason Nomikos). The divisional command post was at Kilkis. The resulting front stretched over 30\u00a0km. The available forces, 14 field guns and the effective strength of four infantry battalions, were far below what was necessary to effectively cover this frontage. In addition, further difficulties were presented by the inadequate communications network between the various units, while the expected air supremacy of the Luftwaffe posed particular dangers for mechanized units called upon to move in the open in daylight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 6 April\nPreceded by mixed Universal Carrier and motorcycle reconnaissance detachments, the 192nd and 193rd Regiments began moving to their designated areas after noon, and arrived there at nightfall. At this point, 192nd Regiment could muster only 295 men, while another 241 could not be moved by vehicle\u2014presumably due to a large number of breakdowns and the lack of spare parts and were ordered to proceed to Kilkis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 6 April\nShortly after 17:00, about 45 German planes bombed the 192nd Regiment at the village of Theodorovo. Two officers and 15 men were killed, over 50 personnel were wounded, while two Carriers, ten Austins and ten motorcycles were destroyed, effectively destroying the 2nd Open Tank Company as a combat formation. Col. Sionidis' command, which was also in the village, suffered 13 dead and 45 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0014-0001", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 6 April\nDespite these losses, the 192nd Regiment reached its assigned positions, where it divided into two Resistance Centres: left, with the Tank Battalion and one of the 47\u00a0mm anti-tank troops, and the right, with the Foot Battalion and a 20\u00a0mm anti-tank troop. Initial German probing attacks during the night were successfully repelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 6 April\n193rd Regiment was more fortunate; it reached its deployment area without major obstacles, although a reconnaissance patrol clashed with the Germans near Kato Sourmena, and returned with a German prisoner. On the same evening, the division's 3.7\u00a0cm Flak shot down a German reconnaissance plane over Krisia railway station, and reconnaissance patrols reported German infiltration along the entire line of the railway track between Mouries and Rodopoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 6 April\nDuring the night, the division was allocated reinforcements from the 1st Security Battalion of Thessaloniki in the form of two infantry companies (one for each of the 192nd and 193rd Regiments), two MG squads and a 75\u00a0mm battery. In order to reconstitute the 192nd Regiment's 2nd Open Tank Company, divisional command ordered the crews of the two Italian-equipped Closed Tank Companies to abandon their vehicles and help man the Universal Carriers. The Italian tanks were hence abandoned and took no part in the fighting, but the reorganization of the 2nd Open Tank Company was not completed until April 8. 191st Regiment was also ordered to send a squadron of its Tank Company to the Rupel Pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 7 April\nEarly in the morning of 7 April, the Germans launched an attack through the level plain between Lake Doiran and the mountains, but was repelled and retreated north of Mouries. On the same day, however, news of the collapse of the Yugoslav front to the north opened the possibility that German forces would outflank TSAM through the Vardar River valley, and TSAM ordered the 19th Division to plug the gap by extending its front to the west up to the Vardar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0017-0001", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 7 April\nThe division took over the troops of the 11th Border Sector as well, while the remainder of the 1st Security Battalion (a further two infantry companies and MG squads) and three 3.7\u00a0cm Flak guns were sent as reinforcements, denuding Thessaloniki of virtually any military unit. The 19th Reconnaissance Group was also ordered to move to the division's support. Arriving after an 85\u00a0km night march at the village of Metalliko in the early hours of the next day, it formed the division's only reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 7 April\nThe division now was ordered to occupy a front some 50\u00a0km wide, divided into three subsectors: Eastern, from Akritas to Tavoulari, held by the 192nd Regiment, minus its Foot Battalion which remained at the Krousia sector; Central, at the Metamorfosi heights, to be occupied by the two companies sent from Thessaloniki; and Western, at the Batsova heights, taken over by the 11th Border Sector (two infantry companies). The remainder of the division remained in the Krousia area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 8 April\nThe 192nd Regiment's movement to occupy the Akritas\u2013Tavoulari area was much delayed, so at 03:00, the 19th Reconnaissance Group was ordered to move forward and occupy it instead, as the Greek front was threatened by the advance of the 2nd Panzer Division. In addition, 193rd Regiment was ordered to dispatch two of its infantry companies to the area. These units had barely arrived at Akritas and occupied the Oveliskos height, when the German forces appeared at 06:00 in the form of two armoured columns with aerial support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0019-0001", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 8 April\nThe German attack forced the elements of 193rd Regiment to abandon the height and withdraw south towards Akritas, where the 19th Reconnaissance Group had begun arriving. The 19th Reconnaissance Group commander sent a company to reinforce 193rd Regiment and deployed his troops covering Akritas village from the north, aiming to counterattack as soon as 192nd Regiment arrived to take over the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 8 April\nThe 19th Reconnaissance Group met the German attack divided into three groups, each composed of a Carrier troop, a troop of the Group's Light Company, and three motorcycles with sidecars. Unable to resist the German attack, after a brief struggle, in which they reported two enemy tanks destroyed, the Greek forces defending Akritas retreated to the heights south of the village. The Germans left a few tanks in the village and moved in two columns to capture the village of Megali Sterna on the one hand and the Kalindria railway station and the village of Cherso on the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0020-0001", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 8 April\nThrough their capture of Akritas and the heights to its north, the Germans scored a significant success, opening the path to attacking the Krousia position from the rear. As a result, the surviving forces of the 193rd Regiment and the 19th Reconnaissance Group became de facto encircled and cut off by the two fast-moving German columns, as were the companies of the 9th Border Sector on the division's extreme left. Lacking any heavy weapons, these units had no choice but remain in place and await the arrival of the 192nd Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 8 April\nThe latter, however, would not arrive. Moving from Myriofyto towards Akritas, it was attacked by a German column near Amaranta anad forced to withdraw towards Myriofyto. Further east, another German tank column surprised and took prisoner the two companies of the 1st Security Battalion marching to take over the Metamorfosi heights position. The Batsova heights were occupied by one company of the 11th Border Sector, arriving from Kilkis in cars, but a company of the 1st Security Battalion tasked with joining it disintegrated on the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0021-0001", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 8 April\nAs a result, by 10:30 the left flank of the division had become cut off and the Germans had effectively broken through the left of the Krousia defensive line. Further chaos resulted from an order to the division's units to retreat, which was countermanded by TSAM, resulting in some units remaining in place while others began abandoning the Krousia position. Thus 192nd Regiment left its Foot Battalion in the Krousia area and began withdrawing towards Kilkis. In the same night, 191st Regiment dispatched a mixed mechanized detachment\u2014a light tank company, a car-borne company, and the \"English\" artillery company\u2014to reinforce the Greek positions north of Sidirokastro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 9 and 10 April\nWith his division disintegrating and the Germans advancing\u2014German troops captured Kilkis by 23:00 and entered Thessaloniki at 08:00 in the morning\u2014Lioumbas transferred his command post from Kilkis northeast to the village of Kentriko, where he arrived on 02:00 in the morning, shortly before 192nd Regiment. After contacting his subordinate commanders, and with no contact with TSAM, he ordered the withdrawal of the division southeast along the sole free road towards the villages of Elliniko and Kleisto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 9 and 10 April\nThe mechanized elements of 192nd Regiment arrived at Elliniko first, at 07:00. Most of the other units in the Krousia sector first withdrew to the heights north and northeast of the Panorama village, while 2nd Transport Security Battalion and 2nd Cavalry Regiment headed directly for Elliniko. The units in the Panorama area were all ordered to retreat to Elliniko at 04:00, and arrived there c.\u200915:30. 192nd Regiment's Foot Battalion also withdrew to the heights north of Panorama, but was soon flanked on its left by the Germans, and was forced to withdraw to Kentriko, where it arrived c.\u200904:30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0023-0001", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 9 and 10 April\nDue to the confusion and the disordered mixing of various units, it was not until afternoon that the Foot Battalion was reunited with the rest of the 192nd Regiment at Elliniko. The retreat of 192nd Regiment however left 193rd Regiment without cover on its right flank, and at 02:30 the Germans attacked it from both the right and the rear. After a brief struggle, the regimental commander gave orders to surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Combat history, 9 and 10 April\nFollowing the general capitulation of TSAM, the remnants of the 19th Mechanized Division surrendered to the Germans at Serres in the afternoon of 10 April, while the remnants of the Krousia Detachment did so near Thessaloniki. The division's commander, chief of staff, and a few other officers chose instead to withdraw to the area of Chalkidiki. Apart from sending detachments, 191st Regiment did not participate en masse in battle. As soon as news came of the fall of Thessaloniki, the regiment moved to Stavros, where it disintegrated, with its men dispersing across Chalkidiki. This signalled the end of the division and its major sub-units as coherent fighting forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158219-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Mechanized Division (Greece), Legacy\nThe Hellenic Army considers the 19th Mechanized Division as its first major mechanized formation, and the progenitor of the modern Greek Armour combat arm, which inherited the traditions of the Cavalry arm after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158220-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards\nThe 19th Meril Prothom Alo Awards ceremony, presented by Prothom Alo took place on 21 April 2017 at the Bangabandhu International Conference Center in Dhaka, Bangladesh as a part of 2016 film awards season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158220-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Facts and figures\nThis year Amitabh Reza Chowdhury received best film director award for Aynabaji. Shakib Khan secured his eighth award for Public Choice best film actor and this was fifth in a row from 2010. Nusrat Imroz Tisha in Public Choice best TV actress category for Ekti Taalgachher Golpo. Dilshad Nahar Kona got the awards in best female singer category again and that was double Hat-trick for her since 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158220-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Meril-Prothom Alo Awards, Nominees and winners\nA total of 16 awards were given at the ceremony. Following is the list of the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158221-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Michigan Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158221-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Michigan Infantry was mustered into Federal service at Dowagiac, Michigan, on September 5, 1862. Among the soldiers was Frank Baldwin, who would go on to become one of only nineteen men to ever receive two Medal of Honor citations, one for the Civil War and another after the war while fighting the Indians in the U.S. Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158221-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nAt the Battle of Thompson's Station, March 5th, 1863, the regiment was captured. Losses were 20 killed, 92 wounded, 345 captured, total 457.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158221-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on June 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158221-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 7 officers and 88 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 160 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 255 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158221-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Michigan Infantry Regiment, Further reading\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158222-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Military Airlift Squadron\nThe 19th Military Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 62d Military Airlift Wing, Military Airlift Command, stationed at McChord Air Force Base, Washington. It was inactivated on 22 December 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158222-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Military Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah in July 1942 as the 363d Bombardment Squadron, one of the four original squadrons of the 304th Bombardment Group. In September, the squadron moved to Geiger Field, Washington, where it received its first personnel and began training with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, but soon moved to Virginia and switched to the Consolidated B-24 Liberator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158222-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Military Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter its arrival on the eastern seaboard, the squadron began antisubmarine warfare patrols. In November, it was renamed the 19th Antisubmarine Squadron and in December, its parent 304th Bombardment Group, whose squadrons had dispersed to various locations, was inactivated and the squadron was assigned to the 25th Antisubmarine Wing, which supervised Army Air Forces throughout the Atlantic coast. The Navy believed that more antisubmarine forces were required to protect convoys in the North Atlantic, where attacks were becoming more concentrated. In March, the 19th Antisubmarine Squadron relocated to Gander Airport in Newfoundland, soon joined by two other squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158222-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Military Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nUS Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command had moved some of its north American based antisubmarine squadrons to England in December 1942 as the 2037th Antisubmarine Wing (Provisional), but those early squadrons had subsequently been moved-on to airfields in French Morocco, where they were formed-up into the newly created 480th Antisubmarine Group under the control of the United States Navy Fleet Air Wing 15, part of the Moroccan Sea Frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158222-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Military Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nTo replace them, the antisubmarine squadrons in Newfoundland, including the 19th, were moved to RAF St Eval in Cornwall in March 1943, where they formed the 479th Antisubmarine Group under the control of No. 19 Group of RAF Coastal Command. The group conducted patrols over the Bay of Biscay in coordination with the RAF Coastal Command, achieving its greatest success in the first two months it was in action. Following this period, German U-boats adopted tactics that kept them submerged in the group's area of operations during daylight hours. The 479th Group continued its patrols, occasionally engaging Luftwaffe aircraft until October. The 479th Group was disbanded in England in November, along with the 19th Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158222-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Military Airlift Squadron, History, Special Weapons transportation\nThe second predecessor of the unit was established as the 19th Logistic Support Squadron in 1952 as the first of three logistic support squadrons organized by Air Materiel Command. Its mission was to provide worldwide airlift of nuclear weapons and related equipment, with a secondary mission to airlift other Department of Defense cargo as required when space was available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158222-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Military Airlift Squadron, History, Special Weapons transportation\nIn 1963, Military Air Transport Service assumed the mission of transporting special weapons and the squadron was reassigned to the 62d Troop Carrier Wing, one of the command's two C-124 troop carrier wings. Shortly before its inactivation, its mission changed to that of strategic transport squadron flying worldwide airlift operations. It was inactivated in 1969 with the retirement of the C-124.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158222-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Military Airlift Squadron, History, Special Weapons transportation\nIn 1985 the two squadrons were consolidated and redesignated as the 19th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158222-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Military Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158223-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Missile Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 19th Missile Brigade \"Saint Barbara\" is an artillery formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, based in Khmelnytskyi. Its main armament is tactical ballistic missiles Tochka-U. The brigade is directly subordinated to the Ground Forces Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158224-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment was an infantry formation in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, and was successively commanded by Colonels Christopher Mott, Lucius Lamar, Nathaniel Harris, Thomas Hardin, and Richard Phipps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158224-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, History\nThe Nineteenth Mississippi was organized on June 1, 1861, in the Mississippi Volunteers from the counties of Noxubee, Lafayette, Warren, Jefferson, Tippah, Marshall, and Itawamba. It fought with the Army of Northern Virginia from Williamsburg to Cold Harbor, then served in the Petersburg trenches south of the James River and the Appomattox Campaign. This regiment lost 15 killed and 85 wounded of the 501 engaged at Williamsburg, had 58 killed, 264 wounded, and three missing at Gaines' Mill and Frayser's Farm, and had six killed and 52 wounded in the Maryland Campaign. Its casualties were six killed and 40 wounded at Chancellorsville and seven percent of the 372 at Gettysburg disabled. On April 9, 1865, it surrendered with eight officers and 129 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158225-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 19th Moscow International Film Festival was held from 17 to 28 July 1995. The Golden St. George was not awarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division\nThe 19th Motor Rifle Division appears to have been formed originally in July 1922 at Tambov in the Moscow Military District as a territorial formation. In 1923 it was awarded the 'Tambov' placename and renamed the 19th Voronezh Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, History\nBy the beginning of the Great Patriotic War it consisted of the 32nd, 282nd, and 315th Rifle, 90th Artillery, and the 103rd Howitzer Artillery Regiment. The division entered combat against the Germans on July 19, 1941 near Yelnya as part of the 24th Army of the Western Front. It participated in the Elninskaya offensive, the Battle of Moscow, Rzhev-Vyazma offensive operation in 1942, the Rzhev-Sychevka offensive, Kharkiv defensive operation in 1943, Belgorod-Khar'kov Offensive Operation (3 August 1943 - 23 August 1943) (a part of Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev). As part of the 7th Guards Army, it fought in the Poltava-Kremenchuk offensive, the Pyatihatskoy offensive, Bereznegovatoe-Snigirevskaya Offensive, Odessa offensive, at Chisinau, Izmail offensive, Belgrade Offensive 1944 Derskoy offensive, Bratislava\u2013Brno Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, History\nIt participated in the liberation of the cities Elnya, Ruza, Krasnograd, Bobrynets, Bratislava, Shumla (Shumen) liberated September 9, 1944. For exemplary performance of command assignments in Bulgaria it was given the honorary name \"Shumlinskoy\" on 27 September 1944. It crossed the Seversky Donets, Ingulets, Dniester, Prut, Southern Bug, Dnieper and Danube Rivers. During the Belgrade operation in October 1944 the division entered Yugoslavia, and in November, crossed the Danube River near apathy and in difficult, forested mountainous terrain led fierce battles with the Nazis on his left side. In 1944 it fought through Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, where it ended the war. For its courage in these battles and military skill the division was awarded the Order of Suvorov 2nd degree (January 6, 1945).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, History\nDuring the war it served successively with the 24th, 43rd, 5th, 20th, 3rd Guards Tank, 57th, 37th, 7th Guards, and 46th Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, History\nIn 1945, the division arrived in the Stavropol Military District and was stationed in Vladikavkaz. In May\u2013June 1946, the division was reorganised into the 11th Separate Rifle Brigade. All battalions of the brigade were stationed in Ordzhonikidze (which became Vladikavkaz in 1990). On 1 July 1949 the 11th Separate Rifle Brigade was reorganised as the 19th Mountain Rifle Division, 12th Mountain Corps. On May 31, 1954, the 19th Mountain Division was renamed the 19th Rifle Division. In March 1957 the 19th Rifle Division was reorganized as the 92nd Motor Rifle Division. According to the USSR Minister of Defense Order No. 00147 of November 17, 1964, in order to preserve the martial traditions, the 92nd Motor Rifle Division was renamed the 19th Motor Rifle Division. Thus in 1965 it became again the 19th Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, History\nIt arrived in the Caucasus region by the mid-1950s and has been stationed for many years at Vladikavkaz. In the late 1980s it was part of the 42nd Army Corps at Volgograd and consisted of the 397th Tank Regiment, and the 201st, 429th, and 503rd Motor Rifle Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, History\nToday after reshuffling of units during the last fifteen years it is part of the reformed 58th Army, in the North Caucasus Military District. Division honorifics are - Russian: \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0428\u0443\u043c\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, History\nOn August 8, 2008, elements of the 19th Motor Rifle Division (at least 503rd Motor Rifle Reg.) entered South Ossetia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, History\nIn 2009 as part of the wider restructuring of the Russian Ground Forces the division became the 19th Motor Rifle Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, History\nIn 2020 19th Motorized Rife Brigade became the 19th Motorized Rifle Division within the 58th Army in the Southern Military District. It was reportedly planned to re-equip the Division with T-90M main battle tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158226-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Motor Rifle Division, Personnel and Equipment\nThe 19th Motor Rifle Division currently has approximately 11,000 personnel in active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0000-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (commonly referred to as Sh\u00edji\u01d4 D\u00e0; Chinese: \u5341\u4e5d\u5927) was held at the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, between 18 and 24 October 2017. 2,280 delegates represented the party's estimated 89 million members. Preparations for the 19th National Congress began in 2016 and ended with a plenary session of the Central Committee a few days prior to the Congress. In 2016, local and provincial party organizations began electing delegates to the congress as well as receiving and amending party documents. It will not be succeeded by the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party until 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0001-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nDuring the congress, a new guiding ideology, labeled Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, was written into the party's constitution. It marked the first time since Mao Zedong Thought that a living party leader has enshrined into the party constitution an ideology named after himself. The Congress also emphasized strengthening socialism with Chinese characteristics, party-building, socialist rule of law, and setting concrete timelines for achieving development goals, such as building a moderately prosperous society and achieving \"socialist modernization.\" It was also noted for rallying China to play a more substantial role internationally. The congress was also notable for the consolidation of power under Xi Jinping, marked by the removal of term limits from the Chinese constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0002-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 19th National Congress endorsed the membership list of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and elected the Central Committee, which in turn approved the members of the Politburo and its Standing Committee. Five members of the 18th Politburo Standing Committee left the body due to having reached retirement age, and five new members joined the 19th Standing Committee: Li Zhanshu, Wang Yang, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji, and Han Zheng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0003-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nThe drafting process of the Report of the 18th Central Committee began in mid-to-late 2016, probably before the 6th Plenary Session. Normal procedure is that the sitting Politburo appoints a drafting committee that is responsible for researching major topics and can establish investigative research teams. The Draft Report is sent to party groups, such as the provincial party organisation, to government institutions, the People's Liberation Army and select mass organisations while the drafting committee consults with leading specialists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0003-0001", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nThe 6th Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, which sat 24\u201327 October 2016, in its communique stated that the 19th National Congress would be held in Beijing in the second half of 2017. The drafting process continued after the 6th Plenary Session, and by summer 2017, forums for party and non-party members in Beijing were established to review the draft report. At some point in the process, retired party elders are consulted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0004-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nThe 7th Plenary Session convened on 11 October and was in session until 14 October 2017. 191 CC full members and 141 CC alternate members attended the session, with CCDI members attended in a non-voting capacity. The 7th Plenary Session laid the groundworks for the 19th National Congress, and publicised the date of its convocation. The 18th Politburo put forward a motion to the 7th Plenary Session of sending three documents to the 19th National Congress; the Report of the 18th Central Committee, Work Report of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and amendments to the CPC constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0004-0001", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nXi Jinping presented the report of the 18th Central Committee while Liu Yunshan presented the amendments to the CPC constitution to the 7th Plenary Session. The Work Report of the 18th CCDI had been presented by Wang Qishan at the 8th CCDI Plenary Session on 9 October, and sent to the 7th Plenary Session for approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0005-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nThe Draft Report of the 18th Central Committee was sent to more than 4,700 individuals for review, who represented various regions and departments. Six symposiums to hear opinions and suggestions on the draft report were organised, and Xi attended them. The 7th Plenary Session approved the documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0006-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nThree days later, on 17 October, the preparatory meeting was convened and presided over by Xi. 2,307 of the 19th National Congress delegates attended the meeting. It elected 22 individuals to the Credential Committee, 243 members to the Presidium of the 19th National Congress and Liu Yunshan was elected as the Secretary-General of the 19th National Congress. In addition, the attendees also approved the organizational setup and tasks of the secretariat of the congress. Tuo Zhen, the Deputy Head of the Publicity Department and main spokesperson for the 19th National Congress, publicised the agenda of the 19th National Congress, which had been approved by the preparatory meeting. The agenda was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0007-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Delegates\nThe election of delegates to the 19th National Congress started on 8 November 2016 and ended in June 2017, when the 18th Central Committee had approved the quota, needed qualifications and the election procedure. The criteria of becoming a delegate became \"tougher\" due to the ongoing anti-corruption campaign. As set forth by the 18th central Committee, a delegate is required to \"be highly qualified politically and ideologically, have good work and life styles, be competent in discussing state affairs, and have been successful in their work.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0008-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Delegates\nThe delegates are elected from 40 electoral units. Of the 40 electoral units, 34 are divided by a defined geographical area and six units are for the central party and government. The People's Liberation Army makes up one of the six central units and is the largest in term of delegate quota. One electoral unit represents the departments directly subordinate to the Central Committee and another state-owned economy. The quote on the number of delegates can elect does not reflect population size or party size in the given region. Rather, it reflects the political importance of the given region or subject. For instance, Shanghai has historically sent the highest number of delegates to the party congresses among regional electoral units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0009-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Delegates\nDelegates are elected at local congresses of local party committees. The election process is competitive up to a point, with 15% of preliminary nominees being voted off by members during the election process. For instance, of the delegates elected at local party congresses of the Jiangxi Provincial Committee nominated 90 people. The quota for the Jiangxi electoral unit was 69. In this given unit there was 30% more candidates than seats. Once nominated, the candidates are reviewed by Central Committee through the Organisation Department. The remaining delegates will then have to stand for election at the provincial party congress, and the winners represented their electoral unit at the 19th National Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0010-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Delegates\nIn the election of 2016\u20132017 99.2% of party members participated in the election process, and increase of 1.2% since the last congress. 2,287 delegates were elected according to Xinhua News Agency in early October, an increase of 30 delegates since the 18th National Congress. However, the number was reduced to 2,280 in an announcement on 17 October. Of the delegates, 24.1% were women and 11.5% were ethnic minorities. The number of delegates who represented or were active in frontline production and manufacturing (a category which includes workers, farmers, and technicians) made up 771 delegates (33.7%, an increase of 3.2% from the 18th National Congress).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0011-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Revisions to the Party Constitution\nThe Congress ratified changes to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, including the incorporation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Xi thus became the first leader since Deng Xiaoping to append his name into party ideology; the change also led to many international media outlets calling Xi the \"most powerful leader since Mao.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 90], "content_span": [91, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0012-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes\nThe congress duly elected the party's leading bodies, including the 25-member Politburo, the 7-member Politburo Standing Committee, and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the internal discipline organ that has come to the political foreground since 2012. It also elected a new, scaled down Central Military Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 73], "content_span": [74, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0013-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Succession\nAs expected, Xi Jinping duly renewed his term as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, the party's top position and the de facto top office of China. Before the congress, speculation mounted on whether one of the younger officials already on the Politburo, such as Guangdong party secretary Hu Chunhua or Chongqing party secretary Sun Zhengcai, would be elevated to the Politburo Standing Committee, the party's top decision making body, in preparation for their assuming overall leadership of the party in 2022. However, in July 2017, Sun was abruptly removed from office and then expelled from the party, upsetting the carefully calibrated balance prior to the opening of the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0014-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Politburo Standing Committee\nThe Politburo Standing Committee was generally considered to be the most powerful decision-making body in China. Since 16th Party Congress in 2002, its membership selection had become largely institutionalized, with mandatory retirement of any member who has reached the age of 68 at the time of a party congress. This informal precedent was retained at the 19th Congress. All five of the seven members of the 18th Politburo Standing Committee who were 68 or older at the time of the congress relinquished their seats (birth year in parentheses): Zhang Dejiang (1946), Yu Zhengsheng (1945), Liu Yunshan (1947), Wang Qishan (1948) and Zhang Gaoli (1946).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0015-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Politburo Standing Committee\nAlthough the retirement of four members of retirement age was not in doubt, there was speculation prior to the Congress that Wang Qishan, 69 years old at the time of the Congress, would stay on for another term as the anti-corruption chief. Wang made a media appearance in 2016 during which he stated that he was anticipating retiring soon due to his age, though it did not reduce the speculation. Ultimately, Wang retired from all party bodies at the congress, but became Vice-President, a largely symbolic position, in 2018, signaling that he would continue to play a limited role in state affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0016-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Politburo Standing Committee\nXi and Li Keqiang renewed their terms on the Politburo Standing Committee; five new members joined, listed below in order of precedence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0017-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Politburo Standing Committee\nThe list was consistent with that released by the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post on 22 October, showing that external media sources continued to have access to the last-minute deliberations of the Beijing leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 103], "content_span": [104, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0018-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Politburo\nAccording to convention, Politburo members entering the body in 2017 must be born after 1950. Three members of the outgoing Politburo, Liu Qibao, Zhang Chunxian, and Li Yuanchao, were not elected to the incoming Politburo even though they met the relevant age requirements. Liu and Zhang continued to hold seats in the Central Committee and were eventually given ceremonial positions with the CPPCC and NPC, respectively. Li Yuanchao did not secure a seat on the Central Committee and retired from politics altogether. All members of the 18th Politburo born prior to 1950 retired without exception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 84], "content_span": [85, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0018-0001", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Politburo\nHu Chunhua, Xu Qiliang and Sun Chunlan returned to the Politburo for a second term, while Cai Qi, who was not even part of the outgoing Central Committee, vaulted directly into the Politburo. Taking into account Standing Committee members who were all promoted from the Politburo level, the changes represented a 60% turnover of membership between the 18th and 19th Politburo. Out of a total of fifteen 'open' seats, at least ten of the individuals promoted to fill them were close associates of Xi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 84], "content_span": [85, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0019-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Politburo\nThe full list of Politburo members (excluding Standing Committee) was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 84], "content_span": [85, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0020-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Secretariat\nThe day-to-day executive organ of the Politburo, the Secretariat, also saw significant turnover; the Politburo members in charge of the propaganda and organization departments, and the General Office chief typically held a seat on the Secretariat. The likely areas of purview for each secretary are listed along with their names. All members of the 19th Secretariat are also concurrently members of the Politburo, with the sole exception of You Quan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 86], "content_span": [87, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0021-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Leadership changes, Central Committee\nThe Central Committee, composed of 204 members, was elected on 24 October 2017. Like previous congresses, the \"more candidates than seats\" elections method was used. 8% of candidates were rejected by delegate vote - the same ratio from the 18th Party Congress in 2012. Since 2007 the higher ranks of the party apparatus has seen its median age increase while retaining retirement limits. The 19th Central Committee showed a continuation of this trend; Lu Hao (born 1967), the youngest full member of the previous CC, remained its youngest member. 78 members of the 18th CC were named to the 19th CC, while 32 alternate members of the 18th CC were elected to full membership of the 19th CC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 92], "content_span": [93, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0022-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, References, Sources\nPlenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity, the Central Committee member- and alternate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership, Central Military Commission members, Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection membership, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, offices an individual held, retirement, if the individual in question is military personnel, female, has been expelled, is currently under investigation or has retired:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158227-0023-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, References, Sources\nThe following is a list of all resolutions and report produced by the 19th National Congress that were made available to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158228-0000-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 19th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a) was the nineteenth national congress of the Kuomintang (KMT), which held on 10 November 2013 in Taichung Harbor Sports Stadium, Wuqi, Taichung, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158228-0001-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Kuomintang, History\nThe 19th national congress was originally planned to be held on 29 September 2013 at National Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, but later changed to Taichung due to security concern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158228-0002-0000", "contents": "19th National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nThis congress marked the official inauguration of Ma Ying-jeou second term as Chairman of KMT in which he had won previously with 91.85% result during the KMT chairmanship election on 20 July 2013. Lien Chan and Wu Po-hsiung were reelected as KMT honorary chairmen. The current six vice chairpersons of KMT were also remain in their post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158229-0000-0000", "contents": "19th National Film Awards\nThe 19th National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in the year 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158229-0001-0000", "contents": "19th National Film Awards, Juries\nFour different committees were formed based on the film making sectors in India, mainly based in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras along with the central committee for all India level. For 19th National Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158229-0002-0000", "contents": "19th National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is now given as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is now given as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158229-0003-0000", "contents": "19th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films\nFeature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 19th National Film Awards, a Bengali film Seemabadha won the President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158229-0004-0000", "contents": "19th National Film Awards, Awards, Feature films, Regional Award\nThe awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India. For feature films in English, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Oriya and Punjabi language, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film was not given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158229-0005-0000", "contents": "19th National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nFollowing were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158230-0000-0000", "contents": "19th National Geographic Bee\nThe 19th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 23, 2007, sponsored by the National Geographic Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158230-0001-0000", "contents": "19th National Geographic Bee, Overview\nThe final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was Caitlin Snaring, a homeschooled student from Redmond, Washington, who won a $25,000 college scholarship and lifetime membership in the National Geographic Society. The 2nd-place winner, Suneil Iyer of Kansas, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Mark Arildsen of Tennessee, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158231-0000-0000", "contents": "19th National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 19th National Hockey League All-Star Game was played in Montreal Forum on October 20, 1965, where the host Montreal Canadiens lost to a team of all-stars from the remaining NHL teams 5\u20132. It was the last time that an All-Star Game was held at the start of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158231-0001-0000", "contents": "19th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Rosters\nNote: Laperriere and Provost were members of the 1964\u201365 First All-Star team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158231-0002-0000", "contents": "19th National Hockey League All-Star Game, Rosters\nNote: G = Goaltender, D = Defence, C = Centre, LW = Left Wing, RW = Right WingSource: Podnieks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158232-0000-0000", "contents": "19th National Television Awards\nThe 19th National Television Awards was held at The O2 Arena on 22 January 2014. The event was presented by Dermot O'Leary, who himself was nominated for an award. The ceremony was broadcast live on ITV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158232-0001-0000", "contents": "19th National Television Awards\nAnt & Dec, Coronation Street and Doctor Who were among the big winners, whilst Benedict Cumberbatch picked up the new TV detective award. This is the only ceremony not to feature the Special Recognition Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158233-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Nervous Breakdown\n\"19th Nervous Breakdown\" is a song recorded by the English rock band the Rolling Stones. Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, it was recorded in late 1965 and released as a single in February 1966. It reached number 2 on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and Britain's Record Retailer chart (subsequently the UK Singles Chart), while topping the charts compiled by Cash Box and NME. In the UK, it broke the band's streak of consecutive number-one singles that had started with \"It's All Over Now\" (1964).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158233-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Nervous Breakdown, Composition and recording\nThe song was written during the group's October\u2013December 1965 tour of the United States and recorded at the conclusion of their fourth North American tour during the Aftermath album sessions, between 3 and 8 December 1965 at RCA Recording Studios in Hollywood, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158233-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Nervous Breakdown, Composition and recording\nJagger came up with the title first and then wrote the lyrics around it. The opening guitar figure is played by Keith Richards while in the verses Brian Jones plays a bass-note figure that derives from \"Diddley Daddy\" by Bo Diddley, a major influence on the Rolling Stones' style. Here the riff is extended into a long blues chord progression behind verbose lyrics similar to those of their previous UK single, \"Get Off of My Cloud\", and the verse alternates with a bridge theme. The track is also known for Bill Wyman's so-called \"dive-bombing\" bass line at the end. At almost four minutes' duration, it is long by the standards of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158233-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Nervous Breakdown, Release\n\"19th Nervous Breakdown\" was released as a single on 4 February 1966 in the UK and on 12 February 1966 in the US. Like many early Rolling Stones recordings, \"19th Nervous Breakdown\" has been officially released only in mono sound. A rather weak stereo mix (as well as being about 20 seconds shorter) of the song has turned up in private and bootleg collections. One version of the stereo mix features a radically different vocal from Jagger, who alternates between mellow on the verses and rawer on the chorus. The Stones performed \"19th Nervous Breakdown\" live on The Ed Sullivan Show on 11 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158233-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Nervous Breakdown, Release\n\"19th Nervous Breakdown\" has further appeared on numerous Stones compilations, including Hot Rocks 1964\u20131971 (1971), Singles Collection: The London Years (1989), Forty Licks (2002), and GRRR! (2012).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158233-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Nervous Breakdown, Release\nIn 2016, a previously unreleased alternate mono mix of the track appeared on Stray Cats, a compilation of singles and non-album tracks, in the box set The Rolling Stones in Mono.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158233-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Nervous Breakdown, Commercial performance\nIn the UK, \"19th Nervous Breakdown\" reached number 2 on the Record Retailer chart. The single topped the NME Top 30 chart for three weeks in addition to the BBC's Pick of the Pops charts. The single was the fifth best-selling single of 1966 in the UK, achieving greater full-year sales than both Nancy Sinatra's \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" and the Stones' own \"Paint It Black\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158233-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Nervous Breakdown, Commercial performance\nIn the US, \"19th Nervous Breakdown\" peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks, behind \"The Ballad of the Green Berets\" by SSgt Barry Sadler and number 1 on the Cash Box Top 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158234-0000-0000", "contents": "19th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 19th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between February 12, 1862, and February 8, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158234-0001-0000", "contents": "19th New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158234-0002-0000", "contents": "19th New Brunswick Legislature\nJohn M. Johnson was chosen as speaker. In 1863, John C. Allen was named speaker after Johnson was named Attorney General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158236-0000-0000", "contents": "19th New York Cavalry Regiment\nThe 19th New York Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158236-0001-0000", "contents": "19th New York Cavalry Regiment, Service\nOriginally mustered into service as the 130th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment it was converted to cavalry on July 28, 1863, and designated as the 19th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry. The men were recruited from Allegany, Livingston, and Wyoming counties. The 19th Cavalry was officially re-designated as the 1st Regiment New York Dragoons on September 10, 1863. The regiment was commanded by Col. Alfred Gibbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0000-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature\nThe 19th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 11, 1796, during the first year of John Jay's governorship, in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0001-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0002-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Background\nIn March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0003-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Background\nOn February 7, 1791, the Legislature had re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts, according to the figures of the 1790 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0004-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Background\nMatthew Clarkson resigned, leaving a vacancy in the Southern District; and John Williams was elected to Congress, leaving a vacancy in the Eastern District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0005-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0006-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe State election was held from April 28 to 30, 1795. U.S. Chief Justice John Jay was elected Governor; and State Senator Stephen Van Rensselaer was elected Lieutenant Governor; both were Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0007-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Elections\nSenators Samuel Jones, Joshua Sands (both Southern D.), Thomas Tillotson (Middle D.) and Philip Schuyler (Western D.) were re-elected. Abraham Schenck (Middle D.) and Ebenezer Russell (Eastern D.) were also elected to full terms in the Senate. Philip Livingston (Southern D.) and Ambrose Spencer (Eastern D.) were elected to fill the vacancies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0008-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature was to meet at Federal Hall in New York City on January 5, 1796, but assembled a quorum only the next day. Both Houses adjourned on April 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0009-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWilliam North was re-elected Speaker with a vote of 29 against 18 for James Watson; both were Federalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0010-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 12, 1796, the Legislature divided the State into seven districts, in each of which an Assistant Attorney General was to be the principal prosecuting officer, instead of the Attorney General and his deputy who had prosecuted statewide. The Attorney General continued to prosecute personally in New York City; the original Assistant Attorneys General appointed were: Nathaniel Lawrence, Jacob Radcliff, Ambrose Spencer, Anthony I. Blanchard, Abraham Van Vechten, William Stuart and Thomas R. Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0011-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 4, 1796, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts, based on the figures of the New York State Census of 1795. The number of State Senators was increased from 24 to 43; the number of assemblymen was increased from 70 to 108; the two-county Assembly districts were dismembered, and several new counties were created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0012-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0013-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0014-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158237-0015-0000", "contents": "19th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158238-0000-0000", "contents": "19th New Zealand Parliament\nThe 19th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It opened on 24 June 1915, following the 1914 election. It was dissolved on 27 November 1919 in preparation for 1919 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158238-0001-0000", "contents": "19th New Zealand Parliament, Sessions\nThe 19th Parliament opened on 24 June 1915, following the 1914 general election. It sat for six sessions (with two sessions in 1918), and was dissolved on 27 November 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158238-0002-0000", "contents": "19th New Zealand Parliament, Historical context\nThe 19th Parliament was the second term of the Reform Party government, which had been elected in the 1911 election. William Massey, the leader of the Reform Party, remained Prime Minister. The Liberal Party, led by former Prime Minister Joseph Ward, was technically the main opposition party, although for the majority of the term, the Liberals were part of a war-time coalition with Reform. Two small left-wing parties, the Social Democratic Party and the loosely grouped remnants of the United Labour Party, also held seats, and there was one left-wing independent (John Payne). During the 19th Parliament, the Social Democrats and most of the United Labour Party merged to form the modern Labour Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158238-0003-0000", "contents": "19th New Zealand Parliament, Party standings\nThere were 616,043 electors on the European roll, with 521,525 (84.66%) voting, including 5,618 informal votes. Turnout including Maori voters was 540,075. The following table shows votes at and party strengths immediately after the 1914 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158238-0004-0000", "contents": "19th New Zealand Parliament, Members, Initial MPs\n76 general and 4 M\u0101ori electorates existed for the 19th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158238-0005-0000", "contents": "19th New Zealand Parliament, Members, Initial MPs\nThe following are the results of the 1914 general election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158238-0006-0000", "contents": "19th New Zealand Parliament, Members, By-elections during the 19th Parliament\nThere were a number of changes during the term of the 19th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158239-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nThe 19th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly in Canada was established by the results of the 2019 Northwest Territories general election on October 1, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158239-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly\nIn the 2019 election, 9 of the 19 MLAs elected were women, a record in both NWT and all of Canada. Previously, the most sitting women MLAs was three. On July 27, following the resignation of Jackson Lafferty and the subsequent by-election victory of Jane Weyallon Armstrong, the Legislature had 10 women to 9 men, and became the first jurisdiction in Canada to have a majority of women legislators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158239-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly, Executive Council of the Northwest Territories\nMinisters at present are as follows (current as of July 2021):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 95], "content_span": [96, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158241-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\n19th Ohio Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158241-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 19th Ohio Battery was organized in Cleveland, Ohio and mustered in September 10, 1862, for a three-year enlistment under Captain Joseph C. Shields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158241-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to December 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to January 1863. District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1863. Reserve Artillery, XXIII Corps, to January 1864. 1st Brigade. 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to April 1864. Artillery, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, to February 1865. Artillery, 2nd Division, XXIII Corps, Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158241-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 19th Ohio Battery mustered out of service at Salisbury, North Carolina, on June 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158241-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nMoved to Covington, Ky., October 6; then marched to Lexington, Ky., October 23\u201328. Camp at Ashland, Lexington, Ky., until December 1862. Moved to Richmond, Ky., December 10; then to Danville, Ky., December 31, and to Frankfort January 5, 1863. Return to Lexington, Ky., February 22, and duty there until June 6. March to Somerset June 6\u201310. Pursuit of Morgan from Somerset, Ky., to Steubenville, Ohio, July 5\u201329. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. Expedition to Cumberland Gap September 3\u20137. Operations about Cumberland Gap September 7\u201310. Duty at Knoxville, Tenn., until December. Knoxville Campaign November 4 to December 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158241-0004-0001", "contents": "19th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nCampbell's Station November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Camp at College Hill until March 1864. Moved to Morristown March 15, then to Mossy Creek. Moved to Knoxville April 20, then march to Cleveland, Tenn., April 27-May 3. Atlanta Campaign May to September. Demonstrations on Dalton May 9\u201313. Rocky Faced Ridge May 9\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158241-0004-0002", "contents": "19th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nLost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Capture of Decatur July 19. Howard House July 20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Duty at Decatur until October, and at Atlanta until November 1. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., November 1. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. In front of Columbia, Tenn., November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158241-0004-0003", "contents": "19th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nBattle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tenn., until January 15, 1865. Movement to North Carolina via Washington, D.C., January 15\u201322. Occupation of Wilmington February 22; duty there until March 6. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Raleigh and Salisbury, N.C., until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158241-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 9 enlisted men during service; 2 killed and 7 died due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe 19th Ohio Infantry Regiment organized at Cleveland, Ohio, in April and May 1861 in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment moved to Columbus, Ohio, on May 27 and mustered in on May 29, to date from April 27, 1861, under the command of Colonel Samuel Beatty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nCompanies A and B moved to Bellaire, Ohio, on May 27, and guard duty there until June 3, and at Glover's Gap and Manington until June 20. The regiment at Zainesville until June 20. Moved to Parkersburg, W. Va., June 20\u201323. Attached to Rosecran's Brigade, Army of West Virginia. Moved to Clarksburg June 25. March to Buckhannon June 29\u201330. Occupation of Buckhannon June 30. Campaign in West Virginia July 6\u201317. Battle of Rich Mountain July 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-months regiment\nThe regiment moved to Columbus July 23\u201327 and mustered out by companies: A, August 27; B and C, August 29; D, August 30; E, August 28; F, August 30; G, August 31; H, August 18; I, August 30; and K, August 31, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 19th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Alliance, Ohio and mustered in for three years service on September 25, 1861, under the command of Colonel Charles Frederick Manderson. The regiment was recruited in the same counties as the three-months regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe regiment was attached to 11th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 11th Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. 11th Brigade, 5th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 11th Brigade, 5th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, to June 1865. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, to August 1865. Department of Texas, to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Three-years regiment\nThe 19th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, on October 24, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Camp Dennison, Ohio, November 6, thence to Louisville, Ky., November 16. Duty at Camp Jenkins, Louisville, Lebanon, Renick's Creek, Jamestown and Greasy Creek until February 1862. March to Nashville, Tenn., February 15-March 8, and to Savannah, Tenn., March 18-April 6. Battle of Shiloh, Tenn., April 6\u20137, Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 31-June 6. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Battle Creek, Ala., and duty there until August 21. March to Louisville, Ky., in pursuit of Bragg August 21-September 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0007-0001", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201315. Battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8 (reserve). March to Nashville, Tenn., October 16-November 7, and duty there until December 26. Advance on Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 26\u201330. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Duty at Murfreesboro until June. Tullahoma Campaign June 22-July 7. Liberty Gap June 22\u201324. At McMinnville until August 16. Passage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201320. Siege of Chattanooga, Tenn., September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23\u201324.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0007-0002", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMissionary Ridge November 25. Pursuit to Graysville November 26\u201327. March to relief of Knoxville November 28-December 8. Operations in eastern Tennessee December 1863 to April 1864. Regiment reenlisted January 1, 1864. Atlanta Campaign May l-September 8, Duty at Parker's Gap May 6\u201318. Advance to the Etowah May 18\u201323. Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325. Operations on Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Pickett's Mills May 27. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Mountain June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0007-0003", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Operations against Hood, in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. Moved to Huntsville, Ala., and duty there until March 1865. Expedition from Whitesburg February 17. Operations in eastern Tennessee March 15-April 22. Duty at Nashville until June. Moved to New Orleans, La., June 16, thence to Texas. Duty at Green Lake until September 11, and at San Antonio until October 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158242-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 279 men during service; 7 officers and 104 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 6 officers and 162 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158243-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Oklahoma Legislature\nThe Nineteenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met in regular session at the Oklahoma State Capitol in Oklahoma City from January 5 to April 1, 1943, and in special session April 10\u201321, 1944, during the term of Governor Robert S. Kerr. The special session was called by the governor to ensure military men and women could participate in the 1944 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158243-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, Senate\nAs Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate, giving him a tie-breaking vote and allowing him to serve as the presiding officer in ceremonial instances or during joint session. Tom Anglin served as the primary presiding officer, or President Pro Tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. He was a former Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, during the term of Governor William H. Murray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158243-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, House of Representatives\nThe Oklahoma Democratic Party held 93 seats in the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1943, allowing them to select the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Harold Freeman of Pauls Valley, Oklahoma served in the role during the regular session in 1943 and Merle Lansden, a Marine private from Beaver, Oklahoma, served in the role during the special session in 1944. Freeman was unable to serve because of being called to serve. R.M. Mountcastle of Muskogee, Oklahoma served as the second-in-command, or Speaker Pro Tempore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group\nThe 19th Operations Group (19 OG) is the operational flying component of the United States Air Force 19th Airlift Wing, stationed at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group\nEquipped with the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, the group provides part of Air Mobility Command's Global Reach capability. Tasking requirements range from supplying humanitarian airlift relief to victims of disasters, to airdropping supplies and troops into the heart of contingency operations in hostile areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group\nThe 19 OG is one of the oldest organizations in the Air Force, being a successor organization of the 19th Bombardment Group, one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group\nAs part of the Far East Air Force, the unit was stationed at Clark Field in the Philippines when the Japanese attacked on 8 December 1941, suffering numerous casualties and losing most of its Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses in the attack. A small number of its aircraft escaped to fly combat missions in the Philippines; Netherlands East Indies and Papua New Guinea during early 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group\nIn March 1942, the group was re-established in Australia, as part of the Fifth Air Force. From far-flung bases in Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, the group carried out missions over Japanese-held areas in New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group\nAfter moving to Guam in 1944, the group was re-equipped with the Boeing B-29 Superfortress and conducted its first raid with B-29s on 25 February 1945, against Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group\nThe group has earned the distinction of being one of the most decorated units in the Air Force. Unit honors include nine Presidential Unit Citations, two Air Force Meritorious Unit Awards, ten Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards, one Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, and one Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, Units\nThe 19th Operations Group is composed of seven flying squadrons, flying the Lockheed C-130 Hercules:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, Heraldry\nThe group's emblem, approved in 1936, shows a winged sword in front of the constellation of Pegasus, indicating both the striking force and navigation capability of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History\nThe 19th Observation Group was constituted as part of the United States Army Air Corps on 18 October 1927, without personnel or equipment. In 1929 its paper designation was changed to the 19th Bombardment Group, and it came into being with its activation at Rockwell Field, California, in June 1932. Two of its four squadrons, the 23rd and 72nd Bomb Squadrons, were permanently detached for service in Hawaii with the 5th Composite Group. The two squadrons at Rockwell, the 30th and 32nd Bomb Squadrons, were equipped with Keystone B-3A bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History\nThe unit flew training missions along the California coast for coastal defense between 1932 and 1935. On 1 March 1935, all aviation combat units of the AAC in the United States were reorganized into General Headquarters Air Force, the first centralized control of the air striking arm of the United States. The 19th BG moved to March Field, California, in October 1935, as part of the 1st Wing, commanded by Brig. Gen. Henry H. Arnold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History\nIn 1940, the group was equipped with the new B-17B Flying Fortress, the first production version of the B-17. The unit made aviation history on the night of 13\u201314 May 1941 when they ferried 21 B-17s from California to Hawaii to equip the new 11th Bomb Group, landing on schedule within 30 minutes of each other and in the order they took off. The crews returned to the United States by ship and relocated to Albuquerque AAF to train navigators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History\nThe 19th BG redeployed two of its three squadrons (the 30th and 93d) to the Philippines between 16 October and 4 November 1941. The 26 bombers, traveling individually and at night on their longest leg, flew a trans-Pacific route from Hamilton Field, California; to Hickam Field, Hawaii; Midway Island; Wake Island; Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea; Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; and Clark Field, Luzon, a distance of over 10,000 miles, nearly all of it over water. The route had been pioneered between 5 and 12 September 1941 by the 14th Bombardment Squadron, which was attached as the group's third squadron after its arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History\nThe 28th Bombardment Squadron, a squadron that had long been based in the Philippines with the 4th Composite Group (being broken up and disbanded), but now rostered by pilots fresh out of flight training, was also attached to the group as its fourth squadron and began transition training to the B-17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0013-0001", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History\nThe 19th BG had an inventory of 6 B-17C and 29 B-17D, although one B-17D was out of commission during its entire overseas service when it broke off its tail in a collision with a parked aircraft while landing in a typhoon after its flight from the United States on 12 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-17 Flying Fortress era\nThe unit was based at Clark Field as the bomber command of the Far East Air Force when the Japanese attacked on 8 December 1941, inflicting numerous casualties and destroying two-thirds of the 19 B-17s at Clark in the attack. The 14th and 93d Squadrons, with 14 B-17D and two B-17C bombers, had been ordered to Del Monte Airfield on Mindanao just two days prior and escaped unharmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-17 Flying Fortress era\nDuring December 1941, the 19th began reconnaissance and bombardment operations against Japanese shipping and landing parties until 17 December when badly in need of depot maintenance, it began displacing south to Darwin. By the end of the year, ground personnel joined infantry units defending the Philippines, while the air echelon in Australia continued operations, including transport of supplies to the Philippines and evacuation of personnel. On 29 December 11 of the survivors moved forward to Singosari Airfield near Malang, Java, to continue combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-17 Flying Fortress era\nThe group flew B-17s, B-24s, and LB-30s from Java against enemy airfields, shipping, and ground installations during the Japanese offensive against the Netherlands East Indies during early 1942, and was again evacuated on 2 March to Australia. It participated in the Battle of the Coral Sea, in May 1942, and raided enemy transportation and communications targets as well as troop concentrations during the Japanese invasion of Papua New Guinea. The group bombed enemy airdromes, ground installations, and shipping near Rabaul, New Britain in August 1942. Capt . Harl Pease, who had been with the group since the start of the war, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for a mission flown on 7 August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-17 Flying Fortress era\nBy late 1942, the USAAF decided that no more B-17s would be sent to the Pacific, and that units would be withdrawn or re-equipped in the Pacific in favor of the longer-ranged B-24 Liberator. In addition, the combat losses by Eighth Air Force in Europe were reaching such magnitudes that the entire B-17 production was urgently needed for replacements and training in that theater. The 19th Bomb Group was withdrawn from Australia and returned to Pocatello Army Air Base, Idaho in December to be a replacement training organization for II Bomber Command. However, weather in the northwestern United States was not conducive to training missions, and the 19th was moved to Pyote Army Airfield, Texas in January where it performed a training mission until November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-29 Superfortress era\nThe group was largely unmanned from December 1943 to 1 April 1944, when it was inactivated. The group was activated the same date at Great Bend Army Airfield in Kansas, at the 19th Bombardment Group (Very Heavy) and began training for B-29 Superfortress combat missions. Delays in B-29 production and many modifications to the new aircraft led to extensive delays in the group's training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0018-0001", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-29 Superfortress era\nConstruction of the B-29 airfields in the Marianas chain of islands, consisting primarily of Saipan, Tinian, and Guam, also delayed deployment to the Pacific until the group was ordered to the massive new North Field on Guam on 16 January 1945. On Guam the 19th was assigned to the 314th Bombardment Wing, XXI Bomber Command, Twentieth Air Force. The group's aircraft were identified with a large 96-inch black box on the tail fin, with a \"M\" painted in the middle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-29 Superfortress era\nAfter some familiarity and training missions, the 19th conducted its first B-29 bombing raid over Japan on 25 February 1945, attacking Northeast Tokyo on a high-altitude bombing mission. The bombing results, however were poor. Over Japan, the B-29s encountered the jet stream, which was a high-speed wind coming out of the west at speeds as high as 200\u00a0mph at precisely the altitudes at which the bombers were operating. This caused the bomber formations to be disrupted and made accurate bombing impossible. Other targets in Japan were attacked and the results were still disappointing. Only ten percent of the damage done by the bombs was actually inside the target areas, and numerous aircraft were lost in these raids, many to accidents caused by engine failures due to the stress of flying in the jet stream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-29 Superfortress era\nConcerned about the relative failure of the B-29 offensive to deal any crippling blows to Japan, General LeMay issued a new directive on 19 February. General LeMay had analyzed the structure of the Japanese economy, which depended heavily on cottage industries housed in cities close to major industrial areas. By destroying these feeder industries, the flow of vital components to the central plants could be slowed, disorganizing production of weapons vital to Japan. He decided to do this by using incendiary bombs rather than purely high-explosive bombs, which would, it was hoped, cause general conflagrations in large cities like Tokyo or Nagoya, spreading to some of the priority targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-29 Superfortress era\nThe first raid to use these new techniques was on the night of 9\u201310 March against Tokyo. Another wing\u2014the 314th Bombardment Wing (19th, 29th, 39th, and 330th BG) commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas S. Power\u2014had arrived in the Marianas and was stationed at North Field on Guam. A total of 302 B-29s participated in the raid, with 279 arriving over the target. The raid was led by special pathfinder crews who marked central aiming points. It lasted for two hours. The raid was a success beyond General LeMay's wildest expectations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0021-0001", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-29 Superfortress era\nThe individual fires caused by the bombs joined to create a general conflagration, which would have been classified as a firestorm but for prevailing winds gusting at 17 to 28\u00a0mph (27 to 45\u00a0km/h). When it was over, sixteen square miles of the center of Tokyo had gone up in flames and nearly 84,000 people had been killed. Fourteen B-29s were lost. The B-29 was finally beginning to have an effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-29 Superfortress era\nBy 20 March, XXI Bomber Command had run out of incendiaries, forcing a momentary pause. While waiting for new incendiary stocks, LeMay devoted his B-29s to flying tactical missions over the island of Kyushu in support of the invasion of Okinawa. Airfields and support facilities were primary targets. These raids lasted until early May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, World War II, B-29 Superfortress era\nBy the end of the war in August 1945, the 19th Bombardment Group flew 65 raids on the Japanese home islands, bombing strategic targets in Japan, participating in incendiary bomb attacks against Japanese cities, and attacked kamikaze airfields during the invasion of Okinawa in the spring of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 68], "content_span": [69, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1945\nIn the late 1940s, the 19th conducted sea-search, photographic mapping, and training missions in the western Pacific. It was the only Bombardment Group not in the Strategic Air Command chain of command and, in 1950, the only Bombardment Group permanently stationed outside the continental limits of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1945\nWhen the Korean War broke out in late June 1950, the 19th Bombardment Group was immediately detached from the Wing for combat operations from Kadena AB, Okinawa. From Kadena, the squadrons (28th, 30th 93d) attacked North Korean invasion forces. The first B-29 Superfortress unit in the war, the group on 28 June attacked North Korean storage tanks, marshalling yards, and armor in the vicinity of Seoul, South Korea. This was the first of just under 650 combat missions during the course of the war. In the first two months of the war, it flew more than six hundred sorties, supporting UN ground forces by bombing enemy troops, vehicles, and such communications points as the Han River bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1945\nAt Kadena, the group was initially under the operational control of Twentieth Air Force, after 8 July 1950, it was attached to FEAF Bomber Command (Provisional). Many of the aircraft flown by the 19th Bomb Group squadrons in combat were refurbished B-29s that were placed in storage after World War II, then brought back into operational service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0027-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1945\nIn the north, its targets included an oil refinery and port facilities at Wonsan, a railroad bridge at Pyongyang, and Yonpo Airfield. After United Nations ground forces pushed the communists out of South Korea, the 19th BG turned to strategic objectives in North Korea, including industrial and hydroelectric facilities. It also continued to attack bridges, marshalling yards, supply centers, artillery and troop positions, barracks, port facilities, and airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0028-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1945\nIn accordance with organizational change within the Strategic Air Command and later throughout the entire Air Force, the 19th Bomb Group was inactivated on 1 June 1953 and its squadrons assigned directly to the 19th Bomb Wing as part of the Tri-Deputate organization of the wing, which moved its headquarters to Kadena. In combat over the skies of Korea, there were at least 33 reported aircraft losses in the 19th Bomb Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0029-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1991\nReactivated in 1991 as the 19th Operations Group when the 19th Air Refueling Wing implemented the Objective Wing organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0030-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1991\nFrom January 1992, it provided an EC-137 and crews to support the United States Special Operations Command, and from August 1992 the wing supported the Saudi Tanker Task Force. It provided air refueling support to NATO fighters in Bosnia in September\u2013October 1995. Several KC-135R tankers deployed to Southwest Asia to support Operation Southern Watch, January\u2013March 1996 and to Turkey for Operation Provide Comfort, April\u2013June 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0031-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1991\nOn 1 July 1996, the 19th Air Refueling Wing was inactivated, and its functions turned over to its operations group, redesignated the 19th Air Refueling Group. The 19th ARG consists of four squadrons: 19th Operations Support Squadron (OSS), 19th Maintenance Squadron (MXS), 19th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS), and the 99th Air Refueling Squadron (ARS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0032-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1991\nThe Black Knights returned to Istres, France, in August 1996 deploying five aircraft and 125 personnel in support of Operation Deny Flight. In December, the group received an inspection from the Air Mobility Command's Quality Air Force Assessment Team. During the inspection, the team found the 19th's leadership, support, and maintenance to be among the best in Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0033-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1991\nBlack Knight aircraft and personnel deployed to numerous contingency operations and exercises during 1997 and continued the group's record for success. 1998 proved to be another banner year for the 19th. Most notably, the Black Knights supported Operation Northern Watch, enforcing the United Nation's no-fly zone in northern Iraq; Operation Desert Thunder, US action against Iraqi aggression; and Operation Constant Vigil, US antidrug operations in the Caribbean. The 99th Air Refueling Squadron was named the Air Force Association's Citation of Honor winner for the unit that contributed most to national defense during 1998. Additionally, the 99th won the coveted General Carl A. Spaatz Trophy for 1998\u2014given annually to the \"Best Air Refueling Squadron in the US Air Force.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0034-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, From 1991\nThe 19th was off to another record start in 1999 when it earned a rare, perfect \"Outstanding\" during its Headquarters, Air Mobility Command Operational Readiness Inspection. Additionally, the 19th had just returned from supporting Operation Deliberate Forge and Operation Allied Force (US support for the NATO's Air War over the Former Yugoslavia), having deployed over three-fourths of its personnel and aircraft to four forward operating locations throughout Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0035-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, 21st century\nEven after the war, the new millennium brought the 19th many new challenges. The Black Knights, although the last home, were the first to reconstitute its forces and prepare for its role as the first on-call expeditionary force for the Air Force's newest Expeditionary Aerospace Force concept. Furthermore, the recognition continued as the 19th received the AMC nomination for USSTRATCOM's Omaha Trophy for DoD's unit that best supported the Single Integrated Operational Plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0035-0001", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, 21st century\nAlso, the 99 ARS repeated its role as it won the 1999 Spaatz Trophy as well as the AMC nomination for the Citation of Honor Award; the 19 OSS earned the honors of the Best OSS in Twenty-First Air Force; and the 19 AGS not only received the Twenty-First Air Force Maintenance Effectiveness Award, but also dominated the 2000 Rodeo Competition as it brought home the \"Best KC-135 Maintenance\" Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0036-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, 21st century\nThe group's last designation, the 19th Air Refueling Group, stationed at Robins AFB, Georgia, provided worldwide in-flight refueling for combat, logistics, and combat support aircraft of the United States and its allies as directed by the Department of Defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158244-0037-0000", "contents": "19th Operations Group, History, 21st century\nThe 19th Air Refueling Group was inactivated on 30 September 2008 as a result of realignment due to Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) 2005. It was reactivated and redesignated as the 19th Operations Group (a component of the 19th Airlift Wing at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas), on 1 October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158245-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Oregon Legislative Assembly\nThe 19th Oregon Legislative Assembly was scheduled to convene January 11, 1897. The Senate organized, but the House failed to do so. In the House, two factions formed, neither of which had enough members to constitute a quorum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158245-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Oregon Legislative Assembly\nThe Senate elected Joseph Simon as its president for the term, and conducted what business it could without the House's support. It stayed in session for 40 days. Due to the House's failure to organize, no legislation was passed during the session, and Oregon failed to elect a United States Senator. Henry L. Benson and E. J. Davis were the Speakers chosen by the two rival factions; neither served as Speaker during any other session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158245-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Oregon Legislative Assembly\nThe legislature held a special session in 1898, from September 26 to October 15. During that session, Simon was chosen as U.S. Senator, filling a seat that had been vacant for nearly two years. E. V. Carter served as House speaker during the special session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158245-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Oregon Legislative Assembly\nWilliam Paine Lord was governor during the 19th Legislative Assembly, serving the final two years of his single 4-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0000-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Comedy Actor: Keempee de Leon (Bahay Mo Ba \u2018To?, GMA-7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0001-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest New Female TV Personality: Melissa Ricks (SCQ Reload: OK Ako, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0002-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest New Male TV Personality: *Joross Gamboa (Nginiiig, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0003-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Celebrity Talk Show Host: Boy Abunda (Homeboy, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0004-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Game Show Host: Kris Aquino (Pilipinas: Game K N B?, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0005-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Game Show: Pilipinas: Game K N B? (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0006-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Drama Actor: John Lloyd Cruz (It Might Be You, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0007-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Single Performance by an Actress: Lorna Tolentino (Magpakailanman:\u2018Sa Kabila ng AIDS\u2019, GMA-7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0008-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Single Performance by an Actor: Baron Geisler (Maalaala Mo Kaya:\u2018Trolley\u2019, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0009-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Gag Show: Bubble Gang (GMA-7) & Goin\u2019 Bulilit (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0010-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Male Showbiz-Oriented Talk Show Host: Boy Abunda (The Buzz, ABS-CBN 2) & Paolo Bediones (S-Files, GMA-7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0011-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Female Showbiz-Oriented Talk Show Host: Cristy Fermin (The Buzz, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0012-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Reality Competition Program/Hosts: Paolo Bediones & Ethel Booba (Extra Challenge, GMA-7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0013-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Talent Search Program: Search For The Star In A Million (ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0014-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Talent Search Program Host: Luis Manzano & Jodi Sta. Maria (Star Circle National Teen Quest, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0015-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Lifestyle Show Host: Charlene Gonzalez (At Home Ka Dito, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0016-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Male Newscaster: Julius Babao (TV Patrol World, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0017-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Magazine Show Host: Korina Sanchez (Rated K, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0018-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Documentary Program Hosts: Karen Davila, Abner Mercado & co. (The Correspondents);", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0019-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Morning Show Host: Tin-Tin Bersola-Babao, Juliss Babao, Bernadette Sembrano, Erwin Tulfo & Co. (Magandang Umaga Pilipinas, ABS-CBN 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0020-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Public Affairs Program Host: Winnie Monsod & Oscar Orbos (Debate, GMA-7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0021-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Awards, Nominees and winners\nBest Educational Program Host: Ricky Reyes (Ricky Reyes Beauty Plus, RPN-9)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158246-0022-0000", "contents": "19th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Special awards\nMale Star of the Night: JC De Vera & Jay Manalo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158247-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 19th Panzer Division (English: 19th Tank Division) was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II. It was created from the 19th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158247-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division fought exclusively on the Eastern Front, except for a brief period of refitting in the Netherlands in mid-1944. It took part in the battles of Moscow and Kursk as well as in the crushing of the Polish uprising at Warsaw. It eventually surrendered to Soviet forces in Czechoslovakia in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158247-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was formed in November 1940 from the 19th Infantry Division, gaining the 27th Tank Regiment and in turn giving up the 59th Infantry Regiment to the new 20th Panzer Division. The new division was part of Operation Barbarossa which began in June 1941, suffering such heavy casualties in the first two months that one of its three tank battalions had to be disbanded by August. Among other operations, it fought around Velikiye Luki against the Soviet 29th Territorial Rifle Corps. The division took part in the advance in the central sector of the Eastern Front and participated in the Battle of Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158247-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nFurther losses during the defensive operations in the winter of 1941\u201342 forced the division to disbanded another tank battalion, reducing it to just one. The 19th Panzer Division remained in the central sector until late 1942, when it was sent south to support the Italian 8th Army. The division took part in defensive battles after the collapse of the German southern front following the encirclement of the 6th Army at Stalingrad. It participated in the unsuccessful German offensive during the Battle of Kursk, suffering heavy casualties while operating in the area of Belgorod. In October 1943 it was reinforced with an additional tank battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158247-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was part of the German defensive operations and retreat through the Ukraine in late 1943 and early 1944. It was part of the successful escape of the 1st Panzer Army from the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket in April 1944. The 19th Panzer Division, almost destroyed in the previous defensive battles, was sent to the Netherlands in May 1944 to be refitted. In the aftermath of Operation Bagration, the Soviet offensive that destroyed the center of the German Eastern Front, the division was sent by rail from the Netherlands back to the Eastern Front. It took part in the defence of Warsaw and the crushing of the Polish uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158247-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter the Soviet Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive in January 1945, the division was pushed south-west by the Soviet advance, first towards Breslau and then into Czechoslovakia. It eventually surrendered to Soviet forces in May 1945 west of Prague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158248-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 19th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1937 to 1941. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in June 1937. The Liberal Party, led by Thomas Dufferin Pattullo, formed the government. The Conservative Party formed the official opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158248-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Parliament of British Columbia\nNorman William Whittaker (Liberal) served as speaker for the assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158248-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 19th General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1937.:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158249-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Parliament of Ontario\nThe 19th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from June 19, 1934, until August 25, 1937, just prior to the 1937 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Liberal Party led by Mitchell Hepburn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158250-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Parliament of Turkey\nThe 19th Grand National Assembly of Turkey existed from November 6, 1991, to December 24, 1995, with most members having been elected in the 1991 election. The True Path Party of S\u00fcleyman Demirel gained a majority of seats in the Assembly, being followed by the Motherland Party, the Social Democratic Populist Party, the Welfare Party, and the Democratic Left Party in decreasing order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158250-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Parliament of Turkey, Incidents\nOn 2 March 1994, Parliament lifted the immunity of Hatip Dicle, an MP from (and chairperson of) the Democracy Party who was among those cross-endorsed by and caucusing with the SHP, and on the same day he was arrested. On 8 December 1994 he was convicted, with Leyla Zana, Orhan Do\u011fan and Selim Sadak, of membership in an organization (PKK) and sentenced to 15 years in prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158251-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nThe 19th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry unit from Pennsylvania in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment organized at Philadelphia between June and October 1863. After reporting at Washington, D.C. in November 1863, the unit was sent to fight in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. The regiment fought at Okolona, Brices Cross Roads, and Nashville, while one company was in action at Byram's Ford in Missouri. Thereafter, the regiment was assigned to occupation duties in Louisiana and Texas before being mustered out in May 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158251-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Organization\nOrganized at Philadelphia June to October, 1863. Moved to Washington, D.C., November 5 and 8, 1863, thence to Eastport, Miss., November 13 and joined Gen. A. J. Smith at Columbus, Ky., December 3. Attached to District of Columbus, 6th Division, 16th Army Corps, Dept. Tennessee, December, 1863. Waring's Cavalry Brigade, 16th Corps, to January, 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, 16th Corps, to June, 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, District of West Tennessee, to November, 1864. 1st Brigade, 7th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division, Mississippi, to February, 1865. 2nd Brigade, 7th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to March, 1865. Cavalry Brigade, District of Baton Rouge, La., Dept. Gulf, to August, 1865. Dept . Louisiana, to December, 1865. Dept . of Texas to May, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158251-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Service\nMoved to Union City, Tenn., December 6, 1863. Expedition from Union City to Trenton January 22-24, 1864. Moved to Colliersville January 28-February 5. Smith's Expedition from Colliersville to Okolona, Miss., February 11-26. Egypt Station February 19. West Point February 20. Ivy Farm, Okolona, February 22. Tallahatchie River February 23. Operations against Forest in West Tennessee March 16-April 14. Cypress Creek and near Raleigh April 3. Near Raleigh April 9. Sturgis' Expedition from Memphis to Ripley, Miss., April 30-May 9. Sturgis' Expedition to Guntown, Miss., June 1-13. Corinth June 6. Ripley June 7. Brice's or Tishamingo Creek near Guntown June 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158251-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Service\nWaldron Bridge June 11. Davis' Mills June 12. Expedition from Memphis to Grand Gulf, Miss., July 4-24. Near Bolivar July 6. Blackwater July 10. Port Gibson July 14. Grand Gulf July 16-17. Smith's Expedition to Oxford, Miss., August 1-30. Hurricane Creek August 9. A detachment moved to Little Rock, Ark., and on expedition against Price, Nonconah Creek, November 20 (Co. \"F\"). Moved to Nashville, Tenn., November 26-December 3. Owen's Cross Roads December 1. Battle of Nashville December 15-16. Hollow Tree Gap, Franklin and West Harpeth River December 17. King's Hill near Pulaski December 25. Sugar Creek December 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158251-0002-0002", "contents": "19th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Service\nAt Gravelly Springs, Ala., until February 8, 1865. Moved to Vicksburg, Miss., thence to New Orleans, La., February 8-March 9, and to Baton Rouge, La., March 20. Duty there until August 12. Moved to Alexandria August 12. (Consolidated to 6 Companies February 4, 1865, and to 4 Companies June 13.) Company \"A\" duty at Shreveport until December 15, then at Marshall, Texas, until April, 1866. Company \"B\" at Alexandria until March, 1866. Company \"C\" at Monroe until December 15, 1865, then at Jefferson, Texas, until April, 1866. Company \"D\" at Natchitoches until March, 1866. Companies \"A\" and \"C\" to New Orleans April, 1866. Companies \"B\" and \"D\" to New Orleans March, 1866. Provost duty there until May. Mustered out May 14, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158251-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, History, Service\nRegiment lost during service 15 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 3 Officers and 109 Enlisted men by disease. Total 124.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158252-0000-0000", "contents": "19th People's Choice Awards\nThe 19th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1992, were held on March 17, 1993, at Universal Studios Hollywood, in Universal City, California. They were hosted by John Ritter and Jane Seymour, and broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158252-0001-0000", "contents": "19th People's Choice Awards\nSpecial tributes were paid to both Knots Landing and Cheers for their long runs on television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158253-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 19th Central Politburo of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u5c4a\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on 25 October 2017, shortly following the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It was nominally preceded by the 18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158254-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Presidential Awards\nThe 19th Presidential Awards festival (Sinhala: 19 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0da2\u0db1\u0dcf\u0db0\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Sri Lanka Film Corporation with the collaboration of the Presidential Secretariat and the Ministry of Parliamentary Reforms and Mass Media, was held on July 29, 1996, at the Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. His Excellency The President Maithripala Sirisena was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158254-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Presidential Awards\nAround 96 Awards were presented to 27 artists who excelled in 79 films in Sinhala cinema screened from 2016 to 2018 (Twenty five films screened in 2016, twenty six films screened in 2017 and twenty eight films in 2018). Meanwhile, 11 recipients won the Pioneer Awards, Swarnasinghe Awards and Vishwa Keerthi Awards. The Swarnasinghe Lifetime Award was presented by President to veteran artists Ravindra Randeniya, Nita Fernando and Sugathapala Senarath Yapa. Meanwhile, Anoma Janadari and film director Sanjeewa Pushpakumara received the Vishwa Keerthi Award from the President for their acting talent. Purogami Awards were won by Shanthi Abeysekera, Anton Gregory, K.D. Dayananda, Swarna Kahawita, Sunilsoma Peiris and Alexander Fernando.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158255-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\nThe 19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 19th Central Committee in the aftermath of the 19th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158256-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 19th Emmy Awards, later known as the 19th Primetime Emmy Awards, were handed out on June 4, 1967, at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California. The ceremony was hosted by Joey Bishop and Hugh Downs. Winners are listed in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158256-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe top show of the night was Mission: Impossible, which won three major awards. Don Knotts won his fifth Emmy for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy. This record still stands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158257-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Producers Guild of America Awards\nThe 19th Producers Guild of America Awards (also known as 2008 Producers Guild Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2007, were held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California on February 2, 2008. The nominations were announced on November 14, 2007, and January 14, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158257-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Producers Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Stanley Kramer Award\nAwarded to the motion picture that best illuminates social issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158257-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Producers Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Vanguard Award\nAwarded in recognition of outstanding achievement in new media and technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158258-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Punjabis\nThe 19th Punjabis was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised in 1857, as the 7th Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 19th Punjabis in 1903 and became 1st Battalion 14th Punjab Regiment i.e. 1/14 Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 5th Battalion The Punjab Regiment (5th Punjab).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158258-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Punjabis, History, Early history\nThe regiment was formed during the upheaval of the Indian Mutiny in 1857 as the 7th Regiment of Punjab Infantry on the orders of John Lawrence, the British Chief Commissioner of the Punjab, and saw service in North India. In 1864, it participated in the Bhutan war, and during the Second Afghan War of 1878-80, the regiment fought with distinction in the Battle of Ahmed Khel. In 1891, it took part in the Black Hill Expedition and the 2nd Miranzai Expedition on the North West Frontier of India. In 1903, the 19th Punjab Infantry took part in the British expedition to Tibet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158258-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Punjabis, History, 19th Punjabis\nSubsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, the regiment's designation was changed to the 19th Punjabis. On the outbreak of the First World War, it initially remained in India guarding the North West Frontier as part of the 4th (Quetta) Division. In February 1916, it moved to Persia, where it had the unique distinction of being actively engaged against the Bolsheviks in 1918 during the hard-fought actions at Merv, Kaka and Dushak in the Russian Turkestan. At Dushak, all of the British officers, and the Indian Subedar Major of the regiment, were either killed or wounded, and the battalion was led by a Subedar. In 1917, the 19th Punjabis raised a second battalion, which was disbanded after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158258-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Punjabis, History, Subsequent History\nIn 1921-22, a major reorganization was undertaken in the British Indian Army leading to the formation of large infantry groups of four to six battalions. Among these was the 14th Punjab Regiment, formed by grouping the 19th Punjabis  with the 20th, 21st, 22nd and 24th Punjabis, and the 40th Pathans. The battalion's new designation was 1st Battalion 14th Punjab Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158258-0003-0001", "contents": "19th Punjabis, History, Subsequent History\nThe battalion was often referred to by the British as the Battalion of Sherdil or Sherdil ki Paltan because of a Muslim Sepoy Sherdil known to hold some special spiritual powers and was found out by a British officer for offering prayers at one place and being on sentry duty at other at exactly the same time. During the Second World War, the battalion fought in the Malayan Campaign and was taken prisoner by the Japanese on Singapore Island following the British surrender on 15 February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158258-0003-0002", "contents": "19th Punjabis, History, Subsequent History\n90% of the officers and men of the battalion joined the Japanese Supported Indian National Army and fought against the British in the subsequent Battles. The battalion was re-raised in 1946. In 1947, the 14th Punjab Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, it was merged with the 1st, 15th and 16th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment, and 1/14th Punjab was re designated as 5 Punjab Sherdils. During the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, the battalion fought in Kashmir, while in 1971, it was deployed in a defensive role at Mandi Sadiq Ganj in the Punjab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158259-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Quebec Cinema Awards\nThe 19th Quebec Cinema Awards ceremony was held on 4 June 2017, hosted by actors Guylaine Tremblay and \u00c9dith Cochrane, to recognize talent and achievement in the Cinema of Quebec. Formerly known as the Jutra Awards, the Prix Iris name was announced in October 2016. Several categories were also added this year, including for Casting, Visual Effects, Revelation and Documentary Editing and Cinematography, while the Billet d'or for straightforward box office performance was succeeded by the Prix du public (Public Prize), chosen by viewers' votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158259-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Quebec Cinema Awards\nThe first winners were announced at the  Gala des artisans on 1 June, with producer Lyse Lafontaine also honoured with the Iris Hommage for 30 years of contributions to the province's film industry. Xavier Dolan's It's Only the End of the World was prominent among the winners with five awards, including Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158260-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Quebec Legislature\nThe 19th Legislative Assembly of Quebec was the provincial legislature that existed in Quebec, Canada for less than a year from November 25, 1935, to August 17, 1936. The Quebec Liberal Party led by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau was in power for another consecutive term but he was replaced a few months before the elections by Ad\u00e9lard Godbout. However, it was the Liberals' final term before being defeated in 1936 by Maurice Duplessis' Union Nationale which was formed as a result of a merger between the Action lib\u00e9rale nationale and the Quebec Conservative Party between the 1935 and 1936 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158260-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Quebec Legislature, Member list\nThis was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1935 election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158260-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Quebec Legislature, Other elected MLAs\nNo other MLAs were elected in by-elections during the term", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158261-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment Royal Artillery\n19th Regiment Royal Artillery \u2013 The Scottish Gunners (until 2012 The Highland Gunners) \u2013 is a Scottish regiment of the Royal Artillery in the British Army. It currently supports 12 Mechanised Brigade in the armoured field artillery role. The regiment has Fire Support Teams mounted in Warrior Mechanised Artillery Observation Vehicles equipped with MSTAR. The regiment's three gun batteries are equipped with 24 AS-90 self-propelled guns", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158261-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\n19th Regiment traces its history to 17 Brigade Royal Field Artillery which was formed in 1900 but the individual batteries date back to the 18th century. The brigade saw action during World War I. During World War II, the four pre-war batteries combined into two. In May 1940 it had the honour of being the first artillery regiment to fire in the war while stationed at the Maginot Line. It served during the North African and Italian campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158261-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment was renumbered to 19 Regiment in 1947. During the 1950s and 1960s it served in the Korean War and Aden Emergency. With the phasing out of National Service in 1963, 19th Regiment was allocated the recruitment area of the Scottish Highlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158261-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nIn 1995, the regiment was deployed to Bosnia at short notice as part of Operation Deliberate Force. It was deployed to Cyprus in 1998 as part of UNFICYP. Since the 2000s, it has served in Iraq and Afghanistan. More recently, the regiment returned from Afghanistan (Op Herrick 16) in October 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158261-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nIn December 2012, the regiment was officially named \"The Scottish Gunners\" when the 40th Regiment Royal Artillery (The Lowland Gunners) was placed in suspended animation. 38 (Seringapatam) Battery was transferred to 19th Regt. A new banner for the Pipes and Drums was presented and a plaque unveiled at the regiment's barracks to mark the occasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158261-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nIn 2019, the regiment was due to move within Wiltshire from Bhurtpore Barracks at Tidworth to new purpose-built barracks at Larkhill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158261-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment Royal Artillery, Recruitment areas\nThe regiment traditionally recruited from the Highlands as its former nickname suggested but now also recruits from Grampian, Tayside, Fife, central Scotland and Argyll. With 40 Regt \"Lowland Gunners\" being placed into suspended animation as part of the Army 2020 plans, it became the principal Scottish artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158261-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment Royal Artillery, Freedom of the City\n19 Regiment RA is the local artillery regiment of the Highlands of Scotland, the Western Isles, Shetland and Orkney. The Regiment has been granted the Freedom of the Cities of Inverness and Colchester and wears the Robertson hunting tartan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158262-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment of Connecticut Militia\nThe 19th Connecticut Regiment was a military regiment in the American Revolutionary War. It was formed in 1774 by an act of the Connecticut General Assembly and was authorized 11 companies of volunteers from Enfield, East Windsor, Bolton, and the part of Hartford on the East side of the Connecticut river of Hartford County, Connecticut. The rolls of eight of those companies survive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158262-0000-0001", "contents": "19th Regiment of Connecticut Militia\nWhile General George Washington was reorganizing the Continental Army from December 1775 through February 1776, during the Siege of Boston,  Connecticut sent three regiments under Colonels James Wadsworth (10th Connecticut Regiment), Erastus Wolcott (19th Connecticut Regiment), and John Douglass (21st Connecticut Regiment). These regiments reached Boston in late January 1776 and remained for approximately six weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158262-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Regiment of Connecticut Militia\nColonel Erastus Wolcott of Windsor commanded the 19th Connecticut Regiment from October 1774 - May 1777. Colonel Nathaniel Terry of Enfield commanded the regiment from May 1777 - 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment\n19th Relief of Lw\u00f3w Infantry Regiment (Polish: 19 Pulk Piechoty Odsieczy Lwowa, 19 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from April 1919 until September 1939. Garrisoned in Lw\u00f3w, the unit belonged to the 5th Lw\u00f3w Infantry Division from Lw\u00f3w. Its reserve battalion was stationed in Brze\u017cany. During the 1939 Invasion of Poland, the regiment, together with its division, belonged to Pomorze Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Beginnings\nIn early November 1918, Lw\u00f3w was captured by the armed forces of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. The city, with its predominantly Polish population, was defended by irregular units of Polish students, workers, clerks and others. Among them were children, who came to be known as Lw\u00f3w Eaglets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Beginnings\nAt the same time in Warsaw, the Committee of Defence of Lw\u00f3w was formed by Antoni Osuchowski. Its members called for the relief of the city, and soon afterwards, with permission of J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, the so-called Volunteer Unit of Relief of Lw\u00f3w was formed by Colonel Stanislaw Skrzynski. Its First Battalion, without weapons, and commanded by Captain Antoni Olkowski, was in mid-December 1918 transported to Lublin and then to Przemy\u015bl, where it was armed. On December 23, 1918, the battalion with its 27 officers and 303 soldiers entered Lw\u00f3w, greeted enthusiastically by the Polish residents. The unit clashed several times with the enemy in January, February and March 1919, winning several battles, and managing to keep Grodek Jagiellonski, despite numerical superiority of the Ukrainians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Beginnings\nThe Second Battalion of the Volunteer Unit of Relief of Lw\u00f3w came to the city in March 1919. Commanded by Captain Ludwik Szyman, it merged with the First Battalion on April 12, 1919. After the Third Battalion was formed in Radom, the new unit was named the 19th Relief of Lw\u00f3w Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Beginnings\nThe regiment was involved in heavy fighting in eastern part of former Austrian Galicia. Praised for the bravery of its soldiers, on June 1, 1919, it captured Tarnopol, together with 81 Ukrainian officers, 4000 soldiers and 69 machine guns. On June 7, it reached the Zbruch river. By that time, it had been reinforced by the Third Battalion. Regimental orchestra was sponsored by Helena Paderewska, the wife of Ignacy Jan Paderewski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Beginnings\nIn late June 1919, Ukrainian forces began a major offensive, aimed at pushing back Polish units. The regiment, which was part of the 5th Infantry Division, managed to hold its positions, and capture Zloczow. By early July, another enemy appeared in Galicia: the Red Army, which marched westwards. After several clashes, in early autumn 1919 the regiment was sent to Wisniowiec, and then to Tarnopol (November 18), remaining in reserve until February 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Polish \u2013 Soviet War\nOn February 18, 1920, the regiment was sent to the area of Ploskirow. After several clashes with the Soviets it was ordered to hold the line of the Southern Bug river. The regiment carried out a number of successful raids: during one of them, it captured a Soviet armoured train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Polish \u2013 Soviet War\nIn late April 1920, Polish forces began their offensive towards Kiev (see Kiev Offensive (1920)). On May 3, the 19th Relief of Lw\u00f3w Infantry Regiment captured Nemyriv, and a few days later it was transported to the area of Samhorodek (near Koziatyn). There, it clashed with the 1st Cavalry Army (Soviet Union) of Semyon Budyonny, losing 9 officers and 497 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Polish \u2013 Soviet War\nIn late June 1920, during Polish retreat, the regiment clashed with the enemy near Zas\u0142aw and then in the area of Krzemieniec, defending its positions for a prolonged time. In early August 1920 it fought near Brody. Since the city of Lw\u00f3w was threatened by the Soviets, the regiment was ordered to capture Busk. In mid-September, after Polish counteroffensive had begun, the unit began its march eastwards, reaching Chmielnik on October 18, 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nIn the 1939 German and Soviet Invasion of Poland, the 19th Relief of Lw\u00f3w Infantry Regiment defended the town of W\u0142oc\u0142awek, and during the first week of the campaign, it did not engage the enemy. On September 6, General W\u0142adys\u0142aw Bortnowski ordered the unit to protect western suburbs of W\u0142oc\u0142awek, to enable the 16th Lw\u00f3w Infantry Division to cross the Vistula. On September 8, after all Polish soldiers had crossed the river, the regiment destroyed the bridge at W\u0142oc\u0142awek, and joined the 27th Lw\u00f3w Infantry Division. Following the order of General Bortnowski, the regiment moved to P\u0142ock, to replace Nowogr\u00f3dzka Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nOn September 12, the Wehrmacht began to cross the Vistula. In a heavy battle, which lasted until September 15, the regiment lost 300 KIA and 700 WIA. Since on September 16, Polish front collapsed in the Battle of the Bzura, the regiment was ordered to march to I\u0142\u00f3w. On the next day, it was raided by the Luftwaffe. Polish losses were so heavy that the 19th Relief of Lw\u00f3w Infantry Regiment ceased to exist. Isolated groups of soldiers managed to get to Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Symbols\nFirst flag of the 19th Relief of Lw\u00f3w Infantry Regiment was funded by Warsaw Committee of Defence of Lw\u00f3w, and was handed to its soldiers on April 23, 1919. Second flag, purchased by Civic Committee of Lw\u00f3w and Eastern Lesser Poland, was handed to it by General Edward \u015amig\u0142y-Rydz in Lw\u00f3w, on June 1, 1928. During the war, the flag was kept in Sosnowiec. Currently it is kept at Polish Army Museum in Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158263-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment, Symbols\nThe badge, approved in 1928, featured the coats of arms of Lw\u00f3w and Warsaw, with Polish Eagle and the inscription 19 PP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158264-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 19th Reserve Division (19. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of X Reserve Corps. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was raised in the Prussian Province of Hanover, the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, and the Duchy of Brunswick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158264-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 19th Reserve Division began the war under command of Generalleutnant Max von Bahrfeldt on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat and ended with the First Battle of the Marne. Thereafter, the division remained in the line on the Aisne and in the Champagne. From May 1915 to March 1916, the division fought in Upper Alsace. It then fought in the Battle of Verdun until July, when it went into the Argonne Forest. In October 1916, it saw action in the later phases of the Battle of the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158264-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn April 1917, the division fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also known as the Third Battle of Champagne. In May, it was sent to the Eastern Front, and fought around Riga until September. It then returned to the Western Front, where it saw action in the Battle of Passchendaele. It was back in the trenchlines at Verdun from October 1917 to April 1918. In August\u2013September 1918, the division faced the French and American Oise-Aisne Offensive. It remained in the line until war's end. Allied intelligence rated the division as first class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158264-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 19th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158264-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on March 8, 1918\nThe 19th Reserve Division was triangularized in September 1916, sending the 37th Reserve Infantry Brigade headquarters and the 74th Reserve Infantry Regiment to the newly formed 213th Infantry Division. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on March 8, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158265-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Rifle Corps\nThe 19th Rifle Corps was a corps of the Soviet Red Army. It was part of the 23rd Army. It took part in the Great Patriotic War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158266-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Robert Awards\nThe 19th Robert Awards ceremony was held on 3 February 2002 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158267-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Route Army\n19th Route Army (simplified Chinese: \u5341\u4e5d\u8def\u519b; traditional Chinese: \u5341\u4e5d\u8def\u8ecd; pinyin: Sh\u00edji\u01d4 l\u00f9 j\u016bn) was an army in the Republic of China led by General Cai Tingkai. It gained a good reputation among Chinese for fighting the Japanese in Shanghai in the January 28 Incident in 1932. In 1933-34 it was the main force in the Fuijan Rebellion, which opposed Chiang Kai-shek and unsuccessfully sought an alliance with the Chinese Communists in the Jiangxi Soviet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158267-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Route Army\nA \"Route Army' was a type of military organization used in the Chinese Republic. It usually exercised command over two or more Corps or a large number of Divisions or Independent Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158268-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Royal Hussars\nThe 19th Royal Hussars (Queen Alexandra's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, created in 1858. After serving in the First World War, it was amalgamated with the 15th The King's Hussars to form the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158268-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Royal Hussars, History, Early history\nThe regiment was originally raised in Bengal by the East India Company as the 1st Bengal European Light Cavalry in 1858, for service in the response to the Indian Rebellion. During the rebellion, a lieutenant of the regiment, Hugh Henry Gough, received the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158268-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Royal Hussars, History, Early history\nAs with all other \"European\" units of the Company, they were placed under the command of the Crown in 1858, and subsequently formally moved into the British Army in 1862 when they were designated as hussars as the 19th Hussars. At this time, the regiment was authorised to inherit the battle honours of the disbanded 19th Light Dragoons. John French, who later became a field marshal, joined the regiment as a junior officer in March 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158268-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Royal Hussars, History, Early history\nThe regiment saw action at Battle of Tel el-Kebir in September 1882 during the Anglo-Egyptian War and the regiment took possession of the wells, which were a vital resource in desert warfare, at the Battle of Abu Klea in January 1885 during the Mahdist War. It also fought at the Siege of Ladysmith in winter 1899 during the Second Boer War. The regiment was titled the 19th (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own) Hussars after Alexandra, Princess of Wales in 1902 and, when Alexandra became Queen Consort in 1908, the name changed to the 19th (Queen Alexandra's Own Royal) Hussars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158268-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Royal Hussars, History, First World War\nWith the outbreak of the First World War, the regiment was split up, with squadrons attached to the 4th, 5th and 6th Infantry Divisions as divisional cavalry squadrons; all three divisions moved to France with the British Expeditionary Force, and saw action in the Battle of Le Cateau in August 1914, the Retreat from Mons later that month, the Battle of the Marne in September 1914, the Battle of the Aisne later that month and the Battle of Armenti\u00e8res in October 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158268-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Royal Hussars, History, First World War\nThe regiment was brought together again in April 1915, and attached to the 9th Cavalry Brigade in the 1st Cavalry Division, with whom it served for the remainder of the war. It saw action at the Second Battle of Ypres in spring 1915, gaining battle honours for the Battle of St Julien in April 1915 and the Battle of Frezenberg in May 1915. The regiment went on to fight at the Battle of Flers\u2013Courcelette in September 1916, part of the Battle of the Somme. It also served at the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917, at the Battle of Amiens in August 1918 and at the Pursuit to Mons in autumn 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158268-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Royal Hussars, History, First World War\nThe regiment was retitled 19th Royal Hussars (Queen Alexandra's Own) in 1921 and shortly thereafter disbanded as part of the post-War reduction in forces: a cadre was briefly resurrected in 1922 in order to amalgamate with the 15th The King's Hussars, to form the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158268-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Royal Hussars, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held by the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0000-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit\nThe 19th SAARC summit was a scheduled diplomatic conference, which was originally planned to be held in Islamabad, Pakistan on 15\u201319 November 2016 but got cancelled after an attack on Indian army camp in Kashmir. The summit was to be attended by the leaders of the eight SAARC member states and representatives of observers and guest states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0001-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit\nFollowing the rising diplomatic tensions after the Uri terrorist attack, India announced its boycott of the summit, alleging Pakistan's involvement in the attack. Later, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Maldives also pulled out of the summit. culminating in an indefinite postponement of the summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0002-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit, Background\nFollowing the 2016 Uri terror attack, India cancelled its participation in the 19th SAARC summit,  alleging Pakistan's involvement in the terror attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0003-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit, Reactions by member nations\nBangladesh also pulled out of the summit in Islamabad. The Bangladeshi Foreign Ministry conveyed to the SAARC Chair Nepal that Pakistan's increasing interference in Bangladesh's domestic affairs is inimical to the interest of Bangladesh and under such circumstances it is not possible to participate in the summit at Islamabad. The ministry maintained that \"Bangladesh, as the initiator of the SAARC process, remains steadfast in its commitment to regional cooperation, connectivity and contacts but believes that these can only go forward in a more congenial atmosphere\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0004-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit, Reactions by member nations\nAfghanistan announced its withdrawal from the summit, stating, \"Due to increased level of violence and fighting as a result of imposed terrorism on Afghanistan, (President) Ashraf Ghani with his responsibilities as the Commander-in-Chief will be fully engaged, and will not be able to attend the Summit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0005-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit, Reactions by member nations\nBhutan also withdrew from the summit. The country stated that the \"recent escalation of terrorism in the region has seriously compromised the environment for the successful holding\" of the summit. The Bhutanese government added that it also shared the concerns of some member states on the \"deterioration of regional peace because of terror\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0006-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit, Reactions by member nations\nSri Lanka, backing a call for postponing the 19th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit in Pakistan, said the prevailing environment in the region was not conducive for holding the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0007-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit, Reactions by member nations\nThe Maldives which initially refrained from boycotting and instead urged a conductive environment be created for the summit, later boycotted the event  condemning international terrorism, especially those originating from outside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0008-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit, Reactions by member nations\nNepal, the current chair of SAARC, urged that \"a conducive environment be created soon to ensure the participation of all member states in the 19th SAARC summit in line with the spirit of the SAARC charter\". It also asked the member countries- \"to ensure that their respective territories are not used by terrorists for cross border terrorism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158269-0009-0000", "contents": "19th SAARC summit, Reactions by member nations\nPakistan first postponed the conference to a further date, citing Article X (General Provisions) of the SAARC Charter that all decisions at all levels shall be taken on the basis of unanimity. However, later after Maldives, sixth of the eight member nations pulled out, Pakistan was forced to cancel the summit altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158270-0000-0000", "contents": "19th SS Police Regiment\nThe 19th SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 19) was initially named the 19th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 19) when it was formed in 1942 from existing Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units for security duties in Occupied Europe. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158270-0001-0000", "contents": "19th SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment was ordered formed in July 1942 in Slovenia. Police Battalion 72 (Polizei-Batallion 72), Police Battalion 171, and Police Battalion 181 were redesignated as the regiment's first through third battalions, respectively. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943. The regiment was in France by June 1944 and, more specifically, in the area of Langres by September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158271-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 19th Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 19\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1988 Sinhala cinema on August 16, 1991, at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. His Excellency The President Ranasinghe Premadasa was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158271-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Sarasaviya Awards\nThe film Palama Yata won the most awards with eight including Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158272-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\nThe 19th Sarawak State Legislative Assembly is the upcoming term of the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly, the legislative branch of the Government of Sarawak in Sarawak, Malaysia. The 19th Assembly will consist of 82 members that are to be elected in the next state election. The term will last for five years from the first sitting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158273-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 19th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in October 1978. The assembly sat from February 22, 1979, to March 29, 1982. The New Democratic Party (NDP) led by Allan Blakeney formed the government. The Progressive Conservative Party led by Richard Collver formed the official opposition. Eric Berntson replaced Collver as party leader in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158273-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1978:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards\nThe 19th Satellite Awards is an award ceremony honoring the year's outstanding performers, films, television shows, home videos and interactive media, presented by the International Press Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards\nThe nominations were announced on December 1, 2014. The winners were announced on February 15, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards\nThe film Birdman led all nominees with ten, including Best Film and Best Director (Alejandro G. I\u00f1\u00e1rritu), winning three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nAuteur Award (for singular vision and unique artistic control over the elements of production) \u2013 Martyn Burke", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nHumanitarian Award (for making a difference in the lives of those in the artistic community and beyond) \u2013 Sebastian Junger", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Ellen Burstyn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nNikola Tesla Award (for visionary achievement in filmmaking technology) \u2013 Industrial Light & Magic", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees\nThe Grand Budapest Hotel \u2013 Adam Stockhausen, Anna Pinnock, and Stephan O. Gessler", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees\nDawn of the Planet of the Apes \u2013 William Hoy and Stan Salfas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, Television winners and nominees\nClive Owen \u2013 The Knick as Dr. John \"Thack\" Thackery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, Television winners and nominees\nMindy Kaling \u2013 The Mindy Project as Dr. Mindy Lahiri", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, Television winners and nominees\nSarah Paulson \u2013 American Horror Story: Freak Show as Bette and Dot Tattler", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, New Media winners and nominees\nThe Swimmer \u2013 Box Office Spectaculars / Grindhouse Releasing / Sony Pictures Entertainment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158274-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Satellite Awards, New Media winners and nominees\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2 \u2013 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158275-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Saturn Awards\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by TMProofreader (talk | contribs) at 19:36, 12 April 2020 (\u2192\u200eVideo). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158275-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Saturn Awards\nThe 19th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film and television in 1992, were held on June 8, 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158275-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Saturn Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158276-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards, honoring the best achievements in film and television performances for the year 2012, were presented on January 27, 2013, at the Shrine Exposition Center in Los Angeles for the seventeenth consecutive year. It was broadcast simultaneously by TNT and TBS, which collectively gained 5.2 million viewers, leading the two networks to sign a three-year television contract with SAG-AFTRA. The nominees were announced on December 12, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158276-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Screen Actors Guild Awards\nDick Van Dyke was announced as the 2012 SAG Life Achievement Award honoree on August 21, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158276-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nArgo \u2013 Ben Affleck, Alan Arkin, Kerry Bish\u00e9, Kyle Chandler, Rory Cochrane, Bryan Cranston, Christopher Denham, Tate Donovan, Clea DuVall, Victor Garber, John Goodman, Scoot McNairy and Chris Messina", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158276-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Screen Actors Guild Awards, In Memoriam\nJessica Chastain introduced a previously recorded \"In Memoriam\" segment, which honored the life and career of the actors who died in 2012:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158277-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Screen Awards\nThe 19th Screen Awards also 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards ceremony, presented by Indian Express Group, honored the best Indian Hindi-language films of 2012. The ceremony was held on 12 January 2013 at MMRDA Grounds, Mumbai. Hosted by Shahrukh Khan and co-hosted by Ayushmann Khurrana, Karan Johar and Vidya Balan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158277-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Screen Awards, Awards\nThe winners and nominees have been listed below. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158278-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 19th Scripps National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, District of Columbia on May 24, 1946, sponsored by the E.W. Scripps Company. There had been no National Spelling Bee since 1942 due to World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158278-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThere were 29 contestants, ranging in age from 11 to 14. The winner was 13-year-old John McKinney of Woodbine, Iowa, correctly spelling flaccid, followed by semaphore. Mary McCarthy of New York placed second, missing flaccid, followed by Leslie Dean, 12, of New Jersey in third. 10-year-old Jay Noble of Staten Island, New York placed fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158278-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe first place prize was a $500 bond (plus $150 in cash).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158279-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\nThe 19th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 19th Central Committee in the aftermath of the 19th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158280-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Space Operations Squadron\nThe 19th Space Operations Squadron is an Air Force Reserve space operations unit, located at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158280-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Space Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe 19th Space Operations Squadron is a reserve associate unit with the 2d Space Operations Squadron of the 50th Space Wing. It performs launch, early-orbit, anomaly resolution and disposal operations for the Global Positioning System. The squadron  provides navigation, timing and nuclear detonation information to users worldwide. It supports daily operations while also maintaining a reserve force available for mobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158280-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Space Operations Squadron, History, Space detection operations in Turkey\nIn October 1954, the US and Turkey began construction of Dyarbakir Air Station, Turkey. Construction began on a developmental radar designated the AN/FPS-17, a state-of-the art radar (for the time) with a 175-foot-high antenna. The radar detected the first Soviet launch missile in June 1955 and the world's first man-made satellite, Sputnik-1, in its initial orbit on 4 October 1957. In 1964 the Air Force added the first AN/FPS-79 tracking radar, with an 84-foot parabolic antenna, to provide accurate metric data on both missiles and satellites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158280-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Space Operations Squadron, History, Space detection operations in Turkey\nIf a new space object was sensed by the detection radar's fans, then the tracking radar could be oriented to achieve lock-on and tracking of the object. The radars were operated by the 6935th Radio Squadron, Mobile of USAF Security Service until 1964, when responsibility for the radars was transferred to Air Defense Command (ADC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158280-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Space Operations Squadron, History, Space detection operations in Turkey\nADC organized the 19th Surveillance Squadron on 1 January 1967 to operate the Dyarbakir radars. The unit operated detection and tracking radar units to provide data on missile launches, deep space surveillance and tactical warning. The Diyabakir site closed on 27 July 1975 and was placed in caretaker status. During this time, the squadron did not conduct operations, but maintained the radar site in readiness for future operations. In October 1978, the radars were returned to operational status. By this time, ADC had been disestablished and the squadron was an element of Strategic Air Command, which had assumed ADC's space mission. The mission and squadron were again transferred when the Air Force established Air Force Space Command in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158280-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Space Operations Squadron, History, Space detection operations in Turkey\nDuring Operation Desert Storm the radar alerted American troops to incoming SCUD missiles. In 1992, the unit was redesignated the 19th Space Surveillance Squadron. The radars at what was now called Pirinclik Air Station functioned as a satellite monitor and launch and missile detection radar until the radars were decommissioned in December 1995, and the subsequent closure of the site in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158280-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Space Operations Squadron, History, Reserve associate operation\nThe squadron was redesignated the 19th Space Operations Squadron and activated in October 2000 at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado in the reserve as an associate unit of the regular 2d Space Operations Squadron, operating the same equipment to manage the Global Positioning System alongside members of the 2d Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158280-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Space Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group\nThe 19th Special Forces Group (Airborne) (19th SFG) (A) is one of two National Guard groups of the United States Army Special Forces. 19th Group\u2014as it is sometime called\u2014is designed to deploy and execute nine doctrinal missions: unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, direct action, counter-insurgency, special reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, information operations, counterproliferation of weapon of mass destruction, and security force assistance. Headquartered in Draper, Utah, with detachments in Washington, West Virginia, Ohio, Rhode Island, Colorado, California and Texas, the 19th SFG(A) shares responsibility over Southwest Asia with the 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), and the Pacific with the 1st Special Forces Group (Airborne). Company A, 2nd Battalion is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, History\nThe parent unit was constituted on 5 July 1942 in the Army of the United States as the 1st Company, 1st Battalion, Third Regiment, 1st Special Service Force, a combined Canadian-American organization. This unit was activated on 9 July 1942 at Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana, then disbanded on 6 January 1945 in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, History\n19th Group was constituted on 15 April 1960 in the Regular Army as Headquarters, 19th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces. One year later, on 1 May 1961, the unit was allotted to the Army National Guard; 19th Group was concurrently organized from existing units in Utah with headquarters at Fort Douglas. Continuous reorganization developed over the next three decades, and by 1 September 1996, the unit consisted of elements from the Utah, California, Colorado, Ohio, Rhode Island, Washington, and West Virginia Army National Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, History\nDuring the 2003 invasion of Iraq, a company element from the 19th SFG was attached to TF Dagger as were several regular and National Guard infantry companies to provide FOB security and to act as a QRF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0003-0001", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, History\nAs the prospect of war grew A company, 1st Battalion, 19th SFG, were tasked with liaison roles supporting conventional forces: ODA 911 and ODA 913 were to support the I MEF; ODA 914 was divided into two elements, one supporting the 3rd Infantry Division with ODA 916 and the other supporting British Forces; ODA 915 was attached to the 101st Airborne Division; and ODA 912 was tasked with providing PSD for General Harrell, the commander of CFSOCC (Combined Forces Special Operations Component Command). p.\u00a089", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, History\nOn 1 October 2005, 1st Special Forces was redesignated as the 1st Special Forces Regiment. Today's unit designation - Headquarters, 19th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces Regiment - was then established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, History\n19th Group operators attend the same Special Forces selection and training as their active duty counterparts. The unit deploys elements to conduct special, irregular, and counterterrorist operations in various places around the world. Their official motto is De Oppresso Liber (Latin: \"From oppressed [to] free\"), a reference to one of their primary missions to train and assist foreign indigenous forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, History\nIn September 2014, the Huffington post reported that members of the 19th SFG were deployed to Camp Ram Ram in Morocco to take part in Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Trans Sahara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, History\nGreen Berets from the 19th SFG took part in the War in Afghanistan (2015\u2013present); A Company, 1st BTN, 19th SFG was deployed to Afghanistan in July 2015 and several members were decorated for their actions during December 2015 and January 2016. On 5 January 2016, during a major operation assisting Afghan forces reclaiming territory held by the Taliban. SSG Matthew McClintock of A Company, 1st BTN, 19th SFG was killed by small arms fire during an hours long battle in the Marjah district, Helmand Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, History\nControversially, from June 1 to June 7, 2020, during the George Floyd protests, members of the 19th SFG were deployed to Washington, DC and stationed outside the White House. Photos began to circulate of soldiers wearing the arrowhead patch and the Special Forces Tab. Questions rose as to why Special Forces soldiers were needed. On June 4, National Guard commanders made the decision to pull the Special Forces patches off the uniform in an attempt to avoid sending the wrong message.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Structure\nThe structure of 19th Special Forces Group (Airborne) includes the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Gallery\nSoldiers from the 19th Group \"Fast Roping\" from an Air Force HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopter at the Utah Test and Training Range in November 2007, during CSAR integration exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Gallery\nA 19th Group soldier on a Humvee provides security with a turret mounted M60 machine gun during a convoy stop in Asadabad, Afghanistan in 2004. An AT4 can be seen in the foreground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Gallery\nSlovenian and 5th Battalion, 19th Special Forces Group soldiers practice explosive breaching techniques during a three-week Joint Combined Exchange Training exercise in Slovenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Gallery\nA soldier of from Company B, 2nd Battalion, 19th Special Forces Group instructs a Serbian soldier on the M240B", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Gallery\nSoldiers with 2nd Battalion, 19th Special Forces Group check their course with compasses during a foot patrol while training at Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center, Indiana", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Gallery\nUtah National Guard soldiers from the 19th SFG in front of the White House on June 3, 2020", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Mobilization\nOn 13 November 2001, the following units of the 19th SFG were called to active duty:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Mobilization\nCompany A, 1st Bn/19th SFG participated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Mobilization\nIn April 2007, the 5th Battalion of 19th SFG and troops from the 2nd Battalion were called to Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Mobilization\nThe unit came home with no deaths and very few minor injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Mobilization\nIn April 2007, the following units of the 19th SFG were called to active duty (Operation Iraqi Freedom V)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158281-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Special Forces Group, Mobilization\nOn September 2008, the following units of the 19th SFG were called to active duty (Operation Enduring Freedom XIII)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158282-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Group \"Maderal Oleaga\"\nThe 19th Special Operations Group \"Caballero Legionario Maderal Oleaga\" (Spanish:Grupo de Operaciones Especiales \"Caballero Legionario Maderal Oleaga\" XIX), GOE XIX, is one of the three currently existing Special Operations Groups and so is subordinated to the Special Operations Command. It was the former Special Forces unit of the Spanish Legion and was known as Bandera de Operaciones Especiales de la Legi\u00f3n (Legion Special Operations Bandera (battalion)), BOEL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158282-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Group \"Maderal Oleaga\"\nIn 2002 the BOEL was renamed Grupo de Operaciones Especiales \"Caballero Legionario Maderal Oleaga\" XIX and was moved to Alicante as unit of the Special Operations Command of the Spanish Army. GOE XIX currently accepts applicants from other light infantry units and no longer forms part of the Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron\nThe 19th Special Operations Squadron is an Air Force Special Operations Command unit, part of the 492nd Special Operations Wing at Hurlburt Field, Florida. It conducts crew training for AC-130 and Lockheed MC-130 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 19th was established as a GHQ Air Force medium bomber squadron in 1940 as a result of the buildup of the United States Army Air Corps after the outbreak of World War II in Europe. It trained with a mix of Douglas B-18 Bolos and Martin B-26 Marauders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the attack on Pearl Harbor brought the USA into World War II, the squadron was transferred to the West Coast, flying anti-submarine patrols from Muroc AAF, California from December 1941 to the end of January 1942. It was then assigned to the new Fifth Air Force, originally based on the Philippines. Leaving the B-18s at Muroc, the squadron moved to the South Pacific where it flew its first combat missions from Garbutt Field, Townsville, Australia, against Rabaul, New Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nIn addition to frequent raids against Rabaul, the 19th flew against enemy shipping, facilities, and troop concentrations in New Guinea and provided close air support for Allied troops fighting there, until being withdrawn from combat in January 1943. With refurbished B-26s, the 19th moved to New Guinea and returned to combat in mid-July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was again re-equipped, with Consolidated B-24 Liberators, in early 1944, then returned to combat status on 10 March 1944 with a raid against Manus Island. Most operations were against targets in the Bismarck Archipelago until the 19th moved to Owi Island in late July. The squadron flew its first mission to the Philippines Islands on 1 September 1944, hitting Japanese installations at Davao, Mindanao. The B-24s hit enemy facilities in the Celebes and on Mindanao, with an occasional raid against the oil refineries at Balikpapan, Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0003-0001", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nRaids continued until the squadron moved in early December 1944 to Anguar, Palau Islands. From this station, the B-24s bombed targets throughout the Philippines. In January 1945, the 19th moved to Samar Island, Philippines, before finally relocating in March to Clark Field. In the meantime, in mid-February, the 19th raided Formosa for the first time, and on 21 March, flew its first mission into China. In June 1945, for a week, the B-24s flew from Puerta Princesa, Palawan Island, to hit targets on Borneo in support of Australian forces landing there. The 19th flew its last bombing mission of the war on 18 July 1945, to Formosa. In August the squadron moved to Okinawa and flew reconnaissance missions over Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 19th flew training missions in the Far East until being moved to Smoky Hill Air Force Base, Kansas, in May 1946. It deployed to England in November 1946, where it flew training missions to Accra, West Africa, Aden, Yemen, and Arabia, returning in February 1947 to Smoky Hill AFB, then to March Air Force Base, California in May. The 19th again deployed to England from November 1949 to February 1950 where the squadron flew training sorties to Germany and Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, Korean War\nThe squadron then deployed in July 1950 to Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, and flew its first combat mission over Korea on 13 July, hitting marshaling yards at Wonsan, North Korea. Bombing missions over both North Korea and South Korea followed, with targets such as bridges, industrial facilities, and railroads. The squadron flew its last combat mission on 19 October, and returned to the USA on 30 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, Korean War\nBack at March AFB, the 19th trained Boeing B-29 Superfortress crews to be sent to the Far East Air Forces for combat duty in Korea. In February 1953, the 19th replaced its B-29s with Boeing B-47 Stratojet bombers. The 19 BS made its last deployment to England between December 1953 and March 1954, flying training missions to Sidi Slimane and French Morocco. Later the 19th deployed from April\u2013June 1957 to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, and from there, flew missions to Japan and Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0006-0001", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, Korean War\nIn November 1957, the 19th BS received a forward alert obligation, initially sending five B-47s to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, for six months of cold weather training, then rotating a single aircraft with aircrew for two to four weeks at a time. The alert aircraft were sent in November 1958 to Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, and then in January 1959 to Andersen AFB, Guam. The 19th ceased operational flying in February 1963 and ferried its B-47s to other units and was inactivated on 15 March 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe 19th Air Commando Squadron was organized on 8 October 1964, at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, just outside Saigon, South Vietnam. The 19th received Fairchild C-123 Provider aircraft and personnel in 1964 but did not become operational as a unit until March 1965. It flew combat missions including cargo drops, flare missions at night in support of hamlets and outposts under attack, transporting troops and supplies to combat areas, and air evacuation of wounded and refugees from battle areas. Cargo included munitions, vehicles, spare parts, fuel and various foods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0007-0001", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nMissions were flown in support of the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, United States Navy, U.S. Marines and South Vietnamese forces. A Royal Thai Air Force contingent was attached to the squadron from mid-1966 until inactivation. Whenever Tan Son Nhut Air Base came under rocket and mortar attacks, the 19th would operate for up to two weeks at a time from Phan Rang Air Base. The 19th also flew increased missions during the Tet Offensive of 1968 and shared in a Navy Presidential Unit Citation for support to U.S. Marines defending Khe Sanh from January to March 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0007-0002", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nIn June to August 1970, the 19th flew airlift, airdrop, and evacuation missions in support of Allied forces fighting in Cambodia. On 19 April 1971, the 19 SOS began to transfer the C-123s to South Vietnam and the squadron flew its last combat mission on 30 April. The 19th ceased all operations in early May and was inactivated on 10 June 1971. On 19 September 1985, the unit was redesignated and combined with the 19th Tactical Intelligence Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe 19th SOS was reactivated on 24 May 1996, at Hurlburt Field. It currently conducts all formal aircrew training for the AC-130U and U-28A. That training includes the initial mission qualification, requalification, aircraft commander upgrade, instructor upgrade and refresher training. Additionally, the 19th SOS provides training for the CV-22, C-145, MC-130H, and will soon be training all AC-130J aircrew. The 19th SOS uses advanced aircrew training devices (simulators) as well as training coded aircraft for flight and ground training. The Special Operations Forces Aircrew Training System contractor provides the 19 SOS administrative support to training operations, courseware development and maintenance, classroom and flightline instruction and operations and maintenance of training and mission rehearsal devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158283-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Special Operations Squadron, Lineage, Stations\nstock, Australia, 4 Jul 1942; Iron Range, Australia, 15 Sep 1942; Woodstock, Australia, 4 Feb 1943;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158284-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection\nThe 19th Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 18th CCDI on 25 October 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158285-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Street Bridge\n19th Street Bridge is a two-span through Pratt truss road bridge in Denver, Colorado, over the South Platte River, now used for pedestrians. It was built in 1888 to replace a wooden structure and carried automobile traffic until 1986. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158285-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Street Bridge, History\nA number of bridges were built across the South Platte River beginning in 1859, and by 1875, there was interest in a bridge to span the river at the 19th Street location. In 1876, a wooden bridge was constructed at the site. This previous bridge was closed to traffic in 1884 after it was damaged in a flood. Because of repeated floods destroying numerous wooden bridges, the city of Denver sought to replace them with metal structures. By 1887, because of their ready availability and low expense, the city began building metal bridges to replace the wooden spans. On August 26, 1887, the Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Works was contracted to build the 19th Street Bridge. The structure cost $25,000, including $8,250 for 120 feet (37\u00a0m) of iron. Construction on the new span was complete in 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158285-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Street Bridge, History\nAround 1898, a plan surfaced to rebuild the bridge as a viaduct so that it would not cross only the river, but also the rail switching yard. However, the plan was defeated in June 1904. The bridge has remained mostly unmodified since construction. Timber decking was replaced with corrugated steel following a 1961 flood and some bent hinges were replaced as a result of a 1965 flood. The 19th Street Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February\u00a04, 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158285-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Street Bridge, History\nBecause of repeated wear and deterioration caused by salt for melting ice, the bridge was restricted to pedestrians and bicycles beginning on December 16, 1986. Following the closure, a new vehicular bridge was planned downstream (to the northeast), tentatively referred to as the \"Nineteen and A-Half Street Bridge\"; it was built in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158285-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Street Bridge, History\nAside from serving as a pedestrian bridge, the structure has hosted the annual \"Gala on the Bridge\", a fundraiser for The Greenway Foundation. It began in 2011, and was described in The Denver Post as the \"first time the bridge has been used for anything other than a way for people to cross the South Platte River\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158285-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Street Bridge, History\nIn the state of Colorado, at the time of its NRHP nomination, the 19th Street Bridge was described as the oldest surviving wrought iron bridge, oldest vehicular bridge at its original location, and oldest vehicular bridge still in public use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158285-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Street Bridge, Design\nThe bridge's two spans have a through Pratt truss design, each with five panels. The structure is about 200 feet (61\u00a0m) long with a roadway about 22.5 feet (6.9\u00a0m) wide. The roadbed is concrete on corrugated metal, replacing the original wood decking. The structural members are made of wrought iron and are pin-connected. The top chords are horizontal, and the upper struts are \"unusually deep\" I-beams. Sidewalks, decorated with iron newels and latticework, cantilever off both sides of the bridge. The south sidewalk permits pedestrians, while the north one has no deck and carries utility lines. The bridge is supported by ashlar piers of solid stone. The latticed portals feature decorative cast iron crests and finials, and a plaque with the builder's inscription. The bridge is described by History Colorado as one of the most ornamental in Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158286-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Street Gang\nThe 19th Street Gang was a New York City predominantly Irish street gang during the 1870s known as a particularly violent anti-Protestant gang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158286-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Street Gang\nThe 19th Street Gang, made up mostly of young pickpockets, muggers, and sneak thieves, was led by a young man known as Little Mike. Operating around New York's 19th Street to 34th Street, known as \"Poverty Lane\", the gang mainly robbed defenseless victims, such as the elderly, as well as women and children; however, the gang was sometimes said to spare local Catholics, often asking victims to give their baptismal name, recite psalms, their local church, and other questions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158286-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Street Gang\nBy the end of the 1880s, the gang had disappeared entirely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158287-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Street LBC Compilation\n19th Street LBC Compilation is a compilation presented by Big C Style, introducing Long Beach based rappers, and mostly featuring Tha Dogg Pound and LBC Crew affiliates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158287-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Street LBC Compilation, Critical reception\nThe compilation received moderate reviews. AllMusic's Leo Stanley gave it 3/5 stars and says that \"it's a good concept, and for the most part, it works well, even if some of the tracks are a little flat musically.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station\n19th Street Oakland station is an underground Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station located under Broadway between 17th Street and 20th Street in the Uptown District of Oakland, California. It is a timed transfer point between northbound trains to Richmond and to Antioch. It is the busiest BART station in both Oakland and the East Bay, and the 5th busiest BART station overall, with a daily ridership of approximately 14,300 in February 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station\nThe station has three underground levels, with tracks on the second and third levels. It is served by the Richmond\u2013\u200bMillbrae + SFO Line, Berryessa/\u200bNorth San Jos\u00e9\u2013\u200bRichmond Line, and Antioch\u2013\u200bSFO + Millbrae Line, as well as by AC Transit buses on the surface at the Uptown Transit Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station\nThe station opened in 1972 as part of the first section of BART. In 1980\u20131986, the KE Track project added the third track to the station. Changes during the 2010s included public art at one entrance, a new canopy at another entrance, and opening of a bike station. A modernization project, which began in 2019, includes new elevators and reopened public restrooms. Tempo bus rapid transit service began in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, Station layout\nThe station has three underground levels. The first level is a concourse with ticket machines and faregates. An island platform and two main tracks (C1 and CX) for northbound trains (bound for Richmond and Antioch) are on the second level. A side platform with one track (C2) for southbound trains (bound for Berryessa/\u200bNorth San Jos\u00e9 or San Francisco) is on the third level. The station has blue brickwork, contrasting with the red of nearby 12th Street Oakland City Center station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, Station layout\nThe station has six public entrances: two at 20th Street, two at 19th Street, and two at 17th Street (one in an alley connecting to Telegraph Avenue). A surface elevator is located near 17th Street on the east side of Broadway; the platform elevator is at the south end of the station. There is a direct entrance from the mezzanine level to the 1970 Broadway building, as well as a disused entrance to 1955 Broadway. A 130-space valet parking bike station is located in a storefront at 19th Street, across Broadway from a station entrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, History\n19th Street Oakland station, along with Oakland City Center/12th Street and Daly City stations, was designed by Gerard McCue and Associates. The station opened on September 11, 1972, as part of the first section of BART to open; service was extended to Richmond the next year. Service to Concord was added on May 21, 1973, and extended to San Francisco through the Transbay Tube on September 16, 1974. Richmond\u2013San Francisco service was added on April 19, 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, History\nThe station initially had one side platform on each level, with one track on the east side of each platform. The KE Track project, begun in 1980 and completed on March 17, 1986, converted the upper platform to an island platform with a new west track (Track CX). The new track was originally used for peak hour service (southbound towards San Francisco in the morning, and northbound in the evening).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, History\nSchedule changes on June 22, 1992, introduced timed transfers between Richmond\u2013Fremont line and Concord\u2013Daly City line trains; Oakland City Center/12th Street was the transfer point between northbound (Richmond-bound and Concord-bound) trains, while MacArthur station was the transfer point between southbound trains. On September 13, 2010, the northbound transfer location was changed to 19th Street Oakland station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, History\nThe Telegraph Avenue entrance was closed from October 14, 2013 to September 30, 2014 for renovations by the City of Oakland. The work included the installation of a kinechromatic sculpture, Shifting Topographies, by Dan Corson. The artwork consists of topographic countour layers of high-density foam coated with a color-shifting paint, which changes hue based on the sun angle and viewing angle. The entrance was closed again from February 3 to March 6, 2015, for the installation of colored glass panels covering vent shafts adjacent to the entrance. Shifting Topographies was damaged by fire on March 8, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, History\nIn 2013, BART began design of a prototype glass canopy for the station entrance on the northeast corner of 20th Street and Broadway. The canopy would protect the escalator from weather damage, improve lighting, and allow the escalator to be fully closed off when the station is not open. The BART board voted to construct the canopy in January 2014; it was completed in March 2015 and includes real-time train arrival information screens at street level. The canopy reduced escalator downtime by one-third, prompting the installation of similar canopies at downtown San Francisco stations beginning in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, History\nConstruction of the Oakland\u2013San Leandro East Bay Bus Rapid Transit line (later branded Tempo) began in August 2016. Original plans had called for the line to use surface stops on 20th Street at the Uptown Transit Center. However, with the Berkeley leg on Telegraph Avenue cancelled, the stops were instead built on Broadway. Tempo route 1T service began on August 9, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, History\nA bike station in a storefront at 19th Street opened in February 2015. By 2017, the station filled on most weekday mornings; construction of a larger station on BART-owned land at 21st Street was recommended. By August 2020, BART had obtained $1.17 million of the estimated $8\u20139 million cost of the 400-space bike station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, History\nA 2014 study produced a conceptual design for modernization of the station. A $32.7 million contract for a renovation project was awarded in July 2019. The three separate paid areas will be consolidated, new surface and platform elevators added to the north end of the station, and the 2001-closed public restrooms rebuilt and reopened. Construction began on January 25, 2020. Several entrances were closed from April 13, 2020, to June 12, 2021, due to low ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic. The entrance at the northwest corner of 20th Street and Broadway closed on June 15, 2021, for about six months as part of construction work. The Telegraph Avenue entrance was closed prior to this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, Uptown Transit Center\nThe surface streets around 19th Street Oakland station are a major transfer point for AC Transit buses. The Uptown Transit Center, located on 20th Street west of Broadway, consists of six large shelters built in September 2006 to improve the ease of transfers. A number of routes stop on 20th Street shelters and/or on Broadway at the station:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158288-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Street Oakland station, Uptown Transit Center\nTempo route 1T service uses dedicated platforms on Broadway. The southbound platform is just south of 20th Street; the northbound (terminating) platform is between 17th Street and 19th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158289-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (DC Streetcar)\n19th Street is a streetcar station located east of the intersection of Benning Rd and 19th Street. It is located on the H Street/Benning Road Line of the DC Streetcar system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158289-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (DC Streetcar), History\n19th Street station opened to the public as one of the original stations on February 27, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158289-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (DC Streetcar), Station layout\nThe station consists of one island platform in the center of Benning Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158290-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (IRT Second Avenue Line)\n19th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level had one track for express trains. The next stop to the north was 23rd Street. The next stop to the south was 14th Street. The station closed on June 13, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158291-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (SEPTA)\n19th Street station is a subway station in Philadelphia. It is located underneath Market Street in Center City Philadelphia, and serves all routes of the SEPTA subway\u2013surface trolley lines. The station was opened by the Philadelphia Transportation Company in 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158291-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (SEPTA)\nTouches of the original 1907 station, such as columns and railings, still remain. The station lies in the heart of Philadelphia's financial district, steps away from the Philadelphia Stock Exchange and two blocks north of Rittenhouse Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158291-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (SEPTA), History\nThe station was built by the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company (PRT), and for the first two years formed part of a subway\u2013surface trolley loop operating underground between 15th Street and the Schuylkill River. In 1907, the Market Street subway\u2013elevated line was completed from 15th Street to 69th Street T.C.. The original line featured a bridge \u2013 located north of Market Street and south of Filbert Street \u2013 that carried both the subway and subway\u2013surface lines over the Schuylkill River. The PRT bridge connected trolley lines in West Philadelphia to the underground subway\u2013surface loop in Center City. 19th Street was originally the westernmost underground trolley station, as tracks rose up to an embankment west of the station to cross the PRT bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158291-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (SEPTA), History\nThe station originally served Routes 10, 11, 31, 34, 37 and 38. Route 31 was rerouted out of the tunnel in 1949 and buses replaced trolleys on routes 37 and 38 in 1955. Routes 13 and 36 began serving the station (and the subway\u2013surface tunnel) in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158291-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (SEPTA), History, Modernization\nTurnstiles were constructed on the westbound platform for the SEPTA Key fare collection system. As such, fares are paid prior to entering the turnstiles and not on the trolleys themselves as opposed to eastbound where riders must still pay upon entering the trolleys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158291-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Street station (SEPTA), Station layout\nSimilar to 22nd Street station, the station has two low-level side platforms with a total of four tracks. The two inner tracks are used by Market\u2013Frankford Line trains, which travel express between 15th Street and 30th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158292-0000-0000", "contents": "19th TCA Awards\nThe 19th TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association. Wanda Sykes hosted the ceremony on July 19, 2003 at the Renaissance Hollywood Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158293-0000-0000", "contents": "19th TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 19th TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows. The awards ceremony took place on May 8, 2001 in the Mexico D.F. The ceremony was televised in the Mexico by Canal de las estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158293-0001-0000", "contents": "19th TVyNovelas Awards\nJacqueline Bracamontes, Alfredo Adame, Ra\u00fal de Molina, Adriana Riveramelo, Lorena Herrera, To\u00f1o de Vald\u00e9s, Ernesto Laguardia & Montserrat Olivier hosted the show. Abr\u00e1zame muy fuerte won 9 awards including Best Telenovela of the Year, the most for the evening. Other winners Primer amor, a mil por hora won 7 awards and Locura de amor, Mi Destino Eres T\u00fa and Amigos x siempre won one each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158293-0002-0000", "contents": "19th TVyNovelas Awards, Winners and nominees, Missing\nPeople who did not attend ceremony wing and were nominated in the shortlist in each category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron\nThe 19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was first activated during World War II as the 19th Photographic Mapping Squadron. During the war, the squadron remained in the United States and mapped areas of North America. However, starting in 1944, the air echelon of the squadron deployed to North Africa to map that area. After V-E Day, the squadron moved to England and mapped large areas of Europe until October 1945, when it began to stand down for inactivation. It was briefly active in the reserve from 1947 to 1949 as the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron\nRedesignated the 19th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, the squadron reactivated in July 1953, moving to Europe the following year. In Europe, it trained and flew night photographic reconnaissance for NATO until 1966, when it returned to the United States to perform reconnaissance training. Its mission changed to electronic warfare training in October 1967 and it was inactivated at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina in October 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 19th Photographic Mapping Squadron was activated at Peterson Field on 14 July 1942, as part of the 4th Photographic Group. It was equipped with Lockheed F-4 Lightnings. the group trained for overseas duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, History, World War II\nReassigned to the 1st Photographic Group, the squadron transferred to Bradley Field, Connecticut. It deployed to Mexico to perform photographic mapping over Central and South America with long range Boeing F-9 Flying Fortress and Consolidated F-7 Liberator aircraft. It also performed photographic mapping of the United States while assigned to the 11th Photographic Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, History, World War II\nReassigned to the 311th Reconnaissance Wing, the squadron moved overseas, being attached to the Royal Air Force. It was first deployed to Africa, the squadron photographed airfields and created maps of western and central Africa in support of Air Transport Command, developing logistical supply routes across the dark continent. It was later assigned to Egypt, mapping the Middle East with long-range aircraft including some Consolidated OA-10 Catalinas, photographing airfields, coastal defenses and ports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, History, World War II\nReassigned to England in April 1945, the squadron took bomb-damage assessment photographs of airfields, marshalling yards, bridges and other targets. It remained in the theater after combat ended, performing photo-mapping of Western Europe. It was inactivated at Foggia Airfield, Italy in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, History, Reserve service\nThe squadron was activated as the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron in the reserve under Air Defense Command (ADC) at Newark Airport, New Jersey, and assigned to the 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Group in November 1947. It trained under the supervision of the 114th AAF Base Unit (Reserve Training) (later the 2231 Air Force Reserve Flying Training Center). It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed or equipped with tactical aircraft. In 1948 Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC. President Truman\u2019s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force, and the 19th was inactivated and not replaced as reserve flying operations at Newark ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe 19th was reactivated at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina in July 1953 as the 19th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, assigned to the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, part of the Ninth Air Force. It was equipped with North American RB-45 Tornados. It trained in the United States until it was deployed to RAF Sculthorpe, England in May 1954. It was assigned to United States Air Force in Europe's Third Air Force and attached to the 47th Bombardment Wing. It performed tactical reconnaissance and photo-mapping missions over Western Europe and North Africa. It also conducted classified deep penetration and reconnaissance flights over the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe squadron upgraded to Douglas RB-66 Destroyers and replaced the obsolescent RB-45s from February 1957. It became the primary night photographic reconnaissance squadron of the USAFE, being assigned to bases in West Germany, England and France. It returned to the United States after the French withdrawal from the NATO military alliance in 1966 and became a replacement training unit for RB-66 aircrews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, History, Cold War\nIn 1968, the squadron was re-equipped with EB-66B electronic countermeasures aircraft. The reconnaissance equipment was removed and replaced by electronic jamming equipment. The tail turret was also removed, automatic jamming equipment was fitted in its place. Numerous antennae protruded from the aircraft, and chaff dispensing pods were carried. Redesignated the 19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron and deployed to Pacific Air Forces), it was assigned to the 18th Tactical Fighter Wing first in Japan, later in Okinawa. The unit flew missions over North Vietnam as electronic warfare aircraft, joining strike missions to jam enemy radar installations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158294-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe squadron was inactivated in 1970 at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa as part of the draw-down of USAF forces in Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, or Nineteenth Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment, was an infantry regiment in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The 19th Tennessee fought in every major battle and campaign of the Army of Tennessee except the Battle of Perryville. First Lieutenant Robert D. Powell of Company K, killed at the Battle of Barbourville, Kentucky, is believed to be the first soldier killed during the Civil War in that state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Tennessee was formed from companies of men from the counties of East Tennessee and was mustered into the Confederate army at Knoxville, Tennessee, in the spring of 1861. Beginning the war with a force of over 1,000 men, only 78 soldiers were present when the 19th surrendered. Fifty-eight of the remaining 78 soldiers were from the initial muster at the beginning of the war. The remaining 20 soldiers had joined the regiment later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment was encamped at Greensboro, North Carolina, when the Army of Tennessee surrendered on April 26, 1865. The 19th Tennessee's regimental flag was not surrendered to the Union army, and its final disposition and whereabouts are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee\nThe state of Tennessee consists of three major divisions\u2014East, Middle, and West Tennessee. The geography of Middle Tennessee consists of rolling hills, and West Tennessee is generally flat, but East Tennessee has some of the most rugged terrain in the Appalachian Mountains. The rugged terrain of East Tennessee hampered the development of agricultural land in the region, and delayed the development of roads and railways, while obstructions in the Tennessee River below Chattanooga hampered the development of water transportation, making it difficult for East Tennesseans to bring any products to markets. Thus, the agrarianism of the region was limited to food production rather than the production of \"cash crops\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee\nThis began to change with the completions of the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad in 1855, linking Knoxville to Georgia, and the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad in 1858, linking Knoxville to Bristol. With the completion of these railways, farmers in East Tennessee could finally transport produce, primarily hogs and corn, to Virginia and the Deep South, and a new cash crop emerged in the regions economy: wheat. By the mid-1850s, wheat production in the region had risen by 300 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee\nWith the increase and development of agriculture in East Tennessee, there was a corresponding increase in the slave population of the region during the decade of the 1850s\u2014some 21 percent, as opposed to an increase of only 14 percent in the white population. While only about one-fourth of Southerners, as a whole, could afford to own any slaves at all, and the majority being owned by the wealthiest 6 percent, only about 10 percent of East Tennesseans were slaveholders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee\nThough Tennessee had a strong Union loyalist coalition, with East Tennessee having a particularly strong Unionist presence, in the months following South Carolina's secession, the coalition soon began to splinter. Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion in the South left many of loyalists feeling betrayed. With most loyalists feeling betrayed by Lincoln, secessionist leaders quickly moved to exploit the shift in public opinion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee\nOn April 25, 1861, only thirteen days after General P.G.T. Beauregard's Confederate gunners opened fire on Fort Sumter, Tennessee's legislature met to consider the question of secession. On May 6, the legislature declared the state independent from the United States. The legislature also granted Governor Isham G. Harris the authority to create a state army of 55,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee\nThough a military alliance was signed with the Confederate States of America the very next day, Tennessee's Declaration of Independence was submitted for a referendum to be held on June 8. Almost 70 percent of the voters approved of secession, but 69 percent of East Tennesseans voted against it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee\nWhile Union loyalists viewed the coming war as a struggle for Republican government, secessionists saw Lincoln as a tyrant and many citizens abandoned the old Union for the new Confederacy to remain true to the principles of the Founding Fathers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Formation of the 19th Tennessee Infantry\nBy the end of May, more than twenty volunteer companies met just outside Knoxville at Camp Cummings, named after David H. Cummings, a prominent farmer and attorney of the region. The 19th Tennessee Infantry was officially formed there as East Tennessee's second Confederate regiment on June 11, 1861, and Cummings was elected as its first colonel. That month, William Phipps wrote home to his sister, Charlotte, \"we are the pick regiment of Tennessee.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Formation of the 19th Tennessee Infantry\nAccording to Worsham's first person account, at the time of the regiment's formation, there were 1,012 men in the 19th's rank and file, and 48 commissioned officers, for a total of 1,060 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe original command structure of the 19th was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization\nColonel - David H. CummingsLt. Colonel - Francis Marion WalkerMajor - Abram FulkersonAdjutant - V. Q. JohnsonSgt.-Major - Henry M. DoakSurgeon - Joseph E. DulaneyAsst. Surgeon - Samuel CarsonQuarter Master - Addison D. TaylorChaplain - Rev. David SullinsMusicians - Rufus Lamb, James Tyner, and W. J. WorshamCompany A (The Hamilton Grays) - Hamilton County, Tennessee, 97 MenCaptain - John D. Powell1st Lieutenant - V. Q. Johnson2nd Lieutenant - Daniel Kennedy3rd Lieutenant - Frank Foust", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Organization\nCompany B - Washington County, Tennessee, 100 MenCaptain - Zadoc T. \"Zeb\" Willett1st Lieutenant - Joseph Conley2nd Lieutenant - Nathan Gregg3rd Lieutenant - James DeaderickCompany C (The Blountville Guards) - Sullivan County, Tennessee, 104 MenCaptain - James P. Snapp1st Lieutenant - Charles St. John2nd Lieutenant - George H. Hull3rd Lieutenant - John M. JonesCompany D (The Gillespie Guards) - Rhea County, Tennessee, 103 MenCaptain - Warner E. Colville1st Lieutenant - Pete Miller2nd Lieutenant - James A. Wallace3rd Lieutenant - S. J. A. FrazierCompany E (The Knoxville Guards/Grays) - Knoxville, Tennessee, 106 MenCaptain - John W. Paxton1st Lieutenant - John M. Miller2nd Lieutenant - J. K. Graham3rd Lieutenant - William M. LackeyCompany F - Polk County, Tennessee, 93 MenCaptain - John H. Hannah1st Lieutenant - P. C. Gaston2nd Lieutenant - J. M. Sims3rd Lieutenant - J. C. HolmsCompany G - Sullivan County, Tennessee, 110 MenCaptain - Abraham L. Gammon1st Lieutenant - Jas. A. Rhea2nd Lieutenant - Robert L. Blair3rd Lieutenant - James CarltonCompany H (The Milton Guards) - McMinn County, Tennessee, 94 MenCaptain - William H. Lowry, Jr.1st Lieutenant - U. S. York2nd Lieutenant - D. A. Wilds3rd Lieutenant - Thomas MastonCompany I (The Marsh Blues) - Hamilton County, Tennessee, 110 MenCaptain - Thomas H. Walker1st Lieutenant - B. F. Moore2nd Lieutenant - Warren Hooper3rd Lieutenant - John LovejoyCompany K (The Hawkins Boys) - Hawkins County, Tennessee, 100 MenCaptain - Carrick W. Heiskell1st Lieutenant - Robert D. Powell2nd Lieutenant - Sam P. Powell3rd Lieutenant - Sam Spears", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 1642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Cumberland Gap\nIn July 1861, the 19th Tennessee received its first assignment to guard the pass at Cumberland Gap from any attempted incursions by the Union army from Kentucky, which remained a Union state and had declared neutrality despite the efforts of secessionists, into East Tennessee or Southwest Virginia. The gap is located at the junction of the three states and would have been a key invasion route into that region of the Confederacy, just as it was a key migration route through the rugged, mountainous terrain for settlers moving west. In his autobiography, Rev. David Sullins, the 19th's chaplain, claims to have been the first Confederate soldier to enter Cumberland Gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Cumberland Gap\nThe regiment began building breastworks and fortifying the mountain pass, but was soon stricken with an epidemic of measles and mumps that nearly incapacitated the entire command. The regiment also recorded its first casualties at Cumberland Gap when a sergeant shot himself through the hand and when a box of percussion caps exploded, severely injuring Col. Francis M. Walker's hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Cumberland Gap\nIn September, Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk committed one of the Confederacy's worst strategic blunders by seizing Columbus, Kentucky, and ending the state's neutrality, thereby opening the door for Union forces to move through the Bluegrass State. General Albert Sidney Johnston was forced to move a considerable portion of the forces under his command to Bowling Green, Kentucky, to close the hole in his defensive line, and the 19th Tennessee, along with two other regiments, was relocated by General Felix Zollicoffer to Cumberland Ford, now Pineville, Kentucky, where they established Camp Buckner. Other regiments were brought up from the rear to reinforce Cumberland Gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Battle of Barbourville\nUnion loyalist sentiment was as strong in Eastern Kentucky as it was in East Tennessee, and Zollicoffer feared that local Home Guard units might take action against his forces. On September 18, Zollicoffer sent a mixed force of 800 troops, including Companies B and K of the 19th, to destroy Camp Andrew Johnson, a Union training facility at Barbourville, KY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Battle of Barbourville\nIn a dawn attack, the Confederates surprised about 300 Bushwhackers. The Unionists fled after a brief exchange of gunfire, and the Confederates took the camp and captured a meager store of supplies. Though several were wounded, only one man was killed. Lt . Robert D. Powell of Company K acquired the dubious distinction of being the first Confederate killed in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Battle of Barbourville\nThe regiment remained in Kentucky for a time, even managing a couple of successful raids to acquire supplies, but the assorted diseases that spread through the camps like wildfire were taking their tolls. By the end of the month, only about 600 men from the regiment were fit for duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Battle of Barbourville\nBy late October 1861, General Zollicoffer was receiving reports that a Union invasion somewhere between Cumberland Gap and Bowling Green was impending. His brigade returned to Tennessee, leaving a large garrison at Cumberland Gap, and the rest, including the 19th marched to Jamestown. Indeed, also believing that invasion was imminent, Unionist guerillas had stepped up actions in East Tennessee, including the burnings of several key railroad bridges, but the revolt was soon suppressed by Confederate reinforcements in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs\nWith the local rebellion under control, Zollicoffer's forces, including the 19th Tennessee, returned to Kentucky in late November to establish winter camp near the tiny hamlet of Mill Springs on the south bank of the Cumberland River. The Union's Army of the Ohio responded by sending a brigade under the command of General Albin F. Schoepf to nearby Somerset to prevent Zollicoffer from crossing the river and advancing into Central Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0022-0001", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs\nZollicoffer committed a potentially grave tactical error by crossing the Cumberland and established a fortified position on the north bank at Beech Grove\u2014he had a numerically superior force on his front, and a flood-prone river to his rear. Camp Beech Grove appeared quite formidable with the river guarding its flanks, and breastworks and chevaux de frise protecting its front, but the appearance was deceiving. The entrenchments could not dispel a determined attack, and disease was continuing to deplete the brigade's manpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs\nBy the middle of December, President Jefferson Davis replaced Zollicoffer as commander of the Department of East Tennessee, though he remained in command of his brigade, with Maj. Gen. George B. Crittenden, but it would be almost a month before Crittenden arrived. By the time he took command in January, the river was flooded and the brigade was backed into a tactical corner if the Yankees attacked. Before arriving, Crittenden had ordered Zollicoffer to move to the south bank, but he continued to hold his position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs\nUnion reinforcements were on their way into the area and so Crittenden, having been reinforced as well, chose to attack them before the two groups could unite. His troops set out at about 11:30 P.M. on January 19, 1862, marching through mud sometimes over a foot deep. Zollicoffer's brigade led the advance out of the entrenchments intending to attack at dawn, but bad weather and muddy roads slowed their advance. They encountered Union pickets about 6:00 A.M. and the element of surprise was lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs\nThe 19th Tennessee and 15th Mississippi engaged the Federal pickets in a running skirmish for a quarter of a mile. Zollicoffer's brigade reformed and pressed the attack, but the Federals had reinforced as well and the firing became more intense. The 19th and 25th Tennessee charged the Yankees and drove them back into the woods, but the attack faltered as confusion and chaos set in from limited visibility due to the rain, fog, smoke, thunder, and lightning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0025-0001", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs\nNearsighted Zollicoffer became convinced that the 19th Tennessee was firing on the 15th Mississippi and, attempting to stop what he thought was friendly fire, rode toward the Union army. He realized his mistake too late when an aide began firing his pistol at the Yankees, but Zollicoffer was killed in a hail of fire before he could escape. The 19th had begun to break ranks to follow him, but fell back in confusion after he was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs\nCrittenden placed Colonel Cummings of the 19th Tennessee in command of Zollicoffer's brigade, and he attempted to correct his battle lines, but artillery support was ineffective, and the infantry's assortment of inferior rifles, including many flintlock muskets and country rifles that were misfiring in the rain and dampness, were no match for the Federals' superior .58 caliber, percussion cap Enfields. At 9:00 A.M., the Federals fixed bayonets and charged, and the Confederate lines broke. In the retreat, the 19th's surgeon, Joseph Dulaney, refused to leave the wounded and was captured, but later released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0027-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Mill Springs\nThe cold and exhausted Confederates retreated to Camp Beech Grove to dry off and prepare a meal, but the order to abandon the camp soon came. As Federal and Confederate cannons exchanged fire through the night; the troops were ferried across the river by a steamboat named the Noble Ellis. Some soldiers tried to swim and were drowned or swept away. After all the troops were on the south bank, Crittenden ordered the boat burned to prevent the Federals from following. The Confederates had to abandon their stores and had few provisions for the retreat. The troops were finally resupplied after reaching Gainesville on January 26. Two weeks later, they moved to Camp Fogg near Carthage, then to Murfreesboro, where the brigades joined with Albert Sidney Johnston's army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0028-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nGeneral Beauregard was assembling a new army and requested Johnston to join him. Johnston marched his army south into Alabama while considering the offer. Along the way, some of the troops were issued new Enfield rifles, but the 19th Tennessee received reconditioned rifled muskets. Still, they were a vast improvement over the weapons that had contributed to their defeat at Fishing Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0029-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nJohnston decided to join Beauregard and so the 19th Tennessee, along with the rest of the brigade, left Decatur, Alabama, on March 15, 1862, and arrived in Corinth, Mississippi, on March 20. The combined forces of Beauregard and Johnston became the Army of Mississippi. When Crittenden was arrested for drunkenness, he was replaced by John C. Breckinridge, and the 19th Tennessee fell under his command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0030-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nBeauregard and Johnston hoped to liberate Middle and West Tennessee from Union control by attacking Major General Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee at a riverboat port at Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River near Shiloh Church. By attacking Grant before Buell's Army of the Ohio arrived, Beauregard hoped to defeat the two armies separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0031-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nBy the time the attack was supposed to begin on the morning of April 4, it was already twelve hours behind schedule and a cold rain began falling that turned the roads into muck, forcing Johnston to postpone until the next morning. The rain continued through the night and by the afternoon of April 5, Beauregard's army was still not properly deployed, forcing another postponement. They finally achieved their staging positions late that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0032-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nThe attack on the Federal camp opened at 5:00 A.M., but Col. George Maney's battalion, the 19th Tennessee, and General Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry were sent to scout the Confederate rear in case Buell attempted a landing there. By 11:00 A.M., Maney was convinced that they were safe from Buell, so he detached the 19th Tennessee and Forrest's cavalry from his command, and they returned together to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0033-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nAs they approached Sarah Bell's Field, Maney was approached by Maj. Gen. Frank Cheatham, who ordered him to take men of his choice and attack a Federal battery near the George Manse cabin. Maney chose his 1st Tennessee Battalion, 9th Tennessee, 6th and 7th Kentucky Infantry, and the 19th Tennessee to attack the position known as \"The Hornet's Nest,\" with the 19th deployed on the right of his line. Maney's forces attacked the Federal position at 2:30 that afternoon, with the 19th crossing a cornfield and approaching Manse's cabin. Federal fire from the position intensified with the 19th taking several casualties\u2014among others, Colonel Cummings lost a finger, Maj. Abram Fulkerson was shot in the thigh, and captains \"Zeb\" Willett of Company B and Thomas Walker of Company I were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0034-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nThe Confederates stayed on the attack\u2014the 19th stormed the cabin and took the woods to the west of the field. The 19th was released and sent back to the brigade. By 4:00 P.M., they had rejoined, and Breckinridge was launching an attack against the left flank of the Hornet's Nest. By 5:00 P.M. the nest was withering; a half-hour later, it fell. As they disarmed the Federal troops, the 19th Tennessee exchanged their reconditioned muskets for the Yankee's .58 caliber Enfields. Lt . Colonel Walker received Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss' sword in surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0035-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nThat night, the 19th Tennessee ate well from the overrun Federal camps. Some bedded down in captured Federal tents and others on the ground, but they probably slept little that night. Union gunboats fired shells into the Confederate lines starting a brushfire that burned a considerable amount of ground where the dead and wounded still lay, and nature unleashed another deluge about 10:00 P.M. that lasted until 3:00 in the morning. Meanwhile, Buell's rested army landed and reinforced Grant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0036-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nBreckinridge had managed to keep his men assembled through the night, but many of the other regiments were scattered, which would cause considerable command and control problems the next morning. With the battle engaged, Grant's somewhat recovered army was exerting considerable pressure on the Confederate left flank to the west. Breckinridge had assembled his men and moved towards the Hornet's Nest, with the 19th Tennessee posted in the woods on the center-right of his line, where they began taking considerable artillery fire. Federal troops advanced from the woods near Bloody Pond toward the Manse cabin, but were met by intense artillery and musket fire from Bowen's and Stratham's brigades, including the 19th Tennessee. The Confederates counterattacked, but Federal artillery stopped their advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0037-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nThe Yankees pressed again, broke the Confederate line, and captured a battery of Washington artillery. The Rebels rallied in the woods and charged again to recapture the cannons with the Crescent Regiment of Louisiana engaging the Yankees hand-to-hand. Breckinridge asked who could aid them, and Lt. Colonel Francis Walker replied that the 19th Tennessee could. The 19th charged into the fighting with other elements of Stratham's brigade and pushed the Federals back, retaking the artillery battery. The 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors have an emblem of crossed cannon barrels on their regimental flag, signifying this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0038-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nBy noon, the Confederates were losing momentum and their lines starting to give way. Near Duncan Field, the 19th watched the Federals approach and opened fire on a regiment that had remained in column formation, and drove them back. William Tecumseh Sherman described the shooting as \"the severest musketry fire I ever heard.\" The Federals counterattacked and pushed Breckinridge's corps from Duncan Field back toward Shiloh Church. By 2:00 P.M., the entire Confederate line was collapsing in the face of superior numbers and better rested and supplied Federal troops. Breckinridge's corps organized a rear guard action and held the Federals off, allowing the Army of Mississippi to safely retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0039-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nThe next day, the corps moved to Mickie's Farm near Corinth and held the position, allowing Beauregard to organize a defense near the Mississippi town. The Battle of Shiloh was over, but at a cost of 23,000 combined casualties. Beauregard and, likewise, the 19th Tennessee suffered about 25 percent losses, from which the regiment never fully recovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0040-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nA journalist from New Orleans wrote, \"after Shiloh the South never smiled again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0041-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Shiloh\nThe 19th Tennessee spent the next few weeks at Corinth in provost duty and reorganizing the regiment to compensate for their losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0042-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Vicksburg\nOn May 22, 1862, Beauregard's army boarded trains for Tupelo as the 19th covered their withdrawal. The 19th followed on June 2 and arrived at Vicksburg on July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0043-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Vicksburg\nUnion gunboats on the Mississippi River were starting to threaten the town and the troops were garrisoned there as protection. The men of the 19th found the town charming and the people welcomed the soldiers at first. Soon, the soldiers were not as welcome as food ran low and the soldiers' presence began to draw fire on civilian positions. The soldiers' water source became contaminated and disease ran rampant with epidemics of measles, malaria, and dysentery among others. The ranks were severely depleted by death and disease, and a number of soldiers received medical discharges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0044-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Vicksburg\nIn late July, the Yankees ceased fire for the time being and the first assault of Vicksburg was over. Later on, when the Union gunboats resumed and the town was under siege, soldiers and civilians had to resort to eating rats and mule meat to survive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0045-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Baton Rouge\nThe 19th's division was removed from Vicksburg and sent into Louisiana to attack Federal positions at Baton Rouge. By this time, the 19th Tennessee was a regiment in name only and could only muster less than 100 healthy men, so they were consolidated with the remnants of other regiments to form a battalion. One-third of the Confederate force had no shoes, many lacked shirts and coats, and some were almost naked. They carried no tents and had only two days worth of rations in their haversacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0046-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Baton Rouge\nThe heat and humidity of the march took their toll, as well as a lack of sources of clean drinking water. The men of the 19th were soon beset with exhaustion, fever, chills, and bloody diarrhea from dysentery. By the time they reached the Comite River, ten miles from Baton Rouge, only about 2,600 effective soldiers remained and many of those were seriously ill. When the divisions marched on the Union positions just before dawn, fog limited the ability to see more than \"twenty steps\" and there were not enough troops to form the standard double battle line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0047-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Baton Rouge\nStill, the Confederates managed to press the attack and drove the Union army back, but only to a prepared defensive position. The CSS Arkansas, a Rebel gunboat, had been intended to provide support, but it had run aground. With only about 1,000 soldiers still fit to fight and having run out of water, the Rebels could not risk another attack. Civilians helped gather the wounded and the dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0048-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Baton Rouge\nThe Confederates occupied Port Hudson for a time and fearing another attack by them, Union forces abandoned Baton Rouge on August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0049-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro\nThe men of the 19th recuperated for the rest of the month in Jackson, Mississippi and the troops left ill at Vicksburg and Baton Rouge began to trickle back in. The men of the 19th Tennessee stitched the battle honors of Fishing Creek, Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Baton Rouge into their regimental flag, to which they were fiercely devoted. The 19th's flag was never surrendered to the Yankees at the end of the war and its whereabouts are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0050-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro\nIn September, the 19th's brigade was sent to Knoxville via Chattanooga in cattle cars on a train that the men described as \"filthy beyond description\". By this time, the 19th could only muster about 150 effectives, but that number increased to about 380 by the end of Fall. On October 15, the regiment was moved to Loudon where they continued recruiting and building their depleted numbers. By Winter, they were in Murfreesboro. As Union forces under the command of Gen. William Rosecrans approached, one of the strangest battles of the war commenced: a battle of musicians. When Union bands played \"Yankee Doodle\", the Confederates answered with \"Dixie\" and \"Bonnie Blue Flag\" was answered with \"Hail Columbia\". Finally, the bands of both sides joined in playing \"Home Sweet Home\" and the men of both sides sang together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0051-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro\nThe Confederates decided to seize the moment and attacked first, driving Union forces back for some two miles before grinding to a halt. The men of the 19th Tennessee overran and artillery battery that had shelled them, but was met with another fusillade of fire, killing the regiment's flag bearer. Corporal John Mason picked up the flag and held it high and inspiring the troops, who forced the Federals back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0052-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro\nThe Confederates forced the Union all the way to the Nashville Pike before the attack petered out after a heavy barrage of Union canister. The Rebels managed to capture 300 small arms, ammunition, and supplies, along with 50 Federals, but the 19th, who had entered the battle with 382 men, suffered 136 casualties. First Sergeant Amos C. Smith of Washington County was among those cited for gallantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0053-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Murfreesboro\nThe Federals dug in, eventually forcing Gen. Braxton Bragg to withdraw his forces, which severely demoralized the troops. The 19th winter quartered at Shelbyville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0054-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga\nDuring the winter of 1863, a Christian movement of \"big revivals\" developed among the Army of Tennessee, along with a great deal of dissension against Gen. Braxton Bragg. Bragg was a fairly good military strategist, but his personality was strongly detested by his commanders and ranks. Thus, his campaigns tended to be well planned, but poorly executed by his commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0055-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga\nBragg's army entered Chattanooga on July 7, 1863. By this time, Vicksburg and Middle Tennessee had fallen, and Lee had been defeated at Gettysburg. The 19th Tennessee dug in on a hill above the town's landing and awaited the federals. Federal artillery soon began to bombard the town on soldiers and civilians alike. On September 8, Bragg realized that Rosecran's army was behind him and that the Army of Tennessee would have to abandon its fortifications or be cut off, and so his forces abandoned Chattanooga and marched toward Rome, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0056-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga\nBy this time, Federal troops occupied much of East Tennessee and with Unionist guerrillas anxious to punish the region's Rebels and their families, desertions from the army rose dramatically, taking their toll on all units, including the 19th. However, some \"deserters\" were actually decoys sent by Bragg to make the Confederate Army of Tennessee's dilemma appear worse than it actually was in an attempt to bolster overconfidence and force the Union army into careless acts that Bragg could exploit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0057-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga\nOn September 12, Bragg ordered Gen. Leonidas Polk to take a division and attack the Yankees, but Polk ignored the order. By the next day, an entire Union corps was positioned on the opposite bank of Chickamauga Creek. Even after Bragg sent reinforcements, Polk was still overly cautious and did not move until 9 AM. A brief skirmish ensued with Polk attempting to draw the Yankees out, but they didn't take the bait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0058-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga\nThe 19th Tennessee, tired, hungry, and apprehensive, did not join the fighting until September 18. By that time, Bragg's army had crossed the creek around 7 AM. The dense brush and undergrowth made advancing difficult and commanders had to pause to straighten their lines. Passing near the 19th, Gen. Benjamin Cheatham yelled, \"Give them hell, boys, give them hell!\" Gen. Polk, a bishop in the Episcopal church, yelled, \"Give them what General Cheatham says, we will pay off old chores today.\" About that time, a shell crashed nearby wounding two men. Within minutes, the Rebels and Yankees were heavily engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0059-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga\nThe Confederates managed to force the Federals back into their breastworks, but the attack stalled as ammunition ran low. Reinforced by reserve units, the Rebels pressed again with the 19th on the extreme right of the line. In fifteen minutes, 75 of the unit's 242 men were struck down, but the steady nerve of Colonel Francis Walker held them together. A number of Company level officers were cut down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0060-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga\nThe Confederate lines began to buckle as the Federals advanced, but a Rebel artillery barrage of canister and grapeshot, effective turning the big guns into shotguns, forced the Yankees to retreat. The 19th lost 40% of its total strength, with 8 killed, 66 men wounded, and 20 missing, but the Tennesseans held their ground. The Rebels attacked again at dusk, but the attack sputtered in the darkness. Temperatures that night fell to near freezing, but the proximity of enemy forces prevented the use of campfires. Meanwhile, the Federals spent the night fortifying their earthworks. The battle resumed about 9:30 the next morning and about 11 AM, a mix up in orders caused the Federals to pull a division out of the center just as the Rebels came screaming in. The Yankees panicked and their lines splintered. The Army of Tennessee had its victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0061-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, Chickamauga\nBragg received word that the Federals had abandoned Chattanooga, but arrived there to find them entrenched. He decided to lay siege to the town and it worked, with the deprivation of the Federals soon matching that of the Confederates. Two divisions, including the 19th Tennessee were sent to Sweetwater to prevent Rosecrans from being reinforced, but there was little for them to do. This was the last time that the East Tennessee Confederates would see home until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0062-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors\nA group of Civil War reenactors from Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia represents Company B (Washington County) of the 19th Tennessee Infantry. The unit was organized in the late 1980s and continues to the present. The group participates in many reenactments of Army of Tennessee battles, gravesite and monument dedications, parades, school programs, and other events. They served as the Honor Guard at the gravesite during the funeral for the crew of the H. L. Hunley (submarine) on April 17, 2004, at Magnolia Cemetery in Charleston, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158295-0063-0000", "contents": "19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, The 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors\nPrevious captains of the 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors were Scott Templeton, Jerry Nave, Richard Gouge, Richard Ragle and Scot Koenig. The unit is currently commanded by Captain Ric Dulaney", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158296-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Tony Awards\nThe 19th Annual Tony Awards was broadcast on June 13, 1965, from The Astor Hotel in New York City on local television station  WWOR-TV (Channel 9). The Masters of Ceremonies were Tom Bosley, Jose Ferrer, and Van Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158296-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Tony Awards, The ceremony\nPresenters: George Abbott, Alan Alda, Robert Alda, Alan Arkin, Jean-Pierre Aumont, Sidney Blackmer, Herschel Bernardi, Victor Borge, Gower Champion, Carol Channing, Barbara Cook, Farley Granger, George Grizzard, Sally Ann Howes, Anne Jeffreys, Bert Lahr, Piper Laurie, Bethel Leslie, Ethel Merman, Barry Nelson, Molly Picon, Maureen Stapleton, Jule Styne, Eli Wallach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158297-0000-0000", "contents": "19th U-boat Flotilla\nThe 19th U-boat Flotilla (German 19. Unterseebootsflottille) was a unit of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158297-0001-0000", "contents": "19th U-boat Flotilla\nIt was founded in October 1943 as a Training Flotilla (Ger. Ausbildungsflottille) where future commanders received their basic training (Kommandanten-Vorschule), under the command of Korvettenkapit\u00e4n Jost Metzler. Originally based at Pillau, it relocated to Kiel in February 1945. It was disbanded in May 1945 when Germany surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158297-0002-0000", "contents": "19th U-boat Flotilla, Assigned U-boats\nFour U-boats were assigned to this flotilla during its service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158298-0000-0000", "contents": "19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men, mostly from southern Maryland and that state's Eastern Shore. Commanded by white officers, it was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158298-0001-0000", "contents": "19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th U.S. Colored Infantry was organized at Camp Stanton in Benedict, Maryland beginning December 25, 1863 and mustered in for three-year service under the command of Colonel Henry Goddard Thomas. The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, April to September 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXV Corps, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXV Corps, to January 1866. Department of Texas, to January 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158298-0002-0000", "contents": "19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nInitially posted to provost (guard) duty in Baltimore, Maryland, beginning on March 1, 1864, they were described as having \"great proficiency in discipline and drill\" and praised for their \"bearing and military qualities\", despite the prejudice of the times against \"colored troops\". The next month, they were ordered to join the Army of the Potomac under the command of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in the Overland Campaign. Following skirmishes en route, the 19th Regiment engaged in their first major combat on May 6, 1864, at the Battle of the Wilderness. They later participated in the Siege of Petersburg, and sustained heavy casualties. Praised for their \"conspicuous gallantry\", the victorious African-American Marylanders were among the first Union troops to enter Richmond, Virginia, when the Confederate capital fell in April, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158298-0003-0000", "contents": "19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Camp Stanton, Benedict, Md., until March 1864, and at Camp Birney until April, after which they were in the Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River, Va., May and June 1864. Guarded trains through the Wilderness. Before Petersburg, Va., June 15\u201318. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond, Va., June 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30, 1864. Weldon Railroad August 18\u201321. Fort Sedgwick September 28. Poplar Grove Church September 29\u201330. Hatcher's Run October 27\u201328. Actions on the Bermuda Hundred front November 17\u201318. Duty at Bermuda Hundred until March 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158298-0003-0001", "contents": "19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAppomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Hatcher's Run March 29\u201331. Assault and capture of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Duty at Petersburg and City Point until June. Moved to Texas June 13-July 3. Duty at Brownsville and on the Rio Grande River in Texas, until January 1867. The 19th U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service January 15, 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158298-0004-0000", "contents": "19th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 294\u00a0 men during service; 3\u00a0officers and 47\u00a0enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, one officer and 243\u00a0enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158299-0000-0000", "contents": "19th United States Congress\nThe 19th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1827, during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President John Quincy Adams. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. The Senate had a majority of Jackson Men, while the House had an Anti- Jackson (pro-Adams) majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158299-0001-0000", "contents": "19th United States Congress, Party summary\nThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158299-0002-0000", "contents": "19th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158299-0003-0000", "contents": "19th United States Congress, Members\n(J) following a name means the member was of the Jackson faction. (A) that the person was a member of the Adams (anti-Jackson) faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158299-0004-0000", "contents": "19th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1826/1827; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1828/1829; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1830/1831.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158299-0005-0000", "contents": "19th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Maryland\nThe 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158299-0006-0000", "contents": "19th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, New York\nThere were three plural districts: the 20th & 26th had two representatives each, the 3rd had three representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158299-0007-0000", "contents": "19th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives, Pennsylvania\nThere were six plural districts: the 7th, 8th, 11th & 16th had two representatives each, the 4th & 9th had three representatives each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158299-0008-0000", "contents": "19th United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThis count reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158300-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Vanier Cup\nThe 19th Vanier Cup was played on November 19, 1983, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided the CIAU football champion for the 1983 season. The Calgary Dinos won their first ever championship by defeating the Queen's Golden Gaels by a score of 31-21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158301-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Venice Biennale\nThe 19th Venice Biennale, held in 1934, was an exhibition of international contemporary art, with 16 participating nations. The Venice Biennale takes place biennially in Venice, Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158302-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Venice International Film Festival\nThe 19th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 24 August to 7 September 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 19th Vietnam Film Festival was held from December 1 to December 5, 2015 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, with the slogan \"Vietnamese Cinema - Ethnicity, Humanity, Creativity, Integration\" (Vietnamese: \"\u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam - D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, H\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nAt this Film Festival, for the first time, there is a selection round for entries in all genres: feature films, documentaries, science films and animated films. Also for the first time, films participating in the Vietnam Film Festival are divided into categories: films in Competition and films in the Panorama program. For the first time, the model of film production ordered by the State combined with the social capital of private film studios achieved high social and economic efficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThe jury awarded 4 Golden Lotus for the categories: Feature Film, Documentary, Science Film and Animated Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nNotably, the 2015 Vietnam Film Festival was the first time that a selection committee was established to select films for competition and show, not all units sent to participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nFrom hundreds of films submitted for selection, the 19th Film Festival's Selection Committee has selected 125 films of various genres, from 41 film production units across the country to be included in 2 sections: \u201cFilms in Competition\u201d (92 films) and \u201cFilms shown in the Panorama program\u201d (33 films).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nAmong the 92 entries, there are 20 feature films, 6 direct-to-video feature films, 6 documentary feature films, 27 direct-to-video documentary, 10 science films, and 23 animated films. Films for this year's competition are films produced by cinema establishments and licensed for popularization from September 1, 2013 to October 10, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nThe new feature of this film festival is the Panorama Program section (Vietnamese: \"To\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam\"). The program will show to the public the films that attended the festival but were not eligible and not selected for the competition list (15 feature films and 18 direct-to-video documentary films). However, there are still 2 award for the most favorite film in this section along with the \"Film In Competition\" section, voted by the audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Participation\nIn addition, to celebrate the 85th anniversary of the founding of Vietnam Communist Party, 40 years of Southern Liberation Day - National Reunification and 70 years of August Revolution and National Day, the General Department of Politics of the Vietnam People's Army (Vietnamese: T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam) had given the award for the \"Best Film on War and Revolution\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nThis year's film festival continues to have 3 jury panels like previous years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nThe jury in the Feature Film category includes: director V\u0169 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0ng (Head), director/actor L\u00ea Cung B\u1eafc, director \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t B\u00ecnh, writer Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1ee9c, screenwriter L\u01b0u Nghi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ef3nh, composer Ph\u00fa Quang, cinematographer V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f9ng, painter L\u00e3 Qu\u00fd T\u00f9ng and actress V\u00e2n Trang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nIn the Documentary - Scientific Film category, the jury includes: Doctor/Film Critic Tr\u1ea7n Lu\u00e2n Kim (Head), director V\u0169 L\u1ec7 M\u1ef9, director/cinematographer Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ed1c Th\u00e0nh, journalist Ng\u00f4 Ng\u1ecdc Ng\u0169 Long and director \u0110o\u00e0n H\u1ed3ng L\u00ea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Jury\nIn the Documentary - Scientific Film category, there are 5 members of the jury: director/animator Nguy\u1ec5n H\u00e0 B\u1eafc (Head), director/animator Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Hoa, writer \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u1ea1ch Bi\u1ec1n, songwriter Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ef3nh H\u1ee3p and journalist Chu Th\u1ecb Thu H\u1eb1ng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nA notable activity to prepare for the film festival is the Welcoming 19th Vietnam Film Festival Film Week. The opening starts at 19:30 pm on November 18, 2015, at the National Cinema Center (Hanoi) with the film \"Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Y\u1ebfn\" and L\u00ea \u0110\u1ed9 Cinema (\u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng City) with the film \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nAccording to the schedule, there will be two seminars to take place:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nIn Ho Chi Minh City, during the five days of the festival (from December 1 to December 5), in addition to feature films in the competition section, the audience also enjoyed free films in the Panorama Program section at BHD cinemas (February 3 Street, District 10), CGV H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng (District 5), Galaxy Nguy\u1ec5n Du (District 1), Mega GS Cao Th\u1eafng (District 3). According to the organizers, tickets for the welcome film week as well as at the festival are distributed at the screening venue 1-2 days before each film is shown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Activities\nThe opening ceremony took place at 19:00 on December 1 at H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh Theater (Ho Chi Minh City), broadcast live on channel VTV1. The closing/awarding ceremony took place at Hoa Binh Theater at 20:00 on December 5, which will be broadcast live on channel VTV6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Critical Reviews\nThe 19th Vietnam Film Festival received more positive reviews than previous festivals. The plus point for the 19th Vietnam Film Festival is that it has selected many good films to participate in the competition. Through the selection round, the categories of films submitted to the competition were diverse, with many quality films appearing and avoiding the \"catastrophic\" films like many previous festival seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158303-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Vietnam Film Festival, Event, Critical Reviews\nIn particular, the maturity of the young film crew has added a new voice next to the previous seniors. Another factor is that overseas Vietnamese filmmakers return to their home country to establish their careers, making the Vietnamese film market more vibrant and remarkable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158304-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158304-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nDuring the first two years of the war, two groups of semi-organized militia operated guerilla-style in what became West Virginia in 1863. Members of the 3rd Regiment Virginia State Line (a/k/a \"Moccasin Rangers\"), mainly from Calhoun County, but also with Joseph Kesslers Company D from Spencer, Roane County and the 2nd Regiment Virginia State Line would become the core of the 19th Virginia Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158304-0001-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nIt received that name although in April 1863 when it was organized by General John Imboden as he made his way westward toward Beverly in Raleigh County, fewer than 700 of the 3,365 men owned a horse. The Moccasin Rangers had often attacked civilian targets in western Virginia in 1861 and 1862, and were called \"bushwhackers.\" General Imboden's brother George W. Imboden commanded a detachment from McClanahan's Battery attached to the 19th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158304-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nPeregrine (Perry) Hays (1819\u20131905), a merchant and postmaster at Arnoldsburg in Calhoun County (who had represented Gilmer and Wirt Counties in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1855-6 and who had become the richest man in Calhoun County by 1860 and its sheriff in 1861), had organized the 3rd Regiment State Line in 1861, together with his partner (and the Calhoun County Clerk of Court) George Silcott (1830\u20131903). However both had returned to Arnoldsburg in disgust with some of its activities and so were listed as deserters by Dusky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158304-0002-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nBoth would be captured and twice paroled by Union forces, as well as involved as negotiators in an incident at Spencer in Roane County which ultimately redounded to the disadvantage of Union Col. John C. Rathbone. One leader of the \"outlaw faction\", Perry Connolley or Conley (1837\u20131862) died in a skirmish at Welch Glade in Webster County in January 1862; his two brothers Cornelius and James fought for the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158304-0002-0002", "contents": "19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nAnother, George Downs (1820\u20131899) was captured early in 1862 and convicted of raiding the federal post office at Ripley, Jackson County in 1861, but in November 1862 was exchanged for Union prisoners held in Louisiana. Downs returned to action after promotion to Major, and fought until the war's end. Another leader of the Ripley Post Office raid, Daniel Duskey (1809\u2013?) was captured in Wirt County with 33 of his men on December 15, 1861 and sent to prison in Albany, New York after his conviction for that robbery. President Lincoln pardoned him on June 13, 1863, and he was captured again in Webster County on February 9, 1864. He escaped form the prison at Wheeling on July 18, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158304-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nIt fought with Jenkin's and W.L. Jackson's Brigade and confronted the Federals in western Virginia. As western Virginia voters overwhelmingly voted for independence the second time and created the state of West Virginia by passing a state constitution with anti-slavery provisions, the Moccasin Rangers formally organized in April, 1863 as Company A of the 19th Virginia Cavalry. It fought with the Army of Northern Virginia, in southwest Virginia, and in the Shenandoah Valley. The unit disbanded during April, 1865. Its commanders were Colonel William Lowther Jackson, Lieutenant Colonel William P. Thompson, and Majors George Downs and Joseph K. Kesler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Virginia, organized at Manassas Junction, Virginia, in May, 1861, contained men recruited at Charlottesville and in the counties of Albemarle, Nelson, and Amherst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nIt fought at First Manassas under General Cocke, then was assigned to General Pickett's, Garnett's, and Hunton's Brigade. The 19th participated in the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia from Williamsburg to Gettysburg except when it was with Longstreet at Suffolk. Later it served in North Carolina, returned to Virginia, and was active at Drewry's Bluff and Cold Harbor. Continuing the fight, it was engaged in the Petersburg siege north of the James River and the Appomattox Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nIt reported 6 casualties at First Manassas and in April, 1862, totalled 650 effectives. The regiment had 138 casualties during the Seven Days' Battles and lost forty-two percent of the 150 in the Maryland Campaign and more than forty-five percent of the 328 engaged at Gettysburg. Many were captured at Sayler's Creek, and only 1 officer and 29 men surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonels Philip St. George Cocke, Henry Gantt, Armistead T.M. Rust, and John B. Strange; Lieutenant Colonels John T. Ellis, Charles S. Peyton, and Bennett Taylor; and Majors Waller M. Boyd and William Watts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe 19th Virginia Infantry service begins on April 17, 1861, at Charlottesville, Virginia, when Virginia secedes from the United States. Two militia companies, the Monticello Guard and the Albemarle Rifles, along with two companies, the Southern Guard and the Sons of Liberty, formed in front of the Charlottesville Court House. The Monticello Guard was formed in May 1857, by William B. Mallory. It is unknown what they wore in the pre-war years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0005-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization\nOne record says they wore uniforms similar to the Continentals of the American Revolution, while one report claims they wore red battleshirts with red fezzes when they participated in a shooting competition in 1859. The Albemarle Rifles were formed in 1860, by William T.W.R. Duke. The pre-war uniform consisted of Gray frock coats with blue trim and blue trousers. They wore white leather goods, and according to Richard Duke's son, carried either US Springfield or Mississippi Rifles. The other two companies, the Southern Guard and the Sons of Liberty, consisted of students from the University of Virginia. At 10:30 pm, they were loaded onto a train bound for Staunton. They became known as the Charlottesville-University Battalion. They arrived at Harper's Ferry and stayed there until April 23, when they were ordered back to Charlottesville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe two student companies were disbanded, while the Monticello Guard and the Albemarle Rifles were mustered into service on May 12, at Culpeper Court House. The other eight companies arrived later in the months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe nicknames of the companies of the regiment are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Organization\nCompanies A - F and K were recruited primarily from Albemarle County. Company G was recruited primarily from Nelson County, and Companies H and I were recruited primarily from Amherst County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Uniform\nThe 19th Virginia was clothed in the regulation Confederate Infantry garb; that is, a gray frock coat with light blue trim on the skirt of the coat, on the cuffs, and on the collar, light blue trousers, and a gray kepi with a light blue band. The light blue designated the wearer as an infantryman. The men of the 19th were also issued brown leather accouterments: a brown leather cartridge box and strap and a brown leather belt with cap box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0009-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Uniform\nAccording to most records, the 19th Virginia leather goods varied throughout the war, often adopting black leather or anything at one time. In May, 1863, as the 19th's division was passing through Richmond, the 19th and many of the regiments in the division received shell jackets. Shell jackets are like frock coats, only without the skirt end, and ends just below the waist. Most likely the men received Richmond Depot Type II Jackets. The 19th Virginia was also greatly supplied by the Charlottesville Mills at Charlottesville, Virginia. They constantly supplied the 19th with frock coats, but into 1864 and 1865, grey dye was harder to find, so butternut substituted. Of course, like much of the Confederate Army, uniforms may have also varied, using anything they could find.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record\nThe 19th Virginia became part of a brigade alongside the 8th, 18th, and 28th Virginia infantry regiments. The 56th Virginia Infantry later joined the brigade as well. The brigade later became known as the \"Gamecock Brigade\" for its fierce fighting and extreme bravery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record\nMuch of what is known of the 19th Virginia's experiences during the war is based on the reports of its commanders as found in the Official Records. Another source is the memoirs of one of its members, William Nathaniel Wood, who wrote Reminiscences of Big I, which describes Wood's personal experiences with the regiment during the War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas\nThe 19th Virginia's trial by fire was at the First Battle of Manassas (First Battle of Bull Run) on July 21, 1861. As part of the Fifth Brigade under the command of Colonel Philip St. George Cocke, they fought in the Confederate Army of the Potomac under the overall command of Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard. The Fifth Brigade, stationed along the banks of the Bull Run, was tasked with \"...guarding Island, Ball's, and Lewis' Fords, to the right of Evans' demi-brigade, near the stone bridge, also under General Cooke's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0012-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas\nThe latter held the stone bridge, and its left covered a farm ford about one mile above the bridge,\" according to Beauregard's official after-battle report. Although Cocke was a West Point graduate and wealthy planter, the regiment had long been under the practical command of Lieutenant Colonel John Bowie Strange, a VMI graduate who had founded the Albemarle Military Academy and who would die on campaign in 1862. Col. Strange had his men dig trenches to fortify their position the previous night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas\nAccording to William Wood's reminiscences, the 19th came under artillery fire on the morning of the 21st while waiting in the trenches for orders. Colonel Strange called out to his sergeant major during the shooting: \"Lipop! I am without orders, What shall I do?\" to which Sergeant Major Lipop replied, \"Retreat to Manassas as quickly as possible.\" Colonel Strange ignored the recommendation, and soon enough orders arrived saying that the 19th was to move out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0013-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas\nAs the regiment moved into position, a stray bullet from the fighting killed a man in one of the Amherst companies, Private George Thompson, the 19th's first battle death. Thompson had been a farmer before the war, and the bullet entered his head. He was 21 years old. Five more men were wounded as the 19th deployed in time to see the Federal Army routed from the field. Although few, if any, men of the 19th actually fired their weapons during the battle, the regiment would forever say that First Manassas was their official trial by fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, First Manassas\nAs the Federals retreated, the 19th chased them, advancing up a road to Sudley Ford, and there crossed the Bull Run. Afterwards, the chase ended, and the 19th returned to Lewis Ford by the way of the Federal retreat, covered by blankets, oilclothes, overcoats, haversacks, and muskets abandoned by Federal troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862\nLike much of the Confederate Army after First Manassas, the 19th spent the rest of the year and part of the next in a stationary position around Cub Run. There the men learned how to drill and live like soldiers. They took their turn on the picket line and were occasionally involved in skirmishes. Camplife became the order of business, as they set up winter camp near Fairfax Court House, Virginia, in October, 1861. Companies and battalion drill were frequent, as were inspections and parades. The soldiers enjoyed the uneventful days of winter camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0015-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862\nAlong with card playing and sport playing, they enjoyed the sermons of Reverend John H. Griffin of Company H. Griffin soon became the regimental chaplain. Along with picket duty and drill, the 19th also built entrenchments on the high points around Fairfax. Private Z.L. Gilmer of Company described the 19th positions as \"impenentrable to the enemy,\" and noted in his diary that the slaves who also took part were paid the same as the soldiers (11.00 dollars). In January, 1862, the 19th performed picket duty every 16 days, with each wing alternating on the eighth day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0015-0002", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862\nWhile on picket duty, Philip St. George Cocke was given leave on December 16, and went home to his father's home at Bremo Bluff, in Fluvanna County. He never returned to his command, as on December 26, 1861, he committed suicide by a single shot from a pistol into his mouth. John Strange was sick in the hospital, so Colonel Armistead Rust took command of the regiment, but soon, he was given leave home, so Captain James Mallory of Company took command of the regiment until Strange's return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862\nLike Washington's army after the winter at Valley Forge, the Confederate army and the 19th Virginia emerged in the spring a well-drilled force to be reckoned with. The regiment broke winterquarters on March 8, 1862, and marched south toward Culpeper. They camped outside Warrenton, Virginia, on March 10, then at Amissville on the 12th. They halted at Orange Court House on March 16. The 19th had marched 100 miles over the past two weeks, minus five days of rest. During the next two weeks, the 19th was drilled hard by Lieutenant Colonel Strange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0016-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862\nWhile at camp at Orange, new recruits arrived to the regiment. Company I reported to have received 22 new recruits. Private William H. Jones wrote in a letter to his wife that, \"camp life is a very hard life to one that is not bin(been) used to it...\" On April 6, the 19th moved out, marching south to Louisa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0016-0002", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862\nThey pass through Louisa Court House, on April 10, where some new recruits joined Company C. On April 16, the regiment arrived on the Richmond line for the purpose of defending the Confederate capitol against the advance of Federal Major General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, which was preparing for its advance up the York Peninsula. After First Manassas, the Confederate Army of the Potomac was reorganized and renamed the Army of Northern Virginia under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0016-0003", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862\nAfter the suicide of General Cocke on December 26, 1861, the 19th Virginia was brigaded with the 8th, 18th, and 28th Virginia Infantry Regiments and the brigade was placed under the command of Brigadier General George Pickett and designated the Third Brigade of the Second Division, which was commanded by Major General James Longstreet. The 19th loaded \"three schooners\" and were shipped to Yorktown", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862\nOn April 26, 1862, Companies B and E were attacked by Federal troops near Yorktown, Virginia. One man was killed and 15 captured from Company E and no men lost from Company B. They were replaced by Companies A and I the next day. They evacuated their positions on April 29, being replaced by the 19th Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1861 - April 1862\nFrom April 28 to 30, the 19th Virginia was reorganized and company elections were held. Lieutenant Colonel John B. Strange replaced Rust as colonel, and Major Henry Gantt was promoted to lieutenant colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Williamsburg\nOn May 5, the 19th Virginia was positioned near Fort Magruder, the strongest point on the Confederate defensive line intended to slow the advance of McClellan's army east of Williamsburg, Virginia. At 10:30 am, General George Pickett's brigade was ordered to relieve General Cadmus Wilcox brigade's right. The objective of Pickett's brigade was to extend the line well to the right of the Federal's flank and turn it. The brigade, including the 19th, drove the Federals to a pine thicket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0019-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Williamsburg\nThe 19th then faced to the east, with the 18th Virginia to the left, and the 19th Mississippi and 17th Virginia to the left, and the 28th Virginia came up in reserve The 19th then came under heavy fire from the Federals in the pine thicket. The 19th began to fall back, but General Pickett and Lieutenant Colonel Gantt rallied the men and ordered them up. Later in the day, the 19th fixed bayonets and charged the Federal position. The Federal troops were driven by Pickett's men for a mile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0019-0002", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Williamsburg\nDuring the charge, the 19th captured a battery of seven guns and over 200 Federals. One of the men to reach the guns first, Sergeant Alexander Hoffman of Company A, was killed beside the guns. The charge was the first time that Pickett's Brigade would advance as a unit in attack. The relatively green 19th had passed its first major combat test in what some considered the 19th's proudest moment of the entire War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Williamsburg\nAfter 8 pm, the 19th returned to Williamsburg and stayed there for the night. Pickett's brigade reported 190 casualties: 26 killed, 138 wounded and 26 missing. The 19th had 7 men killed, 44 wounded, and 2 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Seven Pines\nThe Battle of Seven Pines began on May 31, 1862. Pickett's brigade was not involved, even though much of Longstreet's Division was engaged. At 8:00 AM on June 1, the 19th Virginia formed up and prepared for action. The regiment stacked its arms and waited for orders, when a volley fired their direction sent them scurrying back into formation. Pickett's Brigade advanced toward the direction of the shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0021-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Seven Pines\nThe 19th was halted and ordered to lie down and maintain silence when a large body of Federal infantry was found completely behind them, while another body of Federals advanced directly to their front. Assuming themselves surrounded, the 19th lay still and waited until the Federals to their front were nearly on top of them before they stood and delivered a volley that stopped the Federals cold. In less than \"eight minutes,\" as William Wood would later carefully note, the Federal line fell back at a \"quick route step.\" But although victorious in their fight, Wood would write that \"on no future occasion was our loss so great in so short a time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Seven Pines\nDuring the battle, the 19th was attacked by another Federal force. A Union officer walked in front of the units, and shouted to the Confederates, \"Who are you all!\" \"Virginians, Virginians,\" they answered. \"Don't worry, they will surrender,\" the Union officer said to his men. The 19th, insulted by this comment, rose up and fired a volley into the Federals, killing the officer, who is believed to be Colonel James Miller of the 81st Pennsylvania Volunteers. At 1 pm, Pickett's brigade withdrew back to the previous night's encampment. The 19th lost 20 percent of its strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gaines' Mill\nAt 7:00 PM on June 27, Longstreet's Division advanced on the far right of the Confederate line against Fitz John Porter's V Federal Corps. The 19th was in the front line of Longstreet's attack and on the left flank of the brigade. As it advanced, elements of the regiment temporarily stopped due to the viciousness of the Federal fire, but were quickly rallied and sent forward again. The regiment helped break the strong Federal line and drive it back in considerable confusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0023-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gaines' Mill\nA counter-charge by Federal cavalry was met by the 19th at bayonet point and driven back by point-blank rifle-fire delivered by Longstreet's Division. Losses were heavy, but again the 19th and the rest of Pickett's Brigade had performed admirably, with General Longstreet later taking note of the courage of Pickett's Brigade in his memoirs, From Manassas to Appomattox. General Pickett was wounded in the attack, and Colonel Eppa Hunton of the 8th Virginia took control of the brigade (though some reports indicate Colonel Strange of the 19th Virginia took temporary command).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Frayser's Farm (Fraiser's Farm/Glendale)\nThe 19th advanced with the rest of Pickett's (now Hunton's) Brigade on June 30, until it made contact with Federal infantry to its front. After a short fire-fight, the Federals were driven back. Colonel Strange apparently took temporary command of the brigade during this advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Second Manassas\nAfter the threat to Richmond was repulsed with the withdrawal of McClellan's army from the Peninsula, Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who had since replaced Joseph Johnston after the latter's wounding at Seven Pines, reorganized his Army of Northern Virginia into two \"wings\" or \"commands,\" under the command of Major General Longstreet (Right Wing) and Major General Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson (Left Wing). Hunton's Brigade was placed in Longstreet's Command in the division commanded by Brigadier General James Kemper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Second Manassas\nKemper's Division participated in Longstreet's march through Thoroughfare Gap which united Jackson's Command with Longstreet's on the battlefield of July 21, 1861, north of Manassas Junction. On August 30, at 4:00 PM, Longstreet's Command descended on Union Army of Virginia commander John Pope's exposed left flank. Hunton's Brigade participated in the attack which virtually annihilated Union Colonel G. K. Warren's New York Brigade. The Brigade then drove on, and helped drive Union reinforcements off Chinn Ridge. About 100 men were killed or wounded, among them was Lieutenant Colonel Henry Gantt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0027-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Boonsborough\nHunton's Brigade crossed the Potomac and participated in the Maryland Campaign of 1862. Soon after the crossing, Brigadier General Richard Brooke Garnett received command of the brigade from Colonel Hunton near Monocacy, Maryland. The 19th Virginia began the campaign with 150 men and officers, a substantially smaller number than the 800 they had taken to First Manassas hardly 15 months earlier. This smaller figure was due to battle casualties as well as disease and heavy rates of desertion prior to crossing the Potomac into Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0028-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Boonsborough\nThe brigade took position on the east side of South Mountain near Turner's Gap on September 14, 1862, and was suddenly attacked by infantry and artillery from Joseph Hooker's I Corps. After a fight that lasted for over an hour, the 19th fell back with the rest of Garnett's brigade. Of the 150 men of the 19th who had begun the battle, 63 had fallen by nightfall, including the regiment's commander, Colonel Strange. Captain John L. Cochrane took command of the battered regiment, which retreated to Sharpsburg with the rest of Longstreet's Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0029-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Antietam/Sharpsburg\nGarnet's brigade was posted on Cemetery Hill, just east of the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland, on the morning of September 17. Garnett's entire brigade could boast a mere 250 men, the 19th making up one-fifth of that figure. Throughout the day the regiment and Garnett's Brigade received a steady bombardment from Federal artillery across Antietam Creek, until elements of George Sykes' Division crossed the creek and attacked the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0029-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Antietam/Sharpsburg\nThe regiment, commanded by Captain B. Brown and Lieutenant William N. Wood (the author of Reminiscences of Big I) held its position for 2 hours, even though its men were spread out in a skirmish line formation. At about 3:30 PM, the brigade was ordered to retreat, which was done rapidly, as Federals had nearly surrounded Garnett's position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0029-0002", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Antietam/Sharpsburg\nThe brigade reformed at the western base of the hill and prepared for a final stand, but Confederate reinforcements under A. P. Hill arrived in time to stall the Federal advance in other quarters, distracting the Federals from advancing on Garnett's weak line. The 19th Virginia suffered 8 casualties during its defense of Cemetery Hill out of a total strength of 50 men. The day after the battle, so many stragglers returned to the brigade that it marched back atop Cemetery Hill with nearly twice as many men as it had the previous day. The command withdrew with the rest of the army on September 18 through 19 back into Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0030-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Fredericksburg\nAfter Sharpsburg, George Pickett had sufficiently recovered from his Gaines' Mill wounding to take command of Kemper's Division. The division was posted in the center of the Confederate lines during the Battle of Fredericksburg from December 11\u201314, 1862, but did not participate in the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0031-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Suffolk\nIn early April, 1863, Pickett's Division was detached from the Army of Northern Virginia and sent with General Longstreet on a three-fold mission in south-eastern Virginia. The first purpose: to gather supplies and forage from the area. Two: to protect Richmond from Federal forces threatening the city. Three: to capture the Federal garrison at Suffolk, Virginia. Longstreet succeeded in the first two purposes, but ultimately failed to destroy or capture the Federal army in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0032-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Suffolk\nOn the division's return through Richmond, many of its men were reissued clothing and supplies, such as belts, shoes, socks, and coats. Since military woolen blankets were in short supply, many men were issued sections of carpet or rug that the quartermaster had in plenty. Thus Pickett's Division, and the 19th Virginia, marched into Pennsylvania better clothed than many men in Lee's Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0033-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg\nPickett's Division marched with Longstreet's First Army Corps into Pennsylvania with the rest of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in June 1863. At the rear of Longstreet's column of march, Pickett's Division was marching toward the battlefield on July 1, and arrived in the afternoon of July 2 on the field of battle, where Pickett was told to rest his men as they would not be needed that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0034-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nOn July 3, as the Confederate artillery prepared for the bombardment of the Federal lines in preparation for an assault by the infantry, the 19th Virginia took positions on Seminary Ridge just north of the Spangler House along with the rest of Garnett's Brigade. Pickett's Division, one of three that would participate in the assault, was deployed with Garnett's Brigade in the front line on the left of the division, Kemper's Brigade on the right of the division, and Armistead's Brigade in the second line supporting Garnett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0034-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nThe 19th was deployed in the center of Garnett's Brigade, considered a position of honor. As the artillery bombardment commenced and the fire returned by the Federal artillery, the Confederates hugged the ground on the slope of Seminary Ridge and waited for the order to advance. Federal artillery on Little Round Top fired shots that enfiladed the Confederate line, causing terrible damage. One such round killed the 19th's lieutenant colonel, John Thomas Ellis, as he lay snoozing on his back. As the shot bounced off the ground toward the 19th's ranks, someone yelled, \"Look out!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0034-0002", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nAlarmed, Ellis sat upright just as the ball was about to sail harmlessly over his head. The ball hit him squarely in the face; Lieutenant Colonel E. Porter Alexander declared he \"never saw so much blood fly.\" Greiving men carried the bloodied Ellis to the field hospital at the Currin Farm where soon died and was buried under an apple tree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0035-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nAt roughly 2:30 PM, the attack commenced, led by General Pickett, who rode along his line shouting, \"Up, men, and to your posts! Let no man forget that you are from Virginia!\" General Garnett formed his men for the attack and led them out of the treeline on Seminary Ridge. General Garnett was mounted; he had been recently kicked by a horse and was unable to walk without difficulty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0035-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nAlthough he could easily have turned over command and sat out the charge, Garnett was desperate to clear his reputation after being court-martialed by Stonewall Jackson for an unauthorized withdrawal of his command at the Battle of Kernstown in 1862 (in reality, Garnett's withdrawal was entirely practical; his men were low on ammunition and his line about to be overwhelmed.) Still, Garnett believed the only way to clear his name was to lead the attack from the front and center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0036-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nAs Federal artillery opened long-range fire on the Confederate lines, the 19th Virginia suffered a critical command loss. Early in the assault, the 19th's commanding officer, Colonel Henry Gantt, was severely wounded in either the jaw or shoulder (reports and accounts differ as to the location of the wound), forcing Gantt to stumble to the rear for assistance. Command was turned over to Major Charles S. Peyton (second in command Lieutenant Colonel Ellis being killed as previously mentioned).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0037-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nAs the 19th advanced at the center of Garnett's Brigade, there was apparently little rush or confusion during the advance across the mile-wide field. Lieutenant Wood wrote in his Reminiscences: \"Onward we move in common marching time. No excitement. No loud commands. 'Steady, boys,' 'Don't fire,' 'Close up,' 'Never mind the skirmish line,' as that of the enemy hastened to shelter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0037-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nAfter crossing the Emmitsburg Road, the 19th continued toward the Federal line, but then was subjected to severe rifle and short-range artillery fire from General Alexander Webb's \"Philadelphia Brigade\" of Pennsylvanians as well as Lieutenant Alonzo Cushing's remaining two guns of Battery A, 4th United States Artillery. Continuing forward in the face of devastating fire, the men of Garnett's Brigade rushed headlong for the low stone wall protecting the position. By this time, all order had dissolved and the men of the brigade were rushing forward in a disorganized mass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0037-0002", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nElements of the 19th helped force the withdrawal of the 71st Pennsylvania from its position just south of the Angle. Reinforced by Armistead's Brigade, Garnett's left regiments (28th and 56th Virginia, and approximately the left half of the 19th Virginia) swarmed to within feet of the wall, where perhaps 200 of them were then led over the wall and into Cushing's Battery by General Armistead himself, who had raised his hat on the tip of his sword to guide the Confederates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0038-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nIn Major Charles Peyton's official report of the battle, him being the senior officer of the brigade for some time after the battle, he reported that his line \"recoiled under the terrific fire that poured into our ranks both from their batteries and their sheltered infantry.\" With much of Garnett's left smashed in front of Cushing's Battery in front of the stone wall, the right half of the brigade, including most of the 19th Virginia, engaged in a firefight with the 69th Pennsylvania directly to their front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0038-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nThe 69th was slowly driven back from the wall, maintaining a destructive fire on Garnett's advancing ranks all the while. Elements of the 19th reached the wall at this point, but few, if any, continued past the wall. To the 69th Pennsylvania's left (the right from the 19th's view) the 59th New York suddenly broke for the rear under pressure from Kemper's Brigade in their front. Confederates, primarily from Kemper's Brigade but perhaps including some men of the 19th Virginia, leaped over the wall and made a mad dash for Captain Andrew Cowan's 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0038-0002", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nNew York Independent Battery just south of the Clump of Trees. Cowan charged his guns with double canister and blasted a salvo in the face of the onrushing Confederates, completely obliterating the Confederates rushing the battery. Immediately, Federal reserves rushed into the melee. The 72nd Pennsylvania and elements of the 106th Pennsylvania engaged in a firefight with Armistead's Confederates that had crossed the wall at Cushing's Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0038-0003", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nThe 42nd New York and 19th Massachusetts both rushed at a right oblique into any Confederates along the 69th Pennsylvania's and 59th New York's section of wall, and the 69th Pennsylvania refused to give any more ground upon falling back to the Clump of Trees. In addition, hundreds of Federals positioned elsewhere in the Federal lines spontaneously rushed forward, each wanting to participate in the Federal counterattack and to claim the capture of the many Confederates and their banners near the wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0039-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nWilliam Wood was slightly wounded in the leg just yards from the wall, probably by a spent round. Upon reaching the wall, Lieutenant Wood wrote that he: \"...looked to the right and left and felt we were disgraced. Where were those who started in the charge? With one single exception I witnessed no cowardice, and yet we had not a skirmish line.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0039-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nSeeing large numbers of Federal troops moving in a wide flanking movement around the Confederates' right (Stannard's Second Vermont Brigade of the I Federal Corps), Wood realized that staying in place would mean capture, but retreat meant running the gauntlet of fire back across the field. Despite the risk, he chose the latter, and made it safely back across the field to Seminary Ridge, although being wounded by a ball that punctured his coat, vest, and shirt, but failed to penetrate his skin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0040-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nMany of the Confederates along the wall, including much of the 19th, were not so fortunate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0040-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nGeneral Armistead was struck down in the Federal lines near Cushing's guns; General Kemper was wounded, captured, but then taken back by his soldiers and carried to the rear; General Garnett was shot from his horse (reports vary as to his cause of death; most reports say a canister round blew him from his horse and tore his body to ribbons, but a report by a man in the 19th said that he was killed by a minie ball and fell dead from his horse. Either way, Garnett was killed at the front of the charge).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0041-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nYears later, former Confederate General George H. \"Maryland\" Steuart would stumble upon General Garnett's sword in a Baltimore pawn shop. The sword is now in the collection of the Museum of the Confederacy. Another article in the museum's collection is the 19th Virginia's regimental battle flag (restored by the modern day re-enactors of the 19th VA Co B and Co K), captured during Pickett's Charge on July 3. Color bearer Polk Points was wounded in the charge, and gave the banner to an unidentified soldier who carried to the stone wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0041-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nLore has it that this second color bearer was wounded and lying midst a pile of corpses on the east side of the stone wall. Sergeant Benjamin Falls and Corporal Joseph H. De Costro of the 19th Massachusetts saw a corner of a Confederate battle flag beneath a body and went forward as the firing died down to claim the valued prize of an enemy banner. Upon turning over the body they presumed to be a corpse to retrieve the flag, the \"corpse\" turned out to be the barely alive bearer of the 19th's flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0041-0002", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nFalls tried to wrest the flag from the hands of the man, but the wounded Confederate refused to surrender the treasured banner. Falls threatened to run the man through if he did not surrender the flag. Apparently, it did not come to that, and Benjamin Falls and Joseph De Costro of the 19th Massachusetts thus captured the battle flag of the 19th Virginia. The men of the 19th Massachusetts, realizing the irony of capturing the flag of another \"19th,\" cut out the \"19th\" from the Confederate banner and sew it onto their own flag. To this day, the 19th Virginia's regimental flag, preserved at the Museum of the Confederacy, is still void of a small rectangular piece where the \"19th\" was cut out by the Massachusetts men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0042-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge\nAlthough soundly beaten, the Confederates reformed behind Seminary Ridge. The 19th was badly cut up: its colonel and lieutenant colonel were both incapacitated, its flag captured, its major temporarily leading the brigade as all the other ranking field officers of the brigade were also incapacitated, and its numbers diminished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0043-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Gettysburg, Retreat from Gettysburg\nThe 19th returned with the rest of Pickett's Division to Virginia via Williamsport. It was tasked with guarding prisoners on the march to the Potomac, where it was forced to wait several days due to the rising of the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 83], "content_span": [84, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0044-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1863 \u2013 May 1864\nFor the next several months, the Pickett's Division was only lightly engaged. The 19th Virginia did not participate in another battle as a unit until the Battle of Cold Harbor in June 1864. During this time, many men of the 19th were sent on furlough or leave to visit their families back home. William Wood, on his furlough in late February 1864, actually fought independently in a small action near his homestead at the Skirmish at Rio Hill north of Charlottesville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0045-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1863 \u2013 May 1864\nIn late July 1863, Garnett's (now, again, Eppa Hunton's) Brigade marched to Culpeper. They then marched in early August to Somerville Ford south of the Rapidan in Orange County. On September 8, they marched for Chaffin's Farm seven miles east of Richmond. Wood described the next few months as \"the most comfortable quarters we had occupied during the war.\" He described the winter encampment there as \"jolly\", although rations were \"scarce\", tempting some men to endeavor to cook a stray cat they found. After a full day of cooking, the cat had still not tenderized and, as Wood recalled, \"the dinner was spoiled.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0046-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1863 \u2013 May 1864\nOn May 22, 1864, the 19th marched from Chaffin's Farm to Anderson's Crossing, \"where Pickett's Division was again united, and became once more an active arm of that grand army, whose fame, so honestly won, has been the admiration of the world.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0047-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Cold Harbor\nOn June 1, the 19th was subjected to shelling from Federal batteries near the Cold Harbor battlefield. Many men of the 19th dug comfortable rifle pits using their bayonets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0048-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Cold Harbor\nOn the 2nd, the 19th advanced so that it was online with the rest of the army and prepared for action that was sure to come the next morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0049-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Cold Harbor\nOn the morning of June 3, the 19th formed a thin line of battle which covered twice the front of a regularly deployed regiment, its companies being spaced to cover a wider front. Company K under Lieutenant Robertson was advanced as a guard. Unlike much of the Confederate line, Hunton's Brigade did not have the shelter of protective earthworks to help fend off the Yankee attack that morning. The Federals charged the 19th and the fighting in the woods the 19th was positioned in dissolved into a \"bushwhacking affair.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0050-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Cold Harbor\nIn the hour-long fight that followed, Company K's officers would all become casualties and regimental Sergeant Major Luther Wolfe was killed. The most severe command blow was that of Captain James G. Woodson of Company K, who was killed while in command of the regiment. When the list of casualties published in the Richmond Examiner incorrectly stated Woodson as \"acting major,\" Wood and several other officers of the regiment wrote the Enquirer to say that Woodson was in command of the regiment at the time of his death. This was to justify the memory of an officer as highly respected as Captain Woodson was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0051-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Chester Station\nOn the 17th of June, the 19th was positioned near Petersburg to counter the moves made by Grant's army as it worked its way around Lee's right flank toward Petersburg. Company A, under Lieutenant Wood's command, was sent forward as skirmishers. After advancing several hundred yards, Wood sent a message back to ask for orders, but received no new instructions and was sent Company C under the command of Captain Charles Irving. Advancing further, the two companies encountered several Federals around a barn and drove them off with no fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0051-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Chester Station\nWood and Irving agreed that to advance was the best tactic, and they came upon formidable earthworks to their front manned by Federals. Wood and Irving decided to charge this Federal line, and with only 40 men routed the Federals in the trenches with hardly a shot being fired. The rest of the regiment was called up and took position in the captured trenches the next morning. The brigade stayed in this position for \"many months.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0052-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1864 - March 1865; \"Howlett Line\"\nFor months, the 19th was positioned in what Lieutenant Wood called, \"the trenches on the Howlett line, extending from the James to the Appomattox...\" The men made the trenches like home, constructing Masonic lodges and chapels, where apparently \"many a soldier was born into the kingdom of Christ.\" The men hosted debating societies which pondered philosophical questions of the day. Chess clubs were formed as well, where \"several men learned to play a good game of chess blindfolded.\" Newspaper correspondents were present as well. Reading clubs were formed. \"Nearly every one played checkers,\" Wood wrote, \"And not a few 'threw the papers' as card-playing was called.\" Wood kept a set of chess-men he constructed during this time and took them home after the war was over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0053-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1864 - March 1865; \"Howlett Line\"\nAthletics were also a common pastime. These included wrestling, running, jumping, and boxing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0054-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, August 1864 - March 1865; \"Howlett Line\"\nSeveral marriages also occurred during this time between soldiers in the trenches and their visiting brides-to-be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0055-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, White Oak Road\nOn March 31, 1865, Hunton's Brigade was moved to near Hatcher's Run outside Petersburg. Hunton's Brigade was dispatched from the rest of the division. As it formed for battle, General Robert E. Lee personally oversaw the deployment of the brigade (or so Lieutenant Wood remembered). The brigade was advanced through some woods at the double-quick and drove back a Federal line. General Lee spurred his horse, Traveller, into the midst of the fighting, but the men of the 19th shouted \"Don't go with us General, but watch us!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0056-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, White Oak Road\nAfter reforming in a pine thicket, the 19th blazed away at the Federals to their front. Lieutenant Wood and other officers picked up rifles and fought alongside the privates in an attempt to put as much firepower into the fight as they could muster. During this fight, Wood was wounded in the neck by a ball and hurried to the rear, where the wound was diagnosed as minor and dressed. Wood was soon sent back into the fight, although the scar from the wound remained visible for the rest of his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0057-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, White Oak Road\nThe 19th gradually fell back, having advanced far ahead of its supports, to near its original position where it had started the fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0058-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, White Oak Road\nHunton's Brigade was not at the Battle of Five Forks with the rest of Pickett's Division and \"...consequently did not share the defeat of the war...\" as Wood would later call that disastrous battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0059-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Retreat from Petersburg\nPickett's Division participated in the withdrawal of the Confederate forces from Richmond and Petersburg on the evening of April 2 to the early morning hours of April 3. Wood recalled that it often took an hour to advance a single mile due to the terrible condition of the roads they were marching on. He described their daily rations as \"unparched corn,\" but said that faith in General Lee never faltered and that their powder was kept dry, implying that they were still full of fight. On April 5, Wood, commanding Company A, dispatched two men to forage rations for the company from the surrounding countryside. Neither of these men returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0060-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek\nOn April 6, 1865, the 19th halted its march on a hill overlooking what William Wood would later assume to be Sayler's Creek (or \"Tayler's\" Creek, as he calls it in the original manuscript). The men took this opportunity to cook some of their corn, but a fire had hardly been lit when Wood received orders to take his company and deploy them as skirmishers and drive a small body of Federals from some pines at the base of the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0060-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek\nFor the final time, the 19th Virginia formed a line of battle and, following Wood's Company A, marched down the hill into the thicket. After recapturing several pieces of artillery, the 19th continued on until they reached a road in a clearing. In front of them, thousands of Federal cavalrymen, probably from George A. Custer's Division, were forming for an attack. Rapidly preparing for the onslaught, the men of the 19th threw up a breastwork of fence rails in their front and prepared for the assault. Lieutenant Wood's account describes what happened next:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0061-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek\n\"I had just said to Dick McMullen, 'Be sure not to fire until they reach that mullein stalk,' when a commotion in the rear of our line caused me to look behind us, and to my dismay, my eyes rested upon the largest line of cavalry I had ever seen. There seemed to be no end to the line. There they stood in double ranks within forty feet of us. They were well mounted and admirably armed. How they got there in our immediate rear I know not, and from what direction they came I have never learned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0061-0001", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek\nThe fact is, they were there in overpowering numbers, with pistol or gun ready to do damage upon the least show of resistance. Major [Waller M.] Boyd, commanding our regiment, quickly said: 'We are prisoners,' and that was the end of the Nineteenth Virginia Infantry as a body of armed soldiers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0062-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Sayler's Creek/ Sailor's Creek\nThe 19th surrendered en masse. How many men were in the 19th at this time is unknown. It was certainly no more than 200 men and probably less that half of that. Some individuals might have escaped, but as Wood states the 19th Virginia would never form an organized body of soldiers again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0063-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, Appomattox\nWhile the 19th was captured as a unit at Sayler's Creek (along with their general, Eppa Hunton, and many more of his men), 29 men and 1 officer of the 19th Virginia Infantry were listed as having been paroled at Appomattox Court House with the rest of Lee's Army. Some of these men had been prisoners of war at Point Lookout in Maryland, and had only been released in March in an exchange. After being released from the Richmond hospital they joined back up with their troops and fought at Petersburg, Five Forks, Farmville and on to Appomattox. Most of these men had joined at the beginning in May 1861 and had served the entire war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0064-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, As Prisoners of War\nLike many of his comrades, Lieutenant Wood was sent to the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, DC, and was there when mobs formed outside the structure, demanding that they be let in to punish the prisoners within who were suspected of assassinating Abraham Lincoln on the evening of April 14, 1865. Wood was then sent to Johnson Island on Lake Erie. Since Wood and his comrades had surrendered before Lee surrendered at Appomattox, Wood and his comrades were not paroled and were treated as Prisoners of War. Wood recalls that the prisoners were paroled by alphabetical order, meaning that he was among the last released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0065-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, As Prisoners of War\nWhen he was released in June 1865, and had no food or money to aid in his journey home except useless Confederate bills. Bartering some blankets for some United States money, Wood returned home by way of Cleveland (although he wrote that he returned through Milwaukee, which seems unlikely as that would be far out of his way), then to Baltimore, then to Richmond and on to Charlottesville, where he walked to his father's residence north of town. Many of the 19th's members performed similar odysseys on their way home after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158305-0066-0000", "contents": "19th Virginia Infantry Regiment, Combat Record, As Prisoners of War\nWilliam Wood summed up the feelings of most ex-Confederate soldiers when he wrote, \"I was glad to don clean citizen's clothes, that my mother had kept for me through the war, and to eat a good dinner. Though greatly crushed by the final outcome of our struggle, I felt proud that I had been permitted to do my part, and even to suffer for the cause I loved. Some comfort was derived from the contemplation that there would be no more blood shed; but peace, with all it meant to a tired soldier, was at hand.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards\nOutstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode:The Mandalorian \u2013 The Marshal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 19th Visual Effects Society Awards was an awards ceremony held by the Visual Effects Society. Nominations were announced on March 1, 2021, and the ceremony took place on April 6, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nThe Midnight Sky \u2013 Matt Kasmir, Greg Baxter, Chris Lawrence, Max Solomon, David Watkins", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nMank \u2013 Wei Zheng, Peter Mavromates, Simon Carr, James Pastorius", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nSoul \u2013 Pete Docter, Dana Murray, Michael Fong, Bill Watral", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nThe One and Only Ivan \u2013 Ivan \u2013 Valentina Rosselli, Thomas Huizer, Andrea De Martis, William Bell", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nSoul \u2013 Terry \u2013 Jonathan Hoffman, Jonathan Page, Peter Tieryas, Ron Zorman", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nMulan \u2013 Imperial City \u2013 Jeremy Fort, Matt Fitzgerald, Ben Walker, Adrian Vercoe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nSoul \u2013 You Seminar \u2013 Hosuk Chang, Sungyeon Joh, Peter Roe, Frank Tai", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nThe Midnight Sky \u2013 Aether \u2013 Michael Balthazart, Jonathan Opgenhaffen, John-Peter Li, Simon Aluze", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nProject Power \u2013 Yin Lai Jimmy Leung, Jonathan Edward Lyddon-Towl, Pierpaolo Navarini, Michelle Lee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nSoul \u2013 Alexis Angelidis, Keith Daniel Klohn, Aimei Kutt, Melissa Tseng", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Film\nFear the Walking Dead \u2013 Bury Her Next to Jasper's Leg \u2013 Frank Iudica, Scott Roark, Daniel J. Yates", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nThe Mandalorian \u2013 The Marshal \u2013 Joe Bauer, Abbigail Keller, Hal Hickel, Richard Bluff, Roy Cancino", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nThe Crown \u2013 Gold Stick \u2013 Ben Turner, Reece Ewing, Andrew Scrase, Jonathan Wood", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nWalmart \u2013 Famous Visitors \u2013 Chris \u201cBadger\u201d Knight, Lori Talley, Yarin Mares, Matt Fuller", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nThe Mandalorian \u2013 The Jedi; The Child \u2013 John Rosengrant, Peter Clarke, Scott Patton, Hal Hickel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nArm & Hammer \u2013 Once Upon a Time; Tuxedo Tom \u2013 Shiny Rajan, Silvia Bartoli, Matias Heker, Tiago Dias Mota", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nThe Mandalorian \u2013 The Believer; Morak Jungle \u2013 Enrico Damm, Johanes Kurnia, Phi Tran, Tong Tran", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nLovecraft Country \u2013 Strange Case; Chrysalis \u2013 Federica Foresti, Johan Gabrielsson, Hugo Medda, Andreas Krieg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nLovecraft Country \u2013 Strange Case; Crysalis \u2013 Viktor Andersson, Linus Lindblom, Mattias Sandelius, Crawford Reilly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Television\nBurberry \u2013 Singin' In the Rain \u2013 Alex Lovejoy, Mithun Alex, David Filipe, Amresh Kumar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Other categories\nGhost of Tsushima \u2013 Jason Connell, Matt Vainio, Jasmin Patry, Joanna Wang", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Other categories\nThe Bourne Stuntacular \u2013 Salvador Zalvidea, Tracey Gibbons, George Allan, Matth\u00edas Bjarnason, Scott Smith", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158306-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Visual Effects Society Awards, Nominees, Other categories\nMigrants \u2013 Antoine Dupriez, Hugo Caby, Lucas Lermytte, Zo\u00e9 Devise", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158307-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment\n19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment (Polish language: 19. Pu\u0142k U\u0142an\u00f3w Wo\u0142y\u0144skich, 19 pu\u0142) was a cavalry unit and brigade from the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic. Formed in 1917, it fought in the Polish\u2013Soviet War and the Invasion of Poland. In the interbellum period, the regiment was garrisoned in Ostrog, Volhynia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158307-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment\nThe origins of the regiment date back to April 1917, when Polish Assault Hussar Squadron was formed in the Ukraine, by Colonel Feliks Jaworski. This unit was part of Polish Rifle Division, Imperial Russian Army. In early June 1917, the squadron was transported to Eastern Galicia, where it fought against German and Austro-Hungarian forces. After the October Revolution, it was transferred to Ploskirow, where it fought against Bolshevik units and demoralized soldiers of the Russian Army. On December 24, it was merged into Polish Army in Ukraine, and in January 1918, the 2nd Uhlan Regiment was formed, based on Polish Assault Hussar Squadron. On February 22, 1918, the regiment was annexed into III Polish Corps in Russia, as part of Light Brigade of Colonel Juliusz R\u00f3mmel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158307-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment\nBy June 1918, the regiment had 26 officers and 684 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158307-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment\nDuring the 1939 Invasion of Poland, the regiment, as part of Volhynian Cavalry Brigade, fought in the Battle of Mokra, Battle of Wola Cyrusowa and other battles. By mid-September 1939, it ceased to exist, and its elements, after crossing the Wieprz river, joined Kresowa Cavalry Brigade, to surrender to the Red Army in late September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158307-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment\nThe 19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment was recreated in early 1944, as part of 27th Home Army Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158307-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment, Symbols and Traditions\nRegimental flag, funded by the residents of Volhynia, was handed to the unit by Marshal J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, on August 6, 1924, in Ostrog. The regimental badge featured the coat of arms of Volhynian Voivodeship. The regiment also had its own zurawiejka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158307-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment, Symbols and Traditions\nThe 204th Elementary School in Warsaw was in 1993 named after the regiment. There are two organizations dealing with the history of the regiment\u00a0: Rodzina 19 Pu\u0142ku U\u0142an\u00f3w Wo\u0142y\u0144skich w Warszawie /Family of the 19 Regiment of Volhynian Uhlans in Warsaw/ and Stowarzyszenie Pami\u0119ci 19 Pu\u0142ku U\u0142an\u00f3w Wo\u0142y\u0144skich w Opolu /Association for the Memory of the 19 Regiment of Vohlynian Uhlans in Opole/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158308-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)\nThe 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) (German: 19. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (lettische Nr. 2)), Latvian: 19. iero\u010du SS grenadieru div\u012bzija (latvie\u0161u Nr. 2)) was an infantry division of the Waffen-SS during World War II. It was the second Latvian division formed in January 1944, after its sister unit, the 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian) with which it formed the Latvian Legion. It was surrounded in the Courland Pocket at the end of the war where it surrendered to the Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158308-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)\nThe division was formed in January 1944, from 2 SS Infantry Brigades with the addition of a newly raised third regiment, Waffen Grenadier Regiment 46 (Latvian No. 6). Simultaneously, the designations of the two other grenadier regiments were changed from 39 and 40 to 42 and 43 respectively. The commander of the SS brigade, SS-Oberf\u00fchrer Hinrich Schuldt became the first commander of the division. After Schuldt was killed in action on 15 March 1944, SS-Standartenf\u00fchrer Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock temporarily took command, being replaced on April 13 by SS-Oberf\u00fchrer Bruno Streckenbach, who led the division until the end of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158309-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Ward Meetinghouse and Relief Society Hall\nThe 19th Ward Meetinghouse and Relief Society Hall, at 168 W. 500 North, Salt Lake City, Utah, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158309-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Ward Meetinghouse and Relief Society Hall\nIt was built in 1896. Its architecture is significant in American history as reflecting changes imposed upon The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) by outside influences. Pressure included various Federal enforcement efforts following upon the Edmunds\u2013Tucker Act of 1877, which outlawed polygamy. In effect, the LDS Church capitulated, and sought to adopt different values in conformity with worldwide ones. The meetinghouse was designed by architect Robert Bowman and represented a \"totally out of character\" change in style; it includes an \"oriental, Byzantine, or German Renaissance-inspired onion dome\". It was no longer a church when listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron\nThe 19th Weapons Squadron is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the USAF Weapons School at Nellis AFB, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron\nThe squadron was first activated as the 19th Observation Squadron in March 1942. The 19th originally flew antisubmarine missions during World War II, then moved to China in 1944 to begin observation missions in support of Chinese ground forces. It later flew resupply missions to resistance forces operating behind enemy lines in French Indochina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron\nThe squadron was redesignated the 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron, then organized in July 1963. From 1963 through 1968 the 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron flew forward air support and observation missions over Vietnam until its mission was transferred to Osan AB, South Korea in 1972, where it provided Eighth US Army and Republic of Korea ground forces with aerial reconnaissance and close air support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, Overview\nThe squadron has three syllabi, the Advanced Enlisted Mission Planning Course, the Intelligence Weapons Instructor Course and the Intelligence Sensor Weapons Instructor Course, and a flight that supports mission planning for 17,000 sorties annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nActivated as the 19th Observation Squadron (Light) on 5 February 1942. The squadron activated on 2 March 1942 at Miami Municipal Airport as part of the Air Force Combat Command. Five days later, it moved to Jacksonville Municipal Airport, Florida. Two days after that, it became part of Army Air Forces. On the 29th, it became part of the 66th Observation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nIt moved to Pope Army Airfield, North Carolina on 11 May 1942. While there, it was redesignated as the 19th Observation Squadron. On 19 October 1942, it moved to Morris Field, North Carolina. On 2 April 1943, it changed name once again, to 19th Liaison Squadron. The following day, it transferred bases to Camp Campbell, Kentucky. On 22 June 1943, it changed airfields once more, to Aiken Army Airfield, South Carolina. On 11 August 1943, it was assigned to I Air Support Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nIt flew anti-submarine missions using A-20 Havocs, B-25 Mitchells, and O-52 Owls, while undergoing observation training at these various bases in the southeastern states. They used L-1 Vigilants, L-2 Grasshoppers, Aeronca L-3s, L-4 Grasshoppers, L-5 Sentinels, L-6 Grasshoppers, and Douglas O-46s for observation sorties. P-39 Airacobras, P-43 Lancers, and P-51 Mustangs were also in the squadron aircraft inventory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nFrom Aiken, the squadron shipped cross-country to Camp Anza, California, arriving on 28 March 1944. This was a transit base for the squadron, as it shipped out to Bombay (now Mumbai), India. It arrived in India on 9 April, and was attached to U.S. Army Forces, China-India-Burma. It spent an itinerant few weeks further training in India, moving through Kanchrapara and Ondal, to land in Chabua on 17 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nIt then moved onward to Kunming, China arriving on 29 May 1944. They were attached to Y Force, to begin observation missions in support of Chinese Nationalist ground forces. They supported Y Force until 8 August. Their American parent unit would be variously Fourteenth Air Force and the 69th Composite Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nAt various times, the 19th operated detachments from Kunming, Poashan, Wenshan, Yunnanyi, Chihkiang, Kweiyang, and Liuchow. It moved bases to Chengkung on 28 March 1945. After March 1945, the squadron carried mail and passengers to American liaison personnel in South China, and the 19th flew re-supply missions to resistance forces operating behind enemy lines in French Indochina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 1 August, the 19th was placed under operational control of Tenth Air Force. Shortly after the Japanese surrendered, on 18 August 1945, the 19th moved to Nanning, China. From there it returned via Calcutta, India to the U.S., where it inactivated on 1 December 1945 at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe 19th TASS was the first Forward Air Control squadron assigned to the Vietnam War. It was activated on 19 June 1963 at Bien Hoa Air Base, with the aim of training Vietnamese Air Force (VNAF) pilots and observers as forward air controllers. However, the squadron would not be fully operational until 15 September 1963. The new unit faced formidable shortages in equipment. The only suitable aircraft, the Cessna O-1 Bird Dog, was no longer being manufactured; the U.S. Army held the scanty inventory of existing 0-1s. They had to be refitted before being turned over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0011-0001", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nGround transportation was also at a premium. Jeeps were not only in short supply, but radio jeeps were driven the minimum possible for fear jarring would damage the radios. Minimal mechanical maintenance was available, and replacement parts were no longer made for the Bird Dog. Radio equipment in general was outdated and inadequate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0012-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nOne of the squadron's added missions was flying support and forward air control for Project DELTA in their covert insertions into Laos. They began this secretive mission in July 1963, and carried it out until the 21st Tactical Air Support Squadron later took over the role. 19th TASS was also tasked with visual reconnaissance missions, psychological warfare, and logistics escort duties. While the 19th TASS's pilots could fly forward air control missions, a Vietnamese national had to approve any air strikes. With 44 pilots and 22 Cessna O-1 Bird Dogs, the TASS never had more than 11 Vietnamese observers posted to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0013-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nOn 2 January 1964, 19th TASS began actual training of VNAF pilots and observers. Observer training was lengthened from 14 hours to 17 weeks of instruction. By 30 June 91 Vietnamese FACs were available. On 1 July, the VNAF was supposed to assume the FAC training duty. However, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara noted that the VNAF seemed to have made no improvement within the past year. He emphasized that the Americans should be training the Vietnamese so the latter could fight. However, the squadron's stand-down was postponed because of Vietnamese unreadiness. The Vietnamese were often overwhelmed by American technology. They slacked off, and allowed the Americans to fly the close air support missions instead. VNAF's policies did not help the situation. Trained VNAF FAC pilots were returned to flying liaison sorties instead of FAC missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0014-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe squadron was inactivated on 8 August 1964, with its assets turned over to the Vietnamese. When the VNAF proved unequal to taking over the disbanded squadron's responsibilities, the 19th TASS was reactivated on 21 October 1964. Not until January 1965 did six U.S. fighter pilot FACs return to resume the training. In this incarnation, the squadron's principal mission was visual reconnaissance and forward air control of fighter-bombers, although it continued to train Vietnamese pilots and observers. It was shifted to the 6251st Tactical Fighter Wing on 8 July 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0014-0001", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nShortly thereafter, on 8 November 1965, it was transferred to the 505th Tactical Air Support Group. The 19th TASS began flying actual forward air control sorties out of Bien Hoa on 11 November 1965, using the call sign Sidewinder. By July 1966, the 19th was parceled out among numerous forward operating locations in III Corps and II Corps. While serving as Forward Air Controllers and/or Air Liaison Officers, they used the radio net under various call signs, most of which were names of serpents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0015-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nBeginning in 1968, the 19th TASS extended its squadron inventory to include O-2 Skymasters and OV-10 Broncos. On 15 January 1971, 19th TASS absorbed the 22nd Tactical Air Support Squadron, leaving the 22nd an unmanned unequipped paper unit. Representative of this change, the FACs supporting the 199th Light Infantry Brigade upgraded from O-1s to OV-10s at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0016-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nOn 15 January 1971, it absorbed the 22nd Tactical Air Support Squadron, leaving the 22nd an unmanned unequipped paper unit. The unit transferred to Phan Rang Air Base, Vietnam on 1 August 1971. On 30 September 1971, another unit acquired the 19th's inventory. The 19th then remained a paper squadron until 15 January 1972, when it transferred to the inactive theater of South Korea, to Osan AB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0017-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nBy the time the 19th TASS left Vietnam, it had won three Presidential Unit Citations, four Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards with Combat V, the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm, and numerous campaign honors for its Vietnam wartime service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0018-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nDuring its Vietnam service, the 19 TASS had suffered 37 USAF air crew killed in action, with another two killed in a flying accident. There were also a number of casualties among non-USAF aerial observers. Its aircraft losses over the course of the war amounted to 53 O-1 Bird Dogs, 12 O-2 Skymasters and 16 OV10 Broncos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0019-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Korean Service\nTransferred to Osan AB, South Korea, on 15 January 1972. It became part of the 314th Air Division; Colonel William Peters was placed in command. It was then reconstituted and took over the O-2 aircraft of another squadron. Its new role was support of the Eighth U.S. Army and Republic of Korea ground forces, providing close air and aerial reconnaissance support. In 1973, the 19th trained the Republic of Korea Air Force to operate a Direct Air Support Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0020-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Korean Service\nOn 30 September 1974, the Squadron was transferred to the 51st Composite Wing (Tactical). In 1975, the squadron converted to the OV-10A Bronco. From 1975 until 1980, 19th TASS operated the forward air control mission within the Korean tactical air control system. On 15 April 1976, Detachment 1 of the 19th was assigned to Camp Casey, South Korea, remaining there until 8 January 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0021-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Korean Service\nOn 8 January 1980, the 19th TASS was forwarded to the 5th Tactical Air Control Group. In 1983, the squadron converted to the OA-37B Dragonfly twin-jet aircraft. In 1985, the 19th switched back to the OV-10. On 1 August 1989, the 19 TASS transferred to Suwon Air Base, South Korea and converted to the OA-10A aircraft. The OV-10s were either retired or transferred to the USMC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0022-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Korean Service\nDuring its time in the Republic of Korea, the 19 TASS used the call sign 'Bronco' while flying the OV-10, and 'Misty' after changing to the OA-37 and OA-10. The 19th TASS remained an active combat-ready unit flying the OA-10A aircraft until the Persian Gulf War in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0023-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Korean Service\nThe squadron was inactivated on 1 October 1993, without seeing further combat action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0024-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Modern era\nUSAF Weapons School Intelligence Division was activated in 1989. Its personnel and equipment were the en cadre for the formation of the 19th Weapons Squadron on 3 February 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0025-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, History, Modern era\nIn 2019, the 19th added two Weapons Instructor Courses for U-2 and RQ-4 pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158310-0026-0000", "contents": "19th Weapons Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158311-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158311-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 19th Wisconsin was organized at Madison, Wisconsin and mustered into Federal service April 30, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158311-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out on August 9, 1865, at Richmond, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158311-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 19th Wisconsin  suffered 2 officers and 41 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 3 officers and 115 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 161 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158312-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe Nineteenth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 10, 1866, to April 12, 1866, in regular session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158312-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 7, 1865. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 8, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158312-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the Nineteenth Wisconsin Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158313-0000-0000", "contents": "19th World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe 19th World Festival of Youth and Students (WFYS) was opened on October 14, 2017 in Sochi, Russia. The festival attracted 20,000 people from 180 countries. The opening ceremony of the Festival was held in the arena of the Bolshoy Ice Dome in Sochi. The official slogan of the festival is \"For peace, solidarity and social justice, we are fighting against imperialism - respecting our past, we are building our future!\". This was the 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students on Russian territory, with the 6th and 12th festivals being held in Moscow in 1957, and 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158313-0001-0000", "contents": "19th World Festival of Youth and Students\nRussian President Vladimir Putin attended the All-Russian Youth Educational Forum criticizing the coverage of the festival saying that \"it is necessary to avoid politicizing the festival and devote it to young people\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158314-0000-0000", "contents": "19th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe 19th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), also known as Seacon, was held September 2\u20134, 1961, at the Hyatt House Hotel in Seattle, Washington, United States. The convention chair was Wally Weber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158314-0001-0000", "contents": "19th World Science Fiction Convention\nThe guest of honor at the 19th Worldcon was Robert A. Heinlein, who gave a speech titled \"The Future Revisited\". He was previously the guest of honor at the 3rd Worldcon and would again be the guest of honor at the 34th Worldcon. The Toastmaster was Harlan Ellison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158314-0002-0000", "contents": "19th World Science Fiction Convention, Awards\nThe Hugo Awards, named after Hugo Gernsback, are presented every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The results are based on the ballots submitted by members of the World Science Fiction Society. Other awards, including the Astounding Award for Best New Writer (since 1973; named \"John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer\" until 2019), are also presented at each year's Worldcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158315-0000-0000", "contents": "19th World Scout Jamboree\nThe 19th World Jamboree (Spanish: 19\u00ba Jamboree Scout Mundial) in Chile, the first ever in South America, took place at a 7,400-acre (30\u00a0km2) site (Hacienda Picarqu\u00edn) in the foothills of the Andes, some 38 miles (61\u00a0km) south of the capital city of Santiago. For 11 days, from 27 December 1998, to 6 January 1999, approximately 30,519 Scouts and leaders from nearly every Scout association in the world assembled for this 4-yearly event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158315-0001-0000", "contents": "19th World Scout Jamboree\nThe Jamboree started with a drought, prompting water to be diverted from the City of Rancagua, with sailing activities proving difficult owing to the lack of proper water bodies on Picarqu\u00edn. The Jamboree sported the third Global Development Village program, and was opened by Chilean president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158315-0002-0000", "contents": "19th World Scout Jamboree, Theme\nThe jamboree theme was \"Building Peace Together\". The program included full days of patrol activities. These included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158316-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 19th Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers and television writers of 1966. Winners were announced in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158317-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 19th Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c19\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d) was held on 8 February 1998 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0000-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards\nThe 19th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television and theatre for the 1996-1997 season, and took place on March 14, 1998, in Hollywood, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0001-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theatre and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0002-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Feature Film, Best Performance in a Feature Film: Leading Young Actor\n\u2605  (tie) Blake Heron - Shiloh\u2605  (tie) Kevin Zegers - Air Bud", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 122], "content_span": [123, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0003-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Movie, Pilot or Mini-Series, Best Performance in a TV Movie / Pilot / Mini-Series: Leading Young Actor\n\u2605 Gregory Smith - Shadow Zone: My Teacher Ate My Homework", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 158], "content_span": [159, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0004-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Movie, Pilot or Mini-Series, Best Performance in a TV Movie / Pilot / Mini-Series: Supporting Young Actor\n\u2605 Edwin Hodge - Shadow Zone: My Teacher Ate My Homework", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 161], "content_span": [162, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0005-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Drama Series, Best Performance in a TV Drama Series: Leading Young Actor\n\u2605  (tie) Austin O'Brien - Promised Land\u2605  (tie) Michael Yarmush - My Life as a Dog", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 128], "content_span": [129, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0006-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Drama Series, Best Performance in a TV Drama Series: Leading Young Actress\n\u2605  (tie) Beverley Mitchell - 7th Heaven\u2605  (tie) Sarah Schaub - Promised Land", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 130], "content_span": [131, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0007-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Daytime Drama, Best Performance in a Daytime Drama: Young Performers (Male & Female)\n\u2605 Lamont Bentley (Male) - Moesha\u2605 Brandy (Female) - Moesha", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 140], "content_span": [141, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0008-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Best Family Entertainment, Best Educational TV Show\n\u2605 Bear in the Big Blue House - Disney Channel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 78], "content_span": [79, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0009-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Best Family Entertainment, Best Family TV Drama Series\n\u2605  (tie) Promised Land - CBS\u2605  (tie) 7th Heaven - WB", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 81], "content_span": [82, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0010-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Best Family Feature Films\n\u2605 Animation: Anastasia - 20th Century Fox\u2605 Comedy: Air Bud - Disney", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158318-0011-0000", "contents": "19th Youth in Film Awards, Youth In Film's Special Awards, Best Young Performers in a Foreign Film\n\u2605 Victoire Thivisol - Ponette (France)\u2605  - The Thief (Russia)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 98], "content_span": [99, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0000-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment (1863\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was assembled from the portions of Dawson's 19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, that were not present when the garrison of Arkansas Post surrendered. The unit is most often referred to as Hardy's Arkansas Infantry Regiment, but by the late stages of the war, the unit was simply referred to simply as Hardy's 19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0000-0001", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe portions of the 19th Arkansas and the 24th Arkansas which did surrender with the garrison of Arkansas Post were ultimately released east of the Mississippi River and were also briefly designated as the 19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, in Govan's Brigade of the Army of Tennessee, but that consolidation ended after the Battle of Chickamauga. The 19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment served in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from its formation in February 1863 until the close of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0001-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nHardy's Regiment was organized around February 1863 by consolidating the portions of the 19th (Dawson's) and 24th Arkansas and Crawford's Arkansas Infantry Battalion that were not captured at the Battle of Arkansas Post on January 11, 1863. Detachments from these organizations were on duty at other locations the time Union force began the attack on Fort Hindman at Arkansas Post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0002-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nIt would seem at the time of the attack on Arkansas Post the 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and Crawford's Arkansas Infantry Battalion were stationed at St. Charles preparing to place two 8inch 32 pounder smooth bore columbiad guns from the CSS Ponchartrain in battery there. When the news of the battle at Arkansas Post reached them, Colonel Portlock and approximately 147 men from the two units made a forced march from St. Charles to Arkansas Post but arrived just in time to be surrendered with the garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0003-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThose left at St. Charles, about 200 men from the 24th and Crawford's Battalion loaded the two 8inch columbiads onto the steamboat Bluewing, moved them up the White River to DeVal's Bluff and loaded them onto railroad flatcars to be shipped back to Little Rock. However, the Federal Gunboats arrived before the train could leave and the guns were captured. The men had made their escape into the woods except for those who were in the hospital at DeVal's Bluff, who were paroled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0004-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThis detachment of approximately 200 men from the 24th Arkansas and Crawford's Battalion returned to Camp White Sulphur Springs, near Pine Bluff, where they and other members of the 24th, Dawson's 19th (including Colonel Dawson himself) and Crawford's battalion, who happened to be in the hospitals at Sulphur Springs, St Charles and Deval's Bluff at the time of the Battle of Arkansas Post, were organized into a \"holding regiment\" under Colonel Charles Dawson's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0004-0001", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe original thought was that the men would remain in this holding regiment until the captured portions of these commands were exchanged and returned to Arkansas to reform these regiments. General U. S. Grant however didn't want those men captured at Arkansas Post to be exchanged back in the Mississippi River theater of operations to oppose his operations against Vicksburg, Hence they were exchanged at City Point, Virginia instead of the normal exchange point for Trans-Mississippi prisoners at Vicksburg. This left portions of the regiments in Arkansas, and portions in Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0005-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThose elements of the 19th, 24th and Crawford's Arkansas Infantry Battalion which not present to surrender with the garrison of Arkansas Post, were eventually consolidated in a regiment under command of Colonel Charles L. Dawson, originally from the 19th Arkansas, and assisted by Lieutenant Colonel William R. Hardy and Major Francis H. Wood of the 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. The companies of the regiment were reorganized from the remnants of the 19th and 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiments and Crawford's Battalion in the following manner:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0006-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Little Rock Campaign\nThe Consolidated Regiment remained at White Sulphur Springs until late July 1863 training and as part of the lower Arkansas River Valley defenses. Initially assigned in an unattached status to Frost's Brigade in southeastern Arkansas in May and June 1863. Daniel Frost took command of the \"defenses of the Lower Arkansas River\" with the departure of Major General John Walkers Division to Louisiana in late April 1863. Colonel John Clark assumed command of Frost's old brigade and Fort Pleasant. The 19th/24th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 84], "content_span": [85, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0006-0001", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Little Rock Campaign\nConsolidated moved with Colonel John Clark's Missouri Brigade of Frost's Missouri Division from Fort Pleasant to the defenses of Little Rock in August 1863. On August 15, 1865, the unit was marched through Little Rock, and entrenched on the north side of the Arkansas River. The unit retreated from Little Rock without becoming engaged in the Battle of Bayou Fourche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 84], "content_span": [85, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0007-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Red River Campaign\nDuring the winter of 1863-64, the regiment was reassigned to Tappan's Brigade. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hardy, the regiment participated in the Red River Campaign with Tappan's Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 82], "content_span": [83, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0008-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Red River Campaign\nIn the Spring of 1864, the Churchill's Division, with Tappan's Brigade moved south to oppose Union General Nathaniel Banks' Red River Campaign in north-central Louisiana in March and early April 1864. The division arrived during the Battle of Mansfield on April 8, 1864, but was not committed to the battle and occupied a position on the flank of General Taylor's division. Brigadier General Churchill was placed in command of both his own division and Brigadier General Parson's Division during the pursuit of the enemy from Mansfield to Pleasant Hill, Louisiana so Brigadier General Tappan assumed command of Churchill's Division. While Tappan commanded the Division, Colonel Grinstead of the 33rd Arkansas assumed command of Tappan's Brigade and led it through the fight at Pleasant Hill, on April 9, 1864. General Tappan described the action at Pleasant Hill as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 82], "content_span": [83, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0009-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Red River Campaign\nMy line was formed at about 4:30 o'clock. . . . I threw out three companies of skirmishers under Major Steele of Grinsted's regiment, and immediately ordered my line to advance rapidly as directed. . . . For an hour and a half we were as warmly engaged with the enemy as it has ever been my experience to witness on any battlefield. My division, however, never faltered, but moved steadily forward, with the valor of men determined to succeed or fall in the attempt. . . .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 82], "content_span": [83, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0009-0001", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Red River Campaign\nAt this juncture, learning that the division on the right had been outflanked and was falling back , I immediately directed my attention in that direction and saw that such was the case. When said division had swept entirely past mine, and my command became exposed to a heavy and murderous fire from the flank as well as from the front, I ordered the brigade commanders to fall back with a view of forming a line in a more advantageous position. . . .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 82], "content_span": [83, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0009-0002", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Red River Campaign\nThe exhausted condition of the men, the lateness of the hour (it being near dark), and the denseness of the thicket made it extremely difficult to rally the men. While the battle lasted no men ever fought more gallantly. This is evidenced by the fact that the enemy made little or no attempt to pursue our line; on the contrary, he fled toward Red river as soon as night came, leaving his dead to be buried and his wounded to be cared by us. The loss of the division in the engagement was as follows: Killed, 26; wounded, 112; missing, 63.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 82], "content_span": [83, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0010-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Red River Campaign\nChurchill's Division marched back north into Arkansas to deal with the other part of the Federal advance, General Frederick Steele's Camden Expedition. The division arrived after a long forced march at Woodlawn, Arkansas on April 26, where they rested overnight, then joined the pursuit of Steele's retreating army, catching it trying to cross the Saline River near Jenkins' Ferry on April 30, 1864. The 19th/24th suffered a total of 8 killed and 18 wounded in the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 82], "content_span": [83, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0011-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Final Year of the war\nOn 1 September 1864, Brigadier General James C. Tappan reported that Colonel Hardy's regiment was assigned to Tappan's Brigade. On the same day Brigadier General Tappan reported that the assigned strength of Hardy's Regiment 19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Hardy's) and Thompson's Regiment was 787 men, of which only 373 were armed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0012-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Final Year of the war\nOn 30 September 1864, General Kirby Smith's report on the organization of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi lists the 19th Arkansas, under the command of Colonel Hardy in Brigadier General James C. Tappan's, 3rd Brigade of Acting Major General Thomas J. Churchill's 1st Arkansas Infantry Division of Major General John B. Magruder's 2nd Army Corps. On 17 November 1864, a union spy reported that the Tampan's Brigade and Churchill's Division was in the vicinity of Camden, in Ouachita County, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0013-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Final Year of the war\nOn 31 December 1864, General Kirby Smith's report on the organization of his forces lists the 19th Arkansas, under the command of Colonel Hardy as belonging to Brigadier General James C. Tappan's, 3rd Brigade of Acting Major General Thomas J. Churchill's 1st Arkansas Infantry Division of Major General John B. Magruder's 2nd Army Corps, Confederate Army of the Trans-Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0014-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Service, Final Year of the war\nOn 22 January 1865, Major General Churchill was ordered to move his division to Minden, Louisiana, and occupy winter quarters. Union commanders in the Department of the Gulf reported on March 20, 1865 that General Tappan's brigade minus Shaver's regiment, was located a Minden, Louisiana, with the rest of Churchill's Division. In early April 1865, the division concentrated near Shreaveport Louisiana, and then moved to Marshall Texas by mid April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 85], "content_span": [86, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158319-0015-0000", "contents": "19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nThis regiment was surrendered with the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, General Kirby Smith commanding, May 26, 1865. When the Trans-Mississippi Department surrendered, all of the Arkansas infantry regiments were encamped in and around Marshall, Texas (war-ravaged Arkansas no longer able to subsist the army). The regiments were ordered to report to Shreveport, Louisiana, to be paroled. None of them did so. Some soldiers went to Shreveport on their own to be paroled, but the regiments simply disbanded without formally surrendering. A company or two managed to keep together until they got home, but for the most part, the men simply went home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158320-0000-0000", "contents": "19th arrondissement\nThe 19th arrondissement of Paris (XIXe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as dix-neuvi\u00e8me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158320-0001-0000", "contents": "19th arrondissement\nThe arrondissement, known as Butte-Chaumont, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. It is crossed by two canals, the Canal Saint-Denis and the Canal de l'Ourcq, which meet near the Parc de la Villette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158320-0002-0000", "contents": "19th arrondissement\nThe 19th arrondissement, mixing the Old French bohemianism and also the Parisian cosmopolitanism, includes two public parks: the Parc des Buttes Chaumont, located on a hill, and the Parc de la Villette, which is home to the Cit\u00e9 des Sciences et de l'Industrie, a museum and exhibition centre, the Conservatoire de Paris, one of the most renowned music schools in Europe, the Cabaret Sauvage, the Z\u00e9nith de Paris and the Philharmonie de Paris, both part of the Cit\u00e9 de la Musique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158320-0003-0000", "contents": "19th arrondissement, Geography\nThe land area of the arrondissement is 6.786\u00a0km2 (2.62 sq. miles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158320-0004-0000", "contents": "19th arrondissement, Demographics\nThe population of the 19th arrondissement has been constantly increasing since 1975. At the last census, in 2009, the population was 184,787 inhabitants. 68,101 people worked in the arrondissement in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158320-0005-0000", "contents": "19th arrondissement, Demographics\nThis sector has become the home for many immigrants to France, particularly from North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0000-0000", "contents": "19th century\nThe 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 (MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 (MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0001-0000", "contents": "19th century\nThe 19th century saw much social change; slavery was abolished, and the First and Second Industrial Revolutions (which also overlap with the 18th and 20th centuries, respectively) led to massive urbanisation and much higher levels of productivity, profit and prosperity. The Islamic gunpowder empires were formally dissolved and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia and almost all of Africa under colonial rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0002-0000", "contents": "19th century\nIt was marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Zulu Kingdom, First French, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, the Russian Empire, the United States, the German Empire (essentially replacing the Holy Roman Empire), the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Italy and Meiji Japan, with the British boasting unchallenged dominance after 1815. After the defeat of the French Empire, and its Indian allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the British and Russian empires expanded greatly, becoming the world's leading powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0002-0001", "contents": "19th century\nThe Russian Empire expanded in the Caucasus, central and far eastern Asia. The Ottoman Empire went through a period of westernisation and reform known as the Tanzimat, vastly increasing their control over their core territories in Anatolia and the Near East. Despite this, the sick man of Europe remained in a period of decline, losing territory in the Balkans, Egypt, and North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0003-0000", "contents": "19th century\nThe remaining powers in the Indian subcontinent such as the Kingdom of Mysore and its French allies, Nawabs of Bengal, Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire and the princely states of the Nizam of Hyderabad, suffered a massive decline, and their dissatisfaction with British East India Company's rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, marking its dissolution, however, it was later ruled directly by the British Crown through the establishment of the British Raj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0004-0000", "contents": "19th century\nThe British Empire grew rapidly in the first half of the century, especially with the expansion of vast territories in Canada, Australia, South Africa and heavily populated India, and in the last two decades of the century in Africa. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the world's land and one-quarter of the world's population. During the post-Napoleonic era, it enforced what became known as the Pax Britannica, which had ushered in unprecedented globalization and economic integration on a massive scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0005-0000", "contents": "19th century, Overview\nThe first electronics appeared in the 19th century, with the introduction of the electric relay in 1835, the telegraph and its Morse code protocol in 1837, the first telephone call in 1876, and the first functional light bulb in 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0006-0000", "contents": "19th century, Overview\nThe 19th century was an era of rapidly accelerating scientific discovery and invention, with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that laid the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty and gender roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0006-0001", "contents": "19th century, Overview\nJapan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, in the First Sino-Japanese War. Advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention took place in the 19th century, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. Europe's population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0006-0002", "contents": "19th century, Overview\nThe introduction of railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, changing the way people lived and obtained goods, and fuelling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century. London became the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0006-0003", "contents": "19th century, Overview\nThe last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, including vast expanses of interior Africa and Asia, were explored during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. Liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0007-0000", "contents": "19th century, Overview\nSlavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UK's Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the global slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, who did so in 1834. America's 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888 (see Abolitionism). Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0008-0000", "contents": "19th century, Overview\nThe 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. Chicago in the United States and Melbourne in Australia were non-existent in the earliest decades but grew to become the 2nd largest cities in the United States and British Empire respectively by the end of the century. In the 19th century, approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0009-0000", "contents": "19th century, Overview\nThe 19th century also saw the rapid creation, development, and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain and the United States. Association football, rugby union, baseball and many other sports were developed during the 19th century, while the British Empire facilitated the rapid spread of sports such as cricket to many different parts of the world. Also, women's fashion was a very sensitive topic during this time, as women showing their ankles was viewed to be scandalous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0010-0000", "contents": "19th century, Overview\nIt also marks the fall of the Ottoman rule of the Balkans which led to the creation of Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Romania as a result of the second Russo-Turkish War, which in itself followed the great Crimean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0011-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Napoleonic Wars\nThe Napoleonic Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1803 to 1815 pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0012-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Napoleonic Wars\nIn the aftermath of the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte gained power in France in 1799. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of the French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0013-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Napoleonic Wars\nIn 1805, the French victory over an Austrian-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz ended the War of the Third Coalition. As a result of the Treaty of Pressburg, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0014-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Napoleonic Wars\nLater efforts were less successful. In the Peninsular War, France unsuccessfully attempted to establish Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain. In 1812, the French invasion of Russia had massive French casualties, and was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0015-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Napoleonic Wars\nIn 1814, after defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba. Later that year, he escaped exile and began the Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helena, an island in the South Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0016-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Napoleonic Wars\nAfter Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna was held to determine new national borders. The Concert of Europe attempted to preserve this settlement was established to preserve these borders, with limited impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0017-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Latin American independence\nMexico and the majority of the countries in Central America and South America obtained independence from colonial overlords during the 19th century. In 1804, Haiti gained independence from France. In Mexico, the Mexican War of Independence was a decade-long conflict that ended in Mexican independence in 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0018-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Latin American independence\nDue to the Napoleonic Wars, the royal family of Portugal relocated to Brazil from 1808 to 1821, leading to Brazil having a separate monarchy from Portugal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0019-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Latin American independence\nThe Federal Republic of Central America gained independence from Spain in 1821 and from Mexico in 1823. After several rebellions, by 1841 the federation had dissolved into the independent countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0020-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Latin American independence\nIn 1830, the post-colonial nation of Gran Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador, and Venezuela took its place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0021-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Revolutions of 1848\nThe Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0022-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Revolutions of 1848\nThe first revolution began in January in Sicily. Revolutions then spread across Europe after a separate revolution began in France in February. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0023-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Revolutions of 1848\nAccording to Evans and von Strandmann (2000), some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class, the upsurge of nationalism, and the regrouping of established government forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0024-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Abolition and the American Civil War\nThe abolitionism movement achieved success in the 19th century. The Atlantic slave trade was abolished in 1808, and by the end of the century, almost every government had banned slavery. The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 banned slavery throughout the British Empire, and the Lei \u00c1urea abolished slavery in Brazil in 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0025-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Abolition and the American Civil War\nAbolitionism in the United States continued until the end of the American Civil War. Among others Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman, were two of many American Abolitionists who helped win the fight against slavery. Douglass was an articulate orator and incisive antislavery writer; while Tubman's efforts was by using a network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0026-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Abolition and the American Civil War\nThe American Civil War took place from 1861 to 1865. Eleven southern states seceded from the United States, largely over concerns related to slavery. In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln issued a preliminary on September 22, 1862 warning that in all states still in rebellion (Confederacy) on January 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves \"then, thenceforward, and forever free.\" The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery in the entire country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0027-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Abolition and the American Civil War\nFive days after Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, Lincoln was assassinated by actor and Confederate sympathiser John Wilkes Booth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0028-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Decline of the Ottoman Empire\nIn 1830, Greece became the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence. In 1831, the Great Bosnian uprising against Ottoman rule occurred. In 1817, the Principality of Serbia became suzerain from the Ottoman Empire, and in 1867, it passed a Constitution which defined its independence from the Ottoman Empire. In 1876, Bulgarians instigate the April Uprising against Ottoman rule. Following the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of Berlin recognized the formal independence of the Principality of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania. Bulgaria becomes autonomous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0029-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, China: Taiping Rebellion\nThe Taiping Rebellion was the bloodiest conflict of the 19th century, leading to the deaths of around 20-30 million people. Its leader, Hong Xiuquan, declared himself the younger brother of Jesus Christ and developed a new Chinese religion known as the God Worshipping Society. After proclaiming the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 1851, the Taiping army conquered a large part of China, capturing Nanjing in 1853. In 1864, after the death of Hong Xiuquan, Qing forces recaptured Nanjing and ended the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0030-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Japan: Meiji Restoration\nDuring the Edo period, Japan largely pursued an isolationist foreign policy. In 1853, United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry threatened the Japanese capital Edo with gunships, demanding that they agree to open trade. This led to the opening of trade relations between Japan and foreign countries, with the policy of Sakoku formally ended in 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0031-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Japan: Meiji Restoration\nBy 1872, the Japanese government under Emperor Meiji had eliminated the daimy\u014d system and established a strong central government. Further reforms included the abolishment of the samurai class, rapid industrialization and modernization of government, closely following European models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0032-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Colonialism, Africa\nIn Africa, European exploration and technology led to the colonization of almost the entire continent by 1898. New medicines such as quinine and more advanced firearms allowed European nations to conquer native populations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0033-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Colonialism, Africa\nMotivations for the Scramble for Africa included national pride, desire for raw materials, and Christian missionary activity. Britain seized control of Egypt to ensure control of the Suez Canal, but Ethiopia defeated Italy in the First Italo\u2013Ethiopian War at the Battle of Adwa. France, Belgium, Portugal, and Germany also had substantial colonies. The Berlin Conference of 1884\u20131885 attempted to reach agreement on colonial borders in Africa, but disputes continued, both amongst European powers and in resistance by the native populations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0034-0000", "contents": "19th century, Wars, Colonialism, Africa\nIn 1867, diamonds were discovered in the Kimberley region of South Africa. In 1886, gold was discovered in Transvaal. This led to colonization in Southern Africa by the British and business interests, led by Cecil Rhodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0035-0000", "contents": "19th century, Science and technology\nThe 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin (alongside the independent researches of Alfred Russel Wallace), who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Another important landmark in medicine and biology were the successful efforts to prove the germ theory of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0035-0001", "contents": "19th century, Science and technology\nFollowing this, Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals. In chemistry, Dmitri Mendeleev, following the atomic theory of John Dalton, created the first periodic table of elements. In physics, the experiments, theories and discoveries of Michael Faraday, Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re, James Clerk Maxwell, and their contemporaries led to the creation of electromagnetism as a new branch of science. Thermodynamics led to an understanding of heat and the notion of energy was defined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0035-0002", "contents": "19th century, Science and technology\nOther highlights include the discoveries unveiling the nature of atomic structure and matter, simultaneously with chemistry \u2013 and of new kinds of radiation. In astronomy, the planet Neptune was discovered. In mathematics, the notion of complex numbers finally matured and led to a subsequent analytical theory; they also began the use of hypercomplex numbers. Karl Weierstrass and others carried out the arithmetization of analysis for functions of real and complex variables. It also saw rise to new progress in geometry beyond those classical theories of Euclid, after a period of nearly two thousand years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0035-0003", "contents": "19th century, Science and technology\nThe mathematical science of logic likewise had revolutionary breakthroughs after a similarly long period of stagnation. But the most important step in science at this time were the ideas formulated by the creators of electrical science. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about including a rapid spread in the use of electric illumination and power in the last two decades of the century and radio wave communication at the end of the 1890s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0036-0000", "contents": "19th century, Culture, Literature\nOn the literary front the new century opens with romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain. French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0037-0000", "contents": "19th century, Culture, Literature\nThe Goncourts and \u00c9mile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. There was a huge literary output during the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0037-0001", "contents": "19th century, Culture, Literature\nSome of the most famous writers included the Russians Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoyevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott and Arthur Conan Doyle (creator of the character Sherlock Holmes); the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honor\u00e9 de Balzac, Jules Verne, Alexandre Dumas and Charles Baudelaire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0038-0000", "contents": "19th century, Culture, Literature\nSome American literary writers, poets and novelists were: Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, Harriet Ann Jacobs, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Herman Melville, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Joel Chandler Harris, and Emily Dickinson to name a few.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0039-0000", "contents": "19th century, Culture, Visual artists, painters, sculptors\nThe Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the Hudson River School was prominent. 19th-century painters included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 58], "content_span": [59, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0040-0000", "contents": "19th century, Culture, Music\nSonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list includes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0041-0000", "contents": "19th century, Supplementary portrait gallery\nWilliam Bonney aka Henry McCarty aka Billy the Kid, c. late 1870s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0042-0000", "contents": "19th century, Supplementary portrait gallery\nDeputies Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp in Dodge City, 1876", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0043-0000", "contents": "19th century, Supplementary portrait gallery\nThomas Nast, c. 1860\u20131875, photo by Mathew Brady or Levin Handy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158321-0044-0000", "contents": "19th century, Supplementary portrait gallery\nClaude Monet's Impression, Sunrise, 1872, gave the name to Impressionism", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158322-0000-0000", "contents": "19th century BC\nThe 19th century BC was the century which lasted from 1900 BC to 1801 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0000-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion\nThe nineteenth century marks the period beginning January 1, 1801 and ends December 31, 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0001-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion\nIt was a period of dramatic change and rapid socio-cultural advancement, where society and culture are constantly changing with advancement of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0002-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion\nThe Fashion of the 19th Century strongly reflected the technology, art, politics and culture of the time of which were highly influential to the styles and silhouettes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0003-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion\nFor women, fashion was an extravagant and extroverted display of the female silhouette with corset pinched waistlines, bustling full-skirts that flowed in and out of trend and decoratively embellished gowns. For men, three piece suits were tailored for usefulness in business as well as sporting activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0004-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion\nThe fashion in this article includes styles from the 19th Century through a Western context - namely Europe and North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0005-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Early 1800s (1800-1829), Technological innovations\nAt the turn of the 18th century, the Western world \u2013 namely Europe and the United States \u2013 were revelling in the prosperity of the rapid progress that came with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. The period from approximately 1760 to between 1820 and 1840 saw the transition to new manufacturing processes from traditional hand production methods to new machine production methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 109], "content_span": [110, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0006-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Early 1800s (1800-1829), Technological innovations\nThe textile industry was the first to use modern production techniques, namely mechanised cotton spinning with automatic machine looms. With the arrival of automated methods, through industrialisation came too the creation of factories which maximised productivity and enhanced efficient production. The unprecedented rapid and sustained economic growth demonstrated by the textile industry \u2013 through employment and value output \u2013 saw huge changes in the affordability of clothes and materials as prices fell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 109], "content_span": [110, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0007-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Early 1800s (1800-1829), Art, culture and politics\nThe early 19th century saw a shift from 18th century Enlightenment ideologies of order, reason and rationalism to new values of imagination and emotion with the emergence of Romanticism. The period of Romanticism from around 1800-1840 emphasised an opposition to stability, celebrating an appreciation of the chaotic which admires creativity, individuality, subjectivity, spontaneity, the sensory and the transcendental.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 109], "content_span": [110, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0008-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Early 1800s (1800-1829), Art, culture and politics\nIn England, this period is also known as the Georgian [or Regency] Era which saw great change with rapid urbanisation as cities grew, trade expanded, and a capitalist-driven consumer culture emerged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 109], "content_span": [110, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0009-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Early 1800s (1800-1829), Art, culture and politics\nThe fashion of the time reflects this transitional period as it gradually moves away from the Empire silhouette and Neoclassical influences of Enlightenment which take inspiration from 'classical antiquity'. The shift towards a new Romantic style inspired by creativity and imagination, is defined by more theatrical and dramatic designs which are inspired by a blend of the mysterious medieval past with lavish and dramatic Gothic decoration. The extravagance of these displays reaches its peak nearing the end of Romanticism as 'exuberance becomes sentimentality'. For both men and women, silhouettes were increasingly exaggerated with the establishment of curvaceous shapes pointing to an obvious rejection of previous Neoclassical geometric style. Layers of colour and pattern added to the dramatic and expressive display which became characteristic of Romanticism and again contrasted the 18th century monochromatic palette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 109], "content_span": [110, 1039]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0010-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Mid 1800s (1830-1869), Technological innovations\nBy mid-nineteenth century people were settling into the normal routine of life as shaped by the changes and innovations that came with the First Industrial Revolution. Further discoveries in mathematics, science and engineering saw advancements in medicine as well as huge progress for communication and transportation. The introduction of telegraphy and the opening of major railways connected people in major industrial cities to one another. Emerging globalisation and world-wide economic integration saw new trade routes and brought wealth to the capitalist powers of the Western world. As standards of living slowly improved and income per capita was on the rise, the middle-class were beginning to spend more on indulgent rather than solely necessary goods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 107], "content_span": [108, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0011-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Mid 1800s (1830-1869), Technological innovations\nThe modernisation of communication and transportation technologies saw a shift in the traditional consumption patterns of retail consumers. The invention of mail order business by Pryce Pryce-Jones in 1861 revolutionised shopping patterns and enabled people to order clothing and accessories [via telegram] from other parts of the world [to then be delivered via train] a much similar concept to contemporary online shopping habits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 107], "content_span": [108, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0012-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Mid 1800s (1830-1869), Art, culture and politics\nThe mid-19th century again shifts from Romanticism to Realism, sometimes called Naturalism. This ideological art movement 'sought to convey a truthful and objective vision of contemporary life'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 107], "content_span": [108, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0013-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Mid 1800s (1830-1869), Art, culture and politics\n1837 marked the beginning of the Victorian Era, a time that saw tremendous progress, change and power for the British Empire and one that characterises an entire genre of fashion history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 107], "content_span": [108, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0014-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Mid 1800s (1830-1869), Art, culture and politics\nWomen's fashion at the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign became more modest \u2013 constraining corsets were paired with swelled skirts to depict the female figure as weak and submissive which aligned with early Victorian ideals of the modest domestic lady stereotype. Layered petticoats with crinoline and steel-hoop structures weighed women down making them physically rigid, symbolically representing a restricted participation in society and an imposed passivity. Menswear of the early Victorian Era was understated with the rise of the respectable male bourgeois gentleman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 107], "content_span": [108, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0014-0001", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Mid 1800s (1830-1869), Art, culture and politics\nHowever, soon after both men's and women's fashion became more colourful and relaxed with more exuberant styles and new techniques including passementerie trims thanks to increasing availability of the sewing machine. By the latter half of mid-nineteenth century it becomes clear that fashion technologies revolutionised the designs of particularly womenswear fashion with cage crinoline enabling a larger but more lightweight hoop skirt. In align with the trend of offering greater comfort, menswear 'relaxed into wide, easy cuts'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 107], "content_span": [108, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0015-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Late 1800s (1870-1900), Technological innovations\nThe late-19th century constituted further industrialization with the Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, which was responsible for illustrious innovations. The modern social and economic infrastructure continued to revolutionise consumption patterns as the prices of consumer goods decreased dramatically with the increase in productivity. The growth of urban centres and 'new technologies, such as the introduction of electricity into clothing manufacturing, produced a boom in the ready-to-wear market'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 108], "content_span": [109, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0016-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Late 1800s (1870-1900), Technological innovations\nProgress in communications and the media meant that fashionable styles and silhouettes were widespread globally and accessible to the everyday person. With the rise of publications, magazines aimed especially at women depicted the styles in vogue at the time and began to introduce paper patterns. The popularity of these patterns paired with machine innovation and ease-of-use saw a rise in the popularity of at home dressmaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 108], "content_span": [109, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0017-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Late 1800s (1870-1900), Art, culture and politics\nLate 19th century movements in art and culture include Impressionism and Post-Impressionism which are characterised by their rebellion against classical subject matter and that which embraces depictions of modern life including new technology and ideas \u2013 'concentrating on themes of deeper symbolism to express emotions, rather than simply optical impressions'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 108], "content_span": [109, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0018-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Late 1800s (1870-1900), Art, culture and politics\nThe women's rights and suffragette movement towards the turn of the 20th century also saw a shift in gender roles and new empowerment for females. As the 19th century neared its end, the world began to transition away from stiff Victorian fashions with the rise of the Edwardian era to new freedoms of healthier and more simplistic dress structures and silhouettes. As women were enjoying new levels of independence, with female employment outside the home nearly doubling, the 'New Woman' of the era was young and intellectual, able to participate in traditionally male-exclusive activities such as work and sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 108], "content_span": [109, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0019-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Late 1800s (1870-1900), Art, culture and politics\nWomen's fashion of the late 19th century saw an introduction of styles with a long, slim, body-hugging silhouette that revealed the natural figure, including the popular 'princess line' and later 'artistic' style dresses. These styles featured seamless waists, streamlined skirts and a slow move away from restrictive corsetry, much more practical than the conventional attire. These 'slender and angular' styles, had excessive decoration which compensated for the rebellion against heavy, ultra-restrictive trends. Dress embellishments included bows, emphasised ruching, thick rich fabrics and trims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 108], "content_span": [109, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0019-0001", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Historical overview and fashions, Late 1800s (1870-1900), Art, culture and politics\nMenswear began to have a significant influence on women's clothing with masculine styles and tailoring becoming increasingly popular, women sometimes wore a shirt collar and tie, particularly when exercising. For men, lounge suits were becoming increasingly popular and were often quite slim, maintaining an overall narrow silhouette. A three-piece suit was a more casual attire regularly worn by businessmen, with jackets open or partially undone with a waistcoat underneath. Heavily starched collars on shirts were worn high and stiff-standing, with turned down wingtips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 108], "content_span": [109, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0020-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Women's Fashion, Gloves\nLadies' long gloves were first widely popular during the Regency/Napoleonic period (circa 1800\u20131825), and after that fashionable off and on throughout the Victorian era. In the Victorian fashion, wearing gloves in public was seen as being as mandatory as wearing shoes, and different gloves were available for casual and formal settings. The standard glove during the Victorian era was the \u201ckid\u201d glove, with \u201ckid\u201d being the type of leather used. Says the 1860s Lady's Book of Etiquette:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0021-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Women's Fashion, Gloves\n\"Never go out without gloves; put them on before you leave the house. You should no more be seen puling on your gloves in the street than tying the strings of your bonnet. Your gloves should always be of kid: silk or cotton gloves are very vulgar.\" \"With regard to dress itself, the first things a lady ought to think about are her gloves and shoes; for spoiled or ripped gloves, or shabby boots, will destroy the effect of the most elegant gown ever worn\u2026", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0021-0001", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Women's Fashion, Gloves\nThe gloves should in a degree match, or at least harmonize, with the dress; and if a young lady\u2019s allowance does not permit her to have a large stock of different colours, she will do her well to select those soft neutral tints which will suit any dress: the delicate greys, and fawn or dove-colours for summer; the soft brown or invisible green for winter wear.\" (Lady\u2019s Book of Etiquette, 1860)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0022-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Women's Fashion, Gloves\nIn the last two decades of the 19th century and the years of the 20th century prior to the start of World War I, during that period, they were standard for both daytime and evening wear; even some swimming costumes were accessorized with opera gloves. Etiquette considered gloves to be mandatory accessories for both men and women of the upper classes, so it was uncommon to see a well-dressed woman at a public occasion who was not wearing gloves of some sort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0023-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Children's Fashion\nFor most of the 19th century babies wore 'long, white dresses with short sleeves' whilst toddlers and young children wore 'short dresses with frilled drawers peeking out underneath'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158323-0024-0000", "contents": "19th century in fashion, Children's Fashion\nAs children grew into young adults the dress styles mimicked that of the elder generation, with the only difference being more simplistic styles and shorter lengths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158325-0000-0000", "contents": "19th century in ichnology\nThe 19th century in ichnology refers to advances made between the years 1800 and 1899 in the scientific study of trace fossils, the preserved record of the behavior and physiological processes of ancient life forms, especially fossil footprints. The 19th century was notably the first century in which fossil footprints received scholarly attention. British paleontologist William Buckland performed the first true scientific research on the subject during the early 1830s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158325-0001-0000", "contents": "19th century in ichnology\nA slab of Permian-aged sandstone had been discovered in Scotland which preserved a series of unusual footprints. After acquiring the specimen, Buckland experimented with modern animals to ascertain the trackmaker and concluded that the Scottish footprints were made by tortoises. Later in the century famed advocate of evolution Thomas Henry Huxley would refute this attribution and these footprints, called Chelichnus, would remain without an identified trackmaker until scientists recognized that they were actually made by an evolutionary precursor to mammals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158325-0002-0000", "contents": "19th century in ichnology\nThe 1830s also saw the discovery and investigation of unusual hand-shaped footprints from Triassic rocks in Germany that were later named Chirotherium. The identification of the Chirotherium trackmaker proved elusive and suggestions from researchers included everything from monkeys to giant toads and kangaroos. Chirotherium proved to be an enduring ichnological mystery that would not be solved until long into the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158325-0003-0000", "contents": "19th century in ichnology\nSome of the most important ichnological research of the 19th century occurred across the Atlantic in the United States. Dinosaur footprints were first discovered there in 1802 when a Massachusetts farm boy stumbled upon bird-like footprints in sandstone  that the local clergy mistakenly attributed to the raven that Noah released from his ark during the Biblical Flood. The region's footprints came to the attention of scholars during the mid 1830s when further bird-like dinosaur tracks were discovered elsewhere in the state. These became the lifelong preoccupation of prominent ichnologist Edward Hitchcock. Hitchcock thought the tracks were made by giant flightless birds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158325-0004-0000", "contents": "19th century in ichnology\nLate in the 19th century prisoners in Nevada discovered a major Ice Age track site at what was once an ancient lake shore. Many of the trackmakers were familiar animals like mammoths or even more modern animals like deer and wolves, but this track site also seemed to preserve the tracks of a sandal-wearing giant. The tracks received significant scholarly and popular attention like satire by Mark Twain who attributed the giant tracks to primitive Nevadan legislators. However, the true identity of the \"giant\" trackmaker was recognized by paleontologists Joseph Le Conte and Othniel Charles Marsh as a giant ground sloth, possibly of the genus Mylodon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158326-0000-0000", "contents": "19th century in literature\nLiterature of the 19th century refers to world literature produced during the 19th century. The range of years is, for the purpose of this article, literature written from (roughly) 1799 to 1900. Many of the developments in literature in this period parallel changes in the visual arts and other aspects of 19th-century culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158326-0001-0000", "contents": "19th century in literature, Literary realism\nLiterary realism is the trend, beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors, toward depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general \"realism,\" realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158326-0002-0000", "contents": "19th century in literature, Literary realism, Anglophones\nGeorge Eliot's novel Middlemarch stands as a great milestone in the realist tradition. It is a primary example of nineteenth-century realism's role in the naturalization of the burgeoning capitalist marketplace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158326-0003-0000", "contents": "19th century in literature, Literary realism, Anglophones\nWilliam Dean Howells was the first American author to bring a realist aesthetic to the literature of the United States. His stories of 1850s Boston upper-crust life are highly regarded among scholars of American fiction. His most popular novel, The Rise of Silas Lapham, depicts a man who falls from materialistic fortune by his own mistakes. Stephen Crane has also been recognized as illustrating important aspects of realism to American fiction in the stories Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and The Open Boat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158326-0004-0000", "contents": "19th century in literature, Literary realism, Latin American Literature\nAdventure novels about the gold rush in Chile in the 1850s, such as Martin Rivas by Alberto Blest Gana, and the gaucho epic poem Martin Fierro by Argentine Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez are among the iconic and populist 19th century literary works written in Spanish, published in Latin America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158326-0005-0000", "contents": "19th century in literature, Literary realism, Zenith\nHonor\u00e9 de Balzac is often credited with pioneering a systematic realism in French literature, through the inclusion of specific detail and recurring characters. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Gustave Flaubert, and Ivan Turgenev are regarded by many critics as representing the zenith of the realist style with their unadorned prose and attention to the details of everyday life. In German literature, 19th-century realism developed under the name of \"Poetic Realism\" or \"Bourgeois Realism,\" and major figures include Theodor Fontane, Gustav Freytag, Gottfried Keller, Wilhelm Raabe, Adalbert Stifter, and Theodor Storm. Later \"realist\" writers included Benito P\u00e9rez Gald\u00f3s, Nikolai Leskov, Guy de Maupassant, Anton Chekhov, Jos\u00e9 Maria de E\u00e7a de Queiroz, Machado de Assis, Boles\u0142aw Prus and, in a sense, \u00c9mile Zola, whose naturalism is often regarded as an offshoot of realism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158326-0006-0000", "contents": "19th century in literature, By year\n1800s \u2013 1810s \u2013 1820s \u2013 1830s \u2013 1840s \u2013 1850s \u2013 1860s \u2013 1870s \u2013 1880s \u2013 1890s \u2013 1900s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0000-0000", "contents": "19th century in science\nThe 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0001-0000", "contents": "19th century in science\nAmong the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin (alongside the independent researches of Alfred Russel Wallace), who in 1859 published the book On the Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Another important landmark in medicine and biology were the successful efforts to prove the germ theory of disease. Following this, Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0001-0001", "contents": "19th century in science\nIn chemistry, Dmitri Mendeleev, following the atomic theory of John Dalton, created the first periodic table of elements. In physics, the experiments, theories and discoveries of Michael Faraday, Andre-Marie Ampere, James Clerk Maxwell, and their contemporaries led to the creation of electromagnetism as a new branch of science. Thermodynamics led to an understanding of heat and the notion of energy was defined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0002-0000", "contents": "19th century in science\nOther highlights include the discoveries unveiling the nature of atomic structure and matter, simultaneously with chemistry \u2013 and of new kinds of radiation. In astronomy, the planet Neptune was discovered. In mathematics, the notion of complex numbers finally matured and led to a subsequent analytical theory; they also began the use of hypercomplex numbers. Karl Weierstrass and others carried out the arithmetization of analysis for functions of real and complex variables. It also saw rise to new progress in geometry beyond those classical theories of Euclid, after a period of nearly two thousand years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0002-0001", "contents": "19th century in science\nThe mathematical science of logic likewise had revolutionary breakthroughs after a similarly long period of stagnation. But the most important step in science at this time were the ideas formulated by the creators of electrical science. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about such as electric power, electrical telegraphy, the telephone, and radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0003-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Mathematics\nThroughout the 19th century mathematics became increasingly abstract. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777\u20131855) epitomizes this trend. He did revolutionary work on functions of complex variables, in geometry, and on the convergence of series, leaving aside his many contributions to science. He also gave the first satisfactory proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra and of the quadratic reciprocity law. His 1801 volume Disquisitiones Arithmeticae laid the foundations of modern number theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0004-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Mathematics\nThis century saw the development of the two forms of non-Euclidean geometry, where the parallel postulate of Euclidean geometry no longer holds. The Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky and his rival, the Hungarian mathematician J\u00e1nos Bolyai, independently defined and studied hyperbolic geometry, where uniqueness of parallels no longer holds. In this geometry the sum of angles in a triangle add up to less than 180\u00b0. Elliptic geometry was developed later in the 19th century by the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann; here no parallel can be found and the angles in a triangle add up to more than 180\u00b0. Riemann also developed Riemannian geometry, which unifies and vastly generalizes the three types of geometry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0005-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Mathematics\nThe 19th century saw the beginning of a great deal of abstract algebra. Hermann Grassmann in Germany gave a first version of vector spaces, William Rowan Hamilton in Ireland developed noncommutative algebra. The British mathematician George Boole devised an algebra that soon evolved into what is now called Boolean algebra, in which the only numbers were 0 and 1. Boolean algebra is the starting point of mathematical logic and has important applications in computer science.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0006-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Mathematics\nAugustin-Louis Cauchy, Bernhard Riemann, and Karl Weierstrass reformulated the calculus in a more rigorous fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0007-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Mathematics\nAlso, for the first time, the limits of mathematics were explored. Niels Henrik Abel, a Norwegian, and \u00c9variste Galois, a Frenchman, proved that there is no general algebraic method for solving polynomial equations of degree greater than four (Abel\u2013Ruffini theorem). Other 19th-century mathematicians utilized this in their proofs that straightedge and compass alone are not sufficient to trisect an arbitrary angle, to construct the side of a cube twice the volume of a given cube, nor to construct a square equal in area to a given circle. Mathematicians had vainly attempted to solve all of these problems since the time of the ancient Greeks. On the other hand, the limitation of three dimensions in geometry was surpassed in the 19th century through considerations of parameter space and hypercomplex numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0008-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Mathematics\nIn the later 19th century, Georg Cantor established the first foundations of set theory, which enabled the rigorous treatment of the notion of infinity and has become the common language of nearly all mathematics. Cantor's set theory, and the rise of mathematical logic in the hands of Peano, L. E. J. Brouwer, David Hilbert, Bertrand Russell, and A.N. Whitehead, initiated a long running debate on the foundations of mathematics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0009-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Mathematics\nThe 19th century saw the founding of a number of national mathematical societies: the London Mathematical Society in 1865, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Math\u00e9matique de France in 1872, the Edinburgh Mathematical Society in 1883, the Circolo Matematico di Palermo in 1884, and the American Mathematical Society in 1888. The first international, special-interest society, the Quaternion Society, was formed in 1899, in the context of a vector controversy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0010-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics\nIn 1800, Alessandro Volta invented the electric battery (known of the voltaic pile) and thus improved the way electric currents could also be studied. A year later, Thomas Young demonstrated the wave nature of light\u2014which received strong experimental support from the work of Augustin-Jean Fresnel\u2014and the principle of interference. In 1813, Peter Ewart supported the idea of the conservation of energy in his paper On the measure of moving force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0010-0001", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics\nIn 1820, Hans Christian \u00d8rsted found that a current-carrying conductor gives rise to a magnetic force surrounding it, and within a week after \u00d8rsted's discovery reached France, Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re discovered that two parallel electric currents will exert forces on each other. In 1821, William Hamilton began his analysis of Hamilton's characteristic function. In 1821, Michael Faraday built an electricity-powered motor, while Georg Ohm stated his law of electrical resistance in 1826, expressing the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit. A year later, botanist Robert Brown discovered Brownian motion: pollen grains in water undergoing movement resulting from their bombardment by the fast-moving atoms or molecules in the liquid. In 1829, Gaspard Coriolis introduced the terms of work (force times distance) and kinetic energy with the meanings they have today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0011-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics\nIn 1831, Faraday (and independently Joseph Henry) discovered the reverse effect, the production of an electric potential or current through magnetism\u00a0\u2013 known as electromagnetic induction; these two discoveries are the basis of the electric motor and the electric generator, respectively. In 1834, Carl Jacobi discovered his uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids (the Jacobi ellipsoid). In 1834, John Russell observed a nondecaying solitary water wave (soliton) in the Union Canal near Edinburgh and used a water tank to study the dependence of solitary water wave velocities on wave amplitude and water depth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0011-0001", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics\nIn 1835, William Hamilton stated Hamilton's canonical equations of motion. In the same year, Gaspard Coriolis examined theoretically the mechanical efficiency of waterwheels, and deduced the Coriolis effect. In 1841, Julius Robert von Mayer, an amateur scientist, wrote a paper on the conservation of energy but his lack of academic training led to its rejection. In 1842, Christian Doppler proposed the Doppler effect. In 1847, Hermann von Helmholtz formally stated the law of conservation of energy. In 1851, L\u00e9on Foucault showed the Earth's rotation with a huge pendulum (Foucault pendulum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0012-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics\nThere were important advances in continuum mechanics in the first half of the century, namely formulation of laws of elasticity for solids and discovery of Navier\u2013Stokes equations for fluids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0013-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, Laws of thermodynamics\nIn the 19th century, the connection between heat and mechanical energy was established quantitatively by Julius Robert von Mayer and James Prescott Joule, who measured the mechanical equivalent of heat in the 1840s. In 1849, Joule published results from his series of experiments (including the paddlewheel experiment) which show that heat is a form of energy, a fact that was accepted in the 1850s. The relation between heat and energy was important for the development of steam engines, and in 1824 the experimental and theoretical work of Sadi Carnot was published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0013-0001", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, Laws of thermodynamics\nCarnot captured some of the ideas of thermodynamics in his discussion of the efficiency of an idealized engine. Sadi Carnot's work provided a basis for the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics\u2014a restatement of the law of conservation of energy\u2014which was stated around 1850 by William Thomson, later known as Lord Kelvin, and Rudolf Clausius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0013-0002", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, Laws of thermodynamics\nLord Kelvin, who had extended the concept of absolute zero from gases to all substances in 1848, drew upon the engineering theory of Lazare Carnot, Sadi Carnot, and \u00c9mile Clapeyron\u2013as well as the experimentation of James Prescott Joule on the interchangeability of mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical forms of work\u2014to formulate the first law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0014-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, Laws of thermodynamics\nKelvin and Clausius also stated the second law of thermodynamics, which was originally formulated in terms of the fact that heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter. Other formulations followed quickly (for example, the second law was expounded in Thomson and Peter Guthrie Tait's influential work Treatise on Natural Philosophy) and Kelvin in particular understood some of the law's general implications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0014-0001", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, Laws of thermodynamics\nThe second Law was the idea that gases consist of molecules in motion had been discussed in some detail by Daniel Bernoulli in 1738, but had fallen out of favor, and was revived by Clausius in 1857. In 1850, Hippolyte Fizeau and L\u00e9on Foucault measured the speed of light in water and find that it is slower than in air, in support of the wave model of light. In 1852, Joule and Thomson demonstrated that a rapidly expanding gas cools, later named the Joule\u2013Thomson effect or Joule\u2013Kelvin effect. Hermann von Helmholtz puts forward the idea of the heat death of the universe in 1854, the same year that Clausius established the importance of dQ/T (Clausius's theorem) (though he did not yet name the quantity).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0015-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, James Clerk Maxwell\nIn 1859, James Clerk Maxwell discovered the distribution law of molecular velocities. Maxwell showed that electric and magnetic fields are propagated outward from their source at a speed equal to that of light and that light is one of several kinds of electromagnetic radiation, differing only in frequency and wavelength from the others. In 1859, Maxwell worked out the mathematics of the distribution of velocities of the molecules of a gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0015-0001", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, James Clerk Maxwell\nThe wave theory of light was widely accepted by the time of Maxwell's work on the electromagnetic field, and afterward the study of light and that of electricity and magnetism were closely related. In 1864 James Maxwell published his papers on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field, and stated that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon in the 1873 publication of Maxwell's Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. This work drew upon theoretical work by German theoreticians such as Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber. The encapsulation of heat in particulate motion, and the addition of electromagnetic forces to Newtonian dynamics established an enormously robust theoretical underpinning to physical observations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0016-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, James Clerk Maxwell\nThe prediction that light represented a transmission of energy in wave form through a \"luminiferous ether\", and the seeming confirmation of that prediction with Helmholtz student Heinrich Hertz's 1888 detection of electromagnetic radiation, was a major triumph for physical theory and raised the possibility that even more fundamental theories based on the field could soon be developed. Experimental confirmation of Maxwell's theory was provided by Hertz, who generated and detected electric waves in 1886 and verified their properties, at the same time foreshadowing their application in radio, television, and other devices. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect. Research on the electromagnetic waves began soon after, with many scientists and inventors conducting experiments on their properties. In the mid to late 1890s Guglielmo Marconi developed a radio wave based wireless telegraphy system (see invention of radio).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 1002]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0017-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, James Clerk Maxwell\nThe atomic theory of matter had been proposed again in the early 19th century by the chemist John Dalton and became one of the hypotheses of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases developed by Clausius and James Clerk Maxwell to explain the laws of thermodynamics. The kinetic theory in turn led to the statistical mechanics of Ludwig Boltzmann (1844\u20131906) and Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839\u20131903), which held that energy (including heat) was a measure of the speed of particles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0017-0001", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, James Clerk Maxwell\nInterrelating the statistical likelihood of certain states of organization of these particles with the energy of those states, Clausius reinterpreted the dissipation of energy to be the statistical tendency of molecular configurations to pass toward increasingly likely, increasingly disorganized states (coining the term \"entropy\" to describe the disorganization of a state).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0017-0002", "contents": "19th century in science, Physics, James Clerk Maxwell\nThe statistical versus absolute interpretations of the second law of thermodynamics set up a dispute that would last for several decades (producing arguments such as \"Maxwell's demon\"), and that would not be held to be definitively resolved until the behavior of atoms was firmly established in the early 20th century. In 1902, James Jeans found the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0018-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Chemistry\nIn chemistry, Dmitri Mendeleev, following the atomic theory of John Dalton, created the first periodic table of elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158327-0019-0000", "contents": "19th century in science, Biology and medicine\nIn 1859, Charles Darwin published the book The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Oscar Hertwig publishes his findings in reproductive and developmental biology. In 1875 he published his first work, being the first to correctly describe animal conception. In his work later work in 1885, he described that the nucleus contained nuclein (now called nucleic acid) and that these nuclein were responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158328-0000-0000", "contents": "19th century in the United States\nThe 19th century in the United States refers to the period in the United States from 1801 through 1900 in the Gregorian calendar. For information on this period, see:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158329-0000-0000", "contents": "19th government of Turkey\nThe 19th government of Turkey (22 May 1950 \u2013 9 March 1951) was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also called the first Menderes government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158329-0001-0000", "contents": "19th government of Turkey, Background\nDemocrat Party (DP) won the elections held on 14 May 1950. This was the first election that was won by a party other than the Republican People's Party (CHP). Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party became the prime minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158329-0002-0000", "contents": "19th government of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the  cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column \"Notes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158329-0003-0000", "contents": "19th government of Turkey, Aftermath\nThe government had the majority in the parliament, but Menderes resigned on 8 March 1951. According to journalist Metin Toker, Adnan Menderes asked one of his colleagues in the cabinet to resign, but the minister refused to resign. Legally, Menderes had no authority to force any minister to resign, and thus, Menderes preferred to end the entire government instead. But the president Celal Bayar appointed him to form the next government also.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158330-0000-0000", "contents": "19th meridian east\nThe meridian 19\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158330-0001-0000", "contents": "19th meridian east\nThe 19th meridian east forms a great circle with the 161st meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158330-0002-0000", "contents": "19th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 19th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158331-0000-0000", "contents": "19th meridian west\nThe meridian 19\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158331-0001-0000", "contents": "19th meridian west\nThe 19th meridian west forms a great circle with the 161st meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158331-0002-0000", "contents": "19th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 19th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0000-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement\nThe 19th\u00a0of April Movement (in Spanish: Movimiento 19 de Abril), or M-19, was a Colombian guerrilla organisation movement. After its demobilization it became a political party, the M-19 Democratic Alliance (Alianza Democr\u00e1tica M-19), or AD/M-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0001-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement\nThe M-19 traced its origins to the allegedly fraudulent presidential elections of 19 April 1970. In those elections, the National Popular Alliance (ANAPO) of former military dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was denied an electoral victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0002-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement\nThe ideology of the M-19 was nationalism, but its main aim was to open up democracy in Colombia. It was inspired by other South American urban guerrilla groups, such as the Tupamaros in Uruguay and the Montoneros in Argentina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0003-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement\nBy mid-1985, when the number of active members was estimated at between 1,500 and 2,000 (including a more noticeable urban presence), the M-19 was the second largest guerrilla group in Colombia after the FARC. On 27 June 2017, FARC ceased to be an armed group, disarming itself and handing over its weapons to the United Nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0004-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity\nThe M-19's history may be divided into two parts: the first was a failed armed revolutionary struggle during the early to mid-1980s, while the second was a relatively constructive reincorporation into civil society and political life during the late 1980s and early 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0005-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Theft of Bol\u00edvar's sword\nAmong the actions performed by the M-19, some significant events stand out. In a highly symbolic action, the M-19 stole one of Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar's swords from a museum in 1974, an event which was used by the group to symbolize what they called a civilian uprising against a regime perceived as unjust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0006-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Kidnapping and murder of Jos\u00e9 Raquel Mercado\nIn February 1976, the M-19 kidnapped the union leader Jose Raquel Mercado, who was the president of Confederation of Workers of Colombia (CTC), and on 19 April 1976, executed him. The event shocked the country. The group accused Mercado of taking bribes and collaborating with the CIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 84], "content_span": [85, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0007-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Theft of arms from the north canton\nOn New Year's Eve 1979, the group dug a tunnel into a Colombian Army weapons depot, taking over 5000 weapons. It was considered one of the first signs of the group's true potential for armed action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0008-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Dominican Republic embassy siege\nThe group is also recognized for other high-profile activities, such as the Dominican embassy siege. The guerrillas stormed the Dominican Republic's embassy during a cocktail party on 27 February 1980. They took the largest recorded number of diplomats held hostage to date in Colombia, which accounted for 14 ambassadors, including the United States'. Eventually, after tense negotiations with the government of Julio C\u00e9sar Turbay Ayala, the hostages were peacefully released and the hostage takers were allowed to leave the country for exile in Cuba. Some of them later returned and actively rejoined the M-19's activities. Many contemporary rumors and later accounts from the participants in this event have suggested that the Colombian government might have submitted to another of the M-19 demands, by allegedly giving the group 1 to 2.5 million U.S. dollars in exchange for the release of the hostages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 981]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0009-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, First peace talks\nDuring the government of Belisario Betancur (1982\u20131986), Jaime Bateman Cay\u00f3n, by then top leader of the M-19, proposed a meeting in Panama with the Colombian government toward solving the conflict. But Bateman died on 28 April 1983 in an airplane accident, apparently while on the way to Panama, and the negotiations were suspended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0010-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, First peace talks\nThe negotiations culminated with the Agreements of Corinto, Cauca. A ceasefire was agreed, as well as the continuation of dialogue for the future demobilization of the guerrilla detachment. Nevertheless, sectors of the army opposed to the agreements of La Uribe and Corinto were responsible for attacks against the life of main leaders Iv\u00e1n Marino Ospina, Antonio Navarro Wolff, Carlos Pizarro, Marcos Chalita, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0011-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Palace of Justice siege\nThe M-19, as a guerrilla group, is also recognized for the Palace of Justice siege. In this attack, on 6 November 1985, some 300 lawyers, judges, and Supreme Court magistrates were taken hostage by 35 armed rebel commandos at the Palace of Justice, the building that houses the Supreme Court of Colombia. They demanded that president Belisario Betancur be tried by the magistrates for allegedly betraying the country's desire for peace. When this situation became publicly known, the Colombian Army surrounded the Palace of Justice's perimeter with soldiers and EE-9 Cascavel armored reconnaissance vehicles. For a short while, unsuccessful negotiations were attempted, but they reached nowhere, despite the desperate pleas that were transmitted telephonically by some of the notable hostages involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0012-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Palace of Justice siege\nThe Betancur administration and its council found themselves in a difficult position. They were not willing to submit to the rebels' demands, as they allegedly considered that this would set a further precedent for the M-19 and considerably jeopardize the government's position. Eventually, after tense discussions, it was decided during an emergency meeting that the military would be allowed to handle the situation and attempt to recover the Palace by force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0013-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Palace of Justice siege\nThis led to a highly controversial turn of events which, to a lesser or greater degree, continues to be debated in Colombia to this date. In the ensuing heavy crossfire between the incoming soldiers and the entrenched rebels, which included supporting gunfire from the EE-9 Cascavels, the building was set aflame, more than 100 people died (including 11 of the country's 21 Supreme Court Justices), and valuable legal records were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0014-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Palace of Justice siege\nThe M-19 lost several of its top commanders during the event, and blamed the government for the ensuing bloodshed. The surviving civilian victims and their families held different positions; some blamed the M-19, some blamed the Betancur administration, many blamed both. There is apparently no clear consensus on the matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0015-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Palace of Justice siege\nAuthor Ana Carrigan alleged against the widely accepted version that drug lords, such as Pablo Escobar, may have masterminded the operation in order to get rid of several criminal investigations recorded in the documents lost during the event. A Special Commission of Inquiry, established by the Betancur government, released a June 1986 report which concluded that Escobar had no relation with this event, so these allegations could not be proven (though it did not rule out the possibility either). Carrigan alleged that the act was a conspiracy of the Colombian government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0015-0001", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Palace of Justice siege\nOthers state that the alleged Guerrilla-Cartel relation was unlikely to occur because the two organizations had several standoffs and confrontations, like the kidnapping of Nieves Ochoa, the sister of Medellin cartel founder Juan David Ochoa, by M-19. The kidnapping led to the creation of the MAS/Muerte a Secuestradores (\"Death to Kidnappers\") paramilitary group by the Medellin cartel. However, her conspiracy theories and skepticism of Escobar and the Medellin Cartel's involvement was greatly discredited by others such as Rex Hudson, who presented allegedly \"overwhelming evidence\" linking the cartel to the plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0016-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Armed activity, Palace of Justice siege\nFormer Assistant of the Colombia Attorney General, National Deputy Comptroller, author and Professor Jose Mauricio Gaona along with Former Minister of Justice and Ambassador to the United Kingdom Carlos Medell\u00edn Becerra, the sons of two of the murdered Supreme Court magistrates, have pushed for further investigations into the presumed links between the M-19 and the Medell\u00edn Cartel drug lords. Mayor of Bogota Gustavo Petro, a former M-19 guerrilla, has denied these accusations and dismissed them as based upon the inconsistent testimonies of drug lords. Petro says that the surviving members of the M-19 do admit to their share of responsibility for the tragic events of the siege, on behalf of the entire organization, but deny any links to the drug trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0017-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Demobilization and participation in politics\nInternationally isolated, M-19 saw itself unable to continue the armed struggle: As late as 1988, an attempt was made to solicit weapons shipments from Socialist East Germany, but, following reservations from the Ministry of National Defense, the Foreign Ministry, and the Ministry for State Security, the request was denied in the end. The M-19 eventually gave up its weapons, received pardons and became a political party in the late 1980s, the M-19 Democratic Alliance (\"Alianza Democr\u00e1tica M-19\", or (AD/M-19)), which renounced the armed struggle. Eventually the M-19 returned Bol\u00edvar's sword as a symbol of its demobilization and desire to change society through its participation in legal politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0018-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Demobilization and participation in politics\nIn 1990, one of its more prominent figures, presidential candidate and former guerrilla commander Carlos Pizarro Leong\u00f3mez, while aboard an airline flight, was murdered by assassins, supposedly on the orders of drug cartel and paramilitary leaders (disappeared AUC commander Carlos Casta\u00f1o publicly admitted his own responsibility for the murder in a 2002 book and interviews). Some of its other members were also subject to multiple threats or likewise murdered. Antonio Navarro Wolff replaced the deceased Pizarro as candidate and leader of the party, finishing third in that year's presidential race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0019-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Demobilization and participation in politics\nDespite the continuation of smaller scale violence against it, the AD/M-19 survived through the 1990s, achieved favorable electoral results on a local level and actively participated as a high-profile political force in the forging of Colombia's modern 1991 constitution, which replaced a conservative document ostensibly dating from 1886. Antonio Navarro was one of the three co-presidents of the Constituent Assembly of Colombia, together with representatives from the Colombian Liberal Party and the Colombian Conservative Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158332-0020-0000", "contents": "19th of April Movement, Demobilization and participation in politics\nSeveral analysts consider that the AD/M-19 reached its peak at this point in time and, while never disappearing completely from the political background, it began to gradually decline as a party on its own, although many of its ex-members have gained influence in the Independent Democratic Pole coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158333-0000-0000", "contents": "19th parallel north\nThe 19th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 19 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, North America, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158333-0001-0000", "contents": "19th parallel north\nAt this latitude the sun is visible for 13 hours, 17 minutes during the summer solstice and 10 hours, 59 minutes during the winter solstice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158333-0002-0000", "contents": "19th parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 19\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158334-0000-0000", "contents": "19th parallel south\nThe 19th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 19 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158334-0001-0000", "contents": "19th parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 19\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158335-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-Century American Sheet Music at UNC Chapel Hill Music Library\nThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Music Library contains a collection of approximately 3,500 19th century vocal and instrumental titles of American popular music. The collection has been digitally scanned and tagged for simple browsing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158336-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-Century Music\n19th-Century Music is a triennial academic journal covering \"all aspects of Western art music between the mid-eighteenth and mid-twentieth centuries\". It is published by University of California Press and was established in 1977. The editor-in-chief is Lawrence Kramer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism\n19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, or racial Anglo-Saxonism, was a racial belief system developed by British and American intellectuals, politicians and academics in the 19th century. Racialized Anglo-Saxonism contained both competing and intersecting doctrines, such as Victorian-era Old Northernism and the Teutonic germ theory which it relied upon in appropriating Germanic (particularly Norse) cultural and racial origins for the Anglo-Saxon \"race\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism\nPredominantly a product of certain Anglo-American societies, and organisations of the era:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0002-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism\nAn important racial belief system in late 19th- and early 20th-century British and US thought advanced the argument that the civilization of English-speaking nations was superior to that of any other nations because of racial traits and characteristics inherited from the Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0003-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism\nIn 2017, Mary Dockray-Miller, an American scholar of Anglo-Saxon England, stated that there was an increasing interest in the study of 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism. Anglo-Saxonism is regarded as a predecessor ideology to the later Nordicism of the 20th century, which was generally less anti-Celtic and broadly sought to racially reconcile Celtic identity with Germanic under the label of Nordic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0004-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Background\nIn terminology, Anglo-Saxonism is by far the most commonly used phrase to describe the historical ideology of rooting a Germanic racial identity, whether Anglo-Saxon, Norse or Teutonic, into the concept of the English, Scottish or British nation, and subsequently founded-nations such as the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0005-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Background\nIn both historical and contemporary literature however, Anglo-Saxonism has many derivations, such as the commonly used phrase Teutonism or Anglo-Teutonism, which can be used as form of catch-all to describe American or British Teutonism and further extractions such as English or Scottish Teutonism. It is also occasionally encompassed by the longer phrase Anglo-Saxon Teutonism, or shorter labels Anglism or Saxonism, along with the most frequently used term of Anglo-Saxonism itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0006-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Background\nAmerican medievalist Allen Frantzen credits historian L. Perry Curtis's use of Anglo-Saxonism as a term for \"an unquestioned belief in Anglo-Saxon 'genius'\" during this period of history. Curtis has pointed toward a radical change from 16th- and 17th-century adulation of Anglo-Saxon institutions towards something more racial and imperialist. Historian Barbara Yorke, who specializes in the subject, has similarly argued that the earlier self-governance oriented Anglo-Saxonism of Thomas Jefferson's era had by the mid-19th century developed into \"a belief in racial superiority\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0007-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Background\nAccording to Australian scholar Helen Young, the ideology of 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism was \"profoundly racist\" and influenced authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien and his fictional works into the 20th century. Similarly, Marxist writer Peter Fryer claimed that \"Anglo-Saxonism was a form of racism that originally arose to justify the British conquest and occupation of Ireland\". Some scholars believe the Anglo-Saxonism championed by historians and politicians of the Victorian era influenced and helped to spawn the Greater Britain Movement of the mid-20th-century. In 2019, the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists decided to change its name due to the potential confusion of their organization's name with racist Anglo-Saxonism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0008-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Background\nAt the passing of the 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism era, progressive intellectual Randolph Bourne's essay Trans-National America reacted positively to integration (\"We have needed the new peoples\"), and while mocking the \"indistinguishable dough of Anglo-Saxonism\" in the context of very early 20th-century migration to the United States, Bourne manages to express an anxiety at the American melting pot theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0009-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Origins, Early references\nIn 1647, English MP John Hare, who served during the Long Parliament, issued a pamphlet declaring England as a \"member of the Teutonick nation, and descended out of Germany\". In the context of the English Civil War, this anti-Norman and pro-Germanic paradigm has been identified as perhaps the earliest iteration of \"English Teutonism\" by Professor Nick Groom, who has suggested the 1714 Hanoverian succession, where the German House of Hanover ascended the throne of Great Britain, is the culmination of this Anglo-Saxonist ideology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0010-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Origins, Teutonic germ theory\nMany historians and political scientists in Britain and the United States supported it in the 19th-century. The theory supposed that American and British democracy and institutions had their roots in Teutonic peoples, and that Germanic tribes had spread this \"germ\" within their race from ancient Germany to England and on to North America. Advocacy in Britain included the likes of John Mitchell Kemble, William Stubbs, and Edward Augustus Freeman. Within the U.S., future president Woodrow Wilson, along with Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert Baxter Adams were applying historical and social science in advocacy for Anglo-Saxonism through the theory. In the 1890s, under the influence of Frederick Jackson Turner, Wilson abandonedthe Teutonic germ theory in favor of a frontier model for the sources of American democracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0011-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Ancestry and racial identity, Germanic and Teutonic\nAnglo-Saxonism of the era sought to emphasize Britain's cultural and racial ties with Germany, frequently referring to Teutonic peoples as a source of strength and similarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0011-0001", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Ancestry and racial identity, Germanic and Teutonic\nContemporary historian Robert Boyce notes that many 19th-century British politicians promoted these Germanic links, such as Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer who said that it was \"in the free forests of Germany that the infant genius of our liberty was nursed\", and Thomas Arnold who claimed that \"Our English race is the German race; for though our Norman fathers had learned to speak a stranger\u2019s language, yet in blood, as we know, they were the Saxon\u2019s brethren both alike belonging to the Teutonic or German stock\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0012-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Ancestry and racial identity, Norman and Celtic\nAnglo-Saxonists in the 19th-century often sought to downplay, or outright denigrate, the significance of both Norman and Celtic racial and cultural influence in Britain. Less frequently however, some form of solidarity was expressed by some Anglo-Saxonists, who conveyed that Anglo-Saxonism was simply \"the best-known term to denote that mix of Celtic, Saxon, Norse and Norman blood which now flows in the united stream in the veins of the Anglo-Saxon peoples\". Although a staunch Anglo-Saxonist, Thomas Carlyle had even disparagingly described the United States as a kind of \"formless\" Saxon tribal order, and claimed that Normans had given Anglo-Saxons and their descendants a greater sense of order for national structure, and that this was particularly evident in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0013-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Ancestry and racial identity, Northern European\nEdward Augustus Freeman, a leading Anglo-Saxonist of the era, promoted a larger northern European identity, favorably comparing civilizational roots from \"German forest\" or \"Scandinavian rock\" with the cultural legacy of ancient Greece and Rome. American scholar Mary Dockray-Miller expands on this concept to suggest that pre-World War I Anglo-Saxonism ideology helped establish the \"primacy of northern European ancestry in United States culture at large\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0014-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Ancestry and racial identity, Lowland Scottish\nDuring the 19th century in particular, Scottish people living in Lowland Scotland, near the Anglo-Scottish border, \"increasingly identified themselves with the Teutonic world destiny of Anglo-Saxonism\", and sought to separate their identity from that of Highland Scots, or the \"inhabitants of Romantic Scotland\". With some considering themselves \"Anglo-Saxon Lowlanders\", public opinion of Lowland Scots turned on Gaels within the context of the Highland Famine, with suggestions of deportations to British colonies for Highlanders of the \"'inferior Celtic race\". Amongst others, Goldwin Smith, a devout Anglo-Saxonist, believed the Anglo-Saxon \"race\" included Lowland Scots and should not be exclusively defined by English ancestry within the context of the United Kingdom's greater empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0015-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Ancestry and racial identity, Lowland Scottish\nThomas Carlyle, himself a Scot, was one of the earliest notable people to express a \"belief in Anglo-Saxon racial superiority\". Historian Richard J. Finlay has suggested that the Scots National League, which campaigned for Scotland to separate from the United Kingdom, was a response or opposition to the history of \"Anglo-Saxon teutonism\" embedded in some Scottish culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0016-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Mythology and religions\nNineteenth-century Anglo-Saxonism was largely aligned with Protestantism, generally perceiving Catholics as outsiders, and was orientated as an ideology in opposition to other \"races\", such as the \"Celts\" of Ireland and \"Latins\" of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0017-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Mythology and religions\nCharles Kingsley was particularly focused on there being a \"strong Norse element in Teutonism and Anglo-Saxonism\". He blended Protestantism of the day with the Old Norse religion, saying that the Church of England was \"wonderfully and mysteriously fitted for the souls of a free Norse-Saxon race\". He believed the ancestors of Anglo-Saxons, Norse people and Germanic peoples had physically fought beside the god Odin, and that the British monarchy of his time was genetically descended from him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0018-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Political aims, Expansion\nEmbedded in 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism was a growing sense that the \"Anglo Saxon\" race must expand into surrounding territories. This particularly expressed itself in American politics and culture in the form of Manifest Destiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158337-0019-0000", "contents": "19th-century Anglo-Saxonism, Political aims, Shared citizenship\nA persistent \"Anglo-Saxonist\" idea, Albert Venn Dicey believed in the creation of a shared citizenship between Britons and Americans, and the concept of cooperation, even federation, of those from the \"Anglo-Saxon\" race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature\nThe 19th-century Catholic periodical literature is unique in many respects. Most of the periodical publications in mainly Catholic countries can be regarded as \"Catholic\" literature up to a few decades before 1800: the editorial line is implicitly Catholic in most instances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature\nThe development of the press in the 19th century was in general terms a major factor in secularization according to Owen Chadwick. On the other hand, mass printing also meant that the \"Pope of 1889 was far more influential that the Pope of 1839 because the later Pope was surrounded by the press and the earlier Pope was not\" wrote Chadwick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0002-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Background\nThe Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 offered an analysis in terms of several factors. Periodical literature includes the political newspaper, the weekly, and literary and specialized magazines and journals appearing less frequently: in some countries such as Spain the implicit Catholicism persisted in the press for many years. The American-style, news-led paper would sell on its news content, rather than editorial line, and therefore Catholic newspapers could compete as dailies. European papers and weeklies relied more on the feuilleton and generally had more op-ed content. This meant they showed \"greater animosity to the Church\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0003-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nThe pioneer Catholic publication in England, Andrews' Orthodox Journal, was first issued in 1812 by Eusebius Andrews, a Catholic printer and bookseller of London. It had just a few years of chequered existence, as there was not a sufficiently large reading public to make it self-supporting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0004-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nThe real beginnings of Catholic periodical literature were made more than twenty years later, by which time the growth of the Catholic body in its new emancipation, the progress of Catholic education, and the interest excited by the Tractarian movement had combined to supply a wider circle of readers. Nicholas Wiseman and Daniel O'Connell founded a quarterly, the Dublin Review (1836). The fame of the Edinburgh Review suggested a territorial title, and Dublin was chosen as a Catholic centre; but from the first it was edited and published in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0004-0001", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nThe review was intended to provide a record of current thought for educated Catholics and at the same time to be an exponent of Catholic views to non-Catholic inquirers. Beginning before the first stirrings of the Oxford Movement, it presents a record of the intellectual life of the century and produced articles which had an immense influence upon the religious thought of the times. It was in August 1839 that an article by Wiseman on the Anglican Claim caught the attention of John Henry Newman. Impressed by the application of the words of St. Augustine, securus judicat orbis terrarum, which interpreted and summed up the course of ecclesiastical history, he saw the theory of the Via media \"absolutely pulverized\" (Apologia, 116-7). I", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0005-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nGradually the Tractarian converts appeared in the lists of contributors: Ward, Frederick Oakeley, Marshall, John Brande Morris, Christie, Henry Formby, Capes, Thomas William Allies, Anderson, Manning, and a glance through the volumes of the \"Dublin' will reveal names prominent in the great religious, scientific, and literary movements of the century. During the sixties and the early seventies it was under the direction of Dr. W. G. Ward. After his retirement it was edited by John Cuthbert Hedley, afterwards Bishop of Newport, and then acquired by Cardinal Manning, who appointed Canon Moyes editor. It was the property and under the direction of Wilfrid Ward, son of its previous editor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0006-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nThe first issue of the annual Catholic Directory appeared in 1837. Owing to the Oxford Movement, the forties were a time of marked literary activity. In 1840 two new enterprises were inaugurated. Mr. Dolman, a Catholic publisher in London who had issued a number of important books including the writings of John Lingard and Husenbeth, produced in \"Dolman's Magazine\" a high class literary monthly, and on 16 May 1840, Frederick Lucas became the pioneer of the Catholic newspaper press in England by publishing the first number of The Tablet, a weekly newspaper and review. Lucas regarded his work as founder and editor of a Catholic paper as a sacred mission. His uncompromising views led to difficulties with his financial supporters, but he emerged triumphant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0007-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nFor a while after the crisis of 1848 Lucas, then active in Irish politics, removed The Tablet office to Dublin, but it was brought back to London by the new proprietors, into whose hands it passed when failing health compelled Lucas to give up the editorship. For many years after his death, in 1855, \"The Tablet\" was a mere humdrum record of news. Among the distinguished editors was Cardinal Vaughan who conducted the \"Tablet\" during the stormy discussions on papal infallibility and the First Vatican Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0007-0001", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nWhen he became Bishop of Salford, he placed the editorship in the hands of Elliot Ranken, who was succeeded by John George Snead-Cox. \"The Tablet\",  under the terms of the trust created by Cardinal Vaughan, had its profits go to the support of St. Joseph's Missionary College, of which he was the founder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0008-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nTwo other notable periodicals were founded in the forties. \"The Tablet\" was a sixpenny paper, reduced to five pence, on the abolition of the newspaper stamp duty. Its price put it beyond the reach of tens of thousands of Catholic workers. To supply them with a penny magazine Mr. Bradley in 1846 founded The Lamp. It gave much of its space to Catholic fiction, descriptive articles, and the like, and ventured on an occasional illustration, a portrait or a picture of a new church; but it also supplied news and reported in full Wiseman's lectures and other notable Catholic utterances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0008-0001", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nFor years it struggled with lack of capital, and for a while Bradley edited his paper from his room in the debtors' prison at York. His name deserves honourable record as the pioneer of the popular Catholic Press. The other paper, The Rambler, of which the first issue appeared on 1 January 1848, was intended to be a review of literature, art, and science. In 1859, Lord Acton, who had then just returned from the Continent, succeeded Newman in the editorship. The price, sixpence, limited its public and in 1862 it became a quarterly under the title of \"The Home and Foreign Review\". In its last years this review was a source of trouble and disedification, and its sale, which dwindled yearly, was largely among Anglicans and other non-Catholics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0009-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nIn the mid years of the nineteenth century the abolition of the various taxes on newspapers and the cheapening of the processes of production led to the coming of the penny newspapers. The first Catholic penny paper with permanent success was The London Universe. Its origin was connected with the earlier activity of Lucas, who successfully advocated the introduction of the Conferences of St. Vincent de Paul into England. It was a group of members of the London Conferences who produced \"The Universe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0009-0001", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nSpeaking to their president George Blount, one evening in 1860 Cardinal Wiseman after alluding to the attacks in the Press against the Holy See said: \"Cannot the Society of St. Vincent de Paul do something to answer those frightful calumnies, by publishing truths, as M. Louis Veuillot is doing in Paris in 'L'Univers'? We want a penny paper, and now that the tax has been removed it should be possible.\" It was decided that, though the society, as such, could not found a newspaper, a committee of its members should undertake the task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0009-0002", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nIt included George Blount, Stuart Knill (afterwards the first Catholic Lord Mayor of London), Viscount Fielding (Lord Denbigh), Viscount Campden (the convert Sir Charles George Noel, 2nd Earl of Gainsborough), Sidney Lescher, Archibald Dunn, Arthur William \u00e0 Beckett, and George J. Wigley, the London correspondent of the Paris Univers. Wigley secured a foreign news service for the projected paper from Louis Veuillot's Paris office, and at his suggestion the name of The Universe was chosen. Denis Lane undertook the printing, Mr. Dunn the editorship, and on 8 December 1860, the first Catholic penny paper in England was started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0010-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nAt first it was strictly non-political. The editor and staff gave their services gratuitously, but even with this help expenses were greater than receipts. To attract a larger circulation political articles were inserted, which led to the resignation of the greater part of the staff. Mr. Lane then took over the paper and conducted it for many years as a Catholic paper, giving a general support to the Liberals and the Irish national cause. He had always a priest as \"theological editor\"; amongst those who thus assisted him were Father W. Eyre, S.J., Father Lockhart, and Cardinal Manning. The movement for the rescue of destitute Catholic children originated in \"The Universe\" office. It amalgamated with another paper, The Catholic Weekly, founded to give a record of Catholic news without any party politics, thus reverting to its original programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0011-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\n\"The Lamp\" was reorganized about the same time and had for some years a prosperous existence as a popular magazine. Fathers Rawes and Caswall, Lady Georgiana Fullerton, Augusta Theodosia Drane, Cecilia Caddell were among its contributors. In 1864 Miss Taylor founded The Month, at first an illustrated magazine giving much of its space to fiction and the lighter forms of literature. When she founded her first community of nuns (Poor Servants of the Mother of God), her magazine passed to the Jesuits, under the editorship of the Father Henry J. Coleridge. It had many notable contributors, and in its pages Newman's Dream of Gerontius first appeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0012-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nNumerically, the main strength of English Catholicism has always been in the North, and after the foundation of \"The Universe\" several efforts were made to produce a Catholic penny paper in Lancashire. Three successive enterprises had a brief career. A fourth, a paper known as \"The Northern Press\" was barely existing, when, in 1867, it was taken over by Father James Nugent of Liverpool. He renamed it \"The Catholic Times\" and gradually made it the most widely circulated Catholic paper in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0012-0001", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nPrinted for many years by the boys of the refuge he had founded in Liverpool, when it became a profit-earning paper it helped support this work of charity. Offices were opened in Manchester and London. A special London edition was produced, and in 1878 a Christmas supplement issued under the title of \"The Catholic Fireside\" was so successful that it was continued as a monthly penny magazine; in 1893 it was made a weekly publication. \"The Catholic Times\" appealed largely to the Catholics of Irish descent in Great Britain, and championed the Irish Nationalist cause. P. L. Beazley directed it for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0013-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nIn the sixties other papers were founded, for a while fairly prosperous, though they never won the established position of \"The Catholic Times\" and \"The Tablet\". \"The Weekly Register\" was a threepenny paper, of much the same character as \"The Tablet\", but favouring the Liberals and Nationalists. Later, under the editorship of Charles Kent and then of Wilfrid Meynell, it had a marked literary quality. \"The Weekly Register\" ceased to exist and with it \"The Westminster Gazette\", whose name is now that of a London evening paper. The \"Westminster\" was owned and edited by Pursell, afterwards biographer of Manning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0013-0001", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nDuring the months of newspaper controversy that preceded the definition of papal infallibility the \"Westminster\" was \"non-opportunist\", and Cardinal Vaughan, while he avoided all controversy on the subject in \"The Tablet\", contributed, week after week, letters to the \"Westminster\", combating its editorial views. It never had much circulation, and Vaughan was able a few years later to end its competition by buying and stopping it. Father Lockhart edited for some years \"Catholic Opinion\", a penny paper giving extracts from the Catholic press at home and abroad. After his death it was amalgamated with \"The Catholic Times\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0014-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nCharles Diamond, for some time a member of the Irish Parliamentary party, started in 1884 \"The Irish Tribune\" in Newcastle upon Tyne. Shortly after, he purchased two other Catholic papers, the Glasgow \"Observer\" and the Preston \"Catholic News\", which were in difficulties for want of capital. He then formed the idea of working several papers from a common centre, much of the matter being common to all, but each appearing under a local title and having several columns of special matter of local interest. He  issued the Catholic Herald from London, as the centre of the organization, and thirty-two other local weekly papers in various towns of England, Wales, and Scotland. He also produced on the same system ten different parish magazines and \"The Catholic Home Journal\", with which the old \"Lamp\" was amalgamated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0015-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nThere were a considerable number of minor Catholic monthlies, mostly founded in recent years to advocate and promote special objects. The \"Annals of the Propagation of the Faith\" and \"illustrated Catholic Missions\" specialize on the news of the mission field. \"Catholic Book Notes\", a monthly issued by the Catholic Truth Society and edited by James Britten, was a record of current literature and reviews. \"The Second Spring\", edited by Father Philip Fletcher, was a record of the work of the Ransom League for the conversion of England. \"The Crucible\" was a monthly review of social work for Catholic women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0016-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, 19th-century England\nDevotional magazines were issued by various religious orders, the most widely circulated of which was the \"Messenger of the Sacred Heart\", edited by the Jesuits. There were also several college magazines. In general circulations were quite low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0017-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nThe Polish Catholic press reflected the political conditions of the empires that had annexed the territory of Poland. In Galicia, part of Austria-Hungary, it was considerably freer; in Imperial Russia and in the German Empire there was severe censorship of all Polish language periodicals. Greater development took place from 1831 to 1864 in the period of national insurrections against the occupying powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0018-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nOne of the oldest Polish publications in the Austrian Partition was the Czas (Time) daily, the organ of the Conservative party. Its publication began in 1848. In 1866 there appeared the Przegl\u0105d polski (Polish Review), which had from its beginning the collaboration of Count Stanis\u0142aw Tarnowski and Stanis\u0142aw Egbert Ko\u017amian. The Czas and the Przegl\u0105d polski always maintained a strictly Catholic character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0018-0001", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nIn 1867 Juliusz Starkla and Tadeusz Romanowicz established at Lemberg (Lw\u00f3w) the Dziennik Literacki (Literary Journal), which had a short life; Jan Dobrza\u0144ski founded the \"Gazeta Narodowa\" (National Gazette), to which was united in 1869 the Dziennik Polski (Polish Journal). In 1871 Rev. Edward Podolski established the Przegl\u0105d lwowski (Lemberg Review), which strenuously defended Catholic interests. In the same city there appeared the Gazeta Lwowska (Lemberg Gazette), the organ of the imperial viceroy in Galicia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0019-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nIn 1884 the Polish Jesuits began at Krak\u00f3w (Cracow) the publication of the Przegl\u0105d powszechny (Universal Review), covering scientific and literary points of view. In the same city from 1881 to 1886 there was published the Przegl\u0105d literacki i artystyczny (Literary and Artistic Review). In 1894 in the whole of Austria-Hungary there were 126 Polish periodicals and daily papers, of which 65 appeared at Lemberg (Lw\u00f3w, in Polish) and 29 at Krak\u00f3w. At Lemberg the daily papers were the Dziennik polski, the Gazeta lwowska, the Gazeta narodowa, the Kurjer Lwowski, and the Przegl\u0105d. There were two Catholic weeklies, the Gazeta katolicka and the Tygodnik katolicki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0020-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nThe Gazeta ko\u015bcielna (Ecclesiastical Gazette), representative of the Catholic press, was a small semi-weekly, poor in doctrine and immersed in politics. From the scientific standpoint the most important periodical was the Kwaltarnik hystoryczny (Tri-monthly historical periodical), which began publication in 1886. Also important were the Pami\u0119tniki literackie (Literary Memoirs), the Ateneum polskie, the Kosmos (the organ of the society of naturalists of Lemberg), and the Nasz kraj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0021-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nAt Krak\u00f3w, besides the Czas, there were the Nowa Reforma and the G\u0142os narodu (Voice of the People), an organ of the clergy and of the militant Catholic party. The Socialists published there the Naprz\u00f3d (Forward), the official organ of their party, and the monthly periodical Krytyka. In following years there has been established the \u015awiat S\u0142owia\u0144ski (Slavic World), the organ of the Slav club of Krak\u00f3w, containing valuable information relating to the various Slavic countries. The Academy of Sciences of Krak\u00f3w published a Bulletin international, monthly; and the Rozprawy (Dissertations) of mathematics, physics, and biology. Daily papers and periodicals were published also in the other Galician cities of Tarn\u00f3w, Rzesz\u00f3w, Sambor, Stanis\u0142aw\u00f3w, Jaros\u0142aw, and Przemy\u015bl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0022-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nOne of the oldest Polish daily papers in Prussia was the Dziennik pozna\u0144ski (Posen Journal), established in 1859. From 1845 to 1865 there appeared the Przegl\u0105d pozna\u0144ski, an ardent defender of Catholicism, edited by Rev. Jan Ko\u017amian; in 1860 Rev. Jan Prusinowski published the Tygodnik katolicki (illustrated weekly). In 1865 Ludwik Rzepecki began the publication of the scientific periodical O\u015bwiata (Culture), which, however, had only a short life, and was followed by the Przegl\u0105d Wielkopolski (Review of Greater Poland), edited by Emil Kierski. In 1870 Edmond Callier founded the Tygodnik Wielkopolski, to which leading Polish writers contributed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0022-0001", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nThe Kurjer Pozna\u0144ski, established by Teodor \u017bychli\u0144ski in 1872, also acquired great importance. In 1894 there were published in Prussia and in the Grand Duchy of Posen the following daily papers: the Dziennik pozna\u0144ski, the Goniec wielkopolski, the Kurjer pozna\u0144ski, the nationalist Or\u0119downik (Advocate), and the Wielkopolanin. The Przegl\u0105d pozna\u0144ski resumed its publications under the direction of W\u0142adys\u0142aw Rabski, while other daily papers were published at Danzig (Gda\u0144sk), Thorn (Toru\u0144), Pelplin, and Allenstein (Olsztyn).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0023-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nIn 1841 the publication of the Biblioteka Warszawska, a monthly periodical dedicated especially to literature, began in Russian Poland. There were published in Warsaw the Dzie\u0144 (Day); the Dziennik powszechny (Universal Journal); the G\u0142os Warszawski (Voice of Warsaw); G\u0142os poranny (Voice of Morning); the Kurjer polski; Kurjer Warszawski; Nowa Gazeta; Przegl\u0105d poranny; Wiadomo\u015bci Codzienne (Daily News); S\u0142owo (Word), a nationalist paper that had great influence; and the Warszawska Gazeta. Other dailies were published at Lublin, Kiev (Dziennik kijowski), at Vilna (Kurjer litewski and Goniec Wilenski) at \u0141\u00f3d\u017a and at St. Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0023-0001", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nAmong the periodicals, besides the Biblioteka Warszawska, were the Biesiada literacka (Literary Banquet), splendidly illustrated; the Kultura, hostile to religiocity; the Przegl\u0105d filozoficzny (Philosophical Review), a quarterly publication; the Przegl\u0105d historyczny (Historical Review), scientific, twice monthly; the \u015awiat (World), an illustrated weekly; and the Tygodnik illustrowany. The Catholic press was represented by the Przegl\u0105d katolicki, of Warsaw, a publication dedicated to politics. This paper was the one most read by the clergy. Count Roger \u0141ubie\u0144ski (hrabia) established the Wiara (Faith), a weekly devoted to ecclesiastical news; and these two publications were later united into one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0023-0002", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nA scientifically important periodical, the Kwartalnik teologiczny, lasted only a few years. By the early twentieth century, of the daily papers or periodicals for the clergy, or having a strictly Catholic programme, those most read were: the Polak katolik; the My\u015bl katolicka, of Cz\u0119stochowa; and the Atheneum kap\u0142a\u0144skie, of the seminary of W\u0142oc\u0142awek, a monthly scientific publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158338-0024-0000", "contents": "19th-century Catholic periodical literature, Case studies, Poland under foreign partitions\nIn 1864 Polish exiles established the Ojczyna (Native Land) at Leipzig, the Przysz\u0142o\u015b\u0107 (The Future) at Paris, and the \"Przeglad powszechny\" at Dresden. At Chicago, U.S.A., the chief centre of Polish emigration, were published the Dziennik chicagoski, the Dzien swiety (Holy Day), the Gazeta katolicka, the Gazeta polska, the Nowe Zycie (New Life), the Sztandar, Tygodnik naukowo-powiesciowy, Wiara i ojczyna, Zgoda, and Ziarno, a musical publication. Other papers were published at Milwaukee, Buffalo, N.Y., New York City, Detroit, Philadelphia, Winona, Cleveland, Ohio, Toledo, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Stevens Point, Manitowoc, Mahanoy City, and Wilkes-Barre. Brazil also had a Polish publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 90], "content_span": [91, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature\nThis article deals with literature written in Dutch during the 19th century in the Dutch-speaking regions (Netherlands, Belgium, Dutch East Indies).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature\nThe last years of the 18th century, which had seen decline in the Republic, including the arts and international politics, were marked by a general revival of intellectual force. The romantic movement in Germany made itself deeply felt in all branches of Dutch literature and German lyricism took the place hitherto held by French classicism, in spite of the country falling to French expansionalism (see also History of the Netherlands).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0002-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The French era and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1795\u20131839)\nAgainst this backdrop, the most prominent writer was Willem Bilderdijk (1756\u20131831), an intellectual and intelligent man whose outspoken and eccentric worldview was partly caused by an illness during his adolescence that kept him indoors for ten years. Once recovered he lived a busy, eventful life, writing great quantities of verse; in 1809 he started writing the work he designed to be his masterpiece, the epic De Ondergang der Eerste Wereld (\"The Destruction of the First World\"), which remained unfinished and appeared as a fragment only in 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 99], "content_span": [100, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0003-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The French era and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1795\u20131839)\nBilderdijk had no time for the new romantic style of poetry, but its fervour found its way into the Netherlands nevertheless, and first of all in the person of Hi\u00ebronymus van Alphen (1746\u20131803). Van Alphen is best remembered for the verses he wrote for children, which are still taught in kindergartens all over the country. Van Alphen was an exponent of the more sentimental school along with Rhijnvis Feith (1753\u20131824), whose romances are steeped in Weltschmerz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 99], "content_span": [100, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0004-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The French era and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1795\u20131839)\nIn Hendrik Tollens (1780\u20131856) some the power of Bilderdijk and the sweetness of Feith were combined. He is best known for celebrating the great deeds of Dutch history in a series of lyrical romances. Today, Tollens is best known for his poem \"Wien Ne\u00earlands Bloed\" (\"To Those in Whom Dutch Blood Flows Through the Veins\"), a nationalistic effort that, set to music, was the Dutch national anthem until 1932, when it was superseded by Marnix' \"Wilhelmus\". A poet of considerable talent, whose powers were awakened by personal intercourse with Tollens and his followers, was Antoni Christiaan Wijnandt Staring (1767\u20131840). Staring first published at the age of fifty-three only, but continued to write till past his seventieth year. His poems are a blend of romanticism and rationalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 99], "content_span": [100, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0005-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The French era and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1795\u20131839)\nDuring this period, the Low Countries had gone through major political upheaval. The Spanish Netherlands had first become the Austrian Netherlands before being annexed by France in 1794. The Republic, which had become a de facto monarchy in 1747 when the office of stadtholder became hereditary to the House of Orange-Nassau, saw a revolution inspired and backed by France that led to the Batavian Republic and Kingdom of Holland vassal states before actual French annexation in 1810. This transition period removed many old habits and institutions and provided for unitary government, the first constitution (1798) and uniform orthography (Matthias Siegenbeek's spelling).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 99], "content_span": [100, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0006-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The French era and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1795\u20131839)\nAfter Napoleon's downfall in the Southern Netherlands village of Waterloo, the northern and southern provinces were briefly united as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands; this period lasted until 1830 only, when the southern provinces seceded to form Belgium. This period had little influence in literature, and in the new state of Belgium, the status of the Dutch language remained largely unchanged as all governmental and educational affairs were conducted in French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 99], "content_span": [100, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0007-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, Ministers, formalism and romanticism (1830\u20131880)\nIn scientific and religious literature men of letters showed themselves cognizant of the newest shades of opinion, and freely ventilated their ideas. The language resisted the pressure of German from the outside, and from within broke through its long stagnation and enriched itself, as a medium for literary expression, with a multitude of fresh and colloquial forms. At the same time, no very great genius arose in the Netherlands in any branch of literature. For the thirty or forty years preceding 1880 the course of literature in Holland was smooth and even sluggish. The Dutch writers had slipped into a conventionality of treatment and a strict limitation of form from which even the most striking talents among them could scarcely escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0008-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, Ministers, formalism and romanticism (1830\u20131880)\nPoetry and a large part of prose was dominated by the so-called school of ministers, as the leading writers all were or had been Calvinist ministers. As a result, many of their products emphasized Biblical and bourgeois domestic values. Prime examples include Everhardus Johannes Potgieter (1808\u20131875, lyric poetry) and Nicolaas Beets (1814\u20131903), who wrote large quantities of sermons and poetry under his own name but is chiefly remembered today for the humorous prose sketches of Dutch life in Camera Obscura (1839), which he wrote during his student days under the pseudonym of Hildebrand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0009-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, Ministers, formalism and romanticism (1830\u20131880)\nA poet of power and promise was lost in the early death of P.A. de Genestet (1829\u20131861). His narrative poem \"De Sint-Nicolaasavond\" (\"Eve of Saint Nicholas\") appeared in 1849 and attained great popularity. Another poet who among others wrote verse for children was Jan Pieter Heije (1809\u20131876), whose songs are sung to this day. A poet who left no large contemporary impression but who is considered one of the very few readable 19th-century poets is Piet Paaltjens (ps. of Fran\u00e7ois Haverschmidt, 1835\u20131894). Paaltjens personifies the pure Romantic vein exemplified in German literature by Heine and others. Criticism was best represented by W. J. A. Jonckbloet (1817\u20131885), who was the first to write a comprehensive history of Dutch literature (1870).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0010-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, Ministers, formalism and romanticism (1830\u20131880)\nUnder the influence of romantic nationalism, writers in Belgium began to reconsider their Flemish heritage and move for a recognition of the Dutch language in both official affairs (including education) and literature. Charles De Coster laid the foundations for a native Belgian literature by recounting the Flemish past in historic romances but wrote his works, including his masterpiece L\u00e9gende de Thyl Ulenspiegel et de Lamme Goedzak (1867) in French. Hendrik Conscience (1812\u20131883), himself the son of a Frenchman, was the first to write about Flemish subjects in the Dutch language and so is considered the father of modern Flemish literature. In Flemish poetry, Guido Gezelle (1830\u20131899) is an important figure. Gezelle, an ordained journalist-cum-ethnologist, celebrated his faith and his Flemish roots using an archaic vocabulary based on Medieval Flemish dialects to the detriment of his intelligibility beyond his native West Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 1025]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0011-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, Ministers, formalism and romanticism (1830\u20131880)\nAfter the restoration in 1815 to the Dutch state of the Dutch East Indies, former corporate Dutch East India Company possessions occupied by the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic era, works of literature continued to be produced there, among which the romances of Melati van Java (ps. of Nicolina Maria Christina Sloot, 1853\u20131927), which were widely read in both the Netherlands and Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0011-0001", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, Ministers, formalism and romanticism (1830\u20131880)\nWith the rise of social consciousness regarding the administration of the colonies and the treatment of their inhabitants, however, a far more influential voice rose from the Indies in the form of Multatuli (ps. of Eduard Douwes Dekker, 1820\u20131887), whose Max Havelaar (1860) is a scathing indictment of colonial mismanagement and one of the few 19th-century prose works still widely considered readable today. Although the Belgians had obtained colonial possessions in their own right with the Congo Free State/Belgian Congo, no Dutch-language literature was forthcoming as the territory was entirely Francophone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0012-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, Ministers, formalism and romanticism (1830\u20131880)\nThe two leading Dutch men of letters in the mid-19th century besides Beets and Douwes Dekker were critics, Conrad Busken-Huet (1826\u20131886) and Carel Vosmaer (1826\u20131888). In Busken-Huet the principles of the 1830\u20131880 period were summed up; he had been during all those years the fearless and trusty watch-dog of Dutch letters as he understood them. He lived just long enough to become aware that a revolution was approaching, not to comprehend its character; but his accomplished fidelity to literary principle and his wide knowledge have been honoured even by the most bitter of the younger school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0013-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The Movement of 1880\nIn November 1881 Jacques Perk (born 1860) died, a young poet who had done no more than publish a few sonnets in a journal published by Vosmaer. He was no sooner dead, however, than his posthumous poems, and in particular a cycle of sonnets called \"Mathilde\", were published (1882) and awakened extraordinary emotion. Perk had rejected all the formulas of rhetorical poetry, and had broken up the conventional rhythms. There had been no music like his heard in Holland for two hundred years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0014-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The Movement of 1880\nA group of young men collected around his name. They were joined by a poet-novelist-dramatist somewhat older than themselves, Marcellus Emants (1848\u20131923). Emants had written a symbolical poem called \"Lilith\" in 1879 that had been stigmatised as audacious and meaningless; encouraged by the admiration of his juniors, Emants published in 1881 a treatise in the form of a novel in which the first open attack was made on the old school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0015-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The Movement of 1880\nThe next appearance was that of Willem Kloos (1857\u20131938), who had been the editor and intimate friend of Perk, and who now undertook to lead the army of rebellion. His violent attacks on recognized authority in aesthetics began in 1882 and created a considerable scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0015-0001", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The Movement of 1880\nFor some time the new poets and critics found a great difficulty in being heard as all the channels of periodical literature were closed to them, but in 1884 the young school founded a review, De Nieuwe Gids (\"The New Guide\"), which was able to offer a direct challenge to De Gids (\"The Guide\"), the old guard's periodical. The new movement was called Tachtigers or \"Movement of (Eighteen-)Eighty\", after the decade in which it arose. The Tachtigers insisted that style must match content, and that intimate and visceral emotions can only be expressed using an intimate and visceral writing style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0016-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The Movement of 1880\nIn the same year 1884 a new element was introduced. Until now, the influences of the young Dutch poetry had chiefly come from the United Kingdom; they were those of Shelley, Mrs Browning, the Rossettis (Dante and Christina). The French naturalists now became an additional ingredient and for some time the new Dutch literature became a sort of mixture of Shelley and Zola, heady and bewildering. This was the great flowering moment of the new school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0017-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The Movement of 1880\nOne of the most important Dutch novelists, Louis Couperus (1863\u20131923), had his roots in the Tachtigers movement. His boyhood years were spent in Java, and he had preserved in all his nature a certain tropical magnificence. His first literary efforts were lyrics in the Tachtigers style, but Couperus proved far more important and durable as a novelist and his earliest story, Eline Vere (1889) already took him out of the ranks of his contemporaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0017-0001", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, The Movement of 1880\nIn 1891 he published Noodlot, which was translated into English as \"Footsteps of Fate\" It was greatly admired by Oscar Wilde, whose The Picture of Dorian Gray is said to have been influenced by it. Couperus continued to pour out one important novel after another until his death in 1923. He separated himself, as he developed, from the more fanatical members of the Tachtigers group, and addressed himself to the wider public. Another talent for prose was revealed by Frederik van Eeden (1860\u20131932) in De kleine Johannes (\"Little Johnny\", 1887) and in Van de koele meren des doods (\"From the Cold Pools of Death\", 1901), a melancholy novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0018-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, 19th century\nAfter 1887 the condition of modern Dutch literature remained comparatively stationary, and within the last decade of the 19th century was definitely declining. In 1889 a new poet, Herman Gorter (1864\u20131927) made his appearance with an epic poem called Mei (\"May\"), eccentric both in prosody and in treatment. He held his own without any marked advance towards lucidity or variety. Since the recognition of Gorter, however, no really remarkable talent has made itself prominent in Dutch poetry except P.C. Boutens (1870\u20131943), whose Verzen (\"Verses\") in 1898 were received with great respect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0019-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, 19th century\nWillem Kloos, still the acute and somewhat turbulent leader of the school, collected his poems in 1894 and his critical essays in 1896. The others, with the exception of Couperus, showed symptoms of sinking into silence. The entire school, now that the struggle for recognition was over, and its members were accepted as the mainstream, rested on its triumphs and soon limited itself to a repetition of its old experiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158339-0020-0000", "contents": "19th-century Dutch literature, 19th century\nThe leading dramatist at the close of the century was Herman Heijermans (1864\u20131924), a writer of strong realistic and socialistic tendencies who single-handedly brought Dutch theatre into the modern time. His Ghetto (1898) and Ora et labora (1901) particularly display his peculiar talent, while his fishermen's tragedy Op hoop van zegen (\"Trusting Our Fate in the Hands of God\"), which is still staged and has been filmed more than once , remains his most popular play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art\n19th-century French art was made in France or by French citizens during the following political regimes: Napoleon Bonaparte's Consulate (1799\u20131804) and Empire (1804\u20131814), the Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X (1814\u20131830), the July Monarchy under Louis Philippe d'Orl\u00e9ans (1830\u20131848), the Second Republic (1848\u20131852), the Second Empire under Napoleon III (1852\u20131871), and the first decades of the Third Republic (1871\u20131940).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art\nMany of the developments in French arts in this period parallel changes in literature. For more on this, see French literature of the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0002-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art, Romanticism\nThe French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars brought great changes to the arts in France. The program of exaltation and mythification of the Emperor Napoleon I of France was closely coordinated in the paintings of Gros and Gu\u00e9rin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0003-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art, Romanticism\nMeanwhile, Orientalism, Egyptian motifs, the tragic anti-hero, the wild landscape, the historical novel and scenes from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, all these elements of Romanticism created a vibrant period that defies classicism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0004-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art, Romanticism\nOne also finds in the early period of the 19th century a repeat of the debate carried on in the 17th between the supporters of Rubens and Poussin: there are defenders of the \"line\" as found in Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, and the violent colors and curves as found in Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix. The comparison is however somewhat false, for Ingres' intense realism sometimes gives way to amazing voluptuousness in his Turkish bath scenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0005-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art, Romanticism\nRomanticism is a literary language based on feelings. Writers who illustrated this concept included John Keats and Benjamin Constant. The Romantic tendencies continued throughout the century: both idealized landscape painting and Naturalism  have their seeds in Romanticism: both Gustave Courbet and the Barbizon school are logical developments, as is too the late 19th century Symbolism of such painters at Gustave Moreau (the professor of Matisse and Rouault) or Odilon Redon. Auguste Rodin and Camille Claudel are the most famous sculptors of their time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0006-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art, Birth of the Modern\nWalter Benjamin called Paris \"the capital of the 19th century\". In order to  understand the amazing diversity of artistic expressions which Paris gave birth to from the 1860s to all nightboulevards, but also replaced poorer neighborhoods and created fast routes to move troops through the city to quell unrest. Yet there was also a second Paris at the limits of Haussmann's city on the hill of Montmartre with her windmills, cabarets and vineyards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0006-0001", "contents": "19th-century French art, Birth of the Modern\nCaf\u00e9 culture, cabarets, arcades (19th century covered malls), anarchism, the mixing of classes, the radicalization of art and artistic movements caused by the academic salon system, a boisterous willingness to shock \u2014 all this made for a stunning vibrancy. What is more, the dynamic debate in the visual arts is also repeated in the same period in music, dance, architecture and the novel: Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Proust, Nijinski, etc. This is the birth of Modernism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0007-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art, Birth of the Modern\n\u00c9douard Manet represents for many critics the division between the 19th century and the modern period (much like Charles Baudelaire in poetry). His rediscovery of Spanish painting from the golden age, his willingness to show the unpainted canvas, his exploration of the forthright nude and his radical brush strokes are the first step toward Impressionism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0008-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art, Birth of the Modern\nImpressionism would take the Barbizon school one further, rejecting once and for all a belabored style (and the use of mixed colors and black), for fragile transitive effects of light as captured outdoors in changing light (in part inspired by the paintings of J. M. W. Turner). Claude Monet with his cathedrals and haystacks, Pierre-Auguste Renoir with both his early outdoor festivals and his later feathery style of ruddy nudes, Edgar Degas with his dancers and bathers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0009-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art, Birth of the Modern\nSome of these techniques were made possible by new paints available in tubes. These painters were also to a certain degree in a dialogue with another discovery of the 19th century: photography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158340-0010-0000", "contents": "19th-century French art, Birth of the Modern\nFrom this point on, the next thirty years were a litany of amazing experiments. Vincent van Gogh, Dutch born but living in France, opened the road to expressionism. Georges Seurat, influenced by color theory, devised a pointillist technique that controlled the Impressionist experiment. Paul C\u00e9zanne, a painter's painter, attempted a geometrical exploration of the world (that left many of his peers indifferent). Paul Gauguin, the banker, found symbolism in Brittany and then exoticism and primitivism in French Polynesia. Henri Rousseau, the self-taught dabbler, becomes the model for the na\u00efve revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature\nMedieval16th century \u2022 17th century18th century \u2022 19th century20th century \u2022 Contemporary", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature\n19th-century French literature concerns the developments in French literature during a dynamic period in French history that saw the rise of Democracy and the fitful end of Monarchy and Empire. The period covered spans the following political regimes: Napoleon Bonaparte's Consulate (1799\u20131804) and Empire (1804\u20131814), the Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X (1814\u20131830), the July Monarchy under Louis Philippe d'Orl\u00e9ans (1830\u20131848), the Second Republic (1848\u20131852), the Second Empire under Napoleon III (1852\u20131871), and the first decades of the Third Republic (1871\u20131940).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0002-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Overview\nFrench literature enjoyed enormous international prestige and success in the 19th century. The first part of the century was dominated by Romanticism, until around the mid-century Realism emerged, at least partly as a reaction. In the last half of the century, \"naturalism\", \"parnassian\" poetry, and \"symbolism\", among other styles, were often competing tendencies at the same time. Some writers did form into literary groups defined by a name and a program or manifesto. In other cases, these expressions were merely pejorative terms given by critics to certain writers or have been used by modern literary historians to group writers of divergent projects or methods. Nevertheless, these labels can be useful in describing broad historical developments in the arts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0003-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Romanticism\nFrench literature from the first half of the century was dominated by Romanticism, which is associated with such authors as Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re, Fran\u00e7ois-Ren\u00e9 de Chateaubriand, Alphonse de Lamartine, G\u00e9rard de Nerval, Charles Nodier, Alfred de Musset, Th\u00e9ophile Gautier and Alfred de Vigny. Their influence was felt in theatre, poetry, prose fiction. The effect of the romantic movement would continue to be felt in the latter half of the century in diverse literary developments, such as \"realism\", \"symbolism\", and the so-called fin de si\u00e8cle \"decadent\" movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0004-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Romanticism\nFrench romanticism used forms such as the historical novel, the romance, the \"roman noir\" or Gothic novel;  subjects like traditional myths (including the myth of the romantic hero), nationalism, the natural world (i.e. elegies by lakes), and the common man; and the styles of lyricism, sentimentalism, exoticism and orientalism. Foreign influences played a big part in this, especially those of Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, Byron, Goethe, and Friedrich Schiller. French Romanticism had ideals diametrically opposed to French classicism and the classical unities, but it could also express a profound loss for aspects of the pre-revolutionary world in a society now dominated by money and fame, rather than honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0005-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Romanticism\nRomanticism in England and Germany largely predate French romanticism, although there was a kind of \"pre-romanticism\" in the works of Senancour and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (among others) at the end of the 18th century. French Romanticism took definite form in the works of Fran\u00e7ois-Ren\u00e9 de Chateaubriand and Benjamin Constant and in Madame de Sta\u00ebl's interpretation of Germany as the land of romantic ideals. It found early expression also in the sentimental poetry of Alphonse de Lamartine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0006-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Romanticism\nThe major battles of romanticism in France were in the theater. The early years of the century were marked by a revival of classicism and classical-inspired tragedies, often with themes of national sacrifice or patriotic heroism in keeping with the spirit of the Revolution, but the production of Victor Hugo's Hernani in 1830 marked the triumph of the romantic movement on the stage (a description of the turbulent opening night can be found in Th\u00e9ophile Gautier). The dramatic unities of time and place were abolished, tragic and comic elements appeared together and metrical freedom was won. Marked by the plays of Friedrich Schiller, the romantics often chose subjects from historic periods (the French Renaissance, the reign of Louis XIII of France) and doomed noble characters (rebel princes and outlaws) or misunderstood artists (Vigny's play based on the life of Thomas Chatterton).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0007-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Romanticism\nVictor Hugo was the outstanding genius of the Romantic School and its recognized leader. He was prolific alike in poetry, drama, and fiction. Other writers associated with the movement were the austere and pessimistic Alfred de Vigny, Th\u00e9ophile Gautier a devotee of beauty and creator of the \"Art for art's sake\" movement, and Alfred de Musset, who best exemplifies romantic melancholy. All three also wrote novels and short stories, and Musset won a belated success with his plays. Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re wrote The Three Musketeers and other romantic novels in an historical setting. Prosper M\u00e9rim\u00e9e and Charles Nodier were masters of shorter fiction. Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, a literary critic, showed romantic expansiveness in his hospitality to all ideas and in his unfailing endeavour to understand and interpret authors rather than to judge them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0008-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Romanticism\nRomanticism is associated with a number of literary salons and groups: the Arsenal (formed around Charles Nodier at the Arsenal Library in Paris from 1824-1844 where Nodier was administrator), the C\u00e9nacle (formed around Nodier, then Hugo from 1823\u20131828), the salon of Louis Charles Delescluze, the salon of Antoine (or Antony Deschamps), the salon of Madame de Sta\u00ebl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0009-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Romanticism\nRomanticism in France defied political affiliation: one finds both \"liberal\" (like Stendhal), \"conservative\" (like Chateaubriand) and socialist (George Sand) strains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0010-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Realism\nThe expression \"Realism\", when being applied to literature of the 19th century, implies the attempt to depict contemporary life and society. The growth of realism is linked to the development of science (especially biology), history and the social sciences and to the growth of industrialism and commerce. The \"realist\" tendency is not necessarily anti-romantic; romanticism in France often affirmed the common man and the natural setting, as in the peasant stories of George Sand, and concerned itself with historical forces and periods, as in the work of historian Jules Michelet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0011-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Realism\nThe novels of Stendhal, including The Red and the Black and The Charterhouse of Parma, address issues of their contemporary society while also using themes and characters derived from the romantic movement. Honor\u00e9 de Balzac is the most prominent representative of 19th century realism in fiction. His La Com\u00e9die humaine, a vast collection of nearly 100 novels, was the most ambitious scheme ever devised by a writer of fiction\u2014nothing less than a complete contemporary history of his countrymen. Realism also appears in the works of Alexandre Dumas, fils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0012-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Realism\nMany of the novels in this period, including Balzac's, were published in newspapers in serial form, and the immensely popular realist \"roman feuilleton\" tended to specialize in portraying the hidden side of urban life (crime, police spies, criminal slang), as in the novels of Eug\u00e8ne Sue. Similar tendencies appeared in the theatrical melodramas of the period and, in an even more lurid and gruesome light, in the Grand Guignol at the end of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0013-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Realism\nGustave Flaubert's great novels Madame Bovary (1857)\u2014which reveals the tragic consequences of romanticism on the wife of a provincial doctor\u2014and Sentimental Education represent perhaps the highest stages in the development of French realism, while Flaubert's romanticism is apparent in his fantastic The Temptation of Saint Anthony and the baroque and exotic scenes of ancient Carthage in Salammb\u00f4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0014-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Realism\nIn addition to melodramas, popular and bourgeois theater in the mid-century turned to realism in the \"well-made\" bourgeois farces of Eug\u00e8ne Marin Labiche and the moral dramas of \u00c9mile Augier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0015-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Naturalism\nFrom the 1860s on, critics increasingly speak of literary \"Naturalism\". The expression is imprecise, and was frequently used disparagingly to characterize authors whose chosen subject matter was taken from the working classes and who portrayed the misery and harsh conditions of real life. Many of the \"naturalist\" writers took a radical position against the excesses of romanticism and strove to use scientific and encyclopedic precision in their novels (Zola spent months visiting coal mines for his Germinal, and even the arch-realist Flaubert was famous for his years of research for historical details). Hippolyte Taine supplied much of the philosophy of naturalism: he believed that every human being was determined by the forces of heredity and environment and by the time in which he lived. The influence of certain Norwegian, Swedish and Russian writers gave an added impulse to the naturalistic movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0016-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Naturalism\nThe novels and short stories of Guy de Maupassant are often tagged with the label \"naturalist\", although he clearly followed the realist model of his teacher and mentor, Flaubert. Maupassant used elements derived from the gothic novel in stories like Le Horla. This tension between portrayal of the contemporary world in all its sordidness, detached irony and the use of romantic images and themes would also influence the symbolists (see below) and would continue to the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0017-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Naturalism\nNaturalism is most often associated with the novels of \u00c9mile Zola in particular his Les Rougon-Macquart novel cycle, which includes Germinal, L'Assommoir, Nana, Le Ventre de Paris, La B\u00eate humaine, and L'\u0152uvre (The Masterpiece), in which the social success or failure of two branches of a family is explained by physical, social and hereditary laws. Other writers who have been labeled naturalists include: Alphonse Daudet, Jules Vall\u00e8s, Joris-Karl Huysmans (later a leading \"decadent\" and rebel against naturalism), Edmond de Goncourt and his brother Jules de Goncourt, and (in a very different vein) Paul Bourget.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0018-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Parnasse\nAn attempt to be objective was made in poetry by the group of writers known as the Parnassians\u2014which included Leconte de Lisle, Th\u00e9odore de Banville, Catulle Mend\u00e8s, Sully-Prudhomme, Fran\u00e7ois Copp\u00e9e, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda de Heredia and (early in his career) Paul Verlaine\u2014who (using Th\u00e9ophile Gautier's notion of art for art's sake and the pursuit of the beautiful) strove for exact and faultless workmanship, and selected exotic and classical subjects which they treated with a rigidity of form and an emotional detachment (elements of which echo the philosophical work of Arthur Schopenhauer whose aesthetic theories would also have an influence on the symbolists).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0019-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Parnasse\nModern science and geography were united with romantic adventure in the works of Jules Verne and other writers of popular serial adventure novels and early science-fiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0020-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Symbolism and the birth of the Modern\nThe naturalist tendency to see life without illusions and to dwell on its more depressing and sordid aspects appears in an intensified degree in the immensely influential poetry of Charles Baudelaire, but with profoundly romantic elements derived from the Byronic myth of the anti-hero and the romantic poet, and the world-weariness of the \"mal du si\u00e8cle\", etc. Similar elements occur in the novels of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0021-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Symbolism and the birth of the Modern\nThe poetry of Baudelaire and much of the literature in the latter half of the century (or \"fin de si\u00e8cle\") were often characterized as \"decadent\" for their lurid content or moral vision. In a similar vein, Paul Verlaine used the expression \"po\u00e8te maudit\" (\"accursed poet\") in 1884 to refer to a number of poets like Tristan Corbi\u00e8re, St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9 and Arthur Rimbaud who had fought against poetic conventions and suffered social rebuke or had been ignored by the critics. But with the publication of Jean Mor\u00e9as Symbolist Manifesto in 1886, it was the term symbolism which was most often applied to the new literary environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0022-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Symbolism and the birth of the Modern\nThe writers St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9, Paul Verlaine, Paul Val\u00e9ry, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Arthur Rimbaud, Jules Laforgue, Jean Mor\u00e9as, Gustave Kahn, Albert Samain, Jean Lorrain, R\u00e9my de Gourmont, Pierre Lou\u00ffs, Tristan Corbi\u00e8re, Henri de R\u00e9gnier, Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Stuart Merrill, Ren\u00e9 Ghil, Saint-Pol-Roux, Oscar-Vladislas de Milosz, Albert Giraud, Emile Verhaeren, Georges Rodenbach and Maurice Maeterlinck and others have been called symbolists, although each author's personal literary project was unique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0023-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Symbolism and the birth of the Modern\nThe symbolists often share themes that parallel Schopenhauer's aesthetics and notions of will, fatality and unconscious forces. The symbolists often used themes of sex (often through the figure of the prostitute), the city, irrational phenomena (delirium, dreams, narcotics, alcohol), and sometimes a vaguely medieval setting. The tone of symbolism is highly variable, at times realistic, imaginative, ironic or detached, although on the whole the symbolists did not stress moral or ethical ideas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0023-0001", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Symbolism and the birth of the Modern\nIn poetry, the symbolist procedure\u2014as typified by Paul Verlaine\u2014was to use subtle suggestion instead of precise statement (rhetoric was banned) and to evoke moods and feelings by the magic of words and repeated sounds and the cadence of verse (musicality) and metrical innovation. Some symbolists explored the use of free verse. The use of leitmotifs, medieval settings and the notion of the complete work of art (blending music, visuals and language) in the works of the German composer Richard Wagner also had a profound impact on these writers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0024-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Symbolism and the birth of the Modern\nSt\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9's profound interest in the limits of language as an attempt at describing the world, and his use of convoluted syntax, and in his last major poem Un coup de d\u00e9s, the spacing, size and position of words on the page were important modern breakthroughs that continue to preoccupy contemporary poetry in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0025-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Symbolism and the birth of the Modern\nArthur Rimbaud's prose poem collection Illuminations are among the first free verse poems in French; his biographically inspired poem Une saison en enfer (A Season in Hell) was championed by the Surrealists as a revolutionary modern literary act (the same work would play an important role in the New York City punk scene in the 1970s). The infernal images of the prose poem \"Les Chants de Maldoror\" by Isidore Ducasse, Comte de Lautr\u00e9amont would have a similar impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158341-0026-0000", "contents": "19th-century French literature, Symbolism and the birth of the Modern\nThe crisis of language and meaning in Mallarm\u00e9 and the radical vision of literature, life and the political world in Rimbaud are to some degree the cornerstones of the \"modern\" and the radical experiments of Dada, Surrealism and Theatre of the Absurd (to name a few) in the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century London\nDuring the 19th century, London grew enormously to become a global city of immense importance. It was the largest city in the world from about 1825, the world's largest port, and the heart of international finance and trade. Railways connecting London to the rest of Britain, as well as the London Underground, were built, as were roads, a modern sewer system and many famous sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Overview\nDuring the 19th century, London was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. The population rose from over 1 million in 1801 to 5.567\u00a0million in 1891. In 1897, the population of Greater London was estimated at 6.292\u00a0million people. By the 1860s it was larger by one quarter than the world's second most populous city, Beijing, two-thirds larger than Paris, and five times larger than New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0002-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Overview\nAt the beginning of the 19th century, the urban core of London was contained to the west by Park Lane and Hyde Park, by Marylebone Road to the north, along the south bank of the Thames at Southwark, and to the east as far as Bethnal Green and Spitalfields. At the beginning of the century, Hyde Park Corner was considered the western entrance to London; a turnpike gate was in operation there until 1825. With the population growing at an exponential rate, so too did the territory of London expand significantly: the city encompassed 122 square miles in 1851 and had grown to 693 square miles by 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0003-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Overview\nDuring this period, London became a global political, financial, and trading capital. While the city grew wealthy as Britain's holdings expanded, 19th century London was also a city of poverty, where millions lived in overcrowded and unsanitary slums. Life for the poor was immortalized by Charles Dickens in such novels as Oliver Twist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0004-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Overview\nOne of the most famous events of 19th century London was the Great Exhibition of 1851. Held at The Crystal Palace, the fair attracted visitors from across the world and displayed Britain at the height of its Imperial dominance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0005-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Immigrants\nAs the capital of a massive empire, London became a draw for immigrants from the colonies and poorer parts of Europe. A large Irish population settled in the city during the Victorian era, with many of the newcomers refugees from the Great Famine (1845\u20131849). At one point, Irish immigrants made up about 20% of London's population. In 1853 the number of Irish in London was estimated at 200,000, so large a population in itself that if it were a city it would have ranked as the third largest in England, and was about equal to the combined populations of Limerick, Belfast, and Cork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0006-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Immigrants\nLondon also became home to a sizable Jewish community estimated to be around 46,000 in 1882 and a very small Indian population consisting largely of transitory sailors known as lascars. In the 1880s and 1890s tens of thousands of Jews escaping persecution and poverty in Eastern Europe came to London and settled largely in the East End around Houndsditch, Whitechapel, Aldgate, and parts of Spitalfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0006-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Immigrants\nMany came to be work in the sweatshops and markets of the rag trade, refashioning and re-selling clothing, which itself was centered around Petticoat Lane Market and the \"Rag Fair\" in Houndsditch, London's largest second-hand clothing market. As members of the Jewish community prospered in the latter part of the century, many would leave the East End and settle in the immediate suburbs of Dalston, Hackney, Stoke Newington, Stamford Hill, and parts of Islington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0007-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Immigrants\nAn Italian community coalesced in Soho and in Clerkenwell, centered along Saffron Hill, Farringdon Road, Rosebery Avenue, and Clerkenwell Road. Out of the 11,500 Italians living in London in 1900, Soho accounted for 6,000, and Clerkenwell 4,000. Most of these were young men, engaged in occupations like organ grinding or selling street food (2,000 Italians were classed as \"ice cream, salt, and walnut vendors\" in 1900).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0008-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Immigrants\nAfter the Strangers' Home for Asiatics, Africans and South Sea Islanders opened on West India Dock Road in 1856, a small population of Chinese sailors began to settle in Limehouse, around Limehouse Causeway and Pennyfields. These men married and opened shops and boarding houses which catered to the transient population of \"Chinese firemen, seamen, stewards, cooks and carpenters who serve on board the steamers plying between Germany and the port of London\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0008-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Immigrants\nLondon's first Chinatown, as this area of Limehouse became known, was depicted in novels like Charles Dickens's The Mystery of Edwin Drood and Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray as a sinister quarter of crime and opium dens. Racist stereotypes of the Chinese which abounded in the 19th and early 20th centuries exaggerated both the criminality and the population of Chinatown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0009-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nLondon was both the world's largest port, and a major shipbuilding center in itself, for the entire 19th century. At the beginning of the century, this role was far from secure after the strong growth in world commerce during the later decades of the 18th century rendered the overcrowded Pool of London incapable of handling shipping levels efficiently. Sailors could wait a week or more to offload their cargoes, which left the ships vulnerable to theft and enabled widespread evasion of import duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0009-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nLosses on imports alone from theft were estimated at \u00a3500,000 per year in the 1790s \u2013 estimates for the losses on exports have never been made. Anxious West Indian traders combined to fund a private police force to patrol Thames shipping in 1798, under the direction of magistrate Patrick Colquhoun and Master Mariner John Harriott. This Marine Police Force, regarded as the first modern police force in England, was a success at apprehending would-be thieves, and in 1800 it was made a public force via the Depredations on the Thames Act 1800. In 1839 the force would be absorbed into and become the Thames Division of the Metropolitan Police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0010-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nIn addition to theft, at the turn of the century commercial interests feared the competition from rising English ports like Liverpool and Plymouth. This spurred Parliament in 1799 to authorize the first major dock construction work of the 19th century, the West India Docks, on the Isle of Dogs. Situated 6 miles east of London Bridge, shipping could avoid the dangerous and congested upper reaches of the Thames. The three West India Docks were self-contained and accessed from the river via a system of locks and basins, offering an unprecedented level of security. The new warehouses surrounding the docks could accommodate close to a million tons of storage, with the Import and Export basins able to moor almost 400 ships at a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0011-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nThe Commercial Road was built in 1803 as a conduit for newly arrived goods from the Isle of Dogs straight into the City of London, and in 1812 an Act of Parliament provided for the docks to be integrated into the national canal system via the extension of the Grand Union Canal to Limehouse. The Regent's Canal, as this new branch between Paddington and Limehouse became known, was the only canal link to the Thames, connecting a vital shipping outlet with the great industrial cities of The Midlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0011-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nThe Regent's Canal became a huge success, but on a local rather than a national level because it facilitated the localized transport of goods like coal, timber, and other building materials around London. Easy access to coal shipments from northeast England via the Port of London meant that a profusion of industries proliferated along the Regent's Canal, especially gasworks, and later electricity plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0012-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nWithin a few years, the West India Docks were joined by the smaller East India Docks just northeast in Blackwall, as well as the London Docks in Wapping. The St Katharine Docks built just east of the Tower of London were completed in 1828, and later joined with the London Docks (in 1869). In Rotherhithe, where the Greenland Dock was operating at the beginning of the century, new docks, ponds and the Grand Surrey Canal were added in the early 19th century by several small companies. The area became known for specializing in commerce from the Baltic, Scandinavia, and North America, especially for its large timber ponds and grain imports from North America. In 1864 the various companies amalgamated to form the  Surrey Commercial Docks Company, which by 1878 constituted 13 docks and ponds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0013-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nWith the eclipse of the sailing ship by the steamship in mid-century, tonnages grew larger and the shallow docks nearer the city were too small for mooring them. In response, new commercial docks were built beyond the Isle of Dogs: the Royal Victoria Dock (1855), the Millwall Dock (1868), the Royal Albert Dock (1880), and finally, the Port of Tilbury (1886), 26 miles east of London Bridge. The Victoria was unprecedented in size: 1.5 miles in total length, encompassing over 100 acres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0013-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nHydraulic locks and purpose-built railway connections to the national transport network made the Victoria as technologically advanced as it was large. It was a great commercial success, but within two decades it was becoming too shallow, and the lock entrance too narrow, for newer ships. The St. Katharine and London Dock Company built the Royal Albert Dock adjoining the Victoria; this new quay was 1.75 miles long, with 16,500 feet of deep water quayage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0013-0002", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nIt was the largest dock in the world, the first to be electrically lit, featured hydraulically-operated cranes, and like its sister the Victoria, was connected to the national railways. This feverish building obtained clear results: by 1880, the Port of London was receiving 8 million tons of goods a year, a 10-fold increase over the 800,000 being received in 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0014-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Port of London\nShipping in the Port of London supported a vast army of transport and warehouse workers, who characteristically attended the \"call-on\" each morning at the entrances to the docks to be assigned work for the day. This type of work was low-paid and highly unstable, drying up depending on the season and the vagaries of world trade. The poverty of the dock workers and growing trade union activism coalesced into the Great Strike of 1889, when an estimated 130,000 workers went on strike between 14 August and 16 September. The strike paralysed the port and led the dock owners to concede all of the demands of the strike committee, including a number of fairer working arrangements, the reduction of the \"call-on\", and higher hourly and overtime wages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0015-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Shipbuilding\nDuring the first half of the 19th century, the shipbuilding industry on the Thames was highly innovative and produced some of the most technologically advanced vessels in the world. The firm of Wigram and Green constructed Blackwall frigates from the early 1830s, a faster version of the East Indiaman sailing ship, while the naval engineer John Scott Russell designed more refined hulls for the ships constructed in his Millwall Iron Works. London shipyards had supplied about 60% of the Admiralty's warships in service in 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0015-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Shipbuilding\nThe largest shipbuilder on the Thames, the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, produced the revolutionary broadside ironclad HMS Warrior (1860), the largest warship in the world and the first iron-hulled, armor plated vessel, alongside its sister HMS Black Prince (1861). Over the next few years, five out of the nine armored ironclads commissioned by the Navy to follow the example of the Warrior would be constructed in London. The Thames Ironworks was employed not just in shipbuilding, but in civil engineering works around London like Blackfriars Railway Bridge, Hammersmith Bridge, and the construction of the iron-girded roofs of Alexandra Palace and the 1862 International Exhibition building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0016-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Shipbuilding\nLondon engineering firms like Maudslay, Sons and Field and John Penn and Sons were early developers and suppliers of marine steam engines for merchant and naval ships, fueling the transition from sail to steam powered locomotion. This was aided by the 1834 invention by Samuel Hall of Bow of a condenser for cooling boilers which used fresh water rather than corrosive salt water. In 1838 the first screw-propelled steamer in the world, SS Archimedes, was launched at Ratcliff Cross Dock, an alternative to the less efficient paddle steamer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0016-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Shipbuilding\nBy 1845 the Admiralty had settled upon screw propellers as the optimal form of propulsion, and a slew of new battleships were built in London dockyards equipped with the new technology. The largest and most famous ship of its day, the SS Great Eastern, a collaboration between John Scott Russell and Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was constructed at the Millwall Iron Works and launched in 1858. It still holds the record as the largest ship to have been launched on the Thames, and held the record as the largest ship in the world by tonnage until 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0017-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Shipbuilding\nDespite the astonishing successes of the shipbuilding industry in the first half of the century, in the last decades of the 19th century the industry experienced a precipitous decline that would leave only one large firm, the Thames Ironworks, in existence by the mid-1890s. London shipyards lacked the capacity, and the ability to expand, for building the large vessels in demand by the later 19th century, losing business to newer shipyards in Scotland and the North of England, where labor and overhead costs were lower, and iron and coal deposits much closer. The ancient Royal Dockyards at Woolwich and Deptford, founded by Henry VIII in the 16th century, were too far upriver and too shallow due to the silting up of the Thames, forcing their closure in 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0018-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Finance\nThe City of London's importance as a financial centre increased substantially over the course of the 19th century. The city's strengths in banking, stock brokerage, and shipping insurance made it the natural channel for the huge rise in capital investment which occurred after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. The city was also the headquarters of most of Britain's shipping firms, trading houses, exchanges and commercial firms like railway companies and import houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0018-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Finance\nAs the Industrial Revolution gathered pace, an insatiable demand for capital investment in railroads, shipping, industry and agriculture fueled the growth of financial services in the city. The end of the Napoleonic Wars also freed up British capital to flow overseas; there was some \u00a3100\u00a0million invested abroad between 1815 and 1830, and as much as \u00a3550\u00a0million by 1854. At the end of the century, the net total of British foreign investment stood at \u00a32.394\u00a0billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0018-0002", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Finance\nThe 1862 Bradshaw's Guide to London listed 83 banks, 336 stockbroking firms, 37 currency brokers, 248 ship and insurance brokerages, and 1500 different merchants in the city, selling wares of every conceivable variety. At the centre of this nexus of private capital and commerce lay the Bank of England, which by the end of the century contained \u00a320\u00a0million worth of gold reserves tied to the British Pound Sterling. It employed over 900 people and printed 15,000 new banknotes each day by 1896, doing some \u00a32\u00a0million worth of business each day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0019-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Economy, Finance\nThe result of the shift to financial services in the city was that, even while its residential population was ebbing in favor of the suburbs (there was a net loss of 100,000 people between 1840 and 1900), it retained its traditional role as the center of English commerce. The working population swelled from some 200,000 in 1871 to 364,000 by 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0020-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Housing\nLondon's great expansion in the 19th Century was driven by housing growth to accommodate the rapidly expanding population of the city. The growth of Transport in London in this period fueled the outward expansion of suburbs, as did a cultural impetus to escape the inner city, allowing the worlds of 'work' and 'life' to be separate. Suburbs varied enormously in character and in the relative wealth of their inhabitants, with some being for the very wealthy, and others being for the lower-middle classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0020-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Housing\nThey frequently imitated the success of earlier periods of speculative housing development from the Georgian era, although the Victorian era saw a much wider array of suburban housing built in London. Terraced, semi-detached and detached housing all developed in a multitude of styles and typologies, with an almost endless variation in the layout of streets, gardens, homes, and decorative elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0021-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Housing\nSuburbs were aspirational for many, but also came to be lampooned and satirised in the press for the conservative and conventional tastes they represented (for example in Punch's Pooter). While the Georgian terrace has been described as \"England's greatest contribution to the urban form\", the increasing rigour with which Building Act regulations were applied after 1774 led to increasingly simple, standardised designs, which by the end of the 19th century were accommodating households at the lower-end of the socio-economic scale in some cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0021-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Housing\nIndeed, more grandly designed examples became less common by this period, as the very wealthy tended to prefer detached homes, and it was in this period in which terraces in particular became associated first with the aspirational middle classes; and later, with the lower middle classes in more industrial areas of London such as the East End.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0022-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Housing\nWhile many areas of Georgian and Victorian suburbs were damaged heavily in The Blitz and/or then redeveloped through slum clearance, much of Inner London's character remains dominated by the suburbs built successively during Georgian and Victorian times, and such houses remain enormously popular. No view of London, either in the 19th century or today, would be without the terraced house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0023-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty\nIn contrast to the conspicuous wealth of the City of London and Westminster, there was a huge underclass of desperately poor Londoners within a short range of the more affluent areas. The author George W. M. Reynolds commented on the vast wealth disparities and misery of London's poorest in 1844:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0024-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty\n\"The most unbounded wealth is the neighbor of the most hideous poverty...the crumbs which fall from the tables of the rich would appear delicious viands to starving millions, and yet these millions obtain them not! In that city there are in all five prominent buildings: the church, in which the pious pray; the gin-palace, to which the wretched poor resort to drown their sorrows; the pawn-broker's, where miserable creatures pledge their raiment, and their children's raiment, even unto the last rag, to obtain the means of purchasing food, and \u2013 alas!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0024-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty\ntoo often \u2013 intoxicating drink; the prison, where the victims of a vitiated condition of society expiate the crimes to which they have been drive by starvation and despair; and the workhouse, to which the destitute, the aged, and the friendless hasten to lay down their aching heads \u2013 and die!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0025-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty\nIn Central London, the single most notorious slum was St. Giles, a name which by the 19th century had passed into common parlance as a byword for extreme poverty. Infamous since the mid 18th century, St. Giles was defined by its prostitutes, gin shops, secret alleyways where criminals could hide, and horribly overcrowded tenements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0025-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty\nLord Byron excoriated the state of St. Giles during a speech to the House of Lords in 1812, stating that \"I have been in some of the most oppressed provinces of Turkey, but never under the most despotic of infidel governments did I behold such squalid wretchedness as I have seen since my return in the very heart of a Christian country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0025-0002", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty\nAt the heart of this area, now occupied by New Oxford Street and Centre Point, was \"The Rookery\", a particularly dense warren of houses along George Street and Church Lane, the latter of which in 1852 was reckoned to contain over 1,100 lodgers in overpacked, squalid buildings with open sewers. The poverty worsened with the massive influx of poor Irish immigrants during the Great Famine of 1848, giving the area the name \"Little Ireland\", or \"The Holy Land\". Government intervention beginning in the 1830s reduced the area of St. Giles through mass evictions, demolitions, and public works projects. New Oxford Street was built right through the heart of \"The Rookery\" in 1847, eliminating the worst part of the area, but many of the evicted inhabitants simply moved to neighboring streets, which remained stubbornly mired in poverty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0026-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty\nMass demolition of slums like St. Giles was the usual method of removing problematic pockets of the city; for the most part this just displaced existing residents because the new dwellings built by private developers were often far too expensive for the previous inhabitants to afford. In the mid to late 19th century, philanthropists like Octavia Hill and charities like the Peabody Trust focused on building adequate housing for the working classes at affordable rates (George Peabody built his first improved housing for the \"artisans and laboring poor\" on Commercial Street in 1864).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0026-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty\nThe Metropolitan Board of Works (the dominant authority before the LCC), was empowered to undertake clearances and to enforce overcrowding and other such standards on landlords by a stream of legislation including the Labouring Classes Dwelling Houses Acts of 1866 and 1867. Overcrowding was also defined as a public health 'nuisance' beginning in 1855, which allowed Medical Officers to report landlords in violation to the Board of Health. In 1890 the shortcomings of the existing legislation were refined and condensed into one comprehensive piece of legislation, the Houses of the Working Classes Act. This empowered the LCC to construct its own housing on cleared land, which it had been prohibited from doing before; thus began a social housing building program in targeted areas like Bethnal Green and Millbank that would accelerate in the next century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0027-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty, The East End\nThe East End of London, with an economy oriented around the Docklands and the polluting industries clustered along the Thames and the River Lea, had long been an area of working poor. By the late 19th century it was developing an increasingly sinister reputation for crime, overcrowding, desperate poverty, and debauchery. The 1881 census counted over 1 million inhabitants in the East End, a third of whom lived in poverty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0027-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty, The East End\nThe Cheap Trains Act 1883, while it enabled many working class Londoners to move away from the inner-city, had the effect of accentuating the poverty in areas like the East End, where the most destitute were left behind. Prostitution was rife, with one official report in 1888 recording 62 brothels and 1,200 prostitutes in Whitechapel (the real number was likely much higher).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0028-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty, The East End\nThe American author Jack London, in his 1903 account The People of the Abyss, described the bewilderment he was met with by Londoners when he mentioned that he planned to visit the East End, many of whom had never been there despite living in the same city. He was refused a guide when he visited the travel agency of Thomas Cook & Son, which told him to consult the police. When he finally found a reluctant cabbie to take him into Stepney, he described his impression as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0029-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty, The East End\n\"Nowhere in the streets of London may one escape the sight of abject poverty, while five minutes' walk from almost any point will bring one to a slum; but the region my hansom was now penetrating was one unending slum. The streets were filled with a new and different race of people, short of stature, and of wretched or beer-sodden appearance. We rolled along through miles of bricks and squalor, and from each cross street and alley flashed long vistas of bricks and misery. Here and there lurched a drunken man or woman, and the air was obscene with sounds of jangling and squabbling.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0030-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty, The East End\nBy the time of Jack London's visit in 1903, the reputation of the East End was at its lowest ebb after decades of unfavourable attention from journalists, authors, and social reformers. The 1888 Whitechapel murders perpetrated by Jack the Ripper brought international attention to the squalor and criminality of the East End, while penny dreadfuls and a slew of sensational novels like George Gissing's The Nether World and the works of Charles Dickens painted grim pictures of London's deprived areas for middle and upper class readers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0030-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Poverty, The East End\nThe single most influential work on London poverty was Charles Booth's Life and Labour of the People in London, a 17-volume work published between 1889 and 1903. Booth painstakingly charted levels of deprivation throughout the city, painting a bleak but also sympathetic picture of the wide variety of experiences lived by London's poor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0031-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Disease and mortality\nThe extreme population density in areas like the East End made for unsanitary conditions and resulting epidemics of disease. The child mortality rate in the East End stood at 20%, while the estimated life expectancy of an East End labourer was only 19 years. In Bethnal Green, one of London's poorest districts, the mortality rate stood at 1 in 41 in 1847. The average for Bethnal Green between the years 1885 and 1893 remained virtually the same as that of 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0031-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Disease and mortality\nMeanwhile, the mortality average for those same eight years in the wealthy boroughs of Kensington and Paddington stood at roughly 1 in 53. London's overall mortality rate was tracked at a ratio of roughly 1 in 43 between the years 1869\u20131879; overall life expectancy in the city stood at just 37 years in midcentury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0032-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Disease and mortality\nThe most serious disease in the poor quarters was tuberculosis, until the 1860s cholera, as well as rickets, scarlet fever, and typhoid. Between 1850 and 1860 the mortality rate from typhoid was 116 per 100,000 people. Smallpox was a dreaded disease across London: there were epidemics in 1816\u201319, 1825\u201326, 1837\u201340, 1871 and 1881. A speckling of workhouse hospitals and the London Smallpox Hospital in St Pancras (moved to Highgate Hill in 1848\u201350), were all that existed to treat smallpox victims until the latter part of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0032-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Disease and mortality\nThis changed with the creation of the Metropolitan Asylums Board in 1867, which embarked on the building of five planned smallpox and fever hospitals in Stockwell, Deptford, Hampstead, Fulham and Homerton to serve the different regions of London. Fearful residents succeeded in blocking the building of the Hampstead hospital, and residents in Fulham obtained an injunction preventing all but local cases of smallpox from being treated in their hospital. Thus, with only three hospitals in operation when the epidemic of 1881 began, the MAB was overwhelmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0032-0002", "contents": "19th-century London, Living conditions, Disease and mortality\nHMS\u00a0Atlas and Endymion were leased as hospital ships and entered service in July 1881, moored at Greenwich. The following year the two ships were purchased along with another, Castalia, and the fleet was moved to Long Reach at Gravesend, where it served 20,000 patients between 1884 and 1902. The floating hospitals were equipped with their own river ferry service to transport patients in isolation from the inner city. The ships enabled three permanent isolation hospitals to be built at Dartford, effectively ending the threat of smallpox epidemics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0033-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport\nWith the great railway termini developing to connect London with its suburbs and beyond, mass transport was becoming ever more important within the city as its population increased. The first horse-drawn omnibuses entered service in London in 1829. By 1854 there were 3,000 of them in service, painted in bright reds, greens, and blues, and each carrying an average of 300 passengers per day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0033-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport\nThe two-wheeled hansom cab, first seen in 1834, was the most common type of cab on London's roads throughout the Victorian era, but there were many types, like the four-wheeled Hackney carriage, in addition to the coaches, private carriages, coal-wagons, and tradesman's vehicles which crowded the roads. There were 3,593 licensed cabs in London in 1852; by the end of the century there were estimated to be some 10,000 in all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0034-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport\nFrom the 1870s onwards, Londoners also had access to a developing tram network which accessed Central London and provided local transport in the suburbs. The first horse-drawn tramways were installed in 1860 along the Bayswater Road at the northern edge of Hyde Park, Victoria Street in Westminster, and Kennington Street in South London. The trams were a success with passengers, but the raised rails were jolting and inconvenient for horse-drawn vehicles to cross, causing traffic bottlenecks at crossroads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0034-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport\nWithin a year the outcry was so great that the lines were pulled up, and trams were not reintroduced until the Tramways Act 1870 permitted them to be built again. Trams were restricted to operating in the suburbs of London, but they accessed the major transport hubs of the City and the West End, conveying passengers into and away from the suburbs. By 1893 there were about 1,000 tram cars across 135 miles worth of track. Trams could be accessed in Central London from Aldgate, Blackfriars Bridge, Borough, Moorgate, King's Cross, Euston Road, Holborn, Shepherd's Bush, Victoria, and Westminster Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0035-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport, Coming of the railways\n19th century London was transformed by the coming of the railways. A new network of metropolitan railways allowed the development of suburbs in neighboring counties from which middle-class and wealthy people could commute to the centre. While this spurred the massive outward growth of the city, London's growth also exacerbated the class divide, as the wealthier classes emigrated to the suburbs, leaving the poor to inhabit the inner city areas. The new railway lines were generally built through working class areas, where land was cheaper and compensation costs lower. In the 1860s, the railway companies were required to rehouse the tenants they evicted for construction, but these rules were widely evaded until the 1880s. The displaced generally stayed in the same area as before, but under more crowded conditions due to the loss of housing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0036-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport, Coming of the railways\nThe first railway to be built in London was the London & Greenwich Railway, a short line from London Bridge to Greenwich, which opened in 1836. This was soon followed by great rail termini which linked London to every corner of Britain. These included Euston (1837), Paddington (1838), Fenchurch Street (1841), Waterloo (1848), King's Cross (1852), and St Pancras (1868). By 1865 there were 12 principal railway termini; the stations built along the lines in exurban villages surrounding London allowed commuter towns to be developed for the middle classes. The Cheap Trains Act 1883 helped poorer Londoners to relocate, by guaranteeing cheap fares and removing a duty imposed on fares since 1844. The new working class suburbs created as a result included West Ham, Walthamstow, Kilburn, and Willesden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0037-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport, London Underground\nWith traffic congestion on London's roads becoming more and more serious, proposals for underground railways to ease the pressure on street traffic were first mooted in the 1840s, after the opening of the Thames Tunnel in 1843 proved such engineering work could be done successfully. However, reservations over the stability of underground tunneling persisted into the 1860s and were finally overcome when Parliament approved the construction of London's first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0037-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport, London Underground\nBegun in 1860 and completed in 1863, the Metropolitan inaugurated the world's oldest mass transit system, the London Underground; it was created by the cut-and-cover method of excavating a trench from above, then building reinforced brick walls and vaults to form the tunnel, and filling in the trench with earth. The Metropolitan initially ran from Farringdon in the east to Paddington in the west. The open wooden passenger cars were propelled by a coke-fueled steam locomotive and lit with gas lamps to provide illumination in the tunnels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0037-0002", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport, London Underground\nThe line was such a success, carrying 9.5\u00a0million passengers in its first year of operation. An extension to the western suburb of Hammersmith was built and opened in 1868. In 1884 the Metropolitan was linked with the Metropolitan District Line at Aldgate to form an inner circle encompassing Central London (the modern Circle Line), with a short stretch running from Aldgate to Whitechapel. In 1880 an extension line to the north-west was opened from Baker Street tube station to the village of Harrow, via Swiss Cottage and St. John's Wood, expanding further over the coming decades and allowing prosperous suburbs to be developed around formerly rural villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0038-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport, London Underground\nA succession of private enterprises were formed to build new routes after the success of the Metropolitan, the first being the Metropolitan District Line, opened in 1865. This line extended along the Thames from Westminster to South Kensington at first, but by 1889 it had been extended eastwards to Blackfriars, and south-west all the way to Wimbledon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0039-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport, London Underground\nThe next line to be built, and the first true \"tube\", dug with a tunnelling shield designed by J.H. Greathead rather than by cut-and-cover excavation, was the City and South London Railway, opened in 1890. It was London's first underground line with electric locomotives, and the first to extend south of the river. Electrification allowed the tunnels to be dug deep below ground level, as ventilation for smoke and steam was no longer necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0039-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Transport, London Underground\nIn the year 1894, an estimated 228,605,000 passengers used the three underground railways then in operation, compared to 11,720,000 passengers in 1864 using the lone Metropolitan Railway. Before the century came to a close, a second deep-level tube was opened in 1898: the Waterloo & City Line. The shortest of the London tube lines, it was built to convey commuters between the City of London and Waterloo station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0040-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Roads\nMany new roads were built after the formation of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855. They included the Embankment from 1864, Northumberland Avenue, Clerkenwell and Theobalds Roads all from 1874. The MBW was authorized to create Charing Cross Road and Shaftesbury Avenue in the Metropolitan Streets Improvements Act of 1877, the intention being to improve communication between Charing Cross, Piccadilly Circus, Oxford Street, and Tottenham Court Road. This required extensive demolition in the slums of Soho and St. Giles, with the MBW responsible for rehousing over 3,000 laborers in new-built tenements over the ten-year period it took to construct the roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0041-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Roads\nOne of the most ambitious urban redesign initiatives was the building of Regent Street at the behest of the Prince Regent, who wished to build a grand boulevard linking his Carlton House in the south with Regent's Park in the north, the latter of which had reverted to Crown ownership in 1811.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0041-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Roads\nThe new road had myriad benefits: it cleared a warren of narrow streets in Westminster in favor of a symmetrical, aesthetically pleasing street which not only relieved traffic congestion but, by providing a direct north\u2013south route, allowed the rural area around Regent's Park to be profitably developed for residential use. Regent Street was also meant to provide a clear separation between the fashionable new development of Mayfair to the west, and the by-then undesirable area of Soho to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0041-0002", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Roads\nThe plans, designed by John Nash, were approved by Act of Parliament in 1813, and by 1819 Nash's grand colonnaded, stucco-covered buildings were largely open for business. The street stretches from Pall Mall at its southern terminus (built closer to the Haymarket to avoid St. James's Square), crosses Piccadilly (creating Piccadilly Circus in the process), from where it curves west via the Quadrant and then runs due north, joining with Langham Place and Portland Place to create the link to Regent's Park. The area achieved its intended purpose of becoming a thriving commercial district, lined with shops of every variety to rival the quality of nearby St. James's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0042-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Roads\n1890 London had 5,728 street accidents, resulting in 144 deaths. London was the site of the world's first traffic lights, installed at the crossroads of Bridge, Great George, and Parliament Streets outside the Houses of Parliament. The 20\u00a0ft (6-metre) high column was topped by a large gas lamp, and opened in December 1868. It was designed by the railway engineer J.P. Knight after a railway semaphore signal, with multi-coloured arms coming down to regulate traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0043-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Engineering\n19th century London was the site of unprecedented engineering marvels. One of these was the Thames Tunnel, declared the \"Eighth Wonder of the World\" when it opened in 1843. Designed by Marc Isambard Brunel, it was the first tunnel in the world to be successfully built under a navigable river and took 18 grueling years to complete. Laborers employed to dig the tunnel, with the protection of Brunel's tunneling shield, endured five serious floods and multiple gas and sewage leaks, which caused numerous casualties and long delays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0043-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Engineering\nAlthough it was intended as an underground artery for the movement of goods between Rotherhithe and Wapping, it opened as a pedestrian tunnel during its early decades (there were 1 million visitors to the tunnel in its first 3 months of opening). Only in 1865 was it purchased by the East London Railway and converted for railway use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0044-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Engineering\nThe Thames Embankment was one of the most ambitious public works projects in 19th century London. It transformed the appearance of the riverside between Chelsea and Blackfriars. There were three different sections: the Victoria Embankment, built between 1864 and 1870; the Albert Embankment (1866\u201370); and the Chelsea Embankment (1871\u201374). The embankments protected low-lying areas along the Thames from flooding, provided a more attractive prospect of the river compared to the mudflats and boatyards which abounded previously, and created prime reclaimed land for development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0045-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Engineering\nThe Victoria Embankment was the most ambitious: it concealed a massive interceptor sewage tunnel, which channelled waste from a network of smaller tunnels away from the River Thames and out of Central London, towards the Northern Outfall Sewer at Beckton in East London. The Victoria Embankment also allowed an extension of the Metropolitan District Line underground to be built, from Westminster east to Blackfriars. In total, the Victoria Embankment reclaimed over 37 acres (15 hectares) of land from the Thames, allowing a broad east\u2013west boulevard to be built and a series of public gardens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0046-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Engineering\nAll three sections of the Thames Embankment are faced in grey granite, mounted with handsome cast iron lamps, and lined with London plane trees. In 1878, the lamps of the Victoria Embankment were converted from gas to electric light, making it the first street in Britain to be electrically illuminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0046-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Engineering\nWalter Thornbury praised the new construction in his Old and New London of 1878: \"not only has the [Victoria] Embankment added a handsome frontage to the side of the Thames, which previously had been a public eyesore, but it has also been the means of getting rid of the unequal deposits of mud in its bed, assisting the removal of the scour of the river, and consequently improving the health of the inhabitants of London.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0047-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Bridges\nThere was a flurry of bridge-building along the Thames from the City of London westwards during the 19th century, improving overland communication to Southwark. In 1800 there were only three bridges connecting Westminster and the city to the south bank: Westminster Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, and the ancient London Bridge. West of Westminster, the closest bridge was Battersea Bridge, three miles upstream. The four stone bridges grew progressively more decrepit as traffic increased: Westminster Bridge was badly subsiding by the 1830s, and several piers collapsed in 1846. Blackfriars was structurally unsound, requiring substantial repairs between 1833 and 1840.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0047-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Bridges\nOld London Bridge, whose 20 piers dated back to the 13th century, so impeded the flow of the river that it formed dangerous rapids for boats, and its narrow width of 26\u00a0ft could not accommodate modern traffic levels. It was the first to be replaced, by a 49-foot (15-metre) wide granite bridge with five supporting arches. \"New\" London Bridge was built from 1824 to 1831, with the adjacent \"Old\" London Bridge fully dismantled by 1832. New Westminster Bridge, made of cast iron and resting on seven arches, was opened in 1862, replacing its unstable predecessor, and Blackfriars Bridge was demolished and rebuilt in cast iron beginning in 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0048-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Bridges\nIn addition, several new bridges for road, pedestrian, and railway traffic were built: Southwark Bridge (1819), Waterloo Bridge (1817), Hungerford Bridge (opened in 1845 as a footbridge, and converted in 1859 into a combination footbridge/railway bridge for Charing Cross Station), and Tower Bridge (1894). Further upriver, the new bridges included Lambeth Bridge (1862), which replaced a centuries-old cross-river ferry service, Vauxhall Bridge (opened 1816), Victoria Bridge (opened in 1858 and later renamed Chelsea Bridge), and Wandsworth Bridge (1873).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0049-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Bridges\nThe impetus for this building was London's massive population growth, which put a constant strain on existing communications between the north and south banks. The want of overland bridges was one of the issues cited by the Illustrated London News in an editorial of 1854 enumerating the most urgent needs of the city. London Bridge remained the city's busiest artery for the entire century, averaging 22,242 vehicle and 110,525 pedestrian crossings per day in 1882. More than 30 petitions were submitted to various authorities between 1874 and 1885 requesting that the bridge either be widened or rebuilt to relieve congestion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0049-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Bridges\nThis resulted in the commission of Tower Bridge by Act of Parliament in 1885. This was a bascule bridge designed by Sir Horace Jones, completed in 1895. It was an engineering marvel which solved the conundrum of how to bridge the Thames downriver from London Bridge without inhibiting shipping in the Pool of London. Using a 200\u00a0ft (60-metre) wide central bay, the bascules, or drawbridge, could be raised on either side by massive hydraulic accumulators, allowing clearance for ships up to 140\u00a0ft (43 metres) in height. It rests on two piers sunk deep into the river bed, constituting some 70,000 tons of concrete and stone, while the towers and bridge itself are framed in 11,000 tons of steel clad in Cornish granite and Portland Stone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0050-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Lighting\nThe development of gas lighting at the beginning of the 19th century provided London with comprehensive street illumination for the first time in its history. Before this, oil lamps were used along the main thoroughfares, but they were only required to be lit during the darkest time of the year (between Michaelmas on 29 September and Lady Day on 25 March), and then only as late as midnight. The first gaslight in London was installed in the Lyceum Theatre in 1804, by the German-born entrepreneur F.A. Winsor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0050-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Lighting\n\"Winsor patent Gas\", supplied by Winsor's New Light and Heat Company, would be installed along the north side of Pall Mall to celebrate George III's birthday in 1805. In 1810, the Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company was incorporated by Act of Parliament, and the first gas works in the U.K. were established by the company at Peter Street and Horseferry Road to provide gas to Westminster. In 1813, Westminster Bridge was lit by gaslight, and the London theatres installed gas between 1817 and 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0050-0002", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Lighting\nGaslight was quickly adopted for shop window displays because it enabled owners to better display their wares, but it was slower to be adopted in private homes, not gaining ground until the 1840s. Gas light made streets safer, allowed shops to stay open well after dark, and even improved literacy because of the brighter interiors gas facilitated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0051-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Lighting\nBy 1823 there were some 40,000 gas street lamps, across 215 miles of streets. By 1880 there were one million gas street lamps in London, and the gas works were consuming 6.5\u00a0million tons of coal annually. The city became noteworthy for the brightness of its streets, shopfronts, and interiors at night compared to other European cities. The last precinct to resist gas lighting was Grosvenor Square, which did not install it until 1842. There were 12 gas companies in operation in London in the 1840s, with gas works and gas holders becoming an increasingly recognizable feature of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0051-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Lighting\nThe largest of the gas works were those of the London Gas Company at Vauxhall, which piped gas as far away as Highgate and Hampstead, 7 miles from Vauxhall. The Metropolitan Gas Act 1860 granted monopolies to the various companies in allotted districts, intended to end the fierce competition for territory which had prevailed in the 1850s. This had the unintended effect of raising prices, as the companies exploited their newly secure monopolies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0051-0002", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Lighting\nParliamentary select committees were set up between 1866 and 1868 to look into the matter, which found that gas in London was more expensive and of lower quality than in other English cities. The committees recommended various improvements including price reductions, better regulation, and consolidation. These recommendations were enacted first in the city with the City of London Gas Act of 1868, and within a few years the provisions were expanded across most of London. By the end of the 1870s, there were just 6 gas companies in operation in London, compared to 13 in the 1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0052-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Lighting\nIn the last decades of the 19th century, electric lighting was introduced sporadically, but was slow to supersede gas. In November and December 1848, two competing inventors (M. Le Mott and William Staite) gave demonstrations of their respective electric lamps to astonished crowds at the National Gallery, atop the Duke of York Column, and aboard a train departing from Paddington station. It would take another three decades for this novelty to be installed on any permanent basis, delayed by the expense of electricity and the lack of generating facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0052-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Infrastructure, Lighting\nIn 1879, electric arc lamps were installed along the Victoria Embankment as an experiment to gauge the respective brightness of gas vs. electricity, and the latter was judged superior by the Board of Works. The same year, Siemens installed electric light in the Royal Albert Hall and along Waterloo Bridge, while the first large power station in the metropolis opened at Deptford. Another major advancement was the construction of the Edison Electric Light Station at Holborn Viaduct in 1882, the world's first coal-fueled power station for public use. The station, opened by Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Light Company, powered 968 lamps (later expanded to 3,000) stretching from Holborn Viaduct to St. Martin's Le Grand, using Edison carbon-filament incandescent light bulbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0053-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Museums\nSeveral of modern London's major museums were founded or constructed during the 19th century, including the British Museum (built 1823\u20131852), The National Gallery (built 1832\u20138), the National Portrait Gallery (founded 1856), and the Tate Britain, which opened in 1897 as the National Gallery of British Art. The British Museum had been established by Act of Parliament in 1753, and housed since that time in the 17th century Montagu House in Bloomsbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0053-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Museums\nWith the donation of the King's Library in 1822, which comprised some 120,000 manuscripts, pamphlets, and drawings assembled by the late George III, a major extension of the Museum was needed. Montagu House was demolished and the quadrangular current building, with its imposing Greek Revival fa\u00e7ade designed by Sir Robert Smirke, rose gradually through 1857, with the East Wing the first to be completed in 1828. The Round Reading Room, which was built to occupy the vacant courtyard behind the main building, featured the second largest dome in the world when it was finished (140 feet in diameter). By 1878 the Reading Room contained 1.5\u00a0million printed volumes across some 25 miles of shelves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0054-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Museums\nThe great complex of museums at South Kensington began with the purchase of a vast tract of land (known as Albertopolis) at the instigation of the Prince Consort and the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. The profits from the Exhibition were put toward the purchase of the land, which was intended to host a complex of cultural, scientific and educational institutions. The first of these was the South Kensington Museum (now known as the Victoria & Albert Museum), which opened to the public in 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0054-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Museums\nThe South Kensington Museum at that time inhabited the 'Brompton Boilers' building designed by William Cubitt, and consisted of the collections of manufactures and decorative art from the Crystal Palace Exhibition and the collections from the Museum of Ornamental Art, previously held in Marlborough House. In 1899 Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone for the current building, designed by Sir Aston Webb, and christened the official change of name to the Victoria & Albert Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0055-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Museums\nThe rest of the land belonging to 'Albertopolis', on the site currently occupied by the Natural History and Science Museums, was used to host the 1862 International Exhibition. A substantial portion was given over to the headquarters and gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, which was based on the site of the modern Science Museum between 1861 and 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0055-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Museums\nThe exhibition buildings were afterwards repurposed to hold the scientific objects from the South Kensington Museum, a collection which gradually expanded through acquisitions of scientific instruments in 1874, as well as acquisitions of patent models and machinery like the original cotton mills from Arkwright Mill. By 1893 the first director was appointed to oversee these developing science collections, which would become the core of the Science Museum upon its founding as a separate entity in 1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0055-0002", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Museums\nIn the meantime, the decision was made to relocate the natural history specimen collections of the British Museum to a separate and dedicated facility, the Natural History Museum, the building of which lasted between 1873 and 1884. Other enterprises were granted parcels of land on the active patronage of the commission, which aimed to fulfill Prince Albert's vision. By the end of the century the museums were complemented by the Royal Albert Hall (opened in 1871), the Royal College of Music (opened 1894), and the Imperial Institute (opened 1893).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0056-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Theatre\nIn addition to the museums, popular entertainment proliferated throughout the city. At the beginning of the century, there were only three theatres in operation in London: the \"winter\" theatres of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, and the \"summer\" theatre of Haymarket. The duopoly granting exclusive rights to the \"winter theatres\", dating back to the 17th century, forbade rival theatres from operating despite the huge growth in London's population and in theatre attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0056-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Theatre\nA loosening of these restrictions in the early years of the 19th century allowed small theatres to open which could only put on plays interspersed with musical numbers. To skirt the strict regulations, theatres like the Old Vic were established outside the boundaries of London to produce new plays. In 1843, Parliament repealed the Licensing Act 1737, ending the duopoly of the Drury Lane and Covent Garden theatres, while the Theatres Act 1843 allowed straight plays to be produced in all licensed theatres. Aided by the promotion of theatre as a respectable medium, and new technologies which made staging plays more sophisticated, 19 theatres were in operation by 1851. By 1899 there were 61 theatres across London, 38 of which were in the West End.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0057-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Theatre\nThe music hall was a form of live entertainment which developed gradually during the first half of the 19th century. By the 1830s many hybrid pub/performance venues, known as \"Free and Easies\", existed where customers could enjoy live entertainment from amateur singers. These were disreputable establishments, which led some public houses to offer Song and supper rooms as a respectable middle-class alternative. Song and Supper Rooms of the 1830s and 40s offered patrons, for a surcharge, the opportunity to dine and drink while enjoying live musical acts of a higher caliber than the \"Free and Easies\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0057-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Culture, Theatre\nThe 700-person capacity Canterbury Music Hall, which opened in 1852 in Lambeth, was the first purpose-built music hall, establishing the model with its large auditorium packed with tables for dining, generally offering bawdy musical revues or individual acts. By 1875 there were 375 music halls across the city, with the greatest number concentrated in the East End (around 150 had been established in Tower Hamlets by midcentury). Music halls became an integral part of cockney popular culture, with performers like George Robey and George Leybourne famous for their comic characters and songs. Two of the largest and most famous music halls were in Leicester Square \u2013 the Alhambra and the Empire \u2013 both of which were also notorious for the prostitutes who plied their trade in the galleries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0058-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government\nIn 1829, Home Secretary Robert Peel established the Metropolitan Police as a police force covering the entire urban area, with the exception of the City of London, which formed its own police force under a separate jurisdiction in 1839. In 1839, the two small forces which pre-dated the Met \u2013 the Bow Street Runners and the Marine Police Force \u2013 were absorbed into it once and for all. The force gained the nicknames of \"bobbies\" or \"peelers\" named after Robert Peel, and initially numbered 1,000 officers. Corruption was rife among this early batch of recruits, so much so that five-sixths of the original force had been dismissed within four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0059-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government\nLondon's urban area grew rapidly, spreading into Islington, Paddington, Belgravia, Holborn, Finsbury, Shoreditch, Southwark and Lambeth. With London's rapid growth, towards the middle of the century, an urgent need arose to reform London's system of local government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0060-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government\nOutside of the City of London, which resisted any attempts to expand its boundaries to encompass the wider urban area, London had a chaotic local government system consisting of ancient parishes and vestries, working alongside an array of single-purpose boards and authorities, few of which co-operated with each other. Drainage in the city was handled by 7 different Commissions of Sewers, and in a one-hundred square yard area of Central London there were four different bodies responsible for the pavement and upkeep of the streets. In 1855 the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) was created to provide London with adequate infrastructure to cope with its growth. The MBW was London's first metropolitan government body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0061-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government\nThe Metropolitan Board of Works was not a directly elected body, which made it unpopular with Londoners. In 1888 it was wound up, and replaced with the London County Council (LCC). This was the first elected London-wide administrative body. The LCC covered the same area as the MBW had done, but this area was designated as the County of London. In 1900, the county was subdivided into 28 metropolitan boroughs, which formed a more local tier of administration than the county council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0062-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government\nParliament also took a more proactive role in public health and healthcare during the latter part of the century. In 1867 it passed the London-specific Metropolitan Poor Act, creating the Metropolitan Asylums Board and six new Metropolitan Asylum Districts in London. The Act was intended to move the provision of healthcare for the poor away from the workhouse infirmaries, whose conditions attracted much public scorn, and into six new hospitals. Only two of these, in Central London and the Poplar and Stepney District, were fully realized, with the other four districts using reconstituted facilities from the old infirmaries because of cost overruns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0063-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government, Sanitation\nOne of the first tasks of the Metropolitan Board of Works was to address London's sanitation problems. Sewers were far from extensive, and the most common form of human waste disposal was cesspools, some 200,000 by mid-century, which were often open and prone to overflowing. An 1847 ordinance of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers requiring all waste to be discharged into sewers meant that the Thames, where all the discharge went, became much more polluted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0063-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Government, Sanitation\nThe combination of cesspools and the raw sewage pumped into the city's main source of drinking water led to repeated outbreaks of cholera in 1832, 1849, 1854, and 1866 and culminated in The Great Stink of 1858. The 1866 cholera epidemic was the fourth in the city's history, but also the last and the least deadly. Further epidemics were forestalled by Bazalgette's improved sanitation system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0064-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government, Sanitation\nFollowing the Great Stink of 1858 Parliament finally gave consent for the MBW to construct a massive system of sewers. The engineer put in charge of building the new system was Joseph Bazalgette. In one of the largest civil engineering projects of the 19th century, he oversaw construction of over 1300 miles or 2100\u00a0km of tunnels and pipes under London to take away sewage and provide clean drinking water. When the London sewerage system was completed, the death toll in London dropped dramatically, and epidemics were curtailed. Bazalgette's system is still in use today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0065-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government, Sanitation\nWhile the problems of disposal of sewage and human waste were much improved by the late 19th century, there also remained problems of sanitation on the streets of London. With some 300,000 horses in use in the city by the 1890s, 1,000 tons of dung were being dropped on London's streets each day. Boys between 12 and 14 were employed to collect horse waste from the streets, which remained the main method until cars gradually replaced horse-drawn vehicles in the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0066-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government, Sanitation\nThe social reformer Edwin Chadwick condemned the methods of waste removal in British cities, including London, in his 1842  Report on The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. In the poorer areas of London, rotting food, excrement and mud accumulated on the streets, where drains were few and far between and there were no supplies of water to flush them clean. Chadwick attributed the spread of disease to this filth, advocating improved water supplies and drains, and criticising the inefficient system of labourers and street sweepers then employed to maintain cleanliness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0066-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Government, Sanitation\nThe result was the passing of the Public Health Act 1848, which placed the responsibility for street cleansing, paving, sewers, and water supply on the municipal boroughs rather than on property owners. The boroughs had the power to create Boards of Health, charged with initiating the reforms, and also empowered to intervene and remove a broad range of \"nuisances\" to public health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0067-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Government, Sanitation\nThe weakness of the 1848 Act was that it did not compel the boroughs to act, but merely provided the framework for doing so. More comprehensive and forceful legislation was passed by Parliament with the Public Health Acts of 1872 and 1875. The last Act compelled the boroughs to provide adequate drainage, required all new housing to be built with running water, and required all streets to be equipped with lighting and pavements. The boards of health were replaced by urban sanitary authorities overseeing new urban sanitary districts. These authorities were more comprehensive than their predecessors, equipped with teams of medical officers and health inspectors who ensured food safety standards were met and actively prevented outbreaks of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0068-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Fog\nAtmospheric pollution caused by burning cheap soft coal created the city's notorious pea soup fog. Air pollution from burning wood or coal was nothing new to London \u2013 complaints about the city's dirty atmosphere exist as far back as the 13th century \u2013 but the population explosion and industrialisation of the 19th century aggravated both the severity of the fogs and their lethal effects on Londoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0069-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Fog\nThe fogs were at their worst in the month of November, but occurred frequently throughout the autumn and winter. Sulphur dioxide and soot emitted from chimneys mixed with the natural vapour of the Thames Valley to form a layer of greasy, acrid mist that shrouded the city up to 240 feet (75 metres) above street level. Its most common colour was a greenish-yellow \"pea soup\", but it could also be brown, black, orange, or grey. At their worst, the poor visibility caused by London fogs could halt traffic and required the street lamps to be lit all day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0069-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Fog\nConditions for pedestrians were extremely dangerous: in 1873, nineteen deaths were attributed to accidental drowning from victims who fell into the Thames, canals, or docks during foggy weather. There were also increases in crimes like theft, rape, and assault on London streets because of the cover provided by the fog. Charles Dickens Jr. described the \"London particular\" in his Dictionary of London of 1879:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0070-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Fog\nAs the east wind brings up the exhalations of the Essex and Kentish marshes, and as the damp-laden winter air prevents the dispersion of the partly consumed carbon from hundreds of thousands of chimneys, the strangest atmospheric compound known to science fills the valley of the Thames. At such times almost all the senses have their share of trouble. Not only does a strange and worse than Cimmerian darkness hide familiar landmarks from the sight, but the taste and sense of smell are offended by an unhallowed compound of flavours, and all things become greasy and clammy to the touch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0070-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Fog\nDuring the continuance of a real London fog\u2014which may be black, or grey, or more probably orange-coloured\u2014the happiest man is he who can stay at home...Nothing could be more deleterious to the lungs and the air-passages than the wholesale inhalation of the foul air and floating carbon which, combined, form a London fog.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0071-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Fog\nThere was wide awareness of the deleterious health effects of extended fogs in London, particularly upon those suffering from respiratory illnesses. Mortality rates could rise well above average at times of severe fog: 700 extra deaths, for example, were attributed to a particularly bad fog in 1873. The recurrent fogs of January and February 1880 were especially bad, killing an estimated 2,000 people and raising the death rate to 48.1 per 1,000 people, compared to the average of 26.3 per thousand in other English cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0072-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Smoke\nPollution and a smoky atmosphere prevailed at all times of year because of industrial activity and the sheer concentration of domestic fires: an estimated 3.5 million tons of coal were being consumed each year in London by 1854. By 1880 coal consumption stood at 10 million tons per year. \"The Smoke\", or \"The Big Smoke\", a nickname for London which persists into the modern day, originated during the Victorian period among country dwellers visiting the capital. One observer described it in 1850:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0073-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Smoke\n\"Soon after daybreak, the great factory shafts beside the river begin to discharge immense volumes of smoke; their clouds soon become confluent; the sky is overcast with a dingy veil; the house-chimneys presently add their contributions; and by ten o\u2019clock, as one approaches London from any hill in the suburbs, one may observe the total result of this gigantic nuisance hanging over the City like a pall.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0074-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Smoke\nThe smoky atmosphere meant that skin and clothing were quickly dirtied just by walking on the street. Household upholsteries, artwork, and furniture could become irretrievably dirtied, requiring large contingents of servants in the more prosperous households to maintain cleanliness. The preoccupation with the exorbitant laundry bills which resulted from the smoke was a main factor in legislating to control smoke emissions in London through the Smoke Nuisance Abatement (Metropolis) Act of 1853. In the debates surrounding the passage of this Act, it was estimated that a working class mechanic in London paid five times the cost of purchasing his shirt to launder it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0075-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Smoke\nThe grass of the Royal Parks took on a permanent soot colour, as did the sheep that were then allowed to graze in Regent's Park and Hyde Park. It was observed that certain varieties of flower refused to bloom in London or its vicinity, and many trees perished due to pollution. One of the trees that was resistant to the smoky environment was the London plane tree, which sheds its bark regularly and thus resisted the accumulation of soot which killed other trees. It became the go-to planting along streets and in gardens throughout the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0075-0001", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Smoke\nPorous brick and stone were quickly blackened with soot, an effect worsened during bad fogs and damp weather, creating a \"uniform dinginess\" among London's buildings. The acidic nature of soot deposits caused materials like iron and bronze to oxidise faster, while stone, mortar, and brick deteriorated at a noticeably faster rate. In response, terra cotta and other kiln-fired tiles became popular facings for buildings in the 1880s and 1890s, because they resisted soot and damp and also provided welcome colour to buildings that were otherwise drab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0076-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Pollution, Smoke\nConcerns over smoke pollution gave rise to private Smoke Abatement societies in London and throughout Britain, which championed different measures for controlling smoke pollution. One of these measures was smoke-prevention technology \u2013 an exhibition of such devices was staged in London over an 11-week period by the Smoke Abatement Committee in 1881. The exhibition attracted 116,000 attendants and displayed all manner of smokeless furnaces, stoves, grates, and alternative industrial equipment. While the passage of the 1853 Smoke Nuisance Abatement Act placed restrictions on industrial smoke emissions, an attempt in 1884 to legislate against domestic smoke pollution failed, leaving a significant contributor to the problem unregulated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158342-0077-0000", "contents": "19th-century London, Famous buildings and landmarks\nMany famous buildings and landmarks of London were constructed during the 19th century including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158343-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century National League teams\nThe following is a list of United States Major League Baseball teams that played in the National League during the 19th century. None of these teams, other than Athletic and Mutual, had actual names during this period; sportswriters however often applied creative monickers which are still, mistakenly, used today as \"team names\" following a convention established in 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158343-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century National League teams, Franchises by Year\nThis lineup of teams remained the same from 1892 to the end of the 1899 season. After the 1899 season Baltimore, Cleveland, Louisville and Washington were dropped from the National League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158343-0002-0000", "contents": "19th-century National League teams, Franchises by Year\nThis lineup remained the same until Boston relocated to Milwaukee in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States\nThe 19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States was characterized by several unsuccessful attempts by Catholics to culturally integrate themselves into the mainstream American culture of that century. Only during the 20th century did this fully succeed, with the election of John F. Kennedy to the presidency in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Immigration\nDuring the 19th century, a wave of immigrants from Ireland, Germany, Italy, Eastern Europe and elsewhere swelled the number of Roman Catholics. Substantial numbers of Catholics also came from French Canada during the mid-19th century and settled in New England. This influx would eventually bring increased political power for the Roman Catholic Church and a greater cultural presence, led at the same time to a growing fear of the Catholic \"menace.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0002-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Immigration\nBetween 1820 and 1860, the Irish constituted over one third                         of all immigrants to the United States. In the 1840s, they                         comprised nearly half of all immigrants to this nation. American Catholics were not exactly happy to see the new immigrants. Not only did the exponential growth set off nativist alarms among Protestants, they presented problems for the existing Catholic parishes. The wave of immigration from Ireland led to tension between the Irish and the French-dominated American Catholic Church. French Catholics were contemptuous of the Irish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0003-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Immigration\nLater this dynamic would be repeated in the post-Civil War period with the Irish in positions of power, and the new immigrants coming from places such as Naples and Sicily. These new immigrants shared little in common with their Irish Catholic co-religionists other than their faith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0004-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Immigration\nMany Catholics stopped practicing their religion or became Protestants. However, there were about 700,000 converts to Catholicism from 1813 to 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0005-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Archdiocese of Baltimore\nBecause of Maryland having been one of the few regions of the colonial United States that was predominantly Catholic, diocese of Baltimore achieved a pre-eminence over the other dioceses in the U.S. It was established as a diocese on November 6, 1789, and was established an Archdiocese on April 8, 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 90], "content_span": [91, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0006-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Archdiocese of Baltimore\nIn 1858, the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda, with the approval of Pius IX \"Prerogative of Place\" was conferred on the Archdiocese of Baltimore. This decree gave the Archbishop of Baltimore precedence over all the Archbishops of the United States (but not Cardinals) in councils, gatherings, and meetings of whatever kind of the Hierarchy (in conciliis, coetibus et comitiis quibuscumque) regardless of the seniority of other Archbishops in promotion or ordination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 90], "content_span": [91, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0007-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Dominance of Irish American Catholics\nBeginning in the 1840s, although outnumbered by the German American Catholics, Irish American Catholics comprised most of the bishops and controlled most of the  Catholic colleges and seminaries in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 103], "content_span": [104, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0008-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Parochial schools\nCatholic schools began in the United States as a reaction against a growing publicly funded school system that was essentially Protestant. In 1839  and 1840, the American Bible Society pledged that \"the Bible would be read in every classroom in the nation\". In what was then a predominantly Protestant country, this was generally understood to be the King James Version of the Scriptures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 83], "content_span": [84, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0009-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Parochial schools\nIn 1875, President Grant called for a Constitutional amendment that would mandate free public schools and prohibit the use of public funds for \"sectarian\" schools. Grant's motivation was rooted in his fear of a future with \"patriotism and intelligence on one side and superstition, ambition and greed on the other\" which he identified with the Catholic Church. Grant called for public schools that would be \"unmixed with atheistic, pagan or sectarian teaching.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 83], "content_span": [84, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0010-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Parochial schools\nSenator James G. Blaine of Maine had proposed such an amendment to the Constitution in 1874. The amendment was defeated in 1875 but would be used as a model for so-called \"Blaine Amendments\" incorporated into 34 state constitutions over the next three decades. These amendments prohibited the use of public funds to fund parochial schools and are still in effect today although a 2002 Supreme Court ruling partially vitiated these amendments. As of March 2009, no state school system had changed its laws to allow state funds to be used for this purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 83], "content_span": [84, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0011-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Plenary Councils of Baltimore\nIn the latter half of the 19th century, the first attempt at standardizing discipline in the American Church occurred with the convocation of the Plenary Councils of Baltimore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 95], "content_span": [96, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0012-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Slavery debate\nTwo slaveholding states, Maryland and Louisiana, had large contingents of Catholic residents. Archbishop of Baltimore, John Carroll, had two black servants - one free and one a slave. The Society of Jesus owned a large number of slaves who worked on the community's farms. Realizing that their properties were more profitable if rented out to tenant farmers rather that worked by slaves, the Jesuits began selling off their slaves in 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0013-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Slavery debate\nIn 1839, Pope Gregory XVI issued a Bull, entitled In Supremo. Its main focus was against slave trading, but it also clearly condemned racial slavery:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0014-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Slavery debate\nHowever, the American church continued in deeds, if not in public discourse, to support slaveholding interests. Some American bishops misinterpreted In Supremo as condemning only the slave trade and not slavery itself. Bishop John England of Charleston actually wrote several letters to the Secretary of State under President Van Buren explaining that the Pope, in In Supremo, did not condemn slavery but only the slave trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0015-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Slavery debate\nOne outspoken critic of slavery was Archbishop John Baptist Purcell of Cincinnati, Ohio. In an 1863 Catholic Telegraph editorial Purcell wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0016-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Slavery debate\nDuring the war, American bishops continued to allow slave-owners to take communion. During the Civil War, Pope Pius IX made no secret of his affinity for the Confederacy, and the American hierarchy was so fearful of local schisms that the bishops were reluctant to speak out on behalf of abolition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0017-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, African-American Catholics\nBecause the antebellum South was predominantly Protestant, most African-Americans who adopted Christianity became Protestant. However, there have been African-American Catholics since colonial times. Irish, Italian and Eastern European Catholics and their clergy often excluded blacks from local parishes. Many blacks simply felt more at home in their birthright Protestant churches, where adaptable liturgies and ministerial opportunities meant that black Christians could worship their own way more readily than in Latin-rite Catholicism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 92], "content_span": [93, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0018-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, African-American Catholics\nOpposition to educating the slaves in the South was so intense that many religious orders shied away from the task for fear of alienating white patronage. Feuds between religious orders and non-Catholics often forced black Americans out of the schools. Southern bishops repeatedly tried to muster the funds and workforce and funds to render an effective ministry to African Americans, but their extreme poverty crippled most of the efforts they made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 92], "content_span": [93, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0019-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, African-American Catholics\nAs a result of this discrimination, African-American Catholics operated largely as segregated enclaves. They also founded separate religious orders for black nuns and priests since diocesan seminaries would not accept them. For example, they formed two separate communities of black nuns: the Oblate Sisters of Providence in 1829 and the Holy Family Sisters in 1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 92], "content_span": [93, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0020-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, African-American Catholics\nWhile there had been African-American Catholics since colonial times, historically only white priests tended to their spiritual and corporal needs. Although the Vatican promoted the importance of African-American priests, the American hierarchy, exhibiting commonly accepted racial attitudes, considered African-Americans poor prospects for the priesthood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 92], "content_span": [93, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0021-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, African-American Catholics\nThese attitudes forced the first African-American priests to pursue their formational studies and ordination outside of the United States. James Augustine Healy, a light-skinned son of an African-American mother and Irish-immigrant father, was ordained in 1854 in Paris, France. Father Healy eventually became the second bishop of the Diocese of Portland, Maine in 1875\u2014the first such African American. His brother, Patrick Francis Healy, joined the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in Liege, France in 1864 and became the president of Georgetown University ten years later. These were all firsts for African Americans, and he was also the first to earn a PhD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 92], "content_span": [93, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0022-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, African-American Catholics\nIn 1886, Augustus Tolton, a former slave, was ordained a priest in Rome and returned to the United States to minister to the needs of African-American Catholics in the Midwest. It was not until 1891 that Charles Uncles became the first African-American priest to be ordained in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 92], "content_span": [93, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0023-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, African-American Catholics\nIn 1866, Archbishop Martin J. Spalding of Baltimore convened the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, partially in response to the growing need for religious care for former slaves. Attending bishops remain divided over the issue of separate parishes for African-American Catholics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 92], "content_span": [93, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0024-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, African-American Catholics\nIn 1889, Daniel Rudd, a former slave and Ohio journalist, organized the National Black Catholic Congress, the first national organization for African-American Catholic lay men. The Congress met in Washington, D.C. and discussed issues such as education, job training, and \"the need for family virtues.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 92], "content_span": [93, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0025-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Third Plenary Council of Baltimore\nOne result of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore was the development of the Baltimore Catechism which became the standard text for Catholic education in the United States and remained so until the 1960s when Catholic churches and schools began moving away from catechism-based education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 100], "content_span": [101, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0026-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Third Plenary Council of Baltimore\nAnother result of this council was the establishment of The Catholic University of America, the national Catholic university in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 100], "content_span": [101, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0027-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Labor union movement\nThe Catholic Church exercised a prominent role in shaping America's labor movement. From the onset of significant immigration in the 1840s, the Church in the United States was predominantly urban, with both its leaders and congregants usually of the laboring classes. Over the course of the second half of the 19th century, nativism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-unionism coalesced in Republican politics, and Catholics gravitated toward unions and the Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 86], "content_span": [87, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0028-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Americanism\nThe Whitemarsh Constitutions in 1784 called for congregational election of pastors and lay control of parochial finances. Bishop John England in Charleston set up a Diocesan Constitution calling for popularly elected delegates in the dioceses. By the 1830s, however, the bishops had regained full control and ended advisory councils of laymen. Progressive Catholics in America advocated greater Catholic involvement in American culture, which some understood to mean that Roman Catholics should adapt its teachings to modern civilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0029-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Americanism\nThis was too close to the liberalism condemned by the pope. Rumors spread among Europeans that an \"Americanist\" movement was sweeping the Catholic churches in the United States and would allegedly soon lead to the American Church claiming independence for itself. Americanism was considered a serious heresy by the Vatican, meant Catholic endorsement of the policy of separation of church and state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0029-0001", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Americanism\nRome feared that such a heresy was held by Irish Catholic leaders in the United States, such as Isaac Hecker, and bishops John Keane, John Ireland, and John Lancaster Spalding, as well as the magazines Catholic World and Ave Marie. The true Catholic belief supposedly was close support of the Catholic Church by a government. Allegations were made by German American Catholic bishops in the Midwest, who are distrustful of the Irish to increasingly dominated the American Catholic Church..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0030-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Americanism\nThe Vatican grew alarmed in the 1890s, and  Pope Leo XIII issued an encyclical denouncing Americanism in theory. In Longinqua oceani (1895; \u201cWide Expanse of the Ocean\u201d), Leo warned the American church leaders hierarchy not to export their unique system of separation of church and state. In 1898 he lamented an America where church and state are \"dissevered and divorced,\" and wrote of his preference for a closer relationship between the Catholic Church and the State, along European lines. Finally, in his pastoral letter Testem benevolentiae (1899; \u201cWitness to Our Benevolence\u201d) to Cardinal Gibbons, Leo condemned other forms of Americanism. In response, Gibbons denied that American Catholics held any of the condemned views. Leo's pronouncements effectively ended the Americanist movement and curtailed the activities of American progressive Catholics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 935]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0031-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Americanism\nThe controversy soon died out, but the Irish Catholics increasingly demonstrated their total loyalty to the Pope, and traces of liberal thought in the Catholic colleges were suppressed. At bottom it was a cultural conflict, as the conservative Europeans were facing heavy attacks on the Catholic church from the new German empire and the French Third Republic. Accordingly, European Church leaders did not appreciate arguments put forward by Archbishop Ireland that a self-confident, optimistic American republic-- with no established church-- was the best forum for the growth of Roman Catholicism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0032-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Anti-Catholicism\nSome anti-immigrant and Nativism movements, like the Know Nothings in the 1850s and the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s, have also been anti-Catholic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0033-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Anti-Catholicism\nAnti - Catholic animus in the United States reached a peak in the 1850s when some Protestant leaders became alarmed by the influx of Catholic immigrants. Preachers echoed the Protestant Reformation of 400 years before by calling the Catholic Church the Whore of Babylon in the Book of Revelation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0034-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Anti-Catholicism\nIrish Catholic politicians were blamed for engaging in political corruption and violence. Nativists alleged that the Irish voters were controlled by local priests who were in the control of Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0035-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Anti-Catholicism\nThe nativist movement found expression in a short-lived national political movement called the Know-Nothing Party of the 1850s, which (unsuccessfully) ran former president Millard Fillmore as its presidential candidate in 1856. Catholic patriotism manifested by service in the Civil War undermined the movement. After the war anti-Catholic agitation, as in the American Protective Association of the 1890s received almost no support from major politicians or cultural leaders, and was in large part the product of Lutheran or Irish Protestant immigrants, especially those who brought in Orange Lodges from Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158344-0036-0000", "contents": "19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States, Anti-Catholicism\nThe Catholic Church, in part, established lay fraternities and colleges such as Boston College, the College of Holy Cross, and the University of Notre Dame to upgrade its cultural status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 82], "content_span": [83, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy\nIn the 19th century, the philosophers of the 18th-century Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect on subsequent developments in philosophy. In particular, the works of Immanuel Kant gave rise to a new generation of German philosophers and began to see wider recognition internationally. Also, in a reaction to the Enlightenment, a movement called Romanticism began to develop towards the end of the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0000-0001", "contents": "19th-century philosophy\nKey ideas that sparked changes in philosophy were the fast progress of science, including evolution, most notably postulated by Charles Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and theories regarding what is today called emergent order, such as the free market of Adam Smith within nation states. Pressures for egalitarianism, and more rapid change culminated in a period of revolution and turbulence that would see philosophy change as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Brief historical outline\nWith the tumultuous years of 1789\u20131815, European culture was transformed by revolution, war and disruption. By ending many of the social and cultural props of the previous century, the stage was set for dramatic economic and political change. European philosophy reflected on, participated in, and drove, many of these changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0002-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Brief historical outline, Influences from the late Enlightenment\nThe last third of the 18th century produced a host of ideas and works which would both systematize previous philosophy, and present a deep challenge to the basis of how philosophy had been systematized. Immanuel Kant is a name that most would mention as being among the most important of influences, as is Jean-Jacques Rousseau. While both of these philosophers were products of the 18th century and its assumptions, they pressed at the boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0002-0001", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Brief historical outline, Influences from the late Enlightenment\nIn trying to explain the nature of the state and government, Rousseau would challenge the basis of government with his declaration that \"Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains\". Kant, while attempting to preserve axiomic skepticism, was forced to argue that we do not see true reality, nor do we speak of it. All we know of reality is appearances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0002-0002", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Brief historical outline, Influences from the late Enlightenment\nSince all we can see of reality is appearances, which are subject to certain necessary and subjective forms of perceptions, Kant postulates the idea of an unknowable (while at the same time limiting our use of science and the principle of causality to the appearances). Hegel's distinction between the unknowable and the circumstantially unknown can be seen as the beginnings of Hegel's rational system of the universe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0003-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Brief historical outline, Influences from the late Enlightenment\nYet another philosopher of the late Enlightenment that was influential in the 19th century was Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749\u20131827), whose formulation of nomological determinism is famous up to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0004-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies\nThis is a partial list of schools of 19th-century philosophy (also known as late modern philosophy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0005-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, German idealism\nOne of the first philosophers to attempt to grapple with Kant's philosophy was Johann Gottlieb Fichte, whose development of Kantian metaphysics became a source of inspiration for the Romantics. In Wissenschaftslehre, Fichte argues that the self posits itself and is a self-producing and changing process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0006-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, German idealism\nFriedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, a student of Fichte, continued to develop many of the same ideas and was also assimilated by the Romantics as something of an official philosopher for their movement. But it was another of Fichte's students, and former roommate of Schelling, who would rise to become the most prominent of the post-Kantian idealists: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. His work revealed the increasing importance of historical thinking in German thought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0007-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, German idealism\nArthur Schopenhauer, rejecting Hegel and also materialism, called for a return to Kantian transcendentalism, at the same time adopting atheism and determinism, amongst others. His secular thought became more popular in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, which coincided with the advents of Darwinism, positivism, Marxism and philological analysis of the Bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0008-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, German idealism\nIn the second half of the 19th century, an even more orthodox return to Kantian thought was espoused by a number of Neo-Kantian philosophers based in two main locations: the Marburg School and the Baden School. This trend of thought survived into the beginning of the next century, influencing 20th century philosophical movements such as Neopositivism and Phenomenology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0009-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, German idealism\nOne of the most famous opponents of idealism in the first half of the German 19th century was Ludwig Feuerbach, who advocated materialism and atheism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0010-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Utilitarianism\nUtilitarianism is a consequentialist approach to normative ethics that holds morally right actions are those that promote the most human happiness. Jeremy Bentham, who created his version of the theory in 1829, and John Stuart Mill who made his in 1861 are considered the founders utilitarianism, though the basic concept predates either of the two philosophers. Utilitarianism remains as one of the more appealing and compelling approaches to normative ethics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0011-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Marxism\nDeveloped by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-to-late-19th Century, Marxism is a sociopolitical and economic view based on the philosophy of dialectical materialism, which opposes idealism in favour of the materialist viewpoint. Marx analysed history itself as the progression of dialectics in the form of class struggle. From this it is argued that \"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0011-0001", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Marxism\nAccording to Marx, this began with the phase of primitive communism (hunter-gatherer society), after which the Neolithic Revolution gave way to slave societies, progressing into the feudal society, and then into his present era of the Industrial Revolution, after which he held that the next step was for the proletariat to overthrow the owners of industry and establish a socialist society, which would further develop into a communist society, in which class distinctions, money, and the state would have withered from existence entirely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0012-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Marxism\nMarxism had a profound influence on the history of the 20th Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0013-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Existentialism\nExistentialism as a philosophical movement is properly a 20th-century movement, but its major antecedents, S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche wrote long before the rise of existentialism. In the 1840s, academic philosophy in Europe, following Hegel, was almost completely divorced from the concerns of individual human life, in favour of pursuing abstract metaphysical systems. Kierkegaard sought to reintroduce to philosophy, in the spirit of Socrates: subjectivity, commitment, faith, and passion, all of which are a part of the human condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0014-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Existentialism\nLike Kierkegaard, Nietzsche saw the moral values of 19th-century Europe disintegrating into nihilism (Kierkegaard called it the levelling process). Nietzsche attempted to undermine traditional moral values by exposing its foundations. To that end, he distinguished between master and slave moralities, and claimed that man must turn from the meekness and humility of Europe's slave-morality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0015-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Existentialism\nBoth philosophers are precursors to existentialism, among other ideas, for their importance on the \"great man\" against the age. Kierkegaard wrote of 19th-century Europe, \"Each age has its own characteristic depravity. Ours is perhaps not pleasure or indulgence or sensuality, but rather a dissolute pantheistic contempt for the individual man.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0016-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Positivism\nAuguste Comte, the self-professed founder of modern sociology, put forward the view that the rigorous ordering of confirmable observations alone ought to constitute the realm of human knowledge. He had hoped to order the sciences in increasing degrees of complexity from mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and a new discipline called \"sociology\", which is the study of the \"dynamics and statics of society\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0017-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Pragmatism\nThe American philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce and William James developed the pragmatist philosophy in the late 19th century. This school of thought holds that the value of an idea is based upon its practicability or utility rather than the extent to which it reflects reality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0018-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, British idealism\nThe twilight years of the 19th century in Britain saw the rise of British idealism, a revival of interest in the works of Kant and Hegel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0019-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Transcendentalism\nTranscendentalism was rooted in Immanuel Kant's transcendence and German idealism, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. The main belief was in an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158345-0020-0000", "contents": "19th-century philosophy, Philosophical schools and tendencies, Social Darwinism\n\"Social Darwinism\" refers to theories that apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158346-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century turnpikes in Massachusetts\nIn the late 18th century and early 19th century, turnpikes, as opposed to ordinary roads of the same time, were roads where gates barred travelers from continuing and at which payments were demanded for the use of the road. The word \"turnpike\" itself comes from the fact that these gates, called \"pikes,\" were \"turned\" once the toll was paid. The privilege of building and operating turnpikes was conferred by the state legislature to \"turnpike corporations\". Turnpikes were constructed using private capital, were privately owned, and were operated for revenue from toll collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158346-0000-0001", "contents": "19th-century turnpikes in Massachusetts\nThe turnpike era in Massachusetts began in 1796, when the first act of incorporation for a turnpike was passed. By 1850, most turnpike corporations had either been dissolved or had stopped collecting tolls. In all, 118 acts of incorporation were passed (ten of these were in the territory that later became the state of Maine). Typical toll rates were twenty-five cents for every coach with additional charges of four cents for every man and horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158346-0001-0000", "contents": "19th-century turnpikes in Massachusetts, List of turnpikes\nThe following 19th century turnpikes were chartered and built in Massachusetts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158347-0000-0000", "contents": "19th-century turnpikes in Rhode Island\nThe following turnpikes were chartered and built in Rhode Island:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158348-0000-0000", "contents": "19\u201321 Sankey Street, Warrington\n19\u201321 Sankey Street is a shop in Warrington, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade\u00a0II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158348-0001-0000", "contents": "19\u201321 Sankey Street, Warrington, History\nThe building was designed by the Chester architect John Douglas and was one of his earliest works. It was constructed in 1864 as the showrooms for the furniture makers Robert Garnett and Sons, whose factory was directly behind the shop. The original shop front has been replaced by one of more modern design. In 1999 the building was occupied by a Woolworth's shop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158348-0002-0000", "contents": "19\u201321 Sankey Street, Warrington, Architecture, Structure\nThe building has three storeys and is in Gothic Revival style. As originally built, the ground floor consisted of carved stone piers and arcading. The remaining upper storeys are constructed in red sandstone with dressings of lighter-coloured stone. The middle storey contains one three-light and three two-light windows. Over each light is a pointed arch supported by a free-standing polished granite column. The voussoirs over each arch consist of stones of alternating red and a lighter colour. The top storey has four two-light windows, similar to those in the middle storey, but simpler in design. Between the two storeys is a carved frieze. Along the top of the frontage is an elaborate corbelled cornice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158348-0003-0000", "contents": "19\u201321 Sankey Street, Warrington, Architecture, Critique\nDouglas' biographer, Edward Hubbard, was of the opinion that the design of the building was influenced by the writings of John Ruskin and George Gilbert Scott, particularly in the use of polychromy. He considered that it was \"in its way one of the best thing he [Douglas] ever did, and it would be difficult to better it as an example of mid-Victorian street architecture\". The authors of the Buildings of England series state that it has \"a High Victorian Gothic fa\u00e7ade of the most refined kind\", and consider that it is one of Douglas' \"very best works\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0000-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine\n1: Nenokkadine (transl. 1: I am alone) is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language psychological action thriller film written and directed by Sukumar. Produced by Ram Achanta, Gopichand Achanta, and Anil Sunkara as 14 Reels Entertainment and distributed by Eros International, the film features Mahesh Babu and Kriti Sanon who makes her debut, in the lead roles. Nassar, Pradeep Rawat, Kelly Dorji, and Anu Hasan appear in supporting roles. Babu's son, Gautham Krishna, made his debut in the film as a younger version of the protagonist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0001-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine\n1: Nenokkadine revolves around the search by Gautham (a schizophrenic Indian rock musician missing 25 per cent of his brain's grey matter) for his parents, whom he believes were murdered by three men. Sameera, a journalist, convinces him that he is an orphan and is hallucinating. When Gautham kills one of the \"imaginary\" men for his psychological satisfaction, he realises that the dead man is real and leaves for London to find his roots and the other two men behind his parents' death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0002-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine\nSukumar began working on 1: Nenokkadine's script after completing 100% Love (2011), making a bus driver's tale about a boy who claimed that his parents were murdered on his bus the film's base. R. Rathnavelu was the film's director of photography, and Karthika Srinivas, its editor. Devi Sri Prasad composed the soundtrack and background score. 1: Nenokkadine was introduced on 12 February 2012, and principal photography, which began on 23 April 2012, was completed in late October 2013. It was filmed in London, Belfast, Bangkok and Indian cities including Hyderabad, Mumbai, Goa, Chennai and Bangalore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0003-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine\nProduced on a budget of \u20b970 crores, 1: Nenokkadine was released on 10 January 2014 on about 1,500 screens during the Sankranti festival season. Grossing over $1.327\u00a0million, 1: Nenokkadine became the fourth-highest-grossing Telugu film at the United States box office then. The film won three awards from eight nominations at the 4th South Indian International Movie Awards, and two awards at the 11th CineMAA Awards. The film is considered one of the \"25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade\" by Film Companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0004-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Plot\nGautham is a schizophrenic Indian rock musician who is missing 25 per cent of his grey matter. He hallucinates a mysterious person he believes is one of the three murderers of his parents. As a child, Gautham was convinced that he was an orphan and assumes that his parents are dead; he does not remember their names or what they looked like.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0005-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Plot\nAt one of his concerts, Gautham sees one of the three men and chases him. Sameera, a journalist at the concert, films Gautham fighting his imaginary opponent. Gautham surrenders to the police after \"killing\" the man, confessing that he killed three men: one in Belfast, one in Pune and one just now in Hyderabad. He is released from custody after Sameera broadcasts the video on television. According to his doctor, if Gautham can hallucinate a person other than the three men, he can be treated. Gautham goes to Goa on vacation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0005-0001", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Plot\nSameera stalks him, convincing him that two people are stalking him: a journalist who wants to interview him (imaginary), and a person claiming to be his fan (real). Gautham begins to fall in love with Sameera. He saves her from a group of people trying to murder her; on an isolated island together, Gautham learns the truth behind the fourth imaginary person and writes Sameera off as a disturbed journalist. By the time he learns about Sameera's intentions, she has left for Hyderabad; Gautham pursues her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0006-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Plot\nIn Hyderabad, Gautham accidentally spoils Sameera's birthday plans, infuriating her. Although he is convinced that he has made up an enemy to cope with being an orphan, a mysterious person tries to kill Sameera. Gautham saves her and proposes marriage, which she accepts. Sameera learns that the mysterious person is Antonio Rosarios, a Goa-based crime boss who wants to kill her because she tried to expose the presence of hydrogen cyanide in seeds sold by Rosarios' company, AG1. Gautham meets Rosarios in the lobby of Sameera's office building. Assuming that he is an illusion, he shoots Rosarios in his head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0006-0001", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Plot\nBy the time Gautham realises Rosarios is real, he is dead, and Gautham learns that his parents were murdered. He catches an aged taxi driver who was stalking him (one of the three men he imagined), and learns that two London-based Indians (one of whom was Rosarios) killed his parents; his father gave the taxi driver a bag to give to Gautham. In the bag is an old Rubik's Cube, a key and a British coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0007-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Plot\nGautham and Sameera go to London, where they and their driver Gulaab Singh escape from a murder attempt; Gautham's manager, Michael, is killed. The Rubik's Cube, when solved a certain way, reveals a safe-deposit-box number in which Gautham finds a preserved rice sample. After escaping another murder attempt in a parking lot, he eludes the police and the two men with Sameera and Singh's help. One of the men\u2014a fan\u2014seeks revenge for his father (one of the other murderers, according to the aged taxi driver), who was killed by Gautham in Belfast when he performed there. Gautham learns that the aged taxi driver he met previously is a businessman and the murderer; the person hit by the businessman's car in Gautham's presence was the actual, innocent taxi driver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0008-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Plot\nGautham and the businessman confront each other, and the businessman says that he and Gautham's father were good friends and fellow scientists. They worked on cultivating Golden rice, a variety which could grow in any weather. When Gautham's father refused to sell it in favour of distributing it globally for free, the businessman and Rosarios killed his parents. When he refuses to tell Gautham about his parents, Gautham kills him. On his way to the airport, Gautham passes the school he had attended and hears children singing a rhyme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0008-0001", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Plot\nIt reminds him of a similar rhyme he learned from his mother, and he remembers his way back to his house. At his house (a dilapidated villa), Gautham finds a photo of his parents, Chandrasekhar and Kalyani. He later introduces the rice variety at a global convention as \"the second green revolution\", and the film ends with Gautham standing in his field of Golden rice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0009-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Development\nAfter completing 100% Love (2011), Sukumar began working on a psychological thriller with Mahesh Babu in mind as the protagonist because he felt that Babu had universal appeal. An incident in which a bus driver talked about a young boy who said that his parents were murdered on his bus became the story's base. Babu met Sukumar on the set of Businessman (2012) in Goa, and listened to the script for 25 minutes. Although Sukumar could not describe the story well in the noisy restaurant, Babu agreed to appear in the film within half an hour. Sukumar worked on 1:\u00a0Nenokkadine's script for two months, and considered it his dream project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0010-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Development\nRam Achanta, Gopichand Achanta and Anil Sunkara of 14 Reels Entertainment, who produced Babu's Dookudu (2011) and Aagadu (2014), agreed to produce 1: Nenokkadine after hearing the script. Asked about his frequent collaboration with them, Babu said that Sukumar clearly indicated the risk of budget escalation and longer production and said that he and Sukumar could be viewed as criminals if it was produced by someone else. Sunil Lulla and Andrew Hefferman were credited as co-producers, and Koti Paruchuri was its executive producer. The film, introduced on 12 February 2012 in Hyderabad, received its title in May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0011-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Casting\nBabu agreed to be fit and healthy, since the film emphasised action scenes. He followed a 12-week Dynamic Transformation Plan (DTP) supervised by Kris Gethin, developing his abdominal muscles and losing weight. Babu then followed a Yoda Three Training regime (Y3T), supervised by Neil Hill, further developing his muscles. His stylist, Ashwin Malwe, said that his appearance and style would be \"sophisticated and classy\" in the film. Sukumar had Babu wear eyeglasses, since the director felt that audiences tended to consider a bespectacled character to be perfectionistic and positive, and the actor's hairstyle was changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0012-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Casting\nTamannaah was considered for the female lead, since the producers were impressed with her performance in 100% Love. She declined the offer, citing scheduling conflicts, and the Producer's Council told her not to sign for any new films until she completed her current assignments. After auditioning two actresses, Sukumar chose Kajal Aggarwal in March 2012 as the female lead. She was replaced by Kriti Sanon in October 2012, due to scheduling conflicts. Sanon was signed for Heropanti (2014) after completing one shooting schedule for 1:\u00a0Nenokkadine, and divided her time between the films. Sanon, who was involved in several action scenes filmed on the sea, was apprehensive about a scene in which Babu took her from a yacht since she did not know how to swim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0013-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Casting\nBabu's seven-year-old son, Gautham Krishna, was chosen to play the younger version of the protagonist in his Telugu cinema debut. According to Sukumar, Gautham looked like the actor did as a child. When the director approached Babu and his wife, Namrata Shirodkar, Gautham Krishna was only six and they were apprehensive. His introduction scene was filmed silently by Peter Hein, since the boy was afraid of gunfire. Naveen Polishetty played a supporting role as Babu's friend in the film, and Vikram Singh was signed as an antagonist. Nassar, Pradeep Rawat, Kelly Dorji, Sayaji Shinde and Anu Hasan were cast in other supporting roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0014-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Casting\nJacqueline Fernandez was approached to perform an item number in the film, but the producers failed to make a deal and instead signed Sophie Choudry after seeing her performance in \"Aala Re Aala\" from Shootout at Wadala (2013). For her first Telugu song, Choudry joined the film's set in September 2013. Sukumar said about the item number, \"It's a superstar's film and it should reach all. Item numbers are common these days, and people expect to see them. The situation was that Babu had to go to a pub to get information about the person he was looking for. So there was an occasion to put in an item number\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0015-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Crew\nR. Rathnavelu, who collaborated with Sukumar on Arya (2004) and Jagadam (2007), was the film's director of photography in his return to Telugu cinema after seven years. Rathnavelu called the film \"more challenging aesthetically\" and compared it to Enthiran (2010), which he considered his technically-toughest film. He created the film's visual style in a week with a variety of cameras, such as Red Epic, Body Rigs, Doggies and an underwater scuba camera. For the climaxes, Rathnavelu shifted from chrome to black-and-white to full colour in synchronisation with the story's mood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0016-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Crew\nRathnavelu had to address the protagonist's mood swings and hallucinations, replicating scenes with minor differences. The film was shot in locations with a variety of climates, and new technical crews were hired in those places. Sukumar said, \"We looked at world technicians and saw their work and can use whatever we learnt\" and called it a \"new yet learning experience\" \u00a0[sic].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0017-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Crew\nSukumar's usual composer, Devi Sri Prasad, was chosen for the film's soundtrack and score in Prasad's first Babu film. He went through the script and discussed it with Sukumar, who felt that Prasad translated his vision in the background score. Prasad finished re-recording the film's second half in four days. Eleven-year-old journalist Smrithika Thuhina's father was an associate director of the film, and Prasad emailed him the rhyme's tune with several stills from the scene; his daughter wrote the lyrics for the rhyme. P. Madhusudhan Reddy was the film's audiographer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0018-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Crew\nPeter Hein choreographed 1: Nenokkadine's action sequences, and Prem Rakshith choreographed its songs. Jakka Hari Prasad and Palnati Surya Pratap worked on the film's story, and Y. K. Arjun, Thota Srinivas and Potluri Venkateswara Rao developed the script. Jeremy Zimmerman was credited with the screenplay, assisted by Sunil Madhav. V. Srinivas Mohan was 1: Nenokkadine's visual-effects producer and R. C. Kamalakannan and Adel Adili's visual-effects company, Makuta, worked on the film. Karthika Srinivas was its chief editor, assisted by Siva Saravanan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0019-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Filming\nPrincipal photography began on 23 April 2012, with the filming of \"Who R U?\" featuring Babu and Aggarwal supervised by Prem Rakshith on a set at Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad. Six\u00a0hundred models performed in the song, and about 2,000 people participated in the shoot. After its completion, an action sequence was filmed. The first shooting schedule wrapped up, and Babu returned to the set of Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (2013). The second schedule began on 31 May 2012 on house and colony sets at Saradhi Studios in Hyderabad, including scenes with Babu and others. Scenes of Babu at the police station were also part of the schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0020-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Filming\nSince the actor had allotted a block of time to Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu, 1:\u00a0Nenokkadine's filming was delayed. When the former neared completion, he resumed work on 1: Nenokkadine in late September 2012 in Hyderabad. Filming continued in Goa in mid-October, after a four-month hiatus, and a song with Babu and others was filmed in late October. The Goa schedule wrapped up on 1 November, with half the filming completed. Babu took a break to promote Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu, returning to the set on 23 January 2013. The next shooting schedule, which began on 18 March, lasted for three weeks. Night scenes focusing on Babu and others were filmed in Kukatpally in mid-April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0021-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Filming\nThe next schedule, which began on 18 June, filmed in London and Belfast for 60 days. At the Causeway Pictures studio in Northern Ireland, 1:\u00a0Nenokkadine was the first Telugu film shot in Belfast. Hollywood stunt co-ordinator Conrad Palmisano supervised stunts by Babu and others. Rathnavelu called the action scene in a London car park \"one of the most satisfying\" things he had ever done. The scene takes place during a power failure, with the headlights of motorcycles chasing the protagonist the only sources of light. To film the scene, Rathnavelu used LED lamps and three torchlights; smoke was pumped into the air to create a backdrop. When scenes were filmed on one of London's three main bridges, traffic was stopped on both sides of the bridge for more than eight hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0022-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Production, Filming\nAfter London, filming continued in Bangkok in August 2013 and in Hyderabad in September; some scenes were filmed in and near Banjara Hills. The last shooting schedule began in Bangkok in early October 2013, with action scenes supervised by Peter Hein. The remaining dialogue scenes were filmed in Bangalore in mid-October 2013. They were finished by late November, and the last song was filmed in Mumbai. Principal photography wrapped in late December 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0023-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Music\nThe film's five-song soundtrack was composed by Sukumar's usual collaborator Devi Sri Prasad, with lyrics by Chandrabose. Lahari Music acquired its marketing rights for \u20b910 million, which is a record for a Telugu film. The soundtrack album was released on 21 December 2013 with a promotional event at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad. The event, watched by 14,500 people, was shown live in 24 theatres across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and was the first Indian soundtrack release event shown live in theatres. The rhyme from the film's climax was released separately on 23 January 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0024-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Music\nThe audio received a positive response from critics. Cinecorn.com rated 3 out of 5, stating, the music album as \"good\". Indiaglitz rated 3.25 out of 5, stating \"An album with intense as well as playful songs, it is a true Sukumar-DSP product, complete with meaningful lyrics.\" Karthik Srinivasan of Milliblog stated the soundtrack as \"ear-friendly\", while a review for The Times of India, described the album as \"fair\", compared to Prasad's previous works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0025-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Release\n1: Nenokkadine was released globally on 10 January 2014 on about 1,500 screens, around the same time as Yevadu (which was released two days later). The film was Babu's third consecutive release during the Makar Sankranti festival season, following Businessman in 2012 and Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu in 2013. Eros International acquired its global distribution rights for \u20b9720 million, and it was released and distributed by 14 Reels Entertainment. 1: Nenokkadine was released on 900 screens across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Including multiplexes, 108 screens were booked in Hyderabad and there were 600 screenings on the film's release day. It broke the record held by Attarintiki Daredi (2013), which had been released on 100 screens in Hyderabad. 14 Reels Entertainment released the film in Auro 11.1 cinema audio format, supported by Barco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0026-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Release\nKarnataka distribution rights were sold to RNR Films, who had distributed Dookudu in the state, for \u20b9450 million. 1:\u00a0Nenokkadine was released on about 200 screens overseas, a record for a Telugu film. In addition to the United States and the United Kingdom, the film was released in Australia, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Malaysia and Germany; it was the first Telugu film released in Ukraine. When reaction to the film's length was mixed, the producers reduced its running time from 169 to 149 minutes. 1: Nenokkadine had its global television premiere on 8 June 2014 on Gemini TV, with a TRP rating of 7.32. The film was dubbed and released in Hindi as 1: Ek Ka Dum in 2014, and in Malayalam and Tamil as Number 1 in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0027-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Release, Marketing\nA mobile app was released on 27 November 2013 on Google Play, and later on iOS; 1: Nenokkadine's first look, posters, video promos and other promotional material were released through the app. On 21 December 2013, users could download the film's soundtrack and purchase bulk pre-release tickets. Its digital-media marketing was handled by Sharath Chandra, Anurag and Rohita of First Show Digital. The digital campaign placed third at the 2014 Indian Digital Media Awards in Mumbai, surpassing that for Krrish 3. It accounted for 15 percent of total promotional activity, influencing the sale of 7,500 tickets on the film's release day. 1: Nenokkadine's YouTube channel had 12 million views; on Facebook its page received 130 million views, reaching 40 million users and engaging 3.9 million people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0028-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Release, Marketing\nThe film's audio teaser was released on 17 December 2013, a few days before the audio launch. The theatrical trailer of the movie was released on 25 December 2013. South Indian actress Samantha Ruth Prabhu found a poster of Sanon crawling behind Babu \"regressive\", triggering a backlash on Facebook and Twitter from Babu's fans. Actor Siddharth and filmmaker Sekhar Kammula shared her view, receiving a similar response, and filmmaker Pritish Nandy said that the poster was \"gross\" and \"regressive\". Sukumar later removed that sequence from the film to avoid further issues, although the Central Board of Film Certification did not object to its inclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0029-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Reception, Critical response\nAccording to an early report from the International Business Times, 1: Nenokkadine received negative reviews from critics. Later reports suggest that the reviews were mixed. According to The New Indian Express, its audience was \"gripped through the whole film, but not for the right reasons\": \"Ending with a heralding of a second 'Green Revolution' and carrying on a legacy that aims at a food Utopia, you wish the movie continued with the schizophrenia and ended in an asylum\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0029-0001", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Reception, Critical response\nKarthik Pasupulate of The Times of India gave the film three out of five stars: \"The [Telugu cinema] format of six songs, five fights and loads of entertainment and melodrama makes it impossible to respectably adapt racy Hollywood styled suspense thrillers\". Radhika Rajamani of Rediff called the film \"inordinately long, with repetitive scenes and slow and sluggish narration\", and a \"sense of ennui set in after a point\"; however, Rajamani praised the lead actors' performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0029-0002", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Reception, Critical response\nSify gave the film 2.75 out of five stars: \"In 1 Nenokkadine, individual sequences are cool but the same cannot be said if we see it in totality. Apart from Mahesh Babu's stunning performance, the drive of the film is completely off the track. It disappoints.\" Suresh Kavirayani of Deccan Chronicle gave the film 2.5 out of five stars: \"To say it in a line, the film falls short of expectations and disappoints film goers, especially the fans of Mahesh Babu\". Kavirayani called Rathnavelu's cinematography its \"saving grace\", praising the lead pair's performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0030-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Reception, Critical response\nSangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu wrote, \"How often do we get to watch a Telugu film where the audience, along with the protagonist and supporting characters, is also required to think and distinguish between events unfolding in real and imaginary spaces?\" and called 1\u00a0Nenokkadine a \"visually stunning\" film. Sridhar Vivan of Bangalore Mirror gave the film 3.5\u00a0out of five stars: \"As the film tries out a refined or reformed revenge saga, it needs to be seen whether 1 Nenokkadine works at the box office. If it does, it is a good sign for Telugu cinema\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0030-0001", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Reception, Critical response\nA. S. Sashidhar of The Times of India wrote, \"The first half of 1: Nenokkadine is good and will keep you wanting for more. The story has a few interesting twists and turns, in the second half too to keep the audience glued to the screen\", and Sukumar \"should be commended for superb attempt in choosing to make a film that has not been explored in Telugu movies\". Shekhar of Oneindia called the film a \"brilliant psychological thriller\": \"The first half of 1: Nenokkadine is excellent and will impress all classes of audience. A few sentimental scenes slow down the pace of narration in the second half. But the superb climax that lasts for 15 minutes will compensate for it. The viewers will surely walk out of theatre with contented hearts\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0031-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Reception, Box office\n1: Nenokkadine earned a distributor share of \u20b984 million at the AP-Nizam box office on its first day, and \u20b9124 million over its opening weekend. Its United States opening box office total was $947,000 (\u20b958.2 million), which trade analyst Taran Adarsh called a \"glorious start\" and \"one of the best openings ever by an Indian film\". 1: Nenokkadine passed the $1\u00a0million mark in three days, the seventh Telugu film (and Babu's third, after Dookudu and Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu) to earn a million dollars. On its fourth and fifth days the film earned a share of \u20b932.5 million at the AP-Nizam box office, for a five-day total share of about \u20b9150 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158349-0032-0000", "contents": "1: Nenokkadine, Reception, Box office\nBy the end of 1: Nenokkadine's first week it had earned a distributor share of \u20b9181 million at the AP-Nizam box office, \u20b921\u00a0million in Karnataka and \u20b99 million in the rest of India. The film's first-week global box-office total was \u20b9252 million. In ten days 1: Nenokkadine grossed over $1.27 million in the United States, the fourth-highest-grossing Telugu film in that country. The film earned a distributor share of about \u20b9289 million, on a budget of \u20b9700 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158350-0000-0000", "contents": "1: The Collection\n1: The Collection is a greatest hits compilation album by Julio Iglesias, released in May 2014 on Sony Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158350-0001-0000", "contents": "1: The Collection\nIt contains a selection of previously released recordings of love ballads. Some tracks were remastered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158351-0000-0000", "contents": "1:1 pixel mapping\n1:1 pixel mapping is a video display technique applicable to devices with native fixed pixels, such as LCD monitors and plasma displays. A monitor that has been set to 1:1 pixel mapping will display an input source without scaling it, such that each pixel received is mapped to a single native pixel on the monitor. This technique avoids loss of sharpness due to scaling artifacts and normally avoids incorrect aspect ratio due to stretching. If the input resolution is less than the monitor's native resolution, this will result in black borders around the image (e.g. letterboxing or windowboxing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0000-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy\nThe 1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy is a 1:10 scale radio-controlled dune buggy designed for off-road racing. These cars are originally based on their full-scale equivalents that are commonly found in desert racing. The buggies are split into two race categories, two (2WD) and four-wheel drive (4WD). These can easily be distinguished visually by their wheel size at the front. Cars are typically electric powered, but nitro versions do exist but are less common because racing classes exist for electric cars. The class is inexpensive and similar to a number of other classes, and this makes them popular with newcomers. The cars are also known as 1/10 off-road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0001-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy\nThe class was created by Kyosho as a miniature version of their 1:8 scale buggy and popularized by its archrival Tamiya, the latter after witnessing an off-road race at the Baja Peninsula on a business trip. It became popularized in the United States as a racing class, where they helped to lead the radio-controlled car market in the 1980s before the touring car class suddenly took over for the next decade with many manufacturers abandoning the off-road class as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0002-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy\nThe Deutsche Meisterschaften (in West Germany) and ROAR Nationals (in North America) were amongst the first to host an official national championship a year before the International Federation of Model Auto Racing (IFMAR) hosted their official world championship in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0003-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy\n1984 saw an introduction of 4WD cars that offered better traction thus 2WD car owners found themselves being forced to compete against its all-wheeled counterpart, resulting in the unlimited/modified category being split into its respective drivetrain classes. This division was first adopted by Remotely Operated Auto Racers (ROAR) and Japan Model Racing Car Association (JMRCA) in 1986 to become used in the Worlds in 1987 then became widely used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0004-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy\nBy the turn of the millennium, the off-road buggy market regained its market space, whilst continuing to compete with the touring car market, which originally shared the same chassis as well as its 1:8 ancestors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0005-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy\nDirt tracks have been the traditional choice of surfaces since the beginning but with regular maintenance and inconsistent lap times through wear and tear, the use of carpets and artificial turfs have become more widely used, the latter being the controversial choice of surface for the 2015 IFMAR 1:10 Electric Off-Road World Championship, ending a 30-year tradition of dirt track use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0006-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy\nApart from the touring car class, the off-road buggies have branched out into other classes including stadium trucks, monster trucks and Short Course Trucks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0007-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nThe moment I saw photographs of the cars roaring across the desert, I thought \"We've got to do this!\" Battery-powered radio-controlled cars were so quiet... you could enjoy playing with them anywhere \u2014 in theory, at least. In fact, you were restricted to asphalt and paved surfaces. If we made an off-road battery-powered R/C car then it really could go anywhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0008-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nShunsaku Tamiya, on being inspired to create an off-road buggy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0009-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nIn 1977, after reading an American magazine about an off-road racing convention advertised at the Anaheim Convention Center in California, Shunsaku Tamiya, the president of Tamiya at the time, was inspired after seeing images of buggies racing across deserts. He set out at a trip to the show where he also got to witness the desert races at the Baja California Peninsula. Back in Japan, Tamiya tasked designer Fumito Taki to recreate the off-road racers he witnessed that could be driven anywhere. At a hobby show in Houston, Texas; Shunsaku demonstrated his off-road buggies to a large crowd, who greeted the cars with applause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0010-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nTheir first buggy, the Rough Rider based on the Funco SSII buggy of Malcolm Smith and Bud Feldkamp, was introduced in 1979, it was notable for being the first \"true off-roader\", the first car to come with three gear transmission and with independent suspension. It utilized a thin GRP chassis, strengthened by triangular piece of aluminium bolted directly underneath. This was followed shortly by the Sand Scorcher, Taki's more significant designs and their miniature version of the Ford F150 Ranger. The former two was cited by UK's Radio Race Car magazine, in 1990, as the cars that sparked the boom era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0011-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nBefore that, Kyosho introduced the nitro powered Peanuts 09 in 1976 that was a smaller version of their 1:8 scale buggy, then the electric powered version called the Eleck Peanuts in 1978, that both used a beam axles unlike the independent suspension cars of the Tamiyas and were like its elder 1:8 counterpart, based on beach buggies although off-road cars were regarded by Peter Vieira of Radio Control Car Action as \"barely suspended on-road cars with aggressive tires\" that \"didn't handle at all\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0012-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nEnthusiasts in Japan took to racing the cars that later spread to other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0012-0001", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nAt the time of its release, it was assumed by Lawrence H. Earl, the author of the Usborne Model Guides to Model Cars, that they were intended for drivers who are not interested in racing but however, although it was at its infancy in Europe, dirt racing took off in North America as enthusiasts made temporary tracks to race on and gather together friends to build and organize off-road races however at its infancy, they came to be disparaged by enthusiasts of the nitro-powered 1:8 pan-cars, then at its prime, as toys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0012-0002", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nThe Tamiya led popularity helped the market surge that became known as the Golden Era of Off-Road Racing as it was believed that anybody in the neighborhood had seen a Tamiya Frog or a Hornet at that point the market began to take off in 1984. The Hornet was credited for popularizing the racing scene at a small price with strong after-market support, it was also robust that it can be still be driven after a novice driver drove it head-on into a curb at full speed. This popularity also led Tamiya's Grasshopper to become, reportedly, the best selling radio-controlled car of all time as it had been offered as a quality kit sold at an affordable price to hobbyists with limited budgets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0013-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nBolink was one of the many who responded to Tamiya's successes with the Bigger Digger. Because the Tamiya cars lacked a differential, it utilised ball differential, pioneered by Schumacher, who also acted as a distributor for the UK market. Tamiya responded with a Superchamp that utilized their Free-Floating Progressive Damping System (FFPDS), a suspension system that features rear suspension arms that was connected to a transversely mounted coilover oil filled damper, fed by an oil reservoir. This came to use during the suspension's high-compressions through off-road activities. This was considered to be the early version of the modern shock reservoirs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0014-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nIn 1982, Kyosho also responded with the Akira Kogawa designed Scorpion, a car dedicated for serious competition use as it was 200/400g lighter to its competitions that went on to become the 1985 ROAR Nationals champion. The car featured an aluminum ladder frame chassis", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0015-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nThe Tamiya Frog, introduced in 1983, was a departure from all other cars at the time as it was not based on a real car. Based on their miniature version of the Subaru BRAT; it was unique for utilizing a chassis made of a resin compound of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and fully independent suspension that features rear trailering arms paired with coil-over oil-filled shocks and inboard spring type independent front suspension. Although it shared side plates and nylon mouldings as the BRAT, the entire internals was entirely new.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0015-0001", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nIt featured a redesigned ballraced diffentials that enabled racers a choice of three gear ratios and a lightweight Polycarbonate body that became commonly used on all buggies. Also, it was notable for that it appealed to beginners as well as racers who proceeded to modify the car heavily in order to make it competitive. It won the inaugural Deutsche Meisterschaften Elektro Off-road 1:10, the German championship, in 1984, driven by Michael Kleinhaus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0016-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nIn the periods between 1983 and 1984, three brands claimed to be the first to introduce 4WD buggies to the market on each front; Hirobo introduced the 44b, the first 4WD buggy; Yokomo, the YZ-834B \"Dog Fighter\", the first race specific 4WD buggy and Kyosho the Progress respectively; the first to be sold with four-wheel steering. Another car introduced by Kyosho in 1985, the Optima also by Kogawa, was the first 4WD car to offer double wishbone A-arms for both ends of the car with its own oil-filled coilover shock absorber on each corner of the car. The Dog Fighter used a Kydex flat pan chassis, monoshocks on all corners, limited-slip differential and chain drive. It became successful that, driven by with Gil Losi Jr., it won the inaugural IFMAR Off-Road Worlds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0017-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nAt the time when competitions was offered to stock and modified motors and 4WD buggies was at its infancy, many clubs allowed them to race against drivers with 2WD cars, therefore drivers resorted to buying these instead, usually defeating them in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0018-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nTeam Associated took the realm of the race buggy further when they introduced the Roger Curtis designed RC10, a car that established the layout (motors and batteries on a flat tub chassis) that became an industry standard for all off-road buggies by industry insiders. Taking inspiration from real off-road buggies, Curtis looked at how the suspension could be designed to cope with the high demands of off-road racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0018-0001", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nThe chassis was made from anodized, aircraft grade aluminum alloy, it also featured machined, oil-filled aluminium shock absorbers that can be adjusted with high-impact nylon suspension control arms, ball differentials and two-piece wheels. It primarily proved that designs based on its real life counterpart was not the way to win races, as a result, manufacturers began to break away from realism. Before this, cars sold had to be heavily modified from its stock format in order to be competitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0019-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nIn 1986, Schumacher introduced its first 1:10 off-road model, the CAT (Competition All Terrain); it featured innovations not seen before in R/C cars; universal joint, belt drive transmission system and a 'crash back' front suspension mount (designed to protect the front suspensions in a front-on collisions). It was cited by Radio Race Car magazine, in 1990, to be one of the greatest cars of all. Its success was marked the following year with a win at the EFRA Euros, ROAR Nationals and the IFMAR Worlds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0020-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nPB Racing, another British manufacturer, attempted to emulate the success of Schumacher and other brands with their Mini Mustang, also a belt drive car with twin differentials. It was available in 2WD, 4WD and 2-speed 4WD. The 2-speed option appealed to racers but was proved to be problematic, so racers resorted to the single speed version. It initially enjoyed success in racing before it rapidly lost popularity for undisclosed reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0021-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nTraditionally found in on-road cars, the 1980s saw the use of large rear spoilers on cars such as the RC10 and Team Losi JRX-2 in 1988. At that point, buggies began to break away from realism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0022-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nLosi Jr. had used his racing experience to develop the JRX-2 into a winner. The car featured carbon fiber flat pan chassis, low rotating mass 48dp gearbox, fully independent suspension and five-link rear trailing arm suspension which made the car popular with racers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0023-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nEnthusiasts began to experiment with custom built front-wheel drive cars and then manufacturers joined the fray, leading to a short surge of popularity as they claimed it was easier on slick surfaces and cheaper to manufacture. Nichimo was the first to introduce FWD to production off-road buggies when they introduced the Spirit FF. in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0023-0001", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nAs they held great advantage over RWD cars on loose, bumpy dirt tracks, one of the main disadvantage of this drivetrain was that they have problems with traction in sandier surfaces in addition to in some championships such as the ROAR Nationals, they are forced to compete against the 4WD car and was banned by IFMAR for its advantages hence why the class never caught on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0024-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nThe Kyosho Optima Mid was the first car to utilize a mid-mounted motor in 1987, it was amongst the few brands to experiment with this type of drivetrain. The car enjoyed successes with club racers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0025-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nAs their Frog and Hotshots became obsolete over the years and Tamiya was in desperate need to create a serious competition car against the Yokomos and Kyoshos, they evolved the competition buggy formula further when they introduced the Taki designed Avante in 1988. The car was revolutionary as it featured a number of aluminum and fibre-reinforced plastic parts with a contrast to the plastics its competitors were offering, with its stiffness and near-infinite adjustability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0025-0001", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nIt was the first car to have its mid-motor mounted parallel to the centre drive shaft Designed to compete in its only race it was designed to do the 1988 JMRCA All-Japan Off-Road 4WD Championship where it finished 7th by Yoshiaki Sugiyama, this meant it became unsuited to other tracks as the aluminum parts were too soft and broke regularly, the front suspension bottomed out with alarming regularity and the handling was below par to other cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0026-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nAs 1987 being regarded as its peak year, many manufacturers who specialized in toys like Nikko and Yonezawa joined in the market with ready to run (RTR) and inexpensively made cars marketed as toys. Another large toy manufacturer, Tomy in contrast made a short-lived attempt to break into the competitive hobbyist market by creating its own \"special hobby division\"; its result was the Intruder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0027-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\nYokomo introduced the YZ-870C \"Super Dog Fighter\" (known in the US as the C4). The car was designed to be easily worked on such as the drive belt which can be removed in minutes, as opposed to half-an-hour on competitor's cars. It enjoyed successes on the racetracks, notably the 1989 IFMAR 4WD Worlds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0028-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1976\u20141992: The Golden Era\n2WD cars had begun to regain popularity by 1989 with manufacturers bringing a car of its own such as Tamiya's Astute and Schumacher's Top Cat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0029-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1990s\u20142000s: Decline\nBy the end of the 1980s, the buggy class single-handedly turned the radio-controlled car market into a multimillion-dollar business but in 1990, Tamiya, a market leader in off-road cars; shifted their attention toward on-road cars when in 1991, they adapted their Manta Ray's DF-01 chassis to a Nissan Skyline GT-R NISMO bodyshell. The chassis, renamed as TA-01, had short suspension arms and realistic narrower wheels to maintain a realistic appearance they were aiming for. They thus invented the touring car class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0029-0001", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1990s\u20142000s: Decline\nIn North America and Japan, the off-road buggies faced stiff competition against the touring cars as its increasing popularity in the 1990s led to an increase of meetings taking place on parking lots. Also, the 1990s saw an emergence of the stadium trucks that shared the same platform and suspension components as the buggies. They were popular to such extent that by the early 2000s, they (both nitro and electric) overtook buggies in terms of popularity despite being offered mainly in 2WDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0030-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1990s\u20142000s: Decline\nAn article in the July 1990 issue of RCCA by Steve Pond claimed whilst expensive to the entry-level market, the 1:8 off-road buggies, then primarily popular in Europe and Japan; viewed at the time by enthusiasts as expensive and problematic to operate and maintain, was less expensive to a 1:10 buggy for the top end racer; costing at US$1,359 (equivalent to $2,692 in 2020) to US$1,965 (equivalent to $3,892 in 2020) for a complete kit including radio and power source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0030-0001", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1990s\u20142000s: Decline\nKyosho, who was best known for their 1:10 off-road cars, at then led a marketing initiate to promote the class with the Yuichi Kanai (Kogawa's successor in the 1:8 off-road project) designed Turbo Burns. Throughout the decade, Kyosho became the class leader with Kanai's Inferno series taking its record six consecutive IFMAR wins. In the April 1993 issue of RCCA, the magazine received numerous mails from enthusiasts all over the world on how they became converted to the class with many hobby brands swiftly cashing in on its newfound popularity. It was claimed in its April 1994 issue that \"every major R/C manufacturer now has a gas-powered R/C vehicle in their lineup\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0031-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1990s\u20142000s: Decline\nAt the time of the competing class' rising popularity, the buggy market had begun to reach saturation point as many companies continued to enter into the market with the emphasis on recreation driving to competitive racing with a number of tracks closed down throughout North America and the last Reedy International Race of Champions took place in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0032-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1990s\u20142000s: Decline\nLike every other physical hobbies, the increasing popularity in video games was seen as one of the main cause, as well that the market was flooded with unremarkable designs in contrast to the innovations of the 1980s as the market became emphasized on streamlined cars to feed the market for racers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0033-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1990s\u20142000s: Decline\nAside the number of toy manufacturers who tried to cash in on the boom years, many companies abandoned the market such as Marui and Hirobo, closed down (Aoyagi) or if they didn't, they later experienced buyouts such as Team Losi, who had been by 1999, being half-owned by Team Trinity's Ernest Provetti; was sold to Horizon Hobby in 2001 and Team Associated to its Taiwanese manufacturing partner, Thunder Tiger in 2005. Despite its ownership, Team Losi had enjoyed one of its most dominant eras. that spanned from the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0034-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 1990s\u20142000s: Decline\nAlthough drivers experimented with the use of front spoilers, the 1990s saw manufacturer bringing them into production, when Tenth Technology introduced the Predator in early 1994 that was sold with them followed by the Team Losi XXX with its optional High Downforce Wing Kit. Later in the decade saw a migration of indoor venues and high-grip clay tracks which saw an emphasis on aerodynamics which was expected to benefit front spoilers but they were slow to catch on until recently (as in 2015) for 2WD buggies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0035-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 2000s\u2014date: Resurgence\nThe 1990s saw a culture of collecting vintage Tamiya models as many of them commanded high sums of money, many of these were off-road buggies, the Sand Scorcher and Avante included. To feed to those nostalgic popularity, Tamiya resorted to reissuing their past models joined by many other brands including Kyosho and Team Associated who reissued their past cars such as the Scorpion and RC10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0036-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 2000s\u2014date: Resurgence\nWhen Traxxas launched the Slash in 2008, a Short Course Truck realistically designed to resemble a real pick-up truck intending as a novelty car, it was credited for turning the R/C car market around and led to manufacturers introduced its own race versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0037-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 2000s\u2014date: Resurgence\nThe traditional dirt tracks have given way to first blue groove surfaces and then seen the emergence of carpet and artificial turf tracks, mainly from Europe and Asia, as the latter two are considered easy to set up and easier to maintain and thus became a choice surface over dirt, with manufacturers producing parts and cars designed for racing on this type of high-grip surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0038-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, History, 2000s\u2014date: Resurgence\nBrushless motors, and 6 V  nickel\u2013cadmium (Ni-Cd) and the lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) of the early 1980s up until the early 2000s being replaced by nickel\u2013metal hydride (NiMH) and then the 2 Cell (7.4 volt) lipo batteries, the latter became the norm for racing helped to bring the class back to prominence in addition to new car releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0039-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, Characteristics\nThe cars are designed for running on dirt and more recently, carpets and artificial turfs; both featuring jumps. The buggies features independent suspension, long-travel shock absorbers, and covered transmission and radio compartment to keep them running in extreme conditions. For a 2WD buggy, the rear tires are spiked for traction, while the front tires are thin, and ribbed for good steering in dirt. On a 4WD buggy, all four tires are identical, spiked tires. They are designed specifically for dirt, and running on pavement wears the spikes down quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0040-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, Characteristics\nThe 2WD class is usually regarded as a beginner class as they carry fewer parts and are inexpensive to buy and run but are slower in comparison to the 4WD class which is stabler but are more direct and aggressive, regardless of its disadvantages, they are popular with drivers of all levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0041-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, Characteristics\nIn major championships, races are run to a single 5 minute round with the exception of the championship races, known as the A-main, that is run to three rounds with the two best results that counts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0042-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, Characteristics\nThe class overall is popular with newcomers that much of the international drivers began their hobbies racing them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0043-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, Characteristics\nDespite not being based on any real full-sized cars, the regulation require them to \"resemble\" a full-sized car found in off-road racing, according to ROAR regulations, they cannot resemble a pickup truck as truck-type vehicles run in separate classes. British Radio Car Association (BRCA) regulations states they have to resemble cars from either rallycross, rallying, trail and desert racing but not those from Formula One or sports car racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158352-0044-0000", "contents": "1:10 radio-controlled off-road buggy, Characteristics\nCars are required to run on a maximum of 7.4 V 2S LiPo batteries and tires provided by company chosen to provide tires in the races. 2WD and 4WD cars cannot weigh less than 1,474 and 1,588 grams respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158353-0000-0000", "contents": "1:12 scale\nThe 1:12 scale is a traditional scale (ratio) for models and miniatures. In this scale (ratio), one inch on the scale model or miniature is equal to twelve inches on the original object being copied. Depending on the application, this particular scale (ratio) is also called one-inch scale (since 1 inch equals 1 foot).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158353-0001-0000", "contents": "1:12 scale\nThe scale is popular for dollhouses, especially those aimed at adult collectors. It is also used for model live steam railroads, and rather rarely, for high-end die-cast model  and radio-controlled cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158353-0002-0000", "contents": "1:12 scale\n1:12 scale is also popular for action figures and related toys, especially those based on super-heroes and related concepts (such as Marvel Legends, DC Universe Classics and most recently Mezco Toyz's One:12 series.) It has also been used for at least one related game (Shadowrun Duels).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158353-0003-0000", "contents": "1:12 scale\nThe 1:12 scale was also used in Jonathan Swift's 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels. The ratio was used to compare Gulliver to the Lilliputians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0000-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale\n1:144 scale is a scale used for some scale models such as micro/mini armor. 1:144 means that the dimensions of the model are 1/144 (0.00694) the dimensions of the original life-sized object; this equates to a scale of 1/2 inch per 6 feet of original dimension. For instance, an airplane 30 feet (9.14\u00a0m) in length would be a mere 2.5 inches (63.5\u00a0mm) long as a 1:144 scale model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0001-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale\n1:144 scale finished and semi-finished models are becoming a popular trend not only in Asia, but in the West as well. Many European and American collectors are welcoming them for both model military vehicle display and miniature wargaming purposes. It is twice as large as traditional micro armor / mini armor of the 1:285 (~6\u00a0mm (0.236\u00a0in) figure) and 1:300 (~5\u00a0mm (0.197\u00a0in) figure) scale yet practically just as useful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0002-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale\n1:144 (~12\u00a0mm (0.472\u00a0in) figure) scale modeling and miniatures are considered closely related to N scale (1:148-1:160 scale) (~10\u00a0mm (0.394\u00a0in) figure) and many pieces from both scales can be used interchangeably.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0003-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Dollhouses and miniatures\nIn the construction and use of dollhouses, 1:144 scale represents the scale that a 1:12 scale dollhouse would have in a 1:12 scale dollhouse. This is often called Dolls' dollhouse or Dollhouse's dollhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0004-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Dollhouses and miniatures\nAt this scale, a typical house is about 50\u00a0mm (1.969\u00a0in) across. Making internal parts for such a house is a difficult task for the home hobbyist. Commercial manufacturers often use laser cutting technology to ensure clean lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0005-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Die-cast models\n1:144 is a popular scale for die-cast model airplanes. This scale is usually for large aircraft such as airliners and bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0006-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Die-cast models\nRacing Champions also made many lines of micro cars and trucks during the late 1990s. These models included NASCAR stock cars, NHRA funny cars and top fuel rail dragsters, classic automobiles, sought-after muscle cars, and even semi trucks. Although these Ertl-manufactured models are described as 1:144 scale; they are actually 1.5\u00a0in (38.1\u00a0mm) replicas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0007-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Action figures\n1:144 scale is also the primary scale of High Grade and Real Grade Gundam model-kits and toys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0008-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Plastic military models\nThere are also a growing number of 1:144 military models. The scale (compatible with the N scale of railroad modeling) gained popularity in Japan. The available products include pre-painted and assembled World War II / modern armour such as Doyusha's CanDo line and Subarudo's World Tank Museum line, and pre-painted, semi-assembled World War II aircraft. Military miniature companies like  Pendraken, Pithead Miniatures, Game Figures Inc. and Magister Militum produce a wide variety of artillery pieces, tanks, infantry vehicles and support weapons in this scale. 1:144 offers wargamers the satisfaction of much greater detail than \"micro armour\" (which comes in 1:285 and 1:300 scales and of which 1:144 scale is approximately and conveniently twice as large) with the models remaining small enough to fight entire battles on a simple dinner table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0009-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Plastic military models\nSo far the games meant specifically for 1:144 scale are Heavy_Gear (Dream Pod 9 (1994)) and World Tank Campaigns (Takara Tomy (2009)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0010-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Plastic military models, Manufacturers of 1:144 Scale Micro Armor\nCompanies that produce 1:144 scale miniature tanks / micro armor sets include the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 78], "content_span": [79, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0011-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Model warship combat models\nThe majority of model warships built for model warship combat are constructed from scratch or partial kits in 1/144 scale although some exist in other scales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0012-0000", "contents": "1:144 scale, Styrene kits\n1:144 scale has become a very popular scale for airliners and other large aircraft, however, there is a large number of other aircraft kits that are produced. The large size of airliners makes this scale ideal for modeling. To use a larger scale would not only be expensive but difficult to manufacture and their size alone would prohibitively limit the market of said kits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158354-0012-0001", "contents": "1:144 scale, Styrene kits\nSeveral companies use this scale as well for historical spacecraft such as the Vostok 1, Saturn 1B, and Saturn V (Airfix) and the Space Shuttle (Revell). 1:144 scale is also seeing an increase in popularity in the use of model warships, particularly submarines, though other vessels are available. Aircraft, traditionally have been the primary source of kits, Trumpeter, Revell of Germany, Dragon, Sweet, Platz, Micro Ace (former Arii) and Minicraft are frequent contributors to this growing niche. There is also an ever increasingly number of resin kits in this scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158355-0000-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale\n1:18 scale is a traditional scale (ratio) for models and miniatures, in which 18 units (such as inches or centimeters) on the original is represented by one unit on the model. Depending on application, the scale is also called two third inch scale since 1 foot is represented by 2/3 of an inch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158355-0001-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale\nThe scale is used for 1:18 scale diecast automobile models, military vehicles, armor, and aircraft. 1:18 scale is also commonly used for dollhouses intended for children to play with. The G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero line of figures are in 1:18 scale, although the figures are often more compatible with 1:16 & 1:18 military vehicles rather than 1:18 cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158355-0002-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale\nAttractions of the 1:18 scale include its size and its corresponding level of detail. Many 1:18 scale automobiles are over 11 inches long, while 1:18 aircraft may reach over 3 feet in length. 1:18 models often include many intricate details and moving parts not commonly found on models in smaller scales. 1:18 model cars are available as kits, where the enthusiast builds the model from start to finish. Other 1:18 subjects are sold in completed or near-completed state, requiring only minor assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0000-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast\n1:18 scale diecast replicas are 1/18th the size of the real vehicle. Most popular in this category are 1:18 scale automobile replicas \u2013 usually made out of Zamak zinc diecasting alloy with plastic parts. \"1:18 scale\" is the colloquial reference to this class of toy or replica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0001-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast, Description\nVirtually all 1:18 scale models produced in recent years have opening doors, hoods, and trunks along with functional steering wheels which turn the front wheels. Tires are often mounted on workable 'springy' suspension systems. Normally the hood / bonnet lifts to reveal a detailed and accurate engine bay (whether this is a separate cast piece or simply a portion of the cast and painted body located between the fenders).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0002-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast, Description\nHigher end models are equipped with genuine leather interiors, accurate engine detail, operational sunroofs, movable windshield wipers, adjustable seats, operational gear levers and other realistic accessories. Most models are approximately 11 inches (280\u00a0mm) long by 5 inches (130\u00a0mm) wide by 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) tall, depending on what vehicle is being represented. Such detail is common to 1:18 scales and larger. Typically, and according to local law, companies that produce model cars will have licensing arrangements with real car manufacturers to make replicas of their cars, both in current production or of discontinued models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0003-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast, History\nHow 1:18 scale became a standard in diecast, especially during the 1990s, is somewhat of a question, but some of the first 1:18 scale cars appeared made in tin in the United States and Japan after World War II. These, however, were not precise in detail or proportion, but became popular in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Before World War II, some vehicle appeared in this size. Also rather by chance, other manufacturers, like Marx in the 1960s and 1970s simply made 1:18 scale large plastic toys. Plastic models in the United States, though, normally were produced in 1:25 scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0004-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast, History\nThe first zinc alloy metal cars in this scale (and also 1:24 scale) from European Manufacturers appeared around 1970, made by the likes of German Schuco Modell, Polistil, and Gama Toys. Pocher, the Italian kit maker, even manufactured kits in a large 1:8 scale. A review of models by Consumer Reports in 1979 discussed American plastic and European diecast metal models in 1:25 and 1:24 scales, but did not once mention 1:18 scale, showing that it had not yet come into marketing popularity (Consumer Reports 1979).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0004-0001", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast, History\nEuropean model makers like Schuco (which was later revived), Gama and Marklin went defunct and the market for 1:18 scale grew steadily during the mid-1980s, mainly with the likes of Bburago, Polistil (both Italian companies mass-manufacturing models in Italy) and then, later, the Asian Maisto which, arguably became the principle manufacturer of this scale worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0005-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast, History\nThroughout the 1990s, the number of different models in this scale increased exponentially as Chinese production cut manufacturing costs. Models could be sold for anywhere from $10.00 to $25.00 in the United States. By about 2000, it appeared that 1:18 scale had dominated other scales in marketing (except the diminutive and ever popular Hot Wheels) \u2013 as nearly whole rows in Toys-R-Us could be seen packed with this scale of model. At this time, many new companies flooded the 1:18 scale market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0005-0001", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast, History\nErtl and Revell sold a limited number of diecast cars \u2013 mostly older American models (although Revell Germany made a number of diecast German and American models). Ertl's main 1:18 scale line was called \"American Muscle\". Other manufacturers included Anson, Yat Ming, Sun Star, MIRA, and UT Models. Often, cars featured in collectible car magazines (such as Collectible Automobile) were soon the subjects of 1:18 diecast articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0006-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast, History\nDuring the early 2000s, the quality and accuracy of models improved dramatically, but price went up and they were sold in more upscale stores, dealerships, and through on-line mail order. Around 2005, \"premium\" manufacturers including Automodelli, Highway 61, GMP, AUTOart, and Lane Exact Detail began to offer very high-quality, highly detailed models at higher prices. Today (2017), a trickle-down effect can be seen where many features now found in mainstream, low-priced diecasts were only found before in models costing upwards of $100.00. Engine wiring and plumbing, carpeting in the interior or trunk, detailed instrument panels, seatbelts, and photo-etched details are now common even in models costing under $50.00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158356-0007-0000", "contents": "1:18 scale diecast, History\nModels are found from a number of retail merchants, such as Wal-Mart and KB Toys (in the United States), and a number of Antique Malls and Centers offer models ranging from $20.00. Many, of course, are available through eBay, etsy or other bidding and diecast sales websites. This size remains popular with collectors. With the popularity of eBay and other hobby Web sites, fewer models of this size seem to be found in physical stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158357-0000-0000", "contents": "1:200 scale\nThe 1:200 scale is a modeling scale used in the model building hobby. A vehicle or building made in the 1:200 scale, fits 200 times inside its real-life counterpart (in one dimension; it would fit 8 million times if packed three-dimensionally, and would weigh 8 million times less).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158357-0001-0000", "contents": "1:200 scale\nA large percentage of models produced in this scale are aircraft models. Companies such as Hasegawa distribute 1:200 scale-sized airliners and military aircraft. Flight Miniatures also produces many airliner and military aircraft models in the scale, both die cast and plastic ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158357-0002-0000", "contents": "1:200 scale\nIn the world of model aircraft - the 1:200 scale is very popular for a range of military aircraft models, in particular - large aircraft such as bombers, cargo and transporters. This makes for a very reasonably sized model - not too big, but also big enough to include great quality to the model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158357-0003-0000", "contents": "1:200 scale\nA bit less popular, but comparable in size, is the 1:250 scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158358-0000-0000", "contents": "1:24 scale\n1:24 scale is a size for automobile models such as injection-molded plastic model kits or metal die-cast toys, which are built and collected by both children and adults. 1:24 means that a unit of measurement, such as one inch or one centimeter, on the model represents 24 units on the actual object. An example would be one inch of length on a model automobile would represent 24 inches on the real vehicle. Primarily automobile models are made in this scale, with a few examples of tractor trailers and other larger equipment. In the United States there is a very minor variation of the 1:24 scale, where many automobile plastic model kits are scaled at 1:25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158358-0001-0000", "contents": "1:24 scale\n1:24 is the largest of the traditional slot car sizes - and the earliest. Lionel's (USA) 1:24 electric autos of 1912-1916 became the first known commercial slot cars. In 1955, the Model Automobile Racing Association of Kalamazoo, Michigan, built the first track for electric rail-racing (the short-lived immediate predecessor to slot racing) in the US. Unlike the seminal Southport (UK) track that inspired it, the MARA table was designed for 1:24 as well as 1:32 competition. With that beginning, the US adopted 1:24 as the primary scale for serious competition during the heyday of slot car racing in the 1960s, while Britain and Europe favored 1:32, and have continued to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158358-0002-0000", "contents": "1:24 scale\n1:24 scale is very close to the scale (1:22.5) used for European G scale narrow-gauge model trains, so 1:24 models are often used on model train layouts. Doll houses and furniture are also found in 1:24 scale. An average adult male human figure stands just under 3 inches (76\u00a0mm) tall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158358-0003-0000", "contents": "1:24 scale\nThe British plastic model kit company Airfix have produced a number of  1:24 scale aircraft in its 'Super Kit' range, including the Supermarine Spitfire, Messerschmitt Bf 109 - both initially with the option of motorised propellers, Junkers Ju 87 Stuka, Hawker Siddeley Harrier, and Focke-Wulf Fw 190. The latest to be released are the de Havilland Mosquito and the Hawker Typhoon. An earlier release was a 1:24 scale model of the Wallis WA-116 \"Little Nellie\" autogyro as portrayed in the 1967 James Bond film, You Only Live Twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158359-0000-0000", "contents": "1:285 scale\n1:285 scale or 6 mm figure size is a US Army scale introduced in the late 1960s, and used for wargames and some scale model dioramas. It is used in miniature wargaming to depict large battles in a relatively small gaming area. 1:300 scale (5 mm scale) is an almost identical NATO standard scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158359-0001-0000", "contents": "1:285 scale\nBoth figure scales are based on the 1 mm = 1 ft calculation that reduces the average 1.72 m height of a Caucasian male to a 5.7 mm tall figure. \"6 mm\" is therefore used as a rounded-up reference to the scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158359-0002-0000", "contents": "1:285 scale\nIn 1:285 scale, a typical 20 mm base can mount approximately 3-5 infantry figures; or three strips of four figures in rank-and-file formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158359-0003-0000", "contents": "1:285 scale\n1:285/1:300 is a popular scale for micro armour games, while modern games emphasizing tanks and other vehicles have been catered to by specialist figure manufacturers such as GHQ, Heroics and Ros and Baccus Miniatures. Sci-fi and fantasy games that use these scales include Battletech, Ogre miniatures and Epic. Other genres, such as historical periods (ancient, medieval and later periods) and medieval fantasy have miniatures made by Heroics and Ros, Baccus Miniatures and Irregular Miniatures. There are many sites of landscape creations and miniatures", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158360-0000-0000", "contents": "1:30 am\n1:30 am is a 2012 Bengali language Indian independent film written and directed by Sourav De.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158360-0001-0000", "contents": "1:30 am, Plot\nNishi (Ena Saha) is a girl in her late teens being torn apart by a split personality. Her make-belief world is seemingly happy and normal, with darkness and void hitting her in swings. The mysteries of her alter existence guide her through the state of caged delusion, relieving her from pain. Torn from within, Nishi commits heinous acts, while remaining oblivious to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158360-0002-0000", "contents": "1:30 am, Plot\nThrough the silent phases of Nishi's life, the invisible power becomes overwhelming, eventually reaching a mysterious crossroad between her existence and non-existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158360-0003-0000", "contents": "1:30 am, Production\n1:30 am was shot entirely on Canon EOS 5D Mark II (full HD 1080p) format. It was shot in a single location, precisely, in an apartment only. It received positive reviews from the audience at its premier, at Nandan in Kolkata on 2 August 2013. Due to popular demand, it was shown on two extra occasions. The film also received positive feedback in print and television media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158360-0004-0000", "contents": "1:30 am, Production\nThe film also screened at the Roxbury International Film Festival held in Boston in June 2012, and the South Asian Film Festival held in Goa in October 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158361-0000-0000", "contents": "1:32 scale\n1:32 scale is a traditional scale for models and miniatures, in which one unit (such as an inch or a centimeter) on the model represents 32 units on the actual object. It is also known as \"three-eighths scale\", since 3\u20448 inch represents a foot. A 6\u00a0ft (183\u00a0cm) tall person is modeled as 2+1\u20444\u00a0in (57\u00a0mm) tall in 1:32 scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158361-0001-0000", "contents": "1:32 scale\n1:32 was once so common a scale for toy trains, autos, and soldiers that it was known as \"standard size\" in the industry (not to be confused with Lionel's \"Standard Gauge\"). 1:32 is the scale for Gauge 1 toy and model trains. It was the scale of some of the earliest plastic model car kits. It is a common scale for aircraft models and for figure modeling, where it is called 54\u00a0mm scale, from the height of the human figure. 1:32 was used for equipment to match 54\u00a0mm toy soldiers for miniature wargaming and was common in scale military modeling such as tanks and armored cars until it was largely replaced by 1:35 scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158361-0002-0000", "contents": "1:32 scale\n1:32 is now considered to be the 'Normal' scale for agricultural models such as Britains or Siku", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158361-0003-0000", "contents": "1:32 scale\n1:32 scale is also the preferred scale for modeling aircraft as this \u201clarge scale\u201d benefits the builder with the opportunity to better detail his kit or scratch built aircraft project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158361-0004-0000", "contents": "1:32 scale\n1:32 aircraft models also have their own contest category in modeling competitions as per IPMS rules, and 1:32 scale category is considered the top tier in aircraft modeling contest categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158361-0005-0000", "contents": "1:32 scale\n1:32 is a useful scale for scratch modelling or railways. As well as standard gauge gauge 1 using 45\u00a0mm\u00a0/ 1.772\u00a0in track, narrow gauge modellers use 0 gauge (32\u00a0mm\u00a0/ 1.26\u00a0in) track for 42\", 1m and 36\" prototype gauges. Also H0/00 track at 16.5mm is used to represent models of 20\u00a0in\u00a0/ 508\u00a0mm gauge railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158361-0006-0000", "contents": "1:32 scale\nToday, 1:32 is associated with slot car scale. A standard for tabletop rail-racing in the mid-1950s, it was adopted by the original slot car manufacturers, Victory Industries and Scalextric. Fewer 1:32 car model kits are manufactured today, making scratch building slot cars quite a bit more difficult than it used to be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158362-0000-0000", "contents": "1:35 scale\n1:35 scale is the most popular scale for model military vehicles, with an extensive lineup of models and aftermarket parts available from a wide variety of manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158362-0001-0000", "contents": "1:35 scale\nThe roots of 1:35 as a military modelling scale lie in early motorized plastic tank kits. To accommodate electric motors and gearboxes, these models needed to be made in a larger scale. There were many companies making such tanks, but it was Tamiya's example that made 1:35 a de facto standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158362-0002-0000", "contents": "1:35 scale\nCompany chairman Shunsaku Tamiya explains the origins of the scale in his book Master Modeler:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158362-0003-0000", "contents": "1:35 scale\nAfter the success of the Panther, I thought it would be a good idea for us to produce other tanks from different countries in the same scale. I measured the Panther and it turned out to be about 1/35 of the size of the original. This size had been chosen simply because it would accommodate a couple of B-type batteries. Tamiya's 1/35 series tanks eventually got to be known around the world, but this is the slightly haphazard origin of their rather awkward scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158362-0004-0000", "contents": "1:35 scale\nEarly kits in the scale, built around bulky motorization components, often sacrificed scale appearance and detail, but their large size and potential for intricate superdetailing appealed to hobbyists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158362-0005-0000", "contents": "1:35 scale\nOver the years, kits have become more and more detailed and accurate, and nowadays there is a whole industry in 1:35 dedicated to offering aftermarket detail parts for kits. After a new kit is released, companies like Aber and Eduard usually make detail sets available for it, allowing modellers to replace kit parts with more accurate photoetched alternatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158362-0006-0000", "contents": "1:35 scale\nIn terms of model range, 1:35 is typically limited to military land vehicles and figures. Some helicopter kits also exist in the scale, whereas large airplane kits are more commonly done in 1:32 scale. In recent years, there have been some aeroplane releases in 1:35 as well, typically of vehicles operating in close contact with ground forces, such as the Fieseler Storch liaison aircraft or the Horsa glider. The figures are usually designed to go with the AFV's though, and are largely based around World War II. World War I figures are unusual and pre-1914 figures are very rare indeed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158363-0000-0000", "contents": "1:350 scale\n1:350 scale is a popular scale used by model ship kit manufacturers such as Tamiya, Hasegawa, Aoshima, Fujimi, Trumpeter and Revell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158363-0001-0000", "contents": "1:350 scale, History\nThe true instigator of the 1:350 scale ship series was the British kit company Frog (models), which was started in 1932 by Joe Mansour and brothers Charles and John Wilmot. The first four years FROG focused on flying scale models, but in December 1936 they released the first three all-plastic kits, in a range called Penguin. The range consisted of both civil and military aircraft and ground accessories, all to a standard 1:72 scale, and were all designed by John Wilmot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158363-0001-0001", "contents": "1:350 scale, History\nIn 1940 however two 1:350 kits were planned: the Javelin and Tribal Destroyer - initially designed to be fitted with an all plastic hull and electric motor. However - around this period all or most companies changed to wartime production, and so did Lines Bros, the toyfactory to which FROG (or IMA) belonged. So both kits were postponed, and eventually issued in December 1945. Some changes were made to the kit due to shortage of plastic: both Destroyers ended up as waterline models with a wooden hull unto which a plastic upperstructure was (factory) glued. Two transfers with printed hull sides were added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158363-0002-0000", "contents": "1:350 scale, History\nIt took no less than 21 years before this scale was discovered by other companies as an ideal scale for a model kit to represent a (full size) ship. First to follow suit was by Imai Kagaku with the release of tall ships from Operation Sail (1976) in 1977. Tamiya came next with a production of the German battleship Bismarck in 1978. Tamiya only released a limited number of ship kits in this series which included kits for the Japanese battleship Yamato, HMS King George V (41), USS Missouri (BB-63) and USS Enterprise (CVN-65).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158363-0003-0000", "contents": "1:350 scale, History\nIn the 1990s, the Hong Kong company Dragon Models released several modern US naval ships and submarines in 1:350 scale, such as the Spruance class destroyer which was released in 1990. Chinese company Trumpeter released several ships from the modern Chinese navy in the early 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158363-0004-0000", "contents": "1:350 scale, History\nThe market for 1:350 scale ship model kits expanded further after Hasegawa released a newly tooled kit of the Japanese battleship Mikasa in 2005, which featured modern molding and greater detail. Other Japanese companies including Aoshima, Fujimi, Pit-Road and Fine Molds have followed suit to produce a number of Japanese World War II ships. Tamiya have also revived their 1:350 ship series, beginning with an all new tooling of the Japanese battleship Yamato in November 2011. The kit can be built as a full-hull or waterline model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158363-0005-0000", "contents": "1:350 scale, History\nCompanies from outside Japan such as Revell and Airfix have begun to produce various 1:350 scale ships as well. Trumpeter have released a large series of models in this scale since the late 2000s including a range of German and Allied World War 2 vessels, modern US Navy, Royal Navy and JMSDF vessels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158363-0006-0000", "contents": "1:350 scale, Reception\nThe scale is becoming universally popular and is now considered as a 'standard scale' for ship modelling. Its popularity is primarily because the scale is large enough to show a substantial level of detailing, whilst remaining small enough to be displayed sensibly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158364-0000-0000", "contents": "1:42.08\n1:42.08 (alternatively known as 1:42.08: A Man and His Car or 1:42.08: To Qualify) is George Lucas's senior project at the University of Southern California in 1966. It was named for the lap time of the Lotus 23 race car that was the subject of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158364-0001-0000", "contents": "1:42.08\nIt is a non-story visual tone poem depicting the imagery of a car going at full speed, and featuring the car's engine as the primary sound element. Shot on 16mm color film with a 14-man student crew, it was filmed at Willow Springs Raceway, north of Los Angeles, California. The Lotus 23 was driven by Pete Brock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158364-0002-0000", "contents": "1:42.08\nLucas cited the influence of Jean-Claude Labrecque's 1965 short documentary on a cycling competition, 60 Cycles, on 1:42.08.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0000-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band)\n1:43 (pronounced as \"one forty-three\") is a Filipino pop boy band based in the Philippines. They are signed with MCA Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0001-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band)\nTheir debut album titled Time for Love under MCA Records was released on April 27, 2011. In its first week, the album was named as the No. 2 best selling OPM album by Odyssey Records and Videos and No. 5 in the overall ranking (including foreign artists).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0002-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, Online debut: 2010\n1:43 debuted on YouTube on November 7, 2010 with their first digital single, \"Merry Christmas Na\". It was released as a promotional single which made them controversial and at the same time, instant YouTube celebrities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0003-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, Online debut: 2010\nIn 2010, 1:43 was originally composed of  Anjo Resurreccion, Gold Aquino, Kim Nicolas, and Yuki Sakamoto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0004-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, Online debut: 2010\nThe 2nd and former line-up includes actor and model Art Artienda, Filipino-Chinese ramp, print, and commercial model Ced Miranda, Filipino-American singer and dancer Jason Allen, and Filipino-Canadian dancer and host Wayne Avellano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0005-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, First album: 2011\n1:43 released their first mini-album titled Time for Love on April 27, 2011. It features trivia about and exclusive photos of its members, and a collection of feel-good original Pinoy pop songs, including their minus one versions. It was declared by Odyssey Record Bar as the second bestselling OPM album of the week. It has also landed a few times in the top 10 bestselling OPM album chart of record store Astrovision and Astroplus in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0006-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, First album: 2011\nTime for Love is a mini-album that contains a refreshing mix of five original and distinctly Filipino pop songs, plus their respective minus one tracks. The slambum aspires to define the sound of today's OPM pop genre, as it brings together critically acclaimed producer and arranger Jonathan Ong of SonicState Studio and brilliant singer-composer and vocal arranger Myrus in an impressive creative synergy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0007-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, First album: 2011\nThe opening track and single \"PiNK (Pag-Ibig Na Kaya?)\" is a collaboration track with Myrus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0008-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, First album: 2011\nThe group became a part of Tunog Natin: Songs from Home, a compilation album with 16 OPM artists including Pepe Smith, APO Hiking Society's Jim Paredes, Myrus, Princess Velasco, Gloc-9, Tanya Markova, Arnee Hidalgo, Letter Day Story, Kiss Jane, Mcoy Fundales, Barbie Almalbis, Tricia Garcia, Faith Cuneta, Sheng Belmonte and True Faith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0009-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, First album: 2011\n1:43 released their second album on Mymusicstore.com.ph on September 17, 2012 and the physical album on September 25, 2012 under MCA Music. It was titled Sa Isang Sulyap Mo after their hit song and viral music video. The music video was part of the Mang Inasal Mang Aawit music advocacy program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0010-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, First album: 2011\nThe album's carrier single \"Sa Isang Sulyap\" became a radio hit with listeners, especially among teens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0011-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, First album: 2011\nThere are now over 100,000 videos posted on YouTube using \"Sa Isang Sulyap\"\u2014all in all, these videos have been viewed more than 400 million times. It is also one of the most downloaded songs today by mobile phone users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0012-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, First album: 2011\nSa Isang Sulyap Mo includes all-original tracks co-written by Myrus and the group's manager Chris Cahilig and arranged by Jonathan Ong of SonicState Studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0013-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, First album: 2011\n\"Sa Isang Sulyap\" went on to become the official soundtrack of Pinoy Big Brother Teen Edition 4. It has been played in popular TV shows like ASAP 2012, Party Pilipinas, Gandang Gabi Vice, The Buzz, Walang Tulugan and KrisTV, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0014-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, 2012\u20132013: Sa Isang Sulyap Mo, rise to fame and line-up changes\nTheir single \"Sa Isang Sulyap Mo\" became popular after being featured in the 2012 reality show, Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 4. The group has since guested in many shows namely Kris TV. Because of this, the song has been revived by many artists including Bryan Termulo for the OST soundtrack of the drama, Juan dela Cruz in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 85], "content_span": [86, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0015-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, 2012\u20132013: Sa Isang Sulyap Mo, rise to fame and line-up changes\nOn August 4, 2012, it was announced that 18-year-old Kent Malunda would be joining the group and was already in the studio to record his vocals for the group's second album. Then on August 7, it was revealed that member Kim Nicholas would be leaving the group and that Malunda was brought in to take his place. A statement on the group's official Facebook page revealed that Nicholas wanted to pursue a career in photography. The band went on to release their debut album, Sa Isang Sulyap Mo, on October 7, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 85], "content_span": [86, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0016-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, 2012\u20132013: Sa Isang Sulyap Mo, rise to fame and line-up changes\nOn February 26, 2013, it was announced that new member Ronald Golding Jr, had replaced Malunda due unknown circumstances. The group went on to have a cameo appearance on Juan dela Cruz on its March 4 episode. They also competed in the noontime variety show, It's Showtime in the Bida Kapamilya: Celebrity Round talent segment on March 11. They went on to release their single, \"Ikaw at Ako\", on July 4. It premiered on 95.5 Pinas FM. This was the first single to feature member Ronald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 85], "content_span": [86, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0017-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, 2014: Kalye Pop, new line up\nOn January 15, 2014, the group released their single \"Hayop Sa Ganda\". The song became \"The Most Wanted Song of the Week\" on the radio station 97.1 Barangay LS and landed on the station's weekly chart \"The Big Ten\". The music video for the song premiered on January 28 and featured Miss International Queen 2012 winner Kevin Balot. On March 26, the group announced that their third studio album would be titled \"#KalyePop\" (Kpop) which was released on April 29. Its lead single, titled \"Ang Saya-Saya\", was used as the theme song for GMA-7's comedy TV series Ismol Family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0018-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, 2014: Kalye Pop, new line up\nOn January 9, 2015, it was announced that Yheen Valero would be joining the band. While there was no formal announcement regarding Golding's departure from the group, he later tweeted on February 9 about pursuing a career as a pilot. On the same month, the group released their single, titled \"Tara Na\", the first material to feature Valero. The official music video premiered on February 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0019-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, 2014: Kalye Pop, new line up\nIn May 2017, the management of 1:43 announced on the group's official Facebook account its new line up composed of Filipino-Chinese model Agassi Ching, emerging actor and singer Art Artienda, Filipino-American model and dancer Jason Allen, and Filipino-Canadian dancer and model Wayne Avellano. For undisclosed reason, Ching was replaced by Filipino-Chinese model Ced Miranda. The new group released on September 1, 2017 their comeback single \"Trapik Tralala,\" a cover of an APO Hiking Society song composed by Jim Paredes. They released their second comeback single titled \"Pasensya Na\" composed by Jayson Dedal on December 8, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158365-0020-0000", "contents": "1:43 (band), History, 2014: Kalye Pop, new line up\nOn August 16, there was speculations that the original line up members of the band will have their reunion in the future. This rumors was started when a film and music production and content creation company Insight 360 posted on YouTube some highlight success hits of the original members from 2010 to 2016 and left a comment below and asked some fans with the question \"who wants a comeback from the original line up?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0000-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale\n1:43 scale is a popular size of die-cast model cars in Europe, Asia and the US. It has its origins in the British / European O scale for model trains and the rise of certain accessories made for that scale which since have become popular in their own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0001-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale, Variations in the scale\nThere are many manufacturers in 1:43 scale producing everything from customized and accurate race cars to emergency vehicles, family sedans and SUVs. Trucks and tractor trailers can also be found in this scale, but they are comparatively larger and 1:50 or 1:64 scales are more common for these types of vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0002-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale, Variations in the scale\nRelated train scales are 1:42, 1:48 scale (American O scale), and also 1:45 scale (NEM European 0 scale), which is only slightly larger than 1:50 scale. Items in all these scales are similar enough in size that they are commonly used together in O layouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0003-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale, European history\nThe first model car made exactly to 1:43 scale seems to be French Dinky Toys No. 24R Peugeot 203, released in 1951, but many diecast iron or plaster toys in the 1920s and 1930s were also made about the same size, though not as precision 'blueprint' reproductions. As a representative example, a Volkswagen Beetle in 1:43 scale measures about 3.5 inches (90 millimeter) in length. Larger cars might measure 4 to 4.5 inches (100 to 115 millimeter) if reproduced to 1:43 scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0004-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale, European history\nCountries to first produce this scale were mainly France and the United Kingdom, but Germany and Italy were also homes for the common producers. From the 1950s through the 1980s, 1:43 was primarily used in European toy offerings such as Corgi Toys, Dinky Toys, Schuco, Tekno, Solido, Mercury, Polistil, and Mebetoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0005-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale, European history\nMetosul of Portugal in the mid-1960s was one of the first diecast toy companies to use tooling (or at least precisely similar designs) from a larger, more well known company - Dinky in this case. This was the beginning of a trend that would spread across southern Europe to other manufacturers like the wonderfully done Spanish Pilen (dies from many manufacturers) or the less successful Turkish Meboto Otomobil (tooling from Italian Ediltoys). Some traditional tooling was also shipped to Mexico (Politoys), Brazil (Solido), or Argentina (Mattel Hot Wheels) by the late 1970s. Venezuelan Juguinsa even used third tier dies with Spanish Pilen borrowings (French Dinky and others had created them previously).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0006-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale, European history\nLater, many other manufacturers ranging from Portugal all the way through the former Soviet Union also entered the 1:43 fray. Minichamps from Germany and Trofeu and Vitesse from Portugal began to produce 1:43 diecast from the early 1990s, along with several other brands, shortly before most diecast production moved to China and other countries of Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0007-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale, European history\n1:43 scale electric slot cars are also on the market, though these are a relatively recent development compared with the established slot car scales of 1:24, 1:32, and traditional HO or 'Matchbox' sizes (1:87 and 1:64). 1:43 scale has little organized racing competition of the kind that is common in the larger scales, and currently 1:43 is largely used for toy or starter sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0008-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale, Collectibles\nThis scale is still popular, with many models now being made in China, but as time has passed, many new scales for diecast cars, both smaller (1:87, 1:64, and somewhere around 1:55), and larger (1:24, 1:18, and 1:12) have also competed, often more successfully in the toy and diecast market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158366-0009-0000", "contents": "1:43 scale, Collectibles\nOriginally meant as toys and accessories for rail layouts, more specialized and expensive limited edition handbuilt collectibles made in white metal or resin produced in more limited numbers have become available. This has occurred as more and more adults have entered the collector market, starting perhaps in the late 1970s, but coming on strong since, say, 1990. Such companies are Brooklin Models, Western Models, or Conquest / Madison, but many brands are available, usually manufactured in lower quantities in white metal. Some collectible diecast companies have also appeared that usually make their models in greater quantities in China, like Trax Models or Spark. For examples of such collectible editions and companies, see any of Randall Olson's books on GM or Ford products in miniature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158367-0000-0000", "contents": "1:48 scale\n1:48 scale is a scale commonly used in diecast models, plastic models made from kits, and construction toys. It is especially popular with manufacturers of model aircraft and model trains, where it is known as \"O scale\". 1:48 is also a popular scale among Lego enthusiasts, since it is approximately the scale of the Lego minifigure", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158367-0001-0000", "contents": "1:48 scale\nAt this scale, 1/4 inch represents 1 foot. It is similar in size to 1:50 scale and 1:43 scale, which are popular for diecast vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158367-0002-0000", "contents": "1:48 scale\nIn 2003, Tamiya began to manufacture a line of military ground vehicle models in 1:48 in addition to their more traditional 1:35 scale line. This has been seen as an attempt to break into a new market since the stiff competition in the larger scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158367-0003-0000", "contents": "1:48 scale\nBandai also produces giant robots in this size, called Mega Size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158368-0000-0000", "contents": "1:50 scale\n1:50 scale is a popular size for diecast models from European manufacturers such as Conrad, Tekno, NZG, WSI and LionToys. Typically they produce scale models of construction vehicles, tower cranes, trucks and buses. These are often the official models distributed by the manufacturers of the real vehicles as a promotional items for prospective customers. These models are also very popular in Europe despite their small size compared to stamped metal construction toys which are usually found in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158368-0001-0000", "contents": "1:50 scale\nThis scale is similar to 0 scale used in model trains and 1:50 scale will appear compatible with 1:48 scale models as produced by US manufacturers of 0 scale model trains and some makers of military vehicles (especially aircraft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0000-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale\n1:500 scale is a scale mainly used by Europeans for pre-finished die-cast airliner models, such as German manufacturer Herpa. This scale is also used by Japanese model kit manufacturer Bandai, Nichimo Company Ltd. and Fujimi Mokei for ship and Sci-Fiction model kits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0001-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Ship models for the military\nDuring World War II, Comet metal Products of Richmond Hill, NY, South Salem Studios of South Salem, NY and H.A. Framburg and Company of Chicago were the major manufacturers of naval recognition ship models for the US Navy. They were commissioned by United States Navy to make ship models used to instruct sailors and airmen to identify ships from various navies. This \"friend or foe\" recognition was critical in reducing friendly fire incidents. In addition to 1:1200 scale models, these companies also made models in the 1:500 \"Teacher Scale.\" These ships were wither made of wooden hulls with lead superstructures, or die cast of zinc alloy and painted gray. The 1:500 ships were usually arranged in sets and contained fewer models than the 1:1200 scale sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0002-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Plastic model kit (ships)\nIn the 1960s, Renwal released fourteen 1:500 scale ship models from World War II or postwar United States Navy, and Frog also released six models from Royal Navy. Both makers had failed in the late 1970s, but some makers such as Chematic rereleased ex Frog 1:500 scale ship models until the 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0003-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Plastic model kit (ships)\nIn the 1970s, Nichimo released a series of 1:500 plastic scale ship models. The series only comprises a small number of ships, with most of them being ships from World War II Japanese Navy. These models are still under production and widely available in the market. In mid-1970s, Monogram also released models of USS\u00a0Chicago\u00a0(CG-11) and USS\u00a0Columbus in 1:500 scale (actually, 16 in. length box scale). In the late 1990s, Trumpeter released 1:500 scale models of Nimitz class aircraft carrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0004-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Plastic model kit (ships)\nIn November 2009, Fujimi released an all-new tooling model of the Japanese battleship Yamato in 1:500 scale. Fujimi then follows on the series by releasing Japanese battleship Nagato and Design A-150 battleship (a Japanese plan for a class of battleship following the Yamato Class, also known as the Super Yamato class) in the same scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0005-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Plastic model kit (ships)\nThere are also resin kits available in this scale, such as the USS\u00a0Gambier Bay\u00a0(CVE-73) by Aki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0006-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Plastic model kit (building/structure)\nDoyusha released a limited number of Japanese castle models in 1/500 scale. These are Himeji Castle, Matsue Castle and K\u014dchi Castle. They are also available in another version that features gold colour plated parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0007-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Plastic model kit (science fiction)\n1:500 scale is also used in Sci-Fiction plastic model kit by some model manufacturers. AMT released a futuristic spaceship model in the 1960s. Bandai released a model of the Space Battleship Yamato in the 1980s, and an all-new tooling model of the same ship was released in early 2010. Fine Molds began to release spaceship models designed by well known anime and manga artist Leiji Matsumoto in October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0008-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Collectables (aircraft)\nHerpa launched a Wings series of airplane collection models in the 1:500 scale in 1992. The series also includes model diorama airports and airport accessories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0009-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Collectables (aircraft)\nF-toys also released 1/500 scale pre-painted and mostly pre-assembled plastic \"trading kits\" on JAL and ANA commercial aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0010-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Collectables (aircraft)\nOther manufacturers like Aeroclassics, Inflight500, etc. also offer 1:500 scale model aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158369-0011-0000", "contents": "1:500 scale, Unit conversion\nReality \u2013 Scale model0.1 m \u2013 0.2 mm0.2 m \u2013 0.4 mm0.4 m \u2013 0.8 mm0.5 m \u2013 1 mm1 m \u2013 2 mm2 m \u2013 4 mm3 m \u2013 6 mm20 m \u2013 40 mm100 m \u2013 200 mm1\u00a0km \u2013 2000 mm2\u00a0km \u2013 4000 mm", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0000-0000", "contents": "1:54\n1:54 is an annual contemporary African art fair held in London during the October Frieze Week since 2013. It was organized to improve the representation of contemporary African art in worldwide exhibitions, and is the foremost art fair dedicated to contemporary African art in the primary art market. By 2016, the show had become three times the size of the original exhibition with 130 artists represented. A spin-off, pop-up show, 1:54 NY, has been held annually in New York City during the May Frieze New York since 2015. Critics have described 1:54 as a highlight of the Frieze event, and wrote that the show's publicity for contemporary African art outweighs the issues of lumping disparate geographic traditions together. The fair's representation from African galleries has improved as the international market for African art expands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0001-0000", "contents": "1:54, History\n1:54 is a contemporary African art fair held annually in London, beginning in 2013. As of 2015, 1:54 is the only art fair dedicated to contemporary African art in the primary art market. Its name refers to the 54 countries that compose the African continent, expressed as a ratio (\"one continent: 54 countries\"). Moroccan curator Touria El Glaoui, daughter of the artist Hassan El Glaoui, organized the fair to improve the representation of contemporary African art in worldwide art exhibitions. Representation of non-Western countries in the contemporary art world has lagged behind that of other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0001-0001", "contents": "1:54, History\nRepresentation of African countries, in particular, improved alongside the continent's economic growth. El Glaoui said that the continent did not have a single art scene, and that there was great diversity between African nations. Accordingly, as in the fair's title, 1:54 tries to preserve rather than homogenize the differences between each country's histories and cultures. In starting the fair, its founder was supported and advised by the British Council, the Francophonie, and partners ArtReview, Beaux Art magazine, and Art.sy. For each edition, the 1:54 organizers ask themselves \"what is necessary, what can be achieved, how [to] do something different\". The fair's organizers choose exhibitors based on proposal submissions and the firms' reputation and plans. Travel visa issues have also affected whether invitees ultimately attend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0002-0000", "contents": "1:54, History\nThe fair debuted in October 2013 during Frieze Week, where about 6,000 people visited the fair held in the London Somerset House. David Adjaye's company designed the fair's architectural features. By the next year, held at the same time and venue, the event had doubled in size, with 10,000 visitors and a greater variety of curators from outside African-specific specialties. Over 100 African artists exhibited in 27 galleries, including photographers J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere, Malick Sidib\u00e9, Paul Sika, pop artist Hassan Hajjaj, sound artist Emeka Ogboh, and performance artist Athi-Patra Ruga. Mid -twentieth century photography was in particular prominence. The fair featured a series of lectures and panels, including a set curated by Koyo Kouoh of the Senegalese Raw Material Company, film screenings, and curator discussions on the future of African art. The 2014 event's primary sponsor was the Sindika Dokolo Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0003-0000", "contents": "1:54, History\nAfter two years in London, 1:54 held a pop-up show, 1:54 NY, at the Red Hook art venue Pioneer Works during the May 2015 Frieze New York. Kouoh returned to lead a forum on present and future ideas of African diasporic identities and practices, and RA Projects, who had previously worked with 1:54, returned to design the New York exhibit. The show used a standard gallery layout as the open, industrial space was divided into white-walled booths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0003-0001", "contents": "1:54, History\nSixteen international galleries participated\u2014most were from American and European countries, apart from five South African galleries and one each from C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Morocco, and Nigeria. Exhibited artists were from African nations and the African diaspora, living in other Western countries. They included William Kentridge, Malick Sidib\u00e9, Seydou Ke\u00efta, Peter Clarke, Lavar Munroe, Billie Zangewa, and Omar Victor Diop. Particularly due to the New York event's smaller size, 1:54's founder said that they tried to show the most exciting artists and exhibitors rather than show a survey of the 54 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0003-0002", "contents": "1:54, History\nThe expansion into New York was a \"natural progression\" for the fair, based on their existing institutional relationships. It also expanded the fair's scope into American and African American art professionals, and the American art market\u2014the show's foremost focus was bringing new artists to New York patronage. The event was planned in six months. 1:54 held a second New York show in 2016 with 17 galleries, including five based in Africa, and a partnership with the Dakar Biennale. Dartmouth's Hood Museum of Art purchased Eric Van Hove's Testosterone installation. Compared to the London event, 1:54 NY is smaller and designed to be more intimate, with an active community and different audience, although the two shows are not significantly different.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0004-0000", "contents": "1:54, History\nIn its third year in London, the 2015 show had 15,000 visitors. The fourth London show in October 2016 was three times the size of the original exhibition, and had expanded from a wing of the Somerset House to the rest of the building and its courtyard, where Zak Ov\u00e9 installed a site-specific work that was purchased for a sculpture park in Berkshire. The 2016 fair featured 130 artists, including the fair's first artists representing Egypt, Ethiopia, and Ghana. Koyo Kouoh's forum series returned to the event as well. Of the 40 exhibitors from 18 countries, 40 percent were from Africa and 17 galleries debuted at the show. The fair's founder viewed these expansions as a sign of progress for the African art market. She hopes to hold future 1:54 fairs in Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0005-0000", "contents": "1:54, Reception\nOkay Africa wrote that by its second year, the fair had become Europe's foremost contemporary African art fair, and Naomi Rea of Artnet News called it a necessary visit during the London Frieze Art Fair. In New York, Ben Davis of Artnet wrote that 1:54 NY was a highlight of the city's art fair week. Critics had typically questioned whether art fairs with narrow geographic scope like 1:54 highlight or ostracize minority artists. A gallery owner from Seattle saw the fair as a route for further integration into larger markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158370-0005-0001", "contents": "1:54, Reception\nArtnet's Davis expressed distaste at the art fair trend of lumping artists by their geographic region and generalizing trends based on its parts, but nonetheless considered important 1:54's representation of Africa. Critics initially noted the fair's lack of African gallery representation, but cited justification including the African art scene's nascent state and the continent's history of political instability, which affects both overseas trade and gallery security. At the 2015 New York show, reviewers noted elements including the predominantly white gallery exhibition staff and the marquee display of a popular artist at a fair for marginal artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0000-0000", "contents": "1:54 (film)\n1:54 is a 2016 Canadian drama film directed by Yan England. Starring Antoine Olivier Pilon, Lou-Pascal Tremblay and Sophie N\u00e9lisse, it also features roles by David Boutin, Patrice Godin, Robert Naylor and Anthony Therrien. The film launched on wider screens on 13 October 2016 tackles the phenomenon of bullying in schools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0001-0000", "contents": "1:54 (film), Plot\n1:54, a social / psychological drama thriller, tells the story of Tim, a 16-year old timid yet brilliant student (played by Antoine Olivier Pilon), who has been suffering from bullying in school and seemingly non-stopping intimidation and menace for the last 5 years by some of his schoolmates and particularly at the hands of the arch-bully in his school Jeff Roy (played by Lou-Pascal Tremblay). Tim who lives with his father (played by David Boutin) after his mother's early death, cannot confide in his own father despite the latter's efforts to get to the bottom of what is ailing his son.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0002-0000", "contents": "1:54 (film), Plot\nTim's situation becomes even more precarious in his grade 11 year, because of his continuing friendship with classmate Francis (played by Robert Naylor), a gay youth and Tim's struggles with his own sexuality and his increasing infatuation with Francis, although Tim is reluctant of going public about it. Tim is reluctant to go to the school authorities as he is \"no snitch\", but finds solace in the friendship of Jennifer (played by Sophie N\u00e9lisse), a schoolmate who takes Tim's case to heart. After a dramatic outing of Francis, and Tim's erratic behaviour distancing himself at least publicly from him for the fear of being exposed himself, Francis commits suicide despite Tim's pleas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0003-0000", "contents": "1:54 (film), Plot\nViewers gradually learn that Tim used to be a star runner but had stopped a couple of years back when his mother died. Mr. Sullivan (played by Patrice Godin), the coach of the school running team, is pushing hard to have Tim return to racing, and eventually Tim decides to do just that \u2014 mainly because he sees it as his opportunity to get even with Jeff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0003-0001", "contents": "1:54 (film), Plot\nHis move to join \"Les Coriaces\" a sports club for the sole ambition of qualifying for the Nationals for the 800 m running event, the specialty of his tormentor and school star athlete Jeff. This is Tim's way of getting even with Jeff for all the suffering Jeff has caused. The title 1:54 is the time Tim has to make running the 800 m to qualify to the Nationals for the distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0004-0000", "contents": "1:54 (film), Plot\nMatters turns to worst as in a weak moment after a school bingeing party, Tim intoxicated with alcohol engages in a casual gay sex encounter while Jeff films the whole incident on his phone. As Tim catches up with Jeff's coveted time of 1:54 in running, Jeff first blackmails Tim with publishing  the footage on social media in case Tim goes on with his scheme of stealing Jeff's position in qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0004-0001", "contents": "1:54 (film), Plot\nDuring the final run, a desperate and vindictive Jeff first intimidates Tim and then in a desperate move seeing Tim's insistence in winning the race, instructs his friend to publish the footage online. Tim confronted with his painful outing and public shaming, finds support from his father towards his son's sexuality and outing. The father also who pleads with the school board to stop Jeff and arranges for his son finishing his school year through home schooling with help from his school and teachers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0004-0002", "contents": "1:54 (film), Plot\nBut it is too late, as Tim has already prepared a makeshift bomb to blast Jeff's celebration party after the latter's victory and qualification to the Nationals. He has also released a video footage on his own online page explaining why he is engaging in this final act. Tim had developed his skill of bomb-making through chemical experiments he had conducted in preparation with a joint lab project earlier with his now-deceased friend Francis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0004-0003", "contents": "1:54 (film), Plot\nIn his last moment of remorse of possibly causing great havoc and mayhem, he tries to remove the bomb he has placed, but dies himself as the bomb explodes in his hands. The last scene shows the reactions of many who knew Tim and could do nothing, with the friend of Jeff - and not Jeff himself - in a remorseful mood trying to justify or self-excuse himself by saying that his actions were meant as \"just a joke\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0005-0000", "contents": "1:54 (film), Impact\nThe film was featured during the 2016 Quebec City Film Festival with the film winning the award for \"Best Student Film\" and the film's star Antoine Olivier Pilon the award for \"Best Actor\" during the festival. It was also featured during the Busan International Film Festival in South Korea, the 9th edition of Festival du film francophone d'Angoul\u00eame in France (23-28 August 2016) and the 31st Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur in Belgium (30 September to 6 October 2016).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0006-0000", "contents": "1:54 (film), Impact\nThe film is England's debut long feature film, following his short film Henry, which was a finalist during the 85th Academy Awards for the category of Best Live Action Short Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0007-0000", "contents": "1:54 (film), Impact\nThe Quebec City Film Festival screening held in the Palais Montcalm on 23 September 2016 was attended by Premier of Quebec Philippe Couillard, a number of government ministers and Quebec City mayor R\u00e9gis Labeaume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158371-0008-0000", "contents": "1:54 (film), Impact\nThe film has prompted wider discussion in Canadian schools with demands of showing the film in various schools to encourage open discussions and wider public awareness of important issues the film tackles like competitiveness in youth sports and rivalry between athletes, bullying, physical violence, verbal abuse and intimidation in schools, sexual orientation among youth and teenage homosexuality, public outing, online shaming, youth suicide, ostracism, blackmail, rejection, humiliation, desperation, vengeance, and handling of grief. At the 19th Quebec Cinema Awards, Pilon was nominated for Best Actor and 1:54 was nominated for the Public Prize. It won the Public Prize, chosen by viewers' votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158372-0000-0000", "contents": "1:5:200\nIn the construction industry, the 1:5:200 rule (or 1:5:200 ratio) is a rule of thumb that states that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158372-0001-0000", "contents": "1:5:200\nIf the initial construction costs of a building is 1, then its maintenance and operating costs over the years is 5, and the business operating costs (salary of people working in that building) is 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158372-0002-0000", "contents": "1:5:200, Rule\nThe rule originated in a Royal Academy of Engineering paper by Evans et al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158372-0003-0000", "contents": "1:5:200, Rule\nSometimes the ratios are given as 1:10:200. The figures are averages and broad generalizations, since construction costs will vary with land costs, building type, and location, and staffing costs will vary with business sector and local economy. The RAE paper started a number of arguments about the basis for the figures: whether they were credible: whether they should be discounted; what is included in each category. These arguments overshadow the principal message of the paper that concentration on first capital cost is not optimising use value: support to the occupier and containment of operating-cost. Study by the Constructing Excellence Be Valuable Task Group, chaired by Richard Saxon, came to the view that there is merit in knowing more about key cost ratios as benchmarks and that we can expect wide variation between building types and even individual examples of the same type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158372-0004-0000", "contents": "1:5:200, Rule\nHughes et al, of the University of Reading School of Construction Management and Engineering, observed that the \"Evans ratio\" is merely a passing remark in the paper's introduction (talking of \"commercial office buildings\" and stating that \"similar ratios might well apply in other types of building\") forming part of a pitch that the proportion of a company's expenditure on a building that is spent directly on the building itself (rather than upon staffing it) is around 3%, and that no data are given to support the ratio and no defence of it is given in the remainder of the paper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158372-0004-0001", "contents": "1:5:200, Rule\nIn attempting to determine this ratio afresh, from published data on real buildings, they found it impossible to reproduce the 1:5:200 ratio, in part because the data and methodology employed by Evans et al. were not published and in part because the definitions employed in the original paper could not be applied. The ratios that they determined were different by an order of magnitude from the 1:5:200 ratio, being approximately 1:0.4:12. They observed that \"everyone else who deals with real numbers\" pitches the percentage somewhere between 10% and 30%, and that their data support 12%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158372-0005-0000", "contents": "1:5:200, Rule\nThey note (as does Clements-Croome) that the three costs for every individual building are affected by a plethora of factors, yielding a wide variation in ratios. They suggest that \"[p]erhaps the original 1:5:200 ratio was simply meant to be a statement to focus clients' attention\" on the importance of considering the higher staffing costs of a building relative to its operating and construction costs, and to encourage people to not be too concerned with higher initial build costs to improve build quality and reduce later lifetime costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158372-0005-0001", "contents": "1:5:200, Rule\nThey state that if this is so \"then subsequent users of the ratio have misused it\", and that the frequency of use of the ratio is not problematic, but that the authority and gravitas that are assigned to it is. They conclude that \"perhaps the most worrying feature of this whole discussion is how this passing introductory remark in the paper by Evans et al has gained the status of a finding from research carried out by the Royal Academy of Engineering, which it most certainly is not! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0000-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale\n1:64 scale is a traditional scale for models and miniatures, in which one unit (such as an inch or a centimeter) on the model represents 64\u00a0units on the actual object. It is also known as \"three-sixteenths scale\", since 3/16 of an inch represents one foot. A human is approximately 1+1\u204416 inches (27\u00a0mm) tall in 1:64\u00a0scale. The scale originated by halving the very common 1:32 scale, which was known as \"standard size\" in some hobbies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0001-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale\nThis scale became successful because of its relative size in comparison to other toys, the fact that it is a derivative of 1/16 scale, and because they are easily held by small hands. The 1/64 scale models will generally have less detail than a 1/16 scale models. Moreover, \"1/64 coincides with the S scale of model railroading, part of the consideration of why 1/64 became an established size.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0002-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale\nCurrently, 1:64 scale is most commonly used for automobile and other vehicle models, but it is also a popular scale for model railroads and toy trains, and has been used for ship models also. In addition, 28mm military and fantasy figures are a popular size for tabletop gaming, and they are sometimes scaled out to 1:64, although opinion on the actual scale of 28mm range from 1:48 to 1:64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0003-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Die-cast vehicles\nMany diecast automobiles and commercial vehicle models for collectors have been made to a strict scale of 1:64. However, for much of the die-cast toy market, 1:64 is only a nominal scale. Though collectors and manufacturers loosely describe popular lines of die-casts as 1:64, toy vehicles are usually made to \"box scale.\" This means that the size of the model is determined by the size of the standard packaging (formerly a cardstock box, now usually a clear blister-card).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0003-0001", "contents": "1:64 scale, Die-cast vehicles\nModels of a 1959 Cadillac and an Austin Mini-Cooper designed to fill up the same packaging space will have very different actual scales, but for the passenger automobiles in many die-cast lines, 1:64 is a reasonable approximation. Brands of die-cast toys in and around this scale include Hot Wheels and Matchbox, Ertl, GreenLight, Auto World, Code 3, Johnny Lightning, and Jada Toys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0004-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Die-cast vehicles\nOutside the USA, brands like Maisto, Siku, Norev, Corgi, Tomica, Autoart, Edocar, Kyosho, Tarmac Works, iscale, Time Model, Make Up, Majorette, Schuco, Welly, among many others, are available in this scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0005-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Model horses\nBreyer Animal Creations's brand Mini Whinnies, introduced in 2005, are the smallest scale of Breyer model horses at 1 1/2\" high for adults and 1\" for foals (1:64 scale). Originally produced by Creata Winner's Choice and sculpted by Candance Liddy, they are aimed at young collectors and usually sold in easy-to-carry packages and playsets; they are currently sold as blind bags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0006-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Slot cars\nSmall-scale slot cars are often sized to fit a standard motorized chassis and therefore vary somewhat in scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0007-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Slot cars\nThe mechanisms have increased in size over the years to generate more power. The so-called \"HO\" sized slot cars which were introduced in the 1960s at about 1:76 scale, now average around 1:64\u00a0scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0008-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Slot cars\nPictured is an early example of an approximately 1:64 slot car built by Aurora around 1972, as part of its AFX line. This first-generation AMC Matador coupe NASCAR race car replica is designed to fit on an enlarged chassis for nominal HO track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0009-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Slot cars\nThe 1:64 slot car lines include Micro Scalextric from the maker of the pioneering 1:32 scale slot cars. Tomy-Aurora and Life-Like also produce cars that average close to 1:64. Mattel's diecast Hot Wheels Racing series and the Winner's Circle also have made diecast scenes of 1/64-scale pit crews and race officials that look right with the appropriate NASCAR slot car models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0010-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Wargaming\nMetal figures for tabletop wargaming and role-playing gaming are usually not described by scale ratio, but by the approximate height of a human figure, in millimeters. Manufacturers gradually enlarged the standard 25\u00a0 mm figures of the 1970s, at first describing them as \"large 25s,\"  or \"heroic 25s.\" By the 1990s, they were simply called 28\u00a0 mm. figures, and have largely replaced 25s as the standard size for role-playing and many military games. Accessories scaled to match 28\u00a0 mm gaming figures are generally built to 1:64 scale. More accurate to 1/64 scale car models would actually be the 20mm figures, or approximately 1/72.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0011-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Model trains\nFrom the late 1940s to the mid-1960s, 1:64 was a popular scale in the U.S. model railroad market, where it was called S scale or S gauge. It still remains a modestly popular scale, with a dedicated following. A.C. Gilbert, a major toy manufacturer, challenged the predominant O scale (1:48) manufacturers such as Lionel with a fully developed line of 1:64 scale and semi-scale equipment marketed under the American Flyer brand. Because they were 25% smaller than traditional O scale models, they ran on a two-rail track that was more realistic than the traditional 3-rail O gauge track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0011-0001", "contents": "1:64 scale, Model trains\nThese features would become standard characteristics of model trains in later years, when the even-smaller HO scale (1:87) took over the model train market from both the O and S scale trains. S-scale survives currently with a small number of manufacturers producing scale equipment for hobbyists and a large number of collectors who seek out the 1950s-era American Flyer equipment to run trains on nostalgic layouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0012-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Model trains\nSince the 1930s, O scale (1:48) train manufacturers, including Gilbert, Lionel and Marx, have produced bargain or introductory lines of undersized toy trains to run on O-gauge track with very tight curves, known as 0-27 track. Though sold as O gauge, the bodies of these undersized cars and engines were often scaled to 1:64 proportions. The origins of Gilbert's S-gauge equipment can be traced to its American Flyer O-27 line of 1938 and after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158373-0013-0000", "contents": "1:64 scale, Ships and boats\nKit manufacturers have used 1:64 as a scale for boats and small ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158374-0000-0000", "contents": "1:700 scale\n1:700 scale is a widely popular scale mainly used by Japanese ship model kit manufacturers, such as Aoshima, Tamiya, Hasegawa, Fujimi and Pit-Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158374-0001-0000", "contents": "1:700 scale, History\nManufacturers such as Airfix, Renwal, and Heller were producing ship models in various scales, ranging from 1/400 to 1/600 scale. Airfix began producing constant scale 20th century warship subjects to 1/600 scale in 1959. In 1967, Revell began to produce ship kits in a unified 1/720 scale, and Italeri followed Revell ten years after. In 1971, Japanese manufactures started to produce a series of 1/700 scale water line ship kits. In this scale, approximately 1\u00a0inch equals 60 scale feet. This series steadily expanded over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158374-0001-0001", "contents": "1:700 scale, History\nAt the beginning, only ships of the Japanese Navy were available in the series, but later American, British and German navy subjects were also included. Between 1977-1979, Matchbox released a small number of British, German and US waterline ship kits, they were designed to be made of different colors of plastic so that painting was not required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158374-0002-0000", "contents": "1:700 scale, History\nDue to the large range of water line kits available in this scale, it became popular and now widely considered as a 'standardized scale' in ship modelling. Today there are many companies outside Japan producing 1/700 scale ships as well, such as the Chinese companies Trumpeter and Dragon Models. Various aftermarket photo-etched detailing parts are also widely available for adding fine details to ship models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158374-0003-0000", "contents": "1:700 scale, History\nThere are also small-run manufacturers of 1/700 scale warships, particularly with respect to ships that were designed but never built (Imperial Hobbies) and the leading resin kit manufacturer Kombrig which deals with many vessels of the predreadnought, dreadnought and WW2 eras which would not otherwise see manufacturing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158374-0004-0000", "contents": "1:700 scale, Water Line Series\nThe Water Line Series was created by the Shizuoka Plastic Model Manufacturers Association in May 1971. It is a collaborative effort by three manufacturers to produce constant scale models of most of the ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, in their first series, and then an ongoing collection of 1/700-scale kits of warships of the world. It started with four manufacturers (Tamiya, Aoshima, Hasegawa and Fujimi), but Fujimi separated in 1992 and made their own line named Sea Way Model Series. As the series name suggests, the models are produced only with the portion visible above the water, that enable them to be displayed as though they were at sea. Today there are over 180 products in the series, most of them ships from various World War II navies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0000-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale\n1:72 scale is a  scale used for scale models, most commonly model aircraft, corresponding to one sixth of an inch representing one foot (or 1\u00a0inch to 6 feet). In other words, 72 of a given model placed end to end would represent the length of the real thing. In this scale, a man who is six feet tall would be exactly one inch in height. The scale was popular for aircraft because small fighters and large bombers were represented, and was practically the only choice of scale if a modeler wanted to have all aircraft types represented in the same scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0001-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale\nThis scale originated with the Skybirds and Frog Penguin aircraft model ranges produced in the United Kingdom during the 1930s and was subsequently used for aircraft recognition models by the Allies of World War II. More subjects and genres are covered in this scale than any other. Widespread in Western and Eastern Europe, Japan and Latin America, the scale is extremely popular in the UK but less so in Australia, Canada, and the USA, where 1:48 is more prevalent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0002-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale\nManufacturers of aircraft kits, past and present, in 1:72 scale include; Airfix, Frog, Novo, Revell, Italeri, Tamiya, Hasegawa, Heller, Monogram and Matchbox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0003-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale\nIn recent years this scale has also gained popularity for model military vehicles, and is also used for Japanese anime science fiction models, die-cast model cars, figures, and radio-control model ships, as well as soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0004-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale, Die-cast models\n1:72 scale is becoming increasingly popular for die-cast toys. The beginning of die-cast production in this scale can be connected to the noted Hong Kong model car producer Hongwell Company, which opened its factory dedicated to these model cars in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0005-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale, Die-cast models\nThe success of this scale in the die-cast market has multiple reasons. One of them is that these models may be precisely designed using Zamak as a basic alloy, which is a real advantage in contrast to 1:87. The other reason is that these models are sold in perspex boxes that can easily be organized into columns, thus helping collectors to keep their collection in good condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0006-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale, Die-cast models\nUnlike 1:64, 1:72 die-cast models are strictly produced in true scale even if they do not fit the original box size. The number of complementary plastic parts (lamps, mirrors) and a higher amount of screen printed decorations make these models much more lifelike, yet still allow them to be produced in large numbers so they may also be used as toys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0007-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale, Die-cast models\nModels in this scale are admired by collectors because their finish may be compared to most 1:43 models, but their size allows the modeller to build up a large collection in a smaller space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0008-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale, Die-cast models\nEmergency vehicle models started a new way of collecting in this scale. As most of the manufacturers offered emergency models in the local markets in local liveries, swapping these cars soon became an everyday procedure in the lives of collectors. As a result international online communities for 1:72 die-cast models are more popular than for older scales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0009-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale, Die-cast models\nThe best-known manufacturers in this scale are Hongwell (Cararama brand), Real-X, Yat Ming and Realtoy. Other brands such as Schuco, Abrex, Bumi Cars or Motorart also have these models in their portfolio but the manufacturers behind these brands are Hongwell or Yat Ming. Italian Bburago also announced its 1:72 scale range at the 2005 International Nuremberg Toy Fair. This product line would have been a spin-off of Schuco's Junior Line extending the portfolio with the models of Real-X. As Bburago was sold by Dickie-Schuco Group shortly afterwards, these models never reached the European market under the Italian brand name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0010-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale, 1:72 and HO/OO scale\nThere has been some confusion amongst manufacturers in the past in terms of railway and scale model scales. Railway scales are identified by alpha/numeric codes whereas all other modeling scales are simply identified by the scale concerned. HO in Australia, Europe, Japan, and the United States is 1:87. The UK had its own scale of OO, which is 1:76, but uses the same track gauge as HO scale. Hence the term HO/OO. None of these scales are 1:72, and neither are they compatible with it, as a comparison between an Airfix and Revell GMBH Leopard I tank kits will demonstrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0010-0001", "contents": "1:72 scale, 1:72 and HO/OO scale\nEven figures in these scales show distinct size differences. Many manufacturers in the past, particularly in the UK, produced items to 1:76 and labeled the packaging as being 1:72, because the scales were historically considered to be close. An example is Airfix's and Matchbox's series of vehicle kits to 1:76, which were eventually re-issued with labeling indicating a scale of 1:72. 1:76 still exists, but it is now considered to be a wargaming scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158375-0011-0000", "contents": "1:72 scale, 1:72 and HO/OO scale\nMany scale model manufacturers now recognize the difference and there has been a marked change over the last 10 years, with vehicle and figure producers consolidating to 1:72. Currently a large number of manufacturers produce figures in this scale such as Caesar Miniatures, HaT, Italeri and Zvezda", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158376-0000-0000", "contents": "1:99 Concert\nThe 1:99 Concert was a fund raiser concert for victims of the 2003 SARS outbreak at the Hong Kong Stadium. The name 1:99 came from the bleach to water ratio that health officials recommended for anti-SARS cleaning solution. The concert was organized by Ellen Cheng of the Hong Kong Performing Artistes Guild. Various sources reported different amount raised. According to some sources, HK$22 million was raised. US$2.21 million was raised with the proceeds going to a fund providing education grants for children from SARS-affected families. Severe acute respiratory syndrome killed 262 and sickened over 1,700 in Hong Kong during that time period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158376-0001-0000", "contents": "1:99 Concert, Preparation\nThe concert started after 4pm and ended at 11pm, but rehearsals started several hours earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158376-0002-0000", "contents": "1:99 Concert, Complaints\nPolice received five complaints, including at least two from non-Chinese residents about high noise levels between 12.35pm and 11pm. The event organizers had sent out more than 7,000 letters to people living nearby to explain why the concert was being held and that they were hoping to raise money for youngsters who had been orphaned during the SARS outbreak. Members who defended the concert against complainers included Ho Kam-wah (\u4f55\u9326\u83ef) of the HKPAG, William So, Helena Ma and Kary Ng of the group Cookies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158377-0000-0000", "contents": "1:Man 2:Band\n1: Man 2: Band is a live double album by the Norwegian singer, multi-instrumentalist, composer and performer Jarle Bernhoft, recorded in 2009 and released in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158378-0000-0000", "contents": "1:a g\u00e5ngen\n\"1:a g\u00e5ngen\" is a song written by Magnus Uggla and Anders Henriksson, and originally recorded by Uggla on his 1993 album Alla f\u00e5r p\u00e5sar. The song is written from a perspective where the singer talks to a young girl, telling her to not hurry growing up, because it will still happen. The lyrics are about Uggla's daughter Agnes when she longed to grow up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158378-0001-0000", "contents": "1:a g\u00e5ngen\nMiss Li recorded the song for season 3 of the Swedish show S\u00e5 mycket b\u00e4ttre and her version also appeared on the show's official compilation album. It subsequently appeared on her own studio album Wolves. Her version also peaked at number 19 on the Swedish singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158378-0002-0000", "contents": "1:a g\u00e5ngen\nIn 2013, the song was recorded by the Drifters on the album Jukebox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158379-0000-0000", "contents": "1A (radio program)\n1A is an American radio talk show produced by WAMU in Washington, D.C. and distributed nationally by NPR (National Public Radio). The show debuted on January 2, 2017, airing on more than 340 NPR member stations in 35 states, Washington, D.C., and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It is also heard on Sirius XM channel 122 several times each weekday. Jenn White is the host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158379-0001-0000", "contents": "1A (radio program)\nJournalist Joshua Johnson served as the program's host from 2017 to 2019, before leaving to work for MSNBC. Todd Zwillich replaced him as interim host in January 2020. He was succeeded in this capacity by Sasha-Ann Simons in April. Celeste Headlee also served as an interim guest host. On May 7, 2020, WAMU announced that Jenn White would succeed Johnson as permanent host of 1A beginning in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158379-0002-0000", "contents": "1A (radio program), Format\n1A is divided into two one-hour segments, which each focuses on a topic for the hour, with one or more guests who are authorities on that topic. Most often it is an issue in the news, but occasionally might deal with pop culture and entertainment. 1A invites listeners to add their opinions and comments via texts and Twitter, which the host will read. The show rarely takes phone calls, although it sometimes asks in advance for vocal comments via a voice app. At the end of each week, the show presents \"The Friday News Roundup\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158379-0002-0001", "contents": "1A (radio program), Format\nUsually three guest journalists are invited to participate in a review of that week's major news stories. The first hour deals with domestic news, the second hour with international stories. Several stations air a one-hour curated version of the program that is produced each day, intended for broadcast in an afternoon or evening time slot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158379-0003-0000", "contents": "1A (radio program), Format\nThe show debuted on 169 stations in January 2017, and by March of that year, it had expanded to over 200 stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158379-0004-0000", "contents": "1A (radio program), Format\nThe program's title refers to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158379-0005-0000", "contents": "1A (radio program), Hosts\nFormer host Joshua Johnson is a native of West Palm Beach, Florida. He graduated from the University of Miami and worked for WLRN and the Miami Herald between 2004 and 2010. From 2010 to 2016, he was morning news host of KQED in San Francisco, a position he left to develop a radio project series entitled Truth Be Told, of which four episodes were broadcast nationally. He substituted for Diane Rehm for two days on her talk show in September 2016, and in November, Rehm announced that Johnson would be taking over her time slot. On November 22, Johnson announced his departure at the end of 2019 to host a show on MSNBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158379-0006-0000", "contents": "1A (radio program), Hosts\nTodd Zwillich served as interim host from January through the end of March 2020, leaving the program to join Vice News. He was succeeded as interim host by Sasha-Ann Simons, who has been \"reporting on issues of race, identity, and economic mobility for WAMU\" since 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158379-0007-0000", "contents": "1A (radio program), Hosts\nOn May 7, 2020, it was announced that Jennifer White would take over as permanent host of the program beginning in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0000-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System\nThe 1A2 Key Telephone System is a business telephone system developed and distributed by the Western Electric Company for the Bell System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0001-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System\nThe 1A2 Key Telephone System is a modular system that provided flexible solutions for a variety of telephone service requirements. It provides multiple users with control over multiple telephone lines without the requirement for an operator, system attendant, or receptionist. Each user can select a specific telephone line to place calls on, or to answer calls, and manage those calls by placing them on hold or transferring them to other stations. The system provides options for station-to-station signaling and intercom, and music-on-hold. The control functions are operated directly on each telephone instrument with a set of push buttons (keys) that have lamps installed internally to provide visual indication of line status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0002-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System\nIntroduced in 1964, the 1A2 system represents a stage of key telephone systems development at Bell Laboratories that started in the late 1930s with the 1A Key Telephone System, and was an improvement over the 1A1 system introduced in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0003-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System\nCompatible 1A2 equipment was manufactured by competing vendors, such as Northern Telecom, Automatic Electric (GTE), ITT, and Stromberg-Carlson. The successor technologies to the 1A2 Systems include the AT&T Merlin, AT&T Spirit, and AT&T Partner systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0004-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components\nThe 1A2 Key Telephone System was produced to provide flexible solutions for widely varying telephone service requirements in businesses and enterprises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0005-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components\nThe 1A2 system used a modular plug-in construction concept that permitted many configurations using the same basic components. A typical system consisted of a basic metal mounting frame, the Key Service Unit (KSU), also called a panel, with card-edge connectors and mounting brackets for components and punch-down blocks for interconnecting cabling. The principal switching and control modules were constructed on printed circuit boards, called Key Telephone Units (KTU). KTUs provided many system features, such as various types of line interfaces, dial intercom, music-on-hold, and alarms. Each central office telephone line connected to the system required at least one KTU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0006-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components\nThe mounting panels varied according to the size and complexity of the telephone system. Typical early 1A2 systems used the Type 583 and 584 panels. The 584C panel contained an interrupter and 13 KTUs. The 583 panel did not have the interrupter and held 15 KTUs. For smaller installations, panels were available that housed all components, including the power supply and connecting blocks. Typically these panels supported only four to six central office lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0007-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components\nThe most commonly used telephone sets for the 1A2 systems were modifications of the Bell System standard 500-series telephones for rotary dial systems, and the 2500-series Touch-Tone desk sets. For key system operation these sets were equipped with a set of push-buttons (keys) and additional internal contact springs to control the additional operational features, resulting in a large variety of specialty telephones. Specifically, such telephone sets were the types 565 (up to 5 lines), 630 (17 lines), 631 (29 lines), 830 (9 lines), and 831 (19 lines). Telephone sets could be either rotary dial models, or be equipped with Touch-Tone keypads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0008-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components\nA power supply was either mounted within the panel or separately nearby. The power supply provided 24\u00a0VDC for relay operation, filtered 24\u00a0VDC for talk battery (intercom and direct-line services), 10\u00a0VAC for lamps, 18\u00a0VAC for buzzers, and 90\u2013110\u00a0VAC at 30Hz for ringers. Lamp and signaling voltages were routed through a mechanical interrupter, to create lamp flash (incoming line), lamp wink (hold), and interrupted buzzer and ringing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0009-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components, Wiring\nWiring between system components and telephone sets was facilitated by Type 66 punch-down blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0010-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components, Wiring\nFor each telephone line from the central office, a key system required five pairs of internal wires: The central office tip and ring leads, the station (telephone instrument) tip and ring wires, the A and A1 control leads, lamp power and lamp ground, and the ring signaling pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0011-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components, Wiring\nEach connection to a telephone set required six wires from the key system: One pair (two wires) carried the talk circuit (tip and ring), one pair carried control information, known as A-Leads, for that line, designated A and A1, and the third pair carried current to a lamp for the specific line key position on the telephone set (L and LG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0012-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components, Wiring\nA telephone set (keyset) could operate as many lines as it had pickup keys (buttons) installed. Most keysets with up to nine lines are connected to the system using a single 25-pair cable terminated with an Amphenol 50-position \"MicroRibbon\" connector. Sets with up to 19 line positions used a 50-pair cable and the large instruments with 29 line positions used 75 pairs on three connectors. The Call Director model telephone had over 30 line key positions, and used 100 pairs on four connectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0013-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components, Wiring\nThe keyset cables were typically routed to a wiring closet or wiring panel where the Key Service Unit (KSU) was installed and were terminated on a 66 type punch block, typically a model 66M1-50. Each of these blocks could accept two 25-pair cables for termination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0014-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components, Wiring\nCross-connect wire jumpers, consisting of three twisted pairs, were installed between these blocks and the larger distribution connecting blocks within the KSU for each line provided to the telephone set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0015-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, Components, Wiring\nLarge 1A2 installations had multiple wiring closets fed by branch cables extended from the central closet where the KSU was located. An example of this type of installation would be a multi-story building. The KSU and incoming lines might be in the basement, while each floor had a branch wiring closet to which the telephones on that floor were connected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0016-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface\nA user could select any available telephone line by pressing the appropriate pickup key and taking the handset off-hook. While on a telephone call, a user could place the call on hold by pressing the hold button, which also released the depressed line button mechanically, enabling the user to select another line for placing a call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0017-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface\nA user might have a set with just a few lines available, while the system attendant or receptionist might have a set wired for many more lines so that they could monitor the status of all lines simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0018-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface\nKey telephone systems also supported manual buzzers, intercom lines (with or without selective ringing), music on hold, and other features. The features were provided on a line-by-line basis by the selection of particular Key Telephone Units (KTUs) plugged into a pre-wired backplane in the central control unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0019-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface\nOptional components of the 1A2 could also provide a function called 'I-Hold,' where a call could only be retrieved off hold at the phone that originally placed the line in the hold mode. The cadence of the 'I-Hold' lamp signal was steady illumination punctuated by a series of rapid blinks (produced by a module called a 'flutter generator') every couple of seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0020-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface\nUnlike most later electronic key systems or PBXs, 1A2 systems remain partially functional in the event of a local power failure. The telephones may still be used to make and receive calls when the central office is available, but the system is unable to provide visual or audible supervision, as well as hold functions and intercom services during power outages. Central-office powered ringers continue to function and by designating one telephone ringer per line it is possible to identify the line that is ringing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0021-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface, Audible supervision\nAudible signals, most often from ringers or buzzers, could be handled several ways. The ringer in a specific telephone set could be hardwired to one specific phone line. This had the advantage that the phone would ring any time a call came in on that specific line, even during a local power failure, but it also had the disadvantage of limiting ringing to that one line. No other lines could be connected to that ringer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0022-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface, Audible supervision\nAnother method, sometimes known as common audible, utilizes the internal circuitry of the KSU power supply, and circuitry in the individual key telephone units serving each line, to provide a separate and locally generated ringing signal for each phone line. This has the advantage that the ringing signal for any given line may be routed to any phone, or combinations of phones, but it also had the disadvantage of being non-functional during a local power outage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0023-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface, Audible supervision\nA combination of these methods was possible. A set of relays were continuously powered by the power supply. The common-audible ringing signals from the KSU would run through the energized relays to certain phones that would also ring if there was a power failure. The phone lines that terminated at the KSU were also terminated at these relays and in the event of a power failure, the relays would de-energize and switch the phone lines to the ringers of selected phones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0024-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface, Audible supervision\nBuzzers were not usually designed to accommodate the 90-110 volt, 20\u201330\u00a0Hz ringing signal used by telephone ringers. Instead, they usually operated on low-voltage AC (10-18 volts) supplied by the power supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158380-0025-0000", "contents": "1A2 Key Telephone System, User interface, Visual supervision\nThe buttons on telephone sets were transparent to provide visual signals furnished by lamps installed underneath the buttons in the telephone set. This permitted the user to instantly determine the status of the telephone lines available at the set:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158381-0000-0000", "contents": "1AM (song)\n\"1AM\" is a song recorded by South Korean singer Taeyang, and was serviced to radio on June 10, 2014 as the third and last single for his second studio album Rise (2014). It was written by long-time collaborator Teddy Park. The filming of the music video was the first time Taeyang met South Korean actress Min Hyo-rin; the two began a relationship shortly after and wed in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158381-0001-0000", "contents": "1AM (song), Background\nLyrically, \"1AM\" is about the narrator missing his ex-girlfriend late into the night and is described as \"melancholy\" by Jeff Benjamin from Billboard. The music video features South Korean actress Min Hyo-rin, who plays Taeyang's love interest and would later become his wife. It includes a \"sexually-charged bed scene\" between the two that drew public attention. Seoul Beats felt the \"over hyped\" bed scene failed to live up to expectations, though they praised it for being \"classy\" instead of selling \"sex for the sake of selling it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158382-0000-0000", "contents": "1B-LSD\n1B-LSD (N1-butyryl-lysergic acid diethylamide) is an acylated derivative of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which has been sold as a designer drug. In tests on mice it was found to be an active psychedelic, though with only around 1/7th the potency of LSD itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158382-0001-0000", "contents": "1B-LSD, Legal status\n1B-LSD is illegal in Singapore. Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying 1B-LSD as a hazardous substance, on June 24, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158383-0000-0000", "contents": "1BANGSA\n1BANGSA is shortened word of non-profit organization in the Philippines known as One Bangsamoro Movement, Inc., a group of multi-sectoral leaders and activists in the Philippines advocating peace and unity among Filipinos as well as Bangsamoro people. It was led by Maulana \u201cAlan\u201d A. Balangi, a Maranao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158383-0001-0000", "contents": "1BANGSA, History\nThe organization was a frontliner of peace advocacy during the signing of Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB). It was organized since August 8, 2008 three days before the propose of the Memorandum of Agreement on Acestral Domain (MOA-AD) and the issuance of Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) to the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158383-0002-0000", "contents": "1BANGSA, History\nThey are the proponent of \"One Million Signatures for Bangsamoro\" held in Mendiola, Manila which collected one million supporters for the signing of Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) into law in 2015. They choose to be engaged into public affairs over violence extremism. Leaders of the group had gathered in Quezon City, Manila on January 11, 2019 to show their support for the ratification of Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL), the revised version of BBL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158383-0003-0000", "contents": "1BANGSA, History\nAfter BOL ratified in plebiscite on January 21, 2019 now known as Republic Act No. 11054, the organization on February 11, 2019 has urged President Rodrigo R. Duterte for \"fair and equal\" appointment of 80 members for the Bangsamoro Transition Authority, the interim members of parliament for the transition of Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) from Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158383-0004-0000", "contents": "1BANGSA, Coalition\nAmidst threat of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Philippines, the organization sent an open letter dated on April 8, 2020 to President Rodrigo R. Duterte seeking an extension of Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) nationwide to stop the spread of the pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158383-0005-0000", "contents": "1BANGSA, Coalition\nOn February 3, 2019, the group joined with the National Commission on Muslim Filipino (NCMF) prayer rally condemning the bombing of Jolo Cathedral in Sulu on January 27, 2019 that killed 22 people and the blast in a mosque in Zamboanga City which left 2 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158383-0006-0000", "contents": "1BANGSA, Coalition\nOn October 16, 2018, the movement with the leaders of Bangsamoro communities outside Bangsamoro autonomous region have assembled to assure support for the ratification of the BOL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158384-0000-0000", "contents": "1BR\n1BR is a 2019 American horror film written and directed by David Marmor, in his directorial debut. The title is an abbreviation of \"one bedroom\", commonly seen in real estate listings. The film premiered at Fantasia International Film Festival in July 2019, and was released in the United States in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158384-0001-0000", "contents": "1BR, Plot\nAn aspiring costume designer moves into a one-bedroom apartment in Los Angeles, unaware that the complex is owned by a cult who use torture to force new residents to join their community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 9], "content_span": [10, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158384-0002-0000", "contents": "1BR, Production\nDuring the early stages of production, the film's offices were victim of the Skirball Fire in 2017, and were forced to use producer Alok Mishra's home in the San Fernando Valley as the base of operations during filming. The outside exteriors of the apartments were used on-location in Los Angeles, with the indoor scenes being shot on a soundstage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158384-0003-0000", "contents": "1BR, Release\nThe film premiered at Fantasia International Film Festival on July 18, 2019. The film had a limited theatrical and VOD release on April 24, 2020, before beginning to stream on Netflix on August 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158384-0004-0000", "contents": "1BR, Release\nOver its first week of release on Netflix the film was among the top 5 most-streamed films, reaching #1 in the film section of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158384-0005-0000", "contents": "1BR, Reception\nOn review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 88% based on 80 reviews, with an average rating of 6.60/10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"1BR's occasionally ordinary storytelling is more than outweighed by tight direction, interesting ideas, and an effective blend of horror and thoughtful drama.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100 based on 8 critic reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158384-0006-0000", "contents": "1BR, Reception\nJohn DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: \"Taken on its own terms, it's a solid if hardly revolutionary thriller that bodes well for the filmmaker's future in genre films.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158385-0000-0000", "contents": "1Borneo Hypermall\n1Borneo Hypermall (also known as 1Borneo) is a shopping centre in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. It is the largest shopping complex in East Malaysia and has been dubbed as Borneo Island's largest mall. It is also situated in the fastest growing sector in Sabah. It was designed by YTS Architecture Sdn Bhd, an international architectural firm based in Kuala Lumpur. 1Borneo is 7\u00a0km away from Kota Kinabalu City and about 13\u00a0km away from Kota Kinabalu International Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0000-0000", "contents": "1C Company\n1C Company (Russian: \u0424\u0438\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u00ab1\u0421\u00bb, [\u02c8f\u02b2irm\u0259 \u0250\u02c8d\u02b2in \u02c8\u025bs]) is an independent software developer, distributor and publisher with headquarters in Moscow, Russia. It develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, related services and video games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0001-0000", "contents": "1C Company\nIn Russia, 1C is considered a leader in business software for its comprehensive business software suite  1C:Enterprise (Russian: 1\u0421:\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435, 1C:Predpriyatie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0002-0000", "contents": "1C Company\n1C is known as a video game developer and publisher. Most popular titles produced by the company are IL-2 Sturmovik, King's Bounty, Men of War and the Space Rangers series. 1C acts as a publisher for dozens of independent developers and has produced over 100 video game titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0003-0000", "contents": "1C Company\n1C is also the official distributor of 100+ software vendors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0004-0000", "contents": "1C Company\nThe company has over 1200 employees. 1\u0421 Company operates through wide network of 10 000+ business partners in 25 countries, including 7000+ 1C franchise authorized software integrators & VARs and 400+ authorized training centers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0005-0000", "contents": "1C Company\n1C Company is also developing its 1C:Accounting outsourcing service (Russian: 1\u0421:\u0411\u0443\u0445\u041e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, 1\u0421:BuhObsluzhivanie) \u2013 a 500+ partner network for services like accounting, taxation, payroll, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0006-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\n1C was founded in 1991 by Boris Nuraliev in Moscow, Russia. In 1992, the company published ''1C:Accounting'' (ru), a bookkeeping software. The simplicity, wealth of customization options and its reach through the wide network of dealers, who were entitled to 50% of the sales income, made it possible for the 1C:Accounting software to become the most widespread accounting program across Russia and former USSR states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0007-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn 1996 the released the first version of the 1C:Enterprise platform designed for the comprehensive and targeted automation of processes within companies. The software implementation was handed over to a partnered franchise network founded specifically for this purpose. The first game distributed by 1C was launched in retail (Pilot Brothers, based on a famous Russian animation movie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0008-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn 1999, a version 7.7 of 1C:Enterprise was released. Its reported that 1C got over 40% of the accounting software market share in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0009-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn 1999, the first game developed by 1C was published - Konung: Legends of the North. 1C also acquired MaddoxGames company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0010-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn 2001, 1C released IL-2 Sturmovik, what can be viewed as the first AAA packaged video game developed in Russia, with Pirates of the Caribbean only releasing 2 years later on the original Xbox in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0011-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn 2006, 1C announced that their trademark was considered \"well-known\" by Rospatent as an intellectual property status in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0012-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn 2008 1C declared its plan of transforming into a large multisectoral holding company. Part of its growth strategy was establishing joint ventures with leading and promising enterprises within the IT industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0013-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn May 2005, 1C bought Cenega Publishing, a Prague-based publisher and distributor. This arm was rebranded 1C Publishing EU in May 2007. 1C Publishing EU uses the trade name 1C Entertainment since late 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0014-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn 2008, 1C declared it would become a holding company, stating it would establish joint ventures with companies within the IT industry. In October 2011, Baring Vostok Capital Fund acquired a 9% stake of 1C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0015-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn 2011, its reported that 1C:Enterprise 8.3 was released, with cloud service on Windows, Linux, and Mac as well as on iOS, Android and Windows Mobile. The same year, the software as a service platform 1CFresh.com was set up, allowing 1C: Enterprise to use the cloud environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0016-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn 2012, 1C partnered with 777 Studios to create 1C Game Studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0017-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nBy 2015, according to the founder and head of the company Boris Nuraliev, the number of subsidiaries and joint ventures of 1C is about 200 companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0018-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn April 2016, 1C bought out 27.06% in Megaplan and increased its stake in the company to 99%. In August of the same year, a controlling stake was acquired in the restaurant business automation service Quick Resto. In October, 1C announced the purchase of a controlling stake in the developer of the cloud-based CRM system amoCRM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0019-0000", "contents": "1C Company, History\nIn September 2016, 1C, together with ASCON, created the Renga Software company - the Russian developer of the Renga integrated BIM system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0020-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, List of business applications\n\u2022 1\u0421:Corporate Performance Management Planning, accounting, and performance monitoring for holdings and corporations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0021-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, List of business applications\n\u2022 1\u0421:Document Management (ECM)Automates document flow, both paper and electronic, for businesses and public institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0022-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, List of business applications\n\u2022 1C:Accounting Universal bookkeeping and tax calculation software with Russian Accounting Standards-compliant reporting. In 2018 a new IAS-compliant version was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0023-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, List of business applications\n\u2022 1C:Accounting \u2013 the most popular accounting software in Russia. According to various estimates, the software is used by 80-90% of Russian companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0024-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, List of business applications\n\u2022 1C:Trade Management Provides management accounting, planning, and sales data analysis. It automates trade, financial, and warehouse operations, elevating wholesale and retail companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0025-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, List of business applications\n\u2022 1\u0421:Retail Automated retail outlet and store accounting, including retail networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0026-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, List of business applications\n\u2022 1\u0421:Payroll and HR Management Payroll calculation and HR management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0027-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, List of business applications\n\u2022 1\u0421:AccountingSuiteAll-in-one business application combining accounting, cloud banking, order management, inventory, project and time tracking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0028-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, List of business applications\n\u2022 1C:DriveSystem to manage operational activities, promote business development in international markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0029-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, 1C:Enterprise platform\nThe 1C:Enterprise platform is a business application development tool. 1C :Enterprise uses a Domain Driven Design approach to provide the specific tools needed to develop business software. All code-based development is done using a high-level domain-specific language, the source code is genuinely open. 1C :Enterprise platform allows create applications for different operation systems (Windows, Linux, MacOS) and use its as a Cloud services or On-premise. Considered as an alternative development tools instead of the \u0421 language family and other integrated development environments (IDE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0030-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, Video games\n1C began distributing third party games in 1996. In 1997, they published Konung: Legends of the North, which was the best-selling title in Russia during September 1999. 1C has a long history of funding independent developers and producing a great deal of very successful Russian games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0030-0001", "contents": "1C Company, Products, Video games\n1C works as a publisher and producer with over 30 independent development studios and has produced over 100 projects for PC and consoles, including titles like Hard Truck, King of the Road, Rig'n'Roll, Space Rangers, Soldiers: Heroes of World War II, Faces of War, Men of War and Men of War: Assault Squad series, Fantasy Wars, Death to Spies, King's Bounty series, Ancestors Legacy and Deep Sky Derelicts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0031-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, Video games\nOne successful series of combat flight simulators 1C publishes is the IL-2 Sturmovik series, first developed by Maddox Games of Oleg Maddox in 2001 and commercially traded under the brand \"1C: Maddox Games\", a division of 1C Company. Maddox Games left 1C Company in 2011 and the \"1C:Maddox Games\" brand was replaced by \"1C Game Studios\". Still in the present day all three generations of IL-2 Sturmovik combat flight simulators are commercially exploited by 1C: IL-2 Sturmovik (since 2001), IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover (since 2011), and IL-2 Sturmovik: Great Battles (since 2013).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0032-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, Video games\nThe company has also developed other games such as Theatre of War (2006), several entries in the Men of War franchise as of 2009 and Royal Quest (2015).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0033-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, Video games\nThe company is also the largest distributor in Russia, publishing titles of most accomplished international publishers such as Activision Blizzard, Bethesda Game Studios, Take-Two Interactive, Ubisoft, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. 1C owns two local distribution companies, 1C-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0033-0001", "contents": "1C Company, Products, Video games\nSoftClub (ru) (Russian: 1\u0421-\u0421\u043e\u0444\u0442\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0431, formerly known as SoftClub) and the previously independent Russian company Buka Entertainment (de) (Russian: \u0411\u0443\u0301\u043a\u0430), which are also market leaders in the distribution of videogames hardware for companies like Sony Computer Entertainment according to 1C. 1C also owns a video games retail chain similar to retail chains like GameStop, named 1C-Interest (Russian: 1\u0421 \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441), which has 30 stores in 22 cities inside Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0034-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Products, Video games\nAccording to 1C, the company has established an international presence in 2005 by buying a group of distribution companies in Central Europe like the small games publisher ''Cenega Publishing'' (pl), later renamed to 1C Publishing EU based in Czech republic. Since the purchase, the Cenega group has been transformed into a company for distribution, production and service under the name of 1C Entertainment, with over 400 people employed in Poland, Czech Republic, and Hungary. '' QLOC'' (pl) a subsidiary Cenega is a premium service company, providing porting, co-developing, testing and localization services to development studios and publishers. While ''1C Online Games'' is the publishing and development arm of 1C Entertainment group the company states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0035-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Business software and cloud services\n1\u0421:Enterprise business software suite is used for management and business accounting automation in more than 2,000,000 organizations, including major corporations and governmental entities. This system is number one in the Russian ERP market with the largest number of automated workplaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0036-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Business software and cloud services\nMeasured by installations, 1C is the leader, with about 5 million users according to 1C Founder Boris Nuraliev in an interview. 83% of ERP workplaces in Russia is now handled by automated processes developed by 1C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0037-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Business software and cloud services\n1C:Enterprise consists of two parts: 1C:Enterprise platform and business applications (1C Applied Solutions). 1C :Enterprise platform (framework) is for rapid development, deployment and flexible customization of business automation applications in the cloud, mobile and classic desktop environments. It is suitable to build scalable applications for small, medium and large organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0038-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Business software and cloud services\n1C:Enterprise, version 8 was released in 2004 and all following versions were called 1C:Enterprise 8. The current version of 1C:Enterprise platform is 8.3.18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0039-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Business software and cloud services\nBusiness applications running on the platform include a variety of out-of-the-box or custom technologies for small and medium businesses, as well as for enterprise customers including ERP and CPM-class technologies for manufacturing, trade, logistics, inventory, accounting, finance management, payroll&HR, document management and over 1000 more technologies for different business tasks and industries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0040-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Business software and cloud services\nApplication technologies are developed by the partners who cooperate with 1C according to the company, have open-source code format for customization of business logic by any developer mostly, but authors of technology can close some modules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0041-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Business software and cloud services\n1CFresh - an online platform for technology to develop, publish and manage cloud technologies and services based on 1C:Enterprise software, combining several cloud applications developed by 1C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0042-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Affiliate network, franchising\nAccording to 1C the company provides its services through a network of partnerships consisting of more than 10,000 long-term partners in 25 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0043-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Affiliate network, franchising\nOne of the business strategies of 1C on the Russia IT market and several other countries is a franchising business model. About 7000 franchisees in 750 cities of Russia and neighboring countries provide comprehensive service for business automation, deployment, customization and support of 1C:Enterprise-based systems, consulting, user training, etc. 250+ of them have certified its QoS as ISO 9001-compliant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0044-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Affiliate network, franchising\nThe franchisees take over half the sales price of the software, plus the bulk of consulting and installation fees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0045-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Affiliate network, franchising\nIn 2017 it was reported that 1C maintained a sizeable lead in RB\u0421's publication, for the \u00abTop-50 most popular brands in Russia\u00bb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0046-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Affiliate network, franchising\nAccording to Forbes Russia's estimates, the company controls around 12% of the turnover generated by all franchise businesses in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158386-0047-0000", "contents": "1C Company, Distribution\n1C is the official distributor of over 100+ software vendors of the likes of ABBYY, Acronis, Aladdin, ALT Linux, Ascon, Entensys, ESET, Famatech, Ideco, Infowatch, Kaspersky Lab, Magix, Microsoft, Movavi, nanoCAD, Oxygen Software, Panda Security, Paragon Mobile, Paragon Software, Redline Software, SmartLine, and others. 1C offers a number of titles of software for office and home use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158387-0000-0000", "contents": "1C1 3900\n1C1 3900 was a class of SNCF electric locomotive. The class had only one member, 1C1 3901. It was built in 1912 for the Chemins de fer du Midi and its Midi class was E 3200. It was one of six different prototype electric locomotives ordered by the Midi. It was withdrawn in 1959 and one motor from it is preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158387-0001-0000", "contents": "1C1 3900, Overview\nMany lines of the Midi network being mountain lines, the company began an electrification programme in 1909. The system chosen was single phase alternating current at 12 kV and 16\u2154 Hz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158387-0002-0000", "contents": "1C1 3900, Overview\nSix prototype locomotives were ordered for the Perpignan - Villefranche-de-Conflent line. They were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158387-0003-0000", "contents": "1C1 3900, Overview\nOnly the E 3201 really worked well. The company also ordered railcars E ABD 1 to 30, which later became Class Z 4900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158387-0004-0000", "contents": "1C1 3900, Service\nThe E 3201 worked throughout its career on the Perpignan - Villefranche-de-Conflent line for the haulage of freight trains, helped by the railcars. Thanks to its good reliability, it was kept by the SNCF when it was founded in 1938 and it remained in service until 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158387-0005-0000", "contents": "1C1 3900, Preservation\nE 3201 / 1C1 3901 was to be preserved but, owing to an act of vandalism, only one motor from the locomotive could be saved. It is exhibited at the Cit\u00e9 du Train, Mulhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0000-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise\n1\u0421:Enterprise is a development platform designed by 1C Company for the fast creation of easily customizable business automation software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0001-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, Overview\n1C:Enterprise is a full-stack, low-code platform that provides ready-to-use infrastructure and tools for rapid development of business applications, such as ERP, POS, WMS, or other custom corporate software. 1C :Enterprise uses a domain-driven design approach for developing business software. Application development within 1C:Enterprise is done using a high-level object-oriented language in a conceptual model that closely approximates business tasks. Visual editing is used throughout the 1C:Enterprise development process. 1C Company claims that this keeps the volume of programming as such to a minimum, in keeping with the low-code development paradigm. 1C :Enterprise platform consists of the following parts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0002-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, History, Versions for DOS\nSeveral versions for the DOS operation system were developed in the 1990s: 3.0, 4.0, then simultaneously 5.0 and 2.0 PROF (which is almost identical to v5.0 in terms functionality). 2.0 PROF was available in single-user and multi-user versions (for collaboration over a local network). The principle of \u201cworking from the document\u201d (the idea that operations performed in an application should seamlessly generate bureaucratically/legally-significant documents) was implemented in versions 5.0 and 2.0 PROF, along with the built-in programming language, accounting records, and printing form editor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0003-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, History, Version 6.0\nVersion 6.0 for Windows 3.1 replaced version 5.0 in 1995. The new version had a lot in common with the DOS versions, but had a new core.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0004-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, History, Versions 7.\u0445 (7.0, 7.5, 7.7)\n1\u0421:Enterprise 7.0 and 1\u0421:Enterprise 7.5 were evolutionally replaced by 1\u0421:Enterprise 7.7. V7.7 consists of a runtime \u201cwrapper\u201d, i.e. an engine, which works with one or multiple databases defined in the application (\u201cconfiguration\u201d in 1C:Enterprise terms). Components that execute various accounting and administrative processes are plugged into the engine. Standard components include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0005-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, History, Versions 7.\u0445 (7.0, 7.5, 7.7)\nThe built-in programming language used in v7.7 differs significantly from those used in versions 3.0-6.0. The \u201cdata objects\u201d concept appeared for the first time in v7.7. The language became essentially universal (i.e., there are some examples of simple games \u2013 Tetris, checkers, etc. \u2013 being created on the 1C:Enterprise platform).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0006-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, History, Versions 8.x\nThe demo version of 1\u0421:Enterprise 8.0 was launched on August 14, 2002. A year later, the first mass-market application \u2013 1C: Enterprise 8.0 Trade Management \u2013 was released, which simultaneously marked the release of the 1C:Enterprise technology platform intended for mass-market use. [ 9]1\u0421:Enterprise 8 is localized into Russian, English, and Chinese, as well as a number of other languages (see Market Presence)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0007-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, History, Version 8.2\nThe key feature of v8.2 is the \u201cmanaged application\u201d: the user interface is described declaratively and depends on the type of client software:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0008-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, History, Version 8.3\nAt the end of May 2013, 1C Company announced the release of 1C:Enterprise 8.3 with cloud functionality. This was positioned as the final \u2013 or most complete \u2013 version of the platform. 1C :Enterprise as a cloud platform consists of the following services and technologies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0009-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, History, Enterprise Development Tools\nAlong with ongoing development of v8.3 of the Enterprise platform, 1C Company offers a new version of the platform's development environment \u2013 the Eclipse-based Enterprise Development Tools (EDT). EDT enjoys some advantages over the traditional 1C:Enterprise platform development environment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0010-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, Market presence\nA number of business applications \u2013 largely intended to automate business processes and various forms of reporting and documentation \u2013 have been developed on the 1C:Enterprise platform. According to a 2014 IDC study, 1C:Enterprise occupies a third of the Russian enterprise software market, second to SAP's 49 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0011-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, Market presence\n1C is expanding beyond the CIS and has been localised in more than 20 languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158388-0012-0000", "contents": "1C:Enterprise, Market presence\nCountries of presence include US, Germany, Romania, Poland, Italy, Spain and Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158389-0000-0000", "contents": "1CAK\n1CAK is an Indonesian entertainment site that provides images and videos uploaded by users, including Internet memes. 1CAK users can select and comment on images. Popular images appear on the main website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158389-0001-0000", "contents": "1CAK, History\n1CAK was founded by Aji Ramadhan. Originally Aji created his website on 1cuk.com on 17 February 2012 but later changed the domain to 1cak.com on 30 September. He avoided the negative connotation of word cuk in Javanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158389-0002-0000", "contents": "1CAK, History\nThe website had 25,000 registered users as of October 2012. As of November, 1CAK had 40,000 daily visitors and 160,000 daily page views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158389-0003-0000", "contents": "1CAK, History\nIn February 2014, 1CAK had 9 million page views monthly from 560,000 visitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158389-0004-0000", "contents": "1CAK, Similarity to 9GAG\nAccording to Tech in Asia, the interface of 1CAK is similar to 9GAG. The jokes created in the website were also similar with 9GAG with localized contexts. The founder himself admitted that 1CAK is influenced by 9GAG but claimed that both was not exactly the same. According to Kompas, Ray Chan, when asked about 1CAK that clones his website, said he was \"happy if 9Gag is able to inspire people and spread the fun.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158390-0000-0000", "contents": "1CMS\nFM 91.1 CMS (callsign 1CMS) is a multilingual community radio station broadcasting to Canberra, in languages other than English, from studios in the suburb of Holder. CMS is a member of the National Ethnic and Multicultural Broadcasters Council (NEMBC) and the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia (CBAA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158390-0001-0000", "contents": "1CMS\nThe policy of CMS is to encourage all languages to broadcast for at least an hour each week, providing time on an equitable basis. Programming priorities include youth, women and emerging communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158390-0002-0000", "contents": "1CMS, History\nThe EBC (Ethnic Broadcasters Council) as it was then called, started broadcasting by purchasing airtime on community station 2XX. Up to 25 language groups were broadcasting for half an hour each per week during the 1980s. Discontent in the early 1990s saw the EBC and 2XX sever ties with each other. EBC were off the air until August 1992 when they were able to apply for their own test broadcast licence. EBC were back on air on Tuesdays and Fridays using the facilities of ArtSound FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158390-0003-0000", "contents": "1CMS, History\nIn 1999 the EBC received a full-time test licence to broadcast on 103.5 FM. Soon after the on air identity was changed to Canberra Multicultural Service and the frequency moved to the present 91.1 FM. Then an application for a full broadcasting licence was applied for. This was granted on 15 June 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158390-0004-0000", "contents": "1CMS, Current\nFM 91.1 CMS now has programming in around 30 languages. The station broadcasts live from the Canberra Multicultural Festival each year. Internet streaming was introduced in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158390-0005-0000", "contents": "1CMS, Programming\nAs of 2008, the station broadcasts in the following languages:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158390-0006-0000", "contents": "1CMS, Programming\nSatellite programming from Deutsche Welle, Radio France International and the National Indigenous Radio Service is also carried.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158391-0000-0000", "contents": "1Co+Co1\nUnder the British and Imperial classification scheme of locomotive axle arrangements, which is related to the UIC classification, 1Co+Co1 is a classification code for a locomotive wheel arrangement of two eight-wheeled bogies with an articulated inter-bogie connection, each with three axles powered by a separate traction motor per axle and with the fourth non-powered axle in an integral leading pony truck to reduce the axle load. The similar 1Co-Co1 classification is in the same axle configuration, but without the inter-bogie connection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158391-0001-0000", "contents": "1Co+Co1, Overview\nThe 1Co+Co1 wheel arrangement for electric and diesel-electric locomotives was a development of the Co+Co wheel arrangement to enable a relatively heavy locomotive to work on light rail by reducing the axle load. This was accomplished by the addition of a non-powered axle in an integral pony truck to the three traction motored Co powered bogie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158391-0002-0000", "contents": "1Co+Co1, Overview\nIn the United States of America, the South African Class 32-000 is credited with being a major factor in the demise of the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) and the rise of General Electric (GE) in the locomotive building business. In 1957, the South African Railways (SAR) called for tenders with two options.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158391-0003-0000", "contents": "1Co+Co1, Overview\nThe SAR was not very enthusiastic about the General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD) two-stroke cycle engines and had a strong preference for ALCO's Model 251 engine and GE's transmission systems. As a prior supplier of steam locomotives for the SAR, ALCO appeared to be virtually assured of receiving the order. General Steel Castings had a design on paper for a 1Co bogie which could be utilised by either ALCO or GE and which would enable the SAR's specification to be met for the heavier 1,800 horsepower (1,300 kilowatts) units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158391-0003-0001", "contents": "1Co+Co1, Overview\nThe SAR made it clear that, despite the two options afforded by the tender, its strong preference was for a 1Co+Co1 locomotive. However, the use of a bogie with an integral pony truck was not universally accepted by ALCO's engineering management. The result was that ALCO bid on only the Co+Co option and lost out to GE, who had bid on both options. In South Africa, this virtually opened the floodgates for GE, since more than half of the SAR's vast diesel-electric locomotive fleet which would be acquired between 1959 and 1981 were GE products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158391-0004-0000", "contents": "1Co+Co1, Usage, South Africa\nThe 3 kV DC Class 4E electric locomotive was designed for the SAR by the General Electric Company (GEC) and was built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL) between 1952 and 1953. The Class 4E was amongst the most powerful electric locomotives in the world at that time and at 157,488 kilograms (155 long tons), it was a heavy locomotive for 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge. The reasons for the leading pony truck were both to improve stability at speed and to reduce the axle load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158391-0005-0000", "contents": "1Co+Co1, Usage, South Africa\nBetween 1959 and 1961, the SAR placed 115 high-nosed Class 32-000 GE type U18C1 diesel-electric locomotives in service in South West Africa, where very light rail conditions necessitated lighter axle loadings which could not be achieved with conventional three-axle bogies under a heavy 96,520 kilograms (95 long tons) locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158391-0006-0000", "contents": "1Co+Co1, Usage, South Africa\nIn June and July 1966, ten low-nosed Class 32-200 GE type U20C1 diesel-electric locomotives entered service on the SAR. The Class 32-200 was actually a Class 33-000 locomotive on the 1Co bogies of the Class 32-000, which reduced its axle load from the 15,749 kilograms (15.5 long tons) of the Class 33-000 to 12,700 kilograms (12.5 long tons). Apart from the bogies, which necessitated a smaller fuel tank, its physical dimensions and exterior appearance were identical to that of the Co+Co Class 33-000 and it used the same V12 prime mover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158391-0007-0000", "contents": "1Co+Co1, Usage, Japan\nA number of Japanese electrics from the 1930s, also on Cape gauge, such as the EF10 also used this arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158392-0000-0000", "contents": "1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol transaminase\nIn enzymology, a 1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol transaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158392-0001-0000", "contents": "1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol transaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol and pyruvate, whereas its two products are 1D-1-guanidino-1-deoxy-3-dehydro-scyllo-inositol and L-alanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158392-0002-0000", "contents": "1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol transaminase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol:pyruvate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include guanidinoaminodideoxy-scyllo-inositol-pyruvate aminotransferase, and L-alanine-N-amidino-3-(or 5-)keto-scyllo-inosamine transaminase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158393-0000-0000", "contents": "1D-chiro-Inositol\n1D-chiro-Inositol (formerly D-chiro-inositol, commonly abbreviated DCI) is a member of a family of related substances often referred to collectively as \"inositol\", although that term encompasses several isomers of questionable biological relevance, including 1L-chiro-inositol. myo-Inositol is converted into DCI by an insulin dependent NAD/NADH epimerase enzyme. It is known to be an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction. DCI accelerates the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, rate limiting enzymes of non-oxidative and oxidative glucose disposal. DCI may act to bypass defective normal epimerization of myo-inositol to DCI associated with insulin resistance and at least partially restore insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal. One pilot study found males taking it had increased androgens and reduced estrogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158394-0000-0000", "contents": "1DOL\n1DOL (stylized as iDOL) was a 2010 Philippine drama starring Sarah Geronimo, Sam Milby and Coco Martin. That aired on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida evening block from September 6, 2010 to October 22, 2010 replacing Agua Bendita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158394-0001-0000", "contents": "1DOL\nThe show was permanently cancelled on October 22, 2010, garnering only 35 episodes in total before being replaced by Mara Clara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158394-0002-0000", "contents": "1DOL, Conception\nSarah Geronimo makes her comeback project of the musical drama series after the success of Bituing Walang Ningning (2006) and Pangarap na Bituin (2007).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158394-0003-0000", "contents": "1DOL, Conception\n1DOL was launched during the ABS-CBN Trade Event held August 24, 2010 at the World Trade Center Manila. It is also part of ABS-CBN's celebration for the 60th Year of Pinoy Soap Opera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158394-0004-0000", "contents": "1DOL, Conception\nOn August 21 to September 4, 2010, ABS-CBN aired in its Saturday primetime block \"The Making of 1DOL\", a 30-minute special on how the series was conceptualized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158394-0005-0000", "contents": "1DOL, Conception\nThe series premiered on September 6, 2010, simulcasted its pilot episode on three different television channels Studio 23 (now S+A), Cinema One, and ABS-CBN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158394-0006-0000", "contents": "1DOL, Synopsis\nBelinda's on her way to becoming the next singing idol. When her parents Samson and Laura have incurred twenty million pesos worth of debt to a family friend, she was suddenly forced to leave her showbiz life behind. They have no choice but to run for their lives or else they would land in jail with no one to help them out. But in the process, Belinda not only loses her chance to make it big but she also walks away from Vince, her childhood friend whom she secretly loves. When her family moves to a remote province did Belinda meet Lando who instantly falls in love with her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158394-0007-0000", "contents": "1DOL, Cast and characters\n1DOL revolves not only in the main characters but a core group of supporters, led by Belinda \"Billie/Jean\" Suarez (Sarah Geronimo), Fernando \"Lando\" Lagdameo (Coco Martin) and Vincent \"Vince\" Serrano (Sam Milby). Lando and Vince have been secretly crushing on the same girl who has two different identities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158394-0008-0000", "contents": "1DOL, Music\nIn every episode of the show, musical numbers are performed by the cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 11], "content_span": [12, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158395-0000-0000", "contents": "1DayLater\n1DayLater was a free, web-based software that was focused on professional invoicing. The company was formed in 2009 and closed in October 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158395-0001-0000", "contents": "1DayLater\nThe main function of 1DayLater was to help users create invoices for clients. It could also be used to build quotes and estimates, to track time and other expenses, work to budgets, and to track projects. Multiple users could simultaneously work on the same projects together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158395-0002-0000", "contents": "1DayLater\nPC Magazine (PCMag) voted 1DayLater as one of the 'Best Free Software of 2010'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158395-0003-0000", "contents": "1DayLater, History\nThe software was developed by two brothers, Paul and David King; after they experienced similar frustrations while working freelance, the brothers wanted to create a product that would let them track time, expenses and business miles in a single online location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0000-0000", "contents": "1E\n1E is a privately owned IT software and services company based in the United Kingdom. 1E is headquartered in London, with offices in New York City, Australia, and Noida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0001-0000", "contents": "1E, History\n1E was founded in 1997 by three former Microsoft contractors, Sumir Karayi, Phil Wilcock, and Mark Blackburn, who each contributed \u00a3500 to start the company. Karayi is now CEO, Blackburn is CIO, whilst Wilcock has left the company. The company has more than 30 million licenses deployed worldwide, across 1,700 organizations from public and private sectors in 42 countries. [ ]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 11], "content_span": [12, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0002-0000", "contents": "1E, History\nThe company's name is derived from a computer error. When some Microsoft Windows computers crash, a blue screen containing \"STOP 0x0000001E\" appears. This name was chosen because the founders had the ambition that 1E could prevent this from happening to big companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 11], "content_span": [12, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0003-0000", "contents": "1E, History\n1E opened its first office, in Ealing, London, in 1999, shortly followed by an office in Noida, Delhi. In 2001, 1E launched its first software product, NightWatchman, followed by Nomad in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 11], "content_span": [12, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0004-0000", "contents": "1E, History\nIn 2008, the company opened its third office in New York City. 1E\u2019s US presence would quickly grow to account for 80% of its total revenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 11], "content_span": [12, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0005-0000", "contents": "1E, History\n1E entered the Software Asset Management space in 2011 with AppClarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 11], "content_span": [12, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0006-0000", "contents": "1E, History\nIn 2017, 1E launched two new products, the Windows Self-Service and Tachyon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 11], "content_span": [12, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0007-0000", "contents": "1E, Products\nTachyon is an Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) platform, which enables live interactions with, and scheduling of instructions for each endpoint to enable automation of IT operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0008-0000", "contents": "1E, Products\nAppClarity is a Software Asset Management Suite. AppClarity Base consumes and normalizes inventory data to licensed product names and provides assessments of usage of those products. AppClarity Reclaim allows users to create policies to automate removal (reclaim) of software based on usage, version, etc. AppClarity Compliance enables customers to track licenses, entitlements, rights, limitations, metrics, contracts, etc. and understand their Compliance position. AppClarity License Demand packs provide accurate license demand calculations for complex metrics like Oracle Processor Licenses or MS SQL Core licenses by consuming inventory data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0009-0000", "contents": "1E, Products\nWindows Self-Service is a tool set that leverages Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) to automate all Windows 10 migration scenarios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0010-0000", "contents": "1E, Products\nNomad is an add-on and enhancement to Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) which intelligently uses available network bandwidth to deliver operating system upgrades, software deployments and patches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0011-0000", "contents": "1E, Products\nShopping is an app store for the enterprise, which replicates the user experience found with consumer app stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0012-0000", "contents": "1E, Products\nAppClarity is a Software Asset Management Suite. AppClarity Base consumes and normalizes inventory data to licensed product names and provides assessments of usage of those products. AppClarity Reclaim allows users to create policies to automate removal (reclaim) of software based on usage, version, etc. AppClarity Compliance enables customers to track licenses, entitlements, rights, limitations, metrics, contracts, etc. and understand their Compliance position. AppClarity License Demand packs provide accurate license demand calculations for complex metrics like Oracle Processor Licenses or MS SQL Core licenses by consuming inventory data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0013-0000", "contents": "1E, Products\nNightWatchman is a PC power management tool which manages power use for servers and PCs. Included with NightWatchman is WakeUp, a Wake-on-LAN product used to power on PCs remotely for software updating and patching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0014-0000", "contents": "1E, Research\nIn 2009 1E and the Alliance to Save Energy commissioned independent research into the awareness and behavior of PC users and server administrators in the world's largest companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0015-0000", "contents": "1E, Research\nIn 2010 1E commissioned Vanson Bourne to conduct research into Help Desk Efficiency. The resulting report highlighted a number of challenges for IT departments. More than a third of users perceive little or no value from the money their IT department spends on them each year. More than 50% of users have to chase every request they make at least once to make sure they receive the software they ask for and more than two thirds (68%) of users feel it would be quicker and easier to find and install software themselves rather than contacting their IT help desk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158396-0016-0000", "contents": "1E, Research\nIn 2016 1E released the Software Usage and Waste Report 2016, which discovered that 38% of enterprise software was going to waste, equating to billions of dollars in waste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158397-0000-0000", "contents": "1E 161348-5055\n1E 161348-5055.1, commonly shortened to 1E 161348-5055, is a neutron star found in the centre of RCW103 supernova remnant. It is a periodic X-ray source with a period of 6.67 hours. It is approximately 2000 years old. It is 10,000 light years away in the constellation Norma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158397-0001-0000", "contents": "1E 161348-5055\nThis star is unusual because of its rotation period of 6.7 hours. Its period is too long for a star of 2000 years, which should be rotating thousands of times faster. Instead, it is behaving more like a multi-million-year-old star. Another oddity occurred between October 1999 and January 2000. The star became 50 times brighter. The flare has faded since its peak but has not returned to its pre-1999 level. Two theories have been put forward to explain these phenomena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158397-0002-0000", "contents": "1E 161348-5055\nThe first is that the star possesses a massive magnetic field. This strong field would brake against the debris disk left behind by the supernova, which has thus far been unknown to science. This theory would account for the slower than expected rotation but not for the increase in brightness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158397-0003-0000", "contents": "1E 161348-5055\nAn alternate explanation is that the star has a low-mass X-ray binary. The companion star would orbit in an elongated orbit. When the companion is close to the neutron star, it would feed mass into it, creating the increased brightness. The drag created by the companion on the neutron star's magnetic field would also slow the rotation of the neutron star. If this scenario is the case, it is the youngest such system yet observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158398-0000-0000", "contents": "1ES 1101-232\n1ES 1101-232 is an active galactic nucleus of a distant galaxy known as a blazar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158398-0001-0000", "contents": "1ES 1101-232\nAn X-ray source (catalogued as A 1059-22) was first recorded by Maccagni and colleagues in a 1978 paper; they thought the source arose from a galaxy in the Abell 1146 galaxy cluster, which contained many giant elliptical galaxies. In 1989, Remillard and colleagues linked the X-ray source with a visual object and established that the object was surrounded by a large elliptical galaxy. They also discovered that the object (and galaxy) were more distant, with a redshift of 0.186. The host galaxy appears to be part of a distant galaxy cluster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158399-0000-0000", "contents": "1ES 2344+514\n1ES 2344+514 is a blazar first detected on December 20, 1995 with its official discovery being announced in 1998. It is more than 5 billion light years away from Earth. It was discovered by the Whipple Collaboration at the Whipple Observatory using a 10 meter gamma-ray telescope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158400-0000-0000", "contents": "1F Hecho Realidad Tour\n1F Hecho Realidad Tour was the fifth concert tour by American group Ha*Ash. The tour was supporting her first live album Primera Fila: Hecho Realidad. The tour visited South America, North America and Europe starting on  April  25, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158400-0001-0000", "contents": "1F Hecho Realidad Tour, Set list\nThis is the setlist for the show at the Auditorio Telmex in Guadalajara, M\u00e9xico on September 10, 2016. It is not representative of every show on the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158401-0000-0000", "contents": "1G\n1G  refers to the first generation of wireless cellular technology (mobile telecommunications). These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between these two mobile cellular generations is that the audio transmissions of 1G networks were analog, while 2G networks were entirely digital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158401-0001-0000", "contents": "1G\nAlthough both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150\u00a0MHz and up. The inherent advantages of digital technology over that of analog meant that 2G networks eventually replaced them everywhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158401-0002-0000", "contents": "1G\nOne such standard is Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), used in Nordic countries, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) used in North America and Australia, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom 2000 in France, TMA in Spain, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ-802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation), while a competing system operated by Daini Denden Planning, Inc. (DDI) used the Japan Total Access Communications System (JTACS) standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158401-0003-0000", "contents": "1G\nThe antecedent to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158401-0004-0000", "contents": "1G, History\nThe first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 11], "content_span": [12, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158401-0005-0000", "contents": "1G, History\nIn 1981, the NMT system simultaneously launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. NMT was the first mobile phone network to feature international roaming. In 1983, the first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago-based Ameritech using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then followed in the early to mid-1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 11], "content_span": [12, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158402-0000-0000", "contents": "1GN\n1GN, formerly known as 1 Girl Nation, was a contemporary Christian, power pop and pop rock band from Nashville, Tennessee, United States. They are on the Reunion Records label, affiliated with Provident Label Group and Sony Music Entertainment, and released their first album entitled 1 Girl Nation on August 20, 2013. The album has had chart successes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158402-0001-0000", "contents": "1GN, Background\nIn 2012, 1 Girl Nation was formed in Nashville, Tennessee, and the band members are Lauryn Taylor Bach from Birmingham, Alabama, Lindsey Adamec from Jacksonville, Florida, Carmen Justice from Nashville, Tennessee, Kayli Robinson from Orlando, Florida, and Kelsey Grimm from Chicago, Illinois. On May 1, 2014, the band announced that Kelsey was leaving the band because she was getting married.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158402-0002-0000", "contents": "1GN, Music\nIn June 2013, the band was signed to Reunion Records, a major Christian music label in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158402-0003-0000", "contents": "1GN, Music, 1 Girl Nation\nOn August 20, 2013, 1 Girl Nation released their self-titled debut album 1 Girl Nation. 1 Girl Nation charted at No. 11 and No. 9 on the Top Christian Albums and the Top Heatseekers Albums charts respectively, for the Billboard charting week of September 7, 2013. On December 14, 2013, Billboard charts the album was the No. 2 Heatseekers Albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158402-0004-0000", "contents": "1GN, Music, Unite\nTheir second album, Unite, was released on April 15, 2016, by Reunion Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158402-0005-0000", "contents": "1GN, Sponsorships\nIn September 2013, 1 Girl Nation obtained sponsorships from Anytime Fitness (the Nashville, TN location), MAC Cosmetics and 1964 Ears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158403-0000-0000", "contents": "1GOAL Education for All\n1GOAL Education for All campaign is run by the Education Week Foundation (India). Working with football and the footballing community, 1GOAL raises public awareness and involvement in achieving education for all the 67 million children out of school worldwide. It is supported by over 200 international footballers; over 70 football clubs including Manchester United, Corinthians, Los Angeles Galaxy, Chelsea FC, FC Barcelona, Inter Milan, AC Milan, Liverpool F.C., FC Porto, Sporting Lisbon and Arsenal; and national and international footballing organisations including the Confederation of African Football, FIFPro, the Professional Footballers' Association and FIFA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158403-0001-0000", "contents": "1GOAL Education for All\nIt was launched by Queen Rania of Jordan in August 2009. Alongside Queen Rania, it is co-chaired by FIFA President Sepp Blatter and Nobel prize laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158403-0002-0000", "contents": "1GOAL Education for All\nIt campaigns to secure schooling for some 67 million children worldwide in accordance with the Millennium Goal Promise of education for all by 2015. There are several barriers to achieving universal primary education: lack of funds to pay for infrastructure and ongoing costs (buildings, teachers' salaries, learning materials); lack of qualified teachers; conflict and the practice of charging school fees in some developing countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158403-0003-0000", "contents": "1GOAL Education for All\nAs of July 2010, \"Twelve million people have signed up to support 1Goal - that makes this the biggest campaign for education in history. Football is helping make something very special happen,\" says ambassador Anthony Baffoe of Ghana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158403-0004-0000", "contents": "1GOAL Education for All\nBy September 2010, 18 million people had joined 1GOAL. During the UN Millennium Development Goals Review Summit, held in New York, 20\u201322 September 2010, Queen Rania delivered this petition directly to UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon. At a 1GOAL event during the same summit, the World Bank announced an increase of $750 million to education and the Australian Government announced an increase of about $5 billion, of which 70% is ringfenced for primary education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158403-0005-0000", "contents": "1GOAL Education for All\nMany world leaders, footballers and celebrities have supported the initiative including Shakira, Cristiano Ronaldo, Pel\u00e9, Mick Jagger, Jessica Alba, Matt Damon, Patrick Vieira, Michael Essien, Samuel Eto'o, Aaron Mokoena, Quinton Fortune, Rio Ferdinand, Michael Ballack, Sir Bobby Charlton and Marcel Desailly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158404-0000-0000", "contents": "1HDTV\nPervy TVCh, JSC (First HDTV) is the Russian TV company established in 2007 in Saint Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158404-0001-0000", "contents": "1HDTV\nThe audience of Pervy TVCh channels includes over 43 million people all across Russia (as of February 2020).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158404-0002-0000", "contents": "1HDTV\nPervy TVCh specializes in creating niche TV channels for satellite and cable broadcasting. Pervy TVCh produces thematic channels including HDTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158404-0003-0000", "contents": "1HDTV\nThe TV company was one of the pioneers in Russia to launch timeshift satellite TV channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158405-0000-0000", "contents": "1Hop\n1Hop (formerly, Top Totty) is an English golden ale beer with a 4% alcohol content. It is brewed by Slater's Ales in Staffordshire, England. It was initially brewed as a summer ale. It gained nationwide attention after being banned from the House of Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158405-0001-0000", "contents": "1Hop, History\n1Hop was first brewed as Top Totty and sold in Staffordshire in 1997. In 2006, Top Totty won the Society of Independent Brewers Midlands Gold award for best specialty beer and Bronze for the overall SIBA Midlands Beer Competition. It has been described by its makers as \"a stunning blonde beer, full-bodied with a voluptuous hop aroma\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158405-0002-0000", "contents": "1Hop, Banned in the House of Commons\nIn 2007, Jeremy Lefroy the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Stafford arranged for Top Totty to be sold as a guest ale in the Strangers' Bar in the House of Commons. While it was on sale there, it sold out within three days. In 2012, Top Totty was again placed on sale in the Stranger's Bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158405-0002-0001", "contents": "1Hop, Banned in the House of Commons\nTwo days later, the Labour Party's Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities, Kate Green became aware that the beer was for sale in the House and requested that it be removed from the Stranger's Bar due to the use of a pump clip depicting a bunny girl in a bikini, which she found disturbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158405-0003-0000", "contents": "1Hop, Banned in the House of Commons\nThe beer was removed from the Stranger's Bar and the Leader of the House of Commons, Sir George Young stated that \"action would be taken\", which led to Top Totty being banned from the House of Commons. A petition was submitted to the British government in February 2012 calling for the beer to be reinstated but was rejected as not covering an area for which the government or parliament was responsible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158405-0004-0000", "contents": "1Hop, Banned in the House of Commons\nUnited Kingdom Independence Party Member of the European Parliament, Mike Natrass opposed the ban, saying that \"knee-jerk puritanism does more to damage the cause of equality than a thousand beer labels.\" Top Totty was replaced in the Stranger's Bar by another beer called Kangaroo Court. Slater's Ales did offer to change the pump clip used when the beer was offered for sale in Parliament but did not intend to change it when offered for sale elsewhere in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158405-0005-0000", "contents": "1Hop, Reaction\nThe ban in parliament caused widespread publicity and an increase in sales. Slater's Ales started to sell the beer all year round instead of just in the summer, and orders were received from abroad. A public relations company connected with Slater's claimed that the press coverage was good publicity for the beer. Fay Slater of the brewers, commented \"It's been positive to us, it's in our favour and expectedly so\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158405-0006-0000", "contents": "1Hop, Reaction\nIn late 2018, Slater's Ales changed the name of the beer from 'Top Totty' to '1Hop', as the beer is brewed with only one type of hop 'English WGV'. This change was partially due to focus groups, and from various feedback received to the brewery. This move also removed the 'bunny girl' from the original logo and pump clip of the beer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158406-0000-0000", "contents": "1K ZX Chess\n1K ZX Chess is a 1982 chess program for the unexpanded Sinclair ZX81.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158406-0001-0000", "contents": "1K ZX Chess, Description\n1K ZX Chess's code takes up only 672 bytes in memory, but implements chess rules except for castling, promotion, and en passant, including a computer opponent. It was the smallest implementation of chess on any computer, although today that title is held by LeanChess with 288 bytes (less than half the size of 1K ZX Chess). Developer David Horne discussed 1K ZX Chess and published the full source code as a type-in program in a series of articles in Your Computer in 1982 and 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158406-0002-0000", "contents": "1K ZX Chess, Reception\nPopular Computing Weekly in 1982 called 1K ZX Chess \"one of the most interesting ZX tapes to pass through our office in recent weeks\". It approved of the computer displaying moves while considering them and noted \"the skills which went into writing a chess program in 1K of machine code. Is there anyone reading this who could even contemplate doing the same?\" The magazine concluded, \"Despite the limitations this is one cassette, at \u00a33, which I would recommend.\" Sinclair User in 1983 stated that \"it takes some technical wizardry to squeeze this kind of game into the unexpanded ZX81\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158406-0002-0001", "contents": "1K ZX Chess, Reception\nThe magazine praised the game's quick loading speed, and found that it \"makes its moves very fast for the amount of memory available for it\". Home Computing Weekly gave the game three out of five stars, criticizing the confusing user interface but stating that \"it still produces play which needs some thought to beat\". Tim Harding wrote in a 1985 book on computer chess that \"the man who did it must be some sort of genius\". While describing 1K ZX Chess' quality of play as \"so appalling that it would be hard to make it beat you\" and criticizing the backward algebraic notation, he concluded that \"the program is nevertheless a fantastic technical achievement\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158406-0003-0000", "contents": "1K ZX Chess, Reception\n1K ZX Chess came in second place for best software in a poll of ZX81 users. Retrogaming Times Monthly described it as \"history's greatest game programming feat\"; Kuro5hin agreed, calling 1K ZX Chess \"the greatest program ever written\". BootChess author Olivier Poudade praised 1K ZX Chess's code, stating that at first writing a smaller chess program \"seemed impossible ... Horne had nailed it so much already\". Poudade acknowledged replicating some of Horne's methods as he could not improve them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158407-0000-0000", "contents": "1K17 Szhatie\nThe 1K17 Szhatie (Russian: 1\u041a17 \u0421\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \"Compression\") is a self-propelled laser vehicle of Soviet origin. The platform uses a Msta-S chassis with a battery of laser projectors mounted in the turret. It was developed by the Soviet Union in order to disable the optical-electronic equipment of enemy missiles, ground and aerial vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158407-0001-0000", "contents": "1K17 Szhatie, History\nThe 1K17 Szhatie was developed in the 1970s and 1980s. Although the Soviet Union attempted to keep the plans secret, the Pentagon managed to obtain drawings from defectors. Western intelligence services code named it the Stiletto. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the development of the Szhatie was abandoned, as the development and manufacturing of the laser projection system had become too expensive and unnecessary. Two of these \"tanks\" were tested, with one being scrapped and the other being displayed in the Army Technology Museum near Moscow, but without its laser projector", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158407-0002-0000", "contents": "1K17 Szhatie, Design\nThe \"tank\" used an intense laser beam to disable the optical-electronic equipment of the enemy vehicles. This was created by focusing light through 30 kg of artificial rubies which made the whole system very expensive to produce. The optics that produced the laser were placed at the end of a silver coated spiral which helped amplify the beam and increase convergence. The energy to power the laser was provided by a generator and an auxiliary battery system. The lenses themselves were able to operate in different environments by moving metal caps closer to protect the lens. It was also equipped with a 12.7mm NSV machine gun to defend itself against attacks by infantry and air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158407-0003-0000", "contents": "1K17 Szhatie, Design\nA similar laser system was also developed around the same time named \"Sangvin\", which was based on the ZSU-23-4 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158408-0000-0000", "contents": "1KUNS-PF\n1KUNS-PF (1st Kenyan University NanoSatellite-Precursor Flight) was the first Kenyan owned satellite to be launched into space. The cubesat was developed and assembled by the University of Nairobi. Technical support was provided by Japan's Aerospace Exploration Agency and it was launched from the International Space Station after being delivered to the station by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158408-0001-0000", "contents": "1KUNS-PF, Background\nThe idea to have a Kenyan built satellite in space began in September 2015 with the planning and design of the space module. Financial support was obtained for the project when the University of Nairobi won a competitive grant from the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) in 2016. The University of Nairobi was the first institution to benefit from a joint project between the United Nations and JAXA. The satellite was given the acronym 1KUNS-PF which in full is First Kenya University Nano Satellite-Precursor Flight. External technical support was provided by Sapienza University together with two Italian companies. The cost of the programme was about a million dollars. The satellite orbited 400 kilometers above the Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158408-0002-0000", "contents": "1KUNS-PF, Launch and purpose\nOn 2 April 2018, the satellite was carried on the International Space Station on board a SpaceX CRS-14 which was launched on a Falcon 9 rocket with help from the National Aeronautic and Space Administration. It was deployed from the space station into its orbit from the Kib\u014d module on 11 May 2018. Its signal was successfully received from the Ground Station in Rome by the students of Sapienza University of Rome. Its launch was the third for an African country after GhanaSat-1 and Nigeria EduSat-1 which went into service in 2017. In addition to 1KUNS-PF two other nano satellites, Ubakusat and Proyecto Iraz\u00fa were also on board the Falcon-9 rocket to the ISS. All three satellites were deployed into space from the ISS by Japanese astronaut Norishige Kanai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158408-0003-0000", "contents": "1KUNS-PF, Launch and purpose\nThe 1KUNS-PF was a 1 unit cubesat. It was an experimental cubesat, with the main mission being to create awareness to the locals on the benefits of space uses. On board the cubesat, there were camera payloads, which were used to take mapping images of Kenya and other East Africa countries within the vicinity of its orbit. The cubesat was designed to have a lifespan of one year and its operations were within the UN space use mitigation measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158410-0000-0000", "contents": "1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase\n1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC , CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (bifunctional CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase (IPCT/DIPPS)), IPCT (bifunctional CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase (IPCT/DIPPS)), L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name CTP:1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158411-0000-0000", "contents": "1L121-E\nThe 1L121-E is a Russian mobile air defense radar. It was first shown in 2011 at the MAKS Air Show outside Moscow. It was developed by the Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (NNIIRT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158411-0001-0000", "contents": "1L121-E, Description\nThe 1L121-E can be mounted on a wide variety of vehicles including a BTR-80 and a GAZ Vodnik. The 1L121-E gives full hemispheric coverage and is designed to function on the move or on the halt. Moving from stationary to mobile operation requires about two minutes. The radar spots and classifies up to four different target types, positioning each target with an accuracy of 100 meters. With about 1 degree in accuracy for elevation and azimuth. It is mainly designed to detect and track airborne targets including low-level small UAVs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158412-0000-0000", "contents": "1L6\nThe 1L6 is a 7 pin miniature vacuum tube of the pentagrid converter type. It was developed in the United States by Sylvania. It is very similar electrically to its predecessors, the Loktal-based 1LA6 and 1LC6. Released in 1949 for the Zenith Trans-Oceanic shortwave portable radio, this tube was in commercial production until the early 1960s .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158412-0001-0000", "contents": "1L6\nThe 1L6 was to be a specialty tube, produced in small quantities by very few manufacturers, mostly Sylvania for use by just a few manufacturers of shortwave portables, such  as Zenith - in their Trans-Oceanics - and its short-lived rivals, such as the Hallicrafters TW-1000 and the RCA Strat-O-World and  very few others. In fact, Zenith, Crosley and more than a few others used it in many radios. 1L6 based multi-band radios were made by Crosley, Airline (Montgomery Ward house-brand), Silvertone (Sears house brand), Hallicrafters, FADA, and several others. When the US military commissioned two versions of the Trans-Oceanics, they stockpiled 1L6s in the uncounted thousands, some of which still show up at surplus sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158412-0002-0000", "contents": "1L6\nIt was offered to Zenith by Sylvania in place of the larger 1LA6 - for which Zenith made production line changes as the first Miniature-Tube T/O was starting production. The original G500 chassis was punched for a Locktal socket, Zenith changed the phenolic wafer socket to accommodate the smaller tube. NOTE: a 1LA6 (or a 1LC6) will work as a near drop-in replacement for the 1L6 with the use of an adapter socket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158412-0003-0000", "contents": "1L6\nThe closest European analog to the 1L6 is the DK92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 55]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158413-0000-0000", "contents": "1LINK\n1LINK (Guarantee) Limited is a consortium of major banks that own and operate the largest representative interbank network in Pakistan and is incorporated under the Company Law, Section 42 by Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). 1LINK is converted to Private Limited Company under section 49 of Companies Act 2017 on July 5, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158413-0001-0000", "contents": "1LINK, History, Formation\n1LINK is owned by the consortium of eleven major banks of the country and operates through a chief executive officer. The company Board consists of eleven directors, one from each founder member bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158413-0002-0000", "contents": "1LINK, History, Formation\nThe era of President General Pervez Musharraf starting from 1999 saw a revolution in banking industry. By using ATM, people had an ease of accessing their own money and they no longer had to go through the hassle of bank queues for withdrawing their own money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158413-0003-0000", "contents": "1LINK, 1LINK Members\nThe number of 1LINK member banks has increased rapidly since the inception of the company in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158413-0004-0000", "contents": "1LINK, 1LINK Members\n1LINK is the largest banking consortium in Pakistan. It is only national ATM switches operational in the country. The State Bank of Pakistan has mandated that all commercial banks in Pakistan, both foreign and domestic, become members of 1LINK. Additionally, the four switches have been interconnected since 2006, which means that a consumer holding an ATM or debit card issued by any bank in Pakistan may use any ATM located throughout the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158413-0005-0000", "contents": "1LINK, PayPak - Domestic Payment Scheme\nIn line with State Bank of Pakistan vision 2020 to enhance and promote financial inclusion, 1LINK launched Pakistan\u2019s first domestic payment scheme \u2013 PayPak in April, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158413-0006-0000", "contents": "1LINK, PayPak - Domestic Payment Scheme\nPayPak has 10% of market share in terms of volume of cards in the market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158413-0007-0000", "contents": "1LINK, PayPak - Domestic Payment Scheme\nWhile Visa has 40%, Mastercard and UnionPay have 25% each of market share.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0000-0000", "contents": "1LIVE\n1LIVE is a radio network by the Westdeutscher Rundfunk public broadcasting corporation in Germany. It specialises in popular music aimed at the 14\u201339 age demographic, the average age of its listeners is 34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0001-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, History\nOn 1 April 1995, 1LIVE first aired. 1LIVE was intended to replace WDR1 as a more youth centric radio station, this was because WDR1 had an ever ageing listenership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0002-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, History\nOn 1 September 2000, 1LIVE was relaunched. Between 2\u00a0pm and 8\u00a0pm the programming was not subdivided into different named shows but instead given the name of the day and the current hour, for example: \"Eins Live - Donnerstag - Achtzehn\" (translated as: \"One Live - Thursday - Eighteen\"). All shows broadcast after 8\u00a0pm had a name. Monday to Thursday the show was named Kultkomplex playing specialist music. On Sunday the show Heimatkult was broadcast, this introduced new bands from within the broadcasting area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0002-0001", "contents": "1LIVE, History\nOn 1 November 2006, 1LIVE introduced a new logo which replaced the pink \"1\" numeral with the letter \"I\" in the \"L1VE\" word-mark and thus the \"1\" numeral was put alongside the new \"LIVE\" word-mark in a pink rhombus. On 5 January 2007, 1LIVE was relaunched again. From now on all shows between 5\u00a0am and 6\u00a0pm took the host's name. Between 6pm and 8pm a new call-in-show \"Der Sektor\" is broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0003-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, History\nUp to 2.9 million people listen to 1LIVE every day. Every second person under an age of 30 in 1LIVE's broadcasting area, North Rhine-Westphalia, which is named Sektor, listens to 1LIVE at least once a day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0004-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, Shows\nSince 2007, shows between 5 am and 8 pm have taken the name of their hosts, and playout is normally mainstream popular music. For the show \"Plan B\" 1LIVE plays a more specialist music selection. During nighttime slots there are sometimes: crime thrillers, talk, audiobooks or a documentary shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0005-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, 1LIVE diggi\n1LIVE diggi is a channel without any host or commercials. It broadcasts music, comedy and news (every hour) and can be received over the Internet as stream, DAB, DVB-S and DVB-C. Its music playlist is updated every week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0006-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, 1LIVE Kunst\nOn 4 October 2006, 1LIVE Kunst, a channel that dealt with cultural topics and demanding pop music, was launched. At 3:15\u00a0pm a four-hour programme was broadcast which was repeated until next afternoon. 1LIVE Kunst could only be received via Internet Stream. 1LIVE Kunst was discontinued in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0007-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, 1LIVE Kunst\n1LIVE Kunst combined alternative music with contributions produced by WDR 2, WDR 3, WDR 5 and itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0008-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, Events\n1LIVE organises several parties and concerts in its broadcasting area. Among other things the festival 1LIVE K\u00f6nigstreffen, the music award 1LIVE Krone for German artists and the newcomer-festival Das erste Mal. Besides, they arrange several concerts broadcast over the radio and many more. 1LIVE broadcasts and organizes so called radio concerts with famous musicians like Green Day, Kings of Leon and The Kooks. Fans can get tickets for these concerts only by a lottery on 1LIVE's website and in several radio shows. The concert with Placebo in 2009 was broadcast to more than 20 radios stations in over 15 countries of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0009-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, Events\nOn Friday 11 October 2019, 1LIVE joined forces with several European radio stations, all other members of the European Broadcasting Union, including Swedish SR P3, German RBB Fritz, Belgian VRT Studio Brussel, Irish RT\u00c9 2fm, French Radio France Mouv and Dutch NPO 3FM headed up by British BBC Radio 1 for a special simulcast show named \"Europe's Biggest Dance Show\". The show started at 7pm UK time and the format was that every country involved would takeover for 1 hour of the 7-hour show, showcasing some of their countries' best dance music starting off with Annie Mac for Radio 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0009-0001", "contents": "1LIVE, Events\nThe German hour was shared with 30 mins being broadcast by 1LIVE in Cologne and 30 mins by Radio Fritz in Berlin. Most stations chose to feature at least one live DJ set, with Radio 1 having DJ Jax Jones live in the mix. The show reached an estimated 18 million listeners. Each participant station linked to Radio 1 where BBC staff mixed the show at New Broadcasting House in London, the mixed show was then sent back out to the participating stations to broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0009-0002", "contents": "1LIVE, Events\nRadio 1 Head of Programmes Aled Haydn-Jones said before the show \"This is going to be a real radio event! Having seven countries showcasing the best dance music from their country is absolutely the best way it can delivered. I\u2019m proud BBC Radio 1 partnered with seven other radio stations and I can\u2019t wait to hear it! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158414-0010-0000", "contents": "1LIVE, Awards\nIn 2006, 1LIVE got an ECHO as they are Bester Medienpartner des Jahres (translated: best media contact of the year).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158415-0000-0000", "contents": "1Law4All Party\n1Law4All was a registered political party in New Zealand. The party was launched in June 2013 and was temporarily led by Tom Johnson. The party supported removing references to the Treaty of Waitangi from legislation, abolition of the Waitangi Tribunal and M\u0101ori electorates, repeal of the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011, and withdrawal of New Zealand from the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The party never contested an election and was deregistered in May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158415-0001-0000", "contents": "1Law4All Party, History\nOriginally the party made reference to Northland farmer Allan Titford as one reason for its policies, mentioning claims that he had been forced off his farm by a campaign of vandalism, government malfeasance, and arson by local Maori. When Titford was convicted of rape and arson charges, the party amended its web site by removing reference to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158415-0002-0000", "contents": "1Law4All Party, History\nThe Party held its inaugural Annual General Meeting in Napier, on 25 May 2014, at which members elected a Board of Directors. The meeting venue was full (approx 120 people) and was preceded by a lecture by David Round, a law lecturer from Canterbury University, New Zealand. Members present were told that the Party had applied to be a registered political party and hoped to stand candidates in the September 2014 General Election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158415-0003-0000", "contents": "1Law4All Party, History\nOn 14 June 2014, the Electoral Commission announced that an application had been submitted for registration of the party and its logo. The party was registered on 24 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158415-0004-0000", "contents": "1Law4All Party, History\nShortly before the end of candidate nominations for the 2014 election, a post was made to the party's Facebook page indicating that it would not be standing any candidates. According to the message, the resignation of four out of five board members (described by the author of the post as \"a deliberate act of sabotage\") prevented the party from approving a candidate list before the official deadline. On 5 May 2015, the party's registration with the electoral commission was cancelled at the party's request.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158415-0005-0000", "contents": "1Law4All Party, History\nPrior to the 2017 general election, 1Law4All distributed pamphlets calling for the dissolution of the Waitangi Tribunal and advertising a book which rejects 'race-separatism'. Don Brash, former leader of the New Zealand National Party, authored a chapter in the advertised book, he denied knowledge of the pamphlet. 1Law4All applied for broadcasting funding prior to this election but was not eligible due to being unregistered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158415-0006-0000", "contents": "1Law4All Party, History\nIn April 2019 1Law4All again distributed pamphlets with similar messaging, but was ordered to cease by the Advertising Standards Authority as it was likely to cause 'serious offence'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158416-0000-0000", "contents": "1Lib1Ref\n#1Lib1Ref (known in some Romance languages as #1Bib1Ref) is a Wikipedia campaign inviting every librarian on Earth to participate in the online encyclopedia project, specifically improving articles by adding citations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158416-0001-0000", "contents": "1Lib1Ref\nThe first #1Lib1Ref campaign coincided with the 15th anniversary of the founding of Wikipedia in January 2016. Based on the premise of One Librarian, One Reference, organizers estimated that if each librarian on the planet spent 15 minutes adding a citation, the combined effort would eliminate English Wikipedia's backlog of 350,000 [citation needed] notices. The inaugural, weeklong event ran from 15\u201323 January 2016, and employed the hashtag #1lib1ref on various social media platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158416-0002-0000", "contents": "1Lib1Ref, Results of the first campaign\nThe inaugural campaign ended with 1,232 revisions on 879 pages, by 327 users in 9 languages, using the hashtag #1lib1ref in the edit summary; these numbers likely underestimate the overall impact, since many participants were observed omitting the hashtag from edit summaries. On Twitter the #1lib1ref hashtag was used in over 1,100 posts by over 630 users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158416-0003-0000", "contents": "1Lib1Ref, Recurring event\nThe campaign has been revived as an annual celebration of Wikipedia's birthday, expanding into a three-week event in subsequent years. The 1Lib1Ref campaign is part of the Wikimedia Foundation's GLAM outreach strategy to involve librarians in the improvement of Wikipedia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158417-0000-0000", "contents": "1Life Healthcare\n1Life Healthcare (doing business as One Medical) is a San Francisco-based chain of primary healthcare clinics. One Medical is a membership-based primary care service with in-person care and online resources, including a mobile app.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158417-0001-0000", "contents": "1Life Healthcare, History\nOne Medical was founded by Tom Lee in 2007. The company grew from a single San Francisco clinic to more than 72 locations across the United States, including 29 clinics in the greater San Francisco Bay Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158417-0002-0000", "contents": "1Life Healthcare, History\nIn 2017, Amir Rubin succeeded Tom Lee as CEO of One Medical. In 2018, The Carlyle Group invested $350 million in the company. One Medical is also backed by Google's parent company Alphabet Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158417-0003-0000", "contents": "1Life Healthcare, History\nOn January 31, 2020, One Medical began trading on the Nasdaq stock exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158417-0004-0000", "contents": "1Life Healthcare, History\nDuring the early stages of vaccine distribution, One Medical was accused of administering the COVID-19 vaccine to ineligible patients in the San Francisco Bay Area. This resulted in a congressional investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158418-0000-0000", "contents": "1MV\nThe 1MV planetary probe (short for 1st generation Mars-Venus) is a designation for a common design used by early Soviet unmanned probes to Mars and Venus. It was standard practice of the Soviet space program to use standardized components as much as possible. All probes shared the same general characteristics and differed only in equipment necessary for specific missions. Each probe also incorporated improvements based on experience with earlier missions. It was superseded by the 2MV family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158419-0000-0000", "contents": "1Magic (TV channel)\n1Magic (also known as One Magic) is a subscription-based digital satellite television general entertainment channel created by M-Net and MultiChoice for DStv. It is one of the resultant channels from the M-Net series channel created in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158419-0001-0000", "contents": "1Magic (TV channel), History\nThe channel was launched in  2000, as M-Net Series, as a sister channel to the original M-Net channel. On 9 July 2013, this channel was split into three, namely M-Net Series Showcase, which was the premium series channel which had new series releases, M-Net Series Reality broadcast talk shows and other reality media and M-Net Series Zone which served as a rerun channel, and featured previous seasons of shows and back-to-back marathon blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158419-0001-0001", "contents": "1Magic (TV channel), History\nOn 11 September 2014, it was announced that Series Showcase and Series Reality would be replaced with two new channels, Vuzu Amp, the premium version of Vuzu and M-Net Edge, a primetime channel providing a stronger offering than M-Net, on 20 and 13 October, respectively. M-Net Series Zone was later renamed M-Net City in 2016", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158419-0002-0000", "contents": "1Magic (TV channel), History\nOn 31 March 2017, M-Net Edge was absorbed by M-Net to create a supersized channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158419-0003-0000", "contents": "1Magic (TV channel), History\nOn 29 January 2018, Vuzu Amp was rebranded to 1Magic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158419-0004-0000", "contents": "1Magic (TV channel), History\nAs of 1 February 2021, The West African feed was launched and it moved to channel 119, but it remained on channel 103 for the Rest of Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158419-0005-0000", "contents": "1Magic (TV channel), Programming\n1Magic has a more local approach, creating its own premium first-run content with an amalgam of international content. The channel is considered to be a premium version of Mzansi Magic, while still following their Express From The U.S brand from its predecessor Vuzu Amp. The channel boasts of local productions like The River, Being Bonang, Living The Dream With Somizi, Please Step In, Grassroots and V Entertainment, with new seasons of Black-ish, Grown-ish, How To Get Away with Murder, Queen Sugar and The Fixer to name a few.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0000-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia\n1Malaysia (pronounced One Malaysia in English and Satu Malaysia in Malay) is a programme designed by Malaysian 6th Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak in summer 2009 with the stated goal of promoting ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0001-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, National campaign\n1Malaysia is a concept introduced by former Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak to promote national unity. According to Razak, the eight values of the concept are: \"high performance culture, accuracy, knowledge, innovation, integrity, strong will, loyalty and wisdom. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0002-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, National campaign, Logo and slogan\nAn official logo and slogan has been introduced along with the launch of 1Malaysia concept. The logo is the symbol of '1' which incorporates the national Jalur Gemilang flag and the word Malaysia. The government has spent RM38 million to promote former Prime Minister Najib Abdul Razak's 1Malaysia concept in 2010, said Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department T Murugiah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0003-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy\nImproving government efficiency is a major goal of 1Malaysia. The use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), metrics and targets more typically used in private business, and National Key Result Areas (NKRAs) is thus naturally an important part of the 1Malaysia effort. Najib says, \"The government is committed to carrying out a transformation programme as its main agenda based on approaches and philosophy of 1Malaysia \u2013 people first, performance now.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0004-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy\nImmediately after assuming the office of Prime Minister of Malaysia Dato Seri Najib Tun Razak introduced a series of KPIs to measure and improve the efficiency and quality of government services as well as realising the 1Malaysia concept. Najib said that KPIs were implemented to ensure \"the people\u2019s satisfaction...whether they are satisfied with our service, whether we have solved their problems\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0005-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy\nNajib's announcement of the KPI effort was generally well-received. Then Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin said the KPI formula was a yardstick against which the people could measure the performance of Najib and the government. He said the KPIs would provide motivation for every minister to perform well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0006-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy\nThe KPIs provide a mechanism for the evaluation of ministries and other government agencies, including performance reviews, carried out every six months. Each ministry has been required to establish specific KPIs, including that focus on policy outcomes over the traditional emphasis on inputs typically found in government performance assessments and planning. KPIs include detailed job descriptions and goals for ministers, deputy ministers, and some other senior government officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0007-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy\nNajib has identified six major policy areas in which KPIs will play an especially important role in improving the effectiveness of the Malaysian government. These are known as National Key Result Areas (NKRAs). The NKRAs include crime prevention, reducing government corruption, increased access to quality education, improvements in the standard of living for low-income groups, upgrades to rural infrastructure, and improvements in public transportation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0008-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, National campaign, Public policy\nNajib also introduced a new cabinet position to support the Unity and Performance Minister in implementing the KPI system. Idris Jala, the former CEO of Malaysia Airlines, was appointed Minister Without a Portfolio and CEO of Performance Management and Delivery Unit (Pemandu), to work with Dr. Koh Tsu Koon in training over 500 government officers to implement the KPI system. As CEO of Pemandu Idris will support the work of Koh, who is the minister in charge of National Unity and Performance Management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0009-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public services, 1Malaysia clinics\nFormer Prime Minister Najib's Budget 2010 includes funding for 50 medical clinics to provide basic medical services for illnesses and injuries such as fever, cough, colds, wounds and cuts, diabetes, and hypertension. Malaysia citizens are charged RM1 for treatment and medication. Non -citizens are charged RM15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0010-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public services, 1Malaysia Community WiFi\nTo boost internet penetration in the country, the government launch free Wi-Fi services as part of the 1Malaysia campaign which known as (Kampung Tanpa Wayar - KTW) (Village Without Wire) in 2011 for rural areas resident. The Wi-Fi services have since been renamed as WiFi Komuniti (WK) - Community WiFi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0011-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public services, 1Malaysia email\nIt was announced that the RM50 million contract was awarded to a company called Tricubes Bhd to run the 1Malaysia email project as part of the government's social networking project in which free email accounts would be given to the public to communicate with the government. Former Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak announced the \"1Malaysia\" email project in April last year as part of his administration's Economic Transformation Program (ETP), saying it would have a gross national income (GNI) impact of RM39 million (US$14.4 million) by 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0012-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public services, 1Malaysia Development Berhad\nA government-owned firm 1Malaysia Development Berhad was formed through the renaming sovereign wealth fund called Terengganu Investment Authority (TIA). Through Najib's efforts the company has focus on strategic development projects in the areas of energy, real estate, tourism and agribusiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0013-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public services, Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia (1Malaysia People's Grocery Stores)\nIn 2011, the 1Malaysia franchise was branched off into a grocery store franchise going by the name Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia (KR1M), with the first store being located at the Kelana Jaya Line Light Rail Transit (LRT) station in Kuala Lumpur. The franchise was aimed at allowing the low income group to obtain cheaper groceries and lighten their burden besides bringing Malaysians closer to the significance of 1Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 86], "content_span": [87, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0014-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Non-governmental organisations, 1Malaysia Foundation\nThe 1Malaysia Foundation (Y1M) Foundation was established in 2009 to promote and develop the idea of 1Malaysia. Y1M works to co-ordinate and supplement government and private-sector activities related to 1Malaysia. Chairman of the Y1M Board of Trustees, Dr Chandra Muzaffar said, \"Y1M is planning to expand and strengthen the commitment from all Malaysians towards national unity through various activities to increase public awareness and community development.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 63], "content_span": [64, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0015-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Non-governmental organisations, 1Malaysia Youth Fund\nThe 1Malaysia Youth Fund was launched to provide financial support for young people to undertake creative projects that nurture national unity. RM20 million was allocated for the fund under Malaysia's budget passed in 2010. The fund was proposed by the Barisan Nasional Youth Lab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 63], "content_span": [64, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0016-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Non-governmental organisations, 1Malaysia Youth Fund\nFormer Prime Minister Najib said that 1Malaysia Youth Fund reflected the government's commitment to empowering young people. \"The scope and the projects should address three criteria \u2013 focus on nurturing unity in Malaysia, have a multiplier effect on the general community, and be led by young people. The objective is to encourage youths to use their imagination to the fullest. We want them to be creative and innovative. Maybe their ability may exceed our expectations, and maybe they can do something which has not been thought of by us\", said Najib.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 63], "content_span": [64, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0017-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Interpretation\nA year after the concept's introduction, the 4th and 7th Prime Minister and previous mentor to Najib, Mahathir Mohamad reportedly said that he \"masih tidak faham\" (\u201cstill doesn't understand\u201d) the concept. Almost two years later, the public similarly, based on an opinion poll in July 2010, were wary of the concept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0017-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Interpretation\nIn particular, the non-Malays surveyed, according to The Malaysian Insider, \"were almost split on the Najib administration's national unity agenda with 46 per cent of the respondents believing that the 1Malaysia concept is only a political agenda to win the non-Malay votes,\" and \"only 39 per cent of the non-Malays believed that the concept introduced by Najib after he took over the government was a sincere effort to unite all races in Malaysia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0018-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services\nThe 1Malaysia clinics was criticised for its service, especially for their lack of equipment, expired medicines, unqualified assistant medical officersand lack of civil manners by its nurse staff towards patients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 69], "content_span": [70, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0019-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services\nThe 1Malaysia Village Without Wire programme (Kampung Tanpa Wayar - KTW) has met with a lot of criticism from the rural area's community with many of them labelling the project as \"failed\" due to the frequent malfunction and slow Wi-Fi services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 69], "content_span": [70, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0020-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services\nThe 1Malaysia email has been criticised by the public and the opposition Pakatan Rakyat on the waste of money involved and that Tricubes used to be in financial difficulty. After the public outcry, Najib had to backtrack stating that this was a private sector initiative and that acceptance of the email accounts was voluntary. Protests have been organised against the project on Facebook and parodied on a website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 69], "content_span": [70, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0021-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services\nThe 1Malaysia Development Berhad company has been saddled with controversies such as the purchase of overpriced land from Tadmax Resources, a company linked to the Port Klang Free Zone scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 69], "content_span": [70, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0022-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Criticism of public services\nComplaints have been received that the groceries sold at KR1M were more expensive compared to those sold in hypermarkets around Malaysia. There have been allegations of poor product quality in its product line, namely children's milk formula, fresh milk, condensed milk, sweetened condensed creamer, oyster sauce, fruit jam, canned chicken curry, mango cordial, ghee compounds, peanuts, creamy peanut butter, crunchy peanut butter, crispy peanut butter and tinned sardines in tomato sauce. KR1M has instructed its suppliers to send their products for periodical laboratory testing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 69], "content_span": [70, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0023-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Bumiputera rights\nFormer Prime Minister Najib's efforts to liberalise government policies and create a more open policy towards all races with 1Malaysia led Malay rights group Perkasa to seek further clarification on the policy, as they feared that his 1Malaysia would undermine Malay or Bumiputera rights in favour of minorities in Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0024-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Anwar Ibrahim's suspension from parliament\nOn 22 April 2010, Anwar Ibrahim the leader of Malaysia's opposition, was censured by Malaysia's parliament for remarks he made during a press conference in parliament on 30 March 2010. Anwar had claimed to have documents linking 1Malaysia, One Israel, and the public relations firm APCO Worldwide (APCO), but refused to allow access to the documents when challenged. It is against Malaysia's foreign policy to have any dealings with Israel, and the appointment of APCO has deeply angered the sensitivities of the Muslims in the country. They wanted Najib to terminate the contract with the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 83], "content_span": [84, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0024-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Anwar Ibrahim's suspension from parliament\nThe Malaysian government and APCO have strongly denied Anwar's allegations. The censure motion passed by the House of Representatives referred Anwar's case to the Rights and Privileges Committee which will recommend punishment for approval by the full chamber. Such punishment could include being banned from parliament. Anwar has retaliated by producing the two documents to back up his statements and refute the government's denials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 83], "content_span": [84, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0024-0002", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Anwar Ibrahim's suspension from parliament\nIt was announced that Anwar was to be suspended from parliament by the Parliamentary Rights and Privileges Committee based solely by content of a letter by APCO without him being able to put up a defence for himself. This prompted a walkout by opposition MPs. On 16 December 2010 Anwar and three opposition MPs, Karpal Singh, Azmin Ali and Sivarasa Rasiah were suspended from parliament. Anwar has blamed APCO Worldwide for his and his fellow opposition parliamentarian's suspensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 83], "content_span": [84, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158420-0025-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia, Public response to 1Malaysia, Negaraku Malaysia\nIn conjunction with the 60th National Day celebration in 2017, the government then under the Barisan National coalition, led by then prime minister Najib Razak launched a 'Negaraku' initiative to instil a sense of love for the country. It was used alongside the 1Malaysia concept, which also became Negaraku 1Malaysia concept and logo. The word 'Negaraku' was also used in greetings by the politicians from that coalition on official occasions such as the National Day parade. After Pakatan Harapan took control of the government in May 2018, both the initiative and the concept were abolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0000-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad\n1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB; Malay:\u00a0[\u02c8satu ma\u02c8laj\u0283a d\u025b\u02c8v\u025bl\u0254pm\u025bn(t) b\u0259r\u02c8\u0266ad]) is an insolvent Malaysian strategic development company, wholly owned by the Minister of Finance (Incorporated).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0001-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad\n1MDB was established to drive strategic initiatives for long-term economic development for the country by forging global partnerships and promoting foreign direct investment. Berhad is a Malay term indicating a public limited company. 1MDB focuses on strategic development projects in the areas of energy, real estate, tourism and agribusiness. 1MDB was involved in several high-profile projects such as the Tun Razak Exchange, Tun Razak Exchange's sister project Bandar Malaysia,  and the acquisition of three independent power producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0002-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad\nSince 2015, the company has been under heavy scrutiny for its suspicious money transactions and evidence pointing to money laundering, fraud, and theft. A lawsuit filed by United States Department of Justice (DOJ), alleged that at least US$3.5 billion has been stolen from Malaysia's 1MDB state-owned fund. In September 2020, the alleged amount stolen had been raised to US$4.5 billion and a Malaysian government report listed 1MBD's outstanding debts to be at  US$7.8 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0003-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad\nAs of 5 August 2021, in an ongoing effort to fight global kleptocracy, the U.S. Department of Justice recovered and returned a total of US$1.2 billion of 1MDB funds misappropriated within U.S. jurisdiction to the people of Malaysia, joining a list of several countries which have initiated recovery or that have already repatriated smaller recovered amounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0004-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, History\n1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) started off as Terengganu Investment Authority (TIA) which was initiated by the former Menteri Besar of Terengganu, Ahmad Said in 2008. TIA was a sovereign wealth fund with an initial fund of RM11 billion aimed at ensuring the economic development of Terengganu state. The fund's purpose was to ensure a long-term sustainable development while safeguarding the economic well-being of Terengganu residents. The TIA fund was derived from outstanding royalty income of RM6 billion and funds from bond issued by local and overseas financial markets. In addition, the Federal Government had proposed to provide a guarantee of RM5 billion based on Terengganu's future oil revenues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0005-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, History\nOn 27 May 2009, Ismee Ismail and Shahrol Azral Ibrahim Halmi signed a deal arranged by AmInvestment Bank Bhd to raise RM5 billion via the issuance of Islamic medium term notes (IMTNs), despite being told not to do so by the Terengganu state government. This exercise was advised by TIA's special advisor, Jho Low. On 29 May 2009, TIA received RM4.385 billion in net proceeds from IMTN from the full value of RM5 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0006-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, History\nOn 31 July 2009, Minister of Finance (Incorporated) (MOFI) took over TIA and amended its name to 1Malaysia Development Bhd (1MDB). This acquisition by MOFI took place four months after Dato Sri Najib Razak became the Prime Minister of Malaysia. In his announcement on 22 July 2009, Najib said the decision to expand TIA into a federal entity was made to enable its benefits to reach a broader spectrum of Malaysians rather than the residents of only one state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0007-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, History\nOn 10 March 2015, Auditor General of Malaysia under the mandate of the Cabinet and the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) was assigned to audit the financial statements of the 1MDB Group and to evaluate whether the financial performance and activities of the 1MDB Group are aligned with the company's original objectives. However, on 4 March 2016, the audit report produced by the Auditor General of Malaysia was classified as Official Secrets Act under the Official Secrets Act 1972 by the National Security Council (Malaysia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0008-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, History\nAfter the victory of Pakatan Harapan in the 14th General Election in Malaysia, the audit report was declassified. The declassification was made on 15 May 2018 at the request of the seventh Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0009-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, History\nOn 23 May 2018, the newly appointed Minister of Finance, Lim Guan Eng, appointed PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to review and perform an audit of 1MDB. This followed revelations by directors of 1MDB that the company was insolvent and unable to repay its debts. On 28 June 2018, the president and chief executive officer, Arul Kanda was sacked for dereliction of duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0010-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd\nOn 28 September 2009, 1MDB established a joint venture (JV) with PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd; the company name was 1MDB-PetroSaudi Ltd with a 60:40 ratio where 1MDB held 40% with a cash contribution of US$1 billion while PetroSaudi Holdings contributed with assets of at least US$1.5 billion. There were four different companies registered under the name of PetroSaudi, but the investment proposals submitted to the board of directors of 1MDB failed to state that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0011-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd\nOn 29 September 2009 (a day after formation of joint venture), Edward L. Morse submitted an asset valuation report. On the same day, he was appointed by the 1MDB Chief Executive Officer. The assessment report takes into account assets in oil exploration and production rights in Turkmenistan and Argentina. The assessment was implemented on PetroSaudi International Ltd's assets despite the JV agreement clearly stating that the company owning all the rights and interests of the agreed assets for the joint venture project is PetroSaudi International Cayman, the report said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0012-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd\nBesides that, the JV agreement lacked clauses to guard the interests of the company. Among others, there was an advance of US$700 million in fees to 1MDB-PetroSaudi from PetroSaudi Holdings to be fully repayable on or before 30 September 2009. On 30 September 2009, a total of US$1 billion (RM3.487 billion) was transferred by 1MDB into two separate accounts. The first US$300 million was transferred into joint venture account, and the remaining US$700 million was transferred into another company's account, (Good Star Ltd, a PetroSaudi subsidiary), with the aim of repaying the advance taken by the joint venture company. However, approval by the board of 1MDB was not obtained for the payment of US$700 million into a non-joint-venture account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0013-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd\nIn March 2010, about six months after the formation of joint venture of 1MDB-PetroSaudi, 1MDB disposed all the 40% stake (worth US$1 billion) for US$1.2 billion in Murabahah Note. Murabahah Notes are guaranteed by corporate guarantee, PetroSaudi International Ltd. On the other hand, 1MDB made an additional subscription to this Murabahah Notes up to additional US$830 million with partly funded via loans from financial institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0014-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd\nOn 1 June 2012, 27 months after holding on this Murabahah Notes, 1MDB redeemed all of the Murabahah Notes with a total of US$2.22 billion including profits. This redemption of US$2.22 billion was done via an asset swap arrangement where 1MDB International Holdings Ltd (1MDB-IHL), a 1MDB subsidiary received 49% equity stake in PetroSaudi Oil Services Ltd (PSOSL), a PetroSaudi International Ltd subsidiary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0014-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd\nThis exercise raised a question in the auditor-general's audit report where the conversion of Murabahah Notes to equity investments in PSOSL was done without any study to identify PSOSL liabilities, the ability to generate funds, and past financial performance. The 1MDB board was aware that PSOSL operates in Venezuelan waters where sanctions have been imposed by the United States and ending drilling contracts, but the decision to invest in PSOSL proceeded despite such conditions. The documents were signed by 1MDB's CEO on 1 June 2012, long before obtaining the approval of 1MDB board on 20 June 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0015-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd\nDuring mid-July 2012, 45 days after the investment in PSOSL equities on 1 June 2012, 1MDB disposed all 49% equity in PSOSL to Bridge Partners International Investment Ltd (Bridge Partners) for a minimum of US$2.2 billion at the suggestion of 1MDB's CEO. The sale was done on 12 September 2012 and Bridge Partners issued six non-interest bearing promissory notes worth US$2.318 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0016-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, PetroSaudi Holdings (Cayman) Ltd\nThese promissory notes were further used as an investment in Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0017-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)\nOn 12 September 2012, Brazen Sky Ltd (a subsidiary of 1MDB), entered into an investment management agreement with Bridge Global Absolute Return Fund SPC (Bridge Global SPC) and Bridge Partners Investment Management (Cayman) Ltd. to invest US$2.318 billion funded by the promissory notes from PSOSL sales. The investment involved various portfolio investments in the Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC) of the Cayman Islands. However, the company in charge of this investment, Bridge Global Absolute Return Fund SPC (Bridge Global SPC), was a new month-old company with no fund management licence nor experience in managing large funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0018-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)\nOn 20 May 2013, 1MDB's board of directors redeemed the investment gradually which would improve perceptions of the funds's credibility. As of 20 December 2014, the total redeemed from the SPC fund was US$1.39 billion out of US2.318 billion and the balance of US$939.87 was to be fully redeemed by the end of December. The US$1.39 billion was transferred into Brazen Sky's bank account and then transferred into 1MDB Global Investment Ltd (1MDB-GIL) account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0018-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)\nThe SPC funds with a booked value of US$2.318 was pledged to Deutsche Bank for a loan amount of US$975 million without the approval of 1MDB's board. From the proceeds of initial redemption and with Deutsche Bank loan, some US$993 million was used for the payment of the Aabar option termination (though originally the settlement agreement was only US$300 million instead of US$993 million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0018-0002", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Segregated Portfolio Company (SPC)\nThe Aabar option was an option given to Aabar Ltd in exchange of a guarantee of Abu Dhabi's International Petroleum Investment Co (IPIC) to give 1MDB a total of US$3.5 billion in bond issuances via Goldman Sachs. All of these actions raised questions as they were not consistent with the initial objective of bringing the SPC portfolio back to Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0019-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group\n1MDB established SRC International Sdn Bhd (SRC) on 7 January 2011. According to the SRC Business Plan for the period of 2011 to 2015, SRC will supply coal for long-term needs of national by the fourth year of operation (in 2014).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0020-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group\nSRC obtains funding from government grants in the form of development grants of RM15 million out of RM20 million that were approved by the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) and RM2 billion financing from the Retirement Fund Incorporation (KWAP). Financing amounting of RM2 billion from KWAP was received on 29 August 2011 with a term of financing of 10 years. The loan is guaranteed by the government which includes principal and financing benefits of RM2.902 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0021-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group\nOn 3 November 2011, SRC (via subsidiary company SRC International (Malaysia) Limited, SRCI) establish a joint venture with Aabar Investments PJS (Aabar) with the name of Aabar-SRC Strategic Resources Limited (ASRC). The initial paid-up capital was US$120 million with each party contribute US$60 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0022-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group\nThe board of directors of SRCI approved a US$45.50 million investment in the coal industry at Mongolia but this investment was questioned as this investment was done without any evidence showing any feasibility studies done on the status of the project. The mentioned project was undertaken by the joint venture of ASRC with the Gobi Coal & Energy Limited (GCE) company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0023-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group\nSRC also invested in PT ABM Investama TBK, that operates in the energy resources, energy services, and energy infrastructure sectors in Indonesia up to US$120 million (RM366.68 million) through published share prices listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0024-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group\nDuring the meeting on 14 February 2012, CEO of SRC reported an estimated profit on the investment amounting to US$4 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0025-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, SRC Group\nOn 15 February 2012, SRC's shareholding by 1MDB was transferred to the Ministry of Finance Incorporation (MOFI) by way of acquisition of shares through interim dividend-in-specie payments. The transfer of SRC shares has reduced the operating losses of the 1MDB Group from RM25 million to RM16.2 million, lowering the gearing ratio of 1MDB from 12 times to 9.5 times and reducing the government's total guarantee of RM2.902 billion to the 1MDB Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0026-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate\n1MDB invested into real estate market with the aim of diversification and aim to generate long-term return on investment. From 2010 until September 2015, 1MDB have acquired five different property assets with the acquisition amounting to RM2.111 billion. The land are:-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0027-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange\nOn 21 May 2010, it was reported that 1MDB will jointly develop the Tun Razak Exchange project at a currently vacant piece of land covering 34.4 hectares in the city of Kuala Lumpur with Mubadala Development Company. The Tun Razak Exchange was launched on 30 July 2012 by Najib Razak. During his speech on Tenth Malaysia Plan, Najib identified the KL International Financial District (KLIFD) and Bandar Malaysia projects as two of many public-private partnership projects which will help drive the nation's transformation agenda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0028-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange\nTun Razak Exchange (TRX) project land was acquired with the price of RM302.8 million. A joint venture agreement between 1MDB and Aabar Investments PJS (Aabar) was signed on 12 March 2013. However, the development of the TRX project in collaboration with Aabar was not realized and impacted on the rest of the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0029-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange\nUp to September 2015, five plots of lands of TRX were sold at RM1.358 billion in fund raising efforts for the 1MDB Group while remaining 11 plots of land plan to sell for RM2.592 billion. Besides that, 1MDB Group also construct a building in a joint venture with Mulia Group, namely Exchange 106 (formerly TRX Signature Tower) to be leased to an international financial services institution for 15 years from 2019 to 2033 with an estimated return of RM537.38 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0030-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange\nIn order to fund the TRX project infrastructure development, 1MDB subsidiary, 1MDB Real Estate Sdn Bhd (1MDB RE, but now known as TRX City Sdn Bhd) relies entirely on the sale of land plots. Besides that, 1MDB also created a special purpose vehicle (SPV) raised about Rm229.50 million in August 2015 for fund raising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0030-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Tun Razak Exchange\nThe TRX project is expected to face negative cash flows as the project receipts are insufficient to cover infrastructure and construction costs and worse still some money from the plots sales, i.e. RM1.095 billion and SPV fund has been flow back to 1MDB instead of using it to finance the TRX project development cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0031-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia\nBandar Malaysia is a 26-years long run project. It was acquired by 1MDB with the cost of RM368.72 million with additional cost of RM2.717 billion (partly funded by Government for RM1.117 billion) for the reallocation of the current Sungai Besi Airport which act as Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) airbase to 8 new locations, the biggest in Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan. However, 1MDB has used part of the allocation (RM288 million) from Government allocation to pay 1MDB debt and not used accordingly to the original purpose of the allocation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0032-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia\nOn 13 May 2010, 1MDB as part of a consortium of companies, will jointly undertake redevelopment project of Sungai Besi Airport at Sungai Besi, an old international airport, which is now the base for the Royal Malaysian Air Force into a GDV of RM150 billion Bandar Malaysia. The site covers 486 acres and is planned to be developed into an Islamic financial centre and will include Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) as a partner. About the same time, 1MDB and QIA had signed an MOU to assess the viability of energy and real estate investments. In the MOU, QIA also proposed to invest US$5bil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0033-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia\nThe Sungai Airport relocation phase should be completed by 2016 while the whole of Bandar Malaysia to be completed by 2040. Perbadanan Perwira Harta Malaysia (PPHM), a subsidiary of Armed Forces Fund Board Malaysia (or also known as Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (LTAT)) has been appointed as the main contractor for the RMAF base relocation project. As of August 2015, five out of eight suppose relocation sites have been late. The reasoning was a delay in submission of the area, suspension of approvals from local authorities, delays in consumer authentication, weather conditions, and flash floods in November and December 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0034-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia\nBesides that, the arrears amounting to RM396.42 million to PPHM until September 2015 also affected the progress of the construction site. This is because a total of RM1.926 billion (51.3%) of loans and sukuk amounting to RM3.75 billion was raised which suppose to be used for financing both the reallocation of Sungai Besi Airport and the development of Bandar Malaysia was transferred back to 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0035-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Bandar Malaysia\nIn line with the 1MDB Group rationalization plan, on 31 December 2015, 1MDB announced the sale of 60% equity in Bandar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. to the consortium of Iskandar Waterfront Holdings (IWH) and China Railway Engineering Corporation(CREC) with a 60:40 ratio. The IWH-CREC Consortium has valued 100 percent of Bandar Malaysia's land at RM12.35 billion where the value of 60% of the land is RM7.41 billion. This transaction is expected to be completed by June 2016. However the deal collapsed on 3 May 2017 due to failure to meet payment obligations, announced by Ministry of Finance of Malaysia (who owned 1MDB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0036-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Air Itam land\nAir Itam's land was acquired with the main development of affordable housing in Penang. About 85.7% of land already owned by 1MDB through the acquisition of two companies, Gerak Indera and Farlim Properties (FPSB) with a total price of RM1.056 billion (and related expenses of RM15.25 million). However, the remaining 14.3% ownership of the land has not yet to be finalized. Development of the land is also difficult to implement as full support of the State Government is not obtained and the problem of land occupied by almost 2,000 squatters are still unsolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0037-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Real estate, Pulau Indah land\nPulau Indahland was purchase under the consideration of intention to expand the energy sector. The land was purchase at a price of RM344.24 from Tadmax Power Sdn Bhd with a land size of 318.41 acres. Initially, the land was supposed to be used for the development of Project 3B (a power plant development) but the project eventually implemented in Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan due to the land is not suitable for the development of power plant. In July 2015, the land up for sale from 1MDB as part of the rationalization plan but until today the land yet to be sold to any party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0038-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector\nIn the early stage of 1MDB formation in 2009, 1MDB has embarked on a move in energy sector investment through joint venture with China and Qatar in:-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0039-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector\nHowever, the initial investment fell off due to lack of energy resources and also the government policy that did not allow any other party other than Petronas to supply gas to Independent Power Producer (IPP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0040-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector\nOn 11 January 2010, 1MDB signed a co-operation framework agreement with the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), with the intention of undertaking various energy-based projects in the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) and subsequently become major investors in SCORE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0041-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector\nOn 18 January 2010, 1MDB signed a co-operation agreement with Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (also known as Masdar) to explore clean technology projects and investments, including the possibility of building Malaysia's first carbon-neutral city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0042-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Investments, Energy sector\nIn November 2015, the company agreed to sell its energy assets, worth around $2.3 billion, to China General Nuclear Power Group and its subsidiaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0043-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Corporate structure\n1MDB has a three-tier check-and-balance system comprising a board of advisors, a board of directors and a senior management team. The board of advisors is chaired by Najib Razak himself. From 2010 until 2013, the board of advisors included the CEO of LVMH, Bernard Arnault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0044-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Corporate structure\nIn early March 2015, with public discontent growing at the perceived lack of financial transparency at 1MDB, Najib, who is also the chairman of 1MDB's board of advisors, ordered the Auditor General of Malaysia to carry out an audit of 1MDB. However, on completion of the audit, the auditor general's final report was classified as an Official Secret for only the eyes of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) tasked to investigate improprieties at 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0045-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Corporate structure\nIt was later found that 1MDB has only one employee since the beginning of 2018 - CEO Arul Kanda, and he was on \"garden leave\" until the end of his contract in June 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0046-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nThe involvement of 1MDB in the multi-billion ringgit Tun Razak Exchange development project drew criticism from the opposition within a year of commencement. Opposition leader and Member of Parliament of Permatang Pauh, Anwar Ibrahim, questioned the credentials of the company. He informed Parliament that according to the records held by the companies commission, 1MDB \"had no business address and no appointed auditor.\" Anwar further questioned the then-current Prime Minister, Najib Razak, regarding his role in getting 1MDB involved in the Tun Razak Exchange project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0047-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\n1MDB's RM425 million (US$140m) profit between 25 September 2009 and 31 March 2010 raised questions about the lack of transparency of 1MDB's accounting. Tony Pua, DAP Member of Parliament for Petaling Jaya Utara questioned former Prime Minister Najib Razak, who was also 1MDB's advisory board chairman, as to whether the figures were the result of asset injections into 1MDB by the government, such as the transfer of land rights to the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0048-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nDuring the October 2010 parliamentary session, 1MDB explained that its accounts had been fully audited and signed by KPMG, and closed as of 31 March 2010. Deloitte was involved in the valuation and analysis of the portfolio, while Ernst & Young provided tax advice for 1MDB. The company also informed that it had lodged the necessary information, including providing a registered address, with the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM) as required by the law. The registration information was made available on the company's website, www.1mdb.com.my.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0049-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nDuring 2013, 1MDB was in the spotlight again when it applied for a six-month extension for the publication of its annual report that was supposed to be filed with the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM) by 30 September 2013. In the meantime, the change of auditors three times in the 4 years since its inception in 2009 was widely considered suspicious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0050-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nBy mid-2015, with 1MDB's accumulated debts totalling RM42 billion (US$12bn), bonds issued by the fund were downgraded to junk status by the major rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings. The Malaysian cabinet rejected a RM3 billion ($US1 billion) cash injection, narrowing 1MDB's options to repay its debts on time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0051-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nIn 2015, allegations were made in several newspapers, including The Wall Street Journal, mentioned that the 1MDB organisation had been used to steal state funds for transfer into the accounts of former Prime Minister Najib Razak, and people associated with him such as Jho Low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0052-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nIn August 2015, the Malaysian Anti- Corruption Commission (MACC) had confirmed that no funds from 1MDB were transferred to the Prime Minister's private accounts as alleged by The Wall Street Journal. Following, 1MDB's president and group executive director (CEO), Arul Kanda, appeared in a local TV programme to clarify issues and allegations against 1MDB and also appeared in an interviewed with BFM 89.9 with host Ibrahim Sani and mentioned that 1MDB has been cleared of any and all wrongdoing by the Malaysian Attorney General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0053-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nIn media interviews in September 2015, 1MDB said some media reports concerning the company appear to be politically motivated. Its president and group executive director, Arul Kanda, also clarified that none of the company's accounts in Singapore have been frozen, rebutting news reports on the matter. The company has also dismissed claims of wrongdoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0054-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nIn February 2016, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States began probing the connection between a regional top executive of global investment bank Goldman Sachs with former Prime Minister Najib Razak and the nature of the former's involvement in multibillion-dollar deals with 1MDB. Similar probes have also taken place or are currently undergoing in the United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore into banks that facilitated transactions for 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0055-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nIn May 2016, the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of the Malaysian Parliament; consisting of several members of the parliament from both the ruling party and the opposition laid the blame for the troubles of 1MDB on the board of the troubled state fund and its former chief, saying that the board had failed to carry out its responsibilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0056-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nIn May 2018, after the formation of the new Cabinet following Pakatan Harapan's victory in the General Elections, Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng has ordered the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to conduct a special position audit and review of 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0057-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nOn 28 July 2020, former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak, was found guilty of the 1MDB scandal. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison and $49 million fine. Najib additionally received 10 years of jail for each of six charges, including 3 charges of criminal breach of trust and 3 charges on money laundering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0058-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nOn 7 February, the British National Crime Agency served a warrant against the London law firm Clyde & Co on behalf of the United States Department of Justice seeking the recovery of US$330 million (\u00a3243m). These funds are reportedly held in a bank account at a NatWest branch in London. The Department of Justice has alleged that the funds are what remains of the proceeds of the first phase of the 1MDB fraud, which allegedly misappropriated US$1 billion of 1MDB funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158421-0059-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad, Scandal\nOn 9 February, the Malaysian Government filed a lawsuit against Jho Low's former associates and former senior 1MBD officials Jasmine Loo and Casey Tang, seeking the recovery of RM 9.3 million in tax arrears. The two fugitives are wanted in Malaysia by authorities for investigations into the 1MDB fraud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0000-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal\nThe 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal (1MDB scandal) has been described as \"one of the world's greatest financial scandals\" and declared by the United States Department of Justice as the \"largest kleptocracy case to date\" in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0001-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal\nThe year before, Malaysia's then-Prime Minister Najib Razak had been accused of channelling over RM\u00a02.67\u00a0billion (approximately US$700\u00a0million) from 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), a government-run strategic development company (masterminded by Low Taek Jho), into his personal bank accounts. Dismissal of charges over this triggered widespread outrage among Malaysians, with many calling for Najib Razak's resignation \u2013 including Mahathir Mohamad, one of Najib's predecessors, who later defeated Najib in the 2018 general election and returned to power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0002-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal\nAnwar Ibrahim, a political leader in opposition to Najib, openly questioned 1MDB's credentials as early as 2010. He had told Parliament that, according to records held by the Companies Commission, the company \"has no business address and no appointed auditor.\" According to its publicly filed accounts, 1MDB had nearly RM\u00a042\u00a0billion (US$11.73\u00a0billion) in debt by 2015. Some of this debt resulted from a $3\u00a0billion state-guaranteed 2013 bond issue led by the investment bank Goldman Sachs, which had been reported to have received fees of up to $300\u00a0million for the deal, although the bank disputes this figure. Nevertheless, Goldman Sachs was charged in a Foreign Bribery Case and agreed to pay over $2.9 billion in a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). The Malaysian Conference of Rulers called for prompt investigation of the scandal, saying that it was causing a crisis of confidence in Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 954]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0003-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal\nAfter the 2018 election, the newly elected prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, reopened investigations into the 1MDB scandal. Malaysian Immigration Department barred Najib  and 11 others from leaving the country, while the police seized more than 500 handbags and 12,000 pieces of jewellery estimated to be worth US$270 million from property linked to Najib. Najib was charged with criminal breach of trust, money laundering and abuse of power, while Low Taek Jho (commonly referred to as Jho Low), was charged with money laundering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0003-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal\nThe U.S. Department of Justice pursued its own investigation into 1MDB, alleging that more than US$4.5\u00a0billion was diverted from 1MDB by Jho Low and other conspirators including officials from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Najib was subsequently found guilty of seven charges connected to SRC International, a dummy corporation associated with 1MDB, and was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0004-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal\nIn September 2020, the alleged amount stolen from 1MDB was estimated to be US$4.5 billion and a Malaysian government report listed 1MBD's outstanding debts to be at US$7.8 billion. The government has assumed 1MDB's debts, which includes 30-year bonds due in 2039.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0005-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal\nAs of 5 August 2021, in an ongoing effort to fight global kleptocracy, the U.S. Department of Justice recovered and returned a total of US$1.2 billion of 1MDB funds misappropriated within U.S. jurisdiction to the people of Malaysia, joining a list of several countries which have initiated recovery or that have already repatriated smaller recovered amounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0006-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper expos\u00e9s\nIt was reported by news portal Sarawak Report and British newspaper The Sunday Times, using leaked email correspondences, that Penang-based financier Jho Low, who has ties with Najib Razak's step son, siphoned out US$700\u00a0million from a joint venture deal between 1MDB and PetroSaudi International through Good Star Ltd. Although Low never received an official position in 1MDB, he is described as someone who was regularly consulted about 1MDB without having any decision-making authority. An email revealed that Low had the loan approval from Najib for $1\u00a0billion without getting any approval from Bank Negara. Sarawak Report showed, using minutes of a meeting at 1MDB, that CEO Arul Kanda gave out false bank statements pertaining to its subsidiary's accounts at the Singapore branch of BSI Bank. Arul Kanda denied the allegation that he gave false bank statements to Bank Negara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0007-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper expos\u00e9s\nIt was claimed through a report by The Wall Street Journal that 1MDB made overpriced purchases of power assets in Malaysia through Genting Group in 2012. Genting then allegedly donated this money to a foundation controlled by Najib, who used these funds for election campaign purposes during the 2013 general elections. According to a news report quoting 1MDB, the company denied that it overpaid for its energy assets. 1MDB was quoted as saying that their energy acquisitions were made only when the company was convinced of its long-term value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0008-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper expos\u00e9s\nFurther allegations were made by The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) that $700\u00a0million was transferred from 1MDB and deposited in AmBank and Affin Bank accounts under Najib's name. A task force to investigate these claims had frozen six bank accounts linked to Najib and 1MDB. The Malaysian Anti- Corruption Commission (MACC) subsequently, in August 2015, cleared 1MDB of this allegation. MACC issued a statement saying, among other things, \"Results of the investigation have found that the RM2.6bil which was allegedly transferred into the account belonging to Najib Razak came from the contribution of donors, and not from 1MDB\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0009-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper expos\u00e9s\nAccording to highly placed sources, three of the bank accounts that had been frozen belong to Najib. The WSJ revealed the bank account details online to rebut denials by Najib and his supporters. Singapore police had frozen two Singapore bank accounts in connection with their own investigation into the alleged financial mismanagement at 1MDB, after reports stated that $700\u00a0million worth of deposits was moved through Falcon Bank in Singapore into Najib's personal accounts in Malaysia. However, 1MDB denied having any knowledge of their accounts being frozen, and said they have not been contacted by any of the foreign investigating authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0010-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper expos\u00e9s\nThe WSJ also reported that 1MDB transferred around $850\u00a0million via three transactions in 2014 to a British Virgin Islands-registered company with a name disguising that it was controlled by International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC), a United Arab Emirates state investment vehicle, according to wire transfer documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0011-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper expos\u00e9s\nThe WSJ released a report stating that 1MDB failed to pay $1.4\u00a0billion to IPIC. The money was owed to IPIC after it had guaranteed a US$3.5\u00a0billion bond issued by 1MDB to fund its purchase of power plant assets in 2012. The WSJ released another report saying that a further $993\u00a0million was missing that 1MDB was supposed to pay IPIC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0011-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper expos\u00e9s\n1MDB responded to the WSJ report, saying that the company continues to enjoy a strong business relationship with IPIC, as proven by the execution of a binding term sheet that saw IPIC assume obligation for a $3.5\u00a0billion bond, currently held by 1MDB, and followed a $1\u00a0billion cash payment made by IPIC to 1MDB in June. Earlier in October 2015, IPIC reaffirmed their commitment to working with 1MDB and the Malaysian Ministry of Finance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0012-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper expos\u00e9s\nAnother report by the WSJ pointed out that 1MDB, in connection with a United States political fundraiser DuSable Capital Management LLC, signed a joint venture agreement creating a fund, Yurus PE Fund, to develop solar power plants in Malaysia. Six months after the joint venture agreement was signed, 1MDB bought out DuSable's stake of 49% of Yurus for $69\u00a0million before any construction took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0012-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Email and newspaper expos\u00e9s\nAccording to bank transfer information, the WSJ revealed that Najib spent close to $15\u00a0million on clothes, jewellery, and a car in places such as the United States, Singapore, and Italy using a credit card that was paid from one of several private bank accounts owned by Najib, that 1MDB funds had been diverted to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0013-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency\nThe RM 425\u00a0million profit declared between 25 September 2009 and 31 March 2010 raised many criticisms and controversies about the lack of transparency in 1MDB's published accounts. Tony Pua, DAP Member of Parliament for Petaling Jaya Utara, questioned Najib, 1MDB's advisory board chairman, as to whether the figures were the result of an asset injection into 1MDB by the government such as the transfer of land rights to the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0014-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency\nDuring the October 2010 parliamentary session, 1MDB explained that its accounts had been fully audited and signed off by KPMG, and closed as of 31 March 2010. Deloitte was involved in the valuation and analysis of the portfolio, while Ernst & Young provided tax advice for 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0015-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency\n1MDB eventually rang alarm bells by asking for a six-month extension on the filing of its annual report with the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM) due by 30 September 2013. At the same time, the change of three auditors since its inception in 2009 was considered suspicious. Responding to earlier criticism, CCM said that 1MDB had responded and lodged the necessary information, including registering an address, as required by law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0016-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency\nThe Sungai Besi airport land transfer took place in June 2011 as a precedent for the development known as Bandar Malaysia, a mixed integrated project of commercial, residential, and hi-tech green environment. Prior to this, there had been questions in parliament by the opposition regarding the lack of progress on Bandar Malaysia even though 1MDB had already raised RM 3.5\u00a0billion in loans and Islamic bonds to fund the project and take ownership of the land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0016-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency\nIn April 2013, 1MDB finally awarded a RM 2.1\u00a0billion contract to Perbadanan Perwira Harta Malaysia (PPHM), a subsidiary of Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (LTAT) to develop eight sites for the relocation of Pangkalan Udara Kuala Lumpur, the military base on the Sungai Besi land that was to be developed. The construction of Bandar Malaysia was set to commence following the completion of this relocation. As part of its debt rationalisation plan, on 31 December 2015, 1MDB inked an agreement with a consortium comprising Iskandar Waterfront Holdings and China Railway Engineering Corporation to sell 60% of its stake in Bandar Malaysia Sdn Bhd. This deal however eventually fell through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0017-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency\nOn 7 September 2015, a member of the board of advisors to 1MDB, Abdul Samad Alias, resigned stating that he did so after many of his requests for information on 1MDB affairs were ignored. 1MDB subsequently denied receiving repeated requests from Abdul Samad, stating that its president, Arul Kanda, had personally met Abdul Samad in January and March that year to \"discuss the company's affairs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0018-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency\n1MDB had not had a proper external accounts audit since 2013, partly as a result of Deloitte Malaysia, their auditors at the start of that period, issuing a statement in July 2016 saying that their audit reports of 1MDB financial statements, dated 28 March 2014 and 5 November 2014 covering financial years 2013 and 2014 respectively, should no longer be relied upon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0018-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency\nBy early March 2015, with public discontent growing at the perceived lack of financial transparency at 1MDB, the Prime Minister, who was also the Chairman of 1MDB's Board of Advisors, ordered the Auditor General of Malaysia to carry out an audit of 1MDB. However, on completion of the audit, the final report was classified as an Official Secret and only made available to the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) tasked to investigate improprieties at 1MDB. Purported copies of the report however surfaced on the internet. After Najib's ouster in the 2018 general election, the much-leaked audit report was declassified by the new government on 12 May 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0019-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Change of auditors and transparency\nIn May 2018, after the formation of the new Cabinet following Pakatan Harapan's victory in the General Elections, Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng ordered the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to conduct a special position audit and review of 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 111], "content_span": [112, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0020-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Debts and rating downgrade\nIt was reported that by early 2015, 1MDB has accumulated debts of nearly RM 42\u00a0billion. Further alleged financial challenges caused 1MDB bonds to trade at a record low. Additionally, the Malaysian cabinet rejected a requested RM 3\u00a0billion cash injection by 1MDB, narrowing its options to pay off its debts on time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 102], "content_span": [103, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0021-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Donation explanation from government\nOn 3 August 2015, the MACC stated that the RM 2.6\u00a0billion that had been banked into Najib's personal account came from donors, not 1MDB, but did not elaborate on who the donors were or why the funds were transferred, nor why this explanation had taken so long to emerge since the allegations were first made on 2 July 2015. UMNO Kuantan division chief Wan Adnan Wan Mamat later claimed that the RM 2.6\u00a0billion was from Saudi Arabia as thanks for fighting ISIS. He further claimed that the Muslim community in the Philippines as well as southern Thailand had also received similar donations, and that since the donations were made to Najib personally as opposed to UMNO, the funds were deposited into Najib's personal accounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 112], "content_span": [113, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0022-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Donation explanation from government\nSaudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir said he was aware of the donation, and said that it was a genuine donation with nothing expected in return. Attorney-general Mohamad Apandi Ali has said that the donation was from one of the sons of the late Saudi King Abdullah, namely Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud. In an interview with ABC News, WSJ finance editor Ken Brown stated that the money did not come from the Saudis and they had evidence that it came from companies related to 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 112], "content_span": [113, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0023-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Bank Negara actions\nUsing the premise that 1MDB had used inaccurate or incomplete disclosure of information, Bank Negara, in early 2016, revoked permissions previously granted to 1MDB for investments abroad totalling $1.83\u00a0billion. Bank Negara then called for the Attorney General to begin criminal prosecution of 1MDB after completing its own investigations into 1MDB fund transfers. 1MDB responded that they were unable to repatriate the $1.83\u00a0billion demanded by Bank Negara because the funds had already been utilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 95], "content_span": [96, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0024-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports\nThe scandal took a dramatic twist on 28 August 2015 when a member of Najib Razak's own UMNO party filed a civil suit against him alleging a breach of duties as trustee and that he defrauded party members by failing to disclose receipt of the donated funds, and account for their use. This suit was filed in the Kuala Lumpur High Court and also named party executive secretary Abdul Rauf Yusof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0024-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports\nExpressing fear that Najib Razak would wield influence to remove any member of UMNO \"for the sole purpose of avoiding liability\", the court was also being moved for an injunction to restrain UMNO, its Supreme Council, state liaison body, divisions and branches from removing the nominal plaintiff as a party member pending the determination of the suit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0024-0002", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports\nThe plaintiff is also seeking a repayment amounting to $650\u00a0million, the amount allegedly deposited by Najib to a Singapore bank, an account of all monies that he had received in the form of donations, details of all monies in an AmPrivate Banking Account (No. 2112022009694), allegedly belonging to Najib, along with damages, costs, and other reliefs. One of the UMNO representatives, Anina Saadudin, who filed the lawsuit, was immediately expelled from the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0025-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports\nAnother police report was filed by a Johor UMNO member, Abdul Rashed Jamaludin, against Najib Razak, over the funds that went into his bank account and other wrongdoings at 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0026-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Police reports\nAnother UMNO member, Khairuddin Abu Hassan, and his lawyer Matthias Chang, has submitted evidence on the 1MDB scandal to the Swiss attorney general for investigation into whether any Swiss banks had done business with 1MDB. Khairuddin also lodged a police report in Hong Kong against Najib Razak and Jho Low, pertaining to four companies: Alliance Assets International, Cityfield Enterprises, Bartingale International and Wonder Quest Investment, which had purported dealings with 1MDB. Khairuddin and Matthias were barred from leaving Malaysia. Khairuddin and Matthias were charged under the Security Offenses Act (SOSMA) under the pretext of sabotaging Malaysia's banking and financial sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0027-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Local lawsuits\nThe opposition People's Justice Party (PKR) has filed a lawsuit against Najib Razak, Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor, 1MDB and the Election Commission accusing them of violating election laws on campaign expenses, using funds from 1MDB. However, the Malaysian High Court threw out the suit, stating PKR had no legal standing to bring the suit against Najib and 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0028-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Local lawsuits\nFormer Prime Minister Mahathir has filed a lawsuit against Najib Razak for alleged interference in government investigations on 1MDB and the RM 2.6\u00a0billion political donation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0029-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions\nFollowing criticisms of the 1MDB issue, deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin was removed from office and his position was given to then Home Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi. Also removed from office was Rural and Regional Development Minister Shafie Apdal who was also critical of the 1MDB issue. Both were eventually expelled from UMNO in June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0030-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions\nThe attorney general Abdul Gani Patail, who was heading a multi-agency task force investigating claims of misappropriations of funds allegedly involving Najib Razak and 1MDB, was dismissed and his position given to Mohamed Apandi Ali, a former Federal Court judge. Additionally, the Public Action Committee that was investigating the purported losses in 1MDB was indefinitely postponed due to four of its members being given positions in Najib Razak's cabinet, namely the PAC chairman Nur Jazlan Mohamed, Reezal Merican Naina Merican, Wilfred Madius Tangau and Mas Ermieyati Samsudin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0031-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions\nThe news publications The Edge Malaysia and The Edge Financial Daily were suspended, for three months in July 2015 for allegedly publishing false reports about 1MDB issues, by the Malaysian Home Ministry. Also in 2015, the website Sarawak Report was blocked by Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, which regulates Internet services in Malaysia. The Malaysian police also issued an arrest warrant for Clare Rewcastle Brown, who was managing the Sarawak Report, alleging involvement in activities detrimental to parliamentary democracy and disseminating false reports about prime minister Najib.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0032-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions\nThe police also arrested UMNO member Khairuddin Abu Hassan after he lodged police reports in London, Singapore, France and Hong Kong regarding alleged financial improprieties by 1MDB. According to his lawyer, Khairuddin was going to the United States to meet with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to urge them to probe 1MDB over money laundering. However, the FBI's New York City office confirmed to the WSJ that no agent had arranged to meet Khairuddin or had any previous contact with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0033-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions\nFormer Kedah Menteri Besar Mukhriz Mahathir resigned his office on 3 February 2016, saying he did so because he had been told by Najib Razak that he was in the wrong by criticising him and 1MDB publicly. Four months later, in June, Mukhriz was expelled from UMNO. His father, Mahathir Mohamad, who had been Malaysia's fourth prime minister and who had been a Najib supporter since Najib assumed office, withdrew his support and quit UMNO later that same month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0034-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions\nOpposition member of parliament Rafizi Ramli was arrested and charged under the Official Secrets Act by the police and the government for leaking information about the Auditor General's report on 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0035-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions\nThe Home Ministry stated that they and Interpol had been unsuccessful in locating various individuals linked to 1MDB to help in facilitating their investigations, including business tycoon Jho Low, 1MDB's former senior executives Casey Tang Keng Chee and Jasmine Loo Ai Swan, SRC International managing director Nik Faisal Ariff Kamil, and Deutsche Bank country manager Yusof Annuar Yaacob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0036-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Government actions\nInternet access was blocked by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), to websites including Medium.com, a social journalism platform over just a single article posted by Sarawak Report. Another website, Asia Sentinel, was blocked after carrying a Sarawak Report article related to MACC completing a probe that allegedly resulted in 37 charges being drawn up against Najib. The Malaysian Insider, was also blocked and its journalists investigated for carrying a report alleging that the MACC had found enough evidence in its investigations into Najib to charge him for corruption. Blocks were removed shortly after Najib's government was deposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0037-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Ramifications and debt restructuring default\nThe Malaysian Public Accounts Committee (PAC) inquiry into 1MDB revealed that the management of the fund acted without the board's approval and misled auditors several times, calling for the police to investigate its former manager. The PAC also found that the board of directors in which Najib Razak was the chairman failed in giving proper oversight of the fund's finances. The 1MDB board of directors immediately submitted their resignations after the PAC findings were made public. The PAC report stated that US$3.5\u00a0billion was paid to a company, Aabar Investments PJS, but IPIC released a statement that neither it or its subsidiary Aabar Investments PJS have any links to a British Virgin Islands-incorporated firm Aabar BVI or received any money from that BVI firm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 120], "content_span": [121, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0038-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Ramifications and debt restructuring default\nInternational Petroleum Investment Company made an announcement in a filing in the London Stock Exchange that 1MDB failed to make a US$1.1\u00a0billion payment as part of its debt restructuring agreement, and that the debt deal between the two companies has been terminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 120], "content_span": [121, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0039-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election\nAfter the 14th Malaysian general election on 9 May 2018 which marked a historic defeat for the Barisan Nasional coalition led by Najib Razak, Pakatan Harapan formed a new government led by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. The government set up a special task force headed by former Attorney General Tan Sri Abdul Gani Patail to renew investigations into the 1MDB scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0040-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election\nThe government barred Najib Razak from leaving the country, and the police seized cash and valuable items amounting to between RM 900\u00a0million and RM 1.1\u00a0billion ($220\u00a0million and $269\u00a0million) from residential units linked to Najib and his wife Rosmah Mansor. As claimed by the police, this was the biggest seizure in Malaysian history, with the seized items comprising more than 12,000 pieces of jewelry, 423 valuable watches and 567 handbags made up of 37 luxury brands. Najib was subsequently arrested by the MACC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0040-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election\nIn September 2018, he faced 25 charges relating to abuse of power and money laundering amounting to RM 2.3\u00a0billion ($556\u00a0million), on top of seven charges with criminal breach of trust and power abuse brought against him in the preceding two months. As of April 2019, he stands with 42 charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0041-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election\nThe government has also issued arrest warrants against Jho Low and former director of SRC International Nik Faisal Ariff Kamil in a graft probe related to the state fund 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0042-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election\nOn 28 June 2018, two days before the end of his employment contract, 1MDB sacked its president and Chief Executive Officer Arul Kanda on grounds of dereliction of duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0043-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election\nMedia reports from June 2018 also indicate that the MACC froze bank accounts associated with UMNO, purportedly in relation to investigations into the 1MDB matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0044-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election\nIn August 2018, Malaysian police filed criminal charges against Jho Low and his father Larry Low over money laundering of US$457\u00a0million, which was allegedly stolen from 1MDB and most of the cash used for purchasing the superyacht Equanimity. From 29 October through 28 November 2018, the Equanimity was up for auction by investigators (pending a US$1\u00a0million deposit). It was eventually sold to the Genting Group at $126\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0045-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election\nIn December 2018, the Attorney-General Chambers of Malaysia filed criminal charges against subsidiaries of Goldman Sachs, their former employees Tim Leissner and Roger Ng Chong Hwa, former 1MDB employee Jasmine Loo, and Jho Low in connection with 1MDB bond offerings arranged and underwritten by Goldman Sachs in 2012 and 2013. The prosecutors were seeking criminal fines in excess of $2.7\u00a0billion misappropriated from the bonds proceeds, $600\u00a0million in fees received by Goldman Sachs, as well as custodial sentences against the individuals accused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0046-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Malaysian investigations and actions, Renewed investigations after 14th general election\nOn 28 July 2020, Najib was found guilty in all seven charges related to SRC and was sentenced to 12 years' jail and a fine of RM 210\u00a0million ($49.5\u00a0million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0047-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Australia\nThe Australian fund management company Avestra Asset Management, which managed up to RM 2.32\u00a0billion in 1MDB funds, is being liquidated, and is under investigation by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission for reported breaches of the law and potential losses to its members. The Australian High Court has ordered five investment schemes run by Avestra to close down after discovering undisclosed related-party transactions, with 13 potential breaches of corporate law and failure to invest according to the fund's individual mandates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0048-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Hong Kong\nHong Kong police have begun investigations regarding $250\u00a0million in Credit Suisse branch deposits in Hong Kong linked to Najib Razak and 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0049-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Indonesia\nIndonesia seized the superyacht Equanimity on 28 February 2018 on the island of Bali at the request of the U.S. Department of Justice, as part of a corruption investigation linked to the 1MDB scandal. The Indonesian government returned the yacht to Malaysia in August 2018, following the activation of the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties between Indonesia, the United States and Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0050-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Luxembourg\nState prosecutors in Luxembourg have also started money laundering investigations concerning 1MDB as it involved transfers of several hundred million dollars to an offshore company involving a bank account from Luxembourg. The bank in question is a private bank of the Edmond de Rothschild Group that manages money on behalf of wealthy clients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0051-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Seychelles\nThe Seychelles's Financial Intelligence Unit is helping an international investigation into the troubled state fund 1MDB, by providing detailed information relating to offshore entities registered in Seychelles that are related to the international investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0052-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Seychelles\n1MBD has not contested, and appears unlikely to contest, any lawsuit which has arisen from the investigations of foreign investigating authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0053-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore\nIn Singapore, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and the Commercial Affairs Department have seized a number of bank accounts in Singapore for possible money-laundering offences related to investigations into alleged financial mismanagement at 1MDB. One of the bank accounts frozen belonged to Yak Yew Chee, who was the relationship manager for 1MDB Global Investments Ltd, Aabar Investment PJS Limited and SRC International and Low Taek Jho", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0053-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore\n. Singaporean Yeo Jiawei, an ex-BSI banker, has been charged with money laundering and cheating offences as part of the Singapore probe into 1MDB, and Yeo's dealings with firms linked to 1MDB, Brazen Sky Ltd. and Bridge Partners Investment Management. A second individual, Kelvin Ang Wee Keng, was charged with corruption in connection with the Singaporean investigation into 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0054-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore\nAccording to a joint statement from the Attorney General's Chambers and the Monetary Authority of Singapore, assets totalling S$240\u00a0million have been seized during their investigations into 1MDB. Of the bank accounts and properties seized were S$120\u00a0million belonging to Jho Low and his family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0055-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore\nIn March 2017, MAS issued a 10-year prohibition order against former Goldman Sachs banker Tim Leissner for making false statements on behalf of his bank without its knowledge. The prohibition order, which prevents him from performing any regulated activity under the Securities and Futures Act and from managing any capital market services firm in Singapore, was extended in December 2018 from 10 years to lifetime after he admitted to charges related to an investigation into the 1MDB scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0056-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Singapore\nIn September 2018, the Singapore State Courts granted the return of 1MDB monies with a total value of S$15.3\u00a0million to Malaysia while solicitors for the Malaysian government stated that efforts to recover other unlawfully misappropriated assets were ongoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0057-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Switzerland\nSwiss authorities under the direction of the Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland began to freeze bank accounts amounting to several million US dollars linked to 1MDB. The Swiss attorney general's office said its investigation revealed indications that funds estimated to be US$4\u00a0billion may have been misappropriated and said it was looking into four cases of potential criminal conduct. The Swiss prosecutor has said that money had been deposited into Swiss bank accounts of former Malaysian public officials and current and former officials of United Arab Emirates. Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (Finma) has begun investigations into several Swiss banks as part of the money laundering probe involving 1MDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 101], "content_span": [102, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0058-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, Switzerland\nOn 15 March 2018, the Swiss parliament rejected a motion to return seized monies from their investigations into 1MDB to the Malaysian people, as had been lobbied for by Swiss politicians and non-governmental bodies. However, on 10 July 2018, Swiss Attorney General Michael Lauber indicated that Switzerland would not enrich itself by keeping illicit or stolen assets and be able to have the monies returned by legal obligations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 101], "content_span": [102, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0059-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United Arab Emirates\nThe United Arab Emirates has issued travel bans and frozen bank accounts of former Abu Dhabi sovereign-wealth fund International Petroleum Investment Company's employees Khadem al-Qubaisi and Mohammed Badawy Al Husseiny who had close connections to 1MDB, and may have used the British Virgin Islands-based Aabar Investments PJS to funnel money from 1MDB into various accounts and companies around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 110], "content_span": [111, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0060-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United Kingdom\nThe UK's Serious Fraud Office has begun an investigations into money laundering involving 1MDB, after it was highlighted by the investigative journalist Clare Rewcastle Brown and the Sarawak Report. The UK's investigation is focusing on the transfer of money from 1MDB funds in Malaysia to Switzerland as it involved Royal Bank of Scotland's branch in Zurich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 104], "content_span": [105, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0061-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nThe Wall Street Journal reported in 2015 that the Federal Bureau of Investigation had begun investigations into money laundering involving 1MDB. The international corruption unit of the US Department of Justice (DOJ) began a probe into property purchases in the United States involving Najib Razak's stepson Riza Aziz and the transfer of millions of dollars into Najib Razak's personal account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0061-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nThe probe was looking at properties purchased by shell companies belonging to Riza Aziz and close family friend Jho Low. Investment banks such as JPMorgan Chase & Co., Deutsche Bank AG and Wells Fargo were asked by the DOJ to retain and turn over records that might be related to improper transfers from 1MDB. The FBI issued subpoenas to several past and present employees of film production company Red Granite Pictures, co-founded by Najib Razak's stepson Riza Aziz, also its chairman, in regards to allegations that US$155\u00a0million was diverted from 1MDB to help finance the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0062-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nAlso under scrutiny by the FBI and DOJ was the role of global investment bank Goldman Sachs in alleged money laundering and corruption. The FBI probed the connection between Najib and a regional top executive of Goldman Sachs, and the nature of the latter's involvement in multibillion-dollar deals with 1MDB. Tim Leissner, the former chairman of Goldman Sachs' Southeast Asia branch and husband of Kimora Lee Leissner, was issued a subpoena by the DOJ as part of their investigations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0062-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nIn the July 2016 DOJ civil lawsuit, a high-ranking government official having control over 1MDB, who was referred to more than 30 times as \"Malaysian Official 1\" (\"MO1\"), was alleged to have received around US$681\u00a0million (RM 2.8\u00a0billion) of stolen 1MDB money via Falcon Bank in Singapore on 21 and 25 March 2013, of which US$650\u00a0million (RM 2.0\u00a0billion) was sent back to Falcon Bank on 30 August 2013. In September 2016, Najib Razak was identified as \"MO1\" by Datuk Abdul Rahman Dahlan, then Minister in the Prime Minister's Department. The wife of \"MO1\", Rosmah Mansor, was also alleged to have received US$30\u00a0million worth of jewels financed from pilfered 1MDB funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0063-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nIn June 2017, the DOJ began actions to recover more than US$1\u00a0billion from people close to Najib and 1MDB, seizing assets including high-end properties in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, Manhattan, New York City and London, as well as fine artwork, a private jet, a luxury yacht and royalties from the film The Wolf of Wall Street and its production company Red Granite Pictures. On 7 March 2018, in California courts, the producers of the film agreed to pay US$60\u00a0million to settle DOJ's claims that they financed the movie with money siphoned from 1MDB. The claims were settled in August 2018, with the settlement stipulating that the payment should not be construed as \"an admission of wrongdoing or liability on the part of Red Granite\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0064-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nOn 1 November 2018, the DOJ announced that two former Goldman Sachs bankers, Tim Leissner and Roger Ng, as well as Malaysian fugitive financier Jho Low, were charged over funds misappropriated from 1MDB and paying bribes to various Malaysian and Abu Dhabi officials. Tim Leissner admitted in a plea that more than US$200\u00a0million in proceeds from 1MDB bonds flowed into accounts controlled by him and a relative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0064-0001", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nHe agreed to forfeit US$43.7\u00a0million (RM 185\u00a0million) and pleaded guilty to conspiring to launder money and violate the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, while Roger Ng was arrested in Malaysia at the request of DOJ and extradited to the US for prosecution before returning and facing charges in Malaysia. According to Roger Ng's lawyers, he was infected with Dengue fever and leptospirosis while in Malaysian jail and lost a significant amount of weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0065-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nOn 30 November 2018, the DOJ announced that George Higginbotham, a former DOJ employee, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to deceive US banks about the source and purpose of foreign funds for a lobbying campaign against the US investigations into the 1MDB scandal. The DOJ filed a lawsuit to recover more than US$73\u00a0million (RM 305\u00a0million) in American bank accounts that Higginbotham helped open on behalf of Jho Low to finance the lobbying campaign. Further in May 2019, the DOJ announced that it had charged Jho Low and former Fugees rapper Pras for conspiring to funnel US$21.6\u00a0million from overseas accounts into the 2012 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0066-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nOn 1 November 2019, Barron's reported that Jho Low had forfeited over $100\u00a0million in luxury homes as part of a settlement with prosecutors in the United States. Overall, he agreed to give up some $700\u00a0million in assets to the U.S. Department of Justice to have charges dropped, without admitting guilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0067-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Investigations by foreign law enforcement agencies, United States\nUS President Donald Trump\u2019s fundraiser Elliott Broidy was charged by the Federal authorities in the violation of Foreign Agents Registration Act as per public court filing published on 8th October 2020. Broidy reportedly took $6 million from agents of Malaysia and China to lobby officials from the administration to end the investigation 1MDB scandal. Broidy was also charged for lobbying White House officials in alignment to UAE\u2019s interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 103], "content_span": [104, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0068-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets\nMalaysia has so far recovered US$322\u00a0million (RM1.3\u00a0billion) worth of 1MDB assets since its renewed investigations into the 1MDB scandal after the 14th General Election in May 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0069-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets\nSteps have been taken to preserve the value of the assets caught up in the case, including the sale of the Park Lane Hotel in New York in November 2018, a step endorsed by the U.S. DOJ, in accordance with the rule of law and on the basis of no admission of wrongdoing or liability. In August 2018, Malaysian authorities seized a yacht allegedly purchased by Low, selling it some eight months later to minimize the costs associated with maintaining it. A spokesperson for Low described the seizure as \"illegal\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0070-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets\nThe recovered funds include the sum of US$126\u00a0million from the Equanimity judicially sold to the Genting Group, US$139\u00a0million to be returned by the United States after sale of Jho Low's interest in Park Lane Hotel in Manhattan, and US$57\u00a0million from a forfeiture settlement of Red Granite Pictures, which has been repatriated to Malaysia after deducting the costs incurred for investigations, seizures and litigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0071-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets\nApart from the above, another sum of S$50\u00a0million (RM152\u00a0million) related to 1MDB has been ordered by the Singapore Courts to be repatriated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0072-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets\nMalaysia has been working with at least six countries to recover about US$4.5\u00a0billion worth of assets allegedly stolen from 1MDB, in which US$1.7\u00a0billion (RM7\u00a0billion) worth of assets have been sought by the DOJ to forfeit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0073-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets\nOn 15 April 2020, it was reported that the DOJ had returned US$300\u00a0million in funds stolen during the 1MDB scandal to Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158422-0074-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, Recovery of 1MDB assets\nOn 24 July 2020, it was announced that the Malaysian government would receive US$2.5\u00a0billion in cash from Goldman Sachs, and a guarantee from the bank they would also return US$1.4\u00a0billion in assets linked to 1MDB bonds. Put together this was substantially less than the US$7.5\u00a0billion that had been previously demanded by the Malaysian finance minister. At the same time, the Malaysian government agreed to drop all criminal charges against the bank and that it would cease legal proceedings against 17 current and former Goldman directors. Some commentators argued that Goldman had got away with a very good deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158423-0000-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia People's Housing Programme\nThe 1Malaysia Housing Programme or Perumahan Rakyat 1Malaysia (PR1MA) is a housing development programme in Malaysia. It was launched on 4 July 2011 by former Prime Minister Najib Razak. It is managed by the government owned company Perbadanan PR1MA Malaysia under the Ministry of Housing and Local Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158424-0000-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia for Youth\n1Malaysia for Youth, usually stylised as iM4U, was an initiative of the former Malaysian government of Barisan Nasional (BN) led by Najib Razak. It was created to encourage the volunteerism among Malaysian youth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158424-0001-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia for Youth, History\nThe program launched in July 2012 and in January 2013 the first group of twenty iM4U ambassadors was announced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158424-0002-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia for Youth, DRe1M\nIn addition to encourage volunteering, 1M4U offers funds to any youth organisations through the Dana Sukarelawan 1Malaysia (DRe1M) initiative. The funds were disbursed according to the submitted proposal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158424-0003-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia for Youth, Number Plate Prefixes\nIn conjunction with the 1Malaysia for Youth movement, former Malaysian Prime Minister Dato' Sri Mohammad Najib Razak, introduced a new special prefix of number plates, named 1M4U. Sale of the number plate prefix started on 10 March 2013. The former Malaysian Prime Minister himself was set to get the number plate 1M4U 11, as 11 being his favorite number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158424-0004-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia for Youth, Number Plate Prefixes\nThe objective of introducing this special prefix is to raise funds as support for the movement's activities. Some were donated to the Poverty Eradication Foundation, the Malaysian Children's Hope Foundation and the National Athletes Welfare Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158424-0005-0000", "contents": "1Malaysia for Youth, Dissolution\nIM4U became dormant and was dissolved after the downfall of BN government in the 2018 general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158425-0000-0000", "contents": "1N400x general-purpose diode\nThe 1N400x (or 1N4001 or 1N4000) series is a family of popular one-ampere general-purpose silicon rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common household appliances. Its blocking voltage varies from 50 volts (1N4001) to 1000 volts (1N4007). This JEDEC device number series is available in the DO-41 axial package. Diodes with similar ratings are available in SMA and MELF surface mount packages (in other part number series).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158425-0001-0000", "contents": "1N400x general-purpose diode\nThe 1N540x (or 1N5400) series is a similarly popular family of diodes rated 3\u00a0Amperes. These diodes use the larger DO-201AD axial package to dissipate heat better.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158425-0002-0000", "contents": "1N400x general-purpose diode, History\nThe 1N400x series was originally introduced by Motorola's Semiconductor Products Division and registered at JEDEC in 1963 as a silicon power rectifiers primarily for military and industrial applications. It appeared in the Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual in 1965, as replacements for 1N2609 through 1N2617. The 1N540x series were announced in Electrical Design News in 1968, along with the now lesser-known 1.5\u00a0A 1N5391 series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158425-0003-0000", "contents": "1N400x general-purpose diode, Overview\nThese devices are widely used and recommended for general-purpose power-frequency rectifier use. They are commonly used as rectifiers in AC adapters of electrical appliances to convert AC to DC, and are also used in other types of power converters, or as freewheeling diodes to protect circuits from inductive loads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158425-0004-0000", "contents": "1N400x general-purpose diode, Overview\nThese are fairly low-speed rectifier diodes, being inefficient for square waves of more than 15\u00a0kHz. They are not designed for switching applications; datasheets often don't specify any information on their turn-on and turn-off characteristics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158425-0005-0000", "contents": "1N400x general-purpose diode, Overview\nCompared with signal diodes, rectifier diodes generally have higher current ratings, can have much higher reverse voltage ratings, but have higher leakage current and  greater junction capacitance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158425-0006-0000", "contents": "1N400x general-purpose diode, Overview\nThe following table lists part numbers in the 1N400x, 1N540x, and other popular general-purpose silicon rectifier diode families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158426-0000-0000", "contents": "1N4148 signal diode\nThe 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most popular and long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. Its name follows the JEDEC nomenclature. The 1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about 100\u00a0MHz with a reverse-recovery time of no more than 4\u00a0ns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158426-0001-0000", "contents": "1N4148 signal diode, History\nTexas Instruments announced the 1N914 diode in 1960. It was registered at JEDEC by Texas Instruments no later than 1961, and was second-sourced by 11 manufacturers in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158426-0002-0000", "contents": "1N4148 signal diode, History\nThe 1N4148 was registered at JEDEC in 1968 as a silicon switching signal diode for military and industrial applications. It was second-sourced by many manufacturers; Texas Instruments listed their version of the device in an October 1966 data sheet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158426-0003-0000", "contents": "1N4148 signal diode, History\nToday manufacturers produce the 1N4148 and sell it as the 1N914 too. These device types have an enduring popularity in low-current applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158426-0004-0000", "contents": "1N4148 signal diode, Overview\nAs the most common mass-produced switching diode, the 1N4148 replaced the older 1N914. They differed mainly in their leakage current specification, however, today most manufacturers list common specifications. For example, Vishay lists the same leakage current for both parts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158426-0005-0000", "contents": "1N4148 signal diode, Overview, Packages\nThe JEDEC registered part numbers 1N914 and 1N4148 were originally only available in an axial package, but over time similar parts became available in surface-mount packages too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158426-0006-0000", "contents": "1N4148 signal diode, Overview, Packages\nNote: Some 1N4148 family surface-mount packages are marked with \"T4\" text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158426-0007-0000", "contents": "1N4148 signal diode, Overview, Specifications\nAbsolute maximum ratings (stress ratings, consult datasheet for recommended ratings)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158427-0000-0000", "contents": "1N58xx Schottky diodes\nThe 1N58xx is a series of medium power, fast, low voltage Schottky diodes, which consists of part number numbers 1N5817 through 1N5825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158427-0001-0000", "contents": "1N58xx Schottky diodes, Overview\nThe 1N581x are typically packaged in the DO-41 axial through-hole case, and in many cases are interchangeable with the 1N4001 series. The 1N582x are typically packaged in the DO-201AD through-hole case, and in many cases are interchangeable with the 1N54xx series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158427-0002-0000", "contents": "1N58xx Schottky diodes, Overview\nBeing Schottky diodes, the 1N58xx parts have roughly half the forward voltage drop of the 1N400x/1N540x series diodes, which improves efficiency in applications where they are usually forward-biased, such as power converters. The cost is a lower voltage rating and higher reverse leakage (approximately 1 mA at room temperature and increasing with temperature).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158427-0003-0000", "contents": "1N58xx Schottky diodes, Overview\nCommon surface-mount relatives of the 1N58xx series are the SS1x and SS3x series, such the SS14 (1 ampere) and SS34 (3 ampere) surface-mount parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158428-0000-0000", "contents": "1P-ETH-LAD\n1P-ETH-LAD (1-propionyl-6-ethyl-6-nor-lysergic acid diethyamide) is an analog of LSD. 1P-ETH-LAD is a psychedelic drug similar to LSD. Research has shown formation of ETH-LAD from 1P-ETH-LAD incubated in human serum, suggesting that it functions as a prodrug. It is part of the lysergamide chemical class. Like ETH-LAD, this drug has been reported to be significantly more potent than LSD itself, and is reported to largely mimic ETH-LAD's psychedelic effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158428-0001-0000", "contents": "1P-ETH-LAD\n1P-ETH-LAD has little history of human usage before January 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158429-0000-0000", "contents": "1P-LSD\n1P-LSD or 1-propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide is a psychedelic drug of the lysergamide class that is a derivative and functional analogue of LSD and a homologue of ALD-52. It has been sold online as a designer drug since 2015. It modifies the LSD molecule by adding a propionyl group to the nitrogen molecule of LSD's indole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158429-0001-0000", "contents": "1P-LSD, Pharmacology\nBut since LSD is detected when 1P-LSD is incubated in human serum, 1P-LSD acts, at least in part, as a prodrug for LSD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158429-0002-0000", "contents": "1P-LSD, Effects\nThe effects profile of 1P-LSD is not well defined in the scientific literature. It is generally thought to be comparable to that of LSD. Many anecdotal reports indicate that 1P-LSD has a slightly shorter duration than LSD in humans, with the majority of users stating that they cannot distinguish the qualitative effects of 1P-LSD from LSD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158429-0003-0000", "contents": "1P-LSD, Legal status\n1P-LSD is a controlled substance in France, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Japan, Latvia, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Singapore and the Czech Republic (banned in 2018).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158430-0000-0000", "contents": "1P78-1 Kashtan\n1P78 is one of the newer optics (telescopic sight) to be supplied to the Russian Armed Forces. With a magnification of 2.8 it is similar to the Trijicon Acog, and the PO 3.5x21P. This is the very reason why it is replacing the standard issue PSO-1 currently being used in large numbers by the Russian military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158430-0001-0000", "contents": "1P78-1 Kashtan, Design\nThe 1P78-1 weighing at 1.1\u00a0lbs it has an incredibly good field of view providing an excellent bird's eye of the battlefield. Making this the standard issue sight for the infantry riflemen in the Russian Military. Like many Russian sights it has a rubber eye cup for eye care, and also has an orange/yellow coating implemented to reduce eye strain and to enhance clarity, which is severely important for the design of a scope. The scope is illuminated by tritium meaning that there aren't any batteries or circuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158430-0001-0001", "contents": "1P78-1 Kashtan, Design\nIt is permanently on and the operator doesn't have to worry about anything. When light levels are high the reticle appears black, but as light levels darken the tritium goes into action and illuminates as it gets darker. The darker it is, the more visible the illumination is. This sight is on the more modern side when it comes to Soviet/Russian sights. It is a quite simple, yet smart design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158430-0002-0000", "contents": "1P78-1 Kashtan, Design, Zeroing\nThis sight is based on the 400 meter concept, so if an operator shot from a distance of 100 meters, the bullet point of impact would be 22\u201325 centimeters higher than your intended point of impact. The largest chevron is intended for ranges from 0 to 400 meters. Inside the center chevron lies a dot that was implemented to be used against targets that are 500 meters from the operator. The 2nd and 3rd chevrons are for targets that are 600 and 700 meters away. While this scope does not have the range calculating system that the PSO implements it is possible to use the dimensions of the hash marks to calculate range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158430-0003-0000", "contents": "1P78-1 Kashtan, Design, Reticle\nThis sight does not come with a floating element like the PSO and other magnified Russian optics. Mainly due to the fact that this scope is not intended for marksman applications. It is the traditional Russian chevron system, which has a glowing tritium system, which is a new system. It has an effortless way of calculating range, making it a sufficient platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158430-0004-0000", "contents": "1P78-1 Kashtan, Mounting system\nThe 1P78 is centered over the bore of the weapon and has a reasonable height. Making it like how the Acog works. It has an adjustable len cap that can rotate freely that incorporates a spring-loaded detent that keeps it from wiggling around. Adjusting the height of this platform is quite easy and takes little effort. It does block the iron sights when mounted and can be dismantled from the side mount very quickly and easily. The simpleness and convenience of this mounting system make this scope a very combat effective and practical system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0000-0000", "contents": "1PN51\n1PN51 (Russian: 1\u041f\u041d51) is the GRAU index for a Soviet designed passive night scope for a range of Soviet designed small arms and grenade launchers. 1PN is the GRAU index of night vision devices, where PN stands for Nochnoy Pritsel (Russian: \u041d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043b) meaning night sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0001-0000", "contents": "1PN51\nThe scope weighs 2.1\u00a0kg and measures 276\u00a0mm \u00d7 210\u00a0mm \u00d7 140\u00a0mm (length \u00d7 height \u00d7 width).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0002-0000", "contents": "1PN51\nIt is attached onto a matching side rail on the weapon after which a lever on the scope is pressed to hold it in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0003-0000", "contents": "1PN51\nThe 1PN51 comes in a metal container with room for extra batteries, battery charger and the other accessories, weighing 6.45\u00a0kg in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0004-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Optics\nThe scope gathers light via an 80 mm aperture into a reflector with the secondary mirror obscuring the central 42\u00a0mm of the aperture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0005-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Optics\nFor zeroing the sight the top of the scope has two perpendicular knobs, of which the elevation knob has a detachable scale. The scope comes with eight different, detachable elevation scales for the supported weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0006-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Optics\nThe aperture cover itself has two 12\u00a0mm apertures that can be opened partially allowing the scope to be used in light conditions that would otherwise saturate the light intensifier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0007-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Optics\nThe rear end of the scope is a focus dial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 56]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0008-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Light Intensifier and Reticle\nOn the left below the aperture the device has a brightness knob. Apart from powering on and off the device, this knob controls the brightness of the reticle allowing for the reticle to be visible without outshining the target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0009-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Light Intensifier and Reticle\nThe reticle has markings that match targets of various heights from 0.3\u00a0m to 2.7\u00a0m at distances ranging from 100\u00a0m to 970\u00a0m. This is similar to the reticle of the 1PN58.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0010-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Power\nThe light intensifier is powered by a pack of 5 D-0,55S (Russian: \u0414-0,55\u0421) rechargeable cells, providing up to 7\u00a0V. The scope requires 6.25\u00a0V. The maximum current drawn is 40\u00a0mA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0011-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Power\nThe D-0,55S battery pack is used by a range of devices including 1PN51-2 and 1PN58 and has a separate charging device. The charging device has a switch to select one of 12\u00a0V or 27\u00a0V input and two red control lamps, one to indicate that power is available and one to indicate that charging is complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0012-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Supported Weapons\nAs of 1992 the 1PN51 can be used with the following weapons (weapons on the same line share the elevation scale):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0013-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Image gallery\nA 1PN51 with its aperture cover set to open mounted on a weapon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158431-0014-0000", "contents": "1PN51, Image gallery\nThree battery packs for the 1PN51, two of which are disassembled", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0000-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2\n1PN51-2 (Russian: 1\u041f\u041d51-2) is the GRAU index for a Soviet designed passive night scope for the RPG-29 rocket launcher. 1PN is the GRAU index of night vision devices, where PN stands for Nochnoy Pritsel (Russian: \u041d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043b) meaning night sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0001-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2\nThe scope weighs 2.1\u00a0kg and measures 280\u00a0mm \u00d7 192\u00a0mm \u00d7 106\u00a0mm (length \u00d7 height \u00d7 width). It is thus more compact than the similar multi-model 1PN51 night vision scope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0002-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2\nIt is attached onto a matching side rail on the RPG after which a lever on the scope is pressed to hold it in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0003-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2\nIt comes in a metal container with room for extra batteries, battery charger and the other accessories, weighing 6.45\u00a0kg in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0004-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Optics\nThe scope gathers light via an 80\u00a0mm aperture into a reflector with the secondary mirror obscuring the central 42\u00a0mm of the aperture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0005-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Optics\nThe top of the scope has two perpendicular knobs for zeroing the sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0006-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Optics\nThe aperture cover itself has two 12\u00a0mm apertures that can be opened partially allowing the scope to be used in light conditions that would otherwise saturate the light intensifier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0007-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Optics\nThe rear end of the scope is a focus dial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 58]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0008-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Light Intensifier and Reticle\nBelow the aperture the device has a brightness knob. Apart from powering on and off the device, this knob controls the brightness of the reticle allowing for the reticle to be visible without outshining the target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 38], "content_span": [39, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0009-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Light Intensifier and Reticle\nThe reticle has markings that match the height of a typical armoured vehicle at ranges 200\u00a0m, 300\u00a0m, 400\u00a0m and 500\u00a0m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 38], "content_span": [39, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0010-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Power\nThe light intensifier is powered by a pack of 5 D-0,55S (Russian: \u0414-0,55\u0421) rechargeable cells, providing up to 7\u00a0V. The scope requires 6\u00a0V \u00b1 1\u00a0V. The maximum current drawn is 40\u00a0mA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0011-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Power\nThe D-0,55S battery pack is used by a range of devices including 1PN51 and 1PN58 and has a separate charging device. The charging device has a switch to select one of 12 V or 27 V input and two red control lamps, one to indicate that power is available and one to indicate that charging is complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0012-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Image gallery\nA 1PN51-2 with bag, manual, battery packs (one disassembled), battery charger w. cable", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158432-0013-0000", "contents": "1PN51-2, Image gallery\nThree battery packs for the 1PN51-2, two of which are disassembled", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0000-0000", "contents": "1PN58\n1PN58 (Russian: 1\u041f\u041d58) is the GRAU index for a Soviet designed passive night scope for a range of Soviet designed small arms and grenade launchers. 1PN is the GRAU index of night vision devices, where PN stands for Nochnoy Pritsel (Russian: \u041d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043b) meaning night sight. It is also called NSPUM (Russian: \u041d\u0421\u041f\u0423\u041c).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0001-0000", "contents": "1PN58\nThe scope weighs 2\u00a0kg and measures 458\u00a0mm \u00d7 186\u00a0mm \u00d7 99\u00a0mm (length \u00d7 height \u00d7 width).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0002-0000", "contents": "1PN58\nIt is attached onto a matching side rail on the weapon after which a lever on the scope is pressed to hold it in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0003-0000", "contents": "1PN58\nThe 1PN58 comes in a metal container with room for extra batteries, battery charger and the other accessories, weighing 7.3\u00a0kg in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0004-0000", "contents": "1PN58, Optics\nThe scope gathers light into a refractor which can be protected with an aperture cover. The center of the cover has a circular aperture with dark glass allowing the scope to be used in light conditions that would otherwise saturate the light intensifier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0005-0000", "contents": "1PN58, Optics\nFor zeroing the sight the left side of the scope has two perpendicular knobs, of which the elevation knob has a detachable scale. The scope comes with seven different, detachable elevation scales, one for each of the supported weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0006-0000", "contents": "1PN58, Light Intensifier and Reticle\nOn the left below the aperture the device has a brightness knob. Apart from powering on and off the device, this knob controls the brightness of the reticle allowing for the reticle to be visible without outshining the target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0007-0000", "contents": "1PN58, Light Intensifier and Reticle\nThe reticle has markings that match targets of various heights from 0.3\u00a0m to 2.7\u00a0m at distances ranging from 100\u00a0m to 970\u00a0m. This is similar to the reticle of the 1PN51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0008-0000", "contents": "1PN58, Power\nThe light intensifier is powered by a pack of 5 D-0,55S (Russian: \u0414-0,55\u0421) rechargeable cells, providing up to 7\u00a0V. The scope requires 6.25\u00a0V. The current drawn is 7\u00a0mA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0009-0000", "contents": "1PN58, Power\nThe D-0,55S battery pack is used by a range of devices including 1PN51 and 1PN51-2 and has a separate charging device. The charging device has a switch to select one of 12\u00a0V or 27\u00a0V input and two red control lamps, one to indicate that power is available and one to indicate that charging is complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0010-0000", "contents": "1PN58, Supported Weapons\nAs of 1991 the 1PN58 can be used with the following weapons (weapons on the same line share the elevation scale):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158433-0011-0000", "contents": "1PN58, Image gallery\nThree battery packs for the 1PN58, two of which are disassembled", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158434-0000-0000", "contents": "1PW Heavyweight Championship\nThe One Pro Wrestling (1PW) World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship in One Pro Wrestling. The title was established in 2006 and was the highest ranked championship in the company. Title reigns are determined by professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers, involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers are portrayed as either villains or fan favorites as they follow a series of tension-building events, which culminate into a wrestling match or series of matches for the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158435-0000-0000", "contents": "1PW Openweight Championship\nThe 1PW Openweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship in the One Pro Wrestling (1PW) promotion. The title was established in 2006 and was the lowest ranked championship in the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158435-0001-0000", "contents": "1PW Openweight Championship\nTitle reigns are determined either by professional wrestling matches between wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines, or by scripted circumstances. Wrestlers are portrayed as either villains or heroes as they follow a series of tension-building events, which culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches for the championship. All title changes happened at live events, which are usually released on DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158436-0000-0000", "contents": "1PW Tag Team Championship\nThe One Pro Wrestling (1PW) Tag Team Championship was a professional wrestling tag team championship in One Pro Wrestling. The title was established in 2006. Title reigns are determined by professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers, involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers are portrayed as either villains or fan favorites as they follow a series of tension-building events, which culminate into a wrestling match or series of matches for the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0000-0000", "contents": "1Password\n1Password is a password manager developed by AgileBits Inc. It provides a place for users to store various passwords, software licenses, and other sensitive information in a virtual vault that is locked with a PBKDF2-guarded master password. By default, the user\u2019s encrypted vault is hosted on AgileBits\u2019 servers for a monthly fee. The company is based in Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0001-0000", "contents": "1Password, Password file syncing\n1Password can be configured through 1Password.com, a paid subscription-based server sync service maintained by the developers. Local Wi-Fi and iCloud sync were only available on iOS and macOS in previous versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0002-0000", "contents": "1Password, Password file syncing\nIn 2017, the Travel Mode feature was introduced for subscribers of 1Password.com, which enables omission of password entries not tagged as safe for travel from the local storage on a particular device, reducing the impact of being obliged by officials to unlock access at country border crossings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0003-0000", "contents": "1Password, Browser extensions\n1Password integrates with desktop web browsers including Safari, Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Opera. The extension can remember logins for websites, fill in website logins automatically, and generate random passwords for new websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0004-0000", "contents": "1Password, Browser extensions\nTo use browser extensions, the user must have administrative rights on the computer where the browser is installed. This has been an issue with users on a PC assigned by a workplace without admin rights. To address this issue, 1Password offers plans for a monthly subscription fee aimed at businesses that allows web access to their usernames and passwords which can be copied and pasted into login screens. Plans for family and individual use are also available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0005-0000", "contents": "1Password, Browser extensions\n1Password also offers a standalone extension called 1Password X, available for Firefox, Chrome, and Opera. 1Password X is designed to work without a companion desktop app, but a 1Password.com subscription is required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0006-0000", "contents": "1Password, Browser extensions\nOn the mobile side, 1Password offers integration with browsers and apps on iOS and Android devices using various methods. More convenient methods of filling and saving login information are provided in iOS 12 and Android Oreo (and later), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0007-0000", "contents": "1Password, History\nIn a 2017 Consumer Reports article, Dan Guido, the CEO of Trail of Bits, listed 1Password as a popular password manager (alongside Dashlane, KeePass, and LastPass), with the choice among them mostly up to personal preferences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0008-0000", "contents": "1Password, History\nBefore 1Password 7, and the move to a purely subscription-based service in 2018, 1Password could be set up to only store password files locally, and not sync with remote servers, after purchasing a software license ($64.99 in 2018). As of December 2019, Mac users can still buy a perpetual licence of 1Password 7 from within the app. Apple's browser Safari v13 makes the installation of the 1Password extension v6 impossible, thus forcing users to upgrade to 1Password v7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0009-0000", "contents": "1Password, History\nOn November 14, 2019, 1Password announced a partnership with venture capital firm Accel, which invested $200 million in a Series A funding round and obtained a minority stake in the company. It was the first outside funding in 1Password's history, and the largest single investment Accel had made to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158437-0010-0000", "contents": "1Password, History\nIn 2021, 1Password acquired SecretHub, a Dutch cybersecurity company. It also raised $100 million in financing with a valuation of $2 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158438-0000-0000", "contents": "1Punch\n1Punch (Hangul: \uc6d0\ud380\uce58) was a South Korean duo formed by Brave Entertainment in Seoul, South Korea, consisting of One and Punch (now known as Samuel). They debuted on January 23, 2015, with their single \"Turn Me Back\" (\ub3cc\ub824\ub194) from the single album The Anthem. The duo ultimately disbanded after One signed with YG Entertainment. Both members debuted as solo artists in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0000-0000", "contents": "1Q84\n1Q84 (\u3044\u3061\u304d\u3085\u3046\u306f\u3061\u3088\u3093, Ichi-Ky\u016b-Hachi-Yon, stylized in the Japanese cover as \"ichi-kew-hachi-yon\") is a novel written by Japanese writer Haruki Murakami, first published in three volumes in Japan in 2009\u201310. It covers a fictionalized year of 1984 in parallel with a \"real\" one. The novel is a story of how a woman named Aomame begins to notice strange changes occurring in the world. She is quickly caught up in a plot involving Sakigake, a religious cult, and her childhood love, Tengo, and embarks on a journey to discover what is \"real\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0001-0000", "contents": "1Q84\nThe novel's first printing sold out on the day it was released and sales reached a million within a month. The English-language edition of all three volumes, with the first two volumes translated by Jay Rubin and the third by Philip Gabriel, was released in North America and the United Kingdom on October 25, 2011. An excerpt from the novel appeared in the September 5, 2011 issue of The New Yorker magazine as \"Town of Cats\". The first chapter of 1Q84 had also been read as an excerpt in the Selected Shorts series at Symphony Space in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0002-0000", "contents": "1Q84\nWhile well-received in Japan, 1Q84 was met with mixed to negative reviews from international critics, who condemned the novel's excessive repetition, clich\u00e9d writing, clumsy styling and unyielding plot. Literary Review nominated a poorly-written exerpt in the book for its annual Bad Sex in Fiction Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0003-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nThe events of 1Q84 take place in Tokyo during a fictionalized year of 1984, with the first volume set between April and June, the second between July and September, and the third between October and December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0004-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nThe book opens with a woman named Aomame (\u9752\u8c46) as she rides a taxi to a work assignment. She hears the Sinfonietta by Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1\u010dek playing on the radio and immediately recognizes it, somehow having detailed knowledge of its history and context. When the taxi gets stuck in a traffic jam on the Shibuya Route of the Shuto Expressway, the driver suggests she climb down an emergency escape to reach her meeting, warning her that it might change the very nature of reality. Aomame follows the driver's advice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0004-0001", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nEventually, Aomame makes her way to a hotel in Shibuya and poses as an attendant in order to kill a guest. She performs the murder with an ice pick that leaves no trace on its victim. It is revealed that Aomame's job is to kill men who have committed domestic violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0005-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nAomame starts to notice new details about the world that are subtly different. For instance, she notices police officers carrying automatic handguns, having previously carried revolvers. Aomame checks the archives of major newspapers and finds several recent news stories of which she has no recollection. One of these concerns a group of extremists who had a stand-off with police in the mountains of Yamanashi. She concludes she must be living in an alternative reality, which she calls \"1Q84,\" and suspects she entered it upon hearing the Sinfonietta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0006-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nThe novel's other main character, Tengo Kawana (\u5ddd\u5948\u5929\u543e), is introduced. Tengo is a writer and teacher of mathematics at a cram school. Komatsu (\u5c0f\u677e), Tengo's editor and mentor, asks him to rewrite Air Chrysalis (\u7a7a\u6c17\u3055\u306a\u304e), an awkwardly written but promising manuscript by a 17-year-old girl named Eriko Fukada, under the pseudonym \"Fuka-Eri (\u3075\u304b\u3048\u308a).\" Komatsu wants to submit the novel for a prestigious prize and promote its author as a child prodigy. Tengo has reservations, and wishes to meet with Fuka-Eri and ask for her permission. Once the two meet, Fuka-Eri tells Tengo to do as he likes with the manuscript.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0007-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nSoon it becomes clear that Fuka-Eri, who is dyslexic, did not write the manuscript on her own. Tengo's discomfort with the project deepens; to address his concerns, Fuka-Eri takes Tengo to meet her current guardian, Ebisuno-sensei (\u620e\u91ce\u5148\u751f), or simply \"Sensei\" to Fuka-Eri. Tengo learns that Fuka-Eri's parents were members of a commune called \"Takashima\" (\u30bf\u30ab\u30b7\u30de). Her father, Tamotsu Fukada (\u6df1\u7530\u4fdd) was Ebisuno's former friend and colleague. Fukada thought of Takashima as a utopia; Ebisuno found it turned people into unthinking robots. Fuka-Eri, or \"Eri\" (\u30a8\u30ea) to Ebisuno, was only a child at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0008-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nIn 1974, Fukada founded a new commune called \"Sakigake\" (\u3055\u304d\u304c\u3051). Eventually, disagreements led a radical faction of Sakigake to form a new commune called \"Akebono\" (\u3042\u3051\u307c\u306e). The Akebono commune eventually had a gunfight with police near Lake Motosu (\u672c\u6816\u6e56) in Yamanashi. Shortly after, Fuka-Eri appeared on Ebisuno's doorstep, unable to speak. Ebisuno failed to contact her father at Sakigake, and thereby became her guardian; by the time of 1Q84's present, neither have heard from her parents for seven years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0009-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nWhile living with Ebisuno, Fuka-Eri composes Air Chrysalis by dictating it to Azami (\u30a2\u30b6\u30df), Ebisuno's daughter. The story is about a girl's life in a commune, where she met a group of mystical beings known as \"Little People\" (\u30ea\u30c8\u30eb\u30fb\u30d4\u30fc\u30d7\u30eb). Over time, Tengo begins to suspect the mystical events described in the novel actually happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0010-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nMeanwhile, Aomame recovers psychologically from her assignment to kill the hotel guest. It is revealed that her employer is an older wealthy woman referred to as the Dowager (\u5973\u4e3b\u4eba). The Dowager occasionally pays Aomame to kill men who have been viciously abusive to women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0011-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nAomame is sexually unfettered, and sometimes releases stress by picking up older men in singles bars. During one of these outings, she meets Ayumi (\u3042\u3086\u307f), a likeminded policewoman, and they become fast friends. Aomame recalls an earlier friend of hers who committed suicide after suffering domestic abuse. One day, Aomame learns that Ayumi had been strangled to death in a hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0012-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nThe Dowager introduces Aomame to a 10-year-old girl named Tsubasa (\u3064\u3070\u3055), who she wishes to adopt. Tsubasa and her parents have been involved with Sakigake. Tsubasa has been forcefully abused by the cult leader, known only as \"The Leader\". As Tsubasa sleeps in the Dowager's safe house, the \"Little People\" mentioned in Air Chrysalis appear from Tsubasa's mouth and begin creating a cocoon. Tsubasa mysteriously disappears from the safehouse, never to return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0013-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nThe Dowager researches Sakigake. In addition to Tsubasa, other prepubescent girls had been sexually abused there. The Dowager asks Aomame to murder the Leader. Aomame meets with the Leader, who is, in fact, Tamotsu Fukada. A physically enormous person with muscle problems that cause him chronic, severe pain, he reveals that he has powers like telekinesis, and has dealings with the \"Little People\". Knowing that Aomame was sent to kill him, Fukada strikes a deal with her: she will kill him and he will protect Tengo from harm. After a long conversation with the Leader, Aomame kills him and goes into hiding at a prearranged location set up by the Dowager and Tamaru (\u305f\u307e\u308b), her bodyguard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0014-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nAomame and Tengo's parallel worlds begin to draw closer to each other. Tengo is pursued by a private investigator, Ushikawa (\u3046\u3057\u304b\u308f), who was hired by Sakigake. He follows Tengo to gather information on Air Chrysalis. Following the Leader's murder, Ushikawa is also ordered to find Aomame. The novel begins to follow Ushikawa, once a lawyer who made a good living representing criminals. He got into legal trouble and had to abandon his career. His wife and two daughters left him, and ever since he has worked as a private detective. An ugly man who repels anyone he meets, Ushikawa is quite intelligent and capable of gathering facts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0015-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nUshikawa focuses on Tengo, Aomame, and the Dowager as suspects in his investigation. He decides to stake out Tengo's apartment to find information on Aomame. He rents a room in the apartment building and sets up a camera to take pictures of the residents. He witnesses Fuka-Eri, who has been hiding at Tengo's apartment, entering the building. Fuka-Eri seems to realize Ushikawa's presence; she leaves a note for Tengo and takes off. Ushikawa later sees Tengo return after a visit to his dying father. Finally, Ushikawa spots Aomame leaving the building after she herself followed Ushikawa there in order to find Tengo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0016-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nBefore he can report to Sakigake, Tamaru sneaks into Ushikawa's room and interrogates the detective. Tamaru finds that Ushikawa knows too much, and kills him. Tamaru then phones Ushikawa's contact at Sakigake and has them recover the detective's body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0017-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nAomame and Tengo eventually find each other via Ushikawa's investigation and with Tamaru's help. They were once childhood classmates, though they had no relationship outside of a single classroom moment where Aomame tightly grasped Tengo's hand. That moment signified a turning point in both Aomame's and Tengo's lives, and they retained a fundamental love for each other. After 20 years, Aomame and Tengo meet again, both pursued by Ushikawa and Sakigake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0017-0001", "contents": "1Q84, Plot summary\nThey manage to make it out of the strange world of \"1Q84\", which has two visible moons, into a new reality that they assume is their original world, though there are small indications that it is not. The novel ends with them standing in a hotel room, holding hands, looking at the one bright moon in the sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0018-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Publication history\nThe novel was originally published in Japan in three hardcover volumes by Shinchosha. Book\u00a01 and Book\u00a02 were both published on May 29, 2009; Book\u00a03 was published on April 16, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0019-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Publication history\nIn English translation, Knopf published the novel in the United States in a single volume hardcover edition on October 25, 2011, and released a three volume paperback box-set on May 15, 2015. The cover for the hardcover edition, featuring a transparent dust jacket, was created by Chip Kidd and Maggie Hinders. In the United Kingdom the novel was published by Harvill Secker in two volumes. The first volume, containing Books\u00a01 and 2, was published on October 18, 2011, followed by the second volume, containing Book\u00a03, published on October 25, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0020-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Background information\nMurakami spent four years writing the novel after coming up with the opening sequence and title. The title is a play on the Japanese pronunciation of the year 1984 and a reference to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. The letter Q and \u4e5d, the Japanese number for 9 (typically romanized as \"ky\u016b\", but as \"kew\" on the book's Japanese cover), are homophones, which are often used in Japanese wordplay. The title is similar, yet not a reference to Arthur Herzog's 1978 sci-fi novel IQ 83.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0021-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Background information\nBefore the publication of 1Q84, Murakami stated that he would not reveal anything about the book, following criticism that leaks had diminished the novelty of his previous books. 1Q84 was noted for heavy advance orders despite this secrecy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0022-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Cultural influences\nAs in many of his previous works, Murakami makes frequent reference to composers and musicians, ranging from Bach to Vivaldi and Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1\u010dek, whose Sinfonietta pops up many times at crucial points in the novel. A verse from the 1933 song \"It's Only a Paper Moon\" by Harold Arlen, E.Y. Harburg and Billy Rose, appears in the book and is the basis for a recurring theme throughout the work. In addition, Murakami refers to other artists such as Billie Holiday, Charles Mingus and The Rolling Stones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0023-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Cultural influences\nThe text also quotes a lengthy passage about the Gilyak people from the travel diary Sakhalin Island (1893\u201394) by Anton Chekhov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0024-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Cultural influences\nThe structure of the novel refers to Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier (alternate \"major key\" Aomame and \"minor key\" Tengo story lines forming 48 chapters of Books 1 and 2) and Goldberg Variations (Book 3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0025-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Religious themes\nIn accordance with many of Murakami's novels, 1Q84 is dominated by religious and sacred concepts. 1Q84's plot is built around a mystical cult and two long-lost lovers who are drawn into a distorted version of reality. 1Q84 assigns further meaning to his previous novels and draws a connection between the supernatural and the disturbing. Readers are often cited as experiencing a religious unease that is similar to postmodern sensibilities. This unease is accomplished through Murakami's creation of characters whose religious prescriptions are presented as oppressive, as exemplified in the character of Leader, who is the founder of the Sakigake cult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0026-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Religious themes\nReligious othering is a major theme in 1Q84, as Murakami places sacred ideas as existing separately from everyday reality. This separation is often cited as emphasizing that Murakami has a view of religion as a negative force, which lies in opposition to normal, everyday life; Murakami himself is quite silent about his personal religious beliefs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0027-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Critical response\n1Q84 received mixed to negative reviews, scoring a 54% rating and a \"Not Recommended by Critics\" label from the review aggregator iDreamBooks based on 44 reviews (the lowest among his novels).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0028-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Critical response\nAmong the negative reviews, Time's Bryan Walsh found 1Q84 to be the weakest of Murakami's novels in part because it excises his typical first-person narrative. A negative review from The A.V. Club had Christian Williams calling the book \"stylistically clumsy\" with \"layers of tone-deaf dialogue, turgid description, and unyielding plot\"; he awarded a D\u00a0rating. Also criticizing the book was Sanjay Sipahimalani, who felt the writing was too often lazy and clich\u00e9d, the Little People were risible rather than menacing, and that the book had too much repetition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0028-0001", "contents": "1Q84, Critical response\nJanet Maslin called the novel's \"1000 uneventful pages\" \"stupefying\" in her review for The New York Times. She had previously picked Murakami's earlier work, Kafka on the Shore, as one of the best 10 novels in 2005. William Ambler of Huffington Post panned the book for being \"too absorbed in its own games to offer something so humble as resolution, and too turgid and lumbering to offer any more rarified satisfactions\". Writing for The Wall Street Journal, Sam Sacks critized the dullness of Murakami's prosing in the novel, calling it \"banal and clich\u00e9-strewn\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0029-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Critical response\nAmong the positive reviews, The Guardian's Douglas Haddow has called it \"a global event in itself, [which] passionately defends the power of the novel\". One review described 1Q84 as a \"complex and surreal narrative\" which \"shifts back and forth between tales of two characters, a man and a woman, who are searching for each other.\" It tackles themes of murder, history, cult religion, violence, family ties and love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0029-0001", "contents": "1Q84, Critical response\nIn another review for The Japan Times, it was said that the novel \"may become a mandatory read for anyone trying to get to grips with contemporary Japanese culture\", calling 1Q84 Haruki Murakami's \"magnum opus\". Similarly, Kevin Hartnett of The Christian Science Monitor considers it Murakami's most intricate work as well as his most ambitious and Charles Baxter of New York Review of Books praised the ambition of the novel down to the typography and attention to detail. Malcolm Jones of Newsweek considers this novel emblematic of Murakami's mastery of the novel, comparing him to Charles Dickens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0030-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Critical response, Awards and honors\nThe novel was longlisted for the 2011 Man Asian Literary Prize and, in November, placed No. 2 in Amazon.com's top books of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 42], "content_span": [43, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0031-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Critical response, Awards and honors\nIt also received the 2011 Goodreads Choice Awards in the category Best Fiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0032-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Critical response, Awards and honors\nIn 2019, in a survey conducted by The Asahi Shimbun amongst 120 Japanese literary experts, 1Q84 was voted the best book published during the Heisei era (1989-2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 42], "content_span": [43, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158439-0033-0000", "contents": "1Q84, Critical response, Awards and honors\nLiterary Review nominated the poorly-written sexual encounter between Tengo and Fuka-eri for the 2011 Bad Sex Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 42], "content_span": [43, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158440-0000-0000", "contents": "1QBit\n1QB Information Technologies, Inc. (1QBit) is a quantum computing software company, based in Vancouver, British Columbia. 1QBit was founded on December 1, 2012 and has established hardware partnerships with Microsoft, IBM, Fujitsu and D-Wave Systems. While 1QBit develops general purpose algorithms for quantum computing hardware, the organization is primarily focused on computational finance, materials science, quantum chemistry, and the life sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158440-0001-0000", "contents": "1QBit, Technology\n1QBit has divisions focused on universal quantum computing, advanced AI techniques, cloud based quantum processing, and hardware innovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158440-0002-0000", "contents": "1QBit, Technology\n1QBit's 1Qloud platform is focused on optimization including reformulating optimization problems into the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) format necessary to compute with quantum annealing processors and similar devices from organizations such as Fujitsu, D-Wave, Hitachi and NTT, while their QEMIST platform is focused on advanced materials and quantum chemistry research with universal quantum computing processors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158440-0003-0000", "contents": "1QBit, History\n1QBit was founded as the first dedicated quantum computing software company in 2012. In 2013, 1QBit raised seed funding from US and Canadian angel investors, before closing a Series A financing round led by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 2014. On August 5, 2015 the World Economic Forum announced 1QBit as a recipient of the 2015 Technology Pioneer Award recognizing 1QBit as a leader among the world's most promising technology companies. In 2017, 1QBit raised a $45M Series B financing round led by Fujitsu with participation from Allianz, Accenture, The Royal Bank of Scotland and The Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In April 2018, 1QBit joined the IBM Q Network, a global community of leading Fortune 500 companies, academic institutions, startups, and national research labs designed to explore practical applications for quantum computing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158440-0004-0000", "contents": "1QBit, History\nIn May 2020, 1QBit and its collaborators serving health authorities from East to West obtained support from the Digital Technology Supercluster to facilitate the clinical implementation of XrAI, the first Artificial Intelligence (AI) radiology platform to be accredited by Health Canada as a Class III Medical Device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158440-0005-0000", "contents": "1QBit, Locations\n1QBit is headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In early 2019, 1QBit opened a hardware innovation lab at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158441-0000-0000", "contents": "1QIsab\n1QIsab is a fragmentary copy of the Book of Isaiah found at Qumran Cave 1 by Bedouin from the Ta'amireh tribe in 1947. It was discovered along with and grouped and sold together with two other Dead Sea Scrolls, the Thanksgiving Hymn and the War Scroll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158441-0001-0000", "contents": "1QIsab, History\nEleazar Sukenik purchased the scroll from an antiquities dealer in Bethlehem named Faidi Salahi, who had purchased the scroll from the Bedouin, on December 21, 1947. Much of the scroll is dark and blackened, preserved in multiple fragments, and in four major sheets that contain the upper section of the last third of the book. Paleography dates the scroll to the late Hasmonaean or early Herodian period in the first century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158442-0000-0000", "contents": "1RPH\nRadio 1RPH 1125 kHz Canberra (89.5FM Wagga, 99.5FM Junee) is a volunteer-staffed AM band radio broadcast station in the Australian Capital Territory serving all of the ACT and surrounding areas of NSW including Queanbeyan, Yass and Michelago, with FM repeaters at Wagga and Junee, and a streaming media on its web site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158442-0001-0000", "contents": "1RPH\nRadio 1RPH is a member of the Radio Print Handicapped Network. Its catch-phrases are, Your information station and Turning print into sound, and it is intended to serve all those who are, for any reason, handicapped from reading printed material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158442-0002-0000", "contents": "1RPH\nNewspapers, magazines, books, and other printed material are read to air. 1RPH used to have a frequency just outside the AM band on 1620\u00a0kHz, and so suffered little interference, and was heard as far away as the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158442-0003-0000", "contents": "1RPH, Effect of NDIS\nIn February 2016, the station management announced that it had been advised that $38,000 would not be available from the ACT Government's Disability ACT as of July 2016, when these funds would become part of the general National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) funds administered by the Commonwealth Government. This amount represented roughly a quarter of the station's operating budget. Disability Minister Chris Bourke declined to promise funding from ACT resources, but said he would make enquiries of the Federal Minister for Disability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158442-0003-0001", "contents": "1RPH, Effect of NDIS\nLeading the effort to publicise this funding shortfall were: President, Lorraine Litster; Vice President, and People With Disabilities ACT president, Robert Altamore; and volunteer broadcaster and ACT Legislative Assembly member, Vicki Dunne MLA. Litster pointed out that, of the $22 billion/year scheme, only $132 million has been set aside for services including the Radio Print Handicapped Network. The National Disability Insurance Authority (NDIA) has said it will be considering the matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158443-0000-0000", "contents": "1RXS\n1RXS is an acronym which is the prefix used for the First ROSAT X-ray Survey (1st ROSAT X-ray Survey). This is a catalogue of astronomical objects that were visible in the X-ray spectrum from the ROSAT satellite, in the field of X-ray astronomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158443-0001-0000", "contents": "1RXS\nExaminations of 1RXS has shown that many sources can be identified, such as old neutron stars, while other entries are \"intriguing\", according to one researcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158444-0000-0000", "contents": "1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524\n1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524 (also known as GSC 6213-1358 or PZ99 J160930.3\u2212210459) is a pre-main-sequence star approximately 456 light-years away in the constellation of Scorpius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158444-0001-0000", "contents": "1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524\nThe star was identified as a member of the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the Scorpius\u2013Centaurus Association by Thomas Preibisch and coauthors in 1998, and originally assigned an age of 5 million years old based on its group membership. A more recent analysis of the ages of the stars in the Upper Scorpius group pegs its average age at 11 million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158444-0002-0000", "contents": "1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524, Stellar characteristics\nThis star was identified as a young object belonging to the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the Scorpius\u2013Centaurus Association in two papers published in 1998 and 1999, based on its lithium abundance, X-ray emission, and position in the H\u2013R diagram. The spectrum of 1RXS J160929.1-210524 reveals it to be cooler than the Sun with a spectral type that has been estimated at K7 or M0, so the star can be considered an orange dwarf or a red dwarf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158444-0002-0001", "contents": "1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524, Stellar characteristics\nThe star is estimated to be around 0.85 times as massive as the Sun and to have an effective temperature of 4,060\u00a0K. The Upper Scorpius association is quite young and only stars earlier (hotter) than type A3 have reached the main sequence; less massive stars, such as 1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524, are still in the process of contraction during the pre-main sequence phase. Originally, the association was estimated to be around 5 million years old, but a recent 2012 paper made a significant revision of this value to 11 million years, which is therefore considered to be the age of 1RXS J160929.1-210524.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158444-0003-0000", "contents": "1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524, Planetary system\nOn 8 September 2008, it was announced that astronomer David Lafreni\u00e8re and collaborators used the Gemini Observatory to take pictures of the star which appeared to show a planet (designated 1RXS J160929.1-210524 b). The apparent planet is very large\u2014about eight times the mass of Jupiter, orbiting the star at a distance of 330 AU (roughly 50 billion kilometres or 31 billion miles). The orbital status of the companion planet was confirmed in a paper submitted on 15 June 2010 to The Astrophysical Journal. This made it the smallest known exoplanet orbiting its host at such a distance. It is also the second announced directly imaged exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star (after GQ Lup b), and the 2nd directly imaged exoplanet to have spectrum taken (after 2M1207b).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158444-0004-0000", "contents": "1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524, Planetary system\nThe discoverers note that the object's location far from its star presents serious challenges to current models of planetary formation: the timescale to form a planet by core accretion at this distance from the star would be longer than the age of the system itself. One possibility is that the planet may have formed closer to the star and migrated outwards as a result of interactions with the disk or with other planets in the system. An alternative is that the planet formed in situ via the disk instability mechanism, where the disk fragments because of gravitational instability, though this would require an unusually massive protoplanetary disk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158444-0005-0000", "contents": "1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524, Planetary system\nWith the upward revision in the age of the Upper Scorpius group from 5 million to 11 million years, the estimated mass of 1RXS J1609b is approximately 14 Jupiter masses, i.e. above the deuterium-burning limit. An older age for the J1609 system implies that the luminosity of J1609b is consistent with a much more massive object, making more likely that J1609b may be simply a brown dwarf which formed in a manner similar to that of other low-mass and substellar companions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158444-0006-0000", "contents": "1RXS J160929.1\u2212210524, Planetary system\nA 2013 study, using data from the Spitzer Space Telescope, detected a moderate excess of infrared radiation at 24\u00a0\u03bcm coming from this system, indicating the presence of a dusty debris disk, but could not determine whether the excess was coming from the star or the substellar companion (or both). In 2015, observations with the Magellan Clay Telescope found evidence that the light from the substellar object is obscured and reddened by 4.5 visual magnitudes of circumstellar extinction, which indicated that the object is surrounded by a dusty disk responsible for the infrared excess. When considering the extinction in modeling the object's spectrum, its effective temperature was increased to 2,000\u00a0K and the spectral type to L2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158445-0000-0000", "contents": "1ST\n1ST is the debut studio album by the Japanese idol group SixTones. The album was first released through their record label Sony Music Entertainment Japan on January 6, 2021, in three versions: the Rough Stone edition, the Tone Colors edition (both of which are first press editions), as well as a regular edition. The album topped both the Oricon Albums Chart and Billboard Japan Hot Albums chart, selling over 467,000 copies in Japan in its first week. It has since been certified double platinum by the RIAJ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158445-0001-0000", "contents": "1ST, Album information\nThe album's first-press edition was released in two versions: the \"Rough Stone Edition\" and \"Tone Colors Edition\", the names of which come from the origin of SixTones' name. The album's lead song \"ST\" was called an \"emotional\" and \"loud\" rock song about people exceeding their own limits. The \"Rough Stone edition\" includes the studio versions of the group's original five pre-debut songs. For songs on the \"Tone Colors edition\", the group divided into duo units and recorded three different genre songs. The regular edition includes two additional songs, including a popular coupling song that was included on \"Imitation Rain/D.D. \", their first single, as well as a remix of the song \"Telephone\". Beside the lead song, the unit songs also includes a music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158445-0002-0000", "contents": "1ST, Album information, Songs\n1ST includes three of the group's previously released singles: \"Imitation Rain\", \"Navigator\", and \"New Era\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158445-0003-0000", "contents": "1ST, Album information, Songs\n\"Imitation Rain\" is the group's first single that also includes a single by Snow Man, another group under Johnny's who debuted the same day as SixTones. The song was composed by Yoshiki. The single sold more than one million copies. \"Navigator\" was used as the opening theme of anime series The Millionaire Detective Balance: Unlimited. \"New Era\" was used as the opening theme of anime series Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158445-0004-0000", "contents": "1ST, Album information, Songs\nThe album features a mix of rock, hip hop, R&B, pop and EDM. The \"rough stone edition\" includes 15 songs, including SixTones' original pre-debut songs that were previously performed live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158446-0000-0000", "contents": "1Sky\n1Sky was a United States-based campaign in support of federal action to stem global warming and promote renewable energy. 1Sky was founded in the spring of 2007 when thirty climate campaigners were on a retreat in the Hudson Valley of New York state. Partners included Step It Up 2007 (and its global successor 350.org), the Clinton Global Initiative, Greenpeace, Oxfam, and the Energy Action Coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158446-0001-0000", "contents": "1Sky, About\n1Sky used a diverse coalition of groups and individuals in the United States to support the 1Sky Platform. President Clinton announced the 1Sky Platform at the Clinton Global Initiative in 2007. 1Sky's Board of Directors includes but is not limited to: James Speth, Billy Parish, Bill McKibben, Van Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 11], "content_span": [12, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158446-0002-0000", "contents": "1Sky, 1Sky solutions\n1Sky's policy platform represented what the organization calls \"the scientific bottom line\". The organization created three principles for policy officials and legislators to adopt for policies that, \"To identify the steps that our leaders need to take in order to shift our nation away from climate change and toward the prosperity of a green economy with renewable energy resources\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158446-0003-0000", "contents": "1Sky, 1Sky community and political actions\n1Sky claimed more than 200,000 grassroots supporters nationwide. They also reported engagement with more than 4,200 volunteer Climate Precinct Captains in 425 Congressional directs in every state, and 19 political organizers in 26 states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 42], "content_span": [43, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158446-0004-0000", "contents": "1Sky, 1Sky community and political actions\n1Sky took the stance of \"strengthen to support\" for the 2009 American Clean Energy and Security Act and the failed 2009 Senate Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act. The group led a call-in campaign in January 2010 with more than 3,600 calls to Senate offices to pass comprehensive climate and clean energy legislation in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 42], "content_span": [43, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158446-0004-0001", "contents": "1Sky, 1Sky community and political actions\n1Sky was critical of the America Power Act in May 2010, stating the US Senate bill, \"does not go far enough to protect our coasts from the ravages of offshore drilling... and contains provisions that will preempt strong existing state laws that crack down on carbon emissions.\". The group expressed frustration at the delay of passing a Senate climate bill during the summer of 2010, stating, \"1Sky activists will be mobilizing during the August congressional recess to drive that message home loud and clear. The time for solutions is now.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158446-0005-0000", "contents": "1Sky, 1Sky community and political actions\nThe organization also held \"Climate Art Parties\" preceding President Barack Obama's participation to the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Congressional district meetings to support the Environmental Protection Agency's regulatory influence under the Clean Air Act (United States), and awareness rallies in response to the BP Gulf oil spill. The group spoke out against the Obama Administration's lifting the 20-year-old ban on U.S. offshore oil drilling two months before the Gulf oil spill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 42], "content_span": [43, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158447-0000-0000", "contents": "1Sports\n1Sports is an Indian sports channel owned by Lex Sportel Vision Pvt. Ltd. launched after Discovery India took full control of their DSport channel. 1Sports broadcasts live sporting action from around the world, including high-profile content as I-League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158447-0001-0000", "contents": "1Sports, History\nOn 6 February 2017 Discovery Communications (DC) launched the DSport channel to broadcast different kind of sporting actions in Indian subcontinent. During the launch former MD of ESPN Star and former CEO of Dish TV RC Venkateish had joined the channel to work as content provider (acquisition) for the channel. Since then Venkateish (owner of Lex Sportel) acquired sporting rights of multiple events which were broadcast on DSport, until November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158447-0001-0001", "contents": "1Sports, History\nIn January 2020 Discovery applied a name change of their sports channel to Eurosport, which was challenged by Lex Sportel as the one who made the uplinking license deal of the channel. Delhi High Court went in favor of Discovery and as a result Lex Sportel went out of the deal. Then Lex Sportel started showing ads about the launch of their new channel and a scroll text on DSport channel that contents of the channel belongs to Lex Sportel's server based in Hong Kong, until 24 January when Discovery took full control of the channel. Though this was scheduled to take effect on 14 February, Discovery took control of the channel three weeks before the original date, but the court dismissed the matter. Finally, on 28 January Lex Sportel launched their own channel 1Sports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158447-0002-0000", "contents": "1Sports, Events\nLex Sportel has acquired some premium sports events from around the world and provides over 4000 hours of live content every year. Though Cricket isn't their top priority but they've broadcasting license of Afghanistan Premier League and Everest Premier League. 1Sports airs India's very own Hero I-League, with Coupe de France and Scottish Premiership. The channel also broadcasts Pro-Wrestling (Ring of Honor, WOS Wrestling and WIN: Dangal Ke Soorma), MMA (Bellator and Cage Warriors), Golf (The Open, The Masters, European Tour, LPGA and Ryder Cup), Tennis (Laver Cup) and Motor Sports (Dakar Rally and Monster Jam).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158448-0000-0000", "contents": "1Sulaman\n1Sulaman is a mixed development project comprising condominium, water theme park, recreational landscape park and serviced suites. The project is developed by Sagajuta Sabah Sdn Bhd, and predicted to be completed in 2015. However, due to several issues, the building remained unfinished until 2016, leading to the developer being sued by property lots buyers as well as from the Malaysian Inland Revenue Board. On 24 November 2016, the project was officially declared abandoned by the Ministry of Local Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158448-0001-0000", "contents": "1Sulaman, Lawsuit\nOn 21 June 2016, the Malaysian Inland Revenue Board sued the developer over its failure to settle its tax arrears totalling  over RM8.5\u00a0million. The Sabah state government also have since declared the project as abandoned and appointed a new developer to finish the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158448-0001-0001", "contents": "1Sulaman, Lawsuit\nThe project was subsequently undertaken by UHY Advisory (KL) Sdn Bhd on 15 January 2018 as stated in the website of Sabah Ministry of Local Government and Housing, although further rescue proposed scheme by court requesting the buyers to paid an additional RM130 per square foot to Excel Glamour Housing Sdn Bhd to complete the final 20% of the project has drawn objections since the firm was appointed without any open tender as well the way the company seems to be profiting from the problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158449-0000-0000", "contents": "1T-SRAM\n1T-SRAM is a pseudo-static random-access memory (PSRAM) technology introduced by MoSys, Inc., which offers a high-density alternative to traditional static random-access memory (SRAM) in embedded memory applications. Mosys uses a single-transistor storage cell (bit cell) like dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), but surrounds the bit cell with control circuitry that makes the memory functionally equivalent to SRAM (the controller hides all DRAM-specific operations such as precharging and refresh). 1T-SRAM (and PSRAM in general) has a standard single-cycle SRAM interface and appears to the surrounding logic just as an SRAM would.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158449-0001-0000", "contents": "1T-SRAM\nDue to its one-transistor bit cell, 1T-SRAM is smaller than conventional (six-transistor, or \"6T\") SRAM, and closer in size and density to embedded DRAM (eDRAM). At the same time, 1T-SRAM has performance comparable to SRAM at multi-megabit densities, uses less power than eDRAM and is manufactured in a standard CMOS logic process like conventional SRAM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158449-0002-0000", "contents": "1T-SRAM\nMoSys markets 1T-SRAM as physical IP for embedded (on-die) use in System-on-a-chip (SOC) applications. It is available on a variety of foundry processes, including Chartered, SMIC, TSMC, and UMC. Some engineers use the terms 1T-SRAM and \"embedded DRAM\" interchangeably, as some foundries provide MoSys's 1T-SRAM as \"eDRAM\". However, other foundries provide 1T-SRAM as a distinct offering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158449-0003-0000", "contents": "1T-SRAM, Technology\n1T SRAM is built as an array of small banks (typically 128 rows \u00d7 256 bits/row, 32 kilobits in total) coupled to a bank-sized SRAM cache and an intelligent controller. Although space-inefficient compared to regular DRAM, the short word lines allow much higher speeds, so the array can do a full sense and precharge (RAS cycle) per access, providing high-speed random access. Each access is to one bank, allowing unused banks to be refreshed at the same time. Additionally, each row read out of the active bank is copied to the bank-sized SRAM cache.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158449-0003-0001", "contents": "1T-SRAM, Technology\nIn the event of repeated accesses to one bank, which would not allow time for refresh cycles, there are two options: either the accesses are all to different rows, in which case all rows will be refreshed automatically, or some rows are accessed repeatedly. In the latter case, the cache provides the data and allows time for an unused row of the active bank to be refreshed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158449-0004-0000", "contents": "1T-SRAM, Comparison with other embedded memory technologies\n1T-SRAM has speed comparable to 6T-SRAM (at multi-megabit densities). It is significantly faster speed than eDRAM, and the \"quad-density\" variant is only slightly larger (10\u201315% is claimed). On most foundry processes, designs with eDRAM require additional (and costly) masks and processing steps, offsetting the cost of a larger 1T-SRAM die. Also, some of those steps require very high temperatures and must take place after the logic transistors are formed, possibly damaging them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 59], "content_span": [60, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158449-0005-0000", "contents": "1T-SRAM, Comparison with other embedded memory technologies\n1T-SRAM is also available in device (IC) form. The Nintendo GameCube was the first video game system to use 1T-SRAM as a primary (main) memory storage; the GameCube possesses several dedicated 1T-SRAM devices. 1T-SRAM is also used in the successor to the GameCube, Nintendo's Wii console.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 59], "content_span": [60, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158449-0006-0000", "contents": "1T-SRAM, Comparison with other embedded memory technologies\nNote that this is not the same as 1T DRAM, which is a \"capacitorless\" DRAM cell built using the parasitic channel capacitor of SOI transistors rather than a discrete capacitor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 59], "content_span": [60, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158450-0000-0000", "contents": "1TV (Afghan TV channel)\n1TV (Persian: \u062a\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u200e; Pashto: \u064a\u06a9 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u200e) is an Afghan privately owned commercial television channel, launched in February 2010. It is owned by Fahim Hashimy, and is the largest operating unit of groupOne Media, which is based in Kabul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158450-0001-0000", "contents": "1TV (Afghan TV channel), History\n1TV Kabul starts broadcasting live from Kabul in February 2010. 1TV was the most watched channel in Afghanistan since it was launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158450-0002-0000", "contents": "1TV (Afghan TV channel), History\n1TV was known for professional news broadcasts. 1TV broadcast its news at 8pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158450-0003-0000", "contents": "1TV (Afghan TV channel), History\n1TV was the first channel in Afghanistan who broadcast from the brand new virtual studios technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158450-0004-0000", "contents": "1TV (Afghan TV channel), History\n1TV signed off the air in August 2021 because of the Taliban takeover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158451-0000-0000", "contents": "1TV (Macedonian TV channel)\n1TV was a Television channel in North Macedonia. Editor was Aco Kabranov. Owner of the company BMJ MEDIA GROUP DOO Skopje was Mile Jovanovski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158452-0000-0000", "contents": "1TYM\n1TYM (Korean: \uc6d0\ud0c0\uc784, pronounced as \"One Time\") was a four-member South Korean group. They were Teddy Park (also known as Park Hong-jun), Oh Jinhwan, Song Baekyoung, and Danny Im (also known as Im Taebin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158452-0001-0000", "contents": "1TYM, History\nIn the late 1990s, YG CEO Yang Hyun Suk had his trainees perform as a group named MF family which was named after an apparel brand called Majah Flavah! created by  Sean of the Korean hiphop group Jinusean. The group initially had seven members, which three of them later departed. They originally participated in the song \"No more(\uc774\uc81c \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1)\"in the album \"The Real\" by Jinusean as a featured artist in January 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158452-0002-0000", "contents": "1TYM, History\nTeddy and Danny grew up in Los Angeles and were discovered there when they were teenagers by a producer who worked with Yang Hyun-suk. After auditioning for Yang, the two were signed to his new label, YG Entertainment, and moved to South Korea. Teddy, Danny, and rappers Jinhwan and Baekyoung debuted as 1TYM in 1998 with the album, One Time for Your Mind. It was one of the best-selling albums of the year and won several major awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158452-0003-0000", "contents": "1TYM, Hiatus\n1TYM went on hiatus in 2006 due to Oh's mandatory military service. Although they never officially disbanded they have not been active as a group since then. Their last performance was in 2008, when they were guests for BIGBANG's Japan Concert \"Stand Up\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158452-0004-0000", "contents": "1TYM, Hiatus\nOh and Song both left the entertainment industry and have since married and started their own families. Song most recently made an appearance on Radio Star alongside fellow first-generation K-pop idol singers Joon Park and Kim Tae-woo of g.o.d and Jun Jin of Shinhwa. He stated that he and Oh were business partners and run a restaurant together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158453-0000-0000", "contents": "1Team\n1Team (Korean: \uc6d0\ud300, pronounced as: \"One Team\") was a South Korean boy group formed by Live Works Company in 2019. The name of the group means \"Unique individuals become new as one\". The group consisted of 5 members. They debuted on March 27, 2019 with the mini album Hello! and debut song \u201cVibe\u201d. Members Rubin and BC earlier appeared in shows Boys24 and Mix Nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158453-0001-0000", "contents": "1Team\nOn March 10, 2021, the group was confirmed to be disbanding after their final group activities on March 14, and that the members' contracts would be terminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158454-0000-0000", "contents": "1UP (T-Pain album)\n1UP is the sixth studio album by American R&B singer T-Pain, released on February 27, 2019. It is the follow-up to his 2017 album Oblivion and was called a surprise release, as T-Pain had not announced a release date prior (although its release date coincided with the season finale of The Masked Singer, where T-Pain was revealed as the champion). 1UP was preceded by the release of the singles \"Getcha Roll On\", \"All I Want\" and \"A Million Times\" and features appearances from Lil Wayne, Boosie Badazz, O.T. Genasis, Russ, Profit Dinero, Tory Lanez and Flipp Dinero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158454-0001-0000", "contents": "1UP (T-Pain album), Background and composition\nT-Pain named the album for his love of gaming and the name for an extra life in video games, saying on Beats 1: \"I'm an avid gamer. I've been a gamer pretty much all my life. So I'm starting to implement gaming into my music and to my themes and stuff like that.\" Spin said the album features T-Pain's \"customarily lascivious crooning and rapping across 12 tracks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158455-0000-0000", "contents": "1UP!\n1UP! is the fourth studio album by ska band illScarlett, released on September 29, 2009 in North America. The first single on the album is titled \"Take It for Granted\" and was first released on the band's website on August 6, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158456-0000-0000", "contents": "1Up (film)\n1Up is an upcoming American comedy film directed by Kyle Newman, from a screenplay by Julia Yorks. It stars Ruby Rose and Paris Berelc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158456-0001-0000", "contents": "1Up (film), Production\nIn October 2020, it was announced Elliot Page and Paris Berelc had joined the cast of the film, with Kyle Newman set to direct from a screenplay by Julia Yorks, with BuzzFeed Studios set to produce the film. In January 2021, Ruby Rose, Taylor Zakhar Perez, Hari Nef and Nicholas Coombe joined the cast of the film, with Rose replacing Page, with Lionsgate set to distribute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158456-0002-0000", "contents": "1Up (film), Production\nPrincipal photography began on November 27, 2020, and concluded on February 21, 2021, in Toronto, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0000-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts\n1Up Shows and Podcasts was a collection of podcasts hosted by 1Up.com dealing with various aspects of gaming. Most of the shows, like 4 Guys 1Up, were about games and general gaming culture. Others were more specific, such as The Sports Game Guy's Sports Anomaly, which focused on sports games. The network also featured Retronauts, an audio retrospective series that chronicled various retro games and game series. The network had shown significant growth, with several new shows having been introduced in 2007\u20132008. However, in early 2009 1Up.com was purchased by UGO and its parent company Hearst Corporation from Ziff Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0000-0001", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts\nThis resulted not only in the closure of Electronic Gaming Monthly, but also the loss of over 30 jobs, including several hosts and producers of the site's many podcasts. Because of this, more than half of the network's shows were abruptly discontinued, leaving only a few remaining. While 1Up Yours did not cease to exist, the resignation of the show's co-host Shane Bettenhausen led host Garnett Lee to change the show's name and structure to Listen UP. Several former employees also started their own projects after the firings as well, including Co-Op, the spiritual successor to The 1Up Show, Rebel FM, the follow-up to 1Up FM, and The Geekbox, Ryan Scott's replacement for Lan Party podcast (formerly GFW Radio).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0001-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts\nThere were also several shows that were created after the layoffs. Garnett Lee co-hosted Game Night with Tina Sanchez and David Ellis, a weekly video podcast wherein the hosts broadcast their playthroughs and discussions of (usually) unreleased games. Since Lee's departure, hosting duties are regularly shifted. Sanchez also started her own podcast Good Grief, focusing on community interaction, message board pranks and griefing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0002-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Podcasts at 1UP closure, Games, Dammit!\nReferred to as the \"flagship podcast\", 4 Guys 1UP began as a weekly discussion-centric podcast released on Fridays, hosted by David Ellis with contributions from Jeremy Parish and Scooter Nguyen. It was the follow-up to the successful \"1UP Yours\" and \"Listen UP\" podcasts, which were hosted by Garnett Lee. After Lee's departure, the show featured a special guest from outside \"the land of editorial\". Following Ellis' move to 343 Industries (developers for the Halo franchise), the show shifted hosting duties to Parish, and finally to Jose Otero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0003-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Podcasts at 1UP closure, Retronauts\nThe Retronauts podcast concerned older \"retro\" games and systems. It was hosted by 1UP editor Jeremy Parish before he handed the reins over to Bob Mackey in mid 2011. It was frequented by Wired magazine's Chris Kohler as well as former 1up editors Scott Sharkey and Ray Barnholt. Often, an episode was devoted to the history of a particular gaming franchise, genre or console system. While often being focused on Japanese games, particularly those from the RPG genre, episodes were devoted to North American titles such as Starcraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0003-0001", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Podcasts at 1UP closure, Retronauts\nRetronauts was discontinued for a time following its 99th episode, but returned in 2011 as \"Retronauts Live\" (though it was still frequently referred to as just \"Retronauts\"). The format was largely the same, except that the show was recorded as a live audio stream, and a portion of the show was dedicated to the hosts taking live call-in questions and comments from listeners. The show was hosted by Bob Mackey at the time of the 1UP closure under the moniker \"Retronauts Prime\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0004-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Podcasts at 1UP closure, Retronauts\nRetronauts also produced the supplement video podcast, Bonus Stage, which looked at specific retro titles more closely. After a long hiatus (beginning April 9. 2007), Bonus Stage was finally updated in September 2009. Retronauts returned to producing video content with Retronauts Lunch Break, though this segment was not available as a podcast. Bob Mackey has also crossed over with the Laser Time podcast network and GamesRadar+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0005-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Podcasts at 1UP closure, Retronauts\nRetronauts survived the demise of 1UP, first existing independently and supported by crowdfunding services, but later under the auspices of the USGamer website, a subsidiary of Eurogamer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0006-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, The 1UP Show\nBeginning October 21, 2005, 1UP.com hosted The 1UP Show, a weekly video podcast. The show often presented previews and reviews of games, though it also focused on video gaming events, interviews with game designers and in-house discussions and debates on gaming topics. After 1UP.com was purchased by UGO, the staff of The 1UP Show was laid off and the show itself was discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0007-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, Broken Pixels\nBroken Pixels (or \"BROK3N PIX3LS\") was a video podcast that premiered on the April 21, 2006 episode The 1UP Show's \"Not The 1UP Show\" series, originally billed as \"Crapterpiece Theater\". Though originally made for the previously stated podcast, the show since branched off into its own series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0008-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, Broken Pixels\nThe show featured former EGM Senior Editor Crispin Boyer, EGM Executive Editor Shane Bettenhausen and regular EGM contributor Seanbaby playing and 'riffing' on famously bad and obscure video games, in similar vein to Mystery Science Theater 3000. The show was updated on a 'whenever-we-feel-like-it' basis for the first thirteen episodes. These original episodes have been dubbed 'Season 0', and also featured other contributors such as former 1UP editors Mark McDonald, Luke Smith, former 1UP/GFW editor Darren Gladstone and 1UP podcast producer Andrew Pfister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0009-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, Broken Pixels\nThe show began with a sporadic release schedule, with new episodes being released on an inconsistent basis, often months apart. Each episode featured multiple games, and was often around half an hour in length. However, in September 2008, the show began operating on a weekly, seasonal structure. New episodes were released on Tuesdays. To accommodate for this, each episode contained only one game, and episodes were generally about ten minutes long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0010-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, Broken Pixels\nThe first episode of Season 1 debuted on September 9, 2008 with the crew playing Robocop for the original Xbox. Former 1up/GFW editor Shawn Elliott made a guest appearance on the WWE Crush Hour episode during this season. At the end of the Season 1 finale, a teaser was shown announcing that the second season would be premiering January 6, 2009. However, that was the day of the Ziff Davis layoffs that left more than 30 people out of a job, including the entire cast of Broken Pixels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0010-0001", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, Broken Pixels\nFurthermore, Seanbaby noted that he caused controversy with \"media watchdogs\" by his use of the term \"faggotiest\" in the Spiderman 3 episode at the end of season one. Most fans assumed that the show would not continue and that the segments they filmed would never be released, but season 2 premiered on February 6, 2009, with the Sega CD game, Wirehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0011-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, Broken Pixels\nWith the acquisition of 1UP.com by UGO, Shane Bettenhausen joining Ignition Entertainment, Seanbaby joining the Cracked journalist team, and the crew of The 1UP Show being laid off and forming Area 5 Media, Broken Pixels quietly ceased production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0012-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, RadiOPM\nHosted by former Senior Editor Joe Rybicki along with co-hosts Dana Jongewaard, Thierry \"Scooter\" Nguyen and Giancarlo Varanini, RadiOPM was a supplement to the now-defunct Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0013-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, EGM Live*\nEGM Live* (the asterisk disclaiming that the podcast is \"not actually live\") was a supplement to the magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly. Originally similar to 1UP Yours, the podcast featured round-table discussions about subjects usually relevant to upcoming magazine issues. As time went on, the podcast became substantially more structured, with the show being composed of separately recorded segments. Such segments included interviews with game developers and \"review crew\" gaming reviews led by EGM Reviews Editor Greg Ford and a variety of contributors. For a period of time, the podcast would end with a \"question of the week,\" a contest in which fans received prizes for correctly answering a trivia question or writing a short essay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0014-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, EGM Live*\nEGM Live* did not have a regular host, but the show was often hosted by Electronic Gaming Monthly Managing Editor Jennifer Tsao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0015-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, EGM Live*\nOn June 10, 2008 it was announced that the show would be completely re-structured. The new incarnation of the podcast, 1UP FM, was co-hosted by Nick Suttner and Phillip Kollar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0016-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nOriginally CGW Radio, the show was created in early 2006 as a companion podcast for Computer Gaming World. CGW Radio was a PC-centric podcast hosted by Jeff Green and included a regular lineup of editors Shawn Elliott, Ryan Scott, Sean Molloy, and Darren Gladstone. When Computer Gaming World was re-branded as Games for Windows: The Official Magazine in late 2006, the podcast was retitled GFW Radio to reflect the change (though the format and content of the show remained unchanged). Darren Gladstone left the magazine and podcast in late 2007 to join PC World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0016-0001", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nIn April 2008, Games for Windows: The Official Magazine was discontinued, and the editing staff of the magazine was moved to the PC editing staff for 1UP.com. Sean Molloy left 1UP.com to join Blizzard Entertainment, and recorded his final podcast on June 18, 2008. The podcast continued as GFW Radio until its final episode on September 17, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0017-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nThough the focus of the podcast was primarily PC-related topics, the unedited, free-form nature of the podcast often led to several other fields of discussion including gaming in general, games press and journalism, entertainment in other mediums, and a variety of stories and tangents. Occasionally featured were comedic segments created by Shawn Elliott such as \"Heroes of the Web\", which offered \"dramatic readings\" of unintentionally humorous message board posts on the 1UP.com forums or elsewhere and \"Chuff Love,\" where Anthony Gallegos discussed his romantic quest for a relationship with a girl he met at a local game store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0018-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nDuring its run, the podcast hosted several notable figures within the gaming industry as guests. Some were on the program on a professional level, often to promote games such as Cevat Yerli's guest appearance to promote Crysis. However, other guests came on the program with no specific project to discuss, such as Rod Humble's appearance on the show or American McGee's guest appearance.. Other guests would come on during one of the many special episodes produced during one of the industry's many trade shows such as the Game Developers Conference or E3. These guests included Ken Levine from 2K Boston, Josh Mosqueira and Mark Noseworthy from Relic Entertainment, Warren Spector of Junction Point Studios, Erik Wolpaw and Kim Swift from Valve, and Chris Taylor from Gas Powered Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0019-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nIn addition to guests and commentary on games, the podcast was also a forum for gamer memes, including phrases such as 'stoking a game boner', referring to excitement gamers cultivate in anticipation of a release by frequenting message boards and looking for screenshots and information on their object of desire, or 'Banana riding', referring to gamers, often friends offline, who cooperate closely following a leader to enable that person to succeed\u2014typically in a team based competitive game such as an FPS or RTS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0020-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nIt was announced on September 4, 2008, that Jeff Green would leave Ziff Davis after 17 years to join Electronic Arts to work on the \"Sim\" franchise. Shortly afterward on September 17, co-host Shawn Elliott also announced that he would be leaving the company to work under Ken Levine as associate producer on the next 2K Boston video game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0021-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nThe podcast is often affectionately referred to its nickname \"97.5 The Brodeo\". '.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0022-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nAfter the departures of several regular podcast contributors, the final episode of GFW Radio was produced and released on September 17, 2008. In the final episode, Ryan Scott assured that another podcast would \"fill the void\", presumably with recent GFW Radio contributors Robert \"Bobbito/Dr. Max Chill\" Ashley and Anthony Gallegos. Such was the case when a test episode was produced on October 7, which was listed under the GFW Radio moniker. On the November 6, 2008 episode, the successor settled on a name, LAN Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0023-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nLAN Party's host was Ryan Scott, regularly accompanied by Robert Ashley, Anthony Gallegos, 1up Community Manager Tina Sanchez, and former GameVideos producer Matt Chandronait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0024-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, GFW Radio/LAN Party\nAfter UGO's acquisition of 1UP.com on January 6, 2009, the majority of the cast was laid off, including Ryan Scott, Anthony Gallegos, and Matt Chandronait, leaving LAN Party's last episode to be produced and released on December 23, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0025-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, 1UP FM\nOn June 10, 2008 it was announced that EGM Live* would be re-structured into a new program. 1UP FM aired first on June 16, 2008 and was released every Monday. The show, hosted by Nick Suttner and Philip Kollar was more structured than its predecessor, containing several regular segments, including Shelf Life, Top 5, a rant by Anthony Gallegos, Mailbag, and the Backlog, which takes place after the outro every week. The \"FM\" in the title stands for \"Feature Mondays\", as the show often centered around one or several main features, including developer interviews or hands-on previews of an upcoming game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0026-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, 1UP FM, Backlog segment\nThe show featured a regular segment called the Backlog. The concept of the Backlog was that the hosts play through and discuss a game that received a great deal of critical acclaim, but was mostly overlooked by the gaming masses. Generally, the segment covered one game per month, with the discussion being broken up over the course of four episodes. The segment began with the hosts discussing the acclaimed Team Ico game Shadow of the Colossus. The next game discussed was Psychonauts, developed by Tim Schafer and Double Fine Productions. For the final episode of the Psychonauts discussion, the hosts interviewed Tim Schafer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0027-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, 1UP FM, Backlog segment\nFollowing Psychonauts, the hosts discussed Indigo Prophecy by Quantic Dream. After the discussion, the game's senior producer Constantine Hantzopoulos appeared on the show to discuss the game's production, including much of the controversy surrounding the game's censorship for its North American release. After Indigo Prophecy, there was a one-off segment dealing with Gripshift before the hosts began their discussion of GSC Game World's S.T.A.L.K.E.R. : Shadow of Chernobyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0028-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, 1UP FM, Backlog segment\nAfter the buyout of 1UP.com by UGO, the hosts of 1UP FM were laid off. However, they went on to form their own podcast Rebel FM that has a similar format to 1UP FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0029-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, Legendary Thread\nLegendary Thread was a podcast mostly devoted to World of Warcraft and other Massively Multiplayer Online RPGs. It was hosted by Game Videos managing editor Demian Linn. Usual guests included Karen Chu, Luke Smith, Alice Liang, Jason Bertrand, Ryan Scott, Andrew \"Skip\" Pfister, and Jeff Green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0030-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, Review Crew\nReview Crew was a short-lived video review podcast on 1UP Radio. On the weekly show, members of 1UP's Review Crew discussed the quality of newly released games in a talk show format. At the end of a segment a letter grade would be assigned to the game in accordance to the guest's written review of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0031-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, at1UP\nat1UP is a shorter show (about 30 minutes) focusing on a \"behind the scenes look\" at the 1UP offices. The show sometimes has guests (which include current and past staff members) and features a short discussion of a variety of topics, Shirk's Cocktail Napkin (in which Matt Shirk discusses a short thought or opinion he has on something current or pertinent to what's going on), and a Final Word segment where the crew discusses whatever they want. The show also includes a \"hidden\" segment that comes after the main show is finished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0031-0001", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, at1UP\nThis segment usually starts a few seconds after the cast signs off and ends the main show. The segments tend to be on the funny side\u2014a horribly planned bank heist or an interview with \"Michael McDonald\". Although in the September 30, 2009 show, Matt Shirk announced his departure from the site, leading to an empty 4th chair in the podcast. New guests were cycled in depending on what articles and stories appeared on 1up.com. The final episode was released on April 12, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0032-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, at1UP\nThe podcast rss and the mp3 files seem to be deleted from the server.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0033-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, Active Time Babble\nActive Time Babble (abbreviated as ATB) is 1Up.com's podcast for RPGs. It started as an unnamed pilot episode that took the place of Retronauts for a week. It officially began on October 15, 2009, and was still unnamed. Jeremy Parish originally planned to take a listener's suggestions for the title but ended up using his own choice Active Time Babble, which is a play on Active Time Battle (the name of the battle system used in Final Fantasy's IV - IX). It was released on a bi-weekly schedule alternating with Retronauts. The final episode was released on December 20, 2012", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0034-0000", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, The Sports Game Guy's Sports Anomaly\nThe Sports Anomaly presents discussions on both sports games and actual sports. The show is known for its boisterous energy and the panel's frequent, spontaneous chanting. Among these chants is the \"Yak Attack\", a reference to \"the wicked yakker\" (or a curveball). Common segments in the show includes \"Day and Date\", discussing about the new released sports games; \"Breaking News\", which highlights a week in sports and the \"HBO Minute\", discussing about the hottest shows in TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158457-0034-0001", "contents": "1Up Shows and Podcasts, Former podcasts, The Sports Game Guy's Sports Anomaly\nThe Sports Anomaly panel includes host Todd \"Casual Sports Game Guy\" Zuniga, Greg \"The Yakker\" Ford, GameVideos producer David \"Big Fun\" Ellis, Andrew \"Master of Fitchery\" Fitch, and Tyler \"@tylerbarber At?\" Barber (which is both a reference to Twitter and a chant on the show about him). Former 1UP/EGM editor Bryan \"Fragile Eagle\" Intihar also contributed to the podcast. The final episode was released on May 29, 2010. Zuniga started a podcast successor called the 4th String.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158458-0000-0000", "contents": "1Up.com\n1Up.com was an American entertainment website that focused on video games. Launched in 2003, 1Up.com provided its own original features, news stories, game reviews, and video interviews, and also featured comprehensive PC-focused content (an extension of the previously published Games for Windows: The Official Magazine). Like a print magazine, 1Up.com also hosted special week-long \"online cover stories\" (examples include Soulcalibur III, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess, and Virtua Fighter 5) that presented each day a new in-depth feature story, interview with the developers, game screenshot gallery, game video footage, and/or video of the game studio and creators. On February 21, 2013, Ziff Davis announced it would be \"winding down\" the site, along with sister sites GameSpy and UGO.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158458-0001-0000", "contents": "1Up.com\nThe site was created by Ziff Davis as an extension of Electronic Gaming Monthly, a gaming magazine formerly published by the company. 1Up.com was sold in 2009 to Hearst Corporation's UGO Networks, who was acquired by IGN Entertainment (then owned by News Corporation) in 2011. Coming full circle, Ziff Davis acquired IGN Entertainment as a whole in February 2013, re-uniting 1Up.com with its original owners. Shortly after the acquisition, however, Ziff Davis announced that in an effort to concentrate on IGN, it would shut down most of its secondary sites, including 1Up.com. Remaining staff members from 1Up.com were to be transferred to IGN. Even though the site is still up, some links are taken down, thus making the site broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158458-0002-0000", "contents": "1Up.com, 1Up Shows and Podcasts\n1Up.com had produced a variety of audio and video podcasts, many of which aired weekly. 1Up Yours was the network's flagship internet radio show which featured topical discussions among several editors from the 1Up network, as well as personal gaming experiences and current news items.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158458-0003-0000", "contents": "1Up.com, 1Up Shows and Podcasts\nThough many guests circulated throughout episodes, the show was hosted by Garnett Lee, Shane Bettenhausen, and David Ellis every week that the cast members were available. New episodes of the show were made available every Friday. It was accompanied by the weekly video podcast The 1Up Show, which presented previews and reviews of games, coverage on video game events, discussions on gaming culture, and interviews with game designers. Former hosts included Jane Pinckard, John Davison, Luke Smith, Mark MacDonald and Bryan Intihar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158458-0004-0000", "contents": "1Up.com, 1Up Shows and Podcasts\nHowever, since the UGO acquisition in January 2009, many of these podcasts/shows were suspended, or in some cases, ended. Garnett Lee created a second \"iteration\" of 1Up Yours, called Listen Up!, that featured a similar, but slightly more tight-focused, format to the original 1Up Yours, which ran from January 2009 to October 2009, ending with Lee's departure to work with GameFly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158458-0004-0001", "contents": "1Up.com, 1Up Shows and Podcasts\nDespite the dismantling of the podcasts and shows, many former 1Up.com staff members have since gone on to create their own unrelated gaming shows, podcasts, and websites, such as The Geekbox (with Ryan Scott), Eat-Sleep-Game and their Rebel FM podcast (with Anthony Gallegos), and Area 5 TV with their weekly video podcast, Co-Op (with ex-1Up.com staff members Ryan O'Donnell, Matt Chandronait, Jason Bertrand, Jay Frechette, Rob Bowen, and Cesar Quintero).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158458-0005-0000", "contents": "1Up.com, 1Up Shows and Podcasts\nIn late October 2009, a new \"flagship\" podcast was created by David Ellis (previously a member on Listen Up! ), called 4 Guys 1Up (a title humorously considered for Listen Up! at one point).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158458-0006-0000", "contents": "1Up.com, 1Up Shows and Podcasts\nAudio podcasts included Games, Dammit! and Retronauts; video podcasts included 1Up.com's Game Night and The Daily 1UpDate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158458-0007-0000", "contents": "1Up.com, 1Up Shows and Podcasts\nPrevious podcasts included Listen Up!, 1Up Yours, 1Up FM (previously known as EGM Live), at1Up, The Oddcast (previously Good Grief), Legendary Thread, GFW Radio/LAN Party, radiOPM, Review Crew, The 1UP Show, Broken Pixels, Sound Test, Active Time Babble, and In This Thread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158459-0000-0000", "contents": "1VFM\nValley FM 89.5 (call sign: 1VFM) is a community radio station which broadcasts on 89.5\u00a0MHz from its studios at the Erindale Centre, in the southern Canberra suburb of Wanniassa. All of the station's staff and presenters are volunteers, and the station operates as a completely non-profit entity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158459-0001-0000", "contents": "1VFM\nValley FM 89.5 has been on air since June 1999 and holds a Permanent Community Broadcasting Licence (PCBL). The station is also a full member of the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia (CBAA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158459-0002-0000", "contents": "1VFM\nIn November 2005, Valley FM 89.5 was named the Best Value For Money Radio Station in Australia at the Australian Community Broadcasting Association (CBAA) awards ceremony held in Fremantle, Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158459-0003-0000", "contents": "1VFM\nMore information about Valley FM 89.5 and the latest Program Guide can be found at", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158460-0000-0000", "contents": "1X Band\n1x Band was a musical band active from 1991 to 1997. It represented Slovenia for the first time at the Eurovision Song Contest 1993. Their singer, Cole Moretti, sang the song Tih de\u017eeven dan, which finished in 22nd place, scoring 9 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0000-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One)\n1X1=1 (To Be One) is the debut extended play by South Korean boy group Wanna One, a project group created through the 2017 Mnet survival show, Produce 101 Season 2, composed of eleven trainees from different entertainment companies that will promote for 18 months under YMC Entertainment. The album was released digitally and physically on August 7, 2017, by YMC Entertainment, Stone Music Entertainment and CJ E&M Music. A Japanese version of the album was released on September 27, 2017, through Pony Canyon. The album was re-released under the title 1-1=0 (Nothing Without You) on November 13, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0001-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Background and release\nOn June 16, 2017, the finalists in survival show Produce 101 Season 2 were revealed and the group immediately started preparations for their debut, starting with recording their own version of the song \"It's Me (Pick Me)\", \"Always\" (which was first released as final song for Top 20 finalists), and \"Never\". In addition, there are also 4 new songs to the album. Among these new songs, \"Energetic\" a song produced by Pentagon's Hui, which also composed \"Never\"; and \"Burn It Up\" were considered for the title track which would be decided by public votes. The album also included a fan-tribute pop song, titled  \"Wanna Be (My Baby)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0002-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Background and release\nOn September 28, 2017, YMC started releasing teasers of the repackaged edition of the album, titled 1-1=0 (Nothing Without You). The repackage serves as a prequel to their first album. In contrast to the energetic and passionate side of the group shown in their first release, Nothing Without You would showcase the members' apprehension about an uncertain future as well as aspiration they had as trainees just months before and \"hopes for beautiful days ahead\". It was released on November 13, 2017, with four new tracks: the lead single \u201cBeautiful\", \"Wanna\", a funky EDM ballad, \u201cTwilight\u201d, a bubbly dance track and \u201cNothing Without You\u201d, the album's harmony-laden intro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0003-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Promotion\nPrior to their debut, the group began promotions through their reality show Wanna One Go, which premiered on August 7, 2017, on the cable channel Mnet. During the first episode of Wanna One Go!, it was revealed that \"Energetic\" won the public vote and will become the title track of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0004-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Promotion\nWanna One held their debut showcase and a small concert on August 7 at Gocheok Sky Dome, which opened to 20,000 attendees. The group had their first music show performance on Mnet's M! Countdown on August 10, 2017. They won their first music trophy on MBC Music's Show! Champion on August 16. The group wrapped up promotions with the August 30 airing of Show! Champion, with 15 music show trophies for \"Energetic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0005-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Promotion\nThe second season of Wanna One Go!, titled Wanna One Go: Zero Base, aired its first episode on November 3, 2017, prior to the group's repackage release. Wanna One held a comeback show for their repackaged album, which was broadcast live on Mnet and tvN on November 13. It showcases the group's performances of their new songs as well as the stories behind the creation of the new album. Their first comeback stage took place on November 17 on KBS' Music Bank. The group received their first win for \"Beautiful\" on MBC Music's Show Champion on November 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0006-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Commercial performance, 1X1=1 (To Be One)\nThe album reached 600,000 preorder copies prior to its release, making it the debut K-pop album with the highest number of pre-orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0007-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Commercial performance, 1X1=1 (To Be One)\nTo Be One debuted at No. 3 on Billboard's World Albums chart and earned first-place rankings on iTunes Top Albums chart in 11 countries. It topped Gaon's Monthly Album chart for the month of August, selling over 704,000 copies. As of October 2017, it has sold 733,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0008-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Commercial performance, 1X1=1 (To Be One)\nThe title song, \"Energetic\" topped six online music charts of six major music sites: Melon, Genie, Bugs, Mnet, Naver and Soribada; and achieved a real-time \"all-kill\" status. The other album tracks also secured spots within the Top 10 positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0009-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Commercial performance, 1-1=0 (Nothing Without You)\nOn October 30, 2017, YMC announced that the number of preorders for the repackaged album has reached more than 500,000 copies. With the combined sales of their first album and its repackaged edition, Wanna One became only the third Korean group to sell a million copies of their debut album, and the first since Seo Taiji and Boys did so with their eponymous debut in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 70], "content_span": [71, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158461-0010-0000", "contents": "1X1=1 (To Be One), Commercial performance, 1-1=0 (Nothing Without You)\nThe title track, \"Beautiful\" charted atop on real-time charts of six music sites: Melon, Genie, Bugs, Mnet, Naver, and Soribada upon its release. In addition, three other new tracks of the album placed in the top 10 of all six charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 70], "content_span": [71, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158462-0000-0000", "contents": "1Xtra Chart\nThe 1Xtra Chart is a discontinued weekly record chart based on sales of singles in the United Kingdom. It listed the 40 biggest-selling urban music songs released within a three-month time period, and featured genres such as hip hop, R&B, dancehall and rap. The chart was compiled by the Official Charts Company (OCC) on behalf of the UK music industry, and each week's new number one was announced on The 1Xtra Chart at 1\u00a0p.m. on Saturdays on BBC Radio 1Xtra. Adele Roberts took over from Sarah-Jane Crawford in spring 2012, and it had been hosted by Ronnie Herel until December 2010. The chart was also listed on the official websites of both BBC Radio 1 and the OCC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158462-0001-0000", "contents": "1Xtra Chart\nThe 1Xtra Chart was launched during October 2007. Its first number one was \"Valerie\" by Mark Ronson featuring Amy Winehouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158463-0000-0000", "contents": "1ZH\n1ZH was a New Zealand radio station based in Hamilton, New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158463-0001-0000", "contents": "1ZH\nThe station was originally known as 1XH which was the stations original callsign. 1XH was started by Radio New Zealand (which at the time was known as the National Broadcasting Service) in 1949, broadcasting on 1310 AM. In 1968 the station callsign was changed to 1ZH and the station known on air as this name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158463-0002-0000", "contents": "1ZH\nIn 1978 after AM band in New Zealand was changed from 10\u00a0kHz spacing to 9\u00a0kHz spacing, as a result 1ZH was moved to 1296AM. On air names included 1300 1ZH and Hits and Memories 1ZH during the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158463-0003-0000", "contents": "1ZH\nOn 25 May 1990 1ZH switched to FM broadcasting on 98.6FM at this time the station became known as ZHFM. A television advertisement for the switch to FM used the song Time Warp from The Rocky Horror Show with the line \"Let's switch ZHFM\" instead of \"Let's do the Time Warp again.\" A similar advertisement was used for 4ZB Dunedin when this station switched to FM in September 1990, with the line \"Let's switch ZBFM.\" The 98.6 ZHFM frequency can also be heard in Tauranga, the outskirts of Auckland and in a number of places in Northland due to its high power and the high elevation of its transmission site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158463-0004-0000", "contents": "1ZH\nIn 1993 Radio New Zealand rebranded many of their heritage stations as Classic Hits. For ZHFM the station became known as Classic Hits ZHFM. At the same time Radio New Zealand began rolling out Newstalk ZB across the country. The original 1296AM frequency was replaced with Newstalk ZB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158463-0005-0000", "contents": "1ZH\nIn July 1996 the New Zealand Government sold off the commercial arm of Radio New Zealand, which included, among other things, the Classic Hits branded stations. The new owner was The Radio Network, a subsidiary of APN News & Media and Clear Channel Communications, which operated as a division of the Australian Radio Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158463-0006-0000", "contents": "1ZH\nThe original studios were located in Broadcasting House in Alma Street, the basement of this building also housed The Rock 93FM when this station launched in Hamilton in 1991. In 1996 Classic Hits ZHFM moved to its current location on Hardley street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158463-0007-0000", "contents": "1ZH\nIn 1998 Classic Hits ZHFM was reduced to just 4 hours of local programming between 6 and 10 am 7 days a week. Outside this time nationwide shows based from Auckland took over, and the network announcers simply called the station Classic Hits. The breakfast show was shortened to a 3-hour show in 2012 on all Classic Hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158463-0008-0000", "contents": "1ZH\nOn 28 April 2014, all stations part of the Classic Hits network were rebranded as The Hits. A networked breakfast presented by Polly Gillespie and Grant Kareama was introduced to almost all The Hits stations, with the former breakfast announcer moved to present a 6-hour show between 9am and 3pm. Waikato originally kept its local breakfast presented by Mark Bunting. However, just prior to the rebranding Bunting had tendered his resignation with The Radio Network and accepted a position on rival station The Breeze Waikato. A week after rebranding Mark Bunting left the station and Sunday night network announcer Blair Dowling became the new Waikato local announcer. However, he presented the daytime 9am \u2013 3pm show instead and Waikato began taking the network breakfast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0000-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand)\n1ZM was a radio station in Auckland, New Zealand operated by Radio New Zealand and was originally part of the ZM group of stations and later became the very first Classic Hits station. Today this station is owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment and is host station of The Hits network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0001-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Early years\nThe ZM name derives from the original 1ZM radio station founded by W.W. (Bill) Rodgers in the late 1920s in Manurewa, then a farming village south of Auckland, The letter Z meant a privately owned (later commercial) station, and the M stood for Manurewa. The original station broadcast on 1250AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0002-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Early years\nThe station was later acquired by the NZ Government owned Radio New Zealand (which at the time was known as the National Broadcasting Board) and moved 26\u00a0km north to Auckland City, where it shared space in the 1941 Art Deco Broadcasting House studios of 1ZB. In April 1944 1ZM was  to the US AFRS military broadcasting service to provide entertainment for US troops on R & R leave in Auckland, as part of the AES Mosquito Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0002-0001", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Early years\nThe American programming, drawn from all three US radio networks (ABC, NBC and CBS) and played without commercial advertisements, proved popular not only with US troops but also with Aucklanders who appreciated the lively style of presentation and the latest American hits. After the war 1ZM was returned to the government broadcasting department, New Zealand Broadcasting Service (NZBS) and its successor, but still state-owned, New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0003-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Early years\nAs part of a reshuffle of frequencies and callsigns 1ZM was renamed, first 1ZD and then 1YD, in line with the Wellington metro station 2YD which had opened in 1937. 1ZM /1YD was turned into a low-power non-commercial metro music station, broadcasting retro hits and oldies from 5 pm to 10 pm weeknights, and from 10 am to 10 pm weekends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0003-0001", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Early years\nLater, to help meet demand for advertising in the single State owned commercial station 1ZB, 1YD was authorised to carry low-level commercials read live at the microphone, and by the 1960s transmitter time in Auckland was leased in the mornings to a private commercial operator Radio i, which later secured its own AM channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0004-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Rise of ZM\nThe start of 'pirate' broadcasting in 1966 from Radio Hauraki, based on a barge in the Hauraki Gulf, and the consequent opening up of NZ radio to private investors led to a sharp rise in competition. In 1973 the NZBC looked to sharpen up the rather fusty image of its metro stations by rebranding the three YD stations in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch back to ZM and promoting them under the brand ZM Maxi Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0005-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Rise of ZM\nIn 1978, channel spacing in the AM band in New Zealand was adjusted from 10\u00a0kHz to 9\u00a0kHz. As a result, 1ZM moved to 1251AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0006-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Introduction of overnight programming\nIn 1981, Radio New Zealand stations were finally granted the right to broadcast 24 hours per day; previously only the domain of private operators. Overnight networked programming was introduced with the ZM All-Nighter show. Programming was produced from the 1ZM studios in Auckland and networked to 2ZM Wellington and 3ZM Christchurch. 2ZK in Hawkes Bay and 4ZG in Gore also took the ZM All-Nighter. The show was offered as an 'alternative music choice to the top 40-based formats offered by the private stations and was originally hosted by Barry Jenkin from Auckland. With his departure in 1983, the alternative format remained, but the music played was more top-40-based with the large percentage of NZ music. The ZM All Nighter continued until 1989 even after 1ZM Auckland changed format in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0007-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Commercial-free era\nIn 1982, 1ZM lost its bid for an FM license and with the Broadcasting Tribunal allowing two new private radio stations into the Auckland market, 1ZM was required to re format and adopt a 'Limited Sponsorship' model in place of its full commercial licence. This was an attempt to assist the new operators in establishing a revenue base. For 1ZM this meant that although the station could still run paid-for advertisements, those messages could not have music underneath, mention price or be longer than 25 words.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0007-0001", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Commercial-free era\nWithin 2\u20133 years, both 1ZM's financial and audience market share dropped significantly as advertisers and young listeners were attracted by the higher quality sound of the FM stations, despite the absence of long commercial breaks on 1ZM. 1ZM at the time promoted itself as \"Total Music ZM\" to emphasise the commercial-free format. The station's management was still determined to secure an FM warrant and even employed a sales team to sell '30-second shares' in its first day of broadcast in stereo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0008-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Exit from ZM brand and introduction of Classic Hits brand\nBy 1987, 1ZM was still running as a limited commercial station. With its final attempt unsuccessful under the old Broadcasting Warrant scheme, a decision was made to attempt a further re-format and a 'Classic Hits' format was first introduced. This format had been successful for a number of years in the USA. The small, tightly rotated playlist of 'Hit Radio' tunes was abandoned and the station instead targeted 25- to 44-year-olds with a playlist containing over 3,500 songs, playing everything from Dean Martin to ACDC. The 1987 version of Classic Hits was unlike anything else available at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 85], "content_span": [86, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0008-0001", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Exit from ZM brand and introduction of Classic Hits brand\nThe re formatting was essentially an attempt to recover audience, but was still costing Radio NZ over $1 million per annum to operate as it was the only \"commercial station\" legally required to run no commercials. The change to the Classic Hits format saw 1ZM drop the ZM name and become Classic Hits Twelve Fifty One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 85], "content_span": [86, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0009-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Exit from ZM brand and introduction of Classic Hits brand\nThe change in name marked the birth of the Classic Hits brand that would eventually be rolled out to other radio stations across New Zealand. The ZM stations in Wellington and Christchurch were not affected by the requirement to run limited commercials and went on to switch to FM stations during the mid 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 85], "content_span": [86, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0010-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Switch to FM\nThe Lange government's liberalisation of the broadcasting warrant system (which was ultimately abolished in 1989/1990) saw the station finally win the right in December 1989 to broadcast in stereo on 97.4\u00a0MHz in Auckland and broadcast commercials. The 1251\u00a0kHz frequency licence was transferred to Christian broadcaster Radio Rhema. The move to FM saw the station change branding to Classic Hits 97FM. The original line up was: 06:00am Peter Mac and Mary-Jane Tomasi, 09:00am John Hawkesby, 12:00pm Bob Gentil & 3:00pm Darren Mills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0011-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Nationwide roll-out of Classic Hits brand\nIn 1992 Classic Hits 97FM in Auckland changed its logo to a green diamond with the words Classic Hits on a banner above and the 97FM frequency inside the diamond. A year later Radio New Zealand decided to rebrand many of their local stations to use the same logo as Classic Hits 97FM with the station's local frequency in the middle. The on-air imaging was standardized across all stations now branded as Classic Hits but initially all stations remained live and local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0012-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Privatisation\nIn 1996 the New Zealand Government sold the Radio New Zealand commercial group of stations, the sale included all stations branded as Classics Hits and the ZM stations. From 1998 most Classic Hits stations were reduced to a local breakfast show between 6am and 10am and outside these times took network programming from the Classic Hits Auckland studio. The announcers on Classic Hits 97FM Auckland started producing two voices break outside of breakfast programming, a localized voice break for Auckland listers and a second voice break targeted at a nationwide audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0013-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Return of ZM to Auckland\nThe ZM brand returned to Auckland on 91.0FM as 91ZM Auckland in 1997 on a frequency previously used by local Auckland station 91FM. This station was a completely separate station to the original 1ZM station and is now the host of the ZM network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0014-0000", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Station today\nOn 28 April 2014, all stations part of the Classic Hits network were rebranded as The Hits. A networked breakfast presented by Polly Gillespie and Grant Kareama was introduced to almost all The Hits stations with the former breakfast announcer moved to present a 6-hour show between 9am and 3pm. In Auckland the then breakfast announcers Justin Rae and Stacey Morris were moved to the Drive show now presented as a nationwide show for all markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158464-0014-0001", "contents": "1ZM (New Zealand), History, Station today\nEstelle Clifford was moved from the night show slot to the 9am to 12pm timeslot presenting her show to regions that take network programming during this time. The former network drive host Dave Fitzgerald, who presented his show from Christchurch, was moved to the 12pm - 3pm show now producing a localized show for Christchurch and Auckland listeners in additional to a network show. Other weekday network days originate from the Auckland studios and usually contain a localized voice break for Auckland and a networked voice break for other regions. In February 2017 The Hits Auckland started a new local breakfast show for Auckland, the show is presented by Sarah Gandy, Sam Wallace and Toni Street. With Polly and Grant leaving The Hits in March 2017 this Auckland breakfast show became the new network breakfast show on The Hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158465-0000-0000", "contents": "1a Palace Gate\n1a Palace Gate is a Grade II* listed house on Palace Gate, Kensington in London, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158465-0001-0000", "contents": "1a Palace Gate\nConstruction of the house began in 1896 and was completed in 1898 by the architect C. J. Harold Cooper for William Alfred Johnstone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158466-0000-0000", "contents": "1cP-LSD\n1cP-LSD (N1-(cyclopropylmethanoyl)-lysergic acid diethylamide) is an acylated derivative of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which has been sold as a designer drug. In tests on mice it was found to be an active psychedelic with similar potency to 1P-LSD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158466-0001-0000", "contents": "1cP-LSD, Legal status\nSweden's public health agency suggested classifying 1cP-LSD as a dangerous substance on 18 December 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158467-0000-0000", "contents": "1chipMSX\nThe One chip MSX, or 1chipMSX as the D4 Enterprise distributional name for the ESE MSX System 3, is a re-implementation of an MSX-2 home computer that uses a single FPGA to implement all the electronics (except the RAM) of an MSX-2, including the MSX-MUSIC and SCC+ audio extensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158467-0001-0000", "contents": "1chipMSX\nThe system is housed in a transparent blue plastic box, and can be used with a standard monitor (or TV) and a PC keyboard. Original MSX cartridges can be inserted, as well as SD and MMC memory cards as an external storage medium. Even though it lacks a 3.5\" disk drive, disks are supported through emulation on a memory card, including support for booting MSX-DOS. Due to its VHDL programmable hardware, it's possible to give the device new hardware extensions by simply running a reconfiguration program under MSX-DOS. The \"one chip-MSX\" is equipped with two USB connectors, that can be used after adding some supporting VHDL code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158467-0002-0000", "contents": "1chipMSX, Availability\nThe ESE MSX System 3 is designed by ESE Artists' Factory and distributed as 1chipMSX by D4 Enterprise and was supposed to be distributed outside Japan by Bazix. However, due to RoHS regulations in Europe, it was claimed it could not be distributed to Europe in its original form and the European market had to wait for an adapted version which would be produced through Bazix and distributed to Europe by Bazix. However, no violation of RoHS has ever been proven, with all identifiable components of the PCB and power supply being RoHS-compliant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158467-0002-0001", "contents": "1chipMSX, Availability\nBazix stopped being the representative of MSX Association and thus did not bring the 1chipMSX to the Western market. In the end, MSX Association was dissolved due to a dispute with other parties involved, resulting in a shift of all intellectual property rights concerning MSX to MSX Licensing Corporation. Bazix also dissolved because this dispute made an end to their efforts and ambitions to bring the 1chipMSX to the Western market (along with other projects that were also dependent on the Japanese partners).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0000-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos\n1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos was a Fusiliers Marins commando unit of  the Free French Navy, raised in 1942, which served during the Second World War. Its initial Commandant was then-Lieutenant de Vaisseau (Captain) Philippe Kieffer of the Free French Navy, under whose command they participated in the Normandy landings in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0001-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Formation\nThe creation of the battalion was initially planned for March 1941, but it was delayed until 1942. At this time, Troop 1, \"Commandos Fran\u00e7ais\", was formed with the intention of raising the unit to a battalion of 400 personnel in readiness for the expected offensive operations in Europe. Initially, the unit was headquartered in the vicinity of Portsmouth while undergoing training with other units at the Commando Training Centre at Achnacarry, Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0002-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Formation\nInitially, the battalion was organized into a headquarters section, medical, radio, and transportation sections, and three troops designated 1, 8 and 9, the last being responsible for using Depth Charge Projector Mark 6, Mod 1, commonly called the \"K-Gun\"; 177 men in all. In 1944, the battalion was expanded to three troops, with the Headquarters troop and A & B Troops performing the usual land commando role. A large number of the battalion's personnel came from Brittany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0003-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations\nMembers of Troop 1, under the command of Lieutenant (Navy) Kieffer, took part in the raid on Dieppe (Operation Jubilee) with the British and Canadian commandos on 19 August 1942. In November 1942, the unit became officially known as the 1\u00e8re compagnie de fusiliers marins commandos, with members of the unit participating in the night raid on the bridge at Plou\u00e9zec on 11 and 12 November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0004-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations\nFrench commandos took part in the raid on the beach of Wassenaar in Holland on 28 February 1944, the site of V-2 rocket launches, during which six of them, including Captain Charles Trepel, were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0005-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations\nIn March 1944, the battalion received its official designation, and in May 1944, a few weeks before the Normandy landings, they received their own badge consisting of an ecu of bronze charged with a brig (representing adventure) and the barred dagger of the Commandos with, in the sinistral corner, the Cross of Lorraine and underlined by a streamer carrying the inscription \"1er Bn F.M.Commando\". The green beret was worn in the British fashion, pulled right with badge over the left eye or temple. The battalion was initially assigned to No.4 Commando of the British Army's 1st Special Service Brigade, serving as its 5th and 6th Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0006-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations\nThe unit began training for the impending invasion of France in March 1944. In the days that preceded the Normandy landings, the commandos were issued with poor quality photographs of the objectives. Because some of the French commandos were from Normandy, they recognised the sites, which concerned the brigade's British staff. As a result, the Frenchmen were temporarily confined to their camp before the landings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0007-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations\nPromoted June 5, Capitaine de Corvette (Lieutenant Commander) Philippe Kieffer commanded the operations of the 177 men of the 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, from June 6 in Normandy. They disembarked from landing craft at 07:31 hours on Sword beach, on the east of the Allied landing near Colleville-Montgomery. They were the first to be unloaded in this sector with No.4 Commando's landing craft having to let them pass to the lead as initially planned. Their specific objective was to achieve a breach 500 metres (1,600\u00a0ft) to the west of Riva Bella in support of the 3rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0008-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations\nIn spite of significant losses, the commandos seized the 50\u00a0mm anti-tank gun encuv\u00e9e \u2013 an armoured artillery position like a small bunker \u2013 which had disabled LCI 523 (1Re Troop). They then took the former Casino de Riva-Bella before advancing between Colleville and Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay to meet the British paratroopers of the 6th Airborne Division at Pegasus Bridge (B\u00e9nouville), arriving around 16:30 hours. There, the French commandos occupied the perimeter of the lime pit towards 20:00 hours. By the evening of June 6, the 1er BFMC had lost almost 25% of its personnel with 27 killed in combat, and many wounded including their commander Kieffer, who had been wounded twice in the course of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0009-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations\nThe French  Commandos Marine fought in Normandy until 27 August 1944, when the battalion was returned to the United Kingdom for rest and to receive replacements. In November 1944, the 1er BFMC was landed on the island of Walcheren in Holland and took Flessingue as part of an combined arms operation undertaken by the British and Allied commandos. By October 1944, the commando battalion had three companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158468-0010-0000", "contents": "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos, History, Operations\nAt the end of the Second World War the unit returned to French control, and it currently serves as part of the Naval Commandos of the French Navy. The unit continues to wear the green beret and bronze shield badge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158469-0000-0000", "contents": "1er Gaou\n\"1er Gaou\" is a song by Ivorian Zouglou artists Magic System, taken from the album of the same name. The title literally means \"First Fool\" in Ivorian slang. The song contains an autobiographical account of lead singer Salif \"A'Salfo\" Traor\u00e9 about his ex-girlfriend who tried to hook up with him again when he became famous. Originally recorded in 1999, it became smash indie hit in France three years later. The song meant the breakthrough of little-known Magic System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158469-0001-0000", "contents": "1er Gaou, Background\n\"1er Gaou\" is based on autobiographical experiences of lead singer Salif \"A'Salfo\" Traor\u00e9. When he was an aspiring, poor artist, his girlfriend left him, but when he became a celebrity with Magic System, she tried to win him back, but Traor\u00e9 turned her down. The song was first released in 1999 in their native Abidjan and was at first a hit in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and other African countries. When it was remixed in 2002 and released in France for M\u00e9lina Forthin, Magic System's song became a major indie hit there as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158469-0002-0000", "contents": "1er Gaou, Lyrics\nThe lyrics tell the story of an aspiring musician whose girlfriend leaves him because of his poverty. After he becomes rich and she sees him on TV, she tries to win him back. He turns her down, saying her leaving him does not really matter; only if he took her back he would become a \"fool once more\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158469-0003-0000", "contents": "1er Gaou, Lyrics\nThe lyrics feature a colorful patois of French-Ivorian slang. This is especially evident in the refrain of \"Et on dit premier gaou n'est pas gaou oh / C'est deuxi\u00e8me gaou qui est niata oh (ah)\" (\"They say that the first fool is not a fool / It is the second fool who is a fool\"), which expresses that his first folly (her leaving him) is not really a folly at all, only accepting her back would be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158469-0004-0000", "contents": "1er Gaou, Music videos\nThere are two \"1er Gaou\" videoclips. The first one shows Magic System in their native Abidjan, with Traor\u00e9 being left by his girlfriend at first before she comes back. This main plot line is interspersed by many scenes of daily life in Abidjan. In the second version, Magic System are in an expensive nightclub, again with Traor\u00e9 left and then pursued by his girlfriend. This second version has a more posh look-and-feel than the first version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158469-0005-0000", "contents": "1er Gaou, Chart performances\nThe single topped at number four on the French charts and remained in the top 100 for 28 weeks, ten of them in the top ten and sold as many as 300,000 copies in France. \"It was the number which opened the way for us. Even if we have hit after hit, I don't think there's a hit which can replace Premier Gaou because Premier Gaou came with a novice magic,\" A'Salfo said later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158469-0006-0000", "contents": "1er Gaou, Chart performances\nThe single was also a top ten hit in Belgium (Wallonia), peaked at number ten in it ninth week, and appeared in the top 40 for 15 weeks. In Switzerland, the single had a moderate success, peaking at number 30 and staying in the top 100 for nine weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158470-0000-0000", "contents": "1er Mai Station\n1er Mai is a transfer station serving the Line 1 of the Algiers Metro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0000-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins\nThe 1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins 1er RFM French ( 1er RFM, or  first regiment of Fusiliers Marins) was a unit of the Free French Navy during the campaign of Italy, then in the campaign of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0001-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Creation\nOn September 24, 1943, the Fusiliers Marins Battalion increased effectifs by integrating volunteers from the naval corps present in North Africa (French: marine d'Afrique du Nord) (particularly radio and mechanic specialists), accordingly being designated as 1er R\u00e9giment de fusiliers marins (1er RFM), an armored reconnaissance unit of the 1st Free French Division 1er DFL. Command was entrusted to naval Corvette captain Hubert Amyot d'Inville. The regiment was equipped with U.S. American equipment, notably the M24 Chaffee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0002-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Italy\nFollowing a trained supported phase, the 1er RFM disembarked in Naples at the corps of the 1er DFL, on April 22, 1944. Since May 12, the regiment engaged in intense combats on Garigliano. While bearing the forefront of the division on three axes, the RFM led combats at Montefiascone and Radicofani. The regiment counted 61 killed out of which Amyot d'Inville and 140 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0003-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Provence\nAt the end of World War II, the regiment was disembarked in Provence, at Cavalaire-sur-Mer, under the command of Corvette captain Pierre de Morsier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0004-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Provence\nThe unit combatted for the liberation of Toulon and Hy\u00e8res, then reclimbed through the valley of the Rh\u00f4ne, penetrated in Lyon, then reached Autun; the Savary squadron entered following a hard confrontation during which five men were killed and four were wounded. Savary done, in C\u00f4te d'Or, the liaison were assumed with units of the 2e DB (Leclerc) which disembarked in Normandy. The RFM pursues the respective advancement in direction of the Vosgues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0005-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Vall\u00e9e du Rh\u00f4ne\nThe regiment conducted the juncture with the 1st Spahi Regiment (Normandy landings with the 2e DB) at Ch\u00e2tillon-sur-Seine on September 12. This juncture is considered as one of the junctures between Allied troops of Normandy and those of Provence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0006-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Haute-Sa\u00f4ne\nOn September 27, the tank squadron led the attack on Clairegoutte before apprehending Ronchamp on October 8, then Vescemont, Rougegoutte, Romagny and Rougemont-le-Ch\u00e2teau the following month. Distinguished particularly in the following operations: Vessel Ensign Bokanowski, Aspirant Vasseur and, alongside the sailors, the men of the 11th Cuir-Vercors (French: 11e Cuir-Vercors) placed under the orders of the 1er RFM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0007-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Battle of the Royan pocket\nFollowing the campaign in the Vosges, the 1re DFL was sent to the Atlantic front to reduce the Royan pocket and Grave cap (French: poche de Royan), however was it recalled urgently on the eastern front due to a German offensive launched in December 1944 in Alsace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0008-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Alsace\nIn January 1945, the fusiliers marins distinguished themselves again in Alsace, at Herbsheim and Rossfeld, before pursuing their march towards the Rhin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0009-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Campaigns, Alpes\nRetrieved from the Alsace front, the division was assigned to the detachment of the Army of the Alps (French: arm\u00e9e des Alpes) in April 1945, in the massif of Authion, where the 1st squadron fought with distinction, enduring the loss in the offensive of five officers out of six and nearly 50% of its forces that were engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0010-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Ordre de la lib\u00e9ration\nThe mechanic sailor Georges Bri\u00e8res, killed at Giromagny, rests in the M\u00e9morial de la France combattante. Bri\u00e8res represents the sacrifice of all sailors lost for the Liberation of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0011-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Regimental Colors\nThe regimental colors, memory and tradition of the 1er R\u00e9giment de fusiliers marins are confined to the fusiliers school. With the Naval leadership of the R\u00e9giment Blind\u00e9 de Fusiliers-Marins RBFM of the French Navy which was not part of the Free French Forces FFL, nor part of the Free French Naval Forces FNFL, the Naval leadership of the 1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins showcased the valor of French arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0012-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Regiment combat casualties\nBetween October 1940 and May 1945, the ensemble of the 1er BFM/ 1e RFM endured the loss of 195 men amongst them 12 officers out of which 2 commandants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0013-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Decorations\nThe regimental colors of the 1er RFM was awarded 5 citations at the orders of the armed forces obtained for 1939-1945 with attribution of the croix de la Lib\u00e9ration, the m\u00e9daille de la R\u00e9sistance fran\u00e7aise and la croix de guerre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158471-0014-0000", "contents": "1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, Traditions, Decorations\nIn August 1945, the 1er RFM was reassigned at the disposition of Naval authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158472-0000-0000", "contents": "1in.am\n1in.am Armenian News and Analyses  (Armenian: \u0531\u057c\u0561\u057b\u056b\u0576 \u056c\u0580\u0561\u057f\u057e\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 Arajin Lratvakan, meaning \"First informative\"), or simply 1in.am is an Armenian website with hosting based in New York. It is an online newspaper, that covers local and world news and information, has divisions for Armenia, Caucasus, world, press, business and sports (last two in Armenian only). 1in.am is available in three languages, Armenian, Russian and English. As of January\u00a02013 it is the 19th most visited website in Armenia and has about 38,000 visitors daily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158473-0000-0000", "contents": "1in6\n1in6 is an American nonprofit organization that provides support and information to male survivors of sexual abuse and assault, as well as their loved ones and service providers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158473-0001-0000", "contents": "1in6\nIn January 2007, 1in6 was founded by a group of individuals including Steve LePore, Jim Hopper, Greg LeMond, and David Lisak. In December 2018, the Board of Directors of 1in6 announced that longtime nonprofit leader Matthew Ennis would succeed founder Steve LePore as the organization's President & Chief Executive Officer following LePore's retirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158473-0002-0000", "contents": "1in6\nThe organization partners with RAINN to provide a free and anonymous 24/7 helpline, as well as confidential weekly online support groups for male survivors. In 2016, nearly 400,000 people visited the 1in6 website. The Bristlecone Project, created by Lisak, is 1in6\u2019s multimedia awareness campaign that features portraits and stories of a community of male survivors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158473-0003-0000", "contents": "1in6\nBased in Los Angeles, the organization conducts trainings for professionals, organizations, and military branches around the world, including the US Navy, US Army, US Air Force, and the US Marine Corps. 1in6 also provides technical support for various organizations including RAINN, Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape, ECPAT International, National Sexual Violence Resource Center, Your Safe Haven, Centre County Women\u2019s Resource Center, Men Can Stop Rape, Victim Services Incorporated, Family Services of Blair County, and all branches of the United States Military at bases around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158473-0004-0000", "contents": "1in6, NO MORE Celebrity PSA Campaign - Male Survivors\nIn 2016, 1in6 partnered with Viacom, NO MORE, and The Joyful Heart Foundation (founded by Mariska Hargitay) to produce public service announcements featuring celebrities and highlighting the prevalence of sexual trauma among males. On March 2, 2016, the broadcast PSAs debuted on Viacom\u2019s networks and in Times Square, during which the PSAs were visible to approximately 21 million people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 53], "content_span": [54, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158474-0000-0000", "contents": "1mdc\n1mdc was a digital gold currency (DGC) that existed from 2001 to 2007 in which users traded digital currency backed by reserves of e-gold, rather than physical bullion reserves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158474-0001-0000", "contents": "1mdc\nThe website appeared to switch between various offshore hosting locations, and used software designed by Interesting Software Ltd, an Anguilla company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158474-0002-0000", "contents": "1mdc\nAs of April 27, 2007, a US court order has forced e-gold to liquidate a large number of e-gold accounts totalling some 10 to 20 million US dollars' worth of gold. A small part of this seizure was 1mdc's accounts and assets . If the court order in the USA is reversed, a user's e-gold grams remaining in 1mdc will \"unbail\" normally to the user's e-gold account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158474-0002-0001", "contents": "1mdc\nUltimately e-gold is owned and operated by US citizens, so, 1mdc users must respect the decisions of US courts and the US authorities regarding the disposition of e-gold and the safety and security of US citizens. Even though 1mdc has no connection whatsoever to the USA, and most 1mdc users are non-USA, ultimately e-gold is operated from the USA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158474-0003-0000", "contents": "1mdc, Features\nAs with any digital gold currency, one used 1mdc to keep assets away from fiat currencies and avoid inflationary risks associated with them. To open an account, 1mdc required the user to have a functioning e-mail address, an e-gold account, a password, initials and a PIN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158474-0004-0000", "contents": "1mdc, Features\n1mdc charged 0.05 gold grams per spend for accounts that receive 100 or more spends (total over 500\u00a0grams) to their account in any given calendar month. There were no spend fees for accounts that receive 99 or less spends in a calendar month, and no storage fees on all accounts. This was in sharp contrast to e-gold, which charges a storage fee of 1% per annum. Coupled with the quick and easy transfer of funds between e-gold and 1mdc accounts, 1mdc was attractive to persons with large amounts of e-gold, whose balances gradually shrink due to e-gold's storage fees. 1mdc also offered virtually fee free exchange from Pecunix gold to 1mdc, and a 5% fee to exchange from 1mdc to Pecunix gold. It was often said that most or all heavy users of e-gold are 1mdc users, although of course there was no way of confirming this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158474-0005-0000", "contents": "1mdc, Criticisms\n1mdc's e-gold was held in unallocated (pooled) storage (in several e-gold user accounts) which allowed for extra privacy from e-gold's administrators. However, this increased storage risk, as the client had no precedence on the e-gold they entrusted 1mdc to hold, and there was virtually no way for a user to ensure that 1mdc is maintaining full reserves of their e-gold. The amount of e-gold held in the 1mdc system was undisclosed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158474-0006-0000", "contents": "1mdc, Criticisms\nAlso, since 1mdc was backed by e-gold, events that affect e-gold also affected 1mdc. Once e-gold Ltd. was instructed by the US government to freeze and liquidate all 1mdc accounts, 1mdc became insolvent by default along with all other e-gold accounts seized in the April 27 action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158475-0000-0000", "contents": "1nce Again\n\"1nce Again\" is a song by the hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest, released as the first single from their fourth album Beats, Rhymes and Life. The song contains samples of \"I'm Your Pal\" by Gary Burton and \"Chocolate Nuisance\" by Cannonball Adderley (note the dialogue in the end of the track), while the chorus is sung by Tammy Lucas. The song is the first A Tribe Called Quest single to feature production by the late Jay Dee, a member of The Ummah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158475-0001-0000", "contents": "1nce Again\nThe chorus is a recreation of the chorus from \"Check the Rhime\", a previous single from the group's second album The Low End Theory. \"1nce Again\" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1997, however the group lost to Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's Tha Crossroads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158475-0002-0000", "contents": "1nce Again, Music video\nThe music video, released in August 1996, begins with the group recreating the \"Check the Rhime\" video, with a crowd cheering. However, Phife notices that the police have come to arrest them, so the group runs into a dry cleaning store to hide. Thought the video, the group runs through different sections of the store while rapping. Tammy Lucas is also present in the store singing the chorus. At the end of the video, the police see the group running away up a flight of stairs. The group get onto the roof, at night, and they jump off the building as the video ends. Busta Rhymes makes an appearance in the music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158476-0000-0000", "contents": "1oT\n1oT is a cellular connectivity provider for Internet of Things device makers. 1oT services allow OEMs to connect their devices in more than 150 countries with a single SIM card that is customised for IoT devices and manage their SIM cards on self-service based connectivity platform with API", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158476-0001-0000", "contents": "1oT, 1oT Terminal\nThe 1oT Terminal is a platform where clients can manage and monitor cellular-based IoT devices. 1oT also licenses its connectivity management platform to MNOs. The platform is addressed to small and medium-sized startups to help them scale worldwide and deploy cellular connectivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158476-0002-0000", "contents": "1oT, 1oT SIMs\n1oT SIM cards work worldwide and offer 2G, 3G and 4G cellular connection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158476-0003-0000", "contents": "1oT, 1oT eSIMs\n1oT launched an eSIM solution for IoT sector at Mobile World Congress 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158476-0004-0000", "contents": "1oT, 1oT eSIMs\neSIM is technically known as an embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card (eUICC). It is an unlocked SIM card that enables the client to manage different carrier services \"over-the-air\" without the need to physically change the SIM card. Major automotive companies such as Tesla, Mercedes Benz, and BMW have already deployed commercial services based on eSIM technology. 1oT is opening this revolutionary technology to a wide range of global startups and SMEs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158476-0005-0000", "contents": "1oT, Background\nThe company is part of Mobi Solutions Group. Mobi Solutions is a mobile value-added services provider and developer which during its 15+ years of activity has brought numerous internationally successful telecommunications, IT, and mobile services to the market, for example Fortumo, Messente, Mobi Lab, MobiGW, and Nevercode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0000-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome\n1p36 deletion syndrome  is a congenital genetic disorder characterized by moderate to severe intellectual disability, delayed growth, hypotonia, seizures, limited speech ability, malformations, hearing and vision impairment, and distinct facial features. The symptoms may vary, depending on the exact location of the chromosomal deletion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0001-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome\nThe condition is caused by a genetic deletion (loss of a segment of DNA) on the outermost band on the short arm (p) of chromosome 1. It is one of the most common deletion syndromes. It is estimated that the syndrome occurs in one in every 5,000 to 10,000 births.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0002-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms\nThere are a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of monosomy 1p36, but no one individual will display all of the possible features. In general, children will exhibit failure to thrive and global delays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0003-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Developmental and behavioral\nMost young children with 1p36 deletion syndrome have delayed development of speech and motor skills. Speech is severely affected, with many children learning only a few words or having no speech at all. Behavioral problems are also common, and include temper outbursts, banging or throwing objects, striking people, screaming episodes, and self-injurious behavior (wrist biting, head striking/banging). A significant proportion of affected people are on the autism spectrum, and many exhibit stereotypy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0004-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Neurologic\nMost people with 1p36 deletion syndrome have some structural abnormality of the brain, and approximately half have epilepsy or other seizures. Almost all children exhibit some degree of hypotonia. Common structural brain abnormalities include agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebral cortical atrophy, gait abnormalities, and ventriculomegaly. Dysphagia, esophageal reflux, and other feeding difficulties are also common.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0005-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Neurologic, Vision\nThe most common visual abnormalities associated with 1p36 deletion syndrome include farsightedness (hypermetropia), myopia (nearsightedness), and strabismus (cross-eyes). Less common but still recognized are blepharophimosis, cataracts, ocular albinism, optic atrophy, optic disk pallor, and optic nerve coloboma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0006-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Distinct facial features\nThe facial features of 1p36 deletion syndrome have been considered to be characteristic, although few patients have been diagnosed solely on the basis of facial appearance. These features may include microcephaly (small head), which may be combined with brachycephaly (short head); small, deep-set eyes; straight eyebrows; epicanthal folds; a broad, flat nose and nasal bridge; underdevelopment of the midface (midface hypoplasia); a long philtrum; pointed chin; and abnormally shaped, rotated, low-set ears. Infants may have a large anterior fontanelle, or the anterior fontanelle may close late.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0007-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Signs and symptoms, Other congenital defects, Skeletal\nShort feet, brachydactyly (short fingers), and camptodactyly (permanent flexion of a finger), fifth finger clinodactyly (abnormal curvature) and other skeletal anomalies are sometimes found in conjunction with 1p36 deletion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0008-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Genetics\n1p36 deletion syndrome is caused by the deletion of the most distal light band of the short arm of chromosome 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0009-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Genetics\nThe breakpoints for 1p36 deletion syndrome have been variable and are most commonly found from 1p36.13 to 1p36.33. 40 percent of all breakpoints occur 3 to 5 million base pairs from the telomere. The size of the deletion ranges from approximately 1.5 million base pairs to greater than 10 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0010-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Genetics\nMost deletions in chromosome 1p36 are de novo mutations. 20% of patients with 1p36 deletion syndrome inherit the disease from one parent who carries a balanced or symmetrical translocation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0011-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Diagnosis\n1p36 deletion syndrome is usually suspected based on the signs and symptoms and confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosomal microarray or karyotype analysis may also be used to diagnose 1p36 deletion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0012-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Treatment\nThere is no cure for 1p36 deletion syndrome, and treatment is focused on relieving symptoms of the disease. Of particular importance are appropriate medication for endocrine and neurologic manifestations, such as anti-seizure medications. Feeding difficulties can be managed with specialized assistive devices or with a gastrostomy (feeding) tube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158477-0013-0000", "contents": "1p36 deletion syndrome, Epidemiology\n1p36 deletion syndrome is the most common terminal deletion syndrome in humans. It occurs in between 1 in 5000 and 1 in 10000 live births.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0000-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations\n1q21.1 copy number variations (CNVs) are rare aberrations of human chromosome 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0001-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations\nIn a common situation a human cell has one pair of identical chromosomes on chromosome 1. With the 1q21.1 CNVs one chromosome of the pair is not complete because a part of the sequence of the chromosome is missing, or overcomplete, because some parts of the sequence are duplicated. The result is that one chromosome is of normal length and the other one is too long or too short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0002-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, The structure of 1q21.1\nThe structure of 1q21.1 is complex. The area has a size of approximately 6 Megabase (Mb) (from 141.5 Mb to 147.9 Mb). Within 1q21.1 there are two areas where the CNVs can be found: the proximal area or TAR area (144.1 to 144.5) and the distal area (144.7 to 145.9). A 1q21.1 CNV will commonly be found in one of these areas, but an overlap with the other area or parts that are outside these areas are possible. 1q21.1 has multiple repetitions of the same structure: Only 25% of the structure is not duplicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0002-0001", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, The structure of 1q21.1\nThere are several gaps in the sequence. There is no further information available about the DNA-sequence in those areas up till now. The gaps represent approximately 700 Kilobase. New genes are expected in the gaps. The area of 1q21.1 is one of the most difficult parts of the human genome to map.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0003-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, The structure of 1q21.1\nCNVs occur due to non-allelic homologous recombination mediated by low copy repeats (sequentially similar regions), commonly found in 1q21.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0004-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, Forms of 1q21.1 CNVs\nFour separate forms of 1q21.1 CNVs are mentioned in literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0005-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, Forms of 1q21.1 CNVs\nThe CNVs lead to a very variable phenotype and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable. Some people who have a CNV can function in a normal way, while others have symptoms of mental retardation and various physical anomalies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0006-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome\nMeiosis is the process of dividing cells in humans. In meiosis, the chromosome pairs splits and a representative of each pair goes to one daughter cell. In this way the number of chromosomes will be halved in each cell, while all the parts on the chromosome (genes) remain, after being randomized. Which information of the parent cell ends up in the daughter cell is purely decided by chance. Besides this random process, there is a second random process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0006-0001", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome\nIn this second random process the DNA will be scrambled in a way that pieces are omitted (deletion), added (duplication), moved from one place to another (translocation) and inverted (inversion). This is a common process, which leads to about 0,4% variation in the DNA. It explains why even identical twins are not genetically 100% identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0007-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome\nProblem of the second random process is that genetic mistakes can occur. Especially due to the deletion and duplication process, the chromosomes that come together in a new cell may be shorter or longer. The result of this spontaneous change in the structure of DNA is a so-called copy number variation. Due to the CNV chromosomes of different sizes can be combined in a new cell. If this occurs around conception, the result will be a first cell of a human with a genetic variation. This can be either positive or negative. In positive cases this new human will be capable of a special skill that is assessed positively, for example, in sports or science. In negative cases, you have to deal with a syndrome or a severe disability, as in this case the 1q21.1 CNVs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0008-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome\nBased on the meiotic process, the syndrome may occur in two ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0009-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome\nDue to this genetic misprint the embryo may experience problems in the development during the first months of pregnancy. Approximately 20 to 40 days after fertilization, something goes wrong in the construction of the body parts and brain, which leads to a chain reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0010-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, Cause of the syndrome\nBecause of the repetitions in 1q21.1, there is a larger chance on an unequal crossing-over during meiosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158478-0011-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 copy number variations, Related genes\nGenes related to the proximal area are HFE2, TXNIP, POLR3GL, LIX1L, RBM8A, PEX11B, ITGA10, ANKRD35, PIAS3, NUDT17, POLR3C, RNF115, CD160, PDZK1, and GPR89AGenes related to the distal area are PDE4DIP, HYDIN2, PRKAB2, PDIA3P, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, NBPF10, GPR89B, GPR89C, PDZK1P1 and NBPF11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0000-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome\n1q21.1 deletion syndrome is a rare aberration of chromosome 1. A human cell has one pair of identical chromosomes on chromosome 1. With the 1q21.1 deletion syndrome, one chromosome of the pair is not complete, because a part of the sequence of the chromosome is missing. One chromosome has the normal length and the other is too short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0001-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome\nIn 1q21.1, the '1' stands for chromosome 1, the 'q' stands for the long arm of the chromosome and '21.1' stands for the part of the long arm in which the deletion is situated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0002-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome\nThe syndrome is a form of the 1q21.1 copy number variations, and it is a deletion in the distal area of the 1q21.1 part. The CNV leads to a very variable phenotype, and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable. Some people who have the syndrome can function in a normal way, while others have symptoms of mental retardation and various physical anomalies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0003-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome\n1q21.1 microdeletion is a very rare chromosomal condition. Only 46 individuals with this deletion have been reported in medical literature as of August 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0004-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Symptoms and signs\nIt is not clear whether the list of symptoms is complete. Very little information is known about the syndrome. The syndrome can have completely different effects on members of the same family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0005-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Symptoms and signs\nA common deletion is between 1.0\u20131.9Mb. Mefford states that the standard for a deletion is 1.35Mb. The largest deletion seen on a living human is over 5 Mb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0006-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Cause\nMeiosis is the process of dividing cells in humans. In meiosis, the chromosome pairs split and a representative of each pair goes to one daughter cell. In this way the number of chromosomes will be halved in each cell, while all the parts on the chromosome (genes) remain, after being randomized. Which information of the parent cell ends up in the daughter cell is purely decided by chance. Besides this random process, there is a second random process. In this second random process the DNA will be scrambled in a way that pieces are omitted (deletion), added (duplication), moved from one place to another (translocation) and inverted (inversion). This is a common process, which leads to about 0.4% variation in the DNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0007-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Cause\nA problem of the second random process is that genetic mistakes can occur. Because of the deletion and duplication process, the chromosomes that come together in a new cell may be shorter or longer. The result of this spontaneous change in the structure of DNA is a so-called copy number variation. Due to the copy number variation chromosomes of different sizes can be combined in a new cell. If this occurs around conception, the result will be a first cell of a human with a genetic variation. This can be either positive or negative. In positive cases this new human will be capable of a special skill that is assessed positively, for example, in sports or science. In negative cases, you have to deal with a syndrome or a severe disability, as in this case the 1q21.1 deletion syndrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0008-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Cause\nBased on the meiotic process, the syndrome may occur in two ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0009-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Cause\nDue to this genetic misprint, the embryo may experience problems in the development during the first months of pregnancy. Approximately 20 to 40 days after fertilization, something goes wrong in the construction of the body parts and brain, which leads to a chain reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0010-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, The structure of 1q21.1\nThe structure of 1q21.1 is complex. The area has a size of approximately 6 Megabase (Mb) (from 141.5 Mb to 147.9 Mb). Within 1q21.1 there are two areas where the CNVs can be found: the proximal area or TAR area (144.1 to 144.5) and the distal area (144.7 to 145.9). The 1q21.1 deletion syndrome will commonly be found in the distal area, but an overlap with the TAR-area is possible. 1q21.1 has multiple repetitions of the same structure (areas with the same color in the picture have equal structures) Only 25% of the structure is not duplicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0010-0001", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, The structure of 1q21.1\nThere are several gaps in the sequence. There is no further information available about the DNA-sequence in those areas up till now. The gaps represent approximately 700 Kilobase. New genes are expected in the gaps. Because the gaps are still a topic of research, it is hard to find the exact start and end markers of a deletion. The area of 1q21.1 is one of the most difficult parts of the human genome to map.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0011-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, The structure of 1q21.1\nBecause of the repetitions in 1q21.1, there is a larger chance of an unequal crossing-over during meiosis. CNVs occur due to non-allelic homologous recombination mediated by low copy repeats (sequentially similar regions).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0012-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, Typing\nA common deletion is restricted to the distal area. This is a Class I-deletion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0013-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, Typing\nIn some cases the deletion is so large that the proximal area is involved as well, the so-called Class II-deletion. There are some complex cases in which both the proximal area and the distal area are affected, while the area in between is normal. There are also some a-typical variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0014-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Genetics, Related genes\nGenes related to 1q21.1 deletion in the distal area are PDE4DIP, HYDIN2, PRKAB2, PDIA3P, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, NBPF10, GPR89B, GPR89C, PDZK1P1 and NBPF11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0015-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Diagnostics\nA 'de novo'-situation appears in about 75% of the cases. In 25% of the cases, one of the parents is carrier of the syndrome, without any effect on the parent. Sometimes adults have mild problems with the syndrome. To find out whether either of the parents carries the syndrome, both parents have to be tested. In several cases, the syndrome was identified with the child, because of a developmental disorder or another problem, and later it appeared that the parent was affected as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0015-0001", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Diagnostics\nIn families where both parents have tested negative for the syndrome, chances of a second child with the syndrome are extremely low. If the syndrome was found in the family, chances of a second child with the syndrome are 50%, because the syndrome is autosomal dominant. The effect of the syndrome on the child cannot be predicted", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0016-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Diagnostics\nThe syndrome can be detected with fluorescence in situ hybridization. For parents with a child with the syndrome, it is advisable to consult a physician before another pregnancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0017-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Management\nTreatment of cause: Due to the genetic cause, no treatment of the cause is possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0018-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Management\nTreatment of manifestations: routine treatment of ophthalmologic, cardiac, and neurologic findings; speech, occupational, and physical therapies as appropriate; specialized learning programs to meet individual needs; antiepileptic drugs or antipsychotic medications as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0019-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Management\nSurveillance: routine pediatric care; routine developmental assessments; monitoring of specific identified medical issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0020-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Prevalence\nAs of October 2012, Unique, an international rare chromosome disorder group and registry, has 64 genetically-confirmed cases of this deletion worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0021-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research\nOn several locations in the world people are studying on the subject of 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. The syndrome was identified for the first time with people with heart abnormalities. The syndrome has later been found in patients with schizophrenia. Research is done on patients with a symptom of the syndrome, to find more patients with the syndrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0022-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research\nThere may be a relation between autism and schizophrenia. Literature shows that nine locations have been found on the DNA where the syndromes related to autism or schizophrenia can be found, the so-called \"hotspots\": 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, 16p13.1, 16q21, 17p12, 21q11.2 and 21q13.3. With a number of hotspots, either autism and schizophrenia were observed depending on the copy-number variation (CNV) at that location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0023-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research\nStatistical research showed that schizophrenia is more common in combination with 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. On the other side, autism is significantly more common with 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. Further research confirmed that the odds on a relation between schizophrenia and deletions at 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 22q11.21 en Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) and duplications at 16p11.2 are at 7.5% or higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0024-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research\nCommon variations in the BCL9 gene, which is in the distal area, confer risk of schizophrenia and may also be associated with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0025-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research\nResearch is done on 10\u201312 genes on 1q21.1 that produce DUF1220-locations. DUF1220 is an unknown protein, which is active in the neurons of the brain near the neocortex. Based on research on apes and other mammals, it is assumed that DUF1220 is related to cognitive development (man: 212 locations; chimpanzee: 37 locations; monkey: 30 locations; mouse: 1 location). It appears that the DUF1220-locations on 1q21.1 are in areas that are related to the size and the development of the brain. The aspect of the size and development of the brain is related to autism (macrocephaly) and schizophrenia (microcephaly). It has been proposed that a deletion or duplication of a gene that produces DUF1220-areas might cause growth and development disorders in the brain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0026-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research\nAnother relation between macrocephaly with duplications and microcephaly with deletions has been seen in research on the HYDIN Paralog or HYDIN2. This part of 1q21.1 is involved in the development of the brain. It is assumed to be a dosage-sensitive gene. When this gene is not available in the 1q21.1 area, it leads to microcephaly. HYDIN2 is a recent duplication (found only in humans) of the HYDIN gene found on 16q22.2. Research on the genes CHD1L and PRKAB2 within lymphoblast cells  lead to the conclusion that anomalies appear with the 1q21.1-deletion syndrome:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158479-0027-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 deletion syndrome, Research\nGJA5 has been identified as the gene that is responsible for the phenotypes observed with congenital heart diseases on the 1q21.1 location. In case of a duplication of GJA5 tetralogy of Fallot is more common. In case of a deletion other congenital heart diseases than tetralogy of Fallot are more common.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0000-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome\n1q21.1 duplication syndrome or 1q21.1 (recurrent) microduplication is a rare aberration of chromosome 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0001-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome\nIn a common situation a human cell has one pair of identical chromosomes on chromosome 1. With the 1q21.1 duplication syndrome one chromosome of the pair is over complete, because a part of the sequence of the chromosome is duplicated twice or more. In 1q21.1, the '1' stands for chromosome 1, the 'q' stands for the long arm of the chromosome and '21.1' stands for the part of the long arm in which the duplication is situated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0002-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome\nNext to the duplication syndrome, there is also a 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. While there are two or three copies of a similar part of the DNA on a particular spot with the duplication syndrome, there is a part of the DNA missing with the deletion syndrome on the same spot. Literature refers to both the deletion and the duplication as the 1q21.1 copy-number variations (CNV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0003-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome\nThe CNV leads to a very variable phenotype and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable. Some people who have the syndrome can function in a normal way, while others have symptoms of developmental delays and various physical anomalies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0004-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Symptoms and signs\nIt is not clear whether the list of symptoms is complete. Very little information is known about the syndrome. The symptomology may be different among individuals, even in the same family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0005-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause\nMeiosis is the process of dividing cells in humans. In meiosis, the chromosome pairs splits and a representative of each pair goes to one daughter cell. In this way the number of chromosomes will be halved in each cell, while all the parts on the chromosome (genes) remain, after being randomized. Which information of the parent cell ends up in the daughter cell is purely decided by chance. Besides this random process, there is a second random process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0005-0001", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause\nIn this second random process the DNA will be scrambled in a way that pieces are omitted (deletion), added (duplication), moved from one place to another (translocation) and inverted (inversion). This is a common process, which leads to about 0.4% variation in the DNA. It explains why even identical twins are not genetically 100% identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0006-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause\nThe second random process can give rise to genetic mistakes. In the deletion and duplication process, the chromosomes that come together in a new cell may be shorter or longer. The result of this spontaneous change in the structure of DNA is a copy number variation. Due to the copy number variation chromosomes of different sizes can be combined in a new cell. If this occurs around conception, there is the first cell of a human with a genetic variation. This can be either positive or negative. In positive cases this new human will be capable of a special skill that is assessed positively, for example, sports or science. In negative cases, you have to deal with a syndrome or a severe disability, as in this case the 1q21.1 duplication syndrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0007-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause\nBased on the meiotic process, the syndrome may occur in two ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0008-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Cause\nDue to this genetic misprint the embryo may experience problems in the development during the first months of pregnancy. Approximately 20 to 40 days after fertilization, something goes wrong in the construction of the body parts and brain, which leads to a chain reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0009-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Structure of 1q21.1\nThe structure of 1q21.1 is complex. The area has a size of approximately 6 Megabase (Mb) (from 141.5 Mb to 147.9 Mb). Within 1q21.1 there are two areas where a duplication or deletion can be found: the TAR-area for the TAR syndrome and the distal area for other anomalies. The 1q21.1 duplication syndrome will commonly be found in the distal area, but an overlap with the TAR-area is possible. 1q21.1 has multiple repetitions of the same structure (areas with the same color in the picture have equal structures) Only 25% of the structure is unique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0009-0001", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Structure of 1q21.1\nThere are several gaps in the sequence. There is no further information available about the DNA-sequence in those areas up till now. The gaps represent approximately 700 Kilobase. New genes are expected in the gaps. Because the gaps are still a topic of research, it is hard to find the exact start and end markers of a deletion. The area of 1q21.1 is one of the most difficult parts of the human genome to map.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0010-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Structure of 1q21.1, Related genes\nGenes related to 1q21.1 deletion in the TAR area are HFE2, TXNIP, POLR3GL, LIX1L, RBM8A, PEX11B, ITGA10, ANKRD35, PIAS3, NUDT17, POLR3C, RNF115, CD160, PDZK1, and GPR89AGenes related to 1q21.1 deletion in the distal area are HYDIN2, PRKAB2, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, and GPR89B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0011-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Diagnostics\nA 'de novo'-situation appears in about 75% of the cases. In 25% of the cases, one of the parents is carrier of the syndrome, without any effect on the parent. Sometimes adults have mild problems with the syndrome. To find out whether either of the parents carries the syndrome, both parents have to be tested. In several cases, the syndrome was identified with the child, because of an autism disorder or another problem, and later it appeared that the parent was affected as well. The parent never knew about it until the moment that the DNA-test proved the parent to be a carrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0012-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Diagnostics\nIn families where both parents have been tested negative on the syndrome, chances on a second child with the syndrome are extremely low. If the syndrome was found in the family, chances on a second child with the syndrome are 50%, because the syndrome is autosomal dominant. The effect of the syndrome on the child cannot be predicted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0013-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Diagnostics\nThe syndrome can be detected with fluorescence in situ hybridization and Affymetrix GeneChip Operating Software. For parents with a child with the syndrome, it is advisable to consult a physician before a next pregnancy and to do prenatal screening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0014-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research\nSeveral researchers around the world are studying on the subject of 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. The syndrome was identified for the first time in people with heart abnormalities. The syndrome was later observed in patients who had autism or schizophrenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0015-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research\nIt appears that there is a relation between autism and schizophrenia. Literature shows that nine locations have been found on the DNA where the syndromes related to autism or schizophrenia can be found, the so-called \"hotspots\": 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, 16p13.1, 16q21, 17p12, 21q11.2 and 21q13.3. With a number of hotspots, either autism and schizophrenia were observed depending on the copy-number variation (CNV) at that location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0016-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research\nStatistical research showed that schizophrenia is significantly more common in combination with 1q21.1 deletion syndrome. On the other side, autism is significantly more common with 1q21.1 duplication syndrome. Similar observations were done for chromosome 16 on 16p11.2 (deletion: autism/duplication: schizophrenia), chromosome 22 on 22q11.21 (deletion (Velo-cardio-facial syndrome): schizophrenia/duplication: autism) and 22q13.3 (deletion (Phelan-McDermid syndrome): schizophrenia/duplication: autism). Further research confirmed that the odds on a relation between schizophrenia and deletions at 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 22q11.21 en Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) and duplications at 16p11.2 are at 7.5% or higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0017-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research\nCommon variations in the BCL9 gene, which is in the distal area, confer risk of schizophrenia and may also be associated with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0018-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research\nResearch is done on 10-12 genes on 1q21.1 that produce DUF1220-locations. DUF1220 is an unknown protein, which is active in the neurons of the brain near the neocortex. Based on research on apes and other mammals, it is assumed that DUF1220 is related to cognitive development (man: 212 locations; chimpanzee: 37 locations; monkey: 30 locations; mouse: 1 location). It appears that the DUF1220-locations on 1q21.1 are in areas that are related to the size and the development of the brain. The aspect of the size and development of the brain is related to autism (macrocephaly) and schizophrenia (microcephaly). It is assumed that a deletion or a duplication of a gene that produces DUF1220-areas might cause growth and development disorders in the brain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0019-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research\nAnother relation between macrocephaly with duplications and microcephaly with deletions has been seen in research on the HYDIN Paralog or HYDIN2. This part of 1q21.1 is involved in the development of the brain. It is assumed to be a dosage-sensitive gene. When this gene is not available in the 1q21.1 area it leads to microcephaly. HYDIN2 is a recent duplication (found only in humans) of the HYDIN gene found on 16q22.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158480-0020-0000", "contents": "1q21.1 duplication syndrome, Research\nGJA5 has been identified as the gene that is responsible for the phenotypes observed with congenital heart diseases on the 1q21.1 location. In case of a duplication of GJA5 tetralogy of Fallot is more common. In case of a deletion other congenital heart diseases than tetralogy of Fallot are more common.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0000-0000", "contents": "1s Slater-type function\nA normalized 1s Slater-type function is a function which is used in the descriptions of atoms and in a broader way in the description of atoms in molecules. It is particularly important as the accurate quantum theory description of the smallest free atom, hydrogen. It has the form", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0001-0000", "contents": "1s Slater-type function\nIt is a particular case of a Slater-type orbital (STO) in which the principal quantum number n is 1. The parameter \u03b6{\\displaystyle \\zeta } is called the Slater orbital exponent. Related sets of functions can be used to construct STO-nG basis sets which are used in quantum chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0002-0000", "contents": "1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems\nA hydrogen-like atom  or a hydrogenic atom is an atom with one  electron. Except for the hydrogen atom itself (which is neutral) these atoms carry positive charge e(Z\u22121){\\displaystyle e(\\mathbf {Z} -1)}, where Z{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Z} } is the atomic number of the atom. Because hydrogen-like atoms are two-particle systems with an interaction depending only on the distance between the two particles,  their (non-relativistic) Schr\u00f6dinger equation can be exactly solved in analytic form. The solutions are one-electron functions and are referred to as hydrogen-like atomic orbitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0002-0001", "contents": "1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems\nThe electronic Hamiltonian (in atomic units) of a Hydrogenic system is given byH^e=\u2212\u220722\u2212Zr{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\hat {H}} _{e}=-{\\frac { \\nabla ^{2}}{2}}-{\\frac {\\mathbf {Z} }{r}}}, where Z{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Z} } is the nuclear charge of the hydrogenic atomic system. The 1s electron of a hydrogenic systems can be accurately described by the corresponding Slater orbital:\u03c81s=(\u03b63\u03c0)0.50e\u2212\u03b6r{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\psi } _{1s}=\\left({\\frac {\\zeta ^{3}}{\\pi }}\\right)^{0.50}e^{-\\zeta r}}, where \u03b6{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\zeta } } is the Slater exponent. This state, the ground state, is the only state that can be described by a Slater orbital. Slater orbitals have no radial nodes, while the excited states of the hydrogen atom have radial nodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0003-0000", "contents": "1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Exact energy of a hydrogen-like atom\nThe energy of a hydrogenic system can be exactly calculated analytically as follows\u00a0:E1s=\u27e8\u03c81s|H^e|\u03c81s\u27e9\u27e8\u03c81s|\u03c81s\u27e9{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}={\\frac {\\langle \\psi _{1s}|\\mathbf {\\hat {H}} _{e}|\\psi _ {1s}\\rangle }{\\langle \\psi _{1s}|\\psi _{1s}\\rangle }}}, where \u27e8\u03c81s|\u03c81s\u27e9=1{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\langle \\psi _{1s}|\\psi _{1s}\\rangle } = 1}E1s=\u27e8\u03c81s|\u2212\u220722\u2212Zr|\u03c81s\u27e9{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}=\\langle \\psi _{1s}|\\mathbf {-} {\\frac { \\nabla ^{2}}{2}}-{\\frac {\\mathbf {Z} }{r}}|\\psi _{1s}\\rangle }E1s=\u27e8\u03c81s|\u2212\u220722|\u03c81s\u27e9+\u27e8\u03c81s|\u2212Zr|\u03c81s\u27e9{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}=\\langle \\psi _{1s}|\\mathbf {-} {\\frac { \\nabla ^{2}}{2}}|\\psi _ {1s}\\rangle +\\langle \\psi _{1s}|-{\\frac {\\mathbf {Z} }{r}}|\\psi _{1s}\\rangle }E1s=\u27e8\u03c81s|\u221212r2\u2202\u2202r(r2\u2202\u2202r)|\u03c81s\u27e9+\u27e8\u03c81s|\u2212Zr|\u03c81s\u27e9{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}=\\langle \\psi _{1s}|\\mathbf {-} {\\frac {1}{2r^{2}}}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial r}}\\left(r^{2}{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial r}}\\right)|\\psi _ {1s}\\rangle +\\langle \\psi _{1s}|-{\\frac {\\mathbf {Z} }{r}}|\\psi _{1s}\\rangle }.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 108], "content_span": [109, 1107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0003-0001", "contents": "1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Exact energy of a hydrogen-like atom\nUsing the expression for Slater orbital, \u03c81s=(\u03b63\u03c0)0.50e\u2212\u03b6r{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\psi } _{1s}=\\left({\\frac {\\zeta ^{3}}{\\pi }}\\right)^{0.50}e^{-\\zeta r}} the integrals can be exactly solved. Thus,E1s=\u27e8(\u03b63\u03c0)0.50e\u2212\u03b6r|\u2212(\u03b63\u03c0)0.50e\u2212\u03b6r[\u22122r\u03b6+r2\u03b622r2]\u27e9+\u27e8\u03c81s|\u2212Zr|\u03c81s\u27e9{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{ 1s}=\\left\\langle \\left({\\frac { \\zeta ^{3}}{\\pi }}\\right)^{0.50}e^{-\\zeta r}\\right|\\left.-\\left({\\frac { \\zeta ^{3}}{\\pi }}\\right)^{0.50}e^{-\\zeta r}\\left[{\\frac {-2r\\zeta + r^{2}\\zeta ^{2}}{2r^{2}}}\\right]\\right\\rangle +\\langle \\psi _{1s}|-{\\frac {\\mathbf {Z} }{r}}|\\psi _{1s}\\rangle }E1s= \u03b622\u2212\u03b6Z. {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}={\\frac {\\zeta ^{2}}{2}}-\\zeta \\mathbf {Z} .}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 108], "content_span": [109, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0004-0000", "contents": "1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Exact energy of a hydrogen-like atom\nThe optimum value for \u03b6{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\zeta } } is obtained by equating the differential of the energy with respect to \u03b6{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\zeta } } as zero. dE1sd\u03b6 =\u03b6\u2212Z=0{\\displaystyle {\\frac {d\\mathbf {E} _{1s}}{d\\zeta }}= \\zeta -\\mathbf {Z} =0}. Thus \u03b6=Z. {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\zeta } =\\mathbf {Z} .}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 108], "content_span": [109, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0005-0000", "contents": "1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Non-relativistic energy\nThe following energy values are thus calculated by using the expressions for energy and for the Slater exponent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 95], "content_span": [96, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0006-0000", "contents": "1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Non-relativistic energy\nHydrogen\u00a0: HZ=1{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Z} =1} and \u03b6=1{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\zeta } =1}E1s={\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}=}\u22120.5 EhE1s={\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}=}\u221213.60569850 eVE1s={\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}=}\u2212313.75450000 kcal/mol", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 95], "content_span": [96, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0007-0000", "contents": "1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Non-relativistic energy\nGold\u00a0: Au(78+)Z=79{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Z} =79} and \u03b6=79{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\zeta } =79}E1s={\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}=}\u22123120.5 EhE1s={\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}=}\u221284913.16433850 eVE1s={\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}=}\u22121958141.8345 kcal/mol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 95], "content_span": [96, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158481-0008-0000", "contents": "1s Slater-type function, Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems, Relativistic energy of Hydrogenic atomic systems\nHydrogenic atomic systems are suitable models to demonstrate the relativistic effects in atomic systems in a simple way. The energy expectation value can calculated by using the Slater orbitals with or without considering the relativistic correction for the Slater exponent \u03b6{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\zeta } }. The relativistically corrected Slater exponent \u03b6rel{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\zeta } _{rel}} is given as\u03b6rel=Z1\u2212Z2/c2{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\zeta } _{rel}={\\frac {\\mathbf {Z} }{\\sqrt {1-\\mathbf {Z} ^{2}/c^{2}}}}}. The relativistic energy of an electron in 1s orbital of a hydrogenic atomic systems is obtained by solving the Dirac equation. E1srel=\u2212(c2+Z\u03b6)+c4+Z2\u03b62{\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} _{1s}^{rel}=-(c^{2}+\\mathbf {Z} \\zeta )+{\\sqrt {c^{4}+\\mathbf {Z} ^{2}\\zeta ^{2}}}}. Following table illustrates the relativistic corrections in energy and it can be seen how the relativistic correction scales with the atomic number of the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 120], "content_span": [121, 1068]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0000-0000", "contents": "1seg\n1seg (\u30ef\u30f3\u30bb\u30b0, wansegu) is a mobile terrestrial digital audio/video and data broadcasting service in Japan, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru and the Philippines. Service began experimentally during 2005 and commercially on April 1, 2006. It is designed as a component of ISDB-T, the terrestrial digital broadcast system used in those countries, as each channel is divided into 13 segments, with a further segment separating it from the next channel; an HDTV broadcast signal occupies 12 segments, leaving the remaining (13th) segment for mobile receivers, hence the name, \"1seg\" or \"One Seg\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0001-0000", "contents": "1seg\nIts use in Brazil was established in late 2007 (starting in just a few cities), with a slight difference from the Japanese counterpart: it is broadcast under a 30 frame/s transmission setting (Japanese broadcasts are under the 15 frame/s transmission setting).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0002-0000", "contents": "1seg, Technical information\nThe ISDB-T system uses the UHF band at frequencies between 470 and 770\u00a0MHz (806\u00a0MHz in Brazil), giving a total bandwidth 300\u00a0MHz. The bandwidth is divided into fifty name channels 13 through 62. Each channel is 6\u00a0MHz wide consisting of a 5.57\u00a0MHz wide signalling band and a 430\u00a0kHz guard band to limit cross channel interference. Each of these channels is further divided into 13 segments, each with 428\u00a0kHz of bandwidth. 1 seg uses a single of these segments to carry the 1seg transport stream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0003-0000", "contents": "1seg, Technical information\n1seg, like ISDB-T uses QPSK for modulation, with 2/3 forward error correction and 1/4 guard ratio. The total datarate is 416 kbit/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0004-0000", "contents": "1seg, Technical information\nThe television system uses an H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video stream and an HE-AAC audio stream multiplexed into an MPEG transport stream. The maximum video resolution is 320x240 pixels, with a video bitrate of between 220 and 320 kbit/s. Audio conforms to HE-AAC profile, with a bitrate of 48 to 64 kbit/s. Additional data (EPG, interactive services, etc.) is transmitted using BML and occupies the remaining 10 to 100 kbit/s of bandwidth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0005-0000", "contents": "1seg, Technical information\nConditional access and copy control are implemented in 1seg broadcasting by the use of Broadcast Flag-like structure contained in the \"Copy Control Descriptor\" within the broadcast. The broadcast contents themselves are not encrypted, but  the Copy Control information forces the device to encrypt stored recordings and disallows making a copy of the recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0006-0000", "contents": "1seg, Broadcast Markup Language\nBroadcast Markup Language (BML), is a data-transmission service allowing text to be displayed on a 1seg TV screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0007-0000", "contents": "1seg, Broadcast Markup Language\nThe text contains news, sports, weather forecasts, emergency warnings such as Earthquake Early Warning, etc. free of charge. Further information can be found through links to content on websites, frequently those belonging to the television station itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0008-0000", "contents": "1seg, Broadcast Markup Language\nEPG (program guides) is not included, but transmitted in separate stream (EIT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0009-0000", "contents": "1seg, Multiple-program arrangement\nOn June 23, 2008, broadcaster Tokyo MX officially began using multiple-program arrangement (\u30de\u30eb\u30c1\u7de8\u6210, Maruchi hensei) technology to simultaneously broadcast two programs on a single divided segment. Most 1seg receivers manufactured after September 2008 are compatible with this technology. Multiple-program arrangement in 1seg is named as 1seg2 or Oneseg2 (\u30ef\u30f3\u30bb\u30b02, Wansegu ts\u016b).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0010-0000", "contents": "1seg, Multiple-program arrangement\nNHK Educational TV (from 1 April 2009) and Nara Television (\u5948\u826f\u30c6\u30ec\u30d3\u653e\u9001, Nara terebi h\u014ds\u014d) (from 1 December 2009) are also started for several number of programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0011-0000", "contents": "1seg, Popularity\nUntil the end of March 2008, Japanese regulation required that the programs on 1seg were fundamentally the same as those broadcast on the equivalent HDTV channel. On April 1 the regulation was revised, and experimental programs by 1seg or third parties have begun airing on several stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0012-0000", "contents": "1seg, Popularity\nOn January 16, 2008, JEITA released their monthly shipping survey showing approx. 4.806 million mobile phones were sold in Japan in November 2007. Of these, approx. 3.054 million phones, 63.5% of the total, can receive 1seg broadcasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158482-0013-0000", "contents": "1seg, Popularity\nIn the fiscal year of 2007, on average 45% of mobile phones had 1seg reception capability out of the 22.284 million units sold. The percent increased from 26.8% in April 2007 to 64.2% at end of fiscal year March 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158483-0000-0000", "contents": "1st & Repair\n1st & Repair is a 1998 album by Monte Montgomery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 62]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0000-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series)\n1st & Ten is an American sitcom that aired between December 1984 and January 1991 on the cable television network HBO. Featuring series regulars Delta Burke and veteran Reid Shelton, it was one of cable's first attempts to lure the lucrative sitcom audience away from the \"Big Three\", by taking advantage of their freedom to include occasional cursing and nudity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0001-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot\nThe sports-themed series follows the on-and off-field antics of the fictional American football team, the California Bulls. The team changed owners throughout the series' history, with the premise that a woman is in charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0002-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot\nDuring the first season Diane Barrow (Delta Burke) becomes the owner of her ex-husband's team as part of a divorce settlement, after he has an affair with the team's tight end. She quickly learns the ups and downs of pro football. In one episode, she is forced to coach the team herself after the head coach, Ernie Denardo, is placed in the hospital. She also has constant battles with her General Manager/husband's nephew, who has dealings with the local mob, and fights off advances made by her quarterback (played by Geoffrey Scott).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0003-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot\nThe second season dealt with two themes: training camp and the playoffs. Barrow was dealing with her players taking recreational drugs during training camp. During this season, O. J. Simpson joined the cast as T.D. Parker, a veteran running back who is forced to make the transition from player to coach. Two real-life football stars made cameo appearances. Marcus Allen portrayed a rookie who was taking over T.D. 's spot on the team. And Vince Ferragamo played \"Mainstreet\" Manneti, a veteran quarterback. Jason Beghe joined the cast to play Tom Yinessa, a walk-on quarterback who deals with his overnight celebrity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0004-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot\nDelta Burke left the show midway through the third season, after committing herself to CBS' Designing Women, which she had begun starring on in 1986, and which was renewed. Diane loses control of the Bulls to Teddy Schraeder, her former lover, who manipulates everyone to his own ends. His antics include having T.D. fire Ernie as coach, let Yinessa practice without a contract, and ignoring the steroids that Manzak is character is using. Legal issues force him to leave the country and turn control over to his daughter, played by Leah Ayres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0005-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Plot\nSeason 4 was briefly renamed 1st and Ten: The Bulls Mean Business. Shanna Reed joins the cast as the team's new female president, representing the new owners, the Dodds Corporation. Her attempts to innovate include bringing a female soccer player in to kick, and signing an Olympic sprinter as wide receiver. Joe Namath has a cameo appearance. Shannon Tweed would replace her in Season 5, and remain with the show to the end. The show was renamed 1st and Ten: Do it Again for the fifth season. The final season was 1st and Ten: In Your Face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0006-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Game footage\nFootage was used from USFL's Los Angeles Express. During simulated game shots, the Bulls football helmet has a decal of horns on the side. When the show uses actual game footage, you can clearly see the letters \"L\" and \"A\" on the helmets side, representing the L.A. Express. The Bulls quarterbacks wore #14 to match the actual game footage of L.A. Express real-life quarterback Tom Ramsey. Many generic shots of USFL stadiums were used to depict where the Bulls were playing. As the series went on, aerial shots were used of Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to represent the Bulls home stadium. Game footage from the USFL stopped midway through the third season, as scripted football plays were being used instead, and the USFL had ceased operations by that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0007-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Game footage\nAt one point, Denardo suggests trading for a running back. He mentions the Bulls from \"that other league.\" He was talking about the Jacksonville Bulls from the United States Football League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0008-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Characters\nOnly Donald Gibb, Cliff Frazier, Prince Hughes, and Reid Shelton appeared in all six seasons. John Kassir and O. J. Simpson joined the cast the second season and stayed till the show's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0009-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Syndication and DVD release\nAt the height of the O. J. Simpson murder case, the show made its way to syndicated reruns. The complete series was released on DVD on January 24, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0010-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Syndication and DVD release\nThe original HBO versions ran for 30 minutes, while the edited-for-syndication versions ran for 22 minutes, and had some dialog and scenes edited for content, as well as the addition of a laugh-track. The majority of episodes on the \"Complete Collection\" DVD are the syndicated versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158484-0011-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (1984 TV series), Syndication and DVD release\nThe original opening credits showed former professional football player Fran Tarkenton introducing the players and the plot points at the beginning of each episode. Completely different closing credits were originally used, too. They showed credits rolling over scenes from the episode. In syndication, these were replaced with later opening credits featuring Miracle Miles Coolidge (even though he did not join the cast until the last season) and a generic \"Copyright 1991\" disclaimer on a blue background respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0000-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system)\n1st & Ten is a computer system that augments televised coverage of American football by inserting graphical elements on the field of play as if they were physically present; the inserted element stays fixed within the coordinates of the playing field, and obeys the visual rules of foreground objects occluding background objects. Developed by Sportvision and PVI Virtual Media Services, it is best known for generating and displaying a yellow first down line over a live broadcast of a football game\u2014making it easier for viewers to follow play on the field. The line is not physically present on the field, and is seen only by the television audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0001-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system)\n1st & Ten is sometimes used generically to refer to the class of systems capable of adding first down lines and similar visual elements, and not just the Sportvision system. However, PVI's competing system is more accurately named L-VIS, for Live Video Insertion System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0002-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system)\nOver time, usage has evolved. Some football broadcasts change the color of the line from yellow to red on 4th down, or show a second computer-generated line (usually blue in color) that marks the line of scrimmage. Lines can also be projected to show other types of field position, including markings for the red zone and the optimum maximum distance for a placekicker's statistical field goal range. In extreme weather situations, an entire virtual field with yard and boundary markers can be projected onto the field in order to allow league officials, broadcasters and viewers some way to follow action when all field markings are obscured by snow, fog or mud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0003-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system)\nThe system makes use of a combination of motion sensors mounted on the broadcast cameras to record what they are viewing, and/or the use of match moving computer graphics technology and an enhanced version of chroma key or \"green screen\" technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0004-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), History and development\nThe idea of creating an on-field marker to help TV viewers identify first down distances was conceived and patented in 1978 by David W. Crain, who presented the concept to Roone Arledge and Roger Goodman of ABC News and Sports and to the CBS Technology Center. At the time, both decided the broadcast industry was not ready to use Crain's invention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0005-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), History and development\nIn 1998, ESPN programmer Gary Morgenstern and others revived the idea. ESPN's NFL coordinating producer, Fred Gaudelli, was tasked with overseeing an implementation for his network. The 1st & Ten line was first broadcast by Sportvision, a private company, during ESPN's coverage of a Cincinnati Bengals-Baltimore Ravens game on September 27, 1998. A few weeks later, on Thanksgiving Day in 1998, Princeton Video Image (PVI) aired its version of the virtual yellow down line on a CBS broadcast of a Pittsburgh Steelers\u2013Detroit Lions game. Four years later, SportsMEDIA introduced a third version during NBC coverage of a Notre Dame game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0006-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), History and development\nThe rivalry between PVI and Sportvision began with a collaboration. In July 1995, PVI had successfully used its L-VIS (Live Video Insertion System) match moving technology to broadcast virtual advertising behind the home plate on a local broadcast of a Trenton Thunder baseball game. In January 1996, Roy Rosser, director of special projects at PVI, saw Sportvision's FoxTrax puck on the broadcast of the 1996 NHL All-Star Game and realized that a combination of L-VIS and FoxTrax would allow virtual insertions in a wider range of situations than either could do on its own, given the power of affordable computers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0006-0001", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), History and development\nHe contacted Stan Honey, CTO at Sportvision, and the two companies undertook a joint demonstration of their combined technologies during the 1996 World Series between the Atlanta Braves and the New York Yankees at the Atlanta\u2013Fulton County Stadium. The test was not a success and the two companies parted ways, each developing complementary systems that were eventually used to broadcast Sportvision's \"First and Ten\" line and PVI's \"Yellow Down Line\". In October 1999, SportVision sued PVI alleging that PVI's virtual signage, first down line and other products infringed Fox/Sportvision patents. In August 2001, PVI counterclaimed against Sportvision in the federal court action, alleging that Sportvision's virtual strike zone and virtual signage products infringed a PVI patent. In 2002, the companies settled the lawsuits out of court through a cross-licensing deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0007-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Before the game\nEach football field has a unique crown and contour and is not perfectly flat in order to facilitate drainage, so a 3D model is made of the field prior to the game. Due to the low amount of change throughout a football season, this 3D model is usually only generated once a season at most. It also has a unique color palette, typically various shades of green, depending on the type of surface (i.e. real or artificial grass) and the weather (e.g. bright, shady or even snowing). In addition, after cameras are set up, the position of the camera relative to the field is established to be used in conjunction with the previously created 3D model of the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0008-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Cameras\nThere are usually a number of cameras shooting the field, but typically only three or four main cameras are used for an American football broadcast (one on the fifty-yard line, and one on each twenty-yard line, with most high profile games also having a Skycam, as described below). The cameras with video that will be used with the graphics system have electronic encoders within parts of the camera assembly (in the lens and the moving platform the camera sits on, sometimes called a \"panhead\") that monitor how the camera is used during the game (pan, tilt, zoom, focus and extender).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0008-0001", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Cameras\nThe encoders transmit that info live 30 or more times per second to the broadcaster's production truck, where it is processed by Sportvision computers (typically one for each camera). A camera with this type of extra hardware is usually called an \"instrumented\" camera. This information helps keep the yellow 1st & ten line in the proper place without being distorted whenever the camera follows the players or the ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0009-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Cameras\nIn the larger productions, several other cameras can be \"instrumented\" to work with the graphics system, but these are usually restricted to following additional types: a camera usually placed in a high position to see all twenty-two men on the field, typically called the \"all 22\" camera, and a camera shooting from above one end zone, called an \"end zone camera\", or in the industry often just \"camera 4\". The Skycam (or moving camera attached to cables above the field) can also be used to draw a yellow line over its video, but the mechanism has some major differences from the typical \"instrumented\" camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0010-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Crew\nFor the initial implementation, there were seven computers in total and a crew of four. Recent implementations require around four computers, one computer per camera plus a shared computer for chroma-keying and other tasks, that can be run by a single operator (although two is optimal). The primary operator usually uses a KVM to switch between camera computers and has an extra monitor, keyboard, and mouse setup for the chroma-keying computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0011-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Crew\nOf the original four-member crew, two members, one inside the stadium and one in front of a computer, communicated the position of the real first down line to make sure everything was working. The third crew member was a troubleshooter. The last crew member monitored the various colors that make up the color palette onto which the line is drawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0012-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Crew\nIn recent setups only a single operator is required for all cameras. The operator clicks on the ball in the video to set the line of scrimmage and right-clicks where the first down line should be (or presses a button to automatically position it 10 yards in the direction of play). If lighting conditions don't change that much, the primary operator can also monitor chroma-key settings, but often a secondary operator is used when conditions get too variable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0013-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Data\nEach set of camera encoders on a camera transmits orientation and zoom data to an aggregator box that translates the digital information into modulated audio where it is sent down to the corresponding camera computer in the truck. This data is synchronized with the video from that camera. At the camera computer the camera position data is demodulated back to digital data for use by the program that draws the \"yellow line\" over the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0014-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Data\nSeparately, the chroma-keying computer is told what colors of the field are okay to draw over (basically grass) and that information is sent to the camera computers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0015-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), The old way\nThe first computer in the truck gathers all the separate readings from the cameras and transmits a single, consolidated data stream to the central computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0016-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), The old way\nThe central computer takes these readings, the 3D field model and color palette, the knowledge of which camera is on the air, and together using a geometrical calculation determines which pixels in the video frame would make up the first down line. All pixels that are obstructed by a player, a referee, the ball or any other object are identified and not included in the calculation. This will ensure that the 1st & Ten line will be projected only onto the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0017-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), The old way\nThe PVI Virtual Media system relies on a single spotter to relay the down and distance, and a single operator at the studio as their vision system does not need camera data to perform the insertion. The primary operator of the Sportvision system does the spotting by merely clicking on the video to place the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0018-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Technology errors\nThe only pixels that should change are the ones that are the same color as the field, typically several shades of green. As a result, there are a few situations that are difficult. One is when the player's uniform color nearly matches that of the field (for example, the Green Bay Packers' jersey on a bright, sunny day, or for Bronco Stadium at Boise State University, where the field and the home team uniform share the same blue shade). The other is when the field itself changes, like during a rain/snow storm or if the grass field becomes very muddy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0018-0001", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Technology errors\nIn those cases, the field's color palette would need to include brown and/or white shades. The most difficult situations are when the shade of the field is constantly changing as in situations where moving clouds are shadowing the field on some spots, but not others, but continue to move across the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0019-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Technology errors\nThe data collection and computation also requires time. The audio feed goes to an audio delay to be synchronized with the delayed video. The total delay for the viewer from the live feed ends up being about 2/3 of a second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0020-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Final result\nAfter the camera computer has determined which pixels represent the 1st & Ten line, it takes that pixel information and draws the yellow line in video format at around 60 times per second (depends on video refresh frequency). A 2011 study conducted by SportVision determined the yellow line has an average margin of error of 1.38 inches compared to the official first down marker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0021-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Final result\nIn recent years the system has been upgraded to add more features. During Fox broadcasts, the Sportvision system also generates an arrow-like graphic on the field with down and distance text information inside of an arrow pointing in the direction of play. Competitors have also added this feature in recent years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0022-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Final result\nAdditionally, the Sportvision system can also place virtual graphics that have another embedded video feed inside them like a video picture frame. This is sometimes called \"video-in-perspective\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158485-0023-0000", "contents": "1st & Ten (graphics system), Final result\nThis technology is also the basis for showing ads where they may not appear (i.e. behind home plate in baseball during national broadcasts), and Race F/X in which images can be displayed on the race track, and info can follow a specific car, no matter what the camera does. This technology is used by CBS, ESPN, Fox, NBC, NFL Network, RDS, TSN, and TNT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158486-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers \"Crown Prince\"\nThe 1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers was an infantry regiment of Branderburg-Prussia, later Kingdom of Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158486-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers \"Crown Prince\", 17th century\nThe regiment was established in December 1655 by Bogislaw von Schwerin and later partook in the Battle of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158486-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers \"Crown Prince\", 18th century\nThe regiment took part in the First and Second Silesian Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158486-0003-0000", "contents": "1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers \"Crown Prince\", 19th century\nDuring the Napoleonic Wars, the unit was renamed East Prussian Grenadier Regiment No. 1 \"Crown Prince\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158486-0004-0000", "contents": "1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers \"Crown Prince\", 19th century\nIn 1855, the 1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers \"Crown Prince\" was moved from Danzig to K\u00f6nigsberg, where it remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158486-0005-0000", "contents": "1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers \"Crown Prince\", 19th century\nThe regiment fought in the Austro-Prussian War and later the Franco-Prussian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158486-0006-0000", "contents": "1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers \"Crown Prince\", 19th century\nIn memory of its former chief, the regiment received the name Grenadier Regiment King Frederick III (1st East Prussian) No. 1 on 21 June 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158486-0007-0000", "contents": "1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers \"Crown Prince\", 20th century\nDuring World War I, the regiment was assigned to the 1st Infantry Brigade of the 1st Division. After the war, the regiment was demobilized in December 1918, and finally dissolved in June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158487-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (African) Division\nThe 1st (African) Division was a British Empire colonial unit during the Second World War. The division was formed on 24 July 1940 in East Africa. On 24 November of that year, the division was re-designated as the British Army's 11th (African) Division. The division were composed primarily of West African and East African troops. It was disbanded on 23 November 1941 and its component units reassigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158487-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (African) Division\nThe division should not be confused with 11th (East Africa) Division which was raised in 1943 using solely East African units and which fought in Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158487-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (African) Division, Background\nIn 1938, the King's African Rifles (KAR) in Kenya had been composed of 2 brigade-strength units organized as a Northern Brigade and a Southern Brigade. The combined strength of both units amounted to 94 officers, 60 non-commissioned officers, and 2,821 African other ranks. After the outbreak of war, these units provided the trained nucleus for the rapid expansion of the KAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158487-0003-0000", "contents": "1st (African) Division, Background\nBy March 1940, the strength of the KAR had reached 883 officers, 1,374 non-commissioned officers, and 20,026 African other ranks. The size of a KAR battalion was established at 36 officers, 44 non-commissioned officers and other ranks, and 1,050 African other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158487-0004-0000", "contents": "1st (African) Division, Background\nInitially the KAR deployed as the 1st East African Infantry Brigade and the 2nd East African Infantry Brigade. The first brigade was responsible for coastal defence and the second was responsible for the defence of the interior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158487-0005-0000", "contents": "1st (African) Division, Background\nBy the end of July, 2 additional East African brigades were formed, the 3rd East African Infantry Brigade and the 6th East African Infantry Brigade. Initially a Coastal Division and a Northern Frontier District Division were planned. But, instead, on 19 July, the 1st (African) Division and the 2nd (African) Division were formed. On 24 November, these divisions became the 11th African Division and the 12th African Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158487-0006-0000", "contents": "1st (African) Division, Background\nBy July 1940, under the terms of a war contingency plan, the Royal West African Frontier Force provided 2 brigades for service in Kenya. One brigade was from the Gold Coast (Ghana) and one brigade was from Nigeria. The 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, together with 2 East African brigades (KAR brigades) and some South Africans, formed 11th African Division. The 12th African Division had a similar formation with a Ghanaian brigade taking the place of a Nigerian brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158487-0007-0000", "contents": "1st (African) Division, Combat history\nThe 1st (African) Division fought in East Africa. Between 4 February to 26 February, during the East African Campaign, the division fought its only battle on the Juba. On 28 July 1941 the headquarters closed in Ethiopia, transferring to Nairobi, where it opened again on 20 August. It took command of new formations upon the transfer to Kenya. On 23 November 1941 the division headquarters ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158487-0008-0000", "contents": "1st (African) Division, Headquarters\nThis is a list of higher formations British 1st (African) Division served under.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158488-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers)\n1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) was an infantry battalion in the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158488-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Rifle Volunteers 1859-1908\nIt originated in 1859 as the 19th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps, being renumbered the 10th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps in 1880. On the creation of the Volunteer Force in 1881 it was made 1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 93], "content_span": [94, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158488-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Territorial Force 1908-1945\nOn the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908, the unit became 1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers). In 1913 Yeomanry House, Bloomsbury was constructed forming the headquarters and drill hall for the battalion. The Battalion was mobilised here in August 1914 and was deployed on railway guarding duties before sailing for Malta and, ultimately, for the Western Front. It is mentioned on both the Royal Fusiliers War Memorial and London Troops Memorial, whilst its World War One casualties are listed by name in the roll of honour at the Royal Fusiliers Chapel in St Sepulchre-without-Newgate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 94], "content_span": [95, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158488-0003-0000", "contents": "1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Territorial Force 1908-1945\nWhen the London Regiment disbanded in 1937, the battalion was re-attached to the Royal Fusiliers and renamed 8th (1st City of London) Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 94], "content_span": [95, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158488-0004-0000", "contents": "1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Post war\nThe battalion remained with the Royal Fusiliers in the initial post-war period, becoming The City of London Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) in 1961, absorbing 624th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment Royal Artillery (Royal Fusiliers). In the army re-organisation of the late 1960s the four regular fusilier regiments of the British Army merged to form the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. The City of London was reduced to company-strength and became C Company within the new regiment's 5th (Volunteer) Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 75], "content_span": [76, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158488-0004-0001", "contents": "1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Post war\nIn 1988 that battalion was switched to a dual affiliation with the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers and The Queen's Regiment, meaning it was renamed 8th (Volunteer) Battalion The Queen's Fusiliers (City of London), still with a C (City of London) Company. In 1993 a new London Regiment was established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 75], "content_span": [76, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158488-0004-0002", "contents": "1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), Post war\n8th Battalion, Queen's Fusiliers was split up, with A Company and one platoon of C Company merged to form the new regiment's C (City of London Fusiliers) Company, the rest of C Company forming part of the new HQ (Anzio) Company and with B Company becoming the new B (Queen's Regiment) Company. In 2006 C (City of London) Company of the London Regiment was renamed 3 (City of London Fusiliers) Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 75], "content_span": [76, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158489-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers\nThe 1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers (German: Kaiser Alexander Garde-Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 1, briefly Alexander-Regiment or Alexandriner) were an infantry regiment of the Guard Corps within the Royal Prussian Army and a Guards Grenadiers regiment of the Imperial German Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158489-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers, History\nThe regiment's tradition dated back to 1626, when Elector George William of Brandenburg had a standing mercenary unit established during the Thirty Years' War, in order to defend the borders of his margraviate. The 1st Grenadier regiment was formed after the Napoleonic Wars of Liberation on 14 October 1814 by order of King Frederick William III of Prussia and was named in honour of Tsar Alexander I of Russia, who was also its first colonel-in-chief. Parts of the formation had distinguished themselves in the 1807 Siege of Kolberg, most of its officers had been decorated with the Iron Cross or the order Pour le M\u00e9rite. The regiment was elevated to the rank of a royal guard on 18 February 1820.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158489-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers, History\nFirst based near Alexanderplatz in Berlin, the garrison about 1900 moved into larger barracks near Friedrichstra\u00dfe station, which until 1990 were occupied by the Friedrich Engels Guard Regiment of the East German National People's Army. The former parade ground today is the site of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158489-0003-0000", "contents": "1st (Emperor Alexander) Guards Grenadiers, History\nAfter World War I, the regiment was demobilized on 27 November 1918, though volunteers were still employed by the Weimar government in the Silesian Uprisings and against the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Officially disbanded with effect of 31 December 1920, the remaining forces formed the 9th and 12th company of the Infantry Regiment 9 Potsdam, carrying the Alexandriner tradition further in the new Reichswehr military organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, is a Canadian Forces reserve artillery regiment. It is located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 73 Hobson Lake Drive. The unit consists of two batteries, 51st and 84th Field Batteries (87th Field Battery existing only on paper since the late 1990s). There are two units located within 1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment. One is in Halifax and the other is the 84th Independent Field Battery located in Yarmouth NS. Both share the same Commanding Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, History, Pre and Postconfederation\nThe regiment traces its lineage back to the Halifax Volunteer Artillery, which may have been in existence as early as 1776. The unit was officially recognized in 1791 and served into the mid-19th century, when it underwent a series of name changes. In 1885, the unit, then known as the 1st \"Halifax\" Brigade of Garrison Artillery, sent two batteries with the Halifax Provisional Battalion to participate in the suppression of North-West Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 84], "content_span": [85, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I\nAt the onset of World War I the 1st Halifax, by then designated as the 1st \"Halifax\" Regiment, CA, was called to active duty. It provided home defence in Halifax and served as a training unit for new artillery recruits throughout the war. It reverted to militia status after the end of the conflict and went through another series of name changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0003-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nIn 1939, as World War II loomed, the unit, by then known as the \"1st (Halifax) Coast Brigade, RCA\", was again called to active service. As in World War I, the 1st Halifax served in a home defence capacity and trained new recruits. The unit was re-designated as the \"1st (Halifax) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RCA\" in 1942 and armed with British-made QF 3.7 inch AA guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0004-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post War\nAfter the end of World War II, in 1955, the unit was re-armed with American-made 90 mm guns and re-designated as a Medium Anti- Aircraft Regiment. It acquired its current name, the 1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, in 1960 when it was issued 105\u00a0mm howitzers and merged with the 36th Medium Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RCA, from Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 67], "content_span": [68, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0005-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nThe unit perpetuates the No. 9 Canadian Siege Battery, CEF which was stood up by combining multiple local batteries in 1869 and then attached to the 1st (Halifax) and again made independent in 1924. Over the course of the 20th century the Siege Battery was attached and detached until on the 1st of April 1946 it was amalgamated to the 1st (Reserve) (Halifax) Coast Brigade, RCA. All battle honours of the No. 9 Canadian Siege Battery are born by 1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0006-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Today\nThe Halifax-Dartmouth today parade at 73 Hobson Lake Drive, Halifax, NS. The unit parades 7-pm to 10-pm on Tuesday Evenings and one weekend per month in Bayers Lake, NS. Trades that are available in this unit are, Artillery Officer, Gunner, Financial Services Administrator and Human Resources Administrator. 2501 1st Halifax-Dartmouth Field Artillery Regiment Cadet Corps is affiliated with the unit. On paper the unit is composed of three batteries", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 55], "content_span": [56, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0007-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Today\nThe Unit is under 36th Brigade, 5th Division which alongside other units of the formation, garrison the East Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 55], "content_span": [56, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0008-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Today, Mission task\nAlthough being an artillery unit, the unit's mission task pertains to the local needs. The East Coast is unfortunately hit harder than other parts of Canada in terms of natural disasters, being prone to hurricanes and blizzards. The unit has thus ended up and adapted to the mission task of, \"Light Urn Search and Rescue.\" \"A troop of 35 members, which is trained in specialized rescue skills and the use of rescue tools, including search techniques, first aid, and structural integrity assessments, to provide support to civil authorities in situations of urban disaster emergencies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0009-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Today, Equipment\nAs any combat arms unit in the Canadian Army, members are regularly equipped with personal weapons but being an artillery unit, also with short-long range artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0010-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Armoury\nIn 2012 Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 51 Battery, moved from the Halifax Armoury to their new facility at 73 Hobson Lake Drive. This building, which was purpose built to facilitate an artillery battery, is often used for Basic Military Qualification Courses (BMQ) and other training courses and conferences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0011-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Armoury\nHousing 1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, and The Princess Louise Fusiliers this large, urban, Romanesque Revival drill hall, was built for the active militia, of red rough faced brick", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158490-0012-0000", "contents": "1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, Media\nThis Canadian military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 55], "content_span": [56, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158491-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps\nThe 1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps (1st Middx AVC) was a unit of the Volunteer Force raised to supplement the British Army at a time of perceived crisis in 1860. The expense of maintaining a unit of this description led to its amalgamation into a better-funded corps in 1876.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158491-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps, History\nThe 1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps was raised on 16 July 1860 during the great surge of enthusiasm after an invasion scare that saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Apart from the Adjutant, Major W.B. Stevens, who had served 21 years in the East India Company's Madras Army, they were all enthusiastic amateurs. A second battery was formed on 22 September 1860", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158491-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps, History\nInitially, the unit was based in Regent Street, but by November 1860 its headquarters (HQ) was at No 3 Hanover Square in London's Mayfair  district. In 1864 it took over commercial premises at No 28 Leicester Square, formerly  the residence of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh and of his brother Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, and later of John Hunter the famous surgeon. Since then the square had become less socially exclusive. (The present No 28 dates from 1901.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158491-0003-0000", "contents": "1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps, History\nFrom 21 April 1864 The 1st Middlesex AVC formed part of the 1st Administrative Battalion, Middlesex Artillery Volunteers, which was also headquartered at 28 Leicester Square, and which shared its commanding officer and adjutant. The other unit in the Admin Battalion was the 1st Tower Hamlets AVC, also founded in 1860 and based at Poplar in East London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158491-0004-0000", "contents": "1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps, History\nAs civilians, the Volunteers sometimes let politics intrude into unit affairs. In 1866, members of the 1st Middlesex Artillery Volunteers were accused of fundraising for Governor Edward Eyre of Jamaica, whose brutal suppression of the Morant Bay Rebellion in the island had divided political opinion in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158491-0005-0000", "contents": "1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps, History\nAt the great Easter Volunteer Review at Brighton Racecourse in 1862 (involving the sham 'Battle of White Hawk Down'), the 1st Middx AVC appeared with their field guns pulled by horses supplied for the occasion by Messrs Pickfords, the removal contractors. This initiative was welcomed by the Royal Commission on the Volunteer Force. In 1868 the 1st Middlesex also travelled to Portsmouth with horsed guns, for the great volunteer review there at Easter. They were also present at the Brighton Volunteer Review in 1871 - taking their horse drawn guns there by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158491-0006-0000", "contents": "1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps, History\nBut many Regular officers refused to believe that part-timers could be effective as field gunners, and despite the eloquent arguments of Lt-Col Shakespear of the 1st Middlesex Artillery Volunteers, the Secretary of State, Edward Cardwell, refused to allow the upkeep of guns, harness or horses to be paid from the Artillery Volunteers' government grant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158491-0007-0000", "contents": "1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps, History\nThe cost of maintaining artillery units was high, and as a result many AVCs were wound up during the 1870s. The 1st Tower Hamlets disbanded in 1873, and in October that year the City of London Artillery joined the 1st Admin Battalion, its CO taking over as CO of the whole battalion. In May 1876 the 1st Middx AVC was forced to amalgamate its two batteries with the better-funded City of London Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158491-0008-0000", "contents": "1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps, Honorary Colonel\nThe Honorary Colonel of the 1st Admin Bn was the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, appointed in 1865. He carried on that role in the City of London Artillery after amalgamation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 74], "content_span": [75, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158492-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (Peshawar) Division\nThe 1st (Peshawar) Division was a Regular Division of the British Indian Army formed as a result of the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army in 1903. During World War I, the Division remained in India for local defense, but was mobilized for action on the North West Frontier on several occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158492-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (Peshawar) Division\nThe Division was a part of the Northern Army, later called the Northern Command. In 1919, the Division was mobilized for operations in Afghanistan during the Third Afghan War. Typical of most Indian Army formations, it contained a mixture of British and Indian units; but, unlike British Divisions, it contained a mixture of cavalry and infantry components.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade\nThe 1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Indian Army formed in 1906 as a result of the Kitchener Reforms. It remained in India during the First World War but took an active part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade\nIt was on the North West Frontier in September 1939, and converted to Risalpur Training Brigade (later 155th Indian Infantry Brigade) in November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, History, Formation\nThe Kitchener Reforms, carried out during Lord Kitchener's tenure as Commander-in-Chief, India (1902\u201309), completed the unification of the three former Presidency armies, the Punjab Frontier Force, the Hyderabad Contingent and other local forces into one Indian Army. Kitchener identified the Indian Army's main task as the defence of the North-West Frontier against foreign aggression (particularly Russian expansion into Afghanistan) with internal security relegated to a secondary role. The Army was organized into divisions and brigades that would act as field formations but also included internal security troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0003-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, History, Formation\nThe brigade was formed on 1 January 1906 as Mardan Brigade and in June 1907 it was renamed as Nowshera Cavalry Brigade. In 1910, it was renamed again, this time as 1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade. Other than a period from September 1920 until 1927 when it was simply numbered as 1st Indian Cavalry Brigade, it retained this identity until finally broken up in November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0004-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, History, First World War\nAt the outbreak of the First World War, the brigade was headquartered in the Risalpur Cantonment and commanded the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0005-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, History, First World War\nOf the six cavalry brigades in the Indian Army in August 1914, the 1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade was the only one that was not sent to the Western Front. It remained in India throughout the war, guarding the Frontier (with particular responsibility for the post at Mardan). A large number of units rotated in and out of the brigade throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0006-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, History, Third Anglo-Afghan War\nUnder mobilization plans drawn up in July 1918, IV Corps, with 1st (Peshawar) Division under command, would have included 1st and 10th Indian Cavalry Brigades with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0007-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, History, Third Anglo-Afghan War\nIn August 1918, the 21st (Empress of India's) Lancers traded places with the 1st (King's) Dragoon Guards in 4th (Meerut) Cavalry Brigade and the latter mobilized with the brigade in May 1919. At Dakka on 16 May, the 1st (King's) Dragoon Guards made the last recorded charge by a British horsed cavalry regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0008-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe brigade was on the North West Frontier in September 1939 under the command of Peshawar District. It commanded the following units at the outbreak of the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0009-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, History, Second World War\nThe brigade lost most of its units to the 1st Indian Motor Brigade (designate) in early 1940. In the event, 1st Indian Motor Brigade was actually formed as 1st Indian Armoured Brigade at Sialkot on 1 July 1940. In November, 1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade was reconstituted as Risalpur Training Brigade and in March 1944 as 155th Indian Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158493-0010-0000", "contents": "1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade, Commanders\nThe Mardan Brigade / Nowshera Cavalry Brigade / 1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade / 1st Indian Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158494-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (Silesian) Life Cuirassiers \"Great Elector\"\nThe 1st (Silesian) Life Cuirassiers were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was originally formed as Dragoon Guards in 1674 and reorganized as a cuirassiers unit in 1718. The regiment fought in the Silesian Wars and the War of the Sixth Coalition 1813-15, the Austro-Prussian War, the Franco-Prussian War and World War I. The regiment was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158494-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (Silesian) Life Cuirassiers \"Great Elector\"\nBetween 1815 and 1863, its commander was Prince Frederick of Prussia (1794\u20131863).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158495-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (The Rasmus EP)\n1st is the first EP by the Finnish rock band the Rasmus (named just \"Rasmus\" when the EP was released). It was originally released independently through Teja G. Records in late 1995, but after some months the band signed with Warner Music Finland and released the EP through there instead. 1st is often described as a regular single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158495-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (The Rasmus EP)\nThe EP features the songs \"Frog\", \"Funky Jam\", \"Myself\" and \"Rakkauslaulu\". All these songs got later released on the band's debut album Peep in 1996, except for \"Rakkauslaulu\". However, it is available on a compilation album named Hell of a Collection (2001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158495-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (The Rasmus EP)\nThe EP did not reach any big chart lists, but \"Funky Jam\" was the first song to be played on the radio. It is also the song which the band made their first music video to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division\nThe 1st (United Kingdom) Division, formerly known as the 1st (United Kingdom) Armoured Division, is a division of the British Army. It has recently returned home from being stationed in Germany. Originally formed in November 1937 as the Mobile Division, it saw extensive service during the Second World War and was disbanded afterwards; reconstituted in 1976, it remains in service. It should not be confused with the 1st Infantry Division, a historic Division which was disbanded in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Formation\nThe division was formed in November 1937 on the initiative of General Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS). At the time, it was named The Mobile Division. The choice of General Officer Commanding reflected the tensions within the army. The Secretary of State for War (Leslie Hore-Belisha) wanted a Royal Tank Corps (RTC) officer as tanks would be the main force of the division but Montgomery-Massingberd wanted a cavalry officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0001-0001", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Formation\nSupporters of Montgomery-Massingberd proposed that the tank element of the division should be formed from cavalry regiments equipped only with light tanks and that the tank brigade and its heavier tanks be removed from the division. The compromise was the appointment of Major-General Alan Brooke who was from the Royal Artillery. When Brooke was promoted, his replacement was Major-General Roger Evans, a cavalry officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Formation\nThe Mobile Division was formed with the 1st and 2nd Light Armoured Brigades, the 1st Army Tank Brigade, artillery, engineers and signals. Its paper strength was 620 armoured fighting vehicles but 7\u20448 of these were reconnaissance vehicles and some were simulated by trucks. The heavier tanks were in the tank brigade, which had obsolete medium tanks until cruiser tank deliveries began in December 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0002-0001", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Formation\nAt the same time, the organisation of the division was changed to a Light Armoured Brigade (three regiments with light and cruiser tanks), a Heavy Armoured Brigade (three regiments of cruiser tanks) and a Support Group (motorised rifle battalion, motorised artillery regiment and a company of engineers). In practice, with insufficient cruiser tanks to equip the division, there was no difference in numbers and type of tanks between the light and heavy brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0003-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Second World War\nThe 1st Armoured Division first saw service during the Second World War in incomplete form under the command of Major-General Roger Evans when the second British Expeditionary Force (2nd BEF) was sent to France in May 1940. The 1st Armoured Division, consisting of the understrength 2nd and 3rd Armoured Brigades, along with the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0003-0001", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Second World War\nSupport Group, and with no infantry support (which had been transferred in April to form the 30th Infantry Brigade), landed in France on 14 May 1940 and, after suffering heavy tank losses during the Battle of France, was evacuated to England on 16 June, having fought south of the river Somme, isolated from the other British formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0004-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Second World War\nUntil 27 August 1941, the division was stationed in the United Kingdom on anti-invasion duties, anticipating a German invasion, under the command of Major-General Willoughby Norrie, who had taken command on 24 August 1940. It then embarked for Egypt under the command of Major-General Herbert Lumsden and arrived on 13 November 1941. After Major-General Lumsden was wounded, Major-General Frank Messervy took command in January 1942, retaining command until Major-General Lumsden returned in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0004-0001", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Second World War\nThe 1st Armoured Division took part in many of the battles of the North African Campaign against Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel, the \"Desert Fox\", including Gazala, Mersa Matruh, First El Alamein, Second El Alamein, Tebaga Gap, Mareth Line, Akarit, El Kourzia and Tunis. In August 1942, Major-General Raymond Briggs was appointed to command and in July 1943 was succeeded by Major-General Alexander Galloway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0005-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Second World War\nFrom the end of the campaign in Tunisia in May 1943, which saw the surrender of almost 250,000 German and Italian soldiers, the 1st Armoured Division remained in North Africa until May 1944. The division, minus the 18th Lorried Infantry Brigade (previously 7th Motor Brigade, on loan to the 1st Infantry Division in the Anzio beachhead, only rejoining 1st Armoured in August), then transferred to the Italian Front, arriving in Italy in late May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0006-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Second World War\nThe division came under command of V Corps, under Lieutenant-General Charles Keightley, of the Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese. The 1st Armoured Division was the only British division, of six in total, to have fought at Alamein under Eighth Army command, to rejoin the army in Italy. During the fighting in front of the Gothic Line throughout August and September, the 2nd Armoured Brigade suffered severe losses in tanks in the Battle of Coriano, with the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays), losing 31 tanks, out of 52.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0006-0001", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Second World War\nMajor-General Richard Hull, aged just 37 and three months who became Chief of the General Staff, took over command for this part of the campaign in August 1944. The division was broken up soon after, due to a lack of sufficient drafts to replace casualties; the 2nd Armoured Brigade survived as an independent brigade and the 18th Infantry Brigade was broken up and used to fill gaps in other British divisions, mainly for the 46th and 56th Infantry Divisions. The division was officially disbanded on 11 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0007-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 1st Armoured Division was constituted as follows and shows some of the changes that were made to British armoured formations during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0008-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Second World War, Order of battle, 23 October 1942\nOther brigades were part of the division for varying lengths of time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 81], "content_span": [82, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0009-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Post Second World War\nIt was not until 1960 that the Division re-emerged in the British Army. It was reformed as the 1st Division following the disbandment of the 1st Infantry Division and was initially based with the British Army of the Rhine at Verden an der Aller in West Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0010-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Post Second World War\nDuring the 1970s, the division consisted of two \"square\" brigades, the 7th Armoured Brigade and 22nd Armoured Brigade. It became the 1st Armoured Division in 1976 and served with I (BR) Corps being based at Caithness and Shiel Barracks in Verden in Germany from 1978. After being briefly reorganised into two \"task forces\" (\"Alpha\" and \"Bravo\") in the late 1970s, it consisted of the 7th Armoured Brigade, the 12th Armoured Brigade and 22nd Armoured Brigade in the 1980s. The divisional badge dates from 1983, and combines the hollow red triangular \"spearhead\" badge of the 1st Infantry Division with the charging rhinoceros badge of 1st Armoured Division as displayed in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0011-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Gulf War\nThe headquarters of the division was deployed to Saudi Arabia in 1990 to command British land forces in the Gulf War. It had the 4th Armoured Brigade and 7th Armoured Brigade under command. During the war, it came under the US VII Corps and was part of the great armoured left-hook that destroyed many Iraqi Republican Guard formations. The two brigades in the division alternated heading the advance. The division participated in the Battle of Norfolk. During this engagement it destroyed several companies of Iraqi T-55 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0011-0001", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, Gulf War\nAfter 48 hours of combat, the division destroyed or isolated four Iraqi infantry divisions (the 26th, 48th, 31st, and 25th) and overran the Iraqi 52nd Armoured Division in several sharp engagements. The division traveled 217 miles in 97 hours. It captured or destroyed about 300 tanks and a very large number of armoured personnel carriers, trucks, reconnaissance vehicles, etc. The division also took over 7,000 Iraqi prisoners of war including two division commanders and two other general officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0012-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, 1993 to present\nIn 1993, HQ 1st Armoured Division was disbanded and the 1st (UK) Armoured Division formed from the 4th Armoured Division. The headquarters were established at Wentworth Barracks in Herford, Germany, in 1993. In 1994 it had the 4th, 7th, and 20th Armoured Brigades, each with two armoured regiments with Challenger tanks and two Warrior\u2010equipped armoured infantry battalions and an AS90 self\u2010propelled howitzer regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0013-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, 1993 to present\nThe divisional headquarters was deployed in command of the Multi-National Division (South-West) in Bosnia in 1996\u20131997 and 1998\u20131999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0014-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, 1993 to present\nThe Division headquarters again deployed to the Persian Gulf area in 2003. It again commanded British forces in the area, this time with three full brigades under its control. Those were 7th Armoured Brigade again, along with 16 Air Assault Brigade, and 3 Commando Brigade. In a combined arms operation, the division secured southern Iraq, including the city of Basra during the invasion. It came under I Marine Expeditionary Force during the 2003 conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158496-0015-0000", "contents": "1st (United Kingdom) Division, 1993 to present\nUnder Army 2020, the division was renamed 1st (United Kingdom) Division in July 2014 and given responsibility for commanding the Adaptable Force; and then in June 2015, the divisional headquarters moved to Imphal Barracks in York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158497-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade\nThe 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Army during the Second World War. It was formed in 1940 from battalions of the Royal West African Frontier Force and served in the East African campaign against the Italians and against the Japanese in Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158497-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, History\nThe 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade was originally raised in 1940 as the 3rd (Nigerian) Brigade. In this guise it was involved in the East African Campaign against the forces of the Italian Empire in Kenya under the command of Brigadier Gerald Smallwood. Later it was renamed the 23rd (Nigerian) Brigade and was attached to the 1st (African) Division. In February 1941, the 23rd (Nigerian) Brigade took the Italian Somaliland capital of Mogadishu. On 10 March 1941, the Brigade quickly advanced to Degehabur, about 160\u00a0km (100\u00a0mi) south of Jijiga, and captured the city days later without resistance, before it participated in the reoccupation of British Somaliland later in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158497-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, History\nIn 1944 the Brigade was attached to the 82nd (West Africa) Division and renamed the 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade. In this same year it sailed for Ceylon, where the complete division was assembled on 20 July. They then moved to Burma and took part in the third Arakan campaign in December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158497-0003-0000", "contents": "1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, History\nDuring this campaign, the Brigade first advanced south along the Kalapanzin valley, then crossed a steep and jungle-covered mountain range to converge with the British 81st (West Africa) Division on Myohaung at the mouth of the Kaladan River. This move forced the Japanese to evacuate the Mayu peninsula which they had held for almost four years, and retreat south along the coast. They continued to advance maintaining pressure on the Japanese, capturing the port of Gwa shortly before the Japanese abandoned Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158497-0004-0000", "contents": "1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, History, Formations\nThe 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade was made up of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158498-0000-0000", "contents": "1st (album)\n1st is the debut album by American rock band Streets, released in 1983 (see 1983 in music).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158498-0001-0000", "contents": "1st (album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Steve Walsh except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158498-0002-0000", "contents": "1st (album), Production\nThe album spent 11 weeks on the charts, while the single spent 5 weeks on the charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0000-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards\nThe Inaugural Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards, known more commonly as the AACTA Awards, presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), honoured the best Australian and foreign films of 2011 took place on two separate events, in Sydney, New South Wales: the AACTA Awards Luncheon, on 15 January 2012, at the Westin Hotel, and the AACTA Awards Ceremony, on 31 January 2012, at the Sydney Opera House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0000-0001", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards\nFollowing the establishment of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts, by the Australian Film Institute (AFI), these awards marked the inauguration of the AACTA Awards, but served as a continuum to the AFI Awards, which were presented by the AFI since 1958. The ceremony was televised on the Nine Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0001-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards\nThe nominees for the non-feature award categories were announced on 30 August 2011, and all other non-feature film, feature film and television nominees were announced at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) on 30 November. The Academy presented awards for achievements in foreign film, and announced the nominees at the AACTA Awards Luncheon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0002-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards, Background\nOn 18 August 2011, the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) was established by the Australian Film Institute (AFI), to raise the profile of Australian film and television in Australia and abroad, and to change the way it rewards talent from its previous jury system, to the more recognised and understood elements of foreign film organisations. These awards will serve as a continuum to the Australian Film Institute Awards, which were presented by the Australian Film Institute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0002-0001", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards, Background\nA gold statuette was created by Australian sculptor Ron Gomboc, which depicts \"a human silhouette based on the shape of the Southern Cross constellation.\" The nominees and winners were determined by the Academy's fifteen Chapters, which comprise screen professionals from industry guilds and organisations including actors, directors, producers and screenwriters, who each decide the nominees in their individual fields and then vote for the winners of each category. The president of the awards is Australian actor Geoffrey Rush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0003-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards, Background\nWorks entered between 7 October 2010 and 2 November 2011 for films, and 5 May 2010 and 24 May 2011 for short films and documentaries were eligible for awards. The films in competition for the inaugural awards were revealed at the announcement of the Academy, with twenty-three Australian feature films originally slated to compete for awards, but it was eventually brought down to twenty-one, when two of the films, Burning Man and The Dragon Pearl, could no longer compete due to a change in their release dates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0003-0001", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards, Background\nThe films were showcased at the inaugural Festival of Film from 6 October \u2013 14 November in Sydney and Melbourne, for the general public, and for Academy and AFI members to view and judge. The first nominees were announced on 30 August 2011, for non-feature film categories: Best Feature Length Documentary, Best Short Animation and Best Short Fiction Film. Round one voting for feature film categories commenced on 2 November and ended on 16 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0003-0002", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards, Background\nFollowing the announcement of the nominees on 30 November, round two voting commenced to determine the winners in each category, and ended on 14 December 2011. The first award to be announced was the Longford Lyell Award, which was presented to cinematographer Don McAlpine, at the AACTA awards luncheon, and marked the first award presented by the Academy since its inception. On 30 November 2011, the rest of the non-feature films, along with the entire feature film and television nominees, were announced at the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney, and was hosted by Adam Elliot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0003-0003", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards, Background\nForeign films were also recognised at the AACTA International Awards ceremony, which handed out awards for Best Film, Best Direction, Best Screenplay, Best Actor and Best Actress. The nominees were announced at the AACTA Awards Luncheon on 15 January 2011, in conjunction with the Australia Week Black Tie Gala, and the winners were determined by a jury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0004-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards, Ceremonies\nThe awards were presented over three separate events: the AACTA Awards Luncheon, at the Westin Hotel on 15 January 2012 and the AACTA Awards Ceremony, at the Sydney Opera House, in Sydney, New South Wales on 31 January 2012; and on 27 January, the AACTA International Awards at Soho House, West Hollywood, Los Angeles. The luncheon presented awards in film production, television, all non-feature film categories and the Longford Lyell Award; all other feature film and television awards were handed out at the ceremony; and the International awards presented accolades for films produced outside of Australia, regardless of geography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0004-0001", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards, Ceremonies\nThis marks the first time in ten years since the awards have been presented in Sydney, which had been held in Melbourne previously. The awards date has been shifted from its usual November/December date, to January 2012, to align them with the international film awards season. The awards ceremony was broadcast by the Nine Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158499-0005-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA Awards, Special awards\nDuring the AACTA Awards luncheon, special non-competitive awards were handed out to individuals for their contribution to the Australian screen industry. The Longford Lyell Award, a lifetime achievement award, was presented to Don McAlpine, for his contributions to cinematography in feature film. Ivan Sen received the Byron Kennedy Award, an award given to a person in their early career, for: \"his unique artistic vision and for showing us, by his resourceful multidisciplinary filmmaking, that telling stories on screen is in reach of all who have something consequential to say.\" The Outstanding Achievement in Television Screen Craft award was given to production designer Herbert Pinter, for his work on the television series Cloudstreet (2011).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158500-0000-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA International Awards\nThe 1st Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts International Awards (more commonly known as the AACTA International Awards), were presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), a not for profit organisation whose aim is to identify, award, promote and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television. The Academy, which normally hand out awards to Australian made films, presented awards for the best films of 2011 regardless of geography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158500-0001-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA International Awards\nThe Artist won three awards, for Best Film, Best Director and Best Actor. Other winners were The Iron Lady, The Ides of March and Margin Call, with one. The ceremony was presented in segments, during the 2011 AACTA Awards for Australian films, on the Nine Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158500-0002-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA International Awards, Background\nOn 18 August 2011, the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) was established by the Australian Film Institute (AFI), a non for profit organisation whose aim is \"to recognise and honour outstanding achievement in the Australian film and television industry.\" The purpose of the Academy was to raise the profile of Australian film and television in Australia and abroad, and to change the way it rewards talent from its previous jury system, to the more recognised and understood elements of foreign film organisations. The president of the awards is Australian actor Geoffrey Rush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158500-0003-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA International Awards, Background\nBy 8 November 2011, the Academy announced plans for an international awards program, which would hand out awards to films regardless of geography. The winners are determined by a jury of Australian screen practitioners, in five categories: Best Film, Best Direction, Best Screenplay, Best Actor and Best Actress. The nominees were announced at the AACTA Awards Luncheon on 15 January 2011, in conjunction with the Australia Week Black Tie Gala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158500-0004-0000", "contents": "1st AACTA International Awards, Ceremony\nThe awards were presented on 27 January 2012, at a low key event in Soho House West Hollywood, in Los Angeles, California. The event was shown in segments during the 2011 AACTA Awards for Australian films, on 31 January 2012 at the Sydney Opera House, which was broadcast on the Nine Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158501-0000-0000", "contents": "1st AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 1st AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2001 made by and for people over the age of 50. The awards were announced in the May/June issue of AARP the Magazine, which had recently been created by merging AARP's previous magazines, Modern Maturity and My Generation into one publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158501-0001-0000", "contents": "1st AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe awards were created by editor Bill Newcott after My Generation discontinued its movie review column due to a lack of films targeted to a 50-plus audience. The goal, according to AARP, was to encourage Hollywood to make films for older adults by rewarding the best examples of the genre. Winners and nominees in seven categories were announced simultaneously in the magazine, and were selected by an advisory board including Newcott and critics from Time, ABC, TV Guide Online, and USA Today. As in other years before the establishment of an in-person ceremony, winners were mailed trophies of a gold theater seat called La Chaise d'Or.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158501-0002-0000", "contents": "1st AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158502-0000-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA African 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament\nThe 1st AIBA African 2004 Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament was held in Casablanca, Morocco from January 15 to January 22, 2004. It was the first chance for amateur boxers from Africa to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics since the 2003 All-Africa Games. First and second place qualified for the Olympic Tournament in Athens, Greece, except for the heavyweight and super heavyweight events, which only qualified for first place. A total of 89 fighters from 18 countries competed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158503-0000-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament\n1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament was held from January 23 to January 31, 2008 in Algiers, Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158503-0001-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Qualifying\nNumber in ( ) is total boxer in each country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158503-0002-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Competition System\nThe competition system of the 1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament is the knockout round system. Each boxer fights one match per round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158504-0000-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA American 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament\nThe 1st AIBA American 2004 Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament was held in Tijuana, Mexico from March 12 to March 20, 2004. It was the first chance for amateur boxers from North-, Central- and South America to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics after the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The top two boxers in each weight division gained a place in the Olympics, with the exception of the heavyweight and super heavyweight divisions in which just the winner was entered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158505-0000-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament\nThe 1st AIBA Asian 2004 Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament was held in Guangzhou, PR China from March 18 to March 23, 2004. It was the first chance for amateur boxers from Asia to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics after the 2004 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships in Puerto Princesa, Philippines from January 11 to 18, 2004. The top two boxers in each weight division gained a place in the Olympics, with the exception of the heavyweight and super heavyweight divisions in which just the winner was entered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158506-0000-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament\nThe 1st AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament was held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria from March 30 to April 4, 2004 during the annual Strandjata Boxing Tournament. It was the first chance for amateur boxers from Europe to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics after the European Championships in Pula, Croatia. The number one and two in six weight divisions earned a ticket for the Olympic Tournament in Athens, Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158507-0000-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA European 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament\n1st AIBA European Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament was held from February 25 \u2013 March 1, 2008 in Roseto degli Abruzzi-Pescara, Italy. During the tournament 250 boxers from 40 countries competed for 26 Olympic qualifying places in 11 different weight categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158507-0001-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA European 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Qualifying\nNumber in ( ) is total boxer in each country", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 64], "content_span": [65, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158507-0002-0000", "contents": "1st AIBA European 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Competition System\nThe competition system of the 1st AIBA European Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament is the knockout round system. Each boxer fights one match per round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 72], "content_span": [73, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158508-0000-0000", "contents": "1st ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly\nThe First ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly was a meeting of the unicameral regional legislature of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0000-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards\nThe 1st ARY Film Awards or AFA'14 ceremony, presented by ARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel, sponsored by Nokia, powered by ZONG and L'Or\u00e9al and took place on April 27, 2014 at the Golf Club, DHA Phase VIII, Karachi. The ceremony was held recorded and televised on May 24, 2014. During the ceremony ARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel presented ARY Film Awards (commonly referred to as AFA's) in 29 categories and 4 special awards honoring the actors, technical achievements and films of 2013. The ceremony, televised in Pakistan by ARY Digital and was produced by ARY Digital Network chairman Salman Iqbal. ARY Film Awards became the most expensive event held in Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0001-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards\nActor Shaan Shahid hosted the ceremony, while different segments were co-hosted by Ayesha Omer, Fahad Mustafa, Sarwat Gilani and Hamza Ali Abbasi. During the ceremony ARY presented its honorary lifetime achievement award and special honorary recognition to media and entertainment personalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0002-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards\nWaar won the most awards with thirteen including Best Director - Viewers, Best Director - Jury and Best Film - Viewers. Other winners  include Main Hoon Shahid Afridi with seven, Zinda Bhaag with five awards including Best Film - Jury and  Josh, Chambaili, Ishq Khuda, Siyaah with one. The telecast garnered more than 15 million viewers in Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0003-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Winner and nominees\nThe nominees of 1st ARY Film Awards were announced on April 9, 2014 in Viewers Choice Categories for public voting's till April 24, 2014 at official website, While rest of the categories were announced on April 25, 2014. Main Hoon Shahid Afridi and Zinda Bhaag tied for the most nominations with nineteen each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0004-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Winner and nominees\nWinners were announced during the awards ceremony on April 27, 2014, televised on May 24, 2014. Only three films won multiple awards with Waar became the highest awarded film of the night with thirteen trophies out of it sixteen nominations, Main Hoon Shahid Afridi with seven including Best Actor Jury  for Humayun Saeed and Best Star Debut Male for Hamza Ali Abbasi. Zinda Bhaag was the third and last multiple winner film with five trophies including Best Actress Jury for Amna Ilyas and Best Film Jury for Mazhar Zaidi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0004-0001", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Winner and nominees\nHamza Ali Abbasi and Aeysha Khan became the first AFAs acting winner to win for a debut film. Waar became the first film to win both leading Male and Female acting awards in addition with Both Jury Choice and Viewers Choice in directing. All the Film and Acting nominations were the highlights of awards. Bilal Lashari and Hassan Waqas Rana were the highest awarded individuals with four and three trophies respectively, while Shaan, Hamza, Ayesha and Humayun with two trophies each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0005-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Winner and nominees, Awards\nWinners are listed first and indicated with a double-dagger .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0006-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Winner and nominees, Honorary ARY Film Awards\nThe ARY Group presented Special Awards during the ceremony, that usually are not a part of specific category, but, a special honor for artists related to cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0007-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals and groups, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0008-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information\nARY Film Awards marked the inception of celebration of New Pakistani cinema by recognizing industry artist and technicians, ARY Films and ARY Group chairman Salman Iqbaal and CEO Jerjees Seja announced the Film Awards in early 2014, looking at the super-hit 2013 cinematic year and collaboration of ARY Films with other productions. Award ceremony was produced by Salman Iqbal with the cost of Rs 80 million, which made this event one of the most expensive ceremonies ever held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0009-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information\nProducer Slaman Iqbal and Jerjees Seja, centered the show around the theme. They asperse the show with a theme of celebrating the New Face of Pakistani Cinema commenting \"Another milestone is going to be achieved by the Pakistan\u2019s film industry with ARY Film Awards. It is a matter of pride for us that we are creating another platform to appreciate the talent of Pakistan and motivate the young and creative to make more films next year and keep the ball rolling\". To coincide with the themes ARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel presented a foray of special arrival by exhibiting dozens of sixty's hits movie banners, photographs, and artifacts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0010-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information\nSeveral other people were involved with the telecast and its promotion including show main sponsor Nokia's managing director Burhandun Qurreshi, while ZONG and L'Or\u00e9al served as a secondary sponsors. ARY team and crew designed 200-high feet stage in an open air at Golf club, while ARY Group spend Rs 80 million for the event. Winners with the ARY Trophy were awarded with Nokia mobile set. Television personality and actress Mawra Hocane hosted the Red carpet of ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0011-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information, Broadcasting\n1st ARY Film Awards were broadcast by ceremony presenter ARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel's ARY Digital. Ceremony was held live on April 27 while airs on May 24 after completion of editing and censorship process of Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0012-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information, Voting trend and summary\nAs of 1st Ceremony fourteen categories were set open for online public voting's in viewers choice categories, from April 9 to April 25. All the categories were made by AFA's Jury members and AFA's membership as a whole, but Viewers Choice portion were voted by public and winners were declared according to highest votes gain by relevant winner. Online voting system proves enormous beneficial in selecting winners by holding fairness among nominees, around ten million online voters votes for their actors and artists across the globe, and a special thank were given at the end of ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0013-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information, ARY Film Awards motto\nCinema and Film making in Pakistan makes an enormous hit comeback in the year 2013, with the name like Revisiting the death and Revival of Pakistani Cinema and phrases like New-wave, rebirth and revival become the tagline of every event that held in Pakistani Film Industry. Release of around seven Pakistani films throughout the country gave a much-needed push to aspiring local film-makers, it also produced a hyper-sentimental wave about the rise of Pakistan cinema, which masked the realities on the ground. The current year holds more promise for Pakistani cinema as more than two dozen productions are reportedly on the floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 64], "content_span": [65, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0014-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information, ARY Film Awards motto\nARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel joins hand with many film ventures and give birth to the new subsidiary to entire Group ARY Films, which mark the new milestone in Pakistani cinema foundation. ARY Films release thirty five films including 11 Urdu, 6 Punjabi and 17 Pashto films. Among them Waar, Main Hoon Shahid Afridi, Josh, Chambaili, Zinda Bhaag, Siyaah and Lamha tops the charts in industry and collects splendid box office performances on domestically and internationally. To celebrate the success of Pakistani cinema, ARY Films inaugurated First Film Awarding Ceremony after the demolishing of Nigar Awards, with the motto of \"Celebrating the New Face of Cinema\" to honor the films from all over the Pakistan, actors and technical achievements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 64], "content_span": [65, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0015-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information, Box office performance of nominated films\nAt the time of the nominations announcement on April 9, 2014, the combined gross of the five Best Film nominees at the Pakistani box office was Rs 327.4 million, with an average of Rs 65.48 million per film. When nominations were revealed, Waar was the highest-grossing film among the Best Film nominees with Rs 230 million in domestic box office receipt. Main Hoon Shahid Afridi was the second highest-grossing film with Rs 55 million; this was followed by Chambaili and Zinda Bhaag tied with (Rs 20 million), and finally, Ishq Khuda (Rs 2.4 million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 84], "content_span": [85, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0016-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information, Box office performance of nominated films\nOut of top-grossing movies of the year, all nominations went to 8 films. Only Waar, Main Hoon Shahid Afridi, Chambaili, Ishq Khuda and Zinda Bhaag were nominated for Best Film Jury, Best Film Viewers, or any of directing, acting or screenwriting awards. Other top box office hits that earned nominations were Josh, Lamha and Siyaah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 84], "content_span": [85, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0016-0001", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information, Box office performance of nominated films\nAmong best film nominees Zinda Bhaag was the film who achieve the success ride of critical reception which made its way to Oscars, the film was selected as the Official Pakistani entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards, the second film after 1950 Aina to achieve that feet in 50 years, but was out of the race in final five nominations for category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 84], "content_span": [85, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0017-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information, Special screening of films\nDuring the ceremony many upcoming Pakistani films were released through their trailers, press release or official announcement. Shaan Shahid released the first look of his upcoming film Arth 2, a joint venture of ARY Films and Riaz Shahid Films, this film is the remake of bollywood most controversial film Arth by Mahesh Bhatt. The second film which was screened was Kambakht a comedy-thriller starring Hamza Ali Abbasi., this was followed by first Pakistani art-film Mah-e-Meer starring Fahad Mustafa as Mir Taqi Mir. and Yasir Jaswal's Jalaibee was also screened where film's star cast promoted the film. Another one of the most awaited movie by mother-son Zeba Bakhtiar and Azaan Sami Khan's O21 (formally known as The Extortionist) directed by Summer Nicks was revealed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 69], "content_span": [70, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0018-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Ceremony information, Special screening of films\nChairman of ARY Group Salman Iqbal and Oscar-winner filmmaker Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy revealed the first look of Pakistani first ever computer animated feature film 3 Bahadur, based on the story of 3 extraordinary children's with the enthusiasm of removing hate and evil from Pakistan. 3 Bahadur or 3B is a joint venture of ARY Films and SOB Films, and film is all set to release in summer 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 69], "content_span": [70, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0019-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, ARY Film Awards categories\nARY Film Awards were awarded in three rendered portion of categories which includes Jury Choice, Viewers Choice or Popular and Technical Awards, except Viewers All categories were awarded by AFA's Jury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0020-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, ARY Film Awards categories, Jury choice\nAs of 1st Ceremony, this portion contains only Four Categories which were also included in Viewers Choice, in order to put forth justice, Jury themselves awarded Best Film, Best Director, Best Actress and Best Actor. For Jury Choice Categories no nominations were made, all categories contains solo win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0021-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, ARY Film Awards categories, Viewers Choice\nPopular or Viewers Choice awards were the main and highlight of show, total of 14 categories were announced with multiple nominations on April 9, for public voting's till April 25 on awards official website. Viewers Choice portion were voted by millions of viewers around the globe, at the ceremony special thank were given to voters from Canada, UK, America and Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0022-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, ARY Film Awards categories, Technical\nTechnical Awards were also completely based on Jury Decision, total of 11 categories were made and announced on April 25 at awards website, all the categories were contains solo nominations and solo win. Technical awards were the first set of awards presented first at ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0023-0000", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Controversies\nThe biggest catch of the evening was the war of dialogues between actors Shaan and Ali, which turns this happening in to evening then controversy. Shaan used his opening monologue to address patriotism, and the lack thereof, in the Pakistani industry. Specifically calling out artists who accept work from across the Indian border, he labeled all those who choose to work outside Pakistan as unpatriotic sell-outs. At the occasion, where he also unveiled the first look of his upcoming film Arth 2, he blamed local celebrities for making Bollywood a stairway to their success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0023-0001", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Controversies\nShaan's comment was seen as a thinly veiled dig at Ali Zafar, who was set to receive the International Icon Award of Pakistan later that night. In replied when Ali come up to stage to receive his honorary award said that we make excuses to hide our weaknesses, sometimes, in the name of patriotism, sometimes, in the name of other things. We should speak the truth and the time has come when the new generation should be told the truth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0023-0002", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Controversies\nAli mentioned that calling him an unpatriotic means calling artists like, Ghulam Ali, Zeba Bakhtiar, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Atif Aslam and many more who have made their mark in India through their work and have received tremendous appreciation for it, unpatriotic too. Aftermath in press Shaan replies that \"It hurts to see when your own misunderstand you. Ali Zafar needs to understand when I said undersell it means you are worth more than you are selling for positivity is a sign that show us that ego is not making your decisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158509-0023-0003", "contents": "1st ARY Film Awards, Controversies\nI havent lost until my own leave my side. I hope you understand as I still have hope that one day you will realize we are all green and have a place next to the crescent on our flag, he added.\" Many critics and filmmakers favors Shaan like Altaf Hussain, Chaudhry Ijaz Kaleem while director-writer Pervaiz Kaleem said that \"Shaan evidently loves his nation and advocates inhabitant firmness while thespian Ali Zafar is ignorant about such nationalistic emotions. ' Our nation is a identity'. What is discernible is to use a talent for a possess country. Ali Zafar needs to call Shaan Shahid and apologize to him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army raised in Aberdeenshire and neighbouring counties in Scotland in 1860. Its successor units served with 51st (Highland) Division through many of the major battles on the Western Front during World War I. In World War II one of its regiments escaped the surrender of the 51st (Highland) Division in 1940 and went on to serve as heavy artillery in the Italian Campaign. The other regiment served with the reconstituted division at Alamein, in Sicily, Normandy and through North West Europe to the Rhine Crossing and beyond. It served on in the Territorial Army until 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Seven Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were formed in Aberdeenshire:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nOn 24 October 1860 these units were brought together as the 1st Administrative Brigade, Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers based in the city of Aberdeen, to which Lieutenant-Colonel William Cosmo Gordon of Fyvie (former captain in the Madras Artillery) was appointed commanding officer (CO) on 21 May 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1863 the AVCs raised in neighbouring Kincardineshire were also included in the 1st Aberdeenshire Administrative Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1874 the 3rd, 4th, 6th and 7th Aberdeen AVCs were combined into a new 3rd Aberdeenshire AVC of five companies (the 7th providing two companies), with a sixth added in September 1877 and a seventh in 1877\u201378. In 1876 the AVCs in North East Scotland were reorganised. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Kincardineshire AVCs were transferred from the 1st Aberdeen to the 1st Forfarshire Administrative Brigade, and replaced by the units of the 1st Banffshire Administrative Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st Kincardineshire AVC at Cowie remained with the 1st Aberdeen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1880 the Volunteer Force was consolidated into larger units. The 1st Aberdeenshire Administrative Brigade became the 1st Aberdeenshire AVC on 10 May 1880, with the subtitle 'Aberdeen and Kincardine'. The former 1st Kincardineshire battery at Cowie was disbanded at the end of 1880 and replaced by a new No 14 Battery raised at Aberdeen out of the 7th Battery. The three other Kincardine batteries returned to the 1st Aberdeen in May 1882 and the Banffshire batteries (including No 1 (Peterhead) and No 5 (Fraserburgh) Batteries) became an independent unit once more. The 1st Aberdeenshire then had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1885 a new No 8 Battery was formed at the University of Aberdeen and Nos 8\u201310 Batteriies were renumbered 9\u201311; a new No 12 Battery was formed at Stonehaven in December 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position Artillery\nThe AVCs were intended to serve as garrison artillery manning fixed defences, but a number of the early units were semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. The War Office (WO) refused to pay for these batteries and they died out. However the concept was revived in 1888 when some Volunteer batteries were reorganised as position artillery to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. On 17 January 1889 the 1st Aberdeenshire AVC was issued with a position battery of 40-pounder Rifled Breech-Loading guns, which were staffed by Nos 5 and 8 Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position Artillery\nOn 1 November 1892 these were amalgamated as the 1st Position Battery and the remaining garrison batteries were redesignated companies (Nos 2\u20137 at Aberdeen, 8 at Johnshaven, 9 at St Cyrus, 10 at Bervie and 11 at Stonehaven). In 1893 the Johnshaven and St Cyrus companies merged and Nos 10 and 11 were renumbered. A 2nd Position Battery was raised on 1 April 1901 and No 2 Company was renumbered 8, with Nos 8\u201310 renumbered again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 75], "content_span": [76, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1882 all the AVCs were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the 1st Aberdeenshire AVC became part of the Scottish Division. In 1889 the structure was altered, and the corps joined the Southern Division. In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished their titles were changed, the unit becoming the 1st Aberdeenshire Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902. The position batteries were re-armed with 4.7-inch guns and redesignated as heavy batteries, giving the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1899 the unit built a new HQ and drill hall in North Silver Street, Aberdeen, with 5-inch and 6-inch guns for training the garrison companies. These companies carried out their live firing at Torry Point Battery, which had been rearmed with modern guns. For musketry training the unit used the Seaton Links Rifle Range belonging to the 1st Volunteer Battalion, Gordon Highlanders. Annual camp and training for the heavy batteries, was carried out at Buddon. In 1904 the garrison companies won the King's Cup at the Scottish National Artillery Association's camp at Buddon. During the Second Boer War 13 volunteers from the 1st Aberdeenshire served with various units in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the personnel of the 1st Aberdeenshire and 1st Banffshire RGA (V) were distributed to two new units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nIn 1911 the Banffshire battery was disbanded and replaced by a 3rd City of Aberdeen Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe I Highland Brigade was the senior field artillery unit in the TF's Highland Division. The batteries were each issued with four 15-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nA warning order of the imminence of war was received at the Highland Division's HQ on 29 July 1914, and the order to mobilise was received at 17.35 on Tuesday 4 August 1914. Mobilisation began the following day at unit drill halls. On 12 August the division was ordered to concentrate at Bedford and entrainment began on 15 August. Concentration was completed by 17 August and the division formed part of First Army (Home Forces) in Central Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, units of the Territorial Force were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service: the majority of men in every unit of the Lowland Division did so. On 15 August the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade\nDuring the winter of 1914\u201315 the 1st Line units underwent war training, and a number left to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. The division was warned for overseas service on 13 April and on 3 May it crossed to France, the artillery embarking at Southampton for Le Havre. The Highland Division completed its concentration at Lillers, Busnes and Robecq by 6 May and on 12 May it was officially numbered as the 51st (Highland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Western Front\nThe raw division was soon in action at the Battle of Festubert (18\u201325 May). The 51st (Highland) and 1st Canadian Division together formed 'Alderson's Force', which relieved  the attacking divisions at the end of the first day's fighting. It was also engaged at the Battle of Givenchy (15\u201316 June). Afterwards the division was moved to a quiet front to gain more experience. 1/I Highland Bde's old 15-pounders were replaced with modern 18-pounder guns on 24 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Western Front\nOn 14 April 1916 1/I Highland Bde formed an additional battery (D Bty). Then on 15 May the TF brigades of the RFA received numbers, the 1/I Highland becoming CCLV (255) Brigade, and the old batteries were redesignated A, B and C. D Battery was then exchanged for 1/1st Renfrewshire (Howitzer) Bty from the CCLVIII (III Highland) Howitzer Bde, which became D (H) Bty, equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. The brigade ammunition columns were abolished at the same time, and absorbed within the divisional ammunition column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Somme\nIn July 51st (Highland) Division joined in the Somme Offensive. An attack on 14 July had failed to capture the dominating ground of High Wood, and 51st (H) Division was tasked with renewing the attack on High Wood a week later. A night attack was to be tried: the bombardment began at 19.00 on 22 July, under the direction of low-flying artillery observation aircraft. German sources reported that the shelling was of 'painful accuracy' and prevented the troops in High Wood from being relieved, despite the number of casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Somme\nAt 01.30 the following morning the division attacked, but by 03.00 they were back on their start line having suffered heavy casualties. British gunners had difficulty supporting attacks on High Wood, because they had to fire over Bazentin Ridge. The low elevation of the guns meant that shells skimmed the British trenches, the margin for error was small and numerous complaints were made that British infantry casualties were caused by friendly fire. Worn guns, defective ammunition and inaccurate information about the location of British infantry positions were blamed for short-shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0019-0002", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Somme\nThe setback seemed to confirm the division's nickname of 'Harper's Duds' (from their commander, Major-General George Harper, and their 'HD' formation badge). The division was withdrawn from the front on 7 August for rest and reorganisation. On 23 August CCLV Bde was reorganised again: the former D Bty rejoined from CCLVIII Bde together with the Right Section of C/CCLVIII Bty, to bring A, B and C Btys up to six guns each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Somme\nThe division returned to the front in October for the Battle of the Ancre Heights, the final series of actions of the Somme Offensive. A mass of guns was assembled, with the artillery of no less than eight divisions and eight heavy artillery groups supporting 51st (H) Division's attack on Beaumont-Hamel, which had been an uncaptured objective on the first day of the offensive on 1 July. The operation was planned for 24 October, and the batteries began firing to cut the barbed wire on 20 October, but it was postponed several times because of bad weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Somme\nEventually 13 November was chosen. H hour was 05.45, when the 18-pounders started a Creeping barrage (a recent innovation) moving in front of the infantry at 100 yards (91\u00a0m) every five minutes. A quarter of the 18-pounders deliberately fired 100 yards (91\u00a0m) short of the barrage line \u2013 this would have suppressed German outposts sheltering in shell craters in No man's land. The attack was helped by a dense fog, which screened the infantry from retaliatory shellfire as they struggled through the mud towards their objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0020-0002", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Somme\nThe barrage halted for an hour on the first objective before moving on. Some of the infantry were held up by machine guns in the notorious 'Y Ravine', which had caused so much trouble on 1 July, but reserves were employed and both attacking brigades had reached the third German trench line (the Purple Line) by 07.50. The Green Line was next taken, but the fourth wave of attackers lost the barrage on their way to the final (Yellow) objectives and had to pull back to the Green Line to consolidate a position in captured trenches. Beaumont Hamel had finally fallen, and 51st (Highland) Division had gone some way to shaking off the 'Harper's Duds' slur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Somme\nOn 25 January 1917 the Right Section of C (H) Bty of CCLX (1/I Lowland) Bde joined to bring D Bty up to six howitzers C (H)/CCLX had originally been 535 (H) Bty, formed in the UK in 1916). CCLV Brigade then had the following organisation until the end of the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Arras\nFor the Battle of Arras opening on 9 April, the biggest concentration of guns yet seen was assembled, all working to a single plan. 51st (H) Division was in XVII Corps, where the field batteries were placed from 1,400 yards (1,300\u00a0m) to 2,000 yards (1,800\u00a0m) yards behind the line. The 18-pdrs began firing a creeping barrage at Zero hour to protect the infantry advance while 4.5s laid down a standing barrage on each objective in turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Arras\nThe barrage lasted for over 10 hours, advancing at a prescribed rate onto the final objective, over 7,000 yards (6,400\u00a0m) from the guns, some of which were moved forward during the day. Overall, XVII Corps' attack was a great success, even though some of 51st Highland's men were held up by unsubdued machine guns and drifted away from their barrage. After the first day the successes were harder won: the British guns had to move up through appalling conditions, and the follow-up attacks were less well planned and executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Arras\n51st (H) Division attacked again at Gavrelle on 23 April under a full barrage (the 2nd Battle of the Scarpe), with the chemical works and village of Roeux as its objectives, but could not hold Roeux itself. The divisional artillery supported an attack by 34th Division on 28 April (the Battle of Arleux). The fire was not as  effective as had been hoped, failing to cut the barbed wire or subdue all the enemy machine guns, although a German counter-attack was 'mown down by the 18-pounders firing shrapnel'. 51st (H) Division distinguished itself in the eventual capture and defence of Roeux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Ypres\nAn even greater concentration of guns was massed for the Third Ypres Offensive, but the circumstances were less favourable. Gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient, where they were under observation and counter-battery (CB) fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high even before Zero hour on 31 July (the Battle of Pilckem Ridge). Two thirds of the field guns fired a creeping barrage, the other third and the 4.5-inch howitzers provided the standing barrage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Ypres\n51st (H) Division reached the German second line and was consolidating when it was hit by a German counter-bombardment followed by a counter-attack. The British guns fired their pre-arranged protective barrages and destroyed the counterattack. Gains had been made, but now the rain came, and the guns had to move up through shell-churned mud to fresh positions before the attack could be renewed, and continued to suffer badly from German CB fire. 51st (H) Division was relieved on 8 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Ypres\nThe division was back in the line for the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge starting at 05.40 on 20 September. This was a limited attack made with massive artillery support. 51st (H) Division attacked towards the Poelcappelle Spur with one brigade (154th (3rd Highland) Brigade), supported by 22 batteries of 18-pdrs and six of 4.5s. At first the going was heavy and there was strong German resistance at 'Pheasant Trench', but thereafter there were no problems and the brigade had occupied its final objective across the spur by 08.25. A heavy German bombardment in the afternoon was followed by a counter-attack, but this was completely destroyed by the British artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Cambrai\n51st (Highland) Division was then moved south to take part in Third Army's surprise attack with tanks against the Hindenburg Line at Cambrai on 20 November. There was no preliminary bombardment, but for the attack the divisional artillery was reinforced, firing a lifting barrage of smoke, high explosive (HE) and shrapnel shells. The initial attack was a brilliant success, but on 51st (H) Division's front the advance stalled once the tanks crossed the Flesqui\u00e8res ridge, where many were knocked out by unsuppressed enemy guns. Artillery support could not be requested because of broken communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Cambrai\nThe fight at Flesqui\u00e8res went on all afternoon, but the Highlanders made little ground. However, the defenders in the village were almost cut off, and withdrew during the night. By now the division's guns were moving up into the former No man's land. They began a bombardment at 07.05 the following morning and at 07.30 the Highlanders moved on across the Graincourt road, but could not take the village of Cantaing until tanks came up. Although 51st (H) Division took Fontaine by 23 November, German opposition was stiffening, and the troops had to consolidate a line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Cambrai\nThe infantry of 51st (H) Division had been relieved by the time the German counter-attack came on 30 November, but the divisional artillery remained in the line, supporting 59th (2nd North Midland) Division. The attack against the 59th was easily broken by the guns of 51st (H)  and Guards Division. But breakthroughs elsewhere meant a scrambled retirement to a line further back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 82], "content_span": [83, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nThe German spring offensive was launched on the misty morning of 21 March 1918 with great initial success against Fifth Army. In Third Army the situation was better: the mist cleared early and despite heavy casualties the batteries could fire at observed targets. On 51st (H) Division's front the attacking Germans described the British artillery fire as 'unbearable'. However, the division's flank had already been turned, and the troops here had to fall back to a 'switch' line. On this flank the division's forward zone was overrun, but the rear of the main battle zone was held from 15.00. The German pressure was maintained the following day. Attempting to widen the hole in the flank, large numbers of Germans were seen at 2,000 yards (1,800\u00a0m) range and the British guns did great execution among them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nOver the next two days the division retired slowly, its units becoming increasingly tired and reduced in numbers. On 23 March the very weak 152nd Bde threw back three attacks with rifle and artillery fire. Next day the division pulled back into the Red (fourth) Line behind other formations that took over holding the Green (third) Line. On 24 March all the artillery of the divisions in IV Corps was pooled, CCLV Bde forming part of 'Right Group'. About 14.00 the infantry in front began to give way, and the artillery group had to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\n51st (H) continued to hold the Red Line all day, forming a defensive flank, before falling back during the night. On 25 March 51st (H) Division was presented with some remarkable targets of German masses at long range, which were prevented from closing, but the enemy continued to move round the flank. However, reserves came up, and the exhausted 51st (H) Division was finally withdrawn that evening for rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\n51st (H) Division was sent north to First Army, absorbing drafts of reinforcements en route. The divisional artillery arrived on the evening of 9 April, just after the second phase of the German offensive (Operation Georgette) had struck First Army (the Battle of the Lys). The division's infantry had already been thrown into the gap left by the defeat of the 2nd Portuguese Division. The infantry and artillery together held the line through the next critical days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\n51st (H) Division was sent back south in July to assist the French in the Second Battle of the Marne. The divisional artillery covered 80 miles (130\u00a0km) in three days, crossing the Marne near \u00c9pernay at 02.00 on 20 July. After a short halt they pushed on, reaching their assembly position near Nanteuil-la-Fosse, and CCLV Bde was in action 500 yards (460\u00a0m) by 10.00, although they were only engaged in harassing fire during the Battle of Tardenois, while the division's infantry had attacked behind a barrage fired by French and Italian field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nAn enemy counter-attack was expected, so the batteries were withdrawn at dusk, leaving a few guns in close support of the infantry during the night. In fact, the Germans withdrew across the Marne, and when the division attacked again the following morning the information on enemy positions was so poor that the barrage was fired too far ahead to be of use. On 23 and 27 July the division put in better-organised attacks behind barrages fired by its own artillery supported by French guns, against the now-retreating Germans. On 28 July, in the closing stages of the battle, CCLV Bde moved up through the village of Chaumuzy under shellfire, having been misinformed that it was already in friendly hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 91], "content_span": [92, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nIn August all the Allied armies began attacking in the Hundred Days Offensive. 51st (H) Division returned from the French sector and joined the Canadian Corps in First Army  in late August for the Battle of the Scarpe on 26 August. 51st (H) divisional artillery supplemented by that of 16th (Irish) Division to provide a barrage for its own division's attack on the second objective against little opposition. The division attacked Greenland Hill the following day and failed to capture it, but succeeded two days later behind another barrage from 51st (H) and 16th (I) divisional artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter the Battle of the Selle the Allied armies began a pursuit. By 26 October First Army was lagging behind the advance, and 51st (H) Division was among those given the task of pushing on. The divisional artillery was supplemented by that of 39th Division together with army brigades and heavies. The attack went well, even though in some places the infantry lost the barrage. The Germans were now badly shaken and exhausted, and the campaign developed into a pursuit, although one serious counter-attack was broken up by the guns on 1 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nFrom 29 October the infantry of 51st (H) Division began to be withdrawn from the line, but the divisional artillery remained in action. On 1 November it supported 49th (West Riding) Division's assault crossing of the Rhonelle (the Battle of Valenciennes), and it remained in action until the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Highland Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter the Armistice the division went into billets and demobilisation began. This was completed by mid-March 1919, and CCLV Bde passed into suspended animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I Highland Brigade\nRecruiting for the 2nd Line unit was good, and 2/I Highland was raised at North Silver Street by the end of 1914. 2nd Highland Division formed in January 1915 (numbered as 64th (2nd Highland) Division in August) but the lack of equipment and need to supply drafts to 1st Line units delayed training. The division was not fully assembled around Perth until August 1915, with 2/I Highland Bde at Edzell, moving into Perth for winter quarters in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I Highland Brigade\nIn January 1916 the division was assigned to the 'Eighth New Army', and in March it division moved south to Norfolk and joined Northern Army (Home Forces). By May, the artillery brigades had received 18-pounders and that month they were numbered: 2/I Highland became CCCXX (320) Brigade and the batteries became A, B and C. Later, CCCXXIII (2/III Highland) (H) Bde was broken up, with one battery joining CCCXX as D (H) Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I Highland Brigade\nIn Autumn 1916, A/CCXCIII (2/III County of London) Bty from 58th (2/1st London) Division was temporarily attached to the brigade. In November a new CCCXXII Bde of 18-pdr batteries was raised by V Reserve Bde, RFA, and joined the division, but on 29 January 1917 this was broken up to bring the existing batteries up to six guns each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I Highland Brigade\nBy the winter of 1917 the division had become solely a training organisation, with no Highland associations. The artillery were quartered around Norwich, Aylsham and Haveringland, then in the summer of 1918 Westwick Park replaced Haveringland. In the winter of 1918 quarters at Reepham replaced Westwick Park. The division remained in Norfolk until after the Armistice, and was demobilised by April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe 1st Highland Brigade reformed in 51st (Highland) Division on 7 February 1920 with three Aberdeen batteries and one formed by the former Inverness-shire Royal Horse Artillery based in Inverness. When the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the brigade was redesignated 75th (Highland) Brigade, RFA, (becoming a Field Brigade, RA, in 1924 when the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery) with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis of 1938, with existing units splitting to form duplicates before the outbreak of World War II. 75th Field Regiment reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe former 297 Field Battery was converted into 297 (Inverness) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Battery, an independent unit that later joined 101st Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, serving in the defence of Scapa Flow and later in the Burma Campaign. The establishment of a field battery was increased to 12 guns organised into three Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 75th (Highland) Field Regiment\n51st (Highland) Division mobilised in Scottish Command at the outbreak of war, moved to Aldershot Command in October 1939, and joined the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France on 24 January 1940. On 22 April it was sent for a tour of duty with 3rd French Army on the Saar Front, and took over a section of the line in front of the Maginot Line forts by 6 May. Here the gun positions came under occasional shellfire as the German guns registered their targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 75th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nThe Battle of France began on 10 May with the German invasion of the Low Countries. While the rest of the BEF responded by executing the pre-arranged Plan D by advancing into Belgium, 51st (H) Division stayed on the Saar Front, which remained quiet until 13 May. At 04.00 that morning the Germans began a heavy bombardment, which was answered by 51st (H) Division's guns firing their defensive fire (DF) tasks. Three strong probing attacks were driven off by the infantry and guns. Attacks on the following days were half-hearted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 102], "content_span": [103, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 75th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nOn the night of 22/23 May the division was relieved in the line and concentrated 25 miles of Metz. By now German troops had reached Boulogne and cut off the BEF, and 51st (H) Division was ordered to move west to link up with the British 1st Armoured Division operating south of the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 102], "content_span": [103, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 75th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nAt the beginning of June, as the last of the BEF was evacuated from Dunkirk, 51st (H) Division went into action facing the German bridgehead over the Somme at Abbeville. With French troops under command it was ordered to attack Mareuil-Caubert and the high ground south of Gouy on the morning of 4 June. Although 1st Battalion Gordon Highlanders made some progress, having worked out a system of Very lights to call down fire from the divisional artillery against German machine gun positions, the other attacks failed, and it proved impossible to hold the Gordons' small gains. The following day the Germans went over to the offensive, attacking all along the division's front. The Highlanders were slowly driven back from the widely spaced villages they held. Some batteries held on in forward positions until they were almost engulfed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 102], "content_span": [103, 941]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 75th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nBy 7 June 51st (H) Division had been forced back to the line of the Bresle, but this line was outflanked by German Panzers racing for Rouen, and the division received orders to withdraw during the night of 8/9 June. During 9 June the division was cut off, and that night an ad hoc brigade group formed at Arques-la-Bataille and known as Arkforce was sent back to protect the approaches to Le Havre, where Operation Cycle was under way to evacuate base troops. Arkforce was formed around 154 Bde and accompanied by 75th (Highland) Fd Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 102], "content_span": [103, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 75th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nIt set off during the night of 9/10 June, but shortly after it arrived the rest of 51st (H) Division was cut off from Le Havre. While the division was forced back to Saint-Valery-en-Caux and forced to surrender on 12 June, Arkforce was successfully evacuated from Le Havre the following day, first to Cherbourg where a new BEF was being formed, then to the UK on 15 June (Operation Aerial) after that attempt was abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 102], "content_span": [103, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 75th (Highland) Field Regiment, Home Defence\nBack in the UK the regiment was assigned to a newly formed 31st Independent Brigade Group from 2 July 1940. This brigade was composed of Regular infantry battalions brought back from garrison duty in India. It joined IV Corps, part of the mobile forces defending the UK against the expected invasion (Operation Sea Lion). Later it was stationed in South Wales as part of Western Command. However, the invasion never came and the regiment left on 4 December 1941 when 31st Bde was converted into 1st Airlanding Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 75th (Highland) Field Regiment, Home Defence\nBy August 1942 75th (H) Fd Rgt was serving as the Depot Regiment at the School of Artillery at Larkhill in Southern Command, with its own Light Aid Detachment (LAD) of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) and its own Signal Section of the Royal Corps of Signals. It left this role in January January 1943, and from 1 February to 10 April it was part of  47th (London) Infantry Division, a home defence formation serving in Hampshire and Dorset District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 98], "content_span": [99, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 75th (Highland) Heavy Regiment\nThe regiment was next shipped to Tunisia, where it joined 1st Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA) in First Army at the end of the Tunisian Campaign. Here it was converted into 75th (Highland) Heavy Regiment. It moved to Sicily and then served in the Italian Campaign from September 1943 until the end of the war. For part of this time it was serving as the heavy regiment with 6th AGRA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment\n126th (Highland) Field Rgt mobilised in 9th (Highland) Infantry Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of 51st (H) Division. It remained training in Scottish Command until 7 August 1940 when 9th (H) Division was redesignated as 51st (H) Division to replace the original formation, most of which had been captured at Saint-Valery-en-Caux (see above). After two more years' training in Scotland, the division sailed for Egypt on 16 June 1942, landing on 12 August, with the field regiments each equipped with 24 25-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 85], "content_span": [86, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nFor a week (1\u20138 September) 126th (H) Fd Rgt was attached to 9th Armoured Bde, an independent brigade operating under the command of 'Calforce'. Calforce, commanded by Brigadier Percy Calvert-Jones of 12th Anti - Aircraft Brigade, had fought a long series of rearguard actions at landing grounds during Eighth Army's retreat to the El Alamein position. Calforce had remained in position during the First Battle of El Alamein and was not withdrawn from the front line until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\n51st (Highland) Division's first action was the Second Battle of El Alamein. It moved up during the preceding nights, occupying gun positions and dumping ammunition, and remaining concealed during daylight. For the first time in the Western Desert Campaign, the Eighth Army had enough 25-pounders to allow them to be concentrated and switched from one set-piece target to another. Almost every gun was used to neutralise enemy batteries. The bombardment began at 21.40 on 23 October and lasted for 15 minutes; then after 5 minutes silence they opened again on the enemy's forward positions and the infantry began to advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0050-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nAfter a further 7 minutes the guns began firing concentrations at a succession of specific locations. The whole artillery programme lasted for 5 hours 30 minutes. 51st (H) Division ran into several centres of resistance and only on the extreme left did it reach its final objective; however, the 'break-in' phase of the battle had started well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nOn the second night of the battle, 51st (H) Division's guns fired a similar succession of CB tasks, concentrations and then a barrage to support 1st Armoured Division's attack. On the night of 25/26 October 51st (H) Division made progress towards its own objective as the 'dog-fight' phase continued. The 'break-out' phase began on the night of 1/2 November with Operation Supercharge, preceded by another powerful barrage. In the early hours of 4 November 51st (H) Division broke through to the Rahman Track, and the Axis forces began to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\n51st (H) Division then took part in the pursuit to El Agheila and Tripoli in January 1943. By 25 February it was past Medenine in Tunisia and facing the Mareth Line. The Axis force made a spoiling attack on 6 March (the Battle of Medenine) but there was plenty of warning and the advance was easily repulsed. 51st (H) Division had already moved most of its artillery south in waiting for the attack, leaving three Troops to move and fire between various positions to simulate the whole divisional artillery remaining in its old positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe Battle of the Mareth Line began on the night of 16/17 March when 51st (H) Division took the outpost line against negligible opposition. The main attack followed on 20/21 March with another massive night barrage. But little progress was made over the Wadi Zigzaou for the first two days and the line held until it was outflanked by other forces in the south. The Axis defence collapsed on 28 March and the following day 51st (H) Division was on its way to Gab\u00e8s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe next Axis defence line was along Wadi Akarit. The barrage for 51st (H) Division's assault began at 04.15 on 6 April, followed by four other barrages over five hours, one involving a difficult change of direction, and the division's attack, in the words of the Official History, 'went like clockwork'. Axis troops then began counter-attacks and the Highlanders had to fight hard to hold their gains. The pursuit was resumed the following day, through Sfax, after which the divisional artillery was in action in the hill country near Enfidaville. This lasted until the fall of Tunis and the end of the campaign on 15 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\n126th Field Rgt then rested and trained for the Allied landings in Sicily (Operation Husky). The regiment landed shortly after the assault infantry on 10 July. The division was moving forward by nightfall, with the objectives of Palazzolo Acreide and Vizzini, which it reached by the night of 14/15 July. Despite some fierce fighting the division continued with scarcely a pause towards the Dittaino river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\nOn 17 July the division deployed to cross the Dittaino and attempt to capture Patern\u00f2. It achieved a bridgehead but further advance was checked, so on the night of 20/21 July the division sent a composite force of infantry and armour against the main enemy defences at Gerbini Airfield. Although the attack succeeded, fierce counter-attacks by the Hermann Goring Division drove the Highlanders out the following morning, after which 51st (H) Division was put onto the defensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\n51st (H) Division's artillery joined in XXX Corps' artillery preparation for operations against Adrano (the battles round Etna). This began on 31 July while 51st (H) took bridgeheads over the Dittaino. Patern\u00f2 fell on 4 August, Biancavilla on 6 August. The division began a 50 miles (80\u00a0km) 'sidestep' on 12 August and the guns came into action north of Zafferana the following night. By now the Axis forces were evacuating Sicily, which was completed on 17 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\n51st (H) Division did not take part in the subsequent Italian Campaign, having been earmarked for the Allied invasion of Normandy Operation Overlord. However, its guns did assist in the massive bombardment covering the assault crossing of the Strait of Messina on 3 September (Operation Baytown). The division embarked for the UK on 7 November and disembarked at Liverpool on 26 November. It then went into training for Overlord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\n51st (Highland) Division was in the first follow-up wave of formations in Overlord. On 2 June 1944 it embarked on Liberty ships at East India Docks, London, bound for Normandy and began landing on 7 June (D + 1). The guns went into action supporting the Orne bridgehead. On 23 June the division expanded the bridgehead by a night attack at Ste Honorine la Chardonnerette. The guns had remained silent before the attack to ensure surprise, after which the enemy's successive attempts to recover the village were stopped by artillery fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0059-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\nThe division supported 3rd Division's attack on the flank of Operation Goodwood. On 8 August 51st (H) Division spearheaded II Canadian Corps' attack towards Falaise (Operation Totalize), preceded by a massive barrage. The attack began before dawn and by first light the break-in was going well, with a number of villages taken. After a second artillery preparation the 4th Canadian and 1st Polish Armoured Divisions passed through to continue the advance. The Canadians renewed the advance to Falaise on 14 August in Operation Tractable, with 51st (H) Division attacking towards the Liaison Valley on the left flank. By 21 August the Falaise Pocket had been closed and the division was advancing eastwards towards Lisieux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\n51st (H) Division then moved up to and across the Seine for the assault on Le Havre (Operation Astonia). This was a major operation with a massive field artillery preparation alongside support from medium guns and RAF bombers, which cowed the opposition. It was followed by a similar assault to take Boulogne (Operation Wellhit). The division next made a long move to the Antwerp area at the end of September, then spent three weeks in the line at Sint-Oedenrode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Low Countries\nThe division's next offensive action was west of 's-Hertogenbosch on the night of 23 October, with massive artillery support the infantry took all their objectives, with follow-up advances over succeeding days through Loon op Zand and across the Afwaterings Canal towards the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) by early November. On 14 November the division carried out an assault crossing of the Willems Canal near Weert accompanied by another heavy artillery barrage, then moved on to the Zig Canal and crossed that on 17 November with much less preparation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 100], "content_span": [101, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Low Countries\n51st (H) Division was then moved to hold 'The Island', the wet low-lying country between Nijmegen and Arnhem that had been captured during Operation Market Garden (see above). In mid-December the division was pulled out of the line for rest. In December the division was suddenly moved south as part of the response to the German breakthrough in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge), and  51st (H) Division fought its way into the flank of the 'Bulge' in winter conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 100], "content_span": [101, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\nLike 3rd Division, 51st (H) Division was engaged in the fighting in the Reichswald (Operation Veritable). It began at 05.00 on 8 February with a huge artillery preparation, after which the Highlanders attacked and were on their objectives by 23.00 that night. Over the next two days the regiment fired smoke and HE to help the brigade continue the advance through the forest. The slow advance continued through Gennep on 11 February, then German counter-attacks were driven off by DF fire. The final  phase of the operation for 51st (H) Division began on 18 February against Goch, which was successfully taken after stiff fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 96], "content_span": [97, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\nThe division took a leading part in the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder). OP parties from the regiment were among the first troops across the river on the night of 23/24 March, while the guns fired throughout the night just 600 yards from the river and under frequent return fire. The division fought its way into Rees, and the guns were brought over two days later. The division then  continued through Isselburg and Anholt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 96], "content_span": [97, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\nThe division reached the Dortmund\u2013Ems Canal on 8 April. After a pause at the canal, tit advanced rapidly towards Bremen against delaying actions. It reached Delmenhorst on 20 April and closed in on the centre of Bremen. The German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath ended the fighting on 5 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 96], "content_span": [97, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the regiment reformed at Aberdeen as 275th (Highland) Field Regiment, including R Battery at Grangemouth. It was once more in 51st (Highland) Division. When Anti- Aircraft Command was disbanded in 1955 the regiment absorbed 501st Heavy Anti- Aircraft Rgt at Aberdeen (which included the former 297 (Inverness) Bty, see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nOn the reduction of the TA in 1961, the regiment amalgamated with 276th (Highland) Field Rgt, HQ 51st Infantry Division Counter-Battery Staff Trp and 862 Locating Bty (successor to the North Scottish RGA, see above), to form 400th (Highland) (Aberdeen/Angus) Field Regiment with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nR Battery of 275th Fd Rgt at Grangemouth was not included in the merger, and was reorganised as 517 (General Transport) Company, Royal Army Service Corps (RASC), which joined other converted RA batteries in forming 433 (Forth) Transport Column, RASC. This unit now forms part of the 154 (Scottish) Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1967 the TA was reduced further into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve and 400th Rgt was amalgamated into The Highland Regiment, RA. In 1969 the Highland Regiment was itself reduced to a cadre and then disbanded in 1975. In 1986 105 (Scottish) Air Defence Regiment was designated as its successor unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nUpon formation in 1860, the 1st (Peterhead) AVC wore the RA uniform with white/silver lace instead of yellow/gold. The 3rd (Artisans) AVC wore the RA uniform with four rows of black braid on the tunic, scarlet Austrian knots on the sleeves, scarlet cap bands and brown belts. The 4th (Citizens) AVC wore a blue Frock coat with black braiding, scarlet collars and Austrian knots, blue trousers with black stripes edged scarlet, blue caps with peaks and a black band edged scarlet, and black belts. The 6th (Artisans) AVC wore the same uniform as the 3rd but with black belts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0070-0001", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe 7th AVC wore the RA uniform with white/silver cords, a Busby, and white belts. The 1st (Stonehaven) Kincardine AVC wore the RA uniform with white cord, its 2nd Battery (originally the 5th (Cowie) AVC) being composed mainly of fishermen wore a semi-naval dress. The whole administrative brigade adopted the uniform of the 7th AVC in 1864. The plume holder on the busby consisted of a grenade badge with Royal Arms of Scotland on the ball surrounded by a strap bearing the motto 'IN DEFENCE'. A forage cap with white band was used when the busby was not worn. Pouch belts were abandoned in 1875. Standard pattern RA helmets were worn from 1878 onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158510-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Aberdeenshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nFrom 1908 the standard RFA service dress was worn, initially with an unusual pattern of brass shoulder title bearing the words 'ABERDEEN CITY' over 'RFA'. This was later changed to the standard TF pattern with 'T' over 'RFA' over 'ABERDEEN'; the brigade ammunition column wore 'HIGHLAND'  in place of 'ABERDEEN'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards\nThe 1st\u00a0Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 1927 and 1928 and took place on May\u00a016, 1929, at a private dinner held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los\u00a0Angeles, California. AMPAS president Douglas Fairbanks hosted the show. Tickets cost $5 (which would be $75 in 2020, considering inflation), 270 people attended the event and the presentation ceremony lasted 15\u00a0minutes. Awards were created by Louis B. Mayer, founder of Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation (at present merged into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). It is the only Academy Awards ceremony not to be broadcast either on radio or television. The radio broadcast was introduced during the 2nd\u00a0Academy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards\nDuring the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards \u2013 now colloquially known as the Oscars \u2013 in 12 categories. Winners were announced three months before the live event. Some nominations were announced without reference to a specific film, such as for Ralph Hammeras and Nugent Slaughter, who received nominations in the now-defunct category of Engineering Effects. Unlike later ceremonies, an actor could be awarded for multiple works within a calendar year for the same category. Emil Jannings, for example, was given the Best Actor award for his work in both The Way of All Flesh and The Last Command. Also, Charlie Chaplin and Warner Brothers each received an Honorary Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards\nMajor winners at the ceremony included 7th\u00a0Heaven and Sunrise, which each received three awards, and Wings, receiving two awards. Among its honors, Sunrise won the award for Unique and Artistic Picture, and Wings won the award for Outstanding Picture (now known as Best Picture). These two categories at the time were regarded equally as the top award of the night, intended to honor different and important aspects of superior filmmaking. The next year, the Academy dropped the Unique and Artistic Picture award and decided retroactively that the award won by Wings was the highest honor that could be awarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Background\nIn 1927, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) was established by Louis B. Mayer, the founder of the Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation, which then would be joined into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Mayer's purpose in creating the award was to unite the five branches of the film industry, including actors, directors, producers, technicians, and writers. Mayer commented on the creation of the awards \"I found that the best way to handle [filmmakers] was to hang medals all over them\u00a0... If I got them cups and awards, they'd kill them to produce what I wanted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Background\nThat's why the Academy Award was created\". Mayer asked Cedric Gibbons, art director of MGM, to design an Academy Award trophy. Nominees were notified through a telegram in February\u00a01928. In August\u00a01928, Mayer contacted the Academy Central Board of Judges to decide winners. However, according to the American director King Vidor, the voting for the Academy Award for Best Picture was in the hands of the AMPAS founders: Mayer, Douglas Fairbanks, Sid Grauman, Mary Pickford, and Joseph Schenck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Ceremony\nThe ceremony was held on May\u00a016, 1929, at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, located in Los\u00a0Angeles. It consisted of a private dinner with 36 banquet tables, where 270 people attended and tickets cost $5 (equivalent to $75.36 in 2020). Actors and actresses arrived at the hotel in luxury vehicles, where many fans attended to encourage celebrities. The ceremony was not broadcast on radio or television, and was hosted by AMPAS director Fairbanks during a 15-minute event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Overview\nWinners were announced three months before the ceremony. The recipients included: Emil Jannings, the inaugural first award recipient for Best Actor (The Way of All Flesh and The Last Command); Janet Gaynor for Best Actress (7th\u00a0Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans); Frank Borzage for Best Director, Drama (7th\u00a0Heaven); Lewis Milestone for Best Director, Comedy (Two Arabian Knights); and Wings for Best Picture (the most expensive film of its time).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Overview\nTwo presentations were made of a Special Award: Charlie Chaplin, a multiple nominee for one movie (Best Actor, Best Writer and Best Director, Comedy; all for The Circus) having been removed from the list so as to recognize his total contribution to the industry; and Warner Brothers, an award for pioneering talking pictures (The Jazz Singer). Three categories were eliminated for subsequent presentations: Best Engineering Effects, Best Title Writing, and Best Unique and Artistic Quality of Production. The larger film producers received the preponderance of awards: Fox Film Corporation, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Radio-Keith-Orpheum, and Warner Bros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Academy Awards of Merit\nAt the 1st\u00a0Academy Awards (1927\u20131928), the nomination process allowed candidates to be nominated \u2013 and to be awarded \u2013 for either, a single film, multiple films, or without reference to any specific film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Academy Awards of Merit\nWinners are listed first, in boldface, and indicated with an asterisk (*).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Honorary Awards\nThe following Honorary Awards \u2013 then called Special Awards \u2013 were conferred:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Changes to Academy Awards\nAfter the 1st\u00a0Academy Awards (1927\u20131928), the following changes were made by the AMPAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Gallery\nWings is the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, which was at the time known as Outstanding Picture. Also won an award for the Best Engineering Effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158511-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Academy Awards, Gallery\nSunrise won the Academy Award for Best Unique and Artistic Picture, the only year that such a prize was awarded. The prize was intended to honor prestige art films separately from \"commercial fare\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158512-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aeromedical Evacuation Group\nThe 1st Aeromedical Evacuation Group (1 AEG) was a unit of the United States Air Force. It was created in 1951, and inactivated on 1 July 1975 when it was replaced by 1st Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158512-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aeromedical Evacuation Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158513-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron\nThe 1st Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron was a unit of the United States Air Force. It was constituted as the 1st Medical Air Evacuation Squadron on 15 May 1951, and activated on 11 June 1951. The unit was redesiginated the 1st Aeromedical Evacuation Flight on 20 December 1952, and then 1st Aeromedical Squadron on 8 April 1957. The Air Force inactivated the unit on 8 August 1958, activated the unit on 1 July 1975, and then inactivated it again on 1 July 1994. On 21 March 2003, the Air Force redesignated the unit as the 1st Expeditionary Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron and converted it to provisional status on 21 March 2003. On 18 December 2008, it was redesignated the 1st Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron and withdrawn from provisional status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158513-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron, History\nIn October 1983, the 1 AES deployed to Grenada in support of Operation Urgent Fury. The squadron aeromedically evacuated numerous casualties during the operation. From December 1989 through January 1990, the 1 AES was deployed in support of Operation Just Cause. During this period, 1 AES personnel established and supported the Joint Casualty Collection Point at Howard AFB, Panama. In addition to providing life-saving intervention and treatment of combat casualties, 1 AES personnel aeromedically evacuated wounded soldiers to stateside medical treatment facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158513-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron, History\nOn 10 August 1990, the 1 AES deployed personnel to the Middle East for support of theater aeromedical operations in Operation Desert Shield. During Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, thousands of theater and strategic patient movements were managed by 1 AES personnel. Following these operations, the 1 AES deployed personnel in support of Operation Provide Comfort from May through October 1991. The squadron also provided support for US forces in Somalia in Operation Restore Hope. The 1 AES deployed to Mogadishu, Somalia, on 18 December 1992 and managed more patient movements on  aeromedical evacuation missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158513-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron, History\nThe 1 AES was realigned under the 317th Airlift Wing, Air Mobility Command, on 1 July 1992 as part of an Air Force-wide reorganization, and on 16 July 1993, the 1 AES was realigned under Air Combat Command and assigned to the 23rd Wing. Finally, the 1st Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron was inactivated on 1 July 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158514-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Africa Movie Academy Awards\nThe 1st Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 30, 2005 at the Gloryland Cultural Center in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, to honor the best African films of 2004. The ceremony was broadcast live on Nigerian national television. Nollywood actress Stella Damasus-Aboderin and Nollywood actor Segun Arinze hosted the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158514-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Africa Movie Academy Awards, Winners, Major Awards\nThe winners of the 14 Award Categories are listed first and highlighted in bold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158515-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Agricultural Construction Division (People's Republic of China)\n2nd Independent Corps of Northwestern Military Region (Chinese: \u897f\u5317\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c2\u519b) was formed on December 19, 1949 in Zhongwei, Ningxia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158515-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Agricultural Construction Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe corps was formed from defected Republic of China Army 81st Corps, the unit of Ningxia Hui clique Ma Hongbin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158515-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Agricultural Construction Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe corps was originally composed of 2 divisions, with a total of 4 infantry regiments and a cavalry regiment and 9414 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158515-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Agricultural Construction Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn December 1950 the corps was reorganized as 1st Independent Division of Ninxia Military District(Chinese: \u5b81\u590f\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158515-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Agricultural Construction Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1953 the division was reorganized as 1st Agricultural Construction Division(Chinese: \u519c\u4e1a\u5efa\u8bbe\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army\nThe 1st Air Army (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was an Air Army in the Soviet Air Force which served during World War II. It was formed on May 10, 1942, within the Soviet Western Front, and renamed the 26th Air Army on January 10, 1949, in the Belorussian Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army\nAfter the war, it was reformed on July 1, 1957, and was active until 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army, Second World War\nWhen it was formed, the 1st Air Army was made up of two fighter aviation divisions (with four fighter aviation regiments each), two mixed aviation divisions (with two fighter aviation regiments, two assault aviation regiments and one bombing regiment each) a training aviation regiment, a long-range reconnaissance aviation regiment, a communications squadron, and a night close-range bombing aviation regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army, Second World War, Structure 1942\nFrom 22 February 1943 until May 1946, the 18th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment served with the 303rd Aviation Division (ru:303-\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) of the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army, Second World War, Structure 1942\nIn March 1943, the Air Army also included the French Normandie-Niemen squadron, which was later reorganized into a regiment. In 1942, the 1st Air Army fought alongside the troops of the Western Front, supporting them near Yukhnov, Gzhatsk and Rzhev. The Air Army later participated in the Rzhev-Sychevka, Rzhev-Vyazma, Oryol, Smolensk, Belarusian, Memel and East Prussian offensive operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army, Second World War, Structure 1942\nThroughout the war, the 1st Air Army made 290,000 sorties. Five of the Air Army's formations where reorganized as \"Guards Units\", 50 formations were given \"honourable titles\", 44 formations received various awards, 145 pilots and navigators received the title \"Hero of the Soviet Union\" and over 17,000 of its servicemen were also given various medals and decorations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army, Postwar\nIn 1957, the army was reformed by the amalgamation of the 29th Air Army and the 54th Air Army within the Soviet Air Forces. It served in the Far Eastern Military District until 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army, Postwar\nThe army's order of battle c.1988 according to Vad777 and supplemented by Holm/Feskov et al. 2013 was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army, Postwar\nIn 1989 the 1st Air Army disbanded the headquarters of the 33rd Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division, and in 1994 the headquarters of the 303rd Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158516-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Air Army, Postwar\nThe 1st Air Army was merged with the 11th Air Defence Army in 1998 to form the 11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group\nThe 1st Air Support Group of the Puerto Rico State Guard (1ASG-PRSG) \u2014 is the main unit of the State Guard of the Military Forces of Puerto Rico that operates under the sole authority of the governor of Puerto Rico who, in turn, delegates such authority to the Puerto Rico Adjutant General and to the Commanding General of the Puerto Rico State Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, 21st century\nAlong with Texas, California and New York, the Puerto Rico State Command is one of the few SDFs that has an air division that embrace the Air Force culture. The 1st Air Support Group, located at Mu\u00f1iz Air National Guard Base, is an excellent example of integration and teamwork with the PRANG units, especially with the current 156th Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, 21st century\nThe 1ASG have two support flights to provide support to the 140th Air Defense Squadron in Punta Salinas and the 141st Air Control Squadron in Punta Borinqu\u00e9n Aguadilla. All 1st Air Support Group units are organized to meet the military training requirements necessary to take over the Puerto Rico Air National Guard installations upon mobilization and deployment of their units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, 21st century\nThe 1st Air Support Group training is conducted in accordance with USAF regulations, which supplements the PRSG and PRNG regulations, directives and guidance. Unit Training Assemblies (UTAs) are performed jointly with PRANG's 156th AW in a consolidated drill concept. These trainings are performed jointly with 156th AW personnel. It allows 1ASG personnel to acquire hands-on experience of what their duty will be if PRANG units are mobilize and deployed. It also gives them the opportunity to be trained by their counterpart in their specialty and get the feeling of a real life scenario, while getting ready for it. These drills are performed concurrently with 156th AW UTA schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, 21st century\nAll 1st Air Support Group units and members attend consolidated drills. This form of UTA's is used to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Duties\nThe PRSG is the state's authorized militia and assumes the state mission of the Puerto Rico National Guard in the event the National Guard is mobilized. Unlike the Civil Air Patrol or the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, the PRSG is a statutory military entity of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico with each PRSG member subject to the Puerto Rico Code of Military Justice (Law 62). Under state law, enlisted members and officers of the PRSG have the same similar legal status, privileges, and/or immunities as members of the state National Guard (in state status) when called to State Active Duty (SAD) or in drill status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Duties\nAs a state-organized militia, the PRSG ranks are official state military ranks in accordance with the Article 1, Section 8, Clause 16 of the United States Constitution, where the US Congress received the power \u201cto provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Duties\nAll PRSG appointments, commissions, warrants, and enlistments are recognized and authorized by the Governor of Puerto Rico through the Adjutant General of PR. The PRSG military personnel render to all members of the military community, and receive from them, all courtesies common to all such members, such as saluting, and forms of address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Duties\nAs a historic milestone for our Unit, From August 13 to 17, 2016, a selected group of nine 1st Air Base Group Civil Engineering Flight traveled and participated in a DFT Mission in support of the US Virgin Island National Guard. During the mission, our airmen performed rehabilitation and maintenance tasks at the USVING Joint Forces Headquarters. The group was excellently led by 1st Lt Alexander De Jesus, 1ABG CEF Commander. They were received, greeted and their outstanding performance was recognized by the USVI TAG, BG (VI) Deborah Howell and her Senior Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Uniform\nAs approved by the Puerto Rico Adjutant General, the military uniforms worn by the 1st Support Base Group personnel are a variation of the U.S. Air Force's Airman Battle Uniform, the USAF's Service Dress Uniform and the USAF's Mess Dress. 1st Air Base Group members must use the PRSG AIR FORCE distinctive marking on those authorized uniforms. All unit commanders will ensure that all members, individually and collectively, present a professional, well-groomed appearance, which will reflect credit upon PRSG Air Force as the State Guard of the Puerto Rico National Guard. The following Military and USAF Style Specialty Badges are authorized to professional members of the 1st Air Base Group:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Uniform\nAs a regulation governing the use of those Specialty Badges, the 1ABG published the Career Field Education and Training Plan (CFETP) Policy Manual. The CFETP provides information for the Civil Engineer, Medical Corps, Dental Corps, Nurse Corps, Chaplain, Judge Advocate, Emergency Managers, Security Forces and Fire Protection occupational series. That plan outlines desired training, education, and experience to chart and execute a career in those career fields\u2014from entry-level officer/NCO through squadron commander. The CFETP also provides officers, supervisors, and commanders a means to jointly plan and program training and education opportunities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Uniform\nEach officer and NCO should use The CFETP to work with supervisors and commanders to determine appropriate levels and timing of education and training, and ensure they have every opportunity to attend continuing education courses. Every officer or NCO should take the initiative to determine realistic milestones for achieving their goals. Completion of education, training, and experience is a joint responsibility between the officer, their supervisor, and the commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Training\nIn January 2014, the 1st Air Base Group published the 1ABG Airman Manual establishing military standards, qualifications, and as a means to verify readiness. This manual has been created to assist 1ABG airmen in their military careers. It is intended to provide quick guidance to the customs, courtesies, and basic knowledge of the United States Air Force (USAF) and life in the PRSG Air Force. Whether the member has prior military experience. This guide sets forth the basic military principles and policies required of an airman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Training\nThe contents of this publication are a compilation of materials from military manuals and guides and is designed to serve as a guide to all members of the 1st Air Support Group-Puerto Rico State Guard. This manual is intended to be used as an orientation resource for new members and a reference document for all personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Training\nAlso, all 1st Air Support Group personnel participate in other Professional Military Education specialized and general training:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Training\nDuring Training Year 2010-2011 the 1st Air Base Group participated as a Unit in the Military Emergency Management Specialist (MEMS) Program. The Military Emergency Management Specialist (MEMS) Academy was established by the State Guard Association of the United States, Inc. (SGAUS) in 1998 to promote and advance the practice of emergency management among the various State Defense Forces or State Military Reserves. The program is structured around the Federal Emergency Management Agency's National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Training\nThe 1ABG certified 90% of their personnel as MEMS Basic and NIMS Compliance, being the first and only State Defense Force Unit in the Nation to achieve that goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Training\nWith the support of the PRSG MEMS Academy staff & instructors, the 1ABG completed the following FEMA-Emergency Management Institute classroom courses:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Training\nAlso as a Group, as a requirement for the Basic MEMS Certification, they completed a Point of Distribution Exercise planned under Incident Command principles at Puerto Rico National Guard's Camp Santiago Joint Maneuvering Training Site, Salinas, PR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Training\nIn 2016, the 1st ABG, in a joint effort with the 156AW Security Forces Squadron, implemented the Security Forces Basic Orientation Course (SFBOC) for Air State Guard Personnel. The course serves as an introduction of Security Forces concepts of operations. It will also direct their knowledge toward the U.S. Air Force and Air National Guard security forces culture. It will give all these personnel the basic necessary knowledge to support the PRANG Mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Training\nThe participants completed 73 contact hours of Professional Military Education including the following topics: Security Forces Concepts of Operations, Military Law and Jurisdiction, Authority, Communications, Counter Bloodborne & Pathogens, Reports, Challenge (Foot & Vehicle), Handcuffing, Individual, Areas & Vehicles Searches, ASP Baton, Individual & Small Team Tactics, Entry Control Procedures, AF Form 1109, AF Form 52, Sec Forces Combative, Arming & Use of Force, Rules of Engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158517-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Air Base Group, Meritorious Unit Citation awarded by the State Guard Association of USA\nOn May 1, 2016, the 1ABG received the Meritorious Unit Citation awarded to the 1st Air Base Group-Puerto Rico Air State Guard by the State Guard Association of the United States. This national-level recognition is awarded to the 1st ABG for its achievements in the Emergency Management and Regional Points of Distribution Program in support to the PR Emergency Management Agency and FEMA mission. And for being the first State Guard Unit that qualifies more than 90% of their personnel as Basic Military Emergency Management Specialists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 91], "content_span": [92, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade\nThe Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division is a divisional aviation brigade of the United States Army. It was activated on 16 September 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, 1960s\nThe history of combat aviation in the 1st Cavalry Division goes back to 1963, when the Army began to gather helicopters into the 11th Aviation Group, 11th Air Assault Division (Test) at Fort Benning, Georgia, to test the airmobile concept. The 11th Aviation Group included the 227th, 228th and 229th Aviation Battalions. In 1965, the assets of the 11th AAD and the 2d Infantry Division were merged to form the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). This involved a simultaneous transfer of the swapping of the colors of the 1st Cavalry Division, then stationed in Korea, with the 2nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, 1960s\nOn 1 August 1965, the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) was sent to Vietnam. Aviators participated in 14 campaigns and received seven decorations during its seven years of duty in Vietnam. The first Army aviator to be awarded the Medal of Honor in the Vietnam War was a member of the 227th Aviation Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, 1960s\nFollowing its return from Vietnam, the 1st Cavalry Division was reorganized as an experimental TRICAP (Triple Capability) Division with a heavy (armor-mech) brigade, an airmobile brigade and an aviation brigade. This configuration was deemed unworkable and the division was reorganized as a standard heavy division. The division's aviation element consisted of the 227th Aviation Battalion. The colors of the 11th Aviation Group were separated from the division after the war and assigned to Germany by reflagging an existing aviation group already stationed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, 1960s\nAccording to the U.S. Army Center of Military History, the lineage of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division began when it was constituted on 1 September 1984 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, Cavalry Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, and activated at Fort Hood, Texas. It was reorganized and redesignated on 16 October 1996 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Aviation Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, 1960s\nThe 227th Aviation Regiment itself appears to have been established on 16 July 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Gulf War\nIn late 1990, the brigade deployed overseas to Saudi Arabia, where the unit postured for combat in Operation Desert Shield. On 25 February 1991, with the onset of Operation Desert Storm, the brigade conducted a raid as a part of the 1st Cavalry Division's deception plan to throw Iraqi forces off guard. The units of the brigade would serve as the vanguard of the division's movement north to cut off a retreating Iraqi Republican Guard division at Basra. In late spring of 1991, the units of the brigade redeployed to Fort Hood and their home stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Other operations\nIn January 1993 the brigade deployed command and control aircraft to Kuwait. With 48 hours' notice, the brigade deployed to Somalia, where it flew over 500 hours of combat missions. In Bosnia, in 1999, the brigade deployed to Operation Joint Forge. Units flew in the Balkans in support of Stabilization Force 4. Missions performed ranged from multi-national general support and airborne command and control, to air movement operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Iraq War\nWith the onset of Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, the brigade deployed the 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation to Iraq to exercise their Longbow Apaches in combat operations for the first time. There, they assisted in setting the conditions for the defeat of the Iraqi Army and the liberation of Baghdad. In the early hours of 24 March 2003, Apache Longbows of the 1st Cavalry Division, fought a fierce battle with units of Iraq's Republican Guard Medina Division between the cities of Karbala and Al Hilah, south of Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Iraq War\nDuring March 2004 the brigade deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom II as part of Task Force Baghdad. The brigade fought throughout the Baghdad Area of Operations and in Fallujah, An Najaf, Al Kut, Karbala, and Balad. The brigade flew over 70,000 hours and was recognized with 84 awards for valor including the first Army Aviator to receive the Distinguished Service Cross, a Silver Star and seven Distinguished Flying Crosses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Iraq War\nIn 2006 the brigade deployed to Taji, Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08. At the end of January 2007, the brigade participated in the Battle of An Najif, in which a 4-227, AH-64D was shot down in combat operations. One week later a 1-227, AH-64D was also shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Iraq War\nThe brigade was deployed to Taji, Iraq again in 2009 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, 09-11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Iraq War\nIn June 2011 the brigade deployed to Afghanistan and returned starting in April 2012 after being replaced by 12th Combat Aviation Brigade from Germany", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Iraq War, Events of 12 July 2007\nOn 12 July 2007, after several skirmishes in the area, two AH-64 Apache helicopters reportedly of the Air Weapons Team of the Combat Aviation Brigade observed a group of people milling around on a street in Baghdad, including what appeared to be two armed, and ten unarmed men. They reported all in the group to be armed, presumed them to be Iraqi insurgents, and fired on them, as well as a van seeking to pick up the wounded and a man severely wounded and incapacitated by the first attack. A total of 12 people were killed including Reuters journalist Noor-Eldeen and his driver, Saeed Chmagh. Two children were also severely injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Iraq War, Events of 12 July 2007\nThe attacks received worldwide media coverage following the leaking of 39 minutes of classified cockpit video footage in 2010. The Apache crews involved were criticized for their decision to attack a largely unarmed group, for re-attacking the wounded, attacking the unarmed men that came to the aid of the wounded, and for the callous language used by the Apache crews occasionally during the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158518-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Air Cavalry Brigade, History, Peacetime operations\nAfter the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina in September 2005, the brigade deployed 2nd Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, elements of 615th Aviation Support Battalion and the brigade command team to Louisiana to support disaster relief operations in New Orleans. Immediately upon redeployment, 2-227 AVN, 615th ASB and the brigade command team redeployed to East Texas to assist relief efforts in the wake of Hurricane Rita. Shortly after returning from the hurricane relief effort, the 2nd Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment and 615th ASB were called upon to support a humanitarian aid mission in the aftermath of the October 2005 earthquake that devastated northern Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158519-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Command\nThe 1st Air Command (Serbo-Croatian: 1. vazduhoplovna komanda/ 1.   \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430) was a joint unit of the Yugoslav Air Force from 1959 to 1964 and served as the premier air force unit with Yugoslavia. The unit served during a time of uncertainty for the Yugoslav Air Force, in which internal and external forces put political pressure upon the force. This included the utilization of first NATO then Soviet aircraft, and the eventual dissolution of the 1st Air command in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158519-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Command, History\nIt was established by the order from June 27, 1959, year due to the \"Drvar\" reorganization plan of Yugoslav Air Force from the 44th Aviation Division with command at Batajnica. In 1961 it suffered a change in the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158519-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Command, History\nBy the new \"Drvar 2\" reorganization plan of Yugoslav Air Force, on May 2, 1964, 1st Air Command was transformed into 1st Aviation Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158520-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Corps (Germany)\nI. Fliegerkorps (1st Air Corps) was formed 11 October 1939 in Cologne from the 1st Air Division. The Corps was also known as Luftwaffenkommando Don between 26 August 1942 until 17 February 1943. It was transformed to the 18th Air Division on 4 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158521-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defence Division (Russia)\nThe 1st Air Defence Division is a military formation of the Russian Aerospace Forces. It traces its history to a corps of the Soviet Air Defence Forces, and later the Russian Air Force. The corps was headquartered at Severomorsk and was part of the 10th Air Defence Army from 1960 to 1994. It was formed as the Northern Air Defence Corps in 1957 and was assigned the designation \"21st\" three years later. It became a brigade in 2009 and was converted into a division in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158521-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defence Division (Russia), History\nThe corps was originally established as the Northern Air Defence Corps in February 1957 with headquarters at Severomorsk, Murmansk Oblast, part of the Northern Air Defence Army. On 21 March 1960 it gained a combined-arms number as the 21st Air Defence Corps, and at the same time the Northern Air Defence Army became the 10th Air Defence Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158521-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defence Division (Russia), History\nThe corps included an anti-aircraft missile regiment with a headquarters in Murmansk (the only military unit in this city), the 5th Radio Technical Brigade with headquarters in Severomorsk, and fighter air regiments based on airfields Kilp-yavr, Afrikanda and Monchegorsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158521-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defence Division (Russia), History\nIn April 1978, corps commander Vladimir Tsarkov ordered an Su-15 pilot to shoot down Korean Air Lines Flight 902 after the plane failed to respond to repeated orders to land, and approached the Soviet border with Finland. The Su-15 opened fire, forcing the plane to descend, and killing two of the 109 passengers and crew members aboard Flight 902. The plane made an emergency landing on the frozen Korpiyarvi lake (not to be confused with the Korpij\u00e4rvi lake) near the Finnish border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158521-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defence Division (Russia), History\nThe 10th Air Defence Army disbanded in December 1994, and the corps transferred to the 6th Separate Air Defence Army, which became the 6th Air and Air Defence Forces Army in 1998. In 2009, the formation became the 1st Aerospace Defence Brigade, and the 6th Army became the 1st Air and Air Defence Forces Command. In December 2014, the brigade was converted, along like other aerospace defence brigades, into the 1st Air Defence Division, and became part of the Arctic Joint Strategic Command. The division became part of the Northern Fleet by early 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Air Defense Artillery is an air defense artillery regiment in the United States Army first formed as a field artillery unit in 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nConstituted 1 June 1821 in the Regular Army as the 1st Regiment of Artillery, and organized from existing units with headquarters at Fort Independence (Massachusetts). The lineages of some of the units that initially made up the 1st U.S. Artillery include campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nTwelve batteries of the regiment served in the American Civil War. Battery E and Battery H were the garrison of Fort Sumter under Major Robert Anderson during the bombardment of the fort in April 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nBattery E of the 1st Artillery participated in the Battle of Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nOrder of battle information shows that batteries of the regiment deployed outside the U.S. in the Spanish\u2013American War of 1898. However, no battle honors for this war are on the official lineage and honors certificate dated 29 November 1996. Batteries E and K deployed to Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nRegiment broken up 13 February 1901 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as separate numbered companies and batteries of the Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nReconstituted 1 July 1924 in the Regular Army as the 1st Coast Artillery and partially organized with headquarters at Fort De Lesseps, Panama Canal Zone in the Harbor Defenses of Cristobal on the Caribbean side of the Panama Canal. The regiment was organized by redesignating the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 10th, and 11th companies of the Coast Artillery Corps (CAC). Batteries B, C, and D carried the lineage and designations of the corresponding batteries in the old 1st Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nOn 1 July 1924, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB) & Band activated at Fort De Lesseps and 3rd Battalion with Batteries E and G at Fort Randolph. Batteries A, B, C, D, & F were inactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nBattery G inactivated 31 May 1926; 1st Battalion activated 1 June 1926 at Fort Randolph, Canal Zone; inactivated 31 July 1926 at Fort Randolph, Canal Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nBatteries A, B, C, D, F, & H activated 17 March 1932 (or 15 April 1932) with personnel from 2nd Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) (HD) and 65th Coast Artillery (Antiaircraft) (AA). 1st and 2nd Battalions activated 15 April 1932 at Forts Randolph and Sherman, Canal Zone, respectively. 3rd Battalion inactivated same date. 1st Battalion served as AA and 2nd Battalion as HD under special tables of organization. HHB changed station to Fort Sherman 15 February 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nRegiment reorganized as HD 26 October 1939. 1st Battalion provided cadre for organization of 72nd Coast Artillery (AA) Regiment at Fort Randolph 1 November 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n3d Battalion activated 15 March 1940 at Fort Randolph, Canal Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n1st and 2nd Battalions and Batteries E and F inactivated 30 March 1941; 1st and 2nd Battalions activated 17 April 1942 at Fort Sherman, Canal Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nRegiment broken up 1 November 1944 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Coast Artillery Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nAfter 1 November 1944 the above units underwent changes as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Coast Artillery Group, reorganized and redesignated 2 January 1945 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, Harbor Defenses of Cristobal. Inactivated 15 January 1947 at Fort Sherman, Canal Zone. Redesignated 21 June 1950 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Group. Consolidated 18 November 1952 with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Group (see ANNEX), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Group. Activated 15 April 1953 in Germany. Inactivated 26 December 1957 in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n1st Coast Artillery Battalion disbanded 1 February 1946 at Fort Sherman, Canal Zone. Reconstituted 21 June 1950 in the Regular Army as the 1st Coast Artillery to consist of the 1st and 2nd Battalions; 1st and 2nd Battalions concurrently redesignated as the 1st and 54th Antiaircraft Battalions, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n1st Antiaircraft Battalion redesignated 17 March 1955 as the 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion Activated 15 April 1955 at Irwin, Pennsylvania. Inactivated 1 September 1958 at Irwin, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n54th Antiaircraft Battalion redesignated 15 December 1954 as the 54th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion and activated at the United States Army Chemical Center, Maryland. Inactivated 1 September 1958 at the United States Army Chemical Center, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Group, and the 1st and 54th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalions consolidated 19 March 1959 with the 1st Field Artillery Battalion (organized in 1907) and consolidated unit reorganized and redesignated as the 1st Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n1st Artillery (less former 1st Field Artillery Battalion) reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1971 as the 1st Air Defense Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System (former 1st Field Artillery Battalion concurrently reorganized and redesignated as the 1st Field Artillery - hereafter separate lineage).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage\n1st Air Defense Artillery withdrawn 16 June 1987 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage, Annex (1st AAA Group)\nConstituted 5 August 1942 in the Army of the United States as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Group (or 1st Coast Artillery Group (Antiaircraft)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage, Annex (1st AAA Group)\nActivated 17 August 1942 at Fort Bliss, Texas. Departed the United States 1 March 1943; arrived in North Africa 9 March 1943 and landed in Sicily on 9 August 1943. Transferred to Sardinia 4 December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Lineage, Annex (1st AAA Group)\nRedesignated 31 December 1943 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Group at Sassari, Sardinia. Moved to Corsica 25 July 1944; landed in France 2 November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Decorations\nThe 1st Air Defense Artillery has received the following decorations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nGules, two pallets argent, overall a cubit arm habited in the artillery uniform of 1861 erased holding aloft a burning torch or, between two of a snake vert, lipped and eyed of the third above and behind a prickly pear cactus all proper, fesswise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms\nOn a wreath of the colors, argent and gules, a palmetto tree vert behind an arm embowed habited in the artillery uniform of 1861 issuing from the upper portion of an embattled tower and grasping a rammer staff fessways all or.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is scarlet for artillery. With two white stripes, alluding to the campaign streamer of the War of 1812, the age of some of the units of the regiment is depicted. The snake and cactus, from the State Seal of Mexico, represent the Mexican War. The hand holding the torch of loyalty commemorates the defense of Fort Pickens, the only fort south of Fort Monroe that remained loyal to the federal government throughout the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe arm and rammer staff rising out of a tower in front of a palmetto tree indicate participation in the Civil War at Fort Sumter. The palmetto tree is taken from the State Seal of South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158522-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive insignia is an adaptation of the crest and motto of the coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158523-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Brigade (South Korea)\nThe 1st Air Defense Brigade (Korean: \uc81c1\ubc29\uacf5\uc5ec\ub2e8, Hanja: \u7b2c\u4e00\u9632\u7a7a\u65c5\u5718) is a military formation of the Republic of Korea Army. It is subordinated to the Capital Defense Command. It headquartered in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi Province, and is responsible for defending the P-73A and P-73B areas of Seoul, the South Korean capital city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158523-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Brigade (South Korea), History\nOn 1 December 1986, the unit were established as 3rd Air Defense Brigade. The 3rd Air Defense Brigade was reorganized into the 1st Air Defense Brigade after being left with the Army when the Air Defense Command transferred to the Republic of Korea Air Force on 1 July 1991. After that, the brigade was under the command of the Third ROK Army, and on 1 December 2011, it was merged with the 10th Air Defense Group and transferred to the Capital Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158524-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Force Corps (People's Republic of China)\n1st Air Defense Corps(Chinese: \u9632\u7a7a\u7b2c1\u519b) was activated on July 12, 1955, from Headquarters, 12th Public Security Division in Fuzhou, Fujian province. The corps was mainly tasked with the defense of major cities and facilities in Fujian province when Republic of China Air Force had taken control of the air superiority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158524-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Force Corps (People's Republic of China)\nIn August 1958, along with the formal activation of People's Liberation Army Air Defense Force, the corps was redesignated as 1st Air Defense Force Corps(Chinese: \u9632\u7a7a\u519b\u7b2c1\u519b).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158524-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Force Corps (People's Republic of China)\nThe corps was a part of People's Liberation Army Air Defense Force, then a major branch of the People's Liberation Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158524-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Force Corps (People's Republic of China)\nFrom July 1, 1956, 107th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Division attached to the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158524-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Air Defense Force Corps (People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1957, during the combination of the People's Liberation Army Air Force and the People's Liberation Army Air Defense Force, the corps was redesignated as 1st Air Force Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158525-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Division (Germany)\n1st Air Division (1. Flieger-Division) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet\nThe 1st Air Fleet (\u7b2c\u4e00\u822a\u7a7a\u8266\u968a, Daiichi K\u014dk\u016b Kantai) also known as the Kid\u014d Butai (\"Mobile Force\"), was a name used for a combined carrier battle group comprising most of the aircraft carriers and carrier air groups of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), during the first eight months of the Pacific War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet\nAt the time of its best-known operation, the attack on Pearl Harbor, in December 1941, the 1st Air Fleet was the world's largest fleet of aircraft carriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet\nIn its second generation, 1st Air Fleet was a land-based fleet of \"kichi k\u014dk\u016btai\" (base air unit(s)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Origins\nIn 1912, the British Royal Navy had established its own flying branch, the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). The IJN was modeled on the Royal Navy and the IJN Admiralty sought establishment of their own Naval Air Service. The IJN had also observed technical developments in other countries and saw military potential of the airplane. In 1913, the IJN seaplane carrier Wakamiya was converted into a seaplane tender and aircraft were purchased. The 1st and 2nd Air Fleet were to be the primary attack force of the IJNAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Origins\nThe Japanese carriers' experiences off China had helped further develop the IJN's carrier doctrine. One lesson learned in China was the importance of concentration and mass in projecting naval air power ashore. Therefore, in April 1941 the IJN formed the 1st Air Fleet to combine all of its fleet carriers under a single command. The IJN centered its doctrine on air strikes that combined the air groups within carrier divisions, rather than each individual carrier. When more than one carrier division was operating together, the divisions' air groups were combined with each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Origins\nThis doctrine of combined, massed, carrier air attack groups was the most advanced of its kind of all the world's navies. The IJN, however, remained concerned that concentrating all of its carriers together would render them vulnerable to being wiped out all at once by a massive enemy air or surface strike. Thus, the IJN developed a compromise solution in which the fleet carriers would operate closely together within their carrier divisions but the divisions themselves would operate in loose rectangular formations, with approximately 7,000 metres (7,700\u00a0yd) separating the carriers from each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Origins\nAlthough the concentration of so many fleet carriers into a single unit was a new and revolutionary offensive strategic concept, the First Air Fleet suffered from several defensive deficiencies which gave it, in Mark Peattie's words, a \"'glass jaw':  it could throw a punch but couldn't take one.\" Japanese carrier anti-aircraft guns and associated fire control systems had several design and configuration deficiencies which limited their effectiveness. The IJN's fleet combat air patrol (CAP) consisted of too few fighter aircraft and was hampered by an inadequate early warning system, including a lack of radar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Origins\nPoor radio communications with the fighter aircraft inhibited effective command and control of the CAP. The carriers' escorting warships were deployed as visual scouts in a ring at long range, not as close anti-aircraft escorts, as they lacked training, doctrine, and sufficient anti-aircraft guns. These deficiencies would eventually doom Kaga and other First Air Fleet carriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet\nThe First Air Fleet (Dai-ichi K\u014dk\u016b Kantai) was a major component of the Combined Fleet (Reng\u014d Kantai). When created on 10 April 1941, it had three k\u014dk\u016b sentai (air flotillas; in the case of aircraft carriers, carrier divisions): On that date, First K\u014dk\u016b Sentai consisted of Akagi and Kaga and their aircraft units. Later that spring, a number of destroyers were added. On 10 April 1941, Second K\u014dk\u016b Sentai comprised S\u014dry\u016b, Hiry\u016b and the 23rd Kuchikutai (Destroyer Unit). Fourth K\u014dk\u016b Sentai consisted solely of light carrier Ry\u016bj\u014d and her aircraft unit, until two destroyers were added in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet\n(At its inception, First Air Fleet did not include Third K\u014dk\u016b Sentai and it did not include it on 7 December 1941. Third K\u014dk\u016b Sentai (3rd Carrier Division, see table below) was attached to First Fleet, as distinct from First Air Fleet. On 1 April 1942, Third K\u014dk\u016b Sentai was disbanded.) See the table titled \"Transition\", below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet\nWhen formed on 10 April 1941, First Air Fleet was a naval battlegroup with the single most powerful concentration of carrier-based aircraft in the world at the time. Military historian Gordon Prange called it \"a revolutionary and potentially formidable instrument of sea power.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet\nFifth K\u014dk\u016b Sentai (5th Carrier Division) was created on 1 September 1941 and was added to First Air Fleet . When the new aircraft carrier Zuikaku was added to Fifth K\u014dk\u016b Sentai, First Air Fleet consisted of Akagi, Kaga, S\u014dry\u016b, Hiry\u016b, Ry\u016bj\u014d, Kasuga Maru (renamed Taiy\u014d ca. 31 August 1942), Sh\u014dkaku and Zuikaku , along with their aircraft units and a number of destroyers. On 25 September 1941, Kasuga Maru was transferred from Fifth K\u014dk\u016b Sentai to Fourth K\u014dk\u016b Sentai. (Kasuga Maru was used to ferry aircraft to distant Japanese bases and should not be considered a front-line aircraft carrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet\nThe status of any aircraft unit that she may have had is unclear.) Light carrier Sh\u014dh\u014d was added to Fourth K\u014dk\u016b Sentai on 22 December 1941. She was destroyed on 7 May 1942 in the Battle of the Coral Sea. Akagi, Kaga, S\u014dry\u016b, and Hiry\u016b were lost in the Battle of Midway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet\nEach K\u014dk\u016b Sentai of First Air Fleet tended to include a pair of aircraft carriers, and each included the respective hik\u014dkitai/hik\u014dtai (aircraft/aviation unit(s)) of each aircraft carrier. Each K\u014dk\u016b Sentai of First Air Fleet was a tactical unit that could be deployed separately or combined with other K\u014dk\u016b Sentai of First Air Fleet, depending on the mission. For example, for operations against New Britain and New Guinea in January 1942, First K\u014dk\u016b Sentai and Fifth K\u014dk\u016b Sentai participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet\nThe number (from approximately two dozen up to approximately 80 aircraft) and type of aircraft varied, based on the capacity of the aircraft carrier. The large fleet carriers had three types of aircraft; fighters, level/torpedo bombers, and dive bombers. The smaller carriers tended to have only two types of aircraft, fighters and torpedo bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet\nAt the beginning of the Pacific War, First Air Fleet included six fleet carriers: Akagi, Kaga, S\u014dry\u016b, Hiry\u016b, Sh\u014dkaku, and Zuikaku, and two light carriers: Ry\u016bj\u014d and Kasuga Maru (later renamed Taiy\u014d), as shown in the table below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet\nOn 14 July 1942, First Air Fleet was converted into Third Fleet (\u7b2c\u4e09\u8266\u968a) and Eighth Fleet (\u7b2c\u516b\u8266\u968a), and 2nd Carrier Division (first generation) and 5th Carrier Division were disbanded. On the same date, the Japanese Navy's front-line aircraft carriers and their aircraft units came under the command of the 3rd Fleet, which was created in its sixth generation on that date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet, Kid\u014d Butai\nThe Kid\u014d Butai (\u6a5f\u52d5\u90e8\u968a, \"Mobile Unit/Force\") was the Combined Fleet's tactical designation for its combined carrier battle groups. The title was used as a term of convenience; it was not a formal name for the organization. It consisted of Japan's six largest carriers, carrying the 1st Air Fleet. This mobile task force was created for executing the attack on Pearl Harbor under Vice-Admiral Ch\u016bichi Nagumo in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Carrier-Based Fleet, Kid\u014d Butai\nFor the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Kid\u014d Butai consisted of six aircraft carriers (commanded by Ch\u016bichi Nagumo, Tamon Yamaguchi and Ch\u016bichi Hara) with 414 airplanes, two battleships, three cruisers, nine destroyers, eight tankers, 23 submarines, and four midget submarines. However, these escort ships were borrowed from other fleets and squadrons. It was considered the single most powerful naval fleet until four of the six aircraft carriers of the unit were destroyed in the disastrous Battle of Midway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Land-Based Air Fleet\nOn 1 July 1943, the 1st Air Fleet was recreated as an exclusively land-based air fleet. It was intended to consist of nearly 1,600 aircraft when completed, but the war situation prevented it from reaching that figure, and the second generation of this fleet began with only two K\u014dk\u016btai: Dai 261 Kaigun K\u014dk\u016btai (a one-month-old Zerosen unit) and Dai 761 Kaigun K\u014dk\u016btai (a bomber unit that was created on the same day as this fleet was). On 30 September 1943, a cabinet meeting planned the Absolute National Defense Zone (\u7d76\u5bfe\u56fd\u9632\u570f, Zettai Kokub\u014dken) strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Land-Based Air Fleet\nThe plan intended the Kuril Islands, Bonin Islands, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, Biak, Sunda Islands and Burma to be unsinkable aircraft carriers. The 1st Air Fleet became the main force of this plan. However, it was soundly beaten in the Battle of Philippine Sea. The IJN then moved the air fleet to the Philippines to regroup. However, due partly to the aircrews' lack of combat experience, the air fleet suffered severe losses in the Formosa Air Battle. After the battle it had only 30 aircraft. The only tactic left for them was the kamikaze attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Land-Based Air Fleet, Commanders\nVice Admiral Kakuji Kakuta (4th Carrier Division - from 1941)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Organization, As a Land-Based Air Fleet, Commanders\nVice Admiral Ry\u016bnosuke Kusaka (Chief of staff, 1st Air Fleet)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Operations, Pearl Harbor\nThe Kid\u014d Butai (also known as the Carrier Striking Task Force) set sail from Hitokappu Bay, Japan under Vice Admiral Ch\u016bichi Nagumo on 26 November 1941, arriving in Hawaiian waters on Sunday, 7 December 1941 Hawaiian time. At around 8am, the first wave began its attack on the US Pacific Fleet based at Pearl Harbor and on outlying airfields. By the end of the day 21 American ships were either sunk or crippled, 188 aircraft were destroyed, and almost 2,500 Americans were killed. Japan was now formally at war with the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Operations, Pearl Harbor\nFor the attack on Pearl Harbor, this fleet had a strength of 103 level bombers, 128 dive bombers, 40 torpedo bombers, 88 fighter planes, and plus 91 planes with a total of 441 planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Operations, Bombing of Darwin\nThe Bombing of Darwin on 19\u00a0February 1942 was the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia. On that day, 242 Japanese aircraft, in two separate raids, attacked the town, ships in Darwin's harbour and the town's two airfields in an attempt to prevent the Allies from using them as bases to contest the invasion of Timor and Java. The town was only lightly defended and the Japanese inflicted heavy losses upon the Allied forces at little cost to themselves. The urban areas of Darwin also suffered some damage from the raids and there were a number of civilian casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Operations, Indian Ocean Raid\nBetween 31 March and 10 April 1942 the Japanese conducted a naval sortie against Allied naval forces in the Indian Ocean. The Fast Carrier Task Force (Kid\u014d Butai), consisting of six carriers commanded by Admiral Ch\u016bichi Nagumo, inflicted heavy losses on the British fleet, with the sinking of 1 carrier, 2 cruisers, 2 destroyers, and 23 merchant ships for the loss of 20 aircraft. Attacks on the island of Ceylon were also carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Operations, Battle of the Coral Sea\nThe 1st Air Fleet dispatched the Fifth Carrier Division in the Coral Sea during the return from the Indian Ocean. On May 7 the USN sighted the Port Moresby invasion force and mistook it for the main carrier force. Admiral Fletcher sent an aircraft strike which sank the IJN light carrier Sh\u014dh\u014d. After this loss of air cover, the Port Moresby invasion force abandoned its mission and retreated north. On the same day the IJN sighted and sank USN destroyer Sims and oiler Neosho. The primary action took place on 8 May. Both carrier forces sighted and attacked each other. As a result, Lexington was sunk and Yorktown was damaged by a Japanese air strike. USN aircraft managed to damage Sh\u014dkaku, meaning that she and her sister ship were unable to participate in the following operation. The remaining fleet returned to Japan to prepare for the Midway invasion (Operation MI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Operations, Battle of Midway\nAdmiral Isoroku Yamamoto planned to lure and destroy USN carriers by attacking the Midway Islands in June 1942. The Japanese were unaware that the United States had broken their naval code. As a result of this, USN carriers were already in the area when the Japanese attacked Midway. On 3 June US land-based bombers from Midway attacked the Japanese fleet but scored no hits. On 4 June, due to the poor reconnaissance efforts and tactical mistakes of Vice Admiral Ch\u016bichi Nagumo, USN dive bombers were able to surprise the Japanese carrier force and destroyed three carriers (Akagi, Kaga and S\u014dry\u016b).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Operations, Battle of Midway\nAt the time of the attack the Japanese carriers were in the process of preparing to launch an air strike against the US carriers and their hangars were full of loaded aircraft, bombs and aviation fuel which decisively contributed to their destruction. Carrier Hiry\u016b managed to survive the attack and Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi launched a strike against Yorktown. Aircraft from Hiry\u016b managed to cripple Yorktown, which was later sunk by a Japanese submarine I-168. In response, US launched a strike against Hiry\u016b and sank her. That day the Japanese lost four aircraft carriers and much of their experienced aircrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Operations, Battle of the Philippine Sea\nThe US Navy's attack on the Japanese base at Truk (Chuuk) on 17 February 1944 (Operation Hailstone) surprised the Japanese military. In response, the Japanese Navy ordered all of the 61st Air Flotilla to the Marianas Islands. Its Number 261 Kaigun K\u014dk\u016btai (fighter) advanced to Saipan circa 19\u201324 February 1944, but attrition in air combats and illness weakened the unit greatly and it played only a minor role in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Elements of No. 263 Kaigun K\u014dk\u016btai (fighter) of the 61st Air Flotilla were stationed on Guam from 15 June 1944 and participated in the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158526-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Air Fleet, Operations, Battle of Leyte Gulf\nAfter disastrous losses at the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Japanese carrier force was again practically without aircrew and aircraft. This meant that at the Battle of Leyte Gulf the IJN carrier force was only used as a decoy force where it was ultimately destroyed, the battle that saw the last Kid\u014d Butai survivor, Zuikaku, along with Zuiho, Chiyoda and Chitose succumbing to US air attacks of Admiral William F. Halsey's Task Force 38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 47], "content_span": [48, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158527-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Force Wing Reserve\nThe 1st Air Force Wing Reserve (1AFWR), formerly called the 1st Ready Reserve Air Wing (1RRAW) is a combat-support unit under the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), Philippine Air Force, and is based in Colonel Jesus A. Villamor Air Base in Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines. Its headquarters offices are located at the AFRC building inside the air base. The wing covers all Air Force reserve units in the National Capital Region. 1st AFWR is divided into the 11th, 12th, and 13th Air Force Groups Reserve (AFGR). Currently, the 1st AFWR is under the command of Brig. Gen. Raymundo T. Francisco, who took over the position in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158527-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Force Wing Reserve\nA reserve wing in the Philippine Air Force is equivalent in size to a brigade in the army. A reserve air group is equivalent to a battalion. Subordinate units in the reserve air group include squadrons (companies) and flights (platoons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158527-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Force Wing Reserve\nIn Luzon, the other air force reserve wings are the 2nd AFWR based at Clark Air Base that covers the area from Central Luzon up to all of northern Luzon, and the 3rd AFWR at Fernando Air Base in Batangas that covers all of southern Luzon from Cavite through the Bicol Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158528-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Reconnaissance Regiment (Yugoslavia)\nThe 1st Air Reconnaissance Regiment (Serbo-Croatian Latin: 1. puk VOJIN, 1. \u043f\u0443\u043a \u0412\u041e\u0408\u0418\u041d) was an air reconnaissance regiment established in 1955 as the SFR Yugoslav Air Force 211th Air Reconnaissance Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158528-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Reconnaissance Regiment (Yugoslavia), History\nThe 211th Air Reconnaissance Regiment was established on 8 June 1955, from the 101st Air Reconnaissance Battalion and 103rd Air Reconnaissance Battalion with its headquarters at Belgrade. As part of the \"Drvar\" re-organisation plan in 1959, the regiment was redesignated as the 1st Air Reconnaissance Regiment. In accordance with an order issued on 27 January 1963, its reserve location was changed from Zemun to Batajnica. On 12 June 1992, the regimental headquarters was transformed into the headquarters of the 126th Air Reconnaissance Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158529-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Squadron (Japan)\nThe 1st Air Squadron (\u7b2c\u4e00\u98db\u884c\u6226\u968a\u3000Dai-ichi-hik\u014d sentai) was a flying unit of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service. The unit was established on 5 July 1938 at Kagamigahara, Japan. The unit saw service in Manchuria during the Manchuria Incident, China during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Burma, Netherlands East Indies, Indochina, Rabaul, Solomon Islands, New Guinea, Philippines, Formosa and Japan during World War II. The unit was disbanded at Takahagi, Japan in late 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158530-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Support Operations Group\nThe United States Air Force's 1st Air Support Operations Group (1st ASOG) is a combat support unit located at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington. The 1st ASOG provides Tactical Command and Control of air power assets to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander for combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158530-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Support Operations Group\nThe 1st ASOG directs four squadrons operating from 11 locations in Washington, Alaska, Hawaii and Japan. The group provides an Air Support Operations Center and Tactical Air Control Parties to US Army combat units at multiple echelons including United States Army Pacific, I Corps, and nine aviation, airborne, infantry and Stryker brigade combat teams of the 2nd and 25th Infantry Divisions. The 1st Weather Squadron provides operational and staff weather services for Army combat units across the Pacific Command area of responsibility. In addition, they train and maintain combat readiness for worldwide battlefield weather deployments. The groups Air Liaison Officers and Joint Terminal Attack Controllers advise Army commanders and staffs on all aspects of joint airpower employment, integrating and synchronizing close air support, air mobility, and intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities into strategy, plans, and operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 984]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158530-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Support Operations Group\nPrior to the reformation of the Special Operations Weather career field into the new Special Reconnaissance field, the 1st ASOG operated a small contingent of SOWT airmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158530-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Support Operations Group\nThe 1st ASOG has been administratively assigned to the 354th Fighter Wing, Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, since Oct. 1, 2012. The 1st ASOG itself is a Geographically Separated Unit stationed at Fort Lewis, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158530-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Air Support Operations Group, Subordinate units\nThe following units and aircraft are assigned to the 1st Air Support Operations group:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158531-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Support Operations Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 1st Air Support Operations Squadron was a combat support unit located at Wiesbaden, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158531-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Support Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron provided tactical command and control of airpower assets to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander for combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158531-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Support Operations Squadron, History\nIn March 2011, when the 1st Armored Division was relocated back to the United States, the squadron was inactivated and the remaining mission was taken over by the 4th Air Support Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158531-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Support Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158532-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air Wing (JASDF)\nThe 1st Air Wing (\u7b2c1\u822a\u7a7a\u56e3 (dai-ichi-koukudan)) is a wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. It comes under the authority of the Air Training Command and resides in Shizuoka Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158532-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air Wing (JASDF), History, Formation\nThe 1st Air Wing was formed in 1 December 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158532-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Air Wing (JASDF), Organisaion\nAs of 2017 it has two squadrons, both equipped with Kawasaki T-4 aircraft:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158532-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Air Wing (JASDF), Organisaion\nIt is currently based at Hamamatsu Air Base in Shizuoka Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158533-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Air and Air Defence Forces Command\nThe 1st Air and Air Defence Forces Command was a command of the Russian Air Force. It was located at Voronezh and supervised air force operations in the Western Military District. It was redesignated on 1 December 2009 and the Western Military District air forces were taken over by the 6th Army of Air and Air Defence Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158533-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Air and Air Defence Forces Command\nOn 1 August 2015, it was reorganized as the 6th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan)\nThe 1st Airborne Brigade (Japanese: \u7b2c1\u7a7a\u633a\u56e3, Dai-Ichi K\u016btei Dan), also known as the Narashino Airborne Brigade (Japanese: \u7fd2\u5fd7\u91ce\u7a7a\u633a\u56e3), is stationed in the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) Camp Narashino in Funabashi, Chiba Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan)\nThe Brigade serves as Japan's elite paratrooper unit meant to counter against either guerrillas or enemy special forces units. Since 1999, the Brigade has a \"Guide Unit\" (Japanese: \u8a98\u5c0e\u968a), serving as its NEO (Non-combatant Evacuation Operations) unit. Currently, they are attached to current homeland defense and international combat operations under the JGSDF's Ground Component Command (Japanese: \u9678\u4e0a\u7dcf\u968a) (formerly under the Central Readiness Force).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), History\nIn 1958, the Airborne Brigade's first platoon was formed after Hayao Kinugasa was made the first commander of the unit. It continued to increase in numbers as ranger and free-fall training were added in 1962 and 1969. An additional armed transport unit was established in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), History\nIn 1985, the 1st Airborne Brigade was involved in rescue operations of the downed Japan Airlines Flight 123 in the ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Gunma Prefecture after the local volunteer fire corps found some survivors, marking the first time that the Brigade was seen in the public eye. Later on, they were also deployed in Yamanashi Prefecture for civil operations and after the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), History\nA Guide Unit was established on October 20, 1999, and based at Funabashi, Chiba. Preparations to create a new special forces unit went underway in the Brigade in 2000. In 2003, the framework of the Special Operations Group was established as an anti-guerrilla/terrorist unit embedded in the Brigade, but was established and separated from the Brigade in 2004 and placed under the control of the Defense Agency via the JGSDF like most of the JSDF's special forces units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), History\nBrigade paratroopers were involved in Iraq as the Brigade rotated ground personnel as part of the Japanese government's commitment to Iraq. They were withdrawn alongside the bulk of the Japanese Iraqi Reconstruction Support Group in the middle of 2006. The brigade was added to the Central Readiness Force on March 28, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), History\nOn October 9, 2006, members of the Oregon National Guard had a hand in assisting soldiers of the 1st Airborne Brigade in establishing a sniper school to train the unit's first generation of highly skilled snipers during Orient Shield '07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), History\nDue to ongoing COVID-19 outbreak in Japan, the brigade has conducted protective measures by letting its paratroopers wear facemasks and limiting the presence of spectators with its first exercise on January 13, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), History, Controversy, Firearms Handling\nIn 1994, Colonel Yasunobu Hideshima was arrested by JGSDF military police officers for violating both the Self-Defense Forces Law and the Firearm and Sword Control Law when he allowed three of his friends to use JGSDF firearms without prior authorization. Lieutenant Colonels Yoshiharu Amano and Michihiko Suzuki were suspended for 20 days for neglect of duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), History, Controversy, Iraq War\nAnother scandal emerged from within the unit when a 38-year-old 1st Airborne Brigade paratrooper was arrested in Inzai, Chiba Prefecture for shoplifting. He admitted to officers that he did it to demonstrate that he was serious in his effort to avoid deployment to Iraq. When JGSDF officials heard about this, they told press officials that they require the consent of the troopers and their relatives. Otherwise, they would not be deployed. The Iraq deployment had caused a national debate in Japan, and a new public consensus was necessary for the military to develop a modern role and structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), Requirements\nBefore joining the 1st Airborne Brigade, all potential candidates must be able to pass the following requirements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158534-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Brigade (Japan), Requirements, Ranger qualification\n1AB paratroopers receive ranger qualification at the end of the brigade's intensive training. The Ranger badge is highly sought by active duty SDF personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158535-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Command Control Squadron\nThe 1st Airborne Command Control Squadron is part of the 595th Command and Control Group at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. It operates the Boeing E-4 aircraft conducting airborne command and control missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158535-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Command Control Squadron\nThe squadron is one of the oldest in the United States Air Force, its origins dating to 25 September 1917, when it was organized at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. It served overseas in France as part of the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I. The squadron saw combat during World War II, and became part of the Strategic Air Command during the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158535-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Command Control Squadron, History, World War and Balloon School\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was organized at Fort Omaha Nebraska in September 1917 as Company A, 2d Balloon Squadron. Two months later it departed for overseas service on the Western Front (World War I), arriving in France in January 1918. It entered combat as an observation unit with the French Eighth Army on 19 April 1918, operating observation balloons over the front lines. Once forces of the American Expeditionary Forces, had built up, it continued to operate as the 1st Balloon Company with the American I Corps  until 17 October 1918. Following the end of the war, it served with III Corps as part of the occupation forces until April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158535-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Command Control Squadron, History, Interwar years\nIn the spring of 1919, the squadron returned to the United States and was stationed at Ross Field, California as part of the Air Service Balloon School. In June 1922, the Balloon School moved to Scott Field, Illinois and Ross Field was closed as a military installation. The squadron was inactivated with the closure of Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158535-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Command Control Squadron, History, Interwar years\nThe second predecessor of the squadron, also designated the 1st Balloon Company, was activated at Scott in May 1929. After a brief period of training with the 21st Airship Group at Scott, it moved to Post Field, located on Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where it was assigned to the Field Artillery School. It trained and conducted exercises with the school. At the beginning of World War II, it operated barrage balloons, but that mission was assigned to the coast artillery and the squadron was disbanded two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158535-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Command Control Squadron, History, World War II\nThe third predecessor of the squadron was activated in April 1942 at Long Beach Army Air Base as the 1st Air Corps Ferrying Squadron, the location of a Douglas Aircraft Company manufacturing plant. It ferried aircraft from the Douglas factory and other factories in the Western Procurement District to overseas departure points. However, the Army Air Forces was finding that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were not well adapted to the training and logistics support mission. Accordingly it adopted a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. In March 1944, Air Transport Command units assigned to the 6th Ferrying Group were combined into the 556th AAF Base Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158535-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Command Control Squadron, History, Airborne command and control\nOn 1 June 1962, Headquarters Command organized the 1000th Airborne Command Control Squadron at Andrews Air Force Base to operate the National Emergency Airborne Command Post and assigned it to the 1001st Air Base Wing. By 1965, the squadron was operating Boeing EC-135 aircraft to support this mission. On 1 July 1969, the 1st Airborne Command Control Squadron was activated and assumed the mission, personnel and equipment of the 1000th Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158535-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Command Control Squadron, History, Airborne command and control\nIn 1974, the squadron began to replace its EC-135s with more capable Boeing E-4s, completing the upgrade the following year. In November 1975, the squadron was reassigned from Andrews' 1st Composite Wing to the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. On 1 July 1977, it moved to joined the 55th Wing at Offutt On 1 October 2016, the unit was reassigned to the newly activated 595th Command and Control Group under the control of Air Force Global Strike Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158535-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Command Control Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158536-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Airborne Corps was an airborne corps of the Red Army during World War II. It fought in the Battle of Kiev, the Battle of Moscow and in the Battle of Demyansk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158536-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Corps (Soviet Union), History\nThe 1st Airborne Corps was formed in April 1941 from the 1st, 204th and 211th Airborne Brigades in the Kiev Special Military District, commanded by Major General Matvei Usenko. It was temporarily moved to Odessa Military District in preparation for a possible invasion of Romania but moved back to Kiev within a short period. After Operation Barbarossa, the corps fought to defend Kiev from the advancing Army Group South, along with the 5th Army and the 6th Army. After being reinforced by the 2nd and 3rd Airborne Corps, the corps fought in the Battle of Kiev. It was almost surrounded during the German encirclement of Kiev and was disbanded afterwards on 6 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158536-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Corps (Soviet Union), History\nThe corps was reformed in early September and conducted training around Saratov. On 24 November, it was subordinated to Western Front High Command. On the next day, the corps left Saratov for new bases near Moscow in the vicinity of the Lyubertsy airfield. In December, it participated in airborne operations to disrupt German troops around Moscow. Between 16-17 February 1942, the 204th Airborne Brigade's 4th Battalion was airdropped in the Rzhev operation. During late February and early March, the corps fought around Demyansk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158536-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Corps (Soviet Union), History\nDuring the Demyansk fighting, the corps was sent behind German lines in an unsuccessful operation to capture airfields supplying the Demyansk Pocket, but suffered heavy losses with only 900 out of 8,500 men in the corps returning to Soviet lines. In August, the corps was converted into the 37th Guards Rifle Division and fought at Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158536-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Corps (Soviet Union), History\nThe corps was reformed in fall 1942. On 8 December, its units were used to form two new guards airborne divisions. Its 1st, 204th, and 211th Airborne Brigades were used to form the 9th Guards Airborne Division. Its headquarters became a part of the 4th Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Airborne Division was an airborne infantry division of the British Army during the Second World War. The division was formed in late 1941 during World War II, after the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, demanded an airborne force, and was initially under command of Major-General Frederick A. M. Browning. The division was one of two airborne divisions raised by the British Army during the war, with the other being the 6th Airborne Division, created in May 1943, using former units of the 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)\nThe division's first two missions\u2014Operation Biting, a parachute landing in France, and Operation Freshman, a glider mission in Norway\u2014were both raids. Part of the division was sent to North Africa at the end of 1942, where it fought in the Tunisian Campaign, and when the Allies invaded Sicily in July 1943, the division undertook two brigade sized landings. The first, Operation Ladbroke, carried out by glider infantry of the 1st Airlanding Brigade and the second, Operation Fustian, by the 1st Parachute Brigade, were far from completely successful. The 1st Airborne Division then took part in a mostly diversionary amphibious landing, codenamed Operation Slapstick, as part of the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)\nIn December, most of the 1st Airborne Division (minus the 2nd Parachute Brigade) returned to England, and began training and preparing for the Allied invasion of Normandy. It was not involved in the Normandy landings in June 1944, being held in reserve. In September 1944 the 1st Airborne took part in Operation Market Garden. The division, with the Polish 1st Parachute Brigade temporarily attached, landed 60 miles (97\u00a0km) behind German lines, to capture crossings on the River Rhine, and fought in the Battle of Arnhem. After failing to achieve its objectives, the division was surrounded and took very heavy casualties, but held out for nine days before the survivors were evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)\nThe remnants of the 1st Airborne Division was returned to England soon after. The division never fully recovered from their losses at Arnhem and the 4th Parachute Brigade was disbanded. Just after the end of the war in Europe, the depleted formation took part in Operation Doomsday in Norway in May 1945. They were tasked with the disarmament and repatriation of the German occupation army. The 1st Airborne Division then returned to England and was disbanded in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Background\nInspired by the success of German airborne operations during the Battle of France, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a force of 5,000 parachute troops. As a result, on 22 June 1940, No. 2 Commando assumed parachute duties, and on 21 November was re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Background\nOn 21 June 1940 the Central Landing Establishment was formed at Ringway airfield near Manchester. Although tasked primarily with training parachute troops, it was also directed to investigate the use of gliders to transport troops into battle. At the same time, the Ministry of Aircraft Production contracted General Aircraft Ltd to design and produce a glider for this purpose. The result was the General Aircraft Hotspur, which was capable of transporting eight soldiers and was used for both assault and training purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Background\nThe success of the first British airborne raid, Operation Colossus, prompted the War Office to expand the airborne force through the creation of the Parachute Regiment, and to develop plans to convert several infantry battalions into parachute and glider battalions. On 31 May 1941, a joint army and air force memorandum was approved by the Chiefs-of-Staff and Winston Churchill; it recommended that the British airborne forces should consist of two parachute brigades, one based in England and the other in the Middle East, and that a glider force of 10,000 men should be created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Formation history\nThe existing 11th Special Air Service Battalion was renamed the 1st Parachute Battalion and, together with the newly raised 2nd and 3rd Parachute Battalions, formed the first of the new airborne formations, the 1st Parachute Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Richard Nelson Gale, who would later command the 6th Airborne Division. The 2nd and 3rd Parachute Battalions were formed from volunteers, between the ages of twenty-two and thirty-two, who were already serving in infantry units. Only ten men from any one unit were allowed to volunteer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Formation history\nIn October 1941, Brigadier Frederick Arthur Montague \"Boy\" Browning was promoted to major general, named the Commander Parachute and Airborne Troops, and ordered to form a headquarters to develop and train airborne forces. The next unit formed was the 1st Airlanding Brigade on 10 October 1941, by the conversion of the mountain warfare trained 31st Independent Infantry Brigade Group, commanded by Brigadier George Frederick \"Hoppy\" Hopkinson, later to command the division. The brigade comprised four battalions: the 1st Border Regiment, 2nd South Staffordshire Regiment, 2nd Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry, and the 1st Royal Ulster Rifles. The men who were unsuitable for airborne forces were replaced by volunteers from other units. By the end of the year Browning's command had become the headquarters of 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Formation history\nBrowning expressed his opinion that the force must not be sacrificed in \"penny packets\", and urged the formation of a third brigade. Permission was finally granted in July 1942, and the 2nd Parachute Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Ernest Down, was formed. The 2nd Parachute Brigade was assigned the existing 4th Parachute Battalion, and two new battalions converted from line infantry units, the 5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion, converted from the 7th Battalion, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders, and the 6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion, from the 10th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Formation history\nThe 3rd Parachute Brigade was formed in November 1942 and assigned to the 1st Airborne Division. The brigade, under Brigadier Alexander Stanier, comprised the 7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion, previously the 10th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry, the 8th (Midlands) Parachute Battalion, converted from the 13th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment, and the 9th (Eastern and Home Counties) Parachute Battalion, formerly the 10th Battalion, Essex Regiment. Soon afterwards, the 1st Parachute Brigade left the division, to take part in Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa, and ended up participating in numerous operations in North Africa, although fighting in an infantry role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Formation history\nIn April 1943, the commander of the 1st Airlanding Brigade, Hopkinson, was promoted to major general and given command of the division. Later that year, the division was deployed to Tunisia for operations in the Mediterranean theatre. The 3rd Parachute Brigade and two battalions from the 1st Airlanding Brigade\u2014the 1st Royal Ulster Rifles and 2nd Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry\u2014remained behind in England, forming the nucleus of the newly raised 6th Airborne Division. On arrival, the 1st Airborne Division was reinforced by the 4th Parachute Brigade. The 4th Parachute Brigade had been formed in the Middle East during 1942. In addition to the 156th Parachute Battalion, which had been raised from British troops stationed in India, it comprised the 10th and 11th Parachute Battalions, which had been raised from troops based in Egypt and Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Formation history\nThe division took part in two brigade sized operations in Sicily, and an amphibious assault at Taranto in Italy. During the fighting in Italy, Major General Ernest Down became the divisional commander, after his predecessor, Major General Hopkinson, died of wounds received in the fighting. After service in the Mediterranean, the division returned to England in December 1943, leaving the 2nd Parachute Brigade behind as an independent formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Formation history, 1944\u20131945\nAfter the division arrived in England, Ernest Down was posted to India to oversee the formation of the 44th Indian Airborne Division, and was replaced by Major General Roy Urquhart. In September 1944, for Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands, the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade was attached to the division. Following Market Garden, fewer than 2,200 men from the 10,000 that were sent to the Netherlands returned to the British lines. Having suffered such severe casualties, the 4th Parachute Brigade was disbanded, with its surviving men being posted to the 1st Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Formation history, 1944\u20131945\nThe division then went through a period of reorganisation, but had still not fully recovered by the end of the war, due to the acute shortage of manpower throughout the British Army in 1944\u20131945. Still under strength in May 1945, it was sent to Norway to disarm the German army of occupation; returning to Britain in November 1945 where the 1st Airborne Division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, France\nOperation Biting, also known as the Bruneval Raid, was the codename for a raid by Combined Operations in 1942. Their objective was a German W\u00fcrzburg radar installation at Bruneval in France. Due to the extensive coastal defences erected by the Germans to protect the array, it was thought a commando raid from the sea would incur heavy losses, and give the garrison sufficient time for the radar equipment to be destroyed. It was therefore decided that an airborne assault followed by sea-borne evacuation would be the ideal way to surprise the garrison and seize the technology intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, France\nOn the night of 27 February, 'C' Company, 2nd Parachute Battalion, under the command of Major John Frost, parachuted into France a few miles from the installation. The force then proceeded to assault the villa in which the radar equipment was kept, killing several members of the German garrison and capturing the installation after a brief fire-fight. A technician that had come with the force partially dismantled the W\u00fcrzburg radar array and removed several key pieces to take back to Britain; the raiding force then retreated to the evacuation beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, France\nThe detachment assigned to clear the beach had failed to do so, however, and another brief fire-fight was required to eliminate the Germans guarding the beach. The raiding force was then picked up by a small number of landing craft and transferred to several Motor Gun Boats which brought them back to Britain. The raid was entirely successful. The airborne troops suffered only a few casualties, and the pieces of the radar they brought back, along with a German radar technician, allowed British scientists to understand German advances in radar and to create counter-measures to neutralise those advances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Norway\nOperation Freshman was the first British airborne operation conducted using gliders, its target was the Vemork Norsk Hydro chemical plant in Norway, which produced heavy water for Nazi Germany. By 1942 the German atomic weapons programme had come close to being able to develop a nuclear reactor, but in order for the reactor to function it would require a great deal of heavy water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Norway\nThe source of this water was the Norsk Hydro plant, which had been occupied in 1940; when the British government learned of the German nuclear developments, it was decided that a raid would be launched to destroy the plant and deny the Germans the heavy water. Several tactics were discussed and discarded as impractical, and it was finally decided that a small force from the 1st Airborne Division, comprising 30 sappers from the Royal Engineers, would land by glider a short distance from the plant, and demolish it with explosives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Norway\nTwo aircraft, each towing one glider, left Scotland on the night of 19 November 1942. All managed to reach the Norwegian coast, but none were able to reach their objective. The first pair suffered from navigational difficulties and severe weather, which resulted in the tow rope snapping and the first glider crash-landing, with its towing aircraft returning to base; eight airborne troops were killed outright, four were severely injured and five unhurt. The survivors were captured shortly after the crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Norway\nThe second pair fared even worse, with both aircraft and glider crashing into a mountain for unknown reasons; the aircrew and several men were killed outright, and those who survived were taken prisoner. None of the prisoners survived for very long, being either poisoned or executed as a result of Adolf Hitler's Commando Order, which stated that all British Commandos personnel were to be killed immediately when captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nOperation Turkey Buzzard, also known as Operation Beggar, was a supply mission to North Africa that took place between March and August 1943. The mission was undertaken by the division's glider pilots and No. 295 Squadron Royal Air Force, as part of the preparations for the Allied invasion of Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nThe mission involved Halifax bombers towing Horsa gliders 3,200 miles (5,100\u00a0km) from England to Tunisia. The Horsas were needed to complement the smaller American Waco gliders, which did not have the capacity required for the planned operations. During the mission two German Condor patrol aircraft located and shot down a Halifax-and-Horsa combination. Altogether five Horsas and three Halifaxes were lost, but 27 Horsas arrived in Tunisia in time to participate in the invasion of Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nOperation Ladbroke was a glider assault by the 1st Airlanding Brigade near Syracuse, that began on 9 July 1943 as part of the invasion of Sicily. The brigade were equipped with 144 Waco and six Horsa gliders. Their objective was to land near the town of Syracuse, secure the Ponte Grande Bridge, and ultimately take control of the city itself with its strategically important docks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nOn the way to Sicily, 65 gliders were released too early by the towing aircraft and crashed into the sea, drowning around 252 men. Of the remainder, only 87 men arrived at the Pont Grande Bridge, which they successfully captured and held beyond the time they were to be relieved. Finally, with their ammunition expended and only 15 soldiers remaining unwounded, they surrendered to the Italian forces. The Italians sought to demolish the bridge after regaining control of it, but were unable to do so because the airborne forces had removed the explosive charges. Other troops from the airlanding brigade, who had landed elsewhere in Sicily, destroyed communications links and captured artillery batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nOperation Fustain, the division's second mission in Sicily, was carried out by the 1st Parachute Brigade. Their objective was the Primosole Bridge across the Simeto River. The intention was for the parachute brigade, with glider-borne forces in support, to land on both sides of the river. While one battalion seized the bridge, the other two battalions would establish defensive positions to the north and south. They would then hold the bridge until relieved by the advance of XIII Corps, part of the Eighth Army which had landed on the south eastern coast three days previously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nThe start of the operation was a disaster. Many of the aircraft carrying the paratroopers from North Africa were shot down, or were damaged and turned back, due to both friendly fire and enemy action. The evasive action taken by the pilots scattered the brigade over a large area, and only the equivalent of two companies of troops were landed in the correct locations. Despite this and the defence by German and Italian forces, the British paratroops captured the bridge. Resisting attacks from the north and south, they held out against increasing odds until nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nThe relieving force led by the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, which was short of transport, found it hard going to reach the parachute brigade and were still 1 mile (1.6\u00a0km) away when they halted for the night. By this time, with casualties mounting and supplies running short, the brigade commander, Brigadier Gerald Lathbury, had relinquished control of the bridge to the Germans. The following day the British units joined forces, and the 9th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry with armour support attempted to recapture the bridge. It was not finally secured until three days after the start of the operation, when another battalion of the Durham Light Infantry, led by the paratroopers, established a bridgehead on the northern bank of the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Italy\nOperation Slapstick was an amphibious landing at the Italian port of Taranto, part of the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943. The mission had been planned at short notice, following an offer by the Italian government to open the ports of Taranto and Brindisi on the heel of Italy to the Allies. The 1st Airborne Division was selected to undertake the mission, but at the time they were located in North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Italy\nA shortage of transport aircraft meant the division could not land by parachute and glider, and all the landing craft in the area were already allocated to the other landings: Operation Avalanche at Salerno on the western coast, and Operation Baytown at Calabria. Instead, the division had to be transported across the Mediterranean by ships of the Royal Navy. The landing was unopposed, and the airborne division successfully captured the ports of Taranto, and later Brindisi on the Adriatic coast, in working order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Italy\nThe only German forces in the area were elements of the German 1st Parachute Division, which engaged the advancing British in ambushes and at roadblocks during a fighting withdrawal north. By the end of September, the 1st Airborne Division had advanced 125 miles (201\u00a0km) to Foggia. Reinforcements from two infantry divisions, the 8th Indian and British 78th, had by then been landed behind them, which allowed the airborne troops to be withdrawn back to Taranto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Italy\nDespite casualties for the 1st Airborne Division in Italy being relatively light, the General Officer Commanding (GOC), Major-General George Hopkinson, was killed while watching an assault by the 10th Parachute Battalion where he was mortally wounded by a burst of machine gun fire. He was replaced by Brigadier Ernest E. Down, previously the commander of 2nd Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, England\nBy December 1943 the division had returned to England and begun training for operations in North-West Europe under the supervision of I Airborne Corps. Although the 1st Airborne Division was not scheduled to take part in the Normandy landings, a contingency plan, Operation Wasteage, was drawn up whereby the division would be parachuted in to support any of the five invasion beaches if serious delays were experienced. This plan turned out not to be required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, England\nWhile the 6th Airborne Division were still fighting in Normandy, numerous plans to parachute the 1st Airborne Division into France were formulated, all to no avail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, England\nIn June and July 1944, the plans included Operation Reinforcement, which was a landing to the west of St Sauveur-le-Vicomte to support the US 82nd Airborne Division, and Operation Wild Oats that would have seen the division land south of Caen to meet the advancing 7th Armoured Division moving from Villers-Bocage and the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and 4th Armoured Brigade advancing south out of the Orne bridgehead in a move to encircle and capture Caen. Such an airborne operation was vetoed by Trafford Leigh-Mallory, as being too risky for the aircraft involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0028-0002", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, England\nAt any rate, the land portion of the attack (generally considered to be part of Operation Perch) bogged down due to German resistance and the delayed deployment of troops to Normandy. There was also Operation Beneficiary, intended to support the American XX Corps in capturing St Malo, and Operation Lucky Strike which had the objective of seizing bridges across the River Seine at Rouen. In Operation Sword Hilt, the division was to isolate the port of Brest and destroy the Morlaix viaduct. Operation Hands Up was intended to support the US Third Army by seizing the Vannes airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, England\nBy August the division was still waiting to be deployed, but now plans envisioned using them as part of a larger force. Operation Transfigure involved the division, the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division, the US 101st Airborne Division, and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade landing at Rambouillet St Arnoult, to close the gap between Orl\u00e9ans and Paris. Operation Axehead, using the same force, was to seize the bridges over the River Seine in support of 21st Army Group. Operation Boxer, with the same force, was to seize Boulogne and assault V1 flying bomb sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, England\nNear the end of the month, Operation Linnet, with the same units as before, was formulated to seize crossings over the Escaut. Operation Infatuate, drawn up in early September, involved the entire I Airborne Corps landing in Belgium to trap the retreating German armies in the Scheldt estuary, as well as aiming to threaten Antwerp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, England\nFinally, in September, there was Operation Comet, in which the division's three brigades were to land in the Netherlands and each capture a river crossing. The first of these was the bridge over the River Waal at Nijmegen, the second the bridge over the River Maas at Grave, and the last was the bridge over the River Rhine at Arnhem. Planning for Comet was well advanced when on 10 September the mission was cancelled. Instead, a new operation was proposed with the same objectives as Comet but to be carried out by three divisions of the First Allied Airborne Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nOperation Market Garden was an airborne assault by three divisions in the Netherlands in September 1944, including the British 1st and the American 82nd and 101st, to secure key bridges and towns along the expected Allied axis of advance. Farthest north, 1st Airborne, supported by the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade, landed at Arnhem to secure bridges across the Nederrijn. Initially expecting an easy advance, XXX Corps, under Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks, to reach the airborne force at Arnhem within two to three days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\n1st Airborne landed some distance from its objectives and was quickly hampered by unexpected resistance, especially from elements of the 9th SS and 10th SS panzer divisions. Only a small force was able to reach the Arnhem road bridge, while the main body of the division was halted on the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, XXX Corps was unable to advance north as quickly as anticipated and failed to relieve the airborne troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0032-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nAfter four days, the small British force at the bridge was overwhelmed and the rest of the division became trapped in a pocket north of the river, where they could not be sufficiently reinforced by the Poles, or by XXX Corps when it arrived on the southern bank. After nine days of fighting, the shattered remains of the airborne forces were eventually withdrawn south of the Rhine. 1st Airborne lost 8,000 men during the battle and never saw combat again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Norway post-war\nIn May 1945, immediately after the Allied Victory in Europe Day, the 1st Airborne Division was sent to disarm and repatriate the 350,000-strong German occupation army in Norway. The division maintained law and order until the arrival of the remainder of the 1st Airborne Division. During its time in Norway, the division was tasked with supervising the surrender of the German forces in Norway, as well as preventing the sabotage of important military and civilian facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158537-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom), Operational history, Norway post-war\nThe German Instrument of Surrender was delivered on 8 May to General Franz B\u00f6hme, the commander of all German forces stationed in Norway; the 1st Airborne Division landed near Oslo and Stavanger between 9 and 11 May. Most of the transport aircraft carrying the division landed safely, but one crash caused several fatalities. The division encountered little of the expected German resistance. Operational duties included welcoming back King Haakon, looking after Allied ex-prisoners of war, arresting war criminals and supervising the clearing of minefields. While in Norway, the division was also able to investigate what happened to the airborne troops that had taken part in Operation Freshman. The division returned to Britain, and was disbanded on 26 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158538-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Shock Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Airborne Shock Infantry Regiment (French: 1er r\u00e9giment d'infanterie de choc a\u00e9roport\u00e9, 1eR RICAP), then named the 1st Shock Regiment (French: 1er r\u00e9giment de choc), is a former parachute unit of the French Army, created on 1 October 1945 and dissolved on 1 February 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158538-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Shock Infantry Regiment, Flag\nSince 1 January 1964 the National Commando Training Center has been entrusted with the Colour of the 1st Airborne Shock Infantry Regiment, which has the following battle honours sewn in gold letters:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158539-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Task Force (Allied)\nThe 1st Airborne Task Force was a short-lived Allied airborne unit that was active during World War II created for Operation Dragoon\u2013the invasion of Southern France. Formed in July 1944, under the command of Major General Robert T. Frederick, it took part in the \"Dragoon\" landings on 15 August 1944, securing the area north-west of the landing beaches, before moving towards the French\u2013Italian border as part of the United States Seventh Army. The unit was disbanded in November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158539-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Task Force (Allied), Formation\nIn the initial plans for the invasion of France it was proposed that two forces would land simultaneously in Normandy and in southern France in June 1944, attacking the Germans from the north and south in a classic pincer movement, after which the southern forces would head east to aid Allied forces in Italy. However it was soon realized that there were not enough landing ships or men available to carry out both operations at the same time, so the southern invasion (\"Operation Anvil\") was postponed. The southern invasion (now \"Operation Dragoon\") was planned for August 1944, and all airborne forces were allocated to a new unit formed on 11 July 1944 as the Seventh Army Airborne Division (Provisional). This was redesignated the 1st Airborne Task Force on the 21st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158539-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Task Force (Allied), Formation\nIn order to form the 1ABTF airborne units were withdrawn from combat in Italy. These were the U.S. 509th Parachute Infantry Battalion and U.S. 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team, and the British 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade. Added to them were the U.S. 550th Glider Infantry Battalion and U.S. 551st Parachute Infantry Battalion, both of which had previously been stationed in Panama, and neither of which had seen combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158539-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Airborne Task Force (Allied), Formation\nTwo Free French parachute battalions had originally been assigned in early July, but disagreements over their deployment with General de Gaulle meant that the troops were not made available, and so the British 2nd Parachute Brigade was assigned to the operation on the proviso that they would be returned to operations in Italy once the beachhead was firmly established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158539-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Task Force (Allied), Operation Dragoon\n1ABTF's part in \"Dragoon\", was codenamed \"Operation Rugby\". They were to land around the village of Le Muy, midway between Draguignan, and the landing beaches at Fr\u00e9jus\u2013Saint-Rapha\u00ebl. There were three Drop Zone/Landing Zones:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158539-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Task Force (Allied), Operation Dragoon, The landings\nOn the night of the operation heavy fog meant that the initial landings were scattered over a wide area, and by dawn only about 60% of the task force troops had assembled in their drop zones. The gliders bringing the British artillery support at 08:00 had to abort their mission, though landings and drops later in the day were more successful. Many gliders were damaged on landing, but casualties were generally light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158539-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Task Force (Allied), Operation Dragoon, In combat\nWhile the village of Le Muy itself remained in enemy hands, the British secured the high ground to the east and north, while the Americans did the same in the west and south. The 550th Battalion attempted to secure Le Muy that night, but were repulsed. Apart from seizing the village, the 1ABTF had completed its assigned mission, establishing a strong position astride the Argens valley preventing the enemy advancing on the beach-head. On the morning of the 16th the 550th attacked Le Muy again, and by 14:45 it was taken \u2013 between 500 and 700 prisoners were captured. Early on the morning of the 17th forward elements of the U.S. 36th Division arrived at Le Muy from the beach-head, and then continued their advance towards Draguignan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158539-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Task Force (Allied), Operation Dragoon, In combat\nFollowing \"Operation Rugby\" the 1ABTF moved north-east, covering the right flank of the Seventh Army, and liberating Cannes and Nice, before being deployed to the Maritime Alps in a static role, mounting patrols and keeping a close watch on the Germans in the area of the Franco-Italian border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158539-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Airborne Task Force (Allied), Operation Dragoon, In combat\nThe 2nd (Independent) Parachute Brigade was released on 26 August 1944. Six weeks later it was deployed to Greece. In November 1944 1ABTF was sent to Soissons to rest and refit, and was disbanded on 23 November 1944, with most of the units being attached to the XVIII Airborne Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158540-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron (Royal Navy)\nThe 1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron was a formation of Royal Navy aircraft carriers assigned to the British Pacific Fleet in November 1943. They were Formidable, Indomitable, Victorious, Illustrious and Indefatigable. It was disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158540-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron (Royal Navy), Second World War and aftermath\nThe squadron was formed in November 1943 under the command of Rear-Admiral, Clement Moody, Flag Officer, Aircraft Carriers  (British Pacific Fleet), who also held the title of Rear-Admiral, 1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron, at the same time. While serving in the Pacific within the U.S. Fifth Fleet, the squadron was designated \"Task Group 57.2\". During Operation Iceberg off Okinawa, the squadron received heavy Kamikaze attacks. Their armoured flight decks were adequate protection for the hangar decks, but the stress caused deformation of the ships' structures..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158540-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron (Royal Navy), Second World War and aftermath\nTheseus served as squadron flagship for the squadron in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158540-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron (Royal Navy), Korean War\nAfter the war, the \"1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron, Far East Fleet\" consisting of the carriers Triumph and Unicorn, with the cruiser Belfast as flagship, was en route to Hong Kong from Japan when the Korean War broke out and was sent back to Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Airlanding Brigade was an airborne infantry brigade of the British Army during the Second World War and the only glider infantry formation assigned to the 1st Airborne Division, serving alongside the 1st Parachute Brigade and 4th Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe brigade was formed in late 1941 during World War II through the conversion of an existing infantry brigade previously stationed in India, the 31st Independent Infantry Brigade. Two of the initial four infantry battalions left in May 1943 to form the new 6th Airlanding Brigade of the 6th Airborne Division and were replaced by a single new battalion, thereby reducing the brigade's strength by one quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe brigade only saw action on two occasions during the Second World War, in Operation Ladbroke, as part of the Allied invasion of Sicily, in July 1943 and later in Operation Market Garden in September 1944. During the second operation, in the fighting around Arnhem, 1st Airlanding Brigade along with the rest of 1st Airborne Division held out against overwhelming German odds, sustaining very heavy losses. Only around 20 percent of the brigade were evacuated south of the River Rhine. The rest had either been killed, were missing or became prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)\nFollowing the German surrender in mid-1945, 1st Airlanding Brigade were sent to Norway to disarm the German garrison. Later the same year the brigade was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nUnder the command of Brigadier George F. Hopkinson, the 1st Airlanding Brigade Group was formed on 10 October 1941 through the re-designation of the 31st Independent Infantry Brigade, which had just returned to the United Kingdom after training for mountain warfare in British India. Upon formation, the brigade consisted of the 1st Battalion, Border Regiment (Borders), the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment (Staffords), the 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (OBLI), the 1st Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles (Ulsters) and supporting units. These were the brigade's original infantry battalions and all remained part of its order of battle. Men in the battalions who were unsuitable for airborne service were weeded out and replaced by volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe strength of the airlanding brigade almost equalled that of an airborne division's two parachute brigades. To support the four infantry battalions, the brigade also had its own artillery, engineer and reconnaissance units until 1942, when they became divisional assets. Another change that affected the brigade occurred in May 1943, when the Ulsters and the OBLI left to form the 6th Airlanding Brigade, of the 6th Airborne Division. When the brigade returned to the United Kingdom, it was assigned the 7th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers (KOSB) in December 1943, a 2nd Line Territorial Army unit, which had until then been on home defence duties, stationed in the Orkney and Shetland islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe brigade's glider infantry battalions consisted of 806 men in four rifle companies, each with four platoons along with a support company consisting of two Anti-tank platoons each with four 6\u00a0pounder guns, two mortar platoons armed with six 3\u00a0inch mortars, and two Vickers machine gun platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nTransport for the brigade was normally the Airspeed Horsa glider, piloted by two men from the Glider Pilot Regiment. With a wingspan of 88 feet (27\u00a0m) and a length of 67 feet (20\u00a0m), the Horsa had a maximum load capacity of 15,750 pounds (7,140\u00a0kg)\u2014space for two pilots, a maximum of twenty-eight troops or two jeeps, one jeep and an artillery gun or one jeep with a trailer. Sixty\u2013two Horsa and one General Aircraft Hamilcar gliders were required to carry the airlanding battalion into action. The Hamilcar carried the battalion's two Universal Carriers used to support the mortar and machine-gun platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Sicily\nThe 1st Airborne Division, including the 1st Airlanding Brigade, left England for North Africa in June 1943. The brigade now comprised only two battalions, the 1st Border Regiment and the 2nd South Staffordshire Regiment, with Brigadier Philip \"Pip\" Hicks, in command, Brigadier Hopkinson having been promoted to major-general and given command of the 1st Airborne Division from Major-General Browning. The 1st Ulster Rifles and the 2nd Ox and Bucks remained in England to help create the 6th Airlanding Brigade. Once they arrived in the theatre the brigade was based in the Oran area on the north-western Mediterranean coast of Algeria. Now part of the British Eighth Army, training for the Allied invasion of Sicily, code-named Operation Husky, started in earnest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Sicily\nMajor-General Hopkinson had persuaded General Bernard Montgomery, commander of the Eighth Army, to include the 1st Airborne Division in the invasion of Sicily, against the wishes of both the commander of the British Airborne Forces, Major-General Browning and the commander of the Glider Pilot Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Chatterton. Both men were concerned that they had insufficient aircraft for the complete division to take part while British pilots and infantry were not familiar with the Waco CG-4 gliders that were to be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Sicily\nTheir concerns proved correct as there were only enough aircraft for two of the division's four brigades to take part in the invasion. The 1st Parachute Brigade was assigned to Operation Fustian with orders to seize and hold the Primosole Bridge over the River Simeto. Prior to that, the 1st Airlanding Brigade was to take part in Operation Ladbroke, a glider assault on the Ponte Grande bridge across the Anapo river south of Syracuse. The brigade was to hold the bridge until relieved by the advance of the British 5th Infantry Division. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0009-0002", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Sicily\nAirlanding Brigade was allocated 136 Waco and eight Airspeed Horsa gliders for the operation. Six of the Horsas carrying two infantry companies were scheduled to land at the bridge at 23:15 on 9 July in a coup-de-main operation. The remainder of the brigade would arrive at 01:15 on 10 July using a number of landing-zones between 1.5 and 3 miles (2.4 and 4.8\u00a0km) away, then converge on the bridge to reinforce the defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Sicily\nOn 9 July, 2,075 men of the brigade along with seven Willys MBs, six artillery guns and ten mortars, boarded their gliders in Tunisia and took off at 18:00 bound for Sicily. En route they encountered strong winds, poor visibility and at times were subjected to anti-aircraft fire. To avoid gunfire and searchlights, pilots of the towing aircraft climbed higher or took evasive action. In the confusion surrounding these manoeuvres, some gliders were released too early and 65 of them crashed into the sea, drowning around 252 men. Of the remaining gliders only 12 landed at the correct landing-zones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Sicily\nAnother 59 landed up to 25 miles (40\u00a0km) away while the remainder were either shot down or failed to release and returned to Tunisia. Only one Horsa with a platoon of infantry from the Staffords landed near the bridge. Its commander, Lieutenant Louis Withers, divided his men into two groups then swam across the river with half of them to take up positions on the opposite bank. Thereafter the bridge was captured following a simultaneous assault from both sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0010-0002", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Sicily\nThe platoon then dismantled demolition charges that had been fitted to the bridge and dug in to wait for reinforcement or relief. Another Horsa landed about 200 yards (180\u00a0m) from the bridge but exploded on landing, killing all on board. Three of the other Horsas carrying the coup-de-main party, landed within 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) of the bridge\u2014their occupants eventually finding their way to the site. Reinforcements began to arrive at the bridge but by 06:30 they numbered only 87 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Sicily\nElsewhere, about 150 men landed at Cape Murro di Porco and captured a radio station. Based on a warning of imminent glider landings transmitted by the station's previous occupants, the local Italian commander ordered a counter-attack but his troops failed to get the message. The scattered nature of the landings now worked in the brigade's favour as they were able to cut all telephone wires in the immediate area. Forces at the bridge came under repeated attacks from the Italians while the expected 5th Infantry Division relief did not appear at 10:00 as planned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Sicily\nBy 15:30 only 15 of men at the bridge remained fit to fight and they were out of ammunition, as a result the Italians then recaptured the bridge. The first unit from the 5th Division, the 2nd Northamptonshire Regiment of the 17th Brigade, arrived at the bridge at 16:15 and mounted a successful counterattack. The prior removal of demolition charges from the bridge had prevented the Italians from destroying it. The brigade then took no further part in the fighting and was withdrawn back to North Africa on 13 July. During the landings in Sicily, the losses by the 1st Airlanding Brigade were the worst of all the British units involved so far. They amounted to 313 killed and 174 missing or wounded. The accompanying glider pilots lost 14 killed, and a further 87 were missing or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nAfter service in the Mediterranean the brigade returned to Woodhall Spa in Lincolnshire, where it was reinforced by the arrival of the 7th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers in November 1943. During the Normandy landings, the 1st Airlanding Brigade was part of the strategic reserve, on standby to deploy wherever they were needed to support the invasion. The division and brigade were next assigned to Operation Market Garden at Arnhem in the Netherlands. This entailed three airborne divisions capturing bridges to be used subsequently by the British Second Army. Prior to the operation, more than 15 planned airborne missions into France and Belgium had been cancelled due to the speed of the Allied advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nA shortage of transport aircraft meant that it would take three days to transport the division to Arnhem. The plan called for the majority of the 1st Airlanding Brigade and the 1st Parachute Brigade to land on day one. The parachute brigade would head for Arnhem and capture the bridges over the Lower Rhine while the airlanding brigade secured drop zones for units arriving on the second and third days. When all the division's units had arrived the brigade would take up defensive positions to the west of Arnhem. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nAirlanding Brigade units arriving on the second lift were to be two companies plus one mortar, one machine gun and one anti-tank platoon of the Staffords, along with three platoons and sections from the mortar, machine gun and anti-tank platoons of the KOSB. The Borders contingent amounted to a further eight platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nOn 17 September 1944, the first lift successfully carried the majority of the brigade to Arnhem\u2014only 12 gliders failed to arrive due to technical problems. While the 1st Parachute Brigade headed for Arnhem the airlanding brigade dug in to secure the landing grounds. The Staffords dug in around landing zone 'S', the KOSB around drop zone 'Y' and the Borders around landing zone 'X'. Also under command of the brigade, co-located with brigade headquarters at Wolfheze  were the Glider pilots of No. 2 Wing, Glider Pilot Regiment, the equivalent of a small infantry battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nOn the night of 17\u201318 September, divisional commander Major-General Roy Urquhart was reported missing. Brigadier Philip Hugh Whitby Hicks assumed command of the division while Colonel Hilaro Barlow replaced Hicks as brigade commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nOn day two, problems in Arnhem forced Hicks to change the divisional plan. Only the 2nd Parachute Battalion had reached the road bridge\u2014strong German defences had halted the other battalions so Hicks decided that the Staffords would link up with the 1st Parachute Brigade in an attempt to reach their objective. However, the Staffords also failed to break through the German defenders. Bad weather over England kept the planned second lift on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nThe first troops did not arrive until 15:00, a delay that gave the Germans time to approach the landing grounds and engage the KOSB in numerous probing attacks on the northern perimeter. At one stage KOSB commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Payton-Reid led a bayonet charge to clear the Germans from the area. Meanwhile, the Borders were repeatedly attacked from the south of landing zone's 'X' and 'Z', and were eventually forced to call on the 75\u00a0mm guns of the 1st Airlanding Light Regiment to break up the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nHicks had previously decided to send the Staffords on the second lift to join their battalion fighting in Arnhem, while he also sent the 11th Parachute Battalion on the same lift to support 1st Parachute Brigade. The KOSB, until then responsible for defending the landing ground, were attached to 4th Parachute Brigade to replace the 11th Parachute Battalion. However they were still responsible for defending landing ground 'L', for the arrival of the Poles gliders on day three. This left only the Borders, No. 2 Wing GPR and the field ambulance under brigade command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nAs day three dawned, the Staffords, and the 1st Parachute Battalion attacked at 04:00, their first objective being to link up with the 3rd Parachute Battalion trapped around St Elizabeth's Hospital. The attack failed but allowed Urquhart to rejoin the division from a position where he had been trapped by the Germans. This allowed Hicks to resume command of the brigade, whereupon Urquhart dispatched Colonel Barlow to take over command of 1st Parachute Brigade and co-ordinate the attack in Arnhem. He left in a jeep and was killed in a mortar barrage just outside Arnhem. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nAirlanding Brigade, still holding landing zone 'L' for the expected Polish and resupply gliders, then came under attack from the west and north-west. During the night the KOSB had tried to take the high ground at Koepel, but were stopped by heavy machine gun fire and instead dug in. The remainder of 4th Parachute Brigade advancing north of the railway line also encountered a strong German defence line and were unable to progress any further. All three battalions were ordered to withdraw south of the railway line towards Wolfheze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0017-0002", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nAlthough the northernmost battalion of the KOSB had thus far enjoyed a quiet morning, in the two hours it took them to advance south of the railway, two companies were now cut off and the entire battalion transport lost. Still under fire from the pursuing Germans, the battalions crossed landing zone 'L' just as the third lift gliders were landing. While attempting to unload the gliders the Poles came under fire. Assuming the approaching men were Germans, they opened fire and caused some casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nWith no one in command, around 100 men, the remnants of the Staffords, along with about 400 troops from the 1st Parachute Brigade, pulled back towards Oosterbeek. Here they were gathered together in an ad hoc formation known as the \"Lonsdale Force\" after Major Richard Lonsdale who was put in command. The Lonsdale Force deployed to the south-east of Oosterbeek to defend the division's artillery line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nHere, as dusk approached, Lance Serjeant John Baskeyfield of the Staffords, although wounded and with the rest of his men dead or wounded, engaged three tanks as they emerged from the woods with his anti-tank gun. He destroyed the first tank and disabled the second before his own weapon was destroyed. Moving to a nearby gun where the crew were already dead, he continued to fight the third tank alone. Shortly after he managed to disable it, he was killed a shell from a German tank. For his actions Baskeyfield received a posthumous Victoria Cross, the highest British military decoration. The KOSB had by now arrived at the perimeter being formed around Oosterbeek and took up positions south of the railway line just north of division headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nBy day four, the battalions of the 1st Airlanding Brigade were dispersed over a wide area. While the Borders were to the west on a line from the River Rhine east of Heveadorp to the Heelsum road, the remaining KOSB companies lay to the north with the remnants of the Staffords forming part of Lonsdale Force in the east. Brigade headquarters was established on open ground at the centre of the divisional area. On day five (21 September), defence of the divisional area was divided between the two remaining brigade headquarters. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nAirlanding Brigade in the west now commanded the remaining three companies of Borders, the remnants of the KOSB, and what remained of the Royal Engineers, 21st Independent Company, Glider Pilots and Poles. Lonsdale Force Major Robert Henry Cain of the Staffords disabled a tank with a PIAT and then, although wounded by machine gun fire, positioned one of the division's artillery guns and destroyed it. This was the first of a number of actions by Major Cain which led to the award of a Victoria Cross. This second medal for the Staffords meant it became the only British battalion to receive two Victoria Crosses in one battle during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nThe Germans did not mount an all-out infantry assault on the divisional area, which was under continuous mortar and artillery attack. Instead, each sector was subjected to small scale assaults at times supported by tanks or self-propelled guns. Enemy troops first attacked the Independent Company, then the Borders who were forced off the high ground overlooking the river, and finally the KOSB. The Germans mounted a strong assault following the landing of the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade south of the river beside Driel. This attack forced the KOSB out of their positions, which were only regained after a bayonet charge. Fighting was so fierce that first reports suggested the KOSB had been annihilated, although it turned out that the counter-attack had in fact reduced the battalion's strength to only 150 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nBy day six, 22 September, the battle had settled into a routine of mortaring and small probing attacks at times supported by armoured vehicles and sniper fire. The Poles, dug in south of the river, relieved part of the pressure on the division, as some German forces were diverted to confront them. The following day began in a similar way to previous days with a mortar and artillery bombardment, followed by infantry and armour trying to find a gap in the perimeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nThe KOSB, Glider Pilots and the 21st Independent Company who were all defending the brigade area were repeatedly attacked. Furthermore, food and water shortages also took their toll on the men, with foraging parties subjected to sniper fire. On day eight, 24 September, although German attacks continued, the enemy were engaged by artillery of the XXX Corps south of the river and aircraft from the Royal Air Force. This broke up most assaults before they got started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Arnhem\nOn 25 September Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks, commander of XXX Corps, decided not to reinforce the position north of the Rhine and instead prepare for the evacuation of all survivors in Operation Berlin. The evacuation took place on the night of 25\u201326 September. Of the 2,526 men of 1st Airlanding Brigade that left England for Operation Market Garden, there were 230 killed, 476 evacuated and 1,822 were missing or prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Norway\nAfter Arnhem, replacements for the 1st Airlanding Brigade began to bring the brigade up to strength. Among the replacements was Brigadier Roger Bower who took the place of the injured Brigadier Hicks. However, the Germans surrendered before they were involved in further action. The 1st Airborne Division including the airlanding brigade, the Special Air Service Brigade and an ad hoc brigade formed from the divisional artillery were sent to disarm the German occupation forces in Norway in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158541-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom), Operations, Norway\nOn entering Norway, the division would be responsible for maintaining law and order in the areas it occupied, ensuring that German units followed the terms of their surrender, securing and then protecting captured airfields, and finally preventing the sabotage of essential military and civilian structures. After landing nearby, 1st Airlanding Brigade occupied the Norwegian capital Oslo, where Brigadier Bower became Commander, Oslo Area for the duration of the division's time in Norway. The city was chosen because as well as being the Norwegian capital it was also the centre of the Norwegian and German administration. The brigade returned to the United Kingdom in August 1945, when the 1st Airborne Division was disbanded and the airlanding battalions returned to a conventional infantry role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment\nThe 1st Airlanding Light Regiment was an airborne forces unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment\nThe regiment was raised in 1943, by the expansion of an existing airborne artillery battery. Attached to the 1st Airborne Division in 1943, the regiment landed in Italy as part of Operation Slapstick\u2014part of the Allied invasion of Italy\u2014and then, when the division was withdrawn, it stayed behind to support other divisions of the British Eighth Army in the Italian Campaign until the end of the year. In 1944 the regiment rejoined the 1st Airborne Division in England and, in September 1944, took part in Operation Market Garden, which was the airborne assault in the Netherlands. During the battle of Arnhem that followed the regiment was one of the divisional units that formed a defensive ring around Oosterbeek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment\nReformed after Arnhem, the regiment never fought in another battle. They did, however, take part in Operation Doomsday, the repatriation of the German occupation army in Norway in May 1945. After this the regiment returned to England and was disbanded in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Formation\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. In September 1941 the 1st Parachute Brigade began forming, comprising three parachute infantry battalions. In keeping with British Army practice at the same time as the brigade's infantry battalions were forming, airborne supporting arms were formed including men from the Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Formation\nThe origins of the 1st Airlanding Light Regiment can be traced to the formation of the 458th Independent Light Battery, Royal Artillery in February 1941. At the time, the battery was commanded by Major Pat Lloyd and, equipped with the First World War vintage 3.7-inch mountain howitzer, served on the North-West Frontier in India. The 3.7\u00a0inch Howitzer could fire a 20 pounds (9.1\u00a0kg) shell 5,899 yards (5,394\u00a0m) and weighed 1,610 pounds (730\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Formation\nIn 1941, the British airborne forces were being raised and needed an artillery formation, so the battery was renamed the 1st Airlanding Light Battery and it was converted into an airborne unit. Assigned to the 1st Airborne Division, the battery moved to the airborne forces depot at Bulford Garrison in April 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Formation\nThe battery spent the next eleven months training for their new role. In February 1943, however, it was expanded to a full regiment commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel R. W. McLeod. The regiment now consisted of three batteries, each of two troops, with four guns per troop, or twenty-four guns in the regiment. At the same time their 3.7\u00a0inch Howitzers were replaced by the newer American 75\u00a0mm Pack Howitzer. The 75\u00a0mm Howitzer could be broken down into six components. It fired a 15 pounds (6.8\u00a0kg) shell a maximum of 9,186 yards (8,400\u00a0m) and weighed 1,439 pounds (653\u00a0kg). Being the only field artillery unit in the division, one battery of eight guns could be expected to support each of the division's three brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Formation\nAt this time the only way airborne forces could transport artillery guns and their towing vehicles by air was by using gliders. In the regiment's case this was normally the Airspeed Horsa, piloted by two men from the Glider Pilot Regiment. With a wingspan of 88 feet (27\u00a0m) and a length of 67 feet (20\u00a0m), the Horsa had a maximum load capacity of 15,750 pounds (7,140\u00a0kg)\u2014space for two pilots, a maximum of twenty-eight troops, or two jeeps; alternatively: one jeep, an artillery gun and a half ton trailer; or one jeep with up to two trailers. One disadvantage of being transported by the Horsa glider, was that only three artillerymen and the two pilots could be carried with the gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Italy\nThe regiment left England for North Africa on 16 May 1943, arriving at Oran in Algeria on 26 May. The 1st Airborne Division as a whole did not take part in the Allied invasion of Sicily. However, the 1st Parachute and 1st Airlanding brigades took part in brigade sized operations, Ladbroke and Fustian, without any artillery support from the regiment. While in Sicily Lieutenant-Colonel Crawfurd, the Division's Commander Royal Artillery (DCRA), was killed. He was replaced by Lieutenant-Colonel McLeod and the second in command, Major W.\u00a0F.\u00a0K \"Sheriff\" Thompson, was given command of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Italy\nIn September 1943, they were involved in Operation Slapstick, part of the Allied invasion of Italy. The division in North Africa boarded the ships of the Royal Navy's 12th Cruiser Squadron at Bizerta on 8 September 1943. At 15:00 on 9 September, the flotilla reached the port of Taranto on the heel of Italy. The landings were unopposed and the troops were soon disembarked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Italy\nIn Italy the regiment not only supported the 1st Airborne Division, but also fired in support of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division at Campobasso. The 1st Airborne Division was withdrawn back to England, leaving the regiment behind. In October they supported the British 5th Infantry Division at Rionero and then Isernia in November. After this, they supported the 2nd New Zealand Division during three unsuccessful attacks on Orsogna. Next they fired in support of the independent 2nd Parachute Brigade and the British 78th Infantry Division from mid-December 1943 to January 1944, at Casoli, Gessopalena and Roccascalegna. The regiment was then withdrawn and sent to rejoin the 1st Airborne Division in Boston, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, England\nIn England the regiment trained for operations in North-West Europe under the supervision of I Airborne Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General Frederick Arthur Montague Browning. Although they were not scheduled to take part in the Normandy landings, Operation Wastage was a contingency plan drawn up whereby all of the 1st Airborne Division would be parachuted in to support any of the five invasion beaches if delays were experienced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, England\nIn early September the regiment prepared for Operation Comet during which the 1st Airborne Division's three brigades were to land in the Netherlands and capture three river crossings. The first of these was the bridge over the River Waal at Nijmegen, the second the bridge over the River Maas at Grave and finally the bridge over the River Rhine at Arnhem. Planning for Comet was well advanced when, on 10\u00a0September, the mission was cancelled. Instead, a new operation was proposed with the same objectives as Comet but to be carried out by three divisions of the First Allied Airborne Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nLandings by the First Allied Airborne Army's three divisions began in the Netherlands on 17 September 1944. Although the allocation of aircraft for each division was roughly similar, the U.S. 101st Airborne Division, under Major General Maxwell D. Taylor, landing at Nijmegen would use only one lift. The U.S. 82nd Airborne Division, under Major General James M. Gavin, at Grave required two lifts while the British 1st Airborne Division, under Major-General Roy Urquhart, at Arnhem would need three lifts. Whereas the two American divisions delivered at least three-quarters of their infantry in their first lift, the 1st Airborne's similar drop used only half its capacity for infantry and the remainder to deliver vehicles and artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nThe 1st Airborne Division had the required airlift capacity to deliver all three parachute brigades with their glider-borne anti-tank weapons or two of the parachute brigades and the airlanding brigade on day one. Instead however, the vast majority of the division's vehicles and heavy equipment, plus the 1st Parachute Brigade, most of the 1st Airlanding Brigade and divisional troops were to be on the first lift, with the rest to follow over the next two days. Following the first lift, the airlanding brigade would remain at the landing grounds to defend them for the following day's lifts, while the parachute brigade set out alone to capture the bridges and ferry crossing on the River Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nOn 17 September 1944, the first day of the operation, fifty-seven gliders carried the regimental headquarters and the 1st and 3rd batteries to Arnhem. The 2nd Battery and the remaining men of the regimental headquarters were on the second day's lift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nWith only three of the regiment's men travelling in the gliders, the two pilots stayed with the guns as drivers and to provide local protection, until the rest of the regiment assembled. Immediately after landing the 3rd Battery set up their gun line to the east of landing zone 'Z'. Meanwhile, the 1st Battery set up between the 3rd and the village of Wolfheze. Both were on call to support the 1st Parachute Brigade in their advance to the bridges, and the 1st Airlanding Brigade defending the landing zones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nIn the morning of the second day, 19 September, in order to support the paratroopers in Arnhem, the guns had to move to a new position beside the church in Oosterbeek. The batteries were set up on the slight high ground that existed to the north-east and north-west of the church. At the Arnhem road bridge, the 2nd Parachute Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel John Frost, and some supporting units, were under attack by the reconnaissance battalion of the 9th SS Panzer Division, which was attempting to force a crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nThe regiment's guns were called into action and caused significant damage to the un-armoured vehicles, armoured cars and half-tracks. Later they targeted German mortars firing at the 1st Parachute Battalion trying to fight through to the bridge in Arnhem. Their guns were also called upon to break up German attacks on the landing zones, still defended by the 1st Airlanding Brigade, which were in danger of being overrun. When the thirty-three gliders of the 2nd Battery that were on the second lift, arrived from around 15:00, one of their guns was damaged on landing and had to be left behind. By that afternoon, the attempt to fight through to the 2nd Parachute Battalion at the Arnhem bridge had failed and the remnants of four battalions involved started arriving at the regiment's position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nOn 20 September the division had been forced into a perimeter around Oosterbeek. The regiment was provided with local protection by five flights of the Glider Pilot Regiment. A group made up from the remnants of the 1st Parachute Brigade known as Lonsdale Force was to their right. While on the left was 'D' Company, 1st Battalion, Border Regiment. All that morning the Germans using tanks, self propelled artillery and infantry attempted to break through the British line and reach the regiment's guns from the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nOn 21 September, the fifth day of the operation, the Germans again attacked from the east and got within 300 yards (270\u00a0m) of the guns. Engaged in hand-to-hand fighting, infantry support was requested and the guns were firing at point blank range. German artillery attacked the gun line killing and wounding a number of men. Amongst the wounded was the commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson. One of the men defending the guns was Major Robert Cain who was part of Lonsdale force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nCain was wounded disabling a Tiger tank, after which he brought one of the regiment's guns forward to finish it off. Cain was later awarded the Victoria Cross, for this and other actions during the battle. By the end of the days fighting the regiment's stock of ammunition was running out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nBy 22 September, XXX Corps had advanced close enough to Arnhem for their artillery to participate in the battle. But it was the 1st Airlanding Regiment's guns that broke up a German attack on the glider pilots positions just after 07:00 that morning. The following days took on the same pattern until the night of 25/26 September, when the remnants of the 1st Airborne Division were withdrawn south of the River Rhine. The gunners fired their remaining ammunition and then disabled the guns, so they could not be used by the Germans. Of the regiment's 372 men who went to Arnhem, 136 were evacuated, 200 were reported missing and thirty-eight were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158542-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Airlanding Light Regiment, Operations, Norway\nAfter Arnhem the regiment and division was brought back up to strength, but the war ended before they were ready for further operations. Then in May 1945, the 1st Airborne Division was sent to Norway to disarm and repatriate the German occupation army. Code named Operation Doomsday for their part the 1st Airlanding Light Regiment were sent to Stavanger. In June some men left to join the 53rd (Worcester Yeomanry) Airlanding Light Regiment, part of the 6th Airborne Division. The rest of the regiment returned to England in August and was disbanded on 1 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158543-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airlift Squadron\nThe 1st Airlift Squadron is part of the 89th Airlift Wing, 89th Operations Group, at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. It conducts transport of various high-level U.S. military and government officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158543-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airlift Squadron, Mission\nProvides global Special Air Mission (SAM) airlift, logistics, aerial port and communications for the President, Vice President, Combat Commanders, senior leaders and the global mobility system as tasked by the White House, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, and Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158543-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished under Air Transport Command in 1944 to provide aerial transportation in China-Burma-India Theater from May 1944\u2013May 1945 and in Western Pacific from c. September\u2013December 1945. The unit was equipped first with the Curtiss C-46 Commando, and then converted to the Consolidated C-87 Liberator Express in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158543-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Airlift Squadron, History, Heavy airlift operations\nRe -established under Military Air Transport Service in November 1953, providing airlift of personnel and equipment initially flying Douglas C-54 Skymasters. Converted to long range  Douglas C-124 Globemaster IIs and provided long range heavy strategic transport on a global scale. In 1960 converted to the Douglas C-133 Cargomaster and provided very heavy strategic airlift until the end of the C-133's service in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158543-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Airlift Squadron, History, Special air missions\nReactivated in 1977 at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland and assigned to the Special Air Mission supporting transportation for the President and other high-ranking dignitaries of US and foreign governments, and Beechcraft C-12 Huron training for personnel from all branches of the military in 1977. At Andrews, has operated a variety of aircraft including the McDonnell Douglas VC-9 Skytrain II, C-12, Boeing VC-135 Stratolifter, Lockheed VC-140 JetStar, Boeing VC-137 and Gulfstream C-20. These aircraft were used to transport VIPs throughout the United States and around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158543-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Airlift Squadron, History, Special air missions\nIt also transported personnel to Southwest Asia from August 1990\u2013April 1991 during Operation Desert Shield/Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158544-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airmobile Brigade (Bundeswehr)\nThe 1st Airmobile Brigade (German: Luftbewegliche Brigade 1) was a brigade in the German Army with its headquarters at the Fritzlar Air Base in North Hesse, It was part of the Airmobile Operations Division (Germany). The various elements of the brigade were located in the federal states of  Lower Saxony, Hesse and Bavaria. Parts of the brigade were classed as intervention forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158544-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airmobile Brigade (Bundeswehr), History\nIn October 2011 the German Federal Ministry of Defence announced a reorganisation/reduction of the German Armed Forces. As a result, 1st Airmobile Brigade was disbanded on 17 December 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158545-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Airmobile Division (Ukraine)\nThe 1st Airmobile Division (Ukrainian: 1 \u0430\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0437\u0456\u044f) was a formation of the Ukrainian Airmobile Forces from January 1, 1993, until it was disbanded in 2003. The formation was located in Bolhrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158545-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Airmobile Division (Ukraine), History\nThe formation of the 1st Airmobile Division was begun by an order of the Ministry of Defence  on 5 May 1993 at Bolhrad from elements of the 98th Guards Airborne Division. Elements of the 217th Guards Airborne Regiment were used to form the 25th Airborne Brigade. Elements of the 299th Guards Airborne Regiment were used to form the 45th Airmobile Brigade. On 5 June 1993, soldiers of the division took an oath of allegiance to Ukraine. The formation of the division was completed on 1 December 1993. Between May and July 2002 the 25th Airborne Brigade moved to the village of  Hvardiiske, Novomoskovsk Raion. The division disbanded in 2003 as part of the Ukrainian military reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158546-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158546-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nThe 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment was raised at Montgomery, Alabama, in November 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158546-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nOrdered to Tennessee, the regiment fought at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862. It then fought at the Battle of Boonville, Mississippi, and Blackland. In Kentucky with General Joseph Wheeler, it was engaged at the Battle of Perryville in October 1862. Returning to middle Tennessee, the regiment lost many men at the Second Battle of Murfreesboro, Battle of Stones River in December 1862 and January 1863. On the retreat to Tullahoma and Chattanooga, it again lost many men at Duck River. In September 1863, the regiment fought at the Battle of Chickamauga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158546-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nIn east Tennessee with Longstreet, it fought at Clinton, Knoxville, and Mossy Creek. It was part of the force on the Sequatchee raid, fought at Dandridge. During Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, the regiment harassed the enemy. Again, in Tennessee, it fought at Waynesboro, and at Fiddler's Pond. Then, it fought at Kilpatrick, Averysboro, and Bentonville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158546-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nNear Raleigh, North Carolina, a few days before Lee's surrender, the regiment drove back the enemy. It then surrendered as part of William W. Allen's division at Salisbury, North Carolina, about 150 strong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158547-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment recruited from Southern Unionists that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was the only predominantly-white Union regiment from Alabama. Of the 2,678 white Alabamians who enlisted in the Union Army, 2,066 served in the 1st Alabama Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158547-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Alabama Cavalry was raised from Alabama Unionists at Huntsville, Alabama and Memphis, Tennessee in October, 1862 after Federal troops occupied the area. It was attached to the XVI Corps in various divisions until November 1864, when it became part of the XV Corps. During this time, its duties mostly consisted of scouting, raiding, reconnaissance, flank guard, and providing screening to the infantry while on the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158547-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was selected by Major General William T. Sherman to be his escort as he began his famous 1864 March to the Sea. It was assigned to the Third Division of the Cavalry Corps, Military Division of the Mississippi in January 1865. It fought at the battles of Monroe's Crossroads and Bentonville and was present at the surrender of the Army of Tennessee at the Bennett Place. It was sent to the District of Northern Alabama, Department of the Cumberland in June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158547-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service at Huntsville, Alabama on October 20, 1865, with only 397 men present. Out of the 2,000 men who served in the unit during the course of the war, 345 were killed in action, died in prison, of disease or other non-battle causes, 88 were captured, and 279 deserted, with no accurate count of the number of wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158547-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Union), Reenactors\nA unit based in Jasper, Alabama portrays Company C and was founded in 1992. It usually fights in reenactments as skirmishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158547-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Union), Reenactors\nAnother unit based in Huntsville, Alabama, Company B, 4th Alabama Cavalry, (CSA) portrays Company B, 1st Alabama Cavalry (USV) and participates in historical living history, skirmishes and battles in Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia and Mississippi. The unit participates as both dismounted and mounted cavalry troopers, representing the 1863 to 1865 period of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158548-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Alabama Infantry Regiment was a Confederate volunteer infantry unit from the state of Alabama during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158548-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Alabama Infantry Regiment completed its organization at Pensacola, Florida about the 1st of April 1, 1861 by the election of regimental officers. The soldiers were from the counties of Tallapoosa, Pike, Lowndes, Wilcox, Talladega, Barbour, and Macon. For a year it staffed the batteries at Pensacola, then with 1,000 soldiers moved to Missouri where all but a detachment were captured at Island No 10. The prisoners were exchanged during September, 1862, and it was soon ordered to Port Hudson. Here the unit endured many hardships, and on July 9, 1863 nearly 500 soldiers were captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158548-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Infantry Regiment\nExchanged and reorganized with 610 effectives, the 1st joined the Army of Tennessee and served in General Quarles' and Shelley's Brigade. It took an active part in the Atlanta and Tennessee Campaigns, and ended the war in North Carolina. Its casualties were high at Peach Tree Creek and were again heavy at Franklin and Nashville. Less than 100 surrendered in April, 1865. One of their companies, Company D, was also known as Perote Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158548-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Alabama Infantry Regiment, Field Officers\nThe field officers were Colonels Henry D. Clayton and I. G. W. Steedman, Lieutenant Colonel Michael B. Locke, and Majors S. L. Knox and Jere N. Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158549-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Alaska State Legislature\nThe 1st Alaska State Legislature served during 1959 and 1960. All of its members were elected on November 25, 1958, when Alaska was in its last days as a territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158549-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Alaska State Legislature, Terms\nThe Alaska Constitution established that legislative terms begin on the fourth Monday in January following an election year, and that the date may be changed by statute. This legislature passed Senate Bill 70 in the first session, which placed the date into statute but did not actually change it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158550-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Alberta Legislature\nThe 1st Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from November 9, 1905, to Monday, March 22, 1909, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1905 Alberta general election which was held on November 9, 1905. The Legislature officially began on November 9, 1905, and continued until the fourth session was prorogued on February 25, 1909, and dissolved the next day on February 26, 1909, prior to the 1909 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158550-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's first government was controlled by the majority Liberal Party led by Premier Alexander Rutherford. The Official Opposition was the Conservative Party led by Albert John Robertson. The Speaker was Charles W. Fisher who served in the role until his death from the 1918 flu pandemic in 1919 partway through the 4th Alberta Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158550-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Alberta Legislature, History of the First Legislature\nThe 1st Alberta Legislative Assembly came about after Alberta entered Confederation with the Alberta Act. The assembly met for the first time in 1906 under a strong Alberta Liberal Party majority. Construction of the Alberta Legislature Building would not begin until 1907, so the assembly would meet in the newly completed McKay Avenue School for the first two sessions of the First Legislative Assembly of Alberta in 1906 and 1907. Important bills passed in those sessions include confirming Edmonton as the provincial capital, the founding of the University of Alberta, establishment of provincial courts, and the provision of charters for several railway companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158550-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Alberta Legislature, History of the First Legislature\nEdmonton was designated as the temporary capital city for Alberta during its creation. One of the major debates that occurred in this assembly was the capital city debate. A number of alternative capital cities were chosen and voted on. In the end partly due to the strong representation around Edmonton and strong Liberal majority, Edmonton was chosen as the permanent capital city in Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158550-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Alberta Legislature, History of the First Legislature\nLabor MLA Donald McNabb's by-election victory made him the first third party candidate elected to the legislature and helped raise the strength of the labour movement in the Lethbridge area that would have an effect in Alberta politics for quite some time to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158550-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Alberta Legislature, History of the First Legislature, Telephone policy\nLiberal government would make a number of large-scale forays into government operation of utilities, the most notable of which being the creation of Alberta Government Telephones. In 1906, Alberta's municipalities legislation was passed and included a provision authorizing municipalities to operate telephone companies. Several, including Edmonton, did so, alongside private companies. The largest private company was the Bell Telephone Company, which held a monopoly over service in Calgary. Such monopolies and the private firms' refusal to extend their services into sparsely-populated and unprofitable rural areas aroused demand for provincial entry into the market, which was effected in 1907. The government constructed a number of lines, beginning with one between Calgary and Banff, and it also purchased Bell's lines for $675,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158550-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Alberta Legislature, History of the First Legislature, Telephone policy\nAlberta's public telephone system was financed by debt, which was unusual for a government like Rutherford's, which.was generally committed to the principle of \"pay as you go\". Rutherford's stated rationale was that the cost of such a large capital project should not.be borne by a single generation and that incurring debt to finance a corresponding asset was, in contrast to operating deficits, acceptable. Though the move was popular at the time, it would prove not to be financially astute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158550-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Alberta Legislature, History of the First Legislature, Telephone policy\nBy focusing on areas neglected by existing companies, the government was entering into the most expensive and least profitable fields of telecommunication. Such.problems would not come to fruition until Rutherford had left office, however. In the short term, the government's involvement in the telephone business helped it to a sweeping victory in the 1909 election. The Liberals won 37 of 41 seats in the newly-expanded legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158550-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Alberta Legislature, History of the First Legislature, Labour bills\nRutherford's government legislated an eight-hour day, as well, Rutherford's government also passed workers' compensation legislation designed to make such compensation automatic, rather than requiring the injured worker to sue his employer. Labour representatives criticized the bill for failing to impose fines on negligent employers, for limiting construction workers' eligibility under the program to injuries sustained while they were working on buildings more than 40 feet (12\u00a0m) high, and for exempting casual labourers. It also viewed the maximum payout of $1,500 as inadequate. In response to these concerns, the maximum was increased to $1,800 and the minimum building height reduced to 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m). In response to farmers' concerns, farm labourers were made exempt from the bill entirely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158551-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Alkino\n1st Alkino (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e; Bashkir: 1-\u0441\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1-se Alkin) is a rural locality (a village) in Dmitriyevsky Selsoviet of Blagovarsky District, Russia. The  population was 2 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158551-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Alkino, Geography\n1st Alkino is located 58 km west of Yazykovo (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158552-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\"\nThe 1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\" (Italian: 1\u00aa Divisione alpina \"Taurinense\") was a division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II, which specialised in mountain warfare. The Alpini that formed the division are a highly decorated and elite mountain corps of the Italian Army consisting of both infantry and artillery units. Today, the traditions and name of the 1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\" are carried on by the Alpine Brigade \"Taurinense\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158552-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\", Formation\nThe Taurinense division was constituted on 10 September 1935 through the reorganization of the existing 1st Superior Alpine Command. The headquarters of the division was in the city of Turin and the majority of its soldiers were drafted from the surrounding Province of Turin \u2014 therefore the division was named \"Taurinense\" for the Roman name of the city of Turin Augusta Taurinorum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158552-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\", Ethiopia\nWhen Italy decided to invade Ethiopia in 1935, the Exilles and Intra battalions and two artillery batteries from each of the divisions were attached to the 5 Alpine Division Pusteria and sent to Eritrea. The detached units returned to the Taurinense after the Pusteria's return to Italy in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158552-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\", France\nFrom 10 June to 24 June 1940 the division advanced with other Italian units into Southern France and occupied Bourg-Saint-Maurice, where it was garrisoned after the end of hostilities. It remained in France until January 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158552-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\", Yugoslavia\nThe division was then sent to Mostar in the Independent State of Croatia to take part in anti-partisan operations during World War II in Yugoslavia. After arriving in Mostar, the division was placed under the command of the Italian XIV Army Corps and participated in the third Axis anti-Partisan offensive. The division captured Trnovo, and also reached and blocked Kalinovik where it made contact with elements of the 22 Infantry Division Cacciatori delle Alpi; but, overall, the offensive was a failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158552-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Alpine Division \"Taurinense\", Yugoslavia\nIn August 1942 the division was sent to Montenegro. A year later the division took part in the fifth Axis anti-Partisan offensive, but did not complete its objectives there either. After the signing of the armistice between Italy and the Allied armed forces on 3 September 1943 and after the German invasion of Italy on 8 September, the division dislocated around the Bay of Kotor surrendered to German forces and was subsequently dissolved. However, some of its units (mainly the Ivrea battalion and Aosta artillery group) refused to surrender and with other Italian units stationed in the Balkans formed the Italian Partisan Division Garibaldi\u2014fighting now under command of the II Yugoslav partisan Corps against the German Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment\nThe 1st Alpini Regiment (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento Alpini) is an inactive regiment of the Italian Army's mountain infantry speciality, the Alpini, which distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, Formation\nThe 1st Alpini Regiment was formed on 1 November 1882. It consisted of three Battalions: \"Alto Tanaro\", Val Tanaro and Val Camonica, named after the valleys and localities from which their soldiers were recruited. In 1886 the battalions were renamed, taking their new names from the location of their main logistic depot: Ceva, Pieve di Teco and Mondov\u00ec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, World War I\nDuring World War I the regiment consisted of 9 battalions and saw heavy fighting in the Alps against Austria's Kaiserj\u00e4ger and Germany's Alpenkorps. The battalions of the regiment in these days were (pre-war raised units in bold, followed by their first and second line reserve battalions):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, Interwar Period\nOn 31 October 1935, the 4th Alpine Division \u201cCuneense\u201d was formed and was composed of the 1st Alpini and 2nd Alpini Regiment and the 4th Mountain Artillery Regiment. Each Alpini regiment fielded 160 officers, and 5,046 NCOs and soldiers for a total strength of 5,206 men. Each regiment also had 23 horses, 1,242 mules and 109 transport vehicles at its disposal. The division's order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, Interwar Period\nIn 1935 the \"Pieve di Teco\" battalion was sent to fight in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, where it distinguished itself during the battles of Amba Aradam, Amba Alagi, Worq Amba, Mai Ceu and Mekan Pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nOn 21 June 1940 (one day before the French surrender) the \u201cCuneense\u201d division began to advance with other Italian units into Southern France. The division was then sent to Albania, where it participated in the Italian attack on Greece. As the German Wehrmacht came to the aid of the beaten Italian armies in Albania in April 1941 through an invasion of Yugoslavia the \u201cCuneense\u201d was sent north to aid the rapidly advancing German divisions. The Cuneense advanced through Montenegro and  reached Dubrovnik by the end of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nIn September 1942 the \"Cuneense\" was sent with the Alpini divisions Julia and Tridentina and other Italian units to the Soviet Union to form the Italian Army in Russia (Armata Italiana in Russia (ARMIR)) and fight alongside the Germans against the Red Army. Taking up positions along the Don River, the Italian units covered part of the left flank of the German Sixth Army, which spearheaded the German summer offensive of 1942 into the city of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nAfter successfully encircling the German Sixth army in Stalingrad the Red Army's attention turned to the Italian units along the Don. On 14 January 1943, the Soviet Operation Little Saturn began and the three Alpini division found themselves quickly encircled by the rapidly advancing armoured Soviet Forces. The Alpinis held the front on the Don, but within three days the Soviets advanced 200\u00a0km to the left and right of the Alpini. On the evening of 17 January the commanding officer of the Italian Mountain Corps General Gabriele Nasci finally ordered a full retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nAt this point the Julia and Cuneense divisions were already heavily decimated and only the Tridentina division was still capable of conducting combat operations. As the Soviets had already occupied every village bitter battles had to be fought to clear the way. On the morning of 28 January the men of the 1st Alpini Regiment had walked 200\u00a0km, fought in 20 battles and spent 11 nights camped out in the middle of the Russian Steppe. Temperatures during the nights were between -30\u00a0\u00b0C and -40\u00a0\u00b0C. In the course of that day, the last remnants of the regiment were annihilated by Cossack forces. The last survivors of the 1st Alpini regiment burnt the regimental war flag to prevent it from falling in enemy hands, at which point the Regiment ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, World War II\nOn 11 February 1943, the survivors were counted and out of 5,206 men of the 1st Alpini Regiment just 722 had reached Axis lines; none of the soldiers of the battalions Ceva, Pieve di Teco and Mondov\u00ec had made it out of the Soviet encirclement. 3,475 men of the 1st Alpini Regiment died in Russia. The survivors were repatriated and after the signing of the Italian armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943, the regiment was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, Cold War\nThe 1st Alpini Regiment was reformed on 23 November 1945, but as the unit had burned its war flag and thus lost its regimental colours, the regiment was disbanded on 15 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, Cold War, Alpini Battalion \"Mondov\u00ec\"\nDuring the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and the newly independent battalions were given for the first time war flags. As part of the reform the Alpini (Recruits Training) Battalion \"Mondov\u00ec\" was activated in Cuneo and given the traditions of the 1st Alpini Regiment. The battalion was part of the Alpine Brigade \"Taurinense\" and remained active until 30 August 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158553-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Alpini Regiment, History, Cold War, Alpini Battalion \"Mondov\u00ec\"\nWhen the battalion was disbanded it had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0000-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784)\n1st American Regiment, also known as Jackson's Continental Regiment of 1783\u20131784, was the last unit in the Continental Army, retained after the close of the American Revolutionary War. This regiment, under the command of Colonel Henry Jackson of Massachusetts, was not the same unit as Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment of 1777, which had become the 16th Massachusetts Regiment in 1780 and had been disbanded in 1781. Equally, this regiment should not be confused with the First American Regiment of 1784\u20131791, which was originally commanded by Colonel Josiah Harmar, has remained in service to the present, and is now the 3d United States Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0001-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784)\nHowever, when Jackson's Regiment was disbanded in 1784, one company remained in service and was assigned to Harmar's Regiment. The remaining company, under Captain John Doughty, had been raised by Alexander Hamilton in 1776 and had ended the war as the 2d Company, 2nd Continental Artillery Regiment. Through various reorganizations, the company has continued in the United States Army to the present day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0002-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Peacetime regular army\nThe ratification of the Treaty of Paris, September 3, 1783, presented the Continental Congress with the question of providing the newly independent United States with a peacetime Regular Army. Congress considered several plans for a permanent peace establishment, but failed to adopt any of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0003-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Peacetime regular army\nA compromise was found when the Congress finally settled on the expedient of provisionally organizing a single regiment to remain in service. Command of the new regiment was given to Colonel Henry Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0004-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Organization\nJackson's Regiment was authorized as an element of the Continental Army on October 23, 1783. Under this arrangement the regiment and the Continental Army were virtually the same thing. It was organized at West Point, New York, on November 3, 1783. The field units which had composed the Continental Army were disbanded in November 1783, and Jackson's Regiment was the force which succeeded them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0005-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Organization\nHis regiment was to consist of a regimental headquarters and nine companies. Most, but not all, of the men under his command were veterans of the Massachusetts Line. In addition to the Massachusetts veterans, Captain John Doughty's Company of the 2nd Continental Artillery Regiment was attached to the regiment, as were the remaining officers and men of the Corps of Invalids. The 2nd Continental Artillery had been placed on the New York quota in 1781 and the Corps of Invalids had been raised at large.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0006-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Organization, Doughty's Artillery Company\nDoughty's Company was originally authorized on January 6, 1776, by the New York Provincial Congress as the New York Provincial Artillery Company. The company was organized at New York City in the spring of 1776. Its first commander was Captain Alexander Hamilton. On March 17, 1777, the company, then commanded by Captain John Doughty, was assigned to Lamb's Continental Artillery Regiment. In August 1779 it was numbered the 2nd Company in the 2nd Continental Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0007-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Organization, Corps of Invalids\nOn June 20, 1777, the Continental Congress resolved to raise a Corps of Invalids. The Invalids, a body of physically disabled Continental Army veterans, were organized as a regiment of eight companies under the command of Colonel Lewis Nicola. They were intended to serve as guards at magazines, hospitals, and similar establishments. It was also hoped that the corps could serve as a military school, but this seems not to have happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0008-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Organization, Strength of the 1st American Regiment, January 3, 1784\nOn January 3, 1784, the Commanding General of the Army, Major General Henry Knox, submitted to Congress a list of Continental Army officers remaining in service, and a return showing the organization of Jackson's Regiment. The regiment consisted of 775 officers and men:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 103], "content_span": [104, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0009-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Service history\nThe First American Regiment served in garrison at West Point, New York, until its disbandment. When the British Army evacuated New York City as a result of negotiations between George Washington and Sir Guy Carleton, Colonel Jackson had immediate command of the 800-man column that marched into New York City on November 25, 1783, under General Washington, to formally take possession of the city for the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0010-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Disbandment of the Regiment\nThat the commanding officer be directed to discharge the several officers and soldiers now in the service of the United States, except 25 privates to guard the stores at Fort Pitt, and 55 to guard the stores at West Point and other magazines, with a proportionate number of officers; no officer to remain in service above the rank of a captain; those privates to be retained who are enlisted on the best terms; provided Congress, before its recess, shall not take other measures respecting the disposition of those troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0011-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Alexander Hamilton Battery\nCaptain Doughty received the brevet rank of major on September 30, 1783. He was the major of artillery appearing in the return submitted by General Knox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0012-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Alexander Hamilton Battery\nThe Congressional resolve of June 2, 1784, caused Major Doughty's Artillery Company to continue in service, as his company was the unit retained. To his company belongs the distinction of being the only element of the Continental Army to continue in service after the war as an element of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0013-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Alexander Hamilton Battery\nOn the following day, June 3, 1784, the Continental Congress resolved to raise a new regiment, the First American Regiment of 1784-1791 (which exists today as the 3rd Infantry, a.k.a. \"The Old Guard\"), consisting of eight infantry companies and two artillery companies. Captain Doughty furnished the senior company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0013-0001", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Alexander Hamilton Battery\nThe 2d Artillery Company, First American Regiment, was raised in Pennsylvania and commanded by Captain Thomas Douglass, who had been an officer in Thomas Proctor's 4th Continental Artillery Regiment from April 1, 1777 to January 1, 1783 and served as a captain in the First American Regiment from August 1784 to October 1785.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0014-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Alexander Hamilton Battery\nThe organization of the United States Army changed frequently in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century; but on June 1, 1821, the company that had been commanded by Major Doughty in 1784 was designated Company \"F,\" 4th United States Regiment of Artillery. The company retained this designation until 1901. The company received a different designation in that year and, in a further reorganization on May 31, 1907, it became Battery \"D,\" 5th United States Field Artillery Regiment. The battery served in France in World War I as an element of the 1st Division, American Expeditionary Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0015-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Alexander Hamilton Battery\nOn October 1, 1940, the battery became Battery \"D,\" 5th Field Artillery Battalion. It served in North Africa and Europe in World War II. After a further period of reorganization, the unit was redesignated the 1st Rocket Howitzer Battalion, 5th Artillery, on April 20, 1960, and as the 1st Battalion, 5th Artillery (Alexander Hamilton Battery), on January 20, 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158554-0016-0000", "contents": "1st American Regiment (1783\u20131784), Senior officers\nThe following is a list of officers of Jackson's Regiment, with the rank of captain or higher, which served from November 1783 to June 1784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158555-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division\nThe 1st Amphibious Combined Arms Brigade, formerly the 1st Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division, is a military formation of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158555-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division, History\nThe 1st Division (Chinese: \u7b2c1\u5e08) was created on February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 386th Brigade, 1st Column of the PLA Northwest Field Army. Its history can be traced to the 2nd Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, formed in July 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158555-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division, History\nThe division is part of 1st Corps (now 1st Army). Under the flag of 1st division it took part in the Chinese Civil War. In 1952 it absorbed the 3rd Division from the same Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158555-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division, History, Post war\nIn February 1953 the division entered Korea to took part in Korean War under the command of the Corps. Then in 1955, it was renamed as the 1st Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c1\u5e08). Since then it became a part of the People's Volunteer Army until 1958, where it moved to Kaifeng, Henan province with the Corps HQ. It was renamed again in 1960 as the 1st Army Division (Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158555-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division, History, Post war\nIn January 1961 it became one of the first ten combat alert divisions of the army, which made it a \"big\" division under PLA glossaries, as a fully manned and equipped division. In 1962 the division was designated as a \"Northern\" unit, Catalogue A. the division was shortly moved to Fujian province for an emergency alert deployment with the Corps HQ. In 1968 the 206th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was detached from the division and formed the later 41st Tank Regiment of the 11th Tank Division. The division was basically not affected during the army re-designation in December 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158555-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division, History, Post war\nIts 301st Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 1st Army Division. In the 1970s the division then maintained as an Army Division, Catalogue A unit. In 1975 the division moved to Zhejiang Province with the Corps HQ to replace 20th Army Corps. Since then the division is stationed in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. In 1984 the division took part in the Battle of Laoshan with the Corps HQ. In 1985 the division was converted to a motorized division, renamed as the 1st Infantry Division (Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c1\u5e08). The division then maintained as a Northern Motorized Infantry Division, Catalogue A unit. The Tank Regiment of 1st Army Corps attached to the division, and its Anti- Air Artillery Battalion expanded to a regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158555-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division, History, Current history (1998\u2013present)\nBetween 1998 and 2000 the division was further converted to an amphibious mechanized division, renamed as the 1st Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (Chinese: \u4e24\u6816\u673a\u68b0\u5316\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c1\u5e08). In April 2017 the division was divided into two combined arms brigades: the 1st Amphibious Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u4e24\u6816\u5408\u6210\u7b2c1\u65c5) and the 5th Amphibious Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u4e24\u6816\u5408\u6210\u7b2c5\u65c5). The 1st was transferred to the 74th Group Army (formerly the 42nd Group Army), while the 5th was still under the 1st Group Army, which currently known as the 72nd Group Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 84], "content_span": [85, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158556-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Anniversary\n1st Anniversary is the debut album by J-pop group Melon Kinenbi, containing their first eight singles, all released within their first year of operation. It was released on March 12, 2003. Its highest ranking on the Oricon weekly chart was #11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158556-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Anniversary\nThe track \"This Is Unmei\" sold over 12,740 copies and reached #28 on the Oricon weekly chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158557-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Awards.com Movie Awards\nThe 1st Annual Awards.com Movie Awards were held on January 23, 2011. The nominations were announced on January 8, 2011. The results were used by counting how many praises the nominee got on the nominated movie's Metacritic page. The ceremony took place on its home website, the independent database Awards.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158558-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 1st Annual Grammy Awards were held on May 4, 1959. They recognized musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958. Two separate ceremonies were held simultaneously on the same day; the first hotel in Beverly Hills, California, and the second in the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City. Ella Fitzgerald, Count Basie, Domenico Modugno, Ross Bagdasarian, and Henry Mancini, each won 2 awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158558-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Grammy Awards, Award winners\nThe following awards were given in the first award ceremony:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held in Los Angeles at the Staples Center on Wednesday, September 13, 2000. The big winners were Luis Miguel, Santana and Man\u00e1 with 3 awards; Juan Luis Guerra, Shakira, Fito P\u00e1ez and Emilio Estefan Jr. received 2 awards each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nWinners were chosen by voting members of the Latin Academy from a list of finalists. The inaugural ceremony was broadcast live on CBS that year and was seen in more than 100 countries across the world. The two-hour show was the first bilingual broadcast ever to air on network television during prime time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History\nOn January 20, 2000 the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences announced that the inaugural Latin Grammy Awards were going to take place on September 15, 2000 in Los Angeles and the awards ceremony would be broadcast in the United States by CBS, which will also distribute it to other countries. Nominations in 40 categories were to be released in August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History\nThe list of nominees for the 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, slated for September 13, 2000 in Los Angeles, was unveiled on Friday, July 7, 2000 in a Miami ceremony hosted by Michael Greene, President of the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History\nLeading the chase for statuettes were Marc Anthony, Shakira and Fito P\u00e1ez with five nominations each. Juan Luis Guerra, Carlos Vives, and Man\u00e1, garnered four nominations. Earning three nominations were Luis Miguel, along with La Ley. Ricky Martin earned for two nominations. Christina Aguilera, received a nod on the Latin side of the musical divide for the Spanish-language remake of \"Genie in a Bottle\" titled \"Genio Atrapado\". In addition to the awards, Emilio Estefan Jr. was honored as the Latin Academy's First Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year. That award was presented during a dinner on September 11, 2000 at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History\nThe awards were organized by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (LARAS), incorporated by NARAS in 1997. LARAS is a membership-based association of musicians, producers, engineers and other recording professionals. The list of final nominees revealed was a result of balloting by LARAS members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History, Live telecast\nThe list of hosts for the first-ever Latin Grammy Awards, included Gloria Estefan, Antonio Banderas, Jimmy Smits, Andy Garc\u00eda and Jennifer Lopez, who also was announced to perform her hit single \"No Me Ames\" with Marc Anthony, but Anthony (with six nominations that night) did not attend the show citing complications with his (then) wife's pregnancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History, Live telecast\nSon By Four also were announced performing a duet with boy band 'N Sync, with some singing in Spanish by the American band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History, Live telecast\nThe telecast kicked off with a tribute to the late Tito Puente featuring Ricky Martin, Celia Cruz, and Gloria Estefan. Performances throughout the show included Santana & Man\u00e1, 'N Sync & Son By Four, Christina Aguilera, Shakira, Miami Sound Machine and Alejandro Fern\u00e1ndez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History, Live telecast\nThe two-hour show was the first bilingual broadcast ever to air on network television during prime time. It was broadcast around the world, either simultaneously or live on tape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History, Compilation album\nOn September 12, 2000 Sony Discos released the first \"Latin Grammy Nominees CD\" to coincide with the inaugural awards with nominees from three categories, Record of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Tropical Song, with a portion of the proceeds to support the Latin Academy Of Recording Arts and Sciences for community-outreach efforts. It was expected that various labels took turns releasing Latin Grammy sets each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History, Nominations and winners\nThe nominations were announced on July 7, 2000 and the winners were revealed on September 13, 2000, including Man\u00e1, Luis Miguel and Santana each grabbing three trophies at the event. Santana and Man\u00e1 won Record of the Year for the track \"Coraz\u00f3n Espinado\" from Santana's album, Supernatural and the same track was honored for Rock Duo or Group with Vocal. Man\u00e1 also won Best Pop Performance and Santana won Best Pop Instrumental. Amarte Es Un Placer, by Mexican pop singer Luis Miguel won Album of the Year, Best Pop Album and Best Male Pop Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, History, Nominations and winners\nMarc Anthony's \"D\u00edmelo\" picked up Song of the Year, and at age 73, Ibrahim Ferrer won Best New Artist. Emilio Estefan Jr., who was up for six honors, won only two awards: Producer of the Year and the Music Video award for directing his wife Gloria's \"No Me Dejes de Querer\". Meanwhile, Carlos Vives, also with six nominees, went home with no trophies. Tito Puente won posthumously for Traditional Tropical Performance for the title track from his final album, Mambo Birdland. His son and daughter accepted the award on his behalf. Winners were chosen by voting members of the Latin Academy from a list of finalists. The ceremony was broadcast live on CBS and was seen in more than 100 countries across the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General\nMarc Anthony, Robert Blades, Angie Chirino and Cory Rooney \u2013 \"D\u00edmelo\" (Marc Anthony)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nCelia Cruz \u2013 Celia Cruz and Friends: A Night of Salsa", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nJuan Luis Guerra 440 \u2013 Ni Es Lo Mismo Ni Es Igual", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Traditional\nLito Vitale and Juan Carlos Baglietto \u2013 Postales del Alma", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Jazz\nMichel Camilo and Tomatito \u2013 SpainPaquito D'Rivera \u2013 Tropicana Nights", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158559-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production\nCarlos \u00c1lvarez, Mike Couzzi, Bol\u00edvar G\u00f3mez, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez, Luis Mansilla, Carlos Ordehl, Eric Ramos, July Ruiz, and Eric Schilling \u2013  Ni Es Lo Mismo Ni Es Igual (Juan Luis Guerra)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158560-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Annual NFL Honors\nThe 1st annual installment of NFL Honors was an awards show presented by the National Football League to salute the best players and plays from the 2011 NFL season. The event was held at the Murat Theatre in Indianapolis, Indiana on February 4, 2012 and was hosted by Alec Baldwin. The show aired on NBC and recorded a 2.2 rating with 3.524 million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158560-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Annual NFL Honors, Gallery\nThe following is a gallery of the winners of the awards at the NFL Honors", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158560-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Annual NFL Honors, Gallery\nCam Newton: The NFL Rookie of the Year and Offensive Rookie of the Year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158560-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Annual NFL Honors, Gallery\n\" Matthew Stafford: The NFL Comeback Player of the Year", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158560-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Annual NFL Honors, Gallery\nRandall Cobb: The winner of the Play of the Year Award for his 108-yard kickoff return in Week One", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n\nThe 1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n was held on January 20, 2020 at the Teatro Real in Madrid. It was broadcast on Televisi\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola at 10 p.m. CET. Nominations were revealed on December 19, 2019 during a press conference where they stated that \"this award ceremony is considered the successor of the Premios Amigo and the Premios de la M\u00fasica\" which were canceled in 2007 and 2012 due to the Spanish economical crisis as well as the lack of strength of the Spanish musical industry. Thus, the fact that this award show were able to happen symbolizes the revival of the Spanish musical industry after a long period of weakness and irrelevance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Background\nIn December 2019 the Premios Ode\u00f3n were announced in a press conference as the equivalent to the Grammy Awards in Spain. Thus, this award ceremony, organized by the Asociaci\u00f3n de Gesti\u00f3n de Derechos Intelectuales (AGEDI). Nominations were announced on December 19 with Spanish singer-songwriter Rosal\u00eda leading nominations with seven. On January 17 it was announced that La 1 would broadcast the ceremony. The person responsible for the scenography was Suso33. Spanish humorist Quequ\u00e9 hosted the gala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Controversy\nThe ceremony was well organised even though many technical difficulties happened during its broadcast during presentations, monologues and musical performances. This pushed Radio Televisi\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola to emit a communicate where they asked for explanations to the organizers of the Premios Ode\u00f3n for technical errors: \"The desire of the RTVE management team to promote and support music motivated the commitment to broadcast the Premios Ode\u00f3n gala on January 20, on La 1, live and in the time slot maximum audience. Unfortunately, the result of this gala, held and produced by AGEDI, was very far from the quality standards that RTVE demands in its programs. RTVE Management regrets the inconvenience that these technical problems and mismatches produced in the audience and has requested explanations from the event organizers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Controversy\nThe Premios Ode\u00f3n were also criticized for being quote \"elitist\" and in favor to the main multi-million dollar record labels. Most professionals highlighted the marginalization of independent artist or simply artists that do not belong to Universal or Sony Music. Awards like Best Live are not given to the artist with the best vocal ability but to the one who has sold more tickets over the past year, something that was very criticized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Nominees and winners\nSong of the Year - presented by Andr\u00e9s Ceballo and Nathy Peluso", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Nominees and winners\nAlbum of the Year - presented by Laura Pausini and Pablo L\u00f3pez", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Nominees and winners\nRosal\u00eda, J Balvin and El Guincho \u2014 \"Con Altura\" (by Director X)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Nominees and winners\nBest New Artist \u2014 presented by \u00c1lvaro Soler and Mala Rodr\u00edguez", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Nominees and winners\nBest Female Artist \u2014 presented by Macaco and Ni\u00f1a Pastori", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Nominees and winners\nBest Group \u2014 presented by Mikel Erentxun and Ariel Rot", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Nominees and winners\nBest Latin Artist \u2014 presented by Ana Guerra and Carlos Baute", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158561-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Annual Premios Ode\u00f3n, Nominees and winners\nFlamenco Album of the Year - presented by Paco Le\u00f3n and Tomasito", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158562-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nThe 1st Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (Turkish: 1. Antalya Alt\u0131n Portakal Film Festivali) was held from October 4 to 10, 1964 in Antalya, Turkey. It was initiated by Dr. Avni Tolunay, who had been patronising summer concerts and plays at the historical Aspendos Theatre since the mid-1950s and had become the mayor of Antalya the previous year. He also chose the orange as the symbol of the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158562-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nThe festival, which had the stated aim \"to support the sector of Turkish cinema in material and moral terms, to pave the way for Turkish cinema to be opened to the international platform by encouraging Turkish film producers to produce qualified productions,\" was held under what the official website describes as \"difficult conditions\" but generated \"a great interest\" nonetheless. Golden Oranges were awarded in seven categories to the six Turkish films made in the preceding year which were selected to compete in the festival's National Feature Film Competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158562-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, National Feature Film Competition, Golden Orange Awards\nThe National Feature Film Competition Jury, headed by Dr. Avni Tolunay, awarded Golden Oranges in seven categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158562-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, National Feature Film Competition, Official Selection\nSix Turkish films made in the preceding year were selected to compete in the festival's National Feature Film Competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)\n1st Anti - Aircraft Brigade (1st AA Bde) was an Air Defence formation of the British Army in World War II that served in the Battle of France and The Blitz. It then transferred in the Middle East, where it defended Eighth Army's lines of communication in the final phases of the North African Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nThe brigade was created on 8 December 1920 at Blackdown Barracks, near Aldershot in Hampshire, when its first commander, Colonel Edward Ashmore was appointed. At first it was designated 1st Air Defence Brigade, then (because of confusion with the regimental-size artillery 'brigades') 1st Anti - Aircraft Group. It formed part of Aldershot Command and had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Origin\nThe Royal Garrison Artillery was merged into the Royal Artillery (RA) in 1923, and the RA adopted the designation 'regiment' instead of 'brigade' for its units in 1938, allowing the title of brigade to be used solely at the more usual formation level. 1st AA Group therefore became 1st AA Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, 1st AA Bde had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nThe brigade proceeded to France with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The two AA regiments were each equipped with 16 obsolescent 3-inch guns and eight of the newer 3.7-inch heavy AA (HAA) guns. 54th (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA (a Territorial Army (TA) unit) joined by November 1939 (less one of its batteries). It was equipped with 12 x 40 mm Bofors Guns and 12 x Vickers 2-pounders, but left to become a Corps unit before the end of the Phoney War. In January 1940, 1st AA Battalion was transferred from the Royal Engineers to the Royal Artillery as 1st Searchlight Regiment and joined 5th Searchlight Brigade. Lieutenant-Colonel E.D. Milligan was promoted from 6th AA Regiment to command the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nWhen the Battle of France opened on 10 May 1940, 1st AA Bde was attached to General Headquarters BEF, with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\n1st AA Brigade's role was to cover corps assembly areas and the routes used by the BEF to advance into Belgium. When the German Army broke through, forcing the BEF to begin withdrawing again, the AA batteries gave cover leap-frog fashion. Soon they were sucked into the ground battle, split into sub-units to join rearguard actions or moved back from one key point to another. The brigade commander and his staff had no radio net and could only keep in touch by motor vehicle, and all the roads were choked with refugees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Battle of France\nWhen the BEF reached Dunkirk and began its evacuation, the Major-General AA, Hugh Martin, set out from De Panne by road on 28 May to make contact with the retreating AA units and organise air defences. By now, 1st AA Brigade was down to 20 out of its original 72 HAA guns. Martin ordered 11 of these to be sent to Bray beach and the remainder to be disabled. 52nd (East Lancashire) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA (TA) (154th, 155th and 156th LAA Batteries) had started the campaign attached to I Corps and had been heavily engaged during the retreat. Now it joined 1st AA Bde on the Dunkirk beaches. The AA units attempted to cover the shrinking Dunkirk 'pocket' against air attack until it was their turn to destroy their equipment and join the queues of men waiting to be taken aboard small boats back to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nAA units returning from France were rapidly reinforced, re-equipped where possible, and redeployed for integration into Anti- Aircraft Command's existing defence plans for the United Kingdom. AA regiments were now designated either Heavy (HAA) or Light (LAA). 1st AA Brigade HQ and 1st HAA Regiment were sent to Crewe to reform. By November 1940 they had joined a new 11th AA Division, which took over responsibility for the West Midlands; the brigade's specific responsibility was to cover the industrial areas round Crewe and Staffordshire, and to provide LAA air defences for airfields and other Vulnerable Points. The brigade now had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nAt this time The Blitz was in full swing, with frequent night air raids on the industrial cities. The role of the S/L units was to track and illuminate raiders for the HAA guns of the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) and for the few available Royal Air Force Night fighters. New tactics included grouping the S/Ls in clusters, and later in 'killer belts' for the fighters and 'indicator belts' for the guns as the raiders approached the GDAs. In April and May 1941, Merseyside and the North Midlands were particularly badly bombed (the Liverpool Blitz).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nAlthough operating within AA Command during the Blitz, 1st AA Bde HQ together with 1st HAA Rgt remained part of the War Office Reserve, available for service in the field. By mid-May 1941 it had handed over its units and responsibilities to a new 68th AA Bde and left AA Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa\n1st AA Brigade HQ left the UK by October 1941, and by the end of the year was in the Middle East. In January 1942 the brigade took over responsibility for the GDAs in Palestine under the command of Ninth Army. It was relieved in  August 1942, and moved to Egypt to join Eighth Army in the North African Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa\nAfter Eighth Army broke through the Axis positions at the Second Battle of El Alamein and began its pursuit across Libya, the AA units were leap-frogged forwards to cover the important objectives as they were taken. 1st AA Brigade moved up from Egypt to relieve 2nd AA Bde at Tobruk, then was in turn relieved by 17th AA Bde and moved on to Benghazi. As well as these ports, it was also involved in the defence of airfields for the supporting fighters and bombers of the Desert Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa\nBy January 1943, 1st AA Bde was deployed around Benghazi and Agedabia and at nearby landing grounds, with the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa\nWhen the North African Campaign ended in May 1943 with the Axis surrender in Tunisia, AA defence in the rear areas was under new headquarters. 1st AA Brigade \u2013 still at Benghazi and landing grounds \u2013 now came under AA Defence Area Cyrenaica, under No. 212 Group RAF. The brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa\nAs the war moved further away from North Africa, 1st AA Bde was redeployed back to the eastern end of the Mediterranean, so that by 1 January 1944 it was responsible for the Levant area, including Haifa, Homs and Baalbek, with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), North Africa\nIn June 1944 it was still in the Levant area, and had added Cyprus to its responsibilities, with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nBy 1947, 1 AA Bde had been reformed in 1 AA Group, which covered London and South East England, with the following cpomposition:.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158563-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nAfter Anti- Aircraft Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, HQ 1 AA Bde was converted into a Territorial Army formation based at Edenbridge, Kent, and renumbered 30 AA Bde. That formation in turn was disbanded in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158564-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (Japan)\nThe 1st Anti - Aircraft Division was an Imperial Japanese Army unit of World War II. It was responsible for the anti-aircraft guns and searchlight units assigned to defend cities in the central region of Honshu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158564-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (Japan), History\nAt the start of the Pacific War, the Eastern District Army included the Eastern Anti- Aircraft Brigade, which was one of two such units in the Imperial Japanese Army responsible for homeland air defence. It was equipped with around 150 anti-aircraft guns, most of which were obsolete, and its personnel were poorly trained. As a result of the Doolittle Raid in April 1942, on 19 November that year a major reorganisation of the Army's homeland air defence units took place. This reform saw the Eastern Anti- Aircraft Brigade replaced by the Eastern Air Defence Headquarters. The size of this force was expanded from April 1944 as part of a broader expansion of the homeland air defence units. However, these units were affected by shortages of anti-aircraft guns. By June 1944 the Eastern Air Defence Headquarters controlled 300 anti-aircraft guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158564-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (Japan), History\nIn December 1944 the 1st Anti - Aircraft Division was established to command the Eastern District Army's air defence units. Three other anti-aircraft divisions were also established at this time. The 1st Anti - Aircraft Division was much larger than the other such divisions, and comprised eight anti-aircraft regiments, six independent anti-aircraft battalions, four machine cannon companies and a regiment equipped with searchlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158564-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (Japan), History\nThe 1st Anti - Aircraft Division saw extensive combat while trying to contest the Allied air raids on Japan. This included protecting Tokyo from attack, during which it was involved in the devastating raid against the city on the night of 9/10 March 1945. By the end of the war in August 1945, the division claimed to have shot down 193 Boeing B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers and damaged 454. These claims considerably over-stated the division's actual achievements, as like the other anti-aircraft divisions its performance was greatly limited by shortages of equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158564-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (Japan), Structure\nUpon formation in December 1944, the 1st Anti - Aircraft Division comprised the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Anti - Aircraft Division (1st AA Division) was an Air Defence formation of the British Army before and during the early years of World War II. It defended London during the Battle of Britain and The Blitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Origin\nThe 1st AA Division was organised on 15 December 1935 at Hillingdon House, RAF Uxbridge (at that time the headquarters of the Royal Observer Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Origin\nResponsible to London District but under the operational control of RAF Fighter Command, the Division's role was to command the growing number of Territorial Army (TA) anti-aircraft gun and searchlight units around London (the 2nd AA Division was formed in 1936 to cover the rest of the country). The headquarters of the division was formed by converting the headquarters of the 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division, whose General Officer Commanding, Major-General R.H.D. Thomson, continued as GOC of the new formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Origin\nThomson had been Commander TA Air Defence Brigades and Inspector of Regular AA Units, and thus already responsible for the four brigades or 'groups' that comprised the division. He also chaired the War Office committee on expansion and mobilisation of TA AA units, which sat from 1935 to 1937. Tompson was followed in 1937 by Maj-Gen Sir Frederick Pile, who was promoted in 1939 to command the whole of Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Origin, Order of battle 1935\nThe 1st AA Division was initially composed of the following formations and units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 73], "content_span": [74, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Origin, Order of battle 1935\nIn 1938 the Royal Artillery replaced the unit designation 'Brigade' by 'Regiment', which allowed the AA Groups to take the more usual formation title of Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 73], "content_span": [74, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Origin, Order of battle 1935\nThe AA Divisions were unlike field formations: they were established to organise training and later exercise operational command in the static conditions of home defence, but relied entirely on the Home Forces commands for logistic support, supplies, and heavy repairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 73], "content_span": [74, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nThe TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis. The staff of the 1st AA Division now had to implement the Tompson Committee's plan. The call-out of key parties by telephone and telegram went well, and they assembled at their drill halls within a few hours. Because the units possessed only a small scale of transport, elaborate plans had been made to requisition civilian vehicles, ranging from heavy lorries to buses and private cars. Equipment was drawn from mobilisation stores, and the detachments ferried out to their war stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nDespite some failures and problems, the emergency positions covering London were manned and most of the equipment was in place within 24 hours. The emergency mobilisation lasted nearly three weeks before the TA units were released on 14 October. The experience brought about improvements in equipment scales, and a rapid expansion of AA defences brought many new AA gun and searchlight units into existence, some by conversion of TA infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nThe existing divisions and brigades were expanded, and the whole AA defence of the United Kingdom was taken over by Anti- Aircraft Command on 1 April 1939. A new 6th AA Division was formed by duplicating the 1st AA Division's HQ at Uxbridge. The 6th AA Division took over responsibility for defending the Thames Estuary and the adjacent areas of Essex and North Kent, allowing the 1st AA Division to concentrate on the defence of London. The 27th, 28th and 29th AA Brigades were transferred to the new formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nThe deterioration in international relations during 1939 led to a partial mobilisation in June, and a proportion of TA AA units manned their war stations under a rotation system known as 'Couverture'. Full mobilisation of AA Command came in August 1939, ahead of the declaration of war on 3 September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation, Order of Battle 1939\nWhen the UK declared war on 3 September 1939, the 1st AA Division had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation, Order of Battle 1939\nIn August 1940 the RE 'Anti- Aircraft' (searchlight) battalions became regiments of the RA. Royal Artillery AA units were now designated Heavy Anti- Aircraft (HAA), Light Anti- Aircraft (LAA), or Searchlight (S/L) regiments and batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Defences\nThe 1st AA Division had established a control centre at a disused Underground station at Brompton Road. The tunnels, subways and lift-shafts were adapted to provide bomb-proof accommodation for a Central Operation Room reporting direct to HQ No. 11 Group RAF at Uxbridge, and four Gun Operations Rooms (GORs) subdividing the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ). An elaborate network of dedicated telephone lines was laid by the General Post Office and Royal Corps of Signals, linking the AA sites, including many isolated searchlight positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Defences\nOn mobilisation in August 1939, the 1st AA Division controlled 159 HAA guns, 96 searchlights, and a mixture of LAA guns (1 x 3-inch, 1 x 40mm Bofors and 52 light machine-guns (LMGs)). Most of the HAA guns were assigned to the IAZ, with one troop of 4 guns at RAF Fighter Command HQ at Stanmore and four more (16 guns) at airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Defences\nThe London IAZ extended from Cheshunt and Dagenham in the east to Bexley and Mitcham in the south and to Richmond and Northolt in the west. The HAA positions were sited to produce an optimum density of fire of at least 16 guns engaging any one raid simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Defences\nIt had been intended that the 26th AA Brigade would control the whole zone, but it proved too complex for one HQ, and in September 1939 it was divided among three: the 26th AA Brigade (34 sites disposed to north and east), the 48th AA Brigade (28 sites to south-east and south), and the 49th AA Brigade (12 sites to west). The 26th AA Brigade still had the heaviest concentration of guns, mainly static 3.7-inch and 4.5-inch guns, with sites being increased from four to eight guns each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0013-0002", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Defences\nThe 48th AA Brigade had a mixture of 3.7 and 4.5-inch guns, half of the former being mobile. The 49th AA Brigade had older 3-inch guns, but also controlled a higher proportion of LAA sites at Vital Points (VPs). Superimposed on the IAZ were the 73 searchlight sites controlled by the 38th AA Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Battle of Britain\nOn 5 June 1940, after the British Army had been evacuated from Dunkirk and the Battle of Britain was about to start, the 1st AA Division comprised 45 4.5-inch, 39 3.7-inch and 26 3-inch HAA guns, with three 3-inch, 19 Bofors, three twin Vickers and 185 LMGs in the LAA role, together with 240 90\u00a0cm searchlights. On 11 July, the division's guns were disposed with 92 defending London, 28 at Slough, 4 at Hounslow, 4 at Stanmore, and 34 others dispersed to VPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Battle of Britain\nWhile the Luftwaffe attacked RAF airfields, only the guns of the 48th AA Brigade in south-east London were engaged. On 1 September, over 200 aircraft attacked Maidstone, RAF Biggin Hill, RAF Kenley and Chatham: the guns of the 1st and 6th AA Divisions broke up the attacks but Kenley and Biggin Hill were badly hit. The following day a raid up the Thames estuary reached the edge of the London IAZ and were engaged by the 26th AA Brigade. Between 11 and 15 September, massed raids approached London, but running battles with RAF fighters broke up most of the raids before they reached the IAZ, where they were engaged by the 48th AA Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nBy 30 September, when the Battle of Britain was effectively over and the Luftwaffe had switched to night raids over London (The Blitz), by now the 1st AA Division had 233 HAA guns, 60 LAA guns, 161 LMGs and 242 searchlights covering the London IAZ, together with 36 HAA guns defending Slough, Langley, Weybridge and airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nIn the absence of inland radar coverage, the 1st AA Division's Chief Signals Officer, Lt-Col G.C. Wickens, devised a system of 14 fixed base-lines of sound locators to detect night raids approaching the IAZ. These were linked by automatic telephone equipment to the Brompton operations room, where the angular plots were resolved to indicate grid squares where the HAA guns in range could fire an unseen barrage. This 'Fixed Azimuth' system came into action in June 1940, in time for the opening of the night Blitz on London. It was later replaced as searchlight control (SLC) and gunlaying (GL) radar systems were introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nHowever, the performance of the AA defences in the early weeks of the Blitz was poor. AA Command moved 108 HAA guns to the IAZ from other divisions, and arranged 'fighter nights' when the guns remained silent and RAF night fighters were allowed to operate over London with the searchlights. GL radar, modern sound-locators and larger (150\u00a0cm) searchlights were introduced as rapidly as possible. From September 1940, rocket projectors (Z Batteries) were introduced, equipped with rocket projectiles, and by February 1941, SLC began to be issued. The number of raiders shot down steadily increased until mid-May 1941, when the Luftwaffe scaled down its attacks. During 1941 increasing numbers of women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) took over roles in AA Command. Where they were integrated into units these were designated 'Mixed' ('M').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-war\nTowards the end of 1940, at the height of The Blitz, AA Command formed three AA Corps: the 1st AA Division formed part of I AA Corps in Southern England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-war, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nFrom this time the 1st AA Division's composition was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-war, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nThe 1st AA Division became independent, leaving I AA Corps and coming directly under AA Command, during April 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 77], "content_span": [78, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158565-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Disbandment\nThe 1st AA Division, like the other AA Corps and Divisions, was disbanded and replaced on 1 October 1942 by a new AA Group structure. London was covered by the 1st AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom)\n1st Anti - Aircraft Group (1 AA Group) was a formation created by the British Army's Anti- Aircraft Command in 1942 to control anti-aircraft (AA) units defending London against Luftwaffe attacks during World War II. It continued this role into the Cold War until disbandment in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II\n1 AA Group was formed on 1 October 1942 when Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, Commander-in-Chief of Anti- Aircraft Command (AA Command), scrapped its previous conventional structure of Corps and Divisions. Each of the new AA Groups was commanded by a major-general and controlled a number of AA Brigades and support units. The new group boundaries were aligned with the Fighter Groups of the Royal Air Force (RAF). (It was jokingly observed that a reorganisation that eliminated eight general officers was the best contribution to the war effort at the time!)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II\n1 AA Group's area of responsibility covered the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ) formerly controlled by 1 AA Division, and later included  the 'Thames North' and 'Thames South' defences either side of the Thames Estuary from the former 6 AA Division. This tightly defined area was almost surrounded by 2 AA Group covering South East England, and together the two groups mirrored No. 11 Group RAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II\nThe first General Officer Commanding (GOC) of 1 AA Group was Maj-Gen Erroll Tremlett, who had previously commanded 10 AA Division. A former first-class cricketer, Tremlett had distinguished himself earlier in the war when he commanded 54th (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) Light AA Regiment defending the mole during the Dunkirk evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Order of Battle 1943\u201344\nWhen they were first established there was much interchange of the units allocated to 1 and 2 AA Groups, but from early 1943 1 AA Group had the following order of battle (temporary attachments omitted):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Order of Battle 1943\u201344\n'Mixed' indicates that women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) were integrated into the unit. HAA regiments were equipped with 3.7-inch guns, LAA regiments with Bofors 40 mm guns, 'Z' Regiments with Z Battery rocket projectors, and S/L regiments with a variety of searchlights and Light machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Order of Battle 1943\u201344\nBy August 1943 the Group had taken over control of two further AA brigades, with the associated signal units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Order of Battle 1943\u201344\nZ Regiments were termed 'AA Area Mixed Regiments' from April 1944, by which time they were largely operated by ATS and Home Guard personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 79], "content_span": [80, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Baby Blitz\nThe Luftwaffe carried out few bombing raids on London during 1943, preferring to concentrate on 'hit and run' attacks by Fighter-bombers against coastal targets. However, in January 1944 it resumed night raids on London, which became known as the 'Baby Blitz'. These raids employed new faster bombers with sophisticated 'pathfinder' techniques and radar jamming. For example, on the night of 21 January 200 hostile aircraft were plotted approaching the South Coast in two waves, which intermingled with returning aircraft of RAF Bomber Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Baby Blitz\nThis caused problems of identification and restrictions on fire, but the guns of 2 AA Group and then 1 AA Group engaged as the raiders approached London. Only one-fifth of the raiders reached the city, the remainder turning away to bomb open country. AA guns brought down eight aircraft and RAF Night fighters with S/L assistance also had successes. At the end of January London Docks received a 130-strong raid dropping flares and incendiaries as they had in the London Blitz of 1940\u201341: about one-third reached their target and five were shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Baby Blitz\nFebruary began with a 75-strong raid, of which only 12 reached the IAZ and four were shot down. On 13 February only six out of 115 bombers reached London. The climax came with five raids in the week 18\u201325 February varying from 100 to 140 in strength. These met intense AA fire from the Thames Estuary onwards and fewer than half made it to central London: the AA score was 13 shot down while the night fighters and S/Ls added 15, with another shared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0008-0003", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Baby Blitz\nFacing these casualty rates, the Luftwaffe switched to targets away from London until 24 March, when a 100-strong raid on London lost four aircraft, and finally on 18 April a raid of 125 aircraft lost 14 shot down and only 30 reached the IAZ. Although much damage was caused in London, the rising efficiency of the HAA guns and radar made the enemy's losses unsustainable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Baby Blitz\nBy February 1944, 1 AA Gp was responsible for the AA Operations Room at Brompton Road and the following GORs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Baby Blitz\ntogether with a number of ordnance depots and miscellaneous establishments, including the AA Command Staff Duties School, Research Workshops and Camouflage Experimental Section, and 37 Radio Installation Detachment. In May 1944 the group was joined by 99 Group, Pioneer Corps, with 801, 809, 814, 817, 818, 841 and 844 semi-mobile smoke companies (in August 801 and 841 Companies were replaced by 4 Company, Non-Combatant Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Operation Diver\nAA Command had been steadily losing men and units to the build-up of 21st Army Group for the planned Allied invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord). In April 1944, while the Baby Blitz was still under way, it was ordered to deploy much of its strength to defend the Overlord concentration areas and embarkation ports. In addition, it was preparing for the anticipated arrival of V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Operation Diver\nIn the event, the first of these did not arrive over England until a week after the D Day landings had begun, and AA units were able to redeploy from their Overlord sites to begin Operation Diver. However, early results of AA fire by 1 and 2 AA Groups against the small, fast, low-flying missiles were disappointing. Even shooting down those that reached the IAZ caused significant damage, so a ban was imposed on fire in this area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Operation Diver\nAt the end of June Pile ordered a change in AA Command's tactics: instead of deploying mobile 3.7-inch guns in the Diver Belt, the most up-to-date power-controlled static guns, radars and predictors would be used, which involved a massive redeployment of guns uprooted from all over Britain and emplaced on temporary 'Pile Platforms'. The task was made bigger by the decision to move the Diver Belts to the coast itself, giving the guns a free fire zone out to sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Operation Diver\nOn 16 July 1 AA Group was ordered to form a 'Diver Box' of gun defences across the Thames Estuary, forward of a line from Chelmsford in Essex to Chatham, Kent. The removal of so many guns, and the silencing of those remaining in the IAZ, led Londoners to believe that the city was being defended by the RAF alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Operation Diver\nAs 21st Army Group began to overrun the V-1 launching sites in Northern France, the Luftwaffe turned to launching the missiles from aircraft over the North Sea, and 1 AA Group's Diver Box was heavily engaged. It was equipped with 136 Mark IIC 3.7-inch guns with No 10 Predictors and SCR-584 radar (some manned by three US Army AA Artillery battalions), 210 Bofors guns, and two Z Batteries of mobile nine-rocket launchers manned by a converted S/L regiment. The HAA guns began using the proximity VT fuze with great success. A number of the guns were mounted on the Maunsell Forts in the Thames Estuary. In addition there were 400 20mm guns provided by the RAF Regiment and the Royal Navy. To control these guns the Box was divided into four sectors under 37, 49, 56 and 68 AA Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Operation Diver\nSuccess rates for AA Command began to rise during this second Diver deployment: from a 9 per cent success rate in July, the average rose to over 50 per cent. On one day 68 missiles were destroyed out of 96 plotted. The weekly total of missiles reaching London fell from a peak of 362 in July to 100, then down to 10 in September. A further redeployment of guns from the South Coast through London to the East Coast was ordered on 21 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Operation Diver\n3 AA Group HQ was brought from Bristol to take over command of the London IAZ, and a new 9 AA Group took over East Anglia, leaving 1 AA Group to concentrate on the Diver Box and the Thames/Medway and Dover defences (though this was still a massive command temporarily controlling 10 AA brigades). The second phase of V-1 attacks ended in mid-January 1945. AA Command's success rate in this phase was impressive: out of a total of 492 V-1 targets, 320 were shot down, and only 13 reached London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Order of Battle late 1944\nFrom mid-October 1944, 1 AA Group had the following order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Order of Battle late 1944\nIn October 1944, 1 AA Group's HQ establishment comprised 49 officers, 27 male other ranks, and 105 ATS personnel. Maj-Gen Tremlett was replaced by Maj-Gen Roger Reynolds on 1 November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Order of Battle 1945\nFrom mid-December, when the worst of the V-1 threat to London had receded and AA Command was being forced to supply manpower to 21st Army Group fighting in NW Europe, 1 AA Group had the following reduced order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), World War II, Order of Battle 1945\nThe Home Guard was stood down in December 1944 and most of the Z Batteries were disbanded; the AA area regiments were disbanded in April 1945, becoming area maintenance units. After VE Day, 1 AA Group reverted to almost its original organisation, with 26, 28, 37 and 28 AA Bdes under command. As  demobilisation progressed, some of the war-formed regiments were replaced by Regular Army units returned from overseas deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), Cold War\n1 AA Group was commanded in 1946\u201347 by Maj-Gen William Revell-Smith, who had been Major-General AA of 21st Army Group during the campaign in North West Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), Cold War\nWhen the Regular Army and Territorial Army (TA) were reorganised for postwar needs in 1947, 1 AA Group was given responsibility for London, the Thames and Medway, Harwich and Dover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), Cold War, Order of Battle 1947\nThe 10 Year Plan for AA defence drawn up in 1947 laid down the following order of battle for 1 AA Group:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), Cold War, Order of Battle 1947\n(M) indicates a 'Mixed' unit including members of the Women's Royal Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 72], "content_span": [73, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158566-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Anti-Aircraft Group (United Kingdom), Cold War, Disbandment\nThe 1947 plan was never fully implemented, and most of the Regular units assigned to AA Command were disbanded as part of postwar demobilisation. As the Cold War developed, there was a need for new weapons, leading to the rise of Surface-to-air missiles and 'blind fire' radar control, with the consequent decline of HAA guns and searchlights. There was also political pressure for defence budget cuts. In March 1955 AA Command and its groups were disbanded and the remaining AA defence units in the UK came under control of the Home Commands and Districts. 1 AA Group completed its disbandment on 31 October 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158567-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Antiaircraft Artillery Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 1st Anti - Aircraft Artillery Division(Chinese: \u9ad8\u5c04\u70ae\u7b2c1\u5e08) was created on March 12, 1950, from 2nd Garrison Brigade of Henan Military District. The division HQ was set in Wuchang, Hubei province. The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158567-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Antiaircraft Artillery Division (People's Republic of China)\nFrom March 15 to 25, 1951, the division was utilized to organize the Air Defense Department, Middle-South Military Region. The division was then disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron\nThe 361st Tactical Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was formed in 1985 by the consolidation of the 1st Antisubmarine Squadron and the 661st Bombardment Squadron. However, the squadron was ever active under its new title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was activated in 1942 as the 361st Bombardment Squadron. It engaged in antisubmarine operations off the Pacific Coast. In November 1942, it was redesignated as the 1st Antisubmarine Squadron and operated from bases in England, Morocco, and Tunisia until the antisubmarine mission transferred to the United States Navy. It returned to the United States in January 1944 and its remaining personnel were used to form new heavy bomber units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron\nThe squadron's second predecessor was the 661st Bombardment Squadron, formed in 1958 when Strategic Air Command (SAC) expanded its Boeing B-47 Stratojet units from three to four squadrons when they began standing alert at their home stations. It was inactivated in 1962 when SAC's alert commitment changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, History, World War II\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was organized as the 361st Bombardment Squadron at Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah in July 1942. It was one of the original squadrons of the 304th Bombardment Group. The squadron was only nominally manned until September, when it moved with the 304th Group to Geiger Field, Washington. The squadron moved to Ephrata Army Air Field, Washington, later that month and equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress (briefly) and Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, History, World War II\nThe following month, the 304th Group moved to Langley Field, Virginia, where it became part of AAF Antisubmarine Command. In the fall of 1942, the Kriegsmarine began to equip its U-boats with radar receivers capable of detecting the Royal Air Force's long wave radars used for Air-to-Surface Vessel radar. This enabled the subs to dive, avoiding detection while on the surface. RAF's Coastal Command requested reinforcements from the AAFin the form of B-24s equipped with radars operating in the microwave band. In response, the squadron's air echelon was dispatched to RAF St Eval, England on 10 November to support Coastal Command. On arrival in England, it was attached to VIII Bomber Command for operations. Later that month, it was redesignated the 1st Antisubmarine Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron flew its first mission from St Eval on 10 November, operating under the control of Coastal Command, training on British operational methods and use of radar while conducting operational missions over the Atlantic lasting up to twelve hours. In January, the squadron was joined by the 2d Antisubmarine Squadron, forming a provisional group. In February, the squadron joined RAF units in a concerted attack on German submarines returning from attacks on convoys in the Atlantic. The group conducted its last mission from England on 5 March 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, History, World War II\nIn March the squadron moved to Craw Field, French Morocco, where they augmented two United States Navy squadrons flying Consolidated PBY Catalinas defending the Atlantic approaches to the Straits of Gibraltar. It was administratively attached to the Northwest African Coastal Air Force, but was operationally assigned to Fleet Air Wing 15 of the Moroccan Sea Frontier. Much of the squadron's flying time was spent providing convoy coverage to ships approaching or departing the Straits of Gibraltar, but it also flew patrols as far north as Cape Finisterre and as far west as 1000 miles west of Port Lyautey, French Morocco into the Atlantic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, History, World War II\nAs the German submarine threat in the Atlantic diminished and moved farther west in August 1943, the squadron moved to Protville Airfield, Tunisia in September. It attacked enemy submarines and shipping in the area of Sicily and the Italian peninsula until Operation Avalanche began with landings at Salerno, Italy. It extended antisubmarine patrols after 9 September to cover the sea west of Sardinia and Corsica. In addition to the antisubmarine patrols, the squadron covered the escape of Italian naval vessels from Genoa and Spezia to Malta following Italy's surrender. The squadron's actions in Europe earned it a Distinguished Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron returned to Morocco on 18 September and returned to the United States in November 1943, it was inactivated in January 1944 and its personnel were used as cadres for newly forming heavy bomber groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, History, Cold War\nFrom 1958, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet wings of Strategic Air Command (SAC) began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General Thomas S. Power\u2019s initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC\u2019s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe 661st was activated at Pease Air Force Base as the fourth squadron of the 509th Bombardment Wing. The alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962 and the four squadron pattern no longer met the alert cycle commitment, so the squadron was inactivated on 1 January 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, History, Cold War\nIn 1985, the two previous squadrons were consolidated, on paper, under the title of the 361st Tactical Missile Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158568-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Antisubmarine Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158569-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Anzac Entrenching Battalion\nThe 1st Anzac Entrenching Battalion was a First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) battalion of World War I. It was formed in June 1916 with the role of preparing soldiers for combat with the AIF's infantry battalions. From September that year until the battalion's disbandment in October 1917 it was used as a tunnelling unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158569-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Anzac Entrenching Battalion, History\nThe 1st Anzac Entrenching Battalion was formed at La Motte in France on 6 June 1916. Like the other British Empire entrenching battalions, the unit was initially used to hold reinforcement infantrymen for I ANZAC Corps. Soldiers were posted to the battalion after completing initial infantry training in the United Kingdom and further training at the base depots of the AIF divisions in France. The role of the 1st Anzac Entrenching Battalion was to accelerate and improve the training process by providing reinforcement infantrymen with exposure to combat conditions while undertaking engineering works near the front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158569-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Anzac Entrenching Battalion, History\nThe battalion initially provided all infantry reinforcements for the I ANZAC Corps, but all of its personnel were posted to combat units as part of the response to the heavy casualties suffered by the Australian units involved in the Battle of Pozi\u00e8res between July and September 1916. While it ceased to provide training to infantrymen, the 1st Anzac Entrenching Battalion's headquarters and staff were retained and the unit absorbed the surplus reinforcements for the AIF's tunnelling companies; these comprised 9 officers and 203 other ranks. The battalion subsequently operated as a tunnelling unit on the Western Front alongside Canadian tunnellers. It was disbanded on 20 October 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158570-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 1st Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u200e) was the first edition of the Arabian Gulf Cup, held every two years and organised by the AGCFF. The first tournament was held in Bahrain. It was won by the Kuwait, who defeated the hosts in the final match to finish first in the round-robin group. The tournament took place between 27 March and 3 April 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158570-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arabian Gulf Cup, Tournament\nThe four teams in the tournament played a single round-robin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158570-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arabian Gulf Cup, Statistics, Goalscorers\nThere were 19 goals scored in 6 matches, for an average of 3.17 goals per match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Argyll & Bute Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery formed in Scotland in 1860 in response to a French invasion threat. It 1908 it became the only Mountain Artillery unit in the Territorial Force, and saw action at Gallipoli and Salonika during World War I. Before World War II it became the first Territorial Anti-Tank unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers\nOne of its successor units was captured at Saint-Valery-en-Caux during the Battle of France, but others saw action in the campaigns in North Africa and Sicily, and in North West Europe from D Day to VE Day, including Arnhem and the Rhine Crossing. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army until 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 1st Administrative Brigade, Argyll Artillery Volunteers, was formed with headquarters (HQ) at Oban, on 10 October 1861 to include the following corps of Argyllshire Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers\nIn 1863 the 1st Bute Artillery Volunteers at Rothesay (raised on 20 March 1862) were added to the unit. In 1867 the 2nd Bute Artillery Volunteers from Millport, Cumbrae (raised on 5 October 1867) were also added to the unit. In 1864 brigade HQ moved to Lochgilphead, and in 1870 to Rothesay. In May 1880 the brigade was consolidated as the 1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, with twelve and a half batteries, distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers\nIn 1887 a new 12th battery was formed at Rothesay, and in the following year the 8th Battery moved to Dunoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1882 all the artillery volunteers were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the 1st Argyll & Bute AVC became part of the Scottish Division. In 1889 the structure was altered, and the corps joined the Southern Division. In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished their titles were changed, the unit becoming the 1st Argyll & Bute Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902, with its HQ at Tarbert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 88], "content_span": [89, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nDuring the South African War in 1900, 211 men of the 1st Argyll and Bute volunteered their services, but only eight were accepted for active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 88], "content_span": [89, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nThe corps was one of the most scattered in Britain. For example, No 6 Company had detachments at Bowmore, Bridgend, and Ardbeg. Personnel of the corps were spread over fifteen localities in some of the largest and least accessible country in Scotland. Owing to the varying occupations of the men, 75% were Gaelic-speaking, three training camps were arranged at different times of the year. In addition the corps had to maintain 15 carbine ranges. Many prizes were won by the corps, both in gun practice and repository exercises, at the Scottish National Artillery Association camps - the King's Cup was won at Barry Buddon in 1903 by the Easdale companies. The pipe band consisted of over thirty pipers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 88], "content_span": [89, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908 the bulk of the personnel of the 1st Argyll & Bute RGA (V) formed IV (4th) Highland (Mountain) Brigade, RGA, while the remainder formed one company of the Forth and Clyde Royal Garrison Artillery. The new brigade, which included the Lochcarron, Ross-shire, company from the former Highland Artillery Volunteers, was the only TF mountain artillery unit. It formed part of the Highland Division and had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe batteries were equipped with the 10-pounder mountain gun, a 2.75-inch calibre 'screw gun' originally developed for the Indian Army's mountain batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe Highland Division received a warning order for mobilisation on 29 July 1914, and the order to mobilise was received at 17.35 on 4 August. IV Highland Mtn Bde arrived at Bedford on 10 August, where the division concentrated over the following days. During the winter of 1914\u201315 a number of units left the division to join other formations in the field. On 10 March 1915 IV Highland Mtn Bde (except the Bute Bty) transferred to the 29th Division. This was a new division formed mainly from Regular Army units returned from stations round the Empire, and was allocated to the forthcoming Dardanelles operation. The battery left from Avonmouth Docks on 16 March, bound for Malta and then Alexandria, where it disembarked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Gallipoli\n29th Division re-embarked at Alexandria and landed at Cape Helles on the Gallipoli Peninsula at 07.00 on 25 April 1915. IV Highland Mtn Bde and its two batteries served through the difficult opening weeks of the campaign with 29th Division, including the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battles of Krithia and the Battle of Gully Ravine, before transferring to 11th (Northern) Division on 29 July. The 11th was a newly arrived formation of 'Kitchener's Army' volunteers recruited since the outbreak of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Gallipoli\nIt was concentrating on the island of Imbros for a fresh landing on the peninsula at Suvla Bay, which was carried out on 7 August. This landing was no more successful than the first, and the campaign bogged down again. Once at Suvla the Argyll Battery transferred to the command of another Kitchener formation, the 10th (Irish) Division, on 8 August, followed by the rest of the brigade on 13 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Gallipoli\nThe IV Highland Bde fought with 10th (I) Division through the campaign, including the Battle of Hill 60 and the following trench warfare. When the division was withdrawn on 30 September the artillery, including IV Highland Bde, remained in action until the final evacuation of Suvla on the night of 19/20 December, when every gun was successfully withdrawn without loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Salonika\nAfter the evacuations from Gallipoli, the troops were transported back to Egypt for rest and reorganisation. The IV Highland Bde was classed as 'Army Troops' with the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in the Suez Canal defences. In September 1916 the brigade was sent to Salonika as reinforcements for the Macedonian front. The Bute Battery, which had remained behind in Scotland and later England with the second line troops of the Highland Division (later the 64th (2nd Highland) Division), sailed direct from England to Salonika, disembarking on 20 September. Each mountain battery in Macedonia had four of the improved 2.75-inch mountain guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Salonika\nThe Macedonian Front was another area of stationary trench warfare until late in the war, when the final offensive began on 1 September 1918. IV Highland Bde and its batteries were allocated to different formations as required. The brigade was with 28th Division from December 1916 until 22 July 1918, when the Bute Bty went to 27th Division. The rest of the brigade left 28th Division on 10 September to come under XVI Corps before joining 26th Division on 23 September. The Bute Bty left 27th Division on 8 September when it went to XVI Corps, returning on 23 September. On 25 September the battery rejoined IV Highland Bde, which had left 26th Division and was then operating with 14th Greek Division as the campaign came to a successful end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe unit reformed in 1920 under the command of Lt-Col W.H. Macalpine-Leny, DSO, as the 26th Highland Pack Brigade, RGA with HQ at the Drill Hall at Tarbert. The Bute Bty (initially listed as 102 (Howitzer) (Bute) Pack Bty) had a Cadet Corps affiliated to it. The TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921 and; the RGA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery (RA) in 1924. The brigade (which was the only 'pack' unit in the TA) changed its number to 13th, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe brigade changed its designation again from 'Pack' to 'Light' in 1927, but it underwent a more fundamental reorganisation in 1936 when it was converted into a field artillery unit as 54th (West Highland) Army Field Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nHowever, this was short-lived: by the late 1930s a need for specialist anti-tank (A/T) artillery had been recognised, and in 1938 the regiment (as RA brigades were termed from that year onwards) became the first such unit in the TA as 51st (West Highland) Anti -Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis of 1938, with existing units splitting to form duplicates before the outbreak of World War II. 51st A/T Regiment reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe establishment of an A/T battery at this time was 12 x 2-pounderguns organised in Troops of four guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (West Highland) A/T Regiment\n51st (West Highland) Anti -Tank Rgt mobilised at Oban under Lt-Col C.N. Roney-Dougal, MC, a Regular RA officer, and trained at Bordon Camp before crossing to France on 2 February 1940 to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) with 51st (Highland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (West Highland) A/T Regiment\nOn 22 April the division was sent for a tour of duty with 3rd French Army on the Saar Front, and took over a section of the line in front of the Maginot Line forts by 6 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Battle of France\nThe Battle of France began on 10 May with the German invasion of the Low Countries. While the rest of the BEF responded by executing the pre-arranged Plan D and advanced to defend Belgium, 51st (H) Division stayed on the Saar Front, which remained quiet until 13 May. At 04.00 that morning the Germans began a heavy bombardment, and strong probing attacks were driven off. Attacks on the following days were half-hearted. On the night of 22/23 May the division was relieved in the line. By now German troops had reached Boulogne and cut off most of the BEF, and 51st (H) Division was ordered to move west to link up with the British 1st Armoured Division operating south of the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 107], "content_span": [108, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Battle of France\n51st (H) Division held the line of the Bresle, but was very stretched: one battery of 51st (WH) A/T Rgt had to cover 9 miles (14\u00a0km) of the river. Attacks by the division against a German bridgehead over the Somme were unsuccessful, and at 04.00 on 5 June the enemy attacked all along the division's front. The Bresle line was outflanked by German Panzers racing for Rouen, and the division received orders to withdraw during the night of 8/9 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 107], "content_span": [108, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Battle of France\nDuring 9 June the division was cut off, and that night an ad hoc brigade group formed at Arques-la-Bataille and known as Arkforce was sent back to protect the approaches to Le Havre, where Operation Cycle was under way to evacuate base troops. Arkforce was formed around 154th Infantry Brigade and accompanied by 204 (Oban) A/T Bty. It set off during the night of 9/10 June, but shortly after it arrived the rest of 51st (H) Division was cut off from Le Havre. The division moved back to Saint-Valery-en-Caux where there was a chance that it could be evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 107], "content_span": [108, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0022-0002", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Battle of France\nBut Erwin Rommel's 7th Panzer Division broke through to the cliffs overlooking the harbour. 201 (Argyll) Bty fought furiously to prevent this, but one by one its guns were put out of action. 51st (Highland) Division was forced to surrender on 12 June. All of 51st (WH) Anti -Tank Regiment except 204 (Oban) Bty became prisoners of war and the regiment ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 107], "content_span": [108, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 204 (Oban) Anti-Tank Battery\nArkforce was successfully evacuated from Le Havre the day after the surrender of the rest of the division at St Valery. 204 (Oban) Bty was under the command of Maj Donald Carmichael, who refused to allow the men to embark until their precious 2-pdrs were safely aboard. Arkforce was taken first to Cherbourg, where a new BEF was to be formed, then evacuated to the UK on 15 June (Operation Aerial) after that attempt was abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 204 (Oban) Anti-Tank Battery\nBack in the UK, 204 became an independent A/T Bty with 29th Independent  Infantry Brigade Group, a new formation made up of Regular infantry battalions brought back from India. As one of the few fully equipped formations in the UK, the brigade served with XII Corps in the most threatened area of South East England during the 'invasion summer' of 1940, then in the West Sussex County Division along the South Coast from November 1940. When the West Sussex Division moved away in February 1941, 29th Bde remained guarding the South Coast under IV Corps and South Eastern Command. 204 (Oban) Bty left on 5 May 1941 when the brigade came under War Office control to prepare for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 204 (Oban) Anti-Tank Battery\n204 (Oban) Independent A/T Bty was with 1st (Guards) Independent Brigade Group between 11 April and 5 August 1942. When that brigade was assigned to 78th Division assembling for Operation Torch, the battery transferred on 5 August to 1st Airborne Division. On 23 October 1942 it was redesignated 2 (Oban) Air-Landing A/T Bty, equipped (with 6-pounder A/T guns) and trained for glider operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 204 (Oban) Anti-Tank Battery, Air-landing battery\nThe battery served with 1st Airborne in the Tunisian Campaign, but its participation in the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) was cancelled at the last minute. A shortage of transport aircraft for the invasion of mainland Italy meant that 1st Airborne Division landed by sea at Taranto (Operation Slapstick); although the landing was unopposed, the battery suffered heavy casualties (the battery commander, Maj James Wilson, one other officer and 22 other ranks (ORs) when the mine-layer it was travelling aboard (HMS Abdiel) struck a mine in Taranto harbour and sank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 105], "content_span": [106, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 204 (Oban) Anti-Tank Battery, Air-landing battery\n1st Airborne Division was withdrawn from Italy in the Autumn of 1943 and prepared for operations in North West Europe. The division was not called upon in the invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). A number of airborne operations were planned and cancelled before the attempt to 'bounce' the bridges up to and across the lower Rhine (Operation Market Garden) was launched. Just beforehand, 2 (Oban) A/L A/T Bty was issued with some of the newer 17-pounder A/T guns: one 6-pdr Troop was converted and three additional 17-pdr Troops organised. The new gun could be transported in the large Hamilcar glider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 105], "content_span": [106, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 204 (Oban) Anti-Tank Battery, Air-landing battery\nDuring the operation that battery flew in eight Hamilcars and 24 Horsa gliders from RAF Tarrant Rushton and participated in the Battle of Arnhem. After the failure of the operation, one officer and 58 ORs were evacuated across the river out of 158 who had gone in. The battery commander, Maj A.F. Haynes was among those taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 105], "content_span": [106, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 204 (Oban) Anti-Tank Battery, Air-landing battery\nThe reduced 1st Airborne Division did not see action again, but it was sent to liberate Norway after VE Day (Operation Doomsday). By then the battery had been combined with the other A/L batteries into a new 1st Airlanding A/T Rgt. It was disbanded in November 1945 after returning from Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 105], "content_span": [106, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment\n61st (West Highland) Anti -Tank Rgt  mobilised at Rothesay in 9th (Highland) Infantry Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of 51st (H) Division. It remained training in Scottish Command until 7 August 1940 when 9th (H) Division was redesignated as 51st (H) Division to replace the original formation lost at St Valery. 244 A/T Battery left the regiment on 22 September and was replaced by 296 A/T Bty on 15 December 1941. The regiment added the 'West Highland' subtitle on 17 February 1942. 296 A/T Battery left on 10 May 1942 and was replaced by 193 A/T/ Bty. After completing training in Scotland, the division sailed for Egypt on 16 June 1942, landing on 12 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 89], "content_span": [90, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, North Africa\nThe division's first action was the Second Battle of El Alamein, for which the regiment was equipped with 16 x 2-pdrs and 48 of the new Ordnance QF 6-pounder gun. It moved up during the preceding nights, occupying gun positions and dumping ammunition, and remaining concealed during daylight. The bombardment began at 21.40 on 23 October and the advance began 20 minutes later. 51st (H) Division ran into several centres of resistance and only on the extreme left did it reach its final objective; however, the 'break-in' phase of the battle had started well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 103], "content_span": [104, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, North Africa\nOver following days 51st (H) Division made progress towards its own objective as the 'dog-fight' phase continued. The 'break-out' phase began on the night of 1/2 November with Operation Supercharge, preceded by another powerful barrage. In the early hours of 4 November 51st (H) Division broke through to the Rahman Track, and the Axis forces began to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 103], "content_span": [104, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, North Africa\n51st (H) Division then took part in the pursuit to El Agheila and Tripoli in January 1943. By 25 February it was past Medenine in Tunisia and facing the Mareth Line. The Axis force made a spoiling attack on 6 March (the Battle of Medenine) but there was plenty of warning. 51st (H) Division was positioned along the Wadi Zassar, a natural anti-tank ditch, and the A/T guns had been positioned to 'kill tanks' rather than protect the infantry from them. The Axis advance was easily repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 103], "content_span": [104, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, North Africa\nThe Battle of the Mareth Line began on the night of 16/17 March when 51st (H) Division took the outpost line against negligible opposition. The main attack followed on 20/21 March with another massive night barrage, but little progress was made over the Wadi Zigzaou for the first two days and the line held until it was outflanked by other forces in the south. The Axis defence collapsed on 28 March and the following day 51st (H) Division was on its way to Gab\u00e8s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 103], "content_span": [104, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, North Africa\nThe next Axis defence line was along Wadi Akarit. The barrage for 51st (H) Division's assault began at 04.15 on 6 April, and the division's attack, in the words of the Official History, 'went like clockwork'. 61st (WH) Anti -Tank Rgt went into action with its 6-pdrs towed by tanks while the gun crews rode on the back of the tanks with their ammunition. The tanks then formed a protective screen while the A/T gunners dug in under shellfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 103], "content_span": [104, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, North Africa\nFor the first time the regiment encountered Tiger tanks, but these remained out of range of the 6-pdrs using their longer range guns to shell the Highlanders. Axis troops then began counter-attacks and the Highlanders had to fight hard to hold their gains. Some A/T guns got through to support 7th Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (A&SH), but not to 7th Bn Black Watch, who were isolated 1,500 yards (1,400\u00a0m) away. However, the positions were held. The pursuit was resumed the following day, through Sfax. From 22 April the division was in action in the hills around Enfidaville, until the end of the campaign on 15 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 103], "content_span": [104, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Sicily\n51st (H) Division then went into training for the Allied landings in Sicily (Operation Husky). Together with its 6-pdrs the regiment was issued with a few of the new 17-pounder A/T guns on the stop-gap Pheasant carriage (adapted from the 25-pounder field gun). 51st (H) Division sailed in the invasion convoy from Sfax on 8 July and the assault brigade (154 Bde) landed near Pachino at 03.00 on 10 July. There was little opposition and 241 A/T Bty's guns were got ashore and deployed at pre-arranged sites in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Sicily\nThe larger Landing Ships, Tank, arrived about 12.00 and the rest of the regiment went ashore that night. 242 A/T Battery was assigned to 153 Bde and 243 Bty to 152 Bde, while 193 A/T Bty remained with RHQ as divisional reserve. The division then moved forward to Vizzini and Francofonte, where it met its first opposition on 13 July. 243 A/T Bty fired the first rounds of the campaign at a pillbox with great effect, and thereafter the divisional policy was to have A/T guns well up with the infantry as close assault guns for use against pillboxes and machine gun posts in houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Sicily\nThe division continued with scarcely a pause towards the Dittaino river, where it sent a composite force of infantry and armour ('Arrow Force') accompanied by 243 AT Bty to cross the Dittaino and attempt to capture Patern\u00f2. It achieved a bridgehead on 17 July but further advance was checked, so on the night of 20/21 July the division made an attack against the main enemy defences at Gerbini Airfield. 7th A&SH made the attack supported by A Trp and half of B Trp (Pheasants) and some tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Sicily\nAlthough the attack succeeded, fierce counter-attacks by the Hermann Goring Division drove the Highlanders out the following morning, after which 51st (H) Division was put onto the defensive. Further counter-attacks and heavy shelling on 23/24 July led to more casualties. Because of casualties in men and guns 193 A/T Bty made use of three captured German 75 mm A/T guns and H Trp was immobilised to keep the others up to strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Sicily\nThe division was relieved on 30 July and redeployed for operations against Adrano (the battles round Etna). The A/T guns were assembled at Sferro under fire, so that they could be quickly deployed as soon as the infantry were on their objectives. 51st (H) Division took its new bridgeheads over the Dittaino on the night of 31 July/1 August and the A/T guns were in action by daylight. Enemy armour put in a counter-attack at 14.00 and a few tanks got close enough to be destroyed by the A/T guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0036-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Sicily\nPatern\u00f2 fell on 4 August, Biancavilla on 6 August, and the division began a 50 miles (80\u00a0km) 'sidestep' north of Zafferana on 12 August. By now the Axis forces were evacuating Sicily, which was completed on 17 August. During the Sicily campaign the regiment lost 1 officer and 5 ORs killed, 1 officer and 40 ORs wounded, and 2 ORs missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Sicily\n51st (H) Division did not take part in the subsequent Italian Campaign, having been earmarked for Operation Overlord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Normandy\n51st (Highland) Division was in the first follow-up wave of formations in Overlord. On 2 June 1944 it embarked at East India Docks, London, bound for Normandy and began landing on 7 June (D + 1). The first troops ashore on D + 1 included 242 A/T Bty with 153 Bde Gp and the 17-pdr Trp of 193 A/T Bty with Divisional troops. The division then got bogged down for several weeks in operations round 'The Triangle' north-east of Caen. It then supported 3rd Division's attack on the flank of Operation Goodwood on 18 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 99], "content_span": [100, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Normandy\nOn 8 August 51st (H) Division spearheaded II Canadian Corps' attack towards Falaise (Operation Totalize). The attack began before dawn and by first light the break-in was going well, with a number of villages taken. 4th Canadian and 1st Polish Armoured Divisions then passed through to continue the advance. The Canadians renewed the advance to Falaise on 14 August in Operation Tractable, with 51st (H) Division attacking towards the Laison Valley on the left flank. By 21 August the Falaise Pocket had been closed and the division was advancing eastwards towards Lisieux. It was then sent across the Seine to liberate St Valery, site of the original division's surrender in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 99], "content_span": [100, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Normandy\n51st (H) Division then moved in for the assault on Le Havre (Operation Astonia). This was a major operation, with heavy air and artillery bombardment  and armoured support, which cowed the opposition. It was followed by a similar assault to take Boulogne (Operation Wellhit), and operations to mask Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 99], "content_span": [100, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Low Countries\nThe division next made a long move to the Antwerp area at the end of September, then spent three weeks in the line at Sint-Oedenrode. 61st (WH) Anti -Tank Rgt was deployed to cover the chain of bridges captured during Operation Market Garden, engaging occasional targets such as occupied houses or with long-range harassing fire. On 13 October 193 Bty helped drive off a 'small but well organised' German attack with their A/T guns and Bren guns, while 241 Bty contributed fire from 2-inch mortars. The regiment also practised assault river crossings, using stormboats to ferry Jeep-towed 6-pdrs and improvised pontoons with outboard motors to carry 17-pdrs and Quad tractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Low Countries\nOn 23 October the regiment took part in Operation Colin, a divisional attack on Schijndel. Schijndel was taken relatively easily and the division pressed on to take Vught on 25 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Low Countries\nOn 4 November the division began an operation against 'The Island' west of 's-Hertogenbosch with a crossing of the Afwaterings Canal. Deception shoots were carried out by 193 Bty on the right flank and by 243 Bty on the left flank, including giving covering fire from 12 Bren guns for the infantry crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Low Countries\nOn 14 November the division carried out an assault crossing of the Willems Canal near Weert (Operation Ascot), then moved on to the Zig Canal and crossed that on 17 November with much less preparation. Once the canal had been bridged, 61st (WH) A/T Rgt's guns were deployed to defend the bridgehead, helped through the bad conditions by being towed by Kangaroo armoured personnel carriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Low Countries\n51st (H) Division was then tasked with holding the wet low-lying country between Nijmegen and Arnhem that had been captured during Operation Market Garden, some of which subsequently had to be evacuated (Operation Noah) when the Germans broke the dykes and flooded the area. At the beginning of December the division was pulled out of the line for rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Low Countries\nIn December the division was suddenly moved south as part of the response to the German breakthrough in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge), and then in January 51st (H) Division fought its way into the flank of the 'Bulge' in winter conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Low Countries\nIn the winter of 1944\u201345 the A/T batteries of infantry divisions were restructured to have one Troop each of towed 6-pdrs, towed 17-pdrs and Archer self-propelled (SP) 17-pdrs on Valentine tank chassis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 104], "content_span": [105, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Rhineland\n51st (H) Division was next engaged in the fighting in the Reichswald (Operation Veritable). It began at 05.00 on 8 February with a huge artillery preparation, after which the Highlanders attacked and were on their objectives by 23.00 that night. 61st (WH) A/T Rgt's batteries were as usual attached to the infantry brigades (and 193 Bde with RHQ), but the guns were not actually needed. On 10 February the SP Trp of 242 Bty came into action against enemy machine gun posts and houses, though several Archers of 242 and 243 Btys were bogged or damaged by enemy A/T fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 100], "content_span": [101, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0048-0001", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Rhineland\nThe slow advance continued through Gennep on 11 February, and the gunners suffered from enemy shellfire. One of the regiment's officers reconnoitring in a Valentine observation post (OP) tank on 12 February attacked and drove off an enemy party in the forest. On 13 February the SP guns destroyed a tank and a church steeple at Hekkens used as an enemy OP, while other gunners drove off local attacks by German paratroopers with small arms fire. On 16 February 243 Bty's SP and towed 17-pdrs supported a night attack by 152 Bde on Asperden. The final  phase of the operation for 51st (H) Division began on 18 February against Goch, which was successfully taken after stiff fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 100], "content_span": [101, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Rhineland\nThe division took a leading part in the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder). The division then  continued through Isselburg and Anholt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 100], "content_span": [101, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 61st (West Highland) A/T Regiment, Rhineland\nThe division reached the Dortmund\u2013Ems Canal on 8 April. After a pause at the canal, it advanced rapidly towards Bremen against delaying actions. It reached Delmenhorst on 20 April and closed in on the centre of Bremen. The German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath ended the fighting on 5 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 100], "content_span": [101, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the regiment reformed as 254th (West Highland) Anti -Tank Regiment with HQ at Dumbarton, forming part of 51st/52nd (Lowland) Division. In 1950 the regiment re-roled as 254th (West Highland) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment. In 1954 it absorbed 417th (Dumbartonshire) (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Rgt (originally the Clyde RGA, to which the 1st Argyll & Bute Artillery Volunteers had contributed personnel). The combined regiment reverted to being 254th (West Highland) A/T Rgt, with one battery from the 417th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nFinally, on 10 March 1955 the regiment was amalgamated into the Greenock-based 277th (Highland) Field Rgt and the Argyll & Bute lineage ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms & insignia\nThe original uniforms varied greatly. Colonel F. Campbell (commanding 1884\u20131903) wrote:'The corps had their separate uniforms, which were tunics or Garibaldi shirts, caps with red, yellow, or white bands\u00a0; belts brown, black, or white. The officers' dress was even more varied. They joined simply to encourage the movement, and wore much what they chose, utilising any old uniform that they might have worn some time or other, whether cavalry, infantry, or other. Swords of all patterns, perhaps presentations to their forefathers before and after Waterloo'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms & insignia\nIn 1860 the 3rd Corps had blue uniforms with scarlet facings, white pouch belts, black waistbelts, and busbies. The 4th Corps wore a jumper and trousers of blue flannel, and a broad Kilmarnock bonnet, such as was usually worn by Tarbert fishermen, of whom it was mainly composed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms & insignia\nOn the creation of the TF in 1908 IV Highland (Mtn) Bde adopted the usual brass shoulder titles consisting of 'T' over 'RGA' over the territorial designation, but in this case the three batteries adopted individual titles: T/RGA/ARGYLL, T/RGA/ROSS&CROMARTY and T/RGA/BUTE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms & insignia\nWhile serving in Macedonia in 1916 IV Mtn Bde was issued with Balmoral bonnets for officers and Kilmarnock bonnets for ORs. Tartan flashes were worn behind the RA gun badge, each battery having a different tartan:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Commanding Officers\nThe following served as Commanding Officer (CO) of the units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158571-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, Memorial\nThere is a memorial in Stornoway to the men of 1st Ross-Shire Mountain Bty who died in Egypt, at Gallipoli and in the Balkans during World War I, and during World War II. The monument is of stone in the form of a cairn surmounted by a thistle, standing in front of the Drill Hall and TA Centre at the crossroads of Church and Lewis Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158572-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona State Legislature\nThe 1st Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted from February 14, 1912 (the day Arizona was admitted to the United States) to December 31, 1914, during the first term of George W. P. Hunt as Governor of Arizona, in Phoenix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158572-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on March 18, 1912; and adjourned on May 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158572-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nA special session was called by the governor, and met between May 23 \u2013 June 22, 1912. A second special session was invoked from February 3 \u2013 April 7, 1913. A third special session was convened from April 14 \u2013 May 17, 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 1st Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which began on September 26, 1864, in Prescott, Arizona, and ran for forty-three days. The session was responsible for enacting Arizona's first legal code, creation of the territory's first four counties, and authorizing a volunteer militia to fight hostile Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nArizona Territory was created by the Arizona Organic Act and officially established on December 29, 1863, in a ceremony performed at Navajo Springs, Arizona. Following completion of an initial census, Governor John N. Goodwin proclaimed an election to select delegates to the first territorial legislature would occur on July 18, 1864. As no counties had been established within Arizona Territory at the time of the election, the territory's three judicial districts were instead used for allocation of delegates. The first district included all of Arizona east of the 114th meridian west and south of the Gila River, the second district was all of Arizona west of the 114th meridian, and the third district included all of Arizona east of the 114th meridian and north of the Gila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session\nSession was opened by Territorial Secretary Richard C. McCormick on September 26, 1864. All the members of the legislature had not arrived on that date, so the legislature sent out for beverages and tobacco and adjourned to wait for the remaining members to arrive. The session resumed on September 29 will all members present. The territory's Attorney General, Coles Bashford, was selected president of the Council while Tucson attorney W. Claude Jones was selected speaker of the House. Two members of the legislature left during the session with Council member Jos\u00e9 M. Redondo resigning on October 10 on the grounds he was ineligible to hold the office and Representative Henry D. Jackson dying on October 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session\nThe session met in a recently constructed two-room log cabin. The building was simply furnished with tables and chairs made from roughly hewn boards. The chinking had not been completed, allowing the cold autumn air into the building, and an early winter storm forced the assembly to take shelter in the Governor's house. The assembly members themselves primarily wore frontier dress and many bore weapons used for protection from Indian attack during their journey to and from Prescott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nGovernor Goodwin gave his address to the assembly on September 30, 1864. In his speech, Goodwin reminded the legislature that under the Arizona Organic Act the new territory had inherited the laws of New Mexico Territory and that they would remain in force \"until repealed or amended by future legislation\". The Governor did not believe that New Mexico's laws were well suited for Arizona's needs and called for a commissioner to be appointed to draft a new legal code. Goodwin also called for the immediate repeal of acts allowing for peonage and imprisonment for debt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nAnother key issue was dealing with hostile Indians within the territory. To address this need, Goodwin called for U.S. Army troops and the creation of a volunteer militia. Other issues covered were creation of mail routes and establishment of a public education system, including a public university under the provisions of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Howell code\nThe legislature's first act was passed on October 1, 1864, and authorized the Governor to appoint a commissioner to study and propose a legal code for the new territory. Anticipating the need for a new legal code, Judge William T. Howell and Coles Bashford had begun researching a tentative code in April 1864. By the time the legislature met, a 400-page code has been written, based primarily upon the laws of New York and California. After Goodwin was authorized to choose a commissioner, he chose Howell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Howell code\nDebate over the proposed legal code consumed the majority of the session's efforts. After some modifications, the code was enacted and named the \"Howell Code\" after its principal architect. The Howell Code underwent a major revision, supervised by Bashford, in 1871 and was replaced in 1877 by the \"Hoyt Code\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Other legislation\nIn addition to establishing a new legal code, the session also performed several actions to administratively organize the new territory. While the Governor had chosen Prescott as the site of the capital, the legislature had the authority to move the capital. Two other locations were proposed, the first being La Paz and the second a new community named Aztlan to be located at the juncture of the Salt and Verde rivers. Efforts to move the capital to both locations were defeated. Besides considering the location of the capital, the session created Arizona's first four counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Other legislation\nMohave County encompassed all of the territory north of the Bill Williams River and west of longitude 113\u00b0 20' with its seat at Mohave City. Yuma County encompassed the area south of the Bill Williams River and west of longitude 113\u00b0 20' with its seat at La Paz. Pima County contained all territory south of the Gila River and east of longitude 113\u00b0 20' with its seat at Tucson. The final county, Yavapai, encompassed the area north of the Gila and east of longitude 113\u00b0 20' with Prescott serving as its seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Other legislation\nTo deal with hostile Indians, the session requested the U.S. Congress authorize US$250,000 to creation of a ranger force with an additional US$150,000 requested to create reservations along the Colorado River for friendlier tribes. No funds came until 1867 when US$50,000 was authorized. In the meantime a group of Arizona Volunteers consisting of 350 men and 11 officers were organized into five companies. The force provided an effective check against hostile Apaches till the arrival of U.S. Army troops following the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Other legislation\nTo address educational needs, the legislature authorized a payment of US$250 for public education to any county seats provided the towns provided a matching amount. For Tucson, this amount was doubled to US$500 under the provision that English lessons were added to the daily curriculum. Only two towns collected the funds, the mission school at San Xavier del Bac and a private school in Prescott. The need for roads was addressed by granting six franchises for construction of private roads. The franchisees were required to grade the right of way, build bridges, maintain wells along the route in exchange for the right to charge tolls of US$0.08/mile for wagons and US$0.025/mile for riders on horseback.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158573-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Other legislation\nFinally the session granted two divorces. The first annulled the marriage of John G. Capron, a member of the territorial House of Representatives, and Sarah Rosser Capron on the grounds that he had been lured into the marriage \"by fraudulent concealment of criminal facts\". The second divorce was of Fort Whipple's post surgeon, Elliot Coues, from his wife, Sarah A. Richardson Coues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158574-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry\n1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in federal service from Arizona Territory that served under special provisions during the Apache wars in 1865\u20131866. The regiment was primarily raised among the native and indigenous population of Arizona, Mexicans, Maricopas, and Pima. It was thwarted by the US Army, and disbanded when the federal government refused to continue funding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158574-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry, Formation\nAfter the end American Civil War, the last troops of the California Column returned to California. Due to the ongoing Apache Wars, the need for a local fighting force still existed. The territorial legislature discussed the feasibility of creating a corps of territorial rangers, but the project died because its cost were approximated to be ten time as large as the annual tax revenue of the Territory. Already in 1864, governor John Noble Goodwin had been authorized to raise a regiment of volunteer infantry for three years or for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158574-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry, Formation\nNo troops had, however, been raised during the war. Approval for raising this regiment after the end of the war was given by the War Department in the Spring of 1865 because of the Indian menace, and about 350 men were recruited and mustered into federal service between Sept. 2 and Nov. 3, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158574-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry, Organization\nColonel William H. Garvin was appointed adjutant general and the immediate superior of the regimental organization. The regiment would primarily be raised among the native and indigenous population of Arizona, Mexicans, Maricopas, and Pima, and be organized into six companies. Company D was, however, never organized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158574-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry, Operations\nThe regiment never fought as a unit, but operated as one- or two-company detachments. The basic tactics were search and destroy operations under severe conditions; the United States Army denied the Arizona Volunteers proper quarters, even tents, and the footgear and uniforms were often deficient due to hard service. The indigenous soldiers were very efficient in fighting their traditional enemies, the Apaches. In spite of the demanding service only 20 men deserted. Ten had been killed in action, five died of diseases, and 13 were seriously wounded but survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158574-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arizona Volunteer Infantry, Disbandment\nThe regiment had been enlisted according to the war provisions of the Federal Government, but when Governor Richard Cunningham McCormick in 1866 wrote to the Secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, asking for a prolongation of the enlistment period of the Arizona Volunteers, Stanton denied the request as there were no law authorizing it. Attempts to include appropriation for its equipment, subsistence and payment failed. The regiment was officially disbanded on July 1, 1866. The actual discharge of the men took, however, much longer time; the last soldiers were discharged Nov. 7, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment\nThe 1st Arkansas Infantry (30 Day Volunteers) (1861) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was composed mainly of militia units called to service by Colonel Solon F. Borland in response to an anticipated invasion of Northeast Arkansas in the fall of 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Organization\nThe 1st Arkansas Regiment, 30-Day Volunteers (infantry), was formally organized on November 23, 1861, which is the date of the appointments of the field and staff officers\u2014under command of Colonel James Haywood McCaleb. Col . McCaleb was the commander of the 25th Militia Regiment, from Lawrence County, Arkansas. It appears that several of the companies that composed the new \"30 Day Volunteer\" regiment originated as part of the 25th Militia Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Organization\nField and staff officer appointments were dated November 23, 1861. The following regimental staff was elected for the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nIn May 1861, Pocahontas and the nearby strategically important Pitman's Ferry, in Randolph County, became an important Confederate military depot. Following the transfer of the State Troop regiments to Brig. Gen Hardee, virtually all the regiments stationed in northeast Arkansas were transferred in late September east of the Mississippi River to Bowling Green, Kentucky. Col. Solon Borland was left in command of a small force at Pitman's Ferry. Col. Borland's force was the only defense left in Northeast Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nThe forces included: Borland's own cavalry regiment of seven companies, Col. McCown's five companies of infantry, Maj. Desha's four companies of raw troops, Capt. Robert's artillery unit of 60 men but no guns and about 150 recruits brought by Maj. McCray \u2013 altogether about 1,286 men. But of these, owing to sickness and casualties Col Borland said he could count on no more than 600 for fighting service, and all were \"raw, inexperienced, poorly disciplined and indifferently armed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nA second round of recruiting for new regiments was just getting underway when Col. Borland began receiving reports of enemy movements in Missouri. The initial reports seemed to indicate a possible movement on Pitman's Ferry. The Union army was massing troops in southeast Missouri mainly for the purpose of a thrust down the Mississippi River. But this posed a very real threat to all areas of northeast Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nCol Borland indicated that he had reliable information \"that there are 300 infantry and 150 cavalry at Rives' Station, on Black River, 35 miles (56\u00a0km) north of Pitman's Ferry Also that there is a strong infantry force-7,000-at Greenville, 15 miles (24\u00a0km) north of Rives' Station.\" Borland was maintaining a regular correspondence with Brig Gen. M. Jeff Thompson, of the Missouri State Guard, who commanded the First Military District of Missouri at Bloomfield, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nReports of these Union troop movements were sent to area militia units. The Jacksonport Herald of October 26, 1861, published a communication received by Christopher W. Board, Commander of the 34th Militia Regiment of Jackson County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\n. . . We have commenced taking steps to call out the militia but will not call them out unless there is certainty a necessity for it. It might be well for your officers to take such steps as will enable prompt action in case of necessity. I send it to you, believing that you can have the proper persons ready for action; and at the same time keep down all unnecessary excitement . . .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nCol. Borland moved his command from Pitman's Ferry to Pocahontas and was sufficiently alarmed over the reports to issue a call for reinforcements from the militia. On November 5, 1861, Col. Borland issued an appeal for volunteers in the surrounding counties to hastily organize companies for the defense of Pitman's Ferry until new regular Confederate regiments could be organized and dispatched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nWhen news of Borland's situation reached Little Rock, the state Military Board responded to Borland's call for aid by calling out the 8th Militia Brigade under the command of Brig. Gen. Phillips:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nIt being represented that the State was in danger of invasion, and that Colonel Borland's command was threatened with immediate attack, it was ordered that Brigadier-General Phillips be ordered to call out the Eighth Brigade of Militia, and that he also order out one company each from the following counties, viz: Prairie, Monroe, Poinsett, Saint Francis, and Craighead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nBrig. Gen. Theodore H. Phillips offered his services to Col. Borland, who welcomed his aid in the emergency. Phillips undertook the organization of the new 30 day volunteer companies into a brigade. He placed a requisition for camp equipment as follows:\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nRequisition for Camp and Garrison Equipage viz: Four camp kettles. 4 ovens, lids and pot hooks, 4 coffee boilers, 15 tin cups. 25 tin plates. 4 mess Bins, 1 coffee mill, 6 spoons, 8 knives. Requisition for forage for 8 horses, 96 pounds (44\u00a0kg) of corn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nBrig. Gen Phillips added his explanation for the requisition: \"In response to Col. Borland's call for militia service for 30 days. We have responded and entered service. [ with] Capt. Ruffner.\" The receipt was dated Pocahontas November 23. 1861, and was signed by \"T. H. Phillips, Brig. Gen. 8th Brigade of Arkansas Militia.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nCol. Borland's call received an almost immediate response, but he continued to harbor serious misgivings about his situation. On November 10, he wrote to Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk, C.S.A., commanding the 1st Division Western Department, at Columbus, Kentucky, and told of his call for reinforcements from the militia. He said the response was \"somewhat tumultuous.\" On November 9, 1,000 men had arrived unorganized and so ill-supplied with arms that be deemed it best to direct them to return home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nThey followed this direction and assured Borland that within a week's time he would have at least 3,000 men at his command. He told them that companies thus organized and prepared would be received into service for 30 days from the time they reported again to him. Borland added a postscript to this letter, saying that he had just received a report from his scouts that a Federal force of 7,450 was between Reeve's Station and Greenville in Missouri. He told Gen. Polk that the force he had was wholly insufficient for either attack or defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0013-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nIt should be three times as large or be abandoned altogether; and finally he asked to be relieved of his command. \"It is a Brigadier's command, and should have his responsibility, which I am daily growing more and more distrustful of my competency to sustain. Public interests here would be better provided for by other and abler hands.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nNews of Borland's call for volunteers and the resulting convergence upon Pocahontas was of course reported to other parts of the state. The Arkansas True Democrat of November 14 printed a dispatch from Des Arc dated November 9, 11:00pm:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nThe steamer Kanawa Valley left Jacksonport this morning and reports here that large numbers of men are flocking to Bor1ands aid. The Federal forces 7,000 strong are advancing on Pocahontas rapidly, and were expected to make an attack on the town to-day. There is a tremendous excitement throughout the country. The women and children are all being moved from Pocahontas and active preparations are making for a stern resistance to the invaders. Borland's command has retreated from Pittman's Ferry to within a mile of Pocahontas, where they have made a stand. This intelligence is perfectly reliable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158575-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas 30 Day Volunteer Regiment, Background\nSome two dozen of these emergency companies were organized in Greene, Independence, Izard, Jackson, Lawrence and Randolph counties, including the areas now encompassed in present-day Clay, Cleburne, Sharp and Woodruff counties. They converged on Pocahontas and Pitman's Ferry, beginning about November 9, and were mustered into Confederate service for a period of thirty days. Few records of these hastily organized and short-lived companies have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's)\nThe 1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's) (1864-1865) was a Confederate Army cavalry battalion during the American Civil War. The unit was also known as Brooks 1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion, Stirman's, 1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion, Stirman's Sharpshooter Regiment, 1st Regiment Arkansas Sharpshooters, and finally simply as Stirman's Arkansas Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Organization\n1st (Brooks') Cavalry Battalion was recruited in Carroll, Marion, Pope, Scott, Van Buren, and Washington counties, Arkansas, from August to October 1861 under the command of Major William H. Brooks. Many of the enlistments are from August to October 1861:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service\nIn January, 1862, the battalion totalled 300 officers and men and was assigned to L. Hebert's Brigade in the western part of Arkansas. The battalion was apparently stationed in Fayetteville Arkansas, before that city was occupied by Union Forces on 23 February 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service\nDuring the Battle of Pea Ridge, the battalion was assigned to Brigadier General James M. McIntosh's Brigade of Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch Division. After fighting at the Battle of Pea Ridge, the unit was ordered east of the Mississippi River and dismounted. Private Albert McCollum described the retreat from Pea Ridge, dismounting and boarding of ships to move east of the Mississippi River as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service\nFrom Lees Creek we went to Van Buren, from there to Clarksville and then to Dover. There we camped 8 days. Then we had a happy time getting across the pintry moove bottom. (Point Remove). From Dover we went to Springfield, then to Searcy in White County, then to Des Arc i n Prairie Co. We were dismounted at Searcy. The horses was sent back to Dover. Vie were put on a boat at Searcy, on Little Red River which runs into White River about 30 or 35miles above Des Arc. White River is out of its banks down here. The boat is loading now to take us to Memphis. I expect we will start tomorrow. The Major said we would draw pay at Memphis. The Vicksburg (that is the name of the boat) is 220 ft long & about 60 ft wide.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nLate April and early May 1862 the Confederate Army underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for three years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. At this time Major Brooks was granted a medical leave and Captain Stirman, of Company E, was elected to lead the Battalion. Major W.H. Brooks of Brooks Arkansas Battalion of Cavalry is authorized 30 days leave [due to health reasons].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nGENERAL ORDERS, WAR DEPARTMENT,                        ADJT. AND INSP. GENERAL'S OFFICE,       No. 34. Richmond, Va., May 3, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nI. The following act of Congress and accompanying regulations are published for the information of all concerned:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nSECTION 1. The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the Secretary of War may cause to be organized a battalion of sharpshooters for each brigade, consisting of not less than three nor more than six companies, to be composed of men selected from the brigade or otherwise, and armed with longrange muskets or rifles, said companies to be organized, and the commissioned officers therefor appointed by the President, by and with the advice, and consent of the Senate. Such battalions shall constitute parts of the brigades to which they belong, and shall have such field and staff officers as are authorized by law for similar battalions, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nSEC. 2 . Be it further enacted, That for the purpose of arming the said battalions, the long-range muskets and rifles in the hands of the troops, may be taken for that purpose: Provided, The Government has not at its command a sufficient number of approved long-range rifles or muskets wherewith to arm said corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nII. Generals commanding military departments may cause to be organized within their commands battalions of sharpshooters, as provided in this act, in such numbers as they may deem necessary, not exceeding one such battalion for each brigade, and will report to the Department the organization of such corps, recommending for appointment the commissioned officers allowed by law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nIII. In organizing such battalions generals commanding may cause such details or transfers to be made as will not reduce any company or corps below the minimum number required by law, taking the men for each such battalion so far as possible from the particular brigade of which it is to form a part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nIV. Requisitions will be made upon the Ordnance Department for the arms for such battalions, and until the said requisitions can be filled the generals commanding may cause such exchanges and transfers of long-range muskets and rifles to be made as may be necessary to arm the said battalions, returning surplus arms when such requisitions are filled to the Ordnance Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nV. (Supplementary to General Orders, No. 30, section VI.) The commissions of the staff officers of reorganized regiments and battalions of twelve-months' volunteers are not affected by such reorganization, except that of the adjutant, whose commission expires with that of the commanding officer, if the said officer be not re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nPar XI-Each brigade commander will at once organize a company of selected sharpshooters to be attached to each battery and carefully drilled as skirmishers and armed with long range rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nPar VII-Williamson's Battalion is broken up-those companies designated by brigade commander are assigned to 3rd Arkansas Cavalry, one company to McCray's Battalion, and balance to Brooks' battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nCapt. Catterson's company of Arkansas cavalry transferred from Whitfield's Texas Legion to Brooks Battalion of Arkansas Cavalry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nAs it is at present impracticable to organize a battalion of sharpshooters for each brigade as contemplated in general order #34 from the War Dept., each division commander will designate one regiment from each brigade to act as sharpshooters. They will be particularly instructed and armed with long range arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nGeneral Van Dorn dismounted much of his Cavalry. Brook's 1st Battalion of Arkansas Cavalry, Company I, 6th Texas Cavalry, Company H, 9th Texas Cavalry and Company B, 27th Texas Cavalry were among those dismounted. These companies were the basis for a future Sharpshooter Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nThe designation, Sharpshooter Battalion, was a surprise, as was the addition of another company transferred in from Whitfield's Regiment, Texas Cavalry on June 4, 1862. This company was Murphy's or Catterson's Company B, Arkansas Cavalry. It was soon designated Company H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nGeneral Van Dorn of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States of America, issued Special Order # 114, June 15, 1862. It read, \"As it is at present impracticable to organize a battalion of sharpshooters for each brigade as contemplated in General Order # 34 from the War Department - each division commander will designate one regiment from each brigade to act as sharpshooters. They will be particularly instructed \u2026 and carry long range arms.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nGeneral Maury's Division sent out Special Order #59 dated August 1, 1862, stating, \"Paragraph II, Major Bridges Battalion of Sharpshooters will at once be consolidated with Lieutenant Colonel Stirman's Battalion of Arkansas Cavalry (dismounted) and the whole to be under the command of Lt Col Stirman as the regiment of Sharpshooters of Phifer's Brigade.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nCaptain Bridges was the commander of Company I, 6th Texas Cavalry, from his election in September, 1861, until June, 1862. In June the company was detached, and Bridges was promoted to Major in command of a sharpshooter battalion. Company H, 9th Texas Cavalry, was a second company attached to his command and Company B, Whitfield's Legion went straight to Stirman's Battalion on 4 June 1862. On August 1, 1862, Bridges was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of Sharpshooters. At the same time his companies became part of Colonel Erasmus J. Stirman's Regiment of Sharpshooters for Colonel Charles W. Phifer's Brigade. Bridges became the Deputy Commander. At this time Col. Ras Stirman commanded a ten company regiment all dressed in grey as he described it in a letter to his sister, Rebecca, in camp, August 10, 1862, near Tupelo, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nThe battalions were encamped at Camp Maury in May\u2013July 1862. After that, they were probably at Camp Armstrong though this is not documented at this time. In September, they were at Camp Rodgers, Mississippi, near Tupelo, Mississippi and camp Baldwin, Mississippi, on 24 September probably near Holly Springs. The men trained as sharpshooters, skirmishers, and as infantry as they moved closer to Corinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nEarly in September, Colonel Stirman led his regiment sharpshooters on a 60-mile circuitous route from Saltillo toward Iuka, Mississippi. They advanced with each company having a turn in front as skirmishers. At Iuka, they took up positions near the town, ready to fight. Captain James Bates of Company K (H/9th) says in his diary they could see the battle, which would have placed them on the northwest side of Iuka. Leading General Price's Army, the 3rd Texas Cavalry and 1st Texas Legion ran into a full Union division northwest of Iuka. After fighting all day, General Price was ready to continue, but General Van Dorn directed that they break off the battle and join his force on the way to Corinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nTwo weeks later the sharpshooters were probably spread as skirmishers across the front of Phifer's Brigade when the Battle of Corinth began on October 3, 1863. They steadily pushed the Union forces back, and at dark were only 300 yards from the main lines. During the fight, they lost Lieutenant Colonel Bridges who received a severe wound to his right arm. He had to be helped from the field and sent to the hospital in Quitman. The regiment slept on their weapons ready to fight. If they had anything they ate, water was in short supply and ammunition was scrounged from those that had fallen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nThe sharpshooters were reformed into a line infantry regiment on the left flank of Phifer's Brigade for the last day of battle, October 4. The attack kicked off at 10:30 A.M., and the regiment quickly captured the four gun 10th Ohio Artillery Battery to its front. A seam existed between the 50th Illinois Brigade of DuBois' Division and the 39th Ohio Brigade of Fuller's Division of Union forces. The regiment, receiving fire from three directions, drove toward the center of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nTheir losses mounted, but the regiment gained the Tishomingo Hotel with Ras Stirman planting the regimental flag in front of the hotel. They had pushed General Rosecrans from his headquarters. Then came Union rallies, and the regiment weak from losses, low on ammunition and water, began to retreat. Ras Stirman and Major White were the last two to leave the hotel, located about a hundred yards behind Battery Robinett. The remnants of the regiment made it to the Confederate lines at dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nThe following morning Stirman's Sharpshooters were third in the line of march of the Confederate Army in retreat. They made the Hatchie Bridge at Davis' farm, Tennessee, when cannon fire opened from their front and flank. Ahead, the First Texas Legion and Moore's Brigade with Adam's skirmishers and Dawson's St Louis Battery of 4 guns, were being mauled by the Union blocking force. Many were captured or killed. The rest chose to scatter and swim the river or drown trying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nMajor Hawkins of the 1st Legion, was able to lead a small detachment back, but most of the Legion were captured or killed. The sharpshooters ran the gauntlet of the bridge and took up positions on the bluff above the river. The 6th Texas and Colonel Ross fought a delaying action allowing the remaining pieces of Moore's Brigade to re-cross as did Hawkins' troops. Most of a brigade and the Legion had been killed or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nNow it was the Confederate turn. The sharpshooters, well positioned, were pouring fire into the attacking Union regiment that had crossed the bridge. Two more regiments crossed, but had no place to maneuver. If they moved, they were fired upon. Cabel's Brigade came on line with artillery. This, added to the 6th Texas and the soldiers of Moore and Hawkins troops and the one cannon that Dawson was able to bring back, was enough to halt the Union force and to allow Van Dorn's Army to find a new crossing and escape back into Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nFor some reason, the highly successful Stirman Sharpshooter Regiment was broken up. The two Texas companies returned to their home regiments. Soldiers were returning from parole, wounded were healing, and the return of horses from Texas, they were soon able to go on the Holly Springs Raid and make the move into Tennessee in 1863 as part of the Texas Brigade and Van Dorn's Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nStirman's Battalion was at Camp Donaldson, Mississippi, in January as dismounted cavalry. Company B, 27th Texas Cavalry, never returned to the Legion. It was originally an Arkansas company, so it stayed with Stirman's Battalion as Company H. The Legion never replaced the company and went the rest of the war without a Company B. Stirman's Battalion records at the National Archives are not complete for the period May through December 1862. Many of the records for Companies A through G are lost from muster to January 1863. Thus their efforts at Corinth and Hatchie Bridge go unremembered. Their dead and wounded lost in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nCompany I, 6th Texas Cavalry, continued to fight till January, 1865, when it was combined with Company K. Its officers resigned or transferred. Of its 102 men, six were killed in battle, twenty were wounded, five died of wounds, and twelve were made prisoners. Four deserted, twenty were discharged or dropped, and at parole in Jackson, Mississippi, 15 May 1865, thirteen were present and thirty-three were on leave or had deserted after returning from the Tennessee Campaign. Two were missing, and three had transferred to other units. Illness had caused eighteen deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nCompany H, 9th Texas, had a large desertion in August\u2013September, 1863, when it lost thirty-seven men. Only three returned. The remainder of its company was placed in support of the regimental headquarters. Four had died in battle, and three had died of wounds. One had transferred, and six had no records after 1862. Additionally, fifteen had been discharged or dropped, and eleven died of illness. Ten men were paroled at Jackson, Mississippi, and three from northern prisons. Of 106 men, nineteen had deserted or were on leave in 1865 when no record was kept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nStirman's Battalion, 1st Battalion Arkansas Cavalry (dismounted), continued to on fight as infantry and sharpshooters with distinguished service at Vicksburg. The battalion designated Bridge's Arkansas Cavalry and listed in the Vicksburg Order of Battle was not the original Bridge's Battalion and was likely not under Pemberton's command, but instead, the ad hoc unit probably authorized by Stephen D. Lee. This was Henry W. Bridges, of the 6th Texas Cavalry, but without his Texas Cavalry companies, I/6th; H/9th. They were not in the Vicksburg siege area, and the companies may not have been from Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nOn June 11, 1862, Major General Earl Van Dorn, commanding the Confederate Army of the West at Priceville, Mississippi, issued General Orders, No. 39, calling for the organization of a battalion of sharpshooters in each brigade of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nThese Battalions will be made up of chosen men, all of whom must be able-bodied, active and good rifle shots and of tried courage ... All of the officers of the Battalion will be carefully selected and thoroughly examined before being recommended to the President for promotion or appointment to the Battalion. It is desired to bring the effective strength of each Battalion up to seven hundred and fifty (750) rank and file, if possible, and no pains will be spared to make the Battalions the elite of the Army of the West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nAn opportunity is therefore now afforded to young men of spirit to enroll themselves in a corps which is unquestionably to become the most distinguished in our Army. It is hoped and expected that no man will offer or be accepted into this select corps who is not resolved to lead in every daring enterprise which may be undertaken. Brigade Commanders will commence enrolling the Sharpshooters at once. Every proper means will be taken to fill up the Battalions as soon as possible. The men and officers of each company will be from the same State. The Brigade ordnance officers will see that the Sharpshooters are equipped with long range guns, and if possible that the guns of each company are of uniform calibre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nA sharpshooter battalion was not an organization of \"snipers\", as the word \"sharpshooter\" now implies. These organizations were skirmishers, scouts who operated in open, or \"skirmish\" order in front of the brigade or division line of battle to search out and find the enemy force, test its strength, and maintain contact so as to prevent surprise and guide the main battle line to the key spot on the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nGeneral Earl Van Dorn seemed to be intent on forming sharpshooter battalions for the brigades of the Army of the West during this time period. Van Dorn issued special order #114 of June 15, 1862, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nAs it is at present impracticable to organize a battalion of sharpshooters for each brigade as contemplated in Gen Order #34 from the War Dept.-each division commander will designate one regiment from each brigade to act as sharpshooters. They will be particularly instructed...and carry long range arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nSpecial Order of Maury's Division dated 1 August 1862: \"Par II Major Bridges battalion of sharpshooters will at once be consolidated with LtCol Stirman's battalion of Arkansas Cavalry [dismounted] and the whole to be under the command of LtCol Stirman as the regiment of sharpshooters for Phifer's brigade.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\n1st (Stirman's) Battalion Sharpshooters, formerly Brooks' 1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion, was organized during the summer of 1862. In July Company H (Murphy's Company B) was added from Whitfield's Texas Cavalry Regiment. This Arkansas Company had been attached to the Texas unit by General McCulloch. Stirman's Battalion was assigned to Phiffer's Brigade for the Corinth Campaign. On August 1, 1862, Bridges' Battalion of Texas Sharpshooters was attached to Stirman's Battalion to make a 10 company Sharpshooter regiment. The unit was commanded by Colonel Ras.Stirman, Major Lafayette Boone and Lieutenant Colonel Henry W. Bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nThe Sharpshooter Regiment was created by combination of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nThe Sharpshooter Regiment trained through the Battle of Iuka without entering that battle. On October 3, 1862, the regiment was on the left flank of Phiffer's Brigade for the Battle of Corinth. Trained as skirmishers and sharpshooters, they would normally have spread out across the regimental front and preceded the regiment into battle. It is not known how they fought on the 3rd but Lt Col Henry Bridges was wounded in the arm and had to be helped from the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nOn the 4th they were aligned as an Infantry Regiment on the left flank, and fought into the heart of Corinth. Peter Cozzens in his book on the Battle of Corinth, stated that Colonel Stirman planted the regimental flag in front of the Tishomingo Hotel which was past General Rosecran's headquarters. If this happened Stirman's unit had almost won the battle. Lack of ammunition and men soon caused Stirman to retreat. The next day, the regiment was the 4th unit to cross the Hatchie Bridge in Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0042-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nSuddenly a Union blocking force opened up and cannon and rifle fire covered the area. The regiment reversed and raced across the bridge to assume firing positions. Along with the 6th Texas Cavalry Regiment (dismounted) they formed the base for a Confederate blocking force. Several units of Van Dorn's command had been lost, and many of Stirman's men had been killed or captured, but the regiment was a great factor in saving the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nSirman's Arkansas Sharpshooters are listed as belonging to Brigadier General C.W. Phifer's Brigade of Brigadier General Dabney Maury's Division of Major General Sterling Price's Army of the West, during the Battle of Corinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nOn 20 October 1862, Major General Sterling Price, commanding the Confederate Army of the West, reported Stirman's Arkansas Sharpshooters as belonging to Brigadier General Lousi Hebert's First Brigade of Brigadier General J.S. Bowen's Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Creation of the Sharpshooters\nStirman's Arkansas Sharpshooters were transferred to Col Cavern's Second Brigade, of Brigadier General J.S. Bowen's Division of the Confederate Army of the West on 22 October 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 82], "content_span": [83, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Cavalry (dismounted)\nTwo weeks later the regiment was reduced to battalion size as the Texas units returned to their regiments. The unit was then attached to General M.E. Bgrann's command, Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, and fought at the Battle of Port Gibson and the siege of Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Cavalry (dismounted)\nThe battalion surrendered with the Army of Mississippi at Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 4, 1863. General U. S. Grant initially demanded the conditional surrender of the Vicksburg garrison, but faced with the necessity of feeding 30,000 starving Confederates and having the idea that these soldiers might do more harm to the Confederate cause by being released to return home rather than being exchanged as whole units, he relented and allowed for the immediate parole of the unit. According to the Confederate War Department, Union leader encouraged the surrendered confederates to simply return home, rather than being officially paroled and exchanged. The able bodied Confederate soldiers who were released on parole walked out of Vicksburg (they were not allowed to proceed in any military formations) on July 11, 1863. Paroling of these able bodied men was completed in their respective regimental camps inside Vicksburg prior to July 11", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 1024]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Cavalry (dismounted)\nConfederate commanders designated Enterprise, Mississippi, as the rendezvous point (parole camp) for the Vicksburg parolees to report to after they got clear of the last Federal control point at Big Black Bridge. Most of the Arkansas units appeared to have bypassed the established parole camps, and possibly with the support or at least by the compliancy of their Union captors, simply crossed the river and returned home. Because so many of the Vicksburg parolees, especially from Arkansas, simply went home, Major General Pemberton requested Confederate President Davis to grant the men a thirty- to sixty-day furlough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0048-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Cavalry (dismounted)\nThe furloughs were not strictly adhered to so long as the soldier eventually showed up at a parole camp to be declared exchanged and returned to duty. Those who went directly home were treated as if they had been home on furlough if they eventually reported into one of these two parole centers. The exchange declaration reports issued by Colonel Robert Ould in Richmond for various units in the Vicksburg and Port Hudson surrenders began in September 1863 based upon men who actually reported into one of the two parole camps. Pemberton eventually coordinated with the Confederate War Department and Confederate General Kirby Smith, commanding the Department of the Trans-Mississippi to have the Arkansas Vicksburg parolee's rendezvous point established at Camden, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 83], "content_span": [84, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nAfter being exchanged, the unit returned to Arkansas and became Stirman's Arkansas Cavalry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nAfter re-organizing in Arkansas the unit was assigned to Fagan's Cavalry Division during the Camden Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nImmediately following the Camden Expedition, the unit was reported near Fayetteville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nThe unit participated in Price's Missouri Raid in the fall of 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nGeneral E. Kirby Smith, C. S. Army, commanding the Army of the Trans-Mississippi Department, lists the unit on December 31, 1864, as belonging to the Second Arkansas Cavalry Brigade of Brigadier General Fagan's First Arkansas Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nOn 31 December 1864, General Kirby Smith listed the unit as belonging to Colonel Slemmons Brigade of Fagan's Cavlary Division of Major General Stirling Price's Cavlary Corps. It appears that the unit was soon assigned to a Cavalry Brigade under Col Brooks. The unit operated in the Arkansas River Valley, interdicting the supply route between Little Rock and Fort Smith during the winter of 1864 to 1865. The unit participated in Confederate Attacks on the Union garrison at Dardanelle Arkansas on January 14 and 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nNo . 3. Order of Major General John B. Magruder, C. S. Army, commanding District of Arkansas, of operations January 14\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nGENERAL ORDERS, HEADQUARTER DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS, No. 18 Washington, January 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nThe major-general commanding takes pleasure in announcing to the army that Colonel Brooks, commanding Brooks' brigade, composed of Brooks' men proper, Newton's regiment, and Stirman's battalion, after a long and difficult march to the Arkansas River, attacked a heavier force of the enemy near Dardanelle, drove him into his works, killing 8, wounding 19, and capturing 2; loss on our side, 1 killed and 15 wounded. Colonel Brooks, hearing of the approach of streamers from above, by a forced march, with 400 men, reached the proper point at sunrise on the 16th instant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0057-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nHaving placed a piece of artillery and his men in ambush, at 1 o'clock on the 17th, he permitted the leading boat to come well in range, when he opened upon her with his infantry and this piece. She was raked from stem to stern and soon surrendered. She proved to be the New Chippewa. The prisoners consist of 1 officer and 29 men of the Fiftieth Indiana and 40 negroes; also the captain, crew, and a large number of refugee families from Fort Smith. After removing everything valuable the boat was fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0057-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nThe steamer Annie Jacobs next hove in sight. She was immediately attacked, and the fire was returned by the troops on board. She attempted to destroy our artillerists; our artillery, however, soon disabled her, and she grounded upon an island. Here many men [were] drowned in attempting to make their escape to the opposite bank. During the engagement with the Jacobs the Lotus came down. The troops on board were driven into the water and she to the north bank of the river, where most of them escaped, the iron axle of one piece of artillery having broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0057-0003", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nFinding the boats too distant for an effective fire of musketry, Colonel Brooks returned to his camps, taking with him 82 prisoners and the refugee families captured. Federal casualties, 27 killed and wounded, besides those who were drowned; our own loss, 1 killed and 15 wounded. A large quantity of the enemy's store were Colonels Newton and Stirman and Lieutenant Lockhart are spoken of in high terms by Colonel Brooks in his report of their operations... The commanding general takes great pleasure in returning his thanks to both officers and men of the several commands for their gallant conduct on this occasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Service, Return to Arkansas\nBy command of Major General J. B. Magruder: EDMUND P. TURNER,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Surrender\nThe remnants of the battalion were officially surrendered with the Department of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158576-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Battalion (Stirman's), Surrender\nStirman and his battalion were camped at or near Arkadelphia when the war ended. They went to Fort Smith, where they turned over their arms to the Federal garrison there. This information is credited to a letter from Marshall Henry to his brother at Fayetteville. \"We marched finely to Fort Smith. The feds seemed glad to see us.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's)\nThe 1st (Dobbin's) Regiment Arkansas Cavalry (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army cavalry regiment during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Organization\nThe nucleus of what became Dobbins' regiment was Maj. Francis Marion Chrisman's battalion of four companies, organized on September 28, 1862. Chrisman's battalion was assigned to Parson's Cavalry Brigade, 1st Corps, Trans-Mississippi Department, from September to December 1862; after which it was reported as an unattached command in the District of Arkansas until about January 1863, when it was increased to a regiment and designated as the 1st (Dobbins') Regiment Arkansas Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Organization\nThe additional companies which were joined with Chrisman's four companies were five \"partisan ranger\" companies and one \"spy\" company. \"Corley's Spies\" (which became Company A, Capt. Samuel Corley commanding) was not a group of secret agents; rather, they were expert scouts who knew the bayous, forests, roads and trails of eastern Arkansas like the back of their hands. They were skilled at moving around undetected by the Yankees. I once found some correspondence regarding the resignation of Corley's first lieutenant, which revealed that \"Corley's Spies\" had served briefly in the Indian Territory in Albert Pike's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Organization\nWhen the regiment was organized, Captain Corley was promoted to major. Samuel Corley was one of those larger-than-life characters whose daring exploits would make a great book and movie. He was a preacher who talked about Christian love and forgiveness on Sunday, and fought Yankees like the devil during the week. He was killed in action at Fourche Bayou (Battle of Little Rock) on September 10, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Organization\nThe component companies (and original captains) of Dobbins' regiment were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Organization\nCompany F was consolidated with Company A on January 3, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Organization\nCompaniess D & H were consolidated with Company E on January 3, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Organization\nThe unit is difficult to research because not only was it a loosely organized regiment, but most of the typical paperwork generated by a regiment in the field is missing from the record. Only a handful of muster rolls, and almost no quartermaster or commissary reports, are known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Battles\nWhen organized, Dobbins' regiment was listed as an unattached command in the District of Arkansas until May 1863. From June through September 1863 it was assigned to the Arkansas Cavalry Brigade of General Walker's Division, and in November 1863 listed as Dobbins' Cavalry Brigade, District of Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Battles\nIts major engagements were the Battle of Helena (July 4, 1863), the Battle of Little Rock (September 10, 1863) and the Battle of Pine Bluff (October 25, 1863). But for most of its existence, Dobbins' regiment was engaged in numerous scouts, raids and skirmishes throughout eastern and northeastern Arkansas. The companies frequently operated independently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Battles\nColonel Dobbins was court-martialed and dismissed from the service on November 23, 1863. The court martial resulted from Colonel Dobbins' refusal to accept orders from General John S. Marmaduke because Marmaduke had killed Brigadier General L. M. Walker in a duel just before the Battle of Little Rock. The official records indicate that the regiment was broken up about January 3, 1864, and elements of the regiment were attached to, but not formally consolidated with, Col. Thomas J. Morgan's regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Flag\nThe flag of Dobbins' Arkansas Cavalry was captured by Indiana troops at Tulip, Arkansas in October 1863. Colonel Powell Clayton with three hundred and fifty men the 1st Indiana Cavalry and four pieces of light artillery, making a circuitous route, marching ninety miles in thirty-three hours, succeeded in surprising and completely routing Colonel Dobbins' cavalry brigade at Tulip, Arkansas, capturing one stand of colors, all his camp and garrison equipage, quartermaster and commissary stores, medical supplies, transportation, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Flag\nThe captured flag was returned to Arkansas in 1962 by the Governor of Indiana, and is currently located in the collections of the Old State House Museum in Little Rock, Arkansas. This cotton flag measures 53\" x 72\" with a dark blue field with a red \"upright\" cross. The cross is 6\" wide. There are 13 white, 5-pointed, 3\" stars on the crossbars. The leading edge has been doubled back to form a sleeve, 2\" wide when flat with pairs of ties at each end for securing the flag to its staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0010-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Flag\nTrans-Mississippi Pattern Battle Flag of Dobbins 1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment. The flag is sometimes referred to as a Polk Pattern flag after the flag used by General Leonidas Polk's Corps east of the Mississippi River, but Dobbins' unit never served in Polk's Corps and Dobbins' flag is slightly different from the Polk Pattern. The late Howard Madaus deemed Dobbins' flag a \"Trans-Mississippi pattern\" unique to that theater. One other flag of the same style exists in the Iowa collections captured at Helena in July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158577-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Dobbin's), Surrender\nAt the end of the war, most of the former companies of Dobbins' regiment were paroled (still with the designation 1st Arkansas Cavalry) at Wittsburg, Arkansas, on May 25, 1865. Two of the companies were paroled at Jacksonport on June 5, 1865. Colonel Dobbins, was paroled at Galveston, Texas, on July 13, 1865, where he signed his parole as colonel commanding 1st Brigade Arkansas Cavalry. Colonel Dobbin emigrated to Brazil after the war where died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158578-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (1862\u20131865) was a cavalry regiment from the state of Arkansas that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158578-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Union), Organization\nArkansas had seceded from the Union in May 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America, raising during the war a total of 48 infantry regiments, more than 30 cavalry regiments and another 25 cavalry battalions, and about 22 artillery batteries for the Confederate Army. Once Union forces had entered the state, however, pro-Union citizens (both black and white) volunteered for the Union Army to serve in 11 infantry regiments, 6 cavalry regiments and 2 artillery batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158578-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Union), Organization\nThe 1st Arkansas Cavalry was formed in Springfield, Missouri in July 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158578-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nIt almost immediately moved south to Arkansas to counter the Confederate guerrillas who were harassing Union sympathizers. After the Union victory at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Union forces briefly occupied parts of Northern Arkansas. When they moved their headquarters to Independence County, Arkansas, Union supporters were once again left exposed, causing many to move to Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158578-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment first saw combat in the Battle of Prairie Grove, fought on December 7, 1862. They performed very poorly. A Confederate surge sent two regiments of Missouri Union cavalry fleeing through the 1st Arkansas Cavalry. Seeing hundreds of their comrades fleeing, the Arkansas men joined in the rout. Because of its embarrassing performance, the regiment was assigned to duty in Fayetteville, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158578-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nConfederate forces under Brigadier General William Lewis Cabell attacked the city on April 18, 1863. Both armies were composed entirely of Arkansas regiments. In three hours of fighting, the Confederates failed to break the Union lines and finally retreated. This victory boosted the 1st Arkansas's morale. For the remainder of the war they would serve on duty against guerrillas or as escort for wagon supply trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158578-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe First Arkansas Union Cavalry played a unique role in Civil War history. The troops, especially the enlisted men, were not Yankees but Southern Unionists. They were primarily from Northwest Arkansas, and were assigned to occupy their home town and county for two and a half years. It was a very bitter war among neighbors fighting each other as Confederate guerrillas and as Union cavalrymen. After the war the First Arkansas commander, Colonel Marcus LaRue Harrison, stayed on in Fayetteville and became its post-war mayor for a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158578-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Union), Mustered out of service\nThe regiment was mustered out of the army in August 1865. During their service, their casualties had been comparatively light. Out of its 1,765 men, 110 had been killed, and another 235 died from disease or accidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158579-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Colored Light Artillery Battery\nThe 1st Arkansas Colored Light Artillery Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158579-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Colored Light Artillery Battery, Organization\nThe 1st Arkansas Colored Light Artillery Battery was organized at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, on June 4, 1864. Then unit was re-designated as Battery \"H\", 2nd U.S. Colored Light Artillery on December 13, 1864. Mustered out on August 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158579-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Colored Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was assigned to garrison duty at Pine Bluff, Ark. 7th Army Corps, Dept. of Arkansas, till December, 1864. The battery saw action at Prior Creek on September 18, 1864. The battery was involved in the Expedition to Mount Elba, Ark., and the skirmish at Saline River, January 22-February 4, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi)\nThe 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry (Trans-Mississippi) (1864\u20131865) was a Confederate States Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The regiment is separate from and has no connection with the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment which was formed in the Confederate Army of Tennessee in April 1865 and is also separate from the 1st Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, which became the 15th (Josey's) Arkansas Infantry Regiment and Fagan's 1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, which was formed in 1861 and served in the Army of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), Formation\nIn September 1864, the remnants of several Arkansas Infantry Regiments in the Trans-Mississippi Department were consolidated. There is some evidence that this consolidation may have occurred as a field consolidation as early as May 1864. The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi) was created by combining the following depleted regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 74], "content_span": [75, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), Formation\nColonel Jordan E. Cravens was selected to command the new consolidate regiment. All of these regiments had been captured at the either the Siege of Vicksburg or Port Hudson and exchanged back in Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 74], "content_span": [75, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), Formation\nThe consolidated regiment was assigned along with the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment and 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiments to the 2nd (McNair's) Arkansas Brigade, 1st (Churchill's) Arkansas Division, 2nd Corps, Trans-Mississippi Department,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 74], "content_span": [75, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), Service\nOn September 30, 1864 the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry was assigned to Brigadier General Evander McNair's 2nd (Arkansas) Brigade, Acting Major General Thomas J. Churchill\u2019s 1st (Arkansas) Division, Major General John B. Magruder\u2019s Second Army Corps, Army of the Trans-Mississippi and remained in that assignment through December 31, 1864. In mid October, 1864, Brigadier General McNair was the Acting Division Commander, with Division headquarters at Camden, Arkansas. On 17 November 1864, a union spy reported that the McNair's Brigade and Churhill's Division was in the vicinity of Camden, in Ouachita County, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), Service\nOn 31 December 1864, General Kirby Smith's report on the organization of his forces lists the regiment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William W. Reynolds as  still belonging to Brigadier General Evander McNair's, 2nd Brigade of Acting Major General Thomas J. Churchill's 1st Arkansas Infantry Division of Major General John B. Magruder's 2nd Army Corps, Confederate Army of the Trans-Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), Service\nOn 22 January 1865, Major General Churchill was ordered to move his division to Minden, Louisiana, and occupy winter quarters. On 23 January 1865, Major General Churchill sent a dispatch to Colonel Hawthorn at Dooley's Ferry and directed his movement to Minden, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), Service\nUnion commanders in the Department of the Gulf reported on March 20, 1865 that General McNair's brigade was composed of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Consolidated Regiments, Commanded by Colonels Cravens, Ried, and Williams respectively and that the regiments were made up of paroled prisoners from Vicksburg and Port Hudson. The report provided their location as Minden, Louisiana, with the rest of Churchill's Division. In early April 1865, the division concentrated near Shreaveport Louisiana, and then moved to Marshall, Texas by mid April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), Service\nThis regiment surrendered with the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, General E. Kirby Smith commanding, May 26, 1865. When the Trans-Mississippi Department surrendered, all of the Arkansas infantry regiments were encamped in and around Marshall, Texas (war-ravaged Arkansas no longer able to subsist the army). The regiments were ordered to report to Shreveport, Louisiana, to be paroled. None of them did so. Some soldiers went to Shreveport on their own to be paroled, but the regiments simply disbanded without formally surrendering. A company or two managed to keep together until they got home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158580-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi), Service\nFor example, Company G, 35th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, traveled back to Van Buren, Arkansas where they surrendered to the U.S. post commander in a formal ceremony, drawn up in front of the court-house, laying down their weapons, etc. But for the most part, the men simply went home. Many of the Arkansas Cavalry  units, which had largely been furloughed for the winter of 1864-1865 following Price's disastrous Missouri Expedition did formally surrender at Jacksonport, Wittsburg, and a few other locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery\nThe 1st Arkansas Field Battery (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army artillery battery during the American Civil War. Also known as: the \"John D. Adams Artillery,\" or usually just \"Adams Artillery\"; Gaines' Battery; McNally's Battery. The battery made the crossing of the Mississippi River in April 1862 with Major General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West. After being surrendered at the conclusion of the Vicksburg Campaign, the battery was reorganized in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi and served there for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Organization\nThe battery was organized as the \"John D. Adams Artillery,\" and mustered into state service in April, 1861. It was later re-enlisted for Confederate service, effective December 1, 1861. The unit was named in honor of an Arkansas Veteran of the Mexican\u2013American War. John D. Adams had served as a private in Colonel Yell's 1st Regiment of Arkansas Mounted Gunmen and suffered a wound at the Battle of Buena Vista. Following the war he became a successful merchant, planter and steamboat operation in Little Rock. John D. Adams did not serve with the battery that bore his name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Organization\nHe did later obtain a commission as a Major in the Quartermaster Department under General Thomas C. Hindman. The battery officers were: Captain James J. Gaines; Captain Francis McNally; Lieutenant Frank A. Moore; Lieutenant David W. Hudgens, Second Lieutenant John P. Murphy. Unfortunately, there are no known surviving muster rolls of the Adams Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nAssigned to support Louis H\u00e9bert's brigade of Benjamin McCulloch's division in northwest Arkansas in December, 1861, the unit was stationed at the Leetown portion of the Battle of Pea Ridge on March 7\u20138, 1862. The battery was armed with two 12-pounder rifled guns and two M1841 12-pounder howitzers. The battery participated in the retreat to camp near Van Buren, Arkansas after Pea Ridge, and then moved with the Army of the West to Corinth, Mississippi in April, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nThe battery reorganized at Corinth on May 16, 1862, as a result of the Confederate Conscription Act, and assigned to support of John Selden Roane's (later Charles W. Phifer's) brigade of Dabney H. Maury's division, Army of the West, serving in northeast Mississippi. Capt . Francis M. McNally assumed command, and it was thereafter known as McNally's Arkansas Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nThe battery fought at the Second Battle of Corinth on October 3\u20134, 1862, and at the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge on October 7. The unit served as an unattached battery of Maury's (later John Horace Forney's) division in north central Mississippi from November, 1862, to April 1863, fighting in an engagement at Oakland, Mississippi, on December 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nThe battery, commanded by Capt. Francis McNally, was assigned to support of Brig. Gen. Francis A. Shoup\u2019s Brigade, of Maj. Gen. Martin Luther Smith\u2019s Division, Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton\u2019s Army of Vicksburg, where it served during the Vicksburg campaign and in the defenses of Vicksburg during the siege. The battery's position with in the Vicksburg National military Park is marked by an iron tablet located on Confederate Avenue north of the Stockade Redan (Tour Stop #10). The battery was surrendered with the Vicksburg garrison on July 4, 1863, and was paroled there later the same month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nWhen the battery was captured at Vicksburg, a section of two 3-inch brass rifle guns under First Lieut. Frank A. Moore, numbering about twenty-five officers and men, was on detached service outside the Vicksburg lines and thus escaped capture. This surviving section was attached to Brig. Gen. Matthew D. Ector's Brigade, of Maj. Gen. William H.T. Walker's Division, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Relief, Department of the West. When McNally's Battery was subsequently reformed back in Arkansas, Moore's section was stranded east of the Mississippi. It was subsequently attached to King's 2nd Missouri Battery and served east of the Mississippi to the end of the war. This section served with Cosby's brigade, Jackson's division, Lee's cavalry corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nGeneral Ulysses S. Grant initially demanded the conditional surrender of the Vicksburg garrison, but faced with the necessity of feeding 30,000 starving Confederates and having the idea that these soldiers might do more harm to the Confederate cause by being released to return home rather than being exchanged as whole units, he relented and allowed for the immediate parole of the unit. According to the Confederate War Department, the Union leader encouraged the surrendered Confederates to simply return home, rather than being officially paroled and exchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nThe able bodied Confederate soldiers who were released on parole walked out of Vicksburg (they were not allowed to proceed in any military formations) on July 11, 1863. Paroling of these able bodied men was completed in their respective camps inside Vicksburg prior to July 11. Those who were wounded or sick in the various hospitals in Vicksburg were paroled, and were released, as soon as they could leave on their own. July 15/16 is the most common date of these Vicksburg hospital paroles. Some of the most seriously wounded and sick were sent by steamship down the Mississippi River and over to Mobile, Alabama, where they were delivered on parole to Confederate authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nConfederate commanders designated Enterprise, Mississippi as the rendezvous point (parole camp) for the Vicksburg parolees to report to after they got clear of the last Federal control point at Big Black Bridge. Most of the Arkansas units, including many survivors of McNally's Battery, appear to have bypassed the established parole camps, and possibly with the support, or at least by the compliancy, of their Union captors, simply crossed the river and returned home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nBecause so many of the Vicksburg parolees, especially from Arkansas, simply went home, Major General Pemberton requested Confederate President Davis grant the men a thirty- to sixty-day furlough. The furloughs were not strictly adhered to so long as the soldier eventually showed up at a parole camp to be declared exchanged and returned to duty. Those who went directly home were treated as if they had been home on furlough if they eventually reported into one of these two parole centers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nThe exchange declaration reports issued by Colonel Robert Ould in Richmond for various units in the Vicksburg and Port Hudson surrenders began in September 1863 based upon men who actually reported to one of the two parole camps. Pemberton eventually coordinated with the Confederate War Department and Confederate General Kirby Smith, commanding the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, to have the Arkansas Vicksburg parolee's rendezvous point established at Camden, Arkansas. The battery was reorganized in Arkansas using four 6-pounder smoothbores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nIn General E. Kirby Smith's  September 30, 1864, report on the Organization of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi Department, McNally's Battery is listed as belonging to the 5th Mounted Artillery Battalion along with West's and Marshall's Arkansas Batteries. The battery supported Churchill's First Arkansas Division, and served with this division until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nOn November 19, 1864, General E. Kirby Smith, commanding the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, issued Special Orders No. 290, re-organizing the artillery of the department and for the first time providing numerical designations to the batteries and battalions. In this reorganization, the Adams Artillery, armed with 4 guns, and commanded by Capt. Francis M. McNally was redesignated as the 1st Arkansas Field Battery and assigned to the 5th Artillery Battalion, commanded by Maj. William Durbin Blocher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nOn December 31, 1864, General E. Kirby Smith listed the battery as belonging to Blocher's Artillery Battalion of Acting Major General Churchill's First Infantry Division of Major General John B. Magruder's Second Army Corps, Army of the Trans-Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nOne of the last reports of the unit comes from the report of Union Scout C. S. Bell, who was attempting to pass through southern Arkansas when he was recognized and imprisoned. He won release, only to be conscripted into Confederate Service and assigned to McNally's Battery. Bell was sent, in leg irons, to join McNally's Battery on April 19, 1865, at Rocky Mountain, La., 30\u00a0mi (48\u00a0km) northeast of Shreveport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Service\nA few days after reaching is new command, he witnessed the reading of an order from General Kirby Smith dated the 23 April 1865 in which Smith recounted the disasters to Lee's army and bade his army to be hopeful; to not abandon their colors; that the eyes of the world were upon them; that their resources were inexhaustible, and that on them depended the fate of the Confederacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Surrender\nWhen the Trans-Mississippi Army surrendered in May 1865, McNally's Battery, along with most other units, simply disbanded and never formally surrendered. The battery was officially surrendered by General E. Kirby Smith with the Trans-Mississippi Department on May 26, 1865. The date of the military convention between Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith and Union General Edward Canby for the surrender of the troops and public property in the Trans-Mississippi Department was May 26, 1865, however, it took a while for parole commissioners to be appointed and for public property to be accounted for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158581-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Field Battery, Surrender\nAs a result, a final report of field artillery which was part of the accounting process, was not completed until June 1, 1865. The final report lists McNally's Battery with four, six pounder smooth bore cannon being turned in at Shreveport, Louisiana. Captain McNally was paroled at Shreveport, Louisiana, on June 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158582-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Battalion (Union)\nThe 1st Battalion Arkansas Volunteer Infantry (1862) was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although Arkansas joined the Confederate States of America in 1861, not all of its citizens supported secession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158582-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Battalion (Union), Organization\nThe unit underwent organization at Helena, Arkansas on July 21, 1862 and was mustered out on December 31 of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158582-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Battalion (Union), Service\nAttached to District of Eastern Arkansas and duty at Helena, Ark., till October. Moved to St. Louis, Mo., and duty at Benton Barracks, Mo., till December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Arkansas Infantry (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The regiment was raised in April 1861 by Colonel Thompson B. Flournoy. It moved first to Virginia, but transferred back to Tennessee and served the rest of the war in the western theater, seeing action in the Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia campaigns. Following its depletion in numbers, the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments, finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment. There were three regiments known as \"1st Arkansas\" during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe second unit with the designation of \"1st Arkansas\" was the 1st Infantry, Arkansas State Troops, which was mustered into Confederate service at Pitman's Ferry, Arkansas, on 23 July 1861, under the command of Colonel Patrick Cleburne; this unit was eventually redesignated as the 15th Arkansas Volunteer Infantry. The third unit bearing the title \"1st Arkansas\" was the 1st Arkansas Volunteer Infantry, which served with the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe 1st Arkansas regiment began its organization in April 1861, before Arkansas had even seceded from the Union. The first Arkansas Secession Convention had convened in March and voted against secession. On 12 April, Confederate forces under General P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter, forcing its capitulation. President Abraham Lincoln called upon the \"militia of the several states\" to provide 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion. Governor Henry Rector famously refused Lincoln's request for troops. Upon learning of Rector's refusal, Confederate Secretary of War, L.P. Walker, immediately wrote to Governor Rector on behalf of the Confederate Government at Montgomery and requested that the state provide a regiment for the Confederacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nGov. HENRY M. RECTOR,Little Rock, Ark. :SIR:Your patriotic response to the requisition of the President of the United States for troops to coerce the Confederate States justifies the belief that your people are prepared to unite with us in repelling the common enemy of the South. Virginia needs our aid. I there- fore request you to furnish one regiment of infantry without delay, to rendezvous at Lynchburg, Va. It must consist of ten companies, of not less than sixty-four men each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment will be entitled to one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, one major, one adjutant from the line of lieutenants, one~ sergeant-major from the enlisted men. Each company is entitled to one captain, one first lieutenant, two second lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals, and two musicians. The officers, except the staff officers, are to be appointed in the manner prescribed by the law of your State. Staff officers are appointed by the President; the term of service not less than twelve months, unless sooner discharged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThey will be mustered into the service at Lynch- burg, but transportation and subsistence will be provided from the point of departure. They will furnish their own uniform, but will receive its value in commutation. You have arms and ammunition with which to supply them. Answer and say whether you will comply with this request, and, if so, when.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nGovernor Rector initially responded that he had no power to comply with the Confederate request but he expected the state to secede when the secession convention reconvened on 6 May. He stated that after secession the state could and would aid the Confederacy. Governor Rector sent another dispatch requesting to know if the Confederacy would accept a regiment raised by T. B. Flournoy, as Colonel, John B. Thompson as Lieutenant Colonel, and W.N. Brougnah and James. B. Johnson. Further, Governor Rector agreed to arm and equip the regiment when it rendezvoused at Little Rock Arsenal. Thompson B. Flournoy was a planter from Laconia, in Desha County, and had supported the Douglas and Johnson ticket in the election of 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nColonel Flournoy began by organizing the first companies which arrived in Little Rock seeking service in the Confederate forces. Many of these initial companies had originally been organized as volunteer companies under the Arkansas Militia law which authorized each county to form, in addition to the standard militia regiment, up to four volunteer companies, one each of Rifles, Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry. Units such as the DeWitt Guards from Arkansas County and the Jackson Guards from Jackson County had organized months earlier in the state militia as sectional frictions increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nAt the actual organization of the regiment at Little Rock on 6 May 1861, Flournoy was defeated for the colonelcy, and Captain James F. Fagan, of Saline County, was elected colonel; Capt. James C. Monroe, of Clark County, was elected lieutenant-colonel, and John Baker Thompson, major. Prof. Frank Bronaugh, of the military department of St. John's College, Little Rock, was chosen adjutant. Flournoy accepted the outcome with good grace; he was afterward promoted to brigadier-general in the Confederate service. The unit was composed of companies from the following Arkansas counties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment was sent to Lynchburg, Virginia, for training the same month it was accepted into the Confederate ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe regiment attracted attention on the road from Arkansas to Virginia, as folks along the way learned that it contained the offspring of two famous Tennessee families. Capt . Robert Patton Crockett a son of Davy Crockett & second wife Elizabeth Patton, and Capt. Donelson McGregor, who was reared near the Hermitage, and was grand-nephew of the President Andrew Jackson. The regiment was stationed at Aquia Creek, near Fredericksburg, Virginia, in the brigade of Gen. T. H. Holmes. The regiment was mustered into Confederate service on 19 May 1861, at Lynchburg, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nIt was then stationed at Evansport, where the men of the regiment, under Capt. Will H. Martin, made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Federal gunboat Pocahontas, on the Potomac. In July 1861, Holme's Brigade served as the reserve for Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard's Confederate Army of the Potomac during the battle of First Manassas, but the 1st Arkansas never became engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nIn February 1862 they were transferred and attached to the Army of Mississippi under the command of General P.G.T. Beauregard, and fought at the Battle of Shiloh. The 1st Arkansas was attached to Colonel Randall L. Gibson's 1st Brigade of Brigadier General Daniel Ruggles' 1st Division of Major General Braxton Bragg's II Army Corps. It was at Shiloh that they became best known, mainly due to the heavy casualties they sustained. Entering the battle with a force of just over 800, they took 364 casualties, 45 percent of their force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nFollowing that battle, they were reorganized and received replacements, then were assigned to Army of Mississippi for the upcoming Kentucky Campaign, the 1st Arkansas was assigned to Colonel Samuel Powel's 3rd Brigade of Brigadier General James Patton Anderson's 2nd Division of Major General William Joseph Hardee's Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nAfter the battle of Perryville, the Army of Mississippi and the Army of Kentucky were reorganized and renamed as the Army of Tennessee and the 1st Arkansas was assigned to Brigadier General Lucius E. Polk's Brigade of Major General Patrick R. Cleburne's Division of Lieutenant General William Joseph Hardee's Corps with whom they would remain for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe 1st Arkansas would go on to take part in the Battle of Murfreesboro, the Battle of Chickamauga, the Battles for Chattanooga, and the Siege of Atlanta. Lieutenant Colonel Donelson McGregor and fourteen others soldiers for the Battle of Murfreesboro As of result of high casualties during the Chattanooga campaign, the 1st Arkansas was consolidated with the 15th Arkansas under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William H. Martin. This consolidation united the two units that had been designated \"1st Arkansas\" because upon its formation, the 15th Arkansas had originally been designated by the Arkansas State Military Board as the 1st Arkansas Infantry, State Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nDuring the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain on June 27, 1864, the 1st/15th Arkansas became involved in a famous humanitarian act. At one point in the battle, not far from the position known as the \"Dead Angle\", the Union frontal assault had failed leaving hundreds of dead and wounded Union soldiers between the Confederate works and the Union lines. The woods and brush between the two armies caught fire because of the gunfire and artillery. The fire began to creep toward the wounded soldiers. Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\n. Colonel William P. Martin who was commanding the 1st and 15th combined Arkansas Regiments, jumped on the earthworks and ordered his Confederate soldiers to cease firing. He then waved a white flag of truce yelling to the Union soldiers to \"come and get your wounded, they are burning to death.\" For a short time the Union and Confederate soldiers helped remove the wounded and put out the fires. The next day the Union generals presented Martin with two Colt Revolvers as a thank you for his humanitarian efforts. Later the opposing forces began to fire at each other again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe regiment and it colors were captured, along with much of Govan's Brigade at the Battle of Jonesboro, Georgia, on Sept. 1, 1864. Due to a special cartel between Union General William T. Sherman and Confederate General John B. Hood, the unit was quickly paroled and exchanged for Union prisoner held at Andersonville Prison. The regiment re-entered service approximately a month later. The 1st/15th reported 15 killed, 67 wounded, and 3 missing during the Battle of Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe regiment and the rest of Govan's Brigade were released and exchanged just in time to participate in General John B. Hood's disastrous Franklin-Nashville Campaign. Due to the losses suffered by Govan's Brigade during the Atlanta Campaign, the 1st/15th, 5th/13th and 2nd/24th Arkansas Regiments were consolidated into one regiment, which was commanded by Colonel Peter Green of the 5th/13th (specifically of the 5th). The other officers of the consolidated regiment were Major Alexander T. Meek, of the 2nd/24th Arkansas, Captain Mordecai P. Garrett and Sergeant Major Thomas Benton Moncrief of the 15th Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe consolidated regiment fought under the colors of the consolidated 5th/13th Arkansas Regiment, because this was one of the few colors not captured when Govan's Brigade was overrun at the Battle of Jonesboro. The flag of the combined 5th/13th Arkansas was issued in March 1864 and was captured by Benjamin Newman of the 88th Illinois Infantry at the battle of Franklin. The consolidated regiment numbered 300 rifles and sustained 66% casualties during the Battle of Franklin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe remnants of Govan's Brigade that survived the Tennessee Campaign remained with the Army of Tennessee through its final engagements in the 1865 Carolinas Campaign. The Confederacy had only one award for valor, the Confederate Roll of Honor. Twenty-seven soldiers of the 1st Arkansas Infantry were inscribed into the roll during the war, as the Confederacy lacked the funds to manufacture medals. The 1st Arkansas Infantry took part in the following engagements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle Flags\nThere are currently three flags associated with the 1st Arkansas known to be in existence, two 1st National Flag patterns, one issued to the Jacksonport Guards with another being made in Paraclifta, Arkansas and a Hardee Pattern Flag which was carried by the Consolidated 1st/15th Arkansas during the Atlanta Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle Flags\nOn 5 May 1861, Lieutenant Sydney S. Gause, of the local volunteer militia company, the \"Jackson County\", received a 1st National Flag Pattern flag, bearing a blue panel on the white stripe, with the words, \"LADIES OF JACKSONPORT TO THE JACKSON GUARDS\". The flag measured 59\" by 110\", with a circle of eight stars, with a ninth star in the center of the circle. The flag was utilized as the regimental colors of the 1st Arkansas while the regiment was in Virginia in the summer of 1861. It is now in the collection of the Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle Flags\nThe Hardee Pattern Flag which represented the 1st/15th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiments during the Atlanta Campaign is a cotton and wool flag with faded blue field. The central device is a white disc with black crossed cannons in the center (each 3 1/2\" wool). Designation lettering is 2\" Capitol Romans with red shadow: 1st ARK. REG'T. Honors lettering on the field above the disc is 2 1/2\" tall Capital Romans: RICHMOND, KY, TUNNELL HILL, LIBERTY GAP, RINGGOLD GAP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle Flags\nHonors lettering below the disc are gold, ornate, 4\" letters: CHICKAMAUGA, border is white with black capitol Romans: MANASSAS, EVANSPORT, SHILOH, TUSCUMBIA CREEK, PERRYVILLE, FARMINGTON, BRIDGECREEK, MURFREESBORO. All lettering is painted. Captured by the 14th Michigan Infantry at Jonesboro, Georgia, on 1 September 1864. Returned to the State of Arkansas in 1905 by the U.S. War Department. Currently in the collection of the Old State House Museum, Little Rock, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battle Flags\nThe final surviving battle flag of the First Arkansas includes one made in 1861 by the ladies of Paraclifta, Arkansas for a First Arkansas Company. The canton, stars and white stripe are made of cotton while the two red stripes are made of damask. The flag measures 46 x 69 inches. Like the previous 1st national pattern, this flag too was returned to the state by the government in 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158583-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Consolidation and surrender\nThe remnants of ten depleted Arkansas regiments, along with one mostly-Arkansas regiment, in the Army of Tennessee were consolidated into a single regiment at Smithfield, North Carolina, on 9 April 1865. The 1st Arkansas, was lumped together with the 2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 15th, 19th and 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiments and the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment as the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry on 9 April 1865. On 26 April 1865, the regiment was present with the Army of Tennessee when it surrendered in Greensboro, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Regiment Arkansas Volunteer Infantry (1863\u20131865) was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although Arkansas joined the Confederate States of America in 1861, not all of its citizens supported secession. Arkansas formed some 48 infantry regiments to serve in the Confederate Army, but also formed another 11 regiments that served in the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Organization\nBecause it was utterly impossible to form a Union unit in Arkansas in the first two years of the war, most Union supporters traveled elsewhere to join. However, by 1863 Union forces were knocking at the door of Arkansas, and many Arkansans still loyal to the Union flocked to them to join.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Organization\nAs early as the summer of 1862 bands of Union men similar to that relieved by Captain Parker had, in various portions of western Arkansas, consorted together, and, though compelled by oppression and violence to leave their homes, were accustomed to take refuge among the hills and in the woods, and no extent of persecution succeeded in driving them from the State. Commonly known as \"Mountain Feds,\" they were true to the Union under the most discouraging circumstances, and from time to time gave valuable assistance to the organized forces operating in various portions of the State. Many of them entered various Arkansas regiments, including the 1st Arkansas Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Organization\nIn November 1862, Major General Schofield, then commanding the \"Army of the Frontier,\" gave authority to Dr. James M. Johnson, of Huntsville, Madison County, Arkansas, to raise infantry troops from the State. This authority initially included only one regiment. Early in the war Dr. Johnson displayed Union sentiments, and by April 1862, he was no longer able to remain at home in safety. He left Huntsville with future Arkansas Governor Isaac Murphy and traveled to the outpost of the Army of the Southwest at Keytesville, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Organization\nHe promptly reported to General Curtis, then in command and was placed on Curtis's staff as a volunteer aid. Subsequently, he rendered services to Generals Schofield, Totten, and Herron, and accompanied the \"Army of the Frontier\", on its march into northwestern Arkansas, in October 1862, under the command of General Schofield. Returning with this army to Elkhorn Tavern, he received the authority to raise the 1st Arkansas and marched with the army in the campaign that terminated in the Battle of Prairie Grove. Following the battle, he opened a recruiting office at Fayetteville for the 1st Arkansas infantry volunteers. Recruiting proceeded and on March 25, 1863, the regiment was organized and Dr. Johnson was enlisted into the service as its colonel. The 1st Arkansas Infantry was organized at Fayetteville, Ark., and mustered in March 25, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Organization\nAt the time of the muster in this regiment, it numbered thirty-six commissioned officers and eight hundred enlisted men, recruited in the previous sixty days in Madison, Washington, Newton, Benton, Searcy, and Crawford counties. The greatest aggregate was in November 1863 totalling nine hundred and seventy-nine, (979) officers and men; the lowest strength was in March 1865, when the regiment reported only seven hundred and seventy-four, (774) present aggregate, seven hundred and eighty-eight, (788,) thirty-one (31) commissioned officers and seven hundred amid fifty-seven (757) enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Organization\nThe 1st Arkansas Infantry was attached to District Southwest Missouri, Dept. Missouri to December 1863. The 1st Arkansas was attached to 2nd Brigade, District of the Frontier, Dept. Missouri, to January 1864. The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, District of the Frontier, 7th Army Corps, Dept. of Arkansas, to March 1864. The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, District of the Frontier, 7th Army Corps, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 7th Army Corps, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment participated in the Battle of Fayetteville, under the immediate command of Lieutenant Colonel E. J. Searle and Major E. D. Ham, on April 18, 1863. The regiment marched to Springfield, Mo., April 25 \u2013 May 4, and was on duty there till July. On July 6, it was ordered to Cassville, Missouri, where it shortly afterwards arrived, and on the 17th day of August joined the Army of the Frontier, under command of Major General Blunt, Fort Gibson, Cherokee Nation, to pursue the rebels under Cooper and Stand Watie to Perryville, in the Choctaw Nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was in the skirmish at Perryville August 26 and the Battle of Devil's Backbone, Back Bone Mountain, Fort Smith, September 1. The regiment participated in the capture of Fort Smith September 1, and  was the first regiment to enter the garrison, upon entering an officer of the 1st Arkansas noted \"the regiment entered Fort Smith in advance of the Federal forces. The entire distance traveled 400 miles on scanty rations and poor water\". The regiment remained on duty there till March 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nIn September 1863 it became known at Fort Smith that several hundred union men had gathered together from the surrounding country, upon and near the Magazine mountain, they were hiding for security, and though generally having arms of their own were in much need of ammunition. To relieve them, Captain William C. Parker of the 1st Arkansas infantry was directed to proceed, with sixty men, to their location which he did accomplishing the object for which he was sent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nOn his return, while crossing Haguewood prairie, in Franklin county, Captain Parker was suddenly confronted by Confederate General Shelby's command, then moving northward on a raid into Missouri. A stubborn fight ensued, Captain Parker slowly falling back until he reached the timber, where the unequal contest was still carried on until, finding himself nearly surrounded, Captain Parker directed his men to escape as best they could. In this encounter Captain Parker lost twenty-two men killed and taken prisoners, but killing and wounding nearly the same number of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nCaptain Parker himself succeeded with the rest of his men in arriving safely at Fort Smith, when measures being taken by Colonel Johnson to advise Colonel Harrison, then commanding at Fayetteville, of Shelby's march northward, the intelligence was quickly circulated through southwestern Missouri, and Shelby's movement was in a great measure frustrated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment participated in the skirmish at Moffatt's Station, Franklin County, September 27, 1863. On October 30, 1863, while this regiment was on duty at Fort Smith, a mass meeting of Union men was held at that place, for the purpose of inaugurating measures that should lead to the restoration of civil government in the State, at which Colonel Johnson was nominated to represent the people of western Arkansas in the Congress of the United States. In November he was elected, and again in October 1865, for the third congressional district. Though thus a member-elect of the 38th and 39th Congresses, and necessarily called away from his regiment in his efforts to secure the recognition of the State government by Congress, he served with the regiment when not thus occupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nIn November 1863, while this regiment was stationed at Fort Smith, about three hundred of its men were vaccinated with spurious vaccine matter, a large number of whom were permanently disabled, and many others, whose disability unfitted them for duty, it became necessary to discharge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment participated in the skirmish at Mt. Ida November 13. The regiment participated in the scout from Waldron to Mt. Ida, Caddo Gap and Dallas December 2\u20137. Union supporters were never entirely driven from Newton county and through their resistance, which was specially organized and directed by James R. Vanderpool, of that county, captain of company C, 1st Arkansas infantry, rebel conscription therein was in a great measure defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nIn Yell county, William J. Heffington, well known in western Arkansas as \"Wild Bill,\" maintained himself with a band of these men for months, when the surrounding country was held by the enemy, and repeated efforts were made by Confederate forces to capture him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0009-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nAfterwards reporting to Colonel Johnson with a number of his men, who were organized into a company, with himself as captain, he again moved southward of the Boston mountains, and crossing the Arkansas river, was preparing to conduct other citizens to the federal lines, when he heard of the abandonment of northwestern Arkansas by the Union forces in  April 1863, and determined to remain in the State. This he did until the August 1863, when he was killed by guerillas, near the Arkansas river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0009-0003", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nCaptain Heffington had been going northward to procure relief for a large number of the Union men who banded together in the vicinity of the Magazine, Short, and Petit Jean mountains. After the death of Heffington these men still held together, and on the occupation of Fort Smith and Little Rock by the Union forces, in the September 1863 most of them enlisted in various Arkansas regiments, including 1st Arkansas infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0009-0004", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment remained at Waldron until February 1864, when it was again ordered to report at Fort Smith, to take part in the movement southward, under Brigadier General Thayer as part of General Steele's Expedition to Camden, March 23 \u2013 May 3, 1864 The regiment left Fort Smith with the Frontier division on March 24, 1864, forming part of the first brigade, under Colonel John Edwards participated in the battle of Moscow, losing three men killed and several wounded. The regiment entered Camden on 16 April 1864. The regiment participated in the Battle of Prairie D'Ane April 9\u201313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0009-0005", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment participated in the Battle of Moscow Church April 13. The regiment participated in the Siege of Camden, April 15\u201318. The Regiment was engaged in a reconnaissance of the enemy after the battle of Poisoned Springs; left Camden on 6 April, as part of the right wing of the Union army. The regiment was engaged with the enemy at the Battle of Jenkins Ferry, where it repulsed a strong flanking party with considerable loss to the enemy, and losing no men itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0009-0006", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nCaptain John Whiteford of company I in a letter to his wife reported \"We fought all day on swampy land The night before we were up all night in the rain in line of battle, and during the fight we were up to our knees in water, and when we had drove the enemy back we had to march on return four miles through mud knee deep.\" On May 1, 1864, the regiment arrived at Little Rock, and proceeded thence to Fort Smith, where it arrived on May 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158584-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment marched to Fort Smith May 1\u201316. After returning to Fort Smith the regiment was engaged in escort and guard duty on the frontier. Detachments from the regiment were frequently sent to rescue Union men, a duty which, from their familiarity with the country, they were particularly well qualified to discharge. The regiment participated in the Skirmish, Bates Township, November 2, and Newton County, November 15, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery\nThe 1st Arkansas Light Artillery, originally known as the Fort Smith Artillery (1861), was an artillery battery of the Confederate States Army that served during the American Civil War. The unit was actually a pre-war volunteer militia company which was activated as part of the Arkansas State Troops and mustered out of state service following the Battle of Wilson's Creek. The unit immediately re-organized and re-enlisted for Confederate service. The unit spent the majority of the war in the western theater, fighting as part of the Confederate Army of Tennessee. The unit is also known as Reid's Battery, Provence's Battery, Humphreys' Battery and finally Rivers' Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Organization\nCaptain John G. Reid was elected as commander of a volunteer militia company of the 51st Militia Regiment, Sebastian County, Arkansas, on September 27, 1860. The battery was originally identified simply as the \"Independent Artillery\" but was later styled the \"Fort Smith Battery\" or the \"Fort Smith Artillery\". Commissions were issued to the following officers on October 2, 1860:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Organization\nThe unit was inducted into state service for 90 days' service as part of Brigadier General Nicholas Bartlett Pearce's 1st Division (brigade), Army of Arkansas, in June 1861. The battery officers at the time of entry into state service were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Organization\nThe Fort Smith Battery was well drilled. Captain William E. Woodruff, Jr., who commanded the Pulaski Light Artillery, is said to have watched the drill of Captain Reid's Battery in order to recall the correct procedures for artillery drill. In keeping with the practice in the Confederate Army of referring to an artillery battery by the name of its current commander, the First Arkansas Light Artillery was variously known as Provence's Battery, Humphreys' Battery and Rivers' Battery. The Compiled Service Records of the men are filed under \"Rivers' Battery\" on Microfilm Roll #41.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Organization\nTwo of the guns belonging to the battery were themselves somewhat famous. During the Mexican\u2013American War, Captain Braxton Bragg had commanded a battery of 6 pounder howitzers. While the battery was under heavy fire during the Battle of Buena Vista, on February 23, 1847, General Zachary Taylor road up to Captain Bragg's guns. When Bragg asked the General what he should do, the general allegedly replied, \"A little more grape, Captain Bragg.\" This event first raised the young captain to national prominence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Organization\nThe very guns were lying in the Little Rock Arsenal when it was seized by the Arkansas State Militia before the state seceded. Two of the guns were issued to the Crawford Artillery, a battery organized in Crawford County by James T. Stewart. The Crawford Artillery was eventually converted to infantry, and two of Bragg's guns were passed to the Fort Smith Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Wilson's Creek\nThe ninth day of August, 1861, found the Fort Smith Artillery, camped on Wilson's Creek, ten miles south of Springfield, in south-west Missouri, assigned to the 1st Division (Brigade) of the Provisional Army of Arkansas (State Troops) commanded by State Brigadier General Nicholas B. Pearce. Pearce's Division, comprised one part of the Southern force under the overall command of Confederate Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch. The other two components of the Southern force were McCulloch's own Western Army, consisting one Louisiana regiment, one Texas regiment, two Arkansas regiments and one battalion of Arkansas Confederate Troops, and Major General Sterling Price's Missouri State Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Wilson's Creek\nWhen notified of the approach of General Nathaniel Lyon's Union force, General Pearce stationed the Ried's battery \"on an eminence to command the approaches to our right and rear, and gave him the 5th Arkansas Infantry (Colonel T.P. Dockery) as a support.\" When Union General Sigel commanding the union left column of the advance from Springfield, came upon Pearce's right and established a battery, Pearce directed Reid's battery to engage. Reid succeeded in getting his range accurately, so that his shot proved very effective.\" Following the battle, Brigadier General Pearce Arkansas State Troops returned to northwest Arkansas and voted to be mustered out of service rather than being transferred to Confederate Service. The battery was mustered out of State service on September 17, 1861, and all of its members were discharged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Reorganized\nThe battery reorganized after Wilson's Creek, but Captain Reid did not stand for re-election, having accepted a staff position. The battery elected David Provence as captain on September 17, 1861. On March 7 and 8, 1862, during the Battle of Pea Ridge, the battery was assigned to Major General Benjamin McCulloch's Division of Major General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West. Following the Confederate defeat at Pea Ridge, Van Dorn's Army retreated first to Van Buren and then moved east before boarding river boats and beginning a move to link up with Confederate forces massing near Corinth Mississippi. The Fort Smith Battery was sent east of the Mississippi River and served there for the rest of the war. Captain Reid would later command yet another battery during the Battle of Prairie Grove, but that organization bore no relation to the Fort Smith Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Reorganized\nCaptain David Provence was elected commander of the re-organized battery. Most of the men originally assigned to the Fort Smith Artillery subsequently reenlisted in Confederate service in Provence's Arkansas Battery (1st Arkansas Light Artillery). The battery retained the name and battery colors of the Fort Smith Artillery, but it was officially referred to as Provence's, and later Rivers', Battery Arkansas Light Artillery. A comparison of enlistment documents between the two units indicates that about three fourths of the original Fort Smith Artillery Battery continued to serve with the battery in Confederate service. The officers elected when the battery reorganized were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Battle of Pea Ridge\nThe battery fought at the Battle of Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern), Arkansas, in March 1862. The battery was assigned to Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch's Division of Major General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West. Following the Confederate defeat at Pea Ridge, the army reconsolidated at Van Buren, Arkansas, The battery was assigned to an artillery brigade commanded by Brigadier General D.M. Frost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, East of the Mississippi River\nThen marched overland to Des Arc where the army was transported by steamboat to Memphis in an attempt to unite the Army of the West with the Confederate Army of Mississippi to attack Grant at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, but arrived too late for the Battle of Shiloh. The battery would spend the rest of the war east of the Mississippi River.>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, East of the Mississippi River\nIn April and May 1862, Confederate forces underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments and units had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments and unit in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh. Provence's Battery re-organized on April 10, 1862, and the following officers were elected:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, East of the Mississippi River\nThe battery participated in the Battle of Farmington, Mississippi, on May 9, 1862. During this engagement, Captain William Hart, of the Dallas Artillery, served one of Provence's guns as a gunner, Hart's Battery having been ordered disbanded following a poor performance at the Battle of Pea Ridge. Shortly afterward, Captain David Provence resigned to accept an appointment as colonel, 16th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. His resignation was formally approved on June 10, 1862, at which time Lieutenant John T. Humphreys was promoted to captain. The following officers were appointed on July 13, 1862:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, East of the Mississippi River\nWhen Lieutenant General Braxton Bragg issued his organization of the Confederate Army of the Mississippi, on June 30, 1862, Provence's Battery, now commanded by Humphrey's was assigned to Brigadier General Thomas J. Churchill's 2nd Brigade of Major General J.P. McCown's 2nd Division of the Confederate Army of the West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, East of the Mississippi River\nDuring the Kentucky Campaign of 1862, the battery was assigned to Colonel Evander McNair's 2nd Brigade, of Brigadier General Thomas James Churchill's 3rd Division of Edmund Kirby Smith's Confederate Army of Kentucky. The battery participated in the Battle of Richmond, Kentucky, on August 29\u201330, 1862. On November 18, 1862, the battery received a large number of transfers and details from the Arkansas regiments and battalions of McNair's Brigade. Many of these men are later listed on the battery's rolls as deserters; however, many, if not most of them simply returned to their original regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nDuring the Stones River Campaign, the battery was assigned to Brigadier General Evander McNair's 3rd Brigade of Major General J.P. McCown's Division of Lieutenant General William Hardee's Corps of the Army of Tennessee. Captain John T. Humphreys described the roll played by the battery in the Battle of Stone's River:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\n... taking position near Mr. Cowan's house, some 3 miles from and northwest of our original lines, opened fire upon the enemy's batteries, some 500 yards distant, in position on an elevation equal to our own and partially concealed by a narrow skirt of timber intervening between our position and his. The enemy's guns (supposed to have been sixteen in number), then firing upon our infantry and other troops in his front, were immediately turned upon us with great precision and rapidity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nWe responded as fast as our guns could be served, and for more than half an hour drew the entire tire of all the guns on the opposite hill. Two of my guns were rendered useless by ammunition too large, and two others were, during the action, disabled by the enemy's shot, one having a wheel shot off and otherwise injured, and the cannoneers of the other being in the same way disabled. Five horses were killed by an exploding shell. With two pieces (a 3-inch rifle and 6-pounder gnn) we maintained the fight until our advancing lines were charging the enemy's guns, when we were ordered to fall back, which we did, to a point some 300 yards in rear of that position. Eight men were disabled by wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nDuring the engagement there were many acts of individual gallantry displayed, some of which I beg leave to mention. Lieut. John W. Rivers, when the cannoneers at a piece were disabled, seized the sponge staff, and, calling others to his aid, filled the post of No. 1 with energy and determination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nFirst Lieut. William H. Gore was acting as gunner when he was knocked down and wounded by a shell. He immediately rallied and called upon the men, wounded like himself, to rally to their work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nLieut. Oliver P. Richardson, whose gallantry on the field of Richmond, Ky., attracted the attention of General Churchill, commanded his section with ability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nLieut. Henry C. Riggin, after Lieutenant Gore was wounded, was entrusted with the command of that officer's section, and rendered efficient service through the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nAll the above-named officers in this engagement behaved with a gallantry and displayed a devotion to cause and country which should entitle them to the favorable consideration of the commanding general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nFirst Sergt. William Shea was fearless and efficient. Ensign Cameron, when a part of the flag-staff was shot down, observed coolly that they were \"shooting a little close.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nPrivate Samuel M. Tucker had a sponge-staff shot out of his hand, and by the same force he was knocked over, but immediately returned to duty. Private Joseph W. Adams was wounded in the foot and had his pantaloons torn off by an exploding shell. Dennis Corcoran was severely wounded in the neck by splinters from a shell, and reluctantly was compelled to leave the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nDuty Sergeants Thompson, Casey, Greer, Long, Brewer, and Burket are all deserving of favorable mention for high courage and efficiency. In fact, to do ample and full justice I should have to mention every name on the company rolls. . All were in trying positions, and suffice it to say that no men could have behaved better while subjected to a terrific tire of shot and shell which tore down trees like the whirlwind and scattered them like the lightning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Stones River\nAccording to the consolidated casualty report for the Battle of Stones River, the battery suffered six wounded, including one officer and five enlisted men. However, according to the report of Captain Humphreys, the battery suffered eight wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Tullahoma Campaign\nAfter the Battle of Stones River, the Confederate Army of Tennessee occupied strong defensive position near Tullahoma Tennessee. On January 31, 1863, and again February 28, 1863, the battery in included in the abstract of the tri-monthly return of Major General John P. Smith's 2nd Division of Smith's Corps, Army of Tennessee, and had a total of four officers and 103 enlisted men present for duty. The battery was assigned to Brigadier General R. W. Harper's 3rd Brigade of Smith's Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Tullahoma Campaign\nIn a May 19, 1863, report on the artillery of Lieutenant General Polk's army corps, Humphreys battery is listed as having two 6-pounder guns, two 12-pounder howitzers, and 64 horses, 14 of which were deemed unserviceable. On the June 10, 1863, abstract of the return of the Army of Tennessee, a note indicates that Humphreys Arkansas Battery has been transferred to Lieutenant General William E. Hardee's Corps of the Army of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Tullahoma Campaign\nThe Tullahoma Campaign was fought between June 24 and July 3, 1863. The Union Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans, outmaneuvered the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by General Braxton Bragg, from a strong defensive position, driving the Confederates from Middle Tennessee and threatening Chattanooga. Stewarts Division, to which Humphreys Arkansas Battery was assigned, defended Hover Gap, but the battery was not engaged in the June 23, 1863, Battle of Hoover's Gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Tullahoma Campaign\nBy July 31, 1863, Lieutenant General D.H. Hill had replaced Lieutenant General Hardee as commander and Humphreys battery had been assigned to brigadier General H.D. Clayton's Brigade of Major General Alexander P. Stewarts Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Chickamauga Campaign\nDuring the Chickamauga Campaign of 1863 the battery was assigned to Major John W. Eldridge's Artillery Battalion of Major General  Alexander P. Stewart's Division of Major General Simon Bolivar Buckner, Sr.'s Corps of General Braxton Bragg's Confederate Army of Tennessee. During the Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, September 19\u201320, 1863, the battery supported Clayton's Brigade of Alexander's Division. The battery had two of its guns disabled by enemy counter-battery fire. The battery had two killed and one wounded. It managed to save all of its guns but lost twelve of the battery horses. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, Captain Humphreys resigned on October 15, 1863. Lieutenant John W. Rivers, who had risen from the ranks, was promoted captain, effective October 15, 1863, and commanded the battery to the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Chattanooga Campaign\nDuring the Siege of Chattanooga, in October and November 1863, the battery was assigned to Captain Henery C. Steeple's Artillery Battalion of A.P. Stewart's Division of Major General John C. Breckinridge's Corps, stationed on Missionary Ridge. Captain Humphreys resigned on October 15, 1863. Lieutenant John W. Rivers, who had risen from the ranks, was promoted captain, effective October 15, 1863. The battery continued to be referred to as Humphreys battery in some reports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Chattanooga Campaign\nAs events developed during the Battle of Missionary Ridge on November day, General Stewart received a flurry of orders to move his division back and forth across Missionary Ridge. About 2:00\u00a0p.m. Stewart was told to move his division toward the right, and during this movement, his Corps Commander General Breckinridge asked for a brigade and a battery to make a \"reconnaissance towards Rossville\"  Stewart dispatch Holtclaw with Clayton's Brigade, along with the 1st Arkansas Battery under [Captain] John W. Rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Chattanooga Campaign\nThe temporary commander of the division's artillery battalion, Captain T. J. Stanford, had accompanied Breckinridge, Holtzclaw and the Army of Tennessee's Chief of Artillery, Lieutenant Colonel James H. Hallonquist, on this reconnaissance south of the ridge with Rivers' Arkansas Battery. Upon reaching a point where it became impracticable to take the battery any further south, Stanford directed 1st Arkansas Battery to deploy about 600 yards to the left of the end of Brigadier General Marcellus A. Stovall's brigade \"to impeded a flanking movement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0031-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Chattanooga Campaign\nRivers apparently fired on Union Brigadier General John Geary's division of the XII Army Corps for some time until the Federals gained the top of the ridge between the battery' s position and Stovall, necessitation the battery's removal. Union Brigadier General Peter J. Osterhaus' men of XVII Army Corps, had breached the confederate line and were moving north up the east side of the ridge. Osterhuau's men fired on the battery as it retreated, causing it to lose one gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Atlanta Campaign\nAfter the battles outside of Chattanooga, the artillery of the Army of Tennessee was greatly depleted in guns, ammunition and horses. The army withdrew to winterquarters near Dalton Georgia, where the temporary commander, Lieutenant General William Hardee attempted to rebuild the wreckage of the army. On December 6, 1863, five of the hardest hit batteries, Scogins, Massenburg's, Waters, Baxters and Rivers Batteries were stripped of their remaining horses and assigned to garrison duty at Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Atlanta Campaign\nOn February 16, 1864, Captain Rivers signed a voucher for clothing received at Dalton Georgia, including 75 Jackets and 75 Pants. The battery muster roll for March and April 1864 show the unit's station as Atlanta Georgia, and the comments on the roll state \"the battery has been stationed at this place since last mustered the men have been sober and soldierly in their conduct.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Atlanta Campaign\nMaj. Gen. William T. Sherman invaded Georgia from the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, beginning in May 1864, opposed by the Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston. Johnston's Army of Tennessee withdrew toward Atlanta in the face of successive flanking maneuvers by Sherman's group of armies. In July, the Confederate president replaced Johnston with the more aggressive John Bell Hood, who began challenging the Union Army in a series of damaging frontal assaults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Atlanta Campaign\nAtlanta was ringed with formidable earthworks, including which were armed with an array of guns including 6 and 12 pounder howitzers, Wiard rifles, 24 pounder rifles and several other heavy cannon brought north from the defenses at Mobile. These guns on Atlanta's perimeter were manned by a collection of six depleted batteries from the Army of Tennessee, including Rivers' Arkansas Battery. These batteries were placed under the command of the Georgia militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Atlanta Campaign\nCaptain Rivers signed a requisition for fuel, 1st Arkansas Battery stationed at Atlanta Georgia, May 1864, and the battery strength was reported as 3 officers, 67 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Atlanta Campaign\nHood's army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Sherman's March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. Two members of Rivers battery were either capture or took the opportunity of the fall of the City of Atlanta to desert. Private Francis M. Brewer is recorded as being captured on September 2, 1864, at Atlanta and subsequently took the oath of allegiance to the Union and was released from prison camp at Camp Douglas, Illinois. Private John O. Brewer was listed as captured on September 3, 1864, at Atlanta and subsequently enlisted in the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Savannah Campaign\nGeneral William Tecumseh Sherman, victorious in the lengthy Atlanta Campaign, had refitted his army and recently departed from Atlanta on a march designed to reach the Atlantic Coast at Savannah. The right wing of Sherman's force was the Army of the Tennessee, commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick was ordered to threaten Macon in order to screen the movements of Howard's column. By demonstrating against Macon, Kilpatrick and his cavalry were able to pin down a significant number of Confederate troops in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Savannah Campaign\nUnable and unwilling to leave the important industrial city undefended, Southern commanders were prevented from moving aggressively against General Sherman's main columns. This prevented them from attacking and harassing his main columns during the early stages of the March to the Sea when his units were strung out and his supply trains were vulnerable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Savannah Campaign\nThe Battle of Walnut Creek, or Second Battle of Dunlap Farm as it is also known, developed when Kilpatrick was ordered to sweep in close to Macon to screen the movements of Sherman's right column, which was starting its turn to the east after appearing to threaten Macon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Savannah Campaign\nKilpatrick's forces threatening Macon included the 10th Ohio Cavalry, 9th Pennsylvania Cavalry, 92nd Illinois Mounted Infantry, and the 10th Wisconsin Battery. The Confederate defenders at Macon included, among others, the 1st and 2nd Convalescent Regiments, from the hospital located there. General Howell Cobb, who commanded the Confederates in Macon, was blessed with an abundance of artillery, totaling 39 guns. The defense was lucky to have several battalions of artillery, known as the Reserve Artillery, Army of Tennessee, which were left by General Hood when he began his invasion of Tennessee after the fall of Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0040-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Savannah Campaign\nThe entire Reserve Artillery was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J. H. Hallonquist. This force included the reserved artillery battalions of Waddell, Martian, and Palmer. Waddell's men had a full complement of ammunition for their guns, but not horses to pull them. Palmer's force had both ammunition and horses, while Martians battalion had a full complement of ammunition, but no horses; as a result most of the artilleryman fought as infantry. The artillery units included troops from Curry's, Bellany's, Guist's, Howell's, Plamers, Rivers, and Captain Edmund D. Baxter's Light Artillery Companies, deployed as infantry. These men were commanded by Captain Albrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0040-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Savannah Campaign\nThe batteries of Rivers and Prichard were consolidated and the consolidated unit manned four twelve-pounder howitzers. Rivers' guns responded to an attack by at 3:30\u00a0p.m. by the Beebe's Battery. Confederate forces brought at least nine cannon into action, some of them firing from the heights at Fort Hawkins, Cobb's forces pounded the Federals on Dunlap's Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Savannah Campaign\nConfederate reinforcements poured to the front. As fighting swirled around Dunlap's Hill, so named because it was part of the Dunlap Farm and the location of the Dunlap house, Kilpatrick launched a second attack against the Central of Georgia railroad trestle over Walnut Creek. This advance was quickly blunted by Confederate defenders. As a Confederate counterattack retook the guns on the crest of Dunlap's Hill, Kilpatrick decided that he had accomplished his mission and began to fall back. Confederate cavalry under General Joseph Wheeler was now on the field and shadowed the Union withdrawal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Savannah Campaign\nThe battery's muster rolls show that they remained on station a Macon Georgia through at least December 1864. Captain Rivers was still signing requisitions at Macon, Georgia, through April 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Battles\nThe 1st Arkansas Light Artillery was involved in the following battles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Service, Battles\nIn accordance with Confederate Adjutant and Inspector General's Office Order Number 131, Private John Campbell of the battery was recognized for courage and good conduct on the field for the Battle of Murfreesboro", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Surrender\nConfederate forces at Macon, Georgia, including the 1st Arkansas Light Artillery and Key's Arkansas Battery were surrendered on April 20, 1865, by Confederate General Thomas Howell Cobb to Union Brigadier General James Harrison Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158585-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery, Notes\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the United States Government document: \", National Park Service\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158586-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (Union)\nThe 1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (1863\u20131865) was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although Arkansas joined the Confederate States of America in 1861, not all of its citizens supported secession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158586-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (Union), Organization\nIn January 1863, Denton D. Stark, then Adjutant of the 1st Regiment Arkansas Volunteer Cavalry (Union), was authorized to raise the first battery of Arkansas light artillery. By April 1 the battery was full but was not mustered into service until August 31. The men were principally residents of Benton, Washington, Madison, Crawford, Sebastian, Franklin, Johnson, and Sevier counties. The battery was stationed at Fayetteville, Arkansas during the period January\u2013April 1863, and began moving to Springfield, Missouri on April 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158586-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (Union), Organization\nIt arrived on 4 May and remained on duty there until September 21, including an expedition from Springfield into Arkansas and Indian Territory from September 7 to 19. They were near Enterprise, Missouri on September 15. The battery returned to Fayetteville on September 21 and remained there until March 1864, attached to District of Southwest Missouri, Department Missouri, during that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158586-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (Union), Organization\nIn March 1864 it was placed under the command of 2nd Brigade, District of the Frontier, 7th Army Corps, Department of Arkansas, until January 1865, when it was placed under the command of Artillery, 3rd Division, 7th Army Corps, until February 1865. From then until it was disbanded, it was under the command of 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 7th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158586-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (Union), Service\nFrom 4 May to September 21, 1863, the battery was stationed at Springfield, Missouri, receiving while there guns and equipment. In September, Lieutenant Robert Thompson led one section of the battery in an expedition under Colonel M. Larue Harrison, through southwestern Missouri and northwestern Arkansas, in pursuit of Colonel Coffee's command, then raiding in that section of country, and proceeded thence to Fayetteville, Arkansas. Under Captain Stark, the remaining two sections left Springfield on September 21, 1863, for Fayetteville, first marching to Greenfield, Missouri, under Colonel Harrison, who was then in pursuit of General Shelby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158586-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (Union), Service\nMoving then to Fayetteville, on October 20 one section of the battery under Colonel Brooks engaged the rebels at Cross Timbers, Missouri. The battery remained at Fayetteville until March 19, 1864, when, by order of Brigadier General Thayer, it marched to Fort Smith, Arkansas. On March 23 it joined the expedition to Camden, forming a part of Colonel Adams\u2019 brigade. It was present in the skirmish at Moscow, on April 13, with four guns in action, and relieved the 2nd Indiana battery, under fire from rebel artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158586-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (Union), Service\nLeaving Camden on April 28 with the retreating force under General Steele, it reached Little Rock on 3 May, and moved thence with the frontier division of the Army of Arkansas to Fort Smith. In October 1864, one section of the battery, under Lieutenant Mayes, was sent with other troops in pursuit of Colonel Gano, who had captured a supply train between Fort Scott and Fort Smith, making a forced march to Cabin Creek, north of Fort Gibson, where they came up with the retreating rebel force; however the enemy escaped without an engagement. The battery occupied Fort No. 2, at Fort Smith, until August 30, 1865, when it was mustered out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158586-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (Union), Service\nThe group participated in fighting at Cross Timbers on October 15 and 20, 1863. It moved to Fort Smith on March 19, 1864, then participated in General Steele's expedition to Camden (March 23 \u2013 May 3, 1864); it was near Prairie d'Ann from April 9 to 13, near Van Buren on April 12, near Camden on 15 April 15, near Poison Springs on April 18, and near Jenkins' Ferry, Saline River, on April 30. The group departed for Fort Smith on 3 May, arriving 16 May. It participated in the action at Prior Creek on September 18, 1864. It remained on garrison duty at Fort Smith and at Fort Gibson until it mustered out in August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158586-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery (Union), Mustered out of service\nThe 1st Arkansas Light Artillery Battery mustered out on August 30, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 69], "content_span": [70, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles\n1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate States Army cavalry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was formed as a mounted infantry regiment, but was dismounted in the spring of 1862 and remained dismounted for the remainder of the war. The unit participated in the earliest battles in the western theater at Wilson's Creek and surrendered with the remnants of the Army of Tennessee in North Carolina in April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Formation\nAt the outbreak of the Civil War, Arkansas, formed some 48 infantry regiments, and a number of cavalry units. With the exception of the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment, all of the Arkansas units would sign one year enlistments, thus leading to assignments in what was referred to as the \"western theater\", due to most of the large scale battles being fought in the east. The 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles would sign one year enlistments, then later would sign a \"three year or the duration of the war\" extension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Formation\nFirst organized in Little Rock, Arkansas, on June 16, 1861, the regiment was initially commanded by Colonel Thomas J. Churchill. The regiment was composed of the following volunteer companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nThe regiment was first attached to General Benjamin McCulloch's Brigade. By August, they were on the move toward Springfield, Missouri, where they first saw action in the Battle of Wilson's Creek. It reported 45 killed, 161 wounded, and 2 missing at Wilson's Creek. Following that battle, the regiment was dispatched to Indian Territory to battle the Native American pro-Union Cherokee soldiers. They served in that capacity from September through October 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nOn March 6, 1862, the regiment was engaged during the Battle of Pea Ridge, as part of Colonel Louis H\u00e9bert, Brigade of Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch's Division of Major General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West. The McNair's Brigade reconsolidated at Van Buren, Arkansas, then marched overland to Des Arc where the regiment was transported by steamboat to Memphis in an attempt to unite the Army of the West with the Confederate Army of Mississippi to attack Grant at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, but arrived too late for the Battle of Shiloh. Just before departing Arkansas, the regiment was dismounted and fought the remainder of the war as infantry. The regiment deeply resented being forced to give up their horses and continuously requested to be allowed to resume their place as a mounted command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nIn early May 1862 the Confederate forces underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nIn June 1862, the regiment was in camp near Tupelo, Mississippi, along with other Arkansas regiments. Dozens of Arkansas soldiers died of disease in the camp hospital during this period, and many more were discharged for disability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nDuring the Kentucky Campaign, McNair's brigade was assigned to Churchill's Division, under the overall command of General Kirby Smith. General Smith pushed rapidly into the bluegrass region of Kentucky, and defeated the Union army at the Battle of Richmond. In the desperate battle that occurred there, McNair's brigade turned the enemy's right and contributed to the rout that followed. The 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, (dismounted), reported 23 casualties at the Battle of Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nOn November 4, 1862, Colonel McNair was commissioned brigadier-general. His brigade included the following Arkansas units, the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles (dismounted), 4th and 13th Arkansas Infantry Regiments, 4th Arkansas Infantry Battalion, and Humphreys' battery of artillery. On the same day, Henry Gaston Bunn was elected Colonel of the 4th Arkansas as the replacement for Brigadier General McNair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nDuring the Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, on December 21, 1862, McNair's brigade took part in the brilliant charge of McCown's division, which, aided by the Divisions of Withers and Cheatham, drove the Federal right a distance of between three and four miles, bending it back upon the center, until the line was at right angles to its original position. The 4th Arkansas lost another 79 casualties at Murfreesboro. In accordance with Confederate Adjutant and Inspector General's Office Order Number 131, ten soldiers of the regiment were recognized for courage and good conduct on the field for the Battle of Murfreesboro The regiment reported a total of 9 killed, 82 wounded and 4 missing during the Battle of Murfreesboro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nIn June, 1863, McNair\u2019s Brigade was reassigned to Walker's (later French's) division of the Army of the Department of Mississippi and Eastern Louisiana, under the overall command of General Joseph E. Johnston who was assigned the mission of organizing a force to attempt to relieve General Pemberton\u2019s besieged army at Vicksburg. Johnston had been gathering troops at Jackson, intending to relieve pressure on Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton's beleaguered garrison. Johnston cautiously advanced his 30,000 soldiers toward the rear of Grant's army surrounding Vicksburg. In response, Grant ordered Sherman to deal with Johnston's threat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nBy July 1, 1863, Johnston's force was in position along the Big Black River. Sherman used the newly arrived IX Corps to counter this threat. On July 5, the day after the surrender of Vicksburg was made official; Sherman was free to move against Johnston. Johnston hastily withdrew his force across the Big Black River and Champion's Hill battlefields with Sherman in pursuit. Sherman had with him the IX Corps, XV Corps, XIII Corps, and a detachment of the XVI Corps. On July 10 the Union Army had taken up position around Jackson. The heaviest fighting in the Siege of Jackson came on July 11 during an unsuccessful Union attack, which resulted in heavy casualties. Instead of risking entrapment, Johnston chose to evacuate the state capital and withdrew on July 16. Sherman's forces occupied the city the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nIn the aftermath of the Vicksburg Campaign most of Johnston\u2019s army was transferred back to the Army of Tennessee. At the Battle of Chickamauga, McNair's was one of the eight brigades which, under Lieutenant General James Longstreet's direction, rushed through the gap in the Federal line and put one wing of the Union army to rout. In the battle McNair was wounded and the brigade as a whole suffered heavy casualties. Of the 254 soldiers who saw action at Chickamauga, forty-two percent were disabled. . Following McNair's injury, Colonel Daniel H. Reynolds of the 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles assumed command of the Brigade. Reynolds would lead the brigade for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nFollowing the Battle of Chickamauga, NcNair's Brigade. now under the command of Colonel Reynolds, moved back to central Mississippi to oppose General Sherman's Meridian Campaign. Sherman organized an expedition of 20,000 men to move into central Mississippi to break up Confederate rail communications and other infrastructure near Meridian Mississippi, and solidify Union control of the Mississippi River. The Meridian campaign was a \"dress rehearsal\" for the style of war against infrastructure that Sherman, as well as some of these very troops, would later practice in Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nTo counter the threat, Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered troops to the area from other localities, including McNair's Brigade. The Confederate commander in the area, Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk, consolidated a number of commands in and around Morton, Mississippi, but failed to stop Sherman's moves. Meridian was essentially destroy by Sherman and most of Polks forces were transferred to the Army of Tennessee in time to oppose Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. Colonel D. H. Reynolds was promoted to brigadier general on March 12, 1864, retroactive to March 5, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nThrough the summer and fall of 1864 the 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles (dismounted) and the rest of their brigade, participated in the Atlanta Campaign through Georgia as a part of the force attempting to stop Sherman. After the fall of Atlanta, the 4th Arkansas along with the rest of the army, now under the command of General John Bell Hood, moved back to Tennessee, where they fought at the Battle of Franklin and the Battle of Nashville. The unit is entitled to the following Campaign Participation Credits: The unit is entitled to the following Campaign Participation Credits:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Battles\nAfter the Battle of Nashville, Tennessee, the Arkansas regiments of Reynolds' Brigade marched via Bainbridge, Alabama, Tuscumbia, Iuka and Corinth to Tupelo, Mississippi, where they went into camp on January 10, 1865. They departed Tupelo on January 30 and marched to West Point, Mississippi. From West Point they traveled by rail to Selma, Alabama. From Selma they traveled by steamboat to Montgomery, then by rail to Columbus, Georgia. From Columbus they marched via Macon and Milledgeville to Mayfield, Georgia. From Mayfield they traveled by rail to Augusta, Georgia. From there they marched to Newberry, South Carolina. On March 19, 1865, they fought their last major engagement at the Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina. They then marched to Smithfield, North Carolina, where the entire brigade was consolidated into a single understrength regiment, the 1st Consolidated Mounted Rifles on April 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Consolidation and Surrender\nOn April 9, 1865, the depleted Arkansas regiments of D. H. Reynolds' Brigade, Walthall's Division, Confederate Army of Tennessee, were consolidated into a single regiment the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles, at Smithfield, North Carolina. The companies of the consolidated regiment were consolidated from the following Arkansas regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Consolidation and Surrender\nThe 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles surrendered with the Army of Tennessee at Greensboro, North Carolina, April 26, 1865. The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles was paroled on May 1, 1865, at Jamestown, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Consolidation and Surrender\nAfter the surrender, the men were offered free rail transportation (where available) in the direction of their homes, by what was left of the Southern railway companies. Most of the men traveled by rail, where they could. A large number of men were killed or seriously injured in a railroad accident at Flat Creek Bridge, Tennessee, on May 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158587-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Roll of Honor\nTen soldiers were cited on the Confederate Roll of Honor for their actions at the Battle of Murfreesboro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158588-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles (Consolidated)\nThe 1st Arkansas Consolidate Mounted Rifles (1865) was a Confederate Army cavalry regiment during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158588-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles (Consolidated), Organization\nOn April 9, 1865, the depleted Arkansas regiments of D. H. Reynolds' Brigade, Walthall's Division, Confederate Army of Tennessee, were consolidated into a single regiment the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles, at Smithfield, North Carolina. The companies of the consolidated regiment were consolidated from the following Arkansas regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158588-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles (Consolidated), Surrender\nThis regiment surrendered with the Army of Tennessee at Greensboro, North Carolina, April 26, 1865. The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles was paroled on May 1, 1865, at Jamestown, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe  1st Armored Brigade (formerly the  1st Tank Division , then  1st Armored Division ) is an Armored formation of People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China. The brigade now serves as the armored element under the 65th Army in the Beijing Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), Formation\nThe Tank Division, 4th Field Army(Chinese: \u56db\u91ce\u6218\u8f66\u5e08) was activated on February 1949 in Tianjin, from Special Troops Tank Command, 4th Field Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), Formation\nIn May 1949 the division was renamed as 1st Tank Division(Chinese: \u6218\u8f66\u7b2c1\u5e08). In December 1950 the division was re-organized as 1st Tank Brigade(Chinese: \u5766\u514b\u7b2c1\u65c5, note the change on Chinese characters). By then the brigade was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), Formation\nOn November 3, 1950, the brigade was renamed as 1st Tank Division(Chinese: \u5766\u514b\u7b2c1\u5e08). Its regiments were not affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), Korean War\nFrom March 1951 to November 1952 the division entered Korea to take part in the Korean War as a part of People's Volunteer Army(CPA). From January to October 1953 the division spent its second deployment to Korea. After that the division moved to Fengtai, Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn February Artillery Regiment was renamed as Howitzer Artillery Regiment. On May 13, 1958 Motorized Infantry Regiment was renamed as Mechanized Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn 1959 the division moved to Changping, Beijing. Soon after it further moved to Jixian, Tianjin in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn December 1962 Howitzer Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn August 1969 402nd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment from 197th Army Division was attached and renamed as 3rd Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn August 1970 3rd Tank Regiment was detached and transferred to 79th Infantry Division as Tank Regiment, 79th Infantry Division. In September Mechanized Regiment was re-organized and renamed as 3rd Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nDuring Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979, 130mm Self-Propelled Rocket Artillery Battalion (equipped with Type 70 130mm) from Artillery Regiment, 1st Tank Division was put under command of 124th Army Division, 42nd Army Corps for the infiltration in Cao B\u1eb1ng region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nOn January 1983 the division was put under command of 66th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn the 1980s the division was equipped with Type 59-2 medium tanks, becoming the only Type 59-2 unit in PLA ground force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn July 1985 the division was attached to Tianjin Security District following 66th Army Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn 1989 the division actively took part in the enforced martial law and the crackdown on protests in Beijing. In the morning on June 5, 1989, a tank column from 1st Tank Division was departing from the Tiananmen square to move to Jianguomen area was temporarily stopped by a young man, now famous as the Tank Man. Allegedly the division commander, General Xu Qingren was sitting in the leading tank and ordered the stop until the tank man was taken away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn April 1996 the division was attached to 24th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn October 1998, the division was renamed as 1st Armored Division(Chinese: \u88c5\u7532\u7b2c1\u5e08). The Armored Infantry Regiment was disbanded and absorbed into tank regiments which became armored regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), After Korea\nIn 2003 the division was attached to 65th Army following 24th Army's disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), \"Division to Brigade\"\nIn late 2011 it split into two: the division main body re-organized into 1st Armored Brigade, while half of its battalions reorganized into 195th Mechanized Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158589-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China), \"Division to Brigade\"\nIn April 2017 the brigade was deactivated and absorbed into 70th Combined Arms Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158590-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (South Korea)\nThe 1st Armored Brigade (Korean: \uc81c1\uae30\uac11\uc5ec\ub2e8) is a military formation of the Republic of Korea Army. The brigade is subordinated to the V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158590-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade (South Korea), History\nThe headquarters of the 1st Armored Brigade Command was used by the 7th Infantry Division, USFK (Camp Kaiser). Camp Kaiser withdrew and the brigade took over the site on 25 May 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division\nThe 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division is an Armored Brigade Combat Team of the Minnesota Army National Guard. It is part of the 34th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, Early history\nThe lineage of Headquarters, 1st ABCT, dates back to the American Civil War. A volunteer militia unit, the Stillwater Guards, had been enrolled into Minnesota\u2019s organized militia, and in 1861 was called to federal service as Company B, 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The 1st Minnesota Regiment was reorganized as 1st Battalion, Minnesota Volunteer Infantry in 1864. In February 1865, the battalion was again reformed as the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment. The regiment was mustered out in July 1865, following the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 70], "content_span": [71, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, Spanish\u2013American War\nIn 1883, the Minnesota National Guard organized a new Stillwater unit, Company K, 1st Infantry Regiment. This unit served in the Philippines during the Spanish\u2013American War when the regiment was federalized as the 13th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 77], "content_span": [78, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, Spanish\u2013American War\nIn 1912, Company K, 1st Infantry Regiment was re-designated Company K, 3rd Infantry Regiment. The unit was called to federal service in 1916 during the Pancho Villa Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 77], "content_span": [78, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, World War I\nCompany K was called to federal service and reorganized in 1917 as Battery F, 125th Field Artillery. The 125th Field Artillery deployed to France and participated in World War I by providing individual replacements to other units. The regiment was demobilized at Camp Dodge, Iowa in 1919. In 1921 a post-World War I reorganization of the National Guard caused Battery F to be reconfigured as Headquarters, 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment and Howitzer Company, 135th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 68], "content_span": [69, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, World War II\nThe 1st Battalion Headquarters was re-designated in 1925 as Company A, 135th Infantry, and in 1939 Howitzer Company was reorganized as Company D, 135th Infantry. Companies A and D were activated for World War II and served in the European Theater from February, 1941 to November, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, Korean War\nIn 1946, the 135th Infantry was moved from the 35th Infantry Division to the 47th, and Companies A and D were reorganized as Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry and Antitank Company, 135th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, Korean War\nIn 1948, Antitank Company was re-designated Heavy Mortar Company, 135th Infantry. In 1951 Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion and Heavy Mortar Company were called to federal service with the 135th Infantry, which was organized with the 45th Infantry Division during the Korean War. They were released from federal service in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 67], "content_span": [68, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, Late 20th century\nIn 1959, the 1st Battalion Headquarters and Heavy Mortar Company were consolidated as Headquarters Company, 1st Battle Group, 135th Infantry Regiment, 47th Infantry Division. The 1st Battle Group Headquarters was reconfigured in 1963 as Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry. In 1968, the 1st Battalion Headquarters was re-designated Headquarters, 1st Brigade, 47th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, Late 20th century\nIn 1991, the 47th Division was reflagged as the 34th Division, and the 1st Brigade, including its Headquarters, was reallocated to the 34th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 74], "content_span": [75, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, 21st century\nSince the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, units and individuals of 1st Brigade, 34th Division have participated in operations including homeland defense missions, the war in Iraq and the War in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, 21st century\nIn 2006, the Army\u2019s conversion to modular brigades led to 1st Brigade\u2019s reorganization as 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, 21st century\nFrom 2009 to 2012 the 1st ABCT deployed to Southwest Asia and conducted security operations in Kuwait and Iraq as part of Operation New Dawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, 21st century\nIn 2017, 1/34th ABCT was planned to be in the Ready state for deployment, having spent two years preparing for its National Training Center rotation 16-07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158591-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division, 21st century\nAs of 2020, 1/34 ABCT was once again sent to the National Training Center in Ft. Irwin, CA to become certified for deployment. This was an extra challenge due to the 2020 COVID-19 global outbreak but the brigade still excelled in their training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158592-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Car Squadron (United States Marines)\nThe 1st Armored Car Squadron was a unit of the United States Marine Corps which was intended to utilise armored cars in combat. The unit was formed in 1916 in Philadelphia under Marine Captain Andrew B. Drum, falling under the Headquarters of the then-new 1st Marine Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158592-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Car Squadron (United States Marines)\nInspired by the British Army's use of the Rolls-Royce Armoured Car, Franklin Roosevelt (then Assistant Secretary of the Navy) purchased two vehicles from the Armor Motor Car Company of Detroit. These were tested, and six more King Armored Cars were acquired and assigned to the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158592-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Car Squadron (United States Marines)\nThe unit never saw combat, and was disbanded at Quantico in May 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France)\nThe 1st Armored Division (French: 1re Division Blind\u00e9e, 1re DB) is a unit of the French Army formed during World War II that took part in the Liberation of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France)\nThe unit was dissolved for the first time in 1946, and was recomissioned in 1948. It was  dissolved again in 1999 as a consequence of the professionalization of the French Military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France)\nThe 1st Mechanised Brigade (1re BM), created on July 1, 1999, inherited traditions of the 1re DB. The 1re BM was again dissolved on July 21, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), Motto and designation\nThe Latin motto of the division, Nomine et Virtute Prima, translates literally to \"La premi\u00e8re par le nom et la valeur\" in French, and \"The first by name and valor\" in English. The choice of the insignia, the cross of Saint Louis by g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Jean Touzet du Vigier, derives from Tunisia, the place where the unit was formed and also where King Louis IX of France was laid to rest in 1270.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), Motto and designation\nThe division is known and referred to as \"division Saint-Louis\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), Motto and designation\nThe division was cited three times during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946\nIn 1943, Free-French armed forces were formed in exile in French Colonies of North Africa under the command of General De Gaulle. The units were equipped with modern equipment provided by the United States, and the program anticipated the constitution of several armed divisions. Following the arrival of equipment in North Africa from the US, only three divisions were constituted, each comprising the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946\nThis division was organised on American lines, in three Combat commands. The three French divisions were organised in this way for the duration of their 1944-1945 operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946\nWithin this context, the 1st Armored Division (1st DB) was formed on May 1, 1943. The division was heir to the Light Mechanised Brigade (French: Brigade L\u00e9g\u00e8re M\u00e9canique, BLM) which was engaged in combat in Tunisia. On January 28, 1943, General Jean Touzet du Vigier (promoted on December 25, 1942) took command of this unit as it was being formed. He had left the command of the BLM to g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Brossin de Saint-Didier and installed his command post in Mascara, which was the training center for armored brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946\nWhen first established, 1st DB consisted of a reconnaissance regiment, the 3rd Chasseurs d'Afrique, of Constantine; two tank regiments, the 2nd and 5th Chasseurs d'Afrique, Oran and Maison Carr\u00e9e; and a fourth Chasseurs d'Afrique regiment, the 9th, which was equipped with tank-destroyers. Adding to these four formations, were one mounted regiment, the 2nd Zouaves, of Oran, the 68th Artillery Regiment, of Tunisia; the 88th Engineer Battalion, recently created at Port-Lyautey, and the 38th FTA group, of T\u00e9n\u00e8s. During May 1943, the transmission and service companies joined, and in August, the train and a squadron group reinforced them. Then, the 2nd Chasseurs d'Afrique was divided (doubled) to form 2nd Tank-Cuirassiers Regiment, a regiment that G\u00e9n\u00e9ral du Vigier commanded in 1940. The latter had just been promoted to a divisional general on August 25, and all the forces which were under his disposition were grouped around Mascara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 991]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946\nThe 2nd Zouaves Regiment disappeared and was replaced, as the infantry of the division, by three independent battalions, belonging to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Zouaves, forming a demi-brigade. The division became part of the First Army (then designated Army B) and which would participate in the amphibious assault on Provence. The initial embarkation commenced in Oran and Mers-el-K\u00e9bir at the end of the month of July 1944, after several manoeuvres. The Naval ships lifted anchors on August 10 and 11. The disembarkment should have taken lieu between Saint-Tropez and Saint-Rapha\u00ebl. At the dawn of August 15, an enormous naval fleet was assembled north-west of Corsica steering and heading north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946\nThe operations of the 1st Armored Division throughout the course of World War II comprised three phases:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, From the Mediterranean to Vosges, August 15 to November 13, 1944\nThroughout the course of the first phase operations, the CC1 was engaged in battle, then the entire division complemented by the VI Corps, fought in the siege of Toulon, Marseille and the liberation of Provence. The unit reached the Rh\u00f4ne in a series of rapid advances then regrouped, west of the river, for fifteen days. After disembarking, the Division engaged in an advance of 600 kilometers, which would bring them to the footsteps of the Vosges, following an uninterrupted series of combat engagements, which lead to the liberation of Saint-\u00c9tienne, Lyon, Anse et Villefranche, Chalon-sur-Sa\u00f4ne, Chagny, Beaune, Dijon and Langres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 115], "content_span": [116, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, From the Mediterranean to Vosges, August 15 to November 13, 1944\nNext began the hardships of a slow and difficult climb into the valleys of the Vosgues, in the mud and the rain and snow. After 54 days of marching towards Le Thillot, liberating  M\u00e9lisey, Servance, Haut-du-Them-Ch\u00e2teau-Lambert, Ramonchamp, Cornimont, Travexin, Fresse, la Chevestraye, Recolonges, la Chapelle de Ronchamp, colline de Bourl\u00e9mont, the division finally entered the Trou\u00e9e de Belfort on October 18, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 115], "content_span": [116, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, From the Mediterranean to Vosges, August 15 to November 13, 1944\nFollowing this first phase operations, the 1st DB was mentioned in dispatches for its combat performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 115], "content_span": [116, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Combat for Alsace November 14, 1944 to February 9, 1945\nDuring the course of the second phase of combat, the 1st  DB was the first to penetrate Alsace and the first to reach Rhin. Advancing on November 14 from the high valley of Doubs, the 1st DB mounted an offensive on Belfort. With the division operating under the command of the 1st Army Corps (g\u00e9n\u00e9ral B\u00e9thouart), it manoeuvred to H\u00e9ricourt along the French and Swiss border and captured Delle on November 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 106], "content_span": [107, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Combat for Alsace November 14, 1944 to February 9, 1945\nThe next day, the CC3 was in Alsace and, at 1800, the tank platoon of Lieutenant Loisy was able to raise its standard on the banks of the Rhine, at Rosenau. The latter was part of the 4th squadron of the 2nd African Chasseur Regiment. This officer would meet his end on the November 23, when his tank was hit by an anti-tank launcher during the attack on Caserne Lefebvre at Mulhouse. On the 20 November, Colonel Caldairou entered the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 106], "content_span": [107, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Combat for Alsace November 14, 1944 to February 9, 1945\nNevertheless, despite the success resulting from the rendezvous of the 1st and 2nd Army Corps in the region of Burnhaupt, Colmar remained well protected. For the next two months, the division held a defensive sector in the snow at Dollar, south of what would be later referred to as the Colmar Pocket. On January 20, the 1st Army relaunched an assault on the two northern and southern flanks of the pocket, in the middle of a snow storm. Following a three-week struggle, Alsace was liberated and Colmar seized on February 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 106], "content_span": [107, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0014-0003", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Combat for Alsace November 14, 1944 to February 9, 1945\nThe division, which had engaged in combat since December 5 under the orders of g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Sudre, following an annoying delay in two minefields, achieved a breakthrough which led to the capture of Chalamp\u00e9 on February 9 in the morning. Accordingly, the division completed its role in the  campaign of France, which started on August 15, 1944 and which ended six months later on the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 106], "content_span": [107, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Combat for Alsace November 14, 1944 to February 9, 1945\nFollowing this second phase of operations, the 1st DB was again mentioned in dispatches for its combat performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 106], "content_span": [107, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, February 10 \u2013 May 7, 1945\nAt the beginning of the third phase, since April 5, the CC2 was in Germany. Combat engaged with the 9th Colonial Infantry Division, the path throughout the For\u00eat-Noire was cleared, to deliver to the 1st Army the important routes. Later to the turn, the CC3 combat engaged supporting the colonials. Following a march on Kehl and Offenburg, they made way south to apprehend Fribourg on April 21. They rejoined the division on the 28 south-west of Ulm. The 1st Armored Division crossed the Rhin on April 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, February 10 \u2013 May 7, 1945\nG\u00e9n\u00e9ral Sudre regrouped means at the exception of CC3 around Freudenstadt, and while acting with the cadre of the 1st Army Corps, his unit mounted the assault. The division accordingly made way to Danube by Rottweil and Horb, crossed the river on April 21 at Matulheim and Tuttlingen, and while engaging Stockach, pushed back all along the Danube by Sigmaringen until Ulm which was apprehended in liaison with the American 7th U.S. Army arriving from the North. The 1re DB apprehended Immenstadt on April 30 and  reached the same day the Austrian frontier to occupy Aach and Oberstdorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, February 10 \u2013 May 7, 1945\nWith only the field of mountains in plain sight, the division opened the way for the infantry and regrouped around de Biberach. First in the Rhin, first in Danube, the division with the Cross of Saint-Louis reached objectives following a sequence of successful event combat engagement series. The division played a decisive role towards the final campaign. The CC2 in For\u00eat-Noire, the CC3 in the fields of Bade, then the entire division engaged in combat until May 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, February 10 \u2013 May 7, 1945\nFollowing this ultimate and third phase operations, the 1e DB was cited for a third time at the orders of the armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, End of the war\nFollowing the cessation of hostilities, the 1ere DB joined Palatinat, around Landau. The division remained there for two months. The division sent to Berlin the first detachment in charge of representing France, on July 1, composed of\u00a0: a squadron of the 3rd African Chasseur Regiment, a squadron of the 9th, 2 companies of the 1st and 3rd Zouaves, and a train detachment. On September 5, the headquarter staff of the division garrisoned at Tr\u00e8ves. The 1re DB, with reduced effectif by the demobilization, returned to France and garrisoned, October 1945 to March 1946 in the zones of Bourges, Ch\u00e2tellerault, Nantes and Angoul\u00eame. The division was dissolved on March 31, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Composition in 1944\nThe 1re DB which disembarked in Provence in August 1944 was composed of 73% Europeans and 27% Indig\u00e8nes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Organization of the mounted Zouaves battalions\nThe infantry of the 1re DB was constituted of three mounted Zouaves battalions (French: bataillons de zouaves port\u00e9s, BZP) organized within the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 97], "content_span": [98, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Organization of the mounted Zouaves battalions\nOne BZP was assigned to each of the three CC which composed the 1e Armored Division. The effectif was almost 800 men (Pied-Noirs, Metropolitan French and Maghrebis) and consisted of 3 combat companies with almost 180 to 200 men each. Each company consisted of three combat sections (platoons) of almost fifty men mounted by 5 half-tracks (armed with machine guns, mortars and cannon 57 anti-tank).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 97], "content_span": [98, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Organization of the mounted Zouaves battalions\nDifferent and various circumstances governed combats of St-Loup-de-la-Salle, on September 6, 1944, almost 30 kilometers east of Tailly. The entire BZP endured the heavy attack. In other circumstances, road combats were also expected, which led the Zouave to often progress through mounting tanks. Nevertheless, Zouaves also often mounted assaults by themselves. Such various governing circumstances were taking place on September 9 in front of Nuits-St-Georges. A company of the 3rd BZP was ordered to apprehend Nuits-Saint-Georges. Tanks were occupied in Beaune and could not provide fire support. The resistance was strong and companies without rear support endured heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 97], "content_span": [98, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1943\u20131946, Organization of the mounted Zouaves battalions\nAs tanks were made available again, assaults were relaunched. These were, briefly evoked, the types of various circumstances in which the BZPs conducted battle. Losses were heavy. The infantry accompanying the 1e DB endured killed in action and wounded, 1700 men out of 2400, the initial effectif. Almost 72% of the effective. Losses were compensated by reinforcements sent from North Africa as well as numerous volunteers who engaged as villages and cities were being liberated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 97], "content_span": [98, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1948 to 1999\nIn 1951, the general headquarter staff garrisoned at Tr\u00e8ves in Germany. The division was part of the French Forces in Germany (French: Forces fran\u00e7aises en Allemagne, FFA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1948 to 1999\nFrom 1993 to 1999, the 1re Division Blind\u00e9e was part of the Eurocorps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, 1999\u20132015\nOn July 1, 1999, the 1st Armored Division became the 1st Mechanised Brigade (1re BM). The general headquarter staff garrisoned at Ch\u00e2lons-en-Champagne. The 1re BM was dissolved on July 21, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), History, Since 2016\nThe 1st Division was recreated on July 1, 2016. Interarm, the division is formed of three brigades as well French units of the Franco-German Brigade and is part of the Scorpion Force alongside the 3rd Division and units stationed in outre-mer and overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), Composition 2019\nThe 1st Division is based in Besan\u00e7on and is subordinated to the Commandement des Forces Terrestres (CFT). The division counts 25000 men in\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158593-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (France), Composition 2019\nOnly the French units of the Franco-German Brigade are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States)\nThe 1st Armored Division, nicknamed \"Old Ironsides,\" is a combined arms division of the United States Army. The division is part of III Corps and operates out of Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas. It was the first armored division of the United States' Army to see battle in World War II. Since World War II, the division has been involved in the Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Persian Gulf War, Iraq, Afghanistan, and several other operations. The division has also received numerous awards and recognition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Insignia\nThe division was nicknamed \"Old Ironsides\" by its first commander, Major General Bruce Magruder, after he saw a picture of the frigate USS Constitution, also nicknamed \"Old Ironsides\". The large \"1\" at the top represents the numerical designation of the division and the insignia is used as a basis for most of the other sub-unit insignias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Insignia\nIn January 1918, the Tank Corps of the United States Army was established under Colonel Samuel Rockenbach. At his direction, First Lieutenant J. P. Wharton designed the original coat of arms: a triangle on a shield surrounded by a wreath and a silver dragon. The triangle itself is an old heraldic element of armorial design known as a pile, representing the head of a spear. There was no shoulder patch in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Insignia\nThe 7th Cavalry Brigade (mechanized) contributed the other part of the present-day Armor shoulder patch. The brigade formed out of the 1st Cavalry Regiment in Marfa Texas, on 16 January 1933 under General Daniel Van Voorhis, then Colonel of the Cavalry. The 7th Cavalry Brigade included the 13th Cavalry and had been organized specifically to develop the new armored force concept while training in the emerging modern war-fighting tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Insignia\nColonel George F. Linthwaite (then a newly enlisted Private) joined the 13th Cavalry regiment in 1933. Major General Robert W. Grow (then a Major and brigade adjutant) was instructed to develop a shoulder patch for the new armored force. Grow announced to the brigade that a contest would be held to design the new Armored force patch. A three-day weekend pass was awarded to the designer of the winning entry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Insignia\nLinthwaite won the contest: he designed a circular patch, four inches in diameters, with a solid yellow-gold background to symbolize the Cavalry heritage. On the face of the patch, he drew a stylized black tank track with a drive and idler sprockets to symbolize mobility. In the center of the track at a slight diagonal, he placed a single cannon barrel, also in black, to symbolize firepower. Finally, to symbolize the striking power of the new armored force, he added a diagonal lightning bolt in red, extending across the total design and full diameter of the patch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Insignia\nIn 1940, Major General Adna R. Chaffee Jr. was promoted to lead the newly created Armor Forces which had evolved from the old 7th Cavalry Brigade and were preparing for the looming war in Europe. Chaffee wanted a patch for this new Armored Force. He chose to combine the 7th Brigade patch with the triangle from the World War I crest. The tri-colors, with blue for infantry, red for artillery, and yellow for cavalry \u2013 represented the three basic components of the mechanized armed force. In 1940 the War Department officially designated the now-familiar patch worn by soldiers of all United States Army Armored Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II\nOn 15 July 1940, the 1st Armored Division, largely an expanded and reorganized version of the 7th Cavalry Brigade, was activated at Fort Knox under the command of Major General Bruce Magruder. The 1st Cavalry Regiment was re-designated as the 1st Armored Regiment and the 13th Cavalry Regiment was re-designated as the 13th Armored Regiment under the 1st Armored Brigade, 1st Armored Division. For more than two years after its activation, the 1st Armored Division trained at Fort Knox and the division pioneered and developed tank gunnery and strategic armored offensives while increasing from 66 medium-sized tanks to over 600 medium and light armored vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Training\nOn 15 July 1940 the division was trained at Fort Knox, Kentucky. It was a new experiment in a self-supporting, self-sustaining blitzkrieg force. It had never been carried out before and the troops necessary for this kind of force were drawn from a variety of army posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Training\nWhen the organization was completed, the division had tanks, artillery, and infantry. In direct support were tank destroyer, maintenance, medical, supply and engineer battalions, but bringing the division up to its full quota of tanks, guns, and vehicles was difficult. Although new equipment was received almost daily, the division had only nine outdated medium tanks primarily armed with  guns until March 1941. Most of the division attended the Armored Force School at Knox to train in using their newly acquired tanks, half-tracks, and guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Training\nThe division left in September 1941 for three months to participate in maneuvers in Louisiana. The division returned to Fort Knox the day before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Training took on a new intensity. The division was reorganized, and all tanks, both medium and light were put into two armored regiments, the 1st and 13th. A third armored field artillery battalion, the 91st, was formed, and the 701st Tank Destroyer Battalion was organized and attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Training\nAt Fort Knox, the division participated in the Technicolor short movie The Tanks Are Coming (as the \"First Armored Force\"). It deployed to participate in the VII Corps Maneuvers on 18 August 1941. Once the maneuvers concluded, the 1st Armored Division then moved on 28 August 1941 and arrived at Camp Polk for the Second Army Louisiana Maneuvers on 1 September 1941. They then moved to Fort Jackson on 30 October 1941 to participate in the First Army Carolina Maneuvers. The 1st AD returned to Fort Knox on 7 December 1941 but started to prepare for deployment overseas instead of returning to garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Training\nThe 1st Armored Division was ordered to Fort Dix on 11 April 1942 to await their deployment overseas. The division's port call required them to board the RMS Queen Mary at the New York Port of Embarkation at the Brooklyn Army Terminal on 11 May 1942. They arrived in Northern Ireland on 16 May 1942 and trained on the moors until they moved on to England on 29 October 1942. The division was now commanded by Major General Orlando Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nA volunteer squadron of three M3 Grant crews from the 1st Armored Division, commanded by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and placed under British command, fought in the Battle of Gazala in June 1942, becoming the first Americans to engage the Germans on land in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nAlerted for the invasion were the 1st Battalion of the 1st Armored Regiment, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 13th Armored Regiment, nearly all the 6th Armored Infantry Regiment, the 27th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, \"B\" and \"C\" Companies of the 701st Tank Destroyer Battalion, and detachments of the 16th Armored Engineer Battalion, the Supply Battalion, the Maintenance Battalion, 47th Armored Medical Battalion, and the 141st Signal Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nThe unit proper's first contact with an enemy was as part of the Allied invasion of Northwest Africa, Operation Torch, on 8 November 1942. Elements of the division became part of the Northern Task Force and became the first American armored division to see combat in World War II. Combat Command B (CCB) of the division landed east and west of Oran under the command of Brigadier General Lunsford E. Oliver and entered the city on 10 November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nOn 24 November 1942, CCB moved from Tafraoui, Algeria to Bedja, Tunisia, and raided the Djedeida airfield the next day and conquered the city on 28 November 1942. CCB moved southwest of Tebourba on 1 December 1942, engaged with German forces on El Guessa Heights on 3 December 1942, but its lines were pierced on 6 December 1942. CCB withdrew to Bedja with heavy equipment losses between 10 and 11 December 1942 and was placed in reserve. CCB next attacked in the Ousseltia Valley on 21 January 1943, and cleared that area until 29 January 1943 when sent to Bou Chebka, and arrived at Maktar on 14 February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nCombat Command A (CCA) fought at Fa\u00efd Pass commencing on 30 January 1943, and advanced to Sidi Bou Zid, where it was pushed back with heavy tank losses on 14 February 1943, and had elements isolated on Djebel Lessouda, Djebel Kasaira, and Garet Hadid. Combat Command C (CCC), which was formed on 23 January 1943 to raid Sened Station on 24 January, advanced towards Sbeita and counterattacked to support CCA in the Sidi Bou Zid area on 15 February 1943, but was forced to retreat with heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nThe division withdrew from Sbeita on 16 February 1943, but by 21 February 1943 CCB contained the German attack toward T\u00e9bessa. The German withdrawal allowed the division to recover Kasserine Pass on 26 February 1943 and assemble in reserve. The division moved northeast of Gafsa on 13 March 1943 and attacked in heavy rains on 17 March 1943 as CCA took Zannouch, but became immobilized by rain the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nThe division drove on Maknassy on 20 March 1943, and fought the Battle of Djebel Naemia on 22\u201325 March 1943, and then fought to break through positions barring the road to Gab\u00e8s between 29 March and 1 April 1943. It followed up on the withdrawing German forces on 6 April 1943 and attacked towards Mateur with CCA on 27 April 1943, which fell after fighting on Hill 315 and Hill 299 on 3 May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0016-0003", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nThe division, now commanded by Major General Ernest N. Harmon, fought the Battle for Djebel Achtel between 5 and 11 May 1943 and entered Ferryville on 7 May 1943. With the British forces taking Tunis and Americans in Bizerte, the Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered between 9 and 13 May 1943. The division was reorganized in French Morocco and began arriving in Naples, Italy on 28 October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nAfter the Allied invasion of Sicily, the 1st Armored Division, which was part of the American Fifth Army, invaded mainland Italy. It participated in the attack on the Winter Line in November 1943, flanked the Axis armies in the landings at Anzio, and passed through the city of Rome and pursued the retreating enemy northward until mid-July 1944. At that point, Harmon was replaced by Major General Vernon Prichard, who led the 1st AD for the rest of the war. Three days after Prichard took command, the division was reorganized based on experiences in the North Africa Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Combat operations\nThe change was drastic: it eliminated the armored and infantry regiments in favor of three separate tank and infantry battalions, disbanded the Supply Battalion, and cut the strength of the division from 14,000 to 10,000. The result of the reorganization was a more flexible and balanced division, with roughly equivalent infantry and tank battalions. These forces could be combined or custom-tailored by the command to meet any situation. The additional infantry strength would prove particularly useful in future campaigns in the largely mountainous combat of the Italian campaign. The division continued in combat to the Po Valley until the German forces in Italy surrendered on 2 May 1945. In June, the division moved to Germany as part of the occupation forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Casualties\nDuring the war, the Old Ironsides division captured 41 towns and cities and 108,740 prisoners. 722 division soldiers were awarded the Silver Star and another 908 received the Bronze Star. The division received 5,478 Purple Hearts. Two division soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor during World War II: Private Nicholas Minue and Second Lieutenant Thomas Weldon Fowler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, World War II, Casualties\nThe 1st Armored Division flag returned to the New York Port of Embarkation on 24 April 1946 and was deactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 25 April 1946. The component headquarters and units which remained in Germany were retasked and renamed as a component of the United States Constabulary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II\nAs part of the Korean War buildup of American forces, the 1st Armored Division was reactivated at Fort Hood, Texas on 7 March 1951. The division became one of the first divisions in the Army to integrate black soldiers throughout the ranks, and was also the only combat-ready armored division in the continental United States and the first to receive the M48 Patton tank. Training for nuclear war became a major theme in the mid-1950s. The 1st Armored Division participated in tests of the \"Atomic Field Army\" at Fort Hood and in Operation Sagebrush, the largest joint maneuver conducted since World War II. The 1st Armored Division moved to its new base of operations at Fork Polk, Louisiana after completing the exercise in February 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, Cuba\nAt the end of the 1950s, the Army's focus on a nuclear battlefield waned and it experienced years of reduced budgets. The 1st Armored Division reverted into a training cadre for new inductees after being reduced in size and moved back to Fort Hood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, Cuba\nIn 1962, the 1st Armored Division was brought back to full strength and reorganized. Brigades replaced combat commands and the division's aviation assets doubled. Intense training followed the reorganization. In October 1962 the 1st Armored Division was declared combat-ready just before the Cuban Missile Crisis. The division deployed from Fort Hood, Texas to Fort Stewart in response to the Soviet stationing of missiles in Cuba. The entire operation took 18 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, Cuba\nIn the following six weeks, the 1st Armored Division conducted live-fire training and amphibious exercises on the Georgia and Florida coasts. One highlight was a visit from President John F. Kennedy on 26 November 1962. Shortly thereafter, tensions eased and the division returned to Ft. Hood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, Vietnam\nAlthough the 1st Armored Division did not participate as a division in the Vietnam War, there were two units, Company A, 501st Aviation and 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry, that served in Vietnam. Both earned Presidential Unit Citations, and 1-1 Cavalry received two Valorous Unit Awards and three Vietnamese Crosses of Gallantry. Neither unit was officially detached from the 1st Armored Division thus veterans of both units may wear the division's patch as a combat patch. In 1967 the 198th Infantry Brigade was formed from three of the division's infantry battalions and deployed from Fort Hood to Vietnam. After the war, two of the three battalions, 1-6 Infantry and 1-52 Infantry, returned to the 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, Vietnam\nIn early April 1968, when rioting broke out in many American cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., the 3rd Brigade was deployed on 6 April to assist in restoring order during rioting in Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, West Germany\nIn the early 1970s, American forces withdrew from Vietnam and the Army was heavily restructured: the 1st Armored Division was rumored to be on the list of units to be deactivated. Veterans of the division organized a letter-writing campaign to \"save\" the 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, West Germany\nAs part of the Army's post-Vietnam reorganization, the 1st Armored Division was moved to West Germany in 1971 and replaced the 4th Armored Division in the Bavarian city of Ansbach. The Division headquarters remained in Ansbach, with brigade units in the neighboring towns of Bamberg, Illesheim, F\u00fcrth (Nuremberg), Schwabach, Katterbach, Crailsheim, Erlangen and Zirndorf for the next twenty years, as part of VII Corps, itself part of NATO's Central Army Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, West Germany\n1st Battalion, 51st Infantry (Mech), at Crailsheim, part of the 1st Brigade, was deactivated on 16 June 1984 as a result of the division's conversion to the Division 86 force structure. Under the Division 86 structure, each heavy division decreased by one infantry battalion, while remaining infantry battalions gained one additional rifle company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, West Germany\nOn 16 April 1986, the Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division, was activated in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, West Germany\nIn April 1987, 6th Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery (Patriot) moved to a newly built Urlas Kaserne (located near Bismarck & Katterbach Kaserne) assigned to the 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, After World War II, West Germany\nOn 16 November 1987, the 501st Combat Aviation Battalion was deactivated and re-flagged as 2nd Battalion, 1st Aviation Regiment at Katterbach Kaserne, Federal Republic of Germany, under the 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nIn August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. On 8 November 1990, the 1st Armored Division was alerted for deployment to the Middle East to provide an offensive option should Saddam refuse to withdraw from Kuwait. This alert changed the division's focus, from \"building down\" in Europe to \"building up\" in Southwest Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nDivision leaders and soldiers began focusing on planning, training and unit deployment. Planning focused on the challenge of logistics, as the division had to be shipped to Saudi Arabia in a logical order to support the buildup for combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nCommanders and their staff rapidly integrated new equipment into their units to be deployed to the Persian Gulf region. The division also prepared to receive new units: 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division replaced 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division. Round-out units such as the 312th Support Center (RAOC) composed of reservists from throughout Germany, also joined the division. Other units, such as the 54th and 19th Engineer battalions, the 218th Military Police Company, and the 7th Support Group, joined the 1st Armored Division in Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nUnits concentrated on preparing vehicles for overseas movement while undergoing individual and unit training, including gunnery, in the few weeks available before deployment. The division qualified 355 tanks and 300 Bradley crews on Tables VII and VIII, conducted division artillery howitzer section gunnery, fired modified Vulcan Table VIII and qualified Stinger and Chaparral crews. Battle drill rehearsals and wargaming seminars were also part of the rigorous training agenda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Persian Gulf War\nThe division transported equipment by rail, wheeled convoy, and rotary-wing self-deployment. These movements unavoidably occurred on short notice or in bad weather, and posed challenges to coordination and logistics. The first trains departed for port the last week of November 1990 and continued to so until the second week of December 1990. Within two months 17,400 soldiers and 7,050 pieces of equipment were moved to Saudi Arabia for Operation Desert Shield/Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Persian Gulf War, Battle damage assessment\nFour division soldiers were killed in action and 52 wounded in action during the Gulf War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, The Balkans\nOn 18 December 1995, under the command of Major General William L. Nash, the division deployed to northeastern Bosnia as the command and major traoop contributing element of Task Force Eagle, a peace enforcement, multinational unit. The 1st Armored Division returned in late 1996 to Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, The Balkans\nIn 1999, the unit deployed to Kosovo for Operation Allied Force and Operation Joint Guardian. The unit trained heavily afterwards in the Hohenfels and Grafenw\u00f6hr Training Areas in Germany, with realistic OPFOR (Opposition Forces) exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, The Balkans\nIn 2000, the 1st Armored Division's 1st Brigade Combat Team trained at the Grafenwoehr Training Area (GTA). In February 2000, 1st Armored Division Headquarters announced the closure of military facilities in Bad Kreuznach and its subsequent move to Wiesbaden scheduled for June 2001. The 1st Armored Division trained at HTA and GTA in three separate exercises in March 2001. Ready First participated in Mountain Guardian III at Hohenfels as a mission rehearsal exercise for Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, The Balkans\nThe 1st Armored Division's command and control elements conducted a warfighter exercise in the GTA between 21 March and 17 April 2001. The 1st Armored Division took command of Task Force Falcon in Kosovo as Brigadier General Randal Tieszen accepted the colors from 1st Infantry Division's Brigadier General Ricardo Sanchez. The 1st Armored Division celebrated its 60th birthday at home and abroad in Kosovo on 15 July 2001. Major General George W. Casey, Jr. traveled to Boston Harbor in August 2001 where he connected with Commander Bill Foster of the USS Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq\nIn the months building up to the March 2003 invasion of Iraq, two battalions of the 1st Armored Division's 3rd Brigade were deployed to support Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 2\u201370 Armor and 1\u201341 Infantry battalion task forces augmented the 82nd Airborne Division, the 3rd Infantry Division, and the 101st Airborne Division throughout the campaign to oust Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. These units spearheaded the U.S. assaults in As Samawah and Karbala and later occupied the southern area of Baghdad. The 1st Battalion, 13th Armor followed shortly behind towards the end of March 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq\nIn May 2003, the division deployed to Iraq and assumed responsibility for Baghdad, under command of Major General Ricardo Sanchez, relieving the 3d Infantry Division. The 1st Brigade, under Colonel Michael Tucker and after July 2003 under Colonel Peter Mansoor, assumed responsibility for the Rusafa and Adhamiya districts of central Baghdad. The division was scheduled to return to Germany in April 2004 but was extended in country an additional 3 months in order to oppose an uprising of Shia militia led by Moqtada Al Sadr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0043-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq\nDuring the extension Task Force 1\u201337 Armor (\"Bandits\") fought Sadr's forces in Karbala while Task Force 2\u201337 AR (\"Dukes\") along with elements of 2\u20133 FA (\"Gunners\") fought in Diwaniya, Sadr City, Al-Kut, and Najaf. Task Force 1\u201336 IN (\"Spartans\") became the Combined Joint Task Force 7 Operational Reserve and conducted operations along Route Irish from Baghdad International Airport to the Green Zone in support of the 1st Cavalry Division. Forces from the 2d Brigade fought in Kut. During its 15-month deployment, the division lost 133 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Ready First\nThe division's 1st Brigade deployed again to Iraq in January 2006 under the command of Colonel Sean B. MacFarland after months of intensive training in Grafenw\u00f6hr and Hohenfels, Germany. Many of the soldiers who fought with units like 1\u201336 Infantry (\"Spartans\"), 2\u201337 Armor (\"Iron Dukes\"), and 1\u201337 (\"Bandits\") during the invasion of Iraq returned for a second tour. Most of the 1st BCT was initially deployed to Northern Iraq in Nineveh province concentrating on the city of Tal' Afar. In May 2006, the main force of the 1st Brigade received orders to move south to the city of Ramadi in volatile Al Anbar Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Ready First\nSince 2003, Al Anbar served as a base of operations for the Sunni insurgency and al Qaeda. Ramadi, its capital, had neither a government nor a police force when the brigade arrived. Most military strategists inside and outside of the Bush administration believed that the war in Anbar had already concluded unsuccessfully. Al Qaeda in Iraq publicly announced Ramadi as the capital of their new caliphate and the city alone averaged more than twenty attacks per day; the province was statistically the most dangerous location in the country, and the insurgency enjoyed free rein throughout much of the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Ramadi\nWhen the 1st Brigade arrived in Ramadi in June 2006 with more than 70 M1 Abrams tanks and 84 Bradley fighting vehicles, many locals believed the brigade was preparing for a Fallujah-style block-by-block clearing assault on the city and many insurgents fled the city. Following Colonel H.R. McMaster's \"Clear, Hold, Build\" strategy, the brigade developed a plan to isolate the insurgents, deny them sanctuary, and build Iraqi security forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Ramadi\nThe 1st Brigade moved into some of Ramadi's dangerous neighborhoods and built four of what would eventually become eighteen combat outposts starting in July 2006. The soldiers brought the territory under control and inflicted many casualties on the insurgents. On 24 July, the Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) launched a counterattack, initiating 24 assaults, each with about 100 fighters, on American positions. The insurgents failed in all of their attacks and lost about 30 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Independence Day\nSimultaneous with combat operations, the brigade worked on the \"hold\" portion of clear, hold, build. Lieutenant Colonel Tony Deane, commander of Task Force 1-35 Armor, approached Sheik Abdul Sattar Bezia al-Rishawi of the Abu Risha tribe in an attempt to recruit his tribesmen to the police force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Independence Day\nIn his book A Chance in Hell that focuses on the operation in Al Anbar, Jim Michaels wrote that the US had a flawed view on civil government which ignored the tribal history of Iraq. \"The tribal system embraced elements of democracy. The sheik may not be elected,\" wrote Michaels,\" but nor is he born into his job. Sheiks are generally selected by a group of elders[...] Throughout history, ignoring the tribes [in Iraq] has never been a smart move. Sheiks have wielded power for thousands of years and survived countless efforts to blunt their influence in the name of modernity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Independence Day\nTo facilitate Sheik Sittar, Colonel MacFarland's deputy, Lieutenant Colonel Jim Lechner, and his police implementation officer, Marine Major Teddy Gates, changed the location for Iraqi Police recruiting. They wanted a more secure location close to Sattar's house, as this would enable them to build a police station north of the Euphrates River in an area where many potential recruits lived. Having already had his father and three brothers killed by AQI, Sattar appreciated the idea. The residents' response was overwhelming by standing in line to serve as IP's at the next recruiting drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Independence Day\nIn August, the new Jazeera police station north of the river, manned mostly by Abu Ali Jassim tribe members, was attacked and the sheikh of the tribe was killed. AQI hid the sheikh's body so it was not found for several days, a violation of Islam's strict burial rules that call for interment within 24 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Independence Day\nThe attack on the station killed several Iraqi police and created many burn casualties. MacFarland offered to evacuate the police to Camp Blue Diamond, an American Army camp outside of Ramadi, while they repaired the station. But the Iraqis refused to abandon their post and instead put their flag back up and resumed patrolling that same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Awakening\nWith the locals outraged by AQI's disregard of Islamic funeral laws, the charismatic Sattar stepped forward to continue the push toward working with the Americans. On 9 September 2006, he organized a tribal council, attended by more than 50 sheiks as well as MacFarland, where he officially declared an \"Anbar Awakening\". It would convene an Awakening Council dedicated to driving the AQI out of Ramadi and establish rule of law and local governance. The Anbar Awakening was realized with Sittar as its leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0053-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Awakening\nMcFarland, speaking later about the meeting, said, \"I told them that I now knew what it was like to be in Independence Hall on 4 July 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was signed.\" While attacks remained high through October 2006, the Awakening and Sittar's influence began to spread. The AQI, realized it was losing its influence over the citizens and launched a counterattack on the Sufia tribal area on 25 November. The attack was intended to terrorize and insult the Sufia tribe, though with the 1st BCT's M1A1 tanks reinforcing tribal defenders, the AQI was repelled and the relationship between the Sufia tribe and the 1st Armored Division improved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Awakening\nBy early 2007, the combination of tribal engagement and combat outposts was defeating AQI's in Ramadi and throughout the province. President George W. Bush, in his 23 January 2007 State of the Union speech referred to Al Anbar as a place \"where al Qaeda terrorists have gathered and local forces have begun showing a willingness to fight them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, \"The Gettysburg of this war\"\nBy February 2007, contact with insurgents dropped almost 70 percent in number since June 2006 as well as decreasing in complexity and effect. By the summer of 2007, fighting in Al Anbar was mostly over. Frederick Kagan, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, called Al Anbar \"the Gettysburg of this war, to the extent that counterinsurgencies can have such turning points,\" writing \"Progress in Anbar and throughout the Sunni community has depended heavily on a skillful balance between military force and political efforts at the local level.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, \"The Gettysburg of this war\"\nThe tactics, techniques, and procedures used by 1st BCT were groundbreaking at the time but came to serve as the philosophical basis for the surge in Iraq. In nine months, 85 soldiers, sailors, and Marines were killed, and over 500 were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Division Headquarters redeploys\nIn September 2007, amid a national debate about troop levels in Iraq and, more broadly, about the US strategy in Iraq, the 1st Armored Division Headquarters was re-deployed to Iraq. General David Petraeus' surge strategy was in effect, with major counterinsurgency operations across the country. \"This is a pivotal and historic time for the 1st AD, for the forces in Iraq and for the nation,\" said Brig. Gen. James C. Boozer, a deputy commanding general for 1st AD at the time of the division's deployment. The division began its deployment the same day Petraeus delivered his Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq, concluding that \"the military objectives of the surge are, in large measure, being met.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Division Headquarters redeploys\nThe division, commanded by then-Major General Mark Hertling, conducted a relief in place with the 25th Infantry Division and assumed command of Multi-National Division North, headquartered in Tikrit, Iraq, on 28 October 2007, just as MacFarland's Anbar Awakening was pushing AQI out of Anbar. At the time in northern Iraq, enemy attacks averaged 1,800 a month, the Iraqis had little trust in their central government, and the unemployment rate was high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Division Headquarters redeploys\nHertling assumed responsibility for all Coalition forces in Northern Iraq. Multi-National Division North was composed of five maneuver brigade combat teams, a combat aviation brigade, a fires brigade, and an engineer brigade. The division had responsibility includes the Iraqi provinces of Ninawa, Kirkuk (formerly at Tamin), Salah ad Din, and Diyala along with Dahuk, and As Sulaymaniyah. The area included the critical cities of Tal Afar, Mosul, Bayji, Tikrit, Kirkuk, Samarra, Balad, Baqubah, Dahuk, and Sulaymaniah. Arbil province remained aligned as a separate Multi-National Division, North-East. The division area of operations included ethnic fault lines between Arabs and Kurds, religious fault lines between Sunni and Shia Muslims, numerous tribal regions, and the complexities involving significant former regime elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Division Headquarters redeploys\nThe 1st Armored Division immediately applied a mix of lethal and non-lethal counterinsurgency tactics, as maneuver battalions partnered with State Department officials and provincial reconstruction teams. Commanders applied a focused lethality, protecting the Iraqi population while killing insurgents in large volumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Division Headquarters redeploys\nThe division transferred responsibility to Headquarters 25th Infantry Division on 8 December 2008 and returned to Wiesbaden Army Airfield (later renamed Lucius D. Clay Kaserne) in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Iraq, Division Headquarters redeploys\nOn 17 April 2013, US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel announced the deployment of elements of the 1st Armored Division headquarters to Jordan in response to the crisis in Syria. The elements from the 1st Armored Division joined forces in Jordan and provided command and control in cooperation with Jordan forces, which was used to establish a joint task force headquarters that provided command and control for chemical weapons response, humanitarian assistance efforts, and stability operations. The 1st Armored Division planners in Jordan are facilitating the exchange of information with the Jordanian Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Move to Fort Bliss\nIn 2005 the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) commission decided to move the 1st Armored Division to Fort Bliss, Texas no later than 2012. As part of the current Army-wide transformation, several division units were deactivated or converted to other units. The 1st Armored Division officially uncased its colors at Fort Bliss on 13 May 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Move to Fort Bliss\nThe division's colors were officially moved from Germany to Fort Bliss on 13 May 2011. On 25 June 2013, Army force restructuring plans were announced. As part of the plan, the division deactivated its 3rd Brigade Combat Team following its 2014 deployment to Afghanistan. The 4th BCT was reflagged as the 3rd Brigade Combat team in April 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Move to Fort Bliss\nThe 1st Armored Division's Sustainment Brigade deployed 200 of its soldiers to Afghanistan on 11 May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Freedom's Sentinel\nIn late December 2016, ArmyTimes reported that about 1,500 soldiers from the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team and about 800 soldiers from the 16th Combat Aviation Brigade to Afghanistan as part of Operation Freedom's Sentinel. In March 2017, Stars and Stripes reported that, according to an Army statement, 200 soldiers from the 1st Sustainment Brigade will deploy throughout Afghanistan to lead logistical operations, particularly providing supply, to support the US counter terrorism mission and Afghan-led operations against the Taliban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), History, Operation Inherent Resolve\nIn March 2017, Stars and Stripes reported that 400 soldiers from the division's headquarters element will deploy to Iraq in summer 2017, where it led the coalition's ground efforts as part of Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 73], "content_span": [74, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Structure\nThe division has been reorganized under the new modular design after moving to Fort Bliss, in which the deployable unit of maneuver is a brigade rather than a division. It consists of a division headquarters battalion, three armored brigade combat teams, a combat aviation brigade, a sustainment brigade, and a division artillery, field artillery battalions are assigned to their respective brigade combat teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Structure\nThe division's 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team was deactivated after leaving Afghanistan in spring 2015, and its maneuver battalions were reassigned to the remaining three brigade combat teams; subsequently the division's 4th Armored Brigade Combat Team was re-flagged as 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Commanders, Current\nMajor General Sean C. Bernabe assumed command of the 1st Armored Division on 30 September 2020. Deputy commander Brigadier General Matthew L. Eichburg had been serving as the interim commanding officer since 28 July 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Order of battle, 1940\nThe first order of battle for the 1st Armored Division was:HHC, 1st Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Order of battle, 1940\nOn 15 April 1941 the division sent a cadre to form the 4th Armored Division at Pine Camp, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158594-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division (United States), Order of battle, 1943\nThe division was reorganized on 15 September 1943. Its new composition was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States)\nThe 1st Armored Division Artillery (DIVARTY) is the divisional artillery command for the 1st Armored Division at Fort Bliss, Texas. The DIVARTY has served with the division in World War II and the first Persian Gulf War, and in peacetime at Fort Hood, Fort Bliss, Fort Polk and Germany. The DIVARTY was inactivated in 2007 as part of transformation to modular brigade combat teams, but was reactivated in 2014 to provide fire support coordination and mission command for the training and readiness of field artillery units across the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Cold War\n1988 saw a major reflagging in the 1st Armored DIVARTY, with 1st Battalion, 22nd Field Artillery reflagging as 2nd Battalion, 1st Field Artillery; 2nd Battalion, 78th Field Artillery reflagging as 3rd Battalion, 1st Field Artillery; and 6th Battalion, 14th Field Artillery reflagging as 6th Battalion, 1st Field Artillery. The DIVARTY also contained a target acquisition battery (Battery B, 25th Field Artillery) and a separate MLRS battery (Battery A, 94th Field Artillery). The DIVARTY focused its training on three objectives:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Cold War\nThe DIVARTY Interdiction and Counterfire Exercise (ICE) exercised multi-battalion mass live fires, while Exercise Ironstar focused on support to maneuver forces. During 1989, the DIVARTY continued ICE and Ironstar, as well as a conducting a Battle Command Training Program (BCTP) with the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Post Cold War\nDuring 1990, the DIVARTY executed another ICE and participated in REFORGER 90. In late 1990, the DIVARTY deployed to Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Desert Shield, closing on 21 January 1991. As task organized for the conflict, the DIVARTY, commanded by COL Vollney B. Corn, consisted of its organic headquarters; 2nd Battalion, 1st Field Artillery; 3rd Battalion, 1st Field Artillery; Battery A, 94th Field Artillery (MLRS); and Battery B, 25th Field Artillery (Target Acquisition) (B/25th FA). In addition, the 2nd Battalion, 41st Field Artillery was attached from the 3rd Infantry Division Artillery and the 4th Battalion, 27th Field Artillery was attached from the 210th Field Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Post Cold War\nAfter participating in the 100-hour ground conflict and post-conflict stability operations, the DIVARTY redeployed to Germany in early May. As part of post-Cold War draw down, in 1991-1992, the 1st Armored DIVARTY inactivated its battalions, and reflagged the 8th Infantry Division Artillery, assuming command of the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery; and 2nd, 4th and 6th Battalions, 29th Field Artillery, in addition to Battery C, 333rd Field Artillery replacing B/25th FA as the divisional target acquisition battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Post Cold War\nDuring the divisional BCTP, the DIVARTY successfully tested an \"artillery combat team\" concept, employing an MLRS battalion and cannon battalion with a Bradley mechanized infantry security company, Stinger missile teams, and target acquisition radars under the control of the DIVARTY assault command post. The DIVARTY focused its training on artillery maneuver, gunnery and integration of fires. During 1993, the 6th Battalion, 29th Field Artillery upgraded its MLRS launchers to include ATACMS capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Post Cold War\nDuring 1994, the DIVARTY revised its Mission Essential Task List to focus on Operations Other Than War (OOTW) while continuing its training focus on artillery maneuver, gunnery and integration of fires. The DIVARTY was the first active division artillery to field the Initial Fire Support Automated System (IFSAS). As part of continued force reductions across the Army, the 2nd Battalion, 29th Field Artillery redeployed from Germany to Fort Lewis, Washington with the 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division, the brigade it habitually supported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Post Cold War\nIn 1995, the DIVARTY continued its training focus on artillery maneuver, gunnery and integration of fires. In July, the 6th Battalion, 29th Field Artillery inactivated, ending the U.S. Army's occupation of Strassburg Kaserne in Idar-Oberstein. To continue MLRS support to the division, the DIVARTY reactivated Battery A, 94th Field Artillery in May 1995. The 1994 focus on OOTW proved fortuitous, when the DIVARTY deployed with the division to Bosnia in December 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Post Cold War\nThe DIVARTY was task organized for the operation with its organic headquarters; 2nd Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery; 4th Battalion, 29th Field Artillery; Battery A (MLRS), 94th Field Artillery; and Battery C (Target Acquisition), 333rd Field Artillery. The addition of two additional target acquisition batteries: Battery A, 25th Field Artillery (from the 41st Field Artillery Brigade) and Battery B, 25th Field Artillery (from the 1st Infantry Division Artillery) raised the DIVARTY's operational strength to over 2,300. The DIVARTY continued operations in Bosnia, including weekly howitzer platoon displacements and 2-gun raids to maintain fire support for maneuver operations. The DIVARTY also supported various multi-national units and conducted partnered training with the Nordic-Polish Brigade, a Russian mortar battery and a Turkish 155mm howitzer battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Post Cold War\nIn 1997, the DIVARTY redeployed from Bosnia and executed a re-training program of command post exercises, including Operation Victory Strike, a corps BCTP focused on high intensity conflict. The battalions also conducted field artillery live fires and multinational exercises and demonstrations. The 4th Battalion, 29th Field Artillery reflagged as the 4th Battalion, 27th Field Artillery and Battery C, 333rd Field Artillery reflagged as Battery C, 25th Field Artillery. The DIVARTY returned to Bosnia in the fall and winter of 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), History, Post Cold War\nThe DIVARTY Headquarters remained deployed to Bosnia through June 1998, controlling two fire support elements for two brigades and an organic firing battery, as well as two firing batteries from 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment and additional Army National Guard elements. The two cannon battalions fielded the M109A6 Paladin howitzer, with 4th Battalion, 27th Field Artillery completing training in May and 2nd Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery completing training in July. The DIVARTY then again returned to training for high intensity conflict, participating in Operation Rolling Steel 98, the largest maneuver rights exercise in Germany since 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), Lineage & honors, Campaign participation credit\nWorld War II: Tunisia; Naples-Foggia; Rome-Arno; Anzio; North Apennines; Po Valley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 95], "content_span": [96, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158595-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Division Artillery (United States), Lineage & honors, Campaign participation credit\nSouthwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 95], "content_span": [96, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy)\nThe 1st Armored Regiment (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento Corazzato) is an armored regiment of the Italian Army based in Teulada in Sardinia. Originally the regiment, like all Italian tank units, was part of the infantry, but since 1 June 1999 it is part of the cavalry. The regiment is a training unit under the Army Military Command \"Sardegna\" and tasked to manage the Capo Teulada Training Range and provide the opposing force for visiting units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy), History, Formation\nThe regiment was formed on 15 September 1936 in Vercelli as 1st Tank Infantry Regiment with four battalions: I, II, and III assault tanks battalions and the IV Breach Tank Battalion. The assault tanks battalions fielded L3/35 tankettes, while the breach tanks battalion fielded Fiat 3000 light tanks. The regiment's initial structure was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy), History, Formation\nOn 1 January 1938 the regiment received the XXIII Assault Tanks Battalion \"Stennio\", which had returned from Libya and on 30 November 1938 it ceded the IV Breach Tanks Battalion to the forming 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment, while receiving on the same date the IV Assault Tanks Battalion \"Monti\" from the 2nd Tank Infantry Regiment, the V Breach Tanks Battalion from the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment, and the XXII Assault Tanks Battalion \"Coralli\", which had returned from Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy), History, Formation\nIn 1939 the regiment ceded the III Assault Tanks Battalion \"Paselli\" to the 31st Tank Infantry Regiment, and the IV Assault Tanks Battalion \"Monti\" to the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment. On 6 November 1939 the regiment ceded the XXII Assault Tanks Battalion \"Coralli\" and XXIII Assault Tanks Battalion \"Stennio\" to the forming 33rd Tank Infantry Regiment, and renamed the V Breach Tanks Battalion as CCCXXIII Breach Tanks Battalion, which soon after moved to Riva del Garda and was ceded to the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment. In April 1940 tank battalions were renamed and the regiment entered World War II with the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nThe regiment's baptism of fire came during the Italian invasion of France, when the regiment advanced with its battalion into Southern France. In early summer 1940 the regiment's I Tank Battalion \"L\" was sent to North Africa for the upcoming Italian invasion of Egypt, where it joined the X Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nThe regimental headquarters arrived in Libya in early July and on 20 July 1940 the 1st Armored Infantry Regiment's headquarter arrived in Mechili, where it remained and fulfilled administrative and logistic duties, while the regiment's commanding officer Colonel Pietro Aresca led the Babini Group's I Tankers Grouping (also known as \"Aresca Group\"). The regiment's headquarter remained in Mechili until 24 January 1941, when advancing British forces drove the Italians out of Mechili. As the regimental command had been destroyed during the British advance the regiment was declared disbanded on 8 February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nThe regiment was reformed on 15 March 1941 in Vercelli as training unit. For the remainder of the war the regiment trained replacement tank crews for the deployed units and occasionally also new battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy), History, World War II\nOn 1 August the regiment began with the formation of the I Tank Battalion \"P\" with new P 40 tanks, but after Italy changed sides with the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the 1st Tank Infantry Regiment was disbanded by the Germans and its materiel transferred to Wehrmacht units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War\nImmediately after ratification of the peace treaty between the allies and Italy on 15 September 1947 the Italians began to rebuild their army. A first tank battalion with M4 Sherman tanks was raised in spring 1948 in Rome, which moved in June to Casarsa della Delizia to make room for a second M4 Sherman tank battalion. On 10 July 1948 the two battalions were used to form the 1st Tankers Regiment in Rome, which joined the Armored Brigade \"Ariete\" on 7 September 1948. The brigade had been reformed earlier on 1 June 1948 without units. Regiment and brigade moved in fall 1948 to the Friuli Venezia Giulia region - the regiment to Casarsa della Delizia and the brigade headquarters to Pordenone. On 1 April 1949 the 1st Tankers Regiment was renamed 132nd Tankers Regiment \"Ariete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158596-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Italy), History, Cold War\nOn 11 May 1959 the army activated the Armored Units Training Center in Teulada. On 1 May 1974 the center was renamed 1st Armored Infantry Regiment and received the war flag and traditions of the 1st Tank Infantry Regiment. On 9 March 1993 the name was changed to 1st Armored Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158597-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armored Regiment (Lebanon)\nThe 1st Armored Regiment was a regiment in the Lebanese Armed Forces. It was disbanded in 2005. Its mission was to fight Israeli troops, fight smugglers, support other security forces, and increase the stability of the nation, among other tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia)\nThe 1st Armoured Brigade was a formation of the Australian Army during World War II. The brigade was formed in July 1941, at Greta, New South Wales from volunteers for the Second Australian Imperial Force and was assigned to the 1st Armoured Division. Raised initially for service in the Middle East, following Japan's entry into the war, the brigade was assigned to the defence of Australia in case of an invasion. After garrison duties in New South Wales and Western Australia, it was disbanded in November 1944 without seeing active service, although some of its former units saw action later with other formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia)\nIt was re-raised in the postwar period, serving in the  Citizens Military Force between 1948 and 1957. During this period, the brigade was based in New South Wales and formed part of Eastern Command. The brigade's headquarters was broken up when the Australian Army determined that there was no need for large-scale armoured formations as the focus shifted to jungle operations and close infantry-armoured cooperation. Its constituent units were subsequently dispersed to other formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn June 1940, the Australian government decided to form an armoured division, designated the 1st Armoured Division. This formation included two armoured brigades drawn from the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), and was intended for deployment to the Middle East. This was by far the largest armoured unit the Australian Army had established, with interwar experimentation being limited to a single armoured car regiment. The armoured division was considered necessary to enable the formation of a self-contained Australian corps including the four infantry divisions that had previously been formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nAs a result, the 1st Armoured Brigade was formed on 19 July 1941 when its headquarters opened at Victoria Barracks, Sydney. In line with the standard British Army structure for armoured divisions at the time, it was to command three 2nd AIF armoured regiments and a regiment of motorised infantry; each armoured regiment had an authorised strength of 10 scout cars, 46 cruiser tanks and 6 support tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe brigade's first commander was Brigadier Frederick Hinton, a  World War I veteran who had served with the Australian Light Horse at Gallipoli, and then as a machine gun officer on the Western Front. During the interwar years, he had risen through the ranks as a cavalry officer in the part-time forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe regiments assigned to the brigade were the 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th Armoured Regiments, which were formed in Queensland and New South Wales after the brigade headquarters was raised. After undertaking individual training, the three regiments and the brigade headquarters were brought together at Greta, New South Wales, in November 1941. The brigade moved as a formation to Tamworth, in December 1941 to begin more complex collective training. In early 1942, the brigade moved again to Singleton where training facilities for an armoured brigade were being rapidly constructed. It had initially been planned to raise a new 2nd AIF infantry battalion \u2013 the 2/34th \u2013 as a motorised unit, but instead it was decided to utilise the existing Militia light horse units as motor regiments. As a result, the 15th Motor Regiment joined the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nEarly war plans were made for the brigade to deploy to the Middle East in early 1942; however, Japan's entry into the war in December 1941 meant that this move was cancelled and instead the brigade was reallocated to the defence of Australia in the case of invasion. A small element \u2013 the 2/1st Independent Light Tank Squadron \u2013 was formed from the brigade to deploy to Malaya around this time, but this deployment was also cancelled in February 1942 after the fall of Singapore, and the detachment was reassigned to the 1st Armoured Brigade, adopting the designation of the 2/1st Armoured Brigade Reconnaissance Squadron. In April 1942, Brigadier Robert Nimmo assumed command of the brigade. He held the position only for a short period, and was replaced by Brigadier Denzil Macarthur-Onslow in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe delivery of tanks to the brigade was slow, and until April 1942 its armoured regiments were equipped only with machine gun carriers. US-made M3 Grant medium tanks and Stuart light tanks were delivered throughout the first half of 1942. Divisional exercises were undertaken in August 1942 around Narrabri, during which time the brigade occupied a position around Edgeroi Station. The following month,  the 2/6th Armoured Regiment was detached and deployed to New Guinea to fight against the Japanese, and subsequently took part in the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nMeanwhile, in October 1942, the 1st Armoured Division was reorganised to provide some of its more experienced personnel to help raise the 2nd and 3rd Armoured Divisions. Once this was complete, the 1st Armoured Division was ordered to begin moving to Western Australia to undertake garrison duties. The 15th Motor Regiment transferred to the 2nd Armoured Division at this time, while the 2/10th Armoured Regiment, which had been raised in Western Australia, was transferred to the 1st Armoured Brigade to make up for the loss of the 2/6th to combat operations in New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThe 2/1st Armoured Brigade Reconnaissance Squadron was broken up and used to form part of the 2/4th Armoured Regiment, which was assigned to the 2nd Armoured Brigade. The brigade's move to Western Australia began in December 1942, after a preliminary move to Gunnedah. In January 1943, Nimmo resumed command, taking over from Macarthur-Onslow. The following month, the 1st Armoured Brigade had concentrated at Mingenew, and a divisional exercise took place in March 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nAs the tide of war in the Pacific turned in favour of the Allies, the threat of invasion passed. The Australian government decided to reallocate some of the manpower that had been tied up in the armoured divisions to other formations that would be utilised for jungle warfare, or civilian industry. As a result, in April 1943, the 15th Motor Regiment returned to the 1st Armoured Brigade when the 2nd Armoured Division was disbanded. The 1st Armoured Division was retained in Western Australia, though, and Brigadier Frank Wells assumed command of the brigade in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nIn August, the 1st Armoured Brigade was moved to Moora. The following month, the 1st Armoured Division ceased to exist as a formation and was broken up. The 1st Armoured Brigade was retained as an independent brigade group and reported directly to III Corps. It received the new 2/1st Armoured Brigade Reconnaissance Squadron, which was formed from the 1st Armoured Division's headquarters, as well as artillery from the 16th Field Regiment and the 112th Anti-Tank Regiment and engineers from the 2/3rd Independent Field Company. Various other support units were also attached during this time. Brigade headquarters remained at Moora while the brigade's units undertook training at various locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nThroughout 1944,  Australia's armoured forces continued to be reduced. The combat units in Western Australia were also disbanded or transferred as the threat to the state declined. On 8 March, all elements of III Corps were placed on six hours notice to respond to a Japanese naval force which was believed to be headed for the Fremantle\u2013Perth area. This proved to be a false alarm, and all units returned to normal duties on 14 March. The 2/6th Armoured Regiment returned to the brigade in March 1944, releasing the 2/5th Armoured Regiment to join the 4th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nFollowing this, further reductions took place as the 2/7th Armoured Regiment was disbanded in May, followed by the 112th Anti-Tank Regiment in June. In June 1944, the brigade's strength was reported as 5,338 personnel. Brigade headquarters moved to Northam that month, at which time III Corps headquarters was redesignated as Western Command as the process of converting it into a line of communications formation began. Nevertheless, the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, World War II\nArmoured Brigade's order of battle remained steady until October when the 15th Motor Regiment was disbanded and both the 2/6th Armoured Regiment and the brigade reconnaissance squadron were transferred to the 4th Armoured Brigade in Queensland. The 16th Field Regiment was also transferred to the east coast, moving to Sydney. Finally, in October \u2013 November 1944, the brigade ceased to exist \u2013 having never seen combat \u2013 being  broken up to provide reinforcements for forces deployed elsewhere. At this time, both 2/10th Armoured Regiment and the 1st Armoured Brigade's headquarters were disbanded at Northam. The 1st Armoured Brigade Group was the last combat unit to be stationed in Western Australia during the war. From its disbandment until the end of the war, the 4th Armoured Brigade commanded the Army's remaining armoured forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, Postwar\nIn the postwar period, the Australian Army re-raised two armoured brigades  \u2013 the 1st and the 2nd \u2013 in April 1948 within the part-time Citizens Military Force (CMF). The 1st Armoured Brigade was formed in New South Wales as part of Eastern Command, and was placed under the command of  Macarthur-Onslow, who had previously held the post during the war. At this time, the brigade consisted of two armoured regiments \u2013 the 1st and 12th/16th \u2013 and the 6th Motor Regiment. The two armoured regiments operated reconditioned Matilda II infantry tanks in the post-war period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, Postwar\nThese tanks were considered obsolete, and were later supplemented with small numbers of Centurion main battle tanks which were issued only for training. The 6th Motor Regiment was issued M3 Scout Cars, which were also obsolete. The 1st Armoured Regiment was based at Parramatta, while the 12th/16th Armoured Regiment was spread across regional New South Wales with depots in Muswellbrook, Armidale, Tamworth, and North Maitland. ' A' Squadron of the Newcastle-based 15th Amphibian Assault Regiment, was assigned to the brigade to provide an amphibious capability, and operated LVT(A)4s. As of 1953, the 1st Armoured Brigade's headquarters were located in Lancer Barracks at Parramatta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, Postwar\nThroughout the early 1950s, the brigade's elderly vehicles and equipment became rundown. Plans to purchase Centurion tanks for the CMF armoured regiments were abandoned in 1954 due to the pressure the National Service scheme was placing on the Army's budget. The Matildas were withdrawn from service in 1955, and the 1st Armoured Brigade's two armoured regiments used Staghound armoured cars for training that year. From 1956, tank training was centralised at Puckapunyal, Victoria with units rotating through the Armoured Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, Postwar\nIn 1953, Brigadier Kenneth Arnott took over command of the brigade, remaining in the position until 1956 when Brigadier John James replaced him. In 1957, the director of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps (RAAC) noted that the poor state of the CMF armoured regiments' equipment meant that it was no longer possible for them to become proficient in cooperation between infantry and tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, Postwar\nThe brigade ceased to exist in September 1957, following a reassessment of the role of armour within the Australian Army. This resulted in a focus upon infantry support in jungle conditions, rather than large-scale armoured warfare. As a result, armoured brigade headquarters were no longer considered unnecessary. Nevertheless, a small armoured headquarters staff was retained underneath the Brigadier, RAAC cell that was established within both Southern and Eastern Commands at this time. This staff was intended as a cadre from which to form a brigade headquarters in an emergency, but represented only about half of the 105 personnel that had previously undertaken the role. It did not command any units, and had an advisory function. The headquarters was disbanded in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), History, Postwar\nThe individual regiments previously assigned to the brigade were also affected by the change. The 1st and 15th being amalgamated to form the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers. The 6th Motor Regiment was converted into an infantry unit designated the 6th Royal New South Wales Rifles, retaining the lineage of its predecessor mounted unit. By 1960, with the introduction of the pentropic establishment, the 1st/15th had been assigned to the 3rd Division as a tank unit, while the 6th Royal New South Wales Rifles had ceased to exist, being subsumed into the Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), Brigade units\nThe following units served with the brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158598-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (Australia), Brigade units\nIn the postwar period, the following units were assigned to the brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158599-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Armoured Brigade, raised as the 1st Light Armoured, later the 1st Armoured Brigade Group, was an armoured formation of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158599-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nAt the start of the war, the brigade was based in the United Kingdom, initially as part of the 1st Armoured Division and then as part of the newly formed 2nd Armoured Division. In November 1940, it was shipped to Egypt, arriving on 1\u00a0January 1941. In March 1941, the brigade was dispatched to Greece as part of General Maitland Wilson's unsuccessful attempt at stopping the German invasion. On 29 April 1941, the brigade was evacuated to Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158599-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nThe 1st Armoured Brigade served in the Western Desert Campaign with the 7th Armoured Division at the Battle of El Alamein. The brigade was disbanded on 21 November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158599-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Order of Battle\nThe Order of battle of the brigade during the war was: (day/month/year), units in order of precedence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158599-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Order of Battle\nGreece Deployment Group (The following units were attached when the brigade was engaged in Greece between 26/02/41\u20131/05/41)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158600-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Car Squadron (Australia)\nThe Australian 1st Armoured Car Squadron was an Australian Army unit formed as part of Australia's contribution to the occupation of Japan. Upon its return to Australia in 1948 the Squadron was expanded and re-equipped to form the 1st Armoured Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158600-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Car Squadron (Australia), History\nThe 1st Armoured Car Squadron was raised at Puckapunyal, Victoria in January 1946 to form part of the Australian 34th Brigade which was forming at Morotai in the Netherlands East Indies prior to its deployment to Japan. The Squadron was manned by volunteers from the 4th Armoured Brigade and was equipped with 18 Staghound armoured cars and 8 Canadian Scout Cars. After a brief period of training the Squadron embarked for Japan in late March 1946, arriving at Hiroshima on 12 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158600-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Car Squadron (Australia), History\nFollowing the arrival of its armoured cars in early June the 1st Armoured Car Squadron began conducting patrols across the 34th Brigade's area of responsibility. These patrols were generally uneventful and, like almost all of the Allied occupation force, the Squadron did not experience combat. Due to the unsuitability of the Staghounds for Japan's roads the Squadron was completely equipped with Canadian Scout Cars in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158600-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Car Squadron (Australia), History\nThe 1st Armoured Car Squadron returned to Australia in December 1948. In July 1949 the Squadron was expanded and re-equipped with Churchill tanks to form the 1st Armoured Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158601-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Corps (Poland)\nThe 1st Armoured Corps (Polish: 1 Korpus Pancerny) was an armoured formation of the Polish People's Army during 1944 - 1945. The corps saw combat in Germany in 1945. Later that year, the subordinate units of the corps were dispersed to garrisons in Poland and the corps itself was inactivated in October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158601-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Corps (Poland)\nThe 1st Armoured Corps (comparable in size to an armoured division of western armies of the same period) completed its formation in September 1944 and was then subordinated to the supreme command of the Polish forces that had been established by the U.S.S.R. on the eastern front. Training of the unit continued until February 1945 at Che\u0142m. The organisation of the corps was that of a Soviet tank corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158601-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Corps (Poland)\nThe corps supported Polish 2nd Army attacks in the direction of Dresden starting on April 16, 1945. The corps had almost reached Dresden when it was recalled on April 22 to counter-attack German units attacking at Bautzen. The corps then assisted in sealing the western flank of the German penetration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158601-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Corps (Poland)\nFrom 4 to 11 May 1945, the corps took part in the Prague Offensive, a major Soviet operation that forced the surrender of German Army Group Center. At the end of the operation, the corps had crossed the border into Czechoslovakia and was near the town of M\u011bln\u00edk. Following the end of combat operations, the 1st Armoured Corps was redeployed to G\u00f6rlitz. The corps re-entered Poland during 20\u201321 May. Its subordinate units were subsequently dispersed and the corps itself was inactivated on October 5, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158601-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Corps (Poland)\nFrom 1949 until 1952, and from 1955 until 1957, another formation in the Polish Army was designated \"1st Armoured Corps\". This unit, however, did not carry the traditions of the wartime 1st \"Dresden\" Armoured Corps. Unlike the wartime unit, the second formation was an actual corps in structure, commanding two divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158601-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Corps (Poland), Order of battle\nThe 1st corps was composed of the following units (equipment listed as it was just before the corps entered combat in April 1945):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia)\nThe 1st Armoured Division was an armoured formation of the Australian Army, raised in 1941 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF) during World War II. While the Division was originally to be deployed to North Africa in late 1941, it was retained in Australia following the outbreak of the Pacific War. The 1st Armoured Division formed a key element of Australia's defences against a feared Japanese invasion and was disbanded in Western Australia in September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), History, Formation\nThe decision to form the 1st Armoured Division was inspired by the success of mass tank tactics in Europe during the early stages of World War II. The Australian War Cabinet approved the formation of an armoured division in July 1940, and 1st Armoured Division was established on 1 July 1941, under the command of Major General John Northcott. The Australian Armoured Corps was established at the same time, with the corps being formally gazetted on 9 July 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), History, Formation\nThe Division was established with two armoured brigades, 1st and 2nd, each of three armoured regiments. These were supported by various corps troops including an armoured car regiment, a motor regiment (converted from a light horse formation), engineers, a field artillery regiment, an anti-tank battery, and a logistics support group. On paper, each armoured regiment was to be equipped with 10 scout cars, 46 cruiser tanks, and six support tanks; while the motor regiment was to be established with 14 scout cars and 44 Universal Carriers, and the armoured car regiment 12 scout cars and 58 armoured cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), History, Formation\nDuring its early existence, the division faced several key challenges. The formation of an armoured division involved a massive expansion of Australia's armoured forces, so the great majority of the division's officers and soldiers had to be trained from scratch in newly established armoured warfare schools. This process was greatly complicated by the limited number of tanks available to the division, with the entire division having only eight light and 10 cruiser tanks by December, and having to utilise 30 Universal Carriers for training. While the number of tanks available to the division slowly increased, it did not receive its full allocation until May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), History, Defence of Australia\nPrior to the commencement of hostilities with Japan the 1st Armoured Division had been scheduled to deploy to the Middle East where it would be fully equipped and complete its training: the 1st Armoured Brigade was to embark for the Middle East in December 1941, with 2nd Armoured Brigade embarking in March 1942. These plans were, however, dropped in early December 1941 when it was decided to retain the division in Australia to defend against the feared Japanese landings on the Australian mainland. As an emergency measure the division's armoured regiments were equipped with Bren Carriers until sufficient tanks arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), History, Defence of Australia\nMajor General Horace Robertson replaced Northcott in April 1942 when Northcott was promoted to command the newly established II Corps. The 1st Armoured Division's armoured regiments were equipped with M3 Grant medium tanks and M3 Stuart light tanks in April and May 1942. Following this, the division was concentrated in northern New South Wales where it completed its training with a series of large exercises around Narrabri. In January 1943, the division was moved to the area between Perth and Geraldton, Western Australia, where it formed part of III Corps to counter the perceived threat of a Japanese invasion of Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDue to the end of the Japanese threat to Australia and the unsuitability of large armoured formations in jungle warfare the 1st Armoured Division no longer had any real role by 1943. By this time, there was a manpower shortage in the Australian Army, which required a re-allocation of personnel and the gradual reduction of Australia's armoured units. While the division was disbanded in September 1943, its 1st Armoured Brigade and other units was retained as the independent 1st Armoured Brigade Group. This brigade group unit remained part of III Corps in Western Australia until its disbandment in September 1944. The 4th Armoured Brigade, which was established in March 1943 and included several regiments which had previously formed part of the 1st Armoured Division, provided all the Australian armoured units which saw action from 1943 until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), History, Former elements in action\nWhile 1st Armoured Division never saw action as a complete formation, three regiments which were part of the division saw action in the South West Pacific Area, either while assigned to the division, or later. In September 1942, the 2/6th Armoured Regiment, equipped with M3 Stuart light tanks, was deployed to New Guinea, and subsequently saw action during the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona. During 1944\u20131945, the 2/4th Armoured Regiment contributed squadron-sized elements to both the Bougainville campaign and Aitape\u2013Wewak campaigns, equipped with Matilda tanks. The 2/9th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), History, Former elements in action\nArmoured Regiment, also using Matildas, served in the Borneo campaign, including the Australian amphibious landings at Tarakan, Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan and British Borneo in 1945. Other armoured units, such as the 1st Armoured Regiment, which also took part in the Borneo campaign, were Militia units which had not formed part of the 1st Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), Order of battle, Order of battle upon formation\nAt the time of its formation in July 1941, 1st Armoured Division consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 82], "content_span": [83, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), Order of battle, Order of battle upon disbandment\nAt the time of the division's disbandment in September 1943 it consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158602-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Australia), Order of battle, 1st Armoured Brigade Group\nFrom September 1943 to September 1944 the division's former 1st Armoured Brigade group served as an independent brigade. In September 1943 the Brigade Group consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nThe 1st Armoured Division is an armoured division of the Indian Army. It is part of II Corps and is headquartered at Patiala, Punjab. It is part of the Indian Army Western Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nThe division was formed when the 31st Indian Armoured Division was redesignated on September 1, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nThe 1st Armoured Division was one of two divisional headquarters transferred from the British Indian Army to the Indian Army upon the partition of British India in August 1947. At the time it had its divisional headquarters at Secunderabad and the 43rd Lorried Infantry Brigade away with the Punjab Boundary Force. In June 1946, the wartime 255th Indian Tank Brigade was redesignated as 1st Armoured Brigade and assigned to 1st Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nThe division played a major role in Operation Polo, the integration of Hyderabad into the Indian Union in 1948. During this time Major General Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri was serving as the division's commander, also serving as Military Governor of the state in the immediate aftermath of the invasion. For the Hyderabad operation, the division controlled the 1st Armoured Brigade and the 7th and 9th Infantry Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nThe 1st Armoured Division played an important role in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The Division, also nicknamed the 'Black Elephant' or 'Airawat' Division, consisted in 1965 of the 17th Cavalry, The Poona Horse, the 4th Hodson's Horse, the 16th 'Black Elephant' Cavalry, the 7th Light Cavalry, the 2nd Royal Lancers, the 18th Cavalry and the 62nd Cavalry, the two first named being equipped with Centurion tanks. During the war Major General Rajinder Singh Sparrow was GOC of the Division, he won the Mahavir Chakra for his role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nAfter the war the division still consisted of the 1st Armoured Brigade and the 43rd Lorried Infantry Brigade. The Armoured Brigade consisted of the 16th Cavalry, Hodson's Horse and the Poona Horse equipped with upgraded Sherman and Centurion tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nThe 16th Light Cavalry was also equipped with Centurion tanks. The regiment was the leading element and suffered one officer casualty only. During the 1971 war the 16th's two squadrons stayed in defences, while its A Squadron took part in operations in a supporting role of an infantry brigade in Shakargarh sector and was highly decorated. Three out of the four officers of Alfa Squadron went on to become Lieutenant Generals in the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nThe 68th Armoured Regiment was made part of the division on 30 March 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nFollowing the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war, the division was reorganised with the 1st and 43rd Armoured Brigades and relocated in 1972 to Ambala. In 1984, it was reorganized with the 1st, 43rd and 98th Armoured Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158603-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (India)\nThe division may also include the 5 Armoured Regiment. 63 Cavalry may also be with the 43 Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158604-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Poland)\nThe Polish 1st Armoured Division (Polish 1 Dywizja Pancerna) was an armoured division of the Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II. Created in February 1942 at Duns in Scotland, it was commanded by Major General Stanis\u0142aw Maczek and at its peak numbered approximately 18,000 soldiers. The division served in the final phases of the Battle of Normandy in August 1944 during Operation Totalize and the Battle of Chambois and then continued to fight throughout the campaign in Northern Europe, mainly as part of the First Canadian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158604-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Poland), History\nAfter the fall of Poland and then France in 1940, the remaining Poles that had fought in both campaigns retreated with the British Army to the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158604-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Poland), History, Formation\nStationed in Scotland the Polish 1st Armoured Division was formed as part of the Polish I Corps under Wladyslaw Sikorski, which guarded approximately 200 kilometres of British coast in 1940-1941. The commander of the Division, General Stanislaw Maczek, was Poland\u2019s premier mechanized commander, and many of his subordinate officers from the unit he commanded in 1939, the 10th Mechanized Brigade, had made their way to Britain with him. They were organized on the British Armoured Division model, equipped with British uniforms, weapons and tanks. They were initially equipped and trained on Crusader tanks but in late 1943 and early 1944 these were replaced with Sherman tanks and Cromwell tanks. They then participated in war games together with the 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158604-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Poland), History, Normandy\nBy the end of July 1944, the 1st Armoured had been transferred to Normandy, its final elements arriving on 1 August. The unit was attached to the First Canadian Army as part of the 21st Army Group. This may have been done to help in communication, as the vast majority of Poles did not speak English when they arrived in United Kingdom from 1940 onwards. The Division joined combat on 8 August during Operation Totalize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158604-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Poland), History, Normandy\nIt twice suffered serious casualties as a result of \"friendly fire\" from Allied aircraft, but achieved a victory against the Wehrmacht in the battles for Mont Ormel, and the town of Chambois. This series of offensive and defensive operations came to be known as the Battle of Falaise, in which a large number of German Army and SS divisions were trapped in the Falaise Pocket and subsequently destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158604-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Poland), History, Normandy\nMaczek's division had the crucial role of closing the pocket at the escape route of the trapped German divisions, hence the fighting was desperate and the 2nd Polish Armoured Regiment, 24th Polish Lancers and 10th Dragoons, supported by the 8th and 9th Infantry Battalions, took the brunt of German attacks by units attempting to break free from the pocket. Surrounded and running out of ammunition, they withstood incessant attacks from multiple fleeing panzer divisions for 48 hours until they were relieved. The total losses of the division from August 7 when it entered combat until the end of the battle of Falaise on August 22 were 446 killed, 1501 wounded, and 150 missing, or 2097 soldiers in total during about two weeks of fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158604-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Poland), History, Belgium and the Netherlands\nAfter the Allied armies broke out from Normandy, the Polish 1st Armoured Division pursued the Germans along the coast of the English Channel. It liberated, among others, the towns of Saint-Omer, Ypres, Oostnieuwkerke, Roeselare, Tielt, Ruislede, and Ghent. During Operation Pheasant a successful outflanking manoeuvre planned and performed by General Maczek allowed the liberation of the city of Breda without any civilian casualties (29 October 1944). The Division spent the winter of 1944-1945 on the south bank of the river Rhine, guarding a sector around Moerdijk, Netherlands. In early 1945, it was transferred to the province of Overijssel and started to push with the Allies along the Dutch-German border, liberating the eastern parts of the provinces of Drenthe and Groningen including the towns of Emmen, Coevorden and Stadskanaal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158604-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Poland), History, Germany\nIn April 1945, the 1st Armoured entered Germany in the area of Emsland. On 6 May, the Division seized the Kriegsmarine naval base in Wilhelmshaven, where General Maczek accepted the capitulation of the fortress, naval base, East Frisian Fleet and more than 10 infantry divisions. There the Division ended the war and, joined by the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, undertook occupation duties until it was disbanded in 1947; it, together with the many Polish displaced persons in the Western occupied territories, formed a Polish enclave at Haren in Germany, which was for a while known as \"Maczk\u00f3w\". The majority of its soldiers opted not to return to Poland, which fell under Soviet occupation, preferring instead to remain in exile. Many artefacts and memorabilia belonging to Maczek and the 1st Polish Armoured Division are on display in the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 951]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158604-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Poland), Organization during 1944\u201345, Numbers\nMemorial in Saint Omer to the Polish 1st Armoured Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria)\nThe 1st Armoured Division is a division of the Syrian Arab Army. It was established before 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), Yom Kippur War\nDuring the Syrian Army's assault on the Israeli held Golan Heights during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the 1st Division was held in reserve until a breakthrough was made on the front line. On the evening of the first day of battle, 6 October, the division was sent forward to follow the success of the 5th Division in the southern part of the line. Dunstan writes that on the evening of the next day, the division commander, Colonel Tewfiq Juhni, had established a supply and administrative complex in the Khishniyah area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), Yom Kippur War\nDuring the next two days, elements of the division fought along the Syrian salient in the southern Golan, taking part in the battles around Nafach, Khishniyah and the area around Al-\u2018Al. On 10 October, alongside with other elements of the Syrian Army, the last remnants of the Division finally withdrew after hard fighting against the Israeli defenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), 1982 Lebanon War\nAt the outbreak of the Lebanon War, the entire division was stationed in the Bekaa Valley. At the time, it was composed of the 91st Armoured Brigade, the 76th Armoured Brigade and the 58th Mechanized Brigade. Each armoured brigade contained about 160 tanks, and the mechanized brigade consisted of about 40, which added up to a division total of about 360 tanks (usually T-62s). In addition to these units, the 20th Commando Regiment was under the command of the division. It which was primarily used in the anti-tank role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), 1982 Lebanon War\nThe first clash between Syrian forces and the Israeli army forces occurred near the town of Jezzine, in the southern part of the valley. To protect the town against the advancing Israeli forces, infantry units and elements of the 76th Armoured Brigade were dispatched. In the ensuing battle, the IDF managed to defeat the Syrian forces and occupy the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), 1982 Lebanon War\nA few days later, the division again fought forces of the IDF, who attacked the division on 11 June 1982, in the Battle of Sultan Yacoub. During this battle, the 91st and 76th Brigades were in the line while the 58th remained in reserve. At the same time forces of the 3rd Armoured Division began moving south along the Bekaa Valley to help against the Israeli attack. Finally, after heavy fighting, the division successfully staved off the Israeli troops and continued to hold the eastern part of the Beirut - Damascus line. Despite the losses the Syrians suffered, this battle is considered a great success because the Israeli effort was curbed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), 21st century\nThe division was subordinate to the Second Corps, whose headquarters are in Al-Zabadani, north-west of Damascus, on the border of Lebanon. The corps has responsibility for the entire area north of Damascus to Homs including Lebanon. Corps forces were set up in Lebanon during the Syrian presence there, which lasted from 1976 to 2005. The 1st Division itself is currently headquartered at the Al-Kiswah base, south of Damascus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), 21st century\nIn 2001, according to Richard Bennett, the division was composed of three brigades, the 44th Armoured, 46th Armoured, and the 42nd Mechanized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), 21st century\nAccording to Holliday, by the beginning of 2012, the division consisted of the 76th, 91st, and 153rd Armoured Brigades, the 58th Mechanized Brigade, and an artillery regiment. Between February and April 2012, the 76th Armoured Brigade '..conducted a series of violent clearance operations in rural Idlib Governorate, during which its soldiers committed numerous atrocities across a swath of Syrian villages and left behind graffiti proclaiming the work of the \"Death Brigade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), 21st century\nAccording to Gregory Waters, circa 2017-18 the division consists of the 57th, 58th, 61st, 68th, 91st and 171st Brigades, plus artillery and smaller units, with only the 58th and 91st Brigades dating from before 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158605-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division (Syria), 21st century\nThe Divisions' brigades (57th, 76th, 91st tank and 58th mechanized) lost between 40%-65% of their heavy equipment (e.g. tanks and armoured vehicles). In mid-2018 reports indicated that the Division is being reorganized and rebuilt under Russian supervision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom)\n1st Armoured Division Signals was a unit of Britain's Royal Corps of Signals providing communications for the 1st Armoured Division during World War II. It was present during the Battle of France, the Western Desert Campaign, including the battles of Gazala and Alamein, the Tunisian Campaign, and the Battle of Coriano during the Italian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), Origins\nThe unit had its origins in a signal squadron of the Royal Engineers (RE) formed at Aldershot in 1912 for the Cavalry Division of the planned British Expeditionary Force (BEF). In the event of mobilisation of the BEF, the Cavalry Division would comprise the permanent 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Cavalry Brigades. These had each been provided with an RE signal Troop since 1907, which were now brought together:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), Origins\nThe BEF and its Cavalry Division were duly mobilised on the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914 and proceeded to France, taking part in the Battle of Mons and the subsequent retreat. As reinforcements arrived, the Cavalry Division was divided, 3rd and 4th Brigades with their signal troops transferring to a new 2nd Cavalry Division in September and October. The original formation, now 1st Cavalry Division, was joined by a newly formed 9th Cavalry Brigade and its 9th Signal Troop on 14 April 1915. The division served on the Western Front throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), Interwar\nIn 1920 the RE Signal Service became the Royal Corps of Signals (RCS), and when the Cavalry Division was reformed its communications were provided by Cavalry Divisional Signals, RCS at Bramshott with 1st Signal Troop at Aldershot and 2nd Signal Troop at Tidworth. (3rd Signal Troop was at the Curragh until Irish Independence.) By 1930, the unit was organised with HQ, B, C and E Trps at Tidworth, C Trp at Aldershot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), Interwar\nThere were also Tank Signal Sections of the RCS with each of the four battalions of the Royal Tank Corps, and that year these combined with HQ Squadron of the cavalry signals at Tidworth to form Armoured Fighting Vehicle Signals (1st Tank Brigade Signals from 1935). In 1937 the 1st and 2nd Cavalry Brigades were converted into light armoured brigades and combined with 1st Tank Brigade to form the 'Mobile Division', each brigade with its associated signal unit. An HQ Sqn for Mobile Divisional Signals was formed the following year. The division was renamed as 1st Armoured Division in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), World War II, France\n1st Armoured Division was still incomplete when the German offensive in the west opened on 10 May, but was rushed to France piecemeal as reinforcements. The main body of the division landed at Cherbourg but never managed to join the British Expeditionary Force. It fought under French command south of the River Somme, suffering heavy casualties, and the remnants were evacuated through Cherbourg on 16 June in Operation Aerial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), World War II, North Africa\nThe division reformed in the UK and served on anti-invasion defence duties, regularly having to give up its tanks and tank brigades to be sent to the  Middle East. This continued until August 1941 when the bulk of the division embarked for Egypt. Having sailed round South Africa It began to disembark at Suez in late November and began desert training. It went into the line under Eighth Army in late December during Operation Crusader, but once again was employed piecemeal, and suffered badly during the fighting and retreat of January 1942 and the Battle of Gazala in May. It fought in the defence of the El Alamein position in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), World War II, North Africa\nRe -equipped, 1st Armoured Division played a major role in the successful attack at the Second Battle of El Alamein and the subsequent pursuit to El Agheila and Tripoli. In February 1943 the division participated in the Battle of Mareth and subsequent fighting in the Tunisian Campaign culminating in the capture of Tunis in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), World War II, Italy\n1st Armoured Division was non-operational for a year, until it was shipped to the Italian Front at the end of May 1944 (Divisional HQ was transported by air). It concentrated at Altamura near Bari and was brought up to take part in the battle for the Gothic Line in August. The division was recognised as a weak element in the plan: Divisional HQ had not commanded in action for over a year, and its subordinate brigades had been assembled piecemeal. Nevertheless it was selected for an important role in Operation Olive, making an attack on Coriano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 67], "content_span": [68, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), World War II, Italy\nThe division's axis of advance was up bad mountain tracks and the German defence was strong: the attack on 4 September was a failure, and progress the following day was slow. A second attack (the Second Battle of Coriano) began on the afternoon of 13 September and the division forced its way through to Ceriano Ridge, which was captured on 18/19 September. Further progress was halted by heavy rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 67], "content_span": [68, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), World War II, Italy\nCasualties among the division's infantry had been heavy and reinforcements were scarce at this stage of the war, so the decision was made to break up 1st Armoured Division. Divisional HQ was used to command an ad hoc group of units to screen the assembly of II Polish Corps at the front by 28 October. After that, Divisional HQ had no formations under its command and its last remaining unit, 1st Armoured Divisional Signals, was disbanded on 7 December 1944. No 1 Squadron was converted into a Line of Communication company, some of the personnel remained attached to their brigades and units, many of the rest were transferred to 6th Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 67], "content_span": [68, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), World War II, Organisation\nThe organisation of an armoured divisional signal unit in late World War II was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), Later units\nIn July 1946, while stationed in Trieste, 6th Armoured Division was redesignated 1st Armoured Division and its signal unit became 1st Armoured Divisional Signal Regiment; it went to Palestine in 1947 but disbanded in September that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158606-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Division Signals (United Kingdom), Later units\nIn April 1978, 1st Infantry Division in British Army of the Rhine was converted to the armoured role and 1 Signal Regiment became 1st (UK) Armoured Division HQ and Signal Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Armoured Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the British Army with a long history including service during both the First and the Second World Wars. It is based at Tidworth Camp. Previously, it has been designated 1st (Guards) Brigade, 1st Infantry Brigade, 1st Mechanised Brigade (from the 1990s), and under the initial Army 2020 reforms assumed the title of 1st Armoured Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Early history\nFollowing the end of the Second Boer War in 1902, the army was restructured and the 1st Guards Brigade was established permanently as part of the 1st Division in the 1st Army Corps, stationed at Aldershot Garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nInitially designated as the 1st (Guards) Brigade, the brigade was part of 1st Division during the First World War. Upon creation of the Guards Division in August 1915, the 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards and 1st Battalion, Scots Guards moved to 2nd Guards Brigade, and the brigade was redesignated as the 1st Brigade. It was with the 1st Division on the Western Front throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), First World War\nIt saw action at the Battle of Mons and subsequent Great Retreat, the First Battle of the Marne, the First Battle of the Aisne, the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of Loos, the Battle of Aubers Ridge, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Battle of Pozi\u00e8res and the Battle of \u00c9pehy, part of the final Hundred Days Offensive, which broke the back of the German Army, leading to an Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nRemaining active during the interwar period as the 1st (Guards) Brigade, the brigade, still part of the 1st Infantry Division, was sent to France in September 1939 during the Second World War as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and it later took part in the Battle of France in May\u2013June 1940 and the subsequent Battle of Dunkirk and were evacuated to England, spending the next few years on home defence anticipating a German invasion of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nOn 11 April 1942, the brigade was redesignated and reorganised as 1st Independent Brigade Group (Guards), with its own support units, until August when it was transferred to the 78th Infantry Division. In late 1942, it took part in the North African Campaign in Operation Torch: the Allied landings in French North Africa, arriving in Algiers in November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War\nThe brigade participated in the Run for Tunis and was transferred to the 6th Armoured Division in early 1943 and saw action in the Tunisia Campaign at the Battle of Fondouk, Battle of El Kourzia and Battle of Tunis in April and May 1943. Subsequently, the 1st (Guards) Brigade served on the Italian Front for the rest of the war under command of various divisions, seeing action in the Battle of Monte Cassino (where the brigade played a holding \"hinge\" role during Operation Diadem) and the Battle of Liri Valley in May 1944. The brigade then fought on the Gothic Line and in the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nThe 1st (Guards) Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 81], "content_span": [82, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Second World War, Order of battle\nBetween 11 April 1942 and 7 August 1942 the following units formed the 1st Independent Brigade Group (Guards):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 81], "content_span": [82, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nAfter the War, the brigade, having lost its 'Guards' title, was transferred to Palestine for internal security duties and then to Egypt for a few months before going back to Palestine in April 1946. Two years later, as the British mandate over Palestine ended, the brigade and division returned to Egypt. In October 1951, British forces pulled out of Egypt outside of the Suez Canal Zone, and later the brigade returned to the United Kingdom, though it was in Cyprus during the EOKA insurgency for a period in 1957\u20138.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nIn 1968 the dispatch of the entire 3rd Infantry Division began to be planned, as part of the United Kingdom Mobile Force, to reinforce Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland (LANDJUT). By the mid-1980s the British Army force earmarked as part of the UKMF to reinforce LANDJUT had shrunk to the 1st Infantry Brigade, as it had become.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nIn 1991 just before the end of the Cold War, the brigade's structure was as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\n1st (United Kingdom Mobile Force) Infantry Brigade, at Jellalabad Barracks, Tidworth Camp", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nAfter the end of the Cold War, the brigade was reassigned to the new 3rd (UK) Division and subsequently became a Mechanised Brigade. In 1996, it was deployed to the Former Republic of Yugoslavia, with Multi-National Division (South-West); in 2000, it was deployed to Sierra Leone and, in 2002, to Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Postwar\nThe brigade was deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Herrick XVIII. It was deployed again in 2014, commanded by Brigadier Rupert Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Current formation\nUnder Army 2020, it was renamed as 1st Armoured Infantry Brigade and remained at Tidworth Camp, forming part of the Reaction Force. The 1st Armoured Infantry Brigade will form up as a Strike Brigade by 2021. The Defence in a Competitive Age Command Paper however mentions the formations of Brigade Combat Teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158607-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), Brigade commanders\nThe following officers commanded the brigade during the Second World War and since:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 66], "content_span": [67, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158608-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Medical Regiment\n1 Armoured Medical Regiment is a medical regiment of the British Army's Royal Army Medical Corps currently based at Bhurtpore Barracks, Tidworth Camp, Wiltshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158608-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Medical Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formed as 1 Close Support Medical Regiment on 1 April 2000, by the amalgamation of 2 and 3 armoured field ambulances. It was initially based in York Barracks in Munster, becoming 1 Medical Regiment on 1 April 2008, moving to Haig Barracks in Bergen-Hohne Garrison on 4 July 2012. It became 1 Armoured Medical Regiment on 1 April 2014, with the formation parade held in Bergen-Hohne on 5 July 2014. The Regiment moved to Dempsey Barracks in Sennelager in September 2015, supporting 20th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158608-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Medical Regiment, History\nThe regiment deployed to Afghanistan on Operation Herrick 15 in October 2011 for six months, and for Operation Herrick 20, 30 Squadron deployed to provide the core of the last medical regiment in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158608-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Medical Regiment, History\nThe Regiment is paired with 335 Medical Evacuation Regiment, a specialist Army Reserve unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158608-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Medical Regiment, History\nIn 2019 the regiment was due to move to Bhurtpore Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia)\nThe 1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (1 APC Sqn) was an armoured unit of the Australian Army raised for service during the Vietnam War. Raised in 1965, the unit was deployed to South Vietnam in May 1966 to join the 1st Australian Task Force. After that 1 APC Sqn was involved in numerous operations in support of the 5th and 6th Battalions, the Royal Australian Regiment, with the most notable action coming on 18 August 1966 when the squadron was involved in the Battle of Long Tan. In January 1967, 1 APC Sqn was redesignated as 'A' Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\n1 APC Sqn has a convoluted history. Officially the unit was first raised at Puckapunyal, Victoria, on 1 July 1965; however, the squadron also draws lineage from 1 Troop, 'A' Squadron, 4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse (1 Tp A Sqn 4/19 PWLH). 1 Tp A Sqn 4/19 PWLH was a Regular sub unit of a primarily Citizens Military Force light cavalry regiment. In June 1965, this unit was converted from Saladin armoured cars and Saracen armoured personnel carriers (APCs) to M113s and sent to South Vietnam as part of Australia's initial commitment to the Vietnam War. Working primarily with 1 RAR, the troop was placed under the control of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade, operating in an area to the north of Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nUnder the command of Lieutenant (later Captain) Robert Hill, initially the troop was deployed with only eight carriers as at the start of the Australian commitment to the ground war in Vietnam, the Australian government intended to limit the size of Australia's forces to a single infantry battalion tasked with maintaining security around the American base at Bien Hoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nIn September, however, as it became clearer that there was a wider role for Australian ground forces the size of the troop was increased to 13 personnel carriers and two mortar carriers and after that the troop was used in a variety of roles including infantry mobility, manoeuvre, direct and indirect fire support, casualty evacuation and providing a medium lift stores transportation capability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nIn March 1966, 1 Tp A Sqn 4/19 PWLH was redesignated as the \"1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Troop\" (1 APC Troop) and it subsequently completed its tour of Vietnam in June 1966. At that time, 1 APC Sqn arrived and all of 1 Troop's vehicles and some of its personnel were subsumed into the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nWhile 1 APC Troop had been conducting operations in Vietnam, 1 APC Sqn had been training in Australia in preparation to relieve the overworked troop. On 9 March 1966, the Australian government announced that it would increase the size of Australia's ground forces in Vietnam to a task force consisting of two infantry battalions, a squadron of armoured personnel carriers and a number of ancillary units. Additionally, it was also announced that the Australian Task Force, known as 1 ATF, would operate as an independent force from the Americans and would take primary responsibility for an area inside Phuoc Tuy province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Deployment to Vietnam\nIn May 1966, an advanced party from the squadron arrived to take over 1 APC Troop's vehicles, while the rest of the squadron, travelling upon the troop carrier HMAS Sydney, arrived at the 1 ATF base at Nui Dat on 9 June 1966. Under the command of Major Robert Hagerty, who had previously served in Vietnam with the AATTV, the squadron consisted of seven officers and 109 other ranks. Some of these men were national servicemen, although most of the officers and NCOs were regulars drawn from the 1st Armoured Regiment and from 'A' Squadron, 4/19 PWLH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Deployment to Vietnam\nUpon its arrival, 1 APC Sqn's first task was to help secure the task force base at Nui Dat by erecting defences and clearing the area; however, once this had been done, the squadron took on primary responsibility for ensuring that the road between Vung Tau and Saigon remained open. In order to achieve this, a number of cordon and search operations were undertaken focusing on the villages surrounding Nui Dat. On 21 June 1966, 3 Troop was deployed with 6 RAR on Operation Enoggera, a search and destroy mission that focused upon the village of Long Phuoc, which had long been a haven for the Viet Cong (VC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Deployment to Vietnam\nAs 1 ATF did not possess any tanks at that stage, the APCs of 1 APC Sqn were in high demand and were required to undertake many different roles in this time. These included both cavalry and armoured personnel roles, such as fire support, reconnaissance and offensive manoeuvre, as well as serving as infantry command and control vehicles, troop transport, stores portage, and casualty evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Deployment to Vietnam\nWhilst 1 APC Sqn was involved in many operations in the six months that it was in existence, probably its most notable action was on 18 August 1966 in what later became known as the Battle of Long Tan. 1 APC Sqn's involvement at Long Tan came at a very crucial moment in battle, but nevertheless their involvement in this battle has received little acknowledgement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Deployment to Vietnam\n1 APC Sqn's first task during the battle was to transport 'A' Company, 6 RAR to the battlefield to relieve 'D' Company, which was holding out against desperate odds in a rubber plantation to the west of Long Tan. This task fell to ten APCs from 3 Troop under the command of Lieutenant Adrian Roberts. Having picked up 'A' Company from their lines at Nui Dat, the column received permission and set off across country in the pouring rain at 18:00 hours. Fording a flooded creek, they shook out into assault formation astride the plantation road. The move took just over an hour, as the column had to fight its way through pockets of enemy and brave the heavy defensive artillery barrage that was being put down around 'D' Company; however, by 19:00 hours they reached the beleaguered company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Deployment to Vietnam\nUpon arriving at the plantation, 3 Troop advanced through 'D' Company's position, carrying out a quick sweep of the area through which the attacking Vietnamese were forming up for another attack, catching the enemy on their flanks and inflicting heavy casualties. Upon seeing the arrival of the APCs the enemy broke off its attack, the survivors melting away back into the jungle and leaving the Australians in possession of the battlefield. The Australians suffered 18 men killed and 24 wounded. Of these, one of the men that had been killed was from 3 Troop. The man was Corporal Peter Clements, who died on 27 August 1966 after succumbing to the serious gunshot wounds he received during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Deployment to Vietnam\nFor their actions during the battle, two men from 3 Troop received gallantry awards. Corporal John Carter received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his actions in neutralising an enemy anti-tank weapon, while Lieutenant Adrian Roberts received a Mention in Despatches for his leadership of the troop during the battle. Following the battle, 1 APC Sqn continued to operate in the area, supporting 5 and 6 RAR. As a part of the follow-up operations, during Operation Crows Nest, one troop operated in a cavalry role as part of a combined infantry/armour sweep either side of Route 2. They continued to operate in this role, providing fire support and transporting troops across the battlefield for the rest of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158609-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia), History, Redesignation\nIn January 1967, after a re-organisation of units of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps, 1 APC Sqn was re-designated as 'A' Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment. This squadron subsequently rotated with the regiment's second squadron, 'B' Squadron, as the 3rd Cavalry Regiment maintain a squadron on operations in Vietnam up until November 1971. 1 Troop remained even longer, staying on until March 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 75], "content_span": [76, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158610-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Reconnaissance Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Armoured Reconnaissance Brigade was a regular British Army unit during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158610-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Reconnaissance Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nFormed in France in 1940 from the RAC Regiments from the regular divisions. The brigade saw action during the Battle of France. On 26 November 1940 it was converted into the 27th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158610-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Reconnaissance Brigade (United Kingdom), Order of Battle\nThe Order of battle of the brigade during the war was: (day/month/year), units in order of precedence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 69], "content_span": [70, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia)\n1st Armoured Regiment is an armoured regiment of the Australian Army and is the senior regiment of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps. Formed as a tank unit in the new Australian Regular Army on 7 July 1949, the regiment subsequently saw service during the Vietnam War operating Centurion tanks. Currently the unit is based in Edinburgh, South Australia as part of the 1st Brigade. As part of the Plan Beersheba reorganisation, the unit has become one of three Armoured Cavalry Regiments (ACRs) assigned to the Army's multirole combat brigades in Brisbane, Darwin and Townsville. Each ACR is equipped with M1A1 tanks and ASLAV light armoured vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 1st Armoured Regiment was raised as a regular unit on 7 July 1949 at Puckapunyal in Victoria when the 1st Armoured Car Squadron, which had returned from occupation duties in Japan a few months earlier, was converted to a tank unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nThe formation occurred following the renaming of a reserve unit of the Citizens Military Forces (CMF) of the same name, which subsequently became the 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers and its battle honours and history perpetuated by this unit, in order to reallocate the name to the tank regiment that was to be established in the new Australian Regular Army. At first only one squadron strong, planning commenced to expand to full strength as soon as possible under the command of Major Cecil Ives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nFormal affiliation with the Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) was recognised two years later and the regiment adopted their regimental colours of Brown, Red and Green, which date back to the Battle of Cambrai during the First World War in 1917. These same colours had also been used by the Australian Tank Corps prior to the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nInitially the new regiment was equipped with Churchill tanks, although this was only a temporary measure until Centurion tanks could be acquired. However, due to the perceived unsuitability of the Churchill and the late arrival of the new platform, the regiment was not deployed as part of Australia's commitment to the Korean War, although a number of officers served on exchange with British and US formations and the unit provided machine-gunners and signalers to Australian infantry battalions as reinforcements. The first Centurions finally began arriving in June 1952, with the regiment receiving 39 tanks. With the numbers of regular personnel steadily growing, it was possible to raise Regimental Headquarters, Headquarters Squadron and B Squadron, and the regiment was fully raised by 8 September 1952 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Stuart Graham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nMeanwhile, in September 1952 another tank squadron was raised. This was known as Nucleus Squadron and, based in Holsworthy, New South Wales, with the purpose of forming the basis of a second tank unit which was to be named the 2nd Armoured Regiment. In 1954 the regiment received it first Ferret MK 1 Scout Car, enabling the raising of Reconnaissance Troop. The following year 1st Armoured Regiment received the Saracen Armoured Personnel Carrier, and it was at this time that the intention to form another tank unit was abandoned, and Nucleus Squadron subsequently returned to the regiment as its third squadron, designated C Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nOn 6 February 1956, the then Governor General, Field Marshal Sir William Slim, presented the regiment with its Guidon at a Regimental Parade held in Puckapunyal. Also in 1956 the regiment was equipped with the Centurion armoured recovery vehicle, allowing the retirement of the Churchill recovery vehicle. Following the expansion of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps (RAAC) in 1960, A Squadron was disbanded, reducing the regiment to two squadrons, and the majority of its personnel formed regular squadrons in the 4th/19th Prince of Wales' Light Horse and the 2nd/14th Light Horse (Queensland Mounted Infantry), which were predominantly CMF formations. These squadrons subsequently became part of the 1st Cavalry Regiment, which was later redesignated the 2nd Cavalry Regiment and in turn provided the nucleus for the newly raised 3rd Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nDuring 1964\u201365 the regiment provided most of the men for 1 Troop, A Squadron, 4th/19th Prince of Wales Light Horse, which was subsequently equipped with the new M113A1 Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC) and was deployed on active service to South Vietnam in May 1965. In October 1967 the Australian government announced it would increase the size of the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) at Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province from two to three infantry battalions, while additional supporting arms, including a tank squadron would also be added to the force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nAs such in February 1968, C Squadron was sent to Vietnam, with a total strength of 20 Centurion tanks which would work closely with the M113s of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment. However, two of the four tank troops were initially held back until the Centurions had proved themselves capable of operating in the conditions. The tank squadron reached full strength on 5 September 1968. Meanwhile, in May the regiment had again reached full strength, with A Squadron re-raised in order to meet the ongoing operational commitment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nOver the next four years all three of the regiment's operational squadrons eventually served in Vietnam, providing invaluable close support to the infantry, particularly during the clearance of Viet Cong bunker systems. Although their value in Vietnam was originally questioned by some, they proved a powerful weapon in both offence and defence, and were responsible for limiting infantry casualties. The Centurions were able to move through the countryside more easily than expected and although they were vulnerable to anti-tank weapons and mines, their firepower and shock action had a decisive effect on the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nIn late-May 1968 the tanks played a significant role in the Battle of Coral\u2013Balmoral. Occupying blocking positions in an attempt to thwart an impending communist offensive aimed at influencing the peace-talks, 1ATF deployed two battalions away from its base in Phuoc Tuy, subsequently developing Fire Support Base Coral north-east of Saigon, just east of Lai Khe on 12 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nFollowing several regimental-sized assaults on Coral which were successfully repelled by the Australians with heavy casualties on both sides, 1ATF moved to establish Fire Support Base Balmoral on 24\u201325 May, 6 kilometres (3.7\u00a0mi) north of Coral. The infantry were this time supported by Centurion tanks which had been called forward by road from Nui Dat and had arrived just hours before Balmoral was subjected to a two battalion attack. Following a very accurate rocket and mortar barrage at 03:45 hours on 26 May, the base was assaulted by North Vietnamese infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nThe attack was repelled with heavy casualties by the combined firepower of the tanks and infantry. The next day the Australians at Coral assaulted a number of bunkers located just outside the base, with a troop of Centurions supported by infantry destroying the bunkers and their occupants without loss. A second attack, again of regimental strength, was made against Balmoral at 02:30 hours on 28 May but was called off after only 30 minutes. The North Vietnamese were soundly defeated\u2014again by the supporting fires of tanks, artillery and mortars\u2014leaving 55 dead and resulted in six prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nAustralian losses were one killed and six wounded. This performance demonstrated the advantage of using armour in Vietnam, and whereas before the battle some infantry had doubted the usefulness or necessity of the Centurions, after the battle the infantry did not like working without them. For its involvement in the fighting at Coral\u2013Balmoral, 'C' Squadron was awarded a Unit Citation for Gallantry in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nIn February 1969, C Squadron was relieved by B Squadron. On 6\u20137 June, B Squadron was involved in a fierce action during the Battle of Binh Ba, a village 5 kilometres (3.1\u00a0mi) north of Nui Dat. The attack began on the morning of 6 June when Australian tanks and APCs advanced with infantry from D Company, 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5 RAR) towards the village which was being occupied by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese. As the battle continued, B Company, 5 RAR took up a blocking position to prevent them from escaping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nDuring fierce urban fighting the infantry were forced to clear each house, while the Communist troops occupying the houses fired on them from the windows and doorways before retreating into tunnels as the Australians passed. Each time the infantry were fired on, the tanks would blast a hole in the wall of the building, through which small teams could then enter and clear the structure of any opposition. The fighting continued throughout the afternoon, and resumed the next day before the Australians successfully cleared the village, the bulk of which was destroyed. One Australian was killed and 10 wounded, while communist losses included at least 107 killed, six wounded and eight captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Vietnam War\nIn December 1969, B Squadron was re-designated A Squadron, while in December 1970 A Squadron was in turn re-designated C Squadron. By late-1970 Australia was beginning to reduce its commitment to the war and the size of 1ATF was again reduced from three infantry battalions to two. The tanks, however, continued operations and were involved in heavy fighting at Long Khanh on 6\u20137 June 1971, as well as numerous smaller actions. The last elements of the regiment were subsequently withdrawn from Vietnam in September 1971. A total of 58 Centurions had served in Vietnam; 42 had suffered battle damage, of which six were beyond repair, while two crewmen had been killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Post-Vietnam to the present\nThe following years were traumatic for the regiment, and for the Australian Army, with the abolition of National Service after the end of Australian involvement in Vietnam depleting its strength to the point where training was severely restricted until it was reinforced during 1974. B Squadron was re-designated as the Medium Tank Trials Unit in 1972 and subsequently carried out extensive user and technical trials to evaluate the replacement for the ageing Centurions. In 1977 the Centurion was replaced in service by the Leopard 1, which had been selected over the American built M60 Patton. On 21 April 1981, the Colonel-in-Chief of the RAAC, The Prince of Wales, presented the unit with its first Regimental Standard. In 1995 the 1st Armoured Regiment moved from Puckapunyal to Darwin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Post-Vietnam to the present\nOn 13 July 2002, the regiment was presented with its current Standard by the then Governor General, Dr. Peter Hollingworth. On 26 July 2007, after 31 years of service the Leopard was replaced by 59 M1A1 Abrams AIM, with 41 being delivered to the regiment and the remaining vehicles issued to the School of Armour for use for training purposes. Seven M88A2 Hercules Armoured Recovery Vehicles were also acquired, two being delivered to the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Post-Vietnam to the present\nThe Leopards never saw operational service, although during the 1999 East Timor crisis the regiment was placed on standby to deploy in the event the conflict escalated, while the regiment was not deployed during Australia's involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Members of the unit later deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan as Bushmaster PMV crews, while others have also served in East Timor and the Solomon Islands. During this period the regiment was the only main battle tank unit in the Australian Army and was based at Robertson Barracks, in Darwin. Until 2013 it provided the basis for one of three battlegroups within the mechanised 1st Brigade, which included two mechanised infantry battalions, one cavalry regiment, one tank regiment, and a medium artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Post-Vietnam to the present\nAs part of the Plan Beersheba reorganisation, the unit has become one of three Armoured Cavalry Regiments (ACRs) assigned to the Army's multirole combat brigades in Brisbane, Darwin and Townsville. As an ACR, the unit was to be equipped with M1A1 tanks, ASLAV light armoured vehicles, and M113AS4 armoured personnel carriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158611-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Australia), History, Post-Vietnam to the present\nUnder the reforms announced in 2011 and confirmed in the 2013 Defence White Paper, the three Regular Army brigades will be restructured between 2014 and 2017 into three Combat Brigades with a similar structure and capabilities, each consisting of: a Brigade Headquarters, an Armoured Cavalry Regiment, two Standard Infantry Battalions, an Artillery Regiment, a Combat Engineer Regiment, a Combat Service Support Battalion and a Combat Signals Regiment. In late 2015, one of the 1st Armoured Regiment's two tank squadrons was transferred to the Townsville-based 2nd Cavalry Regiment, with 14 of the tanks relocating. In 2017, the ACR structure was changed as part of what was named the workforce alignment of Plan Beersheba with the APCs transferred to infantry battalions. In October 2017, the 1st Armoured Regiment moved from Robertson Barracks in Darwin to RAAF Base Edinburgh in South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 970]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland)\nThe 1st Armoured Regiment (Polish: 1 Pu\u0142k Pancerny) was an armoured regiment of the Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II, part of the 1st Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1939\nThe 1st Polish Armoured Regiment of the 1st Polish Armoured Division has its origins in France. After the Russian Army invaded from the East, with the German Army invading from the West, the Polish government went into exile and the Polish Army in units, and as individuals, made their way to France to regroup. Some Polish soldiers came from Poland through enemy territory. Others took a roundabout route through neighbouring countries by any means available, some after being interned for a period of time. They all made their way to the camp at Co\u00ebtquidan in Brittany. This camp became the centre of the Polish Army in exile. Additional Poles came from the large \u00e9migr\u00e9 community in France and Belgium to enlist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1939\nOn 20 November 1939, the Armoured Group was formed under the command of Major L. Furs-\u017byrkiewicz. It was made up mostly of soldiers from the former armoured units of Poland. The 1st Tank Battalion was formed from these former armoured units on 2 December 1939 and left the camp at Co\u00ebtquidan for the village of Campen\u00e9ac. On this day, it became an independent unit. Its name would change (65th Tank Battalion, 1st Tank Battalion, 1st Armoured Regiment), but it could trace its roots to this date as its birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1939\nLiving conditions at both camps were poor. The soldiers' morale was low because of the harsh winter conditions, lack of equipment, and poor living quarters. During February 1940, the Battalion left Campen\u00e9ac for St. C\u00e9cile-les-Vignes. Here the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade was formed from all the armoured units. The Battalion fell under the Brigade in the chain of command. Soon afterwards, the first Renault FT tanks arrived, and training with these vintage and obsolete World War I tanks began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1939\nThe German offensive on 10 May caused the Battalion to accelerate its preparations and training for battle. On 27 May 1940, under the command of Major Stanis\u0142aw Gli\u0144ski, it moved to Versailles, where it received modern tanks and equipment. Also on this day, the 1st Company was transferred to airfield protection duties and the Finnish Company took its place. The Battalion had only ten days to learn how to operate the new Renault R35 and R39 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1939\nOn 8 June 1940, the Battalion was deployed to Champagne, where the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade, under the command of General Maczek, was located. The situation at the front, as a result of the German offensive on 10 June, was hopeless. The Germans had infiltrated behind the French lines. Champagne and Burgundy were being surrounded from the west. The units in this pocket were being systematically destroyed from the air. The Battalion, from the day it arrived in Champagne on 12 June 1940, sustained heavy losses, due to German air attacks. Enemy aircraft broke the Battalion's first attack attempt. In the chaos that ensued, the Battalion retreated to the south while under constant assault from the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1939\nLt-Col. Tadeusz Majewski took command of the Battalion on 15 June 1940. The Battalion was made the Brigade's spearhead for the breakout from the pocket created by the enemy. The attack began on the night of 16 June 1940 with the 4th Motorized Division in the town of Montbard in Burgandy. As a result of heavy losses inflicted during the night, the enemy withdrew from Montbard. This victory was short-lived, however, for the Battalion was out of ammunition and fuel. The next day, orders were issued for the crews to destroy their tanks, to prevent them falling into enemy hands, and disband The men were ordered to make their way south as best they could. The temporary disbandment of the Battalion ended its part in the French campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1939\nThe fates of these men were varied. The French people often risked their lives to help. Some made it across the German lines and reached French ports, in time to leave on the last ships leaving for England. Some were taken prisoner. Some were interned in the Spanish concentration camp of Miranda del Ebro after crossing the Spanish border. Others made it to North Africa, where they were interned and forced to work on the construction of the Trans-Sahara Railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1939\nThe majority, however, after overcoming many obstacles (lack of money, lack of papers, lack of transportation etc. ), in some cases taking years (some made their way  through Russia to Japan to the U.S./Canada/South America to England; literally travelling around the world), made it back to their units regrouping in Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Britain 1940\nThe arrival in Great Britain was in stark contrast to their previous arrival in France from Poland. They were welcomed into people's homes till permanent quarters were arranged, which were an improvement over those in France. The living conditions alone were enough to boost morale. This would aid them during the 4 years it would take to prepare and train for the upcoming battles on the continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Britain 1940\nThe Battalion reported to Crawford in Lanarkshire. The camp was located in the Clyde River valley in Scotland. During its 4 months there, the Battalion was reorganized and brought to full strength by the return of 1st Company, but it still lacked equipment. Maj. Henryk \u015awietlicki took command in August 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Britain 1940\nThe start of the Battle of Britain highlighted the threat of invasion of the British Isles. The Battalion was now on a high state of alert. It patrolled the area and established guard posts in the surrounding hills. On 22 October 1940, the Battalion was moved to Blairgowrie in Pertshire, where it was stationed for 17 months. A close bond formed between the soldiers and the local population. Blairgowrie became the adopted home of the Battalion. Its men would never forget the kindness and hospitality of the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Britain 1940\nInfantry training took place during the winter of 1940 and preparations made for the anticipated invasion. Tanks finally arrived in the spring of 1941. The first to arrive were Valentines. A few months later, they received Mark I's. Their arrival boosted morale. In the summer of 1941, the Battalion's duties included: protecting nearby airfields; guarding Broughty Ferry on the Scottish East Coast; and building anti-invasion obstacles around Dundee. In addition to their military duties, the Battalion assisted the local population with the harvesting of wheat and potatoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Britain 1940\nDuring the autumn of 1941, the Battalion received the new 40-ton Churchill tanks. The Churchill was later followed by three other tank models. As a result, the Poles were experienced in various types of armoured vehicles (not just tanks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Britain 1940\nOn 27 September 1941 the Battalion was renamed the 65th Tank Battalion. During December 1941, volunteers arriving from the United States and South America were inducted into the Battalion. In early April 1942, the Battalion left Blairgowrie for Camp Langton near Duns in Berwickshire. The local population, here again, welcomed the soldiers of the Battalion into their homes. In both Blairgowrie and Duns, the Battalion left commemorative plaques, thanking the local population for their hospitality. Shortly after arriving at Camp Langton, the Battalion's Churchills were replaced by Covenanters. On 25 March 1942, General Maczek was appointed Division Commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Britain 1940\nThe 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade and 16th Armoured Brigade formed the core of the division. Maj Boles\u0142aw Soko\u0142owski assumed command of the Battalion in June 1942. On 12 August 1942, 16th Tank Brigade was renamed 16th Armoured Brigade. As a result, the 65th Tank Battalion on  13 August 1942, as a result of the formation of the 1st Polish Armoured Division, the Battalion was renamed the 1st Armoured Regiment. In the autumn of 1942, Crusader tanks arrived. Now training was mainly focused on the Covenanter tanks  and the Crusaders. During 1943, more Polish soldiers arrived from the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0012-0002", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Britain 1940\nThese men, making their way from Russian internment camps under General Anders, helped to make up the shortfall in manpower in the division. From May till the end of September 1943, the Regiment participated in Divisional manoeuvers in south-east England near Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk. Afterwards, the regiment returned to Camp Langton. On 21 September 1943, the 16th Armoured Headquarters was absorbed into the 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade. On 12 October 1943, the combined Brigade was renamed the 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade. The 1st Armoured Regiment was now under the 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0012-0003", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Britain 1940\nMaj Aleksander Stefanowicz assumed command of the Regiment in November 1943. At this time, the Regiment had begun to receive its final allocation of equipment, which included Sherman and Stuart tanks. The winter of 1943 was spent training on these new tanks. This included practice on the gunnery range at Kirkcudbright. In May 1944, the Regiment left Duns for Bridlington in Yorkshire, where it remained for 2 months. In mid July 1944, it moved to Aldershot, south west of London. This was the Regiment's last staging area for the continent. Having made the final preparations and received its final equipment, the Regiment left for the marshalling area in Portsmouth for embarkation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nThe Regiment disembarked at the artificial Mulberry Harbor near Arromanches in Normandy. On 1 August 1944, the Regiment assembled in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nThe Regiment's first battle on the continent occurred on 8 August 1944 south east of Caen. As part of the 1st Polish Armoured Division, it was ordered to attack the heavily defended German lines at Falaise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nThe regiment distinguished itself in the battle for Renemesnil on 9 August 1944. Around 1200hrs, it received heavy artillery and mortar fire in the neighbourhood of the church. Between 1220 and 1255hrs, the Regiment reached the western outskirts of Cauvicourt. In area 84 (S Renemesnil), Tiger tanks appeared with very effective supporting artillery fire. Attacking, the Regiment took Hill 84 by about 1600hrs, but was stopped on the south slope by very fierce anti-tank defences. At 1300hrs, the Commanding Officer of the Regiment decided to attack Hill 111 (along the axis 84 Chein Hausse).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nSecond Squadron of the Regiment captured the hill. The enemy had put up a very heavy fire of mortars, artillery and anti-tank guns. The 1st Armoured Regiment had broken the German defences by the Laison River and reached Hill 111. In this operation, the Regiment suffered heavy losses: 3 officers killed (including the 2 in command) and 10 other ranks; 4 officers wounded and 11 other ranks; 1 officer missing and 7 other ranks. During the action on Hill 111, the 1st Armoured Regiment freed from the Germans about 100 Canadian soldiers who had been without food and ammunition for 2 days. Captured German prisoners confessed that the attack had demoralized the German infantry garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nOn 15 August, the Regiment took part in the crossing of the Dives River near Jort. On 16 August 1944, 3rd Rifle Brigade less 8th Rifle Battalion held the bridgeheads in Jort (1st Mountain Rifle Battalion) and Morieres (9th Rifle Battalion) reinforced by the 1st Armoured Regiment, which reconnoitered in the direction of the woods of Courcy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nOn 18 August 1944,  10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade Command ordered the 1st Armoured Regiment to attack in the direction of Bourdon to enable the resupply of Lt-Col. Koszutski's group. This did not occur due to Allied aircraft mistakenly bombing them. On 19 August 1944 by 1539hrs, the 1st Armoured Regiment reported that with all their forces, they had taken the area of Coudehard and they were heavily engaged with Panther tanks and heavy enemy artillery fire. By nightfall, the 1st Armoured Regiment, 1st Mountain Rifle Battalion, and one anti-tank battery occupied both Hill 262  and Hill 252 (Maczuga). The 1st Polish Armoured Division had borne the whole burden of battle this day against a superior enemy force consisting of units of the 1st and 2nd SS Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nThe enemy attacked the 1st and 2nd Armoured Regiments the entire day of 20 August 1944 from all sides. The Germans attacked from the West, where they were trapped in the gap, and from the East where the 21st Panzer Division tried to open a path for their comrades trapped in the gap. The battle closed to a distance of 50\u00a0meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nThat night, Lt-Col. Stefanowicz, doubtful of his men's chances of survival due to lack of food and ammunition, told his men:\"Gentlemen. Everything is lost. I do not believe the Canadians will manage to help us. We have only 110 men left, with 50 rounds per gun and 5 rounds per tank... Fight to the end! To surrender to the SS is senseless, you know it well. Gentlemen! Good luck \u2013 tonight, we will die for Poland and civilization. We will fight to the last platoon, to the last tank, then to the last man.\" On 21 August  1944, a platoon of the Regiment's 3rd Squadron reconnoitred the German positions below the Zameczek ( a hunting lodge on the ridge of Hill 262's northern slope).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nBy 1045 hrs, the Canadians had linked up with the 2nd Armoured Regiment. In the afternoon, a Canadian Brigade arrived in the area of Hill 262 MACZUGA. They brought supplies for the armoured regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nThe final German effort was launched at around 1100hrs by SS remnants that had infiltrated through the wooded hills to the rear of the 1st Armoured Regiment's dressing station. This \"suicidal\" assault was defeated at point-blank range by the 9th Infantry Battalion, with the 1st Armoured Regiment's tanks using their anti-aircraft machine guns in support. The machine gun's tracer set fire to the grass amongst the German troops, killing the wounded men on the slope. As the final infantry assaults melted away, the German artillery and mortar fire targeting the hill finally subsided as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nOn 22 August 1944, the disposition of the 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade consisted of: 1st Armoured Regiment, 24th Lancers, 1st Mountain Rifle Battalion, 10th Dragoons and one Anti-Tank Battery. Their area of responsibility consisted of Mount Ormel, Hill 262, and Chambois. Their task was: to defend the area to the East and the North; to link up and maintain contact with the 4th Canadian Armoured Division in St Lambert Sur Dives and to link up and maintain contact with the American troops South of Frenes. In the evening, General Crear of the Canadian Army Command commended the 1st Armoured Division for their actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nThe period between 19 and 21 August 1944 saw a life and death struggle for the Germans trapped in the Falaise Pocket and for the Regiment. It had to fend off the desperate attacks of infantry and tanks of the elite German armoured divisions of the 1st SS and the 12th SS. The hllform known as 'the Mace' was a very bloody scene of carnage and destruction. The roads leading to it were covered with dead German soldiers; dead horses; and hundreds of destroyed vehicles, tanks, and guns. Here the Poles had their revenge on the Germans for the invasion and destruction of their homeland. The seizure and defence of the Mace denied the Germans the north-eastern routes of retreat. The battle of the Mace was a total defeat for the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nThe German forces in the Falaise Pocket were destroyed. Field Marshal Montgomery later described the Mace as the cork in the bottle that was the Falaise Pocket. The American, British and Canadian forces were the bottle and the Polish forces were the cork that kept the Germans from escaping. The 2 weeks, from 16\u201323 August 1944 were highly successful, but at a high cost in men and equipment. For this reason, 19 August, the day the Regiment seized the Mace in the region of Coudehart near Chambois, became the Regimental Day afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nDue to its heavy losses, the Regiment was relieved on 23 August 1944 to recover. It was able to reconstitute its manpower from the POWs it had captured during the battle of the Mace. Among the POWs were Poles who had been conscripted to serve in the German Army. They quickly volunteered to join in the defeat of the Axis and the liberation of Poland. This pattern was followed throughout the war. This was the only reserve available to the entire 1st Armoured Division. If not for these conscripted soldiers, the 1st Armoured Division would have been broken up and its men used as replacements in other British units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nAfter a few days, the pursuit of the German Army continued. During the Regiment's pursuit, it engaged the rear-guard of the fleeing German Army. It fought for the crossing of the Somme River below Abbeville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), France 1944\nThe 1st Armoured Regiment was part of the vanguard for this action. At 1200hrs on 1 September 1944, the vanguard moved out under the command of Major Zgorzelski, 10th Dragoons, which also consisted of 10th Dragoons minus one squadron, one Battery Artillery Support, and one Battery Anti-Tank Support. At 1835hrs due to enemy resistance, supported by artillery, the vanguard engaged the enemy. At 1930hrs, the vanguard crossed the bridge at Blangy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Belgium 1944\nIt then fought its way to the Neuf Fosse Canal, where it entered Belgium on 6 September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Belgium 1944\nAt 2200hrs, 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade, 1st and 2nd Armoured Regiments, 10th Dragoons, 10th Mounted Rifles, 10th Coy Engineers, two batteries Anti Tank Support moved to a protected night bivouac 3\u00a0kilometers northeast of Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Belgium 1944\nOn this day, 1st Armoured Regiment bypassed Ypres, thus cutting off the retreat of the Germans, who were still occupying the town. Attacking with the entire brigade, Ypres was captured. The following 2 days were spent fighting for Roullers (now Roeselare). After bypassing Thielt (the town Tielt), the Regiment engaged the enemy in the Ruysselede (Ruiselede) area on September 8, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Belgium 1944\nIt had advanced 524\u00a0km in 12 days. In the process, it had destroyed many German columns and captured large numbers of prisoners. The following week, it fought in the area of St Nicolas. It entered the town on 12 September 1944. It captured Stekene. On 19 September 1944, patrols of the 1st Armoured Regiment detached in the direction of Axelsche \u2013 Sabuek encountered enemy forces along the Spun \u2013 Kreek Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Holland 1944\nIt entered Holland to assist in capturing Axel and reached the mouth of the Scalde River. At this point, the Regiment was ordered to St Gilles, Belgium to recover. They were welcomed by the local population. After a few days rest in nearby St Nicolas, Belgium, they were ready to resume their duties. On 28 September 1944, east of Antwerp, the Regiment engaged the enemy along with units of the 3rd Infantry Brigade. The country-side was heavily wooded and mined. The Germans defense consisted of many anti-tank guns and artillery. The odds were in the enemy's favor. They captured Baarle-Nassau and Alphen after a battle that lasted for 5 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Holland 1944\nOn 4 October 1944 at 1415hrs, 9th Rifle Brigade plus one Anti-Tank Battery and one squadron from the 1st Armoured Regiment captured the western outskirts of the forest near Baarle-Nassau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Holland 1944\nWith the capture of Alphen, a temporary stalemate followed. For the next 3, weeks the Regiment consolidated its position. On 27 October 1944, the Regiment executed its orders for the capture of Breda. After 8 days of battle, Breda was taken. The Regiment was able to recover there for a few days afterwards. It was then ordered to capture Made, which it did. The final stage of the offensive was reaching the Maas River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Holland 1944\nAt this point, from 9 November 1944 to 7 April 1945, the Regiment maintained a defensive position along the river. During this time, the Regiment stayed in Wagenberg, Oosterhout, and Udenhout respectively. In January\u2013February 1945, the Regiment took up positions on the peninsula of St Philipsland and the island of Tholen, where there was heavy enemy activity. In late February 1945, the Regiment returned to the district of Dongen-Oosterhout, where the tanks were the advance guard. During this time, the Regiment was frequently on the move and engaged in minor skirmishes, but not without losses. A constant threat 24 hours a day, throughout this time, were the thousands of V-1, buzz bombs. They constantly flew by overhead and sometimes exploded nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Germany 1945\nThe Regiment, on 7 April 1945, realized one of its goals. It left Dongen and after covering 240\u00a0km in 34 hours, crossed the Rhine River at Rees. On 14 April 1945, the Regiment relieved the Canadians at the heavily defended K\u00fcsten Canal. After the canal was bridged by other units of the division, the Regiment launched an attack on Aschendorf. It was captured on 20 April 1945, after overcoming the many obstacles imposed by the terrain (the tanks had to keep to the roads along the dikes as the surrounding terrain was unsuitable for armor) and the enemy's anti-tank guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Germany 1945\nFor the following 2 days, the Regiment battled the enemy north of Papenburg and seized the communication center of Ihrhove-Ihren. A week later, it crossed the Leda River to open the road for the 3rd Infantry Brigade. It passed Leer, Loga, Filsum, Hesel, and Moorburg. After overcoming numerous obstacles and demolished roads and bridges, it captured the village of Halsbek. Here at 0800 hours on 5 May 1945, a cease fire was ordered. Germany had surrendered. The next morning, the Regiment was ordered north to Clevern. It passed by many German columns, which were proceeding to assembly areas as ordered by the Allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Occupation 1945\nOn 8 May 1945, the Regiment was ordered to Wittmund, 25\u00a0km from Wilhelmshaven. Here the Regiment began its occupation duties. The Regiment had covered 1811\u00a0km from the time it had landed on the continent. It celebrated its first Regimental Day on 19 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Occupation 1945\nOn 3 March 1946, St Nicolas presented the regiment with its colors. With the adoption of the Regiment by the town of St Nicolas, the soldiers of the Regiment were given the right to wear the town's coat of arms on their uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158612-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Armoured Regiment (Poland), Occupation 1945\nThe victory was bittersweet for the Polish soldiers. They had defeated the Germans, who had started the war by invading Poland, but they had failed to liberate Poland. This was especially true for those who had been interned by the Russians, at the start of the war. They already realized that they had traded the German occupation for a Russian occupation. They had experienced the Russian occupation of eastern Poland, when Russia was allied with Germany at the start of the war. This occupation would not end till 1990 and the end of the Cold War with the first free elections where Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa was elected president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary)\nThe 1st Army (German: k.u.k. 1. Armee) was a field army-level command in the ground forces of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The army fought in Galicia and Russian Poland in 1914\u201315 before being briefly dissolved in the summer of 1916. Shortly afterwards, it was reformed and sent to fight in the Romanian Campaign for the next two years. The 1st Army was demobilized in April 1918 due to its heavy losses, following Romania's surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), History\nThe 1st Army was formed in 1914 as part of Austria-Hungary's mobilization following its declaration of war on Serbia and Russia, carrying out the prewar plans for the formation of six field armies. Just as all Austro-Hungarian field armies, it consisted of a headquarters and several corps, along with some unattached units. The 1st Army was put under the command of General of the Cavalry Viktor Dankl von Krasnik and was composed of the I, V, and X Corps, originating from Krak\u00f3w, Presburg and Przemy\u015bl, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), History\nUnder his command, the units of the 1st Army scored the first Austro-Hungarian victory of World War I during the defense of Galicia by defeating the Russian 4th Army at the Battle of Krasnik in 23\u201325 August 1914. However, due to the critical situation on other parts of the front, Krasnik was forced to withdraw south along the Dunajec river to the area north of Krak\u00f3w. During the winter of 1914 the 1st Army took part in the Battle of the Vistula River in Russian Poland, reaching Ivangorod. In May 1915, General Krasnik was transferred to the Italian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), History\nHe was replaced by General of the Cavalry Karl Kirchbach von Lauterbach for a couple of months before command of the 1st Army was given to General of the Artillery Paul Puhallo von Brlog. The 1st Army did not take part in the Gorlice\u2013Tarn\u00f3w Offensive, remaining in Volodymyr-Volynskyi during that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), History\nIn the aftermath of that operation the 1st Army under Puhallo seized the bridgeheads at Sandomierz and Tarlo-Jozefow, assigned to be part of Army Group B\u00f6hm-Ermolli for the first half of 1916. It was the transferred to the Bug river region and was part of Army Group Linsingen, under the overall command of August von Mackensen, but saw little action until the end of the Russian Great Retreat, at which point the front lines became static.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), History\nIn the summer of 1916, Puhallo and the 1st Army were forced to withdraw during the Brusilov Offensive, and according to the general staff, \"the former 1st army was in the course of events dissolved on grounds of expediency and by and by divided amongst neighboring armies, the headquarters thereby becoming superfluous and was disbanded.\" In August, however, the 1st Army was formed once again, this time under General of the Infantry Arthur Arz von Straussenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), History\nRomania also entered the war on that month, and the reformed 1st Army under Straussenburg managed to hold off a Romanian assault in Transylvania on 28 August, despite its numerical inferiority. It continued to fight alongside the German 9th Army, as well as Bulgarian and Ottoman troops, over the next several months as the Central Powers entered Romania proper and occupied a large portion of it. During that time it was subordinated to Army Group Archduke Karl. When the archduke became Emperor Karl I of Austria-Hungary in November, he assigned Straussenburg to replace Franz Conrad von H\u00f6tzendorf as chief of the general staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), History\nAs a result, Colonel General Franz Rohr von Denta became the new 1st Army commander in February 1917. The army stayed in Romania for much of the year and took part in the continued fight against the Romanian forces, subordinated to Army Front Archduke Joseph, including the Third Battle of Oituz. The actions during the summer of 1917 near Oituz, spearheaded by the VIII Corps, resulted in the Austro-Hungarian 1st Army taking significant casualties and only advancing 2-6 kilometers. In February 1918 it was subordinated to Army Front K\u00f6vess. Austro-Hungarian casualties were extremely high on the Eastern Front, and the casualty-struck 1st Army had to be disbanded on 15 April 1918, as conclusion of the peace treaty with Romania was imminent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), Order of battle on formation\nUpon mobilization in August 1914, the 1st Army consisted of three corps, along with three divisions and some smaller units under the direct command of the army headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), Order of battle in October 1916\nThe 1st Army consisted of the following formations while in Romania, by late October 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), Order of battle at the Third Battle of Oituz\nBy July 1917, the 1st Army in Romania was composed of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 72], "content_span": [73, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), Commanders\nThe 1st Army had the following commanders until it was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158613-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Austria-Hungary), Chiefs of staff\nThe 1st Army had the following chiefs of staff until it was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158614-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Czechoslovakia)\nThe 1st Army was a field army of the Czechoslovak People's Army, active from 1958-65 and 1969\u20131991. In its second formation its headquarters was in Pribram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158614-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Czechoslovakia)\nIn the 1980s the force included the 1st Tank Division (cs:1. tankov\u00e1 divize (\u010ceskoslovensko)), 2nd Motor Rifle Division, 19th Motor Rifle Division, and 20th Motor Rifle Division, as well as many smaller units, including the 321st Army Missile Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158614-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Czechoslovakia), Role of the Prague Spring\nBy the early 1960s, Czechoslovak president and Communist Party head, Antonin Novotny, grew concerned that the military opposed increasing involvement in the Warsaw Pact. Accordingly, he moved to reorganize the CPA and reassign several generals. In 1965, Novotny reorganized the 1st Army into the Western Military District, and the commander of the 1st Army, Lt. Gen Stanislav Prochazka, saw his power significantly reduced. Nonetheless, he initially earned the favor of the new president, Ludv\u00edk Svoboda, in 1968. When the Prague Spring uprising occurred under Alexander Dubcek, Svoboda initially sympathized with the protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158614-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Czechoslovakia), Role of the Prague Spring\nProchazka then publicly expressed sympathy for the uprising as well. Additionally, Prochazka publicly expressed his opposition to Warsaw Pact intervention in Czechoslovakia's internal affairs. When Svoboda decided to support Warsaw Pact intervention and Soviet suzerainty over Czechoslovakia, General Prochazka was forced into early retirement and the 1st Army reformed again under General Karel Rusov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158614-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Czechoslovakia), Units of the Army 1989\nThis listing is based on the Czech  website, which lists all units of the Czechoslovak People's Army in existence between 1950 and 1990, with their location, subordination, equipment and changes over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France)\nThe First Army (French: 1re Arm\u00e9e) was a field army of France that fought during World War I and World War II. It was also active during the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), First World War\nOn mobilization in August 1914, General Auguste Dubail was put in the charge of the First Army, which comprised the 7th, 8th, 13th, 14th, and 21st Army Corps, two divisions of cavalry and one reserve infantry division. It was massed between Belfort and the general line Mirecourt-Lun\u00e9ville with headquarters at Epinal. First Army then took part, along with the French Second Army, in the Invasion of Lorraine. The First Army intended to take the strongly defended town of Sarrebourg. Bavarian Crown Prince Rupprecht, commander of the German Sixth Army, was tasked with stopping the French invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Army (France), First World War\nThe French attack was repulsed by Rupprecht and his stratagem of pretending to retreat and then strongly attacking back. On 20 August Rupprecht launched a major counter-offensive, driving the French armies out. Dubail was replaced in 1915. A frantic 1916 saw four different commanders command the First Army; an even more frantic 1917 saw five different commanders at the helm (including Fran\u00e7ois Anthoine during the Battle of Passchendaele). By the time of Passchendaele, the French First Army was composed of two corps - the 1st Army Corps (composed of 4 divisions) and the 36th Army Corps (composed of 2 divisions).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Second World War, 1940\nDuring the Second World War the French First Army, under the command of General Georges Blanchard, formed part of the forces ranged against the German Army during the Battle of France. On 10 May 1940, it included the Cavalry Corps, and the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Army Corps, as well as the 1re Division Cuirass\u00e9e de R\u00e9serve (1st DCR, effectively an armoured division with four battalions of tanks and one of infantry, plus supporting units) and 32nd Infantry Division. When the Wehrmacht invaded France and the Low Countries in 1940, the First Army was one of the many armies including the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that advanced north to stop the German armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Second World War, 1940\nOn 21 May 1940 the First Army was one of the armies trapped in a vast pocket with their backs to the sea that would eventually result in the Dunkirk evacuations. As the Germans moved in, what remained of the once-formidable First Army was hopelessly surrounded at Lille but counterattacked and resisted fiercely in a delaying action aiming to buy time for the beleaguered Anglo-French defenders of Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Army (France), Second World War, 1940\nGeneral Jean-Baptiste Molini\u00e9's 40,000 remaining men engaged seven German divisions (including the 4th, 5th, and 7th Panzer Divisions, roughly 110,000 men and 800 tanks), capturing General Fritz Kuhne of the 253rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) in the fighting and halting the German capture of Dunkirk for three days. It is estimated that the First Army's last battle allowed the evacuation of an additional 100,000 men from Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Second World War, 1940\nThe First Army formally ceased to exist on 29 May, though a portion escaped with the British soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Second World War, 1944\u201345\nThe First Army was reconstituted as French Army B under the command of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny in the summer of 1944. It landed in southern France after Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of the area. On 25 September 1944, French Army B was redesignated French First Army. Liberating Marseilles, Toulon, and Lyon, it later formed the right flank of the Allied Southern Group of Armies (also known as the U.S. Sixth Army Group) at the southern end of the Allied front line, adjacent to Switzerland. It commanded two corps, the French I and II Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Army (France), Second World War, 1944\u201345\nThe French First Army liberated the southern area of the Vosges Mountains, including Belfort. Its operations in the area of Burnhaupt destroyed the German IV Luftwaffe Korps in November 1944. In January 1945 it defended against operation Nordwind, the last major German offensive on the western front. In February 1945, with the assistance of the U.S. XXI Corps, the First Army collapsed the Colmar Pocket and cleared the west bank of the Rhine River of Germans in the area south of Strasbourg. In March 1945, the First Army fought through the Siegfried Line fortifications in the Bienwald Forest near Lauterbourg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Army (France), Second World War, 1944\u201345\nSubsequently, the First Army crossed the Rhine near Speyer and captured Karlsruhe and Stuttgart. Operations by the First Army in April 1945 encircled and captured the German XVIII S.S. Armee Korps in the Black Forest and cleared southwestern Germany. At the end of the war, the motto of the French First Army was Rhin et Danube, referring to the two great German rivers that it had reached and crossed during its combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Second World War, 1944\u201345, Composition\nThe First Army was mainly composed of North African troops (Maghrebis and French Pied-Noirs) drawn from the Army of Africa. These troops had played a major role in the liberation of Corsica (September\u2013October 1943) and the Italian Campaign (1943\u201344), with about 130,000 men engaged. During the French and German campaigns of 1944-45, these troops formed the core of the First Army. In Autumn 1944, First Army comprised about 250,000 men, half of them Indigenes (Mahgrebian and Black African) and half Europeans from North Africa. From September 1944 onward, 114,000 men of the French Forces of the Interior were added to the First Army, replacing many African troops. Eventually, more than 320,000 men would form the First Army during its final advances in Germany and Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Second World War, 1944\u201345, Composition\nFrom 26 September 1944, Andr\u00e9 Malraux's Alsace-Lorraine Independent Brigade, formed from the FFI, formed part of the army's reserves. Like other units formed from FFI personnel, Malraux's brigade was subsequently incorporated into the French Army as a regular unit (and was retitled the 3rd Demi-Brigade of Chasseurs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Cold War\nDuring the Cold War the First Army was again active. Army headquarters was at Strasbourg, and may have also been at Metz for a period. For a time the army commander was also the Military Governor of Strasbourg (see H\u00f4tel des Deux-Ponts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Cold War\nAmong army commanders were Generals Emmanuel Hublot (1969\u201372), Andr\u00e9 Biard (1977\u201379) and Claude Vanbremeersch (1979\u201380).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Cold War\nIn 1970 the Army appears to have controlled I Corps (HQ Nancy, France) with the 4th Armoured Division with its headquarters at Verdun, the 7th Infantry Division with headquarters at Mulhouse, and the 8th Armoured Division with headquarters at Compi\u00e8gne (2nd, 4th, and 14th Brigades). II Corps was at Koblenz with the 1st Armoured Division at Treves (1st, 3rd, and 11th Brigades), and the 3rd Division at Freiburg (5th, 12th, and 13th Brigades).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158615-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Army (France), Cold War\nThe Army controlled the I Corps, the II Corps, and the III Corps as well as Army troops, including Pluton artillery, during the 1980s. After deactivation as the war headquarters for the NATO Central Army Group, Ouvrage Rochonvillers was designated as the First Army's war headquarters in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158616-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (German Empire)\nThe 1st Army (German: 1. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 1 / A.O.K. 1) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 from the VIII Army Inspection. The army was dissolved on 17 September 1915, but reformed on 19 July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme. It was finally disbanded in 1919 during demobilization after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158616-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (German Empire), History, First formation\nThe 1st Army during World War I, fought on the Western Front and took part in the Schlieffen Plan offensive against France and Belgium in August 1914. Commanded by General Alexander von Kluck, the 1st Army's job was to command the extreme right of the German forces in attacking the left flank of the French Army and encircling Paris, bringing a rapid conclusion to the war. His army had the greatest striking power of the offensive, a density of about 18,000 men per mile of front (about 10 per metre).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158616-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Army (German Empire), History, First formation\nThe First Army captured Brussels on 20 August and was almost successful in defeating France but was halted just 13 miles outside the French capital in the First Battle of the Marne that took place in early September. Von Kluck was replaced in 1915 after being seriously wounded in the leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158616-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (German Empire), History, First formation\nWith 10 army level commands (1st to 7th Armies plus three Armee-Abteilungen), the German Supreme Command felt able to dispense with 1st Army. Its units were distributed amongst neighbouring armies and the army was dissolved on 17 September 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158616-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (German Empire), History, Second formation\n2nd Army bore the brunt of the Allied attack in the Battle of the Somme. It had grown to such an extent that a decision was made to divide it. The 1st Army was reformed on 19 July 1916 from the right (northern) wing of the 2nd Army. The former commander of 2nd Army, General der Infanterie Fritz von Below, took command of 1st Army and 2nd Army got a new commander General der Artillerie Max von Gallwitz. Von Gallwitz was also installed as commander of Heeresgruppe Gallwitz \u2013 Somme to co-ordinate the actions of both armies on the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158616-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army (German Empire), History, Second formation\nAt the end of the war it was serving as part of Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158616-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army (German Empire), History, Order of Battle, 30 October 1918\nBy the end of the war, the 1st Army was organised as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158616-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army (German Empire), Commanders\nThe original 1st Army had the following commanders until it was dissolved 17 September 1915:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158616-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army (German Empire), Commanders\nA \"new\" 1st Army was formed from the right (northern) wing of the 2nd Army during the Battle of the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy)\nThe 1st Army (Italian: 1\u00aa Armata) was an Royal Italian Army field army, in World War I, facing Austro-Hungarian and German forces, and in World War II, fighting on the North African front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I\nDuring World War I, the 1st Army bore the responsibility of a long front from Stelvio Pass on the Swiss-Austrian Italian tri-border to the Asiago plateau. It successfully resisted the Austro-Hungarian Strafexpedition. Its sector was later reduced, limiting its role to the defense of the Trentino borders and the Verona area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Formation & Operations in 1915\nThe 1st Army originated with the Army of Milan which became, in October 1914, the 1st Army. In addition to various army corps (up to five), it had available to it large units not included in the army corps: infantry and cavalry divisions and groups of Alpine troops. Even the truppe altipiani command was subsequently placed within this Army. The 1st Army during the conflict participated in conquests, various setbacks and reconquests (primarily the so-called White War) until the final battle of Vittorio Veneto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Formation & Operations in 1915\nAs the 1st World War extended to Italy, this Army was placed under the command of Lieutenant General Roberto Brusati and consisted of the III Army Corps (Corpo d'Armata) of Milan under the command of Lieutenant General Vittorio Camerana and the V Army Corps of Verona under the command of Lieutenant General Florenzo Aliprandi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Formation & Operations in 1915\nEach Army Corps consisted of three infantry divisions, including field artillery and sapper units. In addition, there was a corps troop consisting of bersaglieri, alpini, cavalry, artillery and other specialists and an army troop consisting of infantry, cavalry, artillery and specialists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Formation & Operations in 1915\nThe 1st Army, which now had its headquarters in Verona, was deployed from the Stelvio Pass to the Rolle Pass/Cismon or about 200 kilometers along the war front, with the III Army Corps responsible from the Swiss border to the Lake Garda area and the V Army Corps from Garda to Rolle/Cismon, where the 4th Army began its sector. This was designated the Trentino Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Formation & Operations in 1915\nAccording to the plans of the supreme commander of the army, the 1st Army was to maintain a strategically defensive posture, not only during the period of the war build-up, but also through the time in which the (adjacent) 4th Army under General Luigi Nava would operate from Cadore to attempt to open a route towards the Tyrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Formation & Operations in 1915\nThe 1st Army, however, was to carry out limited offensives to ensure the security of the Italian border, and occupy any enemy territory, wherever this was possible and convenient. In Cadorna's plan, the 1st Army would defend against any Austrian offensive from Trentino thus protecting (along with the 4th Army) the rear of the bulk of the Italian army which was engaged on the Isonzo Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Formation & Operations in 1915\nWith the task of having to stay on the defensive, Brusati was frustrated by (in his opinion) Cadorna's inability to understand that the Austro-Hungarians had retreated on a defensive line well beyond the official border. Thus, Brusati\u2019s 1st Army carried out offensive operations enthusiastically. Already on 25 May 1915, the day after Italy entered the war, these Italian troops, taking advantage of the fact that the Austro-Hungarian troops were deployed far from the border, conquered terrain of considerable strategic value, such as Monte Altissimo, Coni Zunga and parts of the Val d\u2019Adige and Vallarsa, near Lake Garda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Formation & Operations in 1915\nHowever, starting from August, after the failure of new attacks against the Austro-Hungarian permanent fortifications (on the V\u00e9zzena Plateau) that guarded the head of the Val d'Astico (east of the previous successes), General Cadorna directed the 1st Army Command back to the defensive mode. Nevertheless, Brusati did not give up on further operations aimed at consolidating the front, sometimes deploying his troops in an offensive stance. This alignment led to neglecting the defensive preparations with the bulk of the forces available remaining concentrated on the advanced positions, rather than on the rear positions, more suitable for defensive operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1916\nIn March 1916, the information services of the Army had the 1st news of a concentration of Austrian forces in the Trentino sector. These were to be the preparations for the so-called Strafexpedition, planned by the Chief of Staff of the Imperial Royal Austro-Hungarian Army, Field Marshal Franz Conrad von H\u00f6tzendorf. This offensive had the intent to defeat the Italian army, unleashing an offensive through the lines of the 1st Army to take the entire Italian Isonzo deployment from the rear. In view of a probable enemy offensive, at his request, Cadorna granted Brusati five further divisions. However, Cadorna remained persuaded that nothing would happen in that sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1916\nStill Brusati\u2019s troops were strung-out after their offensive advances and the state of the defenses was ill-prepared. In disagreement with Cadorna, Brusati deployed the defense at the end of the advanced positions counting on the solidity of the strengthening work carried out until then. In addition, on 1 April, the Army again went on the offensive, launching assaults which achieved some partial successes, but at the cost of the defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1916\nIn the second half of April General Cadorna visited the lines of the 1st Army and on that occasion he even refused to meet Brusati because, according to some, he already had plans to dismiss him. On 8 May Brusati was relieved from command by Cadorna and replaced by General Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi, eight days before the Austro-Hungarian counter-offensive began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1916\nUltimately the 1st Army along with elements of the newly created Fifth Army prevailed in this major Austro-Hungarian action, helped by the Russian Brusilov Offensive in Galacia which required von H\u00f6tzendorf to move troops away from the Italian offensive and to the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1916\nIn August 1916, the 1st Army was reorganized and growing, along with the Regio Esercito overall as more draftees reached the war zone. The 1st Army now had six Corps, covering the same frontlines in the Trentino. The III Corps (5th, 6th and 37th Divisions) remained under Gen. Camerana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1916\nThe V Corps (44th, 47th and 32 Divisions) was added under Lt. General Bertotti; along with the X Corps (9th and 20th Divisions) under Lt. Gen. Grandi; a new Truppe Altipiani commanded by Lt. General Mambretti and consisting of the XII Corps (30th, 29th and 25th Divisions) under Lt. Gen. Zoppi and the XX Corps (13th, 28th and an Alpini Unit) under Lt. General Montuori; and the XVIII Corps (15th Division and 2nd Cavalry) under Lt. Gen. Etna. There was a Corps Troop at Verona consisting of infantry battalions, artillery, bomb units, cavalry and engineer units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1916\nFor the balance of 1916, this Army engaged in fights and other actions in what became known as the White War. There were attacks on Monte Pasubio (in September and October), Monte Cimone (in September), in Val Sugana (in August and September) and numerous small actions in Val Sugana, Val Posina and Altipiano d\u2019Asiago. Many soldiers also lost their lives in avalanches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1916\nIn November 1916 the 1st Army with Cardorna\u2019s consent, had planned \"Action K\" (Code Name) a small counteroffensive targeting Monte Ortigara using General Mambretti\u2019s Truppe Altipiani as well as the XVIII Corps. This action had tp be cancelled due to heavy snows. The Italian Command would later reprise and augment the plan for June 1917. On 1 December 1916 Mambretti was now placed in charge of a new Sixth Army (Italy) taking his XX Corps as well as the XVIII Corps. Added to these troops were two newly constituted Corps, the XXII and XXVI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1917\nAs part of a re-organization (after Caporetto) several new Corps were created and assigned (1916-1917) to the 1st Army including the XXIX, V, XXVI, and XXII Corps. At this time the Trentino Front was defended by the III Corps (5th and 6th Divisions and the Brigata Valtellina) from Stevio to Garda; the XXIX Corps (37th and 27th Divisions), V Corps (55th and 69 Divisions), X Corps (32nd and 9th Divisions), three Corps of Truppe Altipiani (XXVI \u2013 12th and 11th Divisions, XXII \u2013 57th and 2nd Divisions and XX \u2013 29th and 52 Divisions) from Garda to Sugana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1917\nThe 1st Army did not take part in any major defensive or counteroffensive battles in 1917. The 1st Army did, however, defend the Asiago Plateau during the Battle of Caporetto which helped the retreating Italian troops to set up a strong defensive line at the Piave River in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1917\nHowever, the White War continued in 1917 for the 1st Army through a series of small actions (between June and October) in the high isolated valleys of the Trentino mountains. The following minor actions were reported):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1918\nAlthough the 1st Army was part of the re-organization of the Italian Army after Caporetto, the modifications were originally quite minor. In January 1918, the Order of Battle was essentially the same as the October changes except for the addition of the XXV Corps to the Truppe Altipiani under Gen. Zoppi. However, in March, the III Corps and a new Corps, the XIV were transferred to the newly created 7th Army which became responsible for the Stelvio-Garda Sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1918\nFurthermore the Truppe Altipiani were dispersed to other Italian Armies, including the newly re-constituted 6th Army (which also included the British and French Expeditionary Forces which came to Italy after Caporetto) which took over responsibility for the defenses at Asiago and the re-organized 4th Army which also took over responsibility for the mountain defenses at Mt. Grappa in their western zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1918\nThe 1st Army saw limited action in the mountains between January and May. There were continuous patrols which occasionally led to small firefights and artillery shelling (including aerial bombardments). This Army saw minor action in Mt. Cornone (Altopiano di Asiago), Tre Monti and the Val Lagarina subsector (Conca dei Laghi and Castello Mori), and the Vallarsa (Mt. Corno).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, Operations in 1918\nDuring the Austrian Offensive in June 1918 (Second Battle of the Piave), the 1st Army (and the 7th Army) was responsible for the defense at the Trentino Front. There were no major offensives or Italian counteroffensives launched in this zone, although the Austro-Hungarians applied some offensive pressure in support of its Operation Radetzky. On 15 June, the Italian Division 6 consisting of the Czechoslovakian Legion in Italy was assigned to the 1st Army. However, after this battle, operations began to pick up beginning in August with the following small battles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nAs the final battle (Vittorio Veneto) began at the end of October, the 1st Army (along with the 7th) was to maintain a strictly defensive position. However, as the battle progressed and the Austro-Hungarian Army at 1st retreated, then collapsed into a disorganized retreat, the 1st Army began an offensive thrust towards Rovereto and the city of Trento.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nOn 2 November, while the situation of the Austro-Hungarian army became increasingly pessimistic, the Italian Supreme Command also set in motion the troops of the 1st Army of Giraldi. Since the previous night the Xth Army Corps had attacked in Val d'Astico encountering little resistance; consequently Giraldi decided to speed up the operations and his troops immediately advanced in the Tonezza plateau and in the Luserna plateau. The march of the 32nd Division in Vallagarina began in the early afternoon; a unit of Arditi, under the command of Major Gastone Gambara, and three Alpine battalions advanced into the valley and occupied Rovereto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nThe advance of the Italian army now became general. On the left bank of the Adige, the Piceno and Liguria brigades marched in Vallarsa and on the Pasubio, in Val Posina. In the Adige valley the disintegration and collapse of the Austro-Hungarians became catastrophic; materials and vehicles were abandoned, the trains heading north were stormed by the soldiers, as panic and lack of discipline spread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nOn the afternoon of 3 November, the troops of the 1st Army reached Trento: the 1st units to enter the city were the cavalry regiment \"Alessandria\", the XXIVth Arditi, the Alpini of the IVth group; the infantry of the Pistoia brigade arrived later. The final advance had not met with any real opposition: the Italian soldiers received an enthusiastic welcome from the population. That evening a unit of the \"Padua\" cavalry regiment of the 4th Army of General Giardino also arrived in Trento; and on the following afternoon Giraldi himself, commander of the 1st Army, entered Trento, when the Armistice took effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nAfter the Armistice, the 1st Army became responsible for the occupation to all of Trentino, South Tyrol (both of which became part of Italy) and Austrian Tyrol. On 20 September 1919 the 1st Army Command became the Trento area Command, one of the new designated army commands of the Royal Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War II\nAt the beginning of World War II, the Italian 1st Army was one of three armies that made up Army Group West commanded by Prince General Umberto di Savoia. Together with the Italian Fourth Army and the Italian Seventh Army (kept in reserve), the 1st Army attacked French forces during the Italian invasion of France. At this time, the 1st Army was commanded by General Pietro Pintor and included three army corps:  the 2nd Corps commanded by General Francesco Bettini, the 3rd Corps - General Mario Arisio, and the 15th Corps commanded by General Gastone Gambara. (See order of battle, below.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War II\nBy 1942, after the defeat of Panzer Army Africa (Panzerarmee Afrika) at the Second Battle of El Alamein and after the Operation Torch landings, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was forced to make one of the longest retreats in history. He withdrew from the \"Western Desert\" of Egypt and Libya and established a defence on the French-built Mareth Line in southern Tunisia. After occupying the Mareth Line, Rommel took command of the newly created Army Group Africa and turned over the \"German-Italian Panzer Army\" (formerly \"Panzer Army Africa\") to Italian General Giovanni Messe. The army was once again renamed and on 23 February 1943, Messe took command of the \"Italian 1st Army.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158617-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Italy), World War II\nAs part of Army Group Africa commanded by General Rommel, the 1st Army attacked Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery's Eighth Army at Operation Capri (the Battle of Medenine, just east of the Mareth Line. The 1st Army suffered a crushing defeat and the attempt by Rommel and Arnim to break through in Tunisia failed. By the end of May, Allied troops had captured all of North Africa, and the 1st Army was the last of the 270,000 Axis troops taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nThe 1st Army was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation commanded by Armijski \u0111eneral Milan Ra\u0111enkovi\u0107 during the German-led Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. It consisted of one infantry division, one horsed cavalry division, and two brigade-strength infantry detachments. It formed part of the 2nd Army Group, and was responsible for the defence of the section of the Yugoslav-Hungarian border between the Danube and the Tisza rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nThe 1st Army was not directly attacked during the first few days after the invasion commenced, but attacks on its flanks resulted in successive orders to withdraw to the lines of the Danube and then the Sava. The Hungarians then crossed the border in the sector for which the 1st Army had been responsible, but the Yugoslavs were already withdrawing and the Hungarians faced almost no resistance. This was followed by the German capture of Belgrade and the rear area units of 1st Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nRemnants of the 1st Army continued to resist along the line of the Sava, within days, tens of thousands of Yugoslav soldiers had been captured. The Germans closed on Sarajevo, and accepted the unconditional surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April, which came into effect at the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nThe Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was created with the merger of Serbia, Montenegro and the South Slav-inhabited areas of Austria-Hungary on 1 December 1918, in the immediate aftermath of World War I. The Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established to defend the new state. It was formed around the nucleus of the victorious Royal Serbian Army, as well as armed formations raised in regions formerly controlled by Austria-Hungary. Many former Austro-Hungarian officers and soldiers became members of the new army. From the beginning, much like other aspects of public life in the new kingdom, the army was dominated by ethnic Serbs, who saw it as a means by which to secure Serb political hegemony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nThe army's development was hampered by the kingdom's poor economy, and this continued during the 1920s. In 1929, King Alexander changed the name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, at which time the army was renamed the Royal Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VKJ). The army budget remained tight, and as tensions rose across Europe during the 1930s, it became difficult to secure weapons and munitions from other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nConsequently, at the time World War II broke out in September 1939, the VKJ had several serious weaknesses, which included reliance on draught animals for transport, and the large size of its formations. Infantry divisions had a wartime strength of 26,000\u201327,000 men, as compared to contemporary British infantry divisions of half that strength. These characteristics resulted in slow, unwieldy formations, and the inadequate supply of arms and munitions meant that even the very large Yugoslav formations had low firepower. Generals better suited to the trench warfare of World War I were combined with an army that was neither equipped nor trained to resist the fast-moving combined arms approach used by the Germans in their invasions of Poland and France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nThe weaknesses of the VKJ in strategy, structure, equipment, mobility and supply were exacerbated by serious ethnic disunity within Yugoslavia, resulting from two decades of Serb hegemony and the attendant lack of political legitimacy achieved by the central government. Attempts to address the disunity came too late to ensure that the VKJ was a cohesive force. Fifth column activity was also a serious concern, not only from the Croatian nationalist Usta\u0161e but also from the country's Slovene and ethnic German minorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Composition\nThe 1st Army was commanded by Armijski \u0111eneral Milan Ra\u0111enkovi\u0107, and his chief of staff was Brigadni \u0111eneral Todor Mili\u0107evi\u0107. It was organised and mobilised on a geographic basis from the 1st Army District, which was divided into divisional districts, each of which was subdivided into regimental regions. The 1st Army consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Composition\nIts support units included the 56th Army Artillery Regiment, the 1st Anti - Aircraft Battalion, and the 1st Army Anti- Aircraft Company. The 1st Air Reconnaissance Group comprising fifteen Breguet 19s was attached from the Royal Yugoslav Air Force and was based at Ruma just south of Novi Sad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Deployment\nThe 1st Army was part of the 2nd Army Group, which was responsible for the eastern section of the Yugoslav-Hungarian border, with the 1st Army deployed in the Ba\u010dka region between the Danube and the Tisza, and the 2nd Army in the Baranya and Slavonia regions between Slatina and the Danube. On the right flank of the 1st Army was the 6th Army, an independent formation that was responsible for the defence of the Yugoslav Banat region east of the Tisza. The boundary with the 2nd Army ran just east of the Danube to Vukovar, then south towards Bijeljina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Deployment\nThe boundary with the 6th Army ran just to the east of the Tisza to the confluence with the Danube, then south across the Sava through Obrenovac. The Yugoslav defence plan saw the 1st Army deployed with one division forward with an infantry detachment on each flank, and a cavalry division held in depth. The deployment of the 1st Army from west to east was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Deployment\nThe 44th Infantry Division Unska, which was under the direct command of the General Headquarters of the VKJ, was deployed in the 1st Army area to the east of the 3rd Cavalry Division, centred on Stara Pazova on the road between Novi Sad and Belgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 6\u201310 April\nThe 1st Army faced the Hungarian 3rd Army, and during the first few days after the commencement of the invasion, there were exchanges of fire with Hungarian border guards, but the 1st Army faced no direct attacks. Neither the 1st Army or the Hungarians were ready for full-scale fighting, as they were still mobilising and deploying their forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 6\u201310 April\nOn 9 April, due to events in other parts of Yugoslavia, the 6th Army on the right flank of the 1st Army was ordered to withdraw south of the Danube and deploy on a line facing east to defend against an attack from the direction of Sofia, Bulgaria. 2nd Army Group also received orders to withdraw south of the line of the Drava and Danube. 1st Army began to withdraw, and on the same day elements were approaching the Danube crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 6\u201310 April\nThe following day, the situation deteriorated significantly when the German XLI Motorised Corps crossed the Yugoslav-Romanian border into the Yugoslav Banat and struck the 6th Army, halting its withdrawal and disrupting its ability to organise a coherent defence behind the Danube. Also on 10 April, the main thrust of the XLVI Motorised Corps of the 2nd Army, consisting of the 8th Panzer Division leading the 16th Motorised Infantry Division crossed the Drava at Barcs in the 4th Army sector. The 8th Panzer Division turned southeast between the Drava and Sava rivers, and meeting almost no resistance and with strong air support, had reached Slatina by evening, despite poor roads and bad weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 6\u201310 April\nLater that day, as the situation was becoming increasingly desperate throughout the country, Du\u0161an Simovi\u0107, who was both the Prime Minister and Yugoslav Chief of the General Staff, broadcast the following message:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 6\u201310 April\nAll troops must engage the enemy wherever encountered and with every means at their disposal. Don't wait for direct orders from above, but act on your own  and be guided by your judgement, initiative, and conscience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 6\u201310 April\nThe bulk of the 1st Army were able to cross the Danube and began to prepare defences. By the evening of 10 April, the 1st Army was ordered to withdraw from this line and form a defensive line behind the Sava from Debrc to the confluence with the Vrbas river, for which one or two days would be needed. On the night of 10/11 April, the whole 2nd Army Group continued its withdrawal, but units of the 2nd Army on the left flank of the 1st Army that included significant numbers of Croats began to dissolve due to the fifth column activities of the fascist Usta\u0161e and their sympathisers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 11\u201312 April\nAt dawn on 11 April, Hungarian forces, consisting with the Mobile, IV and V Corps of Vez\u00e9rezredes (Lieutenant General) Elem\u00e9r Gorondy-Nov\u00e1k's 3rd Army, crossed the Yugoslav border north of Osijek and near Subotica, overcame Yugoslav border guards and advanced on Subotica and Pali\u0107. The XLVI Motorised Corps continued to push east south of the Drava, with the 8th Panzer Division capturing Na\u0161ice, Osijek on the Drava, and Vukovar on the Danube, followed by the 16th Motorised Infantry Division which advanced east of Na\u0161ice, despite bridge demolitions and poor roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 11\u201312 April\nThe 8th Panzer Division had effectively routed the 2nd Army Group by 11 April. On the same day, Messerschmitt Bf 110's of I Group of the 26th Heavy Fighter Wing (German: Zerst\u00f6rergeschwader 26, ZG 26) destroyed several 1st Air Reconnaissance Group Breguet 19s at Ruma. The rest were flown to Bijeljina, but were destroyed the following day when I/ZG 26 swept over the airfield in one of the most effective attacks of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 11\u201312 April\nOn the night of 11/12 April, the 8th Panzer Division captured Sremska Mitrovica on the Sava at 02:30, destroyed a bridge over the Danube at Bogojevo, and advanced on Lazarevac about 32 kilometres (20\u00a0mi) south of Belgrade. These advances delayed the withdrawal of the 2nd Army Group south of the Sava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 11\u201312 April\nBy 12 April, the withdrawal of the 2nd Army Group was being threatened from the left flank, with 2nd Army having \"no combat importance at all\". On the right flank, 6th Army attempted to regroup while being pressed by the 11th Panzer Division as it drove towards Belgrade. West of Belgrade, remnants of the 2nd Army Group tried to establish a line along the Sava, but XLVI Motorised Corps had already captured the bridges. When elements of the 8th Panzer Division captured Zemun without a fight, they captured 1st Army's rear area units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 11\u201312 April\nOn 12 April, the 1st Army's 3rd Cavalry Division counter-attacked at \u0160abac and pushed the Germans back across the Sava. The Hungarians pursued the 1st Army south, and occupied the area between the Danube and the Tisza meeting virtually no resistance. Serb Chetnik irregulars fought isolated engagements, and the Hungarian General Staff considered irregular resistance forces to be their only significant opposition. The Hungarian 1st Parachute Battalion captured canal bridges at Vrbas and Srbobran. This, the first airborne operation in Hungarian history, was not without incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0015-0002", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 11\u201312 April\nThe battalion's aircraft consisted of five Italian-made Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 transport aircraft formerly with the civilian airline MALERT, but pressed into service with the Royal Hungarian Air Force (Hungarian: Magyar Kir\u00e1lyi Honv\u00e9d L\u00e9gier\u0151, MKHL) at the start of the European war. Shortly after takeoff from the airport at Veszpr\u00e9m-Jutas on the afternoon of 12 April, the command plane, code E-101, crashed with the loss of 20 or 23 lives, including 19 paratroopers. This was the heaviest single loss suffered by the Hungarians during the Yugoslav campaign. Meanwhile, Sombor was captured against determined Chetnik resistance, and Subotica was also captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations, 11\u201312 April\nOn the evening of 12 April, elements of the SS Motorised Infantry Division Reich, under command of XLI Motorised Corps crossed the Danube in pneumatic boats and captured Belgrade without resistance. About the same time, most of the elements of XLVI Motorised Corps that were approaching Belgrade from the west were redirected away from the capital. Elements of the 8th Panzer Division did continue their thrust to capture the Sava bridges to the west of Belgrade, and entered the city during the night. The rest of the 8th Panzer Division turned southeast and drove towards Valjevo to link up with the left flank of the First Panzer Group southwest of Belgrade. The 16th Motorised Infantry Division was redirected south across the Sava, and advanced toward Zvornik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158618-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Fate\nOn 13 April, the Hungarians occupied Baranja without resistance, and pushed south through Ba\u010dka to reach the line of Novi Sad and the Great Ba\u010dka Canal. Early on 14 April, the remnants of 2nd Army Group, including the 1st Army, continued to fight against the 8th Panzer Division and 16th Motorised Infantry Division along the Sava. On 14 and 15 April, tens of thousands of Yugoslav soldiers were taken prisoner by the Germans during their drive on Sarajevo in the centre of the country, including 30,000 around Zvornik and 6,000 around Doboj. On 15 April, the 8th and 14th Panzer Divisions entered Sarajevo. After a delay in locating appropriate signatories for the surrender document, the Yugoslav High Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12:00 on 18 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158619-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (RSFSR)\nThe 1st Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. The 1st Army was formed twice. The first formation was between the beginning of March 1918 and May as a reaction to the Austro-German occupation of Ukraine. The second formation was created on June 19, 1918, as a part of the Eastern Front and from August 15, 1919 as a part of the Turkestan Front. The Army was disbanded in January 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158619-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (RSFSR), History\nOn March 17, 1918, the Second All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets decided to create armed forces to counter foreign and contra-revolutionary forces. Five armies of some 3.000 -3.500 men were created. In fact, these armies were only brigades with limited combat capabilities. Asiyev became the commander of the 1st Army, which was stationed near Podilsk and counted some 30.000 men shortly before it was disbanded. In March 1918, there were some skirmishes with German troops near Odessa, but the army was forced to retreat to Taganrog and Rostov-on-Don.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158619-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (RSFSR), History\nOn June 19, 1918 the 1st Army was created a second time from the detachments and units acting in the Syzran - Simbirsk area against Czechoslovak and White Guards troops. During the Civil War, Saransk was one of the centers of formation of military units of the Red Army and the mobilization Department of the 1st Army operated in that city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158619-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (RSFSR), History\nIn 1918, the 1st Army waged hostilities in the Volga region against the White Guards and the Czechoslovak Corps. It participated in the offensive of the Eastern Front 1918-1919, and led the attack in the Simbirsk and Syzran-Samara combat operations. The 1st Army took Samara (September-October 1918), Sterlitamak (December 1918) and Orenburg (January 1919). In the spring of 1919 during the Spring Offensive of the White Russian Army it held defensive positions in the  Sterlitamak and Orenburg area. In April-June 1919, the Army participated in the Counteroffensive of the Eastern front and waged fights against the forces of Alexander Kolchak's Southern Army, conducting an offensive in the Buguruslan and Belebey operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158619-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army (RSFSR), History\nIn August-September 1919, she operated as a part of the Turkestan Front, participating in the defeat of Alexander Kolchak's Southern Army and the Ural Army. During the Aktyubinsk operation, the 1st Army connected on September 13  with the troops of the Turkestan Soviet Republic in the Mugodzhar Hills. Part of the troops of the 1st Army continued to fight against the Ural Army in the Ural region until April 1920, while another part of the troops participated in the Khiva and Bukhara operations in November 1919-March 1920, establishing Soviet power there by occupying the whole region. The army was later also involved in the suppression of the Basmachi movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158620-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Army (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f, romanized:\u00a01\u0410) was an army-level command of the Russian Imperial Army created during World War I. The First Army, commanded by General Paul von Rennenkampf, invaded East Prussia at the outbreak of war in 1914 along with the Second Army commanded by General Alexander Samsonov. After declaring war on the German Empire, the Russian Empire had been able to mobilize very quickly. All Russian forces were put under the command of Grand Duke Nikolai and his Quartermaster General Yuri Danilov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158620-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Russian Empire)\nThe invading forces made a determined and speedy attack on East Prussia. However, the First and Second Armies were stopped by the German Eighth Army, led by Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his chief of staff, General Erich Ludendorff. The German and Russian armies met at Tannenberg, where the Second Army was encircled and suffered complete destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158620-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Russian Empire)\nBoth the First and Second Armies suffered terrible casualties in one of the most comprehensive German victories of World War I. The First Army also suffered defeat at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in September 1914, which led to Rennenkampf's dismissal and replacement by Litvinov. First Army served under Northwestern front for the remainder of the war. Litvinov was replaced by Sokovnin in April 1917. Vannovski replaced Sokovnin in July and the army's final commander, von Notbek, took over in September 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158620-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Russian Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe First Army consisted of the following units in August 1914:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158620-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Russian Empire), Commanders\nThe 1st Army had the following commanders until it was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe 1st Army (German: 1. Armee) was a World War II field army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht), Combat chronicle, 1939\nThe 1st Army was activated on 26 August 1939, in  Wehrkreis XII with General Erwin von Witzleben in command. Its primary mission was to take defensive positions and guard the western defences (West Wall) of Germany against Allied forces along the Maginot Line during the attack on Poland, making it the principal German combatant during the short-lived French Saar Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht), Combat chronicle, 1940\nDuring the Western campaign it belonged to the Army Group C and initially remained passive towards the Maginot Line. the 1st Army continued its defensive assignment on the French border until June 1940, when the Battle of France had turned decisively to Germany's favor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht), Combat chronicle, 1940\nStarting on 14 June 1940, the 1st Army began the penetration of the Maginot Line, breaking through French defenses, it began concentrating its forces in the frontier sector south of Saarbr\u00fccken. Another penetration was conducted north of W\u00f6rth am Main on 19 June. Beginning on 21 June and until 24 June, the 1st Army participated in the annihilation of the remnants of the French forces in the Moselle and Vosges regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht), Combat chronicle, 1940\nAfter the end of the western campaign, the army remained in France. It secured the  demarcation line and then the Atlantic coast (Atlantic Wall) in southwest France until May 1942, when they were moved to Normandy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht), Combat chronicle, 1944\nAfter the French capitulation, the 1st Army spent until mid-1944 protecting the Atlantic coast of France from a possible seaborne incursion. Following the successful Allied Normandy landings in June 1944, the 1st army was pushed back to the western border of the German Reich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht), Combat chronicle, 1944\nand reorganized in Lorraine after a hasty retreat with the rest of the German forces across France, in August 1944, During the battles along the German frontier, the First Army attempted to prevent the Third United States Army from crossing the Moselle River and capturing Metz while also attempting to hold the northern Vosges Mountains against the Seventh United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht), Combat chronicle, 1944\nIn November 1944, both defensive lines were broken and the First Army retreated to the German border and defended the Saarland of Germany, an important industrial region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht), Combat chronicle, 1945\nWith the Third U.S. Army engaged to the north against the German Ardennes Offensive, the 1st Army attacked the Seventh U.S. Army on New Year's Day 1945 in Operation Nordwind, causing the Americans to give ground and inflicting significant casualties where Seventh U.S. Army defensive lines were stretched taut by the length of frontage they had to cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158621-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Army (Wehrmacht), Combat chronicle, 1945\nWith the failure of Nordwind in late January, the 1st Army was first pushed back to the Siegfried Line and then forced to retreat across the Rhine River, From March 15 to March 24, 1945 during (Operation Undertone), the 7th US Army on a broad front surrounded to the 1st Army near Kaiserslautern. However, when the Allies pierced the German fortifications, they were forced to retreat, Thereafter, the First Army made an ordered withdrawal to the Danube River, and later to Munich, on May 6, 1945, near the alps, the 1st army surrendered to allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158622-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 1st Army of the Yugoslav Partisans was a Partisan army that operated in Yugoslavia during the last months of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158622-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe Army was created on 1 January 1945, along with the 2nd and 3rd Armies, when Chief Commander Marshal Josip Broz Tito converted the guerilla National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia in a more regular Yugoslav Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158622-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Yugoslav Partisans), History\nAs commander was named General lieutenant Peko Dap\u010devi\u0107, as Political Commissioner Mijalko Todorovi\u0107, and as Chief of staff, Savo Drljevi\u0107. The Army was first formed from the 1st Proletarian Corps (1st, 5th, 6th, 11th, and 21st Divisions), and on 3 April the 15th Corps (42nd and 48th Divisions) and several independent divisions and brigades (22nd, 2nd, 17th Divisions and 2nd Tank Brigade) were added. The 1st Army had some 60,000 combatants in mid-April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158622-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army (Yugoslav Partisans), History\nIt first fought on the Syrmian Front, and after its breakthrough in mid-April, liberated the western part of Yugoslavia with other units of the Yugoslav army. It liberated Zagreb on May 8, together with parts of the 2nd Army. Then, with four divisions, it liberated northern Slovenia, encircled and captured the enemy Army and reached the Austrian border on 13 May. There, along with units of the 2nd and 3rd Armies and 4th Operational Zone, it participated in the last battles of World War II on European soil, more than a week after the German surrender on 8 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158623-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Brigade (Greece)\nThe 1st Army Aviation Brigade \"Kilkis-Lachanas\" (Greek: 1\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u00ab\u039a\u0399\u039b\u039a\u0399\u03a3 \u039b\u0391\u03a7\u0391\u039d\u0391\u00bb, romanized:\u00a01 Taxiarchia Aeroporias Stratou \"Kilkis Lachana\", abbreviated 1\u03b7 \u03a4\u0391\u039e\u0391\u03a3) is the main formation of the Hellenic Army's Army Aviation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158623-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Brigade (Greece), History\nIn August, 1950, the first \u0391rmy Aviation unit was created, belonging to Artillery, the 190th Air Observation Unit, based at Megara airport. Also, few years later, a special Air Observation School was created in order to provide training, in parallel with the establishment of other support units. At that time, the unit's main activities included target detection for Artillery units and light transportation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158623-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Brigade (Greece), History\nOne of the most important dates was 1961, when the first helicopters, the Bell 47G, were delivered, marking the eve of new era, that of air assault and medium transportation. The modernization continued with the acquisition of Bell UH-1 Iroquoises in 1969, Boeing CH-47 Chinooks in 1981 and recently with the delivery of the Boeing AH-64D Apache and NHIndustries NH90.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158623-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Brigade (Greece), History\nWith the continuous growth of the Hellenic Army Aviation combat arm, the 1st Army Aviation Brigade was founded in 1998 to encompass  its various units. Since 2013, the brigade is subordinated to the First Army via the 1st Infantry Division. The brigade's headquarters is at Stefanovikeio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158623-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Brigade (Greece), History\nThe brigade bears the honorific title \"Kilkis Lachanas\", in commemoration of the Battle of Kilkis\u2013Lachanas during the Second Balkan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158624-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\"\nThe 1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\" (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento Aviazione dell'Esercito \"Antares\") is an active unit of the Italian Army based at Viterbo Airport in Lazio. The regiment is part of the Italian army's army aviation and operationally assigned to the Army Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158624-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\", History, Formation\nDuring the 1975 Army reform the army reorganized its aviation units and for the first time created aviation units above battalion level. On 1 February 1976 the 1st Army Light Aviation Grouping \"Antares\" was raised at Viterbo Airport to take command of the aviation units based there. After its activation the grouping was structured as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158624-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\", History, Naming\nSince the 1975 army reform Italian army aviation units are named for celestial objects: groupings, and later regiments, are numbered with a single digit and named for stars in the 88 modern constellationss. Accordingly, an army aviation regiment's coat of arms highlights the name-giving star within its constellation. Squadron groups were numbered with two digits and named for constellations, or planets of the Solar System. The 1st Army Light Aviation Grouping was named for Antares the brightest star in the Scorpius (Italian: Scorpione) constellation. When the army raised army aviation support regiments in 1996 they were named in relation to the regiment they supported, and therefore the 1st Antares' support regiment was named 4th Army Aviation Support Regiment \"Scorpione\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158624-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\", History, Naming\nWith the decree 173 from 14 March 1977 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone granted the grouping a newly created war flag, which has since been awarded one Military Order of Italy for the regiment's service with the United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, one Military Order of Italy for the regiment's international operations between 1991 and 2016, one Silver Medal of Army Valour for the regiment's service after the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, and one Silver Cross of Army Merit for the regiment's service with the United Nations Operation in Somalia I and the United Nations Operation in Somalia II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158624-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\", History, Events\nOn 25 June 1979 the grouping activated the ITALAIR Squadron in Naqoura in Lebanon as asset of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. On 1 September 1981 the 12th Medium Transport Helicopters Squadrons Group \"Gru\" was disbanded and its personnel and equipment integrated into the 11th Medium Transport Helicopters Squadrons Group \"Ercole\". On 6 October 1991 the grouping was renamed regiment without changing size or composition. On 29 November 1993 the regiment activated the Liaison and Light Transport Planes Squadron (ACTL Squadron) with Dornier 228-212 planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158624-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\", History, Events\nOn 1 October 1999 a major reorganization of the regiment occurred: the 28th Squadrons Group \"Tucano\" moved from Rome Urbe Airport to Viterbo Airport and received the ACTL Squadron from the Antares regiment. On the same day the 28th Tucano also received the Army Aviation Center's Liaison and Regional Transport Planes Squadron (ACTR Squadron) with P180E Avanti II planes and the ITALAIR Squadron transferred to the Army Aviation Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158624-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\", History, Events\nOn 1 September 2001 the 26th Squadrons Group \"Giove\" at Pisa Air Base left the Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\" and joined the Antares regiment. The same year the regiment entered the Air Cavalry Grouping, which on 1 March 2006 became the Army Aviation Brigade. On 4 November 2002 the 26th Squadrons Group \"Giove\" was disbanded in Pisa and its name transferred to the new 26th Special Operations Helicopter Unit \"Giove\" (26th REOS) at Viterbo airport. The 26th REOS had been formed that day by the merger of the 39th Squadrons Group \"Drago\" and the 51st Squadrons Group \"Leone\". In June 2013 the 28th Tucano joined the regiment, while on 10 November 2014 the 26th REOS left the regiment to form the 3rd Special Operations Helicopter Regiment \"Aldebaran\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158624-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\", Current Structure\nAs of 2019 the 1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158624-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Regiment \"Antares\", Equipment\nThe regiment is equipped with 16x CH-47F Chinook transport helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158625-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Support Regiment \"Idra\"\nThe 1st Army Aviation Support Regiment \"Idra\" (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento Sostegno Aviazione dell'Esercito \"Idra\") is an active unit of the Italian Army based at the \"Oscar Savini\" Airfield near Bracciano in Lazio. The regiment is part of the Italian army's army aviation and operationally assigned to the Army Aviation Support Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158625-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Support Regiment \"Idra\"\nThe regiment provides 2nd-line maintenance, upgrade and test services for the A109 and AB206 helicopters, which are in service with the Army Aviation Training Center at Viterbo Airport, and for the AB 212 and AB 412, which are in service the 2nd Army Aviation Regiment \"Sirio\" and 3rd Special Operations Helicopter Regiment \"Aldebaran\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158625-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Support Regiment \"Idra\", History\nThe regiment was formed on 1 September 1996 by elevating the existing 1st Army Aviation Repairs Unit to regiment without changing the unit's size or composition. The unit traces its roots back to the Army Light Aircraft Repairs Unit, which was founded in 1953 and renamed 1st Light Army Aviation Repairs Unit on 1 July 1958. The unit was granted a war flag by the President of the Italian Republic on 12 December 1989 and on 2 June 1993 it dropped \"Light\" from its name. Since 2012 the regiment is part of the Army Aviation Support Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158625-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Support Regiment \"Idra\", Naming\nSince the 1975 army reform Italian army aviation units are named for celestial objects: support regiments are numbered with a single digit and named for one of the 88 modern constellations. The 1st Army Aviation Support Regiment was named for Hydra the largest of the 88 modern constellations. As the regiment was founded in the city of Bracciano the regiment's coats of arms fourth quarter depicts Bracciano's coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158625-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army Aviation Support Regiment \"Idra\", Current Structure\nAs of 2019 the 1st Army Aviation Support Regiment \"Idra\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158626-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia)\nThe 1st Army Corps (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was one of the main formations of the Armed Forces of South Russia (Russian: \u0412\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u0438\u043b \u042e\u0433\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0412\u0421\u042e\u0420; VSUR) during the Russian Civil War. Formed in November 1918, it was first established as part of a reorganization of the White movement's Volunteer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158626-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia), History\nOn 16 April 1920, it was organized from the remnants of the Volunteer Army (known as the Volunteer Corps) in Crimea when Pyotr Wrangel reorganized the White forces in Crimea, known as the Russian Army, into numbered army corps. The Volunteer Corps included all non-Cossack units evacuated from Novorossiysk by the end of March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158626-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia), History, Order of Battle\nThe 1st Army Corps was the strongest of the four army corps, and was commanded by Alexander Kutepov. It included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158626-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia), History, Reorganisation, July\nOn 7 July, the 6th Infantry Division joined the corps, and the 2nd Cavalry Division was transferred to the Cavalry Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158626-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia), History, Reorganisation, September\nOn 4 September, it became part of the new 1st Army when Wrangel split the Russian Army into two armies. Kutepov took command of the 1st Army, and Pyotr Pisaryev became corps commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 81], "content_span": [82, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158626-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia), History, Operational history\nDuring its attacks in northern Taurida, the corps lost 23% of its strength in three days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 75], "content_span": [76, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158627-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Armenia)\nThe 1st Army Corps (Armenian: 1-\u056b\u0576 \u0562\u0561\u0576\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0575\u056b\u0576 \u056f\u0578\u0580\u057a\u0578\u0582\u057d), also known as the 1st Military Unit is a regional military formation of the Armenian Army, located in the city of Goris in the Syunik Province. It helps make up Armenia's southeastern military positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158627-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Armenia), Overview\nAfter the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the development of army building imposed the need to form large military units. This resulted in the corps creation on 20 June 1996 at the initiative of General Yuri Khatchaturov. On its 18th anniversary in 2014, the Governor of Syunik Vahe Hakobyan donated 30 TV sets to the corps. A tank crew of the corps participated in the \"Tank Biathlon-2017\" international competition. In September 2020, a subdivision of the corps participated in the \"Caucasus-2020\" command-staff military exercise in Russia. During the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, the corps was deployed in the Aghdara District. The Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence indicated that the corps was one of three units with White phosphorus in their possession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158627-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Armenia), Structure\nOther small units include the 5th Mountain Rifle Regiment of the 10th Mountain Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158628-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Azerbaijan)\nThe 1st Army Corps (Azerbaijani: 1-ci Ordu Korpusu), also referred to as the Barda Army Corps is a regional military formation of the Azerbaijani Land Forces. It is considered to be the most dangerous, strategic post of the Armed Forces. Most of its units are located on the Armenian border with Nagorno-Karabakh. It is currently led by Major General Hikmat Hasanov. It is currently deployed from Barda, which is south of Yevlakh near Ganja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158628-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Azerbaijan), History\nRaised in on 3 March 1992 the corps descends from the Azerbaijani 701st Motor Rifle Brigade, 708th Motor Rifle Brigade, and the 130th Motor Rifle Brigade. The former Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces General Najmaddin Sadikov made a great contribution to the establishment of the military unit, becoming the first commander of the unit. Among the operations it took part in were the Battle of Kalbajar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158628-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Azerbaijan), History, Karabakh operations\nDuring the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the corps took part in clashes in Madagiz. It would later be captured by the Azerbaijani forces on 3 October. On 9 December, President Ilham Aliyev signed a decree to award General Hasanov with the Karabakh Order, congratulating the corps at the same time for their work. Deputy corps commander Babak Samidli led part of the corps in the Madagiz offensive, giving an interview to Euronews on 27 October announcing the capture of the Sarsang Reservoir. He was later killed by a mine in a post ceasefire collection of bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158628-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Azerbaijan), Composition\nThe corps HQ is in Barda, Azerbaijan. Among the brigades is the 701st Motorized Rifle Brigade, the first unit in the military. The brigades have artillery, tank, anti-tank, reconnaissance, communication and other subdivisions. The armament of choice are the T-72 tanks, BTR-82A armored personnel carriers, and the BMP-2. The total staff of the brigades are estimated at 3500-4000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158628-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Azerbaijan), Gallery\nMembers of the corps at the Baku Victory Parade of 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France)\nThe 1st Army Corps (French: 1er Corps d'Arm\u00e9e) was first formed before World War I. During World War II it fought in the Campaign for France in 1940, on the Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Elba in 1943 - 1944, and in the campaigns to liberate France in 1944 and invade Germany in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War I\nThe Corps saw service throughout the entirety of World War I, notably participating in the Battle of Passchendaele (as part of the French First Army). At the time of the Battle of Passchendaele, the Corps comprised the 1st, 2nd, 51st and 162nd Infantry Divisions. Its troops came from the 1st military region of the Metropolitan Army, which covered the d\u00e9partements of Nord & Pas-de-Calais.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, 1940 Campaign\n1st Army Corps was constituted on August 27, 1939, in Lille under the command of Major General Sciard as part of the French mobilization for war. Initially assigned as part of the French First Army, the corps was transferred to the French Seventh Army and moved to coastal regions near Calais and Dunkerque by mid-November 1939. On May 10, 1940, the Corps commanded the 25th Motorised Infantry Division (25e DIM) in addition to its organic units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, 1940 Campaign\nWith the German invasion violating the neutrality of Belgium and the Netherlands on May 10, 1940, the 1st Army Corps moved into Belgium with the goal of gaining contact with the Dutch Army. This was achieved on May 12 near Breda, but the general failure of the Allies to hold the German advance mandated early retreats so that the 1st Army Corps would not be cut off. Breda fell to the Germans on May 13 and the corps conducted a fighting withdrawal through Dorp and Wuustwezel to the fortified zone of Antwerp, Belgium. During May 15\u201317, the corps defended the Scheldt Estuary with the 60th and 21st Infantry Divisions (60e DI and 21e DI), but was ordered to retreat back into France on May 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, 1940 Campaign\nThe period from May 19\u201326 saw the corps falling back to the line of the Somme River, where the French Army intended to make a major stand. Because of German advances, the 1st Army Corps had to deploy its divisional reconnaissance units to cover positions on the river that the slower-moving infantry divisions (4th Colonial Infantry Division - 4e DIC, 7th North African Infantry Division - 7e DINA, and the 19e DI) could then occupy. This required combat with the Germans, but the corps reached positions near Le Hamel, Aubigny, and along the road between Amiens and Saint-Quentin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, 1940 Campaign\nDuring May 24\u201325, troops of the corps seized and lost Aubigny twice. The Germans, however, had held onto a large bridgehead at Peronne. The Germans broke out of this bridgehead on June 5, 1940, and continued their advance into the heart of France. A counterattack by armored elements of the corps on June 6 was halted by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, 1940 Campaign\nFrom June 9, the corps was involved in a succession of withdrawals that were meant to form lines of defense along the Avre, Oise, Nonette, Seine, and Loire rivers. The crossing of the Oise River was made under German air attack, some bridges were destroyed by the Luftwaffe, and portions of the corps' infantry had to surrender north of the Oise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, 1940 Campaign\nAfter the Germans crossed the Loire River on June 18, the 19e DI of the corps was largely destroyed near La Fert\u00e9. This was followed by capture of the bulk of the infantry of the 29th (29e DI) and 47th Infantry Divisions (47e DI) on June 19 near Lamotte-Beuvron. The final week of the campaign was a constant retreat for the remnants of the corps, with elements crossing the Dordogne River near Bergerac on June 24, 1940. The following day, an armistice was declared and the corps assembled in the region of Miallet and Thiviers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, 1940 Campaign\nOn July 1, Brigadier General Trancart assumed command of the corps. The 1st Army Corps was demobilized on July 10, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Corsica 1943\nThe 1st Army Corps was reconstituted on August 16, 1943, in Ain-Taya, French Algeria. Now commanded by Lieutenant General Martin the primary combat units of the corps were provided American equipment and weapons as part of the rearmament of the French Army of Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Corsica 1943\nWhile British and American troops invaded mainland Italy in September 1943, the 1st Army Corps, comprising Headquarters, 4th Moroccan Mountain Division (4e DMM), the 1st Regiment of Moroccan Tirailleurs (1er RTM), the 4th Regiment of Moroccan Spahis (4e RSM) (light tank), the 2nd Group of Moroccan Tabors (2e GTM), the Commandos de Choc battalion and the 3rd Battalion, 69th Mountain Artillery Regiment (69e RAM), landed on the island of Corsica in the same month. To the south, the German 90. Panzergrenadier-Division and the Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS assault infantry brigade were evacuating Sardinia and landing on the southern coast of Corsica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Corsica 1943\nWishing to cut off the German troops, and informed on September 10, 1943, that the Italian troops on Corsica were willing to fight on the side of the Allies, the French launched Operation V\u00e9suve and landed elements of the 1st Army Corps at Ajaccio on September 13, meeting Corsican partisans who also wanted enemy troops off the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Corsica 1943\nGerman General von Senger und Etterlin hoped to obtain reinforcements with which to hold the island. After the Germans began disarming Italian soldiers, General Magli of the Italian Army ordered Italian forces to consider the Germans as an enemy rather than as allies. Thereafter, Italian units on the island cooperated with the French forces. Surprising the Italian Friuli Division in the northern port of Bastia on the night of September 13, 1943, the SS troops took 2,000 Italian prisoners and secured the port from which the Germans could evacuate their forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Corsica 1943\nAlthough supported by the Royal Navy, the French were unable to land forces quickly enough on Corsica to prevent the bulk of the German troops from reaching their exit ports on the east coast of the island. The final combat took place around Bastia, with the island secured by French forces on October 4, 1943. The bulk of the German forces, however, had made good their escape. The Germans took 700 casualties and lost 350 men to POW camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0010-0002", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Corsica 1943\nThe Italians lost 800 men in the fighting (mostly Friuli Division troops), and the French had 75 killed, 12 missing, and 239 wounded. From October 1943 until May 1944, the 1st Army Corps defended Corsica, conducted training, and moved units between Corsica and North Africa. On April 18, 1944, the 1st Army Corps was subordinated to General de Lattre's Arm\u00e9e B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Elba 1944\nFollowing the liberation of Corsica, the French proposed to invade the island of Elba, possession of which would allow the Allies to dominate by gunfire ships in the Piombino Channel and vehicles on the coastal road of the Italian peninsula, both transportation arteries essential to the supply of German forces in western Italy. Initially, the proposal was denied by General Eisenhower, who considered it a dispersal of resources while the planning for the Anzio landings was underway. After British General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson took over the Mediterranean Theater, however, attitudes at Allied headquarters changed and the operation was approved. By this time, though, the Germans had strongly fortified Elba, an island dominated by rugged terrain in any case, making the assault considerably more difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Elba 1944\nAt 0400 hours on June 17, 1944, the 1st Army Corps assaulted Elba in Operation Brassard. French forces comprised the 9th Colonial Infantry Division (9e DIC), two battalions of French commandos (Commandos d'Afrique and Commandos de Choc), a battalion and supplementary battery of the Colonial Artillery Regiment of Morocco (R.A.C.M.) and the 2nd Group of Moroccan Tabors (2e GTM), in addition to 48 men from \"A\" and \"O\" commandos of the Royal Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Elba 1944\nFrench Choc (lightly armed fighters who had the mission of operating behind enemy lines) units landed at multiple points before the main landing force and neutralized coastal artillery batteries. Landing in the Gulf of Campo on the south coast, the French initially ran into difficulties because of the German fortifications and extremely rugged terrain that ringed the landing area. Falling back on an alternate plan, the landing beach was shifted to the east, near Nercio, and here the troops of the 9th Colonial Infantry Division seized a viable beachhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0012-0002", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Elba 1944\nWithin two hours, French commandos reached the crest of the 400-meter Monte Tambone Ridge overlooking the landing areas. The RN commandos boarded and seized the German Flak ship K\u00f6ln and also landed to guide in other troops headed for the beaches, but a massive blast from a German demolition charge killed 38 of their men. Portoferraio was taken by the 9th Division on June 18 and the island was largely secured by the following day. Fighting in the hills between the Germans and the Senegalese colonial infantry was vicious, with the Senegalese employing flamethrowers to clear entrenched German troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Elba 1944\nThe Germans defended Elba with two infantry battalions, fortified coastal areas, and several coastal artillery batteries totaling some 60 guns of medium and heavy caliber. In the fighting, the French seized the island, killing 500 German and Italian defenders, and taking 1,995 of them prisoner. French losses were 252 killed and missing, and 635 men wounded in action, while the British lost 38 of their 48 commandos, with nine others wounded by the blast of the demolition charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nFollowing the successful Operation Dragoon landings in southern France, the headquarters of the 1st Army Corps was assembled at Aix, France on September 1, 1944, to command troops as a subordinate corps of the French First Army. 1st Army Corps was now under the command of Lieutenant General \u00c9mile B\u00e9thouart, a veteran of the 1940 campaign in Norway and an officer who had actively assisted the Allied landings in French North Africa in November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nFor the remainder of the war in Europe, many French divisions would be subordinated to 1st Army Corps, but the divisions that spent the most time with the corps were the 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division (2e DIM), the 9th Colonial Infantry Division (9e DIC), the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division (4e DMM), and the 1st Armoured Division (1re DB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\n1st Army Corps drove north along the east bank of the Rh\u00f4ne River, but the push lacked strength as the 4e DMM was still deploying to France (and would be further engaged securing the alpine frontier with Italy for several months) and the 1re DB was still assembling in southern France. In mid-September, the corps secured the Lomont Mountains, a range about 130 kilometers (81\u00a0mi) long running from the Doubs River to the Swiss border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nGerman resistance was spotty in September, but rapidly coalesced in front of the Belfort Gap, a corridor of relatively flat terrain that lies between the Vosges and Jura mountains on the Swiss frontier, and a gateway to the Rhine river. Operating with one division and experiencing the same logistics problems as other Allied units in Europe, the advance of the 1st Army Corps was slowed in front of the Belfort Gap by the German 11. Panzer-Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nCompounding the distance that supplies had to travel from the ports in southern France were the north\u2013south railway lines with destroyed bridges and sections of track. Early October 1944 also saw the unseasonably early arrival of cold and wet weather more characteristic of November. All of these factors served to force a halt to the 1st Army Corps' advance in October while the corps improved its supply situations and resolved manpower issues caused by the French high command's decision to rotate the Senegalese troops to the south and replace them with FFI manpower. The supply situation had improved by early November, coinciding with orders from General Eisenhower, now in charge of all Allied forces in northwestern Europe, directing a general offensive all along the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nBelieving that the relative inactivity of 1st Army Corps meant the corps was digging in for the winter, the Germans reduced their forces in the Belfort Gap to a single, not-at-full strength infantry division. The 1st Army Corps launched their attack to force the Belfort Gap on November 13, 1944. By a stroke of fate, the French attack caught the German division commander near the front lines, who perished under a hail of Moroccan gunfire. The same attack narrowly missed capturing the commander of the German IV. Luftwaffen-Feldkorps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nAlthough desperate German troops formed islands of resistance, most notably at the fortified city of Belfort, troops of the 2e DIM, 9e DIC, and the 1re DB pushed through gaps in the German lines, disrupting their defense and keeping the battle mobile. French tanks moved through the Belfort Gap and reached the Rhine River at Huningue on November 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nThe battle cut off the German 308. Grenadier-Regiment on November 24, forcing the German troops to either surrender or intern themselves in Switzerland. On November 25, 1st Army Corps units liberated both Mulhouse (taken by a surprise armored drive) and Belfort (taken by assault of the 2e DIM). Realizing the German defense had been too static for their own good, General De Lattre (commander of the French First Army) directed both corps of his army to close on Burnhaupt in order to encircle the German LXIII. Armeekorps (the former IV. Luftwaffe Korps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nThis maneuver succeeded on November 28, 1944, and resulted in the capture of over 10,000 German troops, crippling the LXIII. Armeekorps. French losses, however, had also been significant, and plans to immediately clear the Alsatian Plain of German forces had to be shelved while both sides gathered strength for the next battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nThe November offensives of the French First Army and the U.S. Seventh Army had collapsed the German presence in Alsace to a roughly circular pocket around the town of Colmar on the Alsatian Plain. This Colmar Pocket contained the German 19. Armee. As the southernmost corps of Allied forces in northwestern Europe, the French 1st Army Corps now faced the Rhine at Huningue and held Mulhouse and the southern boundary of the Colmar Pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nA French offensive in mid-December designed to collapse the Colmar Pocket failed for lack of offensive power and the requirement to cover more of the Allied front line as U.S. units were shifted north in response to the Ardennes Offensive. On January 1, 1945, the Germans launched Operation Nordwind, an offensive with the goal of recapturing Alsace. After the U.S. Seventh and French First Armies had held and turned back this offensive, the Allies were ready to reduce the Colmar Pocket once and for all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nThe 1st Army Corps led the attack against the Colmar Pocket on January 20, 1945. Fighting in woodlands and dense urban areas, the 1st Army Corps attack stalled after the first day, meeting a German defense in depth and attracting German 19. Armee reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, France 1944\nBy the end of the month, however, other attacks by U.S. and French forces against the Colmar Pocket had forced the Germans to redistribute their troops, and an early February attack by the 1st Army Corps moved north through weak German resistance, reaching the bridge over the Rhine at Chalamp\u00e9 and making contact with the U.S. XXI Corps at Rouffach, south of Colmar. The final German forces in the 1st Army Corps area retreated over the Rhine into Baden on February 9, 1945. Thereafter, the thrust of the Allied offensive moved to the north, and the 1st Army Corps was assigned the defense of the Rhine River from the area south of Strasbourg to the Swiss frontier until mid-April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Germany 1945\nOn April 15, 1st Army Corps was given the mission of crossing the Rhine, traversing the Black Forest, and sweeping south Baden of German troops. The 4e DMM drove directly on Freudenstadt, an important Black Forest road junction, capturing it on April 17, 1945. The 9e DIC, crossing the Rhine north of Karlsruhe, raced south along the east bank of the Rhine and then swung east, paralleling the course of the Swiss frontier. From Freudenstadt, the 4e DMM turned south and met the 9e DIC near D\u00f6ggingen on April 29, cutting off the German XVIII. SS-Armeekorps in the Black Forest. Frantic attempts at escape by the encircled German troops came to naught among French roadblocks and the formidable terrain of the forest, and they were left no options save death or surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Germany 1945\nFrom Freudenstadt, elements of the 1re DB pushed east and south, capturing Ulm on April 24, and then pushed south again with elements of the 2e DIM into the Alps, crossing into Austria and marching into Sankt-Anton on May 7, 1945. Elements of the 5e DB and the 4e DMM drove southeast along the north shore of Lake Constance, capturing Bregenz and then turning east toward Sankt-Anton. The following day was VE Day, ending Allied military operations in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), World War II, Germany 1945\nDuring the course of its operations in France and Germany in 1944 - 1945, the 1st Army Corps lost 3,518 men killed, 13,339 wounded, and 1,449 missing, for a total of 18,306 casualties. Although not all casualties inflicted on the Germans by 1st Army Corps are known, the corps is credited with taking 101,556 Germans prisoner during the campaigns to liberate France and invade Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), Postwar\nAfter VE Day, the 1st Army Corps occupied Baden, parts of W\u00fcrttemberg, and Austria, with corps headquarters initially in Ravensburg. On July 16, 1945, the 1st Army Corps was renamed \"Army Corps of the South\" (French: Corps d'arm\u00e9e sud). General B\u00e9thouart became the commander of French forces in Austria and the High Commissioner for France in Austria until 1950. 1st Army Corps was inactivated on April 30, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), Postwar\nIt was reformed later during the Cold War, with corps headquarters being at Nancy in 1970. In 1977, the corps was fused with the 6th Military Region, and the artillery commandant took up quarters in the Chateau of Mercy (Ars-Laquenexy). Gen\u00e9rals Faverdin, Bonmati, D'HULST, BARASCUD, MARTINIE and DELISSNYDER succeeded him there. However, by 1984 the corps headquarters and military region HQ had been split again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), Postwar\nFrom circa 1965 to 1978 it included the 8th Division (with 4th and 14th Brigades) until the 8th Division, later the 8th Armoured Division, was disestablished in the small divisions reorganisation of the late 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), Postwar\nIn 1989 it had its HQ at Metz with the 1st Armoured Division at Trier (Germany), the 7th Armoured Division at Besan\u00e7on, 12th Light Armoured Division at Saumur, and the 14th Light Armoured Division at Montpellier. The headquarters staff of the 12e Division l\u00e9g\u00e8re blind\u00e9e was to be mobilized in time of war from the Armoured and Cavalry Branch Training School headquarters in Saumur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158629-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (France), Postwar\nThe corps was again disbanded in 1990, seemingly on 1 July 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158630-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Army Corps (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was a formation in the Imperial Russian Army, formed in the 1870s. It took part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u201378, and later, in August 1914, the 1st Army Corps fought as part of the Second Army in the Battle of Tannenberg. There, it was defeated by the Germans along with the rest of the Second Army. During the rest of World War I, it took part in other operations, up until around 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158630-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Russian Empire), Composition\nThe following is a list of units that made up the 1st Army Corps at different points during its existence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Army Corps was an army corps of the Soviet Armed Forces. It was formed in 1957 and finally deactivated in 1991. It draws its history from the 1st Rifle Corps, formed in 1922. Troops of the 1st Rifle Corps participated in the Winter War (November 1939 - March 1940) and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union), First Formation\nThe corps was formed in June, 1922 in Petrograd (currently Saint-Petersburg) as the 1st Army Corps (1 ak). Creation of the corps was based on a Directive of the Commander number 195060/69, of 15 May 1922, Order Petrograd VO No.1416/383, 6 June 1922. In July 1922 it was named the 1st Rifle Corps. In 1926 corps headquarters was moved to Novgorod, and in 1938 to Pskov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union), First Formation\nOn May 15, 1939, the 75th Rifle Division (75th RD) was transferred from the 14th Rifle Corps (Kharkov Military District) and arrived in the Leningrad Military District. In September 1939, the 75th Rifle Division concentrated in the 1st Rifle Corps 8th Army on the border with Estonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union), First Formation\nIn November 1939 the 75th Rifle Division arrived in Schlusselburg (LenVO) where on vehicles it was transferred to Karelia, as part of the 1st Rifle Corps, 8th Army, LenVO. That same month corps headquarters was moved to Petrozavodsk (November 1939 - April 1940).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union), First Formation\nThe corps participated in the Soviet-Finnish War (1939-1940) (November 1939 - March 1940).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union), First Formation\nOn June 22, 1941, at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the corps comprised the:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union), First Formation\nLast mention in the Boevoi sostav Sovetskoi armii (Combat composition of the Soviet Army, BSSA) was on 1 July 1941 with the corps directly subordinated to the Western Front (Soviet Union).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union), Second formation\nThe corps reappeared in BSSA on 1 June 1942 directly subordinated to the North Caucasian Front, and made up of four rifle brigades. Thereafter, the last 1942 BSSA mention of the corps is on 1 August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union), Third formation and Cold War\nThe 1st Rifle Corps reappears in the BSSA on 1 September 1943 as part of the Northwestern Front. Final mention on 1 May 1945 subordinated to the 1st Shock Army, Leningrad Front, and in command of the 306th, 344th, and 357th Rifle Divisions. The corps headquarters, as well as the 4th Shock Army, was moved to Central Asia after the end of the war and established at Ashgabat. On 25 June 1957 it was renamed the 1st Army Corps. In April 1970, the corps headquarters was moved to Semipalatinsk, where in September 1981 it was raised in status to become 32nd Army. A tank division may have moved to Semipalatinsk alongside the corps headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158631-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Soviet Union), Third formation and Cold War\n32nd Army was redesignated 1st Army Corps once again on 1 March 1988, but on 4 June 1991 the headquarters was again renamed to become 40th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158632-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Corps (Ukraine)\nThe 1st Army Corps was one of the first three army corps of the Ukrainian Ground Forces headquartered in Chernihiv, Ukraine. The Corps was established in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union from a redesignation of the former Soviet 1st Guards Army and disbanded in 1996 during Ukrainian Ground Forces reorganization, being replaced Operational Command North (current name since 1998).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158633-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Division (Argentina)\nThe 1st Army Division (Spanish: Divisi\u00f3n de Ej\u00e9rcito 1) is a unit of the Argentine Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nThe 1st Army Group was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation mobilised prior to the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. It consisted of the 4th Army, 7th Army, and the 1st Cavalry Division, which was the army group reserve. It was responsible for the defence of northwestern Yugoslavia, with the 4th Army defending the eastern sector along the Yugoslav\u2013Hungarian border, and the 7th Army defending the western sector along the borders with Germany and Italy. Like all Yugoslav formations at the time, the 1st Army Group had serious deficiencies in both mobility and firepower as well as internal friction among the different ethnic groups, particularly between Serbs and Croats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nDespite concerns over a possible Axis invasion, orders for the general mobilisation of the Royal Yugoslav Army were not issued by the government until 3 April 1941, not to provoke Germany any further and precipitate war. When the invasion commenced on 6 April, the component formations of 1st Army Group were only partially mobilised, and on the first day the Germans seized bridges over the Drava River in both sectors and several mountain passes in the 7th Army sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nIn the 4th Army sector, the formation and expansion of German bridgeheads across the Drava were facilitated by fifth column elements of the Croat fascist and ultranationalist Usta\u0161e. Mutiny by Croat soldiers broke out in all three divisions of the 4th Army in the first few days, causing significant disruption to mobilisation and deployment. The 1st Army Group was also weakened by fifth column activities within its major units when the chief of staff and chief of operations of the headquarters of 1st Army Group aided both Usta\u0161e and Slovene separatists in the 4th and 7th Army sectors respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nThe revolts within the 4th Army were of great concern to the commander of the 7th Army, Diviziski \u0111eneral Du\u0161an Trifunovi\u0107, but the army group commander, Armijski \u0111eneral Milorad Petrovi\u0107, did not permit him to withdraw from border areas until the night of 7/8 April, which was followed by the German capture of Maribor as they continued to expand their bridgeheads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nThe 4th Army also began to withdraw southwards on 9 April, and on 10 April it quickly ceased to exist as an operational formation in the face of two determined armoured thrusts by the XXXXVI Motorised Corps, one of which captured Zagreb that evening where a newly formed Croatian government hailed the entry of the Germans. Italian offensive operations also began, with thrusts towards Ljubljana and down the Adriatic coast, capturing over 30,000 Yugoslav troops near Delnice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nWhen fifth column elements arrested the staffs of the 1st Army Group, 4th Army and 7th Army on 11 April, the 1st Army Group effectively ceased to exist. On 12 April, a German armoured column linked up with the Italians near the Adriatic coast, encircling the remnants of the withdrawing 7th Army. Remnants of the 4th Army attempted to establish defensive positions in northeastern Bosnia, but were quickly brushed aside by German armour as it drove towards Sarajevo. The Yugoslav Supreme Command unconditionally surrendered on 18 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nThe Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was created with the merger of Serbia, Montenegro and the South Slav-inhabited areas of Austria-Hungary on 1 December 1918, in the immediate aftermath of World War I. The Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established to defend the new state. It was formed around the nucleus of the victorious Royal Serbian Army, as well as armed formations raised in regions formerly controlled by Austria-Hungary. Many former Austro-Hungarian officers and soldiers became members of the new army. From the beginning, much like other aspects of public life in the new kingdom, the army was dominated by ethnic Serbs, who saw it as a means by which to secure Serb political hegemony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nThe army's development was hampered by the kingdom's poor economy, and this continued during the 1920s. In 1929, King Alexander changed the name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, at which time the army was renamed the Royal Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VKJ). The army budget remained tight, and as tensions rose across Europe during the 1930s, it became difficult to secure weapons and munitions from other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nConsequently, at the time World War II broke out in September 1939, the VKJ had several serious weaknesses, which included reliance on draught animals for transport, and the large size of its formations. Infantry divisions had a wartime strength of 26,000\u201327,000 men, as compared to contemporary British infantry divisions of half that strength. These characteristics resulted in slow, unwieldy formations, and the inadequate supply of arms and munitions meant that even the very large Yugoslav formations had very limited firepower. Generals with mindsets better suited to the trench warfare of World War I were combined with an army that was neither equipped nor trained to resist the fast-moving combined arms approach used by the Germans in their invasions of Poland and France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nThe weaknesses of the VKJ in strategy, structure, equipment, mobility and supply were exacerbated by serious ethnic disunity within Yugoslavia, resulting from two decades of Serb hegemony and the attendant lack of political legitimacy achieved by the central government. Attempts to address the disunity came too late to ensure that the VKJ was a cohesive force. Fifth column activity was also a serious concern, not only from the Croatian fascist Usta\u0161e and the ethnic German minorities but also potentially from the pro-Bulgarian Macedonians and the Albanian population of Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Formation and composition\nYugoslav war plans saw the headquarters of the 1st Army Group being raised at the time of mobilisation. It was to be commanded by Armijski \u0111eneral Milorad Petrovi\u0107, and was to control the 4th Army, commanded by Armijski \u0111eneral Petar Nedeljkovi\u0107, the 7th Army, commanded by Diviziski \u0111eneral Du\u0161an Trifunovi\u0107, and the 1st Cavalry Division. The 4th Army was organised and mobilised on a geographic basis from the peacetime 4th Army District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Formation and composition\nOn mobilisation it would consist of three divisions, a brigade-strength infantry detachment, one horsed cavalry regiment and one infantry regiment, and was supported by artillery, anti-aircraft artillery, border guards, and air reconnaissance elements of the Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vazduhoplovstvo vojske Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VVKJ). The troops of the 4th Army included a high percentage of Croats. The 7th Army did not have a corresponding peacetime army district, and, like the headquarters of the 1st Army Group, was to be formed at the time of mobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Formation and composition\nIt would consist of two divisions, two brigade-strength mountain detachments and a brigade-strength infantry detachment, with field and anti-aircraft artillery support, and also had VVKJ air reconnaissance assets available. The 7th Army included a high proportion of Slovenes, but also some ethnic Germans. The 1st Cavalry Division was a horsed cavalry formation that existed as part of the peacetime army, although significant parts of the peacetime division were earmarked to join other formations when they were mobilised. The 1st Army Group did not control any army group-level support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Mobilisation and deployment plan\nAfter unrelenting political pressure from Adolf Hitler, Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March 1941. On 27 March, a military coup d'\u00e9tat overthrew the government that had signed the pact, and a new government was formed under the commander of the VVKJ, Armijski \u0111eneral Du\u0161an Simovi\u0107. A general mobilisation was not initiated by the new government until 3 April 1941 not to provoke Germany any further and thus precipitating war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Mobilisation and deployment plan\nHowever, on the same day as the coup, Hitler issued F\u00fchrer Directive 25 that called for Yugoslavia to be treated as a hostile state; on 3 April, F\u00fchrer Directive 26 was issued, detailing the plan of attack and command structure for the German-led Axis invasion, which was to commence on 6 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Mobilisation and deployment plan\nThe deployment plan for 1st Army Group saw the 4th Army deployed in a cordon behind the Drava between Vara\u017edin and Slatina, with formations centred around the towns of Ivanec, Vara\u017edin, Koprivnica and Virovitica. The 7th Army deployment plan saw its formations placed in a cordon along the border region from the Adriatic coast near Senj north to Kranj in the Julian Alps and along the German border to Maribor. It was envisaged that the 1st Cavalry Division  would be located in and around Zagreb as the reserve for the 1st Army Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Mobilisation and deployment plan\nThe Yugoslav historian Velimir Terzi\u0107 describes the mobilisation of all formations of the 1st Army Group on 6 April as \"only partial\", and notes that there was a poor response to mobilisation orders for both men and animals. To the right of the 1st Army Group was the 2nd Army of the 2nd Army Group, with the army group boundary running from just east of Slatina through Po\u017eega towards Banja Luka. On the left flank of the 1st Army Group, the Adriatic coast was defended by Coastal Defence Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion\nThe invasion of Yugoslavia,  was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in \"F\u00fchrer Directive No. 25\", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following the Yugoslav coup d'\u00e9tat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion\nThe invasion commenced with an overwhelming air attack on Belgrade and facilities of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force (VVKJ) by the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) and attacks by German land forces from southwestern Bulgaria. These attacks were followed by German thrusts from Romania, Hungary and the Ostmark. Italian forces were limited to air and artillery attacks until 11 April, when the Italian army attacked towards Ljubljana (in modern-day Slovenia) and through Istria and Lika and down the Dalmatian coast. On the same day, Hungarian forces entered Yugoslav Ba\u010dka and Baranya, but like the Italians they faced practically no resistance. A Yugoslav attack into the northern parts of the Italian protectorate of Albania met with initial success, but was inconsequential due to the collapse of the rest of the Yugoslav forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion\nScholars have proposed several theories for the Royal Yugoslav Army's sudden collapse, including poor training and equipment, generals eager to secure a quick cessation of hostilities, and a sizeable Croatian nationalist fifth column. The invasion ended when an armistice was signed on 17 April 1941, based on the unconditional surrender of the Yugoslav army, which came into effect at noon on 18 April. Yugoslavia was then occupied and partitioned by the Axis powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion\nSome areas of Yugoslavia were annexed by neighboring Axis countries, some areas remained occupied, and in other areas Axis puppet states such as the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Nezavisna Dr\u017eava Hrvatska, or NDH) were created during the invasion on 10 April. Along with Italy's stalled invasion of Greece on 28 October 1940, and the German-led invasion of Greece (Operation Marita) and invasion of Crete (Operation Merkur), the invasion of Yugoslavia was part of the German Balkan Campaign (German: Balkanfeldzug).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nGerman Army headquarters wanted to capture the bridges over the Drava intact, and from 1 April had issued orders to Generaloberst Maximilian von Weichs's 2nd Army to conduct preliminary operations aimed at seizing the bridge at Barcs and the railway bridge at Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny by coup de main. As a result, limited objective attacks were launched along the line of the Drava by the XXXXVI Motorised Corps of General der Panzertruppe Heinrich von Vietinghoff, despite the fact that they were not expected to launch offensive operations until 10 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nIn the early hours of 6 April 1941, units of the 4th Army were located at their mobilisation centres or were marching toward the Hungarian border. On the extreme left flank of the 4th Army, General der Infanterie Hans-Wolfgang Reinhard's LI Infantry Corps seized the undamaged bridge over the Mura River at Gornja Radgona, and Yugoslav border troops in the Prekmurje region were attacked by troops advancing across the German border, and began withdrawing south into the Me\u0111imurje region. Germans troops also crossed the Hungarian border and attacked border troops at Dolnja Lendava, just north of the Mura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nShortly after this, further attacks were made along the Drava between \u017ddala and Gotalovo in the area of the 27th Infantry Division Savska (27th ID) with the intention of securing crossings over the river, but they were unsuccessful. LI Infantry Corps cleared most of Prekmurje up to Murska Sobota and Ljutomer during the day, and a bicycle-mounted detachment of Generalmajor Benignus Dippold's 183rd Infantry Division captured Murska Sobota without encountering resistance. During the day, the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) bombed and strafed Yugoslav positions and troops on the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0013-0002", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nBy the afternoon, German troops had captured Dolnja Lendava, and by the evening it had become clear to the Germans that resistance at the Yugoslav border was weak. XXXXVI Motorised Corps was then ordered to begin seizing bridges over the Mura at Mursko Sredi\u0161\u0107e and Letenye, and over the Drava at Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny and Barcs. These local attacks were sufficient to inflame dissent within the largely Croat 4th Army, who refused to resist Germans they considered their liberators from Serbian oppression during the interwar period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nIn the afternoon of 6 April, German aircraft caught the air reconnaissance assets of the 4th Army on the ground at Velika Gorica, destroying most of them. The continuing mobilisation and concentration of the 4th Army was hampered by escalating fifth column activities and propaganda fomented by the Usta\u0161e. Some units stopped mobilising, or began returning to their mobilisation centres from their concentration areas. During the day, Yugoslav sabotage units attempted to destroy bridges over the Mura at Letenye, Mursko Sredi\u0161\u0107e and Kotoriba, and over the Drava at Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nThese attempts were only partially successful, due to the influence of Usta\u0161e propaganda and the countermanding of demolition orders by the chief of staff of the 27th ID. The Yugoslav radio network in the 4th Army area was sabotaged by the Usta\u0161e on 6 April, and radio communications within the 4th Army remained poor throughout the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nOn 7 April, elements of XXXXVI Motorised Corps crossed the Drava at Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny and attacked towards Koprivnica. Available troops of the 27th ID took up defensive positions to stop this German penetration and Petrovi\u0107 ordered Nedeljkovi\u0107 to mount a counter-attack against the bridgehead. By nightfall the counter-attack had not materialised, the defenders had withdrawn to Koprivnica, and Petrovi\u0107 had ordered Nedeljkovi\u0107 to counter-attack on the following morning. Also on 7 April, the few remaining reconnaissance aircraft of the 4th Army mounted attacks on a bridge over the Drava at Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny. On 8 April, the XXXXVI Motorised Corps continued with its limited objective attacks to expand its bridgehead at Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nOn the morning of 8 April, the 27th ID was deployed around Koprivnica with some army-level artillery and cavalry support and a cavalry regiment detached from the 1st Cavalry Division. The counter-attack was eventually launched in the afternoon, but was abortive, with only the cavalry units maintaining contact with the Germans. The cavalry held the line throughout the night of 8/9 April, despite heavy German artillery fire. Significant Usta\u0161e-influenced desertions occurred during the day. On 9 April, the XXXXVI Motorised Corps completed its preparations for full-scale offensive action by further expanding its bridgehead at Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nThe cavalry units continued to fight the Germans, but the left sector of the 27th ID front began to crumble. There was a deal of discussion between commanders from regimental level up to Petrovi\u0107 about discharging the Croat troops and withdrawing to a line south of the Sava River, but despite orders to the contrary, some commanders began to discharge some or all of their personnel, and most troops began to retreat before the German advances. Others received false messages directing them to withdraw. In the afternoon, even the hard-pressed cavalry units began to withdraw, and the Germans captured Koprivnica without resistance. The German capture of the town was made easier due to revolts by Croat troops against Serb officers in the 27th ID.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nEarly on 7 April, reconnaissance units of the XXXXVI Motorised Corps crossed the Mura at Letenye and Mursko Sredi\u0161\u0107e and captured \u010cakovec. Usta\u0161e propaganda led the bulk of two regiments from the 42nd Infantry Division Murska (42nd ID) to revolt; only two battalions deployed to their allocated positions. In the face of this German advance, Yugoslav border troops withdrew towards the Drava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nThe following day, in the areas of the 42nd ID and Detachment Ormozki on the left flank of the 4th Army, the Germans cleared the territory north of the Drava, and border guard units were withdrawn south of the river. On this day, the 39th Infantry Regiment was transferred to the 42nd ID from the Detachment Ormozki, and the 36th Infantry Regiment of the former joined the 27th ID. The Mura sector was quiet on 9 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0017-0002", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nThe 42nd ID took the 39th Infantry Regiment under command, but another of its infantry regiments and the border guards in the divisional sector began to disintegrate due to desertions. With the deteriorating situation on the right flank of the 42nd ID, the 4th Army headquarters ordered it and Detachment Ormozki to withdraw from the Drava to behind the Bednja River conforming with the line being held by the 27th ID on its immediate right flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nIn the early evening of 7 April, German units in regimental strength began to cross the Drava near Barcs and established a second bridgehead in the sector of the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska (40th ID). Affected by propaganda from the Usta\u0161e, the border troops abandoned their positions and withdrew to Virovitica. Fifth column activities within units of the 4th Army were fomented by the Usta\u0161e, which facilitated German establishment of the bridgehead at Barcs, and resulted in a number of significant revolts within units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nThe 108th Infantry Regiment of the 40th ID, which had mobilised in Bjelovar, was marching towards Virovitica to take up positions. On the night of 7/8 April, the Croats of the 108th Regiment revolted, arrested their Serb officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers. The regiment then marched back towards Bjelovar. The revolt of the 108th Regiment meant that the entire frontage of the division had to be covered by a single regiment. During the night, patrols were sent towards the German bridgehead, but Usta\u0161e sympathisers misled them into believing the Germans were already across the Drava at Barcs in strength. The Germans were subsequently able to consolidate their bridgehead at Barcs overnight. By late evening on 7 April, Petrovi\u0107's reports to the Yugoslav Supreme Command noted that the 4th Army was exhausted and its morale had been degraded significantly, and that Nedeljkovi\u0107 concurred with his commander's assessment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 1039]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nOn 8 April, the German XXXXVI Motorised Corps continued with its limited objective attacks to expand the Barcs bridgehead. A German regiment broke through the border troops in the sector of the 40th ID, and approached Virovitica. At this point, the entire divisional sector was defended by the divisional cavalry squadron, which had been transported there in requisitioned cars due to the lack of horses. Two understrength and wavering battalions arrived at P\u010deli\u0107, 15 kilometres (9.3\u00a0mi) southwest of Virovitica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nBy noon, the rebels of the 108th Infantry Regiment were approaching Bjelovar, where they were joined by elements of the 42nd Infantry Regiment and other units of the 40th ID. When Nedeljkovi\u0107 became aware of their approach, he ordered the local gendarmerie commander to maintain order, but was advised this would not be possible, as local conscripts would not report for duty. The headquarters of the 4th Army reported the presence of the rebelling units to Headquarters 1st Army Group, and it was suggested that the VVKJ could bomb them. The 8th Bomber Regiment at Rovine was even warned to carry out a bombing mission against the rebels, but the idea was subsequently abandoned. Instead, it was decided to request that the leader of the Croatian Peasant Party, Vladko Ma\u010dek, intervene with the rebels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nOn that day, Josip Broz Tito and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, then located in Zagreb, along with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia, sent a delegation to the headquarters of the 4th Army urging them to issue arms to workers to help defend Zagreb. Pavle Gregori\u0107, who was a member of both Central Committees, went to 4th Army headquarters twice, and was able to speak briefly with Nedeljkovi\u0107, but could not convince him to do so. On that same day, Ma\u010dek, who had returned to Zagreb after briefly joining Simovi\u0107's post-coup d'\u00e9tat government, agreed to send an emissary to the 108th Infantry Regiment urging them to obey their officers, but they did not respond to his appeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nLater in the day, two trucks of rebels arrived at 4th Army headquarters in Bjelovar with the intention of killing the staff. The headquarters guard force prevented this, but the operations staff immediately withdrew from Bjelovar to Popova\u010da. After the mutinous troops issued several unanswered ultimatums, around 8,000 of them attacked Bjelovar, assisted by fifth-columnists within the city. The city then surrendered, and many Yugoslav officers and soldiers were captured by the rebels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nWhen Nedeljkovi\u0107 heard of the fall of the city, he called the Mayor of Bjelovar, Julije Makanec and threatened to bomb the city if the prisoners were not immediately released. Detained officers from 4th Army headquarters and the 108th Infantry Regiment were then sent to Zagreb. About 16:00, Nedeljkovi\u0107 informed the Ban of Croatia, Ivan \u0160uba\u0161i\u0107 of the revolt, but \u0160uba\u0161i\u0107 was powerless to influence events. About 18:00, Makanec proclaimed that Bjelovar was part of an independent Croatian state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nOn the morning of 9 April, the German bridgehead at Barcs had expanded to Luka\u010d, 7 kilometres (4.3\u00a0mi) north of Virovitica. Following up the withdrawal of the divisional cavalry squadron, the Germans seized Suho Polje, west of Virovitica, cutting the main road to Slatina, and the rebel Croat troops at Bjelovar made contact with them. By 11:00, the 40th ID front line consisted of a single regiment with some cavalry support. The 89th Infantry Regiment, marching from its concentration area in Sisak, arrived at divisional headquarters at Pivnica Slavonska, to replace the 43rd Infantry Regiment, which had been transferred to the 17th Infantry Division Vrbaska (17th ID) of the right flanking 2nd Army, which belonged to the 2nd Army Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nOther reinforcements included elements of the 4th Army anti-aircraft units sent from Lipik, but the divisional artillery regiment had not completed mobilisation. The rebels in Bjelovar issued false orders to one of the forward battalions of the 40th ID, directing it to fall back to Bjelovar. At 11:15, Nedeljkovi\u0107 arrived at divisional headquarters and shortly afterwards ordered the division to launch a counter-attack on the German bridgehead at Barcs at dawn the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nNedeljkovi\u0107 also visited the commander of the 17th ID on the right flank of the 4th Army, to arrange support from that division during the pending attack. However, because the majority of that division's troops had yet to arrive from Bosnia, all it was able to do was advance its left flank west of Slatina. The 40th ID spent the remainder of the day preparing for the counter-attack, but was hindered by German artillery and air attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0023-0002", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 4th Army sector\nIn an indication of the state of the division, during a visit to the front line, the commander and chief of staff of 40th ID were fired at by their own troops. On the night of 9/10 April, those Croats that had remained with their units began to desert or turn on their commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nThe largely mountainous border between Germany and Yugoslavia was unsuitable for motorised operations. Due to the short notice of the invasion, the elements of the invading 2nd Army that would make up XXXXIX Mountain Corps and LI Infantry Corps had to be assembled from France, Germany and the German puppet Slovak Republic, and nearly all encountered difficulties in reaching their assembly areas. In the interim, the Germans formed a special force under the code name Feuerzauber (Magic Fire). This force was initially intended to merely reinforce the 538th Frontier Guard Division, who were manning the border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nOn the evening of 5 April, a particularly aggressive Feuerzauber commander led his Kampfgruppe Palten across the Mura from Spielfeld and, having secured the bridge, began attacking bunkers and other Yugoslav positions on the high ground, and sent patrols deep into the Yugoslav border fortification system. Due to a lack of Yugoslav counter-attacks, many of these positions remained in German hands into 6 April. On the morning of 6 April, German aircraft conducted surprise attacks on Yugoslav airfields in the 7th Army area, including Ljubljana and Cerklje, where the 7th Army air reconnaissance assets were based.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nThe German LI Infantry Corps was tasked with attacking towards Maribor then driving towards Zagreb, while the XXXXIX Mountain Corps of General der Infanterie Ludwig K\u00fcbler was to capture Dravograd then force a crossing on the Sava. On the first day of the invasion, LI Infantry Corps captured the Mura bridges at Mureck and Radkersburg (opposite Gornja Radgona) undamaged. In the sector of the 38th Infantry Division Dravska (38th ID), one German column pushed towards Maribor from Mureck, and the other pushed on from Gornja Radgona through Lenart towards Ptuj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nSome time later, other elements of LI Infantry Corps attacked the area between Sveti Duh and Dravograd. Border troops met these attacks with fierce resistance, but were forced to withdraw due to the German pressure. The 183rd Infantry Division captured 300 prisoners. A bicycle-mounted detachment of the 183rd Infantry Division reached the extreme right flank of the 7th Army at Murska Sobota without striking any resistance. Generalmajor Rudolf Sintzenich's 132nd Infantry Division also pushed south along the Sejanski valley towards Savci.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nLate that day, mountain pioneers destroyed some isolated Yugoslav bunkers in the area penetrated by Kampfgruppe Palten, and German aircraft again attacked the 7th Army's air reconnaissance assets on the ground at Cerklje, destroying most of them at the second attempt. This was followed by Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force) air attacks on 7th Army troop concentrations. The VVKJ was unable to interdict the Axis air attacks because their fighters were based too far away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nAfter having been grounded for most of the day by poor weather, in the afternoon the Yugoslav bombers flew missions against airfields and railway stations across the German frontier. By the close of 6 April, the 7th Army was still largely mobilising and concentrating, and fifth column actions meant that nearly all the fighting was conducted by border troops. The 38th ID was deployed along the southern bank of the Drava around Ptuj and Maribor, and a reinforced infantry regiment was approaching Dravograd from the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0026-0002", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nGerman and Italian air attacks interfered with the deployment of troops and command was hampered by reliance on civilian telegraph and telephone services. LI Infantry Corps had occupied Gornja Radgona, Murska Sobota and Radenci, and had crossed the Drava near Sveti Duh. The XXXXIX Mountain Corps captured border crossings on the approaches to Dravograd, but were held up by border troops in mountain passes located further west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nDuring 6 April, the Ban (governor) of the Drava Banovina, Marko Natla\u010den met with representatives of the major Slovene political parties, and created the National Council of Slovenia, whose aim was to establish a Slovenia independent of Yugoslavia. When he heard the news of fifth column-led revolts within the flanking 4th Army, Trifunovi\u0107 was alarmed, and proposed withdrawal from the border areas, but this was rejected by Petrovi\u0107. The front along the border with Italy was relatively quiet, with only patrol clashes occurring, some sporadic artillery bombardments of border fortifications, and an unsuccessful raid by the Italians on Mount Blego\u0161.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nOver the next three days, the LI Infantry Corps held the lead elements of its two divisions back, to some extent, while the rest of each division detrained in Graz and made their way to the border. Despite this, German forces along the 7th Army front continued to push towards Ptuj, Maribor and Dravograd on 7 April, against significant resistance from border troops. The German thrusts towards Ptuj and Maribor broke through the Yugoslav defensive line, but those advancing towards Dravograd were held up by border troops and a battalion of the 38th ID.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nAlong the Italian border there were only skirmishes caused by Italian reconnaissance-in-force to a depth of 3\u00a0km (1.9\u00a0mi). The Yugoslav Supreme Command ordered Petrovi\u0107 to use Mountain Detachment Ri\u0161najaski to capture Fiume, across the Rje\u010dina River from Su\u0161ak, but the order was soon rescinded due to the deteriorating situation in the flanking 4th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nIn the afternoon of 7 April, Trifunovi\u0107 again pressed Petrovi\u0107 to order a withdrawal from the border. Petrovi\u0107 accepted that this might become necessary if the situation on the immediate right flank of the 7th Army deteriorated further, but the idea was opposed by the Slovene chief of staff of the headquarters of the 1st Army Group, Armijski \u0111eneral Leon Rupnik, who wryly suggested that Trifunovi\u0107, a Serb, should personally lead night attacks to push the Germans back. At 19:30, the Yugoslav Supreme Command advised Petrovi\u0107 that he had approval to withdraw endangered units on the right wing of the 7th Army. Morale in the 7th Army had started to decline due to fifth column elements encouraging soldiers to stop resisting the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nAs a result of the revolts in the 4th Army, on the night of 7/8 April, Petrovi\u0107 ordered the 7th Army to begin to withdraw, first to a line through the Dravinja River, Zidani Most bridge and the right bank of the Krka River. This was subsequently moved back to the line of the Kupa River. This ended the successful defence of the 38th ID along the line of the Drava, and meant their withdrawal from Maribor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nOn 8 April, disregarding orders from above, Palten led his kampfgruppe south towards Maribor, and crossed the Pesnica River in inflatable boats, leaving his unit vehicles behind. In the evening, Palten and his force entered Maribor unopposed, taking 100 prisoners. For disregarding orders, Palten and his kampfgruppe were ordered to return to Spielfeld, and spent the rest of the invasion guarding the border. In the meantime, the forward elements of the two divisions consolidated their bridgeheads, with the 132nd Infantry Division securing Maribor, and the 183rd Infantry Division pushing past Murska Sobota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0030-0002", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nSome bridges over the Drava were blown before all of the border troops had withdrawn, but some soldiers were able to swim across, the rest being captured by the advancing Germans. German patrols reached the Drava at Ptuj, and further east at Ormo\u017e they found the bridge had been blown. Elements of the XXXXIX Mountain Corps had pushed forward to Poljana and Dravograd. The German troops received close air support from dive bombers and fighters during their advance, while bombers hit targets throughout the 7th Army area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0030-0003", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nDuring the day, the regimental-sized Italian 3rd Alpine Group captured Kranjska Gora at the headwaters of the Sava in the sector of Mountain Detachment Triglavski. The German orders for the following day were for LI Infantry Corps to force a crossing of the Drava near Vara\u017edin and advance on Zagreb, while XXXXIX Mountain Corps were to drive towards Celje.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nOn 9 April, the Germans continued their advance, and all elements of both divisions of LI Infantry Corps had finally unloaded in Graz. In view of German success, the Italian 2nd Army in northeastern Italy accelerated its preparations and issued orders for its V and XI Corps to conduct preliminary operations aimed at improving their starting positions for the planned attack on Yugoslavia. In the meantime, the 7th Army continued rapidly withdrawing its right wing, while withdrawing its centre and keeping the Mountain Detachment Ri\u0161najaski in place on its left flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nThe 38th ID continued to withdraw south from Ptuj through Krapina towards Zagreb, while the 32nd Infantry Division Triglavski (32nd ID) and Mountain Detachment Triglavski fell back to the southern bank of the Krka River. Units of LI Infantry Corps crossed the Drava along the line Maribor\u2013Ptuj and further east, and continued to expand their bridgehead south of Maribor. Elements of XXXXIX Mountain Corps secured the southern exit of the Karawanks railway tunnel near Jesenice and expanded their bridgehead at Dravograd. Italian units made several attacks on the weakened sector of the 32nd ID and against Mountain Detachment Ri\u0161najaski, and Detachment Lika took up positions on the coast. On the same day, the 6th Air Reconnaissance Group airfield at Cerklje was again attacked by German aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 6\u20139 April, 7th Army sector\nAs the activities of Natla\u010den and his National Council of Slovenia were continuing, the Yugoslav Supreme Command ordered their arrest. However, Rupnik and the head of the operations staff of the headquarters of the 1st Army Group, Pukovnik Franjo Nikoli\u0107, hid the orders from Petrovi\u0107 and did not carry them out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nEarly on 10 April, Nikoli\u0107 left his post and visited the senior Usta\u0161e leader Slavko Kvaternik in Zagreb. He then returned to the headquarters, and announced that talks with the Germans for an armistice has started and that there was no longer any need for action. He also redirected 4th Army units around Zagreb to either cease operations or to deploy to innocuous positions. These actions reduced or eliminated armed resistance to the German advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nAbout 09:45, the LI Infantry Corps began crossing the Drava, but the construction of a bridge near Maribor was suspended because the river was in flood. Despite this, the 183rd Infantry Division managed to secure an alternative crossing point, and established a bridgehead. This crossing point was a partially destroyed bridge, guarded by a single platoon of the 1st Bicycle Battalion of Detachment Ormozki. This crossing, combined with the withdrawal of the 7th Army's 38th ID from the line Slovenska Bistrica\u2013Ptuj exposed the left flank of Detachment Ormozki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nThe Detachment attempted to withdraw south, but began to disintegrate during the night 10/11 April, and the 1st Bicycle Battalion left to return to Ljubljana. In the afternoon, the remaining elements of the 42nd ID also began to withdraw though Vara\u017edinske Toplice to Novi Marof, leaving the Usta\u0161e to take control of Vara\u017edin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nOn the same day, Generalmajor Friedrich K\u00fchn's 14th Panzer Division of XXXXVI Motorised Corps, supported by dive bombers, crossed the Drava at Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny and drove southwest towards Zagreb on snow-covered roads in extremely cold conditions. Initial air reconnaissance indicated large concentrations of Yugoslav troops on the divisional axis of advance, but these troops proved to be withdrawing towards Zagreb. Degraded by revolt and fifth-column activity, the 27th ID numbered about 2,000 effectives when the German attack began. The 14th Panzer Division vanguard reached their positions around 08:00, and the remnants of the division began withdrawing under heavy air attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nAround 14:00, the Yugoslavs were quickly encircled by German motorised troops that had outflanked them. The divisional headquarters staff escaped, but were captured a little further down the road. The remnants of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment had to fight its way towards Bjelovar, but was attacked by German tanks on the outskirts, captured and detained. The 14th Panzer Division continued its almost completely unopposed drive on Zagreb using two routes, Kri\u017eevci\u00a0\u2013 Dugo Selo\u00a0\u2013 Zagreb and Bjelovar\u00a0\u2013 \u010cazma\u00a0\u2013 Ivani\u0107-Grad\u00a0\u2013 Zagreb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nAbout 17:45 on 10 April, Kvaternik and SS-Standartenf\u00fchrer Edmund Veesenmayer went to the radio station in Zagreb and Kvaternik proclaimed the creation of the Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Dr\u017eava Hrvatska, NDH). The 35th Infantry Regiment of the 27th ID was disbanded by its commander when he heard news of the proclamation. By 19:30 on 10 April, lead elements of the 14th Panzer Division had reached the outskirts of Zagreb, having covered nearly 160 kilometres (99 miles) in a single day. By the time it entered Zagreb, the 14th Panzer Division was met by cheering crowds, and had captured 15,000 Yugoslav troops, including 22 generals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nAbout 19:45, the 1st Army Group held a conference in Zagreb, just as German tanks were entering the city. Nedeljkovi\u0107 told Petrovi\u0107 that he could no longer hold his positions, but despite this, Petrovi\u0107 ordered him to hold for at least 2\u20133 days to enable the withdrawal of the 7th Army to the Kupa river. Nedeljkovi\u0107 replied that he no longer had an army, and suggested that all Serb officers and men be ordered back to form a defensive line along the Sava and Una rivers. Petrovi\u0107 refused to consider this, but ordered the understrength 1st Cavalry Division to form a defensive line along the Sava between Jasenovac and Zagreb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nHeld up by freezing weather and snowstorms on 10 April, the LI Infantry Corps was approaching Zagreb from the north, and bicycle-mounted troops of the 183rd Infantry Division had turned east to capture Vara\u017edin, along with an entire Yugoslav brigade including its commanding general. On the same day, the German-installed interim Croatian government called on all Croats to stop fighting, and in the evening, LI Infantry Corps entered Zagreb and relieved the 14th Panzer Division. In the face of the assault by the 14th Panzer Division, the 4th Army quickly ceased to exist as an operational formation. The disintegration of the 4th Army was caused largely by fifth column activity, as it was involved in little fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nThe 40th ID was battered by German artillery fire during the night 9/10 April. Seriously depleted by desertion and weakened by revolt, it was unable to mount the ordered counter-attack against the Barcs bridgehead on the morning of 10 April. The two forward infantry regiments could only muster about 600 men each. The divisional cavalry squadron was also heavily reduced in strength, and divisional artillery amounted to one anti-aircraft battery. The border units, responsible for demolition tasks on the line from Bjelovar south to \u010cazma, refused to follow orders. Having abandoned the counter-attack, the divisional commander decided to establish a defensive line at P\u0107eli\u0107 to hinder German movement east towards Slatina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nSoon after dawn, the main thrust of the XXXXVI Motorised Corps, consisting of Generalmajor Walter Neumann-Silkow's 8th Panzer Division leading Generalmajor Sigfrid Henrici's 16th Motorised Infantry Division, crossed the Drava at Barcs. Anti -tank fire destroyed a few of the lead tanks, but after the Germans reinforced their vanguard, the resistance of the 40th ID had been broken by noon. The remaining forward infantry troops were either captured or fled into the hills to the south. Units of the infantry regiment that had been providing depth to the defensive position began retreating south towards Slavonska Po\u017eega.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0040-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 4th Army sector and the fall of Vara\u017edin\nUsta\u0161e sympathisers and Yugoslav Volksdeutsche (ethnic German) troops either ran away or surrendered. By 13:30, the hard-pressed divisional cavalry squadron began to withdraw south towards Daruvar, attacking rebelling troops along their route. The divisional commander himself fled to Nova Gradi\u0161ka via Vo\u0107in and Slavonska Po\u017eega, during which his car was again fired on by rebel troops. The 8th Panzer Division continued southeast between the Drava and Sava rivers, and meeting almost no further resistance, had reached the right flank of the 4th Army sector at Slatina by evening. Right flank elements of the 8th Panzer Division penetrated south into the Bilogora range, reaching Daruvar and Vo\u0107in by evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 128], "content_span": [129, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 7th Army sector\nDuring the night of 9/10 April, lead elements of the XXXXIX Mountain Corps, consisting of Generalmajor Hubert Lanz's 1st Mountain Division de-trained and crossed the border near Bleiburg and advanced southeast towards Celje, reaching a point about 19 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) from the town by evening. Luftwaffe reconnaissance sorties revealed that the main body of the 7th Army was withdrawing towards Zagreb, leaving behind light forces to maintain contact with the German bridgeheads. When it received this information, the 2nd Army headquarters ordered the LI Infantry Corps to form motorised columns to pursue the 7th Army south, but extreme weather conditions and flooding of the Drava at Maribor on 10 April slowed the German pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 103], "content_span": [104, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 7th Army sector\nAbout 06:00 on 11 April, the LI Infantry Corps recommenced its push south towards Zagreb, with lead elements exiting the mountains northwest of the city in the evening of the same day, while the 1st Mountain Division captured Celje after some hard marching and difficult fighting. Emissaries from the newly formed National Council of Slovenia approached K\u00fcbler to ask for a ceasefire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 103], "content_span": [104, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, 10\u201311 April, 7th Army sector\nAlso on 11 April, the Italian 2nd Army commenced offensive operations around 12:00, with the XI Corps pushing through Logatec towards Ljubljana, VI Corps advancing in the direction of Prezid, while strong formations attacked south through Fiume towards Kraljevica and towards Lokve. By this stage, the 7th Army was withdrawing, although some units took advantage of existing fortifications to resist. To assist the Italian advance, the Luftwaffe attacked Yugoslav troops in the Ljubljana region, and the 14th Panzer Division, which had captured Zagreb on 10 April, drove west to encircle the withdrawing 7th Army. The Italians faced little resistance, and captured about 30,000 Yugoslav troops waiting to surrender near Delnice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 103], "content_span": [104, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, Fate\nOn 10 April, as the situation had become increasingly desperate throughout the country, Simovi\u0107, who was both the Prime Minister and Yugoslav Chief of the General Staff, broadcast the following message:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, Fate\nAll troops must engage the enemy wherever encountered and with every means at their disposal. Don't wait for direct orders from above, but act on your own and be guided by your judgement, initiative, and conscience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, Fate\nOn 12 April, the 14th Panzer Division linked up with the Italians at Vrbovsko, closing the ring around the remnants of the 7th Army, before thrusting southeast towards Sarajevo. The remaining elements of the 4th Army had organised defences around the towns of Kostajnica, Bosanski Novi, Biha\u0107 and Prijedor, but the 14th Panzer Division quickly broke through at Bosanski Novi and captured Banja Luka, and by 14 April it had captured Jajce. In the wake of the panzers, the 183rd Infantry Division pushed through Zagreb and Sisak to capture Kostajnica and Bosanska Gradi\u0161ka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0045-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, Fate\nOn 15 April, the 14th Panzer Division was closing on Sarajevo. The Usta\u0161e arrested the staffs of the 1st Army Group, and 4th and 7th Armies at Petrinja, and the 1st Army Group effectively ceased to exist as a formation. After a delay in locating appropriate signatories for the surrender document, the Yugoslav High Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12:00 on 18 April. Records of Yugoslav killed and wounded during the invasion were lost, but about 375,000 Yugoslav troops were captured. The Germans lost only 151 killed, 392 wounded and 15 missing in action during the entire invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158634-0045-0002", "contents": "1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations during German invasion, Fate\nYugoslavia was then occupied and dismembered by the Axis powers, with Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and Albania all annexing parts of its territory. Most of the Slovene members of the 1st Army Group taken as prisoners of war, along with virtually all of its Croat members, were soon released by the Axis powers, as 90 per cent of those held for the duration of the war were Serbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery\n1st Army Group Royal Artillery was a brigade-sized formation organised by Britain's Royal Artillery during World War II to command medium and heavy guns. It served in the final stages of the Tunisian Campaign and throughout the Italian Campaign. It reformed in the Territorial Army in the 1950s to command air defence units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, History, Background and formation\nThe need for a higher organisational command structure for medium and heavy artillery became apparent during the Battle of France and the early part of the Western Desert Campaign. The 'Army Group Royal Artillery' (AGRA) concept was developed during Exercise 'Bumper' held in the UK in 1941, organised by the commander of Home Forces, General Alan Brooke (himself a Gunner) with Lt-Gen Bernard Montgomery as chief umpire. This large anti-invasion exercise tested many of the tactical concepts that would be used by the British Army in the latter stages of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, History, Background and formation\nThe gunnery tacticians developed the AGRAs as powerful artillery brigades, usually comprising three medium regiments and one heavy regiment, which could be rapidly moved about the battlefield, and had the punch to destroy enemy artillery with counter-battery (CB) fire. AGRAs were provided to field armies at a scale of about one per Army corps. AGRAs were improvised until 26 November 1942, when they were officially sanctioned, to consist of a commander (CAGRA) and staff to control non-divisional artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, History, World War II\nThe Headquarters (HQ) of 1st AGRA was formed at Hamilton Park, Glasgow, on 24 August 1942. It was assigned to First Army for the landings in North Africa (Operation Torch), and arrived in Tunisia in January 1943, together with 56th Heavy Regiment, equipped with 7.2-inch howitzers \u2013 the first heavy regiment of the RA to serve overseas since the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940. 1st AGRA went into action in February in support of XIX French Corps with one heavy, three medium and three field regiments under command. Later it supported V Corps in the closing stages of the campaign. It then prepared for the Allied invasion of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, History, World War II\nThe make-up of an AGRA during the Italian Campaign was extremely flexible: it could include army field regiments (25-pounders), medium regiments (4.5-inch or 5.5-inch guns) and heavy regiments with 7.2-inch howitzers. It might also be augmented with 3.7-inch heavy anti-aircraft (HAA) guns loaned by the AA brigades for additional ground support fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, History, World War II\n1st AGRA landed in Italy in October 1943, operating with V Corps again, this time under Eighth Army. For V Corps' attack on the Sangro in November 1943, 1st AGRA contributed 51st (Midland) Medium Regiment alongside the guns of 6th AGRA for a massive artillery concentration. It transferred temporarily to X Corps in February 1944, operating on the River Garigliano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, History, World War II\nBoth 1st and 6th AGRAs supported XIII Corps in July 1944 as it approached the Gothic Line. This time the front was so wide that control of the medium guns had to be decentralised to the individual divisions, so the two AGRAs only retained two medium regiments in addition to their two heavy regiments. However, when the 2nd New Zealand Division attacked on 29 July, it was supported by a concentration including the field artillery of 6th South African Armoured and 8th Indian Divisions as well as 1st AGRA, which was responsible for coordinating CB fire. 1st AGRA was assigned to V Corps for the assault on the Gothic Line (Operation Olive) in August 1944, and remained with it for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, History, World War II\n1st AGRA fought at the Battle of the Argenta Gap in early 1945, ending the war at Padua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, History, Postwar\nOn 1 January 1947, 1st AGRA merged with 3rd AGRA as 3 AGRA (Field) in Central Mediterranean Forces, but was disbanded by late October that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, History, Postwar\nReformed at Troon, Ayrshire, between 24 April and 31 May 1955 by converting 68 Anti- Aircraft Brigade (the wartime 42nd AA Brigade at Glasgow) after Anti- Aircraft Command had been abolished on 1 March. It joined British Army of the Rhine as a Corps artillery HQ in 1958. In 1959 1 AGRA Signal Squadron of the Royal Corps of Signals was redesignated 218 Signal Squadron. On 19 September 1960 1 AGRA was redesignated 1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom) at Hildesheim, and 218 Signal Squadron was disbanded (a new squadron with the same number as reformed in 1969).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158635-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Army Group Royal Artillery, Insignia\n1st AGRA's formation badge was a shield in the RA colours of blue and red, divided vertically, with a vertical yellow cannon barrel superimposed in the centre; this was also used by 3 AGRA (Field) in 1947. 1 AGRA (Field), formed in 1955, adopted a ram's skull in black and white on a red background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158636-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Army Tank Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Army Tank Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the Second World War. A Tank Brigade was intended to support the Infantry and was mostly equipped with slow moving Infantry tanks, unlike an Armoured Brigade, which was equipped with faster cruiser tanks and later its own motorised infantry. Initially using infantry nomenclature for its smaller units, company  and section and having 175 light and infantry tanks, it later adopted cavalry nomenclature of squadron and troop and later in the War grew to 240 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158636-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Army Tank Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nThe 1st Army Tank Brigade took part in the Battle of France, serving as part of the British Expeditionary Force. It fought against the Germans in Belgium and Northern France, providing the armour for the counter-attack at the Battle of Arras and covered the Allied retreat to Dunkirk. It lost all of its equipment on the beaches following the evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158636-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Army Tank Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nThe reformed 1st Army Tank Brigade was transferred to North Africa, equipped with Valentine infantry tanks. The brigade took part in Operation Crusader, as part of the XIII Corps. Attached to the 2nd South African Division, it took part in the conquest of Bardia (December 1941 \u2013 January 1942).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158637-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (Japan)\nThe 1st Artillery Brigade (Japanese: \u7b2c1\u7279\u79d1\u56e3) is the only active artillery brigade of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The brigade is subordinated to the Northern Army and is headquartered in Chitose, Hokkaid\u014d. Its responsibility is the defense of Hokkaid\u014d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158638-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (South Korea)\nThe 1st Artillery Brigade (Korean: \uc81c1\ud3ec\ubcd1\uc5ec\ub2e8) is a military formation of the Republic of Korea Army. The brigade is subordinated to the I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158638-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (South Korea), History\nIt was founded on 16 February 1953 as the 1st Corps Artillery Group. On 20 November of the same year, it was changed its name to 1st Corps Artillery Command. By 1982, the brigade had its present name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158638-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (South Korea), History\nThe 1st Artillery Brigade is a large-scale brigade with unit size comparable to division. There are 17 battalions under the brigade command. Compared to other artillery brigades, which having fewer than 10 battalions at most, it can be said to be tremendous. Only the 5th Artillery Brigade have the same size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Artillery Brigade is an operational formation of the British Army which forms part of the 3rd (United Kingdom) Division, and oversees all close support artillery units of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), World War II\nFor the World War II, and later history as an army group (Major General's command, see here: 1st Army Group Royal Artillery).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), Cold War\nFollowing a reorganisation of the British Army of the Rhine following the 1957 Defence White Paper, the former 1st Army Group, Royal Artillery was reduced to a 1-star command, and redesignated as the 1st Artillery Brigade (Field). The new brigade was headquartered at Tofrek Barracks in Hildesheim. On 4 October 1961, the brigade was officially redesignated, but later dropped the '(Field)' title in 1967 following the 1966 Defence White Paper, becoming the 1st Artillery Brigade. The regiment was originally responsible for commanding the two MGM-5 Corporal tactical ballistic missile regiments and a new support regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), Cold War\n(From 1959, there were two regiments with the missile). It gradually evolved from a command unit solely for the Corporal missile regiments to one for all GHQ field artillery within I (British) Corps. The brigade is shown as having controlled the two corporal equipped regiments along with three mixed regiments (with the MGR-1 Honest John nuclear rockets) and 8-inch howitzer regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), Cold War\nFollowing the 1975 Defence White Paper \"Mason Review\", the old brigades were done away with and replaced by task forces. The 1st Artillery Brigade was also disbanded on 1 September 1977, subsequently merged with the 7th Anti- Aircraft Brigade and became the 1st Artillery Division. The new division was organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), Cold War\nFollowing the 1981 Defence White Paper, the brigades were reformed, and the division was subsequently redesignated as [the] Artillery Division. In 1984, it was further redesignated as Artillery, I (British) Corps, and on 1 November 1985 became the 1st Artillery Brigade once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), Post Cold War\nFollowing the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Options for Change paper was published in 1992, which reduced to the army by more than a 1/3. Under this reorganisation, the brigade was disbanded ca. 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), Post Cold War\nOn 1 April 1997, the brigade was reformed as 1st Artillery Brigade  The new brigade was organised as follows by the time of 2012:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), Post Cold War\nUnder the Army 2020 programme announced in 2013, the brigade merged with 43rd (Wessex) Brigade to become 1st Artillery Brigade and Headquarters South West. The old artillery brigade became the operational portion of the formation, while 43 Brigade became the regional headquarters element. The brigade's operational role was expanded and by this point oversaw all artillery units administratively within the army. Operationally, it controlled all but the special regiments (7 Parachute Regt RHA, 29 Commando Regt, RA, the Surveillance/Drone regiments, and the Air Defence regiments). The brigade's role was described \"...will deliver both close support artillery and precision fires, as well as leading Air-Land Integration\". The brigade's new designation as 'Headquarters South West' indicating its shift to an administrative formation, now overseeing all of South West England and the Channel Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), Post Cold War\nIn 2019, a reorganisation of the Field Army saw the 1st Artillery Brigade loose its regional affiliation, once again becoming simply 1st Artillery Brigade. In addition to the removal of the regional basis, the brigade was reorganised, and placed under command of the 3rd (United Kingdom) Division. The brigade's current structure as of June 2021 is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158639-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Brigade (United Kingdom), Commanding Officers\n(from 1977 to 1985 the post of commanding officer was held by Commander Artillery, I (British) Corps)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158640-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Regiment (France)\nThe 1st Artillery Regiment is a regiment of artillery in the French Army tracing its modern history to 1791 when the R\u00e9giment de La F\u00e9re was re-organised into the 1st Artillery Regiment after the French Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158640-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Artillery Regiment (France), History\nIt was raised as the R\u00e9giment de la F\u00e8re in 1765, from the 1st battalion of the R\u00e9giment Royal-Artillerie. In 1791, after the French Revolution, it had the title of its aristocratic patron removed and was given the number 1, as the seniormost French regiment of artillery. In 1785, Napoleon Bonaparte was commissioned into this regiment as a sous lieutenant. He officially served until 1790, but he spent most of that time on leave in Corsica, where he led a battalion of Republican volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158641-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Asia Pacific Screen Awards\nThe 1st Asia Pacific Screen Awards were held in  2007. The first award ceremonies saw at least 18 film nominations. The Asia Pacific Screen Awards originated in the city of Brisbane, Australia. It is an international cultural program supported by the Brisbane City Council and powered by Brisbane Marketing. The Asia Pacific Screen Awards is endorsed by Paris-based UNESCO and FIAPF-International Federation of Film Producers Associations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158642-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Asian Film Awards\nThe 1st Asian Film Awards were given on 20 March 2007 at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, on the opening night of the 31st Hong Kong International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158642-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Asian Film Awards\nGiven to films released in 2006 by film industries from across Asia, awards were given in 10 categories: Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Screenwriter, Best Cinematographer, Best Production Designer, Best Composer, Best Editor and Best Visual Effects. Up to six nominees are honored in each category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158642-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Asian Film Awards\nThe most awards went to The Host, directed by Bong Joon-ho. It had been nominated in five categories and won four: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Visual Effects and Best Cinematographer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers\nThe 1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers was a specialised armoured formation of the British Army active in the Second World War. It was formed in mid-1943 and its structure was three Assault Regiments of the Royal Engineers. It was assigned to the 79th Armoured Division in preparation for the Normandy invasion of 6 June 1944. The unit comprised armoured vehicles modified for specialist roles (also known as Hobart's Funnies), intended to assist with the landing phase of the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, History\nBy the end of October 1943, various engineer units had been renamed and transferred into the Brigade. This brigade comprised 3 Assault Regiments, each with 4 Assault Squadrons, plus an Assault Park Squadron. This structure remained unchanged up to the Normandy landings in June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, History\nThe basic vehicle of the assault unit was the Assault Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVREs). This was a Churchill tank with its turret modified or removed and to which were attached certain special equipments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, History\nThe Brigade was employed during the assault landings in Normandy, Operation Overlord and further used during the battle for the Roer Triangle (Operation Blackcock), the Rhine crossings (Operation Plunder) and the Elbe crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, D-Day , Operation Overlord\nEach of the three Infantry Divisions involved in the first assault on the British and Canadian front - Gold Beach, Juno Beach and Sword Beach - included two Assault Squadrons from 5 Assault Regiment and 6 Assault Regiment, Royal Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, D-Day , Operation Overlord\nThe objective of each pair of Assault Squadrons was to clear lanes across the beaches and to establish up to eight exits from the beaches onto the first inland road, suitable for tracked vehicles. This involved:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, D-Day , Operation Overlord\nAll this had to be done under fire from buildings on the seafront, and under mortar and artillery fire from further inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, D-Day , Operation Overlord\nEach Assault Squadron was equipped with a number of Armoured Vehicles Royal Engineers (AVREs) - which were Churchill tanks, modified in various ways to suit the needs of Assault Engineers. In addition, the assault teams included a number of Sherman 'Crabs' from 30th Armoured Brigade - these were Sherman tanks, with a full-width, heavy duty, rotary chain flail mounted in front, which destroyed any mines in its path, thus clearing the lanes up the beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, D-Day , Operation Overlord\nThe AVREs then turned their attention to the first line of land defences, using their spigot mortars, and with self-propelled guns providing artillery support. More Sappers landed to continue the clearance of the beaches. All the time, infantry were moving through into the growing bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, D-Day , Operation Overlord\nSeveral exits were open within an hour of the first landings, allowing the Armoured Brigades to start moving inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, D-Day , Operation Overlord\nThe Assault Regiments suffered their share of casualties. In some sectors, up to 50% of the flail tanks, AVREs and armoured bulldozers had been knocked out, with high casualties among the crews. But many of the objectives for D-Day had been achieved, which may not have been the case without 1st Assault Brigade R.E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, D-Day , Operation Overlord\nAfter Normandy, the Brigade was used in Operation Blackcock, Operation Infatuate and Operation Plunder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, Assault Engineers after the War, Disbanding of 1st Assault Brigade\nAfter the end of the Second World War, 79th Armoured Division was disbanded in August 1945. The remaining Assault Engineer Regiment was disbanded in July 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 103], "content_span": [104, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, Assault Engineers after the War, Reformation as 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment\nThe unit was briefly reformed as 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment in 1964 before a further reorganisation in 1969 reduced the Armoured Engineers to one squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 114], "content_span": [115, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, Assault Engineers after the War, Reformation as 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment\nIn 1980, 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment was again reformed and was the largest tank regiment in the British Army. The Regiment was the only unit equipped with specialist Sapper tanks and heir to the traditions of past assault and armoured engineers. The regimental crest included the bull's head device of 79th Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 114], "content_span": [115, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, Assault Engineers after the War, Reformation as 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment\n32 Armoured Engineer Regiment had three squadrons each of four troops, a total of 72 tanks. Each troop had three AVREs and three AVLBs (bridge layers). These were more modern types, evolved from the original Churchill, but based on the newer Centurion and Chieftain tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 114], "content_span": [115, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, Assault Engineers after the War, Reformation as 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment\nAs of 2008, Engineer Regiments attached to Armoured or Mechanised Brigades in the British Army have Armoured Engineer Squadrons included within their organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 114], "content_span": [115, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158643-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers, Order of Battle\nThe Order of battle of the brigade during the war was: (day/month/year).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158644-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aurel Awards\nThe 1st Aurel Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 2001, took time and place on March 2, 2002 at the Istropolis in Bratislava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158644-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aurel Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 Juraj Barto\u0161 \u2013 Ja som optimista (by M. Lasica with Bratislava Hot Serenaders)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158644-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Aurel Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 J\u00e1n Do\u0161ek\u00a0\u2022 J\u00e1n Mach\u00fat \u2013 '01 (by R. M\u00fcller)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158644-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Aurel Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 La Belle Epoque (by Free Faces) \u2013 Bronislava Brt\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158644-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Aurel Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605  \"Nah\u00fd II\" (by R. M\u00fcller) \u2013 Vladim\u00edr Struh\u00e1r \"Dobre sa jej pad\u00e1\" (by Ears) \u2013 J\u00e1n Gregu\u0161  \"R\u00e1no\" (by Love 4 Money) \u2013 Stanislav Petrov", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit\nThe 1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit (1 ACAU) was raised in 1967 to coordinate the Australian Army's contribution to the US and allied Pacification Program during the Vietnam War, operating in Phuoc Tuy Province. Although other Australian units also conducted civic action projects in South Vietnam at various times, 1 ACAU had the primary responsibility for them once it was deployed. It was withdrawn from South Vietnam in November 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, Background\nDuring the 1960s and early 1970s, civic action projects were undertaken on an increasing scale by the US, Australia and other countries of the Free World Military Forces throughout South Vietnam. According to Barry Smith civic action was not primarily motivated by altruism, but rather the political imperative  of winning the support of the South Vietnamese people for the central government in Saigon. Civic action, wherever and by whomever performed, was part of a nationwide program with long-term political and military objectives. From the Australian point of view, civic action was also used to help promote goodwill towards Australian forces in South Vietnam and Australia generally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, Background\nWhen the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) first arrived in Phuoc Tuy Province in mid-1966, the military security situation was poor. The province had not been under government control for several years before the task force arrived. Most roads could not be travelled by single vehicles. Some roads required fully escorted convoys before they could be traversed. The province's population was about 104,000, the large majority of whom lived in and around Baria, Hoa Long, Long Dien and Dat Do in the central and southern parts of Phuoc Tuy Province. The main religions were Buddhism and Catholicism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, Background\nMembers of the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1 RAR) had conducted civic action projects while deployed in Bien Hoa Province in 1965. However, when Australia assumed responsibility for Phuoc Tuy Province it did not have a dedicated civil affairs capability. Consequently, four warrant officers from the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) were attached to 1 ATF under Captain Bob Rooney in May 1966, and the small group began carrying out civic action-type projects to assist the local population in Phuoc Tuy Province. It was taken over in mid-1966 by Major John Donohoe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, Background\nAt the time there was also a US Army unit operating in the province conducting civic action projects. This was the 14th AA Platoon, 2nd Civil Affairs Company, which was attached to 1 ACAU after the latter arrived in Nui Dat. Despite these measures the Australian civic action program remained ad hoc, and was found difficult to sustain due to the other operational demands placed on 1 ATF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Formation\nThe 1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit (1 ACAU) was raised at Middle Head in Sydney on 10 April 1967 with an establishment of ten officers and 39 other ranks. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John McDonagh, Royal Australian Engineers (RAE), in June 1967 it moved to Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province, South Vietnam. During its time in South Vietnam, 1 ACAU was co-located at Nui Dat with 1 ATF; however, it was a unit of Headquarters Australian Force Vietnam (HQ AFV) in Saigon, and was not part of 1 ATF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Formation\n1 ACAU's Commanding Officer had direct access to the Commander AFV. On day-to-day operational matters, CO 1 ACAU worked closely with Commander 1 ATF. 1 ACAU consisted of a headquarters/administration group plus operational detachments with specific responsibilities. It had detachments specialising in engineering, medical support, education and agriculture. In addition to the section at Nui Dat, a small section was also established at Vung Tau with the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group (1 ALSG). This section was established with just one officer and no technical or support staff other than a driver and an interpreter, and operated entirely using contract labour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nFunded through the Department of External Affairs, and in part by the South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO), the activities, size and shape of civil affairs changed constantly between 1967 and 1971. During the first three years (1966\u201369) of Australian operations in Phuoc Tuy Province the civil affairs unit was often used as an \"adjunct to military operations\", providing assistance during village cordon and search operations and being heavily involved in the population resettlement program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nIt was also involved in providing aid to the local population when they were affected by the fighting, for instance in the aftermath of the Battle of Binh Ba in June 1969 when much of the village was heavily damaged. In the final years of 1 ATF's deployment (1969\u201371), the unit was more independent, primarily undertaking its own programs to assist the villages and South Vietnamese administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nThe activities of 1 ACAU were based on principles calculated to achieve maximum impact on the civilian population, while bearing in mind that the primary aim of civic action was to win the support of the local population for the Saigon regime. Firstly, the local population had to \"own\" the project. If they felt a sense of ownership, and the project was subsequently damaged or destroyed by the Viet Cong, then the outcome would be antagonism towards them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nOwnership involved encouraging the local population to suggest or otherwise originate projects, and to actively participate in their construction, either wholly or partly. Secondly, the projects had to extend over a reasonable period of time to allow the participating soldiers to become known and trusted by the villagers. Thirdly, they were initiated in the name of the appropriate South Vietnamese ministry, for example education and health. Fourthly, it was desirable that the projects lent themselves to publicity. Fifthly, the results had to be observable, measurable and tangible, and ideally impact beneficially on as many people as possible. Lastly, wherever possible, credit was always given to the South Vietnamese government (even if in reality it was quite obvious to the villagers that it was Australia and Australians providing the project).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nConstruction was one of 1 ACAU's main activities, and the commander of the unit was often an engineer. The Engineer Detachment typically installed Southern Cross windmills (14 were built in all) and constructed schools and school rooms, market buildings, fences, and medical dispensaries. Major projects included designing and building a new village called Soui Nghe beside Route 2 north of the task force base, and Project 399 which involved the construction of 600 houses for Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) soldiers around the province. Main areas of effort included the construction of village markets and the provision of water supplies. Other significant construction projects included repairing, widening and rebuilding roads and bridges and the renovation of the hospital in Baria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nThe Medical Detachment was heavily involved in operations known as Medical Civil Action Programs (MEDCAPS), conducted every day in provincial villages. By 1969, MEDCAPS were incorporated into Integrated Civil Action Programs (ICAPS), which were conducted by medical and other teams that would deploy overnight to a village and treat anyone who requested assistance. A movie screen would be erected nearby and those in the queue for treatment, and other villagers, would watch the films that were chosen to promote the South Vietnamese government at the expense of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces. Dental Civil Action Programs (DENTCAPS) were also carried out by 1 ATF units other than 1 ACAU. The 1 ACAU Medical Detachment co-ordinated all MEDCAPS and DENTCAPS conducted by 1 ATF units. The detachment's head was also the province Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development (CORDS) adviser on medical matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 978]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nTypical tasks for the Education Detachment included providing advice on where new schools could be built, providing educational supplies to schools, and conducting English language classes. These classes were delivered by Australian soldiers who would spend time alone in villages at schools and proved very popular. During 1969\u201370, when 1 ACAU was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Peter Gration, the Education Detachment also became responsible for youth and sports activities in Phuoc Tuy Province. At this time, the detachment commander was also the Province CORDS adviser on Education, and its second-in-command was the Province CORDS adviser on youth and sports matters, co-coordinating sporting activities in Phuoc Tuy Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nThe Liaison Detachment consisted of Vietnamese-speaking Australian officers trained at the RAAF School of Languages in Point Cook, Victoria. Described by Gration as \"the eyes and ears\" of 1 ACAU, the Liaison Officers (LOs) were  responsible for interacting with the civilian population on a daily basis, assessing where projects might be warranted, preparing feasibility studies, and developing close contacts at village level. Working with only their drivers, LOs were widely known and accepted by local Vietnamese. They spent most of their time, including at one point up to three nights a week, in local villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nApart from watching for opportunities for civic action projects, LOs would also deliver mail from Viet Cog prisoners of war incarcerated around the country to their families in Phuoc Tuy Province, and collect mail and gifts from the families for the prisoners to be delivered to them. LOs gave Vietnamese language presentations to former Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army who defected to the south under the Chieu Hoi (Open Arms) program, and disbursed compensation payments to local Vietnamese families when required. On occasions, when visitors to the province required an Australian interpreter, LOs were often tasked. For example, politicians and journalists visiting from Australia often preferred to use Australians as guides and interpreters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nThe Agricultural Detachment provided advice on, and delivered supplies for, projects such as \"miracle\" rice and sorghum demonstration crops, and other crop growing techniques. It was also responsible for animal husbandry projects when these developed from about 1969 onward. A typical project was provision of the necessary supplies and animals for local civilians to start their own chicken or pig farms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nDue to the nature of their work 1 ACAU personnel were quite vulnerable to enemy action and potentially could have suffered heavy casualties if the Viet Cong had decided to target them. Many members spent time alone in villages while civil affairs vehicles often traveled routes with just a driver and one passenger. Yet overall, there was little hostile action against members of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nIn the early days after the unit's arrival in Nui Dat, there were sniper incidents in Hoa Long, and a medical team became involved in a contact in Hoi My, south of Dat Do, during which several 1 ACAU members sustained minor gunshot wounds. There were other minor incidents later also, for example, when the Viet Cong destroyed the water reticulation system on Long Son island, just days after it came into operation. However, by 1969\u201370 the security situation in the province had greatly improved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nTowards the end of the 1960s the US emphasis on Pacification increased throughout South Vietnam. The volume of civic action projects being carried out by Australian forces also increased during this time. Whilst previously they had been predominantly carried out by 1 ACAU, units from 1 ATF increasingly assisted with such activities during 1969\u201370.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nBy this time, 1 ACAU's commanding officer was responsible for the co-ordination of all military civic action by Australian troops in Vietnam, including those at Vung Tau and Phan Rang (where the Royal Australian Air Force had units), and Saigon, although the major focus of Australian civic action efforts was in Phuoc Tuy Province. In 1969 every individual unit of 1 ATF at Nui Dat was at one stage directed to put resources into civic action projects. For example, 5 RAR built a two-room school in Ong Trinh hamlet, alongside Route 15 between Baria and Bien Hoa. However, as the civic aid program wound down as part of the process of Vietnamization, 1 ACAU again became the main agency for such programs from mid-1970 until late 1971. By 1970 the unit had grown to a strength of 55 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, History, Operations\nBy early 1971 Australian civic action programs in Vietnam had included the construction of market places, six dispensaries, 71 classrooms, four community centres, 17 playgrounds, enhanced water supplies for 14 villages, as well as providing medical treatment for 200,000 people and another 100,000 dental treatments. In addition engineers had also rebuilt a number of the provinces main roads including Route 2 which ran from Baria to the northern provincial border, Route 44 from Baria to Long Hai, and Route 23 between Dat Do and Xuyen Moc. 1 ACAU remained in Vietnam until 25 November 1971, after which it returned to Australia as part of the withdrawal of its forces from the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158645-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit, Association\nFollowing their participation in the 1987 Welcome Home Parade in Sydney, former 1 ACAU members formed the 1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit Association on 10 April 1988. Its aims and objectives are to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158646-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Horse\nThe 1st Australian Horse was a mounted infantry regiment of the Colony of New South Wales that was formed in 1897. The 1st Australian Horse wore distinctive myrtle green uniforms with black embroidery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158646-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Horse, History, Formation\nThe regiment was raised on 28 August 1897 at Murrumburrah, New South Wales, as the 1st Australian (Volunteer) Horse. The unit recruited mainly from New South Wales, and had detachments in Murrumburrah, Gunnedah, Gundagai, Quirinidi, Mudgee, and various other NSW towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158646-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Horse, History, Second Boer War\nWhen the Second Boer War began in late 1899, New South Wales raised multiple contingents which included detachments from the regiment. The first contingent left Newcastle on 14 November 1899 for Cape Town, South Africa, arriving on 13 December. Two detachments of the regiment served under General John French's Cavalry Division during the Second Boer War in 1899, composed of 141 men and 157 horses. The first detachment fought in the Battle of Slingersfontein on 16 January 1900 resulting in heavy casualties, and the first Australian casualty of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158646-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Horse, History, Second Boer War\nThe unit then participated in the Battle of Poplar Grove and took part in occupying the towns of Driefontein and Bloemfontein. The regiment also took part in both the advance to Pretoria and the Battle of Zand River, as well as the subsequent Surrender of Pretoria on 1 June. They also saw action in the Battle of Belfast in 1901, and later withdrew from South Africa by late March of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158647-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Logistic Support Group\nThe 1st Australian Logistic Support Group (1 ALSG) was a ground support unit of the Australian Army during the Vietnam War located at the 1st Australian Support Compound in V\u0169ng T\u00e0u. 1 ALSG commanded logistic support units to all Australian forces in South Vietnam and was composed of engineer, transport, ordnance, medical and service corps units. The unit was initially formed in 1965 as the Australian Logistic Support Company to support the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, and was redesignated as 1 ALSG in April 1966 following the deployment of the 1st Australian Task Force as the Australian commitment in Vietnam expanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound\n1st Australian Support Compound was a complex of  logistics and support bases operated by the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group in V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Tuy Province, South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, History\nThe base was located on the beach in V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, southeast of Vung Tau Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, History\nIn early 1966 with the expansion of the Australian military commitment in South Vietnam and the formation of the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) it was decided that 1 ATF would be allocated its own Tactical Area of Responsibility (TAOR) in Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Tuy Province, allowing them to pursue operations more independently using their own methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, History\nThe Australian Logistic Support Company originally formed to support the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, was redesignated as the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group (1 ALSG) in April 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, History\nIn June 1966 1 ALSG moved by road from Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a to V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, 45 minutes drive southwest of the main 1 ATF base at Nui Dat. The separation of the operational and logistics bases was dictated by the need for 1 ATF to be located further forward in its TAOR, while the logistics base required port and airfield access. The United States Army's 53rd General Support Group already had established operations at V\u0169ng T\u00e0u.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, History\nWith limited land available 1 ALSG occupied a stretch of sand dunes east of the town and airport, described by 1 ALSG commander Lieutenant Colonel David Rouse as an area \"in which no sane person would ever stay on for more than a couple of hours in his right mind.\" The sand dunes were flattened and swamps filled to allow for the construction of logistics areas and accommodation, initially tents later replaced by more permanent huts, but the base remained a fairly desolate place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, History\nAt its peak the base was occupied by approximately 1,500 Australian and New Zealand troops and more than 500 South Vietnamese employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, History\n1 ALSG finally withdrew from the base on 12 March 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, History, Field Hospital\nThe 2nd Field Ambulance established a hospital within the base. In 1967 8th Field Ambulance replaced 2nd Field Ambulance. On 1 April 1968 the 1st Australian Field Hospital was established at the base and 8th Field Ambulance moved forward to Nui Dat. The 100 bed hospital was the main facility supporting 1 ATF, while the nearby U.S. 36th Evacuation Hospital was available to provide specialist services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, History, Peter Badcoe Club\nWithin the compound was the Peter Badcoe Club, the 1 ATF in-country rest and recreation centre, named for Peter Badcoe, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross. Facilities included the Harold Holt memorial swimming pool, a bar area and the Kevin Wheatley Stadium named for Kevin Wheatley, another posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross. Beach recreation facilities included surfboards, speedboats and yachts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158648-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Support Compound, Current use\nThe area has largely been turned over to housing, commercial buildings and a golf course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force\nThe 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) was a brigade-sized formation which commanded Australian and New Zealand Army units deployed to South Vietnam between 1966 and 1972. 1 ATF was based in a rubber plantation at Nui Dat, 8 kilometres (5.0\u00a0mi) north of Ba Ria in Phuoc Tuy Province and consisted of two and later three infantry battalions, with armour, aviation, engineers and artillery support. While the task force was primarily responsible for securing Phuoc Tuy Province, its units, and the Task Force Headquarters itself, occasionally deployed outside its Tactical Area of Responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force\nSignificant battles conducted by the Task Force were Battle of Long Tan in 1966, Battle of Suoi Chau Pha in 1967, and Operation Coburg and the Battle of Coral\u2013Balmoral in 1968. Other significant actions included Battle of Hat Dich in late-December 1968 and early 1969, Battle of Binh Ba in June 1969, and Battle of Long Khanh in June 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force\nA number of 1 ATF operations resulted in major defeats for the enemy including Operation Marsden in 1969 whereupon enormous caches of weapons and supplies and the main hospital servicing the local Communist forces were discovered and destroyed; and Operation Townsville in April 1970 whereupon Australian and New Zealand platoons captured the operational signals codes and one-time cipher pads used by the VC headquarters. As a result, senior U.S commanders including General CW Abrams, Commander USMACV were alleged to have referred to it as \"the biggest intelligence coup of the war.\" 1 ATF was withdrawn in late 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Formation\nIn March 1966 the Australian government decided to increase its commitment to the Vietnam War, announcing that the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1 RAR), which had been serving as the third infantry battalion of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade in Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a since June 1965, would be replaced at the end of its tour by a two-battalion brigade\u2014the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF)\u2014with armour, aviation, engineers and artillery support; in total 4,500 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Formation\nAdditional Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN) elements would also be deployed and with all three services total Australian strength in Vietnam was planned to rise to 6,300. Meanwhile, 1 RAR's attachment to US forces had highlighted the differences between Australian and American operational methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Formation\nWhereas the Americans relied on massed firepower and mobility in big-unit search and destroy operations as part of a war of attrition which often resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, the Australians\u2014although not eschewing conventional operations\u2014emphasised deliberate patrolling using dispersed companies supported by artillery, APCs and helicopters to separate the Viet Cong from the population in the villages, while slowly extending government control. Consequently, 1 ATF which would be allocated its own Tactical Area of Responsibility (TAOR) in Phuoc Tuy Province, thereby allowing the Australians to pursue operations more independently using their own methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Formation\nThe southernmost province in III CTZ, Phuoc Tuy had been selected by the Australians because it was an area of significant Viet Cong activity, was located away from the Cambodian border, could be resupplied and, if necessary, evacuated by sea, and enabled them to concentrate their efforts in a single area to achieve greater national recognition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Formation\nRather than being attached to a US division, negotiations between senior Australian and US commanders\u2014including Lieutenant General John Wilton and General William Westmoreland\u2014ensured 1 ATF would be an independent command under the operational control of US II Field Force, Vietnam (II FFV), a corps-level headquarters in Bien Hoa which reported directly to Commander US MACV. This would allow the force greater freedom of action and the chance to demonstrate the Australian Army's evolving concept for counter-insurgency warfare, developed in part from its operations during the Malayan Emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Formation\nThe task force would be commanded by Brigadier David Jackson, an experienced infantry officer who had served in the Middle East and New Guinea during the Second World War, and later in Korea, and commanded the AATTV and Australian Army Force Vietnam prior to taking up the appointment. With the new force given less than two months to deploy, hasty preparations began in Australia to ready it. Meanwhile, the headquarters of the 1st Brigade was subsequently used to raise 1 ATF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Formation\nFollowing US and Australian negotiations, the New Zealand government was given the choice of continuing the attachment of the 161st Battery, Royal New Zealand Artillery to the US 173rd Airborne Brigade based at Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a or joining 1 ATF in Phuoc Tuy. As with 1 RAR, the New Zealand battery had served under US command since June 1965 and was New Zealand's only military contribution to operations in Vietnam at that time. The decision was subsequently made to integrate the New Zealand battery into 1 ATF in June 1966, and from 1967 New Zealand infantry and NZSAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\n1 ATF was tasked with dominating its TAOR and conducting operations throughout Phuoc Tuy as required, as well as deploying anywhere in III CTZ and neighbouring Binh Tuy in II CTZ on order. Its principal objective was to secure Route 15 for military movement to ensure allied control of the port at Vung Tau, while politically it sought to extend government authority in Phuoc Tuy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nThe task force would be based in a rubber plantation at Nui Dat, 8 kilometres (5.0\u00a0mi) north of Ba Ria, while a logistics and support base would be established in V\u0169ng T\u00e0u with a direct link forward via road. Situated on Route 2, Wilton had selected Nui Dat because its central position offered short lines of communication, it was close but not adjacent to the main population centres, and would allow 1 ATF to disrupt Viet Cong activity in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nAstride a major communist transit and resupply route, it was close to a Viet Cong base area yet near enough to Ba Ria to afford security to the provincial capital and facilitate liaison with the local authorities. Australian doctrine emphasised establishing a base and spreading influence outwards to separate the guerrillas from the population. By lodging at Nui Dat they aimed to form a permanent presence between the Viet Cong and the inhabitants. 1 ATF would then focus on destroying Viet Cong forces in the province, while security of the towns and villages remained a South Vietnamese responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nInitially, 1 ATF consisted of two infantry battalions\u2014the 5th and 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. Other units included the 1st APC Squadron operating M113 armoured personnel carriers, 1st Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery which consisted of one New Zealand and two Australian batteries equipped with eighteen 105\u00a0mm L5 Pack Howitzers, 3rd SAS Squadron, engineers from the 1st Field Squadron and 21st Engineer Support Troop, 103rd Signals Squadron, 161st Reconnaissance Flight operating Cessna 180s and Bell H-13 Sioux light observation helicopters, and an intelligence detachment. Support arrangements were provided by the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nAustralian Logistic Support Group (1 ALSG) established amid the sand dunes at Vung Tau 30 kilometres (19\u00a0mi) south, while eight UH-1B Iroquois helicopters from No. 9 Squadron RAAF also supported 1 ATF from Vung Tau. Although 1 ATF was ostensibly independent, US forces provided considerable support including medium and heavy artillery, close air support, helicopter gunships, medium and heavy lift helicopters and additional utility helicopters. Six 155\u00a0mm M109 self-propelled howitzers from A Battery, US 2/35th Artillery Battalion were also permanently attached at Nui Dat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nThe largest Australian formation deployed since the Second World War, although many of 1 ATF's officers and non-commissioned officers had seen extensive operational service, the task force had been hastily assembled and included many untried National Servicemen. Few of its senior personnel had direct experience of counter-insurgency operations, and even less a first-hand understanding of the situation in Vietnam, while it had been unable to train together before departure. Despite these shortfalls 1 ATF had been required to rapidly deploy and commence operations in a complex environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nThe task force began arriving at Vung Tau between April and June 1966. From 17 May to 15 June, US and Australian forces secured the area around Nui Dat during Operation Hardihood, deploying two battalions of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade and an element of 1 RAR. 5 RAR deployed from Vung Tau the same day and was tasked with clearing any Viet Cong found in an area 6,000 metres (6,600\u00a0yd) east and north-east of Nui Dat. 1 ATF occupied Nui Dat from 5 June, with Jackson flying-in with his tactical headquarters to take command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nThe plan to operate independently resulted in significant self-protection requirements and 1 ATF's initial priorities were to establish a base and ensure its own security. Meanwhile, Wilton's decision to occupy Nui Dat rather than co-locate 1 ATF with its logistic support at Vung Tau allowed the task force to have a greater impact but resulted in additional manpower demands to secure the base. Indeed, the security requirements of an understrength brigade in an area of strong Viet Cong activity utilised up to half the force, limiting its freedom of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nAs part of the occupation all inhabitants within a 4,000-metre radius had been removed and resettled nearby. A protective security zone was then established, the limit of which was designated Line Alpha, and a free-fire zone declared. Although unusual for allied installations in Vietnam, many of which were located near populated areas, the Australians hoped to deny the Viet Cong observation of Nui Dat and afford greater security to patrols entering and exiting the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nAt the Battle of Long Tan on 18 August 1966, D Company 6 RAR with considerable artillery support held off and defeated a Viet Cong force of at least regimental strength. 18 Australians were killed and 24 wounded, while 245 communist dead were later recovered from the battlefield. A decisive Australian victory, Long Tan proved a major local setback for the Viet Cong, indefinitely forestalling an imminent movement against Nui Dat. Although there were other large-scale encounters in later years, 1 ATF was not fundamentally challenged again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nThe battle established the task force's dominance over the province, and allowed it to pursue operations to restore government authority. Regardless, during February 1967 the Australians suffered their heaviest casualties in the war to that point, losing 16 men killed and 55 wounded in a single week, the bulk during Operation Bribie. 5 RAR and 6 RAR completed their tours in mid-1967 and were replaced by 7 RAR and 2 RAR. The first New Zealand infantry, Victor Company RNZIR, arrived in May 1967 from Malaysia and served with the outgoing 6 RAR before and then with the newly arrived 2 RAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nWhat would ultimately prove to be a tactical blunder by 1 ATF Command and account for the majority of Australian and New Zealand casualties throughout the war, was the laying of a minefield over a 10\u00a0km area from Dat Do to the coast. By June 1967, close to 23,000 \"jumping jack\" mines had been laid by the Australian engineers within a 100-metre-wide strip of cleared ground between a double row of fences. Security of the minefield proved to be ineffective and the VC thereafter simply uplifted the mines and re-used them against the Australians and New Zealanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nMeanwhile, with the war continuing to escalate following further American troop increases, 1 ATF was heavily reinforced. A third infantry battalion, 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, arrived in December 1967. The New Zealand contribution also increased with a second infantry company added also in December 1967. Whisky Company RNZIR was initially attached to 3 RAR and then came under operational control of 2 RAR, as with Victor Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nIn February 1968 the Australian government sent two troops of Centurion tanks from its 1st Armoured Regiment to South Vietnam, each with four tanks plus two tanks with the squadron headquarters. Two bulldozer tanks and two bridgelayer tanks were also committed. A third troop was created out of the headquarters tanks, and by August the squadron was brought up to its full strength of 26 tanks. Australian and New Zealand infantry would work very closely with these tank troops for the remainder of their time in Vietnam. Additional Iroquois helicopters were also added. In all a further 1,200 men were deployed, taking the total Australian troop strength to 7,672 combat troops, its highest level during the war. This increase effectively doubled the combat power available to the task force commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nOn 1 March 1968 the Australian and New Zealand governments agreed to merge the New Zealand rifle companies into one Australian battalion which resulted in both New Zealand companies integrating with A, B, and C Companies of 2 RAR to become 2 RAR/NZ (ANZAC). With a total of five rifle companies it was stronger than the standard Australian battalion which only had four. New Victor and Whisky companies from RNZIR were again attached to subsequent 4 RAR and 6 RAR rotations during later tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nThe ANZAC battalions were commanded by an Australian officer, with a New Zealand officer appointed as deputy commander. All of the New Zealanders were regular soldiers. In late 1968 a New Zealand Special Air Service troop was also attached to the Australian SAS Squadron. New Zealand strength peaked at 552 troops in 1969. At its height 1 ATF numbered over 8,000 men, including three infantry battalions, armour, artillery, engineers, logistics and aviation units in support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nAlthough primarily operating out of Phuoc Tuy, the 1 ATF was also available for deployment elsewhere in the III Corps Tactical Zone and with the province progressively coming under control, 1968 saw the Australians spending a significant period of time conducting operations further afield. 1 ATF was subsequently deployed astride infiltration routes leading to Saigon in order to interdict communist movement against the capital as part of Operation Coburg during the 1968 Tet Offensive and later during the Battle of Coral\u2013Balmoral in May and June 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nAt Fire Support Bases Coral and Balmoral the Australians had clashed with regular North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong main force units operating in battalion and regimental strength for the first time in near conventional warfare, ultimately fighting their largest, most hazardous and most sustained battle of the war. During 26 days of fighting Australian casualties included 25 killed and 99 wounded, while communist casualties included 267 killed confirmed by body count, 60 possibly killed, seven wounded and 11 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nLater, from December 1968 to February 1969 two battalions from 1 ATF again deployed away from their base in Phuoc Tuy province, operating against suspected communist bases in the Hat Dich area, in western Phuoc Tuy, south-eastern Bien Hoa and south-western Long Khan provinces during Operation Goodwood. From May 1969 the main effort of the task force returned to Phuoc Tuy Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nOne operation which became infamous as it became known to the public was Operation Mundingburra, a mine-clearing action conducted in the Long Hai Hills from 15 July 1969 involving 6 RAR/NZ (ANZAC.) The operation had three objectives: disrupt enemy infiltration into the villages, maintain regular checkpoints on the main access routes between the villages, visit local hamlets and offer medical services to those villagers who might need it. All platoons conducted mine clearing and ambushing tasks. After 31 days the operation ended with casualties all from mine detonations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nThese were Australian mines which had been uplifted by the Viet Cong from the Australian minefield laid in 1967 and relaid or booby trapped. 6 RAR/NZ's casualties were 11 killed (6 New Zealanders, 5 Australians) and 54 wounded (10 New Zealanders, 44 Australians). A particularly disastrous incident on 21 July was the major inspiration for the 1983 pop song I Was Only 19 by the Australian band Redgum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nOne of the most successful 1 ATF operations which severely weakened the Communist forces in 1 ATF's area of operations was Operation Marsden (3\u201328 December 1969) which was a search-and-destroy mission conducted in the M\u00e2y T\u00e0o Mountains where the VC 5th Division was headquartered. The VC base in the mountains provided logistics and controlled the VC 274th and 275th Regiments as well as local Viet Cong guerilla forces. The area was also the location of the K76A Hospital, which was the principal provider of medical services for the regional VC and North Vietnamese Army (NVA) forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nAll five infantry companies from 6 RAR/NZ were deployed on 2 December. A Company scaled the mountains, having to make their way through a 200-metre-wide minefield of improvised mines made from unexploded U.S Air Force cluster bombs. On 8 December, D Company located the first major stores dump in a cave at the south of the mountains. It contained approximately 2,500 anti-personnel grenades, 22 anti-tank mines, 22 boxes of anti-watercraft mines and a large quantity of weapons, equipment and explosives. On the same day, B Company, on the north side of the mountain, found the first signs of the hospitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nThe following day they discovered a bunker system of 12 bunkers identified as part of K76A Hospital. On 11 December V Company, operating in the south-east, located another hospital with 17 large bunkers large enough to take up to 100 patients and identified it as also part of K76A. By this time all companies were discovering enemy signs and having contacts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0016-0003", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nOn the same day W Company, which was patrolling north-east of the Song Rai River, located a large enemy camp with 25\u201328 VC and at first light on 12 December attacked the group with one VC killed while the remainder escaped. A Company successfully scaled the western side and were able to establish a fire support base on the summit. On 16 and 17 December D Company located the K76A pharmacy, dental post, and orderly room. There they recovered a huge supply of medical drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0016-0004", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nOn 19 December, V Company discovered the major part of the hospital, a 200-bed complex complete with underground pharmacy, operating pits and convalescing wards. An enormous cache of medical supplies, food, tools, and equipment were found at the hospital and a large weapons cache was discovered nearby. Over the next week, all rifle companies conducted day and night search and destroy missions in their areas until 29 December 1969. 4 Australians were killed with 9 wounded during the operation. There were no New Zealand casualties. Enemy killed numbered 22 with 5 wounded and 21 prisoners, 14 of whom had been patients of the K76A Hospital. Between D Company's and V Company's finds, approximately 1.5 tonnes of pharmaceuticals had been captured, thought to be the largest amount ever seized in the war by allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Operations\nOther significant Australian actions during this period included the Binh Ba in June 1969, and Long Khanh in June 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Withdrawal\nThe Australian withdrawal started in November 1970. As a consequence of the overall US strategy of Vietnamization and with the Australian government keen to reduce its own commitment to the war, 8 RAR was not replaced at the end of its tour of duty. 1 ATF was again reduced to just two infantry battalions, albeit with significant armour, artillery and aviation support remaining. One of the New Zealand infantry companies\u2014W Company\u2014was also withdrawn at this time. Australian combat forces were further reduced during 1971 as part of a phased withdrawal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Withdrawal\nThe Battle of Nui Le on 21 September proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian and New Zealand forces in the war, and resulted in five Australians being killed and 30 wounded. The New Zealand SAS troop was withdrawn in February and the artillery battery in May. Finally, on 16 October Australian forces handed over control of the base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces, while 4 RAR, the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam, sailed for Australia onboard HMAS Sydney on 9 December 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0018-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Withdrawal\nV Company and the New Zealand medical team were also withdrawn at this time. Meanwhile, D Company, 4 RAR with an assault pioneer and mortar section and a detachment of APCs remained in Vung Tau protect the task force headquarters and 1 ALSG until the final withdrawal of stores and equipment could be completed, finally returning to Australia on 12 March 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Withdrawal\nAlthough 1 ATF had been able to dominate its area of operations and successfully reduced the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong's ability to \"influence and coerce\" the population of the province, while affording the South Vietnamese government some degree of control, this did not last following their withdrawal, and communist forces began to move back into Phuoc Tuy following their departure. Ultimately, despite maintaining a reputation for professionalism, the operations of the task force had little impact on the final outcome of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, History, Withdrawal\nBetween June 1966 and December 1971, 1 ATF recorded at least 3,370 Viet Cong killed, the majority in Phuoc Tuy, while an unknown number were wounded. Total Australian Army casualties during the Vietnam War were 478 killed and 3,025 wounded, the bulk of which were sustained by 1 ATF. New Zealand casualties during the war were 37 killed and 187 wounded, the majority of which while serving in 1 ATF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, Order of battle\n1 ATF's organisation varied as Australian and New Zealand units rotated through South Vietnam and the total size of the Australian and New Zealand force in South Vietnam changed. The task force typically consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158649-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Task Force, Order of battle\nThe Australian Army Training Team Vietnam  (AATTV) was separate from 1 ATF and reported directly to the Australian Force Vietnam (AFV) headquarters located in Saigon which provided administrative support to all Australian forces in South Vietnam. The 1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit (1 ACAU) was established in 1967 and worked closely with 1 ATF; however, it was also under the command of AFV. No. 9 Squadron RAAF operating UH-1 Iroquois utility helicopters was based at Vung Tau and operated in support of 1 ATF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company\nThe 1st Australian Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Australian Engineers during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (narrow trenches dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches, and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front. Most British tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Background\nOn 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. The Royal Australian Engineers formed four mining units \u2013 initially grouped into the Australian Mining Corps \u2013 for the British Expeditionary Force, all of which were operational by March 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Background\nThree were specialist companies of tunnellers (1st, 2nd, 3rd), while the Australian Electrical Mechanical Boring and Mining Company was tasked with carrying out related repairs. A Canadian tunnelling unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation\nIn early 1915, while the Royal Australian Engineers were deployed in Egypt, the battalion-sized \"Australian Mining Corps\" was assembled from men with a background in civilian mining. The intention was to employ this unit, which was at that time about 1,000 strong, with the ANZAC at Gallipoli, but instead it was moved to France in May 1916, where it also appeared as the \"Australian Mining Battalion\". Soon after arriving in western Europe in May 1916, the battalion was split into three tunnelling and one repairs company, and the corps headquarters dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hooge\nShortly after its formation, the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company relieved the British 175th Tunnelling Company in May 1916 in the Railway Wood-Hooge-Armagh Wood area of the Ypres Salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nOn 7 November 1916, the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company took over the mines at Hill 60 from the 1st and 3rd Canadian tunnelling companies. The mines placed under the German lines by the 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company had already been charged with explosives by the time the Australians arrived in the area. The first mine (Hill 60) contained 53,000 pounds (24,000\u00a0kg) of ammonal explosive and the second (The Caterpillar) contained 70,000 pounds (32,000\u00a0kg). The galleries formed part of the series of mines that was dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st Australian Tunnelling companies as part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines (7\u201314 June 1917), while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built deep dugouts (underground shelters) in the Second Army area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nAs part of the preparations for the Battle of Messines, the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company was tasked with ensuring that the tunnels and explosives beneath Hill 60 and The Caterpillar remained intact and undiscovered by the Germans over the next seven months. Drainage and ventilation shafts had to be dug in the unfamiliar blue clay, and there was a constant danger of collapse, particularly in the part of the gallery leading to The Caterpillar, which passed under the railway line. At the same time, listening posts had to be maintained to detect enemy action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nThese posts were only a few metres underground and therefore susceptible to collapse during bombardments. The German mining units were constantly trying to find British tunnels and numerous counter tunnels had to be dug towards the German excavations so that they could be mined with small charges and destroyed. In April 1917, German infantry conducted a raid into the British lines in an attempt to find the entrances to the British mine galleries but failed to do so. On 25 April 1917, a detonator exploded in the Australian underground HQ, killing ten men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nThe Official Australian History states that at Hill 60, \"underground warfare reached a tension which was not surpassed anywhere else on the British front\". It is estimated that altogether approximately thirty Australian tunnellers were killed at Hill 60. The mines at Messines were eventually detonated on 7 June 1917, creating 19 large craters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 63/Ploegsteert\nThe 1st Australian Tunnelling Company also undertook work on the Catacombs inside Hill 63 at Ploegsteert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Memorial\nThere is a memorial to the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company at the Hill 60 Memorial Park at Zillebeke. The current memorial was inaugurated in 1923 and replaces an earlier structure, which had been erected by the tunnellers themselves in 1919. The brass plaque on the front of the memorial bears an inscription and several bullet holes from the Second World War. The memorial is located next to the entrance gate of the Hill 60 Battlefield Memorial Park. The inscription reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158650-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Tunnelling Company, Memorial\nIN MEMORIAM OF OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE 1ST AUSTRALIAN TUNNELLING COY WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE MINING AND DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS OF HILL 60 1915-1918 / THIS MONUMENT REPLACES THAT ORIGINALLY ERECTED IN APRIL 1919 BY THEIR COMRADES IN ARMS / 1923", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron\nThe 1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron was a unit of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) which served in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) during World War I. Formed in late 1915, it took part in the Mesopotamian Campaign from 1916 to 1918, providing communications to British forces. Later, elements of the squadron served as part of Dunsterforce in 1918 and 1919, and in Kurdistan in 1919. The unit was also known as the 1st Wireless Signal Squadron and 1st Australian and New Zealand Signal Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron, History, Formation\nAt the outbreak of World War I, the British Indian Army had a severe shortage of wireless equipment and trained operators. On 27 December 1915, the Australian government received a request for a troop of wireless signallers (approximately 50 soldiers) to be sent to Mesopotamia. The operators were raised from the Marconi School of Wireless in Sydney and the Broadmeadows depot in Victoria, while the drivers, who made up half of the unit, were raised from the Army Service Corps at Moore Park in Sydney. The troop, which became known as the 1st Australian Pack Wireless Signal Troop, sailed from Melbourne on 5 February 1916 and after stops at Bombay and Columbo, arrived in Basra on 19 March 1916. The New Zealand government sent an equivalent unit which, together with the Australians, formed \"C\" Troop of the 1st Wireless Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron, History, Mesopotamian Campaign\nOn 25 April 1916, the first of the Australian wireless stations set off from Basra on a 140 miles (230\u00a0km) march north with the British 15th Indian Division. A month later the second station was sent by boat across Lake Hammar to Nasiriyah. Two New Zealand stations were sent to important locations on the Tigris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron, History, Mesopotamian Campaign\nIn March 1916, the Indian government requested that a third troop and headquarters unit be sent to reinforce these two Anzac troops to form a squadron. This squadron became known as the 1st (ANZAC) Wireless Signal Squadron and consisted of two Australian troops and one New Zealand troop. Each troop consisted of four stations. About half of these stations were more powerful transmitters carried on six-horse limbered wagons, while the other half remained pack stations. Two of the Australian stations were charged with intercepting all enemy wireless communications, while a cipher expert, Captain Clauson of the Somerset Light Infantry decoded the messages and passed them onto Intelligence Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron, History, Mesopotamian Campaign, Maude's offensive\nIn October 1916, the squadron was moved to the front in preparation for the British advance. Stations \"A\" through to \"H\" were Australian, while Stations \"I\" to \"L\" were New Zealand. The mobile Anzac stations allowed the commander of the British forces, General Frederick Stanley Maude, direct control over columns of cavalry out on operations. The column commanders were required to report via the wireless stations, to Maude every hour. The stations achieved reliable communications by using a series of relays, in which the rear most station would dismantle the moment the foremost station began to transmit. Although the rear station usually had a cavalry escort while it caught up with the main column, sometimes it had to depend on itself for protection. Stations \"A\" and \"F\" were on interception duties, while stations \"B\" and \"E\" were at the headquarters of the two British corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 90], "content_span": [91, 978]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron, History, Mesopotamian Campaign, Maude's offensive\nThe British offensive began on the night of 13 December with a short thrust across the desert to the Shatt al-Hayy, a channel connecting the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The cavalry reached the channel by dawn and began advancing towards the Tigris. During this advance 'G' station came under fire from a Turkish monitor on the river and it and the cavalry were forced to withdraw back to the channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 90], "content_span": [91, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron, History, Mesopotamian Campaign, Maude's offensive\nBetween January and February, a series of infantry attacks cleared the Turks from the right bank of the Tigris river. During this period, the wireless stations supported the cavalry, who conducted raids, screened artillery movements and tried to outflank the Suwaikiya marshes, a wide flanking maneuver which failed due to torrential rains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 90], "content_span": [91, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron, History, Mesopotamian Campaign, Maude's offensive\nKut fell on 23 February 1917 and the cavalry was ordered to cross the Tigris and cut off the retreating Turks. The Turkish rear-guard managed to check the pursuit of the cavalry, who were now too tired to cut off the Turks. However, British gunboats on the Tigris caught up with the retreat on the 26th and forced the Turks to abandon many gunboats, barges, land transport, ammunition and money. The cavalry entered Aziziyeh, 100 kilometres (62\u00a0mi) north of Kut on 29 February, where it was forced to break off the pursuit for a week while it waited for supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 90], "content_span": [91, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron, History, Mesopotamian Campaign, Fall of Baghdad\nOn 5 March 1917, Maude moved on Baghdad, but was checked on the Diyala River. Maude shifted a column to try to turn the Turkish left. The commander of the Turkish forces, Khalil Pasha, shifted his forces away from Diyala to mirror this move, allowing the 13th Division to cross the Diyala river on 10 March. Following his defeat, Khalil Pasha abandoned Baghdad the next day, destroying the German wireless station. The Anzac signallers were amongst the first Allied troops to enter the city and were able to establish communications with Basra. In the afternoon of the 11th they were able to relay the King's congratulations on Maude's success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 88], "content_span": [89, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158651-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron, History, Disbandment\nThe last members of the unit returned to Australia on 20 December 1919. In total, 558 Australian signallers were sent to Mesopotamia, however only a small fraction of that number were ever in country at one time. Although the squadron did not suffer any deaths from enemy fire, disease was responsible for the deaths of 20 soldiers from the wireless squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158652-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Chicago)\n1st Avenue, also known as Cumberland Avenue and Thatcher Avenue for parts of its northern segment, is a north-south street in Chicago and its western suburbs. It marks 8400 West in the Chicago address system, being located ten and one-half miles west of State Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158652-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Chicago)\nIts southern segment begins at an interchange with Interstate 55 (Stevenson Expressway) in Summit. At this point, it is called 1st Avenue and carries Illinois Route 171. In Lyons village, the road intersects U.S. Route 34 (Ogden Avenue). In North Riverside, 1st Avenue intersects 22nd Street. In Maywood, it intersects Roosevelt Road. 1st Avenue then intersects Interstate 290 (Eisenhower Expressway) in Maywood. While still in Maywood, 1st Avenue intersects Madison Street, crossing from the south side of the metropolitan area to the north side. Other streets that 1st Avenue intersects in Maywood are Lake Street and Chicago Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158652-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Avenue (Chicago)\nIn Melrose Park, 1st Avenue intersects Illinois Route 64 (North Avenue). In River Grove, the road intersects Fullerton Avenue and Grand Avenue. Between these two streets, 1st Avenue ends and continues as Thatcher Avenue, which splits to the southeast and continues until Hawthorne Avenue in River Forest. While still in River Grove, Thatcher Avenue intersects Belmont Avenue. It is at this point where Thatcher Avenue ends and Cumberland Avenue begins (the designation it will carry for the remainder of its routing). Next, Cumberland Avenue enters the city of Chicago and intersects the west end of Addison Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158652-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Avenue (Chicago)\nThen, it intersects Illinois Route 19 (Irving Park Road). The next road Cumberland Avenue intersects is Montrose Avenue, followed by Lawrence Avenue, and then Foster Avenue. Next, the road has an interchange with Interstate 90 (Kennedy Expressway). At the northernmost portion of the interchange, Cumberland Avenue intersects Illinois Route 72 (Higgins Road). Illinois Route 171 ends at this point as well. Further north into Park Ridge, the road intersects Devon Avenue and Touhy Avenue. The southern segment of Cumberland Avenue ends at Clifton Avenue and Cedar Street in Park Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158652-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Chicago)\nCumberland Avenue resumes at Oakton Street while still in Park Ridge. Continuing north into Niles, the road intersects U.S. Route 14 (Dempster Street). Cumberland Avenue continues north until ending at Church Street in Niles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158652-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Chicago)\nIn the '20s, Chicago annexed the area of 84th Av and under the Brennan street name system (K-L-M-N-O-P) renamed it \"Pueblo\". When Chicago replaced their street signs in the 1970s, they replaced the \"Pueblo\" signs with \"Cumberland Av\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle)\n1st Avenue is a major street in Seattle, Washington, United States. It traverses Downtown Seattle, including Pioneer Square and Belltown, as well as the adjacent neighborhoods of SoDo and Lower Queen Anne. Numerous landmarks including parks, museums, and historic buildings are located along the street, including Pike Place Market. The Great Seattle Fire of 1889 destroyed much of it and it had to be rebuilt. Parades have taken place on it before and after the fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), History\nSeattle's original street system was a misaligned grid created by three of the original settlers. Today's 1st Avenue was Front Street north of Yesler in Arthur A. Denny's plat, and Commercial Street to its south in Doc Maynard's. The grid persists in the 21st century and 1st Avenue makes two 20-degree bends where it enters and exits the Downtown Seattle core, or Denny's plat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), History, Great Seattle Fire and Underground Seattle\n1st Avenue South in Pioneer Square is built over and adjacent to \"areaways\" comprising Underground Seattle, dating to rebuilding following the Great Seattle Fire of 1889. The fire began where the Federal Office Building (Seattle) now stands. Street level was lifted one story in most of Pioneer Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), History, Rebuilding\nAfter the Great Fire, present-day Pioneer Square was rebuilt with fireproof materials including stone and brick, often with iron structural members. Historic buildings from this period on 1st Avenue that remained in the late 20th century include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), History, Rebuilding\nJust north of Pioneer Square is the 1889 Colman Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), History, Pike Place Market\nPike Place Market (opened 1907), \"one of Seattle's most famous cultural and commercial institutions\", faces 1st Avenue on its east side, between Pike Street and Virginia Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), Street description, SoDo\n1st Avenue South is an arterial through the center of the South of Downtown (SoDo) industrial area of Seattle. It is designated as one of three or four north-south \"major truck streets\" in the district. Starbucks Center, built in 1912 and headquarters of Starbucks since 1997, is on 1st Avenue South in SoDo. After it briefly joins State Route 99 then crossing the Duwamish River via the First Avenue South Bridge, the route becomes State Route 509 leading roughly to Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), Street description, Downtown towers\nAlthough the tallest Downtown towers are a few streets to the east in the Metropolitan Tract and elsewhere, 1st Avenue has some notable skyscrapers including the 37-story Henry M. Jackson Federal Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), Street description, Stairclimbs\nOwing to the hilly terrain of Downtown Seattle, several notable public stairways run east-west intersecting 1st Avenue: the Pike Street Hillclimb, Spring Street steps and Harbor Steps connecting the Central Waterfront downhill from First; and steps outside the Jackson Federal Building and the Seattle Art Museum leading uphill from First.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), Crime\nAfter World War II, 1st Avenue was nicknamed \"Flesh Avenue\", and from the 1950s to the 1980s, police raids at peep shows and other adult-oriented businesses in the First and Pike Street block were frequent and the corner was called a haven for \"street crazies and druggies, prostitutes, players and partyers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), Crime\nThe Seattle Times said in 2006, \"For decades, the Pike-Pine corridor between First and Third avenues has been known for run-down buildings, parking lots prone to drug deals and heroin addicts ... effectively a dam separating Pike Place Market and its 9 million annual visitors from the city's shopping and convention areas\". 1st Avenue between Bell and Blanchard, where Belltown meets Downtown, was ranked as Seattle's third most dangerous block in 2013, with 135 violent crimes reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158653-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue (Seattle), Gallery\nPhoto postcard of 1st Avenue from the early 20th century", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall\n1st Avenue Mall is a shopping mall in George Town, Penang, Malaysia. It is located at Magazine Road, next to Komtar and Prangin Mall, and is linked to both buildings via overhead bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall\nInitially planned as Phase 4 of the Komtar project, 1st Avenue Mall was eventually developed by a private developer and opened to the public in 2010. Upon its completion, it competes directly against the adjacent Prangin Mall and has since attracted a variety of well-known international fashion brands, including H&M, Skechers, Cotton On and Victoria's Secret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall\nAt present, the mall has two anchor tenants - Parkson and TGV Cinemas. The latter operates a cineplex at the top floor of the shopping mall, also dubbed as Cloud 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall\n1st Avenue Mall has a total of seven retail floors, including a sub-basement level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall, Retail Outlets\nOne of the two main anchor tenants of 1st Avenue Mall, Parkson, occupies 95,000 sq ft of the first four floors within the mall. Other than Parkson, the major fashion names that have set up outlets within 1st Avenue Mall include H&M, Skechers, Cotton On, Victoria's Secret, Giordano, Charles & Keith and Hush Puppies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall, Retail Outlets\nIn addition, there are a number of restaurants, cafes and beverage outlets within 1st Avenue Mall, including Texas Chicken, Starbucks, Baskin-Robbins, Kenny Rogers Roasters and Chatime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall, Entertainment\n1st Avenue Mall is home to a variety of entertainment options. The other main anchor tenant of the mall, TGV Cinemas, operates an eight-screen cineplex at Cloud 8, the top floor of the shopping mall. At the time of its launching, it was the first TGV Cinemas outlet on Penang Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall, Entertainment\nOther entertainment outlets within the mall include a laser tag arena, an escape room and a karaoke joint. The laser tag and escape room outlets, which are run by Laser OPS and The Escape Room respectively, are located at the third floor, while the karaoke joint also shares the Cloud 8 with the TGV Cineplex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall, Location\n1st Avenue Mall is situated in the centre of George Town, along Magazine Road, next to Komtar and Prangin Mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158654-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Avenue Mall, Getting Here\n1st Avenue Mall's location at the heart of George Town, right next to the Rapid Penang bus terminal in Komtar, makes it easily accessible to locals and tourists alike. One can take the free-of-charge Rapid Penang CAT bus from anywhere within George Town's UNESCO World Heritage Site to get to 1st Avenue Mall. As most Rapid Penang bus routes on Penang Island pass through the Komtar bus terminal, 1st Avenue Mall can also be reached via any Rapid Penang bus heading to Komtar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade\nThe 1st Aviation Brigade commands three distinctly different battalions\u2014the 1st Battalion, 13th Aviation Regiment; the 1st Battalion, 145th Aviation Regiment; and the 2nd Battalion, 13th Aviation Regiment, the former Unmanned Aircraft Systems Training Battalion at Fort Huachuca, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Formation and Vietnam service\nThe 1st Aviation Brigade traces its origins to the Vietnam War. In April 1965 the U.S. Army Aviation Brigade (Provisional) was activated with the existing 13th, 14th, 52nd, and 145th Aviation Battalions, already in South Vietnam, reporting to it. In August 1965 it became the 12th Aviation Group, which then doubled in size and was used to form the 1st Aviation Brigade in March 1966. Dunstan, in Vietnam Choppers writes that the numerous independent aviation companies deployed during the war's early years had become difficult to move between sectors because they had developed 'individual means of operating in conjunction with the formations they supported.' Thus the brigade was formed to achieve standardization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Formation and Vietnam service\nBrigadier General George P. Seneff, the Staff Aviation Officer at Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), became the brigade commander. Because the requirements varied in each part of South Vietnam, the brigade tried to collocate one assault helicopter company with each U.S. brigade and in course of time each Republic of Korea brigade. The companies supporting Army of the Republic of Vietnam units were located in centralized positions to best provide support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Formation and Vietnam service\nThe brigade assigned one combat aviation battalion headquarters in direct support of each infantry division and this battalion headquarters normally worked with that division no matter how many companies might be assigned for a specific mission. The Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company was located in Saigon from May 1966 until August 1967. Then the HQ moved to Long Binh where it remained until Long Binh was closed in the early autumn of 1972. The HQ then moved to the MACV compound at Tan Son Nhut, where it stayed until withdrawal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Formation and Vietnam service\nAt this time the 52nd Aviation Battalion supported the 4th Infantry Division in the Central Highlands, the 10th Aviation Battalion supported the brigade of the 101st and the Republic of Korea division, the 11th Combat Aviation Battalion supported the 1st Infantry Division, the 214th\u2014the 9th Division and the 269th Aviation Battalion the 25th Division. The 13th Battalion, which was later to become a full group, remained in the Mekong Delta. Two aviation groups, the 17th and the 12th, supervised the aviation assets in the II and III Corps Tactical Zones respectively. The aviation group commander was also the aviation officer for the U.S. Field Force commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Formation and Vietnam service\nDuring June 1970, the 1st Aviation Brigade reached its largest size, at which point it contained four combat aviation groups, 16 combat aviation battalions and 83 companies totaling over 4,000 aircraft and 27,000 personnel. The 34th General Support Group (Aviation Maintenance and Supply) was transferred to the control of 1st Aviation Brigade in November 1971 where it continued in operation well into 1972. On the signing of the cease-fire on 28 January 1973, the Brigade strength had been reduced to 5,000 personnel and 420 aircraft in four combat aviation groups. The brigade was returned to Fort Rucker, Alabama, on 24 March 1973, and was deactivated on 6 April 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Formation and Vietnam service\nAccording to Shelby Stanton's Vietnam Order of Battle, subordinate brigade units in South Vietnam included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Current formation\nOn 18 February 1977 the brigade was reactivated at Fort Rucker as a training formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Current formation\nVietnam War combat veteran John Bahnsen commanded the 1st Aviation Brigade in the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Current formation\nThe 1st Aviation Brigade\u2019s primary mission has been to train and develop future aviation warfighting leaders. Including the lessons learned from deployed units, instructors and students write, review, and coordinate Army Aviation combined arms doctrine for aviation units below brigade level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158655-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade, History, Current formation\nThe course curriculum consists of a wide range of professional military education subjects, with emphasis on combined arms battlefield integration. The tactical training is further reinforced with state-of-the-art simulation, allowing students to assume various command and staff positions at all command levels while fighting simulated battles throughout a wide spectrum of tactical scenarios. Equally important is the initial entry training (IET) taught to entry level Aviation Branch Soldiers. IET teaches fundamental skills for U.S. Army personnel to perform their occupational specialties in an aviation unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158656-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade (Poland)\nThe 1st Aviation Brigade (Polish: 1 Brygada Lotnictwa Wojsk L\u0105dowych (1 BLWL)) is a brigade of the Polish Armed Forces, headquartered in Inowroc\u0142aw. The brigade is designed to provide military aviation support to the Polish Land Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158656-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade (Poland), History\nThe 1st Aviation Brigade was formed in 2011 based on the decision of the Minister of National Defense. Elements of the brigade took part in the War in Afghanistan, providing air support for Polish ground contingents. The brigade's anniversary was set to 6 June while a commemorative badge of the 1st Air Force Brigade was also introduced by the Minister of National Defense in April 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158657-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade (South Korea)\nThe 1st Aviation Brigade (Korean: \uc81c1\ud56d\uacf5\uc5ec\ub2e8) is a military formation of the Republic of Korea Army. The brigade is subordinated to the Army Aviation Operations Command (Republic of Korea).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158657-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade (South Korea), History\nIt was founded on June 1, 1978 with the 202nd and 203rd aviation battalions, operating UH-1H, were established at the 61st Aviation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158657-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade (South Korea), History\nIn order to suppress the Gwangju Uprising in 1980, in accordance with the \u201cHelicopter Operation Plan\u201d of the Army Headquarters, Brigadier General Song Jin-won of the 1st Aviation Brigade, ordered the unit to  deployed to Gwangju city on 22 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158657-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade (South Korea), Organization\nIt is a joint unit of the 6th Marine Brigade stationed on Baengnyeongdo Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158658-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Aviation Brigade is an aviation brigade of the British Army. Most of its units are from the Army Air Corps (AAC). It was stood up on 1 April 2020 by combining the Wattisham Flying Station Headquarters (WFS HQ), formerly the Attack Helicopter Force (AHF) at Wattisham and the Aviation Reconnaissance Force at the Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton. It will reach initial operating capability on 1 April 2021 and full operating capability by 1 January 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158658-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Brigade (United Kingdom), Structure\nAs of May 2021 the units of the brigade are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158659-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (Australia)\nThe 1st Aviation Regiment is one of the Australian Army's three Army Aviation regiments and provides aerial reconnaissance and fire support to the Australian Army. The 1st Aviation Regiment, equipped with Eurocopter Tiger attack helicopters, forms part of the 16th Aviation Brigade and is based at Gaza Lines, Robertson Barracks, Darwin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158659-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (Australia), History\nThe Regiment was formed on 26 April 1966 as the 1st Division Army Aviation Regiment and was re-designated the 1st Aviation Regiment on 31 March 1967. The regiment had historically operated a mix of fixed-wing and rotary aircraft. In late 2004, the regiment was re-organised for its new role to operate the Tiger Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter (ARH).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158659-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (Australia), History\nAs part of this restructure, 171st Operational Support Squadron and 173rd Surveillance Squadron were placed as direct command units of the 16th Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158659-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring 2005 and 2006, the regiment consolidated all of the remaining squadrons into one location for the first time, at Gaza Lines, in Darwin's Robertson Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158659-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (Australia), History\nIn 2012 after three incidents with cockpit fumes that endangered aircrew, pilots voted to not fly until all safety concerns were addressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158659-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (Australia), History\nThe Tiger ARH reached its full operational capability on 18 April 2016 with minor caveats. This process took much longer than expected, due in part to the complexity of the helicopters and shortages of spare parts. The 2016 Defence White Paper stated that the Tigers would be retired early, and be replaced with different aircraft during the mid-2020s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158659-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (Australia), History\nOn 15 January 2021, Minister for Defence Linda Reynolds announced that the Boeing AH-64E Apache Guardian had been selected for Project Land 4503 to replace the Tiger ARH. A fleet of up to 29 Apaches will be acquired with a planned initial operational capability of 12 helicopters in 2026 and full operational capability in 2028.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Aviation Regiment is a task force and is a unit in the First Infantry Division's Combat Aviation Brigade, composed of three battalion units of pilots, crews, and teams within the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), History, 1st Battalion\nThe unit was redesignated as Aviation Company, 1st Infantry Division and activated at Fort Riley, Kansas on 21 April 1972. On 2 September 1981 the unit was reorganized and redesignated as 1st Aviation Battalion at Fort Riley, Kansas. On 16 November 1987, the 1st Aviation Regiment was relieved from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division. Its headquarters was concurrently reorganized and redesignated as the 1st Aviation, a parent regiment in the United States Army Regimental System. 2nd Battalion, 1st Aviation Regiment was activated at Katterbach Kaserne, Federal Republic of Germany, under the 1st Armored Division (Old Ironsides)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), History, 1st Battalion\nOn 16 November 1987, the unit was reorganized and redesignated as 1st Battalion, 1st Aviation. It remained assigned to the 1st Infantry Division. The 1st Battalion, 1st Aviation was later reorganized and completed its AH-64 Apache unit training plan fielding on 23 April 1990. On 8 November 1990, the 1st Battalion, 1st Aviation, as part of the 1st Infantry Division, was alerted and deployed to Saudi Arabia. On 24 February 1991, the 1st Battalion, 1st Aviation helped the 1st Infantry Division spearhead the VII Corps attack into Iraq. Upon return to Fort Riley, Kansas, the unit continued training until it was inactivated 15 September 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), History, 1st Battalion\nOn 16 February 1996, the 1st Battalion, 1st Aviation was reactivated and restationed at Katterbach, Germany, as part of 4th Brigade (Aviation), 1st Infantry Division. On 24 December 1996, the 1st Battalion, 1st Aviation was alerted and deployed to the former Republic of Yugoslavia to conduct operations as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Stabilization Force (SFOR) Operational Reserve. On 31 October 1997, the 1st Battalion, 1st Aviation returned to Katterbach, Germany, where the unit provided invaluable reconnaissance and lethal attack helicopter fires for the soldiers of the Big Red One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), History, 3rd Battalion\n3rd Battalion, 1st Aviation Regiment started in Ft. Hood, then deployed to 4th Brigade, 1st Aviation Regiment in Katterbach, Germany with the new AH-64 Apache. 2/1 Avn came after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), History, 3rd Battalion\nThe 3rd Battalion lead TF Nightmare for TAAC \u2013 South in Afghanistan for 7 months in 2016\u20132017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia, Description\nA silver color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per nebuly Argent and Azure (Ultramarine Blue) in base a mullet of 11 points of the first and in chief an alerion Gules. Attached below the shield a silver scroll inscribed \"SUPER PRIMUM\" in black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia, Symbolism\nUltramarine blue is traditionally associated with Aviation units. The alerion (a heraldic eagle without beak or talon) is symbolic of flight and further suggests the fixed-wing variety of aircraft. The star, a symbol of achievement, also represents rotary-winged aircraft. The nebuly partition line is suggestive of clouds and sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia, Background\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 1st Aviation Battalion on 17 February 1964. It was rescinded on 8 July 1976. On 1 September 1981, it was reinstated for the 1st Aviation Battalion and amended to change the color of the shield. The insignia was redesignated on 16 November 1987 for the 1st Aviation with the description and symbolism revised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon, Shield\nPer bend nebuly Argent and Azure (Ultramarine blue) in base a mullet of 11 points of the first and in chief an alerion Gules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon, Crest\nOn a wreath of the colors, Argent and Azure, issuant out of a cloud proper, four crossed lightning bolts their points in base, two at center Gules between Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism, Shield\nUltramarine blue is traditionally associated with Aviation units. The alerion (a heraldic eagle without beak or talon) is symbolic of flight and further suggests the fixed-wing variety of aircraft. The star, a symbol of achievement, also represents rotary-winged aircraft. The nebuly partition line is suggestive of clouds and sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism, Crest\nThe lightning bolts issuing from a cloud refers to the mission and capabilities of the 1st Aviation Battalion in combat service. Yellow and scarlet, the colors of the Republic of Vietnam flag, refer to the 1st Aviation Battalion's service in 11 campaigns there. Two awards of the Meritorious Unit Commendation are represented by the scarlet lightning bolts at center, and the two yellow bolts connote awards of the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm and Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158660-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Aviation Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 1st Aviation Battalion on 17 February 1964. It was rescinded on 8 July 1976. On 1 September 1981 the coat of arms was reinstated and amended to change the color of the shield and to add a crest. The coat of arms was redesignated to the 1st Aviation with the symbolism revised on 16 November 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158661-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Award Show (Rajasthan Film Festival)\nAn awards ceremony where the Cinema of Rajasthani was honored at the Rajasthan Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158661-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Award Show (Rajasthan Film Festival)\nKanchan Cassette and Series organized the first Rajasthan Film Festival Award Ceremony to honor Rajasthan Cinema, Art, Culture, and Artists at Deep Smriti Auditorium in Jaipur, India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158661-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Award Show (Rajasthan Film Festival)\nThe ceremony began with a documentary of 70 years of Cinema of Rajasthani. The artists, producers, directors and others associated with cinema, saluted and applauded the roots and significance of Rajasthan. Attendees expressed their heartfelt feelings and progressed to the development of film industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158661-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Award Show (Rajasthan Film Festival)\nArtists of Hindi and Rajasthani Cinema in all categories were given awards. In addition O.P. Vyas, Gulabo Sapera, Mohan Singh Rathore, Veena Cassettes, Modern Videos, Neelu Wagela, Khistiz Kumar, and Ramesh Tiwari were awarded with \" Life Time Achievement \" Awards. Dr. Mahesh Joshi presided the function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158662-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Awit Awards (1969)\nThe 1st Awit Awards were held on March 23, 1969, in Makati. These awards recognized musical achievements for the year 1968. This was the only award ceremony organized by the Awit Awards Executive Committee after the Philippine Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (PARAS) took charge the next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158662-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Awit Awards (1969)\nA total of 28 awards were presented that night. Another category, the Visiting Recording Artist of the Year, would be given in the foreign division supposedly but due to lack of nominees, it was not awarded. Pauline Sevilla won the most awards with three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158662-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Awit Awards (1969), Winners, Special awards\nIt is currently unknown which album of Leopoldo Silos won the \"Best Instrumental Album\". Although this single was originally released in 1965, it was included in the album, The Graduate, which, on the other hand, was released in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteer Corps was formed in 1859 as a response to a French invasion threat. It transferred to the Territorial Force (TF) in 1908 and its successor units fought with the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division in Palestine during World War I, and in North West Europe and Burma during World War II. It continued in the Territorial Army (TA) until amalgamation in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 1st Administrative Brigade of Ayrshire Artillery Volunteers was formed with its headquarters (HQ) at Irvine, North Ayrshire, in November 1860. It comprised the following Ayrshire Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers\nIn 1863, the following corps were added to the brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers\nThe first commanding officer (CO) of the administrative brigade was Major Sir Edward Hunt-Blair, 4th Baronet of Dunskey, Wigtown, appointed on 8 May 1861, who was replaced on 17 July 1863 by Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon Greville Vernon, whose his second-in-command (with the rank of major) was Captain (later Admiral) John Eglinton Montgomerie, Royal Navy. Hunter-Blair was reappointed (with the rank of lieutenant-colonel) on 4 September 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers\nIn 1863, brigade HQ moved from Irvine to Ayr, and in May 1880 the brigade was consolidated as the 1st Ayrshire & Galloway Artillery Volunteers, with headquarters at Ayr and 11 batteries as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers, Position artillery\nThe AVCs were intended to serve as garrison artillery manning fixed defences, but a number of the early units manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. At that time they were not officially supported by the War Office (WO). The concept was revived in 1888 when some Volunteer batteries were reorganised as position artillery to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. In 1889, a position battery of 16-pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading (RML) guns was issued to the 1st Ayrshire & Galloway and manned by the two Kilmarnock batteries. In that year the HQ moved to Kilmarnock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 88], "content_span": [89, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers, Position artillery\nIn 1892, the existing position battery took the number 1, absorbing the 6th and 7th Companies. In 1901, two more batteries of 9 Pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading (RML) guns were issued to the corps, which took the numbers 2 and 3 and absorbed the Irvine and Ayr Companies, and an extra personnel formed as a 6th Company at Kilmarnock. The 8th to 11th Companies took the numbers 7 to 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 88], "content_span": [89, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1882 all the AVCs were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the 1st Ayrshire & Galloway AVC became part of the Scottish Division. In 1889 the structure was altered, and the corps joined the Southern Division. In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished their titles were changed, the unit becoming the 1st Ayrshire and Galloway Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902, with its HQ at Kilmarnock. The following year the position batteries were redesignated as heavy batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 94], "content_span": [95, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1903, 4.7-inch Quick Firing (QF) guns replaced the RML armament of all three heavy batteries. The final organisation of the unit until 1908 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 94], "content_span": [95, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nThe corps carried out its gun practice at Irvine. It used the Ayrshire Rifle Association range at Irvine for musketry, except the 7th to 10th Companies, which had ranges near their own headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 94], "content_span": [95, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1900, over 600 men of the unit volunteered to serve in the Second Boer War, but as artillery men were not required they were not accepted. Twenty-eight men served in South Africa during the war with other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 94], "content_span": [95, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the 1st Ayrshire and Galloway RGA (V) formed the II (or 2nd) Lowland Brigade in the Royal Field Artillery (RFA). It also provided a nucleus for the Lowland Mounted Brigade Transport & Supply Column, Army Service Corps. The new unit had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe II Lowland Brigade was part of the TF's Lowland Division. The batteries were each issued with four 15-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe Lowland Division had been attending annual camp on the Ayrshire coast when the order to mobilise was received at 17.25 on Tuesday August 1914. Mobilisation began the following day at unit drill halls. On 12 August the division was ordered to concentrate at Bedford and entrainment began on 15 August. Concentration was completed by 17 August and the division formed part of First Army (Home Forces) in Central Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, units of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Lowland Brigade\n1/II Lowland Brigade embarked with the rest of the division for the Mediterranean in May 1915, and landed at Alexandria the following month. However, it was not employed in the Gallipoli Campaign and remained in Egypt. It rejoined the rest of the division at El Qantara in March 1916 and the following month it was re-armed with 18-pounder guns. It was redesignated CCLX (or 260) Brigade, RFA, on 25 May 1916, and renumbered CCLXI (261) Brigade on 15 September. It  transferred to 7th (Meerut) Division when the 52nd left for the Western Front in April 1918 and served with this Indian Army formation in Palestine until the end of the war. It was placed in suspended animation in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 81], "content_span": [82, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/II Lowland Brigade\n2/II Lowland Brigade served with the 2nd Lowland Division (65th (2nd Lowland) Division from August 1915) in Scotland and England. It was redesignated CCCXXVI (or 326) Brigade, RFA, in May 1916. Early in 1917 the division was sent to Ireland. It was broken up in early 1918, but 326 Bde remained at Kildare until 27 October 1919 when it completed its disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 81], "content_span": [82, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nThe 2nd Lowland Brigade reformed in 1920, and was redesignated as the 79th (Lowland) Brigade, RFA, the following year when the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA). It became a 'Field Brigade, RA', when the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery in 1924. It continued to be part of 52nd (Lowland) Division and had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 62], "content_span": [63, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis of 1938, with existing units splitting to form duplicates before the outbreak of World War II. 79th Field Regiment reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe establishment of a field battery was increased to 12 guns organised into three Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 79th (Lowland) Field Regiment\n79th Field Regiment mobilised in 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. Apart from a period in June 1940 when the rest of the division was briefly deployed to France, the regiment served with the 52nd (L) Division throughout the war, including the campaign in North West Europe from October 1944 to VE Day. It was placed in suspended animation in 1946", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 91], "content_span": [92, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 130th (Lowland) Field Regiment\n130th Field Regiment mobilised in 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division (the duplicate of 52nd (Lowland)) and served with it through the early years of war. The regiment received its  'Lowland' subtitle in 1942. It left the 15th (S) Division on 4 January 1942 and sailed to India, where it joined first 14th Indian Infantry Division and later 36th Indian Division, with which it served in the Burma Campaign. 36th Indian Division became 36th British Division in September 1944 and continued fighting in Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 92], "content_span": [93, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the 79th reformed at Ayr as 279th (Lowland) Field Rgt, while 130th reformed at Troon (later returning to Kilmarnock) as 330th (Lowland) Medium Rgt. Both were in 85 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery, which was redesignated HQ RA 52nd (Lowland) Division in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1961 the TA was reduced, and most of 279th Fd Rgt amalgamated with 280th (Lowland \u2013 City of Glasgow) Medium Rgt to form 279th (City of Glasgow & Ayrshire) Fd Rgt with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nSurplus personnel of 279th (Ayrshire) Fd Rgt were transferred to 576 (General Transport) Company, Royal Army Service Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reduced to the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967, the regiment merged with 277th (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) Field Rgt and 278th (Lowland) Field Rgt to form 'S (Ayrshire)' and 'T (Glasgow)' Btys in the Glasgow-based Lowland Regiment, RA. The Lowland Regiment was reduced to a cadre in 1969 and disbanded in 1975, but in 1986  105 (Scottish) Air Defence Regiment was designated as its successor unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158663-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms\nThe original uniform of the 1st and 2nd Ayrshire AVCs was blue tunics with red collars, cuffs, and piping, edged all round with black braid and with four rows of black braid across the chest. Blue trousers with black stripe with red piping were also worn, along with blue peaked caps with a black lace band, scarlet piping, and a silver grenade in front. Black waist-belts were worn. The original uniform of the 1st Wigtown was blue with scarlet facings, white belts, and silver badges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158664-0000-0000", "contents": "1st BRIC summit\nThe inaugural BRIC summit took place in Yekaterinburg, Russia on June 16, 2009. The four heads of government from the BRIC countries attended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158664-0001-0000", "contents": "1st BRIC summit, Overview\nThe acronym BRIC (for Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first used in a Goldman Sachs thesis projecting that the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China is such that they may become among the five most dominant economies by the year 2050. Today, the four countries produce about 15 percent of the world\u2019s gross domestic product and hold about 40 percent of the gold and hard currency reserves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158664-0002-0000", "contents": "1st BRIC summit, Overview\nPolitical dialogue between the BRIC countries began in New York in September 2006, with a meeting of the BRIC foreign ministers. Four high-level meetings have followed, including a full-scale meeting in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on May 16, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158664-0003-0000", "contents": "1st BRIC summit, Participants\nThe heads of state and heads of government of the four countries participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158664-0004-0000", "contents": "1st BRIC summit, Issues\nThe leaders discussed the current global financial crisis, global development, and further strengthening of the BRIC group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158664-0005-0000", "contents": "1st BRIC summit, Issues, World economy\nThe BRIC leaders called for increased economic reform, demanding a \"greater voice and representation in international financial institutions, and their heads and senior leadership should be appointed through an open, transparent and merit-based selection process.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158664-0006-0000", "contents": "1st BRIC summit, Issues, World economy\nThey urged the international community to push for comprehensive results of the Doha Round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158664-0007-0000", "contents": "1st BRIC summit, Issues, Political issues\nAmongst the important issues discussed were United Nations reform. \"We reiterate the importance we attach to the status of India and Brazil in international affairs, and understand and support their aspirations to play a greater role in the United Nations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158664-0008-0000", "contents": "1st BRIC summit, Issues, Food crisis\nRegarding the 2007\u20132008 world food price crisis, the leaders issued a joint statement on global food security, calling for \"action by all governments and the relevant international agencies\"; and reaffirmed \"their commitment to contribute to the efforts to overcome the global food crisis\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158665-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Baltic Front\nThe First Baltic Front (Russian: \u041f\u00e9\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442) was a major formation of the Red Army during the Second World War. It was commanded by Army General Andrey Yeryomenko, succeeded by Army General Bagramyan. It was formed by renaming the Kalinin Front on 12 October 1943, and took part in several important military operations, most notably Bagration in the summer of 1944. The 1st Baltic Front also assisted in lifting the siege of Leningrad on 27 January 1944, as well as in Operation Samland, at that time known as the Samland Group, captured K\u00f6nigsberg in April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158665-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Baltic Front, Composition\nAs of 23 June 1944, the First Baltic Front consisted of the following units and their commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158665-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Baltic Front, Composition\nBaltic Front, led by front commander Army General Hovhannes Bagramyan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158665-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Baltic Front, Composition\n3rd Air Army, led by General Lieutenant N. F. Papivin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery founded in Banffshire in Scotland in 1859. Through various reorganisations it served as auxiliary garrison artillery until 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. By 1861 five Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) had been formed in Banffshire:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nOn 22 October 1861 these units were brought together into the 1st Administrative Brigade, Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, with its headquarters (HQ) at Banff. In 1863 the brigade was joined by the 1st Elgin AVC, which had been formed at Lossiemouth in Elginshire on 26 March 1860. A 2nd Elgin AVC was formed at Burghead on 16 October 1872 and was also included in the 1st Banff Admin Brigade. On 13 November 1875 a new 3rd Banffshire AVC was formed at Gardenstown to replace the unit disbanded in 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Reorganisation\nIn December 1876 the artillery volunteers in North East Scotland were reorganised. The five Banff units joined the 1st Aberdeenshire Administrative Brigade and the two Elgin units joined the 1st Inverness-shire Administrative Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Reorganisation\nWhen the administrative brigades were consolidated in May 1880, the Banffshire AVCs were included in the new 1st Aberdeenshire AVC as Nos 9\u201313 Batteries. However, in May 1882 they were withdrawn, together with two Aberdeenshire batteries and the Lossiemouth battery from Elgin, to form the 1st Banffshire AVC with the subtitle 'Aberdeen, Banff and Elgin', and the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Reorganisation\nThe unit carried out its annual practice camp at Barry Buddon, and had five carbine ranges near company HQs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1882 all the AVCs were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the 1st Banffshire AVC became part of the Scottish Division. In 1889 the structure was altered, and the corps joined the Southern Division. In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished the unit titles were changed on 1 January 1902, the Banff unit becoming the 1st Banffshire Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the personnel of the 1st Banffshire and most of the 1st Aberdeenshire RGA (V) were combined to form a new I (or 1st) Highland Brigade, Royal Field Artillery. The new unit included a Banffshire Battery and the Banffshire Small Arms Ammunition Section of the Brigade Ammunition Column. However, the Banffshire Battery was disbanded in 1911 and replaced by another Aberdeen Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe original five Banff AVCs wore a uniform that closely followed that of the Royal Artillery, except that white/silver lace was worn in place of yellow/gold. After 1882 the 1st Banff AVC was one of the few Scottish artillery corps to have a Pipe band, which wore the Duff tartan of its Honorary Colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158666-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers, Honorary Colonel\nAlexander Duff, Earl of Fife (later the 1st Duke of Fife, KT, GCVO, VD), was appointed Honorary Colonel of the unit on 15 March 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158667-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 1st Bangladesh National Film Awards (Bengali: \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099a\u09b2\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0) presented by Ministry of Information to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema censored in the year 1975. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh. It was the first ceremony of National Film Awards and presented on 4 April 1976. Director Zahir Raihan was awarded a special awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158667-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Bangladesh National Film Awards, List of winners\nThis year awards were given in total 12 categories out of 19 categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158668-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bangor Old Boys F.C.\n1st Bangor Old Boys Football Club, also known as 1st Bangor O.B., is a Northern Irish, intermediate football club playing in the Premier Division of the Northern Amateur Football League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158668-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Bangor Old Boys F.C.\nA club of the same name was in existence from 1938\u20131965, but the present club was founded in 1967, and joined the Amateur League in 1979, winning the Junior Cup in the same season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158668-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Bangor Old Boys F.C.\nOriginally from Bangor, County Down, the club is now based at the Drome in Newtownards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158669-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Banino\n1st Banino (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u0411\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e) is a rural locality (a selo) in Baninsky Selsoviet of Fatezhsky District, Russia. The population was 164 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158669-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Banino, Geography\n1st Banino is located 15 km northeast of Fatezh (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158670-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bassman\n1st Bassman is an album by jazz bassist Paul Chambers, recorded at Bell Sound Studios on May 12, 1960 and released by the Vee-Jay label. This album is notable for its featured use of the acoustic bass as the lead instrument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158670-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Bassman, Critical reception\nAllMusic reviewer Michael G. Nastos stated \"Chambers was allowed to put his bass on top, become a leader in his own right, and play lead melodies with a clear, ringing, well enunciated tone. 1st Bassman is anchored by rising stars from Detroit such as Yusef Lateef, Curtis Fuller ... The emphasis on the compositions of Lateef all display a spare construct, rearing the horns to a marginal level except for solos, allowing Chambers to take care of business and control the shaping of the melodies, with little unison play involved. ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158670-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Bassman, Critical reception\nThis CD and its companion piece Go complement the preceding Blue Note sessions, comprising a small but potent body of work that few bassists have produced in modern jazz\". Reviewing The Complete Vee Jay Paul Chambers/Wynton Kelly Sessions 1959-61 for All About Jazz C. Michael Hovan said \"there seems to be some very perceptible growth in Chamber\u2019s ability to move the date beyond your average blowing session. All the tunes are by Yusef Lateef and he manages to develop interesting structures that stimulate the creative juices of a fantastic sextet\". In JazzTimes Harvey Pekar wrote \"The soloists here do a fine job of making their work consistent with the character of the compositions. Chambers\u2019 work is prominently featured, and he plays thoughtfully as well as exhibiting his vaunted chops\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia)\nThe 1st Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Although its numerical name was designated during the First World War, the 1st Battalion can trace its lineage back to 1854, when a unit of the Volunteer Rifles was raised in Sydney, New South Wales. This unit has since been redesignated a number of times, but through its links with the units of the colonial NSW defence force, the battalion's history includes services in Sudan and South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia)\nDuring the First World War, the 1st Battalion was raised for overseas service in 1914 as part of the First Australian Imperial Force. Attached to the 1st Brigade, the battalion served in Egypt initially before taking part in the fighting in Gallipoli against the Turks. Later the battalion was sent to the Western Front where it fought in the trenches in France and Belgium as part of the Australian Corps. Following the end of the war the battalion was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia)\nIn 1921, the battalion was reformed as part of the Militia as the \"1st Battalion (East Sydney Regiment)\". Throughout the interwar years the unit's designation changed a couple of times and for a time it was amalgamated with the 19th Battalion. During the Second World War the battalion served as garrison force in Australia before being disbanded in 1944 due to manpower shortages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing the war the 1st Battalion was not re-raised until 1957 when it was reformed as a commando unit in Sydney as the \"1st Infantry Battalion (Commando) (City of Sydney's Own Regiment)\" before being reduced to a company-sized element in the Pentropic 1st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment. In 1965, the battalion was reformed as the non-Pentropically established \"1st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment (Commando)\". It maintained the commando role until 1971 when it was amalgamated once again with the 19th Battalion to become the 1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, a unit of the Australian Army Reserve that remains in existence today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Lineage\nAlthough the 1st Battalion was not technically established until 1914, the unit takes its lineage from units that were raised in Sydney, New South Wales sixty years before then. Indeed, the 1st Battalion was the oldest infantry battalion from New South Wales and is a successor unit of the Sydney Volunteer Rifles which were raised in 1854 in the then colony of New South Wales in response to concerns about possible threats posed by Russian naval forces in the Pacific during the Crimean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Lineage\nFollowing that the unit went through a number of changes in composition and designation as the various colonial defence forces were reorganised during the mid to late 19th Century. By 1860 the unit had become known as the \"Sydney Battalion\", but in 1878 following the decision to introduce a system of partial payment for volunteer soldiers, the unit was absorbed into the 1st Regiment of New South Wales Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Lineage\nIn 1885, the 1st Regiment provided a detachment of one officer and 75 men to serve in Sudan during the Mahdist War, for which they received the battle honour \"Suakin 1885\". During the Second Boer War 12 officers and 91 men from the regiment served in South Africa as part of the New South Wales contingent, for which they were later recognised with the battle honour of \"South Africa 1899\u20131902\". Following Federation the regiment became the 1st Australian Infantry Regiment. A system of universal training was introduced in 1911. Due to the large increase in the size of the Army the existing regiments were reorganised and redesignated. As a result, the regiment was split into three units\u2014the 21st, 24th and 26th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nFollowing the outbreak of the First World War the decision was made to raise an expeditionary force known as the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) which would exist alongside the Militia units that already existed. This was largely because the provisions of the Defence Act 1901 prohibited sending conscripts overseas to fight, but was also in part due to the need to maintain a military presence in Australia in case of emergency or attack while the 1st AIF was deployed overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nAlthough initially there were limits placed upon the numbers of militiamen that could enlist as there was a requirement to man coastal defences and guard vital installations, large numbers of militiamen did enlist and were largely allocated to AIF units based upon locality. As a result, many of the AIF units became associated with the Militia units from where they were located and to some extent there was an attempt to maintain the identity of these units within the AIF. Up to 100 men from the pre-war 1st Infantry Regiment are believed to have served in various AIF units during the war, including the 1st Battalion. Some prominent members include William Holmes, Sydney Herring and James Heane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nAmong the units raised by the AIF, the 1st Battalion was one of the first infantry units raised in New South Wales, being formed at Randwick in Sydney in August 1914, within the first fortnight of the war. After a brief period of basic training the 1st Battalion was among the first Australian troops to be deployed overseas, arriving in Egypt on 2 December 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nAfter undertaking further training and serving in a static defence role around the Suez Canal, the battalion took part in the Landing at Anzac Cove, coming ashore with the second and third waves on 25 April 1915. Following the initial battle for the heights overlooking the beachhead in which the battalion took part in the attack on the hill known as Baby 700, the Turks regained control of the heights and the battalion was forced to withdraw to Russel Top and then later to the southern flank near Gaba Tebe. On 27 April, the battalion carried out a desperate bayonet charge for which one of the battalion's officers, Alfred Shout received a Military Cross and was Mentioned in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nIn August, the Allies went on the offensive on the Gallipoli peninsula launching the August Offensive. As part of this offensive, the 1st Division was called upon to launch a diversionary attack on Lone Pine. It was during this battle that the battalion took part in arguably its most notable engagement of the campaign. The attack began early on 6 August and after only an hour, the Australians had captured the Turkish positions at Lone Pine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nThe Turks counterattacked almost immediately and for the course of the next three days the fighting continued, during which time two members of the battalion, Alfred Shout and Leonard Keysor, performed acts of valour for which they were later awarded the Victoria Cross. The Allies evacuated Gallipoli in December 1915 and the 1st Battalion returned to Egypt. While in Egypt the AIF underwent a period of expansion and re-organisation, during which time a number of men from the 1st Battalion were transferred to the newly formed 53rd Battalion. In early 1916, the AIF's infantry divisions were sent to France where over the course of the next two-and-a-half years they would take part in the fighting against the Germans on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nThe battalion's first major action in France was at Pozi\u00e8res in July 1916. Later the battalion fought at Ypres, in Belgium, before returning to the Somme in winter. At Bullecourt in May 1917, George Howell became the third member of the battalion to receive the Victoria Cross. In 1918, the 1st Battalion helped to stop the German spring offensive in March and April before taking part in the Hundred Days Offensive that was launched near Amiens on 8 August 1918 and ultimately brought an end to the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nThe battalion remained in the line until late September 1918, when they were withdrawn from the front along with the rest of the Australian Corps for rest and retraining in anticipation of further operations. On 21 September all but one member of \"D\" Company refused to take part in an attack as a protest against the battalion being sent back into combat when it had been about to be relieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nThe members of the company were subsequently imprisoned for desertion; this was the AIF's largest incidence of \"combat refusal\" during the war and formed part of a general weakening in the force's discipline due to the stresses of prolonged combat. The battalion was out of the line when the Armistice was declared on 11 November 1918. Following the end of hostilities, the process of demobilisation began and slowly the battalion's numbers dwindled as its personnel were repatriated to Australia. They were finally disbanded in May 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, First World War\nThroughout the course of the war, the 1st Battalion suffered a total of 1,165 men killed and 2,363 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: three Victoria Crosses, two Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George, seven Distinguished Service Orders with one Bar, 40 Military Crosses with one Bar, 29 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 131 Military Medals, nine Meritorious Service Medal and 57 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Inter war years\nIn 1918, the pre-war Militia units were re-organised once more into multi-battalion regiments. It was decided that the reconstituted regiments would be numbered after AIF battalions and that each would comprise three to six battalions with the first battalion being formed from inactive ex-AIF soldiers, members of the Citizen Military Force forming the second and senior cadets forming the third. As a result of this, the 21st Infantry Regiment was re-designated as the 1st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Inter war years\nA further review of defence requirements was carried out in 1920, after which it was determined that the Militia should be further reorganised to perpetuate the battle honours and designations of the AIF. On 1 April 1921 the AIF was officially disbanded and a month later the new organisation of the Militia was adopted. As a part of this reorganisation, the Citizen Force battalion of each regiment was separated and adopted the numerical designation of the AIF battalion with which it was associated, as well as its unit colour patch and battle honours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Inter war years\nAs a result of this the 5th Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment was redesignated the 1st Battalion and was attached to the 9th Brigade, 2nd Division. In 1927, territorial titles were introduced and the battalion officially adopted the designation of 1st Battalion (East Sydney Regiment), which it had unofficially used since 1921. In 1929, following the election of the Scullin Labor government, the compulsory training scheme was abolished and in its place a new system was introduced whereby the Citizens Forces would be maintained on a part-time, voluntary basis only. It was also renamed the \"Militia\" at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Inter war years\nThe decision to suspend compulsory training, coupled with the economic downturn of the Great Depression meant that the manpower of many Militia units dropped considerably and as a result the decision was made to amalgamate a number of units. On 1 July 1930, the 1st Battalion was amalgamated with the 19th Battalion, later adopting the title of the 1st/19th Battalion (City of Sydney's Own Regiment). The two battalions remained linked until 1939 when due to the prospects of war a number of Militia battalions were delinked in preparation for an expansion of the Army. For a brief period after this the battalion was known as the 1st Battalion (City of Sydney Regiment), however, this was short lived as it was soon amalgamated once more, this time with the 45th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War and later\nWith the outbreak of the Second World War once again the government made the decision to form an overseas expeditionary force outside of the pre-existing Militia units. In order to maintain the ability of the Army to defend Australia should Japan enter the war, it was decided once again to limit the number of militiamen that were allowed to enlist in the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) to roughly one quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War and later\nWhile the units of the 2nd AIF were sent overseas to England, North Africa and the Middle East, the militia remained in Australia to carry out various garrison duties and training in order to improve the nation's overall readiness. Following Japan's entry into the war in December 1941 this changed and over the course of 1942\u201345 many Militia units were mobilised and deployed to fight in New Guinea, New Britain, Bougainville and Borneo. In any case over 207,000 militiamen transferred from the Militia to the AIF throughout the course of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0012-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War and later\nAs a result of this, and the serious manpower shortages experienced by the Australian economy from October 1942 onwards eight Militia battalions were disbanded while another eleven more were broken up and their personnel distributed to other units. The 1st/45th Battalion was one of the battalions that were disbanded, doing so in 1944 having not deployed overseas. Prior to this, though, the battalion was reorganised  in August 1942 with its machine gun company being transferred to form the 6th Machine Gun Battalion along with several other Militia machine gun companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War and later\nAfter World War II the Citizens Military Force was reformed in 1948, although the 1st Battalion was not re-raised at that time. In 1957, it was decided to expand the 1st Commando Company as a full battalion named the 1st Infantry Battalion (Commando), City of Sydney's Own Regiment. When the CMF was reorganised in 1960 along Pentropic lines this unit was once more reduced to company size, forming No. 1 Commando Company (The City of Sydney Company), 1st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158671-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion (Australia), History, Second World War and later\nIn 1965, when the Pentropic establishment was discontinued this company was once again raised to a full battalion sized unit, forming the non-Pentropic 1st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment (Commando). The battalion maintained the commando role until 1971 when it was amalgamated with the 19th Battalion to become 1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, a unit which remains in existence today and perpetuates the honours of the 1st Battalion and its predecessor units as well as that of the 19th Battalion. The 1st Commando Company was subsequently re-raised as a separate unit and later subsumed into the 1st Commando Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158672-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Ontario Regiment), CEF\nThe 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion was a battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force that saw service in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158672-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Ontario Regiment), CEF, History\nThe battalion was created on 2 September 1914 with recruits from \"Military District 1\" which was Western Ontario. The battalion set off for England on board the Laurentic berthed in Quebec. They arrived in England on 14 October 1914 with a strength of 45 officers and 1121 men. The battalion became part of the 1st Canadian Division, 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade where it saw action at Ypres and along the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158672-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Ontario Regiment), CEF, History\nThe battalion returned to Canada on 21 April 1919, was demobilized on 24 April 1919, and disbanded soon after. The 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion was initially perpetuated by The Canadian Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), and is currently perpetuated by The Royal Canadian Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158672-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion (Ontario Regiment), CEF, History\nLieutenant Frederick William Campbell was awarded the Victoria Cross for his heroism in action 15 June 1915 at Givenchy, France; he died of wounds four days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158673-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion New York Volunteer Sharpshooters\nThe 1st Battalion New York Volunteer Sharpshooters was a battalion of sharpshooters in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Fighting in the Eastern Theater it was attached to the 1st United States Sharpshooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158673-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion New York Volunteer Sharpshooters, History\nMajor William S. Rowland received authority from the War Department to recruit a regiment of sharpshooters in the States of New York and Pennsylvania on October 10, 1862. When the regimental organization failed in sufficient numbers a battalion was organized into four companies, the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th. A tenth company was considered, but never created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158673-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion New York Volunteer Sharpshooters, Company Commanders and Recruiting areas\n6th Company, Flank Company, L 108 N. Y. Volunteers: Captain Abijah C. Gray - Rochester - Mustered for three years on September 13, 1862", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 87], "content_span": [88, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158673-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion New York Volunteer Sharpshooters, Company Commanders and Recruiting areas\n7th Company, Company L, 112th N. Y. Volunteers: Captain Joseph S. Arnold, Captain Clinton Perry - Elicottt, Kian-tone, Busti, Ellington, Ellery, Carroll and Jamestown", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 87], "content_span": [88, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158673-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion New York Volunteer Sharpshooters, Company Commanders and Recruiting areas\n8th Company: Captain Edward G. Robinson - Buffalo, Hudson and Chatham", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 87], "content_span": [88, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158673-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion New York Volunteer Sharpshooters, Company Commanders and Recruiting areas\n9th Company: Captain Thomas S. Bradley - Albany, Hudson, Canaan, Hinsdale and New Lebanon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 87], "content_span": [88, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158673-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion New York Volunteer Sharpshooters, Company Commanders and Recruiting areas\n10th Company - Capt. Charles M. White - organized January 13, 1863; was originally intended for a service of nine months, on April 21, 1863 the term of service was changed to three years; the company was not completed and the enlisted men were transferred", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 87], "content_span": [88, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158673-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion New York Volunteer Sharpshooters, Casualties\nOut of a total of 157 casualties, the regiment suffered 27 men killed or mortally wounded, 68 officers and men wounded but recovered, and 62 officers and men missing in action .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158674-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I\nThe service of the 1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I saw the battalion serving on the Western Front throughout the war. It participated in several of the most significant battles of the war, including the battles of Neuve-Chapelle, the Somme, Passchendaele and St Quentin. It suffered very heavy casualties, repeatedly losing its commanding officers during offensives; by the end of one attack in 1916, it was down to only one surviving officer and sixty men. It participated in the final Allied offensive against Germany in 1918 before returning home in May 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158674-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I, Mobilisation and early actions\nThe 1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles was serving in Aden when the First World War broke out in August 1914. The Ottoman Empire had not yet entered the war so the battalion was sent to England in September, where it prepared for a deployment to France, attached to the 25th Infantry Brigade, 8th Division. It travelled from Southampton to Le Havre at the start of November and took up positions east of Laventie in the Pas de Calais.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158674-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I, Mobilisation and early actions\nThe battalion's first major action was the Battle of Neuve Chapelle between 10 and 13 March 1915. After an initial artillery bombardment, the battalion advanced to the previously captured German front lines and helped to secure the village of Neuve-Chapelle. It then had to weather heavy German counter-attacks which failed to dislodge the members of the battalion but caused very heavy casualties, amounting to 18 officers and 440 other ranks, including its Colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158674-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I, Mobilisation and early actions\nDuring the Battle of Fromelles on 19\u201320 July 1915 - The battle of Fromelles took place on 19 and 20 July 1916. The battle mentioned here should be the Battle of Aubers ridge (9\u201310 May 1915) - the battalion successfully took its objectives at Rouge Bancs near Fromelles, but it again suffered very heavy casualties. At the subsequent Battle of Loos in September\u2013October 1915, the battalion carried out a subsidiary attack at Bois Grenier. Although it gained ground, it had to withdraw. The following month, the battalion was sent to the rear for rest and training after a full year in the trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158674-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I, Somme and Passchendaele\nAfter a further tour of the trenches at Rouge Bancs, the battalion was posted to Albert in the Somme. A German raid inflicted casualties in April 1916, but worse was to come in the Battle of the Somme in July, when the battalion was ordered to attack the German-held village of Ovillers-la-Boisselle. The attack was unsuccessful and cost the battalion many lives, including that of its colonel, who was mortally wounded early in the offensive. The Battalion's chaplain, Donal O'Sullivan was killed in the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158674-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I, Somme and Passchendaele\nThe battalion left the Somme for Loos after the first phase of the battle but returned in October 1916 to fight on the ridges of Le Transloy in appallingly muddy conditions. After a rest, it was posted to Bouchavesnes-Bergen at the end of December and advanced to take a swathe of German-held territory during the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158674-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I, Somme and Passchendaele\nIn June 1917, the battalion was transferred to positions immediately east of Ypres, where it supported the British offensive that opened the Battle of Passchendaele on 31 July. Yet again, its colonel was killed on the opening day of the battle and the rest of the battalion suffered massive casualties. By 16 August, when it had advanced well forward of the rest of the attacking force, it only had one surviving officer and 60 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158674-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I, Final offensives\nThe remainder of the battalion spent a gruelling winter on the ridges above Paschendaele before being transferred in February 1918 to the 36th (Ulster) Division near Saint-Quentin. It played a prominent role in opposing the German attack during Operation Michael (known to the British as the Battle of St Quentin) in March 1918. The following month, the battalion returned to the Somme, where it remained until the Hundred Days Offensive saw the Allies going on the offensive and decisively defeating the Germans, bringing about the Armistice of 11 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158674-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Royal Irish Rifles in World War I, Final offensives\nFollowing the Armistice, the battalion was posted to the formerly German-occupied area of Mouscron in Belgium before returning to England in May 1919. Very few of its original members from 1914 survived the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158675-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"A\"\nBattery A, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was also known as Company A, 1st Middle Tennessee Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158675-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"A\", Service\nThe battalion was organized in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, Tennessee, from June 13, 1703, through October 16, 1863, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clay Crawford. Battery A was enrolled at Memphis in June 1701 and mustered in at Nashville for three years service on October 10, 1862, under the command of Captain Ephraim C. Abbott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158675-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"A\", Service\nBattery A was attached to Post of Nashville, Department of the Ohio, August to December 1862. Post of Clarksville, Tennessee, District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to April 1863. Post of Clarksville, Tennessee, District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, June 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Reserve Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to August 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, Reserve Corps, August 1863. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to November 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158675-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"A\", Service\n2nd Division, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Cumberland, to March 1864. Garrison duty Decatur, Alabama, District Northern Alabama, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1864. Artillery, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1864. Artillery, 6th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to March 1865. District of Middle Tennessee to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158675-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"A\", Service\nBattery A, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery mustered out of service at Nashville, Tennessee, on August 3, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158675-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"A\", Detailed service\nDuty at Nashville and Clarksville, Tenn., until August 1863. Siege of Nashville September 7-November 7, 1862. Operations against Scott's forces in western Kentucky July 25-August 6, 1863. Near Winchester July 29. Irvine July 30. Lancaster, Stanford, and Paint Lick Bridge July 30. Smith's Shoals, Cumberland River, August 1. Ordered to Murfreesboro, Tenn., August; then to McMinnville September 5, and march to Chattanooga September 12\u201322. Garrison artillery at Chattanooga until March 1864. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329, 1863. Battles of Chattanooga November 23\u201325. Garrison artillery at Decatur, Ala., March 1864 to January 1865. Skirmishes at Athens, Ala., October 1\u20132, 1864. Siege of Decatur October 26\u201329. Ordered to Pulaski, Tenn., January 16, 1865. Duty at Pulaski and in middle Tennessee on line of railroad until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 70], "content_span": [71, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158676-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"B\"\nBattery B, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was initially organized as the 1st East Tennessee Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158676-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"B\", Service\nThe battalion was organized in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, Tennessee, from June 13, 1863, through October 16, 1863, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clay Crawford. Battery B was raised and mustered in at Lexington, Kentucky, from eastern Tennessee refugees for three years service on April 16, 1863, under the command of Captain Robert Clay Crawford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158676-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"B\", Service\nBattery B was attached to District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to August 1863. Willcox's Division, Left Wing Forces, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to January 1864. District of the Clinch, Department of the Ohio, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, to March 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158676-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"B\", Service\nBattery B, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery mustered out of service at Nashville, Tennessee, on July 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158676-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"B\", Detailed service\nFrom Lexington, the battery moved to Nicholasville, Kentucky, for drill and instruction. In May 1863 the battery moved to Camp Nelson, Kentucky. On July 16, 1863, the battery moved to Somerset, Kentucky. It performed duty in Kentucky until August 1863. Action at Tripletts Bridge June 16. Operations against Scott in eastern Kentucky July 25-August 6. Expedition to Cumberland Gap August 17-September 7. Winter's Gap August 31. Operations about Cumberland Gap September 7\u201310. Duty at Cumberland Gap until May 1865, and in District of East Tennessee until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 70], "content_span": [71, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158677-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"C\"\nBattery C, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158677-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"C\", Service\nThe battalion was organized in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, Tennessee, from June 13, 1863, through October 16, 1863, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clay Crawford. Battery C mustered in for three years service at Knoxville on November 1, 1863, under the command of Captain Vincent Meyers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158677-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"C\", Service\nBattery C was attached to Defenses of Memphis, Fort Pickering, XVI Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to March 1864. Post and District of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. Artillery, 3rd Sub-District, District of Middle Tennessee, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158677-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"C\", Service\nBattery C, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery mustered out of service at Nashville on August 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158677-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"C\", Detailed service\nGarrison duty at Fort Pickering, Defenses of Memphis, Tennessee, until March 1864, and garrison artillery at Nashville, Tennessee, until March 1865. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316, 1864. Ordered to Johnsonville March 22, 1865, and duty there until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 70], "content_span": [71, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158678-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"D\"\nBattery D, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158678-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"D\", Service\nThe battalion was organized in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, Tennessee, from June 13, 1863, through October 16, 1863, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clay Crawford. Battery D was recruited in Anderson County, Tennessee and mustered in at Knoxville for three years service on September 18, 1863, under the command of Captain David K. Young.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158678-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"D\", Service\nBattery D was attached to Post and District of Nashville, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158678-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"D\", Service\nBattery D, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery mustered out of service at Nashville on July 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158678-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"D\", Detailed service\nServed as garrison artillery at Nashville during its entire term of service. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 70], "content_span": [71, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158679-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"E\"\nBattery E, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It originally mustered as Battery \"D\", 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery, and as late as January 1864, it was referred to in reports as 1st East Tennessee Heavy Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158679-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"E\", Service\nThe battalion was organized in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, Tennessee, from June 13, 1863, through October 16, 1863, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clay Crawford. Battery E mustered in for three years service in October 1863 under the command of Captain Henry C. Lloyd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158679-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"E\", Service\nBattery E was attached to District of North Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, October 1863 to April 1864. District of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to May 1865. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158679-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"E\", Service\nBattery E, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery mustered out of service at Nashville on August 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158679-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"E\", Detailed service\nDuty in District of North Central Kentucky, at Booneville, Camp Nelson, Flemmingsburg, Mt. Sterling and Paris, December 1863 to April 1864, and at Nashville and Bull's Gap, Tenn., to August 1864. Pursuit to Greenville, Tenn., August 21\u201323. Blue Springs August 23. Operations in eastern Tennessee August 29-September 4. Park's Gap and Greenville September 4. Death of Gen. J. H. Morgan, Blue Springs September 6. Carter's Station September 30-October 1. Operations in eastern Tennessee October 10\u201328. Clinch Valley, near Sneedsville, October 21. Mossy Creek and Panther Springs October 27. Morristown and Russellville October 28. Operations against Breckenridge November 4\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 70], "content_span": [71, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158679-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"E\", Detailed service\nBull's Gap November 11\u201313. Morristown November 13. Russellville November 14. Strawberry Plains November 16\u201317. Duty in eastern Tennessee until March 1865. Stoneman's Expedition from eastern Tennessee into southwest Virginia and western North Carolina March 21-April 25, 1865. Wytheville April 6. Martinsville April 8. Shallow Ford and near Mocksville April 11. Saulsbury April 12. Catawba River April 17. Catawba River, near Morganstown, April 20. Howard's Gap and Blue Ridge Mountains April 22. Near Hendersonville April 23. Duty in eastern Tennessee until June. Ordered to Nashville June 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 70], "content_span": [71, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158680-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"F\"\nBattery F, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158680-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"F\", Service\nThe battalion was organized in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, Tennessee, from June 13, 1863, through October 16, 1863, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clay Crawford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158680-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"F\", Service\nBattery F was attached to 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158680-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"F\", Service\nBattery F, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery presumably ceased to exist after April 13, 1864, when the battery's men were transferred to Battery A, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158681-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"G\"\nBattery G, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158681-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"G\", Service\nThe battalion was organized in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, Tennessee, from June 13, 1863, through October 16, 1863, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clay Crawford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158681-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"G\", Service\nBattery G was attached to Garrison Artillery, Nashville, Tennessee. Assigned to \"Governor's Guard\" in August 1864, under the overall command of Brig. Gen. Alvan Cullem Gillem. Reported at Bull's Gap, Tennessee, August 3, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158681-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"G\", Service\nBattery G, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery presumably ceased to exist after January 26, 1865, when the battery's men were consolidated with Battery E, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158682-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"K\"\nBattery K, 1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158682-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"K\", Service\nThe battalion was organized in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, Tennessee, from June 13, 1863, through October 16, 1863, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clay Crawford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158682-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion Tennessee Light Artillery, Battery \"K\", Service\nThe only record for Battery K notes that it was ordered from Nashville to Knoxville on March 22, 1865. It was on garrison duty there until July 1865 when the battery was mustered out of the service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment was a unit of the Ohio Army National Guard, with troops in multiple locations throughout northeastern Ohio and has served in the United States of America's major wars and conflicts since 1898 until its inactivation on 31 August 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 107th Cavalry Regiment (minus 1st Squadron) reorganized on 1 May 1977 in the Ohio Army National Guard (Troop A, Support Squadron, was allotted on 1 October 1986 to the West Virginia Army National Guard and re-allotted on 15 October 1990 to the Ohio Army National Guard). It was placed on 1 June 1989 under the United States Army Regimental System consisting of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, History\n1st Squadron 150th Cavalry Regiment (United States) - Bluefield, WV;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 107th ACR was reorganized and redesignated on 1 September 1993 as the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Headquarters in Stow, Ohio (formerly the 3/107th ACR) and assigned to the 28th Infantry Division. The 2nd Squadron, 107th Cavalry (United States) was assigned to the 37th Armor Brigade; On 1 September 1994 the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry and the 2nd Squadron, 107th Cavalry, were realigned and assigned to the 37th Armor Brigade, 38th Infantry Division. In September 2001 the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment was once again assigned to the 28th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms\nShield: Or, on a bend Gules between a Roman Sword in sheath point to base and a prickly pear cactus both Vert, three alerions of the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms\nCrest: That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Ohio Army National Guard: From a wreath Or and Gules, a sheaf of seventeen arrows Argent bound by a sprig of buckeye (aesculus glabra) fructed Proper (two leaves bursting burr).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms\nSymbolism: The shield is yellow for cavalry. The bend charged with the alerions, taken from the arms of Lorraine, is representative of World War I service and is red to indicate that the 107th Cavalry served as field artillery during World War I. The Roman Sword in sheath is for Spanish\u2013American War service and the cactus for Mexican Border duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms\nBackground: The coat of arms was originally approved for the 107th Cavalry Regiment, Ohio National Guard on 8 March 1927. It was amended to correct the wording of the blazon of the shield on 17 June 1927. It was redesignated for the 107th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Ohio National Guard on 15 January 1952. The insignia was amended to add the crest of the State of West Virginia on 22 March 1971. It was amended to delete the crest of the State of West Virginia on 3 April 1975. The coat of arms was redesignated effective 1 September 1993, for the 107th Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Engagements\nOperation Iraqi Freedom; 2003\u20132006; Transition of Iraq \u2013 2 May 2003, to 28 June 2004; Iraqi Governance \u2013 29 June 2004, to 15 Dec. 2005;The \"National Resolution\" phase \u2013 16 Dec. 2005, to 9 Jan. 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nMeritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered BOUGAINVILLE;Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered PACIFIC THEATER;Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 to 4 JULY 1945;Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2004\u20132005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nPresidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered MANILA;Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 to 4 JULY 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nPresidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered MANILA;Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 to 4 JULY 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 to 4 JULY 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nMeritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered KOREA 1952;Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered KOREA 1952\u20131953;Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 to 4 JULY 1945;Republic of Korea Presidential Citation, Streamer embroidered KOREA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Iraq\nIn October 2003, B and C Companies, and elements of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) and Company A, of the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry were activated at their home stations in Ohio and traveled to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and Fort Stewart, Georgia, for five months of mobilization training. There they were then attached to the 1st Battalion, 150th Armor (West Virginia Army National Guard), the 1st Battalion, 252nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Iraq\nArmor (North Carolina Army National Guard), and Troop E, 196th Cavalry (North Carolina Army National Guard) respectively, for deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom II with North Carolina's 30th Brigade Combat Team under the 1st Infantry Division. These elements of the 1st Battalion operated in Iraq from February to December 2004, serving in Kirkush, Tuz Khurmatu, Jalawla, and Baghdad. They participated in the Transition of Iraq and Iraqi Governance campaigns and returned home in late December, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Iraq\nThe battalion commander LTC Richard T. Curry and CSM Albert Whatmough along with the remaining companies continued their regular training cycle until October 2004, when the remaining companies of the 1-107th Cavalry were activated for service in Operation Iraqi Freedom III. One element of HHC 1-107th CAV was then deployed to Fort Dix, New Jersey for mobilization training and left for Kuwait in January 2005. The companies operated in Baghdad, Iraq and performed detainee operations at Camps Cropper and Victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Iraq\nThe headquarters was deployed to Fort McCoy, Wisconsin and arrived in Kuwait in December 2004 and deployed to Mosul, Iraq in late December, this element included LTC Richard T. Curry the 1-107th Cavalry Commander and CSM Albert Whatmough who both deployed with the battalion in 2004\u20132005 with the mission of establishing the Forward Operating Base (FOB) Endurance which later became known as FOB Q-West Base Complex 30 Kilometers south of Mosul, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0015-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Iraq\nThe mission the unit was to provide command & control of the base, establish the Base Defense Operations Center, provide life support functions, establish base defense security, combat patrols and build the FOB into the largest logistical hub operating in northern Iraq by the end of 2005, a mission that was accomplished prior to their departure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Iraq\nThe FOB Endurance/Q-West Base Complex HQ elements of the 1-107th CAV were attached to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and received the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation (MUC) for their accomplishments. The HHC/A Convoy Security Company conducted operations throughout Iraq logging in thousands of miles with no fatalities and provided security for convoy elements. Elements of the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry served within the 1st Cavalry Division, 4th Infantry Division, and 3rd Infantry Division areas of operations as units of the 18th and 42nd MP Brigades. The final elements returned home from Iraq in January 2006 reuniting the battalion. Both HHC/A detachments received the U.S. Army Meritorious Unit Commendation for their service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158683-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry Regiment, Transformation and inactivation\nAs the U.S. Army conducted its largest organizational transformation since World War II, the 1st Battalion 107th Cavalry Regiment, along with D Company from the 1st Battalion, 148th Infantry, as well as a company from the 112th Engineer Battalion, were chosen to form a new combined arms battalion within the 37th Brigade Combat Team, 38th Infantry Division. A change in designation was required and the unit uncased the new colors of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, effective 1 September 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines\n1st Battalion, 10th Marines (1/10) is an artillery battalion composed of four firing batteries and a headquarters battery. The battalion is stationed at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and falls under the command of 10th Marine Regiment, part of 2d Marine Division. Its primary weapon system is the M777A2 155mm lightweight howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, Mission\nThe unit's mission is to provide direct artillery support for 2d Marine Division in time of conflict. That support may come in traditional fashion, i.e. artillery support to maneuver forces, or by providing batteries to serve as provisional rifle companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, World War II\nThe unit was activated on November 1, 1940, at San Diego, California, as 1st Battalion, 10th Marines (1/10) and was assigned to the 2d Marine Brigade, Fleet Marine Force. The 2d Marine Brigade was renamed the 2d Marine Division on February 1, 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, World War II\nDuring January 1942, 1/10 was deployed to American Samoa and detached from the 2d Marine Division. In November 1942, the unit was redeployed to Guadalcanal and attached to11th Marines, 1st Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force. In December 1942, the unit was reassigned to 9th Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, World War II\n1st Battalion, 10th Marines participated in the following World War II campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, World War II\nand subsequently in the occupation of Japan from September 1945 to June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, World War II\nDuring July 1946, 1/10 was relocated to MCB Camp Lejeune; then deactivated on November 18, 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, World War II\nThe unit was then reactivated to Camp Lejeune as 1st Battalion, 10th Marines on December 1, 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, 1960s\u20131980s\n1/10 deployed to Cuba in response to the missile crisis from October to December 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, 1960s\u20131980s\nIn the late 1970s and early 1980s, the battalion was deployed to Europe for participation in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, 1960s\u20131980s\nDuring the 1980s, the battalion became a cold-weather-trained unit, conducting training at Fort Drum, New York and above the Arctic Circle. The battalion also transitioned to the 155mm Howitzer during this period. They regularly supported training operations at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center at 29 Palms, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, 1960s\u20131980s\nCharlie Battery was deployed to Beirut, Lebanon in 1983 as a part of Battalion Landing Team 1/8. On 23 October, the battery lost eight Marines in the Beirut Barracks attack. While deployed to Beirut, Charlie Battery was the first U.S. artillery unit to fire the M198 155mm howitzer in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, 1990s\nFirst Battalion participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in Southwest Asia from August 1990 to February 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, 1990s\nA Detachment from Bravo Battery aboard the USS IWO JIMA (LPH 2) during MARG 2\u201392 participated in Operation Provide Promise from July to November 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, 1990s\nFrom August to October 1994, an element of 1/10 participated in Operations Support Democracy and Uphold Democracy in Haiti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn February 2003, 1/10 deployed to Kuwait, it then participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom, in Iraq in March 2003. During the invasion the unit took part in the Battle of Nasiriyah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nThen again Battery B deployed to Iraq in June 2004 to February 2005 performed split-battery operations from the cities Muhumadyia and Iskandariyah providing fire support for the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nBetween September 2007 and April 2008, 1/10 was deployed to Iraq and was stationed throughout the Al Anbar province as TFMP (Task Force Military Police).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158684-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 10th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nFrom November 2010 to May 2011, 1/10 deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, in Helmand Province, Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines\n1st Battalion 11th Marines (1/11) is an artillery battalion comprising four firing batteries and a Headquarters battery. The battalion is stationed at the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton in California. Its primary weapon system is the M777 lightweight howitzer. The battalion is under the command of the 11th Marine Regiment, part of the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, Mission\nTo provide direct support to the 1st Marine Division in time of conflict. That support may come in the traditional fashion of artillery support to maneuver forces, or by providing batteries to serve as temporary rifle companies. It also has the secondary mission of being the primary providers of civil-military operations (CMO). CMO is defined as the activities of the commander that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military organizations, Government and civilian organizations and the civilian population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Early years\nThe 1st Battalion, 11th Marines, was activated together with rest of the regiment on 20 August 1917 at the Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. The battalion underwent intensive infantry training until September 1918, when it was attached to the 5th Marine Brigade and ordered to France. The 1st Battalion arrived on October 13 to Brest, but too late to see combat. The battalion was stationed in the area around the town of Tours until July 1919. when it was ordered stateside and deactivated at Norfolk Navy Yard on 11 August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Early years\nThe 1st Battalion was reactivated on 3 December 1923 at the Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, as the 1st Battalion, 10th Regiment. It participated in mail guard duty in the mid-western United States from October 1926 to February 1927. The battalion deployed during April to June 1927 to Tientsin in China and was assigned to the 3rd Marine Brigade. The unit returned during September 1928 to MCB Quantico and was detached from the 3rd Marine Brigade during December 1928. It were re-designated on 10 July 1930 to the 1st Battalion, 10th Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Early years\nThe battalion was assigned to the 1st Marine Brigade during September 1935. It was re-designated on 1 September 1940 as the 1st Battalion, 11th Marines. During October 1940, it was deployed to Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. On 1 February 1941, the 1st Marine Brigade was re-designated as the 1st Marine Division. The battalion relocated to New River, North Carolina during April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, World War II\n1st Battalion, 11th Marines was reassigned during March 1942 to the 3rd Marine Brigade. It was deployed during March 1942 to Western Samoa. The battalion was again reassigned to the 1st Marine Division in September 1942. The battalion participated in the Guadalcanal and New Britain campaigns; it also carried out operations on Finschhafen, Peleliu and Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, World War II\nAfter the war the battalion was redeployed in September 1945 to Tientsin, China. It participated in the occupation of North China from September 1945 to January 1947. It was then redeployed during January 1947 to Guam, and detached from the 1st Marine Division. While in Guam, the unit constructed Camp Witek, the 1st Marine Brigade base. The battalion was reassigned during June 1947 to the 1st Marine Brigade. It was deactivated on 1 October 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Korean War\nThe battalion was reactivated on 1 October 1949 at Camp Pendleton and assigned to the 1st Marine Division. It was then reassigned during July 1950 to the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade. The battalion was then deployed in July and August 1950 to Pusan in Korea. The battalion participated in the Korean War, from August 1950 to July 1953, taking part in the actions at the Battle of the Pusan Perimeter, at Inchon and the Chosin Reservoir. Personnel also saw action on the East-Central and Western Fronts. 1st Battalion, 11th Marines participated in the occupation of the Korean Demilitarized Zone from August 1953 to March 1955. It returned to Camp Pendleton in April 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nThe battalion deployed during August 1965 to Camp Hansen, Okinawa and redeployed during January 1966 to Chu Lai, in the Republic of Vietnam. It was reassigned to the 3rd Marine Division. During March 1966, the unit was reassigned to the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nThe battalion operated from Chu Lai, Da Nang, Quang Tri, Phu Bai, Con Thien, Ca Lu, Khe Sanh, Cua Viet, Dong Ha and Quang Nam from January 1966 to March 1971. It was reassigned during 1971 to the 3rd Marine Amphibious Brigade; it returned during March 1971 to Camp Pendleton and reassigned to the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nAlpha Battery 1st Battalion 11th Marines was known as Alpha North in early 1966. On the night of 18 April 1966 Alpha North was overrun. It suffered 5 marines killed and 28 wounded. All of the howitzers received damage. The battery moved to the 1-1 compound at Hoi An.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Gulf War and the 1990s\n1st Battalion, 11th Marines participated in Operation Desert Storm from September 1990 to March 1991. Elements participated in Operation Sea Angel in Bangladesh from May to June 1991. Elements also participated in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia from December 1992 to March 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn January 2003 the battalion deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. After participating in the invasion of Iraq it returned to Camp Pendleton in July 2003. Individual firing Batteries have continued to support the MEU cycle in the war on terror since 2003. The battalion HQ deployed to Anbar Province Iraq with Battery A, Battery C, and Battery K as a provisional infantry battalion in June 2007. The unit returned to Camp Pendleton in late April 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn April 2010 the battalion deployed to Helmand Province, in Afghanistan, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom 10.1. The battalion was attached to the 1st Marine Division (Forward) Task Force Leatherneck. The battalion was reinforced, comprising three gun batteries (Bravo, India 3/12, and Lima 3/12) and a HiMARS rocket Battery (Tango 5/11, later Sierra 5/11). 1/11 was assigned an artillery tactical mission of General Support to Task Force Leatherneck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158685-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 11th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion returned from Afghanistan in November 2010 and began fielding the Expeditionary Fire Support System (EFSS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, also known as the \"Red Fox\" Battalion came into being on 22 September 1917 at Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas, as part of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade, better known as the Iron Brigade. The 120th Field Artillery Regiment previously had been the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry. The history of the 1st Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry Regiment goes back the American Civil War days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment\nToday, the 1\u2013120th FAB (1-120th Field Artillery Battalion) is part of the 32nd IBCT (32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team) and is headquartered in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, and has five corresponding batteries: Alpha Battery is located in Marshfield, Wisconsin; Bravo Battery is located in Stevens Point, Wisconsin; Charlie Battery, located in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; Delta Battery, located in Berlin, Wisconsin; and Headquarters Battery which is located in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I\nThe 1\u2013120th FA, as part of the 57th Field Artillery Brigade continued its training with the 32d Infantry Division at Camp Mac Arthur until February 1918. The entire division was then ordered  to Europe. The 120th Field Artillery Landed at Liverpool, England and then traveled by rail to South Hampton and across the English Channel to Le Havre, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I\nIn France the 120th trained at Camp De Co\u00ebtquidan, an old French artillery camp. It was here that it was equipped with French 75's and horses. Shortly before the 57th Brigade was ordered to the front in Alsace, the 2nd Battalion of the 120th was sent to Saumur, France with its batteries acting as training batteries for the Saumur Artillery School. The balance of the battalion arrived in Belfort with the 57th Brigade on 8 June and marched to the front as a part of the 32nd Division, for the first time since leaving Camp MacArthur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I\nThe 120th Field Artillery went into action in the Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry sector on 1 August 1918 near Rancheros in support of the 32d Division. After the 32nd Division had taken Juivgay, the 32nd Division was relieved by the 2nd Moroccan Division, which included the famous \"French Foreign Legion\". The 120th FA remained in the line in support of the Foreign Legion and helped blast a path for the charge of the Foreign Legion. The 120th, along with the 57th Brigade, was congratulated for the part they played in this action by the commanding general of the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division, General Panot, and by French corps commander, General Charles Mangin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nOn 15 October 1940, the 32d Division \"The Red Arrows\" was called into federal service. The units left for Camp Beauregard, LA. In February 1941 they moved to Camp Livingston and six months later, when 32d Division reorganized, the 2d Battalion of the 120th became the 129th Division Field Artillery. The 1st Battalion of the 120th Field Artillery Regiment became the 120th Field Artillery Battalion. The 32nd Division sailed from San Francisco on 22 April 1942 and arrived in Australia and arrived in Port Adelaide in South Australia on 14 May 1942. The Division was initially stationed and trained at Camp Woodside and Camp Sandy Creek, both near Adelaide. In July 1942 the 129th and the 120th moved to Camp Cable, in Queensland about 30 miles south of Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nIn November 1942 Battery A, 129th FA was sent into New Guinea while the other batteries remained at Camp Cable, Australia. The four gun sections of Battery A were the first howitzers flown into a combat area, which landed at Port Moresby. One-half of Battery A flew over the Owen-Stanley Mountains to Buna. Battery A became the first United States Army artillery to be flown into combat in the Pacific during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nAfter the Buna Campaign, A Battery returned to Camp Cable with the 32d Division. The 129th took part in the Saidor and Aitape Campaigns in New Guinea. The 129th left from Hollandia, New Guinea in November 1944 and took part in the Leyte Campaign for the Ormoc Corridor. In January 1945 they arrived at Lamon Bay on Luzon for the Luzon Campaign on the Villa Verde Trail. After V-J Day, 14 August 1945, the battalion left the Philippine Islands for occupation duty in Japan. It was reactivated as the 120th Field Artillery Battalion, a part of the 32d Infantry Division on 9 June 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post World War II, Berlin Crisis\nExactly twenty one years to the day after the World War II activation, the 120th was again called to federal service and was sent to Fort Lewis, WA, for training. The call to federal service was a result of the \"Berlin Crisis of 1961\". While stationed at Fort Lewis the units were assigned along with the 32nd Division to the Strategic Army Command (STRAC). On 10 August 1962 the entire 32nd Division was released from federal service and returned to Wisconsin where they once again reverted to the Wisconsin Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 88], "content_span": [89, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post World War II, Berlin Crisis\nOn 30 December 1967 the 32nd Division was reorganized and redesignated as the 32nd Infantry Brigade, a non-divisional separate brigade. The 120th Field Artillery again lost the 2nd Battalion through inactivation. The 1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery became the direct support artillery battalion for the 32nd Brigade, which is its present configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 88], "content_span": [89, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1st Tour\nOn 13 May 2005, the 1\u2013120th Field Artillery received its alert notification. Upon receiving notification every soldier was called and informed of an impending deployment. In June the unit received its mobilization order to report for active duty on 10 August 2005. In late June the battalion was reorganized both due to receiving a non-artillery mission and a lack of soldiers. Soldiers from Alpha and Charlie Battery of the 1\u2013126th Field Artillery, from Whitewater and Racine, WI respectively, formed Charlie Battery in the 1\u2013120th. On 13 August the 1\u2013120th departed Volk Field, WI for Camp Shelby, MS for approximately three months of pre-deployment training and mobilization processing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 89], "content_span": [90, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1st Tour\nOn 28 August 2005 training was suspended because of the approach of Hurricane Katrina. At 1030 hours on August 29 soldiers were restricted to their barracks, to reduce the chance of injury from flying debris, falling trees and downed power lines. The battalion endured the storm without injury however; the base was shut down for several days due to the damage caused. The 1\u2013120th assisted with the post-Katrina cleanup effort, for this each soldier received the Humanitarian Service Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 89], "content_span": [90, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1st Tour\nThe battalion arrived in Kuwait on 4 November 2005 and were transported to Camp Buehring in Udari, Kuwait. From there each battery received their individual missions. HHS was stationed at Camp Patriot located inside of the Kuwaiti Navy Base (KNB) their mission was to provide an area reaction force(ARF) and operate the battalion headquarters. Alpha Battery was stationed at Camp Arifjan and Shuaybah Port (SPOD) their mission was the security of the SPOD, a main port for unit equipment coming in and out of Kuwait. Brovo Battery was stationed with HHS at Camp Patriot and provided the base's security force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 89], "content_span": [90, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1st Tour\nCharlie Battery was first stationed at Camp Virginia and the Ali Al Salem Air Base their mission was to provide armed escorts for buses to and from the airbase and the Kuwait airport. One platoon was sent to Qatar to provide security to ASG Qatar. On 1 January 2006, Charlie Battery received orders to move into Iraq. In March 2006 Charlie Battery departed Kuwait and was flown to Camp Anaconda, Iraq. There they were OPCON to Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Arabian Peninsula (CJSOTF-AP). Charlie Battery was located in three locations: Balad, Baghdad, and Hillah. Charlie Battery conducted detainee operations, FOB security, and security mission with Special Forces unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 89], "content_span": [90, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1st Tour\nDuring the mobilization the 1\u2013120th did not suffer any combat casualties; however one soldier, SPC Jason Greeno, was killed in a traffic accident during his mid-tour leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 89], "content_span": [90, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1st Tour\nAfter almost 12 months in country on October 26, 2006, the 1\u2013120th FA BN transferred authority over to the 2\u2013142nd Field Artillery BN. The 1\u2013120th returned to Fort McCoy, WI on 4\u20135 November 2006 to a welcome home ceremony and the unit was released from active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 89], "content_span": [90, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2nd Tour\nOn 1 February 2009, the entire 32nd IBCT was mobilized again in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The units left Wisconsin as staggered intervals throughout February for pre-deployment training at Fort Bliss, TX. The units left Texas at staggered intervals from late April through May for deployment overseas to Iraq. This was the largest combat deployment of the Wisconsin Army National Guard since World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 89], "content_span": [90, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2nd Tour\nIn January 2010 the 32nd IBCT returned to Volk Field, WI from Iraq. They conducted demobilization throughout January and were released from active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 89], "content_span": [90, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, \"Red Fox\" nickname\nIn the heat of summer in 1971, the 1\u2013120 FA BN was conducting its annual training on Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. As rumor has it, a red fox was either run over or found on the side of the road by some soldiers. As a prank, those soldiers threw the carcass in the tent of LTC Owen P. Rexford. After the situation was defused, the tail of the fox was cut off and used as an antenna flag for LTC Rexford's jeep. His radio name was \"Red Fox 1\" from that point on. Later, the entire battalion adopted the name of \"Red Fox\". On January 17, 1985, the Secretary of the Army signed an order awarding the 120th Field Artillery Regiment the special designation of the \"Red Fox Regiment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158686-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry\nThe shield is red for Artillery. The colors of the chevron and the chevronel \u2013 yellow and blue \u2013 are the colors of the arms of service from which the organization was developed. The combination of the colors, red, blue and yellow, form the colors of the Puerto Rican Occupation medal ribbon indicating the service of Battery A in Puerto Rico. The five fleurs-de-lis symbolize the five major engagements of the organization in France during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines\n1st Battalion 12th Marines (1/12) is an artillery battalion comprising three firing batteries and a Headquarters Battery. The battalion is stationed at Marine Corps Base Hawaii and falls under the 12th Marine Regiment and the 3rd Marine Division. The battalion has recently transitioned to its new primary weapon system the M777 lightweight howitzer with a maximum effective range of 30 kilometres (19\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, Mission\nProvide direct support of the 3rd Marine Regiment in time of conflict. That support may come in the traditional fashion of artillery support to maneuver forces, or by providing batteries to serve as provisional rifle companies. They also have the secondary mission of being the primary providers of civil-military operations (CMO). CMO is defined as the activities of the commander that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military organizations, Government and civilian organizations and the civilian populace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, World War II\n1st Battalion 12th Marines came into existence during World War II. The battalion was activated 1 September 1942, at San Diego, California as the 4th Battalion 12th Marines and assigned to the 3rd Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, World War II\nDuring October 1942, the Battalion relocated to Camp Dunlap, California. They were deployed to Auckland, New Zealand during March 1943, then redeployed during July 1943 to Guadalcanal. During this period, the Battalion was heavily involved in numerous campaigns including the Battle of Bougainville, Battle of Guam and the Battle of Iwo Jima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, World War II\nAfter being re-designated on 5 April 1945 as 1st Battalion 12th Marines, the Battalion was relocated during December 1945 to Camp Pendleton, California and as deactivated on 8 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, 1950s through the 1980s\nFive years later, the Battalion was reactivated on 20 June 1951 at Camp Pendleton, California and was assigned to the 3rd Marine Division. In August 1953, 1st Battalion 12th Marines deployed to Camp Mcnair, Japan and redeployed to South Camp Fuji, Japan during March 1956. During March and April 1965, the battalion was called upon to deploy to the Republic of Vietnam. They participated in the Vietnam War from April 1965 to September 1969, operating from Phu Bai, Danang, Cam L\u1ed9, Khe Sanh and Camp Carroll. The battalion after the Vietnam war was reduced to cadre status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, 1950s through the 1980s\nDuring October 1969, the battalion was re-established at Camp Pendleton, California and assigned to the 5th Marine Division. One year later, in November 1969, they were reassigned to the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, 1950s through the 1980s\nIn April 1971, the 1/12 was reassigned to the 1st Marine Division. The battalion deployed in June 1971 to Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii and was later reassigned to the 1st Marine Brigade. During the 1970s and 1980s, the unit participated in numerous training exercises to remain combat ready. 1st Marine Brigade re-designated on 30 August 1985 as the 1st Marine Amphibious Brigade. In the years that followed, 1st Marine Amphibious Brigade was re-designated as the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, 1990s & the Global War on Terrorism\n1st Battalion 12th Marines participated in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm in Southwest Asia during September 1990 to April 1991. In September 1994, the Battalion was reassigned to 3rd Marine Division as part of the III Marine Expeditionary Force, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, 1990s & the Global War on Terrorism\nFrom July 2004 through April 2005, Charlie Battery, 1st Battalion 12th Marines, deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. They were attached to 1st Battalion 3rd Marines and deployed to Fallujah, Iraq participating in Operation Phantom Fury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, 1990s & the Global War on Terrorism\nFrom March 2007 through October 2007 and September 2008 through April 2009, 1st Battalion 12th Marines conducted the provisional mission of Task Force MP operating in the Al Anbar province of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, 1990s & the Global War on Terrorism\nOn April 2011, Charlie, Echo, Alpha and Headquarters and Service Battalion of 1/12 deployed to Outpost Shrine in Kajaki, Afghanistan to replace 1st Battalion, 10th Marines as the main artillery unit in the area. Bravo Battery remained in garrison for live fire during training exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158687-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 12th Marines, History, 1990s & the Global War on Terrorism\nThe battalion is currently the only \"stand alone\" artillery unit in 12th Marines; 2nd Battalion was deactivated following Operation: Desert Storm due to defense cut-backs and the relocation of 12th Marine Regiment from Camp Foster to Camp Hansen, both in Okinawa. 3rd Battalion maintains its headquarters at Camp Hansen and sources the Unit Deployment Program as the headquarters element for deployed artillery batteries drawn from across the Corps. 3/12's permanent firing batteries have been reassigned to other units: Battery K to 2nd Battalion 11th Marines, Battery L to 3rd Battalion 11th Marines, and Battery I to 1st Battalion 11th Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158688-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 14th Marines\n1st Battalion 14th Marines (1/14) was a reserve artillery battalion comprising three firing batteries and a headquarters battery. The battalion was based in Alameda, California. Its primary weapon system was the M198 Howitzer. It was part of the 14th Marine Regiment of the 4th Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158688-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 14th Marines, Mission\nTo provide artillery support to a maneuver element or reinforcing fire to another artillery organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158688-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 14th Marines, History, World War II\nThe battalion was activated on May 1, 1943, at Camp Lejune, North Carolina. It relocated during August 1943 to Camp Pendleton, California and was assigned to the 4th Marine Division. During World War II it participated in the Battles of Kwajalein, Saipan, Tinian and Iwo Jima. 1/14 redeployed in October 1945 to Camp Pendleton and was deactivated on November 15 of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158688-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 14th Marines, History, Reactivation and name changes\nThe battalion was reactivated on February 1, 1966, at Treasure Island, San Francisco, California, as Headquarters Battery, 14th Marines and assigned to the 4th Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force, Marine Forces Reserve. It was redesignated February 1, 1967, as Headquarters Battery, 3rd Field Artillery Group, Force Troops. It was redesignated again on September 1, 1979, as Headquarters Battery, 5th Battalion, 14th Marines and finally on October 1, 1985, as 1st Battalion, 14th Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158688-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 14th Marines, History, 1990s\nThe Battalion was called to active duty in support of Operation Desert Shield on December 10, 1990. HQ Battery from Treasure Island, CA, \"A\" Battery from Spokane, WA, and \"B\" Battery from Pico Rivera, CA mobilized to Camp Lejeune, NC and the Battalion was sent to Norway in support of Exercise Battle Griffin. The Persian Gulf War ended before the unit could be redeployed to the Middle East theater of operations. The Battalion returned home in July 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158688-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 14th Marines, History, 1990s\n\"C\" Battery, 1st Battalion 14th Marines from Jackson, Mississippi, was activated separately on 10 December 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield and deployed to Camp Pendleton, California and then to Camp Foster, Okinawa, Japan to await final orders to deploy to the Persian Gulf. Similarly, those orders never came. The Marines from Charlie Battery returned home to Jackson, Mississippi, in August 1991. HQ Battery relocated during February 1992 to Alameda NAS from Treasure Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158688-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 14th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion was mobilized in June 2005 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and for the deployment redesignated as Task Force MP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158688-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 14th Marines, History, Decommissioning\n1st Battalion, 14th Marines was deactivated on March 24, 2007, and redesignated the 4th Force Reconnaissance Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 153d Infantry Regiment (First Arkansas), is an infantry battalion of the Arkansas Army National Guard, headquartered at Malvern, assigned to the 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. The 1\u2013153rd has deployed companies in support of the Multi-National Security Force (SFOR 9) to Bosnia and to Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Southern Watch. 1st Battalion, 53rd Infantry has twice deployed as a battalion for Operation Iraqi Freedom, once from 2004\u201305 and a second time in 2008. The battalion was awarded the Meritorious Unit Citation for the period, 17 March 2004 \u2013 23 March 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Background\nThe history of the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry as an individual battalion really begins with the reorganization of the 39th Infantry Division in 1967 and the creation of the 39th Infantry Brigade (Separate). For history of the 1st Battalion prior to 1967, see 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States) and 39th Infantry Division (United States).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Creation of 39th Infantry Brigade\nIn 1967 the 39th Infantry Division was reorganized and redesignated as the 39th Infantry Brigade (Separate) and in 1973 was paired with the US 101st Airborne Division as a training partner and became an air-assault brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Creation of 39th Infantry Brigade\nIn 1994 the 39th was again reorganized and gained its designation as an \"enhanced\" brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Creation of 39th Infantry Brigade\nIn 1999, the 39th became part of the 7th Infantry Division under the Army Integrated Division concept which paired National Guard and Reserve brigades with active duty headquarters and support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Overseas training deployments\nThe 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry units conducted numerous overseas training rotations throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 85], "content_span": [86, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Southern Watch\nIn May through September 1999, Company B, 2nd Battalion, 153 Infantry was activated for Operation Southern Watch. B/2-153 deployed to Kuwait. 39th Brigade Soldiers provided security at Patriot Missile batteries during these deployments. The mission lasted a total of seven months, and was the first \"pure\" National Guard effort in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 80], "content_span": [81, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Southern Watch\nCompany C, 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry carried on the 39th's role in Operation Southern Watch when they replaced B/2-153 IN in September 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 80], "content_span": [81, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Security Force Nine (SFOR 9)\nIn March 2001, Company D, 1\u2013153rd and Company D, 3\u2013153rd deployed to Bosnia as part of the Multinational Stabilization Force (SFOR), Security Force Nine in order to assist with the enforcement of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH). The companies were attached to 3rd Squadron, 7 Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division for the deployment as part of Task Force Eagle. They performed presence patrols outside Forward Operating Base Morgan and Camp McGovern, and participated in the consolidation of weapon storage sites. The soldiers also guarded the sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 84], "content_span": [85, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Ramp-up\nIn 2002 the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment was notified that it would be participating in a rotation to the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, LA as a part of the 39th Infantry Brigade (Separate). For National Guard units, a rotation is actually a three-year process that provides additional money, resources and training opportunities in order to improve unit readiness before the actual rotation through the JRTC. The battalion was required to complete a mission rehearsal exercise during the 2003 annual training conducted at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. Less than a month after the completion of this major training milestone, the battalion received its alert for deployment to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom on 28 July 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 91], "content_span": [92, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Alert, train, and man the battalion\nOn 12 October 2003, the battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Kendall A. Penn, was ordered to federal service in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II for a period of up to 18 months. The battalion would undergo post mobilization training at Fort Hood, Texas from October 2003 until January 2004. In January the battalion shipped its vehicles and equipment to Iraq from Fort Hood, and then moved to Fort Polk for a Mission Rehearsal Exercise at the JRTC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 119], "content_span": [120, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Alert, train, and man the battalion\nWhen the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment received its alert for deployment, it was approximately 130 soldiers short of its authorized end strength. This shortage was due in large part to the way new recruits are accounted for in the National Guard. In the active army a new recruit only comes to a unit and is counted on its books after the soldier has completed Basic Combat Training and Advanced Individual Training. In the National Guard, the new recruit is counted on the unit's strength reports as soon as the soldier signs his contract. The 39th Brigade had over 500 soldiers who had not completed either Basic or Advanced Individual Training upon alert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 119], "content_span": [120, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Alert, train, and man the battalion\nThis shortage led to the decision to consolidate the available manning into two infantry battalions that would be supplied for the brigade by the Arkansas National Guard and to ask National Guard Bureau to provide the third infantry battalion. The 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment was selected as one of the two Arkansas infantry battalions which would deploy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 119], "content_span": [120, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Alert, train, and man the battalion\nDuring consolidation of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd battalions 153rd Infantry for OIF II, efforts were made to maintain unit integrity at least the platoon level. The units were consolidated in the following fashion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 119], "content_span": [120, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Area of operations\nThe 39th BCT was task organized with 1\u2013153rd IN being detached to 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Brigade, in exchange for the attachment of 2nd Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment, to the 39th Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 124], "content_span": [125, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Area of operations\n1\u2013153rd IN was headquartered in the Green Zone in Baghdad with the 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. The 1\u2013153rd was further task organized with in the 3rd BCT by the detachment of Company C, 1\u2013153rd to 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry Regiment. The 1\u2013153rd in turn received the attachment of the Troop A, 1\u20139th Cav, a mechanized cavalry unit, thus providing the task force with a mechanized company team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 124], "content_span": [125, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Significant combat actions\nTask Force (TF) 1\u2013153rd Infantry (Inf) was task organized effective 16 March 2004. The task organization included A/1-9 Cavalry and direct support maintenance elements of the 39th Support Battalion. The task force's assigned strength for the deployment averaged 720 Soldiers during the service period. TF 1\u2013153rd conducted a tactical convoy from Kuwait to Baghdad, Iraq, 1\u20133 April 2004. The convoy consisted of ten serials, totaling over 300 vehicles representing six of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team (BCT), 1st Cavalry Division task forces. Upon arrival in its area of responsibility (AOR), the Karradah District of Baghdad, TF", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 132], "content_span": [133, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Significant combat actions\n1\u2013153rd was charged with securing zones 10, 13, 14W and operating Checkpoint 11, a major point of entry into the International Zone (IZ). On 6 May 2004 a vehicle borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) attached Checkpoint 11, resulting in one soldier killed in action (KIA) and two soldiers wounded in action (WIA). The TF 1\u2013153rd soldiers manning the checkpoint were successful in containing the attack and prevented entry into the IZ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 132], "content_span": [133, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Significant combat actions\nTF 1\u2013153rd conducted over seventy raids, 8,280 patrols and 1,440 traffic control points during its deployment, resulting in 120 insurgents captured and numerous rocket propelled grenades (RPGs), explosives, and weapons captured. The task force's effectiveness was reflected in a captured arms dealer's refusal to bring shipments of heavy weapons into Karradah for fear of capture in one of the many traffic control points established by the task force. The task force was also responsible for securing numerous high-value assets (HVAs) located in its area of responsibility, including the Japanese, South Korean, Kuwait and Polish embassies, Baghdad University, and the World Health Organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 132], "content_span": [133, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Significant combat actions\nIn June 2004, the task force participated in a cordon and search operation which resulted in the discovery and disarming of a large improvised explosive device (IED) emplaced to kill the Japanese Charge d 'Affairs, and the capture of the individuals responsible for its emplacement. In January 2005, the task force responded to a vehicle borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) attack against the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution of Iraq (SCIRI) headquarters. The attack resulted in thirteen dead and over fifty wounded Iraqi civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 132], "content_span": [133, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Significant combat actions\nCompany A and the task force quick reaction force (QRF) cordoned the area against further attack and immediately began rendering aid to wounded Iraqis. The task force later assisted SCIRI as they conducted a force protection assessment and emplaced barriers to harden the facility. Mr. Abdul Aziz Al-Hakim, the head of the party later thanked General Casey for the task force's quick response and assistance. In total, the task force was attacked by twelve VBIEDs, twenty seven IEDs, forty seven indirect fire attacks, and fifty three attacks by small arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 132], "content_span": [133, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Significant combat actions\nA/1-9th Cav also conducted numerous combat operations on Haifa Street in Zone 8S that resulted in the capture of 114 insurgents, and numerous RPGs, mortars, and explosives. The battalion also trained Company A, 302nd Battalion of the Iraqi National Guard to company proficiency. Company A, 302d later fought in intense, sustained combat operations on Haifa Street. The task force also implemented over $5.6\u00a0million in community improvement projects and projects to restore essential services in Karradah. The money was spent to provide the greatest economic stimulus possible to the Karradah District and resulted in the creation of over 2,000 temporary jobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 132], "content_span": [133, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Significant combat actions\n1-153rd IN captured six division targets and contained or disrupted fifteen Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device (VBIED) attacks in their sector. The battalion worked to suppress indirect fire attacks on the International Zone during the Transfer of Iraqi Sovereignty and weekly Iraqi National Congress meetings. The 1\u2013153rd commander, LTC Kendall Penn also worked closely with the Karahda District Counsel to oversee over six million dollars of infrastructure and community improvement projects in the battalion's area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 132], "content_span": [133, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Significant combat actions\nMembers of Company C, 1\u2013153rd spent weeks fighting as part of TF 1\u20139th CAV, 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division on the hotly contested area of Haifa Street in Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 132], "content_span": [133, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Redeployment\nThe 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment was relieved in place by the 1st Battalion, 184th Infantry from the California National Guard, on 23 March 2005. During the deployment the battalion suffered a total of three killed in action. Members of the 1\u2013153rd were awarded dozens of Bronze Stars and Army Commendation Medals with V device and numerous Purple Heart Medals. In the March 2005, units of the 1\u2013153rd started their rotation back to Fort Sill, Oklahoma for demobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 118], "content_span": [119, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Order of battle OIF II\nThe following units were task organized under the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment during Operation Iraqi Freedom II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 128], "content_span": [129, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Iraqi Freedom II, Operation Bowie Fury, Order of battle OIF II\n1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment was task organized under 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division during OIF II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 128], "content_span": [129, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Reorganization as brigade combat team\nUpon redeployment in 2005, the 39th Brigade immediately began a major reorganization that transformed the brigade from an enhanced separate brigade (eSB) to an infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) under the United States Army's new Modular Design. This redesign of the army was intended to make the force more easily deployable by making brigades more self-contained and less dependent on support organizations at the division level. Major changes for the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment included activation of a new Forward Support Company, E, 39th BSB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 93], "content_span": [94, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Katrina\nAfter Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana on 31 August 2005, Members of the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment, along with other 39th IBCT units deployed to New Orleans to support the relief and recovery efforts as part of Operation Katrina. Under tactical control of the Louisiana National Guard, 1\u2013153rd soldiers were given the mission of providing security and food and water. The mission of the 39th IBCT in Louisiana grew to the point that at one time the brigade was responsible for working with local officials in fourteen parishes. Members of the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment and the Arkansas National Guard remained deployed in Louisiana until February 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 73], "content_span": [74, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Jump Start\nIn June 2006 the 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment began deploying troops along the Southwest Border with Mexico as part of Operation Jump Start. The 1\u2013153rd manned a sector of the border around Lordsburg, New Mexico. Unit members occupied observation posts and reported activity along the border the United States Border Patrol. Various battalions within the 39th Brigade were tasked with supplying volunteer companies during this period. While serving in Operation Jump Start members of the brigade were able to begin preparing for the brigade's second deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Operation Jump Start\nIt is ironic that the 1st Arkansas Infantry, the parent unit of the 153rd Infantry Regiment were stationed in this same area of New Mexico ninety years earlier during General \"Black Jack\" Pershing's punitive Mexican Expedition against Pancho Villa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Second OIF deployment\nThe 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment and the 39th Brigade Combat Team received an alert for a second deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in April 2007. The battalion had been home almost exactly two years since demobilizing after OIF II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 77], "content_span": [78, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Second OIF deployment\nThis deployment would be dramatically different from the first. Instead of deploying as a battalion conducting full spectrum operations, the battalion was tasked with filling six unit requests for forces (URFs) for Force Protection Companies to support Victory Base Complex, (VBC) in Baghdad, Iraq. Additionally, Instead of an eighteen-month mobilization, with twelve months actually deployed to Iraq like the first tour, this mobilization would be for a total of twelve months, with approximately ten months being deployed to the combat theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 77], "content_span": [78, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Second OIF deployment\nThe 1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment was placed on duty in October 2007 to prepare for its second deployment to Iraq while still under state control. It began a ninety-day pre-mobilization training period at Chaffee Maneuver Training Center (CMTC) on 1 October 2007. This allowed the unit to perform certain tasks in Arkansas and allowed unit members to be closer to their families for a longer period of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 77], "content_span": [78, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Second OIF deployment\nThe 1\u2013153rd was placed in federal service in January 2008 and trained at Camp Shelby, Mississippi until it deployed beginning in March 2008 to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 77], "content_span": [78, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Second OIF deployment, Task Force Tomahawk\nDue to a conflict with another unit, 1\u2013153rd Infantry was forced to give up its traditional call sign / nickname \"Warrior\" and instead utilized the call sign \"Tomahawk\" during its second OIF deployment. 39th IBCT headquarters was tasked with supplying the Base Defense Operations Center for VBC. The 1\u2013153rd Infantry TOC acted as an area defense operations center for Camp Slayer, a part of the Victory Base Complex. Task Force 1\u2013153rd IN consisted of a headquarters company, a Joint Visitor's Bureau Company, a personal security detachment troop and two base defense companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 98], "content_span": [99, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Second OIF deployment, Task Force Tomahawk\nThe battalion was responsible for the force protection and defense of Camp Slayer and the Radwiniya Palace Complex within the Victory Base Camp. The 1\u2013153rd Infantry searched over 10,000 cars and 35,600 Iraqis to ensure no threats penetrated the perimeter. Soldiers assigned to 1\u2013153rd Infantry executed 996 combat patrols in the area of operations surrounding Camp Slayer and captured six high-value targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 98], "content_span": [99, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), Second OIF deployment, Order of battle\nThe 1\u2013153rd redeployed to Camp Shelby, Mississippi in December 2008 and demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 94], "content_span": [95, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), 153rd Infantry heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia\nA silver color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned Azure, a bend wavy between a fleur-de-lis and a giant cactus Argent; on a chief of the last a Great Bear's face of the like fimbriated of the first, lips and tongue Gules. Attached below the shield is a blue motto scroll inscribed \"LET'S GO\" in silver letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 106], "content_span": [107, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), 153rd Infantry heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia\nSymbolism: The shield is blue for Infantry. The wavy bend, representing the Arkansas River, refers to the geographic location of the regiment. The cactus symbolizes service on the Mexican border and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. The Great Bear's face from the shoulder sleeve insignia of the Alaskan Department symbolizes service in that area in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 106], "content_span": [107, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), 153rd Infantry heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia\nBackground: The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 153rd Regiment infantry on 6 January 1930. It was amended on 30 June 1930. On 4 June 1951 the insignia was amended to show additional war service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 106], "content_span": [107, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), 153rd Infantry heraldry, Coat of arms\nBlazon:Shield: Azure, a bend wavy between a fleur-de-lis and a giant cactus Argent; on a chief of the last a Great Bear's face of the like fimbriated of the first, lips and tongue Gules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 93], "content_span": [94, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), 153rd Infantry heraldry, Coat of arms\nCrest: That for the regiments of the Arkansas National Guard: On a wreath of the colors (Argent and Azure) above two sprays of apple blossoms Proper a diamond Argent charged with four mullets Azure, one in upper point and three in lower, within a border of the last bearing twenty-five mullets of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 93], "content_span": [94, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), 153rd Infantry heraldry, Coat of arms\nSymbolism: The shield is blue for Infantry. The wavy bend, representing the Arkansas River, refers to the geographic location of the regiment. The cactus symbolizes service on the Mexican border and the fleur-de-lis service in France during World War I. The Great Bear's face from the shoulder sleeve insignia of the Alaskan Department symbolizes service in that area in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 93], "content_span": [94, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158689-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States), 153rd Infantry heraldry, Coat of arms\nBackground: The coat of arms was originally approved for the 153rd Regiment Infantry on 6 January 1930. It was amended on 4 June 1951 to show additional war service", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 93], "content_span": [94, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158690-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery battalion of the Kansas Army National Guard in Kansas. Like many National Guard field artillery battalions, it is the sole battalion in the regiment. The battalion is currently headquartered in Hutchinson, and consists of three firing batteries: Alpha (Dodge City), Bravo (Abilene), Charlie (Newton), and a Headquarters Battery (Hutchinson). The battalion has a direct support relationship with the 1161st Forward Support Company (Wichita & Pratt). The battalion's higher headquarters is the 130th Field Artillery Brigade (Manhattan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158690-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1-161 FA has its roots as the 2nd Infantry Regiment of the Kansas Volunteer Militia, which was organized from existing units in 1880. The regiment was mustered into federal service in June 1916 for duty guarding the Mexican Border against invasion. The regiment served for 5 months at Eagle Pass, Texas. In August 1917, the 2nd Infantry Regiment was drafted into federal service and in October of that same year, was consolidated with the 1st Infantry Regiment and re-designated the 137th Infantry, Kansas National Guard and assigned to the 35th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158690-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment saw duty in France and participated in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. They were demobilized in May 1919, after 34 months of active duty service. In November 1921, the 2nd Infantry Regiment was re-designated as the 161st Field Artillery Regiment and assigned to the 35th Division. In December 1940 the regiment was inducted into federal service. In December 1941, the regiment, along with the rest of the 35th Division, was moved to California to defend against possible Japanese invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158690-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nOn 3 February 1942, the regiment was divided into the 161st Field Artillery Battalion (the former 1st Battalion), assigned to the 35th Infantry Division, and the 2nd Battalion, 195th Field Artillery Regiment (the former 2nd Battalion), which became a separate unit. The 35th Division began training in April 1943 at Fort Rucker, AL. The division arrived in England in May 1944, and returned to the United States in November 1945. From 1946 to 1998, the 161st's designation was changed nine times from regiment to battalion, with various naming conventions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158690-0001-0003", "contents": "1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nIn March 1996, 1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery converted from M110 8-inch howitzers to M109A5 howitzers but continued as a general support battalion of the 35th Infantry Division Artillery. During the same reorganization, Battery F, 161st Field Artillery was organized as a separate 8-inch general support battery of the division artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158690-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nIn 2001, the battalion was mobilized for Operation Noble Eagle and provided force protection and gate security at McConnell AFB, Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley. Members of Bravo Battery, which was based out of Pratt, were deployed in 2005 to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. One Soldier lost his life while serving in Iraq. The battery returned in July 2007. That same month, the rest of the battalion was notified that they would be deployed to Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158690-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nIn October of that year Headquarters Battery, Alpha Battery, Charlie Battery and the 1161st FSC began pre-mobilization training and deployed in February 2008. Headquarters Battery was sent to Baghdad, while the remainder of the Battalion, with reinforcements from Battery E 161st Field Artillery, were sent to FOB Grizzly to provide force protection. One soldier, Specialist Ronald Schmidt stationed in FOB Grizzly, lost his life on that deployment as well. The battalion was again mobilized in February 2011 for deployment to Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti. The battalion deployed with full strength, augmented with both Battery E, 1161st FSC, and the 35th Military Police Company. They returned to the United States in February 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158690-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 161st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nIn June 2018, Charlie Battery deployed in support of Operation Spartan Shield with the 155 ABCT as a battery in the 2-114 FA. The battery deployed contingents to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Syria and returned in March 2019. Subsequently, Charlie Battery was awarded the 2019 Alexander Hamilton Award as the best battery in the US Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158691-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (Nebraska Army National Guard)\nThe 1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (1-168 FA) was a field artillery battalion of the Nebraska Army National Guard during the Cold War. It served as the direct support artillery battalion of the 67th Infantry Brigade from 1968 and continued in that role when the 67th Brigade became part of the reactivated 35th Infantry Division in 1985. The battalion was inactivated in 1997 due to the conversion of the 67th Brigade into a support group. Its subordinate units were mostly converted into support units while the battalion headquarters was converted into the 168th Quartermaster Battalion headquarters, which perpetuated its lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158691-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (Nebraska Army National Guard)\nThe lineage of the 168th Field Artillery parent regiment began with the 1946 formation of the 3rd Battalion, 134th Infantry when the Nebraska National Guard reorganized after the end of World War II. It was converted to field artillery in 1959, with the 1st and 2nd Howitzer Battalions of the 168th Artillery serving as divisional artillery battalions of the 34th Infantry Division. When the 34th Infantry Division was eliminated in 1963, the 1st Howitzer Battalion became a non-divisional unit and the 2nd Howitzer Battalion became the direct support artillery battalion of the 67th Infantry Brigade. Under the 1968 reorganization, the 1st Battalion, 168th Artillery was formed from elements of both howitzer battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158691-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (Nebraska Army National Guard), History\nWhen the Nebraska National Guard was reorganized after World War II, the 3rd Battalion of the 134th Infantry Regiment was organized and Federally recognized on 4 December 1946 with headquarters and headquarters company at North Platte. The 134th Infantry was the regiment of the 34th Infantry Division from Nebraska, which included Iowa and Nebraska National Guard units. The 3rd Battalion, located in rural western Nebraska, included four of the twelve lettered companies of the 134th Infantry: Company I (Scottsbluff), Company K (Sidney), Company L (Alliance), and Company M (North Platte). Company M was the first to be federally recognized on 5 May 1947, with I following in August and K and L in October of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 76], "content_span": [77, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158691-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (Nebraska Army National Guard), History\nUnder the Pentomic reorganization of the Army National Guard on 1 May 1959, 3rd Battalion, 134th Infantry was broken up, its lineage continued by the 168th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. The North Platte-based 3rd Battalion headquarters company and Company M became Companies E and D of the 128th Engineer Battalion, respectively. The 568th Field Artillery Battalion of the 34th Infantry Division had been the only field artillery unit in the Nebraska Army National Guard, but was eliminated under the reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 76], "content_span": [77, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158691-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (Nebraska Army National Guard), History\nThe 1st and 2nd Howitzer Battalions of the 168th Artillery were formed as part of the 34th Infantry Division Artillery. 1-168 included Headquarters and Service Battery at Scottsbluff, converted from Company I, Battery A at Chadron, converted from Company D of the 128th Engineer Battalion, and Battery B at Gering, converted from the Tank Company of the 134th Infantry. 2-168 included Headquarters and Service Battery at Ogallala, converted from the Heavy Mortar Company of the 134th, Battery A at Alliance, converted from Company L, and Battery B at Sidney, converted from Company K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 76], "content_span": [77, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158691-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (Nebraska Army National Guard), History\nWhen the 34th Infantry Division was eliminated in the 1 April 1963 Reorganization Objective Army Division restructuring, 1-168 became a separate non-divisional unit and 2-168 became the direct support battalion of the 67th Infantry Brigade, formed from Nebraska units of the 34th. 1-168 was equipped with 155 mm self-propelled howitzers with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB) reorganized from the Scottsbluff battery, Battery B at Sidney, Battery C at Alliance, and Service Battery at Gering. 2-168 was equipped with 105 mm self-propelled howitzers with Headquarters and Headquarters and Service Batteries at North Platte, Battery A at Ogallala, Battery B at Lexington, and Battery C at Broken Bow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 76], "content_span": [77, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158691-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (Nebraska Army National Guard), History\nThe 1st Battalion, 168th Artillery was formed as the direct support battalion of the 67th Infantry Brigade under the 1 May 1968 reorganization of the Nebraska Army National Guard. HHB was at Scottsbluff with elements at Sidney, Service Battery at Gering, Battery A at Ogallala, Battery B at North Platte, and Battery C at Chadron with elements at Alliance. 1-168 FA continued in this role when the brigade became part of the reformed 35th Infantry Division as the 67th Brigade on 1 October 1985. The battalion was subordinate to the 35th Infantry Division Artillery headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 76], "content_span": [77, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158691-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (Nebraska Army National Guard), History\nThe lineage of the 168th Field Artillery parent regiment was perpetuated by the Scottsbluff-based Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 168th Quartermaster Battalion (Petroleum Supply) until its 2012 inactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 76], "content_span": [77, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158691-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 168th Field Artillery (Nebraska Army National Guard), Heraldry\nThe design of the regimental distinctive unit insignia was approved on 17 September 1969, containing the motto Enforcers of Democracy. The blue portion and fleur-de-lis symbolize the Presidential Unit Citation and Croix de Guerre awarded to the 134th Infantry Regiment for the Battle of Saint-L\u00f4 and the Siege of Bastogne during World War II, inherited by elements of the battalion. The vertical pallets depict stylized gun barrels, representing the artillery role of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 77], "content_span": [78, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery battalion of the United States Army National Guard. It is assigned to the 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry Division in the Iowa Army National Guard as its direct support battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Birth of a Battalion\nOriginally the 1st Battalion 194th Field Artillery was formed on 26 February 1943 from two other units - the 2nd Battalion 125th Field Artillery Regiment and the 1st Battalion 185th Field Artillery Regiment. Both of these units were part of the 34th Infantry Division, which were half from Minnesota and half from Iowa. This newly formed artillery battalion was equipped with 155\u00a0mm howitzers with a General Support (GS) mission to the 34th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Birth of a Battalion\nUpon mobilization for World War II, the battalion turned in the 155's and received the 8 inch howitzers to better meet the needs of the division. The original motto of the 1st Battalion 194th Field Artillery was \"Faithful, Formidable, and Fiery!\". This motto was a composite taken from both the 2-125 FA (\"Faithful\") and the 1-185 FA (Formidable and Fiery). The original unit crest was also different from what it is today. It too was a composite of these two organizations, reflecting symbols of the Minnesota and Iowa National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nThe 194th Field Artillery Battalion fired a total of 92,165 artillery rounds and its soldiers received a total of 5 Silver Stars, 2 Legions of Merit, 54 Bronze Stars, 10 Air Medals including 22 clusters, and 140 Purple Hearts. Below is a brief timeline which depicts the significant historical events that the battalion encountered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nCurrently, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery is the only Battery inheriting lineage from WWII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Cold War \u2013 9/11\nShortly after World War II, the 194th Field Artillery Battalion (FAB) received federal recognition as a National Guard unit in Iowa. The battalion exchanged its 8-inch howitzers for tractor drawn 155\u00a0mm howitzers. The 194th FAB was a corps artillery battalion, although it trained with the 34th Infantry Division (United States). Although the battalion fought in World War II all honors were inherited by the 556th Field Artillery Battalion of Eastern Iowa organic to the 34th Infantry Division (United States), Headquarters and Headquarters Battery in Fort Dodge retains the WWII lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Cold War \u2013 9/11\nUntil October 1954 the 194th Field Artillery Battalion utilized the motto and insignia of the 556th Field Artillery. After this date, the battalion adopted its current coat of arms anddistinctive insignia, with a motto of \"When Ready\". The insignia (unit crest) represents the essence of artillery. Thescarlet color represents the color for artillery. The flame like partition indicates theintense firepower of the organization's artillery. The pellets depict cannonballs andsymbolizes readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Cold War \u2013 9/11\nThe original units of the battalion had to improvise training locations when they were organized in 1947 as their  communities lacked pre-existing National Guard armories. They conducted training and stored their equipment in various public and private buildings. Battery A began in Humboldt and used the wartime hemp plant for its armory. Battery B had its start in Mapleton. Soon after it moved to Algona in an armory that was built in 1949. Battery C, used the Estherville City Hall Auditorium for the drill floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Cold War \u2013 9/11\nService Battery started out in a 12 by 16 room on the second floor of a Pepsi Cola warehouse in Algona. Headquarters and Headquarters Battery started out in the basement of the Tangney hotel in Spencer until they went to the fairgrounds to the entry building and then to the horticulture building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Germany\nThe battalion gave tactical support to units in Europe during the Korean War. It was activated on 11 September 1950, with the first duty station at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. During August 1951, the unit was alerted for deployment to Europe. Upon arrival in Mannheim, Germany in September 1951, the 194th FAB was assigned to the 18th Field Artillery Group, V Corps (United States), Seventh United States Army. The unit spent the rest of 1951 in Wurzburg, Germany (North Kasene).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Germany\nDuring 1952 the unit successfully completed training in Grafenw\u00f6hr in February, Wildflecken in July, and again in Grafenw\u00f6hr in September. During September 1952, the unit moved to Wertheim, about 30 miles west of Wurzburg, and was relieved from tactical control of the 18th Field Artillery Group and attached to the 30th Field Artillery Group. In November, the 194th provided tactical support to units in the vicinity of Giessen, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Germany\nOn 23 January 1953, the battalion was transferred from tactical control of the 30th Field Artillery Group to the 142nd Field Artillery Group. Training exercises during 1953 were conducted at Baumholder during February and May and at Grafenw\u00f6hr in July. In August, the battalion provided tactical support to units in the vicinity of Bamberg, Germany. In September 1953, the unit participated in the Seventh United States Army maneuver \"Monte Carlo\", and in October, participated in the group firing test administered by V Corps Artillery (United States).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Germany\nThe battalion participated in training exercises at Grafenw\u00f6hr in February 1954, and at Baumholder in May. During April and September the battalion gave tactical support to units in the vicinity of Bamberg, Germany. On 17 January 1955, the 194th was released from active duty and reverted to National Guard status. The 194th was reactivated as a part of the Iowa National Guard in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158692-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment, Current Equipment\nJune 2017  The 1-194 FA transitioned into a Composite Field Artillery BN consisting of two 119A3 (105mm) six gun batteries and one M777A2 (155mm) six gun battery. The BN is converted into a 3x6 Composite FA BN. Additionally, all maneuver BN Fire Support Cells and Fire Support Teams return to the FA BN. The M777A2 battery and one FSC/FST are established in Minnesota. Charlie Battery (155mm) is located in Alexandria MN, DET 3 194 FA (FST) is located in Mankato MN in support of the 2-135 IN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158693-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment was organized in the 1790s as a company in the 2nd Regiment of Artillerists and Engineers. From there, the battalion was called upon to serve in multiple conflicts including the War of 1812, Indian Wars, Mexican-American War, World War II, and modern conflicts in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158693-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment (United States)\nFrom February 2003 to May 2003, the battalion served in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Alpha and Bravo batteries deployed to provide air defense for the Kingdom of Bahrain, while the balance of the battalion deployed to Kuwait in support of operation there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158693-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment (United States)\nIn February 2006, the battalion was deployed on a contingency operation to Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan, to provide air defense for key assets in the Pacific region; the battalion arrived in November of that same year. The battalion is currently assigned to the 38th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, and is charged with providing air and missile defense in support of the INDOPACOM commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment is an infantry battalion in the 1st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nConstituted 3 March 1791 in the Regular Army as a company of the 2d Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nRedesignated in 1792 as a company of the Infantry of the 2d Sub-Legion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nRedesignated 31 October 1796 as a company of the 2d Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nConsolidated May\u2013October 1815 with a company each of the 3d and 7th Infantry (both constituted 12 April 1808) and a company of the 44th Infantry (constituted 29 January 1813) to form a company of the 1st Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nConsolidated in April 1869 with Company A, 43d Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company A, 1st Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, Lineage\n(1st Infantry assigned 11 September 1918 to the 13th Division; relieved 8 March 1919 from assignment to the 13th Division; assigned 27 July 1921 to the 2d Division; relieved 16 October 1939 from assignment to the 2d Division and assigned to the 6th Division [later redesignated as the 6th Infantry Division])", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, Lineage\n(1st Infantry relieved 3 April 1956 from assignment to the 6th Infantry Division; assigned 15 May 1956 to the United States Military Academy)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 15 May 1958 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battle Group, 1st Infantry, and remained assigned to the United States Military Academy (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158694-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nRedesignated 31 December 1964 as the 1st Battalion, 1st Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines\n1st Battalion 1st Marines (1/1st Marines) is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Camp Pendleton, California, consisting of anywhere from 800 to 2,000 Marines and Sailors, but the number fluctuates depending on the Battalion's mission. They fall under the command of the 1st Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division. Commonly referred to as \"The first of the First.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, Organization\n1/1st Marines is a battalion-level infantry unit composed of infantry Marines and support personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, Organization\nThe battalion has been organized around fire and maneuver warfare in tropical, woodland, desert, or Arctic environments. From at least 1989, the units were organized as such:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, Organization, Variations\nSince 2003, after the fall of Saddam Hussein's government, the strategic operations in the Middle East (Iraq, Afghanistan) have encompassed more than just a single objective. For Marine Corps units operating on a tactical level (relative to the Department of Defense) such as a battalion landing team, the actual execution of its traditional mission-oriented operations have adapted depending on the unit's objective (capturing high-value targets, providing stability and support operations, training local police and military units, and a three block war). Some of these operations have demanded reconfiguring the battalion's organization in order to conduct missions which are not included in traditional maneuver warfare (such as fire-team rushing, and anti-armor tactics).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, Organization, Variations, Military transition teams\nMilitary transition teams (MiT teams) have been used to provide assistance for the transition of power from the coalition forces to the local police and army in Iraq. While these MiT teams would draw personnel from other companies, Marines for other part of the division would often rotate into the battalion for a deployment in order to supplement the various companies' rosters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, Organization, Variations, Infantry company reorganization\nIn addition, the various companies were redrawn in order to reflect their new duties. Normal training was complemented with responsibilities befitting an urban environment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, Organization, 1/1 in a MEU (SOC)\nWhen trained as a battalion landing team, the battalion can attach to a Marine Expeditionary Unit and become the ground combat element. This designation gives the battalion a much broader role in its employment with the Navy, including non-combatant evacuation operations (NEO), humanitarian assistance operations (HAO), and ship-to-shore deployment (via air and sea).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, World War II\n1st Battalion 1st Marines was activated on March 1, 1941, at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. A month later they redeployed to Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, but were quickly deactivated on June 18, 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, World War II\n1/1 was reactivated on February 7, 1942, at New River, North Carolina. After a few months of training they were deployed to Wellington, New Zealand in July 1942. During the War in the Pacific the battalion fought in the following campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, World War II\nFollowing the end of the war 1/1 returned to MCB Camp Pendleton in September 1945 and were deactivated on October 31, 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Korean War\nFollowing the outbreak of the Korean War, 1/1 was reactivated at MCB Camp Pendleton on August 9, 1950. Later that month they deployed to Kobe, Japan and from there took part in the amphibious landing during the Battle of Inchon. In October, the Marines were withdrawn from the Seoul area and moved to the east coast of Korea landing at Wosnan in late October. From there 1st Battalion 1st Marines participated in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. They pushed as far north as Koto-ri, spending much of the battle defending their perimeter in this vicinity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Korean War\nThe battalion spent much of the remainder of the war defending thethirty-eighth parallel. All told, it fought in the Korean War from September 1950 through July 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Korean War\nFollowing the war, the battalion participated in the defense of the Korean Demilitarized Zone from July 1953 to April 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Vietnam War\n1/1 deployed to Da Nang, Republic of Vietnam in August 1965, under the command of LtCol Donald V. McCloskey, and were reassigned to the 3rd Marine Division. They remained in Vietnam until May 1971, serving in or around Da Nang, \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0, Con Thien, Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, Hu\u1ebf, Phu Bai and Khe Sanh. They returned to Camp Pendleton, California, in May 1971. They were again deactivated on May 28, 1974, but quickly reinstated on October 15, 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Persian Gulf War and the 1990s\nThe 1st Battalion, 1st Marines deployed from Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton in December 1990 to Saudi Arabia in part of a call to defend the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein in Operation Desert Shield. In the coming months, Regimental Combat Team 1 became Task Force Papa Bear, along with Companies Bravo and Charlie of the 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion; 3rd Battalion, 9th Marines; 1st Tank Battalion; 1st Combat Engineer Battalion and 3rd Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Persian Gulf War and the 1990s\nAfter the start of Operation Desert Storm in February 1991, the Mechanized Battalion saw considerable combat as it crossed into Kuwait and  fought a pitched armored battle at Al Burquan, and consolidated at Kuwait International Airport on February 27, 1991. After completing a search of a downed OV-10 reconnaissance aircraft on March 10, the battalion backloaded on April 24 to Camp Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nOn September 11, 2001, the Marines of 1/1 were deployed on a WestPac (a deployment in an Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) making rounds in the Western Pacific) as part of the 15th MEU. Specifically, they were in Darwin, Australia on port leave. The Marines were recalled early from leave, shipped out, and began preparing for the first major combat operations since the first Gulf War. The flotilla sped to the Persian Gulf and was the first MEU to land in Afghanistan. Later, the 26th MEU would join them and assist in Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Afghanistan invasion\nAmong 1/1's missions in Afghanistan was to assist in securing an airstrip outside Kandahar, Afghanistan and establish Camp Rhino. The Marine battalion performed security operations around the area in support of the Northern Alliance's removal of the Taliban from power. The battalion also performed operations in Northern Pakistan. The Marines returned to the United States in early March 2002. 1/1 also deployed to Afghanistan in July 2012 until December 8 in which they operated throughout Helmand Province. Following the attack on Camp Leatherneck they were extend until December 8, 2012, when they returned to Camp Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe unit deployed in support of OIF I, assisted the local police and performed security operations in southern Iraq, mainly Um Qasar and Basra, co-located with British units there. After 2 weeks, the unit left the country, finished their West-PAC deployment and returned to Camp Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 82], "content_span": [83, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nLater, as part of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit on the first Naval Expeditionary Strike Group-1 (ESG 1), they deployed in early 2005 to the western Pacific. During this deployment, they provided aid for the tsunami that hit Indonesia and Sri Lanka. After 3 weeks of assistance, the MEU headed for the Persian Gulf. There, they provided safety and security operations in Babil province south of Baghdad. Their forward operating base was Camp Falcon near Al-Mahmoudiyah and they spent 1 month there. The combat units performed continuous foot and vehicle patrols in the area, finding weapons caches and unearthing IEDs. One Marine was wounded in action during this deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 82], "content_span": [83, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\n1/1 handed off the territory to 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment (3ACR), which, after staying for many months, endured much less violence and conflict. A PBS documentary on the unit, Warriors, by Ed Robbins, documents this unit's deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 82], "content_span": [83, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe unit returned to Camp Pendleton in mid-2005 and prepared again to deploy in 6 months. They departed Camp Pendleton beginning on January 21, 2006. They were operating in Fallujah but in March, C Company along with MAP 3 Wpns Company began operations in the area around Abu Ghraib prison which is located about 20 miles (32\u00a0km) west of Baghdad. After two and a half months, Charlie Company returned to the Camp Fallujah area and the entire battalion was re-united in Karmah. C Company later moved to Saqlawiyah to replace 1st Battalion, 25th Marines. The battalion completed their deployment and returned to Camp Pendleton in mid-August 2006. 1/1 suffered 17 KIA'S on this deployment and more than 50 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 82], "content_span": [83, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\n1/1 deployed back to Al Anbar Province in mid-July 2007 to areas around Habbaniyah, Iraq. They were relieved by 2nd Battalion, 24th Marines on 6 February 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 82], "content_span": [83, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom; Return to Afghanistan\nIn June 2012, after 11 years, 1/1 returned to Afghanistan to operate in Helmand Province as part of Regimental Combat Team 6 as part of the counter insurgency effort operating around the town of Agha Ahmad, Khanashin, Kajaki, and the Nawa district and around Camp Leatherneck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 108], "content_span": [109, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158695-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 1st Marines, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded citation. 1/1 has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery was a field artillery battalion of the United States Army based in Fort Hood, Texas. It was a subordinate unit of the 41st Fires Brigade (United States).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 21st Field Artillery was constituted in the Regular Army on 1 July 1916 and organized at Camp Wilson, Texas on 1 June 1917. It was assigned to the 5th Division in 1917 and saw action in France during World War I, participating in the St. Mihiel and Lorraine (1918) Campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 21st Field Artillery was inactivated 23 September 1921 at Camp Bragg, North Carolina. On 24 March 1923 it was assigned to the 9th Division and relieved 1 January 1930 from assignment to the 9th Division. It was then assigned to the 5th Division and later redesignated as the 5th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nFollowing World War I, the 21st Field Artillery was retired until 6 October 1939 when it was reactivated as part of the 5th Division. The 21st Field Artillery fought in the World War II campaigns of Normandy, Northern France, the Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 21st Field Artillery was inactivated on 20 September 1946 at Ladd Field, Alaska. Then activated 3 June 1948 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, inactivated 30 April 1950 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, activated 1 March 1951 at Indiantown Gap Military Reservation, Pennsylvania, inactivated 1 September 1953 at Indiantown Gap Military Reservation, Pennsylvania, activated 25 May 1954 in Germany, inactivated 1 June 1957 at Fort Ord, California, and relieved from assignment to the 5th Infantry Division; concurrently, redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 21st Artillery. It was then redesignated 1 July 1960 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Howitzer Battalion, 21st Artillery, assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division, and activated in Korea (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated). It was the redesignated 1 September 1963 as the 1st Battalion, 21st Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 993]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe newly formed 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery began its association with the 1st Cavalry Division. During the Vietnam War, the 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery participated in 15 different campaigns including the Tet Counteroffensive and Counteroffensives I-VII, earning the Presidential Unit Citation for action in Pleiku Province, the Valorous Unit Award for the Fish Hook Campaign, and the Meritorious Unit Commendation for operations in Vietnam (1967). Additionally, Alpha and Bravo Batteries were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for action in Binh Thaun Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery was relieved 13 September 1972 from assignment to the 1st Cavalry Division and assigned to the 4th Infantry Division. It was inactivated 19 December 1973 at Fort Carson, Colorado and relieved 21 April 1975 from assignment to the 4th Infantry Division, assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division, and activated at Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nOn 2 July 1986, the 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery was reorganized and redesignated as Battery A, 21st Field Artillery, and continued to serve in the 1st Cavalry Divisionry. In August 1990, the 1st Cavalry Division was alerted for deployment to Southwest Asia as part of the joint forces participating in Operation Desert Shield. 1st Cavalry Division MLRS fires from Alpha Battery, 21st Field Artillery illuminated the night skies and crippled Iraqi targets deep within enemy territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nUpon activation on 16 September 1997, with the addition of Bravo (MLRS) and Charlie (Target Acquisition) Batteries, the 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery became the first Divisional MLRS Command and Attack Battalion in the U.S. Army. In September 1998, Charlie Battery, 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina to provide 24-hour radar support to Task Force Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nOn 28 July 2000, 68th Chemical Company, the division's smoke, reconnaissance, and decontamination forces, became part of the battalion. The 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery completed the Army's first deployment of a divisional command and attack battalion, Operation Desert Strike 01-07, an external evaluation at Fort Bliss, New Mexico, in April 2001. In support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 68th Chemical Company and the 1\u2013227 FSE out of HHS/1-21, deployed from February 2003 through June 2003. The FSE planned and executed SEAD missions in support of Apache deep attacks. 68th Chemical Company's Smoke Platoon, while attached to 3rd Infantry Division, crossed the border into Iraq and were among the first U.S. soldiers to enter Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nIn March 2004, Task Force 1\u201321 deployed to Iraq for combat operations under the task organization of the 5th Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division during Operation Iraqi Freedom II. Organic companies of 1\u201321 FA were augmented by elements of the 68th Chemical Company to form the task force. Task Force Rocket was responsible for a portion of the Al-Rasheed district in southern Baghdad from March 2004 \u2013 March 2005. During that time the task force conducted daily patrols, ambushes, raids, convoy escorts, target acquisition, and counter-battery cannon fires. The battalion contributed to the first ever free elections held in Iraq in January 2005. Following redeployment, Charlie Battery, 1\u201321 FA and 68th Chemical Company were inactivated in July 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Cavalry Division's first Silver Star Medal for valor in combat during this deployment was presented to Pfc. Christopher Fernandez, of Battery A, 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment, on 13 August 2004. Fernandez was awarded the Silver Star for his actions on the night of 5 May, when his unit were ambushed while on a patrol through the city's Saidiyah neighborhood. An improvised explosive device rendered the patrol's rear vehicle inoperable. The patrol was hit with small-arms fire and immediately returned fire. Two U.S. soldiers were killed and five others were wounded in the IED explosion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nFernandez returned fire with his M-249 Squad Automatic Weapon, reloading it at least once during the short engagement, said Capt. Thomas Pugsley, Battery A's commander. Seeing that the stricken vehicle's M-240B machine gun was unused. Fernandez left his vehicle, ran to the disabled humvee and recovered the weapon and its ammunition. Fernandez then opened fire on the enemy. The hand guards covering the machine-gun's barrel, so the gunner's hands will not burn, were blown off in the explosion. Fernandez kept firing even though his hands were burning. One other soldier received a Bronze Star with V device and another received an Army Commendation with V device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nOn 19 August 2005, the 1st Battalion 21st Field Artillery was relieved from the 1st Cavalry Division and attached to the 4th Fires Brigade. The 1st Battalion 21st Field Artillery made its transition as part of the Army's new modular transformation concept. Falling under the newly formed fires brigade model, in 2006 the battalion fielded and manned the 575th Forward Support Company and Charlie (MLRS) Battery, 1\u201321 FA. On 16 April 2007, the fires brigade reflagged as the 41st Fires Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nOn April 2008, 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery, deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 08-10. During their most recent deployment, the battalion conducted an in-lieu of mission, responsible for conducting detainee operations, and security operations at Camp Bucca, Iraq. Charlie Battery, 1\u201321 FA received a change of mission in July 2008, and conducted convoy security operations in support of international police advisors and provincial reconstruction teams in Basra and Al Kut, Iraq. The 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery redeployed to Fort Hood, Texas in July 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery deployed over 150 soldiers to Afghanistan in September 2011. The unit trained the Afghan National Army on artillery operations, operating the Artillery School in Kabul. Simultaneously, other members served on artillery mobile education and training teams (A-METT). The unit redeployed to Ft. Hood in summer 2012. Upon return to Ft. Hood, 1\u201321 FA did two rotations at the National Training Center in January 2013 and June 2013, supporting 3BCT, 1CD and 2BCT, 4ID respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nOn 12 June 2014, the battalion cased its colors for the seventh time during an inactivation ceremony in front of the 41st Fires Brigade Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Inactivation\nOn 12 June 2014, First Strike inactivated at Ft. Hood, Texas. It fell under 41st Field Artillery Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Hood, TX. It consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 74], "content_span": [75, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Honors & decorations\nWorld War I: \u2013 St. Mihiel; -Lorraine 1918World War II: -Northern France; -Rhineland; -Ardennes-Alsace; -Central EuropeVietnam: -Defense; -Counteroffensive, Phase I; -Counteroffensive, Phase II; -Counteroffensive, Phase III; -Tet -Counteroffensive; -Counteroffensive, Phase IV; -Counteroffensive, Phase V; -Counteroffensive, Phase IV; -Tet 69/Counteroffensive; -Summer-Fall 1969; -Winter-Spring 1970; -Sanctuary Counteroffensive; -Counteroffensive; Phase VII; Consolidation I; -Consolidation II; -Cease-FireSouthwest Asia: -Defense of Saudi Arabia; -Liberation and Defense of Kuwait; -Cease-FireWar on Terrorism: Campaigns to be determined", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 82], "content_span": [83, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Honors & decorations\nPresidential Unit Citation (Army) for PLEIKU PROVINCEValorous Unit Award for FISH HOOK Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for VIETNAM 1967 Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for SOUTHWEST ASIA 1990\u20131991Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1965\u20131969 Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1969\u20131970Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1970\u20131971Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1971\u20131972Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class for VIETNAM 1969\u20131970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 82], "content_span": [83, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158696-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Honors & decorations\nPresidential Unit Citation (Army) for BINH THUAN PROVINCE Valorous Unit Award for QUANG NAM", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 82], "content_span": [83, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment is an attack helicopter battalion of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. The battalion is an AH-64 Apache battalion based at Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe unit's nickname is \"First Attack\" because 1st Cavalry Division was \"First into Manila\" in February 1945. Major General William C. Chase gave the Division its nickname \"First Team\", it was well-received and remains today. In September 1945, the \"First Team\" led occupational forces in to Japan's capital city, earning the distinction of \"First in Tokyo\". Next, the 1st Cavalry Division stormed ashore at Poe-Hongdong, South Korea, in the Korean War's first amphibious landing. By July 1950, the Division began offensive operations to the north and crossed the 38th parallel on 9 October 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nClosing on North Korea's capital 10 days later, the \"First Team\" was \"First in Pyongyang\". In July 1965, the 1st Cavalry Division was re-stationed to Fort Benning, Georgia and organized for new missions in Southeast Asia. The unit became the Army's first \"Airmobile\" division and initially saw combat in the Republic of Vietnam during the thirty-five-day Pleiku Campaign, earning a Presidential Unit Citation. The enemy launched the famous Tet Offensive in late January 1968. Already on the move, the \"First Team\" rushed north, liberating cities and boldly repelling the enemy offensive. The Division's sky troopers flew in to relieve the besieged Marine base at Khe Sanh and the Division was \"First into Cambodia\" in May 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nFrom the beginning of the Global War on Terrorism, the 1st Cavalry Division and its Brigades continued this tradition of service by deploying six times to Iraq in support of Operation Iraq Freedom and Operation New Dawn. These deployments would include engaging anti Iraqi and Al-Qaeda forces throughout the country, the first free elections in Iraq and providing training to Iraqi security forces and support to the people. The Division's four BCTs deployed to Iraq in 2010-2011 as Advise and Assist Brigades and their goal was to strengthen Iraqi sovereignty, stability, and self-reliance while supporting counter-terrorism operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nOperation New Dawn marked the Division's last deployment to Iraq. The 1st Cavalry Division and its brigades would deploy to Afghanistan four separate times in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. In 2011, the Division distinguished itself by exceptionally meritorious achievement from 19 May 2011 to 19 April 2012 in Regional Command \u2013 East, Afghanistan. The command created a unified team that was integrated in all operations and committed to working by, with and through Afghan institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe First Cavalry Division Headquarters deployed to Afghanistan to assume command of Regional Command-South on 7 July 2014 and later the Train, Advise, Assist Command-South. United States' and Coalition Forces, under the command of the 1st Cavalry Division in Southern Afghanistan, conducted train, advise, and assist missions so that the Afghan National Security Forces would be sustainable and capable of protecting their population and government into the future. With the 1st Cavalry Division Headquarters and elements of the 3d Cavalry Regiment deployed to Afghanistan, events required the Division's remaining units take on new missions around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0002-0003", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nUnits deployed to areas where no 1st Cavalry Division Troopers have ever been or had not seen for decades. These areas included Europe, Korea, Africa and Cuba. First Team Troopers demonstrated their excellence while performing a wide variety of missions during multiple operations. The Army's finest Soldiers and best equipment, the hard-riding spirit of the United States Cavalry is alive and well in the 1st Cavalry Division. Our more than 26,000 Soldiers combine the spirit of the Cav's heritage with challenges facing an alert, combat-ready, armored division. The \"First Team\" remains ready to fight anywhere, anytime, and win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Service dates\nThe original unit was constituted 1 February 1963 as Company A, 227th Assault Helicopter Battalion, an element of the 11th Air Assault Division. The unit was officially activated on 11 February 1963 at Fort Benning, Georgia. On 1 July 1965 the unit was reorganized and re-designated as Company A, 227th Aviation Battalion and officially assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood, Texas. The unit was inactivated from 19 November 1974 to 21 May 1978. The company was again active from 1978 to 1983 at Fort Hood. The company was inactivated on 30 September 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 78], "content_span": [79, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Service dates\nOn 16 July 1987 the unit was reactivated and re-designated Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation at Fort Hood, Texas. 1 October 2005 the battalion was re-designated 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment and on 16 October 2005 it was relieved from assignment to the 1st Cavalry Division and assigned to the Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 78], "content_span": [79, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War\nOn 1 February 1963, the Army began to gather helicopters into the 11th Air Assault Division to test the airmobile concept. In June 1965, the 11th Air Assault was joined with the 2d Infantry Division. Shortly thereafter, the division exchanged colors with the 1st Cavalry Division. On 1 August 1965, the 1st Cavalry Division was sent to Vietnam. The battalion participated in 14 campaigns and received seven decorations during its 7 years of duty in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Vietnam War\nUpon return from Vietnam, the 227th Aviation Battalion was inactivated on 19 November 1974 at Fort Hood, Texas. After a brief reactivation from 21 May 1978 until 30 September 1983, it was re-designated as 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, the first divisional Apache Attack Helicopter Battalion to be formed. Upon re-designation, the 1\u2013227th underwent an intensive 6-month unit training program and began to training for combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, The Gulf War & the 1990s\nOn 29 September 1990, the battalion deployed overseas to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, where the unit postured for combat in Operation Desert Shield. On 25 February 1991, with the onset of Operation Desert Storm, the battalion conducted a raid as a part of the 1st Cavalry Division's deception plan. The battalion would serve as the vanguard of the division's movement north to cut off retreating an Iraqi Republican Guard Division at Basra. On 7 March 1991, the battalion would return as part of the advance party back to Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, The Gulf War & the 1990s\nOn 2 June 1998, after years of testing and preparation, 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment became the first Army Aviation Battalion to field the AH-64 Apache \"Longbow\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nWith the onset of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), the 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, under the command of LTC Dan Ball, arrived at Camp Udari, Kuwait, on 14 February 2003, and was attached to Task Force 11th Aviation Regiment operating under the command of the U.S. Army V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 85], "content_span": [86, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nIn the early hours of 24 March 2003, Apache Longbows of the 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation, 1st Cavalry Division, engaged units of Iraq's Republican Guard Medina Division between the cities of Karbala and Al Hillah, about 96 kilometers (60\u00a0mi) south of Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 85], "content_span": [86, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nA majority of the battalion's helicopters sustained extensive battle damage, but only one went down. Both pilots survived and were captured, later being rescued by US Marines after the fall of Baghdad. On 21 May 2003, the battalion redeployed to Fort Hood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 85], "content_span": [86, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nFirst Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment has deployed to Iraq three more times in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. From April 2004 to April 2005, under the command of LTC Ron Lewis,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 85], "content_span": [86, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nthe battalion returned to Iraq as part of OIF II, and helped set up Camp Taji for aviation operations. In October 2006 the battalion once again deployed to Camp Taji under the command of LTC Christopher E. Walach, for a 15-month deployment in support of OIF 06-08. The battalion again deployed to camp Taji, under the command of LTC Charles Dalcourt,  from April 2009 to April 2010 in support of OIF 09-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 85], "content_span": [86, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nAfter a 6-month reset, the battalion task-organized into a full-spectrum task force and began deployment preparations for deployment to Afghanistan. In January 2011, the task force deployed to Fort Carson, Colorado, for High Altitude Mountain Environmental Training (HAMET), to better prepare the aircrews for the extreme altitudes of Afghanistan's Paktika Province. In May 2011, the task force deployed to FOB Sharana, Paktika, Afghanistan where it conducted full-spectrum aviation operations throughout the Paktika, Paktia, Ghazni and Khost provinces in support of Regional Command (East).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 85], "content_span": [86, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nIn July 2011, the Task Force made history when one of their AH-64Ds became the first AH-64D to exceed 10,000 operational flying hours. After a year at Sharana, First Attack redeployed to Fort Hood with the 1st ACB. In July 2012, the unit changed command, with LTC Phillip Baker assuming command of the Battalion. They re-organized as an Apache-pure attack Battalion on 15 July 2012 and are currently conducting regeneration and training operations for future deployment contingencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 85], "content_span": [86, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Subordinate companies\nThe battalion consists of three Apache Longbow companies and a headquarters, maintenance, and forward support company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 77], "content_span": [78, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile and attached units), distinguished themselves by outstanding performance of duty and extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy in the Republic of Vietnam during the period of 23 October 1965 to 26 November 1965. Following the attack on Special Forces camp at Plei Me, in Pleiku Province, on 19 October 1965 by regular units of the Army of North Vietnam, the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) was committed to action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nThe division was initially assigned the mission of protecting the key communications center of Pleiku, in addition to providing fire support both for an Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) armored column dispatched to the relief of the besieged camp, and for the camp itself. The 1st Cavalry Division, (Airmobile), having recently been organized under a completely new concept in tactical mobility, and having arrived in the Republic of Vietnam on la month earlier, responded quickly and with and infantry brigade and supporting forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0015-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nUsing air assault techniques, the division deployed artillery batteries into firing positions deep within the enemy-held territory and provided the vital fire support needed by the ARVN forces to accomplish the relief of the Special Forces camp. By 27 October, the tactical and strategic impact of the presence of a North Vietnamese regular army division in the Pleiku Province necessitated a chance in the missions for the 1st Cavalry Division. The division was given a unlimited offensive role to seek out and destroy the enemy force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0015-0003", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nWith bold thrusts, elements of the division pursued the North Vietnamese regiments across the dense and trackless jungles of the west-central highlands, seeking the enemy out in his previously secure sanctuaries and giving him no quarter. In unfavorable terrain and under logistical and tactical conditions that would have stopped a unit with less capability, motivation, and espirit, the cavalrymen repeatedly and decisively defeated numerically superior enemy forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0015-0004", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nThe superb training, unflinching devotion to duty, and unsurpassed gallantry and intrepidity of the cavalrymen, individually and collectively, resulted in numerous victories and succeeded in driving the invading North Vietnamese division back from its positions at Plei Me to the foot of the Chu Pong Massif. There, in the valley of the Ia Drang, the enemy was reinforced by a fresh regiment and undertook preparation for more incursions into Pleiku Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0015-0005", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division deployed by air its men and weapons to launch and attack on the enemy staging area, which was 35 kilometers from the nearest road and 50 kilometers from the nearest logistical base. Fully utilizing the air mobility in applying their combat power in a series of offensive blows, the men of the division completely defeated the numerically superior enemy. When the enemy finally withdrew his broken forces from the battlefield, the offensive capability of the North Vietnamese Army in the II Corps tactical zone had been blunted. The outstanding performance and extraordinary heroism of the member so the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) and attached units, under the most hazardous and adverse conditions, reflect great credit upon themselves, the United States Army, and the Armed Forces of the United States. -- Department of the Army, General Order 1967-40", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 991]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nThe 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry, 1st Cavalry Division, and attached units, distinguished themselves by extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against a hostile force in the Binh Thuan Province, Republic of Vietnam, during the period of 25 August 1966 through 4 April 1967. The Battalion and its attached organizations, which comprised Task Force 2/7, supported the Republic of Vietnam in its revolutionary development program in Binh Thuan Province. The area was almost entirely under Viet Cong control when Task Force 2/7 arrived in the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nThe 482nd and 840th Viet Cong Battalions and their ancillary units, operated almost at will throughout the area, except for the coastal enclaves of Phan Thiet, which was still under government control. Operating over an area almost 5,000 square kilometers, Task Force 2/7 struck at enemy forces in a succession of brilliantly conceived and gallantly executed maneuvers. During this period, the Task Force mounted 371 combat assaults into enemy held territory. In eight months of fierce combat, the Task Force lost 11 men while causing the enemy to lose 481 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nIt captured 70 enemy soldiers, 151 weapons, 291 tons of rice, 3.6 tons of salt, and 7.4 tons of other grains. It destroyed over 600 bunkers and numerous installations. The spirit, devotion to duty, and courage displayed by Task Force 2/7 personnel set a superb example for the Republic of Vietnam Force in the area. Control of Binh Thuan Province passed from the Viet Cong to the free world military forces, and the enemy was unable to operate effectively in strength by day or night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0016-0003", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Presidential Unit Citation (Army)\nThe conspicuous gallantry, intrepidity, heroism, and audacity displayed by the members of the task force in combat are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon them, their units, and the Armed Forces of the United States. -- Department of the Army, General Order 1973-02", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 107], "content_span": [108, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Naval Unit Commendation (Navy)\nFore exceptionally meritorious service during assigned mission in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom from 2 August 2004 to 1 February 2005. I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF) (Reinforced) conducted a coordinated campaign across a 400-mile arc of the Euphrates River Valley to eliminate insurgent control over the key cities of An Najaf and Al Fallujah and the remainder of the local population in the I MEF Area of Responsibility. The battle for An Najaf and Al Fallujah were the largest U.S. led urban operations since the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 104], "content_span": [105, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Naval Unit Commendation (Navy)\nBoth battles saw the introduction of new and innovative tactics, techniques, and procedures which became ke to I MEF's success. Throughout 24 days of intense conflict in An Najaf, the Marines conducted destruction raids on insurgent strongholds, captured weapons caches, and engaged in fierce close-quarter battle. During this operation, I MEF killed more that 1,500 enemy insurgents while simultaneously preserving the sacred Imam Ali Shrine and Mosque Complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 104], "content_span": [105, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0017-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Naval Unit Commendation (Navy)\nIn response to the violent insurgent actions in Al Fallujah, a coalition force of 12,500 led by 1 MEF, boldly breached the city's fortifications and destroyed a heavily armed and well-entrenched fanatical enemy. Countless across of individual bravery in Al Fallujah resulted in more than 2,000 enemy killed or captured as the Marines, Soldiers, and Sailors fiercely fought and cleared the city, house by house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 104], "content_span": [105, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158697-0017-0003", "contents": "1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment (United States), Unit decorations, Naval Unit Commendation (Navy)\nBy their outstanding courage, resourcefulness, and aggressive fighting spirit in combat against the enemy, the officers and enlisted personnel of I Marine Expeditionary Force (Reinforced) reflected great credit upon themselves and upheld the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service. -- Department of the Navy, MARADMIN Active Number: 074/07", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 104], "content_span": [105, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines\n1st Battalion, 23rd Marines (1/23) is one of 32 infantry battalions in the United States Marine Corps, and one of only eight battalions found in the reserve. It is located throughout Texas and Louisiana consisting of approximately 1000 Marines and Sailors. They fall under the command of the 23rd Marine Regiment and the 4th Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, Mission\nProvide trained combat and combat support personnel, and units to augment and reinforce the active component in time of war, national emergency, and at other times as national security requires; and have the capability to reconstitute the Division, if required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, History, World War II\nThe battalion was activated on November 20, 1942, at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, History, Gulf War\nThe battalion was mobilized for the first time since World War II in January 1991 in support of Operation Desert Shield. The unit was deployed to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, in support of the 1st Marine Division during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nOperation Enduring Freedom(January 2002-January 2003)Elements of the battalion were activated after the September 11th attacks. Bravo Company and attachments from Alpha Company's Weapons platoon were deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, where they provided perimeter security for the base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nOperation Iraqi Freedom (June 2004)The battalion was again mobilized in June 2004 to conduct three months of pre-deployment training at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, California, in preparation for their upcoming deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion arrived in Iraq, relieving 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines in late August 2004. They augmented the 7th Marine Regiment, helping to secure the area spanning the Hit-Haditha corridor, west of Ramadi, out to the Syrian border of the Al Anbar Province. Initial assignments for the battalion's companies in Iraq saw assignments in Ar-Rutbah, Al Asad Airbase and Hit. The battalion returned from Iraq in late March 2005, having been relieved by 3rd Battalion, 25th Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn May 2007, Marines that had not participated in the June 2004 mobilization were tasked to support 3rd Battalion, 23rd Marines in their upcoming activation. Volunteers from the first mobilization were also part of this support. These Marines were deployed back to the Al Anbar Province and conducted operations near and around the Haditha Dam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nAbout 800 Marines and Navy Corpsmen departed in November 2010 for pre-deployment training at Camp Pendleton in California. The 1/23 Marines deployed in March 2011 in support of II Marine Expeditionary Force in southwestern Afghanistan. The battalion mobilized for about 400 days, with seven months spent in Afghanistan. Alpha Company supported Regimental Combat Team 8 in the upper Sangin Valley and then transitioned to its own battle space in and around Camp Delaram II in the northwest part of Helmand province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nAlpha Company also led a mission that confiscated more than 150 tons of poppy seed, marking the largest drug seizure by NATO forces in Afghanistan. Bravo Company supported RCT-1 (Regimental Combat Team 1) in the southern portion of Helmand province. Charlie, Weapons and Headquarters and Service Company's were employed in several endeavors. These companies ran the Combat Operations Center at the Camp Leatherneck, Bastion and Shorabak complex and partnered with other coalition forces to make vast improvements to the security of the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion officially handed responsibility over a wide variety of operations in Afghanistan to the Massachusetts-based 1st Battalion 25th Marines during a transfer of authority ceremony on September 13, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nElements of the battalion where deployed to support NATO efforts in Afghanistan, training and advising the 23rd Georgian infantry battalion (gib) but were  remission to Jordan to train and advise various units throughout the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, Medal of Honor Recipients\nJoseph William Ozbourn, USMCR,  Co B, 1st Battalion, 23d Marines, 4th Marine Division, 30 July 1944, Tinian Island, Mariana Islands", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, Medal of Honor Recipients\nDarrell Samuel Cole, USMCR, Co B, 1st Battalion, 23d Marines, 4th Marine Division, 19 February 1945, Iwo Jima", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158698-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 23rd Marines, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces have different categories: i.e. Service, Campaign, Unit, and Valor. Unit awards are distinct from personal decorations. 1/23 has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines\n1st Battalion, 24th Marines (1/24) is a reserve infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps located throughout Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana consisting of approximately 1,000 Marines and Sailors. Nicknamed Terror from the North, the battalion is attached to the 25th Marine Regiment of the 4th Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, Mission\nProvide trained combat and combat support personnel and units to augment and reinforce the active component in time of war, national emergency, and at other times as national security requires; and have the capability to reconstitute the Division, if required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History\nOn July 5, 1922, the Marines first came to Detroit when a volunteer Marine Corps Reserve company was activated with a strength of 70 men. In 1926 the company designated as the 306th Company of the Fleet Marine Force (FMF) Reserve before being redesignated in 1929 as Company \"B\" of the 8th Reserve Battalion, headquartered in Toledo, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History\nIn October 1938, Detroit became the home of a second company of Marines, Company \"D\" of the 8th Reserve Battalion. Shortly thereafter, in November 1940, the 8th Reserve Battalion was mobilized as an individual active duty battalion before being integrated into the First Marine Brigade in January 1941. As part of the First Marine Brigade, the battalion fought valiantly in World War II in the South Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History\nDuring the Battle of Iwo Jima in February 1945, 1st Battalion suffered heavy casualties, but Lieutenant colonel Austin R. Brunelli quickly reorganized the unit and led it to the victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History\nIn August 1946, the battalion was formed into the 17th Infantry Battalion. Four years later, the reservists of the 1st Battalion were mobilized and reported to Camp Pendleton, California, where many joined the units of the 1st Marine Division in Korea in the fall and winter of 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History\nIn July 1962, the Marines became Headquarters & Service Company of the 1st Battalion, 24th Marine Regiment when the 4th Marine Division was reactivated. 1/24 was mobilized for nine months in support of Operation Desert Shield in December 1990 for the first time since 1954. The unit was sent to Okinawa and the Philippines where they were the first USMC battalion qualified as \u201cSpecial Operations Ready\u201d and then assisted in rescue operations associated with the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn support of Operation Enduring Freedom during 2003, 1/24 saw the mobilization of companies A, B, and C reinforced with platoons from Weapons company and small elements of H&S company. Company A along with Heavy Machinegun Platoon went to Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti, Horn of Africa. Company B, reinforced by 81mm Mortar Platoon went to support security operations in Kuwait. Company C and the Battalion's Javelin Platoon supported security operations in Southern Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nUntil 2005, the battalion was based at Brodhead Armory which is an historic building that has served in various capacities over the years. It has served as a submarine base for the United States Navy, a union hall for the Teamsters in the Jimmy Hoffa era, and a professional boxing arena for Joe Louis and other famous boxers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion headquarters and its subordinate Headquarters and Service Company relocated to Selfridge Air National Guard (SANGB) Base in 2005. SANGB is a joint base which accommodates all branches of the armed forces and is located roughly 35 miles (56\u00a0km) north of Detroit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn April 2006, the battalion began training in Michigan and Camp Pendleton, California, to prepare for deployment to Iraq's Al Anbar Governorate. The battalion arrived at Camp Baharia in September 2006. Alpha Company operated to the west of the Euphrates River, Bravo Company operated north of Fallujah out of the train station, Charlie Company was the only company to live and operate constantly inside the city limits of Fallujah. Weapons Company and the Headquarters and Support Company operated out of Camp Bahria (also known as \"Dreamland\"). The battalion would serve for the next seven months with Regimental Combat Team 5 and Regimental Combat Team 6. They replaced 1/25's Area of Operations. During this deployment 1/24 participated in Combat Operations in Fallujah, suffering 22 Marines killed in action with another 331 wounded, including 41 amputees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\n1st Battalion, 25th Marines turned over its positions in and around Fallujah to another Reserve battalion, 1st Battalion, 24th Marines. Building on the improvements that 1/25 had made to Fallujah's infrastructure and community relations after Operation al Fajr, 1/24 also borrowed the concept of \"community policing\" from the successful Iraq tour that its sister battalion, 2/24, had employed in the Triangle of Death years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nUsing aggressive patrolling and intelligence operations that transformed information regarding tribal activities and relationships into \"actionable intelligence,\" 1/24 made major contributions to what has become known as the \"Sunni Awakening,\" or the 180-degree transition of many Sunni tribes in Al Anbar Governorate from supporting the insurgents to supporting the American-led effort in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nLt . Col. Harold R. \"Odie\" Van Opdorp, 2/24's battalion commander, credited much of the battalion\u2019s success to its S-2 section, and how it had closely integrated intelligence on improvised explosive devices and other enemy activities with current operations. For 1/24\u2019s deployment to Fallujah, it recruited two key intelligence officers from 2/24. Capitalizing on their experience and the systems that they had developed in the Babil Province, 1/24 was able to capture and understanding of its area of operations that allowed the Marines to operate in a coordinated and intelligence-driven fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nWhile the Iraqi insurgency might have many parts, for the most part, it was made up of rational and intelligent people. Expressing a level of respect for the shrewdness that insurgents brought to the battle, an understanding by Marines that individual insurgents were rational made the insurgent's activities more predictable. This led to the opportunity for 1/24 to target specific activities. With more than 1,000 Marine intelligence collectors maneuvering constantly throughout the AO, the Intelligence Section's responsibility became collecting the information and plotting the data so that the Intelligence Section could \"connect the dots,\" and push that information out to the using units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nRepeated analysis of the patterns of IEDs led the battalion to innovative ways to avoid them and also prevent them from being employed. The battalion identified the following as its main threats, in order of importance: Improvised explosive devices (IEDs), direct fire (particularly from snipers), indirect fire (typically mortars), vehicle-borne IEDs, a medium-sized attack(such as two dozen insurgents attacking a fixed position), a large-sized counterattack (such as a hundred insurgents joining an attack on a patrol), and a complex attack that might involve several of the previously-described methods. Simplifying the types of threats to a manageable number, then forcing each Marine to \"war game\" his response to each threat situation, was tremendously valuable because it allowed Marines to respond instinctively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 914]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nAt this point in the Iraq War, the central and provincial governments were providing enough police and soldiers to provide a significant boost to American efforts. A key decision within 1/24 was to let the Iraqi Police take a leading role in most operations. By asking the Iraqis to take charge of daytime operations and assigning Marines to work under the cover of darkness, 1/24 employed its Marines in a more protected environment while pushing credit for success in Fallujah to local Iraqis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\n1/24's concept of victory in Iraq involved building the local police and military forces to the extent that they would be able to counter the insurgency. 1/24 created opportunities for \"local heroes,\" or people within the communities who were willing to stand up to the insurgents and complain about the damage that the insurgents were causing to the community. One of these, he said, was a new Fallujah police chief who was willing to lead the community away from insurgents. Marines said the police chief was just what the city needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nThe Marines also said that during 1/24's tour, a group of tribal leaders, or sheiks, were willing to assist the U.S.\u2013Iraqi effort because they had grown weary of the heavy-handed tactics of the insurgents. The willingness of these tribal leaders to provide major assistance in the fight against al Qaeda marked a significant turning point in the war, when Iraqi nationalists were willing to play an important role, in combating al-Qaeda, at a significant risk to their lives and status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nWhile violence continued in and around Fallujah, Iraqi Security Forces increasingly handled the violence. 1/24 was in what Van Opdorp described as an \"overwatch\" position on the outskirts of Fallujah, providing assistance when needed. An important breakthrough took place, he said, when Col. Faisal (Iraq Army) asked the Marines to provide a permanent Quick Response Force (QRF) that would be dedicated to supporting Iraqi Police operations. Recognizing the risks, Van Opdorp said that he also recognized that this presented a tremendous opportunity to let the Iraqi Police flex their muscles, so he tasked Bravo Company with providing this force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nMaj. Jeffrey M. O'Neill said that the QRF was something like a portable fire station, able to respond immediately if the Iraqi Police got into something that was too large for them to handle. This combination was effective, he said, because the Iraqis knew how to get the information and act quickly on tips, while the Americans had the backup firepower to embolden the Iraqi Police to take measured risks. With Marines providing a cordon and Iraqi Police serving as the assault team, the Iraqis detained 82 suspects in two months. This was a total turnaround, he said, as 1/24 Marines went from being very suspicious of Iraqi Police to working side-by-side with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nThe emergence of Iraqi security forces throughout Fallujah allowed the Marines to consider a Civil Affairs \"hearts and minds\" program that many thought Marines would be doing when they first returned to Iraq in 2004. In this operation, Marines conducted a two-day operation in Sheik Khamis' area that included Civil Affairs Officers, Legal Officers, physicians, and veterinarians. Van Opdorp said the physicians and veterinarians treated hundreds of Iraqis and herds of sheep and cattle. The Legal Officers, he said, made payments for various small claims that Iraqis in that area had against the American forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nThe operation was a tremendous success. \"When you do something like that ... they come to realize more and more that these guys aren't occupiers, they are just trying to continue to help us so we can help ourselves.\" Van Opdorp said, \"I think that the transition of Fallujah to the 2nd Brigade [of the Iraqi Army] and to the Iraqi Police was a tremendous accomplishment that 1/24 will look at.\" He credited the 60% reduction in violent acts during his battalion's tenure in Fallujah to the work his Marines did in creating conditions to return responsibility for certain functions to Iraqi control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, 2006\u20132007 Tour in Fallujah, Iraq\nVan Opdorp said that the Reserves lived up to their reputations. \"I am not sure that an active duty battalion can enjoy the success that we had, because you're not going to have a twenty-eight-year Chicago Police officer dealing with anti-gangs, or a New York City firefighter who has the amazing charisma to go out and conduct the type of things that he did with his CAG detachment, or a former [counter-intelligence] Marine as a company commander who sets up one of the most phenomenal intelligence databases and situational awareness for his AO. These Marines are some of the best that America has to offer, and they just did a phenomenal job.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Afghanistan Tour Cancellation 2012\nAlpha Company 1/24 completed pre-mobilization training for a deployment to Afghanistan to replace 1st Battalion, 25th Marines in the Helmand and Nimroz Provinces in April of 2012. However, the deployment was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 94], "content_span": [95, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158699-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 24th Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Afghanistan Deployment (October 2017 - April 2018)\nAlpha Co. 1/24 deployed to Helmand Province, Afghanistan in October, 2017, in support of Task Force Southwest (TFSW). TFSW operated under Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS) as part of the Resolute Support Mission. Alpha Co. 1/24 was the second TFSW rotation, relieving Charlie Co. 1st Battalion, 2nd Marines of command. Alpha Co. 1/24's four platoons conducted missions regarding base security, guardian angel, and flight line security in and around the vicinity of Camp Shorabak and COP Bost. In December 2017 a vehicle born IED exploded inside the vehicle checkpoint of COP Bost. The suicide bomber caused multiple Afghan police casualties but none of the Marines in the vicinity of the blast were harmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 110], "content_span": [111, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines\n1st Battalion, 25th Marines (1/25) is a reserve infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps located throughout New England and upstate New York and consisting of approximately 850 Marines and Sailors. The battalion falls under the 25th Marine Regiment in the 4th Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, Early years\n1st Battalion, 25th Marines was originally established in Boston, Massachusetts as an infantry company in the early 1920s. It was not until some years later that the unit attained battalion status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, Early years\nIn April 1926, Captain John J. Flynn was named the commanding officer of the 301st Company, USMCR, with headquarters at the Marine Barracks, Charlestown Navy Yard. Building 5, the Navy officers mess, was used for drill and formation until the company was called to active duty on November 8, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, Early years\nDuring its varied and illustrious history, the 1st Battalion, 25th Marines has undergone some re-designations, from its beginning as the 301st Company, the battalion has been variously re-designated as an artillery company (December 29, 1928); the 301st Infantry Company (December 1, 1929); Company A, 1st Battalion, 19th Reserve Marines (February 15, 1933); 2nd Battalion, Fleet Marine Corps Reserve (February 1, 1935) \u2014 at that point, a battalion had an authorized strength of 256 men, comparable to a reinforced infantry company in today's table of organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, Early years\nAn especially critical and challenging period in the life of New England's Own occurred from 1931 to 1934, when Congress discontinued all drill and administrative pay. Those stalwarts who stayed with the organization did so voluntarily and without pay. New members were required to purchase their own uniforms. The fact that the battalion survived this critical period is a banner on its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, World War II & the Cold War\nThe 2nd Battalion continued as a unit until called to active service on the eve of World War II. The battalion was sent to Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, and then to Cuba where it was split in January 1941 to serve with various units serving in Cuba at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, World War II & the Cold War\nOn May 1, 1943, the 1st Battalion, 25th Marines was formed at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, and was then shipped off to Camp Pendleton, California, to be assigned to the 4th Marine Division. During the war, the 1st Battalion, 25th Marines saw action in the following Island-hopping campaigns: Kwajalein, Battle of Saipan, Battle of Tinian, and the Battle of Iwo Jima. The battalion played a critical role in the seizure of Hill 382 (Turkey Knob) in an area that Marines on Iwo Jima called \"the meat grinder\". For its actions, the battalion earned a Presidential Unit Citation. The battalion saw no further action during the war due to having to rebuild the battalion after the heavy losses on Iwo Jima. The battalion was deactivated on October 31, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, World War II & the Cold War\nAfter World War II, on October 1, 1946, the 2nd Infantry Battalion was activated at the Naval and Marine Corps Training Center in South Boston under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James J. Dugan, who had established an excellent personal record as a member of the battalion before the war and distinguished himself by outstanding service during World War II. Lieutenant Colonel Dugan remained  the commanding officer until July 1950, shortly before the battalion was called to active duty during the Korean War. The unit's mobilization during the Korean War was short lived, and the battalion was quickly returned to Boston in October 1951, where it grew into one of the largest Marine Reserve units in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, World War II & the Cold War\nOn July 1, 1962, the battalion was reorganized and re-designated in conjunction with the new concept and mission of the Marine Corps Reserve as the 1st Battalion, 25th Marines, 4th Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force, Massachusetts. On September 30, 1977, the headquarters was relocated to Camp Edwards, Cape Cod, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, World War II & the Cold War\nSince its reorganization in 1962, the battalion has participated in a variety of training experiences, including desert maneuvers at 29 Palms, California; amphibious training in Little Creek, Virginia; Mountain Warfare Training at Bridgeport, California; cold weather training in Norway, and numerous field exercises at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Attesting to the effective role that the unit played in these and other programs, the 1st Battalion, 25th Marines received the General Harry Schmidt trophy for the most combat ready battalion in the 4th Marine Division in 1970, 1989, and 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, The Gulf War & the 1990s\nOn November 25, 1990, the battalion was again called to active duty to serve in the Gulf War against Iraq. The battalion moved to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and then promptly deployed to the Kuwait theater operations on December 29, 1990. The battalion was assigned as an independent battalion within the 1st Marine Division. While attached to the 1st Marine Division, it performed a variety of missions to include rear area security and enemy prisoner of war (POW) control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, The Gulf War & the 1990s\nThe battalion was with the front-line units during the war, which made it one of the few reserve units to see front-line service. During the ground offensive I Marine Expeditionary Force tasked the battalion to receive and control over 8,500 Iraq POWs, guarding and processing them to rear areas of the 1st Marine Division. The battalion was returned to the United States in April 1991 and was deactivated at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, The Gulf War & the 1990s\nOn  June 9, 2000, the battalion headquarters was relocated from Camp Edwards to Devens Reserve Forces Training Area (RFTA), Massachusetts, the site of the recently deactivated Fort Devens US Army base. The battalion is still performing its mission of training for the possible call-up for active service in times of national emergency out of Fort Devens and company training centers. Today the battalion is spread over the New England and upstate New York area with the Headquarters and Service Company along with the Weapons Company located at Fort Devens RFTA, Massachusetts. Company A is located in Brunswick, Maine; Company B is located in Londonderry, New Hampshire; and Company C is located in Buffalo, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, The Global War on Terror\nIn January 2003, the battalion was activated in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. After a work-up at Camp Lejuene, NC, the battalion's companies Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Weapons and H & S Companies were deployed to the Pacific and Mid-East (Okinawa{Japan}, Philippines, Korea and Bahrain) carrying out Security and Training missions (i.e. Security Force for Ulchi Focus Lens {Korea} & Exercise Talon Vision {Philippines}) . Charlie Co. operated and conducted missions out of Bahrain where its detachments of Marines conducted security operations in the Persian Gulf as well as the Iraqi territorial waters to include the Euphrates River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, The Global War on Terror\nOn 21 March 2006, after three months of training at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, California, the battalion was deployed to the exceptionally violent province of Anbar in Iraq, then the headquarters of al-Qaeda in Iraq and its leader, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. The deployment lasted seven months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, The Global War on Terror\nDuring the deployment, 1/25 operated in the city of Fallujah under the command of Regimental Combat Team 5. Fallujah had previously served as the primary insurgent stronghold in Iraq until American forces launched a bloody campaign in November 2004 to re-take the city in what is known as the Second Battle of Fallujah. By the time 1/25 deployed to al-Anbar, al-Qaeda in Iraq had re-established its headquarters further west in the provincial capital of Ramadi, leading to the 2006 Battle of Ramadi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, The Global War on Terror\nThe battalion performed thousands of patrols throughout Fallujah and participated in a number of regimental sized operations. During this same timeframe, US forces made significant progress in eliminating some of al-Qaeda in Iraq's top leadership: a 7 June 2006 airstrike killed al-Zarqawi and his spiritual advisor Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman while the organization's reputed second-in-command, Hamid Juma Faris Jouri al-Saeedi, was captured in a joint US/Iraqi raid on 19 June 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, The Global War on Terror\nIn October 2006, the unit returned home to New England. Attachments from 2nd Battalion 25th Marines and the Oklahoma \"TOW\" Unit returned to their respective drill centers. Eleven members of the battalion were killed in action, while a total of 141 Marines were killed in Anbar during the seven calendar months that 1/25 was deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, The Global War on Terror\nIn August 2011 the battalion was deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. While some companies conducted combat operations, others were divided across the country to train and advise the Afghan National Army (ANA.) No Marines or sailors were lost during the seven-month deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, Operational Reserve\nFollowing the battalion's redeployment from Afghanistan, the unit began a period of \"routine\" reserve service and training, participating in annual training exercises at the Marine Corps Air-Ground Combat Center in 29 Palms, California (Integrated Training Exercise), the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center near Bridgeport, California (Mountain Warfare Exercise), and the AFRICOM theater security cooperation exercise AFRICAN LION in Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, Operational Reserve\n1/25 mobilized with enablers and attachments in June 2019 for pre-deployment training in Virginia and 29 Palms, deploying to Okinawa in October 2019 as part of the Unit Deployment Program 20.1. Attached to 4th Marines at Camp Schwabb in Okinawa, the companies and platoons of the battalion conducted bilateral training and exercises in Japan, the Philippines, and Korea, including several cold weather and extreme cold weather exercises. Elements of the battalion also executed the unit program of instruction at the Jungle Warfare Training Center on Okinawa. The COVID-19 global pandemic exploded while the battalion was spread between Japan, Okinawa, Korea, and the Philippines, resulting in a difficult consolidation and delayed redeployment home. The battalion demobilized in July, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158700-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 25th Marines, History, Operational Reserve\nThe battalion returned to a standard reserve unit training and readiness program in the summer of 2020, conducting training with added precautions during the continuing COVID-19 global pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158701-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 26th Marines\nThe 1st Battalion, 26th Marines (1/26) is an inactive infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps. They were part of the 26th Marine Regiment and 5th Marine Division and fought during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. They were activated again for the Vietnam War but were deactivated after the war and remain inactive today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158701-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 26th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nOn 1 March 1966 the 26th Marine Regiment was activated at Camp Pendleton initiating the formation of the 5th Marine Division. The 26th Marines moved to Okinawa in August. Until 4 October the battalion formed the battalion landing team (BLT) of the Special Landing Force (SLF). On 27 September the battalion was landed at Da Nang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158701-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 26th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nOn 4 May 1967 the battalion was flown from Phu Bai to Khe Sanh Combat Base to support the Marines engaged in The Hill Fights. On 11 May the battalion took over responsibility for the area around Khe Sanh Combat Base from the 3rd Marines as Operation Crockett and the 3rd Battalion, 26th Marines was subsequently deployed to support them. The 26th Marines conducted Operation Ardmore a search and destroy mission in the Khe Sanh area from 17 July to 31 October. At the conclusion of Operation Ardmore the Marines commenced Operation Scotland, the defense of Khe Sanh Combat Base and search and destroy missions against People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) infiltration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158701-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 26th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nFrom 21 January 1968 the 26th Marines were under siege at Khe Sanh until the conclusion of Operation Pegasus on 14 April 1968 and were replaced by the 1st Marines on 15 April 1968 with the battalion flying to Quang Tri Combat Base. The 26th Marines was transferred from the operational control of the 3rd Marine Division to the 1st Marine Division on 18 May 1968. From 26 May to 6 June the battalion participated in Operation Allen Brook. The battalion then joined Operation Mameluke Thrust on 7 June. On 22 July the battalion was moved north to Phu Bai to replace the 5th Marine Regiment conducting Operation Houston. On the conclusion of Operation Houston on 12 September the 26th Marines were moved south to the Da Nang tactical area of responsibility (TAOR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158701-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 26th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nAt the beginning of 1969 the battalion was responsible for security on the northern approaches to Da Nang including the H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n Pass. On 1 April the battalion joined the SLF Alpha as the BLT. On 5 May SLF Alpha launched Operation Daring Rebel. From 26 May to 10 June the battalion participated in Operation Pipestone Canyon. On 27 June SLF Alpha launched Operation Bold Pursuit which continued until 6 July. From 10 to 20 July SLF Alpha conducted Operation Mighty Play. The battalion rejoined Operation Pipestone Canyon on 20 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158701-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 26th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nOn 8 August the battalion reembarked on ships and on 7 September began Operation Defiant Stand which continued until 18 September. The battalion then ended its BLT duties and moved ashore replacing the 2nd Battalion, 26th Marines which became the BLT. On 21 September 1969 the 5th Marine Division was deactivated however the 26th Marines were assigned to the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158701-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 26th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nAt the beginning of 1970 the 26th Marines were responsible for the defense of the northern and western approaches to Da Nang. The battalion had its command post on Hill 10 southwest of Da Nang with its TAOR directly below Charlie Ridge (), a hill mass that projected from the Annamite Mountains that was frequently used by the VC for attacks on Da Nang. As part of Operation Keystone Bluejay the regiment stood down for deactivation in late February to early March with the 1st Marines taking over most of their tactical area of responsibility. On 6 March the 1st Battalion 1st Marines relieved the battalion. From 11 to 19 March 1970 the 26th Marine Regiment redeployed from South Vietnam and was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158702-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 28th Marines\nThe 1st Battalion, 28th Marines (1/28) is an inactive infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps. They were part of the 26th Marine Regiment and 5th Marine Division and fought during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158702-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 28th Marines, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. 1/28 has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158703-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines\n1st Battalion, 2nd Marines (1/2) (pronounced \"one-two\") is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, consisting of approximately 900 Marines and sailors. The battalion, callsign \"Typhoon'\" falls under the command of the 2nd Marine Regiment and the 2nd Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158703-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines, History, Early years\n1/2 was activated on January 1, 1933, at Camp Haitien, Haiti and spent the next year and a half in Haiti until its deactivation in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158703-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines, History, World War II\n1/2 was reactivated in June 1942 deployed to the Pacific theater of World War II. While there, the unit participated in the bloody \"island hopping\" campaign, fighting at Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, Tinian, and Okinawa. After the war, 1/2 spent a brief period on occupation duty in Japan, including Nagasaki, before returning to Camp Lejeune where it stood down in November 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158703-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines, History, 1950s\u20131990s\nReactivated again in October 1949, the battalion has since regularly deployed to the Caribbean and Mediterranean regions. 1/2 has seen operational service during the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), Dominican intervention (1965), operations in the Persian Gulf (1987 and 1988), Eastern Exit (Somalia evacuation, 1991), Desert Shield and Desert Storm (1990\u201391), Haitian refugee (1992), Somalia (1993), and Cuba (1994), Operation Noble Obelisk-Freetown, Sierra Leone (1997). The unit has also deployed with the Unit Deployment Program and Camp Lejeune-based MEUs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158703-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn December 2001, the Marines of Bravo Company were recalled off of Christmas leave after completing their six-month Unit Deployment Program (UDP) to Okinawa. The Marines were sent to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba to provide security for the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, including Camp X-Ray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158703-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe battalion saw combat during Operation Iraqi Freedom as part of Task Force Tarawa in 2003 and with the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit in 2004, having combat operations in Iskandariyah, Musayyib, Haswa, and Jurf Al Sakhar, located in the Babil province. In the summer of 2006, the battalion completed their third tour in Iraq having combat operations as part of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit in H\u012bt located within the Al Anbar province. In March 2007 the battalion on its 4th combat deployment operated in Kahn ar Bagdadi, Ar Rutbah, Albu Hyatt and Anah, located in Al Anbar province. From July 2008 through February 2009 the battalion deployed to Al Habbaniyah in the Al Anbar province. The battalion also spent a portion of its 5th deployment to Iraq in Sinjar, located in the Ninawa province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 82], "content_span": [83, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158703-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe battalion deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in March 2010. Their area of operations (AO) included Now Zad, Salaam Bazaar, Karamanda, Kunjak, Musa Qala, and the Musa Qala Wadi down to Sangin. The battalion took heavy casualties but was able to push out a large portion of the Taliban in the AO and double the size of the AO that they were responsible for. For their exceptional actions, First Battalion Second Marines, along with several attachments were awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Presidential Unit Citation. 1/2 came home in late September 2010 when they were relieved by 1st Battalion 8th Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158703-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 2nd Marines, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom\n1/2 deployed again in support of OEF in 2014. Charlie Company manned Patrol Base Boldak and conducted operations in Boldak, Habibibad, Showal, and Mataque, denying the Taliban the ability to conduct attacks on Camp Bastion-Leatherneck during retrograde operations. Bravo company patrolled the surrounding area of the Bastion-Leatherneck complex. Operations conducted in the Central Wadi and Nad-I-Ali were conducted to push back the Talibans ability to conduct attacks on coalition forces until full security responsibility of the area was transferred to the Afghan National Security Forces in October 2014. 1/2 was the last U.S. ground combat unit on Camp Leatherneck, flying out on helicopters hours after control of the base was transferred to ANSF. 10 days after 1/2 turned over security to ANSF the Taliban conducted an attack on the Bastion- Leatherneck Complex", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 953]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158704-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 30th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 30th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery training battalion assigned to the 428th Field Artillery Brigade of the United States Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, OK. The battalion teaches Field Artillery Basic Officer Leaders Course, Phase 2(BOLC-B); Warrant Officer Basic Course (WOBC); Warrant Officers' Advanced Course (WOAC), CCC and functional courses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158704-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 30th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Mission\nThe Hard Charger Battalion executes Initial Military Training and Professional Military Education to develop physically fit, competent, resilient, confident and adaptable Field Artillery Leaders to the operating force; individually capable of immediately contributing to their unit of assignment by integrating and executing lethal and non-lethal fires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment (\"1-319 AFAR\") is the field artillery battalion assigned to the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division. Nicknamed \"Loyalty\", 1\u2013319 AFAR has deployed to conduct combat operations in the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Kuwait, Afghanistan and three separate deployments to Iraq. Most recently, the battalion deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom Sentinel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Origins\nBattery A, 319th Artillery (A/319) served in World War I with the 319th Field Artillery Regiment, and in World War II with the 319th Glider Field Artillery Battalion. Under the Pentomic organization, A/319 served as a direct support battery in the 82nd Airborne Division Artillery. Under the Combat Arms Regimental System and the Reorganization Objective Army Division, A/319 was reorganized and redesignated as 1-319 AFAR, a direct support battalion in the 82nd Airborne Division Artillery, on 25 May 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 63], "content_span": [64, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Cold War\nIn April 1965, 1-319 AFAR deployed with the 82nd Airborne Division's 3rd Brigade to the Dominican Republic during Operation Powerpack, and earned campaign credit for the Dominican Republic Armed Forces Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Cold War\nIn September 1974, 1-319 AFAR participated with 3rd Brigade in Exercise Gobi Express V at Fort Bliss, Texas. C/1-319 AFAR, commanded by CPT Gregory L. Shawn, employed innovative camouflage techniques to remain undetected by the opposing forces throughout the exercise, even after the battery's grid location was provided to opposing forces reconnaissance aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Cold War\nIn 1983, 1-319 AFAR took part in Operation Urgent Fury, the Invasion of Grenada as part of the 82d Airborne Division. The 1-319 AFAR deployed two tailored batteries of three guns each (Batteries A and B) and a battalion command post. The 1-319 AFAR earned Armed Forces Expedition credit for \"Grenada\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Cold War\nIn 1994, 1-319 AFAR was awarded the Army Superior Unit Award for peacetime service as part of Task Force Outload, from 10 September 2004 to 2 October 1994, during Operation Uphold Democracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Cold War\nIn 1999, C/1-319 AFAR earned the Army Superior Unit Award for its service in Kosovo with TF 2-505 PIR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Enduring Freedom II\nThe first element of the 319th Field Artillery to deploy to combat in the Global War on Terror (GWOT), 1-319 AFAR, deployed as part of Task Force (TF) Panther (built around the 3rd Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division) from June 2002 to January 2003. LTC Charles K. Hardy was the battalion Commander. Batteries A and B of 1-319 AFAR manned M120 120\u00a0mm mortars, while Battery C, 1-319 AFAR manned M119 105\u00a0mm howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Enduring Freedom II\nIn 2002, B/1-319 AFAR was selected as the recipient of the Knox Award, recognizing the best field artillery battery in the Army, as a result of this deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nAfter returning from their OEF II rotation to Afghanistan, 1-319 AFAR deployed to Iraq with 3rd Brigade from summer 2003 to spring 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 81], "content_span": [82, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom 2006\u201307\nIn August 2006, 1-319 AFAR deployed with 3rd BCT, 82nd Airborne Division, replacing the 3-320 FA around the towns of Tikrit and Ad Dawr in Saladin Governorate. Although expected to last one year, the deployment was extended to 15 months due to \"The Surge\" and the unit returned in November 2007. The 1-319 AFAR, commanded by LTC Barry DiRuzza, formed the core of Task Force Loyalty and operated as a provisional maneuver task force, conducting partnered training and joint operations with Iraqi Security Forces as well as other security and non-kinetic operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 87], "content_span": [88, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom 2008\u201309\n1-319 AFAR deployed for a third time to Iraq in December 2008, this time to the al-Karradah district of Baghdad. The BN returned to Fort Bragg in Nomember of 2009, having earned its third Meritorious Unit Commendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 87], "content_span": [88, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Inherent Resolve\nThe battalion deployed during Operation Inherent Resolve in January 2015. Task Force Loyalty assumed an advise and assist role alongside the 1st Infantry Division. The battalion returned to Fort Bragg in September 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 82], "content_span": [83, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Other significant activities\nTwo members of the battalion have earned the Field Artillery Association's annual Gruber award since the award's establishment in 2002 to recognize outstanding individual thought and innovation that results in significant contributions to or the enhancement of the field artillery's warfighting capabilities, morale, readiness or maintenance. The 2005 Gruber Award winner was SFC Craig Brown, brigade fire support NCO in HHB, 1-319 AFAR. The 2009 Gruber Award Winner was SFC Brandon Aguilar, a platoon sergeant in Battery B, 1-319.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Other significant activities\nOn 21 January 2013, over 300 paratroopers from 1-319 AFAR participated in the 57th Presidential inauguration in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & honors, Lineage\n(Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158705-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & honors, Campaign participation credit\nNote: The published US Army lineage lists \"Campaigns to be determined\" as of 2012. Comparison of the deployment dates by the battalion with War on Terrorism campaigns estimates that the battalion is entitled to the campaigns listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 94], "content_span": [95, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment (1-320th FAR) is the field artillery battalion assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division. The battalion has been assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division, 11th Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division. The battalion has participated in World War I, World War II, Operation Power Pack, Operation Urgent Fury, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I\nThe 1-320 FAR's beginnings can be traced back to America's entry into the First World War. As part of the nation's mobilization, 1-320th was constituted, organized and activated in August 1917 as Battery A, 320th Field Artillery (A/320th FA). As part of the original 82nd Division, A/320th FA played a key role at Lorraine, St. Mihiel, and the Meuse Argonne region in France. Following the Armistice, the 320th FA demobilized, only to be reconstituted in June 1921 as part of the United States Organized Reserves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nIn August 1942, when the 82nd Infantry Division was converted to an airborne division, the 320th FA (including A/320th) was reorganized and redesignated as the 320th Glider Field Artillery Battalion (GFAB). As part of the 82nd Airborne Division, the 320th GFAB fought in a number of hot spots. First, the 320th GFAB was part of the campaign in Sicily, acting in reserve. The unit first saw action at the Volturno River on the Italian mainland. The crucial Normandy invasion was the next stop for the 320th GFAB. Under difficult conditions, the unit helped make the invasion a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nAs a result of the 320th's actions during Operation Overlord, the unit was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. The 320th GFAB next fought in Operation Market Garden and then the Battle of the Bulge when the Germans attempted their last-ditch offensive. The 320th GFAB then fought and played a role in the final push through the Rhineland to defeat Germany. Upon the war's end the unit completed its duties in Europe as part of the post-war occupation in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post-World War II\nAfter the war, the 320th GFAB went through a number of transitions. It was inactivated on 15 December 1948 and relieved from assignment to the 82nd Airborne Division on 14 December 1950. On 1 August 1951 it was reorganized and redesignated as the 320th Airborne Field Artillery Battalion (AFAB), and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 73], "content_span": [74, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post-Korean War\nDuring the 1950s, the 320th FA served as the field artillery battalion of the separate 508th Airborne Regimental Combat Team. When the Army eliminated infantry regiments and battalions from division and organized under the Pentomic structure, the 320th Field Artillery was reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regiment System. A/320th FA was assigned to the 11th Airborne Division in Germany. A/320th FA was inactivated on 1 July 1958 in Germany when the 11th Airborne was inactivated and replaced by the 24th Infantry Division. A/320th FA were redesignated on 15 November 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 320th Artillery, and assigned to the 82d Airborne Division (organic elements concurrently constituted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post-Korean War\n26 April 1965, President Johnson ordered paratroopers from the 82d Airborne Division; XVIII Airborne Corps; Company E, 7th Special Forces Group; and Marines from the Amphibious Squadron 10 to the Dominican Republic as part of  to protect American lives and to prevent a possible Castro-type takeover by Communist elements. The 1-320 FAR was alerted on 28 April 1965 and ordered to move to the Dominican Republic by 1 May 1965 as part of Task Force Power Pack II, which contained two airborne infantry battalions of the 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment (AIR) and other supporting elements totaling 2,276 men. The remainder of the 325th AIR and 1-320 FAR were sent as part of Power Pack III a few days later. On 26 May 1965, US Forces began withdrawal from the Dominican Republic as Central and South American troops assumed peacekeeping duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post-Vietnam\nOn the evening of 24 October 1983, (the day after the Bombing of the Marine Barracks in Beirut) the 2nd Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division, including the 1-320th FAR and other support units were formally alerted as the 82d Airborne Division's \"Division Ready Brigade\" to begin its 18-hour rapid deployment sequence to execute combat operations in support of Operation Urgent Fury on the Caribbean island of Grenada. The DRF 1 (Division Ready Force 1) package was activated and paratroopers of 2d Brigade were \"wheels up\" from Pope Air Force Base within 17 hours of notice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post-Vietnam\nParts of the 1-320 FAR were sent to an intermediate staging base (ISB) in Barbados to await the staging of the rest of the division to concentrate the projection of forces from a shorter distance. Once Rangers from 1st & 2nd Battalions had secured Point Salinas Airport during an airborne assault of the airport, the 82d Airborne elements cancelled their airborne assault and air-landed at Point Salinas. Elements of Batteries B and C arrived on the island during the evening of 25 October 1983 without their guns and provided rear area security in the vicinity of the runway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post-Vietnam\nEarly on the morning of 26 October 1983, Battery B's guns began arriving, followed closely by most of C Battery's guns. Battery B began firing direct support missions later that morning from the south side of Point Salinas airfield, bombarding the \"Cuban Barracks\" early that morning and later firing the prep fire for the Ranger assault on the campus at Grand Anse and the rescue of the students held there. Once Battery C's guns arrived, the guns originally joined B Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0006-0003", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post-Vietnam\nOnce the majority of C battery arrived, it was repositioned to the north side of the runway near the airport terminal. Battery B was moved to join Battery C the next day. From there, Batteries B & C fired the 30-minute prep fires for the assault by the Rangers on Calvigny Barracks. The Batteries were both lived north to the vicinity of the Golflands golf course on the Sunday of the first week of the operation. This allowed them to cover portions of the island being secured by the 325th Infantry Battalions. Batteries B and C redeployed to Fort Bragg early in November 1983. Combat operations continued till 15 December 1983 when last elements of the battalion redeployed to Fort Bragg, NC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post-Vietnam\nOn 2 October 1986, 1-320 FAR was relieved from assignment to the 82d Airborne Division and assigned to the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). No personnel moved in this transition; instead, 1-320 FAR in the 82nd reflagged as 2-319 (which had been assigned to the 101st) and 1-321 FAR in the 101st reflagged as 1-320 FAR. Simultaneous assignments resulted in all three field artillery battalions in the 82nd carrying the designation of the 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment (AFAR) and all in the 101st being flagged as elements of the 320th Field Artillery Regiment. Prior to the reflagging, the 82nd Division Artillery consisted of 1\u2013319, 1\u2013320, and 2\u2013321 FA, while the 101st Division Artillery consisted of 3\u2013319, 2\u2013320, and 1\u2013321 FA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Gulf War\n1-320 FAR next saw action in the Middle East from 1990 until 1991. As a part of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), the battalion was part of the massive US force that drove the Iraqi Army from Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom I\nDuring the preparations for OIF I, A/1-320 FAR deployed two weeks ahead of the battalion's main body to support port operations of the entire invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 81], "content_span": [82, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\n1-320 FAR under the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) was ordered to deploy to the CENTCOM AOR in late September 2005. Upon completion of a JRTC mission rehearsal exercise in April 2005, it began a 5-month intensive train up to prepare for the next deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nLTC Rafael Torres, Jr. took command of the unit on 17 March 2005 and immediately began to prepare for Iraq. The battalion conducted live fire exercises in June and then began transitional training in motorized infantry tactics due to the change of mission for Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nThe battalion began deployment in August 2005. The rest of the battalion began deploying in late September to Camp Taji the second week of October 2005. Iraqi National elections were scheduled to be held on 15 October, equipment was delayed in Kuwait until the 20th, after the elections. The unit conducted a RIP/TOA (relief in place/transfer of authority) with 1\u2013118th FA (Georgia Army National Guard) and the 70th Engineer Battalion (3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division) and completed the TOA on the 26th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nThe 1\u2013320th detached a firing platoon from B Battery to 1\u2013502 Infantry Battalion to conduct counter fire operations in Mahmudiyah. The battalion's radar section deployed with the 4th BDE 101st, to the Mahmudiyah area also. While in Mahmudiyah, the Radar section conducted numerous counter-fire missions which resulted in the firing of over 1400 rounds of artillery. The 1\u2013320th also detached a MiTT (Military Transition Team) team to work with an Iraqi Army Battalion in support of 1\u201322 IN and 1\u201310 CAV in and around Southeast Baghdad and at FOB Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\n1\u2013320th FA controlled check points, conducted cordon and searches and patrolled villages with populations up to 1000 residents. The battalion detained over 100 insurgents, which resulted in a third of them being prosecuted and imprisoned at Abu Ghraib. The unit was also responsible for finding numerous weapons and ammo caches which included hundreds of mortar, artillery, tank rounds and 200 pound aerial bombs; seized weapons including 8 mortar tubes, 500 rifles and RPG launchers, and thousands of rounds of small arms ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nIn Taji, Iraq the battalion suffered 6 KIAs by enemy action:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nIn late November, the battalion received a change of mission to assume the duties of the Area Defense Operations Cell (ADOC) at Camp Victory located in the Victory Base Complex (VBC) surrounding the Baghdad International Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nThe 1\u2013320th conducted a RIP/TOA with the 2\u2013299th IN (Hawaii Army National Guard) and completed the TOA on 7 January 2006. Its mission on Camp Victory required the 1-320th to conduct patrols in three villages neighboring the camp in Baghdad, control entry access and patrol the Al Faw Palace, as well as numerous Force Protection missions to ensure the security of the Multi-National Coalition-Iraq (MNC-I) and Multi-National Forces-Iraq (MNF-I) Headquarters on Camp Victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom III\nWhile conducting ADOC operations on Camp Victory, 1-320th FAR distinguished themselves by providing exceptional security and CMO operations to the VBC and surrounding villages of Al Furat, Iraqi Family Village, and Airport Village. 1\u2013320th completed over 200 force protection improvement projects on Camp Victory and conducted over 3 million dollars in projects to improve the quality of life for our Iraqi neighbors. Meanwhile, at FOB Falcon, 16 soldiers of the \"Top Guns\" Battalion Military Transition Team (MiTT) were conducting continuous combat operations in support of 1\u201322 IN and 1\u201310 CAV in and around Southeast Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 83], "content_span": [84, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom V\n1-320 FA deployed to Iraq for a third time in October 2007, remaining more than a year and redeploying in late 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 81], "content_span": [82, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Enduring Freedom 10\u201311\n1-320 FA deployed to southern Afghanistan in July 2010. Under the command of LTC David Flynn, Task Force Top Guns operated as a maneuver battalion in the Arghandab District of Kandahar Province. The battalion was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions from 13 July - 12 August 2010. They participated in Operation Dragon Strike. Eight members of Task Force Top Guns were KIA during this deployment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 88], "content_span": [89, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Enduring Freedom 12\nIn early 2012, the 1-320th deployed with 2nd BCT to conduct security force assistance in northeast Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Enduring Freedom 14\nFrom February to November 2014, 1-320th deployed to Afghanistan, its sixth deployment of the Global War on Terror. Under the command of LTC Mark Sherkey, the battalion provided security force assistance to Afghan National Security Forces as well as maintaining the security of Bagram Air Field. The battalion conducted Operations Mountain Guardian, Top Guns, and Strike I, II and III, as well as providing security for numerous VIPs, including the President of the United States, the US Secretary of Defense, the Czech Republic Minister of Defense, numerous US congressmen and ambassadors from various countries. During this deployment, the battalion was the first unit to employ the M119A3 howitzer in combat. In a ceremony on 1 November 2014, the battalion transferred its responsibilities to the 2nd Squadron, 3rd Stryker Cavalry Regiment and the Georgian Army's 51st Light Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 982]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, History, Operation Enduring Freedom 14\nIn May 2015, SFC Daniel King, from Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, was awarded the Gruber award by the Commandant of the Field Artillery, for his contributions advising and assisting the 201st Afghan National Army Corps Fires Center of Excellence at Gamberi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage and honors, Campaign Participation Credit\nNote: The published Army lineage, dated 18 September 1996, shows no War on Terrorism campaigns. Comparison of the battalion's deployment dates with the War on Terrorism campaigns estimates that the battalion will be credited with participation in the seven campaigns listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 96], "content_span": [97, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158706-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage and honors, Decorations\nNote: Separately cited awards are not listed on the official lineage published by the Center for Military History.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 78], "content_span": [79, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment (1-321st FAR) is an inactive field artillery battalion of the United States Army. The battalion served in World War I, World War II, Vietnam and the Global War on Terror with the 82nd Airborne and 101st Airborne Divisions, and with the 18th Field Artillery Brigade. The battalion was officially inactivated in March 2014, and its firing batteries were distributed throughout the 82nd Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War I\n1-321 FAR traces its lineage to Battery A, 321st Field Artillery, which organized on 2 September 1917 at Camp Gordon, Georgia. After training at Camp Gordon until May 1918, the battery shipped to France, and participated with the regiment in the St. Mihiel, Meuse Argonne and Lorraine 1918 campaigns. Following the Armistice, the battery redeployed to the United States and was demobilized at Camp Dix, New Jersey in May 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1968\n1st Battalion, 321st Artillery (1-321) deployed to Vietnam attached to the 2d Brigade, 101st Airborne Division from 12 \u2013 17 December 1967. After 30 days of in-country training, during which the battalion undertook missions in support of the 2d Brigade, the battalion supported Operations Manchester, San Angelo and Atalla. From 10\u201311 January 1968, the battalion fired 1,935 rounds in support of a 25th Infantry Division fire support base, resulting in \u201ca large number of enemy killed.\u201d During its first two months in Vietnam, the battalion fired 19,150 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1968\nThe battalion began February 1968 near LZ El Paso near Phu Bai in the I Corps Tactical Zone, in direct support to 2d Brigade, which was under the Operational Control of the 1st Air Cavalry Division. On 9 February 1968, the battalion received FADAC computers, and selected personnel from the battalion received five days of FADAC training at the 1st Infantry Division Artillery at Phu Loi. After the termination of Operation Manchester on 18 February 1968, 1-321 supported 2d Brigade operations north of Hue, eventually occupying LZ Sally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1968\nOn 9 March 1968, Battery C, 2-11 FA was attached to 1-321 for reinforcing 155mm fires. 2d Brigade and 1-321 terminated participation in Operation Jeb Stuart and returned to 101st Division control on 10 March. On 11 March 1968, 2d Brigade initiated Operation Carentan. On 18 March 1968 at 0400 hours, elements of Battery B repulsed an enemy ground attack against FSB Minky with direct and indirect fire, killing 30 NVA. On 28 April 1968, 2d Brigade surrounded a number of NVA companies, and 1-321 fired on the cordoned areas until 1 May 1968, resulting in 141 NVA killed and 95 prisoners when US forces entered the areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1968\nThe 1-321 began May 1968 supporting 2d Brigade in Operation Carentan II, with batteries located at FSBs Mongoose, Omaha and Birmingham. On 5 May 1968, Battery C displaced by air from FSB Birmingham to FSB Omaha, replacing Battery B, which then moved to LZ Pinky. ON 15 May 1968, Battery A moved by road to FSB Mongoose to support 1-501 Infantry east of Hue. On 17 May 1968, Operation Carentan terminated and Operation Nevada Eagle began. On 4 July 1968, Battery A moved by road to Camp Eagle to fire a 50-gun salute and returned to FSB Mongoose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1968\nOn 23 July 1968, Battery A moved by air from FSB Boyd to FSB Veghel, allowing Battery A, 2-320 to occupy FSB Son in support of operations in the A Shau Valley. During the quarter, the battalion transferred 70 soldiers (officers, section chiefs, FDC personnel and other specialists) to 2-320 FA, which had been deployed with 1st Brigade since 1965 to sustain Battery D, 2-320, a provisional battery created to support 1st Brigade's fourth maneuver battalion, 3-506 Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1968\nAugust 1968 began with 1-321 headquarters at FSB Sally, Battery A at FSB Mongoose, Battery B at FSB T-Bone and Battery C at FSB Georgia. The battalion was engaged in preparing for Operation Somerset Plain and Nevada Eagle. On 10 August 1968, Battery C fired counter-battery fire at enemy 130mm and 152mm positions that had engaged Company D, 1-327 Infantry. On 9\u201310 August 1968, Battery A fired into a cordon established by 1-501 Infantry to force the enemy onto the waiting infantry, resulting in 42 VC killed and 104 detainees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1968\nOn 15 August 1968, the battalion massed fires with the ARVN battery at FSB Geronimo to counterfire against rockets fired at Hue. On 19 August 1968, LTC George E. Peters, the battalion commander, was wounded by enemy artillery that scored at direct hit on the 2d Brigade TOC at FSB Georgia. On 20 August, Battery C redeployed from FSB Georgia to FSB Omaha. From 4\u20138 September 1968, Battery A's positions were flooded, causing movement to FSB Shirley. Battery C remained at FSB Omaha, but repositioned to higher ground within the FSB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1968\nOn 6 September 1968, LTC Don L. Walton assumed command of the battalion. On 10 September 1968, Battery C moved from FSB Omaha to FSB Sally. On 11 September 1968, Battery A conducted an air assault from FSB Shirley to FSB Binh Loc in support of a combined US-ARVN operation. On 13 September 1968, Battery B, 2-320 moved by air from FSB Panther II to FSB Anzio to reinforce the battalion's fires in support of the Vinh Loc operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0004-0003", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1968\nOn 18 September 1968, Battery A, 2-319, returning to the 101st from operations with the 25th Infantry Division, closed at Camp Eagle and began reinforcing the battalion. On 24 September 1968, Battery A returned from FSB Vinh Loc to FSB Sandy as the combined operation terminated. On 15 October 1968, Battery B conducted an air assault from FSB T-Bone to FSB Tomahawk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1969\nAt the beginning of August 1969, the battalion headquarters was at FSB Sally, with Battery A at FSB Sledge, Battery B at FSB Roy and Battery C at FSB Birmingham. On 1 August 1969, Battery C moved four howitzers from Camp Eagle to FSB Birmingham after firing a salute for General Smith at the change of command of the Division Artillery to COL Howard Moore. On 2 August 1969, Battery C moved four howitzers by road to FSB Bastogne, returning on 8 August 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1969\nOn 11 August, Battery B moved by air to FSB Brick for an artillery raid named Operation CAISSON XIV. After firing 404 rounds at 58 targets, the battery moved by air to FSB Arrow. On 12 August, Batteries B and C participated in counterfire against rockets fired at Hue and Phu Bai. Battery C moved from FSB Birmingham to FSB Salley. On 13 August 1969, Battery A moved by air from FSB Sledge to FSB Rock Crusher, and then by road to Camp Evans (4 howitzers) and Camp Eagle (2 howitzers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1969\nThe two howitzers at Camp Eagle rejoined the battery at Camp Evans on 14 August 1969. On 16 August 1969, Battery B fired counterfire against rockets launched against Camp Eagle, and moved three howitzers by road from FSB Arrow to FSB Bastogne. On 17 August 1969, Battery B conducted counterfire against rockets fired at Phu Bai. ON 20 August 1969, Battery B moved three howitzers from FSB Bastogne to FSB Arrow, and participated in counterfire against rockets fired at Phu Bai. On 25 August 1969, Battery B roadmarched to FSB Arsenal with the TPS-25 radar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0005-0003", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1969\nOn 26 August 1969, Battery C moved by air from LZ Sally to FSB Rakkasan. On 27 August 1969, Battery B participated in counterfire against rockets fired at Phu Bai. On 29 August 1969, Battery C moved by air to FSB O\u2019Riley, and then on to LZ Sally on 3 September. On 4 September 1969, LZ Sally was attacked with RPGs and mortars- Battery C participated in countermortar fires with unknown results on the enemy. Also on 4 September, Battery A moved by air to FSB Anne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0005-0004", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1969\nOn 7 September, while moving from FSB Anne to Camp Evans, Battery lost two A22s when a foot strap broke. On 8 September 1969, Battery B moved three howitzers by road from FSB Arsenal to LZ Sally; Battery C moved three howitzers from LZ Sally to FSB Arsenal to replace the Battery B howitzers. On 10 September, the remaining three howitzers from Battery C moved by air from LZ Sally to FSB Arsenal, while the remaining three Battery B howitzers at FSB Arsenal moved to LZ Sally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0005-0005", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1969\nOn 23 September, Battery B moved by air from FSB Sally to FSB Bastogne, while Battery A moved from Camp Evans to FSB Sally. On 13 October 1969, Battery A moved by air to FSB Jack, returning to LZ Sally on 17 October 1969. On 21 October 1969, Battery A moved by air to FSB Rakkasan. On 25 October 1969, Battery C conducted Operation Caisson XXVI, an artillery raid to FSB Maureen. The battery fired 760 rounds at 47 targets, destroying 35 structures and one bunker, damaging four structures and causing two secondary explosions before moving to FSB Birmingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1969\nOn 4 November 1969, Battery A returned from FSB Rakkasan to LZ Sally. On 8 November 1969, Battery B moved four howitzers by air to participate in a raid at FSB Zon with three howitzers from Battery B, 2-11 Arty. The combined unit fired 890 rounds at 80 targets in the central and northern A Shau Valley, resulting in the destruction of 15 bunkers and huts and causing six secondary explosions before returning by air to FSB Bastogne on 10 November 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1969\nOn 22 November, four howitzers from Battery A, again accompanied by three howitzers from Battery B, 2-11 Arty, moved to FSB Bradley for another raid. The Battery A element fired 514 rounds against 65 targets before returning to LZ Sally. The raid destroyed 17 bunkers, six huts, three fighting positions and two bridges; caused two secondary fires; and interdicted five infiltration routes. On 29 November 1969, Battery C participated in counterfire against rockets fired at the city of Hue. On 3 December, Battery C fired 72 HE as part of a counterfire program against rockets fired at Camp Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Vietnam, 1969\nOn 5 December, Battery A moved by air to FSB Normandy, remaining until 13 December 1969. On 8 January 1970, Battery A moved four howitzers by air to FSB Blaze. Battery A returned to LZ Sally on 10 January 1970 and moved again to FSB Strike on 12 January 1970 and remained there until 25 January before returning to LZ Sally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Later Cold War\nIn October 1986, as part of redesignations to implement the U.S. Army Regimental System, 1-321 FAR was inactivated and relieved from assignment to the 101st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Post Cold War\nOn 16 January 1996, as part of reflagging actions associated with the post-Cold War drawdown of the US Army, 1-321 FAR was reactivated by reflagging the 1st Battalion, 39th Field Artillery Regiment, the Army's only airborne 155mm howitzer battalion and a subordinate of the 18th Field Artillery Brigade at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, History, Global War on Terror\nIn October 2013, as part of the Army 2015 restructuring, the battalion's three batteries were split up among the three battalions of the 319th Field Artillery Regiment, which were simultaneously reorganized as \"composite battalions\" with a mix of 105mm and 155mm howitzers. Battery A, 1-321 was reflagged as Battery C, 3-319th AFAR; Battery B, 1-321 was reflagged as Battery C, 2-319th AFAR; and Battery C, 1-321 reflagged as Battery C, 1-319th AFAR. The battalion officially inactivated in a ceremony on 14 March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158707-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 321st Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage & Honors, Decorations\nNote: Separately cited awards are not listed by the official Army lineage and honors, last updated 2 October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158708-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 36th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion 36th Infantry Regiment (or 1-36 Infantry) is a United States Army infantry battalion. It is assigned to the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Armored Division in Fort Bliss, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158708-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 36th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\n1-36IN deployed during various phases of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Spartans earned both the Presidential Unit Citation for their 2003-2004 deployment & the Meritorious Unit Citation for their 2009-2010 deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158708-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 36th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe battalion fought alongside its divisional comrades in Normandy in thick fighting through hedgerows. The unit continued fighting near Argentan and helped destroy German Forces in the Falaise Gap. In the winter of 1944, the battalion was caught up in major fighting while advancing into Germany. The battalion fought in battles at the  Siegfried Line and also at the village of Echtz. For both actions, the unit received a Presidential Unit Citation. In the German heartland, the company, along with the rest of the 3rd Armored Division, helped close the Ruhr Pocket in 1945. The unit was deactivated on 10 November 1945. Company A, 36th Infantry Regiment served as the defining ancestor of the modern 1st Battalion, 36th Infantry Regiment, during the Second World War, and served across France, Belgium, and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 76], "content_span": [77, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158709-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment, is an inactive M198 howitzer 155mm field artillery battalion of the United States Army. The battalion has seen service with the 101st Airborne Division during World War II and Vietnam, and deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan during the Global War on Terror. The battalion has been stationed with the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell; with the 18th Field Artillery Brigade and the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina; and with the 17th Field Artillery Brigade at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158709-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nBattery A, 377th Field Artillery Regiment was constituted in the Organized Reserves at Oshkosh, Wisconsin in 1921. The battery was activated as Battery A, 377th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion on 16 August 1942, as part of the 101st Airborne Division. After initial training, the battery sailed to England, arriving in Liverpool on 18 October 1943. Based at Benham Valence, Berkshire, England, the battalion conducted additional training in preparation for Operation Overlord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158709-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nBattery A parachuted into Normandy on 6 June 1944. Most of the battery initially fought as infantrymen due to the loss of their howitzers. On 7 June 1944, 33 artillerymen from the battery, under the command of Lt Thomas Swirczynski captured 130 Germans near Hau-des-dunes. Other artillerymen from the battery served with other artillery units, manning salvaged US pieces and even captured German howitzers. By 14 June 1944, the battery was consolidated and re-armed with new howitzers landed over the Normandy beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158709-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment, History, World War II\nThe battery conducted a second parachute assault on 19 September 1944. After landing and firing in support of the 1/506th PIR and 502nd PIR, the battery occupied near St Oedenrode, supporting the 501st PIR and 502nd PIR. In late November, the battery was moved to Camp Mourmelon, France, for refit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158709-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Beret Flash\nOn a scarlet shield shaped embroidered device with a semi-circular base, 2 1/4 inches (5.72\u00a0cm) in height and 1 7/8 inches (4.76\u00a0cm) in width edged with a 1/8 inch (.32\u00a0cm) scarlet border, three yellow pie sections radiating from the center configuring a \"Y\" and ending at the overedge stitching. The beret flash was approved on 9 Aug 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines\n1st Battalion, 3rd Marines (1/3) is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Marine Corps Base Hawaii. Nicknamed the \"Lava Dogs\", the battalion consists of approximately 800 Marines and sailors and falls under the command of the 3rd Marine Regiment of the 3rd Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, World War II\nOn May 1, 1942, the 1st Training Battalion was activated at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina. A month and a half later, on June 17, the unit was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment. The battalion received its first combat experience in November 1943 against the Japanese in the Battle of Bougainville. The battalion fought with distinction for nearly two months against stiff resistance in difficult terrain before being sent to Guadalcanal to prepare for the next stage of the Pacific Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, World War II\nThe Battle of Guam was the next combat assignment for 1st Battalion, 3d Marines. The amphibious assault on Guam began on July 21, 1944, with the battalion landing near Asan Point in western Guam. Once again, the battalion encountered fierce opposition and the fighting proved to be costly. Organized Japanese resistance officially ended on August 10 and Guam was declared \u201csecured\u201d. However, numerous Japanese remained operational in the jungle and refused to surrender. Subsequently, the battalion participated in \u201cmopping-up\u201d operations until it departed for Iwo Jima in February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, World War II\nIn early 1945, 1st Battalion, 3d Marines, as part of Regimental Combat Team 3, was to be the floating reserve for the amphibious assault of the Battle of Iwo Jima. However, the battalion was never called upon to land or to take part in the battle. Instead it returned to Guam in March where it continued to remove the small pockets of Japanese resistance that still remained on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, World War II\nThe battalion remained on Guam through the surrender of the Japanese in September 1945. Although the end of the war signified the end of hostilities, there was still much work to be done. The Islands in the Pacific held by the Japanese had to be demilitarized and the Japanese forces repatriated to mainland Japan, this job fell to 1st Battalion, 3d Marines, soon to be known as the \u201cChichi Jima\u201d Marines. Chichi Jima was an Island fortress, often referred to as the Gibraltar of the Pacific, located in the Ogasawara Island chain 615 miles south of Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, World War II\nAfter 14 years of war in China and the Pacific, Japan had arrived at a mortifying surrender. At exactly 1015 on December 13, 1945, the Japanese flag flying over Chici Jima was lowered from its staff. The Japanese Color Guard folded the flag and presented it to the Commanding Officer of 1st Battalion, 3d Marines. At 1025, the Marine Drum and Bugle Corps sounded Colors and everyone present, American and Japanese alike, rendered a salute as Old Glory was raised to her lofty summit. With the Japanese threat removed from Chichi Jima, 1st Battalion, 3d Marines returned to Guam where it was deactivated on February 9, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, Vietnam War\n1st Battalion, 3d Marines became the second American infantry unit to enter South Vietnam. The battalion began its movement, via air, to Da Nang Air Base in early March 1965 and completed its movement by mid-March. Less than six months after its arrival, 1/3 was withdrawn to Okinawa. The battalion was sent back to Vietnam on November 18, 1965. The 1968 Tet Offensive ushered in a new wave of intense combat activity for the Marines and in May, 1/3 found itself heavily engaged in fighting North Vietnamese units at the village of Dai Do near the Cua Viet River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, Vietnam War\nIn 1969. the United States began to slowly withdraw combat units from Southeast Asia. One of the first Marine units to be notified to commence stand down operations was 1st Battalion, 3d Marines. The unit departed South Vietnam for the United States on October 5, 1969. Towards the end of the month the battalion arrived in California and was located at again at Camp Pendleton. Shortly thereafter, it was reduced to zero strength, effective November 18, 1969. It then was reestablished at Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii as part of the 1st Marine Brigade on November 27, 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, 1980s\nThroughout the 1980s, 1/3 regularly deployed to Okinawa to serve as a forward staged unit in the Western Pacific area as part of the Marine Corps Unit Deployment Program. During the Unit Deployment Program, the battalion would regularly participate in exercises throughout the region, such as in Korea and Thailand. In December 1989, while at Okinawa, 1/3 responded to the 1989 Philippine coup attempt as part of an amphibious task force and sent Marines ashore to reinforce the American Embassy. The battalion formed the ground combat element of CTF-79 (Commander, Landing Force, Seventh Fleet). Bravo Company, 2nd Platoon flew in by helicopter onto the grounds of the American Embassy and afterwards drove through Manila en route to a nearby compound to guard and protect American civilians living in the compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Gulf War and the 1990s\nIn August 1990, 1st Battalion, 3d Marines deployed to Saudi Arabia for Operation Desert Shield and took up defensive positions along the coastal highway leading to Kuwait. In February 1991, 1/3 assaulted into Kuwait as part of the ground war of Operation Desert Storm to liberate the country from Iraqi occupation. In April 1991, the battalion redeployed to their home station in Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Global War on Terrorism\n1/3 was on the Unit Deployment Program (UDP) to Okinawa, Japan during the Al Qaeda terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Due to their proximity to Afghanistan, the battalion's Company A was one of the first infantry units to deploy to U.S. Central Command, of which Afghanistan is a part, after the September 11 attacks. The company was attached to the Fifth Fleet, based out of NSA Bahrain and subsequently deployed in direct support of Combined Task Force 53 (CTF 53) for the initial phase of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Global War on Terrorism\nIn October 2002, an Army Special Forces Sergeant First Class (SFC) was killed in the Southern Philippines by an IED. Shortly after, Charlie company along with Alpha Company's Weapons Platoon, deployed to Camp Cobra in Zamboanga, Philippines as the Marine Security Element for JTF-555/JSOTF-P in support of Operation Enduring Freedom Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Global War on Terrorism\nApril 2003, 1/3 departed Kaneohe for another UDP in Okinawa, Japan. Alpha company, with Weapons company reinforcements left for the Philippines as the MSE under the guise of JTF-510. Alpha company carried out many joint missions with Navy SEAL/s, SWCC, and the CIA in terrorist surveillance activities, and security missions in Zamboanga Bay. Also, despite the constant threat of attack from the Abu Sayf, and the MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front), Alpha carried out security for many Engineering Civic Action Programs (ENCAPs) by building schools and repairing hospitals deep in the jungle. Alpha Company Navy Hospital Corpsman also carried out two major MEDCAPs seeing a total of 17,000 patients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Global War on Terrorism\nIn June 2004, 1/3 (also known at the time as BLT 1/3, and including Battery C 1st Battalion 12th Marines - also from MCBH) set off to tour what was known as a standard deployment around the South Pacific region with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU). In early September  2004, the unit arrived in Kuwait and soon after entered Iraq. The unit fought in the Second Battle of Fallujah as part of Regimental Combat Team 7 to clear the city of insurgents and reclaim the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Global War on Terrorism\nIn one deployment, BLT 1/3 unfortunately lost more men compared to any Marine Corps Battalion during OIF/OEF. BLT 1/3 has produced one of very few nominations for the Medal of Honor thus far in the Global War on Terror, Sergeant Rafael Peralta. After insurgents threw a grenade into a room with several Marines, Sergeant Peralta used his body as a shield to protect his 'brothers-in-arms' from the blast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Global War on Terrorism\nOn January 26, 2005, a CH-53E Super Stallion helicopter crashed in the Al-Anbar province taking with it the lives of 26 Kaneohe Bay Marines, along with one Navy Corpsman and four Marine aircrew from a mainland unit. The majority of the 27 Marines lost in the crash were from Charlie Company of Battalion Landing Team 1/3. Battalion Landing Team 1/3 lost a total of 45 Marines during the course of their first combat tour in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Global War on Terrorism\nIn January 2006, the battalion deployed to eastern Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. During this five-month deployment they operated throughout the Korangal Valley and were known as \"Task Force Lava.\" On June 1, 2006, 1/3 handed over their area of operations to the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry Regiment and shortly thereafter returned to Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Global War on Terrorism\nIn March 2007, 1st Battalion 3d Marines deployed to Haditha, Iraq. 1/3 lost no Marines during this deployment, which was a first for the Marine Corps since the start of OIF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158710-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, History, The Global War on Terrorism\nThe Battalion again deployed to Afghanistan in November 2009 through June 2010, taking up positions in and around FOB Geronimo, within the district of Nawa-I-Barakzayi, Helmand Province. In February 2010, the battalion participated in Operation Moshtarak, the seizure of the Taliban stronghold of Marjah. The activities of Bravo and Charlie Companies were covered extensively in a series of articles by C. J. Chivers in The New York Times, and in the \"At War Blog\" posted on The New York Times website. The Battalion deployed once more to Afghanistan in April 2011, taking up positions south of FOB Delhi, in Garmsir District, Helmand Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines\n1st Battalion, 4th Marines (1/4) is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California consisting of approximately 800 Marines and sailors. They fall under the command of the 1st Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, Formation\nThe battalion was originally activated in April 1911 as the 1st Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment. The battalion first saw combat in November 1916 in the Dominican Republic, where 1st Lieutenant Ernest Williams was awarded the battalion's first Medal of Honor. The mission in the Dominican Republic was to protect foreign lives and property and to provide the \"muscle\" for a military government whose strategic goal was to bring stability to the troubled island republic. In 1924, the battalion returned to its home base in San Diego, California. During 1926 to 1927 the battalion guarded American shores in a variety of outposts throughout the Western U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, Formation\nThe period from February 1927 to November 1941 was the timeframe for the deployment of the battalion in China, which would leave an enduring mark on its history. This service in Shanghai earned the battalion the title \"China Marines\" and started the practice of using the Chinese dragon in different official and unofficial logos and mast heads. In November 1941 the battalion along with the entire 4th Marines deployed from China to the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, World War II\nThe outbreak of World War II found the battalion serving as part of the U.S. Forces defending the Philippines. Ordered to the strategic island of Corregidor, the battalion fiercely defended their assigned sectors against overwhelming enemy forces. In the end, General Jonathan M. Wainwright, United States Army, ordered the battalion to surrender, in an effort to save lives against the hopeless situation. After the surrender, the battalion ceased to exist. As prisoners the men would endure torture and incredible hardships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, World War II\nOn 7 August 1942 the 1st Raider Battalion, assigned to the 1st Marine Division, landed on Tulagi in the British Solomon Islands as the opening phases of the Guadalcanal campaign commenced. After Tulagi was captured, the Raiders were moved to Guadalcanal to defend Henderson Field. One of their most notable engagements was the \"Battle of Edson's Ridge\", where the 1st Raiders scored a major victory over Japanese forces. For their heroic combat leadership, Colonel Merritt Edson and Major Kenneth Bailey were both awarded the Medal of Honor, the latter posthumously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, World War II\nOn 1 February 1944 a new 1st Battalion, 4th Marines was activated by the redesignation of the 1st Marine Raider Battalion to 1st Battalion, 4th Marines. For the remainder of World War II the battalion would fight at two of the bloodiest campaigns in the Pacific, Guam and Okinawa. Corporal Richard E. Bush was awarded the Medal of Honor for his gallant actions on Okinawa. Of note, the 4th Marines, adopted the motto, \"Hold High the Torch\" during this period. This legendary phrase served as a symbolic pledge to the warriors of the old 4th Marines who were captured at Corregidor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, World War II\nFrom 1945 to 1952 the battalion would go through a series of deactivations and reactivations both overseas and in the U.S. The most notable service during this period was in China during 1946 where the battalion, belonging to the 6th Marine Division, participated in the occupation of North China. The battalion was deactivated in November 1947 and remained so until 1952. The battalion would spend the Korean War stationed in Camp Nara, Japan. In 1955, the battalion was transferred to Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii and would serve in the 1st Marine Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nIn the spring of 1965 the battalion deployed to combat in South Vietnam. From 1965 to 1969 the battalion engaged in numerous conventional and counter-insurgency operations in the I Corps. Some of the major operations that 1/4 was involved in were Operation Prairie, Operation Beacon Hill, Operation Prairie IV, Operation Deckhouse IV, Operation Kentucky, Operation Purple Martin and Operation Napoleon/Saline would be fought from places such as the Rockpile, Camp Carroll, Con Thien and Ca Lu Combat Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nCorporal Larry Maxam and Private First Class Douglas Dickey both heroically gave their lives in Vietnam and were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for their brave actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nIn November 1969 the battalion was redeployed to Okinawa and would also serve off the coast of Vietnam. The battalion participated in the rescue of the SS Mayaguez in May 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, 1980s\nIn 1977 the battalion moved to Twentynine Palms, CA and remained there until 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, 1980s\nIn 1988, after receiving Amphibious Assault Boat training at NSW Coronado, members of Bravo Company 1/4 from MCAGCC (Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center) 29 Palms, were deployed from May 1988 to Okinawa, Japan for additional helicopter \"fast rope\" ship insertion training, before being deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard the USS Dubuque LPD8, and the MSB Hercules as members of III MEF/CMAGTF 3-88 during the Iran/Iraq War, in support of the Largest naval convoy operation since World War II, code named Operation Earnest Will, which earned the members of Bravo Company 1/4 the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal. Bravo Company 1/4 returned to 29 palms in December 1988, and 1st Battalion, 4th Marines 29 palms were redesignated as 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines 7th MEB (Marine Expeditionary Force), 29 Palms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, 1990s\nThe battalion's history during the 1990s and into the 21st century were highlighted by expeditionary operations in support of national objectives in Southwest Asia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia and drug interdiction operations along the U.S. border. In January 1989 1st Battalion, 4th Marines were assigned to 1st Marines at Camp Horno, aboard Camp Pendleton. In August 1990 the battalion deployed aboard ship to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nThe terrorist's attacks on 11 September 2001 began the battalion's campaign in support of the Global War on Terror. In March 2002, as part of the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit Special Operations Capable, the battalion served as a reserve force, for Operation Anaconda, and others, in support of the initial combat operations in Afghanistan. In March 2003 the battalion was part of the initial ground invasion in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nThe battalion fought its way through Iraq conducting combat operations in the cities of An Nasiriyah, Al Kut, Ah Numinayah, Abu Garaf, Hasan Al Hamzah (where Bravo Company lost Private First Class, Juan G. Garza), Ah Shatrah, Saddam City (Later Revolution City and Sadar City), Qalat Sakar, Al Hillah, Al Hayy, and Bagdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nIn May 2004, the battalion with the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, the battalion again returned to combat in Iraq for a 9-month deployment, which was highlighted by a major victory against insurgent forces in Najaf, after the fighting at Najaf cemetery, Bravo Company guarded Abu Ghanrib prison and supported Operation Phantom Fury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nIn 2005 elements of the battalion supported Hurricane Katrina disaster relief efforts in Mississippi and Louisiana. After the Hurricane relief, in 2006, the battalion deployed on the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit in support of the Western Pacific Deployment and conducted training in Kuwait in support of OEF 6\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nFrom 2007 to 2009 the battalion conducted two more tours in Iraq, supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom. In spring of 2007 the battalion deployed to the Iraqi province of Al Anbar conducting operations in Al Qaim region, centered around the cities of Husaybah, Rawa, Ana. The battalion conducted thousands of mounted and dismounted combat infantry patrols, ensuring that the population was able to conduct business, travel and move around freely in a secure environment. In addition, the battalion was also tasked with training the Iraqi National Police and Iraqi National Army on counter-insurgency tactics and techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nIn the fall of 2008 the battalion again deployed to Iraq province of Al Anbar, conducting combat and counter-insurgency operations in the war-torn city of Fallujah and outlying districts. The battalion was one of the last infantry battalions of Marines to conduct combat operations in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nIn May 2010 the battalion attached to the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit in support of the Western Pacific deployment. During this deployment, the battalion executed the first anti-piracy in the Marine Corps in over 200 years by capturing the pirated motor vessel, Magellan Star. Additionally, the battalion supported humanitarian relief operations in response to the 2010 Pakistan floods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nIn 2012 the battalion deployed to Okinawa, Japan as the ground combat element for the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit. The battalion successfully completed operations throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Highlights of this tour included exercises in Thailand, Korea and the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nIn February 2013, the battalion attached to the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit. In the spring of 2015 1/4 deployed in support of Marine Rotational Forces-Darwin to Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. This deployment was the first reinforced Marine Battalion deployment to Australia. 1/4 is the Battalion Landing Team attached to the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit augmented with attachments including a tank platoon, artillery battery, LARCompany, AAV Platoon, and CEB platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nIn March 2017, the battalion was deployed to Syria to provide artillery support with their M777 howitzers for forces seeking to eject ISIL forces from Raqqa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, History, War on Terror\nIn late July 2020, personnel from the unit, attached to 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, were training with their Amphibious Assault Vehicles near San Clemente Island off the coast of Southern California. A mishap resulted in the loss of eight Marines and one Sailor. In October of that same year, the commanding general of 1st Marine Expeditionary Force, Lt. Gen. Karsten Heckl, relieved the commanding officer of the unit, Lt. Col. Michael J. Regner, because of a \"loss in trust and confidence in his ability to command\u201d as a result of that accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158711-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 4th Marines, Battalion Honors\nDuring its history, the 1st Battalion 4th Marines has received these honors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158712-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment (1\u2013503rd IR) is an active duty airborne infantry battalion in the United States Army, assigned to the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team and stationed in Vicenza, Italy. The battalion has served with the 2nd Infantry Division, the 11th Airborne Division, the 24th Infantry Division, the 82nd Airborne Division, and the 173rd Airborne Brigade; has been stationed in Korea, Italy and the United States; and earned campaign credits in World War II, the Vietnam War, Operation Enduring Freedom-Afghanistan, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158712-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, History\nThe lineage of Company A, 503rd AIR, was reorganized and redesignated on 1 March 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Airborne Battle Group, 503rd Infantry, and remained assigned to the 11th Airborne Division (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158712-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, History\nOn 1 July 1958 the 1st ABG, 503rd Infantry was relieved from assignment to the 11th Airborne Division and assigned to the 24th Infantry Division when the 11th was reflagged as the 24th. The battle group's stay was short, and on 7 January 1959 it was relieved from assignment to the 24th Infantry Division and assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158712-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 1st ABG, 503rd Inf remained with the 82nd Airborne Division until 26 March 1963, when it was relieved from assignment to the 82nd and joined 2\u2013503rd in its assignment to the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Shortly thereafter, on 25 June 1963, it was reorganized and redesignated as the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158712-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, Lineage and honors, Campaign participation credit\nNote: The published Army lineage shows War on Terrorism \"Campaigns to be determined\". Comparison of the battalion's deployment dates with the War on Terrorism campaigns estimates that the battalion will be credited with participation in the six campaigns listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines\n1st Battalion, 5th Marines (1/5) is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California consisting of approximately 800 Marines and sailors. Nicknamed Geronimo, it falls under the command of the 5th Marine Regiment and the 1st Marine Division. The battalion was formed in 1914 and has served in every major conflict that the United States has been involved in since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History\nOn 13 July 1914, the battalion was formed at Vera Cruz, Mexico, and sailed for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba for service in the Caribbean theatre. The battalion was disbanded upon their return to Norfolk, Virginia, on 24 December 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, World War I\nOn 25 May 1917, the battalion was activated and deployed to France on 1 June 1917. 1/5 participated in the following World War I campaigns: Aisne, Aisen-Marne, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne, Toulon-Troyon, Chateau-Thierry, Marabache, and Limey. 1/5 made its most notable contribution at the Battle of Belleau Wood on 6 June 1918, when it conducted the first offensive actions of the battle in seizing Hill 142.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, World War I\nThe battalion, at first with only two companies due to the other companies not being relieved in time, assaulted the open wheat fields of the hill with bayonets fixed under the fire of German machine gun and artillery fire. In a battle that claimed 325 1/5 lives, Gunnery Sergeant Ernest A. Janson became the first Marine to earn the Medal of Honor in World War I. From December 1918 to July 1919, the battalion participated in the occupation of the German Rhineland. It then re-deployed to Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia and de-activated in August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, World War I\nIn July 1920 the battalion re-activated to provide security for the U.S. Mail. In March 1927, the Battalion deployed to help stabilize the government of Nicaragua against overthrow attempts by rebel forces. For the next six years, they aided the Nicaraguan government until peace was finally restored. 1/5 was deactivated in January 1933. Shortly thereafter the battalion was re-activated in September 1934 in Quantico, Virginia and served in the Caribbean theatre until the outbreak of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, World War II\nIn November 1934, the 1st Battalion was reactivated for the fourth time, only to be deactivated in March 1935. Shortly before World War II in April 1940, 1st Battalion was again reactivated. The fighting in World War II found the Marines of 1st Battalion at Guadalcanal, New Guinea, Peleliu, and Okinawa. At Peleliu, the 1st Battalion assaulted the island alongside the rest of the 1st Marine Division under Major General William H. Rupertus, fighting primarily to secure the island's airstrip and prevent interference with the Allied offensive in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, World War II\nLanding at Orange Beach 1 and Orange Beach 2 on D-Day, September 15, 1944, the 1st Battalion would gain notoriety for the total destruction of an attempted Japanese tank-infantry counterattack. This costly maneuver of Japanese tanks and a company-sized infantry element would be the sole instance of open Japanese maneuver during the months-long Battle of Peleliu. In April 1946, their mission accomplished, 1st Battalion was disbanded and most of the Pacific veterans returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Cold War, Korean War\nDuring October 1949, 1st Battalion, 5th Marines was reactivated in Camp Pendleton, California. During August 1950, the Battalion deployed to fight the Communist force invading the Republic of Korea. Names such as the Pusan Perimeter, Inchon, Seoul and Chosin Reservoir were added to the Battalion's battle vocabulary. At the close of hostilities, the 1st Battalion returned to the United States, settling at Camp Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Cold War, Vietnam War\nFrom June 1966 to March 1971, 1/5 was deployed to South Vietnam. The battalion participated in action around Chu Lai, Danang, Quang Nam, Que Son Valley, Hoi An, Phu Loc and An Hoa. The unit was deactivated in June 1974, but once again was quickly reactivated in March 1975. The battalion played a major role in the Battle of Hue during February 1968. Engaging the enemy in the famous Citadel on the north side of the Perfume River, the battalion became known as the \"Citadel Battalion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Persian Gulf War and the 1990s\nFrom 1987 to 1989, The battalion supported Operation Prime Chance in the Persian Gulf. In August 1990, the battalion returned to the Southwest Asia in support of Operation Desert Shield, and subsequently took part in combat operations in Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm. The battalion formed the left half of the mechanized Task Force Ripper, along with 1st Battalion 7th Marines, Alpha Company 1st Tank Battalion, Alpha Company 3rd Tank Battalion, HQ 7th Marines and Delta Company, 3rd Light Armored Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Persian Gulf War and the 1990s\nThey were supported by Alpha and Delta Companies of the 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion, 1st Combat Engineer Battalion and a platoon from Charlie Company, 1st Reconnaissance Battalion. The task force was commanded by Colonel Carlton W. Fulford, Jr. and saw considerable combat as it pushed into Kuwait, seized Al Jaber Airfield and consolidated with other Marine forces at Kuwait International Airport of 27 February 1991. Following the cease fire, the task force backloaded to Manifeh Bay and departed Saudi Arabia on 8 March. The battalion returned to Camp Pendleton the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion deployed to Kuwait in 2003 to become part of the invasion force that ousted Saddam Hussein. The Marines of 1/5 were the first to enter the country beginning combat operations the day prior to the war beginning. The battalion continued north in the coming weeks before ultimately participating in the battle for Baghdad. They returned again to Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom in early 2004 for security and stabilization operations in Al Anbar Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn March 2004, the battalion, this time attached to the 1st Marine Regiment along with several other units, participated in Operation Vigilant Resolve in the restive city of Fallujah. They were deployed a third time in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, one of only two Marine Corps infantry battalions to do so at the time, in the city of Ar Ramadi, capital of Al Anbar Province between March and October 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\n1/5 deployed to Afghanistan from May to December 2009 as part of Task Force Leatherneck and conducted combat operations in the Nawa-I-Barakzayi District of Helmand province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\n1/5 was once more deployed to Afghanistan from March to October 2011 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and ISAF to the Sangin District of Helmand Province. During this time they took part in two separate combat operations. Upon completing this rotation they were awarded with the Navy Meritorious Unit Citation award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Other operations\nIn November 2012, 1/5 deployed as a Battalion Landing Team (BLT) as part of the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit. 1/5 completed a six-month rotation including a deployment to Thailand in support of exercise Cobra Gold 2013. The Battalion was relieved by fellow 5th Marines Battalion 2/4 and returned to Camp Pendleton in late May 2013, completing a six-month rotation including a deployment to the Kingdom of Thailand in support of exercise Cobra Gold 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Other operations\nFrom March 2014 to October 2014, 1/5 deployed to Darwin, Australia as the ground combat element of Marine Rotational Force-Darwin. This was the third rotation of Marines to Robertson Barracks, but 1/5 was the first battalion-sized element to deploy to Australia in recent history. The battalion's presence was the first high-visibility example of the United States' \"pivot to the Pacific.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Other operations\nIn November 2015, 1/5 again formed BLT 1/5 in support of the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158713-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 5th Marines, History, Other operations\nIn July 2017, 1/5 Deployed with the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (15th MEU) as the MEU's Ground Combat Element (GCE) or Battalion Landing Team (BLT). The BLT was split between the USS America (LHA-6), USS San Diego (LPD-22) and USS Pearl Harbor (LSD-52) during Western Pacific 17-2 (WESTPAC 17-2). Their main mission was the supporting of Operation Inherent Resolve. During their deployment, 1/5 Marines and sailors aboard the USS America (LHA-6) came to the aid of the USS John S. McCain (DDG 56) after the USS John S. McCain and Alnic MC collision. The 15th MEU returned stateside in February 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment (1\u201368 Armor) is a battalion of the 68th Armor Regiment, United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nUpon return from deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) 1, the 4th Infantry Division immediately began reorganization into the \"modular brigade\" structure of the new US Army. The 4th Infantry Division was again deployed to OIF in late 2005, replacing 3rd Infantry Division in Baghdad. The 3rd Brigade was attached to the 101st Airborne Division and the 1\u201368 was sent to Baqubah, Iraq. Before recent deployment, it was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George S Dotson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment was deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom from 1 December 2007 to 1 March 2009. Alpha Company was sent to FOB Prosperity attached to 3-29 FA manning coalition checkpoints in central Baghdad's International Zone. Headquarters and Headquarter Company (HHC) was set in at COP Callahan, a converted shopping mall. COP Callahan also housed Delta, Echo, and Fox Companies while Charlie Company occupied COP Ford. At the end of February Alpha Company rejoined the battalion and was sent to JSS Ur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nAlpha Company along with elements of 4/64, 3 ID began conducting combat patrols in the Hy Ur and Sadr City districts as a mechanized infantry company. On 8 July members of the Jaysha Madi and Hezbollah successfully deployed 10 Improvised Rocket Assisted Mortars directed at Alpha Company at JSS Ur. 9 of the 10 IRAMs exploded inside the JSS, destroying the Aerostat Balloon which had coverage over most important routes and checkpoints in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nAlpha company was then sent to FOB Apache(Gunner's Palace) while 3rd Platoon Alpha company was detached to Delta company for the remainder of the deployment and sent to JSS Shaab. COP Callahan was abandoned for COP Bastintine at the end of 2008. All 1-68 soldiers returned to Ft. Carson, CO by the end of March 2009 being relieved by the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nAfter being reorganized, the 1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment became known as the 1st Combined Arms Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment. HHC became known as Havoc with scouts, snipers, mortars and medics and staff positions. Alpha company, known as Attack, and Bravo, known as Blackhawk, were designated as infantry companies with M2A3 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles. Charlie company, known as Steel, and Delta, known as Destroyer, were set up as tank companies with 14 M1A2 Main Battle Tanks each. Echo company, known as Exile, became an engineering company. Foxtrot company, known as Forerunner, was attached from 64th Brigade Support Battalion to provide dining facility (DFAC), maintenance/recovery and a supply distribution platoon. The final company is Golf Company which is the rear-detachment company for the battalion when deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, OIF 6\n1\u201368 Armor deployed to Iraq as part of operation new dawn throughout southern Iraq with a detachment company assigned to 4\u201310. Taskforce blackjack is in Al Assad, containing Destroyer Company, 1\u201368 in an advise and assist training role for the Iraqi army", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, Unit awards\nValorous Unit Award for dates of service 1 Dec 2005 - 4 Nov 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, Unit awards\nFor extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy. During the period 1 December 2005 to 4 November 2006, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 68thArmored Regiment and its subordinate units displayed extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In the face of constant life- threatening enemy actions throughout Diyala Province including, Baqubah, Khalis, Narwan and Khan Bani Saad, the unit demonstrated unwavering courage and determination in securing the people of Iraq by neutralizing the insurgency, training Iraqi security forces, and by improving local governance, infrastructure, and economy. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 68th Armored Regiment's outstanding performance of duty is in keeping with the finest traditions of military service and reflects great credit upon the unit, 3d Heavy Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division, and the United States Army,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 1015]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, Unit awards\nValorous Unit Award for dates of service 3 Dec 2007 - 1 Mar 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158714-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment, Unit awards\nFor extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy. During the period 3 December 2007 to 1 March 2009, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 68th Armored Regiment and its subordinate units displayed extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy while in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in Baghdad and Sadr City. The unit demonstrated the ability to innovate and adapt to accomplish their mission beyond the call of duty. The unit's ability to, fight and win on any ground against multiple enemies in a complex environment while simultaneously enabling local government and coalition forces represents an outstanding effort. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 68th Armored Regiment's outstanding performance of duty is in keeping with the finest traditions of military service and reflects distinct credit upon the unit, the Multi-National Division-Baghdad, and the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 987]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines\nThe 1st Battalion, 6th Marines (1/6) is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. It consists of approximately 1,100 marines and sailors. They fall under the command of the 6th Marine Regiment, the 2nd Marine Division of the II Marine Expeditionary Force (II MEF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War I (1917\u20131919)\nActivated on 11 July 1917 at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, as the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment. 1/6 deployed to France from September to October 1917 and was assigned to the 4th Brigade, 2nd Division (Army), American Expeditionary Force. For the actions at Belleau Wood, Soissons, and Blanc Mont, the 6th Marine Regiment was awarded the French Croix de Guerre three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War I (1917\u20131919)\nAs a result, the regiment is authorized to wear the fourrag\u00e8re of the Croix de Guerre (seen in the unit's logo), one of only two units in the Marine Corps so honored, (the other being the 5th Marine Regiment). The fourrag\u00e8re thereafter became part of the uniform of the unit. All members of the modern 6th Marines are authorized to wear the fourrag\u00e8re while serving with the regiment. (World War One Victory Medal, Army Occupation of Germany Medal, French Croix de guerre)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War I (1917\u20131919)\nThe battalion participated in the following World War I campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War I (1917\u20131919)\n1/6 participated in the Occupation of the Rhineland from December 1918 to July 1919. After the war the battalion relocated to Quantico, Virginia in August 1919 and was deactivated on 20 August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, 1922 \u2013 1934\nThe battalion was reactivated on 12 June 1922 and participated in maneuvers at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. From June\u2013July 1922, it was assigned to the Marine Corps Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, 1922 \u2013 1934\nIn June 1924 1/6 deployed to the Dominican Republic and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba participating in expeditionary operations until September 1925. The unit returned to Norfolk, Virginia, and was deactivated on 1 October 1925. (Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, 1922 \u2013 1934\nOn 29 March 1927, 1/6 was reactivated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in May 1927, 1/6 deployed to Shanghai, China and was assigned to 3rd Brigade. The battalion was again deactivated in March 1929 in San Diego, California", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Yangtze River Valley (1934\u20131938)\nOn 9 September 1934, at Norfolk, Virginia, 1/6 relocated to San Diego during September and October 1934 and then deployed to Shanghai in China in August 1937 where it was assigned to the 2nd Marine Brigade, Fleet Marine Force. The battalion returned to San Diego during February to April 1938. (Yangtze Service Medal, China Service Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War II (1939\u20131946)\nOn 1 February 1941, the 2nd Marine Brigade was re-designated as the 2nd Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force (FMF). In anticipation of joining the war 1/6 deployed during May to July 1941 to Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland and was reassigned to the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War II (1939\u20131946)\n1/6 relocated during March 1942 to San Diego and were reassigned to the 2nd Marine Division, FMF. From October to November 1942 it deployed to Wellington in New Zealand. During the course of World War II the battalion fought at Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, Tinian and Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War II (1939\u20131946)\nThe 6th Marines landed at Guadalcanal on 4 January 1943 where it was briefly reunited with the 2nd and 8th Marines. The 6th Marines, fighting as part of a temporary Army-Marine division after the bulk of the 2nd Marine Division departed, participated in the final American offensive on Guadalcanal advancing from Kokumbona to Cape Esperance and eliminating the last remaining enemy forces. The 6th Marines suffered 223 casualties (53 killed in action or died of wounds, 170 wounded in action), during its six weeks on the \"Canal\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War II (1939\u20131946)\nDuring the Battle of Tarawa, the 6th Marines was the V Amphibious Corps' floating reserve. The assault waves stormed ashore on 20 November 1943 but ran into stiff opposition. Casualties were so heavy that the entire division reserve was committed on the first day. The 6th Marines was ordered ashore the following morning. The 1st and 3rd Battalions landed across Betio's Green Beach and were ordered to drive the length of the island, the 2nd Battalion was used as a blocking force on nearby Bairiki Island. Betio was declared secure after 76 bloody hours. The 1st and 3rd Battalions were re-located to a new rest camp in Hawaii, but the 2nd Battalion stayed on to clear the rest of the atoll. The 6th Marines suffered 355 casualties (99 dead, 256 wounded) and received a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions on Tarawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War II (1939\u20131946)\nThe regiment next participated in the Battle of Saipan and the Tinian operation. The regiment landed under heavy fire at Saipan's Red Beach on 15 June. This was the most difficult assault landing in regimental history; two of the three battalion commanders were seriously wounded in the first minutes ashore. Early the next morning, the 6th Marines repulsed several tank-supported counterattacks that saved the beachhead. Machine gunner PFC Harold G. Epperson sacrificed his own life by diving on a grenade on 25 June and received a posthumous Medal of Honor for that action. The regiment then drove north up the west side of the island through the coastal town of Garapan and on toward Tanapag, where the Marines faced the largest Japanese \"Banzai\" attack of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War II (1939\u20131946)\nThe next battle for the regiment was at Tinian on 25 July and joined the rest of the 2nd Marine Division as it elbowed its way down the island until reaching the escarpment that marked Tinian's southern tip on 1 August. It took three days of tough fighting to reduce the final enemy stronghold. During that fighting, PFC Robert L. Wilson covered a live grenade with his body to protect his comrades and earned a posthumous Medal of Honor. The regiment lost 34 killed and 165 wounded in ten days on Tinian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, World War II (1939\u20131946)\nIn September 1945, the unit deployed to Nagasaki where it participated in the Occupation of Japan from September 1945 to June 1946. (Presidential Unit Citation, American Defense Service Medal, European-African-Middle East Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\nIn July 1946, 1/6 relocated to Camp Pendleton, California and was reassigned to the 3rd Marine Brigade, FMF. In July 1947, it was reassigned to the 1st Marine Division and deactivated on 1 October 1947. On 7 October 1949 1/6 was reactivated at the Marine Corps Base at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and was assigned to the 2nd Marine Division. Unit personnel subsequently deployed at various times as the Battalion Landing Team 1/6 in Okinawa, the Mediterranean and the Caribbean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\nIn 1958, 1/6 participated in Operation Blue Bat during the 1958 Lebanon Crisis. (Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\nIn 1962, 1/6 participated in the Cuban Missile Crisis in October and November 1962 (Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\nIn 1965, 1/6 participated in the Intervention in the Dominican Republic from April to June 1965 in support of Operation Powerpack. (Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\nOn 21 April 1967, a military coup overthrew the elected government of Greece. Navy units were immediately alerted and directed to the Ionian Sea. Two Battalion Landing Teams (BLT 3/8, and BLT 1/6) were in the Mediterranean at the time, because of a turn-over; both were active in the operation, which involved a show of force and a contingency (stand-by) evacuation response.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\nThe Six-Day Arab-Israeli War of June 1967 caused the Marine Amphibious Ready Group (BLT 1/6) to be put on alert for possible operations. On 6 June, two carrier task forces moved closer to the fighting, while four days later, President Johnson ordered a high-speed carrier movement toward Syria to facilitate a cease-fire agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\nOn 1 September 1969, a coup overthrew the Libyan monarchy. At the same time, conditions were very unsettled in Lebanon, leading to the 22 October resignation of the Lebanese Prime Minister. Contingency forces in the period 26\u201330 October included two carrier task forces and the Mediterranean Amphibious Ready Group (MARG) with BLT 1/6 embarked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\nIn 1983, 1/6 participated as part of the Multinational Peace Keeping Force in Lebanon from February to June 1983 (Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\nFrom January to July 1989 elements of Charlie Company 1/6 deployed to Panama with 6th Marine Regiment in support of Operation Just Cause. (Navy Unit Commendation, Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, Multinational Force and Observers Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Cold War (1946\u20131990)\n(National Defense Service Medals awarded for active duty service during Korean War 27 June 1950 to 27 July 1954 and war Vietnam War 1 January 1961 to 14 August 1974, Navy Unit Commendation awarded 1986\u20131987, Sea Service Deployment Ribbons Awarded for deployments for a period of either 90 consecutive days or two periods of at least 80 days each within a given 12-month period; or 6 months stationed overseas in a forward deployed location, 15 August 1974\u2013 Present)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Persian Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nThe battalion participated in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm in 1991. The battalion was already deployed to Okinawa since July 1990, then on to Saudi Arabia via amphibious ships with the 4th MEB. After extensive training and attaching to the 2nd Marine Division upon their arrival in December, they were ready to fight. The battalion provided valuable information to the Division since they had been in country since September and was pleased to rejoin their higher command, the 6th Marine Regt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Persian Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nThe 6th Marines was commanded by Col Lawrence H. \"Rhino 6\" Livingston, a highly decorated Vietnam Veteran, winning the Navy Cross, Silver Star, four Bronze stars and five purple hearts respectively. Lt Col Thomas S. Jones, who command 1/6 was a decorated combat veteran of Vietnam himself and had served an exchange tour with the 42 Commando British Royal Marines, was well suited for the task at hand. He was well respected throughout the battalion and the Regiment as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0025-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Persian Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nAt 0600 on 24, 1/6 February quickly closed on the first of the obstacle belts which consisted of two minefield and wire obstacles. The Combat Engineer Battalion opened the lanes using the mine clearing line charges and then mine plows as best as they could. Various types of mines were encountered, but were expected. Plastic antipersonnel and antitank mines would slide back into the lanes as the AAVs with infantry Marines inside and the CAAT teams advanced to the objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0025-0003", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Persian Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nUnder indirect and direct fire from the enemy, the battalion fought through two mine fields and also had to quickly go to MOPP level 4, responding to the alarm of chemical agent of \"mustard gas\" detected by the \"Fox\" chemical reconnaissance vehicle. After the first day of fighting, hundreds of Iraqis on the front line surrendered, many of them had to be \"convinced\" to give up the fight or die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0025-0004", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Persian Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nAlong with the Army's Tiger Brigade (Tanks), 1st Battalion, 6th Marines destroyed many enemy tanks, armored personnel carriers, bunkers, and enemy ground troops who did not understand the fact that, Marines take the fight to the enemy, hard and heavy. (Navy Unit Commendation, National Defense Service Medal, Southwest Asian Service, Kuwait Liberation Medal Kuwait, Kuwait Liberation Medal Saudi Arabia)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Operation Sea Signal (1994)\nFrom July 1994 to October 1994 under Joint Task Force 160, 1/6 participated in Operation Sea Signal a United States Military humanitarian operation in the Caribbean in response to an influx of Cuban and Haitian migrants attempting to gain asylum in the United States. (Joint Meritorious Unit Award, Humanitarian Service Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Kosovo Campaign (1999)\n1/6 participated in Operation Noble Anvil in Kosovo from January to April 1999. Also known as the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the bombing killed around 1,000 members of the Yugoslav security forces in addition to 489 and 528 civilians. It destroyed bridges, industrial plants, public buildings, private businesses, as well as barracks and military installations. In the days after the Yugoslav army withdrew, over 164,000 Serbs and 24,000 Roma left Kosovo and many of the remaining non-Albanian civilians (as well as Albanians perceived as collaborators) were victims of abuse which included beatings, abductions, and murders. (Navy Unit Commendation, Kosovo Campaign Medal, NATO Medal Kosovo)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\n(National Defense Service Medal and Global War on Terrorism Service awarded for active service during Global War on Terrorism from 11 September 2001 to Present)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2004, 1st Battalion 6th Marines deployed as the ground combat element of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit to Oruzgan Province in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. (Navy Unit Commendation, Afghanistan Campaign Medal, NATO Medal ISAF)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2005, 1/6 deployed to Fallujah, Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. (Iraq Campaign Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2006\u20132007 1/6 deployed to Ar Ramadi, Iraq, where they participated in the Battle of Ramadi. (Navy Unit Commendation, Iraq Campaign Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2007, 1/6 became Battalion Landing Team 1/6, attached to the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit and provided reserve support in 5th and 6th Fleet for Operations Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. (Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2008, 1/6 deployed to Helmand Province in Afghanistan between February and September in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. During its tasking, the battalion reinforced British and Afghan forces in the Helmand Province campaign. Most combat operations took place in the Taliban-held town of Garmsir. (Meritorious Unit Commendation, Afghanistan Campaign Medal, NATO Medal ISAF)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn December 2009 1/6 deployed again to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. This was part of the 20,000-troop increase approved just a week before by President Barack Obama, originally ordered by George W. Bush. On 13 February 2010, 1/6 took part in the invasion of Marjah in Helmand Province, known as Operation Moshtarak, and was the first Afghan-led operation of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nThe invasion began with members of Alpha and Bravo companies inserting via CH-53 Super Stallion helicopters with approximately 300 Marines and Afghan soldiers and Charlie company using mobile forces to clear and hold a major portion of the city. By 14 June 2010, 1/6's advanced party had returned to the US and by late July the entire battalion was back from the deployment. (Presidential Unit Citation, Navy Unit Commendation, Afghanistan Campaign Medal, NATO Medal ISAF)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2011, 1/6 again deployed to Helmand Province and engaged in Operation Eastern Storm, in an effort to clear Sangin and Kajaki Districts of Taliban insurgents, while Charlie Company supported 3rd Battalion 6th Marines in the Marjah district of Afghanistan. (Afghanistan Campaign Medal, NATO Medal ISAF)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2014 1/6 deployed as the ground element of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit as the Bataan Amphibious Ready Group (BATARG) located in the 5th and 6th Fleet in support of Operation Inherent Resolve and the evacuation of the US embassy in Tripoli by 3rd Battalion 8th Marines(Operation Oaken Lotus). After the evacuation of the US embassy in Tripoli the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit\u2019s deployment was extended to support ongoing operations in Iraq, and Syria. Detachments of Marines were sent to Iraq to reinforce the US embassy in Baghdad, and support special operations forces in Kurdistan. (Navy Unit Commendation, Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2015, 1/6 participated in BALTOPS(Baltic Operations), an annual exercise with allied NATO forces in Poland, Sweden, Germany, and the Baltic States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nOperation Odyssey Lightning: In 2016, 1st Battalion 6th Marines deployed as the ground combat element of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit. Aboard the USS Wasp, USS San Antonio, and USS Whidbey Island, Marines conducted precision air strikes in support of the Libyan Government of National Accord-aligned forces against ISIS and Daesh targets in Sirte, Libya, as part of the Battle of Sirte (2016).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nBefore joining the operation in Libya, elements of 1/6 aboard the USS San Antonio came under attack as it moved through the Bab al-Mandeb strait on the southern end of the Red Sea while conducting operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom-Horn of Africa, Operation Restoring Hope, and Operation Oaken Steel. Shortly after the attacks, the USS Nitze destroyed three radar sites in Yemen in retaliation for the two separate attacks on U.S. ships in the Red Sea. This was credited as the first surface naval battle since the Persian Gulf War. Members of the 22nd MEU received the Presidential Unit Citation and Combat Action Ribbons for operations in Libya and Yemen. (Meritorious Unit Commendation,Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nOperation Inherent Resolve: In September 2017 elements of 1st Battalion 6th Marines deployed to Syria with 1st Battalion 10th Marines as a part of Combined Joint Task Force-Operation Inherent Resolve in order to support operations against ISIS militants in the Battle of Raqqa. (Joint Meritorious Unit Commendation,Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2018, 1/6 deployed as part of the Black Sea Rotational Force (18.1) postured in Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu Airbase, Romania, which enabled the continuation of promoting regional stability, and building and maintaining enduring partnerships with allied and partner nations. 1/6 also sent Marines to Norway to train with allied NATO forces for a potential cold-weather fight with North Korea or Russia. Upon completion of their training the Marines of 1/6 had their deployment extended due to Hurricane Florence preventing them from returning to Camp Lejeune on schedule. (Navy Arctic Service Ribbon)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2020, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment deployed under the Unit Deployment Program to Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan under 3rd Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn 2021, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment participated in Exercise Sea Breeze 2021 a multinational maritime exercise, involving sea, land, and air components, and is co-hosted by the United States and Ukraine to enhance interoperability and capability among participating forces in the Black Sea region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism (2001\u2013Present)\nIn August, 2021, 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment deployed aboard the USS Arlington (LPD 24) in U.S. 4th Fleet area of operations off the coast of Haiti in support of Joint Task Force-Haiti, Aug 21 following a 7.2-magnitude earthquake that struck Haiti on .Aug. 14", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158715-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 6th Marines, Honors and awards\nThe 1st Battalion 6th Marines has been awarded the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158716-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 76th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 76th Field Artillery Regiment (1-76th FAR) is an inactive field artillery battalion of the United States Army. The battalion has been assigned to  the 3rd Infantry Division, 7th Infantry Division, 2nd Infantry Brigade, and as a separate field artillery battalion. The battalion has participated in World War I, World War II, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation Enduring Freedom. The battalion inactivated in 2015 as part of Army force reductions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by GoingBatty (talk | contribs) at 18:06, 20 January 2020 (clean up, replaced: Navy \u2192 Navy (2)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery is the only active duty element remaining of the 79th Field Artillery. First constituted on 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army as Troops A (Alpha) and B (Bravo) in the 21st Cavalry, their mission has changed greatly from their Cavalry days. The 1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery is part of the 434th Field Artillery Brigade charged with the TRADOC mission of Basic Combat Training or BCT of new soldiers to the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nConstituted 1 July 1916 in the Regular Army as Troops A and B, 21st Cavalry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nConsolidated, converted, and redesignated 1 November 1917 as Battery A, 79th Field Artillery(79th Field Artillery assigned 6 December 1917 to the 7th Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nInactivated 14 September 1921 at Camp George G. Meade, Maryland, and relieved from assignment to the 7th Division(79th Field Artillery assigned 1 January 1930 to the 7th Division; relieved 16 October 1939 from assignment to the 7th Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 23 February 1943 as Battery A, 697th Field Artillery Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nRedesignated 5 February 1947 as Battery A, 555th Field Artillery Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nActivated 1 January 1949 in Korea(555th Field Artillery Battalion assigned 10 October 1954 to the 71st Infantry Division)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nInactivated 15 September 1956 at Fort Lewis, WashingtonRelieved 16 January 1957 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division; concurrently redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 79th Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nRedesignated 1 June 1958 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Missile Battalion, 79th Artillery (organic elements concurrently constituted)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nRedesignated 1 July 1960 as the 1st Howitzer Battalion, 79th Artillery, assigned to the 7th Infantry Division, and activated in Korea", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nRedesignated 1 July 1963 as the 1st Battalion, 79th Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nRedesignated 1 September 1971 as the 1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nInactivated 1 October 1983 at Fort Ord, California, and relieved from assignment to the 7th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nHeadquarters transferred 16 August 1995 to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\n1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery has five active batteries (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, and Echo) and they are all charged with the BCT mission. Up until January 2011 Echo and Delta Batteries were conducting Warrior Transition Courses (or WTC), where prior service members of other branches, such as the Navy or Coast Guard, receive training to prepare them for service in the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History and lineage\nGolf Battery, 1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery have reflagged into 1st Battalion, 31st Field Artillery on 10 February 2011 and Fox Trot Battery 1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery also reflagged into 1st Battalion, 31st Field Artillery in December 2010. In March 2011 1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery will stand up a new Fox Battery to once again have six batteries conducting a BCT mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 81], "content_span": [82, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1 5/32\u00a0inches (2.94\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of the shield and crest of the coat of arms. Symbolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 87], "content_span": [88, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe 21st Cavalry was organized in June 1917 from the 13th Cavalry, and converted into Field Artillery as the 79th, in November of the same year. Its original Cavalry character is shown by the color of the field, its Field Artillery service by the red bend. The canton shows a device from the badge of the 13th Cavalry, the parent organization. The regiment insignia in base is the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 7th Division with colors reversed, surrounded by a green band. Background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 87], "content_span": [88, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 79th Field Artillery Regiment on 22 December 1928. It was redesignated for the 79th Artillery Regiment on 14 April 1958. The insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 79th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 87], "content_span": [88, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nOr, a bend Gules, on a sinister canton of the like a sun in splendor of the field charged with the numeral \"13\" Sable (for the 13th Cavalry), in base the insignia of the regiment Proper (a Red hour-glass on a Black circle surrounded by a Green band).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 74], "content_span": [75, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nOn a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a horse's head armored Proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 74], "content_span": [75, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\n1st Battalion, uses the Motto: PEACE THROUGH VICTORY, which they gained when they were organized as the 697th Field Artillery Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 74], "content_span": [75, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe 21st Cavalry was organized in June 1917 from the 13th Cavalry, and converted into Field Artillery as the 79th, in November of the same year. Its original Cavalry character is shown by the color of the field, its Field Artillery service by the red bend. The canton shows a device from the badge of the 13th Cavalry, the parent organization. The regiment insignia in base is the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 7th Division with colors reversed, surrounded by a green band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 74], "content_span": [75, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 79th Field Artillery Regiment on 1 September 1920. It was redesignated for the 79th Artillery Regiment on 14 April 1958. The insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 79th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 74], "content_span": [75, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Campaign participation credit\nWorld War II: Naples-Foggia; Rome-Arno; North Apennines; Normandy; Northern France; Rhineland; Ardennes-Alsace; Central Europe", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 91], "content_span": [92, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158717-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 79th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Campaign participation credit\nKorean War: UN Defensive; UN Offensive; CCF Intervention; First UN Counteroffensive; CCF Spring Offensive; Un Summer-Fall Offensive; Second Korean Winter; Korea, Summer \u2013Fall 1952; Third Korean Winter; Korea, Summer 1953", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 91], "content_span": [92, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines\nThe 1st Battalion, 7th Marines (1/7) is an infantry battalion of the 7th Marine Regiment of the United States Marine Corps. It is currently based at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms. Consisting of approximately 1,000 Marines, it is part of the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines\nFamous Marines who have served in 1/7 include Lieutenant Colonel Erick Clark, General Raymond G. Davis, General James Mattis, Lieutenant General Lewis \"Chesty\" Puller, and Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, Subordinate units\nNote that unlike other infantry battalions in the Marine Corps, 1/7 does not follow the traditional usage of the NATO phonetic alphabet for naming their companies. Suicide Charley uses an incorrect way of spelling \"Charlie\" in reference to their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History\nThe 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment was created on 1 April 1921 in San Diego, California. In September 1924, the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines was deactivated with its personnel being absorbed by the newly organized 4th Marine Regiment. For the next twenty years 1/7 was activated, re-designated, and disbanded on numerous occasions until being reborn on 1 January 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, World War II\nJust over a year after its rebirth, 1/7 deployed to take part in the Pacific Theater during World War II. 7th Marines and 1/11 were detached from the Division to form the 3rd Marine Brigade and were sent to Samoa. From where the battalion rejoined the 1st Marine Division, to see their first action of the war at Guadalcanal. Under its commander, Lieutenant Colonel Lewis B. \"Chesty\" Puller, the battalion distinguished itself many times over for valor, and bravery held its positions against the onslaught of a regiment of seasoned Japanese attackers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, World War II\nIt was also during this campaign that Sgt \"Manila John\" Basilone was awarded the Medal of Honor for defending his exposed position from a comprehensive Japanese assault using only a machine gun. Throughout the remainder of the war, the \"First Team\" distinguished itself throughout many campaigns, including the Battle of Cape Gloucester, the Battle of Peleliu and the Battle of Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, World War II\nAt the end of the war in the Pacific, 1/7 deployed to China as an element of Operation Beleaguer to assist in repatriation of the defeated Japanese military to Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Korean War\nFollowing World War II, the \"First of the Seventh\" was sent to Camp Pendleton in California where it was deactivated on 5 March 1947. However, in response to the invasion of South Korea by the communist North Korea, the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines was again called into action. On 21 September 1950, 1/7 carried out an amphibious landing at Inchon. Once more the \"First Team\" distinguished itself in battle fighting its way to and from the Chosin Reservoir and in the First Battle of the Hook; Lt Col Raymond C. Davis of the Battalion received the Medal of Honor for fighting at the Chosin Reservoir in North Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Korean War\nFollowing the cessation of hostilities in Korea and through 1965, 1/7 spent time both in Camp Pendleton and Okinawa while maintaining its combat readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nIn August 1965, 1/7 was once again called to service, this time in the South Vietnam. The 1/7 commander, Lt. Colonel James P. Kelly, led the \"First Team\" in 1965-1966 as they participated in numerous combat operations such as Starlite, Piranha, Mameluke Thrust and Oklahoma Hills. During these operations and many others, 1/7 was honored repeatedly, earning the Presidential Unit Citation Streamer four times and the Meritorious Unit Commendation Streamer three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nCorporal Larry Eugene Smedley, Delta Company /1/7, was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously for action that took place on December 20, 1967 and Private First Class Ralph Dias, Delta Company, 1/7, was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously for action that took place in November 1969. In 1998, Robert R. Ingram was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton for his actions on March 28, 1966 while he was assigned as a Navy hospital corpsman in B Company, 1/7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nOn 19 February 1970, in the Son Thang massacre just southwest of Danang, a five-man patrol from the Battalion executed five women and eleven children. One member of the team was convicted of premeditated murder, but served less than a year in prison", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Gulf War\nThe 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, was the first unit to man defensive positions in Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Shield in August 1990. The Battalion was an integral member of Task Force Ripper. As Desert Shield became Desert Storm, 1/7 participated in the diagonal thrust to the perimeter of Kuwait City, spearheading the liberation of Kuwait from Iraq. 1/7 returned to Twentynine Palms in California, in March 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Somalia\nOn 11 December 1992, the first elements of 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, arrived at Mogadishu, Somalia for Operation Restore Hope. 1/7 operations were conducted in Baidoa, Bardera, Oddur, Afgoye and Mogadishu. The Battalion relieved Task Force Mogadishu for occupation of the Stadium Complex in Mogadishu on 25 January 1993. The following night, Lance Corporal Anthony Botello was killed while on point, during a night patrol in the city. Botello was the only other Marine besides Pfc. Domingo Arroyo (3rd Battalion 11th Marines) to be killed in action in Somalia. 1/7 turned over their mission and area of operations in Mogadishu to the 10th Baluch Battalion on 24 April 1993 and returned to Twentynine Palms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn January 2003, 1/7 was deployed on Operation Iraqi Freedom. It crossed the Kuwaiti border into Iraq on 18 March; its first mission was to seize the strategically prominent oil pumping and control station in Az Zubayr. This station was so important because more than 50% of Iraq's oil was controlled by it. 1/7 saw significant combat action on its way to Baghdad and in the streets of the Iraqi capital. On 23 April, 1/7 turned over control of their sector to the U.S. Army and took up positions in the city of An Najaf. After countless extensions, the Battalion returned to Twentynine Palms, on 5 October 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn August 2004, 1/7 deployed once more, but this time to Western Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II. There the Battalion conducted security operations in the cities and roadways along the Euphrates River and Syrian border to include Husaybah, Karabilah, Sadah, Ubaydi, Al Qa'im, Haditha, Hit and Haqlania. Involved in combat operations on a daily basis, 1/7 personnel conducted mounted and dismounted urban patrols, cordon knocks, Main Supply Route (MSR) security, sweep operations, and border security to clear the battalion's Area of Operation (AO) of enemy insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn March 2006, 1/7 again deployed to Iraq and operated near the Iraqi-Syrian border, conducting dismounted urban patrols, weapons cache sweeping and vehicle checkpoints. It returned in September 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\n1/7 returned to Western Al Anbar in August 2007. Assigned to AO H\u012bt, \"Task Force 1/7\" conducted thousands of combat patrols and weapon cache sweeps. TF 1/7 found over 22,000 pieces of ordnance during the deployment and captured over 200 suspected terrorists and criminals. TF 1/7 was partnered with two Iraqi infantry battalions and two police districts. The training and development of the Iraqi units was so successful that the city of Hit was the first city within the Al Anbar Province to be returned to Iraqi control. The Battalion returned to Twentynine Palms in March 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn February 2009, 1/7 returned to the Al Anbar province. Assigned to Fallujah and Al-Karmah, it was tasked to maintain security in the area with close cooperation with Iraqi police, the Iraqi Army and Provincial Security Forces. Upon departing the region in August and September 2009, 1/7 turned over the AO to Iraqi control before returning to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn March 2012, the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines deployed to Sangin District, Helmand Province, Afghanistan to conduct counterinsurgency operations and support the transition of authority from U.S. forces to the Afghan National Security Forces. The Battalion returned in October 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn March 2014, 1/7 again deployed to Helmand Province, Afghanistan. The Battalion retrograded from Sangin district on 5 May 2014, and turned over security responsibility of the area to the Afghan National Army. 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, was the final Marine Corps unit to occupy FOB Sabit Qadam and the surrounding area in Sangin District. During the Battalion\u2019s approximately seven-month-long deployment, the \"First Team\" was responsible for a number of successful missions throughout Helmand province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Enduring Freedom\n\"They should be proud of what they contributed to the campaign,\" said Brig. Gen. Daniel Yoo. \"They have been involved in everything from the northern Helmand retrograde from Sangin, which was historic for the Marine Corps but also for 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, because of their previous deployment there. They were involved in the central Helmand liftoff to support our U.K. brothers as they picked up and moved out of Lashkar Gah. They were involved in elections prep from both the primary elections and the runoff elections.\" Unfortunately, amidst the battalion\u2019s success came two devastating incidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe first incident occurred while providing security, 25 June, when Sgt. Thomas Spitzer, a Scout Sniper assigned to the Scout Sniper Platoon, was killed in action. The second occurred during a dismounted combat patrol, 9 Aug., when Staff Sgt. Brandon Dodson, a platoon sergeant with Baker Co., stepped on an improvised explosive device. Dodson was severely injured, but he maintains a positive attitude and is committed toward his recovery at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158718-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 7th Marines, History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nOn 1 October 2014, the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, transferred their area of responsibility to 3rd Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment, a U.S. Army command based out of Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines\n1st Battalion, 8th Marines (1/8) is an infantry battalion in the United States Marine Corps based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. The battalion consists of approximately 1000 Marines and sailors and is nicknamed \"The Beirut Battalion.\" The battalion fall under the command of the 8th Marine Regiment and the 2nd Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines\nThe unit's history dates back to World War II where it fought in numerous campaigns in the Pacific including Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, Tinian and Okinawa. During the Cold War, it was part of Operation Blue Bat in Lebanon in 1958, the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965, and the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing in Lebanon where 241 Marines, sailors and soldiers lost their lives. In 1991, it took part in operations during the Gulf War. Since 2001, 1/8 has fought the Global War on Terrorism by serving numerous tours in Iraq and Afghanistan as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Activation\n1st Battalion, 8th Marines was commissioned on April 1, 1940, in San Diego, California and was assigned to the 2nd Marine Brigade. The 2nd Marine Brigade was re-designated February 1, 1941, as 2nd Marine Division. After the outbreak of war, the 8th Marine Regiment with an assortment of other division assets formed the 2nd Marine Brigade and was dispatched to garrison American Samoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II\nDeployed during January 1942 to American Samoa and detached from the 2nd Marine Division, they participated in the following World War II campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Guadalcanal campaign\nOn 4 and 5 November 1942 (D+90) the 8th Marines (1st, 2nd, 3rd BN's) led by Colonel Richard H. Jeschke arrived from American Samoa, landing as reinforcements on Guadalcanal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Guadalcanal campaign\nOn 12 January, the Marines began their advance with the 8th Marines along the shore and 2d Marines inland. All along the front of the advancing assault companies the going was rough. The Japanese, remnants of the Sendai Division, were dug into the sides of a series of cross compartments and their fire took the Marines in the flank as they advanced. Progress was slow despite massive artillery support and naval gunfire from four destroyers offshore. In two days of heavy fighting, flamethrowers were employed for the first time and tanks were brought into play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Guadalcanal campaign\nThe 2d Marines was now relieved and the 6th Marines moved into the attack along the coast while the 8th Marines took up the advance inland. Naval gunfire support, spotted by naval officers ashore, improved measurably. On the 15th, the Americans, both Army and Marine, reached the initial corps objective. In the Marine attack zone, 600 Japanese were dead. The 8th Marines was essentially pinched out of the front lines by a narrowing attack corridor as the inland mountains and hills pressed closer to the coastal trail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Guadalcanal campaign\nOn 31 January, the 2d Marines and the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, boarded ship to leave Guadalcanal. 1st Battalion 8th Marines headed for Wellington, New Zealand. The 8th Marine Regiment losses on Guadalcanal were 115 killed, 451 wounded, and 9 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\n1st Battalion 8th Marines departed the USS\u00a0Sheridan\u00a0(APA-51) via LVT's, and waited at the line of departure. Watching the battle unfold from sea as the division reserve, the battalion was ordered ashore after several hours. Unfortunately, there was quite a bit of confusion and the word didn't reach the commander for some time. After 18 hours out at sea, 1/8 landed on Red Beach 2 at 06:15 on November 21, 1943 (D+1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\nAs soon as 1/8 began coming ashore, the murderous onslaught started. The LVTs didn't fare any better than the D-Day landings and were quickly bogged down by the reef. The men of 1/8 landed on the far right of Red 2 after wading over 500 yards ashore. The battalion commanding officer, Major Lawrence C. Hays reported to Colonel David M. Shoup, the newly promoted commander of the 2nd Marine Regiment, at 08:00 with about half his landing team. 1/8 had suffered more than 300 casualties just getting ashore; others were scattered all along the beach and the pier. Worse, the unit had lost all its flamethrowers, demolitions, and heavy weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\nCol. Shoup directed Major Hays to attack westward, but both men knew that small arms and courage alone would not prevail against fortified positions. The Marines of 1/8 fought hard all day. Despite the slow progress, Col. Shoup ended his 16:00 hours message to General Smith with the line, \"Casualties: many. Percentage dead: unknown. Combat efficiency: We are winning.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\nCol. Edson issued his attack orders for D+1 at 04:00 hours. 1/8, attached to 2nd Marines was to attack at daylight to the west along north beach to eliminate Japanese pockets of resistance between Beaches Red 1 and 2. On Red Beach Two, Major Hays launched his attack promptly at 07:00, attacking westward on a three-company front. Engineers with satchel charges and bangalore torpedoes helped neutralize several inland Japanese positions, but the strongpoints along the re-entrant were still dangerous. Marine light tanks made frontal attacks against the fortifications, even firing their 37mm guns point blank into the embrasures, but they were inadequate for the task. One was lost to enemy fire, and the other two were withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\nHays called for a section of 75mm halftracks. One was lost almost immediately, but the other used its heavier gun to considerable advantage. The center and left flank companies managed to curve around behind the main complexes, effectively cutting the Japanese off from the rest of the island. Along the beach, however, progress was measured in yards. The bright spot of the day for 1/8 came late in the afternoon when a small party of Japanese tried a sortie from the strongpoints against the Marine lines. Hays' men, finally given real targets in the open, cut down the attackers in short order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\nThe toughest fight of the fourth day (D+3) occurred on the Red Beach One/Two border where Colonel Shoup directed the combined forces of Hays' 1/8 and Schoettel's 3/2 against the \"re-entrant strongpoints. The Japanese defenders in these positions were clearly the most disciplined\u2014and the deadliest\u2014on the island. From these bunkers, Japanese antiboat gunners had thoroughly disrupted the landings of four different battalions, and they had very nearly killed General Smith the day before. The seaward approaches to these strongpoints were littered with wrecked LVTs and bloated bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\nMajor Hays finally got some flamethrowers (from Crowe's engineers when LT 2/8 was ordered to stand down), and the attack of 1/8 from the east made steady, if painstaking, progress. Major Schoettel, anxious to atone for what some perceived to be a lackluster effort on D-Day, pressed the assault of 3/2 from the west and south. To complete the circle, Shoup ordered a platoon of infantry and a pair of 75mm halftracks out to the reef to keep the defenders pinned down from the lagoon. Some of the Japanese committed hara-kiri; the remainder, exhausted, fought to the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\nHays' Marines had been attacking this complex ever since their landing on the morning of D+1. In those 48 hours, 1/8 fired 54,450 rounds of .30-caliber rifle ammunition. But the real damage was done by the special weapons of the engineers and the direct fire of the halftracks. Capture of the largest position, a concrete pillbox near the beach, enabled easier approaches to the remaining bunkers. By 13:00, it was all over. At the Red 1/Red 2 pocket there was no accurate count of Japanese dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\nThere were an estimated 1,000 Japanese alive and fighting on the night of D+2, 500 on the morning of D+3 and only 50-100 left when the island was declared secure at 13:30 D+3. 2nd Marine Division suffered 894 killed in action, 48 officers and 846 enlisted men, with another 84 of the survivors later succumbing to their wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tarawa\nFollowing the battle 1/8 along with the 2nd Marine Division was shipped to the big island of Hawaii. 1/8 remained in Hawaii for six months, refitting and training, until called upon for its next major amphibious landing, the Battle of Saipan in the Marianas in June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Saipan\n1st Battalion 8th Marines landed on Green Beach on 15 June 1944. Confusion on the beaches, particularly in the 2d Marine Division area, was compounded by the strength of a northerly current flow which caused the assault battalions of the 6th and 8th Marines to land about 400 yards too far north. This caused a gap to widen between the 2d and 4th Marine Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Saipan\nOn D+1 8th Marines moved east into the swamps around Lake Susupe. On 20 June the 8th Marines wheeled from facing east to attack northward into the foothills leading to Mount Tapotchau. The following day saw the Marines attack all along the line. The 8th Marines worked its painful way into the maze of ridges and gullies that formed the foothills of Mount Tapotchau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Saipan\nOn the west side of Saipan, the 2d Marine Division had a memorable day on 25 June. In a series of brilliant tactical maneuvers, with a battalion of the 8th Marines clawing up the eastern slope, a battalion of the 29th Marines (then attached to the 8th Marines) was able to infiltrate around the right flank in single file behind a screen of smoke and gain the dominating peak without the loss of a single man. Over the next several days the 8th Marines encountered four small hills strongly defended by the enemy. Because of their size in comparison with Mount Tapotchau, they were called \"pimples.\" Each was named after a battalion commander. Painfully, one by one, they were assaulted and taken over the next few days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Saipan\nBypassing the town, the 2d Marine Division drove towards Flores Point, halfway to Tanapag. Along the way, with filthy uniforms, stiff with sweat and dirt after over two weeks of fierce fighting, the Marines joyfully dipped their heads and hands into the cool ocean waters. By 4 July 1/8 and the 2nd Division were moved into the reserve force in order to prepare for the attack on Tinian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nAt 17:05 on July 24, (Jig Day), 1/8 disembarked from the USS\u00a0Calvert\u00a0(APA-32) coming ashore at White Beach 1 at the request of the 4th Marine Division commander. The battalion was requested at 15:15 hours, however due to communication delays it didn't arrive until that evening. 1/8 was assigned as the 4th Marine Division reserve and was ordered to support the 24th Marine Regiment. Once ashore the battalion dug in at a place on the line near 2nd Battalion, 24th Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nOn July 25 (Jig+1), Lieutenant Colonel Hays' 1st Battalion, 8th Marines began the day under the tactical control of the 24th Regiment. The battalion received orders to relieve the 1st Battalion, 24th Marines, along the coast on the extreme left flank of the beachhead. This shift was accomplished at 09:20, almost the same moment that Hays' unit reverted to its parent regiment, the newly landed 8th Marines. The latter, now attached to the 4th Division, assumed the northernmost sector of the front with 2 medium and 2 light (flamethrower) tanks from the 2nd Tank Battalion attached. 8th Regiment then began to struggle northward toward Ushi Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nUsing the same tactics employed along the beach by the 24th Marines on Jig-Day, 1/8 supported by armored amphibians afloat and tanks ashore, inched slowly through the gnarled coastal terrain and snare-like undergrowth. Marines found the zone littered with bodies\u2014Japanese counterattackers of the night before that required careful examination for suicidal survivors. At first there was no opposition, but as the unit pressed farther to the north resistance began to develop along the coast. There, survivors of the counterattack, holed up in the craggy coral, fired occasional challenging bursts at the Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nBy 11:15 the advance had bogged to a virtual standstill in the face of an especially knotty core of opposition near the water's edge. The rugged terrain around the strong-point forbade effective use of supporting tanks, and the armored amphibians, because of the shore's configuration, could not hit the area. To relieve the deadlock, Lieutenant Colonel Hays ordered his battalion to pivot on the left and wheel in an arc to the beach. This maneuver, striking the enemy at right angles to the original direction of advance, was successful. Within 15 minutes a pocket of 20 to 25 well-concealed riflemen had been reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nAs the 8th Marines advanced, their front expanded, and at 11:30 the commander, Colonel Wallace, ordered his 2d Battalion up on the 1st Battalion's right to attack eastward. This zone included the built-up area around Ushi Point Airfield as well as the strip itself. Since most of the Japanese troops originally assigned to this area had expended themselves against the 1st Battalion, 24th Marines, on the night of Jig-Day, they could oppose this attack only with occasional, ineffective small-arms fire. The advance swept rapidly through the area. The 1st Battalion, too, gained momentum after destroying the beach strong-point and pushed northeastward along the coast. By dark the 8th Marines, having pushed about 200 yards past Objective O-2, stopped and carefully tied in lines for the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nAt 06:30 on 26 July (Jig+2), 1/8 along with the 8th Regiment were ordered back to 2nd Marine Division Control in order to facilitate the day's attack. With the 8th Marines on the left, the 2nd Marine Division began pushing eastward. 8th Marines swept rapidly across the Ushi Point flats. The airfield had been abandoned, but the Marines carefully searched each position to make certain that none of the enemy were lying in wait. By noon Colonel Wallace, the 8th Marines' commander, reported his assault battalions (1st and 2nd BN) on the east coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\n8th Regiment, now designated division reserve, began searching for enemy stragglers west of Objective O-3. 2nd Division's successful 2,500-yard push to the east coast now made it possible for the landing force to attack in a single direction, south. 1/8 and the 8th Regiment remained the division reserve until 31 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nThe night of 31 July - 1 August turned out to be the busiest of 1/8 and the 8th Regiment. The entire division's success depended on the 8th Marines success of reaching the heights of Objective O-8A. The going was tough due to the steep climb, but by the afternoon a platoon from A Company followed by a platoon from C Company 1/8 made a breakthrough and reached the summit. That night the Japanese launched a vicious local counterattack against 1/8's left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nThe situation was touch and go for a short time, one section of the Marines' front was even forced back a few yards, but the attackers were too few for the task they had assumed, and the Marines overcame the assault. Japanese counterattacks continued throughout the night, probing at 1/8's gaps in the line. They solved the issue by stringing concertina wire between foxholes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nAt 14:55 on 1 August, 8th Marines reached their final objective with only sporadic resistance. 1/8 was then assigned the lion's share of mop up operations. On 6 August the 8th Marines assumed responsibility for the entire 2d Division sector and continued mopping-up activities. The next day the regiment also took over the 4th Division area, relieving the 23d Marines, which had patrolled that sector since 4 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nAt noon, 10 August, the 8th Marines became part of the Tinian Island Command, but the mop-up operations continued. On 25 October  8th Marines left 1st Battalion 8th Marines on Tinian and moved back to Saipan. After five months' garrison duty, 1/8 left Tinian and moved back to Saipan on 1 January 1945. For the 8th Marine Regiment securing Tinian came at a cost of 36 KIA and 294 WIA, the highest casualties of the five regiments assigned to the 2nd Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Tinian\nTinian had a strategic significance not fully apparent to the Marines who captured it in July 1944: slightly over a year later, 6 August 1945, the island provided the Army Air Forces a site from which the B-29 Enola Gay carried out the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. From the same field three days later another B-29 carried a second bomb, which was dropped on Nagasaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Okinawa\nThe 2nd Marine Division (including 1/8) remained as an amphibious reserve from 1\u201310 April 1945, when it was sent back to Saipan to minimize casualties from Kamikaze attacks off the coast of Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Okinawa\nIn late May, the 8th Marines of the 2nd Marine Division finally got a meaningful role in the closing weeks of the Okinawa campaign. Colonel Clarence R. Wallace and his 8th Marines, with Lt. Col Richard W. Hayward leading 1/8, arrived from Saipan, and were committed to the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Okinawa\nBetween 3\u20139 June, 1/8 and the 8th Marines conducted amphibious landings to capture two outlying islands, Iheya Shima and Aguni Shima. The purpose of the mission was to provide more early warning radar sites against the kamikazes devastating the naval fleet offshore. No enemy contact was made on the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Okinawa\nFollowing the missions at Iheya Shima and Aguni Shima, General Roy Geiger assigned the 8th Marines, 1/8 included, to the 1st Marine Division, and by 18 June they had relieved the 7th Marines and were sweeping southeastward for the final overland assaults in the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Okinawa\nArmy Lt. General Simon Buckner, commander of the Okinawa operation, took an interest in observing the 8th Marines as this was their first time in action on Okinawa since the regiment entered the lines in the drive to the south. Buckner went to a forward observation post on 18 June, watching the 8th Marines advance along the valley floor. Japanese gunners on the opposite ridge saw the official party and opened up. Shells struck the nearby coral outcrop, driving a lethal splinter into the general's chest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0036-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Okinawa\nHe died in 10 minutes, one of the few senior U.S. officers to be killed in action throughout World War II. Marine General Geiger took over, declaring organized resistance on the island over on 21 June. The first battalion 8th Marine regiment suffered its last combat death of World War II the next day on 22 June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Battle of Okinawa\n1/8 and the 8th Marines, attached to the 1st Marine Division, received the Presidential Unit Citation for their part in the Okinawa campaign. They would return to Saipan, until called upon for occupation duty in Japan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Occupation of Japan\n1/8 deployed during September 1945 to Nagasaki, Japan, and participated in the occupation of Japan from September 1945 \u2013 June 1946. By 18 October, all units of the 8th Marines had established themselves in and around Kumamoto and begun the by-now familiar process of inventory and disposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 70], "content_span": [71, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Occupation of Japan\nOn 29 October, a motor convoy carrying the major part of 1/8 moved from Kumamoto to Kagoshima city to assume control of western Kagoshima. The battalion had to start anew the routine of reconnaissance, inspection, inventory, and disposition that had occupied it twice before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 70], "content_span": [71, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, World War II, Occupation of Japan\nBy early 1946, 2nd Marine Division began taking over areas once occupied by soon to be deactivated Army units; 8th Marines were moved to Kumamoto and Kagoshima. They relocated during June\u2013July 1946 to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, and were deactivated November 18, 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 70], "content_span": [71, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Reactivation\nThe battalion was reactivated November 1, 1950, at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, as the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines and assigned to the 2nd Marine Division. It deployed to the Mediterranean and the Caribbean at various times from the 1950s through the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, 1958 Lebanon crisis\nBLT 1/8 had already been deployed to the Mediterranean since 9 January and was due to rotate back to the U.S., but due to the unrest in Lebanon their deployment was extended. At 09:00, 18 July, the third battalion (2/2 and 3/6 being the first two) of the 2d Provisional Marine Force, BLT 1/8 under Lieutenant Colonel John H. Brickley, landed at Yellow Beach, four miles north of Beirut, where they remained and reinforced their positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, 1958 Lebanon crisis\nOn 21 July 1958, BLT 1/8 received permission to begin motorized patrols. The patrols reconnoitered up to 20 miles east of the position of 1/8 north of the city. The biggest medical problem confronting the Marines in Lebanon was the outbreak of dysentery. During the period 18\u201331 July, BLT 1/8 alone suffered 48 cases. On 14 August 1/8 took over 2/2's former position where is remained until leaving in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Cuban Missile Crisis\nOn 20 October 1962, 1/8 received orders to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. On 22 October 1962, 1st Battalion 8th Marines arrived in echelon at Naval Air Station, Guantanamo Bay. The line companies went into defensive positions at Leeward Point, except Company B, which took up a position on the Windward Side. 1/8's mission was the defense of the airfield until relieved. On 18 November 1962, President Kennedy lifted the naval blockade of Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Cuban Missile Crisis\nBy 6 December 1962 it was announced that 1/8 would be airlifted to Cherry Point, NC by 12 December 1962. Company A (Rein) remained at Leeward Point until about 7 January 1963. 1/8 suffered two casualties (WIA) due to a friendly fire incident on 7 November while a sentry was investigating a telephone silence at Outpost Sneezy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Dominican Republic\nBy May 2, 1965, 1/8 had been designated as the airlift alert battalion under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Edward F Danowitz. The first increment departed shortly after midnight onboard C-130s for San Isidro Air Base. The leading elements of the battalion, consisting of Lieutenant Colonel Danowitz and Company D, touched down at the airfield at 05:20 on 3 May 1965. By 21:00 the entire battalion was in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Dominican Republic\nOn 4 May 1965, upon orders from RLT-6, the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines was transported by helicopters from San Isidro into LZ-4 where it established its Command Post in the Belle Vista Golf House located next to the Embajador Hotel. For the next three days the battalion's and attached units' vehicles moved through the newly opened LOC with all the landing teams equipment and supplies. The battalion was directed to provide security in its area of responsibility around the golf course and to provide one officer and 60 enlisted men for the security of the beach supply area (Red Beach) at Haina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Dominican Republic\nThe 3rd Battalion 6th Marines was relieved by 1st Battalion 8th Marines on 10 May 1965. After moving into its new positions, 1/8 was directed to straighten the eastern boundary along Phase line CAIRO. The battalion also assumed the responsibility for providing security to the American Embassy. The final withdrawal of Marine units began on 2 June 1965. The 1st Battalion 8th Marines was relieved in place by the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 325th Airborne Infantry. 1/8 embarked on board the USS\u00a0Monrovia\u00a0(APA-31) and the ship departed the area for Morehead City, North Carolina, arriving on 6 June. 1/8 suffered 4 Marines wounded in action (WIA) during the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Multinational Force in Lebanon\nThe battalion participated as part of the multinational peace keeping force in Lebanon, May \u2013 November 1983. On Sunday morning at 06:22, October 23, 1983, Battalion Landing Team 1/8, the ground combat element of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit, was the main victim of what came to be known as the Beirut barracks bombing when a truck loaded with 12,000 pounds of explosives crashed through the gates of the BLT headquarters at the airport in Beirut, Lebanon. Casualties that day were 220 Marines, 18 sailors, and 3 soldiers killed with an additional 100 injured. The majority of these casualties were from 1/8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nIn December 1990 1/8 deployed to Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Desert Shield where it remained until Operation Desert Storm began in February 1991. On February 24, 1991 at 06:15, 1/8, which was designated as one of three assault battalions leading the way for the 2nd Marine Division, reported to be at the edge of the obstacle belt in lanes Green 5 and 6. The enemy's defensive belts consisted of the two minefields and the wire obstacles noted in earlier intelligence reports. The Green lanes, carrying 1/8 were not as quickly cleared as the Red and Blue lanes. Several of the engineer vehicles had struck mines and been put out of action. Line charges had caught on overhead power lines, or had failed to detonate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nOn the right, between two minefield, 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, encountered Iraqi troops. Company A had the mission of guarding the battalion's flank in this area; accordingly, the 3d Platoon was ordered to secure a building, surrounded by a chain-link fence, located 800 meters to the east. The platoon was mounted in assault amphibious vehicles. As they came within 300 meters of the building, Iraqi soldiers inside it opened fire with rocket-propelled grenades. The platoon dismounted, and under cover of the vehicles' .50-caliber machine guns, attacked through volleys of grenades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nWithin 100 meters of the building the platoon was pinned down by automatic weapons fire. The 3d Squad was ordered to attack the building while the rest of the platoon laid down covering fires. In open view of the Iraqis and under fire, Sergeant William J. Warren, leader of the 3d Squad, stood up and moved among his fire teams, giving orders and encouraging his men. He maneuvered his teams to within 20 meters of the building, and then led an assault through a hole in the fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nAs the squad entered the building, the shaken Iraqi troops fled from it, seeking escape across the desert. By 10:20 that morning, all three assault battalions (1/6, 1/8, and 2/2) of the 2nd Marine Division were reporting that they were in contact with the enemy. On the right 1/8 was still coming through the breach on lanes Green 5 and 6. It then moved into an Iraqi brigade-size position in which it destroyed a large number of tanks and APCs. By nightfall of the first day of the ground war 1/8 had met General Key's intent and successfully moved through the breaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nOn 25 February 1991 (G+1) at 06:20 the \"Reveille Counterattack\" began. Apparently maneuvering to hit the regiment's logistics trains, a battalion-sized Iraqi unit of tanks and mechanized infantry collided with 1st Battalion 8th Marines. Fighting back with its own attached tanks and air support, the battalion accounted for 39 Iraqi tank and APC \"kills\". In the crucial first minutes of this attack, Sergeant Scott A. Dotson led his vehicle-mounted TOW section up to positions from which it could most effectively engage the enemy armor. Although under heavy fire itself, within minutes this section had destroyed eight Iraqi tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nThis attack may have been a part of a brigade-sized counterattack; its disruption caused die hard enemy survivors to move into prepared positions, where they would be encountered the next day. As the 8th Marines (1/8, 2/4, and 3/23) came up into position on the right flank of the 2nd Marine Division's zone, certain adjustments had to be made. 1/8 was returned to the operational control of its parent regiment by nightfall; since it was already in the 8th Marines' zone, no movement was required. During the morning attack, the 1st Battalion 8th Marines was moving forward as the division's easternmost battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nThe third day of the ground war, 26 February 1991 (G+2), also began with an antitank engagement. Throughout the morning, all division elements were reporting the movements of, and engagements with, enemy formations. However, 1st Battalion 8th Marines, was to be the focus of the enemy's attention once again. The battalion had arrived along Phase Line Horse the previous evening (25 February), and was the right flank battalion of the entire 2nd Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nThe commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Bruce A. Gombar, had positioned his battalion into an L-shaped defensive position for the night, in order to secure this eastern flank. The unit was set along two roads, the main north\u2013south road leading from Kuwait City, and an east\u2013west road intersecting with it just above the area of the \"ice-cube.\" Company A was on the battalion's right, facing east, and supported by a combined anti-armor team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0057-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nIn the center was the tank company attached to the battalion, Company B of the 4th Tank Battalion, which was set in along the intersection of the two roads. On the left was Company C, 1/8 also supported by an antiarmor team from weapons platoons, supplemented by attached antitank TOW unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nAt 02:30 1/8 was struck by a two-pronged attack of APCs and dismounted infantry coming from the northeast and northwest. The attack hit the road intersection held by the tank company and the boundary between 1/8 and 2/4 which was set in at the \"ice-cube.\" The battalion's eastern flank also received some accurate artillery fire, causing five casualties. The battalion's tanks and CAT Platoon worked very effectively at beating back this attack. They destroyed several enemy armored vehicles, some of them within only 75 meters of the battle positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0058-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nPushing through to the final objectives, 1/8 was placed on the division's extreme right, tied in with the 1st Battalion 5th Marines of the 1st Marine Division. The battalion aimed at two small hills, from which it could control the road, as its objectives. Near to these was a suspected Iraqi strongpoint in an agricultural area known as the \"Dairy Farm.\" Artillery fired preparation missions on this area as the companies began their final assaults on their objectives. In gathering darkness the battalion's progress slowed as it entered the increasingly restrictive nature of a more urban area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nBy 18:00 on 26 February, 1/8 had secured its section of the road and established anti-tank ambushes along it. In its movement north the 1st Battalion 8th Marines bypassed some Iraqi formations. With Al Jahrah secured by nightfall and Arab forces bypassing the division on 27 February 1991, the day's action would be the last of the war. During the war the following units were attached to 1/8: Company B, 4th Tank Battalion; Company C, 2d Combat Engineer Battalion; Company D, 2d Assault Amphibian Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nBy mid-March 1/8 was preparing to move back to Saudi Arabia, and by April they were preparing for redeployment back to Camp Lejeune, NC. The cost to the 2nd Marine Division was six killed in action, and 38 wounded. There were also three non-battle deaths and 36 non-battle wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nOn 5 March 2003 Battalion Landing Team (BLT) 1/8 departed Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, with the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) on board the USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7), USS Nashville (LPD-13), and USS Carter-Hall (LSD-50). The 26th MEU sailed directly to the eastern Mediterranean Sea in order to prepare for the potential invasion of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0061-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nFollowing the Turkish government's denial of the usage of their country for a northern invasion, BLT 1/8 was forced to deploy from Crete and fly nearly 1,100 miles via U.S. Marine C-130 transport aircraft and 440 miles from the far Eastern Mediterranean Sea via CH-53 and CH-46 helicopters into Northern Iraq. On 12 April, the battalion began combat operations in  Irbil and Mosul, Iraq as part of Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force - North (TF - Viking) for Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0061-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nDuring combat operations in Iraq, 1/8 suffered 1 Marine wounded in action (WIA) on 21 April 2003 from Weapons Company 81mm Mortar Platoon during a night-time probing attack on the Mosul Airport. By 1 May 2003, the battalion was relieved by the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division. The battalion withdrew from Mosul, Iraq and returned to the Iwo Jima ARG waiting in the Mediterranean Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nThe battalion deployed in June 2004 to Iraq as a part of Regimental Combat Team 1 and later RCT-7, 1st Marine Division (Reinforced). From June 2004 to January 2005, 1/8 conducted combat operations in Al Anbar Province in Area of Operations (AO) Denver and later AO Raleigh, including operations in Rawa, Anah, Little Anah, Haditha, Baghdadi, Barwana, Abu Buyatt, ASP Wolf, Hit, Al Asad, Haqlanyih, Karmah, Naser Wa Saleem, Abu Ghuraib, and Fallujah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\n1st Battalion 8th Marines was one of the lead battalions during Operation Phantom Fury from 8 November to 9 December 2004 leading the assault into Fallujah. During combat operations in Iraq from June 2004-January 2005, 1st Battalion 8th Marines (Reinforced) suffered 21 Marines killed in action (KIA) and nearly 150 Marines wounded in action (WIA) with 17 KIA's and 102 WIA's coming in three weeks in Fallujah in November 2004. 1/8 conducted a relief in place with their sister battalion 3/8 and returned to Camp Lejeune by 1 February 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nFrom 6 June - 6 December 2006, 1/8 was the Battalion Landing Team of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit. Various elements of 1/8 conducted combat operations in Iraq. One Marine from 1/8 Scout Sniper Platoon was killed in action and several other 1/8 Marines and a Corpsman were wounded on 1 November 2006, while conducting operations in Haditha, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nIn September 2007, the battalion deployed a fourth time to Ar-Ramadi in Al Anbar Province in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Battalion suffered one Marine killed in action and numerous others wounded during combat operations. The battalion was instrumental in denying the enemy freedom of movement and as a result violence in the war ravaged city declined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nIn 2009, 1/8 returned to Iraq for its fifth and final rotation to Al-Taqaddum in Al Anbar Province in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In June, the battalion lost a Marine due to a non-hostile incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nIn August 2010, 1st Battalion, 8th Marines deployed to Musa'Qaleh and Now Zad, Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom 10-2, Regimental Combat Team 2, First Marine Division (Forward), I Marine Expeditionary Force (Forward) Afghanistan as part of the International Security Assistance Force. The unit's performance in counter-insurgency operations in the two districts were integral in the stabilization of the region and development of Afghan National Security Forces. 1/8 suffered the loss of five Marines and one Navy Hospital Corpsman that were killed in action and numerous others wounded in action during their deployment to Helmand Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nFrom January to August 2012, 1st Battalion, 8th Marines deployed to Afghanistan again to conduct counter-insurgency operations in Northern Helmand Province. 1/8 suffered three Marines and one Navy Hospital Corpsman killed in action during their second deployment to Helmand Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nAfter leaving Mosul in May 2003, 1/8 took part in a training exercises in Albania, received port calls to Crete, Malta, and Italy, and conducted training and counter-terrorism operations in Djibouti, as well as remaining in the Persian Gulf on board ship as a reserve force for the U.S. Central Command. While in the Persian Gulf, the MEU received a port call to the United Arab Emerites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nAs the situation began to rapidly deteriorate, 1/8 and the 26th MEU were ordered to Liberia. The MEU left the coast of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, sailed back through the Suez Canal and took up a position off the coast of the west African nation. In an impressive show of force, the U.S.S. Iwo Jima Amphibious Ready Group sailed in-line roughly 3 miles off the coast of Liberia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0070-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nOn 14 August 2003, elements of the battalion eventually inserted into Roberts International Airport and at the Freeport of Monrovia on Bushrod Island outside of Monrovia, Liberia as part of Operation Sheltering Sky. A rifle company from 1/8 and supporting units from the 26th MEU conducted airfield security operations as part of Joint Task Force Liberia in an effort to facilitate the transition of governmental operations from the regime of Charles Taylor to a democratically elected government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nFollowing port visits to Rota, Spain and Lisbon, Portugal where Marines and sailors of the 26th MEU manned the rails, the battalion finally returned to Camp Lejeune, NC on the 20th anniversary of the Beirut barracks bombing on 23 October 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nWhile serving as a rapid ready force, 1/8 was called upon to help provide security and perform humanitarian operations in New Orleans following the devastation of the Category 5 storm. A small contingent of Alpha Company Marines were allowed to travel to Alabama in order to repair storm damage of fallen A Co. 1/8 Marine Bradley Faircloth's mother's home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, History, Global War on Terrorism and additional operations (2001-present), Iraq War\nOn 6 June 2006 1st Battalion 8th Marines deployed as the ground combat element of the  24th Marine Expeditionary Unit. On 18 July 2006, it was announced that the 24th MEU, along with the Iwo Jima Expeditionary Strike Group, would be directed to Lebanon, to assist in the evacuation of almost 15,000 U.S. nationals who had become trapped in Lebanon, following a series of Israeli strikes which made the Beirut International Airport nonoperational, and similarly destroyed a number of major roads out of the country. This would become known as the largest evacuation of American citizens from a foreign country since the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 111], "content_span": [112, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158719-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 8th Marines, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. 1st Battalion, 8th Marines has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines\nThe 1st Battalion 9th Marines (1/9) was an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps. Formed during World War I, it served until the mid-2000s when it was deactivated to make room for one of three light armor reconnaissance battalions. During the Vietnam War, 1/9 sustained the highest casualty rate in Marine Corps history. This earned them the nickname \"The Walking Dead\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines\nIn late 2005, the battalion was reactivated and attached to the 8th Marine Regiment at MCB Camp Lejeune. Although the first full company has deployed, 1/9 was not expected to be ready for deployment as a battalion until May 2008. On 19 April 2007, 1/9 was officially stood up with all of its subordinate units fully manned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines\nAs of 29 August 2014 the battalion has been deactivated due to a force shaping initiative and downsizing of the Marine Corps. On the occasion of this deactivation, one of its former officers lauded: \"Not a better battalion in the world\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, Subordinate units\nThe battalion was composed of four rifle infantry companies and one headquarters and services company:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, World War I\nThe battalion was activated on 20 November 1917 at Quantico, Virginia as the 9th Regiment. During December 1917 they were deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and attached to the 3rd Provisional Brigade. They were relocated during August 1918 to Fort Crockett, Galveston, Texas, and detached from 3rd Provisional Brigade. They moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during April 1919 and deactivated 25 April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, World War II\nThe battalion was activated on 1 March 1942 at San Diego, California and were assigned to the 2nd Marine Regiment of the 2nd Marine Division. They were reassigned during August 1942 to Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet and shortly thereafter relocated during September 1942 to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California and reassigned to the 3rd Marine Division. They deployed during January\u2013February 1943 to Auckland, New Zealand and from there participated in the following World War II Campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, World War II\nFollowing the surrender of Japan the battalion was detached during December 1945 from the 3rd Marine Division and returned during December 1945 to Camp Pendleton, California. They were formally deactivated on 31 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, Vietnam War\nDuring the Vietnam War, the unit earned the name \"The Walking Dead\" for its high casualty rate. The battalion endured the longest sustained combat and suffered the highest killed in action (KIA) rate in Marine Corps history, especially during the Battle of July Two. The battalion was engaged in combat for 47 months and 7 days, from 15 June 1965 to 19 October 1966 and 11 December 1966 to 14 July 1969. Based on a typical battalion strength of 800 Marines and Navy hospital corpsmen, 2,892 Marines passed through the unit over those 47 months; 25.89% (747) were killed in action (KIA) and 0.0007% (2) were missing in action (MIA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, Vietnam War\n1/9 participated in the following operations during the Vietnam War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, 1980s and 1990s\nDuring most of the 1980s and 1990s, the battalion rotated between Camp Pendleton, California and Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan. This consisted of six months overseas and 18 months in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, 1980s and 1990s\n1st Battalion, 9th Marines, Fleet Marine Force(REIN), Camp Pendleton, California, served on several overseas deployments. 1/9 was re-designated as Battalion Landing Team One Slant Nine (BLT 1/9) and deployed as the infantry element of the 13th MEU/SOC and 11th MEU/SOC. During its deployments, the Marines and Sailors of 1/9 became a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) that was Special Operations Capable (MEU/SOC). The Marines and Sailors were trained in Counter Terrorism, Downed Airman Rescue, Embassy evacuations, SPIE rigging, fast roping, rubber raiding in their inflatable boats for boarding and insertion, and rappelling. Much of the training was spent on foreign Soviet weapons and Soviet military doctrine. The Battalion served in the Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, Operation Restore Hope\nIn September 1993, 1st Battalion 9th Marines commanded by LtCol. Silva were the battalion deployed as the ground combat element of the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit. The 13th MEU arrived off the coast of Somalia in early October in direct response to the Battle of Mogadishu fought on 3 and 4 October 1993. The 13th MEU and 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit formed the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade (1st MEB) commanded by General Peter Pace. 1st MEB remained on station ready to provide support to United States and United Nations forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, Operation Restore Hope\n1st MEB was disestablished when the 22nd MEU (SOC) was reassigned to the Mediterranean area of operations in mid-November. The 13th MEU remained as the principle rapid response force in support of the joint task force and participated in Operation Restore Hope and Operation Continue Hope. They also developed and executed two humanitarian assistance operations. The first, Operation Show Care took place in the cities of Marka and Qoryooley from 11\u201314 November. From 1\u20133 December 1993, Operation More Care was conducted in the Old Port of Mogadishu. Both operations provided needed medical and dental assistance to Somali citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, Operation Restore Hope\nThe 13th MEU (SOC) continued its presence mission through January, providing aircraft for the \"Eyes Over Mogadishu\" missions as well as sniper support at the United States Embassy compound. On 2 February, 1994, the 24th MEU (SOC) relieved the 13th MEU (SOC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, Operation Restore Hope\nThe battalion was deactivated on 9 September 1994 and redesignated 2nd Battalion 1st Marines. The battalion remained inactive from 1994 through 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn April 2005 the Marine Corps began reactivating the 1st Battalion 9th Marines. In April 2006, after only a 30-day work-up cycle, Alpha Company deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and completed a successful six-month deployment to Forward Operating Base Grizzly in Camp Ashraf, Iraq. During this time the company conducted security and stabilization operations north of Al Khalis in the Diyala Governorate, working jointly with Military Police, Cavalry and Field Artillery units from the National Guard. Alpha Company returned in October 2006 without the loss of any Marines. 1st Battalion 9th Marines was officially reactivated in April 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn March 2008, the Battalion deployed to Al Anbar Province on a 7-month deployment, and took over sole responsibility of Ar Ramadi and all security missions in the immediate area. The Battalion was divided into Police Transition Teams (PTT) and worked directly with Iraqi Police developing them into a more efficient professional police force to provide a more safe and secure living environment for the local populace. 1/9 returned from deployment in October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, History, Global War on Terror\nIn May 2011, 1/9 deployed to Helmand Province, Afghanistan. This would be the first time the \"Walking Dead\" would fight in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. The Battalion detached Alpha Company and attached it to 3rd Battalion 6th Marines in the city of Marjah for this deployment. The deployment was a success, and no Marines were lost in action. From September, 2012 to December, 2012, Alpha Company deployed to Al Jaber, Kuwait, providing security forces for MAG-40. 1/9 deployed to Helmand Province Afghanistan from Sept 2013 to May 2014 in support of operation Enduring Freedom and shortly after returning from this deployment the unit cased their colors again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, Medal of Honor recipients\nThe Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself \"conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States\". The following table contains the names of the men who were recipients of the Medal of Honor while serving in 1/9. They are listed in accordance to the \"Date of Action\" in which the Medal of Honor citation was made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, Navy Cross recipients\nThe Navy Cross is the highest medal that can be awarded by the Department of the Navy and the second highest award given for valor. The following names are of the men who were recipients of the Navy Cross while serving in 1/9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158720-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, 9th Marines, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. 1st Battalion, 9th Marines has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops\nThe 1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops (1863\u20131864) was an Arkansas State Cavalry battalion during the American Civil War. The unit is also some times referred to as Pettus' Battalion or Trader's Battalion, Arkansas State Troops. The unit was eventually consolidated with other units in late 1864 to form the Newton's 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\n1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops was originally organized as a group of Volunteer Companies raised from the militia regiments of southern Arkansas, immediately following the fall of Little Rock, Arkansas, to Union forces in September 1863. Governor Harris Flanagin began organizing a new force of state troops issuing a proclamation on August 10, 1863, just a month before the capitol fell, announcing that he had been authorized to raise new regiments of state troops and that by special agreement these new units could not be transferred out of the state by Confederate authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nAfter the fall of Little Rock, recruiting was far more difficult than it had been in the first years of the war. The constant transfer of Arkansas troops into the eastern theater of the war, across the Mississippi River from their homes, was a major objection by the remaining population of men eligible for military service. With Federal forces now occupying the state capitol, the Confederate state government had no way of enforcing conscription laws in the counties behind the Union lines, except during raids by Generals Price and Shelby in 1864. The remaining Confederate regiments were plagued by desertions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nOn September 16, 1863, in the immediate aftermath of the fall of the state capitol, Governor Flanagin issued General Order No. 6 from Arkadelphia, which called into service the militia regiments of the counties of Clark, Hempstead, Sevier, Pike, Polk, Montgomery, La Fayette, Ouachita, Union, and Columbia in order to resist the Federal army. The Governor's order directed the regiments to march to Arkadelphia at the earliest possible day. Companies were to be mounted and commanders were to compel persons evading the call to come to the rendezvous. The intent was to form companies of twelve-month mounted volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nOnly six physicians, one druggist, millers to supply the wants of the country, clerks, sheriffs, postmasters, and persons in the employ of the Confederate States were exempted from the order. In describing this call in a letter to General Holmes dated October 18, 1863, from Washington, Arkansas, the new Confederate state capitol, Flanagin stated that he issued the order calling out the militia, as an experiment, expecting to get volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nThe order succeeded so well as to get companies organized in the counties where the call for the militia was enforced which resulted in seven companies being collected under the call. Flanagin also stated that \"the troops raised by the State are more than double all the troops raised by volunteering, or by the conscript law, within the past few months\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nOn October 26, 1863 Governor Flanagin directed his Adjutant General Gordon N. Peay to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nvisit Lewisville, in La Fayette County, and see Captain Ford, who has been raising a company of mounted riflemen under the State. I have been informed that this company has been sworn into the service of the Confederate States. If so, the only thing to be done is to communicate this fact to General Fagan. If the State troops which can be raised in La Fayette County are already raised you are authorized to disband the militia. If convenient, I would like for you to go to Union County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nCaptain Holloway has been raising a company of mounted riflemen in that county. If his company is organized, you can disband the militia of that county. If the colonel is inefficient, and Captain Holloway has not got his company formed, let him swear his men in and get the militia together, and compel those who are liable to the conscript law to go into the State or C. S. service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nThese new units of Arkansas State Troops were placed under the overall command of Col. William H. Trader who was detailed to Governor Flanagin by General E. Kirby Smith. Col. Trader remained in command of the state troops until he resigned in June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nOn January 14, 1864, Governor Flanagin, through General Peay, issued General Orders, No. 8. which directed the following named companies of Arkansas mounted volunteers, which had been called into the service of the State under the proclamation of the August 10, A.D. 1863, compose and be designated as the 1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nAllen T. Pettus was elected Lieutenant Colonel of this battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Battles\nThe unit spent the winter of 1863\u201364 serving on patrol in the area around Washington and Arkadelphia during the winter of 1863\u201364. The Battalion was commanded by Colonel W. H. Trader during this period and participated in the Battle of Poison Springs as a part of Cabell's Cavalry Brigade. Both the troops and Colonel Trader were cited for gallant conduct during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Battles\nA few days later the troops of the Battalion under Lt. Colonel Thomas Gunter and Lt. Colonel A. T. Pettus participated in the Battle of Marks' Mill, April 25, 1864, as a part of Brigadier General William L. Cabell's Division. Lieutenant Colonel Pettus was killed during the battle and Captain P. K. Williamson of Company A commanded the battalion until the unit was increased to a regiment and transferred to Confederate service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Battles, Transfer to Confederate Service\nIn August 1864 when the term of enlistment for these state troops was about to expire, Adjutant General Peay issued an order which directed that companies be allowed to vote on the subject of being transferred into Confederate service. However, the chance to vote on being transferred was merely a matter of form because Peay's order also had directions for those who refused transfer to Confederate service:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Battles, Transfer to Confederate Service\nMen whose terms of service have expired, and who are not willing to be transferred, will be reported to and turned over to the proper enrolling officer of the Confederate States for conscription. Men whose terms of service have not expired and who are opposed to the transfer will be required to serve until the expiration of their term of enlistment, and such as do not then re enlist will be turned over to the proper enrolling officers of the Confederate States for conscription.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Battles, Transfer to Confederate Service\nOn September 5, 1864, the Arkansas State Troops, including Pettus' 1st Battalion were consolidated with other units into one regiment of cavalry to be designated as the 3rd Regiment of Arkansas Cavalry, with Col. Robert C. Newton assigned to the command of the regiment until an election could be held for field officers. The companies of this regiment included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Battles, Transfer to Confederate Service\nThis unit was mustered into the Confederate Service on the October 31, 1864, as the 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment. Col. Newton was elected Regimental Commander. The unit spent much of the winter of 1864\u20131865 skirmishing along the Arkansas River Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158721-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops, Surrender\nIt appears that rather than surrender, the 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment simply disbanded. It served until May 31, 1865, when the unit's Hempstead County encampment was abandoned, as most of the unit's soldiers were at home on furlough for the wheat harvest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158722-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF\nThe 1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Army. Raised for service during the First World War as part of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), it was formed in November 1914, in Brandon, Manitoba. Originally a mounted infantry unit named the 1st Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, which was expanded, following its rerolling and dismounting as an infantry unit, by absorbing other units of the Canadian Mounted Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158722-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, History\nFollowing the outbreak of the war, the Canadian Government decided to raise an initially volunteer force for service overseas, with the force to be known as the Canadian Expeditionary Force. As a unit of this force, the 1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles was formed on 7 November 1914 in Brandon, Manitoba", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158722-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, History\nPart of the 1st Brigade Canadian Mounted Rifles, the unit landed in France on September 22, 1915, where the conditions of the Western Front made its mounts more of a hindrance than a benefit. On January 1, 1916, both CMR brigades (six regiments) were dismounted, converted to infantry and reorganized as the 8th Infantry Brigade (four battalions). The 1st Regiment, CMR, became the 1st Battalion, CMR, and it absorbed half the personnel of the 3rd Regiment, CMR (the other half going to the 2nd Battalion, CMR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158722-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, History\nThe battalion fought in most of the 3rd Canadian Division's engagements until the end of the war. The 1st CMR, along with the 4th CMR, was manning the 3rd Division's front on June 2, 1916, when the Germans launched their assault at the outset of the Battle of Mount Sorrel. Its positions were overrun, and 557 of its 692 members (80%) were killed, wounded or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158722-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, History\nThe battalion was rebuilt over the summer, and it was one of the first Canadian Corps units to attack when the corps shifted to the Somme. On September 15, 1916, the 1st CMR was in the first wave attacking Mouquet Farm. Although the attack gained ground, the Canadians did not take the strong point, but the assault was considered a successful diversion from the main attack on Courcelette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158722-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, History\nAt Vimy Ridge the 1st CMR took 350 prisoners but suffered 365 killed and wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158722-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, History\nFollowing the end of the war,  and efforts of demobilisation, the battalion was disbanded on November 15, 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158722-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, History, Perpetuation\nPerpetuation of the 1st Battalion, CMR, was initially assigned to the Manitoba Mounted Rifles and the Saskatchewan Mounted Rifles. The Manitoba Mounted Rifles converted to artillery in 1946 as the 118th Medium Battery, RCA (in Fort Frances) and this battery was virtually disbanded (see Supplementary Order of Battle) in 1965. The Saskatchewan Mounted Rifles merged into the 16th/22nd Saskatchewan Horse in 1936, which converted to infantry in 1941 as the Battleford Light Infantry (16th/22nd Saskatchewan Horse). This regiment merged into the Prince Albert and Battleford Volunteers in 1946, which in turn became part of the North Saskatchewan Regiment (Machine Gun) in 1955. This infantry regiment (now simply \"The North Saskatchewan Regiment\") continues to perpetuate the battle honours and traditions of the 1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 66], "content_span": [67, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment (1 PARA), is a battalion of the British Army's Parachute Regiment. Along with various other regiments and corps from across the British Armed Forces, it is part of Special Forces Support Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment\nA specialized airborne light infantry unit, the battalion as of 2006 has been the main contributor of manpower to the British Army's Parachute Regiment and is capable of a wide range of operations. Personnel regularly deploy outside the United Kingdom on operations and training, 1 PARA is part of Special Forces Support Group and regarded as the elite of the Parachute Regiment deployed to assist United Kingdom Special Forces in a supporting role as well as being the main part of the hunter force on SF selection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment\nAll personnel complete the Pre Parachute Selection (P Company) course at the Infantry Training Centre Catterick Garrison, North Yorkshire (previously at Aldershot, Hampshire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, History\nThe 1st Battalion can trace its origins to 1940, when No. 2 Commando trained as parachutists. In 1941, the battalion was assigned to the 1st Parachute Brigade which also included the 2nd and 3rd battalions. The 1st Parachute Brigade was part of the 1st Airborne Division and remained with it throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, History\nThe battalion took part in operations in Tunisia in late 1942 to May 1943, suffering heavy casualties. The battalion and the brigade took part in Operation Fustian, when the Allies invaded Sicily and, again, suffered heavy casualties and was withdrawn to England in late 1943 to train and prepare for the Allied invasion of France. The battalion wasn't used in the initial invasion on 6 June 1944, D-Day, but was held back in the UK in reserve in case any of the five invasion beaches encountered serious difficulties and needed support. The plan turned out not to be required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, History\nDuring the fighting in Normandy numerous plans to drop the 1st Airborne were formed, none of which came to fruition. Finally, in September 1944, the battalion dropped into Arnhem the Netherlands with the rest of the 1st Airborne Division, as part of Operation Market Garden, where they suffered extremely heavy casualties and never saw combat again for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, History\nAfter the war the battalion was reconstituted in 1946, and affiliated to the Brigade of Guards and served with the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine. It was disbanded in 1948, only to be reformed by the renumbering of the 4th/6th Battalion. The battalion was part of Operation Musketeer in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, History\nIn the 1970s, the battalion first deployed to Northern Ireland in Operation Banner. The battalion was involved in the Ballymurphy Massacre in August 1971, when 11 Catholic civilians were shot dead and many wounded over a two-day period. In January 1972, both the press and some in the Army accused the battalion of brutality against protesters outside Magilligan internment camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, History\nA week later, on 30 January 1972, the battalion carried out the Bloody Sunday killings, when they opened fire on unarmed protesters in Derry, leaving 14 Catholic civilians dead and 13 wounded; the greatest killing of British subjects by government forces in one incident since the Irish War of Independence. The second official inquiry of the killings found 1st Para's actions \"unjustified and unjustifiable\". To date, none of the members of 1 Para have been prosecuted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, History\nThe battalion was involved in another controversial shooting incident on 7 September 1972, when soldiers shot dead two Protestant civilians and wounded others in the Shankill area of Belfast. A unit of the Army's Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) refused to carry out duties until the battalion was withdrawn from the Shankill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158723-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, History\nThe battalion was involved in the NATO operation in Kosovo in 1999, Operation Agricola. In 2003, they were deployed to the Persian Gulf for Operation Telic in Iraq where two multiples of No. 8 platoon fought their way out of the town of Majar al-Kabir. The battle occurred in June 2003, following the invasion of Iraq. During the battle, six Royal Military Policemen of 156 Provost Company were killed by a mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment\n1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1 RAR) is a regular motorised infantry battalion of the Australian Army. 1 RAR was first formed as the 65th Australian Infantry Battalion of the 34th Brigade (Australia) on Balikpapan in 1945 and since then has been deployed on active service during the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency, the Vietnam War, Unified Task Force in Somalia, East Timor, Iraq War and Afghanistan. Additionally, the battalion has deployed on peacekeeping and other operations to a number of countries including Japan, Rifle Company Butterworth, Timor Leste, Solomon Islands, Tonga and the Philippines . In 2021, 1 RAR remains one of the Australian Army's most heavily deployed units sending individuals and detachments to domestic, regional and other enduring operations. The battalion is currently based in Coral Lines at Lavarack Barracks, Townsville, Queensland, where it forms part of the 3rd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 965]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Formation\nWith the conclusion of the war in the Pacific in 1945, Australia was committed to provide troops for occupation duties in Japan. This commitment led to the formation of the 34th Australian Infantry Brigade. The brigade was made up of three battalions: the 65th, 66th and 67th Australian Infantry Battalions. On 12 October 1945 the 65th Battalion, later the 1st Battalion was formed out of 7th Division at Balikpapan and quickly sailed to Morotai from where they undertook training prior to being sent to Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Formation\nIn line with the formative plan to raise an Interim Army, the battalions were re-designated as of the Australian Regiment in 1948 and the 65th Battalion became the 1st Battalion, Australian Regiment. On 31 March 1949 the regiment received the prefix \"Royal\", becoming the Royal Australian Regiment. 1 RAR was initially based at Ingleburn, but later moved to Enoggera and Holsworthy and is now based at Lavarack Barracks, Townsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Occupation of Japan\nUnder an agreement signed between the Allied nations, Australia would contribute troops towards the occupation of Japan. The Australian contribution was a brigade element, the 34th Brigade, consisting of three infantry battalions each with their own area of responsibility. By the middle of June 1946 the Australian brigade was in place, with the 65th Battalion located at Fukuyama\u2013Onomichi, 150 kilometres (93\u00a0mi) south of Osaka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Occupation of Japan\nThe battalion was charged with enforcing the directives of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, which involved various tasks such as ceremonial duties, escorting displaced persons, restoring law and order and overseeing the disarmament process. During this time they participated in the search and destruction of wartime materials. The operation was a dangerous one, the area was honeycombed with caves and tunnels and large quantities of explosives, ammunition and poison gas were discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Occupation of Japan\nIn April 1946 the battalion took part in the surveillance of Japanese elections. The battalion also kept a close watch on a number of repatriation centres in the area. At the end of 1948, the 1st Battalion left Japan, while all Australian troops had left Japan by 1951 with the signing of the San Francisco Treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Korea\n1RAR was in Australia when the Korean War began in 1950; however, the battalion was not deployed immediately as Australia's initial commitment consisted of 3RAR. By September 1950 seven officers and two hundred and fifty other ranks trained in the battalion and moved to reinforce 3 RAR in Korea. In 1951, in anticipation of deployment to Korea, 1RAR was brought up to strength with volunteers from 2RAR and new enlistments from the 'K' Force recruiting campaign which brought a large number of men with experience from World War II into the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Korea\nIn September 1951 the battalion received orders to move to Korea and after a farewell march through Sydney 1RAR departed for Japan on 18 March 1952 onboard HMT Devonshire. After a period of training in Japan, 1RAR arrived in South Korea on 6 April 1952, joining the 28th Brigade on 1 June. On 19 June 1952 1 RAR moved into the line taking over from the 1st Battalion, Royal Leicesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Korea\nIn July 1952 1RAR was detached to the 29th Brigade, relieving other battalions on Hills 159, 210 and 355. It took part in general patrolling along the Jamestown Line, which involved securing defences, repairing minefield fences, and undertaking reconnaissance of enemy positions to gather information on them. Other major operations that 1RAR took part in usually aimed at capturing a prisoner or destroying enemy defences. Operation Blaze was 1RAR's first major action, which involved an attack on Hill 227 in order to capture a prisoner. The attack failed in its objective and the battalion suffered four killed and 33 wounded in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Korea\nOn the night of 13\u201314 September the battalion captured its first prisoner as it continued to conduct patrolling operations. By the end of the month 1 RAR was relieved and whilst one company was detached to 1st Battalion, Welsh Regiment to occupy the Yong Dong hill feature the rest of the battalion was placed into the brigade reserve. This lasted until November when as part of Operation Nescala, 1RAR relieved the 1st Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment on Hill 355.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Korea\nThe position had been poorly maintained and over the course of the next ten days 1 RAR had to regain control of the approaches and re-establish security in the area, suffering 50 casualties in the process. At the same time, the battalion also supported the Royal Fusiliers in Operation Beat Up by launching a diversionary attack on Hill 227 on 25\u201326 November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Korea\nOn the night of 11\u201312 December 1952 1RAR was involved in Operation Fauna, which was only a partial success as the Australians failed to capture a prisoner, although they did manage to destroy an enemy position. The battalion suffered 22 wounded and three missing as a result of this action. Operation Fauna turned out to be 1RAR's last action of the war was they were relieved by 3RAR on 29 December 1952. On 21 March 1953, 1RAR was relieved by 2RAR at Camp Casey, near Tongduchon, and returned to Australia later that month on the MV New Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Korea\nThe battalion suffered 42 killed and 107 wounded during the nine months that they served on combat operations in Korea, however, 1RAR members also received the following decorations: two Distinguished Service Orders, two Officers of the Order of the British Empire, three Members of the Order of the British Empire, seven Military Crosses, one British Empire Medal, 21 Mentions in Despatches and three Commander-in-Chief Commendations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Korea\nIn April 1954, 1RAR returned to Korea as part of the UN forces stationed in the country after the armistice, and was involved in training and border patrols. It would remain there until March 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Malaya\nIn order to crush a pro-independence uprising led by the Malayan Communist Party, and their armed wing the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), the British Commonwealth Far East Strategic Reserve was established, with Australia contributing a rotating battalion group. On 20 September 1959, the battalion embarked on MV Flaminia for Malaya. After arriving at Singapore the battalion trained at Kota Tinggi and moved to base camps at Kuala Kangsar, Sungei Siput, Lasah, Lintang and Grik where they undertook a month of acclimatisation. The battalion began Operation Bamboo on 16 November 1959 in the Thai/Malay border area in Perak, relieving the 1st Battalion, The Loyal Regiment. For the next 18 months 1RAR operated in 210 square miles (540\u00a0km2) area of dense jungle searching MNLA guerrillas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Malaya\nThe area was largely inaccessible except by helicopter, boat or on foot. Platoon-sized patrols would be sent for three-week long search operations before returning to the base camps for ten days rest. Even though there were 117 official 'finds' during these operations, no kills were recorded by the battalion at this time MNLA communist guerrillas began to negate the Australian patrols by crossing the border into Thailand where they could not be followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Malaya\nIn April 1960 1RAR took part in Operation Magnet, which involved FESR units crossing the border for the first time in the conflict in an attempt to drive the MNLA  back into Malaya where other units were ready to carry out ambushes upon them. Later in June, Operation Jackforce was launched, using similar tactics and during this 1RAR finally was involved in one contact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Malaya\nIn July 1960, the Malayan Emergency was officially declared over, although 1RAR remained on operations until the following year when it was withdrawn and began a period of intensive training as part of the FESR, including a number of brigade level exercises. On 29 October 1961, the battalion left Penang for Sydney on the MV Flaminia, having suffered two men killed in action. The battalion returned to Malaysia in early 1969, after two major exercises, 'Jumping Wallaby' and 'Sheer Hell', the unit withdrew from Malaysia, joining the Selarang garrison in Singapore in December 1969. The unit remained in Singapore until July 1971 when it returned to Lavarack Barracks in Townsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Vietnam\nTwo tours of Vietnam were completed by 1 RAR during the Vietnam War, the first one being between March 1965 and June 1966 and the second between April 1968 and February 1969. In March 1965 advanced elements of 1 RAR deployed for Vietnam by charter aircraft, whilst the rest of the battalion followed later on HMAS Sydney. The battalion arrived at Bien Hoa Air Base in June and was placed under command of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade, becoming the first Australian unit to serve in a US formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Vietnam\nInitially, the Australian contingent was restricted only to providing security to the airbase, however, these limitations were later removed by the Australian government and in September 1965 began conducting offensive operations against the Viet Cong (VC) including search and destroy missions, security operations and conducting fighting patrols around the Bien Hoa area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThroughout the remainder of 1965 the battalion conducted a number of operations along with the rest of the 173rd Brigade in areas such as 'Ben Cat', 'War Zone D', and 'The Iron Triangle'. In January 1966 1 RAR took part in Operation Crimp, a search and destroy mission in the Ho Bo Woods, north of Saigon, during which the battalion conducted an air assault and uncovered the Cu Chi tunnel complex which was serving as the underground hideaway for a VC higher command element. A large stockpile of weapons and a large number of documents were found in the tunnel complex which was the deepest and most elaborate system that had been found up to that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Vietnam\n1RAR continued operations until April 1966, taking part in a number of joint operations with US troops until the arrival of the 1st Australian Task Force. On Anzac Day, as the battalion was preparing to return to Australia, they were visited by Prime Minister Harold Holt. They were finally relieved in June and they returned to Australia that same month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThe battalion's second tour came two years later when it returned to Vietnam, arriving at Nui Dat on 9 April 1968 to relieve 7 RAR. Operating out of Phuoc Tuy Province the battalion was mainly involved in patrols, searches, reconnaissance and security operations before being redeployed in May to an area north of Saigon where throughout April it carried out Operation Toan Thang, which was aimed at cutting off the withdrawal of enemy forces following the Tet Offensive. After conducting two small operations in Long Khanh Province, 1 RAR moved to Fire Support Base Coral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Vietnam\nWhilst they were there, the base was attacked twice. The first attack which on the night of 15 May was only a probing attack by a battalion-sized element, whilst the second attack came on the night of 16 May 1966, when the base was attacked by a force later identified as the 141st NVA Regiment. After fierce fighting with the help of accurate artillery fire from the 102nd Field Battery the attack was beaten off and on 6 June 1966 the fire base was closed and 1 RAR returned to Nui Dat. Later it was estimated that 162 enemy were killed as a result of Operation Toan Thang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Vietnam\nBetween July and September several more operations were carried out including a follow up mission called Operation Toan Thang II that saw the battalion move to the Bien Hoa\u2013Long Khanh border and conduct sweeps through the Hat Dich, Tua Tich and Ba Ria areas. Between 28 September and 12 October, 1 RAR was once again sent into the Hat Dich area when they undertook Operation Windsor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Vietnam\nThis operation was later followed by a sweep mission through the north-western areas of Phuoc Tuy Province, before 1 RAR participated on Operation Goodwood, rotating on this operation with 9 RAR and 4 RAR until the battalion's tour of duty finally ended in February 1969. In between these operations the battalion continued to carry out the normal duties of an infantry battalion in Vietnam, conducting cordon and search missions, escorting convoys, patrolling and security operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Vietnam\n1 RAR was officially relieved by 5 RAR on 15 February 1969 and it departed Vietnam the following day. Total 1 RAR casualties for both tours were 50 killed and 411 wounded. Balanced against this, the battalion was credited with having killed 404 VC. Members of the battalion also received the following decorations: three Distinguished Service Orders, three Members of the Order of the British Empire, six Military Crosses, three Distinguished Conduct Medals, 10 Military Medals, four British Empire Medals and 21 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Rhodesia\nIn 1979, 18 personnel from the Battalion were sent to then Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) as part of a Commonwealth Monitoring Force Rhodesia (CMFR) named Operation Agila. This force was for the protection and evacuation of Australian Nationals during the rising violence between Rhodesian armed forces and African resistance fighters. Additionally, the multinational force was there to keep the peace before the 1980 general elections. During this period, a large part of Rhodesia was under martial law due to battles between the Rhodesian forces and the Patriotic Front's guerrilla forces. The CMFR was tasked along the lines of a UN peacekeeping force however their duties were more extensive as agreed to under the Lancaster House Agreement between the Government of Southern Rhodesia and the guerrilla forces of the Patriotic Front. Members were awarded the Rhodesia Medal on their return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 947]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Somalia\nIn 1991, the sub-Saharan African nation of Somalia was gripped by a deadly civil war, which coupled with widespread famine, that threatened a humanitarian disaster on a massive scale. Initially the global response was slow, but in late 1992 the United Nations requested assistance in securing the nation as it went about the task of reconstructing the shattered nation's infrastructure and delivering humanitarian assistance. In response Australia pledged to deploy a 937-strong battalion group in Operation Solace under the auspices of the wider US-led Operation Restore Hope as part of the Unified Task Force (UNITAF) in Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Somalia\n1RAR, as part of the Operational Deployment Force, was chosen as the main unit upon which the Australian battalion group would be based and on 17 December 1992 was warned out for deployment. Deploying onboard HMAS Tobruk, HMAS Jervis Bay and charter aircraft, the battalion group was committed for a finite period between January and May 1993, and was given responsibility for a 17,000 square kilometres (6,600\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) area centred upon Baidoa, which was a provincial town in the south-western area of Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Somalia\nDuring its deployment, 1RAR took part in seven major operations and on 17 February 1993, they had the first of 11 contacts with Somali gunmen. Approximately 1,100-foot patrols were undertaken whilst the battalion group was deployed, ensuring the safe delivery of 8,311 tonnes of humanitarian relief supplies. Additionally, 935 weapons including 544 rifles and 145 machine guns were seized. Seven Somali gunmen were killed, four were wounded and 70 were detained and turned over to the Auxiliary Security Forces. On 14 May 1993, the battalion handed responsibility for the Humanitarian Relief Sector to the French element of the United Nations Force. 1RAR returned to Australia on 22 May 1993 and marched through the streets of Townsville, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Somalia\nOperation Solace was the first active service deployment of Australian soldiers since the Vietnam War. Members returning to Australia were awarded the Australian Active Service Medal (AASM) and Infantry Combat Badge (ICB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Solomon Islands\nDuring a battalion defensive exercise at High Range Training Area in 2000, elements of 1 RAR (CO Tac and C Coy) were recalled back to Coral Lines to assist with evacuation operations out of the Solomon Islands. Operation Plumbob ensued but the battalion group did not leave HMAS Manoora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Solomon Islands\nOn Christmas Eve 2004, following the shooting death of Australian Protective Services Officer Adam Dunning, 1 RAR was ordered to deploy the Ready Company Group (RCG), based on Battalion HQ (Tac) and 'A' Company to the Solomon Islands. This was achieved within 18 hours of being ordered to deploy. Calm was quickly restored to the Solomon Islands, and the RCG returned to Australia in late January 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Solomon Islands\nIn April 2006, riots flared in the capital Honiara after a non-favourable Prime Minister was appointed. The headquarters from 1 RAR and 'D' Company were deployed to assist the RAMSI to control the violence. 'D' Company spent a majority of their time providing stability to the China Town region which was almost completely destroyed during the riots. Once the security situation had improved in the capital, the Task Force began sending patrols to the regional areas of the country. Some of the more remote communities had not seen an Australian patrol for almost two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, East Timor\nOn 25 October 2000 a battlegroup based upon 1 RAR took over the role of the Australian Battalion of UNTAET from 6 RAR. 1 RAR assumed control over 1500\u00a0km2 of East Timor. The battalion's mission was to provide security to the people of East Timor so that civil infrastructure and government systems could be re-established under the guidance of the UN in order to help the East Timorese transition to an independent nation. Actions taken by the battalion resulted in one militia killed and one friendly wounded. In April 2001, 1 RAR was relieved by 4 RAR. The battalion deployed on its second tour of East Timor with UNMISET in May 2003, taking over from 5/7 RAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, East Timor\nIn May 2006, Australian forces returned to East Timor following a resurgence in violence and an increase in civil unrest. ' A' Company 1 RAR deployed from Townsville in mid-May on HMAS Manoora, flying into Dili by Blackhawk on 27 May. ' A' Company conducted sustained security, stability and public order operations in Dili for approximately two months. Operation Chindit saw the company conduct airmobile operations to Manatuto and Baucau to conduct further security operations, before returning to Australia in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, East Timor\nIn September 2006, further violence flared in Dili which resulted in the deployment of 'B' Company 1 RAR to East Timor to reinforce the efforts of the Battle Group already in country. 'B' Company took up a blocking position in the hills behind Dili, operating mostly in and around Gleno. The platoons of 'B' Company were often required to conduct Air Mobile Operations to other parts of the country. Early in 2007, a battlegroup consisting of 1 RAR's Battalion Headquarters and two rifle companies ('B' and 'C') deployed to Timor Leste (as East Timor has since become).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Iraq\nIn 2006, a detachment of 109 soldiers from 'B' Company, 1 RAR, were deployed on the eighth rotation of SECDET, during which they were tasked to provide protection and escort for Australian government personnel working in the Australian Embassy in Baghdad. Early in 2007, 'A' Company, 1 RAR, deployed to Iraq as part of SECDET 11 and conducted operations throughout the capital city of Baghdad. The unit was awarded the Theatre Honour Iraq 2003\u201311 for service in the Iraq war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Afghanistan\n'D' Company, 1 RAR, deployed to Afghanistan in 2007 as force protection for Australian and coalition forces as part of the Security Task Group assigned to the 3rd Combat Engineer Regiment led 2nd Reconstruction Task Force (RTF2). In this role, D Coy soldiers undertook vital asset protection and several long range patrols during which they encountered numerous improvised explosive devices and experienced several engagements with Taliban forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Afghanistan\nIn 2009, 1 RAR deployed as a Battle Group deployed to Afghanistan as the 2nd Mentoring and Reconstruction Task Force (MRTF2). MRTF-2 was engaged in reconstruction, mentoring and security operations in Uruzgan Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Afghanistan\nIn January 2014 soldiers from 'C' Company 1RAR and 3/4 Cav deployed to Kandahar and Kabul as part of FPE-1, they returned July 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Afghanistan\nIn 2014\u201315, soldiers from 'A' Company, 1 RAR and B Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment made up Force Protection Element Two (FPE 2) deployed to Afghanistan to provide security to mentors working with the Afghan National Army in Kabul and in Kandahar. They returned home in February 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Afghanistan\nIn 2020, 'C' Company deployed to Kabul as Force Protection Element 14 (FPE 14), providing security to mentors and officials working with the Afghan National Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Afghanistan\nIn 2021, 'Support' Company deployed to Kabul as Force Protection Element 15 (FPE 15), providing security to mentors and officials working with the Afghan National Army. They also assisted with the withdrawal of the Australian embassy, and withdrawal of ADF personnel and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Afghanistan\nIn August 2021, B Coy 1 RAR deployed to Kabul to conduct a Non-combatant Evacuation Operation (NEO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Tonga\nOn 18 November 2006, a platoon from 'A' Company was deployed to Tonga as a result of violence and a break down of law and order in the capital city, Nuku Alofa. The platoon conducted security operations in conjunction with the Tongan Defence Services for three weeks prior to returning to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Philippines\nIn 2017, the Australian Government commenced deploying 1 RAR training contingents after the Government of the Philippines accepted offers of Australian assistance. Operation Augury saw elements of 1 RAR join 3 CER, 4 REGT and selected health specialists, as well as RAAF and RAN personnel, in the provision of Mentor Training Teams (MTT) to the Armed Forces of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Philippines\nThe land MTTs provided expert training in urban close combat to many veterans of the Battle of Marawi.1 RAR was tasked with leading the Joint Task Force and the commitment covered the period October 2017 to June 2018 where the mission was handed over to 8/9 RAR. As of 2020, the mission has transformed into an enhanced Defence Cooperation Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Ready Battalion Group deployments\nReady Battalion Group deployments are short notice operational taskings that occur within a specified timeframe. Although they are considered operational service, they were not determined as warlike and members of the Battalion did not deploy into country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Ready Battalion Group deployments\nOn 21 May 1987, after a military coup in Fiji, 1RAR received orders to deploy a rifle company from the Operational Deployment Force as part of Operation Morris Dance. In the end the force was not deployed on the ground, however, a large naval task force was established off the Fijian coast to intervene if necessary and 'B' Company was flown to Norfolk Island where it embarked upon HMAS Tobruk. From there elements of the company were spread across the task force to assist in the evacuation of Australian nationals and expatriates from the island before returning to Townsville on 3 June 1987, after the Australian government decided against taking more active measures to intervene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Ready Battalion Group deployments\nDuring the Bougainville conflict in 1988\u201389, the Australian Government placed 2/4 RAR on standby for a short notice deployment to the fractured isle. A significant number of soldiers from 1 RAR bolstered 2/4 RAR for the possible deployment. This deployment did not occur, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 84], "content_span": [85, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Domestic operations\nIn 2019, a monsoonal trough caused significant flooding in the Townsville area. 1 RAR was rapidly deployed to assist the local community, using their Protected Mobility Vehicles to evacuate people through flood waters, and checking for people trapped in their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, History, Domestic operations\nIn September 2020, A Company was deployed to Perth, Western Australia, to support the COVID-19 response in the state as part of Operation COVID-19 Assist. The company worked with WA Police and State Government. 1 RAR troops returned to Townsville in December 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, Current role & composition\nIn 2017 the battalion commenced the transition to the motorised role with the adoption of the Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle. In 2020, the battalion commenced using the Hawkei Protected Mobility Vehicle \u2013 Light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, Current role & composition\n1RAR also features its own battalion band, which consists of Australian Army Band Corps (AABC) Musicians providing general and ceremonial support functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158724-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, Commanding officers\nThe following table lists the Commanding Officers of 1 RAR:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158725-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, The Rifles\n1st Battalion, The Rifles (1 RIFLES) is a light infantry battalion of The Rifles under the command of 7 Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158725-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, The Rifles, History\nThe battalion formed on 1 February 2007 in Alma Barracks, Catterick Garrison as part of 52 Infantry Brigade, merging the single battalions of the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment and the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment. The Battalion then moved in August 2007 to its permanent home of Beachley Barracks at Chepstow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158725-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, The Rifles, History\nFrom 2008 to 2012, it was attached to 3 Commando Brigade as the fourth manoeuvre unit of the Brigade alongside the three commandos of the Royal Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158725-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, The Rifles, History\nFrom March 2020, 1 RIFLES was deployed throughout Wales on Operation Rescript, supporting the UK's efforts to address the COVID-19 pandemic. The battalion helped install hospital beds at Dragon's Heart Hospital, a temporary critical care hospital for COVID-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment\n1st (County Antrim) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment (1 UDR) was formed in 1970 as part of the 7 original battalions specified in The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969, which received Royal Assent on 18 December, 1969 and was brought into force on 1 January, 1970. It was amalgamated with the 9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment in 1984 to form the 1st/9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History\nAlong with the other six original battalions, 1 UDR commenced operational duties on 1 April, 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History\nThe first training major (TISO) was Major G.D. Issac of the Royal Regiment of Wales, who established battalion headquarters at the Depot Royal Irish Rangers, Ballymena. Where possible accommodation was sought in army bases, as although the old Ulster Special Constabulary (its most notable division being the 'B-Specials') platoon huts were vacant and available, to have used those would have highlighted the 42% continuity in personnel between the Specials and the UDR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History\nOne of the first major interventions by the battalion was to, along with elements of the 3rd Battalion, provide support for 7 UDR in implementing the deployment of 31 vehicle checkpoints on all main roads leading into Belfast to prevent the movement of munitions into the city centre. This was mainly done at weekends so that the part-time soldiers could be used day and night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History\nThe battalion responded to a general call-out in August 1971 to support regular troops during the first internment sweep of the Troubles. In total, the entire regiment managed to provide 3,100 men during the call-out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History\nDuring the 1974 Ulster Workers' Council strike, the regiment was placed on general call-out. Forty drivers from 1 UDR, 9 UDR and 10 UDR were drafted into Belfast to assist the Royal Corps of Transport. Over nine days, they logged up 15,000 miles (24,000\u00a0km) in the process of delivering rations and supplies to military units throughout Northern Ireland, as well as meeting troop reinforcements arriving at Belfast docks and transporting them to their temporary camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History, Early operations\nThe experience of 1 UDR was the same as that of all battalions of the regiment in the early days. Because of equipment shortages patrols had to be carried out in private cars or in vehicles borrowed from other army units. Instead of torches, patrols carried Hurricane Lamps which had to be lit by hand. These were eventually replaced by the Bardic torches carried by the regular army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History, Early operations\nThe 9th (Country Antrim) Battalion was formed on 15 December 1971 from the companies of 1 UDR who were based in the southern half of Country Antrim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History, Intelligence\nIntelligence gathering within 1 UDR was good. The local community responded well and in particular, Catholics were keen to warn individual soldiers of threats to their lives or to phone information through to the barracks advising of potential \"happenings\" in the battalion area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure\nCompany dispositions:  BHQ HQ Coy & A Coy - Ballymena; B Coy \u2013 Ballymoney; C Coy \u2013 Antrim; D Coy \u2013 Lisburn; E Coy \u2013 Larne", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company\nB Company was formed in March 1970, in the former North Irish Horse barracks at John Street, Ballymoney. The first Officer Commanding (OC) was Major John Munnis, formerly the sub-district commander of the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC). Major Munnis was killed in a traffic accident in 1972. The Company sergeant major was WO2 Willy Mooney who had been a sergeant instructor with the same USC unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company\nSoldiers in B Company were mostly drawn from the towns and villages of North Antrim such as: Ballymoney, Ballycastle, Bushmills and Dervock. There was a high number of recruits who had been USC men (B Specials) who joined from these areas too, as well as from the village of Stranocum, although incidences of men joining in other groups such as from the same workforce or as neighbours were few.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company\nEntire families joined together and this created problems in dividing them up on patrol. There was a fear that two or more members of the same family could be killed or wounded if they were together in the same vehicle which was under attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company\nIn late 1970 a new company was raised in Coleraine as part of 5 UDR and forty experienced soldiers from B Company volunteered to transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company\nBecause the company base contained the only secure armoury in the area soldiers from Coleraine, Portrush and Portstewart were also based in nearby Henry Street, Ballymoney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Structure, B Company\nIn 1983 B Company was transferred to the command of 5 UDR and renamed G Coy, 5 UDR, but remained in the John Street base. The base finally closed in 1992 after further restructuring in 5 UDR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158726-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Casualties\n1 UDR was unique in the regiment being the only battalion which suffered no casualties as a result of enemy action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158727-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battle Squadron\nThe 1st Battle Squadron was a naval squadron of the British Royal Navy consisting of battleships. The 1st Battle Squadron was initially part of the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet. After World War I the Grand Fleet was reverted to its original name, the Atlantic Fleet. The squadron changed composition often as ships were damaged, retired or transferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158727-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War\nAs an element in the Grand Fleet, the Squadron participated in the Battle of Jutland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158727-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War, August 1914\nOn 5 August 1914, the squadron was constituted as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158727-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War, Battle of Jutland, June 1916\nDuring the Battle of Jutland, the composition of the 1st Battle Squadron was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158727-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War, 1917 and 1918\nFollowing the Battle of Jutland, the 1st Battle Squadron was reorganized, with Colossus, Hercules, St. Vincent, Collingwood and Neptune all transferred  to the 4th Battle Squadron. In January 1917, the squadron was constituted as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158727-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battle Squadron, History, First World War, 1917 and 1918\nBy 1918, Agincourt had been transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron, and Resolution, Ramillies and Iron Duke had joined the squadron on completion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158727-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Battle Squadron, History, Second World War\nFor many years the squadron served in the Mediterranean as the main British battle force there. On 3 September 1939 the 1st Battle Squadron, serving in the Mediterranean Fleet, consisted of Barham, Warspite and Malaya, with headquarters at Alexandria, Egypt, under the command of Vice-Admiral Geoffrey Layton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158727-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Battle Squadron, History, Second World War\nIn December 1943 the Squadron was under the command of Vice Admiral Arthur Power. In January 1944 the Eastern Fleet was reinforced by HMS\u00a0Queen Elizabeth, HMS\u00a0Renown, HMS\u00a0Valiant, HMS\u00a0Illustrious, HMS\u00a0Unicorn and seven destroyers. The Admiralty sent this force out to India under the title of the First Battle Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158727-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Battle Squadron, History, Second World War\nFrom November 1944, the squadron served in the British Pacific Fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral Henry Rawlings, who also served as Second-in-Command of the Fleet. It consisted of HMS\u00a0King George V, HMS\u00a0Howe, HMS\u00a0Duke of York and HMS\u00a0Anson at various times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158728-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Battlecruiser Squadron\nThe First Battlecruiser Squadron was a Royal Navy squadron of battlecruisers that saw service as part of the Grand Fleet during the First World War. It was created in 1909 as the First Cruiser Squadron and was renamed in 1913 to First Battle Cruiser Squadron. It participated in the battles of Heligoland Bight, Dogger Bank and the Battle of Jutland. After the end of the war it became the sole Battlecruiser Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158728-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Battlecruiser Squadron, Formation\nThe first two British battlecruisers of the  Invincible class\u2014Inflexible and Indomitable\u2014were commissioned into the Nore Division of the Home Fleet in October 1908. In early 1909, the Nore Division became the First Division of a reorganised Home Fleet, and Inflexible and Indomitable were transferred to the new First Cruiser Squadron in March 1909; they were joined by their recently completed sister Invincible. Also part of the squadron were the armoured cruisers Minotaur and Drake (flagship). Rear-Admiral the Honourable Stanley Colville took command of the squadron on 24 February and transferred his flag to Indomitable on 29 July. Drake then became flagship of the Fifth Cruiser Squadron in the Atlantic Fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158728-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Battlecruiser Squadron, Formation\nOn 24 February 1911, Rear-Admiral Lewis Bayly assumed command of the First Cruiser Squadron, which had been joined in February by the new  Indefatigable-class battlecruiser Indefatigable. Upon joining on 4 June 1912, Lion became Rear-Admiral Bayly's flagship. Princess Royal joined on 14 November. A reorganisation of the fleet renamed the First Cruiser Squadron to First Battlecruiser Squadron on 1 January 1913. During 1913 gradually all the older battlecruisers left to join the Second Battlecruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean Fleet. Rear-Admiral David Beatty was selected to command the squadron and succeeded Bayly on 1 March 1913. The near-sister to the  Lion class\u2014Queen Mary\u2014joined on 4 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158728-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Battlecruiser Squadron, First World War\nThe First Battlecruiser Squadron at the outbreak of war was composed of the four newest battlecruisers in the Royal Navy. On 3 October, it was joined by the recently completed Tiger. The squadron took part in the successful Battle of Heligoland Bight against the Imperial German Navy on 28 August 1914 and participated in the abortive attempt to engage the Germans during their bombardment of Scarborough, Whitby and Hartlepool on 16 December. On 15 January 1915, New Zealand left to become flagship of the Second Battlecruiser Squadron and was joined by Indomitable, which had served with the First Battlecruiser Squadron over the New Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158728-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Battlecruiser Squadron, First World War\nThe Squadron took part in the Battle of Dogger Bank, where Beatty's battlecruisers forced the Germans to retreat, and in the process sank the German armoured cruiser SMS\u00a0Bl\u00fccher, while Lion suffered heavy damage. As a result of the battle, in February the battlecruiser force was reorganised, and a Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF) was incorporated, with Beatty reappointed to command it. Captain Osmond De B. Brock of Princess Royal was appointed Commodore, First Class and given command of the First Battlecruiser Squadron, until he was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158728-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Battlecruiser Squadron, First World War\nAt the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916, all ships were damaged by German shell fire as the First Battle Squadron under Rear-Admiral Brock and Beatty in Lion lead the British line against the enemy. Early in the action, Queen Mary was lost and all but a small number of her crew were killed. Two other battlecruisers\u2014Invincible and Indefatigable\u2014were sunk during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158728-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Battlecruiser Squadron, First World War\nThe squadron's losses were made up for by the arrival of the new battlecruisers Repulse and Renown in September 1916 and January 1917 respectively. Brock was replaced by Rear-Admiral Richard F. Phillimore. When Phillimore left to become Rear-Admiral Commanding, Aircraft Carriers, he was superseded by Rear-Admiral Henry Oliver on 14 March 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158729-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bavarian Landwehr Division\nThe 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division (1. Bayerische Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Bavarian Army, part of the Imperial German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on August 21, 1914, as the \"Reinforced Bavarian Landwehr Division\" (Verst\u00e4rkte Bayerische Landwehr-Division) and was also known initially as the Wening Division (Division Wening), named after its commander, Otto Wening. It became the 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division in September 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158729-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Bavarian Landwehr Division\nThe division was formed from various separate Landwehr units. Although called Bavarian, the division initially included several non-Bavarian units: the 14th Landwehr Infantry Brigade included one Bavarian and one W\u00fcrttemberg regiment; the 60th Landwehr Infantry Brigade (initially commanded by Lt. Gen. Hans von Blumenthal, who had come out of retirement) comprised a regiment formed in Alsace-Lorraine and another formed in Thuringia (which included Prussians and soldiers from the principalities of the Reuss Junior Line and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen). The 60th Landwehr Infantry Brigade would be transferred to the newly formed 13th Landwehr Division in May 1915. In January 1916, the 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division was reorganized and became all-Bavarian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158729-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Bavarian Landwehr Division, Combat chronicle\nThe 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division served on the Western Front, initially seeing action in the Battle of the Frontiers. From September 1914 to the end of May 1915, it fought south of Dieuze. From June 1915 to November 1918, the division occupied the line in Lorraine. Allied intelligence rated the division as fourth class; it was considered primarily a sector holding unit and remained generally on the defensive except for various raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158729-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Bavarian Landwehr Division, Order of battle on formation\nThe 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division was formed as a two-brigade square division, and received a third brigade in September 1914. The order of battle of the division on December 4, 1914, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158729-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Bavarian Landwehr Division, Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent a number of organizational changes over the course of the war. It was triangularized in September 1916. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full battalion. The order of battle on February 15, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158730-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bavarian Reserve Division\nThe 1st Bavarian Reserve Division (1. Bayerische Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army, part of the German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 as part of I Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was raised and recruited in Bavaria. As a reserve division, it included many recalled reservists and war volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158730-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Bavarian Reserve Division, Combat chronicle\nThe 1st Bavarian Reserve Division fought in the opening phases of the war in the Battle of the Frontiers. It then participated in the Race to the Sea, including the Battle of Arras in October 1914. It remained in the trenchlines in Flanders until 1916, when it entered the Battle of the Somme in August 1916. In April 1917 the division, now redeployed to the Vimy sector, participated in the Battle of Vimy Ridge. In late 1917, it participated in the Battle of Passchendaele. In 1918, the division fought in the Battle of the Lys. The division ended the war still fighting in the Lys region. Allied intelligence rated the division as a good division in 1917, but third class in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158730-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Bavarian Reserve Division, Order of battle on mobilization\nThe order of battle of the 1st Bavarian Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158730-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Bavarian Reserve Division, Order of battle on March 1, 1918\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division was triangularized in April 1915, losing the 2nd Bavarian Reserve Infantry Brigade headquarters and the 12th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. Over the course of the war, other units were exchanged with other divisions, cavalry was reduced, engineers increased, and an artillery command and a divisional signals command were created. The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division's order of battle on March 1, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158731-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Beijing College Student Film Festival\nThe 1st Beijing College Student Film Festival (simplified Chinese: \u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u7535\u5f71\u8282; traditional Chinese: \u7b2c\u4e00\u5c46\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u96fb\u5f71\u7bc0) was held in 1993 in Beijing, China. San Mao Joins the Army was the biggest winner, receiving three awards, including Best Film Award, Best Visual Effects Award, and Artistic Exploration Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158732-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment\nThe 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment was a special police unit which was established by the German Gestapo in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158732-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Background\nOn 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Poorly equipped and poorly trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated. The country was then dismembered, with Serbia being reduced to its pre-1912 borders and placed under a government of German military occupation. With their forces in the Balkans depleted by the need to send troops to the Eastern Front, the Germans sought to find local leaders to police the region for them. In Serbia this came in the form of Milan Nedi\u0107, a pre-war politician who was known to have pro-Axis leanings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158732-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Formation\nThe Germans then utilized a series of irregular armed formations to help stabilize the region. One of these formations was the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, formed in mid-1942 by the German Gestapo without the knowledge of Nedi\u0107 or his government. It was the intention of SS-Oberf\u00fchrer Emanuel Sch\u00e4fer, the newly appointed chief of the German Security Police in Serbia, to create \"an indigenous Serbian entity through which the Gestapo could exert more control over the Nedi\u0107 regime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158732-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Formation\nCaptain Strahinja Janji\u0107, a reported German agent and member of the Serbian fascist movement Zbor, was selected by Sch\u00e4fer to lead the new organization. Janji\u0107 proceeded to recruit members of quisling formations such as the Serbian State Guard and the Serbian Volunteer Corps, as well as high school students, merchants and officials from Nedi\u0107's administration. Members of the detachment then began calling themselves the Serbian Gestapo (Serbian: \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043e, romanized:\u00a0Srpski Gestapo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158732-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Formation\nMeanwhile, Janji\u0107 began to see himself as replacing Nedi\u0107 and becoming the F\u00fchrer of a national socialist Serbia with the first twelve members of his detachment, whom he called his \"apostles\", taking the highest state positions. Furthermore, Janji\u0107 proposed to Felix Benzler of the Reich Ministry of Foreign Affairs and August Meyszner of the Schutzstaffel (SS) that he should be entrusted with the creation of two Serbian SS divisions, one for the Eastern Front and one for the front in North Africa. When Nedi\u0107 heard of Janji\u0107's intentions, he ordered his arrest and the disbanding of the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment. Janji\u0107 was subsequently detained at the Banjica concentration camp, before being released at the behest of the German Gestapo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158732-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Operations\nBetween 1942 and 1944, the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment was active in the Syrmia region of the Independent State of Croatia. At the end of 1942, it was recorded as having 145 members. Headquartered in a reconfigured primary school where torture and murders occurred, it was envisioned by the Germans as being an elite formation which would operate against the Yugoslav Partisans. However, Janji\u0107 was more concerned with usurping Nedi\u0107 than fighting the Communists. On 22 February 1943, Nedi\u0107 sent a memorandum to Sch\u00e4fer, protesting the activities of Janji\u0107's detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158732-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Dissolution\nAfter receiving the memorandum, Sch\u00e4fer divided the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment into two parts. Subsequently, Janji\u0107 and twenty-six of his men left Belgrade and travelled to Berlin, where they continued to work for the German Gestapo. Another thirty-three members of the detachment remained in Belgrade under the leadership of Janji\u0107's deputy, Svetozar Ne\u0107ak. Here, they worked to fulfill specific tasks set out to them by the Germans, were not permitted to wear German uniforms, and were ordered to undermine the actions of the Partisans rather than Nedi\u0107's administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158732-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, History, Dissolution\nHeadquartered in his Berlin apartment, Janji\u0107 had his men infiltrate the ranks of the Yugoslav forced labourers there, using methods such as blackmail, robbery, and entrapment to expose Partisan sympathizers. Despite these efforts, Janji\u0107's actions were seen as being \"[harmful] to German interests,\" and in May 1944 he was replaced by two other members of his detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158732-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment, Uniform\nOccasionally, members of the detachment wore the uniform of Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107's Chetniks. At other times, however, they dressed in German military uniforms while pretending not to know the Serbian language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front\nThe 1st Belorussian Front (Russian: \u041f\u00e9\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442, alternative spellings are  1st Byelorussian Front) was a major formation of the Soviet Army during World War II, being equivalent to a Western army group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Creation and initial operations\nInitially, the Belorussian Front was created on 20 October 1943 as the new designation of the existing Central Front. It was placed under the command of General Konstantin K. Rokossovsky, who had been commanding the Central Front. It launched the Gomel-Rechitsa Offensive in 1943 and then the Kalinkovichi-Mozyr Offensive in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Redesignation and 1944 operations\nIt was then renamed the 1st Belorussian Front (1BF) on 17 February 1944 following the Dnieper\u2013Carpathian Offensive. A few days later, on 21 February, the Rogachev-Zhlobin Offensive commenced, which continued until 26 February. The next operation was the Bobruysk Offensive, part of Operation Bagration, and on 26 June the attacks of 1BF encircled Bobruisk, trapping 40,000 troops of the German 41st Panzer Corps (part of 9th Army). From 18 July-2 August the Front was part of the Lublin-Brest Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Redesignation and 1944 operations\nFrom 2 August to 30 September, the Front was engaged cleaning out Germans to the east of the Vistula (during which the Battle of Radzymin took place from 1\u201310 August). Its 8th Guards, 28th, 47th, 65th, 69th, and 70th Armies were involved at Radzymin. Later during that same period, on 14 September, 1BF with the support of Polish forces it captured Praga, a suburb of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Operations in 1945\nThe next attack was the Warsaw-Pozna\u0144 Operation, a part of the Vistula-Oder Offensive. On 13 January, 1BF began an offensive toward Pillkallen (Schlossberg between 1938 and 1945) in East Prussia, against which they met stiff resistance from the 3rd Panzer Army. The 1st Belorussian Front opened its attack on the German Ninth Army from the Magnuszew and Pu\u0142awy bridgeheads at 08:30 on 14 January, again commencing with a heavy bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Operations in 1945\nThe 33rd and 69th Armies broke out of the Pu\u0142awy bridgehead to a depth of 30\u00a0km, while the 5th Shock and 8th Guards Armies broke out of the Magnuszew bridgehead. The 2nd and 1st Guards Tank Armies were committed after them to exploit the breach. On 25 January, the Front cut off the fortress city of Pozna\u0144 which held 66,000 Germans, and continued its 80\u00a0km a day advance, leaving the 8th Guards Army to lay siege to the city, which they finally took on 23 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin\nAlong with the 1st Ukrainian Front, 1BF then stormed Berlin in the climactic Battle of Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin\nMarshal Georgy Zhukov was appointed commander of the 1BF, in November 1944, for its last two great offensives of World War II. After the capture of Poland and East Prussia (its capture was finished on 25 April with capture of Pillau) from January\u2013March 1945, the Soviets redeployed their forces during the first two weeks of April. Marshal Georgy Zhukov concentrated 1BF, which had been deployed along the Oder river from Frankfurt in the south to the Baltic, into an area in front of the Seelow Heights. The 2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin\nBelorussian Front moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. While this redeployment was in progress gaps were left in the lines and the remnants of the German II Army which had been bottled up in a pocket near Danzig managed to escape across the Oder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin\nIn the early hours of 16 April the Berlin Offensive Operation started with the objectives of capturing Berlin and linking up with Western Allied forces on the Elbe. The operation started with an assault on the Seelow Heights by 1BF and by Marshal Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front (1UF) to the south. Initially the 1BF had great difficulty smashing through the German lines of defence, but after three days they had broken through and were approaching the outskirts of Berlin. By 22 April 1BF had penetrated the northern and eastern suburbs of Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Capture of Berlin\nThey finished the encirclement of Berlin on 25 April when units of the 1BF and 1UF met at Kietzen west of Berlin. After heavy street by street and house to house fighting, General Weidling, the commander of Berlin's garrison, met with Marshal Chuikov and surrendered Berlin unconditionally at 15:00 hours local time on 2 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Post-war\nOn 8 May, after a signing ceremony in Berlin, the German armed forces surrendered to the Allies unconditionally and the war in Europe was over. Following the war, the Front headquarters formed the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158733-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Belorussian Front, Component armies\nThe armies that were part of the 1st Belorussian Front included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158734-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 1st annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 6 to 17 June 1951 at the Titiana-Palast cinema. The opening film was Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca. At this very first Berlin Festival, the Golden Bear award was introduced, and it was awarded to the best film in each of five categories: drama, comedy, crime or adventure, music film, and documentary. This system disappeared already the following year because FIAPF (Federation Internationale des Associations des Producteurs de Films) stated that the awarding of prizes by an expert jury was reserved for \"A-festivals\" only. Instead, the next year's festival awards were voted on by the audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158734-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Berlin International Film Festival, Jury\nThe following people from West Germany were announced as being on the jury for the festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158734-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158735-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Division \"Italia\"\nThe 1st Bersaglieri Division \"Italia\" (Italian: 1\u00aa Divisione bersaglieri \"Italia\") was one of four divisions raised by Mussolini's Italian Social Republic. It existed from 25 November 1943 until 29 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158735-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Division \"Italia\", History\nThe Division was formed from Italian POW's in Germany and new conscripts from Northern Italy. The Division was trained in Germany and was only ready for combat in December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158735-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Division \"Italia\", History\nThe 14,000 men strong Division was then sent to join the Monterosa Division at the Gothic Line. Many soldiers were from the south of Italy and crossed the frontline to be able to return home. Other units fought well and resisted several allied attacks on their positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158735-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Division \"Italia\", History\nIn April 1945 the Gothic Line collapsed under the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy. The 1st Italia Division was defeated by the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in the Battle of Collecchio and surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment\nThe 1st Bersaglieri Regiment (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento Bersaglieri) is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Cosenza in the Calabria region. The regiment is part of the Italian infantry corps' Bersaglieri speciality and operationally assigned to the Bersaglieri Brigade \"Garibaldi\". The Regiment is among the most experienced units of the Italian Army in missions abroad, and is the regiment with the highest number of decorations for military valour of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History\nDespite how the Bersaglieri speciality can trace its origins back to 1836, until 1861 only Bersaglieri Battalions existed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915\nThe Bersaglieri Command of the 1st Army Corps of the Royal Italian Army was established on 16 April 1861; under the Bersaglieri Command were placed 6 Bersaglieri Battalions, which took part in the First Italian War of Independence, the Second Italian War of Independence and the Crimean War. The Bersaglieri Command included I, IX, XIII, XIX, XXI, and XXVII Battalions, as well as a Depot Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915\nThe I Battalion was established in 1848, and it included the 1st Company, i.e. the first Bersaglieri unit ever established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915\nThe Bersaglieri Command was renamed 1st Bersaglieri Command on 31 December 1861; the Regiment, at first, did not have operational tasks, but only disciplinary and administration powers. In 1865 VI and VII Battalions were moved from the disestablished 4th Bersaglieri Regiment to the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment. In 1866 the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment participated in the Third Italian War of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915\nThe 1st Bersaglieri Regiment, after having acquired operational tasks, was moved to Turin on 1 January 1871. The Regiment consisted of I, VII, and IX Battalions. The Regiment took part in later years to Battle of Dogali and to the First Italo-Ethiopian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, 1861-1915\nThe I Cyclists Battalion was established on 1 October 1910. In 1911 the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment took part in the 1911 Italo-Turkish War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939\nThe 1st Bersaglieri Regiment did not take part in the Italian front. On 19 May 1915 the whole Regiment (with the exception of the I Cyclists Battalion) arrived in Libya. The Regiment gained the LV Battalion (established on 5 January 1915); the Battalion was sent to Misurata and fought in Ras-Bu-Kormar, Funduk ad in Marmarica. In February 1916 the Regimental Command was repatriated leaving the Battalions, now autonomous, in Libya until 1918. A provisional Company drawn from the Regiment was assigned to the expeditionary corps in Palestina in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 72], "content_span": [73, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939\nOn 15 May 1918, the 3 autonomous Battalions were repatriated back into Italy and the 1st Regiment was reestablished and sent to Vicenza, which were reached by the LV Battalion on 7 July 1918; however, I, VII, and IX Battalions were assigned to the various Assault Groups and sent in various locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 72], "content_span": [73, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939\nThe I Cyclists Battalion fought valiantly and was decorated with the Bronze Medal of Military Valour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 72], "content_span": [73, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939\nDuring World War I, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was headquartered in Naples, and recruited from Cefal\u00f9, Frosinone, Ivrea, Lecco, Mondov\u00ec, Pesaro, Pistoia, Reggio Calabria, and Siena Districts, while it mobilized also from Avellino, Benevento, Campagna, Nola, Salerno, and Castrovillari Districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 72], "content_span": [73, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939\nThe IX and VII Battalions were transformed in cadre units in 1920. The VII Battalion was re-established on 30 April 1923. From July 1924 to 1936, the Regiment was transformed into a Cyclists Regiment. In 1926 the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment consisted of the Regiment Command, the I and VII Battalions, and Depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 72], "content_span": [73, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I and afterwards: 1915-1939\nIn 1939, the IX Battalion was re-established within the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment and a Motorcyclists Company was added to the Regiment. In April 1939, The Regiment took part in the Italian invasion of Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 72], "content_span": [73, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943\nThe 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought on the Western Front, in Albania, and in Southern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943\nWith the beginning of World War II, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was placed within the Celere Group of the 1st Army, moving its headquarters in Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943\nIn November 1940, the IX Battalion crossed the Yugoslavian border; the VII Battalion was assigned to Division \"Bari\" and employed in border clashes. On 14 November, the I Battalion was assigned to the Alpine Division \"Julia\"; in Albania, the I and VII Battalions were employed on 17 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943\nAs a whole, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment counter-attacked around Vrumbellake mountain, but soon retreated, in order to protect the left flank of the Division \"Vicenza\". From 29 November 1940 to 28 February 1941 the Regimental Command and the IX Battalion fought on the Greek front in Ezeke, Ocrida and Kalase mountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943\nOn 22 January 1941, the IX Battalion was assigned to the III Army Corps; on 15 February, the remaining Regiment incorporated the 81st Replacements Battalion of the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment. In early March 1941, the Regiment supported the Armoured Division \"Centauro\", being tasked with the defence of Scutari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943\nIn April 1941, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment counter-attacked and on 17 April 1941 it reached Ragusa. After two more months, the Regiment came back to Italy on 24 June 1941. On 31 July 1941, the Regiment was assigned to the 8th Army, tasked with the defence of Southern Italy, and on 15 August 1941 it was moved to Calabria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943\nA year later, in August 1942, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was moved to Piedmont and, in November, into France around Draguignon. From January to August 1943 the Regiment carried out police operations; the II Battalion was moved to Nice on 28 April 1943 in order to deal with public order service, while in late June 1943 the Motorcycles Company participated in an important police operation around Entreveaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II: 1940-1943\nBersaglieri in Naples fought against German troops on 8 September 1943. Due to the Armistice of Cassibile, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was disbanded in Turin area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976\nAfter World War II, Bersaglieri Regiments were the infantry element of the armoured brigades, which were considered to be a quick reaction force.p. 60 According to 1951 organic tables, Bersaglieri regiments had a Regimental Command, 3 Battalions and an Anti-tank Company each.p. 58", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976\nThe 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was re-established on 1 January 1953. The Regiment was subordinated to the Armoured Division \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\"; the Regiment included the I and VII Battalions and, since 1 March 1954, the IX Battalion. While the Regiment as a whole was headquartered in Viterbo, I and VII Battalions were based in Rome and IX Battalion was based in Civitavecchia.p. 70", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976\nIn 1956 the Army structure was modified again. The new organization of a Bersaglieri Regiment consisted of a Regimental Command Company (Command Platoon, Signals Platoon, Services Platoon), an Anti-tank Company (with three Platoons) and three Battalions. Each Battalion, in turn, consisted of a Command Company, 3 Bersaglieri Companies and 1 Support weapons Company.p. 117", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976\n1958 was a year full of modifications. On 30 April 1958, the IX Battalion became IX Mechanized Bersaglieri Battalion and it was moved to the 4th Armoured Infantry Regiment. The following day, the I and III Tank Battalions were transferred from the 4th Armoured Infantry Regiment, making the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment an armoured unit, with 2 Bersaglieri Battalions (I and VII Battalions) and 2 Tank Battalions (I and III Battalions).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976\nIn the late 1958, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment lost the I Bersaglieri Battalion and the III Tank Battalion to the 182nd Armoured Infantry Regiment \"Garibaldi\". The remaining structure consisted of Regimental Command, VII Bersaglieri Battalion and I Tank Battalion, with the name of 1st Armoured Bersaglieri Regiment. At the end of 1958, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was assigned to the Armoured Division \"Pozzuolo del Friuli\" in Civitavecchia.p. 121", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976\nIn January 1959, the Regiment was assigned to the Infantry Division \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", headquartered in Aurelia, Civitavecchia. The I Tank Battalion was renamed IX Tank Battalion; on 24 May 1961 the 2 Battalions were renamed I Bersaglieri Battalion and XVIII Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976\nThe 1st Armoured Bersaglieri Regiment was moved to the Armoured Division \"Centauro\" on 1 September 1964; the same day the Regiment incorporated the VI Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War: 1953-1976\nWith the 1975 Italian Army reform, on 1 June the XVIII Tank Battalion was disestablished and on 1 August the Regiment was moved back to the Granatieri di Sardegna Division. The 1st Armoured Bersaglieri Regiment itself was disbanded on 31 October 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Post-Cold War: 1995-present\nThe 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was re-established again on 18 September 1995, consisting of the 1st Bersaglieri Battalion \"La Marmora\" within the Mechanized Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 62], "content_span": [63, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Post-Cold War: 1995-present\nThe Regiment, reduced in numbers, was disbanded in 2000; in 2002 it was re-established by renaming the 18th Bersaglieri Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 62], "content_span": [63, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Current structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The regiment is equipped with tracked Dardo infantry fighting vehicles. The Maneuver Support Company is equipped with M106 120mm mortar carriers and Dardo IFVs with Spike LR anti-tank guided missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations\nThrough its history, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment took part in several feats of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, 19th Century\nDuring the 19th century, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought in:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, World War I\nDuring World War I, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought in:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, Inter-war\nFrom 1916 to 1939, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought in:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, World War II\nDuring World War II, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment fought in:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Operations, Cold war to present\nDuring and after the Cold War, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment provided resources for:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158736-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Bersaglieri Regiment, Commanders\nDuring its periods of existence, the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment has been led by several Commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158737-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Biha\u0107 Infantry Brigade\nThe 1st Biha\u0107 Infantry Brigade was formed on September 19, 1992, in Kamenica near Biha\u0107, becoming part of the 5th Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the command of then Brigadier General (now Lieutenant General) Atif Dudakovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158738-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards\nThe 1st Blockbuster Entertainment Awards were held on June 3, 1995 at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles. The awards originally had categories for both video and theatrical releases. Below is a complete list of winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158739-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bodil Awards\nThe 1st Bodil Awards was held at the Palace Hotel's night club Ambassadeur in Copenhagen, Denmark, honoring the best in Danish and foreign film of 1947. Jenny and the Soldier took home three awards, winning Best Danish Film, Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Actress in a Leading Role. Ta', hvad du vil ha' took home both awards for supporting performances. The event was hosted by Lilian Harvey and Victor Borge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing\nThe 1st Bombardment Wing is a disbanded United States Army Air Force unit. It was initially formed in France in 1918 during World War I as a command and control organization for the Pursuit Groups of the First Army Air Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing\nDemobilized after the Armistice in France, it was re-established in the United States as the first wing formed in the reorganized United States Army Air Service, created in August 1919 to control three groups patrolling the border with Mexico after revolution broke out there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing\nAs the 1st Wing, the unit was one of the original wings of the GHQ Air Force on 1 March 1935. During World War II, it was one of the primary B-17 Flying Fortress heavy strategic bombardment wings of VIII Bomber Command and later, Eighth Air Force. Its last assignment was with the Continental Air Forces, based at McChord Field, Washington. It was inactivated on 7 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing, History, World War I\nOrganized at Croix de Metz Aerodrome, Toul Sector, France, during World War I as the 1st Pursuit Wing on 6 July 1918, it was a command and control organization in the First Army Air Service for several pursuit groups in the American Sector of the Western Front in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing, History, World War I\nServed in combat on the St. Mihiel offensive in September, flew reconnaissance sorties, protected observation aircraft, attacked enemy observation balloons, strafed enemy troops, flew counter-air patrols, and bombed towns, bridges, and railroad stations behind the enemy's lines. Moved to Chaumont-Sur-Aire Aerodrome, and during the Meuse-Argonne offensive (26 September \u2013 11 November 1918) bombardment aircraft continued their attacks behind the lines while pursuit ships concentrated mainly on large-scale counter-air patrols. Demobilized in France, December 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing, History, Inter-War Period\nAuthorized in the Regular Army on 15 August 1919 as the 1st Wing Headquarters. Organized on 16 August 1919 at Kelly Field, Texas. Provided command and control of all United States Army Air Service units conducting patrol duties 1919\u201322 along the Mexican Border from Brownsville, Texas, to the California-Arizona border, Assigned to the GHQ, US Army in 1921. Reorganized 19 July 1922 as 1st Wing (Provisional) Headquarters and assigned responsibility to perform duties as the headquarters for the Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field. Inactivated on 26 June 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing, History, Inter-War Period\nAllotted to the Eighth Corps Area on 29 February 1927. Fort Sam Houston, Texas, designated as headquarters on organization, but the unit was never organized at that location. Designated headquarters location changed on 14 September 1928 to Kelly Field. Re -designated as Headquarters, 1st Bombardment Wing on 8 May 1929. Activated on 1 April 1931 at March Field, California. Re -designated as Headquarters, 1st Pursuit Wing on 18 August 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing, History, Inter-War Period\nWas responsible for the supervision and administration of twenty-five camps in the southern California Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) District, 1933\u201334. Re -designated Headquarters, 1st Wing on 1 March 1935 and assigned to the General Headquarters Air Force (GHQAF). Transferred on 27 May 1941 to Tucson Municipal Airport, later Tucson Army Air Field, Arizona, under IV Bomber Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing, History, World War II\nAfter the Pearl Harbor Attack, initially supervised Heavy Bomber Operational Training at Tucson AAF. Re -designated as 1st Bombardment Wing and reassigned to VIII Bomber Command and deployed to England July\u2013August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158740-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Bombardment Wing, History, World War II\nIn England, mission was command and control of B-17 Flying Fortress bombardment groups stationed in East Anglia, receiving operational orders from VIII BC headquarters and mobilizing subordinate groups for strategic bombardment attacks on enemy targets in Occupied Europe. Operated primarily from RAF Bassingbourn, Cambridgeshire. Served in combat in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) from August 1942 until 25 April 1945, receiving a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for an attack on aircraft factories in Germany on 11 January 1944. Returned to the United States in August 1945. Inactivated on 7 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158741-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Born\n1st Born is a 2019 American-Iranian comedy film directed by Ali Atshani and starring Taylor Cole, Reza Sixo Safai, Jay Abdo, Tom Berenger, Val Kilmer and Denise Richards. It is the first co-production between the United States and Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158741-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Born, Reception\nRenee Schonfeld of Common Sense Media awarded the film one star out of five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Born Second\n1st Born Second is the debut album by the American singer-songwriter Bilal, released on July 27, 2001, by Interscope Records. Bilal recorded the album at Electric Lady Studios in New York with a host of record producers, including Aaron Comess, Dr. Dre, Mike City, Megahertz, Raphael Saadiq, and J Dilla. It was a critical success and charted at number 31 on the U.S. Billboard 200, eventually selling 319,000 copies. According to AllMusic biographer Andy Kellman, the album was an \"exemplary\" release of the retro-inspired neo soul genre, although Bilal's subsequent work would become increasingly distinctive and modern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Born Second, Background\nBilal developed an interest in singing while growing up in the Germantown area of Philadelphia, where he participated in a church choir at the behest of his Baptist mother. On occasional trips to the city's jazz clubs with his father, he witnessed the working habits and lifestyles of musicians, which inspired him to pursue music seriously. Starting as a vocal student at the Philadelphia High School for the Creative and Performing Arts, Bilal advanced to studying the music theory and language shared by the instrumentalist students so he could socialize with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Born Second, Background\nIn 1999, Bilal went to New York City to train at the New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music, where he developed a reputation among his peers for challenging their musical sensibilities. He also frequented the city's Wetlands Preserve nightclub and met members of the Soulquarians (including Common, The Roots, and Erykah Badu), a rotating collective of experimental black music artists who often collaborated on each other's recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Born Second, Background\nA demo recorded with the musician Aaron Comess, who Bilal met at a jam session set up by New School professors, earned the singer a recording contract from Interscope Records and encouraged his exit from the school to concentrate on music professionally. His performance at a 1999 Prince tribute concert generated much buzz in the music industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Born Second, Recording and music\nAfter signing to Interscope in 1999, Bilal wrote songs and improvised with a band at a warehouse in New Jersey in preparation for the album's recording, which took place at Electric Lady Studios in New York around 1999 and 2000. In December 1999, while reviewing Bilal's Prince tribute performance at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, The Village Voice reported that the album was expected by Spring of next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Born Second, Recording and music\nHowever, the release encountered delays as Interscope pressured the singer into collaborating with more popular record producers, including Dr. Dre and Soulquarians member J Dilla, who helped refine Bilal's stylistically-varied and free-form approach into more structurally-defined songs to the label's liking. This process extended the recording for approximately another year. Comess participated in the recording as a bassist, drummer, producer, and engineer. The Soulquarians also contributed production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Born Second, Recording and music\n1st Born Second features an eclectic sound with elements of jazz, hip hop, scat, reggae, and rock music. According to Mark Anthony Neal, its title originates from the idea that Bilal is the \"first born prodigal son of the second generation of contemporary soul stirrers\", referring to the group of artists associated with the neo soul movement. The singer's name also serves as an acronym for \"Beloved, Intelligent, Lustful and Livin' It\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Born Second, Critical reception\n1st Born Second was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album has an average score of 82, based on 17 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Born Second, Critical reception\nThe album received rave reviews from The Village Voice, Chicago Sun-Times, and USA Today, and it also received comparisons to the music of Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Sly & the Family Stone, Prince, and Curtis Mayfield. Reviewing for PopMatters, Neal hailed the album as \"one of the most significant debuts in black pop during the past 25 years\". Vibe's Tamika Andeson called it \"one of the best R&B albums of the year\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Born Second, Critical reception\nAccording to AllMusic's Andy Kellman, \"at that point, the closest points of comparison were D'Angelo and Maxwell, yet Bilal was more dynamic than the former and less mannered than the latter. 1st Born Second carried an energy that neither one of those singers, as hot as they were at the time, could boast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158742-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Born Second, Critical reception\nSome reviewers were less impressed. Spin magazine's Tony Green said that the album is musically expansive but lacking \"that killer tune or two that would bring it all home, that one memorable melody that would make the album more than the sum of its incense 'n' dreads textures\". In an essay accompanying the Pazz & Jop critics poll, in which 1st Born Second finished in the top 100, Robert Christgau named Bilal among the \"profusion of R&B also-rans\" that he hopes \"will develop material nobody can deny\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158743-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Bosai Cup\nThe 1st Bosai Cup was the first edition of the Bosai Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158743-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Bosai Cup, Participants\nThe top players from China, Japan, and South Korea were invited to Chongqing to take part in an invitational tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158743-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Bosai Cup, Results, Game 1\nChina representative Gu Li drew a bye in the first round, setting up a first round matchup between Japan's Iyama Yuta and South Korea's Lee Sedol. Yuta, taking black, defeated Sedol by resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158743-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Bosai Cup, Results, Game 2\nYuta's defeat of Sedol matched-up the BC Card Cup champion with Gu Li, who received a bye in the first-round. Sedol, taking white for the second match in a row, lost again by resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158743-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Bosai Cup, Results, Final\nYuta faced Li in the final, winning by resignation in 208 moves. An Younggil, 8p from South Korea, commented on the game, saying \"[Yuta] played this game wonderfully. White 112 was the winning move. [ Yuta]\u2019s endgame was perfect, and [Li] didn\u2019t get any chances afterwards. This game should be one of [Yuta]\u2019s best games, I\u2019m sure\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158744-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brahmans\nThe 1st Brahmans was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised at Oudh by Captain T Naylor in 1776 for service in the army of Nawab Wazir of Oudh, and was known as the Nawab Wazir's Regiment. It was transferred to the East India Company in 1777. In 1922, it was designated as the 4th Battalion 1st Punjab Regiment. The regiment was disbanded in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158744-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brahmans, Designations\nOver the years the regiment was known by a number of different designations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158744-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brahmans, History, East India Company service\nWhile in the service of the East India Company the regiment was awarded battle honours for service in the Second Maratha War 1803-05, the Anglo-Nepalese War 1814-16, the Second Anglo-Burmese War 1824-26 and the Bhurtpore Campaign 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158744-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brahmans, History, Post Mutiny\nThe regiment was the senior-most among the twelve Bengal Native Infantry regiments that survived the Great Indian Rebellion of 1857-58. It was accordingly one of the small number of Bengal regular infantry regiments to retain the traditions of East India Company service in the new post-Mutiny army. Renumbered as the 1st of the Bengal line, it subsequently saw active service in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885-87. Following the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army, when the names of the presidencies were dropped, the regiment became the 1st Brahman Infantry in 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158744-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brahmans, History, World War I\nIn 1914, the regimental centre of the 1st Brahmans was located at Allahabad and it was linked with the 3rd Brahmans. The regiment was recruited mostly from Bhumihaar and Kanyakubja Brahmins of United Provinces, Garhwali Brahmins and some Punjabi Mussalmans. Full dress uniform of the sepoys included a high khaki turban with red fringe, a scarlet kurta (long coat) with white facings, white waist-sash, dark blue trousers and white leggings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158744-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brahmans, History, World War I\nThe regiment spent part of World War I in India before being posted to Aden, then under threat from Ottoman forces. A second battalion raised in 1917 saw service in the Persian Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158744-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Brahmans, History, Post-war service and disbandment\nAfter the war, a major reorganization was undertaken in the Indian Army and the various single-battalion infantry regiments were grouped together to form larger regiments of four to six battalions each. The 1st Brahmans became the 4th Battalion of the 1st Punjab Regiment in 1922. It was disbanded in 1931 due to retrenchment in the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron\nThe 1st Fighter Aviation Group (Portuguese: 1\u00ba Grupo de Avia\u00e7\u00e3o de Ca\u00e7a, 1st GAvCa), very well known in popular culture for its battle cry, Senta a P\u00faa! (In literal translation: Send a Bullet!) It is the first fighter aviation group of the Brazilian Air Force, well known for having participated in the Second World War in the Italian Campaign and in the South Atlantic Campaign, it was created by the first Minister of Aeronautics and first Commander of the Brazilian Air Force, Joaquim Pedro Salgado Filho and Major Nero Moura and aeronautical engineer and Major Jos\u00e9 Vicente Faria Lima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation\nWith the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 after the invasion of Poland, many countries around the world began to get involved, including the United States in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor. After the United States entered the war, it was only a matter of time before Brazil entered the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation\nOn January 20, 1941, with the intention of strengthening the Brazilian Air Force, the Ministry of Aeronautics was founded by the lawyer and politician Joaquim Pedro Salgado Filho, by Major Nero Moura, by the military engineer Jos\u00e9 Vicente Faria Lima and others including N\u00e9lson Freire Lavan\u00e8re-Wanderley. Together with the Ministry of Aeronautics, the National Air Force was created, which would later be called Brazilian Air Force (FAB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation\nThe following year, on August 26, 1942, Brazil declared war on Axis forces after a series of attacks on merchant ships and with that began a series of preparations so that Brazil could enter the war, with that on December 18, 1943, Decree No. 6123 was issued, which gave rise to the 1st Fighter Aviation Group (1st GAvCa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation\nThe Minister of Aeronautics, Salgado Filho, wanted to choose Faria Lima as Commander of the group, but Nero Moura argued saying that if Faria Lima were shot down they would lose an engineer and aviator, if they lost they would lose only one aviator, so Nero Moura was appointed Commander of the squadron, with N\u00e9lson Freire Lavan\u00e8re-Wanderley as Lieutenant Colonel and Faria Lima as Symbolic Commander for his achievements to create the FAB, acting as Cabinet Officer of the Minister of Aeronautics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation\nAfter the leaders of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group were integrated into the new corporation, a training process began so that the air forces were well prepared to go to war, Major Nero Moura went to Orlando to negotiate agreements with the United States government. to begin FAB training internships in Panama and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation\nMajor Nero Moura started a search for pilots who were experts in all flight categories and who wanted to volunteer across the country in the war. Among the new members of the body, the first non-commissioned officers, 16 officers and 16 sergeants were chosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Squadron creation\nAfter the first stage, the second now was that each sergeant and officer was responsible for a task, such as the selection of auxiliaries, the Squadron Leaders and the choice of pilots; to the non-commissioned officers, they were assigned to heads of maintenance, supply, armament, communication, intelligence and also medical service, after the function of each one was established, the 1st Fighter Aviation Group was ready.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Training in Panama and the United States\nIn January 1944, members of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group went to Orlando, Florida in the United States, did a 60-hour training period using the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters and adapted to the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) standards at the School of Tactics Aerial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Training in Panama and the United States\nIn March of the same year after training began, the group went to Aguadulce in Panama, where Commander Nero Moura was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel; in April of that year, the group had already improved to such an extent that the unit started to operate independently and took part in the Panama Canal Zone Air Defense System complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Training in Panama and the United States\nAfter extensive training, about 110 hours of flight on Curtiss P-40 fighters and dedicated programs for jobs in Panama, the group returned to the United States in June, at Suffolk County Army Air Field in New York, where they were introduced to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, the newest fighter of the USAAF so far, there the group performed training as hard as Aguadulce's but soon after the course the pilots and support were ready for action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Training in Panama and the United States\nThe pilots of the group went by ship to Italy and landed at the Port of Livorno, on October 6, 1944, and were about to pass the final test, the so-called blood baptism; the planes used by the FAB in the war were taken from the USAAF warehouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy\nIn the Italian Campaign, the 1st Fighter Aviation Group acted in conjunction with the 1st Liaison and Observation Squadron, a group that belongs to the Division Artillery and that had the objective of carrying out works to regulate the artillery fire, to observe the field of fire. battle and liaison missions and that was integrated into the FEB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy\nDuring the war the Jambock group received this identification name in the city of Tarquinia, it was divided between four squads that were identified by a letter and a number, the groups were the red squad (identified by the letter A), the yellow squad (identified by the letter B), the blue squadron (identified by the letter C) and the green squadron (identified by the letter D); in February 1945 the yellow squadron ceased to exist because of the low number of pilots belonging to the group, since of the eleven pilots in the squadron, six were killed or injured, the remaining members joined the other squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy\nAfter the missions in the Mediterranean Theater, the Nazi forces retreated to a region known as the Gothic Line, there it was determined by the Allied forces that there was an offensive against the enemies called the Spring Offensive. There was a meeting with the leaders of each squad organized by the American Commander Nielsen, leader of the 350th Fighter Group of the 62nd Fighter Wing of the Twelfth Air Force of the USAAF, of which the 1st GAvCa was subordinate, where it was said that between the 6 and the 29 of April the squadrons should carry out a maximum daily effort of 44 sorties against the enemy forces, where several offensive attacks against the Axis were carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy\nThroughout the Italian campaign, the pilots of the 1st GAvCa made several attacks against refineries, stockpiles, railway bridges, railways, buildings that served as bases for enemies, plants and warehouses, in addition to attacks against accommodations, vehicles offered and participating together with the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in battles such as the Battle of Monte Castello and, among other battles, always with the objective of paving the way so that the allied troops could advance towards the imminent victory that was to had in the Italian campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy\nMany pilots were shot down in the midst of attacks against German forces, and many of the pilots who were captured were imprisoned in the Nuremberg Concentration Camp in Germany and were later rescued by Allied troops; with each step taken by the allies towards victory over the Germans and Italians, the prisoners were evacuated from the camps and taken to more distant ones, such as Stalag VII-A at Moosburg an der Isar, the prisoners of that camp were not rescued until the end of the war, when the soldiers led by General George S. Patton arrived in the city and rescued the prisoners, including Brazilian pilots and soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy\nThe 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Campaign in Italy\nGAvCa had sixteen planes shot down, losing five of its airmen in combat and another three in accidents; between November 1944 and April 1945 the group completed only 5% of its planned route, but did not complete it due to the end of the war, even so the group was responsible for the destruction of 85% of ammunition deposits, 36% of the deposits of fuel, and 15% of enemy motor vehicles in its entire 7-month campaign, exceeding the expectations of both its allies and its enemies, because of its performance it received the honorable quote from the United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera\nSomething that marked the participation of the 1st GAvCa in the war was the story of Lieutenant Danilo Moura, Commander Nero Moura's younger brother. On February 4, 1945, after his aircraft was shot down by Nazi anti-aircraft artillery in Italy, he parachuted from his aircraft and survived. He was aided by a group of Italian partisans who took care of him, and, after recovering, the Lieutenant made a journey of 386\u00a0km (240\u00a0mi), walking 24 days, and losing 19\u00a0kg (42\u00a0lb), to return to his base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera\nIn this way he had to go unnoticed by the Nazi bases, counting on the help of the Italian population, he managed to get to the allied base in Pisa, where he recovered, and then returned home. His survival story gave rise to the Danilo Opera, an event that is staged and honored every year on Fighter Aviation Day, on April 22, the date on which the 1st GAvCa reached the peak of its performances, having performed 44 sorties, distributed in 11 missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera, Similar cases\nCaptain Joel Miranda was also shot down on the February 4, mission at Castelfranco Veneto, in an attempt to attack a railway bridge, on the same mission as Danilo. In addition two other American pilots were shot down, but his whereabouts are unknown. Miranda was hit and his plane started to catch fire, which forced him to jump with a parachute, but when he went to jump his phone got stuck in it and fell next to his plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera, Similar cases\nAfter loosing himself a few meters from the ground, the captain opened the parachute, but it hit the ground, and broke his arm. He got up for help and fleeing the German troops who were looking for the pilots, he found a boy who took him home. The boy's father took him to a South African soldier in the 8th British Army named Steve Grove. The soldier and Captain Joel Miranda became friends and Steve took Joel undercover to an Italian doctor at a Camposampiero hospital, which was controlled by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Danilo's opera, Similar cases\nCaptain Joel joined a group of Italian partisans, which Grove was part of, where they participated in guerilla action against German forces for a few days, until Grove was captured and killed by an SS officer. After several events of resistance he was taken by the partisans, after the end of the war, back to the base where the Captain went to the English Secret Service to sign a document saying that he would not disclose the names or dates of all the people who helped him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, The end of the war\nOn April 28, 1945 the Italian resistance captured and executed the fascist leader Benito Mussolini and other members of the Italian government. The following day Italy's surrender was signed and on the same day the Brazilian armed forces captured an entire German regiment, the 148th Infantry Division at the Battle of Collecchio. On April 30, German leader, Adolf Hitler committed suicide and on May 2, Nazi Germany surrendered to Allied forces, bringing an end to World War II in Europe. Many pilots remember that day, as they were on an attack mission and shortly before attacking they were warned on the radio that the war was over and that it was no longer necessary to attack. Lieutenant Alberto Martins Torres recalls:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, The end of the war\nWe were on a mission, until we received radar control solemnly transmitted ... \"Attention, all units ... attention, all units ... don't attack, don't attack. The war is over. Fly back to your bases, immediately.\" At that moment I felt a shiver and started thinking about my parents, the parents of (pilots) who had died ... in short, it was an indescribable emotional cluster, and as I always say, this was the mission that moved me the most, it was my last mission, and I did not attack, the war was over and we would no longer lose any companions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil\nAfter the surrender of Italy and Germany in the war, the group had already fulfilled its role and had no more reason to continue fighting, so in June 1945, all 26 P-47Ds that were used by the 1st Fighter Aviation Group were taken to what is now Naples International Airport at Capodichino. They were dismantled and sent to Naples, where they would be loaded on the ship SS\u00a0W. S. Jennings that would take them to Brazil. All aviators and members of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force were transported back to Brazil on the American ship USS\u00a0General M. C. Meigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil\nFor the crossing between Brazil and the United States the pilots who were killed in combat and those who were rescued from the enemy prisoners camp were sent first. They were sent in descending order from the pilots with the greatest number of missions. A group of 19 officers left Pisa for New York to receive the new aircraft for the FAB. From New York the officers traveled to the American capital Washington, D. C. by train and there they were met by the United States Army Air Forces at the Shoreham Hotel and later by generals Ira C. Eaker and Hoyt Vandenberg at the Pentagon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil\nOn July 16, 1945 the first pilots of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group landed in Campo dos Afonsos arriving from the war, with them accompanied by the new FAB Thunderbolt that were escorted by a Douglas C-47. In the latter came Second Lieutenant Marcos Eduardo Coelho de Magalh\u00e3es and First Lieutenant Roberto Brandini, who were recovering from war injuries. The ship USS General M. C. Meigs, which carried the rest of the FAB pilots and the FEB soldiers, arrived in Rio de Janeiro on July 18, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil\nThe heroes of the FAB were received by President Get\u00falio Vargas, who, together with the high command of the FAB, decorated the national heroes for their achievements in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Return to Brazil\nThe pilots who brought the new fighters joined the rest of the group and with the FEB and 1st ELO troops for a popular parade that had the destination of Pra\u00e7a Mau\u00e1, this event became known as the \"Parada da Vit\u00f3ria\". The members of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group were in open vehicles and directly behind them the FEB infantry troops, celebrating the Brazilian victory and the return of the heroes of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Postwar recognition\nIn 1986 the achievements of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group in the Italian Campaign were recognized once again, the 1st GAvCa became the third unit that does not belong to the United States Armed Forces to receive the Presidential Unit Citation, on request the United States government due to the important advances of the Brazilian hunting group in the campaign in Italy. In addition to the Brazilian unit, only two other foreign units received such an honor, both from the Royal Australian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years\nSince then the base of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group is the Santa Cruz Air Force Base, located in Rio de Janeiro in an old Zeppelin hangar, the group is composed of two squadrons, the Jambock of the 1st Squadron of the 1st Aviation Group of Ca\u00e7a follow the motto Senta a P\u00faa!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years\nAnd the Pif-paf of the 2nd Squadron of the 1st Aviation Group of Ca\u00e7a follow the motto Rompe Mato! ; in addition, the base houses other units, the 1st and 2nd squadron of the 1st and 16th Aviation Group, the 4th and 7th Aviation Group and the 2nd Connection and Observation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years\nIn 1953, the 1st GAvC began operating Gloster F-8 Meteor fighter jets that were used until 1968, when they were replaced by the Lockheed TF-33A T-Bird, which were operated until 1972, when they started using the national aircraft Embraer AT-26 Xavante. In 1975 the unit also used the Northrop F-5B Freedom Fighter and F-5E Tiger II fighters. At that time there was a change in camouflage to the current standard, where the insignia of the 1st squadron (Jambock) and the 2nd Squadron (Pif-paf) were added on the right side of the vertical stabilizer, with the insignia of the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years\nGAvC being used on the left side of all aircraft. Its aircraft, the Tiger II, were modernized through a revitalization program developed by Embraer for the FAB, which greatly extended the useful life of these aircraft. The Northrop / Embraer F-5EM and F-5FM Tiger II are the current aircraft used by the 1st Fighter Aviation Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History, Over the years\nAs of 2021, the 1st GAvC starts operating the F-39 Gripen aircraft, starting after the second half of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History behind the emblem\nSenta a P\u00faa! is the symbol and war cry of the 1st Fighter Aviation Group (1\u00ba GAvCa) of the Brazilian Air Force, it is similar to the British \"Tally-ho\" or the French \"\u00c0 la chasse\", the cry \"Senta a p\u00faa\", before military use, it was an everyday expression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History behind the emblem\nThe 1st Ten. Av. Firmino Ayres de Ara\u00fajo, from the Salvador Air Force Base, already used the expression to rush someone. Coming from the same base, Ten. Av . Rui Barbosa Moreira Lima introduced the expression in the daily life of the 1st GAvCa. It was only after the training, towards the European Theater that Cap. Av . Fortunato C\u00e2mara de Oliveira drew the symbol (whose face of the ostrich refers to the features of the 2nd Lieutenant Aviator Pedro de Lima Mendes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History behind the emblem\nHence, the group gave itself identity and the expression started to gain strength, as in the words of Austrag\u00e9silo de Athayde: \"Senta a P\u00faa: to launch yourself against the enemy with decision, sight and desire to annihilate him. Who will senta a p\u00faa does not quibble. Throw a red-hot iron and gum the brute \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158745-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Brazilian Fighter Squadron, History behind the emblem\nIn combat, the expression was used to confirm an order of attack, given the distinction of the words: A pilot reports to the leader \"I saw a target\" - to which the expected answer would be: \"Senta a p\u00faa! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia)\n1st Brigade is a combined arms formation of the Australian Army. Formed in 1903 as a militia formation based in New South Wales, it was reconstituted as part of the Australian Imperial Force in 1914 for service during World War I, the brigade fought at Gallipoli and on the Western Front before being disbanded in mid-1919. In 1921, the 1st Brigade was re-raised as a unit of Australia's part-time military forces, based in New South Wales. During World War II the brigade undertook defensive duties before being disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia)\nIn 1948, it was re-raised as an integral part of the Australian Regular Army. Currently the brigade is based at Robertson Barracks in Darwin and at RAAF Base Edinburgh near Adelaide, South Australia. It is the first of the Australian Army brigades to be re-organised as a combat brigade under Plan Beersheba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Formation\nOriginally formed in 1903 as a Militia unit of the Commonwealth Military Forces, it was established in New South Wales and consisted of four battalion-sized units\u20141st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Australian Infantry Regiments. In 1912, the compulsory training scheme was introduced and at this time, the brigade was reorganised as part of the 1st Military District, with constituent units were spread across various locations in Queensland including Townsville, Cairns, Charters Towers, Mackay, Rockhampton, Mount Morgan, Bundaberg, Maryborough, Gympie, and Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nThe 1st Brigade was re-constituted in Sydney, New South Wales, shortly after the start of World War I in August 1914 for service overseas as part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Upon formation it consisted of four infantry battalions\u2014the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th\u2014however, later it received organic fire support when the 1st Australian Machine Gun Company (February 1916 to February 1918) and 1st Australian Trench Mortar Battery (from April 1916) were added to its order of battle. Assigned to the 1st Division, the brigade's first commanding officer was Colonel Henry MacLaurin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, World War I\nDuring the war, the 1st Brigade took part in the fighting at Gallipoli between April and December 1915, before being evacuated to Egypt at the end of the campaign. There, it was brought back up to strength and in mid-1916 the brigade was transferred to Europe, where it took part in the fighting on the Western Front in France and Belgium between 1916 and 1918, before being disbanded in April 1919. Notable battles in which the brigade fought include: Lone Pine, Pozi\u00e8res, Bullecourt, Passchendaele, Hazebrouck, Amiens and the Hindenburg Line. Five soldiers from 1st Brigade units received the Victoria Cross, Australia's highest military decoration, for their actions during the war. These were: John Hamilton, George Howell, Thomas Kenny, Leonard Keysor and Alfred Shout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II\nIn 1921, the Australian military part-time forces were re-organised to perpetuate the numerical designations and structures of the AIF. As a result, the 1st Brigade was re-raised as a part-time formation of the Citizens Forces based in Newcastle, New South Wales, and consisting of four infantry battalions: the 13th, 33rd, 35th and 41st Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II\nInitially, the brigade was staffed through the compulsory training scheme, which meant that the brigade was able to maintain its numbers, however, in 1922, following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, Australia's security concerns were reduced. As a result, the Army's budget was halved and the scope of the compulsory training scheme was scaled back; with this the authorised strength of each infantry battalion was reduced to just 409 men of all ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II\nIn 1929, the compulsory training scheme was suspended by the newly elected Scullin Labor government and was replaced by a voluntary system, under the new name of the \"Militia\". This, coupled with the financial hardships of the Great Depression, meant that there were few volunteers available for service and many units had to be amalgamated or disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II\nAs a result, the 1st Brigade was reduced to just three infantry battalions. Upon the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the 1st Brigade consisted of the 13th, 33rd and 41st Battalions. Initially, upon the commencement of hostilities it was decided to call up the Militia to undertake periods of continuous training in order to boost the nation's readiness for war, however, following Japan's entry into the war in December 1941, they were mobilised for defensive duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Inter war years and World War II\nAlthough some Militia units were committed to combat operations in New Guinea from 1942 onwards, the 1st Brigade remained in Australia for the duration of the war, headquartered around Parramatta, New South Wales, where it formed part of the 1st Division. Later the brigade became part of the Newcastle Covering Force and then the 10th Division. In 1942, the brigade moved to Sydney, and from 1943 it was reduced to meet operational manpower needs elsewhere. In September 1944, the brigade moved to Singleton, New South Wales, where the two of its three infantry battalions were disbanded. By the end of hostilities, it consisted of only one battalion\u2014the 41st/2nd Battalion\u2014as other units had been transferred, amalgamated or disbanded. Between May 1942 and August 1945 it was commanded by Brigadier Frederick Burrows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Post World War II\nFollowing the end of hostilities in August 1945, the existing structures were disbanded throughout 1945 and into 1946 and the Interim Army was raised. As a part of this, the 34th Brigade was raised for occupation duties in Japan. In 1948, with the establishment of the reformation of the Regular Army and the raising of the Australian Regiment (later known as the Royal Australian Regiment), the 34th Brigade was renamed the 1st Brigade following its return to Australia. During the Korean War, individual elements of the brigade were detached for combat in Korea, although they were subsequently placed under the command of other formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Post World War II\nIn 1960, the Australian Army adopted the Pentropic divisional establishment. This saw the adoption of the five battalion division and resulted in the disbandment of the old three battalion brigade formations. As a result, the 1st Brigade, including its headquarters, was disbanded. In late 1964, however, the decision was made to end the experiment with the Pentropic establishment, partly because of the difficulties it created with allied interoperability. Early the following year the brigade formations were re-established, although they were designated \"task forces\" instead of brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Post World War II\nIn mid-1965 1\u00a0RAR, was sent to Vietnam as part of Australia's commitment to the ongoing conflict in that country. In early 1966, the decision to increase the Australian Army's presence in Vietnam from one infantry battalion to two was announced. In order to command this force, it was decided to form an Australian task force. Shortly after this, the 1st Task Force, consisting of the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5\u00a0RAR), undertook a readiness exercise around Gospers in New South Wales. Once this exercise was successfully completed, the 1st Task Force's headquarters was used to raise the 1st Australian Task Force and was dispatched to Vietnam, where it would remain until the end of the Australian involvement. In 1972, the task force returned to Australia and had units located at Holsworthy in New South Wales, Woodside in South Australia and at Puckapunyal in Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 941]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Post World War II\nIn 1982, the \"brigade\" designations were readopted. Brigadier John Sheldrick was in command of the brigade at the time and early the year the 1st Armoured Regiment was placed under the 1st Brigade's command as part of the Army's mechanisation trials. The new role of the 1st Brigade as a mechanised force was confirmed in 1983 and following this the capability was developed. This saw the 5th/7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5/7\u00a0RAR), re-equipped with armoured personnel carriers, which they began to receive in July 1983. During the 1980s, one of the brigade's other infantry battalions, the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, began developing the Australian Army's parachute capability, and by late 1983 it had become a specialised parachute infantry battalion. They were later transferred to the 3rd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Recent years\nIn 1992, the brigade began the process of moving to Darwin as part of a force structure review focused upon relocating defence assets in the north. By 2000, the brigade had completed its move and was headquartered in Robertson Barracks in Darwin. Before the move was complete, the brigade was warned out to support the 3rd Brigade's deployment to East Timor and in October 1999, 5/7\u00a0RAR began deploying. They returned to Australia in April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Recent years\nAs part of the Hardened and Networked Army initiative 5/7\u00a0RAR was de-linked in 2006 to form two mechanised battalions. 5\u00a0RAR remained in Darwin, while the 7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (7\u00a0RAR), along elements of the 1st Combat Service Support Battalion was moved to Adelaide, where they are now based at RAAF Base Edinburgh. Although the brigade is split, the Adelaide\u2013Darwin Railway can be used to transport heavy vehicles and equipment north. In its current configuration, the brigade is currently capable of operating three battlegroups, one formed around 1st Armoured Regiment as an armour-heavy formation and the other two around 5 RAR and 7 RAR operating as mechanised infantry formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Recent years\nIn the first decade of the 21st century, units of the brigade have undertaken deployments to East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), History, Planned restructure\nIn late 2011, the Australian government announced that under a restructuring program known as Plan Beersheba, the 1st, 3rd and 7th Brigades would be reformed as combined arms Combat Brigades. Each will have a similar structure and capabilities, consisting of: a Brigade Headquarters, an Armoured Cavalry Regiment, two Standard Infantry Battalions, an Artillery Regiment, a Combat Engineer Regiment, a Combat Service Support Battalion and a Combat Signals Regiment. Under the new plan, the 2nd Cavalry Regiment was transferred to the 3rd Brigade in October\u2013November 2014, transitioning to the ACR structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), Present formation\nAs at 2011 the 1st Brigade was made up of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158746-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Australia), Present formation\nIn October 2017, the 1st Armoured Regiment moved from Robertson Barracks in Darwin to RAAF Base Edinburgh, joining 7 RAR which moved there in 2010\u20132011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158747-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Ireland)\nThe 1st Brigade (1 BDE) (Irish: 1\u00fa Briog\u00e1id) is a brigade of the Irish Army. The brigade, which was known as 1st (Southern) Brigade until the 2012 reorganisation of the army, has its headquarters in Collins Barracks in Cork. The 1st Brigade is responsible for military operations in the south of Ireland. Its area of responsibility includes the counties of Galway, Offaly, Laois, Carlow, Kilkenny, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158747-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Ireland)\nIt is also responsible for the security of a number of \"vital installations\" including civil transport infrastructure sites such as Cork Harbour, Cork Airport, Shannon Airport and Farranfore Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand)\nThe 1st Brigade is currently the largest unit of the New Zealand Army, and contains most of the army's deployable units. The brigade was formed on 13 December 2011 by amalgamating the 2nd Land Force Group and 3rd Land Force Group. Its establishment formed part of the 'Army 2015' package of reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand)\nPrevious 1st Brigades in the New Zealand Army have included a brigade in the Middle East and France, 1916\u201319, a home defence formation active during the Second World War (part of the North Island home defence 1st Division), and a 1 Brigade / Integrated Expansion Force formed to direct three Territorial Force-formed battalions in the 1970s and 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, First World War\nThe 1st Brigade came into being in Egypt in early 1916, when the New Zealand and Australian Division was re-organised in the wake of the Gallipoli Campaign, and the New Zealand Division was formed. Under the command of Brigadier General Harry Fulton, the brigade initially consisted of four infantry battalions, being the 1st Battalions of the Auckland, Canterbury, Otago and Wellington Regiments. In this configuration, the brigade was transferred to the Western Front in Europe, and fought through the Battle of the Somme before the New Zealand Division was restructured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, First World War\nThis saw the brigade reconfigured, swapping its two South Island battalions (the 1st Canterbury and 1st Otago) with the two North Island battalions (2nd Auckland and 2nd Wellington) of the 2nd Brigade. This placed all the North Island battalions in the 1st Brigade while all the South Island formations were in the 2nd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, First World War\nFollowing this, the brigade fought in the Battle of Messines and the Third Battle of Ypres during 1917, before helping to turn back the German spring offensive in early 1918, and then taking part in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive in the final months of the war. After the armistice, the brigade was committed briefly to post war occupation duties until the New Zealand Division disbanded in early 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Second World War\nThe 1st Infantry Brigade was re-established prior to the Second World War as a Territorial Force formation manned by part-time reservists. At the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, it formed part of the field force for the Northern District. At this time it commanded the 1st Hauraki Regiment (headquartered at Paeroa), 1st North Auckland Regiment (Whangarei) and 1st Waikato Regiment (Hamilton).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Second World War\nOn 1 November 1941, the 1st Brigade became part of the newly formed Northern Division in the Northern Military District. The division's two brigades were the 1st and 12th Brigade Groups. Later the Northern Division became the 1st Division. The 12th Brigade Group was one of the new headquarters, and both these units continued to be manned by reservists. During early 1942, camps were constructed for the 1st Brigade Group in South Auckland and the 12th Brigade Group at Kaikohe. The 1st Brigade subsequently moved to a camp near Warkworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Second World War\nAfter the threat of invasion passed, the 1st Brigade and the other home defence formations were reduced in size during 1943. By the end of the year the seven brigade (including 1st Brigade) and three divisional headquarters comprised a total of 44 personnel, with the soldiers assigned to the Territorial Force units they once commanded having been demobilised. All of these headquarters were disbanded on 1 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Post war\nIn 1950, Northern Military District directed four subordinate Area Headquarters, being Area 1 (HQ Auckland), Area 2 (HQ Tauranga), Area 3 (HQ Whangarei), and Area 4 (HQ Hamilton).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Post war\nIn 1963, the Combat Brigade Group (1st Brigade) was established, based on the Northern Military District headquarters at Auckland. Headquarters Northern Military District was disestablished in 1970 and the headquarters became home to Field Force Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158748-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (New Zealand), History, Reformation\nIn 2011 the 1st Brigade was reformed from the headquarters of the 2nd Land Force Group at Linton Camp. Its role upon formation was to command all of the New Zealand Army's operational units, other than the 1st New Zealand Special Air Service Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158749-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade (Slovenian Armed Forces)\n1st Brigade (Slovene: 1. brigada) is one of two Infantry brigades of the Slovenian Armed Forces and provides combat forces. The other is the 72nd Brigade, which provides combat support forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158750-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines)\nThe 1st Brigade Combat Team, Philippine Army, is the Philippine Army's current primary combined arms and rapid deployment unit. It was formed out of a new concept that was among the lessons learned from the Battle of Marawi against terrorist forces in urban environment. It would also be the primary unit for territorial defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158750-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines)\nThe maneuver components of the 1BCT are two infantry battalions and one mechanized infantry battalion plus maneuver support consisting of specialized enablers such as field artillery and engineer combat battalions, reconnaissance company and units from signal, intelligence, civil-military operations, military police, explosive ordnance, CBRN (chemical biological radiological and nuclear), and sustainment components composed of a forward service support unit and a forward medical platoon. It should have around 1,500 officers and enlisted personnel at full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158750-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines), History\nIt is expected that the unit will undergo its first joint military training with US forces in the upcoming Salaknib and Balikatan Exercises slated for 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158750-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines), History\nIt has been reported by Philippine Media on 30 May 2019 that the 1st Brigade Combat Team will be assigned to the 11th Infantry Division in Sulu to aid in the operations against the Abu Sayyaf. These troops arrived on board the BRP Tarlac (LD-601) on 31 May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158750-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines), History\nOn 28 June 2019, two suicide bombers detonated themselves at the gate of the tactical command post of the First Brigade Combat Team (1BCT) in Sitio Tanjung, Barangay Kajatian, Sulu. The blast killed three soldiers and three civilians as well as the bombers. It is believed that this is the first instance of a suicide bombing conducted by native Filipinos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158750-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team (Philippines), Current Units (as of December 2018)\nThe following are the units attached with the 1st Brigade Combat Team:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\nThe 1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division is an active Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the United States Army based at Fort Drum in New York. The brigade headquarters carries the lineage of the 10th Mountain Division's original headquarters company, and served as such in World War II, and in peacetime at Fort Riley, Fort Benning, and West Germany in the 1940s and 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)\nThe brigade was activated in April 1986, at Fort Drum, New York, when the 10th Mountain Division was reactivated as one of the Army's new Light Infantry Divisions. 1st Brigade and its subordinates saw numerous deployments to contingencies around the world in the 1990s. With the Global War on Terrorism the brigade has seen multiple deployments to Afghanistan to support Operation Enduring Freedom and to Iraq to support Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), Organization\nThe brigade currently consists of seven subordinate battalions. The core of the brigade's combat power are its three infantry battalions: 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment; the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry Regiment; and the 1st Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment. The 3rd Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment provides reconnaissance to the Brigade Combat Team, while the 3rd Battalion, 6th Field Artillery Regiment provides field artillery support. The 7th Brigade Engineer Battalion provides combat engineering, military intelligence, and signal services, and the 10th Brigade Support Battalion provides the brigade's logistics support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 77], "content_span": [78, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), Organization\n1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) \"Warrior\", 10th Mountain Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 77], "content_span": [78, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1980s\nOn 13 February 1985, the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) was reactivated at Fort Drum, New York. In accordance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan, the division was no longer centered around regiments, instead two brigades were activated under the division. The 1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division was activated at Fort Drum while the 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division was activated at Fort Benning, moving to Fort Drum in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 79], "content_span": [80, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s\nHurricane Andrew struck South Florida on 24 August 1992, killing 13 people, leaving another 250,000 homeless and causing damages in excess of 20\u00a0billion dollars. On 27 September 1992, the 10th Mountain Division assumed responsibility for Hurricane Andrew disaster relief as Task Force Mountain. Division soldiers set up relief camps, distributed food, clothing, medical necessities and building supplies, as well as helping to rebuild homes and clear debris. The last of the 6,000 division soldiers to deployed to Florida returned home in October 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 79], "content_span": [80, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s, Operation Restore Hope\nOn 3 December 1993, the division headquarters was designated as the headquarters for all Army Forces (ARFOR) of the Unified Task Force (UNITAF) for Operation Restore Hope. Major General Steven L. Arnold, the division Commander, was named Army Forces commander. The 10th Mountain Division's mission was to secure major cities and roads to provide safe passage of relief supplies to the Somali population suffering from the effects of the Somali Civil War. Due to 10th Mountain Division efforts, humanitarian agencies declared an end to the food emergency and factional fighting decreased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 103], "content_span": [104, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s, Operation Restore Hope\nWhen Task Force Ranger and the SAR team were pinned down during a raid in what later became known as the Battle of Mogadishu, 10th Mountain units provided infantry for the UN quick reaction force sent to rescue them. The 10th had 2 soldiers killed in the fighting, which was the longest sustained firefight by regular US Army forces since the Vietnam War. The division began a gradual reduction of forces in Somalia in February 1993, until the last soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry returned to the United States in March 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 103], "content_span": [104, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s, Operation Uphold Democracy\nThe division formed the nucleus of the Multinational Force Haiti (MNF Haiti) and Joint Task Force 190 (JTF 190) in Haiti during Operation Uphold Democracy. More than 8,600 of the division's troops deployed during this operation. On 19 September 1994, the 1st Brigade conducted the Army's first air assault from an aircraft carrier. This force consisted of 54 helicopters and almost 2,000 soldiers. They occupied the Port-au-Prince International Airport. This was the largest Army air operation conducted from a carrier since the Doolittle Raid in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 107], "content_span": [108, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 1990s, Operation Uphold Democracy\nThe division's mission was to create a secure and stable environment so the government of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide could be reestablished and democratic elections held. After this was accomplished, the 10th Mountain Division handed over control of the MNF-Haiti to the 25th Infantry Division on 15 January 1995. The Division redeployed the last of its soldiers who served in Haiti by 31 January 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 107], "content_span": [108, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism\nIn late 2001, following the 11 September 2001 attacks, elements of the brigade's 1-87th Infantry, deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. These forces remained in the country until mid-2002, fighting to secure remote areas of the country and participating in prominent operations such as Operation Anaconda, the Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, and the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi. The division also participated in fighting in the Shahi Khot Valley in 2002. Upon the return of the battalions, they were welcomed home and praised by President George W. Bush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 104], "content_span": [105, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism\nIn summer 2003, the TF Warrior returned to Afghanistan, relieving TF Devil from the 82nd Airborne Division for Operation Enduring Freedom IV. For more than 6 months, they operated in the frontier regions of the country such as Paktika Province, going places previously untouched by the war in search of Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces. Fighting in several small-scale conflicts such as Operation Avalanche, Operation Mountain Resolve, and Operation Mountain Viper, the division maintained a strategy of small units moving through remote regions of the country to interact directly with the population and drive out insurgents. The 1st Brigade also undertook a number of humanitarian missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 104], "content_span": [105, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism\nUpon redeployment in 2004, the brigade began the process of transformation into a modular brigade combat team. On 16 September 2004, the brigade officially became the 1st Brigade Combat Team, sending the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry Regiment to the newly formed 3rd BCT, and receiving the permanent assignment of the 3rd Battalion, 6th Field Artillery and 10th Support Battalion. The brigade also activated a new special troops battalion to consolidate the formerly separate engineer, signal and military intelligence elements, and the 1st Squadron, 71st Cavalry to provide reconnaissance for the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 104], "content_span": [105, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism\nThe brigade returned to Afghanistan from 2010\u20132011. While one infantry battalion, the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment, deployed in January 2010, the brigade officially assumed responsibilities for its mission in May 2010. The 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry advised the Kabul Military Training Center, the rest of the brigade conducted training and joint operations with Afghan Police and the Afghan National Army 209th Corps in northern Afghanistan, the provinces of Faryab, Balkh, Kunduz and Baghlan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 104], "content_span": [105, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism\nThe brigade returned again to Afghanistan from February through November 2013, advising the 203rd Afghan Corps in Ghazni and Paktya Provinces as \"Cross Functional Team Warrior\". Under the command of COL Stephen Michael, the brigade advised and assisted the 2nd and 3rd brigades of the 203rd Corps, other Afghan National Army units, and various types of Afghan police, and also supervised the retrograde and redeployment of equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 104], "content_span": [105, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism\nIn October 2014, the brigade reorganized under the BCT 2020 structure. The major changes were the addition of a third infantry battalion, the conversion of the brigade special troops battalion into a brigade engineer battalion, and the reflagging of the brigade's cavalry squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 104], "content_span": [105, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism\nIn August 2015, 1,250 soldiers from the brigade were deployed to Iraq to support Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 104], "content_span": [105, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), History, 2000s, Global War on Terrorism\nOn 5 December 2019, the Department of the Army announced that the 1st Brigade Combat Team would replace the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division as part of a unit rotation in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel. The brigade deployed to Afghanistan February 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 104], "content_span": [105, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158751-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), Lineage and honors\nThe division has received several awards over the course of its history, including the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 83], "content_span": [84, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158752-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States)\nThe 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division is an Armored Brigade Combat Team of the United States Army, stationed at Fort Bliss, TX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158752-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States)\nFirst organized in 1942, as Combat Command A, 1st Armored Division, the unit has fought in North Africa and Italy in World War II, as well as 4 tours in Operation Iraqi Freedom. As the 3rd Constabulary Regiment, the brigade conducted stability operations in Germany after World War II. After service at Fort Hood and in Germany during the Cold War, the brigade conducted three peacekeeping rotations in the Balkans (Bosnia, Macedonia and Kosovo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158752-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States), Organization\nThe current organization of the brigade, as of November 2019, is as follows;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 75], "content_span": [76, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158752-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States), Campaign Participation Credit\nThe 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division participated in the World War II campaigns of: Tunisia; Naples-Foggia; Anzio; Rome-Arno; North Apennines; and Po Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 92], "content_span": [93, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158752-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division (United States), Campaign Participation Credit\nIn the War On Terrorism, the brigade has participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Freedom Sentinel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 92], "content_span": [93, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States)\nThe 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (the \"First Iron Horse Brigade, First Cavalry Division\")is a cavalry unit of the United States Army based in Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nIt was constituted 29 August 1917 in the United States Army as Headquarters, 1st Cavalry Brigade. The brigade was organized as part of the 15th Cavalry Division in February 1917 at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe brigade's initial wartime service was patrolling the United States\u2013Mexico border, until demobilization on 14 July 1919, at Brownsville, Texas. Operating from horseback, the cavalry was charged with halting the band of smugglers that operated along the desolate Mexican border, performing duties that are today performed by the United States Border Patrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe brigade was later reconstituted 20 August 1920 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 1st Cavalry Brigade, an element of the 1st Cavalry Division. On 1 September 1921, the unit organized at Camp Harry J. Jones, in Douglas, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe brigade fought as infantry in the Pacific Theater of World War II, as did the entire 1st Cavalry Division. It fought on New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Philippines, earning both the United States and the Philippines Presidential Unit Citation. The brigade deactivated 2 March 1949 in Japan and was relieved from assignment from the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe 1st Brigade Headquarters was converted and redesignated as Headquarters, 1st Constabulary Brigade, on 20 May 1949, and served in Germany. The brigade was relieved from assignment to the United States Constabulary on 24 November 1950. On 15 August 1951, they deactivated in Germany and disbanded on 5 December 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe brigade was again reconstituted in the Regular Army, converted, and redesignated on 15 July 1963, as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. The unit was activated on 1 September 1963 in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe 1st Brigade was transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia, in July 1963 and deployed to Vietnam with the 1st Cavalry Division in 1965; and existed as an Airborne Brigade from July 1965 to July 1966. Major operations included the Pleiku Campaign, operations in War zone C (III Corps), the Cambodian Campaign, and operations throughout War zone D. The brigade returned to Fort Hood in July 1971. In June 1972, the brigade received the official designation of \"IRONHORSE\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe brigade deployed to Operation Desert Shield/Storm in October 1990 and conducted military operations with allied forces throughout the 6-month Gulf War. The 1st Brigade redeployed to Fort Hood, Texas, in April 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nSince then, elements of the brigade have deployed to Guantanamo Bay from May\u2013June 1992 for Operation Island Sentinel, to the Emirate of Kuwait, and the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, for annual training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nIn April 1998, the brigade was alerted for peace enforcement duty in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of Stabilization Forces (SFOR) 4 on Operation Joint Forge. For this mission, the 8th Cavalry Regiment from the 2nd Blackjack Brigade was attached to the 1st Brigade. The 12th Cavalry Regiment was attached to the 2nd Brigade since at the time of deployment they were receiving and fielding the M1A2 tank. The brigade deployed to Bosnia from August 1998 until March 1999 and was crucial to maintaining peace and stability during a very critical and potentially violent time in Bosnia where new governments were forming and the post-war tension was at its peak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nIn 2002 the 1st brigade was the first brigade in the First Cavalry Division to transition to Force XXI and received the new M1A2 SEP (System Enhancement Package) tank into its two tank battalions (1\u201312 Cav and 2\u20138 Cav) in addition to other modernized, digitally enhanced equipment. In March 2004 the 1st Bde. Deployed along with the rest of the 1st Cav in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II. It was responsible for securing the eastern part of Baghdad, specifically Sadr City and the surrounding area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nAfter a grueling year of combat operations, mostly against Shia Militias, the 1st Brigade redeployed to Ft Hood in March 2005. In November 2006 the 1st deployed yet again to Iraq for OIF 06-08, this time securing the area around Taji 30\u00a0miles north of Baghdad. The brigade redeployed to Ft Hood in January 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nAbout 600 soldiers from the US Army's 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division are to deploy to Poland and the Baltic States in October 2014 to help reassure the European allies of the United States who feel threatened by Russian military moves. The brigade will be the next unit to take part in ongoing land forces exercises that fall under the umbrella of Operation Atlantic Resolve", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nIn May 2018, the Ironhorse Brigade again deployed to Poland and Eastern Europe in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve. In February 2019, the brigade redeployed back to Ft. Hood relinquishing the mission to 1-1 Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 70], "content_span": [71, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158753-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States), Decorations\nThe 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division has the following decorations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 74], "content_span": [75, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (aka, \"Devil Brigade\") is a maneuver brigade combat team in the United States Army. It is the oldest permanent brigade in the Army and has some of the oldest units in the United States Army. Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 1st Brigade served in World War I, Vietnam, Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Its most notable campaigns include the Aisne-Marne, Meuse-Argonne, Picardy, Tet Counteroffensive and the Liberation and Defense of Kuwait. Since Desert Storm, the \"Devil Brigade\" has deployed to Bosnia, Kuwait, and to Korea to participate in a 2nd Infantry Division exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, World War I\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company was constituted 24 May 1917 into the Regular Army as Headquarters, 1st Brigade, an element of the 1st Expeditionary Division (later redesignated as the 1st Infantry Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 84], "content_span": [85, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II\nThe 1st Infantry Brigade was stationed in New York City, as part of the 1st Infantry Division until 11 October 1939, when it was inactivated when the division was converted to a Triangular Table of Organization and Equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 85], "content_span": [86, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II\nAfter the army's conversion to the triangular division, only two separate brigades were formed during World War II, the 1st Airborne Infantry Brigade and the 2nd Airborne Infantry Brigade. The 1st Airborne Infantry Brigade was formed at Fort Benning, Georgia, on 20 July 1942 originally as the 1st Parachute Infantry Brigade. The unit changed its name from \"parachute\" to \"airborne\" after having the 88th Glider Infantry Regiment assigned to it. After having its units removed and sent to different theatres the brigade was disbanded seven months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 85], "content_span": [86, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Cold War\nUnder the United States Army's pentomic reorganisation, the 1st Infantry Brigade was recreated as an independent unit at Ft. Benning from 1958 to 1962. When the First Brigade rejoined the 1st Infantry Division the brigade was renamed the 197th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 81], "content_span": [82, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nOn 23 July 2003, US Army Forces Command alerted the 1st Brigade for deployment to the Iraq Theater of Operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The brigade deployed its main body starting on 2 September, closing in Kuwait by 11 September. Initially attached to the 82nd Airborne Division, the brigade occupied Area of Operations Topeka and conducted Transition of Authority with the 3rd Squadron, 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment, on 26 September. On 20 March 2004, CJTF-7 attached 1st Brigade to the 1st Marine Division to continue its offensive operations in AO Topeka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 96], "content_span": [97, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn the following twelve months, the brigade's offensive operations killed 541 insurgents, wounded 101 more, and detained over 2,081 enemy fighters, including the capture of 18 high-value targets and 20 foreign fighters. The brigade responded to hundreds of small arms and RPG engagements, as well as over 550 IED (improvised explosive device) attacks. In order to disrupt the enemy's ability to conduct operations, the brigade captured 41 heavy machine guns, 175 RPG launchers, 3,134 mortar and artillery rounds, 1,781 rockets, and 17 surface-to-air missiles. In addition to combat operations, the brigade formed and trained the 60th Iraqi National Guard Brigade, including the 500th, 501st, and 502nd ING Battalions. 1st Brigade also sponsored over $23.8\u00a0million in civil projects in the Al Anbar province. The BCT returned to Fort Riley in September 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 96], "content_span": [97, 954]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn January 2005 the 1st Brigade was again called upon to prepare for deployment for OIF. The brigade spent the majority of 2005 refitting and training for deployment in fall 2005. This training culminated with the brigade's deployment to the Joint Readiness Training Center in August and September 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 96], "content_span": [97, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn January 2006 the 1st Brigade received a mission change and began restructuring in order to better train military transition teams for their deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 96], "content_span": [97, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nSeveral security force companies, or SECFOR companies, began preparing to deploy to Iraq in the fall of 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 96], "content_span": [97, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158754-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nOn 23 September 2009, the brigade officially moved the military transition team mission to Fort Polk, Louisiana, and stood up as a deployable heavy brigade combat team. The last of the MiTTs trained by the brigade completed their mission in October 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 96], "content_span": [97, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158755-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division\nThe 1st Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division is an active Airborne Brigade of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158756-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Georgia Militia\nThe 1st Brigade Georgia Militia was raised for service with the Continental Army as part of the Georgia Militia. The regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158757-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Royal Field Artillery\nI Brigade, Royal Field Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery which served in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158757-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade Royal Field Artillery\nIt was composed of 13th, 67th and 69th Batteries, and on mobilisation in August 1914 was stationed at Edinburgh under Scottish Command. It was attached to 27th Infantry Division in October, when it was reformed to consist of 98th, 132nd and 133rd Batteries. In November, these were joined by 11th Battery from 15th Brigade, and in July 1916 133rd Battery was transferred to 129th Brigade and replaced with B/CXXIX (Howitzer) Battery, renamed D/I Battery. In December 1916, 98th Battery was disbanded, leaving a three-battery establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158758-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 104th Division (United States)\nThe 1st Brigade, 104th Division is an training brigade of the United States Army. It is a training component of the United States Army Reserve, and subordinate to the 104th Division based in Fort Lewis, Washington. It is primarily responsible for One Station Unit Training, Basic Combat Training and Military Police instruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158758-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 104th Division (United States)\nThe 1st Brigade traces its lineage back to the old headquarters element of the division. The 104th Infantry Division's original headquarters element was first constituted on 24 June 1921 as the 104th Division, before being organized and activated in October of that year in Salt Lake City, Utah. Assigned to the division were the 207th and 208th Infantry Brigades, containing the 413th, 414th, 415th, and 416th Infantry Regiments. As a unit of the Organized Reserves, the division represented assets from the states of Washington and Montana, among other areas of the northwest United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158758-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 104th Division (United States)\nIn 1967, the division's former headquarters element became 1st Brigade, 104th Division, activated at Vancouver Barracks. At this time, the army began consolidating its training units across the country, and as a result, the 104th Division took on missions of One Station Unit Training, Basic Combat Training, Advanced Individual Training, and Combat Support training. 1st Brigade took on basic combat training, a role it continues to this day", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158758-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 104th Division (United States)\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, the brigade also took on One Station Unit Training and training for Military Police units. In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure process included the closure of the Vancouver Barracks, and the 1st Brigade, 104th Division was subsequently relocated to Fort Lewis, Washington, though its duties remained the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158759-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (formerly the 169th Infantry Brigade) was an infantry brigade of the United States Army. Before its most recent deactivation in 2006, it was based at Fort Stewart, Georgia. It was a divisional brigade of the 24th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158759-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History\nThe brigade traces its lineage back to the 169th Infantry Brigade active as a part of the 85th Infantry Division. The 169th Infantry Brigade was active from 25 February 1921 to 1942, when it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158759-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Cold War\nIn January 1963 the 24th was reorganized as a mechanized infantry division under the Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD) TO&E, which replaced the Pentomic battle groups with conventionally sized battalions, organized in three combined arms brigades. The 169th Infantry Brigade, previously assigned to the 85th Infantry Division was redesignated the 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division. The 85th Division's 170th Infantry Brigade was redesignated the 2nd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division. The 190th Infantry Brigade, previously assigned to the 95th Infantry Division, became the 3rd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158759-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Cold War\nThe division remained in Germany (Augsburg, Munich) until September 1968 when it redeployed 1st and 2nd Brigades Fort Riley, Kansas, as part of Exercise REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany) while 3rd Brigade was maintained in Germany. As the Army withdrew from Vietnam and reduced its forces, the 24th Infantry Division and its three brigades were inactivated on 15 April 1970 at Fort Riley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158759-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Cold War\nOn 21 September 1975 the 24th Infantry Division was activated at Fort Stewart, Georgia, as part of the program to build a sixteen-division force. Because the Regular Army could not field a full division at Fort Stewart, the 24th had the 48th Infantry Brigade, Georgia Army National Guard, assigned to it as a round-out unit in place of 3rd Brigade. Targeted for a NATO role, the division was reorganized as a mechanized division in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158759-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Gulf War\nThe following units reinforced the Brigade during the Gulf War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158759-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Gulf War\nWhen the United Nations decided to intervene in Kuwait in 1990, the 24th, which was part of the Rapid Deployment Force, was one of the first units deployed to Southwest Asia. Some controversy erupted when the division's round-out unit, the 48th Infantry Brigade, was found to be unprepared for deployment. The brigade was replaced once the division was in Saudi Arabia with the regular Army 197th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized). The division was assigned to XVIII Airborne Corps and, once the attack commenced, the division blocked the Euphrates River valley to cut off Iraqi forces in Kuwait. It then moved east with VII Corps, engaging several Iraqi Republican Guard divisions. At this time, the division ranks swelled to over 25,000 troops in 34 battalions. Iraqi forces defeated, the UN mandated that the US forces withdraw from Iraq, ending the Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158759-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States), History, Gulf War\nReturning to the United States in the spring of 1991, the 24th was reorganized with all its elements in the Regular Army, two brigades at Fort Stewart and the 3rd Brigade reactivated at Fort Benning, Georgia, replacing the 197th Infantry Brigade. In the fall of 1994 Iraq again menaced the Kuwaiti border, and two brigades from the division returned to Southwest Asia. As part of the Army's reduction to a ten-division force, the 24th Infantry Division was inactivated on 15 February 1996, and reflagged to become the 3rd Infantry Division. Its three brigades were reflagged as 3rd Infantry Division brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158760-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division was an infantry brigade of the United States Army, and a part of the 7th Infantry Division. The brigade was based at Fort Ord, California for most of its history. After the Korean War, it was activated as a brigade in 1963, and was returned to the United States where it saw action in Operation Just Cause and Operation Golden Pheasant before being finally deactivated in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158760-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 7th ID remained in Korea near the DMZ from the truce in \u201853 into the early 70\u2019s, participating in \u201cThe Second Korean War\u201d from 1967 to 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158760-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States), History, Post-Korean War\nIn the wake of the Korean War, between 1953 and 1971, the 7th Infantry Division defended the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Its main garrison was Camp Casey, South Korea. During this period, the division was restructured in compliance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions tables of organization. In 1963, the division's former headquarters company grew into the 1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division. On 2 April 1971, the division and its brigades returned to the United States and inactivated at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 76], "content_span": [77, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158760-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States), History, Post-Korean War\nIn October 1974 the 7th and two brigades reactivated at their former garrison, Fort Ord. The division was tasked to keep a close watch on South American developments. It trained at Fort Ord, Camp Roberts, and Fort Hunter Liggett. On 1 October 1985 the division redesignated as the 7th Infantry Division (Light), organized again as a light infantry division. The various battalions of the 17th, 31st, and 32nd Regiments moved from the division, replaced by battalions from other regiments, including battalions from the 21st Infantry Regiment, the 27th Infantry Regiment, and the 9th Infantry Regiment. The 27th Infantry and the 9th Infantry Regiment participated in Operation Golden Pheasant in Honduras. In 1989 the 1st Brigade (or 9th Infantry Regiment as it was more commonly known), 7th Infantry Division participated in Operation Just Cause in Panama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 76], "content_span": [77, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158760-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States), History, Post-Korean War\nThe 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the closing of Fort Ord due to the escalating cost of living on the central California coastline. By 1994, the garrison was to be closed and the division was to relocate to Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 76], "content_span": [77, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158760-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States), History, Post-Korean War\nIn 1993 the division was slated to move to Fort Lewis, WA and inactivate as part of the post-Cold War drawdown of the US Army. The 1st Brigade relocated to Ft. Lewis and was later reflagged as the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division while the division headquarters formally inactivated on 16 June 1994 at Fort Lewis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 76], "content_span": [77, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158761-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, Polish Legions\nBrigade I of the Polish Legions (Polish: I Brygada Legion\u00f3w Polskich, Austrian German: Brigade I der Polnischen Legion, Hungarian: A Lengyel L\u00e9gi\u00f3 I. Dand\u00e1rja) was a unit of Austro-Hungarian Army, manned by Poles under Austrian occupation, part of the Polish Legions in World War I, existing from 1914 to 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158761-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, Polish Legions, History\nThe First Brigade was formed on December 19, 1914, as part of the Polish Legions in World War I. Until October 1916 the First Brigade was commanded by J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, thereafter by Marian \u017begota-Januszajtis. The First Brigade and the Third Brigade were disbanded after the 1917 Oath Crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158761-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, Polish Legions, History\nThe March of the First Brigade was one of the best-known songs of the Polish Legions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158761-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, Polish Legions, Organization\nThe First Brigade comprised 3 infantry regiments (the 1st, 5th and 7th), a cavalry regiment (the 1st), artillery battalions, and support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158761-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, Polish Legions, Composition\nThe First Brigade consisted mostly of young soldiers of intelligentsia origin from Congress Poland. Unlike regular military units characterised by military drill, relations between First Brigade soldiers and officers were collegial. The unit was inspired by Napoleonic-era ideas and the Polish uprisings, especially the January Uprising of 1863. Another characteristic of the First Brigade was its total devotion to commander J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, seen as the only military, moral and political authority by his soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158761-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Brigade, Polish Legions, Composition\nMany writers, painters and other personalities of cultural life, served in the First Brigade. They include Wac\u0142aw Sieroszewski, Andrzej Strug, Gustaw Dani\u0142owski, W\u0142odzimierz Tetmajer or Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158762-0000-0000", "contents": "1st British Academy Film Awards\nThe 1st British Film Academy Awards (retroactively known as the British Academy Film Awards), were handed out on 29 May 1949 at the Odeon Cinema, Leicester Square, in London, for films shown in the United Kingdom in 1947 and 1948. They were presented by the British Film Academy (currently, British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA)), an organisation established in 1947 by filmmakers from Great Britain, for the \"advancement of the art and technique of the film\". The Academy bestowed accolades in three categories: Best British Film, Best Picture from any source - British or Foreign and a Special Award. British film producer Michael Balcon chaired the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158762-0001-0000", "contents": "1st British Academy Film Awards\nOdd Man Out won Best British Film. Best Film from any source - British or Foreign was awarded to American film The Best Years of Our Lives. Documentary, The World Is Rich received the Special Award. Bronze trophies, designed by Henry Moore were given to the director of the films, on behalf of the motion pictures' production units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158762-0002-0000", "contents": "1st British Academy Film Awards, Winners\nWinners highlighted in boldface. All sources used in this article make no mention of nominees in any of the categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158763-0000-0000", "contents": "1st British Academy Games Awards\nThe 1st British Academy Video Games Awards, awarded by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, was an award ceremony held in 2004. The ceremony honoured achievement in 2003. Grand Theft Auto: Vice City was the major winner on the night, taking six out of the eight awards available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158764-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Burma Infantry Brigade\nThe 1st Burma Infantry Brigade was an Infantry formation of the British Burma Army during World War II. It was formed in July 1941, when it was converted from the Maymyo Infantry Brigade Area and assigned to the 1st Burma Infantry Division. In June 1942, it was redesignated 106th Indian Infantry Brigade and became part of the British Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158765-0000-0000", "contents": "1st CC.NN. Division \"23 Marzo\"\nThe 1st CC.NN. Division \"23 Marzo\" (Italian: 1\u00aa Divisione CC.NN. \"23 Marzo\") was an Italian CC.NN. (Blackshirts militia division (similar to the Sturmabteilung in Nazi-Germany), formed to participate in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War against Ethiopia in the mid-1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158765-0001-0000", "contents": "1st CC.NN. Division \"23 Marzo\"\nDuring the Second World War it was encircled at Bardia and surrendered to British forces in January 1941. It was named \"23 Marzo\" (23 March) in honor of the founding of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento on 23 March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158765-0002-0000", "contents": "1st CC.NN. Division \"23 Marzo\", Order of Battle (1935\u201336)\nThe supply unit had 1600 mules and the mixed transport unit 80 light trucks. The division engaged in war crimes in Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158765-0003-0000", "contents": "1st CC.NN. Division \"23 Marzo\", Order of battle (1940)\nThe division took part in the invasion of Egypt in 1940 and was destroyed during the British counter-offensive Operation Compass at the Battle of Bardia in Libya in January 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158765-0004-0000", "contents": "1st CC.NN. Division \"23 Marzo\", Russia\nFor the Italian campaign in Russia the regiment-sized 1st CC.NN. Grouping \"23 Marzo\" was raised as unit of the Italian Army in Russia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158766-0000-0000", "contents": "1st CCNN Division \"Dio lo Vuole\"\nThe 1st Divisi\u00f3n \"Dio lo Vuole\" (\"God wills it\"), was one of the three Italian Blackshirts Divisions sent to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to make up the \"Corpo Truppe Volontarie\" (Corps of Volunteer Troops), or CTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158766-0001-0000", "contents": "1st CCNN Division \"Dio lo Vuole\"\n1st Divisi\u00f3n \"Dio lo vuole\" \u2013 Bgd. Gen. Edmondo Rossi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158766-0002-0000", "contents": "1st CCNN Division \"Dio lo Vuole\"\nThe Blackshirt (Camicie Nere, or CCNN) Divisions contained regular soldiers and volunteer militia from the National Fascist Party. The CCNN divisions were semi-motorised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158767-0000-0000", "contents": "1st CIMIC Battalion (Romania)\nThe 1st CIMIC Battalion, (Batalionul 1 Cooperare Civil-Militar\u0103) is the only Civil-Military cooperation battalion of the Romanian Land Forces and was formed in September 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158767-0001-0000", "contents": "1st CIMIC Battalion (Romania)\nIt is currently subordinated to the Romanian Staff Land Forces and its headquarters are located in Bucharest. The unit became completely operational in 2007 and it participated in peacekeeping missions in Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Bosnia, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Georgia, Iraq, Kosovo and Sudan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158768-0000-0000", "contents": "1st CPLP Summit\nThe I Conference of Heads of State and Government of the CPLP (Portuguese: I Confer\u00eancia de Chefes de Estado e de Governo da CPLP), commonly known as the 1st CPLP Summit (I Cimeira da CPLP) was the 1st biennial meeting of heads of state and heads of government of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, held at the Jer\u00f3nimos Monastery in Lisbon, Portugal, on 17 July 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158768-0001-0000", "contents": "1st CPLP Summit, Outcome\nThis summit formally created the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, after two years of multilateral negotiations and planning to create an intergovernmental organization around the community of countries with Portuguese as its official language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158768-0002-0000", "contents": "1st CPLP Summit, Outcome, Executive Secretary\nMarcolino Moco, former Prime Minister of Angola, was elected to serve as the inaugural Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158769-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cabinet of North Korea\nThe 1st Cabinet of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly on 9 September 1948. It was replaced on 20 September 1957 by the 2nd Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat. They served as a Coast Artillery unit and continued in existence as part of the Royal Garrison Artillery until being disbanded on the formation of the Territorial Force in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nEnthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 1st Caithness Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) was formed on 6 March 1860 at Wick, a 1st Sub-Division was formed at Thurso on 24 April, was increased to a battery and became the 2nd AVC on 28 December, and the 3rd AVC was formed at Lybster on 30 September 1861. In 1863 these units, together with the AVCs from Orkney and Ross-shire, were formed into the 1st Administrative Brigade, Caithness Artillery Volunteers, with its headquarters (HQ) at Wick, to which other Caithness units were added as they were formed:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nOnce a 5th Orkney AVC had been raised in 1865 there were moves for Orkney to have its own brigade, and this was organised on 15 March 1867; at the same time the 1st Ross-shire joined the 2nd Ross-shire in the 1st Inverness-shire Admin Brigade. In their place, the 1st Caithness Admin Brigade took over the AVCs in Sutherland from the Inverness-shire brigade, giving it the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nVolunteer corps were consolidated into larger units on 1 May 1880, when the 1st Admin Brigade became the 1st Caithness (Caithness and Sutherland) Artillery Volunteers, with the individual corps as numbered companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nFrom 1 April 1882 all AVCs were affiliated to a division of the Royal Artillery (RA), the Scottish Division in the case of the 1st Orkney, moving to the Southern Division when the numbers were reduced on 1 July 1889. In October 1882, the unit's HQ transferred from Wick to Thurso. In 1894, Nos 1 and 2 Companies at Wick ceased to exist, but in 1897 Mo 1 was resuscitated, the corps then consisting of seven garrison companies, No 2 being vacant. It had a drill battery at each station, and possessed six firing ranges for carbine practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nFrom 1 June 1899 all artillery volunteers became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), and when the RA abolished its divisional structure on 1 January 1902 the unit was redesignated the 1st Caithness (Caithness and Sutherland) Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nThe unit's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Sinclair, 7th Baronet of Dunbeath, commanded the 62nd (Middlesex) Company, Imperial Yeomanry, in the Second Boer War and was awarded a Distinguished Service Order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the unit was disbanded on 31 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe first uniform of the Caithness corps was similar to that of the Royal Artillery, but with scarlet cuffs and white cord and piping. Busbies and white belts were worn. The officers had silver lace, and their tunics were piped all round with silver cord, and had silver lace on the skirts. The early pattern brass shoulder title read 'C.A.V. ', later '1/RA/Caithness' in three tiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158770-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers, Commanding officers\nThe following served as commanding officer of the 1st Caithness Artillery Volunteers and Caithness RGA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158771-0000-0000", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion of Native Cavalry, California Volunteers was a cavalry battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Recruits were largely drawn from the Californio population (colloquially known as \"Native Californians\"), though its ranks included Yaqui and Mission Indians as well as immigrants from Mexico, Hispano America and Europe (particularly France). In addition to its ethnic makeup, the Battalion is also considered unusual for being one of the few lancer units in the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158771-0001-0000", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Battalion\nThe Battalion spent its entire term of service in California and Arizona Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158771-0002-0000", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Battalion, Service in Arizona\nAfter a grueling march across the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, the Battalion arrived at their new duty station, Fort Mason, near the settlement of Calabazas on the border in August, 1865. They were joined there by Companies D, E, and G of the 7th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry. From there, the Battalion was to act against the Apaches as well as patrol the International Line against incursions by the forces of the Mexican Empire and its French allies. The neighboring Mexican State of Sonora had recently fallen to Imperial forces (as part of the French Intervention), forcing Governor Ignacio Pesqueira to flee northward and take up temporary residence at Calabazas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158771-0003-0000", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Battalion, Service in Arizona\nService at Fort Mason was generally considered miserable. Because of its somewhat swampy (by Arizona standards) location on the banks of the Santa Cruz River, the men suffered from an epidemic which at one point rendered over half of them too sick for duty and led to 8 deaths, including two of the Battalion's officers. The post suffered from supply problems as well. These conditions caused construction of permanent buildings at the post to slow to a halt, leaving the men to live in tents and temporary brush shelters during their service there and generally curtailing, for a time, operations against the Apaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158771-0004-0000", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Battalion, Service in Arizona\nThese difficulties did not preclude all active service, however, from time to time, the Battalion was able to organize patrols and scouts. Notably, shortly after their arrival at Fort Mason, Captain Pico led a detachment across the border to Magdalena, Sonora in an unsuccessful effort to recover deserters being held by Imperialist forces there. Likewise, in November, 1865, in response to a cross-border incursion at the settlement of San Rafael by Col. Refugio Tanori and some 350 Opata militia loyal to the Imperialists, a force of Native Cavalrymen pursued the raiders as far south as \u00cdmuris, Sonora. Finally, the Battalion participated in a campaign against the Apaches from December 1865 to January 1866 which took them as far east as the Chiricahua Mountains and as far south as Fronteras, Sonora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158771-0005-0000", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Battalion, Service in Arizona\nThe Battalion left Arizona in February, 1866 and were mustered out in California the following March at Drum Barracks, and Company C in April in San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158772-0000-0000", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was first formed of five companies as 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry between August and October 31, 1861, at Camp Merchant near Oakland. After the battalion was organized it was sent to Southern California, three companies being stationed at Camp Latham, near Los Angeles, and two at Camp Carleton, near San Bernardino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158772-0000-0001", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Regiment\nNovember 20\u201329, 1861, a detachment under Second Lt. C. R. Wellman was stationed at Camp Wright, and pursued and captured Dan Showalter's party west of the San Jose Valley and Warner's Ranch. The battalion remained in Southern California until the spring of 1862, when it became part of the California Column, and formed the advance force of that Column during the march to New Mexico Territory and Texas. In 1863, the Regiment was brought to full strength when seven more companies were raised to bring it to a full strength of twelve companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158772-0000-0002", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Regiment\nThe five companies first organized were mustered out August 31, 1864, the terms of service of most of the men having expired. Two new companies, B and C, were organized in New Mexico, by consolidation of the few men whose terms had not expired, and by new enlistments, and two new companies were enlisted in California, A and E, which, upon the completion of their organization, were sent to Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158772-0000-0003", "contents": "1st California Cavalry Regiment\nAll of the companies of First Volunteer Cavalry (Companies B, C, F, G, H, K, and M) stationed in New Mexico and Texas, were ordered to assemble at Baird\u2019s Ranch, near Albuquerque, to be mustered out of the service, during the month of September, 1866. Company M was the last mustered out on the September 30, 1866. 1st Volunteer Cavalry Regiment spent its entire term of service in the western United States in California and New Mexico Territory and Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158773-0000-0000", "contents": "1st California Infantry Battalion (Veteran)\nThe 1st Battalion of California Veteran Infantry was a California Volunteer infantry battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent its entire term of service in the western United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158773-0001-0000", "contents": "1st California Infantry Battalion (Veteran), History\nThis battalion was organized at Franklin, Texas, under the command of Major Joseph Smith, (formerly of 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry) between November and December, 1864, by consolidating the veterans of the 1st Regiment California Volunteer Infantry, into two companies, which became Companies A and B, and consolidating the companies of the 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry into five companies, which became Companies C, D, E, F, and G, of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158773-0001-0001", "contents": "1st California Infantry Battalion (Veteran), History\nOn March 16, 1865, a Company F was broken up for the purpose of distributing the men among the other companies, due to the difficulty in obtaining recruits to keep up all the companies to the minimum required by law. The same order directed Colonel Rigg (formerly of 1st California Infantry) to assume command with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, with headquarters at Fort Craig. The battalion was mustered out in September 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158773-0002-0000", "contents": "1st California Infantry Battalion (Veteran), History\nWhen this battalion was mustered out in September 1866, officers and members who wished to be mustered out in California were consolidated into a company, under Captain William F. French, First Lieutenant Robert Edmiston, and Second Lieutenant William Oman and marched to the Presidio, San Francisco, where they arrived December 28, and were mustered out on December 31, 1866. The men of this company mustered out at the Presidio were accounted for in the individual record as having been \"discharged at San Francisco, December 31, 1866, by final muster out of the regiment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158774-0000-0000", "contents": "1st California Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Regiment California Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent its entire term of service in the western United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158774-0001-0000", "contents": "1st California Infantry Regiment, History\nMost of the 1st California was recruited from August to October 1861, with the exception of Company K, which was organized the following February. Many of its companies were formed from companies of the California Militia taken intact into federal service others from individuals drawn from the militia. James H. Carleton served as colonel, Joseph R. West as lieutenant colonel and Edwin A. Rigg as major. It came under the command of the Department of the Pacific (later it would come under the Department of New Mexico).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158774-0001-0001", "contents": "1st California Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter some training at Camp Downy near Oakland and Camp Latham near Los Angeles. Companies D, F and G were sent to establish and garrison Camp Wright, in November 1861. Detachments from the camp captured Daniel Showalter's party near Warner's Ranch, November 20\u201329, 1861. In December, 1861, five companies of the regiment were sent to Fort Yuma on the Colorado River and the others to various posts around Southern California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158774-0002-0000", "contents": "1st California Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was assigned to a force called the California Column, which was commanded by Carleton and composed of one infantry regiment (the 5th) and parts of two cavalry regiments (the 1st and 2nd) of California volunteers and a company of Regular artillery. The Column was formed to drive the Confederate Army of New Mexico out of the eastern part of the New Mexico Territory. Due to supply problems, the force did not move out until February 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158774-0002-0001", "contents": "1st California Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 1st Infantry saw fighting at the Battle of Picacho Pass (only Company I) and the Battle of Apache Pass (this battle was against Apache warriors, not Confederates). The regiment continued marching across the New Mexico Territory to Fort Craig. Picacho Pass was the only engagement against Confederate forces, since they had retreated back into Texas before the California Column reached eastern New Mexico and they made no attempt to recover the territory they lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158774-0003-0000", "contents": "1st California Infantry Regiment, History\nFor the remainder of the war, the 1st California Infantry was engaged in garrison duty dispersed in posts across New Mexico Territory and Texas and fighting Apache and Navajo Indians in these places and in the Utah Territory. The unit was mustered out on October 21, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158774-0004-0000", "contents": "1st California Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nThe lineage of the 1st California continued with the formation of the Coast Artillery Corps (CAC), California National Guard (CANG) on 19 April 1909. Subsequently, this unit was redesignated as the 1st Coast Defense Command (CDC) (1917), 1st Provisional Battalion, CAC, CANG (date unknown), 1st CDC (1921), 250th Coast Artillery (1923), and in 1924 became the 250th Coast Artillery Regiment (Tractor Drawn), which served in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0000-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion\n1st Battalion California Volunteer Mountaineers was an infantry battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent its entire term of service in the western United States, attached to the Department of the Pacific. It was organized from men from the counties of Humboldt, Mendocino, Trinity, Klamath, Siskiyou, and Del Norte, and other parts of California, between May 30, 1863, and March 16, 1864, for special service in the redwood forests and mountains that was being fought over in the Bald Hills War in Humboldt County within the Humboldt Military District. The Battalion mustered out June 14, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0001-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion\nIn a report to Lieut. Col. R. C. Drum, Assistant Adjutant-General, Department of the Pacific on October 13, 1862, following the escape of Lassic and several hundred other warriors from the Smith River Reservation, Col. Francis J. Lippitt, Commander of the Humboldt Military District:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0002-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion\nIn short, the state of things is far worse than when we arrived. My previous reports will suffice, I think, to show that for this result neither I nor my officers and men are responsible. The truth is, two companies of State volunteers could be raised here, consisting of old hunters and mountaineers familiar with the habits of the Indians and accustomed to hunt them, that would be of far more service than a whole regiment of the finest troops in the world, no matter how active and zealous they might be. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0003-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion\nGovernor Stanford called for the organization of the Mountaineer Battalion on the recommendation General Wright on February 7, 1863, in the following proclamation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0004-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion\nWhereas, Brigadier-General Wright, of the U. S. Army, commanding the Department of the Pacific, has called upon me for a battalion of six Companies of troops (infantry) for special service against the Indians in the Humboldt District, in this State, to serve until discharged by him:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0005-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion\nNow, therefore, I, Leland Stanford, Governor of the State of California and commander-in-chief of the militia thereof do call upon the citizens of the frontier counties of Humboldt, Mendocino, Trinity, Klamath, Siskiyou, and Del Norte, of this State, as many as shall be necessary to fill up the foregoing requisition, to organize themselves into companies, to be mustered into the service of the United States as hereby required. The requisite officers for this force will be commissioned by the Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0006-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion\nDone at Sacramento, Cal., this 7th day of February, in the year of our Lord 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0007-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion\nLELAND STANFORD, Governor. Attest:WM. H. WEEKS, Secretary of State. By A. A. H. TUTTLE, Deputy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0008-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion, Company assignments\nCaptain Ousley, with a detachment of fifteen men, had an engagement with the Indians on Willow Creek, about eight miles from Fort Gaston, Cal., in which Captain Ousley and two privates were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158775-0009-0000", "contents": "1st California Mountaineers Battalion, Company assignments\nOn December 26, 1863, Captain Ousley, with a detachment of thirty men, with mountain howitzer, attacked Indian fortifications on Christian Prairie, about twenty-three miles from Fort Gaston. Private C. Smith was wounded in the arm. The amount of damage done the enemy was two killed and several wounded. Two horses, two inules, four guns, several saddles, and some other articles of property were recovered, and the houses destroyed, together with a large quantity of Indian provisions. This engagement was participated in by detachments of Companies A, B, and C of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158776-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cambodian Parachute Regiment\nThe 1st Cambodian Parachute Battalion (Fr: 1er bataillon de parachutistes khmers) was a French paratroop battalion in French Indochina made up of Cambodian recruits during the colonial First Indochina War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158777-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Brigade\nThe 1st Canadian Army Tank Brigade, later known as 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, was an armoured brigade of the Canadian Army, raised during the Second World War. The brigade was composed of the 11th, 12th and 14th Canadian Armoured regiments and saw service in the Italian campaign and later in north-west Europe. It was one of only two independent Canadian armoured brigades in combat, the other being 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158777-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History\nThe 1st Canadian Tank Brigade was formed on 4 February 1941. The Ontario Regiment and The Three Rivers Regiment were transferred from the incomplete 1st Canadian Armoured Division to provide the nucleus of the 1st Canadian Tank Brigade in February 1941. In March, The Calgary Regiment joined the new brigade from 2nd Division. The Fort Garry Horse were also originally part of the brigade, but transferred to the 5th Canadian (Armoured) Division in May 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158777-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History\nThe 1st Tank Brigade moved to the United Kingdom in the summer of 1941; personnel arrived in the Clyde on 30 June and were promptly moved to Salisbury Plain where they were issued sufficient Churchill tanks for training. The Calgary Regiment participated in the disastrous Dieppe landing in 1942. Issued brand new M4 \"Sherman\" tanks, the entire brigade moved to the Mediterranean, with The Three Rivers Regiment participating in the assault landing at Pachino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158777-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History\nThe remainder of the brigade landed with the follow-up convoy of 13 July and served alongside the Three Rivers Regiment for the final weeks of the brief campaign in Sicily. The 1st Tank Brigade's role in the latter operations was largely one of fire support, the rugged terrain limiting the role of the armoured corps. The fight for Sicily ended with 1st Tank in reserve. Preparing for Operation Baytown, the landings on mainland Italy, it was redesignated 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade in August 1943. Although reorganized as an armoured brigade, no motor battalion served under command. Having established a reputation for both courage and skill, the Canadian tankers were in constant demand by senior British commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158777-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History\nThe brigade took part in the British Eighth Army's assault landing on the toe of Italy in Operation Baytown in September 1943. Its regiments participated in the Battles of Potenza, Termoli, Ortona. During the fourth and final Battle of Monte Cassino in May 1944, the brigade helped break the Gustav Line, crossing the Gari River in support of the 8th Indian Division. Its regiments helped the 1st Canadian Division and the British 78th Division in breaking the Hitler Line. It cooperated with the British XIII Corps in the Battle of Lake Trasimeno. It was active in the crossing of the Arno River and later fought on the Gothic Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158777-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History\nCombined with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and 5th Canadian Armoured Division as part of I Canadian Corps, the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade was moved from the Italian Front and joined the First Canadian Army in Northern Europe at the beginning of 1945. Here it participated in the crossing of the IJssel River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158777-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, History\nIn its two incarnations as 1st Tank and 1st Armoured, the brigade's service at Dieppe, France, in Sicily, Italy, and Northwest Europe earned it the distinction of the longest and widest service of any brigade of the Canadian Army during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment\nThe 1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment (1CACR) (also known as the 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment) was an armoured regiment of the Canadian Army formed during the late stages of World War\u00a0II in the European theatre. It was formed in October\u00a01944 at Tilburg, with the original 1st\u00a0Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron as its core. It was the only Canadian regiment to be both formed and disbanded overseas. The new regiment's purpose was to serve as a specialized armoured unit equipped with modified tanks used to carry infantry safely to their objectives. The concept of such armoured personnel carriers was an entirely new innovation, and it was through the 1CACR's efforts that their effectiveness was proven, revolutionizing the tactical handling of infantry in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background\nThe decision to convert redundant tanks into personnel carriers was inspired by Allied experiences during the D-Day landings, where British and Canadian forces experienced much lower casualty rates by leading attacks on German lines with armour than did the Americans, who led with an infantry assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background\nTo General Guy Simonds, who was ordered to follow up the D-Day attacks with an assault on Falaise, this experience suggested both the usefulness of such armour-first tactics, as well as the further benefits of using armoured vehicles to transport troops, leading him to stress the issue while planning his assault, deeming it essential \"...that the infantry must be carried in bullet-proof and splinter-proof vehicles to the actual objectives.\" No such vehicles existed at that time, and this idea thus marked the advent of what are now called armoured personnel carriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background\nCarriers were made on the spot from extra M7 Priest 105\u00a0mm (4.1\u00a0in) self-propelled guns by removing the guns and welding steel plates across the gaps this left in the armour. These modified tanks were entitled \"Kangaroos\" partially after the codename of the Army Workshops Detachment that produced them, and partially because of the idea that infantry would be carried in the belly of the tank as safely as a young kangaroo in its mother's pouch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background\nThe order to convert 72\u00a0Priests into carriers by the commencement of Operation Totalize on August\u00a09 was given on July\u00a031 by Brigadier C. M. Grant, the Deputy Director of Mechanical Engineering at Headquarters. Ultimately, 78 would be converted prior to the first engagement, in spite of the fact that the operation's start date had been advanced to August\u00a07\u2014an impressive feat, as the full engine overhaul included was generally a seven-day operation. The drivers for the new vehicles were swiftly and secretly recruited from the Armoured Corps reinforcements, artillery units, and the Elgin Regiment, and were rushed into service with almost no training, first seeing action during the attack on Falaise on the night of August 7\u20138, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background\nThe attack on Falaise was carried out successfully, resulting in the capture of 200\u00a0tanks, 60\u00a0assault guns, 250\u00a0towed guns, and 2500\u00a0motored vehicles from the Germans, as well as an unhindered six-day advance. The lead brigades of the assault had all been carried in the new Kangaroos, allowing them to move swiftly and providing the following results regarding the comparative casualties of the seven Canadian infantry battalions involved:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Background\nImpressed by the carriers' performance, General Simonds began petitioning for the formation of a permanent carrier unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Formation\nOn August\u00a028, 1944, General Simonds' requests were granted, and the 1st\u00a0Armoured Carrier Squadron was formed. The unit was established as four troops of 25\u00a0carriers (though only 55\u00a0vehicles were then available), with personnel consisting of one commanding officer, four troop commanders, and 100\u00a0drivers, and was attached to the 25th\u00a0Canadian Armoured Delivery Regiment (The Elgin Regiment) for administrative purposes. When engaged in an operation, it would come \"under command of various Infantry Brigades in turn.\" Each carrier had a .50-inch Browning machine gun, and approximately 60% of the vehicles were equipped with radios, however, there was no co-driver to fire the gun or operate the wireless set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Formation\nAfter several months of operation, 21st Army Group concluded that the 1st\u00a0Armoured Carrier Squadron was the best means to seize objectives and reduce infantry casualties, leading to their decision to form two armoured personnel carrier regiments\u2014the British 49th Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment for British Second Army, and the 1st\u00a0Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment for the First Canadian Army; both of which would belong to the 79th Armoured Division, with the 1CAPCR serving as the only Canadian regiment in the division. Official recognition of the change was delivered via the following proclamation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Formation\nDue to the inclusion of the 1CAPCR in the 79th, known for its wide array of speciality armoured fighting vehicles, the regiment was also included in the 79th's classification as a secret operation\u2014a principal reason for the scarcity of information regarding its activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Formation\nAfter further petitioning on the part of Lieutenant-Colonel Churchill, the regiment was given its final title of the 1st\u00a0Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment on January\u00a01, 1945. The regiment was both formed and ultimately disbanded in the Netherlands, without attachment to any regimental home, city, or province, and its personnel were drawn from all over Canada. In spite of its lack of a personal history, however, the regiment's high degree of success quickly moulded them into a cohesive unit of high morale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Disbandment\nThe secret, foreign-born Canadian regiment that few would ever hear of ended its short history in the Canadian Army as of 11:59pm (2359 hours) on June\u00a020, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Battle honours\nIn spite of their brief existence, the Kangaroos were granted the right to display the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Battle honours\nThe presentation of their regimental (replica) guidon  was finally presented on September 10, 2011, at a drum head ceremony at the Elgin Regiment Armoury, St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada. The guidon shows these battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Attached organizations\nThe 123\u00a0Light Aid Detachment (LAD), Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, under the command of Captain E. Duncan, were initially formed on an ad hoc basis in August\u00a01944 to provide maintenance services to the carriers. When the regiment was formed, the LAD became an integral part of it and had a strength of 52\u00a0men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158778-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment, Attached organizations\nThe 1st\u00a0Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Signal Troop was assigned to the regiment on November\u00a01, 1944, under the command of Lieutenant Donald H. Simpson of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158779-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 1st Canadian Comedy Awards honoured the best Canadian comedy of 1999 in live performances, television and film. The awards ceremony was presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), and was held on 6\u00a0April 2000 at the Masonic Temple in Toronto, Ontario. The ceremony was hosted by Dave Thomas. A one-hour version of the ceremony was broadcast late the following night on CTV, and the full program aired on The Comedy Network on 9\u00a0April at 9\u00a0pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158779-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Comedy Awards\nCanadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 23 categories. Winners were selected by members of ACTRA (Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists), the Canadian Actors' Equity Association, the Writers Guild of Canada, and the Directors Guild of Canada. It was one of the first award presentations to use online voting. The ceremony also marked the creation of the Canadian Comedy Hall of Fame and the induction of its first honourees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158779-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe Drowsy Chaperone and the CBC comedy Made in Canada led the way with six nominations each, followed by Double Exposure, Last Night, and This Hour Has 22 Minutes with five. The big winners were This Hour Has 22 Minutes which won four awards in television, The Drowsy Chaperone which took three awards in live comedy, and Mike Myers who won three in film. Don McKellar won two awards across disciplines: best film director for Last Night and best playwright (together with colleagues Bob Martin, Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison) for The Drowsy Chaperone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158779-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Comedy Awards, Ceremony\nThe inaugural Canadian Comedy Awards ceremony was held on 6\u00a0April 2000 in Toronto, Ontario. The venue was the historic Masonic Temple, home of CTV-affiliate The Comedy Network. The ceremony was hosted by Dave Thomas, a comedic veteran of more than 20 films and 300 sitcom episodes. Thomas is best known for the character Doug McKenzie, a parody of all things Canadian, and the ceremony played on similar humour by serving guests back bacon on a bun and poutine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158779-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Comedy Awards, Awards\nThe Beaver was awarded in twenty-three categories recognizing work in live performances, film and television. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158779-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Comedy Awards, Multiple wins\nThe following people, shows, films, etc. received multiple awards in the inaugural ceremony:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158779-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Comedy Awards, Broadcast\nThe awards ceremony was held in Toronto's Masonic Temple, which CTV Television Network had equipped as a television studio in the late 1990s. The ceremony was recorded for television, produced by Higher Ground Productions and directed by Bob Sorger. A one-hour version of the ceremony was broadcast on CTV at midnight on the night of Friday 7\u00a0April 2000, with the full program airing on The Comedy Network on 9\u00a0April at 9\u00a0pm. The special was well-received by the members of the industry it represents, who awarded Sorger the Beaver for best direction of a TV special or episode in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division\nThe 1st Canadian Division (French: 1re Division du Canada) is an operational command and control formation of the Canadian Joint Operations Command, based at CFB Kingston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division\nFormed during the First World War in August 1914, the 1st Canadian Division was a formation of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. The division was initially made up from provisional battalions that were named after their province of origin but these titles were dropped before the division arrived in Britain on 14 October 1914. Following the war, the division was stood down only to be re mobilized as a formation on 1 September 1939 as the 1st Canadian Infantry Division for service in the Second World War. The division was also reactivated twice during the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division\nIn 2010, the division was reactivated for a third time. While the four divisions (2nd to 5th) of the Canadian Army are responsible for command of the units within their respective geographic regions, the 1st Canadian Division was formed to serve as headquarters unit of any unit available for deployment on division-level formation of the Canadian Forces. In 2015 the 1st Canadian Division became part of Canadian Joint Operations Command instead of the Canadian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nThe First Contingent of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was raised in August 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I, concentrated at Valcartier Camp in Quebec, and set off for England in the largest trans-Atlantic convoy to date two months later. Training and reorganization commenced upon arrival in the United Kingdom in October 1914, and it was not until 26 January 1915 that the division was officially organized, under the command of Lieutenant-General Edwin Alderson, a British Army officer. Several units under command of the First Contingent were excluded from the divisional organization, including the 17th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), 18th Battalion, and several companies of Newfoundland soldiers (later formed into the Newfoundland Regiment and assigned to the British 29th Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nThe division consisted originally of a cavalry squadron, cyclist company, four infantry brigades, three artillery brigades (equivalent in terms of numbers to the regiments used in the Second World War and after), and divisional engineers, with supporting troops of the Canadian Army Service Corps and Canadian Army Medical Corps. The strength of the division was placed at 17,873 all ranks, with 4,943 horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nThe 4th Brigade was broken up in January 1915, with one battalion (the 10th) going to the 2nd Brigade, and the other three battalions being used to form the Canadian Training Depot, ultimately being re-designated as \"Reserve\" Battalions. The 10th Battalion replaced the 6th Battalion (Fort Garrys), which left the 2nd Brigade to become a cavalry unit, later serving in the Canadian Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nPioneer units were added later in the war, including the 1st Canadian Pioneer Battalion from Mar 1916 to Feb 1917, when they became the 9th Canadian Railway Battalion. The 107th Canadian Pioneer Battalion also came under command between Mar 1917 and May 1918, before being absorbed by the 1st Canadian Engineer Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nLieutenant-General Alderson was selected and appointed in October 1914 to command the new Canadian Division, as it was known at that time, making him the highest ranking divisional commander in the British Army. He was selected \u2014 to the relief of many \u2014 in lieu of Sir Sam Hughes, who was promoted at this time by the prime minister to the rank of Major-General. It had been Hughes's wish to command the Canadians in action. Alderson, who had commanded Canadian units before, won out over three prospective Canadian appointees, who, while serving with the British Army, were still considered too inexperienced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nTraining in the winter of 1914 was rigorous, and conditions on Salisbury Plain were harsh due to cold and rain. Alderson rejected \"shoddy\" kit that was supplied from Canada including the Ross Rifle which had been adopted due to the slow rate of supply of the Lee\u2013Enfield and which was seen as an example of Canadian nationalism. A royal inspection of the division early in 1915 foretold a move to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nAfter being stationed at Salisbury Plain in England, the 1st Canadian Division embarked for France during February 1915. After a period in reserve near Hazebrouck, the division relieved the 7th (British) Division in the Fleurbaix sector during the first three days of March, taking over 6,400 yards of front line trenches on the left flank of Lieutenant-General Sir Douglas Haig's British First Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nThe division moved to the Ypres Salient in April, and faced its first real test during the defence of St. Julien beginning on 22 April. The Canadians withstood German attack\u2014aided, for the first time on the Western Front, by the use of poison gas\u2014and finally retired to secondary positions on 26 April, where they held on until 4 May. The Second Battle of Ypres, as the overall action came to be known, cost the infantry brigades some 5,506 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nTwo weeks later, the division was in action again at Festubert. Aiding in a diversionary offensive by the British armies, the Canadians suffered 2,204 casualties for gains of only 600 yards. Another futile attack was launched at Givenchy-en-Gohelle in June 1915, after which the division moved to Ploegsteert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nThe Canadians began a long period of static warfare which would last them throughout the winter. In September, the arrival of the 2nd Canadian Division meant that a national corps headquarters could take to the field to command the division. Major-General Arthur Currie took command of the division in September. Active operations resumed again in the spring of 1916, participating in the Battle of Mount Sorrel, and then restoring the situation at Sanctuary Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nThe legendary Battle of the Somme opened on 1 July 1916, the worst single day in the history of the British Army, with over 19,000 British soldiers killed and 38,000 wounded. However, the Canadians' part in the great battle, which was to last through to November, did not begin until September at Pozi\u00e8res, and lasted through to October. It was on the Somme that the red patch was first worn as an identifying device\u2014two inches by three inches and worn on both sleeves, this rectangle identified the wearer as belonging to the 1st Division. The insignia was also painted on steel trench helmets, and adorned with geometric shapes of different colours to further identify the soldier's specific battery, brigade, battalion or other subunit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nThe division began to prepare for the historic assault on Vimy Ridge, and took the time-honoured position of right of the line on 9 April 1917 when the corps took the ridge. Other gains were made in the days following the successful assault on the ridge, and the division participated in the monumental battle of Hill 70 in August 1917. The Battle of Passchendaele followed in mid-October, and fighting continued into November. The division served under Major-General Archibald Cameron Macdonell beginning in May; his command persisted until Armistice Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nMassive German offensives came in the spring of 1918, but the Canadian Corps\u2014now considered crack assault troops\u2014were held in reserve for the inevitable counter-offensives. \"Canada's Hundred Days\"\u2014the last 100 days of the war\u2014were marked by several Canadian successes, at Amiens, the Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Line, and Canal du Nord. The Armistice of 11 November 1918 finally brought the Great War to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, First World War\nThe division formed part of the occupation forces on the right bank of the Rhine, then in early 1919 moved back to England, and the eventual repatriation and demobilization. The infantry battalions of the 1st Division suffered 52,559 casualties during its years in the field, some 15,055 of them fatal\u2014statistically, representing almost the original strength of the entire division. Twenty-four soldiers of the division were awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nThe division was remobilized in September 1939, now designated as the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, before Canada's formal entrance into the Second World War, alongside both the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Infantry Divisions. The division, under the command of Major General Andrew McNaughton, left Halifax from Pier 21 in two heavily escorted convoys, the first departing on December 10, three months after the declaration of war, and the second on December 22, 1939, with additional troops reaching England in February 1940. In 1941, the formation adopted the red rectangular battle patch insignia worn by the 1st Canadian Division in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nAll elements of the division were far from completely equipped on mobilization: of the artillery and machine guns on hand, most were obsolete, and the troops lacked steel helmets. Only gradually did a full complement of more modern weapons, equipment, and transport begin reaching the division in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nNevertheless, in the wake of the disastrous Battle of France and the withdrawal of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) during the Dunkirk evacuation in May 1940, the 1st Canadian Division was ordered to France the following month. Among the infantry units that landed at Brest were The Royal Canadian Regiment (RCR), The 48th Highlanders of Canada and The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, all part of the 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade. Members of the RCR were present in France at least until 16 June, after the French capital of Paris had fallen to German forces, and returned almost immediately after. The 48th's withdrawal was not without some excitement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nThe division returned to England for the defence of Great Britain in the case of a German invasion. Soon afterwards Major General McNaughton was promoted to command of the British VII Corps (later designated the Canadian Corps) and was succeeded by Major General George Pearkes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nThe division transferred to the Mediterranean theatre in June 1943 where the division, now under the command of Major General Guy Simonds after Major General Harry Salmon (who had taken command in September 1942) was killed in an air crash, took part in Operation Husky, code name for the Allied assault landing on Sicily on 10 July 1943, which ended after just 38 days. The division came under command of the British XXX Corps, serving alongside the veteran 51st (Highland) Division, part of the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The campaign cost the division over 2,100 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nSoon after the conquest of Sicily, the division transferred to the British XIII Corps, but now serving alongside the British 5th Infantry Division (which had also fought in Husky), then landed in Calabria as part of Operation Baytown on the Italian mainland and fought its way up the Italian peninsula, participating in the Moro River Campaign and the division, now under Major General Chris Vokes, supported by tanks of the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, took part in the Battle of Ortona, fighting against German Fallschirmj\u00e4ger\u2013crack air force paratroops of the 1st Parachute Division\u2013over Christmas 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nBoth sides suffered heavy losses in the fight for the town which a reporter for The New York Times had begun calling a \"miniature Stalingrad\", based on the ferocity of the street fighting and the heavy losses on both sides, with the Canadians suffering 650 casualties, mainly in the 3rd Brigade. By December 27, what remained of Ortona, after days of shelling and aerial bombardment, was in Canadian hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nAfter this the division was rested and many months of static warfare ensued, the division then went on to break out of the Eighth Army's bridgehead with the second wave in the spring offensive, Operation Diadem, the Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino. The 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, the reconnaissance (or 'recce') regiment serving with the 1st Canadian Division, was the first of the Eighth Army's units to cross the Hitler Line in May 1944, below Pontecorvo in its armoured cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nAfter heavy fighting in front of the Gothic Line throughout the summer, the 1st Canadian Infantry Division spent the next several months fighting, as it had the previous fall, for a succession of heavily defended river crossings surrounded by high ground. By the time the division reached the Senio, as the icy rain began giving way to snow in the Canadian sector, a decision had been reached to transfer the entire I Canadian Corps, 1st Infantry Division included, to the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nBy the end of March 1945 all Canadian Army units serving with Allied Forces Mediterranean (formerly the Allied Armies in Italy) had been transferred to the Western Front and Operation Goldflake, the reunion of the 1st Infantry Division and 1st Armoured Brigade and First Canadian Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar, was accomplished. The division, now under Major General Harry Foster, went on to take part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, and the liberation of Arnhem, and the war in Europe came to an end soon after, on 8 May 1945, Victory in Europe Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945)\nThree members of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division were awarded the Victoria Cross during the Italian Campaign. They were Captain Paul Triquet of the Royal 22e R\u00e9giment, Major John Keefer Mahony of The Westminster Regiment and Private Ernest Smith of the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Second World War (1939\u20131945), Order of battle 1939\u20131945\nIn July 1944, the divisional reconnaissance battalion, the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, converted to infantry and transferred to the 12th Infantry Brigade of the 5th Canadian Armoured Division, to be replaced by The Royal Canadian Dragoons. The Princess Louise returned to its original mechanized role in Northwest Europe in March 1945, and The Royal Canadian Dragoons became the armoured car regiment of I Canadian Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 78], "content_span": [79, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Cold War\nA 1st Canadian Division Headquarters was reactivated twice during the Cold War, in 1954 (disbanding in 1958) and in November 1989 (disbanding in 1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Cold War\nThe reformation in November 1989 followed the Canadian government's decision to end the Canadian Air-Sea Transportable Brigade Group (CAST) commitment to reinforce Northern Norway. 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, based in Quebec, was thus available for other tasks. The CAST rapid-reinforcement commitment had been encountering problems, most graphically demonstrated during Exercise Brave Lion in 1986, which prompted Canada to start formal consultations with NATO about consolidating the CAST Brigade and 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, based in southern Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Cold War\nThe two separate forces would have meant critical logistical and medical support needs would have gone unmet in case of real war. The hole thus created by the removal of the CAST Brigade Group was filled, to a degree, by the creation of a NATO Composite Force (NCF) to which Canada promised a battalion group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Cold War\nThe headquarters was established, with both 4 Brigade and 5 Brigade under command, at Kingston, Ontario, with a forward detachment at Lahr in Germany where 4 Brigade was based. The main headquarters was intended to move gradually from Kingston to Lahr over a period of time, though this never, in the event, took place. With the division having only two brigades, it was assumed that in wartime, either a German or US brigade would be assigned to provide the necessary third manoeuvre element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Cold War\nAlthough during NATO command post exercises a divisional order of battle was used that nominally included the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group as the third Maneuver brigade, field training and exercises were conducted with this notion in mind. Some changes were necessary to the two brigades, as 5 Brigade had only three-quarters of 4 Brigade's personnel and equipment with the support organizations held at the divisional level. Once reinforcements had arrived from Canada, each brigade would have had one small armoured regiment (two squadrons, each 20 tanks), and two four-company infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0028-0002", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Cold War\nDivisional troops would have been a mix of former 4 Brigade and 5 Brigade units along with some troops from 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in western Canada. 3rd Regiment Royal Canadian Horse Artillery was intended to have been re-equipped with the MLRS to provide general support, while a further engineer regiment, 6 Combat Engineer Regiment, was to have been formed. The Fort Garry Horse was also to have been re-formed to provide a divisional reconnaissance capability. As finally envisaged CENTAG wartime structure in 1989, the division was assigned to the Central Army Group Commander's tactical reserve, performing operations in support of either II (German) Corps or VII US Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Cold War\nAs it became obvious that the Soviet threat was disappearing in the early 1990s, the future options for Canadian forces in Europe were increasingly debated. While a battalion-sized remaining Canadian force was discussed, eventually it was decided that all Canadian land forces would leave Germany by 1994. With units disbanding around them, Division Headquarters (Forward) was repatriated to CFB Kingston on 13 June 1992, and at this time the presence of the 1st Division in Germany effectively ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Cold War\nBack in Kingston the division's aegis was reduced to two units; a new 1st Canadian Division HQ and Signals Regiment (which incorporated Division HQ) and the 1st Canadian Division Intelligence Company (1 Cdn Div Int Coy). Its new role was to be capable of deploying a land-based, Joint Task Force Headquarters at division level or a Joint Force Headquarters consisting of navy, army and air force personnel for territorial defence, contingencies and other missions including complex international scenarios. The Division HQ would train formation HQs, plan for contingencies and command assigned forces in crisis situations. The HQ had in priority, four roles operations, training, support and planning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Cold War\nHeadquarters 1st Canadian Division was transformed on 1 April 2000 into Canadian Forces Joint Headquarters and 1st Canadian Division Headquarters and Signal Regiment was united with 79 Communication Regiment to form the Canadian Forces Joint Signal Regiment. Both units, who remained headquartered in Kingston, were assigned as elements of Canadian Expeditionary Force Command as the deployable command headquarters for all large Canadian overseas deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Reactivation\nOn 19 May 2010, Chief of the Defence Staff, General Walt Natynczyk, announced that the Canadian Forces would once again stand up the 1st Canadian Division at Kingston, Ontario. The role of 1st Canadian Division upon reactivation was to provide the Canadian Forces with a rapidly deployable joint command and control capacity in order to allow for a comprehensive approach to operations. Taking the place of the CFJHQ, 1st Cdn Div HQ was reactivated by absorbing personnel returning from the war in Afghanistan to ensure the retention of operational experience and lessons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Reactivation\n1st Cdn Div HQ officially was stood up on 7 October 2010 at Kingston, with Defence Minister Peter MacKay acting as the reviewing officer. Headquarters 1st Canadian Division is part of the Canadian Army administratively and remains at Canadian Forces Base Kingston using existing infrastructure and base support. Upon reactivation, it was expected to reach full operational capability by 2012. Major-General David Fraser, former Commandant of the Canadian Forces College in Toronto and the first Canadian commander of the Multi-National Brigade (Regional Command (South)) in Afghanistan, was designated as the first commander of the newly reactivated 1st Canadian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158780-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Division, Reactivation\nOn 1 April 2015, 1st Canadian Division was transferred from the Canadian Army to Canadian Joint Operations Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158781-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Film Awards\nThe 1st Canadian Film Awards were presented on April 27, 1949 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Robert Winters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158782-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Folk Music Awards\nThe 1st Canadian Folk Music Awards were held on December 10, 2005, at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158783-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Infantry Brigade\nThe 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade was a Canadian Army formation that served with the 1st Canadian Division in World Wars I and II. In 1953 it was reformed in Germany, to become the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158783-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Infantry Brigade\nThe brigade was re-established on 14 October 1953 in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158784-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Ministry\nThe First Canadian Ministry was the first cabinet chaired by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald. It governed Canada from 1 July 1867 to 5 November 1873, including all of the 1st Canadian Parliament as well as the first eight months of the Second. The government was formed by the Liberal-Conservative Party in coalition with the old Conservative Party of Canada. Macdonald was also Prime Minister in the Third Canadian Ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion\nThe 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was an airborne infantry battalion of the Canadian Army formed in July 1942 during the Second World War; it served in North West Europe, Landing in Normandy during Operation Tonga, in conjunction with the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944 and in the airborne assault crossing of the River Rhine, Operation Varsity, in March 1945. After the end of hostilities in Europe, the battalion was returned to Canada where it was disbanded on 30 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion\nBy the end of the war the battalion had gained a remarkable reputation: they never failed to complete a mission, and they never gave up an objective once taken. They are the only Canadians to participate in the Battle of the Bulge and had advanced deeper than any other Canadian unit into enemy territory. Despite being a Canadian Army formation, it was assigned to the British 3rd Parachute Brigade, a British Army formation, which was itself assigned to the British 6th Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Early history\nColonel E. L. M. Burns was the leading mind behind the creation of a Canadian parachute battalion and fought endlessly for its creation. The idea was denied several times because of its lack of relevance in regards to the home army. Burns suggested that the paratroopers would serve as a good way of transporting troops into obscure parts of Canada if a German invasion were to occur. It was not until the stunning accomplishments of the German fallschirmj\u00e4gers, and the creation of British and American parachute regiments, that Canada's military granted Burns' request.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Early history\nOn 1 July 1942 the Department of National Defence authorized the raising of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion. The battalion had an authorised strength of 26 officers and 590 other ranks, formed into a battalion headquarters, three rifle companies and a headquarters company. Later in the year, volunteers were also requested for the recently formed 2nd Canadian Parachute Battalion, which formed the Canadian contingent of the 1st Special Service Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Early history\nThe initial training was carried out at Fort Benning in the United States and at RAF Ringway in England. Groups of recruits were dispatched to both countries with the intention of getting the best out of both training systems prior to the development of the Canadian Parachute Training Wing at CFB Shilo, Manitoba. The group that traveled to Fort Benning in the United States included the unit's first commanding officer, Major H. D. Proctor, who was killed in an accident when his parachute rigging lines were severed by a following aircraft. He was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel G. F. P. Bradbrooke, who led the battalion until the end of operations in Normandy on 14 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, England\nIn July 1943, the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was dispatched to England and came under the command of the 3rd Parachute Brigade of the British 6th Airborne Division. The Battalion then spent the next year in training for airborne operations. Major differences between their previous American training and the new regime included jumping with only one parachute, and doing it through a hole in the floor of the aircraft, instead of through the door of a C-47 Dakota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord\nOn the evening on 5 June 1944 the battalion was transported to France in fifty aircraft. Each man carried a knife, toggle rope, escape kit with French currency, and two 24-hour ration packs in addition to their normal equipment, in all totalling 70 pounds. The battalion landed one hour in advance of the rest of the brigade in order to secure the Drop zone (DZ). Thereafter they were ordered to destroy road bridges over the river Dives and its tributaries at Varaville, then neutralize strongpoints at the crossroads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord\nIn addition, the Canadians were to protect the left (southern) flank of the 9th Battalion, Parachute Regiment during that unit's attack on the Merville Battery, afterwards seizing a position astride the Le Mesnil crossroads, a vital position at the centre of the ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord\nLieutenant Colonel Bradbrooke issued the following orders to his company commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord\nA Company (Major D. Wilkins) would protect the left flank of 9th Btn during their attack on the Merville Battery and then cover 9th Battalion's advance to the Le Plein feature. They would seize and hold the Le Mesnil cross roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord\nThe Battalion landed between 0100 and 0130 hours on June 6, becoming the first Canadian unit on the ground in France. For different reasons, including adverse weather conditions and poor visibility, the soldiers were scattered, at times quite far from the planned drop zone. By mid-day, and in spite of German resistance, the men of the battalion had achieved all their objectives; the bridges on the Dives and Divette in Varaville and Robehomme were cut, the left flank of the 9th Parachute Battalion at Merville was secure, and the crossroads at Le Mesnil was taken. In the following days, the Canadians were later involved in ground operations to strengthen the bridgehead and support the advance of Allied troops towards the Seine River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord\nOn 23 August 1944 Lieutenant Colonel Bradbrooke was appointed to the General Staff at Canadian Military Headquarters in London with Major Eadie taking temporary control of the battalion. Three days later, on 26 August 1944, the 6th Airborne Division was pulled from the line in Normandy. 27 officers and 516 men from the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion took part in the Battle of Normandy and the unit suffered 367 casualties. Of those casualties, 5 officers and 76 men were killed or died of wounds. The unit had to be re-organized and retrained in order to regain its strength and combat-readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord\nThe Battle of Normandy had brought a major change to the way the war was fought. Airborne troops needed new training to prepare for an offensive role, including street fighting and capturing enemy positions. On 6 September the Battalion left Normandy and returned to the Bulford training camp in the United Kingdom. While there, Lieutenant Colonel Jeff Nicklin became battalion commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Overlord\nIn December 1944, the Battalion was again sent to mainland Europe\u2014on Christmas Day they sailed for Belgium, to counter the German offensive in the Ardennes what became known as the Battle of the Bulge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, The Ardennes and Holland\nOn 2 January 1945, the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was again committed to ground operations on the continent, arriving at the front during the last days of the Battle of the Bulge. They were positioned to patrol during both day and night and defend against any enemy attempts to infiltrate their area. The Battalion also took part in a general advance, taking them through the towns of Aye, Marche, Roy and Bande. The capture of Bande marked the end of the fight for the Bulge and the Battalion's participation in the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, The Ardennes and Holland\nThe Battalion was next moved into the Netherlands in preparation for the crossing of the River Rhine. They were active in carrying out patrols and raids and to establish bridge heads where and when suitable. Despite the heavy shelling of the Canadian positions, there were very few casualties considering the length of time they were there and the strength of the enemy positions. During this time, the Battalion maintained an active defence as well as considerable patrol activity until its return to the United Kingdom on 23 February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, The Ardennes and Holland\nOn 7 March 1945, the Battalion returned from leave to start training for what would be the last major airborne operation of the war, Operation Varsity, the crossing of the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity\nThe 17th U.S. Airborne and 6th British Airborne divisions were tasked to capture Wesel across the Rhine River, to be completed as a combined paratrooper and glider operation conducted in daylight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity\n1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was ordered to seize and hold the central area on the western edge of the woods, where there was a main road running north from the Wesel to Emmerich, and to a number of houses. It was believed this area was held by German paratroopers. \"C\"\u00a0Company would clear the northern part of the woods near the junction of the roads to Rees and Emmerich. Once this area was secure, \"A\"\u00a0Company would advance through the position and seize the houses located near the DZ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity\n\"B\"\u00a0Company would clear the South-Western part of the woods and secure the battalion's flank. Despite some of the paratroopers being dropped some distance from their landing zone, the battalion managed to secure its objectives quickly. The battalion lost its commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Jeff Nicklin, who was killed during the initial jump on 24 March 1945. Following the death of Nicklin, the last unit commander was Lieutenant Colonel G.F. Eadie until the battalion's disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity\nThe outcome of this operation was the defeat of the German I Parachute Corps in a day and a half. In the following 37 days, the battalion advanced 459 kilometres (285\u00a0mi) as part of the British 6th Airborne Division, encountering the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 15 April 1945 and taking the city of Wismar on 2 May 1945 to prevent the Soviets from advancing too far west. It was at Wismar that the battalion met up with the Red Army (the only Canadian army unit to do so during hostilities, other than a Canadian Film and Photo Unit detachment). Germany surrendered unconditionally on 8 May and the battalion returned to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Operation Varsity\nThe battalion sailed for Canada on SS\u00a0\u00cele de France on 31 May 1945, and arrived in Halifax on 21 June. They were the first unit of the Canadian Army to be repatriated and on 30 September the battalion was officially disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158785-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Victoria Cross\nOne member of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, Corporal Frederick George Topham, was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions east of the River Rhine, near Wesel, Germany, on 24 March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament\nThe 1st Canadian Parliament was in session from November 6, 1867, until July 8, 1872. The membership was set by the 1867 federal election from August 7 to September 20, 1867. It was prorogued prior to the 1872 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament\nIt was controlled by a majority coalition between the Conservative Party and the Liberal-Conservative Party under Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald and the 1st Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Edward Blake from 1869 to 1871, followed by a vacancy in the Liberal leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was James Cockburn. See also List of Canadian electoral districts, 1867\u20131871 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament\nFollowing is a full list of members of the first parliament by province. Cabinet members are bolded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament\nElectoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Nova Scotia\n1 \u2013 The Anti- Confederate Party dissolved after failing to secure Nova Scotia's secession from Confederation. In 1869 its members joined other parties, or in one case sat as an independent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec\nFour Quebec members recontested their seats in byelections, and were re-elected:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec\n2 \u2013 John Rose was reelected in Huntingdon on November 28, 1867, after being named Minister of Finance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec\n3 \u2013 Barth\u00e9lemy Pouliot was unseated on petition, but was reelected in L'Islet on July 14, 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec\n4 \u2013 Christopher Dunkin was reelected in Brome on November 29, 1869, after being named Minister of Agriculture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Quebec\n5 \u2013 John Henry Pope was reelected in Compton on November 11, 1871, after being named Minister of Agriculture following Dunkin's resignation from Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Ontario\n6 \u2013 One Ontario MP, Alexander Morris, recontested his seat in a byelection. He was reelected in Lanark South on November 29, 1869, after being appointed Minister of Inland Revenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, Manitoba\nManitoba joined Confederation in 1870. Byelections to choose Manitoba's representatives were held on March 2 and March 3, 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158786-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Parliament, Members of Parliament, British Columbia\nBritish Columbia joined Confederation in 1871. Byelections to choose the province's representatives were held in November and December of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment\nThe 1st Canadian Regiment (1775\u20131781), was an Extra Continental regiment of the American Patriots' Continental Army. The 1st was raised by James Livingston to support Patriot efforts in the American Revolutionary War during the invasion of Quebec. Livingston, who was born in New York and living in Quebec, recruited men from Chambly, Quebec  as early as September 1775, but a formal regimental designation was made by Richard Montgomery on November 20, 1775, with recognition by the Second Continental Congress following on January 8, 1776. The regiment, which never approached its authorized size of 1,000 men, saw action primarily in the Canadian theater and New York, and was disbanded on January 1, 1781, at King's Ferry, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Formation\nIn September 1775, colonial forces under the command of Philip Schuyler and Richard Montgomery crossed into Quebec with the aim of driving British military forces from Montreal and Quebec City. Guy Carleton, the British governor and military commander, had fortified Fort Saint-Jean as the primary defense of Montreal. The colonial forces, preparing to besiege the fort, sought local support. James Livingston, a grain merchant living near Chambly, about 10 miles (16\u00a0km) from Saint-Jean, raised a local militia, which in October assisted in the siege and capture of Fort Chambly, and the capture of supplies intended for the besieged moving on the Richelieu River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Formation\nFollowing the fall of Montreal, Livingston was authorized by Montgomery on November 20 to raise a regiment to assist in the coming assault on Quebec City. In eight days he raised approximately 200 men. The regiment received formal recognition from the Second Continental Congress on January 8, 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Formation\nThe regiment at first consisted of a mix of Canadiens, Acadiens, and Anglophones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Formation\nTwo of Livingston's brothers served in the regiment. Richard Livingston was a lieutenant colonel, and Abraham served as a captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Quebec\nWhen Montgomery's army arrived outside Quebec, the 1st Canadian consisted of two to three hundred Canadiens. On December 31, 1775, the regiment was charged with making a diversion at Quebec City's Saint Jean gate, to draw British attention away from the primary attacks, which were led by Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery, and were directed at the city's Lower Town. The diversions did not work, and the battle ended disastrously for the Americans, with Montgomery killed, Arnold wounded, and about 400 men taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Quebec\nThe remnants of the army, then under Arnold's command, besieged the city until May 1776, when British reinforcements began arriving, forcing the Americans into a panicked retreat. The retreat ended at Sorel on May 20, where they were met by reinforcements, and eventually put under the command of General John Sullivan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res\nOn the night of June 7, 1776, Livingston's regiment was part of a force of about 2,000 under Brigadier General William Thompson that returned from Sorel to Trois-Rivi\u00e8res to drive off what they believed to be 300 to 600 British troops from Quebec. When they arrived near Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, they instead found the vanguard of the British counteroffensive, numbering several thousand. After a brief skirmish, the Americans forces were broken, and made a disorganized retreat back to Sorel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res\nFollowing this battle, the regiment retreated with the rest of the army to Fort Ticonderoga. While the regiment had never been particularly large (Livingston never had more than a few hundred men under arms at any one time), the retreat from Quebec left the regiment much reduced in size, since anyone leaving the province was unlikely to be able to return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Service, New York\nFollowing the army's return to Ticonderoga, the regiment was assigned garrison duty in upstate New York, primarily the Mohawk and Schoharie valleys, so that it could be reorganized. During this time, Livingston was known to be recruiting in New York City. Following Burgoyne's invasion from Quebec in 1777, the regiment was moved to the upper Hudson River valley. In August 1777, the regiment was assigned to Benedict Arnold on his expedition in relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix. It then saw service in both Battles of Saratoga as part of Ebenezer_Learned's brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Rhode Island\nThe regiment saw action in the Battle of Rhode Island in 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Garrison duty\nFor the remainder of the war, the regiment had garrison duty in New York. Most notably, Colonel Livingston was in command of Verplanck's Point on the Hudson River in September 1780, and played a crucial role in the unmasking of Benedict Arnold's treachery. While on guard duty, his troops fired on the British sloop of war Vulture, forcing that vessel to retreat southwards. This ship had brought Major John Andr\u00e9 to meet with General Arnold, who was then in command at West Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Service, Garrison duty\nSince the ship was driven off, Andr\u00e9 was forced to attempt travel by land to New York, when he was captured not far from the British lines near Tarrytown with incriminating papers in his possession. Andr\u00e9 was hanged as a spy, and Arnold, his plot discovered, managed to escape to the British lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158787-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Regiment, Disbandment\nThe regiment was disbanded as part of a major reorganization on January 1, 1781, at King's Ferry, New York. Members that remained in service were assigned to the 2nd Canadian Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158788-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Screen Awards\nThe 1st Canadian Screen Awards were held on March 3, 2013, to honour achievements in Canadian film, television, and digital media production in 2012. This was the inaugural Canadian Screen Awards ceremony, following the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television's decision, announced in 2012, to merge its formerly separate Genie Awards (for film) and Gemini Awards (for television) into a single ceremony. In addition, the Canadian Screen Awards include awards for achievements in digital media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158788-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Screen Awards\nNominations were announced on January 15, 2013. The awards ceremony was hosted by Martin Short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158788-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Screen Awards, Ratings\nThe program was watched by 756,000 Canadian viewers, approximately double the typical ratings for Genie or Gemini ceremonies in recent years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company\nThe 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Canadian Military Engineers during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background\nBy January 1915 it had become evident to the BEF at the Western Front that the Germans were mining to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground  listening devices before the war, field marshals French and Kitchener agreed to investigate the suitability of forming  British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the BEF, Brigadier George Fowke, and the mining specialist John Norton-Griffiths, the War Office formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background\nNorton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the Ypres Salient at Hooge, Hill 60, Railway Wood, Sanctuary Wood, St Eloi and The Bluff which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe number of units available to the BEF was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were each commanded by a regular Royal Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background\nThe success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the  Engineer-in-Chief's office under Major-General S.R. Rice, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ Saint-Omer office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from Welsh miners from the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Monmouthshire Regiment, who were attached to the 1st Northumberland Field Company of the Royal Engineers, which was a Territorial unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front. Most British tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Background\nOn 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. The Canadian Military Engineers contributed three tunnelling companies to the British Expeditionary Force. One unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history\nThe unit patch of the 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company was a red square with a large black capital letter T on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Formation, Armenti\u00e8res, The Bluff\n1st Canadian Tunnelling Company was formed in eastern Canada, then moved to France and into the Ypres Salient for instruction in early 1916. Shortly afterwards, in March 1916, it relieved 182nd Tunnelling Company near Armenti\u00e8res. 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company then moved to The Bluff in May 1916, where \u00edt worked on tunnels until January 1917 when it was relieved by 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company. From spring 1916 onwards, the Germans drove long galleries beneath The Bluff, and on 25 July 1916 the 1st Company of the 24th Pioneers blew a mine under the ridge. The 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company had, however, anticipated the blow so casualties were minimized and the attacking German infantry did not capture the ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\n1st Canadian Tunnelling Company next took over the tunnelling operations at Hill 60 in preparation for the Battle of Messines (7\u201314 June 1917). In November 1916 the unit handed the operation at Hill 60 over to the 1st Australian Tunnelling Company and moved to St Eloi where it took over from 172nd Tunnelling Company and continued driving the tunnel system beneath enemy lines. The deep mine at St Eloi was the largest of the mines in the Battle of Messines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nThe work was begun with a deep shaft named Queen Victoria and the chamber was set 42 metres (138\u00a0ft) below ground, at the end of a gallery 408 metres (1,339\u00a0ft) long and charged with 43,400 kilograms (95,600\u00a0lb) of ammonal. Building preparations had started on 16 August 1915 and the mine was completed on 11 June 1916. The mines to be fired at the start of the Battle of Messines were dug by the British 171st, 175th, 250th, 1st Canadian, 3rd Canadian and 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nAustralian Tunnelling companies as part of the prelude to the Battle of Messines, while the British 183rd, 2nd Canadian and 2nd Australian Tunnelling companies built underground shelters in the Second Army area. 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company saw the tunnelling operations at St Eloi through to 1917 and successfully fired the mine on 7 June 1917. When the mines at Messines were detonated, they created 19 large craters. The joint explosion of these mines ranks among the largest non-nuclear explosions of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0006-0003", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nWhen the St Eloi deep mine was fired, it destroyed some of the earlier craters (code-named D2 and D1) which had been created in 1916 by the 172nd Tunnelling Company, although a double crater (H4 and H1) can still be seen (. The successful detonation  allowed the capture of the German lines at St Eloi by the British 41st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nThe 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company used a Whittaker tunnel boring machine for their workings at the Lock Hospital position in 1917, this tunnel was handed over to the 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company on 10 May 1917. The tunnelling by machine in the Belgian blue clay was problematic and the War Diary lists numerous stoppages for repairs. The  Lock Hospital position was located at Lock 6 on the Ypres-Comines canal, and the tunnel extended from there to a point beneath the British lines some 400 metres away. The final approach gallery beneath no-man's land to the German trenches was to be completed by the silent clay-kicking method. In the end, problems with the machinery and the geology led to this project being abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158789-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, Unit history, Hill 60/Messines\nIn October 1918, 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company fought with the 4th Canadian Division in operations to prevent the demolition of bridges on the Canal de L'Escaut, north-east of Cambrai, during which Captain Coulson Norman Mitchell earned the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158790-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, took place on December 13, 2014 at Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Admission was free, and 6,850 people attended the game. The game aired live on Sportsnet One in Canada, as well as on the NHL Network in the United States. The event featured three 15-minute periods which aired on television, and had a Skills Competition following the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158790-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game\nThis edition of the All-Star Game featured a \"fantasy draft\" format akin to the NHL All-Star Game in order to determine the rosters. Fan balloting determined the team captains, which were goaltender Charline Labonte from the Montreal Stars, and rookie forward Jessica Campbell of the Calgary Inferno. The captains each chose 5 players for their team, and picked the remainder of their teams via mini-stick draw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158790-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game\nWhile this game was promoted as the first All-Star Game, there were in fact two previous All-Star Games played during the 2008-09 season. These two games featured CWHL All-Stars against NHL Alumni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158790-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Rosters, Fan balloting\nVoting for CWHL all-star captains started on November 21, 2014. Online voting will require fans to vote on the CWHL.com web site. Fans were presented a list of 42 players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158790-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Rosters, Draft\nThe draft of the players took place on December 12, 2014 at 8:00 pm, Eastern time. It was held at the Delta Hotel in Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158790-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Rosters, Draft\nBrianna Decker of the Boston Blades and Courtney Birchard of the Brampton Thunder were selected for the All-Star Game, however both were unable to participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158790-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Game summary\nTeam White's Natalie Spooner of the Toronto Furies opened the scoring late in the first period, putting a loose puck behind Team Red Captain Charline Labonte. Haley Irwin picked up an assist on the opening marker. Team White added to their lead in the second period, as Kelli Stack scored on Christina Kessler. Stack's Boston Blades teammate Hilary Knight and Natalie Spooner got assists on the goal. Sami Jo Small of the Toronto Furies and Delayne Brian of the Calgary Inferno had shutouts for Team White in the first and second periods respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158790-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Game summary\nTeam Red came out quickly in the Third period, as Montreal Stars forward Lisa-Marie Breton-Lebreux scored early in the period on Team White's Genevieve Lacasse with Blake Bolden and Ann-Sophie Bettez assisting on the goal. Jamie Lee Rattray tied the game up a few minutes later for Team Red on a feed from Emmanuelle Blais. Rebecca Johnston of the Calgary Inferno would give Team Red the lead midway through the third, beating her Canada women's national ice hockey team teammate Genevi\u00e8ve Lacasse on a mini-breakaway. Jenelle Kohanchuk and Ann-Sophie Bettez assisted on the eventual game winner. Team Red's Jessica Wong from the Calgary Inferno picked up the only penalty of the game late in the third period for tripping, however Team White was unable to beat Team Red goalie Erica Howe on the 6-on-4 power play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158790-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game, Game summary, Skills competition\nFollowing the game, Joe Bowen hosted the Skills Competition. The first part of the event was the Fastest Skater competition. Team White won the 5-heat event 3\u20132, with Jessica Campbell, Michelle Bonello and Carly Hill winning their heats. Rebecca Johnston and Jessica Wong won the two heats for Team Red. The second part of the Skills Competition was the Breakaway Relay, an elimination shootout featuring the skaters who didn't compete in the Fastest Skater event. Team Red won after Megan Bozek scored after everyone else had been eliminated. Genevieve Lacasse did take an attempt for Team White, however she was stopped by Erica Howe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 82], "content_span": [83, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158791-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinier Regiment\nThe 1st Carabinier Regiment (French: 1e R\u00e9giment des Carabinier) was a French cavalry regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158791-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinier Regiment, The Napoleonic Wars, War of the fourth Coalition\nIt took part in the Battle of Jena\u2013Auerstedt in Joachim Murat's Reserve Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\nThe 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade (Italian: 1\u00b0 Brigata Mobile Carabinieri) is a Carabinieri formation tasked with riot control, civil defence and security duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History\nWhile the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade was established in its present form on 1 February 2001, together with Carabinieri Mobile Units Division, it can track its origins in the first formation grouping all Carabinieri units tasked with mobile, riot control and combat duties: the 11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade, established in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nFollowing the 1960 Genoa clashes, a reform project for the Mobile Battalions was envisioned, but later abandoned. Both the organization and the equipment (which included old Sherman tanks) were found to be obsolete either inadequate to emergency tasks.p. 48", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nIn 1963, with the 1960s Army and Carabinieri reorganization, the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was established directly under the General Command led by Giovanni De Lorenzo, in order to cope with the internal territorial defence needs. The establishment of the new brigade was in order to adjust the organization of the Battalions and of cavalry units both for strictly military tasks, and those related to the protection of public order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nThe aim was to ensure Carabinieri Battalions the availability of all elements necessary to be in a position to act in isolation and overcome considerable resistance without having to rely on the competition of other Army Corps or other Armed Forces, to ensure Battalions' speed of movement and concentration in large sectors of foreseeable use and a constant high training level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nOverall, the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade consisted of about 5,000 men with 80 tracked vehicles, 200 other military vehicles, 130 M47 tanks and a paratroopers battalion. However, the brigade never had responsibility for actual unitary operational command, lacking supports due to a political choice, but exercised the tasks of instruction and preparation for the riot control activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nIn the reorganization, Mobile Battalions were renamed simply Battalions and were marked with a sequential number, while remaining administratively dependent on the relevant Legion; the Battalions Groups were renamed Carabinieri Regiments, and were given the conceptual role of a resolution unit in both riot and tactical tasks; According original resolutions, Regiments were to have only disciplinary, training and deployment functions, while general management rested within the relevant Legion. The newly formed Mechanized Brigade exercised its operational and training authority on:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nThe command structure of the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nEach Carabinieri Battalion was led by a lieutenant colonel or a major and consisted of: 1 Command Company (1 Command Platoon, 1 Services Platoon, 1 Scouts Platoon), 2 Rifle Companies (command platoon, 3 rifle platoons, 1 company weapons platoon each), 1 Mortars Company and 1 Tanks Company (Command Platoon, 3 Tanks Platoons). It was therefore a robust tactical complex. The Carabinieri Battalions had to be used only when the police and the local organization of the Carabinieri they had found insufficient, in order not to deprive the General Command of a valuable combat tool. Within the VII Battalion, based in Laives, the Counter-terrorism Special Company was established in 1960s to counter South Tyrolean terrorism;p.\u00a0 187 the security operations were also supported by several Trucked Units. Both VII and XIII Battalions were to be always maintained at their full wartime force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 963]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nThe establishment of the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was controversial: some senior officers criticized the decision, deeming that the essential features of the Carabinieri were capillarity and focus on criminal police activity. However, the 1963 reorganization did not mark the end of the organizational shifts. In 1964, 1st Carabinieri Helicopter Section was established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nThe XI Brigade was subordinated, on 7 March 1965, to the Inspectorate of Mechanized and Special Units, which included not only the XI Mechanized Brigade, but also all other tactical Carabinieri units: the Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion, the Territorial Squadrons Groups of Milan, Cagliari and Palermo, the Trucked Units, as well as the naval service. Two years later, on 10 March 1967, the post was modified in \"Inspectorate of Mechanized Units\", being disbanded in May 1967. In 1968 the blue beret was modified, making it identical in shape to the maroon beret used by paratroopers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nBetween 1967 and 1968 it was set up the Inspectorate of Mechanized and Training Units (led by a Divisional general), with responsibility on the X Carabinieri Brigade (including schools) and XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade. In 1971 it was established the Inspectorate Schools and Special Carabinieri Units; it controlled the X Brigade (dedicated to training) and XI Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nIn 1969, Battalions framed within Carabinieri Regiments were reorganized. The new structure consisted of Battalion Command Unit, Command and Services Company (Command and Services Platoon, Scouts Platoon, Transmissions Platoon, Tanks Platoon, Transportations Platoon), 2 Mechanized Rifle Companies (Command and Services Platoon, 3 Rifle Platoons, Mortars Platoons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nBetween 1973 and 1976, the 5th Carabinieri Regiment (HQ Mestre) also existed, including IV, VII and XIII Battalions. On 1 September 1977, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Carabinieri Regiments were disestablished and their Battalions were transferred under the direct operational and training authority of the 11th Mechanized Brigade; the 4th Mounted Carabinieri Regiment was renamed Mounted Carabinieri Regiment. In 1975 the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade changed its name in 11th Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade (with Arabic numerals) and in 1976 the formation was renamed 11th Carabinieri Brigade; at the same time, the Brigade Command was tasked to exercise only training and logistical authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nIn 1977, the three Carabinieri Regiments were disestablished and 4th Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment changed its name in Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment, with the Battalions being directly under the Brigade Command. The following year an Inspecting Colonel was appointed, while in 1979 two additional Colonels followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nIn 1980, the Inspectorate changed its name to Command Division School and Special Carabinieri Units \"Palidoro\". In 1985, the department was deprived of training component and was reorganized on the XI Brigade (Carabinieri Battalions) and the XII Brigade (specialist units); the brigade was therefore placed under a command called Carabinieri Mobile and Special Units Division \"Palidoro\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nOverall, Carabinieri Battalions were divided into two groups, according to the main type (motorized or mechanized unit) of unit the unit deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade, Operations\nDuring the Years of Lead and the subsequent period, however, most of the Battalions reduced their military training in order to deal with riot control activities. 7th and 13th Battalions maintained instead their military capabilities and were transferred under direct Army operational control. Each infantry company of each Battalion established, in this period, an \"Intervention Platoon\", in order to upgrade the responsiveness to serious riots.p. 191", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 88], "content_span": [89, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade, Operations\nIn the 1976 Friuli earthquake, the XIII Carabinieri Battalion \"Friuli Venezia Giulia\", IV Carabinieri Battalion \"Veneto\" and VII Carabinieri Battalion \"Trentino Alto Adige\" intervened paying rescue and providing police and utility services. In the 1980 Irpinia earthquake Carabinieri Battalions from Bari, Naples and Rome also intervened.pp. 203\u2013204", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 88], "content_span": [89, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\nWith the transformation of the Arma dei Carabinieri in autonomous Armed Force, the 11th Carabinieri Brigade was split in two Brigades: the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade controlled riot units, the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade was assigned combat-oriented Carabinieri Regiments. The two Carabinieri Mobile Brigades were grouped in the Carabinieri Mobile Units Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\nThe 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade was initially headquartered in Rome; in 2001 it was transferred in Treviso; in 2013 it was moved back in Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\nSome of its subordinate units, from being all Battalion-level entities, have been raised to the regimental status. On 10 September 2014 the 1st Carabinieri Battalion \"Piemonte\" was raised to Regimental status as 1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\"; the 11th Carabinieri Battalion \"Puglia\" was raised to Regimental status on 18 September 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Operations\nThe first major engagement of the newly formed Brigade was the 27th G8 summit, a major protest, drawing an estimated 200,000 demonstrators. Clashed erupted heavily; 329 people were arrested and over 400 protesters and about 100 among security forces were injured during the clashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 101], "content_span": [102, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Operations\nOn the occasion, Carabinieri formed the shortly-existed Compagnie di contenimento e intervento risolutivo, units formed with personnel drawn from existing Battalions of the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade (Battalions \"Lombardia\", \"Lazio\", \"Toscana\", \"Campania\" and \"Sicilia\"), integrated with personnel drawn from the more military-oriented 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade. Critics of the CCIR frequently point out the militarization of police brought by the establishment of such units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 101], "content_span": [102, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, History, 2001-present day: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Operations\nOn July 20, 23-year-old activist Carlo Giuliani of Genoa, was shot dead by Mario Placanica, a Carabiniere, during clashes with police. On 14 July 2007, 13 Italian Carabineri, GOMPI Mobile and prison police were convicted for abuse of authority, abuse of office and uniform. Other charges included abuse and negligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 101], "content_span": [102, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization\nThe 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade is commanded by a Brigadier general, who in turn is assisted by a Staff. Subordinate units include thirteen regiments and battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization, Operational Intervention Company\nThe \"Operational Intervention Companies\" (Italian: Compagnie Intervento Operativo) are 7 units are designed to cope with the appropriate urgency in sudden danger to public security, thanks to the special training of personnel and the allocation of substantial vehicles and materials, intervening whenever the resurgence of particular crimes, especially those of predatory character, requires even more intense and visible control activity. Companies operate in small squads performing patrols in the urban context; they are also employed in extensive territorial control activities, such as patrols, checkpoints, spot-checks and raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization, Operational Intervention Company\nThey have been established in 2000, within the 8th Carabinieri Regiment \"Lazio\" in Rome and within the Carabinieri Battalions in Milan, Florence, Naples, Bari, Palermo, Vibo Valentia and Mestre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization, Operational Intervention Company\nCarabinieri assigned to the Operational Intervention Companies are selected and specially trained in Velletri to detect and deal with dangerous individuals, such as former offenders, drugs dealers and others. The training includes hand-to-hand combat, disarmament techniques, shooting and riot procedures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158792-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade, Organization, Rescue Units\nIn order to allow Carabinieri Battalions to deal with emergencies in case of public calamity, special Rescue Units are established, when needed, within the individual Carabinieri Battalions. These Rescue Units are previously trained and provided with equipment and materials which allow them to provide initial assistance to people affected while awaiting the intervention of the civil protection system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\"\nThe 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\" (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento Carabinieri Paracadutisti \"Tuscania\") is a special operations unit of the Italian Carabinieri. Together with the 7th Carabinieri Regiment in Laives, the 13th Carabinieri Regiment in Gorizia, and the Special Intervention Group it forms the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade. The regiment is based in Livorno, and has approximately 550 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\"\nThe regimental emblem includes elements from its speciality (paratroopers), its Armed Force (Carabinieri) and its longtime association (Folgore Brigade).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History\nThe history of Carabinieri Paratroopers dates back to World War II. On 5 June 1940, the Chief of Staff of the Italian Royal Army, then Army General Mario Roatta, requested the Commandant General of the Royal Carabinieri, at the time Lieutenant General Riccardo Moizo, to establish a Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion, approving an earlier request of General Moizo.p.24", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, World War II\nOn 1 July 1940 the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion (1\u00b0 Battaglione Reali Carabinieri Paracadutisti) was established with three companies in Tarquinia. On 9 July, Undersecretary Army General Ubaldo Soddu objected to the establishment of a Carabinieri battalion, arguing that a single-arm of single-speciality battalion could not be established (also in order to avoid rivalries); under the terms of Soddu's report, the Royal Carabinieri could establish only platoon-level units. The Higher Air Force Command, nonetheless, kept the Carabinieri Battalion in force.p.27 The following year the unit was framed within the 1st Paratroopers Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, World War II\nThe first commander was Major Bruto Bixio Bersanetti; on 28 August 1940 he was replaced by Major Edoardo Alessi.pp. 95\u201396", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, World War II\nFor a total of 26 officers, 51 non-commissioned officers and 322 troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, World War II\nThe battalion performed counter-commando activity in Libya (a platoon) and fought in Eluet el Asel area in December 1941 and in Ajdabiya as a company (under Lieutenant Osmano Bonapace),pp. 128\u2013129 being disbanded in 1942 in Castelvetrano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, World War II\nWith the surviving personnel, two Carabinieri Sections were formed: the 184th Carabinieri Section was assigned to the Folgore Division, while the 314th Carabinieri Section was assigned to the Nembo Division and fought in the Italian Civil War on the loyalist side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit\nAfter the end of the war, the Carabinieri did not immediately re-establish a paratroopers unit. However, on 15 May 1951 the Army, on the basis of a specific Carabinieri proposal, formed a Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit in Viterbo, under the immediate authority of the General Command, for riot emergencies. The Unit was devoted to the fulfilment of the Carabinieri gendarmerie tasks and was 140 troops-strong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit\nOn 10 January 1956, the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit participated in the rescue operations for Viterbo and its surroundings, whose inhabitants had remained isolated, without food and without medical assistance, due to the violent blizzards that had paralyzed the road network and communications in that province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit\nIn 1958 the unit was moved to Livorno (\"Vannucci\" Barracks) and then to Pisa, the same city as the Parachute School, until 1962, when it was moved back in Livorno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nOn 1 January 1963, within the general Army reorganization, the Paratroopers Brigade Folgore was formally established (although it received the name only in 1967); the Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit was renamed Carabinieri Paratroopers Company and was assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade. The Carabinieri Paratroopers Company depended for administrative purposes on Livorno Carabinieri Legion. On 15 July of the same year the company was expanded and reorganized as Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"Tuscania\" within the Folgore Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nOn 14 Junne 1964, then-President Antonio Segni awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor to the Carabinieri War Flag for the Battle of Elet el Ausel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nCarabinieri Paratroopers served in Alto Adige in the 1960s against South Tyrolean terrorism,p. 20 within the 150-troops strong Special Antiterrorism Company, along with Paratrooper Saboteurs (predecessors of present-day Italian special forces), Alpine, Guard of Finance and police troops. The Special Antiterrorism Company was led by Paratrooper Carabinieri Captain Francesco Gentile, dead in the 1967 Cima Vallona attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nOn 1 October 1975 the battalion was renamed I Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"Tuscania\". On 8 April 1976 the Battalion received the War Flag. The battalion was officially recognized as the legitimate heir of the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion in the same year, when its War Flag was awarded with the Silver Medal for Military Valour for the North African campaign. On 10 December 1976, the Parachutism Section of the Carabinieri Sports Centre was established within the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nOn 2 February 1978, the Special Intervention Group was established as a counter-terrorist unit; the personnel were selected from the ranks of the battalion. In the 1980s, the Battalion was included into the Special Operations Group in order to support the Italian part of the stay-behind network Operation Gladio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nFrom 1982 to 1984 the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"Tuscania\" was part of UNIFIL with the task of providing protection to Sabra, Chatila and Burj el-Barajneh refugee camps: the Battalion, based in Beirut, was the only unit consisting of career personnel and fulfilled sensitive tasks. From 1983 to 1986 and from 1989 to 1993, the Battalion was deployed in Calabria, Sardinia, and Sicilia, supporting the arrests of several mafia bosses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nIn the late 1980s the Battalion was deployed to protect the Italian Embassy in Mogadishu, Somalia. On 25 December 1989, a detachment of the Battalion evacuated Italian diplomatic personnel from Bucharest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nEarly 1990s saw the Battalion deployed both at home and abroad. Until the establishment of the Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron \"Cacciatori di Calabria\" in 1991 and of the Sardinian counterpart in 1993, the \"Tuscania\" Battalion was deployed again against organized crime in Aspromonte and in Barbagia. Meanwhile, from 1991 to 1994 the battalion was part of UNITAF and in UNOSOM II missions in Somalia, where it was involved in several combat situations. Diplomatic security was also provided in Zaire (until 1994) and in Peru (1992).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nOn 5 November 1994, the War Flag was awarded with a Silver Medal for Army Valor for the performance of the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"Tuscania\" in Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nIn 1995, as part of IFOR, the Battalion was deployed in Bosnia-Herzegovina as military police and commander's protection, with one Platoon in Sarajevo and one in Mostar. Then-Battalion Commander, Lieutenant Colonel Leonardo Leso, was also the command's legal adivsor. In the same year, the Battalion was deployed in Barbagia for anti-banditry duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, Paratroopers Brigade Folgore\nThe current designation of Regiment was awarded on 1 June 1996, when a third operational Company was added. In 1997 the Regiment evacuated non-Albanian personnel from that country. In 1999, the Regiment was deployed in Kosovo and in East Timor. In East Timor the Regiment operated as a special operations force. In 2000, the Regiment deployed fifty paratroopers in Naples in the Operation \"Golfo\". On occasion of the 2001 27th G8 summit held in Genoa, the Regiment was deployed as part of the security apparatus with tactical reserve tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\nThe regiment has been subordinated to the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade since 15 March 2002,p. 184 having been moved from Paratroopers Brigade \"Folgore\". Despite the status of an Armed Force being awarded to the Carabinieri on 5 October 2000, the \"Tuscania\" shares the maroon beret of the paracadutisti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 89], "content_span": [90, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\nIn 2003 the \"Tuscania\" Regiment was deployed in Iraq as part of Operation Ancient Babylon. The Regiment provided security in Nasiriyah and trained the Iraqi Police. The Regiment took also part to 2004 Nasiriyah battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 89], "content_span": [90, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", History, 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\nAccording to Major General Nicola Zanelli, Commander of the CO.F.S. (the Italian joint Command of special forces), in 2017 a company of the 1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment \"Tuscania\" is intended to be upgraded to the special forces (Tier 2) level. As of 2018, some military expert call for the establishment of an additional operational Company or even of an additional Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 89], "content_span": [90, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", List of Commanders, 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion\nThe 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion had two Commanders from 1940 to 1942:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 114], "content_span": [115, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", List of Commanders, Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit\nThe Carabinieri Paratroopers Unit had seven Commanders from 1951 to 1962:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 99], "content_span": [100, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", List of Commanders, Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion\nThe 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion \"Tuscania\", under the various designation changes, had ten Commanders from 1963 to 1996:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 104], "content_span": [105, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", List of Commanders, 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\"\nAfter being raised to Regiment, the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\" remained within the Folgore Brigade until 2002 with four Commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 118], "content_span": [119, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", List of Commanders, 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\"\nOn 15 March 2002, the 1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\" has been moved to the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 118], "content_span": [119, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Operations\nThe unit has been involved in all major operations abroad of the Italian Armed Forces:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Mission\nMissions entrusted to the Regiment are of three broad types:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Mission\nThe Carabinieri Regiment \"Tuscania\" is a Crowning units for special operations (Italian: Unit\u00e0 di coronamento per le operazioni speciali), i.e. is tasked with protection and belting of special forces, mainly the Special Intervention Group, as well as operational support to Special Forces units of other Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Mission\nAll members of the Special Intervention Group come from the ranks of the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Mission, Support to territorial units\nThe Tuscania Regiment can assist the territorial units of the Carabinieri in the control and surveillance of mountainous or otherwise impervious terrain and the search for dangerous fugitives (alongside the specialized Cacciatori units).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 87], "content_span": [88, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Mission, Counter-terrorism\nIn order to cope with counter-terrorism needs, in 2016 the Special Intervention Group and the Tuscania Regiment formed two Counter-terrorism Task Units (Task Unit Anti Terrorismo, T.U.A.T.) in Central and Northern Italy in order to allow G.I.S. to carry out hostage rescue and urban warfare while being protected by the \"Tuscania\" units.p. 4", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 76], "content_span": [77, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Mission, Counter-terrorism\nThe counter-terrorist task units are deployed in sensitive locations and on special occasions; these units are designed in order to be able to fight in urban warfare and terrorist attack scenarios, as well as hostage rescue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 76], "content_span": [77, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Recruitment and training\nThose aspiring to the Regiment, of all ranks, are first submitted to a psycho-physical selection, aimed at ascertaining their attitude to the specific military occupation. According to former Regimental commander Leonardo Leso, 1 out 30 candidates is accepted. Following the selection then they are admitted to taking a training Explorers Course lasting 44 weeks, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 74], "content_span": [75, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Recruitment and training\nPassing the Explorers Course is the indispensable condition for admission to the ranks of the Regiment. Only one candidate out of four attains the rank of Explorer Paratrooper, but the training does not end then. After passing the final test of the course, the paratrooper Carabiniere passes in the Battalion, in which performs operational, maintenance training and further specialization activities. In particular, the Paratrooper Carabiniere specializes in:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 74], "content_span": [75, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Organization\nThe Regiment also has a Sport Parachute Section, which is placed directly under the General Command of the Carabinieri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Organization, Regimental Command\nThe Regiment Command has the traditional subdivisions of the Personnel, Operations Training Information, Logistics, Administrations and Health Sections; the Command controls the Training Unit, the Supports Unit and the Paratrooper Carabinieri Battalion. All Regiment personnel is considered capable to be deployed on operations and all personnel is sent on mission on rotational basis. The Training Unit, led by a field officer, provides recruitment, selection and training of the personnel of all ranks. This ensures a standard training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 82], "content_span": [83, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Organization, Battalion\nThe Battalion \"Eluet el Asel\" (named after the battle of Eluet el Asel where the 1st Royal Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion fought with distinction)pp. 100\u2013102 is the operational element of the whole Regiment, and it consists of a Battalion Command and of three operational Paratrooper Carabinieri Companies. The Battalion Command has a limited operational capability to make tactical plans, with a Tactical Command and Pianification Squad, a Specialist Training Squad and of a Proximity Support Section (in charge of weapons and vehicles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Organization, Battalion\nThere are also three operational Paratrooper Carabinieri Companies. Each Company has three Platoons specialized in three different combat environments: amphibious warfare, mountain warfare or military free fall launch techniques. Each of the three Paratrooper Carabinieri Companies include a command element and three Platoons, in turn consisting of 8 Teams of 4 Troops each; the organization is designed in order to operate in urban warfare scenarios and to be transported on a Lince vehicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Organization, Battalion\nEach Team is led by a non commissioned officer, while a Team in each Platoon is led by the Platoon leader, usually a Lieutenant or an expert Marshal. Each Platoon also has specialized troops, organically part of the various Teams: Joint terminal attack controllers, EOD experts, laser-guidance operators, snipers and military rescuers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Individual armament\nApart from special allocations of certain operators (see, for example Barrett M82), possibly related to the use of squad weapons or to the needs of unconventional warfare, any Tuscania member carries the same sidearm as common Carabinieri, the Beretta 92FS, and, like most Italian paratroopers, the foldingstock SC 70/90 or the shortened SCS 70/90 version of the Beretta AR70/90 assault rifle, M4 Bushmaster assault rifle, or Beretta Model 12 sub-machine gun currently provided to the Italian armed forces. Since 2018, the Carabinieri Paratroopers also have been equipped with the Beretta ARX160 assault rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Individual armament\nBy the late 1990s, the Beretta rifle has been replaced by a version of the American carbine M4A1 built by Bushmaster and equipment vests are a special version of the Israeli \"Ephod\" made for the Tuscania regiment by an Israeli firm, Hagor. They also use the HK53 with a British-made 40mm grenade launcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158793-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Paratroopers Regiment \"Tuscania\", Sports\nRegiment \"Tuscania\" also includes a Sport Parachute Unit, which boasts significant results, both in the civil and military spheres, including several world titles achieved in the years 1990, 1994, 1998, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\"\nThe 1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\" (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento Carabinieri \"Piemonte\") is a riot control unit of the Carabinieri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History\nThe 1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\" could track its origins to 1920 when, by a decree of the Minister of War, 18 Carabinieri Mobile Battalions (each 743 or 764 Carabinieri-strong) were established;p.\u00a0 116 two of these Battalions were based in Turin and named Carabinieri Mobile Battalion \"Torino 1\u00b0\" and Carabinieri Mobile Battalion \"Torino 2\u00b0\". Shortly after, the two Battalions were reduced to only one unit. Subsequently, the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Battalion was established in Turin, being disestablished on 30 December 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History\nIn 1940, the unit was reestablished as \"1st Mobilized Carabinieri Battalion\", being deployed in Albania and Greece under the \"Special Army Corps\" led by General Giovanni Messe. Shortly after 8 September 1943 the Battalion was disestablished. In May 1945 the unit was reestablished as Carabinieri Mobile Battalionp. 167 under the Carabinieri Legion of Turin.p. 179 In 1948 the I Carabinieri Mobile Battalion was moved in Moncalieri Castle, where it has been garrisoned since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nIn 1963, with the 1960s Army and Carabinieri reorganization, the XI Carabinieri Mechanized Brigade was established directly under the General Command, in order to cope with the internal territorial defence needs. The establishment of the new Brigade was in order to adjust the organization of the Battalions and of cavalry units both for strictly military tasks, and those related to the protection of public order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nThe aim was to ensure Carabinieri Battalions the availability of all elements necessary to be in a position to act in isolation and overcome considerable resistance without having to rely on the competition of other Army Corps or other Armed Forces, to ensure Battalions speed of movement and concentration in large sectors of foreseeable use and a constant high training level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nIn the reorganization, former Mobile Battalions were renamed simply Battalions and were marked with a sequential number, while remaining administratively dependent on the relevant territorial Legion; the Battalions Groups were renamed Carabinieri Regiments, and were given the conceptual role of a resolution unit in both riot and tactical tasks. The newly formed Mechanized Brigade exercised its operational and training authority on:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nOn 1 April 1963 the Battalion was therefore renamed \"1st Carabinieri Battalion\", was moved to Turin, placed at the dependencies of the then-1st Carabinieri Regiment (based in Milan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nIn 1970, a \"Rescue Unit\" is established within each Carabinieri Battalion for civil protection and public rescue duties.p. 204  On 1 September 1977, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Carabinieri Regiments were disestablished and their Battalions were transferred under the direct operational and training authority of the 11th Mechanized Brigade; the 4th Mounted Carabinieri Regiment was renamed Mounted Carabinieri Regiment. The 1st Battalion became an autonomous unit and was renamed 1st Carabinieri Battalion \"Piemonte\". In 1977 the 1st Battalion was also granted the War Flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History, 1963-2001: 11th Carabinieri Brigade\nIn late 1970s, each Carabinier Battalion establishes an \"Intervention Platoon\" in each Rifle Company.p. 191", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History, 2001 - present: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\nWith the transformation of the Arma dei Carabinieri in autonomous Armed Force, the 11th Carabinieri Brigade was split in two Brigades: the 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade controlled riot units (including the 1st Carabinieri Battalion \"Piemonte\"), while the 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade was assigned combat-oriented Carabinieri Regiments. The two Carabinieri Mobile Brigades were grouped in the Carabinieri Mobile Units Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 92], "content_span": [93, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History, 2001 - present: 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade\nOn 10 September 2014 the Battalion was elevated to Regiment as 1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\"; the 2nd Carabinieri Battalion \"Liguria\" is under the Regiment command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 92], "content_span": [93, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", History, Commanders\nDuring its existence, the Battalion (now Regiment) has been led by senior officers (Major to Colonel).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158794-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\", Organization\nThe 1st Carabinieri Regiment \"Piemonte\" consists of the 1st Carabinieri Battalion \"Piemonte\" (primarily responsible for Piedmont and Aosta Valley) and of the 2nd Carabinieri Battalion \"Liguria\" (primarily responsible for Liguria).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army in North Wales from 1862 to 1922. It fought on the Western Front in World War I. Postwar it was amalgamated with the Denbighshire Hussars as a medium artillery regiment that served in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteer Corps raised at Carnarvon on 12 March 1862. It was a small unit (51 strong in 1871), and for most of the 1860s and 1870s only had one officer, Captain William Turner, commissioned on 13 August 1864, and later Sub-Lieutenant William Owen, commissioned on 20 June 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIt joined the 1st Administrative Brigade of Anglesey Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) when that was formed on 28 August 1863. However, Volunteer recruitment in Anglesey declined and in 1873 the remaining Anglesey and Carnarvon AVCs were transferred to the Administrative Brigade in Cheshire This was consolidated as the 1st Cheshire and Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteer Corps in 1880, with 1st Carnarvon AVC providing No 8 Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1882 the 1st Cheshire and Carnarvonshire was assigned to the Lancashire Division of the Royal Artillery, but when the divisional structure was reduced in 1889 it joined the Southern Division. On 1 June 1899 all the Volunteer artillery units became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and from 1 January 1902 the unit became the 1st Cheshire and Carnarvonshire RGA (Volunteers). However, in 1904 the Carnarvonshire batteries were withdrawn to form a separate unit, the 1st Carnarvonshire RGA (V) of four companies under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Savage, VD, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Carnarvonshire RGA (V) became the Welsh (Carnarvonshire) RGA, with its HQ at Bangor and a dedicated Ammunition Column at Agyll Road, Llandudno. The former No 3 Company at Bangor College transferred to the Officers' Training Corps. The new unit provided the heavy battery in the TF's Welsh Division, equipped with four 4.7-inch guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe units of the Welsh Division had just departed for their annual summer camp when the order to mobilise was received on 4 August 1914. They then returned home and assembled at their drill halls to mobilise. The Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery mobilised at Bangor under the command of Major W.H. Hughes, who had held the command since 20 December 1913. The battery immediately went by train to its war station at Scoveston Fort, above the Royal Navy anchorage of Milford Haven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe battery's horse purchaser was able to impress and buy enough horses for the guns and ammunition column in just four days. The men spent September digging gun positions around the anchorage. The two sections being widely separated \u2013 a wagon taking 48 hours by road to travel between Pembroke Dock and Scoveston Fort \u2013 battery training proved difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nBy 11 August the Welsh units had completed their concentration and TF members were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. Four days later the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. The Welsh Hvy Bty began forming its 2nd Line battery in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery\nThe battery moved on 20 October to Northampton where the Welsh Division had concentrated at  to continue its training. The men were billeted on private houses and the horses picqueted on the The Racecourse. By the end of November the wagons of the battery and ammunition column were complete and the battery considered itself mobile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery\nOn 18 November the division was warned for garrison duty in India, but this was cancelled and in December it moved to Cambridge, the battery moving by train on 21 December, with the men billeted as before and the horses in the open on Coe Fen; battery headquarters (BHQ) was at 8 Brookside, Cambridge. Training continued, and in April 1915 the gunners attended a practice camp at Larkhill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery\nThe Welsh Division (officially the 53rd (Welsh) Division from 14 May 1915) next moved to Bedford, with the 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty marching via St Neots on 5\u20136 May; BHQ was established at Kempston. In July the infantry of the division embarked for service at Gallipoli, leaving the divisional artillery behind in Bedford. On 20 November the divisional field artillery left to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, but the heavy battery remained at Bedford with the 2nd Line Welsh Division (now numbered as the 68th (2nd Welsh) Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery\nFinally, on 10 February 1916 the battery was warned for overseas service and on 16 October it moved to Woolwich to mobilise for overseas service with the BEF. It embarked on the transport Karnak at Southampton Docks on 26 February, but after three days at anchor was landed again. It re-embarked on 2 February and landed at Le Havre next day. It then went by train to Doullens and by road to join 23rd Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) in Third Army. It went into action on 17 March in the Vimy Ridge area. Major Hughes was evacuated to hospital on 26 March, and Maj G.H. Nugent arrived next day to take command. During May, Maj Nugent took over temporary command of 23rd HAG and XVII Corps Counter-Battery (CB) Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Somme\nAt the time the policy was to move RGA batteries from one HAG to another as required. 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty moved to 6th HAG in First Army, then to 17th HAG with Fourth Army, when it joined in preparations for the Battle of the Somme. On 6 June the battery's Left Section and half the ammunition column set off by road to the Somme front, reaching Sarton on 10 June, where they began preparing gun positions for the battery near Colincamps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 103], "content_span": [104, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Somme\nThe other half of the battery joined them on 18 June and the positions were completed and stocked with ammunition by 23 June. From 24 to 30 June the battery bombarded targets in the Beaumont-Hamel sector. On Z Day (1 July) the battery began firing at 06.00 and lengthened its range at 07.30 when the infantry went 'over the top'. By 16.30 it had fired approximately 1000 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 103], "content_span": [104, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Somme\n1/1st Welsh Hyv Bty remained active on this front through the summer. On 13 August it was heavily shelled and Maj Nugent was wounded; Capt G. Brymer assumed command and was confirmed in the position on 15 September. The battery was in the bombardment of Beaucourt Redoubt between 05.05 and 08.30 on 3 September, and then engaged in CB fire. On 15 September (the Battle of Flers\u2013Courcelette) it assisted with CB fire in the direction of Courcelette. On 3 October the two guns of Left Section were condemned as unserviceable and sent to the Ordnance workshops, being replaced by two Mk IV 4.7-inch guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 103], "content_span": [104, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Ancre\nThe battery fired in support of the operations on 13 and 15 November (the Battle of the Ancre) for the final Capture of Beaumont-Hamel and Grandcourt. At the end of the Somme offensive the battery was transferred to 32nd HAG in Fifth Army on 1 December. There were still ongoing Operations on the Ancre: on 3 February 1917 the battery fired 960 rounds in four hours, setting a unit record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 103], "content_span": [104, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Ancre\nThe BEF had begun progressively replacing its obsolescent 4.7-inch guns with 60-pounders during 1916. From 5 February 1917, 25 Other Ranks of 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty were attached to 25th Hvy Bty for instruction on the 60-pdr. However, it had not received its new guns when the Germans began their planned retreat to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich). The battery followed up and took up positions between Serre and Beaumont-Hamel in what had been the German positions (it was now part of 56th HAG, having transferred on 19 February 1917).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 103], "content_span": [104, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Ancre\nIn December 1916 the WO decided that all heavy batteries should be composed of six guns. 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty received its first four new 60-pdrs on 27 February, and then on 3 March it was joined by a section of one officer and 83 gunners from 200th Hvy Bty (newly arrived in France and immediately broken up) to bring it up to a six-gun establishment. On 7 March it fired off all its 4.7-inch ammunition and passed its old guns over to 1/1st Highland Hvy Bty. Next day it began a four-day march to Verquin to join 31st HAG in First Army on 12 March. That night it emplaced three guns at Bully-Grenay, the other three following on 16 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 103], "content_span": [104, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Vimy Ridge\nOn 20 March the artillery preparation began for the Battle of Vimy Ridge, with the batteries of 31st HAG firing from around Bully-Grenay on the extreme north flank of the attack, from where they could virtually enfilade the German lines in support of I Corps. The artillery plan for the heavy guns emphasised counter-battery fire. At Zero hour, while the field guns laid down a Creeping barrage to protect the advancing infantry, the 60-pounders switched to 'searching' fire on the German rear areas to catch machine gunners and moving infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 108], "content_span": [109, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Vimy Ridge\nWhen the British infantry reached their Phase 2 objective (the Blue Line) the field guns would move forward and the 60-pounders move up to occupy their vacated positions. The attack went in on 9 April with I Corps and Canadian Corps successfully capturing Vimy Ridge while Third Army attacked further south near Arras. The only hold-up on 9 April was at Hill 145, near the north end of the Canadian attack, and the capture of this position was completed the next day. During the day the battery suffered several casualties from German CB fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 108], "content_span": [109, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Vimy Ridge\nAs the Arras Offensive continued, the battery advanced three guns  to a new position at Cite Calonne on 21 April, the others moving up to Rollencourt on 27 April, and the wagon lines to Petit Sains on 12 May. The battery suffered a number of casualties. The half battery at Cite Calonne was heavily shelled on 11 May when two guns were put out of action, and again on 14 May, this time without casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 108], "content_span": [109, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Arras Front\nOn 11 May the battery had been transferred to the command of 15th HAG, and on 16 May the battery personnel were withdrawn and sent to B\u00e9thune for rest, returning to their positions on 26 May. The guns continued in action, with a half battery moving up to Grenay on 5 June, joined by the rest on 10 June. On 16 June the battery was heavily shelled, by about 450 rounds from German 5.9-inch and 4.2-inch guns, but there was no serious damage and only one gunner wounded. However, there were a steady trickle of killed and wounded over succeeding days, while First Army carried out a number of operations round Oppy Wood. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 109], "content_span": [110, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Arras Front\nOn 3 July the battery was ordered to move to Noyelles and take over the guns and positions of 37th Hvy Bty. This was done by half batteries over two successive nights, the wagon lines moving to Vaudricourt, and 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty came under 67th HAG. On the evening of 23 July the battery was standing by to fire in support of a raid timed for 21.15. At 21.10 it came under heavy CB fire from a German 5.9-inch (150 mm) battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 109], "content_span": [110, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Arras Front\nThe gunners lay down round their guns until one minute before Zero, when they manned their guns and opened fire punctually. Later, 88 shell holes were counted between the guns and the battery command post, yet there were no casualties. The battery was congratulated by the corps commander for its steadiness under fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 109], "content_span": [110, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Arras Front\nThe battery continued on the Arras front through the summer, coming under CB fire again on 9 August, when there were no casualties but one gun was temporarily pout out of action. On 15 August it fired in support of the Battle of Hill 70. Low level operations continued on the Arras front while the BEF concentrated on its Ypres Offensive. 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty pushed forward and came under fire several times, with damage to guns. On 23 October 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty moved to 11th HAG with Second Army, which was engaged in the final actions of the Battle of Passchendaele.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 109], "content_span": [110, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Spring Offensive\nSecond Army HQ was sent to the Italian Front at the end of 1917, and Fourth Army took over the Ypres Salient, with 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty transferring to 53rd HAG on 18 December. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 the HAGs were converted into permanent RGA brigades, with 53rd becoming a 'Mixed' brigade of 60-pounders and batteries of various calibres of howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 114], "content_span": [115, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Spring Offensive\nSecond Army HQ resumed command of the Ypres sector (including 53rd (Mixed) Bde RGA), in March 1918 and was soon involved in the Battle of the Lys, the second phase of the German spring offensive that involved great loss of ground and rapid retreat for much of the artillery. The German advance on Second Army's front was halted on 29 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 114], "content_span": [115, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Hundred Days\n1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty received an extended rest from 27 July to 17 August. Next day Second Army joined in the Allies' Hundred Days Offensive with the capture of several important ridges, and then a succession of attacks in early September. Second Army's contribution to the great series of coordinated offensives starting on 28 September was the Fifth Battle of Ypres (28 September\u20132 October).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 110], "content_span": [111, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery, Hundred Days\n53rd Brigade including 1/1st Welsh Hvy Bty switched to First Army on 2 October and remained with it until the Armistice with Germany, including the Battle of the Selle, when it was under the command of VIII Corps to support XXII Corps crossing of the Echaillon and advance to the Schelde, and the Battle of the Sambre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 110], "content_span": [111, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery\nThe Welsh Heavy Bty began recruiting its reserve battery at 25 per cent strength in October 1914 and in December was ordered to recruit it up to full strength. The Home and Overseas service batteries were formally separated and the men transferred on 28 February 1915. Later the 3rd Line supplied reinforcement drafts to 1/1st Bty in France. Major J. Samuels took command of 2/1st Welsh Hvy Bty on 5 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery\nThe battery joined the 68th (2nd Welsh) Division, which concentrated at Northampton in April 1915. It moved to Bedford in the summer to replace the 53rd (Welsh) Division. Training of the units was made difficult by the lack of arms and equipment, although a trickle of horses and saddlery and later some obsolete guns reached the division during the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery\n68th (2nd Welsh) Division was now assigned a role in Home Defence and joined First Army (Home Forces) in Central Force, with its units quartered across Eastern England. In May 1917 it transferred to Northern Army (Home Forces), and the heavy battery was stationed at Leiston during the summer before moving into winter quarters at Blythburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Welsh (Carnarvonshire) Heavy Battery\n2/1st Welsh Hvy Bty remained with 68th Division, supplying drafts to units overseas, until May 1918 when it joined 227th Mixed Brigade. It remained stationed at Blythburgh with four old 4.7-inch guns until the end of the war. It was reduced to a cadre and went to Georgetown, South Wales, for disbandment on 19 September 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TF was reformed in 1920, the Welsh (Carnarvonshire) RGA was initially reformed as 12th (Carnarvon and Denbigh) Medium Brigade, RGA, which was to have had its HQ and two batteries at Colwyn Bay and one battery at Bangor. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) the following year the unit was redesignated 61st Medium Brigade, RGA, with probably only one battery (241 Medium Bty) at Bangor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nHowever, wartime experience showed that the army had too many mounted units, and only the 14 most senior Yeomanry Cavalry regiments in the TA were retained as horsed cavalry, the remainder being converted to armoured cars or artillery. On 1 March 1922 the Denbighshire Hussars were merged with the new medium brigade to form 61st (Carnarvon & Denbigh Yeomanry) Medium Brigade, RGA with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nThe commanding officer (CO) was Acting Lt-Col W.F. Christian, DSO of the RGA, with Major W.H. Hughes (the Welsh Heavy Battery's prewar CO) as senior major. No prewar officers of the Denbigh Yeomanry were carried over to the new brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 241 (Carnarvon) Medium Battery\nWhen the TA was doubled in size just before World War II, 241 Medium Bty transferred to the duplicate unit, 69th (Carnarvon & Denbigh Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, which served in the Battle of France, the Middle East, Italy and North West Europe. After the war the Denbighshire and Caernarvonshire Territorials underwent a number of amalgamations until in 1967 they became Q (Denbighshire and Caernarvonshire Yeomanry) Bty in the Flintshire and Denbighshire Yeomanry, RA. In 1971 it was reformed as infantry, forming  B (Flintshire and Denbighshire Yeomanry) Company in 3rd Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers. The Denbighshire Yeomanry lineage was discontinued from 1999 to 2013, when a new 398 (Flintshire & Denbighshire Yeomanry) Transport Squadron, Royal Logistic Corps, was formed in the Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158795-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Carnarvonshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorial\nThere is a memorial to the 1/1st Welsh (Caernarvon) Bty, RGA, alongside the main City of Bangor war memorial in the memorial gardens at Deiniol Road, Bangor. The flat lead panel carries 37 names of men who died in World War I and 27 from World War II. It was previously at Bangor Crematorium, and before that at the TA Drill Hall in Glynne Road, Bangor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158796-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Caucasian Cavalry Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Caucasian Cavalry Corps (Russian, 1-\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was a military formation of the Russian Empire during World War I, from 1915 to 1918, and was part of the Russian Caucasus Army. The corps was formed in October 1915 from parts of the Imperial Russian Caucasian army cavalry to serve as an expeditionary force in Persia to counteract pro-German forces (Persian Campaign). It was formed under the command of the Caucasus Army, but then reorganized into the Caucasus Front in April 1917 as a result of the turmoil caused by the Russian Revolution. It changed names several times throughout the war and was disbanded in June 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158797-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Caucasus Army Corps\nThe 1st Caucasus Army Corps (Russian, 1-\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was a military formation of the Russian Empire which existed between 1847 and 1918, including the period during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158797-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Caucasus Army Corps\nIt was reformed on December 17, 1878. From November 1888 to March 1899, it was named the Caucasus Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158797-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Caucasus Army Corps, History\nIn the first half of the 19th century the Caucasus Army Corps of the Russian Ground Forces formed the basis of the military management of the Armed Forces. The total number of corps varied from five in 1810 to twenty in 1825 (including eight separate corps: Guard, Grenadier, Caucasus, Finnish, Lithuanian, Orenburg, Siberian, and internal guard). In 1833 the number of corps was reduced to fifteen. For the period of the Eastern (Crimean) War (1855-1856) three new corps were created, and after its completion four corps were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158797-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Caucasus Army Corps, History\nArmy and cavalry corps were abolished from 1862 to 1864 during the military reforms of Dmitry Milyutin. However, advantages in combat readiness of corps organization led to their reconstruction from 1874 to 1879. Each corps included a directorate, two or three infantry division and one cavalry division, all with artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158797-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Caucasus Army Corps, History\nOn March 22, 1899 by the highest order the 20th and 39th infantry divisions, the 1st and 2nd Caucasus Cossack divisions, the 1st and 2nd Kuban Plastun battalions, the 20th and 39th artillery brigades, the 2nd and 5th Cossack batteries, the 20th and 39th flying artillery parks were allocated from the Caucasus army corps. This unit was called the 1st Caucasus Army Corps, which was formed on May 1, 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158798-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Caucasus Cossack Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Caucasus Cossack Division was a cavalry unit within the Imperial Russian Army. They were headquartered at Kars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158799-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Army\nThe 1st Cavalry Army (Russian: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was a prominent Red Army military formation. It was also known as \"Budyonny's Cavalry Army\" or simply as Konarmia (\"Horsearmy\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158799-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Army, History\nWhen the Russian Civil War broke out in 1918, a non-commissioned officer named Budyonny organized a small cavalry force in the Don region out of local Cossacks. This force rapidly grew in numbers, sided with the Bolsheviks and eventually became the 1st Cavalry Army. It was transformed from a guerrilla force into a proper military unit under the command of Semyon Budyonny, and the political guidance of Kliment Voroshilov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158799-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Army, History\nThis army played an important role in winning the Civil War for the Bolsheviks, driving the White General Anton Denikin back from his advance towards Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158799-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Army, History\nIn 1920 Budyonny's Cavalry Army took part in the defence from Poland during the Polish-Bolshevik War, at first with remarkable success. The 1st Cavalry Army pushed Polish forces out of Ukraine and broke through Polish southern frontlines, but later was bogged down at Lvov. This in turn led to a heavy defeat of the rest of the Bolshevik forces in the Battle of Warsaw. When Budyonny's Cavalry finally joined the battle it was also soundly defeated in the Battle of Komar\u00f3w, known as the last great cavalry battle in history. At this point, the 1st Cavalry Army's morale and discipline were at a low point and robbery and violence against the civilian population became commonplace. The 1st Cavalry Army also became known for periodic outbreaks of murderous anti-semitism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158799-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Army, History\nThe remains of the 1st Cavalry Army were sent south to fight Wrangel\u2019s White forces in Ukraine and the Crimea. In May 1921 the 1st Cavalry Army was moved to North Caucasus. This movement was the basis of myth about the invincible 1st Cavalry Army, which has been cultivated by Soviet propaganda. On 4 May, its field headquarters was used to form the headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District (2nd formation). However, troops remained subordinated to the army staff until its dissolution on 11 October 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158799-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Army, History\nThe march of the 1st Cavalry Army became popular after the Russian Civil War and was celebrated in a song, We are the Red Cavalry (Russian: \u041c\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f). Other titles of the song were \"\u041c\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\" (We, Red cavalrymen) and \"[\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0448 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e]\" (Budenny march), and \"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0448 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\" (March of the Red horsemen).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158799-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Army, History\nIn commemoration, a monument to the 1st Cavalry Army was built in Lvov oblast, Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158800-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (France)\nThe French 1st Cavalry Brigade was a military unit of the French Army which served during World War II. A partly horse-mounted unit, it fought in the Battle of Belgium and the Battle of France in May 1940. An element of the brigade was noted for its defence of Vendresse against German tanks, delaying their opponents for most of the day. After the Armistice of 22 June 1940 the brigade was reformed as a unit of Vichy France, but it was disbanded in November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158800-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Pre-war\nThe 1st Cavalry Brigade was a pre-war unit commanded from 1936 by Colonel Maurice-Arthur-Alphonse Wemaere. In August 1939 it consisted of the 1st Hussar Cavalry Regiment and the 8th Cavalry (Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval) Regiment and was commanded by General of Brigade Emile-Henri Gailliard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158800-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France\nThe unit served directly under the Second Army during the opening stages of the Western Front of the Second World War, during which the unit was augmented with the 4th Tank Battalion. The cavalry of the Second Army was deployed into Belgium on the morning of 10 May 1940, after the German invasion. The 2nd Light Cavalry Division became engaged in heavy fighting with the advanced German units and was pushed back from near \u00c9talle to Jamoigne. The 1st Cavalry Brigade was ordered to occupy a position between Jamoigne, Suxy and Straimont to defend the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158800-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France\nA horse troop was deployed within Suxy itself. The German 10th Panzer Division unexpectedly altered its line of advance which brought in into conflict with the 1st Cavalry Brigade on the morning of 11 May. The horse troop in Suxy held off the Infantry Regiment Gro\u00dfdeutschland until guns from the 16th Assault Gun Company forced them back. The brigade was pushed back around 3 kilometres (1.9\u00a0mi) from the west of Suxy, opening the route to Mortehan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158800-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France\nThe unit was thereafter lightly engaged and withdrew in cooperation with the adjacent 5th Light Cavalry Division towards their final defensive position along the Semois river. Hampered by refugees and generally slower than the German Panzer Division troops the retreat was confused and some German forces crossed the river, compromising the defence. The French cavalry had largely been ineffective in its objective to delay the German advance in Belgium; it had been surprised by the speed of the German troops and had insufficient tanks and anti-tank weaponry to oppose them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158800-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France\nThe unit was afterwards deployed in France to defend the rear of the Maginot Line from a German advance from Sedan. With both units weakened by losses in Belgium it was combined with the 5th Light Cavalry Division and assigned to XXI Corps. The unit fought alongside the 3rd Spahi Brigade of African cavalry to defend the Ourthe River. With other units pushed back the 1st Cavalry Brigade covered the French withdrawal south to Chagny. On 14 May the unit attempted to defend Vendresse against the 1st Panzer Division, with the 5th Light Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158800-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Battles of Belgium and France\nThe units, many of whom were horse-mounted, held up the German armour for the entire day, before withdrawing, when ordered, at 5 p.m. A horse troop from the 1st Cavalry Brigade took part in the defence of Chagny against the 1st and 2nd Panzer Regiments and suffered heavy losses, withdrawing to Hill 250.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158800-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (France), Vichy unit\nAfter the French surrender the 1st Cavalry Brigade was restored as a unit of Vichy France. In September 1940 it consisted of the 1st and 7th Cavalry (Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval) Regiments. It was disbanded in November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158801-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 1st Cavalry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158802-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 1st Cavalry Brigade of the Imperial Japanese Army was originally formed November 3, 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158802-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)\nIt was assigned to Kwantung Army in April 1933 as part of the IJA Cavalry Group. It was then assigned with the Cavalry Group to the Northern China Area Army in June 1938. Again with the Group it was assigned to the Mongolia Garrison Army in February 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158803-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Cavalry Brigade was a brigade of the British Army. It served in the Napoleonic Wars (1st Household Cavalry Brigade), the Anglo-Egyptian War (1st (Heavy) Cavalry Brigade), the Boer War and in the First World War when it was assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158803-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nPrior to World War I the brigade was based at Aldershot in England and originally consisted of three cavalry regiments, and a Royal Engineers signal troop. After the declaration of war in August 1914, the brigade was deployed to the Western Front in France, where an artillery battery joined the brigade the following September and a Machine Gun Squadron in February 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158803-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)\nOne of the brigade's early battles was the action at N\u00e9ry on 1 September 1914 when, acting alone, the brigade defeated the German 4th Cavalry Division. As a result of this action three men from the artillery battery \u2013 Captain Edward Bradbury, Sergeant-Major George Dorrell and Sergeant David Nelson \u2013 were awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158803-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Napoleonic Wars\nFrom June 1809, Wellington organized his cavalry into one, later two, cavalry divisions (1st and 2nd) for the Peninsular War. These performed a purely administrative, rather than tactical, role; the normal tactical headquarters were provided by brigades commanding two, later usually three, regiments. The cavalry brigades were named for the commanding officer, rather than numbered. For the Hundred Days Campaign, he numbered his British cavalry brigades in a single sequence, 1st to 7th. The 1st Cavalry Brigade consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158803-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Napoleonic Wars\nAs the majority of the brigade consisted of Household Cavalry regiments, it was known as the 1st (Household) Cavalry Brigade .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158803-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second Boer War\nThe brigade was reformed for the Second Boer War. During the Battle of Paardeberg, the brigade commanded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158803-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Second Boer War\nFollowing the end of the Second Boer War in 1902 the army was restructured, and the 1st Cavalry Brigade was established at Aldershot (South Cavalry Barracks) attached to the 1st Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158804-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Cavalry Corps was a cavalry corps in the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158805-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\"\nThe 1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\" (Italian: 1\u00aa Divisione celere \"Eugenio di Savoia\") was a cavalry or \"Celere\" (Fast) division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Eugenio di Savoia was mobilized in 1940 and took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia. The division was assigned to the XI Corps in Ljubljana and remained in Yugoslavia as occupation force on the Dalmatian coast. After the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the division was disbanded by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158805-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\", History\nThe division was formed on 17 April 1930 as 1st Fast Division in the city of Udine in Friuli. Although not officially sanctioned the division is considered to be the heir of the 1st Cavalry Division of Friuli, which fought in World War I and consisted of the I and II cavalry brigades. On 15 June 1930 the I Cavalry Brigade, with the regiments \"Cavalleggeri di Saluzzo\", \"Cavalleggeri di Monferrato\", and \"Cavalleggeri di Alessandria\" entered the division. The following year the 1st Light Artillery Regiment was raised and assigned to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158805-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\", History\nIn January 1933 the Regiment \"Piemonte Reale Cavalleria\" replaced the Regiment \"Cavalleggeri di Monferrato\". On 1 January 1934 the division and brigade received the name \"Eugenio di Savoia\". On the same date the brigade was reorganized with the Regiment \"Cavalleggeri di Alessandria\" being replaced by the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment, and the I Light Tank Group \"San Giusto\" joining the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158805-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\", History\nOn 1 February 1938 the I Cavalry Brigade \"Eugenio di Savoia\" was dissolved and its three regiments came under direct command of the division. In October of the same year the Regiment \"Cavalleggeri di Alessandria\" returned to the division, which in turn lost the Regiment \"Piemonte Reale Cavalleria\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158805-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\", History, World War II\nOn 30 March 1941 the division ceded its 1st Cavalry Artillery Regiment with the II and III motorized groups to the 27th Infantry Division \"Brescia\", which was fighting in the Western Desert Campaign. On 3 April the Regiment \"Nizza Cavalleria\" was attached to the division for the upcoming Invasion of Yugoslavia. Afterwards the division remained in Yugoslavia as occupation force. On 23 June the division lost its last artillery group, which was transferred to the 3rd Cavalry Division \"Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta\" to form an artillery regiment for the latter division's upcoming deployment to the Eastern front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158805-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\", History, World War II\nOn 17 October 1941 the Regiment \"Cavalleggeri di Alessandria\" conducted the last cavalry charge by an Italian military unit: encircled by a group of Yugoslav Partisans near Poloj in Croatia the regiment launched repeated nighttime saber charges against the partisans and despite suffering heavy casualties, the charge succeeded and the regiment broke through the encirclement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158805-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\", History, World War II\nAfter the Armistice of Cassibile the division tried to rally in Rijeka, but by 13 September 1943 the division dissolved and ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158805-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\", Organization\nThe division had undergone a level of mechanization and fielded two cavalry regiments, a Bersaglieri regiment, a motorized artillery regiment, and a light tank group. The squadrons of the cavalry regiments were horse-mounted and, other than a motorcycle company, the Bersaglieri were issued with bicycles. The light tank group had a total of 61 L3/35s and Fiat L6/40 tanks. The division was commanded by Lieutenant General Federico Ferrari Orsi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158805-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division \"Eugenio di Savoia\", Military honors\nFor its conduct while serving with the 27th Infantry Division \"Brescia\" during the Western Desert campaign the President of Italy awarded on 7 December 1951 to the division's 1st Cavalry Artillery Regiment Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158806-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Belgium)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division (French: 1ere Division de Cavalerie) was a cavalry division of the Belgian Army that fought against the German Armed Forces in the Battle of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158806-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War I\nAt the start of World War I, the 1st Cavalry Division was not formed yet, but was part of a reserve Cavalry Division as \u20181st Cavalry Brigade.\u2019 Its headquarters were in Brussels and was composed of the 1st and 2nd Guides Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158806-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nWhen the 1st Cavalry Division was mobilized in late 1939, most of its regiments were at full strength. Two regiments of the 1st Cavalry Division (the 3rd Lancers regiment, and the 1st Cyclist regiment) left, weakening the Division in 1940. The 1st Cavalry Division was positioned at the Belgian border near the Ardennes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158806-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nWhen the German offensive was confirmed, most of the 1st Cavalry Division was near Neufchateau and its main objective was to regroup with the retreating 1st Division of the Ardennes Hunters, and the other detachments of the Cavalry Division. Delays hampered the advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158806-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nThe 1st Cavalry division sent the 4th regiment Lancers to the 2nd Cavalry division and in turn, was reinforced with the 2nd Regiment Gidsen. The command system was thoroughly redistributed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158806-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nThe Germans advanced at full speed. The K-W line was fully breached and the 1st Cavalry Division retreated west. The 1st Cavalry Division was ordered to fall to the Scheldt. But the Germans overran the positions and the Scheldt Canal was abandoned. The situation got worse when the Allied armies including the Belgians were encircled near Northern France and Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158806-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nBy May 25-26, the remainder of the division not yet killed or captured was again reorganized so they could be deployed in the Sluis Middelburg line. But the line was breached yet again, as 1st Cavalry Division was withdrawn and had to defend the quickly built defense of Strobugge-Maldegem-Oostwinkel Axis. But the Germans moved on and the division had to retreat to the last defense of the Strobugge-Maldegem-Oostwinkel Axis. After the breach of the last desperate defense, the division surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158806-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158806-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Belgium), Structure 1940\n\u2022Commanding General, 1st Cavalry Division - Lieutenant -General Maurice Keyaerts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division (1. Kavallerie-Division) was a unit of the German Army in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nInitially, it was the sole cavalry division on the Eastern Front, where it was assigned to the 8th Army. It remained in the East throughout the war. From 6 January 1915 to 22 August 1917, the division was involved in coastal defence duties in northern Courland. It was transferred to the Ukraine in March 1918, where it remained until 29 January 1919. From 16 January 1918, it contained just one brigade of 3 regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar\nThe Division was formed as Part of the Mobilization at the Beginning of the First World War and was used exclusively on the Eastern Front. Here it remained as a German Police Force after the Peace of Brest-Litovsk. It was first used in Livonia and Estonia and then came to Ukraine, where it remained until 16 March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar\n1914\u2013 17 August \u2013 Battle of Stallup\u00f6nen19 to 20 August \u2013 Battle of Gumbinnen23\u201331 August \u2013 Battle of Tannenberg5\u201315 September \u2013 Battle of the Masurian Lakes25 to 30 September \u2013 Battle of the Njemen1 October to 5 November \u2013 position Fights at Grajewo-Wizajny6\u20138 November \u2013 Battle of G\u00f6ritten13\u201316 November \u2013 Battle of the Romintener HeathFrom 15 November \u2013 jockeying for position for The Field position at L\u00f6tzen and at the Angerapp", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar\n1915\u2013 Until 7 February \u2013 jockeying for position for the Field Position L\u00f6tzen-Angerapp. 8\u201322 February \u2013 Winter Battle in Masuren23 February to 6 March \u2013 Battles at the Bobr7\u201316 March \u2013 Battles in the Border position Sereje-Simno-Luzhwinov and Mariampol 9\u201312", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar\nMarch \u2013 Battles at Sejny25\u201330 March \u2013 Battles at Krasnopol and Krasne31 March to 20 July \u2013 Position Battles between Augustov, Mariampol and Pilwiszki21 July to 7 August \u2013 battles at the Jesia and at Wejwery8\u201318 August \u2013 Siege of Kowno19 August to 8 September \u2013 Njemen battle9 September\u2013 Szyrwinty9 to 24 September \u2013 Battle of Vilnius24 September to 19 October \u2013 Battles at the Mjadsjolka and DryswjataFrom 6 November \u2013 Coastal Protection in Northern Courland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar\n1917\u2013 Until 22 August \u2013 Coastal Protection North Kurland 23 January to 3 February \u2013 Winter Battle on the Aa1\u20135 September \u2013 Battle of Riga6 September to 28 October \u2013 Position Battles north of the D\u00fcnaFrom 29 October \u2013 Crew service at Budget Inspection 10", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Battle Calendar\n1918\u2013 Until 10 March \u2013 Crew service at Budget Inspection 1011 March to 2 May \u2013 Occupation of Livonia and Estonia as a German Police force3 May to 21 June \u2013 Fighting in Ukraine22 June to 15 November \u2013 Occupation of UkraineFrom 16 November \u2013 Eviction of Ukraine", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Order of Battle on mobilisation\nOn formation, in August 1914, the component units of the division were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nIn the course of the War, the Division saw a number of changes to its assigned Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158807-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nAllied Intelligence did not rate the Division's fighting value. Its late war organisation was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division of the Royal Yugoslav Army was established in 1921, soon after the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. In peacetime it consisted of two cavalry brigade headquarters commanding a total of four regiments. It was part of the Yugoslav 1st Army Group during the German-led World War II Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, with a wartime organisation specifying one cavalry brigade headquarters commanding two or three regiments, and divisional-level combat and support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nAlong with the rest of the Royal Yugoslav Army, the 1st Cavalry Division began mobilising on 3 April 1941 following a coup d'\u00e9tat. Three days later, with mobilisation not complete, the Germans began an air campaign and a series of preliminary operations against the Yugoslav frontiers. By the end of the following day, the division's cavalry brigade headquarters and all of the division's cavalry regiments had been detached for duty with other formations of the 1st Army Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)\nThe divisional headquarters and divisional-level units remained in the vicinity of Zagreb until 10 April, when they were given orders to establish a defensive line southeast of Zagreb along the Sava River, with infantry and artillery support. The division had only begun to deploy for this task when the German 14th Panzer Division captured Zagreb. The divisional headquarters and all attached units were then captured by armed Croat fifth column groups, or surrendered to German troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nThe Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was created with the merger of Serbia, Montenegro and the South Slav-inhabited areas of Austria-Hungary on 1 December 1918, in the immediate aftermath of World War I. The Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established to defend the new state. It was formed around the nucleus of the victorious Royal Serbian Army, as well as armed formations raised in regions formerly controlled by Austria-Hungary. Many former Austro-Hungarian officers and soldiers became members of the new army. From the beginning, much like other aspects of public life in the new kingdom, the army was dominated by ethnic Serbs, who saw it as a means by which to secure political hegemony for the large Serb minority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nThe army's development was hampered by the kingdom's poor economy, and this continued during the 1920s. In 1929, King Alexander changed the name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, at which time the army was renamed the Royal Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vojska Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VKJ). The army budget remained tight, and as tensions rose across Europe during the 1930s, it became difficult to secure weapons and munitions from other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nConsequently, at the time World War II broke out in September 1939, the VKJ had several serious weaknesses, which included reliance on draught animals for transport, and the large size of its formations. These characteristics resulted in slow, unwieldy formations, and the inadequate supply of arms and munitions meant that even the very large Yugoslav formations had low firepower. Generals better suited to the trench warfare of World War I were combined with an army that was neither equipped nor trained to resist the fast-moving combined arms approach used by the Germans in their invasions of Poland and France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Background\nThe weaknesses of the VKJ in strategy, structure, equipment, mobility and supply were exacerbated by serious ethnic disunity within Yugoslavia, resulting from two decades of Serb hegemony and the attendant lack of political legitimacy achieved by the central government. Attempts to address the disunity came too late to ensure that the VKJ was a cohesive force. Fifth column activity was also a serious concern, not only from the Croatian nationalist Usta\u0161e but also from the country's Slovene and ethnic German minorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Formation and composition, Peacetime organisation\nThe 1st Cavalry Division was a horsed cavalry formation established soon after the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and was part of the army order of battle formalised in 1921, at which time it consisted of four regiments. According to regulations issued by the VKJ in 1935, the 1st Cavalry Division was headquartered in Zagreb during peacetime, and was under the control of Cavalry Command in Belgrade, as was the 2nd Cavalry Division, which was located in southeastern Yugoslavia at Ni\u0161. The division's units were manned by a mixture of full-time and part-time personnel. In peacetime, the 1st Cavalry Division comprised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Formation and composition, Wartime organisation\nThe wartime organisation of the Royal Yugoslav Army was laid down by regulations issued in 1936\u20131937, which introduced a requirement to raise a third cavalry division for war service. The strength of a cavalry division was 6,000\u20137,000 men. The theoretical war establishment of a fully mobilised Yugoslav cavalry division was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Formation and composition, Wartime organisation\nEach cavalry regiment was to consist of four cavalry squadrons, a machine gun squadron, and an engineer squadron. Shortly before the war, an abortive attempt was made to motorise the 1st Cavalry Division, but this was stymied by a lack of motor transport and the division largely remained a horsed formation throughout its existence. The 1st Cavalry Division was also never equipped with the planned motorised anti-tank battery, and the divisional artillery battalion was largely equipped with World War I-vintage pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Formation and composition, Wartime organisation\nTwo peacetime components of the division, the Headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, were earmarked to join other formations when they were mobilised, so the primary fighting formation of the 1st Cavalry Division was the 1st Cavalry Brigade, commanding the 2nd, 6th and 8th Cavalry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Deployment plan\nIn case of war, Yugoslav planners saw the 1st Cavalry Division as forming the reserve for the 1st Army Group. The 1st Army Group was responsible for the defence of northwestern Yugoslavia, with the subordinate 4th Army defending the eastern sector along the Hungarian border, and the 7th Army stationed along the German and Italian borders. The 1st Cavalry Division was to be deployed around Zagreb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Deployment plan\nOn the right of the 4th Army was the 2nd Army of the 2nd Army Group, the boundary running from just east of Slatina through Po\u017eega towards Banja Luka, and on the left flank of the 7th Army, the Adriatic coast was defended by Coastal Defence Command. The Yugoslav defence plan saw the 1st Army Group deployed in a cordon, the 4th Army behind the Drava River between Vara\u017edin and Slatina, and the 7th Army along the border region from the Adriatic in the west to Gornja Radgona in the east. The planners estimated that cavalry formations would take four to seven days to mobilise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Mobilisation\nAfter unrelenting pressure from Adolf Hitler to join the Axis powers, Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March 1941. Two days later, a military coup d'\u00e9tat overthrew the government that had signed the pact, and a new government was formed under the Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force commander, Armijski \u0111eneral Du\u0161an Simovi\u0107. A general mobilisation was not called by the new government until 3 April 1941, out of fear of offending Hitler and thus precipitating war. The same day as the coup, Hitler had issued F\u00fchrer Directive 25, which called for Yugoslavia to be treated as a hostile state; on 3 April, F\u00fchrer Directive 26 was issued, detailing the plan of attack and the command structure for the invasion, which was to commence on 6 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Mobilisation\nAccording to the Yugoslav historian Velimir Terzi\u0107, on 6 April the mobilisation of the division was proceeding slowly due to the low number of conscripts that reported for duty, and the poor provision of animals and vehicles. A large portion of the strength of the division had been earmarked to be detached to one of the formations of the 4th Army, Detachment Ormozki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Mobilisation\nThe commander of the 1st Cavalry Division was Divizijski \u0111eneral Dragoslav Stefanovi\u0107. While the divisional headquarters and other divisional-level units were mobilising in Sesvete near Zagreb, the headquarters of the 1st Cavalry Brigade had been designated to command Detachment Ormozki, and the 6th and 8th Cavalry Regiments and the divisional artillery battalion had also been allocated to that formation. This reduced the main fighting elements of the division to a single cavalry regiment (the 2nd), which was mobilising in Virovitica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Mobilisation\nThe rest of the 1st Army Group reserve comprised an independent artillery battalion mobilising in Zagreb, and the 110th Infantry Regiment which was moving to Zagreb from Celje, a distance of 114\u00a0km (71\u00a0mi) to the northwest. By early morning of 6 April 1941 when the invasion commenced, the 110th Regiment had reached Zidani Most, still some 90\u00a0km (56\u00a0mi) from Zagreb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations\nStripped of most of its subordinate units, the 1st Cavalry Division remained in reserve near Zagreb during the first few days of fighting. On 10 April, due to the critical situation on the front of the 4th Army, the division was directed to take under its command the 110th Infantry Regiment and the independent artillery battalion, and defend against crossings of the 110-kilometre (68\u00a0mi) stretch of the River Sava between Jasenovac and Zagreb, while collecting stragglers and organising resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations\nThese orders were quickly overtaken by the rapid advance of the 14th Panzer Division to Zagreb when it broke out of its bridgehead across the Drava River at Z\u00e1k\u00e1ny on the Hungarian border. By 19:30 on 10 April, lead elements of the 14th Panzer Division had reached the outskirts of Zagreb, having covered nearly 160\u00a0km (99\u00a0mi) in a single day. Armed fifth column Ustase groups and German troops disarmed the division and its attached units before they could establish any coherent defence along the Sava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158808-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), Operations\nOn 15 April, orders were received that a ceasefire had been agreed, and that all VKJ troops were to remain in place and not fire on German personnel. After a delay in locating appropriate signatories for the surrender document, the Yugoslav Supreme Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12:00 on 18 April. Yugoslavia was then occupied and dismembered by the Axis; Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and Albania all annexed parts of its territory. Almost all of the Croat members of the division taken as prisoners of war were soon released by the Germans; 90 per cent of those held for the duration of the war were Serbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland)\nThe Polish 1st Cavalry Division (Polish: 1 Dywizja Jazdy, later 1 Dywizja Kawalerii) was a tactical unit of the Polish Army between the World Wars. Formed in 1919, partially of veterans of the Polish Legions, the unit saw extensive action during the Polish-Bolshevik War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), History\nThe unit was formed in 1919, compromising of six regiments, each with their own distinct history and made up of World War I veterans who had served in the Austrian, French, German and Russian armies. As such, the division was made up from a distinct variety of soldiers with different equipment and training. Additionally, its soldiers had fought during the first world war in opposing armies. The 1st Cavalry Division was, in this regard, a prime example of the new Polish Army, which was composed in a very similar way of soldiers with completely different military backgrounds but with the common goal of defending their newly reestablished country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), History\nThe division took part in the operation which resulted in the battle of Koziatyn and the capture of Kiev in late April and early May 1920, then under the command of Jan Romer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), History\nAfter this, the unit fought in the battle of Wo\u0142odarka, where it faced the Russian Konarmia, led by Semyon Budyonny, who had served as a corporal under Aleksander Karnicki, now the 1st Cavalry Division's commander, in the Imperial Russian Army. The division managed to stop a Russian breakthrough in this battle on 29 May, despite being outnumbered six to one. However, this success could not permanently stop the advance of the Russian forces towards the Polish rear and the division had to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), History\nThe division fought the Konarmia again in early June, around Koziatyn, before the Russian cavalry was called to attack Kiev. In another engagement between those two cavalry forces on 10 June, between Zhitomir and Koziatyn, the Konarmia's advance was again halted but the need for more troops on the northern front eventually forced the Poles to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), History\nUpon Pi\u0142sudski's orders, cavalry from the northern frontline was moved south in the beginning of July, to reinforce the 1st Cavalry Division in an attempt to decisively defeat the Konarmia, which was seen as the major threat on the southern front for the Polish Army. This expanded force was put under the command of General Kazimierz Raszewski. Meanwhile, Budyonny's forces advanced and took R\u00f3wne on 2 July. The Konarmia managed to advance as far as Brody by early August, when the 1st Cavalry Division, together with a Cavalry unit under General Kazimierz Sawicki, was ordered to counterattack, but shortly after had to withdraw to the north due to the worsening situation on the northern frontline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), History\nAt the battle of Komar\u00f3w on 31 August 1920, when the division completely defeated the Russian 1st Cavalry Army, it was commanded by Juliusz R\u00f3mmel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), History\nThe 1st Cavalry Division was heavily reorganised in 1924, as were the other Polish cavalry divisions. The previously separate mounted rifle regiments were integrated with the four cavalry divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), History\nThe division was disbanded, along with the 3rd and 4th Cavalry Division, in 1929 and 1930 upon the orders of Pilsudski, who had come to the conclusion that cavalry was outdated. Only the 2nd Division in Warsaw remained in existence as a backup force to counter a possible coup attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), Structure, Formation\nThe unit was formed in 1919 from six individual regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), Structure, Reorganisation in 1924\nThe Polish cavalry divisions were heavily reorganised in 1924. The 1st Cavalry was now one of four divisions, the divisional headquarter being based in Bia\u0142ystok. Of the others, the 2nd was based in Warsaw, the 3rd in Pozna\u0144 and the 4th in Lw\u00f3w. The new organisation, still consisting of six regiments, was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), Structure, Reorganisation in 1924\nOne of the main aims of this reorganisation was to integrate the mounted rifle regiments into the cavalry divisions, which had previously existed separately as a form of second-class cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158809-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Poland), In history\nA 1st Cavalry Division, made up partly of Polish lancers of the 1st Regiment of Lighthorse-Lancers, existed in the French Army under Napoleon, being part of the Imperial Guard, from 1807 until 1815. This unit took part in most major engagements of the Napoleonic wars after 1807 and was highly regarded by Napoleon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158810-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Reichswehr)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division was a unit of the Reichswehr, the armed forces of Germany during the Weimar Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158810-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Reichswehr)\nIt consisted of 6 cavalry regiments, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th (Prussian) Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158811-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division (Russian: 1-\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 1-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158812-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Zaporozhye Red Cossack Cavalry Division (1st CD) was a Red Army cavalry division. It was based in Proskurov for most of its existence. Formed from the 8th Cavalry Division, it became the 32nd Cavalry Division in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158812-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), History\nOn 6 May 1922 the 8th Zaporozhye Cossack Cavalry Division of the 1st Red Cossacks Cavalry Corps became the 1st Zaporozhye Cossack Cavalry Division. The division was commanded by Mikhail Demichev, the former commander of the 8th Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158812-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), History\nThe division's 43rd, 44th, 45th, 46th, 47th and 48th Cavalry Regiments were respectively renamed the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Cossack Cavalry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158812-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), History\nIn 1924 the 1st Corps headquarters was  at Vinnitsa. The division was divided into three brigades. The 1st Cavalry Brigade included the 1st and 2nd Cavalry Regiments, the 2nd Cavalry Brigade included the 3rd and 4th Cavalry Regiments and the 3rd Cavalry Brigade included the 5th and 6th Cavalry Regiments. On 6 September, the division headquarters was at Zhmerynka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158812-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), History\nOn 11 July 1925, the division was given the title \"on behalf of the French Communist Party\". On 15 December 1925, division headquarters moved to Proskurov. In 1928, French Communist politician Marcel Cachin visited the division. On 29 November 1929, the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In 1930, the mechanization of cavalry began and the division added a tank squadron and an armored car squadron. In 1931, the 1st Mechanized Regiment was activated with the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158812-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), History\nOn 15 November 1932, Kombrig Ivan Nikulin became the divisional commander after Demichev was promoted to command the 1st Cavalry Corps. In November 1936, Kombrig Mikhail Khatskilevich became the division's commander. In June 1938, the division became the 32nd Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division was a regular Division of the British Army during the First World War where it fought on the Western Front. During the Second World War it was a first line formation, formed from Yeomanry Regiments. It fought in the Middle East before being converted to the 10th Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), Napoleonic Wars\nDuring the Peninsular War, Wellington organized his cavalry into The Cavalry Division from June 1809 under Major-General Sir William Payne. This performed a purely administrative, rather than tactical, role; the normal tactical headquarters were provided by brigades commanding two, later usually three, regiments. On 3 June 1810, Payne returned home and his second-in-command, Major-General Stapleton Cotton, took command. Cotton was to remain in command thereafter and effectively acted as Wellington's chief of cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), Napoleonic Wars\nOn 19 June 1811, the cavalry was reorganized as two divisions and The Cavalry Division was redesignated as 1st Cavalry Division with the formation of the 2nd Cavalry Division. The divisions were once again amalgamated as The Cavalry Division on 21 April 1813 with Cotton (Lieutenant-General from 1 January 1812) still in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe 1st Cavalry Division was one of the first Divisions to move to France in 1914, they would remain on the Western Front throughout the war. It participated in most of the major actions where cavalry were used as a mounted mobile force, they would also be used as dismounted troops and effectively serve as infantry. On 11 November 1918, orders were received that the Division would lead the advance of Second Army into Germany, by 6 December, having passed through Namur, the Division secured the Rhine bridgehead at Cologne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle in the First World War, 9th Cavalry Brigade\n9th Cavalry Brigade was formed in France on 14 April 1915 with the 15th Hussars and the 19th Hussars. These regular cavalry regiments had been serving on the Western Front since August 1914 as divisional cavalry squadrons assigned to infantry divisions. The brigade remained with 1st Cavalry Division for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 98], "content_span": [99, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War\nOn 31 October 1939, during the Second World War, the 1st Cavalry Division was reformed. It was assigned to Northern Command, and took command of two pre-war First Line Territorial Army cavalry brigades (the 5th and 6th) and the newly formed 4th Cavalry Brigade. It was the only cavalry division in the British Army during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIt departed the United Kingdom in January 1940, transited across France, and arrived in Palestine on 31 January 1940. It served as a garrison force under British Forces, Palestine and Trans-Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War\nIn May 1941, the Divisional Headquarters and elements of the division (notably the 4th Cavalry Brigade), together with a battalion of infantry from the Essex Regiment (the 1st Battalion), a mechanised regiment from the Arab Legion and supporting artillery was reorganised as Habforce for operations in Iraq including the relief of the base at RAF Habbaniya and the occupation of Baghdad. Following this, in July 1941, Habforce was placed under the command of Australian I Corps and was involved in operations against the Vichy French in Syria, advancing from eastern Iraq near the Trans-Jordan border to capture Palmyra and secure the Haditha - Tripoli oil pipeline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War\nOn 1 August 1941, the 1st Cavalry Division was converted into the 10th Armoured Division. 10th Armoured Division later fought at the Battles of Alam Halfa and El Alamein. The 10th Armoured Division was disbanded in Egypt on 15 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), Commanders\nThe 1st Cavalry Division had the following commanders during the First World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158813-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom), Commanders\nThe 1st Cavalry Division had the following commanders during the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division (\"First Team\") is a combined arms division and is one of the most decorated combat divisions of the United States Army. It is based at Fort Hood, Texas. It was formed in 1921 and served during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, with the Stabilization Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in the Iraq War, in the War in Afghanistan and in Operation Freedom's Sentinel. As of October 2017, the 1st Cavalry Division is subordinate to III Corps and is commanded by Major General John B. Richardson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States)\nThe unit is unique in that it has served as a horseback cavalry division until 1943, an infantry division, an air assault division and an armored division during its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe history of the 1st Cavalry Division began in 1921 after the army established a permanent cavalry division table of organization and equipment on 4 April 1921. It authorized a square division organization of 7,463 officers and men, organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nOn 20 August 1921, the War Department Adjutant General constituted the 1st and 2nd Cavalry Divisions to meet partial mobilization requirements, and authorized the establishment of the 1st Cavalry Division under the new TO&E on 31 August 1921. Since 1st Cavalry Division was to assemble from existing units, it was able to go active in September 1921, even though the subordinate units did not arrive completely until as late as 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\n1st Cavalry Division was assigned to the VIII Corps Area, with its division headquarters and 2nd Brigade located at Fort Bliss, Texas, and the 1st Brigade at Camp Harry J. Jones in Douglas, Arizona. The headquarters facilities used by 1st Cavalry Division were those previously vacated by 8th United States Brigade when it was commanded by MG John J. Pershing in 1916, and the wartime 15th Cavalry Division, which had existed at Fort Bliss between 10 December 1917 and 12 May 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nThe 1st Cavalry Division's assembled at Douglas, Arizona. The 1st, 7th, and 8th Cavalry Regiments had previously been assigned to the wartime 15th Cavalry Division until they were returned to the VIII Corps Area troop list on 12 May 1918. 1st Cavalry Regiment remained assigned until it was transferred to 1st Cavalry Division on 20 August 1921. The 7th, 8th, and 10th Cavalry Regiments were transferred on 13 September 1921, although the assignment of the 10th Cavalry Regiment to the 1st Cavalry Division was controversial because the transfer violated the Jim Crow laws. This controversy continued until 18 December 1922, when the 5th Cavalry Regiment, then on the VIII Corps Area Troop List, swapped places with the 10th Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nIn 1923 the 1st Cavalry Division held division maneuvers for the first time, intending to hold them annually thereafter. However, financial constraints made that impossible. Only in 1927, through the generosity of a few ranchers who provided free land, was the division able to conduct such exercises again. In 1928 Major General Herbert B. Crosby, Chief of Cavalry, faced with personnel cuts, reorganized the cavalry regiments, which in turn reduced the size of the 1st Cavalry Division. Crosby's goal was to decrease overhead while maintaining or increasing firepower in the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nAfter the reorganization each cavalry regiment consisted of a headquarters and headquarters troop; a machine gun troop; a medical and chaplain element; and two squadrons, each with a headquarters element; and two line troops. The cavalry brigades' machine gun squadrons were inactivated, while the responsibility for training and employing machine guns fell to the regimental commanders, as in the infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), History\nAbout the same time that Crosby cut the cavalry regiment, the army staff, seeking to increase the usefulness of the wartime cavalry division, published new tables of organization for an even larger unit. The new structure increased the size of the signal troop (177), expanded the medical unit to a squadron (233), and endorsing Crosby's movement of the machine gun units from the brigades to the regiments (2X176). A divisional aviation section, an armored car squadron (278), and tank company (155) were added, the field artillery battalion was expanded to a regiment (1,717), and divisional strength rose to 9,595.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Prelude to World War II\nWith the arrival of the 1930s, serious work started on the testing and refining of new equipment and TO&Es for a mechanized and motorized army. To facilitate this, 1st Cavalry Division traded 1st Cavalry Regiment for 12th Cavalry Regiment on 3 January 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Prelude to World War II\nTaking into account recommendations from the VIII Corps Area, the Army War College, and the Command and General Staff School, the board developed a new smaller triangular cavalry division, which the 1st Cavalry Division evaluated during maneuvers at Toyahvale, Texas, in 1938. Like the 1937 infantry division test, the maneuvers concentrated on the divisional cavalry regiments around which all other units were to be organized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Prelude to World War II\nFollowing the test, a board of 1st Cavalry Division officers, headed by Brigadier General Kenyon A. Joyce, rejected the three-regiment division and recommended retention of the two-brigade (four-regiment) organization. The latter configuration allowed the division to deploy easily in two columns, which was accepted standard cavalry tactics. However, the board advocated reorganizing the cavalry regiment along triangular lines, which would give it a headquarters and headquarters troop, a machine gun squadron with special weapons and machine gun troops, and three rifle squadrons, each with one machine gun and three rifle troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Prelude to World War II\nNo significant change was made in the field artillery, but the test showed that the engineer element should remain a squadron to provide the divisional elements greater mobility on the battlefield and that the special troops idea should be extended to include the division headquarters, signal, and ordnance troops; quartermaster, medical, engineer, reconnaissance, and observation squadrons; and a chemical warfare detachment. One headquarters would assume responsibility for the administration and disciplinary control for these forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Prelude to World War II\nAlthough the study did not lead to a general reorganization of the cavalry division, the wartime cavalry regiment was restructured, effective 1 December 1938, to consist of a headquarters and headquarters troop, machine gun and special weapons troops, and three squadrons of three rifle troops each. The special troops remained as structured in 1928, and no observation squadron or chemical detachment found a place in the division. With the paper changes in the cavalry divisions and other minor adjustments, the strength of a wartime divisional rose to 10,680.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Prelude to World War II\nIn order to prepare for war service, 1st Cavalry Division participated in the following maneuvers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), World War II, History, Training\nWith the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the \"great laboratory\" phase for developing and testing organizations, about which Marshall wrote in the summer of 1941, closed, but the War Department still had not developed ideal infantry, cavalry, armored, and motorized divisions. In 1942 it again revised the divisions based on experiences gained during the great GHQ maneuvers of the previous year. As in the past, the reorganizations ranged from minor adjustments to wholesale changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), World War II, History, Training\n1st Cavalry Division retained its square configuration after the 1941 maneuvers, but with modifications. The division lost its antitank troop, the brigades their weapons troops, and the regiments their machine gun and special weapons troops. These changes brought no decrease in divisional firepower, but placed most weapons within the cavalry troops. The number of .50-caliber machine guns was increased almost threefold. In the reconnaissance squadron, the motorcycle and armored car troops were eliminated, leaving the squadron with one support troop and three reconnaissance troops equipped with light tanks. These changes increased the division from 11,676 to 12,112 officers and enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), World War II, History, Training\nThe last of the 1st Cavalry Division's mounted units permanently retired their horses and converted to infantry formations on 28 February 1943. However, a mounted special ceremonial unit known as the Horse Platoon \u2013 later, the Horse Cavalry Detachment \u2013 was established within the division in January 1972. Its ongoing purpose is to represent the traditions and heritage of the American horse cavalry at military ceremonies and public events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), World War II, History, Training\n1st Cavalry Division reported for its port call at Camp Stoneman, CA as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nAlthough originally being part of the III Corps (which eventually participated in the European Theater), while training in the United States, most of the 1st Cavalry Division arrived in Australia as shown above, continued its training at Strathpine, Queensland, until 26 July, then moved to New Guinea to stage for the Admiralties campaign 22\u201327 February 1944. The division experienced its first combat in the Admiralty Islands, units landing at Los Negros on 29 February 1944. Momote airstrip was secured against great odds. Attacks by Japanese were thrown back, and the enemy force surrounded by the end of March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nNearby islands were taken in April and May. The division next took part in the invasion of Leyte, 20 October 1944, captured Tacloban and the adjacent airstrip, advanced along the north coast, and secured Leyte Valley, elements landing on and securing Samar Island. Moving down Ormoc Valley (in Leyte) and across the Ormoc plain, the division reached the west coast of Leyte 1 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe division then invaded Luzon, landing in the Lingayen Gulf area 27 January 1945, and fought its way as a \"flying column\" to Manila by 3 February 1945. More than 3,000 civilian prisoners at the University of Santo Tomas, including more than 60 US Army nurses (some of the \"Angels of Bataan and Corregidor\") were liberated, and the 1st Cavalry then advanced east of Manila by the middle of February before the city was cleared. On 20 February the division was assigned the mission of seizing and securing crossings over the Marikina River and securing the Tagaytay-Antipolo Line. After being relieved 12 March in the Antipolo area, elements pushed south into Batangas and provinces of Bicol Region together with recognized guerrillas. They mopped up remaining pockets of resistance in these areas in small unit actions. Resistance was officially declared at an end on 1 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 950]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), World War II, Postwar\nThe division left Luzon 25 August 1945 for occupation duty in Japan, arriving in Yokohama 2 September 1945 and entering Tokyo 8 September, the first United States division to enter the Japanese capital. 101 unit was set up in May 1945 to search for the missing soldiers in the Second World War. The detachment consisted of two officers (a Captain MacColeman and a Lieutenant Foley) and 15 enlisted members (among them a Sergeant Ryan). The operation was successful, although it lasted three years. Occupation duty in Japan followed for the next five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nIn the summer of 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea, and the 1st Cavalry Division was rushed to Korea to help shore up the Pusan Perimeter. From 26 to 29 July 1950, the 7th Cavalry Regiment, one of the Division's three infantry regiments, killed at least 163 South Korean civilians in an incident now known as the No Gun Ri massacre, fearing North Korean infiltrators among with refugee groups. While the 7th Cavalry was directly responsible, Divisional commanders, including General Hobart R. Gay, had given them orders to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nAfter the X Corps attack at Incheon, a breakout operation was launched at the Pusan Perimeter. The Division then joined the UN counteroffensive that recaptured most of South Korea by the end of September. The UN offensive was continued northwards, past Seoul, and across the 38th Parallel into North Korea on 1 October. The momentum of the attack was maintained, and the race to the North Korean capital, Pyongyang, ended on 19 October when elements of the Division and the Republic of Korea Army (ROK) 1st Infantry Division captured the city. The advance continued, but against unexpectedly stiffening resistance. The Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) entered the war on the side of North Korea, making their first attacks in late October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nOn 28 October 1950, Eighth Army commander General Walton Walker relieved the 1st Cavalry Division of its security mission in Pyongyang. The division's new orders were to pass through the ROK 1st Division's lines at Unsan and attack toward the Yalu River. Leading the way on the twenty-ninth, the 8th Cavalry regiment departed Pyongyang and reached Yongsan-dong that evening. The 5th Cavalry Regiment arrived the next morning, with the mission to protect the 8th Cavalry regiment's rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nWith the arrival of the 8th Cavalry Regiment at Unsan on the 31st, the ROK 1st Division redeployed to positions northeast, east, and southeast of Unsan; the 8th Cavalry took up positions north, west, and south of the town. Meanwhile, the ROK 15th Regiment was desperately trying to hold its position east of the 8th Cavalry, across the Samt'an River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nDuring the afternoon of 1 November, the PVA attack north of Unsan gained strength against the ROK 15th Regiment and gradually extended to the right flank of the 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry. At nightfall, the 1st Battalion controlled the northern approaches to the Samt'an River, except for portions of the ROK 15th Regiment's zone on the east side. The battalion's position on the left was weak; there were not enough soldiers to extend the defensive line to the main ridge leading into Unsan. This left a gap between the 1st and 2nd Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nEast of the Samt'an the ROK 15th Regiment was under heavy attack, and shortly after midnight it no longer existed as a combat force. At 19:30 on 1 November, the PVA 116th Division attacked the 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry, all along its line. At 21:00 PVA troops found the weak link in the ridgeline and began moving through it and down the ridge behind the 2nd Battalion, penetrating its right flank and encircling its left. Now both the 1st and 2nd Battalions were engaged by the enemy on several sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0023-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nAround midnight, the 8th Cavalry received orders to withdraw southward to Ipsok. At 01:30 on 2 November, no PVA activity was reported in the 3rd Battalion's sector south of Unsan. But as the 8th Cavalry withdrew, all three battalions became trapped by roadblocks made by the PVA 347th Regiment, 116th Division south of Unsan during the early morning hours. Members of the 1st Battalion who were able to escape reached the Ipsok area. A head count showed the battalion had lost about 15 officers and 250 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0023-0003", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nMembers of the 2nd Battalion, for the most part, scattered into the hills. Many of them reached the ROK lines near Ipsok. Others met up with the 3rd Battalion, the hardest hit. Around 03:00 the PVA launched a surprise attack on the battalion command post. Hand-to-hand fighting ensued for about half an hour before the PVA were driven from the area. The disorganized members of the 3rd Battalion formed a core of resistance around three tanks on the valley floor and held off the PVA until daylight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0023-0004", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nBy that time, only six officers and 200 enlisted men were still able to function. More than 170 were wounded, and the number dead or missing were uncounted. Attempts by the 5th Cavalry to relieve the beleaguered battalion were unsuccessful, and the 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry, soon ceased to exist as an organized force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nFollowing the battle, there were disparaging rumors about the 1st Cavalry Division's fighting abilities, including a folk song of the time called \"The Bug-Out Ballad\". The series of engagements were rumored to have given rise to the song were due (at least partly) to the myth that the division lost its unit colors. Other Army and Marine units disparagingly described the division shoulder insignia as representing 'The horse they never rode, the river they never crossed, and the yellow speaks for itself'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nAnother version goes:  \"The shield they never carried, the horse they never rode, the bridge they never crossed, the line they never held, and the yellow is the reason why.\" The aforementioned ballad only lasted until the Division which changed leadership proved itself in the months to come and during operation Crombez when the fifth relived Chipyong-ni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nGun crew of a 105mm howitzer in action along the 1st Cavalry Division sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nA Division observation post overlooks Hill 518, held by the North Koreans north of Waegwan. September 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nA .50 Cal. Machine gun squad of Co. E, 2nd Battalion, 7th Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, fires on North Koreans along the north bank of the Naktong River, 26 August 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nCapt. Emil Kapaun, right, a chaplain with the 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, helps evacuate an exhausted soldier from the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Korean War\nThe 1st Cavalry Division remained in the line until it was relieved by the 45th Infantry Division from the United States Army National Guard in January 1952. Following the relief, the division returned to Japan. The division returned to Korea in 1957, where it remained until 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nThe 1st Cavalry Division next fought in the Vietnam War. No longer a conventional infantry unit, the division had become an air assault division as the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), commonly referred to as the 1st Air Cavalry Division. The use of helicopters on such large scale as troop carriers, cargo lift ships, medevacs, and as aerial rocket artillery, was never before implemented, but by doing so it freed the infantry from the tyranny of terrain to attack the enemy at the time and place of its choosing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nIn 1965, colors and subordinate unit designations of the Division were transferred from Korea to Fort Benning, Georgia, where they were used, along with separate elements of what had been the 2nd Infantry Division, to reflag the existing 11th Air Assault Division (Test) into the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). Concurrently, the personnel and units of the 1st Cavalry Division, which remained in Korea, were used to reflag the division into a new 2nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nShortly thereafter, the Division began deploying to Camp Radcliff, An Khe, Vietnam, in the Central Highlands and was equipped with the new M16 rifle, the UH-1 troop carrier helicopter, UH-1C gunships, the CH-47 Chinook cargo helicopter, and the massive CH-54 Skycrane cargo helicopter. All aircraft carried insignia to indicate their battalion and company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nTroops unload from a CH-47 helicopter in the Cay Giep Mountains, Vietnam, 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\n31 January 1968. Start of Tet Offensive as seen from LZ Betty's water tower, Quang Tri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\n4 April 1968. 1st Cav forces at LZ Stud, the staging area for Operation Pegasus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\n26 April 1968. Operation Delaware, second crashed helicopter on Signal Hill, A Shau Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nJuly 1968. Two 1st Cavalry Division LRP teams, Quang Tri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nUnknown Date. Tunnel rat preparing for entering Vietnamese Tunnel, Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\n1965. Photo of USS Boxer (CV-21/LPH-4) loaded with helicopters of the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nThe division's first major operation was to help relieve the Siege of Plei Me near Pleiku and the pursuit of the withdrawing People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) which culminated in the Battle of Ia Drang, described in the book We Were Soldiers Once... And Young, was also the basis of the film We Were Soldiers. Because of that battle the division earned the Presidential Unit Citation (US), the first unit to receive such in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nIn 1966, the division attempted to root the communist Viet Cong (VC) and PAVN out of B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh Province with Operation Masher, Operation Crazy Horse and Operation Thayer. 1967 was then spent conducting Operation Pershing, a large scale search and destroy operation of PAVN/VC base areas in II Corps in which 5,400 PAVN/VC soldiers were killed and 2,000 captured. In Operation Jeb Stuart, January 1968, the division moved north to Camp Evans, north of Hue and on to Landing Zones Sharon and Betty, south of Quang Tri City, all in the I Corps Tactical Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nIn the early morning hours of 31 January 1968, the largest battle of the Vietnam War, the Tet Offensive, was launched by 84,000 PAVN/VC soldiers across South Vietnam. In the Division's area of operation, the PAVN/VC forces seized most of the city of Hu\u1ebf. As the 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, fought to cut off PAVN/VC reinforcements pouring into Hu\u1ebf, at Quang Tri City, five battalions, most from the 324th Division, attacked the city and LZ Betty (Headquarters 1st Brigade).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0040-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nTo stop allied troops from intervening, three other PAVN/VC infantry battalions deployed as blocking forces, all supported by a 122mm-rocket battalion and two heavy-weapons companies armed with 82mm mortars and 75mm recoilless rifles. After intense fighting, 900 PAVN/VC soldiers were killed in and around Quang Tri City and LZ Betty. However, across South Vietnam, 1,000 Americans, 2,100 South Vietnamese, 14,000 civilians, and 32,000 PAVN/VC were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nIn March 1968 the Division shifted forces to LZ Stud, the staging area for Operation Pegasus to break the siege of the Marine's Khe Sanh Combat Base\u2014the second largest battle of the war. All three brigades participated in this airmobile operation, along with a Marine armor thrust. US Air Force B-52s alone dropped more than 75,000 tons of bombs on PAVN soldiers from the 304th and 325th Divisions encroaching the combat base in trenches. As these two elite enemy divisions, with history at Dien Bien Phu and the Ia Drang Valley, depleted, the Division leapfrogged west, clearing Route 9, until at 0:800 hours 8 April, the 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry, linked-up with Marines at the combat base, ending the 77-day siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nOn 19 April 1968, as the 2nd Brigade continued pushing west to the Laotian border, the 1st and 3rd Brigades (about 11,000 men and 300 helicopters) swung southwest and air assaulted A Shau Valley, commencing Operation Delaware. The PAVN was a well-trained, equipped, and led force. They turned A Shau into a formidable sanctuary \u2014complete with PT76 tanks; powerful crew-served 37mm antiaircraft cannons, some radar controlled; twin-barreled 23mm cannons; and scores of 12.7mm heavy machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nA long-range penetration operation was launched by members of the Division's long-range reconnaissance patrol (LRP) against the PAVN when they seized \"Signal Hill\"\u2014the name attributed to the peak of Dong Re Lao Mountain, a densely forested 4,879 feet (1,487\u00a0m) mountain midway in the valley\u2014so the 1st and 3rd Brigades, slugging it out hidden deep behind the mountains, could communicate with Camp Evans near the coast or with approaching aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nDespite hundreds of B-52 and jet air strikes, the PAVN forces shot down a C-130, a CH-54, two Chinooks, and nearly two dozen UH-1 Hueys. Many more were lost in accidents or damaged by ground fire. The division also suffered more than 100 dead and 530 wounded in the operation. Bad weather aggravated the loss by causing delays in troop movements, allowing a substantial number of PAVN to escape to safety in Laos. Still, the PAVN lost more than 800 dead, a tank, 70 trucks, two bulldozers, 30 flamethrowers, thousands of rifles and machine guns, and dozens of antiaircraft cannons. They also lost tons of ammunition, explosives, medical supplies and foodstuffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nIn mid-May 1968 Operation Delaware ended, however, the division continued tactical operations in I Corps as well as local pacification and \"medcap\" (medical outreach programs to local Vietnamese). In the autumn of 1968, the Division relocated south to Ph\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0129nh Base Camp northeast of Saigon. In May 1970, the Division participated in the Cambodian Incursion, withdrawing from Cambodia on 29 June. Thereafter, the division took a defensive posture while US troops withdrawals continued from Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nOn 29 April 1971 the bulk of the division was withdrawn to Fort Hood, Texas, but its 3rd Brigade remained as one of the final two major US ground combat units in Vietnam, departing 29 June 1972. However, its 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, Task Force Garry Owen, remained another two months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War\nIn the Vietnam War, the Division suffered more casualties than any other army division: 5,444 men killed in action and 26,592 wounded in action. However, the First Marine Division suffered 7,012 men killed in action and the Third Marine Division suffered 6,869 men killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Vietnam War, Air Cavalry troops serving in the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile)\nThis list of air cavalry troops is alphabetical by regiment, per the U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System, known as CARS, in use from 1957 to 1981. Under this system the unit nomenclature \"regiment\" was not used to designate the lineage of companies/batteries/troops or their parent battalions/squadrons. However, there were five armored cavalry regiments (ACRs) not organized under CARS, these units, including the 11th ACR, retained the \"regiment\" nomenclature in their official designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 117], "content_span": [118, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Cold War service and REFORGER Exercise\nWhen the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) departed Vietnam, its colors were retained by reflagging the existing 1st Armored Division at Fort Hood as the \"new\" 1st Cavalry Division, configured as an armored division. Concurrently, the colors of the 1st Armored Division were transferred to Germany where the 4th Armored Division was reflagged as the 1st Armored Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Cold War service and REFORGER Exercise\nIn the aftermath of Vietnam, the 1st Cavalry Division was converted from an airmobile light infantry role into a triple capabilities (TRICAP) division. The unit received an infusion of mechanized infantry and artillery, to make it capable of missions needing three types of troops; armored, airmobility, and air cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Cold War service and REFORGER Exercise\nIn the post-Vietnam era, morale in the US Army waned. In response, from 1973 through 1979 HQDA permitted local commanders to encourage morale-enhancing uniform distinctions. Consequently, many units embraced various colored berets, for example armor and armored cavalry units often adopted the black beret. Similarly many other units including the First Cavalry Division embraced various colored berets in an attempt to improve dwindling morale. The First Cav decided to assign various colored berets to the three major TRICAP and division support units. In this implementation, armored cavalry, airmobile infantry units, air cavalry units, division artillery units, and division support units all wore different colored berets, including black, light blue, kelly green, and red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Cold War service and REFORGER Exercise\nHowever, the TRICAP concept was short-lived, and by 1975, the division was equipped as a two-brigade armored division with its third brigade provided by the Mississippi Army National Guard's 155th Armored Brigade from 1984\u20131991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Cold War service and REFORGER Exercise\nThe division participated in numerous REFORGER exercises, and was used to test new doctrinal concepts and equipment, including the XM-1 tank. The unit assignment and structure changed significantly, notably when 1st Battalion, 9th Cavalry, the division's most famous unit, was inactivated. The 13th Signal Battalion fielded mobile subscriber equipment (MSE), a secure digital communications system for corps and below units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Middle East in 1990s, Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nThe 1st Cavalry next fought as a heavy division, during Operation Desert Storm in January and February 1991. It participated in the Battle of Norfolk. The 1st Cavalry Division deployed in October 1990 as part of VII Corps. The division's 'round-out' formation, the 155th Armored Brigade was not deployed in a surprise political decision. It was planned to augment the division by attaching the Tiger Brigade from the 2nd Armored Division, but that brigade was attached to the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force (1st & 2nd Marine Divisions) to add heavy armor support to that force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 101], "content_span": [102, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0052-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Middle East in 1990s, Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nConsequently, the 1st Cavalry Division was assigned the role of the VII Corps' reserve for much of the ground war, but was crucial in the movement of ground forces to the Kuwaiti and west Saudi Arabian theaters by making two assaults into Iraqi held territory with the division's Black Jack Brigade moving north drawing Iraqi divisions out of Kuwait to support the Iraqi units defending in Iraq. This movement was led by the 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry, from the Wadi Al-Batien to just north of Basra through several Iraqi divisions before stopping. The assault by M1 Abrams main battle tanks, M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles, and other support vehicles moved much faster than was thought possible, catching the Iraqi Army off guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 101], "content_span": [102, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Middle East in 1990s, Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nThe 13th Signal Battalion was the first unit in the U.S. Army to deploy mobile subscriber equipment (MSE) into combat. Installing, operating, and maintaining communications equipment to support a communications network spanning over 280 kilometers, the 13th Signal Battalion again provided the division's communications. 13th Signal Battalion was the first unit in the U.S. Army to provide digital communications in Southwest Asia. It was a gateway link from the Port of Dammam to the U.S. Army XVIII Airborne Corps Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 101], "content_span": [102, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Middle East in 1990s, Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nAfter the division returned from Kuwait, the 1st \"Tiger\" Brigade, 2d Armored Division was reflagged as the 3d Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division (separate lineage). In response to the continued hostile movements by the Iraqi Armed Forces after Desert Storm, the U.S. Department of Defense ordered successive Operation Intrinsic Action deployments by combat brigades and special forces units to the Iraq/Kuwait border. The 1st Cavalry's three brigades contributed heavily to the decade-long deployments from 1992\u20132002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 101], "content_span": [102, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Bosnia-Herzegovina\nThe 1st Cavalry Division took control of the U.S. peacekeeping contingent in Bosnia-Herzegovina with approximately 6,900 personnel on 20 June 1998, as part of the multinational Stabilization Force (SFOR). 1st Brigade served for Rotation SFOR 4. 2nd Brigade served for Rotation SFOR 5. 2nd Brigade was alerted for action during the Russian move from Bosnia to the Pristina International Airport in June 1999, but no action was ultimately taken after consultation at the highest levels in NATO. In August 1999, the 10th Mountain Division took over operations in the Tuzla/Multinational Division North area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror\nElements of the division arrived in Washington, D.C., shortly after the 11 September attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Iraq\nIn October 2001 an advance party of a division brigade combat team was deployed to the Iraq/Kuwait border. Some divisional units participated in the initial 2003 invasion of Iraq. The division in its entirety deployed to Iraq in January 2004, sending an initial detachment of the 9th Cavalry Regiment into combat in September 2003. The 1st Cavalry relieved the 1st Armored Division in Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0057-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Iraq\nAmong its subordinate formations were: Louisiana's 256th Infantry Brigade; Arkansas' 39th Infantry Brigade; element of A Company, 28th Signal Battalion; elements of Washington's 81st Armored Brigade; and the 2d Battalion, 162nd Infantry (Oregon Army National Guard), and Company E (Air Traffic Control Services), 126th Aviation, MA ARNG. After spending more than a year in Iraq, it redeployed back to the US by April 2005. It was relieved by the 3d Infantry Division. Division Artillery (DIVARTY) was organized as the 5th BCT. It contained HHB, DIVARTY; 1\u20137 CAV; 1\u20138 CAV; 1\u201321 FA; and the 515th FSB (Provisional).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0057-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Iraq\nThe division fought in many key battles against insurgents, including the Second Battle of Fallujah in 2004, where the 2nd Brigade Combat Team engaged in house to house intense urban combat to root out enemy cells in the city. During its OIF2 deployment division assigned and attached personnel numbered approximately 40,000. 168 personnel were killed in action, with approximately 1,500 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Iraq\nThe division assumed duties as Headquarters, Multi-National Division \u2013 Baghdad from November 2006 to December 2007. 4th Brigade Combat Team, activated in 2005, arrived in Ninawa Governorate in October and November 2006. However, 2\u201312 Cavalry was detached, deployed to Baghdad to augment the division efforts there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Iraq\nThe 3d Brigade Combat Team, \"Greywolf\", deployed to the Diyala Province in September 2006 and fought in the Battle of Baqubah as a part of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Iraq\nThe division assumed duties as the Headquarters, Multi-National Division \u2013 Baghdad Jan 2009\u2013 Jan 2010. The deployment was extended by 23 days past the one year mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Iraq\nThe 4th Brigade Combat Team \"Long Knife\" deployed to Mosul, Nineva Province, September 2010 to September 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan (2001\u20132014)\nIn November 2001, elements of the 1st Cavalry Division (3d Platoon, 545th MP CO, originally assigned to 2d Brigade \"BlackJack\" 1st Cav) deployed to Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 119], "content_span": [120, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan (2001\u20132014)\nIn May 2011, the division headquarters deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and assumed command of Regional Command East, replacing the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). The 1st Infantry Division HQ took command of RC-East on 19 April 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 119], "content_span": [120, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan (2001\u20132014)\nIn June 2014, the division headquarters returned to Afghanistan and assumed command of Regional Command South, replacing the 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 119], "content_span": [120, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan (2001\u20132014)\nIn October 2014, the division flag returned to Fort Hood, leaving its Deputy Commanding General behind as the new Train Advise Assist Command South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 119], "content_span": [120, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan (2001\u20132014)\nOperation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan (OEF-A) ended in late 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 119], "content_span": [120, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Operation Freedom's Sentinel (2015\u2013present)\nAfter the completion of Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan, the new US deployment to Afghanistan was known as Operation Freedom's Sentinel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 110], "content_span": [111, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Operation Freedom's Sentinel (2015\u2013present)\nIn June 2015, the division element in TAAC South was relieved by an element from the 7th Infantry Division Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 110], "content_span": [111, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Operation Freedom's Sentinel (2015\u2013present)\nIn September 2016, the 1st Cavalry Division Headquarters deployed again to Afghanistan, this time with the 1st Cavalry Division Sustainment Brigade alongside it. The headquarters serves as the United States Forces \u2013 Afghanistan National Support Element, and is also responsible for Bagram Airfield, the largest US military base in Afghanistan. It supports forces serving in the United States' Operation Freedom's Sentinel and NATO's Resolute Support Mission, enabling both the international effort to train, advise, and assist the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces and the counterterrorism fight. The 1st Cavalry Division Sustainment Brigade also supports both Operation Freedom's Sentinel and Resolute Support, and is the Army's only currently-deployed active duty Sustainment Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 110], "content_span": [111, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Operation Inherent Resolve\nThe division's 3d BCT deployed in February 2017 to Kuwait, and elements of 3ABCT supported operations in Iraq to retake Mosul from ISIS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Global missions\nThe 1st Cavalry Division currently holds three of the active Army's ten armored brigade combat teams. The division provides the Army and Combatant Commanders with trained and ready forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Global missions\nIn April 2014, 2\u20135 Cavalry from 1st BCT, 1CD deployed to Europe to support Operation Combined Resolve II, a NATO exercise in southeastern Germany. In October 2014, 1CD returned to Europe to support its NATO partners in another pair of exercises, this time participating in Operations Combined Resolve III and Atlantic Resolve with the majority of 1ABCT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Global missions\nA battalion task force from the Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division deployed to Germany in November 2015; it participated in Atlantic Resolve, then stayed in Germany for the next nine months to provide aviation support to US and NATO forces across Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), 2001\u2013present: War on Terror, Global missions\nIn June 2015, the 2d BCT was the first rotational brigade deployed to South Korea, relieving the 1st BCT, 2d Infantry Division as it inactivated. The 2d BCT deployed for nine months; in February 2016, the Army called on the First Team again, and the 2d BCT was replaced by the 1st BCT on another nine-month rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0075-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Current structure\nOn 15 July 2005, the 1st Cavalry Division transitioned to the Unit of Action modified table of organization and equipment (MTOE). No longer are there battalion-sized elements made up purely of armor and/or infantry battalions. Brigades are now composed of combined arms battalions (CAB), meaning every maneuver battalion combines infantry and armor, excluding the reconnaissance squadrons. The Division's artillery battalions are assigned to all three of the Brigade Combat Teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0076-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Current structure\n1st Cavalry Division consists of a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, three armored brigade combat teams, a division artillery, a combat aviation brigade, and a division sustainment brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0077-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Current structure\nThe 4th Brigade Combat Team \"Long Knife\" inactivated in October 2013 the following units: the Special Troops Battalion, 4th BCT; the 5th Battalion, 82nd Artillery; and 27th Brigade Support Battalion, with some of the companies of the latter two used to augment artillery and support battalions in the remaining three BCTs. The 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry joined the 2d Brigade Combat Team, the 2d Battalion, 7th Cavalry joined the 3d Brigade Combat Team and the 2d Battalion, 12th Cavalry joined the 1st Brigade Combat Team. The 3d Cavalry Regiment was subordinate to the Division until March 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0078-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Shoulder sleeve insignia\nThe shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved 3 January 1921, with several variations in colors of the bend and horse's head to reflect the subordinate elements of the division. The design was authorized for wear by all subordinate elements of the division on 11 December 1934, and previous authorization for the variations was canceled. The insignia is worn subdued on field uniforms after experience in the Vietnam War, where the gold was too conspicuous. Normally, the gold is changed to the base color of the uniform to subdue it. With the retirement of the green \"Class A\" uniform in October 2015, only the subdued version of the SSI is worn, on the ACU's left sleeve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0079-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Shoulder sleeve insignia\nIt consists on a yellow, triangular Norman shield with rounded corners 5.25 inches (133\u00a0mm) in height overall, a black diagonal stripe extends over the shield from upper left to lower right, and in the upper right a black horse's head cuts off diagonally at the neck, all within a 0.125-in green border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0080-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Shoulder sleeve insignia\nYellow was chosen because it is the traditional cavalry color, and the horse's head refer to the division's original cavalry structure. Black, symbolic of iron, alludes to the transition to tanks and armor. The black diagonal stripe represents a sword baldric and is a mark of military honor; it also implies movement \"up the field\" and thus symbolizes aggressive elan and attack. The one diagonal bend and the one horse's head also allude to the division's numerical designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0081-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nDescription: A metal and enameled device, 1\u00a0inch in height overall, consisting of a gold-colored Norman shield with a black horse's head couped in sinister chief, and a black bend charged with two five-pointed stars. Properly: Or, on a bend sable two stars of five points Or, in chief sinister a sable couped horse head, a border vert", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0082-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nSymbolism: The device is a miniature reproduction of the 1st Cavalry Division's shoulder sleeve insignia with the addition of two five-pointed stars. The Division Commander and the Division Staff wore the distinctive insignia design from 1922 to 1934 as a shoulder sleeve insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0083-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nBackground: The distinctive unit insignia was approved 25 August 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158814-0084-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe Flag of the 1st Cavalry Division is a white field with the distinctive yellow triangular Norman shield with rounded corners, a black diagonal stripe extending over the shield from upper left to lower right and in the upper right a silhouetted horse's head cut off diagonally at the neck with a green border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158815-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division (German: 1. Kavallerie-Division) was formed in October 1939. It fought in the Netherlands, Belgium, France and on the Eastern Front. It was officially transformed into the 24th Panzer Division in late 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158815-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Wehrmacht), Formation\nThe division was formed on 25 October from the 1. Kavallerie-Brigade and expanded on 20 November with the addition of Reiter-Regiments 21 and 22. It was reconstituted in February 1940 when II\\Reiter-Regiment 21 was disbanded and distributed to other regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158815-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe campaign in Western Europe began in the Netherlands before it was assigned to the 4th Army and sent to France. The division crossed the Somme on 7 June and fought near Meulen. On 18\u201319 June it fought around Saumur and attempted to capture a bridge across the Loire but the attack failed when it was blown up by English troop with a patrol still on it. The division reached La Rochelle when the fighting in France ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158815-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nAfter the French capitulation the division was stationed in France on occupation duties until the early summer of 1941 when it was moved east in preparation for the attack on the Soviet Union. It was assigned to the XXIV Army Corps in the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The division fought in the southern sector of the front, seeing action around the Berezina and Dniepr rivers, especially in efforts to clear the Pripet Marshes of by-passed Red Army units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158815-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nIt was withdrawn to France in November 1941 and its 17,000 horses were handed over to infantry divisions. The \u201cSchlu\u00dfappell\u201d, the last divisional parade, was held on 5 November at Gomel before it was finally disbanded and reformed as the 24.Panzer-Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158816-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States)\nThe 1st Cavalry Division Artillery (DIVARTY) or \"Red Team\" is the Force Field Artillery Headquarters for the 1st Cavalry Division. The DIVARTY served with the division from 1941\u20132005, including combat service in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, and Operation Iraqi Freedom and in peacetime in Japan, Korea, and Fort Hood, Texas. As the Force Fires Headquarters, the DIVARTY provides fire support coordination and mission command for the training and readiness of field artillery units across the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158816-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States), History, World War II\nWhen first organized in July 1941, the 1st Cavalry Division Artillery consisted of Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, two horse-drawn 75mm battalions (the 82nd Field Artillery Battalion and the 61st Field Artillery Battalion), and a newly organized 105mm howitzer battalion (the 62nd Field Artillery Battalion) towed by trucks. The 62nd Field Artillery was removed from the division for deployment to Europe in 1942, and replaced by the 99th Field Artillery Battalion. Before deploying to Australia, the two horse-drawn battalions fielded jeeps to replace their horses in order to save shipping space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158816-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States), History, World War II\nFrom June - July, 1943, the DIVARTY deployed from Texas to California, and then on to Australia. In October 1943, another 105mm battalion, the 271st Field Artillery Battalion, was added to the division. In February - March, 1944, the Division Artillery participated in the Admiralty Islands campaign, with the 99th FAB landing with the 5th Cavalry Regiment, the 271st FAB landing with the 12th Cavalry Regiment, and 61st FAB landing with the 7th Cavalry Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158816-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States), History, Korean War\nIn late 1957, as part of the Army's reorganization under the Pentomic structure, the DIVARTY returned to Korea, replacing the 24th Infantry Division. The headquarters was stationed Tonggu and later at Kaya Ri, a five-battery 105mm battalion (2nd Bn, 19th Arty) at Tonggu and later Ichon Ni, and a composite battalion of 155mm howitzers (twelve howitzers in two batteries), 8-in howitzers (a single four-gun battery) and Honest John rockets (a battery of two launchers) stationed at Tonggu and later at Pobwon-Ni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 67], "content_span": [68, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158816-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States), History, Korean War\nUnder a modified Pentomic structure from 1960\u20131963, the DIVARTY consisted of 5 direct support battalions armed with 105mm howitzers (3 towed and 2 self-propelled), and a composite battalion of 8-in howitzers and Honest John rockets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 67], "content_span": [68, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158816-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States), History, Vietnam\nOn 1 July 1965, the Division Artillery, less personnel and equipment, returned to the United States, and reflagged elements of the 11th Air Assault Division (Test) and the 2nd Infantry Division at Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158816-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States), History, Vietnam\nThree battalions (2nd Bn, 19th Arty; 1st Bn, 21st Arty; and 1st Bn, 77th Arty) were 105mm towed battalions armed with the new M102 howitzer. The 2nd Bn, 20th Arty was an Aerial Rocket Artillery (ARA) battalion, consisting of three batteries, each with twelve UH-1B helicopters firing 2.75-inch rockets, while Btry E, 82nd Arty was an aviation battery with 20 helicopters for observation and other aviation support. Between July and September 1965, the newly organized 1st Cavalry Division Artillery departed Fort Benning for combat in Vietnam", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158816-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nIn preparation for deployment to Iraq, the division provisionally reorganized DIVARTY as a brigade combat team (BCT). On 6 April 2004, the DIVARTY assumed control of Al-Rashid district in Baghdad from the 1st Armored Division Artillery Combat Team. Operating as a provisional BCT, the DIVARTY's task organization included the 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment; the 1st Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment; the 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment; Company B, 8th Engineer Battalion; the 515th Forward Support Battalion (Provisional); and the 2nd Battalion, 24th Marines. For a year, the \"Red Team\" conducted stability operations before returning to Fort Hood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 77], "content_span": [78, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158816-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States), History, Global War on Terror\nAs part of the division's conversion to modular brigade combat teams, the DIVARTY was inactivated on 26 June 2005. On 2 April 2015, the DIVARTY was activated by reflagging the 41st Field Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 77], "content_span": [78, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158817-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Band\nThe 1st Cavalry Division Band is a military band posted at Fort Hood, Texas and assigned to the headquarters of the United States Army's 1st Cavalry Division. It was activated in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158817-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Band, History\nOn 3 March 1855, the 1st Cavalry Band was established in the Second Regiment of Cavalry. In March 1861, the band left their post in Fort Mason, which was transferred to the control of the Confederate Army. It would be based in the union states, specifically Pennsylvania, for a good part of the American Civil War. In December 1866, following the conclusion of the Civil War, the regimental band was disbanded at Camp Sedgwick, only to be reconstituted three years later, In 1916 the band participated in the Mexican Expeditionary Force led by General of the Armies John J. Pershing. The 1st Cavalry Division was organized in 1921, after which the associated band was reactivated and assigned to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158817-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Band, History\nThe modern 1st Cavalry Division Band was activated in Luzon, Philippines on June 3, 1945 and initially formed of personnel and equipment transferred from the recently deactivated band of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, as well as personnel from the bands of the 1st and 5th cavalry regiments. During the Korean War, the band advanced into Pyongyang and was the first American military band to perform in the North Korean capital following its fall to United States and South Korean forces in the Battle of Pyongyang. It later suffered a casualty rate exceeding 33-percent during the American withdrawal from Seoul to Taegu after the Chinese-North Korean victory in the Third Battle of Seoul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158817-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Band, History\nIn 1953 the band was downsized from 96 to 48 troopers and, the following year, assigned secondary duty as a smoke generator unit. Jeanne Pace was appointed bandmaster of the 1st Cavalry Division Band in 1985, becoming the first female bandmaster in the history of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158817-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Band, History\nOn July 3, 1965, the band participated in the retiring of the colors of the 11th Air Assault Division, and organization of the new 1st Cavalry Division. Throughout the 1960s, the band served multiple tours in Vietnam performing concerts, participating in village support missions, and physical security. This included multiple tours, and rotations in Vietnam that resulted in the loss of seven musicians; three times, the band lost two members in single attacks in 1966, and twice in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158817-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Band, History\nAccording to the U.S. Army, on April 8, 2004 \u2013 during the United States occupation of Iraq \u2013 the band survived an ambush and attack with rocket propelled grenades fired by insurgents en route to perform at an officer commissioning ceremony of the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps. Bandsmen involved in the action received the Combat Action Badge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158817-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Band, History\nIn addition to its service during the Korean War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the band has also been deployed overseas during the Vietnam War and Operation Joint Forge. As of 2012, it was one of three active duty U.S. Army bands posted in Texas. When on parade, the marching band wears the division's trademark black \"Cav Hat\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158817-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Band, Unit decorations\nThe 1st Cavalry Division Band is the recipient of eight Meritorious Unit Commendations, three Republic of Vietnam Crosses of Gallantry, the Commonwealth of the Philippines Presidential Unit Citation, and the Cross of Valour of the Greek state, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158818-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Horse Cavalry Detachment\nThe 1st Cavalry Division Horse Cavalry Detachment is a United States Army equestrian military unit. Posted at Fort Hood, Texas, it was activated in 1972 and is a subordinate unit of the 1st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158818-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Horse Cavalry Detachment, History\nIn 1943, at the height of World War II, the 1st Cavalry Division disposed of its remaining horses. The Horse Cavalry Detachment was activated 29 years later, in 1972. It is one of seven horse-mounted units remaining in the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158818-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Horse Cavalry Detachment, History\nIn 2014 the first woman to lead the detachment, Captain Elizabeth Rascon, assumed command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158818-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Horse Cavalry Detachment, Mission\nThe detachment has primarily public duties functions. It participates in change of command and medal ceremonies, the U.S. presidential inauguration, and represents the 1st Cavalry Division in parades, riding demonstrations, and civic events. In addition to official state and military ceremonies, it has participated in the Rose Parade, Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association rodeos, and U.S. Army recruiting events. Finally, a weekly mounted drill demonstrating equestrian vaulting and cavalry tactics, such as sabre charges, is held for the public by the detachment every Thursday morning at Fort Hood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158818-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Horse Cavalry Detachment, Mission\nThe Horse Cavalry Detachment's mounted drills are drawn from the U.S. Army's 1883 Manual of Cavalry Tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158818-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Horse Cavalry Detachment, Equipment, Armaments and vehicles\nThe 40-soldier unit is equipped with 40 dark brown horses with minimal white markings which are outfitted with Model 1885 McClellan riding saddles that are hand-made by cavalry troopers in an on-site leather shop maintained at the unit's stables. Each of the unit's mounts are trained for approximately one year before being put into action. It additionally deploys 8 mules, a mascot dog (Sergeant Buddy), a Model 1878 supply wagon, and a M1841 light mountain howitzer. Individual soldiers are equipped with the Colt Single Action Army revolver, Springfield model 1873 carbine rifle, and Model 1860 light cavalry saber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158818-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Horse Cavalry Detachment, Equipment, Uniforms\nThe Horse Cavalry Detachment is designated by the U.S. Army as a \"special ceremonial unit\" which allows it to wear specialized, unit-specific uniforms not part of standard Army issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158819-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Division Sustainment Brigade\nThe Sustainment Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division is a divisional logistics and combat support brigade of the United States Army. It was constituted on 22 August 1957 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1st Cavalry Division Trains and activated on 1 November 1957 in Korea. On 1 September 1963 it was consolidated with the 1st Cavalry Division Band (organized in 1856) and the consolidated unit was reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters, Headquarters Company and Band, 1st Cavalry Division Support Command. It was reorganized and redesignated on 5 May 1971 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Cavalry Division Support Command (Band concurrently withdrawn from the 1st Cavalry Division Support Command), and finally redesignated as the Sustainment Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division on 25 June 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile)\nThe 1st Cavalry (Horse Guards) Regiment \"Grenadiers\" (Spanish: Regimiento Escolta Presidencial n.\u00ba 1 \u00abGranaderos\u00bb) is the senior cavalry regiment of the Chilean Army, which serves as the Horse Guards unit providing the ceremonial escort in parades and ceremonies to the President of Chile, the Supreme Commander of the Chilean Armed Forces. It provides the guard during flag raising ceremonies monthly in Santiago, the national capital. Together with the 3rd Cavalry Regiment  \"Hussars\" it forms the remaining mounted components of the army in active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile), History\nThe Grenadiers were formed on July 6, 1827 as the then second regiment of cavalry of the reorganized Chilean Army per a presidential decree by President Francisco Antonio Pinto, and its honorific title is a remembrance of the regiment's first commanding officer,  future president Manuel Bulnes. The designation of \"Horse Grenadiers\" is a remembrance of the role played by the Argentine Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers in assisting the young Army in the campaigns for the independence of Chile in 1818.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile), History\nThe regiment's baptism of fire was in the Chilean Civil War of 1829\u201330 and later fought in  the Chilean campaigns of the War of the Confederation and for its contribution for the total collapse of the Peru-Bolivia Confederation was rewarded by being bestowed the duty as the presidential horse guards regiment in Santiago, serving until 1862 on public duties activities, having left that role to help in the Chilean Army actions during the long Occupation of Araucan\u00eda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile), History\nThe regiment later saw action during the Chilean ground campaign of the War of the Pacific, having won laurels of glory for the nation in Pisagua, Dolores, Tarapac\u00e1, Tacna and Chorrillos, and later on briefly during the Chilean Civil War of 1891.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile), History\nAs part of the wide reorganization of the Army following that war the Grenadiers were reorganized in the early 1900s, co-sharing the duties of the presidential horse guard with the then Cavalry Regiment \"Mounted Rifles\" and the Army 5th Carabineer Regiment, the predecessor of the current Carabineros de Chile, with the regiment forming a dismounted ceremonial squadron armed in the same manner as Prussian dragoons of the era, a duty it would later share with the Army Mounted Ceremonial Troop, wearing Garde de Corps styled uniforms, and the Army Cavalry School Mounted Regiment, which was dressed in the manner of the cuirassiers, alongside the current Carabineros School. In 1932 the Grenadiers were relegated to being only the travelling escort, as the Carabineros officially raised the then 200-man La Moneda Palace Guard that year as the permanent presidential security unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile), History\nIn 1982, the regiment was transferred away to the frontier town of Putre in the Arica y Parinacota Region, while being rerolled as armored cavalry retained the traditions of cavalry with a mounted squadron due to its highland terrain. The Mounted Ceremonial Troop remained with the Army as a directly reporting unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile), History\nIn 1999, the regiment was relocated to its current stables in Camp San Isidro in the western city of Quillota, Valparaiso Region, wherein it was reassigned the duties of being the travelling escort to the President, merging the Mounted Ceremonial Troop to it. Today it maintains the primary purpose of protocol and ceremonial public duties as the most senior regiment of cavalry of the modern day Chilean Army, and one of only 2 regiments left standing in the role of mounted cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile), History\nAlongside being the travelling escort unit, it maintains guards at the Plaza de la Ciudadan\u00eda in Santiago monthly for flag raising ceremonies held there. The regiment's change of command ceremony is the only one in the army wherein most of it is done while mounted, reflecting the long traditions of the Chilean Army cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile), History, Organization of the current regiment, Regimental Band\nBeing the seniormost band of the cavalry and armoured regiments and squadrons of the Army and the inheritor of the long tradition of mounted bands in Chile since the 20th century the Regimental Band maintains a high standard of excellence and fitness as it performs both mounted and dismounted public duties within the Santiago Metropolitan Region while also playing in community events. Unlike the other mounted bands, but more similar to British and German mounted bands, it is a complete ensemble composed of brass and woodwind instrumentalists, together with a bugle platoon. In mounted formation the band is accompanied by two mounted kettledrummers playing in the old German tradition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158820-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (Chile), Current dress uniform\nThe current full dress uniform of the regiment, adopted in 2011, is a modernized form of the old uniforms worn in the early 1900s. It is a sky blue uniform with a cavalry pickelhaube, with black riding boots and belt for all ranks and epaulettes for officers in the Prussian manner (but not shoulder marks, shoulder boards are worn by the warrant officers). Officer carry sabres while all troopers, including those of NCO rank save for warrant officers and the colour guards, carry lances when mounted and Mauser rifles when dismounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Cavalry Regiment is a United States Army regiment that has its antecedents in the early 19th century in the formation of the United States Regiment of Dragoons. To this day, the unit's special designation is \"First Regiment of Dragoons\". While they were the First Regiment of Dragoons another unit designated the 1st Cavalry Regiment was formed in 1855 and in 1861 was re-designated as the 4th Cavalry Regiment (units were renumbered based on seniority and it was the fourth oldest mounted regiment in active service). The First Dragoons became the 1st Cavalry Regiment since they were the oldest mounted regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Background\nDuring the American Revolutionary War (1775\u20131783), Continental forces patterned cavalry units after those of the opposing British forces, especially the well-supplied mounted dragoons of the British Army. The first cavalry unit formed by the Congress of the United States of America was a squadron of four troops (the Squadron of Light Dragoons) commanded by Major Michael Rudolph on 5 March 1792 (the troops would then be incorporated into the Legion of the United States (1792 to 1796)). In 1796 the dragoons were reduced to two companies, were dismounted units by 1800 and disbanded in 1802.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Background\nIn 1808 the Regiment of Light Dragoons was formed and in 1812 another regiment (2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons) was raised. Units of both regiments of dragoons served during the War of 1812 in engagements at the Battle of the Mississinewa; the Battle of Lundy's Lane; Fort Erie and the Siege of Fort Meigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Background\nThe 1st Regiment and 2nd Regiment were consolidated on 30 March 1814 into the single Regiment of Light Dragoons of eight troops, but this unit was dissolved in 1815 (the rationale was that cavalry forces were too expensive to maintain as part of a standing army, so Congress insisted on economy and a minimum standing Army).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Formation\nThe \"United States Regiment of Dragoons\" was organized by an Act of Congress approved on 2 March 1833 after the disbandment of the \"Battalion of Mounted Rangers\" (formed in 1832 due to a lack of mounted units to patrol the frontier and also in response to the Black Hawk War). The first order announcing appointments in the regiment was dated 5 March 1833, and gave the names of the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, major, four captains and four lieutenants, stating that the organization of the regiment would be perfected by the selection of officers from the \"Battalion of Mounted Rangers.\" In June 1834, the regiment filled its complement of officers, many of whom later became noted Civil War generals:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Formation\nThe unit became the \"First Regiment of Dragoons\" when the Second Dragoons was raised in 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Frontier duty\nIn October 1833, the five companies first organized were sent under Colonel Dodge to winter in the vicinity of Fort Gibson, Arkansas Territory, where they remained until June 1834. Then, the regiment was sent on the First Dragoon Expedition, or the Pawnee Expedition, during which, although it ended in September, a full one-fourth of the officers and men died of fever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Frontier duty\nFor the winter, Headquarters with Companies A, C, D and G, were sent to Fort Leavenworth; Companies B, H and I, Lieutenant Colonel Kearny, commanding, into the Indian country on the right bank of the Mississippi River, near the mouth of the Des Moines River; and Companies E, F and K, Major Mason commanding, to Fort Gibson. Throughout the summer of 1835, all the companies of the regiment were kept in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Frontier duty\nThe regiment became the \"First Regiment of Dragoons\" when the Second Regiment of Dragoons was raised in 1836, however, the general disposition of the regiment remained unchanged. The various companies were employed in scouting among the Indians, especially along the Missouri frontier, with a portion of the regiment going to Nacogdoches, Texas, to keep white trespassers from the Indian lands, and preserving peace between whites and Indians and among the Indians themselves; also in building wagon roads and bridges. During the winter, the companies returned to their respective stations \u2013 Forts Leavenworth, Gibson and Des Moines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Frontier duty\nColonel Dodge resigned on 4 July 1836, and was appointed Governor of Wisconsin. He was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Kearny. The regiment was not heavily engaged in the Florida war, although it did take some minor casualties, including a lieutenant. In March 1837, a regimental order designated the color of the horses of each company as follows: A and K, black; B, F and H, sorrel; C, D, E and I, bay; and G, iron gray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Frontier duty\nIn October 1837, and again in March 1838, Colonel Kearny led elements of the regiment to quell Osage Indians. In April 1839, the army created Fort Wayne in Indian Territory, and Companies E, F, G and K, were stationed there for several years, with occasional forays into the field to chase hostile Indians. Kearny was promoted to brigadier general on 30 June 1846, and was succeeded by Colonel Mason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Mexican\u2013American War\nGeneral Kearny was placed in command of the \"Army of the West (1846)\", which consisted of Companies B, C, G, I and K, 1st Dragoons, an artillery battalion, some separate infantry companies, two regiments of Missouri volunteer cavalry, the volunteer Mormon Battalion, and the 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers, which sailed from New York City to California by ship. All in all, the Army of the West consisted of about 3,700 men, which ventured west to New Mexico, some of whom did not reach California. This command was concentrated at Bent's Fort on the Arkansas River, from which point it marched for Santa F\u00e9 on 1 August 1846. The force occupied Santa F\u00e9 without much opposition, and, after leaving part of his force there, Kearny marched into California, arriving in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Mexican\u2013American War\nOn the morning of 6 December 1846, Kearny's 150-man command met and defeated an equal number of California lancers at San Pasqual, about 40 miles from San Diego, under Major Andr\u00e9s Pico. The action was severe, with the 1st Dragoons losing 3 officers and 14 men killed, principally with lance thrusts. General Kearny himself received two wounds. His force finally reached San Diego on 12 December 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Mexican\u2013American War\nKearny, with a force consisting of Company C, 1st Dragoons, (60 dismounted men) under Captain Turner, sailors and marines with a battery of artillery and California volunteers, left San Diego for Los Angeles on 29 December. Kearny's troops routed Mexicans under Governor Flores at the crossing of the Rio San Gabriel on 8 January 1847, and on the plains of La Mesa on 9 January. With the capture of Los Angeles on the following day, all Mexican resistance to the American occupation of Southern California ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Mexican\u2013American War\nKearny had left Companies G and I at Albuquerque under Capt. J. H. K. Burgwin. When Col. Sterling Price (then in command at Santa F\u00e9) learned of the seizure and murder of the New Mexico Governor Charles Bent and five others by the Mexicans (20 January), he moved out against them with a force of about 350 dismounted men and easily defeated them, on 24 January, at Canada. Captain Burgwin defeated another Mexican force shortly thereafter and rejoined Price's column for a series of further battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Mexican\u2013American War\nDuring 1847, regimental headquarters were still at Leavenworth and Companies A and E were with Zachary Taylor in Mexico. Early in the year, Company B was reorganized at Jefferson Barracks before being sent to Santa Fe in June. On 26 June, while en route, the company was engaged by 300-400 Comanches at Grand Prairie, Arkansas, losing five men killed and six wounded. They were the first unit of the Regiment to seriously tangle with the frontier Indians. Upon reaching Santa Fe, on 6 August with the $350,000 they had been escorting, Company B was retrained as a field artillery battery to support the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Mexican\u2013American War\nCompanies D, F and K saw service on Scott's line in Mexico. Company F escorted General Scott from Veracruz to Mexico City and was present at the battles near that city. From 1 November to 20 December, it was engaged on escort duty between the city and Vera Cruz. In 1848, the three companies returned to the United States and were stationed at various points on the northwestern frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Mexican\u2013American War\nCompanies B, G, and I served with General Sterling Price in February \u2013 March 1848 in his campaign down into the State of Chihuahua and participated in the attack on Santa Cruz de Rosales. Company D was sent to the Minnesota Territory commanded by Lieut. J. W. T. Gardiner. In the summer of 1849 they escorted Maj. Woods of the 6th Infantry at Fort Snelling, to mark a northern boundary line and select a site for a future fortification near Pembina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Further frontier duty\nIn September 1848, the First Regiment of Dragoons rode out of Fort Kearny and returned to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas and trained their new recruits. On 11 May 1849, the regiment rode further west, and along with two companies of the 6th Infantry Regiment, guarded the treacherous Oregon Trail in the heart of Pawnee territory. In October, an engagement on the Little Blue River near Linden, Nebraska and another engagement on the Platte River resulted in numerous Pawnee fatalities, and 5 Dragoon casualties. On 15 May 1850, J. W. Davidson and Captain Nathaniel Lyon led a regiment of the 1st U.S. Dragoons in an massacre of 60 Pomo Native Americans at Clear Lake, California, the 1850 \"Bloody Island Massacre\";", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Further frontier duty\nBrevet Brigadier General Mason, Colonel of the 1st Dragoons, died at Jefferson Barracks, on 25 July 1850, and was succeeded by Col. Thomas T. Fauntleroy, promoted from the Second Dragoons. In 1853, the newly acquired Southwest erupted in violence between the US and local Indian tribes. After a reorganization period, elements of the 1st Regiment of Dragoons set out for New Mexico on 1 July 1854. The year of 1854 was rough for the Dragoons; heavy casualties and a tenacious enemy took their toll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Further frontier duty\nEarlier in the year, on 30 March 1854, Companies F and I were stationed at Cantonment Burgwin in New Mexico, and Lieutenant J. W. Davidson, with Company I and 16 men of Company F, disobeyed his orders and boldly attacked a Jicarilla Apache camp about 16 miles south of Taos at Cieneguilla. The Indian camp was surprised and captured; while securing the camp, the troops were surprised by more Indians, who attacked the Dragoon horse-holders and took Davidson at such disadvantage that the command narrowly escaped annihilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Further frontier duty\nFourteen men of Company I and eight of Company F were killed; Lieutenant Davidson and 14 men were wounded. Regimental headquarters was transferred to Fort Union, New Mexico Territory, in July 1854, when the rest of the regiment arrived. Throughout the following year, the companies in New Mexico were almost constantly on the move. Colonel Fauntleroy made three expeditions against the Utes and Apaches, and Companies I and K fought the Apaches. On 17 January 1855, Companies B, G, and part of K were attacked at night by a band of Apaches while camped near the Penasco River. Despite being repulsed, the Indians adopted guerrilla tactics and skirmished the next day. On the 19th, 12 troopers from B Company became separated and were ambushed by the Apache, suffering 3 killed including the Company Commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Further frontier duty\nMeantime, out West, Companies C and E took part in the Rogue River War in Oregon Territory, in which, at the Battle of Hungry Hill, the troops were compelled to retire with a loss of 26 killed and wounded, after fighting for a day and a half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Further frontier duty\nIn the spring of 1855, two new regiments of cavalry, the First and Second Cavalry, were authorized in addition to the current two regiments of dragoons and the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen (formed in 1845). One of these new units named \"The First Cavalry Regiment\", under the command of Lt. Col. Edwin Vose Sumner, the first regular American military unit to bear that name (in 1861 it was re-designated the 4th Cavalry Regiment). Sumner was previously with the First Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Further frontier duty\nHeadquarters for the First Dragoons were moved to Fort Tejon, California, in December 1856, with the various companies scattered throughout the West. For the next five years, the regiment engaged in a variety of Indian fights, seeing action at various times against the Navajos and Apaches in the Southwest and several tribes in the Northwest. On 8 January 1859, B and K Companies fought an engagement with the Mojave in the Mohave Valley and another engagement against the Paiutes on 18\u201319 April 1860 near present-day Yermo, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1861\u201362\nColonel Fauntleroy resigned on 13 May 1861, and was succeeded by Col. Benjamin Lloyd Beall. With the outbreak of the Civil War and the War Department's wanting to re-designate all mounted regiments as cavalry and to renumber them in order of seniority., the First Dragoons became the \"First Regiment of Cavalry\" by an Act of Congress on 3 August 1861 (the existing First Cavalry Regiment (formed in 1855) was the fourth oldest mounted regiment in terms of active service, so it was re-designated the 4th Cavalry Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1861\u201362\nDuring November and December, the regiment, except Companies D and G, which were still stationed in New Mexico Territory, was transferred by steamship from the Pacific Coast through Panama and then to Washington, D.C., arriving by the end of January 1862. Colonel Beall retired 1 February, and was succeeded by Col. George A.H. Blake. The regiment was attached to the 2d Brigade, Cavalry Reserve, Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1861\u201362\nIn the meantime, the two companies left in Confederate Arizona had abandoned and destroyed Forts Breckinridge and Buchanan and retreated to Fort Craig. Company D was engaged in a skirmish with Confederates near Fort Craig, on 19 February, and the two companies took part in the Battle of Valverde on 21 February. Company D took part in the engagements at Pigeon's Ranch, 30 March; Albuquerque, 25 April; and Peralta, 27 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1861\u201362\nThe bulk of the 1st U.S. Cavalry, meanwhile, fought in the Peninsula Campaign in Virginia. At Williamsburg, on 4 May, a squadron under Capt. Benjamin F. \"Grimes\" Davis charged and repulsed Confederate cavalry, capturing a flag but losing 13 men. At Gaines' Mill, on 27 June, the regiment lost 26 more men. The regiment participated in fighting at Malvern Hill, Kelly's Ford, and during Stoneman's Raid in April and May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1863\nAt the battle of Beverly Ford in June 1863, Davis was killed while in command of the 8th New York Cavalry. At Upperville, the 1st U.S. Cavalry met the Jeff Davis Legion and the 1st and 2d North Carolina regiments in a mounted charge. The regiment lost 53 men (most to saber cuts). At Gettysburg, its loss was 16 men. Several more men were lost in a series of skirmishes during the Confederate retreat to Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1863\nIn June 1863, the two companies left in New Mexico were broken up. The officers and noncommissioned officers were transferred to Carlisle Barracks, where the companies were reorganized, joining the regiment at Camp Buford, Maryland, in October 1863. After a period of rest and re-equipping near Washington, D.C., the 1st Cavalry rejoined the Army of the Potomac and was engaged at Manassas Junction and at Catlett's Station, on 5 November; Culpeper, on 8 November; Stephensburg, on 26 November, and Mine River. The regiment was employed during the winter doing picket duty along the Rapidan River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1864\nIn February, the 1st U.S. Cavalry engaged in a series of fights along the Rapidan line, and then accompanied Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer in a raid on Charlottesville, Virginia. On General Sheridan's taking command of the Cavalry Corps, the 1st Cavalry, now commanded by Capt. N. B. Sweitzer, was attached to Merritt's Reserve or Regular Brigade, Torbert's Division, and in the preparation for the Overland Campaign, the regiment was employed in picketing the Rapidan, taking part in the battles of Todd's Tavern, on 7 May, and Spotsylvania Court House, on 8 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1864\nThe regiment subsequently accompanied Sheridan on his daring raid around Richmond, fighting at Beaver Dam Station, on 10 May; Yellow Tavern, on 11 May: Meadow Bridge and Mechanicsville, on 12 May; Tunstall's Station, on 14 May; Hawe's Shop, on 28 May; and Old Church, on 30 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1864\nAt the Battle of Cold Harbor, on 1 June, the regiment saw severe fighting, losing several men and officers. The 1st Cavalry then accompanied General Sheridan on his Trevilian raid, and lost 35 men in the Battle of Trevilian Station, on 11 and 12 June. The regiment was engaged in daily skirmishing during the return march to White House Landing, and was engaged there on 17 June, at the Chickahominy River on 18 June, and at the battle of Darby's Farm, on 28 June. The 1st Cavalry captured an enemy flag at the battle of Deep Bottom, on 28 July, where the Regular Brigade, fighting on foot, routed a brigade of Confederate cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1864\nOn 31 July, the 1st Division marched to City Point, embarked on ships the next day, and was transported to Washington, D.C. to assist in repelling the threatened attack of General Early. On 5 August, it moved towards Harpers Ferry, having been ordered to the Shenandoah Valley to rejoin Sheridan. On 10 August, the Reserve Brigade routed Confederates near Winchester. The regiment was then engaged in almost daily skirmishing, and took part in all the important valley battles except Fisher's Hill. From 16 August through 20 August, the 1st Cavalry was employed, together with the whole of the 1st Division, in the destruction of all wheat and forage, and the seizure of all horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs accessible in the valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1864\nThe 1st Cavalry took part in the charge of the Reserve Brigade at the Battle of Opequon, on 19 September, and, in conjunction with the 2nd Cavalry, captured two stands of colors and some 200 prisoners. Its casualties were 37 killed, wounded and missing. On 28 September, in an action at Waynesboro, it suffered 18 additional casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1864\nThe 1st Cavalry played an important part in the Battle of Cedar Creek, 19 October. After the surprise and defeat of Horatio G. Wright in the morning, the divisions of Merritt and Custer came up as reinforcements. Two squadrons of the 1st Cavalry formed perpendicular across the Valley Pike and dismounted behind stone walls, the third squadron being held in reserve. This position was held with great difficulty, the advanced squadron being subjected to an enfilading fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1864\nThe regiment then returned to Middletown and, during the fall and winter, engaged in numerous skirmishes and took part in Merritt's raid through the Loudoun Valley and Torbert's raid on Gordonsville. In December, the regiment was assigned to duty at the Cavalry Corps headquarters in Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1865\nOn 27 February, Sheridan commenced his last expedition through the Shenandoah Valley, wanting to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad and the James River Canal, and capture Lynchburg. The 1st Cavalry took part in the Battle of Waynesboro, on 2 March, where the remnant of Early's army was captured. It was then engaged in many skirmishes during a march from Charlottesville to White House Landing, while destroying locks and the embankment of the James River Canal, railroads and Confederate supplies. It arrived at White House Landing on 17 March, taking part in a sharp engagement that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1865\nThe 1st Cavalry was then present in all the major battles of the Cavalry Corps until the close of the war. On 30 March, it was in the engagement on White Oak Road; on 31 March, at Dinwiddie Court House; on 1 April, at Five Forks. There, the regiment charged an entrenched enemy position, carried it and seized 200 prisoners. It also fought on 2 April in the engagement near the Southside Railroad; on 6 April, at the Battle of Sayler's Creek; and on 9 April, at Appomattox Courthouse, the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), American Civil War, 1865\nThe regiment then returned to Petersburg, where it remained in camp until 24 April, when it marched with the Cavalry Corps towards North Carolina for the proposed junction with Sherman. On the surrender of Joseph E. Johnston's army, the Cavalry Corps returned to Petersburg and the regiment, escorting General Sheridan, left for Washington on 8 May, arriving on 16 May and taking part in the Grand Review of the Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier\nLater that month, the regiment was ordered to Louisiana, arriving at New Orleans on 31 May and remaining there until 29 December, when it embarked for California via the Isthmus of Panama. It was stationed at the Presidio of San Francisco on 22 January, with Companies A, G and K going on 5 February to Drum Barracks, where Companies C, D and E, followed them on 17 February, Company L going to Sacramento. In June, regimental headquarters went to Fort Vancouver and the several companies were distributed through Oregon, Washington Territory, Idaho, California, Nevada and Arizona, no two being at the same station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Snake War\nFrom 1866 to 1871, various companies from the 1st Cavalry Regiment were involved in numerous skirmishes involving Indians during the American Indian Wars throughout the west. From 1866 to 1868, they operated in Oregon, Idaho Territory, Nevada, and California fighting the Snake War. Although not defined by one large battle, this series of guerrilla skirmishes and frontier clashes across the high-desert sagebrush plains would be the deadliest Indian War in the West, with 1,762 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0036-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Snake War\nThese skirmishes included an expedition from Fort Bidwell, California, during 22\u201329 October 1866, when Company A killed 14 Indians, three women, four children, and captured an entire camp. Later that year, LTC George Crook led an expedition of one company of the 1st Cavalry to pursue the Indians in their winter quarters. On 26 December 1866, at the Battle of Owyhee River in Malheur County, Oregon Crook's men caught the Paiutes asleep in their camp. However, after the first shots were fired, Chief Howluck determined to stay and fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0036-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Snake War\nThe native warriors taunted the soldiers, who returned a deadly accurate fire on the warriors. Quickly into the fighting almost every mounted warrior was shot down. The rest sought refuge behind rocks, remaining there until mid-day when they retreated. Continuing his pursuit Crook again encountered the Chief Paulina's Paiute village at Steen's Mountain (named after an early officer of the 1st Dragoons). As Crook ordered the charge his horse bolted and carried him through the native village. Nevertheless, his men followed. Despite several close calls for Crook personally, his troopers' fire was accurate and inflicted heavy casualties. A month later Crook's men engaged in one final skirmish before Crook ended the expedition due to bad weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Snake War\nOn the nights of 7\u20138 February 1867, 25 men of Company B on a patrol were attacked by hostile Indians near Vicksburg Mines in Nevada. On 5 April 1868, Company F killed 32 Indians and captured two near Malheur River, Oregon. Following the Indians south into California, Crook's 1st Cavalry troopers, along with infantrymen from the 23rd Infantry Regiment and 15 Warm Springs and Shoshone scouts encountered a large band of them in an entrenched position. The Native American warriors had made a fortress out of lava rocks in the Infernal Caverns of northern California near the town of Likely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Snake War\nFrom there they were able to pour a steady fire upon the soldiers commanded by Lt. Col. George Crook. Crook's men attacked on the second day. Despite heavy casualties they managed to scale the cliffs and take the fortifications. Colonel Crook reportedly shot down Chief Sieto himself. Fighting continued into the night as the Native warriors withdrew deeper into the caverns. Crook commented \"I never wanted dynamite so bad as I did when we first took the fort and heard the diabolical and defiant yells from down in the rocks\". On the third day the Natives had fled the caverns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1866\u20131871\nThey also fought in the Apache Wars in Arizona Territory from 1866 to 1872. On 29 January 1867, Company M encountered a band of 90 warriors at Stein's Mountain in New Mexico Territory; 60 Indians were killed and 27 captured. From 26 to 31 May 1868, eight men of Company M killed 34 Indians. At Fort McDowell in Arizona on 9\u201311 December 1869, 20 men from Company E killed an entire band of 11 Mojave Apaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1866\u20131871\nOn 15 December 1870, Colonel Blake was retired from active service on his own application, and Colonel Alvan C. Gillem of the 11th Infantry was transferred to the First Cavalry in his stead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nThe Modoc Indians were a small tribe living in northern California near Tule Lake and Lost River. Through the intercession of interested civilians, orders were issued for the Modocs removal to the Klamath Indian Reservation. They went on the reservation, but, on account of ill treatment, left it, and the War Department was then directed to enforce the orders. The Indians at once commenced hostilities and one of the most protracted and obstinate Indian wars of later years followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nCompany B left Fort Klamath, on 28 November 1872, for the purpose of arresting \"Captain Jack\" and the leaders of his band of Modocs, and at daylight on 29 November surprised the Indians in their camp near the Lost River. The Indians refused to surrender and an engagement followed in which eight Indians were killed and many wounded, and the camp, squaws, and property were captured. The company lost two men killed and six wounded, two of them mortally. The company then went into camp at Crowley's Ranch on Lost River opposite the Indian camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nCompany G from Fort Bidwell took station on 13 December at Land's Ranch, Tule Lake, near the Indian stronghold. The Indians attacked this camp on 21 December, and were repulsed, but not until two men and five horses had been killed. Company B now joined Company G and the two companies marched against the Indians on 16 January 1873 in conjunction with General Wheaton's column, with which Company F and a detachment of Company H were also serving at this time. The Indians attacked Companies B and G the same afternoon, but were repulsed, the companies losing three men wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nThe general engagement took place on 17 January, and lasted from 7.30 A.M. to 9.30 P.M., when the troops retired, going finally into camp at Applegate's Ranch near Clear Lake. The regiment lost two men killed and two officers, \u2013 Captain Perry and Lieutenant Kyle, \u2013 and eight men wounded, one mortally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nThe Indians attacked a wagon train on 22 January, driving away the escort. However, Captain Reuben F. Bernard, 1st Cavalry, came up with reinforcements and the Indians were repulsed, losing one killed and many wounded. Company K from Fort Halleck, Nev., joined the battalion on 18 February. The battalion now consisted of Companies B, F, G and K, under Captain Biddle, who was soon succeeded by Captain Bernard. Colonel Gillem, 1st Cavalry was commanding the expedition, and Company H joined the column on 10 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nDuring the night of 14 April, the companies of the 1st Cavalry moved with the rest of the command to invest the Modoc stronghold, and in the Second Battle of the Stronghold, 15\u201317 April, drove the Indians out of their position and into the rocks and mountains. The 1st Cavalry lost two men killed and two wounded. On 26 April, Companies B and F went to the scene of the \"Thomas massacre\" and brought off a number of the wounded and dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nThe same companies were attacked by Indians on 10 May, at Sorass Lake, California, but repulsed them with the loss of one warrior killed and two wounded. The command lost one killed and six wounded, two of them mortally. On 17 May, Companies B, G and K, with a battery (serving as cavalry) of the 4th Artillery, all under Major John Green, came upon a band of Modocs, which they drove five miles, killing one and capturing several squaws and children. The troops followed the trail and on 22 May, 70 Indians \u2013 men, women and children \u2013 surrendered. \"Boston Charlie\" was captured on 29 May, and on 31 May \"Sconchin\", \"Scarfaced Charlie\", and 27 other Indians surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nCompanies F and H were sent from Applegate's Ranch on 31 May to follow up on those Modocs who had eluded Green's command, finding them on 1 June, when the whole party surrendered. With the capture of \"Captain Jack\", the Modoc war ended, and by the end of June the companies that had been engaged in it had returned to their proper stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nThe companies left in Arizona were moved north, and by the end of October 1873, headquarters with Companies A and D were at Benicia Barracks; B at Fort Klamath; C at Camp McDermitt, Nev.; E at Fort Lapwai, Idaho Territory -, F, L and M at Fort Walla Walla, Wyoming Territory; G at Camp Bidwell, California. ; H and K at Camp Harney, Oregon. ; and I at Camp Halleck, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, Modoc War\nColonel Gillem died at his residence in Nashville, Tenn., 2 December 1875, and was succeeded by Colonel Cuvier Grover, promoted from the 3rd Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1877 Nez Perce War\nOn 15 June 1877, Companies F and H, under Captain Perry, were ordered to proceed to Camas Prairie to the assistance of the settlers of Mount Idaho, I. T., who were threatened by the Nez Perc\u00e9 Indians under Chief Joseph. Learning that the Indians were crossing Salmon River and could be taken at a disadvantage, the march was given that direction and Chief Joseph's camp was found and taken by surprise, but the Indians quickly rallied and repulsed the troops with severe loss, Lieutenant E. W. Theller, 21st Infantry (attached), and 33 men being killed and two wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1877 Nez Perce War\nAll the companies of the regiment, except M at Fort Colville and A at Camp Harney watching the Piutes, were now ordered into the field against the Nez Perc\u00e9s. Companies E and L joined General Howard's command on 21 June; and on 1 July they surprised and attacked the camp of \"Looking Glass\" on the Clearwater, I. T. The village was entirely destroyed, several Indians killed and about 1,000 ponies captured. On 2 July, the same command attempted to form a junction with Company F, which was on its way from Lapwai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0049-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1877 Nez Perce War\nOn 3 July, the Indians ambushed the advanced guard, consisting of Lieutenant S. M. Rains, ten men of the battalion and two civilian scouts, killing them all, and were then found to be in such force and so strongly posted that it was considered imprudent to attack them. The junction with Company F was effected, however, on 4 July, and the same afternoon the Indians attacked, the fight lasting until sunset. The battalion (E, F and L) joined General Howard at Grangerville, on 8 July. Company H had joined on 2 July, and the battalion was commanded by Captain David Perry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1877 Nez Perce War\nOn 11 July, General Howard crossed the Clearwater with his whole command and moved down that stream with Company H in advance. The Indian camp was discovered and at once attacked, the fight lasting two days and ending with the retreat of the Indians. Company B joined in time to take part in the fight on 12 July. The regiment lost three men killed and four wounded. The battalion made a reconnaissance on 18 July of the Lo-Lo trail, and the Indian scouts accompanying it were ambushed and met with considerable loss. One Nez Perc\u00e9 was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1877 Nez Perce War\nMajor Sanford's battalion, consisting of Companies C, D, I and K, joined General Howard on the Clearwater, on 28 July, and the expedition across the Lo-Lo trail began on 30 July. Companies B, C, I and K, under Major Sanford, accompanied it, and Companies D, E, G and L, with other troops under Major Green, constituted the \"Reserve Column\", which remained at Camas Prairie until 5 August, when it moved near to Mount Idaho, and established a permanent camp called Camp Howard. Companies F and H were stationed at Fort Lapwai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1877 Nez Perce War\nIn the Indian attack at Camas Creek on 20 August, Companies B and L were engaged, losing one man killed and one wounded. At Judith Basin, the battalion was detached from General Howard's command and directed to return, and all the companies had reached their stations by the end of November. Company K and a detachment of C, attached to General Sturgis' command, took part in the engagement with the Nez Perc\u00e9s at Canyon Creek, Montana, on 13 September 1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1878\nAt the outbreak of the Bannock War in May 1878, Company G was the first body of troops to reach the scene of hostilities, and Captain Bernard reported that the Indians numbered from 300 to 500. They were moving towards Steens Mountain (named after Enoch Steen, a former member of the regiment). The whole of the First Cavalry was at once ordered into the field and Colonel Grover sent to Fort Boise to take charge of operations there. Companies D, I and K, were with him. Companies F and L joined Company G on the Owyhee, 17 June, and the three companies reached Camp Harney on 21 June, where they were joined by Company A. These four companies were designated the \"Left Column\" by General Howard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1878\nOn the morning of 23 June, the Left Column struck the main camp of the hostiles on Silver Creek, and drove the Indians out of it and on to a cutbank, made by the creek, which had been prepared for defense. The action lasted into the night and in the morning it was found that the Indians had gone. Many Indians were killed and the camp was destroyed. The battalion lost two killed and three wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0054-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1878\nCompany K joined the battalion on 27 June, and on 28 June the cavalry cut loose from the foot troops and pushed forward on the trail of the Indians. The fertile John Day Valley was saved in great part by this vigorous pursuit, and on 5 July General Howard overtook the command, arriving with it at Pilot Rock on 7 July. Here, it was joined by Companies E and H. The Indian camp was located and at sunrise on 8 July Captain Bernard moved his battalion to the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1878\nAbout 300 Indians occupied the crest of the high and steep hills near Birch Creek, and were at once attacked. Captain Bernard fought his cavalry on foot without separating the men from the horses. All the companies, except A with the pack train, were deployed and used in the engagement, and the Indians were driven from three successive positions and finally four or five miles further into the mountains. Four men were wounded, one mortally, and probably 20 horses were killed. The enemy's loss is unknown; their women, children and best horses were sent off, seemingly towards the Grande Ronde, before the action began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1878\nLieutenant C. E. S. Wood, A. D. C., wrote: \"The entire fight was closely watched by the general commanding, who desires to express his opinion that no troops ever behaved better or in a more soldierly manner than did the officers and men engaged in this encounter.\" The command camped for the night among the rough ca\u00f1ons adjacent to the battle-field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1878\nCaptain Bernard was then ordered to take his command, except Company K, to Fort Walla Walla to refit. Company K was sent to join the infantry column and with it moved to the Umatilla Agency, near which the hostiles were reported to be. Here the Indians attacked on 13 July. In the ensuing fight, Company K held the right of the line and took part in the final charge by which the Indians were driven off the field and for three miles into the hills. At the request of the Indian Agent, the command moved back to the agency that night, but two days later seven dead Indians were counted upon the battle-field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1878\nCompanies A, E, F, G, H and I, now under Lieutenant-Colonel J. W. Forsyth, 1st Cavalry, left Fort Walla Walla on 13 July \u2013 the day of the fight at Umatilla Agency \u2013 in search of the Indians, who were found to be travelling in the direction of John Day River. On 20 July, Forsyth's scouts were ambushed, which caused a halt and deployment of the command, but when the line moved forward the Indians had gone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0058-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1878\nOn 22 July, the battalion reached 11 Burnt Meadows, where it was joined by Companies D and I, under Major Sanford, and on 27 July it went into camp at Malheur Agency to await supplies. The hostiles had now split up into many small parties, which were followed up and nearly all ultimately captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1878\nDuring the months of September and October, the companies were sent to their permanent stations, and the return for 30 November shows Companies A and E at Camp Harney, Oregon; B, D, F, K and M, at Fort Walla Walla, W. T.; C at Camp Bidwell, California; G at Fort Boise, L T.; H at Fort Colville, W. T.; I at Camp Halleck, Nevada, and L at Fort Klamath, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1881\nIn 1881, Companies C, G, I and M were sent to Arizona, and on 2 October, Company G, with other troops, was in action near Cedar Springs against Apaches. The hostiles fought with great boldness and desperation and the fight lasted until 9 P. M., when the Indians escaped. Company G had two men wounded and 12 horses killed. On 4 October, Companies G and I had a running fight near South Pass of the Dragoon Mountains, in which the hostiles were followed into Sonora, Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1881\nIn October 1881, the \"companies\" began to be designated \"troops\" on the Regimental Return. Troop G returned to Fort McDermott on 9 November; Troop I to Camp Halleck on 27 December; Troop M to the Presidio of San Francisco on 20 January 1882; and Troop C to Fort Bidwell on 16 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1884\u201387\nIn June 1884, the regiment was transferred to the Department of Dakota, after a tour of nearly 30 years on the Pacific coast, during the greater part of which time its stations were remote from civilization and its duties of a most arduous and thankless character. On 5 June 1885, Colonel Grover died at Atlantic City, New Jersey and was succeeded by Colonel N. A. M. Dudley, promoted from the 9th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1884\u201387\nDuring this time, the headquarters and troops D, G, I, K and M, went to Fort Custer; A, C and F went to Fort Maginnis; E to Fort Ellis; H and L to Fort Assinniboine; and B to Fort Keogh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1884\u201387\nFrom 1886 to 1918, Company M, 1st Cavalry was stationed at Fort Yellowstone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1884\u201387\nConflict with the \"Crows\" came in the fall of 1887, and on the morning of 4 November, Colonel Dudley left Fort Custer with Troops A, B, D, E, G and K, and Company B, 3d Infantry, with a section of Hotchkiss guns, to arrest \"Sword Bearer\" and the Indians who had fired into the agency buildings on the night of 30 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1884\u201387\nOn 5 November, a demand was made upon the Indians for the surrender of these men, and they were given an hour and a half to comply with the demand. At the end of that time, the battalion of the 1st Cavalry, with Moylan's troop of the 7th Cavalry on the right, moved out in front of camp. At the same time, a 'great commotion was observed in the Indian camp, and \"Sword Bearer\" and another chief dashed out leading from 120 to 150 warriors equipped for battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0066-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1884\u201387\nThe Indians charged, but were repulsed and fell back into the timber alongside the river, where they had dug many rifle pits from which they now kept up a constant fire. This fire was returned, and \"Sword Bearer\" was seen to fall, whereupon all fighting quickly ceased. All the Indians whose surrender had been demanded and who had not been killed were at once brought in and delivered to the Department Commander, who sent them to Fort Snelling. The cavalry battalion returned to Fort Custer on 13 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1889\u20131892\nColonel Dudley was retired from active service on 20 August 1889, and was succeeded by Colonel J. S. Brisbin, promoted from the 9th Cavalry. On 31 December, Headquarters and Troops B, D, E, G and M, were at Fort Custer; A and L at Fort Maginnis; C, F and H at Fort Assinniboine; I at Fort Leavenworth; and K at Camp Sheridan, Wyoming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1889\u20131892\nIn April 1890, the Cheyennes assumed a threatening attitude and their agent called on the commanding officer of Fort Custer for protection, who sent Major Carrol with Troops B, D and M to the Tongue River Agency, where they established Camp Crook. In September, a white boy was murdered by \"Head Chief\" and \"Young Mule\", and every attempt to arrest the murderers failed. On 11 April, the Indians sent word that they would attack the agency and on 12 April made their appearance on a hill commanding the agency buildings, where they opened fire upon them. They were soon dislodged and killed. The regiment took part in the operations against the hostile Sioux in the winter of 1890\u20131891, but was not brought into actual contact with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1889\u20131892\nIn December 1890, word having been received that a troop of cavalry was surrounded by hostile Indians at or near Cave Hills, Montana, Troop A made one of the most remarkable marches on record in going to its relief. It marched 186 miles, 95 of which were made in 25 hours, and 170 in 53\u00bd hours. The report that caused such tremendous exertion proved to be without foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1889\u20131892\nOn 22 April 1891, Colonel Brisbin was transferred to the 8th Cavalry with Colonel Abraham K. Arnold who had been the lieutenant colonel and now became the colonel of the First. In 1892, the regiment was transferred to the Department of Arizona, relieving the 10th Cavalry. Headquarters and Troops C, E, F, H and K, going to Fort Grant, Arizona. ; B and I to Fort Bayard, New Mexico; D to Fort Apache, Arizona; and G to San Carlos. Troop A was at Fort Myer, Virginia, and was not moved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Return to frontier, 1889\u20131892, Medals of Honor During the Indian Wars\nOwing to the vast extent of country guarded by the regiment, its service for many years following was very arduous. Scouting for Indians and escort duty of various kinds were incessant. During this period, 30 soldiers and officers serving with the regiment earned the Medal of Honor. Eighteen of these awards were for a single engagement against Apaches in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona, and another six were for actions in George Crook's \"winter campaign\" of 1872\u201373. The recipients were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 107], "content_span": [108, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nIn 1898, the US turned its interests to a small island in the Caribbean; Cuba, which was owned by the Spanish Empire. After the USS\u00a0Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, the fires of war brewed and the 1st Cavalry was moved to Chickamauga Park, Tennessee on 24 April 1898. The 1st Cavalry and the 10th Cavalry were formed into a cavalry brigade and shipped out to Cuba from Tampa, Florida. However, due to the limited space aboard the SS Leona, the troopers were forced to leave their horses behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0072-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThey fought in the Battle of Las Guasimas on 24 June, and at the Battle of San Juan Hill from 1\u20133 July. During the Siege of Santiago, the 1st Cavalry Regiment earned its 61st battle honor. The 1st Cavalry remained in Santiago until 8 August, and returned to the US where they were garrisoned at Fort Riley, Kansas, then later at Fort Robinson, Nebraska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Philippines and Border Duty\nOn 19 June 1899, the 1st Cavalry left Ft Robinson for Fort D.A. Russell, Wyoming and began thorough training for new recruits after a brief reorganization period. When the Boxer Rebellion began in China in August 1899, the US Army garrison in the Philippines was moved to Peking to relieve the surrounded legations there, and the 1st Cavalry was sent to the Philippines on 7 August, their horses following four days later. Arriving at Batangas, Luzon on 20 September, they moved to Santo Tomas just south of Manila. They busied themselves with scouting missions, escorting supplies, and patrolling the countryside and villages for guerrilla fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Philippines and Border Duty\nIn October 1901, a group of insurgents stole some native supplies, so 20 troopers pursued them, reclaimed the goods, and burned the village they were found in, and on 22 October, Troop B captured 5 guerrillas on Mount Makiling. From 18 November-1 December, 35 troopers from the 1st Cavalry took part in the Mount San Cristobal Expedition, which destroyed an enemy supply cache. On 15 March 1902, Troop B killed 5 insurgents on Mount Makiling, and killed 4 more on 19 March. On 16 April, the leader of these guerrillas, General Malvar, surrendered, and hostilities ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0074-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Philippines and Border Duty\nThe 1st Cavalry Regiment was sent back home, and arrived at their new post, Fort Clark, Texas, on 1 October 1903, where they remained for three years. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, 1st Cavalry troopers moved there to assist, and Troop B remained in San Francisco until 9 June 1907 before returning to Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0075-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Philippines and Border Duty\nThe 1st Cavalry Regiment returned to the Philippines in 1908 and garrisoned Fort Stotsenburg for two years. This deployment was much quieter than their last one, and the regiment returned home on 12 February 1910. A, B, D, and K Troops were stationed at the Presidio of San Francisco and later joined the rest of their regiment at the Presidio of Monterey until 1 August 1914. Moving to Southern California, the 1st Cavalry garrisoned San Ysidro in response to growing tensions south of the border in Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0075-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Philippines and Border Duty\nOn 24 August 1915, the regiment moved to Calexico, California to strengthen the border and defend against raids by the bandito, Pancho Villa. They remained guarding the border while General Pershing launched the Punitive Expedition and were still there when the US entered World War I. The 1st Cavalry did not participate in the First World War, but it remained guarding the border until 19 January 1923, when they went to Fort D. A. Russell, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0075-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Philippines and Border Duty\nThis was their last posting as horse cavalry, and during a parade on 14 December 1932, the troopers dismounted and passed in review, saluting their horses as they left them to become a mechanized unit. Moving to Fort Knox, Kentucky, the 1st Cavalry Regiment became the first mechanized unit in the United States Army, and was brigaded with the 13th Cavalry Regiment to form the 7th Cavalry Brigade (Mecz). In the summer of 1939, 7th Cavalry Brigade (Mecz) took part in the Plattsburgh Maneuvers and helped develop the Army's first tactics for mechanized warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0075-0003", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Philippines and Border Duty\nIn the summer of 1940, the Louisiana Maneuvers convinced the Army of the need to form an armored force and the 1st Armored Division was founded on 15 July 1940. The 1st Cavalry Regiment was redesignated the 1st Armored Regiment that same day, and was assigned to the 1st Armored Brigade. It wouldn't be long until America's fledgling armored force would be tested in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0076-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 1st Armored Division was one of the first American units to sail across the Atlantic to do battle with the Axis. Leaving from Fort Dix, New Jersey on 11 April 1942, the Old Ironsides patch set foot on European soil in Northern Ireland on 16 May 1942. Here, they trained with a new intensity as they prepared to go into battle for the first time. At the start of World War II, 1st Armor was broken up into three Battalions. 1st Battalion consisted of M3 Stuart light tanks, and 2nd and 3rd Battalions consisted of M3 Lee medium tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0076-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 1st Armor was commanded by the dynamic COL Peter C. Hains III, an officer whose family was well-known throughout America, and his appointment to command resulted in much gossip from the troops. His grandfather, Peter Conover Hains, was a Major General in the Civil War and was also the chief engineer for building the Tidal Basin in Washington, D. C. and the Panama Canal. His father, Peter C. Hains II, was an infamous Army Captain who killed his wife\u2019s lover in New York City, leading to a sensational trail leading to changes in criminal and matrimonial law nation-wide. COL P. C. Hains III himself competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam in the modern pentathlon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0077-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nOn 8 November 1942, almost a full year after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Allied American, Free French, and British armies launched Operation Torch, the seaborne invasion of French North Africa. The landing craft available at the time were unable to take the larger M3 Lee tanks, so all the Allied armored support for the initial landings would have to come from the lighter M3 Stuart tanks of 1st Battalion-1st Armored Regiment under the command of LTC John K. Waters (General Patton\u2019s son-in-law). 1-1 Armor was assigned to Task Force (TF) Red under the command of General Lunsford E. Oliver, with the objective of landing east of Oran at Z Beach in the Gulf of Arzew and forming a flying column to push south and seize the Tafaraoui airdrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0078-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nEarly on the morning of 8 November, the tanks of 1-1 Armor landed and had rapidly driven south, reaching Tafaraoui airdrome at 1100 where they received their first enemy fire in WWII. Vichy French anti-tank guns fired on the column but were quickly outflanked and neutralized by B and A companies. The column secured the area and set up roadblocks as the 1st Armored Regiment\u2019s Reconnaissance Platoon mopped-up machine-gun nests and snipers in the area, capturing approximately 300 prisoners in doing so. By the end of D-Day, Tafaraoui airdrome was being used by American aircraft. Task Force Green, to the west of Oran, was running into difficulty seizing La Senia airfield, so A Company, 1-1 Armor was sent to assist them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0079-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nIn the afternoon of 9 November, the regiment\u2019s first tank-on-tank action was fought when French tanks attacked to retake Tafaraoui airdrome. The reconnaissance platoon spotted the French tanks at St. Lucien, east of the airdrome, and B Company and a Tank Destroyer company quickly deployed against them. 1st and 2nd Platoons advanced across the open desert in two Vs abreast while 3rd Platoon provided fire support. Despite their light armor and weaponry, they knocked out 14 French R35 tanks for the loss of 1 NCO killed, and 1 tank temporarily damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0080-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nThe next day, American forces were prepared to push into Oran. A Co, 1-1 Armor (now attached to TF Green) moved toward the city from the southwest while TF Red moved in from the southeast. They soon came under fire from French anti-tank guns in Valmy (south of Oran), and C Co, 1-1 Armor was sent to destroy them. The tanks of TF Red did not have time to refuel after the long drive from Tafaraoui, so several ran out of fuel in the middle of the city of Oran, but infantrymen from the 1st Infantry Division were close behind, and they managed to secure the city by 1215.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0081-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Algeria-French Morocco\nAt this point, many of the Vichy French soldiers joined the Free French and the Allied cause, and the Vichy government was dissolved by the Germans. The Vichy soldiers fought half-heartedly against an erstwhile enemy they didn't hate, but the 1st Armored Regiment's next enemy would not be so easy. As the men of 1-1 Armor were busy congratulating themselves, they were told \u201cWe did very well against the scrub team. Next week we hit German troops. Do not slack off in anything. When we make a showing against them you may congratulate yourselves.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0082-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nAfter Vichy French forces ceased resistance to the Allied landings of Operation Torch, the 1st Armored Division pushed east into Tunisia. The German-Italian Panzer Army was battle-hardened from fighting the British and Free French armies in the North Africa campaign for several years. Despite this, the tanks of 1-1 Armor advanced rapidly eastward towards Tunis on 25 November 1942 with the objective of creating a \u201ctank-infested area\u201d  southeast of Mateur near Chouigui Pass, and conducting reconnaissance of the pass toward Tebourba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0082-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nC company went through the pass, B Co held the center of the pass, and A Co with Headquarters Co stayed at the western end. Before nightfall, two Italian Semovente da 47/32 self-propelled guns were destroyed by the Battalion\u2019s command tank section after they were spotting moving to the pass from Mateur. Soon after, the reconnaissance platoon spotted an enemy strongpoint at a farmhouse two miles down the road to Mateur. A Co attacked this position, and received a large concentration of small arms and anti-tank fire from the loopholed walls of the farmhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0082-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nOne M3 tank was lost, and their 37mm guns had little effect on the enemy position, so the attackers retreated. Fifteen enemy aircraft soon appeared, strafing and divebombing A Co as they withdrew, killing one man and wounding a few others. When the air raid ended, it was revealed that one wounded man had been left behind; he was rescued in the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0083-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nMeanwhile, to the east of the pass, C company ambushed and destroyed three enemy troop-carriers and captured a detachment of German motorcycle troops near the village of Chouigui. The enemy airfield at Djedeida could be seen in the distance, so C companybypassed Tebourba to the south through an olive grove and caught the enemy security force by surprise at Bathan Brigde. After wiping it out in a short firefight, they turned northeast and headed for the airfield. C company made an immediate attack; advancing line abreast and firing on the grounded aircraft, the M3 tanks destroyed twenty enemy planes, and only two managed to escape. Two Americans were killed and one tank and crew went missing before the company withdrew back to Chouigui.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0084-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nOn the night of 26 November, Thanksgiving Day, a detachment of the 190th Panzer Battalion advanced on the American positions at Chouigui Pass. 1st Battalion-1st Armored Regiment would be the first US armored unit to clash with a German armored unit. The American tanks were in hull-down positions and camouflaged with A Co and HQ Co west of the pass, B Co on the reverse slope of a ridge paralleling the road to the north, and C companyin the pass itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0084-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nA Co spotted the advancing enemy tanks first, three or more Panzer IIIs and six Panzer IVs, the  assault-gun platoon moved to intercept and delay them. After exchanging ineffective fire, they fired smoke shells and withdrew. A Co attacked from the west with twelve M3 Stuart tanks but lost six tanks to German 50mm and 75mm guns and withdrew but had distracted the Germans long enough for B Co to attack the enemy from the rear. B Co destroyed all six Mark IVs and one Mark III, forcing the remainder to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0084-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nTo the north, enemy infantry was seen dismounting from a column of trucks, so the remaining tanks of A Co and B Co advanced on them and decimated this force, breaking down the farmhouse gates and eliminating its garrison. The enemy was defeated, but in the last stage of the battle A company's commander,  Major Siglin, was killed by a shell passing through his turret. Overall, the light tanks and men of 1-1 Armor acquitted themselves well against the experienced Afrika Korps in their first engagement, but suffered heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0085-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nOn 1 December 1942, German and Italian forces under General Wolfgang Fischer launched a major counterattack to retake Tebourba. Elements of the 10th Panzer Division attacked Chouigui village, where 1-1 Armor was still located, and forced the battalion to withdraw to the southeast into the olive groves near Tebourba. By nightfall, the force was split into two groups, but B and C companies had managed to evade detection and rejoin the rest of the battalion. By 4 December, the Axis forces had retaken Tebourba, and 1-1 Armor pulled back to join the Allied defensive line along the Medjerda River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0085-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nOn 10 December 1942, a German force attacked the section of the line occupied by 1-1 Armor just east of Furna. C company was forced to retreat after a heavy artillery barrage. At 1130, 29-35 enemy tanks attacked C Co\u2019s positions while Captain Barlow and LTC Waters were consulting with each other outside of their tanks. Three Panzers broke into the battalion rear area, turned, and destroyed five M3 Stuarts and five M3 halftracks, forcing 1-1 Armor to withdraw, and opening a hole in the Allied line. Combat Command B withdrew on the night of 10\u201311 December. During the withdrawal, 1-1 Armor became bogged down in thick mud and were forced to abandon many of their vehicles, and by the end of the day, the battalion\u2019s strength was only 17 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0086-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nDuring the fighting in North Africa thus far, most of the 1st Armored Regiment (except 1st Battalion) was still in England, awaiting transport to the theater. While in England, the 2nd and 3rd Battalion received the M4 Sherman tank, an improvement over the outdated M3 Lee. These remaining battalions and the command group arrived in Algeria on 21 December, and on Christmas Eve, 1st Armored Regiment was complete again, with all three battalions reuniting southeast of Oran. On 8 January 1943, 1st Armored Regiment advanced east, but left 1-1 Armor in Oran to refit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0086-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Tunisia\nLTC Waters was promoted to become the Regimental Executive Officer. In the Battle of Faid Pass on 30 Jan, 3rd battalion (less G Company) was attached to TF Stark and the 1st Armor Regimental Reconnaissance Company was attached to TF Kern. In the attack on the pass on 31 Jan, H/3-1 AR ran into a wall of dug-in German positions and lost nine tanks, throwing back TF Stark. TF Kern was repulsed as well, and the attack was temporarily called off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0087-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Naples-Foggia\nIn November 1943, the 1st Armored Regiment, as a part of the 1st Armored Division, moved to Italy and fought in the Naples-Foggia Campaign, the Allied drive to Monte Cassino. The winter months in Italy were mired in mud and stalemate. The rains and stiff German resistance on river and mountain-top defensive lines halted Allied progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0088-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Anzio\nIn late January 1944, the 1st Armored Regiment landed in Anzio as part of the Allied operation to outflank the German Winter Line. The armored forces broke through the German encirclement on 24 May 1944 after heavy fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0089-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Rome-Arno\nAfter participating in the liberation of Rome on 5 June 1944, the 1st Armored Division was pulled off the frontline and reorganized under a new table of organization. The 1st Armored Regiment was redesignated as the 1st Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0090-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, North Apennines\nThe division was placed back onto the line and the 1st Tank Battalion steadily advanced north and crossed the Arno on 1 September. This river crossing was followed by bloody stalemate in the North Apennines, where the rough and cold terrain hindered tank operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0091-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), World War II, Po Valley\nTheir final action in the Second World War was the Po Valley Campaign, where they fought from 21\u201326 April 1945. The 1st Tank Battalion was deactivated after VE Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0092-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Post-War\nWhen the Korean War began, the Army began re-mobilizing. 1st Battalion, 1st Armored Regiment was reactivated as the 1st Tank Battalion at Fort Hood, Texas and 2nd Battalion, 1st Armored Regiment was activated as the 100th Tank Battalion and trained until they were combined together on 15 February 1957 at Fort Polk, Louisiana to reform the 1st Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0092-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Post-War\nCompany A, 100th Tank Battalion, was inactivated at Polk on 15 February 1957, and then redesignated as HHC 4th Medium Tank Battalion, 1st Cavalry on 15 May 1958, concurrently assigned to the United States Military Academy and activated at West Point, New York. By 29 December 1966 it was redesignated 4th Squadron, 1st Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0093-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam\nOn 8 March 1965, US Marines landed at Da Nang, marking the beginning of the conventional American ground war in the country of South Vietnam. Aiming to eliminate the communist Viet Cong insurgents and their North Vietnamese Army backers, US military presence in the country steadily escalated. By 1967, roughly 485,600 American troops were in country, and the disparate Squadrons of the 1st Cavalry Regiment were soon to enter the fray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0094-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 1st Squadron\nIn August 1967, the 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment (1-1 Cavalry) was detached from the 1st Armored Division and sent to Vietnam attached to US Army Pacific. On deployment to Vietnam in 1967, the squadron consisted of three armored cavalry troops and one air cavalry troop, D Troop, which was not deployed until July 1968. 'D' Troop, 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment was shipped to Vietnam with its aircraft to join its parent unit, which was already in Vietnam attached to the Americal Division at Chu Lai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0094-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 1st Squadron\nEn route, D Troop's orders were changed, temporarily attaching it to the 101st Airborne Division. The troop disembarked at Da Nang on 21 July 1968 and flew directly to Camp Eagle. The Troop then remained on combat duty in I Corps for the next four years and used the call sign Sabre. 1-1 Cavalry served in Chu Lai, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Tam K\u1ef3, and Thach Khe. On 15 April 1966 Troop E, 1st Cavalry was activated as the brigade reconnaissance troop of the 11th Infantry Brigade at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0094-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 1st Squadron\nTroop E arrived in Vietnam on 19 December 1967 and participated in extensive ground combat in Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i and Quang Tin provinces through eleven campaigns, receiving the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry for service in 1969\u20131970 with the 11th Infantry Brigade of the 23rd Infantry Division (Americal). Troop E was inactivated in Vietnam on 13 November 1971. They departed Vietnam on 10 May 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0095-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 2nd Squadron\nOn 1 July 1963, the 2nd Squadron, 1st Cavalry was relieved of their duties to the 3rd Armored Division, United States Army, Europe and reassigned to the 2nd Armored Division at Fort Hood, Texas. On 8 August 1967, the unit left Fort Hood for Vietnam where they were attached to the 4th Infantry Division, headquartered in Pleiku. During their service in the Central Highlands, troopers saw action in Pleiku, \u0110\u1eafk T\u00f4, Suoi Doi, Kon Tum, An Kh\u00ea and many other nameless stretches of road and jungle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0095-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 2nd Squadron\nIn May 1969, the squadron was transferred to Task Force South in Phan Thi\u1ebft and was attached to the 1st Field Force, Vietnam. Now operating in the rice paddies and rubber plantations of Vietnam, the Blackhawks further distinguished themselves in actions around Phan Thi\u1ebft, Song Mao, Phan Rang and their environs. 2-1 Cavalry departed Vietnam in October 1970, leaving Cam Ranh Bay for reassignment to the 2nd Armored Division at Fort Hood, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0096-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 7th Squadron\n7th Squadron (Air), 1st Cavalry was a self-contained Vietnam-era air cavalry squadron, made up of five troops. Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (callsign Kingbird/Blackhawk), Alpha Troop (callsign Apache), Bravo Troop (callsign Dutch Master), Charlie Troop (callsign Sand Piper/Comanche) and Delta Troop (Powder Valley/Dragoon). D Troop (the squadron's armored cavalry troop) participated in successful night ambushes, escorted convoys, search and clear missions and other ground operations until the U.S. 9th Div was withdrawn from Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0096-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 7th Squadron\nAfter that the offensive mission of D Troop was taken away and they were used to train the South Vietnamese Regional Force infantry units of the 44th Special Zone (STZ) in air assault missions, which were quite successful. The 44th STZ protected a region along the Cambodian border to the north. Troops A, B and C were Air Cavalry units. When the U.S. 9th Division was returned to the US, their Air Cavalry Troop, D/3 3-5th Cav, was added to the 7-1st Cav, bringing the number of Air Cavalry Troops to 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0096-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 7th Squadron\nThis was the largest Air Cav Squadron in Vietnam. Equipped to perform scout, insertion, interdiction and attack missions, the troops supported the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 21st, 9th, 7th Divisions and the 44 STZ. The Squadron was initially attached to the 12th Aviation Group, then from 3 June 1968, to the 164th Aviation Group. In 1970, when President Nixon approved a US/ARVN assault into Cambodia, the squadron, with 4 Air Cav troops abreast formed the advanced guard for the 3 ARVN Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0096-0003", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 7th Squadron\nAfter several weeks in Cambodia, all the units returned to the Delta where enemy activities dropped to an all-time low. In April 1972, 7-1 Cavalry was assigned to the 194th Armored Brigade, Fort Knox, Kentucky. In 1976, the unit was inactivated and used to form air cavalry troops in the reactivated 5th, 7th and 24th Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0097-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Vietnam, 7th Squadron\nAll US combat troops were withdrawn by 30 November 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0098-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Arctic Cavalry\nOn 31 December 1972 Troop E was reactivated as a separate air cavalry reconnaissance troop and assigned to the 172nd Infantry Brigade at Fort Wainwright, Alaska. It was inactivated on 15 March 1987. It was reactivated on 16 April 1998 as a ground reconnaissance troop at Fort Wainwright with the 172nd Infantry Brigade and inactivated on 15 November 2003. On 16 December 2006, Troop E, 1st Cavalry Regiment was reorganized, redesignated and activated as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 5th Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment (organic squadron elements concurrently constituted and activated) and assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team (Stryker), 25th Infantry Division at Fort Wainwright, Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0099-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Cold War Inner German Iron Curtain Border Surveillance Mission 1978\u20131991\n1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment returned to Europe and the 1st Armored Division, VII Corps taking up another frontier mission in December 1978 in the surveillance of the international \"Iron Curtain\" border between the Federal Republic of Germany and Czechoslovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 114], "content_span": [115, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0099-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Cold War Inner German Iron Curtain Border Surveillance Mission 1978\u20131991\nAs the \"Eyes & Ears\" of the 1st Armored Division based out of its Garrison at O'Brien Barracks in Schwabach, FRG, the Line Troops (A - \"Alpha\", B \"Bravo\", C \"Charlie\") rotated on a 30 to 45-day cycle through 1-1 Cavlary's Border Camp Pitman in Weiden, FRG between Field Training Exercises (FTX), Unit Gunnery Exercises and augmentations of other Border Cavalry Camps along the Inner German Cold War Iron Curtain Border with East Germany and Czechoslovakia. During this border surveillance mission period the line Troops were often typically deployed from their O'Brien Barracks Garrison for around 9 to 10 Months each year participating in various FTX's, REFORGER's (Return of Forces to Germany), Unit Gunnery Exercises, Border Tours and Augmentations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 114], "content_span": [115, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0100-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), The Cold War Inner German Iron Curtain Border Surveillance Mission 1978\u20131991\nIn 1988 the Squadron moved Garrison to Katterbach, FRG and the unit eventually gained additional aviation elements to help support its mission. As part of the move and conversion from H Series Cavalry configuration to J Series Cavalry configuration, C Troop was dropped as a ground Troop and became one of the new Aviation Troops (C & D) added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 114], "content_span": [115, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0101-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Gulf War and Balkans\nWhen Sadaam Hussein's Iraq invaded Kuwait precipitating the Gulf War, the 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment moved to Saudi Arabia from their bases in Germany and into the line by 8 January 1991. The 1st Armored Division was in a wedge for the advance forward, and 1-1 Cavalry was at the \"sharp end\" of the wedge. On 24 February, the 1st Cavalry led the way across the border and covered 244 kilometers in the enemy's rear during 89 hours of sustained combat operations. 1-1 Cavalry helped destroy 4 Iraqi divisions along the way, 3 of which were members of the vaunted Republican Guard. The squadron sustained no fatalities and a limited number of wounded, and only lost two M3A2 Bradley fighting vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0102-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Gulf War and Balkans\n1-1 Cavalry was involved in Operation Joint Endeavor beginning 20 December 1995 in the Balkans. A Troop 1-1 Cavalry was First Unit across the Sava River during the UN peacekeeping mission in Bosnia. The 1st Squadron returned to B\u00fcdingen, Germany on 17 November 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0103-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), Gulf War and Balkans\nMeanwhile in New York State, by 1996 the 4th Squadron was listed among the Regular Army regiments, located at West Point, but as \"inactive.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0104-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nIn April 2003, 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment and other regimentally affiliated units of the 1st Armored Division moved to Kuwait to begin staging for the Operation Iraqi Freedom. In March 2003, The Squadron conducted a Relief in Place of 3-7 Cavalry (3ID) in Baghdad and assumed operations. The Air Cavalry Troops of the Squadron (D, E, & F) were attached to 1st Battalion, 501st Attack Regiment in order to provide Reconnaissance and Security to the entirety of forces in an around the greater Baghdad area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0104-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nH troop, Brigade Reconnaissance Troop (a separate but regimentally affiliated unit) and the Squadron conducted operations in and around Baghdad for the next 16 months (due to an involuntary extension imposed on them 2 weeks prior to their scheduled flight home at the 12-month mark). The Air Cavalry Troops earned the Meritorious Unit Commendation medal, the Presidential Unit Citation, and the Valorous Unit Award for their contributions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0105-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nFrom March 2007-May 2008 3-1 Cavalry deployed with 3-3ID East of Bagdad at FOB Hammer in support of President Bush's \"Surge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0106-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nFrom September 2008 \u2013 September 2009, 5-1 Cavalry was deployed to the eastern Diyala Governorate in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158821-0107-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment (United States), War on Terror\nFrom April 2011\u2013April 2012, 5-1 Cavalry deployed to Kandahar Province in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops\nThe 1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops (1861) was an Arkansas cavalry regiment during the American Civil War. The regiment was organized at Camp Walker, near Harmony Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. The regiment was officially designated as the Third Regiment (Cavalry), Arkansas State Troops by the State Military Board, but was designated as the 1st Arkansas Cavalry by Brigadier General Nicholas Bartlett Pearce, Commander, 1st Division, Provisional Army of Arkansas. The regiment is often referred to as the \"Carroll's Regiment\" in contemporary accounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nAt the beginning of the war, the Arkansas Succession Convention created the Provisional Army of Arkansas. The Provisional Army was to consist of two divisions, the 1st Division in the western part of the state was to be commanded by Brigadier General Pearce, and the 2nd Division in the eastern half of the state, commanded by Major General James Yell. The intent of the Secession Convention was to transfer these state troop regiments into Confederate service as quickly as possible, to avoid the cost of paying for a large state army. The troops of the eastern division were transferred to the command of Brigadier General Hardee in July 1861, but the troops of the western division under Brigadier General Pearce were not transferred to Confederate service before they became engaged in the Battle of Wilson's Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nThe unit's designation as the 1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops has its origins in the confusion caused by Brigadier General Nicholas B. Pearce's failure to comply with the numbering system for regiments adopted by the State Military Board. The State Military Board authorized a 1st and 3rd Arkansas Regiment of State Troops. The 1st Regiment was commanded by Colonel Patrick R. Cleburne and was organized a Mound City, in the 2nd or Eastern Division of the Army of Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nThe State Military Board had authorized a 3rd Regiment of State Troops as a cavalry regiment under Colonel DeRosey Carroll, and ordered it to join the 1st Division\" (actually a brigade) of the Army of Arkansas commanded by General Nicholas B. Pearce in northwest Arkansas. The free-spirited General Pearce ignored the unit designations authorized by the State Military Board, and assigned his own designations, based on when each regiment showed up in camp to muster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, Organization\nThe first units to arrive at the designate assembly point were naturally the mounted units which became Carroll's regiment, so the 3rd Regiment Arkansas State Troops was re-designated the 1st Regiment. The officially sanctioned 2nd Regiment Arkansas State Troops, under Colonel John R. Gratiot, arrived at the assembly point third, and was immediately renamed the 3rd Regiment. Thus, all accounts of the State Troops in northwest Arkansas, including the battle of Wilson's Creek, refer to Gratiot's regiment as the 3rd Arkansas. Carroll's Regiment was composed of the following companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, Battles\nUnder the command of Colonel DeRosey Carroll, the 1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops was present engaged at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri, on August 10, 1861. Unit suffered a total of five killed and 20 wounded in the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, Battles\nA statement of ammunition on hand, omitted from above report, shows that the several companies averaged less than eight rounds per man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, Battles\nCaptain Charles Arthur Carroll's company, the \"Pope Walker Guards,\" of Crawford County, was assigned as Company A of Col. DeRosey Carroll's regiment of cavalry, however, this assignment should be considered as purely administrative. Historians believe that at least four of the regiments's companies never actually served with the regiment, but instead operated independently under the direct command of the division commander, Brigadier General Nicholas Bartlett Pearce, as scouts and escorts. Captain Carroll made his own report of the engagement to Brigadier General Pearce:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, Battles\nCaptain Carroll's company had been part of a force that General Pearce had sent to oppose and attack on the army's rear by Union Colonel Siegel. Pearce described the regiment and Captain Carroll's company's actions in his official report of the battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158822-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, Disbanded\nFollowing the Battle of Wilson's Creek, the regiment, with the rest of the Arkansas troops, was marched back to Arkansas and given the opportunity to vote on the issue of being transferred into Confederate service. The regiment, along with the rest of the 1st Division voted to disband rather than be transferred to Confederate service. Many veterans of the regiments joined other Confederate units later in the war. DeRosey Carroll held no further commands during the war. He was reportedly murdered by bushwhackers in the front yard of his home at Charleston, Arkansas, in 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158823-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 1st Central Bureau of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u4e2d\u592e\u5c40) was elected by the 1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China in Jiaxing, Zhejiang on July 31, 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158824-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba\nThe 1st Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba (CPC) was elected at the 1st CPC Congress in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158825-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nThe 1st Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected by the 1st National Congress (held in 1935) and was dissolved at the 2nd National Congress (held in 1951).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158826-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Lao People's Party\nThe 1st Central Committee of the Lao People's Party (LPP) was elected at the 1st LPP National Congress in 1955. It was originally composed of five members but the number of members increased over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158827-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea\n1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea may refer to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158828-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nThe 1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea (WPNK) was elected by the 1st Congress on 30 August 1946 through the merger of the Communist Party of North Korea and the New People's Party of Korea, and remained in session until the election of the 2nd Central Committee on 30 March 1948. In between party congresses and specially convened conferences the Central Committee is the highest decision-making institution in the party and North Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158828-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nThe 1st Central Committee was not a permanent institution and delegated day-to-day work to elected central guidance bodies, such as the Political Committee, the Standing Committee and the Organisation Committee (membership not disclosed). It convened meetings, known as Plenary Sessions of the 1st Central Committee, to discuss major policies. A plenary session could be attended by non-members. These meetings are known as Enlarged Plenary Sessions. The party rules approved at the 1st Congress stipulated that the Central Committee needed to convene for a plenary session every third month. In total, the 1st Central Committee convened for twelve plenary sessions, of which eight were convened in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158828-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nForty-three members were elected to the 1st Central Committee, of which thirty-one were re-elected at the 2nd Congress. Its members convened for the 1st Plenary Session on 31 August 1946 and elected the 1st Organisation Committee, 1st Standing Committee and the 1st Political Committee, and voted in Kim Tu-bong as the WPNK Chairman and Kim Il-sung and Chu Yong-ha were elected vice chairmen. Despite their formal roles, real powers remained in Kim Il-sung's hands, and Kim Tu-bong played a more ceremonial role due to his unwillingness to partake in the day-to-day management of party affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158828-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nIn the 1st Plenary Session's aftermath, the party began establishing state structures known as provisional people's committees throughout the country, and in 1947 national elections to the People's Assembly was organised. At its first plenary session, the assembly elected a Presidium and designated Kim Tu-bong as its chairman, and appointed the People's Committee (the government) and elected Kim Il-sung as its chairman. Of twenty-two government members, sixteen were members of the WPNK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158828-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nA feature of North Korean politics was its factionalism. Four loosely defined factions had taken shape by this time; Kim Il-sung's partisans, domestic communists, the Yanan group and the Soviet Koreans. The partisans, comprising soldiers who had fought Japanese rule with Kim Il-sung, lacked both theoretical and organisational experience to take leading party offices. They were therefore poorly represented in the 1st Central Committee. The domestic faction, composed of indigenous communists and leading members of the Workers' Party of South Korea, were underrepresented due to their underground activities in South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158828-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nKorean revolutionaries based in China during Japanese rule, known as the Yanan faction, had the most representation on the committee. The Soviet Koreans, composed of Koreans who were either Soviet-born or lived there during Japanese rule, also had significant representation. The conflict between these factions would intensify over the years, with Soviet Korean Yu Song-gol stating that he \"as early as 1947 [...] overheard how former partisans not only mentioned the [Yanans] and 'Soviets' with a great deal of animosity but also expressed the desire to be rid of them in due course.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158828-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nThese factional conflicts were rarely based on policy differences but rather personal interests and the struggle for power. Scholar Andrey Lankov notes that \"at least [twenty-eight] members\" of the 1st Central Committee \"became victims of Kim Il-sung's purges. The real number was probably even higher since in many cases purges were not made public.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158828-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nA conflict between Kim Il-sung's partisan faction and Pak Hon-yong's domestic faction had been brewing since the North Korean Branch Bureau's formation in October 1945. The leading domestic communist in the North, O Ki-sop, was accused of making \"leftist and rightist errors\" at the 3rd Enlarged Plenary Session. Vice Chairman Chu Yong-ha further elaborated on the criticism and claimed that \"O had attempted to apply labour union principles under capitalism to the socialist setting of North Korea, thereby deliberately inciting unthinking workers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158828-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nO Ki-sop defended himself by citing the works of Vladimir Lenin, and claimed that \"[if I am such] a pain in the neck then why not just pin the label of Trotskyite on [me]?\" While Pak Il-u supposedly rose in his defence and called for a committee to study the Lenin work in question, Kim Il-sung stated that no such committee was necessary due to O Ki-sop's past mistakes. The criticism of O Ki-sop and the attacks on the indigenous North Korean communist movement that had remained active in Korea during Japanese colonialism were supported by the partisans, Soviet Koreans and the Yanans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158829-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nThe 1st Central Inspection Commission of the Workers' Party of North Korea (WPNK) was elected at the 1st WPNK Congress held in August 1946. It consisted of 11 members, and remained active until the 2nd WPNK Congress when the 2nd Inspection Commission was elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158830-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Chaplygina\n1st Chaplygina (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0427\u0430\u043f\u043b\u044b\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430) is a rural locality (a village) in Rusanovsky Selsoviet of Fatezhsky District, Russia. The population was 159 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158830-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Chaplygina, Geography\n1st Chaplygina 1 km west of Fatezh (the district's administrative centre) by road. The village is located at the center of Fatezhsky district on the right bank of the Usozha river. It adjoins the town of Fatezh from the southwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles\nThe 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles was a Confederate States Army regiment which fought in the Indian Territory during the American Civil War. It was formed from the merger of two predecessor units the First Regiment of Cherokee Mounted Rifles, and the Second Regiment of Cherokee Mounted Rifles. The first commander was Col. John Drew, while the second was Stand Watie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Origin\nConfederate officials commissioned Stand Watie a colonel in the Confederate States Army in July 1861 and authorized him to raise a military unit known as the Cherokee Mounted Volunteers. After Cherokee  Principal Chief John Ross signed the Cherokee-Confederate treaty of alliance in October 1861, he and the Cherokee Council authorized   and raised the First Regiment of Cherokee Mounted Rifles, commanded by Col. John Drew. Drew's regimental officers and men were largely Cherokees of full blood status, who were ideologically uncommitted to the goals of the Confederacy, but were loyal to Chief John Ross. At this time, Watie's regiment became the Second Regiment of Cherokee Mounted Rifles. Watie's regiment consisted largely of Cherokees of mixed blood (M\u00e9tis) who, as slaveholders, favored the Confederate cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Dissension among the troops\nDrew's regiment became part of Col. Cooper's command and was ordered to help stop the flight of Union-supporting Creeks, led by their principal chief Opothleyahola, who were attempting to flee to Kansas. Although the unit participated in the Battle of Round Mountain, the Battle of Chusto-Talasah, and the Battle of Chustenahlah, they made known their dislike for fighting the Creeks, who had done the Cherokees no harm. They had expected to be fighting the invading Yankees, instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Reorganization of the regiment\nA portion of Drew's regiment deserted in late 1861. Following the Battle of Old Fort Wayne in October 1862, most of the remainder of Drew's men, including Maj. Thomas Pegg, deserted to the Union army. What remained of his troops was combined with Watie's regiment and reorganized as the First Regiment of Cherokee Mounted Rifles with Watie in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Successes under Watie\nDuring the Civil War, Watie's troops participated in twenty-seven major engagements and numerous smaller skirmishes. Although some of the engagements were set-piece battles, most of their activities utilized guerrilla tactics. Watie's men launched raids from south of the Canadian River throughout northern-held Indian Territory and into Kansas and Missouri, tying down thousands of Union troops. Poorly equipped and armed mostly with castoff rifles or captured weapons, the Cherokees were well suited to this type of warfare. Watie was promoted to brigadier general in May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Successes under Watie\nWatie's most spectacular victories included the Ambush of the steamboat J. R. Williams, in June 1864, and the capture of a Union wagon train at the Second Battle of Cabin Creek in September 1864. His three most infamous actions were the burning of Rose Cottage, home of Chief John Ross, and the Cherokee Council House in October 1863, and the massacre of detachments of the First Kansas Colored Infantry and 2nd Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry at the Hay Camp Action (a.k.a. the Battle of Flat Rock) in September 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Successes under Watie\nIn February 1865 Watie was given command of the Indian Division of Indian Territory but was unable to launch any offensive operations. He released most of his troops following the collapse of Confederate resistance in the spring of 1865. After participating in the Camp Napoleon Council in May, Stand Watie officially surrendered on June 23, 1865, becoming the last Confederate general to lay down his arms. The regiment was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Successes under Watie, Battle of Pea Ridge\nThis battle was on March 6\u20138, 1862 in Benton County, Arkansas, with a Union victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Successes under Watie, Battle of Old Fort Wayne\nThis battle was on October 22, 1862, in Fort Wayne, Indian Territory, with a Union victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158831-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Successes under Watie, Battle of Cabin Creek\nThis battle was on July 1\u20132, 1863 in Mayes County, Oklahoma, with a Union victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158832-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Chess Olympiad\nThe 1st Chess Olympiad, organized by the FIDE and comprising an open and women's tournament, as well as several events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between 18 and 30 July 1927 in London, United Kingdom. The 1st Women's World Chess Championship took place during the Olympiad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158832-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Chess Olympiad, Results, Individual medals\nNo board order was applied and only top six individual results were awarded with a prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158833-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ch\u014d Berryz\n\"1st Ch\u014d Berryz\" (1st \u8d85\u30d9\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba, F\u0101suto Ch\u014d Ber\u012bzu, First Super Berryz) is the first full-length album by J-pop group Berryz Kobo. It was released on July 7, 2004. It was associated with the Hello!Project. The group Berryz Kobo had several other albums after this and also collaborated with the anime series Inazuma Eleven for their closing theme song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158834-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival\nThe 1st Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival was held from July 12 until 17, 2005 in Metro Manila, Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158834-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Entries\nThe following films are entries to the New Breed: Full-Length Feature section of Cinemalaya. The winning film is highlighted with boldface and a dagger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery from 1860 to 1956. Raised as coastal defence artillery, the unit later served as field artillery in Mesopotamia during World War I, and as anti-aircraft artillery during the Blitz and in the Middle East during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer Movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. A large number of coastal artillery corps (AVCs) were formed in the seaports along the Kent and Sussex coast (the ancient Cinque Ports), and on 10 September 1862 these were brought together to form the 1st Administrative Brigade, Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, at Dover:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe fourth battery of the 4th (Hastings) Corps was raised in 1861 at Rye, East Sussex from the defunct Rye Rifle Volunteer Corps. This battery wore an unusual naval uniform until it adopted the regulation garrison artillery uniform in 1872. The battery was disbanded in 1876 after a shooting competition at Hastings, when the men refused their captain's orders to march back to Rye and instead caught the train. The 4th (Hastings) Corps also had a Cadet Corps affiliated to it from March 1864 to 1868. The commanding officer (CO) of the 1st Admin Bde from 1862 was Lt-Col Edward Vernon Harcourt, formerly of the Oxfordshire Militia and a leading member of the Volunteer movement and the National Artillery Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1866 the unit won the Queen's Prize at the annual National Artillery Association competition held at Shoeburyness. In 1870 the corps in the 1st Admin Brigade were numbered consecutively as 1st to 9th Cinque Ports AVCs (in most cases reverting to the numbering of May\u2013August 1860). On 16 March 1880 the Admin Brigade was consolidated as the 1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe unit was later reduced to 13 batteries. In April 1882 all artillery volunteers were attached to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA), and the unit was assigned to the Cinque Ports Division. It was briefly (May 1887 to July 1889) designated the 4th Volunteer (Cinque Ports) Brigade, but reverted to its previous title when the Cinque Ports Division was disbanded and the unit joined the Eastern Division in 1889. On 1 April 1890 the Sussex batteries were separated to form the 2nd Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, leaving the 1st with the Kent batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAs well as manning fixed coast defence artillery, some of the early Artillery Volunteers  manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. But the War Office refused to pay for the upkeep of field guns for Volunteers and they had largely died out in the 1870s. In 1888 the 'position artillery' concept was  revived and some Volunteer companies were reorganised as position batteries to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. On 14 July 1892 the 1st Cinque Ports AVs were reorganised as 1 position battery and 7 garrison companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe artillery volunteers were assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) in 1889, and when the divisional organisation was abolished the unit was designated the 1st Cinque Ports RGA (Volunteers) from 1 January 1902, with a ninth company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Cinque Ports RGA was transferred to the Royal Field Artillery (RFA), initially as the I (or 1st) Home Counties Brigade, then from 1910 as the III (or 3rd) Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe three batteries were each equipped with four 15-pounder guns. The unit was assigned to the Home Counties Division of the TF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, units of the Territorial Force were mobilised for home defence and then invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August 1914, the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. Duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way the 1/III and 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigades were formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, India\nThe bulk of the Home Counties Division, including the 1/III Home Counties Brigade without its Brigade Ammunition Column, embarked at Southampton and sailed on 30 October 1914 to India to relieve Regular Army units to fight on the Western Front. The Territorials disembarked at Bombay 1\u20133 December, and were allotted to various peacetime stations across India (although the Home Counties Division remained in the order of battle and received a number as the 44th (Home Counties) Division in May 1915, it never served as a complete formation in the war). The 1/III Home Counties Bde went to Jubbulpore where it joined the 5th (Mhow) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 101], "content_span": [102, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Mesopotamia\nThe Territorials completed their training in India to prepare them for possible active service, and  supplied drafts to units serving in the Mesopotamian campaign. The 2nd Kent Bty moved to Lucknow in June 1915. In 1916 the Home Counties artillery was finally re-equipped with the modern 18-pounder gun. The 1/III Home Counties Bde then left Jubbulpore and sailed to Basra, where it landed on 21 May to reinforce the forces fighting in Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 107], "content_span": [108, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Mesopotamia\nThe 2nd Kent Bty from Lucknow joined the newly formed 15th Indian Division on the Euphrates front in July and on 11 September the division took part in the action of As Sahilan. In October the whole brigade was assigned to the 15th Indian Division. Shortly afterwards the brigade was renumbered as CCXXII Brigade (222nd Bde) and the batteries became A, B and C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 107], "content_span": [108, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Mesopotamia\nIn September 1917 the brigade's batteries received numbers as 1070, 1071 and 1072, then rearranged to form two 6-gun batteries, numbered 1070 and 1072. The brigade was joined by 375 and 77 (Howitzer) Btys to bring it up to the new establishment of three 18-pounder batteries and one of 4.5-inch howitzers. 375 Battery was a new six-gun battery formed in 64th (2nd Highland) Division's billeting area round Norwich in December 1916 and then shipped to Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 107], "content_span": [108, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Mesopotamia\n77 (H) Battery was a regular RFA unit that had been stationed at Meerut in India as part of VI (H) Bde RFA at the outbreak of war and then served in the 5th (Mhow) Division. It was replaced by 429 (H) Bty in October 1918. The brigade then had the following organisation for the remainder of the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 107], "content_span": [108, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Ramadi\nIn September 1917, 15th Indian Division, which had been in reserve round Baghdad, was ordered to capture Ramadi. 222nd Brigade started from Fallujah and joined the concentration at Madhij on 26 September. The plan was to feint along the Euphrates towards Horseshoe Lake, and then  attack Mushaid Ridge. The guns were in position by 00.30 on 28 September, and opened fire at 05.30. The infantry quickly seized the ridge. Next the division moved on Ramadi and on Aziziya Ridge. 90th Punjabis and 2/39th Garhwal Rifles of 12th Indian Brigade, supported by rapid fire from 222nd Bde, captured Aziziya Ridge, cutting off the Turks in Ramadi, who surrendered the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Khan Baghdadi\nThere was then a pause in the campaign as reinforcements had to be sent from Mesoptoamia to other fronts, but 15th Division resumed its advance in March 1918, seizing H\u012bt (9 March) and pressing on towards Khan Baghdadi. The Turks had three trench systems (known as P, Q and R) around Baghdadi, and the leading troops (50th Indian Brigade) began their advance towards them at 21.00 on 25 March. 42nd Indian Brigade, supported by two batteries of 222nd Bde and a siege battery, set off at midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 109], "content_span": [110, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Khan Baghdadi\nA mobile column, consisting of 2/39th Garwhalis, 1072 Bty, and a light armoured motor battery, stood ready to exploit any success. At 03.15 on 26 March, 50th and 42nd Bdes began a two-pronged attack on the strongly-held P trenches, with the supporting artillery concentrated on them. As the infantry closed theTurks began to retreat and the divisional commander ordered a general advance. The P trenches were captured by 11.30 and at 13.05 the mobile column was ordered forward. Now 222nd Bde advanced by alternate batteries across rough ground under enemy artillery fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 109], "content_span": [110, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Khan Baghdadi\nThe second phase of the attack began at 17.30 with 15 minutes of slow bombardment followed by 15 minutes of intense fire. The guns had worked their way forwards to between 1800 and 2200 yards (1650\u20132000 metres) of the enemy positions and spotter aircraft were active, so the fire was very accurate. The infantry got into the R trenches with few casualties. The artillery kept up continuous fire during the night while the cavalry worked their way round behind the Turks and the mobile column raced for Haditha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 109], "content_span": [110, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Khan Baghdadi\nAt 06.30 on 27 March a general pursuit was ordered: 'The gallant 1072nd Battery, RFA, of the Mobile Column, now double-horsed, strained forward keeping up with the Hertfordshire Yeomanry and 10th Lancers in true horse artillery style'. By last light the cavalry had reached Ana, and 1072 Bty had kept up with them. Thousands of prisoners were taken, and the Royal Artillery's historian describes the action as 'a magnificent feat, a true cavalry action, excellent cooperation between cavalry, artillery and infantry and fine leadership'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 109], "content_span": [110, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Khan Baghdadi\nAfter the end of the war the 15th Indian Division was quickly run down as its men returned home, and was formally disbanded in March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 109], "content_span": [110, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade\nBecause the 1st Home Counties Division had gone to India, the 2nd Home Counties Division was among the earliest 2nd Line formations to be formed. By 27 November 1914 the division was settled in billets round Windsor, Berkshire and was reported ready to receive its weapons. However, the only guns available for the RFA brigades were obsolete French 90 mm guns, and even then there were only 4 guns per brigade. It was not until January 1916 that the division's gunners received their modern 18-pounders, and even then some time elapsed before sights were received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade\nMeanwhile,  the division had been numbered as 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division and given a dual role of training drafts for units serving overseas and at the same time being part of the mobile force responsible for home defence. From November 1915 it formed part of Second Army, Central Force, quartered in Kent. Twice the division was warned to prepare for moves to Ireland, and in April 1917 to deploy to France, but these moves never happened and the division remained in England for the whole war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade\nIn May 1916 the field brigades were numbered, with 2/III  Home Counties becoming CCCXXXVII Brigade (337 Bde) and the batteries were designated A, B and C. In 1917 the batteries were brought up to a strength of six guns and a howitzer battery added when CCCXXXV (formerly 2/I Home Counties) Bde was broken up; D (H) Bty had originally been part of CCCXXXVIII (2/IV Home Counties) Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 94], "content_span": [95, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Tigris\nThe brigade left 67th Division on 9 November 1917 and went to Mesopotamia, where it joined the newly formed 18th Indian Division at Baghdad by February 1918. 337th Brigade was completed by the addition of 341 (Howitzer) Bty and was under the command of Lt-Col M.C.J. Hartland\u2013Mahon. At the beginning of March 1918 the division  began moving up the Tigris to join I Indian Corps, and 337th Bde went to Samarra with 55th Indian Brigade. The force made a demonstration beyond Samarra, but then returned to the town, which became the divisional HQ through the hot summer months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Tigris\nBy October 1918 the Turks were in retreat in Palestine and on the Euphrates Front in Mesopotamia, and it was time for the forces on the parallel Tigris Front to exert pressure by advancing on Mosul. 18th Indian Division began its advance up the east bank of the Tigris to the British railhead of Tikrit and was concentrated there by 18 October. The problem was the strong Turkish position on the Little Zab river and the Fat-Ha gorge, 35 miles further on. Rather than make a direct assault with the untried 18th Indian Division, the British Corps commander, Lt-Gen Sir Alexander Cobbe, VC, chose to outflank the gorge with a mobile column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Tigris\nCovered by the 55th Indian Bde, 337th Bde moved into position during the night of 22/23 October and by morning was within a mile of the Fat-Ha trenches, registering guns on its targets. Advancing after dark, the infantry found the outflanked trenches abandoned, and 53rd Indian Brigade passed through the gorge, followed by 337th Bde, despite the appalling terrain for hauling guns. By 11.15 the following day the division had reached Tell-ad-Dhahab, and cavalry patrols were across the Little Zab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Tigris\nNext day, 25 October, the advance continued, with 53rd Indian Bde and C/337 Bty reaching the Shumait Ford early in the morning, followed by the rest of the artillery. By noon the three field batteries of 337th Bde were in action, in the open in full view of the enemy but with magnificent observation posts (OPs) on a nearby hill. 341 (H) Battery reached the Tigris\u2013Little Zab junction and came into action at close range, but was suddenly hit by accurate Turkish shellfire, losing all but two guns, most of its wagons and several men. However, its action allowed C/337 Bty to come into action a couple of miles away undisturbed, and for more of the corps artillery to close up and support the infantry crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Tigris\nBy 12.30 the following day 337th Bde was across the Little Zab and engaging enemy guns. Once again the position was outflanked by the mobile column, and early on 27 October patrols found the Turkish trenches empty. 53rd Indian Brigade, with A/337 Bty and the surviving section of 341 (H) Bty, was ordered forward to take up position opposite Sharqat on the west bank of the Tigris, later joined by C/337 Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Tigris\nAt dawn on 28 October the Battle of Sharqat opened, with the guns on the east bank firing across the river, A/337 Bty later crossing the Tigris by a ford and galloping up to join in. The following morning C/337 Bty also crossed to the west bank where an afternoon attack made good progress, A/337 Bty supporting a charge by the 13th Hussars. The force on the west bank was about to attack Sharqat on the morning of 30 October, when the Turks in the town surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Tigris\nThe commander of 18th Indian Division, Maj-Gen Hew Fanshawe, was immediately sent on with a mobile column including A/337 Bty to destroy the remaining Turkish forces and capture Mosul. The column forded the Tigris, with artillery horses assisting the mule carts, and pushed on to the city which fell without a fight after news arrived of the signing of the Armistice of Mudros and the end of hostilities on 31 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Home Counties (Cinque Ports) Brigade, Tigris\nAt the end of the war 18th Indian Division was selected to form part of the occupation force in Iraq and served during the Iraq Rebellion of 1920 before being broken up in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 59th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) Brigade\nThe 3rd Home Counties Brigade (now with 1st to 4th Kent Batteries) reformed on 7 February 1920. When the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army in 1921 it was designated the 59th (Home Counties) Brigade, RFA, with the second subtitle 'Cinque Ports' added the following year:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 59th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) Brigade\nIts CO on re-formation was Brevet Lt-Col the Hon Hugh Scarlett, DSO. One of the officers was Major John Morley Stebbings, who as a young officer had won the Edward Medal leading a rescue party of eight men from his battery into the ruins of the Uplees explosives factory near Faversham after the Great Explosion on 2 April 1916. He had subsequently won a Military Cross (MC) on the Western Front. 1st Battalion The Buffs Cadet Corps was attached to the unit. The brigade was once again assigned as divisional artillery to 44th (Home Counties) Division. On 1 June 1924 the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery and its brigades redesignated Field Brigades, RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) AA Regiment\nIn the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA units to the AA role. 59th Field Brigade was one of these. First, in February 1938, the howitzer battery (234) at Folkestone was detached to become 223 (Cinque Ports) Independent AA Battery; the numbering of the other batteries was changed, so that 236 Bty at Deal took the number 234. Then on 1 November 1938 the rest of the brigade was converted, becoming 75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) Anti - Aircraft Brigade under the command of Lt-Col Stebbings, and 223 Bty rejoined. The RA's AA 'brigades' were redesignated 'regiments' on 1 January 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) AA Regiment\nWith the expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis, most units split to form duplicates. In the case of 75th, the CO, Lt-Col Stebbings, left with 234th and 235th Batteries on 1 April 1939 to form a new 89th (Cinque Ports) AA Regiment. The second-in-command, Major N.V. Sadler, was promoted to command the 75th AA Rgt and a new battery was raised at Ashford to give the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) AA Regiment\nBoth new regiments were under the command of 28th (Thames & Medway) AA Brigade in 6th AA Division of Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 96], "content_span": [97, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nIn June 1939, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun positions. Full mobilisation of AA Command came in August 1939, ahead of the declaration of war on 3 September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\n306 AA Battery joined 89th HAA Rgt on 30 August, and then departed for training, returning to 75th HAA Rgt in May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nFrom 1 June 1940 those AA units armed with 3-inch or the more modern 3.7-inch guns were termed 'Heavy AA' (HAA) to distinguish them for the Light AA units then being formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of Britain\nThe Luftwaffe began its bombing offensive against the British mainland with small-scale raids on coastal targets, then in July 1940 began heavy daylight raids against south coast ports and shipping: the guns at Dover were in action virtually every day. 205 Battery temporarily rejoined from 89th HAA Rgt to boost the numbers of guns at Dover. Lieutenant-Colonel N.V. Sadler of 75th HAA Rgt developed an effective system of HAA barrages over individual points in Dover Harbour and the shipping channels, underpinned by LAA fire. In one day the regiment shot down seven Junkers Ju 87 'Stukas' together with two Messerschmitt Bf 109s and a Dornier Do 215.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of Britain\nSadler, who had won a Distinguished Conduct Medal in the ranks during World War I, was commissioned into 59th Field Bde between the wars. At the end of 1940 he was promoted to Brigadier and sent to Malta as AA Defence Commander during the Siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of Britain\n28th AA Brigade had responsibility for the 'Thames South' defences as well as Dover, and at times part of 75th HAA Rgt was transferred to 37th AA Bde responsible for 'Thames North' on the Essex bank of the Thames Estuary. These concentrations of HAA guns were in frequent action by day and night during the Battle of Britain and early part of The Blitz as Luftwaffe bombers came up the estuary to target London, Chatham, and the docks along the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Blitz\nOn 24 November 1940, as the night-bombing 'Blitz' against British cities got under way, the regiment was shifted to strengthen the defences in Northern England, joining 62nd AA Bde in 10th AA Division, covering Leeds and Sheffield with one battery detached to Derby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Blitz\nThe regiment sent a cadre of experienced officers and other ranks to 211th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry to provide the basis for a new 422 HAA Bty; this was formed on 10 April 1941 and joined the regiment on 7 July. The regiment sent another cadre to 206th HAA Training Rgt at Arborfield for 463 HAA Bty; this was formed on 7 August 1941 and later joined 133rd HAA Rgt. The regiment sent a final cadre to 207th HAA Training Rgt at Devizes for 542 (Mixed) HAA Bty, formed on 5 March 1942, which joined 159th (Mixed) HAA Rgt ('Mixed' units were those in which women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Blitz\nDuring the summer of 1941 the regiment moved back to 37th AA Bde in 6th AA Division. The brigade was being reorganised, and for a while in the winter of 1941-42 the 75th was the only unit under its command. 422 Bty was sometimes detached to 28th AA Bde in 'Thames South', and on 30 March 1942 it was permanently transferred to 127th HAA Rgt in that formation, leaving 75th HAA Rgt with the three-battery establishment required for overseas service. Later that month, 75th HAA Rgt left Anti- Aircraft Command in preparation for going overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Iraq\nThe regiment left the UK in August 1942 and joined GHQ Persia and Iraq Command (PAIFORCE) in Iraq in October. The role of PAIFORCE was to protect the vital oilfields of the Middle East against a potential German incursion through the Caucasus. The AA units had to cover oil installations, ports, rail lines and airfields, for which 75th HAA Rgt was placed under the command of the newly reconstituted 4th AA Brigade. In the event the Luftwaffe was never able to penetrate Iraq from its airfields in Russia, and PAIFORCE had a quiet war. As the Germans were pushed back on the Eastern Front there was a general run-down of British forces in PAIFORCE, but 75th HAA Rgt remained until May 1944, when it moved to Middle East Command with 4th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Iraq\n75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) HAA Rgt with its three batteries (223, 233 and 306) was placed in suspended animation on 11 July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 75th HAA Rgt was reformed as 259 (Mobile) HAA Rgt (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports), RA.The regiment came under the command of 53rd AA Brigade (the former 27th (Home Counties) AA Bde) based at Dover, part of 1 AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nAA Command was disbanded on 1 March 1955 and there was a major reduction in AA units. 259 (Mobile) HAA Rgt was placed in suspended animation, and the following year merged with part of 11th AA (Mixed) Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals (the signal unit for 1 AA Group). The merged unit was designated Home Counties District (Mixed) Signal Regiment with HQ at Shorncliffe. ('Mixed' indicated that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the unit.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0043-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nThe unit became 62 (Mixed) Signal Regiment in 1959, regained its 'Cinque Ports' subtitle in 1960, and merged with 44 (Home Counties) Signal Regiment in 1961. In 1967 the merged unit became 44 (Cinque Ports) Signal Squadron in 36 (Eastern) Signal Regiment, which was reduced to 844 Cinque Ports Signal Troop in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and Insignia\nThe full dress of the original artillery volunteers was based on that of the RA, but for ordinary parade the men wore a loose undress tunic and trousers of blue Baize. The 4th Battery of the 6th (Hastings) AVC, however, wore a naval uniform with sailors' caps until 1872. The badge of the Cinque Ports artillery volunteers was the Coat of arms of the Cinque Ports surrounded by a circlet. On officers' pouches the circlet carried the motto 'PRO ARIS ET FOCIS' (For hearth and home); on later tunic buttons and belt clasps shared with the rifle volunteers the circlet was inscribed 'CINQUE PORTS VOLUNTEERS'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and Insignia\nFrom 1953 to 1955, 259 HAA Rgt wore an embroidered arm badge with 'CINQUE PORTS' beneath 'ROYAL ARTILLERY' in red on a navy blue backing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158835-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers, Memorial\nThere is a WWII memorial plaque to the men of 75 (Cinque Ports) HAA Rgt in St Mary in Castro Church at Dover Castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers\nThe 1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers was a was a part-time unit of the British Army first raised from the Cinque Ports of Kent and Sussex in 1859. It later became the 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment. During World War I it served on the Western front as pioneers, seeing a great deal of action at Aubers Ridge, the Somme, Ypres, and in Italy. In World War II both the battalion and its duplicate served in the Battle of France and were evacuated from Dunkirk. The 5th Battalion then fought at the Second Battle of El Alamein while its duplicate unit served as an anti-aircraft regiment in the campaign in North West Europe. Neither unit was reformed after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the Volunteer Movement, and Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) began to be organised throughout Great Britain. A number of these were formed in the Cinque Ports towns along the coast of Sussex and Kent. The 1st Cinque Ports RVC, commanded by Captain the Hon George Waldegrave, was raised out of the Hastings Rifle Club, which in all but name was the successor of the old Cinque Ports Volunteers of about 1789.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe volunteers drilled at the Market Hall in George Street and began rifle practice at Rock-a-Nore, where they shot at targets set at the base of the cliffs. Later that year, Lady Waldegrave allowed them to set up a range shooting across Ecclesbourne Glen, which they used for many years until a new rifle range was opened in Warren Glen in May 1901. Most of the volunteers provided their own rifles and the corps funded its own uniforms. By the middle of 1859 it had reached 70 members, and was officially adopted on 17 December 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAn Administrative Battalion to control the Cinque Ports RVCs was formed at Hastings in late 1860 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon Henry Hall Gage of the Royal Sussex Light Infantry Militia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe 2nd Administrative Battalion, Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteer Corps formed at Dover in December 1861 took over the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th (disbanded 1863), 7th, and 8th Cinque Ports RVCs, later joined by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nHowever, the 2nd Admin Bn was broken up in 1874, its corps being either absorbed into the 5th Kent RVC or added to the 4th Kent Admin Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nA drill hall was opened in Middle Street, Hastings, in 1861, to be used by the Cinque Ports Rifles and the 1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers. A replacement building was erected on the same site in 1895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nUnder the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Volunteers were grouped into county brigades with their local Regular and Militia battalions. This was in Sub-District No 43 in South Eastern District for the Cinque Ports Battalion, grouped with the 35th (Royal Sussex) and 107th Regiments of Foot, the Royal Sussex Light Infantry Militia and the 1st and 2nd Sussex RVCs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Royal Sussex Regiment\nWhen the RVCs were consolidated in 1880, the 1st Admin Bn became the 1st Cinque Ports (Cinque Ports and Sussex) Rifle Volunteers. The Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further, the linked battalions becoming county regiments to which the Volunteers were formally affiliated. The 35th and 107th became the Royal Sussex Regiment on 1 July 1881, the 1st Cinque Ports becoming its third volunteer battalion (VB), but without changing its title. The 1st Cinque Ports now had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Royal Sussex Regiment\nArthur Montagu Brookfield, a former lieutenant in the 13th Hussars, took over as commanding officer (CO) with the rank of lieutenant-colonel on 13 September 1884. He found problems obtaining suitable officers: the local rural gentry were distrustful of military service and it was difficult to persuade busy professional men to take commissions. Brookfield was elected MP for Rye in 1885, and became secretary of the influential Service Members' Committee in the House of Commons, helping to counter the antipathy of senior army officers towards the volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Royal Sussex Regiment\nWhile Cardwell's sub-districts were later referred to as 'brigades', they were purely administrative organisations and the Volunteers were excluded from the 'mobilisation' part of the scheme. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 proposed a more comprehensive Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the 1st Cinque Ports formed part of the Dover Brigade, later entitled the South Eastern Brigade, before the Royal Sussex VBs formed their own Sussex Brigade at the end of the 1890s. This became the Sussex and Kent Brigade in the early 1900s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Royal Sussex Regiment, Second Boer War\nAfter Black Week in December 1899, the Volunteers were invited to send active service units to assist the Regulars in the Second Boer War. The War Office decided that one company 116 strong could be recruited from the volunteer battalions of any infantry regiment that had a regular battalion serving in South Africa. The Royal Sussex's VBs accordingly raised a service company that joined the 1st Battalion and earned the volunteer battalions their first Battle honour: South Africa 1900\u201302. The 1st Cinque Ports Rifles contingent left Hastings in February 1900, and a second contingent in February 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Royal Sussex Regiment, Second Boer War\nMeanwhile the 1st Cinque Ports' CO, Lt-Col Arthur Brookfield, commanded the 14th Battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry in South Africa. It is possible that some of his volunteers joined the 69th (Sussex) Company of this battalion, which was sponsored by the Sussex Yeomanry. Brookfield retired from the command of the Cinque Ports battalion in 1903 when he joined the Consular service, and was replaced by Brevet Colonel Charles Cafe, a retired regular officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the battalion became the 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe two TF battalions of the Royal Sussex (4th and 5th) were not included in the Home Counties Division, but were attached to it as 'Army Troops'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nBefore World War I the CO was Lt-Col Frederick George Langham, VD,  of the Hastings solicitors Young Coles & Langdon. He had been commissioned into the battalion on 13 March 1886, promoted to captain on 3 January 1891 and major on 4 November 1896. He was appointed Honorary Lt-Col on 28 July 1906, and promoted to Lt-Col in command in succession to Col Cafe on 21 October 1911. His younger brother Edward Hennah Langham was also commissioned into the battalion on 11 March 1896   and his son Cecil Richard on 19 August 1910. The Rev William Streatfeild, later Bishop of Lewes, was one of the battalion's chaplains, with the rank of Chaplain 4th Class (TF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\n5th (Cinque Ports) Bn assembled at Bordon Camp for its annual training on 26 July 1914, which included a four-day march to Salisbury, arriving on 3 August. Next day war was declared and the battalion returned to Hastings to mobilise before proceeding to its war station at Dover Castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nTF units and formations were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service, and on 15 August 1914, the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Later 3rd Line units were formed to train reinforcements for the others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nIn September the Home Counties Division began to send battalions to Gibraltar to relieve the Regular garrison for active service with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. Then at the end of October the whole division went to India to replace the Regulars. However the attached Royal Sussex battalions remained in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\nAfter mobilisation the battalion adopted the four-company organisation that was standard in the regulars:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\nLater in 1914 the battalion was posted for duty at the Tower of London, where Lt-Col Langham had to arrange the execution by firing squad of the German spy Carl Hans Lody on 6 November. The selected spot, in the moat, turned out to be in public view, so Langham had to move the execution hurriedly to the indoor miniature rifle range. The firing party was from 3rd Bn Grenadier Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\nIn early 1915 the battalion was selected to go to France to reinforce the regulars with the BEF, and on 18 February it travelled from the Tower to Southampton  to embarked on the SS Pancras, landing at Boulogne under Lt-Col Langham next day. On 21 February it joined 2nd Brigade (in which 2nd Bn Sussex was serving) in 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\nThis formation had been badly cut up in the battles of 1914 and was still weak in numbers. On 10 March it was holding an exceptionally wet part of the front line, which was unsuitable for making an attack, so when the neighbouring formations launched the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, 1st Division's participation was limited to supporting rifle fire. 1/5th Sussex began sending working parties to the front and on 18 March it took over a section of frontline trenches near Festubert from 2nd Royal Sussex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\nFor the next few weeks it alternated with its regular battalion, working on improving trenches while in the line and suffering a trickle of casualties from the low-level Trench warfare. The battalion was bombed by German mortars on 29 April, and came under heavy bombardment on 1 May, suffering a number of casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Aubers Ridge\n1st Division was chosen to deliver the attack at the Battle of Aubers Ridge on 9 May; 1/5th Battalion was in support for 2nd Bde's assault. When the artillery bombardment entered its intense phase at 05.30 the leading battalions (including 2nd Sussex) clambered over their breastworks to establish themselves in No man's land about 80 yards (73\u00a0m) from the German defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Aubers Ridge\nAs soon as they went 'over the top' the leading waves were hit by heavy machine gun fire: many were killed on their own ladders and parapets, but the others went forward at the double and formed a general line; the supporting battalions followed up. When the guns lifted at 05.40, the leading waves dashed forwards, but were met by devastating machine gun and rifle fire. The  bombardment had failed to suppress the defenders, cut the barbed wire or make gaps in the German parapets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0022-0002", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Aubers Ridge\nNone of the assaulting wave got beyond the German parapet, and the 1/5th Sussex, following up, 'merely fell victims to German machine gun fire'. A renewed bombardment was begun at 06.15, but a second attempt to attack at 07.00 failed in the same way. For 1st Division the battle was over by 07.20; 1/5th Sussex had lost 11 officers and 191 other ranks (ORs) out of about 600 who went into action. After Aubers, 1st Division moved to the Cuinchy\u2013Givenchy sector, which it defended while the next attack (the Battle of Festubert) was carried out nearby. During August the battalion was engaged in building a new camp at 'Garden City'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Somme\nOn 20 August 1915 1/5th Royal Sussex moved to H\u00e9buterne on the Somme where it transferred to a TF formation, the 48th (South Midland) Division, to serve as its pioneer battalion. The role of divisional pioneers was to provide working parties to assist the divisional Royal Engineers (RE) in tasks ranging from trench digging and wiring, to roadmaking and consolidating captured positions, while remaining fighting soldiers. In 1916 the CO's son, Capt Cecil Langham, formed the divisional Scout and Sniper Section, known as 'Langham's Scouts', with personnel drawn from the 1/5th Sussex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Somme\nThe Somme was a quiet sector until the Spring of 1916, when preparations began for the 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme), involving huge amounts of engineering work, creating supply dumps and making roads, cable trenches, dugouts and shelters, sometimes under shellfire. Most of 48th (SM) Division was out of the line in corps reserve for the First day on the Somme (1 July) \u2013 the first time the battalion had been concentrated in one place for 11 months \u2013 but was ordered to repeat 29th Division's failed attack next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Somme\nTwo brigades prepared to attack, each with two battalions in line, and one company of 1/5th Royal Sussex to accompany each battalion. However, the attack was cancelled, and instead 1/5th Royal Sussex were set to help 29th Division's pioneers dig a new front line trench in No man's land, 350 yards (320\u00a0m) in front of the existing British front line and only 125\u2013150 yards (114\u2013137 m) from the German line; this was completed under heavy fire by 15 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Somme\nDuring the Battle of Bazentin Ridge 48th (SM) Division was ordered to follow up 32nd Division's attack at Ovillers on 15 July. While B Company and half of C Company dug communication trenches at Crucifix Corner (including a tunnel that ended only 7 yards (6.4\u00a0m) from the German front line), the rest of the battalion paraded with tools to consolidate gains made by 143rd (Warwickshire) Bde on Usna Hill. The division pushed forward over succeeding days and attacked again during the Battle of Pozi\u00e8res on 23 July, while the 1/5th Bn worked on communication trenches. The division was relieved on 28 July and the battalion went by bus to rest in Domqueur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Somme\nAfter rest 1/5th Royal Sussex received training in  bridging techniques and then went to work on trenches and dugouts at Ovillers ahead of the arrival of the rest of the division on 12 August. The Battle of Pozi\u00e8res was still raging when the division took over the captured 'Skyline Trench'. Here it was heavily attacked and lost part of the trench, but recaptured it on 14/15 August. The shell-battered trench was difficult to consolidate, and the line consisted of a succession of posts. 1/5th Royal Sussex suffered severely from shelling while digging communication trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Somme\nIt supplied Lewis gun teams to cover 144th (Gloucester & Worcester) Bde's attack on 21 August, dealing effectively with a counter attack. The division attacked again on 27 August. It was finally relieved next day, in mud and rain, and after rest 1/5th Bn's pioneers worked on tramways and light railways behind the lines. 48th (SM) Division had been transferred north to the Ancre sector, where 1/5th Bn rejoined it on 30 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, P\u00e9ronne\nLow level fighting continued on the Ancre heights through the winter. 5th Royal Sussex constructed tracks and hutted camps \u2013 including its own 'Cinque Ports Camp' at Bazentin-le-Grand Wood. On 28 January 1917 the battalion moved by train with 144th Bde to relieve French troops at Cerisy-sur-Somme in front of P\u00e9ronne. It worked on duckboarding communication trenches and maintaining observation posts (OPs) and signal lines. On 14 March the Germans began their retreat to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich) and the divisional engineers had to bridge the River Somme before it could occupy P\u00e9ronne while the pioneers worked on billets and advancing the roads and light railway towards the new front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 87], "content_span": [88, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, P\u00e9ronne\n48th (SM) Division was relieved on 3 May, but the pioneers remained working in the front line until 11 May when they went back to P\u00e9ronne. The divisional scouts were relieved on 7 May after three months' continuous work in the division's OPs. At the end of the month 5th Royal Sussex moved out to garrison the division's reserve line on the Cambrai road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 87], "content_span": [88, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, P\u00e9ronne\nAt the end of the month it was rejoined by two officers and 87 ORs who had been doing duty with III Corps' light railway companies, bringing it almost back to full strength (39 officers and 10140 ORs). On the night of 7/ June No 1 Platoon quickly consolidated an enemy post captured by the 1/1st Buckinghamshire Battalion, completing the task before dawn, and next day completed the work left unfinished by the infantry. 5th Royal Sussex spent the rest of the month completing the defences in front of the Hindenburg Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 87], "content_span": [88, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Ypres\nThe battalion was relieved on 3 July as 48th (SM) Division moved north to join XVIII Corps in the Ypres Salient, where Fifth Army was preparing for the Third Ypres Offensive. The pioneers worked on light railways and in the Canal Bank sector, with the battalion having about 100 men sent to hospital with gas poisoning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Ypres\n48th (SM)  Division was not engaged in the first phase of the offensive (the Battle of Pilckem Ridge) on 31 July, but D Company of 5th Royal Sussex worked to open up 'Boundary Road' and 'Buffs Road' to allow the heavy artillery to move up. The division moved into the front line on 6 August to attack on 16 August on the resumption of the offensive (the Battle of Langemarck). The attacking brigade had hard fighting to capture a strongpoint in St Juien, and only got about 200 yards (180\u00a0m) beyond the Steenbee stream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0029-0002", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Ypres\nFive platoons of 5th Royal Sussex had been sent up under Capt Langham to consolidate captured strongpoints but could do little, and Langham (the CO's son) was along those killed. The strongpoints were captured next day with the assistance of tanks, and the battalion spent the rest of the month on consolidation, after which it returned to work on Buffs Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Ypres\nDuring September the battalion continued working on the roads, which were collapsing under the effects of the bad weather continuous fighting, and worked on one of the battlefield's notorious duckboard tracks. Casualties, particularly among C Company, were serious \u2013 on 12 October the battalion lost 4 ORs killed, 18 wounded, 47 horses killed and 18 wounded by one shell landing at 'Siege Camp'. Meanwhile the infantry of 48th (SM) Division had been fighting the Battles of Broodseinde (4 October) and Poelcappelle (9 October). 5th Royal Sussex was finally relieved from its duties on 7 November and moved south to the Vimy area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Italy\nOn 10 November 1917 the 48th (SM) Division received orders to move to the Italian Front, where the Central Powers forces were threatening to break through after the Battle of Caporetto, and on 29 November 5th Royal Sussex detrained at Legnago on the Adige. It was then constantly on the move until 11 December when it reached Schiavon. By now the situation had been stabilised, so the division did not immediately go into the line, and 5th Royal Sussex spent December in training round Rubbio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Italy\nIn January 1918 it was digging cable trenches and building camps around Marostica and the Valle San Floriana. On 17 January Lt-Col Langham was evacuated to hospital and Maj G.F. Eberle of the Rpyal Engineers took command, later being poroted to Lt-Col. At the end of the month it marched to Treviso and entrained for the GHQ training area round Trebaseleghe. Later detachments moved out to 5th Division's are to work on OPs for the heavy artillery, then moved to work in 7th Division's area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0031-0002", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Italy\nOn 1 March the rest of 48th (SM) Division arrived to relieve 7th Division in the front line of the Montello sector on the Piave Front, and held the line until 16 March. On 1 April it moved westward into reserve for the middle sector of the Asiago Plateau Front, where 5th Royal Sussex moved into 23rd Division's area to work on mountain roads before 48th (SM) Division took over the front on 23 April. The three British divisions then alternated in the line during the Spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Italy\nOn 15 June the Austro-Hungarian Army made what proved to be its last attack, known to the British participants as the Battle of Asiago. The 48th (SM) Division had been particularly hard-hit by the influenza epidemic (referred to as 'Mountain Fever' by the Royal Sussex), and its units came under heavy pressure before the positions were regained in a counter-attack. 5th Royal Sussex spent the day 'standing-to' in the Red Line until some fire, but was not required. After the battle it returned to erecting barbed wire and preparing heavy artillery positions and working under 7th and 23rd Divisions until mid-July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Italy\nOn 23 July the battalion arrived at Granezza, near Asiago, where it worked on excavating dugouts and gun positions, establishing water points, and road repair in the forward area, hampered by the constant need to 'stand to' in the alarm posts and night time shelling by the enemy. At the end of August a detachment of 6 officers and 80 Ors was specially trained as guides for the forthcoming Allied offensive. This offensive, the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, was launched on 24 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Italy\nDefeated on the Piave, the Austrians abandoned their positions on the Asiago Plateau on 29/30 October, and the 48th (SM) Division began a pursuit. 5th Royal Sussex sent forward special working parties that night to work on the roads leading from the British front line to Asiago, and this work was continued by relays of working parties. 48th (SM) Division attacked the Austrian Winterstellung (Winter position) on the morning of 1 November, and after breaking through it continued the pursuit down the gorge of the Val d'Assa. The pioneers repaired the road behind the advance, and provided patrols to deal with Austrian prisoners who had not yet been disarmed. C Company secured Fort Vezzena with only a few stray rifle shots fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Italy\nBy 15.00 on 4 November, when the Armistice of Villa Giusti came into force, the division had  pushed forward into the Trentino. After the conclusion of hostilities 5th Royal Sussex was engaged in clearing the battlefields, then the division was withdrawn to Italy for the winter. 5th Royal Sussex was billeted in Costa di Rovigo, assisting in repairing flood damage in January 1919. Demobilisation of 48th (SM) Division began in 1919 and was complete by 31 March. The cadre of the battalion returned to the UK in 1919 and was disembodied on 12 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th and 3/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalions\nThe 2/5th Battalion was formed at Hastings on 16 November 1914 and the 3/5th on 26 June 1915. The 2nd Home Counties Division had no requirement for the 2/5th Bn. On 7 September 1915 the 3/5th absorbed the 2/5th and six days later was itself redesignated as the 2/5th Bn. The combined battalion continued to provide reinforcement drafts for the 1/5th Bn on the Western Front. On 8 April 1916 it was redesignated the 5th (Reserve) Bn, and on 1 September it was absorbed into the 4th (Reserve) Bn at Horsham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th and 3/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalions\nAfter the 3rd Line TF battalions were formed in May 1915 the remaining Home Service and unfit men were separated  to form brigades of Coast Defence Battalions (termed Provisional Battalions from June 1915). The men from the 4th and 5th Royal Sussex were formed into 72nd Provisional Battalion. The Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. Part of these units' role was now physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0036-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th and 3/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalions\nThe Provisional Brigades thus became anomalous, and on 1 January 1917 the remaining battalions became numbered battalions of their parent units. 72nd Provisional Bn had disappeared, probably absorbed into 70th Provisional Bn originally formed from the men of 5th and 6th Bns, East Surrey Regiment, which became 15th Battalion, Royal Sussex. 70th Provisional Bn had been at Burnham-on-Sea as part of 8th Provisional Bde when that brigade was expanded into  72nd Division in November 1916. The battalion joined 215th Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0036-0002", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th and 3/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalions\nThe division moved from Somerset to Eastern England, and 15th Sussex was stationed at Bedford by January 1917 and Ipswich by May. Early in 1918, 72nd Division began to be broken up: 15th Sussex moved to Cambridge where it was disbanded (sources give dates between 28 March and 19 August 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nThe TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920 and the 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion was reformed at Hastings. The following year the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA). The battalion was now in 133rd (Kent and Sussex) Brigade in the TA's 44th (Home Counties) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nIn the 1920s the Temple Grove School and Mayfield College cadet corps were affiliated to the battalion. The Middle Street Drill Hall was sold in 1933 and later demolished. By the outbreak of World War II the battalion's drill hall was at Bulverhythe, a suburb of Hastings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nAfter the Munich Crisis the TA was rapidly doubled in size, with most units forming duplicates. This time the duplicate of the 5th Bn, formed at Hastings on 20 July 1939, was designated 7th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Royal Sussex. (There had been a previous 7th (Service) Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment, in 1914\u201319; this was a Kitchener's Army unit that served in the original 12th (Eastern) Division.) 7th (Cinque Ports) Battalion was commanded by Lt-Col R. Gethen, with headquarters at Brighton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe TA was mobilised on 1 September 1939. and when war was declared on 3 September the 44th (Home Counties) Division was in the process of organising its duplicate formation, the 12th (Eastern) Division: 7th Royal Sussex was assigned to 37th Brigade, the duplicate of 133rd. The two formations began their separate existence on 7 October 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\nThe battalion was initially employed guarding vulnerable points in Sussex. It then moved to Dorset to carry out training for deployment overseas. The HQ Wing seems to have been sent to Cattistock, with the other companies at Toller, Melbury and Evershot. On 7 October 133rd Bde re-assembled, and on 20 December the 4th and 5th Bns Royal Sussex were joined in the brigade by the regular 2nd Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 77], "content_span": [78, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Battle of France\nOn 3 April 1940, the battalion left Cattistock for Southampton and was then shipped to Cherbourg on the night of the 8/9 April on board SS Amsterdam. The battalion's embarkation strength was 29 officers and 690 ORs. During the night of 9/10 April the battalion was moved on to Vivoin, and did some final training. It then moved to Belleuse, and then after two days marched to St. Pol, with the HQ being set up at Conteville, Somme, with the other companies at Eps, Pas-de-Calais and Hestrus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 95], "content_span": [96, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Battle of France\nWhen the German offensive in the west opened on 10 May, the BEF advanced into Belgium to the River Dyle in accordance with 'Plan D'. 44th (HC) Division moved up to the River Escaut in reserve. On 11 May the 5th Sussex went to Lillers to perform Line of Communication (LoC) guard duties. It then moved on to Vichtrat Peteghem (Belgium) by motor transport to take up defensive duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 95], "content_span": [96, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0043-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Battle of France\nAfter arrival they were told to march back 17 miles into France, then after marching all night were ordered to turn round again and head straight back to where they had come from, so marched 35 miles in 24 hours. The German Army having broken through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again, the whole force was now back across the Escaut. On 20 May the 5th Sussex went to Wortegem to take up defensive positions covering the Escaut, with trenches on the forward slopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 95], "content_span": [96, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Battle of France\nCombat for 5th Bn began on 20 May when it came under shell and mortar fire. 44th (HC) Division was holding the most dangerous sector of the line, and despite its efforts the Germans established bridgeheads across the Escaut at dawn. That night the Germans had reached Petegem a mile across the river: an early-morning  counter-attack by 131st Bde (1/5th and 1/6th Queen's and 2nd Buffs) cleared them out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 95], "content_span": [96, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Battle of France\nBut the following afternoon the enemy returned to the attack and 131st Bde was driven back; soon the Queen's could only raise a single composite company to join 5th Sussex in preventing further penetration. The attack was renewed on 22 May and there was bitter fighting on 44th (HC) Division's front. Although it  was badly chewed up, there had been no breakthrough: it was the deep penetration further east that forced the BEF to withdraw. 5th Sussex retreated to Courtrai, and then next day to the hospital for incurables at St Andre (near Lille), where 160 casualties were reported. Here the BEF was defending the 'Canal Line', with 44th (HC) Division in GHQ reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 95], "content_span": [96, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Battle of France\nOn 24 May the battalion was sent to Vieux-Berquin, and next day to Strazeele where it encountered German tanks and took heavy fire. On the 25/26 the battalion moved on to Rouge Croix, taking a defensive position where 44th (HC) Division was covering Hazebrouck. On 26 May the decision was made to evacuate the BEF through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo). Next day the battalion came under heavy fire from dive bombers and shells as 44th (HC) Division was attacked by German Panzer divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 95], "content_span": [96, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0045-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Battle of France\nThe division fought on doggedly until ordered to withdraw, by which time the enemy's advanced columns had penetrated between its widely-spread units. With its flanks 'in the air' after neighbouring French formations retreated during the night of 28/29 May, the divisional commander decided to withdraw while a rearguard of divisional artillery and engineers held Mont des Cats. The 5th Sussex retreated via Poperinghe, to Bray Dunes from where they were eventually evacuated, landing in England on 1 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 95], "content_span": [96, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Home defence\nOn return to England 44th (HC) Division rejoined Southern Command, but before the end of June went to I Corps in Northern Command while reorganisation and re-equipment continued. In November 1940 44th (HC) Division was transferred to XII Corps in invasion-threatened South East England where it remained until early April 1942. Once the imminent danger of invasion had passed, training for offensive action began. For much of this training period 44th (HC) Division was commanded by Maj-Gen Brian Horrocks, in South-Eastern Command under Lt-Gen Bernard Montgomery, the two commanders under whom it would fight in the desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 91], "content_span": [92, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Home defence\n44th (HC) Division came under War Office control on 3 April 1942, preparatory to overseas service, and on 29 May 1942 it embarked for Egypt, via Freetown, Cape Town and Aden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 91], "content_span": [92, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Alam el Halfa\nThe division arrived at Suez in Egypt on 24 July, shortly after Eighth Army had retreated to the El Alamein position. At first it was in the Nile Delta defences in the rear, then on 14 August the division was called forward by Gen Montgomery and the following day assigned to XIII Corps under Lt-Gen Horrocks. The division was positioned with 133rd Bde on the vital Alam Halfa ridge, where Gen Rommel was expected to attack the El Alamein line, and its positions were protected by minefields and artillery, with armour on its flanks to counter-attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0048-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Alam el Halfa\nWhen the attack came in on 30 August (the Battle of Alam el Halfa), the Panzers spent hours attempting to break through in the darkness and early morning. Over the next two days the Panzers made repeated attacks but 44th (HC) Division held its position and the Panzers suffered heavy casualties. By 3 September the division was counter-attacking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Alam el Halfa\nAfter Alam Halfa, 133rd Bde with 5th Sussex was detached from 44th (HC) Division on 8 September and joined first 8th Armoured Division briefly, and then, from 29 September, 10th Armoured Division, which was lacking a Lorried Infantry Brigade. Shortage of equipment meant that the conversion to 'lorried infantry' was only just completed in time for the Second Battle of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Alamein\nThis battle was launched with Operation Lightfoot on the night of 23/24 October. 10th Armoured Division lay up some 13\u201316 miles behind the starting line until after dark, when it advanced to the 'Springbok Track' and topped up with fuel. After the infantry divisions had advanced, it was the turn of the armoured divisions to pass through gaps made by the sappers in the enemy's minefields. 10th Armoured Division started promptly at 02.00 and its armour reached the Miteirya Ridge (the objective codenamed 'Oxalic') but could not get beyond that to its second objective ('Pierson'). 133rd Lorried Bde had still not left Springbok by dawn. The following night, the division  prepared to advance from 'Oxalic' to 'Pierson', with 133rd Bde acting as a pivot on Miteirya Ridge. Mines, air attacks and enemy gunfire slowed the advance from the congested minefield gaps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 86], "content_span": [87, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Alamein\n'Lightfoot' had failed to break through: there followed what Montgomery termed the 'Dogfight' part of the battle. On 27 October 1st Armoured Division failed again to break through, and the corps commander sent 133rd Bde up to reinforce 1st Armoured's 7th Motor Brigade holding the 'Snipe' and 'Woodcock' positions. Ground reconnaissance was impossible in daylight, and 133rd Bde HQ could not locate 7th Motor Bde's positions; after dark it was found that neither 'Snipe' nor 'Woodcock' was in British hands. 133rd Brigade therefore set off to capture them, with only a simple artillery fireplan in view of the confused situation. The attack was launched at 22.30; 4th Royal Sussex had its reserve company destroyed trying deal with heavy fire from the left. The rest of the battalion dug in, but at dawn was found to be isolated and was overrun by the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 86], "content_span": [87, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Alamein\nThe second phase of the offensive, Operation Supercharge, was launched on the night of 1/2 November. 133rd Bde attacked alongside the New Zealand 28th Maori Battalion, securing objectives that covered the flanks of the main attack. On 2 November, 5th (Cinque Ports) Bn with strong artillery support put in a successful attack on 'Snipe' as the Axis defences began to crumble. 133rd Brigade advanced through the 'February' minefield on 3 November, but got held up on the 'Avon' minefield until 5 November. However, by now the enemy was withdrawing. After the battle 133rd Bde was left behind to collect prisoners while Eighth Army pursued the beaten enemy westwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 86], "content_span": [87, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\n133rd Bde was broken up on 31 December 1942, and on New Year's Day 1943 and 5th (Cinque Ports) Bn was combined with the survivors of 4th Royal Sussex as a single unit: 4th/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion. This became a permanent amalgamation. The battalion was sent from Egypt to Iraq, and on arrival on 1 February it came under the command of 27th Indian Infantry Brigade in 6th Indian Division. This formed part of Tenth Army, protecting the vital oilfields and lines of communication to the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 81], "content_span": [82, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\nThe battalion spent the rest of the war moving around Middle East Command: it arrived in Persia on 17 April 1943, returning to Iraq on 26 September. It then moved to Palestine on 28 March 1944, back to Persia on 24 May, and finally returned to Iraq on 16 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 81], "content_span": [82, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th/5th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\nAfter the war the battalion passed into suspended animation on 15 June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 81], "content_span": [82, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 7th (Cinque Ports) Battalion\nDuring the Phoney War the 12th (E) Division was in Eastern Command, training and undertaking coast defence duties. However, the BEF required additional labour units, and the partly-trained infantry battalions (without the divisional artillery, etc) were sent to France, joining the BEF Lines of Communication (LoC) on 22 April 1940. The men were employed in building bases, airfields, raids and railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 77], "content_span": [78, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 7th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Battle of France\nOn 17 May the threat to the BEF's LoC was obvious, and the 2nd Line TA divisions working on labour projects were concentrated for possible action, 12th (E) Division gathering around Amiens. 37th Brigade, with only the 6th and 7th Sussex present, arrived at Amiens by train and was caught by a Luftwaffebombing raid that destroyed one of the trains. The troops were extricated and the two battalions moved out south of Amiens, with little more than their rifles to halt the German Panzers. On 20 May the 1st Panzer Division broke through at Albert and drove on to Amiens. Here the 7th (Cinque Ports) Battalion fought to a finish and was destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 95], "content_span": [96, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 7th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Home Defence\n12th (Eastern) Division had been effectively destroyed during the Battle of France, and was not reformed after the survivors were evacuated. However, the 7th (Cinque Ports) Battalion was rebuilt, in what was now 37th (Independent) Brigade, operating directly under II Corps in Norfolk. In February 1941 the brigade transferred to XI Corps, but it was still guarding the Norfolk coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 91], "content_span": [92, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 7th (Cinque Ports) Battalion, Home Defence\nAt the end of 1941 the battalion was selected to be retrained in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns. It left 37th Bde on 19 November, and on 1 January 1942 it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as 109th (Royal Sussex) LAA Regiment, comprising Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 357, 358 and 339 LAA Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 91], "content_span": [92, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe new regiment was originally part of Anti- Aircraft Command, but left in February before it was allocated to a brigade. Instead it joined the field force as the AA regiment in I Corps District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 98], "content_span": [99, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nBy early 1943 the regiment was in GHQ Reserve, organised as a mobile unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 98], "content_span": [99, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nBy the summer of 1943 the regiment had been assigned to 21st Army Group training for the planned Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 98], "content_span": [99, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nOperation Overlord was launched on D Day, 6 June 1944. 109th LAA Regiment formed part of 106 AA Bde, which began arriving in Normandy on D + 4. It had been intended that the brigade would be deployed to protect 12 airfields, but because the beachhead was still so shallow the usable airfields were well within the cover of the existing AA defences. Eventually, eight airfields were active, four having one Heavy AA (HAA) battery and two LAA Troops, the others having two LAA troops only. The deployment was frustrating for the units, not only because there were surplus guns, but because Royal Air Force airfield commanders refused all permission to fire unless the places were actually being attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 117], "content_span": [118, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nWith the breakout from the Normandy beachhead in late August, 106th AA Bde was freed from its commitments to RAF airfields. While the rest of the brigade followed 21st Army Group's advance, 109th LAA Rgt was sent to Cherbourg to reinforce 101 AA Bde, deployed to protect the port under US command. The regiment arrived on 25 August and remained there when 5 Royal Marines AA Bde took over on 4 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 117], "content_span": [118, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe British AA cover for Cherbourg was finally withdrawn on 5 October  and on 19 October the regiment arrived at Mook Bridge on the River Maas, which had been captured during Operation Market Garden and was an important link in XXX Corps' supply lines. At Mook the regiment relieved 71st LAA Rgt and came under command of 106 AA Bde once more. It continued with 106 AA Bde protecting river and canal crossings in XXX Corps' area through the winter months. and remained with XXX Corps during the operations in the Reichswald in February 1945 (Operation Veritable).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 117], "content_span": [118, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\n106th AA Brigade was freed of its bridge defence commitments in March in order to support XXX Corps for Operation Plunder, the assault crossing of the Rhine. Together with 71st LAA, the regiment had to deal with Fighter-bomber attacks in the Uden\u2013Weeze triangle where XXX Corps' major communication centres, artillery lines and dumps of engineering equipment. The regiments replied to these day and night attacks with high-power concentrations of fire and radar-controlled barrages. They also had to cope with a few 'snap' attacks by single aircraft at low level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 117], "content_span": [118, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nImmediately after the Rhine crossing had been launched on the night of 23/24 March, 71st and 109th LAA moved up to cover the bridging operations. Scattered attacks by the Luftwaffe began after nightfall on 24/25 March. 106th AA Brigade reported 20+ Junkers Ju 88s operating that night, often in medium- and low-level divebombing attacks. Some were illuminated by the searchlights (SLs) and were engaged by 109th and 71st LAA Rgts, with 343rd LAA Bty claiming two destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 117], "content_span": [118, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0067-0001", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe following night the attacks were repeated by 30+ JU 88s at medium height, some of the attacks directed against the SLs supporting the crossings. The AA S/Ls were effective at picking up the attackers and a number were destroyed by the guns, while others were forced to take evasive action. The next night saw a similar level of activity, but thereafter 21st Army Group's advance pushed deeper into Germany and the last significant Luftwaffe activity over the Rhine was on the night of 27/28 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 117], "content_span": [118, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nThe regiment was transferred to 100 AA Bde for the crossing of the Weser, followed by the crossing of the Elbe (Operation Enterprise) on 29 April, with 109th covering field gun and marshalling areas under the Commander, RA, of VIII Corps. This led to a hot AA battle against last-ditch efforts by the Luftwaffe, 100 AA Bde engaging about 60 Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 single-engined fighters delivering bomb and machine gun attacks. Although the AA fire deterred many of the attacks, one bridge was briefly put out of action on 1 May, which did not prevent 21st Army Group breaking out of its bridgeheads and driving towards Hamburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 117], "content_span": [118, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\nAs Germany collapsed, the AA guns were ordered to cease fire on 4 May, and hostilities ended with the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath on 7 May. Postwar, 100 AA Bde was employed as occupation troops in Hamburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 117], "content_span": [118, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 109th (Royal Sussex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, North West Europe\n109th (Royal Sussex) LAA Rgt began entering 'suspended animation' in British Army of the Rhine on 23 February 1946, and completed the process by 9 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 117], "content_span": [118, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nAfter the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the 4th/5th (Cinque Ports) Bn, Royal Sussex, was reformed as a single unit at Worthing and the 5th Bn did not regain its independence. 109th (Royal Sussex) LAA Rgt was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nThe TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) on 1 April 1967, when the 4th/5th (Cinque Ports) Bn was broken up to form two subunits, one of which was C (Cinque Ports) Company in 5th (Volunteer) Bn, Queen's Regiment, at St Leonards-on-Sea, Hastings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nThe TAVR was reduced further on 1 April 1969, the TAVR III elements being reduced to cadres: 9th Queen's became a cadre under 5th Queen's, with some personnel at Eastbourne forming a platoon of C (Cinque Ports) Company. (Another platoon was formed in Sussex in June 1970, at Crawley, from elements of 8th (West Kent) Bn, Queen's.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nThis company continued until 1 July 1999 when the 5th (V) Bn was merged into 3rd (V) Bn Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment and the Cinque Ports company at Hastings was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0075-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Heritage and ceremonial, Uniforms & Insignia\nWhen first formed, many of the RVCs adopted 'Volunteer' grey uniforms instead of the Regulars' scarlet. The 1st (Hastings) Cinque Ports RVC appears to have worn grey with red facings. Later the 1st Cinque Ports battalion wore grey with blue facings, only adopting the scarlet uniform with blue facings of the Royal Sussex in 1899. It was also allowed to bear the Coat of arms of the Cinque Ports on its appointments. As pioneers 1915\u201318, the men of 1/5th Bn wore a brass badge on each collar in the form of a crossed rifle and pick. As an established TA unit, the 7th Bn was allowed to retain its Royal Sussex cap badge and buttons when it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0076-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Heritage and ceremonial, Memorials\nThere is a brass plaque in St Peter's Church, Brighton, to the seven men of 1st VB, Royal Sussex, who died on service in the Second Boer War. The Royal Sussex Regiment's main Boer War memorial stands in Regency Square, Brighton; it lists 160 names, including the casualties of the Volunteer Service Companies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0077-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Heritage and ceremonial, Memorials\nThe Royal Sussex Regiment's Memorial Chapel (St George's Chapel) in Chichester Cathedral lists the regiment's World War I dead on a series of panels by battalion, with a memorial book for those of WWII. There are additional World War I memorials, to the men of the Cinque Ports at Lympne, Kent, and to the men of the Cinque Ports and the towns of Rye and Winchelsea at St Thomas the Martyr Church, Winchelsea. A memorial to E Company, 5th (Cinque Ports) Bn, originally in the Drill Hall at Rye, is now in the Ypres Tower Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158836-0078-0000", "contents": "1st Cinque Ports Rifle Volunteers, Heritage and ceremonial, Memorials\nThe memorial to the 7th (Cinque Ports) Bn and the men who died in the stand at Amiens in 1940 comprises a set of memorial gates in the Lady Chapel of St Nicholas of Myra Church in Brighton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group\n1st Civil Affairs Group (1st CAG) is a civil affairs (CA) unit of the United States Marine Corps based at Camp Pendleton, California. It is one of three civil affairs units in the Marine Corps, all of which are reserve units. 1st CAG tends to support I Marine Expeditionary Force activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, Mission\nPlan and execute civil military operations while serving as the liaison between military forces and civil authorities, the local population and non-governmental organizations. Conduct activities which enhance the relationship between the military and host nation personnel and organizations facilitated through application of civil affairs specialty skills in areas normally the responsibility of civil governments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History\n1st CAG was activated June 6, 1985, originally as 3d CAG, at Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center, Los Angeles. Between 1987 and 1988, the group recruited and trained Marines to fulfill its mission of providing civil affairs support to active forces in training exercises in the United States and overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG\nDuring mid-August 1990, a provisional CA detachment deployed to Saudi Arabia to support I MEF in Southwest Asia for Operation Desert Shield. CA teams worked with I MEF personnel to reduce the chemical threat posed by the extensive chemical storage facilities at the commercial port of Al Jubail. CA Marines assisted in formalizing relations with Saudi civil defense and police forces to coordinate civil and military traffic patterns. In late December the majority of 3rd CAG Marines returned to the United States. The entire 3rd CAG was activated and deployed to Saudi Arabia in January 1991 for Operation Desert Storm. In April 1991, 3rd CAG returned home from deployment and was released from active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG\nIn addition to conducting civil affairs activities, 3rd CAG provided limited tactical psychological operations support for mission accomplishment. 3rd CAG also relocated from Los Angeles to Camp Pendleton, California. The unit began providing liaison officers to I MEF, 1st Marine Division, 1st Marine Logistics Group, Marine Expeditionary Units, and the I MEF MAGTF Pacific, increasing 3rd CAG's accessibility and support to fleet units. In the summer of 1994, 3rd CAG proposed a revised table of organization to Headquarters Marine Corps that added a psychological operations planning detachment. 3rd CAG responded to potential hostilities in Iraq in October 1994 by deploying two Marines to Saudi Arabia..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG\nAs a reserve unit, 3rd CAG developed programs to better support active duty units to include training and deployments with the 11th MEU, 13th MEU, 15th MEU, and 31st MEU. 3rd CAG assumed the mission of military support to civilian authorities, as a liaison for I MEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG\nFrom November 1995 through February 1996, 3rd CAG operated a displaced civilian refugee camp in Guam for Kurdish refugees during Operation Pacific Haven. The unit supported Operation Joint Guard in Bosnia from June 1997 to January 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG\nIn the late 1990s, 3rd CAG Marines and Sailors supported the active components of all branches of the U.S. military during exercises and operations in Thailand, Korea, Kenya, Central America, South America, the Caribbean, Japan, and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG\nIn 2001, 3rd CAG supported civic action programs for United States Southern Command in Central and South America, relying heavily upon the bilingual capabilities of its many Spanish-speaking Marines. 3rd CAG also provided staff planning support to I MEF and its forward operating units engaged in Operation Enduring Freedom, as well as to III MEF in support of exercises in Thailand and Korea. In November 2001, 3rd CAG activated and deployed a detachment of ten Marines to Kosovo to support United Nations peacekeeping operations. In May 2002, a second detachment of ten Marines was deployed to Kosovo. From 2001 to 2003, 3rd CAG also deployed Marines to Kuwait as part of Combined Joint Task Force \u2013 Consequence Management (C/JTF-CM), to serve as the primary liaisons between the Task Force and the Kuwaiti national government during Operations Enduring Freedom and then Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG, Iraq War\nIn January 2003, 3rd CAG mobilized for Operation Enduring Freedom and deployed to Kuwait in anticipation of combat operations in Iraq. With the commencement of the ground war in March 2003, 3rd CAG helped restore Iraq's infrastructure and government, concluding its first tour of Operation Iraqi Freedom in September 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG, Iraq War\nIn January 2004, 3rd CAG mobilized and deployed for a second tour in Iraq to support I MEF in al-Anbar province and returned to Camp Pendleton in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG, Iraq War\nA detachment from 3rd CAG mobilized and deployed to Iraq from January to October 2005 as part of provisional 5th CAG in support of II MEF in al-Anbar. Major Ricardo A. Crocker died on May 26, 2005, from a rocket propelled grenade explosion while conducting combat operations in Hadithah, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG, Iraq War\nIn December 2005, 3rd CAG mobilized and deployed in March 2006 for a third tour in Iraq to support I MEF in al-Anbar and returned to Camp Pendleton in October 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, As the 3rd CAG, Afghanistan War\nIn 2008, a detachment from 3rd CAG deployed to Afghanistan in support of the Marines in Farah Province and Helmand Province. In 2010, another detachment deployed to Helmand Province in support of II MEF Forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, History, 1st CAG\nIn 2012, 3d CAG was designated as 1st CAG, to recognize its geographical location complemented by its historical association and relationship with I MEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158837-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Civil Affairs Group, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. 3rd CAG has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158838-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Class (album)\n1st Class is the second full-length album that Large Professor released in 2002. It has a guest appearance from Large Professor's longtime friend Nas as well as Busta Rhymes, Akinyele and Q-Tip. In this album, Q-Tip  drops one of the best verse after years. Large Pro delivered a simple boom-bap beat with harmonizing gospel vocals that is turned down real low in the mix that affects a smoothly reflective mood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia)\nThe 1st Close Health Battalion (1CHB) is a unit of the 17th Sustainment Brigade of the Australian Army. It is headquartered at the Robertson Army Barracks in Darwin, but has sub-units located in Darwin, Townsville and Brisbane. The unit traces its lineage back to the 1st Field Hospital, which was raised in the 1960s for service as part of Australia's contribution to the Vietnam War. Since then, the unit has changed names twice and personnel have been deployed on numerous peacekeeping and warlike operations throughout Africa, the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Role\nWhen the unit was first formed as a field hospital during the Vietnam War, it was organised as a \"Level 3\" (now described as \"Role 3\") health facility, tasked with provision of initial wound surgery (surgical resuscitation) for combat casualties and medium to high intensity nursing care in the area of operations, as well as a definitive diagnosis of the casualty's condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Role\nFollowing the reorganisation of the Australian Army's health assets in late 2011, these functions were vested in the 2nd General Health and 3rd Health Support Battalions, and 1 CHB took over responsibility for provision of Role 1 medical support that was previously vested within the health companies that existed in the multi-functional combat service support battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Role\n1CHB now provides close health support to deployed land force elements through the provision of Role 1 medical support. This entails forward positioning of assets within a battlespace to provide a number of close health effects, \"including collection from [point of injury], resuscitation, stabilisation and evacuation, and emergency diagnostics\". The unit currently focuses primarily upon the following key tasks: \"primary health care, first aid, triage, resuscitation, stabilization, evacuation, on-route care, casualty staging, ... [ and] ... patient holding\". In addition, the battalion can also provide limited rehabilitation and reconditioning services to deployed forces, and is responsible for management of combat medical supplies, and provides uniformed personnel to support civilian health personnel within garrison medical facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Raising the unit\n1CHB's historical roots date back to Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War. In April 1966, during the Vietnam War the 2nd Field Ambulance was raised at Vung Tau. A year later, 8th Field Ambulance took over from 2nd Field Ambulance. Another year on, 1 April 1968, 1st Australian Field Hospital was raised and took over the Australian military hospital at Vung Tau from 8th Field Ambulance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Raising the unit\nIn December 1971, the unit returned to Australia and was located at Manunda Lines, Ingleburn in New South Wales. At this time, the unit name was changed to the 1st Field Hospital. The 1st Field Hospital was relocated to a purpose built medical facility at Holsworthy Army Barracks in Sydney, in January 1996. On 16 August 2000, the 1st Field Hospital was re-designated as the 1st Health Support Battalion (1HSB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Raising the unit\nIn November 2011, the unit was re-roled as part of a restructuring of Army health units. It was subsequently renamed the 1st Close Health Battalion, subsuming the health companies previously forming part of the combat service support battalions within the 1st, 3rd and 7th Brigades based in Darwin, Townsville and Brisbane. These companies were redesignated as the 2nd, 8th and 11th Close Health Companies, perpetuating the designations of various field ambulances that had service histories dating back to the First World War. The unit's headquarters was in Sydney, but they began moving to Robertson Barracks, in Darwin, in late 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Call Sign Vampire\nRadio operators in Vietnam allocated the Call Sign \"Vampire\" to all the Australian medical units at the Vung Tau base: 2nd Field Ambulance, 8th Field Ambulance and the 1st Australian Field Hospital. This resulted in the adoption of the fighting bat logo, which was originally used by the 2nd Field Ambulance. This was a different logo that which is currently used by 1 CHB. The current design of the bat logo was the result of a competition organised by the Commanding Officer of the 1st Field Hospital, then Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) David Rossi, during 1977\u20131979. The criteria stipulated for the design was that it should be easily identified by the unit, involve the use of the Call Sign Vampire and represent a distinguishable piece of history from which to build upon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nBetween April and June 1966, the 1st Australian Logistic Support Group (1ALSG) set up a logistics base on the coast of Vung Tau in Vietnam. This base was to support the 1st Australian Task Force (1ATF), who had set up an operational base at Nui Dat, approximately 20 miles inland from Vung Tau in the centre of Phuoc Tuy Province, south-east of Saigon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nAt the logistics base at Vung Tau, a restricted Field Ambulance was set up comprising half a stretcher bearer company and a 50-bed hospital. It was raised on 1 April 1966 and known as the 2nd Field Ambulance. An Australian medical unit was now at war for the first time since 1945. The unit had approximately 100 personnel, a mixture of regular and conscripted soldiers. Prior to the raising of the 2nd Field Ambulance, medical support for the Australian troops was provided by the Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nIn February 1967, mass casualties arrived at the hospital from three different incidents almost simultaneously. This exposed the limitations of the hospital's operating theatre with three operating tables in a single Kingstrand hut. The modern weapons used during the Vietnam War were producing severe, multiple contaminated wounds with massive tissue damage, much greater than had ever been experienced by Australian Army clinicians. Surgery was often performed at the same time as the initial resuscitation efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nOn 1 April 1967, the 2nd Field Ambulance at Vung Tau was taken over by the 8th Field Ambulance. It was located in two areas with the main hospital element at the Vung Tau base and a detached forward company at Nui Dat. 171 battle casualties were admitted to the hospital over a period of six months (4 September 1967 to 3 March 1968). There was only one fatality during this period, but most severely injured soldiers with poor prognosis were treated at 36 Evacuation Hospital, the major United States medical facility in Vung Tau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nAs Australia's military commitment to Vietnam increased, so did the medical services supporting it. On 1 April 1968 the 1st Australian Field Hospital (1 Aust FD Hosp) was raised. The word \"Australian\" was used in the unit name so as to differentiate it from the American Field Hospital. This unit became the main Australian medical unit in Vietnam. On the raising of the 1 Aust FD Hosp, 8th Field Ambulance moved to Nui Dat where it had already established a forward company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nThe Australian military hospital at Vung Tau expanded from 50 beds to 106 beds, including a 50-bed surgical ward, a 50-bed medical war and a 6-bed Intensive Care Unit (ICU).The hospital was fully functional with the necessary military hospital facilities and services including triage which could take up to six simultaneous casualties and could expand to 16 if necessary, Operating theatres with three operating tables, pathology, x-ray, dental, pharmacy, Regimental Aid Post (RAP), physiotherapy, and psychiatry. These services were supported by a Q Store, an orderly room, administration, messes and accommodation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nPersonnel of 1 Aust FD Hosp consisted of regular and conscripted soldiers from the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps (RAAMC), Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps (RAANC), Royal New Zealand Nursing Corps (RNZNC), transport drivers of the Royal Australian Army Service Corps now known as Royal Australian Corps of Transport, Chaplains Department and the Catering Corps. The surgical capacity was maintained by the Citizens Military Force (CMF) specialists from the Australian Army, Navy and Air Force, today known as Reserves, plus civilian specialists who undertook three-month tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nGeneral Medical Officers were made up mainly of Australian Regular Army (ARA) and CMF full-time commissions. Also attached to the site were 33 Dental Unit, 1 Field Medical & Dental, 1 Field Hygiene Coy and a unit of the Red Cross. Most permanent medical personnel served in country for 12 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nAn increase in use of fragmentation weapons such as rocket-propelled grenades and mines resulted in a doubling of battle casualties from March to August 1969 compared with the previous six months with battle casualties accounting for 33.1% of all admissions in 1969. In October 1969, 36 Evacuation Hospital closed, requiring the surgical facilities of 1 Aust FD Hosp to cope with all casualties, including severe injuries previously treated by the US facility. As history has shown in most military conflicts, disease cases in the Vietnam War outnumbered battle casualties. Other presentations to 1 Aust FD Hosp included cases of malaria, scrub typhus and sexually transmitted diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nThe high standard of para-medical services provided by 1 Aust FD Hosp was such that nearly 99% on patients who reached the hospital alive survived their injury or illness. This is a remarkable achievement, given that many of the casualties arrived at the hospital barely clinging to life with severe injuries. The use of medical evacuation (\"Dustoff\") helicopters enabled a soldier to be receive emergency treatment at the hospital within thirty minutes of being wounded or injured in the field. This was only possible due to the air superiority of the helicopters, which allowed mostly unimpeded, rapid access to combat zones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nAustralia's combat role in Vietnam ended on 7 November 1971 with the withdrawal of most of the 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (4RAR) from Nui Dat. On 25 November, most of the medical personnel were withdrawn from 1 Aust FD Hosp. The hospital remained in operation until December 1971 when the bulk of Australian grounds forces returned to Australia. Meanwhile, the 8th Field Ambulance had reopened at Vung Tau on 20 November to support the residual Australian force that remained there, until it too was withdrawn to Australia in late February 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nFrom the time of the arrival of the first Australian military members in 1962, some 50,000 Australians, including ground troops and air force and navy personnel, served in Vietnam. 520 died as a result of the war and almost 2,400 were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nThe numbers of personnel serving in the medical units at Vung Tau were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Vietnam War (1966\u20131971)\nPersonnel deployed to Vietnam received the Vietnam Medal for recognition of service in the Vietnam War and the Australian Active Service Medal 1945\u20131975 for recognition of service in a warlike operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\n1 FD Hosp health service personnel were deployed to the then South West Africa in April 1989 until March 1990 as part of the Australian contingent of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG). UNTAG was deployed as a United Nations peacekeeping force to monitor the peace process, and ensure free and fair elections leading to Namibia's independence, and the ending of South Africa's occupation. The Australian contingent was largely made up of engineers from the 17th Construction Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Namibia (1989\u20131990)\nAustralian military personnel deployed to Namibia were awarded the Australian Service Medal (ASM) with the Namibia clasp for recognition of service in peacekeeping and non-warlike operations. Following a review in 2001, the ASM was upgraded to the Australian Active Service Medal (AASM) for recognition of service in a warlike operation. Personnel also received the United Nations UNTAG medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nThe Gulf War commenced on 2 August 1990 when Iraq invaded Kuwait. Following an announcement on 10 August 1990 by Prime Minister Bob Hawke, the Australian contribution to the Gulf War centred around the ADF deploying a Naval Task Force to the Gulf area, named Operation Damask. This was part of a larger multinational response involving 34 nations in support of United Nations Security Council Resolutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nAustralia's Naval Task Force included the ships HMAS Darwin, HMAS Adelaide and HMAS Success which were deployed in Operation Damask I, HMAS Brisbane, HMAS Sydney and HMAS Westralia deployed in Operation Damask II, and HMAS Darwin deployed again in Operation Damask III. A Clearance Diving Team and Task Group Medical Support Element (TGMSE) were also deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nThe ADF raised the TGMSE under Royal Australian Navy (RAN) medical command as a contribution to the coalition medical support requirement. The TGMSE's were assigned to the American hospital ship USNS\u00a0Comfort\u00a0(T-AH-20). The personnel were doctors, nurses and health administration personnel, predominantly from the RAN, supplemented with Army and Air Force personnel, including members of the Reserve forces. After USNS Comfort arrived in the Gulf in September 1990, the Australian TGMSE personnel undertook normal medical duties and participated in operational medical exercises and drills including training for the handling of casualties of biological and chemical warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nAlthough large numbers of casualties did not occur, medical personnel were required to manage seriously injured and ill personnel including the casualties from the boiler room explosion on USS\u00a0Iwo Jima\u00a0(LPH-2) on 30 October 1990. Ten sailors died, six at the scene and four on board USNS Comfort. USNS Comfort was also called upon on 25 February 1991 when a SCUD missile attack from Iraq destroyed a US Army barracks in Dharan, Saudi Arabia, killing 28 soldiers and wounding another 110.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Gulf War (1990\u20131991)\nA total of 59 ADF personnel were involved in the TGMSE, including three personnel from 1 FD Hosp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Peacekeeping operations and war fighting, 1990s\u20132000s\nIn the years since the Gulf War, ADF medical personnel have been deployed on numerous peacekeeping operations throughout the Middle East, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region. The first of these came in May 1991, when a group of 75 ADF personnel, including two from 1 FD Hosp, were deployed to Kurdistan, in northern Iraq, on Operation Habitat, Australia's contribution to the multinational response known as Operation Provide Comfort. The goal of this mission was to defend approximately 4 million Kurdish people fleeing their homes in the aftermath of the Gulf War and supply them with humanitarian aid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 114], "content_span": [115, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158839-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Close Health Battalion (Australia), Operational history, Peacekeeping operations and war fighting, 1990s\u20132000s\nFurther deployments were carried out throughout the 1990s. These included:  Cambodia (1992\u20131993), Operation Solace to Somalia (1992\u20131995), Operation Tamar which was part of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) in 1994\u20131995, the Solomon Islands (1995\u20131996), Operation Bel Isi to Bougainville (1997\u20132003), Operation Shaddock to Vanimo, in Papua New Guinea (1998), and as part of the International Force for East Timor in 1999\u20132000. Further deployments throughout the 2000s have included support to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations across the Asia Pacific region and in Australia. The battalion has also provided contingents of personnel on rotation to Australia's contributions to operational missions including those in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 114], "content_span": [115, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158840-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Coastal Division\nThe 1st Coastal Division, formerly known as the Brigade of the Chargers (Arabic: \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u200e), is a Syrian rebel group that is affiliated with the Free Syrian Army and has been vetted by the Friends of Syria Group. It received TOW missiles and operates in the Idlib and northern Latakia governorates. The group received training and funding from Qatar. It is a former member of the Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158840-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Coastal Division, History\nThe group participated in the 2014 Latakia offensive and the 2015 Jisr al-Shughur offensive with a wide array of Syrian opposition forces. As part of the Latakia offensive, the group briefly captured the Mediterranean town of Kasab, acquiring their name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158840-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Coastal Division, History\n1st Coastal Division is famous for including Free Syrian Army war hero Abo Hamza who became notable on social media for his many skillful BGM-71 TOW missile shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158840-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Coastal Division, History\nIn October 2015 the 1st Coastal Division's chief of staff, Captain Basil Zamo, was killed in a Russian airstrike on Jabal al-Akrad, Latakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158840-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Coastal Division, History\nIn April 2016, the group together with Ahrar al-Sham, Al-Nusra Front, and the Turkistan Islamic Party attacked Syrian government positions in northeastern Latakia Governorate, capturing the villages of Nakshaba, al-Bayyada and 50% of Mount Qamou'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158840-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Coastal Division, History\nOn 30 June 2017, military commanders of the 21st Combined Force, the 23rd Division, the Central Division, and the 1st Coastal Division signed the Geneva Call's \"Deed of Agreement\" pledging to protect children in the war, prohibit sexual violence, and prevent sexism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158840-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Coastal Division, History\nIn May 2018, along with 10 other rebel groups in northwestern Syria, the 1st Coastal Division formed the National Front for Liberation, which was officially announced on 28 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158841-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Colonial Infantry Division (France)\nThe 1st Colonial Infantry Division (French: 1e Division d'Infanterie Coloniale, 1e DIC) was a French Army formation prior to World War I and during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158841-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Colonial Infantry Division (France)\nPrior to the start of World War I, the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158841-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Colonial Infantry Division (France)\nHowever, in the re-organisation immediately prior to World War I, the division was disbanded, with the 5th and 6th Colonial Infantry Regiments going to the French 14th Corps, and the 21st and 23rd Colonial Infantry Regiments going to the French 1st Colonial Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158841-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Colonial Infantry Division (France)\nDuring the Battle of France in May 1940 the division was made up of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158841-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Colonial Infantry Division (France)\nIt was an active division which existed during peacetime. The Senegalese Tirailleurs Regiments contained  troops from French West Africa. The Colonial Infantry and Artillery Regiments were made up of French troops who had volunteered to serve overseas if needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158842-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Colorado Cavalry was formed in November 1862 by Territorial Governor John Evans, composed mostly of members of the 1st Colorado Infantry and of C and D Companies of the 2nd Colorado Infantry. It was formed both to protect Colorado against incursions from the Confederate forces and to fight the Native Americans who already inhabited the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158842-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment\nCommand of this unit was given Colonel John Chivington, who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Glorieta Pass in the New Mexico Territory early in 1862, against Confederate forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158842-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment, Sand Creek Massacre\nIn early 1864, the 1st Colorado Veteran Volunteers (aka the Veterans Battalion) appears to have initiated the Colorado War by attacking Cheyenne Indians at Fremont's Orchard. The resulting hostilities and Indian retaliations brought traffic on the wagon trails into Denver to a standstill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158842-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment, Sand Creek Massacre\nPeace negotiations were in progress, and encampments of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians on Sand Creek had been assured by the US government that they would not be attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158842-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment, Sand Creek Massacre\nInstead, in what is known as the Sand Creek Massacre, Chivington and his troops struck in November 1864, a dawn attack that massacred an estimated one-quarter of the Indian encampments, mostly old men, women, and children. Body parts were taken as souvenirs. The event was the basis of the slaughter of an Indian village in the movies Soldier Blue and Little Big Man. Initial reports of the battle were taken as a victory in the US, but as details came out, opinions changed. A subsequent Congressional investigation resulted in a scorching castigation of the event, Colonel John Chivington, and the 1st Colorado Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158842-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment, Statue Controversy\nIn the night between June 24th and 25th, 2020, a group of Black Lives Matter protestors tore down the statue. The statue was designed by Captain Jack Howland, a member of the regiment and located in front of the Colorado State Capitol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158843-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Colorado Infantry (officially the 1st Regiment of Colorado Volunteers) was a volunteer infantry regiment of the United States Army formed in the Colorado Territory in 1861 and active in the American West in the late 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158843-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formed shortly after the outbreak of the American Civil War by order of William Gilpin, the first governor of the territory. Recruiters began enlisting men in August 1861, just six months after the organization of the territory. Known as \"Gilpin's Pet Lambs\" for the involvement of the governor in its formation, the regiment served in the Western Theater, at first serving in various detachments throughout the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158843-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment's most notable service came in the New Mexico Campaign in the spring of 1862, in which they helped repulse the advance of the Army of New Mexico under Henry Hopkins Sibley at the battles of Glorieta Pass and Peralta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158843-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Infantry Regiment, History\nIn November 1862, the unit was reorganized along with Companies C and D of the 2nd Colorado Infantry into the 1st Colorado Cavalry. (This was done since the US War Department believed cavalry would be better in protecting the Western trails and for fighting the various Indian tribes.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158843-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Infantry Regiment, History\nThe first colonel of the regiment was John P. Slough, replaced in April 1862 by Major John Chivington, later chastised for his role as commander of the 3rd Colorado Cavalry in the November 1864 Sand Creek Massacre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158843-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Colorado Infantry Regiment, History\nThere is an active group of living historians who portray the First Colorado (Company D) in Denver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158844-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Communications Squadron\nThe United States Air Forces in Europe's 1st Combat Communications Squadron is a unit located at Ramstein Air Base, Germany. It is part of the 435th Air Ground Operations Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158844-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Communications Squadron\nThe 1st Combat Communications Squadron's mission is to rapidly provide deployable communications and air traffic control services throughout Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The unit also supports training exercises, deployments, contingencies, and special military projects for the United Nations, Joint Chiefs of Staff, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, United States European Command, and the Department of State as directed by United States Air Forces in Europe. In many cases, the unit's mission requires its members to be some of the first US forces to arrive at an operating location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158844-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Combat Communications Squadron\nBecause of the nature of the operation and the services the unit provides, unit members are frequently among the last personnel to leave. Hence the motto, \"First In--Last Out.\" 1st Combat Communications Squadron is the Air Force's Major General Harold M. McClelland Large Unit of the Year Award winner for 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion\n1st Combat Engineer Battalion is a combat engineer battalion of the United States Marine Corps. The unit, nicknamed \"The Super Breed\", is based at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California and falls under the command of the 1st Marine Division and the I Marine Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, Mission\nProvide mobility, counter mobility, survivability, and limited general engineering support to the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, History, World War II\nThe battalion was formed on 24 February 1941 at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, as the 1st Pioneer Battalion, 1st Marine Division to be a specialized unit to conduct shore party operations during amphibious assaults, and to provide close combat engineer support to the Marine infantry. The average age of the enlisted men was about 18, and they referred to themselves as \"draft dodgers\" because all were volunteers. They relocated during April 1941 to Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina and again in September 1941 to \"Tent City One\" at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, History, World War II\nOn 14 June 1942 the battalion traveled by a five-day train journey to San Francisco, with the final destination of Wellington, New Zealand which was not disclosed to personnel at the time. The sail to New Zealand was on the USAT John Ericsson (NY-307), a former Swedish deluxe cruise liner the S.S. Kungsholms, departing from the Oakland Naval Base. They were redesignated on 12 January 1943 as the 1st Battalion, 17th Marines and again on 30 June 1944 as the First Engineer Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, History, World War II\nThe battalion participated in combat during the Battle of Guadalcanal, Eastern New Guinea, Battle of New Britain, Battle of Peleliu and the Battle of Okinawa. Following the war they were sent to Tientsin, China in September 1945 as peacekeepers and returned to the United States during June 1947 to Camp Pendleton, California", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, History, Korean War\nThe battalion deployed during August 1950 to Kobe, Japan, joining the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade they were then sent in September 1950 to Inchon, Korea, and joined the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, History, Korean War\nFollowing the armistice the battalion participated in the defense of the Korean Demilitarized Zone from August 1953 \u2013 April 1955. They returned to Camp Pendleton, California in April 1955 and were again redesignated on 1 May 1957 as the 1st Pioneer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, History, Vietnam War\nThe battalion was again redesignated on 1 May 1963 as the 1st Engineer Battalion and departed San Diego Harbor with the 7th Marine Regiment (RLT-7) on WW-II Troop Ships USS Pickaway (APA-222) and USS Renville (APA-227) on 23 May 1965 for Camp Hansen, Okinawa, with a brief stop-over at Pearl Harbor Hawaii. From Okinawa they deployed to Qui-Nhon SVN, landing there on 06-7 July 1965. On 10 November 1965 7th Marines re-deployed to Chu Lai in the Republic of Vietnam. One Marine was lost on the USS Renville while en route to Hawaii due to appendicitis which was misdiagnosed as sea-sickness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, History, Vietnam War\nDuring the Vietnam War the 1st Engineer Battalion supported 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions of the 1st 5th and 7th Marines in combat operations from July 1965 through April 1971, operating from Qui-Nhon, Chu-Lai and Da-Nang, the most famous of which was Operation \"Starlight\" conducted August 1965 where Sgt. Robert E. O'Malley was awarded the first Marine Corps Medal of Honor of the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, History, 1980s and 1990s\nThe battalion participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in Southwest Asia from August 1990 until March 1991. In May 1992, the unit was brought out to conduct riot control operations in the city and county of Los Angeles during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. They would later take part in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia from December 1992 \u2013 February 1993. Elements would participate in Fire-Fighting efforts in the Western United States during August and September 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion has participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom from March 2003 until the present. The battalion headquarters and 3 engineer companies were deployed to Afghanistan in 2009 as part of the NATO counterinsurgency offensive in the Helmand Province, to Musa Qal\u2019eh in 2010, and returned again, 2011 and 2013 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158845-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. 1st CEB has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia)\nThe 1st Combat Engineer Regiment (1 CER) is a combat engineer regiment of the Australian Army. Based in the Northern Territory and attached to 1st Brigade, it is a Regular Army unit of the Royal Australian Engineers and is tasked with providing mobility and counter mobility support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), History\n1 CER was raised on 1 March 1993, built around 1 Field Squadron RAE, itself raised from 1st Field Engineer Regiment (1FER) in July 1981 at Holsworthy Barracks, in Sydney. 1 Field Squadron, draws lineage from 1 Field Company that was raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment moved from Sydney in late 1999 to Robertson Barracks, Darwin. 2 Troop, 1 Field Squadron was deployed to East Timor during this time as part of INTERFET. In April 2000, 1 Troop, 1 Field Squadron replaced 2 Troop and began its six-month deployment in support of 6 RAR. During this time the pro-Indonesian Militia re grouped, re-armed and returned to harass the peace keeping operations. 1 Troop conducted road repairs, water purification, and constructed strong points throughout the Australian AO. In October 2000, 1 Troop was relieved by 3 Troop, 9 Field Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), History\nIn late 2002, 73 personnel were used to form a Battalion Engineer Group to attach to 5th/7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5/7 RAR) for a deployment to East Timor as part of the United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor (UNMISET). Among the duties performed by the engineers, above aiding 5/7 RAR, included the provision of humanitarian aid, construction of infrastructure for the East Timorese law enforcement agencies, and provision of supplementary infantry patrols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), History\nFrom April to August 2003, elements from 1 CER were deployed as part of Operation Relex II. The sappers alternated between land-based training and periods embarked on Royal Australian Navy vessels assigned to Relex, where they aided Navy personnel in boarding and searching Suspected Illegal Entry Vessels (SIEVs), boat handling, and other duties. During this deployment, personnel from 1 CER were involved in boarding and detaining SIEV 13, and the subsequent transfer of those aboard to the Christmas Island Immigration Detention Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), History\nAlso in 2003, 1 CER was granted approval to use the Sand Goanna (Varanus Panoptes) as a mascot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), History\nFrom late 2006 to mid-2007, a third of 1 CER was deployed to Tarin Kowt, Afghanistan, as the 1st Reconstruction Task Force, the Australian contribution to a Dutch-led Provincial Reconstruction Team. During this deployment, the remainder of 1 CER carried out a heavy training schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), History\nIn late 2008, personnel from 1 Field Squadron and 23 Support Squadron were sent to Afghanistan on an eight-month deployment as part of the 1st Mentoring and Reconstruction Task Force, during which Corporal Michael Anthony Cole was awarded the Order of Australia Medal. The rest of the regiment was involved in training and trials of the PackBot military robot (the Scout and Explorer variants) for Australian use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), History\nIn July 2009, 1 CER and 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment served as the opposing force during Exercise Talisman Sabre 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), History\nIn October 2009, the 1 Field Squadron Group provided Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Support in response to the magnitude 7.6 earthquake that struck off Western Sumatra on 30 September 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158846-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia), Structure\nThe regiment's current consists of a headquarters element, two field squadrons, a support squadron and an operational support squadron:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group\nThe 1st Combat Evaluation Group (initially \"1CEG\", later \"1CEVG\") was a Strategic Air Command (SAC) unit. It was formed on 1 August 1961 to merge the 3908th Strategic Standardization Group for SAC aircrew evaluation with the 1st Radar Bomb Scoring Group that had originated from the 263rd Army Air Force Base Unit which transferred from 15th AF to directly under Strategic Air Command c.\u20091946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group\nThe 1CEVG formed after SAC switched to low-level tactics to counter Soviet surface-to-air missiles (\"Oil Burner\" training routes in 1959) and SAC had \"developed a Radar Bomb Scoring field kit for use in NIKE Systems\" in early 1960 for scoring SAC training missions against US Hercules SAM sites. The 1CEVG headquarters included an Office of History and a \"standardization and evaluation school\" for command examiners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Standardization and evaluation\nThe 1CEVG deputy commander for standardization and evaluation was responsible for performance assessment of SAC tanker and bomber flight crews. 1CEVG also evaluated the RC-135 units at Eielson, Kadena, and Offutt, the flight crew standardization of the U-2, the DC-130 reconnaissance drone program, CH-3 helicopter drone recovery program, [and] the SR-71 program at Beale AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Standardization and evaluation\nThe Fairchild Trophy was Strategic Air Command's top Bombardment Award, for which the Group administered flight checks and evaluated standardization and training activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Divisions\n1CEVG included a Command Instrument Flight Division and an RBS Division with 3 squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Radar Bomb Scoring Division\nThe Radar Bomb Scoring Division controlled the group's Radar Bomb Scoring units. As with the preceding 1st Radar Bomb Scoring Group at Carswell AFB, the division had 3 Radar Bomb Scoring Squadrons (10th, 11th, 12th) with RBS detachments at fixed radar stations and at semi-mobile radar stations (Mobile Duty Locations (MDLs)). The MDLs were set up for SAC special missions, with their equipment, trailers, books, etc., stored at Barksdale AFB when not in use. Each squadron manned an RBS Express train, but the squadrons were inactivated in 1966 after Vietnam War deployments had begun. The three squadrons in 1959 had 29 AUTOTRACK sites. 1CEVG temporary duty personnel at Nike Defense Areas also scored mock SAC raids tracked by the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Radar Bomb Scoring Division\nRBS trains were inactivated later in the war after the 1968-9 Project 693 discharging 1st term SAC airmen up to 11 months early. The division included a maintenance office. After the Vietnam War ended, the annual Combat Skyspot trophy was awarded for the outstanding RBS detachment (e.g., Louis Blotner Radar Bomb Scoring Site (Ashland Det 7) in 1985).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Radar Bomb Scoring Division\nThe squadrons initially used Matador Automatic Radar Control (AN/MSQ-1) and AN/MSQ-2 automatic tracking radar/computer systems. The Reeves AN/MSQ-35 Bomb Scoring Central was developed for the division (mid-1963 testing was at the White Sands Missile Range.) During the Vietnam War, the Statesboro Bomb Scoring Site used a Soviet T2A for training crews to jam the signal. Three US bombing systems developed during the war (AN/MSQ-77, AN/TSQ-81, & AN/TSQ-96) were used post-war in the United States by the RBS Division, which replaced them with the c.\u20091980 solid-state US Dynamics AN/TPQ-43 Bomb Scoring Set (SEEK SCORE) developed from the AN/TPB-1C Course Directing Central.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Radar Bomb Scoring Division\nThe Electronic Systems Division 806L \"Range Threat\" systems for electronic warfare simulation were developed for use by 1CEVG late in the Cold War. Such systems included the US Dynamics AN/MST-T1 Miniature-Multiple Threat Emitter Simulator (MUTES), for which the group evaluated the prototype in 1977 (operational in October 1978). Similarly, TLQ-11 jammer improvements were in 1978, and in 1979 1CEVG members completed a prototype study and testing of the new Threat Reaction Analysis Indicator System (TRAINS) for analyzing how aircrews and avionics reacted to ground-based threats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Radar Bomb Scoring Division\nAt the end of the Cold War, most RBS detachments were closed. The personnel and the assets of the RBS Division became the 1st Electronic Combat Range Group on 1 July 1989 when the 1CEVG was split, and other 1CEVG organizations transferred to SAC headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Detachments 7 & 50\nDetachment 7, 1 CEVG was a Matagorda Island Air Force Base radar site for the \"Busy Skyspot\" training program for automatic tracking radar crews to use the Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central before transferring to Vietnam War operating locations. A CONUS AN/MSQ-77 had initially been used at the mountainous Nellis Air Force Range before being moved to the Gulf Coast of the United States, then the detachment moved to Bergstrom Air Force Base and was redesignated Det 50 for long range tracking of bombers on 2 Matagorda Island Air Force Range routes (low- and high-level). On 29 February 1968, on the low-level Matagorda route a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress crashed into the Gulf of Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158847-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Evaluation Group, Detachment 15\nDetachment 15, 1CEVG at the Vietnam War's Tan Son Nhut Air Base served as an \"administrative link between [the operating locations] and Headquarters 1st Combat Evaluation Group\" after Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Centrals were produced and deployed in 1965 for Combat Skyspot bomber operations by tactical fighter, B-52, and other units. On 5 June 1966 near \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0 Combat Base close to the DMZ, six 1CEVG technicians were killed while conducting a preliminary site location survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158848-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Helicopter Regiment\nThe 1st Combat Helicopter Regiment (1er R\u00e9giment d'H\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de Combat) (1er RHC) is based at Quartier La Horie (Phalsbourg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158848-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Helicopter Regiment, History\nThe 1st Combat Helicopter Regiment was created on 1 August 1977, but traces its origins back to the 1950s. It carries the traditions of the 1st then the 21st Artillery Observation Groups which achieved particular fame during the First Indochina War, winning six citations. The 1st Aerial Artillery Observation Group was established on 20 November 1945, and became the 21st Aerial Artillery Observation Group on 1 October 1950. From 1945 to February 1946 it was stationed at Camp de Valdahon. It was dissolved on 31 December 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158848-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Helicopter Regiment, History\nThat heritage is recalled by the inscription \"Indochina 1946\u20131954\" carried on the standard which was solemnly presented to the regiment on 27 June 1980. Camp de la Horie at Phalsbourg where the regiment is stationed was built on the basis of the former Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, vacated in the 1960s by the United States Air Force. The base was constructed by French workers for the Americans in 1953. Cited in an army order, the r\u00e9giment received the Croix de guerre des Th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures with palm on 11 July 1991. It has been awarded battle honours for Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158848-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Combat Helicopter Regiment, History\nIn 1990 the 1st RHC took part in Op\u00e9ration Daguet (Operation Brocket) in Iraq. It has also seen service in Chad, in Djibouti, in Somalia, in the former Yugoslavia, in Kosovo, in Timor, in Ivory Coast and in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158849-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Brigade (Turkey)\nThe 1st Commando Brigade (Turkish: 1. Komando Tugay\u0131) is a brigade of the Turkish Army, based in Kayseri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158849-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Brigade (Turkey), History\nFounded as a paratrooper brigade, later it was restructured as a ground force. A battalion from the brigade was detached and expanded which became the 5th Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade. Although formally being a paratrooper brigade Parachuting and para-warfare training is still given in this brigade to every one of its troops, including the special forces Gendarmerie Special Operations Command team within its brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158849-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Brigade (Turkey), History\nThe Brigade was involved in the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and fought beside airborne commandos (Bolu) and Naval Infantry Brigade (Izmir). It served as a fighting force against the Greek Junta and the Cyprus National Guard. In its efforts, the Turkish Army came out victorious in this war. The 1st Commando Brigade also acted as a peacekeeping force in the Bosnian War and the War in Afghanistan. It has engaged Kurdish separatists in platoon size forces alongside the Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade in operations within and across Turkey's borders into Iraq in the anti Insurgency campaign launched by the PKK from Iraq into Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158849-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Brigade (Turkey), History\nIn its latest engagement, the 1st Commando Brigade along with other Brigades across Turkey deployed troops along the Syrian border. In which causing it to Part in the Syrian\u2013Turkish border incidents during the Syrian Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158849-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Brigade (Turkey), Training\nTraining is given to officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers. Military parachute training at all levels is provided to the military personnel of all rank in the Turkish Armed Forces only by this brigade. In addition, contract soldiers and conscripts receive basic military and commando basic training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158849-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Brigade (Turkey), Training\nTraining periods vary between 3 weeks for basic military training, 5 weeks for commando basic training and 3 to 9 weeks for military parachute training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158849-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Brigade (Turkey), Training, Structure\nThe composition and size of this brigade is different from other commando formation of the Turkish Army. There are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158849-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Brigade (Turkey), Losses\nAs of 10 June 2015, the 1st Commando Brigade has a total of 342 killed in action, of which 76 are in the Cyprus Peace Operation and 235 in the Homeland Security Operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158849-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Brigade (Turkey), Gallery\nTwo Turkish commandos repel from an S-70 utility helicopter in support of ground combat operations during the culminating event of Exercise Erciyes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia)\nThe 1st Commando Regiment (1 Cdo Regt) is an Australian Army Reserve special forces unit part of Special Operations Command with an integrated structure of regular (full-time) soldiers and reserve (part-time) soldiers, which together with the full-time Australian Army 2nd Commando Regiment, provides the Commando capability to Special Operations Command. Raised in 1955 it is the oldest unit within Special Operations Command and in 2008 deployed to Afghanistan to become the first Australian Army Reserve force element on combat operations since World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia)\nThe primary role of 1st Commando Regiment is to provide a scalable and deployable mission command headquarters to Special Operations Command (SOCOMD). In addition, the Regiment is manned, trained and equipped to provide commando force elements up to a company size, as well as providing high quality, competent individual commandos to round out, reinforce and rotate with other SOCOMD capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Role\nThe regiment provides Special Operations Command (SOCOMD) with three key outputs: a scalable and deployable Command Control Communication and Intelligence (C3I) node, known as the Joint Special Operations Task Force \u2013 Light (JSOTF-L); Round-out, Reinforcement and Rotation (R3) for SOCOMD; and a contingency response, based upon the collective Commando and specialist capabilities organic to the 1st Commando Regiment (1 Cdo Regt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Role\nOver the past decade, combat operations and the evolution of the commando role has changed the character of the 1 Cdo Regt. Changes were introduced to reserve training following combat operations, to align training standards with the full-time 2nd Commando Regiment (2 Cdo Regt), and to provide a higher level of readiness for the regiment, however, this affected recruitment due to the long full-time commitment and is now optional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Origins\nDerived from the South African/Dutch word used by the Boers identifying their irregular sized raiding forces employed against the British during the South African Wars, the term \"commando\" was adopted by newly formed British raiding forces during World War II, and subsequently used by Australian special units raised to fight in the South-west Pacific and Indian Oceans. By the close of World War II, Australian special forces units included the Independent Companies (later Commando Squadrons), Z Special Unit under Special Operations Australia and M Special Unit under Allied Intelligence Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Origins\nBy the early 1950s, it was deemed necessary by the Army to maintain the techniques and skills that had been developed during the war. Consequently, on 16 September 1954, the Military Board issued the authority to raise two Citizen Military Force (CMF) commando companies: the 1 Commando Company in Sydney and the 2 Commando Company in Melbourne. Both would be commanded by regular army officers and regular army would form the training and administrative cadre. The companies were to be independent of each other and report to different commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Origins\nThe established strength for the companies was to be 265 all ranks, consisting of one major, five captains (three of them platoon commanders), six sergeants and 241 other ranks. This establishment was very similar to the Independent Companies of World War II, which had had an establishment of 17 officers and 256 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Origins\n1 Commando Company was raised in New South Wales on 24 February 1955; however, the officer commanding, Major William Harold (Mac) Grant decided that the official birthday would be their first parade on Friday 15 July 1955 at \"Q\" Block, Victoria Barracks. Major Grant was a World War II commando veteran having served in the 2/5 Independent Company and 2/12th Commando Squadron. 2 Commando Company was raised in Victoria on 24 February 1955 under the command of Major Peter Seddon and first paraded on 7 July 1955. Seddon was appointed for only 12 months with his successor to be Major Jack Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Origins\nIn October 1955, Grant and Anderson, along with two Warrant Officers Ernie Tarr and Ron Smith, travelled to the United Kingdom to train with the Royal Marine Commandos. Tarr and Smith undertook 12 months of training, including with the Special Boat Service, to become training instructors. Anderson was killed during the last week of the basic commando course and was replaced by Major John Hutcheson. Also in October 1955, two Royal Marine Commando sergeants Mac MacDermott and Len Holmes, both former Special Boat Service, travelled to Australia each appointed to a commando company. In May 1956, Grant and Hutcheson returned to Australia after six months of training having been awarded the green beret by 42 Commando.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Origins\nGrant has stated that defence planning staff convinced the government to form the commando companies with the role \"...of conducting clandestine operations similar to those mounted by special operations also those of the Independent Companies/Commando Squadrons. It was envisaged that by raising units capable of performing such a dual role, a pool of trained manpower would be available to be \"farmed off\" as necessary to a special operations unit while the remainder would be used in more conventional commando operations.\" The Australian Secret Intelligence Service had earlier been formed in 1952 within the Department of Defence whose role included \".. plan for and conduct special operations..\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Origins\nCommando courses included basic parachutist, diving, small scale raids, demolitions, climbing and roping and unarmed combat. 1 Commando Company held the first diving course in 1957 using a pure oxygen re-breather named the Clearance Divers Breathing Apparatus CDBA borrowed from the Navy Clearance Diving Branch based on training received from the Special Boat Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Origins\nIn 1957, as the unit already had the designation \"1st\" within its title, the Army thought it would be a convenient framework on which to re-form the Australian Imperial Force's 1st Battalion. So on 1 December 1957 the unit was re-designated the 1st Infantry Battalion (Commando), keeping this title until 22 August 1966 when the unit was renamed the 1st Battalion, The Royal New South Wales Regiment (Commando), City of Sydney's Own Regiment. Finally in May 1973 the unit name at last changed back to the former designation of the 1 Commando Company. In 1958, the 1st Commando Company provided the initial training for the recently formed 1st Special Air Service Company, the Royal Australian Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Origins\nOn the evening of 17 February 1960, 74 commandos from 2 Commando Company set off in kayaks, amphibious DUKW (ducks) and zodiacs on a training exercise from Point Lonsdale to Point Nepean in Victoria simulating a raid on the officer cadet school which involved them crossing the infamous Rip at the entrance to Port Phillip Bay. The weather changed without warning and the watercraft were swept out to sea through the Port Phillip Heads encountering massive seas that capsized most watercraft. Nearly all commandos were rescued except three who drowned. 2nd Commando Company developed a Mountain Leader's Course in ski patrolling, as well as rock, ice and snow climbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, 301st and 126th Signal Squadrons\nThe requirement for long-range communications can be traced back to WWII and units such as Coastwatchers, New Guinea Air Warning Wireless Company, the Independent Companies, and Z Special Unit. On 30 April 1958, a decision was made to raise No 1 Independent Signals Squadron to support clandestine operations and this led to the formation of 301st Signal Squadron (Home Defence) in 1960 at Lidcombe, New South Wales. This new squadron was to meet the requirement for 'special communications' and was charged with the responsibility of providing long-range communications for commando-type operations and was augmented with regular army members in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, 301st and 126th Signal Squadrons\nIn December 1964, 301st Signal Squadron was re-designated 126th Signal Squadron, later to 126th Signal Squadron (Special Forces) in January 1966 and subsequently relocated to Albert Park, Victoria and in 1972 to Simpson Barracks in Watsonia, Victoria. The squadron had recruited female signallers since 1964. In 1979 the right to wear the Green Beret (with RAsigs badge) was awarded to 126 Signal Squadron (Special Forces). This was the culmination of many submissions to the dress committees by various OC's. The high standard of professionalism displayed by both ARA and ARES at home and overseas contributed to this award. A Squadron parade was held on the School of Signals parade ground with the Berets being handed out by BRIG Jim Barry (later to be the Manager of the Australian Olympic Team).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Malaya, Borneo and Vietnam\nPrior to formation as a Regiment, the sub units deployed individuals and small teams to the Borneo Confrontation and the Vietnam War. During the Borneo confrontation, Sergeant Ted Blacker of 126th Signal Squadron (Special Forces) was awarded the British Empire Medal. From 1965 the Commando Companies contributed numerous instructors, including from their reserve part-time component, to the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV). Two lost their lives with the AATTV, with Warrant Officer Class II John Durrington being killed in action, and Warrant Officer Class II Ron Scott dying of wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Malaya, Borneo and Vietnam\nWhilst serving with the AATTV, Warrant Officer Class II Ray Simpson, formerly from both the Special Air Service Regiment and the 1st Commando Company, was awarded the Victoria Cross for an action in the Kontum Province on 6 May 1969. In the late 1960s, 2nd Commando Company relocated from Ripponlea to Fort Gellibrand at Williamstown. In 1978, 126th Signal Squadron (Special Forces) was provided with approval to wear the green beret and in 1981 the first female passed selection and was awarded a green beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation of Regimental Headquarters\nAll sub-units operated independently, training Army Reserve commandos and Special Forces signalers until 1981 when it was determined a regimental headquarters was required. This headquarters would coordinate the efforts of the previously independent units and provide the east coast command element for the newly established counter-terrorist capability within the Special Air Service Regiment. The headquarters was established on 1 February 1981 at Randwick Barracks in Randwick, New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation of Regimental Headquarters\nIn 1991, a 1st Commando Company commando who had joined the UK Special Air Service was in the well-known Bravo Two Zero patrol in Iraq as part of Operation Desert Storm. In 1992, 126th Signal Squadron (Special Forces) qualified commandos were given approval to wear the commando badge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation of Regimental Headquarters\nCommencing in February 1997, 1 Cdo Regt provided the initial training for the re-role of the 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (4RAR) from an infantry battalion into commando 4RAR (Cdo) raising the Commando Training Wing (the predecessor to the Special Forces Training Centre) commanded by Major Hans Fleer. The 126th Signal Squadron (Special Forces) was incorporated into 4RAR(Cdo) and relocated to Holsworthy. In 1998, the Army dropped plans to raise a third reserve company in Queensland for the Regiment due to a lack of resources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation of Regimental Headquarters\nIn April 1997, three female Army officers, completed the commando officer selection course. One Officer went on to complete other specialist courses, and another went on to become a Troop Commander at 126 Signal Squadron. Of the three, one was presented with the Green Beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation of Regimental Headquarters\nIn June 2002, 301st Signal Squadron was re-raised at Randwick Barracks to provide communications and information systems and electronic warfare to facilitate the command and control of special operations conducted by the Regiment. In 2006, 1st Commando Company relocated from Georges Heights in Mosman to HMAS Penguin in Balmoral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nIn recent years, the Regiment has frequently deployed on operations, providing small detachments and individuals to peacekeeping missions in the region and deployed operationally in up to company sized combat elements to Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nDeployments in the region, include Bougainville as unarmed monitors as part of Operation BEL ISI, Timor Leste (East Timor) as peacekeepers in 2001 as part of UNTAET providing a substantial reinforcement to 4RAR(Cdo) and Solomon Islands in 2003 as part of RAMSI providing peacekeeping teams to support operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nIn May 2006, SOCOMD deployed to Timor Leste as peacekeepers in Operation Astute with a Special Operations Task Group to conduct special recovery and evacuation operations. Post the extraction of the initial Task Group, the special operations component in Timor Leste was reduced \u2013 often commanded by a member of the 1 Cdo Regt and the force element supplemented by 1 Cdo Regt teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nIn March 2007, the Task Group was bolstered to form an Apprehension Task Force with the purpose of apprehending ex-Timorese Army Major and rebel leader, Alfredo Reinado, at the request of the President of Timor Leste. Reinado was eventually located in the village of Same. Following negotiations between the Timor Leste government and the rebels, the decision was made to detain Reinado by force. Reinado evaded capture but five of his men were killed in the battle. For the members of the 1 Cdo Regt who participated in this Special Operations Task Group mission the battle was the first combat seen by the unit (at greater than individual level).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nIn 2008, the Regiment's operational commitment took a step further with the deployment of an entire Commando Company Group to the Special Operations Task Group (SOTG) in Afghanistan as part of Operation Slipper. This constituted the first deployment of an Army Reserve force element on combat operations since World War II and the Regiment continued to support this operational commitment with similar deployments the following year. The role of the commando company in Afghanistan was to conduct offensive operations deep within enemy safe havens to provide security to both coalition forces and the people of Afghanistan. This was achieved through intelligence-led direct action missions to disrupt and destroy enemy forces within known insurgent strong holds known as \"kill or capture\" missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nThe first deployment was composed of 1 Cdo Coy personnel supplemented by 2 Cdo Coy personnel. It was commanded by the Major OC 1 Cdo Coy and arrived in November 2008 for a four-month tour of duty until February 2009. On 27 November 2008, Lieutenant Michael Fussell, a specialist Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) from 4RAR Cdo serving in the Commando Company Group, was killed in action after he stood on an IED during a night infiltration onto a target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nFollowing Fussell's death several senior personnel asked to be relieved of their positions due to concerns over the Major and after an inquiry into the death, the Major was relieved of his command and returned to Australia. The inquiry raised issues into the Commando Company Group outside the scope of its terms that instigated the appointment of Vice Admiral (retired) Chris Ritchie to conduct a further inquiry that found that the Group had been inadequately trained and prepared for its deployment, and that concerns over the Major's leadership should have been acted on before the Group deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nOn 4 January 2009, the Regiment suffered its first combat fatality when Private Gregory Sher (2 Cdo Coy) was killed by a rocket attack into a patrol base. On 12 February 2009, the Group conducted a night compound clearance in the Sorkh Morghab region with elements of the Afghan National Army and with Afghan interpreters. Corporal W saw, through a window, a male holding an AK-47 rifle pointed at a door that his team was preparing to use to enter the room to clear and fired at him through the window with his rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nThe male returned fire and ignored calls made for him to come out. With fire continuing, and the team being unable to retreat, two grenades were thrown by Lance Corporal M to clear the room. The room was entered, whereupon soldiers found women and children present, with five fatalities (three children and two babies) having been inflicted, along with the male, Amrullah Khan, a farmer whose family claimed had no affiliation with the Taliban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0026-0002", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nThe Australian Director of Military Prosecutions, Brigadier Lyn McDade, decided to charge two members of the Regiment, Sergeant J, who gave the order to use grenades, and Lance Corporal M, who threw the grenades, with manslaughter as a result of an investigation into the engagement, coming to the view that they ought to have known, and during the attack then certainly have been aware that women and children were in the room. The charges against the two soldiers were dismissed pre-trial by the Judge Advocate in June 2011. Charges against Lieutenant Colonel M, who based in Kandahar ordered the clearance of the compound, were withdrawn in August 2011 for disobeying standard operating procedures to prevent innocent Afghan nationals in their homes being wrongfully targeted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Recent operations\nThe Regiment served in SOTG Rotations:- Eight, Nine, Eleven, Fourteen, Eighteen and Twenty. A Rotation ranged from about four to six, seven, and eight months. The Regiment was the sole SOCOMD combat unit in Rotation Eleven with no elements from the SASR or 2 Cdo Regt and were assigned Population Centric Operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Customs and traditions\nThe Sherwood Green Commando beret is worn as the primary form of head dress, formally recognising Commando qualification. The Army sought permission from the Royal Marines to wear the green beret which was provided on 27 July 1955 by the Commandant Royal Marines. The first green beret awarded in Australia was presented to Captain George Cardy of 1st Commando Company on 14 July 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Customs and traditions\nThe Director of Infantry advised that the Infantry Corps badge should not be worn and that the commandos should have their own badge. A regimental badge was created featuring a silver World War II-era fighting knife surmounted by a gold boomerang engraved with the regimental motto \"Strike Swiftly\". The motto was conceived by Major Mac Grant, the first commander of 1st Commando Company, from reading the book \"Swiftly They Struck\" and agreed to by Major Peter Seddon, his opposite number in the 2nd Commando Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Customs and traditions\nThe badge was a combination of two proposals from a competition, one from Melbourne and one from Sydney, conceived by Grant with agreement from Seddon. Members wear a Garter Blue lanyard on the left shoulder of dress uniforms in common with the other combat units of SOCOMD. In 1992, distinctive black and green commando parachute wings were adopted and are now worn by all parachute qualified commandos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Customs and traditions\nWhile there is no direct lineage to the 1st Battalion, AIF, other than in the 1st Commando Company's renaming to the 1st Battalion (Commando), the regiment retains the colours of the battalion's World War I colour patch \u2013 black over green \u2013 which are highlighted on the current 1 Cdo Regt flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Organisation\nThe Regiment consists of a headquarters, two commando companies and a signals squadron with a strength about 450. It is organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Organisation\nEach commando company has six platoons, including a headquarters platoon, three commando platoons, a reconnaissance platoon and a training platoon together with a signals troop and integral combat service support. Combat elements of the Regiment typically operate in platoon to company sized force elements. These will be force tailored by requirement and may not fit any doctrinal size or command and control. The signal squadron has the largest full-time contingent in the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Organisation\nReserve support roles include clerical, logistics, transport, medical, intelligence, linguistics and information systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Equipment\n1 Cdo Regt is equipped with a range of weapon systems that allows it to tailor requirements based on mission needs. These include the M4A1 5.56mm carbine and Heckler & Koch USP 9mm pistol as primary weapons. Specialist weapons include the Heckler & Koch HK417 7.62mm rifle, Heckler & Koch MP5SD silenced submachine gun, Accuracy International SR98 7.62mm sniper rifle and Barrett M82 12.7mm anti-materiel rifle. Support weapons include the Para Minimi 5.56mm light machine gun, Maximi 7.62mm machine gun, MAG 58 7.62mm medium machine gun, M2HB QCB 12.7mm heavy machine gun, M3 Carl Gustav anti-tank rifle, Mk 19 automatic grenade launcher, Javelin anti-tank weapon and mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Equipment\nThe primary commando watercraft is the Zodiac F470 inflatable boat with the specialist folding kayaks available. Vehicles used include the Land Rover Surveillance Reconnaissance Vehicle 4x4 and Polaris 4x4 and 6x6 all-terrain vehicles. Various static line and free-fall parachutes are available including the T10/T11/MC1/MC5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Recruitment\n1 Cdo Regt is the only reserve SOCOMD combat unit providing Army Reserve soldiers based in Eastern states of Australia with the opportunity to serve in a Commando unit. Additionally, the Regiment provides discharging full-time 2 Cdo Regt and SASR soldiers the opportunity to continue to serve in SOCOMD in a reserve capacity on their return to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Recruitment\nThe Regiment's full-time component traditionally consisted mainly of West Australian based SASR soldiers who transferred to the regiment for promotion opportunities and who would later return to their unit or soldiers who transferred to relocate to New South Walesor Victoria. After the raising of 2 Cdo Regt, the full-time component today consists of former 2 Cdo Regt and SASR soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Recruitment\nChanges introduced to reserve training after combat operations in Afghanistan, required candidates to complete the 332-day continuous full-time Commando Initial Employment Training course the same as their full-time 2 Cdo Regt counterparts. However, this provided reserve candidates with the opportunity to consider full-time Australian Army service in the 2 Cdo Regt with many candidates destined for the Regiment instead choosing full-time service. Also, the long full-time commitment discouraged reservists from considering joining the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Recruitment\nIn 2015, the Regiment begun its biggest reserve recruitment drive in over 10 years. A training regime similar to prior to Afghanistan operations, was introduced with candidates after completing the selection course posted to the Regiment and given a three-year term to complete training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Recruitment\nThe Regiment is also re-raising training platoons in each of the commando companies to host Army Reserve aspirants training for selection who will parade under their current corps and trade to complete the Special Forces Reserve Training Program over 12 months (based on the 12-week full-time Accelerated Infantry Training Course). The Program also includes the 17-week Commando Physical Training Package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Recruitment\nIn addition, in 2016 direct civilian recruiting is to recommence with prospective commandos undergoing Reserve Recruit Training Course at Kapooka and Infantry Initial Employment Training at Singleton before parading at the Regiment as a qualified Infantry rifleman in the training platoon the same as serving reservists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Selection and training\nPrior to selection, 1 Cdo Regt reserve candidates have over 12 months to complete the Special Forces Reserve Training Program, based on the 2 Cdo Regt Special Forces Direct Recruitment 13-week Special Forces Accelerated Infantry Training Program, including the Commando Fitness Training Package. The first stage of selection is to successfully pass the one-day Special Forces Entry Test at the Special Forces Training Centre. The second stage of selection is successfully completing the full-time Commando Selection Course conducted over two weeks. In contrast, 2 Cdo Regt candidates are required to complete the Commando Selection and Training Course over a six-week period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Selection and training\nCommando Initial Employment training (also called the \"reinforcement cycle\") commences after successful completion of the Commando Selection Course with candidates having three years to successfully complete the course. This cycle consists of numerous courses including: the Special Forces Weapons Course, Advanced Close Quarter Battle Course, Commando Team Tactics Course, Commando Urban Operations Course, Close Quarter Fighting Course, Commando Demolitions and Breaching Course, Special Forces Basic Parachute Course (including water insertion training), Commando Amphibious Operators Course, Special Forces Military Roping Course, and Combat First Aid or Special Forces Signal Course. Candidates have the option of completing the reinforcement cycle over 11 months full-time training with their 2 Cdo Regt counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Selection and training\nAfter the successful completion of Commando Initial Employment Training, the Green beret is awarded and reservists will report to the regiment on a frequent basis to maintain their skills. As a qualified Commando there are specialist courses available to complete, including but not limited to: advanced driving, mortars, cold weather / mountaineering, language training and free fall parachuting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Selection and training\nIn 2013, a four-hour documentary Commando, focusing mainly on the 2 Cdo Regt, was produced detailing the Commando selection and reinforcement training processes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158850-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Commando Regiment (Australia), Selection and training\nNew signallers to 301st Signal Squadron have to complete the Special Forces Signaller Course (SFSC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158851-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Commonwealth Division\nThe 1st Commonwealth Division was the name given, after July 1951, to Commonwealth land forces in the Korean War. The division was a multinational unit that was part of British Commonwealth Forces Korea, and whilst British, Canadian Army and Australian infantry units formed the bulk of the division, New Zealand artillery and an Indian medical unit were also a part of the division. As with the US \"KATUSA\" programme, numerous South Korean troops were seconded to the Commonwealth division to make up numbers under a programme known as \"KATCOM\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158851-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Commonwealth Division, History\nThe unit was preceded by the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade, which was the initial parent formation of Commonwealth army units in Korea, and which arrived in Korea in August 1950. Its two British Infantry battalions were joined by the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) in September, and by the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI), in February 1951. The brigade was subsequently re-constituted as 28th Commonwealth Brigade in April 1951. In November 1950 the brigade was joined by 29th Independent Infantry Brigade, and in May 1951 by 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade. In July 1951 these units were combined to form 1st Commonwealth Division. The Division was made up of 58% British forces, 22% Canadian forces, 14% Australian forces, 5% New Zealander forces, and 1% Indian forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158851-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Commonwealth Division, History\nThe 1st Commonwealth Division was part of the US I Corps, which also included the US 1st Cavalry Division, the US 3rd and 25th Infantry Divisions, and the ROK 1st Division. The division occupied the strategically important sector of front on the Jamestown Line, stretching from the Kimpo peninsula on the Yellow Sea coast to a point east of Kumhwa about 6.3 miles (10.1\u00a0km), and just 30 miles (48\u00a0km) from the South Korean capital, Seoul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158851-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Commonwealth Division, History\nIt was deactivated in 1954 as part of the demobilisation of forces in Korea in the aftermath of the war, being reduced to a Commonwealth Brigade Group, and from May 1956 until its final withdrawal in August 1957 to a Commonwealth Contingent of battalion strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158852-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters\nThe 1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters was a sharpshooter unit in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158852-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters, Service\nThe 1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters was organized in Lynn, Massachusetts and mustered in for three years service on September 2, 1861. The company was originally recruited for Colonel Hiram Berdan's sharpshooter regiments. When the men were informed that they would lose their enlistment bounty, they declined to join Berdan's regiments and instead remained independent. Most of the recruits tended to be skilled workmen who were competitive shooters tending to be older than the average Union soldier, and these men also tended to be of the larger physical size. They were armed with heavy, custom target rifles and Sharps rifles during their service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158852-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters, Service\nThe company was attached to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, but nominally operated with the 15th Massachusetts Infantry to July 1864, and with the 19th Massachusetts Infantry to September 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158852-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters, Service\nThe 1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters mustered out September 6, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158852-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters, Service, Detailed service, 1863\nArrived morning 2 July, positioned at rock wall on the north end of Cemetery Ridge, several squads were detached and sent to different parts of the line. Cleared out Confederate snipers occupying Bliss farm. In late afternoon, when II Corps retook Bliss farm, a squad went with them to snipe from the farm. No losses 2 July. On 3 July, unit dueled with Confederate snipers in buildings in Gettysburg facing Cemetery Hill and Ridge. During Pickett's Charge, unit concentrated targeting on officers. Suffered four dead, three wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158852-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters, Service, Casualties\nThe company lost a total of 39 men during service; 3 officers and 21 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 15 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158852-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters, Armament\nThroughout their service, the company was armed with custom, muzzle-loading target rifles equipped with telescopic sights running the length of the barrel. The larger than average physical size of the unit members proved an asset in carrying these weapons. These target rifles were a mix of heavy bench rifles and lighter out of hand rifles. Hawkins and Morgan James were among the manufacturers of these rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158852-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters, Armament\nStarting at Antietam, they also carried Sharps rifles in the field firing over the iron sights. The Sharps Rifle was produced by the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company in Hartford, Connecticut. The Sharps made a superior sniper weapon of greater accuracy than the more commonly issued muzzle-loading rifled muskets. This was due mainly to the higher rate of fire of the breech loading mechanism and superior quality of manufacture, as well as the ease of which it could be reloaded from a kneeling or prone position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158853-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Composite Mounted Brigade\nThe 1st Composite Mounted Brigade was a formation of the British Army in World War I. It was formed by the 2nd Mounted Division during the Gallipoli Campaign on 4 September 1915 by absorbing the 1st South Midland, 1st South Midland and 5th Mounted Brigades. The brigade was dissolved on return to Egypt in December 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158853-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Composite Mounted Brigade, Formation\nDue to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 1st Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from 1st (1st South Midland), 2nd (2nd South Midland) and 5th (Yeomanry) Mounted Brigades. Each dismounted brigade formed a battalion sized unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158853-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Composite Mounted Brigade, Formation\nThe brigade was commanded by Br-Gen E.A.Wiggin, former commander of the 1st South Midlands Mounted Brigade. The 2nd Composite Mounted Brigade was formed at the same time with the 3rd and 4th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158853-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Composite Mounted Brigade, Dissolved\nThe brigade left Suvla on 31 October 1915 for Mudros. It left Mudros on 27 November, arrived Alexandria on 1 December and went to Mena Camp, Cairo. Each regiment had left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses. The 1st South Midland, 2nd South Midland and Yeomanry Mounted Brigades were reformed on 1 December and the 1st Composite Mounted Brigade passed out of existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158854-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Confederate States Congress\nThe 1st Confederate States Congress, consisting of the Confederate States Senate and the Confederate States House of Representatives, met from February 18, 1862, to February 17, 1864, during the first two years of Jefferson Davis's presidency, at the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158854-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Confederate States Congress, Sessions\nHeld February 18, 1862, through February 17, 1864, at the Virginia State Capital in Richmond, Virginia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158854-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Confederate States Congress, Members, Senate\nConfederate States senators were elected by the state legislatures, or appointed by state governors to fill casual vacancies until the legislature elected a new senator. It was intended that one-third of the Senate would begin new six-year terms with each Congress after the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158854-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Confederate States Congress, Members, Senate\nPreceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their terms. In this Congress, all senators were newly elected. Senators of Class 1 served a two-year term, expiring at the end of this Congress, requiring a new election for the 1864\u20131870 term. Class 2 senators served what was intended to be a four-year term, due to end on the expiry of the next Congress in 1866. Class 3 senators were meant to serve a six-year term, due to expire at the end of the Third Confederate Congress in 1868. As the Confederate Congress lasted less than four full years, the distinction between classes 2 and 3 was ultimately academic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158854-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Confederate States Congress, Members, Senate\nThe members of the classes were selected by the drawing of lots, which was done during the meeting of the Senate on February 21, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158854-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Confederate States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158854-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Confederate States Congress, House committees\nQuartermaster's and Commissary Departments and Military Transportation (Sessions 2 - 4)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158854-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Confederate States Congress, House committees\nRules and Officers of the House (Sessions 1 - 3)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158855-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America\nThe First Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America was in Buenos Aires, Argentina, June 1\u201312, 1929. Thirty-eight delegates, representing Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, took part in the meeting. The only established communist party in the region that did not participate was the Communist Party of Chile, which at time suffered a period of harsh repression under the government of Carlos Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158855-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America\nThe conference agreed on an analysis of the Latin American political development, considering that the revolution in Latin America ought to be anti-imperialist, agrarian, and democratic. The conference also committed itself to an accord of solidarity with the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158855-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America\nRonaldo Munck, Ricardo Falc\u00f3n, and Bernardo Galitelli wrote that the conference \"set the 'Third Period' course for Latin American communism as a whole.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158855-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America, References, Bibliography\nThis communist party\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 82], "content_span": [83, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern\nThe 1st Congress of the Comintern was an international gathering of communist, revolutionary socialist, and syndicalist delegates held in Moscow which established the Communist International (Comintern). The gathering, held from March 2 to 6, 1919, was attended by 51 representatives of more than two dozen countries from around Europe, North America, and Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Convention call\nLate in December 1918, the leadership of the Russian Communist Party decided that the time was ripe for the convocation of a new international association of radical political parties to supplant the discredited Second International. On December 24 a radio broadcast was made from Moscow calling upon the \"communists of all countries\" to \"rally around the revolutionary Third International.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Convention call\nLenin sought to invite only those organizations which stood for a break with the more conservative elements in their group and who stood for immediate socialist revolution and the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat and a Soviet-style form of government. Lenin hoped for a gathering to be held beginning February 1, 1919, either openly in Berlin or, if necessary, secretly in the Netherlands. Owing to political difficulties between Soviet Russia and the rather conservative social democratic government of Germany and the eruption of civil war there, Berlin was quickly rejected as inhospitable for a foundation congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Convention call\nOn January 21, 1919, a meeting of about a dozen communists living in Moscow determined to hold a formal gathering in that city, to begin February 15 \u2013 little more than 3 weeks hence. The formal convention call was composed by People's Commissar of War Leon Trotsky and listed invited political organizations by name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Convention call\nInvited organizations from the English-speaking world included \"the left forces in the British Socialist Party (in particular, representatives of the Maclean current)\" (a reference to John Maclean), the British Socialist Labour Party, the Industrial Workers of the World in Britain, the Industrial Workers group in Britain, \"revolutionary forces in the shop stewards' movement in Britain, \"revolutionary forces in Irish workers organizations,\" and the Industrial Workers of the World in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Convention call\nIn addition to these, from the United States were invited the American Socialist Labor Party, \"left forces of the American Socialist Party (especially the current represented by the Socialist Propaganda League),\" the Industrial Workers of the World in America, and the SLP-affiliated Workers International Industrial Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Convention call\nOwing to communications difficulties ensuing from the Allied blockade, few organizations outside of Soviet Russia heard of the convention call in sufficient time to send delegates. About two dozen special messengers were said to have been sent out with the news, but only three or four managed to reach their destinations in time with the news. The call was published in the press, however, in Soviet Russia on January 24, 1919, and in Austria and Hungary by the end of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Convention call\nTransport difficulties forced a further postponement of the gathering, with the start date moved back two weeks to March 2, 1919. Despite this additional delay only two parties managed to credential delegates and to successfully get them to Moscow on time for the opening of the meeting. Two prospective delegates \u2013 Fritz Platten of Switzerland and Karl Steinhardt of Austria \u2013 were arrested and briefly jailed in transit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Convention call\nAs a result, the vast majority of those who sat as delegates to this founding congress of the Communist International had no formal status with the parties which they claimed to represent and the delegates initially decided that the session would be a preparatory conference rather than a formal foundation convention. This initial decision was later overturned by the assembled delegates and the Third, Communist International was declared established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Delegate composition\nOver the six days of the congress a total of 51 delegates were registered, representing 35 organizations in 22 countries. All political tendencies in the Zimmerwald Left movement were represented at the gathering with the exception of the left wing of the International Union of Socialist Youth. Most of these delegates had already been residing in Soviet Russia, however, with only 9 of those attending the founding congress managing to break through the allied blockade of the country from abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Delegate composition\nWith regard to the English-speaking world, no representative of the various parties and tendencies of Great Britain which were invited were in attendance at the founding congress. The only British representative present was Joseph Fineberg, a member of the British Socialist Party who had come to Soviet Russia on his own in 1918. Fineberg received only non-voting credentials as a representative of British Communists living in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Delegate composition\nFrom the United States there was only Boris Reinstein, a Buffalo, New York member of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) who had been previously sent to Europe as the party's representative to an altogether different international conclave. Although Reinstein was granted status as a voting delegate at the congress, at no time did the SLP authorize him to act as its representative at the congress and his independent action was subsequently repudiated by the organization. Dutch engineer S.J. Rutgers, at that time a resident of the United States, sat as a non-voting delegate of the Socialist Propaganda League of America as well as holding similar status on behalf of the Dutch Social Democratic Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Delegate composition\nThere were no delegates in attendance in either a voting or consultative status from the English-speaking countries of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, or South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Delegate composition\nThe nationalities outside of Europe were surprisingly well represented at the founding congress, including a group of five voting delegates from the \"United Group of the Eastern Peoples of Russia,\" a voting delegate from Armenia, as well as non-voting delegates from Turkey, Turkestan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Persia, China, and Korea. In all these 13 delegates represented fully one-quarter of the 52 voting and non-voting delegates to the gathering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Delegate composition\nThe largest and most influential delegation, not surprisingly, was that of Soviet Russia. In addition to the five delegates assigned as representatives of the various \"Eastern peoples\" of the former Russian empire, six regular and two consultative delegates were in attendance, including such key figures of the Russian Communist Party as Lenin, Trotsky, Grigori Zinoviev, Nikolai Bukharin, Georgii Chicherin, V.V. Vorovsky, and Valerian Osinsky. Although the name of Soviet People's Commissar of Nationalities Joseph Stalin also appeared on the delegate list, there is no indication that he actually participated in the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Delegate composition\nThe delegates were, in general, younger than had been typical at previous international socialist gatherings. Of the 43 delegates for whom an age is known, 5 were in their 20s and 24 were in their 30s, with only the American Boris Reinstein over the age of 50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158856-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Comintern, Congress location\nThe Founding Convention was held at the Kremlin in Moscow in a small hall in the Courts of Justice. The long, narrow hall was barely large enough for 100 people, with the delegates seated upon flimsy chairs at small tables spaced throughout the room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines\nThe First Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines (Filipino: Unang Kongreso ng Komenwelt ng Pilipinas), also known as the Postwar Congress, and the Liberation Congress, refers to the meeting of the bicameral legislature composed of the Senate and House of Representatives, from 1945 to 1946. The meeting only convened after the reestablishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1945 when President Sergio Osme\u00f1a called it to hold five special sessions. Osme\u00f1a had replaced Manuel L. Quezon as president after the former died in exile in the United States in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Significance\nNot much has been written about the First Commonwealth Congress, despite its historical and political significance. This owes mainly to the briefness of its existence (i.e., less than a year). However, the First Commonwealth Congress was significant in at least three key respects:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Significance\nFirst, it brought an end the president's exercise of legislative powers under the wartime emergency act passed by the defunct National Assembly in 1941. The opening of Congress in 1945 allowed democratically elected representatives to pass legislation, especially to deal with the Philippines' postwar problems. It also provided an institutional check against executive power, including the presidential power to appoint top officials of the (postwar) government and appropriate funds for its operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Significance\nSecond, the First Commonwealth Congress gave birth to the two-party system in the Philippines, as the pro-Osme\u00f1a and pro-Roxas blocs or factions there eventually became the Nacionalista and Liberal Parties that alternated in power from 1945 until martial law was imposed in 1972. This Congress thus served as a well spring of political leaders under a two-party system of the soon-to-be independent Republic of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Significance\nThree Philippine presidents, Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and Carlos P. Garcia were members of this Congress, as were postwar political party leaders like Senate President Eulogio Rodriguez, Speaker Eugenio P\u00e9rez, Senator Jose E. Romero and Senator Melecio Arranz. The patron-client orientation of the two-party system evolved in part from the resource constraints faced by members of the Congress right after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Significance\nThird, it was this Congress laid down much of the groundwork for the country's postwar reconstruction and rehabilitation, including its participation in the postwar global economic order dominated by the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Background\nThrough the most part of the term of the Second National Assembly (1938\u20131941), the First Congress' immediate predecessor, international conflicts that led to World War II began to take shape. As early as 1940, the National Assembly already declared a state of national emergency to address the escalating emergency conditions of the times. It gave Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon extensive emergency powers to meet the worsening conditions. All preparations culminated when Japan attacked the Philippines a few hours after bombing Pearl Harbor on December 8, 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Background\nThe National Assembly lost no time in enacting substantive legislations, diverting all remaining funds for national defense purposes, and declaring a state of total emergency. It furthered the broad emergency powers already granted to the President, such as the transfer of the seat of government and the extension of the effectivity of lapsing laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Background\nIn its last act as a legislative body, the National Assembly certified the results of the November 1941 elections where Quezon and Osme\u00f1a were re-elected as president and vice president, respectively, along with the legislators who were to compose the First Commonwealth Congress. The Congress replaced the unicameral National Assembly as the legislative branch of government. It was due to meet for the first time in January 1942 had the war not intervene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Background\nDue to the transfer of the Philippine Government to Washington, D.C. in 1942, and the three-year occupation (1942\u20131945) of the Philippines by Japanese forces, the First Congress could not be convened. In its place, the Japanese formed a puppet National Assembly that passed laws dictated by the Japanese Imperial Government in Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Background\nThe Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, under Jos\u00e9 P. Laurel as president, ended in late February 1945 when the Philippines was liberated by the returning American forces in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Reestablishment of Commonwealth Government\nUpon the reestablishment of the Philippine Commonwealth in Manila in 1945, General Douglas MacArthur exerted political pressure on President Sergio Osme\u00f1a to convene Congress in formal session. Osme\u00f1a was reluctant to do so not only because of the huge expense associated with the functioning of Congress, but more so because he feared that its two houses would be controlled by legislators who had collaborated with the Japanese when the Philippine Government was in exile in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Reestablishment of Commonwealth Government\nOn May 24, 1945, Osme\u00f1a offered Roxas the position of Resident Commissioner to the U.S. Roxas by then was known to be actively seeking the right opportunity to launch his presidential ambition with the backing of General Douglas MacArthur, Quezon's former military adviser and considered as the \"Liberator of the Philippines.\" Two days later, Roxas declined Osme\u00f1a's offer and instead asked his supporters to announce his candidacy for president at a time when there was no designated date to hold a national election. The First Commonwealth Congress thus provided the vehicle for Roxas' primacy in Philippine postwar politics and government. It also paved the way for the permanent division of the old Nacionalista Party into two warring factions. Its so-called Liberal Wing or faction (later Liberal Party) nominated Roxas for the presidency in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 95], "content_span": [96, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The First Commonwealth Congress Convened\nIn late May 1945, President Osme\u00f1a was persuaded to call the First Commonwealth Congress to special session in order to tackle the most pressing issues of postwar rehabilitation and regain constitutional normalcy. Regular sessions could not be held by then, as the Constitution provided that these should take place for 100 days beginning on the fourth Monday of January of each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The First Commonwealth Congress Convened\nWith the old Legislative Building in ruins, the First Commonwealth Congress met in a former Japanese schoolhouse located at 949 Lepanto Street, Manila, two blocks from the headquarters of Gota de Leche. Most senators and congressmen could not hold office there due to limited space and facilities, which were allotted to the officers of the two chambers and the congressional staff. The Senate and the House of Representatives shared the same session hall (the school's former auditorium), with the Senate meeting in the morning and the House using the hall in the evening. The Senate eventually took temporary quarters in the badly damaged Manila City Hall in 1947. The House remained at Lepanto Street until it moved, with the Senate, to the newly rebuilt Congress building in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The First Commonwealth Congress Convened\nAt the first special session of Congress on June 9, 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino were elected as Senate President and Senate President Pro-Tempore, respectively. The House of Representatives elected for its Speaker Iloilo Rep. Jose C. Zulueta and for Speaker Pro-Tempore, Pangasinan Rep. Prospero Sanidad. Only 16 out of 24 senators and 75 of 98 congressmen, who were elected in 1941, attended the five special sessions called by the President. In the Senate alone, Senator Daniel Maramba had died of natural causes immediately before the outbreak of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The First Commonwealth Congress Convened\nSenator Jose Ozamiz was executed by the Japanese. Senators Antonio de las Alas, Vicente Madrigal, Quintin Paredes, Claro M. Recto, Proceso E. Sebastian, Emiliano T. Tirona and Jos\u00e9 Yulo were arrested by the US Army's Counter-Intelligence Corps (CIC) because they had worked in various capacities under the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Government. Alas, Madrigal, Paredes, Recto, Sebastian, Tirona and Yulo had been part of Laurel's Cabinet. The Senate held a lottery to determine who among its members would serve up to April 1946 and November 1947, since senators serve staggered terms under the Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The First Commonwealth Congress Convened\nThe First Commonwealth Congress initially convened with 14 senators and 66 congressmen. Two more senators reported and nine congressmen joined their colleagues in later sessions. Among the members of the First Commonwealth Congress was Representative Elisa Ochoa from Agusan, the first woman ever elected to the Philippine national legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The First Commonwealth Congress Convened\nThe two chambers of Congress assembled in joint session in the afternoon of June 9, 1945, to hear President Osme\u00f1a deliver his state of the nation address. Osme\u00f1a expectedly dealt with several proposed legislation to rebuild the financial infrastructure of the Philippines and restore government institutions. He also tried to address issues concerning the terms of office of officials elected in 1941 just before the Japanese invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The First Commonwealth Congress Convened\nBecause of the severe damage caused to property by the war, the legislators who were hurriedly called to Manila in June 1945, including Roxas and Quirino, had no appropriate attire for the congressional sessions other than their army khaki uniforms. President Osme\u00f1a ordered two pairs of sharkskin suits to be purchased by the government (from the Manlapat tailoring shop across the temporary Congress building) for each of the legislators around the time of the opening of Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The First Commonwealth Congress Convened\nA few foreign dignitaries also addressed the joint session in the next six months. This included U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt  and General MacArthur who received a commendation from the Congress and a second resolution making him an honorary citizen of the Philippines. In his memorable address before its joint session on July 9, 1945, MacArthur said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, The First Commonwealth Congress Convened\n\"Since the beginning of the time men have crusaded for freedom and for equality. It was this passion for liberty which inspired the architects of my own government to proclaim so immutably and so beautifully that 'all men are created equal' and 'that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.' On such rights rest our basic concept of human freedom, in defense of which we have fought and still continue to fight on the battlefields of the world. These rights are the very antithesis to the totalitarian doctrine which seeks to regiment the people and control the human will as the price for presumed efficiency in government.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 93], "content_span": [94, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nThe First Commonwealth Congress passed a total of 55 laws in five special sessions: Commonwealth Act Nos. 672 to 727.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nHeeding Osme\u00f1a's urgent call during the opening session of Congress, the first legislative measure it enacted was Commonwealth Act No. 672 which restored the Philippine National Bank and organized its financial capital. The viability of the Philippine National Bank was critical to the resuscitation of the Philippine Commonwealth after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nOne major financial legislation passed by Congress stirred controversy in the U.S. and was eventually vetoed by President Harry Truman despite its approval by President Osme\u00f1a. Commonwealth House Bill No. 647 (Senate Bill No. 51), titled \"An Act Governing the Payment of Monetary Obligations Incurred or Contracted Prior to and During the Japanese Invasion of the Philippines and for Other Purposes\", was passed by both houses of Congress on the last day of its last session, December 20, 1945. It was signed into law by President Osme\u00f1a on January 18, 1946. The law provided for the validation of payments made in Japanese \"mickey mouse\" money during the period of enemy occupation. However, U.S. High Commissioner McNutt objected to it and asked Truman to exercise his final veto on this currency measure. President Truman's accompanying veto letter explained his disapproval, to wit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 973]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\n\"The Commonwealth Act which I am now disapproving would give legal approval to transactions and payments made under the brutal Japanese regime, without regard for the actual value of the Japanese-backed currency in which such payments were made. It would give official sanction to acts by Japanese officials in forcing the liquidation of businesses and accounts of loyal Filipinos, Americans, and allies who were imprisoned by the Japanese. It would have a most harmful effect on the Philippine financial structure which it is our hope and desire to see strengthened in preparation for independence. It would work to the benefit of persons who did business with and under the Japanese to the prejudice of those who were loyal both to the Philippine Commonwealth and to the United States Government.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nThe First Commonwealth Congress also tackled the most contentious and divisive issue of Filipino collaboration with the Japanese. Osme\u00f1a had proposed a bill to set up a special court for this purpose. Roxas initially objected to it, fearing the loss of critical support from his political allies who were accused of, or imprisoned for, collaboration. After extensive congressional debates, Commonwealth Act No. 682 was passed in August 1945 creating the People's Court and the Office of Special Prosecutors to investigate and decide on collaboration charges on an individual basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nIn September 1945, the CIC presented the Filipinos who were accused of having collaborated with, or given aid to, the Japanese so that they may be tried before the People's Court. Included were prominent senators and congressmen who had been active in the puppet government under Laurel. These legislators were unable to attend the five special sessions of the First Commonwealth Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nThe collaboration issue continued to haunt Congress. Another currency-related legislation passed by the First Commonwealth Congress was held up for a few weeks at the White House before President Truman signed it into law in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nAs Truman noted in his letter to President Osme\u00f1a, his approval of the original House Bill No. 176, which provides for a reduction of the required gold coverage of Philippine currency, has been delayed \"due to the fact that there have been persistent charges that a sizable fraction of the Members of the Philippine Congress had been guilty of collaboration with the enemy, and I have not wanted my approval of the act to be distorted into approval of collaboration.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nThe so-called Backpay Law of 1945 turned out to be the most controversial measure passed by the postwar Congress. Joint Resolution No. 5 authorized the Philippine Treasury, which was already financially crippled, to pay back salaries and wages to members of Congress and their staff to cover the three years of Japanese occupation. In effect, the Backpay Law compensated the legislators for service that they never rendered during the war years. The passage of this measure was met with public indignation. It led to a political backlash and many members of Congress lost their seats during the national elections held in April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nSeveral key measures were passed concerning postwar relations between the Philippines and the United States and the Philippine government's participation in the postwar global politico-economic system led by the United States. Joint Resolution No. 4, signed into law by President Osme\u00f1a on July 28, 1945, authorized the President of the Philippines to negotiate with the President of the United States the establishment in the Philippines of military bases \"to insure the territorial integrity of the Philippines, the mutual protection of the Philippines and the United States, and the maintenance of peace in the Pacific.\" Another joint resolution was passed by Congress for the establishment of free trade between the United States following the recommendations of the Bell Trade Mission, which President Osme\u00f1a himself supported and endorsed. This became the foundation of the controversial Bell Trade Act of 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 1004]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nIn October 1945, President Osme\u00f1a also signed House Bill No. 608. This legislation authorized the participation of the Philippine Commonwealth Government in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank system following the Bretton-Woods Conference in July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Accomplishments and Controversies\nFinally, it was during this historic Congress that the Philippine Senate first exercised its constitutional authority to ratify treaties and other international agreements with its unanimous ratification on August 30, 1945, of the Charter of the newly formed United Nations. President Osme\u00f1a appeared before the Senate three days earlier to deliver the Charter and ask for its ratification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Postwar Factionalism in Congress\nThe political rivalry between Osme\u00f1a and Roxas, and their respective supporters, began in late May 1945 or even before the Congress opened its first session. After Congress convened, it became apparent that the Roxas bloc (later known as the Liberal Wing of the Nacionalista Party) would in due time separate from the ruling Nacionalista Party led by Osme\u00f1a. Hence, Osme\u00f1a's allies, particularly in the House of Representatives and the Cabinet, exerted every effort to prevent Roxas from using the Congress as his base of political support during the Liberation period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 85], "content_span": [86, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Postwar Factionalism in Congress\nFor example, the Congressional Record of June 11\u201313, 1945 reports the deliberations in the House of Representatives over Osme\u00f1a's Interior Secretary, Tomas Confesor, assertion in the local press that Congress was illegally convened for many reasons, including the expired term of one-third of the senators elected in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 85], "content_span": [86, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0028-0002", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Postwar Factionalism in Congress\nLater, Cebu congressman Pedro Lopez and Senator Carlos P. Garcia took to the floor of their respective chambers to denounce the so-called wartime collaborators in Congress led by Roxas, leading to fiery debates over the collaboration issue and the legality of having sitting members of Congress who were accused of collaboration or under investigation therefor. Subsequently, congressmen like Nueva Vizcaya's Leon Cabarroguis sought to petition the United States to immediately disband Congress and call for elections or to convert Congress into an advisory panel to the President (Osme\u00f1a) to bypass these legal challenges to its existence and operation after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 85], "content_span": [86, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Postwar Factionalism in Congress\nThe Osme\u00f1a-Roxas rivalry  intensified in the Commission on Appointments \u2014 a congressional body consisting of 12 senators and 12 congressmen \u2014 which was responsible for confirming presidential nominations. The Commission was chaired by Roxas himself as senate president. In that powerful position, Roxas managed to sit on (bypass) the nominations of some of Osme\u00f1a's most important political advisers and supporters. The Commission also confirmed Osme\u00f1a's nominations for chief justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court, except for one, Justice Jose A. Espiritu, whose credentials were questioned before the Commission. Espiritu became the shortest-serving member of the Supreme Court. He returned as dean of the U.P. College of Law in September 1945, after serving in an  ad interim capacity as associate justice for only two months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 85], "content_span": [86, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Postwar Factionalism in Congress\nThe heat of presidential politics further divided loyalties in the postwar Congress, as its members failed to decide on the date of elections for president, vice-president, 16 senators and 98 congressmen as well as certain electoral provisions  (e.g., whether to allow soldiers to vote). President Osme\u00f1a thus requested the U.S. Congress to intervene and set the date of the first post-war elections. The U.S. Congress, in a joint resolution issued in November 1945, called for national elections to take place no later than April 30, 1946, and for the Second Congress to convene not later than May 28, 1946. On December 20, 1945, the First Commonwealth Congress met for the last time to discuss the April 1946 presidential elections\u2014the first since 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 85], "content_span": [86, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158857-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Postwar Factionalism in Congress\nThe 1946 elections catapulted the newly formed Liberal Party to power for the first time. Senate President Roxas and Senate President Pro Tempore Quirino, of the Liberal Party, were respectively elected as first President and Vice-President of the Republic of the Philippines, which gained independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946. Erstwhile Senate Floor Leader Melecio Arranz became President Pro Tempore of the Senate, while House of Representatives Majority Leader Eugenio P\u00e9rez became its Speaker when the new Congress convened in May 1946. Speaker Zulueta, on the other hand, joined the Roxas Cabinet as Secretary of the Interior and later ran and won as senator. Many other members of the First Commonwealth Congress held top positions in the newborn republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 85], "content_span": [86, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158858-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine\nThe 1st Congress of the CP(b)U (Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)) was held in Moscow in July 5\u201312, 1918. It was a constituent congress which led to creation of the political party by way of uniting existing Russian Bolsheviks in Ukraine and left faction of the Ukrainian Social-Democrats. The congress took place at address ulica Rozhdestvenka, 11 (later ulica Zhdanova). Today in the building is located MArchI (Moscow Architectural Institute).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158858-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine\nThe 65 plenipotentiary and 147 consultative delegates represented 45 Party organizations that were accounted for over 4,000 Party members. The congress also attended about 60 guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158858-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine\nOn 6 July 1918 delegates of the Congress with arms in hands participated in liquidation of the Left SR uprising in Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158858-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, Preceding events and preparation\nAn instruction on creation of a single Bolshevik organization in Ukraine the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (b) has adopted in December of 1917. It was realized at a regional congress of the RSDRP (b) in Kyiv on 16\u201318 December 1917 when the Ukrainian organization was named as the RSDRP (b) \u2013 Social-Democracy of Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158858-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, Preceding events and preparation\nCouple of weeks after signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, on 19 March 1918 in Yekaterinoslav (Dnipro) had convened the Second All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets where the congress discussed and approved the treaty and also announced that Ukraine only formally loosing its federative ties with the Soviet Russia and workers of Ukraine will carry on a fight against the restored bourgeoisie regime. Recognition of Ukrainian independence was forced onto the Soviet Russia by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. A cordial greeting about the declaration of independence of the \"Ukrainian Federative Soviet Republic\" was published in the Russian newspaper Pravda on 22 March 1918. Upon conclusion of the congress many members of the congress emigrated to Taganrog where at that time dominated Ukrainian population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 93], "content_span": [94, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158858-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, Central Committee\nThe Contress elected the following members to the Central Committee on 12 July 1918:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158858-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, Central Committee\nThe same day on 12 July 1918 took place a plenum (plenary session) of the Central Committee that elected Yuriy Pyatakov as the Secretary of the Central Committee (see First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 78], "content_span": [79, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158859-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party\nThe First Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party (Indonesian: Kongres I Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI)) was held between 12 \u2013 13 April 1976. The congress was the first meeting of any political party after the 1971 general elections, which is the first election after the New Order. Therefore, the congress was also deemed important by the elements inside the party to The congress ratified the Charter of Struggle, official program of the party, and the statutes and bylaws of the party. The congress also enacted decisions in relation with elections and other political matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158859-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party\nThe congress was opened by the speech of President Suharto on 12 March 1976, at the Istora Gelora Bung Karno. The congress was attended by around 1500 members, representing 260 branches and 26 provinces, the Central Executive Council, and the Central Advisory Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158859-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party, Background\nThe need to hold the congress was mandated through the article 28 of the temporary party's constitution, that stated that \"In the shortest possible time ... the PDI must hold the first congress to confirm: the Charter of Struggle, the party's constitution, the Party Struggle Program, and ratify and perfect the PDI apparatus\". The congress was a respond to the de jure fusion of the political party after the declaration, a problem that continually haunts the party. The fused political party in PDI runs the party on the basis of factionism, and thus such mechanism slowly asided the original mechanism of the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158859-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party, Background\nThe formation of party's branches is also a major problem. Even though PDI is able to create a provincial branch all over Indonesia in six months since its formation, the party struggled to create a district branch. The opposition given by the local birocracy elites in several regency made further efforts futile. To cope this problem, PDI used the help of Ministry of Internal Affairs. The ministry would order the governor and regents to help the formation of district branches of PDI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158859-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party, Background\nThe help by the ministry proved useful, and prior to the first congress, a total of 257 district branches of the party had been built all over Indonesia. Even though the branch formation was delayed in South and West Sumatra due to the ban of government employees participating in political parties, the overall help went smoothly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158859-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party, Congress\nPrior to the congress in Monday, each provincial and district branch sent their own group, consisting of five delegates. The delegations self-funded their trip from their region, while the accommodation and the meal was covered by the congress committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 57], "content_span": [58, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158860-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the National Christian Party\nThe First Congress of the National Christian Party (Indonesian: Kongres I Partai Kristen Nasional) was held between 6\u20138 December 1945. The congress was the first congress of the party, held in one month after the formation on November 10, 1945. The congress was only attended by the party delegates from Java.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158860-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the National Christian Party\nThe congress decided to change the name of the party from National Christian Party to Indonesian Christian Party. A permanent central executive committee of the party was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158860-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the National Christian Party, Background\nPrior to the congress, the National Christian Party was established in a meeting of Christian figures on 10 November 1945. The party was intended to accommodate the political views of both Catholics and Protestants in Indonesia, but the Catholic delegation seceded from the party, and formed the Catholic Party on 12 December 1945. The meeting also choose the temporary executive committee of the party, with Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes as the chairman and Maryoto as the secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158860-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the National Christian Party, Congress\nThe congress was opened on 5.00 with a praying ceremony at the Margoyudan Church, led by Ds. Reksohatmodjo. After the opening ceremony, party delegates from different regions of Java begin to attended the congress until 12.00. The delegates were lodged at the Indonesian Christian Party Hall in Kartisono Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158861-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Otan\nThe 1st Congress of the Otan party in Kazakhstan was held on 1 March 1999. President Nursultan Nazarbayev was unanimously chosen to be the chairman by the 385 delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158861-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Otan, Background\nOn 21 October 1998, a public association in supporting Nursultan Nazarbayev's reelection campaign in the 1999 presidential election was created. On 19 January 1999, a meeting of the public association was held, at which it was decided to transform the organization into the Otan party. On 1 March 1999, the 1st Congress was held, which was attended by 385 delegates and 117 invited guests in Almaty. The delegates of the Congress chose Nazarbayev to be the chairman and adopted the composition of the audit commission and the party Charter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158861-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Otan, Aftermath\nNursultan Nazarbayev refused to accept the post as chairman due to constitutional limits on president's affiliation with political parties. He suggested that former Prime Minister Sergey Tereshchenko take over the role to which he remained until 2002. Nazarbayev nevertheless remained as a de facto Chairman and the party went on to participate in the 1999 legislative election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158862-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Philippines\nThe First Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Unang Kongreso ng Pilipinas) was the meeting of the legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives from May 25, 1946, until December 13, 1949. The body was originally convened as the Second Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. On August 5, 1946,  was approved, renaming the body as the First Congress of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158862-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Philippines, Members, Senate\nSixteen senators were elected on April 23, 1946. Eight senators were to serve until December 30, 1949, while the other eight were to serve until December 30, 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158863-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Republic of Texas\nThe First Congress of the Republic of Texas, consisting of the Senate of the Republic of Texas and House of Representatives of the Republic of Texas, met in Columbia at two separate buildings (one for each chamber) and then in Houston from October 3, 1836, to June 13, 1837, during the first year of Sam Houston's presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158863-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Republic of Texas\nAll members of Congress were officially non-partisan. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Texas of 1836, each member of the House of Representatives was elected for a term of one year. Each county was guaranteed at least one representative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158863-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Republic of Texas\nEach Senator was elected for a three-year term to represent a district that each had a nearly equal portion of the nation's population. Each district could have no more than one Senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158864-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\nThe 1st Congress of the RSDLP  (Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f) was held between 13 March \u2013 15 March (1 March\u20133 March O.S.) 1898 in Minsk, Russian Empire (now Belarus) in secrecy. The venue was a house belonging to Rumyantsev, a railway worker on the outskirts of Minsk (now in the town centre). The cover story was that they were celebrating the nameday of Rumyantsev's wife. A stove was kept burning in the next room in case secret papers had to be burnt. Lenin smuggled a draft program for the party written in milk between the lines of a book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158864-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\nThe Congress was convened by three major social democratic groups from different areas of the Russian Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158864-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\nThere were 9 delegates to the Congress representing these three groups as well as social democrats from Moscow and Yekaterinoslav. The Kharkov socialists refused to come thinking the move premature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158864-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\nThere were 6 sessions, with no minutes taken because of the need for secrecy; only resolutions were recorded. The major issues discussed by the delegates were merging all social democratic groups into one party and selecting the party's name. The Congress also elected a Central Committee of three: Stepan Radchenko, one of the oldest Russian social democrats and a leader of the Saint Petersburg League, Boris Eidelman of Rabochaya Gazeta and Arkadi Kremer, a Jewish Bund leader. The Manifesto  of the new party was written by Peter Struve at Radchenko's request.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158864-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\nThe Central Committee elected by Congress printed the Manifesto and the resolutions of the Congress, but five of the nine delegates were arrested by the Okhrana within a month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158864-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party\nThe first Congress failed to unite the Russian Social Democracy, neither through the proposed Statutes nor the Programme. A wave of police repression followed, which prevented the party from functioning as a cohesive body for several years and ushered in a period of internal schisms and dissension. Three of the delegates weren't arrested, but only because Zubatov thought they would lead him to other members. It was not until 1903 that the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP was held abroad and adopted the party's Charter and Programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nThe 1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea (WPNK) was held in Pyongyang, North Korea, from 28 to 30 August 1946, and established the WPNK (the forerunner to the Workers' Party of Korea). The congress is the highest organ of the party, and is stipulated to be held every four years. A total of 801 delegates represented the party's 336,399 members. The 1st Central Committee, elected by the congress, elected Kim Tu-bong as WPNK Chairman, Kim Il-sung and Chu Yong-ha as deputy chairmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Delegates\nElected by the party's provincial apparatus, 801 delegates represented 336,399 party members at the congress. Of the delegates, 229 were in their twenties, 417 in their thirties, 129 delegates in their forties, and 26 delegates in their fifties or above. By occupation, 183 of the delegates were classified by the central party apparatus as workers, 157 as peasants, 385 as office workers, and 76 were left unclassified. The majority (359) of the delegates had only high school education, while 228 had only primary education and 214 had college education or above. During Japanese rule, 291 delegates (36 percent) had been imprisoned, while 427 delegates (53 percent) had stayed abroad during Japanese rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 60], "content_span": [61, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 1st session (28 August)\nThe 1st session was presided over by Kim Il-sung (the former chairman of the Communist Party of North Korea), and lasted for three hours. The first order of business was to elect the officers of the congress; a thirty-one member executive committee, a five-member credentials committee, a four-member secretariat, a five-member editorial committee, a five-member platform committee and a five-member by-laws committee. In tandem, the delegates voted on a six-point agenda for the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 1st session (28 August)\nHo Kuh-bong, a delegate from Hamgyong-Pukto, proposed making Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the honorary chairman of the congress, as a thanks for the Soviet Union's contribution to liberating Korea from Japan and for future help in supporting the construction of Korea. Delegates from the Democratic Youth League of North Korea, the North Korean General Federation of Labour Unions, the North Korean Federation of the Peasants Associations and the Korean Democratic Party gave congratulatory remarks to the party. After these speeches, the 1st session was adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)\nThe 2nd session was presided over by Kim Tu-bong, the former leader of the New People's Party (which consisted of Korean communists from China), and the session \"lasted from nine in the morning to seven in the evening.\" The meeting commenced with a statistical report from Pak Il-u, a member of the Yanan faction, about the composition of the delegates. Kim Il-sung and Kim Tu-bong addressed the congress with the main speeches of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)\nKim Il-sung condemned the nationalist leaders in South Korea, criticizing by name Kim Gu and Syngman Rhee, and the general standard of living in the southern half under American occupation. He then outlined the reason for the establishment of the WPNK, claiming the democratic strength of the working class as its purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)\nHis speech also condemned the former members of the Communist Party of North Korea who opposed the merger of the party with the New People's Party (to establish the  WPNK), declaring that those communists who opposed the merger \"were a small group of arrogant leftists who thought they were the only true Communists in Korea.\" He further added that the merger would only strengthen the progressive forces in the country, while in tandem making sure that the WPNK leadership would ensure ideological unity within the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0003-0003", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)\nKim Tu-bong's speech was similar to Kim Il-sung's; he criticized those members of the New People's Party who opposed the merger with the Communist Party of North Korea (claiming that these members had committed the error of right opportunism). He concluded his speech by outlining a five-point agenda to strengthen the newly established party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 2nd session (29 August)\nThe merger had, as outlined by both Kim Il-sung and Kim Tu-bong, angered several members within both parties. However, Colonel Alexander Ignatiev of the Soviet Civil Authority, who was the mastermind behind the merger, attended the congress to ensure its success. Of the 801 delegates, 15 discussed the two speeches; the discussions were concluded with a remark from Kim Il-sung who approved of the merger. After a brief discussion, a resolution was passed which approved of the merger, named the new party the \"Workers' Party of North Korea\" (which was designated as the party of the working masses) and a thirteen article platform suggested by Choe Chang-ik. The congress was then adjourned for the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 3rd session (30 August)\nThe 3rd, and last, session was presided over by Chu Yong-ha, a member of the domestic faction. Kim Yong-bom, a member of the domestic faction, was in charge of drafting the party's by-laws; the party's proposed by-laws were approved after a \"brief discussion\". Then Tae Song-su, a member of the Soviet-Korean faction, proposed the merger of Chongno (Correct Path) and Chonjin (Forward), the newspapers of the Communist Party of North Korea and the New People's Party respectively, and the creation of Rodong Sinmun (Workers' Daily), as the WPNK's main newspaper. The proposal was approved by the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 3rd session (30 August)\nThe last speech was given by Choe Chang-ik from the Workers' Party of South Korea (WPSK). He talked about the situation for the South Korean communist movement, the establishment of the WPSK, and the WPSK's decision to expel six dissident elements who had opposed the Communist Party of South Korea's merger with other progressive forces. The merger and the expulsion of the six members were approved by the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 3rd session (30 August)\nLast on the agenda was the election of the 1st Central Committee (CC) and the 1st Inspection Commission (IC). A prepared list for nominees for the CC and IC was approved beforehand by the party leadership, and approved by the congress delegates. The 43 nominees to the CC and the 11 nominees to the IC were approved unanimously \"after each nominee was introduced.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, Congress, 3rd session (30 August)\nOf the members elected to the 1st Central Committee, 13 belonged to the domestic faction, 12 to the Yanan faction, 6 to the Soviet-Korean faction, 4 belonging to Kim Il-sung's partisan faction, and the affiliation of the remaining 8 members was unknown. The congress, after issuing an open letter to the people of Korea, then adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, The merger\nThe merger of the Communist Party of North Korea and the New People's Party was met with lukewarm response within the two parties. What became evident to all observers was that few if any Korean communists wanted to create a mass party (as the Soviets insisted), and the leadership of Kim Il-sung was not accepted by the majority in the communist movement at the time. Kim Il-sung had been appointed to leadership by the Soviets, rather than being promoted by his associates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 102], "content_span": [103, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, The merger\nLeading figures from the New People's Party, such as Kim Tu-bong, Mu Chong and Choe Chang-ik, were far more popular with the Korean people then Kim Il-sung; Kim retained his position because the Soviets made it clear that opposition to Kim meant opposition to the Soviet Civil Authority (the Soviet administration in North Korea). Presumably, for this reason alone leading officials at the 1st Congress began adoring Kim Il-sung with compliments; Pak Pyong-so remarked that the Koreans needed a leader and accused everyone opposing Kim Il-sung of being a reactionary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 102], "content_span": [103, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, The merger\nPak Chong-ae, a delegate from Pyongnam, claimed that Pak Pyong-so's comments were unnecessary since Kim Il-sung \"was already recognized as the leader of the entire Korean people.\" It was because of the Soviets that Kim Il-sung was able to preside over the congress, delivering the political report and presenting the nominees to the Central Committee and the Inspection Commission. His rivals acquiesced to Kim Il-sung's domineering because of the Soviets; the leaders of the rival factions, the Soviet-Korean, domestic and Yanan factions played a small role in the congress' affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 102], "content_span": [103, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, Election\nThe 1st Plenary Session of the 1st Central Committee convened after the 1st Congress on 31 August. It elected the 1st Political Committee (composed of five members), the party's chairman (who concurrently has to serve as a member of the Political Committee) and two deputy chairmen. Why the members of the Central Committee did not elect Kim Il-sung chairman is unknown; either Kim Il-sung gave the position to Kim Tu-bong as an honorary position, or the Central Committee members who voted in a secret ballot chose their most preferred candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 100], "content_span": [101, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158865-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, 1st plenum of the 1st Central Committee, Election\nWhatever the case, Kim Tu-bong's ascension to the top party position did not reflect his real power, and Kim Il-sung was the de facto leader under Kim Tu-bong's chairmanship. Kim Il-sung and Chu Yong-ha were elected the party's deputy chairmen, while Ho Ka-i, a Soviet Korean, and Choe Chang-ik, from the Yanan faction, together with the other three were elected to the 1st Political Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 100], "content_span": [101, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment was organized at West Meriden, Connecticut, on November 2, 1861, initially as the 1st Battalion Connecticut Cavalry under the command of Major Judson M. Lyon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Railroad District, Mountain Department, to April 1862. Schenck's Brigade, Mountain Department, to June 1862. Cavalry Brigade, I Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Cavalry Brigade, XI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. Defenses of Baltimore, Maryland, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to July 1863. Maryland Heights Division, Department of West Virginia, to October 1863. Cavalry Brigade, 1st Division, Department of Western Virginia to January 1864. Cavalry Reserve, VIII Corps, defenses of Baltimore to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to June 1865. Cavalry Division, XXII Corps Department of Washington to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Connecticut Cavalry mustered out of service on August 2, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Wheeling, Virginia, February 20\u201324, 1862, and duty there until March 27. Operations against guerrillas in Hardy County, Virginia, until May 1862. Action at Moorefield, Virginia, April 3. March to relief of Milroy May 2\u20137. McDowell May 8. Franklin May 10\u201312. Strasburg May 24. Wosdensville May 28. Raid to Shaver River May 30. Strasburg June 1. New Market June 5. Harrisonburg June 7. Cross Keys June 8. Port Republic June 9. Movement down the valley to Madison Court House June 10-July 28. Scout from Strasburg June 22\u201330 (Company B). Scouting in vicinity of Madison Court House until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nPope's campaign in northern Virginia Aug. 16-Sept. 2. Provost duty during the Bull Run battles Aug. 27-30. Duty at Tennallytown, Fairfax Court House, Kalorama Heights, and Hall's Farm until December. March to Fredericksburg, Virginia, and duty at Stafford Court House until January 1863. Kelly's Ford December 20\u201322, 1862. Moved to Baltimore, Maryland, and duty there, organizing as a regiment until March 1864 (Companies A, B, C, D, and E). Moved to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, July 5, 1863, and duty in that vicinity until January 1864. Skirmish at Waterford Aug. 8, 1863 (detachment). Berryville October 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition from Charlestown to New Market November 15\u201318. Operations in Hampshire and Hardy Counties, West Virginia, January 27-February 7, 1864. Moorefield, February 4, 1864 (detachment). Regimental organization completed at Baltimore January 1864, and duty there until March. Moved to Annapolis Junction March 8, then to Brandy Station, Virginia, March 15. Joined brigade March 15. Rappahannock April 1. Rapidan Campaign May\u2013June. Craig's Meeting House May 5. Todd's Tavern May 5\u20136. Alsop's farm, Spotsylvania, May 8. Sheridan's raid to James River May 9\u201324. North Anna River May 9\u201310. Ground Squirrel Bridge and Yellow Tavern May 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0004-0003", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nBrook Church or fortifications of Richmond May 12. Strawberry Hill May 12. Demonstration on Little River May 26. Line of the Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Mechump's Creek and Hanover Court House May 31. Ashland June 1. Totopotomoy and Gaines' Mills June 2. Haw's Shop June 3. Cold Harbor June 3\u201312. Bethesda Church June 11. Long Bridge June 12. St. Mary's Church June 15. Cold Harbor June 18. Wilson's raid on south side and Danville Railroad June 20\u201330. Black and White Station and Nottaway Court House June 23. Staunton Bridge or Roanoke Station June 25. Sappony Church or Stony Creek June 28\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0004-0004", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nReam's Station June 29. Siege of Petersburg until August. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Winchester August 17. Abraham's Creek September 13. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Near Cedarville September 20. Front Royal Pike September 21. Milford September 22. Tom's Brook, \"Woodstock Races\", October 8\u20139. Battle of Cedar Creek October 10. Cedar Creek October 13. Cedar Run Church October 17. Newtown, Cedar Creek, November 12. Rude's Hill, near Mt. Jackson, November 22. Raid to Lacy Springs December 19\u201322. Lacy Springs December 21. Expedition from Winchester to Moorefield, West Virginia, February 4\u20136, 1865. Sheridan's Raid February 27-March 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0004-0005", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nOccupation of Staunton March 2. Waynesboro March 2. Charlottesville March 3. Ashland March 15. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Dinwiddie Court House March 30\u201331. Five Forks April 1. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Namozine Church April 3. Sailor's Creek April 6. Appomattox Station April 8. Appomattox Court House, April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Expedition to Danville April 23\u201329. Moved to Washington, D.C., May. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Provost duty at Washington until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158866-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 193 men during service; 4 officers and 36 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 149 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment\n1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment was an artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment was organized in Washington, D.C., from the 4th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry and mustered on January 2, 1862, under the command of Colonel Robert O. Tyler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to the Military District of Washington to April 1862. Siege artillery, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to July 1862. Siege artillery, Army of the Potomac, to August 1862. Artillery defenses Alexandria Military District of Washington, to February 1863. Artillery defenses of Alexandria, XXII Corps, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, defenses south of the Potomac River, XXII Corps, to May 1863. 3rd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to March 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\n4th Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to May 1864. (Batteries B and M attached to Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, October 1862 to January 1864.) Point of Rocks, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina to June 1864. Siege artillery, Department of Virginia and North Carolina in the field, and siege artillery, Army of the Potomac, to May 1865. Siege artillery, Department of Virginia, to July 1865. 4th Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to August 1865. 3rd Brigade, Department of Washington, to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery mustered out of the service September 25, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Fort Richardson, defenses of Washington, D.C., until April 1862. Ordered to the Peninsula, Va., in charge of the siege train, Army of the Potomac, April 2. Siege of Yorktown April 12 \u2013 May 4. Battle of Hanover Court House May 27. Operations about Hanover Court House May 27\u201329. Seven days before Richmond June 25 \u2013 July 1. Gaines Mill June 27. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 15. Moved to Alexandria, Virginia, August 16\u201327. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until May 1864, as garrison at Fort Richardson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nBatteries B and M detached with the Army of the Potomac, participating in the Battle of Fredericksburg, December 12\u201315. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 \u2013 May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Stafford Heights June 12. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock River November 7\u20138. Brandy Station, Virginia November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26 \u2013 December 2. Rejoined regiment in defenses of Washington January 1864. Regiment ordered to Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, May 13, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nEngaged in fatigue duty and as garrison for batteries and forts on the Bermuda front and lines before Petersburg during siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond, May 1864 to April 1865. Occupy Fort Converse, Redoubt Dutton, Batteries Spofford, Anderson, Pruyn, and Perry on the Bermuda front, and Forts Rice, Morton, Sedgwick, and McGilvrey, and Batteries 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, Burpee, Drake, and Sawyer, on the Petersburg front, and at Dutch Gap, north of the James River. Assaults on Fort Dutton June 2 and 21, 1864 (Battery L).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0004-0003", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nAttacks on the lines May 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 27, 30, 31, June 1, 2, 5, 9, 18, 20 and 23. Battle of the Crater July 30, August 25, November 17, 18 and 28, 1864. Repulse of rebel fleet at Fort Brady on James River January 23\u201324, 1865. Expedition to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, January 3\u201315, 1865 (Batteries B, G, and L). Capture of Fort Fisher January 15 (Batteries B, G, and L). Assaults on and fall of Petersburg, Virginia, April 2, 1865. Duty in the Department of Virginia until July 11. Moved to Washington, D.C., and duty in the defenses of that city until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158867-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 227 men during service; 2 officers and 49 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 172 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158868-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment, officially designated the 1st Regiment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry, was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Men were recruited under the calls of President Lincoln on 15 April, 1861 and Governor Buckingham the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158868-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nMany Connecticut residents had anticipated a call to arms, and, as a result, several companies had already reached their manpower requirements by the 16th. The 1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized in Hartford, Connecticut and was mustered in for three months service on April 22, 1861 under the command of Colonel Daniel Tyler. John Speidel was elected Lieutenant Colonel. The regiment left for Washington D.C. on 18 May on the steamer Bienville and served at Camp Corcoran as part of the capitol garrison. It was attached to Mansfield's command in the Department of Washington until 1 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158868-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was assigned to Key's 1st Brigade, Tyler's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia on 1 June and advanced to Vienna and Falls Church in northern Virginia between 1 and 8 June. It served on picket duty there until 16 July, then participated in the advance on Manassas, occupying Fairfax Court House on 17 July. The regiment fought in the First Battle of Bull Run on 21 July, and was lauded for maintaining discipline during the retreat of the Union troops. It spent the next few days packing up the abandoned camps of other regiments. The 1st began to march to New Haven on 27 July, and was mustered out of service on 31 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158868-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service\nDuring the unit's service, 6 men were wounded, 6 were captured, and 25 were discharged for disability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158869-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery\nThe 1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, recruited from the state of Connecticut, served in the Union Army between October 26, 1861 and June 11, 1865 during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158869-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, under the command of Captains Alfred P. Rockwell and James B. Clinton, was organized in October 1861, and recruited from the state of Connecticut. The members joined at Meriden (Hanover village) and were mustered, for three years, into U.S. service on October 26, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158869-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery consisting of 156 men, embarked for New York on January 13, 1862, leaving there on the 21st on the Ellwood Walter for Port Royal, South Carolina, and arriving at Beaufort, South Carolina February 6. The battery was drilled in artillery tactics during the next three months and saw its first actual service at Pocotaligo. During General David Hunter's movement in June against Charleston, the battery took an active part, receiving honorable mention in General Orders for good conduct and for well served guns. The left section of the battery shared in an expedition to Florida in September and October, 1862, and was active at Fort Finnegan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158869-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service\nDuring the second movement against Charleston in April 1863, the battery was present but not actively engaged and shortly after returned to Beaufort. An expedition, commanded by Lieutenant Clinton, to destroy the railroad bridge above Willstown. This resulted in the loss of two of its guns through the grounding of the steamer, the guns being sunk in the river to prevent their capture. In July, the battery was engaged on James Island and was complimented by General Alfred Terry. Following this the battery was ordered to Folly Island and for nine months it formed part of the reserve under General Quincy Adams Gillmore. In December, 1863, while stationed at Folly Island, forty-six men reenlisted for another three-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158869-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service\nOn April 18, 1864, the battery embarked for Fort Monroe from where it proceeded to Gloucester Point and on May 4, it joined General Benjamin Butler's forces at Bermuda Hundred. It was actively engaged at Chester Station on the Richmond and Petersburg turnpike and at Proctor's Creek, losing two killed and ten wounded among the former being Lieutenant George Metcalfe. They then returned to Bermuda Hundred until June 27, taking an active part in the actions at Grovert's House and at Ware Bottom Church. Following the affair at Deep Bottom in August it was almost constantly engaged before moving to Petersburg on September 23. It then moved across the James River to a point near Fort Harrison. Following this it was assigned to the light artillery brigade of XXV Corps under General Godfrey Weitzel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158869-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Service\nIt was active at Chaffin's Bluff and Johnson's Farm in October. Following this it was ordered to City Point, where it exchanged its James Rifles for 12-pound Napoleons. The unit was comparatively inactive during the winter of 1864\u20131865. But on April 3, 1865, the Confederates abandoned their defences and the battery entered Richmond with the XXV Corps, where they received news of Lee's surrender. The unit continued to serve in the vicinity of Richmond until June 11, when it was mustered out at Manchester, Richmond. It started for home the following day and reached New Haven on June 14. The battery was the first of the veteran troops to return to Connecticut. Having been in service three years and eight months, it participated in about twenty engagements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158869-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery started out with one-hundred and fifty-six men, forty-six of whom had reenlisted and altogether received about one-hundred and forty recruits. Its casualty list consisted of two killed, eighteen wounded, two accidentally wounded, twenty died of disease, and four discharged for disability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158870-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment\nThe 1st Connecticut Regiment was a unit of the Continental Army, and was involved in the American Revolutionary War. The regiment was initially formed in 1776, and was active in various forms until 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158870-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment, 1776\u20131780\nThe 1st Connecticut Regiment was authorized on 16 September 1776 in the Continental Army. The regiment was organized between 1 January 1777 at Norwich, Connecticut, with eight companies from the counties of New London, Windham, and Hartford of the state of Connecticut. It was assigned to the 2nd Connecticut Brigade of the Highlands Department on 3 April 1777. On 12 June 1777 it was reassigned from the 2nd Connecticut Brigade to the 1st Connecticut Brigade. Three days later, 15 June 1777 this brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158870-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment, 1776\u20131780\nOn 17 July 1777 the brigade was reassigned to the Highlands Department. The Regiment was reassigned to the 2nd Connecticut Brigade on 12 September 1777 and two days later 14 September 1777 the brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army. On 2 May 1779 the brigade was reassigned to the Highlands Department and the regiment was reorganized to nine companies on 11 July 1779. On 16 November 1779 the 2nd Connecticut Brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army. One year later, 27 November 1780 the brigade was reassigned to the Highland Department. On 1 January 1781 the regiment was consolidated with the 8th Connecticut Regiment and was re-designated the 5th Connecticut Regiment. The regiment would see action in the New York Campaign and the Battle of Monmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158870-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment, 1781\u20131783\nThe re-newed 1st Connecticut Regiment was formed from the merger of the old 3rd Connecticut Regiment with the old 4th Connecticut Regiment, on 1 January 1781. On 1 January 1783 it was reassigned from the 1st Connecticut Brigade to the Connecticut Brigade in the Highland's Department. The regiment was re-designated the Connecticut Brigade on 15 June 1783 and reassigned to the Main Continental Army. The regiment was disbanded at West Point, New York on 15 November 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775)\nThe 1st Connecticut Regiment (1775) was raised on 27 April 1775 at Norwich, Connecticut in the Connecticut State Troops. The regiment consisted of ten companies of volunteers from New Haven and Litchfield counties of the state of Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775)\nIt was adopted into the Main Continental Army on 14 June 1775 and then was assigned 24 June 1775 to the New York (Northern) Department. Two companies (Captain Bradford Steel's and Captain Caleb Trowbridge's) were detached 13 July 1775 and reassigned to the Main Continental Army and participated in the siege of Boston. The two companies were disbanded on 20 December 1775 at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The regiment was reassigned to the Canadian Department and was disbanded between 1 December 1775 and 15 April 1776 in Canada. The regiment would see action in the Invasion of Canada and the Battle of Trois-Rivi\u00e8res.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775)\nAccording to the national archives, enclosed below is a letter from the 1st Connecticut Regiment to General Washington dated March 31, 1778. In this letter, the regiment is requesting the appointment of a colonel to their regiment and requesting specifically that the colonel assigned be Colonel Sherman. But Colonel Sherman was not assigned to the 1st Connecticut Regiment in 1778. The post was appointed to Lt. Colonel Josiah Starr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment\nTo His Excellency Geo. Washington Esq. ; General and Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States of America: The Petition of the commissioned Officers of the first Connecticut Regiment, Humbly Sheweth, That Your Petitioners, since they took the field the last Campaign to the present time, have been destitute of a chief Colonel to the Regimt\u2014Our Lieut: Colonel, daily expecting some other gentleman would be put over him to command the Regiment, did not exert himself for the honor & benefit of the same, as he probably would have done had his situation been otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment\nThe necessary inconveniences then, we have laboured under on this account, are too obvious to be particularis\u2019d to Your Excellency: To avoid which, in future, and that the regiment may make that respectable & martial appearance which was intended by the first worthy Colonel of it;1 Your Petitioners humbly beg leave to request of your Excellency that a Colonel be appointed to the said regiment before the opening of the approaching campaign. And Your Petitioners further beg leave to petition your Excellency, that we may be indulged in having Lieut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment\nColonel Sherman; (whose accomplishments as an Officer, & a Gentleman, we highly vallue,) appointed to the command of said regiment,2 which we humbly concieve would greatly add to the peace & honour of the Same; and Your Petitioners, as in duty bound shall ever pray. Signed in behalf of the comission\u2019d Officers of the afforsd Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment\n1. The petitioners are referring to Jedediah Huntington, who had been promoted to brigadier general in May 1777. Since then the 1st Connecticut Regiment had been commanded by Lt. Col. Samuel Prentice, who resigned in May 1778 after being passed over for the colonelcy of the 6th Connecticut Regiment. The petitioners had previously spoken to Huntington about their opposition to an appointment of Prentice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), From Officers of the 1st Connecticut Regiment\n2. Lt . Col. Isaac Sherman did not get this appointment, which went instead to Lt. Col. Josiah Starr, whose commission as colonel evidently was backdated to May 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), Major General David Wooster\nBorn in Derby, Connecticut on March 2, 1710, General David Wooster was a Yale graduate and took part in several early conflicts including the Spanish War, the Seven Years' War, and the Revolutionary War. On June 22, 1775 General Wooster was one of the eight Brigadier-Generals appointed to command the Connecticut Regiment. Of the eight generals, he was third in rank. General Wooster spent most of 1775 in the Boston area. He later took part in the Canada expedition while under the command of General Montgomery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158871-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Connecticut Regiment (1775), Connecticut in the American Revolution\nImmediately following the Battle at Lexington and Concord, Connecticut sent more than 3,700 men to help in the war against Great Britain. Six Connecticut regiments were adopted on June 14, 1775. These regiments were divided up geographically. Three were sent from the eastern and central parts of the colony to help defend Boston. In addition to supplying troops, Connecticut also aided the war effort by supplying food, clothing, and munitions for the Continental Army. Connecticut's numerous contributions led to the nickname of \"The Provisions State.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158872-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Constitution Bancorp\n1st Constitution Bancorp is a bank holding company based in Cranbury, New Jersey that operates 1st Constitution Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158872-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Constitution Bancorp, History\nIn 1999, 1st Constitution Bancorp was established as a bank holding company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158872-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Constitution Bancorp, History\nIn October 2010, the company repaid the $12 million that it received from the Troubled Asset Relief Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158872-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Constitution Bancorp, History\nIn 2013, the company acquired Rumson-Fair Haven Bank and Trust for $24.3 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158872-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Constitution Bancorp, History\nIn June 2016, the company expanded the size of its board of directors from 5 to 8 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158872-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Constitution Bancorp, History\nIn 2017, the company acquired New Jersey Community Bank for $7.6 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158872-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Constitution Bancorp, History\nIn June 2019, the company announced its intent to acquire Shore Community Bank in a deal valued at $53.1 million. The deal was approved and closed in November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Continental Artillery Regiment, also known as Harrison's Continental Artillery Regiment, was authorized on 26 November 1776 as Colonel Charles Harrison's Continental Artillery Regiment. Raised for service during the American Revolutionary War, as originally organized, the regiment comprised 10 artillery companies from Virginia. Two of the artillery companies existed since early 1776. The regiment was first assigned to the Southern Department, but in March 1778 it was reassigned to General George Washington's main army. In August 1779 the unit was renamed the 1st Continental Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment\nIt continued to serve with the main army until April 1780 when it was transferred to the Southern Department. In May 1780, Maryland artillery companies formally joined the regiment, making a total of 12 companies. In January 1781 the regiment was reorganized with 10 companies. Furloughed in the summer of 1783, the regiment was disbanded in November the same year. Elements of the regiment fought at Monmouth, Charleston, Camden, Hobkirk's Hill, Eutaw Springs, Yorktown, and Combahee River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History\nHarrison's Continental Artillery Regiment became part of the Continental Army on 26 November 1776 with Colonel Charles Harrison as commanding officer. The regiment consisted of two companies that were previously in existence. In the spring and summer of 1777 the regiment was organized in the strength of 10 companies. Harrison's second-in-command was Lieutenant Colonel Edward Carrington. The regiment defended Virginia during the remainder of 1777. Each artillery company was composed of four officers, one sergeant, four corporals, four bombardiers, eight gunners, and 48 matrosses. This differed from the organization in the other artillery regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History\nThe first pre-existing unit was the Virginia State Artillery Company which was authorized on 11 January 1776 and organized in the spring of that year at Williamsburg, Virginia. It became part of Harrison's Regiment on 26 November. Its original captain was James Innis and its lieutenants were Harrison, Carrington, and Samuel Denney. On 19 March, the Continental Congress adopted the first company and authorized a French adventurer, Dohicky Arundel to raise a second Virginia artillery company. At some point, Innis transferred to the infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History\nThe second unit became the Virginia Continental Artillery Company which formed in the summer of 1776 at Williamsburg. It joined Harrison's Regiment on 27 November. The Virginia artillery played an active role during the Battle of Gwynn's Island in July 1776. The only casualty was Arundel, who was killed when his experimental mortar burst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History\nThe regiment was initially assigned to the Southern Department. On 13 March 1778 it was transferred to Washington's main army where elements fought at the Battle of Monmouth on 28 June 1778. In that action, Carrington commanded some guns on the left flank under William Alexander, Lord Stirling. In 1778, three 106-man Maryland artillery companies joined the regiment on a provisional basis. The 1st and 2nd Maryland State Artillery Companies were authorized on 14 January 1776 and the 3rd Company was authorized on 23 October 1776. They joined the main army on 22 November 1777 as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Maryland Continental Artillery Companies. On 9 May 1780, the 1st Maryland Company formally became the 11th Company in the 1st Artillery Regiment and the 2nd and 3rd Maryland Companies became the 12th Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History\nThe four artillery regiments received numbers on 10 August 1779. Two boards of generals determined that the artillery regiments of Colonels John Lamb and John Crane could not trace continuity from General Henry Knox's old Continental Artillery Regiment. Therefore, Harrison's Regiment became the 1st Continental Artillery Regiment while Lamb's was renamed the 2nd Continental Artillery Regiment and Crane's was numbered the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment. The regiment of Colonel Thomas Proctor became the 4th Continental Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History\nHenry Knox, Washington's artillery chief, planned to have four 3-pound or 6-pound cannons attached to each infantry brigade. Though Knox preferred the more versatile French 4-pound cannon, he had to abandon a plan to adopt the piece because so much ammunition and material for the other guns were available. The army also maintained an artillery park of two 24-pound cannons, four 12-pound cannons, four 8-inch howitzers, eight 5\u00bd-inch howitzers, and 10 smaller field guns. Knox rotated the artillery companies between infantry brigades, artillery park, and garrisons so the men could be sufficiently trained. He discouraged artillery duels and encouraged his artillerymen to reserve their fire for infantry targets. This tactic proved very effective at Monmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 1st Artillery was reassigned to the Southern Department on 17 April 1780. Some units of the regiment fought at the Siege of Charleston in the spring of 1780. When General Johann de Kalb was sent south in 1780, Carrington accompanied his division with three artillery companies. Harrison arrived and assumed command, due to his superior rank. At the Battle of Camden on 16 August 1780, Harrison directed six artillery pieces. Two more guns were loaned to Colonel Thomas Sumter's partisans and 10 were left in the rear for lack of horses to pull them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History\nThe regiment was reorganized to consist of 10 companies on 1 January 1781. At the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill on 25 April 1781, Harrison commanded three 6-pound cannons and 40 artillerists. At the Battle of Eutaw Springs on 8 September 1781, the Americans had two 3-pounders under Captain William Gaines and two 6-pounders under Captain William Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158873-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Artillery Regiment, History\nDuring the Siege of Yorktown in the fall of 1781, Captain Whitehead Coleman's company of the 1st Artillery fought under the overall command of Carrington. In the Battle of the Combahee River on 27 August 1782, a howitzer and its crew under Captain Smith were captured by the British. The regiment was furloughed in the summer of 1783 at Winchester, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland. It was formally disbanded on 15 November 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons\nThe 1st Continental Light Dragoons, also known as Bland's Horse, was a mounted regiment of the Continental Army organized between 13 June and 10 September 1776 in Williamsburg, Virginia. It was made up of men from eastern and northern Virginia for service with the Continental Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nThe Revolutionary Virginia Convention held in May 1776 resulted in delegates voting for a resolution to direct Virginia's delegates in Philadelphia to seek independence from the British and form a confederation of the colonies. They knew additional military strength was required. Virginia Governor Patrick Henry authorized Major-Commandant Theodorick Bland to raise a volunteer battalion. Bland had participated in the expulsion of Royal Governor Dunmore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nThe 1st Continental Light Dragoons regiment was first authorized 8 June 1776 in the Virginia State Troops as the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th (Captain Henry \"Light Horse Harry\" Lee) and 6th Troops of Light Horse. On 25 June 1776 it mustered as the Virginia Light Horse Regiment. It was first adopted by and then accepted into the Continental Army, designated as the 1st Continental Light Dragoons on 25 November 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nSix months later, when General George Washington needed cavalry to counter that of the British, the Continental Congress on November 25, 1776 requested that Virginia transfer Major Bland's Light Horse to the Continental Army. Although reluctant, Virginia acceded to the request. Bland's Light Horse became the 1st Regiment of Continental Light Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nBland had six troops of cavalry. Each contained 3 officers, 3 corporals, a drummer, a trumpeter, and 29 privates. Three quartermasters provided logistical support for the group. In March of 1777 this 1st Regiment of Continental Light Dragoons \u2014 plus the three other regiments \u2014 were reorganized, resulting in a slight increase in their numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nThe reorganized regimental headquarters consisted of a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel and a major, who were supported in turn by a staff consisting of a chaplain, a quartermaster, a surgeon and mate, a paymaster, a riding master, a saddler, a trumpet major, an adjutant and 4 supernumeraries\u2014cadets undergoing training who were used as the colonel's messengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nEach troop consisted of 32 privates, 1 armorer, 1 farrier, 1 trumpeter, 4 corporals, 1 quartermaster sergeant, a drill or an orderly sergeant, a cornet, a lieutenant, and a captain\u2014a total of 280 men and officers. Whether any of the four regiments of Dragoons was ever at full strength is uncertain. The 2nd Continental Light Dragoons hailed from Connecticut and was led by Elisha Sheldon. It fought with distinction, whether mounted or unmounted, and at war's end had 225 men. The 3rd Regiment\u2014\"Lady Washington's Dragoons\"\u2014was also from Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nThe 3rd was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel George Baylor and seconded by Major Alexander Clough, one of George Washington's spies. The 3rd was the victim of a heinous act of war when they were attacked in their billet and refused quarter in 1778. The 4th and final regiment drew its membership from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey. The 4th suffered great losses at the Battle of Camden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nSo at the very best in 1777, there were 1120 dragoons in the Continental army, considerably under the 3,000 troops authorized by the Continental Congress. Officers aside, there were no other mounted troops in the whole continental army. The English also had limited cavalry, fielding their 16th Queen's Lancers and 17th Regiment of Dragoons. Light Horse Harry Lee gained national fame from his service with the 1st Continental Regiment at the Battle of Paulus Hook and in the Southern Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nOn 31 March 1777 in General Orders, George Washington named promoted officers of the 1st Light Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nTheodorick Bland Esqr., Major, Comdt. to be Colonel thereof. Capt . Benjamin Temple of the 2nd. Troop is appointed the Lt. Col. Capt . John Jameson of the 3rd. Troop is appointed the Major. Lieut. Cuth. Harrison of the 2nd. Troop is appointed Captain of the same. Lieut. Alexander S. Dandridge of the 4th. is appointed Captain of the 3rd. Captain Alexander Johnson, Lieut. John Belfield of the 5th. is appointed Captain of the 6th; vacant by the resignation of Capt. Nelson. Cornet William Lindsay of the 3rd. Troop is appointed Lieutenant of the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nCornet William Watts of the 4th. is appointed Lieut. of the same. Cornet Henry Peyton of the 5th is appointed Lieutenant of the same. Cornet Henry Clements of the 6th. is appointed Lieut. of the second. Mr. Cole Diggs, Cadet, is appointed Cornet of the 3rd. Troop. Mr. Robert Yauncey, Cadet, is appointed Cornet of the 4th. Troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nOn 7 April 1778 Lee's Troop was replaced by Captain Addison Lewis's Troop. Lee's Troop was expanded into Lee's Legion, designated the 2nd Partisan Corps in 1781. The 1st Continental Light Dragoons were reassigned to the Southern Department on 8 November 1778, when the Corps of Continental Light Dragoons was broken up as an organization. The regiment was officially re-organized on 1 January 1781, consisting of four mounted and two dismounted troops. It was redesignated as the 1st Legionary Corps. Captain Samuel Van Leer was also a member of this regiment. On 2 November 1782, reflecting an amalgamation that had occurred in the spring of 1780, the unit was consolidated with the 3d Legionary Corps, maintaining five troops. The new unit was designated 1st Legionary Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158874-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Continental Light Dragoons, History\nThe regiment saw action at the Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown and the Battle of Guilford Court House. The regiment was disbanded on November 15, 1783, at Winchester, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat. They served as a Coast Artillery unit during both World Wars, and also manned batteries serving overseas. The unit continued in existence until the dissolution of Coast Artillery in the UK in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nThe Volunteer Force came into existence in 1859 as a result of an invasion scare and the consequent enthusiasm for joining local Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps. By 24 May 1860 there were enough Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) in Cornwall to form an Administrative Brigade with its Headquarters (HQ) at Bodmin to include all the AVCs in the County. From July 1861 the 1st Admin Brigade of Cornwall Artillery Volunteers appeared in the Army List under the title of The Duke of Cornwall's Artillery Volunteers, for which Queen Victoria gave special permission. The brigade had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 86], "content_span": [87, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nLieutenant-Colonel W.R. Gilbert, a half-pay officer in the Royal Artillery (RA), was appointed to command the brigade on 24 May 1860. His second in command, Brevet Major Shadwell M. Grylls, was also a half-pay RA officer, while the adjutant, Captain Robert Edyvean, had previously been in the Royal Cornwall and Devon Miners Artillery Militia. Gilbert held the command for over 30 years. In May 1880 the Corps were consolidated as the 1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, with ten batteries distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 86], "content_span": [87, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nOn 1 April 1882 all the AVCs were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the RA and the 1st Cornwall AV became part of the Western Division. On 1 September 1886 it officially became the 3rd Volunteer (Duke of Cornwall's) Brigade, Western Division, RA, but resumed its former title three years later. In 1888 HQ moved to Falmouth. By 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme had allocated the 1st Cornwall Artillery Volunteers to the Plymouth fixed defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 86], "content_span": [87, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nIn the 1890s the battery at Polruan was disbanded, a new No 6 Battery was raised at Hayle in 1894 and the higher numbered batteries were renumbered 7\u20139. Thereafter a new No 10 Battery was raised at Falmouth and Truro and No 11 Battery at Buryan and Newbridge. No 10 Battery had a drill shed at High Street, Falmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 86], "content_span": [87, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). On 1 January 1902 the RA's divisional organisation was abolished and the titles were changed, the unit becoming the 1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers). Two further batteries were raised in the 1900s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 112], "content_span": [113, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Territorial Force (TF) was created from the old Volunteer Force under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Cornwall RGA (V) was to join with the Devonshire RGA (V) to become the Cornwall & Dorset RGA, and also to provide a Cornwall Battery for the 3rd Wessex Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (RFA), but this was changed in 1910 to separate Cornwall and Devon units without the RFA battery. The Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) RGA had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 73], "content_span": [74, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe companies were responsible for manning the batteries of fixed coastal guns, while the heavy batteries were mobile and responsible for the landward defences (TF heavy batteries were usually armed with obsolescent 4.7-inch guns). In 1914 the Falmouth defences consisted of four 6-inch guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 73], "content_span": [74, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war the Cornwall RGA mobilised under the command of Lt-Col H. Shapcott, VD and deployed to its war stations guarding the major ports of Cornwall under No 1 Coastal Fire Command. No 1 Heavy Battery was commanded by Maj J.A. Cumberledge and No 2 Hvy Bty by Maj Francis Freathy Oats, son of the mining magnate Francis Oats, who had recruited many miners from his family's St Just mines into his battery. The group of smaller garrison companies were commanded by another major and the individual companies by captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nShortly afterwards TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate companies and batteries were created, releasing the 1st Line units to be  sent overseas. Recruitment for the Cornwall RGA went well: by January 1915 Maj Oats had recruited two additional batteries. A new 1/8th Company later served in the Plymouth defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nBy October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of Heavy and Siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, and 1st line RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service had been authorised to increase their strength by 50 per cent. In July 1915 1/1st and 1/2nd Heavy Btys of the Cornwall RGA manned 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Bty, RGA, officially formed at Woolwich on 17 August. The battery saw active service in the East African Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nAlthough coast defence companies never left the UK, they did supply drafts of trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas. They also provided cadres as the basis on which to form complete new units for front line service. The cadres of the 93rd and 173rd Siege Batteries formed in 1915\u201316 were provided by the Cornwall RGA, while a number of other siege batteries formed later in the Falmouth Defences (211th, 246th, 266th, 296th) may have included trained men from the unit among the recruits, although the Army Council Instructions did not specifically order this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home defence\nUnder Army Council Instruction 686 of April 1917, the coast defence companies of the RGA (TF) were reorganised. The Cornwall RGA serving in the Falmouth garrison was reduced from eight companies (1/3rd, 1/4th, 1/5th, 1/6th, 1/7th, 2/4th, 2/6th and 2/7th) to just two (numbered 1 and 2), which were to be kept up to strength with Regular recruits. 1/8th Company disappeared into the reduced Devon RGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home defence\nBy April 1918 the Falmouth defences comprised the following batteries under the control of No 1 Coastal Fire Command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery\n134th (Cornwall) Heavy Bty was formed in July 1915 by 1/1st and 1/2nd Heavy Btys of the Cornwall RGA. It embarked for the East African Campaign on 26 December 1915, arriving at Mombasa on 1 February 1916. It was equipped with four Indian Army pattern 5.4-inch howitzers, which were drawn by oxen, but it had a motor transport company (No 633, Army Service Corps) as its ammunition column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 99], "content_span": [100, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery\nIn  March the battery took part in the Battle of Latema Nek, and later in a long march along the Pangani River, reaching Morogoro by late August. Here the offensive was halted by rain, exhaustion and German defences, so the force paused and reorganised. On 1 January 1917 the battery opened fire from prepared positions to support the attack on the Mgeta river, suppressing the fire of enemy machine guns commanding the bridge but losing one of its howitzers to a premature shell burst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 99], "content_span": [100, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery\nIn February 1917 the battery sent a howitzer and its detachment by sea to join the defences of Lindi while the rest of the battery returned to Morogoro for training. At the end of May the battery handed its two remaining 5.4-inch howitzers over to 11th (Hull) Heavy Bty and took over a 5-inch howitzer from that battery. It then joined the detachment at Lindi where it adapted Flat wagons so that a howitzer and its limber could be moved along the German light railway, hauled by local porters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 99], "content_span": [100, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery\nThe Lindi Column began probing forward in August, with the battery's howitzer shelling Tandimuti Hill in conjunction with Royal Navy monitors firing from offshore. Until mid-September the 5-inch and 5.4-inch howitzers engaged in shoots on Narunyu on the bank of the Lukuledi River while the Lindi Column waited for reinforcements, including another 5-inch howitzer from Morogoro and the battery's lorries. Between 23 and 25 September, while the battery bombarded the enemy positions on the Lukuledi, a flanking  column manoeuvred the Germans out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 99], "content_span": [100, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery\nThe pursuit was slow: the roads were impassable for lorries, so the howitzers had to be dragged forward by porters. From 5 October the battery bombarded the high ground across the Nyengedi River, exchanging fire with a German gun, until the column obtained a bridgehead. Between 15 and 18 October, the Lindi Column fought the Battle of Mahiwa, one of the bloodiest battles of the whole campaign, with the battery firing in support of the failed attack. However, the Germans had also lost heavily, and retired into Portuguese Mozambique where they split up into guerrilla columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 99], "content_span": [100, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery\nIn December the Lindi force was broken up and its exhausted and sickly British units went home. On 19 December 1917, 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Battery embarked from Dar es Salaam for England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 99], "content_span": [100, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 546th Siege Battery\nThe veterans of 134th (Cornwall) Hvy Bty were then reorganised into 546th Siege Battery on 27 February 1918. This was one of only two TF siege batteries formed during the war, the other being the 309th formed by the Honourable Artillery Company (93rd and 173rd Siege Batteries (see below) were formally New Army units). The 546th was also the last RGA siege battery to be sent overseas during World War I, reaching the Western Front on 22 August 1918. Equipped with four 6-inch guns it served with Second Army until the Armistice with Germany. It was apparently disbanded before the end of 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 88], "content_span": [89, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\n93rd Siege Battery was formed at Plymouth under War Office Instruction 181 of 16 December 1915 from a cadre of three officers and 78 other ranks (the establishment of a TF garrison company) supplied by the Cornwall RGA. It was equipped with four 9.2-inch howitzers and left for the Western Front on 5 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\nOn 29 May the battery was assigned to 35th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) with Third Army, supporting the Attack on the Gommecourt Salient in the forthcoming 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme). Ammunition was short and because of poor weather for observation the attack was postponed for two days; the lack of ammunition resulted in a reduced rate of fire over the additional days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\nAt 07.28 on Z Day (1 July), two minutes before H Hour, the heavy howitzers lifted onto their targets in the German support and reserve lines as the infantry got out of their forward trenches and advanced towards Gommecourt. The attack was initially successful, the leading waves getting into the first German trench and some parties entering the second line. But they were hit by enfilade fire and unsuppressed German artillery prevented the follow-up waves and ammunition carrying parties from crossing No man's land. There was little that the battery could do to help: communication with its Forward Observation Officer (FOO) was broken for most of the day, and it had few shells left. The survivors of the attack were back on their start line by the end of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\nThe Gommecourt attack had only been a diversion for the main attack of the First day on the Somme, and it was not renewed. Third Army was not involved in any major operations for the rest of the year. 93rd Siege Bty remained with Third Army, moving between HAGs as required. In December it came under Fifth Army, which carried out a series of small Operations on the Ancre, January\u2013March 1917, and on the fringe of the Arras Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\nIn July the battery switched to Second Army in the Ypres Salient, supporting the Third Ypres Offensive. This made little progress, and Second Army took over its direction. The Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\nBut as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to Counter-battery fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\nOn 14 December the battery was joined by a section from 183rd Siege Bty, bringing it up to a strength of six howitzers with 69th HAG. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 the 69th was converted into a permanent RGA brigade. The battery stayed with 69th Bde until the Armistice a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\n69th Brigade was with Fifth Army when was attacked on 21 March 1918, the first day of the German spring offensive. FOOs were blinded by early morning mist and many were overrun along with the infantry in the forward zone. The German bombardment was savage. Some heavy artillery units were caught in the fighting or forced to abandon their guns as the Germans advanced rapidly. Over following days the RGA struggled to get their guns back during the 'Great Retreat'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\nThe Allied counter-offensive (the Hundred Days Offensive) opened with Fourth Army's attack at the Amiens at 04.20 on 8 August. 69th Brigade supported the Australian Corps on whose front the heavy artillery barrage was so thick and accurate that all the Australian objectives were secured. On 29 September Fourth Army's IX Corps carried out an assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal, with 69th Bde in support. The heavy guns continued firing on the canal banks until the last possible moment as the infantry scrambled across in the morning mist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 93rd Siege Battery\nOn 8 October, IX Corps stormed the Beaurevoir Line, again supported by 69th Bde. The Battle of the Selle began on 17 October, with one German counter-attack being broken up when all available guns were turned onto it. IX Corps renewed its advance on 23 October, with 69th Bde part of a massive corps artillery reserve. The attack went in under moonlight, after the heavy guns had done their work. As the regimental historian relates, \"The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23rd October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. they simply swept away the opposition\". IX Corps stormed across the Sambre Canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre). After that the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy, in which the slow-moving siege guns could play no part. The war ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery\n173rd Siege Battery was formed at Falmouth under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June 1916, based upon a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks drawn from the Cornwall RGA. It went out to the Western Front on 3 October 1916, manning four 6-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 88], "content_span": [89, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery\n173rd Siege Bty was with Fifth Army during its winter operations on the Ancre, then in March 1917 it was transferred north to join First Army for the Battle of Vimy Ridge. The battery was with 63rd HAG, assigned to I Corps. At Zero hour, while the field guns laid down a Creeping barrage to protect the advancing infantry, the heavy howitzers fired 450 yards (410\u00a0m) further ahead to hit the rear areas on the reverse slope of the ridge, especially known gun positions. The attack went in on 9 April with I Corps and Canadian Corps successfully capturing Vimy Ridge", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 88], "content_span": [89, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery\nThe battery switched to Fifth Army for the Third Ypres Offensive. Gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient where they were under observation and CB fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high, even before the offensive opened on 1 August, when Fifth Army failed to make much progress. A second push on 16 August (the Battle of Langemarck) suffered from rushed artillery planning and was unsuccessful. The offensive continued through the summer and autumn of 1917, but 173rd Siege Bty was relieved and sent to Third Army in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 88], "content_span": [89, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery\nThird Army carried out a surprise attack with tanks at the Battle of Cambrai on 20 November with no preliminary bombardment. The guns opened fire at Zero hour firing 'off the map' at carefully surveyed targets. In most areas the attack was an outstanding success. Exploitation over succeeding days was less spectacular, however. On 30 November the Germans put in a heavy counter-attack against the weakened troops in the ill-organised captured positions, and Third Army had to scramble to set up a defensible line for the winter. 173rd Siege Bty joined 54th HAG in December, and remained with after it converted into 54th Brigade and for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 88], "content_span": [89, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery\nWhen the German spring offensive began on 21 March 1918, part of Third Army was engaged in the desperate fighting, but overall it was not obliged to retreat as far or to abandon as many heavy guns as Fifth Army further south. The German offensive was halted on Third Army's front by 5 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 88], "content_span": [89, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery\nThird Army joined in the victorious Hundred Days Offensive with a succession of advances, culminating in the assault crossing of the Selle on 20 October. 54th Brigade was assigned to V Corps for this, which was carried out as a surprise, with no preliminary bombardment, under a full moon. Half of the corps' heavy artillery fired a creeping barrage while the remainder carried out CB fire and bombarded specific targets. The infantry crossed their footbridges, fought their way over the railway, through the village of Neuvilly and up over three successive ridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 88], "content_span": [89, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 173rd Siege Battery\nAfter the crossing of the Selle the campaign turned into a pursuit, and most of the siege batteries had to be left behind. 173rd Siege Battery was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 88], "content_span": [89, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nThe Cornwall RGA was placed in suspended animation after demobilisation in 1919. It reformed at Falmouth on 7 February 1920 with just two batteries, 164 from 1 and 2 Heavy Btys and Nos 3\u20135 and & Companies, and 165 from No 6 Company at Redruth. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the unit was renamed the Cornwall Coast Brigade, RGA, and when the RGA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery in 1924, the unit became the Cornwall Heavy Brigade, RA. It formed part of the coast defence troops in 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Area with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 70], "content_span": [71, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nIn 1926 it was decided that the coast defences of the UK would be manned by the TA alone. In October 1932 the unit's HQ was disbanded; 164 (Cornwall) Bty amalgamated with the Devonshire Heavy Bde (which became the Devonshire and Cornwall Hvy Bde before dropping the Cornwall title in 1936), while 165 Bty was converted into 165 (Cornwall) Anti - Aircraft Bty in 56th (Cornwall) Anti - Aircraft Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 70], "content_span": [71, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nFollowing the outbreak of war, the coast artillery (CA) branch of the RA expanded rapidly. On 1 January 1940 the Devonshire Heavy Regiment (as RA brigades were termed after 1938) split into four new regiments, including the Cornwall Heavy Regiment formed from the Cornish battery. A Regular Reserve officer, Lt-Col M. Carrington-Sykes, MC, was appointed CO and simultaneously appointed Commander Fixed Defences (CFD) Falmouth, which was separated from the Plymouth Fixed Defences on that day. The new Cornwall unit, initially comprising A and B Btys, was redesignated 523rd (Cornwall) Coast Regiment in July 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 82], "content_span": [83, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nRegimental and CFD HQ were at Pendennis Castle, and the regiment manned St Anthony Battery and the Half Moon Battery at Pendennis Castle with four 6-inch guns. There were also coast defence searchlights operated by No 5 Electric Light & Works Company, Devonshire and Cornwall Fortress Royal Engineers, until that unit left in May to be converted into field engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 82], "content_span": [83, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe batteries' duties usually consisted of firing warning shots across the bows (or illuminating with searchlights) when vessels approached the harbour without showing the proper recognition signals. Otherwise the batteries continued training, including a draft of 87 young infantrymen who were sent to be trained as gunners. When the Phoney War ended and the British Expeditionary Force was being evacuated from Dunkirk, all training was suspended and the gunners worked to complete the defences. The harbour was crowded with 157 ships carrying refugees from the Continent; the regiment found that a Boys anti-tank rifle salvaged from Dunkirk was an economical gun to fire warning shots to control these vessels. After the surrender of France on 22 June, French vessels were prevented from leaving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 82], "content_span": [83, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nAfter the Dunkirk evacuation a number of emergency batteries of ex-Royal Navy guns were ordered for the Cornish ports, including two 4.7-inch guns at Fowey, where a draft arrived to form a new 364 Coast Bty under training by the Cornwall Heavy Rgt (this later joined a new 557th Coast Rgt based at St Austell). Other emergency coastal batteries at Looe, Par, Penzance, and Newquay (each of two 4-inch Mk VII guns) were manned by the newly-formed 70th Medium Rgt, which established its HQ at Falmouth. 3-pounders were also mounted at Crab Quay and St Anthony Battery as anti-Motor Torpedo Boat guns. There was considerable Luftwaffe activity over Falmouth during the summer and autumn of 1940, mostly dropping Parachute mines near the harbour, bur also some bombing raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 82], "content_span": [83, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nDuring October a large number of men were drafted into the Falmouth defences from other coast and training regiments, then on 2 November 394 and 395 Coast Btys were formed to relieve 70th Med Rgt at Penzance and St Ives respectively. The regiment also provided drafts to 397 Coast Bty at Padstow (one of the 4-inch emergency batteries) and to 423 Coast Bty. On 31 December 952 Bty of 11th Defence Regiment, RA, took over the 3-pdrs. In July 1941 Royal Marines from the Marine Naval Base Defence Organisation (MNBDO) also manned anti-MTB 2-pdrs at Pendennis Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 82], "content_span": [83, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nPart of 523 Coast Rgt's role was to carry out training for other units. The newly-formed 203 Coast Bty was attached for training on 6-inch guns between 30 September and 9 December before going to Dover, and in January 1941 the regiment began training gunners for Defensively equipped merchant ships (DEMS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 82], "content_span": [83, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 300 Coast Battery\nIn February 1941, 216 Bty arrived at Falmouth to take over duties from the regiment's A Bty. This new battery had been formed for the regiment on 12 December 1940 at 72nd Coast Artillery Training Rgt at Norton Camp, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, and on 7 April 1941 it took over the 6-inch guns at Half Moon Battery. A Bty under Captain E.G.J. Clapham then left 523 Rgt to join the WO Reserve. The gunners went to Aldershot to prepare for overseas service and the battery was renumbered 300 Coast Bty as an independent unit by May 1941. It sailed to the Middle East and joined 14th Coast Rgt, serving in the defences of Haifa in Palestine from September 1941 to January 1945. The battery manned three 6-inch Mk VII* guns and three 90\u00a0cm searchlights in protecting this important oil port.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 300 Coast Battery\nAt 15.09 on 10 August 1942 the battery was ordered to 'Stand To', and at 15.40 a submarine was forced to the surface by depth charges dropped by the armed trawler HMT Islay. The battery opened fire when Islay was clear, firing two rounds per gun before Islay closed in again. Dust kicked up by the guns prevented clear observation but the battery saw one hit on the target. The battery was ordered to 'Cease Fire' at 15.54 when the submarine was seen to be sinking; the stern remained in view for about 8 minutes. The submarine was the Italian boat Scir\u00e8, which had successfully launched manned torpedo attacks against British ships in harbour at Gibraltar and Alexandria, and was attempting to do the same at Haifa. The captain of Islay, Lieutenant-Commander John Ross, was awarded a DSC for the sinking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 300 Coast Battery\n300 Coast Bty remained in Middle East Forces until it was disbanded on 4 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 87], "content_span": [88, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mid-War\n523 Coast Rgt's B Bty at St Anthony was redesignated 108 Coast Bty on 11 April 1941. On 16 July 173 Bty arrived from 73rd Coast Artillery Training Rgt to join 523 Rgt and was posted to St Mawes to take over new 6-pounder twin mountings. It was followed in August 1941 by 190 Bty which arrived from 73rd Coast Training Rgt at East Blockhouse, Pembrokeshire, where it had trained as a 6-pounder battery. Unlike the other new batteries, whose cadres came from Southern Command, the cadre for 190 Coast Bty was provided by Scottish Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 77], "content_span": [78, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0045-0001", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mid-War\nIt was assigned to the anti-MTB defences in Falmouth Fixed Defences, with twin 6-pdrs and also two 12-pounders, which were mounted at St Mawes and on old (1902) emplacements at Pendennis Castle until March 1942 when new emplacements were completed. In the latter part of 1941, members of the Home Guard trained on the 6-pdr anti-MTB guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 77], "content_span": [78, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mid-War\nFrom August to December 1941, the regiment had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 77], "content_span": [78, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mid-War\nLt-Col W.W. Cowan became CO of the regiment and CFD Falmouth on 19 October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 77], "content_span": [78, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nOn 31 January 1942, HQ Fixed Defences, Falmouth, was disbanded, and the regiment came under the control of the Commander, VIII Corps Coast Artillery (later, HQ Coastal Artillery, South West District). On 11 March 1942 Lt-Col Cowan relinquished command, and Lt-Col W.A. Murley, MC, took over", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nOn 27 March 1942, a detachment of 400 Coast Bty arrived at Toll Point from 558th Coast Rgt (based at Barnstaple, Devonshire) to assist in preparing a site for two mobile French 75mm field guns to protect the Helford River, and a month later the battery was incorporated into 523rd Rgt. During April the two 4-inch guns at St Ives were removed  and replaced by two of the 138mm guns removed from the French battleships Courbet and Paris. In June, surface watching radar became operational, under No 14 Army Plotting Room (APR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0049-0001", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nOn 13 June 1942, 395 Coast Bty transferred to 555th Coast Rgt (headquartered at Honiton, Devonshire) in exchange for 390 Coast Bty, which manned Hayle, St Ives. By 8 July 1942, 173 and 190 Coast Btys had swapped positions at Falmouth, taking over St Mawes and Pendennis respectively. The regiment was then disposed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nOn 19 August  1942, 394 Coast Bty was transferred to  557th Coast Rgt in exchange for 392 Coast Bty at Penzance. On 12 October, 190 Coast Bty (whose cadre had come from Scottish Command) was transferred to 541st Coast Rgt at Lerwick, Shetland, and was replaced by 185 (Independent) Coast Bty, recently returned from Hvalfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur in Iceland and previously attached to 568th (Devon) Coast Rgt at Plymouth; this took over Pendennis. By 1 November 1942, 400 Coast Bty had moved to Toll Point, and by 7 December RHQ of 532nd Coast Rgt at Falmouth was subordinated to Falmouth Fire Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nDuring April 1943 the APR plotted up a number of 'unknown' and 'hostile' craft out to sea as German E-boats raided convoys, and gunfire could be heard. Usually these were out of range, but on 14 April the Royal Navy refused permission for the guns to fire, because the targets were in amongst the convoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nFinally on, on 1 May 1943, a new 442 Coast Bty was formed at Pendennis to replace 185 Bty, which went to Ramsgate, Kent, to join 549th Coast Rgt. After that there were no further changes to the regimental organisation until after VE Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nAs the war progressed, the defences continued to be improved. In June 1943 392 and 442 Coast Btys received projectors for naval 2-inch rockets, while 108, 216 and 400 Coast Btys each received Bofors guns (40mm light anti-aircraft guns that were also useful against light naval craft). In September, 216 Bty's two World War I-era Mk VII* 6-inch guns at the Half Moon Battery were replaced by new Mk XXIV guns, and in November 442 Bty handed over its old 12-pdrs and received Bofors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nAs the invasion threat receded, the coast defences were seen as absorbing excessive manpower and were scaled back, the gunners being redeployed. During November 1943 the regiment lost a large number of men to other RA branches, to the infantry, to the navy and to coal mining, reducing its strength from around 600 to around 425 by the end of the year, and 108 Bty became non-operational. By March 1944 the old 75mm mobile guns were withdrawn, but on two occasions that month 216 Bty engaged hostile surface vessels using radar for range finding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0054-0001", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nDespite this E-boat activity the coastal artillery branch continued to shrink, a number of officers and other ranks being transferred in from disbanded units, and on 1 April three further batteries (212, 379 and 393) were regimented with 523rd Coast Rgt. Later that month, 18, 79 and 83 CODs were disbanded and a few of their men posted to the regiment, though the overall strength of the regiment remained roughly constant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nIn September the Home Guard was stood down, and its men ceased to do duty with the regiment, while a number of guns and searchlights became non-operational. St Anthony Battery had become an RA Training Centre where 200 men were being trained in light anti-aircraft and field gunnery. In November 390 and 392 Btys became non-operational, then in January 1945 most of the gun positions were reduced to 'care and maintenance' and 130 other ranks were posted to 618th (Dorsetshire) Infantry Regiment, RA, formed for garrison duties. In February another 98 ORs went to 566th Coast Rgt, and the 138mm guns were removed from St Ives to Pendennis for storage. By VE Day, the strength of the regiment had dwindled to about 130 all ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later War\nOn 1 June 1945, 108 Coast Bty (the original B Bty) began passing into suspended animation, completing the process on 22 June. Between 3 March and 27 April 1946, RHQ and 173, 216, 390 392, 400 and 442 Coast Btys also passed into suspended animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 79], "content_span": [80, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nThe TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, and the regiment reformed as 409 Coast Regiment RA (Cornwall) (TA) with headquarters at Falmouth. It was part of 102 Coast Brigade, based at Plymouth, within Southern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWith the disbandment of Coast Artillery in the UK in 1956 the unit was converted to Royal Engineers as 409th (Cornwall) Independent Field Squadron, RE, incorporating a Troop of 571 Construction Squadron from 115 Construction Rgt, RE. In 1961 it dropped its 'Independent' subtitle and was assigned to a new 116 (Devon and Cornwall) Engineer Regiment, RE. The regiment was disbanded on 1 April 1967 when the TA was reduced and converted into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Uniform\nThe original dress of the 3rd Cornwall AVC at Fowey was a long knitted blue fisherman's jersey  with the collar, cuffs and bottom edge braided in red. Embroidered on the front in red wool was a device 'C.V.A.' over the figure 3, above an inverted triangle of 15 roundels (from the top 5\u20134\u20133\u20132\u20131) over a scroll embroidered 'ONE AND ALL'. The inverted triangle (or 'pile') of roundels (or 'bezants') derived from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Cornwall. It was designed by the Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall and was worn by all ranks of the 3rd AVC 1860\u201361.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158875-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers, Uniform\nBy 1872 the uniform of all the Corps consisted of a blue tunic of Royal Artillery pattern with black cord trimmings, blue cloth trousers with red stripes, a black leather waistbelt on which was fixed the pouch, worn on the right hip. On the shoulder straps of the tunic the number of the battery was embroidered in red figures. White cotton gloves were also worn. There was no full dress uniform, and this pattern was worn by both officers and other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158876-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)\nThe First Corps was one of seven units of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina established in 1992, in the early part of the Bosnian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158876-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), History\nThe 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was solely established to defend Sarajevo and some part of the Sarajevo region. In 1997\u20131998, the 1st, 3rd and 7th Corps were incorporated into the 1st Corps of the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 67], "content_span": [68, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158876-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), 1st Corps Operational Zone\nThe First Corps was responsible for the zone of Sarajevo during the war with the Bosnian Serb and Croat forces and its headquarters were established in Sarajevo. The First Corps had the assignment of protecting the Sarajevo, Gorazde zone from the opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 86], "content_span": [87, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158876-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Organization 1992\u20131994\nFrom 1992 to 1994: These brigades were later renamed in the 3-number series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 82], "content_span": [83, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158876-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Organization 1995\nIn January 1995 all Corps operational Groups were transformed into divisions and each division contained numerous brigades, further divided into battalions and detachments and specialized units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 77], "content_span": [78, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158877-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Iraq)\nThe 1st Corps was a corps of the Iraqi Army, established before the Iran\u2013Iraq War. It was located in the north of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158877-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Iraq)\nIn 1977\u201378 British military attaches' reports from Baghdad said the 4th Infantry Division was part of the corps, with divisional headquarters at Mosul and brigades at Mosul (5th), Dohuk (18th), Sinjar (21st), plus two unlocated reserve brigades, the 93rd and 99th. Other divisions of the corps reportedly included the 2nd Division at Kirkuk with five brigades, including two reserve; the 7th Division at Sulaimaniyah with five brigades (all active); and the 8th Division at Erbil with six brigades, including the 91st, 95th, and 98th Reserve Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158877-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Iraq)\nAt the beginning of the Iran\u2013Iraq War, Malovany shows corps headquarters at Kirkuk; the 11th Infantry Division with elements north of the Ranwanduz - Rayat road; and the 7th Infantry Division advancing from its bases at Sulaimaniyah towards the border between Penjwin and Sayid Sadiq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158877-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Iraq)\nAhead of Operation Dawn-4, units of the 1st Corps spent two months in their trenches waiting for the Iranians to attack. The offensive came on 19 October 1983 as the Iranians and Peshmerga guerrillas of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan took 250 square miles (650\u00a0km2) of territory. This included a number of Kurdish villages and exerted a significant amount of pressure on Penjwin. Saddam Hussein responded with a counterattack, using the Iraqi Republican Guard and poison gas. However, they failed to dislodge the Iranians, who were dug-in and reinforced by Kurdish fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158877-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Iraq)\nThe anti-Kurdish Anfal campaign was mounted between February and September 1988. While the Anfal campaign may have been initially conceived by the Iraqi government as a purely military campaign to destroy an insurgent movement, Kurds were killed for being Kurds, and it became ethnicised. The 1st Corps, under Lieutenant General Sultan Hashem, at Kirkuk, handled most Anfal operations, alongside the 5th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158877-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Iraq)\nUnits were transferred south out of the 1st Corps to build up Iraqi forces in the south after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. In early 2003 before the U.S. invasion of Iraq, it was located near Kirkuk, consisting of the 5th Mechanized Division, 2nd Infantry Division, 8th Infantry Division and the 38th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158877-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Iraq)\nThe corps was battered by the U.S. Task Force Viking (CJSOTF-North) during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Among other actions, U.S.-led forces seized Kirkuk. The successful occupation of Kirkuk came as a result of approximately two weeks of fighting that included the Battle of the Green Line (the unofficial border of the Kurdish autonomous zone) and the subsequent Battle of Kani Domlan Ridge (the ridgeline running northwest to southeast of Kirkuk), the latter fought exclusively by 3rd Battalion, 10th SFG and Kurdish peshmerga against the 1st Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158877-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Iraq)\nRemnants of the corps lasted until the dissolution of the Iraqi Army by Coalition Provisional Authority Order 2 in May 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158878-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Syria)\nThe 1st Corps is a corps of the Syrian Army that was first formed in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158878-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Syria)\nRichard Bennett wrote in 2001 that \"three corps [were] formed in 1985 to give the Army more flexibility and to improve combat efficiency by decentralising the command structure, absorbing at least some of the lessons learned during the Israeli invasion of the Lebanon in 1982.\" He said that the 1st Corps covered southern Syria, in particular the heavily fortified defense zone between Damascus and the Golan Heights and south to Daraa near the border with Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158878-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Syria)\nBennett said the 1st Corps also had four independent special forces regiments, including two trained for helicopter-inserted commando operations against the Israeli signals intelligence and observation posts on Mount Hermon and elsewhere in the Golan Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158878-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Syria)\nCordesman et al said from 2002 to 2005, the command of the 1st Corps was replaced three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158878-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Syria)\nTom Cooper wrote that prior to the Syrian Civil War, the 1st Corps' main role was defence against an Israeli invasion over the Golan Heights or through Jordan. It had two lines of defence stretching along the cease-fire lines from 1973, and controlled over four divisions (three mechanised and one armoured), a special forces division and two independent infantry brigades (seemingly the 61st and 90th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158878-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Syria), 2013 structure\nIn addition, the 1st Corps force structure still included the 61st and 90th Infantry Brigades (Independent). Within the last one/two years, Brigade 90 has been reported in the Quneitra area, but its base was reportedly overrun by rebels in February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158879-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Vietnam)\n1st Corps (Vietnamese: Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n 1) or Quy\u1ebft th\u1eafng Corps (Vietnamese: Binh \u0111o\u00e0n Quy\u1ebft th\u1eafng, literally: Determined Victory Corps) is one of the four regular army corps of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). First organised in 1973 during the Vietnam War, 1st Corps had a major role in the 1975 spring offensive that ended the war. Today the corps is stationed in Tam \u0110i\u1ec7p, Ninh B\u00ecnh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158879-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Vietnam), History\nIn 1972, after the failure of the air raid in Operation Linebacker II, the Federal government of the United States was forced to sign the Paris Peace Accords, according to which in 1973 the United States had to withdraw all troops home. However, the military situation in 4th Military Region of the People's Army of Vietnam is also unfavorable. The Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam sent a few divisions that were suffering heavy losses to the North to reinforce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158879-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Vietnam), History\nIn July 1973, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam after its 21st conference issued a resolution of strengthening the armed forces to unify the country. In executing the issue, three months later the Ministry of Defence and the Central Military Commission approved the plan of organising regular army corps for the Vietnam People's Army. On October 24, 1973, General V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p, Minister of Defence, signed the edict No. 142/Q\u0110-QP that led to the establishment of the 1st Corps in Tam \u0110i\u1ec7p, Ninh B\u00ecnh. The first headquarters of the corps was composed of party committee secretary (b\u00ed th\u01b0) L\u00ea Quang H\u00f2a and commander (t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh) and deputy secretary L\u00ea Tr\u1ecdng T\u1ea5n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158879-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Vietnam), History\nAfter the PAVN victory in the Battle of Ban Me Thuot in March 1975, 1st Corps was ordered to move to Southern Vietnam and participate in the 1975 spring offensive. During the last days of the war, 1st Corps had a major role in the attack on Saigon, in which it was assigned the mission of capturing the headquarters of the Joint General Staff. The corps was awarded the title Hero of the People's Armed Forces (Anh h\u00f9ng L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n) in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158879-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Vietnam), Development process\nAccording to the decision of the Ministry of Defence, the organisational structure of the Corps includes: Corps Command. Three corps agencies: the General Staff, the Political Bureau, and the Logistics Department. Units upon establishment: 308th Infantry Division, 312th Division, 320B Infantry Division (later changed to 390th Division), 367th Air Defense Division, 202nd Tank-Armored Brigade, 45th Brigade Artillery, 299th Engineer Brigade and 140th Information Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158879-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Vietnam), Development process\nOn March 15, 1975, while the Battle of Ban Me Thuot was gaining a crushing victory. 1st Corps was ordered to move into Southern Vietnam ready to fight. In just 12 days and nights, the entire formation of the corps (except for the 308th Division soldier who remained in Northern Vietnam on diversionary duty), had traveled over a distance of 1,789 km from the North to the South along the Ho Chi Minh trail, in time to enter the war zone directly participated in the fighting in the North of Saigon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158879-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Corps (Vietnam), Development process\nAfter that, the corps moved into the battlefield along Highway 1 - Road 9 - through Lao Bao to Laotian territory - back to Kon Tum along route 14 through Buon Ma Thuot, on April 14, 1975 to Dong Xoai - Phuoc Long prepares for the final battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158879-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Corps (Vietnam), Development process\nDuring the Ho Chi Minh Campaign, Army Corps 1 received the task of attacking from the North of Saigon, encircling and destroying the enemy in Ph\u00fa L\u1ee3i, B\u1ebfn C\u00e1t, B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Lai Kh\u00ea, T\u00e2n Uy\u00ean; prevent the Army of the Republic of Vietnam's 5th Division from withdrawing to the inner city and neutralize this unit; attacked and captured the Chief of the Joint General Staff, the army command posts in G\u00f2 V\u1ea5p, B\u00ecnh Th\u1ea1nh; organized a combined attack force with other corps at the Independence Palace. Due to the urgent need to march from the North by all means of water, land and air. 1st Corps started the attack a day later than the other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158879-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Vietnam), Organisation\nThe command structure of 1st Corps consists of the High Command (B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh), the Staff of 1st Corps (B\u1ed9 tham m\u01b0u), the Political Department (C\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb), the Department of Logistics (C\u1ee5c h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n) and the Department of Technique (C\u1ee5c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt). The combat forces of the corps include the 308th Division, 312th Division, 390th Division, 367th Air Defence Division, 202nd Tank Brigade, 45th Artillery Brigade and 299th Engineer Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158880-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 1st Proletarian Corps (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Prvi proleterski korpus) was a Yugoslav Partisan corps that fought against the Germans, Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Chetniks in occupied Democratic Federal Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158880-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)\nIt was created on 5 October 1943 from the 1st Proletarian and 6th \"Nikola Tesla\" Divisions. On 15 September 1944 the \"Operational Group of divisions\" (5th, 17th and 21st Divisions) became also part of the 1st Corps. Its first commander was Ko\u010da Popovi\u0107, succeeded in July 1944 by Peko Dap\u010devi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158880-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)\nUntil the middle of June 1944, the 1st (Proletarian) Corps operated in Western and Central Bosnia and Lika, where it fought heavy battles with units of the German 15th Mountain, 5th SS Mountain and 69th Corps. In 1943-1944, it participated in the Banja Luka Operation and Drvar Operation. In May 1944 it withstood the German Operation R\u00f6sselsprung (1944). In August 1944 it made an attack over Zlatibor into Serbia and defeated the Chetniks at Maljen and Suvobor. In autumn 1944, it fought in the Belgrade operation and then on the Syrmian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158880-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)\nOn 1 January 1945 the 1st Corps was reformed into the 1st Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158881-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense\nThe 1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense (Serbo-Croatian: 1. korpus ratnog vazduhoplovstva i protivvazdu\u0161ne odbrane/ 1. \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435) was a joint unit of Yugoslav Air Force established in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158881-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense, History\nThe 1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense was formed on February 28, 1986, by order to organize three corps of Air Force and Air Defense. It was created by reorganization of 11th Air Defense Division. The corps area of responsibility was central of Yugoslavia. It's aviation units were based at Batajnica, Tuzla, Rajlovac, Mostar, Divulje and partly Zemunik military airports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158881-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense, History\nUnits of 1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense have participated in combat operations since end of June 1991. During May 1992 most of its units located at territory of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have been dislocated to territory of Serbia and Montenegro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158881-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense, History\nBy June 1992 the 1st Corps of Air Force and Air Defense has been disbanded, and its command was reorganized into command of Air Defense Corps of newly formed Air Force of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division\nThe 1st Cossack Cavalry Division (German: 1. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Division) was a Russian Cossack division of the German Army that served during World War II. It was created on the Eastern Front mostly out of Don Cossacks already serving in the Wehrmacht, those who escaped from the advancing Red Army and Soviet POWs. In 1944, the division was transferred to the Waffen SS, becoming part of the XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps, established in February 1945. At the end of the war, the unit ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Origin\nAdolf Hitler authorised the formation of the division on 6 April 1943, ordering that all Cossacks serving in the Wehrmacht to be concentrated into the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Formation and training\nThe division was and trained at Mielau (M\u0142awa) in the spring-summer of 1943. The Cossacks brought their wives and children with them, forcing the Germans to establish another camp to house the dependents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Formation and training\nThe division was formed starting 4 August 1943 by merging the Cossack regiments Platow and von Jungschulz under the command of the Reiterverband Pannwitz, all of which existed since 1942. To these further new regiments were added. Some of the other units brought in were the Cossack Reconnaissance Battalion led by the Don Cossack Nikolai Nazarenko; the Cossack Detachment 600 led by Ivan Kononov, also a Don Cossack; and a force of Terek Cossacks led by ataman Nikolai Kulakkov of the Terek Host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Composition\nMany of the German officers were Baltic German \u00e9migr\u00e9s who possessed the necessary knowledge of Russian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Composition\nHowever, owing to a shortage of officers with the necessary Russian language skills, the Wehrmacht was forced to relax its policy against accepting \u00e9migr\u00e9 officers, and a number of Cossack \u00e9migr\u00e9 officers living in Yugoslavia, France, Germany and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (modern Czechia) were recruited into the division. Other officers were the sons of Cossack \u00e9migr\u00e9s who had served in the armies of France, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria before the war. A disproportionate number of the German officers were cavalrymen, and of these officers Austrians were over-represented as it was felt that Austrians were more \"tactful\" in dealing with Slavs rather than the Prussians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Anti-Partisan operations\nInitially organized to fight the Red Army in Southern Russia, the division was deployed to the puppet Independent State of Croatia, where they were placed under the command of the Second Panzer Army and were used to protect the railroad line from Austria through Zagreb to Belgrade. Some units were also used to fight partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Anti-Partisan operations\nThe division's first fighting engagement was on 12 October 1943, when it was dispatched against Yugoslav partisans in the Fru\u0161ka Gora Mountains. In the operation the Cossacks, aided by 15 tanks and one armored car, captured the village of Beocin, the location of a partisan HQ. During that operation many villages were burned, including a monastery on Fru\u0161ka Gora, and around 300 innocent Serbian villagers were killed. Subsequently, the unit was used to protect the Zagreb-Belgrade railroad and the Sava Valley. Several regiments of the division took part in security warfare (Bandenbek\u00e4mpfung) and guarded the Sarajevo railroad. As part of a wide security sweep, Napfkuchen, the Cossack division was transferred to Croatia, where it fought against partisans and Chetniks in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Anti-Partisan operations\nWhile in Croatia the division quickly established a reputation for undisciplined and ruthless behavior, not only towards the partisans but also the civilian population, prompting Croatian authorities to complain to the Germans and finally to Adolf Hitler personally. Besides raping women, killing people and plundering and burning towns suspected of harboring partisans and their supporters, the division used telegraph poles along the railroad tracks for mass hangings as a warning to the partisans and others. Although the behavior of the Cossacks was not as ruthless as portrayed by Partisan propaganda, nevertheless during its first two months of deployment in Croatia, special divisional courts-martial imposed at least 20 death sentences in each of the four regiments for related crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Anti-Partisan operations\nThe Cossacks' first engagement against the Red Army occurred in December 1944 near Pitoma\u010da. The fighting resulted in Soviet withdrawal from the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Transfer to Waffen-SS\nIn December 1944 the 1st Cossack Division was transferred to the Waffen-SS and reorganized by the SS F\u00fchrungshauptamt until 30 April 1945. Together with a 2nd Cossack Division it became part of the newly formed XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Aftermath\nAt the end of the war Cossacks of the division retreated into Austria and surrendered to British troops. They were promised safety by the British but were subsequently forcibly transferred to the USSR. The majority of those, who did not manage to escape, went into the labour camps of the Gulag. The German and Cossack leadership were tried, sentenced to death and executed in Moscow in early 1947. The remaining officers and other ranks who survived the labour camps were released after Stalin's death in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158882-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Cavalry Division, Order of battle\nIn 1944 the division was composed of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158883-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Volunteer Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Cossack Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a volunteer of Don Cossack cavalry regiment that served in the Don Army during the Russian Civil War. The unit was formed in March\u2013April 1918 by Colonel Alexei V. Kravtzov to serve with the forces of Don Army in the opening stages of Russian Civil War. Included to the Army Corps of Gen. Tatarkin on May 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158883-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cossack Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, Civil War\nCossacks from the Ust-Medveditskaya okrug was brought together by Colonel Alexey V. Kravtzov at the stanitsa Ust-Medveditskaya, on Don Republic territories in preparation for an anti-Bolshevik action in Don Host Oblast. After that was involved in numerous battles during the months-long prelude of the Russian Civil War in Don Host Oblast, including the ill-fated Battle of Loznoye from December 22 to December 30, 1918, where regiment save by manoeuvre corps of Don Army under command of General Golubintzev. In this battle Colonel Kravtzov shot himself not to fall into the Bolshevik hands. In March 1919 part of 4th Don Cossacks Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158884-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Council of the North-West Territories\nThe 1st Council of the North-West Territories also known as the North-West Council in Canada lasted from October 7, 1876, to 1888. It was created as a permanent replacement to the Temporary North-West Council which existed prior to 1876 and was replaced by the 1st North-West assembly when the quota of elected members was reached. The numerical denomination 1st was applied when the 2nd Council of the Northwest Territories was created to differentiate between the two councils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158884-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Council of the North-West Territories, Early history and development\nThe first members of the new council were appointed under the Northwest Territories Act and consisted of the Lieutenant Governor, appointed men and Stipendiary Magistrates. Elected representatives were added later and could join the council if an area of 1,000 square miles (2,600\u00a0km2) had 1000 people an electoral district could be set up. This created a patchwork of represented and unrepresented areas, and there was no official or independent boundaries commission, all electoral law at the beginning was under the purview of the Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158884-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Council of the North-West Territories, Early history and development\nThree electoral districts were created in 1881 and for an unknown reason writs were only issued in the district of Lorne which returned the first elected member Lawrence Clarke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158884-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Council of the North-West Territories, Early history and development\nElectors participating in the Northwest Territories elections did not vote by secret ballot until the 1893 Whitewood by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158884-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Council of the North-West Territories, Early sessions\nWhen the first council formed under the new appointed government in 1876, the council consisted of  the lieutenant governor who acted as the chairman (speaker), and two appointed members. Because a quorum could not be maintained, the council had to be adjourned if one member went to the washroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158884-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Council of the North-West Territories, By-election dates and summaries\nTwelve elections took place during the period of 1876\u20131888. The biggest was the election of 1885 that took place on September 15, 1885. The election saw 11 members in 9 districts returned to the council, due to high population growth in the Northwest Territories at the time. After the 1885 election, elected members became the majority in the council visa vis the appointed members, although they had to fight to wrest control from the \"colonial\" officials. It became a full assembly. These are not considered general elections, as there was no dissolution of the assembly. However, after four years from the first election, a district had to have another election - the seat was declared empty to be filled in an election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158885-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 1st Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 22, 1996, honoring the finest achievements of 1995 filmmaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158886-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Documentary Awards\nThe 1st Critics' Choice Documentary Awards were presented on November 3, 2016 at the BRIC House in Brooklyn, New York, honoring the finest achievements in documentary filmmaking and non-fiction television. This was the inaugural ceremony for these awards, presented by the Critics Choice Association. The nominees were announced on October 10, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158887-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Real TV Awards\nThe 1st Critics' Choice Real TV Awards, presented by the Broadcast Television Journalists Association and NPACT, which recognizes excellence in nonfiction, unscripted and reality programming across broadcast, cable and streaming platforms, were held on June 2, 2019 at The Beverly Hilton in Los Angeles, California. The ceremony was streamed on VH1 on June 9. Loni Love served as the host of the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158888-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Super Awards\nThe 1st Critics' Choice Super Awards, presented by the Critics Choice Association, honoring the best in genre fiction film and television, were held on January 10, 2021. They were broadcast by the CW, during which Patrick Stewart and Sonequa Martin-Green accepted the Legacy Award for the Star Trek franchise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158888-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Super Awards\nThe nominations were announced on November 19, 2020. The ceremony was held virtually, and adhered to social distancing guidelines, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158889-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Television Awards\nThe 1st Critics' Choice Television Awards, presented by the Broadcast Television Journalists Association (BTJA), honoring the best in primetime television programming from June 1, 2010 until May 31, 2011, were held on June 20, 2011 at The Beverly Hilton in Los Angeles, California. The ceremony was live streamed on VH1's website and was televised on ReelzChannel in an edited format two days after the ceremony occurred. Cat Deeley served as the host of the ceremony. The winners were announced on June 20, 2011. Danny DeVito received the Critics' Choice Television Icon Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158889-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Television Awards, Winners and nominees\nJim Parsons as Dr. Sheldon Cooper \u2013 The Big Bang Theory", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158889-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Television Awards, Winners and nominees\nNeil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson \u2013 How I Met Your Mother", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158889-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Television Awards, Winners and nominees\nChristina Hendricks as Joan Harris \u2013 Mad Men (TIE) Margo Martindale as Mags Bennett \u2013 Justified (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158889-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Critics' Choice Television Awards, Winners and nominees\nHoarders (A&E) (TIE) The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (Bravo) (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps\nThe 1st Croatian Guards Corps (Croatian: 1. hrvatski gardijski zbor) was a special formation of the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska \u2013 HV) directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence rather than the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia and reporting directly to the President of Croatia. The corps was established in 1994 by the amalgamation of various HV special forces. The 2,500-strong unit was organised into the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps\nCroatian Guards Brigade (1. hrvatski gardijski zdrug \u2013 HGZ), a multi-purpose special forces combat unit, and four battalions tasked with ensuring the security of the President of Croatia and carrying out ceremonial duties. The HGZ took part in a number of military operations during the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War. It was disbanded in 2000, when its components were amalgamated with other HV units to form the Special Operations Battalion, the 350th Military Intelligence Battalion, and the Honour Guard Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps, Establishment\nOn 25 February 1994, the special forces of the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska \u2013 HV) were reorganised when all HV's special forces units were combined to form the 1st Croatian Guards Corps (1. hrvatski gardijski zbor). In April, personnel of the 8th Military Police Light Assault Brigade (itself only established in September 1993) were also transferred to the corps, ultimately making the corps 2,500-strong. In addition to special forces operations, the corps was also tasked with providing security for the President of Croatia. The corps was organised into four specialised battalions and the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps, Establishment\nCroatian Guards Brigade (1. hrvatski gardijski zdrug \u2013 HGZ), a multi-purpose special forces combat unit. The HGZ was considered the elite unit of the HV. The entire corps was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence rather than the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia, and reported directly to the president. It was commanded by Major General Mile \u0106uk. \u0106uk and his deputy were based in the Presidential Palace, while the bulk of the corps was based in nearby Tu\u0161kanac barracks. The HGZ was capable of fielding up to 300 troops in combat. It was commanded by Colonel (later Major General) Miljenko Filipovi\u0107, who had previously commanded the Zrinski Battalion\u2014one of the special forces units amalgamated into the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps, Combat service\nThe HGZ took part in several battles of the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War. In late November and December 1994, it participated in Operation Winter '94, the joint offensive of the HV and the Croatian Defence Council (Hrvatsko vije\u0107e obrane \u2013 HVO) which pushed the Army of Republika Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske \u2013 VRS) from the western parts of the Livanjsko field in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Elements of the HGZ also saw action along the Novska\u2013Oku\u010dani axis of advance in the HV's Operation Flash offensive that took place in western Slavonia in early May 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps, Combat service\nBy this time, the HGZ also commanded its own artillery and Mil Mi-24 helicopter gunships, in addition to Mil Mi-8 transport helicopters. The HGZ redeployed west of Livno once again in early June to take part in Operation Leap 2, extending the salient that had been created in late 1994 west towards Bosansko Grahovo and Glamo\u010d. The unit participated in the capture of those towns in late July 1995 during Operation Summer '95.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps, Combat service\nIn preparation for Operation Storm, the HV 4th Guards and 7th Guards Brigades were pulled back from positions facing the VRS that had been established during Operation Summer '95, and were reoriented south towards the Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (ARSK). The ARSK was protecting the northern approaches to Knin \u2212 the capital of the unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina \u2212 which Croatia claimed as part of its own territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps, Combat service\nAs the two brigades turned over the positions north and west of Bosansko Grahovo to the HV 81st Guards Battalion, the HGZ was deployed to the rear of the battalion, tasked with intervening in case of any VRS attack towards Bosansko Grahovo. On the second day of the operation, 6 August, after Knin was captured by the HV, the HGZ was airlifted from the Livanjsko field to the village of Rovanjska north of Zadar. They then linked up with the 2nd Battalion of the 9th Guards Brigade and advanced east to capture the villages of Mu\u0161kovac and Ka\u0161tel \u017degarski. On 8 August, the HGZ participated in an operation against the last significant ARSK pocket in the area of Donji Lapac and Srb, alongside the three guards brigades and special police forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps, Combat service\nIn September 1995, the HGZ took part in Operation Mistral 2, which extended HV and HVO control in western Bosnia and Herzegovina and captured the towns of Jajce, \u0160ipovo and Drvar, moving the confrontation line north towards the Bosnian Serb capital of Banja Luka. In October, the HGZ also participated in Operation Southern Move, which captured the town of Mrkonji\u0107 Grad, and reached the southern slopes of Mount Manja\u010da, 25 kilometres (16 miles) south of Banja Luka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158890-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Croatian Guards Corps, Reorganisation\nThe corps was disbanded in 2000 and its constituents reorganised. A part of the HGZ was amalgamated with the Special Combat Skills Centre \u0160epurine to form the Special Operations Battalion. The remainder of the brigade was amalgamated with the Reconnaissance-Sabotage Company based in Pula, the 350th Sabotage Detachment, the 280th Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Platoon, and the 275th Electronic Warfare Company to form the 350th Military Intelligence Battalion. The elements of the corps which were tasked with security of the President of Croatia and ceremonial duties were reformed and the Honour Guard Battalion was established in their place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158891-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cruiser Squadron\nThe First Cruiser Squadron was a Royal Navy squadron of cruisers that saw service as part of the Grand Fleet during the World War I then later as part of the  Mediterranean during the Interwar period and World War II it first established in 1904 and existed until 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158891-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cruiser Squadron, History, First formation\nThe squadron was formed in December 1904 when Cruiser Squadron was re-designated the 1st Cruiser Squadron. In March 1909, then consisting of battlecruisers, it was assigned to the 1st Division of the Home Fleet until April 1912. When the First World War began, the squadron was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet where it participated in the pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS\u00a0Goeben and the light cruiser SMS\u00a0Breslau. It joined then Grand Fleet in January 1915 where it participated in the battles of Dogger Bank and the Battle of Jutland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158891-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Cruiser Squadron, History, First formation\nIt was disbanded after the battle as three of its four ships had been sunk in June 1916. In July 1917 H.M. Ships Courageous, Glorious and Furious were detached from the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron and named the First Cruiser Squadron, part of the newly formed Light Cruiser Force. It remained part of Light Cruiser Force until April 1919 when it was once again disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158891-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cruiser Squadron, History, First formation, Composition, First World War\n* Defence - Flagship of Rear-Admiral Ernest C. T. Troubridge. Captain Fawcet Wray", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158891-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cruiser Squadron, History, Second formation\nIn October 1924 the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron is re-designated 1st Cruiser Squadron this takes effect in November 1924 and reformed as an enlarged unit of the Mediterranean Fleet under the command Rear Admiral Arthur K.Waistell. Louis Mountbatten served as commander of the squadron in the Mediterranean Fleet and, having been granted the substantive rank of vice admiral on 22 June 1949, he became Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet in April 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France)\nThe 1st Cuirassier Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Cuirassiers, 1er RC) was the oldest armoured regiment in the French Army, until it was amalgamated with 11th Cuirassiers Regiment. Today its traditions are carried on by the 1st Cuirassier Squadrons Group of the 1st-11th Cuirassier Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Origins\nThe regiment was a part of a small army raised by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar in 1631 to help Gustavus Adolphus against the emperor during the Thirty Years' War. The regiment fought together with the Swedish Army at Breitenfeld, Rain and L\u00fctzen. With the death of Gustavus Adolphus and the disaster at N\u00f6rdlingen the army of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar entered French service on 26 October 1635. During this time the regiment was commanded by Colonel Trefsky and carried his name: Trefsky-Cavalerie (Trefsky Cavalry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Origins\nWith Saxe-Weimer's army France began involving itself directly into the war, instead of only subsidizing the Swedes. The Trefsky regiment took part in the victories of Rheinfelden and Breisach, but with Bernard of Saxe-Weimer's death in the summer of 1639, the army loses its leader. Some of the Trefsky Cavalry and other regiments wished to return to Swedish service, but Gu\u00e9briant, a future Marshal of France, persuaded the army, with the incentive of increased pensions, to remain permanently in French service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Origins\nAt the time of the Revolution the Trefsky Cavalry was the only regiment was the only French regiment still to be equipped with cuirasses. It had been renamed Colonel-General in 1657. In 1791 it was again renamed as the 1er R\u00e9giment de Cavalerie; in 1801 renamed 1er R\u00e9giment de Cavalerie-Cuirassiers and in 1803 1er R\u00e9giment de Cuirassiers. With the first Bourbon restauration in 1814 the regiment became Cuirassiers du Roi, but it was restored to 1er R\u00e9giment de Cuirassiers by Napoleon during the Hundred Days. It was disbanded on 24 December 1815 at Loches after Napoleon's defeat. Re -raised in 1816 it was named Cuirassiers de la Reine (Queen's Cuirassiers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Origins\nThe regiment was a part of the great cavalry charge in the Battle of Eylau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Restoration\nWhen Louis XVIII returned to France again after the second abdication of Napoleon I, one of his first acts was to dissolve the entire French Army. The 1st Cuirassier Regiment was disbanded in Loches. According to General Susane its manpower went into the two new created Royal Guard cuirassier regiments and its depot was taken over by the 4th Cuirassier Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Restoration\nThe Count of B\u00e9thune formed a new regiment on 27 September 1815. it was named the 1st Cuirassier Regiment or The Queen's Cuirassiers (French: Cuirassiers de la Reine). The regiment was organized with four squadrons and received its new standard on 28 August 1816 from the Duchess of Angoulme, in Compiegne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Restoration\nBetween 1816 and 1828, the regiment was successively garrisoned in Dijon (1819), Toul (1823), Sedan (1824), Nancy (1825), Joigny (1826), Vend\u00f4me (1827) and Tours (1828). When the 1830 revolution against the Bourbon monarchy broke out, the regiment was sent to Angers to ensure the maintenance of law and order, but did not have to actively intervene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, July Monarchy\nThe end of Bourbon rule in France also meant changes for the French Army. The regiment received a new commander: Colonel Count Ordener, on 5 August 1830. Several officers, who had been retired on half-pay since 1815 because of their Napoleonic sympathies, were able to return to the regiment. The regiment also lost the name: \"Cuirassiers de la Reine\" becoming simply the 1st Cuirassier Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, July Monarchy\nBetween 1830 and 1848, the regiment was garrisoned in various cities: Vend\u00f4me, Meaux (1830), Versailles (1831) and then Lille. The 1st Cuirassiers left the latter garrison to take part in the short campaign in Belgium in support of Belgian independence. When the regiment returned to France it was garrisoned in Compiegne (1832), Nancy (1833\u20131836), Paris (1837), Haguenau (1838\u20131842) and finally in Vesoul from 1843 to 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, July Monarchy\nDuring the French Revolution of 1848, the regiment was sent first to Mantes, then to Paris, to ensure law and order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Second Empire\nUnder the Second Empire the cuirassier regiments of the French Army entered a period of relative neglect. As slow-moving heavy cavalry they were poorly suited for overseas warfare in Algeria, Mexico and China. Accordingly, the 1st Cuirassiers remained in peacetime garrisons for most of this period, intended for use as shock troops in a future European war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Second Empire\nThe regiment's opportunity for active service came in 1870 with the Franco-Prussian War. The 1st Cuirassiers, forming part of the 2nd Cavalry Reserve Division, took part in a major but very costly charge at the Battle of Froeschwiller on 1 August 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158892-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Cuirassier Regiment (France), History, Between the World Wars\nThe twelve French cuirassiers that had existed in 1914 were reduced to six in 1919. As a regiment which had remained horse mounted throughout the war, the 1st Cuirassiers had had little opportunity to distinguish itself on active service after the opening stages of the conflict. It was accordingly amongst the cuirassier regiments disbanded. The regiment was however recreated as a mechanised unit in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158893-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Czech Republic Hockey League\nThe Chance Liga is the second-highest level of professional ice hockey in the Czech Republic, after the Extraliga. It began in 1993 and is run and administered by Czech Ice Hockey Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158893-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Czech Republic Hockey League\nUntil 2015, the league was known as the 1st Czech National Hockey League. It was then known as the WSM Liga until 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158893-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Czech Republic Hockey League, Format\nIn the first phase, every team plays each other four times\u2014twice at home and twice away\u2014which makes for a 52-game regular season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158893-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Czech Republic Hockey League, Format\nAfter the 52-game regular season, the first six teams directly qualify for the quarter-finals, while teams which placed 7 to 10 play a round-robin to determine the final two participants in the quarter-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158893-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Czech Republic Hockey League, Format\nThe First League, unlike other leagues around the world, has two winners. The playoffs end with the semi-finals, with the two winning teams being declared co-champions. The two teams then go on to face the bottom two teams from the Extraliga in a round-robin. The two highest-placed teams at the end of the round robin are promoted to the Extraliga for the following season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158893-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Czech Republic Hockey League, Format\nThe last placed team at the end of the regular season is directly relegated to the Second League for the following season. They are replaced by the winner of a 3 team round-robin group between the winners of the East, the Central and the West divisions of the Second League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158893-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Czech Republic Hockey League, Format\nThree points are awarded for a win in regulation time and two points for an overtime or shootout victory, while the defeated team in overtime or shootout gets one point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158893-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Czech Republic Hockey League, Format\nThe level of 1.n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hokejov\u00e1 liga is slightly lower than the Czech Extraliga, but there are a lot of players moving between those two leagues every season. Each team in this league is allowed to have five imports. The league has no salary cap, with an average salary of USD 2200 per month, but some of the best players reportedly sign contracts for more than USD 5000 per month, plus most of the teams cover accommodation expenses for their players during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade\nThe 1st Czechoslovak Independent Armoured Brigade Group (Czech: \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 samostatn\u00e1 obrn\u011bn\u00e1 brig\u00e1da, Slovak: \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 samostatn\u00e1 obrnen\u00e1 brig\u00e1da) was an armoured unit of expatriate Czechoslovaks organised and equipped by the United Kingdom during the Second World War in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade\nThe brigade landed in Normandy in August 1944 and was given the mission of containing the German-held port of Dunkirk for the rest of the war in Europe. In May 1945, the brigade moved to Czechoslovakia and was absorbed into the Czechoslovak Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, Formation\nThe 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade was created on 1 September 1943, when the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Brigade (itself originally formed as 1st Czechoslovak Mixed Brigade in July 1940 from remnants of the1st Czechoslovak Division serving in the French Army) converted to armour and was renamed the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Armoured Brigade Group (this was often simplified to 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade or abbreviated 1st CIABG). The brigade was under the command of Major General Alois Li\u0161ka. The motorised infantry battalion of the brigade traced its lineage back to Czechoslovak units that had fought in Libya and Lebanon, notably the 11th Infantry Battalion which took part in the defence of Tobruk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, Siege of Dunkirk\nThe formation continued to train in the UK until the summer of 1944 when, with some 4,000 troops under command, it moved to Normandy, joining 21st Army Group at Falaise on 30 August. On 6 October, the brigade advanced to Dunkirk, northern France, and relieved the 154 (Highland) Infantry Brigade on the eastern side of fortress Dunkirk. The brigade was subordinated to the First Canadian Army, which was responsible for the conduct of the siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, Siege of Dunkirk\nThe brigade's tank units were primarily equipped with the Cromwell tank and a number of 17-pounder Sherman tanks (Sherman Firefly), Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger tanks and M5 Stuart light tanks. Crusader AA tanks were dispatched with the brigade but believed not to have been used. They were supported by a Motor Battalion in M5 Half-tracks and Universal Carriers, an anti-tank battery of 12 Ordnance QF 17-pounder anti-tank guns and a Field Artillery Regiment of two batteries of Ordnance QF 25 pounder gun-howitzers. The unit was supported by a Reconnaissance Squadron that used Humber Light Reconnaissance Cars, M5 Stuarts, Humber Scout Cars and Cromwell tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, Siege of Dunkirk\n1st Brigade spent the remainder of the war at Dunkirk, alternately attacking and being attacked by the energetic German garrison, including a successful major raid on German positions on 28 October 1944, Czechoslovak Independence Day. During that time, the brigade was reinforced by French units formed from local French Forces of the Interior (FFI) troops; on 15 October, these were amalgamated into the 110th FFI Infantry Regiment with two battalions allocated for the Siege of Dunkirk. On 24 January 1945, the 110th FFI Regiment was disbanded, with two its battalions and two other FFI battalions used to re-form the French 51st Infantry Regiment, a unit of the regular army. Various British and Canadian formations also supported the siege at one time or another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, Siege of Dunkirk\nIn November, the brigade passed from the First Canadian Army to the 21st Army Group. In the spring of 1945, the 1st Armoured Brigade Group was expanded to 5,900 Czechoslovak officers and men, some of whom came from nationals recruited in liberated France and a significant group of a tank battalion, an artillery regiment, a motor transport company and a company of engineers from Czechs and Slovaks forced to serve in the Wehrmacht and who were captured by the Allies in Normandy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, Return to Czechoslovakia\nOn 23 April, a symbolic 140-men strong unit detached from the troops besieging Dunkirk, led by Major S\u00edtek, joined with the 3rd US Army and raised the Czechoslovak flag on its homeland border crossing on 1 May 1945 at Cheb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, Return to Czechoslovakia\nThe Dunkirk garrison did not surrender until after the surrender of Germany, 9 May 1945, when 15,500 German troops and three U-boats were captured by the Czechoslovaks. The brigade then marched to Prague, reaching the city on 18 May 1945, eight days after the arrival of Soviet-sponsored Czechoslovak troops commanded by Ludv\u00edk Svoboda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158894-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, Return to Czechoslovakia\nDuring the siege of Dunkirk, the Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade suffered 668 casualties; 167 dead, 461 wounded, and 40 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union\nThe 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps (Czech: Prvn\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd arm\u00e1dn\u00ed sbor, Slovak: Prv\u00fd \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd arm\u00e1dny zbor), also known as Svoboda's Army (Czech: Svobodova arm\u00e1da, after its commander Ludv\u00edk Svoboda), was a military formation of the Czechoslovak Army in exile fighting on the Eastern Front alongside the Soviet Red Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union\nThe corps was the largest of the Czechoslovak units that fought on the Soviet side on the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, History of Czechoslovak military in the USSR\nThe 1st Czechoslovak Independent Field Battalion, formed in Buzuluk in the Urals, was the first foreign unit fighting alongside the Red Army in Soviet Union. It was formed from former members of the Czechoslovak Legion, Czechoslovak citizens (mostly refugees) living in the Soviet Union, Slovak prisoners-of-war and defectors, and Volhynian Czechs (Soviet citizens of Czech origin). Lieutenant-colonel Ludv\u00edk Svoboda was appointed to become the commander of the unit on 15 July 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 93], "content_span": [94, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, History of Czechoslovak military in the USSR\nDespite the plans of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in the United Kingdom, who intended to keep the unit intact to help with the future liberation of the Czechoslovakia, the officers of the battalion tried to bring the unit into the fight as soon as possible. After sending a personal letter to Joseph Stalin, they eventually succeed and the battalion was sent into action. Notably, it took part in the defensive battle of Sokolovo, a part of the larger Third Battle of Kharkov, in March 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 93], "content_span": [94, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, History of Czechoslovak military in the USSR\nAt the time, it was one of the most well armed infantry battalions on the East Front \u2013 fully equipped with automatic guns and semiautomatic infantry weapons. However, the battalion lacked heavier anti-tank weapons and artillery, which was to be provided by supporting Soviet units. Because of this, during the battle, when facing parts of the German armored division, the battalion suffered heavy losses and was later withdrawn from the front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 93], "content_span": [94, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, History of Czechoslovak military in the USSR\nIn May 1943, the remnants of the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Field Battalion and the 1st Czechoslovak Reserve Regiment were reorganized into 1st Czechoslovak Independent Brigade. The reinforcements were largely Rusyn and Ukrainian prisoners released from the gulags. The brigade played a key role in the 1943 battle of Kiev, and its troops were some of the first to reach the center of the Ukrainian capital city. The brigade suffered only low losses: 33 dead and missing, 82 wounded. At the time the brigade had a strength of 3,348 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 93], "content_span": [94, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, Formation\nLarge parts of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been liberated by 1943 and 1944, allowing the Czechoslovak units to recruit Volhynian Czechs who were technically Soviet citizens. Around 12,000 enlisted, becoming the core of the post-war Czechoslovak Army. At the same time, thousands of Slovak prisoners of war, captured or deserted from Slovak Army, were regrouped and trained as the new parachute unit. This enabled to build the army corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, Formation\nThe corps was created on April 10, 1944 at Chernivtsi and his headquarters moved to Sadagura. The 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps consisted of three (later four) infantry brigades and of tank, artillery, engineer and other support units. Some of these units were later reorganized into higher independent units, such as Tank Brigade and Mixed Air Division. While most of the Czechoslovak units served as part of the Corps, some may have been detached for operations with Red Army formations and units as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, Formation\nIn late autumn 1944, when parts of Czechoslovakia (Ruthenia and western Slovakia) were already liberated, a new infantry brigade was formed and the support units transformed into higher units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, Combat history\nBy the time that the Soviet offensive entered Czechoslovakia, it had grown to corps size. In the autumn of 1944, 13,000 members of the corps participated in the Battle of Dukla Pass, and after fierce fighting they finally set foot on their native soil once more. Czechoslovak troops were also involved in the Prague Offensive, the last major World War II battle in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 63], "content_span": [64, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, Combat history\nThe Corps initially served within the 1st Ukrainian Front's 38th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, Combat history\nFrom September 4, 1944, as the part of 38th Army the Corps participated in the East Carpathian Strategic Offensive Operation (8 September 1944 \u2013 28 September 1944). During this operation, from 14,900 personnel the Corps suffered a loss of 1,630 dead and 4,069 wounded. While majority of the Corps fought in the Dukla Pass, the 2nd Parachute Brigade and the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Fighter Air Regiment were relocated behind the enemy lines as the direct support to the Slovak National Uprising. After the Uprising was suppressed, the Fighter Regiment was withdrawn, while the soldiers of 2nd Parachute Brigade continued in partisan warfare in Slovak mountains until the battlefront came to central Slovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 63], "content_span": [64, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, Combat history\nIn November 1944 Corps was reassigned to 4th Ukrainian Front's, 1st Guards Army, only the artillery units saw the action within the 1st Ukrainian Front's in the Soviet offensive near Jas\u0142o. As part of 4th Ukrainian Front, 18th Army the Corps took part in the secondary battles until the end of the war and participated in the liberation of central Slovakia and east Moravia. However the 1st Tank Brigade, 1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division and some infantry units were reassigned again to the 1st Ukrainian Front's 38th Army and fought in the hardest fights in the Moravian-Ostrava Operation. At the end of the war the remnants of the Tank Brigade formed so called Fast Group in the Prague Strategic Offensive Operation (6 May 1945 -11 May 1945) during which the Corps suffered 112 killed, and 421 wounded from a total of 48,400 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 63], "content_span": [64, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, Combat history\nThe First Czechoslovak Army Corps ceased to exist shortly after the victorious end of the war. On 25 May 1945, the provisional organization of the Czechoslovak armed forces was approved, according to which there was a reorganization of the Czechoslovak army in peacetime. Since the end of the May 1945 the Corps was reorganized into the 1st Czechoslovak Army and its brigades were reorganized into respective divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 63], "content_span": [64, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158895-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union, Commanders\nThe Corps's initial commander was Brigade General Jan Kratochv\u00edl, who was replaced by Brigade General Ludv\u00edk Svoboda during the initial phase of Battle of Dukla Pass. The decision was made by Soviet authorities (Marshal Konev) but was subsequently confirmed by Czechoslovak government in London. Towards the end of the war Svoboda became Minister of Defence in the new government appointed in Ko\u0161ice and was replaced by Brigade General Karel Klap\u00e1lek who however was recovering from injuries at the time and was therefore substituted by general Bo\u010dek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158896-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division\nThe 1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division (Czech: 1. \u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e1 leteck\u00e1 divize; Slovak: 1. \u010desko-slovensk\u00e1 zmie\u0161an\u00e1 leteck\u00e1 div\u00edzia) was the air arm of the Czechoslovak armed forces in the Soviet Union during World War II, operating under the operational command of the Soviet Air Force. It existed during 1944 and 1945, being merged into the Czechoslovak Air Force upon the cessation of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158897-0000-0000", "contents": "1st C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 1st C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1975 and took place on 3 April 1976 at the Palais des congr\u00e8s in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Jean Gabin and hosted by Pierre Tchernia. Le Vieux Fusil won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158897-0001-0000", "contents": "1st C\u00e9sar Awards, Winners and nominees\nLet Joy Reign Supreme\u00a0\u2013 Bertrand Tavernier and Jean Aurenche", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158898-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Dakota Cavalry Battalion\nThe 1st Dakota Cavalry was a Union battalion of two companies raised in the Dakota Territory during the American Civil War. They were deployed along the frontier, primarily to protect the settlers during the Sioux Uprising of 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158898-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Dakota Cavalry Battalion, Service, Company A\nBy order of the Department of War, organization of the 1st Dakota Cavalry began in the winter of 1861, with recruiting stations established at Yankton, Vermillion, and Bon Homme. At Yankton, the 98 men of Company A were mustered into service on April 19, 1862 under the command of Captain Nelson Miner. They first were stationed at Fort Randall under Lieutenant Colonel Pattee of the 7th Iowa Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, but detachments of the company were afterward sent to protect the settlements at Yankton, Vermillion, Sioux Falls and Brule Creek, Dakota Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158898-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Dakota Cavalry Battalion, Service, Company A\nDuring the August 1862 Sioux uprising, Company A escorted settlers as they moved to protective stockades. Governor William Jayne also called for \"every able-bodied man to arms in defense of the homes of Dakota\", with 399 men responding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158898-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Dakota Cavalry Battalion, Service, Company B\nAt this time Captain Alpheus G. Fuller, an early settler in the territory, began raising a cavalry militia in Bon Homme and Charles Mix counties, the \"Militia Brigade of Dakota\". After failing to form a company for U.S. service, the men were merged with volunteers organizing at Elk Point. On March 31, 1863, these men were mustered in to form Company B at Sioux City, Iowa, with Captain William Tripp commanding. This company was known by settlers as the \"Dakota Rangers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158898-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Dakota Cavalry Battalion, Service, Company B\nBoth companies were engaged in the protection of the Dakota frontier towns while Generals Henry H. Sibley and Alfred Sully, with regiments of infantry and cavalry from Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska, sought out the hostile Indians throughout the territory. The two companies were split into detachments for use in the several settlements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158898-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Dakota Cavalry Battalion, Service, Company B\nAs the Civil War and Indian conflicts were drawing to a close, Companies A and B were mustered out on May 9, 1865, and November 15, 1865 respectively. The battalion had a total of 194 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158898-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Dakota Cavalry Battalion, Engagements\nIn June 1864, the 1st Dakota Cavalry Battalion served as guard for Brig. Gen. Alfred Sully as he traveled to Fort Sully, Dakota Territory to rendezvous with various companies there. Upon the completion of the brigade, the expedition left Fort Sully on June 24, 1864. On July 28, 1864, Sully's force of 2,200 soldiers encountered a camp of over 5,000 Sioux warriors. During the subsequent Battle of Killdeer Mountain, United States forces lost 5 men killed and 10 men wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158898-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Dakota Cavalry Battalion, Engagements\nOn August 13\u201315, 1865, 24 soldiers in Company B participated in the Battle of Bone Pile Creek against Native American warriors near present-day Wright, Wyoming. The detachment suffered two casualties, Privates Anthony Nelson and John Rouse (both killed in action).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158899-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Dalai Lama\nGend\u00fcn Drubpa (Tibetan: \u0f51\u0f42\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f60\u0f51\u0f74\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0d, Wylie: dge 'dun grub pa; 1391\u20131474) was considered posthumously to be the 1st Dalai Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158899-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Dalai Lama, Biography\nGedun Drupa was born in a cow-shed in Gyurmey Rupa near Sakya in the Tsang region of central Tibet, the son of Gonpo Dorjee and Jomo Namkha Kyi, nomadic tribespeople. He was raised as a shepherd until the age of seven. His birth name (according to the Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center, his personal name) was P\u00e9ma Dorjee (Tibetan: \u0f54\u0f51\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f62\u0fa1\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f97\u0f7a\u0f0b, \"Vajra Lotus\"). Later he was placed in Narthang Monastery. In 1405, he took his \u015br\u0101ma\u1e47era (novitiate) vows from the abbot of Narthang, Khenchen Drupa Sherap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158899-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Dalai Lama, Biography\nWhen he was 20 years old, in about 1411, he received the name Gedun Drupa upon taking the vows of a bhik\u1e63u (monk) from the abbot of Narthang Monastery. Also at this age he became a student of the scholar and reformer Je Tsongkhapa (1357\u20131419), who some say was his uncle. Around this time he also became the first abbot of Ganden Monastery, founded by Tsongkhapa himself in 1409. By the middle of his life, Gedun Drupa had become one of the most esteemed scholar-saints in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158899-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Dalai Lama, Biography\nTradition states that Palden Lhamo, the female guardian spirit of the sacred lake, Lhamo La-tso, promised the First Dalai Lama in one of his visions \"...that she would protect the reincarnation lineage of the Dalai Lamas.\" Since the time of Gedun Gyatso, who formalized the system, monks have gone to the lake to meditate when seeking visions with guidance on finding the next reincarnation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158899-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Dalai Lama, Biography\nGedun Drupa founded the major monastery of Tashi Lhunpo at Shigatse, which later became the seat of the Panchen Lamas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158899-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Dalai Lama, Biography\nGedun Drupa had no political power. It was in the hands of viceroys such as the Sakyas, the prince of Tsang, and the Mongolian Khagan. The political role of the Dalai Lamas only began with the reign of the 5th Dalai Lama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158899-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Dalai Lama, Biography\nHe remained the abbot of Tashi Lhunpo Monastery until he died while meditating in 1474 at the age of 84 (83 by Western reckoning).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158899-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Dalai Lama, Biography\nThe Samding Dorje Phagmo (1422\u20131455), the highest female incarnation in Tibet, was a contemporary of Gedun Drupa. Her teacher, the Bodongpa Panchen Chogley Namgyal was also one of his teachers; he received many teachings and empowerments from him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158899-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Dalai Lama, Biography\nSome of the most famous texts Gedun Drupa wrote were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158900-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Danish Artillery Battalion\nThe 1st Danish Artillery Battalion (Danish: 1. Danske Artilleriafdeling, 1DAA) is a part of Army Combat and Fire Support Center and was created after under the Danish Defence Agreement 2013-2017, after the Danish Artillery Regiment was disbanded. It is the only remaining military unit in the Danish Army that is involved with artillery, and is therefore the bearer of the traditions of the former regiment and can trace its roots back to 1684.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158900-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Danish Artillery Battalion\nThe battalion is divided into a number of batteries with around 500 personnel in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158900-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Danish Artillery Battalion\n1 DAA provides fielding and training of the army's ability to plan, deploy, manage and operate fire-support such as howitzer and heavy mortars at different tactical levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158900-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Danish Artillery Battalion\n1 January 2019, 1 DAA was merge back into the reactivated Danish Artillery Regiment as 1st Artillery Battalion (1AA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158901-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Daytime Emmy Awards\nThe 1st Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Tuesday, May 28, 1974, to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from the previous year (1973). It was hosted by Barbara Walters and Peter Marshall at the Rockefeller Plaza in New York City and televised on NBC. They were introduced to the stage by game and variety show host Garry Moore. Broadcast from 12-1:30\u00a0p.m. EST, the telecast preempted Jackpot, Celebrity Sweepstakes and local programming. For the first and only time as of 2020, the Daytime Emmy Awards aired on the same day as the Primetime Emmy Awards, broadcast that evening on NBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158902-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion\nThe 1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion was a cavalry regiment of the Union Army in the American Civil War. Raised in late 1862, the 1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion was initially to be raised as the 1st Delaware Cavalry Regiment, but was reduced to a battalion due to the inability of the state to fill a cavalry regiment to full strength. It served on provost duty in Maryland and Delaware from 1863 to early 1864, and fought in the action at Westminster known as Corbit's Charge during the Gettysburg Campaign. It participated in the Overland Campaign in June 1864, then returned to Maryland after the Confederate cavalry raid of Jubal Early. It remained there for the remainder of the war, and was mustered out after its end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158902-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion, History\nThe first attempts to raise cavalry units for active service in Delaware were made by Napoleon Bonaparte Knight, who was authorized to raise a battalion of four companies on 13 August 1862. Delaware politician George P. Fisher was commissioned by the War Department to raise a 1,200-man cavalry regiment, including Knight's battalion, on 9 September. Due to the small population of the state, the regiment could not be expanded to the projected strength, with only seven understrength companies out of a typical ten being raised. It ultimately served as a four-company battalion. Between late 1862 and early 1863 it trained at Camp Smithers near Wilmington at Brandywine Hundred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158902-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion, History\nThe regiment was organized at Wilmington on 20 January 1863, attached to the 1st Separate Brigade of VIII Corps in the Middle Department. It mustered in with a strength of 568, including 24 officers. The 1st Delaware Cavalry served at Wilmington until June, when it transferred to the Cavalry Reserve of the Defenses of Baltimore. The regiment was on provost duty in and near Baltimore for the next year, and elements of it fought in the action at Westminster (Corbit's Charge) on 28 June; this was its first combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158902-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion, History\nIt was transferred to the 3rd Separate Brigade of the corps in October, and returned to the Cavalry Reserve in December. Companies A and D remained in the District of Delaware until December, while Companies D and E remained in that state until March 1864, after which Company E was stationed at Havre de Grace in April. The regiment transferred back to the 3rd Separate Brigade in March, and was ordered to join the Army of the Potomac to fight in the Overland Campaign on 15 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158902-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion, History\nUpon reporting to the army on 5 June, the regiment was assigned to the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of VI Corps. It fought in the Battle of Cold Harbor between 5 and 12 June and the Siege of Petersburg between 17 June and 10 July. During the latter, it participated in the Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road between 22 and 23 June and the First Battle of Ream's Station on 29 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158902-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion, History\nWith VI Corps, the regiment moved north to Baltimore and Washington, D.C. in pursuit of Confederate cavalry commander Jubal Early between 10 and 12 July, guarding the corps Artillery Brigade. On 14 July the regiment, excluding Company A, was ordered to Baltimore, where it rejoined the 1st Separate Brigade of VIII Corps. Company A remained with the Army of the Potomac to guard the VI Corps Reserve Artillery until rejoining the regiment in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158902-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion, History\nThe regiment served on picket and outpost duty along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and guarded fords of the Potomac River between Georgetown and Point of Rocks until November, when it briefly returned to Delaware for the United States presidential election. Operating in Montgomery County between 7 and 11 October, the regiment continued to serve on the Upper Potomac and on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio. By March 1865, the regimental headquarters was at Monocacy Junction with detachments at Baltimore and Annapolis, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158902-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion, History\nIn mid-April its detachments helped in the search for the Booth conspirators, one of whom, George Atzerodt, was captured by a squad led by Sergeant Zachariah W. Gimmell on 20 April, and brought to the Relay House camp. The detachments at Relay House were mustered out on 6 June, followed by those at Baltimore on 30 June. During its service, the regiment lost two enlisted men killed in action, while two officers and 47 enlisted men died of disease. It mustered out with a strength of 363, including eleven officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158903-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware General Assembly\nThe 1st Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in the town of New Castle, Delaware, convening October 20, 1776, and was the administration of President John McKinly, effective on February 12, 1777. McKinly was captured by the British on September 22, 1777, and Thomas McKean replaced him until October 20, 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158903-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware General Assembly\nThe apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not affect the number of delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158903-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware General Assembly, Members, Legislative Council\nCouncilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158903-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Assembly\nAssemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term. There were only seven representatives so two or three unidentified persons are unidentified of others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, later known as the 1st Delaware Veteran Infantry Regiment was a United States volunteer infantry regiment raised for Union Army service in the American Civil War. Part of the II Corps it served in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, 90-Day Volunteers\nWhen the Civil War began in April 1861, there were only about 16,000 men in the U.S. Army, and many Southern soldiers and officers were already resigning and joining the new Confederate States Army. With this drastic shortage of men in the army, President Abraham Lincoln called on the states to raise a force of 75,000 volunteers for three months to put down the insurrection in the South. Accordingly, the 1st Delaware Infantry Regiment was raised at Wilmington, Delaware, on May 22, 1861, and mustered into Federal service on May 28. The regiment comprised 37 officers and 742 enlisted men under the command of Colonel Henry H. Lockwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, 90-Day Volunteers\nColonel: Henry H. Lockwood Lieutenant Colonel: John W. Andrews Major: Robert Lamott Surgeon: R. W. Johnson Assistant-Surgeon: James Knight Adjutant: Lieutenant W. P. Seville Quartermaster: H. Alderdice", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, 90-Day Volunteers\nCo. A (Delaware Blues): Cpt. Evans Watson Co. B: Cot. Charles Lamott Co. C: Cpt. James Bare Co. D: Cpt. James Green Co. E (Wilmington Rifles): Cpt. Robert Mulligan Co. F: Cpt. Thomas Crossley Co. G (Sussex Volunteers): Cpt. J. Rodney Layton Co. H: Cpt. S.H. Jenskins Co. I: Cpt. James Leonard Co. K: Cpt. Smith", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, 90-Day Volunteers\nThe regiment was attached to the command of Major General John Dix ('Dix's Command\", Department of the Potomac) and assigned to duty along the line of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The regiment mustered out on August 30, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, 3-Years Volunteers\nOn July 22, 1861, the United States Congress authorized a volunteer army of 500,000 men. When in August the enlistment term for the regiment ended a new 1st Regiment was raised for a term of three years at Wilmington, Delaware, between September 10 and October 19, 1861. This time the regiment had 37 officers and 846 enlisted men under the command of Colonel John W. Andrews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, 3-Years Volunteers\nColonel: John W. Andrews Lieutenant Colonel: 0. Hopkinson Major: Thomas A. Smyth Surgeon: D. W. Maull Chaplain: Thomas G. Murphey Assistant-Surgeon: S. D. Marshall Adjutant: First Lieutenant W. P. Saville Quartermaster: First Lieutenant T. Y. England", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, 3-Years Volunteers\nSergeant-Major: James Lewis Quartermaster's Sergeant: Frank Wilson Commissary Sergeant: Charles S. Sehocffer Hospital Steward: Archibald D. O'Mera Drum-Major: Patrick Dooley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, 3-Years Volunteers\nCo. A: Cpt. Evans S. Watson Co. B: Cpt. James Leonard Co. C: Cpt. Neal Ward Co. D: Cpt. Enoch J. Smithers Co. E: Cpt. Edward P. Harris Co. F: Cpt. Daniel Woodall Co. G: Cpt. Allen Shortledge Co. H: Cpt. John B. Tanner Co. I: Cpt. Charles Lesper Co. K: Cpt. Thomas Crassley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, Veteran Volunteers\nOn July 1, 1864, the 3 years enlistment would have ended and the regiment would be mustered out. Instead in July 1863 the men, still having nine months of their enlistment left, got the chance to reenlist for another 3 years from that date. On December 19, 1863, three quarters of the regiment reenlisted. The 1st Delaware was upgraded to veteran status as 1st Delaware Veteran Infantry Regiment. The 1st Delaware Infantry claimed to be first regiment in the Union to receive the coveted veteran status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Organisation and Remusterings, Veteran Volunteers\nIn April 1864 the 1st Delaware absorbed the remnants of the 2nd Delaware Infantry Regiment, a number of recruits and veterans with two complete companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Other Regimental Statistics, Casualties\nAt the Battle of Antietam the regiment suffered 36 men killed and mortally wounded, and 182 men wounded, being 30.8% from a total strength of 708.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Other Regimental Statistics, Casualties\nAt the Battle of Fredericksburg the regiment lost 10 killed, 74 wounded and 9 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Other Regimental Statistics, Casualties\nAt the Battle of Chancellorsville the regiment lost 6 killed, 33 wounded and 10 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Other Regimental Statistics, Casualties\nAt the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 the regiment suffered 10 killed, 54 wounded, and 13 missing, being 31% from a total strength of 251. It also had 4 different regimental commanders during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Other Regimental Statistics, Casualties\nThroughout the war the regiment suffered 12 officers and 146 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and 3 officers and 118 enlisted men killed by disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158904-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, Other Regimental Statistics, Medal of Honor\nFour men were awarded the Medal of Honor while serving with the 1st Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158905-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Delhi Assembly\nThe First Legislative Assembly of Delhi was constituted in Nov 1993 after the Council of Minister was replaced by the Delhi Legislative Assembly through the Constitution Act 1991 and by the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991 the Sixty-ninth Amendment to the Indian constitution. The amendment declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi, subsequently Delhi holding the 1st state elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158905-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Delhi Assembly\nTotal six national parties, three state parties, forty-one registered (unrecognised) parties and other independent candidates contested for 70 assembly seats. With 49 seats, BJP got the majority and formed government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158906-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Delta Operations Squadron\nThe 1st Delta Operations Squadron (1 DOS) is a United States Space Force unit. Assigned to Space Training and Readiness Command's Space Delta 1, it is responsible for providing operations support to the delta. It was activated on 2 September 2021 and is headquartered at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers\nThe 1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, later 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, was a Welsh unit of the British Army's auxiliary forces. First raised in 1860, it served as a pioneer battalion with the 47th (2nd London) Division on the Western Front during World War I and with the 53rd (Welsh) Division in North West Europe during World War II. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army through a series of mergers until finally amalgamating with another Welsh battalion in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the Volunteer Movement, and Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) began to be organised throughout Great Britain, composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The following units were raised in Denbighshire, North Wales:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThese units were grouped into the  1st Administrative Battalion, Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, formed at Ruabon on 10 September 1860. Williams-Wynn was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the admin battalion on 27 January 1862. A new 9th (Llangollen) Denbighshire RVC was formed on 6 June 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nWhen the RVCs were consolidated in February 1880 the admin battalion became the 1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe consolidated battalion moved its headquarters (HQ) from Ruabon to Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn's house at Wynnstay. He remained in command until his death in 1885, when he was succeeded by William Cornwallis-West, who had raised the 6th (Ruthin) Denbighshire RVC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nUnder the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Volunteers were brigaded with their local Regular and Militia battalions \u2013 Sub-District No 23 in Western District for the Denbighshire Battalion, grouped with the 23rd Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers). The Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further, and the Volunteers were formally affiliated to their local Regular regiment, the 1st Denbighshire becoming a volunteer battalion of the RWF on 1 July 1881; it was redesignated 1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers in June 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nWhile the sub-districts were later referred to as 'brigades', they were purely administrative organisations and the Volunteers were excluded from the 'mobilisation' part of the Cardwell system. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 proposed a more comprehensive Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the Volunteer Battalions of the RWF formed part of the Welsh Brigade, later moving to the Welsh Border Brigade (renamed the North Welsh Border Brigade in the 1900s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAfter Black Week in December 1899, the Volunteers were invited to send active service units to assist the Regulars in the Second Boer War. The War Office decided that one company 116 strong could be recruited from the volunteer battalions of any infantry regiment that had a regular battalion serving in South Africa. The RWF VBs accordingly raised a service company that joined the 1st Battalion and earned the volunteer battalions their first Battle honour: South Africa 1900\u201302. The 1st VB was expanded to 11 companies in 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st VB became the 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe battalion formed part of the North Wales Brigade of the TF's Welsh Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 3 August 1914 the Welsh Division's infantry brigades were at their annual camps when all training was cancelled and the battalions were ordered back to their HQs; war was declared next day. On 5 August they mobilised, and had concentrated at their war stations (at Conway in the case of the North Wales Brigade) by 11 August. On that date TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas, and were quickly filled by the flood of volunteers coming forward. Later 3rd Line units were formed to train drafts for the 1st and 2nd Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF\nThe Welsh Division moved to Northampton at the end of August 1914, where on 18 November it was warned for service in India, but this was subsequently cancelled. Training was interrupted by periods spent digging trenches for the East Coast defences. 1/4th Battalion's offer of overseas service had been accepted, and the battalion left the Welsh Division on 5 November, travelled to France, and joined 3rd Brigade in 1st Division on 7 December. It was one of the first TF units to reinforce the hard-pressed Regular British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Givenchy\nThe battalion first went into action at Givenchy on 20 December, when two brigades of the division were sent up to support the Indian Corps when it was heavily attacked. 3rd Brigade reached B\u00e9thune at 07.30, when it rested, and then moved to the counter-attack soon after noon. The battalions passed through the Indian troops, but were delayed by waterlogged ground and machine gun fire, and it was almost dark when they reached Givenchy, which had just been evacuated by a British battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 86], "content_span": [87, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Givenchy\nThe intended concerted attack was disrupted, and although the brigades recaptured most of the lost ground they were isolated in the dark. However the relief of the exhausted Indian Corps was successfully completed next day. The front in the Givenchy area was never at rest: 1st Division (already weak after the intense fighting in the autumn of 1914) was subjected to constant low-level Trench warfare. 3rd Brigade was attacked on a larger scale on 25 January 1915, but quickly regained its trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 86], "content_span": [87, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Aubers Ridge\nThe BEF launched a prepared offensive on 9 May 1915 with the aim of capturing Aubers Ridge, north of La Bass\u00e9e. The infantry advanced at 05.30 when the preliminary artillery bombardment entered its intense phase. On 3rd Bde's front, 1/4th RWF was in support in the second line. As the leading companies left their breastworks they came under immediate machine gun fire and suffered heavy casualties, though they more or less reached their intended jumping-off line in No man's land, and the supporting battalions made some progress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Aubers Ridge\nWhen the artillery lifted, the leading waves attacked, but could not penetrate the barbed wire, which had been inadequately cut by the guns. A second bombardment did no better in suppressing the machine gun positions, and the leading waves were deadlocked by 07.20. The supporting battalions in the second line could not get forward over No Man's land, which was dominated by German artillery. A renewed attack in the afternoon was also unsuccessful, and the shattered leading units were withdrawn through the supporting battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0013-0002", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Aubers Ridge\nAlthough casualties in the second line had been less severe, 1/4th RWF lost its commanding officer (CO), Lt-Col Frederick France-Hayhurst, who was killed and was buried in Cabaret-Rouge Cemetery. 1st Division was relieved at the end of the day, and by 12/13 May returned to its former sector at Givenchy. It defended this position during the next offensive (the Battle of Festubert).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 90], "content_span": [91, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Loos\nThe BEF spent the summer of 1915 preparing for a much more ambitious offensive: the Battle of Loos. 1st Division was allotted a part in this attack, but on 1 September 1915 the 1/4th RWF was transferred to be the Pioneer Battalion in 47th (1/2nd London) Division (a TF formation). The divisional historian believed that the battalion had been chosen for this specialist role because of the high proportion of Welsh miners among the remaining original personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 82], "content_span": [83, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Loos\nThe role of the pioneer battalion was to provide working parties to assist the divisional Royal Engineers (RE) in tasks ranging from trench digging and wiring, to road making, while remaining fighting soldiers. The men received extra pay and the battalion transport was augmented to carry the necessary tools and equipment. The preparations for Loos involved heavy labour for working parties, infantry as well as pioneers and RE, in carrying forward and emplacing gas cylinders in the front line trenches, as well as digging additional assembly trenches \u2013 including Russian saps \u2013 and creating dumps of  stores and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 82], "content_span": [83, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Loos\n47th Division formed the southern pivot of the attack. Forty minutes before the assault went in on 25 September, the RE released the gas cloud, supplemented by a smokescreen released by one company of the 1/4th RWF. The rest of the battalion was in divisional reserve at North Maroc, apart from the machine guns, which joined a divisional overhead barrage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 82], "content_span": [83, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Loos\nOn 47th Division's front the gas cloud worked reasonably well, the infantry took the German front trench but suffered heavier casualties among the wire in front of the second position; German counter-attacks also began early on, but the division held onto its objectives among the mine buildings and the 'crassier' or spoilheap at Loos. Further north things had not gone so well, and 47th Division's left flank was unprotected. The pioneers and infantry spent much of the next few days in minor operations and digging to consolidate their position protecting the BEF's flank before they were relieved by French troops on 1 October. The line they dug became the Allied front line for nearly three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 82], "content_span": [83, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Winter 1915\u201316\n47th Division returned to the line on 5 October, holding off German counter-attacks on 8 October. 1/4th Royal Welch Fusiliers was loaned back to 1st Division for pioneer work for a week before that division made another unsuccessful attack on 13 October; 47th Division then relieved 1st Division and had to repair the heavily damaged trenches. For the next month it held the 'remarkably unpleasant' line of the salient formed during the Battle of Loos, with a heavy workload for the pioneers. A local German attack forced the Londoners out of Essex Trench, threatening a position known as The Hairpin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Winter 1915\u201316\nThe RWF set to work digging Russian saps towards it for a counter-attack, but the experienced Welsh miners detected sounds of Germans mining deeper under the Hairpin, and the garrison was reduced. On 30 December the German mine was blown, and the Hairpin was lost. The division returned to relieve the French at Loos on 4 January. In a few weeks the 1/4th RWF dug a tunnel under the Loos Crassier, providing a covered route for the exposed support line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Winter 1915\u201316\nIn March 1916 the division moved to Vimy Ridge. The positions recently taken over from the French were merely shell-holes and mine craters linked up with short trenches, and active mine warfare was going on underneath the ridge. In early May the situation became critical, with 11 German mine galleries suspected beneath the British front line. The RE tunnelling companies drove four counter-mines forward into No man's land and on 3 May fired them, accompanied by a heavy artillery bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Winter 1915\u201316\nThe infantry rushed forward, and the divisional RE and 1/4th RWF spent the night consolidating the lips of the three big craters that had been formed. On 21 May the division suffered a very heavy German bombardment followed by a local attack that captured the front and support lines and was only held by pushing all available troops including engineers into the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Somme\nIn August 1916 47th Division moved  south to join in the Somme Offensive, taking over the line in the High Wood sector from 1st Division on 11 September. Its role in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, beginning on 15 September was to take High Wood, which involved heavy fighting but was achieved before 13.00. Next day it continued towards the 'Starfish Line' beyond, and the position there was consolidated during the night of 17/18 September by 'very gallant and devoted work' by a large working party consisting of two RE sections and companies of 1/4th RWF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Somme\nThis party suffered many casualties on the way up, and then worked on the trench to within 100 yards (91\u00a0m) of a troublesome enemy strongpoint. Major S.G. Love, RE, and Lieutenant D.J. Williams, RWF, took a patrol behind this strongpoint, and offered to attack it with a party of 1/4th RWF, but III Corps vetoed this and ordered a retrenchment to be built round it to link up with 50th (Northumbrian) Division; the pioneers carried this out the following night. When 47th Division's exhausted infantry were relieved on 19 September, the pioneers, sappers and gunners were left in the line supporting 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Somme\nThe next operation, the Battle of the Transloy Ridges, began on 1 October. 47th Division had begun taking over the line from 1st Division on 27/28 September, and was given Eaucourt L'Abbaye as its objective. The infantry rushed the village but failed to make good the Flers line beyond, which it was intended to consolidate. A renewed attack on 7 October (part of III Corps' Attacks on the Butte de Warlencourt) brought heavy casualties for little gain. Conditions for the RE and pioneers making roads and communications trenches across the heavily shelled ground after each forward bound were very bad. The much-weakened division was withdrawn on 9 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Ypres\nOn 14 October 47th Division began moving by train to the Ypres Salient where it went into the Hill 60 sector, including 'The Bluff'. Here it took part in regular raids and crater fighting for a number of months, but the labour for 1/4th RWF involved in maintaining and draining trenches, breastworks, dugouts  and trench tramways was immense. The narrow-gauge tramway up to the Bluff was frequently broken by enemy shellfire, requiring work by the battalion's breakdown gangs. Lieutenant-Colonel Hawkes of 1/4th RWF acted as commander of 141st (5th London) Brigade for a month during the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Ypres\nFor the Battle of Messines, 47th Division was tasked with attacking astride the Ypres\u2013Comines Canal. In the weeks leading up to the attack on 7 June the division had carried out preparations, including digging new trenches and establishing ration and ammunition dumps. Aided by a series of huge mines, the attack went well, the only hold-up being at a strongpoint known as the 'Spoil Bank'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Ypres\n47th Division was not directly involved in the following Third Ypres Offensive, being in reserve during the Battle of Pilckem Ridge (31 July\u20132 August) and spending two periods holding the line (18 August\u20132 September and 8\u201317 September), described as 'among the most unpleasant in its experience'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 83], "content_span": [84, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Cambrai\nOn 21 September the division entrained for the south, where it took over a quieter sector near Arras. The trenches required considerable maintenance in the winter weather, and active Trench raiding was carried out. For one raid on 4 November, two infantry battalions each sent two companies out of the line for training beforehand, leaving the trenches manned by a composite battalion under the command of Maj T.O. Bury of 1/4th RWF, who carried out the preparations including cutting gaps in the British wire, fixing guides and making steps for the assaulting troops to use. The raid was highly successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Cambrai\nOn 19 November the division began marching to the Cambrai front, where the Battle of Cambrai was launched the next day. On the night of 28/29 November it arrived at Bourlon Wood, where fighting was continuing. On arrival the division's infantry found the frontline trenches barely 4 feet (1.2\u00a0m) deep, and they had less than 24 hours to deepen them, add firesteps and wire, while being heavily shelled with Mustard gas, before the Germans launched a major counter-offensive at 10.00 on 30 November. 1/4th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Cambrai\nRoyal Welch Fusiliers were still marching up from Bertincourt to Trescault at this time, and had to struggle forward along congested roads under shellfire. They were sent to garrison the captured Hindenburg Line behind the division. Casualties had been heavy among the defending troops, but on 47th Division's front the attackers were driven back. On 2 December the division attacked to regain the dominating high ground in front of Bourlon Wood. During this period 1/4th RWF carried ammunition up across the gas-contaminated ground, improved the frontline trenches and dug communication trenches, and carried back wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0024-0002", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Cambrai\nHowever, the exposed salient in the wood was untenable and preparations began on 4 December to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line. 1/4th Royal Welch Fusiliers had the task of preparing four strongpoints in front of this line, and the withdrawal through them was successfully carried out during the night of 4/5 December. The RWF handed over the strongpoints to the infantry next day; these formed part of the BEF's main line of defence (the Flesqui\u00e8res Line) during the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Cambrai\n47th Division was rested for the remainder of the month, but on 29 December the 1/4th RWF and RE were sent up to the front to prepare for the division's return to the Flesqui\u00e8res sector between 4 and 10 January 1918. A small salient was abandoned on the night of 14/15 January, which entailed the destruction of numerous dugouts to prevent their use by the enemy. Meanwhile, the defences along the Flesqui\u00e8res ridge were improved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Spring Offensive\nIn early 1918 the BEF was extensively reorganised to deal with a severe manpower shortage. Pioneer battalions adopted a three-company establishment, with 1/4th RWF completing the reorganisation on 27 February. It became simply 4th RWF when the 2/4th battalion was disbanded in March (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Spring Offensive\nIn March 47th Division was sent for special training as a counter-attack division. When the German spring offensive opened on 21 March, 47th Division had just relieved another formation in the line on Welsh Ridge and were holding the right flank of Third Army. The main blow fell on the neighbouring Fifth Army, but the division was heavily shelled and later in the day the Germans attacked behind a smoke screen and gained one or two isolated positions before being driven out. 4th Royal Welch Fusiliers was brought up from L\u00e9chelle to Metz-en-Couture in support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Spring Offensive\nHowever, Fifth Army was collapsing and 47th Division, with its flank open, was obliged to fall back from Welsh Ridge to prepared positions along Highland Ridge. Next day the division drove back repeated attacks against Highland Ridge, but the right flank was still open and 4th RWF was ordered to occupy the Metz Switch Line as a flank guard. The trenches in this line were only half-dug  and there was little wire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0027-0002", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Spring Offensive\nThat night (22/23 March) the whole division fell back to the Metz Switch, but the village of Fins on the flank was already occupied by the enemy: a company of 4th RWF with No 11 Motor Machine-Gun Battery were rushed to strengthen this end of the line. During the fighting of 23 March the open right flank of 47th Division was held by just two companies of 4th RWF as the division slowly fell back over L\u00e9chelle aerodrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0027-0003", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Spring Offensive\nBy dawn on 24 March it was in line between Mesnil-en-Arrouaise and Rocquigny but the Germans continued to push through the gap to its right, threatening the transport hub at Morval. The RWF under Maj J.H.Langton, and RE under Maj Love, were ordered to defend the road until all the retreating transport had passed. The pioneers and sappers, later joined by 11th MMG Bty, inflicted huge casualties on the oncoming Germans with machine gun and rifle fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0027-0004", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Spring Offensive\nBy the end of the day the 4th RWF and rest of the division were in High Wood, scene of its battle in 1916, and then pulled back to Bazentin-le-Petit. The gap to the right had been filled, and the division was able to hold its positions throughout 25 March. However, a gap now appeared on the division's left flank, and the 4th RWF, RE and 11th MMG Bty were once again posted as a flank guard. The division to the left had retired behind the River Ancre, and 47th Division was ordered to withdraw during the night of 25/26 March to conform. Once across the Ancre the weak and exhausted division was finally relieved, taking up a reserve defence line in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Spring Offensive\nThe Germans attempted to renew the offensive on 5 April (the Battle of the Ancre). The attack was made after an intense bombardment, and fighting went on all day, with reserves fed in progressively. 4th Royal Welch Fusiliers moved up during the afternoon in support of 142nd (6th London) Brigade. The battalion was now the only reserve remaining to the divisional commander, and he released it to 142nd Bde for a counter-attack to be made against Aveluy Wood at dawn next day. By 04.00 on 6 April A and B Companies 4th RWF were drawn up along the railway bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Spring Offensive\nThey attacked at 05.55: 'No troops could have deployed better or advanced more steadily under such intense fire, and the leadership of the officers could not have been excelled'. Two platoons of A Company got into one corner of the wood and silenced one machine gun, but no further advance was possible. The two companies suffered casualties of 9 officers and 65 other ranks (ORs) killed, 2 officers and 81 ORs wounded. Elsewhere, 47th Division's weak battalions held off German attacks until they were relieved at the end of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Hundred Days Offensive\n47th Division now had three quiet months, resting and then holding a quiet sector of the line, which gave the battalions time to absorb the hundreds of 18-year-old recruits they were sent to fill up their ranks. It tied down German divisions when the Allied Hundred Days Offensive began on 8 August 1918, then joined in at the Battle of Albert on 22 August. There was some confusion among the young soldiers and the division did not achieve its objectives beyond 'Happy Valley', which had to be completed two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 100], "content_span": [101, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe battle became one of movement against rearguards until methodical attacks behind Creeping barrages were needed on 31 August and 2 September (the Second Battle of Bapaume). 4th Royal Welch Fusiliers had the task of clearing St Pierre Vaast Wood during the latter attack. The division went forward again on 5 and 6 September against limited opposition, the 4th RWF quickly following up to make tracks across the old Somme battlefield for the guns and wheeled vehicles. They ended this phase of the offensive constructing crossings over the Canal du Nord and artillery tracks forwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 100], "content_span": [101, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter a further period of rest, 47th Division was preparing for a move to the Italian Front when it was instead ordered to take part in the final operations on the Western Front. It went back into the line on 2 October to keep touch with the retreating Germans, and advanced across Aubers Ridge that day. As the division advanced over succeeding days, dealing with rearguards, the pioneers helped repair roads and bridges to allow guns and supplies to keep pace with the advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 100], "content_span": [101, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Hundred Days Offensive\n47th Division was relieved on 17 October and moved to Lille, where it fought its way through some of the surrounding forts. The Germans evacuated the city and the division marched through it next day. After the orders to move to Italy were finally cancelled, the division accompanied Third Army's commander, Sir William Birdwood, on his ceremonial entry into Lille on 28 October, with 4th RWF in the march-past. The division resumed its place in the Line on 31 October and took up positions along the River Schelde. It crossed the river on 9 November, and the Armistice with Germany on 11 November found the battalion at Bizencourt, near Tournai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 100], "content_span": [101, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/4th (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, Hundred Days Offensive\nTwo weeks after the Armistice, 47th Division moved by road back to the B\u00e9thune area where it was billeted in the small mining and agricultural villages for winter quarters. Demobilisation began early in 1919 and most units were reduced to cadre strength by the end of March. The last cadres left France in May and the divisional troops returned to Shoreham-by-Sea. 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion, RWF, was disembodied on 11 June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 100], "content_span": [101, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/4th (Denbighshire) Battalion\nThe 2/4th (Denbighshire) Bn formed at Wrexham on 11 September 1914. It was assigned to 203rd (2nd North Wales) Brigade in 68th (2nd Welsh) Division, which began to assemble at Northampton in April 1915. It replaced the 53rd (W) Division at Bedford in July. Training was made difficult by the lack of arms and equipment, and the need to supply drafts to the 1st Line units. At first the men were issued with obsolete .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles for training. In July the battalions were reorganised and the Home Service-only men were transferred to Provisional units. By November the 2nd Line battalions were so weak that their establishment was reduced to 600 men. Late in 1915 the 68th (2nd W) Division's battalions handed over their Japanese rifles to the provisional battalions and were issued with some old Lee\u2013Enfield rifles converted to charger loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 941]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/4th (Denbighshire) Battalion\n68th (2nd Welsh) Division was assigned to Home Defence duties and in November 1915 it joined First Army in Central Force. By September 1916 the division was in General Reserve for Central Force, and by May 1917 it had transferred to Northern Army (Home Forces). From April 1917 the 2/4th Bn was at Henham Park in Halesworth, Suffolk, for its summer station, and then moved to Great Yarmouth, where it was disbanded in March 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 3/4th (Denbighshire) Battalion\nThe 3/4th (Denbighshire) Bn formed at Wrexham on 25 March 1915. It was redesignated as 4th (Reserve) (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, on 8 April 1916 and on 1 September 1916 it absorbed the 5th (Flintshire), 6th (Carnarvon & Anglesey) and 7th (Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire) (Reserve) Bns, RWF, in the Welsh Reserve Bde at Oswestry. In March 1918 it moved to Kinmel Camp, and then in July 1918 to Herne Bay where it remained until disbanded on 23 September 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 78], "content_span": [79, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 23rd Battalion\nAfter the 3rd Line TF battalions were formed in May 1915 the remaining Home Service and unfit men were separated  to form brigades of Coast Defence Battalions (termed Provisional Battalions from June 1915). The men from the four TF battalions of the Royal Welch Fusiliers were formed into 47th Provisional Battalion, as part of 4th Provisional Brigade. In March 1916 the Provisional Brigades were concentrated along the South and East Coast of England. The units of 4th Provisional Brigade moved from their home depots to Norfolk, where it was attached to 64th (2nd Highland) Division under the control of Northern Army (Home Forces), with 47th Provisional Battalion billeted at Mundesley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 23rd Battalion\nThe Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Brigades thus became anomalous, and on 1 January 1917 the remaining battalions became numbered battalions of their parent units: 47th Provisional Bn became 23rd Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, and 10th Provisional Brigade became the 224th Mixed Brigade. Part of these units' role was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. The battalion as a whole never served overseas: it moved to Hemsby in September 1917. It was disbanded on 12 June 1919 at Aldingham Camp, Lancashire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nThe TF was reformed on 7 February 1920 and reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) the following year. As before, the reformed 4th (Denbighshire) Bn RWF was in 158th (Royal Welch) Bde in 53rd (Welsh) Division. In the 1920s a number of Cadet Corps were affiliated to the battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nWith the expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis, the 4th formed a duplicate 8th (Denbighshire) Bn on 1 July 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn\n53rd (Welsh) Division mobilised in Western Command on the outbreak of war in September 1939. Parts of the division were sent to Northern Ireland from October 1939, and the whole division was stationed there from 3 April 1940 to 30 April 1941 as part of VI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn\nOn returning to mainland Britain, the division served under III Corps and Western Command. On 8 April 1942 it was assigned to XII Corps District, then from 15 May 1943 with XII Corps it became part of 21st Army Group training for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, Normandy\n53rd (Welsh) Division was not involved in the first landings on D Day; 158th Bde sailed to Normandy on 20 June 1944 and landed at La Rivi\u00e8re on Gold Beach four days later. On the night of 29/30 June the division began moving into 'Scottish Corridor' to relieve the 15th (Scottish) Division, which had battered its way into the enemy lines during the Battle of the Odon (Operation Epsom); the relief was completed on 1/2 July. 53rd (Welsh) Division played a minor part in the next offensive phase, Operation Jupiter, guarding the western flank of the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, Normandy\nPreparatory attacks for Operation Goodwood began on 15 July with XII Corps pushing towards \u00c9vrecy. 53rd (Welsh) Division captured Cahier, but only held onto it with difficulty against heavy enemy counter-attacks. After 'Goodwood' had failed to break through south of Caen, 53rd (W) Division relieved 15th (S) Division at the le Bon Repos crossroads during the night of 19/20 July. On 21 July the position came under heavy attack by 10th SS Panzer Division, losing some ground and suffering heavy casualties. Following these casualties, the three RWF battalions of 158th Bde were split up across the division, with 4th RWF transferring on 4 August to 71st Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, Normandy\nWhen the breakout from the Normandy beachhead began in early August, XII Corps began pushing south, with 53rd (W) Division clearing the east bank of the River Orne, while XXX Corps captured Mont Pin\u00e7on. 21st Army Group then endeavoured to close the northern side of the Falaise Gap to prevent the Germans escaping eastwards. By 18\u201319 August the division was in defensive positions west of Falaise, and on 20 August it captured Bazoches-au-Houlme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, Normandy\nAfter the Falaise Pocket was eliminated, XII and XXX Corps led 21st Army Group's rapid advance eastwards to the Seine. 15th (Scottish) Division seized bridgeheads on 27 August, and because the armour was not ready it was 53rd (W) Division that led the advance out of the bridgehead towards the Somme. On 30 August 53rd (W) Division was motoring forward with an open flank, but ran into a lot of scattered opposition. The Somme was crossed on 1 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, Normandy\nOpposition stiffened as the division pushed through La Bass\u00e9e and B\u00e9thune on 3 September, but 7th Armoured Division bypassed this opposition and drove on while 53rd (W) Division stayed to 'mop up'. On 4 September the division cleared St Pol and was working its way through the canal area west of Lille. By 6 September 21 Army Group's advance had been halted at the lines of the Albert Canal and the Escaut Canal, where it regrouped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, North West Europe\nXII Corps had a relatively minor role in Operation Market Garden, XXX Corps' attempt to 'bounce' a succession of bridges as far as Arnhem on the Rhine. However, 53rd (W) Division was engaged in heavy fighting to cross the Junction Canal and then clear the Wilhelmina Canal on XXX Corps' left flank. After the failure at Arnhem, the division continued to push forwards in Operation Pheasant, capturing 's-Hertogenbosch on 26 October after five days of hard fighting. It was then moved south to face the Venlo Pocket along the west bank of the River Maas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, North West Europe\nWhen the Germans launched a major counter-offensive in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge) in December 1944, 71st Bde was attached to 6th Airborne Division, which had been rushed back from the UK to reinforce the northern flank of the 'Bulge'. It later recaptured much of the lost ground despite enemy counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, North West Europe\nThe Allied offensive was renewed in February 1945. 53rd (Welsh) Division was now in XXX Corps, which was tasked with clearing the Reichswald in Operation Veritable. Led by 71st Bde, the division began working its way to the Brandenberg and Stoppelberg features before fighting its way to Goch and Weeze. This battle saw some of the most bitter fighting of the campaign, amid mud and mines, and 53rd (W) Division's experience was described by Lt-Gen Brian Horrocks, XXX Corps' commander, as 'one of the most unpleasant weeks of the war'. 4th Battalion suffered partiocularly badly at Goch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0047-0001", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, North West Europe\nHaving cleared the west bank of the Rhine, 21st Army Group stormed across the river on 23/24 March in Operation Plunder. 53rd (Welsh) Division crossed into the bridgehead on 26 March for the breakout, and then continued its advance across Germany to the River Elbe against stiff opposition. During the advance 71st Bde operated with 7th Armoured Division from 4 to 7 April, then with 51st (Highland) Division from 29 April to 1 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn, North West Europe\nThe German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath saw 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion in Hamburg. It was placed in suspended animation after August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 8th (Denbighshire) Bn\nAt the outbreak of war 8th RWF had been assigned to 115th Bde in 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of 53rd (Welsh) Division. The division was still forming when war was declared and only assumed full control of its units on 18 September. It remained training in South Wales during the early part of the war, then moved to North West England under III Corps. By May 1941 it was in reserve just behind the invasion-threatened coast of Sussex. However, at the end of the year it was placed on a lower establishment, as a static coast defence formation with no prospect of active service overseas. It spent 1942\u201343 in various locations in Southern England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 8th (Denbighshire) Bn\nFrom 10 March 1944, 115th Bde was given the task of organising 'B' Marshalling Area in Southern Command for the invasion forces earmarked for Operation Overlord. This ended on 4 July, when brigade HQ became the planning staff for the re-occupation of the Channel Islands (Force 135) and its units were posted away. By 15 August most of 38th Division's personnel had been drafted as reinforcements to 21st Army Group, and it was dispersed. The 8th (Denbighshire) Battalion, RWF, was placed in suspended animation on 13 September 1944 at Park Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 4th (Denbighshire) Bn RWF was reformed at Poyser Street and re-absorbed the 8th Bn. It continued as part of 158 (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Infantry Brigade. The battalion had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 4th (T) Battalion\nThe TA was converted into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) on 1 April 1967, with the battalion reorganising as A Company (Royal Welch Fusiliers) in the Welsh Volunteers as part of TAVR II at Wrexham, and 4th (Territorial) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers in TAVR III. The 4th (T) Battalion consisted of HQ at Wrexham and two companies, A at Mold, Flintshire, and B at Wrexham. However, after two years 4th (T) Bn was reduced to a cadre under the Welsh Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 3rd (V) Battalion\nThe Welsh Volunteers was split up on 1 April 1971, and a new 3rd (Volunteer) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, was created from the North Wales companies and cadres, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 3rd (V) Battalion\nThe former 5th (Flintshire) Bn RWF had merged with the Denbighshire Yeomanry in 1956, so the new battalion contained the successor units of all four original Territorial battalions of the RWF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 3rd (V) Battalion\nThere was a further reorganisation in 1992 when the HSF was stood down and an establishment of  three rifle companies was adopted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 3rd (V) Battalion\nOn 1 July 1999 the 3rd (V) Bn, Royal Welch Fusiliers, and 2nd (V) Bn, Royal Regiment of Wales, were amalgamated as the Royal Welsh Regiment. The RWF contributed A (RWF) Company at Wrexham with a platoon at Queensferry, and D (RWF) Company at Colwyn Bay with a platoon at Carnarfon, and continued to wear their RWF cap badges. The Royal Welsh became the 3rd Battalion of the amalgamated regiment of Wales, the Royal Welsh, on 1 March 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Honorary Colonels\nThe following served as Honorary Colonel of the 1st Volunteer Battalion, RWF, and its successors:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe uniform of the 1st Volunteer Bn was scarlet with blue facings, matching that of the RWF. In 1908 Regimental Colours were authorised for TF battalions, the 4th Bn's carrying the single Battle Honour South Africa 1900\u201302. In 1925 TA battalions were allowed to add the battle honours of their parent regiments; in addition the RWF battalions were granted the privilege of wearing the regiment's back flash (five black ribbons below the back of the collar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Memorials\nThe RWF's regimental memorial for World War I and World War II, a sculpted group by Sir William Goscombe John, stands at the junction of Bodhyfryd and Chester roads in Wrexham. A memorial plaque to the World War I dead of the 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion was erected at the Poyser Street drill hall, and was later moved to the Barracks Drill Hall in Wrexham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158907-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers, Memorials\nThe original (1909) Colours of the 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion were laid up on 7 November 1954 in St Giles' Church, Wrexham. The replacement set, presented in 1954 and later carried by the 3rd (V) Bn, TAVR, were also laid up in St Giles's on 5 September 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158908-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Dental Battalion\n1st Dental Battalion is unit of the United States Navy that supports United States Marine Corps forces. The battalion includes fifteen dental clinics spread throughout California and Arizona. The unit is based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton and falls under the command of the 1st Marine Logistics Group and the I Marine Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158908-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Dental Battalion, Mission\nTo provide oral healthcare for war fighters and maintain operational readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158908-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Dental Battalion, History\nThe 1st Dental Battalion runs 10 dental clinics on MCB Camp Pendleton and also runs clinics at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow, Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, and Mountain Warfare Training Center in Bridgeport, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158909-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Destroyer Flotilla\nThe 1st Destroyer Flotilla, also styled as the First Destroyer Flotilla, was a naval formation of the British Royal Navy from 1909  to 1940 and again from 1947 to 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158909-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Destroyer Flotilla, History\nIn March 1907, a Channel Flotilla of destroyers was attached to the Channel Fleet until February 1909 when it was divided to form the 1st and 3rd Destroyer Flotillas. In March 1909 it was transferred to the 1st Division of the Home Fleet. On 27 July 1909, it was placed under the command of Commodore Edward F. B. Charlton until 1910. From May 1912 to July 1914 the flotilla was allocated to the First Fleet of the Home Fleets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158909-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Destroyer Flotilla, History\nIn August 1914 it was grouped with two other flotillas to form the Harwich Destroyer Flotilla as part of the Grand Fleet until November 1916. The flotilla was next assigned to the Harwich Force where it remained until April 1917. From May 1917 until December 1918 it was in the Portsmouth Command. After World War One the flotilla was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet from November 1918 to April 1925. In 1925 it was re-designated 5th Destroyer Flotilla and assigned to its first overseas station as part of the Mediterranean Fleet until 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158909-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Destroyer Flotilla, History\nIt was renamed back to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla still with the Med Fleet until August 1938. At the beginning of World War Two in September 1939, the flotilla was placed under the command of the Rear-Admiral, Destroyer Flotillas Mediterranean Fleet where it remained until July 1940 when it was moved to the Portsmouth Command, till May 1945. Post the Second World War the Flotilla was reformed again as part of the Mediterranean Fleet in July 1945 until October 1951 when it was renamed 1st Destroyer Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158909-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Destroyer Flotilla, History\nCommand structure organizational changes took place within the Royal Navy during the post-war period. The term Flotilla was previously applied to a tactical unit until 1951 which led to the creation of three specific Flag Officers, Flotillas responsible for the Eastern, Home and Mediterranean fleets. The existing destroyer flotillas were re-organized now as administrative squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158909-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Destroyer Flotilla, Administration\nIn the Royal Navy, a Captain (D) afloat or Captain Destroyers afloat is an operational commander responsible for the command of destroyer flotilla or squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158910-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Destroyer Squadron (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Destroyer Squadron was an administrative unit of the Royal Navy from 1951 to 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158910-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Destroyer Squadron (United Kingdom), Operational history\nOriginally established as the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in 1947 it was renamed in 1st Destroyer Squadron in October 1951. During its existence, the squadron included C-class and Battle-class destroyers and Leander-class frigates. Ships from the squadron saw service in the Mediterranean Fleet, the Far East Fleet, in the Beira Patrol and as part of the Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158910-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Destroyer Squadron (United Kingdom), Operational history\nOf note: Command structure organizational changes took place within Royal Navy post war period the term Flotilla was previously applied to a tactical unit until 1951 which led to the creation of three specific Flag Officers, Flotillas responsible for the Eastern, Home and Mediterranean fleets the existing destroyer flotillas were re-organized now as administrative squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers and its successor units served in the British Army's Reserve Forces from 1859 to 1961. During World War I it carried out garrison duty in British India but went on to see active service in the Third Anglo-Afghan War. Converting to an air defence role before World War II its units participated in the Norwegian campaign and the Dunkirk evacuation, the Battle of Britain and then the campaigns in North Africa, Italy, and Burma", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe Volunteer Force came into existence in 1859 as a result of an invasion scare and the consequent enthusiasm for joining local Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps. By 8 August 1860 there were already enough Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) in Devonshire to form an Administrative Brigade with its Headquarters (HQ) at Teignmouth:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn January 1861, a 2nd Administrative Brigade was formed, taking over the units in the west of the county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nSir Lawrence Palk, 4th Bt, a former officer in 1st The Royal Dragoons, became lieutenant-colonel commanding the brigade on 2 September 1863, and honorary colonel in 1868, when Brent (promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 13 February 1866) took over command and Palk's son, Lawrence, (formerly an officer in the Scots Fusilier Guards) became a major in the unit. In January 1866, the 1st (Lyme Regis), 3rd (Bridport) and 4th (Portland) AVCs from the neighbouring county of Dorsetshire were included in the 1st Devonshire Administrative Brigade, joined by the 5th (Charmouth) and 6th (Swanage) upon formation in 1868 and 1869. All the Dorsetshire AVCs were transferred to the 1st Hampshire Administrative Brigade in January 1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1880, the AVCs were consolidated, and the 1st Devonshire Administrative Brigade became the 1st Devonshire AVC with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe corps was attached to the Western Division of the Royal Artillery from 1 April 1882, changing its designation to 1st Volunteer (Devonshire) Brigade, Western Division on 1 September 1886. It changed its name to 1st Devonshire Volunteer Artillery in November 1891, and the batteries were termed companies. By 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme had allocated the 1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers to the Plymouth fixed defences. On 1 June 1899 the Royal Artillery was split into two branches, and the Artillery Volunteers were assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). The divisional organisation was abandoned on 1 January 1902 and the unit was re-titled 1st Devonshire Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Armament\nThe 14th (Ilfracombe) Devonshire AVC was issued with a rifled gun together with a store of shot and powder in 1876, and it was installed on Beacon Point. In 1885, the battery at Beacon Point consisted of a 64-pounder RML gun and a 32-pounder mortar. In succeeding years, the old 64-pounder was sent to Combe Martin, where the unit had formed a half-battery, and two new 64-pounders replaced it and the mortar at Beacon Point. In 1905, two new 6-inch breechloading guns were installed at Beacon Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Devonshire RGA became a brigade in the Royal Field Artillery (RFA). , initially as , changing to . Its planned organisation was to have been the III (or 3rd) Wessex Brigade of two Devonshire batteries and the 3rd ammunition column. However it changed to the IV (or 4th) Wessex in October 1908, and its final organisation  in 1910 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe IV Wessex formed part of the Wessex Division of the TF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 26 July 1914, the Wessex Division was on Salisbury Plain, beginning its annual training. Three days later, with the international situation deteriorating, the division was warned to take 'precautionary measures'. The divisional HQ returned to Exeter and the units took up their precautionary posts across South West England. On 4 August, the division was ordered to mobilise for war. Between 10 and 13 August the division returned to Salisbury Plain, this time under war conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nIn September, the War Office decided to raise 2nd Line TF units and formations, so the IV Wessex (now designated the 1/IV Wessex) began recruiting a duplicate unit, the 2/IV Wessex Brigade, RFA, which would serve in the 2nd Wessex Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Wessex Brigade\nOn 24 September, the 1st Wessex Division accepted liability for service in British India to relieve Regular Army units for the Western Front. The division's infantry battalions and field artillery brigades (less the ammunition columns, which were left behind) embarked at Southampton on 9 October and sailed via Gibraltar, Malta, and the Suez Canal to Bombay, where they disembarked on 9 November. Each of the brigade's three batteries arrived in India with five officers and 140 other ranks, manning four 15-pounder field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Wessex Brigade\nAlthough the 1st Wessex was officially numbered the 43rd (Wessex) Division in early 1915, it never served as a complete formation during the war: on arrival in India all its units were distributed to various garrisons, the individual batteries of the 1/IV Wessex Bde being posted to separate stations. No reinforcements reached the units during 1915, and their strength began to dwindle, made worse by the requirement to provide drafts for other theatres of war, while many of the best Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) were taken away for officer training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Wessex Brigade\nBy 1916, it was clear that the complete division could not be returned to the Western Front as intended, so instead training was pushed forwards in India, some drafts were received from home, and the obsolescent 15-pounders were replaced by modern 18-pounder guns, to enable individual units to be sent to reinforce other theatres of war. The RFA brigades received numbers, the 1/IV Wessex becoming the CCXVIII (218th) Brigade, and in 1917 the batteries were also numbered, the 1/1st, 1/2nd and 1/3rd Devonshire Batteries becoming the 1094th, 1095th and 1096th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Wessex Brigade\nSubsequently, the batteries were increased to a strength of six guns by splitting one battery (1095th) up amongst the others. In July 1918, the brigade was returned to three-battery strength by the addition of 1104th (2/1st Wiltshire) Battery from 45th (2nd Wessex) Division (see below), so that by the end of the war the brigade had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Wessex Brigade\nThe units of the 2nd Wessex Division began to form as soon as the 1st Wessex had embarked for India. Any officers and men left behind by the 1st Line units were used to train the 2nd Line. On 25 November, the War Office decided to send the 2nd Wessex to India as well, despite its lack of training. On 12 December 1914, the whole division embarked at Southampton and disembarked at Bombay 4\u20138 January 1915. The RFA batteries arrived with the same strength of five officers and 140 other ranks, equipped with four 15-pounders. Only in March 1915 was it discovered that half the 15-pounders had obturator pads made of wood, and could not be used for practice until these items had been replaced from England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Wessex Brigade\nOnce the units were trained, they suffered from the same drain as the 1st Line, having to provide drafts for active theatres of war and losing their best NCOs for officer training. As with the 43rd Division, the artillery brigades of the 45th Division were gradually re-armed with the 18-pounder and received numbers, the 2/IV Wessex becoming CCXXVIII (228th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Wessex Brigade\nOn 12 August 1916, the 2/1st Devonshire Bty (later renumbered 1105th), was sent to Aden where it was re-equipped with 5-inch howitzers. It remained there until demobilisation in March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Wessex Brigade\nThe 2/2nd Devonshire Bty received the number 1106, but was broken up during 1917 to bring other batteries up to 6-gun establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Wessex Brigade\nBy April 1917, CCXXVIII Bde had disappeared: the 2/1st Devonshire Bty at Aden was formally attached to CCXXVII (former 2/III Wessex) Bde and the 2/3rd Devonshire (which had become 1107th (Howitzer) Battery) joined XXI Bde RFA in 4th (Quetta) Division, stationed in Baluchistan in the southern part of the North West Frontier, where it remained until the end of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, 3rd Afghan War\nWhen World War I ended in November 1918, very few of the two Wessex Divisions' original units remained in India; CCXVIII Brigade represented the largest remaining group of Wessex field gun batteries. The TF units could have expected to be demobilised and returned home, but instead several of them were retained for service in the Third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, 3rd Afghan War\n4th (Quetta) Division was a designated reserve formation for mobilisation on the North West Frontier. Its field artillery consisted of XXI Brigade RFA, which already included 1107th (2/3rd Devonshire) (H) Bty and was joined for the campaign by 1104th (2/1st Wiltshire) Bty from CCXVIII Bde. Meanwhile, the 1096th (1/3rd Devonshire) Bty from CCXVIII Bde joined the 46th Mobile Indian Brigade, and later the Kohat\u2013Kurram Field Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, 3rd Afghan War\nFighting on the Afghan frontier started in May 1919, and reinforcements were sent into Baluchistan so that the area commander was able to concentrate a force at New Chaman for an attack on the Afghan frontier stronghold of Spin Boldak. The artillery of this force consisted of the 102nd Bty (with 18-pounders) and the 1107th (2/3rd Devonshire) Bty (with 4.5-inch and 5-inch howitzers), both from XXI Bde RFA. The attack on 27 May began with a creeping barrage fired by the 18-pounders while the howitzers of the Devonshires bombarded the fort and its outlying towers. The fort fell that afternoon, prompting strenuous attempts by the Afghans to retake it before the peace was signed in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nWhen the TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920 the unit was reformed as the new 3rd Wessex Brigade, RFA, with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Devonshire Btys and a Dorsetshire Bty from the old III Wessex Bde. However, when the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921 it was redesignated the 56th Wessex, the batteries were numbered and then lost the 'shire' from their titles in June 1924, when the RFA was amalgamated into the RA. By 1927 the brigade had left 43rd (Wessex) Division and been redesignated as an Army Field Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe title was changed to 56th (Devon) in March 1928, and in July 1929 the 224th (Dorset) Bty was transferred to the 94th (Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry) Army Fd Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nIn November 1938, the RA replaced its designation of 'brigade' for alieutenant-colonel's command by the more modern 'regiment'; the 56th was due to become the 56th (Devon) Field Regiment, but the RA was also beginning a programme of converting units to the Anti- Aircraft (AA) role. The 56th became the 51st (Devon) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA (one of the first Light AA (LAA) units to be formed in the TA):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nAfter the Munich Crisis in 1938, the TA was doubled in size, and the 51st formed a duplicate unit at Exeter in 1939, the 55th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Dunkirk\nThe Territorial Army mobilised on the outbreak of war. The War Office's plan was that the first four newly formed TA LAA regiments would go to France as soon as they could be mobilised, in order to provide AA cover for the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). 51st (Devon) LAA Regiment therefore crossed to France as part of 2nd Anti - Aircraft Brigade (2nd AA Bde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Dunkirk\nThe new LAA regiments were still badly under-equipped for overseas service, having only a small number of their establishment of Bofors 40 mm guns and a lot of Light machine guns (LMGs), usually old Lewis guns, and a reduced scale of transport for a mobile role. In November 1939, 51st LAA only possessed 12 Bofors and 48 LMGs. On 2 December 1939 the regiment was joined by 6 LAA Bty, a Special Reserve battery that had been formed at Coleraine within 9th AA Rgt before that regiment specialised as heavy AA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Dunkirk\nWhen the German offensive began on 10 May 1940, 2nd AA Bde's task was to defend the airfields of the BEF's Air Component. As the Luftwaffe began the air raids that heralded the German offensive, 151st LAA Bty was in action at Abbeville airfield with A and C Troops. C Troop soon registered a hit, and A Trp claimed 11 hits during the day, but a Battery Quartermaster Sergeant (BQMS) and three gunners were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Dunkirk\nThe BEF began its planned advanced into Belgium, but the German Army broke through the Ardennes, forcing the BEF to withdraw again, the AA batteries giving cover leap-frog fashion. Soon they were sucked into the ground battle, split into sub-units to join rearguard actions or moved back from one key point to another, with all the roads choked with refugees. By 21 May, 151st Bty had A Trp defending Hazebrouck, where an enemy aircraft was brought down, while B Trp was at Merville. Next, A Trp went to the defence of Cassel, where it was attacked by tanks and aircraft. One gun was hit and one had to be abandoned. Second Lieutenant Forbes went out to find the remaining two guns but was never heard of again. Sergeant Lord and 22 men eventually got out at Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Dunkirk\nBy now, the BEF was withdrawing towards the coast and beginning its evacuation from Dunkirk. 2nd AA Brigade took over control of all AA defences in Dunkirk on 24 May, with 51st LAA Rgt providing air defence in the northern sector of the pocket. At Dunkirk the last three guns of B Trp were constantly in action on Bray-Dunes, one gun being destroyed by a direct hit. Here they were joined by 152nd LAA Bty, with D, E and F Trps, which took up positions on the Dunkirk beaches and went into action at once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Dunkirk\nThey were in continuous action from 21 to 25 May and many aircraft were brought down. The Bty commander, Major F.C. MacKenzie, was killed and buried in the dunes, the second-in-command, Capt A.M. Hicks, was wounded and a 2/Lt took over. By 27 May, all ammunition was expended and the guns were destroyed before the crews were evacuated. The RA history comments: 'This gallant battery had done much to save the BEF from the incessant air attacks n the beaches'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Home defence\nAA units returning from France were rapidly reinforced, re-equipped where possible, and redeployed for future integration into Anti- Aircraft Command's existing defence plans. 51st LAA, with 151st, 152nd and 153rd Btys under command, went to No 12 AA Practice Camp, Penhale, where it re-equipped with Bofors guns. 152nd LAA Bty was soon back in action defending Tangmere airfield during the Battle of Britain, destroying numerous enemy aircraft. The regiment then joined 45th AA Bde in South Wales. On 15 October 1940 6 LAA Bty transferred to 2nd LAA Rgt and later fought in the Western Desert Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Home defence\nOn 15 January 1941, 51st (Devon) LAA Rgt joined 6th Support Group in 6th Armoured Division, which had recently been formed as part of the GHQ Reserve. Support Groups at the time consisted of a brigade of mobile field, anti-tank (A/T) and LAA artillery together with lorried infantry, intended to support the armoured brigades of the division. The LAA regiment was equipped with towed Bofors guns. However, the support group concept was soon scrapped and from 1 June 1942 the regiment served directly under the HQ RA of 6th Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Tunisia\n6th Armoured Division sailed from England on 8 November 1942, and landed at Algiers as part of Operation Torch, completing its concentration by 22 November. In December, V Corps took over operational control of the advance into Tunisia, and sent 6th Armoured to reinforce the infantry of 78th Division. With a front spread over 60 miles, the fighting consisted of confused encounter battles and enemy counter-attacks making skilled use of the terrain, so that British spearhead forces were often outflanked and encircled. AA guns were often involved in ground fighting. 51st (Devon) LAA Rgt had a hard time in these encounters, losing men and guns in actions in which they were encircled by the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Tunisia\nDuring the Tunisian campaign, 6th Armoured took part in the following major actions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Tunisia\nAt the end of the campaign, 51st (Devon) LAA Rgt claimed to have destroyed 45 enemy aircraft for the expenditure of 62,300 rounds of ammunition \u2013 a high figure, but many of these rounds were fired in ground combats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Italy\n6th Armoured Division did not participate in the Allied invasion of Sicily nor the early stages of the Italian Campaign, remaining in North Africa until 18 March 1944. It then went to Italy and was operational by April, in time for Eighth Army's Spring campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Italy\nDuring the campaign, 6th Armoured Division took part in the following actions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Italy\nBy September 1944, the Axis air forces were suffering such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks were rare, and AA units began to be put to other uses. 51st (Devon) LAA Rgt left 6th Armoured Division and rejoined 2nd AA Bde, which was supporting XIII Corps. Although it was responsible for defending a few airfields and other vital points, the brigade's role was mainly to provide Heavy AA guns firing in ground roles, while some of its LAA batteries were being retrained as infantry support troops to meet the increasing manpower crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Italy\nBy the end of the year, 51st (Devon) LAA Rgt had been reduced from 54 to 36 Bofors guns. In January 1945, it had one battery in AA defence of bridges and 6th Armoured Division's gun areas, while the other batteries were carrying out labour duties for the Royal Engineers, transporting ammunition, and firing mortars for infantry support and for projecting smoke screens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Italy\nIn February, first 152nd and then 153rd LAA Btys manned 4.2-inch mortars in support of 6th Armoured Division, then at the end of the month 153rd moved its mortars to support the Folgore Group of the Italian Co-belligerent Army. At the end of March, just before the final Allied offensive in Italy began, 2nd AA Bde had 51st Rgt disposed with 151st and 152nd LAA Btys in AA defence of 10th Indian Infantry Division's gun areas, while 153rd LAA Bty manned its mortars behind the Folgore Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 51st (Devon) LAA, Italy\nThe Allied armies in Italy launched their spring offensive (Operation Grapeshot) on 6 April 1945 and it made rapid progress. 2nd AA Brigade accompanied X Corps, but had little to do \u2013 its guns had trouble keeping up with the speed of the advance. The campaign ended with the surrender of German forces in Italy on 2 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Norway\n55th (Devon) LAA Regiment had already joined the BEF in France, but in April 1940 was diverted to the Allied expedition against Narvik, in Norway. It was sent as part of a new 6th AA Bde to provide AA cover for the forces that had landed at Harstad, an island town just outside Narvikfjord, in mid-April 1940. Its three batteries each had 12 Bofors guns, although like all the units in the brigade it was short of men, instruments and vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Norway\nThe regiment arrived at Harstad on 9 May, where the brigade's guns were already engaged against almost daily attacks on the shipping in the fjord. The regiment was sent to defend Harstad airfield, with a Troop of 164th LAA Bty detached to the expedition's naval base at Sk\u00e5nland. The regiment shot down its first aircraft on 10 May, capturing the downed German pilot. By 18 May, 164th LAA Bty had its HQ and eight guns defending Bardufos airfield where Royal Air Force Gloster Gladiator and later Hawker Hurricane fighters were based.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Norway\nNarvik was captured on 28 May, but immediately afterwards orders were received to destroy the port and evacuate to the UK. (The BEF was simultaneously being evacuated from Dunkirk). To cover the evacuation, AA units were ordered to maintain maximum activity and especially to prevent reconnaissance overflights. At the same time, 6th AA Bde was ordered by London to recover its guns as a matter of priority. This was done by progressively thinning out defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Norway\nAlthough much of the force's equipment was saved, 164th LAA Bty at Bardufoss was ordered to destroy all guns on 5 June after the aircraft had flown out and the runways had been cratered. 6th AA Brigade ended all AA defence on 6 June and by 8 June the British troops had embarked with their surviving equipment and the convoy sailed for the UK, still under air attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Home defence\nAfter evacuation, 55th (Devon) LAA Rgt landed in the UK on 13 June and was sent to Troon to re-equip with Bofors guns and then supplement AA Command's defences. In early 1941 it joined 45th AA Bde, covering South Wales in 9th AA Division. Simultaneously the regiment was part of the War Office Reserve, available for service overseas. It was granted its 'Devon' subtitle  on 17 February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Ceylon and India\nWar with Japan broke out in December 1941 and reinforcements were urgently sent to bolster British forces in Asia. 55th (Devon) LAA Regiment, joined by a newly raised 524th LAA Bty, sailed early in 1942, landing at Colombo in Ceylon on 4 March. There it joined 1st Royal Marine AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Ceylon and India\nAfter the fall of Singapore and Burma in early 1942, the Imperial Japanese Navy decided to neutralise the important British naval base of Ceylon. Air raids against Colombo and Trincomalee began on 5 April and continued for months. As the AA defences built up and the threat of low-level attacks by carrier-based fighters receded, the LAA units could be redeployed. 1st RM AA Brigade with 55th (Devon) LAA left Ceylon for India in June 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Ceylon and India\nIn 1942\u20133, Fourteenth Army fighting in Burma, adopted a new policy with the formation of composite Light Anti- Aircraft/Anti-Tank regiments, each containing two LAA and two A/T batteries. This format was intended to help divisions distribute sub-units with balanced firepower and mutual support in close jungle fighting where battle groups often had to move independently. 55th (Devon) LAA Rgt was one of those selected for conversion, exchanging two batteries with 56th (King's Own) A/T Rgt to become 55th Light Anti- Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, RA on 9 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Ceylon and India\n56th Anti-Tank Regiment (The King's Own), RA, formerly the 4th Bn King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster), had been heavily engaged in the defence of the River Lys during the Battle of France and then evacuated through Dunkirk. It had subsequently been joined by a newly formed 290th A/T Bty and by 203rd (Ross) A/T Bty from 51st (West Highland) A/T Rgt, which had evacuated through Cherbourg after the rest of the regiment was destroyed at St Valery with 51st (Highland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0047-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Ceylon and India\nWhen the exchange with 55th (Devon) LAA Rgt took place, these were the two A/T batteries transferred, while 56th LAA/AT Rgt kept its original King's Own batteries, joined by 163rd and 164th from the 55th. Thus the composition of 55th LAA/AT Rgt, formed on 29 July in the Calcutta area, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Ceylon and India\nIn September 1943, 55th LAA/AT Rgt was in training at Marol, Bombay, preparing to join 20th Indian Infantry Division. In October, it moved to Ranchi with the division, and on 1 December it moved to Imphal on the Burma/Assam border and reached Tamu on 16 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 85], "content_span": [86, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\nFourteenth Army's planned attack from Imphal was forestalled by a Japanese offensive that resulted in the Battle of Imphal. 20th Indian Division was holding Tamu, with its troops disposed in a series of brigade 'keeps' or 'boxes' on defensible high ground, and a screen on the Imphal plain. LAA batteries in the forward areas had problems in getting their guns up steep tracks to join infantry positions. 55th LAA/AT Rgt resorted to breaking its Bofors guns down into packs that could be loaded onto transport elephants. In the front line, the Bofors crews developed a technique for destroying Japanese log bunkers by shooting away the front supports until the whole thing collapsed. However, in their AA role, the gunners found it difficult to depress their weapons to hit Zero fighters making sweeps along valley floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\nWhen the Japanese offensive opened on 6 March 1944, it penetrated between the divisional boxes and 20th Indian Division began withdrawing from its forward screen to its main defensive positions on the Shenan Saddle just short of Palel. The two LAA batteries of 55th LAA/AT Rgt worked with infantry groups leap-frogging back to successive pre-prepared fall-back positions. They suffered shelling and tank attacks (destroying four Japanese tanks), but air attacks were slight (although 524th LAA Bty shot down one attacker).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0050-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\nBy the first week in April, the regiment was back in the main Imphal defences, in the boxes at Shenam and Bishenpur. Here they were subject to increased air attack by Nakajima Ki-43 fighter-bombers. On 6 April, 165th LAA Bty shot down three with 175 rounds, and another on 10 April. 524th LAA Bty set up outlying 'trap' positions and destroyed two more. By the end of the battle, 20th Indian Division's LAA guns had destroyed 12 aircraft with another four 'possibles'. During the battle, Imphal had been cut off and supplied by air until the Kohima road was reopened in June, after which 20th Indian Division began to advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\nThe other two batteries from 55th (Devon) LAA Rgt, 163rd and 164th, served with 56th LAA/AT Rgt in 5th Indian Infantry Division on the Arakan front. Again, the British had formed air-supplied defensive 'boxes'. 56th LAA/AT Rgt provided AA defence for 5th Indian Division's HQ box, with Bofors guns operating in field gun areas, brigade boxes, in ground role actions against enemy strongpoints and in ambushes against infiltrators, while the A/T gunners were employed as infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0051-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\nThe division's boxes were besieged from 7 to 13 February, with the gunners in frequent actions against air attacks and infantry, but it was the Japanese supplies that failed first. Reinforcements cleared the road block behind 5th Indian Division, which then resumed its advance, while 56th LAA/AT Rgt was responsible for defending North Island at Maungdaw. In March the Monsoon broke and 5th Indian Division was relieved, 56th LAA/AT Rgt returning to Elephant Point near Cox's Bazar for a rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0051-0002", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\nThe division then took part in the relief of Imphal, 163rd and 164th LAA batteries moving by road to Dimapur where they assumed an infantry role while the A/T batteries were flown into the box. When the British counter-offensive began in May, RHQ and the AA batteries of 56th LAA/AT Rgt accompanied 2nd British Division in the advance from Kohima to Imphal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\nBy mid-1944, the Allies were achieving air superiority over Burma, sightings of Japanese aircraft had become rare and LAA guns were more often being used against ground targets in jungle fighting. Some LAA units were broken up to provide reinforcements for the infantry, while the LAA/AT units became solely A/T. Between 17 July and  1 September 1944, while back at Yairipok in India, 55th LAA/AT Rgt was converted into 111th (Devon) Anti -Tank Regiment, RA with 165th (later numbered 524th), 203rd and 290th A/T Btys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\n56th LAA/AT Rgt reverted to 56th A/T Rgt on 1 October 1944, when 163rd LAA Bty became 351st A/T Bty, but operated infantry support mortars, while 164th LAA Bty left the regiment and remained directly under 5th Indian Division HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\nIn December 1944, 111th A/T Rgt went back into Burma with 20th Indian Division. In February 1945, the division established a bridgehead across the Irrawaddy River west of Mandalay, and in March it attacked southwards down the Irrawaddy, reaching Rangoon soon after its capture in Operation Dracula. By now both regiments were equipped with 36 x 6-pounder A/T guns and 36 x 3-inch mortars. In April\u2013May 111th A/T Rgt sank a number of Japanese boats on the Irrawaddy. The regiment remained with 20th India Division until the end of June. 111th (Devon) A/T Rgt and its batteries were placed in suspended animation at the  RA Depot at Woolwich on 23 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 55th (Devon) LAA, Burma\nOn 21 March 1945, 56th A/T Rgt set out from Assam to join the last phase of the war in Burma. By the beginning of April 20th Indian Division was concentrated at Meiktila airfield, defending against repeated Japanese attempts to retake it. 5th Indian Division then took part in the advance towards Rangoon, with 56th A/T supporting 4/7th Rajputs in successful attacks on two enemy strongpoints with their 6-pdrs and mortars. Once Rangoon had been captured, the regiment returned by sea to India, where it came under command of RA Training HQ No 40 until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 83 LAA/SL Regiment\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the personnel then serving in 51st LAA Rgt were transferred to a new war-formed unit with the same regimental and battery numbers. On 1 April 1947 this was redesignated 83 LAA/Searchlight Regiment in the Regular Army with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 83 LAA/SL Regiment\nThis regiment was placed in suspended animation on 1 April 1948, then reformed 15 days later as a heavy AA regiment, but apparently reverted to LAA before finally entering suspended animation at Brackley, Northamptonshire, on 21 September that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 256 (Devon) LAA Regiment\nMeanwhile, the TA regiment was reformed at Exeter as 256 (Devon) LAA Regiment in 81 AA Brigade of Anti- Aircraft Command based in Plymouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 256 (Devon) LAA Regiment\nThe 55th (Devon) LAA Rgt was intended to be reconstituted as 852nd (Devon) Tractor Battery, RA, but was instead transferred to the Royal Army Service Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 256 (Devon) LAA Regiment\nIn 1949, the 256th was redesignated the 256th (Devon) (Mixed) LAA/Searchlight Rgt ('Mixed' indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the unit). In 1950, it absorbed the 396th (Devon) LAA Rgt, which had originally been the 7th (Haytor) Bn of the Devonshire Regiment at Newton Abbot, and had served in World War II as the 87th Anti -Tank Rgt, RA. By now, the regiment had dropped the 'Searchlight' part of its designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0060-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 256 (Devon) LAA Regiment\nIn 1954, it absorbed the 668th (Devon and Cornwall) (M) Heavy AA Rgt (a new unit that had been formed at Plymouth in 1947). Then in 1955, when AA Command was disbanded and there was a major reduction in the TA's AA units, the regiment was merged with 524th (M) LAA/SL Rgt (7th Bn The Royal Hampshire Regiment) to form:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 256 (Devon) LAA Regiment\nThe following year, the amalgamations continued, with the 256th LAA Rgt absorbing the 407th (Devon) Coast Rgt, RA (which had originally been the 2nd Admin Brigade of Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar, 256 (Devon) LAA Regiment\nFinally, in 1961, the regiment's lineage ended when it was absorbed into the 296th (Royal Devon Yeomanry) Field Rgt, RA, except P (Royal Hampshire) Bty, which joined 383rd Light Rgt (The Duke of Connaught's Royal Hampshire), RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Honorary Colonels\nThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158911-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorials\nThe units' World War II memorials are at Exeter Guildhall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers\nThe 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps, later the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers, was a volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers whose history dated back to 1862. The unit helped to defend the vital naval base of Plymouth, and supplied detachments for service in the field in both World Wars. During the North African campaign in World War II, the unit's sappers distinguished themselves in bridging the Nile and clearing minefields during and after El Alamein. Their successors served on the postwar Territorial Army until 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Origins\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC) formed at Torquay, with the first officers' commissions dated 28 January 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Origins\nThe 1st Devonshire EVC was attached for administrative purposes to the 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Devonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps from April 1863 until August 1869, when it joined the 1st Administrative Battalion of Gloucestershire EVCs. With the reorganisation of the Volunteer Force in 1880, the Gloucestershire Admin Bn was consolidated as the 1st Gloucestershire EVC, with the 1st Devon providing E Company at Torquay and F Company at Exeter. The EVC titles were abandoned in 1888, when the units became 'Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers', proclaiming their affiliation to the Regular RE, and then simply 'Royal Engineers (Volunteers)' in 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Origins\nIn August 1889, the Devon and Somerset companies were removed from the Gloucestershire battalion and constituted as a separate 1st Devonshire and Somersetshire RE (V), with its HQ at the Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Origins\nThe 1st Devonshire and Somerset RE (V) sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1900, and a second section the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) in 1908, the Devon and Somerset Engineers were split to form the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers at Plymouth and the divisional engineer companies for the Wessex Division, which were based in Somerset (except for part of the signal company, which remained at Exeter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Territorial Force\nA new Drill Hall at Lambhay Green, Plymouth, designed in 1913, was completed in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war in August 1914, the fortress engineers moved to their war stations in the coastal defences, the Devonshire Fortress Engineers coming under the command of South Western Coast Defences HQ at Devonport, Plymouth. Shortly afterwards, the men of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and WO instructions were issued to form those men who had only signed up for Home Service into reserve or 2nd Line units. The titles of these 2nd Line units were the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. They absorbed most of the recruits that flooded in, and in many cases themselves went on active service later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nIn December 1914 the 1/1st Devonshire (Works) Co sailed to Gibraltar to relieve a Regular RE company there. In the Spring of 1915 it was relieved by 1/2nd Devonshire (Works) Co. The 1/1st Devonshire then moved to the Western Front and joined the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). It served on the Somme in 1916. The 1/2nd Devonshire was in turn relieved by another TF company in November 1916 and embarked again for service with the BEF on 17 March 1917. The 1/4th Dorset (EL) Company was also sent to Gibraltar in April 1915 to replace a Regular company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nWhen the TF companies of the RE received numbers in February 1917, they were assigned as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War I, Sinai and Palestine\nDetails of the service of the Devon companies are sketchy. At the end of August 1917, 571st Company officially changed its designation from 'Works' to 'Army Troops' and most of the company embarked at Southampton on 29 September (the wagons and horses followed a month later). 570th and 571st Companies disembarked at Alexandria in October, where 569th Company was already engaged on various duties around the ports and camps. At this stage of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was about to launch the Battle of Beersheba and begin its advance to capture Jerusalem. The three companies served on the vital lines of communications in Egypt and Palestine supporting the EEF for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War I, Later war\n567th (Devon) Company was serving with X Corps in June 1917, and Fourth Army, by the time of the Armistice in November 1918. 568th (Devon) Company was still serving with First Army as late as June 1919. 569th, 570th and 5761st (Devon) Companies continued working on the Palestine Lines of Communications after the Armistice, 570th Company serving until at least March 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War I, Later war\nHaving spent much if the war working in the UK, 572nd (Devon) Works Company finally embarked to join the BEF on 8 August 1918 to work on aerodrome construction for the Royal Air Force, and remained overseas until at least March 1919. 614th continued doing fortress duties in Gibraltar until it was absorbed into the Regular 33rd Fortress Company RE in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Interwar\nThe Devonshire Fortress Engineers was reformed at Muttley Barracks, Plymouth, in the renamed Territorial Army (TA) in 1920, forming part of the Coast Defence forces in 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Area. In 1933 it was amalgamated with the Cornwall Fortress Engineers at Falmouth and became the Devonshire and Cornwall (Fortress) Engineers (D&C (F) RE) with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Interwar\nThe Plymouth Junior Technical School Cadet Corps was attached to the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Mobilisation\nJust before or shortly after war broke out in September 1939 a fifth EL&W company was added to the unit, based at Pendennis Castle under Commander, Fixed Defences, Falmouth, and No 4 Company  became an independent unit (482nd (Devon & Cornwall) Searchlight Company) under the command of 55th Anti- Aircraft Brigade. The remainder of the D&C (F) RE mobilised in the Plymouth and Falmouth Defences of Southern Command. In May 1940 the fortress companies were reorganised as field companies; No 5 E&L Company left for Tiverton on 23 May 1940, having been redesignated 573rd Devon and Cornwall Army Field Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Mobilisation\nWhen VIII Corps was formed in Southern Command in June 1940, its engineers (VIII Corps Troops, Royal Engineers, or VIII CTRE) were provided by the Devonshire and Cornwall Fortress Engineers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Mobilisation\nHowever, in February 1941, the companies left VIII Corps and were sent to Egypt, where they became X CTRE when X Corps HQ arrived from England a few months later to join Eighth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Bridging the Nile\nOn 20 July 1942, when Rommel was driving towards Egypt, General Headquarters (GHQ) ordered the construction of two bridges across the Nile to allow Eighth Army's armour to manoeuvre to the south if the Cairo defences were attacked. The task was assigned to X CTRE under Lt-Col E.N. Bickford. The sites chosen were at Helwan and Wasta, where the widths to be bridged were 2688 feet (820\u00a0m) and 2760 feet (840\u00a0m) respectively, and the difference between high and low water was about 22 feet (7\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Bridging the Nile\nPontoons were unavailable, so local feluccas were used to make a bridge of boats. 572nd Field Company took on the bridge at Helwan with the assistance of a Seychelles Pioneer Company, while 571st Field Company with a Mauritius Pioneer Company built the Wasta bridge. 570th Field Park Company was responsible for stores and welding. In the event, Rommel's final drive was halted at the Battle of Alam Halfa, the Cairo defences were not required, and the bridges were dismantled in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Clearing minefields\nOn 23 October, the Eighth Army under Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery counter-attacked at the Second Battle of El Alamein. For the first phase, the aptly-named Operation Lightfoot, the key was to breach the extensive German minefields during the night to allow the armour formations to pass through and exploit the success of the initial bombardment and infantry assault. For this work the sappers were trained to use the recently arrived Polish mine detector (Mine detector Mark I). X Corps organised a Minefield Task Force for each of its armoured divisions: 571st Field Company was attached to 10th Armoured Division, and both 572nd and 573rd Fd Cos were with 1st Armoured Division, while 570th Fd Park Co remained with X Corps HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Clearing minefields\nThe task of clearing lanes through the minefields went according to plan, though delayed by the scale of the minefields and the presence of pockets of enemy resistance that had not been cleared out by the attacking infantry. The southern corridor was under enemy artillery and small-arms fire, and when a truck was set on fire the illumination meant that the sappers were exposed to even more accurate fire. However, the gap was cleared by 06.30 on 24 October, and 10th Armoured passed through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Clearing minefields\nProgress was slower in the northern corridor and 51st (Highland) Division had to put in a fresh attack with massed artillery support at 15.00, after which the sappers were able to clear the way for 1st Armoured to deploy during the second night. The regimental history attributes the relatively light casualties among the mine clearance parties, despite the firefights going on around them, 'to the excellence of the mine-lifting drill and the accuracy with which it was carried out'. By 4 November the German and Italian troops were in full retreat across the desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Advance to Tripoli\nX CTRE followed Eighth Army's six-month advance across North Africa, repairing roads behind the advancing troops. Between Bouerat and Misourata, the unit dealt with 68 separate demolitions and craters, one involving the construction of a bridge with five 30-foot (10\u00a0m) spans. So many casualties were suffered from S-mines hidden among the demolitions that bulldozers were frequently called in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Advance to Tripoli\nCaptain Desmond Fitzgerald, a Regular RE officer attached to the TA Devonians of 571st Fd Co for two months from 1 January, recalled that his duties mainly involved clearing mines and booby-traps from captured landing strips before they could be used by the Royal Air Force. The company was attached to 1st Armoured Division at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Advance to Tripoli\nWhen the damaged port of Tripoli was captured in late January 1943, Montgomery said that his \"main preoccupation was to get the harbour uncorked and ships inside, so as to get a good daily tonnage landed\" and reduce reliance on the long coast road from Tobruk. 571st Army Fd Co was one of the units sent to clear debris and repair the approach roads to the quays, and then begin repairing the Spanish Mole. Despite winter storms, a shallow entrance into the harbour was ready for small craft to enter and unload by 30 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Advance to Tripoli\nThe next task was to remove Fascist Party emblems and pictures of Benito Mussolini, and erect a special podium in the town square for a victory parade attended by Winston Churchill on 4 February. Fitzgerald recalls that the troops referred to this construction as the \"oxometer\" \u2013 a device for measuring bullshit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, World War II, Italy and North West Europe\nX CTRE next took part in the Italian campaign of 1943\u20135, including the crossing of the Garigliano in January 1944. The four Devon companies left X CTRE in early 1945 when they were sent to join 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe. Here they were redesignated 19th GHQ TRE. The units were demobilised some time after September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the four Devon companies (now termed squadrons, but unusually still retaining the numbers they had borne on and off since 1917) were reformed, comprising 116 Army Engineer Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Postwar\nThe regiment had its HQ at Plymouth and derived its seniority from the 1st Devonshire EVC of 1862. It formed part of 26 Engineer Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Postwar\n116 Regiment was disbanded in 1950 and its number transferred from the TA to the Supplementary Reserve (later the Army Emergency Reserve). A new 116 (Devon and Cornwall) Engineer Regiment was formed in the TA in 1961, comprising a reformed 571 Field Squadron with 409 (Cornwall) Independent Field Squadron, the latter formed in 1956 by conversion of the 409th (Cornwall) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery. When the TA was converted into the TAVR in 1967, 571 Sqn was reconstituted as B (Devon Fortress Engineers) Squadron in the Devonshire Territorials (Royal Devon Yeomanry/1st Rifle Volunteers). However, the squadron was short-lived, because the TAVR units were reduced to cadre in 1969 and the Devon Fortress Engineers lineage was discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Honorary Colonels\nThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158912-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Devonshire Engineers, Memorial\nThere is a memorial plaque in Exeter Guildhall to the men of  570, 571, 572 and 573 Field Companies, 'formerly Devon and Cornwall Fortress Engineers',  who died  at home, and in North Africa and Italy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158913-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Directors Guild of America Awards\nThe 1st Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film in 1948, were presented in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158914-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Dismounted Brigade\nThe 1st Dismounted Brigade was a formation of the British Army in World War I. It was formed in Egypt in February 1916 by absorbing the Lowland and Scottish Horse Mounted Brigades. The brigade was on Suez Canal defences attached to the 52nd (Lowland) Division and was broken up in October 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158914-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Dismounted Brigade, Formation\nThe 1st Dismounted Brigade was formed in Egypt in February 1916 by absorbing the Lowland Mounted Brigade and the Scottish Horse Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158914-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Dismounted Brigade, Formation\nThe Scottish Horse Mounted Brigade had served dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign from September to December 1915 with the 2nd Mounted Division before being withdrawn to Egypt. Similarly, the Lowland Mounted Brigade served in Gallipoli from October until 30 December 1915 with 52nd (Lowland) Division when it was evacuated to Mudros. It was transferred to Egypt, arriving on 7 February 1916 and was immediately absorbed into the 1st Dismounted Brigade. On formation, the 1st Dismounted Brigade was commanded by Br-Gen Marquis of Tullibardine (former commander of the Scottish Horse Mounted Brigade) and consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158914-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Dismounted Brigade, Formation\nFrom 8 February 1916, the brigade was attached to the 52nd (Lowland) Division in No. 3 (Northern) Section, Suez Canal Defences. The brigade remained with 52nd (Lowland) Division until 16 October 1916 when the brigade was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158914-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Dismounted Brigade, Dissolved\nOn 27 September 1916, 3rd Scottish Horse was converted to form 26th (Scottish Horse) Squadron, Machine Gun Corps. It also provided a company to the Lovat's Scouts which formed the 10th (Lovat's Scouts) Battalion, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders. The battalion was transferred to Salonika, arriving 20 October, where it joined 82nd Brigade, 27th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158914-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Dismounted Brigade, Dissolved\nOn 1 October 1916, 1st Scottish Horse and 2nd Scottish Horse were amalgamated to form 13th (Scottish Horse Yeomanry) Battalion, Black Watch. The battalion was transferred to Salonika, arriving 21 October, where it joined 81st Brigade, 27th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158914-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Dismounted Brigade, Dissolved\nIn October 1916, the remnants of the 1st Dismounted Brigade (Ayrshire Yeomanry and Lanarkshire Yeomanry) were absorbed into 2nd Dismounted Brigade which was later renamed as 229th Brigade in the 74th (Yeomanry) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158915-0000-0000", "contents": "1st District of Columbia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st District of Columbia Cavalry was a Union Army cavalry regiment which fought in the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158915-0001-0000", "contents": "1st District of Columbia Cavalry Regiment, History\nFour cavalry companies were formed from June to December 1863, under the command of Colonel Lafayette C. Baker for service in the defenses of Washington, D.C.; in November it was transferred to the Department of Virginia and North Carolina. Eight companies which had been raised in Augusta, Maine were attached to the regiment in early 1864. The regiment participated in the Siege of Petersburg during the remainder of 1864 and early 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158915-0002-0000", "contents": "1st District of Columbia Cavalry Regiment, History\nIn August 1864, seven companies were transferred to the 1st Maine Cavalry, while the rest of the regiment was consolidated into two companies. After fighting in the Appomattox Campaign, the regiment served in garrison roles in Virginia until mustering out on October 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158916-0000-0000", "contents": "1st District of Columbia Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st District of Columbia Infantry was a Union Army infantry regiment which fought in the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158916-0001-0000", "contents": "1st District of Columbia Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was organized during the summer of 1861 by James A. Tait, who served as the unit\u2019s first colonel. After serving in garrison duties in the defenses of Washington, D.C., the regiment was sent to the Shenandoah Valley in May 1862, although it did not see any combat during the 1862 Valley Campaign. When Union forces in the Shenandoah region were consolidated into the Army of Virginia, the 1st D.C. Infantry became part of the 2nd Division, II Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158916-0001-0001", "contents": "1st District of Columbia Infantry Regiment, History\nAs part of the army, it fought in the Battle of Cedar Mountain and served in reserve at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Following the campaign, the regiment was reassigned to the defenses of Washington, where it served for the remainder of the war. At first, it was part of the XII Corps of the Army of the Potomac, but was transferred to the Department of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158916-0002-0000", "contents": "1st District of Columbia Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring the Battle of Fort Stevens, the 1st District of Columbia helped defend the northern line of forts and entrenchments but failed to see any combat. On February 28, 1865, the regiment was consolidated with the 2nd District of Columbia Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia)\nThe 1st Division is the main formation of the Australian Army and contains the majority of the Army's regular forces. Its headquarters is in Enoggera, a suburb of Brisbane. The division was first formed in 1914 for service during World War I as a part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). It was initially part of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) and served with that formation during the Gallipoli campaign, before later serving on the Western Front. After the war, the division became a part-time unit based in New South Wales, and during World War II it undertook defensive duties in Australia before being disbanded in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia)\nAfter World War II, the division remained off the Australian Army's order of battle until the 1960s, when it was reformed in New South Wales. In 1965 it adopted a certification role, determining the operational readiness of units deploying to Vietnam. It was re-formed in 1973 as a full division based in Queensland and in the decades that followed it formed the Australian Army's main formation, including both Regular and Reserve personnel. Throughout this period, the division's component units undertook multiple operations, mainly focused on peacekeeping in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia)\nFollowing the restructuring of the Australian Army under the \"Adaptive Army\" initiative, the 1st Division no longer had any combat units assigned to it, although the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment became a direct command unit in late 2017. The division is tasked with co-ordinating the Army's high-level training activities and maintaining the \"Deployable Joint Force Headquarters\" (DJFHQ). In the event of the Australian Army undertaking a large-scale land-based operation, the division would have further combat units force assigned to it and would command all deployed assets including those of the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli\nThe Australian 1st Division was raised during the initial formation of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 15 August 1914, shortly after the outbreak of the First World War. The division consisted of around 18,000 men, organised into three infantry brigades, each of four battalions, and various supporting units including artillery, light horse, engineers and medical personnel. Each infantry battalion initially consisted of eight companies, although in January 1915, they were reorganised into the British four-company system. Its first commander was the senior Australian general and head of the AIF, Major General William Bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli\nOver the course of six weeks, the division's subordinate units were raised separately in the various states before embarking overseas. The transports then concentrated off the Western Australian coast and the combined fleet sailed for Britain. While en route, concerns about overcrowding in the training camps in the United Kingdom meant that the decision was made to land the division in Egypt, where it would complete its training before being transported to the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli\nWhile in Egypt, the division was assigned to the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps along with the New Zealand and Australian Division. Following the Allied decision to force a passage through the Dardanelles, the division was allocated to take part in a landing on the Gallipoli peninsula along with Anglo-French forces. The 1st Division made the initial landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915. The 3rd Brigade formed the covering force which landed first, around dawn. The 1st and 2nd Brigades followed, landing from transports, and all were ashore by 9:00\u00a0am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli\nWhile the landing was lightly opposed on the beach by elements of a single Turkish battalion, the Australians were checked short of their objectives as Turkish reinforcements arrived to secure the high ground around Chunuk Bair and Sari Bair. Critical fights developed on the left, over the hill known as Baby 700, and on the right on 400 Plateau, but stalemate set in and little further progress would be made for the remaining eight months of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli\nOn 15 May 1915, after Bridges was mortally wounded by a sniper, an English officer, Brigadier General Harold Walker was given temporary command while a replacement was dispatched from Australia. This was Colonel James Legge, the Australian Chief of the General Staff, who was not an immediately popular choice with either his corps commander, Lieutenant General William Birdwood, or his subordinate brigade commanders. That same month, the division's artillery\u00a0\u2013 three field artillery brigades each operating twelve 18-pound pieces, which had proved inadequate in the early battle, was boosted by the arrival of several Japanese-made trench mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli\nThey were later joined by several heavier guns including a 4.7-inch gun and two 6-inch howitzers. On 24 June, Legge replaced Walker, who returned to command of the 1st Brigade, but after Legge was evacuated from Gallipoli he was moved sideways to command of the newly formed Australian 2nd Division and Walker resumed command of the 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli\nThe 1st Division's role in the August Offensive was to hold the front line and conduct a diversion on 400 Plateau at Lone Pine on 6 August. The resulting battle was the only occasion when a significant length of the Turkish trench line was captured, but resulted in heavy casualties. The main assault was made by the 1st Brigade, which was later reinforced by the 7th and 12th Battalions. Out of an assault force of 2,900 men, 1,700 were killed or wounded. On 7 August, the 6th Battalion from the 2nd Brigade made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the German Officers' Trench as a preliminary operation to other assaults by light horsemen at Quinn's Post and the Nek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli\nIn October, Walker was severely wounded and replaced by the division's artillery commander, Brigadier General Talbot Hobbs who in turn fell ill and was replaced on 6 November by the commander of the Australian 1st Light Horse Brigade, Brigadier General Harry Chauvel. The 1st Division was evacuated from the peninsula in December, returning to Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli\nDuring the early months of 1916 the AIF underwent a period of re-organisation and expansion, and the division's experienced personnel were used to provide cadre staff to the newly formed 4th and 5th Divisions before being brought back up to strength in preparation for deployment to the Western Front. On 14 March, Walker, having recovered from his wounds, resumed command of the division, now part of I Anzac Corps. Seven members of the division received the Victoria Cross for their actions during the campaign: Alexander Burton, William Dunstan, Frederick Tubb, Patrick Hamilton, Leonard Keysor, Alfred Shout, William Symons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Somme, 1916\nAfter reorganising in Egypt, where it was briefly employed to defend the Suez Canal against an Ottoman attack that never came, the 1st Division was transferred to France in mid-March. Arriving in Marseilles, they were moved by train to northern France where it was initially sent to a quiet sector south of Armenti\u00e8res to acclimatise to the Western Front conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Somme, 1916\nThe division was not considered ready to be committed to the fighting at the start of the offensive on the Somme in early July, but as it dragged on I Anzac was sent to join the British Reserve Army of Lieutenant General Hubert Gough who intended to use the Australian divisions to take the village of Pozi\u00e8res. Walker resisted Gough's efforts to throw the 1st Division into battle unprepared, insisting on careful preparation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Somme, 1916\nWhen the 1st Division attacked shortly after midnight on 23 July, it succeeded in capturing half of the village but failed to make progress in the neighbouring German trench system. After enduring a heavy German bombardment, far surpassing anything yet experienced by an Australian unit, the 1st Division was withdrawn, having suffered 5,285 casualties, and was replaced by the Australian 2nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Somme, 1916\nThe division's respite was brief as in mid-August, with its battalions restored to about two-thirds strength, it returned to the line on Pozi\u00e8res Ridge, relieving the Australian 4th Division and continuing the slow progress towards Mouquet Farm. On 22 August, having lost another 2,650 men, the division was once again relieved by the 2nd Division. The division rotated through the line, conducting patrols and raids until 5 September when I Anzac Corps was withdrawn from the Somme and sent to Ypres for rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Somme, 1916\nThe division anticipated spending winter quarters in Flanders but was recalled to the Somme for the final stages of the British offensive. This time they joined the British Fourth Army, holding a sector south of Pozi\u00e8res near the village of Flers. The battlefield had been reduced to a slough of mud but the 1st Division was required to mount a number of attacks around Gueudecourt during the Battle of Le Transloy; all ended in failure which was inevitable in the conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, 1917\nStarting on 24 February 1917, the 1st Division took part in the pursuit of the German forces as they retreated to their prepared fortifications in the Hindenburg Line. The division advanced against the German screen towards Bapaume and, on the night of 26 February, the 3rd Brigade captured the villages of Le Barque and Ligny-Thilloy. On the morning of 2 March, they withstood a German attempt to retake the villages. The 1st Division was then withdrawn to rest, joining the 4th Division. I Anzac's pursuit was carried on by the 2nd and 5th Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 94], "content_span": [95, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, 1917\nBy April, the 1st Division (and I Anzac Corps) was once again part of Gough's Fifth Army (formerly the Reserve Army). On 9 April\u00a0\u2013 the day the British launched the Battle of Arras\u00a0\u2013 the 1st Division captured the last three villages (Hermies, Boursies and Demicourt) used by the Germans as outposts of the Hindenburg Line, thereby bringing the British line in striking distance of the main Hindenburg defences. This action cost the division 649 casualties. For actions during the fighting at Boursies, Captain James Newland and Sergeant John Whittle, both of the 12th Battalion (3rd Brigade), were awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 94], "content_span": [95, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hindenburg Line, 1917\nThe 1st Division was in support during the First Battle of Bullecourt which was the Fifth Army's main contribution to the Arras offensive. Once the first attempt on Bullecourt had failed, British attention concentrated on Arras and the Fifth Army's front was stretched thin with the 1st Division having to cover more than 12,000 yards (11,000\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hindenburg Line, 1917\nThe Germans, well aware of the vulnerable state of the British defences, launched a counter-stroke on 15 April (the Battle of Lagnicourt). The Germans attacked with 23 battalions against four Australian battalions. The German plan was to drive back the advanced posts, destroy supplies and guns and then retire to the Hindenburg defences. However, despite their numerical superiority, the Germans were unable to penetrate the Australian line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hindenburg Line, 1917\nThe 1st Division's artillery batteries in front of Lagnicourt were overrun and the village was occupied for two hours but counter-attacks from the Australian 9th and 20th Battalions (the latter from the 2nd Division) drove the Germans out. In this action the Australians suffered 1,010 casualties, mainly in the 1st Division, against 2,313 German casualties. Only five artillery guns were damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hindenburg Line, 1917\nOn 3 May the Second Battle of Bullecourt commenced. Initially the 1st Division in reserve but it was drawn into the fighting on the second day when the 1st Brigade was detached to support the 2nd Division's attack. The Australians seized a foothold in the Hindenburg Line which over the following days was slowly expanded. By 6 May, they had captured over 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) of the German trenchline, and the 3rd Brigade had also been committed. The German attempts to drive the British from their gains finally ceased on 17 May and the 1st Division was withdrawn for an extended rest, having suffered 2,341 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Third Battle of Ypres\nThe 1st Division's artillery was in action from the start of the Third Battle of Ypres on 31 July 1917 but the infantry were not called upon until the second phase of the battle commenced on 20 September with the Battle of Menin Road. Attacking across 1,000-metre (1,100\u00a0yd) front, along with ten other divisions, including the Australian 2nd Division on their left, the 1st Division captured around 1,500 metres (1,600\u00a0yd) of ground, securing Glencorse Wood and gaining a foothold in Polygon Wood. The Australian divisions suffered 5,000 casualties from the battle\u00a0\u2013 the 1st Division lost 2,754 men\u00a0\u2013 mainly due to retaliatory shelling from heavy artillery after the advance had completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Third Battle of Ypres\nThe 1st Division was relieved by the Australian 5th Division before the next assault, the Battle of Polygon Wood (26 September), but in turn took up the advance for the following Battle of Broodseinde (4 October), the third and final of the successful bite-and-hold attacks conceived by General Herbert Plumer of the British Second Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Third Battle of Ypres\nThis battle marked the peak of British success during 3rd Ypres and apart from minor roles on the southern flank of the Canadian Corps during the Battle of Poelcappelle, First Battle of Passchendaele and the Second Battle of Passchendaele, it was the end of the 1st Division's involvement. The division's casualties were 2,448 men killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hazebrouck\nThe Australians wintered in Flanders, engaging in vigorous patrolling and raiding. The 1st Division was still at Messines when the Germans launched their final offensive starting on the Somme with Operation Michael on 21 March 1918. In the first week of April, the 1st Division, along with the 2nd, began moving to the Somme when, on 9 April, the Germans launched Operation Georgette; an attack north and south of Armenti\u00e8res followed by a swift drive towards the vital rail junction of Hazebrouck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hazebrouck\nThe 1st Division, having reached Amiens and about to join up with the Australian Corps, was ordered to turn around and hurry back north. Hazebrouck was reached on 12 April, just in time to relieve the exhausted British divisions. Holding a line 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) east of the town, the 1st Division helped halt the German advance on 13 April (the Battle of Hazebrouck) and then repulsed a renewed offensive on 17 April after which the Germans abandoned their push, concentrating instead on the high ground west of Messines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hazebrouck\nThe division remained active in Flanders from May to July, engaging in a process of informal but carefully planned raiding known as peaceful penetration. Their greatest success came on 11 July when they took 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) of front, 120 prisoners and 11 machine guns from the German 13th Reserve Division. This unrelenting pressure had a severe impact on German morale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hundred Days, 1918\nThe 1st Division returned to the Australian Corps on 8 August 1918, the day on which the final British offensive commenced with the Battle of Amiens. The division was sent into action the following day, relieving the 5th Division, but arrived late due to its rushed preparation. The 1st Division continued the attack for the next three days, driving towards Lihons, but progress was slow as the Australians moved beyond their supporting guns and tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hundred Days, 1918\nOn 23 August the 1st Division attacked south of the River Somme towards Chuignes with the British 32nd Division on its southern flank attacking Herleville. The Australians suffered 1,000 casualties but took 2,000 German prisoners out of a total of 8,000 captured by both the British Third and Fourth Armies on that day. The 1st also captured a German 15-in naval gun. On 18 September, despite being severely depleted\u00a0\u2013 only 2,854 infantrymen out of division's 12,204 nominal strength were available\u00a0\u2013 the 1st Division took part in the assault on the Hindenburg \"Outpost\" Line during the Battle of \u00c9pehy, capturing a large section of the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hundred Days, 1918\nAfter this, the division was withdrawn from the line. They would take no further part in the fighting, having lost 677 men in their final battle. In early October, the rest of the Australian Corps, severely depleted due to heavy casualties and falling enlistments in Australia, was also withdrawn upon a request made by Prime Minister Billy Hughes, to re-organise in preparation for further operations. On 11 November, an armistice came into effect, and as hostilities came to an end, the division's personnel were slowly repatriated back to Australia for demobilisation and discharge. This was completed by 23 March 1919, when the division was disbanded. Throughout the course of the war, the division suffered lost around 15,000 men killed and 35,000 wounded, out of the 80,000 men that served in its ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War I, Hundred Days, 1918\nIn commemoration of its war dead, the division built a memorial a stone obelisk memorial at Pozi\u00e8res, as the division lost more casualties there than any other battle (7,654 casualties in six weeks). The memorial lists the division's main battles as: Pozi\u00e8res, Mouquet Farm, Le Barque, Thilloy, Boursies, Demicourt, Hermies, Lagnicourt, Bullecourt, Third Ypres,Menin Road, Broodseinde Ridge, Poelcapelle, Second Passchendaele, Hazebrouck, Second Somme, Lihons, Chuignolles, Hindenburg Line and \u00c9pehy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, Inter war years\nIn 1921, after the AIF was disbanded, the part-time Citizens Forces was re-organised to adopt the numerical designations of the AIF. Thus the 1st Division was re-raised as a reserve formation, initially under the command of Colonel Charles Brand, composed primarily of infantry units based in New South Wales and Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, Inter war years\nDuring the inter-war years, the assignment of battalions to brigades and divisions varied considerably within the Army and as a result the 1st Division's composition was changed a number of times; its initial order of battle included three infantry brigades\u00a0\u2013 the 1st, 7th and 8th\u00a0\u2013 each of four infantry battalions, and various supporting elements including engineers, field ambulance, artillery, signals, transport, medical, veterinarians and service corps troops. The division was based headquartered at Burwood, New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War II\nUpon the outbreak of World War II the 1st Division consisted of two infantry brigades\u00a0\u2013 the 1st and 8th\u00a0\u2013 as well as two field artillery regiments, one medium artillery regiment and two engineer field companies. At this stage the division was partly mobilised, although as the provisions of the Defence Act (1903) precluded the deployment of the Militia to fight outside of Australian territory, it was decided to raise an all volunteer force for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War II\nThis force was known as the Second Australian Imperial Force, and initially about a quarter of its soldiers were drawn from the Citizens Military Forces. After fighting broke out in the Pacific, however, in December 1941 members of the Militia were prevented from joining the AIF and were called up for full-time service to bolster defences in Australia in an effort to counter the possibility of attacks by Japanese land forces against the Australian mainland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0025-0002", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War II\nLater a number of Militia formations took part in the fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific, notably in New Guinea and Borneo, however, the 1st Division remained in Australia throughout the war. Based in New South Wales, the division formed part of the Port Kembla Covering Force during the early stages of the Pacific War and in March 1942 became part of the II Corps, First Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War II\nDuring this time the division's composition changed numerous times as many of its subordinate units were transferred. Shortly after mobilisation the division lost its engineer field companies and in June 1940 the three artillery regiments assigned to the division were also transferred out, to be replaced by a light horse regiment which had been converted to the machine gun role although this too was later removed from the division's order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, World War II\nIn mid-1942, the division's headquarters staff were transferred along with their commander, Major General Cyril Clowes, to Milne Force, which later took part in the Battle of Milne Bay. Later the division was transferred to the Second Army. By April 1943, the division consisted of the 1st, 9th and 28th Brigades, and was headquartered in Parramatta. As manpower restrictions in the Australian economy forced the early demobilisation of large numbers of men, the majority of which came from infantry units in Australia that were not involved in fighting overseas. The 1st Division was one of these units and by January 1945, when the 2nd Brigade was disbanded, the division consisted of only one infantry brigade, the 1st. The division was officially disbanded on 6 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, Post World War II\nAfter World War II, the Australian military was demobilised. By 1948 this process had been completed and a period of reorganisation began. This resulted in the establishment of a Regular infantry force consisting of a single brigade and two divisions of part-time soldiers in the Citizens Military Force (CMF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, Post World War II\nThere was no room within this structure for the 1st Division and as a result it remained off the Australian Army's order of battle until 1960, when its headquarters was reformed in Sydney, New South Wales, following the implementation of the Pentropic divisional structure, commanding all Army units\u00a0\u2013 Regular and CMF\u00a0\u2013 in New South Wales. It was also responsible for training some CMF units in other states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, Post World War II\nIn 1965, the Pentropic structure was abolished and the divisional headquarters' was tasked with determining the readiness of units deploying to Vietnam. It fulfilled this role until Australia's commitment to the conflict ended in late 1972. In November the following year, the division was established at Enoggera Barracks in Brisbane, Queensland, and was re-formed as the Australian Army's \"main striking force\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, Post World War II\nThroughout the Cold War era, the division grew into a formation of over 13,000 personnel, which, at its peak in the early 2000s consisted of four brigades: two Regular, one integrated and one Reserve spread across Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory. In 1997, the formation's headquarters assumed the additional task of raising a deployable joint force headquarters, tasked with commanding Army, Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy assets during large-scale operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), History, Post World War II\nDuring this time, the division was not deployed as a complete formation, although its elements undertook numerous operations. These include peacekeeping operations in Namibia, Western Sahara, Cambodia, Somalia, Rwanda, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands. The division also deployed personnel to Iraq as part of Operation Catalyst and to Afghanistan as part of Operation Slipper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), Present\nFollowing the establishment of Forces Command, in 2009, and the implementation of the \"Adaptive Army\" initiative it was decided that no combat units would be directly assigned to the 1st Division on a permanent basis. Instead, it was decided that all combat forces would be assigned to Forces Command and the Headquarters 1st Division would provide a command and control function for \"high-level training activities\", during which activities combat units would be force assigned to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), Present\nIt was also tasked with commanding \"large scale ground operations\" and, at the behest of Headquarters Joint Operations Command (HQJOC), the divisional headquarters was tasked with forming the \"Deployable Joint Force Headquarters (DJFHQ)\", responsible for commanding all deployed forces including those of the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158917-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Australia), Present\nAs of mid-October 2017, the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment became a direct command unit of headquarters of the 1st Division, serving as a specialist amphibious warfare unit. The unit remains based at Lavarack Barracks in Townsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158918-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Colombia)\nThe 1st Division (Spanish: Primera Divisi\u00f3n del Ej\u00e9rcito Nacional de Colombia) is a Colombian National Army division consisting on two brigades; The 2nd Brigade based in the city of Barranquilla and the 10th Armored Brigade based in the city of Valledupar. Its current commander is general Juan Bautista Yepez Bedoya, an infantry officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158918-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Colombia), Units, Headquarters\n1st Division Headquarters are located in the city of Santa Marta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158919-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Estonia)\nThe 1st Division was one of the three Estonian divisions created during the Estonian War of Independence, which was active till the Soviet occupation of Estonia. Since the restoration of independence in 1991 there are no divisions currently among the Estonian Defence Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158919-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Estonia), History\nOn 16 November 1918, the Estonian Provisional Government made the decision to create an armed force of volunteers. It was decided that army would consist of a single division which would have six infantry regiments, one cavalry regiment, one artillery regiment, and one engineering battalion. Major General Aleksander T\u00f5nisson was assigned commander of the division, with Colonel Jaan Rink as chief of staff. However, when the Estonian War of Independence started on 28 November 1918 with the Soviet attack on Narva, the Estonian Army numbered only 2,200 to 2,300 men, with the bulk of the fighting actually conducted by the paramilitary Defence League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158919-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Estonia), History\nSoviet forces included the 6th Red Rifle Division at Narva and the 2nd Novgorod Division south of Lake Peipus. After losing at Narva a period of retreat began for the 1st Division. Advancing against weak Estonian defences the Red Army captured Valga on 18 December, Tartu on 22 December, and Tapa on 24 December. In order to conduct a more flexible defence of South Estonia, a separate 2nd Division was formed on 24 December under command of Colonel Viktor Puskar. By the end of the year the Soviets had advanced to within 34 kilometres (21\u00a0mi) of the capital, Tallinn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158919-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Estonia), History\nBy the beginning of 1919 the Estonian Army had been increased to 13,000 men, with 5,700 on the front facing 8,000 Soviets. The strengthened Estonian Army stopped the 7th Red Army's advance on 2\u20135 January 1919, and went on the counter-offensive on 7 January. Tapa was liberated two days later with the support of armoured trains, followed by Rakvere on 12 January. With the aim of capturing Narva, a 1,000 strong Finnish-Estonian force was landed at Utria on 17 January, in the rear of the 6th Rifle Division, cutting off the Soviet forces west of them. On 18 January Narva was liberated. Subsequently, the north eastern front stabilized along the Narva river. Over the course of 11 days the 1st Division had advanced 200 kilometres (120\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158919-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Estonia), History\nAfter repulsing the Soviet forces in North Estonia the 1st Division was involved in active combat near Narva. During spring the Red Army made several unsuccessful attacks against 1st Division positions. By April 11,000 Estonians of the 1st Division were facing 16,000 Soviets near Narva, during which the main Soviet effort was concentrated in South Estonia. After the White Russian Northern Corps' (later renamed to Northwest Army) offensive against Soviet forces began to fail in June at the hands of the 7th Red Army, the front was stabilized on Luga River and Saba River with support of the 1st Division. In July and August the 1st Division was involved in heavy fighting with Soviet forces in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158919-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Estonia), History\nAt the end of September 1919, the Northwest Army had initiated a new attack on Petrograd, but was repelled by the Red Army in November. The 7th and 15th Soviet Armies advancing behind the collapsing White Russian forces continued to attack fortified positions along the Estonian border near Narva. The first clashes took place on the Luga River on 16 November, starting the final battles of war with 120,000 Soviets facing just 40,000 Estonians. After repeated attacks on the fortified Estonian positions, the 7th Red Army managed to achieve limited success. At the end of November the situation on front calmed as the Soviets needed to replenish their forces. In order to exert pressure on Estonia in the peace talks, intensive Soviet attacks resumed on 7 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158919-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Estonia), History\nOn 16 December there was critical breakthrough, with the 15th Soviet Army crossing the Narva River, however the Estonian counter-attack the following day successfully pushed the Soviets back. The Estonian high command actively reinforced the 1st Division at Narva during the fighting, dispatching the 3rd Division command, while general T\u00f5nisson became commander of whole Viru Front. He was replaced as 1st Division commander by Colonel Otto Heinze. After suffering 35,000 casualties in the heavy battles, the Red Army was completely exhausted by the end of December. A ceasefire came into effect on 3 January 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158919-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Estonia), History\nPost war 1st Division staff was based in Rakvere. Since 1 February 1940, the division was made up by the Narva Military District and Viru-J\u00e4rva Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158920-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (German Empire)\nThe 1st Division (1. Division) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in K\u00f6nigsberg in March 1816 as a Troop Brigade (Truppen-Brigade). It became the 1st Division on September 5, 1818. From the corps' formation in 1820, the division was subordinated in peacetime to I Army Corps (I. Armeekorps). The 1st Division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158920-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (German Empire)\nThe 1st Division and its regiments fought in the Austro-Prussian War against Austria in 1866, including the Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz. The division then fought in the Franco-Prussian War against France in 1870\u201371. Its regiments saw action in the Battle of Noisseville, the Battle of Gravelotte, the Siege of Metz, the Battle of Amiens, the Battle of Hallue, and the Battle of St. Quentin, among other actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158920-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (German Empire)\nIn World War I, the division initially served on the Eastern Front, seeing action at the battles of Stallup\u00f6nen, Gumbinnen, and Tannenberg, and the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes. The division then fought in the Battle of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a and in the Gorlice\u2013Tarn\u00f3w Offensive of 1915. In March 1916, the 1st Infantry Division was transferred to the Western Front. One month later, it entered the Battle of Verdun. After several months' hard fighting around Fort Vaux, the division was withdrawn from the line and returned to the Eastern Front, where it arrived in August 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158920-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Division (German Empire)\nIt then participated in the invasion of Romania, which had entered the war in 1916 on the Allied side. The division returned to Verdun at the end of 1917. In 1918, it took part in the German spring offensive, which the Germans referred to as the Kaiserschlacht, the Second Battle of the Marne, and the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158920-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (German Empire), 1870 organization\nDuring wartime, the 1st Division, like other German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 1st Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158920-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (German Empire), Pre-World War I organization\nMany regiments were renamed and assigned to different divisions during the period from 1871 to 1914. In 1914, the peacetime organization of the 1st Division was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158920-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Division (German Empire), August 1914 organization\nOn mobilization in August 1914, at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 1st Division was again renamed the 1st Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization (major units) was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158920-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 1st Infantry Division's order of battle on February 19, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158921-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 1st Division (\u7b2c1\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-ichi shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Jade Division (\u7389\u5175\u56e3, Gyoku-heidan). The 1st Division was formed in Tokyo in January 1871 as the Tokyo Garrison (\u6771\u4eac\u93ae\u53f0, T\u014dky\u014d chindai), one of six regional commands created in the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army. The Tokyo Garrison had responsibility for the eastern region of Honsh\u016b (Kant\u014d region), centered on the Tokyo metropolitan area. The six regional commands were transformed into divisions under the army reorganization of 14 May 1888, based on recommendations by the Prussian military advisor Jakob Meckel to the Japanese government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158921-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAs one of the oldest Divisions in the Imperial Japanese Army, the 1st Division saw combat in the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158921-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nAfter the wars, the division returned to Tokyo, with permanent headquarters opened in Minami-Aoyama 15 June 1918. The February 26 Incident was an attempted coup d'\u00e9tat staged by elements of the 1st Division in Tokyo in 1936. Because the situation on the Soviet border was still volatile because of the ongoing Soviet\u2013Japanese border conflicts, the 1st division was soon sent to Manchukuo-Soviet border under the command of the Kwantung Army. The division participated in a Kanchazu Island incident, successfully driving off Soviet invaders by 30 June 1937. 1 September 1937 a 101st division was created to garrison Tokyo instead of 1st Division. Later, the parts of the 1st division have participated in disastrous Nonomhan Incident in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158921-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring the 1944, the division was reassigned to the Philippines to participate in the Pacific War, and initially based in Manila where it formed the core of General Tomoyuki Yamashita's 14th Area Army. Ordered to oppose the re-occupation of Leyte by the American and Filipino forces, the 1st Division landed at Ormoc City on the west coast of Leyte on 1 November 1944. Their orders were to move up Leyte Highway Number 2 to Carigara and to secure the northern half of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158921-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nHowever, American and Filipino forces had already seized Carigara, and American air strikes had deprived the Japanese 1st Division of its supply chain and reinforcements. Unable to reach Carigara, the Japanese fortified hilltops and ridges along the highway, and defended these areas against the US and Philippine Commonwealth military offensive from 7 November 1944 though 12 December 1944, in fierce combat, including combat in the middle of a typhoon. By the time Battle of Leyte was won by American and Filipino forces, of the 11,000 Japanese soldiers, only 800 were evacuated to Cebu in January 1945. As result, the 1st Division ceased to exist as an operational unit. The remnants of division have participated in the Battle for Cebu City though.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq)\nThe 1st Division (IFF) is a motorized infantry division of the Iraqi Army headquartered in Camp Fallujah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq)\nThe division, along with much of the Iraqi Army, is equipped with American supplied weapons, equipment, and vehicles. The division suffered heavy casualties in the fight against the Islamic State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\nOriginally the 1st Division was one of the four initial divisions of the Iraqi Army, active by 1941. It later became the 1st Mechanised Division, and in 1978, according to reports from the British Military Attache in Baghdad, formed part of the 3rd Corps, and was headquartered at Diwaniya, with the 1st (Diwaniya), 34th (Nasirya) and 27th Brigades (Kut). It fought in the Iran\u2013Iraq War, including Operation Fath ol-Mobin, in which the division suffered heavy losses, and at the Second Battle of Al Faw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\nIt was in Kuwait during the 1991 Gulf War, fought during the Battle of Khafji, and was active during the 1990s. At the beginning of the 2003 invasion of Iraq it was part of the 5th Corps in the Mosul area. It was disbanded with the rest of the Iraqi Army in May 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\nThe division was reformed c. 2005\u201307 with the rest of the Iraqi Army. The 1st Division was originally formed from the battalions of the Iraqi Intervention Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\n\"Prime Minister Ayad Allawi of Iraq's interim government announced organizational changes for the country's security forces, along with a plan for taking on Iraq's enemies, at a 20 June 2004 Baghdad news conference. Allawi envisions the Iraqi rapid intervention forces thwarting sabotage elements, \"especially those who chose to hide behind innocent Iraqis in our cities and villages.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\nAs a first order by Iraq's new Ministry of Defense, the all-Iraqi Intervention Forces began patrolling the streets of Baghdad on 28 June 2004.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\nTwo battalions of the IIF conducted operations in Najaf between September and December 2004. Those same two battalions plus another IIF battalion, together with other Iraqi units, were present during the Second Battle of Fallujah soon afterwards. The first significant troop increase for the IIF in 2005 was the graduation of 670 soldiers from the Taji military training base on January 18, 2005. The State Department claimed the IIF had 9,159 men assigned as of the Iraq Weekly Status Report for January 12, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\nBy January 2005, the IIF comprised twelve of the army\u2019s 27 battalions and was integrated as the 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\nAccording to Major Gary Schreckengost, a MiTT from the 1st Division's 4th Brigade, 2005\u201306: \"The 1st Brigade (original IIF) was considered the 'elite' of the Iraqi Army and as such, was deployed around the country much like a fire brigade. From 2005\u201306, most of its battalions were deployed in and around Ramadi or out on the Syrian border. The 3rd brigade was posted at Habbaniya and the 2nd and 4th brigades were posted in or around Fallujah. The 4th Brigade was a motorized brigade and mostly held the area east of Fallujah out to Abu Gharib.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\nThe division was transferred to the Iraqi Ground Forces Command on February 15, 2007. The February 2007 release said the Division was headquartered in Habbaniyah, Al Anbar and operates from Baghdad to Ramadi. All four brigades of the division were operational when the division was transferred to the IGFC's control. In 2008 a brigade of the division took part in the Battle of Basra (2008), which was officially designated 'Operation Charge of the Knights.' As of September 2008, the division was commanded by Brigadier General Adel Abbas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History\nThe division acted as part of the Quick Intervention Corps, the Iraqi Army's strategic reserve. As such, it had brigades in Mosul and north Diyala as of January 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), History, Fight against ISIS\nIn June 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) group attacked parts of northern Iraq. In the process, it was reported that two brigades of the 1st Division were lost during the attack. Mitchell Prothero of the McClatchy Foreign Staff reported July 14, 2014 that \"the 1st Division also is basically gone, losing two brigades in Anbar province earlier in the year, then two more during last month's Islamic State onslaught, including one brigade that in the words of [a] senior Iraqi politician was \"decimated\" in Diyala province northeast of Baghdad.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158922-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Iraq), Composition\nAs of January 2010 the division's dispositions appear to be:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158923-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Japan)\nThe 1st Division (\u7b2c1\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-Ichi Shidan) is one of nine active divisions of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The division is subordinated to the Eastern Army and is headquartered at Camp Nerima in Nerima, Tokyo. Its responsibility is the defense of Tokyo and the Chiba, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Saitama, Shizuoka and Yamanashi prefectures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158923-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Japan), History\nThe division was raised on 18 January 1962 but dates back to the 1st District Corps (Tokyo) of the then National Police Reserve formed in 1950 and reformed in 1962 as an Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158924-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (New Zealand)\nThe 1st Division was one of three New Zealand Army home defence divisions formed during World War II. The unit was established on 1 November 1941 and was responsible for protecting the northern region of New Zealand's North Island from invasion. The 1st Division was placed on alert during the early months of the Pacific War, but no threat developed. The division was greatly reduced in size during 1943 and was disbanded on 1 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158924-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (New Zealand), History\nAs part of the preparations for the possible outbreak of war in the Pacific, the defensive forces stationed in New Zealand were expanded in late 1941. On 1 November, three new brigade headquarters were raised (taking the total in the New Zealand Military Forces, as the New Zealand Army was then known, to seven), and three divisional headquarters were established to coordinate the units located in the Northern, Central and Southern Military Districts. The division in the Northern Military District was designated the Northern Division, and comprised the 1st and 12th Brigade Groups. The 1st Brigade Group had been formed prior to World War II; the 12th Brigade Group was one of the new headquarters; both of these units were part of the Territorial Force and were manned by part-time reservists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158924-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (New Zealand), History\nThe New Zealand Military Forces was further expanded following the outbreak of the Pacific War. The Territorial Force was fully mobilised on 10\u00a0January 1942, and reinforced by 7000 men who had originally enlisted in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force for overseas service. The role of the Territorial Force was to counter any Japanese landings in New Zealand, and it was organised into both mobile and fortress units. The Home Guard would support the Territorial units in the event of an invasion. During early 1942, camps were constructed for the 1st Brigade Group in South Auckland and the 12th Brigade Group at Kaikohe. The 1st Brigade subsequently moved to a camp near Warkworth. Later in the war, a divisional camp was constructed near Whangarei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158924-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (New Zealand), History\nMajor General Harold Eric Barrowclough assumed command of the Northern Division in April 1942. Barrowclough had led the 6th Infantry Brigade during the Greek Campaign and subsequent fighting in North Africa, and had been posted back to New Zealand to command the forces in Fiji. However, on arrival in New Zealand he was assigned to command the Northern Division, to his displeasure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158924-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Division (New Zealand), History\nAt about this time, the three divisions stationed in New Zealand were transformed into mobile formations and renamed; the Northern Division became the 1st Division; the divisions in the Central and Southern Military District were redesignated as the 4th and 5th Divisions respectively. As part of this change, the 1st Division's headquarters was expanded and relocated to the Northland Region. During mid-1942, the Bay of Islands Fortress formed part of the 1st Division, and Barrowclough treated it as the division's third brigade, though the fortress units were static.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158924-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Division (New Zealand), History\nIn August, Barrowclough was appointed to lead the 3rd New Zealand Division after its commander was killed in an accident. Until August and September, Territorial Force units across New Zealand were held at eight days notice to respond to an invasion, and defensive positions along the country's coastline were permanently manned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158924-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (New Zealand), History\nThe forces stationed in New Zealand were considerably reduced as the threat of invasion passed. During early 1943 each of the three home defence divisions were cut from 22,358 to 11,530 men. The non-divisional units suffered even greater reductions. The New Zealand Government ordered a general stand-down of the defensive forces in the country on 28 June, which led to further reductions in the strength of units and a lower state of readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158924-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Division (New Zealand), History\nBy the end of the year almost all of the Territorial Force personnel had been demobilised (though they retained their uniforms and equipment), and only 44 soldiers were posted to the three divisional and seven brigade headquarters. The war situation continued to improve and the 1st Division, along with the other two divisions and almost all the remaining Territorial Force units, was disbanded on 1 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158925-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Nigeria)\nThe 1st Division is a formation of the Nigerian Army. It was established during the Nigerian civil war and is charged with securing its area of responsibility covering the North Western flank of Nigeria and also ensuring that the borders located in its AOR are secured. The division is a mechanized infantry with affiliated combat support and combat service support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158925-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Nigeria), History\nIn August\u2013September 1967, 1 Area Command at Kaduna was predesignated 1 Infantry Division, and 2 Division was formed under Colonel Murtala Mohammed. At the end of the Civil War, the three divisions of the army were reorganized into four divisions, with each controlling territories running from North to South, with each division having access to the sea. This was later abandoned in favor of the assignment of sectors to the divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158925-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Nigeria), Divisional components\nThe existence of 3rd Brigade at Kano was corroborated by a May 2015 report of 1,000 soldiers dismissed \"for allegedly disobeying orders during onslaughts against Boko Haram militants in the North-east.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158925-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Nigeria), Divisional components\n17 Brigade began its formation in late 2017, and was officially established on 20 February 2018 for internal security duties. It became part of 1 Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158926-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (North Korea)\nThe 1st Infantry Division is a military formation of the Korean People's Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158926-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (North Korea)\nIt was part of the North Korean advance from Seoul to Taejon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158926-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (North Korea)\nThe intelligence section of U.S Far East Command headquarters listed the divisions order of battle as of 31 July 1952 as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158926-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (North Korea)\nThis same report listed the 1st Division as being in III Corps Reserve at the same time period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158927-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Norway)\nThe 1st Division (Norwegian: 1. divisjon) is a former unit in the Norwegian Army, responsible for the defence of Eastern Norway along with 2nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158927-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Norway)\nFollowing the German invasion of Norway in 1940 the Norwegian 1st Division, commanded by Major General Carl Johan Erichsen, was responsible for defending the land areas on both side of the Oslofjord against the invading troops. The division was not well prepared for the situation, the troops were not mobilized and the division's stores depots in Fredrikstad were captured by the Germans already on 9 April. The 1st Division was responsible for Fossum Fortress (H\u00f8ytorp Fort and Tr\u00f8gstad Fort) in Askim and the Gre\u00e5ker Fort in Sarpsborg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158927-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Norway)\nThe Germans started attacking on 12 April, and there were battles at bridges crossing Glomma (Fossum Bridge, Langenes Railway Bridge, and a bridge near Kykkelsrud Power Station). Fossum Fortress was surrendered on 13 April. On 14 April a large number of troops in \u00d8stfold, around 3,000 men, chose to cross the border to Sweden instead of continuing the fight or surrendering to the German troops. At Kongsberg two bataillons surrendered without fighting, while some officers and soldiers disagreed with the surrender and defended the Vinje district for about one  month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158928-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Portugal)\nThe 1st Division was one of the two divisions of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP, Corpo Expedicion\u00e1rio Portugu\u00eas), the main military force of Portugal that fought in the World War I Western Front on the side of the Allies. The Division was under the command of General Gomes da Costa, during most of its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158928-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Portugal)\nFrom the June 2, 1917, to the April 6, 1918, the 1st Division was responsible for the subsectors of Neuve-Chappelle and Ferme du Bois of the Portuguese Sector of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158928-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Portugal)\nAfter heavy losses in the Front, the 1st Division was removed from the front line, three days before the April 9, 1918 German offensive that gave origin of the Battle of the Lys, where CEP was virtually destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158928-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Portugal)\nIn July 1918, the 1st Division was the core for the reconstruction of the CEP and participated in the final Allied offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158928-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Portugal)\nThe 4th Company of IV Battalion the 1st Division, under the command of captain Barros Bastos made a final assault against the German positions near the Scheldt river on the November 11, 1918, on the same day of the Armistice. This was the last Portuguese combat action of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158929-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Reichswehr)\nThe 1st Division was a unit of the Reichswehr, the armed forces of Germany during the Weimar Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158929-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Reichswehr), Creation\nIn the Order of 31 July 1920 for the Reduction of the Army (to comply with the upper limits on the size of the military contained in the Treaty of Versailles), it was determined that in every Wehrkreis (military district) a division would be established by 1 October 1920. The 1st Division was formed in January 1921 out of the Reichswehr-Brigaden 1 and 20, both part of the former \u00dcbergangsheer (Transition Army).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158929-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Reichswehr), Creation\nIt consisted of 3 infantry regiments, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (Prussian) Infantry Regiments (1. (Preu\u00dfisches) Infanterie-Regiment; 2. (Preu\u00dfisches) Infanterie-Regiment; 3. (Preu\u00dfisches) Infanterie-Regiment). It also included the 1st (Prussian) Artillery Regiment (1. (Preu\u00dfisches) Artillerie-Regiment), an engineering battalion, a signals battalion, a transportation battalion and a medical battalion. It was subordinated to Gruppenkommando 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158929-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Reichswehr), Creation\nThe commander of the Wehrkreis I was simultaneously the commander of the 1st Division. For the leadership of the troops, an Infanterief\u00fchrer and an Artillerief\u00fchrer were appointed, both subordinated to the commander of the Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158929-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Reichswehr), Divisional commanders, Infanterief\u00fchrers\nThe unit ceased to exist as such after October 1934, and its subordinate units were transferred to the 11, 21 Divisions newly created in that year. The 1. (Preu\u00dfisches) Infanterie-Regiment provided the personnel for the infantry regiments of the 1st Infantry Division of the new Wehrmacht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158930-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Royal Navy)\nThe 1st Division was a formation of the Home Fleet of the Royal Navy. It briefly existed before the First World War from 1909 to 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158930-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Royal Navy), History\nIn March 1909 following a Navy re-organisation, the Home Fleet absorbed the Channel Fleet, which became its First and Second divisions. Each division consisted of A battle squadron that had eight ships. This was essentially a reserve force allocated to major home commands. The new Dreadnought class battleships were allocated to the 1st Battle Squadron - 1st Division, Home Fleet. The Royal Navy's  Battle Cruisers were posted to the 1st Cruiser Squadron. The Atlantic Fleet managed to survive the organisational changes. The first division existed until 1912 when it re-styled 1st Battle Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158931-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Sudan)\nThe 1st Division, (South Sudan) of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) (alternatively known as Division I) was and is a division of the SPLA, now being renamed as the South Sudan People's Defence Forces. It was established in 2006, and has had its headquarters in Renk, Upper Nile State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158931-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Sudan)\nAfter the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed, George Athor was appointed to the rank of major general in the SPLA when ranks were formalized, and confirmed in overall commander of Division I (2005-07) before being moved to SPLA HQ in Bilpam as director for administration. Rands wrote in 2011 that 'The men at the Ketbek Garrison of Major General Gordon Kong of the SAF largely became SPLA with the [2006] Juba Declaration. They took with them most of the equipment held by the SSDF in the area, which had been supplied to them by SAF Military Intelligence. They are now integrated into elements of the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Division, under the command of Colonel Simon Yap.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158931-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Sudan)\nThe UN Panel of Experts on South Sudan named it in January 2016 as one of the GOSS's most effective fighting forces (S/2016/70).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158931-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Sudan)\nThe Small Arms Survey wrote in early 2016 that '.. [ the] Division, stationed in Renk and widely regarded as the best fighting force in the country, is largely Nuer. Until 2 December 2015, it was under the command of Stephen Buay, a Bul Nuer who was subsequently redeployed to lead the SPLA\u2019s 4th Division in Rubkona, Unity State. He was reassigned after months of rumours that he was planning to desert and join the SPLA\u2013IO, following tensions with the Padang Dinka administration in Upper Nile.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam)\nThe 1st Division  of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)\u2014the army of the nation state of South Vietnam that existed from 1955 to 1975\u2014was part of the I Corps that oversaw the northernmost region of South Vietnam, the centre of Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam)\nThe 1st Division was based in Hu\u1ebf, the old imperial city and one of two major cities in the region, which was also the corps headquarters. Until late 1971 the Division was also tasked with the defence of Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, the closest town to the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and among the first to be hit by the Tet Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nIn 1960 the 1st Field Division was redesignated the 1st Infantry Division.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nIn late 1965 Maj. Gen. Lewis William Walt, the commander of the US III Marine Amphibious Force and the I Corps' senior adviser, assessed the Division under General Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Chu\u00e2n as \"waging a skillful campaign\" and \"consistently destroying the VC in all significant encounters. \"\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nOn 12 March 1966 following the dismissal of General Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00e1nh Thi as I Corps commander, General Chu\u00e2n was appointed as the new I Corps commander and General Pham Xuan Nhuan, the head of the Ranger Command in Saigon, was given command of the Division.\u200b Following the dismissal of Thi, the northern zone erupted into a seething inferno of political dissent in the Buddhist Uprising. The number and intensity of strikes, marches, and rallies steadily increased, fueled by soldiers, police, and local officials loyal to Thi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nBy the beginning of April Struggle Movement forces appeared to control most of Hu\u1ebf, Da Nang and Hoi An and had the support of the I Corps headquarters and the Division. At the same time, South Vietnamese combat operations in the northern zone began to peter out, and the danger that the crisis presented to the war effort became evident.\u200b As the new Division commander, General Nhuan placed infantry and armored forces in blocking positions along Route 1, between Hu\u1ebf and Da Nang, and stood ready to reinforce Struggle units in Da Nang the situation inside the city was tense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nThe commander of the Quang Nam Special Zone, Col. Dam Quang Yeu, headed the rebel military units that, according to US estimates, included an infantry battalion from the 51st Regiment, three Regional Forces companies, eleven Popular Forces platoons, and six armored vehicles, plus about 6000 South Vietnamese administrative troops and 200 military police. When Yeu quickly positioned some of his units on the approaches to the downtown area, the start of civil war seemed imminent.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nOn 10 June 1966 the South Vietnamese junta began a steady buildup of special riot police under Republic of Vietnam National Police commander Colonel Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Loan on the outskirts of Hu\u1ebf and, on 15 June, sent a task force of two Airborne and two Marine battalions under Colonel Ng\u00f4 Quang Tr\u01b0\u1edfng into the city for a final showdown. Intermittent fighting lasted in Hu\u1ebf for four days. Opposition was disorganized and consisted of about 1000 Division troops, mostly soldiers from support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nProtected by Tr\u01b0\u1edfng's forces, Loan's police removed the Buddhist altars and arrested most of the remaining leaders of the Struggle Movement, including Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed Quang. The junta gave Tr\u01b0\u1edfng command of the Division, and by the end of June both the Division and Hu\u1ebf were under firm government control.\u200b By 1967 US advisers reported that General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng had whipped the formerly rebellious Division into one of South Vietnam's best army units.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nIn mid-July 1966 the Division launched Operation Lam Son 289 in support of the US 3rd Marine Division's Operation Hastings in the southern DMZ. The Division lost 21 killed in the operation.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nFrom 18\u201326 May 1967 the Division conducted Operation Lam Son 54 in coordination with the US 3rd Marine Division's Operation Hickory near Con Thien.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nBy 1968 the Division's 1st Regiment was responsible for Strongpoint A-1 () part of the Strongpoint Obstacle System south of the DMZ.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nOn 25 May near Thong Nghia () the 2nd Regiment engaged a PAVN battalion killing 122 PAVN. The next day the Regiment killed another 110 PAVN while losing 2 killed.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nOn 8 August the 2nd Regiment engaged a PAVN force from the 1st Battalion, 138th Regiment 2\u00a0km east of Gio Linh killing over 100 and forcing them to withdraw towards the DMZ.\u200b On the morning of 15 August the 2nd Regiment and the US 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, supported by Company A, 1st AMTRAC Battalion launched an assault into the southern DMZ which resulted in a reported 421 PAVN killed.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History\nOn 23 October the 2nd Regiment supported by Company H, 9th Marines and a tank platoon from Company A, 3rd Tank Battalion launched a raid into the DMZ north of Ha Loi Trung (), resulting in 112 PAVN killed.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nDuring the Battle of Hue, the division fought the entirety of the battle while its Mang Ca Garrison, headquarters in the northeast corner of the Citadel was completely surrounded. In the early morning hours of 31 January 1968, a division-sized force of PAVN and VC soldiers launched a coordinated attack on the city of Hu\u1ebf breaking through the western wall of the Citadel. On the T\u00e2y L\u1ed9c Airfield, the Division's elite Hac Bao (Black Panther) Company, reinforced by the 1st Division's 1st Ordnance Company, stopped the PAVN 800th Battalion. The 802nd Battalion struck the 1st Division headquarters at Mang Ca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nAlthough the PAVN battalion penetrated the division compound, an ad hoc 200-man defensive force of staff officers and clerks staved off the enemy assaults. General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng called back most of his Black Panther Company from the airfield to bolster the headquarters defenses, which kept division headquarters secure.\u200b General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng called in reinforcements ordering his 3rd Regiment; the 3rd Troop, 7th ARVN Cavalry; and the 1st ARVN Airborne Task Force to relieve the pressure on Mang Ca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0012-0002", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nResponding to the call at PK-17 base 17\u00a0km north of Hu\u1ebf, the 3rd Troop and the 7th Battalion of the Airborne task force rolled out of their base area in an armored convoy onto Highway 1. A PAVN blocking force stopped the ARVN relief force about 400 meters short of the Citadel wall. Unable to force their way through the enemy positions, the South Vietnamese paratroopers asked for assistance.\u200b The 2nd ARVN Airborne Battalion reinforced the convoy, and the South Vietnamese finally penetrated the lines and entered the Citadel in the early morning hours of 1 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0012-0003", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nThe cost had been heavy: the ARVN suffered 131 casualties including 40 dead, and lost four of the 12 armored personnel carriers in the convoy. The ARVN claimed to have killed 250 PAVN, captured five prisoners, and recovered 71 individual and 25 crew-served weapons.\u200b The 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 3rd Regiment, advanced east from encampments southwest of the city along the northern bank of the Perfume River, but PAVN defensive fires forced them to fall back. Unable to enter the Citadel, the two battalions established their night positions outside the southeast wall of the old City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0012-0004", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nPAVN/VC forces surrounded the 1st and 4th Battalions of the regiment, operating to the southeast, as they attempted to reinforce the units in Hu\u1ebf. Captain Phan Ngoc Luong, the commander of the 1st Battalion, retreated with his unit to the coastal Ba Long outpost. At Ba Long, the battalion then embarked upon motorized junks and reached the Citadel the following day. The 4th Battalion, however, remained unable to break its encirclement for several days.\u200b South of the city, Lieutenant Colonel Phan Hu Chi, the commander of the 7th Armored Cavalry Squadron attempted to break the PAVN/VC stranglehold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0012-0005", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nHe led an armored column toward Hu\u1ebf, but like the other South Vietnamese units, found it impossible to break through. With the promise of U.S. Marine reinforcements, Chi's column, with three tanks in the lead, tried once more. This time they crossed the An Cuu Bridge over the Phu Cam Canal () into the new city. Coming upon the central police headquarters in southern Hu\u1ebf, the tanks attempted to relieve the police defenders, but an enemy B-40 rocket made a direct hit upon Lieutenant Colonel Chi's tank, killing him instantly. The South Vietnamese armor pulled back.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0012-0006", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nAt 15:00, the 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment reached the Mang Ca compound. Later that day, U.S. Marine helicopters from HMM-165 brought part of the 4th Battalion, 2nd Regiment from \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0 Combat Base into the Citadel. The deteriorating weather forced the squadron to cancel the remaining lifts with about half of the battalion in the Citadel.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nThe ARVN would attempt to regain the Citadel while the Marines regained the new city south of the Perfume River. Within the Citadel the ARVN 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment and the 1st Airborne task force cleared out the north and western parts of the Citadel including T\u00e2y L\u1ed9c Airfield and the Chanh Tay Gate, while the 4th Battalion, 2nd Regiment moved south from Mang Ca towards the Imperial Palace, killing over 700 PAVN/VC by 4 February. On 5 February General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng exchanged the Airborne with the 4th Battalion, which had become stalled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nOn 6 February the 1st Battalion captured the An Hoa Gate on the northwest corner of the Citadel and the 4th Battalion captured the southwest wall. On the night of the 6th, the PAVN counterattacked, scaling the southwest wall and pushing the 4th Battalion back to T\u00e2y L\u1ed9c. On the 7th General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ordered the 3rd Regiment, which had been futilely trying to break into the southeast corner of the Citadel to move to Mang Ca to reinforce his units inside the Citadel.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0013-0002", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nOn 11 February the Vietnamese Marines Task Force A comprising the 1st and 5th Battalions, began to be lifted by helicopter into Mang Ca to replace the Airborne, however due to poor weather this deployment would not be completed until 13 February. General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng called for assistance in clearing the Citadel and at 10:45 on 11 February Company B, 1st Battalion, 5th Marines was airlifted aboard Marine CH-46s into Mang Ca, however enemy fire forced several of the helicopters to return to Phu Bai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0013-0003", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nThe Marines together with 5 M48s from the 1st Tank Battalion would later be loaded onto Mike Boats at the LCU Ramp in southern Hue and ferried across to Mang Ca.\u200b On 14 February the Vietnamese Marine Task Force A joined the battle. The operational plan was for the Marines to move west from T\u00e2y L\u1ed9c and then turn south, however they were soon stopped by strong PAVN defenses; after two days the Vietnamese Marines had only advanced 400 metres. Meanwhile, the ARVN 3rd Regiment fought off a PAVN counterattack in the northwest corner of the Citadel.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0013-0004", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nOn 17 February the Vietnamese Marines and 3rd Regiment resumed their attacks south, while the Black Panther Company was moved to support the right flank of the 1/5 Marines, over the next 3 days these forces would slowly reduce the PAVN's perimeter.\u200b On 22 February after a barrage of 122mm rockets the PAVN counterattacked the Vietnamese Marines who pushed them back with the support of the Black Panther Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0013-0005", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nOn the night of 23 February the PAVN attempted another counterattack but were forced back by artillery fire and the 3rd Regiment launched a night attack along the southern wall of the Citadel, at 05:00 they raised the South Vietnamese flag on the Citadel flag tower and proceeded to secure the southern wall by 10:25. General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng then ordered the 2nd Battalion 3rd Regiment and the Black Panther Company to recapture the Imperial City and this was achieved against minimal resistance by late afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0013-0006", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Hue\nThe last remaining pocket of PAVN at the southwest corner of the Citadel was eliminated in an attack by the 4th Vietnamese Marine Battalion in the early hours of 25 February.\u200b As a result of the battle this division had earned several commendations from the RVN Government as well a US Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Quang Tri\nLaunched simultaneously with the attack on Hue the PAVN/VC also attacked Quang Tri on the early morning of 31 January. The PAVN 812th Regiment (reinforced), of the 324th Division was tasked with capturing the city. The brunt of the attack would fall on the ARVN forces in and around the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Quang Tri\nThese were the 1st Regiment, 1st Division, the 9th Airborne Battalion, 2nd Troop, 7th Cavalry an Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) Troop attached to the 1st Regiment, the Republic of Vietnam National Police, a paramilitary body led by regular military officers stationed within the city, and Regional and Popular Force (militia) elements in the city. The 1st Regiment had two of its battalions in positions to the north of the city, and one to the northeast, protecting pacified villages in those areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Quang Tri\nThe Regiment's fourth battalion was in positions south of the city in and around the regiment's headquarters at La Vang Base. One Airborne company was bivouacked in Tri Buu village on the northern edge of the city with elements in the Citadel, and two Airborne companies were positioned just south of the city in the area of a large cemetery where Highway 1 crosses Route 555.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Quang Tri\nQu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb City was clear of PAVN/VC troops by midday on 1 February, and ARVN units with U.S. air support had cleared Tri Buu Village of PAVN troops. The remnants of the 812th, having been hit hard by ARVN defenders and American air power and ground troops on the outskirts of the city, particularly artillery and helicopters,\u200b broke up into small groups, sometimes mingling with crowds of fleeing refugees, and began to exfiltrate the area, trying to avoid further contact with Allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Quang Tri\nThey were pursued by the American forces in a circular formation forced contact with the fleeing PAVN/VC over the next ten days.\u200b Heavy fighting continued with large well-armed PAVN/VC forces south of Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb City, and there were lighter contacts in other areas. This pursuit continued throughout the first ten days of February.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Tet Offensive, Battle of Quang Tri\nThe US military considered the attack on Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb \"without a doubt one of the major objectives of the Tet Offensive\". They attributed the decisive defeat to the hard-nosed South Vietnamese defense, effective intelligence on PAVN/VC movements and the air mobile tactics of the 1st Cavalry Division. Between 31 January and 6 February, the Allies killed an estimated 914 PAVN/VC and captured another 86 in and around Quang Tri.\u200b The successful defense of Quang Tri prevented reinforcement at Hue, as well as preventing the further collapse of security in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, May Offensive\nOn 28 April at the start of the May Offensive the Division's Hac Bao Company located the 8th Battalion, 90th Regiment in the fishing hamlet of Phuoc Yen 6\u00a0km northwest of Hu\u1ebf. Units from the 1st and 2nd Battalions, 501st Infantry Regiment surrounded the hamlet and destroyed the battalion in a 4 day long battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, May Offensive\nPAVN losses 309 killed (including all the senior officers) and 104 captured.\u200b On 2 May a Regional Force company reported that PAVN were in the hamlet of Bon Tri, 6\u00a0km west of Hu\u1ebf that had been used as a supply station during the Battle of Hu\u1ebf. Several companies from the 1st Battalion, 505th Infantry Regiment and the Hac Bao Company engaged the PAVN 3rd Battalion, 812th Regiment in a 2 day battle resulting in 121 PAVN dead for Allied losses of 4 killed and 18 wounded.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, May Offensive\nOn 29 April the PAVN 320th Division attacked An Binh, north of \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0 Combat Base, this drew two Battalions of the 2nd Regiment into a running battle and the 1st Battalion 9th Marines was sent in to support the ARVN resulting in a 7-hour long battle that left 11 Marines, 17 ARVN and over 150 PAVN dead.\u200b On 30 April, a PAVN unit opened fire on a US Navy Clearwater patrol from entrenched positions near Dai Do, 2.5\u00a0km northeast of \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, May Offensive\nIt was later discovered that four PAVN Battalions including the 48th and 56th from the 320th had established themselves at Dai Do.\u200b The Battle of Dai Do lasted until 3 May and resulted in 81 Marines, 5 ARVN and over 600 PAVN killed.\u200b On 26 May the 2nd Regiment killed 110 PAVN north of Thuong Nghia.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, May Offensive\nFrom 4\u201320 August 1968 the Division participated in Operation Somerset Plain a spoiling attack on the PAVN logistics hub in the A S\u1ea7u Valley with the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division. The US/ARVN forces proceeded to search the valley meeting only scattered resistance until 10/11 August when the ARVN 3rd Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment was attacked by elements of the PAVN 816th and 818th Main Force Battalions. Air and artillery support was called in and the PAVN retreated into the jungle losing several dozen killed. The Division lost 11 killed while the PAVN lost 181 killed and 4 captured.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, May Offensive\nFrom 10\u201320 September 1968, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 54th Regiment participated in Operation Vinh Loc a security operation on Vinh Loc Island (), Ph\u00fa Vang District, east of Hu\u1ebf with the 2nd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division. VC losses were 154 killed, 370 captured and 56 Chieu Hoi.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nThroughout this period the Division conducted operations to defend the DMZ in addition to numerous named operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nFrom 15 March to 2 May 1969 the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Regiment participated in Operation Maine Crag with the 3rd Marine Division in the \"Vietnam Salient\" in northwest Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb Province.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nFrom 30 March to 26 May 1969 the 51st Regiment participated in Operation Oklahoma Hills with the 1st Marine Division against PAVN/VC base areas southwest of Da Nang.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nFrom 10 May to 7 June 1969 the 1st and 3rd Regiment participated in Operation Apache Snow with the US 101st Airborne Division in the A Sau valley. During this operation the 3rd Regiment participated in the Battle of Hamburger Hill. ARVN losses were 31 killed while PAVN losses were 675 killed and 3 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nFrom 26 May to 7 November 1969 the 1st and 2nd Battalions, 51st Regiment participated in Operation Pipestone Canyon with the 37th Ranger Battalion and the US 1st Marine Division against PAVN/VC base areas on Go Noi Island southwest of Da Nang.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nFrom 12 June to 6 July 1969 the 2nd Regiment participated in Operation Utah Mesa with US Marine and Army forces on the Khe Sanh plateau.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nAt the end of 1969 Maj. Gen. Melvin Zais, commanding US XXIV Corps in I Corps, proposed breaking up the Division (with four regiments and about nineteen combat battalions) into two divisions controlled by a \"light corps\" headquarters responsible for the defense of the DMZ area, but his immediate superior, Lt. Gen. Herman Nickerson Jr. (USMC), commanding the III Marine Amphibious Force (and the I Corps senior adviser), and General L\u00e3m, the I Corps commander, both vetoed the idea, citing the lack of enough experienced Vietnamese officers to staff a new command.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nFrom 1 April to 5 September 1970 the Division participated in Operation Texas Star with the US 101st Airborne Division in Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb and Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Provinces. In late July 1970 following the Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord, the PAVN 6th Regiment attacked the 1st Regiment's Firebase O'Reilly 8\u00a0km north of Ripcord. General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng reinforced O'Reilly with another Regiment and the ARVN defended the base for 2 months before abandoning it and Firebase Barnett in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nFrom 5 September 1970 to 8 October 1971 the Division participated in Operation Jefferson Glenn with the US 101st Airborne Division to patrol the PAVN/VC rocket belts that threatened Hu\u1ebf and Da Nang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nFrom 8 February to 25 March 1971 the Division troops participated in Operation Lam Son 719. They developed a series of firebases along the south Route 9 in Laos to screen the southern flank of the ARVN advance.\u200b On 3 March, elements of the Division were helilifted into two firebases (Lolo and Sophia) and LZ Liz, all south of Route 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nEleven helicopters were shot down and another 44 were damaged as they carried one battalion into FSB Lolo.\u200b Three days later, 276 UH-1 helicopters protected by Cobra gunships and fighter aircraft, lifted the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 2nd Regiment from Khe Sanh to Tchepone \u2013 the largest helicopter assault of the Vietnam War.\u200b Only one helicopter was downed by anti-aircraft fire as the troops combat assaulted into LZ Hope, four kilometers northeast of Tchepone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0030-0002", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nFor two days the two battalions searched Tchepone and the immediate vicinity, but found little but the bodies of PAVN soldiers killed by air strikes. PAVN responded by increasing its daily artillery bombardments of the firebases, notably Lolo and Hope. During the extraction of the 2nd Regiment, 28 of the 40 helicopters participating were damaged.\u200b Official ARVN sources stated that the division lost 491 dead during the operation, however division officers in private conversations with American officers said that they hadlost at least 775 of their men in Laos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nIn October 1971 the Division's 2nd Regiment and several of its battalions were transferred to the newly formed 3rd Division which assumed responsibility for the defense of the DMZ and Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb Province.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1969-71\nThe 1st Division's new operational area was south of the Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb-Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Province boundary and north of the H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n Pass. Its primary responsibility was to defend the western approaches to Hu\u1ebf. Its 1st Regiment and 7th Armored Cavalry Regiment were deployed at Camp Evans, its 3rd Regiment at Firebase T-Bone () and its 54th Regiment at Firebase Bastogne. Division headquarters were at Camp Eagle southeast of Hu\u1ebf.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Easter Offensive\nIn February ARVN intelligence detected that the PAVN 324B Division was moving into the A S\u1ea7u Valley in western Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Province. The Division moved its units west of Hu\u1ebf and clashed with PAVN units along Route 547 in early March.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Easter Offensive\nThe initial thrust of the Easter Offensive fell on the 3rd Division in Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb Province and the initial PAVN actions in Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Province were designed to keep the 1st Division in place while the PAVN overran Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb. The 1st Division maintained a strong defense in the foothills west of Hu\u1ebf holding a line from Camp Evans in the north to Firebase Rakkasan () then southeast through Firebase Bastogne and Firebase Checkmate and then to Firebase Birmingham. The 3rd Regiment was kept in reserve to add depth to the defense. Firebase Veghel had been abandoned at the start of the offensive.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Easter Offensive\nThe areas around Firebases Bastogne and Checkmate straddling Route 547 came under intense pressure from the PAVN 324B Division and by the second week of April both were cut off. On 11 April the 1st Regiment attempted clear Route 547 but was stopped by the PAVN 24th Regiment despite intensive artillery and air support. By late April the situation at the Firebases was increasingly desperate with the defending battalions reduced to 50% effective and medical evacuation increasingly difficult. On 28 April the PAVN 29th and 803rd Regiments attacked Firebase Bastogne overrunning it within 3 hours, destroying much of the 54th Regiment and forcing the defenders to retreat to Firebase Birmingham. The loss of Bastogne forced the abandonment of Firebase Checkmate during the night.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Easter Offensive\nOn 1 May as the defense of Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb City disintegrated, PAVN pressure on the 1st Division increased as the PAVN launched an assault on Firebase King northwest of Firebase Bastogne and rocketed Camp Eagle.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Easter Offensive\nOn 3 May I Corps commander General Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n L\u00e3m was replaced by Lieutenant General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng, commander of IV Corps and former commander of the 1st Division and this change of command and reinforcement by forces of the general reserve stabilized the ARVN position in Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Province.\u200b The newly arrived Marine Division was given responsibility for north and northwest Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Province, while the Division was given responsibility for the area southwest and south of Hu\u1ebf blocking any further PAVN advance from the A S\u1ea7u Valley.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Easter Offensive\nOn 15 May the Division launched a helicopter assault on Firebase Bastogne recapturing the base while 2 regiments cleared the high ground between the base and Firebase Birmingham and by 25 May Firebase Checkmate had also been reoccupied by the Division.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Easter Offensive\nFrom 11 to 18 June the Division launched an attack west towards Firebase Veghel to probe PAVN strength ahead of the launch of General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng's Operation Lam Son 72 to recapture Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb Province. The main effort would be made by the Airborne and Marine Divisions while the Division would pin down PAVN forces southwest of Hu\u1ebf.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, Easter Offensive\nIn July the PAVN launched attacks on Firebase Checkmate which changed hands several times and then Firebase Bastogne, capturing both bases. In early August with heavy support from B-52s and reinforced by the independent 51st Regiment, the Division recaptured both firebases and expanded its control of the area, recapturing Firebase Veghel on 19 September.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1973-4\nIn late July 1973 two 3rd Infantry positions west of the Ngoc Ke Trai stream fell to PAVN attack. The pressure continued, and the 3rd Infantry gave up four more outposts along the Song Bo river in late August. Another series of positions along the Ngoc Ke Trai fell in November as signs of deteriorating morale and weak leadership began to appear in the formerly highly respected Division. Casualties resulting from the PAVN assaults were light, and the rapid collapse of the defenses could only be attributed to faltering will and uninspired leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1973-4\nAt this time Lt. Gen. Lam Quang Thi, I Corps Deputy Commanding General and commander north of the H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n Pass, detached a battalion from the 51st Infantry and returned it to the 1st Division to reinforce the Song Bo defenses. The 1st Division Commander, Brig. Gen. Le Van Than, further reinforced the 3rd Regiment with a battalion of the 1st Infantry Regiment. The line stabilized toward the end of the year, but not until after General Truong had accomplished the removal of General Than and replaced him with Col. Nguyen Van Diem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0041-0002", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1973-4\nColonel Diem took command of the division on 31 October but could make no noticeable headway in solving the Division's tactical and morale problems. These were too much the results of conditions beyond the control of the commander: an extended front under continuous enemy pressure, the debilitating effects of cold, wet, typhoon weather; inadequate supply to the forward infantry outposts; and the worsening economic straits in which the soldiers found themselves.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1973-4\nFrom 18 July to 7 August 1974 a Regiment of the Division fought the Battle of Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c together with elements of the 3rd Division and a Ranger Group.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1973-4\nOn 25 July, General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ordered the 54th Regiment from Thua Thien to Quang Nam Province for attachment to the 3rd Division fighting the Battle of Duc Duc. The 54th Regiment arrived in Quang Nam on 26 July, put its headquarters at \u0110i\u1ec7n B\u00e0n District Town, and immediately went into action. While the 1st Battalion took over a security mission in the Da Nang rocket belt near Hill 55, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions began clearing the area around Ky Chau Village on Go Noi Island. Both the 2nd and 3rd met heavy resistance and proceeded westward slowly, engaging a PAVN/VC force on 28 July and dispersing it with heavy losses.\u200b The Regiment returned to Thua Thien in September.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1973-4\nFrom 28 August to 10 December 1974 the 3rd and 51st Regiments together with the 15th Ranger Group fought the Battle of Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c forcing the PAVN back from hills overlooking Highway 1 and from which they could shell Phu Bai Air Base. The fighting here and at Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c weakened the Division and depleted the I Corps reserve forces.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1973-4\nBy making timely and appropriate economy of force deployments, often accepting significant risks, General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng was able to hold the PAVN main force at bay around Hu\u1ebf. But the ring was closing on the Imperial City. Reinforced PAVN battalions equipped with new weapons, ranks filling with fresh replacements from the north-were in close contact with ARVN outposts the length of the front. Behind these battalions, new formations of tanks were being assembled and large logistical installations were being constructed, heavily protected by antiaircraft and supplied by newly improved roads.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nOn the early morning of 8 March regiments of the PAVN 324B Division began the Thua Thien campaign attacking along an 8\u00a0km sector southeast of Hu\u1ebf. Supported by intense artillery concentrations,PAVN infantry swarmed over the surrounding hills. The 2nd Battalion, 1st Regiment, held on Hill 121, but the 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment, was shattered and driven from Hill 224. The 2nd Battalion, 54th Regiment, was initially forced to give ground but recovered its positions on Hill 144 on 9 March. The Hac Bao Reconnaissance Company was forced from Hill 50 southwest of Nui Bong. Brig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0046-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nGen. Diem reacted by dispatching the 15th Ranger Group with the 61st and 94th Ranger Battalions to reinforce the line and recover lost positions. The 61st was ambushed en route, sustained moderate losses, but recovered to join the94th in a counterattack on 10 March. The next day a prisoner of war confirmed that the PAVN 325th Division had moved south and was in position to join the attack in Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c District.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nA battalion of the PAVN 6th Regiment infiltrated through Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c, and two of its companies seized 12 fishing boats, which ferried them across Dam Cau Hai Bay to Vinh Loc Island. There they attacked Vinh Hien Village on the southern tip of the island and swept north to attack Vinh Giang. Some of the battalion pushed into Phu Thu District east of Hu\u1ebf. The 8th Airborne Battalion, reinforced with two companies of the 1st Battalion, 54th Regiment and a troop of armored cavalry, moved against the PAVN battalion and badly mauled and dispersed it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0047-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nOn 16 March a unit of the 54th Regiment ambushed a remnant of the battalion south of Hu\u1ebf, killing the battalion commander, his staff, and 20 men. Five prisoners taken by the 54th Infantry said that the population gave them no support, and only 33 men, mostly wounded, remained alive in their battalion.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nOn 13 March two battalions of the 3rd Regiment were forced from the Firebase Bastogne area but regained most of their positions in a counterattack the following day.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nOn 14 March, General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng met with General Thi, commanding I Corps troops in Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb and Thua Thien Provinces, and General Lan, the Marine Division commander, to explain his concept for the final defense of Da Nang. He would pull all combat forces into Quang Nam and defend Da Nang with the 1st, 3rd and Marine Divisions on line and the 2nd Division in reserve, but this deployment would be approached gradually as divisional troops were relieved in Quang Tri and Thua Thien Provinces and terrain in the southern part of the region was abandoned. Generals Tr\u01b0\u1edfng and Thi anticipated a mass civilian exodus from Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb as soon as the people saw that the Marines were leaving, and he directed his staff to prepare plans to assist the refugees.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nOn 19 March at meetings in Saigon with President Thi\u1ec7u General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng was directed to stop the evacuation of Hue and to defend enclaves at Hu\u1ebf, Da Nang, Chu Lai and Quang Ngai City. He could, when forced, surrender Chu Lai and Quang Ngai, but he was to defend Hu\u1ebf and Da Nang at all costs. When General Truong returned to his headquarters on 20 March, he turned around the displacing 175mm. batteries moving to Da Nang and stopped the evacuation of ammunition from Hu\u1ebf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0050-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nThe Imperial City would be defended despite the fact that PAVN artillery had, on 19 March, already struck inside the Citadel and Highway 1 was clogged with the southbound traffic of thousands of refugees. The contracted organization for the defense of Hu\u1ebf, under the command of General Thi, was divided between the deputy commander of the Marine Division, Col. Tri, who was responsible north of Hue, and the 1st Division commander. Brig. Gen. Nguyen Van Diem, south of the city. Colonel Tri's outposts were just inside the Thua Thien-Quang Tri boundary, nearly 30\u00a0km northwest of Hu\u1ebf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0050-0002", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nHere, under the direct command of the 14th Ranger Group, were the 77th Ranger Battalion, seven RF battalions, and a troop of armored personnel carriers of the 17th Armored Cavalry Squadron. The four Marine battalions of the 147th Brigade were in the vital Bo Corridor, within light artillery range of the Citadel, while the 78th and 79th Ranger Battalions were on outposts 10\u00a0km west of the Marines. South of the Marines, on the high ground at Fire Support Base Lion (also called Nui Gio) () was the 51st Regiment, with two of its battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0050-0003", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nGeneral Diem's responsibility began southwest of his 51st Regiment, which was attached to Colonel Tri's command. The 3rd Regiment, with two battalions, held the high ground around Firebase Birmingham, above the Song Huu Trach, south of Hu\u1ebf. East of the 3rd Regiment, the 54th Regiment with two of its battalions defended the Mo Tau sector, while the reinforced 1st Regiment extended the line southeast to the Nui Bong area. The 1st Regiment had, in addition to its own three battalions, one battalion of the 51st Regiment, a company of M48 tanks and a troop of armored personnel carriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0050-0004", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nThe 15th Ranger Group, with its three battalions and one battalion of the 3rd Regiment, dug in on the hills above Highway 1 west of Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c District Town. The 258th Marine Brigade, with two battalions, was also near Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c, while the 914th RF Group of three battalions guarded the H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n Pass.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nOn the morning of 21 March the lead battalions of the PAVN 324B and 325th Divisions, together with the independent Tri-Thien Regiment, with heavy artillery support, assaulted South Vietnamese positions from the Bo Corridor to Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c. The attacks against the Marines in the Bo Valley were repulsed with heavy PAVN losses, but the Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c sector, taking the brunt of the attack, began to crumble. In the area of the 1st Regiment, the PAVN 18th Regiment, 325th Division, supported by the 98th Artillery Regiment, took Hill 350 and drove on to assault Nui Bong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0051-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nAlthough the mountain changed hands three times that afternoon, the 2nd Battalion, 1st Regiment, controlled it on 22 March. Other formations of the 325th, notably the 101st Regiment, forced the 60th Ranger Battalion, 15th Group, from Hill 500 west of Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c, and supporting artillery interdicted Highway 1. A stream of refugees began piling up along the road northwest of Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c. By evening, however, one lane was opened for traffic to Da Nang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0051-0002", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nTo the west, in the hills around Mo Tau, the 27tst Independent Regiment and the 29th Regiment of the 304th Division, both operating under the 324th Division, attacked the 54th Regiment and were repelled. A prisoner from the 27lst said thatcasualties in his regiment were very heavy, that the 9th Battalion was nearly destroyed. PAVN attacks continued all along the Thua Thien front on 22 March. An ARVN counterattack to recapture Hill 224, a key position in the Mo Tau sector, failed. The population of Hu\u1ebf had declined to only 50,000, and the H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n Pass was clogged with desperate people trying to escape.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nOn 23 March the 913th Regional Forces Group on the My Chanh Line north of Hu\u1ebf withdrew without orders and they refused to stop at the next delaying position near Phong Dien District Town. The 913th's pulloutcaused some panic among other forces and a general rout developed. I Corps officers attempted to rally the troops at the Bo River. The mass desertion was not motivated by fear of the PAVN but by the soldiers' overwhelming concern for the safety of their families in Hu\u1ebf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0052-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nOn 24 March, after receiving the report of the collapse of the My Chanh line, General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng met with his commanders, General Thi, Maj. Gen. Lan, Maj. Gen. Hoang Van Lac (deputy commander of I Corps) and 1st Air Division commander, Brig. Gen. Nguyen Duc Khanh. General Lac reported that Da Nang was close to panic also, with more than 300,000 refugees jamming the streets. At 18:00 on 24 March. General Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ordered General Thi to begin the evacuation of all troops defending Hu\u1ebf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0052-0002", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nAll forces north and west of Hu\u1ebf would assemble at T\u00e2n M\u1ef9 Base, the port of Hu\u1ebf northeast of the city, cross the narrow channel to Phu Thuan and march southwest down Vinh Loc Island. Crossing the mouth of Dam Cau Hai Bay on a pontoon bridge to be constructed by ARVN engineers and moving along the beach to Highway 1, they would cross over the H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n Pass and on to Da Nang. No trucks, tanks, or guns could make this march; all would have to be disabled or destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0052-0003", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nThe Division would protect the column by blocking in Phu Thu District. By the time these orders were issued, what was left of the population of Hue was streaming toward T\u00e2n M\u1ef9 Base to take any available boat or ship out of Thua Thien Province. I Corps Forward commanded by General Thi, established its command post in T\u00e2n M\u1ef9, together with the command posts of the Marine Division and the 147th Marine Brigade. The 7th Marine Battalion deployed there to secure the port and the command posts. The Division withdrew from the Troui-Nui Bong sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0052-0004", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nThe 15th Ranger Group, which had held the Troui River for the pulled back to Phu Bai Combat Base with heavy casualties. The 54th Regiment withdrew from the Mo Tau sector to Camp Eagle, southeast of Hu\u1ebf near Highway 1. The 3rd Regiment withdrew from its forward positions on the Son Hue Trach and assembled in Nam Hoa, south of Hu\u1ebf. The 51st Regiment pulled back and located just west of the city while the division headquarters and the 1st Regiment, which had suffered moderate casualties in the Nui Bong sector, were around Hu\u1ebf.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nThe withdrawal from Thua Thien Province began in a rather orderly fashion. The 258th Marine Brigade linked up with the 914th RF Group on Vinh Loc Island to cross the narrow channel over to Loc Tri in Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c District, but the bridge to be installed by ARVN engineers never got there; engineer boats were evidently commandeered by other military units attempting to escape. The withdrawing forces crossed anyway, using local fishing boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158932-0053-0001", "contents": "1st Division (South Vietnam), History, 1975\nGeneral Tr\u01b0\u1edfng flew over the column making its way down the long stretch of Vinh Loc Island and noted that the only apparent disciplined, cohesive units were marines. The rest was a mob and the Division ceased to exist as an identifiable unit, most Division soldiers who escaped from Hu\u1ebf were subsequently captured at Da Nang; no attempt was made to reconstitute the Division.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158933-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Spain)\nThe 1st Division (Spanish: 1.\u00aa Divisi\u00f3n) was a division of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158933-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Spain)\nThis unit was deployed in a relatively inactive section of the front located in the mountainous area north of Madrid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158933-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Spain), History\nThe First Division was established on 31 December 1936 with the militia forces that had been operating in the Somosierra sector and which had been led by Lt. Colonel Enrique Jurado Barrio. The headquarters of the division was in Loyozuela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158933-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Spain), History\nThis unit was garrisoned at the secondary sector of El Escorial and did not take part in any important military operation. The commander who replaced Enrique Jurado, Lt. Colonel Fernando Cueto Herrero, was discovered when he was trying to join the enemy forces and was summarily dismissed and shot for treason on 18 September 1937. Except for a few sporadic skirmishes the unit rarely saw combat action and was mainly engaged in fortification work. The First Division was disbanded at the end of the war in late March 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158934-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Thailand)\nThe 1st Division, King's Guard (Thai: \u0e01\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e25\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 1 \u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c) (\u0e1e\u0e25.\u0e51 \u0e23\u0e2d.) is an infantry division of the Royal Thai Army, it is currently a part of the First Army Area. King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) founded the division in 1905. The Royal Command of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) designated the division as a King's Guard unit in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158934-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Thailand)\nThe division comprises one infantry regiment and four attachment units, the 31st Infantry Regiment, King's Guard. The division and its subsidiary units are mostly based in or around Bangkok, Thailand. The 31st Regiment is garrisoned in Lopburi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158934-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Thailand), History\nThe command of King Chulalongkorn formed the division in 1905 on the recommendation of the Prince Chirapravati Voradej, the director of operations of the Ministry of Defence. The Prince wanted to organize the Siamese army on European lines, comprising at least ten army divisions. By 1906, the 1st Division became fully recruited and garrisoned in Bangkok.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158934-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Thailand), History\nIn 1908, the army was once again reorganized, by this date the division was made up of five units (1st Infantry Regiment, King's Own Bodyguard, 2nd Infantry Regiment (the name later changed to 11th Infantry), 1st Cavalry Regiment, 1st Artillery Battery and the 1st Engineer Regiment). The 1st Division was then given the responsibility of protecting the king, his Grand Palace, the royal capital and the surrounding Menam basin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158934-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Thailand), History\nIn the early hours of 24 June 1932, a revolution broke out in Bangkok. The Khana Ratsadon (a group of disgruntled military officers and civilians) staged a coup d'\u00e9tat to replace the absolute rule of King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) with a constitutional monarchy. The conspirators began by arresting key military personnel in the capital, including the Commander of the 1st Infantry Division; Phraya Saena Sonogram (Mom Rajawongse Ei Noppawong) at his private residence. A scuffle ensued and an unnamed Lieutenant shot and wounded the resisting commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158934-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Thailand), History\nSometime later, a Major Luang Kraichingrit (Puth Vinitchaikul) of the King's Own Bodyguards ordered a company of troops towards the Makawan bridge to resist the coup; however, by that time the revolution was a fait accompli and the troops were ordered to return to their barracks. Other than this one incidence of violence, the revolution was carried out smoothly without further bloodshed. The King complied with the Khana Ratsadon's demands and Siam was granted its first Constitution in December of the same year. As a result of the coup, the new administration temporarily dissolved all formations above battalion level, including the 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158934-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Thailand), History\nDuring the Franco-Thai War of 1940-1941, the division's former components incorporated the Burapha Army (Eastern army) on the orders of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram. The division took part in the army's objectives of retaking the French Indochinese provinces of Sisophon and Battambang (now in modern-day Cambodia). After this brief conflict, the Burapha Army formation disbanded and the 1st Infantry Division commenced in 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158934-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Thailand), History\nIn 1948, the division moved into a permanent headquarters next to the Suan Kularb Mansion of the Dusit Palace. In 1956, the Royal Thai Army reorganized and the 1st Infantry Division came under the command of the First Army Area. In 1958, the division, in full, took part in the Royal guards parade to celebrate the birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Since that year, the division have taken part in the organizing and performing of the ceremony until the present day. On 2 April 1973, Royal Command designated the 1st Infantry Division as a King's Guard unit and changed its name to '1st Division, King's Guard', the first of its kind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158934-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Thailand), History\nOn 1 October 2019, 1st Infantry Regiment and 11th Infantry Regiment was put under the command of the Royal Security Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam)\nThe 1st Infantry Division was a division of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), first formed from PAVN units in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe Division was formed on 20 December 1965 from the PAVN 32nd, 33rd, 66th and 320th Regiment was under the control of the PAVN B3 Front in the Central Highlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe Division's 33rd and 66th Regiments were engaged in the Battle of Ia Drang from 14-18 November 1965, losing 1070-1753 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe Division was the target of Operation Paul Revere from 10 May to 1 August 1966, losing 546 killed and 68 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe Division's 33rd Regiment and the Viet Cong 95B and 101C Regiments were the target of Operation Paul Revere IV from 20 October to 30 December 1966, losing an estimated 120 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe Division and the 10th Division were the target of Operation Sam Houston from 12 February to 5 April 1967, losing 733 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe Division was the target of Operation Francis Marion from 6 April to 11 October 1967, losing 1,530 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nThe Division was engaged in the Battle of Dak To from 3 to 23 November 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nDuring the Tet Offensive of January/February 1968, the Division's 66th and 174th Regiments attacked Ben Het Camp, T\u00e2n C\u1ea3nh Base Camp and attempted to cut Highway 14 between Dak To and Kontum. The 174th Regiment's attack on T\u00e2n C\u1ea3nh took place on 30 January but by the end of the day they had been repelled for the loss of over 300 killed. On 8 February the 174th Regiment attacked T\u00e2n C\u1ea3nh again and were repulsed for the loss of 150 killed. The 32nd Regiment attempted to cut Highway 19 at Thanh An on 1 February, losing 275 soldiers in the attack. Allied forces located the Regiment's base camp on 5 February and killed a further 35 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nIn August 1968 as part of the Phase III Offensive, the Division was tasked with seizing Duc Lap Camp and then threatening Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t. During the Battle of Duc Lap from 24 to 27 August the Division's 66th Regiment lost more than 700 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nIn 1969 the Division, now comprising the 95C, 101C and 209th Regiments, was sent to the Mekong Delta area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158935-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Vietnam), Vietnam War\nDuring the Easter Offensive in southern Cambodia and the Mekong Delta the Division was the only full PAVN division engaged in the fighting. The Division suffered heavy losses in the fighting at Kompong Trach, Cambodia from 22 March to the end of April and then was unable to achieve its objectives in the Mekong Delta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158936-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe First Proletarian Division of the NOVJ was formed on November 1, 1942 from the First Proletarian Brigade, the Third Proletarian Brigade and the Third Krajina Brigade in Bosanski Petrovac, under command of Ko\u010da Popovi\u0107. It was considered one of the elite units of the NOVJ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158936-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Yugoslav Partisans), The combat path of the First Proletarian Division\nAfter its establishment, it undertook operations in central Bosnia. From November 19 to December 4, 1942, it destroyed the garrisons in Sitnica, \u010ca\u0111avica, Mrkonji\u0107 Grad, Jajce (in cooperation with the 3rd Division), Skender Vakuf and Kotor Varo\u0161. During January 1943, it captured Tesli\u0107 and     Prnjavor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158936-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Yugoslav Partisans), The combat path of the First Proletarian Division\nDuring the Battle of the Neretva in the Neretva delta, it represented the left attack column, and took part in the counterattack near Gornji Vakuf and the fighting against the Chetniks near Nevesinje and Kalinovik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158936-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Yugoslav Partisans), The combat path of the First Proletarian Division\nDuring the Battle of Sutjeska, it took part in the attack in the Fo\u010da area at the end of May 1943, and played a major role in breaking through the encirclement at Zelengora, inflicting a heavy blow against the 369th (Croatian) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158936-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Yugoslav Partisans), The combat path of the First Proletarian Division\nIn June 1943, the 3rd Sandzak Brigade left the division, and in November 1943, the 13th Proletarian Brigade joined the Division. From September 1, 1943, the First Proletarian Division was part of the 1st Proletarian Corps. The division also included the Seventh Krajina Brigade from mid-July to mid-August 1943, the Eighth Montenegrin Brigade from November 6, 1944 to February 7, 1945, the \"Italy\" Brigade (composed of Italian volunteers) from October 29, 1944, and the Artillery Brigade of November 21, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158936-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Division (Yugoslav Partisans), The combat path of the First Proletarian Division\nSince November 1943, the Thirteenth Proletarian Strike Brigade \"Rade Kon\u010dar\" has been included in its composition, with which it went through fierce fighting during the winter operations of 1944, known as Operation Resel\u0161prung, the Durmitor Operation, the offensive in western Serbia in September 1944, the Belgrade offensive and the Syrmian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158936-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Division (Yugoslav Partisans), The combat path of the First Proletarian Division\nAt the end of 1944, the First Proletarian Division had 12,367 fighters, and on April 15, 1945, 11,775 fighters. Since January 1, 1945, it was part of the First Yugoslav Army. The First Proletarian Division ended the War on May 20, 1945, stationed in the area around Trieste and Gorizia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158937-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps\nThe 1st Xinjiang Agriculture Construction Division is a para-military formation of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158937-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps\n5th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c5\u5e08)was activated in February 1949 from 359th Brigade, 2nd Column of the Northwest Field Army. The division commander was Xu Guoxian, and political commissar Li Quan. Its origin could be trace to 6th Army Corps, Chinese Red Army established in August 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158937-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps\nIn the Sino\u2013Japanese War period, the division and its predecessor troops participated in the Kelan, Shaojiazhuang, Shangxiyaojian and Xiaxiyaojian, Hundred Regiments and other important battles, killing 15977 people. During the Chinese Civil War, in the Central Plains, southwest Shanxi, Fenyang andi Xiaoyi, north Shaanxi three war three victory, Shagudian, Yuncheng, Yichuan, Xifu and east Gansu, north Dali, Fufeng and Meixian and other important battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158937-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps\nMarch 1952, 5th Division of the 13th Regiment (Red Army, less 3rd Battalion) absorbed 15th Division of PLA 5th Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158937-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps\nIn March 1953, the 5th Division reorganized as 1st Xinjiang Agricultural Construction Division(Chinese: \u65b0\u7586\u519c\u4e1a\u5efa\u8bbe\u7b2c1\u5e08), the city set up an Aksu Military Sub district offices, 14th Regiment, 15th Regiment, 13th Regiment 3rd Battalion of the 2nd Army Training Corps of the Border Camp combined into 4th Infantry Division 11th Regiment (14th regiment based).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158938-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Don Cossack Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Don Cossack Division was a Don Cossack cavalry division of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158939-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Donetsk Corps\nThe 1st Donetsk Corps was a military formation of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, it was created on September 1, 1919 and existed until 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158939-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Donetsk Corps, History\nOn September 1, 1919, a meeting of rebels was held in Dobrovelychkivka, at which a delegate was elected from each regiment. The meeting discussed the question of the further political existence of the Makhnovshchina as an independent organism. They also discussed the issue of reorganizing the rebel regiments into a single army that would be effective in guerrilla warfare. The meeting elected the Revolutionary Military Council of the Army, the central command of the Insurrectionary Army. The insurgent regiments led by Nestor Makhno were officially named the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (RIAU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158939-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Donetsk Corps, History\nViktor Belash was in charge of organizing the army. Belash developed the structure of the RIAU, which consisted of four corps (three active and one reserve), each built from a number of divisions, which were in turn divided into regiments, battalions, companies and platoons. Kalashnikov was appointed at the head of the 1st Donetsk corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158939-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Donetsk Corps, History\nOn September 27, 1919, the 1st corps took part in the Battle of Peregonovka, in which the RIAU won a major victory. On September 28, 1919, Makhno decided to conduct a deep raid on the Yekaterinoslav, in which the 1st corps also took part. The Insurgent Army set off on a march in three main columns for the raid. The infantry in carts and cavalry made daily marches of 80-90 versts. The left column, consisting of infantry regiments of the 1st corps, moved 320 miles along the route from Novoarkhanhelsk, to Elisavetgrad, Adjamka and Kamenka, before they arrived at Yekaterinoslav. Units of the 1st corps did not delay in storming the city and changed their route. As a result, Kalashnikov's column occupied Krivoy Rog (this was part of the task of the 2nd corps), and his attack on Yekaterinoslav did not take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158939-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Donetsk Corps, History\nOn January 11, 1920, at a meeting of commanders in Gulyaypole, it was decided to immediately disband the 1st corps to their homes. In the spring of 1920, an insurgent detachment headed by Nestor Makhno was created from the soldiers of the former 1st corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers and its successors were part-time coast defence units of the British Army from 1859 to 1956. Although these units saw no action, they protected the Dorset Coast, including the naval base of Portland Harbour, in both World Wars and also supplied trained gunners to siege batteries engaged on the Western Front during World War I. The unit continued in the Territorial Army after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Four Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were quickly formed in Dorsetshire:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn November 1863 they were attached to the 1st Administrative Brigade, Hampshire AVCs based at Portsmouth, then transferred to the 1st Devonshire Admin Brigade at Exeter in January 1866. Two further AVCs were formed in Dorsetshire at this time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe Dorsetshire AVCs returned to the 1st Hants Admin Bde in 1873, but the 3rd (Bridport) Corps was disbanded that year. When the Volunteers were consolidated in 1880, the Dorsetshire units became part of the 1st Hants & Dorset Artillery Volunteers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nOn 1 April 1886 the Dorset companies were separated to form an independent 1st Dorsetshire AVC, with eight companies and its HQ initially at Portland, moving to Weymouth by July 1886, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel G.E. Eliot, previously the second Lt-col of the 1st Hants & Dorset. Since 1882 all the AVCs had been affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA), with the 1st Hants and Dorset in the Southern Division. In 1886 the 1st Dorset AVC officially became the 2nd Volunteer (Dorsetshire) Brigade, Southern Division, RA. In 1889 the corps resumed its former title and two additional batteries were formed. In January 1891 the personnel from Portland were separated into the 2nd Dorsetshire AVC, but this was absorbed back into the 1st in June 1894, giving the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nBy 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme had allocated both Dorset Artillery Volunteer units to the Weymouth fixed defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished their titles were changed, the  unit becoming the 1st Dorsetshire Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902. It consisted of 10 companies (nine by 1908) with its HQ at Lower St Alban's Street, Weymouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the unit was split up:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war the Dorsetshire RGA mobilised in Southern Coast Defences under the command of Major M.J. Raymond. Shortly afterwards TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate companies were created, bringing the Dorsetshire RGA up to a strength of six companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nBy October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of Siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, and 1st line RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service had been authorised to increase their strength by 50 per cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nAlthough complete defended ports units never left the UK, they did supply drafts of trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas. They also provided cadres as the basis on which to form complete new units for front line service. 52nd Siege Battery, RGA, was formed on 30 July 1915 at Weymouth with a nucleus from the Dorsetshire RGA. Equipped with two 12-inch howitzers on railway mountings it went out to the Western Front in December 1915 and served there for the rest of the war, latterly supporting First Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nSimilarly, the cadres of 123rd and 174th Siege Batteries formed in 1916 (see below) were provided by the Dorsetshire RGA, while a large number of other siege batteries formed at Portland (87th, 116th, 129th, 136th, 145th, 177th, 183rd, 209th, 216th, 241st, 277th, 285th, 305th) and Weymouth (106th, 111th, 200th, 226th, 249th, 291st, 304th) may have included trained men from the unit among the recruits, although the Army Council Instructions did not specifically order this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nUnder Army Council Instruction 686 of April 1917, the coastal defence companies of the RGA (TF) were reorganised. The Dorsetshire RGA serving in the Portland garrison was reduced from six to just two companies, which were to be kept up to strength with non-TF recruits. In April 1918 the Portland Garrison comprised the following batteries (manned by the two Dorsetshire RGA companies and Nos 16, 28 and 30 Companies, RGA) under the control of No 5 Coastal Fire Command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 123rd Siege Battery\n123rd Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Portland on 22 March 1916 under Army Council Instruction 701 of 31 March 1916 with a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks from the Dorsetshire RGA. It went out to the Western Front on 18 July 1916, manning four 6-inch howitzers, and joined Third Army. Third Army was not engaged in any major operations during the second half of 1916, so this was a relatively quiet sector of the front. 123rd Siege Bty was assigned to 47th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) but the policy was to transfer siege batteries from one HAG to another as the situation demanded, and 123rd regularly switched between 8th and 46th HAGs with Third Army during the winter of 1916\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 123rd Siege Battery, 1917\n123rd Siege Bty served with Third Army at the Battle of Arras and then in July it moved to Fifth Army, whose heavy guns were engaged in a long artillery duel with the Germans in preparation for the Third Ypres Offensive. Slowly the British got the upper hand, and a large proportion of German guns were out of action when the infantry attacked on 31 July. However, the offensive bogged down through the summer and autumn of 1917. 123rd Siege Bty was joined by a section from the newly-arrived 414th Siege Bty in August, in preparation for bringing the battery up to a strength of six 6-inch howitzers; however it does not appear that the additional guns arrived until 19 February 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 123rd Siege Battery, 1917\nSecond Army HQ took over the faltering offensive in September, and the battery came under its control. The Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. But as the offensive continued British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to counter-battery (CB) fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 123rd Siege Battery, 1917\nOn 13 November the battery transferred to 88th HAG; by now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and in December the 88th was converted into a permanent RGA brigade. 123rd Siege Bty stayed with it until the Armistice a year later. 88th Brigade and 123rd Siege Bty were with Third Army for its surprise attack with tanks at the Battle of Cambrai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 123rd Siege Battery, 1918\nWhen the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 88th Bde was ordered to move to assist the hard-pressed VI Corps. Over the next two weeks, VI Corps and Third Army fought a series of rearguard actions through the 'Great Retreat'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 123rd Siege Battery, 1918\n88th Brigade was still with VI Corps when Third Army joined in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive at the Battle of Albert on 23 August. The artillery barrage was very good and the infantry were on their objective less than an hour after Zero. This was followed by the Battles of the Scarpe (28 August), the Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Switch Line (2 September), \u00c9pehy (18 September), the Canal du Nord (28 September) and the Second Battle of Cambrai (8 October).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 123rd Siege Battery, 1918\nThe battery's last major operation was the Battle of the Selle on 20 October. By the beginning of November 88th Bde was standing by for further operations, but the enemy was retiring so rapidly that it was difficult to get heavy guns forward into range. The brigade's batteries hardly fired another shot before the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 174th Siege Battery\n174th Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Weymouth on 13 June 1916 under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June 1916 with a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks from the Dorsetshire RGA. It went out to the Western Front in October 1916, equipped with four 6-inch howitzers, and soon joined Fifth Army which was engaged in the final stages of the Somme Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 174th Siege Battery\nLike 123rd Siege Bty, 174th regularly switched between 8th and 46th HAGs during the winter of 1916\u201317. 174th Siege Bty took part in the Battle of Arras (see above) in April 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 174th Siege Battery, 1917\nOn 21 May 1917 174th Siege Bty was transferred to Second Army in the Ypres Salient where a mass of guns and howitzers had been assembled for the Battle of Messines. Although this attack was characterised by the surprise explosion of 19 huge mines under the German lines at Zero hour, it was preceded by days of preliminary bombardment aimed at destroying strongpoints and the opposing artillery. This continued until 02.40 on 7 June, when the guns fell silent. Then at 03.10 the mines were exploded and the assault went in with massive artillery support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 174th Siege Battery, 1917\nNext, 174th Siege Bty moved to Fifth Army for the opening of the Third Ypres Offensive (see above). An even greater concentration of guns was massed than for Messines, but the circumstances were less favourable. Gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient where they were under observation and CB fire from the Germans on the higher ground: casualties among guns and gunners were high. 174th Siege Bty was rested from 19 August to 4 September before returning for the final attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 174th Siege Battery, 1917\nAfter the Passchendaele fighting the battery joined 79th HAG, which became a permanent RGA brigade the following February; 174th Siege Bty remained with it until the Armistice. The battery was joined by a section from the newly-formed 448th Siege Bty on 16 February, bringing it up to a strength of six howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 174th Siege Battery, 1918\n79th Brigade was with Second Army and was not involved in the first phase of the German Spring Offensive of 1918, but the Army was directly attacked and driven back from its positions during the following Battle of the Lys. Nevertheless the line held, and the heavy guns, often well forward, took a heavy toll of the attackers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 174th Siege Battery, 1918\n79th Brigade had shifted to First Army by 1 May, and on 28 June it supported XI Corps in Operation Borderland, a limited counter-attack on La Becque and other fortified farms in front of the Forest of Nieppe, in what was described as 'a model operation' for artillery cooperation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 174th Siege Battery, 1918\n79th Brigade joined Fourth Army on 18 August, soon after the beginning of the final Hundred Days Offensive. On 29 September IX Corps carried out an assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal, with 79th Bde amongst the mass of artillery supporting the operation. The heavy guns continued firing on the canal banks until the last possible moment as 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade stormed the outpost line and then scrambled across the canal in the morning mist. IX Corps continued to attack, at the Beaurevoir Line on 8 October, and the River Selle on 17 October. The first day of the battle went well, one German counter-attack being broken up when all available guns were turned onto it. Steady progress was also made on the second and third days as Fourth Army closed up to the Sambre Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 174th Siege Battery, 1918\nIX Corps renewed its advance on 23 October, with 79th Bde part of a massive corps artillery reserve. As the regimental historian relates, 'The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23 October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. they simply swept away the opposition'. After a pause to regroup and reconnoitre, IX Corps stormed across the canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre). After that the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy until the Armistice, in which the slow-moving siege guns could play no part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe Dorsetshire RGA was placed in suspended animation after demobilisation in 1919. It reformed in 1920 at Weymouth with one battery from the former HQ and one from the former No 3 Company. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the unit was renamed the Dorsetshire Coast Brigade, RGA, and the batteries were numbered 179 and 180. Then, when the RGA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery in 1924, the unit became the Dorsetshire Heavy Brigade, RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nIn 1926 it was decided that the coast defences of the UK would be manned by the TA alone. When the RA updated its unit designations from 'brigade' to 'regiment', the Dorsetshire changed designation on 1 November 1938. It formed part of the coast defence troops in 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Area with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war the regiment and its three batteries mobilised in the Portland Defences. The guns were controlled by Portland Fire Command at Weymouth and companies of the Dorsetshire Fortress Royal Engineers manned searchlights for coast and anti-aircraft defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nWith the danger of invasion after the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk, the coastal artillery regiments underwent a major reorganisation in the summer of 1940. On 1 July the Dorsetshire Heavy Regiment was redesignated 522nd (Dorsetshire) Coast Regiment and reorganised as six batteries, designated A to F. A number of emergency batteries of ex-Royal Navy guns were obtained for the South Coast ports, including two 6-inch Mk XII naval guns manned by the army, ordered for Poole Harbour on 22 May. These were followed by two 4.7-inch guns ordered for Lyme Regis on 14 July. Other emergency coastal batteries (each of two 4-inch Mk VII guns) were ordered on 21 July for Abbotsbury and Swanage. On 31 December 387 Coast Bty at Abbotsbury was incorporated into the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home Defence\nOn 1 April 1941, A to F Btys were numbered 102 to 107, and on 10 May 1941, 239 Independent Coast Bty (formed on 10 March) was attached to the regiment for administration and training, stationed at West Bay, Bridport Harbour, with 2 x 5.5-inch guns and 2 x searchlights. Then on 5 June 1941, 134 Bty from 533rd (Orkney) Coast Rgt arrived from Buchanan, Stirling, in Scotland, to join  522nd Rgt, taking over defences at Upton, Weymouth", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home Defence\nFrom June 1941, 522nd Coast Rgt had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home Defence\nAt their height in September 1941, the Portland area defences contained the following guns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home Defence\nOn 20 December 1941, 239 and 387 Btys were transferred to a new 'Special Coast Rgt' (569th Coast Rgt, see bwlow), which was forming at Bridport", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home Defence\nIn April 1942 the regiment came under the command of V Corps Coast Artillery HQ, changing to Hampshire & Dorset District by October when V Corps embarked for North Africa (Operation Torch). From 7 December 1942, RHQ at Portland was included in Portland Fire Command HQ. Then Canadian Corps took over responsibility for coast defence in the area as part of South Eastern Command, until it joined 21st Army Group in June 1943 and Sussex District Coast Artillery HQ took over control of 522nd Rgt. The regiment returned to the command of Hants & Dorset District in April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 569th Coast Regiment\n569th Coast Regiment was formed as a headquarters at Bridport on 12 December 1941. It took over a number of existing batteries on 20 December:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 569th Coast Regiment\nIn 1942 the regiment was also under V Corps CA HQ and then Hants & Dorset District. 58 COD rejoined 555th Coast Rgt during the summer of that year. On 6 February 1943, 239, 376 and 387 Coast Btys joined or rejoined 522nd (Dorsetshire) Coast Rgt. 569th Coast Rgt's HQ was disbanded the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later war\nAs the invasion threat receded, the coast defences were seen as absorbing excessive manpower and were scaled back, the gunners being redeployed. 569th Coast Rgt had been disbanded in early 1943, and its batteries rejoined 522nd, giving the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later war\nHowever, Portland Harbour was a major concentration point for shipping being assembled for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord), and Weymouth Bay was used for invasion exercises, so 522nd Coast Rgt did not see the same reductions as regiments elsewhere. Nevertheless, by the end of 1944 serious naval attacks on the coast could be discounted and the War Office began  reorganising surplus coastal units into infantry battalions for duties in the rear areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later war\nIn January 1945 most of the gun positions were reduced to 'care and maintenance', and on 15 January 1945 RHQ 522nd Coast Rgt and HQ Portland Fire Command were converted into RHQ  618th (Dorsetshire) Infantry Regiment, RA at Falmouth, leaving a few HQ details at Portland. On 28 February 1945 the remaining personnel of 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 134, 239 and 387 Btys joined 527th (Hampshire) Coast Rgt and the HQ details of 522nd Rgt were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Later war\nAs well as men transferred from 522nd, the new infantry regiment included a draft of 130 men from 523rd (Cornwall) Coast Rgt. It does not appear to have served overseas. 618th (Dorsetshire) Rgt began to enter suspended animation on 10 January 1946, completing the process by the end of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the regiment was reformed at Weymouth as 421st (Dorset) Coast Regiment in 102 Coast Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1956 the Coast Artillery branch was abolished, and on 31 October 421st Coast Rgt merged with 255th (Wessex) Medium Rgt to form 255th (West Somerset Yeomanry and Dorset Garrison) Medium Rgt, with its HQ at Yeovil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1961, 255th Med Rgt amalgamated with 294th (Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry) Medium Rgt as 250th (Queen's Own Dorset and West Somerset Yeomanry) Med Rgt, which included R (Dorset Garrison) Battery. The Dorset artillery lineage ended when the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158940-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Dorsetshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and Insignia\nThe 5th and 6th Dorsetshire AVCs wore distinctive buttons marked with a crown above a field gun and a laurel spray on either side. Beneath the gun was the figure 5 or 6 and round the lower edge was the word 'DORSET'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158941-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Down\n1st Down was a Detroit hip-hop group consisting of Jay Dee and Phat Kat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158941-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Down\nThe duo signed to Payday Records in 1995, and released one 12\", \"A Day Wit' The Homies\", before disbanding as a group, due to label trouble. They once again reunited for Phat Kat's Dedication to the Suckers EP, in 1999, which was produced entirely by Jay Dee. Some of their further collaborations can be found on Slum Village's Fan-Tas-Tic (Vol. 1), Jay Dee's Welcome 2 Detroit, and both of Phat Kat's solo albums, The Undeniable LP and Carte Blanche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers\nThe 1st Durham Engineers, later Durham Fortress Engineers, was a Volunteer unit of the British Army's Royal Engineers. First founded in 1868 it was sometimes united with the Tyne Electrical Engineers, at other times it formed an independent unit. Although its main role was defence of the North East Coast of England, the unit sent detachments on active service to the Suakin Expedition, the Second Boer War, and the Western Front and Italy during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1868 a new unit of Engineer Volunteers (EV) was formed at Jarrow on the County Durham bank of the River Tyne. The 1st Durham EV was raised and commanded by Charles Palmer (1822\u20131907), founder of Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company and later the first mayor and Member of Parliament for Jarrow. The 1st Durham initially comprised six companies and Palmer was commissioned as Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Volunteer Force\nBy 1874 the 1st Durham EV (now 8 companies strong) and the 1st Newcastle EV (1 company) were united into the 1st Durham Administrative Battalion EV, consolidated in 1880 as the 1st Newcastle upon Tyne and Durham EV, with Palmer as commanding officer and an establishment of 1300 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1885, the Inspector-General of Fortifications, Lieutenant-General Sir Andrew Clarke, sent a detachment of Volunteers to the Red Sea port of Suakin to assist the Regular Royal Engineers (RE) in railway construction for the British force engaged there. The detachment of 40 men was drawn from the 1st Newcastle & Durham EV and the 1st Lancashire EV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Volunteer Force\nPalmer, by now created Sir Charles Palmer, 1st Baronet of Grinkle Park, retired from the unit in 1888 with the rank of Colonel. The same year, the 1st Newcastle & Durham was split into three separate units: the 1st Durham RE (Volunteers), at Jarrow, and the Tyne Division RE (V), Submarine Miners, at North Shields, with Palmer as Honorary Commandant of both units, together with a new 1st Newcastle-on-Tyne RE (V) at Newcastle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st Durham RE (V) sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1900, and a second section the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the original plan was for the 1st Durham RE to provide the 1st Northumbrian Field Company and Divisional Signal Company in the TF's Northumbrian Division. However, by 1910 this plan had been altered, and instead the 1st Durham was redesignated the Durham Fortress Engineers, with the addition of an Electric Light Company provided by the Tyne Electrical Engineers (formerly Submarine Miners).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Territorial Force\nThe organisation of the unit on the eve of the First World War was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, First World War\nWhen the TF was mobilised on the outbreak of war in August 1914, the Durham Fortress Engineers took up their places in the North Eastern Coastal Defences. At first they were employed on constructing field defences, erecting hutted camps, etc. By the summer of 1915 there were three strong lines of entrenchments, bomb-proof shelters and dug-outs linking strongpoints and gun positions along the coast as well as the fixed defences at Tynemouth and Hartlepool. In August 1916 the Durham Fortress Engineers overcame shifting sand dunes to construct Link House Battery to defend Blyth Harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, First World War\nAlthough the coastal towns of NE England were bombarded by the German Navy on 16 December 1914 (Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby) and by Zeppelins in January and June 1915, it became clear that a fullscale German invasion of Britain was unlikely, while the armies in the field required large numbers of engineers. The Fortress Engineer units therefore began organising field companies for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, First World War\nThe Durham Fortress Engineers found three field companies, while the remainder of the unit continued to be employed around the Tyne Garrison. These companies were numbered 1st to 3rd (or formally 1/1st to 1/3rd, since they were composed of '1st-Line' Territorials who had volunteered for overseas service) and went to France in September 1915. A 530th (Durham) Reserve Field Company was also formed, from 2nd or even 3rd Line Territorials. This did not proceed overseas, and was probably quickly absorbed into the central training organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, First World War, 1st Durham Field Company\n1st Durham Field Company joined 4th Division in France on 20 September 1915 and served with it on the Western Front to the end of the war. It was renumbered 526th (Durham) Field Company, RE, in February 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, First World War, 2nd  Durham Field Company\n2nd Durham Field Company joined 5th Division in France on 20 September 1915 and served with it on the Western Front until November 1917, when the division was transferred to the Italian Front. 5th Division returned to the Western Front in April 1918 and fought there until the end of the war. It was renumbered 527th (Durham) Field Company, RE, in February 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, First World War, 3rd Durham Field Company\n3rd Durham Field Company landed at Le Havre on 18 September 1915 and joined 51st (Highland) Division on 19 September, during the latter part of the Battle of the Somme. On 30 January 1916 it transferred to 7th Division (in exchange for a Highland Field Company) and served with it on the Western Front until November 1917 when the division was transferred to the Italian front. 7th Division then served in Italy until the end of the war. It was renumbered 528th (Durham) Field Company, RE, in February 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Inter-War period\nWhen the TF was reconstituted (as the Territorial Army (TA)) in 1920, the Durham Fortress Engineers was not reformed, but was absorbed into the Tyne Electrical Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Post-Second World War\nWhen the TA was reconstituted again in 1947, no less than seven units were reformed in the Tyne Electrical Engineers' lineage. These included 132 Field Engineer Regiment, RE, which was considered to be the successor of the Durham Fortress Engineers, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Post-Second World War\nThe unit formed part of 22 Engineer Group in North East England, which was composed of units derived from the Tyne Electrical Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Post-Second World War\nOn 31 October the regiment was joined by a new field squadron formed by conversion of 426th (Durham) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery. It was numbered 336 Fd Sqn and absorbed the existing 336 Fd Park Sqn; it was redesignated 336 (Durham Coast) Crane Operating Squadron by 31 December 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Post-Second World War\nThe regiment was redesignated 132 Corps Engineer Regiment in 1957, but was disbanded in 1961. 336 Crane Operating Sqn had left the regiment in 1957; in 1965 it transferred to the Royal Corps of Transport. The regiment was disbanded in 1961, 608 Sqn disbanding and 334 Fd Sqn being absorbed into the Sunderland-based 233 Field Squadron of 105 Construction Regiment (Tyne Electrical Engineers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Memorials\nA memorial plaque was set up in Jarrow Town Hall to honour the two service sections of the 1st Durham RE who went to South Africa during the 2nd Boer War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158942-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Engineers, Memorials\nA war memorial to the men of the Durham Fortress Engineers and the three field companies who served in the First World War was unveiled in Jarrow Drill Hall in 1928. An additional inscription to 233 Field Company, RE, was added after the Second World War. The memorial is now in the RE TA Centre at Debdon Gardens, Gateshead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers\nThe 1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, later the 5th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry (5th DLI), was a part-time unit of the British Army from 1860 to the 1950s. Beginning from small independent corps of the Volunteer Force recruited in County Durham and Teesside, it became part of the Territorial Force and served as infantry in some of the bloodiest actions of the First World War. Later it was converted to anti-aircraft units that served during the Second World War both in Home Defence and in North-West Europe. Its successor units continued in the air defence role in the postwar Territorial Army until 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the Volunteer Movement, and Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) began to be organised throughout Great Britain eager to supplement the Regular British Army in case of need. The Stockton Volunteers, soon afterwards numbered as the  1st (Stockton) Durham RVC was formed with two companies on 2 February 1860 at Stockton-on-Tees. At first it formed part of the 2nd Administrative Battalion, but on 1 February 1862 it moved to a new 4th Administrative Battalion, Durham RVCs, which had its headquarters (HQ) at Stockton and including the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe Stockton Volunteers had a band that competed in regional brass band competitions from 1867 to 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nUnder the scheme of 'localisation' introduced by the Cardwell Reforms in 1873, the Durham RVCs, together with the Durham Militia and the two Regular battalions (68th Light Infantry and 106th Light Infantry) that later formed the Durham Light Infantry (DLI), constituted Brigade No 3, based at Sunderland in the Durham sub-district of Northern District. While the sub-districts were referred to as 'brigades', they were purely administrative organisations and the Volunteers were excluded from the 'mobilisation' part of the Cardwell system, though they carried out joint manoeuvres. The Teesside industrialist Samuel Sadler was appointed Commanding Officer (CO) of the battalion with the rank of lieutenant-colonel on 16 August 1876.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nWhen the Rifle Volunteer units were consolidated on 16 March 1880, the 4th Durham Admin Battalion became the new 1st Durham (1st Durham and North Riding of York) RVC, with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAfter the Childers Reforms the RVCs became Volunteer Battalions of their affiliated  Regular Army regiment on 1 July 1881, and the 1st Durham RVC formally changed its title to 1st Volunteer Battalion, Durham Light Infantry on 1 December 1887. It already wore the same red coat with white facings as the DLI. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 proposed a more comprehensive Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the Volunteer Battalions of the DLI and the Northumberland Fusiliers formed the Tyne and Tees Brigade until a separate Durham Light Infantry Brigade was formed in 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st VB contributed detachments to three successive service companies who served alongside the Regular DLI in the Second Boer War, which gained the battalion its first battle honour: South Africa 1900\u20131902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st VB became 5th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry. Unlike the rest of the DLI battalions of the TF, which continued as the Durham Light Infantry Brigade, the 5th Bn in south Durham joined the York and Durham Brigade in the TF's Northumbrian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, Mobilisation\nIn late July 1914 the units of the Northumbrian Division were at their annual training camp in North Wales. On 3 August they were ordered to return to their respective headquarters, where at 17.00 next day they received orders to mobilise. The 5th DLI mobilised at the Drill Hall, Stockton, under the command of Lt-Col G.O. Spence and went to its war station at the Hartlepools on the coast, where there were numerous alerts. On 5 September the York & Durham Bde went into camp at Ravensworth, near Gateshead, and in October the Northumbrian Division became part of Central Force in Home Defence, manning the Tyne Defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. The large majority of the Northumbrian Division accepted. On 15 August the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Ypres\nThe Northumbrian Division trained hard while manning the Tyne Defences, and was ordered to proceed to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front early in 1915. The 1/5th DLI landed at Boulogne on 18 April and the division completed its concentration in the area of Steenvoorde on 23 April. It went straight into action the next day in the Battle of St Julien (part of the Second Battle of Ypres). The York and Durham Brigade went by bus to Poperinghe, where they debussed and marched to camp at Vlamertinghe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Ypres\nThey were turned out at 01.00 on 24 April and marched to take over trenches astride Yser Canal, where they came under shellfire at first light. While other battalions made counter-attacks in support of the Canadian Division, 1/5th DLI moved to support trenches. A fresh counter-attack was ordered for 25 April, with 1/5th DLI and 1/5th Green Howards attacking beside 10th Brigade. The battalion reached its allotted position at 05.00, but found its flanks 'in the air' and returned to its former position; it had not been informed of a change to Zero hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0010-0002", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Ypres\nWhile 10th Bde made a gallant attack, 1/5th DLI remained in trenches along the St Jean\u2013St Julien road under shellfire, sending forward patrols, but out of touch with Brigade HQ. Other battalions of the division were heavily engaged, but 1/5th DLI remained in position until the night of 26/27 April, when it moved up into the front line to relieve another unit. They were themselves relieved two nights later. The Ypres Salient was now a dangerous position, and on 2 and 3 May the division was involved in a general withdrawal to a more defensible line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Ypres\nApart from providing working parties, the infantry of the Northumbrian Division was barely engaged in the Battle of Frezenberg Ridge (8\u201313 May). On 14 May the division officially became the 50th (Northumbrian) Division and the York and Durham Brigade became 150th (York and Durham) Brigade. For the next 10 days the situation was quiet but on 24 May the Germans launched another serious attack accompanied with gas (the Battle of Bellewaarde Ridge). The 50th Division had been split up to reinforce other formations and the 1/5th DLI was with 2nd Cavalry Brigade on the north-east side of Sanctuary Wood, where some companies were gassed, suffering many casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Ypres\nOver the following month the division was concentrated and took over its own section of the line south of Sanctuary Wood, 1/5th DLI relieving the Liverpool Scottish at Mount Sorrel on 6 June. 150th Brigade supported an attack at Bellwaarde on 16 June with rifle fire, but the spell in the line was relatively quiet. By the end of July the division had moved to the Armenti\u00e8res sector. The division stayed in this quiet sector until mid-November, when it moved to Merris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Ypres\nIn December 1915 the division returned to the Ypres Salient, in the Hill 60\u2013Mount Sorrel sector, in appalling conditions. In January 1916 the battalion machine-gun sections were withdrawn to form brigade machine gun companies of the Machine Gun Corps, but Lewis guns began to be issued to the infantry battalions. There was almost constant low-level fighting: on 14 February the enemy began a heavy bombardment of 150th Bde's trenches opposite Hill 60 and its rear areas, where 1/5th DLI was in brigade reserve, followed by blowing of mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Ypres\nOn 2 March an attack to recover The Bluff near Hill 60 was supported by intense fire from 50th Division's line. 150th Brigade was relieved at the end of March 1916 and the division moved to the Wytschaete sector. Here there were regular casualties from enemy shellfire and gas attacks, while the division carried out a number of raids on enemy lines. The division was withdrawn from the Wytschaete Sector in August 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Somme\n50th (Northumbrian) Division was not involved in the Somme Offensive until its third phase (the Battle of Flers\u2013Courcelette). The division took over  trenches west of High Wood facing the German Hook Trench on 10 September, in preparation for the attack on 15 September. 1/5th DLI was the reserve battalion for 150th Bde's attack, which was delivered on 15 September,  behind a creeping barrage for the first time and quickly took Hook Trench. Despite flanking fire the brigade continued onto its second and third objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Somme\nThe attack was continued the following morning after a short bombardment, this time with 1/5th DLI in the lead and its CO, Lt-Col Spence, controlling the brigade attack. The battalion formed up in Martin Trench and advanced the 400 yards (370\u00a0m) towards the objectives, Prue Trench, Starfish Line and The Crescent, supported by bombing parties from the 1/4th and 1/5th Green Howards. The leading companies came under enfilade fire and took heavy casualties, losing direction, and only captured the western half of Prue Trench.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Somme\nThe bombers tried to work along the Starfish Line but were driven back, and the small gains were consolidated, while Martin Trench in their rear was heavily bombarded. Further attempts were made that evening and the following afternoon and eventually the reinforced bombers cleared Prue and Starfish but could not take the Crescent, though German counter-attacks were driven back with Lewis gun fire. When the brigade was relieved on 19 September only four officers and 88 other ranks of 1/5th DLI answered roll-call, though many others were only slightly wounded or mixed up with other units and returned over the following days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Somme\nThe division made further piecemeal advances during the Battle of Morval (25\u201328 September), with 1/5th DLI pushing out posts from Prue Trench down Crescent Alley on the morning of 25 September. It then supported an attack by the rest of the brigade from this outpost line on the night of 26/27 September. The night attack failed, but at noon the following day a battle patrol from 1/5th DLI gained the objective. That evening the battalion extended the line towards Flers, though D Company found that reports of the village being clear of the enemy were incorrect. 150th Brigade was relieved on 28 September and was in reserve when 50th Division made another setpiece attack at the Battle of the Transloy Ridges on 1 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Somme\nThe division's infantry returned to the line on 24 October for an attack on the Butte de Warlencourt, with 1/5th DLI in the valley north of Bazentin-le-Grand. The weather and mud were so bad that the attack was several times delayed, and 150th Bde was exhausted before the date was finally settled for 5 November, and was replaced. The attack was made by 151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade and was a muddy failure, with 1/5th DLI having to relieve the exhausted attackers afterwards. Further lodgements made in the enemy positions by 149th (Northumberland) Brigade on 14 November were also driven back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Arras\nAfter a winter spent trench-holding, 50th Division was moved to the Arras sector for the forthcoming offensive (the Battle of Arras). This opened on 9 April and on 12/13 April 50th Division took over some of the captured ground. 150th Brigade remained in reserve during the attack on 14 April. However, it was in the lead when the advance was renewed on 23 April in the Second Battle of the Scarpe. It attacked towards Wancourt Tower, supported by tanks and a heavy rolling artillery barrage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Arras\n1/5th DLI was in brigade reserve, instructed to set off at Zero plus 15 minutes (05.00) onto the hillside north of the Tower. The barrage moved too slowly, and the assaulting infantry suffered casualties by advancing into it. They took their early objectives, but got into difficulties. 1/5th DLI sent up D Company at 06.30 carrying spare ammunition and to fill the gap that had opened between the two attacking battalions. They reached the railway line but could not contact one of the battalions and their flank was left in the air. B Company then followed up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0017-0002", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Arras\nBy 08.10 the remnants of the attackers and their DLI supports were back in the British front line fighting off a counter-attack. The division attacked with a fresh brigade in the afternoon, preceded by another barrage and with 1/5th DLI once more in support; this succeeded and they held their objectives by nightfall. The casualties amongst 1/5th DLI that day were four officers and 23 other ranks killed, three officers and  137 other ranks wounded, and one officer and 96 other ranks missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Arras\nDuring the summer of 1917 the division held a section of the line, with frequent raids and exchanges of artillery fire. On the night of 25/26 June 1/5th DLI and 1/5th Green Howards led a brigade-scale raid. The battalion had A and B Companies engaged, and captured all but a small section of their objective, establishing a new strongpoint in the captured trench near 'Rotten Row'. The battalion only suffered about 10 casualties in this action. On 27 July the battalion attempted a small raid of two officers and 20 other ranks. After advancing without seeing any enemy, they were attacked with a show of stick-grenades and had to withdraw, carrying their wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Passchendaele\nIn October 50th Division returned to the Ypres Salient to take part in the last and worst phase of the Third Ypres Offensive, the Second Battle of Passchendaele. 149th Brigade attacked at 05.40 on 26 October, but from the first the infantry struggling through the mud could not keep up with the creeping barrage, which had no effect on the concrete pillboxes. The suffered appalling casualties and gained almost no ground. 150th Brigade relieved them that night, with 1/5th DLI at Pascal Farm in support. Some advances were made on 30 and 31 October, and the division was finally withdrawn for rest and training on 9 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Passchendaele\nBy February 1918 the BEF was suffering a severe manpower crisis and infantry brigades were reorganised on a three-battalion establishment. 1/5th DLI moved to 151st (DLI) Bde on 12 February, replacing two battalions that had been transferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\n50th (Northumbrian) Division was 20\u201325 miles behind the lines in GHQ Reserve when the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918 (the Battle of St Quentin). The infantry of the division marched across the River Somme and were deployed for action on the 'Green Line' by 08.00 that morning. There they attempted to improve the partially-dug defences before the troops retreating from the German advance passed through them. 1/5th DLI was sent forward on loan to 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, taking up a position near Nobescourt Farm to stop the enemy debouching from Roisel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\nOnce 66th Division had passed through, the battalion retired to the Green Line, taking up its position on the right of 151st Bde, but part of the battalion was almost cut off at Nobescourt Farm, where it held out until ordered to withdraw. Although the attack ceased at nightfall, the division was ordered to pull back towards the Somme Canal, which it carried out covered by darkness and next morning's mist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\nMost of 50th Division played little part in the Battle of the Somme Crossings on 24 March, but 1/5th DLI was still detached with 66th Division at Foucaucourt. As the Germans began crossing the canal, companies of the battalion were sent forward ready to counter-attack. At 18.00 D Company joined 2/8th Bn Lancashire Fusiliers attacking the bridgehead at P\u00e9ronne; the DLI made two attempts, but the task was too great for a single company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\nAt dawn on 25 March A and B Companies were in bivouacs near Villers-Carbonnel, D Company was in the front line with 66th Division, and C Company was in support about 500 yards (460\u00a0m) south of La Maisonette. A violent enemy bombardment began at 09.00 and strong German forces crossed the canal. 1/5th DLI was ordered to counter-attack and A and B Companies set off, under attack by German aircraft, and occupied the high ground overlooking the valley leading from the Somme to Barleux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0022-0002", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\nThey were joined by the other companies and by part of 1/7th DLI (50th Division's pioneer battalion), which had been driven back from the canal. They were positioned in a well-wired old trench, with 1/7th DLI on the left, but with their right flank in the air. From this commanding position the battalion caused heavy casualties to the advancing Germans. Just before dusk the Germans massed for an attack, but the DLI were able to signal back to Brigade HQ, and a battery of field guns dispersed the attack with rapid fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0022-0003", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\nBy now the DLI were isolated: orders to withdraw during the night failed to reach the battalion, but fortuitously they made contact with a small party of Northumberland Fusiliers who had been sent to cover their withdrawal, and eventually the 1/5th and /17th DLI got away to be attached to 149th Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\nOn the morning of 26 March the Germans renewed their attacks, bringing on the Battle of Rosi\u00e8res. 66th Division was forced back, uncovering the flank of 149th Bde, which had to withdraw to the Rosi\u00e8res\u2013Vauvillers line. The following morning, A and D Companies of 1/5th DLI were covering Rosi\u00e8res station, while the rest of the battalion (about 5 officers and 120\u2013140 men) were at Vauvillers in support of 149th Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\nThe enemy attacked the new line about 08.00, and at 11.00 A and D Companies were ordered to withdraw to the railway bridge between Rosi\u00e8res and Guillaucourt, covered by a counter-attack by C Company when the battalion on the left withdrew too soon. The withdrawal and a subsequent counter-attack along with 1/7th DLI were carried out under attack by 8\u20139 enemy aircraft, shellfire and machine gun fire: 'After a while it became very exciting as we could see the enemy halt and turn back through the trees near Vauvillers. Our men gave a sort of grunt and advanced ten times as quickly as before'. By the end of 27 March the battalion was back at Rosi\u00e8res station, tired and short of ammunition, where it came under the orders of 8th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\nOn the morning of 28 March 149th Bde (including 1/5th DLI) moved back to the Caix\u2013Guillaucourt line, where it received yet another attack. By the end of the day the exhausted brigade had retired across the River Luce to Moreuil on the Avre. On 29 March the brigade came under the command of 20th (Light) Division and was ordered to advance in support of an attack by that formation, which failed. The consequent retirement of 20th Division uncovered the flank of 149th Bde, which launched a second counter-attack, 1/5th DLI attacking a wood immediately north of Villers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Rosi\u00e8res\nThis gave the 20th time to reform. On 31 March the Germans attacked yet again, pushing 20th and 50th Divisions back, apart from 1/5th DLI and 6th Northumberland Fusiliers, who held their ground covering Hangard, only to be attacked by the British 18th (Eastern) Division under the impression that the Germans held Hangard. The remnants of 50th Division were relieved on 1 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Estaires\nOut of the line the 50th Division reorganised, absorbing large numbers of inexperienced reinforcements, and 1/5th DLI returned to 151st Bde. On the night of 9/10 April it was due to relieve the 2nd Portuguese Division in front of Estaires, but the second phase of the German Spring Offensive (Operation Georgette) was launched on 9 April (the Battle of Estaires) and broke through the Portuguese positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Estaires\n50th Division was 'stood to' as soon as the German bombardment began, and the regimental band played as the 1/5th DLI marched off to its assigned battle position covering the bridgeheads across the River Lys at La Gorgue, Nouveau Monde (Pont Levis) and Pont de la Meuse. Estaires was already under shellfire and becoming impassable for transport, and the battalion suffered casualties before it had cleared the town. As the Portuguese retreated, the positions taken up by the battalion became the Allied front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0025-0002", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Estaires\nThe first German column reached the Lys at Nouveau Monde some time before 15.00 and 1/5th DLI was ordered to hold Pont Levis at all costs and to counter-attack with a reserve company towards Laventie to improve the position. By 18.00 the situation was becoming serious, and 1/5th DLI had used up all its reserves. The Pont Levis bridgehead was lost but recaptured in a counter-attack by the men of 151st Brigade Trench Mortar Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0025-0003", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Estaires\nGerman troops supported by artillery, mortars and machine guns, pushed the garrison back again and looked as if they would hold the bridge, but it was recaptured by a rushed led by Privates T. Tweddle and E. Dean. By 19.00 enemy field guns had been brought up to smash the bridgeheads and machine guns in Nouveau Monde had enfiladed the garrisons, and it was decided to blow up the bridges. 1/5th DLI was ordered back across the river; Pont de la Mueuse and the bridge at La Gorgue were destroyed, but two attempts to blow up Pont Levis failed to destroy it completely. 1/5th Durham Light Infantry were relieved by 149th Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Estaires\nThe battalion endured heavy fighting around Estaires the next day, and were withdrawn at 20.00 to positions south-east of Vierhouck, where it took up positions in some old trenches running from the Estaires\u2013Neuf-Berquin road to a bend in the Lys Canal. It was attacked at daybreak on 11 April, with enemy mortars and field guns brought up to close range, and snipers operating behind iron shields. The German infantry advanced from Estaires and La Gorgue and penetrated a 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) gap between the 1/5th and 1/6th DLI, threatening to envelop C Company of 1/5th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Estaires\nThe battalion fell back slowly to a line east of Neuf-Berquin that had been prepared by the Royal Engineers with an excellent field of fire. Here they caused heavy casualties until driven out by close-range artillery and concentrated machine gun fire, losing their CO (Lt-Col G.O. Spence) wounded. ' The line was now composed of small groups of men utterly worn out with continuous fighting and isolated from one another'. But the German troops discovered liquor stores at Estaires and Neuf-Berquin and their officers lost control of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0026-0002", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Estaires\n1/5th Durham Light Infantry was able to withdraw unmolested and dig in on a new line. The Germans renewed the attack on 12 April (the Battle of Hazebrouck), but by now 50th Division was being pulled out. 4th Guards Brigade relieved 1/5th DLI, whose survivors went to reinforce the line opposite Merville. Fortunately, the enemy pressure was not great, and 151st Bde was fully relieved at 03.00 on 13 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Aisne\nOnce again the thinned ranks of the battalions were brought up to strength with inexperienced reinforcements, and in late May 1918 50th Division was moved to a 'quiet' sector on the Chemin des Dames to relieve French troops. However, intelligence warned of impending attack, and on 26 May 1/5th DLI was moved up from reserve. The following day the next phase of the German Offensive opened on the Chemin des Dames ridge (the Third Battle of the Aisne). The front line was flattened by German artillery, and the attack was led by tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Aisne\nC and D Companies of 1/5th DLI were sent to garrison 'International Line', followed by A and B Companies. C and D Companies held up the advance for a while, but found the enemy behind them in Pontavert and they withdrew to a line near the dressing station in that village. A and B Companies were simply surrounded and captured. 149th and 151st Brigades combined to hold Hill 233 on 28 May, and by 29 May the whole division had been reduced to the strength of a single composite battalion, which fought on for several days as the German offensive was eventually stopped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 1/5th Battalion, Aisne\nOn 15 July 1918, the battalions of the DLI Bde were reduced to training cadres and moved to Dieppe on the lines of communication. On 18 August the battalion cadres joined 117th Bde of 39th Division at Rouen, where they were used to train American troops. 1/5th Durham Light Infantry was demobilised on 9 November 1918 as the war was drawing to a close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 2/5th Battalion\nThe 2/5th DLI was formed on 2 January 1915 at Stockton and in May was at Longbenton, near Newcastle upon Tyne where 2nd Northumbrian Divisional HQ had opened in January 1915. By now all the division's Home Service men had been transferred to separate units and thenceforth the 2nd Line units had the role of training drafts for the 1st Line serving in France. While under training they were responsible for defending the coast of North East England from Seaham Harbour through Sunderland to Newcastle, with 2/5th DLI at Cramlington. The division officially became the 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division on 16 August, when the 2nd York and Durham Brigade was numbered 189th. In November 1915 the division moved into winter quarters with 2/5th DLI at Retford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 2/5th Battalion\nThe 63rd Division never reached its intended establishment, and the continuous demand from the Western Front for reinforcements meant that it could never take the field. In July 1916 189th Bde furnished another large draft for 1st Line units overseas, after which the division was broken up. The brigades remained in existence as draft-finding units, the 189th moving to Catterick Camp after the disbandment of the division. On 31 October 1916 the 2/5th DLI left 189th Bde and went via Le Havre and Marseilles to Salonika to be a garrison battalion. On arrival on 15 November it was assigned to XVI Corps Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 2/5th Battalion\nOn 1 March 1917 the battalion joined 228th Bde. Although an independent formation, 228 Bde was always associated with 28th Division. The brigade was formed of garrison battalions, which were not normally expected to serve in the front line due to the men's age or low medical category. One staff officer wrote: 'Physically the brigade was in a terrible state. They were splendid crocks ... Some were almost blind, some almost deaf, and [one battalion] ... had more than sixty men over sixty years old'. Because of its slow rate of marching, the 228th became known as the 'Too Too Late Brigade'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 2/5th Battalion\nOn 30 September 1918, during the final Allied offensive on the Salonika Front, 228 Bde came under the command of the Greek Crete Division, before being broken up on 4 October 1918. However, 2/5th DLI continued its garrison duties after the war ended, finally being disbanded at Constantinople on 20 October 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 3/5th Battalion\nThe 3/5th Bn was formed at Stockton on 25 March 1915 and then moved to Catterick, where its role was to train drafts for the 1st and 2nd Line battalions. On 8 April 1916 it was renamed the 5th Reserve Bn DLI and on 1 September it absorbed the Reserve battalions of the other DLI TF battalions as part of the Northumbrian Reserve Brigade. In October it moved to Redcar and then back to Catterick in December. In the summer of 1917 it moved to Hornsea, and then in the spring of 1918 to Sutton-on-Sea where it remained as part of the Humber Garrison for the rest of the war. It was disbanded on 17 April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 27th Battalion\nIn 1915 the Home Service men of the 5th DLI and 4th East Yorkshire Regiment were combined into the 25th Provisional Battalion at York, where they were joined by the unfit men from the 2nd and 3rd Line TF battalions. The battalion served in home defence with 2nd Provisional Brigade, under the orders of Southern Army, and was billeted in  St Osyth in Essex .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, First World War, 27th Battalion\nThe Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Brigades thus became anomalous, and on 1 January 1917 the remaining battalions became numbered battalions of their parent units: 25th Provisional Bn became 27th Battalion DLI and 2nd Provisional Brigade became the 222nd Brigade. Part of these units' role was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas, alongside units of the Training Reserve. The brigade moved to the Isle of Thanet in April 1917 but never served overseas, and 27th DLI was demobilised at Canterbury on 4 July 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nThe TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920 and tth Battalion, Durham Light Infantry, was reformed at Stockton. The TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) the following year. Once again the battalion formed part of 150th (York and Durham) Brigade in 50th (Northumbrian) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nDuring the late 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA infantry battalions into AA units. 5th Battalion DLI was converted to the searchlight (S/L) role in 1938 as 54th Searchlight Regiment. Immediately afterwards the TA was expanded following the Munich Crisis, with 5th DLI forming a duplicate unit in early 1939, leading to the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, Mobilisation\nIn February 1939 the UK's AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command. In June 1939 a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. Both DLI units were in 43 AA Brigade of  7 AA Division, which was still being formed in North East England when war was declared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment\nEquipment was critically short at the outbreak of war. Luckily, the months of the Phoney War that followed mobilisation allowed AA Command to address its equipment shortages and a Gun Defence Area (GDA) with heavy AA (HAA) guns supported by S/Ls was established by 43 AA Bde around Teesside including Middlesbrough and Billingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, Blitz\nOn 1 August 1940 all the infantry units converted to the S/L role became part of the Royal Artillery (RA), so the 1/5th DLI became 54th (Durham Light Infantry) Searchlight Regiment, RA. By the time the Luftwaffe's night Blitz against British cities began, 54th S/L Rgt had transferred to 31 (North Midland) AA Bde responsible for S/L defence of the West Yorkshire towns and cities. This became part of a new 10 AA Division on 1 November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, Blitz\nThe S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3,500 yards (3,200\u00a0m), but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6,000 yards (5,500\u00a0m). As the Luftwaffe switched to night raids against London and other cities the S/L layout was changed in November to clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards (9,500\u00a0m) apart. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or RAF Night fighters. Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with searchlight control (SLC or 'Elsie') radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply. The number of raiders shot down steadily increased until mid-May 1941, when the Luftwaffe scaled down its attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 935]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, Mid-War\n54th (DLI) Searchlight Rgt supplied a cadre of experienced officers and men to 235th S/L Training Rgt at Ayr where it provided the basis for a new 530 S/L Bty formed on 14 November 1940. This battery later joined 55th (DLI) S/L Rgt (see below). Meanwhile 547 S/L Bty was formed on 16 January 1941 at 232nd S/L Training Rgt at Devizes from a cadre provided by 40th (Sherwood Foresters) S/L Rgt. This battery was regimented with 54th S/L Rgt on 5 May 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, Mid-War\nIt established its HQ at Otley where it was temporarily joined by a few officers from 411, 412 and 413 Btys, and its men 'double-banked' S/L sites operated by 370 Bty of 43rd (Duke of Wellington's Regiment) S/L Rgt. After this familiarisation period, 370 S/L Bty left and the new battery took over the sites at places all across Yorkshire, such as Adel, Killinghall, and Tickhill. Occasional night raids continue to pass over on their way to attack the West Yorkshire towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, Mid-War\nBy the Summer of 1941 AA Command began to receive purpose-built SLC radar in sufficient numbers to allow some S/Ls to be 'declustered' into single-light sites. These were redeployed into 'Indicator Belts' of radar-controlled S/L clusters covering approaches to the RAF's night-fighter sectors, repeated by similar belts covering AA Command's GDAs. Inside each belt was a 20-mile deep 'Killer Belt' of single S/Ls spaced at 6,000 yards (5,500\u00a0m) intervals, cooperating with night-fighters patrolling defined 'boxes'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0043-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, Mid-War\nThe pattern was designed to ensure that raids penetrating deeply towards the GDAs would cross more than one belt, and the GDAs had more S/Ls at close spacing. 54th S/L Rgt established a regimental school at Huttons Ambo where the Master Detachments for each indicator belt cluster were trained. In July it provided 12 'Scarecrow' S/L detachments supporting a Heavy AA Regiment deployed along the Yorkshire Coast, and it deployed mobile detachments each with a 90\u00a0cm S/L, sound detector and Light machine gun (LMG) at positions around RAF Church Fenton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, Mid-War\n547 S/L Battery left the regiment in January 1942, and the following month it was converted into 413 Light AA (LAA) Bty in 124th LAA Rgt, itself formed from 51st (Highland) S/L Rgt. In September 1942, 413 LAA Bty left 124th LAA Rgt and joined 140th LAA Rgt in Essex, and afterwards moved to 143rd LAA Rgt; it remained in the UK for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, Mid-War\nOn 30 September 1942 the AA Divisions and Corps were dissolved and a new 5 AA Group assumed responsibility for North-East England, including 31 AA Bde. The regiment remained part of this organisation for the next two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, North West Europe\nEarly in 1944, 31 AA Bde and its S/L units were earmarked for overseas service with 21st Army Group in Operation Overlord. The regiments re-equipped their AA LMG sections with twin Browning machine guns and carried out 'Bullseye' S/L exercises over North East England with the Night fighters of No. 264 Squadron RAF. Between training, field force AA units were loaned back to AA Command, and 31 AA Bde retained its responsibilities under 5 AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, North West Europe\nThe 'Overlord' planners envisaged searchlight-assisted night-fighter cover of the whole Normandy beachhead and bases once the landings had been made. A detailed plan was made in advance to have a belt of S/L positions deployed from Caen to the Cherbourg peninsula. This required nine S/L batteries of 24 lights, spaced at 6,000 yards (5,500\u00a0m) intervals, six rows deep. Each battery area was to have an orbit beacon, around which up to four fighters would be positioned at varying heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0047-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, North West Europe\nThese would be allocated by fighter controllers, and the S/Ls would  assist by illuminating targets and indicating raid  approaches, while area boundaries would be marked by vertical S/Ls. 54th (DLI) was one of six S/L regiments specially trained for this work under 31 and 50 AA Bdes. In practice, most of this was never implemented, liaison with the US Army units around Cherbourg having proved problematical. In the end, only one of the S/L regiments was actually deployed and came under US command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, North West Europe\nEven though assigned to GHQ AA Troops for 21st Army Group, 31 AA Bde remained in England under AA Command while the Normandy campaign was fought. 54th S/L Regiment moved to its concentration area on 23 June, but when the break-out from the beachhead began in early September it was still in England. 31 Brigade HQ finally landed at Arromanches on 2 October, but 54 S/L Rgt remained in England, training round Shaftesbury in Dorset into late October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, North West Europe\nBrussels was liberated from the Germans in September 1944, and in October it came under  bombardment by V-1 flying bombs (codenamed 'Divers'). To deal with this menace, an integrated system ('Brussels X' ) was developed with warning stations and observation posts, supported by radar and searchlights under the operational command of 101st AA Brigade. 54th S/L Regiment was despatched from England to join this layout, arriving between 10 and 19 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, North West Europe\nThe vital supply port of Antwerp was also under Diver attack, while the approaches up the Scheldt estuary to Antwerp Docks and the Ghent canal were menaced by torpedo boats, midget submarines and aircraft dropping Parachute mines. These were covered by LAA guns, but they needed more S/L coverage at night, and in December 54th S/L Rgt was brought across from 'Brussels X' to join 5th Royal Marines AA Bde at Antwerp. These forces, with various changes in brigade responsibilities, remained in action until April 1945. At the end of the month, just before hostilities ended on VE Day, 411 S/L Bty was detached with 50 AA Bde on the Scheldt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 54th Searchlight Regiment, North West Europe\nOn 12 May all AA positions in 21st Army Group were ordered to stand down, but this did not at first apply to those in coastal positions such as the Scheldt, because of uncertainty about the intentions of German naval units still at sea when the surrender was signed. 54th (DLI) S/L regiment passed into suspended animation on 4 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 55th Searchlight Regiment\nAs with the 1/5th DLI, the 2/5th Bn was transferred to the RA in August 1940 as 55th (Durham Light Infantry) Searchlight Regiment, RA. It remained in 43 AA Bde in 7 AA Division covering North East England during the Blitz. 530 Searchlight Bty formed by a cadre from 54th (DLI) S/L Rgt (see above) was regimented on 11 February 1941. Meanwhile 55th (DLI) S/L Rgt itself supplied a cadre to 234th S/L Training Rgt at Carlisle to form a new 557 S/L Bty on 13 February. This battery later joined a new 92nd S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 55th Searchlight Regiment\nIn the autumn of 1941, 57 LAA Bde assumed responsibility for all the S/L units in 7 AA Division. At the end of 1941 AA Command was still critically short of LAA units, and began a programme of converting S/L regiments to that role. 55th (DLI) S/L Regiment was one of those selected, and in January 1942 it became 113th  (Durham Light Infantry) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe new regiment was organised with 368, 369, 370, 371 LAA Btys, and at the beginning of April 1942 it took its place in 41 (London) AA Bde, defending East Anglia as part of 2 AA Division (5 AA Group from October 1942).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\n371 LAA Battery was transferred to 20th LAA Rgt on 12 July 1942. In June 1943 371 LAA Bty became independent as AA Command Operational Trials Battery at Minster on the Isle of Sheppey and at gunsite TS21 by the Thames Estuary, which was used by the scientists of AA Command's Operational Research Group under Patrick Blackett ('Blackett's Circus').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\n55th Searchlight Rgt left 41 AA Bde at the beginning of December 1942, and early in 1943 it left AA Command entirely to join 21st Army Group as a mobile regiment equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nWhen Operation Overlord was launched on D-Day, 6 June 1944, 113th LAA Rgt was in 100 AA Bde waiting to cross to Normandy. Some of the brigade's units, including 113th LA Rgt less one of its batteries, were sent on ahead to operate under 80 AA Bde. On arrival on 25 June, the regiment's CO was ordered to deploy his guns at three Vital Points (VPs) along the Caen Canal and take over as AA Defence Commander (AADC) for these sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0057-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nOn 15 July the CO and brigadier reconnoitred new gunsites to cover a new bridge the Royal Engineers were to build across the Caen Canal in connection with the forthcoming offensive (Operation Goodwood). 370 S/L Battery arrived and took over this new VP. Because of 'friendly fire' incidents most AA guns in the bridgehead were forbidden to fire during daylight hours, but this restriction did not apply to the four VPs at the canal bridges, where day and night engagements against Luftwaffe raiders were frequent and intense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\n113th LAA Regiment was withdrawn from 80 AA Bde on 13 August and left the canal to rejoin 100 AA Bde, which had arrived in stages over the previous few weeks. When 21st Army Group broke out from the Normandy beachhead in the last days of August and crossed the Seine, 100 AA Bde followed up to provide LAA defence for the bridges. As the advance continued, it carried out the same procedure at the Somme crossings on 30 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0058-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nWhen the leading motorised groups of XII Corps and XXX Corps reached the outskirts of Antwerp on 5 September, the reconnaissance parties, tactical HQs and leading batteries of 100 and 106 AA Bdes were close on their heels. 113th LAA Rgt entered the city as the LAA component of 106 AA Bde", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 91], "content_span": [92, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Low Countries\nThis rapid advance was followed by the attempt to seize all the bridges to the Nederrijn at Arnhem (Operation Market Garden). The operation was a failure overall, but XXX Corps got over the Waal at Nijmegen. 113th LAA Regiment was back under 100 AA Bde, the leading parties of which arrived on 20 September while fighting for the bridges was still going on, an advance from the Seine of 320 miles (510\u00a0km) carried out in 21 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0059-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Low Countries\nThe follow-up columns travelling the last stage of the journey up the single road were several times interrupted by air attacks and by tank fire. On 27 September 368 LAA Battery got up to the bridges, where there were frequent air attacks by day and night, and the bridgehead was under continuous shellfire. The following day, 113th LAA Rgt (less one battery) was deployed north of the bridges on AA and ground defence, while another troop of the regiment with 474th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0059-0002", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Low Countries\nIndependent S/L Bty became responsible for defending the bridges against attack from the river, by mines, assault craft or torpedo boats. On 29 September, German Frogmen succeeded in placing explosive charges on the bridge piers. Nevertheless, the bridges remained serviceable or repairable. This deployment continued until 10 November, when 100 AA Bde was finally relieved of its fighting garrison responsibilities and moved to join VIII Corps to prepare for future operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Low Countries\nBy late December, 100 AA Bde was with VIII Corps in southern Holland  around Weert, Helmond and Deurne, preparing to cross the Meuse (Dutch: Maas). Luftwaffe air activity had been slight for several weeks, but on 17 December it carried out hundreds of sorties over 21st Army Group in support of the Ardennes Offensive (the Battle of the Bulge).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0060-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Low Countries\nThese attacks by groups of Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Fighter-bombers against the Maas and Waal bridges and on artillery positions were carried out at low level to avoid radar detection and the fighters of 2nd Tactical Air Force, and so the primary defences were the LAA guns. Further waves of low-level attacks were made on 24 December and culminated on New Year's Day with Operation Bodenplatte. In 100 AA Bde's area about 50 enemy aircraft were active on 1 January, of which eight were shot down. The LAA batteries noticed that well-concerted fire dissuaded many pilots from pressing home their attacks. The LAA batteries were now able to fire effective radar-controlled barrages at night, and practised combining LAA fire with S/L dazzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 96], "content_span": [97, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Across the Rhine\n21st Army Group resumed its offensive in February 1945 with the three-week Operation Veritable to clear the Rhineland, in which 113th LAA Rgt was with 100 AA Bde supporting VIII Corps across the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) towards Venlo. This was followed by the set-piece assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder), in which 100 AA Bde supported XII Corps. The huge build-up of equipment and supplies represented a major AA defence task. Then 48 hours before Zero, the regiment was one of those that moved into concealed positions close up to the river bank. The operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 99], "content_span": [100, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0061-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Across the Rhine\nbegan on XII Corps' front at 22.00 on the night of 23/24 March. The Luftwaffe appeared the following night, with scattered attacks on bridging sites, artillery areas and supply routes, but there were few in 100 AA Bde's area. On D+1 (25 March) 113th LAA Rgt moved forward to defend the west bank bridgehead while 112th (DLI) LAA Rgt began taking up positions across the river. That night there were larger numbers of  attacks by Junkers Ju 88 bombers, but 112th and 113th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 99], "content_span": [100, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0061-0002", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Across the Rhine\nLAA Rgts dealt with these by firing 'radial zone' Bofors barrages using radar data; three enemy aircraft were shot down and others took evasive action. The following night was again busy, with disjointed raiding, but the night of 27 March was the last of any significant action. By 28 March XII Corps' bridges at Xanten were complete and the armoured divisions were beginning to advance across Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 99], "content_span": [100, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Across the Rhine\nThe regiments of 100 AA Bde advanced with VIII and XII Corps towards the Weser, which was crossed between 9 and 11 April. There were brisk actions against dive-bombers and fighter-bombers. German resistance diminished once the Weser was crossed, and a number of AA units handed in their equipment and were employed on occupation duties. On 24 April, 113th LAA Rgt was ordered to join 103 AA Bde operating as infantry in the Fallingbostel area. The regiment's duties included ameliorating the horrors of the newly-liberated Belsen concentration camp. When the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath was signed on 5 May the occupation troops were fully engaged in collecting, controlling and repatriating Displaced persons, released Prisoners of war, and surrendered German troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 99], "content_span": [100, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Second World War, 113th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Across the Rhine\n113th (DLI) LAA Regiment went into suspended animation between 1 February and 18 March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 99], "content_span": [100, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reformed on 1 January 1947, 54th S/L Rgt was reconstituted at Stockton as 589 (The Durham Light Infantry) Searchlight Regiment, RA, and 113th LAA Rgt as 590 (The Durham Light Infantry) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA, both in 56 (Northumbrian) AA Bde based at Sunderland as part of 3 AA Group. Both were redesignated as Light Anti- Aircraft/Searchlight regiments on 16 March 1949, 589 becoming a 'Mixed' regiment including members of the Women's Royal Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nAA Command was disbanded in 1955 and there were wholesale mergers among its TA regiments. The two DLI units amalgamated with 485 (Tees) Heavy AA Rgt at Middlesbrough to form 437 Light Anti- Aircraft Rgt with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nIn this reorganisation some of 590 LAA/SL Rgt's personnel also formed 508 Field Squadron, Royal Engineers, in 105 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Engineer Rgt, transferring in 1961 to 118 (Tees) Corps Engineer Regiment and disbanding in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1961, 437 LAA Rgt, together with 885 Locating Battery at Darlington, was amalgamated into 463 (7th Durham Light Infantry) LAA/SL Rgt at Sunderland. The newly merged regiment was going to take the subtitle 'Durham', but this was quickly changed to 'Durham Light Infantry'. RHQ and R Btys came from 463 LAA, P and Q Btys from 437 LAA. In 1964 the LAA designation was updated to 'Light Air Defence'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, County of Durham Regiment\nWhen the TA was reduced to the Territorial Army and Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) in 1967, 463 (Durham Light Infantry) LAD Rgt became the bulk of the County of Durham Regiment, RA, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, County of Durham Regiment\nHowever, many TAVR units were reduced to cadres in 1969, including the County of Durham Rgt. The DLI parts of the regiment joined 72 Engineer Rgt, RE, in which part of R Bty formed a Troop of 118 Field Squadron at Sunderland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, County of Durham Regiment\nThe TAVR was expanded again in 1971, and the cadre of the County of Durham Rgt formed  A (Durham Royal Artillery) Battery at Hordern in a new regiment, the Northumbrian Volunteers. This battalion in turn was broken up in 1975, with A (Durham Royal Artillery) and E (6th/8th DLI) Companies transferring to 7th Battalion, The Light Infantry, thus reuniting four out of five of the former Volunteer units of the DLI in one battalion (the 9th battalion became a parachute unit).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Insignia\nIn 1941, 55th (DLI) S/L Rgt sought permission to add the subtitle 'Palatine' and to adopt as their regimental arm badge the coat of arms of the Bishopric of Durham (a blue shield bearing a gold cross and a gold lion rampant in each quarter). Copies of the badge were printed and worn but permission for the title and badge was refused. After the Second World War, sergeants and above of 590 LAA Rgt wore a green lanyard to symbolise their DLI heritage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Honorary Colonels\nThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158943-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, Memorials\nA wooden plaque bearing the battle honours of the 5th DLI was erected in St Thomas's Church, Stockton, after the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery\nThe 1st Durham Volunteer Artillery was a unit of Britain's Volunteer Force and Territorial Army from 1860 to 1956. During World War I, it was the only coastal defence unit to engage the enemy, and it also trained siege gunners for service on the Western Front. It continued its coast defence role in World War II, after which it was converted into air defence and engineer units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Volunteer Force\nAn invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Four Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were raised in County Durham, with their officers' commissions being issued on 14 March 1860:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Volunteer Force\nThe first Captain Commandant of the 1st Durham AVC at Sunderland was the local politician Sir Hedworth Williamson, Bt (1827\u20131900). He commanded it for 28 years and was appointed its Honorary Colonel in 1888 after command of the unit passed to Lt-Col Edwin Vaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Volunteer Force\nThe 2nd (Seaham) Corps was initially the largest of the four Durham AVCs, and the other three were attached to it for administrative purposes from August 1863. However, the attachment of the 1st Durham AVC was changed to the 1st Administrative Brigade of Northumberland Artillery Volunteers in November 1873. When that brigade was consolidated on 23 July 1880 to form the 1st Northumberland and Durham AVs (renamed the 1st Northumberland (Northumberland and Sunderland) from April 1882), the 1st Durham AVC provided Nos 13\u201315 Btys, later renumbered as Nos 7\u20139 Btys when another corps left the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st Northumberland Brigade became part of the Northern Division of the Royal Artillery, on 1 April 1882. A reorganisation of the divisions on 1 July 1887 saw the 1st Durham AVC regain its independence, with HQ at Sunderland and eight batteries, attached to the Western Division, with the subtitle '(Western Division Royal Artillery)' added to its designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Volunteer Force\nAs well as manning fixed coast defence artillery, some of the early Artillery Volunteers  manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. But the War Office refused to pay for the upkeep of field guns for Volunteers and they had largely died out in the 1870s. In 1888 the 'position artillery' concept was  revived and some Volunteer artillery companies were reorganised as position batteries to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. On 14 July 1892 the 1st Durham Volunteer Artillery were reorganised as one position battery and six companies (seven companies by 1894). The HQ was in Sunderland, except No 6 Company at Southwick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Volunteer Force\nOn 1 June 1899 all the Volunteer artillery units became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and with the abolition of the RA's divisional organisation  on 1 January 1902, the unit became the 1st Durham RGA (Volunteers). ' Position batteries' were redesignated 'heavy batteries' in May 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Volunteer Force, The Vaux connection\nEdwin Vaux (1844\u20131908), who commanded the 1st Durham AVC from 1888, and was Hon Col from 1906, was a member of the prominent Vaux brewing family of Sunderland, and the family name frequently appears among the lists of Durham Volunteer Artillery officers. Among them was Major Ernest Vaux, who volunteered for the Imperial Yeomanry during the 2nd Boer War and commanded the Maxim gun detachment of the 5th Imperial Yeomanry, winning a Distinguished Service Order (DSO). The family brewery introduced Double Maxim brown ale in 1901 to celebrate the detachment's return and the beer is still brewed in Sunderland. Ernest Vaux later commanded the 7th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry (TF) (known as 'Vaux's Own') from 1911 and throughout World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Territorial Force\nUnder the Haldane Reforms, the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force. In the original 1908 plans for the TF, the 1st Durham RGA was to combine with the Tynemouth Volunteer Artillery to form a Northumberland and Durham RGA (and spin off a battery and ammunition column for the local Royal Field Artillery (RFA) brigade), while the 4th Durham RGA in West Hartlepool was to combine with the 1st East Riding of Yorkshire RGA to form a Durham and Yorkshire RGA, the two new units covering the whole NE coast of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Territorial Force\nThese plans were radically changed, so that by 1910 the Tynemouth and East Riding elements had formed their own units, while the 1st and 4th Durham merged to form a new Durham RGA as a 'defended ports unit' (the 4th had also spun off a battery and ammunition column to the III Northumbrian Brigade RFA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Territorial Force\nThe companies were responsible for manning the batteries of fixed coastal guns of the Tees (4 x 6-inch guns, 2 x 4.7-inch guns) and at Hartlepool (3 x 6-inch), while the heavy battery was mobile and responsible for the landward defence of the batteries (heavy batteries were usually armed with obsolescent 4.7-inch guns). The commanding officer was Lt-Col Lancelot Robson, a doctor and former mayor of Hartlepool, who had first been commissioned into the 4th Durham RGA in 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate brigades, companies and batteries were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nBy the autumn of 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of heavy and siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, and 1st line TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service had been authorised to increase their strength by 50 per cent. Although complete defended ports units never went overseas, they did supply trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas. They also provided cadres to form complete units for front line service. The Durham RGA is known to have raised 142nd Heavy Bty and 94th and 149th Siege Btys in 1915\u201316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Raid on Hartlepool\nOn the morning of 16 December 1914, a German naval force under Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper approached the coast of North East England to mount a Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. The battle cruisers SMS Seydlitz and SMS Moltke, with the armoured cruiser SMS Bl\u00fccher, concentrated on Hartlepool, which was a base for light Royal Navy warships. The port was defended by two batteries. On the day in question, 11 officers and 155 other ranks of the Durham RGA were manning Heugh Battery (two 6-inch guns manned by No 4 Company) and Lighthouse Battery (one 6-inch gun).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Raid on Hartlepool\nAs was normal practice, the gunners 'stood to' at 06.30 and so were ready for action when the German warships approached. The Germans planned to bombard the batteries for 15 minutes to suppress them before turning the attention to the town. The Seydlitz opened fire at 08.10 and Lt-Col Robson rushed from his home to take up his post as Fire Commander and Battery Medical Officer at Heugh Battery. The first shell cut the Fire Commander's telephone lines, so the whole action was fought by the Battery Commanders on their own under standing orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Raid on Hartlepool\nAt ranges of 4000 to 5000 yards the German shells fell round the batteries without scoring a direct hit. Heugh Battery engaged first the Seydlitz and then the Moltke until they passed out of its arc of fire, and then concentrated on the stationary Blucher which was firing at Lighthouse Battery. Lighthouse Battery scored a direct hit on Blucher's forebridge, disabling two guns of the secondary armament, but suffered a number of misfires due to an electrical fault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Raid on Hartlepool\nThe action ended at 08.52 when the batteries fired their last rounds at 9200 yards' range at the withdrawing warships. The Germans had fired 1150 shells, killing 112 and wounding over 200 civilians and doing extensive damage to the town and docks. The Durham RGA suffered two killed, and in firing a total of 123 rounds had inflicted at least seven direct hits, killing 8 German seamen and wounding four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Raid on Hartlepool\nThe bombardment of civilian targets caused great outrage among the British public at the time. The commanding officer and three gun captains of the Durham RGA were later decorated, Lt-Col Robson receiving a Distinguished Service Order, Sgt T. Douthwaite a Distinguished Conduct Medal for extracting a live cartridge from the breech of the Lighthouse Battery gun after a misfire, and Acting Bombardier J.J. Hope and Bombardier F.W. Mallin each received the Military Medal. These were the first two MMs to be gazetted after the institution of the award in April 1916. Hope's medal was the first MM minted, and the first to be presented. In 1920, all members of the Durham RGA in action that day were made eligible for the British War Medal, normally only awarded to those who saw active service overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Raid on Hartlepool\nAlthough the unit never went overseas, the Durham RGA did supply trained gunners for RGA batteries and other units on active fronts (by 1916, for example, Sgt Douthwaite was with a siege battery and Bdr Mallin was a sergeant with an infantry battalion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery\nAuthorised on 31 October 1915, this 4-gun battery was formed from 1/1st and 2/1st Heavy Batteries of the Durham RGA. It embarked for the Western Front on 21 March 1916 and joined Second Army in the Ypres Salient. On 31 July the battery transferred to Fifth Army fighting the Battle of the Somme, where the 60-pounder guns of the heavy batteries were called upon for counter-battery (CB) fire. On 5 October 1916 142nd Heavy Bty was brought up to a strength of six guns when it was joined by a section from 176th Heavy Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery\nIn April 1917 142nd Heavy Bty supported the Canadian Corps' successful attack on Vimy Ridge as part of the Arras Offensive. Maximum use was made of observation balloons and aircraft to pinpoint opposing batteries for the heavies' CB fire. The battery rejoined Fifth Army on 1 September in time for the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge and subsequent battles Flanders Offensive. By the final Second Battle of Passchendaele conditions for the British artillery were very bad: batteries were clearly observable and suffered badly from CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery\nHaving been moved from one heavy artillery group (HAG) to another, 142nd Heavy Bty joined 79th HAG on 18 December 1917. By now HAG allocations were becoming fixed, and on 1 February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 142nd Heavy Bty remained with 79th Bde until the end of the war. 79th Brigade was with Second Army in April during the second phase of the German spring offensive, the Battle of the Lys. The heaviest guns were sent to the rear but the 60-pdrs remained with the field artillery firing in support of the hard-pressed infantry. On 28 June 79th Bde supported XI Corps in a limited counter-attack on La Becque, which was described as 'a model operation' for artillery cooperation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery\n79th Brigade joined Fourth Army on 18 August, soon after the beginning of the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive. It was among the mass of artillery supporting IX Corps' assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal on 29 September, and continued with it at the Battle of the Selle on 17 October, when one German counter-attack was broken up when all available guns were turned onto it. 79th Brigade was part of IX Corps' artillery reserve for the advance to the River Sambre on 23 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery\nAs the regimental historian relates, 'The guns of Fourth Army demonstrated, on 23 October, the crushing effect of well co-ordinated massed artillery. they simply swept away the opposition'. IX Corps stormed across the canal on 4 November (the Battle of the Sambre), after which the campaign became a pursuit of a beaten enemy, in which the slow-moving heavy guns could play little part. The war ended with the Armistice with Germany on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 142nd (Durham) Heavy Battery\nOn return to the UK the battery was disbanded at Sandling in Kent on 11 October 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 94th Siege Battery\nFormed on 16 December 1915 at Tynemouth under War Office Instruction No 181 of December 1915, which laid down that it was to follow the establishment for 'New Army' (Kitchener's Army) units, this battery had  a cadre of three officers and 78 men from the Durham RGA; the rest of the men would be Regulars and New Army recruits from the Tynemouth Garrison. The Nominal Rolls of the battery show large numbers of men with home addresses in Hartlepool and the surrounding area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 94th Siege Battery\nCommanded by Major Daniel Sandford, 94th Siege Battery landed in France on 30 May 1916 equipped with four BL 9.2-inch howitzers Mark I and immediately began preparing to support Third Army's Attack on the Gommecourt Salient on the First day on the Somme. The bombardment programme was extended to seven days before Z day (1 July). On Z Day 94th Siege Bty succeeded in firing 100 rounds per gun in the 65 minutes preceding the attack, a remarkable feat that caused significant damage to the howitzers' buffers and recuperators due to overheating. However, the attack was a failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 94th Siege Battery\n94th Siege Bty then moved to Fifth Army for the later stages of the Somme offensive, which finally died down in November. The battery took part in minor operations on the Ancre in early 1917, including CB fire for II Corps' attack on Miraumont on 17 February. Shortly afterwards the Germans began their planned withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich). Following up was especially difficult for the heavy artillery, with all the roads forwards having been destroyed, and 94th Siege Bty had to haul its howitzers across the devastated countryside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 94th Siege Battery\nThe battery came back into action during the Arras offensive, supporting the First attack on Bullecourt (11 April). It joined Second Army for the Battle of Messines, being involved in exchanges of CB fire with Germans batteries before the explosion of huge mines launched the successful assault on 7 June. The battery then spent the summer with Fourth Army on the Flanders coast awaiting a breakthrough at Ypres that never came. However, the battery received its heaviest casualties of the war from CB fire. It was rested in late 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 94th Siege Battery\nIn 6 December 94th Siege Bty joined 23rd HAG, which became 23rd Brigade, RGA, in February 1918. 94th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice. It was increased to six guns when a section joined on 15 January from 190th Siege Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 94th Siege Battery\nWhen the German Spring Offensive opened, 94th Siege Bty was supporting Fifth Army. After firing its SOS tasks in support of the infantry, the battery had to withdraw under fire. During the 'Great Retreat' the battery moved 85 miles (137\u00a0km) by road, prepared 13 positions, firing from nine of them, and had fired over 1500 rounds. Casualties had been light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 94th Siege Battery\nIn the summer of 1918, the battery supported Australian Corps' surprise attack on Hamel on 4 July, then III Corps at the Battle of Amiens. During the advance in late August 1918, the battery's forward observation officer, Capt R.A.E. Somerville, found two abandoned German 7.7\u00a0cm field guns near Marincourt. With the assistance of his telephonists, he turned one gun round and fired over 100 rounds at the retreating enemy, for which he was awarded a Military Cross. The two guns were sent home as trophies, one to the Durham RGA and one to the town of Sunderland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 94th Siege Battery\nThe battery then took part in several of the set-piece battles of the Hundred Days Offensive including the Australian\u2013US attack at the St Quentin Canal. However the 9.2-inch howitzers were too clumsy to be much use in the pursuit. The battery's last action was at the assault crossing of the Sambre on 4 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 94th Siege Battery\n94th Siege Bty was intended to form 144th Bty, RGA, in the interim order of battle for the postwar army, but this was rescinded after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and it disbanded at Dover on 24 June 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\n149th Siege Bty was formed at Hartlepool on 22 May 1916 under Army Council Instruction 1091 of 29 May 1916, which laid down that it was to follow the establishment for New Army units, with a cadre of four officers and 78 men from the Durham RGA. It went out to the Western Front on 21 August and joined 3rd HAG with Fourth Army on 28 August at the height of the Battle of the Somme. It transferred to 14th HAG on 16 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\nOnce the Somme offensive was over, 149th Siege Bty went back to 3rd HAG on 2 December. This group was now with Fifth Army but transferred to Fourth on 22 December. However, on 24 December149th Siege Bty was ordered to 35th HAG with Third Army, which it joined on 31 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\nWhile Canadian Corps with First Army attacked Vimy Ridge on 9 April 1917 (see above), VII Corps with Third Army simultaneously assaulted the Hindenburg Line south of Arras. 39th Heavy Artillery Group, which 149th Siege Bty had joined on 11 February, supported this attack. Preliminary bombardment began on 4 April, with VII Corps assigning a range of tasks to its 6-inch howitzer batteries: cutting the barbed wire in the distant second and third German trench lines; targeting the trench systems themselves; and CB work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0032-0001", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\nAt night, the 6-inch howitzers might be called on to supplement the 60-pdrs for distant HF tasks, mainly to prevent the Germans from repairing the damage. Most of 8 April (hich should have been the day of the attack) was devoted to CB fire to neutralise every known enemy gun position and observation post (OP), and to complete the wire-cutting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0032-0002", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\nWhen the infantry divisions went over the top on 9 April, the 6-inch howitzers laid a standing barrage on the support line of the German front trench system, then, when the creeping barrage fired by field guns ahead of the infantry reached this line, the standing barrage was shifted onto the second objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0032-0003", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\nVII Corps' two right-hand divisions were held up in front of the Hindenburg Line, where the distant wire had not been cut, but the two on the left penetrated as much as 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) into the German positions, with relatively light casualties, largely thanks to the artillery support. Bitter fighting, with progressively less success, went on along the Arras front for several more weeks before the offensive was called off in mid-May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\n149th Siege Bty moved back to 35th HAG on 30 May, then to 58th HAG on 9 June, while minor operations continued against the Hindenburg Line, then it returned to 39th HAG on 16 June. There was then a quiet phase on Third Army's front while attention moved elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\n149th Siege Bty came under 59th HAG from 9 August, but then it was called upon to move north to the Ypres sector to join 81st HAG with Fifth Army on 31 August. This was the period of the battles of the Menin Ridge Road and Polygon Wood. When Second Army took over the lead in the offensive, the battery joined it and came under 72nd HAG on 4 October for the final battles of Passchendaele.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\n149th Siege Bty joined 67th HAG (67th Bde, RGA) with First Army on 15 December 1917 and remained with it until the Armistice. 67th was a 'Mixed' brigade with a variety of different heavy guns and howitzers. The battery was at rest from 3 February 1918 when it was joined by section of 448th Siege Bty on 22 February to bring it up to six guns. The battery served with First Army through the battles of 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, 149th Siege Battery\nIn the postwar 'interim army' plans, 149th Siege Bty was intended to become C Bty in 55th Bde, RGA, but was disbanded in 1919 after the Treaty of Versailles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Home defence\nAfter so many TF coast gunners had departed to units in the field, the remaining companies of the defended ports units were consolidated in April 1917. In the case of the Durham RGA this meant reorganising the seven remaining companies (1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4) into Nos 1\u20133 Companies in the Tees and Hartlepool Garrison of Northern Command. By April 1918 the Tees and Hartlepool guns were organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Home defence\nAfter the Armistice with Germany, the TF was demobilised and the Durham RGA placed in suspended animation in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Interwar\nWhen the TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920 the Durham RGA reformed at West Hartlepool, with one battery (later numbered 186) from Nos 1\u20133 Companies and one battery (later 187) from No 4 Company at Hartlepool. In 1921 the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) and the unit was desigated as the Durham Coast Brigade, RGA. The RGA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery on 1 June 1924 and the unit was redesignated again as the Durham Heavy Brigade, RA. It fell within the 50th (Northumbrian) Divisional Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Interwar\nThe HQ was still at The Armoury in West Hartlepool, which was shared with the 3rd (Durham) Battery, RFA, and the 5th Battalion Durham Light Infantry. The commanding officer was Major Leonard Ropner (1895\u20131977), who was a director of a local shipping firm and had won a MC commanding a battery in France during the war. His younger brother, William Guy Ropner, was also a major in the Durham Heavy Brigade. Leonard Ropner later became an MP and was created a baronet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Interwar\nIn 1926 it was decided that the coast defences of the UK would be manned by the TA alone. In 1932, HQ of the Durham Heavy Bde moved to the Drill Hall in Ward Street, Hartlepool and on 1 October 186 Battery was converted to a Medium Battery and transferred to the 54th (Durham and West Riding) Medium Bde RA. The unit raised a new battery numbered 174 in October 1937. In line with the RA\"s modernisation of its terminology, the unit was entitled the Durham Heavy Regiment on 1 November 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II\nAt the outbreak of war in September 1939, the Durham Heavy Rgt was under the orders of Northern Command. The coast artillery branch was greatly expanded after the Dunkirk evacuation, when the UK was in imminent danger of invasion. On 14 July 1940 the Durham Heavy Rgt was reorganised as 511 (Durham) and 526 (Durham) Coast Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 511th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nThe regiment was formed mainly from 174 Hvy Bty, reorganised as A and B Btys. In the autumn of 1940 it was guarding Hartlepool, manning one 9.2-inch gun and four 6-inch guns. 315 Coast Bty, formed on 10 June 1940 at Seaton Carew (2 x 6-inch guns), was regimented with 511th Coast Rgt on 31 December 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 511th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nA and B Btys were numbered 267 and 268 on 1 April 1941. At this point 267 was manning the guns at Heugh Lighthouse, 268 at Hartlepool Old Pier. On 3 June 1941 268 Bty went to the Orkneys, joining 534th (Orkney) Coast Rgt, being replaced on 5 June by 139 Bty from 533rd (Orkney) Coast Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 511th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nAt their height in September 1941, the Tees/Hartlepool defences manned by 511th and 526th Coast Rgts comprised 1 x 9.2-inch gun, 6 x 6-inch, and 2 x 12-pounders. RHQ of 511th Coast Rgt was at Hartlepool, part of Hartlepool Fire Command. In early 1942 the two regiments came under command of IX Corps, changing to Corps Coast Artillery, Northumbrian District, when IX Corps went to North Africa in Operation Torch at the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 511th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nIn January 1942, 267 Coast Bty had 21 (Static) Defence Troop, RA, attached to it for local protection. On 11 June 1942, 397 Bty was attached to 511th from 536th Coast Rgt, but it left at the end of the month to join 509th (Tynemouth) Coast Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 511th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nFrom late 1942, with the danger of invasion having passed and with demands on manpower from other theatres, the UK's coast defences began to be reduced. On 11 March 1943 RHQ of 511th (Durham ) Coast Rgt was ordered to begin the process of going into suspended animation. The three batteries (139, 267 and 315) transferred to 526th (Durham) Coast Rgt on 1 April, and RHQ completed the process on 21 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 526th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nThe regiment was formed mainly from 187 Hvy Bty, reorganised as A and B Btys, which were numbered 116 and 117 on 1 April 1941. At this time 116 was at Pasley, and 117 at South Gare, both near Coatham. By late 1941 RHQ was at Pasley Battery in Pasley Fire Command. In the summer of 1941 the regiment was joined by the newly-formed 67 Coast Observer Detachment. In April 1942, 316 Bty at Whitby and 317 Bty at Scarborough (2 x 6-inch guns each) were incorporated from 544th Coast Rgt, and in July 526th Rgt took over 29 Coast Observer Detachment from the same regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 526th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nWhen the regiment took over the batteries from 511th (Durham) Coast Rgt on 1 April 1943, command of 316 and 317 Btys was in turn transferred to 513th (East Riding) Coast Rgt. This left 526th Rgt in control of 116, 117, 139, 267 and 315 Btys. 513th Coast Rgt also took over 29 Coast Observer Detachment from 526th by November 1943. Early in 1944 the Northumbrian District coastal artillery HQ was scrapped and the CA units came directly under Northern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 526th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nThe manpower requirements for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) led to further reductions in coast defences in April 1944. By this stage of the war many of the coast battery positions were manned by Home Guard detachments or were in the hands of care and maintenance parties. 513th (East Riding) Coast Rgt was disbanded and 316, 317 and 320 Btys joined 526th; later in April both 29 and 67 Coast Observer Detachments were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 526th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nWith the war in Europe coming to an end, this process was accelerated at the end of 1944. 508th (Tynemouth) and 512th (East Riding) Coast Rgts had both been converted into garrison units for service in North West Europe, and on 15 February 1945 the remnants of their batteries joined 526th (Durham) Coast Rgt (259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 348 from 508th; 100, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 319 from 512th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, World War II, 526th (Durham) Coast Regiment\nFinally, on 1 June 1945 RHQ of 526th (Durham) Coast Rgt began to enter suspended animation at Redcar, completing the process on 22 June. Of its subunits, the TA batteries (those numbered up to 300) passed into suspended animation, the war-formed batteries (numbered above 300) were disbanded. That left just 273 and 348 Coast Btys in existence under Northern Command. 273 Coast Bty entered suspended animation between 19 October and 1 November 1945, while 348 Bty later joined 4 Coast Training Rgt, RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Postwar\nBoth regiments were reformed in the TA in 1947, 511 becoming 426 (Durham) Coast Regiment and 526 becoming 427 (Durham) Coast Regiment, both still based at West Hartlepool. Both regiments were subordinated to 103 Coast Brigade, based at Darlington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Postwar\nHowever, it was soon afterwards decided to reduce the number of TA coast regiments, and on 1 September 1948, 427 Regiment was converted into an air defence unit as 427 (Durham) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment It became a 'Mixed' regiment (indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the unit) on 1 January 1949. On 1 January 1954, this unit merged into 485 (Tees) HAA Regiment at Middlesbrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Postwar\nThe coast artillery branch was disbanded in 1956, and on 31 October 426 Regiment was converted to Royal Engineers (RE) as 336 (Durham Coast) Field Squadron, RE as part of 132 Field Engineer Regiment (formerly part of the Tyne Electrical Engineers). Shortly afterwards, it was redesignated 336 (Durham Coast) Crane Operating Squadron. 132 Regiment was disbanded in 1961; 336 Sqn transferred to the Royal Corps of Transport in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Honorary Colonels\nThe following served as Honorary Colonels of the unit and its predecessors:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Memorials\nA memorial plaque was placed at Heugh Battery to mark the spot 'where the first shell from the leading German battle cruiser fell at 8.10\u00a0am on 16 December 1914 and also records the place where during the bombardment the first British soldier was killed on British soil by enemy action during the Great War 1914\u20131918'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Memorials\nThere is also a memorial window at St Hilda's Church, Hartlepool, 'in memory of the officers, non-commissioned officers and gunners of the Durham Royal Garrison Artillery who fell in the Great War 1914\u20131918'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Memorials\nThe parade ground of the former Durham RGA HQ at The Armoury became the site of the West Hartlepool War Memorial", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158944-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Durham Volunteer Artillery, Museums\nThe medals of Lt-Col Lancelot Robson, who commanded the Durham RGA during the Raid on Hartlepool, are held by Hartlepool Borough Council Museums Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158945-0000-0000", "contents": "1st ECO Summit\nThe 1992 ECO summit was the first Economic Cooperation Organization summit, held 16\u201317 February in Tehran, Iran. The summit welcomed the admission of new members Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan as well as allowing limited participation in economic, cultural and technical activities of Northern Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158946-0000-0000", "contents": "1st EU\u2013Brazil summit\nThe first summit meeting between the European Union (EU) and Brazil took place in Lisbon on 4 July 2007. At the summit, Brazil was granted special partnership status with the EU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158946-0001-0000", "contents": "1st EU\u2013Brazil summit, Location\nThis summit took place in Lisbon, at the Pavilh\u00e3o Atl\u00e2ntico. The dinner was offered by the Portuguese President An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva, at Bel\u00e9m Cultural Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158946-0002-0000", "contents": "1st EU\u2013Brazil summit, Discussions\nThe summit aimed to establish closer relations between the European Union and Brazil. Portugal formally invited its former colony, Brazil, to be a strategic partner of the EU, along with India, Russia and China, meaning that all the BRIC countries now had special partnership status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158946-0003-0000", "contents": "1st EU\u2013Brazil summit, Discussions\nIssues concerned with a proposed trade agreement between the EU and the Mercosur group of South American countries including Brazil were also discussed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158946-0004-0000", "contents": "1st EU\u2013Brazil summit, Discussions\nAssociated with the summit, the oil and energy corporations Galp Energia of Portugal and Petrobras of Brazil signed an agreement on production of vegetable oils in Brazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158947-0000-0000", "contents": "1st East Anglian Regiment\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by PohranicniStraze (talk | contribs) at 03:45, 24 November 2019 (removed honorific per WP:HON). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158947-0001-0000", "contents": "1st East Anglian Regiment\nThe 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk) was an infantry regiment of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158947-0002-0000", "contents": "1st East Anglian Regiment, History\nAs a result of the Defence Review, the 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment and the 1st Battalion, Suffolk Regiment amalgamated on 29 August 1959 to form the 1st Battalion, 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158947-0003-0000", "contents": "1st East Anglian Regiment, History\nOn formation the regiment was based in West Berlin (the location of the 1st Royal Norfolks). In 1961 the Regiment was posted to the United Kingdom for the first since its creation, being based in Harwich. The following year the 1st East Anglians deployed to the South American colony of British Guiana (now the state of Guyana) after violence erupted between the African and Indian ethnic groups there. The Regiment returned to the UK later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158947-0004-0000", "contents": "1st East Anglian Regiment, History\nIn February 1964 the Regiment arrived in Aden as part of the Aden Brigade, seeing active service in the Radfan on the border with South Yemen as part of Radforce, fighting Egyptian-supported guerillas, losing a number of its soldiers in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158947-0004-0001", "contents": "1st East Anglian Regiment, History\nIn September that year, while still based there, the Regiment amalgamated with the three other remaining regiments of the East Anglian Brigade (2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire), 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment) on 1 September 1964 to form one of the new 'large' regiments, the Royal Anglian Regiment; the 1st East Anglians became the 1st Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158947-0005-0000", "contents": "1st East Anglian Regiment, Associated Cadet Forces\nThe Army sections of some contingents of the Combined Cadet Force were associated with the Regiment, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0000-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st East Yorkshire Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Artillery based in the East Riding of Yorkshire, which also contained sub-units from the North and West Ridings. Created during an invasion scare in 1859\u20131860, it survived to supply units to the later Territorial Force of the 20th\u00a0century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0001-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Early history\nAt times of national crisis volunteers were regularly called upon to defend the vulnerable harbours on the coast of East Yorkshire. At the time of the Jacobite rising of 1745, the Wardens and Brethren of Hull Trinity House formed four volunteer artillery companies, equipped with 20 nine-pounder cannon from a ship lying in Hull Roads. These were the first volunteer artillery units formed in Yorkshire, though there may have been others manning the cannon in the fort covering Bridlington harbour. The companies were stood down after the Jacobite defeat at Culloden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0002-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Early history\nDuring the French Revolutionary Wars, a mixed unit of infantry and artillery manned the fort at Bridlington harbour from 1794 until the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, and reformed when the peace broke down in 1803. The Bridlington Volunteer Artillery disbanded in 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0003-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nA number of new Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were formed in the East Riding during the first enthusiasm for the Volunteer Movement in 1859. The 1st Company East Yorkshire Artillery Volunteers formed at 'Burlington' (an alternative name for Bridlington) under Captain Benjamin Blaydes Haworth of Haworth Hall, Dunswell, on 9 December 1859, and the 2nd Company at Hunmanby under Captain Cortis on 9 February 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0003-0001", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nOn 11 May the following year the 1st and 2nd Companies  combined to form the 1st Administrative Brigade of Yorkshire (East Riding) Artillery Volunteers, under the command of Haworth (promoted to Major), with companies at Bridlington, Filey, Flamborough, Withernsea and Hornsea. The 2nd and 3rd North Riding AVCs, based on the coast at Whitby and Scarborough, and the 3rd West Riding AVC, based inland at York, were also included in the brigade, which had its headquarters at Scarborough. By 1872 it had assumed the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0004-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe Commanding Officer (CO) of the brigade, Major Haworth (who changed his name to Haworth-Booth in 1869) was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel on 3 July 1861. Harcourt Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone (later 1st Baron Derwent), a former lieutenant in the 2nd Life Guards, was commissioned as Major of the brigade on 22 January 1863. The Adjutant, appointed on 15 January 1862, was Captain George Symons, who had won a Victoria Cross as a Sergeant in the Royal Artillery during the Crimean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0005-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nHenry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton, was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 1st Administrative Brigade on 17 December 1862, and his son the Hon. Digby Willoughby, (later 9th Baron), a former captain in the Scots Fusilier Guards, was appointed second major on 30 July 1869. The 9th Baron later commanded the unit as Lt-Col, became Hon Col in turn on 29 May 1879, and held the post into the 20th\u00a0century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0006-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Reorganisation\nThe Volunteer Force was reorganised in 1880, and in April the administrative brigade was consolidated as the 2nd East Riding AVC, rapidly changing to 1st Yorkshire (East Riding) Artillery Volunteers, with the cumbersome (if accurate) subtitle of (East Riding, West Riding and North Riding). The unit had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0007-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Reorganisation\nThis was reduced to eight batteries in 1886, and seven by 1889. On 1 April 1882 all artillery volunteer units were affiliated to one of the territorial divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the unit was assigned to the Northern Division. When the number of divisions was reduced from 1 July 1889 it changed to the Western Division. The unit's HQ moved to York in the 1880s, but returned to Scarborough by 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0008-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Reorganisation\nAs well as manning fixed coast defence artillery, some of the early Artillery Volunteers  manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. But the War Office refused to pay for the upkeep of field guns for Volunteers and they had largely died out in the 1870s. In 1888 the 'position artillery' concept was  revived and some Volunteer companies were reorganised as position batteries to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. On 14 July 1892 the 1st East Riding Volunteer Artillery were reorganised as 1 position battery and 6 companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0009-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Reorganisation\nBy 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme had allocated the Garrison Artillery companies to the Humber defences and its position battery of 40-pounder Armstrong rifled breechloading guns to the Western Counties Volunteer Field Brigade, which would concentrate around Guildford in the event of mobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0010-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Reorganisation\nOn 1 June 1899 all the volunteer artillery units became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and with the abolition of the RA's divisional organisation on 1 January 1902 the unit was redesignated 1st East Riding of Yorkshire RGA (Volunteers) when the divisional structure was  abolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0011-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWith the creation of the Territorial Force by the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the RGA Volunteers were extensively reorganised. In the original plan, the 1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers would have formed two RGA units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0012-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nHowever, these plans were revised in 1910, so that the North and East Yorkshire portion of the proposed Durham and Yorkshire RGA instead joined the 2nd Northumbrian Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, providing the 3rd North Riding Battery at Scarborough and part of the brigade ammunition column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0013-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe remainder of the 1st East Riding RGA, the batteries at York, became the West Riding Heavy Battery, RGA and its attendant ammunition column. This unit saw service during World War I and beyond, but no longer had any links with the East Riding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158948-0014-0000", "contents": "1st East Riding Artillery Volunteers, Insignia\nAround 1859\u201360 the 1st East Riding AVC wore an embroidered forage cap badge consisting of crossed cannons surmounted by a crown and with a scroll underneath bearing the word 'BURLINGTON'. Waistbelt clasps and enrolment medals bore the same badge with a wheel superimposed on the crossed guns. An alternative brass forage cap badge comprised a grenade, with the figure '1' superimposed on a Yorkshire Rose on the ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158949-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Provincial Council\nThe 1st Eastern Provincial Council was a meeting of the Eastern Provincial Council, with the membership determined by the results of the 2008 provincial council election held on 10 May 2008. The council met for the first time on 4 June 2008 and was dissolved prematurely on 27 June 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158949-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Provincial Council, Election\nThe 1st Eastern Provincial Council election was held on 10 May 2008. The United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA), which was in power nationally, formed an alliance the Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP) paramilitary group and won 20 of the 37 seats. The United National Party (UNP) formed an alliance the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress and won 15 seats. Smaller parties won the remaining 2 seats. The Tamil National Alliance (TNA), the largest party representing the Sri Lankan Tamils boycotted the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158949-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Provincial Council, Election, Results\nThe new provincial council met for the first time on 4 June 2008. Ajju  Mohamed Mohamed Faiz and M. K. D. S. Gunawardena were elected Chairman and Deputy Chairman respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158949-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Provincial Council, Government/Board of Ministers\nS. Chandrakanthan, leader of the paramilitary Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal, was appointed Chief Minister by Governor Mohan Wijewickrama. Chandrakanthan was sworn in on 16 May 2008 in Colombo in front of President Mahinda Rajapaksa. The four government ministers appointed by the Governor with effect from 16 May 2008 were: M. L. Alim Mohammad Hisbullah (UPFA-ACMC); Thuraiyappa Navarathnaraja (UPFA-TMVP); Meera Sahibu Udumalebbe (UPFA-NC); and Dissanayaka Wimalaweera (UPFA-SLFP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158949-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Provincial Council, Government/Board of Ministers\nMinister M. L. Alim Mohammad Hisbullah (UPFA-ACMC) lost his seat on the council after being elected to Parliament. His ministerial replacement Muhamed Sharief Subair (UPFA-ACMC) was sworn in on 17 May 2010 in Trincomalee in front of the Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158949-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Provincial Council, Government/Board of Ministers\nAccording to article 154E of the Constitution of Sri Lanka the normal life of a provincial council is five years from the date of its first meeting. But using powers granted to him by article 154B(8)c Governor Mohan Wijewickrama dissolved the council prematurely on 27 June 2012, nearly a year ahead of schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158949-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Provincial Council, Deaths and resignations\nThe 1st Eastern Provincial Council saw the following deaths and resignations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Regiment Eastern Shore Maryland Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment was organized at Cambridge, Maryland in September 1861. Enlistments were for 3 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nCompanies A, B and C were recruited in Dorchester County, Companies D, E, F and G in Caroline County, Company H in Talbot County, Company I at Baltimore City, and Company K in Somerset County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nOnce formed, the regiment was attached to Major General John Adams Dix's division of the Army of the Potomac. It was assigned to the Eastern Shore of Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment was originally commanded by Colonel James Wallace, a slaveowning lawyer and state legislator from Cambridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nIn the fall of 1861, Dix led an expeditionary force, including the 1st Maryland Eastern Shore, south to occupy the Virginia counties of Accomack and Northampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nIn January, 1863, the regiment was attached to the VIII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\n\u201cThe 1st Maryland Confederate Regiment met us and were cut to pieces. We sorrowfully gathered up many of our old friends and acquaintances and had them carefully and tenderly cared for.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nColonel James Wallace, 1st Maryland Eastern Shore, on the confederate assault on Culp\u2019s Hill at the Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nWhen Lee invaded Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863, the regiment was attached to Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lockwood\u2019s Brigade of the XII Corps of the Army of the Potomac and sent north to Pennsylvania. The regiment arrived at the Battle of Gettysburg on the morning of July 3 and engaged the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA on Culp's Hill, suffering 5 dead, 16 wounded, and 2 missing, out of 583 total men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nAt Gettysburg, Color Sergeant Robert Ross of the Union 1st Maryland Eastern Shore regiment was a cousin to Color Sergeant P.M. Moore of the Confederate 1st Maryland regiment, who was wounded several times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nIn December 1863, Colonel Wallace resigned his command over the issue of enlisting African-Americans in the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158950-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Eastern Shore Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Regiment Eastern Shore Maryland Volunteer Infantry was eventually consolidated into the 11th Regiment Maryland Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158951-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Edda Awards\nThe 1st Edda Awards ceremony was held on 15. November 1999 by the Icelandic Film and Television Academy (\u00cdKSA). The awards were held at Borgarleikh\u00fasi\u00f0 in Reykjavik, and were hosted by \u00deorfinnur \u00d3marsson, director of the Icelandic Film Fund. Awards were given in eight categories, plus one Honorary Award given for special contribution to the Icelandic film industry. Ungfr\u00fain g\u00f3\u00f0a og h\u00fasi\u00f0, based on the novel by Halld\u00f3r Kiljan Laxness, received five nominations, The film ended up winning two awards, for Best Film and Best Director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158951-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Edda Awards\nThe public could cast their vote online on the Icelandic news website mbl.is. Public votes had 30% say in the results and the academy the other 70%. The awards were broadcast live on St\u00f6\u00f0 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158952-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Electoral Unit of Republika Srpska\nThe first electoral unit of Republika Srpska is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158953-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Electoral Unit of Republika Srpska (NSRS)\nThe first electoral unit of Republika Srpska is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the National Assembly of Republika Srpska since 2014. It consists of the Municipalities of Krupa na Uni, Novi Grad, Kozarska Dubica, Prijedor, Ostra Luka and Kostajnica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158954-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Electoral Unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina\nThe first electoral unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2000. It consists of Una-Sana Canton and Canton 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158955-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Electoral Unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HoR FBiH)\nThe first electoral unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2000. It consists of Una-Sana Canton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 73], "section_span": [73, 73], "content_span": [74, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158956-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Empire Awards\nThe 1st Empire Awards ceremony, presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 1995 and took place in 1996. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in eight categories as well as one honorary award. The first award ceremony introduced eight award categories for Best Film, Best British Film, Best Actor, Best British Actor, Best Actress, Best British Actress, Best Director and Best Debut as well as the honorary Lifetime Achievement Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158956-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Empire Awards\nShallow Grave won the most awards with three including Best British Film, Best Director for Danny Boyle and Best British Actor for Ewan McGregor. Other winners included Braveheart with one award for Best Film and Heavenly Creatures, The Madness of King George, The Usual Suspects and To Die For also with one. Mike Leigh received the Lifetime Achievement Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe 1st Engineer Battalion is a unit of the United States Army with a record of accomplishment in both peace and war; an organization that provides sustained engineer support across the full spectrum of military operations. The 1st Engineer Battalion is the oldest and most decorated engineer battalion in the US Army, tracing its lineage to the original Company of Sappers and Miners organized at West Point, New York in 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Transformation\nWith the Army Structure (ARSTRUC) announcement, 1st Engineer Battalion re-aligned into the Brigade Engineer Battalion formation while retaining its heraldry and name, aligned under the 1st Armor Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division. To accomplish this, 72nd MAC inactivated in September 2014 and 41st Clearance Company became an echelons above Brigade asset in October 2014. In addition, the battalion reflagged 111th Sapper Company to their historic roots as A/1st EN and welcomed three new companies (formerly of the 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Origins and the Mexican\u2013American War\nThe battalion's history can be traced back to 15 May 1846 when a company of miners, sappers, and pontoniers was formed at West Point, New York. Alpha Company, 1st Engineer Battalion is that company's direct descendant. The battalion has received 67 decorations and campaign streamers and eight foreign awards. Company A served during the Mexican\u2013American War of 1846, participating in the Veracruz campaign and charging up the heights of Chapultepec in Mexico City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 90], "content_span": [91, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Origins and the Mexican\u2013American War\nDuring the war, three future Civil War generals, among them George McClellan and P.G.T. Beauregard served as lieutenants in Alpha Company, and the company worked closely with then-Captain Robert E. Lee, an engineer aide to General Winfield Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 90], "content_span": [91, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, The American Civil War\nWith initiation of hostilities, the Company was expanded into the \"Battalion of Engineer Troops\". On 31 December 1861, the battalion was officially designated as \"The United States Engineer Battalion\", and was assigned to the Engineer Brigade of the Union Army of the Potomac through the remainder of the war. The battalion earned ten campaign streamers. The battalion fought at Antietam, bridged the Rappahannock River six times at Fredericksburg, breached fortifications at Petersburg and was present at the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox. The first Company C was attritted during the Civil War. In 1865, Company E was redesignated Company C, replacing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, The American Civil War\nFollowing the cessation of hostilities, on 1 July 1866, The United States Engineer Battalion was redesignated the \"1st Battalion of Engineers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, The American Civil War\nThe battalion's first Sergeant Major, Frederick W. Gerber, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his 25 years of service to the battalion, which included the Mexican\u2013American War and the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, The Spanish\u2013American War\nDuring the Spanish\u2013American War, Company C and Company E of the battalion were sent to Cuba where they fought in the campaign to take the city of Santiago. The remainder of the battalion was sent to the Philippines where they provided engineer support during the battles for Manila and Cavite. Alpha Company remained in the Philippines and conducted pacification operations during the Philippine Insurrection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, World War I\nOn 1 July 1916, the 1st Battalion of Engineers was redesignated the \"1st Engineer Battalion\". With America's entry into World War I, the battalion was expanded on 15 May 1917 to become the 1st Engineer Regiment, composed of six companies, and assigned to the 1st Infantry Division. As part of this expansion, Company C and Company D were reorganized to form the 6th Engineer Battalion the same day. A new Company C (the third company to bear the name), was formed to replace the company reorganized as part of the 6th Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, World War I\nThe regiment fought as part of the \"Big Red One\" and participated in the Lorraine and Meuse-Argonne campaigns and was awarded the French Fourrag\u00e8re and two awards of the Croix de guerre for valorous service. Sergeant Wilbur E. Colyer of Company A received the Medal of Honor for advancing under fire and destroying a series of enemy machine gun positions near Verdun, France in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Between the wars\nIn May 1922, the 1st Engineer Regiment arrived at Fort DuPont in Delaware City, Delaware, and garrisoned the army post until 1941. In 1931 and 1933 the unit was responsible for floating six sets of officer quarters from Fort Mott in Pennsville, N.J., just across the Delaware River. From 1934 to 1936, the unit was commanded by Col. Ulysses S. Grant III, the grandson of the former general and president. The unit oversaw the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration programs while in Delaware. At Fort DuPont, the First Engineers along with these civilian workers, constructed four identical sets of brick duplexes and a 398-seat movie theatre, all of which still stand today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, World War II\nPrior to the start of World War II, the 1st Engineer Regiment was reorganized as the \"1st Engineer Combat Battalion\" and again assigned to fight as part of the 1st Infantry Division. In October 1939, the 1st Engineer Regiment was reorganized, separating into two battalions. Companies A, B and C formed the 1st Engineer Battalion and Companies D, E and F formed the 27th Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, World War II\nIn 1942, the battalion was redesignated the \"1st Engineer Combat Battalion\" and landed with the initial forces in the North Africa invasion. In 1943, the battalion cleared underwater obstacles and destroyed enemy pillboxes during the landings on Sicily. During the Normandy landings at Omaha Beach in 1944, the battalion led the assault forces, breaching gaps in the extensive enemy mine and wire obstacles and clearing the combat trails leading off the beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, World War II\nThe battalion received the Presidential Unit Citation for actions at Gafsa, at Tunisia, and at Omaha Beach. The battalion fought as part of the 1st Infantry Division during the remainder of the war in the European Theater and after 10 years of occupation duty moved to Fort Riley, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, World War II\nIn 1953, the 1st Engineer Combat Battalion was redesignated the \"1st Engineer Battalion (Combat)\", continuing to support the 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Vietnam War\nOn 2 May 1965 the battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Howard L. Sargent, Jr., deployed to South Vietnam as part of the 1st Infantry Division. For five years the battalion cleared obstacles, built roads, airfields, basecamps and bridges in support of numerous combat operations including Junction City I and II and the Tet Offensive of 1968. The battalion's DieHard Tunnel Rat section cleared the extensive Vietcong tunnel systems with little more than small arms and demolitions. The battalion received four Meritorious Unit Commendations for actions during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Vietnam War\nSome time following its return to Ft. Riley, the battalion was reorganized as a mechanized engineer battalion, composed of one headquarters company (\"HHC\"), four line companies (A-D) and an assault float ribbon bridge company (E Company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Vietnam War\nDuring the next 20 years at Fort Riley, the battalion took part in numerous training exercises, National Training Center (NTC) rotations in the Mojave Desert, and REFORGER deployments to and from West Germany. During this period, Company D, 1st Engineers, was detached and stationed in northern Germany as part of a forward-deployed combat brigade of the 1st Infantry Division known as 1st Infantry Division (Forward), or \"1st IDF\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nFollowing the invasion of Kuwait by the military forces of Iraq, the battalion deployed with the 1st Infantry Division to Southwest Asia in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in December 1990, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Steven R. Hawkins (later Brigadier General). The battalion supported the destruction of the Republican Guard Division \"Hammurabi\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nEquipped with M113 Armored Personnel Carriers, Mine Clearing Line Charges and M728 Combat Engineer Vehicles, the battalion breached and cleared lanes through Iraqi obstacle belts that allowed the passage of two divisions including the British \"1st Armoured Division\". Elements of the battalion destroyed 58 Iraqi tanks, 41 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, and other large quantities of ammunition and war material. The battalion was one of the first operators of the new M9 Armored Combat Earthmover, a critical obstacle breaching asset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nThe battalion returned to Fort Riley in 1991, receiving the Valorous Unit Citation for actions in Southwest Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nIn 1992, engineer battalions across the Army were significantly reorganized. Known as the Engineer Restructure Initiative (\"ERI\"), under this new organization, the 1st Engineer Battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier General) Joseph Schroedel, was separated into three distinct organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nThe first organization, composed of Company A, Company B, and a portion of the 1st Engineers' headquarters remained as the 1st Engineer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nThe second organization, composed of Company C, Company E, and a second portion of the battalion headquarters formed the nucleus of the reactivated 70th Engineer Battalion (Mechanized), whose nickname is \"Kodiaks\". Company C, 1st Engineers \"Charlie Rock\", under the command of Captain (later Lieutenant Colonel) Joseph Gandara, became Company C, 70th Engineer Battalion. Company E, an assault float ribbon bridge company at the time equipped with powerful bridge erection boats, float bridge bays and trucks, was reorganized and re-equipped as a mechanized engineer company becoming Company A, 70th Engineer Battalion, under the command of Captain (later Colonel) Vance F. Stewart. A new Company B, 70th Engineers was formed from new personnel and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nTo replace the Company C that moved to the 70th Engineers, a new Company C, 1st Engineers was organized, the fourth company to hold the name. A platoon each from Company A, 1st Engineers and Company B, 1st Engineers, were combined to form the new Company C under the command of Captain (later Lieutenant Colonel) Stephen C. Larsen with First Sergeant Mark D. Burrell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nSince the new Company C, adopting the nickname \"Cold Steel\", was composed of elements of the original Companies A and B, it carries forth the old lineage of the battalion and is therefore, like Companies A and B, a direct descendant of the oldest combat engineer organization of the US Army. Six months and two-month-long National Training Center rotations after its organization, Company C was awarded the prestigious 1st Infantry Division Company of the Quarter Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nCompany D, 1st Engineers, detached from the Battalion and serving as part of a combat brigade of the 1st Infantry Division in northern Germany (the 1st Infantry Division (Forward)), was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nThe third organization was composed of the remainder of the battalion headquarters and became the newly activated Division Engineer Brigade headquarters under the command of Colonel Henry \"Chip\" Leonard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nThe 1st Engineer Battalion was assigned in direct support of the 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division while the 70th Engineer Battalion was assigned in direct support of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nFrom 1994\u20131996, the battalion was commanded by then-Lieutenant Colonel Thomas P. Bostick, later to achieve the rank of Lieutenant General (LTG) and serve as the Chief of Engineers, the commanding general of the US Army Corps of Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nThe Battalion Operations Officer during ERI was then-Major Todd T. Semonite, later to achieve the rank of Lieutenant General, succeeding LTG Bostick as the Chief of Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nSince 1992, the battalion participated in many National Training Center and Joint Readiness Training Center rotations, fought fires in the Northwestern United States, and supported anti-drug operations as part of JTF-6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Post-Desert Storm reorganization\nIn 1995, the 1st Engineer Battalion was awarded the Army Superior Unit Award for performance during the Engineer Restructuring Initiative on Fort Riley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 86], "content_span": [87, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Bosnia and Herzegovina\nOn 30 August 1999 the battalion deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina in support of SFOR. Units redeploying on 12 December 1999, the battalion helped provide a stable and secure environment in the area. To this end, the battalion conducted reconnaissance of over 1,230 kilometers of routes and 298 bridges; destroyed 116,000 anti-personnel land mines; constructed 30 kilometers of roads and 5 bridges; supervised Entity Armed Forces' clearance of more than 43,000 square miles (110,000\u00a0km2) of minefields; and distributed toys, clothing, and humanitarian aid to Bosnian children and homeless families. Upon completing their task the unit received the NATO Ribbon as well as the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nOn 8 September 2003, the 1st Engineer Battalion deployed to Iraq as part of the 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division for Operation Iraqi Freedom. In one year the battalion exploited over 370 enemy caches consisting of 28 tons of munitions and weapons, found and destroyed over 150 improvised devices, fortified 21 government buildings and coalition camps in the Al Anbar Province, cleared several hundred kilometers of roads, supported six battalions in the Ar Ramadi and Habbaniyah areas with combat engineer operations for six other camps in the Ar Ramadi area. The battalion returned to Fort Riley in October 2004. For actions in Al Anbar, the battalion earned a second Valorous Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion restructured its companies in 2006 as part of the Corps of Engineers restructuring plan for engineer forces Army-wide. A part of this restructuring made the battalion a separate, echelon above brigade unit and assigned training and readiness authority to the 555th Engineer Brigade and briefly to the 36th Engineer Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion deployed to Iraq again in the fall of 2006 for a 15-month deployment, conducting route clearance operations in Multinational Division-North. Working as Task Force Trailblazer, the battalion earned a third Valorous Unit Award for combat action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nIn July 2009 the 41st Clearance Company deployed to the RC-East Area of Operations in Afghanistan as a part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The company headquarters was located at FOB Fenty, with the four clearance platoons separated, relocating numerous times, to provide route clearance assets for three separate brigade combat teams and the Polish Battle Group. The 41st CC redeployed in July 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nIn November 2009 the 1st Engineer Battalion deployed in support of OIF IX-X. The 1st Engineer Battalion(-), composed of HHC, FSC, 111th Sapper Company, and 72nd Mobility Augmentation Company, conducted engineer operations in United States Division - North (USD-N) in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 573rd Clearance Company out of White Sands Missile Range, NM was modularly deployed and assigned to the 1st Engineer Battalion(-) to round out the battalion's clearance capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion conducted route clearance along assigned division routes while concurrently partnering with the 4th and 12th Iraqi Army Field Engineer Regiments in a modified advise and assist role in order to help these FERs become mission capable. HHC, FSC, and 111th redeployed in July 2010. The 72nd MAC remained in Iraq until their redeployment in November 2010. For actions in Iraq, the battalion was awarded its fifth Meritorious Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nIn September 2012, the battalion deployed to Regional Command-East, Afghanistan. Once deployed, the 72d MAC and the 111th Sapper Companies were task organized to the 178th En Bn (SCANG) to provide route clearance in Paktiya and Paktika Provinces, while the 41st CC remained in the north with the battalion as Task Force Diehard. As Task Force Diehard, headquartered at FOB Shank, the battalion assumed control of all mobility, counter-mobility, survivability, general engineering, and engineer partnerships in the Logar, Wardak, Nangahar, Kunar, Laghman and Kapisa Provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nOver the nine-month deployment, the battalion assumed responsibility for all engineer operations in RC-East; thus adding Kabul, Paktika, Paktiya, and Ghazni Provinces. By April 2013, the task force had 1,100 soldiers with six combat engineer and two construction companies. The battalion returned to Fort Riley in June 2013. For actions in Afghanistan, the battalion was awarded a sixth Meritorious Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nIn November 2013, after 2162 days, the battalion was again reassigned back to the 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Global War on Terror\nThe battalion reorganized in October 2014 as a brigade engineer battalion under Devil Brigade, 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Korea\nIn October 2016, the battalion marked its first visit to the Korean Peninsula with a deployment to Camp Hovey, South Korea with the 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division. The deployment was part of an HQDA initiated Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) rotation of forces to the Republic of Korea (ROK) in support of national level and theater specific requirements. The mission of the Diehard Battalion was to enable 1ABCT to deter North Korean aggression and maintain peace on the Korean Peninsula; and, if deterrence failed, enable the Devil Brigade to \"Fight Tonight\" in support of the US-ROK Alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Korea\nFor nine months, the Diehard Battalion supported national interests in the Korean Theater of Operations by preparing for non-combatant evacuation operations (NEO), counter weapons of mass destruction (CWMD) operations, relocating elements of the battalion from Area I into Area III, and integrating enablers in support of the brigade. The battalion redeployed to Ft Riley, Kansas in June 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Unit history, Europe\nIn January 2019, the battalion deployed with the 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division, to Europe in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve. The deployment supported deterrence operations in US Army EUCOM, as well as facilitating multiple multinational training events, including Allied Spirit X and Combined Resolve XII at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center (JMRC). Engineers of the 1st Engineer Battalion deployed to multiple locations across the continent, including Germany, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria. The battalion redeployed to Ft Riley, Kansas in September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158957-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Battalion (United States), Sources\nThis article incorporates\u00a0 from the United States Army Center of Military History document: \u00a0This article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the United States Government document: \"\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158958-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Brigade (United States)\nThe 1st Engineer Brigade is a military engineering training brigade of the United States Army subordinate to the United States Army Engineer School. It is headquartered at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158958-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe 1st Engineer Amphibian Brigade was activated at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts on 15 June 1942. Some 2,269 men were transferred from existing units, the 37th Engineer Combat Regiment providing the nucleus of the boat regiment, and the 87th Engineer Heavy Ponton Battalion that of the shore regiment. Brigadier General Henry C. Wolfe was assigned as commanding general on 7 July 1942. The brigade trained until 15 July, when it was assigned to the Amphibious Training Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158958-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe brigade was pulled from the Amphibious Training Center early and sent to England to participate in Operation Sledgehammer, departing from the New York Port of Embarkation on 5 August, and arriving on 17 August. Elements of the brigade participated in the Operation Torch. The 531st Shore Regiment and 286th Signal Company acted as the shore party for the 1st Infantry Division, while the 2nd Battalion, 591st Engineer Boat Regiment was reorganized as a shore battalion, and operated in support of Combat Command B, 1st Armored Division. Brigade headquarters departed Glasgow on 24 November, and landed in North Africa on 6 December. Wolfe became chief engineer at the Services of Supply on 22 February and Colonel R. L. Brown of the 531st Engineer Shore Regiment acted as commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158958-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nWolfe rejoined the brigade on 22 March 1943, but on 25 May he became S-3 at Allied Force Headquarters, and was replaced by Colonel Eugene M. Caffey. On 10 May 1943, the brigade was redesignated the 1st Engineer Special Brigade. The 591st Boat Regiment was detached, as was the 561st Boat Maintenance Company, which remained in England working on Navy landing craft, but the 36th and 540th Engineer Combat Regiments were attached for the 10 July Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), bringing the strength of the brigade to over 20,000. The brigade then participated in the Allied invasion of Italy at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158958-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nIn November 1943, the headquarters of the 1st Engineer Special Brigade, along with the 531st Shore Regiment, 201st Medical Battalion, 286th Signal Company, 262nd Amphibian Truck Battalion and 3497th Ordnance Medium Automotive Maintenance Company, returned to England to participate in the invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). This nucleus of 3,346 men was built up to a strength of 15,000 men for Overlord. During Exercise Tiger, a rehearsal for the Normandy operation on 28 April, German E-Boats attacked a convoy of landing ships, tank (LSTs) of the XI Amphibious Force carrying troops of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158958-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Engineer Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nTwo LSTs were sunk, and the brigade lost 413 men dead and 16 wounded. The exercise was observed by Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley, who, unaware of the sinking of the LSTs, blamed the resulting poor performance of the brigade on Caffey, and had him temporarily replaced for the Normandy landings by Brigadier General James E. Wharton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158958-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe brigade participated in the D-Day landing on Utah Beach, and operated as Utah Beach Command until 23 October 1944, and then as the Utah District of the Normandy Base Section until 7 December 1944. Under the command of Colonel Benjamin B. Talley, the brigade headquarters returned to England, and embarked for the United States on 23 December. It arrived at Fort Dix, New Jersey, on 30 December. After four weeks leave, it reassembled at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158958-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Engineer Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nPart of the brigade headquarters went by air to Leyte to join the XXIV Corps for the invasion of Okinawa, while the rest traveled directly to Okinawa on the USS\u00a0Achernar. The brigade was in charge of unloading on Okinawa from 9 April to 31 May. It then prepared for the invasion of Japan. This did not occur due to the end of the war, and the brigade landed in Korea on 12 September 1945. Its final commander was Colonel Robert J. Kasper, who assumed command on 1 November 1945. The brigade was inactivated in Korea on 18 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158958-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Brigade (United States), History, Postwar\nOn 30 September 1986, the brigade was reformed at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, as the 1st Engineer Brigade, and was assigned to the United States Army Engineer School within the Training and Doctrine Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158959-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Regiment (Jamaica)\nThe 1st Engineer Regiment is a unit of the Jamaica Defence Force primarily responsible for providing military and civil engineering. The regiment was formed in 1992 after a requirement was identified for increased military and civil engineering capability for the JDF than could be provided by the then existing structure. At the time, all JDF engineering capacity was provided by the Construction Squadron and the Engineering Unit of the Support and Services Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158959-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Regiment (Jamaica), Composition\nThe regiment today consists of a total of four distinct sub-units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158959-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Engineer Regiment (Jamaica), Directives\nThe regiment's primary purpose is to provide military engineering support to the JDF, and to assist as required agencies of the government when so directed by HQ JDF. As such, it has a number of specific priorities:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Essex Artillery Volunteers was a unit of Britain's part-time auxiliary forces raised in Essex in 1860 in response to an invasion scare. It served under various designations as field artillery in Palestine during World War I. During  World War II its units served as mountain artillery in Italy and as jungle artillery and medium artillery in Burma. Postwar it became an airborne unit until it was merged with other units in the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. It is not clear what happened to the 1st Essex Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC), which was apparently formed in November 1859 but was short-lived. The 2nd Essex AVC was formed at Harwich and its first officers were commissioned by the Lord Lieutenant of Essex on 18 February 1860; it was renumbered as the 1st Essex AVC in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nSimilarly, the original 3rd Essex at Barking was renumbered 2nd; its officers were commissioned on 13 September and it moved to Grays in November. A new 3rd Essex AVC was formed at Plaistow on 26 June 1861, later moving to Stratford. No administrative brigade was formed for the Essex AVCs, which were attached to various other units for administration:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nA major reorganisation of the Volunteer Force in 1880 saw the 1st Norfolk Admin Brigade consolidated into a single unit, with the 1st Essex AVC due to become No 5 Battery at Harwich. Meanwhile the 2nd and 3rd Essex, with one-and-a-half batteries and eight batteries respectively, merged to form a new 1st Essex. However, the Harwich volunteers were unhappy with the arrangements and asked to be transferred to the new 1st Essex AVC, which thus had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe unit was attached to the Eastern Division of the Royal Artillery (RA) from 1 April 1882, and from September 1886 its official title was 2nd Volunteer (Essex) Brigade, Eastern Division, RA; it reverted to '1st Essex Artillery Volunteers' in 1889. It was increased to 12 batteries in April 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAs well as manning fixed coast defence artillery, some of the early Artillery Volunteers  manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. But the War Office refused to pay for the upkeep of field guns for Volunteers and they had largely died out in the 1870s. In 1888\u201391 the 'position artillery' concept was  revived and some Volunteer batteries were reorganised as position batteries to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades, the others becoming garrison companies. On 14 July 1892 the 1st Essex Volunteer Artillery was reorganised as one position battery and 11 companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nBy April 1899 there were two companies at Harwich, and they left to combine with four newly-raised companies in Suffolk to form a new 1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery grouped around the ports of Harwich, Ipswich and Felixstowe. This left the rest of the 1st Essex concentrated in the London suburbs and along the Thames Estuary. On 1 June 1899 all the Volunteer artillery units became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and with the abolition of the RA's divisional organisation  on 1 January 1902 the unit became the 1st Essex RGA (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nWhen the City Imperial Volunteers were raised to serve in the Second Boer War, some 240 members of the 1st Essex VA volunteered, of whom 14 non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and gunners were selected. One sergeant died while on service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1907 the Member of Parliament for Epping, Lt-Col Amelius Lockwood, asked a Parliamentary question implicitly criticising the small number of 15-pounder breechloading guns assigned to the one heavy battery and eight companies of the Essex RGA (V), all of which were allocated to mobile guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Essex RGA (V) was split up. While one battery at Stratford remained with the RGA as the East Anglian (Essex) Heavy Battery, the bulk of the unit was assigned to the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) as the II (or 2nd) East Anglian Brigade, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe three batteries were each equipped with four modernised BLC 15-pounder guns. The unit was assigned to the East Anglian Division of the TF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe East Anglian Division began its annual training on 27 July 1914, with the divisional artillery travelling to Redesdale Training Area in Northumberland. When the order to mobilise was given on 4 August, the units had to return to their headquarters by train and then move to their war stations. By 10 August the division had concentrated around Brentwood, Essex, and on 20 August it moved to Chelmsford and formed part of the coast defences of the UK until the following May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, units of the Territorial Force were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August 1914, the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II East Anglian Brigade\nThe 1st East Anglian Division was employed on coast defence until May 1915, when it was concentrated at St Albans preparatory to going overseas as the 54th (1st East Anglian) Division. However, when the infantry departed for the Gallipoli Campaign, the divisional artillery was left behind. In August it joined the 2nd East Anglian Division at Thetford and Brandon, Suffolk, rearmed with modern 18-pounder guns and handed over its obsolete 15-pounders to the 2nd Line batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II East Anglian Brigade\nOn 17 November 1915 the 54th Divisional Artillery embarked for France, where it joined 33rd Division, a 'Kitchener's Army' division whose artillery were still under training. After a month on the Western Front, during which parties of officers and men had been attached for training to other divisions in the Front Line, 54th Divisional Artillery was warned that it was to be transferred to Egypt to rejoin its parent division, which had been withdrawn from Gallipoli. Embarkation began at Marseille on 30 January 1916 and disembarkation was completed at Alexandria by 14 February. The divisional artillery rejoined 54th (EA) Division at Mena Camp near Cairo and in April moved into No 1 (Southern) Section of the Suez Canal defences, where it began training for desert warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II East Anglian Brigade\nOn 26 May 1916 1/II East Anglian Brigade was renumbered CCLXXI (271) Brigade, RFA, and its batteries became A, B and C. On 20 December it was reorganised into two six-gun batteries, with C Battery split up between A and B, and was joined by A Bty from 272 (H) Bde (the old 1/1st Suffolk Bty in 1/III East Anglian Howitzer Bde), which became C (H)/271 Bty equipped with four 4.5-inch howitzers and with its share of 272's Brigade Ammunition Column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II East Anglian Brigade\nCCLXXI Brigade then took part in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, including the First (26\u20137 March), Second (17\u20139 April) and Third Battles of Gaza (27 October\u20137 November) and the final capture of Gaza (1\u20137 November). At the end of the year the division was engaged in the Battle of Jaffa (21\u201322 December). 54th (EA) Division was next engaged in the action at Berukin (9\u201310 April 1918). Finally it took part in the opening stage of Allenby's final offensive (the Battle of Megiddo), known as the Battle of Sharon (19\u201323 September).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II East Anglian Brigade\nThe division was then taken out of the line and concentrated at Haifa, where it was engaged in repairing communications for the rapidly advancing army. It next moved to Beirut, where it was concentrating when the Armistice of Mudros was signed with Turkey and hostilities ended on 31 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II East Anglian Brigade\nIn late November 1918 the division was ordered to return to Egypt, the artillery proceeding by sea and arriving in mid-December. Demobilisation began in January 1919, and the TF units were slowly reduced to cadres. In March and April, when its guns had been handed in and about one-third of its men had left, 54th Divisional Artillery was converted into an ad hoc cavalry regiment to act as mounted police during disturbances in Cairo. Demobilisation recommenced in May and was completed in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/II East Anglian Brigade\nThe volunteers pouring into the depots manned the 2nd Line TF units. Training for the 2nd Line artillery was hindered by the shortage of equipment, and several months passed before guns, horses and harness were received. Even then, only obsolete French De Bange 90 mm cannon were available for training. Early in 1915 the 2nd East Anglian Division (which was numbered 69th in August 1915) concentrated round Thetford, where it formed part of First Army in Central Force. The divisional artillery was distributed around Brandon, Cambridge and Tuddenham. In November the divisional artillery took over the 15-pounder guns released by its 1st Line (see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/II East Anglian Brigade\nThe division's role throughout the war was to train drafts of reinforcements for units serving overseas. In May 1916, 2/II East Anglian Brigade was numbered CCCXLVI (346) Bde, the batteries became A, B and C, and it was joined by 2/2nd Suffolk (Howitzer) Bty from 2/III East Anglian Brigade, which became D (H) Bty. The following month the division was transferred to Northern Command and moved to Harrogate in North Yorkshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/II East Anglian Brigade\nOn 10 November 1916, B Bty was broken up to bring A and C Btys up to six-gun strength, and the following month CCCXLV (2/I East Anglian) Bde was broken up, with C (2/3rd Norfolk) Bty becoming B Bty in CCCXLVI Bde. On 22 December a group of new six-gun 18-pdr batteries were formed at Harrogate in 69th (2nd EA) Division's billeting area, and on 30 December two of these, 384 and 385, were attached to CCCXLVI Bde, affiliated to A and B Bty respectively. This gave the brigade the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/II East Anglian Brigade\nAfter training alongside CCCXLVI Bde, 384 and 385 Batteries joined CLXVI Bde and went with it in September 1917 to join 14th Indian Division in Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/II East Anglian Brigade\nAt the beginning of May 1917 69th (2nd EA) Division moved to Nottinghamshire, remaining in Northern Command, with the artillery at Welbeck Camp. The following winter it went into winter quarters in Doncaster. By now many of the original infantry units had left the division, which lost its territorial designation, becoming simply 69th Division. It never went overseas, spending the whole war providing reinforcement drafts for units serving overseas. Demobilisation began after the Armistice with Germany, and the divisional artillery had virtually disappeared by 27 January 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 3/II East Anglian Brigade\nA 3rd Line Depot brigade (3/II East Anglian Brigade) was formed early in March 1915. At first, training had to be carried out without any guns, harness or horses. In May the unit was affiliated to No 4 TF Artillery School at High Wycombe, which took over training while 3/II became a holding and draft-finding unit. The 3rd Line East Anglian brigades were merged into the school in August 1916, when it became 4th Reserve Brigade, RFA (TF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 85th (East Anglian) Field Brigade\nWhen the TF was reformed on 7 February 1920 the unit was reformed in 54th (East Anglian) Division as 2nd East Anglian Brigade, RFA, with a new 4th Essex Bty at Colchester. On the reconstitution of the TF as the Territorial Army in 1921 it was numbered as 85th (East Anglian) Brigade, RFA, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 85th (East Anglian) Field Brigade\nWhen the RFA merged into the Royal Artillery on 1 June 1924, the unit became a 'Field Brigade, RA' In July 1925 the subtitle of the Colchester battery was changed to 'Essex RHA', commemorating the Essex Royal Horse Artillery that had been disbanded in 1919. On 1 October 1932, 339 (Essex RHA) Bty transferred to 104th (Essex Yeomanry) Fd Bde and was replaced by 213 Bty, converted from 232 Medium Bty (formerly the East Anglian (Essex) RGA, see above) of 58th (Essex and Suffolk) Medium Bde. This battery had always shared the brigade's HQ at Stratford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 85th (East Anglian) Field Brigade\nThe RA adopted the more usual designation of 'Regiment' for its brigades on 1 November 1938, and when the TA was doubled in size after the Munich Crisis 85th (East Anglian) Field Rgt formed 134th Field Rgt as its duplicate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War II\nBoth 85th and 134th (East Anglian) Field Rgts were serving with 54th (EA) Division in Eastern Command when it mobilised on the outbreak of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, World War II\nIn January 1942 54th (EA) Division was placed on a lower establishment, an acknowledgement that it was not going to be sent on active service. 85th (East Anglian) Field Rgt later served in Persia and Iraq Command (PAIFORCE) and then converted to mountain artillery, in which role it fought in the Italian Campaign. 134th Field Rgt, which was granted the '(East Anglian)' subtitle in 1942, was shipped to India, where it first became a jungle field regiment and then a medium regiment, in which role it served in the Burma Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 134th Medium Rgt was disbanded and 85th Mountain Rgt was reformed as 285 (Essex) Airborne Light Rgt with RHQ and P Bty at Artillery House, Stratford Green. The regiment formed part of the TA's 16th Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nOn 28 May 1951 the regiment became 285 (Essex) Airborne Field Rgt, and on 27 June 1955 it was redesignated again as 285 (Essex) Parachute Field Rgt. However, 16th Airborne Division was disbanded in 1956 and the number of air-portable units was reduced. On 31 October 1956 the regiment merged with 292 (5th London) Parachute Field Rgt to form 289 Parachute Light Rgt in 44th Independent Parachute Brigade Group. This regiment in turn was reduced to 289 Parachute Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Memorials\nThere is a memorial plaque to the men of the 1st Essex VA who served in the Second Boer War in St John's Church, Stratford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158960-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Essex Artillery Volunteers, Memorials\nThere is a memorial at the Army Reserve Centre at Romford, originally at Artillery House, Stratford, in memory of the men of 2nd East Anglian Bde, RFA, and the other units based there who died in 1914\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158961-0000-0000", "contents": "1st European Film Awards\nThe 1st Annual European Film Awards, presented by the European Film Academy, recognized excellence in Euopean cinema. The ceremony took place on 1 December 1988 at the Theater des Westens in West Berlin and was hosted by Luxembourgish presenter Desir\u00e9e Nosbusch and German actor Jan Niklas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158961-0001-0000", "contents": "1st European Film Awards\nBritish film Distant Voices, Still Lives led the nominations with five but the films Wings of Desire, Pelle the Conqueror and Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown got the most wins with two each. Krzysztof Kie\u015blowski's A Short Film About Killing received the award for Best European Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158961-0002-0000", "contents": "1st European Film Awards\nThe Lifetime Achievement Award was awarded to two iconic European directors, to Swedish director Ingmar Bergman presented by German actress Nastasja Kinski and to Italian director Marcello Mastroianni presented by Italian actress Giulietta Masina. English actor Sir Richard Attenborough received the Award of Merit, which was presented by Italian actress Gina Lollobrigida while two Special Awards were presented, one to Italian director Bernardo Bertolucci for The Last Emperor and one to Russian composer Yuri Khanon for the music of The Days of Eclipse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158961-0003-0000", "contents": "1st European Film Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners are in a yellow background and in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158961-0004-0000", "contents": "1st European Film Awards, Winners and nominees, Special Jury Award\nYuri Khanon - The Days of Eclipse (Special Prize of the Jury for the music the film)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 66], "content_span": [67, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158962-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Executive Council of the People's Republic of Croatia\nThe 1st Executive Council of the People's Republic of Croatia was that state's executive branch of government in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158962-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Executive Council of the People's Republic of Croatia, Background\nThe Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia held its V. Plenum in May 1952 when a new Constitutional Law was proposed. On 13 January 1953 the National Assembly adopted a new Constitutional Law on the Basics of Social and Political Organization of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia and Federal Governing Organs. The law established a new Federal Executive Council as the executive branch of government. The constituent republics subsequently adopted matching laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 69], "content_span": [70, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158962-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Executive Council of the People's Republic of Croatia, Background\nOn 5 February 1953 the Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia adopted the Constitutional Law of the People's Republic of Croatia on the Basics of Social and Political Organization and Republican Governing Organs which created the republic's new Executive Council. The following day the Parliament adopted an enabling law for the new Constitutional Law, and then proceeded to elect the first Executive Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 69], "content_span": [70, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158962-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Executive Council of the People's Republic of Croatia, Background\nThe Executive Council organized elections to the Parliament, now divided into a Republican Council and a Council of Producers, on 22 November 1953. A joint session of the two newly elected legislative councils elected a new Executive Council on 18 December 1953. Vladimir Bakari\u0107 was replaced by Jakov Bla\u017eevi\u0107 as president of the Executive Council, while he moved to the position of President of the Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 69], "content_span": [70, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158963-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Force (Ottoman Empire)\nThe 1st Expeditionary Force (Turkish: Birinci Kuvve-i Seferiye) of the Ottoman Empire was one of the expeditionary forces of the Ottoman Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158963-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Force (Ottoman Empire), Order of battle\nIn December 1914, the 1st Expeditionary Force was structured as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group\nThe 1st Expeditionary Rescue Group is a provisional unit of the United States Air Force assigned to Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as necessary. It was activated in Southwest Asia in September 2015 to provide combat search and rescue for Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group\nThe group was first activated during World War II as the 1st Emergency Rescue Squadron. After training with the United States Navy in Florida, the squadron moved to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it flew Consolidated OA-10 Catalinas (and later other aircraft) to perform combat search and rescue missions, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation in August 1944. After VE Day, the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group\nThe group was activated later in 1946 as the 1st Rescue Squadron and was responsible for air rescue operations in the Caribbean and mid-Atlantic area. In 1952, it expanded to become the 1st Air Rescue Group, but was inactivated in 1956 as Air Force operations in the Caribbean were reduced. It was active again in 1995 at Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, where it provided rescue and range support for the Eastern Test Range. It was inactivated in 1997, when its component squadrons moved to Moody Air Force Base, Georgia and were reassigned, while the Eastern Test Range support mission was assumed by Air Force Reserve Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, Mission\nThe mission of the 1st Expeditionary Rescue Group is combat search and rescue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, Units\nThe 1st Expeditionary Rescue Group consists of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, World War II, Training as the first squadron of its kind\nThe group was first activated as the 1st Emergency Rescue Squadron at Boca Raton Army Air Field, Florida on 1 December 1943 with an initial cadre of one officer and four enlisted men. The squadron and the 2d Emergency Rescue Squadron, activated two weeks later in California, were the first of their kind in the Army Air Forces. Two naval officers were attached to the squadron to perform check flights for the pilots, who had received training on the Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina at Naval Air Station Pensacola and Naval Air Station Jacksonville. The training included water landings on Lake Okeechobee and navigation training. After two and a half months of training, the unit departed for overseas assignment. The squadron left for overseas from Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia, sailing on board the SS\u00a0William L. Mitchell on 3 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 97], "content_span": [98, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, World War II, Operations in the Mediterranean\nThe squadron arrived at the port of Casablanca, French Morocco on 12 March and proceeded to the encampment at Camp Don B. Passage. They staged through Sidi Ahmed, Tunisia before arriving at their operational station of Ajaccio, Corsica, France. Meanwhile, crews picked up their Catalinas at Port Lyautey Airfield, French Morocco. The squadron flew its first operational mission from Ajaccio on 10 April. Its first rescue, of a crewmember of a Royal Air Force Vickers Wellington bomber, occurred a week later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, World War II, Operations in the Mediterranean\nIn May 1944, the squadron began a split operation to increase the area in which it could provide rescue coverage. Headquarters and C Flight remained at Ajaccio, while B Flight left for Foggia Main Airfield and A Flight for Grottaglie Airfield, both in Italy. B Flight was attached to 323 Wing of the Royal Air Force for operations. On 10 May the squadron staged a rescue operation from Vis, an island controlled by Yugoslav Partisans in a search for a fighter aircraft downed over Yugoslavia. On 20 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, World War II, Operations in the Mediterranean\nA Flight performed the first rescue flown from Italy, landing a Catalina a few miles off the coast of Albania to pick up the pilot of an RAF Supermarine Spitfire who had been shot down while attacking a German Q-Ship. B Flight performed its first rescue, of a Consolidated B-24 Liberator crew of the 741st Bombardment Squadron, four days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, World War II, Operations in the Mediterranean\nNot only Allied fliers were rescued by the squadron. On 14 June, for the first time, C Flight responded to a distress signal received by a fighter control center. Upon arrival at the signal's location, the crew discovered the source of the signal was from two Luftwaffe fliers. They were retrieved and made the squadron's first capture of prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, World War II, Operations in the Mediterranean\nBy July 1944, B Flight acquired a Stinson L-5 Sentinel, which it used for searches of crash sites on land. The squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for the period o 17 to 21 August 1944. During this period, with only nine aircraft to cover its area of responsibility, the squadron rescued 21 allied airmen, making open sea landings in hazardous weather conditions and heavy seas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, World War II, Operations in the Mediterranean\nDuring the month of October, A Flight temporarily operated from a French naval base. The squadron also added a boat crew to its strength, but this unit was reassigned a month later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, World War II, Operations in the Mediterranean\nIn late December 1944, the squadron and C Flight moved to Foggia. The move to Foggia also brought the assignment of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, transferred from units in Fifteenth Air Force. One month later, most of A and C Flights were detached from the squadron for shipment to the China-Burma-India Theater as the cadre for the 7th Emergency Rescue Squadron, which was being organized at Agartala. With these flights went the squadron's B-17s, although once the 1st was reorganized it again flew the B-17. This reduced the squadron to (new) A Flight at Falconara Airfield and B Flight with the squadron headquarters at Foggia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, World War II, Return to the United States\nThe last combat rescue performed by the squadron, on 1 May 1945, was also the only one performed by dropping a lifeboat from a B-17 Dumbo. Fighting in Italy ended the following day. After VE Day, A Flight joined the squadron headquarters at Foggia. On 25 May 1945, the squadron left the Mediterranean, assembling at Keesler Field, Mississippi in late June. The squadron spent the next year at Keesler before inactivating in June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 82], "content_span": [83, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, Caribbean operations\nThe squadron was activated again as the 1st Rescue Squadron at Howard Field, Panama Canal Zone in November 1946 and assumed responsibility for search and rescue in the Caribbean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, Caribbean operations\nThe squadron moved to MacDill Air Force Base, Florida in September 1949 and was assigned to Air Rescue Service. Despite the move, the squadron's area of responsibility (the Caribbean and eastward in the mid-Atlantic to Bermuda) remained the same. At MacDill the squadron became the 1st Air Rescue Squadron. A Flight was located with the squadron until early 1951, when its personnel were distributed to other Air Rescue Service units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, Caribbean operations\nIn 1951 the squadron headquarters returned to the Canal Zone, moving to Albrook Air Force Base, where its B Flight was already located. In November 1952 it expanded into the 1st Air Rescue Group. Its three flights, were replaced by squadrons. A and B Flights, both located at Albrook with group headquarters, became the 26th and 27th Air Rescue Squadrons, C Flight at Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico, became the 28th Air Rescue Squadron, and D Flight at Kindley Air Force Base, Bermuda became the 29th Air Rescue Squadron. Less than a year later, in September 1953, the second rescue squadron at Albrook was inactivated. As US operations in the Caribbean were reduced, the group and its remaining squadrons inactivated in December 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, Patrick Air Force Base\nIn June 1995, the group, now designated the 1st Rescue Group, was activated at Patrick Air Force Base, Florida as the command element for the 41st Rescue Squadron, flying Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopters and the 71st Rescue Squadrons, flying Lockheed HC-130 Hercules tankers, although the group was not manned until the middle of July. The squadrons had previously reported to the 1st Operations Group, stationed at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, Patrick Air Force Base\nThe group provided rescue, recovery and medical evacuation capability for Space Shuttle launches. It also performed range safety and surveillance for launches on the Eastern Test Range by government and commercial operators. While stationed at Patrick, the group deployed airmen to Southwest Asia. Five members of the group were among those killed in the Khobar Towers bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, Patrick Air Force Base\nIn April 1997, the group's two flying squadrons moved to Moody Air Force Base, Georgia, where they were reassigned to the 347th Operations Group. Air Combat Command and Air Force Reserve Command had been transitioning the Eastern Test Range support mission to the reserve 301st Rescue Squadron. The group remained behind at Patrick until September 1997, when it was inactivated, as the remaining rescue mission at Patrick was transferred to the reserve 920th Rescue Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, History, Expeditionary operations\nThe group was converted to provisional status as the 1st Expeditionary Rescue Group and assigned to Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate as needed in January 2015. In September, the group was activated to support Operation Inherent Resolve, military operations against ISIL. The need for a rescue capability as part of Inherent Resolve was highlighted by the failure to recover Muath al-Kasasbeh, a Royal Jordanian Air Force pilot, who was captured by ISIL, then tortured and barbarously killed after his fighter crashed in Syria. The US Navy's Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron FIVE (HSC-5) deployed with 1st ERQG during 2016 in support of OIR during their deployment with Carrier Air Wing SEVEN (CVW-7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158964-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158965-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron is a provisional squadron attached to the 21st Space Wing at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158965-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron\nBefore conversion to provisional status, the 1st Space Control Squadron' was a space situational awareness unit last located at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The squadron commanded the United States Space Surveillance Network to detect, track, identify and catalog positional data for all man-made objects in Earth orbit. The squadron was established in 1989 as the 1st Command and Control Squadron at Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base, Colorado. It was inactivated in 2008 and its personnel and equipment were integrated into the 614th Air and Space Operations Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158965-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History, Background\nThe roots of the squadron can be traced to 1961, when the Space Detection and Tracking System Center at opened at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado. The center brought together Air Force and Navy systems designed to track objects in space in all directions, not merely Soviet missiles launched over the North Pole. The center came under the operational control of North American Air Defense Command. There were several subsequent moves, name changes, and changes in personnel, experience, and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158965-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History, Activation\nThe Air Force activated the 1st Command and Control Squadron at Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station, Colorado in December 1989 to operate the system. The 1st Command and Control Squadron provided collision avoidance support during each shuttle mission as well as maintaining an extensive satellite catalog (the \"SATCAT\" or \"Box score\"). This catalog is used by U.S. civilian and military agencies when launching new satellites into space, as well as by U.S. allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158965-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History, Activation\nThe 1 SPCS tracked and compiled positional data on thousands of man-made objects in space partly to prevent collisions between newly launched satellites and other objects already orbiting the earth. Additionally, the unit had the mission to task 30 space sensors within Space Surveillance Network to track satellites for US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) to maintain an accurate satellite catalog (SATCAT) of over 9000 objects orbiting the earth., To support manned space flight, 1 SPCS constructs a theoretical box around the space shuttle, MIR or ISS, and projects flight path intersections for 36 to 72 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158965-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History, Activation\nIf any objects intersects the theoretical box, the unit forwarded the analysis to NASA, allowing them to determine whether to change the spacecraft/space station's flight path. Based on 1 SPCS mission analysis, and its predecessor units, NASA has moved the space shuttle 12 times and the International Space Station five times since 1981. In June 1995, the unit tracked the U.S. Space Shuttle Atlantis during its historic rendezvous with the Russian space station Mir. The unit also compiled a catalog of space objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158965-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History, Activation\nThe 1 SPCS also contained international personnel, such as Canadian military, since SSA was not just a U.S. problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158965-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History, Move\nIn 2006, Admiral Timothy Keating, commander of NORAD directed a study on the continued use of the hardened command post at Cheyenne Mountain in view of what was perceived as diminished threats. The decision to close Cheyenne Moungain required a unit move. The unit moved to Vandenberg Air Force Base, California in 2007 to better coordinate activities with the Joint Space Operations Center, it lost over 150 years of expert civilian experience. (archive returns only an error message)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158965-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Expeditionary Space Control Squadron, History, Inactivation\nThe unit was inactivated on 9 Jun 2008, and its mission and members integrated into the 614th Air and Space Operations Center / Joint Space Operations Center. Unconfirmed sources state that Cheyenne Mountain may retain some capability to cover the 1 SPCS mission, if required. At the time of inactivation, 106", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group\nThe 1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Air Proving Ground Command and stationed at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. It was inactivated on 22 July 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group\nThe 1st EGMG was the initial United States Army Air Forces (later United States Air Force) dedicated missile unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History\nFormed a result of the Air Materiel Command's Engineering Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base looking for a location to allow its contractors to launch missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Missile technologies\nInitial mission of unit was to determine Air Force missile requirements and review missile propulsion, guidance, and launching technologies. Also matrixed contractors to technologies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Missile technologies\nThe contractor would be responsible for the requirements, and ultimately responsible for seeing that the project planning and development came together. In the late 1940s, the available funding that was provided to the Air Force was directed towards jet aircraft development. Missiles, at the time, were a piecemeal effort which reflected much competition among the three military branches and development often took a backseat to Strategic Air Command bomber and tanker force improvements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Program plan development\nIn March 1947, when the group received its first series of test projects. Though most of the group's efforts were devoted to \"on-the-job\" training and providing assistance to  contractors who launched those weapons, the 1st began implementing its mission, which included", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, B-17 Drone development\nDuring the war, experiments were made with approximately twenty-five war-weary B-17s (mostly F models) that were packed with high explosives to be used against heavily fortified Nazi weapons sites in France. These aircraft, designated \"BQ-7\" experiments (Project Aphrodite and Project Castor) were not successful due to the inability of the aircraft to be launched and controlled remotely, and the need for the aircraft to have a flight crew that would bail out and control of the plane be transferred to a director aircraft which would direct it to the target. Control difficulties in the wartime conditions led to the cancellation of the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, B-17 Drone development\nDevelopment in the United States of the wartime technology was accelerated by the 1946 Operation Crossroads atomic tests. The testing program called for drone aircraft to be flown through the atomic clouds after the explosion with monitoring and air sampling equipment. The requirement was for the drone aircraft to be taken off, flown and landed by radio control. The Air Materiel Command at Wright-Patterson Field, Ohio, developed a refined remote control system in about six weeks, advancing the World War II technology to meet the requirements. Initial testing was performed at Clovis Army Air Field, New Mexico. On 16 February 1946, the technology was successfully demonstrated using a war-weary B-17 that was flown in all phases of the flight remotely by radio control from a \"mother\" aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, B-17 Drone development\nIn May 1946, sixteen new B-17s were drawn from storage at South Plains Army Air Field, Lubbock, Texas. and were flown to the San Antonio Air Depot, Kelly Field, Texas. All defensive armament and turrets were stripped; the bomb bay doors being sealed along with the waist gunner openings. Then, the aircraft equipped with radio, radar, television and other equipment. Six of the aircraft were fitted with drone director equipment to control one drone aircraft and the capability to back up one other director aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, B-17 Drone development\nThe aircraft were tested at Clovis, then attached to the 509th Composite Group at Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico. and were set to deploy to the Marshall Islands for use in Operation Crossroads. Their mission was atmospheric sampling collection and atmospheric research, to fly through the mushroom cloud and take measurements. In June 1946, both the Director and Drone B-17s were flown to Eniwetok Airfield, Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, some 200 miles west of Bikini Atoll where the Crossroads tests were to take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, B-17 Drone development\nOn 1 July 1946 Test Able took place and the aircraft were flown through the mushroom cloud for sample collections successfully. An extensive post-test inspection was conducted on the aircraft and all was found to be well. Test Baker took place two weeks later and again inspections were conducted. The aircraft returned to Roswell in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, B-17 Drone development\nThe success of the drone B-17s led to the development of other types of sampling methods and establishment of other squadrons for a wide variety of programs. In September 1947, the B-17Gs were re-designated as QB-17 for drones and the DB-17 for the controller aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, B-17 Drone development\nWith the completion of the Operation Crossroads tests, management of the B-17 drone program was transferred to the Army Air Forces Proving Ground Command from Material Command. The 1st EGMG was given the mission to oversee development of drone aircraft to support the Atomic Energy Commission nuclear tests. On 13 January 1947, the Guided Missiles Group received nationwide publicity by conducting a successful drone flight from Eglin AFB to Washington, D.C., in a simulated bombing mission. In April 1948, the Group deployed the QB/DB Fortresses to Eniwetok Atoll for the Operation Sandstone nuclear tests in the spring of 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, B-17 Drone development\nAt Holloman Air Force Base, the Group established a detachment to support the 2754th Experimental Wing, and testing for the ASM-A-2 RASCAL  missile. QB-17 Fortress drones were used as aerial weapons targets for the missile. The drone Fortresses were also used as weapons targets for the testing and development of the  AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, JB-2 missile testing\nThe 1st regrouped its activities after Operation Sandstone, and it spent several months preparing a detachment to depart for cold weather testing of the JB-2 flying bomb in Alaska in November 1948. The Republic-Ford JB-2 was a United States copy of the World War II German V-1 flying bomb. Developed in 1944, it was extensively tested at Eglin Field. It was planned to be used in the United States invasion of Japan (Operation Downfall), however, with the sudden end of the war, the JB-2 was never used in combat. It was the forerunner of the family of United States Guided Missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, JB-2 missile testing\nTesting by the 1st EGMG of the JB-2 was performed with two versions \u2014 the wartime version with preset internal guidance and another version fitted with radar control  Testing began at Alamogordo Army Airfield, New Mexico in March 1947 and it spent several months preparing a detachment to depart for cold weather testing of the JB-2 in Alaska in November 1948. Additional testing was also done at the Santa Rosa Island Range Complex, Florida, and at Wagner Field (Eglin  Auxiliary Field #1) from with MB-17Gs were fitted with the JB-2 for airborne launches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, JB-2 missile testing\nThe JB-2 was used for development of missile guidance control and seeker systems, testing of telemetering and optical tracking facilities, and as a target for new surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles (ironically fulfilling the former V1's covername, Flakzielger\u00e4t\u00a0\u2014 anti-aircraft target device). The JB-2 project used the North American Aviation NATIV (North American Test Instrument Vehicle) Blockhouse and two launch ramps at Holloman: a 400\u00a0ft (120\u00a0m), two-rail ramp on a 3\u00b0 earth-filled slope, and a 40\u00a0ft (12\u00a0m) trailer ramp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, JB-2 missile testing\nThe 40-foot trailer ramp was the first step toward a system that would eventually be adapted for the forthcoming Martin MGM-1 Matador, first operational surface-to-surface cruise missile built by the United States. The program at Holloman was terminated on 10 January 1949 after successful development of a radio guidance and control system that could control and even skid-land a JB-2 under the control of an airborne or ground transmitter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, JB-2 missile testing\nThe Group also began providing observers for guided missile tests at laboratories and factories, including those programs sponsored by the Army and Navy. The JB-2 was never used operationally, however, it led to the development of the first operational USAF cruise missile, the Martin B-61A Matador.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Operations, Gliding bomb testing\nThe wartime Henschel Hs 293 was a German radio-controlled glide bomb with a rocket engine slung underneath it. It was used as an anti-ship weapon. After the war, the German technology was used to develop the VB-3 Razon, VB-6 Felix and VB-13 Tarzon gliding bombs. Testing of these weapons began in 1947 by the 1st EGMG at Eglin, using MB-17 Flying Fortresses as launch platforms. During the Korean War, the VB-3 and VB-13 were used operationally against enemy targets in North Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158966-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group, History, Inactivation\nOn 20 July 1949, the 1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group was inactivated and the unit structure was replaced by the 550th Guided Missiles Wing on the same date, which assumed the personnel and equipment of the 1st EGMG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158967-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Extreme Ironing World Championships\nThe 1st Extreme Ironing World Championships was the inaugural championship for the quirky British sport of extreme ironing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158967-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Extreme Ironing World Championships\nThe first event, held in mid-September 2002 in Valley, Bavaria, a small village near Munich in the district Miesbach, was host to competitors from ten nations, comprising 12 teams (three were from Britain).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158967-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Extreme Ironing World Championships, Results\nThe GB1 and GB3 teams managed to win the gold and bronze team medals. German and Austrian competitors picked up the individual prizes. 1st Place Chrissy Quaid. 2nd Place Jade Dunn. 3rd Place Becca Rogers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158967-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Extreme Ironing World Championships, Results\nCompetitors were tested on their abilities to cope with five arduous ironing tests on a variety of fabrics and in different environments ranging from rocky to forest, urban and water. A 70-strong contingent gathered in a muddy field to combine the often mundane household task with \"extreme\" pursuits such as rock climbing. They were judged on their creative ironing skills as well as the creases in the clothing. The British team prepared for the championships in different locations such as Ben Nevis, Scafell Pike and Snowdon in the hope of winning prizes including a holiday in Hawaii, washing machines and other household goods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring\nThe Fallschirm-Panzer-Division 1. Hermann G\u00f6ring (1st Paratroop Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring - abbreviated Fallschirm-Panzer-Div 1 HG) was an elite German Luftwaffe armoured division. The HG saw action in France, North Africa, Sicily, Italy and on the Eastern Front. The division began as a battalion-sized police unit in 1933. Over time it grew into a regiment, brigade, division, and finally was combined with the Parachute-Panzergrenadier Division 2 Hermann G\u00f6ring on 1st May 1944 to form a Panzer corps under the by then Reichsmarschall. It surrendered to the Soviet Army near Dresden on May 8, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring\nIts personel was initially recruited from volunteers from Nazi organizations such as the Hitler Youth, later receiving intakes from the Army (especially panzer troops) and conscripts of the Luftwaffe. The unit was stationed in Berlin in the newly built Hermann G\u00f6ring barracks (today's Julius Leber barracks) and in Velten; being named after the Reichsmarschall and Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe Hermann G\u00f6ring. This naming was intended to establish a close connection between Wehrmacht units and National Socialism, while at the same time documenting the domestic power within the party hierarchy. Among its combat missions, the Hermann G\u00f6ring mantained guard forces, such as a guard in the Reichsmarschall's estate at Carinhall and the Flak defense of Hitler's headquarters and personal train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring\nThe division, during its time in Italy, committed a number of war crimes, and, together with the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, was disproportionately involved in massacres of the civilian population, the two divisions accounting for approximately one-third of all civilians killed in war crimes in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Establishment and initial phase - Police Administration\nWhen Hitler, of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), was appointed Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933, Captain Hermann G\u00f6ring was appointed the Prussian Minister of the Interior in February 1933. This gave him the supreme command of the entire Prussian police and a general's rank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 113], "content_span": [114, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Establishment and initial phase - Police Administration\nOn February 24, 1933, G\u00f6ring established the Polizeiabteilung z. b. V. Wecke (z. b. V. meaning \"for special use\"). His intention was to create a police association that was loyal to the NSDAP regime. The outfit was named after its commander Major der Schutzpolizei Walther Wecke, a veteran of the First World War and a member of the NSDAP. Numbering 400 men, it was stationed in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin - a notoriously left-wing working-class area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 113], "content_span": [114, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Establishment and initial phase - Police Administration\nThe battalion soon became notorious for its brutal practices. In cooperation with the Gestapo, which was also under G\u00f6ring's control, the Special Duties Police Battalion was involved in many attacks against Communists and Social Democrats and was responsible for the arrest of opponents of the regime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 113], "content_span": [114, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Establishment and initial phase - Police Administration\nIn June 1933 G\u00f6ring enlarged the battalion and placed it under the command of the state police (Landespolizei), becoming the Landespolizeigruppe Wecke z. b. V. (Special Duties State Police Group Wecke), and then Landespolizeigruppe General G\u00f6ring in January 1934. In the same month, under pressure from Hitler and Himmler, G\u00f6ring gave Himmler's SS control of the Gestapo. To reinforce the position of his remaining unit, G\u00f6ring increased its size and instituted a military training program. During the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler resorted to both G\u00f6ring's state police group and Himmler's Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, who executed many SA leaders, thus removing the formation as a threat to the NSDAP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 113], "content_span": [114, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Air Force Control - Early Missions\nIn 1935 G\u00f6ring was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force. Since he wanted to keep control of his \"favorite unit\", it was transferred to the Luftwaffe in September 1935 and renamed the Regiment General G\u00f6ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 92], "content_span": [93, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Air Force Control - Early Missions\nAt the beginning of 1936 the regiment was ready to fight again. At that time all organized resistance against the NSDAP had been eliminated. During this time, the regiment served G\u00f6ring as a personal bodyguard and covered Hitler's headquarters with its anti-aircraft guns. During this time the IV. (J\u00e4ger-) Bataillon/RGG and the 15th Pioneer Company (15. Pionier-Kompanie) were assigned to the D\u00f6beritz Aviation School for parachute training; at the end of 1937 these units were renamed IV.Fallschirmsch\u00fctzen-Bataillon (Parachute Rifle Battalion). The battalion was separated from the regiment in March 1938, sent to the training grounds of Stendal and transformed into the I./Fallschirmj\u00e4ger-Regiment 1, the first paratrooper unit of the Wehrmacht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 92], "content_span": [93, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Air Force Control - Early Missions\nThe regiment participated in the so-called Blumenkrieg (Flower Wars), taking part in the annexation of Austria (Anschluss); being among the first units to cross the border. Two companies landed by Junkers Ju 52/3m transport planes at Aspern Airport near Vienna. The unit remained in-country for several weeks on duty in Wiener Neustadt. The Regiment General G\u00f6ring was also involved in the occupation of the Sudetenland in October 1938 and the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939; after which, the regiment undertook guard duties at the strategically important Skoda vehicle works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 92], "content_span": [93, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Training and selection\nThe Regiment General G\u00f6ring intended for its ranks to be filled with selected personel to square of with its competitors, the Army's \u00e9lite Infanterie-Regiment \"Gro\u00dfdeutschland\" and the Waffen-SS Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler. Among the criteria for acceptance in the regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Training and selection\nDuring the wars years a further requirement was added: the volunteer would have to sign up for 12 years service. Those conditions were much the same as those demanded for ingress into the Gro\u00dfdeutschland and the Leibstandarte. As the war progressed and the scale of combat losses mounted, such restrictive criteria could not be susteined in any of these \u00e9lite formations. Many Luftwaffe personel would simply be drafted into the Hermann G\u00f6ring from other units to replace combat losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Training and selection\nWith high caliber recruits, the regiment occupied a brand new purpose-built barracks complex at Berlin-Reinickendorf, which was constructed to the highest standards and with the most modern of facilities. The complex boasted over 120 buildings and included gymnasia, outdoor and indoor swimming pools, sports areas and its own post office. The smartly dressed General G\u00f6ring soldiers, in their distinctive uniforms with white collar patches and special unit cuffband (\u00c4rmelstreifen), became a regular sight on the streets of Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Formation, Training and selection\nBy 1939 the regiment had grown considerably. Troops of the regiment took part in many of the great pre-war parades through Berlin. They provided guards for Reichsmarschall Hermann G\u00f6ring's own headquarters, the changing of the guard often being performed with all due cerimony including the presence of the regiment's own military band. The regiment also undertook guard duties at G\u00f6ring's private retreat, the sumptuous Carinhall estate - named after G\u00f6ring's deceased first wife, Carin Axelina Hulda G\u00f6ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Blitzkrieg in the West\nDuring the attack on Poland only a small part of the Regiment General G\u00f6ring (RGG) was involved in the fighting. Most of the unit remained in Berlin to protect G\u00f6ring's headquarters and the Reichshauptstadt. During the Phoney War parts of the regiment formed an infantry battalion and took part in Operation Weser\u00fcbung against Denmark and Norway in the spring of 1940; with the largest part of the RGG relocated to the west on the German-Dutch border under the camouflage designations \"Flak-Regiment 101\" and \"Flak-Regiment 103\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Blitzkrieg in the West\nIn April, a detachment under Hauptmann Kluge was sent to Denmark. Composed of a company of the Wachbataillon, a 2cm self-propelled Flak-Batterie and a Kradsch\u00fctzen-Kompanie, it took part in the seizure of the airfield and radio station at Esbjerg and the securing of the coastline of Jutland. The detachment was then transferred by sea to Oslo, in Norway, being engaged alongside the Army first in the advance to Trondheim, then north up into the Arctic Circle to take the port of Bodo and relieve the pressure on the beleaguered \u00e9lite Gebirgsj\u00e4ger further north at Narvik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Blitzkrieg in the West\nAt first the Germans forces were pushed back by the Allies, with General Eduard Dietl making a fighting retreat and retiring along Beisfjord. With Fall Gelb initiated, the Allies evacuated Norway to concentrate on Flanders, leaving Narvik to the Germans. After completing its mission, Kluge's detachment was sent back home to Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Blitzkrieg in the West\nAs part of the Western campaign, the RGG took part in the invasion of the Netherlands and Belgium. During the campaign the Eben-Emael fortress in Belgium was taken by paratroopers under Captain Walther Koch, many of whom had previously served in the Regiment General G\u00f6ring - including Koch himself. The RGG took part in the crossing of the Maas and the advance into eastern Belgium. There it crossed the Albert Canal against stiff resistance and took part in the capture of Brussels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Blitzkrieg in the West\nAfter the surrender of the Netherlands, the regiment was divided into several small combat groups (Kampfgruppen), which were assigned to the panzer divisions that spearheaded the attack on France. The anti-aircraft troops were particularly noted for their efficacy, with the superb 8.8cm anti-aircraft of the heavy batteries often used to fight tanks and the 3rd and 5th batteries of the RGG destroyed 18 French tanks at pointblank range during a battle in the Forest of Mormal, breaking their counterattack; the crews of the guns Casar and Dona kept firing at the French heavy tanks at 15 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Blitzkrieg in the West\nThe Regiment General G\u00f6ring was rewarded for its excellent performance by forming part of the honour guard of the F\u00fcrher-Begleit-Kompanie (F\u00fcrher's Escort Company) for the formal armistice at Compi\u00e8gne on 21 June 1940. After the capitulation of France, the RGG provided Flak defences in bunkers on the Channel coast as well as contributing to the anti-aircraft defence ring around Paris. The new regimental commander was Colonel Paul Conrath in June 1940, who was to lead the regiment and the later division until 1944. At the end of 1940 the regiment was transferred back to Berlin to resume its old job as a bodyguard and air defense unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, The invasion of the USSR\nAt the beginning of 1941 the unit was motorized and renamed Regiment (mot.) Hermann G\u00f6ring after G\u00f6ring had been appointed Reichsmarschall in 1940.When Germany joined hostilities in the Balkans in April 1941, the motorized regiment was sent to Romania for intended attachment to Generaloberst Wilhelm List's 12.Armee; instead it was held in reserve and placed in the air defense of the strategic oil fields at Ploesti. In preparation for the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 the regiment had been moved into positions along the River Bug, the dividing line between the German and Soviet occupation zones of Poland; forming part II.Flak-Korps of Panzergruppe von Kleist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 87], "content_span": [88, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, The invasion of the USSR\nDuring Operation Barbarossa, the regiment was attached to the 11th Panzer Division, a part of Army Group South. The regiment saw action in the initial breakthrough and the advance via Radziech\u00f3w, where the Flak crews once again showed remarkable performance against enemy tanks. The unit then drove towards Dubno, fighting in the tank battle of Brody in Ukraine, against Soviet T-34 and KV tanks; with the 11th Panzer Division being momentarily cut-off by Soviet armoured forces. The regiment then took part in the encirclement of Kiev and the Battle of Bryansk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 87], "content_span": [88, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, The invasion of the USSR\nThese battles were hard-fought and the regiment took significant losses, albeit reinforcing the unit's growing reputation for steadfastness in combat. At the end of 1941, the regiment was moved back to Germany for rest and refitting, with the Sch\u00fctzen-Bataillon Hermann G\u00f6ring remaining at the front until May 1942. At the same time, a newly formed II.Sch\u00fctzen-Bataillon was sent to the Eastern Front, where it was all but decimated in extremely heavy-fighting around Juchnow and Anissowo-Goroditsche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 87], "content_span": [88, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, The invasion of the USSR\nAt the end of the Battle of Uman, the encircled Soviet forces attempted a desperate breakout by night, running into the 16th batterie of the Flak Regiment Hermann G\u00f6ring, under Oberleutnant Karl Rossmann (aka Batterie Ro\u00dfmann) and with a handful of infantry including troops from the SS-Division \u201cWiking\u201d between Uman and Slatopol near the town of Swerdlikowo. The Rossman's formation held out for 14 hours against all attacks, thus playing a major role in ensuring the destruction of Soviet 6th, 12th and elements of the 18th Armies. For this action Rossmann received the Knight\u2019s Cross on 12 September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 87], "content_span": [88, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, The invasion of the USSR\nBack in Germany, the Flak elements in the Reich took positions in Munich where they contributed to the city's air defence for a short period, before being moved near Paris, remaining there into the spring of 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 87], "content_span": [88, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Upgrade into a Division\nIn May-July 1942 the regiment was expanded to brigade size and renamed Brigade Hermann G\u00f6ring, under Generalmajor Paul Conrath and during this period undertook general occupation and security duties in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Upgrade into a Division\nIn October 1942, when the brigade was still being reformed in Britanny, it was decided to expand the HG to division size, entitled Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, whereby it should be structured according to the guidelines of a tank division of the army. G\u00f6ring arranged for experienced army tank crews to be assigned to his division and reinforced the infantry with up to 5,000 paratroopers - including remnants of the Fallschirmj\u00e4ger-Regiment 5 (FJ-Regt 5), decimated in the airborne Battle of Crete. The formation of the divisional elements was carried out at numerous locations in France, Holland and back at regimental depot in Berlin. A number of Luftwaffe personnel was detached to the Army for training with Panzer units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Upgrade into a Division\nThe FJ-Regt 5 was set up in May 1942 on the training area of Gro\u00df-Born with 3 battalions, with the staff and the 1st battalion newly formed, the 2nd and 3rd battalions formed by the 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Luftlande-Sturm-Regiment 1 (also called Sturm-Regiment Koch); coming back from the Eastern Front and being augmented by replacements. In July 1942 the I. and III. Bataillonen were sen to the Mourmelon military training area for further training, southeast of Reims. The 2nd Battalion was subordinated to the Ramcke Parachute Brigade under Major Friedrich H\u00fcbner for use in northern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Upgrade into a Division\nThis expansion was interrupted by the sudden Allied landings in French North Africa in Operation Torch, with Nazi Germany invading the French Free Zone in November 1942. At the time, the bulk of the division was located in the area around Mont-de-Marsan, where it continued its training and working up. Those sub-units nearest to being fully formed were gradually moved down into Italy while the reminder stayed in southern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Afrikakorps\nFrom 10 November 1942, the paratroopers being transferred from FJ-Regt 5 were moved by train to Italy and by plane via Sicily to Tunisia, being assigned to support the 10th Panzer Division. Immediately after landing, the regiment was moved to defensive positions west and south-west of Tunis and occupied the important bridges over the Madjerda River. Around 20 November 1942, the regiment was engaged in heavy fighting against the tank-led attacks by the Americans coming from Algeria at Medjez El Bab. Those were beaten back until the superior enemy pressure forced the regiment to give up the position on November 25th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 74], "content_span": [75, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Afrikakorps\nThe bulk of the Hermann G\u00f6ring Division, still not fully organized, was despatched peacemeal to Tunisia in February-March 1943 forming a combat group numbering 7,000-11,000 thousand men under command of Colonel Joseph Schmid; who was promoted to Generalmajor shortly after. This Kampfgruppe Schmid was committed into battle dispersed and attached to various Army units, and they quickly earned a reputation for aggression in the attack and reliability under fire. Under the title of Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, the combat group was commended in official Wehrmacht communiqu\u00e9s in April 1943 for their \"exemplary fighting spirit and intrepid valour\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 74], "content_span": [75, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Afrikakorps\nWhen Axis forces surrendered on 12 May 1943, almost all of the remainder of the Kampfgruppe was taken into captivity, including its most experienced veterans. Some 400 Herman G\u00f6ring soldiers were killed in action in Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 74], "content_span": [75, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Sicily\nGeneral Schmid and a few of his men escaped to mainland Italy, on G\u00f6ring's express orders, before the surrender. These survivors would join the newly reformed division entitled Panzer-Division Hermann G\u00f6ring. Generalmajor Schmid was awarded the Knight's Cross on 21 May 1944 for his leadership of the HG Kampfgruppe in Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Sicily\nThe new division, meanwhile, was built around those scattered elements still working up in France, the Netherlands and Germany, which now gathered in the Naples area. Efforts to mould these troops into a cohesive fighting force went ahead at full speed, as the Germans expected an Allied invasion of Sicily. Over the next few weeks, HG troops would cross over to the island; this new extremely powerful armoured division being ready in June 1943, taking positions around Caltagirone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Sicily\nDivisional order of battle of the Hermann G\u00f6ring in Sicily:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Sicily\nOperation Husky initiated on 10 July 1943, and saw the Hermann G\u00f6ring and the 15th Panzergrenadier divisions surrounded by mostly third-rate Italian units, geared to coastal defense and equipped with 38 obsolete Fiat 3000 light tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Sicily\nThe only Italian mobile division was the 4th Mountain Infantry Division Livorno, supported by the Italian Mobile Group E equipped with 12 Renault R 35 light tanks under Captain Giuseppe Granieri; they were joined on the afternoon of the first day by 9,000 troops of the Panzer-Division Hermann G\u00f6ring with 46 Panzer III and 32 Panzer IV medium tanks coming from Caltagirone, and reinforced with a battalion of the 15th Panzergrenadiers (III. / Panzergrenadier-Regiment 129).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Sicily\nThe Germans and Italians engaged in counter-attacks at the amphibious Battle of Gela on 10 and 11 July, being forced back by heavy Allied naval bombardment. On 11 July 1943, after a 10-minute artillery preparation, the Italian Livorno Division attacked the US Rangers in three columns from the west side of the Gela River, supported by obsolescent Renault R 35 light tanks, while the Hermann G\u00f6ring Division attacked the 1st Infantry Division beachhead on the east side of the Gela River. The attack was contained and then abandonned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Sicily\nThe Germans reinforced Sicily with the 29th Panzergrenadier Division, a veteran of Stalingrad flown in from mainland Italy, and the 1st Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Division brought from France. The HG Division then engaged into heavy street fighting from 2\u20134 August with the British Battleaxe Division in the city of Centuripe, retreating to Messina afterward. The Allies steadly pushed the Axis back and the Hermann G\u00f6ring formed part of the rearguard, providing cover to German units being evacuated to mainland Italy; being one of the last German units leaving Sicily. Surprisingly, despite the heavy fighting in which it had been involved, and the intensive bombing of the port of Messina through which it was being withdrawn, the bulk of the HG troops and most of its heavy equipment were successfully evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 69], "content_span": [70, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Italy\nWhen the armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces was signed, the division took part in the Operation Achse to disarm Italian troops. The division participated in the fighting following the Allied landing at Salerno in Operation Avalanche on 9 September. It then retreated towards the Volturno\u2013Termoli line, and then to the Gustav Line, where it was pulled out of the line for rest and refit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Corps size and defeat\nThe Corps size Fallschirm-Panzerkorps Hermann G\u00f6ring was created in 1944 through the combination of the unit with the Fallschirm-Panzergrenadier Division 2 Hermann G\u00f6ring. After the start of the Allied offensive, Operation Diadem, on 12 May, the division retreated towards Rome and then abandoned the city. The division arrived in Poland in late-July and fought alongside SS Division Wiking and the 19th Panzer Division on the Vistula River between Modlin Fortress and Warsaw. In August, its counter-attack against the Magnuszew bridgehead, defended by the 8th Guards Army, failed after heavy fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0036-0001", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Corps size and defeat\nBetween August and September 1944, the division used captured Polish non-combatant civilians as human shields when attacking the insurgents' positions during the Warsaw uprising. Following the destruction of the town, the division was attached to the newly formed Army Group Vistula formed 24 January 1945, defending the ruins of Warsaw in what Hitler termed \"Festung Warschau\", or Fortress Warsaw. During the Vistula-Oder Offensive, much of the division was broken in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Corps size and defeat\nIn April, the remnants of the Hermann G\u00f6ring Panzerkorps were sent to Silesia, and in heavy fighting were slowly pushed back into Saxony. On April 22, the Fallschirm-Panzer-Division 1. Hermann G\u00f6ring was one of two divisions that broke through the inter-army boundary of the Polish 2nd Army (Polish People's Army or LWP) and the Soviet 52nd Army, in an action near Bautzen, destroying parts of their communications and logistics trains and severely damaging the Polish (LWP) 5th Infantry Division and 16th Tank Brigade before being stopped two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, Combat History, Corps size and defeat\nIn early May, units of the corps attempted to break out towards the American forces on the Elbe, but were unsuccessful. The corps surrendered to the Red Army on 8 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 84], "content_span": [85, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, War crimes\nAccording to a British Government report, the Hermann G\u00f6ring Division was involved in several reprisal operations during its time in Italy. One of these occurred in the surrounding area of the village of Civitella in Val di Chiana on 6 June 1944 where 250 civilians were killed. The division was also involved in a number of other massacres in Italy at Cavriglia (173 victims), Monchio, Susano and Costrignano (130 victims) and Vallucciole (107 victims).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158968-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann G\u00f6ring, War crimes\nSoldiers of the Hermann G\u00f6ring Division used civilians as human shields in front of its tanks while clearing barricades during the Warsaw Uprising. Around 800 soldiers from the division took part in fighting during the August\u2013October 1944 Warsaw Uprising in the Wola district, where mass executions of civilians occurred in connection with Hitler's orders to destroy the city. Units of the division were also involved in the excesses committed in the Dutch city of Putten, also called the Putten raid. The units were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158969-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Federal Parliament of Nepal\nThe First Federal Parliament of Nepal, consisting of the House of Representatives and the National Assembly, was elected via the 2017 legislative, provincial and local elections. 165 members were elected via first-past-the-post system and 110 through the proportional representation system to form the 275-member House of Representatives for a five-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158969-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Federal Parliament of Nepal\nOn 7 February 2018, the provincial electoral colleges, composed of provincial assembly members elected in the provincial elections and chairs and deputy-chairs of local administrative units elected in the local elections, elected eight members each, for a total of 56 elected members, and three more were appointed by the President as nominated by the government, to form the 59 member National Assembly. The National Assembly members drew lots to determine the thirds whose terms would be of two, four and six years respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158969-0000-0002", "contents": "1st Federal Parliament of Nepal\nOn 23 January 2020, the National Assembly electoral college met for the second time to elect 18 of the 19 Class I members. The House of Representatives was dissolved on 20 December 2020 by President Bidya Devi Bhandari on the request of Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli's cabinet. The House was reinstated on 24 February 2021 following a decision by the Supreme Court of Nepal. The House of Representatives was again dissolved on 22 May 2021 by President Bidya Devi Bhandari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158969-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Federal Parliament of Nepal, Members of the House of Representatives\n23 April 2020, after the merger of Samajbadi Party, Nepal and Rastriya Janata Party Nepal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158969-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Federal Parliament of Nepal, Members of the House of Representatives\n6 May 2019, after the merger of Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal and Naya Shakti Party, Nepal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158969-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Federal Parliament of Nepal, Members of the House of Representatives\n17 May 2018, after the merger of CPN (Unified Marxist\u2014Leninist) and CPN (Maoist Centre)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158969-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Federal Parliament of Nepal, Members of the House of Representatives, Changes\nBy-elections are held for seats that become vacant or members elected through proportional representation are replaced from the party list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158970-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Feroz Awards\nThe 1st award ceremony of Premios Feroz was held at the Cine Callao in Madrid, on January 27, 2014. It was hosted by actress Alexandra Jim\u00e9nez and aired on national TV through Paramount Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158971-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Battery (Australia)\n1st Field Artillery Battery was formed in August 1914 in New South Wales from 1st, 2nd and 3rd Royal Australian Field Artillery batteries of the regular army and assigned to 1st Field Artillery Brigade. 1st Battery departed for Egypt on 18 October 1914, the battery saw action in Egypt, Sinai and the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158972-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Belgium)\nThe 1st Field Artillery Regiment (Dutch: 1ste Regiment Veldartillerie, French: 1 R\u00e9giment d'Artillerie de Campagne) or 1A was an artillery battalion in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. The regiment was the field artillery battalion of the 7th Brigade until 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158972-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Belgium)\nThe unit was stationed in Bastogne and was equipped with the M109 self-propelled howitzer of 105mm and later the Mortier 12O RT heavy mortar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158972-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Belgium), History\nThe 1st Field Artillery Regiment was established on 21 February 1836, when the Regiment of Artillery was split up into three new regiments. The regiment participated in both World Wars. During the Second World War, it remained active after the Eighteen Days' Campaign, the campaign of the Belgian army in May 1940 when Belgium was invaded by Germany. The First Belgian Battery, which was created in the United Kingdom in February 1941, participated as part of the Brigade Piron in the Battle of Normandy and in fights in Belgian and Dutch Limburg during the liberation of Western Europe. For this reason, the regiment's first battery, A Battery, is known as Batterie Lib\u00e9ration (French for \"Liberation Battery\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158973-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain)\nThe 1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain) (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento Artiglieria Terrestre (montagna)) is a field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, specializing in mountain combat. The regiment was raised in 1887 as Mountain Artillery Regiment to support the Italian Army's mountain infantry troops, the Alpini, with whom the regiment shares the distinctive Cappello Alpino. Both, the Alpini and the Mountain Artillery, distinguished themselves in World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158973-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain)\nThe Gold Medal of Military Valour affixed to the regiment's war flag and displayed on the regiment's coat of arms was originally awarded to the Mountain Artillery Group \"Aosta\" for its service with the Partisan Division \"Garibaldi\" in Montenegro. Today the regiment is based in Fossano in Piedmont and operationally assigned to the Alpine Brigade \"Taurinense\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158973-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), History\nThe unit was raised in the city of Turin on 1 November 1887 as Mountain Artillery Regiment with three artillery brigades of three batteries each. On 1 March 1895 the unit expanded to five brigades, with the V Brigade becoming autonomous as Mountain Artillery Brigade of the Veneto on 21 August 1902. The regiment was tasked to provide artillery support to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Alpini regiments and recruited in Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta. By July 1909 the regiment consisted of the:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158973-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), History\nOn 17 July 1910 the brigades were renamed as groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158973-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), History, World War 1\nWith tensions rising the army expanded the mountain artillery and on 1 February 1915 the regiment transferred the depot in Oneglia with the Mountain Artillery Group \"Oneglia\" to the newly formed 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment. Along with the depot and group, recruitment in Liguria and the task to support the 1st Alpini Regiment passed to the new regiment. To compensate for the loss of the \"Oneglia\" Group on the same date the Mountain Artillery Group \"Torino-Pinerolo\" was raised in Turin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158973-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), History, World War 1\nDuring the war the regiment's depots raised and trained the commands of nine mountain artillery groupings (Italian: Raggruppamento Artiglieria Montagna), the commands of 17 mountain artillery groups (Italian: Gruppo Artiglieria Montagna), and 37 mountain artillery batteries, which were each equipped with four 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. Furthermore, two commands of siege groups (Italian: Gruppo d'Assedio), and 14 siege batteries were raised and trained by the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158973-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), History, World War 1\nNote 1: The group's 53rd Mountain Artillery Battery was not raised until November 1916 for lack of available 65/17 mod. 13 cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158973-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), Current Structure\nAs of 2019 the 1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain) consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158973-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain), Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Battery fields the following sections: C3 Section, Transport and Materiel Section, Medical Section, and Commissariat Section. The regiment is equipped with FH-70 towed howitzers and an unknown number of M56 105mm pack howitzers in the direct fire role. The 7th Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Tactical Liaison Battery is equipped with RQ-11B Raven unmanned aerial vehicles and ARTHUR counter-battery radars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158974-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1907. The regiment served with the 4th Division and 6th Division before World War II, and (as the 1st Field Artillery Battalion) with the 6th Infantry Division during and after World War II through 1956. Currently organized as a parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System, elements of the regiment have served with the 1st Armored and 5th Infantry Divisions and with various artillery groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158974-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe lineages of some of the units that make up the 1st Field Artillery include campaign credit for the War of 1812. The regiment carries battle streamers for campaigns in the Indian Wars, Mexican War, Civil War, Spanish American War, and Philippine Insurrection (earned by forebears of some regimental elements), for World War II, and for Southwest Asia and the Global War on Terror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158974-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Field Artillery Regiment was first activated in 1907 from numbered companies of artillery. It was first organized with 2 battalions at Fort Riley, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158974-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Lineage & Honors, Campaign Participation Credit\nNote: Neither the lineage published by McKenney in 2010 nor the lineage for 4th Battalion posted on the CMH website (as of 2013) list any War on Terrorism campaigns. Participation taken from the dates of unit awards listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 93], "content_span": [94, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158975-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment, King's Guard (Thailand)\nThe 1st Field Artillery Regiment, King's Guard (Thai: \u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e37\u0e19\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e48\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 1 \u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c) (\u0e1b.\u0e51 \u0e23\u0e2d.) is an Artillery Regiment of the Royal Thai Army, it is currently a part of the 1st Infantry Division, King's Guard. The unit is composed of the 1st Field Artillery Battalion, 11th Field Artillery Battalion and 31st Field Artillery Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158975-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment, King's Guard (Thailand), History\nIn 1852, King Mongkut (Rama IV) ordered the raising of the  Volunteer Vietnamese Artillery Division to replace the Vietnamese Volunteers Division that formerly transferred the mastery to the Front Palace. This division has the former governor who is the confide of the king's commander, namely Phraya Manrattana Rachawalop and Phraya Phichai. Alongside this, the existing Guards Artillery Regiment was reorganized in European lines as a royal guard artillery unit, and personnel of several units of the RTA, including European gunners of a number of artillery batteries, were transferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158975-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment, King's Guard (Thailand), History\nIn 1853 Major Krom Muen Mahesuan Sivavilas was named commander of the artillery battalion of the \"Tahan Lorm Wang\" (Palace bodyguards) Brigade, which was raised as part of the modernization of the army. Major Phraya Siharat Dechochai was later named commander in 1854 and the unit was reorganized, its training now on European lines of the field artillery of the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158975-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Field Artillery Regiment, King's Guard (Thailand), History\nIn 1907, the 1st Field Artillery Regiment, created on the basis of the artillery battalions in the Bangkok area and in a number of cities, was granted the status and dignity of a Royal Guard unit by HM King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). Disbanded in 1932, it was recreated in 1947 following the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, later the Highland (Fifeshire) Heavy Battery, was a volunteer unit first recruited in Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1860, which fought on the Western Front in the First World War. Its successor units expanded recruitment to Aberdeenshire and again fought in North West Europe, during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force (1859\u20131908)\nThe Volunteer Force came into existence in 1859 as a result of an invasion scare, and the subsequent enthusiasm for joining local Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps. By 1860, there were 11 Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) in Fifeshire, mainly in coastal towns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force (1859\u20131908)\nTogether, these units comprised the 1st Fifeshire Administrative Brigade based in St Andrews under the command of Lt-Col W.H.M. Dougall, a Royal Navy officer. The administrative brigade also included the 1st and 2nd Stirlingshire AVCs at Grangemouth and Stirling respectively. It retained its organisation of 13 corps (later companies) throughout the 19th century. They were not connected with the Fife Artillery, which was a Militia regiment based in Cupar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force (1859\u20131908)\nDespite the ban on Volunteer involvement in politics, the band of the 5th Fife Artillery Volunteers illegally took part in a trade union demonstration in July 1873. This was a recurrent problem with the Volunteer bands, which were only nominally under military control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force (1859\u20131908)\nAt the time of the Childers Reforms in 1881, the Administrative Brigade was consolidated as the 1st Fifeshire Artillery Volunteers, covering Fifeshire and Stirlingshire, ranked 18th in the order of precedence of Artillery Volunteers. In 1882 all the artillery volunteers were attached to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA), and the unit it was included in the Scottish Division. When the Sottish Division was disbanded in 1889 the unit transferred to the Southern Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force (1859\u20131908)\nIn 1889, a position battery of 16-Pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading (RML) guns was issued to the Corps and manned by 3rd Battery. In 1892, this became the 1st Position Battery, with the 1st (Tayport) Company becoming the 2nd Position Battery, whilst the 2nd Company became the 3rd Position Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force (1859\u20131908)\nIn 1900, a new 14th Company was formed at Kirkaldy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force (1859\u20131908)\nIn 1899 the Artillery Volunteers were attached to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), and when the divisional structure was abolished the unit was redesignated the 1st Fifeshire RGA (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902. There was also an affiliated Cadet Corps at Kirkcaldy High School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force (TF)\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the 1st Fifeshire RGA (V) (except No 7 Company) was split between three units: the Highland (Fifeshire) RGA, the Fifeshire Battery of the II Highland Brigade, Royal Field Artillery at Leven, and (together with the 1st Forfarshire RGA (V)) the North Scottish RGA, later renamed the Forth RGA, a 'defended ports' unit based at Edinburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force (TF)\nThe Highland (Fifeshire) RGA consisted of a heavy battery equipped with 4.7-inch guns and an ammunition column, based at Kirkcaldy, later at the Drill Hall, Elgin Street, Dunfermline, and was assigned to the Highland Division of the TF. From 1908 until the outbreak of war in August 1914, it was commanded by Major Lord Bruce, son of the Honorary Colonel of the 1st Fife RGA, the 9th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine (and himself later 10th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery\nThe Highland (Fifeshire) Heavy Battery mobilised at Dunfermline and joined the Highland Division, which was concentrating around Bedford as part of First Army of Central Force. Having separated 'Home Service' men, who remained at the depots forming 2nd Line units with the recruits who were coming in, the division's 1st Line units (now distinguished by the prefix '1/') undertook training for overseas service. The Highland Division was later designated 51st (Highland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Aubers Ridge\n1/1st Highland Battery went to France with the Highland Division, to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, landing on 4 May 1915. However, artillery policy in the BEF was to withdraw heavy batteries from the divisions and group them into dedicated heavy artillery formations, so the battery was immediately posted to II Group, Heavy Artillery Reserve for the Battle of Aubers Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Aubers Ridge\nII Heavy Artillery Reserve consisted of a variety of heavy and siege batteries whose role was to support the assault of IV Corps by demolishing strongpoints and farms that were beyond the range of divisional field guns, and for counter-battery (CB) fire in the Ligny le Grand\u2013Aubers\u2013Fromelles sector. The group was provided with Royal Flying Corps reconnaissance aircraft fitted with wireless to assist observation in the flat country. The bombardment began at 05.00 on 9 May, and soon reports came in that many of the shells were falling short of their targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0011-0002", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Aubers Ridge\nThis was due to faulty ammunition and wear and tear on the old 4.7-inch gun barrels. In many cases the copper driving bands stripped off the shells as they left the barrels, resulting in the shell turning end over end and landing anywhere, even deep in the British support positions. In spite of the CB fire, German guns were able to open up on the British trenches, which were soon packed with wounded men from the first attacking wave, and support troops waiting to follow up. A second attempt to attack in the afternoon was hampered by the shortage of artillery ammunition to repeat the bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Aubers Ridge\nThe battery had been assigned to III Heavy Artillery Brigade on arrival in France, now it was moved to IV Heavy Bde on 3 July and VIII Heavy Bde on 20 August, before being attached to 5th Divisional Artillery from 4 September to 6 November. It then rejoined VIII Heavy Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Somme\nIn April 1916 the heavy artillery brigades were renamed heavy artillery groups (HAGs), and the battery moved to 1st HAG on 14 June. 1st HAG was with Fourth Army preparing for that year's 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme. During the battle the battery transferred to the 16th HAG on 7 July and on 27 July to 17th HAG, which came under Reserve Army for the latter stages. After the Somme fighting ended, 1/1st Highland Hvy Bty moved to 32nd HAG on 2 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Reorganisation\nOn 10 December 1916, the battery was withdrawn from the line to rest and refit, replacing its 4.7-inch guns with 60-pounders. On 23 January 1917, it was joined by a section from 201st Heavy Battery, making it up to six guns. It then returned to action on 29 January. It moved to 56th HAG on 19 February 1917 and 4th HAG on 14 March (both with Reserve Army, now renamed Fifth Army) and then transferred to XVII Corps in Third Army with 7th HAG on 21 March. This corps was preparing for the Battle of Arras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 98], "content_span": [99, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Arras\nThere were many more guns available for this attack and the artillery plan was much more carefully worked out than previous operations. It began with systematic CB work to put the German artillery out of action. Then, at Zero hour, howitzers laid a standing barrage on the German trenches while the 60-pounders swept and searched in depth to catch machine gunners and moving infantry. As the attacking infantry reached their second objective (the Blue Line), their field guns moved up in support and the 60-pounder batteries moved forward  into the vacated positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Arras\nOn XVII Corps' front the attack was a great success, the 60-pounders laying a standing barrage on the distant final objective until the infantry reached it. However, the follow-up over succeeding days was less successful, the guns having to be moved forward through mud and destruction, and the later bombardments were rushed and less effective. Fighting on the Arras front dragged on into May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 89], "content_span": [90, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Flanders\n1/1st Highland Hvy Bty moved to 48th HAG on 16 May 1917, to 3rd HAG on 29 May, to 73rd on 26 June, and then to 28th HAG in Fourth Army on 7 July. Fourth Army was at the time stationed on the Flanders coast awaiting a breakthrough at Ypres that never came. Eventually, the battery was transferred on 11 September to 35th HAG with Second Army, which was taking over the direction of the  faltering offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 92], "content_span": [93, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Flanders\nThe Battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire. 1/1st Highland Hvy Bty had been moved to 28th HAG on 17 October, then on 27 October, as the fighting at Passchendaele ground on, it was transferred away to 83rd HAG to the quiet sector of First Army's front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 92], "content_span": [93, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Flanders\nFrom late 1917, batteries ceased to be swapped between HAGs, and from 27 October 1917 until the end of the war a year later, 1/1st Highland Heavy Bty served with 83rd HAG (later 83rd Heavy Brigade). 83rd Brigade was a mixed grouping of heavy guns serving with First Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 92], "content_span": [93, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, Spring Offensive\nPart of First Army was engaged at Arras on 28 March 1918 (Operation Mars), the second phase of the German spring offensive, when the British heavy artillery replied with devastating CB fire. Then most of First Army was involved in heavy fighting in the Battle of the Lys in April, when the third German offensive (Operation Georgette) failed to break through in the Ypres sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, The Hundred Days\nOn 18 August 1918, the brigade moved to Fourth Army and served with it during the triumphal advance of the Hundred Days Offensive of 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, The Hundred Days\nBy the end of September Fourth Army had closed up to the Hindenburg Line. On 29 September IX Corps carried out an assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal, with 83rd Bde amongst the mass of artillery supporting the operation. The canal defences had largely been destroyed by the heavy guns, which continued firing on the canal banks until the last possible moment as 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade stormed the outpost line and then scrambled across the canal in the morning mist. The objectives were taken by 15.30; and 83rd Bde was moved forward to fresh positions along the canal that day and the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, The Hundred Days\nBy 3 October the brigade was supporting IX Corps' attack on the Beaurevoir Line, bombarding Sequehart, Ramicourt, Montbrehain and other commanding features. Fourth Army then pursued the Germans to the River Selle. From 11 to 17 October it prepared for another set-piece attack with vigorous CB work, 83rd Bde among the mass of artillery supporting IX Corps. The successful assault of 17 October was followed by another on 23 October: a moonlight attack with 83rd Bde supporting 1st Division. As the regimental historian wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, The Hundred Days\nFourth Army continued its advance from the Selle to the Sambre Canal, which it crossed on 4 November, after which the advance became a pursuit in which most of the heavy artillery was left behind, held up by blown bridges. The Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Battery\nShortly after the outbreak of war, on 31 August 1914, the TF was authorised to raise 2nd Line units from those men who had not volunteered for, or were not fit for, overseas service, together with new volunteers, while the 1st Line went overseas to supplement the Regulars. The role of the 2nd Line was Home Defence and training drafts for the army on active service. 2/1st Highland (Fifeshire) Heavy Bty RGA was raised at Dunfermline for service with the 64th (2nd Highland) Division. In January 1916, the division was attached to the Eighth New Army and moved to Norfolk. In September 1916, the battery left 64th Division and was attached to the 3rd Provisional Brigade at Sheringham, which became 223rd Mixed Brigade in December 1916. The battery retained its obsolete 4.7-inch guns and remained with this brigade until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 82], "content_span": [83, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nWhen the TF was reformed in 1920, the battery was reconstituted as the 1st (Highland) Medium Brigade, RGA, with the headquarters now at Aberdeen. As well as men from the former Highland (Fifeshire) Battery, personnel were drawn from the 6th (Banff and Donside) and 7th (Deeside) Battalions of the Gordon Highlanders to bring it up to a strength of four batteries. It was renumbered as the 5th (Highland) Medium Brigade in 1921 when the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA). In 1924, the RGA was absorbed into the RA. The brigade was classed as 'Army Troops' within 51st (Highland) Divisional Area. By 1927, the unit's organisation was as follows:56th (Highland) Medium Brigade, RA (TA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nIn 1938, the Dunfermline-based 224th (Fife) Bty was transferred to provide the basis for a new 71st (Forth) Anti - Aircraft Regiment, RA. It was replaced by 174th Bty, transferred from the North Scottish Heavy Brigade (formerly the North Scottish RGA), a coast defence unit that included part of 1st Fifeshire RGA when it was reorganised in 1908 (see above). In 1938, the RA renamed its brigades as regiments. Thus, by 1939, the unit's organisation was:56th (Highland) Medium Regiment, RA (TA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nJust before the outbreak of war in September 1939, the regiment was split into two: 56th Medium Regiment retained 174 and 221 Btys; the new 65th Medium Regiment based in Banff had 222 and 223 Btys. Both regiments formed part of the Highland Area of Scottish Command", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 56th (Highland) Medium Regiment\nThe regiment went to France with the British Expeditionary Force in October 1939 as part of III Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 56th (Highland) Medium Regiment\nWhen the Battle of France began on 10 May 1940, the regiment accompanied the BEF's advance into Belgium, and then its retirement to defend the Escaut line. German breakthroughs elsewhere forced the BEF to retreat to Dunkirk, where the artillery had to destroy its guns and await evacuation (Operation Dynamo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 56th (Highland) Medium Regiment\nAfter the evacuation from Dunkirk, the regiment became part of Eastern Command of Home Forces in June 1940. It was sent, with whatever guns could be obtained, to assist in the defence of Essex, where it came under the Commander Royal Artillery (CRA) of 15th (Scottish) Division. According to the divisional historian:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 56th (Highland) Medium Regiment\nThe Essex coastal defences were stood down in 1941 and the units returned to training. 56th Medium Regiment never saw active service again. It joined 76th Infantry (Reserve) Division on 25 January 1943, remaining with it until 1 September 1944, when the division was disbanded and the regiment joined 47th Infantry (Reserve) Division until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 56th (Highland) Medium Regiment\n56th Medium Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 65th (Highland) Medium Regiment\nWhen the regiment mobilised in September 1939, its 6-inch howitzers apparently still had wooden wheels from its horse-drawn days. It too joined the BEF, arriving in April 1940 and coming directly under General Headquarters (GHQ). It also lost its guns in France and became part of Northern Command in Home Forces after the evacuation from Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 65th (Highland) Medium Regiment\nIn May 1944, the regiment joined Second Army preparing for Operation Overlord and went to Normandy as part of 4th Army Group Royal Artillery. The regiment landed on 8 June and proceeded to Colleville-sur-Orne, where it initially gave fire support to 1st Special Service Brigade, 6th Airborne and 51st Highland Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 65th (Highland) Medium Regiment\nThe regiment continued to serve in North West Europe until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 65th (Highland) Medium Regiment\n65th Medium Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946, and disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 80], "content_span": [81, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, 56th Regiment was reformed as 356th (Highland) Medium Regiment, RA, initially forming part of 84 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery, though that group was disbanded in 1950. On 31 October 1956, it was converted into 278th (Buchan & Banff Artillery) Field Squadron, Royal Engineers, as part of 117 Field Engineer Regiment. In 1961, the squadron was assigned to 51sth (Highland) Division/District RE, but was disbanded in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158976-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Fife Artillery Volunteers, Honorary Colonels\nThe following served as Honorary Colonel of the 1st Fife Artillery and its successors:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158977-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Air Defense Army\nThe 1st Fighter Air Defense Army (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0412\u041e) was an air army of the National Air Defense Forces during World War II, responsible for the air defense of Moscow. Formed in June 1943 from the 6th Fighter Aviation Corps PVO, the army was disbanded during the postwar reorganization of the Air Defense Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158977-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Air Defense Army, History\nThe army was formed in June 1943 from the 6th Fighter Aviation Corps PVO, tasked with the air defense of Moscow and nearby facilities, under the command of Major General Alexander Borman. It initially included four fighter aviation divisions with a total of seventeen fighter aviation regiments and support units. Part of the Moscow Air Defense Front, the army was directly subordinate to the Special Moscow Air Defense Army until the reorganization of the latter in December 1944. Major General Alexey Mitenkov became army commander in April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158977-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Air Defense Army, History\nBy the end of the war, the army expanded to include the Leningrad fighter aviation corps, three fighter aviation divisions defending Moscow, and one fighter division each defending Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, and Gorky. It was successively part of the Moscow, Western, Northern, and Central Air Defense Fronts. Mitenkov was replaced by Lieutenant General Serafim Pestov in March 1945; the latter led the army until after the end of the war. The army was disbanded soon after the end of the war in May 1945 when the air defense forces were reorganized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158978-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Aviation Division (People's Liberation Army Air Force)\nThe 1st Fighter Aviation Division is a military formation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force. It is headquartered at Anshan Air Base in the Shenyang Military Region. The unit is equipped with Chengdu J-10, Shenyang J-8 and Shenyang J-11 fighters. PLA-AF fighter divisions generally consist of about 17,000 personnel and 70-120 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158978-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Aviation Division (People's Liberation Army Air Force)\nGlobalSecurity.org notes that the 1st Fighter Division traces its heritage to the 10th Regiment, 4th Pursuit Brigade which in late October 1950 became the 10th Regiment, 4th Division. By March 1956 the 10th Regiment was relocated to Anshan Airbase, Liaoning Province and was reorganised as the 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158978-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Aviation Division (People's Liberation Army Air Force)\nThe unit was visited in March 2007 by Peter Pace, Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany)\nI. Jagdkorps (I. JK) (1st Fighter Corps) was formed 15 September 1943 in Zeist from the XII. Fliegerkorps and the Luftwaffenbefehlshaber Mitte, and later subordinated to the Luftflotte Reich. The Stab relocated to Brunswick-Querum in March 1944 and to Treuenbrietzen in October 1944. The unit was disbanded on 26 January 1945 and its obligations were taken over by IX. (J) Fliegerkorps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Role\nI. Jagdkorps controlled the units based in Germany for the Defence of the Reich campaign. The Corps was an operational command. Its powers were exercised in supervision and planning and less in actual control during combat missions. The Corps attempted to control the deployment of units in its area. Its functions included running analysis for all divisions under its command with the intent of figuring out enemy intentions. This was attempted by studying the weather forecasts, listening in on enemy radio transmissions and monitoring the radar services. It received the divisions readiness reports and dictated broad lines of strategic fighter employment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Role\nThe two Jagdkorps, I. JK and II. JK, were responsible for all day fighter forces after the formation of Luftflotte Reich. However, the forces in southern Germany and Austria were subordinated to Fliegerdivision 7. In frustration, its commanding officer Joseph Schmid, wrote to the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM \u2013 Reich Air Ministry) to increase his own powerbase and role of I.JK in the defence of Germany. On 24 January 1944 Schmid argued for one central agency should be given the responsibility of intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Role\nAll other agencies (radio, radar and ground observer) should report to this single agency and should be put under its command. Schmid also added that a central commanding unit should be set up to direct day and night fighter defences. After the war Schmid complained that this was not done until 31 March 1944, and that he had officially requested this on 11 December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1943\nAmong the thousands of aerial engagements and aerial battles over Europe in 1943, 1944 and 1945, I. JK fought several notable actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1943\nOn 9 October 1943 the United States Army Air Force Eighth Air Force bombed the Focke-Wulf plant at Marienburg inflicting much damage. Although the Germans failed to intercept them on the way to the target, the staff of I. JK guessed correctly the return route of the bomber stream. Every day and night fighter made contact and, aided by perfect weather, shot down 28 bombers and damaged two so badly they were scrapped. German losses were limited. The Messerschmitt Bf 109s and Focke-Wulf Fw 190s had not intercepted, but all the day and night fighter forces equipped with Messerschmitt Bf 110s did, and their units lost only 10 fighters, with 11 aircrew killed in action or missing in action and one wounded in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nOn 11 January 1944 the Eighth Air Force again was engaged by I.JK's tactical units. I. JK contributed 289 sorties, 207 with enemy contact. USAAF fighter units reported heavy resistance. The attacks of its fighter shot down 60 USAAF bombers and five more were scrapped. USAAF fighters, 592 in number, claimed 31 German fighters destroyed, 12 probable and 16 damaged for a loss of five destroyed three beyond repair and six damaged. Losses of German fighters were severe. 53 German fighters were destroyed and 31 damaged. 38 aircrew were killed and 22 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nSchmid reported that all fighter units had failed to master the successful head on attack properly in a report on 24 January 1944. Schmid complained that reinforcements had not been received despite a request in December 1943. Schmid stated that Wilde Sau units had suffered high losses which damaged combat effectiveness of the day fighter force. The replacements of lost fighters were satisfactory for the moment. The striking power of I. JK was better than in late 1943, according to Schimd. Schmid reported the confidence that the 11 January interception had given the fighter units had improved morale, although he warned, \"the tactical and numerical superiority of the American fighter units had not been demonstrated fully\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nSchmid confirmed that the average strength for January was 400 single-engine fighters, 80 twin-engine fighters and 100 night fighters for day use. I. JK had committed 2,306 sorties to the defence and lost 122 aircraft, or 5.3 percent of the force. The USAAF had flown 7,158 sorties and lost 179 aircraft, or 2.5 percent. Schmid's requests for reinforcements were denied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nOn 4 February 1944 the Eighth Air Force bombed Wilhelmshaven and Emden. German controllers failed to intercept or locate the stream. Only I. and II.Jagdgeschwader 26 made contact, losing four Fw 190s, one pilot killed and one wounded for five bombers. Schmid was blamed and summoned to Berlin. Schmid blamed Fliegerdivision 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nOn 23 February 1944 Schmid reorganized his forces in I. JK to contain:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nDuring Big Week \u2013 part of the Allied strategy to force the Luftwaffe to commit aircraft it could not afford to lose \u2013  on 24 February 1944, I. JK and II. JK intercepted the Eighth Air Force and between them shot down 33 B-24 Liberators plus another damaged. Another 16 B-17 Flying Fortresses and one damaged were lost along with 10 USAAF fighters 11.3 percent of the force. For this exchange the Jagdkorps lost 46 aircraft, 9.6 percent of the forces committed. It also lost 31 aircrew killed and 14 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nOn 25 February 1944, I. JK was duped by a diversionary raid into withholding Jagdgeschwader 11 on standby in order to counter a suspected target in eastern Germany. Before the mistake was realised, the B-24s of the USAAF turned back and it was too late to get JG 11 involved in the fighting. The defensive effort of the Fliegerdivision 7 and I. JK hampered the interception. The days score was 31 USAAF heavy bombers destroyed and three damaged plus three USAAF fighters destroyed and two damaged. The German casualties, including I. JK stood at 48 fighters, 19 killed and 20 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nAt the end of February 1944, Schimd stated in I Jagdkorps War Diary that the raids of Big Week had disrupted the flow of aircraft plants to the extent that supply to their defences were impossible. Schmid stated that the multiple raids on the same day effectively dissipated the air defences. Schmid complained decentralized command was impossible, as units were subject to different division, air fleet or Korps headquarters. Hermann G\u00f6ring gave I. JK the responsibility of defending the coastal, Berlin and central areas of Germany. Schmid complained his forces were inadequate to meet this challenged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nSchmid also stated that technically and numerically American fighter units were superior to the RLV units. Schmid described it as a hapless battle for which victory was unlikely. Schmid recorded that the average daily strength was 350 single-engine fighters, 100 twin-engine fighters, and 50 night fighters available for day use. February sorties by I. JK equalled 2,861 in which they lost 299 aircraft or 10.3 percent. The USSAF flew 10,452 sorties and lost just 310 aircraft, 2.5 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nOn 6 March 1944 the Eighth Air Force struck Berlin. I. JK committed the cream of their units to the battle. It was the largest concentrated attack in the history of the RLV, and the Defence of the Reich Campaign. Some 20 bombers were shot down by 12:25 hours. Along with other Korps and Flieger and Jagddisivions, the USAAF Eighth Air Force lost 69 bombers and a further six damaged \u2013 its highest of the war. Another 11 USAAF fighters were shot down and three damaged. The bomber loss rate was 10.2 percent of the force. The RLV lost 64 fighters, eight aircrew killed, 36 missing and 23 wounded. Nearly all the missing were dead. The loss rate of aircraft was 19.2 percent of the force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nThe USAAF returned on 9 March to Berlin. Schmid moved his Headquarters from Zeist, Netherlands to Brunswick, reflecting I. JK abandonment of forward defence. I. JK and other Luftwaffe units did not respond. The dwindling industrial value of Berlin's shattered industry and the fact the propaganda value of defending their capital had been lost, the Luftwaffe decided not to risk its shrinking fighter force further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nThe 3rd Bomb Division of the USAAF Eighth Air Force was intercepted by elements of I. JK which committed Fliegerdivisions 1, 2 and 3 on its way to Brunswick and Munster. Strong head winds meant it flew ahead of schedule and missed its escort. It lost 16 B-17s and one damaged to Jagdgeschwader 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nOverall 28 bombers were destroyed and one damaged plus four USAAF fighters and one damaged was achieved. The RLV, among it I. JK, lost 31 fighters with six killed, 12 missing and six wounded. Schmid claimed that on 1 April 1944, the Jagddivision 7 and Jafu Ostmark was now placed under the command of I. JK and Schmid had his way, the defence was now under a single command in western and central Germany. Schmid calculated that I Jagdkorps flew 2,226 sorties in March 1944 and lost 240 aircraft, or 10.9 percent. The USAAF flew 16,612 missions and lost 302 aircraft or 1.8 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nOn 2 April the Fifteenth Air Force flew missions against Steyr, Austria which housed aircraft assembly plants and ball-bearings factories. All the RLV units responded. Some 312 single engine German fighters made an interception plus another 64 Messerschmitt Bf 110s. The 110s claimed five B-17s, three B-24s and one P-38 for eight losses, mostly to the 14th Fighter Group. Other units, such as Jagddivision 7 claimed 11 B-17s and 31 B-24s, plus three P-38s and one P-47 (all claims were not confirmed) for seven Bf 109s. Actual US losses were eight B-17s and 20 B-24s. No P-47s or P-38s were lost. Some I. JK fighters were involved in the battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nOn 8 April 1944 the Eighth Air Force attacked aviation industry targets around Brunswick. The Germans could not match the estimated 600 USAAF fighters dispatched to cover the bombers. JD 1, 2 and 3 were ordered to engage. Only the 2d Bomb Wing reached Brunswick. 250 Fw 190s and Bf 109s attacked the unescorted sections of B-24s. The fighters of JG 1 and JG 11 made head on attacks. Attacking the bombers furthest away from the P-51 escort, the Fw 190s made repeated passes knowing the P-51s above would not dive through the bombers to engage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nOn one pass, the German fighters mistakenly turned into the side of the Mustangs, climbing, after making an attack. The 357th Fighter Group shot down six. Among the casualties was Staffelkaptan Oberleutnant Josef Zwernemann. He had managed to claim a P-51 shot down, but in turn was shot down, but bailed out. Several of his staffel say they saw a P-51 in red and yellow markings shoot him in his parachute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nFurther east, over the north sea, B-24s from the 14th Combat Wing were heading to Brunswick, planning to head further east and approach the city from its eastern side to avoid spending much time over the target. One of the four formations turned back, but a shadowing Me 410 Fuhlungshalter reported the other three formations position. 1 D's JG 3 attacked supported by 14 Sturmstaffel 1 Fw 190 heavy fighters. Some 11 B-24s were shot down before P-51s were quickly on the scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158979-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Corps (Germany), Operational history, Combat operations in 1944\nThe day was costly for both sides. 30 B-24s were destroyed and two damaged. Four B-17s were lost to flak and 23 USAAF fighters were lost and two damaged. Most fighter losses were caused by flak. German casualties are not clear, but at least 40 pilots were dead and 70 fighters lost. I. JK war diary indicated most of the 72 fighters claimed lost in were a result of strafing attacks. Another 45 were stated as damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158980-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Division (Germany)\n1st Fighter Division (1. Jagd-Division) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. It was formed on 1 May 1942 in Deelen from Stab/1. Nachtjagd-Division and redesignated 3. Jagd-Division on 15 September 1943. It was immediately reformed on 15 September 1943 in D\u00f6beritz from the 4. Jagd-Division. The Division was subordinated to XII. Fliegerkorps (May 1942 \u2013 September 1943), I. Jagdkorps (September 1943 \u2013 January 1945) and IX (J) Fliegerkorps (January 1945 \u2013 May 1945).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158981-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Group (Poland)\n1st Fighter Group \"Kr\" was a fighter group of the Polish Air Forces in France, formed on 17 May 1940, as part of Groupe de Chasse I/55. The leader of the group was major Zdzis\u0142aw Krasnod\u0119bski. It stationed at the back of the front lines, based in the towns of Ch\u00e2teaudun, \u00c9tampes, Limoges, and Bordeaux in France. It was disestablished after the Fall of France in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158981-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Group (Poland), History\nThe group was formed on 17 May 1940, during the Battle of France. It was under the command of Polish Air Forces in France, and was a part of Groupe de Chasse I/55. The leader of the group was major Zdzis\u0142aw Krasnod\u0119bski. It stationed at the back of the front lines, based in the towns of Ch\u00e2teaudun, \u00c9tampes, Limoges, and Bordeaux in France. On 3 June 1940, pilot Stanis\u0142aw Karubin, had achieved the only air victory in group history, shooting down the Dornier Do 17 bomber plane of Nazi Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158981-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Group (Poland), History\nOn 12 June 1940, the group was joined with the group of lieutenant Franciszek Skiba. In the last days of the Battle of France, the group patrolled the area around the engine factories in Limoges, and between 16 and 17 June, they took part in the defence of Bordeaux. On 21 June, the pilots had evacuated from Bordeaux, via ship SS Kmicic, traveling to the United Kingdom. All pilots of the group were assigned to the No. 303 Squadron of the Royal Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158982-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Regiment (Yugoslavia)\nThe 1st Fighter Regiment (Serbo-Croatian Latin: 1. lova\u010dki puk, 1. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was an aviation regiment established in 1945 as part of the SFR Yugoslav Air Force. The regiment was stationed at Zadar Airport until it was disbanded in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158982-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Regiment (Yugoslavia), History\nThe 1st Fighter Regiment was formed on 18 May 1945 at Zadar Airport. It was composed of aircraft and personnel from two former RAF squadrons, No. 352 and No. 351 which had been operated by Yugoslav personnel and equipped with British-made Hawker Hurricane Mk IV and Supermarine Spitfire Mk VC and IX fighter aircraft. The regiment was short-lived, and had been disbanded by the end of August 1945. Its personnel were sent to Sombor to contribute to the formation of the 4th Aviation Bomber Division and some equipment was transferred to Mostar airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158983-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Squadron\nThe 1st Fighter Squadron is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force. It was most recently based at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, where it operated McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle aircraft conducting advanced fighter training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158983-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Squadron, Mission\nThe 1 FS provided fully qualified F-15 Eagle pilots for worldwide assignment by conducting formal ground, simulator, and flight training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158983-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Squadron, History\nThe 1st flew P-47 Thunderbolt aircraft during World War II. While based on Ie Shima the 1 FS launched Thunderbolts against the Japanese, amassing almost 1,200 combat air patrol, bombing, strafing, and escort missions. During this era, the squadron emblem was \"Miss Fury,\" a 1940s-era comic strip superheroine. The 1 FS was inactivated on 15 October 1946, after the war had ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158983-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Squadron, History\nThe 1 FS was activated as part of the 413th Fighter-Day Wing on 11 November 1954. The squadron trained pilots in the F-86 Sabre from 1954 to 1956 and the F-100 Super Sabre from 1956 to 1959. The 1st operated out of George Air Force Base, California, until it was again inactivated on 15 March 1959, with Lieutenant Colonel Charles E. \"Chuck\" Yeager as commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158983-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Squadron, History\nThe squadron was reactivated 1 January 1984, as part of the 325th Tactical Training Wing, at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, to train pilots in the F-15 Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158983-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Squadron, History\nOn 17 September 1991, the operations and maintenance functions of the 1st joined to form a combined squadron. The squadron continued to train F-15 pilots for the combat air forces and received several honors, such as earning the Air Force Maintenance Effectiveness Award for 1998, Nineteenth Air Force Top Operations Squadron of the Year for 1998, and 325th Fighter Wing Fighter Squadron of the Year for 1995, 1997, and 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158983-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Squadron, History\nOther notable accomplishments include receiving the U. S. Air Force Air Flight Safety of the Year award for 2002, as well as recognition for best intelligence mission report. Also, members received by-name recognition during the 2003 Headquarters Air Education and Training Command Operational Readiness Inspection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158983-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Squadron, History\nThe 1st Fighter Squadron was inactivated on 15 December 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing\nThe 1st Fighter Wing (1 FW) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Combat Command Ninth Air Force. It is stationed at Langley Air Force Base, VA. where it is a tenant unit, being supported by the 633d Air Base Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing\nIts 1st Operations Group (1 OG) is a successor organization of the 1st Fighter Group, one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II. The 1 OG is the oldest major air combat unit in the United States Air Force, its origins formed on 5 May 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing\nThe wing was initially part of Tactical Air Command being formed at March Field, California in 1947 and was one of the first wings to be equipped with the North American F-86 Sabre in February 1949. Briefly a part of Strategic Air Command in 1949, it was reassigned to Air Defense Command in 1950 and provided air defense of the Upper Midwest of the United States until being reassigned to Tactical Air Command in 1970. The 1 FW was the first operational wing equipped with the F-15A/B Eagle in 1976; and in 2005, was the first operational wing equipped with the Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor air superiority fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Origins\nThe 1st Fighter Wing was activated at March Field California on 15 August 1947. It was assigned to Twelfth Air Force, Tactical Air Command (TAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Origins\nIn December 1948 Twelfth Air Force was assigned from Tactical Air Command to Continental Air Command (ConAC), established on 1 December 1948. ConAC assumed jurisdiction over both TAC and the Air Defense Command (ADC). This move reflected an effort to concentrate all fighter forces deployed within the continental United States to strengthen the air defense of the North American continent. The move was largely an administrative convenience: the units assigned to ConAC were dual-trained and expected to revert to their primary strategic or tactical roles after the air defense battle was won. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Origins\nFighter Wing was subsequently transferred from Twelfth Air Force/TAC to Fourth Air Force/ConAC on 20 December 1948. Organizational and equipment changes continued throughout 1949. The first F-86 Sabre, assigned to the 94th Fighter Squadron, arrived on 15 February. By the end of June the wing had received seventy-nine of its eighty-three authorized F-86s. On 1 May the wing transferred from ConAC to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and the Fifteenth Air Force. The wing was subsequently attached to the 22d Bombardment Wing on 1 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Origins\nAt March, the wing trained in large formation flying and competed to establish various formation records. The 71st Fighter Squadron struck first in September 1949, when it launched a twelve and later an eighteen-aircraft formation. The 27th and the 94th countered on 21 October. On that day the 94th launched three thirteen-plane formations, but the 27th topped this with two twenty-one plane formations, The purpose of this exercise became clear in early January 1950, when the wing deployed a sizable contingent of aircraft to participate in the filming of the RKO film Jet Pilot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Origins\nThe group claimed a final formation record on 4 January when it passed a twenty-four plane formation (consisting of eight aircraft from each squadron) before the cameras. The group formed its own aerial demonstration team in January 1950. The team, dubbed the \"Sabre Dancers\", was composed of five members of the 27th Fighter Squadron. The Sabre Dancers made what was probably their most widely viewed flight on 22 April 1950, when they performed before an Armed Forces Day audience at Eglin AFB, Florida, that included President Harry S. Truman, most of his Cabinet, and numerous other political leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Korean War era\nEffective 16 April 1950 the 1st Fighter Wing was redesignated the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, the same designation that was simultaneously applied to the group and its three squadrons. The wing had, some days previously, been relieved from its attachment to the 22d Bombardment Wing. The organizational changes the wing had experienced since 1947 paled in comparison to the multitude of changes the unit underwent during the last six months of 1950. As of 30 June 1950, the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Group was assigned to the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, which was itself assigned to Fifteenth Air Force and SAC. On 1 July the wing was relieved from assignment to Fifteenth Air Force and SAC and assigned to the Fourth Air Force and ConAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Korean War era\nTwo days later the wing issued orders establishing advanced parties of its headquarters and component organizations at Victorville (later George) AFB, California. On 22 July an advanced party of personnel from Headquarters, 1st Fighter-Interceptor Group and the 27th and 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadrons departed for Griffiss AFB, New York. A letter directing the wing to send the group headquarters and the 27th and the 71st to Griffiss for attachment to the Eastern Air Defense Force (EADF), ConAC, arrived on 30 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Korean War era\nHeadquarters, 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing and the 94th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were assigned to the Western Air Defense Force, ConAC, on 1 August, while the group headquarters and the 27th and 71st were attached to the EADF on 15 August. The wing was attached to the 27th Air Division, WADF, on 20 September. Finally, one month later, the 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron moved from Griffiss AFB to Pittsburgh International Airport, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Korean War era\nAs of 31 December 1950 Headquarters, 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing and the 94th were stationed at George AFB, assigned to the WADF, and attached to the 27th Air Division. Headquarters, 1st Fighter-Interceptor Group, while still assigned to the wing, was stationed at Griffiss AFB with the 27th. The 71st was at Pittsburgh. The units on the East Coast were attached to the EADF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Korean War era\nAir Defense Command was reestablished as a major command on 1 January 1951, and the wing was assigned to ADC. In May, the 27th and the 71st were attached to the Connecticut Air National Guard 103d Fighter Interceptor Group, which provided administrative and logistical support and operational control, although the squadrons remained assigned to the 1st Fighter Group. Headquarters, 1st Fighter Group was relieved from attachment to the Eastern Air Defense Force and moved from Griffiss back to George without personnel or equipment. Meanwhile, at George AFB, the New Mexico Air National Guard 188th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was attached to the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, which provided administrative support and operational control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Korean War era\nAll of these constant moves and reassignments as well as the fact that the wing headquarters stationed in California could provide only limited control and virtually no support to a group headquarters and squadrons deployed on the East Coast. While the policy of attaching units to higher headquarters established an ad hoc means of supplying the needed support, it was a cumbersome procedure that blurred organizational lines and did nothing for morale or unit cohesion above the squadron level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Korean War era\nWith the exception of the Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, and the three fighter-interceptor squadrons, all 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing organizations and the group headquarters were reduced to a strength of one officer and one enlisted man on 30 November 1951, at which time the wing moved from George Air Force Base, California, to Norton Air Force Base, California. The squadrons were reassigned to newly organized \"defense wings\": the 27th to the 4711th Air Defense Wing (ADW), Eastern Air Defense Force, the 71st to the 4708th Air Defense Wing, EADF, and the 94th to the 4705th Defense Wing, WADF. Headquarters, Air Defense Command inactivated the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing on 6 February 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Selfridge AFB\nThe organizational instability of the early 1950s was rooted in the demands of the Korean War. With the end of the war in Korea the Air Defense Command found itself in a position to return to a more traditional command structure. The 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing was redesignated the 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense) on 14 September 1956 and activated on 18 October 1956 at Selfridge AFB, Michigan. It was assigned to the Eastern Air Defense Force. After enduring a six-year period of frequent organizational changes, the wing began a period of stability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Selfridge AFB\nFor approximately the next thirteen years it remained at Selfridge. Both the 71st and the 94th FIS traded their F-86s for F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors between 1958 and 1960. While the wing and its units operated from Selfridge AFB the 27th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron remained on the east coast. As of 31 December 1961 it was stationed at Dow AFB, Maine, and assigned to the Bangor Air Defense Sector, 26th Air Division. At that time the squadron was equipped with F-106 Delta Darts, and was not part of the 1st Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Selfridge AFB\nIn October 1962 the wing responded to the Cuban Missile Crisis by deploying aircraft, support personnel, equipment and supplies to Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, and Volk Field, Wisconsin. From 19 October through 27 November wing aircraft flew 620 sorties and 1,274 hours, most from Patrick AFB, while maintaining a mission-ready rate of approximately eighty percent. Wing life reverted to more normal training routines at year's end, and the pattern continued through 1963 and 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Selfridge AFB\nOn 15 March 1963 two Soviet bombers overflew Alaska and Alaskan Air Command F-102s were unable to intercept them. The response to this intrusion was to deploy ten F-106s from the 325th Fighter Wing to Alaska in what was called Operation White Shoes. While the 325th wing upgraded its F-106s, the 1st Fighter Wing relieved it from March to June 1964. While deployed in Alaska, two of the wing's F-106s were damaged in the Good Friday earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Selfridge AFB\nBeginning in about 1965 the wing began to transfer pilots to other units in or en route to South Vietnam. While the wing itself did not participate in the Vietnam War, its units were soon manned by personnel who had completed tours in Southeast Asia, with the 1st serving as a transition unit for many pilots en route to or returning from Southeast Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Selfridge AFB\nOrganizational changes continued to whittle away at the wing's strength in 1966 and 1967. The wing was assigned to the 34th Air Division, First Air Force, on 1 April 1966. This organization changed again on 16 January 1967, when the 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which had won top prize in the F-106 category at the 1965 William Tell weapons competition at Tyndall AFB, Florida, was transferred to the 328th Fighter Wing (Air Defense), Tenth Air Force, at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base, Missouri. This reorganization left the 1st Fighter Wing with only one fighter squadron, the 94th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Selfridge AFB\nHowever, the reduced wing stayed busy. From 24 July through 4 August 1967 Selfridge became the hub of federal activities mobilized during the 1967 Detroit riots. Elements of the 3d Brigade, 82d Airborne Division and the 2d Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, a total of some 12,000 combat and support personnel, eventually passed through the base. From 1500 on 24 July to 1500 the next day, the base received 4,700 troops and 1,008 tons of cargo. On 1 August the base handled 363 C-130 Hercules sorties, 6,036 troops, and 2,492 tons of cargo. By the time the tactical command post at Selfridge was closed at 1130 on 4 August, the base had processed 1,389 C-130 sorties, 12,058 troops, and 4,735 tons of cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Selfridge AFB\nIn September 1968 the detached 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was relieved from assignment to the 328th Fighter Wing, and transferred to the 28th Air Division, Tenth Air Force, at Malmstrom AFB, Montana, where it became a self-contained unit operating on the SAC base. Between 20 May and 5 November 1969, the 94th FIS deployed to Osan Air Base, Korea, for exercise College Cadence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Air Defense Command, Selfridge AFB\nIt was to be the 1st Fighter Wing's last major air defense effort. On 1 December 1969 the 94th was transferred to Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan, pending the inactivation of the 1st Fighter Wing, which was assigned to the 23d Air Division on that date. On 31 December 1969 the wing, with no units under its control, transferred to Hamilton AFB, California, and was assigned to the 26th Air Division. The wing's personnel and equipment were transferred to the 4708th Air Base Group, 23d Air Division, at Duluth International Airport, Minnesota, on 1 January 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nOn 1 August 1968, General William W. Momyer became commander of Tactical Air Command. While he devoted most of his attention to the pressing problems the command faced during the war in Vietnam, General Momyer also concerned himself with the designation of the units under his command. The movement of units to and from Vietnam left TAC with a mixed force. Some of its organizations had long and honorable tactical traditions. Others used a provisional, four-digit, command-controlled designations that gave them no history or traditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nGeneral Momyer therefore directed the TAC planning staff to replace the provisional four-digit designations with those of units that had a combat record dating from either World War 11 or Korea. He also directed the staff to \"retain illustrious AFCON designators for the active tactical forces.\" This policy, plus the training demands caused by the war in Vietnam, led to the 1st Fighter Wing's return to Tactical Air Command in October 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, MacDill AFB\nHeadquarters, United States Air Force authorized the reassignment of the 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense) from Aerospace Defense Command to Tactical Air Command on 30 July 1970. Three days later, HQ ADC directed the commander of the 26th Air Division to move Headquarters, 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense) from Hamilton AFB, California, to MacDill AFB, Florida. All units moved without personnel or equipment. The personnel and equipment formerly of the 15th Tactical Fighter wing were reassigned to the 1st TFW. The squadrons of the 15 TFW were assigned to the historic wing: the 45th, 46th, and 47th Tactical Fighter Squadrons. Another organizational change effective 1 July 1971 transferred the wing from the 836th Air Division, inactivated on that date, to Ninth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, MacDill AFB\nCompleting the Wing's historic preservation, the commanders of the three squadrons participated in a shoot-out at the Avon Park Air Force Range to determine which squadrons would receive the designations of the 27th, 71st, and 94th. The commander of the 47 TFS marked the highest score, and chose the 94 TFS; the 46 TFS placed second, choosing the 27 TFS, leaving the 45 TFS with the squadron having the shortest history, the 71 TFS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, MacDill AFB\nThe wing spent the next four years providing advanced tactical training to F-4 Phantom II and B-57 Canberra aircrews, most of whom later saw service in the Vietnam War. On 1 October 1971, HQ TAC inactivated the 4530th Tactical Training Squadron, which, in addition to other duties, had trained Australian F-4 aircrew members and maintenance personnel during project Peace Reef. The 4501st Tactical Fighter Replacement Squadron, equipped with F-4s, assumed the 4530th's place in the wing's structure on the same date. The command inactivated the 4424th Combat Crew Training Squadron, the wing's B-57 training unit, on 30 June 1972, leaving the wing with four flying squadrons. All conducted advanced F-4 tactical training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, MacDill AFB\nOn 14 March 1974, the Air Force publicly announced plans to station the Air Force's first operational F-15 wing at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. Langley was chosen due to its heritage and ideal location for TAC's secondary air defense mission. After studying the heritage of its wings, TAC selected the 1st Fighter Wing as the unit to receive the first Eagle. On 6 June 1975, Tactical Air Command directed Ninth Air Force to move the 1st Fighter Wing from MacDill to Langley AFB. Although the designation of the unit moved, the majority of MacDill personnel remained in place, and served under the newly designated 56th Tactical Fighter Wing which continued to conduct F-4 training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Langley AFB\n1st Tactical Fighter Wing personnel spent six months preparing for the arrival of the F-15. By the end of 1975, the Wing was ready for its new air superiority weapon, and on 18 December 1975, Lt Col John Britt, Operations Officer, flew the Wing's first F-15 (a two-seat trainer) into Langley. Official welcoming ceremonies were held on 9 January 1976, when Lt Col Richard L. Craft, 27th Fighter Squadron Commander, landed with the Wing's first single seat F-15. In recognition of its accomplishment of introducing the F-15 into the Air Force's operational inventory, the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing received its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, for the period 1 July 1975 \u2013 31 October 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Langley AFB\nAfter achieving operational ready status, the Wing took the experience they had earned and utilized it on a program nicknamed \"Ready Eagle.\" The 1st helped prepare the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg Air Base, Germany, for their reception of the F-15. The 1st assisted in the training of maintenance personnel and pilots. By 23 September 1977, the wing provided Bitburg with 88 operationally ready pilots, 522 maintenance specialists, and later trained an additional 1,100 maintenance personnel at Bitburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Langley AFB\nOn 15 April 1977, the 1 TFW acquired a new mission. The wing assumed responsibility for the 6th Airborne Command and Control Squadron's EC-135 aircraft and crews, previously assigned to the 4500th Air Base Wing at Langley. The 6 ACCS flew EC-135 airborne command posts in support of U.S. Commander in Chief, Atlantic Command (USCINCLANT) with deployments throughout the Atlantic region until early 1992. 1st Fighter Wing participation in worldwide deployments and training exercises continued through the 1980s. The Wing served in countries throughout Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Central America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Langley AFB\nThe final F-15s left the 1st Fighter Wing on 3 September 2010, after operating the weapon system for nearly 35 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Southwest Asia operations\nThe training and experience gained was called upon in the summer of 1990, when Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait. On 7 August 1990, the 27th and 71st Tactical Fighter Squadrons began deploying to Saudi Arabia as the first American combat units on the ground in Saudi Arabia, in support of the defense of the Arabian peninsula from further Iraqi aggression\u2014an operation dubbed Operation Desert Shield. In all, the 1 TFW deployed 48 aircraft to the Persian Gulf. By 16 January 1991, when Desert Shield came to a close, the Wing amassed 4,207 sorties patrolling the Kuwait and Iraq border areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 74], "content_span": [75, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Southwest Asia operations\nAt 0115 local Saudi Arabia time, on 17 January 1991, sixteen 1st Tactical Fighter Wing F-15s departed King Abdul-Aziz Air Base and flew toward Iraq to participate in Operation Desert Storm, the liberation of Kuwait from the Iraqis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 74], "content_span": [75, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Southwest Asia operations\nDuring the first night of the operation, Captain Steven W. Tate of the 71st Tactical Fighter Squadron, shot down an Iraqi Mirage F-1, which turned out to be the wing's only kill during the war. It was also the first combat credit awarded to the wing under command of the U.S. Air Force. Upon its return on 8 March 1991, the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing had amassed a total of 2,564 sorties during Operation Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 74], "content_span": [75, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Southwest Asia operations\nThe end of the First Gulf War did not bring an end to the Wing's support in Southwest Asia. Monitoring the southern no-fly zone, the 1st provided six-month coverage every year under Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch. In October 1994, when Saddam Hussein again placed forces near the Kuwaiti border, the Wing participated in a short-notice deployment, Operation Vigilant Warrior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 74], "content_span": [75, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Southwest Asia operations\nOperation Vigilant Warrior demonstrated the need for an Air Force capability of providing combat air power globally at short notice. This requirement resulted in the concept of the Air Expeditionary Force (AEF.) During AEF II, the 1st Fighter Wing deployed 12 F-15s and over 600 personnel to Shaheed Mwaffaq Air Base, Jordan, from 12 April \u2013 28 June 1996. Wing members built and operated from the bare base, and provided support to Operation Southern Watch, supporting UN sanctions and enforcing the no-fly zones in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 74], "content_span": [75, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Southwest Asia operations\nOn 25 June 1996, a fuel truck loaded with explosives detonated outside the Khobar Towers Housing area, in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The bomb killed 19 Air Force members, including five airmen of the 71st Rescue Squadron, and consequently the 1st Fighter Wing relocated its Southwest Asia operations from Dhahran to Prince Sultan Air Base, Al Kharj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 74], "content_span": [75, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, From 1991\nOn 1 October 1991, the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing was redesignated 1st Fighter Wing; the 1st Fighter Group was redesignated as the 1st Operations Group and reactivated as part of the wing. The 1st Fighter Wing assumed responsibility of three additional missions\u2014air control, airlift, and search and rescue:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, From 1991\nThe 1st Rescue Group was activated as part of the 1st Fighter Wing on 14 June 1995, to provide operational control of the Search and Rescue mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, From 1991\nTwo realignments ordered by Air Combat Command took effect on the same day, 1 April 1997. The most substantial one had been the 1st Rescue Group's reassignment to the 347th Wing at Moody Air Force Base. This move meant the loss of two types of aircraft, the HC-130P \"Hercules\" gunship, and the HH-60G \"Pave Hawk\" helicopter. When the Air Force decided to transfer 12th Airlift Flight to Air Mobility Command, another type of aircraft, the C-21, was removed from the 1st Fighter Wing's possession exactly four years after it had been assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, From 1991\nWhat made the wing's valued participation in this contingency unique is the fact it sent no aircraft in support of it, exemplifying the diversity of the 1st Fighter Wing's comprehensive mission. More than 150 personnel from 11 units within the 1st Fighter Wing deployed to the European theater in direct support of Operation Allied Force and associated operations such as Noble Anvil and Shining Hope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, From 1991\nResponsible for the worldwide mobility commitment to execute command and control operations, the 74th Air Control Squadron provided the largest contingent of 1st Fighter Wing personnel and equipment to Operation Noble Anvil. The 74th ACS set up their equipment outside Budapest, Hungary, to provide joint forces and theater commanders with an accurate air picture for conducting offensive and defensive missions. During Operation Allied Force, the 74th Air Control Squadron deployed to provide critical air control in the European Theater of Operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, From 1991, After September 11 terrorist attacks\nAfter the September 11 attacks in 2001, the 1st Fighter Wing took to the skies to simultaneously defend the east and west coasts of the US against further terrorist attacks. The wing's F-15s were among the first fighters on scene over Washington D.C. and remained on station continuously for the next six months. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 74], "content_span": [75, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, From 1991, After September 11 terrorist attacks\nFighter Wing simultaneously participated in the US homeland defense mission in Operation Noble Eagle; maintained its lead wing status in the USAF's Air Expeditionary Force rotations to Southwest Asia and Turkey, enforcing no-fly zones in Operation Southern Watch/Operation Northern Watch until 2003; and deployed fighters to Keflav\u00edk, Iceland to fulfill NATO treaty obligations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 74], "content_span": [75, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, From 1991, After September 11 terrorist attacks\nDuring the first stages of the Iraq War in 2003, the 71st Fighter Squadron deployed again to Southwest Asia. In 2005, the 27th and 94th Fighter Squadrons became the first squadrons in the world to achieve operational status flying the F-22 Raptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 74], "content_span": [75, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, History, From 1991, Joint basing\nThe 1st Fighter Wing served as the host unit of Langley AFB from 1975 until 7 January 2010. The wing relinquished two of its four groups to the newly reactivated 633d Air Base Wing, which assumed host duties for Langley AFB. The change of command also was a pivotal step in the realignment consolidation of Langley AFB and Fort Eustis into Joint Base Langley-Eustis, which stood up in January 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, Lineage, assignments, Organization\nThe major units currently comprising the 1st Fighter Wing are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, Honors\nAuthorized to display honors earned by the 1st Operations Group prior to 15 August 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, Emblem\nApproved for 1st Operations Group on 10 February 1924 and for 1st Fighter Wing on 22 May 1957. The five stripes stand for the original five squadrons, and the crosses represent the group's five campaigns during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158984-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Fighter Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment was a segregated United States Army infantry regiment made up of Filipino Americans from the continental United States and a few veterans of the Battle of the Philippines that saw combat during World War II. It was formed and activated at Camp San Luis Obispo, California, under the auspices of the California National Guard. Originally created as a battalion, it was declared a regiment on 13 July 1942. Deployed initially to New Guinea in 1944, it became a source of manpower for special forces and units that would serve in occupied territories. In 1945, it deployed to the Philippines, where it first saw combat as a unit. After major combat operations, it remained in the Philippines until it returned to California and was deactivated in 1946 at Camp Stoneman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, Background\nIn 1898, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States and, after a conflict between Philippine independence forces and the United States, Filipinos were allowed to immigrate freely to the United States as U.S. nationals. Most immigrants chose to settle in the Territory of Hawaii and the West coast. In 1934, U.S. policy changed, and their status as nationals was revoked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, Background\nIn 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, while other Japanese forces attacked the Philippines. Filipino Americans, like other Americans, attempted to volunteer for military service, but were not allowed to enlist since they were neither citizens nor resident aliens. Following a change in legislation it was announced on 3 January 1942, the day after Manila fell, that Filipinos would be permitted to volunteer, and could be drafted, for military service; in California, almost half of the male Filipino American population enlisted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, Background\nSome who volunteered to serve were refused due to their age; other older volunteers were refused due to the need for agricultural labor. Filipinos were strongly encouraged to volunteer for the Regiment, and only those who did so were assigned to it. Those who did not volunteer to serve in the Regiment served in regular (white) units in various theaters of operation. One example was PFC Ramon S. Subejano, who was awarded the Silver Star for actions in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Stateside\nConstituted in March 1942, the 1st Filipino Infantry Battalion was activated in April at Camp San Luis Obispo, to liberate the Philippines. Colonel Robert Offley was selected as the unit's commanding officer, as he spoke Tagalog and had spent time on Mindoro in his youth. During the following months, Filipino Americans continued to volunteer, and the unit grew. Philippine Army personnel who were in the United States and Filipino military personnel who had escaped the fall of the Philippines and were recuperating in the United States were also instructed to report to the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Stateside\nOn July 13, 1942, the battalion was elevated to a regiment at the California Rodeo Grounds in Salinas, California. The Regiment was made up of three battalions, each consisting of a headquarters company and four infantry companies. The Regiment had a separate regimental headquarters company, a service company, an anti-tank company, a medical detachment, and a band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Stateside\nThe Regiment continued to train and grow, leading to the activation of the 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment at Fort Ord in November 1942. The 2nd Regiment was assigned to Camp Cooke and the 1st to Camp Beale. Eventually, more than 7,000 soldiers would be assigned to the Filipino Infantry Regiments. While at Camp Beale, there was a mass naturalization ceremony of 1,200 soldiers of the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Stateside\nAs members of the armed forces they were able to become citizens; in 1924 naturalization of Filipino Americans had been barred, as it was determined that only aliens could be naturalized and Filipinos at the time were nationals. In November 1943, it paraded through Los Angeles, with Carlos Bulosan, the influential Filipino author of America Is in the Heart, there to witness it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Stateside\nMembers of the Regiment faced discrimination during this period. The anti-miscegenation laws in California meant that the soldiers were banned from marrying non-Filipino women; those soldiers who wished to marry in this way were transported to Gallup, New Mexico, as New Mexico had repealed its anti-miscegenation law after the Civil War. Soldiers of the Regiment faced discrimination in Marysville while visiting from neighboring Camp Beale, as the local businesses refused to serve Filipinos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Stateside\nThis was later remedied by the Regiment's commander, who informed the Chamber of Commerce that they were failing to cooperate with the Army, at which point they changed their business practices. Further instances of discrimination against soldiers of the Regiment were also reported in Sacramento and San Francisco, where they were mistaken for Japanese Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Deployment\nIn April 1944, the Regiment departed California aboard the USS General John Pope for Oro Bay, New Guinea. On the way to New Guinea, the Regiment spent part of June in Australia. Upon arriving at Oro Bay, it was assigned to the 31st Infantry Division, 8th Army to provide area security and continue training. Some soldiers were then assigned to the Alamo Scouts, the 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion, and to the Philippine Regional Section of Allied Intelligence Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Deployment\nOne example was Second Lieutenant Rafael Ileto, a future Vice Chief of Staff in the Philippines, who led a team in the Alamo Scouts. Due to the reassignment of these soldiers, both Filipino Infantry Regiments became smaller than authorized. In response, the 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment was disbanded and used to bring the 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment to 125% of its standard allocated size. The remaining soldiers of the 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment who did not join the Regiment formed the 2nd Filipino Infantry Battalion (Separate). During its time at Oro Bay, the Regiment was reinforced with Filipinos from Hawaii. These men had not been able to enlist in the Army until 1943 as the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association had successfully argued that their labor was needed in the sugar industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Deployment\nIn February 1945, the Regiment was sent to Leyte and was assigned to the Americal Division, 10th Corps. It would later be reassigned back to the 8th Army, in May 1945, along with the Americal Division. Finally, in the Philippines, it conducted \"mopping up\" operations on Leyte, Samar, and other islands in the Visayan islands group. In addition, some of the companies of the Regiment provided security for 8th Army General Headquarters, Far East Air Force, two airstrips at Tanauan and Tacloban, and Seventh Fleet Headquarters. Other soldiers would also participate in the Luzon Campaign, fighting on the Bataan Peninsula, and the recapture of former Fort Mills; the Regiment was not awarded formal campaign participation for these individual actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Post-combat\nBy August 1945, operations came to a close due to the Japanese Emperor's decision to end the war following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Soldiers of the Regiment who had been detached to the Alamo Scouts, 5217th Reconnaissance Battalion, and other units were reassigned back to it. During the period between the close of operations and their return to the United States, and without the Imperial Japanese Army to fight, the men of the Regiment clashed with soldiers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary over differences in pay, culture and local women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Post-combat\nOthers married women under the War Brides Act, which allowed spouses and adopted children of United States military personnel to enter the U.S. For these newly married couples, a \"tent city\" was established by Colonel William Hamby, who had succeeded Offley as the Regiment Commander. Many younger soldiers connected to a culture to which they had previously only had a distant relationship, learning language and customs that were not used or practiced in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, History, Post-combat\nSoldiers of the Regiment who did either not qualify to return to the U.S., either due to having insufficient service points or their being otherwise ineligible, and those who chose to remain in the Philippines, were transferred to 2nd Filipino Infantry Battalion (Separate) in Quezon City. Returning to the United States aboard the USS General Calan on 8 April 1946, the rest of the Regiment was sent to Camp Stoneman, near Pittsburgh, California, where it was deactivated on 10 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nDuring the war the efforts of Filipino and American defenders during the Battle of Bataan were widely covered by the press, as were the actions of the 100th and 442nd Infantry. After the war, the efforts of the 442nd continued to be lauded, with the 1951 film Go for Broke! portraying their endeavors. By contrast, the activities of the Filipino Infantry Regiment and her sister units were largely unpublicized; it was not until the documentaries Unsung Heroes and An UnTold Triumph that any significant visual media covered the history of the Regiment. In 1984 an association of veterans of the Regiment erected a marker in Salinas in honor of their former unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158985-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, Legacy\nThe War Brides Act of 1945, and subsequent Alien Fianc\u00e9es and Fianc\u00e9s Act of 1946, continued to apply until the end of 1953, allowing veterans of the Regiment, and other Filipino American veterans, to return to the Philippines to bring back fianc\u00e9es, wives, and children. In the years following the war, some sixteen thousand Filipinas entered the United States as war brides. These new Filipino American families formed a second generation of Filipino Americans, significantly expanding the Filipino American community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158986-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Filmfare Awards\nThe 1st Filmfare Awards were held on 21 March 1954, honoring the best in Hindi cinema in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158986-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Filmfare Awards\nThat year they were known as the Clare Awards, after Clare Mendon\u00e7a, a film critic of The Times of India who had died in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158986-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Filmfare Awards\nBaiju Bawra & Do Bigha Zamin won 2 awards each - with the former winning Best Actress for Meena Kumari and Best Music for Naushad for 'Tu Ganga Ki Mauj' and the latter winning Best Film and Best Director for Bimal Roy. Dilip Kumar won Best Actor for Daag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158986-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Filmfare Awards, The Awards\nIn a short ceremony held at Metro Cinema in Bombay (now Mumbai), awards in only 5 categories were handed out. The Chief Guest of function was George Allen, US Ambassador to India. The ceremony was compared by actor David, and it started with actress Nalini Jaywant singing the national anthem. This was followed by song and dance performance by various actors, musical performances by Talat Mehmood, Geeta Roy and Mohammed Rafi. Next two performances were classical dance performances by Vyjayanthimala and Surya Kumari. The finale of the performance section was a folk-dance performance, \"Lure of Rajasthan\" by Kamini Kaushal and her troupe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158986-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Filmfare Awards, The Awards\nThis led to the section where David announced the awards. No nominations were announced, just the winners. Keep with the voting process, where the readers of the magazine, decided the winners through postal votes, even the awards were given away by readers, chosen via a lucky draw. For example, the Best Film trophy was given by Ambassador Allen to a reader, Saijuddin from Hyderabad, who in turn presented it to Bimal Roy. This was followed by Best Actress which was won by Meena Kumari for Baiju Bawra and Best Actor went to Dilip Kumar for Daag. Next, ace music director Naushad won his first and only Filmfare Award, for Best Music for Baiju Bawra. The final award, the Best Director was won by Bimal Roy, present by Sonny Cordiero, a reader from Mumbai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158986-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Filmfare Awards, The Awards\nIncidentally, Bimal Roy and Dilip Kumar were the first winners of Best Director and Best Actor respectively, and remained almost 6 decades later, the ones with the most wins in either category, with 7 and 8 awards respectively. Additionally, Meena Kumari, who was the first winner for Best Actress, held the record for the most wins in the category (4) for 13 years, till her record was broken by Nutan with her 5th win at the 26th Filmfare Awards. Fearing similar mob of fans as outside Metro Cinema, the venue of the award party was not announced publicly. Later, around hundred invitees gathered at Wellington Gymkhana Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158986-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Filmfare Awards, The Awards\nHollywood star Gregory Peck was invited to be the guest of honour at the awards but couldn't make it to the function since his flight from Colombo got delayed. However, Peck did attend the after-party banquet that followed the award night at Wellington Gymkhana Club, Mumbai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158987-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Filmfare Awards East\n1st Filmfare Awards East ceremony, presented by the Filmfare Magazine, honoured the best Bengali language Indian films of 2013. The ceremony was held on 29 March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158987-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Filmfare Awards East, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 1st Filmfare Awards East were announced on 21 March 2014. The winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158988-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)\nThe IJN 1st Fleet (\u7b2c\u4e00\u8266\u968a, Dai-ichi Kantai) was the main battleship fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158988-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy), History\nFirst established on 28 December 1903, the IJN 1st Fleet was created during the Russo-Japanese War when the Imperial General Headquarters divided the Readiness Fleet into a mobile strike force of cruisers and destroyers to pursue the Imperial Russian Navy's Vladivostok-based cruiser squadron (the Imperial Japanese Navy's 2nd Fleet), while the remaining bulk of the Japanese fleet (the IJN 1st Fleet) continued to blockade Port Arthur in hopes of luring the battleships of the Russian Pacific Fleet out into a classic line-of-battle confrontation. The two fleets were combined into the Combined Fleet for the final Battle of Tsushima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158988-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy), History\nThe decisive victory of the Japanese fleet over the Imperial Russian Navy at the Battle of Tsushima validated the doctrine of the \"decisive victory\", or kantai kessen as stipulated by naval theorists such as  Alfred Thayer Mahan and Sat\u014d Tetsutar\u014d in the eyes of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff, and future naval procurement and deployment was centered on refinements of this doctrine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158988-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy), History\nThe Mahanian objective was to build a fleet in being, a naval force kept deliberately in strategic reserve, as secondary forces based on cruisers and destroyers waged a campaign of attrition against an approaching enemy, who would then be destroyed in a climactic final battle similar to the Battle of Tsushima. As a result of this doctrine, although individual ships and task forces were dispatched on occasion for specific combat operations, the main force in the Imperial Japanese Navy was mostly held in reserve from the time of its inception until near the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158989-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Flight Training Squadron (JASDF 11th Wing)\nThe 1st Flight Training Squadron (\u7b2c1\u98db\u884c\u6559\u80b2\u968a (dai-1-hik\u014d-ky\u014diku-tai)) is a unit of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. It is also sometimes known as the 11th Flying Training Squadron. It comes under the authority of 11th Flight Training Wing of Air Training Command. It is based at Shizuhama Air Base in Shizuoka Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers\nThe 1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, later 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, was a Welsh unit of the British Army's auxiliary forces. First raised in 1860, it fought as infantry at Gallipoli), in Egypt and Palestine during World War I. Converted to the anti-tank role, it fought in the Battle of France, the Western Desert and Italy in World War II. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army until amalgamated with a neighbouring unit in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the Volunteer Movement, and Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) began to be organised throughout Great Britain, composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The following units were raised in Flintshire, North Wales:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThese units were grouped into the  1st Administrative Battalion, Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, formed at Rhyl in August 1860. William Henry Gladstone, son of the future Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone who lived at Hawarden Castle, was commissioned as an ensign in the Hawarden Corps. Viscount Feilding, heir of the Earl of Denbigh, was the first captain-commandant of the 4th RVC; he became major in command of the 1st Admin Bn in 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st Admin Bn moved its headquarters (HQ) from Rhyl to Holywell in 1863, but returned in 1874. In that year the 1st Admin Bn of Carnarvonshire RVCs was disbanded and the Flintshire battalion incorporated the surviving RVCs in that county:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAfter the corps at Pwllheli was disbanded it was replaced by a new 5th Carnarvonshire RVC raised from Llanberis in 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nWhen the RVCs were consolidated in February 1880 the admin battalion became the 1st Flintshire and Carnarvonshire Rifle Volunteers with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nUnder the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Volunteers were grouped into county brigades with their local Regular and Militia battalions \u2013 Sub-District No 23 in Western District for the Flintshire Battalion, grouped with the 23rd Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers). The Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further, and the Volunteers were formally affiliated to their local Regular regiment, the 1st Flint & Carnarvon becoming a volunteer battalion of the RWF on 1 July 1881; it was redesignated 2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers in June 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nWhile the sub-districts were later referred to as 'brigades', they were purely administrative organisations and the Volunteers were excluded from the 'mobilisation' part of the Cardwell system. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 proposed a more comprehensive Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the two Volunteer Battalions of the RWF formed part of the Welsh Brigade, later moving to the Welsh Border Brigade (renamed the North Welsh Border Brigade in the 1900s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nBy 1896 the battalion had 16 companies, but on 26 May 1897 the eight Carnarvonshire companies were separated to form a new 3rd VB of the RWF, when the 2nd VB moved its HQ to Hawarden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAfter Black Week in December 1899, the Volunteers were invited to send active service units to assist the Regulars in the Second Boer War. The War Office decided that one company 116 strong could be recruited from the volunteer battalions of any infantry regiment that had a regular battalion serving in South Africa. The RWF's VBs accordingly raised a service company that joined the 1st Battalion and earned the volunteer battalions their first Battle honour: South Africa 1900\u201302. The 2nd VB was expanded to 11 companies during the war, but reduced to 10 in 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 2nd VB became the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers,organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe battalion was jointly administered by the Denbighshire and Flintshire TF Associations. It formed part of the North Wales Brigade of the TF's Welsh Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 3 August 1914 the Welsh Division's infantry brigades were at their annual camps when all training was cancelled and the battalions were ordered back to their HQs; war was declared next day. The 5th RWF mobilised on 5 August under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel B.E. Phillips, and the units had concentrated at their war stations (at Conway in the case of the North Wales Brigade) by 11 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn that date TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Later 3rd Line units were formed to train drafts for the 1st and 2nd Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion\nThe Welsh Division moved to Northampton at the end of August 1914, where on 18 November it was warned for service in India, but this was subsequently cancelled. Training was interrupted by periods spent digging trenches for the East Coast defences. In December the division moved to Cambridge, then to Bedford in May 1915, where it was numbered as the 53rd (Welsh) Division, and the North Wales Brigade became the 158th (North Wales) Brigade. By July the battalion was at Higham Ferrers in Northamptonshire. On 2 July the division was ordered to refit for service in the Mediterranean. The first battalions to move were the 1/5th and 1/6th RWF, who entrained at Irchester for Devonport during the night of 13 July. The two battalions embarked on the Caledonia and sailed on 14 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gallipoli\nThe transports sailed via Gibraltar, Malta, Alexandria and Lemnos, and the 1/5th Bn arrived at Mudros on 28 July, where it disembarked and went into bivouacs. It re-embarked on the Rowan for Imbros on 8 August. Next day the division took part in the Landing at Suvla Bay, an attempt to break the Trench warfare deadlock in the Gallipoli Campaign. The battalion landed at 'C' Beach at 06.00 and bivouacked at Lala Baba, apart from A Company, which was detailed to carry equipment up to the front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gallipoli\n158th Brigade supported 159th (Cheshire) Brigade in an attack towards Scimitar Hill on 10 August and 1/5th RWF as the brigade's leading battalion moved forward at 04.45. The officers had no maps and confusion reigned, but the battalion advanced across the Salt Lake under heavy shrapnel and rifle fire, passing through the retreating battalions of 159th Bde at 11.30. ' Gallantly led' by Lt-Col Phillips, the battalion penetrated to within a few hundred yards of Scimitar Hill before getting broken up into small parties in the scrub.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gallipoli\nThey took cover and opened fire on the Turkish front line at a range of 200 yards (180\u00a0m). Phillips sent back a message urging the 1/6th RWF to come up and help complete the job, but he was killed soon afterwards. The battalion was later withdrawn to 160th (South Wales) Bde's line; further attempts to take Scimitar Hill during the afternoon all failed. The battalion's casualties were 6 officers and 13 other ranks (ORs) killed, 6 officers and 116 ORs wounded, and 39 missing, though many reported missing straggled back later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gallipoli\nThe corps commander, Lt-Gen Sir Frederick Stopford, had lost confidence in 53rd (W) Division, and would not use it in the subsequent phases of the battle. Over the following days the battalion was engaged in reorganising and improving the trenches facing Scimitar Hill, taking casualties from Turkish rifle fire. It also had 160 sick men evacuated to hospital by the end of the month, another 180 by the end of September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gallipoli\nIn October the 1/5th Bn's strength had been reduced to 18 officers and 355 ORs and it was temporarily amalgamated with the 1/6th Bn, under the command of Lt-Col Rome of 1/6th Bn. Turkish artillery became more active during November, adding to the toll of casualties from trench-holding, the trenches were flooded, and later there was a blizzard. So many men were evacuated suffering from frostbite and exposure that only 88 ORs remained in the line. The effective strength of 53rd (W) Division was very low and it was decided to evacuate the remnants. On 12 December the battalion moved to 'C' Beach to embark on the El Kahirah to Mudros. The division was then shipped to Alexandria, where it landed between 20 and 23 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Egypt\nOn arrival in Egypt the division went by rail to Wardan to recuperate. In mid-February 1916 158th Bde was sent to guard the water supplies at Wadi Natrun, where reinforcement drafts were absorbed and training was carried out. In May the brigade moved to Zeitoun, Cairo, where it rejoined the rest of 53rd (W) Division in the Suez Canal defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Egypt\nBy July 158th Bde was near Moascar, digging defences, but when it became clear that the Turks were crossing the Sinai Desert to attack the canal line, the brigade was sent by train and route march to Romani to reinforce 52nd (Lowland) Division in No 3 Section of the Canal Defences, arriving on 21 July. 1/5th Royal Welch Fusiliers were attached to 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade in reserve at Romani Station. The Turks attacked on 4 August (the Battle of Romani) and 1/5th RWF was ordered up at midday. However, the attack was virtually over by then. The following morning 8th Bn Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) advanced with the bayonet, D Company 1/5th RWF in support, and the Turks in front began to surrender while those behind were in full retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\n158th Brigade returned to the canal on 14 August and spent the next three months at Ferdan. By the end of the year it was back at Romani, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) having cleared Sinai of the enemy. On 20 January 1917 53rd (W) Division began the march across the Sinai Desert, reaching Wadi el Arish at the end of the month. It moved up to Rafah on 21 March. After an approach march beginning on 24 March, the EEF attacked Gaza on 26 March, launching the First Battle of Gaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\n53rd (W) Division in the Desert Column was ordered to cross the Wadi Ghuzze towards Gaza itself, masked by the mounted divisions sweeping round the flank. The division was led by 160th Bde, followed by 158th, 1/5th RFW leading. The battalion's guide got lost and there was an overnight fog, so 158th Bde was late crossing the wadi that morning, but by 06.30 it reached the edge of the Mansura ridge overlooking the plain of Gaza. At 11.30 the division was hurriedly ordered to attack, even though the artillery had not yet established communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0019-0002", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\n158th Brigade set out shortly after 11.45 to attack Ali Muntar, with 1/5th RWF leading, preceded by a strong patrol. The whole advance, watched by the mounted divisions, was 'a model in precision and steadiness'. After leaving the protection of Mansura the battalion immediately came under shrapnel fire as it marched across open ground parallel to the Ali Muntar defences before wheeling left and moved down to a small cactus garden about 800 yards (730\u00a0m) from the crest of Ali Muntar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0019-0003", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\nHere Lt-Col Borthwick waited for the other battalions to catch up, and firing became general, with the battalion troubled by enemy fire coming in from Green Hill to the left as well as in front. The brigadier reinforced the battalion with machine guns and sent another battalion to take Green Hill. The whole line then advanced again. About 40 men of 1/5th RWF dashed through the machine gun fire and made a lodgement in the trenches east of Ali Muntar mosque, capturing Turks, Austrians and Germans, and held it fast despite enemy counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0019-0004", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\nBy 18.30 the whole Ali Muntar position was won, and by nightfall Gaza was almost completely surrounded, with patrols from 53rd (W) Division in the eastern streets linking up with the ANZAC Mounted Division. However, the senior British commanders were unaware of the success, and had already ordered the mounted troops to withdraw to water their horses. 53rd (W) Division was ordered to dig in on a line near Wadi Ghuzze next day; isolated at Green Hill, 1/5th RWF also had to fall back. At the end of the day the whole division was withdrawn across the wadi, 158th Bde arriving at 01.15 on 28 March. The battalion's casualties were 2 officers and 33 ORs killed, 9 officers and 186 ORs wounded, and 9 ORs missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\nBoth sides brought up reinforcements and carried out reconnaissances while the EEF prepared for a Second Battle of Gaza. 53rd (W) Division dug a new line well forward on sand dunes along the coast. When the attack was made on 18 April, 158th Bde held this new line, the other brigades passing through and assaulting Samson Ridge with tank support. As the attack developed, 158th Bde moved up in support, but the division was still held up at Samson Ridge at the end of the day, and dug in where it stood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\nTrench warfare now set in for the summer, while the EEF was reorganised under new command and intensive training was carried out behind the lines. On 20 October 158th Bde moved up to the concentration area for the new offensive (the Third Battle of Gaza), taking over the front line and reconnoitring the ground over which they were to attack. On 25 October the brigade moved into No man's land and established an outpost line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\nOn 27 October the division advanced to take over a line of hills already occupied by the Yeomanry of the 8th Mounted Brigade, the movement being covered by 1/5th RWF. Later the battalion was sent with a field artillery battery 8 miles (13\u00a0km) to occupy Hill 630 on the left. When the battalion was still 4 miles (6.4\u00a0km) away the Yeomanry outpost on the hill was overwhelmed by a Turkish attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0021-0002", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\nThe Turks then had perfect observation over the plain where 1/5th RWF was moving up, followed by the rest of 158th Bde and then 160th Bde, and began shelling the concentration of troops. Once the division was re-organised for an attack, the Turks slipped away and the line of hills was easily reoccupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0021-0003", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\nThe main attack, a turning movement (the Battle of Beersheba), began on 31 October; 53rd (W) Division on the left flank was hardly engaged, though part of 158th Bde in 'Smith's Group' made a demonstration with 1/5th RWF advancing to keep touch with the attacking troops to the right. The battalion engaged the enemy with long-range machine gun fire, and ended the day on outpost duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\nAfter the capture of Beersheba, the EEF thrust into the hills beyond, with 53rd (W) Division marching through Beersheba to occupy a line beyond without any fighting. On 3 November the division advanced into the hills in a series of columns, 1/5th RWF escorting the artillery along a track over relatively flat ground towards Tell el Khuweilfe. Later in the day the battalion was diverted to assist in the attack on the heights (the Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe), which pinned the Turkish reinforcements arriving on the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Gaza\nOn Lt-Col Borthwick's initiative the battalion 'jumped' the lower hills during the night. There was a two-day lull during a sandstorm. Then, after a difficult assembly close up to Tell el Khuewilfe, 158th Brigade carried out a fullscale assault on the position at 04.20 on 6 November, with 1/5th RWF in reserve. 1/6th Battalion pushed over the heights but  then got into difficulties as the Turks counterattacked, until a company of 1/5th Bn moved up to support them. Deadlock then set in, but next day the Desert Mounted Corps (DMC) swept round the flank of the pinned enemy. 53rd (W) Division was ordered to stand fast, though 1/5th RWF used rifle grenades to bombard  and then rush a troublesome Turkish machine gun and sniper post. But that night the enemy in front pulled out as the entire Turkish army began a headlong retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 914]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Jerusalem\nFrom 10 November 53rd (W) Division remained in the same area, so as not to overload the supply lines for the advancing parts of the EEF. It did not move forward again until early December, and even then limited supplies meant that 158th Bde was left at Beersheba. It was not brought forward until 21 December, by which time the Battle of Jerusalem was over. On 22 December 1/5th RWF was sent forward to take over part of the outpost line under 159th Bde; the path was so steep that the relief was not completed until the following morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Jerusalem\nAt Christmas the rest of 158th Bde relieved 159th Bde, and 1/5th RWF became the reserve battalion. Late on 26 December the Turks launched a major counter-attack aiming to recapture Jerusalem, and the fighting spread to 53rd (W) Division's front on 27 December, though 158th Bde was hardly engaged, merely supporting 160th Bde on its flank and reoccupying a captured village that was only held by Turkish outposts. As the Turkish attacks faded away, the division went over to the attack itself, 158th Bde attacking the villages and high ground in its front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0023-0002", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Jerusalem\n1/7th Battalion's attack failed at first, but reinforced by two companies of 1/5th Bn and with renewed artillery support it took its objective at midnight. The brigade took further ground on 28 December. 53rd (W) Division held its line throughout the bad weather of January 1918, with 158th Bde providing working parties to improve the roads for the EEF's next advance, aimed at Jericho. This began on 14 February, supported by 53rd (W) Division, and the town was captured by 22 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Tell 'Asur\nIn March the EEF began an advance in the Jordan Valley. 53rd (W) Division's next objective was Tell 'Asur, the highest point of Judaea north of Jerusalem, and it had to tackle the most difficult terrain in the whole operation. The division occupied No man's land in the preceding days, then after a heavy bombardment on 9 March the 1/5th RWF captured the hill at about 09.30, despite morning fog. A Turkish counter-attack regained the summit, but 1/6th RWF came up in relief and drove them off it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 86], "content_span": [87, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Tell 'Asur\nIn the next four hours the Turks launched four more fierce attacks on the hill, but failed to recapture it. During the night 1/6th Bn moved down to take another hill a mile in front, while 1/5th Bn held Tell 'Asur itself. The division completed its objectives by 12 March. 158th Brigade was not engaged in the various raids across the Jordan carried out by the EEF during Spring 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 86], "content_span": [87, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5/6th Battalion\nIn the summer 53rd (Welsh) Division was changed to the Indian Army establishment: only one British battalion was retained in each brigade, the remainder being sent as reinforcements to the Western Front. Initially, 1/5th and 1/6th Bns RWF continued in 158th Bde alongside Gurkha and Indian battalions from June, then on 1 August the two battalions merged to form the 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers under the command of Lt-Col Borthwick of the 1/5th. This continued as the sole British battalion in 158th Bde for the remainder of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5/6th Battalion, Megiddo\nAt the climactic Battle of Megiddo 53rd (W) Division was tasked with advancing across the Samieh Basin towards Nablus, to threaten the Turks' communication centre and block the exits to the Jordan Valley (the Battle of Nablus). It attacked in moonlight late on the first day (18 September), after a 20-minute bombardment. 158th Brigade was in reserve, but a company of 5th/6th RWF was attached to the leading Indian unit of 160th Bde (17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment)) and covered the left flank of the advance, occupying Keen's Knoll and Table Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5/6th Battalion, Megiddo\nNext day 5th/6th RWF relieved 4th/5th Welch Regiment (159th Bde) and secured the plateau in front ready for the advance to continue on 20 September, with Lt-Col Borthwick of 5th/6th RWF commanding the whole operation until the rest of the brigade caught up. Because of difficulties in making a road, 158th Bde was not ready until late on 20 September, but when it advanced at 23.00 it found the Turks had retired. It continued advancing through the night with 5th/6th RWF leading until 05.30 on 21 September when it found the road blocked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0026-0002", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5/6th Battalion, Megiddo\nThe roads were very bad, and the Royal Engineers struggled to make a path for the guns, but the advance continued at 08.30, with 5th/6th RWF picquetting the hills as it went. By the end of the next day the Turkish army was shattered, and its retreat was being.harried by artillery and aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5/6th Battalion, Megiddo\nThe advanced troops of the division were now south-east of Nablus, but 53rd (W) Division was ordered to stand fast and did not take part in the pursuit of the defeated Turkish army. For the next few days it was employed in clearing the battlefield and repairing the Nablus road. On 26 September it moved back to Tell 'Asur, and by 12 October it had moved to Ramle, where on 27 October it began entraining for Alexandria. The Armistice of Mudros ended the fighting in Palestine on 31 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5/6th Battalion, Megiddo\nOn 20 December demobilisation instructions were received and the first parties left for home on 22 December. The Indian battalions left in early 1919 as transport became available, and the British units were reduced to cadres. The last details left for Port Said and shipment home on 15 June. The 5th/6th RWF was officially disembodied on 4 August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5/6th Battalion, Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded 1/5th and 5th/6th RWF during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th (Flintshire) Battalion\nThe 2/5th (Flintshire) Bn formed at the RWF's depot at Wrexham on 11 September 1914. It was assigned to 203rd (2nd North Wales) Brigade in 68th (2nd Welsh) Division, which began to assemble at Northampton in April 1915. It replaced the 53rd (W) Division at Bedford in July. Training was made difficult by the lack of arms and equipment, and the need to supply drafts to the 1st Line units. At first the men were issued with obsolete .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th (Flintshire) Battalion\nIn July the battalions were reorganised and the Home Service-only men were transferred to Provisional units (47th Provisional Bn, later 23rd Bn RWF, in the case of the RWF's TF battalions). By November the 2nd Line battalions were so weak that their establishment was reduced to 600 men. On 22 November the 2/5th (Flintshire) Bn absorbed the 2/6th (Glamorgan) Bn, Welsh Regiment. Late in 1915 the 68th (2nd W) Division's battalions handed over their Japanese rifles to the provisional battalions and were issued with some old Lee\u2013Enfield rifles converted to charger loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th (Flintshire) Battalion\n68th (2nd Welsh) Division was assigned to Home Defence duties and in November 1915 it joined First Army in Central Force. By September 1916 the division was in General Reserve for Central Force, and in November the 2/5th Bn was at Westleton in Suffolk. By May 1917 the division had transferred to Northern Army (Home Forces), and the battalion was at Henham Park in Halesworth, Suffolk, for its summer station. In October 1917 it moved to Great Yarmouth where it transferred to 204th (2nd Cheshire) Brigade. 2/5th (Flintshire) Bn was disbanded on 16 March 1918 and replaced in 204th Bde by a training unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 3/5th (Flintshire) Battalion\nThe 3/5th (Flintshire) Bn formed at Flint on 23 March 1915. It was redesignated as 5th (Reserve) (Flintshire) Bn, RWF, on 8 April 1916 and on 1 September 1916 it was absorbed into the 4th (Reserve) (Denbighshire) Bn, RWF, in the Welsh Reserve Bde at Oswestry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nThe TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920 (reorganising as the Territorial Army (TA) the following year) and both the 5th and 6th RWF were reformed. 5th (Flintshire) Bn established its HQ at the Drill Hall, Rhyl, with a cadet battalion attached. It formed part of 158th (Royal Welch) Bde in 53rd (Welsh) Division. A new drill hall for the Connah's Quay detachment was built in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar, Anti-tank conversion\nBy the late 1930s a need for specialist anti-tank (A/T) artillery had been recognised, and the battalion was one of the first batch of TA units converted to the new role, on 16 November 1938 as 60th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti -Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar, Anti-tank conversion\nWith the expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis, the regiment quickly formed a duplicate unit, 70th Anti-Tank Regiment at Mold, with 277, 278, 279 and 280 A/T Btys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar, Anti-tank conversion\nThe establishment of an A/T battery at this time was 12 x 2-pounderguns organised in Troops of four guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 60th (RWF) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA\nWhen war broke out on 3 September 1939 60th (RWF) Regiment was the anti-tank component of 53rd (Welsh) Division, but on 22 December it was assigned to 1st Support Group (1st Sp Gp) in 1st Armoured Division, which was preparing to join the British Expeditionary Force in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 80], "content_span": [81, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, RA\nOn 14 February 1940, Regimental HQ (RHQ) of 60th (RWF) A/T Rgt was converted into 101st Light Anti- Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, consisting of 237 and 239 A/T Btys and two light anti-aircraft (LAA) batteries, 43 from 11th (City of London Yeomanry) LAA Rgt and 44 from 12th (Finsbury Rifles) LAA Rgt. This composite unit, the first of its kind, provided the bulk of 1st Sp Gp, the other artillery units having already gone to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Battle of France\n1st Armoured Division was ordered to France on 11 May after the German invasion of the Low Countries ended the Phoney War. It began landing at Cherbourg and Le Havre on 15 May and was immediately ordered to advance and hold the crossings over the River Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 113], "content_span": [114, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Battle of France\n101st LAA/AT Regiment, with 20 x 2-pounder A/T guns and 96 Lewis guns as AA light machine guns (the LAA batteries' Bofors 40 mm guns not having arrived) was ordered to seize the crossings over the Seine and hold them until the armour arrived to push on to the Somme (the infantry of 1st Sp Gp had been diverted to the defence of Calais and were not available). Brigadier Archibald Beauman, who had been put in charge of the scattered mobile forces south of the Somme ('Beauforce'), recovered 10 Bofors guns from various abandoned airfields, and these were given to 44 LAA Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 113], "content_span": [114, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Battle of France\nThe division's 2nd Armoured Brigade and Beauforce got within four miles of the Somme by 01.00 on 24 May, but then began to meet opposition and mines. Attempts by 1st Armoured and 51st (Highland) Division under French command to break through to the encircled BEF at Dunkirk led to fighting round Abbeville on 27\u201328 May and were unsuccessful. By early June the BEF had been evacuated, but fighting continued. On 4 June 1 Sp", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 113], "content_span": [114, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Battle of France\nGp provided flank protection for another attempt by 51st (H) Division to destroy the German bridgeheads at Abbeville, but the Germans had had two weeks to dig in, and the attack failed. Next day the Germans renewed their offensive, surrounding and capturing 51st (H) Division at St Valery-en-Caux, while 1st Sp Gp was 'out on a limb' facing German Panzer divisions and was driven back across the Seine. An operation to evacuate the considerable numbers of British forces left in France from the western ports (Operation Aerial) began. The survivors of 1st Sp Gp were shipped out of Cherbourg on 16 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 113], "content_span": [114, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Battle of France\nAfter returning to the UK, the remnants of 1st Armoured Division were stationed in Surrey in VII Corps, as part of the mobile reserve to defend against the feared German invasion (Operation Sealion). The division was one of the first in line for re-equipping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 113], "content_span": [114, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA\nWhile it refitted in the UK, 1st Sp Gp was reorganised again, with 101st LAA/AT Rgt broken up at Godalming on 1 November to form 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) A/T Rgt and 61st LAA Rgt. 76th A/T Regiment formed a new C Battery from a cadre of experienced officers and gunners supplied by 237 and 239 Btys and a draft of 136 infantry machine gunners (C Battery was redesignated 310 A/T Bty on 24 June 1942).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 98], "content_span": [99, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Western Desert\nAfter completing its refitting and training in the UK, 1st Armoured Division sailed for the Middle East, 1st Sp Gp leaving on 27 September 1941, arriving in Egypt on 5 December and shortly afterwards moving up into Libya to join Eighth Army's Operation Crusader. 1st Armoured Division was committed to battle piecemeal before it had time to prepare for desert warfare; 1st Sp Gp found itself operating in appalling hummocky country, and many of its vehicles were not desert-worthy. At first, 76th A/T Rgt was sent up to the front with 2nd Armd Bde, but then reverted to 1st Sp", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 114], "content_span": [115, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Western Desert\nGp which relieved 7th Sp Gp with the experienced 7th Armoured Division on 19 January. General Erwin Rommel's counter-attack on 21 January broke through Eighth Army's screen, 1st Sp Gp finding itself in difficulties in the bad country and under attack by Junkers Ju 87 Stuka divebombers. Only by withdrawal did 1st Armd Division escape destruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 114], "content_span": [115, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Western Desert\nEighth Army retired to defensive positions at Gazala, consisting of a series of fortified 'boxes', each defended by a brigade group, with the armoured divisions deployed behind for counter-attack. There was then a pause while both sides trained and re-equipped for the next phase. Some of the new 6-pounder A/T guns began to arrive for the British, but most batteries continued to be equipped with the outclassed 2-pdr. From March until December 1942, 239 A/T Bty was attached to 11th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (Honourable Artillery Company), the mobile field artillery regiment working with 2nd Armd Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 114], "content_span": [115, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Western Desert\nRommel attacked the Gazala Line on 27 May, swinging round the two southern boxes. 1st Armoured Division, positioned behind the line, was ordered south. The division's 22nd Armd Bde was ambushed and retired into the 'Knightsbridge' box, while 2nd Armd Bde attacked the German flank from the east; both brigades delivered some sharp blows to the enemy as they followed up. On 29 May the two brigades were involved in a violent tank and artillery action in a sandstorm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 114], "content_span": [115, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Western Desert\nOver the following days the division was involved in fierce tank battles in what became known as the Battle of the Cauldron. 22nd Armoured Brigade was badly mauled on 5 June, while 2nd Armd Bde Group with 11th (HAC) RHA and attached units had been sent to reinforce 7th Armd Division. Once Rommel had reduced the southernmost box at Bir Hakeim,stubbornly defended until 10 June by the 1st Free French Brigade, he resumed his advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 114], "content_span": [115, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0044-0002", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Western Desert\nOn 12 June Eighth Army made a fresh attempt to move its armoured brigades south to attack the enemy, but although 2nd Armd Bde achieved its objective, the day was costly for the British. Next day 2nd and 22nd Armd Bdes held onto their positions east of Knightsbridge, but that night some of the remaining boxes had to be evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 114], "content_span": [115, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Western Desert\nBy 14 June Eighth Army began to withdraw to the Egyptian frontier with 1st Armd Division supporting 2nd South African Division in a rearguard action. The South African division was trapped in Tobruk and captured, but 1st Armd Division made it back to the desert south of Mersa Matruh inside Egypt (2nd Armd Bde had been completely withdrawn from the battle). But the Axis forces renewed their attacks on 27 June and Eighth Army Eighth Army was forced to retreat to its fall-back defences at El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 114], "content_span": [115, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Western Desert\nOnce behind the Alamein defences the exhausted armoured divisions were withdrawn into reserve. On 30 June Rommel closed up to the Alamein defences and decided on an immediate attack (the Battle of Ruweisat). 1st Armoured Division was sent up to counter-attack, hindered by shortage of petrol and soft sand, but 18th Indian Infantry Brigade held out at Deir el Shein on 1 July and dislocated the enemy attack, allowing 1st Armoured to launch its counter-attack south of the Ruweisat Ridge on 2 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 114], "content_span": [115, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0046-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Western Desert\nThe disorganised fighting continued until 5 July when Rommel paused his advance, and Eighth Army began to counter-attack in the north. By 21 July Eighth Army was ready to launch its own attack, with 1st Armd thrown in on 26 July to support the attack. However, both sides were now exhausted and there was a lull in the fighting. 1st Armoured Division was not engaged in the Battle of Alam el Halfa, when the Axis forces were decisively stopped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 114], "content_span": [115, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Alamein\nEighth Army, now under the leadership of Gen Bernard Montgomery, prepared carefully for its next offensive. 76th (RWF) Anti -Tank Rgt was out of the line during August, but on 8 September it was joined by ZZ A/T Bty, which had been formed within 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery. The regiment was back in the line with 1st Armd Division in time for the Second Battle of El Alamein. It was by now fully equipped with 64 x 6-pdrs; 239 A/T Bty was still attached to 11th (HAC) RHA, (whose batteries were now equipped with M7 Priest self-propelled guns).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Alamein\nThe division's role in the first phase (Operation Lightfoot) of the forthcoming battle under X Corps was to follow the advancing infantry during the night of 23/24 October, cutting corridors through the Axis minefield defences, and then deploy behind an anti-tank screen before attacking the enemy positions in daylight. In the event, only two tank squadrons got through the single corridor that 1st Armd achieved that night, and work continued during the day. On 25 and 26 October the division made little progress against the enemy anti-tank defences but held off several Axis counter-attacks during the phase of battle dubbed 'the dog-fight' by Montgomery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Alamein\nDuring the night of 26/27 October the 2nd King's Royal Rifle Corps and 2nd Rifle Brigade of 1st Armd Division's 7th Motor Bde seized two strongpoints codenamed 'Woodcock' and 'Snipe'. Next day they dug in while a confused armoured battle continued. On Snipe the 13 6-pdr A/T guns of 2nd Rifle Brigade were reinforced by six more from 239 A/T Bty, and together stood their ground when Rommel's main counter-attack fell on their position at 16.00. Against the waves of attacking tanks the A/T guns 'did great execution, particularly among enemy tanks advancing against the 24th Armoured Brigade. More than once it seemed that the Battalion must be overrun. Coolness and courage averted this fate and led, instead, to the decisive defeat of the enemy at this important point'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Alamein\nThe break-out phase of the battle was codenamed Operation Supercharge. For 1st Armd Division this was a repeat of Lightfoot, with a night crossing of a minefield on 1/2 November, followed by an armoured battle on the far side, in which the Axis tank strength was badly depleted. The breakthrough came on 4 November, when 1st Armd Division began a pursuit across the desert that continued through the night of 5/6 November until its fuel ran out. Refuelled, X Corps and 1st Armd Division then led the pursuit as far as the Jebel el Aktar before XXX Corps passed through to fight the Battle of El Agheila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Tunisia\n1st Armoured Division spent the winter of 1942\u201343 near Benghazi and did not move up to rejoin Eighth Army until 27 February, when it began a 1,300 miles (2,100\u00a0km) drive with X Corps to Tripoli, completed by 14 March. By now 76th (RWF) A/T Rgt was equipped with 6-pdrs, new 17-pounders (on the stop-gap Pheasant carriage converted from the 25-pounder gun carriage) and Deacon self-propelled 6-pdrs (in ZZ Bty).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Tunisia\nOn arrival, 1st Armd Division went into reserve for the Battle of the Mareth Line, beginning on 20/21 March. When XXX Corps' frontal attack was held up, 1st Armd Division was sent with X Corps at 19.30 on 23 March to join New Zealand Corps on a long flanking move, which became 'a first rate tangle' in front of the Tebaga Gap. The defile was blocked by 21st Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0052-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Tunisia\nA new attack (Operation Supercharge II) was quickly planned: on the night of 25/26 March 1st Armd made a fast approach march in moonlight, passed through 2nd New Zealand Division and 8th Armd Bde, which had broken the front line, and went straight into action in the afternoon. With a sandstorm blowing into the enemy's eyes, the division blasted its way through the defile and continued towards El Hamma during the following night. At dawn on 27 March its tanks contacted a hastily-organised German anti-tank gun screen and took up hull-down positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0052-0002", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Tunisia\nMeanwhile, 15th Panzer Division attempted to attack the rear of the division's column, but it was quickly repulsed by the 17-pdrs of 76th (RWF) A/T Rgt. (It is also reported that the regiment successfully used its Deacons against Panzer IIIs at El Hamma.) There was now a short stalemate, but the Battle of Mareth was over and the enemy were pulling back to their next defensive position at Wadi Akarit. On 29 March 1st Armd Division began probing these defences, and on the evening of 5 April it made a demonstration while 4th Indian Infantry Division seized the heights during the night. Otherwise the division played little part in the Battle of Wadi Akarit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Tunisia\nOn 15 April, 1st Armd Division transferred to IX Corps under First Army, which had  now linked up with Eighth Army and had better terrain for armoured warfare. 1st Armoured Division moved north to take part in the final assault on Tunis (Operations Vulcan and Strike). The division failed to break through against 10th Panzer Division at El Kourzia on 23 April, but it inflicted unsustainable tank losses on its opponents. The division executed a feint on 5 May to draw attention away from the main thrust towards Tunis, then on 8 May it relieved 7th Armd Division and swung east to Creteville. On 13 May the last Axis troops in Tunisia surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Tunisia\nAt the end of the Tunisian campaign 76th (RWF) A/T Rgt was reorganised. On 10 May 1943 239 A/T Bty left again, this time permanently, to help form a new 106th A/T Rgt; it was replaced by a newly formed 199 A/T Bty. 1st Armoured Division remained in North Africa for the next year, missing the early part of the Italian campaign. 76th (RWF) A/T Regiment reverted to its old title of 60th (RWF) Anti -Tank Regiment on 1 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 107], "content_span": [108, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Italy\n1st Armoured Division began arriving in Italy in May 1944. In August it concentrated around Altamura in preparation for Operation Olive, the planned assault on the Gothic Line. When the operation began on 25 August, the division was in reserve, ready to lead the exploitation of any breach in the German line. The initial assault went so well that the division was warned on 27 August for its forward move for the Battle of Coriano, and on 31 August it began its difficult approach march along mountain roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0055-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Italy\nThe formation became so spread out that 2nd Armd Bde had to attack the Coriano ridge almost unsupported on 4 September, and failed in its first attempt. A second attempt next day was only partially successful. The attack was renewed on 12 September after heavy artillery and air bombardment of the objective, and the village of Coriano was finally cleared on 14 September. 1st Armoured Division attempted to take the next heights (Point 153 on the Ceriano  ridge) on 20 September, and failed with heavy casualties. Nevertheless, Eighth Army had broken the Gothic Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA, Italy\nBritish forces in Italy were by now suffering an acute manpower shortage. In September 1944 Gen Harold Alexander decided that 1st Armoured Division would have to be broken up to reinforce other formations, with its divisional troops turned into Army Troops for general employment. 60th (RWF) Anti -Tank Rgt left the division on 26 September and served with Eighth Army through the winter. Eventually, it was placed in suspended animation on 1 April 1945 (some weeks before the end of the war) with 199, 310 and ZZ Btys;  237 A/T Bty survived until it was disbanded on 1 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 70th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA\n70th A/T Regiment (which was granted the RWF subtitle on 17 February 1942) was in Western Command, assigned to 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of 53rd (Welsh) Division. The division was still forming when war broke out in 1939 and only assumed full control of its units on 18 September. It remained training in South Wales during the early part of the war, then moved to North West England under III Corps. By May 1941 it was in reserve just behind the invasion-threatened coast of Sussex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 98], "content_span": [99, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0057-0001", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 70th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, RA\nHowever, at the end of the year it was placed on a lower establishment, as a static coast defence formation with no prospect of active service overseas. It spent 1942\u201344 in various locations in Southern England. By 15 August 1944 most of its personnel had been drafted as reinforcements to 21st Army Group fighting in Normandy, and the divisional HQ ceased to command any units. However, on 1 September the division was recreated in a training role as 38th Infantry (Reserve) Division, and 70th (RWF) immediately rejoined as its A/T regiment until after the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 98], "content_span": [99, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nThe TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, when 70th (RWF) A/T Rgt was formally disbanded and 60th (RWF) A/T Rgt was reformed at Rhyl as 384 (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti -Tank Regiment, RA, providing the divisional A/T component for the reformed 53rd (Welsh) Division. The regiment was reorganised as a Light Regiment, RA, on 1 March 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nOn 31 October 1956 384 (RWF) Lt Rgt amalgamated with 361 (Carnarvonshire & Denbigh Yeomanry) Medium Rgt as 372 (Flintshire & Denbighshire Yeomanry) Field Rgt. When the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) in 1967, the regiment became the Flintshire & Denbighshire Yeomanry, RA, with P (Flintshire) Bty at Holywell. It was reduced to a cadre on 1 April 1969, but on 1 April 1971 the cadre was converted to infantry and expanded to form B Company in 3rd (Volunteer) Bn, Royal Welch Fusiliers. This battalion was merged into 2nd Bn, Royal Regiment of Wales, in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Honorary Colonels\nThe following served as Honorary Colonel of the 1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers and its successors:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Uniforms and Insignia\nThe uniform of the 1st Flintshire RVC was scarlet with green facings, changing to the RWF's blue facings in 1888. In 1925 TA battalions were allowed the battle honours of their parent regiments; in addition the RWF battalions were granted the privilege of wearing the regiment's back flash (five black ribbons below the back of the collar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Uniforms and Insignia\nWhen 5th RWF was converted into 60th A/T Rgt it adopted Royal Artillery cap badges but retained the old brass shoulder title of a grenade above the letters RWF, and also retained the black RWF flash below the back collar of the service dress tunic. In 1947, 384 A/T Rgt was authorised to wear the cap badge, buttons and back flash of the RWF, with RA collar badges and shoulder titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Memorials\nThe RWF's regimental memorial for World War I and World War II, a sculpted group by Sir William Goscombe John, stands at the junction of Bodhyfryd and Chester roads in Wrexham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Memorials\nA memorial to the 5th Battalion's casualties during World War I was unveiled on 13 July 1922 at the Drill Hall in Rhyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158990-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, Memorials\nThe battalion's colours, presented in 1909 and subsequently amended to carry the RWF's battle honours, were no longer carried after it was converted to the Royal Artillery; they were finally laid up in St Asaph Cathedral in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158991-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Florida Cavalry Regiment was a Confederate army unit during the U.S. Civil War, originally organized in July 1861 at Tallahassee. Members of the regiment came primarily from Alachua, Clay, Columbia, Duval, Leon, Levy, Nassau and Suwannee counties. It left for the western theater in 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158991-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Cavalry Regiment, Battles\nThe 1st Florida Cavalry Regiment surrendered in North Carolina in April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158992-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Florida Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment from Florida that served in the Union Army from October 29, 1863 \u2013 November 17, 1865 during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158992-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was formed by General Nathaniel P. Banks on October 29, 1863, and organized at Fort Barrancas from December, 1863 \u2013 August, 1864. It was attached to the 2nd and 3rd Brigades, District West Florida, Army of the Gulf until January 1865, and to the 2nd Brigade of John P. Lucas' Cavalry Division until May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158992-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment saw action in the surrounding area of Fort Barrancas. In 1864, such action included a July 21\u201325 expedition to Pollard, Alabama, a September 18 \u2013 October 4 expedition to Marianna, Florida, an October 25\u201328 expedition up Blackwater Bay, a November 16\u201317 expedition to Pine Barren Creek, and a December 13\u201314 expedition to Pollard. In 1865, the unit went on a February 22\u201325 expedition to Milton, Florida before taking part in the March 18 \u2013 April 9 campaign against Mobile, Alabama and its defenses. This campaign included action at the Battle of Newton and the Battle of Fort Blakely. After the occupation of Mobile on April 12, the regiment marched towards Montgomery, Alabama. It served in Alabama until May when it was ordered back to Barrancas, from where the regiment continued to serve in Western and Middle Florida. The regiment was mustered out on November 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Florida Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised by the Confederate state of Florida during the American Civil War. Raised for 12 months of service its remaining veterans served in the 1st (McDonell's) Battalion, Florida Infantry from April 1862 on. In August the depleted battalion was consolidated with the 3rd (Miller's) Battalion into the reorganized 1st Florida Infantry Regiment again. In December 1862 it merged with the 3rd Florida Infantry Regiment and received the form it kept till the war's end as the 1st and 3rd Consolidated Florida Infantry Regiment. Fighting as part of the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater of the American Civil War it was surrendered on April 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Organization\nWhen the civil war erupted in 1861 Florida hastened to raise a regiment of infantry. In March, at Chattahoochee Arsenal, men from the counties of Leon, Alachua, Madison, Jefferson, Jackson, Franklin, Gadsden, and Escambia assembled, and on May 5, 1861, the 1st Florida Infantry Regiment was mustered into state service. Like all regiments mustered in the early days of 1861, it enlisted for twelve months. Because of the haste the regiment totaled about 700 men in 9 companies with an insufficient number of uniforms and weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe elected staff officers were James Patton Anderson, of Jefferson County, colonel; William K. Beard, of Leon County, as lieutenant colonel, and Thaddeus A. McDonell, of Alachua County as major. Upon the completion of the organization the regiment was ordered to Pensacola where it arrived April 12, 1861. There it was mustered into Confederate service on April 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1861 and 1862\nIn June the regiment received its tenth company, the local Pensacola Guards. Now the regiment was part of the Army of Pensacola under command of Brigadier General Sam Jones. On October 9, 1861, a detachment of 180 men from all companies of the regiment participated in the unsuccessful attempt to capture Fort Pickens. Under command of Colonel Anderson, leading a column with his Floridians and men from Louisiana and Alabama, the regiment lost 7 dead, 8 wounded and 12 men captured. The regiment joined General Braxton Bragg on his westbound journey in March 1862, and went to Corinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1861 and 1862\nWhen the service time of the regiment came to its end it failed to reorganize in early 1862 when only 300 of the remaining 600 men, enough for four companies, reenlisted. Those were organized into four companies under the command of Major McDonnell, as Lt. Col. Beard was appointed Inspector General of  Bragg's II Corps. The 1st (McDonell's) Florida Infantry Battalion, as it was now known, and its 328 men were just in time for the Battle of Shiloh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1861 and 1862\nPatton Anderson, the regiments former Colonel, was commanding the brigade since October 1861 and was promoted to brigadier on February 10, 1862. The brigade was part of Ruggles' division. On April 6, 1862, the 250 present men participated in the morning advance as part of the second line. Advancing along the Pittsburgh-Corinth Road the regiment suffered heavy fire from Ohio troops and artillery. When Major McDonell fell, wounded by an artillery fragment to the tight, the command advanced on Captain William G. Poole. Anderson's brigade, and the 1st Florida, belonged to the force that stormed the Hornet's Nest. The exhausted troops were periodically bombarded through the night by Union gunboats; and retreated with the rest of the army on April 7. Poole, turning over command to Captain W.C. Beard on the 7th, was cited by Anderson for his gallant leadership throughout the two-day battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1861 and 1862\nAfterwards the battalion, that lost 14 dead and 57 wounded at Shiloh, was consolidated with the Confederate (Louisiana) Guards Response Battalion under overall command of Major William Clack. The consolidation proved to be only temporary as the Guards Battalion was transferred in August 1861. Going north in the Confederate Heartland Offensive the 1st Battalion fought in the Battle of Perryville, suffering 12 dead, 54 wounded and 6 missing from a total of 167 men. The depleted battalion was consolidated with the 3rd (Miller's) Florida Battalion. Miller's 6 companies and the veterans of the 1st Battalion were reorganized as 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1861 and 1862\nFlorida Infantry Regiment again. William Miller was elected Colonel, McDonell became lieutenant colonel and Glover A. Ball became major. In December 1862 the regiment, now part of the brigade of Brigadier William Preston, was loosely paired with the 3rd Florida Infantry, under the overall command of Miller. The 531 men of the 1st and 3rd Regiments fought distinctively at Stones River, taking high losses including Colonel Miller, who was wounded on the last day of the battle. Overall command then went to Colonel William S. Dilworth of the 3rd Florida. Due to the casualties both regiments took before, this consolidation became permanent; Dilworth stayed in command for the rest of the war while Miller commanded reserve forces (becoming a brigadier general in 1864).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1863\nThe 1st-3rd Florida spent the winter near Tullahoma, Tennessee, with drilling new arrived recruits and holding target practice. In March 1863 The regiment saw combat around the siege of Vicksburg. Detached to participate in the Jackson Expedition, General Joseph Johnston's relief action, it fought as part of Adams' brigade in the Siege of Jackson. By summer the returned regiment was in the brigade of Marcellus A. Stovall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1863\nOn September 19, 1863, General John C. Breckinridge's division was on the left of the entire Confederate line along the Chickamauga Creek. Stationed near Glass' Mill; the 1st-3rd Florida was detached with an artillery battery as observation force when the rest of the division moved southwards. During the night to the 20th, D.H. Hill's whole corps was shifted to the extreme right of the Confederate lines. The 1st-3rd, relieved by cavalry from Wharton's division, had to march the whole night till it reached its position on the right; not locating its brigade till 8 a.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1863\nWhen the advance against the Union positions around Horseshoe Ridge started in the morning the brigade was on the right of the second line, and marched against elements from Thomas' XIV Corps. Advancing towards Kelly Field along the Lafayette Road in a southern move, the 1st-3rd Florida, together with the 47th Georgia Infantry, was separated from the rest of the column and drifted rightwards. Here it faced elements from King's Regular Brigade. Nearly losing its colors during the retreat it reunited with the brigade after the later was repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1863\nThen the division shifted its northern elements to the east due to the advance of Gordon Granger's Reserve Corps from the north. Another local advance towards Kelly Field in the afternoon brought in a number of prisoners but could not break the enemy's lines. The regiment lost 9 killed, 70 wounded and 13 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1863\nWhen the battle ended in a victory for the South, the Army of Tennessee received the gratitude of their superiors; and the 1st-3rd Florida had 18 of its men put on the Confederate Honor Roll. In early November the Army of Tennessee, still besieging the Union at Chattanooga, Tennessee, to where the federals retreated after Chickamauga, all infantry units from Florida were gathered together into one brigade. Colonel Dilworth, the senior Colonel of the Florida regiments, was on a furlough he was passed for command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1863\nLikewise the recommendations for his promotion to brigadier, issued by General Breckinridge and endorsed by General William J. Hardee, was not followed  Instead Jesse J. Finley, till now commander of the 6th Florida Infantry, was promoted and assigned. The Florida Brigade consisted of the 1st-3rd, 4th, 6th and 7th Florida Infantry Regiments, as well as the 1st Dismounted Florida Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1863\nTaking position on Missionary Ridge, the brigade was stationed next to Bragg's headquarters, half in the second line and half in the forward position below the crest. As the army was overwhelmed by the reinforced Union army it tumbled out of position. Parts of the brigade fought in General William B. Bate's makeshift rear-guard and Brigadier Finley receive praise for his command. The brigade continued its service through the rest of 1863, taking part in the moves of General Johnston. When Colonel Dilworth temporarily took command of a brigade, the regiment was commanded by Lt. Col. Elisha Mashburn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1864 and 1865\nIn early 1864, the beginning of the Atlanta Campaign, the hardships of winter and constant marches took its toll. The regiment, commanded by Mashburn as Dilworth was on sick leave, was no exception. Within months the command changed to Major Ball and in June to Cpt. Matthew H. Strain before Ball took command again. At Resaca the regiment had to endure its worst artillery barrage during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1864 and 1865\nLater in the campaign, during the Battle of Marietta, the regiment was in position when corps commander General Leonidas Polk was killed, Col. Dilworth asking the General to search cover only seconds before he was hit by an artillery shell. By this time the 1st-3rd Florida had just 120 men ready for duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1864 and 1865\nWhen the 1st-3rd Florida went with General John Bell Hood into the terrible winter campaign of Franklin-Nashville the command quickly went to Cpt. Strain again, but later developed upon Cpt. A.B. McLeod. When General Nathan B. Forrest and his cavalry were dispatched to raid the area it was accompanied by Bate's division, including the Florida Brigade. At the Third Battle of Murfreesboro the Floridians, who lost their acting brigade commander Colonel Robert Bullock, had to give way; and the numerically inferior and unsupported brigade were pushed back for nearly a mile before the Union troops stopped their advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1864 and 1865\nAfter the retreat from Nashville, the six small regiments were sent to North Carolina where they fought one more battle, the Battle of Bentonville, on 19 March 1865. On the same day General Lee surrendered in Virginia, April 9, 1865, Johnston reorganized his army. The Western Florida Brigade was consolidated and their six regiments were put into a single unit, being the last form of the 1st Florida Infantry Regiment. Under command of Lt. Col. Mashburn the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Service history, 1864 and 1865\nFlorida marched in Brigadier James A. Smith's brigade in the division of General John C. Brown, who was their brigade commander at Perryville. When Johnston surrendered at Bennett Place on April 26 the 1st Florida, and so all Floridian units in the Army of Tennessee, had fewer than 200 men present and fit for duty (with just over 400 total). The troops were paroled on May 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158993-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Other regimental data, Confederate Honor Roll for Chickamauga\n10 soldiers of the 1st and 8 soldiers of the 3rd were inscribed into the Confederate Roll of Honor for their services during the Battle of Chickamauga:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 92], "content_span": [93, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158994-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Special Cavalry Battalion\nThe 1st Florida Special Cavalry Battalion, nicknamed Cow Cavalry, was a Confederate States Army cavalry unit from Florida during the American Civil War. Commanded by Charles James Munnerlyn; it was organized to protect herds of cattle from Union raiders. The hides and meat from Florida cattle was a critical supply item for the Confederacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158994-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Florida Special Cavalry Battalion\nJames McKay wrote to the state of the need to protect Florida cattle after the Battle of Olustee, and a group of Florida crackers was organized near Plant City, and were based out of Fort Myers, taking part in the Battle of Fort Myers. They would drive cattle to Baldwin. John T. Lesley, Francis A. Hendry, and W. B. Henderson were all in the Cow Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158995-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Flying Training Centre\n1st Training Centre  (Polish: 1 Osrodek Szkolenia Lotniczego - 1.OSL) is a training unit of Polish Air Force directly under command of Polish Air Force Academy. Unit is stationed on 6th Air Base in D\u0119blin and operates various training aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158996-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Flying Training Squadron\nThe 1st Flying Training Squadron is part of the 306th Flying Training Group based at Pueblo Memorial Airport, Colorado. It conducts flight training for all USAF Pilot and Combat Systems Officer  trainees, regardless of commissioning source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158996-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Flying Training Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron mission is to screen Air Force aviator candidates for entry into Undergraduate Flight Training as well as to develop outstanding officers through the application of positive life habit patterns and the Air Force Core Values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158996-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Flying Training Squadron, History\nThe 1st provided pilot and navigator proficiency training to all Air Force rated personnel assigned to headquarters in the Washington, D.C. area from, 1969\u20131971. It conducted the USAF flight screening program for pilot training candidates between 1990 and 1994 and flew the initial T-3 Firefly operations in early 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158996-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Flying Training Squadron, Notes\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158997-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Fominovka\n1st Fominovka (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0424\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430) is a rural locality (a village) in Novoselskoye Rural Settlement of Kormilovsky District, Russia. The population was 160 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158997-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Fominovka, History\nThe town was founded in 1907. In 1928, the village of 1st Fominovka consisted of 72 households, the main population being Russians. It was a part of Novoselskoye village council of Kormilovsky district of Omsk region of Siberian territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158997-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Fominovka, Geography\n1st Fominovka is located 26 km south of Kormilovka (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158998-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Foot Cavalry Division (France)\nThe 1st Foot Cavalry Division (French: 1re Division de Cavalerie \u00e0 Pied) was a French Army formation during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158998-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Foot Cavalry Division (France), First World War\nThe 1st foot cavalry division was formed in December 1917, in the region of Vic-sur-Aisne, with parts of the 81st D.I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158998-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Foot Cavalry Division (France), First World War, Attachments\nOrganic attachment: 1st Cavalry Corps from January to November 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158999-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Foot Guards (German Empire)\nThe 1st Foot Guard Regiment (German: 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fu\u00df) was an infantry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army formed in 1806 after Napoleon defeated Prussia in the Battle of Jena\u2013Auerstedt. It was formed by combining all previous Foot Guard Regiments and was, from its inception, the bodyguard-regiment of Kings of Prussia. Save William II, who also wore the uniforms of other regiments, all Prussian Kings and most Princes of Prussia wore the uniform of the 1st Foot Guard Regiment. All Princes of Prussia were commissioned lieutenants in the 1st Foot Guards upon their tenth birthdays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158999-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Foot Guards (German Empire)\nThe King of Prussia was also the Colonel-in-chief of the regiment, as well as the Chief of the 1st Battalion and 1st Company of the regiment. Therefore, the regiment held the highest rank within the Prussian Army, which, among other things, meant that the officer corps of the regiment marched before the princes of the German Empire and the diplomatic corps in the traditional New Year's reception. Unofficially, the regiment was known as the \"First Regiment of Christendom\" (German: Erstes Regiment der Christenheit).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00158999-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Foot Guards (German Empire)\nThe regiment was disbanded in 1919 when the Imperial German Army was dissolved, with the Infantry Regiment 9 Potsdam of the new Reichsheer bearing its tradition. The Wachbataillon continues the tradition of this regiment in the Bundeswehr of the Federal Republic of Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company\n1st Force Reconnaissance Company conducts deep reconnaissance and direct action raids in support of I Marine Expeditionary Force requirements across the range of military operations to include crisis response, expeditionary operations and major combat operations. 1st Force Recon Company was deactivated 26 October 2006 and the majority of the personnel were used to create 1st Marine Special Operations Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company\nPrior to the deactivation, General James Mattis, the MEF Commanding General at the time, transferred two Force Recon platoons to 1st Reconnaissance Battalion and activated the Deep Reconnaissance Company. In 2008 Delta Company, 1st Recon Company was redesignated the I MEF Force Reconnaissance Company and given its own Marine Command Code (MCC). It continues to provide I Marine Expeditionary Force and its subordinate MAGTFs with Corps level reconnaissance, battlespace shaping and direct action raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, Mission\nThe 1st Force Reconnaissance Company of the United States Marine Corps was a Force Reconnaissance unit that organized, trained, and equipped reconnaissance units to support the I Marine Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, Mission\n1st Force Recon Company conducted nine Mission Essential Tasks (METs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, Organization\n1st Force Recon Company's table of organization consisted of a headquarters and service platoon and six Force Reconnaissance platoons. 1st Force would often be augmented by reserve forces from 3rd and 4th Force Recon Companies for combat deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History\nFirst Force Reconnaissance Company was activated on 19 June 1957 at Camp Margarita (Area 33), Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. It was formed from the Reconnaissance Platoon of Marine Corps Test Unit#1 that was assigned to take over the guideon of 1st Amphibious Reconnaissance Company, that was under command of Captain \"Cycle\" Michael Sparks. Many Marines from the amphib recon company and 1st Reconnaissance Battalion augmented the new Fleet Marine Force-level reconnaissance capabilities to force commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History\nThe Company's first company commander was Major Bruce F. Meyers, with Captain Joseph Z. Taylor as his executive officer. Meyers was MCTU#1's project test officer that led the development and refinement of submarine insertions/extractions techniques, low level static line and military free fall parachute insertion, the closed-circuit SCUBA procedures and capabilities developed the initial deep reconnaissance capability within the Department of Defense. 1st Force Recon pioneered the High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) parachuting technique in 1958 that allowed for a more secure and accurate insertion of a deep reconnaissance team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History\nBy 1958, approximately half of the 1st Force Reconnaissance Company was reassigned and transferred to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina to form the 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company; under command of Joseph Z. Taylor, promoted to Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History\n1st Platoon, Sub Unit #1, embarked onto the USS Cook (APD-130) and sailed for southern Thailand, to the Royal Thai Navy base of Sattahip, in December 1964. The 1st Platoon conducted reconnaissance patrols with the Royal Thai Marine Corps, with one Thai Marine attached to each of the 4-man force recon teams. By the end of January, they finished their recon operations in Thailand and sailed for Vietnam for the planned amphibious landings in March 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Vietnam War\nPrior to the first of many Marine amphibious landings made by the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade throughout March 1965, 1st Platoon, Sub Unit #1, 1st Force Reconnaissance Company (-), conducted preliminary reconnaissance of the planned amphibious beach landing sites. The sub unit was the first Force Recon unit to serve in Republic of Vietnam and was led by Captain David Whittingham. Their first mission was to reconnoiter the area around Cam Ranh Bay for its selection as the major port for the U.S. forces in south Vietnam, they also carried out reconnaissance and survey of the beaches around Da Nang prior to the Marine Battalion landing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Vietnam War\nBy early May 1965, the 2nd Platoon had joined 1st Platoon with the Subordinate Unit #1 and both platoons were assigned to the United States Special Forces A-Team, A-103, conducting specialized reconnaissance and combat raiding missions. They operated from Da Nang, Phu Bai, Chu Lai, Gia Vuc and Kham Duc, in the I Corps Tactical Zone (ICTZ). Their mission was to collect any enemy intelligence in the mountain approaches to the Marines' tactical area of operation along with the Laos border, and to report any findings directly to the general staff of the III Marine Amphibious Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Vietnam War\nNovember 1965, 2nd Platoon was attached to the Special Forces team A-106 at Ba To. A combined patrol from Ba To was attacked on the night of 16 December and three Marines, a Green Beret Sergeant, and 10 members of the Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) were killed. By mid-December 1965, 3rd platoon arrived in the Republic of Vietnam and was attached to Special Forces team A-107 at Tra Bong. The rest of the Force Recon Company (its remaining two platoons, 4th and 5th Plt.) arrived in June 1965. The men of 1st Force Reconnaissance Company stayed in Vietnam until 1970 and conducted more than 2,200 reconnaissance patrols and participated in numerous operations, including the battle for Hue City. 1st Force was deactivated on 30 September 1974 and its personnel rolled into the deep reconnaissance company of 1st Reconnaissance Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) MEU(SOC)\nGeneral Alfred M. Gray, the 29th Commandant of the Marine Corps, pioneered a Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (SOC) concept in 1987 and reactivated 1st, 2nd and 5th Force Reconnaissance Companies to support these newly formed MAGTFs with direct action raids and reconnaissance operations. On 11\u201313 November 1994, the Force Recon Marines aboard the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit conducted a Maritime Interdiction Operation/Visit Board Search and Seizure (MIO/VBSS) mission aboard the Honduran-flagged merchant vessel Ajmer, which was in violation of United Nations sanctions on Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 106], "content_span": [107, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) MEU(SOC)\nThe 11th MEU Force Reconnaissance Platoon supported a Non-combatant evacuation operation in Asmara, Eritrea, on 6 June 1998. Operation Safe Departure was conducted as a precautionary measure to ensure the safety of American citizens in the midst of a heated border dispute between Eritrea and Ethiopia. All total, 172 persons, including 105 Americans, were safely evacuated to Amman, Jordan, via KC-130 aerial transport. The Force Recon platoon provided embassy reinforcement and security for the MEU forward command element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 106], "content_span": [107, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) MEU(SOC)\nForce Reconnaissance Marines on the 11th MEU, 13th MEU and 15th MEU supported humanitarian assistance operations in East Timor in 1999 and 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 106], "content_span": [107, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm\nIn 1990 1st Force Reconnaissance company was deployed to Kuwait in support of Operation Desert Shield. Force Reconnaissance Marines established observation posts and conducted motorized patrols along the Kuwaiti Border. Operation Desert Storm was launched in January 1991. Force Recon teams located enemy armored units and utilized artillery and Close Air Support to interdict them", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Operation Restore Hope\nIn 1993 7th Platoon deployed with the 15th MEU and conducted amphibious reconnaissance along the Somali coastline. Two teams infiltrated the Mogadishu port facility, established observation positions at the Mogadishu airport, and supported a raid company from 1st Battalion, 7th Marines with fire support. The remainder of 1st Force flew into the airport and conducted reconnaissance and raids in support of the United Task Force (UNITAF). They also provided Personal Security Detachments for high-ranking officials to include General Johnston, the UNITAF Commanding General, and Colonel Wilhelm who commanded the Marine component of UNITAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Global War on terrorism\nIn 2001, 2nd Platoon was deployed in support of the 15th MEU and participated in the invasion of Afghanistan,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Global War on terrorism\nIn 2003, 1st Force Recon Company, augmented with platoons from 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company and 4th Force, participated in the invasion of Iraq. 3rd Platoon, deployed in support of the 15th MEU went ashore during the invasion and participated in the battle of Nasiriyah and supported the rescue of PFC Jessica Lynch", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Global War on terrorism\nIn 2004 a Force Recon Platoon deployed in support of the 11th MEU participated in the Battle of Najaf and a platoon was attached to Regimental Combat Team 1 for Operation Phantom Fury, commonly known as the Battle of Fallujah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Global War on terrorism\nIn 2005\u20132006, 1st Force Recon Company, augmented with platoons from 3d and 4th Reconnaissance BN, participated in the Operation Iraqi Freedom. Platoons participated in numerous campaigns during this time to include Operation Matador in the city of Al Qaim, and Operation Sword in the town of Hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, History, Global War on terrorism\nIn 2010, 2nd Platoon was deployed to the Gulf of Aden along the Somali coast to assist the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit in recapturing the MV Magellan Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, Training\nDuring its beginning formation within the 1st Marine Division, 1st Force Recon conducted sustainment training in obstacle clearing for landing zone preparation in support of early-Marine Corps helicopter-borne operations; and other mission-essential amphibious reconnaissance, parachute insertion, and pathfinder tasks. Because of the efforts made by Meyers and his other adjoining Marine and Navy parachute testers, they developed the Helicopter Rope Suspension methods, plus invented the Special Personnel Insertion/Extraction (SPIE) rigging that are widely used by Special Operations Forces services worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159000-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Force Reconnaissance Company, Training\nDuring the late 1990s and early 2000s, 1st Force Recon Company trained in a variety of locations during their Unit Training Phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment \u00c9tranger de Cavalerie, 1er REC) is the only cavalry regiment in the French Foreign Legion. As of 2009 it was the only armoured cavalry regiment of the 6th Light Armoured Brigade. The regiment recently moved camp after being stationed at Quartier Labouche for 47 years in Orange, Vaucluse, France since it moved from Mers-el-K\u00e9bir, Algeria in October 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Levant and Morocco from 1921\nThe 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment (1er REC) was created on March 8, 1921 at Sousse from elements of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment. The title of the 1er REC would not become official until January 20, 1922, under Decree n\u00b06330-1/11 of January 20, 1922. The cadres of the new unit were drawn from existing French cavalry regiments. Only one junior officer (Second Lieutenant Antraygue) had had previous Legion experience while one non-commissioned officer had been in service with the 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Levant and Morocco from 1921\nOf the 156 other ranks of the newly formed 1er REC, 128 were Russians. A significant contingent hailed from the White Army of Wrangle. These included thirty officers (one a former general of the Imperial Russian Army and one a former colonel); 14 non-commissioned officers and 33 Cossacks. Most of the remainder had served as regular cavalrymen with the Wrangle forces. Beginning in 1925, the 1er REC was engaged as mounted cavalry in Syria (4th Squadron ) and in Morocco (3rd Squadron).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Levant and Morocco from 1921\nIn both theatres of operations, the Foreign Cavalry Regiment served with distinction, notably in the Levant at Messifre (September 17, 1925) and at Rachaya (from November 20 to 24, 1925). The fanion of the 1er REC received the Croix de guerre des th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures with 2 palms, the fourrag\u00e8re of the colors of the Croix de Guerre and the 1st Class Lebanese Order of Merit Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Levant and Morocco from 1921\nFrom 1927 to 1934, the 1er REC saw active service in Morocco (3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Squadrons), followed by patrol work along the northern border of the Sahara. In 1934 the 5th squadron was equipped with White-Laffly and Panhard armored cars. The remainder of the regiment retained horses and sabers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II and Indochina War\nIn 1939 the two existing regiments of Foreign Cavalry were still only partially motorized. However, in 1940, the 1e REC was dispatched to France as part of the 97th Reconnaissance Group of the Infantry Division (97e GRDI). As such it was engaged in combat from May 18 (at the Somme) until the Armistice. A citation issued at the orders of the Armed Forces praised the heroism of the Legionnaires during this period. Following the Battle of France the 1er REC took up garrison duties in Tunisia. In 1943, the regiment was re-equipped with U.S. material, consisted of one light tank squadron and four armored car squadrons. Its new role was that of divisional recce regiment of the newly raised 5th Armored Division (5e DB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II and Indochina War\nIn 1943, the 1er REC was engaged against the Germans in Tunisia. In 1944, the 1er REC landed on the c\u00f4tes de Provence as one of the French armored units participating in the Liberation of France. At the end of World War II, the regimental colors were decorated with two new palms and the fourrag\u00e8re of the Croix de Guerre. In 1946, the 1er REC embarked for Indochina. The regimental squadrons plus two autonomes groups (detached units) served for nine years in Cochinchina and Tonkin. Three new citations and the fourrag\u00e8re of the Croix de Guerre of TOE were added to the regimental colors, while the two autonomes groups earned 6 citations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Algeria and the modernization of the Regiment\nAfter returning to French North Africa in 1954, the regiment was involved in the Algerian War for eight consecutive years of active service. Following the \u00c9vian Accords and the independence of Algeria  the 1er REC regrouped at the base of Mers El Kebir. It was then reassigned, on October 17, 1967, to peacetime duty in metropolitan France for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Algeria and the modernization of the Regiment\nThe 1er REC was now based at Orange in the Quartier Labouche garrison. Reattached to the 14th Infantry Division (14th DI) on January 1, 1976; the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment returned to Africa the same year, serving in Djibouti and then Mayotte. In 1978 and 1979, the regiment participated in Op\u00e9ration Tacaud in Tchad where an Army citation was awarded. During this period, the regiment received new equipment, including the FAMAS service rifle, MILAN anti-tank guided missiles, VAB armored personnel carriers, and the AMX-10RC armored car. From May to October 1983, the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment served in three separate deployment areas: within the ranks of the Multinational Force in Lebanon; with a tactical command headquarters stationed in Beirut; in Tchad within the combat deployment cadre of Operation Manta; and in Djibouti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Within the ranks of the FAR and Division Daguet\nThe 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment remained within the Force d'Action Rapide (FAR) and was part of the Division Daguet. On July 1984, the Royal \u00e9tranger was incorporated into the 6th Light Armoured Division (6e D.L.B). Engaged in operation Daguet starting September 15, 1990; the regiment as whole was found complete in the desert of Saudi Arabia on November 6, 1990. Following an initial preparatory phase, the regiment saw service as part of Operation Desert Storm. On February 23, 1991; the regiment crossed the Iraqi frontier, reached its objective at the D'As Salman air base within 36 hours. Victorious, the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment intact from personnel or material loss, decorated a new palm on the regimental colors. From December 1992 to June 1993, the regiment served in Cambodia as part of the United Nations peacekeeping force (APRONUC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 939]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Operations post 1993\nThe 2nd Squadron of the Regiment served in Sarajevo as part of the United Nations Protection Force (FORPRONU) from October 1993 to February 1994, and subsequently with the cadre of BATINF from January to June 1995. From 1995 to 1996, the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment was engaged in the former Yugoslavia within the cadre of the force de r\u00e9action rapide (FRR) and in Chad as part of Op\u00e9ration \u00c9pervier. From May to September 1996, the 5th Squadron, recreated in July 1993, was first deployed in the Central Africa Republic during Operation Almandin II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Operations post 1993\nThe 1er REC also participated in Guyane, Mayotte and Djibouti. In 1997, the regiment served in the Republic of Congo assisting in the evacuation of refugees. During 1999 the regiment participated in operations with NATO forces in Kosovo, deploying one armored squadron (5e ESC) in the Macedonia, then dispatching the scouting squadron in Kosovo. Since then, the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment has participated in Operation Licorne in Ivory Coast and in Operation Pamir in Afghanistan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Operations post 1993\nIn January 2013, an AMX 10 RC unit from the regiment was deployed in Mali as part of Operation Serval, to counter an Islamist offensive against the local government and engaged in battle for control of the town of Diabaly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, History, Operations post 1993\nAs of June 2015, with nearly 1,000 men and advanced equipment, the Regiment is on permanent stand-by to undertake any mission being allocated to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, Equipment\nThree squadrons are equipped with the AMX 10 RC, a light wheeled armoured vehicle armed with a 105mm gun. The EEI is equipped with the Panhard VBL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, Traditions, Insignias\nRegimental Insignia of the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, 1er REC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159001-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, Traditions, Insignias\nThe Foreign Legion Groupment, G.L.E in the 31e Brigade featuring Poseidon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment\nThe 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger de g\u00e9nie, 1er REG) is one of two combat engineer regiments in the French Foreign Legion, and part of the 6th Light Armoured Brigade. Currently stationed at Quartier General Rollet in Laudun-l'Ardoise, Gard, southern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Heir to the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment (6e REI), World War II\n\" Oriental Mediterranean Regiment \" known as Regiment du Levant, the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment (French: 6e R\u00e9giment Etranger d'Infanterie, 6e REI) has existed through history on two occasions, in the Levant (Syria and Lebanon) from October 1, 1939 to January 1, 1942 and in Tunisia from April 1, 1949 to June 1955. At creation in 1939, the manpower came from the 1st, 4th, 6th battalions of the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 140], "content_span": [141, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Heir to the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment (6e REI), World War II\nForeign Infantry Regiment, 1er R.E.I (forming the 1st, 2nd, 4th battalions of the 6e R.E.I) and the 2nd battalion of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment (forming the 3rd battalion of the 6e R.E.I) with the Legion Artillery Group of the Levant (French: Groupe d'Artillerie de L\u00e9gion du Levant, G.A.L.L) compromising 3 artillery batteries. On August 23, 1941; the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment embarked at Marseilles; reduced from the results of combats to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd battalion and an artillery group, the regiment rallied to the Free French including other French constituents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 140], "content_span": [141, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Heir to the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment (6e REI), World War II\nThe regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1942 after the British success in the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign and its legionnaires were transferred into the 1st Foreign Regiment and Communal Depot of the Foreign Regiments while 690 of the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment opted for Charles de Gaulle. The regiment left Lebanon on August 16, 1941 and rejoined the Camp Idron (Pau) on August 25 before rejoining Sidi-bel-Abb\u00e8s on December 3, 1941. During the regiment's dissolve on December 31, 1941, the legionnaires of the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment were assigned to the later reconstituted 1st Foreign Marching Infantry Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment Etranger d'Infanterie de Marche, 1er R.E.I.M) and the Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (French: R\u00e9giment de Marche de la L\u00e9gion Etrang\u00e8re, R.M.L.E).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 140], "content_span": [141, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Heir to the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment (6e REI), World War II\nOn June 7, 1949, the 3rd battalion of the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment embarked for Indochina and transformed to the 1st battalion of the 5th Foreign Infantry Regiment (French: 5e Regiment Etranger d'Infanterie, 5e REI) on October 31. The 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment participated to the operations of maintaining order. The regiment notably engaged in the battles of djebel Selloum, Kasserine and djebel Gouleb. the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment was dissolved for the second time on June 30, 1955 when the French Foreign Legion was in phase of reorganization following the return from Indochina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 140], "content_span": [141, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Creation of the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment (6e REG)\nThe 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment (1er R\u00e9giment Etranger de G\u00e9nie), 1er REG) was created in 1984 as the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment. On July 1, 1984, Foreign Legion Groupment, G.L.E Commander, g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Jean-Claude Coullon assisted to the patronization ceremony marking the enacting of the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment, 6e R.E.G. For the first time in Legion history, the colors of a French foreign legion regiment included the inscription \"G\u00e9nie\". Accordingly, the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment ( 6e R.E.G ) received the regimental colors on October 12, 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 130], "content_span": [131, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Creation of the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment (6e REG)\nThe creation of the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment ( 6e R.E.G ) was delayed with a doubtful bet. The Legion had a long history of Fortification construction (French: g\u00e9nie b\u00e2tisseur), however, had little experience in combat engineering assault. The whites cadres combat engineer assault specialist of the general regime, a part component of the Military Combat Engineer Assault (French: G\u00e9nie militaire) of the French Army brought forth their precious savoir-faire and formed the legionnaires in the various fields of specialties. Material arrived and the units prowled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 130], "content_span": [131, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Creation of the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment (6e REG)\nThe combat section and companies of the 6e REG deployed in missions of short duration in Mayotte, Guyane, the Central African Republic and very quickly the regiment gained its first combat experience. For the actions of 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment ( 6e R.E.G ) in Tchad at Faya-Largeau in 1987, the 1st combat company was cited at the orders of the armed forces with the Croix de la Valeur militaire. In the same theater of combat engagement, Sergent-Chef Panic was killed by an Anti-tank mine on January 14, 1988 during a mission of opening and clearing the route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 130], "content_span": [131, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Creation of the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment (6e REG)\nIn 1989, a detachment of the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment trained Pakistanis in demining during Operation Salam in Pakistan. At Laudun, the mood and mode of the regiment was accelerated by the dispatching of combat companies, sections and small separate detachments tasked with punctual missions. In 1990, for the first time, the entire regiment intervened. In Iraq and Kuwait, the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment participated to the victorious offensive of the Division Daguet part of Op\u00e9ration Daguet and was seen cited at the orders of the armed forces with Croix de guerre des th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures with a palm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 130], "content_span": [131, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Creation of the 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment (6e REG)\nDuring the Gulf War, D.I.N.O.P.S operated in support of the U.S. Army's 82nd Airborne Division, and provided the EOD services to the division. After the cease fire took hold they conducted a joint mine clearing operation alongside a Royal Australian Navy Clearance Diver Team Unit. Barely in return to Laudun, combat companies were seen redispatched to new theatres of combat operations. The regiment would be found in Cambodia, Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo and other geographical locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 130], "content_span": [131, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, Campaigns\nThe 6th Foreign Engineer Regiment ( 6e REG ) then 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment (1er REG) engaged in:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, Campaigns, 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment (1er REG)\nThe 1st Foreign Engineer Regiment (French: 1er Regiment Etranger de Genie, 1er REG) on was renamed on July 1, 1999 with the creation of the 2nd Foreign Engineer Regiment 2e REG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 81], "content_span": [82, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment is composed of 980 men organized into 8 companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nChant de Marche\u00a0: Le fanion claque et s'\u00e9l\u00e8ve featuring:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159002-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Engineer Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nLe fanion claque et s'\u00e9l\u00e8veAu dessus du pont romain. L\u00e9gionnaire marche sans tr\u00e8veSur les pas de nos anciens. Les m\u00e9dailles sonnent sur le tablier,Sur l'\u00e9paule brille la hache du pionnier. Honneur fid\u00e9lit\u00e9. Premier r\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger de g\u00e9nieGrenades \u00e0 sept flammes sur ta cuirasse brille. Honneur fid\u00e9lit\u00e9En sondant, les ba\u00efonnettesChantent toutes le m\u00eame refrain,Il faut faire place netteD\u00e9miner tout le terrain. Les grappins soul\u00e8vent des mines pi\u00e9g\u00e9esIl faut avancer au m\u00e9pris du danger. Honneur fid\u00e9lit\u00e9. Premier r\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger de g\u00e9nieGrenades \u00e0 sept flammes sur ta cuirasse brille. Honneur fid\u00e9lit\u00e9. Une seule devise aux l\u00e8vres\u00a0:L\u00e9gio patria nostra. Le lance flammes ou la porti\u00e8reL\u00e9gionnaire tu serviras. Quand le vert et rouge de ton fanion surgitC'est la d\u00e9bandade dans les rangs ennemis. Honneur fid\u00e9lit\u00e9. Premier r\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger de g\u00e9nieSapeur de combat sans crainte ni r\u00e9pit. Honneur fid\u00e9lit\u00e9", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 968]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159003-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Battalion\nThe 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (French: 1er Bataillon Etranger de Parachutistes (1er BEP)) was a foreign parachute battalion of the French Foreign Legion formed from the Parachute Company of the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159003-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Battalion, History\n1er Bataillon Etranger de Parachutistes, 1er BEP - I, II, III Formations -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159003-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Battalion, History\nThe 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion, (1er BEP, I formation) was created on July 1, 1948 at Khamisis, in Algeria. The 1er BEP embarks in Indochina on November 12 and is engaged in combat operations in the Tonkin. On June 1, 1949, the Co. Para du 3\u00e8me REI completed its count. On November 17, 1950; the 1er BEP (1er BEP, I Formation) jumps on That Kh\u00e9 and sacrifices itself in Coc Xa to protect the unfolding of the RC4 in a traditional Foreign Legion battlefield. Heading and leading tradition was 1er BEP battalion commander Chef de Corps du 1er BEP, Commandant Pierre Segr\u00e9tain. Segr\u00e9tain was fatally wounded while leading the BEP during the Battle of Route Coloniale 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159003-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Battalion, History\nThe battalion dissolved on December 31, 1950; is reconstituted on March 1, 1951 (1er BEP, II formation) and is seen participating excessively in combat operations at Cho Ben, on the black river and at Annam. On November 21, 1953; the reconstituted 1er BEP is parachuted on Dien Bien Phu. In this gigantic battle, the reconstituted (1er BEP, II formation) 1er BEP counts 575 killed and missing for the second time in a traditional Foreign Legion battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159003-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Battalion, History\nAmongst the fatal casualties feature Lieutenants Dumont, Boisbouvier and de Stabenrath, killed in between April 1 and May 13 as well as Sergent-Chef Grimault, killed on March 30. Reconstituted for the third time (1er BEP, III formation) on May 19, 1954, the 1er BEP leaves Indochina on February 8, 1955. The 1er BEP totals 5 citations at the orders of the armed forces and the fourrag\u00e8re of the colors of the M\u00e9daille militaire. The 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er BEP, III Formation) becomes the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1er REP) in Algeria on September 1, 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159003-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Battalion, History\nThe insignia of the 1st Foreign Paratrooper Battalion was created in 1948 by Commandant Segr\u00e9tain, battalion commander Chef de Bataillon, CBA of the 1er BEP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159003-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Battalion, Traditions, Insignias\nThe insignia of the Foreign Legion Paratroopers of France represents a closed \"winged armed dextrochere\", meaning a \"right winged arm\" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents \"the right Arm of Saint Michael\", the Archangel which according to Liturgy is the \"Armed Arm of God\". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159003-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Battalion, Traditions, Decorations\n5 citations with Fourrag\u00e8re with ruban colors of M\u00e9daille militaire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159004-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company\nThe 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company (French: 1re Compagnie \u00e9trang\u00e8re parachutiste de mortiers lourds, 1er CEPML) was an ephemeral foreign airborne heavy mortar company of the French Foreign Legion which fought during the First Indochina War at the corps of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159004-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company, History\nIn August 1953, lieutenant Jacques Molinier serves in the 1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion (1er BPVN). Accordingly, he is tasked by the headquarters of Hanoi to form a heavy mortar parachute combat company integrated in the French Foreign Legion and based in Tonkin. Created on September 1, 1953, based on elements, mainly artillery specialist of the 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er B.E.P) and 2nd Foreign Parachute Battalion (2e B.E.P); the created combat company is administratively attached to the 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er B.E.P). The rear base of the company is situated at Quynh Lo\u00ef, South of Hano\u00ef.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159004-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company, History\nThe first operation launched by the 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company (1re C.E.P.M.L) was to support of the 1st and 2nd Foreign Parachute Battalions. The company also made a combat jump alongside Chef de Battalion Marcel Bigeard's 6th Colonial Parachute Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159004-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company, History\nOn November 21, 1953, Lieutenant Molinier jumped on Dien Bien Phu with the first wave of Operation Castor, at the border Landing Zone (L.Z) Natacha. at 1500, 67 enlisted and officers, as well as 8 Brandt 120mm mortars and 800 rounds of ammunition are dropped on the landing zone. At 1600, the company was in position to fire. This company is the first heavy 120mm mortar unit to be dropped in an airborne operation. The 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company had packed the mortars in alv\u00e9oles type compartments about 3 to 4 meters in diameter. Following the drop, the company received another drop of a supplementary 4 120mm mortars to make the total count of 12 120mm mortars available with 99 officers, warrant officers, non-commissioned officers and legionnaires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159004-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company, History\nOn March 12, 1954, Lieutenant Molinier was wounded during a recon operation conducted with the 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion 1er BEP on \u201cB\u00e9atrice\u201d. Wounded by a dozen of pieces of shrapnel in the back and face, he is carried to the underground hospital of commandant-doctor Paul-Henri Grauwin, who had him evacuated by plane to Hanoi. For the officer, the Battle of Dien Bien Phu is over. Molinier passes command of the company to Lieutenant Paul Turcy who is killed on March 14, 1954. Accordingly, Lieutenant Erwan Bergot assumes interim command of the company until the parachute support of Lieutenant Jean Singland. On May 7, 1954, the final assault commenced and the French Foreign Legion fired their mortars in all directions during the defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159004-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company, History\nOn June 1, the 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company was dissolved. In its eight-month existence, the company fired more than 30,000 rounds and endured heavy losses: 24 killed, 43 wounded. At the liberation of the prisoners from the Viet-minh camps, only 17 had survived. Following the dissolution of the company, Lieutenant Molinier assumed command of the Command and Support Company (C.C.S) of the 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er B.E.P).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159004-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company, Traditions\nCircled Winged Armed Dextrochere worn on Green Beret of Foreign Legion Paratroopers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159004-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company, Traditions, Insignias\nThe insignia of the Foreign Legion Paratroopers of France represents a closed \"winged armed dextrochere\", meaning a \"right winged arm\" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents \"the right Arm of Saint Michael\", the Archangel which according to Liturgy is the \"Armed Arm of God\". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment\nThe 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment Etranger de Parachutistes, 1er REP) was an airborne regiment of the French Foreign Legion which dated its origins to 1948. The regiment fought in the First Indochina War as the three-time reconstituted 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion, the Suez Crisis and Algerian War, but was dissolved along with the 10th Parachute Division and 25th Parachute Division following the generals' putsch against part of the French government in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, Jeanpierre's regiment\nLegion Lieutenant Colonel Pierre Paul Jeanpierre (1912\u20131958), was considered the patron and symbol of the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment. The camp of the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment was named after him in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History\nOn 13 May 1948 a Groupement d'Instruction de Parachutistes was formed at Khamis, near Sidi Bel Abb\u00e8s, Algeria for the purpose of raising two foreign parachute battalions. The 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er BEP, I Formation) (French: 1er Bataillon \u00c9tranger de Parachutistes, 1er BEP) was created on 1 July 1948, under the command of Commandant Chef de bataillon Pierre Segr\u00e9tain with adjoint battalion commander Pierre Jeanpierre while complementing the ranks with officers and legionnaires of the Parachute Company of the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nThe battalion boarded the transport ship Pasteur on 24 October 1948 at Mers El K\u00e9bir, and arrived in Indochina on 12 November that same year. During the entire period of conflict in Indochina, the unit primarily saw action in Tonkin (northern Vietnam).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nAs part of a consolidation of parachute-trained French formations the Compagnie Parachutiste du 3e R\u00e9giment Etranger d'Infanterie was disbanded on 31 May 1949 and its men \u2013 3 Legion officers, 14 Sous-officiers and 92 Legion corporals and legionnaires \u2013 were transferred to 1er BEP (I Formation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nOn 16 September 1950, the French post at \u0110\u00f4ng Kh\u00ea was overrun, with only a small handful of survivors of the garrison making their way south to French lines at That Khe. In response, on September 17 and 18, the battalion jumped on That Khe in order to reinforce the combat command under Lieutenant-colonel Lepage, operating out of L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n whose mission was to rescue the garrison of Cao B\u1eb1ng which was evacuating the city along the Route Coloniale 4 (RC4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nFollowing a consolidation of French forces at That Khe, the battalion led the French forces north towards \u0110\u00f4ng Kh\u00ea with plans to retake the town, hold it long enough to link up with French forces retreating from the north, and then evacuate south. Although the two French groups were able to link up, heavy Vi\u1ec7t Minh interdiction on the roads and constant ambushes in the thick jungle forced the French off the roads in an attempt to bypass the town, during what became known as the Battle of Route Coloniale 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nIn so doing, the entire battle group was forced into the Coc Xa gorge, where it was destroyed piecemeal. An attempt to reinforce the battle group occurred on the night of 8 October when approximately 570 additional reinforcements from 3\u00e8me BCCP (French: Bataillon Colonial de Commandos Parachutistes) were dropped near That Khe in an attempt to draw the Vi\u1ec7t Minh forces away from the gorge, but this operation became hopelessly bogged down and the reinforcements were cut to pieces in turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0005-0003", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nThe unit was almost entirely destroyed in the subsequent battle in October around \u0110\u00f4ng Kh\u00ea, with only 130 men of the battalion remaining of the original 500 who jumped. In this engagement, the battalion distinguished itself in its willingness to go to great lengths to evacuate their wounded through forbidding terrain, including an incident in which the men rappelled down a 75-meter cliff at the Coc Xa gorge with the wounded strapped to their backs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0005-0004", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nOver the course of the battle and subsequent engagements between 17 September and 30 October, the unit lost 21 legion officers, 46 legion NCO's and warrant officers, and 420 legionnaires killed or wounded, including the battalion commander, Pierre Segr\u00e9tain leading and heading, killed in action the night of 7 October. Only isolated elements of the battalion were able to rejoin the French lines led by Pierre Jeanpierre, who would later command the regiment in Algeria. Having ceased to exist as a combat-worthy formation, the unit was disbanded on 31 December 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nThe 1er BEP reformed (II Formation) on 1 March 1951 from the survivors of the 1er BEP (I Formation) (which had up to that point been attached to the 2\u00e8me BEP), as well as legionnaires from the 2\u00e8me BEP and reinforcements newly arrived from North Africa. Thus the battalion consisted of 3 companies, including a headquarters formation, the 1st and 2nd companies, and a company composed of Indochinese volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nOn 10 September 1951, the unit returned to combat during Operation Tulip, part of General de Lattre de Tassigny's effort to put the Vi\u1ec7t Minh on the defensive around the Cho Ben pass, north of H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. The operation was a tactical success with the battalion successfully assisting in the capture of H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, but further counter-attacks by the Vi\u1ec7t Minh in November convinced the French military command that they were overextended and as a result the area was evacuated, with the last units leaving H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh in February 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nHaving reached an apparent stalemate in early 1952 around the Red River Delta, the French command again decided to go on the offensive, giving the plan the code name Operation Lorraine. On 9 November 1952, the 1st BEP and other airborne formations were dropped into combat near Phu Doan, capturing a quantity of Vi\u1ec7t Minh supplies and securing the area. However, the operation failed in drawing the Vi\u1ec7t Minh into a large, set-battle (as the French commanders had hoped), and as such the operation was abandoned and the remaining French forces were withdrawn on 16 and 17 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nThe battalion was one of the formations selected to hold the rearguard post at N\u00e0 S\u1ea3n, where it sustained a fierce assault from the Vi\u1ec7t Minh between 23 November and 2 December 1952. The post was well-fortified and held in the face of overwhelming numbers, with the bloodied Vi\u1ec7t Minh falling back after a week of fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nAfter falling back to the French defensive positions around the de Lattre line, the battalion was reorganized and reinforced, with a third company of legionnaires being added, bringing the total strength of the battalion to 4 combat companies: 3 Legion and 1 Indochinese. In addition, on 1 September 1953 the 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company was created and attached to the 1er BEP (II Formation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nOn 21 November 1953, the unit was dropped as part of the second wave of French troops into the area around \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 as part of Operation Castor, with the objective of securing a World War II-era landing strip and drawing the Vi\u1ec7t Minh into another pitched battle against a well-defended position. The operation was completed without incident, with the battalion digging in around Dien Bien Phu in late November 1953. During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, the battalion was divided into mobile fire-brigades, with the primary focus being the Huguette forts, specifically Huguette 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Indochina\nThe 1 CEPML was stationed at Dominique 2 until the 14th of March, 1954, at which point it was shifted to various locations in the fort. Despite furious resistance, the 1st BEP (II Formation) is destroyed for a second time on 7 May 1954 with the final fall of Dien Bien Phu camp. The unit (1er BEP, II Formation) lost 316 legionnaires killed in action over the course of the siege, not including those who subsequently died in captivity in Indochina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nFollowing the Geneva Conference, on 1 February 1955, 1er BEP (III Formation) embarked on the steamship Pasteur in Saigon and arrived at Mers el-Kebir on the 24th of the same month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nOn 1 September 1955, the 1er BEP (III Formation) was expanded to a regiment-level formation and re-designated 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment. From that point on, the unit was based out of Z\u00e9ralda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nOn 6 November 1956, as part of the 10th Parachute Division, the regiment landed in Egypt at Port Said and Port Fuad as part of the French military force participating in the Suez canal crisis. It was evacuated piecemeal between 10 and 22 December 1956, at which point the towns were handed over to United Nations control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nFrom 1957 onwards, the regiment (1er REP) was sent back to Algeria, first in Algiers, then in the djebel (mountains), and finally at Guelma. Regimental commander colonel Buchond partnered with Jeanpierre to lead operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nFollowing the petrol route in the Sahara, combat operations engage the regiment non-stop in the region of Guelma. Their results were earned by the death of regimental commander Chef de Corps Legion Lieutenant Colonel Pierre Paul Jeanpierre; who fell to the enemy on 28 May 1958; as well as legion officers, legion sous-officiers and a couple of hundred legionnaires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nOn the eve of the generals' putsch of April 1961, the regiment (1er REP) was commanded by H\u00e9lie Denoix de Saint Marc, as Lt. Col. Guiraud was on leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nWith the agreement of the officers, Cdt. de Saint-Marc activated the regiment alongside the mutineers, and began the generals' putsch on 21 April by marching on Algiers. Following the failure of the putsch, the regiment (1er REP) was disbanded on 30 April 1961, under the orders of Pierre Messmer, the French Minister of Defense. Upon being notified that their regiment (1er REP) was to be disbanded and that they were to be reassigned, Legionnaires burned the Chinese pavilion acquired following the Siege of Tuy\u00ean Quang in 1884 and also blew up their barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nThe relics from the Legion's history museum, including the wooden hand of Captain Jean Danjou, accompanied the Legion to France. Also removed from Sidi Bel Abb\u00e8s were the symbolic Legion remains of General Paul-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Rollet (\"The Father of the Legion\"), Prince Count Aage of Rosenborg, and Legionnaire Heinz Zimmermann (the last fatal casualty in Algeria).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nIt was during this time that the Legion acquired its parade song \"Non, je ne regrette rien\" (\"No, I regret nothing\"), a 1960 \u00c9dith Piaf song that their Sous-Officiers, Senior Corporals, Corporals and Legionnaires sang leaving their barracks for re-deployment following the Algiers putsch of 1961. The song has been a part of Legion heritage since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nAt that point, part of the regiment deserted and went over to the Organisation arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te (OAS). Those who did not join in the putsch were escorted back to France and detained at Fort de Nogent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, History, Algeria\nThe 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, part of the 10th Parachute Division, was dissolved on 30 April 1961. Both the 10th Parachute Division and 25th Parachute Division were disbanded following the generals' putsch. However, the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, while part of the dissolved 25th Parachute Division, remained in existence as the only foreign parachute regiment in France and the Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, Traditions\nExcept for the Legionnaires of the 1er REP that conserve the Green Beret; the remainder of the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 10th Parachute Division, the 25th Parachute Division and the 11th Parachute Brigade wear the Red Beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, Traditions, Insignias\nThe insignia of the Foreign Legion Paratroopers of France represents a closed \"winged armed dextrochere\", meaning a \"right winged arm\" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents \"the right Arm of Saint Michael\", the Archangel which according to Liturgy is the \"Armed Arm of God\". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, Traditions, Regimental and Battalion Songs\nIContre les Viets, contre l'ennemi,Partout o\u00f9 le devoir fait signe,Soldats de France, soldats de pays,Nous remonterons vers les lignes. RefrainO l\u00e9gionnaires, le combat qui commence,Met dans nos \u00e2mes, enthousiasme et vaillance,Peuvent pleuvoir grenades et gravats,Notre victoire en aura plus d'\u00e9clat. Peuvent pleuvoir grenades et gravats,Notre victoire en aura plus d'\u00e9clat. IIEt si la mort nous frappe en chemin,Si nos doigts sanglants se crispent au sol,Un dernier r\u00eave: adieu \u00e0 demain,Nous souhaiterons faire \u00e9cole. RefrainIIIMalgr\u00e9 les balles, malgr\u00e9 les obus,Sous les rafales ou sous les bombes,Nous avan\u00e7ons vers le m\u00eame but,D\u00e9daignant l'appel de la tombe. Refrain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159005-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, Battalion and regimental commanders\nNote (*\u00a0\u2020): Legion officers killed heading their battalions and regiments1er BEP1er Bataillon Etranger de Parachutistes Tenure ( 1948\u20131955 ) \u2013 I, II, III Formations -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment\nThe 1st Foreign Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger, 1er RE) and the 2nd Foreign infantry Regiment are the original and most senior founding regiments of the Foreign Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment\nThe regiment is also responsible for running special institutions of the Legion. These include the magazine K\u00e9pi Blanc, the Legion's Athletics Team (ATHLEG), the Legion Military Band, the Legion Museum and numerous other Legion initiatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment\nThe 1st Foreign Regiment is a Foreign Legion Command depot regiment. The regiment and all regiments of the French Foreign Legion, differentiate, that their Legion Majors, Legion Adjudant Chefs and Legion Adjudants, form both a French and non-French (Foreign) elite composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History, Royal Foreign Legion\nUnder the first restoration, the Bourbons would only retain the Swiss, in souvenir to their loyal service rendered to France during four centuries, and with them also, four foreign regiments out of which one colonial, formed of Spanish and Portuguese. The eight reorganized foreign regiments by Napoleon at the Hundred Days formed in 1815 the Royal Foreign Legion (French: La L\u00e9gion Royale Etrang\u00e8re), which became the Hohenlohe Legion (French: La L\u00e9gion de Hohenlohe), then in 1821 the Hohenlohe Regiment. Licensed in 1830, the latter contributed to form the twenty first light, then the French Foreign Legion (French: La L\u00e9gion \u00c9trang\u00e8re). The Swiss regiments of the restoration disappeared in 1830, nevertheless, the Swiss reincorporated again the French Army from 1855 to 1859 under the successive denomination of 2nd Foreign Legion (French: La Deuxi\u00e8me L\u00e9gion Etrang\u00e8re) and 1st Foreign Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment Etranger).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 985]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History, 1st Regiment of the 1st Foreign Legion, 1st Foreign Regiment of 1885\nThe 1st Regiment of the Foreign Legion was created in 1841 based on 3 battalions in the newly created 1831 Foreign Legion. The 1st Regiment of the Foreign Legion became in 1855 the 1st Regiment of the 1st Foreign Legion. This regiment merged with the 2nd Foreign Regiment (2e R.E. ), (1856-1861) in 1859 and became the Foreign Regiment (R.E), (1862-1875), then came the 1st and 2nd battalion of the Foreign Legion (L.E), (1875-1884) which produced the 1st Foreign Regiment of 1885 that consequently became the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI in 1922 and the 1st Foreign Marching Infantry Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment Etranger d'Infanterie de Marche, 1er R.E.I.M) in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 99], "content_span": [100, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History, 1st Foreign Regiment of 1856\nThe 1st Foreign Regiment (1er R.E.) (1856-1861) was created based on the 1st and 2nd Foreign Regiments of the 2nd Foreign Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History, 1st Foreign Regiment of 1955\nThe 1st Foreign Regiment (1er R.E) was created based on the recreated 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment (1946-1955). This 1st Foreign Regiment gave formation on September 1, 1972, to the Foreign Legion Groupment (G.L.E) which became the Foreign Legion Command (C.O.M.L.E) on July 1, 1984. With the Foreign Legion Command, the 1st Foreign Regiment constitute the Mother House (French: Maison M\u00e8re) of the Foreign Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History, 1st Foreign Regiment of 1955\nThis expression inherited from Sidi Bel Abb\u00e8s came from the primordial role the regiment played in conserving tradition and rendering the 1st Foreign Regiment a genuine turning plateau for the ensemble of the Foreign Legion. Quartier (garrison) Vienot of Aubagne and Sidi Bel Abb\u00e8s were both named in honor of Colonel Rapha\u00ebl Vienot (French: Rapha\u00ebl Vienot). Aubagne also houses the French Foreign Legion Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History, 1st Foreign Regiment of 1955\nCreated in 1841 and stationed in Aubagne since 1962, the 1st Foreign Regiment is the patron of all Foreign Legion regiments. Beyond this historical aspect, the 1st Foreign Regiment represents a major cornerstone in the career paths of legionnaires. The legionnaires initiate their careers from the 1st Foreign Regiment at the selection center of incorporation while also confirming successful return upon completion of basic training before deploying to a legion operational regiment. Legionnaires also pass by the 1st Foreign Regiment each time a posting of a regiment changes, and also finalize in the same regiment their departure formalities at the end of active duty service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History, 1st Foreign Regiment of 1955, Missions of the 1st Foreign Regiment\nThe 1st Foreign Regiment, is a regiment with essentially a combat and administrative vocation which major missions are the support of the Foreign Legion and directed by the Foreign Legion Command. However, during exterior and interior mission deployments requirements of units and regiments of the legion; the 1st Foreign Regiment usually also dispatches particular individuals or teams of specialists (O.M.L.T). In addition, the foreign regiment like all regiments of the French Army, does also engage in the alert phase mission of Vigipirate. The 1st Foreign Regiment also dispatches and supports world humanitarian missions around the globe during natural catastrophes and disasters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 97], "content_span": [98, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1841 to 1852\nThe 1st Foreign Regiment 1er was created in Aleria on April 1, 1841 from the first three Legion battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1841 to 1852\nOn January 1, 1849, the 1er RE, under the command of Colonel \u00c9mile Mellinet (French: \u00c9mile Mellinet), was in garrison at Oran in Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second Empire\nOn July 6, 1856, the regiment received the regimental flag colors \"Emperor Napoleon III at the 1st Foreign\" (French: l'Empereur Napol\u00e9on III au 1er Etranger) before initiating the campaign in Kabylie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second Empire\nThe foreign regiment first participated to the pacification of Algeria, then was funneled to the Crimean War (French: Crim\u00e9e (1853-1856)) where the regiment formed a brigade with the foreign brother regiment, 2nd Foreign Regiment 2e RE, at the corps of the 6th Division. The regiment participated to the Battle of Alma (French: bataille de l'Alma) and to the Siege of Sevastopol (French: si\u00e8ge de Sebastopol). The regimental commander, colonel Vienot was killed in combat on May 1, 1855. The regiment participated to the apprehension of the Malakoff tower on September 8, 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second Empire\nThe regiment then partcipiated to the Italian campaign (French: campagne d'Italie) in 1859, at the corps of the 2nd Infantry Division of the 2nd Army Corps of Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, and illustrated capability during the Battle of Magenta (French: bataille de Magenta). The regiment entered triumphantly in Milan liberated on June 7, 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second Empire\nReturned to Algeria, the regiment was licensed on December 14, 1861, by Imperial decree. The men were accordingly transferred to the 2nd Foreign which changed name designation on January 1, 1862, to become the Foreign Regiment. During the Mexican expedition from 1861 to 1867, the foreign regiment embarked to Mexico where the latter arrived on March 25, 1863 at Veracruz. The 3rd combat company illustrated itself with distinction while sacrificing itself during the Battle of Camar\u00f3n (French: Bataille de Camerone) on April 30, 1863. The 1st and 2nd battalions participated to the siege of Oaxaca which capitulated in April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second Empire\nThe 2nd battalion lost on March 1, 1866, 102 men killed during the combat of Santa Isabel. On December 13 of the same year, the regiment left Mexico. During the Franco-Prussian War (French: Guerre franco-allemande de 1870), the Legion engaged the conflict within delay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second Empire\nIt was at the end of September 1870, that the regiment integrated the 15th Crops 1st Brigade, 2nd Division and was found making way towards Orl\u00e9ans (where the regiment refused 3 times consecutively the order to retreat and where foreign Lieutenant Kara, Peter I of Serbia illustrated capability) on October and December 1870 then at Montb\u00e9liard in January 1871, where he forced the Germans to leave the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1871 to 1914\nDuring the Paris Commune (French: la Commune de Paris) in 1871, the regiment participated with Arm\u00e9e Versaillaise (French: arm\u00e9e versaillaise) to the semaine sanglante (\"Bloody Week\"). The commander-in-chief of the Arm\u00e9e Versaillaise was Marshal of France Patrice de Mac Mahon. The regiment then returned to Algeria in June 1871 (Mascara near Oran). On January 1, 1885, the \"French Foreign Legion\", named given to the \"Foreign Regiment\" on March 13, 1875, doubled in two foreign regiments constituted each of 4 battalions and one depot company. During the Expedition of Madagascar in 1895\u20131896, the foreign regiment with the 2nd Foreign Regiment, formed a Marching Battalion, which depended on the Algerian Regiment (French: R\u00e9giment Alg\u00e9rie), of the Army of Africa (French: l'Arm\u00e9e d'Afrique) under the orders of Colonel Oudri of the 2nd Foreign Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1871 to 1914\nIn 1881, the 1st Foreign Regiment was combat engaged in Morocco (combats of Chellaha of May 19) and South Oran (combat of Chott Tigri on April 26, 1882 where 300 Legionnaires faced 8000 dissidents). The 1st Foreign Regiment combat engaged in 1900 during the Battle of the Oasis, again in South-Oran and the Moroccan confines. On January 27, 1906, the 3rd combat company of the 1st Foreign Regiment crushed the enemy which participated to the combat of El Moungar (where the 22nd company of the 2nd Foreign Regiment had endured heavy losses, and which the battle was surnamed the \"Cameron of the Sands\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1871 to 1914\nAt the beginning of 1883, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the 1st Foreign Regiment were sent to Tonkin. They apprehended Sontay on December 16, 1883. From January 26 to March 3, 1884, 600 men of Tuyen-Quang out of which 390 Legionnaires repelled 20,000 Chinese regulars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1871 to 1914\nIn 1892, the 1st Foreign Regiment was engaged in Dahomey (Actual Benin) and disembarked at Cotonu on August 22. They combat engaged in September and October. 800 Legionnaires of Colonel Fauraux faced thousands of combatants and re-embarked victorious on November 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1871 to 1914\nBetween 1892 and 1894, the companies of the 1st Foreign Regiment intervened as well in Sudan. On July 1, 1893, the legionnaires of Lieutenant Betheder and Sergent Minna\u00eart fought with ferocity at Boss\u00e9. They lost 60 killed and wounded which earned this heroic Sergent (who already distinguished capability at Tonkin) the decoration of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur for his bravery under fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1871 to 1914\nIn 1895\u20131896, the regiment was part of the expedition which went on to the conquest of Madagascar. While combats were effective, climatic conditions were terrible and caused ravages. The losses through diseases were significant (200 dead). The Legionnaires exhausted themselves and gave their full without complaints. It was customary to say that in the Expeditionary Corps\u00a0: \" when a French trooper entered the hospital , it would be for repatriation, a Tirailleur would enter for medical treatment, and a Legionnaire would only enter for dying\". The pacification debuted in 1895 and endured till 1905, date of permanent return of units of the 1st Foreign Regiment to Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1871 to 1914\nThe Moroccan \u00e9poque debuted in 1906. In August 1907, Chef de bataillon (Commandant \u2013 Major) Provost was killed at Casablanca while repelling a violent attack. In 1908, the 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE distinguished capability at Menabah. In 1911, the 22nd combat company of Captain Labordette endured the loss of 29 including their company commander at Alouana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, First World War\nThe regiment was not directly combat engaged in World War I. However, the regiment continued to combat administer the institution and supply men for the ensemble of foreign units engaged in the conflict. In 1914, the 1st Foreign Regiment formed the constitution totality or most of the corps of many units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, First World War\nIn Morocco\u00a0: The 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE supplied the entire of the 1st Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment, 1er RM 1er RE (constituted from the 1st, 2nd and 6th battalions). These units combat engaged for 4 years at the cost of 272 killed at Taza or Sidi-Amar. The 1st Marching Regiment was dissolved on February 15, 1918 and the battalions and mounted companies became autonomous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, First World War\nIn France: The 1st Foreign Regiment formed the corps constitution of the 2nd Marching Regiment, 3rd Marching Regiment and 4th Marching Regiment (\"L\u00e9gion garibaldienne\") combat engaged in France, out of which the essential constitution was formed of foreign volunteers for the duration of the war (out of which the prominents featured tour de France champion Fran\u00e7ois Faber, and poets Blaise Cendrars, Camil Campany\u00e0 or Alan Seeger). Between March and July 1915, the 3rd and 4th Marching Regiments disappeared after terrible losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, First World War\nThe 2nd Marching Regiment which was cited at 2 occasions was annihilated (1322 killed) with his foreign brother regiment 2nd Marching Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment 2e RM 2e RE in September 1915 during combats of Navarrin. The survivors constituted the renowned Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (RMLE) which was entrusted to Colonel Paul-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Rollet. The RMLE would be the second most decorated unit of the French Army (after the Infantry Colonial Regiment of Morocco, actual RICM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, First World War\nIn the Orient: A provisional regiment was formed of troops of the Army of Africa (France), with the title of 1er R\u00e9giment de Marche d'Afrique. The first two battalions were from the Zouaves, and the third battalion was formed of men from the Foreign Legion. This composite infantry battalion would be engaged with other units of the Corps exp\u00e9ditionnaire d'Orient in the Orient (firstly in the Gallipoli campaign in the Dardanelles, and thereafter on the Salonika front). The unit was originally formed of 2 companies of 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, First World War\nForeign Infantry Regiment (1er REI) and 2 companies of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment (2e REI). The battalion headquarters company hailed from the 1er REI and the battalion commander (French: chef de bataillon) from the 2e REI. Losing 815 men under fire, the Legion Battalion of 1er RMA was cited 3 consecutive times out of which 2 at the orders of the army before being disbanded on 30 September 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, First World War\nIn Tonkin, these attacks were led by Annamese agitators (French: agitateurs annamites) between August 1915 and July 1918. These action would repeat themselves until 1940. The 4th Battalion lost 216 men during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Interwar period\nIn 1925, the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI counted 10,000 men repatriated in 9 battalions (8 combat battalions and 1 training battalion, the 5th, 9 specialized companies, and the Communal Depot of Foreign Regiments (DCRE)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Interwar period\nThe 4th Battalion forming a corps at Tonkin, rejoined by the 9th created in 1926. The battalion combat engaged Annamese agitators at the cost of more than 200 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Interwar period\nThe 8th battalion and 24th company were in Syria. They combat engaged at Messifr\u00e9 and Soueida on September 12, 1925. The 8th battalion would be cited 2 times at the orders of the army (the first citation was obtained while they belonged to the 4th Foreign Infantry Regiment 4e REI, before becoming the 8th battalion of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Interwar period\nThe 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th and 7th as well the specialized units were in Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Interwar period\nRif War: the conquest of Morocco would require in several times the engagements of units of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI and especially since 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Interwar period\nOn August 9, 1918, the 2nd Mounted Company endured terrible combats mounting to 49 fatalities out which 2 out of exhaustion. Their chief, Captain Timm, severely wounded in the leg and in the face, attached himself to a mule to be able to continue his commandment and lead his men. On July 23, 1923, the 6th battalion attacked the Taghzout hill and lost 18 killed and 36 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Interwar period\nThe paroxysm of these interventions was reached in 1925-1926 during the Rif War. Four battalions (1st, 2nd, 6th, 7th and two companies of sapeurs-Pionniers of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI were engaged (almost 2000 men). At the cost of more than 400 fatalities, the battalions illustrated themselves in furious combats often in close range corps-a-corps combat. On June 10, 1924, the 6th battalion was decimated at the cost of 4 officers killed and 60 fatalities during an operation at night to liberate the post of Mediouna. The 2nd battalion chief, Commandant (Major) Deslandre was killed while leading at the head of his Legionnaires on July 18, 1924 near Tezual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Interwar period\nOn May 8, 1926, the general offensive was launched. All the units of the 1st Foreign Regiment were of participation, in particular the 1st, 2nd and 6th battalions. Victory was definite on May 26. Nevertheless, Chef de bataillon (Commandant -Major) Le Roch was killed in violent combats on July 14 while leading the 1st Battalion at the tips of Tizi-N'Ouidel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Interwar period\nThe four battalions were cited 5 times (out of which 2 citations for the 6th battalion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second World War\nIn France: In 1939, the \"1st Foreign\" directed on France 2500 Cadres and Legionnaires out of the 3000 men, who formed the 11th Foreign Infantry Regiment 11e REI and 12th Foreign Infantry Regiment 12e REI. Three former regimental commanders of the 1er REI would command the 11e REI. These two regiments disappeared during the defeat of 1940 at cost of heavy losses. The 11e REI was cited at the orders of the army, the 12 e REI at the orders of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second World War\nIn parallel, the 1st battalion of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment was transferred to the 13e DBLE which was on its way to Narvik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second World War\nIn 1941, two battalions of the 1er REI and the company \"hors rang\" (CHR) constituted the 4th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (4e DBLE) sent to Senegal. The 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI grew back in size by integrating the veterans of the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment 6e REI whom fought in Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second World War\nIn November 1942, the 1st Battalion of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI illustrated capability during combats against the Afrika Korps in Tunisia. The 2nd company was annihilated in the Djebel Mansour and was cited at the orders of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second World War\nWith the return of the 4th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (4e DBLE) to Sidi-Bel-Abb\u00e8s and the beginning of the campaign of Tunisia in 1943, the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI became the 1st Foreign Marching Infantry Regiment 1er REIM on April 16, 1943. Formed of three battalions, the regiment illustrated combat ability at the cost of 380 fatalities by inflicting heavy losses to the enemy at Pont du Fhas and in the Djebel Zaghouan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0040-0001", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second World War\nFor actions incurred, the regiment was cited at the orders of the army, a citation which currently adorns the regimental colors flag of the regiment. The veterans of the 1st Foreign Marching Infantry Regiment 1er REIM and 3rd Foreign Marching Infantry Regiment 3e REIM, would form again the renowned Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (RMLE) which participated in full to the total liberation of the national territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Second World War\nThe 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI ceased to exist on June 30, 1943. The respective missions were assured by the DCRE at Bel-Abb\u00e8s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Indochina War\nThe 1st Foreign Regiment was reborn on May 1, 1946. The regiment participated along the various combat specialized units which would partake operations in which the Legion would lead until 1962 (notably the Mounted Saharan Companies). The regiment accordingly was fully dedicated to the selection, training/instruction of foreign volunteers, institution administration and funneling via the communal depot, general reinforcements for units engaged in Indochina. Accordingly, the regiment did not actually participate directly to the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Indochina War\nOn September 1, 1950, the Autonomous Group of the Foreign Legion (GALE) was created, commanded consecutively by G\u00e9n\u00e9rals Jean Oli\u00e9 and Paul Gardy. This Autonomous Foreign Legion Group was the Commandment ancestor of the actual Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Algerian War\nDuring the stir-up of \"Events in Algeria\", the 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE, like all Legion regiments which lived in Algeria since 1831 would participate to combats which would last until 1962; the regiment endured the loss of 92 Officers, Sous-Officiers (Sergeants to Warrant Officers) and Legionnaires while placing out of combat 1151 rebels and recuperating 529 individual and collective arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Algerian War\nA couple of dates: November 18, 1954, death of Sous-lieutenant of the 3rd Marching Battalion in Djebel Orbata. On January 7, 1958, the 6th company of Center Instruction No 2 destroyed a band of rebels north-west of Franchetti. On March 5, 1961, the tactical general staff headquarters of the 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE at the orders of battalion chief (Commandant -Major) Fournier was engaged in the region of Sebdou then Djilali. The section of student candidate sous-officiers of Adjudant Kemence\u00ee responded to the rebels and beat 24, at the cost of 2 fatalities. On August 11, 1961, rebels infiltrated to Sidi-Bel-Abb\u00e8s. Spotted, they entrenched themselves in a house. The Legionnaires of the 1st Foreign Regiment mounted the assault at the cost of 3 fatalities, out of Legionnaire Zimmerman would be last fatality in Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 914]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Algerian War\nDeparture: On September 29, 1962, the bodies of g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Paul-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Rollet, Chef de bataillon (Prince) Aage de Danemark, and Legionnaire Zimmermann (representing the ensemble of Legionnaires whom died in Algeria) were transferred to the cemetery at Puyloubier (Bouches du Rh\u00f4ne). October 24, 1962, marked the continental departure ceremony at the Monument aux Morts (which was dismantled and repatriated to Aubagne). The black pavilions brought back from Tuyen-Quang in 1885 by Captain Borelli were burned in application of wishes to have them never leave Sidi-Bel-Abb\u00e8s. October 26, marked the continental departure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Algerian War\nThe 1st Foreign Regiment however would conserve units in the Sahara in virtue with the Evian accords (defense of a nuclear site). The last legionnaires of these Saharan companies would return to Aubagne in 1969 and would notably be garrisoned at Bou-Sfer (with the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP and 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment 1er REC leaving in 1967).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Since 1962\nOn July 15, 1962, the precursors arrived at the camp de la Demande at Aubagne, which would become quartier (garrison) Vienot. Colonel Vaillant, regimental commander, disembarked with the regimental colors flag on October 26, 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Since 1962\nOn April 29, 1963, the first Cameron eve night in metropolis had lieu. On April 30 was the inauguration of the Monument aux Morts repatriated from Algeria and the celebration of the centennial of the battle of Cameron with a military parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Since 1962\nThe Instruction Group of the Foreign Legion (GILE) garrisoned at Corte (Haute-Corse) and Bonifacio (South of Corsica).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Since 1962\nIn October 1969\u00a0: The Motorized Company of the Foreign Legion (CMLE) of the 1st Foreign Regiment was enacted in Corte. The Motorized Company was deployed to Chad at the occasion of Op\u00e9ration Tacaud. The company endured 6 fatalities in combat alongside the 2e REP until disengaging in 1970. The Motorized Company became the 6th company of the Operational Group of the Foreign Legion (GOLE) (created on March 9, 1971).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Since 1962\nThe 1st Foreign Regiment was split in two giving birth to the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment 2e REI, which recuperated the Instruction Group of the Foreign Legion and Operational Group of the Foreign Legion stationed in Corsica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Since 1962\nOn July 1, 1981\u00a0: creation of the 31st Brigade, which the 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE was part of. One unit was deployed to Lebanon within the cadre of the Multinational Force in Lebanon (FMSB) from May to September 1983 (Command element & immediate support, the value size of a company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Since 1962\nSeptember 1990 to April 1991: The 1st Foreign Regiment engaged a Transport Platoon within the cadres of Op\u00e9ration Daguet in the Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles, Since 1962\nSince 1991, the regiment has regularly supplied and reinforced units of the Legion deployed in exterior theatres of operations as well as interior missions (notably Sentinel since 2015).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Organisation\nAlso reported within the regiment is the Foreign Legion Emergency Staff and Statistics Division, a Legion intelligence section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Tradition, Insignia\nThe Foreign Legion Groupment, G.L.E in the 31st Brigade featuring Poseidon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Tradition, Insignia\nThe insignia of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment, (1er R.E.I), (1950-1955) retook the symbolics of the Foreign Legion with the grenade of 7 flames and the green, red colors of the legion. The regiment is represented inside the grenade while the globe commemorates the relic of the Foreign Legion in Sidi Bel Abb\u00e8s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Tradition, Insignia\nThe current insignia of the 1st Foreign Regiment, (1er R.E), retook the symbolic ruban of the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition created in 1863. This insignia was initially destined for the 3rd company of the 4th Foreign Regiment 4e RE in 1936. The insignia became that of the Autonomous Group of the Foreign Legion, (G.A.L.E) and was then adopted by the 1st Foreign Regiment, (1er R.E.) in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Tradition, Insignia\nThe insignia makes reference to a white diamond shape on which figures the arms of Mexico (a black coloured Mexican golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), locking on a serpent, as depicted on the flag of Mexico) and a saltire with Foreign Legion and Mexican colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Tradition, Regimental Song\nChant de Marche\u00a0: Nous sommes tous des volontaires  featuring:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Tradition, Regimental Song\nNous sommes tous des volontaires,Les gars du 1er \u00e9tranger,Notre devise est l\u00e9gendaire,Honneur Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \u2013 Fid\u00e9lit\u00e9,Marchons l\u00e9gionnaires,Dans la boue, dans le sable br\u00fblant, (bis)Marchons l'\u00e2me l\u00e9g\u00e8re, (bis)Et le c\u0153ur vaillant, (bis)Marchons l\u00e9gionnaires. (bis)Nous marchons gaiement en cadence,Malgr\u00e9 le vent malgr\u00e9 la pluie,Les meilleurs soldats de la France,Sont l\u00e0 devant vous, les voici. Partout o\u00f9 le combat fait rage,L'on voit le 1er \u00e9tranger,Exemple d'h\u00e9ro\u00efsme, de courage,Se couvrir de glorieux lauriers. Gardons dans le fond de nos \u00e2mes,Le souvenir de nos a\u00een\u00e9s,Et pour la grenade \u00e0 sept flammes,Loyal pr\u00eat \u00e0 tout sacrifier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Foreign Legion and Regimental Commanders, Tenure (1841\u20131955)\n1st Regiment of the 1st Foreign Legion Tenure (1841 -1856)1er R\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger de la L\u00e9gion \u00e9trang\u00e8re, (1er R.E.L.E)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 82], "content_span": [83, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Foreign Legion and Regimental Commanders, Tenure (1841\u20131955)\n1st Foreign Marching Infantry Regiment Tenure (1943)1er R\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger d'infanterie de marche, (1er R.E.I.M)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 82], "content_span": [83, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159006-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Foreign Regiment, Foreign Legion and Regimental Commanders, Tenure (1841\u20131955)\n1st Foreign Infantry Regiment Tenure (recreated 1949-1955)1er r\u00e9giment \u00e9tranger d'infanterie, (1er R.E.I)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 82], "content_span": [83, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery founded in Forfarshire (now Angus) in Scotland in 1859. It served with 51st (Highland) Division through many of the major battles on the Western Front during World War I. In World War II its regiments saw action in the Battle of France, in the campaigns in North Africa and Sicily, and in North West Europe from D-Day to VE Day. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army until 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. By the end of April 1860 seven Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) had been formed in Forfarshire:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nOn 14 December 1860 these units were brought together as the 1st Administrative Brigade, Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers based in Dundee under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel James Erskine. Each of the original corps consisted of a single battery, but in 1862 the units at Broughty Ferry amalgamated as a two-battery unit (the 3rd) and those at Dundee as a three-battery corps (the 4th). The 1st AVC at Arbroath added batteries in 1865 and 1877, and the 2nd had an additional half battery between 1866 and 1875.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1867 the 4th AVC was increased to four batteries, in 1868 to six batteries with its own lieutenant-colonel commandant (Frank Stewart-Sandeman, who commanded the Administrative Brigade as well from 1872), and to seven batteries in 1879. The headquarters (HQ) of the Administrative Brigade moved to Broughty Ferry in 1862 and back to Dundee in 1875. In 1876 the 2nd (Johnshaven), 3rd (St Cyrus) and 4th (Bervie) Kincardineshire AVCs were transferred from the 1st Aberdeen Administrative Brigade to the 1st Forfarshire Administrative Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1880 the Volunteer Force was consolidated into larger units. The 1st Forfar Administrative Brigade became the 1st Forfarshire (Forfar and Kincardine) AVC in March 1880, but the three Kincardine batteries returned to the 1st Aberdeen in May 1882 and the 'Forfar and Kincardine' subtitle was dropped. The size of the corps was increased again when a new battery was raised at Perth the following year, giving the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position artillery\nThe AVCs were intended to serve as garrison artillery manning fixed defences, but a number of the early units manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. The Dundee batteries of the 1st Forfarshire AVC had two batteries of four field guns from 1868, but they were only occasionally turned out, and were not officially recognised by the War Office (WO). However the concept was revived in 1888 when some Volunteer batteries were reorganised as position artillery to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. In 1889 the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 73], "content_span": [74, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position artillery\nForfarshire AVC was issued with a position battery of 16-pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loading guns, which were manned by two of the Dundee garrison batteries. In 1891 this was numbered the 1st Position Battery and the remaining garrison batteries were redesignated companies (Nos 2\u20136 at Dundee, 7\u20139 at Arbroath, 10 at Montrose, 11\u201312 at Broughty Ferry and 13 at Perth).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 73], "content_span": [74, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1882 all the AVCs were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the 1st Forfarshire AVC became part of the Scottish Division. In 1889 the structure was altered, and the corps joined the Southern Division. In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished their titles were changed, the unit becoming the 1st Forfarshire Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902. The following year the position batteries were redesignated as heavy batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1908 the unit's HQ was at Albany Quarters, Bell Street, Dundee, and it had a drill battery at Barry Links for gun practice. The Dundee and Broughty Ferry companies used a rifle range at Monifieth Links, while the other companies used ranges at Eliot Links near Arbroath and near Montrose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the personnel of the 1st Forfarshire RGA was distributed to two new units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThis unit was part of the TF's Highland Division. The batteries were each issued with four 15-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nA warning order of the imminence of war was received at the Highland Division's HQ on 29 July 1914, and the order to mobilise was received at 17.35 on Tuesday 4 August 1914. Mobilisation began the following day at unit drill halls. On 12 August the division was ordered to concentrate at Bedford and entrainment began on 15 August. Concentration was completed by 17 August and the division formed part of First Army (Home Forces) in Central Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, units of the Territorial Force were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade\nDuring the winter of 1914\u201315 the division's 1st Line units underwent war training, and a number left to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. The division was warned for overseas service on 13 April and on 3 May it crossed to France, the artillery embarking at Southampton for Le Havre. The Highland Division completed its concentration at Lillers, Busnes and Robecq by 6 May and on 12 May it was officially numbered as the 51st (Highland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Western Front\nThe raw division was soon in action at the Battle of Festubert (18\u201325 May). The 51st (Highland) and 1st Canadian Division together formed 'Alderson's Force', which relieved  the attacking divisions at the end of the first day's fighting. It was also engaged at the Battle of Givenchy (15\u201316 June). Afterwards the division was moved to a quiet front to gain more experience. 1/II Highland Bde's old 15-pounders were replaced with modern 18-pounder guns on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 87], "content_span": [88, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Western Front\nOn 7 April 1916 1/II Highland Bde formed an additional battery (D Bty). Then on 19 May the TF brigades of the RFA received numbers, the 1/II Highland becoming CCLVI (256) Brigade, and the old batteries were redesignated A, B and C. D Battery was then exchanged for R (Howitzer) Bty from the III Highland (CCLVIII) Howitzer Bde, which became D (H) Bty, equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. (R (H) Battery had originally been C (H) Bty of CLI (1st County Palatine) Bde of 30th Division, a 'Kitchener's Army' unit raised by the Earl of Derby in Lancashire in 1914.) The brigade ammunition columns were abolished at the same time, and absorbed within the divisional ammunition column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 87], "content_span": [88, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Somme\nIn July 51st (Highland) Division joined in the Somme Offensive. An attack on 14 July had failed to capture the dominating ground of High Wood, and 51st (H) Division was tasked with renewing the attack on High Wood a week later. A night attack was to be tried: the bombardment began at 19.00 on 22 July, under the direction of low-flying artillery observation aircraft. German sources reported that the shelling was of 'painful accuracy' and prevented the troops in High Wood from being relieved, despite the number of casualties they suffered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Somme\nAt 01.30 the following morning the division attacked, but by 03.00 they were back on their start line having suffered heavy casualties of their own. British gunners had difficulty supporting attacks on High Wood, because they had to fire over Bazentin Ridge. The low elevation of the guns meant that shells skimmed the British trenches, the margin for error was small and numerous complaints were made that British infantry casualties were caused by friendly fire. Worn guns, defective ammunition and inaccurate information about the location of British infantry positions were blamed for short-shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Somme\nThe setback seemed to confirm the division's nickname of 'Harper's Duds' (from their commander, Major-General George Harper, and their 'HD' formation badge). The division was withdrawn from the front on 7 August for rest and reorganisation. On 23 August CCLVI Bde was reorganised again: B Bty and the Left Section of C Bty of CCLVIII Bde joined to make A, B and C Btys up to six 18-pounders each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Somme\nThe division returned to the front in October for the Battle of the Ancre Heights, the final series of actions of the Somme Offensive. A mass of guns was assembled, with the artillery of no less than eight divisions and eight heavy artillery groups supporting 51st (H) Division's attack on Beaumont-Hamel, which had been an uncaptured objective on the first day of the offensive on 1 July. The operation was planned for 24 October, and the batteries began firing to cut the barbed wire on 20 October, but it was postponed several times because of bad weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Somme\nEventually 13 November was chosen. H hour was 05.45, when the 18-pounders started a Creeping barrage (a recent innovation) moving in front of the infantry at 100 yards (91\u00a0m) every five minutes. A quarter of the 18-pounders deliberately fired 100 yards (91\u00a0m) short of the barrage line \u2013 this would have suppressed German outposts sheltering in shell craters in No man's land. The attack was helped by a dense fog, which screened the infantry from retaliatory shellfire as they struggled through the mud towards their objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0015-0002", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Somme\nThe barrage halted for an hour on the first objective before moving on. Some of the infantry were held up by machine guns in the notorious 'Y Ravine', which had caused so much trouble on 1 July, but reserves were employed and both attacking brigades had reached the third German trench line (the Purple Line) by 07.50. The Green Line was next taken, but the fourth wave of attackers lost the barrage on their way to the final (Yellow) objectives and had to pull back to the Green Line to consolidate a position in captured trenches. Beaumont Hamel had finally fallen, and 51st (Highland) Division had gone some way to shaking off the 'Harper's Duds' slur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Somme\nOn 25 January 1917 CCLVI Bde was joined by the Left Section of C (H) Bty from CCLX (I Lowland) Bde to make D (H) Bty up to six howitzers. (C (H)/CCLX Bty had originally been 535 (H) Bty RFA.) The brigade then had the following organisation for the rest of the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Arras\nFor the Battle of Arras opening on 9 April, the biggest concentration of guns yet seen was assembled, all working to a single plan. 51st (H) Division was in XVII Corps, where the field batteries were placed from 1,400 yards (1,300\u00a0m) to 2,000 yards (1,800\u00a0m) yards behind the line. The 18-pdrs began firing a creeping barrage at Zero hour to protect the infantry advance while 4.5s laid down a standing barrage on each objective in turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Arras\nThe barrage lasted for over 10 hours, advancing at a prescribed rate onto the final objective, over 7,000 yards (6,400\u00a0m) from the guns, some of which were moved forward during the day. Overall, XVII Corps' attack was a great success, even though some of 51st Highland's men were held up by unsubdued machine guns and drifted away from their barrage. The following day the brigade's CO, Lt-Col L.M. Dyson, personally went forward to reconnoitre the confused situation on the division's front, finding that the objective of Point de Jour was only partially held. After the first day the successes were harder won: the British guns had to move up through appalling conditions, and the follow-up attacks were less well planned and executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Arras\n51st (H) Division attacked again at Gavrelle on 23 April under a full barrage (the 2nd Battle of the Scarpe), with the chemical works and village of Roeux as its objectives, but could not hold Roeux itself. The divisional artillery supported an attack by 34th Division on 28 April (the Battle of Arleux). The fire was not as  effective as had been hoped, failing to cut the barbed wire or subdue all the enemy machine guns, although a German counter-attack was 'mown down by the 18-pounders firing shrapnel'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Arras\n51st (H) Division distinguished itself in the eventual capture and defence of Roeux; CCLVI Bde first helped 4th Division take the west end of the village on 13 May, then 152nd Bde of 51st (H) Division occupied the rest during the night and held it against counter-attacks over the following days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Ypres\nAn even greater concentration of guns was massed for the Third Ypres Offensive, but the circumstances were less favourable. Gun batteries were packed into the Ypres Salient, where they were under observation and counter-battery (CB) fire from the Germans on the higher ground. Casualties among guns and gunners were high even before Zero hour on 31 July (the Battle of Pilckem Ridge). Two thirds of the field guns fired a creeping barrage, the other third and the 4.5-inch howitzers provided the standing barrage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Ypres\n51st (H) Division reached the German second line and was consolidating when it was hit by a German counter-bombardment followed by a counter-attack. The British guns fired their pre-arranged protective barrages and destroyed the counterattack. Gains had been made, but now the rain came, and the guns had to move up through shell-churned mud to fresh positions before the attack could be renewed, and continued to suffer badly from German CB fire. 51st (H) Division was relieved on 8 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Ypres\nThe division was back in the line for the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge starting at 05.40 on 20 September. This was a limited attack made with massive artillery support. 51st (H) Division attacked towards the Poelcappelle Spur with one brigade (154th (3rd Highland)), supported by 22 batteries of 18-pdrs and six of 4.5s. At first the going was heavy and there was strong German resistance at 'Pheasant Trench', but thereafter there were no problems and the brigade had occupied its final objective across the spur by 08.25. A heavy German bombardment in the afternoon was followed by a counter-attack, but this was completely destroyed by the British artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Cambrai\n51st (Highland) Division was then moved south to take part in Third Army's surprise attack with tanks against the Hindenburg Line at Cambrai on 20 November. There was no preliminary bombardment, but for the attack the divisional artillery was reinforced, firing a lifting barrage of smoke, high explosive (HE) and shrapnel shells. The initial attack was a brilliant success, but on 51st (H) Division's front the advance stalled once the tanks crossed the Flesqui\u00e8res ridge, where many were knocked out by unsuppressed enemy guns. Artillery support could not be requested because of broken communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Cambrai\nThe fight at Flesqui\u00e8res went on all afternoon, but the Highlanders made little ground. However, the defenders in the village were almost cut off, and withdrew during the night. By now the division's guns were moving up into the former No man's land. They began a bombardment at 07.05 and at 07.30 the Highlanders moved on across the Graincourt road, but could not take the village of Cantaing until tanks came up. Although 51st (H) Division took Fontaine by 23 November, German opposition was stiffening, and the troops had to consolidate a line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Cambrai\nThe infantry of 51st (H) Division had been relieved by the time the German counter-attack came in on 30 November, but the divisional artillery remained in the line, supporting 59th (2nd North Midland) Division. The attack against the 59th was easily broken by the guns of 51st (H)  and Guards Division. But breakthroughs elsewhere meant a scrambled retirement to a line further back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nThe German spring offensive was launched on the misty morning of 21 March 1918 with great initial success against Fifth Army. In Third Army the situation was better: the mist cleared early and despite heavy casualties the batteries could fire at observed targets. On 51st (H) Division's front the attacking Germans described the British artillery fire as 'unbearable'. However, the division's flank had already been turned, and the troops here had to fall back to a 'switch' line. On this flank the division's forward zone was overrun, but the rear of the main battle zone was held from 15.00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nThe German pressure was maintained the following day. Attempting to widen the hole in the flank, large numbers of Germans were seen at 2,000 yards (1,800\u00a0m) range: all four of CCLVI Bde's batteries hauled their guns out of their pits, swung them round, and engaged the enemy over open sights, inflicting such heavy casualties that further progress was checked for a time. One of the batteries then fired smoke to cover the advance of a battalion of British tanks coming up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0023-0002", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nWhen the Germans ran from this counter-attack, the four batteries again did great execution, and were able to catch the German artillery coming up to support their infantry, one 18-pdr battery and the howitzer battery combining to destroy two guns and their teams and prevent the enemy battery from coming into action. Luckily the brigade was close to the divisional ammunition dump, and there was no shortage: the brigade fired 18,100 rounds of 18-pdr ammunition, and 2500 of howitzer; B Bty alone fired 1750 rounds per gun (rpg). By the time the German guns were able to fire it was dusk, and CCLVI Bde slipped away to the new line being taken up by 51st (H) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nOver the next two days the division retired slowly, its units becoming increasingly tired and reduced in numbers. On 23 March the very weak 152nd Bde threw back three attacks with rifle and artillery fire. Next day the division pulled back into the Red (fourth) Line behind other formations that took over holding the Green (third) Line. On 24 March all the artillery of the divisions in IV Corps was pooled, CCLVI Bde forming part of 'Right Group'. About 14.00 the infantry in front began to give way, and the artillery group had to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\n51st (H) continued to hold the Red Line all day, forming a defensive flank, before falling back during the night. On 25 March 51st (H) Division was presented with some remarkable targets of German masses at long range, which were prevented from closing, but the enemy continued to move round the flank. However, reserves came up, and the exhausted 51st (H) Division was finally withdrawn that evening for rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\n51st (H) Division was sent north to First Army, absorbing drafts of reinforcements en route. The divisional artillery arrived on the evening of 9 April, just after the second phase of the German offensive (Operation Georgette) had struck First Army (the Battle of the Lys). The division's infantry had already been thrown into the gap left by the defeat of the 2nd Portuguese Division. The infantry and artillery together held the line through the next critical days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\n51st (H) Division was sent back south in July to assist the French in the Second Battle of the Marne. The divisional artillery covered 80 miles (130\u00a0km) in three days, crossing the Marne near \u00c9pernay at 02.00 on 20 July. After a short halt they pushed on, reaching their assembly position near Nanteuil-la-Fosse, and CCLVI Bde was in action 500 yards (460\u00a0m) south west of Pourcy by 11.00, although they were only engaged in harassing fire during the Battle of Tardenois, while the division's infantry had attacked behind a barrage fired by French and Italian field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nAn enemy counter-attack was expected, so the batteries were withdrawn at dusk, leaving a few guns in close support of the infantry during the night. In fact, the Germans withdrew across the Marne, and when the division attacked again the following morning the information on enemy positions was so poor that the barrage was fired too far ahead to be of use. On 23 and 27 July the division put in better-organised attacks behind barrages fired by its own artillery supported by French guns, against the now-retreating Germans. On 28 July, in the closing stages of the battle, CCLVI Bde moved up through the village of Chaumuzy under shellfire, having been misinformed that it was already in friendly hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nIn August all the Allied armies began attacking in the Hundred Days Offensive. 51st (H) Division returned from the French sector and joined the Canadian Corps in First Army  in late August for the Battle of the Scarpe on 26 August. CCLVI Brigade supported the Canadian attack, and then rejoined 51st (H) divisional artillery supplemented by that of 16th (Irish) Division to provide a barrage for its own division's attack on the second objective against little opposition. The division attacked Greenland Hill the following day and failed to capture it, but succeeded two days later behind another barrage from 51st (H) and 16th (I) divisional artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 96], "content_span": [97, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter the Battle of the Selle the Allied armies began a pursuit. By 26 October First Army was lagging behind the advance, and 51st (H) Division was among those given the task of pushing on. The divisional artillery was supplemented by that of 39th Division together with army brigades and heavies. The attack went well, even though in some places the infantry lost the barrage. The Germans were now badly shaken and exhausted, and the campaign developed into a pursuit, although one serious counter-attack was broken up by the guns on 1 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 96], "content_span": [97, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nFrom 29 October the infantry of 51st (H) Division began to be withdrawn from the line, but the divisional artillery remained in action. On 1 November it supported 49th (West Riding) Division's assault crossing of the Rhonelle (the Battle of Valenciennes), and it remained in action until the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 96], "content_span": [97, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/II Highland Brigade, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter the Armistice the division went into billets and demobilisation began. This was completed by mid-March 1919, and CCLVI Bde passed into suspended animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 96], "content_span": [97, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/II Highland Brigade\nRecruiting for the 2nd Line unit was good, and 2/II Highland Bde was completed by the end of 1914. 2nd Highland Division formed in January 1915 (numbered as 64th (2nd Highland) Division in August) but the lack of equipment and need to supply drafts to 1st Line units delayed training. 2/II Highland Brigade remained around the Forfar area throughout 1915. In March 1916 the division moved south to Norfolk and joined Northern Army (Home Forces), with the artillery around Blickling and Worstead. It continued to send drafts to units serving overseas. By May, the artillery brigades had received 18-pounders and that month they were numbered: 2/II Highland became CCCXXI (321) Brigade and the batteries became A, B and C; later a D (H) Bty joined (probably from CCCXXIII (2/III Highland) (H) Bde, which was broken up).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/II Highland Brigade\nIn Autumn 1916, B/CCXCIII (2/III County of London) Bty from 58th (2/1st London) Division was temporarily attached to the brigade. In November a new CCCXXII Bde of 18-pdr batteries was raised by V Reserve Bde, RFA, and joined the division, but on 29 January 1917 this was broken up to bring the existing batteries up to six guns each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/II Highland Brigade\nBy the winter of 1917 the division had become solely a training organisation, with no Highland associations. The artillery were quartered around Norwich, Aylsham and Haveringland, then in the summer of 1918 Westwick Park replaced Haveringland. In the winter of 1918 quarters at Reepham replaced Westwick Park. The division remained in Norfolk until after the Armistice, and was demobilised by April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe brigade was reformed in 1920 and redesignated as the 76th (Highland) Brigade, RFA, when the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921 (becoming a Field Brigade, RA, in 1924 when the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery). The brigade was once more in 51st (H) Division, with the following organisation:76th (Highland) Field Brigade, RA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis of 1938, with existing units splitting to form duplicates before the outbreak of World War II. 76th Field Regiment reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe establishment of a field battery was increased to 12 guns organised into three Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment\nOn the outbreak of war 76th (Highland) Field Rgt mobilised in 51st (H) Division under the command of Lt-Col J.S.C. Sharp, still equipped with its World War I era 18-pounders and 4.5-inch howitzer, though now on pneumatic tyres and towed by gun tractors. On 1 October 1939 it moved to Ewshot and started to train hard, though many equipment problems were reported. It left Aldershot and landed at Le Havre on 31 January to join the new British Expeditionary Force (BEF), deploying at Avelin near Lille. On 5 March the regiment exchanged with a field regiment of 3rd Division, and remained with this Regular Army formation for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nThe Battle of France began on 10 May with the German invasion of the Low Countries. The BEF responded by executing the pre-arranged Plan D, advancing into Belgium to take up defences along the River Dyle. 76th Field Rgt, now commanded by Lt-Col W.E. Vaudry, left on 12 May for its assigned position at Diegem on the north west outskirts of Brussels, arriving to a great reception from the Belgians. At dawn the following day the regiment deployed at Berthem to cover Louvain, with RHQ at Eegenhoven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nThe heavily wooded position was difficult to occupy, but 303 Battery with 4.5-inch howitzers straddled the road running east from Berthem, while 302 Bty with its 18-pdrs was south of the main Louvain\u2013Maline road. The Observation Posts (OPs) were with 9th Infantry Brigade on the line of the Dyle Canal. On the afternoon of 14 May the regiment did great damage to German units closing up to the Dyle. At one point the regiment fired 200 rpg in 1.5 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0037-0002", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nThe  Wehrmacht's Army Group B had been ordered to break through quickly between Louvain and Namur, but the artillery concentrations caused the leading troops to draw back. In the evening they began a series of attacks on 3rd Division's positions. During 15 May the regiment came under air attack, and there were several casualties in RHQ and 302 Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nHowever, the Panzers of Army Group A had broken through the Ardennes and threatened the BEF's flank, so on 16 May it began to withdraw to the River Escaut. For 76th Field Rgt firing continued throughout the day, with some of the Troops taking up alternate positions at Ste Veronique in the evening, but with B and E Trps still in forward positions. At 17.00 on 17 May the regiment was ordered to pull out and retire to Vondelin, about 13 miles (21\u00a0km) west of Brussels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nIt was a difficult night move along roads packed with refugees and under bombing, but at dawn the regiment deployed in good positions in support of 9th Bde on the River Dendre. After the rearguard (4th Division) passed through, the regiment fired defensive tasks. Its next move, under air attack,  was 50 miles (80\u00a0km) back to the Escaut Canal line, where it deployed to support 7th Guards Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nBy 22 May the bulk of the BEF was cut off from the south and began to withdraw into a 'pocket' round Dunkirk from which it was preparing to evacuate (Operation Dynamo). On 28 May the regiment was ordered to move as soon as possible to Oostduinkerke on the Belgian coast where there had been an enemy breakthrough. It went into action near Coxyde, putting rifle parties on the canal near Westvleteren. They were ready by the morning, and from 13.00 on 29 May they were engaged in an infantry fight while the guns fired over open sights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nThat night the 'riflemen' joined the newly arrived South Lancashires in a counter-attack that restored the situation somewhat. The regimental historian comments that 'undoubtedly these Gunners save d a potentially critical situation by their rapid action'. The regiment remained in action during 30 May, firing all day and receiving many casualties from shelling and bombing. At 15.00 on 31 May Lt-Col Vaudrey was ordered to destroy all equipment and move to the beaches for  embarkation that night. The regiment lost further casualties  from enemy shellfire while marching along the beach to Bray-Dunes. Other parties got away from La Panne[ in small boats but sustained casualties after they had transferred to the Isle of Wight ferry Gracie Fields when she was sunk 40 minutes after sailing for England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Home Defence\nThe survivors of 76th (H) Fd Rgt concentrated at Glastonbury where it collected eight 18/25-pounder guns and then moved to Chichester for anti-invasion duties in mid-June 1940. Later it deployed with 302 Bty on Cissbury Ring near Worthing and 303 Bty at Steepdown Hill near Lancing College. 3rd Division was then pulled back from the Sussex coast to act as a counter-attack division in case of invasion and on 10 July the regiment went to Winchcomb in Savernake Forest. By the end of the year 76th  was at Dorchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 96], "content_span": [97, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Home Defence\nUnits returned from Dunkirk were progressively brought back up to strength and re-equipped. The establishment of a field regiment from 1941 onwards was three batteries, each of two four-gun troops of 25-pounders with Quad gun tractors. 76th (Highland) Fd Rgt formed 454 Fd Bty as its additional battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 96], "content_span": [97, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Home Defence\nIn 1943, 3rd Division was assigned to 21st Army Group training for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). The division was chosen to spearhead the assault landings on Sword Beach and was given specialist training and equipment. 76th (H) Field Rgt became a self-propelled (SP) regiment operating US-built M7 Priest SP guns equipped with the 105 mm howitzer, with M4 Sherman tanks as armoured OPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 96], "content_span": [97, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, D-Day\nThe Normandy landings were launched on D Day, 6 June 1944. 76th (H) Field Rgt's Priests were aboard Landing craft tanks (LCTs), from which they gave support fire during the run-in to the shore, then landed shortly after the assault troops of 8th Brigade. Of the 18 LCTs taking in 3rd Division's three SP field regiments, six were damaged by enemy fire, five by beach obstacles and three by mines; two of these were total wrecks. There were significant casualties among the SP guns and crews. 3rd Division's advance was slowed by congestion on the beaches and by enemy strongpoints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0043-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, D-Day\nArtillery support and two attacks were required to overcome the strongpoint codenamed 'Hillman', and the division failed in its bid to take Caen in the first day. The field guns helped to drive off a tank attack by 21st Panzer Division. Over the following days the Germans attempted to drive in the bridgehead over the Orne Canal that had been seized by British airborne troops on D-Day. The most serious attack came on 9 June, when 3rd Division's field guns fired 'devastatingly accurate pre-arranged defensive fire' (DF) tasks across the Orne that broke up the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, D-Day\nFor the rest of June 3 Division slowly inched forward towards Caen, capturing the Chateau de la Londe after a two-day battle. It then took part in Operation Charnwood to capture Caen, which was proceeded by air and naval bombardment before the full artillery barrage opened at 04.20 on 8 July. The infantry followed the barrage and made good progress, and by the end of the day 3rd Division was pushing along the Orne towards the city centre. The operation was completed the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, D-Day\nFor Operation Goodwood the division crossed the Orne and attacked along the left flank of the main armoured thrust. The infantry attacked behind their barrage at 07.45, and it took all day to work through the villages on the left flank. Attempts to advance on the following day failed. In early August 3 Division was shifted west to support 11th Armoured Division's thrust towards Mont Pin\u00e7on in Operation Bluecoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, D-Day\nShortly afterwards, 21st Army Group broke out of the Normandy bridgehead and began driving across Northern France and Belgium before pausing at the Albert Canal. 3rd Division played a minor role on the flank of Operation Market Garden (the attempt to seize bridges as far as the Lower Rhine). It then endured the low-level winter fighting of 1944\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\n3rd Division was engaged in Operation Veritable, the battle to clear the Reichswald. After a colossal artillery barrage on 8 February, the operation devolved into what XXX Corps', commander, Lt-Gen Sir Brian Horrocks described as 'slogging match'. 3rd Division took Kerverheim on 1 March and Winnekendonk two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\n3rd Division then held the line of the Rhine while the rest of XXX Corps pulled back to organise and train for the assault crossing Operation Plunder. On the evening of 23 March all the guns in XXX Corps fired a four-hour programme in support of 51st (H) Division's assault (see below), then switched to support 15th (Scottish) Division's later assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\n3rd Division later crossed the Rhine and took part in the advance across North Germany, capturing Lingen and cutting the Bremen\u2013Delmenhorst road en route to the city of Bremen, which fell after five days' stiff fighting on 27 April. The fighting ended on 5 May after the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\n76th (Highland) Field Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment\n127th (Highland) Field Rgt mobilised in 9th (Highland) Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of 51st (H) Division. It remained training in Scottish Command until 7 August 1940 when 9th (H) Division was redesignated as 51st (H) Division to replace the original formation, most of which had been captured at Saint-Valery-en-Caux at the end of the Battle of France. 127th Field Rgt usually supported the division's 153 Brigade. 491 Field Battery was later formed as its third battery. After two more years' training in Scotland, the division sailed for Egypt on 16 June 1942, landing on 12 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 83], "content_span": [84, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe division's first action was the Second Battle of El Alamein. it moved up during the preceding nights, occupying gun positions and dumping ammunition, and remaining concealed during daylight. For the first time in the Western Desert Campaign, the British Eighth Army had enough 25-pounders to allow them to be concentrated and switched from one set-piece target to another. Almost every gun was used to neutralise enemy batteries. The bombardment began at 21.40 on 23 October and lasted for 15 minutes; then after 5 minutes silence they opened again on the enemy's forward positions and the infantry began to advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 97], "content_span": [98, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0051-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nAfter a further 7 minutes the guns began firing concentrations at a succession of specific locations. The whole artillery programme lasted for 5 hours 30 minutes. 51st (H) Division ran into several centres of resistance and only on the extreme left did it reach its final objective; however, the 'break-in' phase of the battle had started well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 97], "content_span": [98, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nOn the second night of the battle, 51st (H) Division's guns fired a similar succession of CB tasks, concentrations and then a barrage to support 1st Armoured Division's attack. On the night of 25/26 October 51st (H) Division made progress towards its own objective as the 'dog-fight' phase continued. The 'break-out' phase began on the night of 1/2 November with Operation Supercharge, preceded by another powerful barrage. In the early hours of 4 November 51st (H) Division broke through to the Rahman Track, and the Axis forces began to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 97], "content_span": [98, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\n51st (H) Division then took part in the pursuit to El Agheila and Tripoli in January 1943. 491 Field Bty claimed that four of its guns were the first Eighth Army guns in the deserted city, having used all of the regiment's available petrol to get there. The regiment took part in the victory parade in the city. By 25 February it was past Medenine in Tunisia and facing the Mareth Line. The Axis force made a spoiling attack on 6 March (the Battle of Medenine) but there was plenty of warning and the advance was easily repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 97], "content_span": [98, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0053-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\n51st (H) Division had already moved most of its artillery south in waiting for the attack, leaving three Troops to move and fire between various positions to simulate the whole divisional artillery remaining in its old positions. 127th Fd Rgt fired one full regimental task against a group of Axis infantry but was otherwise hardly engaged. Thereafter it was on harassing fire (HF) tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 97], "content_span": [98, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe Battle of the Mareth Line began on the night of 16/17 March when 51st (H) Division took the outpost line against negligible opposition, though the Forward Observation Officers (FOOs) of 127th Fd Rgt going forward with the sappers came under heavy shellfire. The main attack followed on 20/21 March with another massive night barrage, 127th Fd Rgt's guns firing an average of 430 rounds each. But little progress was made over the Wadi Zigzaou for the first two days and the line held until it was outflanked by other forces in the south. The Axis defence collapsed on 28 March and the following day 51st (H) Division was on its way to Gab\u00e8s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 97], "content_span": [98, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe next Axis defence line was along Wadi Akarit. The barrage for 51st (H) Division's assault began at 04.15 on 6 April, followed by four other barrages over five hours, one involving a difficult change of direction, and the division's attack, in the words of the Official History, 'went like clockwork'. Axis troops then began counter-attacks and the Highlanders had to fight hard to hold their gains. The pursuit was resumed the following day, through Sfax. By 22 April the regiment was in action near Enfidaville, with the OPs in the hills. This lasted until the fall of Tunis and the end of the campaign on 15 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 97], "content_span": [98, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\n127th Field Rgt then rested at Bougie in Algeria and trained for the Allied landings in Sicily (Operation Husky). The regiment's advanced party sailed from Sfax harbour on 8 July and landed from the second Landing Ship, Tank, near Pachino four hours after the assault infantry on 10 July. The division was moving forward by nightfall, with the objectives of Palazzolo Acreide and Vizzini, which it reached by the night of 14/15 July. 127th Field Rgt described a 'fierce fight' at Vizzini and suffered some casualties, but the division continued with scarcely a pause towards the Dittaino river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\nOn 17 July the division deployed to cross the Dittaino and attempt to capture Patern\u00f2. It achieved a bridgehead but further advance was checked, so on the night of 20/21 July the division sent a composite force of infantry and armour against the main enemy defences at Gerbini Airfield, supported by 127th Fd Rgt and other artillery. Although the attack succeeded, fierce counter-attacks by the Hermann Goring Division drove the Highlanders out the following morning, after which 51st (H) Division was put onto the defensive. Further counter-attacks and heavy shelling on 23/24 July led to more casualties for the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\n51st (H) Division's artillery joined in XXX Corps' artillery preparation for operations against Adrano (the battles round Etna). This began at 23.50 on 31 July with 220 rpg while 51st (H) took bridgeheads over the Dittaino. Patern\u00f2 fell on 4 August, Biancavilla on 6 August, and another 250 rpg programme was fired from midnight on 6/7 August. The division began a 50 miles (80\u00a0km) 'sidestep' on 12 August and the guns came into action north of Zafferana the following night. By now the Axis forces were evacuating Sicily, which was completed on 17 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\n51st (H) Division did not take part in the subsequent Italian Campaign, having been earmarked for Operation Overlord. However, its guns did assist in the massive bombardment covering the assault crossing of the Strait of Messina on 3 September (Operation Baytown). One gun of E Troop, 127th Fd Rgt, fired a test round on the evening of 2 September, claiming to be the first British field gun to drop a round on mainland Italy during the war, and OP parties did cross with the assault troops to direct the fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\nThe regiment embarked aboard the SS Argentina bound for the UK on 9 November and disembarked at Liverpool on 27 November. It then went into training at Beaconsfield and Long Melford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\n51st (Highland) Division was in the first follow-up wave of formations in Overlord. On 2 June 1944 it embarked on Liberty ships at East India Docks, London, bound for Normandy and began landing on 7 June (D + 1). 127th Field Rgt landed the following day and went straight into action near Blainville-sur-Orne on the Caen Canal supporting the Orne bridgehead. This position was heavily shelled and the regiment pulled back to B\u00e9nouville on 11 June. It was mainly engaged in Defensive Fire (DF) tasks: several German counter-attacks were broken up by shellfire, but the regiment's own casualties mounted steadily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\nOn 23 June the division expanded the bridgehead by a night attack at Ste Honorine la Chardonnerette. The guns had remained silent before the attack to ensure surprise, after which the enemy's successive attempts to recover the village were stopped by artillery fire. The division supported 3rd Division's attack on the flank of Operation Goodwood (see above). On 8 August 51st (H) Division spearheaded II Canadian Corps' attack towards Falaise (Operation Totalize), preceded by a massive barrage. The attack began before dawn and by first light the break-in was going well, with a number of villages taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0062-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\nAfter a second artillery preparation the 4th Canadian and 1st Polish Armoured Divisions passed through to continue the advance. The Canadians renewed the advance to Falaise on 14 August in Operation Tractable, with 51st (H) Division attacking towards the Laison Valley on the left flank. RHQ of 127th Fd Rgt lost 15 vehicles to misdirected Royal Air Force bombs. By 21 August the Falaise Pocket had been closed and the division was advancing eastwards towards Lisieux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\n51st (H) Division then moved up to and across the Seine for the assault on Le Havre (Operation Astonia). This was a major operation, with the regiment allotted 500 rpg, alongside support from medium guns and RAF bombers, which cowed the opposition. It was followed by a similar assault to take Boulogne (Operation Wellhit). The regiment next made a long move to the Antwerp area at the end of September, then spent three weeks in the line at Sint-Oedenrode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Low Countries\nThe division's next offensive action was west of 's-Hertogenbosch on the night of 23 October, when 300 guns were used and the infantry took all their objectives, with follow-up advances over succeeding days through Loon op Zand and across the Afwaterings Canal towards the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) by early November. On 14 November the division carried out an assault crossing of the Willems Canal near Weert accompanied by another heavy artillery barrage, then moved on to the Zig Canal and crossed that on 17 November with much less preparation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Low Countries\n51st (H) Division was then moved to hold 'The Island', the wet low-lying country between Nijmegen and Arnhem that had been captured during Operation Market Garden (see above). In mid-December the division was pulled out of the line for rest. On 21 December 127th Fd Rgt was suddenly moved south as part of the response to the German breakthrough in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge). It was attached to XII Corps near Sittard covering the approaches to Antwerp, and then south of Li\u00e8ge on 25 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0065-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Low Countries\nReports of German troops disguised in American uniforms led to heightened security: without his identity card the regiment's CO, Lt-Col Maurice Burnett, was required by US troops to take down his trousers to check that he was not wearing German underpants. On 2 January the regiment moved to support 153 Bde and 53rd (Welsh) Division in counter-attacks. 153 Brigade attacked southwards from Marche-en-Famenne on 9 January, and then 51st (H) Division fought its way into the flank of the 'Bulge' in winter conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\nLike 3rd Division, 51st (H) Division was engaged in the fighting in the Reichswald (Operation Veritable, see above). It began at 05.00 on 8 February with a huge artillery preparation, after which 153 Bde attacked at 13.00 and were on their objectives by 23.00 that night. Over the next two days the regiment fired smoke and HE to help the brigade continue the advance through the forest. Captain Swaab acting as FOO brought down fire on Germans retreating along the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) bank from 1st Battalion Gordon Highlanders. The slow advance continued through Gennep on 11 February, then German counter-attacks were driven off by DF fire. The final  phase of the operation for 51st (H) Division began on 18 February against Goch, which was successfully taken after stiff fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\nThe division took a leading part in the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder, see above). OP parties from the regiment were among the first troops across the river on the night of 23/24 March, while the guns fired throughout the night just 600 yards from the river and under frequent return fire. The division fought its way into Rees, and 127th Fd Rgt's guns were brought over the river on 26 March, firing in support of 154 Bde and 43rd (Wessex) Division which had also crossed. The division then  continued through Isselburg and Anholt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\nAfter a rest, the regiment moved forward on 5 April as part of 153 Brigade Group forming the divisional spearhead, and reached the Dortmund\u2013Ems Canal on 8 April. After a pause at the canal, the division advanced rapidly towards Bremen against delaying actions. It reached Delmenhorst on 20 April and closed in on the centre of Bremen. The regiment was still under fire on 3 May, but the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath ended the fighting the next day. The regiment began occupation duties at Bevern, Lower Saxony, moving to Verden in June, and handed in its guns at the end of July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\n127th (Highland) Field Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946 and disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the regiment reformed as 276th (Highland) Field Regiment, no longer in 51st (Highland) Division, but now in 84 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery until that formation was disbanded in 1950. In 1955, on the disbandment of Anti- Aircraft Command, the regiment absorbed 586 (Highland) Light Anti- Aircraft/Searchlight Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nOn the reduction of the TA in 1961, the regiment amalgamated with 275th (Highland) Field Rgt, HQ 51st Infantry Division Counter-Battery Staff Trp and 862 Locating Bty (successor to the North Scottish RGA, see above), to form 400th (Highland) (Aberdeen/Angus) Field Regiment with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nwhile P Bty of 276th Fd Rgt was merged into 277 (Fife) Field Squadron, Royal Engineers (RE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1967 the TA was reduced further into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve and 400th Rgt amalgamated with Q (Orkney & Zetland) Bty from 540th (Lovat Scouts) Light Air Defence Rgt as The Highland Regiment, RA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nHowever, in 1969 the Highland Regiment was reduced to a cadre sponsored by 117 (Highland) Field Park Squadron, RE, and then disbanded in 1975. In 1986 105 (Scottish) Air Defence Regiment was designated as its successor unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0075-0000", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms\nThe original uniform of the 1st Forfarshire AVC at Arbroath was a blue hooked tunic and trousers, the latter carrying a broad red stripe and the former with scarlet collar and cuffs, black braid round the front and black cord Austrian knots on the sleeves. White belts and a Busby completed the uniform. The 3rd AVC at Broughty Ferry wore a buttoned blue tunic with red piping and black Austrian knot; the headgear was a blue Shako with red band and white feather plume, while the belts were black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159007-0075-0001", "contents": "1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms\nThe original 4th AVC at Broughty Ferry wore the same uniform as the 1st; the renumbered 4th AVC at Dundee wore the same uniform as the 3rd, but the shako had an olive green band and red piping. From 1878 to 1908 the whole unit wore a standard Royal Artillery helmet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division\nThe 1st Free French Division (French: 1re Division Fran\u00e7aise Libre, 1re DFL) was one of the principal units of the Free French Forces (FFL) during World War II, renowned for having fought the Battle of Bir Hakeim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division\nConsisting of troops from mainland France and from the then French colonial empire, the division was formed by the first units to rally to de Gaulle after the fall of France. Together with the 3rd Algerian Infantry Division, it was the most decorated French division of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1940\nThe 1re DFL officially formed on 1 February 1943 and was dissolved on 15 August 1945. However, for the veterans of this unit, the history of the division began in the summer of 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1940\nIn London, on 30 June 1940, amongst the troops that fought in Norway, 900 men of the 13th Demi-Brigade of Foreign Legion, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Raoul Magrin-Vernerey, and 60 Chasseurs Alpins made the choice to resume combat. Elements of a tank company, sappers, artillerymen and sailors chose the same: they would later constitute the 1er R\u00e9giment de Fusiliers Marins, 1er RFM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1940\nIn the Middle East, 350 men of a battalion stationed in Cyprus, led by Captain Jean Lorotte de Banes passed to British Egypt. With 120 men of Captain Rapha\u00ebl Folliot, who left French Lebanon on 27 June, they formed the 1st Marine Infantry Battalion, 1er BIM. They were joined by legionnaires of the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment (6e REI), sailors of the French Naval Squadron Force X, and a squadron of Moroccan Spahis of the 1st Spahi Regiment, commanded by Captain Paul Jourdier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1940\nIn Africa, part of the 31st battery of the 6th Marine Artillery Regiment (French: 6e R\u00e9giment d'artillerie de marine, 6e RAMa), stationed at Bobo-Dioulasso, commanded by Captain Jean-Claude Laurent-Champrosay, passed from the French Upper Volta to the British Cameroons, forming the 1st Colonial Artillery Regiment (1er R\u00e9giment d'artillerie coloniale, 1er RAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1940\nUnder the designation of Free French Expeditionary Corps (French: Corps exp\u00e9ditionnaire fran\u00e7ais libre), the troops formed in London disembarked at Freetown in Sierra Leone and participated in the unsuccessful Battle of Dakar, before being directed, in October 1940, to Douala in the French Cameroons. In November 1940, the unit participated in the Battle of Gabon, before going to Durban in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1941\nDesignated as the Free French Orient Brigade (French: Brigade Fran\u00e7aise Libre d'Orient) and commanded by Colonel Magrin-Vernerey, the brigade left Durban and disembarked at Suakin to take part in the East African Campaign. The brigade was reinforced by the Pacific Battalion (French: Bataillon du Pacifique) and by troops of the French Equatorial Africa, the latter going from Brazzaville to Bangui, N'Djamena, before finally arriving at Khartoum and Suakin. The brigade participated in the Battle of Keren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1941\nUnder the designation of 1st Light Free French Division (French: Premi\u00e8re Division L\u00e9g\u00e8re Fran\u00e7aise Libre) and under the command of General Paul Legentilhomme, the division joined the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign in June 1941, where they fought against fellow Frenchmen, aligned with Vichy. The division entered into Damascus on 21 June 1941, then continued to Homs, Aleppo, Beirut and arrived at Cairo, where the division was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1941\nThe division is reconstituted under the form of two Free French brigades:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1942\nThe 1e BFL distinguished itself at the Battle of Bir Hakeim from 26 May \u2013 11 June 1942, then in the Second Battle of El Alamein from October\u2013November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1942\nThe two brigades and the Free French Flying Column formed the  French Forces of the Western Desert (French: Forces fran\u00e7aises du Western Desert), part of the British Eighth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1943\nThese two brigades (plus a third coming from Djibouti), are united on 1 February 1943 in the 1st Free French Division, 1re DFL, commanded by General Edgard de Larminat and participate in the Tunisian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1943\nIn June 1943, various troops of the Army of Africa (French: l'arm\u00e9e d'Afrique) joined the ranks of the division. Accordingly, the division was sent to the desert of Libya during two and a half months, at the request of Henri Giraud. The 2e DFL of General Leclerc would follow the same procedure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1943\nAfter the reunification of the two French forces, on 1 August 1943, the division was officially designated as 1st Motorized Infantry Division (French: 1re Division Motoris\u00e9e d'Infanterie, 1re DMI) due to its integration in the French Expeditionary Corps in Italy. In 1944, the 1st Motorized Infantry Division became the 1st Marching Infantry Division (French: 1re Division de Marche d'Infanterie, 1re DMI). Nevertheless, the unit remained known as the 1re DFL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1944\nCommanded by General Diego Brosset and now part of the French Expeditionary Corps, the division participated in the Italian Campaign since April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1944\nWith First Army, the division disembarked in Provence on 15 August 1944 and participated in the Battle of Toulon, then went up the Rh\u00f4ne after having sent a couple of reconnaissance squadrons to Montpellier. Lyon was reached on 3 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1944\nIn autumn 1944, the French Forces of the Interior joined the First Army, replacing the 6000 Africans of the division in what was referred during that period as blanchiment (whitening).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1944\nGeneral Brosset accidentally died on 20 November 1944 and was succeeded by General Pierre Garbay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, World War II, 1945\nThe division made its way to the Vosges where it faced Operation Nordwind, the last major German offensive on the Western Front. Afterwards it joined the battles for the Colmar Pocket. In March 1945, the division participated in the Battle of Authion. It then took Tende and La Brigue. When it was about to march on Turin the German Army in Italy surrendered on 2 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, Decorations\nThe division was cited 4 times at the orders of the armed forces (26 June 1942, following the battle of Bir Hakeim; 27 January 1945, for Italy, the Vosges; 16 March 1945, for combats in Alsace; 7 July 1945, for the campaign of Authion) and the principal forming regiments were awarded the French Fourragere for 2 citations at the orders of the armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, Homages\nForty-eight cemeteries, are the resting places of the more than 3600 members of the division. Eight of the division's units were made Compagnons de la Lib\u00e9ration. Four members of the division represent the combatants in uniform resting at the M\u00e9morial de la France combattante at au Mont Val\u00e9rien, Nous sommes ici pour t\u00e9moigner devant l'Histoire que de 1939 \u00e0 1945 ses fils ont lutt\u00e9 pour que la France vive libre:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159008-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Free French Division, Casualties\nThe division endured the loss of 3619 killed in action (out of which 1126 Colonial Indigenous (French: Indig\u00e8nes Coloniaux)) with 67% killed in the period of April 1944 to May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159009-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Frigate Squadron (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Frigate Squadron was an naval unit of the Royal Navy from 1972 to 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159009-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Frigate Squadron (United Kingdom), Operational history\nDuring its existence, the squadron included Leander-class and Type 22 frigates. Ships from the squadron participated in the Cod Wars, the Silver Jubilee Fleet Review, the Armilla Patrol and the Falklands War. The squadron was disbanded in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159009-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Frigate Squadron (United Kingdom), Operational history, 1977\nAt the Silver Jubilee Fleet Review, 24\u201329 June 1977, 1st Frigate Squadron comprised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159010-0000-0000", "contents": "1st G6 summit\nThe 1st G6 summit took place on 15\u201317 November 1975, in Rambouillet, France. The venue for the summit meetings was the Ch\u00e2teau de Rambouillet near Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159010-0001-0000", "contents": "1st G6 summit\nThe Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. This summit, and the others which would follow, were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a kind of frustrated rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was an element in the genesis of cooperation between France's President and West Germany's Chancellor as they conceived the first summit of the G6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159010-0002-0000", "contents": "1st G6 summit\nLater summits in what could become a continuing series of annual meetings were identified as the Group of Seven (G7) and Group of Eight (G8) summits \u2014 but this informal gathering was the one which set that process in motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159010-0003-0000", "contents": "1st G6 summit, Leaders at the summit\nThis was an unofficial forum (retreat) for the leaders of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, and a chance for them to get to know one another. It was important to note that each of them had attained office the previous year due to unforeseeable circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159010-0004-0000", "contents": "1st G6 summit, Leaders at the summit, Participants\nThese summit participants considered themselves representative of the \"core\" industrialized countries forum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159010-0005-0000", "contents": "1st G6 summit, Issues\nThe summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Rambouillet had no easy answers to what was then the most serious recession since the 1930s; but the main themes of what would later become known as the \"1st G7/G8 summit\" will remain for decades on the world's agenda\u2014avoiding protectionism, energy dependency and boosting growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159011-0000-0000", "contents": "1st GAM: Amai Yuwaku\n1st GAM: Amai Yuwaku (1st GAM\uff5e\u7518\u3044\u8a98\u60d1\uff5e, 1st GAM: Sweet Seduction) is the first studio album of Hello! Project duo GAM, released on May 23, 2007. It contains GAM's first three singles and a remix of their first single \"Thanks! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159011-0001-0000", "contents": "1st GAM: Amai Yuwaku\nThere are two editions of the album: a limited edition and a regular edition. The limited edition includes a DVD containing an alternate version of the music video for \"Lu Lu Lu\" and a making-of footage, while the regular edition comes with three photocards available only on its first pressing: one of Aya Matsuura, another for Miki Fujimoto, and the third one with both members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159011-0002-0000", "contents": "1st GAM: Amai Yuwaku, GAM's demand\nOn the 2007 concert tour of Hello! Project (named ThePPN:Hello! Project 2007 Winter: Shuuketsu! 10th Anniversary), GAM emceed one of the three emcee segments. During their segment, Aya Matsuura told their audience about her desire for a GAM concert. Miki Fujimoto, on the other hand, explained that before they could organize a concert they should have more original songs; she later concluded that she wanted an album. Eventually, Tsunku and Up-Front Works Co. Ltd. listened and later approved their requests\u2014the album was released on May 23, while the concert took place three days after the album's release. The album was originally expected to have nine songs; but for some unknown reasons, the number of tracks on the list changed to eleven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159011-0003-0000", "contents": "1st GAM: Amai Yuwaku, Production\nOn the April 16, 2007 episode of Fujimoto's radio show DokiMiki Night, she confessed that there is more recording to be done in the album. Due to the tight and conflicting schedules of both members, they have to record their parts at different sessions. However, the duo managed to finish the recordings without any problems due to their chemistry, which was influenced by their long-time friendship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159011-0004-0000", "contents": "1st GAM: Amai Yuwaku, Production\nOn May 2, the album covers were publicly released in Japan; a commercial was also released to advertise the album. On May 5, radio previews of \"Ai no Fune,\" \"Icha\u2661icha Summer,\" \"Aij\u014d Oasis,\" and \"Amai Y\u016bwaku\" had emerged; another preview surfaced but its title was unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159011-0005-0000", "contents": "1st GAM: Amai Yuwaku, Production\nOn May 17, another cover was released to the public\u2014the cover for the limited edition DVD. The following day, the Oricon Charts released a poll of which albums would sell more through the Ninki Rankings. The company randomly asked 400 people off the streets what releases they know about releasing the following week or which one's they're going to buy. The album ranked #4 with 27.4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159011-0006-0000", "contents": "1st GAM: Amai Yuwaku, Post-release\nSimultaneous with the album's release on May 23, Oricon Charts published in their official website a special interview article of the group. The two talked about the album and later exclaimed that its theme is \"freedom\". Later that day, the album debuted on the daily album charts, taking the #4 spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159012-0000-0000", "contents": "1st GLAAD Media Awards\nThe 1st GLAAD Media Awards  was held  on April 29, 1990 at the Time & Life Building, New York City to honor \u201cfair, accurate and inclusive\u201d representations of gay individuals in the media during the 1989 season. This first year was small and low-key, with not many categories. The award this year looks different than it does now - it was a small, square-shaped crystal sculpture that had an etching. The awards have similar criteria that other awards have as to who gets what awards, but the caveat is that there is some element of the LGBTQ+ community in the show and movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159012-0001-0000", "contents": "1st GLAAD Media Awards\nGLAAD honored Phil Donahue as the Media Person of the Year Award for his continued coverage of the LGBT community, and GLAAD co-founder Vito Russo joined him onstage. Other honorees included As the World Turns (Daytime Drama), L.A. Law (Drama Series) and Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (TV Documentary).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159013-0000-0000", "contents": "1st GMA Dove Awards\nThe 1st Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on September 1969 during the National Quartet Convention in Memphis, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment\nThe 1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, was a unit formed from older or unfit men for line of communication duties during World War I. It served at Gallipoli, carrying out a multitude of tasks both at the bases and under fire on the beaches. The battalion continued serving at the bases in Egypt and at Salonika until after the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Origin\nThe unit was formed as a provisional battalion on 21 July 1915 from drafts of officers and men who were unfit for active service on account of age, infirmities, or from wounds received on the Western Front. These drafts were drawn from Special Reserve battalions garrisoning seaports in Eastern Command. (The Special Reserve was the former Militia, whose wartime role was to train reinforcements for the Regular Army):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Origin\nThe battalion formed at Denham Camp in Buckinghamshire with a strength of 15 officers and 1144 other ranks, organised into four double companies. It was inspected by Lieutenant-General Sir Leslie Rundle, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Command, on 27 July and two days later its status was changed from a Provisional Battalion to 1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment and all the men were transferred to that regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel William Tankerville Monypenny Reeve, CMG, of the 2nd Bn, Leinster Regiment, was appointed Commanding Officer (CO) in August. He had lost his left forearm at the Battle of Armenti\u00e8res in 1914. One of the company commanders was Captain Sir Capel Charles Wolseley, 9th Baronet, of the 3rd Bn, East Surrey Regiment, a former British Vice consul at Archangel, Russia. Additional officers transferred from Special Reserve and New Army battalions brought the unit up to full establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 981]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nThe new battalion was destined for the Gallipoli Campaign. On 24 August it entrained for Devonport, where it boarded HM Transport Z36 (the RMS Empress of Britain). It disembarked at Mudros, Lemnos, on 6 September, and went into camp at Turks' Head Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nThe men were medically examined on arrival and classified as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nThe duties carried out by the men were wide-ranging: a large number were employed at the hospitals, others with the Sanitary Section, the Egyptian Labour Corps, the Machine Gun School and the Remount Depot. Senior Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) acted as drill instructors and  as camp staff, other ranks (ORs) as cooks, waiters and orderlies, servants to chaplains, cemetery attendants, storemen, platelayers with the Royal Engineers' railway troops, and as motor cycle despatch riders, signallers and telephonists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nThe battalion provided picquets and guards for various key points such as the water condenser, for Turkish prisoners of war (PoWs) in camp and on board ships in Mudros harbour, and camp patrols to prevent illicit sale of alcohol and theft of stores. The battalion turned out Guards of Honour for dignitaries visiting Lemnos, including the commander-in-chief of the French fleet, and on 10 November for the Secretary of State for War, Lord Kitchener.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nThe battalion of unfit men suffered a good deal from the sickness endemic throughout the campaign, and by the middle of November three officers and 113 men had been invalided to the base or sent home. Lieutenant-Colonel Reeve contracted dysentery at Lemnos and was evacuated home aboard the hospital ship Aquitania. He died at Queen Alexandra's Military Hospital at Millbank on 28 September 1915 and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. Major Stuart Goode (4th Bn, Bedfordshire Regiment) took over as CO, and was confirmed in the rank of temporary Lt-Col on 15 October. The battalion was reinforced by men and boys from the Royal Naval Division, and later by a party attached from 1/7th Bn, Royal Welch Fusiliers, and by Australian troops, so that two additional companies were formed as Nos 1 and 2 Detail Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nMeanwhile, D Company landed at Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli peninsula on 19 September, with a strength of five officers and 212 other ranks, and pitched tents. The detachment's duties mainly covered water supply, ammunition carrying, burial parties, guarding PoWs, and operating the light railway. The company suffered a number of casualties from shellfire and small arms fire, the first fatality from enemy action occurring when a party carrying rations to the front line was hit by Shrapnel shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nIn October Capt Sir Capel Wolseley led a party of reinforcements from the battalion on Lemnos and took command of the detachment. In November the detachment headquarters camp came under long-range machine gun fire and after suffering a number of killed and wounded moved into dugouts. On 23 October a further party of 74 NCOs and ORs from Lemnos landed at Cape Helles on the peninsula to carry out similar beach duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nDuring December the decision was made to end the campaign and evacuate the troops on the peninsula. D Company (now four officers and 129 ORs) returned from Anzac to Lemnos on 5 December. One man was drowned during unloading at Mudros, and Private H Spensley was later awarded a Royal Humane Society bronze medal for his rescue attempt. The detachment re-embarked for Imbros on 9 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nThe rest of the battalion having been medically reclassified into those fit or unfit for hard work, a wing comprising A and C Companies (seven officers and 350 ORs) was sent to Tenedos on 26 December. The men were employed in loading and unloading ammunition, carried out at night to avoid observation by Turkish aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Gallipoli campaign\nCape Helles was evacuated between 30 December and 6 January 1916, completing the withdrawal from the peninsula. The detachment at Imbros continued serving there until 5 February 1916, when it returned to Lemnos and joined the rest of the battalion aboard SS Ausonia bound for Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159014-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Battalion, Essex Regiment, Later war\nIn Egypt the battalion was classified as GHQ Troops, carrying out various duties at the bases in Egypt and Palestine during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. After the war with Turkey ended with the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the battalion was transferred to Salonika, where the Macedonian campaign had ended. It continued with its line of communication duties until it was disbanded on 2 May 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159015-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region\nThe Independent Division of Yunnan Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u4e91\u5357\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08)(2nd Formation) was created on 5 May 1979 basing on the May Seventh Cadre School of Kunming Military Region as a result of Sino-Vietnamese War earlier that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159015-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region\nOn 13 December 1982 it was renamed as 250th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c250\u5e08), became the last division formed by PLA ground force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159015-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region\nThe division was part of 14th Army Corps (now 14th Army). In September 1985 the division was inactivated and renamed as 1st Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region(Chinese: \u6210\u90fd\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c1\u5e08) and transferred to Yunnan Provincial Military District's control. In May 1992 the division was disbanded and merged into Wenshan Military Sub-district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159016-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Guangzhou Military Region\nThe 2nd Independent Division of Guangxi Military District(Chinese: \u5e7f\u897f\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c2\u5e08) was formed in August 1966 from Public Security Contingent of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The division stationed in Nanning Guangxi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159016-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Guangzhou Military Region\nIn July-August 1968, the division, along with other units of Guangxi Military District, conducted military operation against Red Guards Faction \"April Twenty-Second\"(Chinese: \u56db\u4e8c\u4e8c, abbreviation of \"Guangxi April 22nd Revolutionary Movement Command\", Chinese: \u5e7f\u897f\u56db\u4e8c\u4e8c\u9769\u547d\u884c\u52a8\u6307\u6325\u90e8) in Nanning, Guangxi, during which the military forces killed 1470 and \"captured\" over 8500 civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159016-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Guangzhou Military Region\nIn March 1969, the division moved to Hepu, Guangxi, leaving its 6th Regiment in Nanning (later detached and moved to Chongzuo in April). In Hepu the division absorbed former 112th Garrison Regiment (then became its new 6th Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159016-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Guangzhou Military Region\nFrom March to December 1969 the division was temporarily renamed as Independent Division of Hepu(Chinese: \u5408\u6d66\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08). From December 1969 the division was renamed as 2nd Independent Division of Guangxi Military District again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159016-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Guangzhou Military Region\nIn January 1976 the division was renamed as Independent Division of Guangxi Military District(Chinese: \u5e7f\u897f\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08) following the disbandment of 1st Independent Division of Guangxi Military District. The division was then composed of three infantry regiments (1st to 3rd) and an artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159016-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Guangzhou Military Region\nIn February 1979 the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. During the war the division suffered heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159016-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Guangzhou Military Region\nIn April 1979 the division was renamed as 1st Border Defense Division of Guangxi Military District(Chinese: \u5e7f\u897f\u519b\u533a\u8fb9\u9632\u7b2c1\u5e08). All its regiments were converted to border defense regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159016-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Guangzhou Military Region\nIn 1985 the division was re-organized and renamed as 1st Garrison Division of Guangzhou Military Region(Chinese: \u5e7f\u5dde\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159017-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (2nd Formation)\n2nd Cavalry Division(Chinese: \u9a91\u5175\u7b2c2\u5e08)(3rd formation) was formed in October 1962 from 4th and 5th Cavalry Regiment from 1st Cavalry Division, and 6th and 7th Independent Cavalry Regiment of Lanzhou Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159017-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (2nd Formation)\nThe division was under direct control of Lanzhou Military Region. From 1962 to 1969 the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159017-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (2nd Formation)\nIn October 1969 7th Cavalry Regiment was detached from the division, and 2nd Independent Infantry Regiment of Gansu Provincial Military District attached, and the division was re-organized to an army division, catalogue A and renamed as 20th Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c20\u5e08), and its structure was re-organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159017-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (2nd Formation)\nIn January 1983 the division was re-organized and renamed as 1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region(Chinese: \u5170\u5dde\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c1\u5e08)(2nd formation). By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159017-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (2nd Formation)\nIn October 1985 the division was disbanded. Its division HQ were converted to HQ Tank Brigade, 47th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nThe 62nd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c62\u5e08) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 5th Division, 2nd Column of the Huadong Field Army. Its history could be traced to the 5th Brigade, 4th Column of Eighth Route Army formed in July 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nThe division was a part of 21st Corps. Under the flag of the 62nd Division took part several major battles during the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nIn March 1953 the division entered Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army. During its deployment in Korean it took part in the Battle of Kumsong. In August 1958 the division returned from Korea and renamed as 62nd Infantry Division(Chinese: \u6b65\u5175\u7b2c62\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nIn April 1960 the division was renamed as 62nd Army Division(Chinese: \u9646\u519b\u7b2c62\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nIn November the division detached from the Corps and was put under direct control of Lanzhou Military Region, and exchanged its 184th Infantry Regiment with 181st Infantry Regiment from 61st Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nIn February 1967, the division returned to 21st Army Corps' control after 21st's redeployment to Lanzhou Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nIn December 1969, 342nd Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 62nd Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nIn late 1975, 181st and 184th Infantry Regiments returned to their parent units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nIn 1985 the division was re-organized and renamed as 1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region(Chinese: \u5170\u5dde\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c1\u5e08)(3rd formation). By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159018-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Lanzhou Military Region (3rd Formation)\nIn October 1992 the division was disbanded and reduced as Independent Infantry Regiment of Ningxia Military District(Chinese: \u5b81\u590f\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u6b65\u5175\u56e2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159019-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region\nThe 98th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c98\u5e08) was formed in February 1949 from 1st Regiment of 7th Division, 17th Regiment of 11th Division of PLA Bohai column of Huadong Field Army and elements from defected Republic of China Army 112th, 113th and 114th Regiment of 38th Division. Under the command of 33rd Corps (People's Liberation Army) it took part in the Chinese civil war. The division was then composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159019-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region\nAfter the Shanghai Campaign the division stationed in Baoshan, Shanghai. In November 1950 the division was re-organized and renamed as 15th Public Security Division(Chinese: \u516c\u5b89\u7b2c15\u5e08) while detaching from the Corps. By then the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159019-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region\nIn May 1952, the division absorbed the 17th Garrison Division. 49th Public Security Regiment, 17th Public Security Division became the new 43rd Public Security Regiment. From December 1952 to September 1953 the regiment was deployed in the Korean War under the command of 1st Public Security Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159019-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region\nIn July 1955, Headquarters, 15th Garrison Division, along with its 45th Public Security Regiment and 4th Interior Guards Regiment of Shanghai Security District, was reorganized into Yangtze Estuary Fort District(Chinese: \u957f\u6c5f\u53e3\u8981\u585e\u533a). On December 10, 1956, the fort district was inactivated, 15th Garrison Division was then reactivated in Pudong, Shanghai. The division was then a part of Shanghai Security District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159019-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region\nIn late 1969 to early 1970, the division was renamed as 1st Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region(Chinese: \u5357\u4eac\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159019-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region\nIn 1985 the division was reduced as 1st Garrison Brigade of Nanjing Military Region(Chinese: \u5357\u4eac\u519b\u533a\u5b88\u5907\u7b2c1\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159019-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region\nIn January 1993 the brigade was renamed as 1st Coastal Defence Brigade(Chinese: \u6d77\u9632\u7b2c1\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159019-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Garrison Division of Nanjing Military Region\nIn April 2017 the brigade was renamed as 301st Coastal Defence Brigade(Chinese: \u6d77\u9632\u7b2c301\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159020-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Gaumee Film Awards\nThe 1st Gaumee Film Awards ceremony, presented by Ministry of Information and Culture, honored the best Maldivian films released before 1995. The ceremony was held between 15 January to 30 January 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159021-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Gemini Awards\nThe 1st Gemini Awards were held in Toronto on 4 December 1986 to honour achievements in Canadian television. G\u00e9meaux Award, the French version of the Gemini Awards were held for the first time this year as well. The 1985 television miniseries Anne of Green Gables was the most prominent winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159021-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Gemini Awards\nEnglish-language television coverage of the ceremonies was originally scheduled for broadcast on CBC Television, but labour disruptions at that network forced the telecast to move to a syndicated arrangement of private television stations including Toronto's Citytv. Unused cable channels in Montreal carried the broadcast in that city. The inaugural Gemini Awards were hosted by Second City Television performers Eugene Levy, Andrea Martin and Dave Thomas from the Metro Toronto Convention Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159022-0000-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe members of the 1st General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in November 1832, the first general election for the colony. The general assembly sat from January 1, 1833 until 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159022-0001-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Newfoundland\nJohn Bingley Garland was chosen as speaker. Thomas Bennett replaced Garland as speaker in 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159022-0002-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Newfoundland\nThe first session of the general assembly met in a tavern and lodging house in St. John's operated by a Mary Travers; the elected assembly met on the ground floor and the appointed Board of Council met on the upper floor. A different location, the Old Court House, was used for the second and subsequent sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159022-0003-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Newfoundland\nIn 1833, the assembly passed a Revenue Bill which would provide much-needed funds to support the operation of the colony. The bill was subsequently rejected by the Legislative Council. The governor and British Government intervened in support of the legislation, which was submitted again and this time approved by the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159022-0004-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Newfoundland\nSir Thomas John Cochrane, although he had been opposed to the concept of representative government in the colony, became its first civil governor and was responsible for the implementation of the new system of government. The governor's support was required on any new legislation and he had the power to prorogue the assembly. Cochrane was removed from office in 1834 and replaced by Sir Henry Prescott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159022-0005-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Newfoundland\nA Newfoundland general election was held in 1836 but the results were set aside by Chief Justice Henry John Boulton because the writs for the election did not bear the required Great Seal. A new election was called for the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159022-0006-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Newfoundland, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1832:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159023-0000-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Nova Scotia\nThe General Assembly of Nova Scotia was established by a proclamation of the Governor in Council on May 20, 1758. A writ for the election of the 1st General Assembly of Nova Scotia was issued by May 22, returnable at the convening of the assembly on October 2, 1758. The assembly held two sessions, and was dissolved on August 13, 1759.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159023-0001-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Nova Scotia, House of Assembly, Division of seats\nSince counties had not been established by this time, the proclamation called for the election of 4 members from Halifax Township, 2 members from Lunenburg Township, and 16 members from the province at large, for a total of 22 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159023-0002-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Nova Scotia, House of Assembly, Division of seats\nKnaut and Kedie (or Kedy) represented Lunenburg Township, but the records do not distinguish the Halifax Township members from the at large members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159023-0003-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Nova Scotia, House of Assembly, Members\nNote:  Unless otherwise noted, members were elected at the general election, and took their seats at the convening of the assembly. By-elections are special elections held to fill specific vacancies. When a member is noted as having taking their seat on a certain date, but a by-election isn't noted, the member was elected at the general election but arrived late.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159024-0000-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe 1st General Assembly of the Island of St. John represented the colony of Prince Edward Island, then known as St. John's Island, between July 7, 1773, and 1774.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159024-0001-0000", "contents": "1st General Assembly of Prince Edward Island\nThe Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of St. John's Island, Walter Patterson. Robert Stewart was elected Speaker. The only session lasted ten days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159025-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Genie Awards\nThe 1st Genie Awards were presented on March 20, 1980, and honoured films released in 1979. They were given out at a gala event at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto with Bruno Gerussi as host. Awards for non-feature films were presented at a luncheon the day before the gala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159025-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Genie Awards\nThe 1980 ceremonies were the first time the awards were presented as the Genie Awards instead of the Canadian Film Awards, and the first time they were presented by the newly organized Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159025-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Genie Awards, Ceremony\nThe show was broadcast on CBC Television, and noted for its Oscars-like production design, with production numbers including a jazz dance performance by Jeff Hyslop and Karen Kain set to the tune of \"Dancing in the Dark\", and female impersonator Craig Russell in character as Judy Garland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159025-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Genie Awards, Ceremony\nThe show was not without controversy. Award winner Christopher Plummer used his speech to criticize the distinction made between Canadian and foreign actors, calling on the Academy to treat \"Canadian or Samothracian\" actors equally. The fact that no French language films won any major awards was also a source of controversy. In addition, despite having duly released three nominations in the category of Editing in a Dramatic Film (Non-Feature), the jury used the moment of presentation to announce that they had deemed none of the three worthy of an award. Producer Sam Levene, in his acceptance speech for another award, called the decision an \"arrogant slap in the face\" to the nominees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159025-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Genie Awards, Ceremony\nSeveral awards were presented in specialized categories which were carried over from the structure of the Canadian Film Awards, but were not retained by the Genies in future years. Many of those categories were transitioned to the shortlived new Bijou Awards for non-feature films in 1981, but that ceremony took place only once and was not continued in subsequent years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159026-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Cavalry Battalion\n1st Georgia Cavalry Battalion was a battalion of cavalry that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159026-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Cavalry Battalion\nIt was first organized with five companies during the late fall of 1861, composed of men who had enlisted for 6 months' service. Reorganized after the term of enlistment had expired, the 1st Battalion served along the Georgia coast until January 1863, then merged into the 5th Georgia Cavalry Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Charles Spalding was the regimental commander. Karlos Krane created the official regimental flag for the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159027-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Georgia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment in the Confederate States Army, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159027-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Cavalry Regiment\nIt fought from 1862 to 1865, and mostly served in the Army of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159027-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Cavalry Regiment, Service\nIn late 1861 the 1st Georgia Cavalry assembled at Rome, Georgia, and was mustered into the Confederate States Army on May 28, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159027-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Cavalry Regiment, Service\nSent to Tennessee it served in the Department of East Tennessee, until assigned to the Army of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159027-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Cavalry Regiment, Service\nFor the duration of the civil war it switched between these two for numerous times; the only change being a stint with the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida in early 1865, before returning to the AoT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159027-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Cavalry Regiment, Service\nIt was surrendered as part of this army at Bennett Place in North Carolina on April 26, 1865; fielding less than 50 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159027-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Cavalry Regiment, Further reading\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159028-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia General Assembly\nThe Georgia General Assembly first started in 1751, but wasn't active until 1777, when Georgia became one of the Thirteen Colonies and broke away from Great Britain. The 2nd Georgia General Assembly followed two years later. It took place sometime in January, in Savannah, which was the capital of Georgia at the time. The capital was moved to its present location, Atlanta, in 1868. The Assembly has been held once every two years starting in 1777. The Assembly elected the Georgia House of Representatives and Georgia Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159028-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia General Assembly, Overview, House of Representatives\nThe House of Representatives is the larger of the two chambers. Its 180 members represent districts from across the state, and it is presided over by the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the entire membership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159028-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia General Assembly, Overview, House of Representatives, Speaker of the House\nThe Speaker has always been a member of the majority political party and has the power to schedule debates, to vote, and to assign members to committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159028-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia General Assembly, Overview, Senators\nThe state senate is very similar to the house, but the senate is a smaller body, with fifty-six members who represent districts from around the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159028-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia General Assembly, Overview, Senators, Lieutenant Governor\nThe chief officer of the senate is the lieutenant governor. Unlike the Speaker, who is elected by the members of the house, the lieutenant governor is elected by all the voters of the state. The first Lieutenant Governor was Melvin E. Thompson, elected in 1947. Before that, the position never existed in Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159028-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia General Assembly, Overview, Senators, Lieutenant Governor\nArchibald Bulloch, elected on April 15, 1776, was the first official Governor of Georgia. Technically, William Ewen, George Walton, and William Ewen were governor before, but Bulloch was the first after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. His term ended on March 4, 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159028-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia General Assembly, Overview, Senators, Lieutenant Governor\nAt that time terms were uncertain and the governors picked how long their terms would be. It wasn't until May, 1777 where the people finally decided to make governor terms one year. This was because The people were afraid of too much government control based on past governors' loyalty to Great Britain, and gave the legislature the most power, severely limiting the governor's power and time. Also at this time the governors could only have one term, they could not go for reelection. In 1789 it was changed to two year terms. Eventually the terms became four years and that stuck, because now every Governor and President have four year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159028-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia General Assembly, Overview, Senators, Lieutenant Governor\nConsecutive terms were not allowed for 10 years. In 1789 terms were one year. Not exactly though. Before 1789 term lengths were picked by the governor, mostly they were two, three months long. Terms after 1789 were one year long but weren't classified as \"terms\". The first actual term was in 1857 when Joseph E. Brown served 3+1\u20442 terms from November 6, 1857, to June 17, 1865. That was the first consecutive term, but consecutive terms were allowed since 1789, it's just no one wanted to do it! From 1941 to 1977 consecutive were not allowed, after 1977 consecutive terms were re-allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159029-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union)\nThe 1st Battalion of Georgia Infantry (Union)  was an  infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, despite being organized from a state that had seceded from the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159029-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union), History\nIn late 1864, the Federal armies under William T. Sherman had captured Atlanta and were marching towards the Atlantic Ocean and the port city of Savannah. At the end of October, efforts were made to recruit loyal men to join the Federal army for duty in the rear lines to free up veterans for front-line combat duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159029-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union), History\nA number of men from Dawson County enlisted in two companies, and others from Pickens County joined Company B. Some of these enlistees were ex-POWs from Atlanta who had served in the Confederate States Army, but had since sworn allegiance to the Federal government. The battalion was mustered in at Marietta, Georgia on October 31, 1864. It was assigned as an unattached unit to the Department of the Cumberland, and subsequently guarded the Western & Atlantic Railroad near Dalton, Georgia, until March 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159029-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Infantry Battalion (Union), History\nThe battalion was then attached to the 1st Brigade, 2nd Separate Division, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, and guarded the railroads near the Etowah River until mid-July 1865. The battalion was mustered out in Dawson County on July 19, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159030-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Georgia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Differing from 1st (Ramsey's) Infantry and 1st (Mercer's-Olmstead's) Infantry Regiments; it was also known as the 1st Georgia Regulars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159030-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was organized at Macon, Georgia in April 1861. The companies first named were twelve months' troops, a majority re-enlisting for the war, while others were mustered out when the twelve months expired. The regimental commander, Col. Charles J. Williams, died on February 8, 1862. Now led by Col. William J. Magill, the regiment served in the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. When Magill was wounded at Antietam, being part of Gen. G.T. Anderson's brigade, the command developed to Cpt. Richard A. Wayne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159030-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Georgia Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 1st Georgia was transferred to the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida in early 1863. In Gen. George P. Harrison's brigade it participated in the Battle of Olustee. When Magill retired on September 3, 1864, Wayne was named as his successor. The regiment was surrendered along with Joseph E. Johnston's army at Bennett Place in North Carolina on April 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159030-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Infantry Regiment, History, Battles\nThe regiment fought in the Seven Days Battles, the culmination of the Peninsula campaign (June 25-July 1, 1862), Battle of Savage's Station (June 29), Second Battle of Manassas (Bull Run, August 28-29), Battle of Sharpsburg (Antietam, September 17), Battle of Fredericksburg (December 13), Battle of Chickamauga (September 18, 1863), Battle of Chattanooga (November 23-25), Battle of Olustee (February 20, 1864), Battle of Nashville (December 15), Siege of Savannah (December), Carolinas campaign (January \u2013 March, 1865), Battle of Bentonville (March 19 -21), and surrendered April 26, 1865, with the Army of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159031-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Regiment\nThe 1st Georgia Regiment, or as it was also known, the 1st Georgia was a regiment of the Continental Army, and formed part of the Georgia Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159031-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Regiment, History\nOn 4 November 1775, the Georgia Regiment was authorised in the Continental Army, and organised from 20 January\u201328 April 1776 at Savannah, Georgia, consisting of eight companies (the 8th being a rifle company). On 27 February 1776 the regiment joined the Southern Department/Army. Redesignated 5 July 1776 as the 1st Georgia Regiment on formation of the 2nd Georgia and 3rd Georgia Regiments. Assigned 23 December 1777 to the Georgia Brigade, an element of the Southern Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159031-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Regiment, History\nIn 1777 the regiment was still short of men, mostly in-part due to Georgia being sparsely populated, and the colonel reported that only 10 riflemen of the rifle company had been found, and needed additional soldiers soon. The regiment soon began to lose many of its men to desertion, disease, and combat, but elements of it served on until 1779 and 1780 when the last of the Georgia Line, six officers without men, were captured at Charleston, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159031-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Regiment, History\nCaptured 12 May 1780 at Charleston, South Carolina, by the British Army during the Siege of Charleston. Redesignated 1 January 1781 as the Georgia Regiment once again. Reorganised and redesignated 1 January 1783 as the Georgia Battalion, and consisted of three companies, along with two troops of cavalry. Furloughed in summer 1783 at Charleston, South Carolina, and disbanded 15 November 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159031-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Regiment, History\nThere is very little information on the uniform of the regiment, but the norm seems to have been hunting shirts and gaiter trousers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159032-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Sharpshooter Battalion\nThe 1st Georgia Sharpshooter Battalion was a sharpshooter unit of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It was authorized by an act in April 1862 by the Confederate Congress, and was formed in Savannah, Georgia. The 1st Battalion Sharpshooters served at Fort McAllister defending the coast of Georgia in the Battle of Fort McAllister (1863). They also saw action at the Battle of Jackson, Mississippi as well as the Battle of Chickamauga, and the Chattanooga Campaign. The battalion fought to the end of the war, their last engagement being at the Battle of Bentonville in March 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159032-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Sharpshooter Battalion, History and lineage\nOn June 1, 1862, Major Robert H. Anderson, who graduated from the US Military Academy at West Point in 1857, was serving as inspector general at the headquarters of the Department of South Carolina and Georgia in Charleston, SC. On that day he wrote a letter to Major General John C. Pemberton, the department commander. In his letter he asked the general to raise a battalion of four companies of sharpshooters; the men to be recruited from the regiments in the brigade of Brigadier General William Duncan Smith which was stationed in Savannah, Georgia. Pemberton gave his approval and Anderson began recruiting in the city. On June 20, Pemberton wrote to Adjutant and Inspector General Samuel Cooper in Richmond, VA nominating Anderson to be in command of the 1st Georgia Sharpshooter Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159032-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Sharpshooter Battalion, Coastal Defense\nThe battalion was formed by early August, and on the 21st marched from Camp Pemberton to Camp Anderson, named for the battalion's commander, located on Wildhorn Plantation, about 12 miles from Savannah. Assigned to guarding strategic Fort McAllister in 1861, they helped repulse seven US Naval engagements to capture Fort McAllister, which protected Savannah. By lining the riverbank with sharpshooters, the defenders rained projectiles on the Union ironclads, forcing them to withdraw, and winning the praise of Confederate generals and congressmen alike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159032-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Georgia Sharpshooter Battalion, Coastal Defense\nAnderson was promoted to command the 5th Georgia Cavalry, with Major Arthur Shaaf given formal command of the battalion in April 1863. On 5 May, they were ordered to Mississippi as part of General William H. T. Walker's brigade. The brigade moved to join the army being formed under General Joseph E. Johnston for the Battle of Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159032-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Sharpshooter Battalion, Battle of Atlanta\nThe Sharpshooters stayed with the Army of Tennessee throughout the remainder of the conflict, seeing action in Chattanooga, Dalton, and Kennesaw Mountain. On June 27th Walker's Division, including the Georgian sharpshooters, was posted at the base of the mountain; at a place called 'the dead angle' where some of the fiercest fighting took place. For the next month, they resisted Union advances on Atlanta, and on July 20th they moved north along Peachtree Road, striking a Federal division south of Peachtree Creek. After being repulsed, Walker's division along with Hardee's Corps marched six miles south of the city, taking up position along the left flank of General McPherson's Union troops between Atlanta and Decatur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159032-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Sharpshooter Battalion, Battle of Atlanta\nOn August 19th, the 1st Battalion Georgia Sharpshooters marched with Hardee from Atlanta to East Point in an attempt to protect Atlanta's last rail connection. On August 30th, they moved toward Jonesborough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159032-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Georgia Sharpshooter Battalion, Later service\nOn August 31, the 1st Sharpshooter Battalion was heavily engaged in what proved to be the final loss of Atlanta and the near destruction of the Army of Tennessee. Of the remaining members of the battalion, fifty percent were either killed, wounded or captured in the Battle of Jonesborough. Hardee's defeat allowed Hood to evacuate Atlanta, clearing Sherman's path to the sea. The battered unit wandered throughout Alabama in the fall, with the end coming in December at Franklin and Nashville. They moved throughout Tennessee and North Carolina, fighting at Bentonville before surrendering to General William T. Sherman on April 25th, 1865 16 days after Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159033-0000-0000", "contents": "1st German Antique Police Car Museum\nThe 1st German Antique Police Car Museum (German - 1. Deutsche Polizeioldtimer-Museum) is a museum of historic German police vehicles in the Wehrshausen district of the German city of Marburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159033-0001-0000", "contents": "1st German Antique Police Car Museum\nIt was established on 24 June 2000 as part of the tenth anniversary celebrations by the Polizei-Motorsport-Club Marburg 1990 e. V.., with the Hessian Interior Minister Volker Bouffier as its patron. Collecting historic vehicles was originally a side-aspect of the Club - it made its first acquisition in 1991, a 1950s Opel Rekord P1. The museum building was officially opened on 12 July 2003 and since then it has been open from April to October, usually on Sundays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159034-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Gibraltar Brigade\nThe 1st Gibraltar Brigade was a British Army unit created in 1941 as a fortress brigade on Gibraltar. It remained as such throughout the Second World War. The brigade was a part of The Gibraltar Defence Force, established as a result of no local military force presence on the rock prior to the war. The Gibraltar Defence Force was a small anti aircraft unit that expanded as the war went on. As a part of the Gibraltar Defence Force, it was crucial to the war effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159034-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Gibraltar Brigade\nGibraltar's significance cannot be underplayed as it is known by many as the key to the strait. Even Gibraltar's coat of arms is a shield with a three towered castle with a golden key underneath. This shows the significance of the rock as the key to the strait. The first bombing of Gibraltar in 1940 did little to break morale and actually stiffened resolve among Gibraltarians. Some of which then decided to join the fight, as a part of the Gibraltar Defence Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159034-0000-0002", "contents": "1st Gibraltar Brigade\nThe rock was the choke point of Mediterranean Maritime activity and was crucial to the war effort for Britain and her allies. The rock had long been one of the most sought after location's for many empires. It was even considered \"The Greatest Thoroughfare of Trade and Commerce in the World\". The 1st Gibraltar Brigade and The Gibraltar Defence Force would be one of the most significant for the success of Britain and her allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159034-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Gibraltar Brigade, Significance\nThe strait was one of the most significant points of interest for many years prior to the war and during a wartime effort, it is obvious that this fact would not change. Of course then, the unit or units stationed to defend this key point of interest would be extremely crucial to the success of the war effort for those that controlled it. This was exactly the case for Britain and her allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159034-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Gibraltar Brigade, Significance\nThe Gibraltar Defence Force was created, on 13 March 1941, to defend the rock and maintain British presence at one of the most crucial points of the Mediterranean Sea. The mouth of the Mediterranean was a choke point for all maritime activity in the sea and Gibraltar acted as the key to that point. Gibraltar was also the key to the strait as well and was the way into Spain from the Mediterranean. As part of the Gibraltar Defence Force, the 1st Gibraltar Brigade's significance is equal to that of the rock itself. Those that fought bravely to ensure Gibraltar remained under Allied control were massive players in the scope of the war whether they knew it themselves or not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers was formed in 1859 in response to a French invasion threat. Formed as a coast artillery unit, it later became part of the Royal Field Artillery in the Territorial Force and served during both World Wars until amalgamated in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. A number of Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were formed for coastal defence in South Wales, and by 8 November 1861 they had been consolidated into the 1st Administrative Brigade of Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers based at Cardiff with the following components:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAlso attached to the Admin Brigade were the 1st Glamorgan Light Horse Volunteers (formed at Cardiff 15 February 1861, disbanded 1873) and the 1st Monmouthshire AVC at Newport (attached from 1864 to 1866).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn May 1880 the Corps were consolidated as the 1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteer Corps with 17 batteries provided by the following Corps:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1890 the unit's headquarters was moved to Swansea from Cardiff and the Cardiff batteries were detached to form a new 2nd Glamorganshire AVC as a separate unit. The commanding officer (CO), Sir Edward Hill, Member of Parliament for Bristol South, first appointed on 22 July 1864, remained Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of both units, though each had its own lieutenant-colonel and Honorary Colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers formed part of the Welsh Division of the Royal Artillery (RA) from 1882 until 1889 when they were absorbed into the Western Division. By 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme had allocated the 1st Glamorgan Artillery Volunteers to the defences at Milford Haven. In 1899 the artillery volunteers became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). On 1 January 1902 the RGA's divisional structure was abolished, and the unit at Swansea was designated the 1st Glamorganshire RGA (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Glamorganshire RGA (V) transferred to the Royal Field Artillery with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe unit was the senior field artillery brigade in the TF's Welsh Division, and was equipped with 5-inch breechloading howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, Mobilisation\nAfter the order to mobilise was received on 4 August 1914, the units of the Welsh Division assembled at their drill halls. The 1st Welsh Brigade mobilised at Swansea under the command of a regular officer, Major (Temporary Lt-Col, TF) J. Henry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, Mobilisation\nBy 11 August the Welsh units had completed their concentration and TF members were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. Four days later the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Welsh Brigade, RFA\nAt the end of August the Welsh Division concentrated at Northampton to continue its training. On 18 November the division was warned for garrison duty in India, but this was cancelled and in December it moved to Cambridge, then to Bedford in May 1915. In July the infantry of the division (now renamed the 53rd (Welsh) Division) embarked for service at Gallipoli, but the divisional artillery remained at Bedford. In October the batteries were re-armed with modern 4.5-inch howitzers and on 8 November they handed over their obsolescent 5-inch howitzers to their 2nd Line unit, which had just arrived at Bedford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Welsh Brigade, RFA\n53rd (Welsh) Divisional Artillery was now ordered to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. It embarked on 20 November and had concentrated at Pont-Remy by 25 November, from where parties were sent to various divisional artilleries for instruction in front line duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Welsh Brigade, RFA\nMeanwhile, after suffering appalling casualties at Gallipoli, 53rd (Welsh) Division had been withdrawn to Egypt to refit. On 30 January 1916 the divisional artillery was ordered to rejoin the rest of the division. The batteries entrained at Pont-Remy, embarked at Marseilles on 3 February and disembarked at Alexandria on 11 February. By 22 February the artillery had rejoined the division at Beni Salama. For the rest of the year the recuperating division was stationed in the Suez Canal defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Welsh Brigade, RFA\nIn May 1916 the TF field brigades were numbered, the 1st Welsh being designated CCLXV (265) Brigade, RFA, and the batteries became A and B. Then on 25 December 1916 the divisional artillery was reorganised: A (1/1st Glamorgan) (H) Bty became C (H) Bty in CCLXVII (1/Cheshire) Bde, which took over the number CCLXV, while B (1/2nd Glamorgan) (H) Bty became C (H) Bty in CCLXVI (1/II Welsh) Bde; the Brigade Ammunition Column was absorbed into the Divisional Ammunition Column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Welsh Brigade, RFA\nBoth batteries fought with their new brigades throughout the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of 1917\u201318, including the Battles of Gaza, the Fall of Jerusalem, and the final victory at Megiddo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/I Welsh Brigade, RFA\nAlthough formation of the 2nd Line units began in September 1914, the 2nd Welsh Division (68th (2nd Welsh) Division from August 1915) did not concentrate at Northampton until April 1915, moving in the summer to replace the 53rd (Welsh) Division at Bedford. Training of the units was made difficult by the lack of arms and equipment, and the requirement to provide drafts to the 1st Line overseas. In June the first saddlery and horses began to arrive, but no guns until August, when the brigade received four French De Bange 90 mm guns. Some ammunition wagons arrived in September, and eight more 90 mm guns in October. Training began to speed up. In November the 90 mm guns were handed in, and the brigade moved to Bedford to take over the 5-inch howitzers from the 1st Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/I Welsh Brigade, RFA\n68th (2nd Welsh) Division was now assigned a role in Home Defence and joined First Army (Home Forces) in Central Force, with its units quartered across Eastern England. In May 1916 the brigade was numbered CCCXL (340) Brigade and the batteries became A and B. However, like the 1st Line brigade, it was broken up before the end of 1916 to provide howitzer batteries to the field gun brigades: A (2/1 Glamorgan) (H) Bty went to CCCXLII (2/Cheshire) and B (2/2 Glamorgan) (H) Bty went to CCCXLIII (2/IV Welsh). They continued to serve with these brigades in Home Defence in Norfolk and Suffolk until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe 1st Welsh Brigade, RFA, was reformed in the 53rd (W) Division in 1920 with 1st 2nd and 3rd Glamorgan Batteries (the 3rd being transferred from the 2nd Welsh Brigade). It was redesignated the 81st (Welsh) Brigade, RFA, when the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921 (becoming a Field Brigade, RA, in 1924 when the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery). At the same time it absorbed the Glamorgan Yeomanry giving the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, Mobilisation\nThe TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis of 1938, with existing units splitting to form duplicates before the outbreak of the Second World War. 81st Field Regiment reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, Mobilisation\n81st Field Rgt remained part of 53rd (Welsh) Division, while 132nd was assigned to the duplicate 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division, which became active on 18 September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Home defence\nParts of 53rd (Welsh) Division were sent to Northern Ireland from October 1939, and the whole division was stationed there from 3 April 1940 to 30 April 1941 as part of VI Corps. The establishment of a field regiment from 1941 onwards was three batteries, each of two four-gun troops of 25-pounders with Quad gun tractors, and 459 Bty was formed in 81st Fd Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Home defence\nOn returning to mainland Britain, the division served under III Corps and Western Command. On 8 April 1942 it was assigned to XII Corps District, then from 15 May 1943 in XII Corps it became part of 21st Army Group training for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 100], "content_span": [101, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Normandy\n53rd (Welsh) Division was among the follow-up troops landing after D-Day (6 June). Its units were at sea from 21 June and completed landing on 27 June. On 1 July it relieved 15th (Scottish) Division on the River Odon after the Battle of 'Scottish Corridor'. 53rd Division was then involved in the Second Battle of the Odon from 15 July, capturing Cahier and holding on to it by hard fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Normandy\nWhen the breakout from the Normandy beachhead began in early August, 53rd Division cleared the banks of the River Orne and then fought its way towards Falaise to help in closing the Falaise Pocket. By late August its units were across the Seine and driving over open country towards the River Somme. On 4 September the division cleared St Pol and was working its way through the canal area west of Lille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Netherlands\nThere was a pause at the Meuse-Escaut Canal before Operation Market Garden was launched on 17 September. XII Corps had an important subsidiary role clearing the country west of XXX Corps' main thrust. 81st Field Rgt crossed the canal on 19 September and went into action supporting the advance of 71 Brigade. There was  particularly at Wintelre, west of Eindhoven, which the Germans held for two days, with the regiment firing several barrages and taking some casualties from return fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Netherlands\nThe divisional artillery's flank was open, and had to be protected by a company from the divisional reconnaissance regiment; around 50 Germans were taken prisoner within the regiment's gun lines. Afterwards the guns fired frequent Harassing Fire (HF) tasks as the enemy slowly withdrew in front of 53rd Division. On 7 October, the regiment moved into the Nijmegen bridgehead captured during Market Garden. While at Nijmegen one Forward Observation Officer (FOO) was killed, and the regiment's CO, Lt-Col Tyler, was wounded and evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Netherlands\nAfter the failure of Market Garden, XII Corps was ordered to advance westwards towards s'Hertogenbosch. 81st Field Rgt left Nijmegen on 18 October and took up its new gun positions by midnight on 20 October. The regiment had to provide its own patrols because there were no infantry between the guns and the enemy \u2013 the attacking infantry only moved up at the last moment. Lieutenant-Col R.V. Hills took over as CO on 20 October, and the next day Major R.J.H. Lloyd, who had been in temporary command, was wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Netherlands\nThe attack on s'Hertogenbosch (Operation Alan) began at 06.30 on 22 October, the infantry of 71 Bde advancing behind a timed programme fired by the guns. The regiment also fired at preselected targets on call, and fired coloured smoke to indicate targets for the Royal Air Force (RAF). The infantry made slow progress, but by the end of 23 October 71 Bde was nearing its objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0024-0002", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Netherlands\nNext day 81st Field Rgt fired in support of a fresh attack by 158 Brigade, which went well as the division fought its way into the outskirts of the town; it took two more days of house-to-house fighting to clear the old town, while the artillery fired HF tasks on the Germans' escape routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Netherlands\nNext XII Corps was switched to clearing the country between the Wessem and Zig Canals as 21st Army Group closed up to the River Maas. 81st Field Rgt moved to Wessem with 71 Bde on 1 November to relieve the Independent Belgian Brigade on the canal line. On 9 November the FOO with 1st Battalion Highland Light Infantry and his signaller were captured by an enemy patrol as they went to their Observation Post (OP) before first light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Netherlands\nWhen the regiment moved to south of Weert, there was no infantry protection in front, and enemy patrols set off tripwire flares close by. On 14 November the division crossed the canal (Operation Mallard) with support from the guns, and on 16 November the regiment struggled across the temporary bridges with 71 Bde, ending the day in front of the defended locality of Roermond. 71 Brigade attempted an assault crossing of the River Maas towards Roermond on the night of 21/22 November. Bridging operations were held up until the divisional artillery was able to suppress the German guns. 4th Battalion Royal Welsh Fusiliers, supported only by 81st Fd Rgt, made several abortive attempts to cross the anti-tank ditch, but 1st Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry succeeded, aided by a smokescreen fired by 81st Fd Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Veritable\nFurther operations were halted by winter weather. 71 Brigade Group including 81st Fd Rgt went for rest in Bocholt, Belgium. In December the regiment was required to transfer 25 of its men to the infantry to make up for losses in the campaign so far. On 20 January 1945 the division moved to the Eindhoven area to refit and train for a special operation. On the night of 4/5 February the regiment moved its guns into concealed positions near Groesbeek, while the rest of the men were confined to barracks in Nijmegen and the divisional signs on vehicles were painted over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Veritable\nThe Battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable) opened at 05.00 on 8 February with the heaviest concentration of artillery employed by the British Army so far in the war. The bombardment hit enemy gun positions, HQs, and communications. After a pause and dummy attack at 07.40 to induce the Germans to man their guns, the Counter-battery fire was resumed and a barrage was laid down to protect the assaulting columns. At 10.30 the full barrage made its first lift and the advance began. 81st Field Rgt fired in support of 71 Bde as usual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Veritable\n53rd Division's objectives were the Brandenburg and Stoppelberg features in the northern part of the Reichswald. Opposition was not strong but the terrain was difficult. By 02.00 on 9 February the leading units were through the Siegfried Line defences and closing on the Stoppelberg. That feature was taken during the morning and the division pushed on to the edge of the forest, but it was hard to get guns and vehicles along the muddy forest tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0027-0002", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Veritable\n81st Field Rgt reported that the second-in-command's OP tank had to be used to tow out bogged guns and tractors ('its only use; in all other respects it was an infernal nuisance'). It took several days for the division to push on through Pfalzdorf towards Goch, mopping up opposition and fending off counter-attacks. Goch fell on 21 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Veritable\n53rd Division was not involved in the assault crossing of the Rhine  (Operation Plunder) on 23/24 March, but crossed on 26 March and the next day attacked through Hamminkeln to Dingden. It then took part in the drive to the Elbe. The German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath, ending the fighting on 21st Army Group's front, came on 4 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 81st (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Veritable\n81st (Welsh) Field Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 107], "content_span": [108, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Home defence\n38th (Welsh) Division underwent training through the winter of 1939\u201340 in South-East Wales as part of Western Command. Training was hindered by the lack of equipment. After the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk, the divisions at home under training only had about six First World War-era guns apiece. On 15 July the division joined III Corps, part of the Mobile Force stationed in Wales and NW England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 101], "content_span": [102, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Home defence\nFrom April 1941 the division was in Southern England as IV Corps' Reserve, stationed behind 47th (London) and 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division along the Sussex Coast. 38th Division's Commander, Royal Artillery (CRA), Brigadier H.J. Parham, developed techniques for concentrating large numbers of guns onto a single target in a very short time, and demonstrated them on the artillery ranges at Larkhill on Salisbury Plain. When the three-battery establishment was introduced in 1941, 132nd Fd Rgt formed 496 Fd Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 101], "content_span": [102, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Home defence\n132nd Field Rgt left 38th Division on 15 July 1942, when it joined 78th Division. This was a new formation being assembled from disparate units for First Army in preparation for the Allied invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 101], "content_span": [102, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Torch\n11 Infantry Brigade Group from 78th Division, including 132nd Fd Rgt, landed in the first wave of Operation Torch. Forward Observation Officers from the artillery accompanied the two assault battalions as they landed on 'Apples Green' and 'Apples White' beaches near Algiers. After landing and consolidating the beachhead, they were to capture Blida Airfield and secure the roads around Birtouta. The landings began exactly on time at 01.00 on 8 November 1942, met no opposition from the Vichy French, and the whole brigade group was ashore before 12.00. It was in position around Birtouta by nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Torch\n11 Brigade Group began the march towards Tunis (500 miles (800\u00a0km) distant) on 15 November as the first support troops began unloading at Algiers docks and the air forces began operating the airfields. The group's attack on Medjez el Bab on 25 November failed, but other forces bypassed it and the brigade occupied it the next day and pushed on for Tebourba, only about 20 miles (32\u00a0km) from Tunis. Early on 27 November, 1st Battalion East Surrey Regiment was widely extended in front of Tebourba when it was attacked by the hastily-formed German Kampfgruppe L\u00fcder. The Surreys suffered heavy casualties and 322 Bty supporting them lost all eight of its guns. The division was involved in bitter defence for the Tebourba Gap against German attacks on 1\u20133 December, and another bitter battle round Longstop Hill on 22\u201324 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Torch\nThe renewed Allied offensive in Tunisia began on 8 April 1943 with operations to open the Oued Zarga\u2013Medjez road. For 78th Divisions' attack on Chaouach and Toukabeur the divisional artillery was joined by all the heavy artillery and the foothills were captured without much difficulty; both villages had been taken and an advance of 10 miles (16\u00a0km) made by the end of the following day. On 14 April the division attacked the hills overlooking Longstop Hill, in four days of hard fighting, but could not hold the final hill, Tanngoucha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Operation Torch\nOn 23 April it attacked Longstop and Tanngoucha again (the Second Battle of Longstop Hill), despite an army-wide shortage of 25-pounder ammunition. This time the positions were taken and held after several days of fighting. 78th Division was then positioned for a direct drive on Tunis (Operation Vulcan). This was launched by IX Corps, supported by all the guns of V Corps including 78th Division. The operation was launched on the evening of 5 May and extended the following day. The weight of artillery fire was immense, with all the guns averaging 368 rounds per gun in the first 24 hours, and the infantry made steady progress. Tunis fell on 7 May and all remaining Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered by 13 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Sicily\n78th Division had been selected for the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) as early as January 1943, and after the end of the Tunisian campaign went into training at Hammamet. It was assigned to Eighth Army as a reserve formation for the operation, which began with assault landings on 10 July. 78th Division embarked on 23 July and landed on the beaches near Cassibile between 25 and 28 July. It began moving into its concentration area south of Monte Scalpello on 26 July and completed its concentration on 30 July, just in time to participate in the Battle of Centuripe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Sicily\nLarge amounts of 25-pounder ammunition had been gathered for this operation. 78th Division's task was first to relieve 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade across the Dittaino river at Catenanuova and expand the bridgehead, then to capture the hill town of Centuripe. The division began the movement promptly, and began the attack on Centuripe a day early.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Sicily\nThe divisional artillery deployed wherever it could find positions along the road; as the Official Historian commented: 'In Sicily there grew up the art, further developed in Italy of placing field and medium guns in positions which would have been seen in earlier days, as freakish'. The initial advance across 'immensely difficult terrain' was accomplished, but then there was bitter fighting for the town itself. On the afternoon of 2 August the division's reserve, 38 (Irish) Bde was sent in, supported by 132nd Fd Rgt and the rest of the divisional and corps artillery. The town was cleared by first light the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Sicily\n78th Division was then sent round the west side of Mount Etna. 38 (Irish) Brigade crossed the Salso on 4 August and the Simeto on 5 August, with strong artillery support. German resistance then stiffened, and 78th Division had to put in a full-scale attack at Bronte and Maletto before capturing the key point of Randazzo on 13 August. By now the Germans were  evacuating Sicily, and the division was ordered to stand fast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 95], "content_span": [96, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Italy\nThe Allies landed on mainland Italy in early September 1943. 78th Division began to arrive on 22 September, and immediately began advancing towards Foggia and its important complex of airfields. Next, it was sent to cross the Biferno and capture Termoli, with two brigades sent round the coast by landing craft and one wading across the river on 3 October. Unfortunately, heavy rain the next day made the river impassable, just when a counter-attack by Panzers was developing. The situation was dangerous on 5 October until Royal Engineers completed a bridge for tanks and guns to get across in support, after which the advance was resumed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Italy\nAt the end of October 78th Division was ordered to capture Vasto and the high ground beyond, but rain and mud bedevilled preparations. The division seized Vineyard Hill on 3 November and the enemy began to withdraw that night. By 9 November the division had reached the Sangro, which formed part of the Germans' Bernhardt Line. Patrols could cross the river, but a fullscale operation was needed to establish a bridgehead. Despite the weather the Royal Engineers repaired roads and built bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0040-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Italy\nWhen the weather abated the 6th Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers of 38 Bde broke out of the bridgehead and captured Santa Maria on 29 November, supported by all the divisional artillery and a number of other regiments. Next day the brigade swept down the Li Colli ridge to Fossacesia, and took Rocca on 1 December. In the first three days of the Battle of the Sangro, the field regiments fired over 600 rounds per gun. Afterwards the division was sent to rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Italy\nProgress in the Italian campaign bogged down during the winter of 1943\u20134. The Allies' spring campaign in 1944 began with a renewed attempt to take Monte Cassino, and 78th Division had been moved across Italy to be in XIII Corps' reserve for this. All the field guns in the corps were involved in the preliminary bombardment and then the Creeping barrage laid on for the attacking divisions on 11/12 May. 78th Division was committed to the battle on 15 May in the Liri Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Italy\nAt first light on 19 May, 36 Bde was launched at Aquino, supported by all three regiments of field artillery and masked by mist. But when the mist cleared it became obvious that the German positions (part of the Hitler Line) were very strong and the attack had to be called off. However, the weight of artillery overwhelmed the German guns and by 25 May the leading troops of  the division reached Roccasecca railway station. The Germans began to withdraw that night, and XIII Corps began a slow pursuit along Highway 6 against rearguards. 78th Division reached Alatri on 2 June and then went into reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Italy\n78th Division returned to the line for the Battle of Lake Trasimene, working its way up the west bank of the Tiber against strong opposition, 10-24 June, securing Pescia and its river but suffering heavy casualties. The exhausted division was then sent to the Middle East for rest and refit, embarking for Egypt on 23 July. Casualties in Eighth Army meant that the division had to return to the Italian front in the autumn, landing on 15 September. The division began assembling around Fano and then moved into the Santerno Valley, on appalling roads that even defeated the 'Quad'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Italy\nThe division held Monte Cappello and Monte Battaglia, but advancing was difficult, and the capture of Monte La Pieve and Monte Spadura took from 13 to 24 October at heavy cost. Fighting on the Italian Front largely shut down for winter, but not before more abortive attacks by 78th Division in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Italy\n78th Division returned to V Corps for the Allied Spring 1945 offensive in Italy (Operation Grapeshot). Once the Senio was crossed, 78th Division was to push through towards the Bastia Bridge on the Reno and on to Argenta. The operation was launched on 9 April behind massed artillery and went according to plan, with 78th Division clearing Cotignola and then moving into the lead. On 13 April 38 Brigade provided the break-out force of battalion groups with field artillery regiments in support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 132nd (Welsh) Field Regiment, Italy\nOnce the Reno had been bridged, 38 Bde fought its way through and broke out once more, heading for the critical 'Argenta Gap'. By now 25-pounder ammunition  was running short, but on 18 April 38 Bde cut in behind Argenta and 78th Division was leap-frogging its brigades up the Via Adriatica. Then it headed for the River Po, arriving on 22 April. After more stiff fighting, the division  crossed in pursuit of the disintegrating German forces. Fighting on the Italian Front ended on 2 May after the Surrender of Caserta, and 78th Division entered Austria as part of the occupation force on 8 May 1945, advancing towards Villach and Klagenfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 94], "content_span": [95, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947 the regiment reformed at Port Talbot as 281st (Welsh) Field Regiment in 53rd (Welsh) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\n281st (Welsh) Rgt still had a Glamorgan Yeomanry battery, and on 30 September 1953 the regiment was redesignated 281st (Glamorgan Yeomanry) Field Regiment, effectively ending the Glamorgan Artillery Volunteers lineage. On 31 October 1956 the regiment absorbed the Glamorgan batteries of 408 (Glamorgan and Pembroke) Coast Rgt and 887 Locating Battery, which had been formed in Cardiff in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nThis was followed on 1 May 1961 by amalgamation with 282nd (Welsh) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Rgt and 283rd (Monmouthshire) Field Rgt to form:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nFinally, when the TA was reduced into the TAVR in 1967, the combined regiment became 211 (South Wales) Battery, Royal Artillery at Newport in 104 Light Air Defence Regiment, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1986, 211 Bty provided a cadre for a new 217 (County of Gwent) Bty at Cwmbran, but this was reabsorbed by 211 Bty in 1992, when the battery was reduced to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\n211 (South Wales) Bty continues in 104th Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers) in the Army Reserve today, currently as a close support unit equipped with the L118 light gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159035-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms & insignia\nBetween 1920 and about 1938 the officers and men of  324 (Glamorgan Yeomanry) Bty continued to wear the Glamorgan Yeomanry's Welsh Dragon cap badge. As collar badges, the officers wore gilt Welsh leeks on their blue patrol jackets and bronze Prince of Wales's feathers, coronet and motto in service dress, while the other ranks wore Welsh dragon badges. During and after the Second World War, the whole of 81st and 281st Field Rgts wore RA badges, but after 1967 their successors in the Glamorgan Yeomanry Troop of 211th (South Wales) Bty in 104th Light Air Defence Rgt were allowed the dragon collar badge in No 1 uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159036-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Globes de Cristal Awards\nThe 1st Globes de Cristal Award ceremony honoured the best French movies, actors, actresses, plays, concerts, novels, singers, TV series, exhibitions and fashion designers of 2005 and took place on 13 March 2006 at the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. The ceremony was chaired and hosted by Patrick Poivre d'Arvor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159037-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Gnezdilovo\n1st Gnezdilovo (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u0413\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e) is a rural locality (a selo) in Soldatsky Selsoviet of Fatezhsky District, Russia. The population was 49 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159037-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Gnezdilovo, Geography\n1st Gnezdilovo is located 36 km southwest of Fatezh (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159038-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Globe Awards\nThe 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, were held late on January 20, 1944 at the 20th Century Fox studios in Los Angeles, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159038-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Globe Awards, Winners, Best Actor in a Leading Role\nPaul Lukas - Watch on the Rhine as Kurt Muller", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159038-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Globe Awards, Winners, Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture\nAkim Tamiroff - For Whom the Bell Tolls as Pablo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 103], "content_span": [104, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159038-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Globe Awards, Winners, Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture\nKatina Paxinou - For Whom the Bell Tolls as Pilar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 105], "content_span": [106, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159038-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Globe Awards, Winners, Best Director-Motion Picture\nAkim Tamiroff, Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159038-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Globe Awards, Comparison with the Academy Awards\nThe 16th Academy Awards, presented six weeks later, on March 2, 1944, featured among its nominations the same six, three of which were also winners \u2014 Best Actor: Paul Lukas, Best Actress: Jennifer Jones and Best Supporting Actress: Katina Paxinou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159039-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Horse Awards\nThe 1st Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: \u7b2c1\u5c46\u91d1\u99ac\u734e) took place on 31 October 1962 at Kuo Kuang Cinema in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159040-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Laurel Awards\nThe 1st PGA Golden Laurel Awards, honoring the best film producers of 1989, were held at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Los Angeles, California on March 28, 1990. The awards were presented by Ronald Reagan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159041-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Melody Awards\nThe 1st Golden Melody Awards ceremony (Chinese: \u7b2c\u4e00\u5c46\u91d1\u66f2\u734e) was held at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei on 6 January 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159042-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Raspberry Awards\nThe 1st Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 31, 1981, at John Wilson's living room alcove to recognize the worst the film industry had to offer in 1980. Each category included as many as ten nominees; the maximum was lowered to five the following year to mirror the Oscars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159043-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Rooster Awards\nThe 1st Golden Rooster Award honoring the best in mainland film of 1981. Award ceremony held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, May 22, 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159044-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Satellite Awards\nThe 1st Golden Satellite Awards, given by the International Press Academy, were awarded on January 15, 1997. The ceremony was hosted by Stacy Keach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159044-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Satellite Awards, Special achievement awards\nMary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) \u2013 Rod Steiger", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159044-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Actor \u2013 Drama\nGeoffrey Rush \u2013 Shine (TIE)  James Woods \u2013 Killer: A Journal of Murder (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 84], "content_span": [85, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159044-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Satellite Awards, Motion picture winners and nominees, Best Screenplay \u2013 Original\nLone Star \u2013 John Sayles (TIE)   The People vs. Larry Flynt \u2013 Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski (TIE)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards\nThe 1st Golden Trailer Awards (GTAs) were held on 21 September 1999 in New York City, to honor the best in film promotion that 1999 had to offer, including film trailers, posters and TV advertisements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, Background\nThe Golden Trailers were created by siblings Evelyn Brady-Watters and Monica Brady, in order to properly represent the hard working people who work in film marketing, who are not honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Oscars).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Action Trailer - The Matrix\u00b7 Star Wars: Episode I \u2013 The Phantom Menace\u00b7 Blade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nMost Original Trailer - Run Lola Run\u00b7 The Blair Witch Project\u00b7 The Minus Man\u00b7 The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Edit - The Matrix\u00b7 Blade\u00b7 Bringing Out The Dead", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Trailer in Show - The Matrix\u00b7 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me\u00b7 Bringing Out The Dead", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Trailer of the Decade - Se7en\u00b7 Pulp Fiction\u00b7 Dumb and Dumber\u00b7 Face/Off\u00b7 Fargo (1996 film)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Comedy Trailer - Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (Trailer #1)\u00b7 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (Trailer #2)\u00b7 Analyze This", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Art and Commerce - The Matrix\u00b7 Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl\u00b7 Buffalo '66", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Music - Out of Sight\u00b7 Run Lola Run\u00b7 Swing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Drama Trailer - Good Will Hunting\u00b7 Tea with Mussolini\u00b7 Jakob the Liar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nTrashiest Trailer - Cruel Intentions\u00b7 Cousin Bette\u00b7 Detroit Rock City", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Foreign Trailer - Three Seasons\u00b7 Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl\u00b7 Lucie Aubrac", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Horror/Thriller Trailer - The Blair Witch Project\u00b7 A Perfect Murder\u00b7 I Still Know What You Did Last Summer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Voiceover - The Blair Witch Project\u00b7 The Beach\u00b7 Bringing Out The Dead", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nThe Dark and Stormy Night Award - 8mm\u00b7 Snow Falling on Cedars\u00b7 The Mask of Zorro", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Trailer with No Budget - Return of the Masterminds\u00b7 Get Real (film)\u00b7 Apocalypse II: Revelation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Animation/Family Trailer - A Bug's Life\u00b7 Mr. Magoo\u00b7 Inspector Gadget", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Documentary Trailer - Return with Honor\u00b7 Unmade Beds\u00b7 Buena Vista Social Club", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159045-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Golden Trailer Awards, List of winners and nominees\nBest Romance Trailer - Great Expectations\u00b7 Prague Duet\u00b7 Ever After (film)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159046-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Goodsal\n1st Goodsal is the first, and to date only, studio album by Japanese idol group Ongaku Gatas. It was released by Zetima Records on February 6, 2008. The album peaked at #24 on the Oricon weekly charts, charting for two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159046-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Goodsal, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Tsunku except track 7, written by Makoto of Sharam Q, and track 8, written by Yoshiko Miura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)\n1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), often referred to as the 1st Gorkha Rifles, or 1 GR in abbreviation, is the seniormost Gorkha infantry regiment of the Indian Army. It was originally formed as part of the East India Company's Bengal Army in 1815, later adopting the title of the 1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), however, in 1947, following the partition of India, it was transferred to the Indian Army and in 1950 when India became a Republic, it was redesignated as 1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)\nThe regiment has a long history and has participated in many conflicts, including many of the colonial conflicts prior to Indian independence, as well as the First and Second World Wars. Since 1947 the regiment has also participated in a number of campaigns against Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 as well as undertaking peacekeeping duties as part of the United Nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Formation\nThe Gurkha War was fought between the Gorkha kings of Nepal and the British East India Company as a result of border tensions and ambitious expansionism especially into Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra hills. Although the British East India Company's army defeated the Gorkha army led by General Amar Singh Thapa, they were nevertheless impressed by the skill and courage the Gorkhas had shown during the siege of Malaun fort in Bilaspur. As a result, during the post war settlement a clause was inserted into the Treaty of Sugauli enabling the British to recruit Gorkhas. On 24 April 1815 at Subathu, the East India Company formed a regiment with the survivors of Thapa's army calling it the First Nusseree Battalion. The formation of this unit marks the beginning of the history of the first Gorkha regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Early campaigns\nThe Regiment soon saw its first battle when, in 1826, it took part in the Jat War where it helped in the conquest of Bharatpur, gaining it as a battle honour, the first battle honour awarded to the Gurkha units. In 1846 the First Anglo-Sikh War began and the Regiment was heavily involved in the conflict. It was awarded two battle honours for its involvement in the war; at the Battle of Aliwal which saw the Sikh forces, who had invaded British India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Early campaigns\nThe Regiment experienced numerous names changes during the 1800s; one name change in 1850 saw it gain a new numerical designation to become the 66th Goorkha Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry after the original 66th had mutinied. The Regiment saw service during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 which began in 1857. The following year Lieutenant John Adam Tytler became the first Gurkha officer to be awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), receiving it for his actions against rebels at Choorpoorah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Early campaigns\nIn 1861 the Regiment gained its present numerical designation when it became the 1st Goorkha Regiment. In 1875, the Regiment, under the command of Colonel James Sebastian Rawlins, was sent abroad for the first time, when it took part in the effort to quell a rebellion in Malaya during the Perak War. During the conflict Captain George Nicolas Channer was awarded the Victoria Cross for his valiant actions against the Malayans. The Regiment took part in the Second Afghan War in 1878 where they were part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade and won the Theatre Honour \"Afghanistan 1878\u201380\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Early campaigns\nIn 1886 the Regiment became the 1st Goorkha Light Infantry and a 2nd Battalion was raised in February. In 1891 the Regiment was designated a Rifle regiment when it became the 1st Gurkha (Rifle) Regiment and in consequence of this the Regiment's Colours were laid up. The Regiment then took part in operations in Burma and the North-West Frontier campaigns in the 1890s; at Waziristan in 1894 and the Tirah campaign in 1897.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Early campaigns\nIn 1901 the Regiment's title was shortened when it became the 1st Gurkha Rifles and in 1903 its title was changed once more, this time to the 1st Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment). This title had been adopted to commemorate due to the significance of Malaun to the Regiment; it was where the British had decisively beaten the Gurkhas in 1815 during the Anglo\u2013Gurka War and subsequently recruited them into the Nusseree battalions. The Regiment was located near Dharamsala when the 1905 Kangra earthquake struck on 4 April, killing 20,000 people. The 1st Gurkhas themselves suffered over 60 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Early campaigns\nIn 1906 its title was changed to the 1st Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment) in honour of George, Prince of Wales (later King George V) who also became Colonel-in-Chief of the Regiment that year. In 1910 King George V ascended to the throne and in consequence the title of the regiment was changed to the 1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), thus maintaining the Regiment's links with King George.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, First World War\nIn August 1914 the First World War began. In December, the 1st Battalion was deployed to the Western Front in France as part of the Sirhind Indian Infantry Brigade, attached to 3rd (Lahore) Division. The 1st Battalion's first taste of trench warfare came when they were involved in the defence of Givenchy shortly after. After braving a winter in the trenches, on 10 March 1915 the 1st Battalion took part in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle which lasted until 13 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, First World War\nIn April the Battalion took part in the Second Battle of Ypres, fighting in the subsidiary Battle of St. Julien which began on 24 April and concluded on 4 May. Later that month the Battalion took part in the Battle of Festubert and in September the Battle of Loos began, the last major engagement on the Western Front that the 1st Battalion took part in, before being withdrawn from the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, First World War\nThe Western Front was a completely different location to what the Regiment had been used to in the sub-continent and they, as indeed did the other Indian Army troops, suffered badly during the winter months. As a result, in December 1915 it was decided that the infantry units of the Indian Corps would be withdrawn from France and sent to other theatres. As a result, the 1st Battalion, along with the rest of the 3rd Division, was sent to Mesopotamia to take part in the campaign against the Ottomans which had begun in 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, First World War\nThe Sirhind Brigade was given a numerical designation, the 8th Brigade. In 1916 the 1st Gurkhas took part in a number of attempts, including the attack on Dujaila Redoubt in March, to relieve Kut-al-Amara, which had been besieged by the Ottomans since 7 December 1915. Those attempts, however, failed and Kut remained under siege until it surrendered to the Ottomans on 29 April 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, First World War\nFollowing this the Regiment took part in the Allied offensive against the Ottomans later that year; this included the effort to recapture Kut, begun in December, which was recaptured in February 1917 and the capital Baghdad which was taken the following month. The 1st Battalion was later moved to Palestine in early 1918. It was involved in the effective Allied offensive against the Ottomans in September, the Battle of Megiddo, and also saw action at the Sharon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, First World War\nElsewhere, the 2nd Battalion saw service in the North-West Frontier of India, gaining the Battle Honour \"North-West Frontier 1915\u201317\" in the process. In 1917 a 3rd Battalion was raised for home service in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, First World War\nDuring the period that they had served on the Western Front in France the men of the 1st Gurkhas had found the conditions quite different from those that they were used to, however, they acquitted themselves commendably, performing with distinction in the many battles they took part in, proving the capability of the Gurkhas once more. The war formally ended on 11 November 1918 with the signing of the Armistice. The Regiment won 11 Battle Honours and 4 Theatre Honours during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Inter war years\nIn 1919 the 1st and 2nd Battalions saw service during the brief Third Afghan War for which they gained the Theatre Honour \"Afghanistan 1919\". In 1921 the 3rd Battalion was disbanded. After this the Regiment participated in a number of campaigns on the North-West Frontier, serving mainly in Waziristan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Inter war years\nIn 1937 the Regiment's name was altered slightly when it became the 1st King George V's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment); the only change being the addition of a V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Second World War\nIn September 1939 the Second World War commenced between the UK and its allies against Germany. In December 1941 the Japanese entered the war when it launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and launched a number of swift invasions of British and other countries territories. During the course of the war the Regiment raised a further three battalions, the 3rd in 1940, the 4th in 1941 and the 5th in 1942; the Regiment saw much service in the war but most notably in Malaya and Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Second World War\nThe Regiment saw ferocious fighting during the Japanese invasion of Malaya; the 2nd Battalion, part of the 28th Brigade, saw heavy fighting at Jitra where it was forced to hastily retreat after taking part in the initial resistance on the Asun and being isolated and confronted by overwhelming Japanese forces which included tanks. The 2nd Battalion was in action a few weeks later at Kampar where they successfully held off superior forces. Within a few days they were again in action but were out-numbered and sustained heavy casualties during the engagement at the Slim River Bridge on 7 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Second World War\nThe Allies had withdrawn from Malaya, to Singapore, by January 1942. The Japanese subsequently launched an invasion of Singapore and bitter fighting ensued; Singapore, which had once been perceived as impregnable, fell on 15 February 1942 with 130,000 British, Australian and Empire troops, including men of the 2nd Battalion, taken prisoner by the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Second World War\nIn Burma, a similar situation occurred, the Allies\u2014having come under intense attacks from the Japanese who had begun their offensive in December\u2014had to commence a retreat to India from February 1942 which was completed in May. Later, the battalions of the Regiment saw heavy fighting again in 1944 in the Arakan campaign and during the Japanese offensive against north-east India where two important battles, Kohima and Imphal, took place from March to June 1944. Imphal was besieged by the Japanese until the Allies achieved a decisive victory at Kohima in June and the Japanese fled back into Burma. The Regiment subsequently took part in the successful Allied offensive into Burma and on 3 May 1945 the Burmese capital Rangoon was liberated by British forces. There were still Japanese forces present in Burma but the fight against the Japanese was now ostensibly a mopping up operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Second World War\nThe war concluded with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945 on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay; the Allies had prevailed after nearly six years of fighting. In French Indochina that same day the Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh, declared their independence from France as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Shortly afterwards the British began to send units of the 20th Indian Infantry Division, which the 1st and 3rd Battalions were part of, to occupy the south of the country while the Nationalist Chinese occupied the north; the deployment was completed by October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Second World War\nThe force was intended to disarm the Japanese forces and help in their repatriation back to Japan. The force, however, soon became embroiled in the fight against the Viet Minh and was soon helping in the restoration of French-control over the country. The British were, due to a lack of sufficient manpower, ironically forced to have the Japanese forces working alongside their own in Indochina in order to maintain peace and stability. The operations against the Viet Minh gradually became more intense and after substantial French reinforcements arrived the British and Indian forces departed by May 1946, and the First Indochina War would begin shortly afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Second World War\nOn October 25, the only known evidence of direct Soviet involvement in the area (during the 1945\u20131946 war) came about, when a Japanese patrol captured a Russian adviser near Th\u1ee7 D\u1ea7u M\u1ed9t. He was handed over to Lieutenant-Colonel Cyril Jarvis, commander of the 1/1 Gurkha Rifles. Jarvis tried several attempts at interrogation, but it was fruitless, so the intruder was handed over to the S\u00fbret\u00e9, the French criminal investigation department (equivalent to the CID). From there he disappeared from the annals of history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Second World War\nFrom September 1945 the 7th Indian Infantry Division, which the 4th Battalion was part of, was deployed to Siam (now Thailand) as part of an occupation force sent there to disarm the large Japanese forces present. The Battalion subsequently moved to Malaya in 1946 and then onto India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Second World War\nIn 1946, the 2nd Battalion, having been captured in Malaya in 1942, was reconstituted from personnel taken from the 3rd Battalion, which subsequently was demobilised along with the 4th and 5th Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Post Independence\nIn 1947 an agreement, known as the Tripartite Agreement between India, Nepal and the United Kingdom was negotiated in order to determine what would happen to the Gurkhas upon the formalisation of India's Independence. As a result of this agreement it was decided that of the pre-war Gurkha regiments, four would be transferred to the British Army, while six\u2014one of which was the 1st Gurkhas\u2014would become part of the newly independent Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Post Independence\nDespite India achieving its independence, the Regiment retained its full designation until 1950 when it became the 1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), also adopting the Indian spelling of Gurkha, following India's transition to a republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Post Independence\nOver time the wartime battalions that had been disbanded in 1946 were re-raised, so that by 1965 the Regiment consisted of five battalions once more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Post Independence\nIn 1961 Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria received the posthumous Param Vir Chakra (PVC), India's highest military honour, for his actions in the Congo when the 3rd Battalion, of which he was part, was on United Nations service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159047-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment), History, Post Independence, 6th Battalion\nOn 1 April 2015, a new battalion with about 700 soldiers was raised as 6th Battalion, 1st Gorkha Rifles (6/1GR); it was the first time in 50 years that a new Gorkha battalion had been formed. The new battalion, christened \"Kanchi Paltan\", was raised at Sabathu in the Shivalik foothills near Shimla, which is the location of the 14 Gorkha Training Centre. It is the first Gorkha battalion comprising only locally domiciled Gurkhas. The ratio between Nepali Gurkhas and Indian-resident Gurkhas in the army's seven Gurkha regiments had typically been around 70:30. The announcement about the raising of this battalion was made by Lt Gen Ravi Thodge, then Master General of Ordnance and Colonel of the Regiment in October 2015 during the grand celebrations of Reunion-cum-Bicentenary of the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159048-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Government of Laos\nThe First Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic was established on 2 December 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159049-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Government of Slovenia\n1st Government of Slovenia was elected on 16 May 1990 and was in office until 14 May 1992, when 2nd Government (1st of Janez Drnov\u0161ek) was elected. Prime Minister was Lojze Peterle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159049-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Government of Slovenia\nGovernment was formed by the coalition Democratic Opposition of Slovenia (Demos), which composed of five parties: Slovene Christian Democrats (SKD), Slovenian Social Democratic Union (SDZS), Slovenian Democratic Union (SDZ), Farmers' Alliance (SLS) and Greens of Slovenia (ZS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159050-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Goya Awards\nThe 1st Goya Awards were presented at the Teatro Lope de Vega, Madrid on 17 March 1987, and was presented by Fernando Rey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159051-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Grade of High School in Iran\nThis article would be best as a section of the appropriate global article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159051-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Grade of High School in Iran\nIf you can address this concern by improving, copyediting, sourcing, renaming, or merging the page, please  and do so. You may remove this message if you improve the article or otherwise object to deletion for any reason. Although not required, you are encouraged to explain why you object to the deletion, either in your edit summary or on the talk page. If this template is removed, do not replace it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159051-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Grade of High School in Iran\nThe article may be deleted if this message remains in place for seven days, i.e., after 13:57, 14 July 2019 (UTC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159051-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Grade of High School in Iran\nWARNING:  Draft:1st Grade of High School in Iran is 4,635 bytes. If it is not a redirect with only 1 edit in its edit history, this may be a \"copy and paste\" move. To avoid losing the edit history, administrators should consider merging the history of the AfC draft into this article. Non -administrators should consider placing {{Histmerge|Draft:1st Grade of High School in Iran}} at the top of this article before removing this AFC submission template.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159051-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Grade of High School in Iran\nThe first year of high school in Iran is not an easy education year to pass as previous periods, Because its the beginning of high school, A course that may really would be full of knowledge and selecting field of study Then study for university entrance examination which called Konkur and afterall entering university.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159051-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Grade of High School in Iran, Period of dropouts\nIt's clear that most of the students do not like this period of education & Most of the school dropouts happen at this level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159051-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Grade of High School in Iran, Class Plan\nA normal & routine class plan in Iran's high schools:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159052-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Grand National Assembly\nThe 1st Grand National Assembly (VNS) was the former legislature of Bulgaria. The assembly was located at Tarnovo. It ran from 17 April to 26 June 1879.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159052-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Grand National Assembly\nThis legislature is a continuation of the Constituent National Assembly. There are 229 MPs. It is also known that the assembly elected the first monarch in Bulgaria, Alexander of Battenberg, which later became Alexander I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159052-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Grand National Assembly\nThe ceremony was attended by 231 MPs. The chairman of the assembly was Anthim I as chairman, Todor Ikonomov as deputy chairman, and Georgi Tishev as secretary. The power of MPs was limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159053-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Grande Pr\u00eamio Cinema Brasil\nThe 1st Grande Pr\u00eamio Cinema Brasil ceremony, presented by the Ministry of Culture of Brazil, honored the best audiovisual productions of 1999. It took place on February 12, 2000, at the Pal\u00e1cio Quitandinha in the city of Petr\u00f3polis, Rio de Janeiro. During the ceremony, the Ministry of Culture presented the Grande Pr\u00eamio Cinema Brasil in 17 categories. The ceremony, televised by TV Cultura and Televis\u00e3o Educativa, was directed by Jos\u00e9 Possi Neto and hosted by actress Regina Cas\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159053-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Grande Pr\u00eamio Cinema Brasil\nThe film O Primeiro Dia (Midnight) was nominated for nine awards (the most of any film), followed by Orfeu with seven nominations. O Primeiro Dia and Orfeu tied for the most awards won, with three each. Other film winners included N\u00f3s que Aqui Estamos por V\u00f3s Esperamos with two awards, and Por Tr\u00e1s do Pano, Outras Est\u00f3rias and Dois C\u00f3rregos with one each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159053-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Grande Pr\u00eamio Cinema Brasil, Background\nAfter a decree during the administration of President Fernando Collor de Mello abolished government support of cinema production, almost no films were domestically produced in the early 1990s. In 1991, only one percent of films on screen in Brazil were produced in the country, and in 1992 only two Brazilian films were released. In 1993 (after Collor's impeachment), the government enacted a tax incentive for film production, and the \"Retomada\" (lit. \"Resumption\"), a film renaissance, began. As of 1998, five percent of films in cinemas were Brazilian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159053-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Grande Pr\u00eamio Cinema Brasil, Background\nThe Ministry of Culture of Brazil established the national film awards in November 1999 to recognize works and individuals in the audiovisual area; 16 categories and a special award were created. With the awards, the Ministry of Culture aimed to foster the retomada by increasing domestic audiences; their goal was for 20% of films in Brazil to be produced domestically as of 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159053-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Grande Pr\u00eamio Cinema Brasil, Ceremony\nThe ceremony was held on February 12, 2000, beginning at 9:27\u00a0p.m. BRT. It took place at the Pal\u00e1cio Quitandinha, a former luxury resort hotel in Petr\u00f3polis, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Televised by TV Cultura and Televis\u00e3o Educativa, the ceremony was directed by Jos\u00e9 Possi Neto and hosted by actress Regina Cas\u00e9. The ceremony started with a montage of important scenes of Brazilian production over the years. The presentation of awards followed, interspersed with live musical performances by the Best Score nominees and homages to actresses Fernanda Montenegro, Vera Fischer, and Zez\u00e9 Motta and filmmakers Anselmo Duarte and Joaquim Pedro de Andrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159053-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Grande Pr\u00eamio Cinema Brasil, Winners and nominees\nOn December 8, 1999, the nominees for six categories of the 1st Grande Pr\u00eamio Cinema Brasil were announced at Bras\u00edlia. These categories were Best Film, Best Foreign Language Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress and Best Television Series. The nominees for the other 11 categories were announced on January 20, 2000. The films receiving the most nominations were O Primeiro Dia with nine and Orfeu with seven. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 12, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)\nThe 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) was an infantry regiment of the British Army that existed from 1958 to 1966. The regiment served in the Cyprus Emergency, Brunei Revolt, Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation and West Berlin. The regiment formed part of the Green Jackets Brigade and in 1963 was redesignated as a rifle regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History\nThe regiment was formed following Duncan Sandys' 1957 Defence White Paper when the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry became the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) on 7 November 1958. The 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) formed part of the Green Jackets Brigade which included the 2nd Green Jackets, Kings Royal Rifle Corps and the 3rd Green Jackets, Rifle Brigade. The regiment wore the Brigade's Cap badge: an Infantry bugle in the centre over a Maltese cross, a crown at the top above a scroll reading Peninsula and the badge was surrounded by a wreath. 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History\nGreen Jackets (43rd and 52nd) wore black buttons on their uniform and kept the gorget button on officers and Warrant officers uniforms. The 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) retained the Battle honours of the 1st Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, 43rd and 52nd. The regiment's depot was at Peninsula Barracks, Winchester, Hampshire. Bushfield Camp, near Winchester, was used as a temporary depot from 1961 to April 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Cyprus\nThe 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Martin, took part in operations against EOKA terrorists during the Cyprus Emergency. The regiment was based at Buckingham Camp at Polemidhia, near Limassol and was deployed mainly in the Limassol area. Major Peter Gerahty was second-in-command of the regiment in Cyprus. Captain, later General Sir Robert Pascoe also served with the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) during the Cyprus Emergency. Following a farewell parade the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) returned to the UK on HMT Dunera in May 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, United Kingdom\nThe regiment was based at Knook Camp, near Warminster, in 1959. The regiment, led by Lieutenant Colonel Michael Harbottle, was an infantry demonstration battalion from 1959 to 1962. Brigadier, later General Sir Antony Read had a key role in the planning stages for the new regiment and in its move to the Green Jackets Brigade. Major, later Colonel John Tillett was second-in-command of the regiment at Warminster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, United Kingdom\nIn accordance with the tradition of rifle regiments not carrying colours; in 1962 in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) marched the 43rd and 52nd colours for the last time. On that occasion the regiment provided a Guard of Honour for Queen Elizabeth II which was commanded by Captain Edward Jones. Major Dennis Fox was involved in the production of the 1962 film The Longest Day and members of the regiment took part as extras in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Far East\nIn April 1962, the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) sailed from Southampton to Penang on the troopship SS Nevasa. The regiment was the first unit to be posted to the Far East without any National Servicemen, following the end of conscription in 1961. Following deployment to the Far East the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) took part in Jungle warfare training and small exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Far East\nOn 9 December 1962, the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) led by Lieutenant Colonel Tod Sweeney was deployed to Brunei on the island of Borneo after an Indonesian-backed uprising occurred. Major David Wood was second-in-command of the regiment during the Brunei Revolt. Major David Mostyn, Captain Robin Evelegh and Lieutenant Robin Letts who later served with 22 SAS, was awarded the Military Cross: Borneo 1965 and later transferred to the Australian Army, joined the Australian SAS and served in the Vietnam War, also took part in operations against the North Kalimantan National Army (TNKU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Far East\nLieutenant Colonel Tod Sweeney tasked Captain John Stevenson the battalion's transport officer and NCOs with collecting troops from Jalan Gajah and other parts of the island; many troops were out of the barracks as it was a Sunday. The regiment moved from Penang on 9 December 1962 by 19.00hrs within 6 hours notice. First driving through the night to Kuala Lumpur which they reached early the following day; the regiment then continued to Singapore and arrived there by nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Far East\nThe regiment had been informed that they were moving to Singapore to relieve the 1st Battalion, Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons). Following the 640-mile Journey 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) were then told by the Military Police to drive straight to the docks where they boarded the cruiser HMS Tiger and received orders for the regiment's deployment. The mobilisation of the regiment, move to Singapore and embarkation on HMS Tiger were all completed within 34 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Far East\nThe ship sailed for Borneo on 11 December at 22.45hrs; sailing across the South China sea in heavy rain. The ship had 619 troops on board however was designed for a maximum capacity of 400. The regiment took part in an opposed landing at Miri, Sarawak, south of the border with Brunei, at dawn on 12 December 1962 and also in the capture of Bekenu, 30 miles south of Miri, which commenced on 13 December 09.45hrs. 1st Green Jackets were also deployed to capture Niah, in Sarawak, approximately 40 miles south-west of Miri and towards the South China sea coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Far East\nHMS Tiger continued to Labuan where the remainder of 1st Green Jackets and vehicles disembarked. Following the capture of Bekenu and Niah, HMS Albion's helicopters were used to transport troops into positions to prevent rebels using escape routes along rivers into the hinterland. 1st Green Jackets were flown to Seria and took part in operations between Seria and Tutong. The regiment returned to Minden Barracks, Penang, in April 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Far East\nThe regiment was redesignated as a rifle regiment in June 1963 to conform to the rest of the Green Jackets Brigade. On 24 June 1963, at Cathay cinema, Penang, members of the regiment were invited to a free showing of the film The Longest Day (1962): which included the coup de main operation by D Company, 2nd Ox and Bucks (the 52nd), to capture Pegasus Bridge and Horsa Bridge in the opening minutes of D-Day, 6 June 1944, before the main Normandy landings began. The 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) second operational tour in the Far East was from August 1963 to mid December 1963 and troops having sailed on HMS\u00a0Albion were deployed via Labuan to Brunei and Sarawak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Far East\nIn January 1964, the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) became the spearhead battalion to support the Borneo Territories and Lieutenant Colonel David House took over command of the regiment. In May 1964, the regiment was deployed for its final operational tour in the Borneo territories and was based mainly in the Kuching District of Sarawak. The regiment worked closely with the RAF who used Whirlwind and Belvedere helicopters and was deployed over 40 miles along the border with Indonesia and the regiment defended against many enemy attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, Far East\nIn July 1964, the Colonel Commandant, General Sir Gerald Lathbury visited the regiment at Semengo Camp, Kuching and at the regiment's forward operating bases. The regiment returned to Penang at the end of October 1964. The 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) was the only British Army unit to complete three operational tours in the area and was deployed throughout the North Borneo and Sarawak territories. In December 1964 the regiment left Penang for the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, West Berlin\nThe regiment deployed to West Berlin in March 1965 during the Cold War with the Soviet Union. The regiment was stationed at Montgomery barracks in the district of Kladow; the Berlin Wall bordered the perimeter of the barracks. On 27 May 1965, during the first visit made by a British Monarch to Germany since 1913 Queen Elizabeth II inspected the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), as part of the Berlin Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, West Berlin\nIn West Berlin, the regiment's tasks included taking its turn in guard duties at Spandau Prison; where leading Nazi war criminals were imprisoned following the Nuremberg Trials. 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) officers took their turn in commanding \" The Berliner:\" a British military train which went daily from West Berlin to Braunschweig and back crossing into West Berlin at Wannsee and the Journey terminated at Charlottenburg railway station. The rail Journey from West Berlin along the corridor through East Germany to West Germany and back made from 1945 to 1991 was part of the agreement on Allied rights in Germany following the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, West Berlin\nIn September 1965, Lieutenant Colonel, later Brigadier Oliver Pratt, who had been commissioned into the Rifle Brigade at the end of the Second World War took over command of the regiment. Following his commission into the Rifle Brigade he later transferred to the Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry. He had been second-in-command of the 2nd Green Jackets, Kings Royal Rifle Corps prior to taking over command of the regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Oliver Pratt was to be the last Commanding Officer of the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) and the first Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion The Royal Green Jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, West Berlin\nOn 1 January 1966, whilst in West Berlin, the regiment amalgamated with the two other regiments of the Green Jackets Brigade to form the three battalion Royal Green Jackets, the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) becoming the 1st Battalion The Royal Green Jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), History, West Berlin\nOn 25 July 1992 the battalion was disbanded at Osnabr\u00fcck. The 2nd Battalion, Royal Green Jackets based at Omagh was renamed the 1st Battalion and the 3rd Battalion based at Dover was renamed the 2nd Battalion. On 1 February 2007, the 1st Battalion The Royal Green Jackets became the 2nd Battalion, The Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159054-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held by the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum which is based at Peninsula Barracks in Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159055-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Grenadier Division (Poland)\nThe 1st Grenadier Division (French: 1\u00e8re Division des Grenadiers; Polish: 1. Dywizja Grenadier\u00f3w) was a Polish infantry formation raised in France during the Phoney War. The division was created as a part of the Polish Army in France following the Invasion of Poland. The division fought in the Battle of France in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159055-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Grenadier Division (Poland), Formation\nDue to the Franco-Polish alliance, the formation of a Polish division in France began in early September 1939, shortly after the Invasion of Poland. The French government gave over a military camp at Co\u00ebtquidan to the Polish military mission and permitted voluntary recruitment from the Poles in France, which were particularly numerous in the coal-producing regions of Flanders. After the fall of Poland and the formation of the Polish government-in-exile, the newly appointed Polish commander-in-chief W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sikorski ordered the formation of the 1st Grenadier Division on 13 November 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159055-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Grenadier Division (Poland), Formation\nInitially commanded by Colonel Stanis\u0142aw Maczek, the division was taken over by Colonel Boles\u0142aw Bronis\u0142aw Duch in January 1940. It was organized according to the French model and was equipped with French weapons and uniforms. Altogether, the formation numbered eventually about 13,000 enlisted soldiers, 2,600 NCOs and 580 officers of all grades, when it was sworn in by Gen. Sikorski on May 25, 1940, shortly before arriving at the front in Lorraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159055-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Grenadier Division (Poland), Battle of France\nAt the end of April 1940, the division was moved to Colombey-les-Belles in Lorraine where it received its long-awaited heavy equipment and final training. On May 18, the formation was moved to the Sarre area and was part of the French 4th Army, 20th Army Corps. 1st Regiment under Colonel Lowczowski was assigned to defend the Maginot Line near Wittlesburg. Initially divided between the two units of the Corps, the French 52nd Infantry Division and the Fortified Sector of the Sarre, the division operated in a supporting role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159055-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Grenadier Division (Poland), Battle of France, June 1940\nThe division first saw combat on 14 June 1940, when attacked by German forces. The following day the division was centred and successfully defended its positions. However, during the night the 52nd Division broke down and withdrew soon after it was attacked to Dieuze. Fearing his corps being cut in two, the formation commander ordered the Poles to withdraw to the second line of defences. It withdrew to the area of Dieuze, where it covered the retreat of the French division throughout June 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159055-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Grenadier Division (Poland), Battle of France, June 1940\nThe following night it successfully disengaged itself and withdrew to the Marne\u2013Rhine Canal defensive line, where it covered the area around Lagarde. As a result of the two-day-long Battle of Lagarde, the division was heavily damaged but managed to hold its positions. However, the 52nd Division had been destroyed by the Wehrmacht and the corps' remainder was disbanded by its commanding officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159055-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Grenadier Division (Poland), Battle of France, June 1940\nThe 20th Army Corps' remnants, then composed mostly of the Polish division and a small detachment of the Fortified Sector of the Sarre, withdrew to the forests around Baccarat. There it formed a perimeter defence in and around the town of Meriller. Not attacked directly, the 20th Army Corps was surrounded by the enemy on June 19. The Poles broke through to Neureville but were unable to continue their assault. On June 21, after receiving information of Franco-German capitulation talks, Gen. Bronis\u0142aw Duch disbanded the unit and ordered his men to either flee to neutral Switzerland or to join the Polish forces in the United Kingdom. Many chose the latter option, including the general himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159055-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Grenadier Division (Poland), Battle of France, June 1940\nAltogether, the division lost approximately 5,200 men during the Battle of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159056-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Grenadier Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Grenadier Division was a grenadier unit in the Imperial Russian Army. It was headquartered at Moscow and participated in the Baranovichi Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159057-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Grey Cup\nThe 1st Grey Cup game was played on December 4, 1909, between the Intercollegiate Rugby Football Union champion University of Toronto Varsity Blues and the Ontario Rugby Football Union champion Toronto Parkdale Canoe Club. The University of Toronto won the game, 26\u20136. While the Canadian Dominion Football Championship had been contested since 1884, this was the first such game that was awarded a trophy. This was the University of Toronto's third Dominion Championship and their fifth appearance in the national championship game. This was Toronto Parkdale's first appearance in a Dominion Championship game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159057-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Grey Cup, Game summary\nU. of Toronto Varsity Blues (26) - TDs, Hugh Gall, Murray Thomson, Smirle Lawson; cons., Bill Ritchie; singles, Gall (8), Lawson (2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159057-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Grey Cup, Game summary\nToronto Parkdale Canoe Club (6) - TD, Tom Meighan; single, Percy Killaly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159058-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guam Legislature\nThe 1st Guam Legislature was a meeting of the Guam Legislature. It convened in Hagatna, Guam on January 5, 1951 and ended on January 3, 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159058-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guam Legislature\nThe 1st Guam Legislature was elected in the 1950 Guamanian legislative election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159059-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Airborne Division\nThe 1st Guards Zvenigorod\u2013Bucharest Red Banner Order of Suvorov Airborne Division (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0417\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was a division of the Soviet Airborne Troops. The division was first formed in December 1942 and fought in the Battle of the Dnieper, the Battle of the Korsun\u2013Cherkassy Pocket, the Uman\u2013Boto\u0219ani offensive, the second Jassy\u2013Kishinev offensive, the Battle of Debrecen, the siege of Budapest and the Prague offensive. In August 1945 it was sent east and fought in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The division became the 124th Guards Rifle Division in November 1945 and disbanded in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159059-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Airborne Division, History\nThe division was formed in accordance with an order from 8 December 1942 from the 4th Airborne Corps headquarters and the 1st Airborne Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159059-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Airborne Division, History\nThe division became part of the Special Group commanded by Mikhail Khozin. In mid-February 1943, it was concentrated south of Zaluceni. Its objective was to advance into a breach in the German lines in the 1st Shock Army offensive zone. In March, the division fought in the Staraya Russa operation, but was unable to capture the town. In August, it made another attempt and cut the Staraya Russa-Kholm road on 18 August. It then advanced to the Porus River at the villages of Chirikov and Kotov. The division entrenched in positions there. After the end of the fighting, it was sent to the rear to rest and refit; in September, it was transferred to the Steppe Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159059-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Airborne Division, History\nIt fought in the capture of Left-bank Ukraine in the area east of  Kremenchug. On 9 October, it crossed the Dnieper near Moldavan Island and the villages of Soloshino and Perevolochna. October 9, 1943, crossed the Dnieper near the island of Moldovans, Soloshino, Perevolochna, advancing in the second echelon of the 37th Army. From October to December, the division advanced towards Krivoy Rog and Kirovograd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159059-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Airborne Division, History\nIn January and February 1944, the division fought in the Korsun\u2013Shevchenkovsky offensive and took part in the encirclement of German troops around Zvenigorod. The division was awarded the honorific \"Zvenigorod\" for its actions during the fighting on 13 February. Between March and April, it fought in the Uman\u2013Boto\u0219ani offensive. During the offensive, the division reached the Dniester and Dub\u0103sari. During the summer it fought in the second Jassy\u2013Kishinev offensive. During the offensive, it advanced in the second echelon of 53rd Army towards Foc\u0219ani. On 31 August, it entered Bucharest. At the end of September, the division reached the Hungarian border northwest of Arad. On 6 October, it launched an offensive from there during the Battle of Debrecen and reached the Tisza. The division crossed the Tisza in November during the Budapest offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159059-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Airborne Division, History\nBy February 1945, the division was positioned on the Hron. It fought in the Bratislava\u2013Brno offensive in April and the Prague offensive in May. During June and July, the division was transferred to Choibalsan in Mongolia, along with the 53rd Army. It became part of the 18th Guards Rifle Corps. In August 1945, it fought in the Khingan\u2013Mukden offensive operation, part of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. At the end of the war, it was in Tongliao, where the division conducted its first airborne operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159059-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Airborne Division, History\nOn 5 December 1945 the division became the 124th Guards Rifle Division, still with the 18th Guards Rifle Corps in the East Siberian Military District. The division relocated to Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast in the spring of 1946. It became the 20th Separate Guards Rifle Brigade there and was directly subordinated to the district as a result of postwar troop reductions. In October 1953 it was upgraded to a division again. The East Siberian Military District became the 31st Rifle Corps of the Transbaikal Military District around this time. The division thus became part of the 31st Rifle Corps. On 4 April 1956, the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division\nThe 1st Guards Anti- Aircraft Artillery Division PVO (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0412\u041e) was an anti-aircraft artillery division of the Soviet Union's Air Defense Forces (PVO) during World War II and the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division\nIt traced its origins back to an artillery battery of the Russian Civil War that was expanded into a battalion and a regiment between the wars. At the end of the 1930s it was relocated to Moscow as the 193rd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment, and provided air defense for the city during World War II. It was converted into the 72nd Guards Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment in November 1942, and expanded into the 1st Guards Anti- Aircraft Artillery Division in June 1943. The division covered a sector of the air defense of the city until its disbandment in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division, Before 1941\nThe division traced its history back to the formation of the 2nd Anti - Aircraft Railway Battery of the Steel Putilov Battalion in November 1917 at the Putilov Factory, shortly after the October Revolution. The unit was formed in order to provide air defense against the aviation of anti-Bolshevik forces, and included workers from the Putilov Factory. The battery saw action in the suppression of Pyotr Krasnov's attempt to restore the Russian Provisional Government, and on 13 March 1918 claimed two German Albatros fighters downed near Pskov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division, Before 1941\nFrom November it fought against the North Russia Intervention in the Russian Civil War as part of the 6th Army, claiming eight aircraft downed. For its \"courage and valor\" in battles at Plesetsk station in October and November 1919, the battery was awarded the Honorary Revolutionary Red Banner on 7 February 1920. It subsequently fought against the Armed Forces of South Russia on the Rostov-Kislovodsk and Makhachkala railway lines, then advanced south to participate in the Red Army invasion of Georgia. From 1922, the unit provided air defense for the Baku oil fields on the Caspian coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division, Before 1941\nIn 1927, the battery was reorganized as the 90th Separate Anti- Aircraft Artillery Battalion, becoming the 3rd Baku Regiment PVO on 5 December 1928 and the 60th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment PVO in 1930. In 1938, the regiment was relocated to Moscow to strengthen its air defenses after being redesignated as the 193rd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment, receiving new 85 mm and 37 mm anti-aircraft guns, along with PUAZO-3 fire control devices and DCh optical rangefinders. In March 1939, Major Mikhail Kiknadze took command of the 193rd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment, part of the Soviet air defense forces defending Moscow, the 1st Air Defense Corps. It was responsible for the southwestern sector: the Tushino Airfield, Minsk highway, and Moscow Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division, World War II\nAfter Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941, the regiment became part of the Moscow Air Defense Front. On the night of 21 July, it was involved in the repulse of a German air raid, claiming two planes downed out of 22 shot down that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division, World War II\nOn 21 October, two batteries from the 193rd were among the six anti-aircraft batteries with 211 guns sent to the front to serve in an anti-tank role during the Battle of Moscow; they were credited with destroying 21 tanks, three mortar batteries, two armored vehicles, and seven bunkers, as well as killing more than 200 German soldiers. It defended against German air raids on Moscow, and was credited with downing 38 aircraft by 29 December. The 193rd helped repulse small groups of German aircraft attempting to raid Moscow in bad weather on 6 January 1942. For \"successful fulfillment of command tasks, organization, and discipline of personnel\", the 193rd was converted into the 72nd Guards Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiment on 7 November, the first Guards unit in the Air Defense Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division, World War II\nOn 3 June 1943, the regiment was expanded into the 1st Guards Anti- Aircraft Artillery Division of the Special Moscow Air Defense Army, under Colonel Kiknadze's command. It included the 236th, 237th, 240th, 242nd, and 244th Guards Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiments, the 1st Guards Searchlight Regiment, and the 32nd Guards Separate Anti- Aircraft Artillery Battalion with light guns. The division's regiments were expanded from the 193rd's battalions. For the rest of the war, the 1st Guards provided defense against German air raids for the western sector of the Moscow Air Defense Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division, World War II\nAfter the front moved farther away from Moscow, the division saw progressively less combat. Kiknadze was promoted to Major General on 18 November 1944. In 1945, the division participated in the May Day parade on Red Square. On 24 June, Kiknadze led a contingent of eight batteries with 32 85mm guns and 34 vehicles from the division in the Moscow Victory Parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division, Postwar\nAfter the end of the war, Kiknadze continued to command the division until January 1951, when he was promoted to become deputy commander of the Moscow Air Defense Region's anti-aircraft artillery. The division became part of the Moscow Air Defense Area in 1948 when the Air Defense Forces in the Moscow area were reorganized, transferring to the Moscow Air Defense District in a 1954 reorganization. Major General Vasily Gladkov commanded the division between May 1953 and January 1957. By 1955, the division included three regiments: the 47th, 236th, and 240th Guards Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiments. Its command post was located in the Maryino-Znamenskoye area. In mid-1960, the division was disbanded, after gradually being replaced by the 1st Special Purpose Air Defense Army as surface-to-air missiles replaced anti-aircraft guns. The 1st Guards were the last of the Moscow area anti-aircraft artillery divisions to disband.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 985]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159060-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division, Postwar\nThe lineage of the division's 236th Regiment is continued by the 42nd Guards Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment, and that of the 240th Regiment by the 79th Guards Anti- Aircraft Rocket Brigade, disbanded in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Guards Army was a Soviet Guards field army that fought on the Eastern Front during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), First Formation\nOn August 6, 1942, the army formed from the 2nd Reserve Army with five Guards Rifle Divisions,  the 37th, 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st. On August 9, the army was incorporated into Southeastern Front. On August 18, it was transferred to the Stalingrad Front (renamed Don Front on September 30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), First Formation\nDuring the German Sixth Army's assault on Stalingrad in August 1942, the Red Army launched a counter-offensive to drive the German forces back. The 1st Guards Army and the 24th Army launched the attack. Little success was met. The 1st Guards Army managed an advance of just a few miles, while the 24th Army was pushed back right into its start-line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), First Formation\nOn October 16, 1942, the headquarters of the army transferred into Stavka reserve and its troops transferred to the 24th Army. On 25 October 1942 the army was disbanded, its headquarters was converted to the field management of the 2nd formation of Southwestern Front according to the Stavka directive of 22 October 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nOn November 5, 1942, 1st Guards Army was reformed from 63rd Army according to the Stavka directive of November 1. The army was a part of Southwestern Front. When the German troops were making their attack on Stalingrad, the First Guards Army was facing the Italian Eighth Army in the upper part of the Don River. The Army participated in Stalingrad strategic offensive Operation Uranus. As the right flank of the front shock group, 1st Guards Army with 5th Tank Army created the appearance of the Stalingrad encirclement \"boiler\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nOn December 5, 1942, 1st Guards Army is split, its left wing being renamed 3rd Guards Army of the Southwestern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nThe 1st Guards Army was created on December 8, 1942, according to the Stavka directive of December 5, 1942. The troops of the army was formed from the part of the operational group of Southwestern Front, and the headquarters of the army formed of management of 4th Army Reserve. It is composed of units of the right wing of the previous version of the 1st guard army and some reinforcement units\u00a0: the 4th Guards Rifle Corps, the 6th Guards Rifle Corps, the 153rd Rifle Division, and the 18th Tank Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nAfter the German relief operation was held, the 1st Guards Army, along with the 6th Army and 3rd Guards Army, launched an attack in Operation Little Saturn. During the operation the Soviets defeated the Italian Eighth Army and gained a respectable amount of territory. By the end of the year, the 1st Guards Army was outside Millerovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nThe 1st Guards Army also took part in Operation Saturn, where the Red Army successfully drove back Army Group South to the Donets Basin in the Ukraine. The 1st Guards Army was part of the Soviet Southwestern Front, and took part in the victorious Soviet pushing into Germany in 1943 to 1945. Also, in 1943, the 1st Guards Army was the first unit of the soviet army to operate the new T-34/85 tank. Among its units when the war ended in 1945 was the 81st Rifle Division. In August, the 1st Guards Army became the headquarters of the Kiev Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), After World War II\nIn July 1958, the 1st Separate Combined Arms Army (the Special Mechanized Army until 1957) was moved from its headquarters in Budapest to Chernigov and renamed the 1st Combined Arms Army. The 1st Combined Arms Army was subordinated to the Kiev Military District and in 1960 consisted of the 72nd, 81st and 115th Guards Motor Rifle Divisions, as well as the 35th Guards Tank Division. On 5 October 1967, it was renamed the 1st Guards Combined Arms Army at the request of now-Minister of Defense Grechko, who had commanded the army's third formation during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), After World War II\nOn 22 February 1968, it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. For a period the army HQ was actually an operations group of the District. By this time it had been awarded the Order of Lenin. It included among its forces the 72nd Guards Motor Rifle Division, and the 25th Guards Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), After World War II\nAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union the Army became the 1st Army Corps of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, and then Territorial Directorate \"North\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159061-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), After World War II, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 1st Guards Combined Arms Army and the previous 1st Combined Arms Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159062-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Assault Aviation Corps\nThe 1st Guards Kirovograd-Berlin Red Banner Order of Suvorov and Kutzov Assault Aviation Corps (1st Gv shak) was a military formation of the Red Air Force during the Second World War, and of the Soviet Air Force until 1949. It was then renamed the 60th Guards Assault Aviation Corps, and was active until its disbandment in 1956. Its primary aircraft was the Ilyushin Il-2 'Sturmovik'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159062-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Assault Aviation Corps, Formation\nThe 1st Assault Aviation Corps was formed by an NKO Order dated September 10, 1942, from the 2nd Fighter Aviation Army. Part of the order establishing the corps said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159062-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Assault Aviation Corps, Formation\n4. 1st and 2nd Fighter and the 1st Bomber Air Army - disband. Personnel and equipment used to staff the [new] air corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159062-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Assault Aviation Corps, World War II\nIn the Battle of Kursk (Operation Citadel), General Vasily Ryazanov became a master in the use of attack aircraft en masse, developing and improving the tactics of Il-2 operations in co-ordination with infantry, artillery and armored troops. Il-2s at Kursk used the \"circle of death\" tactic: up to eight Sturmoviks formed a defensive circle, each plane protecting the one ahead with its forward machine guns, while individual Il-2s took turns leaving the circle, attacking a target, and rejoining the circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159062-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Assault Aviation Corps, World War II\nRyazanov was later awarded the Gold Star of Hero of Soviet Union twice, and the 1st Assault Aircraft Corps under his command became the first unit to be awarded the honorific title of Guards. In 1943, one loss corresponded to 26 Sturmovik sorties. About half of those lost were shot down by fighters, the rest falling to anti-aircraft fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159062-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Assault Aviation Corps, Part of the 'Operational Army'\nThe 1st Assault Aviation Corps was part of the 'operational army' (in combat) from October 17, 1942 to February 5, 1944, a period of 477 days. The corps was still part of the 'operational army' after its elevation to Guards status and remained in combat until 11 May 1945. The corps thus spent 937 days in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division\nThe 1st Guards Glukhov Order of Lenin, Red Banner, Orders of Suvorov, Kutuzov, and Bogdan Khmelnitsky Breakthrough Artillery Division was the formal name of the 1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430), a division of the Red Army (the Soviet Army from 1946) that existed during World War II and the early period of the Cold War. The division was formed under the reorganisation of the Soviet artillery forces in 1943, becoming an active heavy artillery formation during the Second World War. However, following cuts to the army in the later 50s, the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, History\nThe division was formed as the 1st Artillery Division of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RGK) in October 1942 with the Southwestern Front, under the command of Colonel Vikenty Mazur. It was composed of the 274th, 275th, and 331st Howitzer, the 1162nd and 1166th Gun, and the 468th, 501st, and 1189th Tank Destroyer Artillery Regiments. In addition to its regiments, the division included the organic 816th Separate Reconnaissance Artillery Battalion and the 45th Separate Corrective Aviation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, History\nIt was sent into combat on 9 November 1942 in the area of Kletskaya  and Serafimovich, supporting the 21st Army of the Southwestern Front in the final stage of the Soviet defensive phase of the Battle of Stalingrad. From the second half of November to January 1943, the units of the 1st Artillery, operationally subordinated to the 24th and 65th Armies of the Don Front, provided artillery support in the encirclement and defeat of the German troops in the Stalingrad area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, History\nAfter the Battle of Stalingrad, the 1st Artillery was transferred to the Central Front during February, where it was subordinated to the 65th Army and later the 70th Army. The division was reorganized on 20 February 1943, with its regiments combined into three brigades \u2013 one howitzer, one gun, and one tank destroyer. In recognition of its \"courage and heroism\", the division was converted into the 1st Guards Artillery Division RGK on 1 March; Mazur received a simultaneous promotion to major general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, History\nThe 1st Guards Artillery Division included the 1st Guards Gun, 2nd Guards Howitzer, and 1st Guards Light Artillery Brigades, which in turn included the 201st and 205th Guards Gun, 169th and 203rd Guards Howitzer, and 167th, 200th, and 206th Guards Light Artillery Regiments. In May 1943 Mazur was promoted to artillery corps command and replaced by Colonel Grigory Godin, who would be promoted to major general on 7 August. During the defensive phase of the Battle of Kursk, the division supported the 13th and 70th Armies with massed artillery fire, helping to repulse German tank and infantry attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, History\nIt received the Glukhov honorific title on 31 August. In October the division was assigned to the First Ukrainian Front. In July of 1944 the division was assigned to the 7th Artillery Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, History\nFrom 16 April to 20 May 1944 3rd Guards Light Artillery Brigade commander Colonel Viktor Zhagala temporarily commanded the division after Arkady Volchek was wounded. 76th Rifle Corps Artillery commander Colonel Viktor Khusid (promoted to major general on 18 November 1944) was appointed to lead the division on 21 May, while it was part of the 1st Ukrainian Front. The division then fought in the Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive. The division was redesignated as the 1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division in November 1944, reflecting its role of providing artillery concentrations for offensives. In 1945 the division fought in the Sandomierz\u2013Silesian Offensive, the Lower Silesian Offensive, the Berlin Offensive, and the Prague Offensive, and in fighting for the cities of Szyd\u0142\u00f3w, Kielce, Steinau, L\u00fcben, Sprottau, Cottbus, and Dresden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, History\nPostwar, the division became part of the Central Group of Forces and in April 1947 was withdrawn to the Carpathian Military District. In August of that year, Khusid was transferred to the artillery reserve. Until its disbandment in 1960, the division was stationed in Nestorov in the Carpathian Military District. Its lineage is inherited by the 39th Guards Rocket Division of the 33rd Guards Rocket Army, part of the Russian Strategic Missile Troops. The 39th Guards Rocket Division was established on 18 July 1960 in Pashino (Gvardeyskiy), Novosibirsk Oblast, as the 212th Guards Svir Orders of Kutuzov and Bogdan Khmelnitsky Rocket Brigade, from the 21st Heavy Howitzer Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, Commanders\nThe following officers are known to have commanded the division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159063-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Breakthrough Artillery Division, Organization in 1943\nStructure of the division when it was formed from the 1st Artillery Division in 1943:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 64], "content_span": [65, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia)\nCroatia's First Mechanized Guard Brigade (Croatian: Prva mehanizirana gardijska brigada) - named \"The Tigers\" (Croatian: Tigrovi) - was the most elite and best equipped military brigade of the Croatian Army. Its military base and headquarters was in the Croatian capital of Zagreb, origin of most of the brigade's personnel. In 2008, as part of a larger military restructuring, the brigade-sized unit was disbanded and reformed as a battalion of the Motorized Guard Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Formation\nIt was initially formed on November 5, 1990, at the military base in Rakitje. It was formed from volunteers and elements of the Croatian Police (which was to form the basis for the new Croatian army). Initially, lack of equipment forced the unit to be a wholly Infantry brigade, but this was soon corrected and the unit became a Motorized Infantry brigade by September 1991, when major military operations in the war begun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Formation\nIt was the part of the Croatian National Guard, the predecessor of the Croatian Army, and was initially referred to as the 1st \"A\" Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, Vukovar\nWhen the war begun, the 1st Brigade was directed to eastern Slavonia, an area of Croatia which was under heaviest attack. The battle of Vukovar, pivotal battle of the first phase of the war, was where elements of brigade first saw combat service. As the city was under heavy attack by a large number of tank and mechanized units of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), it was soon surrounded and besieged. Small elements of the 1st Guard Brigade remained inside the city, but the majority of the brigade was outside and continued to hold the front against overwhelming enemy strength. The city would eventually fall, but some of the entrapped defenders managed a breakout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, Vukovar\nAs the Battle of the Barracks came to an end in late September, and Croats captured number of heavy equipment from JNA barracks, the 1st Guard Brigade was equipped with tanks  (gaining the first 12 tanks in September after the fall of the Vara\u017edin barracks) and armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and the first tank battalion was formed. By the end of 1992, the Brigade was redesignated 1st Mechanized Guard Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, 1992-1994\nIn mid-1992, the brigade was directed to end the blockade of the besieged city of Dubrovnik. The result was that the furthest south region of Croatia completely liberated by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, 1992-1994\nElements of the brigade were involved in Operation Maslenica during 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, 1992-1994\nDuring 1994, Croatian army was mostly inactive and the period was spent in training and refitting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, Final operations\nStatus and equipment of the brigade meant that it was always used in the worst fighting. Once the Croatian Army went from defensive to offensive strategy in 1993, the army doctrine was based on a variation of blitzkrieg strategy in which weaker units would hold lines and Guard brigades - like the Tigers - would be used as line breakers to penetrate defenses, then isolate and destroy enemy formations. This tactics was used with great success during 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, Final operations\nIn May 1995, during Operation Flash, 1st Guard brigade led one of two main attacks that fragmented and destroyed Serb forces in Western Slavonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, Final operations\nThe brigade participated in Operation Summer 1995 in Bosnia and was instrumental in capturing mountainous terrain east of rebel Republic of Serbian Krajina which was to be pivotal for the following operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, Final operations\nFor Operation Storm, the brigade was deployed along the west sector (north of Gospi\u0107) and was the main strike element responsible with reaching the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina on that line. The brigade captured Plitvice (where the first casualties of the war fell in 1991's Plitvice Lakes incident) and reached the border, linking up with the elements of the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ABiH) - one of the aims of the operation was the deblocking of the Biha\u0107 pocket where ABiH's Fifth Corps was besieged. Upon reaching the border, the brigade - with ABiH forces - advanced north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, Final operations\nAfter Storm, Croatian and Bosnian forces were on a general counteroffensive and the 1st Brigade was one of the units send to Bosnia for the purpose, where it successfully participated in liberating western Bosnia, occupied by rebel Serb forces since 1992. The combination of successful counteroffensive and NATO bombardment (Operation Deliberate Force) forced rebel Serbs to agree to peace negotiations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Military service, Final operations\nDuring the entire war, 364 members of the brigade were killed on duty, 1711 were wounded, and 8 are still missing in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Post-war\nFollowing the Dayton Agreement, Croatia scaled down its military forces to reflect the end of the war. Despite this, and due to the brigades elite status and treatment, it retained the status of one of the most effective elements of the Croatian armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Post-war\nIt was the first Croatian brigade to be reorganized and adopted to NATO standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), Engagement in Afghanistan\nElements of the brigade were sent to Afghanistan following the 2001 war in Afghanistan as part of NATO's efforts there. The Croatian units in Afghanistan included mainly Military Police units (elements of 1st and 2nd Guard Brigades) as part of the mission to train Afghanistan's new armed forces. Some parts of the Croatian military mission there may be dispatched to more dangerous areas of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159064-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (Croatia), 2007 Armed forces reform\nDuring the reform of Croatian Armed Forces in 2007-2008, the brigade was reorganized to battalion level and incorporated in new Motorized Guard Brigade as 1st Mechanized Battalion Tigers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159065-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Guards Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army, formed in the First World War. It was formed in August 1915 by the redesignation of the 4th (Guards) Brigade on its transfer from the 2nd Division to the Guards Division. It served with the Guards Division on the Western Front for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159065-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (United Kingdom), History, 4th (Guards) Brigade\nThe 4th Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army with a history that stretched back to the Napoleonic Wars. At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the 4th Brigade was a regular army formation stationed in London District and assigned to the 2nd Division. It was designated as 4th (Guards) Brigade as it commanded four battalions of Foot Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159065-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (United Kingdom), History, 4th (Guards) Brigade\nThe brigade was among the first British formations to be sent overseas as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), crossing to France between 11 and 16 August 1914. It served on the Western Front in 1914 and 1915 taking part in the Battle of Mons (23 and 24 August 1914), the First Battle of the Marne (6\u00a0\u2013 9 September), the First Battle of the Aisne (13\u00a0\u2013 20 September), the First Battle of Ypres (19 October\u00a0\u2013 30 November), and the Battle of Festubert (15\u00a0\u2013 20 May 1915).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159065-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Formation\nOn 19 August 1915, the brigade was transferred complete to the newly formed Guards Division and redesignated as 1st Guards Brigade the next day. It remained with the division for the rest of the war, serving exclusively on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159065-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (United Kingdom), History, War service\nIn September 1915, the brigade took part in the Battle of Loos (26 September\u00a0\u2013 8 October) and Hohenzollern Redoubt (18\u00a0\u2013 19 October). In 1916, it fought in the later stages of the Battle of the Somme, in particular the Battle of Flers\u2013Courcelette (15\u00a0\u2013 16 and 20\u00a0\u2013 22 September), the Battle of Morval (25\u00a0\u2013 28 September), and the Capture of Lesboeufs (25 September). In 1917, it saw action in the Battle of Passchendaele including the Battle of Pilckem Ridge (31 July\u00a0\u2013 2 August), the Battle of Poelcappelle (9 October), and the First Battle of Passchendaele (12 October). It then took part in the Battle of Cambrai (24 November\u00a0\u2013 3 December).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159065-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (United Kingdom), History, War service\nIn February 1918, British divisions on the Western Front were reduced from a 12-battalion to a 9-battalion basis (brigades from four to three battalions). As a result, the 4th Guards Brigade was formed on 8 February 1918 by taking a battalion from each of the brigades of the Guards Division and the 1st Guards Brigade lost the 3rd Battalion, Coldstream Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159065-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (United Kingdom), History, War service\n1918 saw the return of the war of movement. It had to withstand the German Army's Spring Offensive in the First Battles of the Somme (1\u00a0\u2013 25 March) then switched over to counter-attack in the Second Battles of the Somme (21\u00a0\u2013 23 August), the Second Battle of Arras (26 August\u00a0\u2013 3 September), the Battles of the Hindenburg Line (12 September\u00a0\u2013 12 October), and in the Final Advance in Picardy including the battles of the Selle and of the Sambre. Its final action was the Capture of Maubeuge on 9 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159065-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Post-war\nAfter the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the brigade was at Assevent, north-east of Maubeuge, and on 17 November it regained 3rd Battalion, Coldstream Guards from the disbanding 4th Guards Brigade. The next day it began the march on Germany and crossed the frontier on 11 December. By 19 December it had reached the Cologne area. Battalions started returning to England on 20 February 1919 and the last units had completed the move by 29 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159066-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Guards Cavalry Division was a Guards heavy cavalry division of the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159066-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Cavalry Division (Russian Empire), Organization\nEach regiment comprised four squadrons (or, in Cossack regiments, four sotnyas, or \"hundreds\"); the colonels of the Guard regiments usually were Major-Generals in rank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division\nThe 1st Guards Stalingrad Bomber Aviation Division (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was an Aviation Division of the Soviet Air Force. It was formed as the 226th Assault Aviation Division in May 1942 and became the 1st Guards Stalingrad Assault Aviation Division for its performance in the Battle of Stalingrad. The division fought in the Melitopol Offensive, Crimean Offensive, East Prussian Offensive and the Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division\nBy the end of the war, the division had been awarded the Order of the Red Banner twice, the Order of Lenin and the Orders of Kutuzov and Suvorov 2nd class. Postwar, the division relocated to Belarus. In April 1956, it became a bomber division but was converted to a fighter-bomber unit in 1957. In 1989, it became an bomber unit again and moved to Krasnodar in 1993. At Krasnodar it became an assault unit. The division moved to Yeysk in 2002 and disbanded in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division, History\nThe 1st Guards Bomber Aviation Division was initially formed as the 226th Assault Aviation Division as part of the 8th Air Army in May 1942. The 8th Air Army was supporting the Southwestern Front  as it fought the German advance during Operation Blau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division, History\nOn 18 March 1943 the division was renamed the 1st Guards Assault Aviation Division. By this time the 8th Air Army was part of Southern Front and included the 2nd Mixed Aviation Corps (201st Fighter Aviation Division, 214th Assault Aviation Division), 10th Mixed Aviation Corps (206th, 287th Fighter Aviation Divisions, 289th Assault Aviation Division), 270th Bomber Aviation Division (270 \u0431\u0430\u0434), 2nd Guards Night Bomber Aviation Division, 6th Guards Fighter Aviation Division, 8th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, 406th Light Bomber Aviation Regiment, and the 678th Transport Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division, History\nThe division headquarters were moved from Ketrzyn to Lida, Grodno Region, in the Belorussian SSR, in July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division, History\nThe 76th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment was disbanded in April 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division, History\nIn 1957, it was renamed 1st Guards Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division (1st IBAD, from 11 November 1976 1st ADIB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division, History\nThe division was renamed the 1st Guards Bomber Aviation Division in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division, History\nThe Divisional headquarters was moved to Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai, in 1993, and the division became part of the 4th Army of Air Forces and Air Defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159067-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Composite Aviation Division, History\nIn 2013 the division was reformed with a bomber aviation unit at Morozovsk, assault aviation unit at Primorsk/Budenovsk, a fighter aviation regiment at Krymsk, which now appears to have become the 3rd Guards Composite Aviation Regiment, with the addition of the helicopters of the former 55th Independent Helicopter Regiment, a transport unit at Rostov, and the 11th Composite Aviation Regiment, a reconnaissance/bomber aviation unit at Marinovka. It now forms part of the reformed 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159068-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Guards Corps (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u0413\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was a corps-level command in the Russian Imperial Army that existed in the decades leading up to and during World War I. Stationed in St Petersburg, it included some of the oldest and best known regiments of the Emperor of All Russia's Imperial Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159068-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Corps (Russian Empire), History\nThe corps was established on 20 August 1874 as the \"Guard Corps\" and was renamed to the 1st Guard Corps in November 1915. The corps was dissolved in 1918, though some of its members went on to join the Volunteer Army of the White movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159069-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe Imperial Japanese Army's 1st Guards Division (\u8fd1\u885b\u7b2c1\u5e2b\u56e3, Konoe Dai-ichi Shidan) was formed from the Guards Mixed Brigade in June 1943 and a new Guards Regiment, the 6th, was added, with the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment, 1st Guards Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Guards Engineer Regiment and 1st Guards Transport Regiment, and other support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159069-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nBased in Tokyo, Japan until the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159070-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Infantry Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 1st Guards Infantry Brigade was a military unit of the Imperial Guard, and later the Imperial Guards Division. In 1939 it was succeeded by the Guards Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159070-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Infantry Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army), Military Action, Russo-Japanese war\nThe 1st Guards Brigade was a part of the 1st Guards Division during the Russo-Japanese war. The brigade was commanded by Asada Nobuoki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 89], "content_span": [90, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159071-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 1st Guards Infantry Division (German: 1. Garde-Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Prussian (and later) Imperial German Army and was stationed in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159071-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Infantry Division (German Empire), Lineage\nThe division was created on September 5, 1818. In the reorganization, the guards brigades, which previously had been assigned to various corps and batteries of the Prussian Guards, were grouped into a single formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159071-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Infantry Division (German Empire), Imperial German Army before 1918\nBy 1914 the division was subordinate to the Guards Corps of the Imperial German Army. At the outbreak of the First World War it was commanded by Gen-Lt. Oskar von Hutier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159072-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Guards Infantry Division (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army which was part of the Imperial Guard. It was headquartered in Saint Petersburg and was part of the Guards Corps. It took part in fighting against Napoleonic invasion of Russia in 1811 shortly after its formation. It was expanded in July 1914 upon the mobilization of the Russian Imperial Army, and took part in fighting on the Eastern Front of World War I. The division was demobilized in 1918 after the Russian Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159072-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Infantry Division (Russian Empire), History\nThe unit was initially formed on 15 June 1807 as the 1st Infantry Division. It was renamed \"Guards\" Infantry Division on 11 November 1811. For most of its history it was stationed in St Petersburg and was part of the Petersburg Military District upon its creation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159072-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Infantry Division (Russian Empire), Order of battle upon formation\nWhen it was founded in 1807 the unit consisted of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 77], "content_span": [78, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159072-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Infantry Division (Russian Empire), Order of battle in 1914\nFrom the early 1900s to 1917 the division consisted of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159073-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Guards 'Vienna' Order of Lenin Order of Kutuzov Mechanized Corps was a Red Army armoured formation that saw service during World War II on the Eastern Front. After the war it continued to serve with Soviet occupation forces in Central Europe. It was originally the 1st Guards Rifle Division. The unit had approximately the same size and combat power as an early-war Wehrmacht Panzer Division, or a British Armoured Division during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159073-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nIt was under the command of General Lieutenant Ivan Russiyanov, and gained the honorifics \"Vienna, Voronezh\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159073-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nIn its final form, as the 171st Guards District Training Centre, it was disbanded while being stationed in Tblisi in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159073-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History\nThe 1st Guards Mechanized Corps was formed in November 1942 in the Tambov region during the re-establishment of the Mechanized Corps as a formation in the Red Army. It was then assigned to the Southwestern Front which was under the command of General N. F. Vatutin to participate in the encirclement of German Army Group A in Operation Saturn, which was undertaken during the Battle of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159073-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History\nIn 1942, the corps fought in Operation Saturn; in 1943, the Third Battle Of Kharkov, the Battle of Kursk,  Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev, and the Battle of the lower Dnepr, and in 1945, the Battle of Budapest, the  Balaton Defensive Operation, and the Vienna Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159073-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History\nDepending on the specific tasks allotted, units from the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (Stavka reserve) could be added to help it achieve its mission. When the 1st Guards Mechanized Corps returned to the front in January 1945, its tank formations were completely equipped with American M4A2 Sherman Lend-Lease tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159073-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History\nThe Corps had been re-designated the 1st Guards Mechanised Division by March 1946 and served in the Transcaucasian Military District before being reorganised as the 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division in 1957, 2nd Guards MR Training in 1960, and then the 16th Guards MRD on 17 November 1964 (Military Unit Number 35695). On 18 August 1968 renamed 100th Guards Training Motorised Rifle Division. At some point afterwards, probably in the late 1980s, it was renamed the 171st Guards District Training Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159073-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History\nOn September 7, 1985, the division was named after Lieutenant General I.N. Russiyanov. Since 1987, the division began to be called the 171st Guards District Training Center (Military Unit Number 30105). It was based in Tbilisi throughout the postwar period. In June 1992, after the collapse of the USSR, it was disbanded. Remaining Russian units in that location gained the designation of the 137th Military Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159073-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), History\nYet that same month, the battle banner of the division, its honours and awards were transferred to the 212th District Training Centre in Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, Far Eastern Military District (Military Unit 30672). Up until 1987 the 212th DTC had been the 49th Tank Training Division. With the change, the centre in Chita became the 212th Guards District Training Center \"Vienna of the Orders of Lenin and Kutuzov,\" for junior specialists named after Lieutenant General I.N. Russiyanov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159074-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Motor Rifle Division\nThe 1st Guards Proletariat Moscow-Minsk Order of Lenin, twice Red Banner Orders of Suvorov (II) and Kutuzov (II) Motor Rifle Division (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f  (2-\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)) was a division of the Red Army and Russian Ground Forces active from c. 1918 to 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159074-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Motor Rifle Division, History, Interwar period\nIt was formed either in December 1924 or at the beginning of 1927 in the Moscow Military District, gaining the title of the \"1st Moscow Proletariat Red Banner Rifle Division\". Pavel Batov was a battalion and then regiment commander in the division in the late 1920s. In August 1939 it raised cadres for the 115th and 126th Rifle Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159074-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Motor Rifle Division, History, Interwar period\nIn the mid 1930s the 1st Division was also the first to use modern headgear and weapons for the rising Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159074-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Motor Rifle Division, History, World War II\nIt was re-raised from its single remaining regiment in September 1939 (second formation), and by January 1940 was re-formed as the 1st Moscow Motor Rifle Division. Training was complete 7 June 1940, and 1st Moscow Motor Rifle Division took part in Soviet occupation of the Baltic states since 15 June 1940, advancing from base in Polotsk and forward positions at Widze to Panev\u0117\u017eys 16 June 1940. After a month-long garrison duty in Panev\u0117\u017eys and 2-month long garrisoning of Daugavpils, the 1st Moscow Motor Rifle Division was returned to Russia. For the actions during Soviet occupation of the Baltic states, the 6th motorized rifle regiment was awarded Order of the Red Star 22 February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159074-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Motor Rifle Division, History, World War II, Eastern Front (World War II)\n5 August 1941, the 1st Moscow Motor Rifle Division was re-formed anew within 20th army, 18 August 1941 renamed \"1st armoured division\" and on September 21, 1941, it was renamed the \"1st Guards Moscow Motor Rifle Division\". The division was renamed (again) as the \"1st Guards Rifle Division\", in January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159074-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Motor Rifle Division, Post war\nThe division was for all of the post-war period stationed in Kaliningrad. It formed part of the 11th Guards Army. It became the 1st Guards Moscow MRD (again) in 1957. Of the regiments of the war period, the 171st Guards was eliminated, but instead in March 1959 came the 12th Guards Motorised Rifle Regiment. Virtually all of the time the division was truncated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159074-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Motor Rifle Division, Post war\nFor much of the 1990s the 1st Guards MRD was reduced to a strength of only 4,400 men, but in 2002 was reduced in size again to the 7th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade, and, circa 2009-10, was reduced yet again, this time renamed as the 7th Independent \"Proletarian Moscow-Minsk\" Guards Motorized Rifle Regiment of the Baltic Fleet (Russian: \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a \u0411\u0424).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159075-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 1st Guards Reserve Division (1. Garde-Reserve-Division) was a reserve infantry division of the Imperial German Army in World War I. It was a reserve formation of the Prussian Guards, the elite regiments raised throughout the Kingdom of Prussia. It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 as part of the Guards Reserve Corps and dissolved in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159075-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe division saw action on both the Western and Eastern Fronts during World War I. It was not heavily engaged in the war's major well-known battles, but was rated by Allied intelligence as a dependable division willing to take losses to hold and retake the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159075-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization in August 1914, the reserves of the Prussian Guards were called up and formed into the 1st Guard Reserve Division. The 1st Guard Reserve Division's initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159075-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on February\u00a023, 1918\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 1st Guard Reserve Division's order of battle on February 23, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 81], "content_span": [82, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159076-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Rocket Brigade\nThe 1st Guards Orshanskaya Orders of Suvorov and Kutuzov Rocket Brigade (Military Unit Number (v/ch) 31853) is a missile formation of the Russian Ground Forces. The formation is based in the city of Goryachy Klyuch, Krasnodar Krai. It is part of the 49th Combined Arms Army of the Southern Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159076-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Rocket Brigade\nThe brigade traces its history to July 1920. That year, a heavy artillery divizion (artillery battalion) was formed, which became part of the 48th Rifle Division. Later it was reorganized into a cannon artillery regiment and then into the 14th Guards Heavy Cannon Artillery Brigade on June 25, 1943, as part of the 4th Guards Heavy Cannon Artillery Division. The regiment received its baptism of fire at the village of Vainikola in June 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159076-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Rocket Brigade\nIn July 1943, for showing courage in the battles against the Nazi invaders the brigade was ranged among the Guards. A year later, in July 1944, for the capture of Orsha, an important railway junction, 14th Guards Heavy Cannon Artillery Brigade was given the honorary name \"Orsha\". On February 19, 1945, by the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the brigade was awarded the Order of Kutuzov 2nd degree for the exemplary performance of combat missions. May 17, 1945 for its heroism during the capture of the fortress of Konigsberg the brigade was awarded the Order of Suvorov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159076-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Rocket Brigade\nUntil 1960, the brigade remained the 14th Guards Cannon Artillery Brigade. In 1960 the 114th Guards Rocket Brigade was activated at Dolgorukovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, with SS-1 Scud missiles. In the last years of the Soviet Union, the brigade was designated the 114th Guards Rocket Brigade and was part of Northern Group of Forces in Poland. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the brigade served with 67th Army Corps in the Caucasus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159076-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Rocket Brigade\nIn 2000 the brigade had 310 personnel, Tochka. In August 2008 the brigade took part in the war in South Ossetia. 2009: 12 Tochka-U. In 2011 4 Iskander launchers were delivered. 09.2012 Kavkaz-2012, launched Iskander. Total: 12 9K720 Iskander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159077-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Special Rifle Corps\nThe 1st Guards Special Rifle Corps (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 1-\u012d osoby\u012d gvardye\u012dski\u012d strelkovy\u012d korpus) was a hastily formed Red Army blocking formation active briefly in 1941, during the German advance on Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159077-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Special Rifle Corps\nThe Corps was created on 4 October 1941 by special request of the STAVKA supreme command, in an area of the city of Mtsensk (the Oryol Oblast). Initially its structure included the 6th Guards Rifle Division, 5th Airborne Corps, 4th Tank Brigade, 11th Tank Brigade, the Tula military school, several Border Guard Regiments, two artillery regiments, two rocket artillery battalions and the 6th reserve aviation group. Major General Dmitri Lelyushenko was appointed the commander of the corps. The corps was given several tasks: to destroy the nearby enemy, to break through into Oryol, to slow the progress of the German tank armies, and to block the way to Tula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159077-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Special Rifle Corps\nThe Soviet government and STAVKA command highly valued the efforts and sacrifices of the 1st Guards Rifle Corps in the Oryol-Bryansk defensive operation, which took place from 4 to 18 October 1941. On 11 November the National Commissioner of Defense renamed the 4th Tank Brigade, which played a vital role in the battle of Mtsensk, the 1st Guards tank brigade. The Commander of the brigade, Colonel Mikhail Katukov, was eventually promoted to commander of the Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army, and was twice awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159077-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Special Rifle Corps\nOn 12 October 1941, by the order of STAVKA supreme command, the corps was transformed into the 26th Army. On 25 October 1941, its field HQ was disbanded, and its constituent formations were transferred to the 50th Army of the Bryansk Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159077-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Special Rifle Corps, 2nd Formation\nA new 1st Guards Rifle Corps was formed on 31 December 1941. Its first commander, Col. Afanasy Gryaznov, was appointed the same day; he would be promoted to Major General ten days later. As of 1 February it was under the direct command of Northwestern Front, with the following units in its order of battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159077-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Special Rifle Corps, 2nd Formation\nThe Corps saw action around the Demyansk Pocket for most of 1942, with a number of rifle brigades under command, but also with 7th Guards Rifle and 37th Guards Artillery under command as well. In October the Corps headquarters went into the Reserve of the Supreme High Command, where it was assigned to the 1st Reserve Army, which later became the 2nd Guards Army. For the duration of the war it served as an administrative command, with no assigned support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia)\nThe 1st Guards Tank Army is a tank army of the Russian Ground Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia)\nThe army traces its heritage back to the 1st Tank Army, formed twice in July 1942 and in January 1943 and converted into the 1st Guards Tank Army in January 1944. The army fought as part of the Red Army on the Eastern Front during World War II. The army was commanded throughout most of the war by Mikhail Katukov. It fought in the early defense during the Battle of Stalingrad, and Operation Uranus, also participated at the Battle of Kursk, Proskurov-Chernovtsy Operation, Lvov-Sandomierz Operation, Vistula-Oder Offensive and the Battle of Berlin. After the war, the army was stationed in East Germany as part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia)\nAfter the end of the Cold War and the resultant withdrawal of Soviet units in Germany, the army was relocated to Smolensk, disbanded in 1999. The army was reformed in 2014 as part of a Russian military expansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), First Formation\nThe 1st Tank Army was first formed within the Stalingrad Front from 38th Army in July 1942, under the command of Major General Kirill Moskalenko. The army was encircled and partially destroyed, and was disbanded as a result in August 1942, its headquarters becoming the Southeastern Front headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Second Formation\nThe 1st Tank Army was formed a second time on 30 January 1943 (order No.46021) from the headquarters of the 29th Army, under the command of famous armoured troops commander Lieutenant General of Tank Troops Mikhail Katukov, personally appointed by Stalin. The army was transferred to the North-Western Front. 3rd Mechanised Corps (later to become 8th Guards Mechanised Corps) and 6th Tank Corps (later to become 11th Guards Tank Corps) joined it on formation, and served with the army throughout the war. It was quickly transferred to Voronezh Front for the defense of the Kursk salient's southern shoulder. It was awarded a Guards title and became the 1st Guards Tank Army in April 1944, and Katukov was promoted to Colonel General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Second Formation\nOn 1 January 1945, the Army's principal combat formations were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Second Formation\n* Guards Mortar Regiment (or Battalion) (Russian: \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a (\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d)) was the overt designation used for Katyusha rocket launcher units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Second Formation\nIt participated in the Battle of Kursk, the Proskurov-Chernovtsy Operation, Lvov-Sandomierz Operation, the Vistula-Oder Offensive, and the Battle of Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Second Formation\nThe 1st Guards Tank Army was awarded the Order of the Red Banner postwar, and became part of the Soviet occupation force in Germany, known as Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, with its headquarters in Dresden. In 1968, it, along with the 11th Guards Tank and 20th Guards Motor Rifle Divisions, took part in the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, but then immediately returned to their respective garrisons. In the late 1980s the Army included the 20th Guards Motor Rifle Division, 9th Tank Division, and 11th Guards Tank Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Second Formation\nThe headquarters was withdrawn to Smolensk, in the Moscow Military District in the early 1990s, and lost the 'Tank' from its title in 1995. In its last period within the Russian Army it comprised the 4th Guards 'Kantemir' Tank Division and the 144th Motor Rifle Division (which had been withdrawn from Tallinn in Estonia). It was disbanded in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Second Formation, 1988 Structure\nThe army's composition in 1988 was (with main equipment), with honorific titles in italics:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Reactivation\nAfter a 15-year break, the Army was reconstituted in November 2014, seemingly on 13 November 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Reactivation\nThe army was formed as the main ground forces manoeuvre and reserve operational formation of the Western Military District in addition to the 6th Combined Arms Army (headquartered in Saint Petersburg) and the 20th Guards Combined Arms Army (headquartered in Voronezh). It is considered the elite of the Russian Ground Forces. The army carries on the traditions of the chronologically first army of the Soviet Union to reach 'Guards' status. Further it has the 2nd Motor Rifle and the 4th Tank guards divisions, which are considered the elite formations of their respective combat arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159078-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Army (Russia), Reactivation\nThe most decorated divisions of the Soviet Army, they were garrisoned the closest to Moscow. Due to their proximity to the capital extra scrutiny was applied to personnel of these formations; making these posting especially prestigious. Moreover, these units received the latest hardware and were thus known as the 'household' divisions of the Soviet Army. Their loyalty to the government was demonstrated by their involvement in the 1991 Soviet coup d'\u00e9tat attempt. The divisions retained their elite status within the Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division\nThe 1st Guards Tank Division was a tank division of the Soviet Army from 1945 to 1947, stationed in Neuruppin. It was formed in the spring of 1942 as the 26th Tank Corps. The corps fought in Operation Uranus and became the 1st Guards Tank Corps, being redesignated as a reward for its actions in December 1942. It fought in Operation Gallop, the Third Battle of Kharkov, Operation Kutuzov, Operation Bagration, the East Prussian Offensive, the East Pomeranian Offensive and the Berlin Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division\nDuring the East Prussian Offensive, the division captured M\u0142awa, Dzia\u0142dowo and P\u0142o\u0144sk and was awarded the Order of Lenin for its actions. The division had been awarded the honorific \"Don\" for its actions in Operation Gallop. It also was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Suvorov 2nd class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division, History, World War II\nThe 26th Tank Corps was formed between 24 June and 10 August 1942 in Kosteryovo. It was commanded by Major General Alexey Rodin. The corps included the 19th, 157th and 216th Tank Brigades and the 14th Motor Rifle Brigade. From 10 August to 9 September, the corps was transferred to Plavsk. On 3 September, it was subordinated to the 5th Tank Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division, History, World War II\nIn October, the army was transferred to the Southwestern Front and began to prepare for the counteroffensive at Stalingrad, Operation Uranus. On 19 November, the 26th Tank Corps began its advance in the second echelon of the 5th Tank Army. It broke through Romanian lines in the area of Blinovsky and Korotkovsky, advancing south towards Perelazovsky and Kalach. The corps overran  the Romanian 1st Armored Division's rear area and captured the headquarters of the Romanian 5th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division, History, World War II\nForward detachments of the corps forced German commander Friedrich Paulus to move his headquarters on 21 November. On the night of 22\u201323 November, Rodin ordered the corps' vanguard units, led by Lieutenant Colonel Georgy Filippov to reconnoitre the last bridge over the Don at Kalach. Filippov advanced at high speed with headlights on, reportedly causing the German troops guarding the bridge to believe captured Soviet armor was being driven to the nearby gunnery range. Filippov and his tanks crossed the bridge and defeated the German troops guarding it. The corps helped occupy Kalach on the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division, History, World War II\nOn 8 December, the 26th Tank Corps became the 1st Guards Tank Corps for its actions at Stalingrad. The 216th Tank Brigade became the 15th Guards, the 19th became the 16th Guards, the 157th became the 17th Guards and the 14th Motor Rifle Brigade became the 1st Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division, History, World War II\nOn 27 January 1943, the corps was awarded the honorific \"Don\" for its actions. Rodin was promoted to Lieutenant general and became commander of the 2nd Tank Army in early February. 6th Army Tank Troops commander Major General Alexander Kukushkin took command. During February and March, the corps fought in the Third Battle of Kharkov. It defended positions north of Pavlohrad and fled to escape an encirclement on 24 February. On 25 April, Kukushkin was killed during an enemy air raid. 2nd Guards Army Tank Troops commander Major General Mikhail Panov took command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division, History, World War II\nDuring the summer it fought in Operation Kutuzov. From October 1943, it fought in Belarus during the Gomel-Rechitsa Offensive. The corps captured Rechytsa in November and cut off the German line of retreat west of Gomel. For its actions, the corps was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 18 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division, History, World War II\nThe corps fought in the Kalinkovichi-Mozyr Offensive in January 1944. The corps captured Kalinkavichy on 14 January after outflanking defending German troops. On 15 January, the corps was awarded the Order of Suvorov 2nd class for its actions. From June, the corps fought in Operation Bagration. On 24 June, the corps advanced through the gap made by the advance of the 65th Army. By 27 June, the corps linked up with elements of the 9th Tank Corps, completing the encirclement of five German 9th Army divisions in the Bobruysk Offensive. The corps continued to advanced towards Pukhavichy and Osipovichi. On 3 July, the corps was on the southeastern outskirts of Minsk and helped complete the encirclement of the German 4th Army around Minsk. After the capture of Minsk, the corps advanced toward Baranovichi and Brest. The corps helped capture Slonim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division, History, World War II\nFrom mid-November 1944, the corps was part of the 2nd Belorussian Front. From January 1945, the corps fought in the East Prussian Offensive. During the offensive, the corps helped capture P\u0142o\u0144sk and Tuchola. On 19 February, the corps was awarded the Order of Lenin for its capture of Plonsk. At the end of March, the corps fought in the capture of Gda\u0144sk during the East Pomeranian Offensive. From April, the division fought in the Berlin Offensive. It reached the Baltic coast near Rostock and Ribnitz at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159079-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Tank Division, History, Postwar\nOn 12 July 1945, the corps was converted into the 1st Guards Tank Division at Neuruppin. The division's brigades were converted into tank regiments. It was disbanded in February 1947. The division's 15th Guards Tank Regiment was transferred to the 39th Guards Rifle Division. The 16th Guards Tank Regiment moved to the 207th Rifle Division and the 17th Guards Tank Regiment transferred to the 57th Guards Rifle Division. The 74th Guards Heavy Tank Self-Propelled Regiment transferred to the 26th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159080-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guards Uhlans\nEstablished in 1819 as Garde-Landwehr Kavallerie Regiment, they were a light cavalry regiment of Uhlans of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was later reorganised as heavy cavalry Uhlans and renamed into 1. Garde Ulanen Regiment (1826) and fought in the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian war. In World War I the regiment was part of the Guards Cavalry Division fighting on the Western and Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159081-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Guldbagge Awards\nThe 1st Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish 1963 and 1964, and took place on 25 September 1964. The Silence directed by Ingmar Bergman was presented with the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159082-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hammurabi Armoured Division\nThe 1st 'Hammurabi' Armored Division (Arabic: \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0629\u200e) was an elite formation of the Iraqi Republican Guard. It was named after Hammurabi; a Babylonian King known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, which constitute one of the earliest surviving codes of law in recorded history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159082-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Hammurabi Armoured Division\nThe division was decisively defeated by the United States Armed Forces in 1991, when it was forced out of Kuwait after suffering heavy casualties, and again in 2003, when the United States invaded Iraq. The latter resulted in the total collapse of the division as its senior officers abandoned their posts, and it was never reformed as the Republican Guard itself was disbanded following the fall of Saddam Hussein's government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159082-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Hammurabi Armoured Division, History\nIn 1990 the division included the 17th Armoured Brigade under Brigadier General Ra\u2019ad Hamdani and the division commander was Major General Qais Abd al-Razaq, a \"very practical man.\" (IPP 90)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159082-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Hammurabi Armoured Division, History\nThe division played a central role in the invasion of Kuwait which took place in August 1990. On the morning of August 2, 1990, near the Mutla Pass, a battle took place between the Vickers tanks of the 6th Mechanized Brigade, Kuwait Army, and the T-72s of the division's 17th Armoured Brigade. Kuwaiti tanks were able to knock out one T-72 during the ambush, but were defeated, and the commander of the 6th Brigade captured. Only 20 surviving Vickers tanks were able to retreat to Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159082-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Hammurabi Armoured Division, History, 1991 Gulf War\nThe division commander has stated that he ordered his tanks to use high-explosive anti-personnel munitions, rather than anti tank rounds, so as to minimize Kuwaiti casualties in tank engagements of the invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159082-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Hammurabi Armoured Division, History, 1991 Gulf War\nTowards the end of the war the division was involved in the controversial Battle of Rumaila, when US Army forces under Lt. Gen. Barry McCaffrey annihilated the retreating division near the Rumaila oil field, resulting in the division suffering some 7,000 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159082-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Hammurabi Armoured Division, History, 1991 Gulf War\nThere are differing reports about the composition of the division in the late 1990s. But both Cordesman, \"Key Targets in Iraq,\" February 1998, and Sean Boyle, in Jane's Intelligence Review, September 1997, list the 8th, 14th and 17th Brigades. Cordesman  writes that the 8th and 14th were mechanised while the 17th was an armoured brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159082-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Hammurabi Armoured Division, History, 2003 invasion of Iraq\nDuring the Invasion of Iraq the division was given orders to retreat from Suwayrah on the night of 5 April 2003 after several days of bombardment by American planes. Further orders on exactly where to regroup were not forthcoming, and senior officers disappeared, leading to mass desertions and the collapse of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers and its successors were part-time coast defence units of the British Army from 1860 to 1967. Although the units saw no action, they protected the Portsmouth area in both World Wars and supplied trained gunners to siege batteries engaged on the Western Front during World War I. The unit continued in the Territorial Army after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Three Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were quickly formed in Hampshire, and on 1 January 1861 they were combined into the 1st Administrative Brigade, Hampshire AVCs under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred B. Sturdee, with its headquarters (HQ) at Portsmouth:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn November 1863 the 1st, 3rd and 4th Dorsetshire AVCs (the 2nd having been disbanded in 1861) joined the 1st Hampshire Admin Brigade, staying until 1866 when they transferred to the 1st Devonshire Admin Brigade. A new 4th Hampshire AVC was formed at Bournemouth on 29 November 1866 (a 5th (Dockyard) Hampshire AVC may have been formed on 18 August 1860, but had quickly been disbanded). The Dorsetshire AVCs rejoined the 1st Hampshire Admin Bde  from January 1873, by which time the 5th and 6th Dorsetshire AVCs had been formed, although the 3rd Dorsetshire was disbanded in 1876.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe Volunteers were consolidated in March 1880, with the Admin Brigade becoming the 1st Hampshire (Hants & Dorset) AVC of 18 batteries, with HQ at Portsmouth:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1882 all the artillery volunteers were affiliated to one or other of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the 1st Hampshire AVC became the 1st Volunteer (Hampshire) Brigade of the Southern Division, with HQ moving to Southsea. In 1886 the Dorset companies were separated to form an independent 1st Dorsetshire AVC as the 2nd Volunteer Brigade of the Southern Division, and on 25 April 1888 the Southampton companies were withdrawn to form the 3rd Volunteer (Hampshire) Brigade, Southern Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nFinally, the Hampshire brigades were renumbered in December 1889, the 3rd (descended from the original 1st AVC) becoming the 1st Hampshire AVC at Southampton and the 1st (from the original 2nd and 3rd) becoming the 2nd Hampshire AVC at Portsmouth. The 1st Hampshire AVC opened its drill hall in St Mary's Road, Southampton, in 1889. By 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme had allocated the 1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers to the Portsmouth fixed defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). In 1902 the divisional structure was abolished and the unit titles were changed, the 1st Hampshire AVC becoming the 1st Hampshire Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers), with its HQ at St Mary's Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Territorial Force (TF) was created from the old Volunteer Force under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Hampshire RGA (V) was to join with the Dorsetshire RGA (V) once again to become the Hants & Dorset RGA, but this was changed back to separate Dorset and Hampshire units in 1910. The Hampshire RGA had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nIt was designated as a Defended Ports Unit in Southern Coast Defences, which was based at Portsmouth. There were a large number of forts and batteries around Spithead and the Solent, controlling access to Portsmouth Harbour and Southampton Water, which in time of war would be manned by four Regular RGA companies and the companies of the Hampshire RGA, while the heavy battery was mobile and responsible for the landward defences (TF heavy batteries were usually armed with obsolescent 4.7-inch guns).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war the Hampshire RGA mobilised under the command of Lt-Col J.E. Dawe, TD, in Nos 6\u20139 Fire Commands. Shortly afterwards TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate companies and batteries were created, releasing the 1st Line units to be sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nBy October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of Siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, and 1st line RGA companies had been authorised to increase their strength by 50 per cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nAlthough complete TF defended ports units never left the UK, they did supply drafts of trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas. These included providing cadres as the basis on which to form complete new units for front line service. 47th Siege Battery, RGA, was formed on 28 July 1915 at Portsmouth with a nucleus from the Hampshire RGA and regular RGA gunners returned from Mauritius and Hong Kong. Equipped with 8-inch howitzers it went out to the Western Front in November 1915 and served there for the rest of the war, latterly in 5th Brigade, RGA, supporting Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\n147th Siege Battery (see below) was formed at Portsmouth on 22 May 1916 based on a cadre of four officers and 78 other ranks from the Hampshire RGA (probably drawn in the main from 1/1st Heavy Bty, which disappeared from the order of battle by April 1917). A large number of other siege batteries were formed in the Portsmouth defences in 1915\u201316, which may also have included trained men from the Hampshire RGA among the recruits, although the Army Council Instructions did not specifically order this. For example, 27 members of No 4 Company died on active service during the war, even though its 1st and 2nd Line never left the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home Defence\nAfter the beginning of air attacks on Britain the RGA also became responsible for manning anti-aircraft (AA) guns both at home and overseas. A number of AA batteries were stationed round Portsmouth, probably including men drawn from the Hampshire RGA, and Southern Command was also responsible for the AA defence of Coventry and Birmingham, where some Hampshire RGA companies were stationed. Under Army Council Instruction 686 of April 1917, the coastal defence companies of the RGA (TF) were reorganised. The 12 remaining Hampshire RGA companies serving in the Portsmouth garrison and the Coventry and Birmingham AA command (1/2nd, 1/3rd, 1/4th, 1/5th, 1/6th, 1/7th, 1/8th, 2/3rd, 2/4th, 2/5th, 2/6th, 2/7th) were reduced to two companies, which were to be kept up to strength with non-TF recruits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 147th Siege Battery, RGA\nI47th Siege Battery went out to the Western Front on 21 August 1916, equipped with four 6-inch howitzers. On 25 August it joined 33rd Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) serving with Fourth Army, which was engaged in the Somme offensive. The battery moved to 49th HAG on 29 October as the offensive ground to a conclusion and then to others within Fourth Army (77th HAG on 20 December, 28th HAG on 10 February) during the winter of 1916\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 147th Siege Battery, RGA, Vimy Ridge\nOn 22 March 1917 the battery transferred to 18th HAG with First Army, which was preparing for the Battle of Vimy Ridge. 18th HAG was positioned just behind Arras, firing in support of Canadian Corps. The artillery plan for the heavy guns emphasised counter-battery (CB) fire. At Zero hour, while the field guns laid down a Creeping barrage to protect the advancing infantry, the heavy howitzers fired 450 yards (410\u00a0m) further ahead to hit the rear areas on the reverse slope of the ridge, especially known gun positions. The attack went in on 9 April with the Canadian and I Corps successfully capturing Vimy Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 147th Siege Battery, RGA, Vimy Ridge\nFighting south of Vimy (the Battle of Arras) continued into May, with 147th Siege Bty joining 83rd HAG with Third Army on 25 May. It was back to 18th HAG in First Army on 16 June, at rest and training 8\u201324 August, and then joined 78th HAG on 3 September. Later that month the battery was reorganised, a section from the newly-arrived 446th Siege Bty joining on 22 September, bringing 147th up to a strength of six howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 147th Siege Battery, RGA, Vimy Ridge\nOn 16 December the battery was reduced to four guns once more, with a section leaving to help reform 190th Siege Bty, and joined 43rd HAG with Fourth Army the following day. The battery was at rest from 23 December to 9 January 1918. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 43rd Brigade was composed of units with a variety of different calibre howitzers. 147th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 147th Siege Battery, RGA, Fifth Ypres\nIn April the battery was once more made up to a strength of six howitzers when a new third section joined. 43rd Brigade RGA transferred from Fourth to Second Army on 1 May 1918 and remained with it until the Armistice, fighting through the Allied Hundred Days Offensive. For example, at the Fifth Battle of Ypres starting on 28 September, 43rd Bde's batteries directly supported the assault of 29th Division, having remained hidden and silent until Zero hour. When the infantry attacked at 05.30 they quickly took their intermediate objectives (06.30) and first objectives (08.30\u201308.45).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 86], "content_span": [87, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 147th Siege Battery, RGA, Fifth Ypres\nThe second wave then passed through to continue the advance towards the village of Kruiseecke, but had to halt until 12.15, because the heavy artillery barrage was still falling on the village. Such rapid progress could not be kept up, and German reinforcements halted further advances, but 29th Division had crossed the Ypres Ridge, the objective of so many failed assaults in 1917. After that Second Army continued to advance through October until it reached the River Dendre by the time the Armistice came in to force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 86], "content_span": [87, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 147th Siege Battery, RGA, Fifth Ypres\nIn the interim order of battle for the postwar army the battery was supposed to form D Bty in LXXV Brigade, RGA, but this was rescinded after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, and the remaining cadre of the battery was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 86], "content_span": [87, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe Hampshire RGA was placed in suspended animation after demobilisation in 1919. When the TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920, the unit was reformed, still under the command of Brevet Colonel J.E. Dawe, with HQ at Southampton, one battery from 1 Hvy Bty and Nos, 2, 5, 6, and 7 Cos, a second battery from Nos 3 and 8 Cs, and a third battery from No 4 Co. The TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army the following year, when the unit was redesignated the Hampshire Coast Brigade, RGA and the batteries were numbered 153\u20136. The RGA was subsumed into the RA on 1 June 1924, when the unit became the Hampshire Heavy Brigade, RA. It formed part of the coast defence troops in 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Area and had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nIn 1927 it was decided that the coast defences of the UK would be manned by the TA alone. A 1927 report on coastal defences by the Committee of Imperial Defence made recommendations for defence schemes at 15 'Class A' home ports, including Portsmouth and Southampton (Scheme 2), but little was done to modernise them before the outbreak of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe unit was redesignated the Hampshire Heavy Regiment, RA on 1 November 1938 when the RA adopted the term 'regiment' instead of 'brigade' for a lieutenant-colonel's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war the regiment and its three batteries mobilised in the Portsmouth Defences. Together with Princess Beatrice's (Isle of Wight Rifles) Heavy Rgt, it was responsible for manning 6 x 9.2-inch, 16 x 6-inch and 8 x 12-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nWith the danger of invasion after the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk, the coastal artillery regiments underwent a major reorganisation in the summer of 1940. On 9 September the Hampshire Heavy Rgt expanded to form three new regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home Defence\nBy their height in September 1941 the Portsmouth and Southampton defences manned by the Hampshire and Isle of Wight coast regiments contained the following guns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home Defence\nIn the spring of 1942 the coast regiments round the Solent came under the command of a new V Corps Coast Artillery (CA) HQ, which was joined in the summer by 3rd CA Plotting Room (later 3rd Army Plotting Room) in Portsmouth. When V Corps HQ went to North Africa as part of Operation Torch in late 1942, the CA HQ and plotting room came under Hampshire & Dorset District of Southern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mid War\nBy 1942 the threat from German attack had diminished, the coast defences were seen as absorbing excessive manpower and there was demand for trained gunners for the fighting fronts. A process of reducing the manpower in the coast defences began. 528th Coast Rgt was disbanded on 7 December 1942, the remaining batteries transferring to 527th, leaving the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Late war\nThe manpower requirements for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) led to further reductions in coast defences in April 1944. By this stage of the war many of the coast battery positions were manned by Home Guard detachments or were in the hands of care and maintenance parties. On 1 April 529th Coast Rgt was placed in suspended animation, the batteries joining 527th, which had the following organisation until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Late war\nThen, on 1 June 1945, after VE Day, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 121, 122, 134 and 165 Btys began entering suspended animation (completing on 22 June),  while 183, 209, 239, 387 and 441 Btys were disbanded. Next, on 15 December 1945, 118 and 125 Btys commenced suspended animation (completing on 17 January 1946. Finally, Regimental HQ and the remaining batteries (119, 120, 121, 123 and 124) began entering suspended animation at Southsea Castle on 10 January 1946, completing the process on 17 January, when the remaining personnel joined 566th (Devon & Cornwall) Coast Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 529th Coast Rgt was formally disbanded, and 527th was reformed as 406th (Hampshire) Coast Rgt in 102 Coast Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nThe coast artillery branch of the RA was abolished during 1956, the regiment being officially disbanded on 15 September, but on 31 October it was instead converted to the Royal Engineers as 581 Construction Squadron, RE. It was assigned to 115 Construction Rgt which reorganised as 115 (Hampshire Fortress) Corps Engineer Rgt in 1961. The squadron was disbanded on 1 April 1967 when the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR), and the remaining personnel joined D (Hampshire Fortress Engineers) Sqn in the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Territorials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159083-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorial\nAfter World War I, No 4 Company of the Hampshire RGA erected a memorial tablet in the Royal Garrison Church in Old Portsmouth, adjacent to the Company's drill hall at Governor's Green. The plaque lists 27 men who died on active service. Although the church was bombed out during World War II the memorial is still visible in the ruined nave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers\nThe 1st Hampshire Engineer Volunteer Corps was first formed in 1862 and then reformed in 1891 with special responsibility for the port defences of the South Coast of England. It carried out this role during World War I, as well as forming field units that served on the Western Front and at Salonika. Before the outbreak of World War II it formed an air defence regiment that saw service during The Blitz and field companies that fought in the Western Desert and Italy, The unit continued in the postwar Territorial Army before finally disbanding in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Early history\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many local Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One of these was the 1st Hampshire Engineer Volunteer Corps (1st Hants EVC) based at Southampton. The first officers' commissions for the unit were issued on 25 January 1862. As a small, single company corps, it was attached for convenience to the 2nd Hampshire Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVC) in 1863, and both came under the 4th Administrative Battalion of Hampshire Rifle Volunteers in 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Early history\nIn 1870, the unit was attached to the 2nd Tower Hamlets EVC in London rather than the local rifle units. Under the mobilisation scheme in force in 1880, the 1st Hants EVC formed part of the Garrison Army, assigned to defence of the important naval base of Portsmouth, along with detachments from EVCs as far away as Yorkshire, Lancashire and Northamptonshire. However, the 1st Hants EVC was disbanded in 1881 and the volunteers absorbed by the 2nd Hampshire RVC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Reformed unit\nA new 1st Hampshire Engineer Volunteers was formed at Portsmouth on 1 April 1891. This was a much larger unit, 481 men (mainly from Portsmouth Dockyard) volunteering for a unit with an official establishment of two companies totaling 100. The new unit included a cadet company at Weymouth until 1902, and the 1st Sussex Engineer Volunteers was attached to it for administrative purposes in 1892\u201395. The new corps rented and renovated the old drill hall of the 3rd Hampshire RVC, laid a parade ground, and practised digging field fortifications on Southsea Common. Non -Commissioned Officers from the corps took special courses on fortress engineering at the Royal Engineers' depot at Chatham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Reformed unit\nThe 1st Hampshire Royal Engineers (Volunteers) (as the unit was officially titled from 1896) sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1900, and a second section the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the 1st Hampshire RE (V) became the Hampshire (Fortresss) RE (TF), forming part of Southern Coast Defences. By the outbreak of war in August 1914, the unit had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Territorial Force\nTogether with the Regular No 4 Company, RE, at Haslar Barracks in Gosport, the unit was responsible for the coastal defence searchlights in the Portsmouth area, including the Isle of Wight and the three sea forts at Spithead (Spitbank Fort, No Man's Land Fort and Horse Sand Fort).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War I, Coast and Anti-Aircraft defence\nOn the outbreak of war, the Hampshire (Fortress) RE had a serious deficiency of personnel. On 5 August, it was supplemented by No 4 Company of the Tyne Electrical Engineers (TEE), which took over several of the coast defence searchlight stations around Portsmouth. Two other companies of the TEE moved into Haslar Barracks in Gosport and later took over from No 4 Co RE the running of the electric light training school. As the war progressed, the requirement for anti-aircraft searchlights (AA/SLs), as well as coast defence lights became vital, and the school at Haslar trained a large number of AA detachments for Home Defence and for service on the Western Front and other theatres of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War I, Coast and Anti-Aircraft defence\nBy November 1915, the Hampshire unit's strength had grown to 39 officers and 604 other ranks, and it took back responsibility for the three sea forts, and then, in May 1916, it took over from the TEE two new searchlight stations, Egypt Point and Stone Point, at the entrance to the Solent. On 25 September 1916, the only air attack on Portsmouth during World War I occurred when Kapit\u00e4nleutnant Heinrich Mathy commanding the Zeppelin L31 hovered over the harbour in the searchlight beams, without actually dropping any bombs. Shortly after this raid the Hampshire (Fortress) RE took over all the AA searchlights in Portsmouth Garrison, forming No 48 AA Company. In May 1918, the Portsmouth AA defences were included in the London Air Defence Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War I, Expansion\nShortly after the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August 1914, the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate companies were created, as well as additional 1st Line companies from the volunteers pouring into the recruiting stations. Despite the initial manpower shortages of the Hampshire (Fortress) RE, these are known to have been numbered as high as 1/8th Hampshire EL Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War I, Expansion\nThe Hampshire (Fortress) RE also formed a number of 'Army Troops' and 'Works' companies for service with the armies at home and overseas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War I, Expansion\nThe Hampshire (Fortress) RE also formed one field engineer company, from 1/7th Hampshire Army Troops Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War I, Salonika campaign\nThe 1/7th Hampshire Field Company, (numbered 506th (Hampshire) Field Company in February 1917), embarked for France on 19 October 1915 and joined the 28th Division on 25 October as the division was embarking at Marseilles. The division arrived in Egypt by 22 November, and then re-embarked for the Macedonian front, completing disembarkation at Salonika by 4 January 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War I, Salonika campaign\nAmong the first tasks the newly arrived division had to carry out was construction of fieldworks across rough country, in winter, against the possibility of immediate Bulgarian attack: 'In the face of rain, snow, and the biting wind the infantry and engineers stuck to their task'. Offensive operations were rare on the Macedonian front, but work to improve defences and roads was continuous, and the 28th Division in the Struma Valley suffered badly from malaria. The largest operation in the Struma Valley was the capture by 28th Division of Karajakoi Bala, Karajakoi Zir and Yenikoi in October 1916. Defences of these villages then had to be consolidated. The outpost line consisted of a chain of these villages, trenched and wired, and garrisoned by infantry, machine gun teams and RE detachments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War I, Salonika campaign\n28th Division took part in two further offensive operations in May and October 1917. Eventually, it participated in the Second Battle of Doiran beginning on 18 September 1918, which failed to break through the Bulgarian lines. However, the Bulgarians had been defeated elsewhere, and some days later the British realised that the entrenchments in front of them were empty. 28th Division then took part in the pursuit to the Strumica Valley (22\u201328 September).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War I, Salonika campaign\nAfter the Armistice with Bulgaria came into effect on 30 September, British forces, including 28th Division, advanced across the country towards Turkey. With no troops to defend Constantinople from this direction, the Ottoman Empire also signed an Armistice on 30 October. 28th Division was sent to occupy the Dardanelles Forts. 506th (Hampshire) Field Company was still in Turkey in April 1919, but after that the TF units were progressively replaced by Regular and Indian Army units and the Territorials were demobilised and returned home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Interwar\nAfter the war, the Hampshire (Fortress) RE reformed in the Territorial Army (TA) with at least five companies. Once again it was assigned to defence of the South Coast of England, in 43rd Divisional Area. In 1922\u201323 the barracks at East Cowes on the Isle of Wight was converted into a headquarters for No 5 (EL) Company and part of '3rd (Hampshire) Field Company' (ie the 3rd (Wessex) Field Company raised in Portsmouth for the 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers in 1914, which became 206th (Hampshire) Fd Co in the reformed TA). However, by 1927, No 5 Company had disappeared and the unit had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Interwar\nIn 1937, three companies were converted into a searchlight unit, 48th (Hampshire) Anti - Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA), with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Interwar\nThe following year, the battalion came under the command of 35th AA Brigade, based at Fareham, which formed part of 5th AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Interwar\nThe remainder of the Hampshire Fortress RE continued as a single Electric Light and Works company in the Portsmouth Coast Defences. In 1938, it was joined by 206th (Hampshire) Field Company from 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, which became No 2 (206th) (Electric Light and Works) Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, Hampshire Fortress Engineers\nIn the early months of the war the unit was engaged in installing and testing anti-shipping and anti-aircraft searchlights, generating gear and general defensive works. Its average strength at this time was 27 officers and 440\u2013460 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, Hampshire Fortress Engineers\nAt the end of April 1940 the unit was ordered to hand over its responsibilities to units of the Royal Artillery (RA) and reorganise as a corps engineer unit as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, Hampshire Fortress Engineers\nBy the end of 1940, Hampshire CTRE had been redesignated as IV CTRE, assigned to IV Corps. The Corps sailed for the Middle East in November 1941 and was established in Iraq by 1 February 1942. 579th Company was left in the UK and transferred to VIII CTRE in December 1941. On arrival in Iraq, IV CTRE was detached from Corps HQ and sent to Egypt to join Eighth Army (IV Corps later went on to India).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Western Desert\nIn Egypt, the unit became XIII CTRE, assigned to XIII Corps in the Western Desert. In early 1941 all of XIII Corps' engineers were busy constructing the Gazala Line in an attempt to halt General Rommel's expected offensive. The attack came on 26 May and by 14 June XIII Corps' infantry divisions had been forced out of the Gazala Line. Tobruk fell soon afterwards and with Eighth Army in headlong retreat the engineers had to destroy or salvage all the water supply, port and railway equipment to deny them to the enemy. From 27 June all the corps' engineers were engaged in preparing a new defensive position at El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Western Desert\nRommel was successfully held at Alamein and on 23/24 October Eighth Army went over to the offensive under General Montgomery at the Second Battle of El Alamein. For this offensive 577th Company was temporarily attached to 44th (Home Counties) Division. After the battle, XIII Corps was given the job of securing prisoners and clearing the battlefield, where the engineers had 'the unenviable task of sorting out the maze of minefields, lifting some and marking others'. XIII Corps was mainly left in the rear areas for the rest of the North African Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Sicily and Calabria\nXIII was given an assault role in the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), sailing from Egypt and landing in the south east of the island on 10 July 1943. For this operation XIII CTRE was joined by 56th Field Company, a Regular RE unit that had been serving with Tenth Army in Palestine; it remained with the unit for the rest of the war. The troops advanced steadily, supported by the engineers building numerous bridges and repairing damaged supply routes through rugged country, and the island was in Allied hands by 17 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Sicily and Calabria\nXIII was also entrusted with the assault landing in the 'toe' of mainland Italy on 2/3 September, Operation Baytown. This was almost unopposed, but there was considerable work for the engineers in repairing the port of Reggio and replacing the usual demolished bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Operation Diadem\nEighth Army steadily advanced up Italy until it was held at the Germans' Winter Line and stalemate set it. The following Spring, XIII Corps participated in the fourth Battle of Monte Cassino (Operation Diadem) with an assault crossing of the Rapido River on the night of 11 May 1944. The subsequent advance was dependent upon bridges being quickly established across this river, and 577 Field Co was made responsible for building a Class 40 Bailey bridge codenamed 'London' at San Angelo on the front of 8th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Operation Diadem\nA camouflaged track (also codenamed 'London') was prepared to bring the bridging material close to the river by night. The bridging operation began after the Indian troops had seized their bridgehead, and went on under cover of a smokescreen, while 8th Indian Division cleared San Angelo. 'London' was completed by 577 Fd Co at 10.30 on 14 May, and two additional Class 40 bridges into 8th Indian Division's bridgehead ('Edenbridge' and 'Tonbridge') were completed by 56 Fd Co at 17.00 and 22.00 respectively. 78th Division, which had been waiting for 'London' to open, crossed the river on 14 May to join in the attack the following day. The Official History gives much of the credit for the success of 'Diadem' to the British and Indian engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Operation Diadem\nThis success was followed by a breakthrough of the Hitler Line, and an advance to Florence, where the Germans had destroyed the historic bridges. By late August 8 Indian Division had the task of crossing the River Arno where no peacetime road existed. During the nights of 25\u201327 August the divisional engineers constructed improvised crossings under fire, after which XIII CTRE completed a low-level Bailey bridge by the morning of 28 August. The advance then continued to the Gothic Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Roadbuilding\nThe autumn's fighting involved a huge amount of bridgebuilding and road improvement in rough terrain. Along Highway 67 from Florence to Forli, a section from Dicomano 'twisted and turned for six miles through a narrow cleft in the mountains, rising gently to San Godingo, whence it climbed nearly 3,000 feet in five miles to the Muraglione Pass'. The estimated time for re-opening this section was a month, but the sappers and gunners of 6th Armoured Division got it open in 13 days, after which XIII CTRE followed up and converted it into a two-way Class 40 road in 19 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Roadbuilding\nThe most difficult sections were two demolitions of 260 feet (79\u00a0m) and 230 feet (70\u00a0m) respectively, which were widened, blasting away the rock face on one side and building up the other side on cribbing. The Corps engineers were assisted by 10th Mechanical Equipment Platoon, RE, a detachment of 1st Drilling Company, Royal Canadian Engineers, an anti-tank battery of the Royal Artillery, three-and-a-half companies of the Pioneer Corps, three general transport (GT) companies and two tipper platoons of the Royal Army Service Corps, and 70 Italian wood-cutters. Wood cut by the gunners and the Italians was turned into 'cribs' and 'dogs' by 576 Corps Field Park Co, which were then filled with rock quarried at Dicomano and rubble from ruined buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Roadbuilding\nOnce through the Gothic Line, XIII Corps took over part of the front from US forces, whose engineers had opened a track ('Ace') from San Pietro on Highway 65, over the Apennine Mountains into the valley of the Santerno. This involved steep diversions that caused great difficulties for British transport. On the evening of 4 October, 56 Fd Co was summoned from work on Highway 67 to eliminate one of these diversions by building a 480 feet (150\u00a0m) Bailey bridge over a demolished six-arch brick bridge at San Andrea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Roadbuilding\nThe company was given about 500 British and Italian Pioneers to assist. The accessible piers were rebuilt, those that were inaccessible were reached by cantilevering Bailey sections across to them. The tallest inaccessible pier had the top 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) blown off by using 6-pounder and 17-pounder anti-tank guns. The whole procedure was delayed by heavy rain and some shelling, but the company completed the job by midday on 15 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Roadbuilding\nMaintaining routes such as 'Ace' during the winter months was a huge task, and XIII CTRE and 78th Division's RE had to be reinforced by US engineers when one section collapsed into mud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Advance to the Po\nXIII Corps spent the late winter of 1944\u201345 in the mountains above Bologna. Before the Allied Spring Offensive began, it was moved down to prepare to cross the River Po. 56 and 578 Field Companies were left behind to deal with the stocks of engineer equipment left in the mountains: they used it to build four Bailey bridges to repair the routes to bring stores down into the plain. They then rejoined XIII CTRE on 16 April. The whole weight of the corps' engineers was thrown into supporting the advance of 2nd New Zealand Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0032-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Advance to the Po\nXIII CTRE under its Commander, RE, (CRE) Lt-Col R.F. Hawker, was reinforced by two tipper platoons, two GT platoons and a composite platoon transporting rafts and assault boats, with three and a half Pioneer companies doing the loading and unloading. Two sets of Bailey equipment were delivered each day to 576 Fd Park Co, which kept two equipment dumps open, leapfrogging forward as the advance proceeded. The New Zealanders crossed the Sillaro on 14 April, and by dawn on 16 April three low-level Bailey bridges across it were completed. Between 16 and 20 April a number of canals were crossed, then on the night of 20/21st the New Zealanders made an assault crossing of the Idice. The following day XIII CTRE put over a 110 feet (34\u00a0m) high-level Bailey bridge, and the Po was reached on 23 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Advance to the Po\nBridging the wide Po was a major operation, but XIII Corps had made such good progress that it was allotted material for its own pontoon Bailey bridge in a rushed operation. The site selected from aerial photographs was found to be unsuitable due to Allied bomb craters, and the alternative meant bridging a 1,100 feet (340\u00a0m) gap and all available Bailey material and transport had to be collected from other formations. 2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Advance to the Po\nNew Zealand Division began its assault crossing on the night of 24/25 April, and the convoy of bridging equipment began to move forward at dawn, arriving on site at 17.00. The first lorries crossed by a light Folding Boat Equipment (FBE) bridge erected by the New Zealand RE, heavier equipment going over by the New Zealanders' Class 40 ferry. This meant that both ends of the pontoon bridge could be started together and despite communication problems it was completed by 17.00 on 27 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0033-0002", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Advance to the Po\nTwo hours later it was damaged by an underwater explosion \u2013 whether by a floating mine or sabotage by frogmen was never ascertained \u2013 but was quickly repaired by dismantling and incorporating one of the New Zealanders' ferries. This was completed by 02.00 on 28 April - the longest floating Bailey bridge built in the longest Italian campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Advance to the Po\nThe Po crossing was followed by a rapid advance to the Adige: bridging and supply were now the factors limiting the speed of advance. Engineer equipment was short but top priority was given to XIII Corps (the corps' chief engineer had a section of Military Police to escort his equipment through the traffic jams). This enabled XIII CTRE to throw a pontoon Bailey bridge across the fast-flowing Adige at Piacenza, which presented greater difficulties than the wide Po.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, XIII Corps Troops RE, Advance to the Po\nMaterial arrived on site at 08.00 on 29 April and the 370 feet (110\u00a0m) bridge was completed by 22.00 on the same day, although work on the approaches prevented it being opened to traffic until next morning. XIII Corps now pursued the defeated Germans across the Venetian Plain to the Piave, which was reached on 29 April. The bridge had been wrecked by Allied bombers months before, but XIII CTRE arrived on 1 May with equipment to build a floating Bailey bridge. The German forces in Italy surrendered (the Surrender of Caserta) the following day, but XIII Corps continued advancing to Trieste as the war ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, 48th (Hampshire) Searchlight Regiment, RA\nThe TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In February 1939, the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, 48th (Hampshire) Searchlight Regiment, RA\nIn June, a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, 48th (Hampshire) Searchlight Regiment, RA\nThe AA Battalions of the RE were transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) on 1 August 1940, so the unit was redesignated 48th (Hampshire) Searchlight Regiment, RA,(TA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, World War II, 48th (Hampshire) Searchlight Regiment, RA\nBy the end of 1944, the German Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks on the UK could be discounted. At the same time 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe was suffering a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. In January 1945 the War Office began to reorganise surplus anti-aircraft and coastal artillery regiments in the UK into infantry battalions, primarily for line of communication and occupation duties, thereby releasing trained infantry for frontline service. In January 1945, 48th S/L Regiment became 636 (Hampshire) Infantry Regiment, RA. After infantry training, the battalion landed on the Continent on 7 May 1945 (the day before VE Day, and was assigned to Line of Communication duties with 21st Army Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Postwar, 115 Construction Regiment\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the Hampshire Fortress RE was reformed as 115 Construction Regiment, RE, with its HQ at Fareham and the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Postwar, 115 Construction Regiment\nIn 1961, the regiment was reorganised as 115 (Hampshire Fortress) Corps Engineer Regiment, when 577, 578 and 581 Squadrons became field squadrons, 576 Corps Field Park Squadron became independent, and 127 Squadron was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159084-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Hampshire Engineers, Postwar, 115 Construction Regiment\nThe regiment was disbanded when the TA was reformed as the TAVR in 1967, but its personnel became D Company (Hampshire Fortress Royal Engineers) in the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Territorials until that unit was reduced to cadre in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159085-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hanoi International Film Festival\nThe 1st Hanoi International Film Festival, originally known as 1st Vietnam International Film Festival, opened on October 17 and closed on October 21, 2010 at Vietnam National Convention Center, with the slogan \"All together make dreams come true\" (Vietnamese: \"T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau bi\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159085-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Hanoi International Film Festival\nFrom more than 90 films submitted, the Organizing Committee selected 67 films from 23 countries to attend with a full range of film genres such as: socio-psychological films, action comedies, animated films, historical films and documentaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159085-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Hanoi International Film Festival\nThis is one of the activities to celebrate the 1000 Years of Th\u0103ng Long - Hanoi. The festival aims to honor Asian cinema, promote cultural exchanges and foster further development cooperation between regional and international filmmakers through the showcase of the latest films by talented directors, especially the ones from Southeast Asian countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159085-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Hanoi International Film Festival, Programs\nThe following programs were held within the framework of the 1st Vietnam International Film Festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159085-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Hanoi International Film Festival, Programs\nProfessional activities at the Hanoi Opera House, Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm District:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159085-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Hanoi International Film Festival, Juries & Advisors\nThere are 3 jury panels established for this film festival along with an honorary advisory board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159085-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Hanoi International Film Festival, Official Selection - In Competition, Feature film\nThese 10 films were selected to compete for the official awards in Feature Film category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159085-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Hanoi International Film Festival, Official Selection - In Competition, Documentary & Short film\nThese 12 documentary and short films were selected to compete for official awards in Documentary and Short Film category:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 100], "content_span": [101, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159085-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Hanoi International Film Festival, Awards\nThe official awards were awarded at the closing ceremony of the festival, on the evening of October 21. The independent awards such as NETPAC and Technicolor were awarded after in the closing press conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159086-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Heavy Artillery Battery (Australia)\n1st Heavy Artillery Battery was an Australian artillery unit during World War I. Formed at Gallipoli on 14 July 1915 the battery formed part of the 1st Division artillery. The battery was originally equipped with 2 old 6 inch 30 cwt howitzers and one even older 4.7 inch naval gun. The battery was disbanded in Egypt during February 1916 to provide personnel for howitzer batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159087-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe Polish 1st Heavy Artillery Regiment (1 Pu\u0142k Artylerii Najci\u0119\u017cszej) was formed in mid-1920 and saw limited combat at the end of the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. At the time, the unit was equipped with 210 millimetres (21\u00a0cm) mortars and 149.1 millimetres (14.91\u00a0cm) cannons. By 1921 the regiment was motorized and 155 millimetres (15.5\u00a0cm) howitzers were added. In 1934, the unit was moved to Gora Kalwaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159087-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Heavy Artillery Regiment, World War II\nIn 1938, the 155 millimetres (15.5\u00a0cm) howitzers were handed down to the heavy artillery regiments. During the Invasion of Poland in 1939, one out of three battalions was assigned to Armia Modlin, and two battalions to the 38th Infantry Division (Poland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159088-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Brigade\nThe 1st Helicopter Brigade (Japanese: \u7b2c\uff11\u30d8\u30ea\u30b3\u30d7\u30bf\u30fc\u56e3, Dai-ichi Herikoputa-Dan) is based at JGSDF Camp Kisarazu in Kisarazu, in Chiba Prefecture. Formerly an independent brigade, it was attached to the Central Readiness Force on March 28, 2007. Like most JGSDF units, the brigade's aircraft are deployed to conduct exercises from their Kisarazu base annually during the New Year period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159088-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Brigade\nThe brigade operates under the Ground Component Command (Japanese: \u9678\u4e0a\u7dcf\u968a), formerly with the Central Readiness Force, as a supporting unit for the Central Readiness Regiment (CRR), 1st Airborne Brigade and the Japanese Special Forces Group (SFGp) if deployed into a combat zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159088-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Brigade\nPrior to the brigade's integration into the CRF, it had been actively involved in civil disaster operations in response to natural disasters such as forest fires and earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159088-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Brigade, History\nThe 1st Helicopter Brigade was first established on March 20, 1959, by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Aviation School at JGSDF Camp Kasumigaura in Kasumigaura, Ibaraki. After the brigade was established, two helicopter companies were created on March 1, 1968, during a period of reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159088-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Brigade, History\nThe 1st Helicopter Company was stationed at JGSDF Camp Kisarazu on March 22, 1968, with the 2nd Helicopter Company arriving on June 1, 1968. A special transport squad was established in the brigade on December 19, 1986. Another period of reorganization began on March 27, 2006, when a communications and reconnaissance squad was added to the unit. On March 28, 2007, the 1st Helicopter Brigade was formally incorporated into the Central Readiness Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159088-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Brigade, History\nThe brigade was deployed by the Central Readiness Force on its first operation to subdue wildfires in the forests of the Yamanashi Prefecture on April 29, 2007. They have been also deployed on humanitarian operations, specifically in the aftermath of the March 2011 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159088-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Brigade, History\nOn March 26, 2020, the 1HB has established an aviation corp to manage V-22 Ospreys for the ARDB. The Ospreys are due to be deployed to Kisarazu with plans to be deployed at Saga Airport in the future. One CH-47J helicopter squadron is to be at JGSDF Vice Camp Takayubaru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159088-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Brigade, Aircraft in service\nThe 1st Helicopter Brigade currently utilize the following aircraft for the Ground Component Command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron\nThe 1st Helicopter Squadron is a United States Air Force unit based at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland reporting to the 316th Operations Group,administratively controlled by Air Force District of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, Mission\nThe 1st Helicopter Squadron's primary mission is to be prepared to evacuate high-ranking personnel from the Capital area in the event of a national emergency. It also supports Washington D.C. area airlift for high-ranking Executive Branch, dignitaries, military leaders and other VIPs. The squadron also supports search and rescue missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was first activated in February 1944 as the 1st Fighter Reconnaissance Squadron and equipped with a mix of P-51 fighter and F-6 reconnaissance Mustangs. It trained for operations with Third Air Force and trained at the Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics. Moved to India, September\u2013November 1944 assigned to Tenth Air Force. Combat in CBI, 14 February-9 May 1945. After May 1945 in training. Returned to the US during October\u2014 November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 1st flew combat missions in the China Burma India Theater from 14 February to 9 May 1945 as a fighter unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was consolidated with the 1st Helicopter Squadron in September 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, History, Capital area helicopter airlift, Background\nThe Air Force's use of helicopters to transport 'distinguished persons' in the Capital area go back to August 1955, when Military Air Transport Service organized the 1401st Helicopter Flight at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. In July 1957, a helicopter from the 1401st landed on the lawn of the White House to transport President Eisenhower, marking the unit's first presidential airlift flight. In October 1957, the flight was transferred to Headquarters Command, which required renumbering it as the 1001st Helicopter Flight. The flight moved to Bolling Air Force Base in 1963. Expanding demands for helicopter airlift resulted in the flight expanding to the 1001st Helicopter Squadron. On 7 September 1968 the 1001st returned its operations to Andrews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, History, Capital area helicopter airlift, Background\nThe squadron received the Air Force's flying safety award in 1963. In 1966, it dropped supplies to snowbound civilians following a blizzard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, History, Capital area helicopter airlift, Background\nIn 1969 Headquarters Command replaced the 1001st, which was a MAJCON (four-digit) unit and could not continue its history, with a unit controlled by Headquarters, USAF, which could continue its history. The conversion was one of unit category and number only and the new squadron would continue the mission and assume the manning and resources of the discontinuing 1001st. The new squadron was entitled to all the awards earned by the 1001st, but not its lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, History, Capital area helicopter airlift, New squadron assumes helicopter airlift mission\nSince activation in 1969 the 1st Helicopter Squadron has provided local airlift for the Executive Department, high-ranking dignitaries, and distinguished visitors, as well as support for emergency evacuation of key government officials, search and rescue, and emergency medical evacuation. The squadron maintains a helicopter on alert for short notice mission assignments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 114], "content_span": [115, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, History, Capital area helicopter airlift, New squadron assumes helicopter airlift mission\nIn January 1983 Air Florida Flight 90 crashed into the 14th Street bridge during a blizzard. The squadron participated in the following relief efforts despite the unfavourable weather conditions at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 114], "content_span": [115, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, History, Capital area helicopter airlift, New squadron assumes helicopter airlift mission\nCurrently the squadron operates Bell UH-1N Twin Huey helicopters acquired in the early 1970s. Air Force Space Command also operates the UH-1N and has proposed the Common Vertical Lift Support Platform (CVLSP) program to seek a replacement to their UH-1Ns. On 24 September 2018, the United States Air Force announced that the MH-139 had won a competition to replace the Air Force's Vietnam-era UH-1Ns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 114], "content_span": [115, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159089-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Helicopter Squadron, Attribution\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159090-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Helpmann Awards\nThe 1st Helpmann Awards ceremony was presented by the Australian Entertainment Industry Association (AEIA) (currently known by its trade name, Live Performance Australia), for achievements in disciplines of Australia's live performance sectors. The ceremony took place on 25 March 2001 at the Lyric Theatre, Sydney and was hosted by Simon Burke. During the ceremony, the AEIA handed out awards in twelve categories for achievements in theatre, musicals, opera, ballet, dance and concerts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159090-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Helpmann Awards\nAustralian works The Boy from Oz (musical), The Eighth Wonder (opera), Life After George (theatre) and the opening ceremony of the 2000 Olympics in Sydney were major award recipients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159090-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Helpmann Awards, Winners and nominees\nIn the following tables, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159091-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards\nThe Inaugural Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards, presented by the Hollywood Critics Association, was originally supposed to be held at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles on August 22, 2021. But was ultimately delayed a week and broadcast through a virtual ceremony. The awards did not have a host. Mckenna Grace and Brooklynn Prince announced the complete list of nominees for the  awards via a live stream on Thursday, July 8, 2021, on the organization's official YouTube Channel. Ted Lasso lead series nominations with 8 nominations, followed by The Handmaid's Tale and WandaVision with 7 each. HBO and NBC lead network and platform nominations with 29 nominations each, followed by Netflix with 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159091-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards\nThe HCA TV Awards became the first organization to separate streaming programs from broadcast/cable shows, electing to give the streaming platforms their own separate category in drama and comedy, with the exception of the limited series/TV movie field,  which isn't divided by platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159091-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards\nTed Lasso won the most awards of the night with four total, followed by The Crown with three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula\nThe 1st Home Guard Battalion Pula (HV) (Croatian: 1. domobranska bojna Pula), nicknamed Noni\u0107i, Suri, Strile, and Zogaduri was a Croatian Army guards brigade composed of conscripts from Pula and nearby towns. It was formed on  on April 30, 1992 by order of Croatian President Franjo Tu\u0111man. The unit was the first Home Guard unit from Istria to be formed, and to take part in the Croatian War of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula\nThe unit is noted for the impeccable conduct of its soldiers. Its behaviour is said to have been an example to other units on the battlefield. It was the oldest unit of the Croatian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, History\nThe unit was established in the building of the former Office of Defense, in the Forum of Pula in the premises of the former TO. It consisted mainly of conscripts from the former municipality of Pula (Pula, Li\u017enjan, Medulin, Vodnjan, Mar\u010dana, Barban), as well as from Rovinj, Pazin, Labin and Lupoglav.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, History\nThe first task of the unit was to intervene in the event of an attack on Pula and its surroundings, to fight against sabotage and terrorist groups and to defend vital facilities of interest to Pula and the Republic of Croatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, War time\nPursuant to the Order of the Deputy Commander of the Gospi\u0107 Military District, and to the Plan for the Engagement of Home Guard Units (class: 817-07 / 93-01-06, registration number: 1043-04-93-27 of 9 October 1993), 1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, as the first Home Guard unit from the Istria County, moved to the front line and on October 17, 1993, took over the 1st Company's defense over part of the defensive line of the village of Ramljani, Croatia (near Oto\u010dac), and was later joined by the 2nd the 3rd and the 4th companies. Used to the mild Istrian winters, the soldiers had to get used quickly to the harsh winters of Lika, but adapted quickly, also supplying the local population and helping them to prepare firewood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, War time\nThe unit was exposed to almost daily enemy fire from infantry weapons, while the 2nd Company was exposed to artillery fire for fifteen days. The task of the company was to defend the village of Ramljani. In addition to monitoring the movements of enemy troops and reporting them to the Headquarters, the battalion made shelters for observation and combat operations, and prepared in the event of heavy artillery or mortar fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, War time\nThanks to \"good organization, military discipline, as well as pre-built and prepared shelters and dugouts\", the unit was able to stay without victims throughout the continuous fire of March 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, War time\nThe battalion was located mainly in the Ramljani barracks, where there was also an Independent Home Guard Company composed of refugee home guards from Korenica, so in the beginning positions were shared with them. The battalion also developed a war surgical reception clinic for the wounded, and a small pharmacy with medicines. The battalion commander was Lieutenant Boris Ru\u017ei\u0107, his deputies: Vladimir Rojni\u0107 and Anton Borina, lieutenants Nevio \u0160eti\u0107 and Boris U\u0161i\u0107. It successfully defended the village of Ramljani, which was entrusted to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, War time\nThe unit was demobilized on May 2, 1994. An order followed to form an intervention company from the battalion for a speedy dispatch to the front line and to stay ready for combat, which was carried out. Due to its good organization and cooperation with the trucking company, the unit could be used before the ordered deadline. The unit was shut down on July 13, 1999 due to the reorganization of the HV. During the war, the unit was also visited by media representatives, and published articles in newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, War time\nThe unit is noted for the conduct of its soldiers, who were always ready to take action but never willing to  \"retaliate against the provocations of the enemy.\" Its behaviour is said to have been an example to other units on the battlefield. The unit was also praised for its medical staff and its organizarion, taking care of the health of the company members but also of the wounded among the local population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, War time\nThe 1st company self-nicknamed themselves Noni\u0107i, the 2nd Suri, Strile and the 3rd Zogaduri, all from the local Pula dialect. Noni\u0107i means \"oldsters\", \"grandpas\", probably referring to the advanced age of the unit. Suri means \"gray\", and makes the same allusion. Strile means arrows, referring to the unit's quickness, while zogaduri is a word  in the jergon of the game of briscola, popular in Croatia, especially in Istria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159092-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Home Guard Battalion Pula, War time\nJust like the city of Pula, the composition of the brigade was multiethnic, with 13 Serbs and four Slovenes, and also one Czech and one Hungarian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159093-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hong Kong Film Awards\nThe 1st Hong Kong Awards ceremony, honoured the best films of 1981 and took place on 9 March 1982, at the Hong Kong Arts Centre Shouson Theatre in Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Eric Ng and Zhan Xiaoping, during the ceremony awards are presented in 5 categories. The ceremony was sponsored by RTHK and City Entertainment Magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159093-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Hong Kong Film Awards, Awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159094-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Honinbo\nThe 1st Honinbo was the first ever professional Go tournament. Eight players competed for the title. The tournament utilized a makeshift league system where players would play four knockout rounds. At the end of each round, the winning player would receive six points. The runner-up would receive five, and the losing semi-finalists would have a playoff to decide who finished in third (four points) and fourth (three points). Players knocked out in the first round received one point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159094-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Honinbo\nWhite received 4.5 komi during the knockout rounds and players had 13 hours thinking time. Tamejiro Suzuki, however, was granted 16 hours thinking time because of his disdain for time limits. At the conclusion of the fourth knockout round, the two top players in the standings, Riichi Sekiyama and Shin Kato, played a six-game series to decide the winner. The initial series finished even at three games, but Sekiyama was given the title for having accumulated more points in the knockout rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)\nThe 1st Horse (Skinner's Horse) is a regiment of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army. It traces its origins as a cavalry regiment from the times of the East India Company, followed by its service in the British Indian Army and finally, after independence as the fourth oldest and one of the senior cavalry regiments of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Formation\nAfter the Anglo-Maratha War of 1803, James Skinner (\"Sikander Sahib\") was dismissed from service by Daulat Rao Sindhia and was recruited by Lord Lake, who asked him to raise a regiment of \u2018Irregular Cavalry\u2019. On February 23, 1803 the regiment was raised at Hansi, Haryana in the service of the East India Company. The initial contingent consisted of 800 men of Perron\u2019s Horse, who were under service of the Scindia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Formation\nA second regiment of Indian Cavalry was raised by Colonel James Skinner in 1814, which became the 3rd Skinner's Horse. On the reduction of the Indian Army in 1922, 1st and 3rd Regiments were amalgamated and became Skinner's Horse (1st Duke of York's Own Cavalry) and later the 1st Duke of York's Own Lancers (Skinner's Horse) until 1950, following which the regiment took its present designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Lineage\nLike many regiments of the Indian Army, the 1st Horse (Skinner's Horse) underwent a series of name changes in their history-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Lineage\nThe 3rd Skinner\u2019s Horse also went through similar changes prior to its amalgamation with 1st Horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Early history\nAfter its formation in 1803, the regiment was involved in a number of the campaigns on the Asian sub-continent, notably the Siege of Bharatpur, the First Afghan War, the Second Afghan War, the First Sikh War and the Second Sikh War. In 1842, a detachment of the regiment lost 108 men out of 180 engaged in a clash at Kandahar. The 1st Skinner's Horse remained loyal during the Indian Mutiny of 1857, seeing service in the Ravi River district and distinguishing itself at Chichawatni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Early history\nIt was the first Indian Army regiment sent overseas during the Boxer Rebellion and participated in the Battle of Peking. During this campaign the regiment clashed with Tartar cavalry and served alongside United States units \u2013 the first occasion where British Indian and US troops served together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), World War I\nThe 1st regiment remained throughout the war in the North-West Frontier. The 3rd regiment was at Meerut when the First World War broke out. The regiment was a part of the 7th (Meerut) Cavalry Brigade, 2nd Indian Cavalry Division. The brigade received orders to mobilise on 24 October 1914. It sailed from Bombay and reached Marseilles port in France by 15 December 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), World War I\nThe regiment was in France till August 1916. It saw extensive action in many parts of France. It was awarded the battle honours France and Flanders for its fine performance. It was sent to Mesopotamia as a part of the 7th Meerut Cavalry Brigade Headquarters. The regiment was then ordered back to India where it concentrated in Rawalpindi in August 1916 for operations in Afghanistan. A detachment of the regiment was tasked to guard the post at Gumboz and held against the attack by the Marris on 17 February 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Interwar period\nAfter World War I, the cavalry of the British Indian Army was reduced from thirty-nine regiments to twenty-one. On 18 May 1921, the two regiments of Skinner's Horse were amalgamated at Sialkot with the new title of the 1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse. Formerly The 1st Duke of York's Own Lancers had been a class regiment made up entirely of Hindustani Mussalman (Muslim) troopers, while the 3rd Skinner's Horse had consisted of one squadron each of Jat Sikhs, Jats, Rajputs and Ranghars (Muslim Rajputs). After the amalgamation, the new regiment would only consist of only three Squadrons: Rajputs, Rangars and Jats. The Jat Sikh Squadron, which had been part of the 3rd Skinner's Horse for 72 years, was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Interwar period\nEach of the squadrons was equipped with one Hotchkiss gun and with .303 Short Magazine Lee\u2013Enfield rifles. The machine gun troops of the Headquarters Squadron were equipped with the .303 Vickers machine gun. The traditional sillidar-system of most of the cavalry was abolished shortly after World War I and Indian troopers were now provided with government horses rather than having to provide the animals themselves in return for a higher rate of pay. The Skinner's Horse accordingly acquired the status of a fully regular regiment of the British Indian Army and received standard government-issue equipment for all purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), World War II\nAt the beginning of World War II the regiment was still mounted, but was quickly converted to act as a mechanised reconnaissance regiment and was attached to the 5th Indian Division and when the division was sent to the Sudan, formed part of Gazelle Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), World War II\nDuring the rest of the war the regiment was attached variously to the 4th Indian Infantry Division; the British 10th Armoured Division, the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade and the 10th Indian Infantry Division. The regiment fought in East Africa, North Africa and Italy and was awarded battle honours for Agordat, Keren, Amba-Alagi, Abyssinia, Senio Flood Bank and Italy. The senior Pakistani politician Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan (1915\u20131998), who served with Skinner's Horse in Sudan/Africa during the Second World War, has written a brief but memorable account of the regiment's service there, in his memoirs, \"The Nation that Lost its Soul\" (Lahore: Jang Pubs, 1995).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Post War\nThe regiment was switched to tanks in 1946, receiving the Stuart tank, and a year later Churchills. In 1947 with the Indian independence, the regiment became part of the Indian Army Armoured Corps. The first Indian commander was Lieutenant Colonel RM Bilimoria, and the regiment was stationed at Ahmednagar. Post partition, the Hindustani Muslim and Ranghar squadrons of the Skinner\u2019s Horse were transferred to the Pakistani Armoured Corps in exchange of a Sikh Squadron from 19th King George V's Own Lancers. The present regimental composition is of Jats, Rajputs  and Sikhs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Post War\nThe regiment took part in the annexation of Hyderabad in 1948, following which it stopped the use of Stuart tanks. The Churchill tank remained in use until 1957, after which the regiment was equipped with Sherman Mk IV's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Post War\nIn 1965, equipped with Sherman tanks, the unit\u2019s B Squadron supported  50th Parachute Brigade near Dograi and 2 troops helped 3 Jat in the epic battle of Dograi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Post War\nEight years later, in 1965 the regiment converted to the T-54 and then to the T-55.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Post War\nThe regiment with its T-55 tanks was part of the 2 Independent Armoured Brigade under 39 Infantry Division. It took part in operations initially in Samba and then in Shakargarh sector. It helped 1 Dogra in capturing Harar Kalan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Post War\nIn 1979, the regiment converted to the T-72 tanks. In 2003, a special service was held at the St. James' Church, Delhi, which was built by James Skinner, to commemorate the bicentenary of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Uniforms\nThe old 1st Lancers wore yellow uniforms (uniquely in the British Empire) and the old 3rd wore dark blue. The \"yellow\" was actually close to mustard in shade but led to the regiment being nicknamed  \"Canaries\" or \"Yellow Boys\" from its formation. Each regiment had the full-dress (mounted) long 'Kurta' worn with a turban and cummerbund for all ranks, also a full-dress (dismounted) or levee, dress for British officers only. These were not in general use after 1914 but could still be worn by officers on special assignments (e.g. as an aide-de-camp) or while attending court functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Uniforms\nThe merged Skinner's Horse was assigned a dark blue full dress with yellow facings in 1922 but by 1931 the historic yellow and black had been restored. The yellow mess jacket and black waistcoat of the old 1st Bengal Lancers was adopted by the 1922 regiment of Skinner's Horse and was the cold weather mess dress until 1939. All six of these various uniforms are in the collection of the National Army Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Uniforms\nThe cap badge of the regiment prior to independence consisted of a central rose over crossed lances, with a crown between the lance-heads. A scroll below bears the inscription, 'Himmat-I-Mardan Madad-I-Khuda'. The present cap badge replaced the crown by a horse mounted by a cavalryman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Battle and Theatre Honours\nBhurtpore, Ghuznee 1839, Khelat, Afghanistan 1839, Candhahar 1842, Maharajpore, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1879-1880, Punjab Frontier, Pekin 1900, France and Flanders 1914-16, North West Frontier India 1915, Baluchistan 1918, Afghanistan 1919, Agordat, Keren, Amba Alagai, Abyssinia 1940-41, Senio Floodbank, Italy 1943-46, Harar Kalan, Punjab 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159095-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Horse (Skinner's Horse), Battle and Theatre Honours\nThe regiment was awarded with the 'Guidon' on 31 March 1971 at Babina by the then President V. V. Giri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\nThe 1st Hull Heavy Battery was a unit of the British Army in World War I recruited from Kingston upon Hull in the East Riding of Yorkshire. It was the first unit of the Royal Garrison Artillery raised for 'Kitchener's Army' and it went on to serve as a howitzer battery in the East African Campaign and as a siege battery on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Recruitment\nOn 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular Army, and on 11 August the newly appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Recruitment\nThe establishment for each of these divisions included a heavy battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). For the 11th (Northern) Division this was the 1st Hull Heavy Battery, together with its ammunition column, raised by Charles Wilson, 2nd Baron Nunburnholme, as Lord-Lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire and President of the East Riding Territorial Association. This was unusual because most of the county Territorial Associations were fully engaged with recruiting and equipping their existing Territorial Force (TF) units and had no time for the early New Army units, which were mainly formed at Regular Army depots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Recruitment\nBy contrast, Lord Nunburnholme and the East Riding TA were simultaneously raising the 'Hull Pals' Brigade (10th\u201313th Service Battalions of the East Yorkshire Regiment), and in 1915 also raised the 124th (2nd Hull) and 146th (3rd Hull) Heavy Batteries and the 31st (Hull) Divisional Ammunition Column. Lord Nunburnholme borrowed Hull City Hall and opened it on 6 September as the Central Hull Recruiting Office for all the units being raised in the city. Douglas Boyd, a Hull Corporation employee, was commissioned as Lieutenant and appointed recruiting officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Recruitment\nAuthority for the new battery \u2013 the first heavy artillery formed for Kitchener's Army \u2013 was given by the War Office on 7 September 1914. It was to be administered by the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Northern Command, who was responsible for all the units that would form the 11th (Northern) Division, but for the first few months the battery was left largely to the resources and initiative of Lord Nunburnholme and the civic authorities in Hull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Recruitment\nJohn Claybourn Williams, a ship's captain in Lord Nunburnhome's family shipping line (Thomas Wilson Sons & Co.) and an officer in the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR), was appointed as the battery's temporary Commanding Officer (CO). By 15 September, 80 men had been enrolled for the battery, many drawn from the shipbuilding and engineering firms in Hull, while drivers came from the rural villages of the East Riding. It reached its full war establishment by mid-December, when it was authorised to recruit an additional depot section to supply reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Training\nThe recruits began training at East Hull Barracks on Holderness Road, performing drill in nearby East Park. The men lived at home, and until uniforms arrived the men of 1st Hull Bty were distinguished form the other East Riding recruits by wearing a red and blue armband on their civilian clothes. The battery's guns, four Boer War-era 4.7-inch guns, arrived at Kingston Street Station in late October, and the men dragged them through the streets of Hull, first to Wenlock Barracks, then on to East Hull Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Training\nOn 5 November, Captain Williams handed over command and reverted to the RNR (he commanded armed merchant vessels later in the war). The new CO was Temporary Captain John McCracken, who had been an RGA Battery Serjeant-Major with 23 years' experience at the outbreak of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Training\nAs part of 11th Division, the battery was formally designated 11th (Hull) Heavy Battery on 1 May 1915, when it established its headquarters outside the city at the former Hedon Racecourse. Here the horse teams were lodged in the racing stables and the battery began serious training. Meanwhile, the infantry of 11th Division were already considered adequately trained, and when the division embarked for the Gallipoli Campaign on 30 June, 11th Heavy Bty remained behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Training\nCaptain McCracken left on 25 May 1915 to become adjutant of the Humber Garrison and was replaced as CO by Lieutenant-Colonel H.M. Slater, RGA, who commanded the training brigade at Hedon. Slater in turn was replaced due to ill-health by T/Capt Basil Floyd, who took over as CO on 9 September. Floyd had already seen action with the RGA on the Western Front; he remained CO of the Hull Battery for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Training\nThe battery was formally taken over by the military authorities on 12 August 1915. On 28 October it moved by rail to Charlton Park, near the Royal Artillery's main depot at Woolwich. The decision was then made to convert the battery into a howitzer siege battery for service in East Africa. This meant handing in the battery's draught horses, because motor traction would be used. On 18 January 1916 the battery moved from Woolwich to Denham, Buckinghamshire. Here the battery, its ammunition column and depot section were reorganised into a complete brigade (XXXVIII or 38th Bde, RGA) of two batteries under Major Piercy Reade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Training\nThe guns were eight obsolete 5-inch breechloading howitzers transferred from 4th Home Counties Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, a TF unit that was re-equipping before returning to France. Napier and US-made Four Wheel Drive Auto Company (FWD) lorries and additional mechanical transport (MT) drivers were provided by specially-formed 625 Company of the Army Service Corps (ASC). Some horse drivers were transferred to other mounted units, while others were re-trained as signallers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa\nXXXVIII Brigade embarked some of its lorries and stores aboard SS Anselma da Larrinaga at Avonmouth Docks and the rest of men, lorries and guns aboard HM Transport Huntsgreen (formerly the German Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping line's Derfflinger) at Devonport Dockyard on 7\u20138 February. It disembarked at Mombasa on 14 March 1916. The brigade arrived in the rainy season, and suffered a great deal of sickness in its tented camp outside Mombasa. It was not until 3 May that 11th (Hull) Bty entrained for Voi and then went by road to Mbuyuni, arriving on 5 May, followed two days later by 158th Bty. At Mbyuni the batteries practised observation and field firing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa\nBefore resuming the offensive after the rains, the commander of the British Empire forces, Lieutenant-General Jan Smuts, reorganised his forces into three divisions. 38th Brigade was split up into subunits distributed to different formations, and given new local designations. Left Section (2 guns) of 11th (Hull) Bty became 11th Howitzer Bty attached to Major-General Jacob van Deventer's 2nd Division in the south-west and Right Section became 13th Howitzer Bty attached to 1st Division in the east; 158th (Hull) Bty became 14th Howitzer Bty in reserve with Army Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Kondoa Irangi\nSmuts's advance began on 21 May and the Hull batteries were sent up to join the offensive. 11th (H) Bty reinforced 2nd Division at Kondoa Irangi on 3 June after a long march through rough country, crossing the Pienaar Heights and several rivers where motor vehicles had to be towed through the water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 76], "content_span": [77, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Kondoa Irangi\nAt Kondoa Irangi the battery was grouped with 10th Heavy Bty, consisting of  guns taken from HMS Pegasus and manned by Royal Navy personnel, and 12th (H) Bty, a mule-drawn unit manned by RGA personnel from Cape Town, which had just lost one of its howitzers to a premature burst. 11th (H) Bty went straight into action alongside 12th (H) Bty on 'Battery Hill' to protect Deventer's left flank from German incursions. 12th (H) Battery's mules were employed to get the guns into position silently at night, under shellfire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 76], "content_span": [77, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Kondoa Irangi\nThe battery began exchanging fire with German gun positions and observation posts (OPs) on 'Black Rock'. From 6 June the fire was directed by newly arrived Voisin aircraft from No 7 Squadron Royal Naval Air Service. This firing continued until 25 June, when an infantry attack took Black Rock. The German then retired from the area and the British troops followed them down to the Central Railway. 11th (H) Battery left Kondoa Irangi on 20 July and reached Dodoma on the railway on 6 August. The battery had deployed for action at Meia Meia waterhole on 27 July, but had no targets during the short action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 76], "content_span": [77, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Kondoa Irangi\nDeventer continued the advance from the railway on 10 August, the artillery heading eastward on a congested single-track road. The single mule-drawn gun of 12th Bty, reinforced with gunners from 11th Bty, pushed on with the infantry who fought their way into Mpwapwa on 12 August. The rest of 11th (H) Bty  reached Mpwapwa on 18 August, but was held up there by lack of petrol and the damage done to its vehicles by the bad roads. The force fought its way through Kidete Station to Kilosa by 1 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 76], "content_span": [77, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Wami River\nMeanwhile, in the eastern sector, 13th (H) Bty did not move up from Mbuyuni until mid-June, escorted by 7th South African Light Horse. The two guns were towed by FWD lorries, but the ammunition column was drawn by oxen and manned by 134th (Cornwall) Heavy Bty. The column crossed the Pangani River, reached Handeni on 6 July after its capture, and then crossed the Lukiguri after the bridge had been seized. Here the battery camped until 5 August, where it was joined by 134th (Cornwall) Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Wami River\nAnother forward thrust began in August. For this operation, 13th (H) Bty was attached to 3rd Division, which was cooperating with 1st Division, while 14th (H) Bty remained with Army Troops. However, 13th (H) Bty found the route impassable and had to return to the Lukiguri. It then followed 1st Division down the main road and supported an attack along the Wami River on 17 August. The battery went onto action at a range of 2,500 yards (2,300\u00a0m), where the howitzers' heavy Lyddite shells proved decisive, causing the German Askaris to break and flee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Wami River\nThe force then took Morogoro on the Central Railway, where 13th (H) Bty went into camp on 28 August, while Smuts attempted to surround the enemy by pushing down both sides of the Uluguru Mountains with 1st and 3rd Divisions. 13th (H) Battery moved out on 7 September, following a newly-cut road to the Ruvu River crossing where it camped again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Wami River\nThe offensive was halted by rain, exhaustion and German defences in mid-September. 11th (H) Battery remained in camp at Kilosa throughout October, while 13th (H) Bty was finally able to cross the Ruvu on 11 October and join the front line at the Mgeta River on 14 October, where for the next few weeks it exchanged occasional shots with the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Kilwa\nMeanwhile, Kilwa on the coast had been captured in September, and on 14 October, 14th (H) Bty was landed there to take part in the advance inland. However, the advance bogged down into static fighting at Kibata Fort, where the infantry took heavy casualties from shellfire until the two howitzers could finally be got forward on 1 January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Kilwa\nThe campaign having been halted, reorganisation took place. A serious shortage of howitzers for training in the UK led to four of 38th Bde's eight guns being repatriated by sea. Sickness had also reduced the number of men available. 12th (H) Battery was reduced to just four men and was amalgamated into 11th (H) Bty, which returned from Kilosa to Dodoma and joined the remaining men of 13th (H) Bty, which had left one howitzer and stores, guarded by three men, in case they were needed on the Rufiji River. Captain Floyd successfully argued for the batteries to be recombined, and in April 1917 11th (Hull) Heavy Bty consisting of four howitzers was reformed, the temporary titles and those of 38th Bde and 158th Heavy Bty being discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Flying columns\nApart from the section at Kilwa, the whole battery was at Morogoro. Having handed its remaining guns over to 134th (Cornwall) Bty, it had two of that battery's Indian-pattern 5.4-inch howitzers for training. These sections then acted as a depot, sending men forward to Kilwa until 29 August, when those remaining at Morogoro were sent to Dar es Salaam and all fit men were with the battery at Kilwa. The two remaining howitzers of the former 158th Bty had been at Chenera, some 40 miles (64\u00a0km) from Kilwa, since the end of 1916. Towards the end of June 1917 the whole battery moved (using porters to draw the guns in the absence of motor vehicles) to Rombo to join No 2 Column of Deventer's force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Flying columns\nThe advance began on 4 July, the columns pursuing the German commander Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and his small force, which engaged them with rearguards, but never stayed long enough for the battery to get into action. Mobility was improved in mid-July when the Napier and FWD vehicles arrived, and the battery crossed over to No 1 Column, which was spearheading the pursuit. Roads were bad, necessitating the use of porters to help the vehicles, and the battery remained inactive at Mssindy throughout August while the infantry cleared the surrounding area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Flying columns\nNo 2 Column was reinforced in mid-September, and renewed the advance, with 11th (Hull) Bty in attendance. It now had wireless-equipped aircraft spotting for the guns. The Hull battery went into action supporting infantry attacks on Ndessa Kati and Ndessa Juu on 20 September, and against German machine gun positions on high ground near Nahungu on 1 October. It then switched to support an attack by No 1 Column on 4 and 5 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Flying columns\nVon Lettow-Vorbeck was now in danger of being encircled by the columns and fighting became bitter. The Hull battery broke up one counterattack with shrapnel and high explosive shells on 21 October. On 11 November the battery supported an infantry attack on Chiwata Hill and then shelled German positions over succeeding days. Serjeant Arthur Cowbourne was awarded a Distinguished Conduct Medal for maintaining the telephone line between the OP and the column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, East Africa, Flying columns\nDeventer had now linked up with troops from Lindi, and von Lettow-Vorbeck retreated into Portuguese East Africa. Assuming that the campaign was now essentially over (in fact von Lettow-Vorbeck conducted a guerrilla campaign for the rest of the war) the British commanders began reducing the European force in East Africa. 11th (Hull) Battery sailed from Lindi to Dar es Salaam on 7 December and left for home via Durban on 13 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, 545th Siege Battery\nThe battery returned to England aboard RMS Durham Castle, landing at Plymouth on 31 January 1918. On 1 March at Aldershot it was redesignated 545th Siege Battery, RGA, under the command of Captain (now Major) Floyd, who set out to get back as many veterans of the 1st Hull Bty as he could from other RGA units where they had been posted from convalescence hospitals. The battery was joined by newly trained signallers from Catterick Camp, and on 2 April it moved to Lydd for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, 545th Siege Battery\nLord Nunburnholme, who had originally raised the battery in 1914, now joined it as an active officer. Although he was a former Major in the 2nd Volunteer Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment, and was Honorary Colonel of its 5th (Cyclist) Battalion (and of the East Riding Volunteers, a wartime home guard organisation), and held a Distinguished Service Order (DSO) from service with the City Imperial Volunteers during the Boer War, his army rank was only that of an honorary lieutenant. He was now commissioned as temporary captain in the RGA on 15 May 1918. After completing the battery officers' course at Lydd he joined the battery in France on 14 September and served as second-in-command to Major Floyd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, 545th Siege Battery\nThe battery moved to Hilsea Barracks on 10 June, where it was intended to become the crew for a 12-inch railway howitzer. However, Maj Floyd objected and in July the battery was re-equipped with four modern 6-inch Mk XIX guns towed by Holt tractors, with an MT section of 16 Thornycroft lorries. On 17 July the battery embarked at Southampton Docks while the guns and transport went from Portsmouth Harbour. The battery landed at Le Havre on 16 July 1918 and deployed in the Lys sector under Fifth Army, where it came under regular gas shelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\n545th Siege Battery had arrived on the Western Front in time for the Allied Hundred Days Offensive. The success of the Battle of Amiens caused the Germans to withdraw from the Lys Salient and the battery had to move forward to new positions. It came into action at Doulieu on 20 September, at once coming under heavy Counter-battery fire. The following day it was pulled out and moved south to join Fourth Army, with which it served for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, St Quentin Canal\nAt Peronne the battery joined 47th Brigade RGA, assigned to III Corps. The gunners were unable to find suitable positions during the night of 24/25 September, and left their gun platforms beside the road under guard. During the night one of the platforms received a direct hit from enemy fire. The guns were positioned the following night, and from 27 September took part in the preparatory bombardment for the assault on the Hindenburg Line (the Battle of St Quentin Canal) by III Corps and II US Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 81], "content_span": [82, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, St Quentin Canal\nOn 27 November it carried out counter-battery fire in support of the Americans' preliminary attack on 'The Knoll', continuing the following day as calls for support came in from the infantry. For the main attack on 29 September, the battery fired a large number of tasks on roads and bridges, as well as enemy batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 81], "content_span": [82, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Beaurevoir Line\nThe firing continued on 1 October, as III Corps was relieved by XIII Corps to continue the offensive. The battery targeted Usigny Dump, a German stores depot  masked in a dip in the ground some 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) away. It also fired on strongpoints at Villers Farm, \u00c9lincourt and Serain, and roads around Villers-Outr\u00e9aux and Malincourt. The battery then moved up to Ronssoy to join the howitzers of 47th Bde to support XIII and Australian Corps' attack on the Hindenburg Support Line (the Beaurevoir Line) on 3\u20135 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 80], "content_span": [81, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Beaurevoir Line\nGetting the artillery forward following these victories proved difficult, but 545th Siege Bty's Right Section was attached to 'Roberts Brigade', an ad hoc formation organised for the pursuit, and continued its bombardment on 10 October from Maurois railway station. Left Section suffered from a German air raid on the night of 9/10 October, without casualties. While Right Section followed the advance, Left Section manned a brigade ammunition dump at Maretz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 80], "content_span": [81, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Selle\nThe pursuit ended at the River Selle. For its assault crossing of the river on 17 October (the Battle of the Selle), XIII Corps had its 6-inch guns, including 545th Siege Bty (now in 73rd Army Brigade, RGA), sited well forward so that they could hit the crossings over the Sambre Canal, which carried the German lines of supply (and retreat). The assault went in behind a massive bombardment, the attacking infantry crossing the Selle by means of duckboard bridges. By the end of the day Fourth Army had forced its way across the Selle and broken into the German Hermann Stellung I defences. Over succeeding days it closed up to the Sambre Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Selle\n545th Siege Battery's guns had now fired so many rounds that their barrels required re-lining, and were sent to the Ordnance depot at Amiens on 27 October, thereby missing the Battle of the Sambre. Meanwhile, the personnel and the ammunition column moved forward to Le Cateau. During the night of 27/28 October their position came under heavy fire from German artillery, and ammunition lorries were set alight. Serjeant Goodwin (ASC) and Lance-Bombardier Frank Dickens (545th Bty) were awarded the Meritorious Service Medal for their gallantry in throwing shells from a burning lorry. In the confused pursuit, one of the ammunition lorries was accidentally driven into No man's land and had to be abandoned until the enemy retreated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159096-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Hull Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Disbandment\nOn 5 November, all heavy artillery batteries in XIII Corps' area were stood down and the men billeted in Le Cateau. The Armistice with Germany came into effect on 11 November. 545th Siege Bty handed over three of its re-lined Mk XIX guns to 189th Siege Bty, which went forward as part of the Army of Occupation, receiving older Mk VII 6-inch guns in exchange. The battery moved to Saulzoir in December, where it carried out salvage duties. Demobilisation began at New Year, and the men were progressively sent to Clipstone Camp in Nottinghamshire, where the last group of men from the original 1st Hull Battery were demobilised on 31 July 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards\nThe 1st Servis Hum Awards Ceremony (referred to as Hum Awards) presented by the Hum Television Network and Entertainment Channel (HTNEC), sponsored by Servis, Telenor and co-sponsored by Nokia Lumia, to honored the best dramas of 2012 of its own Channel Hum and to Fashion, Music. Ceremony took place on March 12, 2013  at the Expo Center in Karachi, Sindh beginning at PM/IST 8:00\u00a0p.m. and was televised on 28 April 2013. During the ceremony, the Hum Channel presented Awards in 24 regular categories along with in 3 honorary and in 2 special categories. The ceremony, televised in the Pakistan by Hum TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards\nHosts Mikaal Zulfiqar, Mahira Khan and co-host Vasay Chaudhry became the first ever hosts of ceremony. During the ceremony Hum held its annual Honorary Awards, which were presented by host Bushra Ansari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards\nShehr-e-Zaat won three awards including Best Drama Serial for Momina Duraid, Abdullah Kadwani & Asad Qureshi. Mere Qatil Mere Dildar won two awards, including Best Supporting Actress for Shagufta Ejaz. Sanjha won two awards including Best Director for Farooq Rind. Humsafar also won two awards. Other winners were Bari Aapa, Raju Rocket, Nikhar Gaye Gulab Sare, Fun Khana, Extras (The Mango People), Mujhay Roothnay Na Daina, Kitni Girhain Baqi Hain, Maat, Dastaan with one award each. Mahira Khan won the Best Actress award for her role in Shehr-e-Zaat. Noman Ejaz won Best Actor for portraying the promising character in Bari Aapa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the public voting were announced on February 20, 2013, and rest of the categories were announced on 12 March 2013, through the official website of HUM TV and by Mikaal Zulfiqar Host of 1st Annual Hum Awards, and actress Mahira Khan. In addition, Mikaal and Mahira were in the uncommon position of co-hosting the event as they themselves were nominated for an Hum Award (For Best Actor and Best Actress). Seven categories were set to be open for voting by viewers. Show is sponsored by Servis. The drama receiving the most nomination was Meray Qatil Meray Dildar followed by Maat, Roshan Sitara and Shehr-e-Zaat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 12, 2013. Shehr-e-Zaat become the first winner of Drama Serial category. Momina Duraid Won two Awards for producing dramas/soaps/sitcoms. Farooq Rind won Best Director Drama Serial, while Sanjha was one of the drama series which was not included in Best Drama Serial category. Noman Ejaz and Mahira Khan bags the Awards for Best Actor & Best Actress respectively and become the pioneer of these categories. As of first ceremony Best Supporting Actress category marked the first occurrence of a tie, ultimately Shagufta Ejaz for Mere Qatil Mere Dildaar and Samina Peerzada for Roshan Sitara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary Hum Awards\nHosted by Bushra Ansari, Hum Presents its honorary awards in TV and Music categories to Pakistani artist relevant to their category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards, Ceremony Information\nThe 1st Hum awards was presented By Servis and powered by Telenor Talk Shawlk and Nokia Lumia. The music of Hum awards was composed by Waqar Ali. In addition to hosting, the co-host Vasay Chaudry was the script writer, arranger, and writer of the ceremony. Main Host's themselves were nominated for Best Actor in a lead role and Best Actress in a lead role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards, Ceremony Information, Voting Trend and Summary\nVoting Trend for 1st Hum Awards was very genuine and authentic. Awards have both involvement of Jury and Audience. At launching of Hum Awards Shazia Ramzi announces the voting trend and Categories for which the actors were nominated. Out of the 32 categories, seven categories are Viewers\u2019 Choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Hum Awards, Ceremony Information, Voting Trend and Summary\nVoting for viewers\u2019 choice was did through IVR, SMS & on Hum TV official Website from 20 February \u2013 5 March 2013 (Voting and Nominations are closed now)The other categories will be judged by a specialist jury and includes, Best On-Screen Couple for which Fawad Khan and Mahira Khan are nominees for their appearance in the extremely popular series, Humsafar among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards, Reception\nThe show received a mixed reception from media outlets and print publications, generally lauding Mahira Khan as a Host. People praise her much as a host. Mikaal also did a good job being doing a first full-fledged hosting. The whole ceremony was praised and watched by Pakistanis with full zenith, zeal and zest across the Globe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159097-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Hum Awards, Reception, Ali Pir Gul nomination\nPakistani comedian turned singer Ali Pir Gul was nominated at Hum awards in Music field but the team and management skips his nomination without knowing him which turned this news to a controversy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159098-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hundred Flowers Awards\nCeremony for the 1st Hundred Flowers Awards was held in 1962, Beijing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars\nThe 1st Hussars is an armoured Primary Reserve regiment of the Canadian Armed Forces, based in London and Sarnia, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, Foundation and organisation\nThe 1st Hussars traces its roots to the formation of the St. Thomas Troop of Volunteer Militia Cavalry in March 1856 and the First Troop of Volunteer Militia Cavalry of London in July of the same year. In 1863, these units were redesignated the St. Thomas Troop of Cavalry and the London Troop of Cavalry, respectively. Both troops were put on active duty in southwestern Ontario in response to the Fenian raid of 1866, but neither had contact with the invading forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, Foundation and organisation\nThe two troops were consolidated under one headquarters, forming the St. Thomas and London Squadron of Canada in January 1867. Both troops were again called into active service during the 1870 Fenian invasion, but again neither saw action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, Foundation and organisation\nIn May 1872, the squadron was expanded with four additional cavalry troops, for a total of six, to become the 1st Regiment of Cavalry, headquartered in St. Thomas. Subunits included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, Foundation and organisation\nNo. 5 and No. 6 Troops disbanded in 1874. In 1880, regimental headquarters moved to London, where it has remained to this day. The 1st Regiment of Cavalry was redesignated the 1st Regiment of Cavalry Hussars in 1888, and 1st Hussars in 1892. In 1896 and 1897, the remaining four troops' numbered designations were replaced with letters and the troops were renamed as squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, Foundation and organisation\nIn February 1905, the regiment moved into the newly built London Armouries at the corner of Dundas and Waterloo Streets, which it used until 1977. By 1913, 'A' Squadron had moved to London from St. Thomas, 'C' Squadron had moved from Mooretown to Courtright, where it was disbanded, and 'D' Squadron had moved from Kingsville to Amherstburg, where it was renamed 'C' Squadron after the disbandment of the Courtright squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, 1st Hussars in South Africa\nOctober 1899 saw the outbreak of the Second Boer War between the British Empire and the Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, 1st Hussars in South Africa\nAlthough the 1st Hussars did not participate as a unit, 27 of the regiment's members went to South Africa with other units of the Canadian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, 1st Hussars in South Africa\nSix Hussars joined the special service battalion of The Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry and participated in the engagements at Sunnyside, Paardeberg and the capture of Pretoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, 1st Hussars in South Africa\nAnother 15 Hussars joined 'A' Squadron, 1st Battalion of the Canadian Mounted Rifles (later renamed the Royal Canadian Dragoons). The 1st Battalion CMR arrived in South Africa in March 1900 and fought in the region, participating in the March to Pretoria and the Battle of Leliefontein on the Komati River in November 1900 before returning to Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Early history, 1st Hussars in South Africa\nIn 1901, six members of the 1st Hussars joined the newly established South African Constabulary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Mobilization and deployment\nAs with the Boer War, the 1st Hussars did not participate as a unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Mobilization and deployment\nAt the outbreak of the war, some 66 members of the regiment joined the 1st Western Ontario Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force which was raised in late 1914. The Western Ontario Battalion was present at the Second Battle of Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Mobilization and deployment\nIn November 1914, the 7th Canadian Mounted Rifles was raised. ' A' Squadron was recruited in London, 'B' Squadron drew men from Windsor, Sarnia and Amherstburg and 'C' Squadron was raised in Toronto. ' A' Squadron was attached to the 2nd Canadian Division in March 1915 as the divisional cavalry squadron. In June 1915, 7 CMR sailed for England. In January 1916, 'A' Squadron was renamed Special Service Squadron, First (Canadian) Hussars to reflect the unit's roots in 1st Hussars. By mid-May 1916, the squadron became part of the Canadian Corps Cavalry Regiment, later renamed the Canadian Light Horse, forming 'B' Squadron of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Vimy Ridge\nOn 9 April 1917, the Battle of Vimy Ridge commenced. During the battle, the CLH was committed on the southern flank of the line where elements of the regiment were tasked with reconnaissance towards the village of Willerval to determine if a breakthrough would be possible, or if the village could be held. Two mounted patrols set out at around 4:30\u00a0p.m., one approaching from the north and the other from the south. The northern patrol entered the village and was able to take about 15 prisoners before withdrawing under fire from a German machine-gun. The southern patrol ran into a German position and was also forced to withdraw under fire. The two patrols lost six men killed, six wounded and another three missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Hundred Days Offensive, Amiens to Canal Du Nord\nFrom 8 August 1918 to 28 August, The 1st Hussars of the Canadian Light Horse were tasked mostly as despatch riders, traffic controllers and in other support roles in the rear of the Canadian Corps at Amiens. On 9 August, five members of 'B' Squadron attempted to capture a German ammunition convoy they had spotted while running messages. Although they were unsuccessful in capturing the wagons, they managed to take some 20 prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 77], "content_span": [78, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Hundred Days Offensive, Amiens to Canal Du Nord\nThe CLH moved into the Canal Du Nord area on the night of 26 September to 27 September. Some elements of the regiment performed costly reconnaissance patrols in the area while the unit waited in reserve just behind the lines for a breakthrough that the cavalry could exploit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 77], "content_span": [78, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Hundred Days Offensive, Escaudoeuvres and Erclin River\nOn 9 October 1918, the Canadian Corps attacked the Germans near the French village of Escaudoeuvres on the L'Escaut Canal (north-east of Cambrai). By this point, battlefield was becoming more fluid and cavalry playing a more important role during operations. On the 9th, the CLH was ordered to occupy two pieces high ground in front of 5 Canadian Infantry Brigade's position. Just after noon, 'B' Squadron CLH was ordered forward with 'A' and 'C' Squadrons in support. The troops advanced across the canal and approached a rail line which ran along the ridge on the far bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 84], "content_span": [85, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Hundred Days Offensive, Escaudoeuvres and Erclin River\nAs the troops closed on the rail line, machine-guns opened up on the right hitting several men and horses. The situation on the left of the advance developed in a similar fashion with MGs opening up as the troopers crested the rail embankment. One of the German MGs was put out of action allowing a position to be established and Hotchkiss Machine guns set up on the rail embankment. One troop was sent in an attempt to outflank the remaining German MGs, but they were unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 84], "content_span": [85, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0017-0002", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Hundred Days Offensive, Escaudoeuvres and Erclin River\nThe position was held and passed on to the 25th Battalion, CEF and the CLH troops retired. One non-commissioned officer (William Henry Wells) was killed and 11 men were wounded in the action which gained 2500 meters of ground and inflicted at least 20 casualties on the Germans and captured two German MGs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 84], "content_span": [85, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Hundred Days Offensive, Escaudoeuvres and Erclin River\nThe next day the First Hussars would participate in an action that saw the last of the few cavalry charges in Canadian history. The Canadian Corps continued to advance on the far bank of the canal. The village of Naves was captured by the 19th Battalion, CEF, which continued on to capture a ridgeline to the east of the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 84], "content_span": [85, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Hundred Days Offensive, Escaudoeuvres and Erclin River\nThe objective for 'A' and 'C' Squadrons of the CLH was to capture a portion of sunken road on the ridgeline and continue on to take a hill overlooking the village of Iwuy . 'B' Squadron was held in reserve. ' A' and 'C' Squadrons forded the Erclin River and charged up the hill towards the sunken road. The charge resulted in 23 dead troopers and 66 dead horses, but despite the losses, the hill was taken and held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 84], "content_span": [85, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Hundred Days Offensive, Escaudoeuvres and Erclin River\nAs the Hundred Day's offensive continued, the 1st Hussars and rest of the CLH found itself often leading the advance, and letting the infantry pass through when resistance was met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 84], "content_span": [85, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, First World War, Hundred Days Offensive, Escaudoeuvres and Erclin River\nMembers of the 1st Hussars also participated in the following actions, among others:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 84], "content_span": [85, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, Mobilization and deployment\n\"Defence Scheme Number 3\" was implemented on 1 September 1939 and saw the raising of 1st Canadian Division, Canadian Active Service Force. The 1st Hussars provided Divisional Cavalry for CASF (1st Division). In December 1939, the majority of 1st Division sailed for England, but the 1st Hussars stayed behind in London because there were not enough tanks to equip the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, Mobilization and deployment\nIn January 1940, 1st Hussars contributed the Headquarters Squadron and 'C' Squadron to the First Canadian Cavalry Regiment (Mechanised) (1 CCR (M)). ('A' Squadron was mainly supplied by the Royal Canadian Dragoons and 'B' Squadron was filled by members of Lord Strathcona's Horse.). 1 CCR (M) was still part of the 1st Canadian Division. In May 1940, 1 CCR (M) left London for Camp Borden where they trained on the Carden-Loyd Machine Carrier, the Vickers Mk. VIB Light Tank and the American M1917 light tank. Although these tanks were obsolete, they served the purpose of training the regiment's members in tactics and vehicle maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, Mobilization and deployment\nIn January 1941, the Squadrons of 1 CCR (M) returned to their respective units as they became mobilised as regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, Mobilization and deployment\nThe Canadian Armoured Corps (CAC) was raised in August 1940 and the 1st Hussars found themselves organised within it. In spring of 1941, 1st Hussars, now the 6th Canadian Armoured Regiment (1st Hussars) (6 CAR), became part of the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, which departed to England in October 1941. The regiment took up residence in Aldershot where they continued their training. In early 1942, 6 CAR received some M3 Lee tanks and Canadian Ram Mk. Is and IIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, Mobilization and deployment\nThe Hussars remained a part of 1 CAB until January 1943, when they were reorganised into the 3rd Canadian Army Tank Brigade along with The Fort Garry Horse and the Sherbrooke Fusilier Regiment. In July 1943, 3 CATB was re-designated the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade (2CAB), a designation which remained until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, Mobilization and deployment\n6 CAR continued training in the village of Elstead in southern England before moving to Combined Operations Training Centre in Inverary, Scotland where they prepared for an Amphibious assault. In December 1943, the First Hussars were introduced to \"Duplex Drive\" (DD for short) tanks. Initially the regiment was trained on the Valentine DD, until it was re-equipped with the M4A4 Sherman DD and Sherman Vc \"Firefly\" in April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy\nThe DD tanks of the 1st Hussars were amongst the allied forces to come ashore in Normandy. The Hussars were to support the infantry landing on the western half of Juno Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy\nAt 07:15, 19 tanks of 'B' Squadron launched their Sherman V DDs from their landing-craft into the English Channel some 4000 meters from shore of Nan Green Beach. Of 'B' Squadron's 19 tanks, 15 made it to shore ahead of the Regina Rifles, whom they were tasked to support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy\n'A' Squadron launched some of their DDs some ten minutes later than 'B' Squadron, from approximately 1500 meters out and headed towards Mike Beach. Only two of the four LTCs carrying 'A' Squadron were able to launch all their tanks off shore. Of 'A' Squadron's 19 tanks, 10 were launched into the channel with seven of those making it to shore. Five tanks were landed directly onto the beach, and four were stranded on a landing craft which struck a mine. The tanks of 'A' Squadron were to support the Winnipeg Rifles, who were already fighting on the beach when they came ashore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy\nAt the beach, many of tanks of the 1st Hussars stayed partially submerged just off shore in a hull down position. After dropping their screens, they began engaging the German antitank guns, machine-gun nests and other strong points, allowing the infantry to break the beach defences and make its way inland. ' A' Squadron made its way inland to the village of Graye-sur-Mer where the Winnipeg Rifles were attempting to capture bridges over the Suelles River. 'B' Squadron helped clear Courseulles-sur-Mer before breaking out into the countryside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy\nAt 08:20, 'C' Squadron's Sherman Vc Fireflies and Sherman IIIs were landed directly onto Mike Red beach, along with the regimental Headquarters Squadron. By this time, resistance at the beach had been cleared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy\nAfter clearing Courseulles-sur-Mer, The regiment made its way inland. South of Reviers, 'B' Squadron encountered a German 88 which knocked out six tanks before being put out of action. Seven Hussar crewmen were killed in the engagement. Due to these losses,'B' squadron was pulled back to the beach after the encounter. As mentioned above, 'A' Squadron moved on to Graye-sur-Mer where the Winnipeg Rifles were fighting to secure the village. ' A' Squadron joined the fight in support of the Winnipegs, along with elements of 'C' squadron who were catching up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy\nAfter the village was captured, 'C' Squadron pressed on, with 2nd Troop reaching the regiment's objective of the Caen-Bayeux Highway, becoming the only Allied unit to reach its D-Day objective. One survivor of D-Day said that \"A German soldier actually saluted us on our way to the objective. I guess he was surprised to see us this far inland\" However, 2nd troop had to pull back, as they were too far ahead of the rest of the force and too few to hold the objective. At dusk, the regiment pulled back to the channel to rest. the 1st Hussars suffered 21 killed, 17 wounded during the actions of D-Day. ' A' Squadron was left with 9 tanks at the end of the day and 'B' Squadron was reduced to 4 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy\nAfter D-Day, the 1st Hussars continued to support infantry as it advanced and faced German counter-attacks. On 9 June, the Hussars supported the Canadian Scottish as they re-took Putot-en-Bessin and engaged Panthers of the 1st Battalion, SS-Panzer Regiment 12 (of the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend), destroying 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy, Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry\nOn the afternoon of Sunday, 11 June, 'B' Squadron of the 1st Hussars was decimated during an abortive attack with The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada on the hamlet of Le Mesnil Patry, North-West of Caen. Panzergrenadiers, pioneers and tanks of the 12th SS Panzer Division were able to ambush the tanks of 'B' Squadron in part due to intelligence gleaned from the Hussar's own radio traffic after capturing wireless codes from a destroyed Canadian tank on 9 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 76], "content_span": [77, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy, Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry\nUsing Panzerfausts, Panzerschrecks and anti-tank guns, the German forces were able destroy 51 Shermans, and inflict 61 killed or missing, 2 wounded and 11 captured on the 1st Hussars. The Queen's Own Rifles suffered 55 killed, 33 wounded and 11 taken prisoner during the attack. The attack is remembered as \"The Black Day\", \"Black Sunday\" and the \"Black Sabbath\" within the Regiment. It accounted for roughly one third of the 1st Hussars' dead over the entire war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 76], "content_span": [77, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy, Capture of Caen\nAfter the disaster at Le Mesnil Patry, the 1st Hussars were taken off the front lines to refit and regroup. After a few weeks of rest and training the Hussars were back in action on 8 July 1944 as part of Operation Charnwood, with the objectives of capturing the village of Cussy and the Ardenne Abbey. ' A' Squadron supported the Canadian Scottish in its attack on Cussy, 'C' squadron was assigned to support the Regina Rifles in their attack on the Abby while 'B' Squadron and The Royal Winnipeg Rifles were held in reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 66], "content_span": [67, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy, Capture of Caen\nWhen the attack started at 18:30, the Hussars again found themselves opposing the 12th SS, including Panther tanks, anti-tank guns and infantry. ' A' Squadron and the Reginas had to first fight to secure their start line before proceeding to the Abbey. At around 23:45, the Abbey, which had been the headquarters of Kurt 'Panzer' Meyer and the site of the execution of 20 Canadian POWs who were captured a month before, was captured. By 9 July, portions of Caen north and east of the Orne River had been captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 66], "content_span": [67, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy, Capture of Caen\nThe 1st Hussars were again in action on 18 July during Goodwood which aimed to capture the portions of Caen South and East of the Orne. The Canadian portion of Goodwood was code-named Operation Atlantic, which aimed to secure a bridgehead over the Orne east of Caen. The Hussar's objectives during Atlantic included the capture of the steelworks at Colombelles on the east bank of the river, the eastern suburbs of Giberville and Faubourg de Vaucelles. By end of 19 July, all the Hussars' objectives were captured and the bridgehead was secure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 66], "content_span": [67, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy, Capture of Caen\nAs Atlantic wound down, planning for an attack against Verri\u00e8res Ridge began, known as Operation Spring. As the Canadian's pushed south towards the Start Line on 20 July, 'A' Squadron of the 1st Hussars was tasked with supporting the attack on Saint-Andr\u00e9-sur-Orne and the Beauvoir and Troteval farms by Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal. Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal initially captured the village and the farms, but were pushed back by the counter-attacks of the 1SS Panzerdivision and 272nd Infantry Division. The Beauvoir and Troteval farms would be retaken later in the evening with the assistance of the Hussar's 'A' Sqn. Sporadic fighting continued for a few days as the lines stabilized below Verri\u00e8res Ridge. During this time, the Germans reinforced their positions on the ridge under the cover of storms that kept allied attack aircraft grounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 66], "content_span": [67, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Second World War, D-Day and Normandy, Capture of Caen\nOperation Spring began on 25 July. 'C' Sqn of the 1st Hussars were to support the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry in their attack against the village of Verri\u00e8res and then continue to Rocquancourt with the Royal Regiment of Canada. 'B' Sqn was to support the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders, the Calgary Highlanders and the Black Watch as they attacked the villages of Saint-Andr\u00e9-sur-Orne, Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay, May-sur-Orne and Fontenay-le-Marmion. Most of the attacks against the ridge met heavy resistance and were fought to a standstill by the Germans, with only the Village of Verri\u00e8res being captured and held. The attack cost 'C' Squadron 14 of its 19 tanks and 27 casualties. These losses paled in comparison to those of the Black Watch who lost 310 of the 325 men who left the start line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 66], "content_span": [67, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Regimental seniority\nDespite \"1st\" in the title, the regiment is not the most senior armoured unit. With the militia reorganization of 1872, the senior or only cavalry regiment within a Militia District adopted the numerical designation of that district. Southwestern Ontario comprised Military District No. 1, hence the original designation as the 1st Regiment of Cavalry. The unit was renamed 1st Hussars in 1892 and because a British hussar unit numbered \"1\" never existed, it was unnecessary to add a 'Canada' or 'Canadian' modifier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Hussars, Regimental seniority\nFollowing the Second World War, because of wartime and earlier conversion to armour of some more senior infantry regiments, the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps decided that seniority would be determined by date of becoming a regiment, regardless of the corps in which the unit was raised. Regular Force regiments take precedence, and seniority among themselves by the date they became part of the Regular Force. 1st Hussars is placed seventh in the order of seniority of militia armoured regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Notable members\nFirst World War flying ace, recipient of the Victoria Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross, William Avery (Billy) Bishop, was a lieutenant in the regiment before transferring to the Royal Flying Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Notable members\nOn D-Day, 2 Troop 'C' Sqn commanded by Lieutenant W. F. (Bill) McCormick failed to contact the infantry but kept going, returning an hour and a half later after a 10-mile ramble inland through Bretteville and almost into Carpiquet. By crossing the Caen-Bayeux railway line the troop became somewhat fortuitously \"the only unit of the allied invasion forces known to reach its final objective on D-Day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Guidon and battle honours\nThe regiment's original guidon was presented in 1967 by Queen Elizabeth II during a ceremony on Parliament Hill. At the centre of the guidon is the regimental badge depicting the White Horse of Hanover, galloping, with forelegs raised, above a Cornet surrounded by the regiments name \"FIRST HUSSARS\". The badge is surrounded by the National Wreath of maple leaves, with the regiment's motto, \"HODIE NON CRAS\" below. The first canton of the guidon contains the regiment's abbreviated name \"1H\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Hussars, Guidon and battle honours\nThe second and third cantons again contain the White Horse of Hanover, and the fourth canton contains the cypher of Queen Elizabeth II \"EIIR\". The guidon is also emblazoned with 17 of the 34 battle honours awarded to the regiment. The first guidon was retired in 1993, with a new guidon being presented by Lieutenant Governor Henry Jackman at Wolseley Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Guidon and battle honours\nThe battle honours awarded to the 1st Hussars are as follows, with those bolded emblazoned on the regiment's guidon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159099-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Hussars, Appearances in Media and Popular Culture\nThe 2010 docudrama  follows a tank crew of the 1st Hussars led by Sgt Leo Gariepy (played by Philippe Martin) during the initial landings and immediate aftermath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159100-0000-0000", "contents": "1st IIFA Awards\nThe first-ever International Indian Film Academy Awards is officially known as 1st IIFA Awards. The award ceremony was held in 2000 at the Millennium Dome in London. It took place on 24 June 2000. During the ceremony, IIFA Awards were awarded in 26 competitive categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159100-0001-0000", "contents": "1st IIFA Awards\nThe ceremony was held at the Millennium Dome and was co-hosted by Yukta Mookhey and Anupam Kher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159100-0002-0000", "contents": "1st IIFA Awards, Awards\nThe winners and nominees have been listed below. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159101-0000-0000", "contents": "1st IIFA Utsavam\nThe 1st IIFA Utsavam ceremony honouring the winners and nominees of the best of South Indian cinema in 2015 was an event held on 24 and 25 January 2016 at the Gachibowli Athletic Stadium, Hyderabad. Marking the inaugural event of the IIFA Utsavam, it recognised the best work from the four industries during the period from late 2014 to late 2015 and awarded prizes to performers and technicians from the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159102-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Idelbaevo\n1st Idelbaevo (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u0418\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043e; Bashkir: 1-\u0441\u0435 \u0418\u0499\u0435\u043b\u0431\u0430\u0439, 1-se I\u017aelbay) is a rural locality (a village) in Taymeyevskoye Rural Settlement of Salavatsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 108 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159102-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Idelbaevo, Geography\n1st Idelbaevo is located 45 km northwest of Maloyaz (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159103-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Igo Masters Cup\nThe 1st Igo Masters Cup began on 24 February and ended on 23 July 2011. Eleven players participated: Kobayashi Koichi (Honorary Kisei, Meijin, and Gosei), Kudo Norio (Tengen 1997, Oza 1977), Rin Kaiho (Honorary Tengen), Kataoka Satoshi (Tengen 1982, 1983), Hane Yasumasa (Oza 1990), Ishida Yoshio (24th Honinbo), Takemiya Masaki (Meijin, Honinbo, and Judan), Cho Chikun (25th Honinbo, Honorary Meijin), O Rissei (Kisei, Judan, and Oza), Kobayashi Satoru (Kisei, Gosei 1995), Otake Hideo (Honorary Gosei).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159103-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Igo Masters Cup\nKobayashi Koichi, Ishida Yoshio, Takemiya Masaki, Cho Chikun, and Otake Hideo were given first round byes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159104-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and Spanish\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159104-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Civil War, Service\nCompanies \"A\" to \"G\" of the 1st Illinois Volunteer Cavalry were mustered into service at Alton, Illinois, on July 3, 1861. Among their initial officers was future Washington philanthropist David P. Jenkins, who served as the regiment's first major. Companies \"I,\" \"H\" and \"K\" were mustered at Alton at later dates and never served with the main body of the regiment. The original companies served as guards for supply trains and depots until mustered out on July 14, 1862. The remaining companies served independently. The last company was mustered out on December 27, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159104-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Civil War, Noleman's Cavalry\nCompany H of the regiment was named \"Noleman's Cavalry\" after its captain, Robert D. Noleman. This company was organized at Centralia, Illinois, and mustered into service of the United States on June 14, 1861, for a period of one year. The group was first rendezvoused at Cairo, Illinois, but soon were transferred to Bird's Point, Missouri. They fought in the Battle of Belmont on November 7, 1861, and thereafter scouted through southeastern Missouri and western Kentucky during the winter of 1861\u201362.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159104-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Civil War, Noleman's Cavalry\nOn March 2, 1862, the group, joined by then-Colonel James D. Morgan, led the pursuit of Confederate Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson in southeastern Missouri. They were unsuccessful in capturing Thompson but did capture artillery. Col. Morgan praised the group's perseverance and Gen. Thompson later recalled, \"The cavalry are a perfect set of daredevils, all officers wearing feathers on their hats.\" From February to April 1862 the company joined Brigadier General John Pope inthe Union effort to take New Madrid, or Kentucky Bend, on the Mississippi River. Their engagements included the Battle of Island Number Ten and the Confederate surrender after that battle at Tiptonville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159104-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Civil War, Noleman's Cavalry\nAfter the fall of New Madrid the group proceeded down the Mississippi River, and in June 1862 their company were the first U.S. troops to enter the city of Memphis. In July 1862 they were ordered to St. Louis to be mustered out of service. During their year of service Company H captured 167 prisoners, 209 horses and mules, and numerous guns and ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159104-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Civil War, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 17 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 26 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 43 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159104-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Spanish\u2013American War\nConstituted 1 July 1897 in the Illinois National Guard as a squadron of cavalry and organized from existing troops. Expanded and mustered into Federal service 21 May 1898 at Springfield as the 1st Illinois Volunteer Cavalry; mustered out of Federal service 11 October 1898 at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Reorganized in 1899 in the Illinois National Guard as a squadron of cavalry; expanded, reorganized and re-designated 22 June 1899 as the 1st Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159104-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Later reorganizations\nMustered into Federal service 27 June 1916; mustered out of Federal service 17 November 1916 at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Non -Chicago elements of the regiment converted and re-designated 24 June 1917 as the 3d Field Artillery (Chicago elements converted and re-designated 9 June 1917 as the 2nd Field Artillery). Drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917. Reorganized and re-designated on 21 September 1917 as the 124th Field Artillery and assigned to the 33rd Division. Demobilized 8 June 1919 at Camp Grant, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159104-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois Cavalry Regiment, Later reorganizations\nReorganized 20 October 1922 in the Illinois National Guard as the 2nd Squadron, 106th Cavalry, an element of the 22nd Cavalry Division (remainder of regiment allotted to the Michigan National Guard). Reorganized 1 September 1940 wholly in the Illinois National Guard as the 106th Cavalry and relieved from assignment to the 22d Cavalry Division (2d Squadron) concurrently re-designated as the 1st Squadron of the 23d Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron [constituted 1 January 1940 and organized in part by transfer of personnel from Troop F and Machine Gun Troop, 106th Cavalry, re-designated as the 2d Squadron. Inducted into Federal service 25 November 1940 at home stations. Regiment broken up 15 March 1944 and its elements reorganized and re-designated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159105-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois General Assembly\nThe 1st Illinois General Assembly, consisting of the Illinois Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives, met from October 4, 1818, to March 31, 1819, during the first two years of Shadrach Bond's governorship, at The Kaskaskia State House. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of the First Illinois Constitution. Political parties were not established in the State at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159105-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Illinois General Assembly, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by county. Senators and Representatives were both allotted to counties roughly by population and elected at-large within their districts. Two counties shared one senator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159106-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Imaginary Symphony for Nomad\n1st Imaginary Symphony For Nomad was an album released by The Music Tapes, a project consisting mainly of Neutral Milk Hotel's Julian Koster in 1999 by Merge Records. It was recorded mainly on vintage equipment, using equipment such as a 1895 Edison wax cylinder recorder, a 1940s wire recorder, a \"state of the art hard drive\", and reel to reel tape recorders, hence its lo-fi sound. A partial concept record, among its themes the power of television, and the death of 1950s actor George Reeves, who played the hero Superman and whom Koster was entranced with as a child. The album took over 4 years to assemble, being recorded mainly at the home of the Grandmother of Music Tapes and Koster's own home. The album mixed straightforward pop songs with collage, musique concr\u00e8te and traditional storytelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159107-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery\nThe 1st Indiana Light Artillery Battery was an artillery battery from Indiana that served in the Union Army between August 5, 1861, and August 22, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159107-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized at Evansville, Indiana August 5, 1861, and mustered in at Indianapolis, Indiana for a three-year enlistment on August 16, 1861, under the command of Captain Martin Klauss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159107-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Fremont's Army of the West and Department of the Missouri to January 1862. Artillery, 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, Department of the Missouri, to May 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to July 1862. District of Eastern Arkansas, Department of the Missouri, to October 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, District of Southeast Missouri, Department of the Missouri, to March 1863. Artillery, 14th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159107-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nArtillery, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to August 1863, and Department of the Gulf to September 1863. District of LaFourche, Department of the Gulf, to February 1864. Artillery, 1st Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, to March 1864. Artillery, 4th Division, XIII Corps, to July 1864. Artillery Reserve, Department of the Gulf, to February 1865. Artillery Brigade, XVI Corps, Military Division West Mississippi, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159107-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Service\nThe 1st Indiana Battery Light Artillery mustered out of service on August 22, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159107-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nMoved to St. Louis, Missouri. Fremont's Advance on Springfield, Missouri, September 27-October 3, 1861. Camp at LaMine until January 1862. Advance on Springfield, Missouri, in pursuit of Price January 25-February 14. Pursuit of Price into Arkansas February 15\u201329. Battles of Pea Ridge, March 6\u20138. March to Sugar Creek March 10, then to Cross Timbers March 15. March to Batesville April 5-May 3. March to Helena, Arkansas, May 25-July 14, and duty there until October. Moved to Ironton, Pilot Knob, Missouri, and operations in southeast Missouri until March 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159107-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nOrdered to St. Genevieve, Missouri, March 5; then to Milliken's Bend, Louisiana, March 14\u201325, and duty there until April 25. Movement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Port Gibson, May 1. Battle of Champion Hill May 16. Big Black River May 17. Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson, Mississippi, May 4\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317. Duty at Vicksburg until August 20. Ordered to New Orleans, Louisiana. Duty there and at Brashear City until October. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159107-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Detailed service\nDuty in the District of LaFourche, Louisiana, until March 1864. Red River Campaign March 10-May 22. Battle of Sabine Crossroads April 8. Cane River Crossing April 23. At Alexandria April 27-May 13. Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Moved to New Orleans and duty there until March 1865. Campaign against Mobile, Alabama, and its defenses March 17-April 12. Siege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely March 26-April 8. Fort Blakely April 9. Capture of Mobile April 12. March to Montgomery April 13\u201325, and duty there until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159107-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 35 men during service; 3 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 31 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159108-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery\n1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159108-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was organized at Mound City, Kansas and mustered in for a three years on July 24, 1861, under the command of Captain Thomas Moonlight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159108-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery, Service\nThis unit was formed from artillery companies that were raised for the 3rd Kansas Infantry and 4th Kansas Infantry. Because both regiments did not complete organization, recruits to the artillery were reassigned and consolidated by authority of Special Orders No. 42, District of Kansas, dated April 24, 1862. The 1st Kansas Battery's organization was effected about June l, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159108-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery, Service\nA previous attempt had been made to transfer Captain Bickerton's Artillery Company of the 3rd Kansas Infantry to the 1st Kansas Infantry as an artillery organization, and to break up Captain Thomas Moonlight's Artillery Company of the 4th Kansas Infantry and distribute it among the companies of the same regiment as infantry. However, the recruits were unhappy with this idea and on advice from Brig. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis the order was modified and the consolidation was made in accordance with Special Orders No. 42.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159108-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Department of Kansas to August 1862. 2nd Brigade, Department of Kansas, to October 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Frontier, Department of the Missouri, to February 1863. District of Rolla, Department of the Missouri, to June 1863. District of Columbus, Kentucky, 6th Division, XVI Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to November 1863. Defenses of the Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, District of Nashville, Department of the Cumberland, and 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XX Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to November 1864. 2nd Colored Brigade, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1865. Reserve Artillery, District of Nashville, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159108-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery, Service\nThe 1st Kansas Battery mustered out of service on July 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159108-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery, Detailed service\nAttached to Lane's Kansas Brigade and operations about Fort Scott and on line of the Marmiton August and September 1861. Actions at Ball's Mills August 28. Morse's Mill August 29. Dogwood Creek near Fort Scott September 2. Morristown September 17. Osceola September 21\u201322. Duty at Fort Scott until May 1862. Expedition into Indian Territory May 25-August 15. Action at Grand River June 6. Locust Grove July 3. Bayou Bernard July 27. Blunt's Campaign in Missouri and Arkansas September 17-December 3. Expedition to Sarcoxie September 28\u201330. Action at Newtonia September 29\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159108-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery, Detailed service\nOccupation of Newtonia October 4. Old Fort Wayne or Beattie's Prairie near Maysville October 22. Cane Hill November 28. Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, December 7. Expedition over Boston Mountains to Van Buren December 27\u201331. Moved to Springfield, Missouri, January 1863, and duty there until February 17. Moved to Forsyth, Missouri, then to Fort Scott, Kansas. Duty in Missouri and Kansas, District of Rolla, until July 1863. Ordered to St. Louis, Missouri, July 5, then to Cairo, Illinois, July 18. Duty in District of Columbus, Kentucky, until November. Ordered to Nashville, Tennessee, and assigned to duty on line of the Nashville & Northwestern Railroad until November 1864. Moved to Nashville, Tennessee. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Post duty at Nashville until January 1865, and at Chattanooga, Tennessee, until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery\nThe 1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery  was an artillery battery from Wisconsin that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Armament\nIn June 1862 at the Battle of the Cumberland Gap, Foster's 1st Wisconsin Battery was equipped with eight 10-pounder Parrott rifles. On 13 August 1863, the battery was re-armed with 30-pounder Parrott rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 59], "content_span": [60, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Organization\nOrganized at LaCrosse, Wis., and mustered in October 10, 1861. Moved to Camp Utley, Racine, Wis., and duty there until January 23, 1862. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., January 23, and duty there until April 3. Attached to Artillery, 7th Division, Army of the Ohio, to October, 1862. Cumberland Division, District of West Virginia, Dept. of the Ohio, to November, 1862. Artillery, 9th Division, Right Wing 13th Army Corps (Old), Dept. of the Tennessee, to December, 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January, 1863. Artillery, 9th Division, 13th Army Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to July, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Organization\n4th Brigade, 1st Division, 13th Army Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to August, 1863, and Dept. of the Gulf to August, 1863. Defenses of New Orleans, La., Dept. of the Gulf, to January, 1864. Artillery, 1st Division, 13th Army Corps, to June, 1864. District of Morganza, Dept. of the Gulf, to August, 1864. Artillery, Cavalry Division, Dept. of the Gulf, to February, 1865. Cavalry Brigade, District of Baton Rouge, La., to July, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 63], "content_span": [64, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Detailed service\nCumberland Gap Campaign April 3-June 18, 1862. Occupation of Cumberland Gap June 18 to September 17. Evacuation of Cumberland Gap and retreat to Greenupsburg, Ky., and to the Ohio River September 17-October 3. Expedition to Charleston, W. Va., October 21-November 10. Ordered to Cincinnati, Ohio, November 20; thence to Memphis, Tenn., November 26. Sherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 3, 1863. Chickasaw Bayou December 26-28. Chickasaw Bluff December 29. Expedition to Arkansas Post, Ark., January 3-10, 1863. Assault and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10-11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 67], "content_span": [68, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Detailed service\nMoved to Young's Point, La., January 14-23, and duty there until March 8. Moved to Milliken's Bend, La., March 8. Operations from Milliken's Bend to New Carthage March 31-April 17. Movement on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25-30. Battle of Port Gibson May 1. Battle of Champion's Hill May 16. Big Black River May 17. Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., May 18-July 4. Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 4-10. Near Clinton July 8. Siege of Jackson July 10-17. Battery refitted with 30-lb. Parrott's and ordered to the Dept. of the Gulf August 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 67], "content_span": [68, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Detailed service\nDuty at Carrollton until September 3. Moved to Brashear City September 3-4, and to Berwick City September 24. Western Louisiana Campaign October 3-November 30. Duty at Brashear City until December. Moved to New Orleans and duty there until April 22, 1864. Red River Campaign April-May. Moved to Alexandria April 22-28, and duty there until May 13. Retreat to Morganza May 13-20. At Morganza and New Orleans until August, then moved to Baton Rouge, La. Bayou Letsworth August 11. Expedition to Clinton August 23-29. Olive Branch, Comite River and Clinton August 25. Expedition to Clinton, Greensburg and Camp Moore October 5-9. Expedition to Brookhaven, Miss., November 14-21. Liberty Creek November 15. Jackson November 21. Davidson's Expedition to Mobile & Ohio Railroad November 26-December 13. Duty at New Orleans and Baton Rouge until July, 1865. Mustered out July 18, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 67], "content_span": [68, 946]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe 1st Independent Battery initially recruited 155 officers and men. An additional 114 men were recruited as replacements, for a total of 269 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nThe battery suffered five enlisted men killed or died from wounds in action, and one officer and 22 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 28 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159109-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery, Further reading\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia)\nThe 1st Independent Company was one of twelve independent or commando companies raised by the Australian Army for service in World War II. Raised in 1941, the 1st Independent Company served in New Ireland, New Britain and New Guinea in the early stages of the war in the Pacific, taking part in a major commando raid on Salamaua in June 1942. Having lost a large number of men captured by the enemy as well as a number of battle casualties, the company was withdrawn from New Britain later in 1942. The company was subsequently disbanded, with its surviving members being transferred to other commando units, and it was never re-raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nThe 1st Independent Company was formed in May/June 1941 and was trained at the No. 7 Infantry Training Centre at Tidal River on Wilsons Promontory in Victoria. Originally the company was raised to serve in the Middle East although, at that time there was uncertainty about the role that the company would fill there. Indeed, within the Australian Army there was a section that saw no need for the independent companies, believing that they would prove to be more of a drain on resources than anything else.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nHowever, later in 1941, as the threat of war with Imperial Japan loomed, the main body of the company was sent to Kavieng, New Ireland, to protect Kavieng airfield whilst other sections were sent to Namatanai on New Ireland, Vila in the New Hebrides, Tulagi on Guadalcanal, Buka on Bougainville, and Lorengau on Manus Island to act as observers and provided medical treatment to the inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nCommanded by Major James Edmonds-Wilson, in the event of an invasion of New Britain by the Japanese the 1st Independent Company was under orders to resist long enough to destroy key airfields and other military installations such as fuel dumps, before withdrawing south to wage a guerrilla war. They did not have to wait very long, as on 21 January 1942, a preparatory bombing raid by about sixty Japanese aircraft attacked Kavieng. A number of aircraft were shot down, however, the company's only means of escape, the schooner Induna Star, was damaged. Nevertheless, despite the damage the crew managed to sail the vessel to Kaut where they started to repair the damage. As they did so, the commandos withdrew across the island to Sook, having received word that a large Japanese naval force was approaching the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nIn the early morning of 22 January 1942, the Japanese landed at Kavieng with between 3,000 and 4,000 troops. As the lead Japanese troops reached Kavieng airfield, fighting broke out as the small force that had remained at the airfield blew up the supply dump and other facilities. Fighting their way out, the commandos withdrew towards the main force at Sook, although a number of men were captured in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nOnce the company had regrouped at Sook, on 28 January they withdrew further south to Kaut, where they helped with the repair of the Induna Star, before setting out along the east coast of the island. They reached Kalili Harbour on 31 January but after learning that the fighting on New Britain was over and that the Japanese had occupied Rabaul, it was decided to sail for Port Moresby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nOn 2 February the schooner was sighted by a Japanese plane which subsequently attacked, causing considerable damage to the vessel as well as destroying one of its lifeboats and causing a number of casualties. The Induna Star began taking on water and as a result the men were forced to surrender. Under escort by a Japanese aircraft and then later a destroyer, they were instructed to sail to Rabaul where they became prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nAfter a few months at Rabaul, the officers were separated from their NCOs and men. The officers were transported to Japan where they remained in captivity for the rest of the war, whilst the NCOs and men, along with other members of Lark Force that had been captured and a number of civilians, where put on to the Japanese passenger ship Montevideo Maru for transportation. Traveling unescorted, the Montevideo Maru sailed from Rabaul on 22 June. On 1 July the ship was sighted by an American submarine, the USS Sturgeon, off the coast of the Luzon, Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nThe USS Sturgeon torpedoed and sunk the Montevideo Maru, without realising it was a prisoner of war vessel. Only a handful of the Japanese crew were rescued, with none of the between 1,050 and 1,053 prisoners aboard surviving as they were still locked below deck. All 133 men from the 1st Independent Company who were aboard the Montevideo Maru were either killed or drowned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nMeanwhile, the sections of the company that had not been with the main group at Kavieng managed to avoid capture by the Japanese. Working with the coastwatchers, they reported Japanese movements and carried out demolitions until they were later evacuated or escaped from the islands between April and May 1942. A reinforcement platoon had been trained in Australia while the company was deployed and after completing its training sailed on the Macdui, arriving at Port Moresby on 10 March 1942. Following their arrival, the platoon was designated the Independent Platoon Port Moresby and initially used for local defence purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nIt was later re-designated as Detachment 1 Independent Company. In April 1942, under the command of Captain Roy Howard, it was moved to Kudjeru, in New Guinea, to guard against possible Japanese movement south of Wau along the Bulldog Track. In the process they became the first Australian Army unit to cross the Owen Stanley Range. In June, a section fought alongside the 2/5th Independent Company as part of Kanga Force where they participated in a major raid on the Japanese at Salamaua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nEventually, however, as a result of the losses suffered during the 1942 campaigns it was decided that the company would be disbanded and as the survivors were transferred to other commando units \u2013 with the majority of those in Port Moresby being transferred to the 2/5th \u2013 the 1st Independent Company was never raised again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), History\nThroughout the course of the unit's existence, it suffered 142 men killed in action or died while prisoners of war. One member of the company was awarded the Military Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159110-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company (Australia), Structure\nWith an authorised strength of 17 officers and 256 other ranks, the 1st Independent Company was composed of a company headquarters consisting of 13 personnel, three 60-man platoons named A, B and C, each of three 19-man sections numbered in series from 1 to 9, plus an engineer section of 21 men, a 34-man signals section, a medical section of six men and a transport section with four men. The company was commanded by a major, with a captain as a second-in-command. Each platoon was also commanded by a captain, while all sections except the medical and transport sections were commanded by lieutenants. The medical section was commanded by a captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159111-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company Loyal Virginians\nThe 1st Independent Company Loyal Virginians was an infantry company that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159111-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company Loyal Virginians, Service\nThe 1st Independent Company was organized at Cobb's Island in Virginia on June 30, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159111-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Company Loyal Virginians, Commanders\nRobert Hamilton was elected Captain by the company along with Adam Garrison as First Lieutenant and Thomas McQuown as Second Lieutenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159112-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIndependent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08)(1st Formation) was formed in December 1964 from the assets of 82nd Garrison Regiment of the inactivating 16th Garrison Division and 92nd Garrison Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 106], "section_span": [106, 106], "content_span": [107, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159112-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was composed of 3 infantry regiments(1st to 3rd) and a machine-gun artillery battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 106], "section_span": [106, 106], "content_span": [107, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159112-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn July 1966 the division was renamed as 1st Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08) with 2nd Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District's formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 106], "section_span": [106, 106], "content_span": [107, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159112-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom August 1967 to November 14th 1969 the division was put under command of 20th Army Corps. After that the division was returned to Zhejiang Provincial Military District's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 106], "section_span": [106, 106], "content_span": [107, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159112-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nOn March 25th 1975, the division exchanged its designation and position with 1st Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District and became the second formation of 1st Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District(Chinese: \u5b89\u5fbd\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 106], "section_span": [106, 106], "content_span": [107, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159112-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nOn May 26th 1976 the division was renamed as Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District(Chinese: \u5b89\u5fbd\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08) following 2nd Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District's disbandment. The artillery Regiment of the disbanding 73rd Army Division was attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 106], "section_span": [106, 106], "content_span": [107, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159113-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Guangxi Military District (People's Republic of China)\nIndependent Division of Hunan Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u6e56\u5357\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08)(1st Formation) was formed in July 1966 from the Public Security Contingent of the Hunan province. The division was composed of three regiments (1st to 3rd) and two independent battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 82], "section_span": [82, 82], "content_span": [83, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159113-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Guangxi Military District (People's Republic of China)\nIn March 1969 the division (except for its independent battalions) moved to Guangxi and was renamed as Independent Division of Nanning (Chinese: \u5357\u5b81\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 82], "section_span": [82, 82], "content_span": [83, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159113-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Guangxi Military District (People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1970 the division was renamed as 1st Independent Division of Guangxi Military District (Chinese: \u5e7f\u897f\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 82], "section_span": [82, 82], "content_span": [83, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159114-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIndependent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u6c5f\u82cf\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08)(1st Formation) was formed on December 26th, 1964 from the 539th Infantry Regiment of the disbanding 180th Army Division. The division was then composed of 3 infantry regiments (1st to 3rd) and a machine-gun artillery battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 108], "section_span": [108, 108], "content_span": [109, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159114-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom 1965 the division HQ stationed at Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 108], "section_span": [108, 108], "content_span": [109, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159114-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1966, the division was renamed as 1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u6c5f\u82cf\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08) following 2nd Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District's formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 108], "section_span": [108, 108], "content_span": [109, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159114-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn March 1968, 70th and 75th Garrison Regiment was attached to the division, and the division was attached to 60th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 108], "section_span": [108, 108], "content_span": [109, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159114-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn October 1969, 105th Infantry Regiment of 181st Army Division was attached to the division, and the divisional HQ moved to Binhai for coastal defense mission of Lianyungang. Machine-gun Artillery Battalion was expanded to Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 108], "section_span": [108, 108], "content_span": [109, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159114-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1970 the division was transferred to Jiangsu Provincial Military District's control, while 70th and 75th Garrison Regiments detached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 108], "section_span": [108, 108], "content_span": [109, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159114-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Jiangsu Provincial Military District (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nOn March 25th 1975 the division was inactivated and became Wenzhou Military Sub-district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 108], "section_span": [108, 108], "content_span": [109, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159115-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Shandong Provincial Military District\n1st Independent Division of Shandong Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08) was formed on August 8, 1966. The division was composed of three infantry regiments (1st to 3rd) and an artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159115-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Shandong Provincial Military District\nIn October 1976 the division was renamed as Independent Division of Shandong Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08) following 2nd Independent Division of Shandong Provincial Military District's disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159116-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Sichuan Provincial Military District (People's Republic of China)\nIndependent Division of Chengdu Military Region (Chinese: \u6210\u90fd\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08) was formed in August 1964 from Public Security Contingent of Sichuan province. The division was composed of four regiments (1st to 4th). (From May 1st 1955 to October 1969 Chengdu Military Region also acted as Sichuan Military Region.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 93], "section_span": [93, 93], "content_span": [94, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159116-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Sichuan Provincial Military District (People's Republic of China)\nOn January 22nd 1968, the divisional commander, Du Ling(Chinese: \u675c\u7075), was shot to death when he was travelling in his car in Chengdu, when he was trying to pass the barricade guarded by armed \"rebels\" (Chinese: \u9020\u53cd\u6d3e), and his deputy commander Li Wen(Chinese: \u674e\u6587) badly injured. (See Cultural Revolution for reference.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 93], "section_span": [93, 93], "content_span": [94, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159116-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Sichuan Provincial Military District (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1969 the division was renamed as 1st Independent Division of Chengdu Military Region (Chinese: \u6210\u90fd\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 93], "section_span": [93, 93], "content_span": [94, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159116-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Sichuan Provincial Military District (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1970 the division was renamed as 1st Independent Division of Sichuan Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 93], "section_span": [93, 93], "content_span": [94, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159117-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)\nIndependent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u5b89\u5fbd\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08)(1st Formation) was formed in December 1964 from the 540th Infantry Regiment and 560th Artillery Regiment of the disbanding 180th Army Division. The division was then composed of 3 infantry regiments (1st to 3rd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 81], "section_span": [81, 81], "content_span": [82, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159117-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)\nIn June 1966 the division was renamed as 1st Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District (Chinese: \u5b89\u5fbd\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08) after 2nd Independent Division of Anhui Provincial Military District's formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 81], "section_span": [81, 81], "content_span": [82, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159117-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)\nFrom September 1967 to November 14th 1969 it was put under command of 12th Army Corps, after which the division returned to Anhui Provincial Military District's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 81], "section_span": [81, 81], "content_span": [82, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159117-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)\nOn March 25th 1975, the division exchanged its designation and position with 1st Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District and became the second formation of 1st Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District(Chinese: \u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 81], "section_span": [81, 81], "content_span": [82, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159117-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)\nIn May 1976 the division was renamed as Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District(Chinese: \u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u519b\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u5e08) following 2nd Independent Division of Zhejiang Provincial Military District (People's Republic of China)'s disbandment. Artillery Regiment of the  disbanding 74th Army Division was attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 81], "section_span": [81, 81], "content_span": [82, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159118-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 1st Independent Mixed Brigade or 1st Mixed Brigade (\u7368\u7acb\u6df7\u6210\u7b2c1\u65c5\u5718) was an experimental combined arms formation of the Imperial Japanese Army. In July 1937, at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the brigade was known as the Sakai Brigade, for its commander, Lt. General Koji Sakai. The brigade participated in Battle of Taiyuan in late 1937. After being promoted lieutenant general Masaomi Yasuoka took command from 1938 to 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159118-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe tank component, all but the 4th Tank Battalion, was pulled from the brigade in 1938. Major General Suzuki Teiji assumed command in 1941. By 1944 defense of the Japanese homeland prompted the creation of the inner line of defense extending northward from the Carolines, the Marianas, and the Ogasawara Islands. The brigade was assigned to the 31st Army under General Hideyoshi Obata. There the 1st Mixed Brigade and the 2nd Mixed Brigade became part of the 109th Division, commanded by General Tadamichi Kuribayashi. The 1st Mixed Brigade was stationed on Chichi-jima with the division headquarters and the 2nd Brigade was moved to Iwo jima overseen by Kuribayashi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland)\nThe 1st (Polish) Independent Parachute Brigade was a parachute infantry brigade of the Polish Armed Forces in the West under the command of Major General Stanis\u0142aw Sosabowski, created in September 1941 during the Second World War and based in Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland)\nOriginally, the brigade's exclusive mission was to drop into occupied Poland in order to help liberate the country. The British government, however, pressured the Poles into allowing the unit to be used in the Western theatre of war. Operation Market Garden eventually saw the unit sent into action in support of the British 1st Airborne Division at the Battle of Arnhem in September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland)\nThe Poles were initially landed by glider from 18 September, whilst, due to bad weather over England, the parachute section of the Brigade was held up, and jumped on 21 September at Driel on the South bank of the Rhine. The Poles suffered significant casualties during the next few days of fighting, but still were able, by their presence, to cause around 2,500 German troops to be diverted to deal with them for fear of their supporting the remnants of the 1st Airborne trapped over the lower Rhine in Oosterbeek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), History\nThe Brigade was originally trained close to RAF Ringway and later in Upper Largo in Scotland. It was finally based in Lincolnshire, close to RAF Spitalgate (Grantham) where it continued training until its eventual departure for Europe after D-Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), History\nThe Brigade was formed by the Polish High Command in exile with the aim of its being used to support the Polish resistance during the nationwide uprising, a plan that encountered opposition from the British, who argued that a single brigade would be of no use against the entire German army stationed in Occupied Poland. The pressure of the British government eventually caused the Poles to give in and agree to let the Brigade be used on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), History\nOn 6 June 1944 the unit, originally the only Polish unit directly subordinate to the Polish government in exile and thus independent of the British command, was transferred into the same command structure as all other Polish Forces in the West. It was slotted to take part in several operations after the invasion of Normandy, but all of them were cancelled. On 27 July, aware of the imminent Warsaw Uprising, the Polish government in exile asked the British government for air support, including dropping the Brigade in the vicinity of Warsaw. This request was refused on the grounds of the aircraft used by the Brigade did not have enough fuel to reach Warsaw, along with the request to use Soviet airfields being denied. Eventually, the Brigade entered combat when it was dropped during Operation Market Garden in September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), History\nDuring the operation, the Brigade's anti-tank battery went into Arnhem on the third day of the battle (19 September), supporting the British paratroopers at Oosterbeek. This left Sosabowski without any anti-tank capability. The light artillery battery was left behind in England due to a shortage of gliders. Owing to bad weather and a shortage of transport planes, the drop into Driel was delayed by two days, to 21 September. The British units which were supposed to cover the landing zone were in a bad situation and out of radio contact with the main Allied forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), History\nFinally, the 2nd Battalion, and elements of the 3rd Battalion, with support troops from the Brigade's Medical Company, Engineer Company and HQ Company, were dropped under German fire east of Driel. They overran Driel, after it was realised that the Heveadorp ferry had been destroyed. In Driel, the Polish paratroopers set up a defensive \"hedgehog\" position, from which over the next two nights further attempts were made to cross the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), History\nThe following day, the Poles were able to produce some makeshift boats and attempt a crossing. With great difficulty and under German fire from the heights of Westerbouwing on the north bank of the river, the 8th Parachute Company and, later, additional troops from 3rd Battalion, managed to cross the Rhine in two attempts. In total, about 200 Polish paratroopers made it across in two days, and were able to cover the subsequent withdrawal of the remnants of the British 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), History\nOn 26 September 1944, the Brigade (now including the 1st Battalion and elements of the 3rd Battalion, who were parachuted near to Grave on 23 September) was ordered to march towards Nijmegen. The Brigade had lost 25% of its fighting strength, amounting to 590 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), History\nIn 1945, the Brigade was attached to the Polish 1st Armoured Division and undertook occupation duties in Northern Germany until it was disbanded on 30 June 1947. The majority of its soldiers chose to stay in exile rather than hazard returning to the new Communist Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), Post-war honours\nShortly after the war, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands wanted to award the Parachute Brigade and wrote the government a request. However, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Eelco van Kleffens, opposed the idea. He thought an award for the Poles would upset the relations with the 'Big Three' and harm national interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), Post-war honours\nMore than 61 years after World War II, the Brigade was awarded the Military Order of William (31 May 2006) for its distinguished and outstanding acts of bravery, skill and devotion to duty during Operation Market Garden. The Military Order of William is the highest Dutch military award. Only eleven units have been awarded this honor, of which only two are non-Dutch. The award is now worn by the 6th Airborne Brigade which inherited the battle honours of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159119-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland), Portrayals\nThe brigade's participation in Market Garden was prominently featured in the book and film of a A Bridge Too Far. General Sosabowski was portrayed by Gene Hackman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159120-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Independent Spirit Awards\nThe 1st Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1985, were announced on March 22, 1986. The ceremony was hosted by Peter Coyote and Jeanne Lucas. It was held at 385 North, a restaurant in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159121-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Indian Cavalry Division\nThe 1st Indian Cavalry Division was a division of the British Indian Army which was formed at the outbreak of World War I. It served on the Western Front, and was renamed the 4th Cavalry Division on 26 November 1916. In March 1918, the 4th Cavalry Division was broken up. The British units remained in France, and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt to help form the 1st Mounted Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159121-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Indian Cavalry Division, History\nThe division sailed for France from Bombay on 16 October 1914 under the command of Major General H. D. Fanshawe. The division was re-designated the 4th Cavalry Division in November 1916. During the war, they served in the trenches as infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159121-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Indian Cavalry Division, History\nThe large number of early officer casualties affected the division's later performance. British officers who understood the language, customs, and psychology of their men could not be quickly replaced, and the alien environment of the Western Front affected the soldiers. The division served in France and Flanders, held in reserve for the expected breakthrough. It provided dismounted parties for trench duty, but its only battle was the Battle of Cambrai during the German counterattacks of 30 November \u2013 3 December. In March 1918, the division was broken up and the Indian regiments were combined in Egypt with the Yeomanry Mounted Division to form the 1st Mounted Division (later the 4th Cavalry Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159122-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 1st Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. It was formed in September 1939, in Abbottabad in India. It was assigned to HQ Rawalpindi District until May 1942, when it joined the 23rd Indian Infantry Division until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment\n1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, also known as the 28th Regiment of Volunteers was a cavalry unit that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Organized in August 1861, it did most of its fighting in the state of Arkansas. The regiment was in action at Cotton Plant, Helena, Bayou Fourche, Pine Bluff, Mount Elba, and Marks' Mills. One company was detached and fought in several actions in the Vicksburg campaign. The regiment was discharged in June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, Organizations\nOrganized at Evansville, Ind., and mustered in August 20, 1861. Left State for St. Louis, Mo., August 21; thence moved to Ironton, Mo. Duty at and near Ironton until February, 1862. Skirmish at Black River, Ironton, September 12, 1861. Operations about Ironton and Fredericktown October 12\u201321. Skirmish at Fredericktown October 18. Action at Fredericktown October 21. Attached to Dept. of Missouri to February, 1862. District of Southeast Missouri to May, 1862. 1st Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to July, 1862. District of Eastern Arkansas, Dept. of Missouri, to December, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, Organizations\n1st Brigade, 3rd (Cavalry) Division, District of Eastern Arkansas, Dept. of the Tennessee, to April, 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, 13th Army Corps, Dept. of the Tennessee, to April, 1863. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of Eastern Arkansas, to June, 1863. Clayton's Independent Cavalry Brigade, District of Eastern Arkansas, to July, 1863. Clayton's Cavalry Brigade, 13th Division, 16th Army Corps, to August, 1863. Clayton's Cavalry Brigade, Arkansas Expedition, to January, 1864. Clayton's Cavalry Brigade, 7th Army Corps, Dept. of Arkansas, to September, 1864. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, 7th Army Corps, to February, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, Organizations\nMouth of White River, Ark., and St. Charles, Ark. 7th Army Corps to June, 1865. Company \"C\" detached and with 12th Division, 13th Army Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to August, 1863. Cavalry Brigade, 13th Army Corps, Dept. of the Gulf, to September, 1863. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Dept. of the Gulf, to November, 1863. 3rd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Dept. of the Gulf, to December, 1863. Defenses of New Orleans, La., Dept. of the Gulf, to July. 1864. Rejoined Regiment at Pine Bluff, Ark. (For Companies \"I\" and \"K\" see Stewart's and Bracken's Cavalry Companies.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, History\nScouting and skirmishing in Missouri and Arkansas February to June, 1862. Reconnaissance from Greenville to St. Francisville February 23\u201325 (Detachment). Mingo Creek, near St. Francisville, February 24 (Detachment). Moved to Doniphan March 27 \u2013 April 1, and to Pocahontas April 17. Litchfield, Ark., May 2. Eleven Points June 1. Operations in Fulton County, Mo., June 1\u20135. March to Helena, Ark., June 26 \u2013 July 14. Hill's Plantation, Cache River, July 7. Duty at Helena until July, 1863. Expedition from Helena to Clarendon August 4\u201317, 1862. Expedition from Clarendon to Lawrenceville and St. Charles September 11\u201313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, History\nExpedition from Helena to Moro November 5\u20138 (Detachment). Expedition from Helena to Arkansas Post November 16\u201321. Expedition from Helena to Grenada, Miss., November 27 \u2013 December 5. Junction Coldwater and Tallahatchie Rivers November 29. Tallahatchie River November 30 (Detachment). Near Mitchell's Cross Roads December 1. Oakland December 3. Near Coldwater River February 19, 1863. Near Yazoo Pass February 19 (Detachment). Coldwater March 14. Languelle Creek May 11. Taylor's Creek and Crowley's Ridge May 11. Expedition from Helena to Napoleonville May 23\u201326 (Detachment). Near Island No. 65, Mississippi River, May 25 (Detachment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, History\nRepulse of Holmes' Attack on Helena July 4. Steele's Expedition to Little Rock August 1 \u2013 September 14. Action at Bayou Fourche and capture of Little Rock September 10. Pursuit of Price September 11\u201314. Near Little Rock September 11. Moved to Pine Bluff September 14, and duty there until March, 1864. Tulip October 12, 1863. Pine Bluff October 25. Branchville, Ivey's Ford, Pine Bluff, January 19, 1864. Steele's Expedition to Camden February 23 \u2013 May 3. Branchville March 27. Expedition from Pine Bluff to Mt. Elba and Longview March 27\u201331. Longview March 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0002-0003", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, History\nMt. Elba and pursuit to Big Creek March 30. Marks' Mills April 25 (Detachment). At Pine Bluff and Little Rock until October, 1864. Walter's Plantation June 7. Expedition from Pine Bluff September 9-11 (Detachment). Near Monticello September 10. Brewer's Lane September 11. Near Pine Bluff September 13 (2 Companies). Reconnaissance from Little Rock to Monticello and Mt. Elba October 4\u201311. Veterans and Recruits consolidated to a Battalion of 2 Companies, and duty at Pine Bluff until January, 1865. Moved to mouth of White River and duty there until March 20, 1865. At St. Charles until June, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0002-0004", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, History\nMustered out May 31 and discharged June 22, 1865. Company \"C\" detached as escort to Gen. Hovey, February to July, 1863. Expedition to Yazoo Pass February 24 \u2013 April 8, 1863. Moved to Milliken's Bend, La., April 12. Advance on Bruinsburg and turning Grand Gulf April 25\u201330. Battle of Port Gibson May 1. Fourteen-Mile Creek May 12\u201313. Battle of Champion's Hill May 16. Siege of Vicksburg May 18 \u2013 July 4. Advance on Jackson, Miss., July 4\u201310. Siege of Jackson July 10\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0002-0005", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, History\nOrdered to New Orleans, La., August, thence to Brashear City and Berwick; Western Louisiana \"Teche\" Campaign October 3 \u2013 November 30. Reconnaissance toward Opelousas October 20. Opelousas and Barre Landing October 21. Bayou Portage October 23. Moved to New Orleans, La., and duty there until July 7, 1864. Cypress Creek March 8, 1864. Rejoined Regiment at Pine Bluff, Ark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159123-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment, Deaths\nRegiment lost during service 4 Officers and 32 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 3 Officers and 148 Enlisted men by disease. Total 187.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment\n1st Regiment Indiana Heavy Artillery was a heavy artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was nicknamed the \"Jackass Regiment\". Before being converted into an artillery unit in 1863, it served as the 21st Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Indiana Heavy Artillery was organized in Indianapolis, Indiana, July 24, 1861, as the 21st Indiana Infantry under the command of Colonel James Winning McMillan. The regiment was converted to heavy artillery in February 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Dix's Division, Baltimore, Maryland, to February 1862. Butler's New Orleans Expedition to March 1862. 2nd Brigade, Department of the Gulf, to October 1862. Independent Command, Department of the Gulf, to January 1863. Unattached, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to February 1863. Artillery, 1st Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863. District of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Department of the Gulf, to June 1864. Unattached, XIX Corps, and unattached, Department of the Gulf, to January 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Indiana Heavy Artillery mustered out January 10, 1866, at Baton Rouge, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Indiana for Baltimore, Maryland, July 31, and duty in the defenses of that city until February 19, 1862. Expedition to Eastern Shore of Maryland November 14\u201322, 1861. Moved to Newport News, Virginia, February 19, 1862; then sailed on the steamer Constitution for Ship Island, Mississippi, March 4\u201313. Duty at Ship Island until April 14. Operations against Forts St. Philip and Jackson April 14\u201328. Occupation of New Orleans May 1 (first regiment to land). Camp at Algiers until May 30. Expedition to New Orleans and Jackson Railroad May 9\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Baton Rouge May 30, and duty there until August 20. Battle of Baton Rouge August 5. Evacuation of Baton Rouge August 20. Camp at Carrollton until October. Action at Bayou Des Allemands September 4\u20135. Expedition from Carrollton to St. Charles Court House September 7\u20138. Skirmish near St. Charles Court House September 8. Expedition from Carrollton to Donaldsonville and skirmish October 21\u201325. Duty at Berwick Bay until February 1863. Bayou Teche November 3, 1862. Action with steamer Cotton, Bayou Teche, January 14, 1863. Operations in western Louisiana April 9-May 19. Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland April 12\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nAdvance on Port Hudson May 20\u201324. Siege of Port Hudson May 24-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Lafourche Crossing June 20\u201321 (Company F). Brashear City June 23 (Company F). Expedition to Sabine Pass, Texas, September 4\u201311 (detachment). Garrison duty at New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and at various points in the Department of the Gulf until February 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nCompanies L and M were organized August 12 to November 2, 1863. Red River Campaign March to May 1864 (Companies G & I). Blair's Landing April 12\u201313 (detachment). Monett's Ferry, Cane River Crossing, April 23 (detachment). Retreat to Morganza May 13\u201320. Operations in Mobile Bay, Alabama, against Forts Gaines and Morgan August 2\u201323 (Companies B, F, H, and K). Siege and capture of Fort Gaines August 3\u20138. Siege and capture of Fort Morgan August 8\u201323. At New Orleans until March 1865. Campaign against Mobile, Alabama, and its defenses March 17-April 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely March 26-April 8. Fort Blakely April 9. Occupation of Mobile April 12, and duty there until June 24. Garrison duty until January 1866. Companies B and C at Fort Morgan; Companies H and K at Fort Gaines; Companies F and L at Fort Barrancas, Florida; Companies I and M at Fort Pickens, Florida; Companies A, E, and G at Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Company D at Port Hudson, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159124-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 390 men during service; 7 officers and 60 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 320 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159125-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Indiana Volunteers\nThe 1st Indiana Volunteers, or the 1st Infantry Regiment, Indiana Volunteers, was a regiment of soldiers primarily from southern Indiana commanded by lieutenant colonel and future Governor of Indiana and United States Senator Henry S. Lane, during the Mexican\u2013American War. It was the first regiment to be created by the state. Its arms were purchased using a loan from the Bank of Indiana, and was dispatched to Mexico in 1844. The regiment was primarily on patrol duty during its three-month tour, guarding supply lines and manning outposts. After returning from the war, many of the men in the unit reenlisted in the 5th Indiana Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159127-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Indonesian Choice Awards\nThe 1st Indonesian Choice Awards (Official name: NET. ONE presents Indonesian Choice Awards 2014) was an annual awards ceremony held on May 18, 2014, at the Mata Elang International Stadium in Pademangan, North Jakarta. The show was hosted by Sarah Sechan and Boy William. This awards ceremony coincided with the first anniversary of the sponsor TV channel NET., entitled Net. ONE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159127-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Indonesian Choice Awards\nRaisa was the biggest winner of the night, with three awards for \"Female Singer of the Year\", \"Album of the Year\" for Heart to Heart, and \"Song of the Year\" for \"Pemeran Utama\". Other winners included Fatin Shidqia, who won \"Breakthrough of the Year\", Superman Is Dead, who won \"Group/Band/Duo of the Year\", Tulus, who won \"Male Singer of the Year\", etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159127-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Indonesian Choice Awards\nLegend of singer-songwriter, Iwan Fals, receiving the special award \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" for his contribution for 35 years in the world of Indonesian music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159127-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Indonesian Choice Awards\nIn addition to local musician, NET. also features international musicians and artists, such as Far East Movement, Ne-Yo and Japanese comical magician Gamarjobat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159127-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Indonesian Choice Awards, Voting system\nVoting for the 2014 Indonesian Choice Awards began on April 30, 2014. Members of the public could cast their votes via Twitter or Facebook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159127-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Indonesian Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe full list of nominees and winners are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards\nThe 1st Indus Drama Awards ceremony, presented by Indus TV Network, sponsored by Dulux, took place on September 23, 2005 at PAF Museum, Karachi. The ceremony was recorded, and was scheduled to be televised in Pakistan and UAE on October 1, 2005 by Indus TV. It was produced by chairman Ghazanfar Ali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards\nThe awards were hosted by actor Shahood Alvi and co-hosted by Sehar Imran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards, Ceremony information\nThe drama awards were a follow-up of the IM Music awards, art of the INDUS NETWORK, which were held at the D.H.A Golf Club. The stage was set against a giant plasma screen and for the first time a live orchestra had been arranged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards, Ceremony information\nThe four series competing for the most prestigious honours were 'Maa Aur Mamta', 'Ambulance', 'Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat' and 'Karachi law'. Kamran Qureshi\u2019s drama series Maa Aur Mamta was considered most successful with seven awards; Qureshi brought his mother Shagufta Yousuf to receive it on his behalf. Natasha D\u2019souza received her trophy for the best supporting actress in 'Ambulance\". Shafi Mohammad won the best supporting actor for his role in 'Maa aur Mamta'. The best actress in drama series was Shehla Qureshi for her role in \"Mehak\" while Humayun Saeed won the equivalent for Mujrim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards, Ceremony information\nFurther entertainment was provided by Humayun and Sonu, both of whom danced, Sonu to Atif Aslam's remix song 'Woh Lamhe'. Maa and Mamta also won an extra title when Sohail Asghar was conferred a special award for his role of a eunuch called Saima in Murad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards, Ceremony information\nA tribute was performed for Najam-uz-Zaman, who had died shortly previous to the event in Canada. Najam was a prominent figure in Indus Music  and was also one of Indus TV's founding members, besides the current owner, Ghazanfar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards, Ceremony information\nThe best serial writer award went to Umera Ahmed for Wajood-e-Laraib\u2019. The best actress in a drama serial went to Afreen for role in Azal, for which the male counterpart was Faisal Rehman for his contributions in 'Azal' and the best serial was \"Wajood-e-Laraib.\" Adnan Siddiqui, Faisal Qureshi and Fahad Mustafa received the trophy. Adnan dedicated the trophy to his newborn baby, while the rest thanked the crowd for their involvement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards, Ceremony information\nQavi Khan received a standing ovation for his contributions to the TV world with the late Shahzad Khalil. Ghazanfar himself presented this award to Khalil\u2019s wife Badar Khalil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards, Honorary Indus Drama Awards\nThe Indus Media Group presented Special Awards during the ceremony. These are usually are not a part of specific category, but a special honor for artists related to drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159128-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Indus Drama Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals and groups, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159129-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry (album)\n1st Infantry is the debut solo studio album by American hip hop producer and recording artist The Alchemist. The album was released on September 21, 2004 and peaked at number 101 on the Billboard 200 and number 11 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159129-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry (album)\nThe album was solely produced by The Alchemist and features guest vocalists including Prodigy, Nina Sky, The Game, The Lox, Nas, M.O.P., Mobb Deep, Lloyd Banks, T.I., and Dilated Peoples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159129-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry (album)\nOne single from the album, \"Hold You Down\", peaked at number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 47 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159129-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry (album)\nThe album was also released in an instrumental version and deluxe edition with a bonus DVD on October 4, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159130-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (Albania)\nThe 1st Infantry Battalion (Albanian: Batalioni i 1-r\u00eb i K\u00ebmb\u00ebsoris\u00eb, b1k) is one of the three infantry battalions, along with the b2k and b3k, part of the Albanian Land Force. The b1k it is based in Vau i Dej\u00ebs, Shkod\u00ebr County. It consists on 3 companies, with 100 \u2013 130 soldiers each, with a total of about 700 effective as a whole battalion. Normally they fall under the command of Land Force Command and Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL)\nThe 1st Infantry Battalion of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army was a Dutch colonial military unit that was active in the Dutch East Indies during World War II and the Indonesian National Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), Background\nOn March 7, 1942, just before the fall of Java, Lieutenant Governor General Huib van Mook and 14 officials flew to Australia to establish a Dutch East Indies government to continue the fight. Van Mook was recalled to London, but on April 8 the Netherlands Indies Commission for Australia and New Zealand (NINDICOM) was established. The Commission was headed by Ch. O. van der Plas and further consisted of J.E. van Hoogstraten, Raden Loekman Djajadiningrat and R.E. Smits. Its seat was located in Melbourne, where the headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander in Asia, the American General Douglas MacArthur, was then located. The Commission worked together with the Dutch ambassador Van Aerssen Beyeren in Canberra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), World War II, Formation\nOn June 1, 1944, at Camp Victory, near Casino, New South Wales, the 1st Battalion KNIL was founded. With this establishment the first large unit of the new KNIL was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), World War II, Formation\nThe service sections, later the \"Technical Battalion\" led by Lieutenant Colonel IJsseldijk, consisting of BPM and ex-KPM personnel, were intended for oil extraction immediately after the conquest of the oil fields in Tarakan and Balikpapan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), World War II, Formation\nThe armed forces commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Breemouer included the 1st and 2nd Cie \"Overseas\", consisting of Surinamese and Antillean War Volunteers; the 36 NEI Coy \"Timor-Coy\", evacuated from Timor to Australia in December 1942 and consisted of small interpreters and guides / battle groups , which were partly assigned to American units in the Pacific; small groups of liberated Dutch East Indies prisoners of war on New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago islands in the Pacific; and deployed war volunteers in the Dutch East Indies from personnel of the Princess Irene Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), World War II, Formation\nThe armed forces were renamed 1st Infantry Battalion on November 15, 1944, and after having passed the Jungle Warfare School, they were brought into battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), World War II, Structure\n1st Battalion KNIL (3000 men). This consisted on November 15, 1944 of;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), World War II, Operations\nJanuary 9, 1945: Landing of the US 936th Division at Biak, and a few weeks later at Morotai. In this (at a later stage) the 1st Inf. I Bat. KNIL takes part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), World War II, Operations\nMay 1, 1945: Landing of the 9th Australian Division at Tarakan. The 2nd Inf. I Bat. takes part and suffers her first losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), World War II, Operations\nJuly 1, 1945: Landing of the 76th Australian Division at Balikpapan. The 1st Inf I Bat is part of the first landing echelon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), Indonesian War of Independence\nOn October 4, 1945 the 1st Bat.Inf. in Batavia consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), Indonesian War of Independence\nFrom October 1945, the Battalion was charged with ensuring order and peace in the southern and eastern fringes of Batavia. On October 10, the 5 Cie KNIL arrives from Australia, consisting of War Volunteers. On March 8, 1948 the battalion was disbanded due to demobilization. On May 26, the battalion is re-established as 1st Infantry Battalion. In February 1949 were added to the battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), Indonesian War of Independence\nSoldiers of Inf I were nicknamed 'the Matjans' (the Tigers) because of their camouflage suits (Jungle warfare suits).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), Images\nFrom Suriname, the Dutch West Indies, Creoles, together with Javanese and Hindus arrive in Australia (1944)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159131-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL), Images\nActing KNIL commander Lt-Gen van Oyen (left) and Lt-Kol Dr. Brandon (right) are brought back to Lingkas by LST after visiting a location on Tarakan Island. (1945)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159132-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (Estonia)\nThe 1st Infantry Brigade (Estonian: 1. jalav\u00e4ebrigaad) is an infantry brigade of the Estonian Land Forces. It is the primary military unit in Northern Estonia. The brigade headquarters is based at Tapa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159132-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (Estonia), History\nOn 25 April 1917, the 2nd Naval Fortress Regiment of the Peter the Great's Naval Fortress was formed in Tallinn, recruited from Estonians. In May 1917, the regiment was renamed 1st Estonian Infantry Regiment. From 1918 to 1920, the unit fought in the Estonian War of Independence. The unit was disbanded after the Soviet occupation in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159132-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (Estonia), History\nOn 1 February 2003, the 1st Infantry Brigade was formed in Tallinn. In 2006, the brigade headquarters was moved to Paldiski. On 1 January 2009, the brigade was formed around three battalions: Scouts Battalion, Kalev Infantry Battalion, and the Combat Service Support Battalion. On 1 August 2014, Viru Infantry Battalion, Engineer Battalion, Air Defence Battalion and Artillery Battalion of the former North-Eastern Defence District were added to the 1st Infantry Brigade and headquarters was moved to Tapa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159132-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (Estonia), Current structure\nAround 1800 conscripts are serving at different units of the brigade at the same time along with professional soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159132-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (Estonia), Current structure, Equipment\nBrigade units is armed with CV90 infantry fighting vehicles, Pasi armoured personnel carriers, FH70 and D30 howitzers, Mistral and ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft systems and Javelin anti-tank missiles. The Brigade uses a fleet of MB Unimog, MB Actros, Volvo FMX, DAF trucks, BV-206 amphibious carriers and MB GD240 jeeps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159133-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 1st Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa)\nThe South African 1st Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the army of the Union of South Africa during World Wars I and II. During World War I, the Brigade served as a British formation in Egypt and on the Western Front, most famously the Battle of Delville Wood. It was reactivated at the start of the Second World War as a South African formation and served in East Africa and the Western Desert; the Brigade disbanded on 1 January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I\nWhen the First World War broke out in 1914, the South African government chose to join the war on the side of the Allies. General Louis Botha, the then prime minister, faced widespread Afrikaner opposition to fighting alongside Great Britain so soon after the Second Boer War and had to put down a revolt by some of the more militant elements before he could mobilise and deploy troops as an expeditionary force (some 67,000 troops) to invade German South-West Africa (now Namibia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I\nThe South African Union Defence Act of 1914 prohibited the deployment of South African troops beyond the borders of the South Africa and its immediate neighbouring territories. To send troops to Europe to support the Commonwealth in World War I, Generals Botha and Smuts created the South African Overseas Expeditionary Force. However, because of the limitations of the Defence Act, they issued a General Order (Order 672 of 1915) which stated that \"The South African Overseas Expeditionary Force will [sic] be Imperial and have the status of regular British Troops.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I\n\"Status\" was meant to imply administrative purposes, as Britain was paying for the maintenance of the force in the field for the sake of local political sensitivities. Regrettably, this Administrative Order later meant that the South African units which served as part of the Overseas Expeditionary Force were not, as South African units, entitled to retain Regimental Colours awarded to them for battles fought as \"British\" units. The 1st Infantry Brigade Group was the first unit to be formed as a constituent part of the South African Overseas Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Mobilisation\nThe brigade was commanded by Brigadier General H.T. (Tim) Lukin and consisted of four regiments recruited from existing military units as well as amongst civilians. Regiments were raised in the four provinces of South Africa:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Mobilisation\nThe Brigade, numbering 160 officers and 5 648 other ranks, embarked for England from Cape Town and were quartered at Bordon in Hampshire, where, for the next two months, they underwent training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, North Africa\nDuring December 1915 it was decided to send the South African brigade to Egypt, where the Senussi tribe led by Gaafer Pasha, was threatening to overrun the country. On 23 January 1916 the 2nd South African Infantry Regiment first saw action at Halaxin. Brig Gen Lukin's column of the Western Frontier Force comprised; 1st and 3rd South African Infantry Regiments, The Dorsetshire Yeomanry, the 1st/6th Royal Scots, a squadron of The Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry and the Nottinghamshire Battery of the Royal Horse Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, North Africa\nThey marched along the coast and engaged the enemy at the Battle of Agagia on 26 February 1916. With the aid of the Dorsetshire Yeomanry's cavalry the Senussi were routed and Gaafer Pasha and his staff captured. After successfully bringing this brief campaign to a close, Brig Gen Lukin and his brigade were transferred to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, The Somme Offensive\nThe Somme offensive opened on 1 July 1916 and was initially intended as a diversionary battle to draw German forces away from the French front at Verdun which was under severe pressure. Allied Command hoped that the preliminary barrage would destroy the German trenches, exterminating the defenders and enabling the Allied infantry to occupy the German lines with minimal opposition. This initial bombardment failed to neutralise the German infantry and British suffered in excess of 54 000 casualties in the first day's fighting, of whom over 19 000 were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, The Somme Offensive\nThe losses of 1 July 1916 were considerable and only countered partially by the successes achieved the same day in Gen Rawlinson's XIII Corps sector, and this was to dramatically influence the South African Brigade in the coming offensive. General Haig realised that he had to capitalise on the successes achieved on the right of the British line and he urged General Rawlinson to exploit this by securing Mametz Wood and the Contalmaison area to prepare for an attack on the German second line on the Longueval-Bazentin le Petit ridge. This attack would extend on the right to Longueval Village and Delville Wood. First, however, Bernafay Wood and Trones Wood, which were situated to the south of Longueval Village and Delville Wood, would have to be captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 84], "content_span": [85, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Longueval\nThe plan called for the 9th (Scottish) Division (which included the 1st South African Infantry Brigade) to be brought forward from reserve to the new line extending from Montauban to the south of Trones Wood. After coming forward, the division was told to prepare for the second stage of the battle, an assault on Longueval scheduled for 7 July. In advancing to the start-line, the 2nd South African Infantry Regiment (at that time, the reserve battalion), relieved two battalions of the 27th Brigade in Bernafay Wood and incurred over 200 casualties in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Longueval\nGeneral Rawlinson decided on a night advance and dawn attack to take the village. The attacking force would consist of the 26th and 27th Brigades of the 9th Division, which would assault the village of Longueval at dawn on 14 July with the South African brigade remaining in reserve. As arranged, at dawn they stormed the German positions and fought their way into Longueval, where hard hand-to-hand fighting ensued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Longueval\nBy 0805, the intensity of the fighting compelled Maj Gen W.T. Furse, (Commander of 9th Division), to order the 1st South African Infantry Regiment to advance from reserve in support of the 27th Brigade and by 1230, he instructed the remaining three South African regiments to take and hold Delville Wood as soon as the entire town of Longueval was in Allied hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Longueval\nAt 1300, 12th Royal Scots had pushed through the northern half of Longueval Village but were forced back by a machine gun in the north west corner of Delville Wood. This part of the wood was to remain strongly held and defended by the Germans. Due to delays in preparing the regiments on the start line, as well as problems related to co-ordinating the artillery support, the South African attack was delayed to 06h00 the following morning, particularly as Longueval village had not yet been totally captured and holding the town was considered essential to the capture of Delville Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nThe start of what was to become a legend of South African perseverance, loss and tragedy started at 0600 on 15 July 1916. The three remaining regiments of the South African brigade who were under the command of Lt Col William Tanner of the 2nd Regiment, advanced towards the wood with the 2nd and 3rd Regiments in the lead, followed by the 4th Regiment which was in support .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nThe North West corner of the town and the wood was clearly strongly held by the Germans, but the positions in the rest of the wood were unclear, with the South Africans being uncertain as to who were friendly forces and who were enemy. Led by a guide from the 5th Camerons, the three regiments advanced from the junction of Montauban and Bazentin Roads through a portion of the south end of Longueval and across the fields to Buchanan Street trench. Tanner established his headquarters at Buchanan Street and sent the 3rd Regiment to the far side of the wood. Tanner's 2nd Regiment followed the 3rd Regiment but branched off to the north. C Company, 2nd Regiment manned the southern perimeter close to Longueval. (See Map).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nShelling was extremely heavy with severe losses. Medical orderlies were being called for everywhere, on all fronts the supply of stretchers soon ran out. In addition, on the eastern perimeter there was confusion as to whether the men moving about outside the wood were French or German. The destruction of a Lewis Gun from this area soon confirmed that the forces were German. By 1000 casualties were mounting, particularly amongst Vickers and Lewis gun sections and calls for artillery support were coming in from all three regiments. By noon, ammunition stocks were running seriously low, and by 1600 the Germans mounted a strong counter attacks on the left flank (2nd Regiment) but were repelled. As dusk fell, the South Africans manning the perimeters entrenched themselves, despite continuous enemy shelling and sniping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nThe morning of 16 July, Brig Gen Lukin was ordered to support an attack by 11th Royal Scots (part of 27th Brigade) on the orchard situated in the northern sector of Longueval, between North Street and Flers Road. The 11th Royal Scots would attack along North Street, whilst B and C Companies of the 1st South African Infantry Regiment would attack northwards in the wood parallel to the Royal Scots. The combined attack was launched at l000 and was met by machine gun and rifle fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nBoth assaults failed and survivors scrambled back to their positions, to face a day of shelling and sniping (Refer Map). Later the morning, Brig Gen Lukin visited Lt Col F.S. Dawson (OC of 1st South African Infantry Regiment) in Longueval and Dawson stressed to the brigade commander that the men were exhausted. Lukin replied that there could be no relief for several days. German artillery continued to pound the South Africans in the wood for the remainder of the day and well into the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nDuring the night of 16/17 July the north-west corner of Delville Wood was subjected to an Allied artillery barrage to support a combined attack by the 27th Brigade and 1st South African Infantry Regiment to be initiated by dawn. Once again the attack met with fierce resistance and it too failed. Brig Gen Lukin again visited the battalion commanders in Longueval during the day and on his return to brigade headquarters he telephoned Maj Gen Furse and pointed out that his troops were exhausted. Furse replied that the wood was to be held at all costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nBy mid morning, medical orderlies could no longer cope with all of the wounded. The Germans were becoming more active in the north western sector of Delville Wood and at 1400 German batteries from Ginchy began bombarding the wood followed by an attack from the north-west, reaching Princes Street, but they were halted and then driven back by a counter-attack. That night the British artillery fired on the Germans who were east of Delville Wood with many shells falling short, amongst the South Africans. This was again followed by German artillery commencing their barrage on the wood. Many of the 186 German guns involved had been hurriedly transported from Verdun and explosions illuminated the forest in flashes, making sleep virtually impossible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nFighting continued throughout the day and that night, the Germans withdrew from the north-west corner of Delville Wood and northern Longueval to enable their artillery to bombard the entire Wood and village. This withdrawal allowed the 1st South African Regiment to push northwards and to link up with the 76th Brigade (3rd Division), which was similarly advancing on Longueval. The junction did not last long; at 08h00 on 18 July the German artillery commenced firing on Delville Wood again, but this time from three sides and the bombardment endured for seven-and-a-half hours. At times the incidence of explosions was seven per second. On that day, in an area less than one square mile, 20 000 shells fell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nAt 1450 Lukin advised Tanner, who had been wounded, that he was to assign command of the forces in the Wood to Colonel Thackeray of the 3rd Regiment. He was instructed to bring forward all scratch reinforcements he could find and to take over command of the South African troops in the Wood, which he did \u2013 entering the wood with 150 men, all of whom were battle-weary as the result of three days fighting. All Companies were by now calling for reinforcements or requesting authority to withdraw from the area being pounded by artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nThe reply was that \"...Delville Wood is to be held at all costs.\" Casualties were further increasing by the hour in all sectors and in the early afternoon, A and C Companies of the 3rd Regiment were overrun by the Germans, who approached from the rear; through the devastated wood. Mud blown up by the intense barrage had caused most weapons to stop working, cleaning equipment had all been consumed and the troops had now been without food for over 72 hours and more importantly \u2013 they were now without water too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nAnother German attack at 1700 was rebuffed but by now, companies were reduced to so few men, that they could no longer be considered as viable fighting units. The South Africans still held an uncertain perimeter but German incursions through their line into the wood were now becoming more and more frequent, simply due to the lack of troops to cover the long perimeter line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nThe Germans commenced their advance at 0600 on 19 July. Colonel Konemann led a German force comprising elements of the 153rd Infantry Reserve Regiment and two companies of the 52nd Infantry Reserve Regiment from the north into Delville Wood, attacking B Company of the 3rd South African Regiment. The 2nd Regiment had been decimated the previous day and had left a large gap on the left flank of the 3rd Regiment and this was where the German penetration was made. With so few men left, the German assault could not be countered and the remaining members of the 3rd Regiment were taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nThe Wood was by now, void of any vegetation and German machine guns and snipers were taking their toll those left within the 2nd Regiment. Continued calls for reinforcements were met with words of encouragement, rather than with fresh troops \u2013 as fighting on all remaining fronts prevented any troop movement and had already consumed all available reserves. At dawn on 20 July, Colonel Thackeray despatched a message to Lukin, urgently requesting supplies, water and ammunition. Despite their perilous situation, the South African survivors continued to fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nUnknown to Thackeray, The Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Headquarters, Machine Gunners and signallers) were trying to advance to relieve the South Africans, but were continually driven back and were unable to reach them. By 1300 Thackeray sent a signal to Lukin stating that \"....Urgent. My men are on their last legs. I cannot keep some of them awake. They drop with their rifles in hand asleep in spite of heavy shelling. We are expecting an attack. Even that cannot keep some of them from dropping down. Food and water has not reached us for two days \u2013 though we have managed on rations of those killed ...but must have water.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nEfforts by the Brigade Major John Mitchell-Baker eventually managed to secure additional troops to try to relieve the remaining South Africans. At 1615 Brigadier-General H.W. Higginson of the 53rd Brigade reported that The Suffolk [Suffolk Regiment] and 6 R Berks [6th Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment] had been ordered to relieve them. When the Suffolks and Berks reached them, Thackeray and his remaining two officers, Lt Edward Phillips and 2 Lt Garnet Green, had all been wounded. He and Phillips led the 120 survivors of the 3rd Regiment out of the Wood. Green brought up the rear and was the last South African to leave the wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nOn reaching safety, Thackeray reported \"...I am glad to report that the troops under my command (the 3rd Regiment) carried out your instructions to hold Delville Wood at all costs and that not a single detachment of this regiment retired from their position, either on the perimeter of the Wood or from the support trenches.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Delville Wood\nHistorians today agree that the losses incurred by the South African Infantry Brigade holding Delville Wood had no strategic purpose, as did that of the entire Somme offensive, of which Delville Wood formed a small part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Western Front, Casualties\nThe most costly action that the South African forces on the Western Front fought was the Battle of Delville Wood in 1916 \u2013 of the 3,153 men from the brigade who entered the wood, only 780 were present at the roll call after their relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Demobilisation, The end in France\nBy the time the South Africans crossed the River Selle at Le Cateau, it was evident that the war was drawing to a close. The SA Brigade was withdrawn from the line at 0130 on 20 October 1918 and marched via Reumont to Serain. The brigade remained at Serain until 1 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Demobilisation, Volunteers to support the White Russians\nIn December 1917, the Don Cossacks had risen in revolt against the Communist Government in Russia. With light skirmishes at first, in the areas of Odessa, Kiev, Orel, Voronezh, Tsaritsyn and even reaching to Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga, the uprising grew in size and geographic distribution. In August 1918, a small British-French-American force under command of Major General Sir Edmund Ironside had arrived at Archangelsk, with the stated purpose of retrieving war material loaned to the previous Tsarist Regime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 106], "content_span": [107, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Demobilisation, Volunteers to support the White Russians\nThey were also tasked with to moving south to link up with the 42,000 strong Czechoslovak Legion enveloped in Russia, assisting them to return home. It was hoped that the presence of this Allied force, as well as the Czechoslovak force moving back towards Germany, would firstly invigorate the White Russian counter-revolution to oust the Communists and secondly, to encourage the Czechoslovaks to take up arms against Germany \u2013 with the aim of re-opening a second front against Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 106], "content_span": [107, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0026-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Demobilisation, Volunteers to support the White Russians\nBy this time, a number of South African officers were already fighting on the side of the White Russians against the Communists. With the signing of the Armistice marking the end of the war on 11 November 1918, thousands of South Africans were released from their duties in Western Europe, many of whom preferred to volunteer for services in support of the White Russians, rather than returning home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 106], "content_span": [107, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0026-0003", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War I, Demobilisation, Volunteers to support the White Russians\nMany South Africans not only joined the White Russian forces, but were awarded honours for service in Russia, including Lt-Col H.H. Jenkins, the erstwhile commander of the 1st South African Infantry Regiment as well as the new commander of the 4th South African Infantry Regiment, Lt-Col D.M. McCloud, with the men either joining General Ironside's staff, or affiliating themselves directly with White Russian forces. Two Victoria Cross holders also joined this voluntary force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 106], "content_span": [107, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War II\nBrigades were reformed in the Active Citizen Force (ACF) for the first time since the First World War in 1926. In 1934 a 1st Brigade of the ACF of the UDF was listed as comprising 1 Royal Natal Carbineers, 2 RNC, the Umvoti [Mounted Rifles] and Natal Mounted Rifles, and the Durban Light Infantry. Brigade commanders were nominated by 1934 as well, and Colonel H. Mayne VD became commander of the 1st Brigade. In 1940, the Union Defence Forces formed a new series of divisions for service in World War II. The 1st Brigade was earmarked for service with the 1st South African Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War II\nThe brigade assembled in Pretoria under the command of Colonel John Daniel in early May 1940. He was replaced a few weeks later by Brigadier Dan Pienaar. On formation the brigade included three infantry battalions, the 1st Battalion Transvaal Scottish Regiment, the 1st Battalion, Duke of Edinburgh's Own Rifles and the 1st Battalion of the Royal Natal Carbineers. Soon after its formation, the brigade received transport for equipping one motorised battalion, and this was assigned to the 1st Transvaal Scottish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War II\nThe Brigade assembled at Sonderwater, located east of Cullinan, and took part in a pre-departure parade attended by General J.C. Smuts, the prime minister and defence minister, on 13 July 1940. The date also celebrated the Delville Wood Day, as the anniversary of a battle on the Western Front in July 1916 when the 1st South African Brigade had advanced into the Delville Wood. The next day the Brigade entrained for Durban, and on 16 July embarked by ship for Mombasa, Kenya where it commenced training not far from Nairobi in the Kenyan Highlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War II\nOn 6 September 1940, the 1st Transvaal Scottish was transferred to the 2nd East African Brigade under British command, and took part in the first action involving South African ground troops in the Second World War near Liboi when a column was attacked by a force of Banda and Italian Colonial infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War II\nAlthough nominally part of the 1st South African Division, the brigade was deployed under 11th and 12th African Divisions. It fought in the campaign in Italian Somaliland, and in the conquest of Ethiopia in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), World War II\nFrom East Africa, the brigade \u2013 reassigned to 1st South African Division \u2013 was transferred to Egypt. It fought in the North Africa campaign from July 1941 until after the Battle of El Alamein in October/November 1942. The brigade returned to South Africa in January 1943, and was converted into the 1st South African Armoured Brigade, to serve as a training formation for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), Order of battle, World War I\nBrigade commanded by Brigadier-General H.T. Lukin later Maj-Gen commanding 9th Division, replaced by Brig-Gen Dawson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), Order of battle, World War II\nOrder of Battle as at 17 October 1942. Brigade commanded by Brigadier E.P. Hartshorn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159134-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa), Battle honours, World War I\nHonours shown in bold are emblazoned on the regimental colours of the four regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159135-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division \"Superga\"\nThe 1st Infantry Division \"Superga\" (Italian: 1\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Superga\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Superga was classified as a mountain infantry division, which meant that the division's artillery was moved by pack mules instead of the horse-drawn carriages of line infantry divisions. Italy's real mountain warfare divisions were the six alpine divisions manned by Alpini mountain troops. The Superga was formed in 1940 in Turin and named for the Superga hill, where members of Italy's Royal House of Savoy were buried in the Basilica of Superga. The division was part of the 4th Army's I Army Corps during the Italian invasion of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159135-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division \"Superga\", History\nOn 10 June 1940 the Superga division was assigned to France invasion force. Superga has captured the French village of Argenti\u00e8re 21 June 1940, reaching Battaileres pass and mount Argentiere summit 22 June 1940. On 24 June 1940, just before the armistice, the Division attacked the Ouvrage Pas du Roc in the Alpine Line. Supported by its neighbor, Ouvrage Arrondaz and others, the fort repelled the attack. The Division was moved from Turin to Naples in August, 1941. In March, 1942, division headquarters moved to Avola in Sicily island, while bulk of forces remained around Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159135-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division \"Superga\", History\nThe Division was reorganized into assault and landing type in April, 1942 for the planned invasion of Malta. Between May 1942 and October 1942 main Division forces were concentrated around cities Formia and Gaeta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159135-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division \"Superga\", History\nThe Superga Division was sent to Tunisia in November 1942, landing in Bizerte 11 November 1942. By 20 November 1942 it was fighting near Enfidaville Airfield. By 1 December 1942 the Superga Division has moved to Sousse-Sfax area. On 26 December 1942 it was deployed on the southern outskirts of Tunis. From late January, 1943 until 4 February 1943 it repelled an Anglo-American assault on Oued el Koukat depression. The second assault on positions of Superga division has started 23 February 1943. The Superga Division surrendered to the British forces 12 May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159136-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Azerbaijan, 1918)\n1st Infantry Division (Azerbaijani: Birinci Piyada Diviziyas\u0131), was an infantry division in the National Army of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159136-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Azerbaijan, 1918), History\nThe division was originally formed in late 1917. Formation of the division was carried out by its commander, Khalil bey Talyshkinski. Although the division was structured within the Azerbaijani Special Corps. However, because the formation of Azerbaijani military units did not meet the necessary requirements, ASC and the 1st Infantry Division were disorganized and units within these structures were subordinated to the Islamic Army of the Caucasus on August 13, 1918. The reorganization of the infantry divisions and ASC started after the successful liberation of Baku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159136-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Azerbaijan, 1918), History\nColonel Jamil Jahid Bey was appointed commander of the division, and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd infantry regiments joined the division on September 23, 1918. The 9th Infantry Regiment of the 5th Caucasian Infantry Division of the Caucasus Army Group also joined this division in order to accelerate its reorganization. Major General Ibrahim agha Usubov from Karabakh was appointed the commander of the division after the Ottoman army left Azerbaijan in mid-November 1918. Nevertheless, Major General Suleyman bey Efendiyev was appointed the commander of the division on January 1, 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159136-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Azerbaijan, 1918), History\nJavad bey Shikhlinsky was appointed the commander of the division after the death of Efendiyev on February 21, 1919. By the decision of the Council of Ministers dated June 25, 1919, Javad bey Shikhlinsky was awarded the rank of Major General for his services in the formation and strengthening of the division. 1st Javanshir, 2nd Zagatala and 3rd Ganja infantry regiments were part of the division and they were situated in Ganja. The regiments of the division were usually in line of contact with the Armenian forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159136-0001-0003", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Azerbaijan, 1918), History\nThey fought in Zangezur, Karabakh, and took part in consolidation of the northern defense systems. After the Operation Baku in 1920, 1st and 2nd infantry divisions were merged into Unified Red Division of the Workers and Peasants by the order of the People's Military and Naval Commissar on May 16, 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium)\nThe 1st Infantry Division (Dutch: 1de Infanterie Divisie) is a Infantry Division of the Belgian Army that fought in the Battle of Belgium against the German Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War I\nAt the start of World War I, the 1st Infantry Division was classified as \u20181st Division\u2019, commanded by Lieutenant-General Baix. The headquarters were located at Ghent and the division was composed of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Mixed Brigades with limited Cavalry support from the 3rd Lancers Regiment. Artillery units came from the 1st Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nThe 1st Infantry Division was active before mobilization was announced, therefore, the units of the division already had a reconnaissance unit, a transportation unit, and a medical unit, making it one of the most strongest divisions in the entire Belgian Army. The 1st Infantry Division is placed near the Hasselt sector of the Albert Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nThe 1st Infantry Division heavily fortified its position when the German attack was confirmed. Yet, the Germans breach the line, and fierce fighting erupts. The 1st Infantry Division had to retreat from the Albert Canal. The 1st Infantry Division was recalled to the K-W line and part of its division(3rd Line Regiment) was sent to the Demer position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nWhen recalled for action again, 1st Infantry Division was now responsible of a large section of the K-W line, extending the defenses from Beigem to Nieuwenrode. On May 15, redeployment helped bolster the lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nOn May 16, an unexpected retreat and abandonment of the K-W line by the Allied forces (French 1st Army, and the British Expeditionary Force) forced the Belgians to withdraw, and the 1st Infantry Division was assigned the task of slowing the German advance in the Northern sector while a new defense was being constructed in the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nThe 1st Infantry Division succeeds in their operations and thousands of troops make it to the newly coordinated Terneuzen-Oudenaarde line. But soon, a counterattack by the Germans in the North resulted in threatening the flanks of forces defending the Scheldt Canal, and so, the 1st Infantry Division construct new positions near the town of Sint-Amands. The line was untenable and the Division was pushed to Ghent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nAfter the encirclement of the Allied forces in Northern France and Flanders, things escalated from bad to worse. The German pressure steadily increased and eventually, Ghent was evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nThe 1st Infantry Division had taken up positions on the new defense in the Korkrijk-Menen sector, and Korkrijk specifically, was heavily reinforced. There was a concern about Menen though. No British forces were ever seen in the city, with only some French Sappers manning the bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nIn Korkrijk, things developed really badly for the 1st Infantry Division. The German attack heavily deterred the regiments deployed there and after some time, a breach was already made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nThe division had to retreat to a new defense by May 26. Only three antitank weapons survived the German attack. Out of all the Infantry Divisions now under the single command of I Corp, the 1st Infantry Division took the most damage, having one mixed battalion left, formed out of only 4 companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), History, World War II\nThis battalion was transferred to 6th Infantry Division, meaning that the 1st Infantry Division is stripped of strength. The remainder of this division will be dissolved following Belgian surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure, 1914\nAfter mobilization, 1st division's structure in 1914 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159137-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Belgium), Structure, 1940\nStructure of the division at the eve of the Battle of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece)\nThe 1st Infantry Division \"Smyrni\" (Greek: I \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u00ab\u03a3\u039c\u03a5\u03a1\u039d\u0397\u00bb (\u0399 \u039c\u03a0), romanized:\u00a0I Merarch\u00eda Peziko\u00fa \"Sm\u00fdrni\") is a historic and elite division of the Hellenic Army. It was founded in 1897 as an infantry division and has fought in all major conflicts in which Greece has been involved. During the Balkan Wars, it acquired the sobriquet \"Iron Division\" (Greek: \u00ab\u03a3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u00bb, romanized:\u00a0Sidir\u00e1 Merarch\u00eda).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece)\nIt is currently headquartered in Veroia, Macedonia. Despite its title, it is no longer a conventional infantry division, but a formation comprising the various special forces of the Hellenic Army - a role similar to that once held by the now disbanded 3rd Special Forces Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Turkish War of 1897\nThe 1st Infantry Division was established in Larissa on 19 March 1897 before the outbreak of, and in response to, the Greco-Turkish War. Formed, predominantly, from personnel recruited from Thessaly, it originally comprised two infantry brigades (1st and 2nd) and three Evzone battalions, and was tasked with the defence of the frontier from the Thermaic Gulf (near the Tria Platania heights) to the Bogazi pass, near Tyrnavos. Its first commander was Major General Nikolaos Makris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Turkish War of 1897\nBased in Rapsani, on the division's right flank, was the Nezeros Detachment (\u0391\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u039d\u03b5\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd Apospasma Nezerou), consisting of the three Evzone battalions and two companies from the 5th Infantry Regiment. The left flank, from Godoman to Bogazi, was controlled by the 2nd Infantry Brigade, based at Tyrnavos. The 1st Infantry Brigade was kept in reserve at Larissa. Divisional Command, under Major-General Nikolaos Makris, was also based in Larissa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Turkish War of 1897\nOn 4 April 1897, an exchange of fire between soldiers from opposing outposts at Bairaktari gradually escalated to skirmishes along the frontier in the Rapsani sector. The next morning, the Nezerou Detachment launched a major attack, captured most of the Turkish outposts and forced a retreat along the line. Turkish counter-attacks were held back on the flanks, but the three Greek battalions defending the center were soon overwhelmed by twenty-two Turkish battalions and five artillery batteries. Greek forces quickly retreated to Mati, leaving the Melouna Pass undefended. As a result, the 2nd Infantry Brigade was also forced to retreat to Mati.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Turkish War of 1897\nThe Nezeros Detachment was again forced to abandon its positions near Mati on 9 April 1897 and retreat towards the Pineios River. The battle at Deleria on 11 April 1897 resulted in a defeat for the division, which continued their retreat towards Larissa. The 1st Infantry Division, beaten and demoralized, marched towards Farsala where on 23 April 1897, the Turkish Army attacked the Greek 1st and 2nd Brigades on the northern outskirts of the town. In danger of being cut-off and surrounded, the division was able to regroup and retreat to Domokos where they formed a defensive line on the right flank of the Greek Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Turkish War of 1897\nLed by the 3rd Infantry Division, the Turkish offensive on the right flank of the Greek 1st Infantry Division on 5 May 1897 forced a Greek retreat, again, towards Vouzi. The division's center, under attack by the Turkish 6th Infantry Division, also retreated. However, on the left flank, the Greek units were able to defend successfully against the Turkish 2nd Infantry Division. Another Turkish attack on the left flank on 6 May 1897 was repelled, but the 1st Infantry Division was ordered to retreat to, and hold the line, at Lamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Turkish War of 1897\nA ceasefire was agreed at midday on 7 May 1897. The 1st Infantry Division had lost 232 killed and 842 wounded. Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 had highlighted the many deficiencies of the Greek military. Through the efforts of Georgios Theotokis and Eleftherios Venizelos plans were put in place to modernize and improve the capabilities of the Greek Army, eventually leading to French involvement and the adoption of the triangular division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, First Balkan War\nAt the outbreak of the First Balkan War, under the command of Major-General Emmanouil Manousogiannakis, the 1st Infantry Division was attached to the Army of Thessaly. The division comprised the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, First Balkan War\nOn 5 October 1912, the division moved to, and recaptured, the Melouna Pass. The engagement resulted in the first casualties for the newly reorganized division (9 killed, 20 wounded). Ordered to defend the Tyrnavos-Kazaklar sector while the rest of the Greek Army mobilized, the 1st Division was reinforced by four Evzone battalions. On 6 October 1912, the division attacked well-entrenched Turkish positions on the northern outskirts of Elassona. The battle was hard-fought, with victory for the Greeks secured when forces on the division's right flank captured Turkish positions on the Tsaritsani heights. The Turks were soon forced to abandon their positions around the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, First Balkan War\nThe 1st Division then marched toward Sarantaporo, arriving in the area on the night of 8 October 1912. The Ottoman VIII Corps, ordered to halt the Greek Army's advance north, had retreated and regrouped around the town. On 9 October 1912, during the Battle of Sarantaporo, the 1st Infantry Division, along with the 2nd and 3rd divisions, began a full frontal assault on Turkish positions. Withstanding heavy casualties during their advance, primarily due to accurate Turkish artillery barrage, the 1st Division managed to capture a shoulder and two nearby hillocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, First Balkan War\nOn the division's right wing, the Konstantinopoulos Evzone Detachment (\u0391\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u0395\u03c5\u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 Apospasma Evzonon Konstadinopoulou) was able to advance and capture Turkish positions at Livadi. The Greek 4th Infantry Division, in the meantime, had broken through Turkish lines on the western flank and captured the Porta Pass. On the night of 9 October 1912 Turkish forces, taking advantage of the bad weather, retreated and escaped encirclement. A Turkish battalion remained, facing the Konstantinopoulos Detachment's positions at Livadi, oblivious to their comrades' retreat. On the morning of 10 October 1912, the Evzones attacked the Turks, forcing them to retreat to Neochori.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, First Balkan War\nThe two-day battle had cost the 1st Infantry Division 53 killed (5 officers and 48 enlisted) and 399 wounded (12 officers and 387 enlisted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Second Balkan War\nThe 1st Infantry Division was ordered to the area between Lake Volvi and Lake Langada, east of Thessaloniki, at the outbreak of the Second Balkan War. On 19 June 1913, the division assaulted Bulgarian positions at Ossa, taking the town the same day. The assault cost the division 9 killed and 79 wounded. The following day, with the arrival of the 6th Infantry Division, which had just lost 530 men in the successful capture of the Dichalo-Klepe line, two divisions marched north to engage the Bulgarian Army, which had heavily entrenched itself around Lahanas. The 1st Infantry Division assaulted and captured Vertiskos, then joined its left flank with the 6th Division\u2019s right, which had arrived from the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Second Balkan War\nOn 20 June 1913 the two divisions attacked the main Bulgarian defensive lines at Lachanas while encountering a heavy barrage from well-positioned Bulgarian artillery. The Bulgarians tenaciously defended their positions, repelling Greek attacks until night, when there was a break in the battle. On the morning of 21 June 1913, the 5th Infantry Regiment was ordered to detach and prepare to move to assist Greek forces engaged at Kilkis. The Bulgarians, observing the Greek 3/5 Battalion\u2019s withdrawal, launched an attack on the 1/5 Battalion\u2019s positions near the town of Kydonia, forcing it to retreat with heavy losses. The commander of the 5th Infantry Regiment, seeing the town fall, took personal command of the 2/5 Battalion and launched a successful counter-attack on the advancing Bulgarians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Second Balkan War\nOn the afternoon of 21 June 1913 the two Greek divisions, in coordination with artillery, launched an assault on the defensive lines of the Bulgarians, forcing their disorderly retreat towards the River Strymon. The 1st Infantry Division lost 11 officers and 180 enlisted soldiers killed in the engagement, including the commander of the 4th Infantry Regiment \u2013 Colonel Ioannis Papakyriazis. The wounded were 30 officers and 836 enlisted soldiers, with 211 missing in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Second Balkan War\nSoon after the battle, the 1st, along with the 6th and 7th divisions, were formed into an Army Section with the purpose of discovering and eliminating Bulgarian forces in the area around Sidirokastro. Commanded by Manousogiannakis, the section began its mission on 26 June 1913, fighting its way towards Sidirokastron and eventually taking the town. However, the Bulgarian 3rd Infantry Division managed to escape capture by retreating through the Rupel Pass. The two-day battle cost the 1st Division 4 killed, 75 wounded and 36 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Second Balkan War\nBulgarian forces regrouped at Kresna Gorge to avoid encirclement with orders to hold the line along Ruggen, Kresna and Pirin. Greek GHQ ordered four divisions, including the 1st, to find a way to break through the Bulgarian line. During the Battle of Kresna Gorge, the 1st Infantry Division managed to drive back the Bulgarian rear-guard and capture a foothold at the southern end of the Kresna pass. The Bulgarian 2nd and 4th Armies, recently arrived from the Serbian front, ambushed Greek forces but were soon beaten back. The 1st Division advanced towards the stronghold of Simitli, which it captured after a two-day battle and the loss of 42 killed and 349 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Post-Balkan Wars period and World War I\nIn August 1913, the division was subordinated to the newly formed I Army Corps at its peacetime garrison at Larissa. During the National Schism, the division was demobilized and effectively disbanded in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Post-Balkan Wars period and World War I\nIn 1917, when Greece joined World War I on the side of the Entente Powers, the division was reconstituted as part of I Corps, and fought in the Macedonian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nOn the afternoon of 11 May 1919, the commander of the 1st Infantry Division, Colonel Nikolaos Zafeiriou, received orders to mobilize the division for deployment at the port of Kavala. As a component of the I Army Corps, the division consisted of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nOn 15 May 1919, the division landed at Smyrna. The 1/38 Evzone Regiment was forced to land north of where it was to be stationed and had to march southward, past the Ottoman Konak and Turkish barracks. A shot was fired by Turkish journalist Hasan Tahsin, killing the Greek standard-bearer and resulting in the Greek troops attacking the Konak and barracks, whose troops surrendered and were subsequently escorted to a prison ship. The incident was the catalyst for an outbreak of violence and disorder in the city, which lasted for days. The first phase of the Asia Minor Campaign had begun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nThe 1st Infantry Division was soon ordered to occupy the Vilayet of Aydin in the Menderes River (Meander) valley (including the towns of Ayd\u0131n, Manisa and Turgutlu). On 27 June 1919 a Greek patrol, from one of the two Greek regiments based at Ayd\u0131n, was attacked by irregular Turkish forces of Y\u00f6r\u00fck Ali Efe at Malga\u00e7 train station, south of the town. In retaliation, surrounding villages were burned by Greek detachments but they were soon repulsed and pushed back towards Aydin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nSurrounded and under heavy attack by the Turks, Greek soldiers evacuated on 30 June 1919, allowing Y\u00f6r\u00fck Ali's irregulars to take control of the town. With the help of reinforcements sent by General Nider, the Greeks recaptured Aydin on 4 July 1919. Most of the casualties in the Battle of Ayd\u0131n were civilians, both Turkish and Greek, victims of atrocities by Greek soldiers and Turkish irregulars, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nBetween March and June 1920 the 1st Division had moved to the northern edge of the Smyrna Zone in preparation for a major offensive on 10 June 1920. Units of the Greek I Army Corps began their attack on Turkish forces, the 1st Division advancing towards the Ovacik-Keles-Chaous Dag line. The offensive, which inflicted heavy losses on the Ottoman Army, saw Greek forces advance and secure the area as far east as Ala\u015fehir. Less than a week after the Treaty of S\u00e8vres, the Greek I Army Corps advanced to U\u015fak, with the 1st Division establishing its headquarters at Buladan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nGreek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos was voted out of power on 1 November 1920, forcing his withdrawal from politics. With the recall of King Constantine I on 6 December 1920 by a plebiscite, the anti-Venizelists took the opportunity to dismiss many experienced, yet pro-Venizelist, officers from their commands in Asia Minor, replacing them with inexperienced, but politically reliable, officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Greco-Italian War\nFollowing the Italian invasion of Greece from Albania on 28 October 1940, the 1st Division, under Major General Vasileios Vrachnos, was one of the first Greek units sent to confront the invasion. The division played a crucial role in the Battle of Pindus, defeating the elite 3rd Alpine Division Julia, and again during the repulsion of the Italian Spring Offensive of March 1941, at the Battle of Hill 731. After the German invasion of Greece and the capitulation of the Greek army, the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Post-war period\nThe 1st Division was reconstituted at Lamia in March 1948, and took part in the operations of the final year of the Greek Civil War. Between 1950 and 1954, it was moved to Konitsa, Tyrnavos, and Katerini, before being disbanded and converted to a reserve cadre formation, based at Larissa and later at Volos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Post-war period\nThe division was mobilized in 1974, during the crisis around the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and placed under the command of II Army Corps, moving its headquarters to Giannitsa. On 4 March 1998, the division was converted to an operational headquarters for II Corps, moving on 30 June 2003 to Agia Varvara, Imathia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Post-war period\nIn the 1990s and 2000s, the 1st Division oversaw the training and deployment of Greek peacekeeping forces in the Balkans: in Bosnia (IFOR\u2013SFOR), Albania during the Albanian Civil War of 1997 (Operation Alba), and Afghanistan (ISAF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Post-war period\nFollowing a major reorganization of the Hellenic Army in 2013, the division moved to Veroia and took over most of the operational responsibilities of II Corps, which was disbanded, and took under its command the Army's special forces, marines, and air-mobile forces. As a result, 1st Division has no specific geographic area of responsibility, but is an elite intervention force under the operational control of the Chief of the Hellenic National Defence General Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), History, Post-war period\nThe division continues to be responsible for many of the Hellenic Army's international obligations: the 71st Airmobile Brigade, the 1st Army Aviation Brigade, and II Raider Squadron form part of the NATO Response Force under NRDC-GR headquarters, while the 71st Airmobile Brigade participates in the Balkan Battlegroup, and the 32nd Marines Brigade in the Spanish\u2013Italian Amphibious Battlegroup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and Motto\nThe emblem depicts a tsaro\u00fahi, the traditional footwear of the Evzones, and a bayonet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159138-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Greece), Emblem and Motto\nThe motto of the I Infantry Division is \"(Like The) Wind\" (Greek: \u0391\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1|translit=A\u00e9ra), the traditional battle cry of Greek infantrymen when attacking the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159139-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Independent State of Croatia)\nThe Croatian 1st Infantry Division (Croatian: 1. pje\u0161a\u010dka divizija) was an infantry unit in the Army of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159139-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Independent State of Croatia)\nThe 1st Infantry Division was formed on or around August 1, 1941, with Colonel (Pukovnik in the Croatian Army rank) Emanuel Balley in command with its headquarters located at Zagreb. In its order of battle on October 21, 1941, the 1st Infantry Division included the 1st, 2nd, and 11th Infantry Regiments and the I and II Artillery Groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159139-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Independent State of Croatia)\nThe 1st Infantry Division was under the subordination of the I Territorial Corps from November 1941 to July 1943. By April 1942 the divisional headquarters had been moved to Bjelovar, east-northeast of Zagreb, where it was still located by February 1943. Divisional garrison responsibilities and tactical operations were carried out by sector commands at Koprivnica, Ludbreg, Kri\u017eevci, Lepavina, and Vara\u017edinske Toplice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159139-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Independent State of Croatia)\nThe divisional headquarters and staff were disbanded around August 1, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines)\nThe 1st Infantry Division, Philippine Army, known officially as the Tabak Division, is the Philippine Army's primary infantry unit, and specializes in anti-guerrilla warfare. The division has been involved in combating terrorists in Southern Mindanao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, World War II, 1st Regular Division, Philippine Army during the Japanese Invasion\nThe establishment of the 1st Regular Division, Philippine Army was on 5 May 1936 to 9 April 1942 and stationed at Camp Murphy (now Camp Aguinaldo) in Quezon City, Rizal (now Metro Manila). The unit engaged in military operations in the Battle of Bataan from 1 \u2013 9 January 9 April 1942 supporting the USAFFE military forces led by General Douglas MacArthur against the Imperial Japanese troops led by General Masaharu Homma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 126], "content_span": [127, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, World War II, 1st Regular Division, Philippine Army during the Japanese Invasion\nWhen the Battle of Bataan began in January 1942, the local troops of the PCA 1st Regular Division led by Brigadier General Mateo C. Capinpin (1938\u20131941) and Brigadier General Fidel V. Segundo (1941\u20131942) was sent to Bataan to augment the USAFFE forces against the Japanese. The battle lasted until April 1942. Before the fall of Bataan, Filipino troops and officers of the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 126], "content_span": [127, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, World War II, 1st Regular Division, Philippine Army during the Japanese Invasion\nRegular Division fought side by side with the USAFFE in Bataan, attacking Japanese troops along the Layac Line, Porac-Guagua Line, Abucay-Mauban Line, Battle of Trail 2, the Battle of the Pockets and the Battle of the Points before the invasion at Mount Samat on 3 April 1942. After the Battle of Bataan on 9 April 1942, the local forces under the PCA 1st Regular Division surrendered to the Japanese Imperial troops. The now infamous Death March commenced the following day with more than 78,000 Filipino and American POWs from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga and by train to Camp O'Donnell in Capas, Tarlac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 126], "content_span": [127, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, World War II, 1st Regular Division, Philippine Army during the Japanese Invasion\nAfter the Fall of Bataan on 1942 by the surrendering troopers of the 1st Regular Division by the Japanese hands in Bataan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 126], "content_span": [127, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, World War II, 1st Regular Division, Philippine Army during the Japanese Invasion\nThe 1st Infantry (TABAK) Division traces its beginning from the first regular Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army during the commonwealth period. It was activated on 18 January 1936 with Brigadier General Guillermo B. Francisco as its first Commanding General, initially it was filled up by regular troops from the Philippine Constabulary. It was strengthened in 1941 when World War II loomed in the Pacific region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 126], "content_span": [127, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, Post-World War II\nThe Division was formally reactivated just in time for the PA's final offensives in the Central Luzon region against the HMB on 1 March 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, Post-World War II\nThe Division's BCTs served under the United Nations Command during the Korean War, and the reconstituted division trained AFP elements which composed the PHILCAG sent to Vietnam. It also played a vital role in the anti-insurgency campaign, in the Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley in the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, Post-World War II\nIt was first deployed in Sulu, Basilan and Tawi-Tawi during the outbreak of the Southern Philippines Secessionist Group in 1973. At present, it continues to operate in Western Mindanao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, Post-World War II\nThe 1st Infantry Division, Philippine Army also known as Tabak Division, after years on various areas in the county, opened its present headquarters on 4 December 1989 at stationed in Camp Major Cesar L Sang-an in Barangay Pulacan, Labangan, Zamboanga Del Sur after its stint in Jolo, Sulu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, Post-World War II\nIt was redeployed in mainland Zamboanga Peninsula and Lanao Provinces (ZAMPELAN) to combat the Communist and Islamic rebel fighters and to counter terrorism in Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi (BASULTA) and started the ongoing Islamic and Communist insurgencies in Mindanao in Southern Philippines on 1969 to date against the Communist rebels of the New People's Army (NPA) and the Islamic rebels and bandits of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, Post-World War II\nThe Headquarters of the 1st Infantry (TABAK) Division is located on a 422.81 hectare military reservation surrounding Barangay Upper Pulacan, in Labangan, Zamboanga del Sur. This reservation was taken over by the Division from Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM) on 16 August 1987. From being rugged and mountainous, it was slowly developed into a sprawling and thriving military camp with the help of the 545th Engineer Battalion, 52nd Engineering Brigade, Philippine Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, Post-World War II\nOn 4 May 1991, the Camp was named in honor of Major Cesar L. Sang-an who died defending the country's sovereignty against a superior number of MNLF forces of Barangay Malaning, Labangan, Zamboanga del Sur on 23 March 1973. Sang-an was a brilliant Scout Ranger officer and a courageous fighter. Though twice wounded, he directed and covered his men until he was killed. This heroism earned him the award of the Distinguished Conduct Star (Posthumous) from the Armed Forces of the Philippines. He was born on 3 November 1926 in Kinogitan, Misamis Oriental.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), History, Mission\nThe 1st Infantry (TABAK) Division, Philippine Army to conduct reinvigorated Internal Peace and Security Operations (IPSO) in the AOR to neutralize the CTM, destroy the ASG and JI, hold and contain MILF forces while continuing to observe the primacy of the peace process and neutralize other threat groups in order to establish a physically and psychologically secured environment conducive to progress and development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), 1st Regular Division (PA), 1941\u201342 Order of Battle\nFully-manned in the summer of 1941, and commanded by the truly formidable BGen. Mateo M. Capinpin, the 1st Regular Division of the Philippine Army completely gave its manpower in late August to help fill in the beginning ranks of the Army's ten Reserve Divisions, which were just being mobilized and manned. From September through late November, the 1st Regular Division was, for all practical purposes, de-activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), 1st Regular Division (PA), 1941\u201342 Order of Battle\nBut its few personnel who remained\u2014and the American and Philippine area commanders who oversaw the emergency reorganizations\u2014were ready to implement careful plans to reassemble enough personnel to re-activate the 1st Division quickly, and then begin filling back in its ranks. When Japanese hostilities broke out on 8 Dec 1941, the 1st Regular Division was only at cadre strength (just its commissioned and senior non-commissioned officers). Within ten days, 18 Dec 1941, it was re-activated and inducted back into the force tabulations of BGen. George M. Parker's South Luzon Force. Its new commanding general, the tough and brilliant West Pointer, BGen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0012-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), 1st Regular Division (PA), 1941\u201342 Order of Battle\nFidel V. Segundo (PA), set his hand to the task of continuing to bring the Division's units back up to as full a strength possible, all the while fighting a difficult staged retreat from South Luzon into the Bataan peninsula. The following Order of Battle is from late December 1941, but was more or less what the Division structure was throughout the 1942 Bataan Campaign:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), Current Units\nThe following are the Brigade units that are under the First Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), Current Units\nThe following are the Battalion units under the First Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159140-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Philippines), Current Units\nThe following are the Division Reconnaissance Company units under the First Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159141-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Romania)\nThe 1st Infantry Division Dacica was one of the major units of the Romanian Land Forces, with its headquarters located in Bucharest. It was the heraldic successor of the Romanian First Army. On 31 August 2015, 1st Infantry Division headquarters disbanded, to become, three months later, the Headquarters Multinational Division Southeast of NATO's Allied Joint Force Command Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159141-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Romania), History\nThe First Army was one of the major units of the Romanian military in both World War I, partaking in such operations as the Romanian offensive in Transylvania in 1916 and the Battle of M\u0103r\u0103\u015fe\u015fti in 1917, and World War II, seeing action on the Eastern Front, particularly after the 23 August 1944 Coup, when the First Army fought westwards alongside Soviet units in battles such as that of Debrecen, Budapest and going as far as Prague. Following the end of the war, the First Army was disbanded on 2 June 1947, with the units under its command being transferred to one of the four newly formed Military Regions. This reorganization process was applied to all Romanian armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159141-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Romania), History\nOn 5 April 1980, the First Army is reestablished and headquartered in Bucharest, after being assigned units previously under the control of the 2nd Army Command. The latter is relocated to Buz\u0103u. Dan Ghica-Radu was the intelligence office chief from 1998 until 2000. Starting with 1 August 2000, the First Army is restructured, becoming the 1st Territorial Army Corps \"General Ioan Culcer\", as part of a process to bring the Romanian military in line with NATO standards. On 15 August 2008, as a continuation of the reorganization process of the Romanian Land Forces, the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159141-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Romania), History\nTerritorial Army Corps \"General Ioan Culcer\" is reformed as the 1st Infantry Division, receiving the name \"Dacica\", and is now the heraldic successor of the First Army. Units of the 1st Infantry Division are deployed (or were deployed at some point) in various theaters of operation around the world, such as Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159142-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Infantry Division (Russian: 1-\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 1-ya Pekhotnaya Diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from 1811 until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. From at least 1903 to the end of its existence the division was based in Smolensk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159142-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Russian Empire), History\nIt was initially formed in 1811 as the 25th Infantry Division, and renumbered as the 1st in 1820. The division took part in the Russo-Japanese War and was located in Manchuria during that time. In August 1914 it was part of the 2nd Army of the Northwestern Front. It was completely destroyed during the Russian invasion of East Prussia by September of that year and was reformed in December 1914. In 1915\u201317 it was assigned to the 12th Army, 5th Army, and later the 1st Army. It was demobilized around the time of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent unrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159142-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Russian Empire), Organization\nRussian infantry divisions consisted of a staff, two infantry brigades, and one artillery brigade. It was part of the 13th Army Corps as of 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa)\nThe 1st South African Infantry Division was an infantry division of the army of the Union of South Africa. During World War II the division served in East Africa from 1940 to 1941 and in the Western Desert Campaign from 1941 to 1942. The division was disbanded on 1 January 1943, for conversion into what would become the 6th South African Armoured Division. The division was also briefly active after the war from 1 July 1948 to 1 November 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Outbreak of war\nWhen Neville Chamberlain declared war on 3 September 1939, the Union Defence Force consisted of 5,385 Permanent Force members, 14,631 Citizen Force members and 122,000 Commandos of which only 39,000 were considered suited for field deployment. The Defence Act also prohibited the deployment of its members beyond the confines of southern Africa. On 4 September, General Hertzog resigned and was replaced by General Smuts \u00a0\u2013  and two days later, on 6 September South Africa declared war against Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Outbreak of war\nThe \u201cphoney war\u201d luckily granted more time and by 22 September a policy paper had been submitted calling for the formation of two \"Forces\" and was approved in mid October, laying the foundations for the formation of 1 and 2 SA Divisions. In March 1941, fearing the Italian commitment to war, General Wavell requested the services of a South African Brigade Group in Kenya via the Imperial General Staff. Prime Minister Smuts consented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Outbreak of war\nInitially, to circumvent the limitations of the South African Defence Act (Act No 13 of 1912), only volunteers were recruited and they were subject to an oath on induction whereby they consented to being deployed anywhere in Africa, this being a pre-requisite for acceptance into the Union forces. Men who attested under these terms were entitled to wear the distinct insignia of the Mobile Field Force, a red / orange shoulder strap which was to become known as the \"Red Tab\". The Defence Act was later amended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Outbreak of war, Advance party to East Africa\nThe formation of the 1st South Africa Infantry Brigade Group was approved on 13 May 1940. Although approved, South Africa was desperately short of equipment and had few armoured vehicles save for a limited number of locally designed prototype armoured cars. Due to this limited infantry and armour offensive capacity, all that could initially be mobilised was an anti-aircraft detachment. Thus, part of the 1st SA Anti-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 83], "content_span": [84, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Outbreak of war, Advance party to East Africa\nAircraft brigade, who arrived in Mombasa on 1 June 1940 as an advance party to protect Mombasa harbour from feared Italian air attacks, becoming the first South African land forces to be deployed outside of South Africa since the First World War. On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war and on the next day South Africa officially declared war on Italy. Two hours after the South African declaration, four Ju 86's of the South African Air Force bombed Italian troops at a Banda Camp close to Moyale, a few kilometres across the Kenya border into Ethiopia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 83], "content_span": [84, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Outbreak of war, 1st Brigade Group Mobilised\nIn order to rapidly provide forces to East Africa, as well as due to the lack of trained manpower \u00a0\u2013  it was decided to initially form a single Infantry Brigade from the 1st Duke of Edinburgh's Own Rifles, the 1st Royal Natal Carabineers and the 1st Transvaal Scottish with brigade artillery and support elements (Refer ORBAT below). On 13 July, the 1st South African Brigade Group under command of Colonel John Daniel was issued its movement order and it assembled at Zonderwater for the farewell parade, with General Smuts taking the salute \u00a0\u2013  ironically, that Sunday being celebrated as \"Delville Wood Day\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Outbreak of war, 1st Brigade Group Mobilised\n... From personal experience I know what awaits you. I know what war means \u2013 seven years of my life have been spent in wars. They were amongst the hardest years of my life, but they were also full of the richest experiences that life can give. I would not exchange my war experiences of the Anglo-Boer War and the last Great War for all the gold on the Rand. You are going to face danger, hardship and sacrifice \u00a0\u2013  perhaps death itself \u00a0\u2013  in all its fierce forms. But through it all, you will gather that experience of life and enrichment of character which are more valuable than gold or precious stones.Gen. Jan Smuts. Farewell parade, Zonderwater, 13 July 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Outbreak of war, 1st Brigade Group Mobilised\nEmbarkation commenced in Durban the next day, with Brigade HQ, 1st Transvaal Scottish and attached troops boarding the MS Dilwara while the Royal Natal Carbineers and a number of voluntary aid nurses boarded the Devonshire. The Duke of Edinburgh's Own Rifles followed in the Rajula. The convoy cast off on 17 July 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Outbreak of war, Establishment\nOn 13 August 1940 the 1st South African Infantry Division was officially constituted \u00a0\u2013  consisting of the 1st SA Brigade Group already in Kenya and the 2nd and 5th South African Infantry Brigade Groups. Brig-Gen George Brink was appointed as commander with Lt. Col W.H.E. Poole as GSO 1. The Division HQ landed at Mombasa on 11 November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign\nThis account only reflects the role of the 1st SA Infantry Division. For an account of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade in East Africa, see 1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Dominating the Dida Galgalla (Desert of the Night)\nAfter the success of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade against the Italians at the El Wak border post on 16 December 1940, Lieutenant-General Alan Cunningham was intent on opening access into the Galla-Sidamo area across the Chalbi Desert by advancing eastwards from the eastern side of Lake Rudolf and to support a possible rebellion by the Shifta tribe against the Italians. This was the first offensive to be assigned to 1 SA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 133], "content_span": [134, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Dominating the Dida Galgalla (Desert of the Night)\nThe division then consisted of the 2nd and 5th SA Brigades (located at Marsabit), the 25th East African Brigade (at Lokitaung) as well as six companies of the 2nd Abyssinian Irregulars. Almost on a daily basis, division infantry and armoured cars crossed the Dida Galgalla in search of enemy patrols. The Italians maintained a well established outpost at Turbi Hills, from which they had clear observation of any vehicle or troop movements in the Dida Galgalla. From December 1940 to February 1941 patrols had never been able to engage Italian patrols or elements \u00a0\u2013  as they withdrew deeper into Abyssinia on sighting the South African patrols entering the Dida Galgalla, only to return the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 133], "content_span": [134, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, El Yibo\nBefore advancing into southern Abyssinia, General Brink was compelled to protect his western flank and to deny water sources to the Italians. For this reason, on 16 January the 1st Natal Mounted Rifles (of the 2nd Brigade), No 2 Armoured Car Company, 12 SA Field Battery and two irregular companies attacked the string of wells at El Yibo and El Sardu in the Kenyan Northern Frontier District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, El Yibo\nAfter three days of fighting, supported by the SAAF, the enemy withdrew from El Yibo on the night of 17 January and on the afternoon of 18 January, the 2nd Field Force Battalion, which had been moved up from the brigade reserve, entered an abandoned El Sardu. With the only water sources in the area in the hands of the South Africans, the advance into Abyssinia could commence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Gorai and Hobok\n2nd and 5th Brigades crossed the Abyssinian border north of Dukana late afternoon on 31 January 1941, moving in parallel columns to assault the Italian positions in the Mega-Moyale complex. The Italians had well established and entrenched advance positions at Goai Crater, El Gumu and Hobok \u00a0\u2013  which were to be taken before the main forces at Mega-Moyale could be attacked. 2nd Brigade was assigned to attack Gorai on the right, while 5th Brigade was to assault El Gumu. The attack commenced early morning on 1 February and by 1600 both objectives had been secured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Gorai and Hobok\nThe armoured cars however failed to cut off the remnant Italian forces, and they retreated back towards Mega and Moyale. The next day, 3rd Transvaal Scottish and the armoured cars attacked Fort Hobok, sited on a ridge 30\u00a0km west of El Gumu supported by artillery. The armoured cars again covered the flanks and tried to cut off any retreating forces. By afternoon, the fort had been captured. The 2nd Brigade now held Gorai and the 5th Brigade, Hobok (Map 1: Point 1). It was again hoped that these raids would ignite the Shifta uprising, but as with the previous occasion, this never materialised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Battle for Mega\nHaving two salients extending into Ethiopia, Cunningham and Brink decided to consolidate and to secure their lines of supply in face of the oncoming rainy season which would make the Chalbi desert impassable. The key to supply in the area were the towns of Mega and Moyale, overlooking the two major roads into Abyssinia from Kenya. These were to be taken in a two brigade assault, by first attacking Mega (Map 1: Point 2) and then Moyale (Map 1: Point 3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Battle for Mega\nThe Italians inadvertently opened the offensive when one of their supply columns from Yavello drove into a 2nd Brigade detachment deployed to control the Yavello-Mega road. Poor defensive arrangements by the South Africans allowed the Italians and Banda (irregulars) to drive into the centre of the detachment. After much reactive manoeuvre and intervention by the armoured car company, the Italian supply column and supporting troops were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Battle for Mega\nThe South African positions now known to the Italians, they were attacked by a detachment of Italian light tanks on 16 February, which caused the armoured cars to flee westwards and allowed the tanks to descend on the unprotected infantry. After a brisk but fierce fire-fight, the Italian tanks returned to Mega, leaving the South African detachment dispersed and disorganised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Battle for Mega\nThis attack had compromised surprise \u2013 and the attack on Mega was now commenced in all urgency. The 1st SA Irish (Col. Dobbs) were tasked to take the ridges east of Mega fort while the 3rd Transvaal Scottish (Lt-Col. Walter Kirby) were to occupy the a series of hills west of the fort and were to advance in line with the SA Irish. 2nd Brigade was to launch a direct attack on the fort and the Mega defensive complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Battle for Mega\nDespite incoming artillery fire, the Irish and Scottish regiments advances progressed well \u2013 but there was no sign of the 2nd Brigade who had not yet crossed the start-line, threatening to undermine the planned attack. At noon, a torrential rainstorm erupted and a thick mist enveloped the heights around Mega and it became obvious that the fort would not be taken by nightfall. The next morning, cloud and mist prevented air support \u00a0\u2013  and the Irish and Scottish battalions restarted their advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0015-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Battle for Mega\nIt was only after the third day that the 2nd Brigade managed to reach their designated start-line due to poor navigation and the failure to identify serious terrain obstacles on their line of advance during reconnaissance. Clear skies on the third day permitted a coordinated attack with air support, artillery and the two brigades attacking together \u00a0\u2013  leading to an Italian surrender late that afternoon (18 February).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Battle for Mega\nMega fell with 1,000 Italian and African soldiers being captured on 22 February, and later that day one of the irregular companies attached to 2nd Brigade entered Moyale unopposed. The Italians had fled, leaving large quantities of logistical stores. The division had attained its objective and had secured the access roads into southern Abyssinia before the onset of the seasonal rains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 98], "content_span": [99, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Operations west of Lake Rudolf\nWest of Lake Rudolf, the 25th East African Brigade (Brig. W. Owen) marched on Namaraputh with the objective of taking the town of Kalam (Map 1: Point 4). Opposition from Merille tribesman in the area was so fierce, that the Brigade was compelled to cease its advance and to go over to the defensive. Any advance west of the lake would first require wide area operations to subdue these irregular forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 113], "content_span": [114, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, 2nd and 5th Brigades, Operations west of Lake Rudolf\nBy the time Moyale fell, allied forces had captured Mogadishu to the east and this success encouraged General Wavell to advise Cunningham that the South African division should be readied to deploy to Egypt at short notice. Cunningham thus replaced 2nd and 5th Brigades with the 21st East African Brigade and withdrew them back into Kenya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 113], "content_span": [114, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), East African Campaign, Transfer to Egypt\nThe Division HQ, Division troops and 5 SA Infantry Brigade arrived in Suez, after an eleven-day voyage from Mombassa on 3 May 1941. The 2nd Brigade arrived in Suez on 8 June from Berbera and was forthwith assigned to 2 SA Infantry Division. The 1st Brigade sailed from Massawa on 12 June 1941 to Egypt. At the peak of operations in 1940, there were 77,000 troops in Kenya of which 27,000 were South African.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Situation\nDuring the time the division had spent in East Africa, the Desert War had progressed and by the time of their arrival in Egypt:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Discontented South Africans\nDeployed at Matruh and responsible for constructing defensive positions, the division was still not considered ready for operations by the end of June \u00a0\u2013  having 90% of its allotted transport (many vehicles being those which had been used in the East Africa campaign) and 90% of its arms and equipment. Severe administrative problems, as well as organizational issues related to integration of the division into the Western Desert Force, caused discontent and eventually lead Gen. Brink to raise the issues with Field-Marshal Smuts and the Chief of SA General Staff when they visited Cairo in early July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Discontented South Africans\nDiscussions indicated that Lt-Gen. Sir Alan Cunningham and Wavell were of the opinion that South Africa could not field two divisions for lack of resources. Smuts claimed that the manpower shortages were due to troops being retained for protection duties in East Africa and that a lack of shipping precluded the arrival of a further 3,000 men and he rejected the idea of reducing the South African forces into divisions of two brigade strength, as was recommended by Wavell. In addition, Brink continued to express his displeasure at the fact that the 1st Division was being utilised to construct defensive positions, instead of training in order to prepare for operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Discontented South Africans\nDifferences between British and South African administration were becoming more pronounced (and so too were differences between the South Africans and other Commonwealth troops.) The insistence by the Australian government to retain the Australians in the theatre (at Tobruk at that stage) as a unified corps, caused manpower shortages in other areas in the Western Desert. Brink feared that the division would be split up and deployed piece-meal to fill these gaps, as had happened in East Africa. His insistence in this regard to Auchinleck further widened the gap between the South Africans and the Army commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Discontented South Africans\nAt the end of October, Brink advised XXX Corps that 1st Division would not be ready to participate in the preparatory exercise as a prelude to Crusader \u00a0\u2013  and that he required an additional 21 days for training. After consideration by Cunningham and Auchinleck, the division was permitted three days for training and was required to be available for the commencement of Crusader on 18 November, subject to Brink confirming that the division was ready for operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0021-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Discontented South Africans\nBrink was faced with the dilemma of either committing untrained troops to battle, or holding back the division and having them replaced by the Indian Division \u00a0\u2013  which would invariably relegate the division to defensive duties and a significant loss of prestige to the South Africans. He declared the division \"ready\" and 1 SA Division was deployed for Operation Crusader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 81], "content_span": [82, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941\nThis account only reflects the role of the 1st SA Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Operational plan\nFollowing the costly failure of Operation Battleaxe, General Archibald Wavell was relieved as Commander-in-Chief Middle East Command and replaced by General Claude Auchinleck. The Western Desert Force was reorganised and renamed the Eighth Army under the command of Lieutenant-General Alan Cunningham and at this stage, the division comprised only two brigades. The plan for Operation Crusader (See Map 2) was to engage the Afrika Korps with the 7th Armoured Division while the 1st SA Division and the 22 Guards Brigade covered their left flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 97], "content_span": [98, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Operational plan\nMeanwhile, on their right, XIII Corps, supported by 4th Armoured Brigade (detached from 7th Armoured Division), would make a clockwise flanking advance west of Sidi Omar and hold position threatening the rear of the line of Axis defensive strongpoints which ran east from Sidi Omar to the coast at Halfaya. Central to the plan was the destruction of the Axis armour by 7th Armoured Division to allow the relatively lightly armoured XIII Corps to advance north to Bardia along the coast while XXX Corps continued northwest to Tobruk and link up with a planned break-out by the 70th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 97], "content_span": [98, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Advance\nThe division advance commenced at 0600 on 18 November with uneventful progress through the empty desert, save for two air attacks by Italian aircraft (Point 1 on Map 3). Having steadily advanced northwards, 1 SA Division was advised on 20 November to \"mask\" Bir el Gubi and to prevent interference from the Ariete Div into the flank of 7 Armoured Div (Point 2 on Map 3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Advance\nEl Gubi had now become a lesser objective after the capture of Sidi Rezeg and early morning on 21 November, the 21st and 15th Panzer had withdrawn to the north-west, not aware of the Allied advance to their south \u2013 creating the impression within the division, that the Axis forces had already been defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Advance\nBy noon, 22 November, the Sidi Rezeg area was clear of Axis formations but by mid afternoon, German armour launched a violent attack on the area of the airfield. In this attack, 4th Armoured Brigade HQ had been destroyed (captured) and by nightfall, the SA 5th Brigade as well as the 6th New Zealand Brigade had been tasked to hurry in support of 7 Armoured Div at Sidi Rezeg (Advance 3 on Map 3), with the 5th SA Bde tasked to occupy Point 178, three miles south of Sidi Rezeg. 1st SA Bde was to disengage from the Ariete at Bir el Gubi and to advance in a night march, north \u00a0\u2013  in support of the 5th Brigade at Sidi Regez, being relieved by the 22nd Guards Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Totensonntag\nBy the 23rd, 5th Brigade had joined up with 7 Armoured Div, deploying straight from its advance into the centre of the armoured division area of deployment to the south of the airfield. The 1st SA Brigade was expected later the morning, from its night march from El Gubi. Unbeknownst to the division \u00a0\u2013  Rommel's plan was to attack 7 Armoured Division in a frontal assault with the Afrikakorps and to launch an attack into the rear of 7th Armoured Division with the armoured Ariette Division. The 5th SA Brigade was caught in the middle of this armoured attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Totensonntag\nBy late morning, the 15th Panzer had launched their attack with 150 tanks aimed to link up with the Ariette Division and panzers were cutting through the rear of 7th Armoured Division into the support B Echelons. 5th SA Brigade had most of their transport and supplies destroyed in this action, but did destroy a number of German tanks. After destroying significant logistical elements \u00a0\u2013  the 15th Panzer withdrew so as to by-pass the 7 Armoured Division / 5th SA Brigade positions and to engineer a link-up with the Ariette Division. They achieved this by 1235 and Gen Cr\u00fcwell prepared for a decisive attack on the Allied armour. Advance elements of the 1st SA Brigade had now met elements of 5 Brigade, but the brigades never physically linked up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Totensonntag\nBy 1315 a major tank battle was underway between Axis forces and 7 Armoured Division. At 1555 \u00a0\u2013  1st SA Division were passing a signal to 5 SA Brigade when the brigade interjected \"wait.....\" Those were the last words received from the 5th SA Infantry Brigade. Some units retained some form of unity and managed to escape east through the New Zealand and Indian fronts. Against the German tanks, the South African infantry had no real means of defence with limited Anti-Tank capabilities, they were compelled to use 25-pounders in a direct fire role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Totensonntag\nBy the time the panzers had broken into the rear of the brigade, the artillery had been subdued and all anti-tank capabilities had been destroyed. By nightfall, all that remained of 5 SA Brigade was \"...little groups of disconsolate prisoners.....between frequent flares and the light of burning ammunition.\" \"The 5th SA Brigade had been caught by an overwhelming force in the open desert, quite unprepared and without inflicting any negligible damage on its opponents.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0028-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Totensonntag\nThe battle had resulted in a victory for the Afrikakorps, but the 7th Armoured and 1st South African Divisions had not been annihilated and the loss of the 5th SA Brigade was not enough to set off the loss of almost 50% of the Afrikakorps tanks which went into battle. At 0100 on 24 November, Brink reported to XXX Corps that 5th SA Brigade had \"ceased to exist as a fighting formation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Totensonntag\n...the attack started well, but soon came up against a wide artillery and anti-tank gun screen, which the South Africans had formed at a surprising speed between Haiad and Muftah. Guns of all kind and sizes laid a curtain of fire in front of the attacking tanks and there seemed almost no hope of making any progress in the face of this fire-spewing barrier. Tank after tank split open in a hail of shells. Our entire artillery had to be thrown in to silence the enemy guns one by one.Gen. Erwin Rommel. Commenting on the defence of the 5th SA Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 93], "content_span": [94, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Aftermath\nHaving failed to link up with 5 SA Brigade, 1st Brigade withdrew south to Bir Taieb el Esem and commenced to establish a strong-point to effect its own defence. Between 24 and 26 November, elements of the 1st SA Brigade were deployed north east in attempts to support the New Zealand Division in their assault on Tobruk. Attempts to join up with the New Zealanders were repeatedly blocked (at one stage Gen Norrie himself lead a combat group from the SA Brigade) by Axis actions. On the 24th, 1st SA Brigade was attacked by the Ariete Armoured Division at Taib el Esem and were able to extricate themselves only after assistance from Gatehouse and the 4th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Aftermath\nThe same day, Rommel committed himself to a \"dash for the wire\" \u00a0\u2013  with the intention of exploiting the disorganisation and confusion in the enemy's bases and cutting their supply lines. The Germans attacked towards Egypt to relieve his garrisons at Bardia and Sollum. The advance came on a route that took the Afrikakorps in succession through the headquarters of XXX Corps, 7th Armoured Division, 1st SA Division, 7th Support Group and 7th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Aftermath\nBy 1145 General Norrie stated that the \"Matruh Stakes\" had officially started \u00a0\u2013  as 8th Army A and B Echelons hurriedly withdrew east (Point 5 Map 3). However, fighting continued at El Duda north west of Sidi Regez, with the South Africans being involved in fierce battles in Die Kessel of Sidi Regez on 29 and 30 November. But the pressure was too great and an eastward withdrawal was inevitable. Finally, the Afrikakorps stalled as it outran its supplies and met stiffening resistance. By early December, Rommel had withdrawn to a line of defences east of Tobruk at Gazala, and the division occupied defensive positions at Mersa Matruh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Aftermath\nAfter the Sidi Regez battles, the division brigades were deployed in various offensive and defensive roles from Mersa Matruh, of which the following are noteworthy:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 90], "content_span": [91, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Preparing defences at Gazala and change of command\nBy New Year, the 5th Brigade was re-forming at Mersa Matruh and the 2nd Brigade was earmarked for deployment to Tobruk and the 1st Brigade was to be deployed on operations outside of the division structure. The question re-arose, as to whether South Africa was capable of maintaining the division in the field. By 8 January 1942, the division was 5,570 men under-strength of the approved establishment of 23,187. On 25 January the 1st Brigade was deployed to Tobruk, tasked to fight a delaying action with the 38th Indian Infantry Brigade against the Axis who had by now started a new advance from Msus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 131], "content_span": [132, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Preparing defences at Gazala and change of command\nAlthough it had been agreed that Tobruk would no longer be \"held at all costs\" in the event of an Axis attack, it formed a critical forward base to protect the Gazala Line from air, land or sea attack. Auchinleck recommended to Ritchie that the forthcoming battle was to be fought west of Tobruk, and not on the frontier. For this reason, 2nd Brigade was also moved forward to support the 1st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 131], "content_span": [132, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Preparing defences at Gazala and change of command\nBy 10 February, the Gazala defences were organised on a two division basis, with the left (southern) sector occupied by the 4th Indian Division and the 1st SA Division taking responsibility for the right sector, reaching down to the sea. On 10 March, Brink injured his back and was evacuated back to South Africa \u00a0\u2013  he was replaced by Dan Pienaar from the 1st Brigade, who had now been promoted to Maj-General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 131], "content_span": [132, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Sidi Rezeg: November 1941, Preparing defences at Gazala and change of command\nOn 26 May 1942, in his Order of the Day, Gen Pienaar warned the division (now, for the first time deployed with all three brigades under Division command) of an impending attack \u2013 directly aimed at their front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 131], "content_span": [132, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Gazala: May 1942\nThis account only reflects the role of the 1st SA Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Gazala: May 1942, \"The Cauldron\"\nRommel's advance, containing at least 10,000 vehicles was headed south, to make a long sweeping right-hook around the southern end of the Allied line. The Afrika Korps diary speaks of a bright moonlit night where they advanced without having any contact with the enemy. However the 4th SA Armoured Car Regiment had been tracking their advance and reporting the progress three to four times per hour. The following morning, the German\u2014Italian forces made contact with the 7th Armoured Division, east of Bir Hakeim where General Messervy of the 7th Armoured Division was taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 86], "content_span": [87, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Gazala: May 1942, \"The Cauldron\"\n7th Armoured as well as the Free French at Bir Hakeim held up the advance but by late morning, Axis forces had advanced well behind the southern flank and were now heading north behind the Allied lines. The 90th Light captured and held El Adem. With Allied forces now recovering and re-deploying into better assault positions, the Axis forces were caught in an area known as \"The Cauldron\" between Bir Hakeim to the south, Tobruk to the north east and the Allied minefields between the Axis and their supply lines to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 86], "content_span": [87, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0037-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Gazala: May 1942, \"The Cauldron\"\nThree days armoured fighting ensued in the area of the Cauldron. To better secure his positions, Rommel then drove two Italian formations directly west, through the Allied minefields to re-establish his supply channels. All this time, opposite the 1st SA Division positions to the north of the Gazala Line, the German 15th Rifle Brigade (Brigade Stab zbv (mot) 15), and the Italian Sabratha and Trento Divisions remained quiet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 86], "content_span": [87, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Gazala: May 1942, \"The Cauldron\"\nBy 12 June, the remaining Free French had been forced to withdraw from Bir Hakeim. At Bir el Hatmat, Rommel had dispersed the tactical HQs of the two British Divisions as well as the HQs of the 9th and 10th Indian Infantry Brigades and other smaller units and the 22nd Armoured Brigade had been forced from the battlefield by renewed attacks from 15th Panzer. In \"The Cauldron\", three Indian infantry battalions, a reconnaissance regiment and four artillery regiments had been virtually destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 86], "content_span": [87, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Gazala: May 1942, \"The Cauldron\"\nOn the day before, Axis forces had pushed towards El Adem and had forced the 201st Guards Brigade to withdraw from the Knightsbridge Box on the Gazala Line back to the Tobruk perimeter. On the 14th, Auchinlek authorised Ritchie to withdraw from the Gazala line and the 1st SA and the 50th Northumbrian Divisions were ordered to withdraw along the coastal road back towards Tobruk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 86], "content_span": [87, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Gazala: May 1942, Retreat\nWhile the 1st SA and 50th Divisions were preparing for their withdrawal on the Via Balbia, Axis forces were wreaking havoc on the escarpment amongst Allied forces and Rommel dictated his 170mm guns to open fire from the escarpment down onto the Via Balbia as the South Africans and British were destroying their ammunition dumps in the Gazala Line Rommel tasked 15th and 21st Panzer with breaking north and severing the Via Balbia close to Elwet et Tamar, cutting off the two Divisions to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Gazala: May 1942, Retreat\nWith the road being unable to accommodate two divisions, elements of the 50th Division broke out in a south westerly direction in a wide sweep eventually turning back east towards the Allied lines. The South Africans withdrew to series of defensive boxes at Williams Post, Best Post, \"Point 187,\" Commonwealth Keep and then Acroma. The 21st and 15th Panzer attacks forced the 1st SA Division to fight a rearguard action and to withdraw through each of the respective boxes well into the night. Chased by Axis tanks, driving east on the Via Balbia, the first elements reached Tobruk during the night of 13/14 June. The division was now spread out between the original Gazala defences and Tobruk, as each element tried to make their way east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Gazala: May 1942, Gazala Gallop\nBy 1400 on 15 June, 1st SA Division and elements of the 50th Northumbian Division were close to Gambut, headed towards the Egypt frontier. At the same time, Ritchie had ordered the balance of Eighth Army to withdraw to the defensive positions at Mersa Matruh, some 100\u00a0miles east of the frontier, leaving Tobruk to hold out and threaten the Axis lines of communication in much the same way as in 1941 \u00a0\u2013  This became known as the Gazala Gallop. At dawn on 21 June, the Tobruk Garrison surrendered to the Axis forces. On the same day, 1st SA Division were ordered to withdraw a further 220\u00a0miles east, to El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 85], "content_span": [86, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, First Battle of El Alamein: July 1942\nHaving arrived back from the Gazala Line, the division spent two weeks improving defences on the El Alamein defences in the \"Alamein Box\". Auchenlik had issued an order instructing all surplus personnel to be sent back to the Delta, which greatly displeased Pienaar. The division had been deploying two brigades of infantry, each accompanied by a battery of artillery to protect the areas west and south of the defensive box. Auchinlecks order effectively meant that Pienaar could only hold the box with one under-strength brigade Before these troops could be returned, battle was joined with the 90th Light Infantry Division in the early morning hours of 1 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, First Battle of El Alamein: July 1942\nAt 0605 Axis transports were seen advancing to within 2,000\u00a0yards of the 3rd Brigade positions and they were engaged with machine and anti-tank gun fire from the Imperial Light Horse. During the early morning hours, the 90th Light had lost direction and veered too far north, resulting in the clash with ILH. While the Rand Light Infantry were driving off German towed artillery, South African Air Force Boston light bombers bombed their supply columns. By 0730 the 90th Light had been halted and were pinned down by the South Africans, determined to avenge Gazala and the surrender of Tobruk. The 90th Light only managing to extricate themselves under cover of a dust storm later in the day. The Axis attack had been stopped all along the Allied line of defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, First Battle of El Alamein: July 1942\nRommel launched one more assault on 31 August, aimed at Alam el Halfa ridge. The division responded by launching a number of successful raids at the enemy forces after last light, once they had stopped their advance for the night on 31 August. By noon on 1 September, 15th Panzer were immobilised by lack of fuel south of Alam Halfa. Pienaar re-organised the division to occupy the positions with one brigade and released two brigades as part of \"battle groups\" to act against the immobilised Axis division. The report that these forces were available was not welcomed at Corps and Army headquarters, and these mobile formations were not used. After the counter-attack was eventually organised, the Axis had already started to withdraw and fighting was broken off on 7 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, First Battle of El Alamein: July 1942, Cracks Widen\nCracks and fissures had again become visible between the 1st SA Div and the Army command. 1st SA Brigade had been deployed on the flank, on Ruweisat Ridge and by this time they had become somewhat isolated during the previous days fighting and the Allied bombing missions of the previous night. The Brigade had lost its Officer Commanding as well as its Brigade Major during the previous two days fighting and over 15,000 shells had fallen on their strongpoint, known as \"Hotbox,\" from the area of the Trieste Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 105], "content_span": [106, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, First Battle of El Alamein: July 1942, Cracks Widen\nPienaar advised Norrie that their position was \"untenable\" and Norrie replied that if that was the case, he would \"..... relieve the Brigade, place it in reserve and replace it with another formation.\" Offended by this \u00a0\u2013  Pienaar called 8th Army HQ and was advised by Dorman-Smith that the Brigade was to remain where it was. Not satisfied, Pienaar insisted on speaking to Auchinleck, who ordered that the Brigade hold its ground \u2013 but offered to relieve the Brigade within two days when the 9th Australian Division reached El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 105], "content_span": [106, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0044-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, First Battle of El Alamein: July 1942, Cracks Widen\nPienaar's demands of the evening of 2 July shook the 8th Army command's confidence in the morale of the division and Auchinleck stated that the division could no longer be exposed to \"undue operational strain,\"  fearing that material losses to the division, especially after the surrender of the 2nd SA Division at Tobruk, would lead to political disaster. Auchinleck deployed the 9th Australian Division to re-enforce the northern sector of the line held by the South Africans three days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 105], "content_span": [106, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0044-0003", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, First Battle of El Alamein: July 1942, Cracks Widen\nPienaar had also been falsely accused of supporting the retreat to the Delta and engaging the Axis from behind the Suez Canal \u2013 he remained resolved to fight, stating to an American war correspondent at Alam Halfa in July 1942 \".... Here I stop, I've retreated far enough, whether we hold the damn thing or not!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 105], "content_span": [106, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Battle plan\nFor what was to become the final South African assault on the Axis forces (Operation Lightfoot), the division was tasked attack on a two-brigade front to secure the southern end of Mieiriya Ridge. The Indian 4th and Northumbrian 50th Divisions were deployed to their south and to the north, was the 2nd New Zealand Division. The South Africans were to attack towards the south west with 2nd SA Infantry Brigade (Brig. W.H.E. Poole) on the right and 3rd SA Infantry Brigade (Brig. R. Palmer) on the left. 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 108], "content_span": [109, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0045-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Battle plan\nSA Infantry Brigade was deployed further south and was responsible for creating an anti-tank screen to protect the left flank of the South African attack (See Map 4). The Australians and Highlanders were to force a northern corridor through the Axis minefields while the New Zealanders and South Africans were to do the same in the southern sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 108], "content_span": [109, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Break-In: Operation Lightfoot\nOperation Lightfoot started at 2140 on 23 October with a five-hour fire plan, the start of which signified H-Hour for the infantry assault. Pienaar had deployed each of the lead brigades, with on battalion leading for the first phase to the \"red line\" \u00a0\u2013  after a pause of an hour and a quarter, the two trailing battalions would pass through to the final objective on Miteiriya Ridge. 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0046-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Break-In: Operation Lightfoot\nBrigade \u00a0\u2013  who was not part of the main advance was provided with a special force of armoured cars, machine guns and anti-tank guns to guard their and the division's left flank (Refer Map 4). They were also allocated a mobile element of the 8th Royal Tanks. The divisional artillery, reinforced by three troops from X Corps was to fire a fire-plan of timed concentrations \u2013 using smoke on the intermediate and final objectives to cover re-organisation and to help with direction finding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Break-In: Operation Lightfoot\nThe two South African brigades advanced with 40mm Bofors guns marking the lines of advance between the respective battalions and the first objectives on the Corps objective line called \"Oxalic\" were occupied by the Natal Mounted Rifles at 2350. The Cape Town Highlanders were the last battalion to reach their individual unit objectives on Oxalic \u2013 and were established on Miteiriya Ridge by 0800 the following morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0047-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Break-In: Operation Lightfoot\nThe fact that the 1st and 10th Armoured Divisions had not broken through into the open areas west of the line as originally planned, meant that Montgomery had to change his orders \u2013 moving to an attritional World War I type of battle, which Montgomery in a semblance of a novelty \u2013 dubbed \"Crumbling Actions.\" By the evening of 26 October (as from the H-Hour on the 23rd), the South Africans had suffered 600 casualties, as compared to 2,000 in the 51st Division, 1,000 Australians and a similar number of New Zealanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 126], "content_span": [127, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, \"Crumbling Operations\"\nDuring the night of 25/26 October, some South African and other elements which had not yet established themselves on their exact Oxalic objectives, made corrective moves and by dawn the entire XXX Corps was finally in their initial phase objectives. The Australians and the 1st Armoured Division had launched attacks in the north, being the start of the \"crumbling\" process, while at the same time, there was much re-organisation and re-deployment to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 119], "content_span": [120, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0048-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, \"Crumbling Operations\"\nOn 26 October Leese issued orders for the 1st SA Division to \"side-step\" north in conjunction with a similar move by the 4th Indian Division and to extend their lines to occupy the area held by the New Zealand Division and the 9th Armoured Brigade. Once this move was completed, these relieved units were to be withdrawn into reserve. During the order group to issue these instructions, Pienaar again voiced an objection to orders \u2013 on the grounds that he had insufficient transport to make the move in the required time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 119], "content_span": [120, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0048-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, \"Crumbling Operations\"\nFreyberg, in a move to \"spike his guns\" asked Pienaar again, if the only limiting factor was transport? Pienaar confirmed \u2013 and when Freyberg offered him transport from the New Zealand Division, no more was heard of the matter and the re-deployment was executed. The South Africans were now stretched on a wider front, between the Australians and 51st Division in the north and the Indian 4th Division on Ruweisat Ridge, with 5th SA Brigade on the right, 3rd SA Brigade on its left and 1st SA Brigade being pulled back as the divisional reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 119], "content_span": [120, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Break-Out: Operation Supercharge\nOn the night of 2/3 November, the Australians noticed signs of withdrawal by Axis units in the coastal salient and by 1000 Montgomery had received similar reports from the south. Contrary to Hitler's instructions \u2013 Rommel had started to withdraw. The final plan to destroy the Axis forces, code named \"Supercharge\" was put into action. The 1st SA Division played no role in this phase of the operation \u2013 but the South African armoured cars attached to XXX Corps were actively involved in the attempted destruction and subsequent pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 129], "content_span": [130, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Break-Out: Operation Supercharge\nAt 0540 on 4 November, after repeated attempts at breaking through the Axis lines \u2013 Lt-Col Reeves-Moore lead the South African armoured cars into the rear of the Axis positions, \"....the eager children of any mechanized pursuit... scampered at dawn into the open desert beyond the mines and trenches and guns, to make their exuberant mischief amid the disintegrating enemy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 129], "content_span": [130, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0050-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Break-Out: Operation Supercharge\nThey soon started causing the havoc for which they had been intended \u2013 A Sqn capturing two 88mm guns, two 105 mm guns, two 110mm guns, a Breda portee, six trucks and 130 prisoners; while B Sqn captured five trucks, a staff car, one 105 mm and one 150 mm gun and 100 prisoners within a matter of hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 129], "content_span": [130, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Western Desert, Second Battle of El Alamein: October 1942, Break-Out: Operation Supercharge\nWhile the armoured cars were dashing west, the 1st SA Division had moved further north and over the previous two nights had relieved the 51st Highland Division. During the night of 3/4 November, the last unit to move into its new position was the 1st Cape Town Highlanders, who moved during a major artillery barrage in support of an attack by the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade. The regiment awoke on 4 November to silence and the absence of gunfire, save for the sound of Allied vehicles advancing west in pursuit of the retreating enemy. For the 1st South African Division, the war had ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 129], "content_span": [130, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Disbandment\nThe Union Defence Force had finalised a decision to convert the 1st SA Infantry Division into an Armoured Division and the Axis withdrawal from El Alamein marked the end of fighting for the division in the Middle East. By 1 December, advance parties were already returning to South Africa to assist with the establishment of the intended armoured division and later in the month, General Dan Pienaar was recalled to South Africa to lead the formation of the new division. He and eleven other officers boarded a Lockheed Lodestar on 17 December to fly back to South Africa. The aircraft stopped to re-fuel at Kisumu on the shores of Lake Victoria and on takeoff on 19 December, it plunged into the lake, killing all on board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Disbandment\nOn 1 January 1943, the 1st SA Infantry Division embarked for home, with troops returning to their parent units in South Africa. The division had been dissolved and many of its former units were to be absorbed into the 6th South African Armoured Division. The designation 1st South African Infantry Division was also used briefly by a successor formation in 1948\u201349.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Orders of Battle, Western Desert, 17 October 1942\nDivision Commander: Major General Daniel Hermanus (\"Dan\") Pienaar CB DSO & two bars", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 87], "content_span": [88, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159143-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Africa), Orders of Battle, Attached formations\nNot reflected in the above order of battle due to date discrepancies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159144-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Korea)\nThe 1st Infantry Division (Korean: \uc81c1\ubcf4\ubcd1\uc0ac\ub2e8, Hanja: \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u5175\u5e2b\u5718) is a military formation of the Republic of Korea Army's I Corps. The division was established on 1947 under the command of Colonel Kim Suk-won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159144-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Korea), History, Korean War\nThe division was the first unit of the ROK Army to be attacked by the North Koreans on June 25, 1950. At 4 a.m. the North Koreans began an artillery barrage on the division's positions along the 38th Parallel. The artillery bombardment was quickly followed by ground attacks by the NKPA's 1st and 6th Infantry Divisions. It became part of II Corps after the first fall of Seoul, and was part of the defensive line to slow the North Korean advance from Seoul to Taejon. It subsequently fought in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159144-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Korea), History, Korean War\nOn October 19, 1950 Company F of the U.S. 5th Cavalry entered Pyongyang, followed shortly thereafter by 1st Division elements from the northeast. The next morning, the division reached the heart of the city and took the strongly fortified administrative center without difficulty. The entire city was secured by 10:00 that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159144-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Korea), History, Battle of Unsan\n\"In the western half of North Korea, as part of the U.S. I Corps' general advance on October 25, 1950, the 1st Division was spread out on the road that ran from the Chongchon River to Unsan. The division's 15th Regiment passed through Yongbyon and continued toward Unsan without opposition. In the lead were elements of Company D, 6th Medium Tank Battalion, which also passed through Unsan without incident. Just before 1100, as the tanks approached a bridge one and a half miles northeast of the town, enemy mortar fire destroyed the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159144-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Korea), History, Battle of Unsan\nEngaging the enemy force, the soldiers reported a half-hour later that at least three hundred Chinese troops were in the hills just north of Unsan. The 12th Regiment, the second division unit in the column, turned west when it arrived at Unsan, and also ran into Chinese forces just beyond the town. The CCF's attacks against the 1st Division continued on the twenty-sixth but eased up the following day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159144-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Korea), History, Battle of Unsan\nDuring the afternoon of November 1, the CCF's attack north of Unsan gained strength against the 15th Regiment and gradually extended to the right flank of the U.S. 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry. At nightfall the 1st Battalion controlled the northern approaches to the Samtan River, except for portions of the 15th Regiment's zone on the east side. The battalion's position on the left was weak; there were not enough soldiers to extend the defensive line to the main ridge leading into Unsan. This left a gap between the 1st and 2d Battalions. East of the Samtan the 15th Regiment was under heavy attack, and shortly after midnight it no longer existed as a combat force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159144-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (South Korea), In popular culture\nLee Jin-tae and Lee Jin-seok, main characters in the 2004 Korean film Taegukgi, were assigned to the fictional 2d Company, 4th Battalion, 8th Regiment, 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Infantry Division was a regular army infantry division of the British Army with a very long history. The division was present at the Peninsular War, the Crimean War, the First World War, and during the Second World War and was finally disbanded in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Napoleonic Wars\nThe British 1st Division was originally formed in 1809 by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington for service in the Peninsula War, drawing initially from two British brigades and one Hanoverian brigade of the King's German Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Napoleonic Wars\nDuring the Peninsula War, it was involved in most of the engagements between the Allies and France including the Battle of Talavera in 1809, the Battle of Salamanca in 1812, the Siege of Tarragona in 1813, the Battle of Vitoria in 1813, the Siege of San Sebasti\u00e1n in 1813, the Battle of the Pyrenees in 1813, the Battle of the Bidassoa in 1813 and the Battle of Toulouse in 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Napoleonic Wars, Waterloo campaign\nNapoleon Bonaparte returned during the Congress of Vienna. On 13 March, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw; four days later the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia, members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Napoleonic Wars, Waterloo campaign\nThis set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars and for the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the island of Saint Helena, where he died in May 1821. 1st Division was involved in the Waterloo Campaign seeing its first action at the Battle of Quatre Bras then at the Battle of Waterloo, where it held Wellington's right flank. On the extreme right was the chateau, garden, and orchard of Hougoumont, which was defended by the division's 2nd Brigade under General John Byng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Napoleonic Wars, Waterloo campaign\nThe initial attack by Mar\u00e9chal de Camp Bauduin's 1st Brigade of the 5th Division emptied the wood and park, but was driven back by heavy British artillery fire and cost Bauduin his life. The British guns were distracted into an artillery duel with French guns and this allowed a second attack by General de Brigade Baron Soye's 2nd Brigade of the 6th Division. They managed a small breach on the south side but could not exploit it. An attack by elements of the 1st Brigade of the 6th Division on the north side was more successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Napoleonic Wars, Waterloo campaign\nThis attack lead to one of the most famous skirmishes in the Battle of Waterloo \u2013 Sous-Lieutenant Legros, wielding an axe, managed to break through the north gate. A desperate fight ensued between the invading French soldiers and the defending Guards. In a near-miraculous attack, Macdonell, a small party of officers and Corporal James Graham fought through the melee to shut the gate, trapping Legros and about 30 other soldiers of the 1st Legere inside. All of the French who entered, apart from a young drummer boy, were killed in a desperate hand-to-hand fight. The French attack in the immediate vicinity of the farm was repulsed by the arrival of the 2nd Coldstream Guards and 2/3rd Foot Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 74], "content_span": [75, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Crimean War\nThe Crimean War (1853\u20131856) was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of France, Britain, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other. Most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula, with additional actions occurring in western Turkey, and the Baltic Sea region. The Crimean War is sometimes considered to be the first \"modern\" conflict and \"introduced technical changes which affected the future course of warfare\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Crimean War\nThe Division, which now consisted of the Guards Brigade and the Highland Brigade, was involved in the Battle of Alma (20 September 1854), which is considered to be the first battle of the Crimean war. They were next in action during the Battle of Balaclava. The battle started with a successful Russian attack on Ottoman positions. This led to the Russians breaking through into the valley of Balaklava (anglicised as \"Balaclava\"), where British forces were encamped. The Russian advance was intended to disrupt the British base and attack British positions near Sevastopol from the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Crimean War\nAn initial Russian advance south of the southern line of hills was repulsed by the British. A large attacking force of Russian cavalry advanced over the ridgeline, and split into two portions. One of these columns drove south towards the town of Balaklava itself, threatening the main supply of the entire British army. That drive was repulsed by the muskets of the 93rd (Highland) Regiment, which had been formed into a lone line of two rows by its commander, Sir Colin Campbell. This action became known in history as \"The Thin Red Line\", this battle was also well known for the Charge of the Light Brigade. The division was also involved in the Battle of Inkerman (5 November 1854).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War\nWhen an army corps of three divisions was mobilised and despatched to South Africa at the outbreak of the Boer War, Lt-Gen Lord Methuen was given command of 1st Division of two infantry brigades, 1st (Guards) under Maj-Gen Sir Henry Colville and 2nd under Maj-Gen Henry Hildyard, with 4th Brigade Division (three batteries) of the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) under Col C.J. Long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War\nThe British commander, Sir Redvers Buller, had intended to march with the whole army corps across the Orange River to Bloemfontein, capital of the Orange Free State, but by the time the troops reached Cape Town the Boers had seized the Orange River crossings and begun sieges of Ladysmith, Kimberley and Mafeking. Buller was forced to split his forces, sending divisions to relieve Ladysmith and Kimberley. Methuen and 1st Division were assigned to the relief of Kimberley, but the situation at Ladysmith deteriorated, and Buller diverted Hildyard's 2nd Brigade and Long's artillery to that sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War\nThe division that Methuen assembled at Orange River Station in November 1899 comprised Colville's Guards Brigade and a 'scratch' brigade numbered 9th under Maj-Gen S.R. Fetherstonehaugh, with the 9th Lancers and a brigade division of RFA under Col Hall. Methuen could also call on the 3rd (Highland) Brigade under Maj-Gen Andrew Wauchope (diverted from 2nd Division), in reserve at De Aar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War, Order of battle at Belmont, Graspan and Modder River\nThe order of battle was:GOC: Lt-Gen Lord MethuenAAG: Col R. B. MainwaringDAAGs: Lt-Col H. P. NorcottMaj R. H. L. Warner", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 115], "content_span": [116, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War, Order of battle at Belmont, Graspan and Modder River\n9th BrigadeMaj-Gen S. R. Fetherstonehaugh (wounded at Belmont))Maj-Gen Reginald Pole-Carew", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 115], "content_span": [116, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War, Order of battle at Belmont, Graspan and Modder River\nMethuen followed the railway in the direction of Kimberley, and encountered large Boer forces at Belmont, where 1st Division obtained 'a victory of sorts' on 23 November, though with heavy casualties. They followed up and attacked again at Graspan (25 November) and at Modder River (28 November), again forcing the Boers from their positions but without landing a decisive punch. After receiving reinforcements, Methuen attacked at Magersfontein (11 December 1899). Despite the heavy artillery preparation and night approach, the attack failed. Together with failed attacks on the other fronts at Stormberg and Colenso, the news of Magersfontein led to the political crisis of Black Week in Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 115], "content_span": [116, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War, Order of battle at Magersfontein\nHaving failed to break through at Magersfontein, Methuen was obliged to stand on the Modder River, apart from sending 9th Brigade raiding into the Orange Free State. Behind the screen provided by 1st Division, the newly arrived commander-in-chief, Lord Roberts, assembled a large army to renew the offensive. After the disaster it had suffered at Magersfontein, where Wauchope was killed, the Highland Brigade and its new commander, Brig-Gen Hector MacDonald, refused to serve under Methuen, and Roberts transferred them to a new 9th Division under Colville. He also sacked Babington from command of the cavalry. And when Roberts advanced in February 1900, he stripped the Guards Brigade from 1st Division to join a new 11th Division under Pole-Carew and took much of the artillery and transport, This left Methuen and a reduced 1st Division to cover Roberts's lines of communication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 980]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War, Order of battle at Magersfontein\nFollowing the Battle of Paardeberg (18\u201327 February), the reliefs of Kimberley and Ladysmith, and the fall of Bloemfontein, Roberts reorganised his force to pursue the defeated Boers. Methuen was tasked with clearing the country along the Vaal River on the Boers' flank and driving towards Mafeking, which was still besieged. On 5 April Methuen led out his Mounted Infantry under Brig-Gen Lord Chesham, with the Kimberley Mounted Corps and 4th Battery RFA, and caught a Boer Commando led by a French volunteer, the Comte de Villebois-Mareuil. At the small Battle of Boshof, the Imperial Yeomanry (in action for the first time) surrounded the Boers and then closed with the bayonet. De Villebois-Mareuil was killed and his men killed or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War, Order of battle May\u2013June 1900\nThe order of battle was:1st Division (Methuen's Column)GOC: Lt-Gen Lord Methuen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War, Order of battle May\u2013June 1900\nIncreasingly, Roberts' forces were operating as mobile columns rather than formed divisions. Methuen's 1st Division became known as the 'Mobile Marvels' and the 'Mudcrushers' because of their prodigious marches. They also acquired the nicknames 'The Salvation Army' and 'Beechams' (from Beecham's Pills, a popular cure-all) because they relieved so many outposts and besieged garrisons. With 9th Brigade and the Imperial Yeomanry, Methuen's Column took part in the operations of June 1900 to trap the elusive Boer leader Christiaan de Wet. Advancing along the Kroonstad railway, they encountered de Wet at Rhenoster River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second Anglo-Boer War, Order of battle May\u2013June 1900\nAfter a heavy artillery bombardment, the Loyal North Lancashires broke through the Boer lines and many Boers surrendered. But de Wet got away with most of his mounted men and Methuen's troops were too exhausted to pursue. The frustrating pursuit of de Wet and other Boer leaders went on for months. After July 1900 1st Division existed only on paper, and Methuen's Column consisted of an ad hoc brigade of raw recruits \u2013 'colonel's work', Methuen described it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Prior to First World War\nWith the return of the troops from South Africa at the end of the Boer War, 1st Division was reformed at Aldershot as part of the 1st Corps, with two brigades (the 1st Guards brigade and 2nd Infantry Brigade, comprising eight battalions), 'fairly well organized for mobilization'. Under Lord Haldane's 1907 reforms, which laid down plans for the despatch of a British Expeditionary Force in case of war, 1st Division was one of the two permanent divisions in Aldershot Command that would constitute |I Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Prior to First World War, Establishment May 1907\n(Brigades consisted of four battalions Actual units within this structure varied as battalions, batteries and RE companies rotated between home and overseas stations.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe division was a permanently established Regular Army division that was amongst the first to be sent to France at the outbreak of the First World War. It served on the Western Front for the duration of the war. On 31 October 1914 divisional commander General Samuel Lomax was seriously wounded by an artillery shell and died on 10 April 1915 never having recovered from his wounds. After the war the division was part of the occupation force stationed at Bonn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), First World War\nThe division's insignia was the signal flag for the 'Number 1'. During the war, the division was involved in the following battles: Battle of Mons, First Battle of the Marne, First Battle of the Aisne, First Battle of Ypres, Battle of Aubers Ridge, Battle of Loos, Battle of the Somme, Battle of Pozi\u00e8res, Third Battle of Ypres, Battle of \u00c9pehy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), First World War, World War I order of battle\nOriginally called the '1st (Guards) Brigade' because it contained the 1st battalions of the Coldstream Guards and the Scots Guards. When the Guards Division was created in August 1915 and these two battalions departed (both for 2nd Guards Brigade), the brigade was renamed as 1st Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 84], "content_span": [85, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War\nAt the start of the Second World War, the 1st Infantry Division was stationed at Aldershot and commanded by Major General the Hon. Harold Alexander (who had assumed command in 1938). The division was sent to France in mid-September 1939, arriving there on 20 September, where it formed part of I Corps (Lieutenant General Sir John Dill) of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The division, unlike in the First World War, was not immediately engaged in fighting, and was to remain in France for the next few months until evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo in June 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, North Africa\nIn late February 1943, the 1st Division, now commanded by Major General Walter Clutterbuck, left the United Kingdom, destined for North Africa to take part in the final stages of the Tunisian Campaign. The division, arriving there on 9 March, was initially under the direct command of the British First Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Kenneth Anderson, who had commanded the division in the retreat to Dunkirk until May 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, North Africa\nSoon, the division, which had been stationed in the Medjez-Bou Arada sector, became part of Lieutenant General Charles Allfrey's V Corps The division was engaged mainly in patrolling and began preparations for an offensive to end the war in North Africa. On the night of 20/21 April the division took part in the Battle of the Medjez Plain, where it was pitted against the Hermann G\u00f6ring Division which, with the commander having anticipated an offensive, had launched his own offensive with the intention of spoiling the Allied attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, North Africa\nThe offensive, however, was soon repulsed (although an entire company of the 1st Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment had been overrun) with the aid of the divisional artillery (which had been moved forward for the upcoming battle) and Churchill tanks of the 142nd (Suffolk) Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (142 RAC), part of the 25th Army Tank Brigade, and the 1st Division suffered only 106 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, North Africa\nThe next few days saw the 1st Division engaged in particularly hard fighting, with the 2nd Brigade, attacking a ridge known as Gueriat el Atach. The attack failed, at a cost of over 500 casualties, with the supporting 142 RAC losing 29 of 52 tanks, mainly from enemy Tiger tanks. Among those killed were Lieutenant Willward Alexander Sandys-Clarke of the 1st Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire), who was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his heroism in stalking and destroying an enemy machine gun. The ridge was taken the next day, 24 April, by the 2nd Battalion, Sherwood Foresters, of the 3rd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, North Africa\nTwo days later, the 24th Guards Brigade moved to an attack an objective named Bou Aoukaz. No opposition was encountered, aside from mines, and they were ordered by Division HQ to assault Bou Aoukaz on the afternoon of 27 April. The Bou was taken, but with heavy casualties to the 1st Irish and 5th Grenadiers, mostly from enemy shells and mortar. It was discovered that the Germans had retreated, being apparently amazed at the tenacity of the Guards. The 1st Scots Guards had been ordered to assault the Bou from the left flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, North Africa\nHowever, a machine gun had held them up, which was taken out by Captain Charles Lyell and four guardsmen. They were then fired on by an 88mm gun, which was silenced by Captain Lyell, who was killed while bayoneting the 88 crew, with the survivors fleeing. Captain Lyell was posthumously awarded the VC. The Bou was taken but soon given up, due to a communications issue. The Scots Guards renewed the assault upon the Bou the following day, only to be repulsed. The day afterwards, the enemy, realising how vital the Bou was, being the key to Tunis, launched a huge counterattack, which fell upon the 24th Brigade. It was during this period that the division earned its third VC, belonging to Lance Corporal John Kenneally of the 1st Irish Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, North Africa\nFighting continued for the next few days until mid-May, when the Axis forces in North Africa finally surrendered, prompting Alexander, commander of the Allied 18th Army Group (and who had previously commanded the 1st Division), to cable to Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, \"Sir, it is my duty to report that the Tunisian campaign is over. All enemy resistance has ceased. We are masters of the North African shores\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, Italy\nThe division, commanded from October 1943 by Major General Ronald Penney, arrived on the Italian Front in December 1943, initially to serve under command of the Eighth Army (General Sir Bernard Montgomery) but soon became part of the US Fifth Army (Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark). Operation Shingle was an Allied amphibious landing against Axis forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno, Italy. The operation was intended to outflank German forces at the Winter Line and enable an attack on the Italian capital of Rome. The resulting combat is commonly called the Battle of Anzio. The division came under the command of the US VI Corps (Major General John P. Lucas).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, Italy\nThe landings began on 22 January 1944. Although resistance had been expected, as seen at the Salerno landings during September 1943, the initial landings were unopposed, with the exception of desultory Luftwaffe strafing runs. By midnight, 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the beaches. A mere 13 Allied troops were killed, and 97 wounded; about 200 Germans had been taken as POWs. The British 1st Division penetrated 2 miles (3\u00a0km) inland, the U.S. Army Rangers captured Anzio's port, the 509th Parachute Infantry Battalion captured Nettuno, and the US 3rd Infantry Division penetrated 3 miles (5\u00a0km) inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, Italy\nThere was severe fighting throughout the next few weeks as the Germans launched several fierce counterattacks in an attempt to drive the Allied force back into the sea. Testimony to this was when, on 17 February, Penney was wounded by shellfire and command of the 1st Division was taken by Major General Gerald Templer of the recently arrived 56th (London) Infantry Division, from 18 to 22 February, when Penney resumed command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, Italy\nBecause of the fighting seen by the division throughout February and March, the 24th Guards Brigade was withdrawn from the division, due to a lack of Guards replacements (even at this stage of the war the Guards were the only infantry regiments in the British Army to receive drafts of replacements from their own regiment), and replaced by the 18th Infantry Brigade from the 1st British Armoured Division, which was in North Africa at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, Italy\nOperation Diadem was the final battle for Monte Cassino the plan was the U.S. II Corps on the left would attack up the coast along the line of Route 7 towards Rome. The French Expeditionary Corps (CEF) to their right would attack from the bridgehead across the Garigliano into the Aurunci Mountains. British XIII Corps in the centre right of the front would attack along the Liri valley whilst on the right 2nd Polish Corps would isolate the monastery and push round behind it into the Liri valley to link with XIII Corps. I Canadian Corps would be held in reserve ready to exploit the expected breakthrough. Once the German Tenth Army had been defeated, the U.S. VI Corps would break out of the Anzio beachhead to cut off the retreating Germans in the Alban Hills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, Italy\nAs the Canadians and Polish launched their attack on 23 May, Major General Lucian Truscott, who had replaced Lucas as commander of U.S. VI Corps, launched a two pronged attack using five (three American and two British) of the seven divisions in the bridgehead at Anzio. The German 14th Army facing this thrust was without any armoured divisions because Kesselring had sent his armour south to help the German 10th Army in the Cassino action. The 18th Infantry Brigade, which was temporarily attached to the division from February to August, returned to command of the 1st British Armoured Division and were replaced by the 66th Infantry Brigade became a part of the division for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, Italy\nIn the fighting for the Anzio beachhead, 8,868 officers and men of the British 1st Infantry Division were killed, wounded or missing in action. The division, commanded from July 1944 by Major General Charles Loewen, subsequently went on to fight on the Gothic Line until being withdrawn from Italy in January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Second World War, Italy, Order of battle\nSee list of component units of British 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 80], "content_span": [81, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159145-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United Kingdom), Post war\nAfter the war, the division only remained in Palestine for a short time. It was transferred to Egypt for a few months before going back to Palestine in April 1946. Two years later, as the British mandate over Palestine ended, the division returned to Egypt, also spending periods in Libya up until 1951. In October of that year, as British forces pulled out of Egypt outside of the Suez Canal Zone, the division garrisoned that small area. After British forces withdrew from Egypt, the division returned to the UK for a short while in 1955 and 1956. In 1960, it was disbanded before being reformed as the 1st Division based in Verden an der Aller in Germany as part of I (British) Corps in the British Army of the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 1st Infantry Division is a combined arms division of the United States Army, and is the oldest continuously serving division in the Regular Army. It has seen continuous service since its organization in 1917 during World War I. It was officially nicknamed \"The Big Red One\" (abbreviated \"BRO\") after its shoulder patch and is also nicknamed \"The Fighting First.\" The division has also received troop monikers of \"The Big Dead One\" and \"The Bloody First\" as puns on the respective officially sanctioned nicknames. It is currently based at Fort Riley, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nThe First Expeditionary Division, later designated the 1st Infantry Division, was constituted on 24 May 1917, in the Regular Army, and was organized on 8 June 1917, at Fort Jay, on Governors Island in New York harbor under the command of Brigadier General William L. Sibert, from Army units then in service on the Mexico\u2013United States border and at various Army posts throughout the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nThe original table of organization and equipment (TO&E) included two organic infantry brigades of two infantry regiments each, one engineer battalion; one signal battalion; one trench mortar battery; one field artillery brigade of three field artillery regiments; one air squadron; and a full division train. The total authorized strength of this TO&E was 18,919 officers and enlisted men. George S. Patton, who served as the first headquarters commandant for the American Expeditionary Forces, oversaw much of the arrangements for the movement of the 1st Division to France, and their organization in-country. Frank W. Coe, who later served as Chief of Coast Artillery, was the division's first chief of staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nThe first units sailed from New York City and Hoboken, New Jersey, on 14 June 1917. Throughout the remainder of the year, the rest of the division followed, landing at St. Nazaire, France, and Liverpool, England. After a brief stay in rest camps, the troops in England proceeded to France, landing at Le Havre. The last unit arrived in St. Nazaire 22 December. Upon arrival in France, the division, less its artillery, was assembled in the First (Gondrecourt) training area, and the artillery was at Le Valdahon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nOn 4 July, the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry, paraded through the streets of Paris to bolster the sagging French spirits. An apocryphal story holds that at Lafayette's tomb, to the delight of the attending Parisians, Captain C.E. Stanton of the division's 16th Infantry Regiment stepped forward and declared, \"Lafayette, nous sommes ici! [ Lafayette, we are here!] \" Two days later, 6 July, Headquarters, First Expeditionary Division was redesignated as Headquarters, First Division, American Expeditionary Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nOn 8 August 1917, the 1st Division adopted the \"square\" Table of Organization and Equipment (TO&E), which specified two organic infantry brigades of two infantry regiments each; one engineer regiment; one signal battalion; one machine gun battalion; one field artillery brigade of three field artillery regiments, and a complete division train. The total authorized strength of this new TO&E was 27,120 officers and enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nOn the morning of 23 October, the first American shell of the war was fired toward German lines by a First Division artillery unit. Two days later, the 2nd Battalion of the 16th Infantry suffered the first American casualties of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nBy April 1918, the German Army had pushed to within 40 miles (64\u00a0km) of Paris. In reaction to this thrust, the division moved into the Picardy Sector to bolster the exhausted French First Army. To the division's front lay the small village of Cantigny, situated on the high ground overlooking a forested countryside. The 28th Infantry Regiment attacked the town, and within 45 minutes captured it along with 250 German soldiers. It was the first American victory of the war. The 28th was thereafter named the \"Black Lions of Cantigny.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nSoissons was taken by the 1st Division in July 1918. The Soissons victory was costly \u2013 700 men were killed or wounded. (One of them, Private Francis Lupo of Cincinnati, was missing in action for 85 years, until his remains were discovered on the former battlefield in 2003). The 1st Division took part in the first offensive by an American army in the war, and helped to clear the Saint-Mihiel salient by fighting continuously from 11 to 13 September 1918. The last major World War I battle was fought in the Meuse-Argonne Forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nThe division advanced a total of seven kilometers and defeated, in whole or part, eight German divisions. This victory was mainly due to the efforts of George C. Marshall, who began the war as the division's Deputy Chief of Staff before being elevated to G-3 for the entire AEF in July 1918. Combat operations ended with the implementation of the terms of the Armistice on 11 November 1918. At the time the division was at Sedan, the farthest American penetration of the war, and was the first to cross the Rhine into occupied Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nBy the end of the war, the division had suffered 4,964 killed in action, 17,201 wounded in action, and 1,056 missing or died of wounds. Five division soldiers received Medals of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War I\nThe division's dog-mascot was a mixed breed terrier known as Rags. Rags was adopted by the division in 1918 and remained its mascot until his death in 1936. Rags achieved notoriety and celebrity as a war dog, after saving many lives in the crucial Argonne Campaign by delivering a vital message despite being bombed and gassed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Interwar period\nThe 1st Division returned to the continental U.S. in September 1919, demobilized its war-time TO&E at Camp Zachary Taylor at Louisville, Kentucky, and then returned to New York, with its headquarters located at Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Interwar period\nOn 7 October 1920, the 1st Division organized under the peacetime TO&E, which included two organic infantry brigades of two infantry regiments each, one engineer regiment; one observation squadron; one field artillery brigade of two field artillery regiments; one medical regiment; one division quartermaster train; and a special troops command replacing the remainder of the division train. The total authorized strength of this TO&E was 19,385. 1st Division was one of three infantry divisions and one cavalry division that was authorized to remain at full peacetime strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Interwar period\nIt was the only Regular Army division assigned to the Second Corps Area, which also included the 27th Infantry Division of the New York National Guard; the 44th Infantry Division of the New Jersey, New York, and Delaware National Guards; the 21st Cavalry Division of the New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and New Jersey National Guards; and the 77th, 78th, and 98th Infantry Divisions and the 61st Cavalry Division of the Organized Reserves. This was the organization that existed in the Second Corps Area for the duration of the Interbellum period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Interwar period\n1st Division adopted a new peacetime TO&E in preparation for war on 8 January 1940, which included three infantry regiments, one military police company, one engineer battalion, one signal company, one light field artillery regiment of three field artillery battalions and one medium field artillery regiment of two field artillery battalions, one medical battalion, and one quartermaster battalion. The authorized strength of this TO&E was 9,057 officers and enlisted men. 1st Infantry Division reorganized again on 1 November 1940 to a new TO&E, which added a reconnaissance troop, and organized the two field artillery regiments into a division artillery command, and beefed up the strength to a total authorized strength of 15,245 officers and enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nShortly after the German invasion of Poland, beginning World War II in Europe, the 1st Infantry Division, under Major General Walter Short, was moved to Fort Benning, Georgia, on 19 November 1939 where it supported the U.S. Army Infantry School as part of American mobilization preparations. It then moved to the Sabine Parish, Louisiana area on 11 May 1940 to participate in the Louisiana Maneuvers. The division next relocated to Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn on 5 June 1940, where it spent over six months before moving to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, on 4 February 1941. As part of its training that year, the division participated in both Carolina Maneuvers of October and November before returning to Fort Devens, Massachusetts on 6 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nA day later, on 7 December 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and, four days later, Germany declared war on the United States, thus bringing the United States into the conflict. The division was ordered to Camp Blanding, Florida, as quickly as trains could be gathered and winter weather permitted, and arrived on 21 February 1942. The division, now under Major General Donald C. Cubbison, was there reorganized and refurbished with new equipment, being re-designated as the 1st Infantry Division on 15 May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nWithin a week, the division was returned to its former post at Fort Benning, Georgia, from where it was expedited on 21 June 1942 to Indiantown Gap Military Reservation for wartime overseas deployment final preparation. The division, now under the command of Major General Terry Allen, a distinguished World War I veteran, departed the New York Port of Embarkation on 1 August 1942, arrived in Beaminster in south-west England about a week later, and departed 22 October 1942 for the combat amphibious assault of North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nAs part of II Corps, the division landed in Oran, Algeria on 8 November 1942 as part of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa. Elements of the division then took part in combat at Maktar, Tebourba, Medjez el Bab, the Battle of Kasserine Pass (where American forces were pushed back), and Gafsa. It then led the Allied assault in brutal fighting at El Guettar, B\u00e9ja, and Mateur. The 1st Infantry Division was in combat in the Tunisian Campaign from 21 January 1943 to 9 May 1943, helping secure Tunisia. The campaign ended just days later, with the surrender of almost 250,000 Axis soldiers. After months of nearly continuous fighting, the division had a short rest before training for the next operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nIn July 1943, the division took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, still under the command of Major General Allen. Lieutenant General George S. Patton, commanding the U.S. Seventh Army, specifically requested the division as part of his forces for the invasion of Sicily. It was still assigned to the II Corps. In Sicily the 1st Division saw heavy action when making amphibious landings opposed by Italian and German tanks at the Battle of Gela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe 1st Division then moved up through the center of Sicily, slogging it out through the mountains along with the 45th Infantry Division. In these mountains, the division saw some of the heaviest fighting in the entire Sicilian campaign at the Battle of Troina; some units losing more than half their strength in assaulting the mountain town. On 7 August 1943, Major General Allen was relieved of his command by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, then commanding the II Corps. Allen was replaced by Major General Clarence R. Huebner who was, like Allen, a decorated veteran of World War I who had served with the 1st Infantry Division throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nWhen that campaign was over, the division returned to England, arriving there on 5 November 1943 to prepare for the eventual invasion of Normandy. One regimental combat team of 1st Infantry Division and one regimental combat team from the 29th Infantry Division as well as A,B,C companies of the 2nd Rangers Battalion and the 5th Rangers Battalion comprised the first wave of troops that assaulted German Army defenses on Omaha Beach on D-Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe division had to run 300 yards to get to the bluffs, with some of the division's units suffering 30 percent casualties in the first hour of the assault, and secured Formigny and Caumont in the beachhead by the end of the day. The division followed up the Saint-L\u00f4 break-through with an attack on Marigny, 27 July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe division then drove across France in a continuous offensive. It took large numbers of prisoners during the Battle of the Mons Pocket, and reached the German border at Aachen in September. The division laid siege to Aachen, taking the city after a direct assault on 21 October 1944. The 1st Division then attacked east of Aachen through the H\u00fcrtgen Forest, driving to the Ruhr, and was moved to a rear area 7 December 1944 for refitting and rest following 6 months of combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nWhen the German Wacht Am Rhein offensive (commonly called the Battle of the Bulge) was launched on 16 December 1944, the division was quickly moved to the Ardennes front. Fighting continuously from 17 December 1944 to 28 January 1945, the division helped to blunt and reverse the German offensive. Thereupon, the division, now commanded by Major General Clift Andrus, attacked and again breached the Siegfried Line, fought across the Ruhr, 23 February 1945, and drove on to the Rhine, crossing at the Remagen bridgehead, 15\u201316 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0018-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe division broke out of the bridgehead, took part in the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket, captured Paderborn, pushed through the Harz Mountains, and was in Czechoslovakia, fighting at Kyn\u0161perk nad Oh\u0159\u00ed, Prameny, and Mnichov (Doma\u017elice District) when the war in Europe ended. Sixteen members of the division were awarded the Medal of Honor during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Korean War\nDuring the Korean War, the Big Red One was assigned to occupation duty in Germany, while acting as a strategic deterrent against Soviet designs on Europe. 1st Infantry Division troops secured the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials and later transported seven convicted Nazi war criminals to Spandau Prison in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Korean War\nIn 1955, the division colors left Germany and were relocated to Fort Riley, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, 1950s\u20131970s\nFollowing its return from Germany, the 1st Infantry Division established headquarters at Fort Riley, Kansas. Its troops reorganized and trained for war at Fort Riley and at other posts. In 1962 and 1963, four 1st Infantry Division Pentomic battle groups (2nd Battle Group, 12th Infantry; 1st Battle Group, 13th Infantry; 1st Battle Group, 28th Infantry; and 2d Battle Group, 26th Infantry) rotated, in turn, to West Berlin, Germany to augment the U.S. Army's Berlin Brigade during an international crisis initiated by construction of the Berlin Wall. These \"Long Thrust Operations\" were the most significant deployments conducted by 1st Infantry Division troops during the Cold War, placing Big Red One troops in confrontation with hostile communist forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, 1950s\u20131970s\nFrom President Kennedy's approval on 25 May 1961, the Army divisions began to convert to the \"Reorganization Objective Army Division 1965\" (ROAD) structure in early 1962. While the bulk of the division was moved to Fort Riley in April 1970 (the colors returning to Kansas from Vietnam) replacing the inactivated 24th Infantry Division, its 3d Brigade, the Division Forward replacement component of REFORGER for the inactivated 24th Infantry Division, a mixture of cavalry and infantry, was forward-deployed to Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, 1950s\u20131970s\nThe brigade was initially stationed at , later moving to Cooke Barracks in G\u00f6ppingen, with four battalions (two infantry, two armor) and the 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry stationed in Stuttgart/Boeblingen (Panzer Kaserne) and the field artillery battalion in Neu Ulm (Wiley Kaserne) with the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry in G\u00f6ppingen and the 3d Battalion, 63d Armor in Augsburg. The Division Forward was inactivated on 15 August 1991 and the Big Red One became a two-brigade division with an assigned National Guard \"roundout\" brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\nThe division fought in the Vietnam War from 1965 to 1970. Arriving in July 1965, the division began combat operations within two weeks. By the end of 1965 the division had participated in three major operations: Hump, Bushmaster 1 and Bushmaster II, under the command of MG Jonathan O. Seaman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\nIn 1966, the division took part in Operation Marauder, Operation Crimp II and Operation Rolling Stone, all in the early part of the year. In March, Major General William E. DePuy took command. In June and July the division took part in the battles of Ap Tau O, Srok Dong and Minh Thanh Road. In November 1966, the division participated in Operation Attleboro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\n1967 saw the division in Operation Cedar Falls, Operation Junction City, Operation Manhattan, Operation Billings, and Operation Shenandoah II. MG John H. Hay assumed command in February. On 17 June 1967, during Operation Billings, the division suffered 185 casualties, 35 killed and 150 wounded in the battle of Xom Bo II. Three months later on 17 October 1967, the 1st I.D suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of Ong Thanh with 58 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\nThe division was involved in the Tet Offensive of 1968, securing the massive Tan Son Nhut Air Base. In March, MG Keith L. Ware took command. That same month the division took part in Operation Quyet Thang (\"Resolve to Win\") and in April the division participated in the largest operation of the Vietnam War, Operation Toan Thang (\"Certain Victory\"). On 13 September, the division commander, MG Ware, was killed in action when his command helicopter was shot down by enemy anti-aircraft fire. MG Orwin C. Talbott moved up from his position of assistant division commander to assume command of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\nIn the first half of 1969, The Big Red One conducted reconnaissance-in-force and ambush operations, including a multi-divisional operation, Atlas Wedge. The last part of the year saw the division take part in Dong Tien (\"Progress Together\") operations. These operations were intended to assist South Vietnamese forces to take a more active role in combat. In August, MG A. E. Milloy took command of the 1st I.D. while the division took part in battles along National Highway 13, known as \"Thunder Road\" to the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\nIn January 1970 it was announced that the division would return to Fort Riley. The division officially departed South Vietnam on 7 April 1970, when the division commander Brigadier General John Q. Henion, left Bien Hoa Air Base and returned the colors to Fort Riley. 11 members of the division were awarded the Medal of Honor. During its involvement in the Vietnam war, the division lost 6,146 killed in action, with a further 16,019 wounded. Twenty of its number were taken as prisoners-of-war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\n1st Brigade, 1st Inf Div Oct 1965 \u2013 Apr 1970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\n1st Bn/16th Inf Oct 1965 \u2013 Nov 19661st Bn/28th Inf Oct 1965 \u2013 Apr 19702nd Bn/28th Inf Oct 1965 \u2013 Nov 19661st Bn/2nd Inf Dec 1966 \u2013 Apr 19701st Bn/26th Inf Dec 1966 \u2013 Jan 19702nd Bn(M)/2nd Inf Feb 1970 \u2013 Apr 19702nd Bn/28th Inf [2] Feb 1970 \u2013 Apr 19701st Bn/5th Art (105mm How) DS 1st Bde Oct 1965 \u2013 Apr 1970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\n2nd Brigade, 1st Inf Div Jul 1965 \u2013 Apr 1970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\n2nd Bn/16th Inf Jul 1965 \u2013 Apr 19701st Bn/18th Inf Jul 1965 \u2013 Jan 19702nd Bn/18th Inf Jul 1965 \u2013 Apr 19701st Bn(M)/16th Inf Feb 1970 \u2013 Apr 19701st Bn/7th Art (105mm How) DS 2nd Bde Oct 1965* \u2013 Apr 1970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\n3rd Brigade, 1st Inf Div Oct 1965 \u2013 Apr 1970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\n1st Bn/2nd Inf Oct 1965 \u2013 Nov 19662nd Bn/2nd Inf Oct 1965 \u2013 Feb 1969 mechanized by Jan 19651st Bn/26th Inf Oct 1965 \u2013 Nov 19661st Bn/16th Inf Dec 1966 \u2013 Jan 1970 mechanized ca Oct 19682nd Bn/28th Inf Dec 1966 \u2013 Jan 19702nd Bn(M)/2nd Inf [2] Apr 1969 \u2013 Jan 19701st Bn/18th Inf Feb 1970 \u2013 Apr 19701st Bn/26th Inf Feb 1970 \u2013 Apr 19702nd Bn/33rd Art (105mm How) DS 3rd Bde Oct 1965 \u2013 Apr 1970", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, Vietnam War\n2nd Bn (M)/2nd Inf with 1st Cavalry Division Mar 1969", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Cold War, REFORGER\nThe division participated in REFORGER (Return of Forces in Germany) in all years. REFORGER was the largest set of NATO ground maneuvers since the end of World War II. The group performed surveillance on the border of Czechoslovakia and Germany during the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, First Gulf War\nThe division, commanded by Major General , also participated in Operation Desert Storm. The division's two maneuver brigades from Fort Riley were rounded out by the addition of two tank battalions (2nd and 3rd, 66th Armor), an infantry battalion (1-41st Infantry), and a field artillery battalion (4-3 FA) from 2nd Armored Division (Forward) in Germany. The division played a significant role in the Battle of Norfolk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, First Gulf War\nSpecific combat arms and combat support units of the 3rd Battalion, 37th Armor and others were responsible for the initial breach of the Iraqi defenses providing subsequent passages for the rest of VII Corps, consequently rolling over the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division and taking 2,600 prisoners of war. The division continued with the subsequent 260-kilometre (160\u00a0mi) long assault on Iraqi-held territory over 100 hours, engaging eleven Iraqi divisions, destroying 550 tanks, 480 armored personnel carriers and taking 11,400 prisoners. 1st Infantry Division Artillery, including 4-3 FA battalion, was decisive during combat operations performing multiple raids and fire missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0037-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, First Gulf War\nThese combat operations resulted in the destruction of 50 enemy tanks, 139 APCs, 30 air defense systems, 152 artillery pieces, 27 missile launchers, 108 mortars, and 548 wheeled vehicles, 61 trench lines and bunker positions, 92 dug in and open infantry targets, and 34 logistical sites. By the early morning of 28 February 1991, the division had taken position along the \"Highway of Death\", preventing any Iraqi retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0037-0003", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, First Gulf War\nThe division's HHC, Alpha, Bravo, Charlie and Delta 3/37 Armor, HHC, Alpha, Bravo, Charlie and Delta 4/37 Armor, and 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment (1/4 CAV), was then tasked with securing the town of Safwan, Iraq, and the airfield there where the Iraqis were later forced to sign the surrender agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, First Gulf War\nFor extraordinary heroism during ground combat operations in Operation Desert Storm from 24 February 1991 through 4 March 1991. Organized as Task Force 3/37th Armor, the Unit was composed of HHC, B, and C Companies, 3/37th Armor; A and D Company, Second Battalion, Sixteenth Infantry; First Platoon of B Company and Second Platoon of C Company, Second Battalion, Third Air Defense Artillery; C Company, First Engineer Battalion; and Ground Surveillance Radar Team B, One Hundred and First Military Intelligence Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, First Gulf War\nAs part of the First Infantry Division (Mechanized) and VII Corps main effort, Task Forces 3/37th Armor, 2/16th infantry and 4/37th armor breached the Iraqi defense on 24 February 1991, clearing four passage lanes and expanding the gap under direct enemy fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0038-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, First Gulf War\nThe task force then attacked 300 kilometres (190\u00a0mi) across southern Iraq into northern Kuwait, severing Iraqi lines of communication, and then drove north once again in the middle of the night (with primitive GPS),into Iraq to assist in the seizure of the airfield at the City of Safwan, Iraq the next morning and the securing of that airfield for the Coalition Forces-Iraqi Cease-Fire negotiations or \"peace talks\". During the operation, over fifty enemy combat vehicles were destroyed and over 1700 prisoners were captured. Throughout the Ground War, the soldiers performed with marked distinction under difficult and hazardous conditions. Their gallantry, determination, and Esprit de Corps guaranteed victory and maintained the finest traditions of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, First Gulf War\nThere was also the \"bulldozer assault\", wherein the 1st and 2nd Brigades from the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) used mine plows mounted on tanks and combat earthmovers to bury Iraqi soldiers defending the fortified \"Saddam Line.\" While approximately 2,000 men surrendered, escaping death, one newspaper story reported that U.S. commanders estimated thousands of Iraqi soldiers had been buried alive during the two-day assault over period 24\u201325 February 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, First Gulf War\nIn 1996 the division colors were relocated to the German city of W\u00fcrzburg (replacing the 3rd Infantry Division, which had relocated to Fort Stewart, GA). The division would remain in Germany until 2006, when the colors were struck and moved (again) to Fort Riley, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Balkans\nThe divisional cavalry squadron, 1st Squadron 4th US Cavalry deployed to Bosnia as part of the initial IFOR mission from January to December 1996. The Squadron was based in Camp Alicia near the town of Kalesija. 2nd (Dagger) Brigade Combat Team deployed to Bosnia as part of IFOR (and subsequent SFOR) from October 1996 to April 1997. 2nd Brigade was replaced by elements from the 3rd Brigade and the division's aviation brigade. Units from the 1st (Devil) Brigade Combat Team also deployed to Bosnia as part of SFOR6 (\"Operation Joint Forge\") from August 1999 to April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Balkans\nElements of the division, to include personnel and units from the 2nd, 3rd and aviation brigades, served in Kosovo. During the Kosovo War three soldiers were captured by Serbian forces but were later released after peace talks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Balkans\nUnits of the 1st Infantry Division served in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) 1A and KFOR 1B from June 1999 to June 2000, then again for KFOR 4A and 4B from May 2002 to July 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2003 and 2004\nIn January 2003, the division headquarters deployed to Turkey to command and control Army Forces Turkey (ARFOR-T) with a mission to receive and move the 4th Infantry Division across Turkey and into Northern Iraq. The task organization included HHC Division, 1\u20134 Cavalry, 1\u201326 Infantry, 1\u20136 Field Artillery, 2-1 Aviation, HHC Engineer Brigade, 9th Engineers, HHC DISCOM, 701 Main Support Battalion, 601 Aviation Support Battalion, 4-3 Air Defense Artillery, 101 Military Intelligence Battalion, 121 Signal Battalion, 12th Chemical Company, and other US Army Europe units to include the Theater Support Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2003 and 2004\nThe division opened three seaports, two airports, three command posts, and convoy support centers along a 500-mile route from the Turkish coast, through Mardin, to the Northern Iraqi border. When the Turkish government voted to deny US ground forces access to Turkey, ARFOR-T collapsed the line of communication and redeployed to Germany home stations in April 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2003 and 2004\n1\u201363 Armor of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team deployed to Kirkuk, Iraq from Rose Barracks, Germany, during the first-ever deployment of the USAREUR (United States Army Europe) Immediate Ready Task Force (IRTF) in March 2003, in support of the 173rd Airborne Brigade. The battalion redeployed to Europe with the 173rd in March 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2003 and 2004\nThe 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division deployed from Fort Riley, Kansas in September 2003 to provide support to the 82nd Airborne Division in the city of Ramadi, Iraq. In September 2004, the 1st Brigade was replaced by elements from the 2nd Infantry Division in Ramadi and redeployed to Ft. Riley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2003 and 2004\nIn January 2004, the division less the 1st Brigade Combat Team deployed from home stations in Germany to Iraq, where it conducted an area relief with the 4th Infantry Division in the Salah ad-Din, Diyala, Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah provinces, with the division headquarters located on Forward Operating Base Danger, in Saddam Hussein's hometown of Tikrit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0047-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2003 and 2004\nTask Force Danger, as the division was called during OIF2, was augmented with the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team of the North Carolina Army National Guard, the 264th Engineer Group of the Wisconsin Army National Guard, the 167th Corps Support Group, 1st ROC (USAR), and the 2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry Regiment of the New York Army National Guard. The 2nd Brigade Combat Team was headquartered in Tikrit, the 3rd Brigade Combat Team was headquartered outside Baqubah, and the 30th BCT was headquartered in Kirkuk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0047-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2003 and 2004\nThe 4th Brigade and Division Support Command were based at Forward Operating Base Spiecher north of Tikrit. Task Force Danger conducted counterinsurgency operations, to include the full spectrum of combat, peace enforcement, training and equipping Iraqi security forces, support to Iraqi institutions to improve quality of life, and two national elections. Major combat included operations in Baqubah, Samarra, Bayji, Najaf, Al Diwaniyah, and Fallujah. In February 2005, the division facilitated an area relief with the 42d Infantry Division, New York National Guard, and elements of the 3rd Infantry Division and redeployed to home stations in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Rebasing to US\nIn July 2006 the division was withdrawn from Germany back to Fort Riley in CONUS, leaving only 2nd (Dagger) Brigade in Schweinfurt, Germany until 28 March 2008 when the 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division was reorganized and re-designated as the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2006\u20132008\nThe 2nd (Dagger) Brigade Combat Team deployed to Iraq from mid-August 2006 to late November 2007. 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment was the first to embark and was sent to the Adhamiya district of Baghdad to assist in suppressing the widespread sectarian violence. The 1st Battalion, 77th Armor Regiment was deployed to Ramadi and the 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment was sent to Forward Operating Base Falcon in the Al Rashid district of southwest Baghdad. HQ and HQ Company 2BCT, 1st ID, 9th Engineer Battalion, 1st Battalion, 7th Field Artillery Regiment, 299th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0049-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2006\u20132008\nSupport Battalion, C/101 MI BN, and 57th Signal Company were all (Dagger) units occupying Camp Liberty, a sprawling encampment of 30,000+ military and DoD civilians located just east of Baghdad International Airport (BIAP). 2BCT MP PLT (formerly 2nd Platoon, 1st Military Police Company) was located at FOB (Forward Operating Base) Justice. During the 15-month deployment, 61 soldiers from the brigade were killed, including 31 from 1\u201326 infantry, which had the most casualties in any single battalion since the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2006\u20132008\nElements from Fort Riley's 1st (Devil) Brigade deployed in the fall of 2006 to other area of operations in Iraq. Units include companies from the 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry; 1st Battalion, 34th Armor; 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery; 1st Engineer Battalion; and D Troop, 4th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Transition team training mission\nState-side training for the military transition teams () is located at Fort Riley, Kansas. Training began 1 June 2006. Some of the units such as the 18th Infantry Regiment, the 26th Infantry Regiment, and the 16th Infantry Regiment have already gone into Afghanistan along with some reconnaissance units. Those units have been in the Kunar Province since mid-2006. As of fall 2009 the transition team training mission has moved to Fort Polk, and the 1st Brigade has transitioned into a combat ready force with possible plans to deploy in the next few years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 90], "content_span": [91, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2007\nIn February 2007, the 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team deployed to southern Baghdad in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. the second unit tasked with the \"surge\" announced earlier in the year by President Bush. The main force of the brigade was under Col \"Ricky\" Gibbs at FOB Falcon. 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry was put under operational control of 2nd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, and located at FOB Rustamiyah (Featured in the Book \"the Good Soldiers\" by Washington Post reporter David Finkel)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2007\nIn the fall of 2007, the Combat Aviation Brigade (Demon Brigade), 1st Infantry Division deployed to Iraq and was placed under the command of Multinational Division \u2013 North located at COB Spiecher. The majority of the CAB is stationed at COB Spiecher, with the 1st Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment and some supporting elements stationed at FOB Warrior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Afghanistan 2008\u20132009\nIn June and July 2008, 3rd Brigade, \"Duke\", deployed to Eastern Afghanistan under the command of CJTF-101, relieving the 173rd Airborne Brigade and taking control of the Kunar, Nuristan, Nangarhar, and Laghman provinces. One of the brigades infantry battalions, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry, was tasked out down south in the Kandahar province outside of the brigade command. The 6th Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment was tasked with securing the Kunar Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0054-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Afghanistan 2008\u20132009\nCombat Outposts Keating and Lowell were engaged in combat on nearly a daily basis while Observation Posts Hatchet and Mace disrupted Taliban supply lines and took the brunt of attacks from the east out of Pakistan. They were involved in the infamous Battle of Bari Alai, where 3 American soldiers and 2 Latvian soldiers were killed. The battle lasted over the course of 4 days where the fatigued soldiers of Charlie Troop and Hatchet Troop were continuously harassed by Taliban fighters after retaking the observation post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0054-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Afghanistan 2008\u20132009\n6-4 Cavalry had the most casualties of the brigade with the exception of the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment, who were continuously engaged with the Taliban in the Korengal Valley. CNN branded the brigade \"The Dying Duke\" because of the brutality and high casualty rate of the unit in their time in theater. Main focuses of the brigade and PRT were to protect population centers such as Jalalabad and Asadabad and help develop the local economy through the construction of roads, and provide security while doing so. The brigade returned to Ft. Hood, Texas in July 2009 after a year of combat in which they recorded over 2000 firefights, over 3000 enemy killed, over 1000 bombs dropped, 26,000 rounds of artillery fire and over 500 Purple Hearts awarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2008\u20132009\nIn October 2008, the 2nd Heavy Brigade Combat Team deployed to northwest Baghdad in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The brigade HQ was located on VBC (Victory Base Complex) and the brigade was responsible for the NW quarter of Baghdad. During this deployment soldiers of the 1st CAB (Combined Arms Battalion), 18th Infantry Regiment were located on FOB Justice. The 1st CAB, 63rd Armor was initially located in Mah-Muh-Diyah (south of Baghdad) and then relocated to JSS Nasir wa Salam (NWS) in the Abu Ghraib area to the west of Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0055-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2008\u20132009\n5th Squadron, 4th Cavalry was located in the Ghazaliyah area of West Baghdad where they battled the 1920s Revolutionary Brigade and eventually wrested control of the area from them. The 1st Battalion, 7th Field Artillery was located on FOB Prosperity within the \"Green Zone\", and the 2nd Brigade Special Troops Battalion located in the Victory Base Complex. During this deployment, the 4th Squadron, 10th Cavalry, 2nd Battalion, 8th (US) Cavalry Regiment was attached to the brigade for several months, as well as the 1st Battalion, 41st Field Artillery, and a battalion from the 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team (PAARNG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2008\u20132009\nThe most notable events which occurred during this time were the Iraqi provincial elections, the expiration of the UN Mandate and the corresponding implementation of the security agreement (SA), between the Government of Iraq and the United States, and \"Bloody Wednesday\" 19 August 2009 coordinated bombing of the finance ministry and the foreign ministry, with rocket attacks in the green zone. The bombings resulted in 101 dead and over 560 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0056-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2008\u20132009\nThe Dagger Brigade experienced constant, albeit minor, enemy contact during this deployment\u2014although the brigade still had two KIAs (one serving as the brigade deputy commander's personal security detachment and one from the attached PAARNG battalion) and numerous WIA. During this deployment, LTC J.B. Richardson III (commander of 5\u20134 CAV) earned a Bronze Star for Valor for single-handedly assaulting through an enemy RKG-3 ambush and inflicting multiple casualties on the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2009\u20132010\n4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Dragons) deployed in August 2009 as one of the last combat units to be deployed to Iraq. Under the Command of Colonel Henry A. Arnold III. The Brigade experienced two casualties over the course of the deployment. Spc. Tony Carrasco Jr. Died 4 November 2009. 2nd Battalion 32nd Field Artillery. Spc. Jacob Dohrenwend. 21 June 2010. 1st Battalion 28th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2010\u20132011\n1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team headquarters with their Brigade Support Battalion (BSB) and Special Troops Battalion deployed to Kirkuk, Iraq in October 2010 to establish the 1-1 Advise and Assist Task Force as part of Operation New Dawn. They were later joined by 1\u20135 Field Artillery in northern Iraq in late spring 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2010\u20132011\n2nd Heavy Brigade Combat Team deployed to Baghdad, Iraq in November 2010 in an advise and assist role as part of Operation New Dawn under the command of COL Paul T. Calvert. The brigade HQ was located at Victory Base Complex, where it was co-located within the USD-C Division HQ building and shared the same TOC. This unique C2 relationship earned the brigade the moniker of the \"Luckiest Brigade in the Army\" from the USD-C commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0059-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2010\u20132011\nThe brigade was placed under USD-C (initially 1st AD, then 25th Infantry Division after Dec 2011) and was single-handedly responsible for the entire province of Baghdad. As the brigade responsible for the \"center of gravity\" (i.e. Baghdad) for United States Forces-Iraq, the 2nd \"Dagger\" Brigade was responsible for advising and assisting 50% of the Iraqi security forces within Iraq to include two Iraqi corps HQ (the Karkh Area Command and Rusafa Area Command) and seven Iraqi divisions (6th IA, 9th IA\u2014Mechanized, 17th IA, 11th IA, 1st FP, 2nd FP, and 4th FP) and 50,000 Iraqi policemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2010\u20132011\nThe 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment, commanded by LTC John Cross, was located at Camp Taji and FOB Old MOD. They were partnered with the 9th and 11th IA Divisions. 1st Battalion, 7th FA, commanded by LTC Andrew Gainey, was located at JSS Loyalty. They were partnered with the 1st Federal Police Division. 1st Battalion, 63rd Armored, commanded by LTC Michael Henderson, was located at JSS Deason, Muthana Airfield, and VBC. They were partnered with the 6th and 17th IA Divisions. 5th Squadron, 4th Cavalry, commanded by LTC Mathew Moore was located at JSS Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0060-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2010\u20132011\nThey were partnered with the 2nd and 4th FP Divisions. The Special Troops Battalion, commanded by LTC Shilisa Geter, was located at VBC (Victory Base Complex) and partnered with the Baghdad Police Directorate. Meanwhile, due to the drawdown of US forces and the redeployment of theater-level sustainment brigades, the 299th BSB, commanded by LTC Dale Farrand, assumed the area support mission for all DOD and DOS elements within the province of Baghdad in addition to supporting the Dagger Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2010\u20132011\nSignificant events during this deployment included the resumption of attacks by the Sadrist movement and other Iranian-backed militia, the subsequent operations that stopped those attacks, the rearward passage of lines of USD-North as they redeployed through Baghdad, the organization and training of divisional field artillery regiments for the IA divisions, the fielding of M1 tanks for the 9th IA Division, and the hand-over of all US facilities within Baghdad to the Government of Iraq or elements of the US State Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0061-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Iraq 2010\u20132011\nDuring this deployment the brigade simultaneously trained ISF units to the point of conducting Iraqi-led battalion CALFEXs, advised ISF units as they conducted hundreds of Iraqi-led raids which disrupted the attacks of Iranian-backed militia, while also conducting unilateral and combined force protection operations to ensure the security of US bases and redeploying US forces. The brigade experienced nine KIAs during this deployment, the majority of which resulted from a single IRAM attack (improvised rocket-assisted munition) conducted against JSS Loyalty by Iranian-backed militia on 6 June 2011. The brigade departed Iraq in November 2011 after having turned the majority of the city of Baghdad over to complete Iraqi control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Afghanistan 2011\u20132012\nFrom 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team, 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry (CAB) and 4th Squadron, 4th Cavalry deployed to Afghanistan in the winter of 2011, with 2nd Battalion, 34th Armor (CAB) later deploying in the spring of 2011. 1\u201316 IN (CAB) was assigned to support the combined joint special task force, the Iron Rangers were deployed to 58 remote locations across Afghanistan. They completed more than 10,000 missions as part of village stability operations with the Afghan people. The operations connected the government of Afghanistan to the village level and taught Afghans about their constitution. 2\u201334 AR (CAB) was deployed to Maiwand, Kandahar Province located southern Afghanistan near the Kandahar/Helmand Province border. 4-4 Cavalry was deployed to central Zhari District, Kandahar province and conducted thousands of combat patrols throughout the birthplace and homeland of the Taliban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 976]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Afghanistan 2011\u20132012\n3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team deployed to Khost and Paktya provinces in Eastern Afghanistan in January 2011. 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment was once again detached from the brigade and deployed to Ghazni province under Polish command. The brigade conducted Operations Tofan I and II. Tofan I's mission was to disrupt insurgent safe havens in the Musa Khel region of Khowst Province, improve the ability for the government to reach the people there and gather intelligence for planning future operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0063-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Afghanistan 2011\u20132012\nTofan II's mission was to establish contact with the insurgents, disrupt their logistics, and reduce any material or moral support from the local population. Movement to the extremely remote area, which featured narrow or non-existent roads set among mountains, included mounted and dismounted soldiers who also had to be aware of the need to control the key terrain features around Suri Kheyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Afghanistan 2012\u20132013\nThe 1st Infantry Division headquarters deployed to Bagram, Afghanistan on 19 April 2012 as part of Operation Enduring Freedom XIII after receiving responsibility for Regional Command (East)(RC(E)) from 1st Cavalry Division. The division served as the Combined Joint Task Force-1 (CJTF-1) and RC(E), command and controlling the vital region (Bamiyan, Parwan, Panjshayr, Kapisa, Laghman, Nuristan, Konar, Nangarhar, Maiden Wardak, Logar, Paktiya, Khowst, Ghazni, and Paktika) surrounding Kabul and a large portion of the volatile border with Pakistan. During the division's tenure in Afghanistan, the division oversaw a transition of authority to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF)201st Corps north of Kabul and had prepared the ANSF 203rd Corps to assume full security responsibility south of Kabul prior to transitioning RC(E) to 101st Airborne Division (AASLT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 950]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Afghanistan 2012\u20132013\nThe 4th IBCT deployed to Afghanistan in May 2012 for a 9-month deployment. The brigade operated in Ghazni and Paktika provinces in eastern Afghanistan. Dragon Brigade concluded its deployment in February 2013, transitioning oversight of Ghazni province to 1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division and Paktika province to 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division and full security responsibility for those provinces to 3rd and 2nd Brigades, ANSF 203rd Corps, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Operation Inherent Resolve\nIn response to the growing ISIL threat the Department of Defense announced on 25 September 2014 that approximately 500 soldiers from 1st Infantry Division Headquarters will be deployed to Iraq with the task of assisting Iraqi Security Forces. This will be the first Division HQ deployed in Iraq since withdrawal back in 2011. Among the soldiers sent over approximately 200 will be stationed in Baghdad, where they will make up close to half of US troops deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Operation Inherent Resolve\nIn mid-October 2016 the US Army announced it will deploy about 500 soldiers from the 1st Infantry Division Headquarters to Iraq in the fall of 2016. Troops will assume the role of Combined Joint Forces Land Component Command-Iraq in support of Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Operation Freedom's Sentinel\nIn late July 2016, the U.S. Army announced that it will send 800 soldiers from 1st Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Infantry Division, to Afghanistan to support Operation Freedom's Sentinel \u2013 the U.S. counter-terrorism operation against the remnants of al-Qaeda, ISIS\u2013K and other terror groups. The brigade will deploy with its AH-64 Apache attack helicopters and UH-60 Black Hawk utility helicopters sometime before October 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Operation Atlantic Resolve\nIn April 2017, Military.com reported that approximately 4,000 soldiers from the 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division will deploy to Europe as part of Operation Atlantic Resolve, replacing the 3rd Armored BCT, 4th Infantry Division in a regular rotation of forces. The unit deployed in September 2017 and redeployed in June 2018, serving throughout Eastern Europe conducting readiness and inter-operability training with NATO Allies to assure U.S. Allies and deter aggression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0069-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Post-Cold War era, Operation Atlantic Resolve\nThe Division Headquarters deployed part of its headquarters in March 2018 to Poznan, Poland, to serve as the U.S. Army Europe's Mission Command Element forward providing mission command of the Regionally Aligned Forces serving in Atlantic Resolve. They are scheduled to remain until June 2020. In January the division's 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team and 1st Combat Aviation Brigade deployed to Eastern Europe in Support of Operation Atlantic Resolve with the mission of building readiness, assuring Allies, and deterring aggression on the continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Insignia\nNo credible source states how the insignia of the 1st Infantry Division originated in World War I. There are two theories as to how the idea of the patch came about. The first theory states that the 1st Division supply trucks were manufactured in England. To make sure the 1st Division's trucks were not confused with other allies, the drivers would paint a huge \"1\" on the side of each truck. Later, the division engineers would go even farther and put a red number one on their sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Insignia\nThe second theory claims that a general of the division decided the unit should have a shoulder insignia. He decided to cut a red numeral \"1\" from his flannel underwear. When he showed his prototype to his men, one lieutenant said, \"the general's underwear is showing!\" Offended, the general challenged the young lieutenant to come up with something better. So, the young officer cut a piece of gray cloth from the uniform of a captured soldier, and placed the red \"1\" on top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Music, Band\nThe 1st Infantry Division Band (abbreviated as the 1ID Band and often known as the Big Red One Band) is the musical ambassador for the division that performs for military ceremonies at Fort Riley and the surrounding communities in the Midwest. The 38-member band contains the Concert Wind Ensemble, the Marching Band, a Seated Ceremonial Band as well as other specialized ensembles. The band was notably involved in the Thunder Road incident in Vietnam, during which Major General John Hay ordered the band to march down \"Thunder Road\", for one mile while playing the Colonel Bogey March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0072-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Music, Band\nThe road, which was critical to the division's operations, was under the control of a North Vietnamese Army regiment. Confused by the action, the regiment withdrew from the area, with the band fulfilling a remarkable combat mission without firing a shot. In 2008, A parachutist injured three members of the band after crashing into them following getting off course during military review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Music, Song\nToast of the Army,Favorite Son! Hail to the brave Big Red One! Always the first to thirst for a fight. No foe shall challenge our right to victory. We take the field, A grand sight to see. Pride of the Infantry. Men of a great division,Courage is our tradition,Forward the Big Red One!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Music, Song\nAccording to the 1st Infantry Division history, the song was composed in 1943 by Captain Donald T. Kellett, who retired after a 30-year career as a colonel and died in 1991. Later revised from \"Men of a great division\" to \"Soldiers of a great division\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159146-0075-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (United States), Current structure\n1st Infantry Division consists of the following elements: a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, two armored brigade combat teams, a division artillery, a combat aviation brigade, a sustainment brigade, and a combat sustainment support battalion. The field artillery battalions remain attached to their brigade combat teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 1st Infantry Division, (German: 1. Infanterie-Division) was one of the original infantry divisions of the Reichswehr and Wehrmacht that served throughout World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Before World War II\nOriginally formed as the beginning of Germany's first wave of rearmament, the division was first given the title of Artillerief\u00fchrer I and only later called Wehrgauleitung K\u00f6nigsberg. These names were an effort to cover Germany's expansion of infantry divisions from seven to twenty-one. The division's infantry regiments were built up from the 1. (Preussisches) Infanterie-Regiment of the 1.Division of the Reichswehr and originally consisted of recruits from East Prussia. The unit's Prussian heritage is represented by the Hohenzollern coat of arms that served as the divisional insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Before World War II\nUpon the official revelation of the Wehrmacht in October 1935, the unit received its title of 1.Infanterie-Division. In February 1936, the headquarters of the division was moved from Insterburg to K\u00f6nigsberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, World War II, Invasion of Poland\nWith the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the 1st Infantry Division advanced toward Warsaw as a component of the XXVI Army Corps in von K\u00fcchler's 3rd Army. It engaged Polish forces near the heavily defended town of M\u0142awa (see Battle of M\u0142awa) for several days, then crossed over the Bug and Narew Rivers. It fought again near W\u0119gr\u00f3w and Garwolin and ended the campaign east of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, World War II, Battle of France\nPlaying a minor role in the invasion of France, the division returned to East Prussia in the autumn of 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, World War II, Eastern Front\nWith the launch of Operation Barbarossa, the 1st Infantry Division participated in the Baltic Operation as part of the 18th Army with Army Group North, advancing on Leningrad. It remained and fought in the area of Leningrad and Lake Ladoga through December 1943. (See Siege of Leningrad.) Transferred to the 1st Panzer Army, the division fought at Krivoy Rog and broke out of an encirclement in March 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, World War II, Defence of East Prussia\nThe 1st Infantry Division returned to its native East Prussia in the summer 1944. Except for participating in the urgent and temporary link-up with the now-isolated Army Group North in Lithuania (Operation Doppelkopf), the unit remained to defend the easternmost German province from the advancing Red Army. Alternating between 3rd Panzer and 4th Armies, the division was trapped in the K\u00f6nigsberg/Samland area after it was cut off from the rest of Germany by end January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 81], "content_span": [82, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, World War II, Defence of East Prussia\nAt 0400 hours on 19 February 1945, elements of the 1st Infantry, led by a captured Soviet T-34 tank, spearheaded a westward offensive from K\u00f6nigsberg intended to link with General Hans Gollnick's XXVIII Corps, which held parts of the Samland peninsula, including the vital port of Pillau. Capturing the town of Metgethen, the unit opened the way for the 5th Panzer Division to join with Gollnick's forces near the town of Gross Heydekrug the next day. This action re-opened the land route from K\u00f6nigsberg to Pillau, allowing for the evacuation of civilian refugees via the port and solidifying the German defense of the area until April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 81], "content_span": [82, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, World War II, Defence of East Prussia\nWith the capitulation of K\u00f6nigsberg on 9 April 1945, the surviving elements of the division retreated to Pillau where most later surrendered to the Soviets and parts of the division where evacuated by sea and surrendered to the British in Schleswig-Holstein at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 81], "content_span": [82, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organization\nThe 1st Infantry Division was a \"Wave 1\" division, meaning it existed prior to the outbreak of the war. It was equipped and organized along standard lines for a German infantry division. Its original form in 1934 consisted of two infantry regiments, an artillery regiment, a pioneer battalion, and a signals unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159147-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organization\nThe division invaded Poland with the following units under command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159148-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division Artillery (United States)\nThe 1st Infantry Division Artillery (DIVARTY) is the divisional artillery command and force fires headquarters for the 1st Infantry Division at Fort Riley, Kansas. The DIVARTY has served with the division from 1917 to 1939, 1940\u20131995, 1996\u20132005, and reactivated in October 2015. The unit has been stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, and in Germany, and has seen combat in World War I, World War II, the Vietnam War, Operation Desert Storm, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The DIVARTY provides a single proponent with the division for standardized fires certification and leader development while exemplifying effective mission command, and supporting the seamless cross-attachment of units with common procedures and a shared understanding of the fires warfighting capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159148-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division Artillery (United States), History, Interwar\nOn 7 October 1920, the 1st Field Artillery Brigade organized under the peacetime TO&E, which included two light (75mm) regiments, and ammunition train of battalion size and a medical detachment. In 1929, the medium (155mm) regiment returned to the brigade. Due to budgetary constraints, none of the units were manned or equipped to wartime strength. The 1st Division adopted a new peacetime TO&E in preparation for war on 8 January 1940, which included one light field artillery regiment of three battalions and one medium field artillery regiment of two battalions. The 1st Infantry Division reorganized again on 1 November 1940 to a new TO&E, which reorganized the Artillery Brigade into a division artillery command led by a brigadier general with one medium and three light field artillery battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 66], "content_span": [67, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159149-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division Museum\nThe 1st Infantry Division Museum is a museum located on Fort Riley in Kansas, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159149-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division Museum, Exhibits\nThe museum covers this history of the 1st Infantry Division (United States) from World War I to the present day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159149-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Division Museum, Visitor restrictions\nSince the museum is on an active U.S. Army base, there are restrictions on visitors, including requirements for photo identification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159150-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe 1st Infantry Regiment (1er R\u00e9giment d'Infanterie, abbreviated 1er RI) is an infantry regiment of the French Army, founded in 1479 as one of the oldest regiments in active service in the world. It is an offspring of the bande de Picardie under the Ancien regime, and one of the five oldest regiments in France. It particularly distinguished itself, as the 1\u00e8re Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne, during the French Revolutionary Wars at the Battle of Fleurus (1794), the Battle of Messkirch (1800) and the Battle of Biberach (1800). The regiment has been patroned by the city of Saint-Amand-Montrond since 12 April 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159150-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe 1er RI is the only French infantry regiment to feature a squadron specialised in urban warfare, the Groupe Commando d'Investigation (CGI, \"Investigation Commando Group\"). The CGI is, with the Compagnie de Combat en zone Urbaine of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, the benchmark for urban combat in the French military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159150-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (France), Honours\nThe flag bears the names of the battle in which the 1st Infantry Regiment took part for the French Republic: Valmy 1792, Fleurus 1794, Moeskirch 1800, Biberach 1800, Miliana 1842, Guise 1914, Verdun-l'Yser 1916-1917, La Somme 1916, L'Ourcq 1918, R\u00e9sistance Berry 1944, AFN 1952-1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159150-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (France), Honours\nDuring the Napoleonic Wars the regiment fought at the battles of Caldiero, Wagram, Salamanca, L\u00fctzen, Bautzen, Dresden, Leipzig, Montmirail, Vauchamps, Quatre Bras and Waterloo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159150-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (France), Honours\nThe Fourrag\u00e8re of the M\u00e9daille militaire was attributed on 10 September 1918, and presented by General Castelneau on 19 October 1918 in Alsace, after the regiment was Mentioned in Despatches at the order of the Army for the fourth time. It is adorned of the olive of the  Croix de Guerre 1914-1918, and of the olive of the Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 for two mentions in despatches awarded during the Phony War and in the French Resistance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159150-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (France), Honours\nFourrag\u00e8re of the M\u00e9daille militaire with olives of the croix de guerre 1914-1918 and 1939-1945", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece)\nThe 1st Infantry Regiment (Greek: 1\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, 1\u03bf \u03a3\u03a0) is a motorized infantry regiment of the Hellenic Army. Established in 1885 at Athens, it fought in all conflicts in which Greece participated until World War II, when it was disbanded following the German invasion of Greece. It was re-established as the 21st Brigade (21\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1) in 1945, and participated in the Greek Civil War. Receiving the designation 1st Infantry Regiment again in 1951, it was headquartered in Florina from 1952 until its disbandment in 1998. In 2013 it was re-established at Florina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History\nFrom the establishment of the Hellenic Army until the 1880s, the largest units created were battalions, due to the small extent of the Kingdom of Greece and the small size of its army. Only following the annexation of Thessaly in 1881 did both expand enough to warrant the establishment of regimental-sized units, and on 26 June 1885, by royal decree, the 27 available battalions were formed into nine regiments. As part of this reorganization, the 1st Infantry Regiment was established at Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History\nDuring the Greco-Turkish crisis of 1886, the regiment was ordered into Thessaly, but owing to the extremely poor state of the transportation network and the lack of sufficient means, the move proceeded very slowly, with only one battalion reaching as far as Thebes, and another Livadeia. With the end of the crisis, the regiment returned to Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History\nThe regiment took part in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 as part of the 2nd Infantry Division, except for one battalion that was sent to Crete as part of an expeditionary force under Colonel Timoleon Vassos. During the war in Thessaly, which was disastrous for Greece, the regiment fought in the battles of Mati, Domokos, Farsala, and Taratsa. It returned to Athens after the signing of the Treaty of Constantinople in November 1897.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Balkan Wars\nIn the lead-up to the First Balkan War, the regiment was mobilized on 17 September 1912, again as part of the 2nd Division, in the Army of Thessaly. With the outbreak of the war on 5 May, it crossed the border and participated in the opening skirmishes of the Battle of Elassona. On 9 October it fought in the Battle of Sarantaporos in the area of Vigla. Following the Greek victory there, the regiment advanced in the direction of Kozani. During the Battle of Giannitsa on 18 October, the regiment was detached as reinforcements to the 3rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Balkan Wars\nFollowing the capture of Thessaloniki, in November the 3rd Battalion furnished troops for the Greek fleet's landing operations against various Ottoman-held Aegean islands, notably participating in the capture of Chios. After that, the 3rd Battalion was moved by sea to the Epirus front, followed by the 1st and 2nd Battalions that moved over land. The latter participated in operations in the directions of Delviniko, but by February 1913 the entire regiment was gathered, as part of the 2nd Division, before the Ottoman fortified position of Bizani, that covered the city of Ioannina. The regiment held the sector of the Avgo height, at the centre of the Greek front for the Battle of Bizani. After the capture of Ioannina, the regiment participated in the Greek army's northward advance in the direction of Delvin\u00eb\u2013Sarand\u00eb\u2013Gjirokaster. In March 1913, it returned to Thessaloniki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Balkan Wars\nWith the outbreak of the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria, the regiment was the first Greek unit to go into action, being tasked with neutralizing the Bulgarian garrison in Thessaloniki. This was carried out within the first day of the war (17 June), and on the next day the regiment moved towards the front. It participated in the Battle of Kilkis on 19\u201321 June, followed by the Battle of Doiran. The regiment then followed the general advance of the Greek army into Bulgaria through the Strymon River valley, capturing Strumica and Gorna Djumaya, where the armistice of 18 July found it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, World War I and Ukraine\nFollowing Greece's official entry into the First World War in June 1917, the 1st Infantry Regiment was mobilized in February\u2013March 1918. In April\u2013May it was moved to Thessaloniki, continuing its training, along with the rest of the 2nd Division. On 5\u20139 June the 2nd Division was moved to the Strymon sector of the Macedonian front, in the area of Provatas, replacing the British 28th Division. On 26 August, the entire division was moved to the Ammoudia\u2013Dasochori\u2013Chrysochorafa line. Following the armistice with Bulgaria on 16 September, on 23 September the division was moved to the Topolnitsa\u2013Neo Petritsi area. Four days later it was relocated to the mouths of the Strymon, in the Vrasna\u2013Irakleitsa area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, World War I and Ukraine\nIn order to gain support for Greece's territorial claims after World War I, the Greek government decided to participate in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. In preparation for the division's transfer to the Ukraine, it moved to the port of Stavros on 17 November. then, from the area of Amphipolis, it began its movement to Thessaloniki on 9 February 1919. When the regiment arrived in Thessaloniki on 13 February, it mustered 85 officers and 2041 other ranks. The regiment embarked on steam liners on 18 and 20 February. It arrived at Odessa on 22 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, World War I and Ukraine\nThe 1st and 2nd Battalions were sent to assist other Allied troops in the occupation Kherson two days later, while the 3rd Battalion landed at Odessa. On 25 February, the remainder of the regiment returned to Odessa. On 28 February, the 3rd Battalion moved by rail to Berezivka, where it was placed under the command of the local French forces. On 1 March, the 2nd Battalion and the 1st Company moved to cover the southern approaches to Tylihul Estuary from the direction of Nikolaev, occupying their positions on 3 March. On the same day, the remainder of the 1st Battalion also moved to Berezivka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, World War I and Ukraine\nOn 5 March, following Bolshevik attack on the Berezivka position, the Greek and French forces retreated towards Odessa. On 20 March, the 1st Company, in danger of being cut off, abandoned the Popovka pass and returned to Odessa on the next day. On the same day, the 2nd Battalion likewise abandoned its exposed position and returned to the vicinity of Odessa, where it came under the command of the 7th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, World War I and Ukraine\nThe remainder of the Regiment was moved to the suburb of Dalnyk on 22 March, and Frundstal on the next day, to cover the southward evacuation of Allied forces from Odessa, while 3rd Battalion moved to Josefstal and Peterstal. On 24 March 10th and 11th Companies, along with the 3rd Battery, established defensive positions at Tatarka, before moving to Mariental on 26 March, and reuniting with regimental command at Mayilki on the 27th. 2nd Battalion, which had remained behind, moved to Dalnyk and Gross-Liebental on the 24th, reaching Neuburg on 26 March, and Frundstal on 27 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, World War I and Ukraine\nOn the night of 27 March, the entire regiment crossed the Dnieper river into Bessarabia. After reassembling, from 30 March to 6 June it assumed responsibility of guarding the river, until relieved by Romanian troops. On 8 June the regiment moved to the area of Kuru Dere, and from 22 June it began moving toward the port of Gala\u021bi. There, on 28 and 29 June, it embarked for Smyrna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nAfter the withdrawal from southern Russia, the regiment landed at Smyrna on 5 July 1919, moving to quarters in Turbali, and thence to Ayasoluk (near ancient Ephesus). In mid-September, the regiment was engaged in the first clashes with Turkish nationalist irregular forces in the area of Theira.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nIn March\u2013May 1920, the regiment was involved in a series of clashes with Turkish forces in the area of Kisak Da\u011f. It then participated in the summer offensive, moving to Plark\u00f6y (10 June). After arduous advance through Bozda\u011f, on 16 June the regiment captured the city of Ala\u015fehir (ancient Philadelphia), forcing the Turkish forces to withdraw to U\u015fak. The regiment participate din the March 1921 offensive, fighting battles at Dumlup\u0131nar, Bal Mahmud, and advancing to Afyonkarahisar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nIt was engaged by Turkish forces at the mountainous area of Krikli on 2\u20134 July, and heavy fighting at Ak Bunar on 8 July, requiring the assistance of the 4th Infantry Regiment. With the renewed Greek successes at the Battle of K\u00fctahya\u2013Eski\u015fehir, the regiment resumed its advance on 8\u201315 July, reaching the villages of Salt\u0131dere and Maradji. In the subsequent advance towards Ankara and the resulting Battle of Sakarya, the regiment crossed the Sakarya River on 7 August, and fought fierce battles at Taburo\u011flu (12 August) and So\u011folaci (16\u201317 August).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0009-0002", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nWhen the Greek retreat began, the regiment re-crossed the Sakarya on 31 August, and was obliged to fight off a number of Turkish attacks on 6, 18, 20, 21\u201325 September, and 7, 13, 14 October, until it reached the new Greek lines at \u00c7ivril in November, where the regiment went into winter quarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Asia Minor Campaign\nFollowing the decisive Turkish victory at the Battle of Dumlup\u0131nar, on 16 August 1922 the regiment began to retreat towards the western coast of Asia Minor. Marching via Sardis and Nif, it reached the port of \u00c7e\u015fme, where it embarked for the Greek islands of Chios and Lesbos on 3 September. The regiment joined the 11 September 1922 Revolution that broke out among the surviving Greek units in the Aegean islands, and on 12 September sailed with the fleet and the rest of the army to Athens. On 14 September, with the revolution having prevailed, the regiment encamped in Syntagma Square in front of the Old Royal Palace, and took over the police directorate of Athens, the Athens garrison command, and the offices of the Attica and Boeotia Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Interwar and Greco-Italian War\nFollowing the end of the Asia Minor war, the regiment remained in Athens, as part of 2nd Infantry Division, throughout the interwar period. On 28 November 1935, the late King Constantine I (r.\u00a01913\u20131917,\u00a01920\u20131922), the father of the reigning King George II, was declared the regiment's honorary colonel-in-chief. Its men thereafter wore the royal cypher, a capital kappa topped by a crown (golden for staff officers, silver for junior officers, red for NCOs and other ranks), on their epaulettes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Interwar and Greco-Italian War\nFascist Italy invaded Greece on 28 October 1940 and a general mobilization was declared. The 1st Regiment quickly reached its full strength, and on 1 November sailed from Elefsina to Volos, to be used as a reserve for the Greek army fighting in Epirus. The regiment arrived at Volos on 4 November. Soon after it was bombarded by the Italian Royal Air Force. Over the next two months it followed the advance of the Greek army, moving on foot via Trikala and Florina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Interwar and Greco-Italian War\nThe regiment was finally sent to the front line in early January, when it took over a front sector in Mount Tomorr, under the command of 16th Infantry Brigade (soon expanded into the 16th Infantry Division). The regiment fought its most important battle of the war during the Italian Spring Offensive in March 1941, at the battle of Teke Hill. Following the German invasion of Greece on 6 April, and the rapid advance of the German forces, the Greek army in Albania started to retreat. The regiment retreated via Moscopole, Erseka, Konitsa, and Zagori, reaching Metsovo, where it was ordered disbanded after the capitulation of the Greek army in Epirus to the Germans (21 April).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Greek Civil War\nFollowing the liberation of Greece in autumn 1944, the Greek army bean to be re-established in spring 1945. The 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade's 1st Battalion provided the core of the 21st Brigade (21\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1), which began being formed in April 1945 at Chalkida, with recruits from Euboea, Lamia, and Amfissa. Originally placed under the newly re-established 2nd Infantry Division, in October 1945 the brigade was moved to Kozani, under the control of the Superior Military Command of Western Macedonia, which later became the 15th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Greek Civil War\nFrom April 1946, the brigade participated in clean-up operations against the Communist guerrillas, in the first stages of the Greek Civil War. The brigade fought in the Battle of Deskati on 21 September 1946, Operation Ierax in May 1947, the defence of Grevena on 25 July 1947, and the operations around Metsovo. In summer 1948 it fought in the first battle of Grammos (Operation Koronis), and the operations against Mount Vitsi in October. It fought in the defence of Florina on 12 February 1949, and fought off a communist offensive in Derveni on 13 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, Greek Civil War\nPlaced again under 2nd Division, the brigade participated in the decisive second battle of Grammos (Operation Pyrsos) in August 1949, which ended the civil war with the defeat of the communist Democratic Army of Greece. After mopping-up operations in the area of Mount Beles, in December 1949 and until April 1950 the brigade was based at Veroia. From then until January 1951 it was engaged in operations against guerrilla remnants in the Xanthi\u2013Komotini area. It then returned to the area of Kalambaka, where it assumed a role as a training centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, History since 1951\nBy order of the Hellenic Army General Staff, on 30 April 1951, the brigade was renamed as the 1st Infantry Regiment, as part of 2nd Infantry Division. The regiment was moved to Florina in October 1952, replacing the 32nd Infantry Regiment. From January 1957, the regiment was subordinated to 9th Infantry Division. The regiment remained there until its disbandment in March 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), History, History since 1951\nThe regiment was re-established in November 2013, again at Florina, after the 9th Infantry Brigade (former 9th Infantry Division) was moved to Kozani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159151-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Greece), Honours\nThe regimental flag was honoured by the award of the Commander's Cross of the Cross of Valour, the Cross of Valour in Gold (2 times), the War Cross 2nd and 3rd class, and the Medal of Outstanding Acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159152-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuania)\nThe 1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuanian: 1-asis p\u0117stinink\u0173 pulkas), later the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuanian: 1-asis p\u0117stinink\u0173 Lietuvos Did\u017eiojo Kunigaik\u0161\u010dio Gedimino pulkas) was an infantry regiment that served in the Lithuanian Army during the Interwar period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159152-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuania), Formation\nVincas Grigali\u016bnas-Glovackis was made the regiment's commander on 1 November 1918. The regiment began forming in Vilnius, although in a covert manner, because the occupying German authorities hampered the formation of the Lithuanian Army. So, the regiment officially began forming only on 23 November 1918. On December 7, the regiment included 31 officers and 59 soldiers. In ten days, the number gradually increased to 33 officers, 3 military officials (Lithuanian: karo valdininkai), military doctor L. Janulionis and 87 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159152-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuania), Lithuanian\u2013Soviet War\nBy 11 February 1919, the regiment had 36 officers, 13 military officials, one military doctor and 678 soldiers. At the time, the regiment was divided into two battalions, with the first one, led by the officer Ignas Musteikis, being composed of two infantry and one machine gun companies, while the remaining second battalion under officer Pranas Tama\u0161auskas had just three infantry companies, that were not fully formed. The 1st Infantry Regiment fought in the Battle of Alytus from 12 to 15 February, but suffered its first defeat there and had to retreat. The regiment's casualties were one officer, i.e. the regimental commander, Antanas Juozapavi\u010dius, and a few soldiers killed, while 20 soldiers were captured as prisoners of war, some of whom escaped captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159152-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuania), Lithuanian\u2013Soviet War\nOn April 25, the 1st Infantry Regiment included 57 officers, 21 military officials, and 1,640 soldiers. At the end of August 1919, the regiment had 52 officers, 15 military officials, including three doctors and the military chaplain Catholic priest , and 1,733 soldiers, of whom 1,316 were trained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159152-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuania), Lithuanian\u2013Soviet War\nFrom 30 October 1919, the regiment's patron was the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas. Due to the regiment's merits in combat against Bolsheviks and because it began in Vilnius, founded by Gediminas according to legend, the regiment was accorded Gediminas' name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159152-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuania), 1920\nOn 15 December 1920, the regiment was staffed by 46 officers, 10 military officials, one military chaplain and 2,333 soldiers. However, the regiment was lacking 26 officers and 537 soldiers until completion of the establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159152-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuania), Interwar\nFrom 1923 to 1939, the regiment was located in Ukmerg\u0117.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159152-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Lithuania), First Soviet Occupation\nAfter Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, on 2 July, the Lithuanian Army was renamed the Lithuanian People's Army. The name of the unit's patron was removed on 24 July 1940. Finally, the regiment was disbanded on 26 October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand)\nThe 1st Infantry Regiment, King's Close Bodyguard (Thai: \u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e17\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 1 \u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e14\u0e40\u0e25\u0e47\u0e01\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e27\u0e31\u0e25\u0e25\u0e20\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c) (\u0e23.1 \u0e17\u0e21.\u0e23\u0e2d.) is a King's Guard regiment under the 1st Infantry Division, King's Guard of the Royal Thai Army. The regiment is divided into three battalions, all of them based in Bangkok. The regiment is the only unit of the Royal Thai Armed Forces with the designation Mahat Lek Rajawallop (Thai: \u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e14\u0e40\u0e25\u0e47\u0e01\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e27\u0e31\u0e25\u0e25\u0e20); meaning the king's close bodyguards, translated as the King's Own Bodyguards. The unit was first established by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) in 1859, whilst he was still a young prince. One of the primary role of the regiment is to provide security and protection to members of the Thai Royal Family as well as the ceremonial escort and guarding of the royal palaces. The unit is the oldest regiment of the Thai army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), History\nThe Royal Guards were established by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Siam in 1859, when he was still a young prince. Initially, the Royal Guards were servants with duties such as scaring crows, which led to commoners referring to them as the \"Mahat Lek Lai Ka,\" roughly translated as \"Scarecrow Corps.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), History\nWhen he succeeded his father in 1868, King Chulalongkorn took his Royal Guard and formed a 24-strong Royal Bodyguard, referred to as the \"Thahan Song Lo\" (Two-Dozen soldiers\"). In 1870, the unit was upgraded into a full army regiment and was given the name the \"King's Guard\" and their duties included escorting the king while he travelled around the country. The king commanded the regiment himself until 1873, when he appointed Lieutenant General Chao Phraya Phasakornwongse as its first military commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), History\nThe Royal Guards still exist down to the present and serve as protectors of the Royal Family of Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), History\nOn 18 January 2019, the unit has renamed to 1st King's Own Bodyguard Regiment. Then, on 23 April 2019, The unit has renamed again to 1st Infantry Regiment, King's Close Bodyguard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), History\nOn October 1, 2019, the command of the unit was transferred from the 1st Division, King's Guard to the Royal Security Command under the command of King Vajiralongkorn, along with 11th Infantry Regiment. Thereby removing the two units out of the chain of command of the Royal Thai Army and into the monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), Gallery\nKing Chulaongkorn, the founder of the unit, in the scarlet uniform of the regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), Gallery\nKing Prajadhipok in the scarlet uniform, with the old style helmet to the right of the picture", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), Gallery\n1st Infantry Regiment in the Royal Funeral Procession of King Ananda Mahidol", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), Gallery\nRed ceremonial uniform of the regiment, used by the 1st, 2nd battalion and former 4th battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159153-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (Thailand), Gallery\nWhite uniforms of the regiment, changing of the guards at the Grand Palace in Bangkok", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army that draws its lineage from a line of post American Revolutionary War units and is credited with thirty-nine campaign streamers. The 1st Battalion, 1st Infantry is assigned as support to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and to furnish the enlisted garrison for the academy and the Stewart Army Subpost. 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment is an infantry component serving with the 2nd Stryker Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division at Joint Base Lewis\u2013McChord, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Origins\nOn 3 March 1791, Congress added to the Army \"The Second Regiment of Infantry\" from which today's First Infantry draws its heritage. In September of that year, elements of it and the original 1st Infantry Regiment (today's 3rd United States Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)), with sizable militia complements, all under command of General Arthur St. Clair, were sent against the Miami Indians. St. Clair served as a major general in the Continental Army and was now appointed \"General in Chief,\" superseding the first commander of the regiment, Josiah Harmar. Fighting against the Miamis, St. Clair's soldiers were untrained, ill-equipped, underfed, and sickly. This resulted in a disastrous defeat, at the Battle of the Wabash, in which the entire U.S. Army suffered a loss in killed and wounded of nearly 900 out of a total strength of 900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Legion of the United States\nIn 1792, Congress created the Legion of the United States, which was a combined arms force of infantry, cavalry, and artillery under the command of Major General Anthony Wayne. MG Wayne had become a hero of the Revolutionary War when he led a small force against a larger British force to regain control of Stony Point, a crucial point on the Hudson River just south of West Point, New York. This Legion in which the Second Infantry became the \"Infantry of the Second Sub-Legion,\" finally decisively defeated the Northwest Indian confederacy and its British support at Fallen Timbers in the Old Northwest (Ohio Country) on 20 August 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), War of 1812\nIn the War of 1812, the 2nd Infantry Regiment as well as the 7th and 44th Infantry Regiments, fought in the southern theater to include the Battle of New Orleans with General Andrew Jackson. This gives the regiment campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), First Indian War period\nThe 2nd Infantry was consolidated May\u2013October 1815 with the 3rd and 7th Infantry (both constituted 12 April 1808), and 44th Infantry (constituted 29 January 1813) to form the 1st Infantry Regiment. In the ensuing years the regiment was primarily concerned with Indian conflicts and the 1st was involved in the Black Hawk War of 1832 and the Second Seminole War from 1839 to 1842. During this time the regiment was commanded by many, now famous commanders including, Colonel Zachary Taylor, who would later become the 12th President of the United States and Second Lieutenant Jefferson Davis, who would become the President of the Confederate States in the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), War with Mexico\nWhen War broke out with Mexico in 1846, the 1st Infantry Regiment was sent across the border with General Zachary Taylor's Army and participated in the storming of Monterrey where the regiment fought house to house in savage hand-to-hand combat. From Monterrey, the regiment was transferred to General Winfield Scott's command and participated in the first modern amphibious landing in American history at Vera Cruz in 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Second Indian War period\nFollowing the Mexican\u2013American War, the regiment campaigned in the Texas area against the Comanches until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Civil War\nAfter escaping from rebel forces in Texas the regiment returned to the Mid-west and fought in the Mississippi area of operations. The regiment fought in one of the first battles of the Civil War at Wilson's Creek, Missouri, in August 1861. The 1st Infantry then campaigned with General Grant against Vicksburg in 1863. The end of the war found the regiment occupying New Orleans, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Third Indian War period\nAfter the Civil War the regiment was sent West to fight the Indians once again. The 1st Infantry was consolidated in April 1869 with the 43d Infantry Regiment, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1865) and consolidated unit designated as the 1st Infantry Regiment. 1st Infantry Regiment campaigned against the Sioux in the 1870s and 1890s and against the Apache, led by Geronimo, from 1882 to 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Third Indian War period\nOne member of the regiment was awarded the Medal of Honor for service during this period: 1st Lt . Marion P. Maus, 11 January 1886, Sierra Madre Mountains, Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), California labor disputes\nAfter the end of the Indian wars the regiment was occupied with quelling labor disputes in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nWar was declared with Spain in 1898 following the sinking of the USS Maine. The First was quickly sent to Florida where it embarked on ships and was sent to Cuba. While in Cuba the regiment took part in the storming of the San Juan Heights and the capture of Santiago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Philippine\u2013American War\nIn 1900, following occupation duty in Cuba, the regiment was preparing for shipment to China to participate in the Boxer Rebellion. Instead, the regiment was detoured to deal with the rebellion on the Philippine Islands which had also been captured by the United States in the Spanish\u2013American War. The regiment would fight in this guerrilla war in the Philippines from 1900 to 1902 and again from 1906 to 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Philippine\u2013American War\nSubsequently, the regiment was redeployed to garrison duties in Oahu, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 62], "content_span": [63, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\n1st Infantry Regiment was assigned on 11 September 1918 to the 13th Division at Fort Lewis. 13th ID never left Fort Lewis, and demobilized there on 8 March 1919. 1st IR was relieved on 8 March 1919 from assignment to the 13th Division and resumed separate regiment status. The regiment was again assigned 27 July 1921, this time to the 2nd Division, which was headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, and assigned to the U.S. VIII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe regiment was stationed at Camp Jackson, South Carolina, where it was relieved 16 October 1939 from assignment to the 2nd Division and assigned to the 6th Division. The 6th Division arrived at Fort Jackson on 1939-11-09, and the 1st IR traveled with the division from that point forward. The 1st IR moved to Fort Benning, Georgia on 1940-04-09 to prepare for a series of maneuvers. The 1st IR participated in the Sabine, Louisiana \u2013 Texas Maneuver on 1940-05-09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThey then moved to Fort Francis E. Warren, Wyoming on 1940-06-03, and then to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas on 1941-04-02, followed by Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 1941-05-20. They then moved to Tennessee to participate in maneuvers there. This was followed by a training cycle at the Desert Training Center, while billeted at the Camp Young billeting area from 1942-12-10. The regiment then staged at Camp San Luis Obispo, California on 1943-03-23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe regiment departed from the San Francisco, California Port of Embarkation on 1943-09-19, and arrived in Hawaii on 1943-09-26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 1st IR departed Hawaii on 1944-01-26, and arrived at Milne Bay, New Guinea on 1944-02-07 to participate in the New Guinea Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\n1st IR departed Milne Bay on 1944-06-01, and arrived at Toem on 1944-06-14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\n1st IR assaulted Sansapor on 1944-07-30, and left New Guinea on 1944-12-26 with the end of the New Guinea Campaign taking place on 1944-12-31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 1st IR won a Presidential Unit Citation for its action at Milne Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\n1st IR assaulted Lingayen Gulf on the Philippine Island of Luzon on 1945-01-09 to participate in the Luzon Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\n1st IR moved to Sixth Army Reserve status from 1945-02-10 to 1945-02-23, when they returned to the Luzon Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\n1st IR attached to 38th Infantry Division from 1945-04-28 to 1945-05-01, and then was attached to the XI Corps from 1945-06-10 to 1945-06-25, when they returned to 6th Infantry Division Control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\n1st IR was located at Bagabag, Philippine Islands on 1945-08-14. They then moved to Korea on 1945-10-24, which they Occupied through 1949, with garrisons in Taegu and Pusan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Korean War and reactivation\nOn 10 January 1949, 1st IR was inactivated in Korea, and then was reactivated on 4 October 1950 at Fort Ord, California as a training regiment for units being sent to the fight in Korea. On 3 April 1956, the regiment was relieved from assignment to the 6th Infantry Division, and then was assigned on 15 May 1956 to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. On 15 May 1958 the regiment was reorganized under the Combat Arms Regimental System as HHC, 1st Battle Group, 1st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Korean War and reactivation\nIn 1960, the 1st Battle Group, 1st Infantry was reorganized under a concept that provided sufficient tactics instructors in the permanent party for continuity, but called for outside augmentation for the summer training program. This left the battle group with a Headquarters, Headquarters and Training Company, Service Company, Airborne Detachment, the 2nd Aviation Detachment, the USMA Band, Detachment 1 and 2 United States Army Hospital, and saw the attachment of the 50th Engineer Battalion (Construction) and the 57th Military Police Company. The old Military Police Detachment personnel formed the nucleus of the newly attached 57th Military Police Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Korean War and reactivation\nOn 16 May 1961, the mission of providing tactical instruction for the Corps of Cadets along with the personnel involved, was transferred to a newly created Office of Military Instruction in the Department of Tactics. All enlisted personnel remained assigned to the battle group. On 1 February 1962, Service Company was eliminated and its personnel absorbed into Headquarters Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Korean War and reactivation\nOn 1 January 1965, the 1st Battle Group, 1st Infantry was redesigned as the 1st Battalion, 1st Infantry. With the exception of transferring tactical instruction to the Office of Military Instruction (now DMI) in 1961, its mission was essentially unchanged. The 2nd Battalion was then assigned to Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Vietnam War\nIn 1966, the 2nd Battalion was deployed to Vietnam with the 196th Light Infantry Brigade. The following year, the 3rd Battalion was activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii as part of the 11th Infantry Brigade. After the 11th Brigade arrived in Vietnam, both battalions became components of the Americal Division. These two battalions earned fourteen campaign streamers for the regiment during the war in Vietnam. Also in 1967, the 4th, 5th, and 6th Battalions were activated on 24 November and assigned to the 6th Infantry Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. The battalions at Fort Campbell were relieved from assignment to the 6th Infantry Division on 24 July 1968, and inactivated on 21 July 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Vietnam War\nThe 11th Infantry Brigade returned home in 1971, at which time 3rd Battalion was deactivated. The 196th Infantry Brigade was the last combat brigade to leave Vietnam in June 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Vietnam War\nFollowing its tour of duty in Vietnam the 2nd Battalion was sent to Fort Lewis, Washington, where it became part of the 9th Infantry Division. In January 1991 the battalion became part of the 199th Infantry Brigade at Fort Polk, Louisiana, where it remained until inactivation in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Vietnam War\n1st Infantry soldiers awarded the Medal of Honor for service in Vietnam:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Reactivation\nOn 16 December 1994 the 2nd Battalion was reactivated at Fort Wainwright as part of the 6th Infantry Division (Light), which was reduced in size and reflagged as the 172nd Infantry Brigade (Separate) in April 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Iraq War\nIn August 2005 2nd Battalion was deployed, along with the 172nd Stryker Brigade, to Mosul Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion conducted counter insurgency operations aimed at securing the city of Mosul from an insurgency headed by the terrorist organization al-Qaeda in Iraq. After 12 months in Mosul 2nd Battalion was preparing to return to home station at Fort Wainwright, Alaska when their deployment was unexpectedly extended by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. The 2nd Battalion, along with the entire 172nd Infantry Brigade, was subsequently sent to Baghdad, Iraq to quell rising sectarian violence. The 2nd Battalion returned home in December 2006 after 16 months in Iraq. It was inactivated on 16 December when the 172nd was reflagged as the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division, and the 2-1st Infantry was reflagged as the 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 955]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Iraq War, Notable awards / commendations\nCorporal (R) Stephen Sanford, Company C, 2nd Battalion, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for actions in Mosul Iraq during the unit's deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), Iraq War, Notable awards / commendations\nSergeant First Class Peter Lara, Company C, 2nd Battalion, was awarded the Silver Star for actions in Mosul Iraq during the unit's deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159154-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Infantry Regiment (United States), War in Afghanistan\nThe battalion was reactivated on 17 April 2007 as part of the 5th Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division at Fort Lewis. On 17 February 2009, President Obama ordered 4,000 soldiers of 5th Stryker Brigade Combat Team to Afghanistan, along with 8,000 Marines. The deployment came as a result of the then-worsening situation in the Afghan war. These soldiers were to be deployed in the southeast, on the Afghan border. The brigade was scheduled to return to Joint Base Lewis\u2013McChord in July 2010. After it returned, on 22 July, the 5th BCT was reflagged as the 2nd BCT of the 2nd ID and the battalion continued to serve with the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land)\nThe 1st Information Operations Command (Land), formerly the Land Information Warfare Activity Information Dominance Center (LIWA/ IDC), is an information operations unit under the operational control of U.S. Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER) and headquartered at Fort Belvoir, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land)\nIt provides multi-disciplinary Information Operations (IO) support to the component and major commands of the United States Army. 1st IO CMD has broad authority to coordinate IO topics and establish contact with Army organizations, the United States Navy (USN) and United States Air Force (USAF), and JCS IO Centers, and with United States Department of Defense (DoD) and National Agency IO elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Mission\n1st Information Operations Command provides IO support to the U.S. Army and other military forces through deployable IO support teams, IO Reach-back planning and analysis and the synchronization and conduct of Army Computer Network Operations (CNO), in coordination with other CNO and network operations stakeholders, to operationally integrate IO, reinforce forward IO capabilities, and to defend cyberspace in order to enable IO throughout the information environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Organization\n1st Information Operations Command comprises two battalions. They conduct the command's Information Operations, Vulnerability Assessment, and Computer Network Operations mission. The Army Reserve Integration Element augments and supports the battalions. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company provides Command and Control, military justice, administration, training, and logistical support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Organization, Staff\nThe 1st Information Operations Command's primary staff sections support Soldiers and staff to carry out the 1st Information Operations Command's Mission. The Command Judge Advocate is the primary legal advisor to the commander's legal matters in the command. Resource Management provides budgetary support and oversight. Contracting staff is directly responsible for the command's services contract administration. The S1 through S6 provide support in the areas of personnel, intelligence, operations, logistical, and automation or information technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Organization, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Mission\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) provides Command and Control (C2), military justice, administration, training, and command logistics in support of 1st Information Operations Command's Brigade and Battalions, Active Component (AC), Active Guard Reserve (AGR), Army Reserve (USAR), Army National Guard (ARNG), Department of the Army (DA) Civilians, contractors, and Families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Organization, 1st Battalion, Mission\nOrganize, train, and deploy multi-skilled IO teams worldwide in support of Army, Joint, and Interagency information operations and vulnerability assessment to provide supported commanders a unique advantage in the information environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 79], "content_span": [80, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Organization, 2nd Battalion, Mission\nPlans, synchronizes, and conducts Army Computer Network Operations (CNO) through deployed CNO support teams and CNO reach back capabilities in order to gain and maintain information dominance throughout Cyberspace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 79], "content_span": [80, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Organization, Army Reserve Element (ARE)\nThe Army Reserve Element (ARE) has administrative control of U.S. Army Reserve personnel assigned to 1st Information Operations Command. It provides trained and ready soldiers in support of 1st Information Operations Command's global mission to operationally integrate information operations, defend cyberspace, and provide reach-back planning and analysis for military stakeholders. On 3 December 2013, the ARE won 1st and 3rd places in the annual DC3 Digital Forensic Challenge. The Defense Cyber Crime Center Digital Forensic Challenge, provides digital artifacts comparable to what Soldiers might examine in a real-world cybersecurity situation. DC3 asked players to identify hidden files, perform analysis of suspicious network traffic, analyze registry entries and recover user passwords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 83], "content_span": [84, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Command responsibilities, Operations\nActing as an operations center, an intelligence analysis center, and a communications hub, the 1st IO CMD Information Dominance Center (IDC) is the focal point of all 1st IO CMD activities in support of the Army and of Joint Task Force-Global Network Operations. 1st IO CMD teams deployed worldwide are continuously linked to the IDC via a number of communications means. Some examples of these communication means are common user circuits, strategic communications links, and dedicated satellite terminals. The IOC performs as a typical command operations center, maintaining the status of IO events worldwide, and orchestrating the activities of 1st IO's deployed teams and internal supporting activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 79], "content_span": [80, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Command responsibilities, Analysis\nAs an analysis center, the IDC provides dedicated support to 1st IO CMD's deployed teams and the commands they serve. Tailored analytical products are generated, frequently on a quick-response basis, to meet a deployed team's immediate needs. The IDC also monitors potential trouble spots worldwide, preparing to support contingency operations with IO-related products should the need arise. The IDC uses high-capacity communications links to access selected information from a number of databases maintained by a number of other commands, agencies, and organizations. In addition to providing IO support to the operations process, the IDC provides an advanced environment to leverage new technologies and explore emerging concepts. The IDC also provides support to exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159155-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Information Operations Command (Land), Command responsibilities, Communications\nThe IDC's communications capability serves both operational and analytical functions by using a variety of links to supported commands and deployed 1st IO CMD teams. The IDC also has access to DoD and non-DoD government organizations participating in IO at the National level, and exchanges information with intelligence organizations possessing IO information and subject matter expertise. Collectively, the ability to communicate worldwide permits the small number of analysts resident in the IDC to provide tailored assessments rapidly and efficiently. Finally, in support of the Army Computer Emergency Response Team (ACERT), the IDC uses communications to flash computer intrusion alerts and countermeasures across the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 83], "content_span": [84, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159156-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ing Cup\nThe 1st Ing Cup was the first edition of the Ing Cup, an international Go tournament held every four years. The 1st Ing Cup was a sixteen player invitational, with six players representing the Nihon Ki-in (Kobayashi Koichi, Kato Masao, Fujisawa Shuko, Takemiya Masaki, Hashimoto Shoji, and Cho Chikun), five players representing the Zhongguo Qiyuan (Liu Xiaoguang, Ma Xiaochun, Jiang Zhujiu, Wu Songsheng, and Nie Weiping), three Taiwanese Nihon Ki-in players (O Rissei, O Meien, and Rin Kaiho), one player from the Hanguk Kiwon (Cho Hunhyun), and one player representing North America (Michael Redmond).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159156-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ing Cup\nThe first round was held on 21 August 1988 and the tournament concluded with the fifth and final match of the finals on 5 September 1989. Cho Hunhyun won the tournament, defeating three Nihon Ki-in players along the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159157-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence Battalion (Australia)\nThe 1st Intelligence Battalion is an Australian Army unit responsible for collecting and analysing intelligence. It was formed in 1999, and is currently part of the 6th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159157-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 1st Intelligence Battalion was established in 1999. The Australian Army's website states that the unit \"traces its history from Australian Intelligence Corps units and organisations formed prior to the Vietnam War, with a legacy to 1 Division and 2 Division Intelligence Companies\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159157-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence Battalion (Australia), History, Recent developments\nOn 1 March 2010 the battalion became part of the 6th Brigade when it was re-raised to command the Army's command support and intelligence, surveillance and target acquisition units. In 2014 the 1st Topographic Survey Squadron was transferred into the battalion from the 6th Engineer Support Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159157-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence Battalion (Australia), History, Recent developments\nTeams and individual personnel from the 1st Intelligence Battalion have been deployed in support of all Australian Defence Force deployments since the unit was established. In April 2015 the Army's in-house newspaper reported that \"for the first time since being raised the ... battalion had no formed bodies on deployment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159157-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence Battalion (Australia), History, Recent developments\nUntil 2008 the 1st Intelligence Battalion comprised only members of the Australian Intelligence Corps. Since that time, members of other corps of the Army as well as personnel from the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force have been posted to the battalion to serve as human intelligence operators or interrogators. The 1st Intelligence Battalion maintains teams of specialists on short notice to deploy from the unit's base at Brisbane. As of 2014, the unit's roles included collecting and analysing human intelligence, psychological warfare and information operations. In addition, it was capable of conducting topographical surveys and collecting and making use of geospatial intelligence. At this time the 1st Intelligence Battalion included an All Source Cell which aimed to combine and analyse different sources of intelligence, as well as capabilities to exploit intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 967]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159158-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence Battalion (United States)\n1st Intelligence Battalion (1st Intel) is a Marine Corps Intelligence military intelligence and counter intelligence unit based at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. They provide the I Marine Expeditionary Force with intelligence products and analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159158-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence Battalion (United States), Mission\nResponsible for planning, directing, collecting, processing, producing and disseminating intelligence, and providing counterintelligence support to the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), MEF Major Subordinate Commands, subordinate Marine Air Ground Task Forces (MAGTF), and other commands as directed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159158-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence Battalion (United States), Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. 1st Intelligence Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159159-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade\n1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade (1 ISR Bde) of the British Army was created as part of the Army 2020 reform, which oversees military intelligence, ISTAR, and electronic warfare units of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159159-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade, History\nUnder the Army 2020 programme, a larger emphasis was placed on cyber and specialist capabilities. As part of this reorganisation, the 1st Military Intelligence Brigade and 1st Reconnaissance Brigade were merged into the 1st Intelligence and Surveillance Brigade. The new brigade was stood up on 1 September 2014 at Upavon and placed under Force Troops Command. Following the integration of the two reserve Special Air Service Regiments (SAS), the subtitle 'Reconnaissance' was added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159159-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade, History\nUnder the 2019 Field Army reorganisation, the brigade was transferred to the new 6th (United Kingdom) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159159-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade, Current organisation\nThe current organisation as of April 2021 is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 79], "content_span": [80, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159160-0000-0000", "contents": "1st International Emmy Awards\nThe 1st International Emmy Awards took place on November 21, 1973, at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159160-0001-0000", "contents": "1st International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe International Emmy Award was created by the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159160-0002-0000", "contents": "1st International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nThe first awards ceremony was attended by Herbert S. Schlosser president of NBC, John Cannon vice chairman of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Hartford S. Gunn president of the Public Broadcasting Service, John A. Schneider president of CBS, David Webster Director of BBC, Charles Curran Director General of the BBC and president of the European Broadcasting Union, Antonio Mercero and Joaquim Bordiu directors of Televisi\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola, Walter A. Schwartz, president of ABC and Ralph Baruch, president of Viacom International. The American TV executives were there as presenters of awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159160-0003-0000", "contents": "1st International Emmy Awards, Ceremony\nMr. Curran was the first person to receive the Directorate Award, Mr. Webster won the best documentary award for the BBC by Horizon. The Televisi\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola for the dramatic play La Cabina (\"The Telephone Booth\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159161-0000-0000", "contents": "1st International Eurasia Film Festival\nThe 1st International Eurasia  Film Festival (Turkish: 1. Uluslararas\u0131 Avrasya Film Festivali) was a film festival held in Antalya, Turkey from September 24 to October 1, 2005. This inaugural edition of the International Eurasia Film Festival was jointly organised by the Turkish Foundation of Cinema and Audio-visual Culture (TURSAK) and the Antalya Foundation for Culture and Arts (AKSAV) in conjunction with the 42nd Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival. South Korean filmmaker Kim Ki-duk was guest of honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159162-0000-0000", "contents": "1st International School of Ostrava\n1st International School of Ostrava (ISO) is a private international school in Ostrava, Czech Republic. Founded in 2005 as a secondary school, it has since added a kindergarten and primary school. The secondary school is bilingual, with tuition in Czech and English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159162-0001-0000", "contents": "1st International School of Ostrava, The school\nThe school was established in 2005 with a single class group. After three years, the number of students was just under 300. In 2006 the school moved to a newly reconstructed building in the centre of Ostrava, and as of 2008 uses four buildings close to each other in that location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159162-0002-0000", "contents": "1st International School of Ostrava, The school\nThe school has international and Czech students and teachers, and subjects taught in English include geography, biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, social science, history, English, Czech and Physical Education. The school cooperates with Prague British School, the International School of Prague, and Sunnerbogymnasiet Ljungby in Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159162-0003-0000", "contents": "1st International School of Ostrava, School activities\nISO runs a film club, known as One World in Schools, and a Model United Nations Club, which organizes its own conferences, and participates in others abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159162-0004-0000", "contents": "1st International School of Ostrava, School activities\nThe school's sports day is held in December, with students and teachers competing in sports including football, floorball, and basketball. The ISO cricket team was established in 2007, and has since participated in several tournaments and exhibitions. It won second place at an international tournament in Prague, and students of the school represented the Czech Republic in an international exhibition match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159162-0005-0000", "contents": "1st International School of Ostrava, International partnerships\nISO participates in various international exchange programmes, projects, and conferences. ISO has taken part in the Copernicus Programme in Estonia  (2006), Ireland (2007), and Belarus (2008), and in the KLIMUN '08 conference in Malaysia. It also held its own international meeting in Prague in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Inverness-shire Artillery Volunteers, later the Highland Artillery Volunteers, was a Scottish auxiliary unit of the British Army from 1860 to 1908. With its headquarters in Inverness, it was recruited for home defence from a number of shires in the northern Scottish Highlands. It later provided the basis for a number of Territorial Force units in the Highlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps in towns up and down the United Kingdom, composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The city of Inverness had already raised the Inverness Rifles (later the 1st (Inverness Highland) Volunteer Battalion, Cameron Highlanders) when a meeting at the Trades Hall on 15 November 1859 led to the raising of the Inverness Artisan Rifles consisting entirely of carpenters and other tradesmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nSoon afterwards it was decided that this should become the Inverness Artisan Artillery Volunteers, and in January 1860 its services were accepted as the 1st Inverness-shire Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC). The first officers' commissions were issued on 4 February 1860. A second AVC was formed at the same time, but they soon consolidated as a single corps of two batteries; 3rd and 4th Batteries were formed on 4 May, a 5th in December 1864 and the 6th in January 1865. By 1863 the small AVCs of the neighbouring shires began to be attached to the 1st Inverness for drill and administrative purposes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Consolidation\nIn December 1876 the artillery volunteers in North East Scotland were reorganised: the 1st Inverness AVC became the 1st Administrative Brigade, Inverness-shire Artillery Volunteers and two Elginshire units joined from the 1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Consolidation\nThe Volunteers were consolidated into larger units in May 1880, when the Admin Brigade became the 1st Inverness-shire (Inverness, Cromarty, Nairn, Ross and Elgin) Artillery Volunteers with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Consolidation\nOn 1 April 1882 all artillery volunteer units were affiliated to one of the territorial divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA), with the 1st Inverness joining the Scottish Division. When the number of divisions was reduced from 1 July 1889, the unit joined the Southern Division. On 1 February 1890 the unit was redesignated the Highland Artillery Volunteers with the '(Inverness, Cromarty, Nairn, Ross and Elgin)' subtitle restored the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position artillery\nAlthough primarily manning fixed coast defence artillery, some of the early Artillery Volunteers organised semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns. The 1st Inverness had two 6-pounder brass smoothbore field guns from 1867, replaced by two 40-pounder Armstrong rifled breechloading guns in 1873. But the War Office refused to pay for the upkeep of horses, and the corps had to provide agricultural horses when required. In 1888 the 'position artillery' concept was revived and some Volunteer companies were reorganised as position batteries to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. The 1st Inverness was supplied with a battery of 16-pounder rifled muzzle-loading guns in 1889 and on 14 July 1892 Nos 1 and 2 Companies were reorganised as No 1 Position Battery, when the remaining companies were renumbered 2\u201311.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Training\nThe corps had a drill hall with stores, gun-sheds etc at Inverness. It carried out its training and gun-practice at camp, and used the rifle range of the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the Cameron Highlanders at Longman, Inverness. Each of the five outlying companies had a carbine range. In 1894 No 1 Position Battery won the Queen's Cup at the Scottish National Artillery Association's camp at Barry Buddon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Training\nOn 1 June 1899 all the volunteer artillery units became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and with the abolition of the RA's divisional organisation on 1 January 1902, the unit became the Highland RGA (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Training\nDuring the Second Boer War, some 500 men from the unit volunteered for active service, but only 28 were accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Highland RGA was broken up, but its various shire contingents contributed experienced men to a number of newly formed TF units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms\nThe original uniform of the 1st Inverness AVC was a blue tunic with long skirts, scarlet collar and cuffs, black braiding round the edges, five rows of black lace across the chest and a black Austrian knot on the sleeve. The trousers were blue with a scarlet stripe, the peaked cap (or French style Kepi) had a black band and scarlet piping; black waistbelts were worn. In 1861 the Busby was adopted as the head-dress, and in 1863 the uniform was assimilated with that of the RA with white cords and white waist- and pouch-belts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159163-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Inverness Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms\nThe busby was replaced by a round Forage cap, and then by the blue Home Service helmet. The buttons had a field gun within a circle inscribed 'INVERNESS ARTILLERY VOLUNTEERS'. The 1st Nairn AVC wore a uniform similar to the RA, but with scarlet cuffs and white cord; the peaked Shako was similar to the cap of the 1st Inverness, but carried an upright white horsehair plume. The shako plate had the intertwined letters 'NAV' over the county precedence number 45 above a gun, all within a wreath on an eight-pointed star surmounted by a crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe first Iowa Cavalry was organized at Davenport, Iowa in August and September 1861 and mustered in for three years of Federal service. Unusually for a Union cavalry regiment, the members of the regiment provided their own horses and equipment. The first Iowa was the first three-year cavalry regiment accepted for Federal service during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out on February 15, 1866, while on Reconstruction duty in Austin, Texas, and discharged for state service on March 16, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nThis famous regiment was organized June 5, 1861, and ordered into quarters at Benton Barracks near St. Louis about the middle of October in the same year. It was composed of twelve companies, aggregating 1,095 men, and by additional enlistments soon numbered 1,245. The middle and western portion of Missouri was the highway to the so-called Southern Confederacy for recruits, sympathizers and bushwhackers, and during the entire winter of 1861, eight companies of the regiment were engaged in patrolling this region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nEver on the alert, their engagements and skirmishes were numerous. The first battle in which the regiment was engaged occurred on Black River (called Blackwater), where Cos. A, B. D, F. G and I, with about 60 of the 4th U. S. cavalry, attacked and captured about 1,300 Confederate recruits, 1,000 stands of arms and all the camp equipage. On Jan. 8, 1862, a Confederate camp was attacked and destroyed on Silver Creek, Mo., and a week later the regiment was in a raid to Warsaw, where it attacked and captured the Confederate pickets, charged into town and captured several prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nAll of the early part of the following summer the regiment spent in scouts and raids, with here and there an important skirmish. In July the notorious guerrilla chief Quantrill was encountered by a few companies of the 1st cavalry on the wooded cliffs of Big Creek in Cass County. The regiment swept down on him like a whirlwind and in less than 30 minutes Quantrill and his band were scattered in all directions, the loss of the 1st IA being 2 killed and 10 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nA small detachment, sent out to capture some beef cattle belonging to Confederates, encountered a large band of guerrillas in the timber on Clear creek, about 2 miles from Taberville, and a short but spirited engagement ensued, in which the detachment was victorious, with a loss of 4 killed and 14 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nIn December the 1st took part in an important expedition to Van Buren, Ark., resulting in a defeat of some Confederates and the capture of immense stores. On Aug. 18, 1862, the army crossed the White River at Clarendon, Ark., and on the 27th was fought the Battle of Bayou Meto, in which the regiment took a prominent part, driving the enemy across the bayou and making a dashing charge to save the only bridge across that deep and miry stream from destruction. In this charge the regiment lost 1 killed and 36 wounded, 1 mortally. The regiment then took the advance of the cavalry in the move on Little Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nOn Dec. 8 a force of 260 men, with detachments of other regiments and a section of artillery, marched toward Arkadelphia. A few miles south of Princeton, Dallas County, they encountered a force of the enemy numbering 800. The 1st IA cavalry being in the advance, dismounted and drove them from their position, taking 39 prisoners, together with arms and camp equipage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nIn Jan., 1864, 500 of the regiment reenlisted and on March 23, waiving their right to a veteran furlough at that time, joined the 7th Army Corps and took a prominent part in all the operations of the Camden Expedition. In this movement the regiment engaged and routed Gen. Price's forces at Elkin's Ferry, losing in killed and wounded 11 men. It was again in the advance from this place to Prairie d'Ane, a distance of 12 miles, skirmishing with the enemy the entire distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nBeing on the right in the engagement which followed, it was the first to enter the Confederate works. It was again ordered to the front and engaged the enemy at Camden Cross-Roads, about 15 miles from Camden, at 7 o'clock in the morning. The fight lasted for six hours, when Brig-Gen. Rice ordered up the dismounted men of the regiment to deploy as skirmishers, and the enemy, stubbornly contesting the ground, was driven back through the city of Camden on the evening of the same day. On the 17th a detachment of the regiment, with detachments of other regiments, marched about 20 miles down the Washita River and captured a steamboat laden with corn and other quartermaster and commissary supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nThe loss of the regiment during this whole campaign was 5 killed, 3 taken prisoners and 25 wounded, a number severely, who died a few days afterward. The campaign being now virtually ended, the veteran portion of the regiment, 520 strong was relieved from duty and ordered home on veteran furlough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nOn their way to Pine Bluff they were attacked by a column of Confederates at Moro Creek. After a heroic resistance they fell back to Steele's main army on its way to Little Rock, and with him engaged in the Battle of Saline River. On June 20 the regiment, its; furlough expired, again left the state for the front and on July 28 was at Macon, Mo. On Jan. 14, 1865, a detachment of the 1st IA and other regiments, was ordered by boat about 100 miles up the Arkansas river to Dardanelle, at which place they engaged a Confederate force of 1,600 men under Gen. Cooper, killing and wounding 90.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Detailed Service\nBy Feb. 17 the regiment had gone to Memphis, in the vicinity of which city it remained, scouting occasionally, till June 15, when Gen. Grant ordered the command to march from Alexandria, La., to Texas. On Jan. 31, 1866, orders were received for muster-out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159164-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nA total of  2115 men served in the 1st Iowa at one time or another during its existence. It suffered 2 officers and 56 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 2 officers and 233 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 293 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159165-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Independent Battery Light Artillery\nThe 1st Iowa Light Artillery Battery was a light artillery battery from Iowa that served in the Union Army between August 17, 1861, and July 5, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159165-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Independent Battery Light Artillery, Service\nThe 1st Iowa Light Artillery was mustered into Federal service at Burlington, Iowa for a three-year enlistment on August 17, 1861. The regiment was mustered out of Federal service on July 5, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159165-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Independent Battery Light Artillery, Total strength and casualties\nA total of 266 men served in the 1st Iowa Battery at one time or another during its existence. It suffered 10 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 50 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 61 fatalities#", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159166-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159166-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Iowa Infantry was organized at Keokuk, Iowa and mustered into Federal forces on May 14, 1861, for ninety days' service under Abraham Lincoln's first call for volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159166-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nUnit strength was 959. The regiment suffered 1 officer and 19 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 8 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 28 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159166-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties, Wilson's Creek\nThe loss of the regiment at Wilson's Creek was 13 killed, 141 wounded and 4 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159167-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Infantry Regiment (African Descent)\nThe 1st Iowa Infantry Regiment Colored was an African-American infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159167-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Infantry Regiment (African Descent), Service\nThe first six companies of the 1st Iowa Infantry Colored was organized at Keokuk, Iowa and mustered into Federal forces on October 11, 1863 and on March 11, 1864 was redesignated the 60th United States Colored Infantry Regiment. Four additional companies were added before the end of the year. The regiment served as part of the garrison of the Department of Arkansas for its entire existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159167-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Iowa Infantry Regiment (African Descent), Total strength and casualties\nA total of  1153 men served in the 1st Iowa Colored during its existence. It suffered 12 combat fatalities,1 officer and 11 enlisted men, who were killed in action or who died of their wounds. The unit also suffered the loss of 332 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 344 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159168-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Iranian Majlis\nThe 1st Iranian Majlis was a legislative assembly from October 7,1906, to June 23, 1908. Its session was formally opened by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159168-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Iranian Majlis\nMozaffar's son and successor, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, became Shah on January 21, 1907. He was against the constitution that was ratified during the reign of his father. In 1907 Mohammad Ali dissolved Majles (Iranian parliament/National assembly) and declared the Constitution abolished because it was contrary to Islamic law. On June 23, 1908, the Shah bombarded the Majles with the military and political support of Russia and Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159168-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Iranian Majlis\nMorteza Gholi Khan Hedayat was the first Chairman of the period. According to W. Morgan Shuster, \"Five days later [measured from February 1st] the Persian Minister of Finance, Saniu'd-Dawleh was shot and killed in the streets of Tehran by two Georgians, who also succeeded in wounding four of the Persian police before they were captured. The Russian consular authorities promptly refused to allow these men to be tried by the Persian Government, and took them out of the country under Russian protection, claiming that they would be suitably punished.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159169-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Irish Film & Television Awards\nThe 1st Annual Irish Film & Television Awards was hosted by James Nesbitt on 1 November 2003, honouring Irish film and television released in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159169-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Irish Film & Television Awards, Awards in acting\nBest Actor in a Lead Role \u2013 Film (Jury Award)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159170-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Irish Parliament of King Charles I\nThe Parliament 1634\u20131635 was the first of the two Irish parliaments of Charles\u00a0I. The main items on the agenda were taxation and the ratification of the Graces. Six years of taxes were voted, but few of the graces were ratified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159170-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Irish Parliament of King Charles I, Background\nCharles\u00a0I, king of England, Scotland and Ireland, summoned the Irish Parliament of 1734\u20131635 to put the Irish government on a sound financial footing. The preceding parliament had been the Parliament of 1613\u20131615, the only Irish parliament of James\u00a0I. In this parliament James\u00a0I had created more than 30 pocket boroughs under Protestant control. The Irish House of Commons of 1634 therefore had 254 members: 112 Catholic and 142 Protestant. In the almost 20 years between these parliaments, James\u00a0I and then Charles\u00a0I had ruled their kingdoms as absolute monarchs without parliament. In 1632 Charles I had appointed Thomas Wentworth (the future Earl of Strafford) as his Lord Deputy of Ireland. Wentworth had taken office in July 1633.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159170-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Irish Parliament of King Charles I, Proceedings\nDuring the parliament the King stayed in England and was represented at the parliament in Dublin by his Lord Deputy. Parliament was opened on 14\u00a0July 1634 at Dublin Castle by the Lord Deputy. Nathaniel Catelyn, one of the two members for Dublin City was elected speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159170-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Irish Parliament of King Charles I, Proceedings, Taxation\nWentworth insisted that subsidies needed to be attended to first. Six subsidies of \u00a350,000 (about \u00a38,400,000 in 2019) each, or according to another source \u00a3240,000 (about \u00a340,500,000 in 2019) altogether, were voted unanimously on 19\u00a0July 1634. This provided the Irish government with a regular income until 1640 when the next parliament would be called.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159170-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Irish Parliament of King Charles I, Proceedings, The Graces\nKing Charles\u00a0I had indicated in 1626 that he would concede certain rights to the Irish Catholics if paid well enough. These concessions are known as the Graces. At Whitehall in 1628 the King and a delegation of Irish noblemen had agreed on 51 articles. At the core of the Graces were land rights and religious freedom. The payment had been fixed at \u00a3120,000 sterling (about \u00a323,800,000 in 2019) in three yearly instalments. The Irish Parliament should have confirmed the Graces promptly, but the then Lord Deputy, Lord Falkland, had never summoned that parliament. The parliament for which Sir Donough was elected in 1634 was the first Irish parliament since the proclamation of the Graces. Sir Donough, therefore, expected to see them confirmed in this parliament while Wentworth expected trouble when he refused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159170-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Irish Parliament of King Charles I, Proceedings, The Graces\nThe ratification of the Graces was tabled afterwards. Of the 51 articles Wentworth let 10 be voted into law, the others would be left at the discretion of the government, except articles 24 and 25, concerning land tenure, which he rejected. The Catholic MPs felt that the King had cheated them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159170-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Irish Parliament of King Charles I, Proceedings, Other Laws\nThe Catholic MPs expressed their anger by voting against any law later proposed by Wentworth and due to absenteeism among the Protestant MPs, the Catholics were able to vote several laws down. The government recalled the absent Protestant MPs, and the laws passed. Wentworth dissolved parliament on 18\u00a0April 1635.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159171-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Issue Special\n1st Issue Special was a comics anthology series from DC Comics, done in a similar style to their Showcase series. It was published from April 1975 to April 1976. The goal was to showcase a new possible first issue of an ongoing series each month, with some issues debuting new characters and others reviving dormant series from DC's past. No series were actually launched from 1st Issue Special but the Warlord made his first appearance in the title and the character's ongoing series was already slated to debut a few months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159171-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Issue Special, Publication history\nWriter Gerry Conway explained the series' origin: \"1st Issue Special was a peculiar book concept based on [publisher] Carmine Infantino\u2019s observation that first issues of titles often sold better than subsequent issues. Carmine\u2019s brainstorm: a monthly series of nothing but first issues. It sounds like a joke, but he was dead serious.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159171-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Issue Special, Publication history\nConway has also denied that 1st Issue Special was a tryout series, pointing out that tryout series run each feature for several issues so that the publisher has enough time to get sales figures before deciding whether to give the feature its own series; since each feature in 1st Issue Special ran only one issue, DC would have had to either launch the new series before sales figures came in for the tryout (thus making the feature's appearance in 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159171-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Issue Special, Publication history\nIssue Special pointless) or launch the new series six months or more after the tryout issue (by which time reader interest in the feature would have faded). Conway added, \"We used to sit at editorial meetings and [Carmine Infantino] would say, 'Who has an idea for 1st Issue Special next month?' How do you develop a project that has a potential to be a real series within 20 days? You can't.\" Only two of the 1st Issue Special features received an ongoing series: Mike Grell's The Warlord, which first appeared in issue #8 (November 1975), and Gerry Conway and Mike Vosburg's Return of the New Gods, which appeared in issue #13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159171-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Issue Special, Publication history\nIssues #1 (featuring Atlas) featured art and story by Jack Kirby. A number of issues featured existing DC characters: issue #3, Metamorpho, issue #5, Manhunter, issue #7, the Creeper, issue #9, the Golden Age character Doctor Fate, and issue #13, the New Gods. The Metamorpho feature reunited the character's creators, writer Bob Haney and artist Ramona Fradon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159171-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Issue Special, Publication history\nHaney and Fradon had met at the 1974 San Diego Comic-Con, and while reminiscing, it emerged that both of them regarded Metamorpho as one of the features they had most enjoyed working on, leading them to ask DC if they could do one more Metamorpho story together. 1st Issue Special staff have not been able to answer why the Creeper story was illustrated but not written by the character's creator, Steve Ditko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159171-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Issue Special, Publication history\nIssue #12 featured a new Starman character which would later be used in James Robinson's 1990s series focused on the character Jack Knight. The character was a supporting player in Justice League: Cry for Justice in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159171-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Issue Special, Publication history\nSome stories which had been intended for publication in 1st Issue Special appeared in other titles instead. A Batgirl and Robin team-up was published in Batman Family #1 (September\u2013October 1975) and a Green Arrow and Black Canary story was kept in inventory until it was published as a backup feature in Green Lantern #100 (January 1978).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159171-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Issue Special, Publication history\n1st Issue Special never printed a letters column, instead accompanying each feature with a \"Story Behind the Story\" text page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159172-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Itkulovo\n1st Itkulovo (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u0418\u0442\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e; Bashkir: 1-\u0441\u0435 \u042d\u0442\u04a1\u043e\u043b, 1-se Etkol) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Itkulovsky 1st Selsoviet, Baymaksky District, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. The  population was 926 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159172-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Itkulovo, Geography\n1st Itkulovo is located 28 km west of Baymak (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159173-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Jackpot Casino Tunica\n1st Jackpot Casino Tunica (formerly Bally's) is a casino and former hotel in Tunica Resorts, Mississippi. It is owned by Gaming & Leisure Properties and operated by Penn National Gaming. The casino has 46,535 square feet (4,323.2\u00a0m2) of gaming space, with 899 slot machines and 16 table games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159173-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Jackpot Casino Tunica, History\nBally's Saloon & Gambling Hall was originally opened on December 6, 1993, at Mhoon Landing by Bally Manufacturing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159173-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Jackpot Casino Tunica, History\nIn 1994, Lady Luck Gaming opened its Olympia Hotel in Robinsonville, an area 10 miles north of Mhoon Landing which had emerged as a prime casino site because of its closer proximity to Memphis. Lady Luck began construction of a casino to accompany the hotel, but suspended it later that year because of financial difficulties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159173-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Jackpot Casino Tunica, History\nIn February 1995, Bally and Lady Luck entered into a joint venture agreement, under which Bally would close its casino and move the barge upriver to dock at Lady Luck's hotel. Bally would own 58 percent of the combined venture and manage it, with Lady Luck and a local partner owning the rest. Bally's at Mhoon Landing closed on February 9. The casino reopened at its new location in Robinsonville (now Tunica Resorts) on December 18, 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159173-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Jackpot Casino Tunica, History\nHilton Hotels acquired Bally in 1996 and then purchased Lady Luck's share of Bally's Tunica in 1997 for $15 million. Hilton's gaming division, including Bally's, was spun off in 1998 as Park Place Entertainment, later renamed as Caesars Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159173-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Jackpot Casino Tunica, History\nIn 2004, Harrah's Entertainment agreed to purchase Caesars. The deal provoked antitrust concerns in some markets, including Tunica, where the combined company would own 5 out of the 9 casinos in the area. To ensure approval of the merger, Harrah's and Caesars agreed to sell four casinos, including Bally's Tunica and Harrah's Mardi Gras, to Colony Capital. The sale was completed in April 2005. The casino continued using the Bally's name under a licensing agreement. The two properties became part of Resorts International Holdings, a newly formed affiliate of Colony Capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159173-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Jackpot Casino Tunica, History\nIn 2011, facing a threat of foreclosure, Resorts International Holdings agreed to hand over ownership of Bally's Tunica and Resorts Tunica (formerly Harrah's) to lenders. Foundation Gaming Group, a company based in Gulfport, was retained to manage the two properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159173-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Jackpot Casino Tunica, History\nIn January 2014, RIH Acquisitions MS II assumed the management of Bally's Tunica and Resorts Tunica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159173-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Jackpot Casino Tunica, History\nIn May 2017, Bally's and Resorts Tunica were sold in a joint deal, with Gaming & Leisure Properties acquiring their real estate assets for a total of $83 million, and Penn National purchasing the operating assets for a total of $44 million. The casino was renamed in September 2017 to 1st Jackpot Casino Tunica. The hotel was later demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159174-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Japan Film Professional Awards\nThe 1st Japan Film Professional Awards (\u7b2c1\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u6620\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u5927\u8cde) is the 1st edition of the Japan Film Professional Awards. It awarded the best of 1991 in film. The ceremony took place on March 13, 1992, at Shinjuku Cine Pathos in Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159175-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Japan Record Awards\nThe inaugural Japan Record Awards were held on December 27, 1959. They recognized musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1959. Hiroshi Mizuhara won the Grand Prix award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159176-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Jerusalem Biennale (2013)\nThe Jerusalem Biennale, is a biennale taking place in Jerusalem, Israel, every odd year since 2013. As stated on the Biennial Foundation's website, \"is a platform for professional curators and artists to present contemporary works that relate, in one way or another, to the Jewish world of content. Every two years, a growing community of artists, art lovers, collectors, writers, researchers, and social activists gather in Jerusalem to celebrate Contemporary Jewish Art and to enjoy a variety of exhibitions, projects, site-specific installations and events under this conceptual framework.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159176-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Jerusalem Biennale (2013)\nThe first Jerusalem Biennale, titled \"Does it Even Exist,\" was held on September 15th to October 31st, 2013. 59 artists participated in the Biennale, and the art was displayed in 6 different exhibitions around Jerusalem. About 150 artworks were displayed in the exhibition from the participating artists. Participating artists included Andi Arnovitz, Neta Elkayam, Shai Azoulay, Dov Abramson, and Tobi Kahn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159176-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Jerusalem Biennale (2013)\n5,000 visitors attended and viewed the exhibitions, along with additional events such as music and dance performances, workshops, and debates. The Biennale was displayed in venues across Jerusalem including Hechal Shlomo, \u05d6 \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9 Beit Avi Chai, Musrara, and Achim Hasid Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159176-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Jerusalem Biennale (2013)\nIt was covered by the Jerusalem Post, Jewish Business News, The Times of Israel, and Haaretz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159177-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Jussi Awards\nThe 1st Jussi Awards ceremony, presented by Elokuvajournalistit ry, honored the best Finnish films released between October 1, 1942 and September 30, 1944 and took place on November 16, 1944 at Restaurant Adlon in Helsinki. The Jussi Awards were presented in seven different categories, including Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Production Design, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress\nThe 2014 Extraordinary Congress of the Justice and Development Party (Turkish: Adalet ve Kalk\u0131nma Partisi Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Kongresi) was held on 27 August 2014 in order to elect a new leader of the Justice and Development Party (often abbreviated AK Parti or AKP), the ruling political party of Turkey. It was the first extraordinary congress in the party's history, necessitated by the election of party leader Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan as the 12th President of Turkey. Former Foreign Minister and Konya MP Ahmet Davuto\u011flu was unanimously elected unopposed as party leader. The congress marked the last public appearance of Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan as Prime Minister, as he assumed the Presidency the day after. The congress took place at a time of significant change to Turkish politics, with the opposition Republican People's Party also holding an extraordinary convention on 5\u20136 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress, Background\nThe AKP had initially made preparations for their first ever extraordinary congress before the presidential election on August 10, on the correct assumption that their party leader and presidential candidate Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan would win. On 21 August, the AKP's Central Executive Board put forward Foreign Minister Ahmet Davuto\u011flu as a candidate for the leadership of the party, since Erdo\u011fan must sever all relations with the AKP by the time he takes over as President on 28 August 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 68], "content_span": [69, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress, Background\nThe decision by the AKP Central Executive Committee (MYK) to nominate Davuto\u011flu for the leadership was taken in a three-hour meeting chaired by Erdo\u011fan. The election of Davuto\u011flu, a key Erdo\u011fan loyalist, as party leader and Prime Minister has been viewed as a means by which Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan will remain in indirect command of the government as well as the Presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 68], "content_span": [69, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress, Event\nThe congress took place in at the Ankara Arena. Two large screens relaying live footage of the congress, as well as pictures of Erdo\u011fan and Davuto\u011flu, were placed outside the stadium for AK supporters. The lack of air conditioning caused notable discomfort, especially to Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan and Ahmet Davuto\u011flu. Around 900 journalists, of which 100 were from international news agencies, as well as several foreign guests also attended the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 63], "content_span": [64, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress, Event, Agenda\nAKP deputy leader S\u00fcleyman Soylu announced that 1,245 delegates had initially arrived and had all nominated Davuto\u011flu for the leadership, which was enough for a leadership election to take place. A video of Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan's history was played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 71], "content_span": [72, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress, Event, Erdo\u011fan's speech\nIn his speech lasting 110 minutes, Erdo\u011fan vowed to keep fighting the \"parallel state\" which he claimed is formed by bureaucrats and judicial officials from Cemaat aligned with Fethullah G\u00fclen. He claimed that the change of leadership would only be cosmetic, with the party's principles and missions remaining the same. He further stated that the nomination of Davuto\u011flu as leader was not for show or as a \"trustee\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 81], "content_span": [82, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress, Event, Erdo\u011fan's speech\nClaiming that the AKP's \"road to a new Turkey\" was in the vision of both Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk and Adnan Menderes, Erdo\u011fan stated that his absence would by no means result in the party's downfall or loss of political vision. In his closing remarks, he criticised the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) for its refusal to not attend his swearing in as a democratically elected President, the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) for its opposition to the PKK peace process and the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) for supporting terrorism. Claiming that supporters of such opposition parties had also supported his presidential election bid, Erdo\u011fan thanked his voters and hoped that the opposition would learn from their electoral losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 81], "content_span": [82, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress, Event, Davuto\u011flu's speech\nDavuto\u011flu's speech contained harsh criticism for the 2013-14 anti government protests as well as the 2013 corruption scandal, claiming that their main aim was to damage the confidence that the AKP had given the people of Turkey while in government. Arguing that the AKP has a dream for a new Turkey, he claimed that anyone who did not see such a dream should be embarrassed. He also promised to not marginalise or polarise the electorate, and vowed to safeguard the union of the nation. He stated that Erdo\u011fan's election as President as well as the formation of a new government will mark the start of the road to a new Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 83], "content_span": [84, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress, Event, Party Council election\nThe elected leaders of the party council (divan) are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 87], "content_span": [88, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159178-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress, Event, Leadership election\nAhmet Davuto\u011flu was the only registered candidate for election. A total of 1,388 delegates voted with 15 ballot boxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 84], "content_span": [85, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159179-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Jutra Awards\nThe 1st Jutra Awards were held on March 7, 1999 to honour films made with the participation of the Quebec film industry in 1998. The host of the ceremony was R\u00e9my Girard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159179-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Jutra Awards\nThe film The Red Violin (Le Violon rouge) garnered the most nominations, with 11, and the most wins, with nine including Best Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159180-0000-0000", "contents": "1st K-Drama Star Awards\nThe 1st K-Drama Star Awards (Korean:\u00a0\ucf00\uc774 \ub4dc\ub77c\ub9c8 \uc2a4\ud0c0 \uc5b4\uc6cc\uc988) was an awards ceremony for excellence in television in South Korea. It was held at the Daejeon Convention Center in Daejeon on December 8, 2012. The nominees were chosen from Korean dramas that aired from October 1, 2011 to October 31, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159180-0001-0000", "contents": "1st K-Drama Star Awards\nThe highest honor of the ceremony, Grand Prize (Daesang), was awarded to the actor Son Hyun-joo of the drama series The Chaser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159180-0002-0000", "contents": "1st K-Drama Star Awards, Nominations and winners\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159181-0000-0000", "contents": "1st KZN Entertainment Awards\nThe 1st KZN Entertainment Awards were held at Durban ICC, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa on December 15, 2020, were hosted  by Somizi Mhlongo  and Pearl Thusi, aired live on BET Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159181-0001-0000", "contents": "1st KZN Entertainment Awards, Winners and nominees\nBelow list is nominees  and winners. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159181-0002-0000", "contents": "1st KZN Entertainment Awards, Controversy\nIn April 2021, it was announced  that  the organizers failed to pay the artist their prizes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was the first black regiment to be organized in a northern state and the first black unit to see combat during the Civil War. At the Battle of Poison Spring, the regiment lost nearly half its number, and suffered the highest losses of any Kansas regiment during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Kansas Infantry (Colored) was organized by the work of Senator James Henry Lane at Fort Scott, Kansas and mustered in as a battalion of six companies on January 13, 1863 for three years. Four additional companies were recruited and mustered in between January 13 and May 2, 1863. It mustered in under the command of Colonel James M. Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was recruited without federal authorization and against the wishes of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. James H. Lane, recruiting commissioner for Kansas territory north of the Kansas River, on August 4, 1862, authorized raising the regiment. Recruiting officials enlisted black men across eastern Kansas, most of whom were former, or runaway, slaves from Missouri. It was the first African-American regiment to see combat during the Civil War, in the skirmish at Island Mound, in Bates County, Missouri, in October 1862. The regiment's Company D had three black officers, William D. Matthews and his two lieutenants, Henry Copeland and Patrick Minor, who were not allowed commissions as officers when the regiment was formally mustered into the Union army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Department of Kansas to June 1863. District of the Frontier, Department of Missouri, to January 1864. Unattached, District of the Frontier, VII Corps, Department of Arkansas, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, District of the Frontier, VII Corps, to December 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nMaj. Gen. James G. Blunt, commander of the Union forces at the Battle of Honey Springs was particularly impressed by the performance of the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry at that engagement. They repulsed a Confederate charge, inflicting many casualties, and, after Colonel Williams was badly wounded, continued to fight and made an orderly withdrawal. Afterwards, he wrote: \"I never saw such fighting as was done by the Negro regiment.... The question that negroes (sic) will fight is settled; besides they make better soldiers in every respect than any troops I have ever had under my command.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Kansas Colored Infantry ceased to exist on December 13, 1864, when it became a U.S. Army unit and its designation was changed to the 79th Regiment Infantry U.S. Colored Troops. Also attached to the regiment at some point was Armstrong's Battery Light Artillery, a unit for which few details are known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty in the Department of Kansas October 1862, to June 1863. Action at Island Mound, Missouri, October 27, 1862. Island Mound, Kansas, October 29. Butler, Missouri, November 28. Ordered to Baxter Springs April 1863. Scout from Creek Agency to Jasper County, Missouri, May 16\u201319 (detachment). Sherwood, Missouri, May 18. Bush Creek May 24. Near Fort Gibson May 28. Shawneetown, Kansas, June 6 (detachment). March to Fort Gibson, Cherokee Nation, June 27-July 5, with supply train. Action at Cabin Creek July 1\u20132. the Battle of Honey Springs, July 17. At Fort Gibson until September. Lawrence, Kansas, July 27 (detachment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNear Sherwood August 14 Moved to Fort Smith, Arkansas, October, then to Roseville December, and duty there until March 1864. Horse Head Creek February 12, 1864. Roseville Creek March 20. Steele's Camden Expedition March 23-May 3. Prairie D'Ann April 9\u201312. Poison Springs April 18. Jenkins' Ferry April 30. March to Fort Smith, Arkansas, May 3\u201316, and duty there until December. Fort Gibson, September 16. Cabin Creek September 19. Timber Hill November 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost at least 344 men during service; 5 officers and 173 enlisted men were killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 165 enlisted men died of disease. No other Kansas regiment lost more men than the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159182-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, In popular culture\nIn 2011, quilt artist and educator Marla Jackson worked with junior high students in Lawrence, Kansas, to produce a collaborative and commemorative quilt on the topic of the 1st Kansas Infantry. The quilt, along with several others by Jackson that evoked similar themes, was displayed at the Spencer Museum of Art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159183-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Kansas Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. On August 10, 1861, at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri, the regiment suffered 106 soldiers killed in action or mortally wounded, one of the highest numbers of fatalities suffered by any Union infantry regiment in a single engagement during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159183-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Lincoln near Leavenworth, Kansas from May 20 to June 30, 1861, the greatest number of men being recruited between May 20 and June 3. It then mustered in for three years' service under the command of Colonel George Washington Deitzler. The regiment moved to Wyandotte County, Kansas, then to Kansas City, Missouri and Clinton, Missouri, to join General Lyon, June 7-July 13, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159183-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAction at Dug Springs, Missouri August 2. At Springfield, Missouri, until August 7. Battle of Wilson's Creek August 10. March to Rolla, Missouri, August 11\u201322, then to St. Louis, Missouri, and duty on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad until October. Duty at Tipton, Missouri, guarding the Missouri Pacific Railroad, October 1861 to January 1862. Expedition to Milford, Missouri, December 15\u201319, 1861. Shawnee Mound, Milford, December 18. At Lexington, Missouri until February 1862. Moved to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in anticipation of General Curtis' New Mexico Expedition April and May. Service with McPherson's Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159183-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Columbus, Kentucky, and duty guarding Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Headquarters at Trenton, Tennessee, until September. Brownsburg September 4. Trenton, September 17. Moved to Jackson, Tennessee, and duty there until November. March to relief of Corinth, Mississippi, October 3\u20135. Pursuit to Ripley, Mississippi October 5\u201312. Actions at Chewalla, Tennessee and Big Hill October 5. Moved to Grand Junction, Tennessee November 2. Operations on the Mississippi Central Railroad to the Yocknapatalfa River November 1862 to January 1863. Service in Vicksburg Campaign and Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159183-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Moscow, Tennessee, then to Memphis, Tennessee, and to Young's Point, Louisiana, January 17, 1863. Regiment mounted February 1, 1863. Moved to Lake Providence, Louisiana February 8, and provost duty there until July. Actions at Old River, Hood's Lane, Black Bayou, Mississippi and near Lake Providence February 10. Pin Hook and Caledonia, Bayou Macon, May 10. Expedition to Mechanicsburg May 26-June 4. Repulse of attack on Providence in Battle of Lake Providence June 9. Baxter's Bayou and Lake Providence June 10. Bayou Macon June 10. Battle of Richmond, Louisiana, June 15, 1863. Richmond, Louisiana June 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159183-0002-0003", "contents": "1st Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Goodrich's Landing near Lake Providence June 29. Moved to Natchez, Mississippi July 12\u201313, and duty there until October. Expedition to Harrisonburg, Louisiana, September 1\u20138. Cross Bayou September 14. Moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi, October, and duty at Big Black River and near Haynes' Bluff until June, 1864. Skirmish at Big Black River, October 8, 1863. Scout from Bovina Station to Baldwyn's Ferry November 1. Scout to Baldwyn's Ferry January 14, 1864. Expedition up Yazoo River April 19\u201323. McArthur's Yazoo City Expedition to Yazoo City, Mississippi May 4\u201321. Benton, Mississippi May 7\u20139. Luce's Plantation May 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159183-0002-0004", "contents": "1st Kansas Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, June 1, 1864. Attacked on riverboat W. R. Arthur near Columbia, Arkansas, June 2. Mustered out June 19, 1864. Additional Service by veteran volunteer companies. Veterans on duty in District of Vicksburg, Mississippi, until August 1864. Ordered to Morganza, Louisiana, July 29. Operations in vicinity of Morganza September 16\u201325. Near Alexandria, Louisiana September 20. Skirmish near the Atchafalaya River October 4, 1864. Atchafalaya October 5. Ordered to White River, Arkansas, October 7, then to Little Rock, Arkansas, December 7. Duty there as Headquarters Guard and escort, Department of Arkansas, until August 1865. Veteran volunteers mustered out August 30, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159183-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 252 men during service; 7 officers and 120 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 122 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159184-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Kansas Militia Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159184-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Kansas Militia Infantry was called into service on October 9, 1864. It was disbanded on October 29, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159184-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kansas Militia Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe unit was called into service to defend Kansas against Major General Sterling Price's raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Kent Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery from 1860 to 1956. Primarily serving as coastal artillery defending the Port of Dover and other harbours in South-East England, the unit's successors also served in the heavy artillery role on the Western Front during World War I and as anti-aircraft artillery during the Blitz and later in the North African and Italian campaigns of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Origin\nMany Volunteer units were raised in Great Britain as a result of an invasion scare in 1859. These small independent units were quickly organised into larger groupings, and the 1st Administrative Brigade of Kent Artillery Volunteers was formed in August 1860. It comprised the following Corps:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Reorganisation\nA reorganisation in May 1880 saw the Plumstead and Woolwich units become independent, and the remaining Corps were consolidated as the 1st Kent Artillery Volunteer Corps (1st KAVC) with HQ at Gravesend and eleven batteries provided as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Reorganisation\nAll artillery vounteers were attached to one of the territorial divisions of the Royal Artillery (TA) in 1882 with the 1st KAVC joining the Cinque Ports Division. In 1887 the unit was redesignated the 3rd Volunteer (Kent) Brigade, Cinque Ports Division, RA, but this title only lasted until the Cinque Ports Division was disbanded in 1889, when the unit transferred to the Eastern Division and became the 1st Kent Artillery Volunteer Corps (Eastern Division, RA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Reorganisation\nBy 1892, the Kent Artillery Volunteer Corps were organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Reorganisation\nIn 1889, the Artillery Volunteers became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), and when the territorial divisions were abolished the 1st KAVC was designated 1st Kent Brigade RGA (Volunteers) from 1 January 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Kent Brigade provided the Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, RGA, including its ammunition column, and three companies of the Kent and Sussex Royal Garrison Artillery. However, this unit was broken up in 1910, the Kent batteries becoming the Kent RGA and the Sussex batteries forming a separate Sussex RGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery was based at Beaton Street, Faversham, with its ammunition column at Chatham. Equipped with four 4.7-inch guns it formed part of the Home Counties Division of the TF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe Kent RGA was a 'defended ports' unit organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nNos 1 and 2 Companies formed part of Eastern Coast Defences at Chatham, while No 3 Company was in South Eastern Coast Defences at Dover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, the Kent RGA went to its war stations manning the coast artillery and the Heavy Battery mobilised at Faversham. After mobilisation, units of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service, and on 15 August the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way, duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Thus were formed the 1/1st and 2/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Bys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe Home Counties Division accepted the liability for service in India to release the regular units of the garrison there for active service on the Western Front. However, heavy artillery was not required for India, so when the division departed on 30 October, the 1/1st Bty stayed behind with the 2nd Home Counties Division that was being formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery\nThe battery formally joined 2nd Home Counties Division on 30 October, and the division assembled in billets round Windsor, Berkshire during November. It was numbered 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division in August 1915. On 17 November, the 1/1st Bty left the division to equip for overseas service, and it landed at Le Havre on 29 December 1915, joining the XVI Heavy Brigade, RGA, on 31 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery\nThe battery (normally referred to as the 1/1st Kent Heavy Bty) transferred to the 48th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) on 25 April 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, Gommecourt\n48th Heavy Artillery Group was assigned to the Attack on the Gommecourt Salient in the forthcoming 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme). Positioned near Berles-au-Bois, north of Gommecourt, its main role was counter-battery fire to destroy the German guns, although its 4.7-inch guns could not actually reach the German heavy gun positions in the rear. The planned seven-day bombardment of the German positions began on 24 June but 48th HAG did not participate in this programme on the first three days (U, V and W Days), only carrying out some 'night line' harassing fire into German-held villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, Gommecourt\nThe 4.7-inch guns joined in the bombardment programme at dawn on 27 June (X Day), firing into the village of Bucquoy at 06.00. However, accuracy was poor: when the Kent battery fired 30 shells at German Battery position 504 at 11.04, only three were on target. Later the guns practised a six-minute hurricane bombardment on the German positions. Y Day was spent shelling German gun positions, but the weather was poor for observation. Because of the weather, the attack was postposed for two days, and the additional days (Y1 and Y2) were used for further bombardment. On Y2, 48th HAG engaged 18 separate targets, and 1/1st Kent Bty fired 228 rounds, but this was far below the 400 per battery permitted, because of difficulties of observation. Many of these rounds were wide of their intended targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, Gommecourt\nOn Z Day (1 July), the entire artillery supporting 56th Division fired a 65-minute bombardment of the German front, starting at 06.25. At 07.30 the guns lifted onto their pre-arranged targets in the German support and reserve lines as the infantry got out of their forward trenches and advanced towards Gommecourt. At first this went well for 56th Division. Despite casualties from the German counter-bombardment on their jumping-off trenches, the smoke and morning mist helped the infantry, and they reached the German front line with little loss and moved on towards the second and reserve lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, Gommecourt\nThe artillery Observation Posts (OPs) reported the signboards erected by the leading waves to mark their progress. However, the OPs themselves came under attack from the German counter-bombardment, which prevented supplies and reinforcements crossing No man's land to reaching the leading waves who had entered the German trenches. The heavy guns tried to suppress the German artillery, but the commander of 56th Division commented that although 'our counter-batter groups engaged a large number of German batteries \u2013 the results were not apparent'. By mid-afternoon, the division's slight gains were being eroded by German counter-attacks, and all the remaining gains had to be abandoned after dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 96], "content_span": [97, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, Later war\nOver the next two years, the 1/1st Kent Bty was moved from one HAG to another as circumstances demanded. On 12 February 1917, the battery was joined by a section of 118th Heavy Bty RGA to make it up to a strength of six guns. The 118th Heavy Bty was a regular unit formed at Woolwich shortly after the outbreak of war and had been in France with 4.7-inch guns since 6 November 1914. By now, the heavy batteries on the Western Front were adopting the modern 60-pounder in place of the obsolete 4.7-inch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 95], "content_span": [96, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, Later war\nIn late 1917, the policy was changed, and HAGs became permanent formations. 1/1st Kent Bty joined the 92nd HAG on 13 January 1918 and remained with it until the end of the war. On 1 February 1918, the HAGs became Brigades once more, and 92nd became 92nd (Mobile) Brigade, RGA, composed of four six-gun batteries of 60-pounders, and joined First Army on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 95], "content_span": [96, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, Later war\nDuring the German spring offensive of March 1918, the 92nd (M) Bde was sent to reinforce the hard-pressed Third Army, and remained with it until the Armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 95], "content_span": [96, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, Later war\nAfter the German offensive was halted, the Allies went over to the attack in the Hundred Days Offensive, which gathered pace once the St Quentin Canal had been crossed. Mobile heavy guns had to be moved up to support the successive attacks. On 8 October, 92nd (M) Bde was assigned to counter-battery fire to support IV Corps' attack (the Battle of Cambrai (1918)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 95], "content_span": [96, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery, Later war\nFor Third Army's attack on the River Selle, 92nd Bde was again attached to IV Corps Artillery. Now there was no long preliminary bombardment, instead a surprise attack was made at 02.00 on 20 October under a full moon. During the October fighting heavy guns were not used on the towns to avoid casualties among French civilians, but the 60-pounders were used to 'search' roads and forest clearings. Again, on 4 November, at the Battle of the Sambre, 92nd (M) Bde supported IV Corps in a complex fire programme to assist 37th Division and the New Zealand Division in capturing the old fortress of Le Quesnoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 95], "content_span": [96, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery\nThe battery formally separated from 1/1st Bty on 26 December 1914, but it was January 1916 before it received its guns. Even then, vital equipment such as sights were still lacking. 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division had a dual role of training drafts for units serving overseas and at the same time being part of the mobile force responsible for home defence. From November 1915 it formed part of Second Army, Central Force, quartered in Kent with 2/1st Bty at Ightham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery\nIn September 1916, the battery moved to Mundesley in Norfolk, where it joined 4th Provisional Brigade. Provisional brigades were TF home defence formations composed of men who had not signed up for overseas service, but after the Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Brigades' role thus expanded to include physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. The 4th Provisional Brigade became the 224th Mixed Brigade in December 1916 ('mixed' in this context indicating a formation of infantry and artillery with supporting units).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery\nAt the time of the Armistice, 2/1st Battery was still at Mundesley as part of 224th Mixed Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 84], "content_span": [85, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Kent RGA\nThe Imperial German Navy only carried out 12 bombardments of British coastal targets during World War I, so most of the extensive coastal defences were never tested. Kent was, however, an exception to the inactivity, and the ports of Margate, Broadstairs, Ramsgate and Dover were bombarded in April 1917 (the Second Battle of the Dover Strait), and Dover was shelled again (the last such bombardment of the war) on 16 February 1918. The batteries at Ramsgate and Dover were engaged on these occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Kent RGA\nNos 1 and 2 Companies of the Kent RGA, together with Regular RGA companies, manned the Kent side of the Thames and Medway Defences (No 12 Fire Command at Sheerness and No 13 Fire Command at Grain, while No 3 Company, Kent RGA, along with Nos 40 and 46 Companies, RGA, manned the Dover Defences (No 11 Fire Command). These were developed as the war progressed, until by April 1918 they comprised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Kent RGA\nMeanwhile, TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service were supplying trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas and providing cadres to form complete new units for front line service. 134th Siege Battery formed at Dover in 1916 is known to have had a nucleus of men from the Kent and Sussex RGA units. This may also have been the case for some of the numerous other siege batteries formed at Dover during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Kent RGA\nThis process meant a continual drain on the manpower of the defended ports units and in April 1917, the coastal defence companies of the RGA (TF) were reorganised. By this stage of the war, the Dover and Newhaven Defences of Eastern Command consisted of 1/3 and 2/3 Companies of the Kent RGA  and 1/1, 1/2, 2/1 and 2/2 Companies of the Sussex RGA. These six companies were reduced to just two (Nos 1 and 2 Companies, Sussex RGA), given a slightly higher establishment (five officers and 100 other ranks (ORs)), and the 1st and 2nd Line distinction was abolished. Nos 1 and 2 Kent Companies remained at Grain Fort and Grain Battery respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, Kent Heavy Brigade\nWhen the TF was reconstituted as the new Territorial Army (TA) in 1920, the Kent RGA was reformed in 1920, becoming the Kent Coast Brigade, RGA in 1921 and the Kent Heavy Brigade in 1924 when the RGA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, Kent Heavy Brigade\nThe brigade was assigned to 44th Home Counties Divisional Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, Kent Heavy Brigade\nIn 1932, the brigade was split up. 166 (City of Rochester) Battery became an independent anti-aircraft (AA) battery, later joining 55th (Kent) AA Bde. 167 and 169 Batteries joined the Essex Heavy Brigade to form the Thames and Medway Heavy Brigade, RA, based at Rochester. The rest of the brigade merged with the single-battery Sussex Heavy Brigade to form the Kent and Sussex Heavy Brigade, RA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 205 (Chatham and Faversham) Battery\nMeanwhile, the Home Counties (Kent) Heavy Battery was reconstituted as 205 (Chatham and Faversham) Medium Battery at Sittingbourne, later at the Drill Hall, Chatham. It formed part of 13th (Kent) Medium Brigade (formerly 4th Home Counties Brigade, Royal Field Artillery). This unit was soon redesignated 52nd (Kent) Medium Brigade, and in 1935 became 58th (Kent) Anti - Aircraft Brigade. The following year, 205 (Kent) AA Battery was transferred to 55th (Kent) AA Brigade (see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Interwar, 205 (Chatham and Faversham) Battery\nEarly in 1939, as part of the doubling of the strength of the TA after the Munich Crisis, 205 (Kent) Battery left 55th AA Regiment (as RA brigades were now termed) to join a new 89th (Cinque Ports) AA Regiment, which was forming as a duplicate of 75th (Cinque Ports) AA Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Kent and Sussex Heavy Regiment\nOn the outbreak of World War II, the regiment went to its war stations manning coastal guns under Dover Fire Command. After the Dunkirk evacuation, the coastal defence of South East England became a critical priority. On 14 July, the Kent and Sussex Heavy Regiment was split into three separate coast regiments, each of three batteries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 75], "content_span": [76, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Kent and Sussex Heavy Regiment\nIn the autumn of 1940, 520th Rgt was stationed at Landguard Fort at Harwich, but had returned to Dover Citadel by the end of 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 75], "content_span": [76, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Kent and Sussex Heavy Regiment, Defence of Dover\nDover was in range of German batteries mounted on the French coast and their first shells fell on Dover on 12 August 1940. Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered the emplacement of long-range guns and by September two long-range Counter Bombardment (CB) fire commands were being added to the harbour defences, manned by the Royal Artillery and Royal Marines. Eventually, the coast artillery at Dover was developed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 93], "content_span": [94, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Kent and Sussex Heavy Regiment, Defence of Dover\nNewhaven Fort had 4 x 6-inch and 2 x 12-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 93], "content_span": [94, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 166 (City of Rochester) Battery\nAt the start of World War II, 55th AA Regiment, including 166th (City of Rochester) Bty, was serving in Anti- Aircraft Command in the Heavy AA (HAA) role with 28th (Thames and Medway) Anti - Aircraft Brigade. During The Blitz 28th AA Bde guarded the Thames, Chatham and Dover in 6th AA Division. In 1941, the regiment left AA Command and became part of the War Office Reserve before sailing for the Middle East. It took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 and the subsequent Italian Campaign, where in the absence of air attacks it frequently engaged ground targets in a medium artillery role. 55th (Kent) HAA Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 205 (Kent) Battery\n89th AA Regiment, including 205 (Kent) Bty, also served with 28th (Thames and Medway) AA Bde at the start of the war, but sailed for Egypt in December 1939. It then served with the Eighth Army in North Africa and Italy until it was placed in suspended animation in September 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\n521st Coast Regiment was placed in suspended animation in June 1945, and 519th and 520th Coast Regiments the following year. In 1947, when the TA was reconstituted, 520th Regiment was disbanded, while 519th and 521st were reformed as 410th (Kent) Coast Regiment and 411th (Sussex) Coast Regiment respectively. The Kent unit was organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159185-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Kent Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\n410 (Kent) Coast Regiment formed part of 101 Coast Brigade. In 1956, the regiment was converted to the infantry role and became 5th Battalion The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159186-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War; serving mostly in the Army of Tennessee. In late 1862 it was consolidated to constitute the 1st (3rd) Kentucky Cavalry, usually known as 3rd (Butler's) Kentucky Cavalry. The 3rd continued to served for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159186-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nThe 1st Kentucky Cavalry was organized at Bowling Green, Kentucky and was mustered into the Confederate States Army on October 28, 1861. Commanded by Colonel Benjamin Hardin Helm the regiment briefly served in the Orphan Brigade before being brigaded with the 8th Texas Cavalry under the overall command of Joseph Wheeler. In October 1862 the depleted regiment was reformed as battalion and consolidated with the newly organized 3rd Kentucky Cavalry of Col. J. Russell Butler. In this composition it continued to serve in the Army of Tennessee for the duration of the war; usually as part of the Kentucky Cavalry Brigade in Gen. Wheeler's Corps. It surrendered with the army near Bennett Place in North Carolina on April 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment was organized at Liberty, Burkesville, and Monticello, Kentucky and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on October 28, 1861. It was mustered in under the command of Colonel Frank Lane Wolford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to Thomas' Command, Camp Dick Robinson, Kentucky, to December 1861. 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to March 1862. (5 companies attached to Garfield's 18th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, December 1861 to March 1862.) Unattached, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. Post Gallatin, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1863. District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. Independent Cavalry Brigade, XXIII Corps, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Ohio, to May 1864. Independent Brigade, Cavalry Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to December 1864. Camp Nelson, Military District of Kentucky, to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 969]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Kentucky Cavalry mustered out of service at Camp Nelson on September 20, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nNear Rockcastle Hills October 18, 1861. Camp Wild Cat October 21. Fishing Creek December 8. (5 companies sent to Prestonsburg, Kentucky, December 10 and Join Garfield. Garfield's operations against Humphrey Marshall December 23, 1861 to January 20, 1862. Middle Creek, near Prestonburg, January 10, 1862.) Near Logan's Cross Roads, Mill Springs, on Fishing Creek, January 19\u201320, 1862. Near Cumberland Gap February 14 (detachment). Big Creek Gap and Jacksboro March 14 (detachment). Reconnaissance to Cumberland Gap March 21\u201323 (1st Battalion). Moved to Nashville, Tennessee, April. Purdy and Lebanon May 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nDuty at Shelbyville, Columbia, Mt. Pleasant, Lawrenceburg, Pulaski, and Murfreesboro, Tennessee, until August. March to Louisville, Kentucky, in pursuit of Bragg August 21-September 26. Capture of 3rd Georgia Cavalry at New Haven September 29. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201322. Near Perryville October 6\u20137. Battle of Perryville October 8. Danville October 11. Near Mountain Gap October 14 and 16. March to Nashville, Tennessee, October 22-November 7. Ordered to Kentucky, November. Operations against Morgan December 1862 to January 1863. Operations against Pegram, March 22-April 1. Danville March 24. Dutton's Hill, near Somerset, March 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nExpedition to Monticello and operations in southeast Kentucky April 25-May 12. Howe's Ford, Weaver's Store, April 28. Monticello May 1. Neal Springs May. Near Mill Springs May 29. Monticello and Rocky Gap June 9. Saunders' raid in eastern Tennessee June 14\u201324. Lenoir June 19. Knoxville June 19\u201320. Strawberry Plains and Rogers' Gap June 20. Powder Springs Gap June 21. Columbia and Creelsborough June 29. Pursuit of Morgan July 2\u201326. Marrowbone, Burkesville, July 2. Columbia July 3. Martin's Creek July 10. Buffington's Island. Ohio, July 19. Near Lisbon July 26. Operation against Scott in eastern Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0004-0003", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nLancaster and Paint Lick Bridge July 31. Lancaster August 1. Smith's Shoals, Cumberland River, August 1. Burnside's campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. Calhoun and Charleston September 25. Near Philadelphia September 27 and October 15. Philadelphia October 20. Motley's Ford, Little Tennessee River, November 4. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Marysville November 14. Little River November 14\u201315. Stock Creek November 15. Near Knoxville November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Pursuit of Longstreet December 5\u201323. About Bean Station December 9\u201313. Operations about Dandridge January 16\u201317, 1864. Bend of Chucky River, near Dandridge, January 16. Dandridge January 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0004-0004", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nFlat and Muddy Creek January 26. Seviersville January 26. Near Fair Garden January 27. Moved to Mt. Sterling, Kentucky, February 17\u201326, and duty there reorganizing until April. March to Tunnel Hill, Georgia, May 1\u201312. Atlanta Campaign May to September. Demonstrations on Dalton May 9\u201313. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 10 and 15-17. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Operations on line of Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Campbellton July 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0004-0005", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nOn line of the Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. About Atlanta July 22\u201327. Stoneman's raid to Macon July 27-August 6. Macon and Clinton July 30. Sunshine Church July 30\u201331. Ordered to Mt. Sterling, Kentucky, September. Duty at Camp Nelson, Kentucky, and at other points in Kentucky until December. Mustered out December 31, 1864. Veterans and recruits consolidated to a battalion of 3 companies and on duty at various points in Kentucky, operating against guerrillas and quieting country, until September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159187-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 344 men during service; 5 officers and 56 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 282 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159188-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 1st Regiment Kentucky Volunteers, CSA was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It was the only Kentucky regiment in the Confederate service to serve in the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159188-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nThe 1st Regiment Kentucky Volunteers, CSA was organized in August 1861, by consolidation of three battalions of Kentucky infantry, two stationed at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia). One battalion, the 1st Kentucky Battalion (Duncan's) was under the command of Major Henry Blanton Duncan (b. 1827) and the 2nd Battalion of Kentucky Sharpshooters was under the command of Major John D. Pope. The 3rd Kentucky Battalion commanded by Major Benjamin M. Anderson had been stationed at Richmond, Virginia. All three battalions were consolidated into the 1st Regiment Kentucky Volunteers at Manassas Junction, Virginia. Majors Pope and Anderson were returned to their companies as captains. Duncan had resigned at Winchester in June of 1861. Col. Thomas Claiborne, of Tennessee, had assumed command of the 1st battalion until the formation of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159188-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nThe regiment had ten companies. The two battalions arrived in Virginia at Harper's Ferry, later moving to Winchester. The two battalions moved with Joe Johnston's Army of the Shenandoah to join Beauregard's Army of the Potomac at Manassas Junction, but arrived the day following the First Battle of Bull Run under the command of Major Thomas Claiborne. With Duncan, who submitted his resignation on August 13, gone, the two battalions merged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159188-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nIn August a third battalion of three companies, then around Newport News, Virginia, and augmented by a company of Kentuckians from the 1st Louisiana, were ordered by Richmond to join with the six companies then at Manassas Junction. Lt . Col. Thomas Hart Taylor was assigned command of the regiment on August 7, 1861. Taylor was later promoted to full colonel and remained in command until the unit was mustered out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159188-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nThe regiment was assigned to a brigade under the command of J.E.B. Stuart and participated in the Battle of Dranesville at Dranesville, Virginia. In mid-1862, the regiment was ordered to Richmond and later participated in the Battle of Yorktown at Yorktown, Virginia. Following the battle, the 1st Kentucky Infantry was ordered back to Richmond where it remained until its twelve-month enlistment expired. The men were mustered out of service on May 13 and 14, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159189-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159189-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment was organized at Pendleton in Cincinnati, Ohio, March - April 1861 as a three-month regiment. Because the regiment was organized while Kentucky tried to remain neutral, it was not recognized until June 4, 1861, when it was reorganized and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel James V. Guthrie. Although credited to Kentucky, the regiment was almost entirely composed by Ohio volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159189-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was ordered to the Kanawha Valley, Virginia, July 10, 1861, and attached to Kanawha Brigade, Western Virginia, to October 1861. District of the Kanawha, Western Virginia, to January 1862. 22nd Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to February 1862. 22nd Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 22nd Brigade, 4th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Left Wing, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XXI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, IV Corps, to June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159189-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Kentucky Infantry mustered out of service on June 18, 1864, at Covington, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159189-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nCampaign in western Virginia July to October 1861. March to Sissonville in rear of Wise, returning via Ravenswood and Charleston July 14\u201326. Moved to Gauley, arriving August 1. Moved to Camp Piatt, arriving August 25. Gauley Bridge August 28. Boone Court House September 1. Peytonia September 12. Moved to Raleigh September 20\u201327. Chapmansville September 25. Return to Gauley, arriving October 10. Operations in the Kanawha Valley October 19-November 16. Skirmish at Gauley Bridge October 28. Attack on Gauley by Floyd's Batteries November 1\u20139. Pursuit of Floyd November 10. Duty at Charleston December 4 to January 5, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159189-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nOrdered to Kentucky January 5, 1862. Camp near Bardstown January 24-February 13. March to Nashville, Tennessee, February 14-March 12, and to Savannah, Tennessee, March 13-April 5. Battle of Shiloh, April 6\u20137. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Mississippi, April 29-May 30. Phillips Creek, Widow Serratt's, May 21. Bridge Creek, before Corinth, May 28. Occupation of Corinth May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 31-June 6. Buell's Campaign in northern Alabama and middle Tennessee June to August. March to Louisville, Kentucky, in pursuit of Bragg, August 21-September 25. Pursuit of Bragg to London, Kentucky, October 1\u201322. Battle of Perryville, October 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159189-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nCamp Wild Cat October 17. Nelson's Cross Roads October 18. Destruction of Salt Works at Goose Creek October 23\u201324. March to Nashville, Tennessee, October 24-November 9, and duty there until December 26. Advance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Lavergne December 26\u201327. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Duty at Cripple Creek until June. Expedition to Woodbury April 2. Snow Hill, Woodbury, April 3. Tullahoma Campaign June 24-July 7. At Manchester July 9 to August 16. Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River, and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Pea Vine Creek September 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159189-0004-0003", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nLee and Gordon's Mills September 11\u201313. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19\u201320. Siege of Chattanooga, September 24-October 27. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Duty at Bridgeport, Alabama, until January 26, 1864. At Ooltewah, Georgia, until May 17, and at Resaca until May 29. Ordered to Kentucky May 29. Operations against Morgan's invasion of Kentucky May 31-June 18. Mt. Sterling June 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159189-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Kentucky Infantry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 143 men during service; 60 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 82 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159190-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kenya Rifles Battalion\n1st Kenya Rifles is an infantry battalion of the Kenya Army. It is a descendant of the pre-independence Kenya British Army formation the Kings African Rifles that was formed before the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159190-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kenya Rifles Battalion\nAs the country prepared for independence in 1962\u201363 the National Assembly of Kenya passed a bill (Kenya Bills 1963) to amend the status of Kenyan military forces. Three battalions of the KAR were in country (3, 5, and 11 KAR). Accordingly, former KAR units of them were transformed into Kenyan military forces and the newly independent Kenyan Government was legally empowered to assign names to them. This took effect from the time of the independence ceremonies, midnight, 12 December 1963. Thus 3 KAR, 5 KAR, and 11 KAR became 3 Kenya Rifles, 5 Kenya Rifles, and 11 Kenya Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159190-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kenya Rifles Battalion\nMutinies by the Tanganyika Rifles and the Uganda Rifles in January 1964 set the stage for the unrest that took place within the Kenya Rifles. Faced with many of the same problems that confronted Kenyan soldiers, Tanganyikan and Ugandan soldiers won improved pay and the dismissal of expatriate British officers by threatening their newly sovereign politicians with violence. On the evening of 24 January 1964, the failure of the Kenyan Prime Minister to appear on television, where 11th Kenya Rifles junior soldiers had been expecting a televised speech and hoping for a pay rise announcement, caused the men to mutiny. Parsons says it is possible that the speech was only broadcast on the radio in the Nakuru area where Lanet Barracks, home of the battalion, was located. Kenyatta's government held two separate courts-martial for 43 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159190-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Kenya Rifles Battalion\nIn the aftermath of the mutiny and following courts-martial, the 11th Kenya Rifles was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159190-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Kenya Rifles Battalion\nA new battalion, 1st Kenya Rifles, was created entirely from 340 Lanet soldiers who had been cleared of participation in the mutiny by the Kenyan Criminal Investigations Division (CID). Today this unit is based in Nanyuki, Central Kenya. The battalion is currently allied with The Light Infantry of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0000-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards\nThe 1st King's Dragoon Guards was a cavalry regiment in the British Army. The regiment was raised by Sir John Lanier in 1685 as the 2nd Queen's Regiment of Horse, named in honour of Queen Mary, consort of King James II. It was renamed the 2nd King's Own Regiment of Horse in 1714 in honour of George I. The regiment attained the title 1st King's Dragoon Guards in 1751. The regiment served as horse cavalry until 1937 when it was mechanised with light tanks. The regiment became part of the Royal Armoured Corps in 1939. After service in the First World War and the Second World War, the regiment amalgamated with the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) in 1959 to form the 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0001-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, Early history\nThe regiment was raised by Sir John Lanier in 1685 as Lanier's Regiment of Horse or the 2nd Queen's Regiment of Horse, named in honour of Queen Mary, consort of King James II, as part of the response to the Monmouth Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0002-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, Early history\nThe regiment saw action at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690 and the Battle of Aughrim in July 1691 during the Williamite War in Ireland. It also fought at the Battle of Blenheim in August 1704, the Battle of Ramillies in May 1706, the Battle of Oudenarde in July 1708 and the Battle of Malplaquet in September 1709 during the War of the Spanish Succession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0002-0001", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, Early history\nThe regiment was renamed the 2nd King's Own Regiment of Horse in 1714 in honour of George I. It saw action again at the Battle of Dettingen in June 1743 during the War of the Austrian Succession. The regiment was renamed the 1st King's Dragoon Guards in 1751. The regiment made a desperate charge which saved the army at the Battle of Corbach in July 1760 and then made another famous charge at the Battle of Warburg later that month during the Seven Years' War. The regiment charged again with devastating effect at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815 during the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0003-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, Early history\nThe regiment took part in the response to the Indian Rebellion in 1857 as well as the Battle of Taku Forts in August 1860 and the capture of Peking during the Second Opium War. A detachment of the regiment was responsible for the capture of King Cetshwayo at the Battle of Ulundi in July 1879 during the Anglo-Zulu War and the regiment saw action again at the Battle of Laing's Nek in January 1881 during the First Boer War. The regiment was employed chasing the elusive General Christiaan de Wet in spring 1901 during the Second Boer War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0004-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, The Habsburg connection\nIn March 1896 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria became Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment. At the same time the double-headed Austrian eagle became the cap-badge of the regiment, and it adopted Radetzky March as its regimental march. On the occasion of his Diamond Jubilee on 2 December 1908, the Emperor instituted the Inhaber-Jubil\u00e4ums-Medaille f\u00fcr Ausl\u00e4nder (Commander's Jubilee Medal for Foreigners) to celebrate his 60 years on the throne. Some of the 40 golden, 635 silver and 2000 bronze medals were awarded to officers and private soldiers in the regiment. The ceremonial helmet with the badge of the 1st King's Dragoon Guards which was given to Emperor Franz Joseph I on his appointment as colonel-in-chief is now on display at the Museum of Military History, Vienna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0005-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, First World War\nThe regiment, which had been was stationed at Lucknow in India at the start of the war, landed at Marseille as part of the 8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade in the 1st Indian Cavalry Division in November 1914 for service on the Western Front. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Festubert in May 1915, the Second Battle of Ypres also in May 1915 and the Battle of Morval in September 1916 but returned to India in October 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0006-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, Third Anglo-Afghan War\nThe regiment remained in garrison at Meerut until October 1918 when it exchanged stations with 21st (Empress of India's) Lancers and moved to Risalpur. On 2 May 1919 Afghan troops seized control of wells on the Indian side of the border. The Afghan Amir Amanullah was warned to withdraw, but his answer was to send more troops to reinforce those at the wells and to move other Afghan units to various points on the frontier. The regiment was mobilised on 6 May and formed part of the British Indian Army's 1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0006-0001", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, Third Anglo-Afghan War\nIt served throughout the Third Anglo-Afghan War and saw action at the Khyber Pass. At Dakka\u00a0\u2013 a village in Afghan territory, north west of the Khyber Pass\u00a0\u2013 on 16 May, the regiment made one of the last recorded charges by a British horsed cavalry regiment as it was already apparent the old world would be giving way to mechanisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0007-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, Second World War\nThe regiment took part in all the major battles of the North African Campaign including the Relief of Tobruk in November 1941. The regiment, then serving as the armoured car reconnaissance regiment of Lieutenant General Richard McCreery's X Corps, landed at Salerno during the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943 against concentrated enemy opposition and were the first Allied unit into the city of Naples in early October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0007-0001", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, Second World War\nThe Welsh writer Norman Lewis, in his celebrated account of life in Naples claimed that the King's Dragoon Guards was the first British unit to reach Naples in 1943, and that many of its officers immediately went on a looting spree, cutting paintings from their frames in the prince's palace. The regiment later took part in the Battle for Monte la Difensa in December 1943 and the advance to the Gothic Line in late 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0008-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, History, Post-war\nThe regiment was posted to Palestine in September 1945 and to Libya in January 1947 before being deployed on home duties at Omagh, Northern Ireland in February 1948. The regiment moved to Adams Barracks in Rahlstedt in November 1951 and to Mcleod Barracks in Neum\u00fcnster in April 1953. In 1956 the regiment was sent on active service in Malaya during the Emergency: during this time the regiment took part in counter-insurgency operations in both mounted operations (armoured cars) and on foot in the dense jungles operating from a base at Johor Bahru. The regiment merged with the Queen's Bays (2nd Dragoon Guards) in 1959 to form the 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159191-0009-0000", "contents": "1st King's Dragoon Guards, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is displayed at Firing Line: Cardiff Castle Museum of the Welsh Soldier in Cardiff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159192-0000-0000", "contents": "1st King's Mounted Rifles\nThe 1st King's Mounted Rifles were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army from 1901 to 1918. When the Imperial German Army was reorganized as the Reichsheer, 'A Squadron'/'10th Horse' became bearer of the regiment's tradition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159192-0001-0000", "contents": "1st King's Mounted Rifles\nThe 1st King's Mounted Rifles belonged to the V Army Corps and was garrisoned in Posen. When the regiment was mobilized in 1914 it formed 10th Cavalry Brigade. Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment was Wilhelm II, German Emperor who was also the King of Prussia, hence the title King's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159193-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kings\n1st Kings was an electoral district in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, which elected two members to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1873 to 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159193-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kings\nThe district comprised the easternmost portion of Kings County. It was abolished in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159194-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kisei\nThe 1st Kisei was the birth of a new Go tournament. Since this was the first year of the tournament, there was no set challenger or holder. From the 2nd edition on, there has been a playoff between challengers. At the time, it was the highest paying tournament there had ever been, and would be until the creation of the Ing Cup. Fujisawa Hideyuki's win would mark the beginning of a six-year defense of the Kisei title from 1977 to 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159194-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kisei, Tournament\nCho Chikun was eliminated in the preliminary stages by Yutaka Shiraishi. Eleven players competed in the main tournament: Yoshio Ishida, Masaki Takemiya Honinbo, Utaro Hashimoto, Eio Sakata and Hideo Otake Meijin were seeded into the quarter-finals. Masao Kato Judan, Hideyuki Fujisawa Tengen, Shuzo Ohira, Koichi Kobayashi, Rin Kaiho and Yutaka Shiraishi were matched up in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159194-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kisei, Tournament\nHideyuki and Utaro reached the best of seven finals. Hideyuki took the first game, but lost the second. He then won three in a row and won his first of six straight titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159195-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ko Si 3rd\n1st Ko Si 3rd (also known as Third Is My First)  is a 2014 Filipino comedy-drama film written and directed by Real Florido and produced by Anter San Agustin under Firestarters Productions. The film was an official selection to the 2014 Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival under the New Breed Category. It stars Nova Villa, Freddie Webb, Ken Chan, Dante Rivero, RJ Agustin and Denise Barbacena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159195-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ko Si 3rd, Plot\nA woman is looking forward to settling into a long retirement with her husband. But she quickly grows restless, and when an old flame suddenly turns up, she comes to reassess her past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159196-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Korea Drama Awards\nThe 1st Korea Drama Awards (Korean:\u00a0\ucf54\ub9ac\uc544 \ub4dc\ub77c\ub9c8 \uc5b4\uc6cc\uc988) is an awards ceremony for excellence in television in South Korea. It was held in Jinju, South Gyeongsang Province in September 2007. The nominees were chosen from Korean dramas that aired from October 1, 2006 to September 30, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159197-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Kostrad Infantry Division\nThe 1st Infantry Division (Indonesian: Divisi Infanteri 1 Kostrad) abbreviated \"Divif 1/Kostrad\", is an army strategic command division of the Indonesian Army. The divisional commander is a two-star major general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159197-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Kostrad Infantry Division\nThe division was founded on 22 December 1965 as the Airborne Component of the Army Strategic Command (Komando Tempur Lintas Udara Kostrad).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159197-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Kostrad Infantry Division\nThe division contains multiple army combat units including infantry (Airborne, Mechanized, and Raider), Cavalry (now can be categorized as Armor units), Artillery, and other support units. It is known as a Combined arms division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159198-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Krajina Corps\n1st Krajina Corps (Serbian: 1. \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441, 1. kraji\u0161ki korpus) was one of the seven corps of the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). Before implementation into the Army of Republika Srpska the corps was known as 5th Corps of Yugoslav People's Army or Banja Luka Corps. Because of this fact it was successor of the infrastructure, organization and most of the equipment. Main task of the corps was to defend western parts of Republika Srpska, today these area is mostly part of Banja Luka region. It was most numbered corps of VRS with between 51.000 and 60.000 soldiers. During the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.997 died, 27.176 wounded and 1.031 soldiers are missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159198-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Krajina Corps, Organization\nHeadquarters of the 1st Krajina Corps was in Banja Luka. After the establishing of the corps, corps remained in previous 5th Corps organization which was actual during 1992. Responsibility zone of the 1st Krajina Corps was determined by rivers Sava, Una, Ukrina, Ugar and mountains Majdanska and Vla\u0161i\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159199-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Krak\u00f3w Grenadier Regiment\n1st Krak\u00f3w Grenadier Regiment (Polish: 1 Regiment Grenadier\u00f3w Krakowskich) was a scythemen regiment of the insurrection army during the Ko\u015bciuszko Uprising in 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159199-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Krak\u00f3w Grenadier Regiment, History\nBoth 1st and 2nd regiments were formed in 1794 after battle of Rac\u0142awice out of all the remaining scythemen who stayed with the insurrect army after the battle. Soldiers of the regiments wore rogatywka peaked caps, navy blue jackets with green revers and czechczery or white broadcloth-made trousers. The units were equipped with 300 rifles and never reached the planned number of soldiers or unitary look of the uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment\nThe First Krechowce Uhlan Regiment was a mounted unit of the Polish Army, active in the Second Polish Republic. Its traditions were continued during World War II, by a regiment of the same name, which was part of Polish Armed Forces in the West. 1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment was formed in 1915, as a unit of the Imperial Russian Army. It fought in World War I, Polish\u2013Soviet War and the Invasion of Poland, as part of Suwalska Cavalry Brigade. Until 1939, the regiment was stationed in August\u00f3w. It ceased to exist in 1947. First commandant of the regiment was a Tsarist officer of Polish ethnicity, Colonel Boles\u0142aw Mo\u015bcicki, who was killed in 1918 near Luninets. Last commandant was Colonel Leon Strzelecki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment\nFirst Uhlan Regiment was formed in 1915, as part of Imperial Russian Army\u2019s Pu\u0142awy Legion. To commemorate its first victorious battle against German forces, the Battle of Krechowce, which took place on July 24, 1917, the Regiment was named after the village of Krechowce near Stanis\u0142aw\u00f3w. Dissolved in May 1918, it was recreated in November of the same year by the Regency Council. From December 1918 until August 1919, it fought in the Polish\u2013Ukrainian War, making itself famous after the defence of Gr\u00f3dek Jagiello\u0144ski. In early 1920, the Regiment was transferred to Pomerelia, where it took place in the so-called Poland's Wedding to the Sea (Puck, February 10, 1920).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment\nDuring the Polish\u2013Soviet War of 1919 - 1921, the Regiment fought mostly in Volhynia, engaging in a number of battles and skirmishes against 1st Cavalry Army of Semyon Budyonny. After the war, in spring 1921, it occupied former barracks of Imperial Russian Army in northern town of August\u00f3w, where it remained until 1939. During the Invasion of Poland, the Regiment, as part of Suwalska Cavalry Brigade, fought on until October 6, 1939, taking part in the Battle of Kock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment\nIn the second half of 1941, the Regiment was recreated as part of Polish Armed Forces in the East, the so-called Anders' Army. In mid-1942, after the Army of W\u0142adys\u0142aw Anders had left the Soviet Union, the Regiment was renamed into First Regiment of Armoured Cavalry, and in September 1942 was sent for training to British Iraq, where it remained until October 1943. After the return to Palestine, the Regiment was equipped with M4 Sherman tanks, completing its training in December 1943 in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment\nDuring the Italian Campaign, First Krechowce Uhlan Regiment was part of 2nd Warsaw Armoured Brigade. It fought in the Battle of Monte Cassino, the Battle of Ancona, and captured the city of Bologna. The regiment was dissolved in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Tradition of the Regiment\nFirst Uhlan Regiment claimed to be the continuation of the 1st Court Uhlan Regiment, which existed in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century (1776\u20131792-1794). In 1815 - 1831, the Regiment was part of forces of Congress Poland, and as such, fought in the November Uprising, after which it was dissolved, together with whole army of Congress Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Tradition of the Regiment\nIn December 1914, during early months of World War I, Russian authorities announced the creation of two volunteer cavalry squadrons, as part of the so-called Pu\u0142awy Legion. By mid January 1915, First Squadron was ready, and in the next 12 months the number of squadrons increased to such an extent, that Polish Ulan Division was created, with its headquarters in Babruysk. On March 23, 1917, the Division swore its oath, and on April 3, it was renamed into 1st Uhlan Regiment. In June 1917, the Regiment was sent to the area of Ternopil and Kalush. On July 19, Colonel Boles\u0142aw Mo\u015bcicki was named its commandant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Tradition of the Regiment\nOn July 22, 1917, Polish uhlans entered Stanis\u0142aw\u00f3w. The city was burning, plundered by marauders of the Russian Imperial Army. The uhlans moved in to protect its civilian population, and five days later they fought German units in the Battle of Krechowce. After this battle, the Regiment was moved to Bessarabia, and finally, in early 1918, it returned to Babruysk. Following the agreement with German forces, the Regiment was dissolved on May 21, 1918. Soon after the Battle of Krechowce, the unit came to be called the Krechowce Regiment. In 1919, its official name was changed into First Krechowce Uhlan Regiment of Colonel Boles\u0142aw Mo\u015bcicki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nThe Regiment was dissolved in May 1918, but in October of that year, the Regency Council ordered creation of additional units of the newly created Polish Army. On November 4, 1918, First Uhlan Regiment was recreated, and to increase the flow of volunteers, its recruiting offices were opened in several locations. 2nd Squadron was formed in Warsaw, but on November 22, it was moved to Kielce. Colonel Dunin-Markiewicz, on his way to B\u0119dzin, where he was ordered to form 3rd Squadron, stopped at Wolbrom, where he met with Rittmeister Pawel Korytko, commandant of reserve squadron of 2nd Austrian Uhlan Regiment. Both officers decided to unite their forces, thus 3rd Squadron was created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\n1st Squadron was formed in Radomsko, 4th Squadron in Piotrk\u00f3w Trybunalski, and communications platoon in Gr\u00f3dek Jagiello\u0144ski. At first, the headquarters of the Regiment was located in Kielce: on November 17, 1918, it was moved to Wolbrom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn early December 1918, all subunits of the Regiment concentrated in Tarnow, in order to march eastwards, and help Polish defenders of the city of Lw\u00f3w, which was threatened by Ukrainian forces (see Battle of Lemberg (1918)). On December 17 the soldiers went by train to Przemy\u015bl, and all throughout winter of 1918/1919, the uhlans fought in the area of Lw\u00f3w, mainly in Gr\u00f3dek Jagiello\u0144ski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn early spring 1919, the Regiment, which suffered heavy losses, was transferred back to Wolbrom. Meanwhile, its flag had been brought from Bobrujsk, and on May 7, 1919, the Regiment left Wolbrom again, towards Volhynia, where Polish offensive began (see Polish\u2013Ukrainian War). The Regiment, with its quick movement, took the Ukrainians by surprise, capturing the city of Lutsk, together with 600 prisoners, cannons, vehicles and food. On May 23, after a few days\u2019 rest at Horoch\u00f3w, the uhlans captured Brody and Radziwi\u0142\u0142\u00f3w. As a result of this success, the Poles seized 3000 prisoners, several trains (including armoured train Sich Riflemen, which was immediately renamed into General Dowbor), machine guns and cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn early July 1919, the Regiment was merged with 9th Uhlan Regiment, creating 5th Cavalry Brigade. It operated in eastern Volhynia, capturing Zdo\u0142bun\u00f3w (August 12), and in the autumn 1919, following the order of Polish Army Headquarters, was moved to Polish Pomerelia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Pomerelia\nOn October 29, 1919, the Regiment arrived at Ciechocinek, remaining there until January 16, 1920. On the next day, Polish troops crossed former Russian - Prussian border, and entered Pomerelia. After a few weeks\u2019 march via Che\u0142m\u017ca, Popowo Biskupie, Grudzi\u0105dz, Nowe, Pelplin and \u017bukowo the uhlans reached Puck, where on February 10, 1920, Poland's Wedding to the Sea took place, with General J\u00f3zef Haller present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Polish - Soviet War\nIn mid-April 1920, the Regiment was transferred back to Volhynia, where it joined the Cavalry Division of General Jan Romer. Its task was to capture the town of Koziatyn, with its important rail station and Red Army supply depot. In two days, Polish cavalry, with 20 officers, 600 soldiers and 10 machine guns, crossed 160 kilometers (see Battle of Koziatyn). The raid was a spectacular success, as Poles captured the town, with a number of prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Polish - Soviet War\nAfter a short rest, on May 2, 1920, the Regiment headed towards Bila Tserkva, pushing away Soviet forces. On May 15, the Regiment concentrated in Stara Syniava, where it received a new commandant, General Aleksander Karnicki. In late May 1920, the Regiment defeated Siemion Budionnyi's First Cavalry Army in the Battle of Wolodarka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Polish - Soviet War\nFollowing Soviet counterattack to the Polish Kiev Offensive, the Regiment began to retreat westwards. By June 19, it defended the line of the Sluch River, with heavy losses, which shrank its manpower. In late July 1920, the Regiment was sent to Tarnow, to recuperate and increase its refill its ranks with new recruits. On July 22, the unit came to Zamo\u015b\u0107, joining the forces of General Juliusz R\u00f3mmel. Until August 8 it fought along the Styr River, but due to numerical superiority of the enemy, it was forced to retreat to Radziech\u00f3w. Pushed by the enemy, the Regiment crossed the Bug River, entering \u017b\u00f3\u0142kiew. There, it attacked a wing of the Budionnyi army. On August 29, the Regiment captured Tyszowce, and then fought the Soviets near Zamo\u015b\u0107, in the famous Battle of Komar\u00f3w.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Polish - Soviet War\nBy mid-September, the Regiment re-entered Volhynia, chasing the retreating Bolsheviks. As part of General Juliusz R\u00f3mmel\u2019s Cavalry Corps, in October 1920 it captured Korosten. Soon afterwards, armistice was declared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Interbellum Period\nIn winter 1920/21, the Regiment camped near Lutsk. In spring 1921, it was moved to Hrubiesz\u00f3w, and then to August\u00f3w, to its garrison, located in former barracks of the Imperial Russian Army. On July 24, 1925, it celebrated its 10th Anniversary, with General W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sikorski present. On July 24, 1932, it celebrated its 15th Anniversary, with President Ignacy Mo\u015bcicki, and a number of high-ranking military officials, such as Edward Smigly-Rydz, Tadeusz Kutrzeba, Juliusz R\u00f3mmel and Stanis\u0142aw Grzmot-Skotnicki. In 1927, the Association of Krechowce Officers was created, which organized meetings and balls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Interbellum Period\nIn the early 1920s, a village in Volhynia was (Osada Krechowiecka) was settled with veterans of the Regiment (see Osadnik), and in 1935, Officers\u2019 Yacht Club with its own pier was opened on Biale Augustowskie Lake (this lake came to be known as Krechowce Lake). Residents of the Osada Krechowiecka village were in 1940 forcibly resettled to Siberia by the NKVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, Interbellum Period\nThe Regiment was famous for Krechowiak, the horse of Colonel Boles\u0142aw Mo\u015bcicki, which, together with Colonel Karol R\u00f3mmel, won 10th spot at the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris. The legendary horse had its own, separate stable, and after its death in 1939, Krechowiak was handed to Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, where it was stuffed and presented to visitors. To commemorate the Battle of Krechowce, special gorgets were made, with Black Madonna of Cz\u0119stochowa. The gorgets were handed to officers and uhlans after 20 years of service. In the Second Polish Republic, 1st Uhlan Regiment maintained special ties with 12th Podole Uhlan Regiment and 14th Yazlovets Uhlan Regiment: the three units had fought the Bolsheviks at Komar\u00f3w.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nThe mobilisation of the Regiment took place on August 24, 1939. On September 1, the unit took positions near the village of Raczki, which at that time was located 10 kilometers from the border with East Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nIn the night of September 2/3, 1939, two squadrons under Colonel Antoni Burlingis and Colonel Zygmunt Nowinski attacked German border posts at the villages of Kechlensdorf (now Zocie) and Auersberg (now Turowo). The Regiment planned a raid on East Prussia, but Polish Army headquarters did not support this idea. Following the orders, the Regiment withdrew towards Zambr\u00f3w and Tykocin. On September 6, the Wehrmacht broke through Polish defences, and crossed the Narew near R\u00f3\u017can. As a result, elements of the Regiment were engaged in hand-to-hand combat with subunits of the Panzer Division Kempf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nOn September 10, after a short rest, the Regiment took positions near the folwark of Wadolki-Borowe, with its left wing supported by 71st Infantry Regiment of 18th Infantry Division. Soon it was attacked by German 20th Motorized Infantry Division. First enemy assault was repelled, but in subsequent attacks, Colonel Jan Litewski, commandant of the Regiment, was killed and his post was taken temporarily by Rittmeister Tomasz Mineyko, who ordered a withdrawal. The Battle of Zambr\u00f3w ended in Polish defeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nAfter a short rest the regiment marched towards the forests near D\u0105browa Wielka. In the night of September 12, remnants of 2nd Uhlan Regiment, destroyed by the Wehrmacht in the Battle of Wizna, reached the same forest. Colonel Karol Anders of 2nd Regiment took over command of the united forces. On the next day a column of German motorized infantry set off from Czy\u017cew, trying to destroy Polish cavalry. Near the village of Kamien, Polish soldiers halted the enemy, destroying 10 tanks and capturing a number of prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nIn the night, after a quick march, the uhlans reached the road Wysokie Mazowieckie - Bra\u0144sk, crossing the Mien river after a bloody skirmish with the enemy. In the morning of September 13, the regiment reached the area of Hodyszewo. After a meeting of officers, the uhlans were ordered to fight their way to the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest. In case of a failure, the regiment was to head towards Wo\u0142kowysk, where Reserve Center of Suwalska Cavalry Brigade was located. Near Olszewo, Polish soldiers faced an armored regiment of German 3rd Panzer Division. The Germans lost 20 tanks and armored carriers, but Polish losses also were very heavy and the regiment dispersed, as some of its subunits decided to march to Wo\u0142kowysk on their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nOn September 16, the uhlans finally reached Bia\u0142owie\u017ca, where the remnants of the regiments were incorporated into Cavalry Brigade Edward, named after Colonel Edward Milewski. On September 21, the regiment arrived at the village of Teresin. Soon afterwards, a skirmish with the Red Army, advancing from the East, took place in which the Poles lost 5 soldiers. Marching south, Polish 3rd Regiment of Mounted Rifles entered the village of Kalenkowicze near Kamieniec, whose residents had built \u201cwelcome gates\u201d for the Red Army, adorned with red flags and Soviet symbols. As a reprisal for this betrayal, Kalenkowicze was burned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nOn September 24, the 1st Regiment, which was part of Brigade Edward, Zaza Cavalry Division (named after General Zygmunt Podhorski) crossed the Bug River near Niemirow and kept marching southwards. Fighting its way against Soviet and German units, the uhlans hoped to eventually reach the Hungarian border, located hundreds of kilometers south. On September 28 the Division reached Ostr\u00f3w Lubelski, where it met with forces of Independent Operational Group Polesie. General Podhorski suggested that the two groups join forces and march towards the border, but General Franciszek Kleeberg preferred to aid the besieged garrison of Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nBrigade Edward was ordered to protect the Wieprz river crossing at Kijany. After several German attacks, it had to retreat behind the river. On September 30, uhlans of the Zaza Cavalry Division merged with the Polesie Operational Group. In the Battle of Kock (1939), 1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment was stationed near J\u00f3zef\u00f3w, and tasked with attacking left wing of German positions. Due to heavy enemy fire, the uhlans were unable to achieve success, and retreated to Grabowo Szlacheckie. At midday of October 6, Polish forces capitulated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nDuring the September Campaign, First Krechowce Uhlan Regiment was commanded by Colonel Jan Litewski, and his deputy, Colonel Karol Anders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159200-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nFirst Krechowce Uhlan Regiment was recreated in the second half of 1941, as part of Polish Armed Forces in the East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159201-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lagos State House of Assembly\nThe 1st Lagos State House of Assembly is the legislative branch of the Lagos State Government inaugurated on  October 2, 1979, the same year the Lagos State House of Assembly was founded. The assembly ran its course till October 5, 1983. The assembly was unicameral with 41 representatives elected from each constituencies of the state on the platform of the Unity Party of Nigeria. The Speaker of the 1st Legislative Assembly was Rt. Hon Oladosun Oshinowo and the Deputy speaker was Hon Moshood Muse. The 2nd Assembly was inaugurated on October 5, 1983, with the emergence of  with the election of Oladimeji Longe as speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159202-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lambda Literary Awards\nThe 1st Lambda Literary Awards were held in 1989 to honour works of LGBT literature published in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1859 as a response to a French invasion threat. Its units fought at Gallipoli and in Palestine during World War I, and in Normandy and North West Europe during World War II. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army until 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. A number of Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were raised in Glasgow and its suburbs in Lanarkshire. The 1st Administrative Brigade Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers was formed, with headquarters at Glasgow, on 6 March 1860, comprising the following AVCs of one battery each:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nThe 4th, 5th, 6th, 10th, and 11th were artisan corps, the men of which paid 2s. 6d. entry money, and 30s. for their uniforms, the remaining expenses being met by outside subscriptions, and the first four being assisted from the Glasgow Central Fund. The 1st Corps was formed, it is said, at the suggestion of Prince Albert, made at the opening of the Loch Katrine waterworks on 14 October 1859, that Glasgow should form some artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nMr John Wilkie, a leading lawyer of the city, took the matter in hand, and so many members joined the corps that from the outset three batteries could be formed, which were numbered the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. These were entirely self-supporting, the honorary members paying \u00a35 each, on enrolment, to the funds, and the effective members subscribing 10s. each annually and buying their own uniform and belts at a cost of \u00a34 a-head. The remaining corps were raised on similar principles. In 1862, the brigade was consolidated as the 1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers of fifteen batteries, which retained their former numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nThe 1st Lanarkshire had a number of different buildings in various Glasgow locations, including 260 St. Vincent Street in the 1870s, and 98 Sauchiehall Street in the 1890s. By the early 20th Century the unit possessed an orderly-room, officers' and serjeants' club, and headquarters (HQ) at 8 Newton Terrace, Sauchiehall Street. The corps had five separate drill halls in different parts of the city, each with harness rooms, gun-sheds etc. for two batteries. The Maryhill drill hall accommodated all the ammunition waggons when not in use in the batteries. For over 30 years, the corps carried out its annual practice at Irvine, from Bogside Camp, and as a rifle-range it used that at Darnley belonging to the 1st and 3rd Lanark Volunteer Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1882 all the AVCs were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the 1st Lanarkshire AVC became part of the Scottish Division. In 1889 the structure was altered, and the corps joined the Southern Division. In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished their titles were changed, the  unit becoming the 1st Lanarkshire Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1900, the whole corps volunteered its services for South Africa. This was not accepted, as Artillery units weren't required. However, 62 members of the corps, including Lieut. J. C. Clark, served in various capacities in South Africa during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 94], "content_span": [95, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908, Position artillery\nThe AVCs were intended to serve as garrison artillery manning fixed defences, but a number of the early units manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. Up to 1865, the only guns on which the Lanarkshire batteries were drilled were 32-pounder smoothbores, but on 13 December of that year, a sixteenth battery was raised and equipped as a field battery with four 6-pounder smoothbore field-guns. (The 17th Battery was formed as a garrison company in 1868.) At that time the position batteries were not officially supported by the War Office (WO). In 1876, the 1st Corps won the Queen's Prize at the annual National Artillery Association competition held at Shoeburyness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908, Position artillery\nThe 'position artillery' concept was revived in 1888 when some Volunteer position batteries were reorganised to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. The 1st Lanarkshire was nominated to operate two position batteries, each of four 16-Pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading guns and two wagons. The two batteries were manned by the personnel of four garrison batteries (including the former 16th). In 1900, the strength of the corps was increased to twenty batteries. As a result, eight more 16-pounder RML batteries were issued to it, and the whole corps was reorganised into ten position batteries, numbered 1st to 10th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908, Position artillery\nThese were divided into five brigades. As the corps was then entirely of position batteries, it was in 1901 styled a \"position artillery corps\", and in 1902 \"heavy artillery\". However, despite the new issue of equipment, harness was only provided for three batteries, making five in all. It wasn't until 1905 that harness for the remaining five was issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908, Position artillery\nIn November 1905 the Army Council agreed an experiment to convert some RGA Volunteers to a field artillery role. The 1st Lanarkshire RGA (V) was one of the units chosen to be re-equipped with Ehrhardt quick-firing (QF) guns, but a change in government early the following year put a stop to the experiment. Instead, the new Secretary of State for War, Richard Haldane, embarked on a thorough-going reorganisation of all the Army's auxiliary forces. In 1907-8, the 16-pounder guns were replaced by 15-pounder Breech Loading guns, which had been converted into quick-firers. The corps was the only one in Scotland composed entirely of heavy batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908 and the personnel of the 1st Lanarkshire RGA were distributed to two new units of the Royal Field Artillery (RFA):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThese units were part of the TF's Lowland Division. The field batteries were each issued with four 15-pounder guns and the howitzer batteries with four 5-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe Lowland Division had been attending annual camp on the Ayrshire coast when the order to mobilise was received at 17.25 on Tuesday August 1914. Mobilisation began the following day at unit drill halls. On 12 August the division was ordered to concentrate at Bedford and entrainment began on 15 August. Concentration was completed by 17 August and the division formed part of First Army (Home Forces) in Central Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, units of the Territorial Force were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Lowland Brigade\n1/III Lowland Brigade was re-armed with 18-pounder guns and served with the Lowland Division (52nd (Lowland) Division from May 1915) in Egypt and Palestine. It was redesignated CCLXII (or 262) Brigade, RFA in 1916. It  transferred to 7th (Meerut) Division when the 52nd left for the Western Front in March 1918 and served with this Indian Army formation in Palestine until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Lowland Brigade\n2/III Lowland Brigade served with the 2nd Lowland Division (65th (2nd Lowland) Division from August 1915) in Scotland and England. It was redesignated CCCXXVII (or 327) Brigade, RFA, in May 1916 but does not appear to have been with the division after it went to Ireland in 1917 and was probably broken up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Lowland Brigade\n1/IV Lowland Brigade served with 52nd (Lowland) Division at Gallipoli and in Egypt, where it was re-equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. It was renumbered CCLXIII (or 263) (H) Brigade, RFA in September 1916 but broken up at the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Lowland Brigade\n2/IV Lowland Brigade served with 65th (Lowland) Division. It was renumbered CCCXXVIII (or 328) (H) Brigade, RFA in May 1916 but immediately broken up to provide howitzer batteries to other brigades in the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nIn 1920 the 3rd and 4th Lowland brigades reformed as a single 3rd Lowland Brigade, which was redesignated as the 80th (Lowland) Brigade, RFA, the following year when the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA). It became a 'Field Brigade, RA', when the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery in 1924, and its subtitle was changed to 'Lowland \u2013 City of Glasgow' in 1937. It continued to be part of 52nd (Lowland) Division and had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis of 1938, with existing units splitting to form duplicates before the outbreak of World War II. 80th Field Regiment reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe establishment of a field battery was increased to 12 guns organised into three Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 80th (Lowland - City of Glasgow) Field Regiment\n80th Field Regiment mobilised in 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. Apart from a period in June 1940 when the rest of the division was briefly deployed to France, the regiment served with the 52nd (L) Division throughout the war, including the campaign in North West Europe from October 1944 to VE Day. It was placed in suspended animation in 1946", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 99], "content_span": [100, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 131st (Lowland - City of Glasgow) Field Regiment\n131st Field Regiment mobilised in 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division and served with it throughout the war, including the Normandy Campaign and North West Europe. The regiment received its  'Lowland - City of Glasgow' subtitle in 1942. It was disbanded in 1947", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 100], "content_span": [101, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the regiment reformed as 280th (Lowland \u2013 City of Glasgow) Medium Rgt, reverting to being a field regiment in 1950. In 1955 the subtitle was changed to 'City of Glasgow Artillery'. The regiment formed part of 85 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery, which was redesignated HQ RA 52nd (Lowland) Division in 1950. The regiment ha the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reduced in 1961, most of the regiment amalgamated with 279th (Ayrshire) Fd Rgt to form 279th (City of Glasgow & Ayrshire) Fd Rgt:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nSurplus personnel of 280th Fd Rgt transferred to 445th (Lowland) Light Anti- Aircraft Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe original uniform of all the Lanarkshire AVCs was similar to that of the Royal Artillery, with busbies and white waist-belts, but with scarlet cuffs and forage caps with scarlet bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nA brass shoulder title consisting of T over RFA over CITY OF GLASGOW was worn by all batteries of 3rd and 4th Lowland Brigades from 1908. In 1931, Lord Lyon King of Arms authorised a regimental crest for 80th Fd Bde consisting of a field gun surmounted by an oak tree bearing a robin and bell, taken from the Coat of arms of Glasgow. Above the tree was a King's crown and scroll inscribed with the RA motto 'UBIQUE' ('Everywhere'). Below the gun was a three-part scroll inscribed 'CITY OF GLASGOW ARTILLERY'. The crest was used on leatherheads, Christmas cards etc. However, from 1955 the design was used as a collar badge (gilt for officers, brass for other ranks) by 280th (City of Glasgow) Fd Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159203-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers, Prominent members\nDr George Beatson, the cancer specialist, joined the 1st Lanarkshire AV when he moved to Glasgow in 1878 (promoted to lieutenant 26 June 1880 and captain 22 July 1885). In 1890 he left to become commanding officer of the Glasgow companies of the Volunteer Medical Corps, and was later Principal Medical Officer of the Lowland Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers\nThe 1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers was a Scottish Volunteer unit of the British Army. Originally raised in Glasgow from 1859, it later became a battalion of the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). During World War I it served on the Western Front and in Ireland. Converted into an anti-aircraft regiment just before World War II, it served during The Blitz and in the campaign in North West Europe, and continued in air defence role in the postwar years until 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Origin\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the Volunteer Movement, and Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) began to be organised throughout Great Britain. The first drill meeting of the 1st Lanarkshire (or Glasgow 1st Western) Rifle Volunteer Corps was held in the playground of The Glasgow Academy  in Elmbank Street, Glasgow, on 27 July 1859. Its services as one company were offered on 5 August and were accepted on 24 September 1859, with Sir Archibald Campbell of Succoth, 3rd Baronet (1825\u201366), as Captain. The unit was entirely self-supporting, with all its expenses paid by its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Origin\nOn 28 February 1860 the 1st Lanarkshire RVC was expanded by the amalgamation of a number of the smaller RVCs that had sprung into existence in Glasgow, with Sir Archibald Campbell promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant on 6 March. In June 1860 it was divided into two battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Origin\nThe ranks of the 1st and 2nd Western Companies provided many officers for other RVCs. Henry Campbell-Bannerman, a future prime minister, served as lieutenant in the 53rd RVC, becoming captain in 1867; he was a nephew of the founder of J. & W Campbell and was a partner in the firm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Origin\nAfter his death in 1866, Sir Archibald Campbell was succeeded as Lt-Col Commandant by his brother, Sir George Campbell, 4th Baronet, formerly a captain in the Royal Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Origin\nIn 1863 No 1 Company as disbanded and No 14 was absorbed into No 15. The following year No 7 Company was absorbed into No 3 and the companies were lettered, A to G for 1st Bn, K to Q (omitting O) for 2nd Bn. In 1870, K company, the old University Company, was absorbed into Q Company, the old 77th, which also had its origins in Glasgow University. New K and O Companies were added in 1878, K being relettered I and new H and K Companies being raised in 1881.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Origin\nThe corps carried out its first drills on the Burnbank ground in Great Western Road, Glasgow, building a drill hall there in 1866\u20137. Later it built a new headquarters (HQ) at 261 West Princes Street. By 1881 the HQ was at 242 West George Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Localisation\nUnder the 'Localisation of Forces' scheme introduced in 1872 by the Cardwell reforms, the 1st Lanarkshire RVC was grouped with the 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot, the 74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot, the 1st  Royal Lanark Militia and a number of other Lanarkshire RVCs in Brigade No 59. When these were combined under the Childers Reforms of 1881, the 1st Lanarkshire RVC became the senior Volunteer Battalion of the new Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), without changing its title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Localisation\nThe Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 introduced a Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the Lanarkshire battalions were included in the Clyde Brigade, later the Glasgow Brigade, based at 127 St Vincent Street, Glasgow, and later at Hamilton, South Lanarkshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Localisation\nOne hundred and two volunteers from the battalion served with the 1st and 2nd Volunteer Service Companies of the Scottish Rifles and with the Imperial Yeomanry in the Second Boer War, earning its first Battle honour:  South Africa 1900\u201302.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Localisation\nIn 1902 the Glasgow Brigade was split up, and the four Volunteer Battalions of the Cameronians became the Scottish Rifle Brigade. The High School of Glasgow Cadet Corps of two companies was formed that year and affiliated to the 1st Lanarkshires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the battalion became the 5th Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). K Company (the University Company) became a contingent of the Senior Division of the Officers' Training Corps (OTC) and the High School Glasgow Cadet Corps joined the Junior Division of the OTC. The Scottish Rifles Brigade formed part of the Lowland Division of the TF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe Lowland Division had been attending annual camp on the Ayrshire coast when the order to mobilise was received at 17.25 on Tuesday August 1914. On return from camp the 5th Scottish Rifles mobilised at 261 West Princes Street  and then undertook guards and patrols at vulnerable points around Glasgow and the River Clyde. The division completed its mobilisation by 10 August and proceeded to its war stations in the Forth Defences, with the Scottish Rifles Bde at Falkirk and 5th Bn at Larbert. The troops were billeted in all manner of buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Recruitment\nOn 10 August, units of the division were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service, and the majority did so. On 31 August, the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit for each unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the 1st Line original, but distinguished by a '1/' or '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Where recruitment was good, they also formed 3rd Line units", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th Scottish Rifles\nThe First Line battalion was one of the first TF units selected to reinforce the Regulars of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France and soon left the Lowland Division. It  landed at Le Havre on 5 November 1914, joining 19th Brigade on 19 November. At this time 19th Bde (which included 1st Bn Cameronians) had just been relieved from the line following very heavy fighting in the Battle of Armenti\u00e8res. Although an independent brigade, it was attached to 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th Scottish Rifles\nAfter a winter of trench warfare, from 31 May 1915, 19th Bde was attached to 27th Division (another Regular formation that had suffered heavy casualties in the 2nd Battle of Ypres). On 19 August 1915, 19th Bde transferred again to 2nd Division, this time as an integral part of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th Scottish Rifles\n2nd Division was preparing for the forthcoming Battle of Loos. On 25 September it was to assault the enemy trenches south of the La Bass\u00e9e Canal, preceded by a 40-minute discharge of poison gas. 19th Brigade's attack would be assisted by two mines blown under the German lines by 173rd Tunnelling Company, Royal Engineers. However, the mines were ordered to be blown 10 minutes before the brigade's attack, giving the German defenders plenty of time to prepare. Many of the attackers were also affected by the British gas cloud being blown back on them by the inconsistent winds. The leading battalions failed to get into the enemy position, and the attack was halted before 1/5th Scottish Rifles in reserve actually went 'over the top'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th Scottish Rifles\nOn 25 November 1915, 19th Bde was transferred to 33rd Division, a 'Kitchener's Army' formation that had just arrived in France. At the end of December the new division took over 2nd Division's section of the line at La Bass\u00e9e, facing the intricate trench system around the canal, the 'Brickstacks' (a German strongpoint built into the stacks of the La Bass\u00e9e brickworks), and the villages of Cuinchy and Cambrin. This was considered a quiet sector, but an excellent training ground in trench warfare, with continuous mining activity and occasional trench raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/5th Scottish Rifles\nOn 29 May 1916 the battalion merged with merged with 6th Scottish Rifles to form the 5th/6th Battalion. (6th Battalion had left the Lowland Division in March 1915 and served with a number of divisions in France, including a period as a pioneer battalion, before joining 100th Bde in 33rd Division.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Somme\nAfter five months of familiarisation with trench warfare, 33rd Division saw its first fullscale operations during the Somme Offensive as part of XV Corps. It began to move south by train on 10 July and was in Corps Reserve during the Battle of Albert (12\u201313 July) before being committed to action during the Battle of Bazentin Ridge. XV Corps had taken most of its objectives on 14 July, but High Wood and Delville Wood remained in enemy hands. Next day, 19th Brigade remained in reserve while the rest of 33rd Division assaulted Switch Trench.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Somme\nThis attack was a failure, the infantry returning to their starting positions. On the morning of 16 July 19th Bde relieved 100th Bde, and at dawn on 20 July it renewed the attack. 5th/6th Scottish Rifles were drawn up alongside 1st Cameronians just outside the British wire and attacked High Wood, preceded by a line of scouts and supported by Royal Engineers and divisional Pioneers. The attack began satisfactorily, prisoners being taken, but German machine gun nests inflicted serious casualties and the advance was held up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0018-0002", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Somme\nThe brigade commander threw in his remaining troops and by the end of the day 19th Bde held the rest of the wood in its front. The Switch Line beyond was not finally captured until 27 September, and in the meantime the casualties suffered in holding the positions in High Wood under shellfire were heavy. 33rd Division was relieved from the line in early August, returning to High Wood for a new attack on 24 August for which 19th Bde was in reserve. The division was sent for rest at the end of September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Somme\nThe division returned to the Somme sector on 22 October to take part in a new series of attacks in the area of 'Dewdrop' and 'Boritska' Trenches. On 3\u20134 November 19 Brigade attacked 'Hazy' Trench and took the 'Gun Pits', even though heavy artillery could not be used in support because of the uncertainty of the exact positions of friendly and enemy troops. Supplies had to be manhandled to the front line across 5,000 yards (4,600\u00a0m) of thick mud. The division then took over a section of line from the French and garrisoned this during the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Arras\nIn March 1917 33rd Division was withdrawn to train for the Arras offensive. After initial successes in early April, the BEF attempted to continue the advance towards the Hindenburg Line by raids and strong patrols. 19th Brigade was detached on 12 April to assist 21st Division in attacks on 13 and 15/16 April. These attacks were unsuccessful, but 19th Bde was firmly established in the forward part of the Hindenburg Line when the rest of 33rd Division took over the front. Casualties during the subsequent fighting were heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Third Ypres\n33rd Division spent the summer on the Flanders coast defending the Nieuport sector before being moved to the Ypres Salient in September to join in the Third Ypres Offensive. The division was due to attack at dawn on 26 September and moved into position during the night of 24/25 September, with 19th Bde in reserve, but it was itself heavily attacked on the morning of 25 September. Despite being driven from many positions and suffering severe casualties, the division was able to play some part in the patched-up attack (the Battle of Polygon Wood) the following day, recapturing its original line and establishing advanced posts in the first objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 83], "content_span": [84, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Third Ypres\nThe division was withdrawn from Polygon Wood for a short rest, then took over the defence of the Passchendaele Salient in November in the worst of Flanders mud. 5th/6th Scottish Rifles was particularly aggressive with its patrols during the winter, forcing the enemy to give up possession of the 'Gasometers'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 83], "content_span": [84, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Spring Offensive\nThe German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, and 33rd Division was sent south as reinforcements, concentrating in the Arras area by 8 April. When the second phase of the offensive broke through further north (the Battle of the Lys) the division moved to cover the important transport hub of Hazebrouck. 19th Brigade took up positions covering the approaches to M\u00e9teren, where patrols on 12 April found the Germans driving broken British units westwards. The line was held by machine gunners and groups of these stragglers, then at dusk the 5th/6th Scottish Rifles arrived to stabilise the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 88], "content_span": [89, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Spring Offensive\nThe line held during 13 April, then the next day a gap appeared to the battalion's left, towards the eastern edge of Meteren. Once again, a defence line was restored, with the help of divisional machine gunners and a New Zealand entrenching battalion. This line was strengthened on 15 April with the help of Royal Engineers and divisional cyclists. 19th Brigade was relieved that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 88], "content_span": [89, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Spring Offensive\nThe fighting was still going on when 33rd Division relieved French troops east of Dickebusch Lake on 6 May. It took over a line running to Scottish Wood and Ridge Wood, an area that had been in the rear area of the Ypres Salient, but was now the front line and was threatened by the Germans who had captured Mont Kemmel. The Germans began a bombardment of the position at 03.30 on 8 May followed by an attack at 07.30 that gained a lodgement in Ridge Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 88], "content_span": [89, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Spring Offensive\n19th Brigade came up at 10.00 to restore the position, and a second German attack was stopped. The divisional commander now ordered 5th/6th Scottish Rifles to recapture Ridge Wood. The battalion moved from the right of the division, behind Dickebusch Lake where it was screened by trees, and the CO, Lt-Col H.B. Spens, then carefully deployed and 'launched a most energetic counter-attack, carried out with outstanding valour and enterprise'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 88], "content_span": [89, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter the Battle of the Lys, 33rd Division spent several months in the Ypres sector before being relieved by US troops at the end of August and going for training. By the time it re-entered the line in the Cambrai sector the Allied Hundred Days Offensive was well under way. It was ordered to make a preparatory attack on the outer defences of the Hindenburg Line on 21 September. At dawn 19th Bde advanced on the right, but machine gunners of the German Alpenkorps inflicted heavy casualties on 5th/6th Scottish Rifles and other assaulting battalions and they were driven back. During the night, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles' second-in-command, Major C.C. Scott, led a successful surprise attack that seized 'Gloucester Road' trench and the troublesome 'Meath Post' strongpoint, and held on against counter-attacks until relieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Hundred Days Offensive\nHaving prepared the way for the Battle of St Quentin Canal (29 September), 33rd Division's role was simply to occupy ground from which the outflanked enemy were expected to retire. However, although the main attack was successful, the enemy facing the division did not budge until the following day, when patrols pushed forwards to the canal bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Hundred Days Offensive\n33rd Division crossed the canal without opposition on 5 October. Ordered to pursue towards the River Selle on 8 October, 19th Brigade advanced without an artillery barrage, but accompanied by field artillery, machine guns, engineers and cavalry, capturing several German guns while 5th/6th Scottish Rifles cleared the village of Clary. The division covered 7 1\u20442 miles in the day. The Selle was the next major German defence line; 33rd Division closed up to it on 11 October and established bridgeheads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter a pause to prepare for a major offensive, the Battle of the Selle, 33rd Division crossed the river in strength on 22 October and launched its attack at 02.00 on 23 October, with 5th/6th Scottish Rifles leading 19th Bde on the left. The German defences consisted of a line of Rifle pits supported by machine guns, but the battalion overcame all resistance and reached the first objective by about 03.30. The barrage lifted at 03.52 for the next bound, and the battalion took the second objective by 07.00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe rest of the brigade then passed through to take the third objective against weak opposition, but were held up before the final objective. 19th Brigade, accompanied by Royal Engineers, continued the attack the following morning, reaching the outskirts of Englefontaine. On the night of 25 October this village was taken by a pincer movement, 19th Bde working round the high ground to its north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe BEF's last major attack of the war was the Battle of the Sambre. On 4 November, 33rd Division bivouacked in the For\u00eat de Mormal, then on 5 November it passed through the 37th Division to the attack, making rapid progress, despite the cratered roads and fallen trees. The division crossed the Sambre by raft bridges next day, and in the evening 19th Bde took up the pursuit, liberating Pot de Vin the following morning. By the end of 7 November the brigade had reached the Maubeuge\u2013Avesnes road, when the 38th (Welsh) Division took over the pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 5th/6th Scottish Rifles, Hundred Days Offensive\nWhen the Armistice with Germany came into effect at 11.00 on 11 November, 33rd Division was camped in the Sambre Valley near Leval. Although the final operations were successful, casualties had been heavy, and the division had also been badly affected by the Spanish flu pandemic. It moved back to Hornoy-le-Bourg, in the Somme area for the winter. Demobilisation got under way in January 1919, and the last cadres returned to the UK by the end of June. 5th/6th Scottish Rifles was disembodied on 18 November 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 94], "content_span": [95, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th Scottish Rifles\nThe 2nd Line battalion was formed in Glasgow in September 1914. The 2nd Line Lowland Divisional and Brigade HQs began to form in January 1915, but it was some time before the various formations and units were assembled from their depots. Training was held up both by the lack of modern arms and equipment, and the need to supply reinforcement drafts to the 1st Line. By August, however, the division was substantially complete and stationed at Bridge of Allan with the 2nd Scottish Rifles Brigade at Cambusbarron, when they were officially numbered 65th (2nd Lowland) Division and 195th (2/1st Scottish Rifles) Brigade respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th Scottish Rifles\nIn November 1915 the 2/5th Scottish Rifles absorbed the 2/8th Battalion. At this time the infantry battalions in the 64th (2nd Highland) and 65th (2nd Lowland) Divisions were numbered sequentially, with 2/5th Scottish Rifles becoming No 17 Battalion. In January 1916 it had reverted to its previous designation, but had absorbed 2/7th Bn. In March 1916 the division moved to Essex and joined Southern Army (Home Forces), 195th Bde being quartered around Billericay and then from July at Terling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/5th Scottish Rifles\nIn January 1917 65th (2nd Lowland) Division moved to Ireland to relieve 59th (2nd North Midland) Division, which had been the first TF formation to serve in that country. At first 2/5th Bn was stationed at Moore Park (Fermoy), and a year later at Galway. The battalion was disbanded at Tralee on 15 May 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 3/5th Scottish Rifles\nA 3rd Line or reserve battalion was formed at Glasgow in November 1914. On 8 April 1916 it was redesignated 5th Reserve Bn, Scottish Rifles, and on 1 September 1916, when it was at Catterick Camp in North Yorkshire, it absorbed the 6th, 7th and 8th Reserve Bns of the regiment and formed part of the Lowland Reserve Bde. Later it returned to Scotland, being stationed at Galashiels and Hawick. By December 1917 it was at Leven as part of the Forth Garrison. It was disbanded at Bridge of Allan on 31 December 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 15th Scottish Rifles\nIn 1915 the Home Service men of the 5th, 6th and 7th Scottish Rifles were combined into 10th Scottish Provisional Battalion, which joined the Scottish Provisional Brigade (later 1st Provisional Brigade) on 22 May. In April 1916 the 1st Provisional Bde moved from Scotland to Kent to take over coastal defence duties, with 10th Bn stationed at Deal. The same month the battalion absorbed the 12th Scottish Provisional Bn, formed from Home service men of the 4th and 5th Bns Kings Own Scottish Borderers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 15th Scottish Rifles\nThe Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Brigades thus became anomalous, and at the end of 1916 the remaining battalions were formed into numbered battalions of their parent units in new Mixed Brigades and Home Service Divisions. 10th Provisional Bn became 15th Bn Scottish Rifles on 1 January 1917, while 1st Provisional Brigade became 221st Infantry Brigade (later 221st Mixed Brigade). Part of the role of these home defence units alongside the Training Reserve was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. 15th Scottish Rifles continued in this role until the end of the war, and was disbanded on 30 July 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nThe TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920 when the 5th Cameronians reformed at Princes Street, with Lt-Col H.B. Spens, DSO in command. In 1921 the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA). In that year the 5th Bn absorbed the 8th Cameronians, becoming 5th/8th Battalion The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). The battalion formed part of 156th (West Scottish) Bde of 52nd (Lowland) Division. It also had affiliated to it 5th The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) Cadet Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar, Anti-Aircraft conversion\nDuring the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA infantry battalions into AA units. The 5th/8th Cameronians was one of the battalions selected, becoming a Royal Artillery searchlight (S/L) regiment in late 1938 while remaining affiliated with the Cameronians. At the same time, the TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis, so two regiments were formed:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar, Anti-Aircraft conversion\nThus the 8th Bn (57th S/L Rgt) once more had its own identity and history. In the event, only three batteries were formed in 5th Bn (56th S/L Rgt) at 261 West Prince's St (HQ, 419, 418 and 419 Btys), 420 being formed in 57th S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe regiment formed part of 3 AA Division covering Scotland. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command. In June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. 5th Cameronians (56th S/L Rgt) became part of 52nd Light Anti- Aircraft Brigade, which was formed in August 1939 with responsibility for all of 3 AA Division's S/L provision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 56th (5th Battalion, Cameronian Scottish Rifles) Searchlight Regiment\nDuring the Phoney War period there were a number of attacks on the naval bases of Scotland before the Luftwaffe turned its attention to the campaigns in Norway and France and the Low Countries. In August 1940 the RA took over all the S/L regiments in AA Command, after which the regiment was designated 56th (5th Battalion, Cameronian Scottish Rifles) Searchlight Regiment, RA. The regiment supplied a cadre of experienced officers and men to 235th S/L Training Rgt at Ayr where it provided the basis for a new 531 S/L Bty formed on 14 November 1940. This battery later joined 52nd (Queen's Edinburgh, Royal Scots) S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 117], "content_span": [118, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 56th (5th Battalion, Cameronian Scottish Rifles) Searchlight Regiment\nEastern Scotland largely escaped air attack during the Battle of Britain. In November 1940, at the height of The Blitz, a new 12 AA Division was formed to take over responsibility for western Scotland (including Glasgow and the Clyde) while 3 AA Division (including 52 AA Bde and 56th S/L Rgt) retained responsibility for eastern Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 117], "content_span": [118, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 56th (5th Battalion, Cameronian Scottish Rifles) Searchlight Regiment\nThis was still the situation on 11 February 1941 when the newly-formed 535 S/L Bty joined the regiment. This battery had been formed on 14 November at 237th Training Rgt at Holywood, County Down, by a cadre from 52nd S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 117], "content_span": [118, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 56th (5th Battalion, Cameronian Scottish Rifles) Searchlight Regiment\nWhen the Blitz ended in May 1941 the Edinburgh area had escaped relatively lightly, though the nearby Rosyth Dockyard had been a target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 117], "content_span": [118, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 56th (5th Battalion, Cameronian Scottish Rifles) Searchlight Regiment\n535 S/L Bty left the regiment on 23 January 1942 and transferred to 57th (8th Cameronian) S/L Rgt in 12 AA Division. Later in the war it took part in the Allied invasion of Italy as an independent S/L battery. 535 S/L Battery was replaced in 56th S/L Rgt by 357 S/L Bty transferred from 39th (Lancashire Fusiliers) S/L Rgt on 23 January 1942. 357 S/L Bty continued to wear its Lancashire Fusiliers badges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 117], "content_span": [118, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nBy 1942, AA Command had more than enough S/L units, but was still seriously short of light anti-aircraft (LAA) gun units, and began a programme of converting S/L units (which also had the benefit of saving manpower). On 18 February 56th S/L Rgt was converted to the LAA role as 125th (Cameronians) LAA Rgt:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nBy the middle of June the regiment had completed its conversion and was assigned to 6 AA Bde in 6 AA Division (later 2 AA Group) in South East England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\n414 LAA Bty left the regiment  on 3 October and joined 144th LAA Rgt based in Northern Ireland. 125th (Cameronians) LAA Rgt transferred within 2 AA Gp to 27 (Home Counties) AA Bde in December 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nHowever, in the spring of 1943, 125th LAA became an unbrigaded regiment, later leaving AA Command entirely and joining 76 AA Bde, one of the formations under 21st Army Group earmarked for the planned invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe regiment with its three batteries, now designated a mobile unit, was at Toft Hall in Cheshire on 1 June 1943 when it came under the command of 76 AA Bde and began training for Overlord. During the summer months, it took part in various exercises on the South Coast of England, including  practices with landing craft. In January 1944, 76 AA Bde moved to Essex, with 125th LAA Rgt established at Southend-on-Sea by the end of the month. Intensive training by units continued at firing camps and exercises around the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0049-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nBy now the brigade had been joined by the lorries of 323rd Company Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) to provide mobility, with 1617 LAA Rgt Platoon assigned to 125th LAA Rgt. The standard organisation for a mobile LAA regiment in the forthcoming campaign would be three batteries (54 guns) equipped with towed or Self-Propelled (SP) Bofors 40 mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nIn May, those units required for the assault phase of Overlord began to gather in southern England and concentrated at Southend. Elements of 76 AA Bde landed on D-Day (6 June) itself, and follow-up units arrived over following days. 76 AA Brigade's role was to defend Gold Beach, the Mulberry Harbour being constructed at Arromanches, and the little harbour of Port-en-Bessin. RHQ of 125th LAA Rgt under Lt-Col J.S Gow landed in Normandy on the evening of 9 June and the reconnaissance party of 417 S/L Bty arrived the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 106], "content_span": [107, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0050-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nThe battery was ready for action at Arromanches by 13 June, followed by the other two batteries on 15 June (418 at Huppain, 419 at Escures). There were a number of night engagements of Luftwaffe bombers, but daylight activity was restricted to attacks by a few single-engined Fighter-bombers. The regiment's Z Group of rear-echelon troops arrived from England on 18 July, and the RASC lorries began to arrive on 22 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 106], "content_span": [107, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nFollowing the Battle of Falaise, 21st Army Group began its break-out from the Normandy beachhead. On 27 August 419 LAA Bty handed over its towed Bofors guns to 73rd and 120th LAA Rgts, and received SP Bofors in exchange, ready to follow the advancing army. On 1 September it transferred to the operational command of 80 AA Bde, which moved up to cover the crossing of the Seine. Two batteries deployed to cover the bridging operations at Mantes-Gassicourt and one to Vernon; later it moved to the crossing at Les Andelys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 106], "content_span": [107, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nOn 11 September the regiment returned to 76 AA Bde, which was in the Amiens area and scheduled to move up to cover the vital port of Antwerp, but this move was cancelled and the brigade went instead to join the siege of Boulogne (Operation Wellhit). It was withdrawn from Amiens on 22 September and reached Boulogne the following day, just as the siege ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 106], "content_span": [107, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Normandy\nOn 19 October the regiment joined 107 AA Bde, which was supporting the Siege of Dunkirk, using HAA and LAA guns against ground targets, as well as against Luftwaffe aircraft attempting to drop supplies to the besieged garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 106], "content_span": [107, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Antwerp\nThe regiment was withdrawn from Dunkirk on 1 November and moved to rejoin 76 AA Bde defending Antwerp. A Gun Defence Area (GDA) covering the whole area of Antwerp and the Scheldt estuary was established, with 76 AA Bde responsible for the 'Scheldt North' sector. HAA positions were established at intervals of 4\u20135000 yards along the waterway, interspersed with irregularly sited LAA positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0054-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Antwerp\n125th LAA Regiment was fully deployed by 4 November, with RHQ and the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshop in the convent at Hoogerheide (later at Kapelle), 417 LAA Bty at Krabbendijke, 419 LAA Bty at Rilland Cloisters, and 418 LAA Bty in the countryside. 2nd S/L Rgt arrived on 17 November with the primary task of cooperating with the LAA guns against mine-laying in the channel. Lieutenant-Colonel Gow acted as brigade commander on occasions when the brigadier was absent. 125th LAA Regiment contributed personnel to a local warning radar troop that 76 AA Bde organised from its own resources", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Antwerp\nThe only enemy aircraft seen in this period were on reconnaissance missions, usually flying very high. However, at the beginning of December 417 LAA battery was ordered to send A Trp to 4th Commando Brigade to defend the island of North Beveland against enemy shipping; C Trp joined it in early January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0055-0001", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Antwerp\nWhen the German Army launched its Ardennes offensive (the Battle of the Bulge) aimed at breaking through to Antwerp, 76th AA Bde was ordered to take precautions against possible attacks by German airborne troops, as well as dealing with increased air activity; the night of 26/27 December was the busiest since the brigade arrived at the Scheldt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Antwerp\nOn 1 January 1945, the Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte: daylight attacks against Allied airfields in support of the Ardennes offensive. Between 09.20 and 09.54 some 50\u201360 enemy aircraft, mainly Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190, came over 76th AA Bde's area. Its war diary records: 'This was the best day since our formation', with 15 aircraft claimed as 'certainly destroyed' and others probably crashed in enemy territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Antwerp\nAntwerp was heavily attacked by V-1 flying bombs; on 26 February one of these landed in 417 LAA Bty's area, causing a number of casualties. As the war in Europe drew to its close, AA commitments in rear areas were reduced and units closed up to the Scheldt, where they were either sent forward into Germany (as AA or occupation troops) or prepared for disbandment. Several regiments were disbanded in April 1945, other were converted into garrison troops or driver training regiments. 125th LAA Rgt remained in 76th AA Bde's order of battle in the final weeks of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Antwerp\nThe brigade was ordered to cease fire on 3 May 1945 when a local truce came into effect to allow supplies to be sent to civilians in enemy-occupied Holland (Operation Manna). This was followed on 4 May by the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath and the end of the war in Europe (VE Day).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 105], "content_span": [106, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Occupation duties\nAfter VE Day, the brigade remained temporarily on its AA tasks. Its units then returned to the mainland from the Scheldt islands and concentrated north of Antwerp before moving into Germany in June to garrison the Dortmund\u2013Bochum area. The units under command during this period included 125th LAA Rgt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 115], "content_span": [116, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Occupation duties\nBy October the brigade had established its HQ at Burgsteinfurt Schloss under the command of 52nd (L) Division in British Army of the Rhine. As well as guarding vital points, it was responsible for camps containing 6000 disarmed former Wehrmacht soldiers and 9000 Displaced persons (DPs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 115], "content_span": [116, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, 125th (Cameronians) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Occupation duties\nAs the year progressed, units were progressively disbanded as the troops were demobilised. 125th (Cameronians) LAA Rgt was placed in suspended animation on 1 March 1946, completed on 9 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 115], "content_span": [116, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the regiment reformed at Glasgow as 591st LAA Rgt (Cameronians). It formed part of 77 AA Bde (the wartime 51st LAA Bde) at Glasgow. On 16 March 1949 the regiment became 591st (Mixed) LAA/SL Rgt (Cameronians) ('Mixed' indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the unit). On 1 June 1950 it absorbed  518th LAA/SL Rgt (the prewar 18th LAA Rgt formed at Glasgow in 1938) without change of title. On 1 October 1953 it dropped the S/L part of its title once more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nAA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955 and there were wholesale amalgamations amongst its units. 591st (Cameronians) LAA Rgt amalgamated with 474th (City of Glasgow) HAA Rgt and 483rd (Blythswood) HAA Rgt to form 445th (Cameronians) LAA Rgt with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\n(474th HAA Rgt had previously absorbed 592nd (Glasgow) LAA Rgt, descended from 8th Bn Cameronians.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nOn 1 May 1961 445th LAA Rgt absorbed Q (West Lothian, Royal Scots) Bty of 432nd LAA Rgt at Edinburgh and reorganised as 445th (Lowland) LAA Rgt:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nBetween 4 October 1961 and 18 March 1964 the regiment dropped the LAA part of its title, becoming 445th (Lowland) Regiment, RA, but later in 1964 it was designated a Light Air Defence Regiment. When the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967, the regiment was disbanded and became concurrently part of 207 (Scottish) Bty in 102 (Ulster and Scottish) LAD Rgt, and T (Glasgow) Bty in the Lowland Rgt, RA (Territorials).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Uniform and Insignia\nThe various companies that were raised in 1859\u201360 had variations on Volunteer grey uniforms. However, after a vote in 1862 they all adopted 'Elcho grey' (Hodden grey) with blue facings, the blue collar and cuffs laced in grey with an Austrian knot on the sleeve, and blue piping on the trousers. The soft grey peaked cap had a diced blue-and-white band and a silver bugle badge. Yellow leggings were worn. From 1872 to 1876 a grey busby was adopted, but the grey cap was reintroduced until 1878 when a grey helmet with bronze fittings came into use. In 1902 a drab service dress with green Austrian knot and field grey cap was adopted. This was retained until the early 20th Century when it adopted the Rifle green uniform with dark green facings of the Scottish Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Memorials\nAfter World War I the Place de la Mairie in Clary was renamed Place des Ecossais to commemorate its liberation by 5th/6th Bn Scottish Rifles. When King George V visited Clary in November 1918, the battalion was drawn up in the place in his honour. Later a plaque was erected in the place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159204-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, Memorials\nThe Cameronians War Memorial, commemorating all the regiment's battalions in World War I, sculpted by Philip Lindsey Clark, stands in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow. There is also a plaque to all the Cameronian dead in World War I in Glasgow Cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers (1st LAV), popularly known as 'Brown's Corps', was an auxiliary  unit of the British Army raised in Liverpool in 1859. As the Lancashire & Cheshire Royal Garrison Artillery in the Territorial Force it was responsible for defending the Mersey Estuary and the coastline of North West England. It was one of the few coast defence units to fire a shot during World War I but also provided personnel for a number of siege batteries that saw action on the Western Front. It continued in the coast defence role during World War II, at the end of which it sent troops to work in the rear areas in Europe. It was reformed postwar but was broken up when the coast artillery branch was abolished in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the Volunteer Movement and huge enthusiasm for joining local Volunteer Corps. The 1st Administrative Brigade, Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, was established in February 1860 to bring together a number of small artillery volunteer corps (AVCs) that had sprung up in the Liverpool area of Lancashire:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe Brown family took a prominent role in the early history of the unit and it was popularly known as 'Brown's Corps'. Sir William Brown, 1st Baronet, of Richmond Hill (died 1864), was Honorary Colonel of the 1st Lancashire AVC, and his grandson and successor Sir William Richmond Brown, 2nd Baronet, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the 1st Admin Bde in 1861. The 2nd Baronet's younger brother, James Clifton Brown (simultaneously an officer in  the Royal Lancashire Militia Artillery), became Major of the brigade in 1862 and from 1864 Lt-Col of the 1st Lancashire AVC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nBy 1869, due to disbandments and amalgamations, the admin brigade disappeared leaving the 1st Lancashire AVC as an independent unit of eight batteries. Sir William Richmond Brown, 2nd Bt, now became the honorary colonel, and the Lt-Col Commandant was his younger brother Alexander Hargreaves Brown, formerly a Cornet in the 5th Dragoon Guards (later 1st Baronet of  a new creation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAnother family closely associated with 1st Lancashire AVC was the Behrends, a Liverpool shipbroking family. Henry David and Edward Augustus Behrend were commissioned into 'Brown's Corps' in 1887 and 1888, appointed captains in 1890 and 1893 and majors in 1900 and 1905 respectively. H.D. Behrend became Lt-Col in 1906 and retired in 1913. Lieutenant Arthur Behrend served in the East Lancashire Regiment and with 90th Bde RGA during World War I, and returned to the Lancashire & Cheshire Artillery after the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st LAV's war stations were the gun batteries guarding the approaches to Liverpool on the Lancashire (north) shore of the Mersey Estuary, Seaforth Battery and North Fort. Seaforth Battery was completed in 1879 and mounted four 12.5-inch RML guns (later replaced by two 4.7-inch QF guns). The older North Fort was disarmed and dismantled between 1884 and 1887 and its site taken over by the expanding docks. A new battery was built further up the coast at Crosby Point in 1906\u201307, named Crosby Battery and armed with three 6-inch Mark VII BL guns by 1914. In peacetime the defences were maintained by a small detachment of Regular gunners from the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) who also trained the Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nBy the 1870s the 1st LAV had established its headquarters (HQ) at 19 Low Hill, Liverpool. It was included in the Lancashire Division of the Royal Artillery (RA) from 1 April 1882, transferring to the Southern Division when the Lancashire Division was abolished on 1 July 1889. On 1 June 1899 all the Volunteer artillery units became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and with the abolition of the RA's divisional organisation  on 1 January 1902, the unit became the 1st Lancashire RGA (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nUnder the Haldane Reforms that created the Territorial Force, the 1st Lancashire RGA (V) merged with part of the 1st Cheshire RGA (V) to became the Lancashire and Cheshire RGA as a defended ports unit. The single command facilitated coordination between the defences on the Lancashire and Cheshire banks of the Mersey Estuary. The Cheshire side included  Fort Perch Rock armed with three 6-inch Mark VII BL guns in 1914. There was also a detachment at Barrow-in-Furness defending the shipyards and airship works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of World War I the Lancashire & Cheshire RGA's organisation was as  follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 31 August 1914, the formation of Reserve or 2nd Line units for each existing TF unit was authorised; each was prefixed '2/' to distinguish it from the 1st Line ('1/'). Initially these were formed from men who had not volunteered for overseas service, and the recruits who were flooding in. In 1915 Henry Behrend was re-commissioned from the TF Reserve as Lt-Col to command the 2nd Line unit of the L&C RGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home Defence\nOn 29 January 1915, No 7 Company, manning the Walney Island Battery guarding the shipyards and airship sheds at Barrow, exchanged fire with the German U-boat U-21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home Defence\nBy October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field. Soon the TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service were also supplying trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home Defence\nAlthough complete defended ports units never went overseas, they did provide cadres to form units from New Army ('Kitchener's Army') volunteers for front line service. The L&C RGA is known to have supplied cadres for 39th and 95th Siege Btys in 1915 (see below). During 1916 new siege batteries are recorded to have been raised at 'Mersey' (161, 170, 197, 235, 256, 297) and 'Liverpool' (204, 279, 314), and further batteries in early 1917 at the L&C RGA's Crosby Battery (358, 393, 401) and at Mersey (437). These were formed from later conscripts, but were presumably organised by the L&C RGA since there were no Regular RGA units present at these sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home Defence\nThis process meant a continual drain on the manpower of the defended ports units and in April 1917, the coastal defence companies of the RGA (TF) were reorganised. By this stage of the war, the L&C RGA serving in the Mersey and Barrow Defences of Western Command consisted of 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/5, 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5 and 2/7 Companies. These were reduced to just three companies, given a slightly higher establishment (five officers and 100 other ranks) and renumbered, abolishing the 1st and 2nd Line distinction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home Defence\nIn addition, three L&C companies (1/4, 2/6 and 2/8) had been transferred to the Thames & Medway Defences in Eastern Command \u2013 much closer to possible German naval attacks \u2013 and these were combined with 1/2 and 2/2 Companies of the Essex & Suffolk RGA to form Nos 1 and 2 Companies of the Kent RGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home Defence\nBy April 1918 the guns in the Mersey Garrison consisted of one 6-inch at each of Perch Rock and Crosby Point batteries, and two 4.7s at Seaforth, while the Barrow Garrison had two 6-inch Mk VIIs at Walney Island Battery and two 4.7s at Hilpsford Battery, under Coastal Fire Command No 24 at Liverpool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Home Defence\nThe TF was demobilised in 1919 after the Armistice with Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\nThis battery was formed at Sheerness on 10 June 1915 with a cadre (including Capt G.G. Mallinson) provided by the L&C RGA. The battery went out to the Western Front on 2 November, equipped with four 8-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\n39th Siege Bty was positioned north of Ypres under Second Army and spent the following months in the routine of registering likely targets with the aid of spotting aircraft and carrying out short bombardments of requested targets, while suffering a steady trickle of casualties from retaliatory fire. In June 1916 it was sent south to join Fourth Army's preparations for the 'Big Push', the Battle of the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\nAfter participating in the seven-day bombardment, the battery fired a sequence of barrages lifting from one predetermined line to the next in support of III Corps' assault on La Boisselle during the First day on the Somme. Unfortunately, many of the heavy howitzer shells failed to explode. The attack was a failure. The battery continued to support the attacks on Bazentin le Petit and Pozi\u00e8res, then on Le Sars, Martinpuich, High Wood and Courcelette as the offensive continued through the summer and into the autumn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\nIn January 1917 the battery rejoined Second Army at Ypres where activity increased as preparations began for that year's Flanders campaign. On 1 June 1917 39th Siege Bty was joined by a section (2 officers and 70 other ranks (ORs) with two 8-inch howitzers) from the newly arrived 311th Siege Bty, bringing the battery up to an establishment of six guns. It supported the successful Battle Messines (7 June), then moved to forward positions under Fifth Army for the bombardment preceding the opening of the Third Ypres Offensive on 31 July. It supported II Corps, which had the hardest task of the day, and the attack fell short of its objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\nCaptain Mallinson of the original L&CRGA cadre left the battery on 13 August 1917 to take command of 221st Siege Bty. The campaign ground on during the summer and autumn. During the attack of 20 September (the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge) three of the battery's guns were put out of action. By October the British gunners were struggling to bring up guns and ammunition through the morass of mud to continue the offensive and the gunners of 39th Siege Bty had to be  pulled out of the line for rest. They returned later in the month and resumed barrage fire for the Second Battle of Passchendaele until the fighting died down in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\nHaving been constantly switched from one heavy artillery group (HAG) to another, the RGA batteries now became subunits of permanent heavy brigades: 39th Siege Bty joined 30th Brigade and remained with it for the rest of the war. The German Spring Offensive was launched at the end of March 1918, but it was not until 10 April that the fighting spread to Ypres. On that day 30th Bde's howitzers were called upon to support the hard-pressed troops south of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\nBy 14 April Second Army was obliged to pull back from the Passchendaele Ridge to shorten its line and the guns were dragged back. From their new positions the guns carried out harassing fire (HF) and counter-preparation and disrupt the German attacks until they were forced back to the ramparts of Ypres itself on 26 April, with 39th Siege Bty back at Busseboom. The last German attack in the sector died out on 29 April. In May 30th Bde was pulled out of the line for rest and training in GHQ Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\nOn 19 June 39th Siege Bty was back 'in action' north of Arras. 30th Brigade was now under First Army and remained with it until the end of the war. The summer was spent on HF and counter-battery (CB) fire tasks. The Allied Hundred Days Offensive began on 8 August and First Army began to advance on 18 August, supported by CB fire. On 19 September the heavy guns began moving forward to support First Army in the Battle of the Canal du Nord on 27 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\nDuring October 39th Siege Bty moved up again, reaching Billy-Montigny with five of its howitzers on 13 October, but on 18 October it had to be left behind because there was no canal bridge strong enough to take its heavy howitzers. It finally moved up on 1 November, and four of its howitzers came into action on 4 and 5 November, but the Germans were retreating too quickly for the howitzers to keep up. Hostilities ended on 11 November when the Armistice came into effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 39th Siege Battery\nThe battery continued in the Regular Army after the Armistice. It became 39th Bty, RGA, on 19 April 1919, and converted into 39th Mountain Bty on 20 January 1920. However, on 16 April that year it was absorbed by the cadre of 3rd Mountain Bty in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 95th Siege Battery\nThis battery was formed at Portsmouth on 16 December 1915 by a cadre of 3 officers and 78 other ranks (the equivalent of a TF Company) drawn from the L&C RGA. It went out to the Western Front in May 1916 equipped with four 9.2-inch howitzers and immediately joined Third Army to begin the bombardment for the disastrous Attack on the Gommecourt Salient on the first day on the Somme. It switched to Fourth Army for the continuation of the Somme offensive, and then moved to First Army. It was with 50th HAG as part of the concentration of heavy guns for the Battle of Vimy on 9 April 1917. Later it moved to Second Army's command for the Battle of Messines and to Fifth Army for the Ypres offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 95th Siege Battery\nIn October 1917 the battery transferred to 90th HAG with Third Army. It supported IV Corps in the continuing operations of the Battle of Cambrai. 90th HAG became 90th Bde in early 1918, and 95th Siege Bty remained with it for the rest of the war. In August 1917 the battery had been joined by a section of gunners from 419th Siege Bty, but it was not increased to six howitzers until January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 95th Siege Battery\nThird Army was attacked on the first day of the German Spring Offensive (21 March) and all the batteries of 90th Bde had to be pulled back in the 'Great Retreat'. While the huge 9.2-inch howitzers were towed back, the gunners of 95th Siege Bty fought the advancing Germans with smaller 6-inch howitzers. The front was stabilised in early April and by late August Third Army had joined in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive across the old Somme battlefields. The subsequent advance in September and October entailed 95th Siege Bty hauling its howitzers forward in pairs to new gun positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 95th Siege Battery\n90th Brigade supported 42nd (East Lancashire) Division for the attack on the Canal du Nord on 27 September and was attached to the New Zealand Division for the Second Battle of Cambrai on 8 October. It supported IV Corps' attack at the Battle of the Selle on 20 October. By 5 November the heavy howitzers had been left behind, and the men were in billets by the time the Armistice came into effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nWhen the TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920, the Lancashire & Cheshire RGA was reformed, with its HQ at Liverpool and two batteries, one from Nos 1 and 2 companies, the other from Nos 3 and 4. During 1921 the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army and the unit was redesignated the Lancashire & Cheshire Coast Brigade, RGA, the batteries being numbered 177 and 178. When the RGA was subsumed into the RA on 1 June 1924, the unit became the Lancashire & Cheshire Heavy Brigade, RA, and the batteries became heavy batteries. In 1926 it was decided that the coastal defences of Great Britain should be solely manned by part-time soldiers of the TA. Together with the Lancashire Fortress Royal Engineers the brigade provided the coast defence troops in 55th (West Lancashire) Divisional Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nDuring the 1930s until the eve of World War II the organisation of the L&C Heavy Bde was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nIn line with the RA's modernisation of its titles, the brigade was termed a regiment from 1 November 1938. On the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939 it was responsible for the following guns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 524th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Coast Regiment\nWith the danger of invasion after the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk, the coastal artillery regiments underwent a major reorganisation in the summer of 1940. On 14 July the regiment became 524th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Coast Regiment with the batteries designated A and B:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 524th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Coast Regiment\nThe batteries at Fleetwood and Lytham St Annes were 'emergency batteries' of Royal Navy guns installed during the summer of 1940. Each consisted of 2 x 4-inch Mk VII guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 524th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Coast Regiment\nBy 1942 the threat from German attack had diminished and there was demand for trained gunners for the fighting fronts. A process of reducing the manpower in the coast defences began. The manpower requirements for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) led to further reductions in coast defences in April 1944. By this stage of the war many of the coast battery positions were manned by Home Guard detachments or in the hands of care and maintenance parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 95], "content_span": [96, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 619th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Infantry Regiment\nBy the end of 1944, 21st Army Group was suffering a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. At the same time the German Luftwaffe and Reichsmarine were suffering from such shortages that serious  attacks on the United Kingdom could be discounted. In January 1945 the War Office began to reorganise surplus air and coast defence regiments in the UK into infantry battalions, primarily for line of communication and occupation duties in North West Europe, thereby releasing trained infantry for frontline service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 98], "content_span": [99, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 619th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Infantry Regiment\nOn 15 January 1945 the bulk of 524th (L&C) Coast Rgt became 619th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Infantry Rgt, RA, in 301 Infantry Brigade, serving in Scottish Command. After infantry training, the brigade came under the orders of 21st Army Group on 9 May, and landed on the Continent on 15 May (a week after VE  Day), where it came under the command of First Canadian Army. After carrying out occupation duties it was placed in suspended animation on 31 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 98], "content_span": [99, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 619th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Infantry Regiment\nMeanwhile, a few details of RHQ 524th (L&C) Coast Rgt had been retained in the UK. On 29 February 131 Bty became independent, and the residue of 111, 171 and 405 Btys came under its administrative control on 20 May. RHQ, 131 Bty and the other details began entering suspended animation on 1 June, completing the process by 22 June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 98], "content_span": [99, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159205-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1947 the regiment was reconstituted in the TA as 420 (Lancashire and Cheshire) Coast Regiment, as part of 104 Coast Brigade. In 1954 the batteries were subtitled: Q (Lancashire) and R (Cheshire). Two years later the Coast Artillery were disbanded. Q and R Batteries of 420 Regiment were converted into 253 and 624 Squadrons of the Royal Engineers at Liverpool and Wallasey respectively. Originally they were to be field squadrons, but this was quickly changed and they became crane operating squadrons attached to 107 Corps Engineer Rgt and 113 Army Engineer Rgt respectively. Both squadrons were disbanded in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers\nThe 1st Lancashire Engineer Volunteer Corps was a Volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers, first raised in 1860. It went on to spin off a unit of fortress engineers and provided a signals training centre during World War I. Its successor units provided signal support for West Lancashire Territorial Army (TA) formations in the early stages of World War II, and for Eighth Army HQ during the Second Battle of El Alamein, the advance to Tunis, invasion of Sicily and through Italy, ending the war in Austria. Postwar successor units have continued in the TA and Army Reserve to the present day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Origins\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Lancashire Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC) formed at Liverpool on 1 October 1860. In the early part of 1864 it absorbed the 2nd Lancashire EVC, which had been formed at Liverpool on 29 December 1860 (the 3rd Lancashire EVC at St Helens became the new 2nd). The unit ranked 4th (later 3rd) in the list of precedence of EVCs, and by 1866 it consisted of eight companies, with its headquarters at 44 Mason Street, Edge Hill, Liverpool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Origins\nDuring the 1860s the 1st Lancashire EVC acted as a battalion headquarters, with several smaller EVCs attached to it: 1st Flintshire EVC (1863\u20131897); 1st Cheshire EVC (1864) and 2nd (St Helens) Lancashire EVC (1864\u20131867). The Rossall School Cadet Corps \u2013 the oldest school cadet corps in the UK, founded in 1860 \u2013 was attached to the 1st Lancashire EVC from 1890 to 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Origins\nWhen Lieutenant-General Sir Andrew Clarke, Inspector-General of Fortifications 1882\u20131886, did not have enough Regular Royal Engineers (RE) to man the fixed mines being installed to defend British seaports, he utilised the Volunteer Engineers for this task. After successful trials the system was rolled out to ports around the country. In October 1884 the 1st Lancashire EVC formed K Company to cover the Mersey Estuary, and in March 1888 this became independent as the Mersey Division Submarine Miners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Origins\nAgain, when Clarke needed engineers for railway construction at the Red Sea port of Suakin for the British force engaged there in 1885, he sent a detachment of Volunteers to assist the Regulars. The detachment was drawn from the 1st Newcastle & Durham EV and the 1st Lancashire EV (seven men).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Origins\nThe EVC titles were abandoned in 1888, when the units became 'Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers', proclaiming their affiliation to the Regular RE, and then simply 'Royal Engineers (Volunteers)' in 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Origins\nThe unit sent a detachment of 26 volunteers to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) in 1908, the original plan was for part of the 1st Lancashire RE (V) to join the Lancashire Fortress Royal Engineers formed by the former Mersey Submarine Miners, and the remainder of the unit would form the West Lancashire Divisional Telegraph Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Territorial Force\nBy 1910 this plan had changed: none of the 1st Lancashire transferred to the fortress company, but the telegraph company had been expanded to form the Western Wireless Telegraph, Cable Telegraph and Air-Line Telegraph companies, collectively known as the Western Signal Companies. These were 'Army Troops', forming part of  Western Command. By now the HQ was at 38 Mason Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Territorial Force\nThe Commanding Officer of the companies from 1912 was Lt-Col F.A.Cortez-Leigh, transferred from a TF battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers. In professional life he was chief electrical engineer of the London and North Western Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nWhen war broke out in August 1914 the TF was mobilised and the Western Signal Companies were quickly recruited up to full strength. The unit established a training camp in the public park known as The Mystery at Wavertree. Almost the whole unit volunteered for overseas service, and it was quickly called upon to provide two cable telegraph sections and two air line telegraph sections to join the British Expeditionary Force serving on the Western Front. These sections left Wavertree in October 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War I, Training Centre\nIn the autumn of 1914 the War Office decided to address the urgent need for trained signallers by using the TF to establish training depots. The Army Troops signal units of the five Home Commands were concentrated in Bedfordshire, and the officers and men were transferred to the Regular RE for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War I, Training Centre\nThe Western Signal Companies became the Western Signal Service Centre, RE, based at the empty manor house at Haynes Park in Bedfordshire, with many of the men being billeted in nearby Clophill. The unit had to establish a complete depot in the park, with roads, huts, and electricity and water supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War I, Training Centre\nThe training centre was later known as the Haynes Park Signal Depot, and remained under the command of Lt-Col Cortez-Leigh, who visited the Western Front in 1915 to see for himself the service conditions for which the men had to be trained. During the war some 2,000\u20133,000 officers and 20,000 NCOs and men from across the UK, together with thousands of horses and mules, were trained at Haynes Park. Mrs Cortez-Leigh took charge of a detachment of women of Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps at the park, which released men for active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Interwar\nWhen the TF was reconstituted in 1920 as the Territorial Army (TA), the RE signal units became part of the new Royal Corps of Signals. The Western Command units became 2nd Western Corps Signals (Army Troops), based at Liverpool. However, the concept of Army Troops signal companies was soon afterwards abandoned and the unit reformed later the same year as 55th (West Lancashire) Divisional Signals. The new unit was based at Mason Street, with No 2 Company at Prescot, and was commanded by Colonel J. Tennant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Interwar\nIt also had 235th Field Artillery Signal Section and 210th Medium Artillery Signal Section attached to it. In 1937 a new drill hall named Signal House was opened at Score Lane, Childwall, Liverpool, and HQ moved in with Nos 1 and 3 Companies. In 1938 the unit provided the cadre for the new 4th AA Divisional Signals in Chester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War II, Mobilisation\nFollowing the Munich Crisis the TA was doubled in size. 55th (West Lancashire) Division, which was organised as a Motor Division, spun off a duplicate, 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division, to which the signal unit provided 59th (Motor) Divisional Signals. The TA was mobilised in the days preceding the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, and 59th Division and its units became active on 15 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War II, 55th (West Lancashire) Divisional Signals\n55th (West Lancashire) Division mobilised in Western Command. It remained in the UK throughout the war, moving from place to place. In June 1940 it was reorganised as a normal infantry division, and in January 1942 it was placed on a lower establishment. Although it was restored to full war establishment shortly before D Day, it never went overseas. 55th Divisional Signals acted as a training unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 81], "content_span": [82, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War II, 59th (Motor) Divisional Signals\n59th Division also mobilised in Western Command, but early in 1940 the divisional signal unit was withdrawn and reorganised as 4th Army Signals. It was redesignated again in May 1940 as No 4 Line of Communication Signals, and in September it was sent to the Middle East where it operated in the rear areas of Western Desert Force and later Eighth Army during the Western Desert Campaign. It also provided signal detachments to British forces operating in Eritrea during the East African Campaign and in Palestine during the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 71], "content_span": [72, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War II, Eighth Army Signals\nWhen Eighth Army HQ was formed in 1941, most of its administrative services, including signals, were provided by the South African Army. 4th LoC Signals supported these units, and in mid-1942 it took over completely from the South Africans when the bulk of the unit became 8th Army Signals, also providing personnel to XIII Corps Signals and East African Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War II, Eighth Army Signals\nThe unit served with Eighth Army HQ at the Battle of Alamein, the advance to Tunis, the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the whole of the Italian Campaign. It ended the war in Austria, remaining there with the Army of Occupation until 1947, when its HQ and No 1 Squadron were disbanded. The rest of the unit was reorganised into the independent Klagenfurt and Vienna Signal Squadrons, and the Graz Signal Troop. In 1952 these were amalgamated into British Troops Austria Signals, which was reduced to a squadron in 1954 and disbanded in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War II, Eighth Army Signals, Organisation\nIn 1939\u20131945 an Army Signal unit had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, World War II, Eighth Army Signals, Organisation\nBy 1944 such was the volume of signal traffic that Army Signals had to be divided into two units, one for Main Army HQ and one for Rear Army HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Postwar\n55th (West Lancashire) Division was not reformed when the TA was reconstituted in 1947, but the Liverpool TA signals component did reform at Signals House as 22 (West Lancashire) Corps Signal Regiment. In 1949 the regiment became part of the Army Emergency Reserve (AER) (successors to the old Militia). Those TA members who chose not to accept the AER terms of service then became the nucleus of a new No 3 Squadron of 42 (Lancashire) Signal Regimentat Signal House. The AER regiment was disbanded about 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Postwar\nThe former second-line 59th Divisional Signals also reformed in Liverpool in 1947, as 59 Mixed Signal Regiment ('Mixed' indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the unit). When the TA was reduced to the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) in 1967, the regiment became 59 (West Lancashire) Signal Squadron in 33 (Lancashire and Cheshire) Signal Regiment based at Huyton (which also included 42 Signal Squadron from the former 42 (Lancashire) Signal Rgt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Postwar\nAt the same time, a new 55 (Thames and Mersey) Squadron was formed in TAVR I (the 'ever-ready' portion of the reserves). It consisted of HQ at Liverpool, an Airhead Troop at Chelsea, London, and a Port Troop at Cardiff. The London troop left in 1970, when the squadron was renamed 55 (West Lancashire) Signal Squadron. A radio relay troop at Liverpool joined in 1972 and the Cardiff troop left in 1983. The squadron operated in the logistic support role until it disbanded in February 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Postwar\nOn 16 February 1999 the titles of 33 (L&C) Signal Regiment's squadrons were changed, 59 becoming 59 (City of Liverpool) Signal Squadron and HQ Squadron becoming 55 (Merseyside) HQ Squadron. 33 (L&C) Signal Regiment was reduced to a single squadron after the 2009 Defence Review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159206-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Lancashire Engineers, Honorary Colonel\nThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the 1st Lancashire EVC and successor units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159207-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Land Force Brigade\nThe 1st Land Force Brigade (Serbian: 1. \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0435, romanized:\u00a01. brigada kopnene vojske) is a mixed brigade of Serbian Land Forces. It consist from infantry, armored, mechanized, artillery, air defense, engineering and signal units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159207-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Land Force Brigade, History and traditions\nThe brigade was formed on July 31, 2006, with command in Novi Sad from the former land forces units located in Vojvodina and Ma\u010dva; Novi Sad Corps, 1st Armored Brigade, 402nd and 485th Pontoon Battalion. By the 2007 brigade was again reorganized, with 110th and 111th Poonton Battalion being subordinated to the River Flotilla of Serbian Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159207-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Land Force Brigade, History and traditions\nThe day of 1st Brigade is November 9. On that date, in 1918, Serbian Army 7th Infantry Regiment led by Major Vojislav Bugarski has marched in to Novi Sad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159207-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Land Force Brigade, Tasks\nIt's covering the territory of north Serbia, mostly Vojvodina, from the border with Hungary on north to Croatia and Romania on west and east, to Ma\u010dva on south. The most units are, like the command of brigade, based in Novi Sad, while the other units are based in Ba\u010dka Topola, Sremska Mitrovica, Pan\u010devo and Zrenjanin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159208-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Landing Support Battalion\n1st Landing Support Battalion (1st LSB) is a logistics battalion in the United States Marine Corps that supports distributed maritime operations and expeditionary advanced base operations. The unit is based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California and falls under the command of the 1st Marine Logistics Group (1st MLG) and the I Marine Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159208-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Landing Support Battalion, Mission\nProvide throughput support for I Marine Expeditionary Force and other Marine Air-Ground Task Force operations in order to enable the distribution of equipment, personnel, and supplies by air, ground, and sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159208-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Landing Support Battalion, History\nThe battalion was originally commissioned during World War II as 1st Pioneer Battalion on February 7, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159208-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Landing Support Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces have different categories: i.e. Service, Campaign, Unit, and Valor. 1st LSB has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159209-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Landwehr Division (German Empire)\nThe 1st Landwehr Division (1. Landwehr-Division) was an infantry division of the Imperial German Army during World War I. It was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 under the \"Higher Landwehr Commander 1\" (H\u00f6herer Landwehr-Kommandeur 1) and, initially, also referred to as the \"Landwehr-Division Goltz\" after its commander. The Landwehr was the third category of the German Army, after the regular Army and the reserves. Thus Landwehr divisions were made up of older soldiers who had passed from the reserves, and were intended primarily for occupation and security duties rather than heavy combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159209-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Landwehr Division (German Empire), Organization at mobilization\nOn mobilization, the 1st Landwehr Division was created by aggregating four mixed Landwehr brigades (gemischte Landwehr-Brigaden), each of which generally included its own infantry, cavalry and artillery. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159209-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Landwehr Division (German Empire), Organization at mobilization\nThe 33rd and 34th Mixed Landwehr Brigades were raised in the IX Corps area (the Province of Schleswig-Holstein, part of the Province of Hanover, the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and the Hanseatic Cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and L\u00fcbeck). The 37th and 38th Mixed Landwehr Brigades were raised in the X Corps area (the Province of Hanover, the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, and the Duchy of Brunswick).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159209-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Landwehr Division (German Empire), Organization at mobilization\nOn 27 August, the division was ordered to reinforce the eastern front; however, the 37th and 38th Mixed Landwehr Brigades were left behind to guard the northern coast and later transferred to the western front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159209-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Landwehr Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 1st Landwehr Division began the war on the Eastern Front. In 1914-15, it participated in the battles of Gumbinnen, Tannenberg, and 2nd Masurian Lakes. It then took part in the Gorlice-Tarn\u00f3w Offensive. The division was then primarily employed in positional warfare until the armistice on the Eastern Front. In early 1918, it was transferred to the Western Front, where it was primarily employed in positional warfare in Flanders and Alsace-Lorraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159209-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Landwehr Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). In the case of Landwehr divisions, the mixed Landwehr brigades were converted to regular infantry brigades before being triangularized, and were often used to form new units. The 1st Landwehr Division's order of battle on 15 January 1918 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159210-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Laotian Parachute Battalion\nThe 1st Laotian Parachute Battalion (French: 1er Bataillon de Parachutistes Laotiens\t(1er BPL); 1st BPL) was a  paratroop battalion of the French Union Army formed in Vientiane, French Indochina in 1951. It was composed of French officers and Laotian non-commissioned officers and enlisted men, and fought in the First Indochina War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159210-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Laotian Parachute Battalion, History\nThe 1st BPL began forming in October 1951 at Chinaimo near Vientiane, and reached a strength of 853 men in a headquarters and three companies by 1 April 1952. Its 2nd Company was formed from Commandos 4, 5, and 6 of the 1st Laotian Para-Commando Company. During 1952 it was involved in twenty operations, six of which involved parachute jumps. Between 15 and 24 December 576 men from the unit parachuted into Sam Neua to reinforce its garrison in Operation Noel; they were reinforced by eighty more to form a fourth company in February 1953. The Sam Neua garrison was defeated by a Vietminh invasion of 40,000 troops commanded by General V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p, forcing the remnants of the 1st BPL to flee toward the Plain of Jars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159210-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Laotian Parachute Battalion, History\nIt was reformed at Chinaimo a month later, and conducted reconnaissance and commando operations north of Luang Prabang for the rest of the year, including Operation Dampieres in September. The 1st BPL began preparing for Operation Condor, an attempt to relieve the Dien Bien Phu garrison, during March 1954. It advanced towards the Laotian-Vietnamese border in April and early May, withdrawing in mid-May after the garrison surrendered. The BPL reunited on 18 June near Savannakhet at the French Air Force's Seno Airbase. Between 2 and 4 August it conducted the final airborne operation of the war, in which it parachuted into the town of Phanop in Khammouane Province, linking up with local militia units and sweeping the territory up to M\u1ee5 Gi\u1ea1 Pass on the Vietnamese border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159210-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Laotian Parachute Battalion, History\nFollowing the implementation of the Indochina ceasefire on 6 August, the 1st BPL with 981 personnel returned to Seno and transferred to the Laotian National Army. Following the October departure of its French officers, the unit was redesignated the 1st Parachute Battalion (French: 1er Bataillon Parachutiste \u2013 1er BP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159211-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)\nPolish 1st Legions Infantry Division (1. Dywizja Piechoty Legion\u00f3w) was a tactical unit of the Polish Army between the World Wars. Formed on February 20, 1919, partially of veterans of the I Brigade of the Polish Legions, the unit saw extensive action during the Polish-Bolshevik War and World War II. Regarded by the soldiers of the Wehrmacht as the Iron Division, it distinguished itself in the Invasion of Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159211-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)\nAs one of the most experienced and best equipped Polish divisions, it fought in many of the most notable battles of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919 and 1920. Among them was the operation of liberation of Wilno and Battle of Dyneburg in Daugavpils, Latvia (as part of Rydz-\u015amig\u0142y's Third Army and under his personal command, although the actual commanding officer was Micha\u0142 Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski). During the Kiev Offensive of spring of 1920, the division formed the core of Rydz-\u015amig\u0142y Operational Group and took part in the battle of Zhytomyr (April 25), capturing the city of Kiev itself (May 7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159211-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)\nAfter the Polish withdrawal, the unit took part in heavy retreat battles and shielded the retreat of the rest of the Polish forces. After several clashes with the 1st Cavalry Army, the division broke off and reached the area of the Wieprz River, from where it started the counter-offensive during the Battle of Warsaw (see Battle of D\u0119blin and Mi\u0144sk Mazowiecki). On the second day of the Polish offensive, August 16, the division managed to outflank the Bolshevik Mozyr Group by a forced march of over 56 kilometres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159211-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)\nAfter that the division, commanded by Stefan D\u0105b-Biernacki, was attached to the Second Army and took part in the second biggest battle of the war, the Battle of the Niemen River. During the battle, the unit formed the core of the Wilno Group and took part in a successful outflanking manoeuvre of the Bolshevik forces centered on the city of Grodno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159211-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)\nAfter that the division was moved to the rear and took part in shielding the border with Lithuania during Lucjan \u017beligowski's forming of the Central Lithuanian Republic (see \u017beligowski's Mutiny). After the war, the division was partially demobilized and stationed in Wilno as an en cadre divisional core. In the Second Polish Republic, the division consisted of three infantry regiments (1st, 5th, and 6th; all garrisoned in Wilno), and other units, such as light and heavy artillery regiments, a company of cyclists, military engineers, and a mounted squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159211-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)\nBefore the outbreak of World War II, the division, commanded by General Wincenty Kowalski, was partially mobilized in March 1939. As a part of the Wyszk\u00f3w Operational Group it was to shield the northern approaches of Warsaw from the German assault from East Prussia. After the outbreak of the Polish Defensive War, the division became fully mobilized and on September 4, 1939, it made contact with enemy troops in the forests around D\u0142ugosiod\u0142o.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159211-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)\nOn September 7 it took part in heavy fighting near Pu\u0142tusk, but was outnumbered 3 to 1 and ordered to retreat southwards to defend the Bug River line between Kamie\u0144czyk and Wyszk\u00f3w. Reinforced by 98th Heavy Artillery Detachment and 61st Light Artillery Detachment, the division successfully repelled a German assault near Bra\u0144szczyk, after which it began delaying actions while retreating towards Ka\u0142uszyn. On September 11 that town was seized by German units and had to be retaken by force during heavy street fighting in the dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159211-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)\nFrom there, General Wincenty Kowalski planned a counter-assault of his division. In what became known as the Battle of Ka\u0142uszyn, on September 13, the division started an all-out assault on German positions in nearby villages. After heavy fighting, the division broke through the third line of German defences in the villages of Lipiny, Debowiec, Wola Wody\u0144ska, and Ole\u015bnica. It finally broke through the German lines at Jagodno, but also suffered heavy casualties and lost most of its artillery and logistical support. Dispersed units crossed the German lines and joined several different Polish units, some of them formed ad hoc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159211-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)\nThe biggest group was rallied by the division commander but now numbered only three infantry companies out of an original three regiments. These troops broke through the forests near Radzy\u0144 Podlaski to reach the units of Gen. Stefan D\u0105b-Biernacki and on September 22 took part in the successful Battle of Falk\u00f3w against parts of the German 8th Infantry Division. Shortly afterward the division effectively ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159212-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Regiment\nFirst Legions Infantry Regiment of J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski (Polish language: 1 Pulk Piechoty Legionow Jozefa Pilsudskiego; 1 pp Leg.) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army in 1914-1939. Named after J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, in the Second Polish Republic it was stationed in the city of Wilno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159212-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Regiment\nFirst Legions Infantry Regiment was the oldest of all regiments of the Polish Army in the interbellum period. Its traditions dated to the First Cadre Company, which on August 6, 1914 marched from Austrian Galicia into Russian-controlled Congress Poland. Furthermore, it was based on the First Legions Regiment, part of Polish Legions in World War I, which existed from 1914 until 1917, and fought with distinction in the Battle of \u0141owcz\u00f3wek, Battle of Tar\u0142\u00f3w and Battle of Kostiuchn\u00f3wka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159212-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Regiment, Polish - Soviet War\nThe regiment was formed in November 1918 in Jab\u0142onna and Radzymin near Warsaw. A few months later it joined fighting against the Red Army: in the area of Wilno and in Belarus. In winter of 1919/1920 it took part in the Battle of Daugavpils, and in spring 1920, it participated in the Polish Kiev Offensive. After a Soviet counteroffensive, the regiment, together with other Polish units had to retreat, fighting the 1st Cavalry Army (Soviet Union) of Semyon Budyonny. In August 1920, after the Battle of Warsaw, the regiment freed Drohiczyn and then Bia\u0142ystok, beating the Red Army in the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok. It then fought in the Battle of Lida, ending its participation in the war in mid-October 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159212-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Regiment, Polish - Soviet War\nOn December 3, 1920, Marshall J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski decorated the flag of the regiment with Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159212-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nIn the interwar period, the regiment was stationed in northeastern city of Wilno (now: Vilnius, Lithuania). Its holiday was celebrated on August 6, the anniversary of the First Cadre Company march to Congress Poland. In 1930, Polish Ministry of Military Affairs included the regiment into the Second Category, which meant that in case of armed conflict, it was to be mobilized as one of the first units. In comparison to other regiments, First Legions Infantry Regiment was stronger by app. 500 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159212-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Regiment, Second Polish Republic\nThe flag of the regiment was handed to it by J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, on November 1, 1922. It was purchased by Polish residents of the town of Meriden, Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159212-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nIn late August 1939 the regiment, commanded by Colonel Kazimierz Burczak, was concentrated in forests between the Bug River and the Narew, as part of 1st Legions Infantry Division (General Wincenty Kowalski), Operational Group Wyszk\u00f3w.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159212-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nIn the night of September 4/5, 1939, the regiment marched towards R\u00f3\u017can, where it was engaged in first clashes with the advancing Wehrmacht. On September 5\u20136 it defended Polish positions near Pu\u0142tusk, and then retreated towards the Bug river. On September 8 it clashed with the enemy near Wyszk\u00f3w. Since there was the danger of encirclement, it had to retreat towards Bia\u0142a Podlaska. On September 11, after the Germans had captured Ka\u0142uszyn, 1st Legions Infantry Division was surrounded by the Germans. After two days of bloody fighting, some Polish units managed to break through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159212-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Legions Infantry Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland\nOn September 13\u201314 the regiment fought at Stoczek, then it advanced towards Trzciniec, to open the route to southern Poland. During this advance, the regiment suffered such heavy losses that it ceased to exist as a separate unit. Elements of the unit managed to reach the area of Che\u0142m, and participated in fighting there, to capitulate on September 22\u201323.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159213-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Legislative Assembly of Singapore\nThe 1st Legislative Assembly of Singapore was a meeting of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore from 22 April 1955 until 31 March 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159214-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong\nThe First Legislative Council of Hong Kong was the first meeting of the legislative branch of the HKSAR government after the handover of Hong Kong, replacing the Provisional Legislative Council existing between 1997 and 1998. The membership of the LegCo is based on the 1998 election. The term of the session was from 1 July 1998 to 30 June 2000, only two years unlike the latter legislative session of four years. The legislature was held during the first term of the Tung Chee-hwa's administration. The pro-democracy camp who did not participate in the Provisional Legislative Council held 20 seats with Democratic Party being the largest party. Notable newcomers to the Legislative Council included Cyd Ho, Bernard Chan, Lui Ming-wah, and Wong Yung-kan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159214-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong, List of members\nThe following table is a list of LegCo members elected on 24 May 1998 in the order of precedence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159214-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong, List of members\nMembers who did not serve throughout the term are italicised. New members elected since the general election are noted at the bottom of the page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159215-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Leningrad Tank Brigade\nThe 1st Leningrad Tank Red Banner and Order of Suvorov Brigade was a tank brigade of the Red Army during World War II. The brigade was in the lines during 30 September 1941 to 8 December 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159215-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Leningrad Tank Brigade, History\nThe 1st Leningrad Tank Brigade was formed on 26 September 1941 in Leningrad as the 123rd Red Banner Tank Brigade from the disbanded 1st Tank Division (1st formation). When formed, the brigade had 43 KV-1s, 2 T-34s, 26 BA-10s and 3 BA-20s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159215-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Leningrad Tank Brigade, History\nFrom November 1941, the brigade fought near Leningrad, among other part of brigade had fought on the Nevsky Pyatachok. 7th May 1942 123rd Tank Red Banner Brigade was renamed to 1st Leningrad Tank Red Banner Brigade. During 1942-1944 the Brigade proceeded to fight in the vicinity of Leningrad. In June 1944 the brigade fought in the Vyborg\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive, during which it advanced from Leningrad to Vyborg. During August 1944, the brigade fought in the advance into Estonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159215-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Leningrad Tank Brigade, History\nThe brigade was reorganized as the 207th Self-Propelled Artillery Brigade on 8 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159216-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Libyan Division (Italy)\nThe 1st Libyan Division (Italian: 1\u00aa Divisione libica) was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. It was commanded by general Luigi Sibille. The division took part in the Italian invasion of Egypt and was destroyed during the Battle of Sidi Barrani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159216-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Libyan Division (Italy), History\nOriginally formed in the 1920s with the name Italian Libyan Colonial Division, this was a formation of colonial troops raised by the Italians in their colony in Libya and participated in the invasion of Ethiopia in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159216-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Libyan Division (Italy), History\nThis formation was reorganized into the \"1st Libyan Infantry Division\" by the beginning of Italy's entry into World War II. It had 7224 men (mostly native Libyans). Its commanding general was Luigi Sibille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159216-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Libyan Division (Italy), History\nIn September 1940, the 1st Libyan Division participated in the Italian invasion of Egypt. On September 13 the entire 1st Libyan Division, including a regiment of Libyan paratroopers attacked Sollum on the Egyptian northern coast, held by platoons of Coldstream Guards. The British laid mines in the area and quickly withdrew to Marsa Matruh after suffering 50 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159216-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Libyan Division (Italy), History\nIn December the British started a counter-offensive. The Arabs and paratroopers of 1st Libyan Division fought hard on the December 10, 1940, amid a howling sandstorm, until on December 11 the division began to disintegrate with heavy losses. The division had dug in at Maktila near Sidi Barrani and was forced to surrender after heavy fighting during Operation Compass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159217-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Life Grenadier Regiment (Sweden)\nThe 1st Life Grenadier Regiment (Swedish: F\u00f6rsta livgrenadj\u00e4rregementet), designation I 4, was a Swedish Army infantry regiment that traced its origins back to the 16th century. It was merged into a new regiment in 1927. The regiment's soldiers were recruited from the province of \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159217-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Life Grenadier Regiment (Sweden), History\nThe regiment has its origins in f\u00e4nikor (companies) raised in \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland in the 16th century. These units later formed \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland Infantry Regiment and \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland Cavalry Regiment which merged in 1791 and formed Life Grenadier Regiment. This regiment was split in 1816 creating 1st Life Grenadier Regiment and 2nd Life Grenadier Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159217-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Life Grenadier Regiment (Sweden), History\nThe regiment was allotted in 1685. The regiment was given the designation I 4 (4th Infantry Regiment) in a general order in 1816. 1st Life Grenadier Regiment was then merged with 2nd Life Grenadier Regiment in 1928 to reform the old Life Grenadier Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159217-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Life Grenadier Regiment (Sweden), Commanding officers\nExecutive officers (Sekundchef) and regimental commander active at the regiment in the years 1816\u20131927. Sekundchef was a title used until 31 December 1974 at regiments that were part of the King's Life and Household Troops (Kungl. Maj:ts Liv- och Hustrupper). In the years 1816\u20131818, the Crown Prince was the regimental commander. In the years 1818\u20131927, His Majesty the King was the regimental commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159218-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Life Guards Rifle Regiment\nThe 1st His Majesty's Life Guards Rifle Regiment (Russian: \u041b\u0435\u0301\u0439\u0431-\u0433\u0432\u0430\u0301\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0438 1-\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0301\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0415\u0433\u043e\u0301 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0301\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0301\u043b\u043a) was a regiment of the Russian Imperial Guard that existed from 1856 prior to being dissolved in 1918 after World War I and the Russian Revolution. It was part of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, which itself was part of the Guards Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159218-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Life Guards Rifle Regiment, History\nIt was initially established on 27 March 1856 as the 1st His Majesty's Life Guards Rifle Battalion from several other regiments within the 1st Guards Infantry Division and the 2nd Guards Infantry Division, along with some other units. In 1863 the unit took part in quelling the Polish uprising and in 1870 became part of the newly formed Guards Rifle Brigade, under the command of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich. It later had the distinction of personally escorting Emperor Alexander II during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159218-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Life Guards Rifle Regiment, History\nIn 1910 it was raised from a battalion to a full regiment and in 1914, with the outbreak of World War I and the general mobilization, it received a reserve battalion. In 1917 it was renamed \"1st Guards Rifle Regiment\" and was completely dissolved in May 1918. Several of its members went on to fight in the White Army during the Russian Civil War. In 1951 an organization for veterans of the regiment was formed by some White \u00e9migr\u00e9s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159218-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Life Guards Rifle Regiment, Patron\nThe patron of the 1st His Majesty's Life Guards Rifle Regiment was the reigning emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion\n1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion (1st LAAM Bn) was a United States Marine Corps air defense unit equipped with the medium range surface-to-air MIM-23 HAWK Missile System. The battalion was the lineal descendant of the 1st Defense Battalion which gained fame during World War II for its defense of Wake Island early in the war. 1st LAAM also deployed to Vietnam in 1965 providing air defense for the Marine Corps in the I Corps sector. The battalion was last based at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona and fell under the command of Marine Air Control Group 38 (MACG-38) and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (3rd MAW).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Early years\nThe 2d Antiaircraft Battalion was activated at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia on 20 July 1937. The battalion was relocated to Marine Corps Base Parris Island, South Carolina in December 1937. They again relocated this time to San Diego, California in May 1938. The battalion was re-designated as the 2d Battalion, 15th Marines on 15 November 1938 and again as the 1st Defense Battalion on 1 November 1939 under Lieutenant colonel Bertram A. Bone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II\nThe 1st Defense Battalion departed San Diego on board the USS William P. Biddle (APA-8) and USS Enterprise (CV-6) arriving at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in mid-February 1941. On 10 March 1941 a portion of the battalion, designated Detachment A, arrived at Palmyra Island where they immediately began construction of barracks and gun emplacements. In July 1941 the battalion sent another detachment from Pearl Harbor this time to Johnston Island. The Marine Detachment, 1st Defense Battalion, Wake Island was organized on 8 August 1941 at Honolulu, Hawaii, on board the SS Regulus. The detachment arrived at Wake Island on 19 August 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Pearl, Johnston & Palmyra\n7 December 1941 found the battalion defending four points: Pearl Harbor, Wake Island, Johnston Island and Palmyra Island. The units at Pearl Harbor took part in the defense of the Marine Barracks at the Navy Yard. Following news of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the civilian contractors already present on Johnston began to building more emplacements for the Marines' guns and positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 90], "content_span": [91, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Pearl, Johnston & Palmyra\nThe first attacks against Johnston Island occurred on 12 December 1941. A Japanese submarine, 8,000\u00a0yards offshore, broke the surface and fired star shells clusters over Johnston. The Marine 5-inch guns tried to find the enemy submarine with its own star shell clusters, scaring the submarine off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 90], "content_span": [91, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Pearl, Johnston & Palmyra\nAnother attack came on the night of 15th. The US Navy supply ship, USS William Ward Burrows (AP-6), had arrived at dusk to drop off supplies meant for the Marines stranded on Wake, and to retrieve some civilian contractors to return to Pearl Harbor. The Navy ship and the Marines on Johnston spotted a flash at sea. The first enemy shells hit Johnston and its powerhouse, setting off a large fire that engulfed the building. The Marines returned fire for ten minutes until the submarine ceased firing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 90], "content_span": [91, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Pearl, Johnston & Palmyra\nThe final attacks came on the nights of December 21 and 22. The December 21 shelling was almost a repeat of the attack on December 12. The final attack came on the 22nd. A Japanese submarine fired a star shell cluster and six shells at Johnston knocking down a homing tower and wounding a Marine. Fire from Marines coastal batteries forced the submarine to submerge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 90], "content_span": [91, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Pearl, Johnston & Palmyra\nThe sole attack on Palmyra (located 900\u00a0miles southeast of Johnston) came near dawn on December 24, 1941. A Japanese submarine fired on Palmyra and the USS Sacramento (PG-19), which sat in the atoll's lagoon. The Japanese shells did minor damage to the ship before it was driven back under by Marine 5-inch coastal guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 90], "content_span": [91, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Defense of Wake Island\nIn January 1941, the United States Navy constructed a military base on Wake Island. On 19 August, the first permanent military garrison, understrength elements of the 1st Marine Defense Battalion, totaling 450 officers and men, were stationed on the island, under Major James P.S. Devereux. The defense battalion was supplemented by Marine Corps fighter squadron VMF-211, consisting of 12 F4F-3 Wildcat fighters, commanded by Major Paul A. Putnam. Also present on the island were 68 U.S. Navy personnel and about 1,221 civilian workers for the Morrison-Knudsen Civil Engineering Company. Forty-five Chamorro men were employed by Pan American Airways at the company's facilities in Wake Island, one of the stops on the Pan Am Clipper trans-Pacific air service initiated in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Defense of Wake Island\nEarly on the morning of 11 December, the garrison, with the support of the four remaining Wildcats, repelled the first Japanese landing attempt by the South Seas Force, which included the light cruisers Yubari, Tenry\u016b, and Tatsuta; the destroyers Yayoi, Mutsuki, Kisaragi, Hayate, Oite, and Asanagi; Patrol Boat No. 32 and Patrol Boat No. 33 (two Momi-class destroyers converted to patrol boats), and two troop transport ships containing 450 Special Naval Landing Force troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Defense of Wake Island\nThe U.S. Marines fired at the invasion fleet with their six 5-inch (127\u00a0mm) coast-defense guns. Major Devereux ordered the gunners to hold their fire until the enemy moved within range of the coastal defenses. \"Battery L\", on Peale islet, succeeded in sinking Hayate at a distance of 4,000\u00a0yd (3,700\u00a0m) with at least two direct hits to her magazines, causing her to explode and sink within two minutes, in full view of the defenders on shore. Yubari's superstructure was hit 11 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Defense of Wake Island\nThe four Wildcats also succeeded in sinking the destroyer Kisaragi by dropping a bomb on her stern where the depth charges were stored. Both Japanese destroyers were lost with nearly all hands (there was only one survivor, from Hayate), with Hayate becoming the first Japanese surface warship to be sunk in the war. The Japanese force withdrew without landing. This was the first Japanese setback of the war against the Americans. After the initial raid was fought off the siege continued and frequent Japanese air attacks on the Wake garrison continued, without resupply for the Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Defense of Wake Island\nThe second Japanese invasion force came on 23 December, composed mostly of the ships from the first attempt with the major reinforcements of the carriers Hiry\u016b and S\u014dry\u016b, plus 1,500 Japanese marines. The landings began at 02:35; after a preliminary bombardment, PB 32 and PB 33 were beached and burnt in their attempts to land the invasion force. After a full night and morning of fighting, the Wake garrison surrendered to the Japanese by mid-afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Defense of Wake Island\nThe U.S. Marines lost 49 killed and two MIA during the entire 15-day siege, while three U.S. Navy personnel and at least 70 U.S. civilians were killed, including 10 Chamorros, and 12 civilians wounded. Japanese losses were recorded at around 820 killed, with around 333 more wounded, in addition to the two destroyers that were lost in the first invasion attempt with nearly all hands (168 from Hayate and 157 from Kisaragi, 325 in total for the two Mutsuki-class destroyers) on the first assault. At least 28 land-based and carrier aircraft were also either shot down or damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Defense of Wake Island\nThe Japanese captured all men remaining on the island, the majority of whom were civilian contractors. A special military decoration, the Wake Island Device, affixed to either the Navy Expeditionary Medal or the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal, was created to honor those who had fought in the defense of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Reorganization, garrison duty & deactivation\nIn February 1942 the 1st Defense Battalion Marines at Pearl Harbor set sail for Palmyra Island. On 1 March 1942 the battalion was reorganized with the detachments at Johnston and Palmyra being disbanded. The 1st Defense Battalion would remain at Palmyra Island until 13 October 1943 when they were relieved by US Army garrison forces. Shortly thereafter they set sail for Pearl Harbor. They remained there until January 1944 when they set sail again, this time for Majuro Atoll in the Marshall Islands. On 26 February the battalion assumed patrolling duty for the islands beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 109], "content_span": [110, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, World War II, Reorganization, garrison duty & deactivation\nOn 7 May 1944 the 1st Defense Battalion was re-designated as the 1st Antiaircraft Battalion. A month and a half later they were again re-designated, this time to the 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. On 24 October 1944 the battalion was relieved of all of its duties and on 15 November 1944 the 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 109], "content_span": [110, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Reactivation and transition to the HAWK Missile\nOn 12 January 1953 the battalion was reactivated this time as the 1st 75mm Antiaircraft Artillery Battery at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. They utilized the newly acquired M51 Skysweeper. They relocated to Marine Corps Training Center 29 Palms, California in October 1953. For the remainder of the 1950s 1st 75mm AA Battery acted as the host unit for thousands of Marine Reservists training at the base during the summer. They also participated in numerous training exercises throughout the southwestern United States. The battery was reclassified as a battalion on 1 April 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 98], "content_span": [99, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Reactivation and transition to the HAWK Missile\nOn 21 April 1960 Captain Milton Kramer fired the last 75mm M51 Skysweeper rounds in the Marine Corps while serving with the 1st 75mm AA Battalion at Twentynine Palms. The Skysweeper was officially retired from Marine Corps service as the 500-man battalion prepared to transition to the HAWK Missile System. On 2 May 1960, at a twilight parade at Marine Corps Base 29 Palms, CA the 1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion was officially activated by the Brigadier General Alpha L. Bowser. Of note, the Sergeant Major at this time was SgtMaj Robert Winslow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 98], "content_span": [99, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Reactivation and transition to the HAWK Missile\nThis was SgtMaj Winslow's second stint with the unit as he had been a member of the 1st Defense Battalion at Wake Island at the beginning of World War II. He spent the remainder of the war as a prisoner of war of the Japanese. The new HAWK battalions were completely helicopter transportable and consisted of 24 HAWK launchers organized into a headquarters and service battery and four firing batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 98], "content_span": [99, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Vietnam War and cutbacks\nOn 15 November 1964, 1st LAAM Battalion began conducting a routine operational and readiness test exercise dubbed \"Operation Anthill\" at MCB 29 Palms, CA. Events quickly escalated and three days later the 600-man battalion was tasked to move out heading for an undisclosed location in the Western Pacific. 1st LAAM Battalion departed California in November 1964 and arrived in Vietnam in February 1965 as one of the first American units to land in Vietnam. They were tasked with providing air defense for the area surrounding the massive Da Nang Air Base complex. 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Vietnam War and cutbacks\nLAAM firing batteries were based on the airfield and on Hill 327 which was a few miles west of the airfield. No enemy air attacks were ever attempted against the Danang Airbase however the battalion did participate in numerous civic action programs and conducted numerous practice HAWK Missile engagements while in country. On 1 July 1969, the battalion received a warning order from higher headquarters that they would be departing Vietnam in short order. Their departure was part of President Nixon's planned reduction of American forces in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Vietnam War and cutbacks\nOn 19 July, after four and a half years in country, 1st LAAM ceased all air defense activities in Vietnam and began to prepare for embarkation. On 11 August 1969 Alpha and Charlie batteries boarded the USS\u00a0Belle Grove and the USS\u00a0Tortuga at Danang and departed Vietnam. Three days later, Bravo and H&S Batteries boarded the USS\u00a0Tulare and departed. After brief stops in Okinawa and Yokosuka the ships set sail for California. After LAAM's departure, air defense for the Danang area was provided by fighters located at the airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Vietnam War and cutbacks\nThe battalion began to arrive back in California in September 1969. Upon their return to Marine Corps Base 29 Palms, CA, 1st LAAM fell under the command of Marine Air Control Group 38 and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. 1st LAAM Battalion was deactivated on 30 November 1970 as part of a post-Vietnam War cutback in the Marine Corps' end strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Reactivation, broken time and final stand down\n1st LAAM was reactivated on 11 March 1987 at Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan as part of Marine Air Control Group 18 (MACG-18), 1st Marine Aircraft Wing(1st MAW). The battalion was reactivated as part of a Marine Corps initiative titled the \u201cAir Defense Enhancement Program\u201d which sought to provide an Improved HAWK Missile capability in support of the III Marine Amphibious Force in the Pacific Area of Operations. 1st LAAM Battalion was composed of a battalion headquarters and a Headquarters & Services battery based at Camp Hansen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Reactivation, broken time and final stand down\nThe two firing batteries, Alpha and Bravo, were provided by Marines from 2d and 3d LAAM Battalions as part of the Unit Deployment Program. In July 1990 1st LAAM Battalion was directed by Headquarters Marine Corps to deactivate in 4th Quarter 1990. At 1600 on 28 September 1990, then commanding officer, LtCol Frank D. Dunn transferred 1st LAAM's colors to MajGen Ehlert, Commanding General 1st MAW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, History, Reactivation, broken time and final stand down\nOn 1 September 1994, 1st LAAM Battalion was reactivated at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona. This event coincided with the deactivation of 2d LAAM Battalion whose personnel and equipment were re-designated as 1st LAAM Battalion. During this time the battalion was the only active duty unit providing medium range air defense in the Marine Corps. For the next three years the battalion continued to support exercises throughout the southwestern United States to include Exercises Red Flag, Roving Sands and the Marine Corps' Combined Arms Exercises (CAX) and Weapons Tactics Instructor Course (WTI). 1st LAAM Battalion was deactivated on 11 July 1997 as the Marine Corps began to divest itself of its medium range air defense capability. Following the deactivation, a battery of HAWK missiles was maintained at MCAS Yuma and fell under the command of Marine Air Control Squadron 1 (MACS-1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 97], "content_span": [98, 993]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159219-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion\n1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion is a fast and mobilized armored terrestrial reconnaissance battalion of the United States Marine Corps. Nicknamed the \"Highlanders,\" their primary weapon system is the LAV-25 Light Armored Vehicle armed with the M242 25mm Bushmaster chain gun. They fall under the command of the 1st Marine Division and the I Marine Expeditionary Force. The unit is based out of the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, Organization\nA LAV platoon consists of 4 vehicles usually divided into an Alpha section and a Bravo section. The platoon commander will control one section and also be the vehicle commander (VC) of one of the LAVs and the platoon sergeant will control the other section as well as be VC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, Organization\nA crew consists of a driver, usually the most junior 0313 (the MOS designation for LAV Crewman), a VC, and the gunner. The gunner operates the main gun, the M242 Bushmaster chaingun. The VC makes target acquisition changes and helps the gunner make adjustments. The remaining crew consists of Scouts (0311). The LAV can hold as many as 6 scouts, but in most cases, there are only 3\u20134 in the back. There is also 1 corpsman per platoon, and 1 Light Armored Vehicle Mechanic (2147, the MOS designation for the LAV Mechanic).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Early years\n1st Light Armored Vehicle Battalion was activated in May 1985 and began receiving the first of its LAV-25 light armored vehicles in July 1985. On 9 October 1988, the battalion's name was changed to 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 64], "content_span": [65, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Persian Gulf War & the 1990s\nIn August 1990, First Light Armored Infantry Battalion deployed to Southwest Asia in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. During Operation Desert Shield, 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion was the forward unit of the 1st Marine Division, conducting screening and counter-reconnaissance operations along the Kuwaiti-Saudi Arabian border. During Operation Desert Storm, after breaching the Iraqi defensive positions, the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion attacked north to locate and destroy enemy forces. On the third day of the ground offensive, the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion was the first of the Allied Forces to enter Kuwait City, capturing Kuwait International Airport on 28 February 1991. The battalion redeployed to the United States in April 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Persian Gulf War & the 1990s\nOn May 1, 1992, the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion deployed to Los Angeles on a four-hour notice and assisted the Long Beach Police Department in quelling civil disturbances and looting. After a successful deployment as part of the Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force Los Angeles, the battalion returned once again to Camp Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Persian Gulf War & the 1990s\nOn June 12, 1992, the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion was redesignated as First Reconnaissance Battalion (Light Armored). Almost two years later, on March 1, 1994, the 1st Reconnaissance Battalion (Light Armored) underwent another name change and was redesignated First Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nIn December 2001, Bravo Company, 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion deployed to Afghanistan as part of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. It performed a variety of combat/reconnaissance missions in the rugged terrain of Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nIn January 2003, it was deployed to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion, operating as part of Regimental Combat Team Five, was the first unit to cross the Iraqi-Kuwaiti Border on March 20, 2003. After attacking northward through Iraq, the 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion was instrumental in securing the capital of Baghdad. Due to its unique mobility and reconnaissance capabilities, the battalion left Regimental Combat Team Five and was assigned to Task Force Tripoli. As part of Task Force Tripoli, the battalion advanced further north, ultimately securing former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's hometown of Tikrit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nFollowing the cessation of major combat operations, First Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion moved from the northern portion of Iraq to the country's extreme southern area along the Saudi-Arabian border to halt and deter illegal smuggling into Iraq. The First Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion redeployed to the United States at the end of May 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nIn February 2004 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion (-) again returned to Iraq. The battalion conducted security and stability operations in the Al Anbar province of western Iraq as part of Regimental Combat Team Seven. 1st LAR performed a wide range of critical missions, including key roles in regimental size operations, in order to capture or kill terrorist and insurgent forces. Additionally, the battalion was vital in patrolling the western borders of Iraq in order to prevent the infiltration of arms and insurgents from Ar Rutba in the south to Al Qaim further north. The battalion returned to the United States in October 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nIn July 2004, Charlie Company deployed with the 31st MEU in support of Operation Phantom Fury, Fallujah, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nIn March 2007, parts of the battalion were responsible for security and stabilization in the area around Ar Rutba in western Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nIn September 2008, 1st LAR deployed again to the Al Anbar Province in western Iraq and conducted a Relief In Place (RIP) with 2nd LAR of Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. 1st LAR conducted security and stabilization operations around Camp Korean Village and Ar Rutba before turning over the battlespace to 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines. 1st LAR then moved north to Sinjar Airfield, just west of Mosul, to conduct more security and stabilization operations. With them, they had elements of 1st Tanks, 2d tanks, A/1/2, 1st Reconnaissance Battalion, a Tow Missile Platoon and Army and Navy support personnel. In April 2009 1st LAR conducted a RIP with 3d LAR and redeployed to Camp Pendleton, CA. (Note, Fox Company, 4th LAR was attached to 1st LAR for the duration of this deployment)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nIn May 2010, 1st LAR deployed to Reg-E-Khan Neshin district (Rig District) in southern Helmand Province, Afghanistan. While there, 1st LAR Bn remained the southernmost unit attached to the MEF. Operating out of Combat Out Post (COP) Payne as the Battalion CP, the unit controlled a swath of 750 square kilometers in southern Helmand Province. Operations out of COP Khan Neshin Castle, Patrol Base (PB) Shabu, and COP Taghaz were conducted by Alpha Company (Arthur Co). PB South Station controlled Sar Banadar and terrain south of the river along the fertile terrain and was manned by Charlie Company (Celtic Co).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nThe vastly unpopulated trafficking area to the south was controlled by Bravo Company (Beserker Co). Concurrently, Echo Company (Enormous Co), separated from the rest of the battalion, relying on British and Danish support, operated near Gereshk in central Helmand province and took part in hundreds of engagements and IED strikes in an attempt to control the only highway through Afghanistan at the time. Joint missions were conducted to close the gap between 3/1 and 1st LAR in October 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0013-0002", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\nA substantial raid was conducted on Baghram Cha, a border town and chief logistical hub for Taliban activity in late October 2010, named Operation Steel Dawn. During the raid, 1st LAR, special operations forces, and Afghan forces neutralized Bahram Chah and destroyed the Bazaar and Taliban stronghold. 1st LAR conducted a RIP with 3rd LAR in November 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Global War on Terror\n1st LAR deployed again to Rig District in September 2011 and returned in May 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159220-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, Equipment\nThe LAV-25 is an all-terrain, all-weather vehicle with night capabilities. It is air transportable via C-130, C-17 Globemaster, and C-5 Galaxy. When combat loaded there are 210 ready rounds and 420 stowed rounds of 25 mm ammunition as well as 400 ready rounds and 1200 stowed rounds of 7.62mm. There are 8 ready rounds and 8 stowed rounds of smoke grenades. A supplementary M240G 7.62mm machine gun can be pintle-mounted at the vehicle commander's station in the turret. The LAV-25 is fully amphibious with a maximum of 3 minutes of preparation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159221-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Car Patrol (Australia)\nThe 1st Light Car Patrol was formed in Melbourne in June of 1916, and designated the 1st Armoured Car Section; it was also known as the 1st Armoured Car Battery. The patrol was disbanded in 1919 as repatriation of soldiers was underway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159221-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Car Patrol (Australia), History\nThe unit was raised in Melbourne during 1916 as part of the Australian Imperial Force during World War I, and left for Egypt in June of the same year. The unit fought against the Senussi in the Sudan and Western Desert. The 1st Armoured Car Section became the 1st Light Car Patrol on 3 December. As their original three vehicles became worn out from hard use in the Western Desert and were irreparable due to shortages of spare parts, the unit was reequipped with six Ford light cars. Extra drivers and motorcycles were provided. The cars were given names: Anzac, Billzac, Osatal, Silent Sue, Imshi and Bung. These were traded in for six new Fords on 11 December 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159221-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Light Car Patrol (Australia), History\nIn May 1917 the unit was redeployed to Palestine by rail, and served throughout the campaign there. Like similar British units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force it was used to conduct long range reconnaissance and patrol duties, often operating well in advance of forward cavalry units. By November 1918 they had reached Aleppo with the British Indian 5th Cavalry Division, where they were believed to be the furthest advanced Australian unit at the conclusion of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159221-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Light Car Patrol (Australia), Equipment\nThe 1st Light Car Patrol was equipped with three armoured cars built at the Vulcan Engineering Works in South Melbourne, a 50\u00a0hp (37\u00a0kW) Daimler, a 60\u00a0hp (45\u00a0kW) Mercedes and a 50\u00a0hp (37\u00a0kW) Minerva. All were armoured, with the Daimler and Mercedes models armed with Colt machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159222-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Division (France)\nThe French 1st Light Cavalry Division (1er Division de Cavalerie L\u00e9g\u00e8re) was a French Army division active during World War II. The 1st Light Cavalry Division was formed alongside the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Light Cavalry Divisions in February 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159222-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Division (France), World War 2, Battle Of France\nDuring the Battle of France in May 1940 the division contained the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159222-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Division (France), World War 2, Battle Of France\nIn 1940 during the occupation of France the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish)\nThe 1st Polish Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish: 1 Pu\u0142k Lekkokonny [Polski] Gwardii Cesarskiej; French: 1er R\u00e9giment des chevaux-l\u00e9gers [polonais] de la Garde Imp\u00e9riale) was a formation of Polish light cavalry that served Emperor Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish)\nThe Regiment, as part of Napoleon's Imperial Guard, fought in many battles, distinguishing itself at Wagram, Beresina, Hanau and especially Somosierra. On at least three occasions, light-horsemen of the Regiment saved Napoleon's life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish)\nThere was an Old Guard R\u00e9giment de Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval from 1804; the Company (later Squadron) of Mamelukes first raised in Egypt in 1799, also attached to the Old Guard, similar to the First (1807) and Second (1810) R\u00e9giments de Chevaux-lanciers, known respectively as the Polish Blue and Dutch Red Lancers of the Guard; and three regiments of Eclaireurs raised in 1814, four more Gardes d'Honneur (from 1813) and the L\u00e9gion de Gendarmerie d'Elite, going back to 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nThe Polish 1st Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard, under the command of Wincenty Krasi\u0144ski, was created by a decree of Napoleon's, and signed on 9 April 1807 in Finckenstein (now Kamieniec Suski in northeast Poland):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nFrom our field quarters in Finkenstein on the 6th day of April 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nWe, Napoleon I, Emperor of the French and King of Italy, have determined as follow:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 1st . Polish Light Cavalry (Chevaux-l\u00e9gers) Regiment of the Guard will be formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 2nd . Regiment will consist of four squadrons, each of two companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 3rd . Each company will consist of one captain, two lieutenants, two sub-lieutenants, one sergeant major, six sergeants, one corporal-quartermaster, ten corporals, ninety-six cavalrymen, three trumpeters, two blacksmiths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 4th. Regimental Staff will consist of one colonel, two French majors of the Guard, four squadron commanders, one quartermaster-treasurer, one French instructor-captain from the Guard, two French adjutant-majors from the Guard, four sub-adjutant-majors from among the Poles, who formerly were on duty in Legions in France, one standard-bearer, four surgeons, two of them 1st class and two 2nd or 3rd, one sub-instructor in the rank of sergeant major, one staff trumpeter, two trumpeter-corporals, one tailor, one breecher, one shoemaker, one gunsmith, one saddlemaker, one armourer, two blacksmiths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 5th. To be enlisted into the Chevauleger Corps one has to be a landowner or the son of a landowner, be more than 18 years old, and less than 40, and come with his own horse, uniform, caparison and other equipment according to the regulations; men, who can not afford immediately deliver a horse, uniform, caparison and equipment, will be paid in advance. Horse has to be a maximum 4 feet and 9 inches, and a minimum 4 feet and 6 inches tall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 6th. Polish Chevaux-legers of the Guard will have to fulfill the same duties as Chasseurs of the Guard. They will be able to obtain food, forage, and payments, which will be established by the Colonel General, commanding officer of all cavalry of the Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 7th. Cost of the initial equipment, as will be established by the Administrative Board for those who have not enough money, 15 sous will be deducted daily until the termination of the pay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 8th. Administrative Board book-keeping and Registre-Matricule will be organized in the same fashion as in other cavalry regiments of the Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 9th. Men, who want to be enrolled in the Chevaulegers of the Guard, have to immediately present themselves to Prince Poniatowski, director of the Department of War of the Duchy of Warsaw, and explain before him their serviceableness, according to the Article 5th. Next they have to present themselves to a Major chosen to organize the regiment, who \u2013 after examination \u2013 will incorporate candidates to the regiment, and note their age, description, country of origin, names of father and mother. Annotations will be presented for our acceptation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Origins\nArt. 10th. Our Ministry of War has obtained an order to fulfill this decree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 74], "content_span": [75, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Beginning\nPolish efforts to form a prestigious detachment of the Imperial Guard began in 1804. Napoleon agreed to this during the Polish Campaign of 1806, when he was escorted by a \"Polish Honor Guard\" comprising aristocratic youths from the Society of Friends of the Fatherland, leaders of which would in the future be officers of the Regiment. Aspiring Guardsmen distinguished themselves in the Battles of Pu\u0142tusk and Go\u0142ymin. It is unclear whether Napoleon's reason in agreeing to the Regiment's formation was a desire to control the Polish aristocracy (whose loyalty he could not be sure of) or his appreciation of the Polish contributions to his victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Beginning\nThe Regiment was an elite body of volunteers in respect of income and origin\u2014peasants were not eligible to enlist. The cadre were drawn almost exclusively from aristocratic and wealthy noble families; most of the rank-and-file soldiers were also noblemen, though burghers\u2014including Jews\u2014were also represented. Some veterans were upset to learn that their officers were callow youths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Beginning\nIn June 1807, the first company of the first squadron was ready to leave Warsaw's Mir\u00f3w Barracks. Earlier, 125 light cavalry under Captain Tomasz \u0141ubie\u0144ski had presented themselves to the public and won their acclaim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Organization, uniforms and armament\nAccording to intentional Ordre de Bataille Wincenty Krasi\u0144ski (father of Polish poet Zygmunt Krasi\u0144ski), was nominated as the commanding officer of the Regiment. COs of four squadrons were appointed: Tomasz \u0141ubie\u0144ski, Ferdynand Stokowski, Jan Kozietulski and Henryk Kamie\u0144ski. Each squadron was composed of two companies (demisquadrons) of 125 chevaulegers each. Each company consisted of five troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 102], "content_span": [103, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Organization, uniforms and armament\nAmong troop commanders were: Antoni Potocki, Pawe\u0142 Jerzmanowski, \u0141ukasz Wybicki (son of J\u00f3zef Wybicki), J\u00f3zef Szymanowski, J\u00f3zef Jankowski, Seweryn Fredro. Positions of Lieutenant-Colonels (grossmajors) and instructors were taken by Frenchmen: Charles Delaitre of the Mamelukes of the Guard, and Pierre \"Papa\" Dautancourt of Choice Gendarmerie. The regiment consisted of 60 officers and about 1000 men. In 1812 a fifth squadron under Pawe\u0142 Jerzmanowski was formed. In the beginning of 1813 remnants of 3rd Lithuanian Light Cavalry, detachment of Lithuanian gendarmes, and a company of Lithuanian Tartars were included, so the number of companies rose to 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 102], "content_span": [103, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Organization, uniforms and armament\nDuring May and June of the same year the number of companies rose to 15 (117 officers and 1,775 men), but in December the original organization was restored \u2013 4 squadrons and 8 companies. 3rd Scout Regiment of the Guard under Jan Kozietulski was formed from the remaining officers and men. Polish chevaux-legers were treated as French soldiers and were on the French payroll. In 1809 (after the battle of Somosierra) the Regiment was incorporated to the Old Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 102], "content_span": [103, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Organization, uniforms and armament\nAccording to the Old Guard seniority they were located after Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval, but before Mamelukes. After Napoleon's abdication (6 April 1814) chevaulegers and scouts were united (minus Pawe\u0142 Jerzmanowski's squadron, which accompanied the former emperor to Elba). 1 May 1814 the Regiment was transferred from the French Army to the newly created Army of Congress Poland, and on 7 June all squadrons were presented in Saint-Denis before their new Commander, Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia and then moved to Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 102], "content_span": [103, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Organization, uniforms and armament\nUniforms of chevaulegers were modelled upon Cavalry National uniforms from the last decade of the 18th century. Dark blue kurtka had crimson stand-up collar, wristbands and facings. The snug dark blue pantaloons (breeches) were lined with leather, and ornamented with a single crimson stripe. Collar and facings of the Grand Uniform were ornamented also with silver wavy line, and pantaloons with double crimson stripes (officer's Gala Full Dress was white and crimson). High (22\u00a0cm) czapkas had their forehead metals made of brass (officer's of silver) with a rising sun and the letter \"N\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 102], "content_span": [103, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Organization, uniforms and armament\nFor the parade czapka was crowned with 47\u00a0cm long plume of heron's or ostrich white feathers, and a cockade with a blue center, broad crimson middle band and a narrow white outer edging, with the blue practically hidden under the silver Maltese cross. Officers had blue, while regular soldiers had off-white overcoats, known as manteau-capotes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 102], "content_span": [103, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Organization, uniforms and armament\nChevaulegers were armed with sabres, initially Prussian of bad quality, and as of March 1809 French sabres. Also, Prussian pistols were replaced gradually with French mousquetonnes. Lances, 2.75 meters long with crimson-and-white pennons, were obtained not earlier than after the battle of Wagram, where they acquired lances of Austrian uhlans, and fought victoriously with these. At that time the name of the Regiment was changed to (fr. 1er R\u00e9giment de chevau-l\u00e9gers lanciers Polonais de la Garde Imp\u00e9riale).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 102], "content_span": [103, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Organization, uniforms and armament\nWitamy was, witamy was,Je\u017celi\u015bcie nasi kochajcie nas, kochajcie nas. Witamy was, witamy was,Je\u017celi\u015bcie wrogi szanujcie nas, szanujcie nas. Do zwyci\u0119stw przywykli wkraczamy do was,Obej\u015bcia wzgl\u0119gnego \u017c\u0105damy po was,A wy si\u0119 nic z\u0142ego, a wy si\u0119 nic z\u0142egoNie b\u00f3jcie od nas! Do zwyci\u0119stw przywykli wkraczamy do was,Polacy po \u015bwiecie wojujemy was! My za Polsk\u0119 nasz\u0105 i za s\u0142aw\u0119 nasz\u0105Wojujemy was!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 102], "content_span": [103, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Organization, uniforms and armament\nWe greet you, We greet you,If you are friends, love us, love us. We greet you, We greet you,If you are enemies, respect us, respect us. To victories accustomed, we're entering your lands,And only respect we're awaiting from you,So nothing evil, nothing evil will youhave to fear from us! To victories accustomed, we're entering your lands,We Poles in the world are warring you! For our Poland and for our gloryAre we warring you!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 102], "content_span": [103, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Spain\nThe regiment was sent, detachment after detachment, to Spain. The first time chevaulegers fought was on 14 July 1808, during the battle of Medina del Rio Seco (two squadrons under Radzimi\u0144ski).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 93], "content_span": [94, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Spain\nOn 30 November 1808 their most famous charge up the Somosierra Pass took place. That day the 3rd Squadron under Kozietulski (ad interim) was on duty as a personal escort to the Emperor. After the failure of the French infantry attack, Napoleon ordered Polish chevaulegers to take the pass defended by 3000 men and four batteries of Spanish cannons. The narrow road to the top (300 meters level difference, 2,500 meters long), bordered from both sides with waist high stone walls, lined with poplar trees, precluded a demi-squadron or even a troop frontal attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 93], "content_span": [94, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Spain\nThis was why the attack was conducted in a column four horses wide. After the first battery was taken, chevaulegers, without slowing the full gallop charge, gained the top of the pass in about eight minutes. All four batteries were taken, and the road to Madrid opened for Napoleon's Army. The charge was led by Kozietulski who, however, lost his horse after taking the first battery. The squadron was then joined by Lt. Andrzej Niegolewski, who had previously been on reconnaissance with his troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 93], "content_span": [94, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0027-0002", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Spain\nThe charge was continued under Dziewanowski, and when he fell from his horse after taking the third battery, by Piotr Krasi\u0144ski. The charge, which continued to the last battery, was led by Niegolewski, who miraculously survived when the Spanish attacked him (he received nine wounds from bayonets and two carbine shots to the head).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 93], "content_span": [94, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Spain\nAccording to the official version, Kozietulski led his men into the charge with the standard French war cry \"En avant, vive l'Empereur!\". However, according to the memoirs of many of the veterans the true battle cry was (in Polish) \"Naprz\u00f3d psiekrwie, Cesarz patrzy!\" (Forward, you sons of dogs, the Emperor is watching! ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 93], "content_span": [94, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Spain\nThe charge has been noted as the most effective victory of the Polish cavalry during the time of the Napoleonic Wars, and as the least costly victory for Napoleon. It became a legend and later an inspiration for many writers and painters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 93], "content_span": [94, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Spain\nSoon after the battle the regiment was - by Napoleon's decree - included in the Old Guard. It stayed in Spain until February 1809. It took its part in the retaking of Madrid, and in Marshal Soult's campaign against Coalition forces in Portugal. Hundred chevaulegers under Tomasz \u0141ubie\u0144ski escorted Napoleon on his way back to Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 93], "content_span": [94, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1809\u20131811\nIn the spring of 1809 the War of the Fifth Coalition began. The regiment marched to Austria. On 22 May the light horse took part in the Battle of Essling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1809\u20131811\nOn 6 July 1809, during the Battle of Wagram, the light horse again led a charge that enhanced  their legend. In one daring attack, they smashed Duke Schwarzenberg's uhlans and prevented the whole army from being separated from the banks of the Danube River. During the mel\u00e9e, they grabbed the uhlans\u2019 lances and continued their attack further with these new weapons. Most of Schwarzenberg's uhlans were Poles from Galicia. After the battle, Napoleon supposedly said: \"Give them these lances, if they can use them so well.\" From this point on, they became light-horse lancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1809\u20131811\nOver the next two years (1810\u201311) the Regiment spent time in Chantilly resting, drilling, receiving awards, and from time to time participating in court duties. Some 400 lancers escorted the Emperor and his wife on their trip to Belgium, and Napoleon  during his visit to the maritime provinces. Kozietulski was awarded the officer's star of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur together with the title of baron, and was nominated for the Polish cross of Virtuti Militari. Wincenty Krasi\u0144ski was appointed brigadier-general and was created a count. Many other officers and men obtained promotions and awards for gallantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Russia\nIn February 1812 the Regiment was ordered to go to Germany and further East. On March 11 it stopped in Toru\u0144. Then on June 21 (enlarged by the fifth squadron which was formed in Pozna\u0144) it crossed the eastern border of the Duchy of Warsaw. On the very next day Napoleon issued in Wy\u0142kowyszki his order, which began the Second Polish War, which was equal with the French invasion of Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 94], "content_span": [95, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Russia\nIn the first stage of the war the Regiment was assigned to the Headquarters of the Emperor, and one squadron was the personal guard of Marshal Davout. Chevaulegers acted from time to time as a military police unit. They also fought near Wilno, Mohylew and Smole\u0144sk. During the Battle of Borodino they were kept in reserve. Only one squadron went to Moscow with Napoleon (the rest of them followed a few days later). Some fifty chevaulegers-lancers escorted the Emperor from the burning Kremlin, covering him - in the most critical moment - with their overcoats. With their experience of the severity of winters in Eastern Europe, the chevaulegers, when leaving Moscow, had their horses fitted with ice-horseshoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 94], "content_span": [95, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Russia\nThe high morale and discipline of the chevaulegers was especially obvious during the retreat of the Grande Arm\u00e9e. The Regiment was one of very few detachments which remained battle-ready until the end. On 25 October it fought at Borovsk and Maloyaroslavets against the Cossacks. The same day a service squadron saved Napoleon, about to be kidnapped by Cossacks near Horodnia. On 17 November chevaulegers took part in the Battle of Krasnoi, and 28 November in the Battle of Beresina. On 5 December Napoleon left the Army rushing for Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 94], "content_span": [95, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0036-0001", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, Russia\nHe was escorted to Ashmyany by the 7th company of chevaulegers (newly formed). The rest of the regiment escorted the imperial treasure, and reached Wilno on 9 December. During the campaign the Regiment suffered tremendous losses. In the end of December there were only 374 men with 270 horses. However, its numbers were still larger than of the other cavalry detachments of the Guard. Chevaulegers gained the great respect of their enemies. Cossacks, who in the last weeks of the retreat presented a real threat to the remnants of the Grande Arm\u00e9e, often escaped at the sight of chevaulegers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 94], "content_span": [95, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1813\u20131815\nDuring the campaign of 1813 the Regiment was fighting, but at the same time was being reorganized. In spring four squadrons (under Wincenty Krasi\u0144ski, Dominik Radziwi\u0142\u0142, Pawe\u0142 Jerzmanowski, Dezydery Ch\u0142apowski) fought battles at L\u00fctzen, at Bautzen and at Reichenbach. On 12 July the renovated regiment of seven squadrons was incorporated into the new Grande Arm\u00e9e. This time it was divided into two parts: six companies were attached to the division of the Old Guard under General Walther. Eight younger companies, plus a company of Tartars, were included into the 2nd light cavalry division of General Lefebvre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1813\u20131815\nThe first regiment accompanied Napoleon. On September 16 at Peterswalde they smashed a regiment of Prussian hussars under the son of General Bl\u00fccher. In the battle of Leipzig both regiments took part. After this battle even \"old breed\" chevaulegers felt disappointed and frustrated. Some fifty of the younger even deserted. However, in the battle of Hanau (30/31 October) in another great charge, the chevaulegers, along with other cavalrymen of the Guard opened ways of retreat for the remnants of the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1813\u20131815\nIn 1814, while defending France the chevaulegers and scouts took part in nearly every battle of the period. They fought at Saint Dizier, Brienne, La Rothiere, Champaubert, Montmirail, Vauchamps, Montereau, Troyes, Berry-au-Bac, Craonne, Laon, Reims, La Fere-Champenoise, Arcis-sur-Aube and Vitry. They took part in the battle of Paris. To the end they remained loyal to Napoleon. After the betrayal of Marshal Marmont who was supposed to cover Fontainebleau, Kozietulski led two Polish regiments to the Palace. Here for the last time Napoleon reviewed his Polish detachment of the Guard. After his abdication, the victorious powers excluded chevaulegers from the French Army. The soldiers of the regiment returned to their once again occupied country, and went into the newly created army of Congress Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1813\u20131815\nTheir way back to Poland was not pleasant, especially during the crossing of Prussia, but in Poland they were welcomed with love and respect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1813\u20131815\nOne squadron of volunteers under Major Pawe\u0142 Jerzmanowski accompanied Napoleon to Elba. During the \"March on Paris\" the squadron marched as a vanguard of Napoleon's forces. During the \"Hundred Days\" campaign, 225 men of the Polish detachment fought as part of Red Lancers division under General Colbert, wearing their Polish uniforms (in the decree excluding foreigners from the Guard, Napoleon made the only exception for the Squadron of Elba). Despite a summons by the Grand Duke Constantine, demanding that Jerzmanowski return with his squadron to Poland, chevaulegers fought at the battle of Ligny and in the battle of Waterloo. After the defeat, the squadron retreated along with Marshal Davout \u2013 to the left banks of Loire. On 1 October 1815 all members of the squadron were forced to leave the French Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1813\u20131815\nThe very last accent of the existence of the Regiment was this letter:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1813\u20131815\nThe officers of the former Polish 1st Regiment of Chevaux Legers of the Imperial Guard, after so many years of fighting, wishing to pay their respects to Your Grace, whose virtues and love of our Country are widely known, present to you one of the Banners of their Regiment for your Collection of Sacred Relics of Our National Glory, which, assembled by Your Grace, has been rescued from the enemies of our country and saved for future generations. This banner has been present at a hundred battles and has flown over the walls of Madrid, Vienna and the Kremlin. Thousands of Polish youths who followed it have felt happy to shed their blood for their Country and its Eternal Glory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1813\u20131815\nYour Highness, this gift is evidence of the feelings that we bear for you, together with every other Pole, and proof of our esteem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Operational history, 1813\u20131815\nIn the name of all its officers, Major General, formerly Colonel of the Regiment, Count Krasi\u0144ski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 97], "content_span": [98, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Registre-Matricule\nArchival records on the soldiers of the 1st Regiment can be found in genealogical books known as Registre-Matricule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 85], "content_span": [86, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Registre-Matricule\nFirst book, commenced 14 April 1807 in Warsaw, includes chevaulegers with record numbers from 1 to 1800. Its last entry was 27 February 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 85], "content_span": [86, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Registre-Matricule\nThe second book, made in the same manner, was started the same day \u2013 27 February 1812. It covers soldiers registered under numbers 1801 \u2013 3508. The last chevaulegers was recorded on 25 February 1814. The book contains not only those men who enlisted in the 1st Regiment, but also soldiers of the 3rd Regiment Lithuanian chevaulegers, and a squadron of Lithuanian Tartars included in the 1st Regiment as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 85], "content_span": [86, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Registre-Matricule\nThe third book refers to the 3rd Scout Regiment. It was opened 1 January, and closed 21 March 1814 and contains numbers from 1 to 934. The last, fourth book, refers to the detachment of chevaulegers reconstituted in 1815 and dissolved a few months later, after the fall of Napoleon. One can find there the names of about 200 Poles from the Squadron of Elba, as well as the latest of the volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 85], "content_span": [86, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Registre-Matricule\nAll books contain names of Poles, Dutchmen, Lithuanians, and Frenchmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 85], "content_span": [86, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), March\nDuring the Bourbon Restoration, after the first abdication of Napoleon, the Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval de la Garde Imp\u00e9riale wrote a march in honour of the Polish Lancers with whom they fought for many years. This march is called Les Adieux des Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval aux Lanciers polonais (\"Farewell of the Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval to the Polish Lancers\") also known as Les Lanciers polonais (\"The Polish Lancers\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Tradition\nIn the times of the Second Polish Republic the traditions of the 1st Regiment were maintained by 1. Pu\u0142k Szwole\u017cer\u00f3w J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego, an exclusive regiment of cavalry, the 2nd squadron of which was traditionally the Service Squadron for the president of Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159223-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish), Tradition\nEach year, since the mid-1990s, in the middle of August in Ciechan\u00f3w and Opinog\u00f3ra the \"Return of the Chevaulegers \" festival is organized by the city of Ciechan\u00f3w, Museum of Romanticism in Opinog\u00f3ra, Faculty of Arts of the Aleksander Giejsztor College, and many other institutions and organizations. During the spectacle many re-enactment groups from countries such as Poland, Great Britain, Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia present themselves in historical uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 76], "content_span": [77, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159224-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cruiser Squadron\nThe 1st Light Cruiser Squadron was a naval unit of the Royal Navy from 1913 to 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159224-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Cruiser Squadron, History\nThe 1st Light Cruiser Squadron was a Royal Navy unit of the Grand Fleet during World War I. Four of its ships (Inconstant, Galatea, Cordelia and Phaeton) fought at Jutland in 1916, by which time it was under the command of Commodore Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair \u2013 his flagship, Galatea, was the first to sight enemy vessels, at 2:20pm. During the interwar period, the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron was a unit of the Atlantic Fleet until October 1924. In November 1924 the squadron was dispatched to the Mediterranean Fleet where it was re-designated 1st Cruiser Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade\nThe 1st Light Horse Brigade was a mounted infantry brigade of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), which served in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. The brigade was initially formed as a part-time militia formation in the early 1900s in New South Wales and then later in Queensland. In 1914, the brigade was re-constituted as part of the AIF and was sent to Egypt. Forming part of the New Zealand and Australian Division, during the Gallipoli Campaign it served in a dismounted role between May and December 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade\nAfter being withdrawn to Egypt it served in the Anzac Mounted Division from March 1916 as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, taking part in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign until the end of the war. It was disbanded in 1919. After the war, the AIF light horse regiments were demobilised and disbanded; however, the brigade briefly existed as a part-time militia formation in Queensland until 1921 when its regiments were reorganised into cavalry brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, Early formation\nThe 1st Light Horse Brigade was initially raised as part of the Citizens Forces in the early 1900s, being formed sometime between 1902 and 1905. That formation was raised in New South Wales, and consisted of three light horse regiments \u2013 the 1st (New South Wales Lancers), 2nd (New South Wales Mounted Rifles) and 3rd (Australian Horse). The 1st had depots around Parramatta and other smaller centres; the 2nd was based in Sydney and was spread out across depots from Camden to Dubbo; and the 3rd was based in several small towns including Bega, Goulburn and Bungendore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, Early formation\nIn 1912, an Army wide reorganisation resulted in the brigade's designation being reused for a Queensland-based formation, consisting of the 2nd Light Horse (Queensland Mounted Infantry), the 3rd Light Horse (Darling Downs Regiment), and 4th Light Horse (Northern River Lancers). The 2nd had depots in Brisbane and its surrounds, spread out to Laidley and Ipswich, while the 3rd was based around Toowoomba, Warwick, Roma and other smaller centres; the 4th was based around Lismore, Casino, Grafton and a couple of other smaller centres. The previously assigned New South Wales-based regiments were redesignated and reassigned to 2nd and 3rd Light Horse Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nAt the outbreak of the war August 1914 the Australian Government decided to raise the all- volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF) consisting of 20,000 troops comprising an infantry division and a light horse brigade of three regiments to be used at the discretion of Britain. These regiments were raised from volunteers for overseas service, as the provisions of the Defence Act did not allow conscripts to be deployed overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nNevertheless, many of the recruits were drawn from the various militia light horse formations created as a consequence of the Kitchener Report 1910 and the introduction of Universal Training, although they were assigned to freshly raised units that were separate to the light horse regiments raised as part of the militia. Initial enlistments outstripped expectations and, as a result, a total of three light horse brigades as well as two divisional cavalry regiments were formed in the early part of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nThe 1st Light Horse Brigade was the first light horse formation raised at the start of the war. It was part of the 1st Contingent that was hastily put together in the middle of August 1914, and consisted of 1,560 men organised into three regiments \u2013 the 1st, 2nd and 3rd \u2013 each of approximately 520 men, under the overall command of Brigadier General Harry Chauvel. The brigade's personnel were drawn from the states of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Tasmania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nFollowing its formation, the brigade began embarking for Egypt from Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide and Hobart, in September and October 1914. Upon arrival in December 1914, the brigade moved into camp at Mena, where training was undertaken, and further reinforcements were received from Australia. In May 1915, the brigade was deployed to Gallipoli as reinforcements for the infantry that had landed in April, but had become pinned around a small perimeter around a beachhead at Anzac Cove; deployed in a dismounted role, the brigade was assigned to the New Zealand and Australian Division. About a quarter of the strength of each light horse regiment remained in Egypt with their horses; however, additional reinforcements were provided prior to their arrival, to bring them up to strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nUpon arrival, Chauvel's brigade was assigned to hold part of the defensive line that the Allies had established around Anzac Cove. During this time, they undertook patrolling operations, occupied outposts, carried out sniping and worked to dig trenches and lay down wire. For the majority of the campaign the brigade's regiments maintained a defensive posture; however, in August the Allies attempted to break the deadlock on the Gallipoli peninsula, launching the August Offensive in an effort to secure the heights around Sari Bair, Chunuk Bair and Baby 700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nDuring this effort, the 1st Light Horse Regiment carried out a feint attack at Pope's Hill, in support of the attack at the Nek. Out of 200 men committed, less than 40 survived. Meanwhile, the 2nd Light Horse Regiment undertook its own attack around Quinn's Post; this too met little success and was called off after the first wave of attackers suffered many casualties. Meanwhile, the 3rd Light Horse Regiment was held back in reserve. Following the failed offensive, the brigade occupied positions around the top of Monash Valley, which remained strongly contested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Formation and service at Gallipoli\nAs winter approached, in early September, they were moved to a more secure location on the seaward side, to the north of Anzac Cove, towards Suvla Bay; this position included outposts at Destroyer Hill and Sazli Dere, which had been captured in late August during the Battle of Hill 60. By mid-December all three regiments were withdrawn from the peninsula, as part of the general withdrawal that followed the decision to abandon the position. The 3rd Light Horse Regiment was the first to depart, leaving on 14 December; it was followed by the 2nd on 18 December, while the 1st remained until 21 December, which was the last day. They were subsequently returned to Egypt, sailing via Mudros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nAfter the evacuation from Gallipoli, the Australian and New Zealand forces in the Middle East were reorganised. There were a large number of reinforcements that had arrived in Egypt at this time, and while the infantry was to be deployed to the Western Front, the mounted units were to remain in the Middle East. This resulted in the establishment of the Anzac Mounted Division, which consisted of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Light Horse Brigades, and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nChauvel had been promoted to command this division, while Brigadier General Charles Frederick Cox, who had taken over command of the brigade in early November 1915, remained in command of the 1st Light Horse Brigade. He would remain in command of the brigade until after the end of the war. At this time, the brigade was provided with a British Territorial horsed artillery battery, the Leicestershire Battery, which was detached from III Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery (T.F.).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nUntil July 1916, the brigade was supported by a machine gun section, but this was then expanded to a full squadron, equipped with 12 machine guns. A light horse training regiment was also established for each brigade, to provide trained reinforcements, while other supporting elements including signals, logistic, engineer, medical and veterinary support units were also assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nIn the early part of 1916, the 1st Light Horse Brigade was sent to guard parts of the Nile and Suez Canal from Senussi tribesmen. This lasted from January to May 1916; afterwards it was reassigned to defend the Suez Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nIn August 1916, the brigade helped repel an Ottoman advance on the canal during the Battle of Romani, which took place 35 kilometres (22\u00a0mi) to the east; they were involved in the initial fighting as the Ottoman forces clashed with the brigade on the night of 3/4  August, which had occupied outposts throughout the area that the Ottoman commanders had detailed as the forming up position for their attack on the Suez Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nThreatened with being outflanked, the brigade was pushed back in the early morning, but they were reinforced just in time by the 2nd Light Horse Brigade, which appeared on the brigade's right and helped restore the situation. They were followed by New Zealand and British troops who launched a counterattack later in the day, while the two light horse brigades remained in the centre. Initially too exhausted to counterattack, they were committed early on 5 August, advancing with bayonets drawn. As the tide of the fighting turned, in the following days, the brigade was committed to the pursuit that followed as the Ottoman forces began to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nAfter a period of rest out of the line, the brigade returned to join the advance across the Sinai into southern Palestine, taking part in actions at Maghdaba in December 1916, and at Rafa in early January 1917. During the first battle, the attack was hampered by limited artillery and a lack of water; this resulted in slow progress from the dismounted troops and eventually Chauvel decided to withdraw back to El Arish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nHowever, the commander of the 1st Light Horse Brigade delayed following the order and pushed the dismounted 3rd Light Horse Regiment forward against an Ottoman redoubt in the northwest, which proved to be successful and wrested the initiative from the Ottomans. The 2nd Light Horse Regiment carried out a mounted attack to the south, and captured another Ottoman redoubt, while other units also began to make gains, resulting in a general advance. A fortnight later, they began to advance towards Rafa, and the 1st Light Horse Brigade was committed along with the New Zealand Mounted Rifles and the Imperial Camel Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nFor several months, the brigade undertook defensive duties, protecting lines of communication, before taking part in the unsuccessful Second Battle of Gaza in April 1917. After this, British planners decided to attempt an indirect approach, focusing their efforts on Beersheba, about 50 kilometres (31\u00a0mi) from Gaza. In late October and early November, the brigade took part in the Battle of Beersheba; the breakthrough here paved the way for the opening of the Southern Palestine Offensive, after which the brigade participated in the advance north towards Jaffa on the coast. Jerusalem was captured in November 1917, and after this the brigade moved inland east towards the Jordan River, to occupy defensive positions along the western bank as part of the British occupation of the Jordan Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nIn February 1918, the Somerset Battery was detached from XVIII Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery (T.F. ), replacing the Leicestershire Battery. In the middle of the month, the brigade took part in the capture of Jericho, during which the Anzac Mounted Division was placed on the right of two British infantry divisions, pushing through a large gorge near the Dead Sea towards Rujm el Bahr. At the end of the month, the brigade pushed further west and took part in the failed First Battle of Amman during the First Transjordan attack on Amman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nThis was followed by the raid on Es Salt in April and May, and then launched a counterattack on 14 July during the Battle of Abu Tellul following an attack by two Ottoman divisions. Following this, the Allies renewed their offensive, during which the Anzac Mounted Division was assigned to a mixed force that became known as Chaytor's Force to join the Third Transjordan attack, supporting the main drive towards Damascus further to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0010-0002", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, World War I, Sinai and Palestine campaign\nThe Australian Mounted Division who were advancing along the coast, employed cavalry tactics, having been issued swords and trained in their use in August; however, the Anzac Mounted Division continued to be employed as mounted rifles. In late September, the brigade took part in the Second Battle of Amman. During their final battle of the war, the brigade helped clear the west bank of the Jordan, before crossing the river at Uniin esh Sher and then advanced to Es Salt, before later advancing to  Suweile and supporting the capture of Amman. On 30 October, the Ottomans surrendered, and the Armistice of Mudros came into effect, bringing an end to the fighting in the theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, Disbandment and perpetuation\nAfter the conclusion of hostilities, the Anzac Mounted Division undertook occupation duties in southern Palestine until it returned to Egypt in early 1919. The various regiments within the brigade embarked for Australia around March 1919. The horses remained behind due to cost and quarantine issues, and were either destroyed or undertook further service in Egypt or Syria. The brigade's headquarters finally closed on 4 July 1919 after arriving in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, Disbandment and perpetuation\nThroughout late 1918 and early 1919, the process of demobilising the AIF continued, although this would not be complete until 1921. At this time, the militia formations that had remained in Australia for home service were reorganised to realign them with the recruitment areas that had contributed to the AIF regiments, and to replicate the AIF's organisational structure and designations. These formations had continued to exist alongside the AIF in Australia, albeit largely on paper only as they had been reduced significantly due to large-scale enlistment in the AIF, and a lack of funds and resources for training. By 1919, a 1st Light Horse Brigade had been formed in the militia, consisting of 2nd, 5th and 11th Light Horse Regiments, which were based in Brisbane, Ipswich, Gympie, and Toowoomba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, History, Disbandment and perpetuation\nIn the first couple of years after the war, plans were made to reorganise the home forces to meet the needs of peacetime while providing a strong base upon which to mobilise if necessary. By 1921, when the AIF was officially disbanded, plans were approved to raise two cavalry divisions, each of three brigades, utilising a mix of voluntary enlistment and compulsory service. At this time, the brigades were designated as cavalry brigades, rather than light horse brigades, and the 1st Light Horse Brigade ceased to exist. Within the new structure, the 2nd Light Horse Regiment became part of the 11th Mixed Brigade, while the 5th and 11th Light Horse Regiments were assigned to the 1st Cavalry Brigade, based in the same locations as before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159225-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Light Horse Brigade, Composition\nDuring World War I, the 1st Light Horse Brigade consisted of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159226-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Mechanized Division (France)\nThe 1st Light Mechanized Division (French: 1\u00e8re division l\u00e9g\u00e8re m\u00e9canique, 1\u00e8re DLM) was a French Army formation during World War II. It was the first of the armoured divisions of the French Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159226-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Mechanized Division (France), Formation\nPreparations to create such a unit began in 1931. Slowly the 4th Cavalry Division was mechanised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159226-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Light Mechanized Division (France), Formation, Name\nIn July 1935, the mechanised components, though still not fully equipped, were given a separate identity, while confusingly 4th Cavalry continued to exist, giving the false impression the armoured division was a completely new force. The name of the unit is most often translated as \"Light Mechanized Division\", but a better translation, both from a linguistic as military point of view, would be \"Mechanized Light Division\". In French the adjective m\u00e9canique qualifies l\u00e9g\u00e8re, not the other way around.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159226-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Light Mechanized Division (France), Formation, Name\nIn French military parlance, light troops were those that engaged in scouting and skirmishing, and the distinction traditionally applied to both cavalry and infantry arms. A mechanized light division was therefore one designed for this role but using modern motorized and armored equipment to perform it. Some motorised infantry divisions without tracked vehicles would also be called \"light divisions\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159226-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Light Mechanized Division (France), Formation, Organisation\nAnother confusion often caused by the category indication is the mistake to assume that such units were \"lightly\" equipped: in fact most heavy equipment was concentrated into the motorised units which represented the most powerful in the French Army. The 1re DLM used the AMR 35 as a light skirmisher and the Somua S-35 and Hotchkiss H35 as main battle tanks, though the latter vehicle was not really suited for this role as its armament was too weak. The artillery and infantry components were fully motorised; part of the organic infantry was also mechanised, using half-tracks. In organisation a DLM closely resembled the contemporaneous German Panzerdivision of the Panzerwaffe, though it would be more \"tank-heavy\", not so much the Leichte Kavalleriedivisionen of the German Cavalry, which units in the thirties were only partly mechanised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159226-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Light Mechanized Division (France), World War II, Battle Of France\nDuring the Battle of France in May 1940 the division contained the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium)\nThe 1st Light Regiment (1LR), was a voluntary Gendarmerie regiment of the Belgian Army that served in the Battle of Belgium and in the German Occupation of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), World War II\nTwo regiments were formed out of the Territorial Gendarmerie Police Force of Belgium. The 2nd and the 1st Light Regiment. As a local Police based unit, the 1st Light Regiment was formed out of units that had served in the First World War, and thus, already had veterans that can become the base for its manpower. Mobilized in late 1939, the 1st Light Regiment has two platoons, each armed with 4 newly deployed Machine guns. The 1st Light Regiment will have two Groups, each with 3 squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), World War II\nWhen hostilities began on May 10, 1940, the 1st Light Regiment was at Charleroi, armed at the Belgian-French Border. The 1st Light Regiment dispatched multiple units to the north, becoming part of the defense of the K-W line. It was an important junction leading to the position of Namur, and therefore, needed to be protected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the breach of the Albert Canal, and the attack on the Capital, the 1st Light Regiment was sent north to prevent a German breakthrough. German bombardment continues, as several parachute reports occur in the Dense regions near Brussels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), World War II\nThe 1st Light Regiment was driven out of Brussels and scattered into the surrounding area. The 4th and 5th squadrons of Group II were sent away from the main Group, with 4th Squadron now in Antwerp, and 5th Squadron in reconnaissance missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), World War II\nFor the 1st Light Regiment, reconnaissance was their main goal. After only 6 days into the battle, the Allies decided to abandon the K-W line, including Brussels. Without allied support, the Belgians also had to withdraw. The retreat was complete by the next day. Most of Group II is still on other sides of the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), World War II\nThe regiment moves to Bovekerke, as now they were being held in reserve. Most of the professional Rijkswatchers of the 2nd Light Regiment were sent to Tielt, becoming part of the rearguard. This rearguard will be routed and mostly captured by May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), World War II\nNow repositioned in the south, the 1st Light Regiment was placed in reserve. Retreating with the remains of the Belgian front, reorganization was needed. The 4th and 5th Squadrons of the II Group (Group II) merged into a single unit, consisting of only 3 platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), World War II\nWith little hope of support from the Allies, Colonel Dethise orders all Squadrons of the Regiment to gather at Bovekerke. Then, surrenders his regiment over to the Germans. The normal personnel and Infantry soldiers were immediately disarmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), World War II\nAfter the battle, some of the Gendarmerie Police returned to their duties, now under German occupation. These men included some experienced officers of the Rijkswachters. The rest all either retired or joined the Belgian resistance. After Belgium was liberated in 1944, many of the resistance fighters would return to their duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159227-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Light Regiment of the Gendarmerie (Belgium), Structure 1940\nStructure of the regiment at the eve of the Battle of Belgium", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 63], "content_span": [64, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159228-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Light Tank Company (Australia)\nThe 1st Light Tank Company was an Australian Army armoured unit formed in 1937 equipped with the Vickers Medium Mark II medium tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159228-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Light Tank Company (Australia)\nThe unit was raised in November 1937 from the disbanded 1st Tank Section, with the men and equipment transferred to the unit and was based at Randwick, New South Wales. The unit was disbanded in March 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat. They fought on the Western Front during World War I. In World War II, the unit took part in the Battle of France and Dunkirk evacuation, the Anglo-Iraqi War with 'Kingcol', the Western Desert Campaign in which it distinguished itself at the Battle of Sidi Rezegh, and finally fought as infantry in the Chindits. The unit was disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Three Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were formed in Lincolnshire in 1860 and they were brought together under the 1st Administrative Brigade, Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers in July 1861, with headquarters at Grimsby:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nGeorge Morland Hutton, a former Lieutenant in the 46th Foot, was appointed Major in command in 1862 and promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1866. He retained the command until 1897, when he was appointed Honorary Colonel and was succeeded as Commanding Officer (CO) by Lt-Col A. Bannister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nIn May 1880 the Corps were consolidated as the 1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, with six and a half batteries distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nAll artillery volunteer units were attached to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) in 1882, with the 1st Lincolnshire joining the Eastern Division. In 1886, the unit's title was changed to 3rd Volunteer (Lincolnshire) Brigade, Eastern Division, RA. The divisions were reorganised in 1889 when the 1st Lincolns tranferred to the Western Divisionand took the title became the 1st Lincolnshire AVC (Western Division, RA). By 1890, the unit comprised four Position Artillery batteries (semi-mobile units organised to work alongside the Volunteer Infantry brigades). In 1891, a drill hall was built in Victoria Street North, Grimsby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nIn 1899, the Artillery Volunteers were transferred to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), and when the territirial divisions were abolished the unit became the 1st Lincolnshire RGA (Volunteers)on 1 January 1902 with the role of heavy artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, it was organised into regional infantry divisions, each with an establishment of four Royal Field Artillery (RFA) brigades. The 1st Lincolnshire RGA (V) became I North Midland Brigade, RFA (TF), in the North Midland Division, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nLieutenant-Colonel Ernest Grange, who had been in command since 1902, continued as CO of the new unit. He was succeeded on 2 July 1910 by Lt-Col J. Tonge, VD, who was still CO on the outbreak of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe order to mobilise was received on 4 August 1914. Shortly afterwards, the men were invited to volunteer for overseas service, and the majority having accepted this liability, the North Midland Division concentrated at Luton. In November, it moved to the area round Bishop's Stortford where it completed its war training. At the time of mobilisation, the batteries of I North Midland Bde were each equipped with four 15-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 15 August 1914, the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. The flood of recruits coming forward were enrolled in these 2nd Line units. The 2/I North Midland Brigade was assigned to the 2nd North Midland Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade\nThe North Midland Division began embarking for France on 25 February 1915, and by 8 March had completed its concentration at Ploegsteert in Belgium \u2013 the first complete TF division to deploy to the Western Front with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). It was numbered the 46th (North Midland) Division shortly afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Hooge\nOver the following months, the artillery supported the infantry in routine trench warfare in the Ypres Salient. On 19 July, the Royal Engineers exploded a mine under the German Army's positions at Hooge, but the infantry of 3rd Division tasked with seizing the crater had not been given a supporting artillery fireplan. As the infantry were being driven out by German artillery, counter-battery fire from 46th Division's guns and other neighbouring artillery helped to rectify the situation. When the Germans attacked the Hooge crater with flamethrowers on 30 July, 139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade of 46th Division was able to stabilise the line with the help of the divisional artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Hohenzollern Redoubt\n46th Division's first offensive operation was the Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt. This was an attempt to restart the failed Battle of Loos, and the division was moved down from Ypres on 1 October for the purpose. The Germans recaptured the Hohenzollern trench system on 3 October, and the new attack was aimed at this point. The artillery bombardment (by the field guns of 46th and 28th Division, backed by heavy batteries) began at 12.00 on 13 October and the infantry went in at 14.00 behind a gas cloud. The attack was a disaster, most of the leading waves being cut down by machine gun and shell fire from German positions that had not been suppressed by the bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Hohenzollern Redoubt\n1/I NM Brigade was re-equipped with 18-pounder guns in November. On 23 December the 46th (NM) Division was ordered to embark for Egypt. It entrained for Marseilles, and some of the infantry had actually reached Egypt before the order was rescinded on 21 January 1916. The artillery returned from Marseilles and the whole division reassembled on the Western Front near Amiens by 14 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nOn 1 May 1916, the division was ordered into the line facing Gommecourt in preparation for the forthcoming Somme Offensive. Over the first 10 days of the month, the divisional artillery took over the existing battery positions along this front and began digging additional gun pits, observation posts (OPs) and dugouts to new designs. During this period, the field brigades of the BEF were reorganised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nOn 19 April 1916 an extra battery of four 18-pounders was formed, and on 13 May the brigade was assigned a number as CCXXX (230) Brigade, RFA, the batteries being redesignated A, B, C and D. Then on 23 May the new D Bty was exchanged for the former 1st Derbyshire Howitzer Bty of CCXXXIII (4th NM) Bde, equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers, which became D (H) Bty. Lastly, the Brigade Ammunition Columns were merged into the Divisional Ammunition Column. Lieutenant-Colonel Tonge was awarded a CMG in the June 1916 Birthday Honours List.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nPreparations were under way for the 46th and 56th (1st London) Divisions to carry out an Attack on the Gommecourt Salient as a diversion from the main offensive further south. 46th Division would attack from the north west, converging with 56th from the south west. On 18 June, 46th Divisional artillery was allocated its tasks for wire-cutting and registration of targets ahead of the attack. It was divided into two groups: CCXXX Bde was grouped with CCXXXIII Bde on the right under Lt-Col Tonge, supporting 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade, which was to make the division's right attack towards Gommecourt Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nRight Group had its batteries dug in west and south west of Gommecourt with a concentration of three batteries around Chateau de la Haye and three others scattered around Sailly-au-Bois and Foncquevillers intermixed with 56th Division's batteries. Right Group's responsibility was the German line from the westernmost tip of Gommecourt Park to a point just north of the Gommecourt\u2013Foncquevillers road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\n46th Division used a high proportion of its 18-pounder ammunition to bombard enemy trenches and lines of communication, and a smaller proportion (about 27 per cent) of shrapnel shells to cut German Wire entanglements. One lane was to be cut by A/CCXXX Bty through the wire halfway up the side of Gommecourt Park as a diversion from the actual front to be attacked. A/CCXXX Battery had a daily allocation of 350 shells, while the other batteries each had 480.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nApart from the wire-cutting batteries, the divisional artillery was under the direction of VII Corps during the preliminary bombardment, which began on 24 June, but at zero hour it reverted to divisional control. Once the infantry went 'over the top' the field guns were to make a series of short 'lifts', almost amounting to a 'creeping barrage'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nA final 'whirlwind' bombardment by all the guns began at 06.25 on 1 July and at zero hour (07.30) 137th Brigade made its attack with 1/6th Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment and 1/6th Bn North Staffordshire Regiment in the lead. Patrols had already established that the German wire was not adequately cut: there were four partially cut lanes on the South Staffs' front and five areas of weakened wire in front of the North Staffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nIn addition, German casualties during the bombardment had been few because of their deep dugouts, and when the attack went in their men emerged to receive the attack with heavy machine-gun and rifle fire from their trenches and from Gommecourt Wood. Held up by uncut wire in dead ground and by enemy fire, the brigade's leading two waves only reached the German first line and were forced to take cover in shell holes where they exchanged Grenade attacks with the Germans. The third wave was stopped by machine gun fire 100 yards (91\u00a0m) short of the first line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0018-0002", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nThe British infantry were unable to keep up with the covering barrage of the 18-pounders, which was lifted onto each enemy trench line to a strict timetable: artillery observation during the attack was difficult due to the smoke and confusion. Meanwhile, the supporting waves were held up in the jumping-off trenches or in No man's land by enemy shellfire. The whole attack had halted in bloody failure by 08.00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nThe Forward Observation Officer of CCXXX Bde reported the holdup at 08.16. The commander of 137th Bde attempted to bring the barrage back so that a second attack could be launched by the supporting battalions (1/5th South Staffs and 1/5th North Staffs). At about 08.45, VII Corps ordered a renewed bombardment on Gommecourt Wood, but the support units were already inextricably held up by mud and shellfire in their own trenches and the attack was postponed several times. It was not until 15.30 that 137th Bde was ready to attack again. However, the neighbouring brigade never began the advance, and 137th Bde's officers called off the attack at the last minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Reorganisation\nThe Gommecourt attack had been a diversion, and it was not renewed after the first day's disaster. 46th Division remained in position while the Somme offensive continued further south throughout the summer and autumn. There was further reorganisation amongst divisional artillery on 28 August, in which CCXXXIII Bde was broken up, with its A Bty (formerly D Bty of the CCXXX Bde) rejoining, with Right Section assigned to A/CCXXX, Left Section to B/CCXXX, and Left Section of C/CCXXXIII joining C/CCXXX to bring them up to six 18-pounders each. A final round of reorganisation came in the new year, when CCXXXII (3rd NM) Bde left the division, leaving a section of its C Bty (formerly 512 (Howitzer) Bty) to bring D (H)/CCXXX up to six 4.5-inch howitzers. For the remainder of the war the brigade had the following organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Bucquoy\nAt the beginning of March 1917, patrols found that the Germans were beginning to retreat from the Gommecourt defences. 46th (NM) Division followed up slowly and cautiously, but on the night of 14 March an attack on Bucquoy Graben (trench) by 137th Brigade led to heavy casualties. The rushed attack had been ordered by V Corps headquarters despite the protests of the divisional commander, and there was not time for the artillery adequately to cut the enemy wire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Bucquoy\nThe attack went in behind an artillery barrage moving at 100 yards in four minutes but although 'the assault was gallantly pressed' (Official History) it was a complete failure. The Germans eventually retreated as far as their new Hindenburg Line defences well beyond the Somme battlefields (Operation Alberich), but 46th Division was withdrawn from the pursuit on 17 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Lens\nAfter rest and training, 46th Division returned to the line in the coal-mining sector around Lens in April. In May and June, the division carried out small-scale operations against Hill 65. 46th Division was now ordered to capture Lens itself, beginning on 28 June. Another divisional attack on 1 July aimed at capturing more houses and trenches. 137 Brigade attacked 'Aconite' trench behind a creeping barrage beginning at 02.47. By 07.00 the two right companies held Aconite, but the two left companies were held up in severe house-to-house fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 83], "content_span": [84, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, Lens\nA second push at 08.00 cleared the cellars round the church and caused heavy casualties to the defenders. But in the afternoon a German counter-attacks drove the battalion back to its start line. After Lens, the division was withdrawn into reserve, and did not engage in major operations again during 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 83], "content_span": [84, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, St Quentin Canal\nThe 46th Division had been very unlucky during the war, the infantry in particular taking appalling casualties at the Hohenzollern Redoubt and Gommecourt, but it gained revenge at the Battle of the St Quentin Canal on 29 September 1918 when it performed one of the great feats of World War I by crossing the canal and breaking open the Hindenburg Line. Careful artillery preparation and support was an integral part of this success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, St Quentin Canal\n46th Division had nine brigades of field artillery under its command, including CCXXX Bde, and several brigades of corps heavy artillery were also firing on the division's front. The bombardment began on the night of 26/27 September with harassing fire and gas shells, followed with intense bombardment with high explosive shells until the morning of the assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0023-0002", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, St Quentin Canal\nEvery field gun was used in carefully timed barrages: creeping barrages (including smoke shells) ahead of the attacking troops, with pauses at the end of each phase, including a standing barrage of three hours to allow mopping-up of the first objectives to be carried out, and the second wave of troops to pass through and renew the attack behind the creeping barrage. The first of these creeping barrages actually progressed at twice the normal pace while the infantry rushed downhill to seize the canal crossings; it was described in the Official History as 'one of the finest ever seen'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I North Midland Brigade, St Quentin Canal\nThe attack was a brilliant success, and by the afternoon the field artillery batteries were crossing the canal by the bridges that had been captured or thrown across, and were coming into action on the far side. Over succeeding weeks, the division took part in a succession of successive follow-up attacks: Battle of the Beaurevoir Line, Battle of Cambrai (1918), Battle of the Selle and Battle of the Sambre (1918). On 8 November 1918, in its last operation of the war, 46th Division pushed forward 138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade to seize the Avesnes road, aided by concentrations of fire from the field artillery, which had managed to keep up with the rapid advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade\nMeanwhile, the men who had not volunteered for foreign service, together with the recruits who were coming forward, remained to form the 2/I North Midland Brigade, RFA, in the 2nd North Midland Division (59th (2nd North Midland) Division from August 1915), which concentrated round Luton in January 1915. At first the 2nd Line recruits had to parade in civilian clothes and train with 'Quaker' guns \u2013 logs of wood mounted on cart wheels \u2013 but these shortages were slowly made up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade\nUniforms arrived in November 1914, but it was not until March 1915 that a few 90 mm French guns arrived for training. The division took over the requisitioned transport and second-hand horse harness when 46th Division was re-equipped and left for France. The divisional artillery were joined at Luton by the1st Line 4th Home Counties (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA, and Wessex Heavy Bty, RGA, which were fully equipped and could lend guns for training. Later, the 59th Divisional Artillery took over some 15-pounders from a TF division that was proceeding to India. In July, the division moved out of overcrowded Luton, the artillery moving to Hemel Hempstead, where they spent the winter of 1915\u201316. In early 1916, the batteries were finally brought up to establishment in horses, and 18-pounders replaced the 15-pounders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Ireland\nIn April 1916, the 59th Division was the mobile division of Central Force in England, and it was ordered to Ireland when the Easter Rising occurred, the divisional artillery landing at Kingstown on 28 April. The artillery moved up to Ballsbridge to support the infantry but was not engaged, and once the trouble in Dublin had been suppressed, the troops moved out to The Curragh to continue training. As was the case with the RFA units in the BEF, the brigade went through major reorganisation at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Ireland\nOn 29 April 1916, the batteries were designated A, B and C, and later the brigade was numbered CCXCV (295) Brigade, RFA. At the end of May the brigade was joined by 2/1st Hampshire Royal Horse Artillery (equipped with four 18-pounder field guns rather than horse artillery guns) which became D/CCXCV. However, on 10 July, the Hampshire RHA Bty was exchanged for A (Howitzer) Bty from CCXCVIII (2/IV NM) Bde (originally 2/1st Derbyshire Bty). This became D (H) Bty, equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. On 31 July, the Brigade Ammunition Column was absorbed into 59th Divisional Ammunition Column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Western Front\nIn January 1917, the 59th Division was relieved in Ireland and returned to the UK, concentrating at the Fovant training area on the edge of Salisbury Plain preparatory to embarking for France. Before leaving for France, CCXCVII (2/III NM) Bde was broken up, with sections Btys joining A, B and C Btys of CCXCV Bde to bring them up to six 18-pounders each. Once in France, D (H) Bty was made up to six 4.5-inch howitzers by the addition of a section from C (H) Bty from CCLXXXVII (2/III West Lancashire) Bde in 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division. For the remainder of the war the brigade had the following organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Western Front\n59th Division began crossing to France on 17 February 1917 and concentrated around M\u00e9ricourt. The last unit arrived on 17 March, the day the Germans began their retreat to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich). The brigade immediately took part in following this retreat in March and April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, 3rd Ypres\nThe 59th Division took part in following the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March and April, but it was not until September that it was engaged in its first full-scale action, the phase of the 3rd Ypres Offensive known as the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge. New artillery tactics involved five belts of fire, the first two fired by 18-pounders, the third by 4.5-inch howitzers, moving at a slow pace with frequent pauses to allow the infantry to keep up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, 3rd Ypres\nBatteries also had the task of swinging off to engage targets of opportunity, and had spare detachments to avoid exhaustion of the gunners. The barrage was described as 'magnificent both in accuracy and volume', German counterattacks were broken up by shellfire, and the attack was a resounding success. > The next phase, the Battle of Polygon Wood (26 September), was equally successful, with 176th (2/1st Staffordshire) Brigade advancing steadily behind its barrage onto the final objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Bourlon Wood\n59th Division was next moved south to join in the Battle of Cambrai. The division entered the recently captured line between Cantaing and Bourlon Wood on 28 November. Fierce German counter-attacks began on 30 November. Two infantry assaults were made against 176th Brigade, but both attacks were easily broken up under British artillery fire. By 4 December the decision had been made to withdraw from the Bourlon Salient, and 59th Division held covering positions while this was carried out. On 7 December the British were back on the line that they would hold for the coming winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nWhen the German spring offensive began on 21 March 1918 (the Battle of St Quentin), 59th Division was holding the Bullecourt Salient, squarely in the path of the German thrust. Its two field artillery brigades (CCXCV and CCXCVI (2/II NM)) were bolstered by the presence of XXVI Army Field Artillery Brigade. The British knew the attack was coming: from 02.00 that morning CCXCV Bde had been firing 'counter-preparation' tasks, but the must was so thick that one battery could barely see the gunflashes of its neighbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nFrom 05.00 the front line and forward gun positions came under very heavy enemy fire. The situation soon became desperate, the forward infantry brigades were almost totally destroyed, and the reserves moving up were swamped. The division's field guns in the forward zone were captured after firing over open sights at the advancing Germans. Word trickled back that the forward guns of D (H)/CCXCV and 116/XXVI Btys had fired off all their ammunition and blown up their guns. The rear guns engaged the advancing enemy as they emerged from the mist towards the gun positions, which were defended by rear details, including the gunners using rifles and Lewis guns, until the next defence line behind could be prepared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nAt 18.30 that day, Major W.P.J. Akerman, the officer commanding A/CCXCV Bty, was put in command of the remnants of the three field artillery brigades. His force consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nThese guns engaged the enemy at first light the next day as they fought their way into Mory, and were still action at 21.00 in front of Divisional HQ at Behagnies. During the night of 22/23 March Akerman pulled his guns back to a position north west of Gomiecourt to fire in the Mory\u2013Ervillers\u2013Behagnies area, covering the defence line that the surviving brigades of 59th Division were endeavouring to establish. XXVI Brigade came under the command of 177th (2/1st Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade, and CCXCV and CCXCVI under 178th (2/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nDuring the afternoon C/CCXCV Bty got six guns back into action, and D (H)/CCXCVI received three new howitzers that day. Late in the day Akerman was ordered to retire at once to Courcelles, but his own patrols reported all quiet, so he did not withdraw until 14.00 when the infantry retired. Through the following days of the Battle of Bapaume and the 'Great Retreat', the remaining batteries of 59th Divisional Artillery remained in action under the command of 40th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Spring Offensive\nAlthough the rest of 59th Division was withdrawn, its artillery remained in the front line, under the command of 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, with which it fought at the Battles of Arras (28 March) and the Ancre (5 April).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 95], "content_span": [96, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Reconstruction\n59th Division, without its artillery, was back in the line on 14 April, when it was again in the path of a German offensive (the Battle of Bailleul) and remnants took part in the 1st Battle of Kemmel Ridge (17\u201318 April). By now, 59th Division's infantry had been almost destroyed. The units were reduced to training cadres and the division was later reconstructed with garrison battalions. Until June, it was employed in digging rear defences, then it underwent training to enable it to hold a sector of the front line. On 25 July the reconstructed division went back into the line, and on 21 August it once more took part in active operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Reconstruction\nHowever, the Divisional Artillery (CCXCV and CCXCVI Bdes) remained in the line, serving with various formations as required: 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division (15\u201324 April and 17 May\u201319 June), 37th Division (24 April\u201317 May), XVIII Corps (23 June\u20131 July), 5th Division (1\u20138 August) and 61st (2nd South Midland) Division (8\u201326 August).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Advance to Victory\n59th Divisional Artillery rejoined its parent division on 27 August 1918. From 2 October until 11 November 1918 the division participated in the final advance in Artois and Flanders. On 2 October, 59th Division ordered two minor operations in which detachments advanced under cover of smoke and a creeping barrage; these determined that the enemy had retired, and so the division advanced against little opposition. On 16 October, the division fought its way through the old defences of Lille, and liberated the city against minimal opposition the following day. Opposition stiffened at the River Schelde was approached, but this was crossed in early November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 97], "content_span": [98, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I North Midland Brigade, Advance to Victory\nThe Armistice on 11 November found the division astride the Schelde north of Tournai. It moved to the coast to operate demobilisation centres at Dieppe, Dunkirk and Calais in early 1919, and to train drafts for continued service in Egypt and the Black Sea. 59th Divisional Artillery including CCXCV Brigade, was demobilised on 8 August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 97], "content_span": [98, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nAfter the war, the unit was reconstituted as the 1st North Midland Brigade RFA (TA) in the reformed Territorial Army, with two Lincolnshire Batteries and two from the former Leicestershire Royal Horse Artillery and Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery, and the headquarters moved to Nottingham. Once more the unit formed part of the 46th (North) Midland Division. In 1921, the unit was designated 60th (North Midland) Brigade, RFA (TA), changing to 60th (North Midland) Field Brigade, RA (TA) in 1924 when the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery (RA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nFrom then until 1938, the unit had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nThe bulk of 46th (North Midland) Division was converted into 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division in December 1935, and 60th (North Midland) left to become an Army Field Brigade in Northern Command. After the Munich Crisis in 1938, the TA was doubled in size and in October 1938 the RA adopted a new establishment for field regiments (as brigades were now termed). For the 60th (North Midland), this meant that the Leicester and Nottingham batteries left in early 1939 to form a separate unit, the 115th Field Regiment based in Leicester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\n60th (North Midland) Field Regiment now consisted of the two Lincolnshire batteries, 237 at Lincoln and 239 (later 238) at Grimsby, and the regimental headquarters (RHQ) moved to Lincoln. (For some reason, the new regiment initially took the battery numbers 237 and 239, while the 115th took 238 and 240, even though the original 238 had been a Lincolnshire battery based at Grimsby. The logical numbering was only restored by an order of the Adjutant-General's office on 11 August 1941.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nThe establishment of a field regiment was now two batteries each of three troops of four guns, giving a total of 24 guns. These were still World War I 18-pounders re-equipped with pneumatic tyres and towed by motor tractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of France\nOn the outbreak of war in September 1939, 60th (North Midland) Army Field Regiment mobilised at Lincoln and Grimsby, trained at Bordon Camp, and crossed to France to join the British Expeditionary Force on 7 January 1940 under the command of Lt-Col F.P. Hallifax. As an army regiment, it was assigned by GHQ to II Corps, which in turn assigned it to support 5th Division. The division was in GHQ Reserve when the 'Phoney War' ended with the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of France\nThe BEF followed the pre-arranged Plan D and advanced into Belgium to take up defences along the Dyle, with 5th Division moving up behind this line. However, the collapse of the Dutch forces and the German Army's rapid breakthrough in the Ardennes soon threatened the BEF's positions. The BEF began to withdraw to the Escaut, with 5th Division moving into GHQ Reserve at Seclin. Between 21 and 23 May, the BEF retired again to the canals along the Franco-Belgian frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of France\nBy now, it was cut off from the rest of France, and 5th Division was holding a dangerous salient around Arras and had passed to III Corps. 5th Division was due to counter-attack southwards, but on 25 May the BEF's Commander-in-Chief, Lord Gort, ordered it northwards instead, to plug a dangerous gap near Ypres. There it came under heavy attack for three days and was supported by all available corps artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of France\nThe decision to evacuate the BEF through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo) was made on 26 May, and 5th Division's stand helped to maintain the north-eastern front of the shrinking 'pocket' as troops streamed towards the port. It withdrew to the inner perimeter of the bridgehead on the night of 29/30 May. Once inside the bridgehead, all remaining guns and equipment were destroyed, and the troops took their turn to wait for boats to take them back to Southern England. The bulk of II Corps was evacuated on 31 May/1 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of France\nAfter reaching England, 60th Army Fd Rgt was assigned to XII Corps holding the vital area of South-East England, though equipment was very scarce, particularly field guns. Once the regiment had been re-equipped with modern 25-pounder field gun-howitzers, it was rostered for overseas service (together with its Signal Section of the Royal Corps of Signals) and left Home Forces in late February 1941. It reached Egypt in May, and immediately sent C troop of 237 Fd Bty to reinforce the garrison of Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Iraq and Syria\nAfter a German-backed coup d'\u00e9tat in Iraq in April 1941, the Royal Air Force (RAF) training base at Habbaniya came under siege by Iraqi Nationalist forces. As soon as it arrived in the Middle East, 60th Fd Rgt was sent up to Palestine to join the relief column, known as 'Habforce'. Brigadier 'Joe' Kingstone was sent on ahead with a Flying column named 'Kingcol' to effect a relief of the airbase as soon as possible. The field artillery component of Kingcol was provided by the 25-pounders of 237 Fd Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Iraq and Syria\nKingcol operated as a self-contained unit with 12 days' rations and five days' water. It moved out from Transjordan following the Amman\u2013Baghdad road and Mosul\u2013Haifa oil pipeline to the fort of Rutba, which had been recaptured by the Arab Legion and 2nd Armoured Car Squadron, RAF, on 10 May. Kingcol moved on from Rutba on 15 May, crossing the desert in exceptionally hot weather, digging the heavy vehicles out when they broke through the surface of the poor tracks, and under attack by German aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0048-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Iraq and Syria\nThe direct road to Habbaniya was blocked by Iraqi troops at Ramadi, but engineers from Habbaniya had bridged the canal to the south and Kingcol arrived from that direction on 18 May. 237 Battery went straight into action, firing across floodwaters at the Iraqi positions. Kingcol and the Habbaniya garrison now planned an attack on Fallujah, moving up both sides of the Euphrates (the Battle of Fallujah). A troop of six 25-pounders of 237 Bty accompanied the RAF's Assyrian Levies to advance from the south-west and seize the vital Euphrates bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0048-0002", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Iraq and Syria\nOn 19 May, the levies advanced over open boggy ground, covered by the fire of the 25-pounders, and crossed and captured the bridge in only half an hour. The Iraqis counter-attacked on 22 May, but the British and Assyrian troops fought back ferociously and the Iraqis withdrew. The British now prepared to advance on Baghdad in two small columns, each accompanied by a troop of 25-pounders. Kingcol advancing on the south side was held up by Iraqi 18-pounders, but these were engaged by 237 Bty, allowing the British troops to work their way forward. Rumour magnified the size of these small forces, and the Iraqis asked for an armistice on 30 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Iraq and Syria\nIn mid-June, Habforce (including 237 Bty) joined the campaign against Vichy French forces in Syria. Its role was to advance across the desert from Iraq towards Palmyra. F Troop saw action at Oumm Ovalid with the Transjordan Frontier Force. Habforce's advance was continually harried by Vichy Air Force attacks. Meanwhile, 6th Division, which had recently been reformed in Egypt, had been sent up to handle the advance from Palestine toward Damascus, supported by the rest of 60th Fd Rgt. 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0049-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Iraq and Syria\nBattalion Royal Fusiliers captured Quneitra with 25-pounder support, but the guns had then been withdrawn and the Vichy forces later re-took the town, capturing most of the Fusiliers. A troop of 60th Fd Rgt regiment supported 2nd Battalion, Queen's Regiment of 6th Division in a cross-country movement to retake it once more on 17 June. On 30 June, D Troop broke up an enemy counter-attack and destroyed four armoured vehicles. After the fall of Damascus and Palmyra, the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign ended on 14 July with the Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\nOn 20 July 1941, the regiment joined 6th Division, which was being built up but did not yet have a full artillery complement. However, during September the infantry units of 6th Division began to be shipped into the besieged Libyan port of Tobruk (where it was renamed 70th Division as a deception) leaving the artillery behind, and 60th Fd Rgt left the division on 30 September, reverting to being an army field regiment under Eighth Army in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\nEighth Army was preparing a new offensive in the Western Desert (Operation Crusader) to drive the Axis forces back from the Egyptian Frontier across Cyrenaica and to relieve Tobruk. For this operation, 60th Fd Rgt was assigned as an additional regiment to 7th Support Group in 7th Armoured Division (a support group at this time was essentially an artillery brigade acting as the pivot group within an armoured division). The operation began at dawn on 18 November 1941, achieving surprise and taking almost all its first day objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0051-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\nThe next day, 7th Armoured Division began exploitation towards Sidi Rezegh, and on 20 November 7th Support Group was ordered up to join the leading armoured brigade at Sidi Rezegh. On 21 November, 7th Armoured Division with its support group advanced northwards to meet 70th Division breaking out of Tobruk, but both Panzer divisions of the Afrika Korps intervened and bitter fighting broke out (the Battle of Sidi Rezegh). 7th Support Group under Brigadier Jock Campbell attacked Sidi Rezegh with tank support, but came under tank and artillery fire from the north and suffered badly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0051-0002", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\nAt one point, 50 German tanks passed through the 7th Hussars to attack S Company and Battalion HQ of 2nd Battalion Rifle Brigade but were driven off by anti-tank guns of J Battery, Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) and the 25-pounders of 60th Fd Rgt. The RHA detachment fought to the last gun, winning a Victoria Cross (VC) and the Honour title 'Sidi Rezegh' for their battery. Meanwhile, 60th Fd Rgt, deployed round the edge of Sidi Rezegh airfield, were in contact a point-blank range but kept firing despite rising casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0051-0003", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\nAs about 40 panzers advanced directly towards the guns, one Troop of the regiment moved out onto the airfield itself but was overrun. The RA historian records that 'the whole area was filled with blazing hulks, solid shot ran out and anything to hand was fired'. At dawn the following day the defenders of Sidi Rezegh could see a mass of some 80 tanks and support vehicles advancing against them some three miles away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0051-0004", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\n60th Field Regiment was very short of men, but Brigadier Campbell himself helped the gunners swing the trails of their guns round to engage these targets, before bringing up a squadron of tanks. This attack was dispersed. Later he stood on the wing of a crashed Italian aircraft to direct the guns of 60th Fd Rgt to scatter another attack. The Afrika Korps then redirected its attack to the east and overran two infantry companies from the rear: once again Campbell helped swing the guns round to face this attack. At the end of the day the regiment was exhausted, but the Germans had never been able to close in. Campbell was later awarded the VC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\nOn 23 November, 15th Panzer Division cut through 7th Support Group's positions on its way west, scattering the support group's vehicles. Then the following day General Erwin Rommel disengaged the Afrika Korps and made a 'dash for the [Egyptian] frontier' in Eighth Army's rear. 7th Support Group was able to engage the flank of this column as it passed by, then broke up into small raiding columns to attack the German rear and then prevent the Italian Ariete Division joining in. By now, 60th Fd Rgt only had 14 of its 24 guns left. By 28 November, Rommel was stopped at the frontier and returned westwards, Sidi Rezegh was secured, and the encirclement of Tobruk was broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\nThe confused fighting continued as the returning Afrika Korps attacked again in the Sidi Rezegh area, but 7th Support Group engaged the Ariete Division at Bir el Gubi and prevented its participation (4 December). Rommel decided to retire to Gazala on 7 December and Eighth Army followed up to clear Cyrenaica. While the positions round Gazala and Alem Hamza were attacked on 15 December, 7th Support Group was ordered to deal with any enemy in the open country to the south of Sidi Breghisc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0053-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\nThe group reached Tengeder on 17 December and then turned north towards Mechili, which convinced Rommel to pull back with all speed to the Tripolitania border before he was cut off by this flanking movement. By 20 December 7th Support Group had reached Charruba and was in contact with the rear of the Ariete and Trieste Divisions, though the going had got rough and petrol was scarce. It struggled forward to a point 15 miles south of Sceleidima by 22 December", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Western Desert\nOn 22 December, 7th Armoured Division was relieved; its Support Group 'was only a shadow of its former self', and 60th Fd Rgt left to refit. It rejoined 70th Division (ex-6th Division) on 31 December 1941. 70th Division moved to Syria for rest on 7 February 1942, but the Fall of Singapore on 15 February led to an urgent call for reinforcements to be sent from Middle East Forces to the Far East. 70th Division was ordered to India on 17 February, and sailed from Egypt on 28 February, arriving at Bombay on 10 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nOn arrival in India, 70th Division went to Ranchi as part of a mobile reserve for introduction into the Burma Campaign as required. This would not be until after the Monsoon rains ended in late 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nAs early as October 1940, it had been planned that field regiments would adopt an organisation of three eight-gun batteries, but shortages meant that in most units this reorganisation was not completed for many months. By November 1942, 60th Fd Rgt had organised 442 Fd Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\n70th Division remained at Ranchi during the first part of 1943. It was then decided to break it up to provide Long Range Penetration (LRP or 'Chindit') columns for Maj-Gen Orde Wingate's second jungle penetration mission (Operation Thursday). 70th Division began reorganising on 6 September 1943. The Chindits had no role for conventional artillery, so 60th Fd Rgt joined 23rd Brigade on 22 October 1943 to train as infantry under the designation of 60th Regiment, RA, (North Midland). Each infantry battalion reorganised as two LRP Columns; 60th Rgt provided Columns 60 and 88. 23 Brigade moved to Indias's Central Provinces for intensive training in jungle fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nThe CO of 60th Fd Rgt is reported to have resigned in protest at the conversion to infantry, and was replaced by Lt-Col H.G. de J. ('Mike') du Vallon, a specialist in LRP tactics, who trained the regiment and commanded one of the columns in person. The other column was commanded by Major Neil Hotchkin, son of the regiment's Honorary Colonel and a noted first class cricketer, who had first been commissioned into the regiment as a 2nd Lieutenant in 237 Bty on 26 September 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nOperation Thursday began on 5 February 1944 with the first LRP brigades moving into Burma to establish bases for the fly-in of the second wave. 23 Brigade was in reserve for later in the operation, but the Japanese U-Go Offensive against Imphal and Kohima changed the situation, and on 8 March the brigade was reassigned to Fourteenth Army. It was moved up to Hailakandi and then Mariani in Assam to be used in a short range penetration role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nAs Operation Thursday began to turn sour, Wingate's replacement as commander of Special Force requested 23 Brigade, but instead the brigade marched into Burma on 3 April 1944 to defend the routes into Assam and cover the northern flank of Fourteenth Army in its counter-offensive towards Kohima. As the brigade advanced, it found elements of the Japanese 124th Regiment covering the flank of the 31st Division. These flank guards, aided by storms, dense jungle, and precipitous mountains, imposed considerable delays on 23 Brigade's advance towards Jessami. After the Relief of Kohima the British continued towards Imphal, still with 23 Brigade as flank guard on the Kharasom\u2013Ukhrul axis, with the task of cutting Japanese communications back to the Chindwin River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nOn 22 April, 60 and 88 columns started out into the Naga Hills. Some of the zig-zag tracks up the mountainsides and across the rivers were so narrow that no vehicles or even pack animals could use them, and the columns relied on Naga porters for transport. The Monsoon rains were exceptionally heavy, and most of the men suffered from 'Naga Hills tummy': dysentery brought on by magnesium sulfate (the laxative known as 'Epsom Salts') in the water. By 13 May, 60 Column had reached Meluri, where they established a firm base and supply-dropping point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0061-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nThe following day, 88 Column arrived, and with the porters began building a stronghold named 'Grimsby', and cut a landing-strip for aircraft. Although the tracks the columns had been sent to interdict were not actually being used by the Japanese, they were present at Jessami and Khanjan, which du Vallon decided to raid. After a difficult night approach, three platoons of 60 Column attacked Jessami and the reconnaissance platoons of both columns attacked Khanjan simultaneously at 06.00 on 18 May. Both places were cleared and numerous casualties caused; British wounded were evacuated from Grimsby by light aircraft. A company-strength Japanese position was discovered on 23 May a mile south of Jessami, and two platoons made a probing attack. Later, the Japanese were bombed by Hurricane fighter-bombers and left the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nAerial reconnaissance from Grimsby by du Vallon and Hotchkin identified a suitable site for the next firm base, named 'Grimbsy II' at Nungphung, where four important tracks met. On 24 May, 60 Column began constructing another airstrip two miles from the village, which was occupied by 88 Column. Grimsby II was a vulnerable position, only 6 miles from a Japanese garrison at Kharasom, and the columns had to fight off a determined attack on 31 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0062-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nAfter that, they were not troubled, even though the garrisons at Grimsby II were dangerously small when platoons were on offensive operations, possibly because the Nagas fed the Japanese false information about the strength of the columns. Supply drops every three days brought in quantities of barbed wire, flares and explosives with which to defend the positions, as well as ammunition and rations. Over the next three weeks, aggressive patrols by platoons from Grimsby II and Jessami harassed the Japanese communications round Kharasom, suffering minimal casualties, although a significant number of sick had to be evacuated by air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nOn 15 June, the two columns received their orders for the last phase of the operation: the pursuit of the enemy to Ukhrul. They called in all their patrols and their mules and muleteers rejoined. Significant numbers of the men were deemed unfit for the operation and were evacuated from Grimsby II on 22 June. 23 Brigade was ready to take part in a concentric attack by XXXIII Corps against Ukhrul, but this was held up by torrential rain, and did not begin until 27 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0063-0001", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nThe following day, four columns of the brigade began moving eastwards towards Fort Keary and the other four towards Ukhrul. In this part of the encirclement, the main obstacles were climate and terrain. The columns struggled through rain and cloying mud along treacherous mountain tracks, from sub-tropical heat in valley bottoms to cold mists on the mountain tops. The troops often went hungry when air supply drops were impossible, and sickness took hold among the undernourished and exhausted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0063-0002", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\nOrganised Japanese resistance ended on 8 July and the columns fanned out along the tracks to the Chindwin, past dead and dying Japanese troops and abandoned equipment. Further pursuit would have exposed the British troops to greater risks of sickness, and so the brigade was gradually withdrawn from the Chindwin. By the end of July, 23 Brigade was on its way back to India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Far East\n60th Regiment went to Bangalore for rest and reorganisation. On 29 October 1944, it was broken up, the surviving fit men being posted to 2nd Battalion Queen's Regiment, alongside which it had fought in Syria, and which had returned from Operation Thursday. The RA regiment was placed in suspended animation. 60th (North Midland) Field Regiment was never reformed, and was officially disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Honorary Colonels\nThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorials\nThere are two memorials to the 46th (North Midland) Division on the battlefield of the Hohenzollern Redoubt: one on the road between Vermelles and Hulluch, marking the jumping-off point of the attack, and one on the site of the redoubt itself, which lists all the units of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorials\nThe 46th (North Midland) Division memorial on the road between Vermelles and Hulluch", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159229-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorials\nThe memorial honouring the casualties of the 46th Division at the Hohenzollern Redoubt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers\nThe 1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers was a Scottish unit of Britain's Volunteer Force raised in Linlithgow in 1860. It later became a cyclist battalion of the Royal Scots, which served in Home Defence and saw action in the North Russia Intervention force during World War I. Between the wars it was reduced to company strength, but just before World War II it was converted into an anti-aircraft (AA) regiment of the Royal Artillery (RA). This served in Anti- Aircraft Command during the Blitz and later distinguished itself in the Siege of Tobruk. It fought through the Italian Campaign and its successors continued in the postwar Territorial Army (TA) until 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, a company formed at Linlithgow, the county town of West Lothian (or Linlithgowshire), on 19 March 1860 under the command of Captain Robert Stewart. It was soon followed by companies formed in other towns of West Lothian, and they were combined as the 1st Administrative Battalion of Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers with Stewart promoted to Major in command on 21 October 1862:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nWhen the RVCs were consolidated in 1880 the 1st Admin Bn became the 1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers on 16 March and the individual RVCs became lettered companies, the subdivision of the 6th becoming F Company at Addiewell, the rest of the 6th becoming G Company at West Calder. C Company moved to Armadale the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Localisation\nUnder the 'Localisation of Forces' scheme introduced in 1872 by the Cardwell Reforms, the 1st Linlithgowshire was grouped with the 1st Regiment of Foot (the Royal Scots), the Edinburgh Light Infantry Militia and a number of RVCs from neighbouring counties into Brigade No 62, which was a purely administrative formation. Under the Childers Reforms of 1881, the 1st Linlithgowshire became a Volunteer Battalion of the Royal Scots on 1 July, and was formally redesignated as the 8th Volunteer Battalion, Royal Scots in April 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Localisation\nThe Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 introduced a Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the 8th VB was included in the Forth Brigade. In 1902 the Forth Brigade was split into the 1st and 2nd Lothian Brigades, with the 8th VB in the 2nd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force, 2nd Boer War\nThirty-six volunteers from the battalion served in the Second Boer War, principally with the 1st and 2nd Volunteer Service Companies of the Royal Scots, earning the battalion its first Battle honour:  South Africa 1900\u201302.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force, 2nd Boer War\nIn 1900 the battalion raised three additional companies: H at South Queensferry, I at Kirkliston, and a Cyclist Company, while F Company moved to Fauldhouse. H Company was disbanded in 1906 and I Company was redesignated H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the battalion was reorganised to form the 10th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Scots of 8 companies with headquarters at Linlithgow. Cyclist battalions did not form part of the TF's divisions but were 'Army Troops' held at Command level; 10th (Cyclist) Bn Royal Scots was under Scottish Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, the battalion mobilised and was assigned to coastal defence at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Almost immediately, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 31 August, the War Office authorised the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit for each TF unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. They were filled with the volunteers who were coming forward in large numbers \u2013 2/10th Royal Scots was recruited in under a week in September \u2013 and 3rd Line training units were formed in 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Coast Defence\nFrom 7 November 1914 the cyclist battalions formed part of the newly formed Army Cyclist Corps. The 1/10th (Cyclist) Bn Royal Scots was joined at Berwick by the 2/10th in January 1915, and both battalions remained there until April and June 1918, when they were transferred to Ireland. The battalion was finally disembodied at The Curragh on 26 February 1920. A 3/10th Bn was formed in 1915 and then disbanded in March 1916, when its personnel were distributed to the 1/10th, 2/10th and the newly formed Machine Gun Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, North Russia\nBy 1918, 2/10th Bn had sent many drafts overseas and was now composed mainly of men of B1 medical category. However, the War Office needed troops for a North Russia Intervention force, and after reorganising as an infantry battalion and being brought up to strength with drafts from other units in Ireland, the 2/10th returned to England in July 1918. It was then shipped to Arkhangelsk as part of the force, arriving in late August 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, North Russia\nLeaving one company in Arkhangelsk, the battalion operated along a 50 miles (80\u00a0km) stretch of the Northern Dvina River, south of its junction with the Vaga River. Movement and observation were hampered by marshes and forests, but supported by the Royal Navy monitor HMS M33 the Royal Scots cleared the triangle between the Dvina and Vaga and took a number of villages and prisoners. The strongly fortified village of Pless could not be attacked frontally, so A Company, less one platoon, attempted a flanking movement through the marshes. The following morning the company reached Kargonin, behind Pless, and the defenders \u2013 thinking themselves cut off by a large force \u2013 evacuated both villages. The regimental historian describes this as 'a quite remarkable march by predominantly B1 troops'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, North Russia\nBy late September, with a body of US Army troops, the battalion had reached Nijne-Toimski, which proved too strong for the lightly-equipped Allied force, who established a defensive line. The monitor then had to withdraw before the Dvina froze, and the force was shelled by Bolsehvik gunboats. It withdrew to a second defensive line for the winter. With the help of a Canadian Field Artillery battery it drove off a number of attacks, culminating in a very heavy assault on 11 November. 2/10th Royal Scots was then reinforced by the company from Archangelsk, which had been engaged at Obozerskaya on the Vologda railway line. The force then settled into billets in villages and log blockhouses, while training and raids were carried out on snowshoes, skis and sledges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War I, North Russia\nThe Bolsheviks resumed the offensive early in 1919, and A Company had to be sent to reinforce a heavily pressed force on the Vaga, marching with sledges over 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in temperatures 40\u201360 degrees below freezing. The Bolsheviks now had artillery superiority, there was no anti-Bolshevik rising among the local population, the White Russian troops mutinied in April, and the US troops were withdrawn in May. Nevertheless, the force remained in position; 2/10th Royal Scots was relieved by other British troops. The battalion returned by barge to Archangelsk and sailed for home on 10 June. It arrived at Leith where it was immediately demobilised on 25 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar\nWhen the TF was reformed as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1920, the 10th (Cyclist) Bn first formed the 1st (Linlithgow) Light Bridging Company of the Royal Engineers, then in 1921 it became A Company of the 4/5th (Queen's Edinburgh Rifles) Bn, Royal Scots at Edinburgh, with Company HQ remaining at Linlithgow. The 4/5th Bn formed part of 155th (East Scottish) Bde of 52nd (Lowland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Interwar, 14th (West Lothian, Royal Scots) LAA Rgt\nDuring the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA infantry battalions into AA units. The 4th/5th Royal Scots was one of the battalions selected, becoming a searchlight (S/L) regiment in 1938. At the same time, the TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis, so two regiments were formed, with A Company providing the basis for a new 14th (West Lothian, Royal Scots) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment of the Royal Artillery (RA). The Linlithgow company formed Regimental HQ (RHQ), 39 (Linlithgow) and 40 (Bathgate) LAA Batteries; 57 LAA Battery was raised at South Queensferry on 17 January 1939 and 58 LAA Bty at Edinburgh on 15 May 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe regiment formed part of 3 AA Division covering Scotland. In February 1939 the TA's AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command. In June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. 14th (West Lothian) LAA Rgt became part of 51st Light Anti- Aircraft Brigade, which was formed in August 1939 with responsibility for all of 3 AA Division's LAA provision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Phoney War and Battle of Britain\n3 AA Division was frequently in action during the so-called Phoney War that lasted from September 1939 to April 1940. The first action occurred unexpectedly on 16 October 1939, when enemy aircraft suddenly appeared out of cloud and dived on warships off Rosyth Dockyard, close to the Forth Bridge. Other attacks on bases followed, and 3 AA Division was given priority for new Heavy AA (HAA) guns in January 1940, but only 10 Bofors 40 mm guns and some Naval 2-pounders were available for LAA defence; otherwise LAA defence of Vulnerable Points (VPs) relied on AA Light machine guns (AALMGs). From April 1940 the Luftwaffe turned its attention to the campaigns in Norway and France and the Low Countries", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Phoney War and Battle of Britain\nBy 11 July 1940, at the start of the Battle of Britain, 3 AA Division had some 119 LAA guns (mainly Bofors) defending VPs. Scotland largely escaped air attack during the Battle of Britain, but in September 1940 the Luftwaffe shifted to night attacks on Britain's cities (The Blitz). However, even while the Blitz was getting under way there was also an urgent need to reinforce the AA defences of the British bases in Egypt following the entry of Italy into the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Phoney War and Battle of Britain\n14th (West Lothian) LAA Rgt, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Gerald Eastwood, arrived in Egypt with 39, 40 and 57 LAA Btys on 3 March 1941 and was sent straight to Libya where it joined 4 AA Bde at Tobruk behind the advancing Western Desert Force. (58 LAA Battery had been transferred on 10 July 1940 to 50th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery which remained in AA Command.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nGerman intervention in the shape of General Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Korps quickly turned the tide in Libya. A swift breakthrough pushed British forces backwards. The German columns, heading for the Egyptian frontier, bypassed Tobruk, whose garrison prepared to defend the port. This was invested from 11 April, beginning the epic Siege of Tobruk lasting 240 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nBrigadier J.N. Slater of 4 AA Bde acted as AA Defence Commander (AADC) for the whole Tobruk area, with RHQ 14th LAA Rgt controlling the AA defences round the perimeter and RHQ 13th LAA Rgt commanding the harbour area. 13th LAA Regiment had previously sent a battery to Greece, so the numbers were balanced by transferring 39 LAA Bty to its command, though in fact batteries were split between the two LAA Rgt HQs for operational convenience rather than strict regimental integrity:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nwhile 40/14 LAA Bty (Maj W. McEwan Younger) was in the harbour area under 13th LAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nIn April the two LAA regiments and attached independent LAA batteries between them had 18 Bofors 40 mm guns (6 mobile, 12 static) and 42 captured Italian 20mm Breda guns, and all batteries manned a mixture of these weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nRommel made his first attack on the perimeter before dawn on 14 April but was driven out by a counter-attack. Thereafter there were a number of attacks on the perimeter, but almost constant air attacks, particularly by Junkers Ju 87 Stukas. The LAA gunners had problems against the divebombing Stukas and the low-flying Messerschmitt Bf 109s, against which the guns' predictors were useless. With the gunsites themselves being targeted, the battery drivers, cooks and clerks manned LMGs for local protection. The Official History records that the AA artillery in Tobruk was 'incessantly in action against attacks of all kinds, from all heights, but especially by dive-bombers'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nLuftwaffe casualties were heavy: 53 aircraft shot down and 43 damaged in April, 45 and 56 in May. After that the Luftwaffe switched to high-level attacks. Whereas there were 21 raids by a total of 386 aircraft in April, by July this had fallen to just four raids by 79 aircraft. 4 AA Brigade recorded that there was a steady decline in numbers of aircraft attacking as the siege went on, with the attackers switching to high-level and night attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nDespite hits on the gun positions and numerous casualties among the gunners, the RAOC workshops kept the guns serviceable and no gun was out of action for more than a few hours. During September and October 1941 most of the Tobruk garrison and some of the AA units were relieved, but RHQ and the three batteries of 14th LAA Rgt saw the whole siege through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nIn November 1941 the British Eighth Army began a new offensive in the Western Desert (Operation Crusader), which succeeded in ending the Siege of Tobruk. The first phase of 'Crusader' lasted until January 1942, when Rommel counter-attacked and Eighth Army fell back and dug in along the Gazala Line. There was then a lull in the fighting while both sides reorganised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Gazala to Tunisia\nDuring the Battle of Gazala, beginning on 26 May, Rommel's Axis forces quickly broke into the British position and began attacking the defensive 'boxes'. After bitter fighting in the Gazala Line and the 'Cauldron', Eighth Army was forced to retreat. The British hoped to defend Tobruk as in the previous siege, but this time the Axis forces reached it before the defences were ready, and 4 AA Bde was among the 33,000 Allied troops who were captured in the fall of Tobruk. However, 14th LAA Rgt was not among them, having been outside the perimeter at the time. It was collected by 12 AA Bde, which had been defending fighter landing grounds for the Desert Air Force (DAF) and now fought a series of rearguard actions as the Eighth Army retreated in confusion beyond the Egyptian frontier. The Axis advance was finally halted at El Alamein", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Gazala to Tunisia\nAfter a period out of the line, 14th LAA Rgt (39, 40, 57 LAA Btys with 48 Bofors guns) was back in 12 AA Bde for the Second Battle of El Alamein. 12 AA Brigade's role once again was to move up behind Eighth Army's advance and defend the DAF's landing grounds as they came into use. The brigade developed a very efficient system of providing rolling support for the DAF's tactical wings as they made long shifts forwards to maintain contact with the advancing army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Gazala to Tunisia\nThis involved the Royal Air Force, Royal Engineers' airfield construction teams, and local ground defence units as well as the AA units; all were represented in the joint reconnaissance parties that followed closely behind the leading battalions. They selected new sites for landing strips or renovated old ones, maintaining radio contact through RAF or RA channels with the main body so that movement orders could be passed to the following AA batteries. Movement was usually by 'leap frogging' from previously occupied landing grounds, though sometimes an AA battery was waiting in a hidden concentration area ready to move forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0027-0002", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Gazala to Tunisia\nRAF transport aircraft flew ground staff, equipment and battery staffs to the new locations. Within a few hours the fighter squadrons would arrive and the AA positions were manned. 12 AA Brigade had 20\u201330 separate convoys moving on any given day, and by November it was providing cover for six RAF wings and one US Army Air Force Group. As the advance progressed the retreating Germans took greater pains to make abandoned landing grounds unusable; at one field near 'Marble Arch', 2000 mines had to be lifted by the RA/RE/RAF teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Gazala to Tunisia\n12 AA Brigade followed Eighth Army all the way to Tripoli, which fell on 23 January 1943. By now, 14th LAA Rgt (39, 40, 57 LAA Btys, 36 x Bofors) was at Buerat. The last phase of Eighth Army's operations in North Africa was the advance from Tripoli into Tunisia. 12 AA Brigade continued to conduct airfield defence, against increasing opposition. The typical mobile group allocated to an airfield contained one HAA and two LAA batteries. To avoid detection, the groups moved by night, being allotted special priority for routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Gazala to Tunisia\nFor the Battle of the Mareth Line in late March 1943 12 AA Bde covered nine forward landing grounds for five RAF wings, all within 20 miles (32\u00a0km) of enemy positions. The standard procedure was for both HAA and LAA guns to be sited to engage potential attacks by tanks as well as aircraft, and to be tightly integrated with the ground defence units. Air raid engagements could be complicated by the presence of friendly aircraft using the airfield. After Mareth the units of 12 AA Brigade also began to take on responsibility for ports on the Tunisian coast. The advance ended at Enfidaville after seven months and 1,500 miles (2,400\u00a0km) of continuous movement, and the AA gunners began a programme of rest and refitting, while contributing to the AA defence of the ports from which the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) was to be launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Operation Avalanche\n14th LAA Regiment was not involved in Sicily, but instead sailed with 12 AA Bde direct from Tunisia to the landings on mainland Italy at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) starting on 9 September. The regiment's task was to defend Montecorvino Airfield, but although this was rushed before the Luftwaffe aircraft could fly off, the airfield remained under heavy and accurate enemy bombardment until 13 September and the LAA guns could not be effectively deployed until this ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nThe bridgehead was dangerously congested and so the intended AA reinforcements could not be brought in safely; the units already ashore had to meet all demands against multiple air raids delivered simultaneously with little warning. The Germans were finally forced to retire on 16 September. 12 AA Brigade was keen to follow up quickly with a column of mobile AA troops to Naples, but this bold plan was vetoed. The brigade's units began to arrive in Naples by road and sea (having re-embarked in landing craft) on 1 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0029-0002", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nThis deployment only lasted three weeks before they moved on again to the River Volturno, where they were required to provide cover for routes, bridges, landing-grounds and field gun positions for X Corps' assault crossing of the river. The Luftwaffe was very active in trying to prevent the crossings, particularly using Bf 109s and Focke-Wulf Fw 190s as fighter-bombers. During 1943 Lt-Col Eastwood was promoted to command 12 AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nOnce across the Volturno, operations slowed down as the Allies faced the German Winter Line. 12 AA Brigade's units were deployed around Capua, Cancello and Grazzanise from October to December. Then in January 1944, they moved forward to cover the assembly areas and ferry sites for the crossing of the Garigliano, after which the brigade passed to XIII Corps for the Rapido river crossings and the advance up the Liri Valley (Operation Diadem). Its LAA regiments were committed to bridges, defiles, assembly areas and artillery positions, and enemy aircraft were active in low-level strafing and bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nThere were severe problems in getting the AA guns forward along the heavily congested routes. As XIII Corps advanced on a narrow front, 12 AA Bde found itself stretched along 80 miles (130\u00a0km) of roads protecting the long 'tail'. After the breakout from the Anzio beachhead and the capture of Rome in early June, 12 AA Bde was deployed in the Tiber plain protecting airfields, river crossings etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nIn August, 12 AA Bde and its units were transferred to Eighth Army on the Adriatic front. Over the next six months the army advanced only 100 miles (160\u00a0km), finally reaching the Gothic Line. During this period the brigade mainly supported I Polish Corps. AA units were hampered by lack of early warning radar, while enemy aircraft were initially very active. However, Luftwaffe activity declined towards the end of the year, and  the Allied forces in Italy were suffering an acute manpower shortage, so surplus AA gunners were transferred to other roles and several units disbanded. Although 14th LAA Rgt remained in the order of battle, in common with other units that had been overseas for a long time it returned from Italy to the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nIn the spring of 1945 14th LAA Rgt joined 5 AA Bde in East Anglia. After VE-day, AA Command was rapidly run down. In the autumn of 1945, 14th LAA Rgt transferred to 40 AA Bde in Scotland. In April 1946, the regiment was placed in suspended animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 71], "content_span": [72, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the TA regiment and its three batteries was placed in suspended animation at Pilton Camp, Edinburgh, where the personnel continued in 14th LAA Rgt as a war-formed unit of the Regular Army, while the TA unit reformed at Linlithgow as 514 (West Lothian, Royal Scots) LAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 46 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe war-formed unit was redesignated 46 LAA Regiment on 1 April 1947, with the following changes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 46 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe regiment was reduced to cadre on 26 July 1948 and placed in suspended animation on 16 August. However, RHQ and the three batteries were resuscitated on 15 September that year as 46 (Mixed) Heavy AA Regiment at Carter Barracks, Bulford Camp, Wiltshire. 'Mixed' indicated that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the unit. It was armed with 3.7-inch HAA guns/", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 46 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThis regiment in turn was reduced to cadre on 15 May 1955 at Hobbs Barracks, Lingfield, Surrey, only to be reformed in name on 16 June that year when 75 HAA Rgt (37, 150, 182 HAA Btys) at Milton Barracks, Gravesend, Kent, was redesignated as 46 HAA Rgt (117, 124, 126 HAA Btys).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 46 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nFrom July 1957 to August 1958 the regiment served at Paphos in Cyprus, with RHQ, 124 and 126 Btys at Pinefields Camp, and 117 Bty split between St Barbara's Camp and Coral Bay. That regiment finally entered suspended animation on 31 October 1958 (117 Bty being formally disbanded on 1 January 1962).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 514 (West Lothian, Royal Scots) LAA Regiment\n514 (West Lothian, Royal Scots) LAA Rgt formed part of 62 AA Bde (the prewar 36 (Scottish) AA Bde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 514 (West Lothian, Royal Scots) LAA Regiment\nWhen AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955 there was a major reduction in the number of AA units in the TA. 514th LAA Regiment amalgamated with R Bty of 471 (Forth) HAA Rgt, 519th (Dunedin) LAA Rgt and 587 (Queen's Edinburgh Royal Scots) LAA Rgt to form a new 432 LAA Rgt with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Postwar, 514 (West Lothian, Royal Scots) LAA Regiment\nA further reduction in 1961 saw 432 LAA Rgt converted to the Royal Engineers as part of 432 (City of Edinburgh) Corps Engineer Regiment, except Q (West Lothian, Royal Scots) Bty, which instead joined 445 (Cameronians) LAA Rgt on 1 May 1961 to form R (West Lothian) Bty in a new 445 (Lowland) LAA Rgt. In 1967 this regiment was disbanded and became concurrently part of 207 (Scottish) Bty in 102 (Ulster and Scottish) Light Air Defence Rgt, and T (Glasgow) Bty in the Lowland Rgt, RA (Territorials).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Uniform and Insignia\nThe original uniform worn by the Linlithgowshire RVCs was dark Volunteer grey, a dark grey cap with ball tuft, and brown belts. The 1st RVC had scarlet piping, the other three had scarlet facings. In 1863 the combined battalion adopted Rifle green uniforms with red facings; the headgear was a shako, replaced by a rifle busby with a black-and-red plume and bugle badge in 1872. In 1876 the lower part of the plume was changed to light green, and the tunic cuffs were changed to rifle green with a light green Austrian knot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Uniform and Insignia\nAbout 1890 the brown belts were replaced by black Slade-Wallace equipment, the facings were changed to red piping on the collar and a red crow's foot on the cuff, and the lower part of the busby plume was changed from green to red. This uniform was replaced in 1903 by a drab service dress with red piping and a Glengarry bonnet with Royal Scots badge, buff belts, and black leggings. In 1908 the battalion adopted the scarlet full dress with blue facings of the Royal Scots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Honorary Colonel\nArchibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (the future Prime Minister) held the position of Honorary Colonel of the battalion from 18 April 1874 until 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159230-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteers, Memorial\nA gun captured at Archangel by 2/10th Bn is preserved at Glencorse Barracks, the former depot of the Royal Scots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment\n1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment was a Lithuanian dragoon regiment in service of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was formed in 1717. It was disbanded 202 years later, in 1919. This regiment was one of the eldest in the whole Prussian army. The regiment was recruited almost exclusively from volunteers from its immediate homeland, i.e. Lithuania Minor, and was well reputed in the army at all times for having the best horses and riders. In the memoirs of the inhabitants of Lithuania Minor it is written that they were proud of serving in this regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 18th century\nOn 19 April 1717, King Frederick William I of Prussia ordered major general Heinrich Jordan von Wuthenau to form a regiment from 780 Saxon cavalrymen and dragoons, which Augustus II the Strong gifted the Prussian King. Already in May, von Wuthenau divided the regiment into eight companies. The uniform consisted of a white coat with light blue embroidering, because of which the regiment was called the \"Porcelain regiment\". In December, the regiment was ordered to march to \u012esr\u016btis, Til\u017e\u0117, Ragain\u0117, Geldap\u0117, Stalup\u0117nai and Pilkalnis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 18th century\nIn 1718, the whole regiment was assembled in its entirety to a single place for military exercise in \u012esr\u016btis and by the August of that year, the regiment already had ten companies. In 1725,\u00a0it was established that every company would have 110 dragoons, and each company was renamed to squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 18th century\nWhen general von Wuthenau died in 1727, the regiment was divided in two regiments, which were that of von Cosel and von Dockum. The regiment von Cosel maintained the same uniform and was assigned all of the same garrisons except Til\u017e\u0117. The dragoon regiment von Dockum remained in Til\u017e\u0117 with its five squadrons and received white coats with red embroidering. After a year, the regiment received silver timpani. The dragoon regiment von Dockum was later called the 7th Dragoon regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 18th century\nIn the period between 1734 and 1746, the regiment was often relocated to various places such as Berlin, Magdeburg, Potsdam ir Til\u017e\u0117. Finally, in 1746, Til\u017e\u0117 was established as the regiment's permanent garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 18th century, First Silesian War (1740-1742)\nDuring the First Silesian War, the regiment fought in the Battle of Chotusitz with the Imperial and Royal von Birkenfeld Cuirassier regiment. The dragoon regiment's Leibstandarte was lost when the enemies grenadiers seized it from the seriously wounded junker  von Roop. The regiment lost four officers and 152 soldiers, with six officers and 71 soldiers being wounded. In addition, three officers and 280 soldiers were made prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 18th century, Second Silesian War (1744\u20131745)\nDuring the Second Silesian War, adjutant lieutenant von Blankenburg lost the timpani and flag in the skirmish near Niederzehren. However, in the battle of Kesselsdorf, the dragoon regiment attacked the Saxon Karabiniers-garde and mounted grenadiers. The Lithuanian dragoon regiment defeated the Saxon Foot Guard and also the Saxon infatry regiment Niesemeuschel. The victorious regiment took away the flags of both of these regiments. In addition, the regiment seized the flag and silver timpani of the Saxon Karabiniers-garde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 78], "content_span": [79, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 19th century, Napoleonic wars\nAfter the Treaties of Tilsit and the cabinet's order of 14 September 1808, regiments were no longer named after their commanders. During the Prussian Army's reorganization, the regiment was initially called the East Prussian Dragoon Regiment (Ostpreu\u00dfisches Dragoner-Regiment), and after the cabinet's order of 14 September 1808, the regiment was called the 3rd Dragoon Regiment. The Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment was at first established in Til\u017e\u0117 and \u012esr\u016btis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 19th century, Napoleonic wars\nTwo of the regiment's squadrons were made part of the 1st Mobile Dragoon Regiment, which was part of Yorck's Auxiliary Prussian Corps. This Corps fought on Napoleon's side in the French invasion of Russia in 1812. Later, the regiment fought in Germany and France in 1813 and 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 19th century, After the Napoleonic wars\nCirca 1815\u20131816, the regiment's soldiers were dispersed into other parts of the Prussian Kingdom, i.e. Berlin, Demmin or Til\u017e\u0117. In between 1860 and 1866, the regiment was garrisoned in different parts of East Prussia, e.g. \u012esr\u016btis or Ragain\u0117. Finally, from 1879,\u00a0the regiment was located only in Til\u017e\u0117.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, 20th century, World War I\nEven until the end of the First World War, the signs outside the soldiers' barracks were in Lithuanian and German languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159231-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment, Legacy\nA statue commemorating the regiment's fallen soldiers was built after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159232-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Vanguard Regiment\nThe 1st Lithuanian Vanguard Regiment (Lithuanian: 1-as prie\u0161akin\u0117s sargybos J. K. D. D. L. Kunigaik\u0161tijos pulkas; Polish: 1 Pu\u0142k Litewski Przedniej Stra\u017cy) was a military unit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The full name was 1st Advance Guard Regiment of HM the Grand Duke of Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159232-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Vanguard Regiment, History, Origins\nFormed in 1776 as light ulans from light cavalry banners and was called an uhlan regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159232-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Vanguard Regiment, History, Great Sejm 1788-1792\nThe regiment was stationed in Anyk\u0161\u010diai & Rechytsa (1789), Khalopyenichy (1790), Vid\u017eiai (1792).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159232-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian Vanguard Regiment, After the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth\nAfter the Ko\u015bciuszko Uprising, the regiment was transferred into Russian army as Lithuanian-Tatar Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159233-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division\nThe 1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division (Polish: 1. Dywizja Litewsko-Bia\u0142oruska, 1.DL-B; Belarusian: 1-\u0430\u044f \u041b\u0456\u0442\u043e\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430-\u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u044b\u0432\u0456\u0437\u0456\u044f; Lithuanian: 1-oji Lietuvos-Baltarusijos divizija) was a volunteer unit of the Polish Army formed around December 1918 and January 1919 during the Polish\u2013Soviet War. It was created out of several dozen smaller units of self-defence forces composed of local volunteers in what is now Lithuania and Belarus, amidst a growing series of territorial disputes between the Second Polish Republic, the Russian SFSR, and several other local provisional governments. The Division took part in several key battles of the war. Around 15-18% of the division were ethnic Lithuanians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159233-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division, History\nWith the end of the World War I in the West, a growing series of territorial disputes between Poland, Soviet Russia and several other local provisional governments erupted in a series of wars in Central and Eastern Europe, the most prominent of these being the Polish\u2013Soviet War. Starting in the last years of the First World War, many smaller units of self-defence forces were created out of local volunteers in those areas, among them likely the best known being the Lithuanian and Belarusian Self-Defence ('Samoobrona Litwy i Bia\u0142orusi').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159233-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division, History\nSelf-Defence units were organized in the areas of the Kresy region with Polish majorities or significant minorities \u2013 usually urbanized areas like the cities of Vilnius, Minsk, Hrodna, Lida and Kaunas, or towns like A\u0161miany, Wilejka, Nemen\u010din\u0117, \u015awir and Panev\u0117\u017eys; until December 1918 those units had no central command or organization and many of them were named after the local cities or regions (like 'Samoobrona Lidy'). The first task of those units was curbing the crime wave by German deserters, and later, defence from the pro-Bolshevik groups. Despite its name, most of the members of that organization were either Poles or polonized, and therefore supported the cause of attaching those territories with the newly recreated Polish state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159233-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division, History, Operational history\nThe initial core of the division was formed in December 1918 in Minsk, where a group of roughly 1,500 Poles and Belarusians rose to arms to defend the city against the advancing forces of Soviet Russia. In June 1919, the Bolsheviks deployed the Jewish First Guard Battalion from Minsk (at the insistence of its own members) against the Polish Army which included the First and the Second Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Divisions. The pro-communist Jews had won the first skirmish, forcing the Poles and Belorussians to retreat several kilometers. On August 8, 1919, Polish troops recaptured Minsk from the Bolsheviks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159233-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division, History, Operational history\nThe main attack was in the direction of Maladzechna, Minsk, and Polatsk along the railroad lines. However, due to Russian numerical superiority and lack of support from the side of the short-lived Belarusian People's Republic, the group withdrew towards central Poland. Other such self-defence groups, resistance organizations, and veterans of the Green Army of the Russian Civil War also reached Poland, where they were reformed into a single unit under the command of general W\u0142adys\u0142aw Wejtko formerly from the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159233-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division, History, Operational history\nAnother large group of volunteers to join the division were the remnants of roughly 2,500 men strong force created in Vilnius to defend it against the Reds in January 1919. In the effect of four-day-long fights for the city and the area of Nowa Wilejka, the Polish forces were pushed back and the city had to be abandoned. The newly formed division took part in the Battle of Brze\u015b\u0107 Litewski of January 8 of that year, one of the first battles of the Polish\u2013Soviet War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159233-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division, History, Operational history\nThe division, commanded by Gen. Jan Rz\u0105dkowski, took part in many of the largest battles of that conflict. Among others, it played a major role in the Battle of Radzymin, a part of the Battle of Warsaw, the decisive struggle of the war. It also took part in the Battle of the Niemen, where it suffered heavy losses. Finally, two days prior to the cease-fire ending the war, the units of the division \u2013 then commanded by Gen. Lucjan \u017beligowski \u2013 took over Vilnius Region from the Lithuanian forces and formed the core of the armed forces of the disputed Republic of Central Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159233-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division, History, Operational history\nFollowing the elections held in Wilno and the state merger with Poland in 1923, the division was partially demobilized, while its remnants were incorporated into the Polish 19th Infantry Division stationed in Wilno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159233-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division, 2nd Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division\nParts of the 1st Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division (1.DL-B) were transferred, in July 1919, to form the parallel 2nd Lithuanian\u2013Belarusian Division (Polish: 2. Dywizja Litewsko-Bia\u0142oruska, 2.DL-B) of the Polish Army. The division suffered heavy casualties during the Soviet invasion in summer 1920; some soldiers were forced to retreat into Lithuanian territory where they were interned by the Bolsheviks. The division was soon reinforced and renamed as the 20th Infantry Division. It temporarily returned to the old name of the 2nd Division after \u017beligowski's Mutiny, when it became part of the Republic of Central Lithuania military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159234-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Live Tour: Brand New Era\n1st Live Tour ~Brand New Era~ (stylized as Lead 1st live tour \uff5eBRAND NEW ERA\uff5e) is the first concert video release by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead. It was released on both DVD and VHS on November 17, 2004. It managed to peak in the top ten on Oricon at No. 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159234-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Live Tour: Brand New Era\nDespite corresponding with their second studio album Brand New Era, most of the songs performed where from their debut album Life On Da Beat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159234-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Live Tour: Brand New Era, Information\nLead 1st live tour ~Brand New Era~ is the first concert released on video by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead. It was released on both DVD and VHS. It broke into the top ten on the Oricon DVD charts at No. 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159234-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Live Tour: Brand New Era, Information\nAlthough the tour was to correspond with their second studio album, Brand New Era, most of the songs performed were from their debut album Life On Da Beat. They also performed the tour-exclusive song \"Tribal Party\" (stylized as TRIBAL PARTY), which would never be released on an album or single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159234-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Live Tour: Brand New Era, Information\nThe performance utilized for the video was their finale at Nakano Sun Plaza in Nakano, Tokyo on August 25, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159234-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Live Tour: Brand New Era, Information\nThis would be their only concert to be released on VHS, whereas the VHS format was on the decline, while the optical disc, such as the DVD, was on the rise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159235-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Logistics Brigade (Romania)\nThe 1st Logistics Brigade \"Prahova\" (Brigada 1 Logistic\u0103 \"Prahova\") is a logistics brigade currently belonging to the Romanian Land Forces and it is subordinated to the 1st Infantry Division. It was formed on 1 February 2001 and its headquarters are located in Ploie\u015fti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159236-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lok Sabha\nThe First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 after India's first general election. The 1st Lok Sabha lasted its full tenure of five years and was dissolved on 4 April 1957. The First Session of this Lok Sabha commenced on 13 May 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159236-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lok Sabha\nTotal Lok Sabha seats were 489 and total eligible voters were 17.3 crores. The Indian National Congress (INC) won 364 seats. They were followed by Independents, winning a total of 37 seats. The Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Socialist Party (India) followed with 16 and 12 seats respectively. Indian National Congress got 45% of the total votes in this election and won 76% of the 479 contested seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159236-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lok Sabha, Lok Sabha officers\nAs per Article 93 of Constitution of India, the Lok Sabha must have elected and non-elected officers. The elected members are Speaker and the Deputy Speaker whereas the non-elected members are the Secretariat staff. Following were the 1st Lok Sabha officers and other important members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159236-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lok Sabha, Lok Sabha officers\na. (Not Officially Declared) The position of Leader of the Opposition only got recognition in 1977 post Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159236-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Lok Sabha, Members\nList of members as published by the Election Commission of India and Parliament of India:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159236-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Lok Sabha, Members\nMembers by political party in 1st Lok Sabha are given below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0000-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers\nThe 1st London Field Company, Royal Engineers (Territorial Force) was a Territorial engineer unit of the British Army active during World War I. Formed in 1908, it was based in Bethnal Green in East London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0001-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, Origin\nWhen the former Volunteer Force was subsumed into the Territorial Force in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the East London (Tower Hamlets) Royal Engineers (Volunteers) became the divisional engineers for the TF's 1st London Division, forming the 1st London Field Company and 2nd London Field Company as well as the Divisional Signals Company. All three sub-units were based at the drill hall at Victoria Park Square, Bethnal Green, that the East London Engineers had built in 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0002-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe 1st London Division left by railway from Waterloo station on Sunday 2 August 1914 for its annual training camp, which was to be held at Wareham, Dorset. No sooner had it reached camp than it received orders to return to London for mobilisation. This process had been carefully planned, so that before war was declared on 4 August the units were already at their war stations, such as guarding vital railway lines, while the rear details at the drill halls completed mobilisation and began recruiting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0003-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 15 August the TF was ordered to separate men who had volunteered for overseas service from the Home Service men, and on 31 August it was authorised to begin forming Reserve or 2nd Line units composed of Home Service men and recruits. These were distinguished by the prefix '2/', so that the 1st London Field Company became the 1/1st, and its second line was the 2/1st London Field Company in 2/1st London Division. Later, the 2nd Line were made ready for overseas service and new Reserve or 3rd Line units were formed to continue to process of training. The 1st London Reserve Field Company was later numbered 516th Company before being absorbed into the central training organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0004-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nDuring the autumn of 1914, 1st London Division was progressively broken up to provide reinforcements for formations serving overseas. 1/1st London Field Company joined the Regular 6th Division in France on 23 December 1914 and remained with that formation throughout the war. When RE field companies were renumbered on 1 February 1917 it became 509th (London) Field Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0005-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, World War I, 6th Division\n6th Division served on the Western Front throughout World War I, taking part in the following operations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0006-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, World War I, 6th Division\nOn 9 August 1915 the 6th Division attacked and recaptured the chateau at Hooge. Number 4 Section of the company joined in the attack alongside the 2nd Battalion Durham Light Infantry, and the company suffered its highest casualties in a single day. The work of the company in fortifying the newly captured position with barbed wire received special mention in the report by GHQ. Sapper Berry received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his actions in the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0007-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, World War I, 6th Division\nBy February 1918 the 6th Division was manning the Lagnicourt Sector and was there on 22 March when the Germans launched their Spring Offensive which drove the division back and caused 3,900 casualties out of its 5000 infantry. The divisional history records that 'The field companies suffered heavily, and rendered good service as infantry'. The company war diary for March 1918 stops after the 20th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0008-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, World War I, 6th Division\nIn November 1918 its commanding officer was Major H. G. Bambridge, M.C., R.E.(S. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 67], "content_span": [68, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0009-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, World War I, Last survivor\nIn August 2002 William Burnett, probably the last surviving member of the company, was awarded the French Legion of Honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0010-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, World War I, 2/1st London Field Company\n2/1st London Field Company served at home with the 2/1st London Division (now numbered the 58th (2/1st London) Division) until February 1916, when the 58th Divisional Engineers left to join 1st London Division (by now numbered 56th (1/1st London) Division), which was reforming in France. It served with that formation for the remainder of the war. From February 1917 it was numbered 512th (London) Field Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0011-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, Later history\n56th (London) Division reformed in 1920 as part of the reorganised Territorial Army (TA). The field companies of the Divisional Engineers were all labelled (1st London), the senior being numbered 216th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0012-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, Later history\nIn 1935 the two London divisions were merged into a single formation, and 56th Divisional Engineers became surplus. It was converted into a Corps Troops RE unit (originally 56th CTRE, later 1st London CTRE) at Bethnal Green. On the outbreak of war in 1939,1st London CTRE's companies were dispersed and assigned to other HQs. 216th (1st London) Field Company joined General Headquarters (GHQ) with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France. After the Dunkirk evacuation, it went to the Middle East with III CTRE, which was disbanded in April 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0013-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, Later history\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the former 56th Divisional Engineers was reformed at Bethnal Green as 114 (1st London) Army Engineer Regiment with 216\u20138 Field Squadrons and 219 Field Park Squadron. In 1956 it was redesignated as a Field Engineer Regiment, and again in 1961 as a Corps Engineer Regiment, when 216 Sqn was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159237-0014-0000", "contents": "1st London Field Company Royal Engineers, Memorials\nThere are several memorial plaques to members of the East London Engineers in the church of St John on Bethnal Green, close to the former drill hall in Victoria Square. One is a brass plate dedicated to the 675 officers, NCOs and men of the 1st London Divisional Engineers who died in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159238-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Look\n1st Look is a weekly American travel and lifestyle television program that is broadcast on NBC. Produced by LXTV, it highlights top travel destinations around the country, with a focus on cuisine and nightlife. The program has had 11 different hosts to date, beginning with original hosts Gardner Loulan and Angela Sun. Audrina Patridge was a former host of 1st Look, having joined the program in January 2014. On October 6, 2015, Ashley Roberts was named as Patridge's successor as host, taking over the role beginning with the January 9, 2016 episode. On July 12, 2018, it was announced that MTV personality Johnny \"Bananas\" Devenanzio would take over from Roberts as host beginning in September of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159238-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Look\nOriginally airing exclusively on NBC's owned-and-operated stations, the half-hour program airs in most markets on Saturday late-nights (usually immediately following Saturday Night Live) as part of NBC's overnight lineup of LXTV-produced programs, with an encore presentation on Friday late-nights; however, its timeslot may vary depending on the market due to commitments by affiliate to air local, syndicated or paid programming, while the program is pre-empted by some NBC affiliates (most notably, those owned by Graham Media Group).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159238-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Look, Format\nThe program looks at various travel destinations around the United States, with occasional episodes also filmed in international locales. Each episode spotlights trendy and noteworthy restaurants, tourist attractions and nightlife in each location, with some segments featuring the host participating in diverse activities. Illustrations of local cuisine are the most common segments on 1st Look, with certain entire episodes featuring tours of restaurants in one or more regions and accordingly, a look at the making of some of the eatery's signature dishes. The program sometimes deviates from its normal format to feature behind-the-scenes aspects of special events (such as the Golden Globe Awards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159238-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Look, Format\nFrom 2011 to 2012, the program (through a partnership between LXTV and the lifestyle website Daily Candy) showcased special deals for home viewers involving locations featured on that week's episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159239-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Battery Light Artillery (African Descent)\nThe 1st Louisiana Battery Light Artillery (African Descent) was organized at Hebron's Plantation, Missouri, November 6, 1863. Attached to 1st Brigade, U.S. Colored Troops, District of Vicksburg, to April, 1864. On duty at Goodrich Landing and Vicksburg till April, 1864. Designation of Battery changed to Battery \"C\", 2nd U.S. Colored Light Artillery, April 26, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159239-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Battery Light Artillery (African Descent)\nOrganized from 1st Louisiana Battery, African Descent. Designated Battery \"A\" March 11, 1864, and Batter \"C\", April 26, 1864. Attached to Post Goodrich Landing, District of Vicksburg, Mississippi, to May, 1864. Post of Louisiana, District of Vicksburg, Mississippi, to December 1864. Reserve Artillery, Post of Vicksburg, Mississippi, District of Vicksburg, Mississippi, to December, 1865. Post and garrison duty at Goodrich Landing, Vicksburg, and Milliken's Bend and in the Department of Mississippi till December, 1865. Mustered out December 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159240-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 1st Louisiana Cavalry Regiment, also known as Scott's Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment from Louisiana that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Raised in 1861 it served all over the Western Theater until the surrender in 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159241-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Louisiana Regiment Cavalry was a cavalry unit in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was one of several organized in New Orleans in August 1862 by order of Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler and recruited from among \"white Unionists, and pro-Northern refugees\" in the city; it consisted primarily of foreigners and men of Northern birth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159241-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe unit was assigned in 1863 to the Union XIX Corps of Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks in the Department of the Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159241-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThey participated in operations in Western Louisiana: Fort Bisland, Irish Bend, and Vermillion Bayou in April, 1863 and in the Siege of Port Hudson from May to July. The regiment participated in the Red River Campaign from March to May, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159241-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe unit left Louisiana and moved to Fort Barrancas, Florida in February 1865. It joined the campaign against Mobile, Alabama. The regiment then marched to Blakely, across the Mobile River, taking control of its Fort Blakely, a major fort during the war. This completed Confederate defeat in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159241-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Cavalry Regiment (Union), 2nd Louisiana Regiment Cavalry\nThe 2nd Louisiana Regiment Cavalry was originally organized as the 3rd Louisiana Infantry in New Orleans on November 25, 1863. After serving at the defenses of  Brashear City, Baton Rouge and Port Hudson, the unit was consolidated with 1st Louisiana Cavalry on September 7, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159242-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion\nThe 1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion, officially known as the 1st Battalion, Louisiana Volunteers and often referred to as the Dreux-Rightor Battalion to distinguish it from units with similar designations, was an infantry battalion from Louisiana that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159242-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion, History\nThe five original companies of the battalion, the first volunteer companies to respond to the state's call for volunteers to serve in the Confederate army, were sent to Pensacola, Florida in mid-April 1861 to bring the 1st Louisiana Regulars, who had not finished their organization, up to strength. The New Orleans companies included some of the city's most prominent gentlemen. After the remainder of the 1st Louisiana Regulars companies arrived at Pensacola in late May, the five companies that became those of the battalion were sent to Virginia, where they arrived on 30 May. The companies were organized as the 1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion at Richmond on 11 June, with Orleans Cadets captain Charles Didier Dreux elected lieutenant colonel. The five companies were designated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159242-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion, History\nThe battalion was soon sent to join the Yorktown garrison. On 5 July, Dreux led a detachment composed of twenty picked men from each company to ambush Union soldiers near Newport News. In the resulting short skirmish, he and another man were killed, making Dreux the first Louisiana officer, and likely the first Confederate officer killed in the war. After Dreux's death, Major Nicholas H. Rightor succeeded to command and became lieutenant colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159242-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion, History\nOn 16 July, the battalion was increased to six companies by the transfer of Company C of the Louisiana Guards, who became Company C of the battalion, from the 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment. The battalion remained on picket duty in the Virginia Peninsula until April 1862, when the Union Army of the Potomac launched the Peninsula campaign. The 1st Louisiana Battalion participated in a skirmish near the junction of the Warwick and Yorktown roads on 5 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159242-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion, History\nExcept for Company D, the one-year terms of service of the companies of the battalion expired during the campaign, but they agreed to remain in service until the conclusion of the campaign. The 1st Battalion was disbanded on 1 May, just before the army retreated to Richmond after the Battle of Yorktown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159242-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion, History\nMost men of the battalion reenlisted in a battery formed by Captain Charles E. Fenner of Company A. Company D was assigned to the 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment. During its service, a total of 545 men served in the battalion. Besides Dreux and the other man killed on 5 July 1861, sixteen members of the battalion died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159243-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Louisiana Regiment Infantry was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159243-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe unit was organized at New Orleans, Louisiana, on  July 30, 1862, and remained on duty there until January, 1863. They then moved to Baton Rouge where they remained until March, after which they participated in operations against Port Hudson, and in the Siege of Port Hudson culminating in the surrender on  July 9, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159243-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment participated in the Red River Campaign from March to May, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159244-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate)\nThe 1st Louisiana Native Guard was a Confederate Louisianan militia that consisted of free blacks. Formed in 1861 in New Orleans, Louisiana, it was disbanded on April 25, 1862. Some of the unit's members joined the Union Army's 1st Louisiana Native Guard, which later became the 73rd Regiment Infantry of the United States Colored Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159244-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate), Confederate Louisiana militia\nShortly after Louisiana's secession, Governor Thomas Overton Moore issued pleas for troops on April 17 and April 21, 1861. In response to the governor's request, a committee of ten prominent New Orleans free blacks called a meeting at the Catholic Institute on April 22. About two thousand people attended the meeting where muster lists were opened, with about 1,500 free blacks signing up. Governor Moore accepted the services of these men as part of the state's militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159244-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate), Confederate Louisiana militia\nThe new militia regiment was formed during May 1861, consisting mostly of free persons of color, Creole Francophones (gens de couleur). While some members of the new regiment came from wealthy prominent free-black families, a majority of the men were clerks, artisans, and skilled laborers. At that time, an estimated 25,000 African American residents of Louisiana and New Orleans had gained their freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159244-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate), Confederate Louisiana militia\nOn May 29, 1861, Governor Moore appointed three white officers as commanders of the regiment, and company commanders were appointed from among the free blacks of the regiment. The militia unit was the first of any in North America to have African-American officers, preceding the United States Colored Troops. This regiment was called the Louisiana Native Guard. Though ten per cent of its members would later join the Union Army's 1st Louisiana Native Guard, the two were separate military units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159244-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate), Activities\nThe Native Guards were volunteers, and as such supplied their own arms and uniforms. These were displayed in a grand review of troops in New Orleans on November 23, 1861, and again on January 8, 1862. They offered their services to escort Union prisoners (captured at the First Battle of Bull Run) through New Orleans. Confederate General David Twiggs declined the offer, but thanked them for the \"promptness with which they answered the call.\" The Louisiana State Legislature passed a law in January 1862 that reorganized the militia into only \u201c...free white males capable of bearing arms\u2026 \u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159244-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate), Activities\nThe Native Guards regiment was affected by this law. It was forced to disband on February 15, 1862, when the new law took effect. \"Their demise was only temporary, however, for Governor Moore reinstated the Native Guards on March 24 after the U.S. Navy under Admiral David G. Farragut entered the Mississippi River.\" As the regular Confederate forces under Major General Mansfield Lovell abandoned New Orleans, the militia units were left to fend for themselves. The Native Guards were again, and in finality, ordered to disband by General John L. Lewis, of the Louisiana Militia, on April 25, 1862, as Federal ships arrived opposite the city. General Lewis cautioned them to hide their arms and uniforms before returning home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159244-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate), Companies\nCompanies of the Confederate 1st Louisiana Native Guard prior to disbanding in 1862:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union)\nThe 1st Louisiana Native Guard (French: Corps d'Afrique), later the 73rd Regiment Infantry U.S. Colored Troops, was one of the first all-black regiments to fight in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was based in New Orleans, Louisiana, and played a prominent role in the Siege of Port Hudson. Its members included a minority of free men of color from New Orleans; most were African-American former slaves who had escaped to join the Union cause and gain freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union)\nA predecessor regiment by the same name, 1st Louisiana Native Guard (CSA), had served in the militia of Confederate Louisiana. It was made up entirely of free men of color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Union regiment formed\nAfter New Orleans fell to Admiral David Farragut in April 1862, Union Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler headquartered his 12,000-man Army of the Gulf in New Orleans. On September 27, 1862, Butler organized the Union Army's 1st Louisiana Native Guard regiment, some of whose members had served in the previous Confederate Native Guard regiment. Free men of color had served with the militia since the French colonial period. But the regiment's initial strength was 1,000 men, and it was composed mostly of African-American former slaves who had escaped to freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Union regiment formed\nThe Union commissioned several African-American line officers of the Guard. Former Confederate Lt. Andre Cailloux, a Creole of color (free man of color) in New Orleans, was named captain of Company E. P. B. S. Pinchback, also a free man of color, was appointed as captain of Company A, and later was reassigned as company commander of the 2nd Regiment. (He later served as governor of the state, as a US Representative and Senator.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Union regiment formed\nJames Lewis, a mixed-race, former steward on the Confederate river-steamer De Soto, was commissioned as captain of company K. During this period, some slaves who escaped from nearby plantations joined the regiment, but the Union Army's official policy discouraged such enrollments. In November 1862, the number of escaped slaves seeking to enlist became so great that the Union organized a second regiment and, a month later, a third regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Union regiment formed\nThe field-grade officers of these regiments (colonels, lieutenant colonels, and majors) were white men, with the notable exception of Major Francois (Francis) Ernest Dumas of the 2nd Regiment, a Creole of color. Colonel Spencer Stafford, formerly Butler's military \"mayor\" of New Orleans, was the original white commander of the 1st Louisiana Native Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Banks purges black line officers\nAfter General Nathaniel P. Banks replaced Butler as Commander of the Department of the Gulf, he began a systematic campaign to purge all the black or colored line officers from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Regiments of the Louisiana Native Guard. He secured the resignations of all the black line officers in the 2nd Regiment in February 1863, but most of the black line officers in the 1st Regiment and 3rd Regiment remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Siege of Port Hudson\nFrom its formation in September 1862 until early May 1863, the 1st Louisiana Native Guard largely performed fatigue duty\u2013chopping wood, gathering supplies, and digging earthworks. From January 1863 to May 1863, the regiment also guarded the railway depots along the rail line between Algiers (south of the Mississippi River, now part of New Orleans) to Brashear City (now called Morgan City). By this time, the Guard's numbers had diminished to 500. Troops of the Native Guards were assigned guard duty at Fort Macomb, Fort Pike, Fort Massachusetts (Mississippi), Fort St. Philip, and Fort Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Siege of Port Hudson\nIn mid-1863, the 1st Louisiana Native Guard, along with the 3rd Louisiana Native Guard, had its first chance at combat. These units participated in the first assault at Milliken's Bend in the Siege of Port Hudson on May 27, as well as the second assault on June 14. Captain Andre Cailloux died heroically in the first assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Siege of Port Hudson\n\"Quiet reigned over the battlefield throughout much of May 28. Banks had requested the truce to carry off the wounded and bury the dead. Yet, inexplicably, the Federals left untouched the area where the Native Guards had charged the previous day--in stark contrast to their actions elsewhere on the battlefield. The hot sun putrefied the bodies until the stench forced Confederate Colonel Shelby to ask Bank's permission to bury the dead in front of his lines. Banks refused, claiming that he had no dead in that area.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Siege of Port Hudson\nCailloux's body, as well as those of the other members of the 1st Louisiana Native Guard who fell with him that day, was left on the field of battle until the surrender of Port Hudson on July 9, 1863. News of his heroism reached New Orleans, and Cailloux received a hero's funeral in the city with a large procession and thousands of attendees along the route on July 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Redesignation and legacy\nIn June 1863, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Louisiana Native Guard Regiments were redesignated as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Corps d'Afrique. Perhaps 200 to 300 of the original 1,000 members of the 1st Louisiana Native Guard made this transition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Redesignation and legacy\nPoor treatment by white soldiers and difficult field conditions resulted in many black officers resigning and enlisted soldiers deserting the Corps. In April 1864 the Corps d'Afrique was dissolved, and its members joined the newly organized 73rd and 74th Regiments of the United States Colored Troops of the Union Army. By the end of the war, about 175,000 African Americans had served in the 170 regiments of the United States Colored Troops. In contrast to the 1st Louisiana Native Guards organization, all field and line officers of the United States Colored Troops were white. At the war's end, approximately 100 of the original 1,000 members of the First Louisiana Native Guard still remained in uniform in either the 73rd or 74th Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Redesignation and legacy\nThe Union Army's 1st Louisiana Native Guard regiment in September 1862 was not made up only of men from the Confederate Guard. Of the nearly 1,000 enlisted soldiers of the Confederate Native Guards, only 107 were recorded as enlisting in the Union \"Native Guard\", and only ten of the 36 officers served the Union. The free men of color had varying reasons for volunteering to serve with the Confederacy, in part to preserve their own standing in the society, just as others did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159245-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Native Guard (Union), Redesignation and legacy\nP.B.S. Pinchback, who came from the North to serve here, and others like him were free men of color who joined the Union militia for the first time and distinctly for that cause. Most of the Guard soldiers were African Americans who had escaped from slavery and joined the Union effort. Some historians think the legend of continuity of the regiments was a propaganda ploy by Union General Benjamin F. Butler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, often referred to as the 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment, was an infantry regiment from Louisiana that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment\nRaised in early 1861 in New Orleans, the regiment was sent to Pensacola and served there as cannoneers for the Confederate batteries. Transferred to the Army of Mississippi in March 1862, the 1st Louisiana Regulars suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Shiloh. After participating in the Siege of Corinth and the Confederate Heartland Offensive later that year, the regiment became part of the Army of Tennessee when the Army of Mississippi was renamed in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment\nAfter further losses at the Battle of Stones River, the regiment was placed on provost duty, being briefly consolidated with the 8th Arkansas Infantry Regiment to fight in the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863. In early 1864 the 1st Louisiana Regulars were attached to Randall Gibson's brigade, which they served with for the rest of the war, fighting in the Atlanta campaign, the Battle of Nashville, and the Battle of Spanish Fort before they surrendered at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Origins\nFollowing the victory of Lincoln in the 1860 election, Louisiana Governor Thomas O. Moore moved rapidly to assure the secession of his state from the union. In early December, he called a special session of the state legislature, which arranged for the election of delegates to a secession convention and acceded to his request to create a special military board responsible for arms purchasing and distribution in addition to authorizing the funding of volunteer companies, at least one for each parish. Among the members of the military board were sugar planter and former army officer Braxton Bragg, a veteran of the Mexican\u2013American War, and lawyer and cotton broker Daniel W. Adams, who had no military experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Origins\nAfter South Carolina became the first state to secede on 20 December, Moore ordered the seizure by militia of the Federal Baton Rouge Arsenal and Barracks, Forts Jackson, St. Philip, and Pike, as well as the army barracks below New Orleans on 8 January. The forts were quickly handed over by the lone ordnance sergeants in charge of them on 10 January and Bragg forced the surrender of the outnumbered arsenal garrison on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Origins\nMeanwhile, militia officers Charles MacPherson Bradford, a district attorney, and John A. Jaquess (sometimes spelled Jacques), a police officer and former filibuster, each raised companies that were initially known known as the 1st and 2nd Companies of the Louisiana Infantry. These companies were officially authorized under a plan to raise 500 regulars for four-month terms of service on the next day. Bradford and Jaquess had both served as junior officers in the Mexican\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Origins\nBradford took control of the New Orleans Marine Hospital at the New Orleans army barracks on 12 January and had its patients removed to another hospital in order to free space for newly mustered in regulars, an action much sensationalized in Northern newspapers. Moore authorized the enlistment of Bradford and Jaquess' companies as Companies A and B, respectively, of what was designated as the 1st Regiment, Louisiana Infantry, which also contained three other newly organized companies, by 25 January. These companies relieved the militiamen in their occupation of the forts and the Baton Rouge Arsenal and Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Origins\nThe state convention officially voted to secede on 26 January, although Moore's actions had already essentially taken the state out of the Union, and Louisiana almost immediately joined the Confederate States of America. In response to the secession vote, Moore ordered the seizure of the only remaining unoccupied Federal post, Fort Macomb, which was carried out on 28 January by a Captain Henry A. Clinch's Company C of the 1st Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe 1st Louisiana Regulars were organized on 5 February 1861 in accordance with an ordinance passed at the state secession convention to establish the Louisiana State Army, a standing army under Bragg's command consisting of an infantry and an artillery regiment modeled on the United States Regular Army, subject to the same discipline as a regular unit. The ordinance stipulated that the infantry regiment would include eight companies with ninety privates each in addition to officers and sergeants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe men of the regiment enlisted for three years of service rather than the single year of the volunteers, and unlike the latter, could not elect their own officers. Instead, Adley H. Gladden was appointed colonel, Adams lieutenant colonel, and Bradford major. Gladden had commanded a regiment in combat during the Mexican\u2013American War. Recruited in New Orleans, the regiment included a large number of immigrants, and was described by one soldier of the 19th Louisiana as being \"composed exclusively of Irish\". Immigrants joining the Louisiana Regulars were often unskilled laborers in civilian life, which placed them at the bottom of the social hierarchy, resulting in economic motivations for enlistment and willingness to enlist for long service terms, in contrast to volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Formation\nWith a strength of roughly 860 men, the regiment transferred to the Provisional Army of the Confederate States on 13 March. During this period the men who enlisted in January were discharged, including those of Jaquess' company, and new companies raised to replace them. By April, prospective recruits were enticed by the reduction of the enlistment term to one year, standard for volunteer units, and a $10 bounty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Formation\nIn early April, the regiment was ordered to Pensacola on the Florida Gulf Coast where the Confederates were blockading Union-held Fort Pickens, after the latter received reinforcements, breaking an understanding between the garrison and the Confederates that the garrison would not accept reinforcements if they were not attacked. Due to these movements, the strengths of the Union garrison and the Confederate forces under the command of Bragg at Pensacola were nearly equivalent, resulting in demands from the Confederate government for troops to augment Bragg's force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe dispatch of the regiment was initially opposed by Moore due to his fears that the Union would attack New Orleans, but Confederate Secretary of War LeRoy Pope Walker's insistence that the threat was nonexistent prevailed. As only Companies A, B, and C had finished recruiting, Moore appealed to volunteer units to complete the regiment. The three complete companies departed for Pensacola on 11 April, followed a week later by the five volunteer companies that responded, the recruitment being aided by a surge in enlistments after the Confederate firing on Fort Sumter began the war in earnest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe companies spent the next several weeks drilling after their arrival in Florida. The remaining seven companies of the 1st Regulars arrived at Pensacola by late May, the regiment having been expanded to ten companies in keeping with standard Confederate practice, and the volunteers were transferred to Virginia as the 1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Pensacola\nAs 1861 turned to summer and then fall, the 1st Louisiana Regulars continued drilling while serving as cannoneers for the heavy artillery batteries at Pensacola in rotations. Bragg took care to avoid provoking military action, ensuring that Pensacola remained a quiet sector during this period. A series of command changes began when Bradford resigned on 23 July, resulting in the promotion of Company D commander Jaquess to major. Gladden was promoted to brigade command on 10 September and succeeded by Adams, allowing Jaquess to move up to lieutenant colonel and Company A commander Frederick H. Farrar to major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Pensacola\nAfter the privateer schooner Judah was burned in a Union raid on the night of 13 to 14 September, Bragg launched a retaliatory sortie against the Union troops on Santa Rosa Island on the night of 8 October. Companies A and B of the 1st Louisiana formed the 400-man 2nd Battalion of the thousand-man force commanded by Brigadier General Richard H. Anderson together with three companies from the 7th Alabama and two from the 1st Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Pensacola\nThe battalion, led by Colonel James Patton Anderson, landed from a steamer along with the rest of the force on a beach four miles east of Fort Pickens. Patton Anderson was directed to advance south through the waist of the island and then turn west when he reached the south beach. This movement aimed to capture the Union pickets and isolate Fort Pickens from the camp a mile east of the fort where half of the 6th New York Infantry were located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Pensacola\nAfter a picket discovered the Confederate approach early in the morning of 9 October, the camp was charged by Colonel John K. Jackson's battalion and its occupants fled. Patton Anderson's troops joined Jackson's in looting the abandoned tents, while Union forces from Fort Pickens responded. To avoid being cut off, the Confederates retreated back to the beach to depart, but were delayed by a jammed propeller on one of the transports, allowing the Union pursuit to catch up. Crowded onto the decks of the transports, the Confederates were subjected to a withering fire, which they returned, and were able to get out of range after the propeller was freed. Company B lost one man killed, one died of wounds, and one severely wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Pensacola\nThe Union commander struck back with a bombardment against the Confederate positions on 22 and 23 November. Companies G and H and a detachment of the regiment, all under the command of Jaquess, manned the batteries at the Navy Yard and opened up a return fire, but did not inflict much damage on Fort Pickens due to lack of gunnery practice caused by shell shortages. Adams held the troops not needed to serve the guns in readiness to repulse a possible Union landing. Fort McRee suffered severe damage, but the Navy Yard batteries were relatively untouched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Pensacola\nPensacola remained quiet for the next few weeks until 1 January 1862, when a steamer docking at the Navy Yard drew Union fire, causing the inebriated Richard Anderson, in command while Bragg was away on inspection, to order a return bombardment. When Bragg returned he reprimanded Anderson, who had apparently forgotten about the inferiority of the Confederate artillery exposed in the November exchange, for wasting ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Movement to Corinth and scouting\nAfter the fall of Fort Donelson on 16 February, the Tennessee River was opened up for a Union advance against the critical rail junction of the Memphis and Charleston and the Mobile and Ohio Railroads at Corinth, Mississippi. To prevent the capture of Corinth, which linked the Atlantic and the Mississippi River, the Confederate forces at Pensacola were ordered to be pulled out and sent to Corinth, where the Army of Mississippi was to concentrate under Albert Sidney Johnston. Delayed by heavy rains that washed out bridges, the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Movement to Corinth and scouting\nLouisiana Regulars entrained aboard the Mobile and Ohio on 27 February, together with the 18th and 22nd Alabama. The regiment arrived at Corinth by 9 March, when they were assigned with the 18th and 22nd Alabama to a brigade under the command of Adams as Gladden was given command of the division composed of the troops from Pensacola. At Corinth many of its men got drunk after boring holes in the floors of saloons to get at whiskey barrels and made mayhem, being punished by bucking and gagging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Movement to Corinth and scouting\nWhen Lew Wallace's division debarked at Crump's Landing on 13 March, Adams led a detachment that reconnoitered the Union positions, burning cotton bales owned by Unionists. Wallace sent out cavalry on the same day to conduct an expedition towards the Mobile and Ohio Railroad near Purdy, Tennessee, where Gladden had stationed 700 infantry of the regiment and the 22nd Alabama; the cavalrymen skirted Purdy to damage a bridge before Wallace reembarked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Movement to Corinth and scouting\nWilliam Tecumseh Sherman's division, attempting to cut the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, landed at Tyler's Landing near Yellow Creek on 14 March, sending out companies from the 5th Ohio Cavalry to conduct reconnaissance. The latter drove in the pickets of Jaquess' detachment of the regiment watching the area. Jaquess decided not to engage due to the small size of his force and retreated to Farmington due to lack of rations and heavy rains. The rains made the roads in the area impassable, forcing Sherman to turn back before achieving his objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Movement to Corinth and scouting\nIn the next two weeks, five divisions of Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee encamped on the western bank of the Tennessee River at Pittsburg Landing, but the Union troops did not entrench, not expecting an attack. There, they awaited the arrival of Don Carlos Buell's Army of the Ohio pending an attack on Corinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Prelude and 6 April\nJohnston decided to attack before Buell could arrive, and on 3 April the regiment left Corinth with the army. For the Battle of Shiloh, the regiment was part of Gladden's brigade of Brigadier General Jones M. Withers' division of Bragg's corps, together with the 21st, 22nd, 25th, and 26th Alabama. After marching along crowded, packed roads, Bragg's corps arrived in its starting positions for the battle on 5 April. The corps was tasked with attacking behind William J. Hardee's corps against the Union left to turn the opposing flank and cut Grant's army off from the Tennessee River. Gladden's brigade moved forward to take position in Hardee's line, partially filling a gap between the end of the latter and Lick Creek, with the 1st Louisiana positioned on the far right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Prelude and 6 April\nWhen Gladden's brigade began its attack around 08:00 on the next morning against Colonel Madison Miller's brigade of Benjamin Prentiss' division, the Union troops were not surprised as the battle had already been in progress for some time. Advancing toward the open Spain Field up a gradual rise, the brigade was exposed to volleys from Miller's brigade, which inflicted heavy losses. Gladden was mortally wounded leading the 26th Alabama, which had become disorganized due to the terrain in the march to the battlefield and come up on the right of the 1st Louisiana. Adams took command of the brigade, which retreated under the pounding, covered by Robertson's Alabama Battery. In the absence of Jaquess, Farrar became acting regimental commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Prelude and 6 April\nChalmers' brigade came up on the right, outflanking Miller, and Adams, holding the colors of the 1st Louisiana, ordered an advance at the double-quick against the 18th Missouri and 61st Illinois on Miller's right, supported by the fire of Robertson's battery. The outnumbered Union troops broke under the pressure of Chalmers' and Gladden's brigades, abandoning their tents, where men of the 1st Louisiana captured seven stands of colors. The regiment lost 28 killed and 89 wounded in the initial fighting; among the dead was Company G Captain John Thomas Wheat, the former secretary of the Louisiana secession convention. Prentiss' division quickly unraveled and the Confederates paused to loot the abandoned camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Prelude and 6 April\nJohnston, moving forward to direct the action, incorrectly believed that he had found the Union left and began the anticipated turning movement. Gladden's brigade was ordered out of the camp shortly after 09:00 and pushed forward to exchange fire at long range against W. H. L. Wallace's division, deploying for battle. After Johnston learned of Gladden's wounding, he pulled the brigade back and replaced it with John K. Jackson's brigade. The brigade, positioned in reserve in Prentiss' camp to reform, later formed square in the erroneous anticipation of a Union cavalry attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Prelude and 6 April\nIn the next several hours the regiment and its brigade replenished their ammunition. Adams was wounded about 11:30 and command of the brigade fell to 22nd Alabama Colonel Zachariah C. Deas. In the late afternoon, the brigade participated in the flanking and encirclement of Prentiss' reformed division at the Hornet's Nest, with the 1st Louisiana being ordered to advance by Bragg with the exhortation \"My old bodyguard I see your ranks are thinner but enough are yet left to carry your flag to victory\u2014Forward\". They ran into stubborn resistance, but Prentiss' encircled troops surrendered around 17:30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, Prelude and 6 April\nAs the day came to a close, the 1st Louisiana and 22nd Alabama left behind the other three regiments and advanced under Deas' command when Bragg ordered a final assault at 18:00, with the Louisianans on the right to the left of Jackson's brigade. They crossed the deep Dill Branch ravine, \"hugging the ground\" to dodge artillery fire, which stopped forward progress. General P. G. T. Beauregard, who had taken command of the army after Johnston was mortally wounded in the afternoon, soon ordered a halt to rest for the next day. With the regiments exhausted and low on ammunition, Deas encamped the two regiments to the rear for the night, finding the Louisiana Regulars with just 101 men present for duty and the 22nd Alabama similarly reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, 7 April\nWhile the Confederates spent a wet and uncomfortable night, Buell's army and Lew Wallace's division reached the field, the latter from Crump's Landing. The Union troops counterattacked on the morning of 7 April and Deas brought the 1st Louisiana and 22nd Alabama up on the left of Colonel Robert Russell's Tennessee brigade after 10:00, holding the far left of the Confederate line west of the Jones Field towards Owl Creek with the regiment still to the left of the Alabamians. Bragg, separated from his corps, commanded the troops on this section of the Confederate line, and Russell took command of a composite division that included the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Shiloh, 7 April\nDeas' regiments were advancing when skirmishers from Lew Wallace's division outflanked them, forcing a retreat. In intense fighting amidst the hills and valleys of the Crescent Field, they engaged two brigades of Wallace's division for half an hour, with attacks failing against the weight of the Union numbers. The regiments were steadily forced back until 13:00, when Wallace outflanked them again. Falling back, they participated in Beareaugard's final attack launched at 16:00, buying time for the Confederate retreat, with Deas' command reduced to roughly 60 men. With the army, the 1st Louisiana retreated back to Corinth, unpursued by the victorious Union troops. In the two days of the battle, the regiment suffered 232 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Corinth to surrender\nAfter the Battle of Shiloh ended, Adams never returned to the 1st Louisiana Regulars, being promoted to command of another brigade. Jaquess succeeded him as colonel on 23 May, with Farrar becoming lieutenant colonel and Company F Captain James Strawbridge major. The regiment went on to participate in the Siege of Corinth between 29 April and 11 June before retreating with the army to Tupelo, Mississippi. By 30 June, the regiment was assigned to Colonel Arthur M. Manigault's brigade of Withers' Reserve Corps as part of Bragg's army, but was on detached duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Corinth to surrender\nIn July, Bragg entrained the infantry of the army for Chattanooga, Tennessee via Mobile, while the regiment marched there overland with the army wagon trains. When the 21st Louisiana Infantry Regiment, its strength much reduced by disease and desertion, was disbanded by Bragg's order on 25 July, the 1st Louisiana Regulars received at least 99 men from the regiment. These men ultimately proved unreliable as a high percentage of them later took the oath of allegiance to the Union after being captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Corinth to surrender\nThe 1st Louisiana Regulars were part of Withers' division during the Confederate invasion of Kentucky between 28 August and 19 October. It missed the Battle of Perryville because Withers' Division was detached to support other Confederate forces near Lexington on the day before Perryville, 7 October. The regiment retreated into Tennessee with the army and encamped at Tullahoma. It suffered 102 casualties at the Battle of Stones River between 31 December and 2 January 1863. Farrar was mortally wounded in the battle and died the day after it ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Corinth to surrender\nFor his conduct at Stones River, Jaquess was court martialed and cashiered on 13 February, being replaced as colonel by Strawbridge. Strawbridge, having moved up to lieutenant colonel after Farrar's death, became the final colonel of the regiment. Major F.M. Kent became lieutenant colonel and Company H Captain S.S. Batchelor became major. After supporting the army reserve artillery in the spring and summer of that year, the 1st Louisiana Regulars were temporarily consolidated with the 8th Arkansas Infantry to fight in the Battle of Chickamauga between 19 and 20 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Corinth to surrender\nDue to further losses at Chickamauga, the regiment was assigned as army headquarters guard during the Chattanooga campaign, reduced to less than a hundred men. Continuing headquarters guard duty into the early spring of 1864 at Dalton, Georgia, the regiment joined Randall L. Gibson's Louisiana brigade in April. Kent died on 2 April and was replaced by Batchelor; Company I Captain Douglas West became major. It participated in the marches of the Atlanta campaign but saw little action until the 28 July Battle of Ezra Church. Among those killed at Ezra Church was Company G Captain William H. Sparks. After the fall of Atlanta, the regiment participated in the Franklin\u2013Nashville Campaign, including the Battle of Nashville between 15 and 16 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159246-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, Corinth to surrender\nAfter the defeat of the army at Nashville, the regiment and its brigade were sent to Mobile in February 1865. There, the regiment was consolidated with the 16th and 20th Louisiana Infantry and the 4th Louisiana Battalion during the month to form a combined unit under 16th Louisiana Colonel Robert Lindsay that totalled 103 effectives. The regiment fought at the Battle of Spanish Fort between 27 March and 8 April. After the evacuation from Mobile, they surrendered at Gainesville, Alabama on 12 May. During the war, the regiment's dead numbered 176 killed in action, 52 of disease, two by accident, one murdered, and two executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159247-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Luftwaffe Field Division\nThe 1st Luftwaffe Field Division (German: 1. Luftwaffen-Feld-Division) was an infantry division of the Luftwaffe branch of the Wehrmacht that fought in World War II. It was formed using surplus ground crew of the Luftwaffe and served on the Eastern Front from late 1942 to early 1944 at which time it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159247-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Luftwaffe Field Division, Operational history\nThe 1st Luftwaffe Field Division, the first of several such divisions, was formed in mid-1942 in K\u00f6nigsberg, Eastern Prussia, under the command of Oberst Gustav Wilke. Intended to serve as infantry, its personnel were largely drawn from surplus Luftwaffe (German Air Force) ground crew. The division included four battalions of infantry, as well as artillery, engineer and signal units although it lacked regimental staff. After training was completed in December 1942 it was sent to Army Group North as part of the 18th Army although still under Luftwaffe command. Stationed near Novgorod, it was transferred to the Army in December 1943. The division saw little fighting until the withdrawal from Leningrad in January 1944 during which it was involved in heavy defensive battles north of Novgorod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159247-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Luftwaffe Field Division, Operational history\nThe division's personnel were inadequately trained for its role as infantry and due to the heavy losses incurred in the Soviet attacks of the 1943/1944 winter, the division itself was disbanded shortly afterwards. Its surviving personnel were absorbed by the 28th Jager Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159247-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Luftwaffe Field Division, War commentary\n11400 graves of soldiers of the 1st Luftwaffe Field Division are found at the war cemetery in Veliky Novgorod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159248-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lumi\u00e8res Awards\nThe 1st Lumi\u00e8res Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Lumi\u00e8res, was held on 29 January 1996. The ceremony was chaired by Isabella Rossellini. La Haine won two awards including Best Film and Best Director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159249-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Lux Style Awards\nThe 2002 Lux Style Awards, officially known as the 1st Lux Style Awards ceremony, presented by the Lux Style Awards, honours the best films of 2001 and took place between 18\u201320 February 2002. The programme was developed by Naheed Chowdhry, who co-created the concept with Frieha Altaf, the producer of the tv series Lux Style Ki Duniya. \"I wanted to ensure that there was a sustainable legacy created  that impartially assessed contributors and gave back to society through scholarships in the arts and culture arena\", says Chowdhry. \"One that would go on to be recognised as the 'Oscars' of Pakistan.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159249-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Lux Style Awards\nThis year, the city of Karachi played host to the Pakistani Film Industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159249-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Lux Style Awards\nThe official ceremony took place on 18 February 2002, at the Karachi Naval Base, in Karachi. During the ceremony, Lux Style Awards were awarded in 27 competitive categories. The ceremony was televised in Pakistan and internationally on ARY Digital. Actor Reema Khan hosted the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159249-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Lux Style Awards, Background\nThe Lux Style Awards is an award ceremony held annually in Pakistan since 2002. The awards celebrate \"style\" in the Pakistani entertainment industry, and honour the country's best talents in film, television, music, and fashion. Around 30 awards are given annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159250-0000-0000", "contents": "1st MMC \u2013 Blagoevgrad\n1st Multi-member Constituency - Blagoevgrad is a constituency whose borders are the same as Blagoevgrad Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159250-0001-0000", "contents": "1st MMC \u2013 Blagoevgrad, Background\nIn the 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election, 1st MMC \u2013 Blagoevgrad elected 10 members in the Bulgarian National Assembly, 9 of which were through proportionality vote and 1 was through first-past-the-post voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159251-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Macau International Movie Festival\nThe 1st Macau International Movie Festival ceremony, presented by the Macau Film and Television Media Association and China International Cultural Communication Center, honored the best films of 2008 and 2009 and took place on December 28, 2009, at Macau Tower, in Macau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159251-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Macau International Movie Festival\nLan was the biggest winner, receiving two awards (Best Actor and Best Director).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nThe 1st Machine Gun Battalion was an infantry support unit of the Australian Army that was raised for service during World War I as part of the all volunteer Australian Imperial Force. It was one of five such units raised as part of the AIF during the war. Formed in March 1918, the battalion consisted of four machine gun companies, which had previously existed as independent companies assigned mainly at brigade level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nThe battalion consisted of 64 medium machine guns, and took part in the final stages of the war, seeing action during the Allied defensive operations during the German spring offensive and then the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, which finally brought an end to the war. The battalion was disbanded in mid-1919 during the demobilisation of the AIF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History\nAssigned to the 1st Division, the unit was formed in France on 2 March 1918 from Australian Machine Gun Corps personnel, following a re-organisation of the AIF, which saw the previously independent machine gun companies that were assigned to each division being grouped together under a battalion structure. Each machine gun battalion had an authorized strength of 46 officers and 890 other ranks. The 1st Machine Gun Battalion consisted of four such companies, each equipped with 16 Vickers medium machine guns. Its constituent companies were the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 21st Machine Gun Companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History\nThe first three of these had been formed in Egypt in March 1916, and had been assigned to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Brigades respectively, fighting with them through the early battles of Australia's involvement on the Western Front including Pozieres, Mouquet Farm and the Third Battle of Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History\nThe 21st Machine Gun Company, however, had been formed in England in February 1917, initially as the 16th Machine Gun Company, with the intention that it would be assigned to the newly formed 16th Brigade, but it was redesignated in March 1917 and assigned to the 1st Division to supplement the brigade machine gun companies. The battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Iven Mackay, and he led them through their first battle at Hazebrouck during the German spring offensive. After the German offensive was turned back, the battalion took part in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, which finally brought an end to the war. The battalion was disbanded in mid-1919 during the demobilisation of the AIF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion's unit colour patch was a black and gold horizontal rectangle, which was usually worn above the crossed guns badge of the Machine Gun Corps. While the battalion's constituent companies had previously been issued distinctive UCPs, upon the formation of the battalion these were replaced by the single battalion style. The black and gold colours were chosen to signify that the unit as a machine gun unit, while the horizontal rectangle showed that the 1st Machine Gun Battalion was part of the 1st Division, which used the same shape UCP for the majority of its units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History\nA total of five such units would be raised by the AIF during the war: the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th. The establishment of machine gun battalions within the AIF was the final step in the evolution of the organisation of direct fire support during the war. At the start of the war, Maxim machine guns had been assigned within line infantry battalions on a limited scale of two per battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History\nAs it was realised that there was a need for increased fire support, this was later increased to four guns per battalion, operated by a section of one officer and 32 other ranks. At the end of the Gallipoli Campaign, the AIF was reorganised, and the machine gun sections within each infantry battalion had been consolidated into companies assigned at brigade level. These companies had consisted of four sections, each equipped with four Vickers guns, operated by 10 officers and 142 other ranks. This had given each division a total of three such companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History\nIn early 1917, this had been increased to four companies, with a total establishment of 50 officers and 870 other ranks. In addition, infantry battalions were provided with Lewis machine guns, on a scale of first eight and then up to 20 in 1918. During the final stages of the war, the machine gun battalions proved highly effective, providing both direct and indirect fire support during attacks. In the indirect role, they were used to fire barrages of machine gun fire into the rear areas behind the German defences over a prolonged period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Legacy\nAfter the war, the concept of machine gun battalions was discontinued in the Australian Army and in the 1920s medium machine gun platoons were added to the organization of standard infantry battalions. However, the machine gun battalion was revived again in 1937 as fears of war in Europe surfaced again, and four Australian Light Horse regiments \u2013 the 1st, 16th, 17th and 18th \u2013 were converted into machine gun regiments. Following the outbreak of World War II, four machine gun battalions were eventually raised as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force, each assigned at divisional level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Legacy\nSeveral more units were raised within the Militia including the 6th and 7th Machine Gun Battalions, which served in New Guinea, while several more light horse regiments were also converted for home defence, including: the 14th, 19th, 25th and 26th. The 5th Machine Gun Battalion was also re-raised and undertook garrison duties as part of Torres Strait Force. At the end of that war, though, the decision was made to return machine guns to the establishment of individual infantry battalions and consequently since then no further machine gun battalions have been raised as part of the Australian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159252-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Legacy\nAccording to Alexander Rodger, as a result of the decision not to re-raise machine gun battalions in the early interwar years, no battle honours were subsequently awarded to the 1st Machine Gun Battalion \u2013 or any other First World War machine gun battalion \u2013 as there was no equivalent unit to perpetuate the honours when they were promulgated by the Australian Army in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159253-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Machine-Gun Squadron (New Zealand)\nThe 1st Machine-Gun Squadron was a sub-unit of the New Zealand Military Forces during the First World War. It was part of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, and served with them in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 1916 to 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159253-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Machine-Gun Squadron (New Zealand)\nThe squadron was formed in Egypt during 1916 by amalgamating three machine-gun sections, belonging to three separate regiments: the Auckland Mounted Rifles, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles and the Wellington Mounted Rifles. Each section was initially equipped with two Maxim guns but following their experience in the Gallipoli Campaign, where the value of the guns in attack and defence was realised, their strength was increased to four guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159253-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Machine-Gun Squadron (New Zealand)\nThe squadron primarily fought against the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, first in Egypt during 1916, then in Palestine and the Jordan Valley in 1917 to 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159253-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Machine-Gun Squadron (New Zealand), Background\nIn common with the other national armies in the British Empire, in January 1916 the New Zealand Expeditionary Force was required to form a Machine-Gun Corps. The corps would initially have three companies to serve with the New Zealand Division and a squadron to serve with the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159253-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Machine-Gun Squadron (New Zealand), Background\nThe origins of the 1st Machine-Gun Squadron can be traced back to the raising of three machine-gun sections, belonging to three different regiments. These regiments were: the Auckland Mounted Rifles, recruited from the  region around Auckland on the North Island of New Zealand; the Canterbury Mounted Rifles, from the Canterbury region on the South Island of New Zealand; and the Wellington Mounted Rifles from the region around Wellington, also on the North Island. In August 1914, when the sections were formed, they each consisted of two Maxim guns, with one officer in command, and twenty-six other ranks, mounted on twenty riding horses and sixteen draught horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159253-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Machine-Gun Squadron (New Zealand), Background, Formation\nOn 15 July 1916, the three mounted regiments lost their machine-gun sections, which were amalgamated to form the brigade Machine-Gun Squadron, commanded by Captain Robin P. Harper, DSO, DCM, MC, who had previously been the Brigade Machine-Gun Officer. All the men, horses and their equipment were transferred and were in place by 24 July, when the squadron began training. However, a shortage of equipment meant that they only had six of the newer Vickers machine guns, and six older Maxim guns, which on operations, when not being used, were transported on pack horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159253-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Machine-Gun Squadron (New Zealand), Background, Formation\nThe full establishment of the Machine-Gun Squadron was eight officers, 222 other ranks and 321 horses. By way of comparison, the regiments they had come from only had an establishment of 523 all ranks. Gun crews normally comprised five or six men. The No.1 in action fired the gun and when needed carried the tripod. The No.2 carried the gun itself, and in action fed the ammunition belt into the gun. Two men, No.3 and No.4, carried all the extra ammunition. There was also a range finder and sometimes a scout or spare man for the gun. Other men in the section were detailed to look after their horses. So well did they perform during operations, by the end of the war the squadron had earned the reputation of being the \"most efficient unit\" in the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159254-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Macondo Awards\nThe 1st Macondo Awards ceremony, presented by the Colombian Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences, honored the best audiovisual productions of 2010. It took place on October 21, 2010, at the Jorge Eli\u00e9cer Gait\u00e1n Theatre in Bogot\u00e1. The ceremony awarded 12 categories and was broadcast by Se\u00f1al Colombia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159254-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Macondo Awards\nThe film The Wind Journeys won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159255-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Madras Assembly\nThe first Legislative Assembly of Madras state was constituted in May 1952. This was following the first election held in Madras state after the Indian Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159255-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Madras Assembly, Overview\nUnder the New Constitution of India, The Legislature consists of the Governor and two Houses known as the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. The Madras Legislative Assembly consisted of 375 seats to be filled by election, distributed in 309 constituencies, 243 single-members constituencies, 62 double-member constituencies in each of which a seat had been reserved for Scheduled Castes and four two-member constituencies in each of which a seat had been reserved for Scheduled Tribes. Three seats were uncontested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159255-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Madras Assembly, Overview\nIn 1953, after the formation of Andhra State which consisting of the Telugu-speaking areas and Bellary district was also merged with the Mysore State which consisting of Kannada speaking area. The Members of the Madras Legislative Assembly was reduced to 231. Consequent on the States Reorganisation Act, the number of members of the Assembly was again reduced to 190.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159255-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Madras Assembly, Overview\nIn the 1952 Madras State legislative assembly election, no single party obtained a simple majority to form an independent Government. C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) of the Indian National Congress became the Chief Minister after a series of re-alignments among various political parties and Independents. Rajaji was resigned in 1954 after the heavy opposition to his Hereditary education policy. In the ensuing leadership struggle, Kamaraj defeated Rajaji's chosen successor C. Subramaniam and became the Chief Minister on 31 March 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159255-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Madras Assembly, Cabinet, Rajagopalachari's Cabinet\nThe Cabinet under Rajagopalachari was sworn in on 10 April 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159255-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Madras Assembly, Cabinet, Kamaraj's Cabinet\nMembers of cabinet who served between 13 April 1954 - 13 April 1957 under the Chief Ministership of Kamraj are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159256-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Magritte Awards\nThe 1st Magritte Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie Andr\u00e9 Delvaux, honored the best films of 2010 in Belgium and took place on 5 February 2011 at the Square in the historic site of Mont des Arts, Brussels, beginning at 7:30\u00a0p.m. CET. During the ceremony, the Acad\u00e9mie Andr\u00e9 Delvaux presented Magritte Awards in twenty categories. The ceremony, televised in Belgium by BeTV, was produced by Jos\u00e9 Bouquiaux and directed by Vincent J. Gustin. Film director Jaco Van Dormael presided the ceremony, while actress Helena Noguerra hosted the evening. The pre-show ceremony was hosted by film director Fabrice Du Welz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159256-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Magritte Awards\nMr. Nobody won six awards, including Best Film and Best Director for Jaco Van Dormael. Other winners included Illegal, Private Lessons, and A Town Called Panic with two awards each, and The Barons, The Boat Race, Looking for Eric, Paths of Memory, Sleepless Night, and Soeur Sourire with one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159256-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Magritte Awards, Background\nIn 2010, the Acad\u00e9mie Andr\u00e9 Delvaux was established by Patrick Quinet, president of the Francophone Film Producers Association (UPFF), and Luc Jabon, president of Pro Sp\u00e8re, to unite the five branches of the film industry: actors, directors, producers, technicians and writers. It aims to recognize excellence in Belgian francophone cinematic achievements in order to have a Belgian counterpart of the French C\u00e9sar Awards. Charly Herscovici, who created the Magritte Foundation, allowed the academy to use the name of the Belgian artist Ren\u00e9 Magritte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159256-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Magritte Awards, Background\nOverseen by the Acad\u00e9mie Andr\u00e9 Delvaux, the Magritte Awards replace the Joseph Plateau Awards, which were disestablished in 2007. During the first ceremony, 18 merit categories and two special awards were presented, honoring artists, directors and other personalities of the film industry for their works during the 2009\u20132010 period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159256-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Magritte Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 1st Magritte Awards were announced on 13 January 2011 at the Square in Mont des Arts, Brussels, by Patrick Quinet and Luc Jabon, co-presidents of the Acad\u00e9mie Andr\u00e9 Delvaux. Illegal received the most nominations with eight total, followed by Mr. Nobody and Private Lessons with seven each. The nominees for the Magritte Awards for Best Short Film and Best Documentary Film were announced on December 29, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159256-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Magritte Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on 5 February 2011. Mr. Nobody won six awards, the most for the ceremony: Best Film, Best Director and Best Screenplay for Jaco Van Dormael, Best Cinematography for Christophe Beaucarne, Best Original Score for Pierre Van Dormael, and Best Editing for Matyas Veress. Illegal and Private Lessons received two acting awards apiece. A Town Called Panic received two technical awards. On 25 January 2011 the Honorary Magritte Award was bestowed posthumously to Andr\u00e9 Delvaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Maine Cavalry Regiment was a volunteer United States cavalry unit from Maine used during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history\nThe regiment was organized in Augusta, Maine, on October 31, 1861, and served for three years. The original members were detached from the regiment on September 15, 1864, when their service was up, and mustered out back in Portland on November 25. Later recruits, along with the Maine men of the 1st District of Columbia Cavalry (men recruited in the Augusta, Maine area between January and March 1864 and consolidated into seven companies) and those who chose to reenlist, were retained in the regiment. The regiment was split into three battalions of four companies each. One battalion was made up of former 1st District men and the other two were a mix of 1st Maine veterans and DC men. These three battalions continued until the regiment's mustering out at Petersburg, Virginia, on August 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Initial organization in 1861\nMaine had responded to Lincoln and Congress's April 25, 1861, call for ten regiments of infantry of which eight had been organized and left the state by the end of August. That month the federal government had put out a call for five more regiments of infantry, six batteries of light artillery, a company of sharpshooters, and a regiment of cavalry to serve three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Initial organization in 1861\nThis cavalry regiment was intentionally raised at large from all counties of Maine and organized into twelve companies. The regiment's staff consisted of a colonel (COL), lieutenant colonel (LTC), three majors (MAJ), a first (1LT) or second lieutenant (2LT) as adjutant (1LT), surgeon, assistant surgeon, chaplain, regimental quartermaster, regimental commissary of subsistence, and three first (1LT) or second lieutenants (2LT) serving as battalion quartermasters. The regiment rated a sergeant major (SMAJ), a sergeant (SGT) as a chief bugler, a veterinary surgeon, a regimental quartermaster sergeant (QMSGT), regimental commissary sergeant (CSGT), hospital steward, saddler sergeant, sergeant farrier, and an ordnance sergeant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Initial organization in 1861\nA captain (CAPT) commanded each company in the 1st Maine with a first lieutenant and a second lieutenant commanding the two platoons. The company commander also had the aid of a company first sergeant (1SGT) a company quartermaster sergeant, a company commissary sergeant, a farrier, and a sergeant (SGT) acting as the company commander's orderly. Each lieutenant in the platoon had two sergeants, four corporals (CPL), a bugler, and 39 privates (PVT). This gave each company a paper strength of 100 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Initial organization in 1861\nThe regiment had high standards for its recruits and the quality of its mounts. Recruiters were to enlist \"none but sound, able-bodied men in all respects, between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five years of correct morals and temperate habits, active, intelligent, vigorous, and hardy, weighing not less than one hundred and twenty-five or more than one hundred and sixty pounds\" While the average United States Infantryman was 26 and 5\u2032 8.25\u2033 tall and 155 pounds, the average United States Cavalryman was the same age but slightly shorter at 5\u2032 7\u2033 and lighter at 145 pounds). It encamped at Augusta at the State Fairground, renamed Camp Penobscot, where recruits initially learned military discipline and drill. Horses would arrive in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Initial organization in 1861\nThe 1st Maine Volunteer Cavalry Regiment mustered into federal service at Augusta on November 5, 1861, as a three-year volunteer cavalry regiment. It was commanded by COL John Goddard from Cape Elizabeth. A Regular Army cavalry officer, LTC Thomas Hight, was the second-in-command. Another regular, CAPT Benjamin F Tucker served as the Adjutant with the rest of the field and staff officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) being Maine men. In the companies, apart from the Company H commander, CAPT George J. Summat and the 1st Lieutenant in Company L, 1LT Constantine Taylor, all the company officers and NCOs were Maine volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Initial organization in 1861\nThe 1st Maine had an advantage in recruiting over the infantry and artillery. Many recruits found the idea of riding rather than walking incredibly attractive. Also, the cavalry had an air of glamor and romance that the other branches did not have:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Initial organization in 1861\nThere hung about the cavalry service a dash and an excitement which attracted those men who had read and remembered the glorious achievements of 'Light Horse Harry' and his brigade, and of 'Morgan's Men' in the revolutionary war, or who had devoured the story of 'Charles O'Malley,' and similar works. In short, men who had read much in history or in fiction, preferred the cavalry service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Initial organization in 1861\nIt is unclear whether the 1st Maine received either the 1854 cavalry shell jacket or 1857 sack coat or both. The army did issue all ranks the same standard sky-blue double-breasted winter overcoat with attached cape and a rubberized poncho for rainwear. They also received the special sky-blue wool cavalry trousers with the reinforcing double layer in the seat and inside leg due to the expected extended time in the saddle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nThere were prejudices against the cavalry in the War Department as it was originally thought it would not be of much use during the expected short period of conflict. MGEN George McClellan felt that it took a minimum of two years to professionally train volunteer cavalry and that they would have nothing to do but be couriers and pickets. There was also the added factor that the cost to equip and mount a Union cavalry regiment in 1861 was between $500,000 and $600,000, or roughly twice that of an infantry regiment. Some of the leadership in the command understood the lack of faith:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nThe men of the south were born horsemen, almost. Old and young were nearly or quite as much at home on horseback as on foot, and the horses, also, were used to the saddle. Therefore, they could put cavalry regiments into the field with great facility and in comparatively good fighting condition, as witness the famous Black Horse Cavalry. In the northern and eastern states, it was different. Equestrianism was almost one of the lost arts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nFew, especially in cities, were accustomed to riding, and the great majority of men who would enlist in the cavalry must learn to ride and to use arms on horseback, as well as learn drill, discipline, camp duties, and the duties of service generally. \"A sailor on horseback,\" is a synonym for all that is awkward, but the veriest Jack tar on horseback was no more awkward than was a large proportion of the men who entered the cavalry service in the north and east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nWhile the federal government figured out where to send the regiment, they continued training at the camp living in army issue camp tents through a cold winter. The recruits were soon finding the reality of cavalry life to be quite different from their preconceived notions. The command stressed the importance of caring for their mounts and had a stable built before the first horses arrived. The necessary caring for their means of mobility, their mounts, made the men's days busier and longer than the infantryman's. During the cold, in which the regiment lost 200 men to disease and injuries, the men noted that their horses \"had quarters that winter more comfortable than did the men, in comparison with the usual accommodations for man and beast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nWhen Edwin Stanton replaced the disgraced Simon Cameron as Secretary of War, the 1st Maine narrowly avoided disbandment before they even saw service. They were saved by the intervention of an officer who was impressed by their enthusiasm and rapid learning. As training continued, the men and horses gradually meshed into a cohesive unit overcoming the fact that many horses had no prior experience with being ridden and some of the men had no prior experience riding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nCOL Goddard resigned his commission on March 1, 1862, and in response, MAJ Samuel H. Allen was commissioned Colonel by the governor and took command. To replace him, CAPT Warren L. Whitney of Company A was promoted to Major. In turn, 1LT Sidney W. Thaxter was made Captain and new Company A commander. Due to being passed over in favor of Allen, LTC Hight resigned and returned to command his company, in the 4th U.S. Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nAt that time, the regiment was organized into three battalions: 1st Battalion (under MAJ Warren L. Whitney with companies A, D, E and F), 2nd Battalion (under MAJ Calvin S. Douty with companies B, I, H and M), and 3rd Battalion (under MAJ David P. Stowell with companies C, G, K and L).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nStill without weapons, the 1st Maine's training was drawn from the experience and training of the regular army personnel assigned to the regiment and concentrated on getting the men and their horses to work efficiently as a team in the various formations called for by cavalry regulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nThe officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) read and studied their copies of two manuals, McClellan's Regulations and Instructions for the Field Service of the United States Cavalry in Time of War and Cooke's, Cavalry Tactics, or, Regulations for the instruction, formations, and movements of the cavalry of the army and volunteers of the United States (both published in 1861 at the start of the conflict). Through these manuals and the guidance of the regulars, the Maine troopers learned the various formations for travel and combat, the basics of setting up pickets and vedettes, and the various bugle calls to command and coordinate all these activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nDismounted drill was of secondary importance, but it was not forgotten. The lack of sabers was part of the shortage that plagued the U.S. volunteer cavalry organizations during the first year of the war led to \"some ludicrous improvisations.\" The 1st Maine's solution was to buy wooden laths:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862\nSome time during the winter laths were procured, for the purpose of learning and practicing the sabre exercise. These were made into swords of the most grotesque shape by the men, and the exercise was looked upon very generally as a farce, was 1aughed at by outsiders, and was discontinued after a very short time; yet there is no doubt that the rudiments of the use of the sabre learned with the aid of those wooden swords was never forgotten, and proved to be of advantage when the real sabre was put into the hands of the\u00b7 men. No arms were furnished, except a few old muskets for use on guard duty, till the regiment arrived at Washington.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Departure for Washington and the front\nFinally, in March the regiment was ordered to the front in Virginia. 1st Battalion left for Washington on Friday, March 14, 1862, under command of COL Allen, arriving on Wednesday, the 19th without COL Allen who had fallen sick and was hospitalized in New York City. Delayed by a late winter snowstorm, 2nd Battalion departed Augusta on Thursday, March 20, under MAJ. Douty, arriving on Monday, the 24th. On that day, 3rd Battalion under MAJ Stowell left and pulled into DC on the 28th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 129], "content_span": [130, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Departure for Washington and the front\nThe battalions all entrained in box cars in Augusta, eight horses and men per box car, and rode to New York city via Portland, Boston, and Providence. After a ferry across the Hudson, the detachments had a more comfortable transit to Washington with the horses in the box cars, but the men in passenger cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 129], "content_span": [130, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Departure for Washington and the front\nAs each company in the regiment detrained and reported at the Washington Depot or New Jersey Avenue Station, each trooper received his official government arms issue of a Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber and a pair of Colt Model 1860 revolver. The regiment also received an issue of ten breech-loaded Sharps Carbines per company, however, by now, a number of the regiment's men had privately purchased breech-loaded Sharps, Burnsides, Smith, and Merrill carbines in Maine before departure or from one of the merchants along the rail route, to give themselves a weapon with a greater range. This meant that the 1st Maine had a slightly higher proportion of carbines than the average U.S. Volunteer cavalry regiment. In Washington, the regiment pitched their tents with other reinforcements on Capitol Hill on the 29th. In camp, the regiment immediately began grinding and sharpening their newly issued blades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 129], "content_span": [130, 1036]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Departure for Washington and the front\nOn Sunday, March 30, the regiment received orders to send send five companies to Harper's Ferry and join the Federal troops providing security for the Baltimore & Ohio's link between Washington and the Ohio Valley. On that day, the line had reopened, and the War Department wanted to guard it against rebel raids. MAJ Douty took five companies with the largest number of carbines and organized them into a new 1st Battalion. The remainder of the regiment would stay in Washington awaiting the return of COL Allen. The regiment, \"five months after its organization, was at Washington, armed and equipped, and a portion of it under marching orders.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 129], "content_span": [130, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Departure for Washington and the front\nThe 1st Battalion, comprising companies A, B, E, H, and M, loaded on box cars Monday, March 31 for Harper's Ferry, by way of Frederick and joined the \" Railroad Brigade\" commanded by COL Dixon Stansbury Miles, which guarded the important logistical route. The battalion's companies were separated and assigned to duty at different points along the railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 129], "content_span": [130, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Departure for Washington and the front\nThe remainder of the regiment remained in Washington DC. They spent the days after the 1st Battalion's departure honing their sabers and \"in drill, mounted and dismounted, and in the manual of arms, and in generally preparing for active service.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 129], "content_span": [130, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nTo win the war, the United States needed to defeat the Confederate armies in the field. To win the war, the rebels had to break the will of the Federals to fight. The Shenandoah Valley, between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Appalachians, figured in both of those war aims and ergo its control was strategically important. Known as the breadbasket of the Confederacy, the Shenandoah Valley provided a route for rebel attacks into Maryland, Washington, and Pennsylvania, thereby cutting the link between Washington and the midwest \u2014 directly attacking the United States' will to fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nThe valley \"was rich in grain, cattle, sheep, hogs, and fruit and was in such a prosperous condition that the Rebel army could march itself down and up it, billeting on the inhabitants.\" which meant that Yankee control of the valley would weaken the rebel armies helping to defeat them. Because of its strategic importance it was the scene of three major campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0022-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nThe valley, especially in the lower northern section, was also the scene of bitter partisan fighting as the region's inhabitants were deeply divided over loyalties, and Confederate partisan John Mosby and his Rangers frequently operated in the area. Due its strategic importance, the valley saw an ebb and flow between the contesting armies until the last autumn of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nTransport of goods from the valley to the east was done via a network of macadamized pikes/turnpikes and rail between the larger towns supported by numerous smaller dirt roads and canals knitting them further. Much of this system had been put in place by Virginia Board of Public Works (VBPW) under the guidance of Claudius Crozet. The main north\u2013south road transportation was the Valley Turnpike, a public-private venture through the VBPW running 68 miles (109\u00a0km) from Martinsburg up through Winchester, Harrisonburg, and ending at Staunton. There were several other macadamized roads running between the larger towns and railroads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nThree rail lines were the main east\u2013west routes with B&O in the lower valley, Manassas Gap in the middle/upper, and the Virginia Central in the upper, southern end all connecting to the Valley Pike. The B&O met it at Martinsburg, the Manassas Gap met it at Strasburg after passing through the Blue Ridge Mountains at Manassas Gap at Front Royal, and the Virginia Central met it at Staunton after comin through the mountains in Crozet's Blue Ridge Tunnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nRebels under Jackson had severed the B&O at the northern end of the lower Shenandoah Valley during the late spring and summer of the prior year. Repeated raids and operations by Jackson's cavalry subordinate Turner Ashby and his the 7th Virginia Cavalry (\"Ashby's Brigade\") damaged so much railway infrastructure that it took over ten months to reopen the line on March 30, 1862. The paved roads were a great asset to the rebels in the valley being unaffected by inclement weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAn official report described Martinsburg as \"on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at the northern terminus of the Valley Pike\u2014a broad macadamized road, running up the valley, through Winchester, and terminating at Staunton.\" Besides being a node between road and rail, Martinsburg was also home to the large, important B&O maintenance shop and roundhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nFor the United States, the Maine men in the five companies were vital to keeping the B&O open. The battalion (and the rest of the regiment that remained in D.C.) would have an eventful Spring in 1862 marked by participation in operations against Jackson in the Shenandoah Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nMAJ Douty and his five companies arrived in Harper's Ferry and were immediately posted to key facilities along the line. CAPT George M. Brown's Company M remained in Harper's Ferry. The rest were loaded aboard the B&O and sent to their posts. MAJ Douty and CAPT Sidney W. Thaxter's Company A were the first stop and offloaded at the B&O maintenance shop in Martinsburg. CAPT Black Hawk Putnam's Company E was the next to detrain at Back Creek where the B&O crossed it before flowing past Allensville and emptying into the Potomac. Company H commanded by CAPT George J. Summat was dropped off along the rail line opposite Hancock, MD. CAPT Jonathan B. Cilley and Company B was furthest west and last off at the Berkely Springs resort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAs well as scouting and patrolling along the rail beds, the companies patrolled out from their bases along several of the macadamized pikes. In this period along the important artery, the men of the 1st Battalion learned their craft well gaining valuable experience in the saddle. There were a handful of skirmishes, and the men of the 1st Maine captured some rebel prisoners during this period, successfully defending the line and keeping it open. On April 14, MAJ Douty received a promotion to Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nDuring their time on this duty, the men of this battalion began to learn what a valuable source the local black population, enslaved and free, was for intelligence as well as who and where the local Unionists were. Of note the men in Company A were greatly pleased to be in Martinsburg where the overwhelming majority of Unionists caused the rebels to call it \"Little Massachusetts\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nThroughout April and May, Banks and his Department of the Shenandoah had been receiving direct tasking from Secretary of War Stanton on coordinating with MGEN John C. Fremont's Mountain Department and MGEN McDowell's Department of the Rappahannock. This had led to stripping of assets from Banks and changing orders between joining with one of the other departments. As April rolled into May, Banks continued to receive frequent directives daily from the War Department over the telegraph. This revolution in communications hindered Banks in that it kept him on a tether of sorts inhibiting his freedom of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nOn Friday, May 9, 1862, the 1st Battalion came together from the various company posts to Martinsburg and went up the valley (south) to join MGEN Nathaniel P. Banks' forces at Strasburg. They joined BGEN John P. Hatch's cavalry brigade. By May 13, the men of the 1st Maine found that Banks had divided his force to an extent that he only had 6,500 men with him astride the Valley Pike in Strasburg and 2,500 in Front Royal, fifteen miles east-southeast on the east side of the valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nOn that day, BGEN Shields had departed from Front Royal on the Manassas Gap Railroad to go east and join McDowell's department. The small garrison (COL John Kenly, his Union 1st Maryland Infantry, and Companies B and D of 5th New York Cavalry) at the Front Royal station was to prevent rebel movement along the Manassas Gap rail line. Hatch's brigade covered the approaches to Strasburg with Hatch encamped at Middletown. On May 20, Douty was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAt the point in the valley where Banks had advanced, the Manassas Gap rail met another macadamized road, Winchester-Front Royal Pike, that ran eighteen miles along the eastern side of the valley and met Valley Pike at Winchester, 25 miles southwest of Harper's Ferry. Valley Pike passed seven miles over Cedar Creek down to Middletown, three miles further to Newtown (present day Stephens City), and finally seven miles into Winchester where it met the Winchester-Front Royal road. Several dirt roads ran between these to paved roads on either side of the valley. The men of LTCOL Douty's battalion go to know the lay of the land during their patrols in the upper Shenandoah Valley in the next couple of weeks. They learned who the Unionists were and where the back roads went.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nSoon, Banks started getting intelligence from the local Unionists and black population that MGEN Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's corps of 17,000 men, fresh from whipping MGEN John C. Fr\u00e9mont's at McDowell was heading his way. Banks had been stripped of men and artillery so that his force of 23,000 at the beginning of May to 9,000 by the 21st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nSince Jackson was now positioned to block him from joining with Fremont, Banks began wondering if his now reduced force around Strasburg and Front Royal, fifteen miles east-southeast on the east side of the valley, would be able to resist any contact with Jackson. On May 23, Banks received reports of Jackson attacking the garrison at Front Royal before the telegraph link was severed and decided to begin withdrawing to Winchester taking the Valley Turnpike so that he could take as much of his supply train with him. By 03:00, on May 24 the twelve-mile-long column of Banks' wagons began to roll north down the Valley Turnpike to Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nBy 07:00 on May 24, 1862, a Saturday, MGEN Banks at Strasburg wired when he confirmed and wired Secretary Stanton that Jackson's 17,000 had completely routed the garrison at Front Royal \"with considerable loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners.\" and were closing on him, turning his position. Under these circumstances, Banks figured that if he could reach Winchester, he would preserve his lines of communication and increase the odds of reinforcement before contact. At dawn, Banks called Hatch forward from Middletown and had him push patrols to Woodstock and along Manassas Gap Railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0032-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nHe also tasked Hatch to round up any stragglers and put to torch any supplies of military value that could not be carried off. He then retreated north along the Valley Pike taking Doughty's battalion and two companies of the 1st Vermont under MAJ William D. Collins (a force of around 400 men) as an escort up the road to Middletown. Banks was anxious and wanted to know where the rebels were. He sent two companies of the 29th Pennsylvania Infantry and elements of the 1st Michigan Cavalry to head east on Chapel Road, a country lane which connected Middletown, four miles north, with Cedarville (modern North Front Royal) the site of Kenly's surrender, in turn, four miles north of Front Royal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nThe 1st Battalion and the two companies took up position in the rear guard of the column as Banks' column set out on the road to Winchester. As the column passed through Middletown, Banks still had not heard from the 29th Pennsylvania and 1st Michigan. In \"one of the smartest moves he made all day,\" Banks erred on the side of caution, sent messengers to LTC Douty to come up and turn tight back down the Chapel Road to see if they could find the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nFeeling a bit more secure, at 09:00, Banks ordered the 500-wagon train to continue the 20-mile trek to Winchester. The 1st Battalion's duties were the normal cavalry tasks \"to ascertain if the enemy was in force in that vicinity, to gain all possible information of his movements, and report often. If [they] met the enemy advancing [they were] told to hold him in check if possible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nUnknown to the 1st Battalion. they were about to spoil Jackson's two-pronged plan to trap Banks between Middletown and Newtown. Jackson and Richard S. Ewell had spent the night at Cedarville and sent elements out on the Front Royal-Winchester Turnpike by 06:00. Jackson sent BGEN George Hume Steuart, in command of the 2nd and 6th Virginia Cavalry, off the roads and across country to Newtown on the Valley Pike between Middletown and Winchester \"to observe the movements of the enemy at that point.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nEwell's division was to advance on Middletown from Cedarville while BGEN Charles S. Winder and the rest of his division continued up Front Royal Pike to turn at Nineveh and advance on the road to Newton and meet Steuart. BGEN Isaac Trimble's) and BGEN Richard Taylor's brigades would be coming right at the Maine and Vermont cavalry troopers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nSteuart's force reached Newtown and found the road crowded with the lead portion of Banks' wagon train. Steuart charged the United States forces, captured prisoners, spread panic, and sent reported his contact back to Jackson. During the breakfast halt, Trimble drew Jackson's attention to a column of smoke coming from the direction of Strasburg. Opting to intercept Banks at Middletown, Jackson retraced his route to Cedarville. Ewell, with Trimble's Brigade, the 1st Maryland Infantry, and supporting artillery, remained at Nineveh to await instructions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nCOL Turner Ashby was to advance toward up the dirt Chapel Road, made muddy by a morning rain shower, with his men from the 7th Virginia Cavalry and probe across the fields toward Strasburg, followed by the rest of the army. The slogging through the mud was laborious and none of the Confederate columns knew what to expect to their front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nTwo miles short of the Front Royal Pike (three-quarters of a mile short of Molly Camel Run), at 10:00, the 1st met earlier patrol of the 29th Pennsylvania and 1st Michigan who had not seen enemy. Unbeknownst to the earlier patrol, Jackson also sent his cartographer, MAJ Jedediah Hotchkiss with a small cavalry detachment to scout further up Chapel Road toward Middletown. Douty threw out skirmishers to right and left of the road and sent the men armed with carbines ahead as skirmishers into the woods along the road. He sent riders back to the signal officer in Middletown for relay to Hatch and Banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAs the rebels' advance men came into view, the Maine and Vermont troopers drove them back with heavy fire, and the Confederates retreated out of sight. Douty consulted with Collins and both realized that the woods would prevent them from seeing any flanking movements by the rebels from their position. at 11:00, having seen no more sign of the rebels, Douty called in his skirmish line and left out vedettes in the road and in the fields to keep watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAt the advice of MAJ Collins, he pulled the rest of his small command two miles back toward Middletown to Providence Church (present-day Reliance United Methodist Church) where they were able to see the fields for miles on either side of the road. Hotchkiss had returned to Jackson to report contact, leading Ashby to change direction from Strasburg to Chapel Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAt 12:00, the vedettes came up the road and rejoined with word that Rebel cavalry and infantry were following them. Within fifteen minutes, Hotchkiss, and his party with two companies of the 8th Louisiana Infantry appeared, halted, and kept out of carbine range. In the ensuing half-hour, the rebels brought up artillery and unlimbered them in the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAround 12:45, the rebel artillery opened on Douty and his men and the infantry and dismounted cavalry advanced. Holding fire until the regrouped, reinforced rebels came into range, Douty's men kept up a heavy fire that threw back the enemy, particularly the 21st North Carolina Infantry from Taylor's Brigade. This led Hotchkiss to believe he was facing a much larger force of infantry in the woods as well as Douty's cavalry astride the road. This managed to buy Banks more time as Jackson sent word to Ewell's Division to halt until he knew against whom he was fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nIn response, rebel artillery continued firing on the 1st Maine and the now empty woods. This led Douty to bring in his skirmishers and make fighting withdrawal. \"stubbornly for every inch of ground\" back to Middletown. As they withdrew, the rebels pushed forward. He executed a steady and deliberate withdrawal the four miles back along Chapel Road to Middletown, causing enough uncertainty in Jackson's mind that it delayed the advance by nearly two hours. Under the pressure of the advance, Douty got his command back to Middleton with the loss of a horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0040-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAt 14:30 Douty turned off the Chapel Road and onto Church Street a block east of Valley Turnpike. The signal officer on duty told him that Banks had already through and BGEN Hatch was expected at any moment. Douty led his men into the village of Middletown, south of the crossroads, to wait for Hatch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nThe 8th Louisiana now appeared north of town and the accompanying guns of Chew's Battery from Steuart's Brigade began shelling Douty's and Collins' men. Douty was about to call for a withdrawal back to Strasburg when Hatch arrived around 15:30. He deployed Douty and Collins into the side streets and fields east of the turnpike, and waited for 5th New York and the remainder of the 1st Vermont to catch up from burning the last of the stores at Strasburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAt the same time, Ashby's men appeared on the high ground on their flank to the southeast of town. Despite the macadam, travel along the shoulders had thrown up a great cloud of dust all along the pike. Within minutes, 8th Louisiana had moved down from the high ground, cut the pike, and began plundering the wagon train while Chew's artillery began firing on wagons further north. Hatch kept Douty's command in a skirmish line to the east between Jackson's Corps and the town. The 1st Battalion and the Vermonters kept the 1st Virginia and 21st North Carolina at bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAt 16:00, Hatch realized his command was surrounded when messengers sent to contact Banks' retreating wagon train returned with news that the Valley Pike was blocked by wagons and manned by rebels. Hatch said to LTC Douty, \"We must cut our way through.\" This was the seed of the 1st Maine's \"Middletown Disaster\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nHatch had the 1st Maryland Cavalry and 5th New York Cavalry with him as well as Douty's small command. COL Charles H Tompkins and the remaining ten companies of the 1st Vermont Cavalry and future Medal of Honor winner Charles H. T. Collis and his independent company of Pennsylvania Zouaves d'Afrique (manning wagons) were still en route from Strasburg. He sent riders back to warn Tompkins and Collis to skirt to the west of Middletown and take back roads to Winchester since the rebels held the Valley Turnpike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAs rebel artillery continued to sporadically fire shells into downtown Middletown, Hatch formed up his brigade along the turnpike by the town square in columns of fours. The 1st Battalion and the 1st Vermont fell in at the rear of the brigade's column at the southern edge of Middletown. Taking the lead, Hatch moved out on the turnpike. Already receiving sporadic rifle fire before going very far, Hatch took the column off the pike onto a dirt road a half-mile out of town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nUpon contact with the enemy on this road, Hatch charged and the whole column galloped down the road shooting and slashing at any rebels in their path. This generated a cloud of dust that obscured the turn off the Valley Turnpike. At the head of the column as the charge continued, Hatch saw that Ashby had managed to get one of his batteries behind a wagon barricade back on the turnpike and supported it with elements of the 21st North Carolina. Seeing more rebels moving off the pike and cutting a dirt lane parallel to the pike by several hundred yards, Hatch continued west on his path and smashed through the handful of Ashby's cavalry on that road, bypassing the artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nLooking back over the fields, the column could see see the two companies of the 1st Vermont followed by the Maine battalion continuing in a charge down the Valley Turnpike. Unfortunately for the 1st Battalion, the huge cloud of dust had obscured the column departing the macadam from MAJ Collins. The rebels had seen them, as well, and a quick-thinking officer on Jackson's staff, LT Douglas quickly rushed a company of infantry to a stonewall in a blocking position over the Turnpike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0047-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nLTC Douty had been at the rear seeing to a severely wounded CAPT Cilley of Company B when he noticed the Vermont companies moving out at the trot. When MAJ Collins and two 1st Vermont companies missed the turn and came out of the dust cloud, they saw a rebel battery supported by an infantry blocking the Valley Turnpike. With the stone walls alongside the road leaving no other option, at point-blank range, they charged:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nMoving at a rapid rate in sections of four, in a cloud of dust, supposing they wore following their Gen\u00aderal, coming suddenly upon this battery in a narrow road where it was impossible to man\u00adeuver, a terrible scene of confusion followed. Those at the head of the column wore suddenly stopped, those in the roar unable to restrain their horses rushed upon each other, and men and horses were thrown in a confused heap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0048-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAnd as they wore all the while exposed to the shot, and shell, and bayonets, of the enemy, it is not strange that their loss was severe, number\u00ading one hundred and seventy men with an equal number of horses. At the same time compan\u00adies A and B at a little distance were under a severe fire, during which [Captain] Putnam, and Lieutenant Estes were wounded. Escaping from this perilous position, Lieut. Colonel Douty fell back on the pike, and taking an intersecting road and making a detour to the left. After a hard march rejoined the main column at Newtown [sic, actually Winchester] the next day, and was immediately ordered to support a battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAs the column had moved out, Douty had mounted his horse and rode toward the head of the Vermont companies to join Collins. Before passing the last company, the column had already broken into a gallop and \"was charging up the pike amid a shower of shell and bullets.\" He found the dust so thick that he could see nothing but what was close by him. He began seeing men and horses strewn on the wayside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0049-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nBy the time he reached the third company from the end, Company M, the bodies of horses and men, alive and dead, were contained so tightly that they could not continue, and men started retreating. The battalion spilled over the stonewalls and into the surrounding fields cutting their way through the rebels. Many Maine men were unhorsed by the collision with those ahead of them as well as by rebel artillery and musketry. Many these were taken prisoner by Wheat's \"Louisiana Tigers\" in Taylor's Brigade. Many took off on foot to try to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0049-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nLuckily for those who were able to put some distance between themselves and the enemy, the presence of abandoned wagons from Banks' train loaded with supplies provided a welcome distraction as more and more of Trimble's and Taylor's left the firing line to men rifle through it. This gave Douty and his men the chance escape. Douty gathered what men he could and pulled back into Middletown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nHe reformed his command in the center of town. A company of Ewell's infantry formed up at the southern end of town and opened fire on the New England cavalrymen. LTCOL Douty pulled his men back out of their range and turned left down the side-streets and rode west out of Middletown out of sight of the rebels. Eventually, he turned his group north the Middle Road and found Hatch and the brigade after a two-mile gallop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nThe rest of Hatch's brigade who had seen the debacle across the fields had continued parallel to the Valley Turnpike but found that every time they tried to regain the pike and join Banks, their way was blocked by Ewell's troops. They ended up cutting through Ashby's cavalry and rejoined Banks at Newtown. There Hatch found Col George Henry Gordon and his brigade with five companies of the 1st Michigan Cavalry giving ground slowly. Hatch's men joined in the rear-guard action making Winchester at 22:00, Saturday evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAt dawn on Sunday, May 25, BGEN Charles Winder's Stonewall Brigade occupied the hill due south of the town. As Winder attacked down toward Winchester, Banks' artillery soon found their range and began an effective, punishing fire. The 1st Battalion was ordered to provide support for one of these batteries. The Stonewall Brigade stalled in their attack. Jackson ordered Taylor's Brigade to outflank the Union right which they did with a strong charge pushing the right flank back into town. At the same time, Ewell's men got around the extreme left of the Union line. With the impending double envelopment, around 07:00, Banks' line pulled back through the streets of town. The 1st Battalion covered the battery as they limbered up and headed north on the Valley Pike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAs the U.S. troops pulled out of the town, the Maine troopers noted that the local secessionist civilians were jeering them, throwing boiling water, and even shooting at them. Along with the rest of Hatch's brigade, they found themselves fighting their way out of the town under attack from all sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nInstead of a wild flight, Jackson later wrote that Banks's troops \"preserved their organization remarkably well\" through the town. Elated, Jackson rode cheering after the retreating enemy shouting \"Go back and tell the whole army to press forward to the Potomac!\" Luckily for the 1st Battalion in the rearguard, the Confederate pursuit was ineffective. Ashby and the rest of the rebel cavalrymen had conducted vigorous pursuits of U.S. forces to the south and east. By the time they rejoined Jackson, their horses were blown and men too exhausted to effectively chase down Banks' rearguard leading Jackson to write, \"Never was there such a chance for cavalry. Oh that my cavalry was in place!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nAs Hatch's brigade swept back and forth at the rear to keep the occasional pursuer at arm's length the outnumbered Federals fled relatively unimpeded for 35 miles in 14 hours, crossing the Potomac River into Williamsport, Maryland after dark around 21:00, Sunday evening. Hatch noted the fine performance of the 1st Maine Cavalry in his post action reports. Union casualties were 2,019 (62 killed, 243 wounded, and 1,714 missing or captured), Confederate losses were 400 (68 killed, 329 wounded, and 3 missing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nFirst Winchester had proven costly to the 1st Maine. Several the companies in the 1st Battalion suffered more than half their number as prisoners after the mess in the road with the rebel battery. Company A suffered the most, arriving at Winchester with eighteen men. During this action, the battalion lost three killed, one mortally wounded, nine wounded, twelve wounded and taken prisoner, one mortally wounded and taken prisoner, forty-nine taken prisoner of whom five would die in rebel captivity, and 176 horses and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0056-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nOver the next three weeks, many men who had eluded capture or had escaped captivity straggled in to rejoin the regiment. On Tuesday, forty odd men arrived with COL DeForest of the 5th New York Cavalry with thirty-two wagons of supplies that they had managed to spirit away from Confederate hands at Middletown, having been forced by rebel pursuers to cut through the mountains and ford the Potomac upriver by Clear Spring. Some stragglers arrived on foot having lost their mounts in the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0056-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nA group of twenty had been held in Winchester when they encountered MAJ Whitney and his small command en route to MGEN Banks on June 3. Additionally, thirty or more of the men being transported south on the Valley Turnpike to captivity in Richmond managed to escape the night of the May 24 and make their way back to the 1st Maine in Maryland. A group of fourteen troopers from Companies A and L managed to report back in to the regiment at Westport on May 27 after escaping through the mountains via Pughtown and Bath. Some mpore men arrived on", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nIn Williamsport, while Douty worked diligently remounting his command, the news of Banks's ouster from the Valley caused a stir in Washington lest Jackson continue north and threaten the capital. Lincoln, who in the absence of a general in chief was exercising day to day strategic control over his armies in the field, took aggressive action in response. He planned trap on Jackson using three armies. Fr\u00e9mont's would move to Harrisonburg on Jackson's supply line, Banks would move back in the Valley, and 20,000 men under McDowell would move to Front Royal and attack Jackson driving him against Fr\u00e9mont at Harrisonburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nUnfortunately, this plan was complex and required synchronized movements by separate commands. Banks declared his army was too shaken to move. It would remain north of the Potomac until June 10. Fr\u00e9mont and McDowell bungled it completely. Jackson defeated the two in detail \u2013 Fr\u00e9mont at the Battle of Cross Keys on June 8 and McDowell at Battle of Port Republic on June 9. Of note, one of the 1st Maine's nemeses, Turner Ashby died on Chestnut Ridge near Harrisonburg in a skirmish with Fr\u00e9mont's cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, The Shenandoah, the \"Middletown Disaster,\" and First Winchester\nOn June 12, the 1st Battalion crossed the Potomac and returned to Winchester. Company K continued down the Valley Pike to Strasburg. Companies E and M traveled south on the also macadam Front Royal-Winchester Road to Front Royal, where they were joined on the 20th by companies A and B, and the brigade placed attached to BGEN Crawford's infantry brigade. The remainder of LTC Douty's command's time in the Shenandoah was uneventful save a brief skirmish at Milford, on July 2 (CAPT Thaxter commanding). On July 9, Douty received orders to rejoin the regiment at Warrenton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 154], "content_span": [155, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe main body of the regiment had remained in Washington, DC while the 1st Battalion operated in and around the Shenandoah Valley. On April 2, 1862, orders arrived for a march to Warrenton, VA on Friday, April 4. The troopers spent Thursday sharpening their sabers and checking their equipment. When their departure was delayed by a day, the regiment continued honing their edged weapons. On Friday evening, the men were given a patriotic send-off including a concert sung by ladies from Maine who were residing in Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAt midday Saturday, the regiment departed their encampment on Capitol Hill led by MAJ Stowell (COL Allen was still recuperating in New York). The inexperienced regiment \"accompanied by a baggage train long enough for a whole corps later in the war,\" rode down Maryland Avenue SW and crossed the Potomac on Long Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nOn the Virginia side, it checked in at Fort Runyon. At the fort, they received orders to report to BGEN McDowell's Department of the Rappahannock's forces at Warrenton Junction (present day Calverton, Virginia) via the Columbia, Little River, and Warrenton Turnpikes. The regiment crossed the Alexandria Canal and climbed up the Columbia Turnpike passing Fort Albany on the left as they crested the rise. The regiment continued on and could see Robert E Lee's home, Arlington House on a rise to the right. The men of the 1st Maine were taking in the sights as they traveled for the first time in rebel territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe first impressions of Virginia were not very favorable. The roads were muddy and in bad order, and houses were few, far between, not particularly good, even before the war, and now presenting a dilapidated, tumble-clown appearance. The whole country wore a deserted, unhealthy look, to which the earthworks, abandoned camp-grounds, and the waste and destruction which accompany an army, even when not in active operation, added an extra gloom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nHere the men saw for the first time the desolating effects of war. On their line of march to and from this point nearly every house,was deserted of its owners. Its doors and its windows and the fences that enclosed it, and the birds that sang and the flowers that bloomed around it, all were gone. The music of singing birds and the sweeter music of children's voices had ceased ... The pleasant dwellings had been left desolate, and no cheerful salutations of neighbors and no ringing laugh of youthful glee was heard. Instead of these the streets resounded with the roll of the drum, the stern word of command and the heavy tramp of armed men", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAs Lee's home faded into the distance, the men descended a small vale to Arlington Mills Station crossing both 4 Mile Run and the Alexandria, Loudoun, and Hampshire Railroad (AL&H). The men noted heavy use of the railway as they crossed it seeing other troops and supplies at the station. A mile beyond the railway and above the dell, at 15:00, the regiment briefly stopped at Bailey's Crossroads to water their horses. They had taken three hours to travel the nine miles from the encampment on Capitol Hill to the crossroads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0065-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nOnce the horses were watered, the regiment mounted up and continued down Columbia Turnpike. At Padgett's Tavern, the regiment turned right on the Little River Turnpike another macadamized road. They crossed the unfinished new rail cut that would run from the Orange and Alexandria Railroad through Annandale and Fairfax to Haymarket. By sunset on Saturday, April 5, 1862, the 1st Maine had reached Fairfax Courthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe men in the regiment were familiar with the history of the courthouse \"where the eloquence of a Patrick Henry and a \u00b7William \u00b7Wirt bad exerted its magic power.\" While dismayed at its state of ruin, the troopers still were fascinated by the building, the grounds, and the various remnants of the county records strewn about the location. Picketing the horses in the Courthouse's yards, the troopers were crammed into the Courthouse's various buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe regiment was up at dawn on Sunday morning, April 6. By 09:00, they had groomed their horses, broke fast, and were on the Little River Turnpike once more heading west. A mile down the pike, the command made a left turn in the village of Germantown and rode onto the Warrenton Turnpike heading west-southwest where Centreville, VA lay six miles away. They continued passing vacant fields on either side of the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0067-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAhead on a slight ridge on either side of the pike, the men saw some of the rebel \"Quaker guns,\" manned with stuffed dummies that the rebels had placed there to give their pickets on the rise the look of a fortified position from the distance. At noon they passed them and entered Centreville. A water halt was made there for the horses, and after seeing to their mounts, the men inspected the effigies with great interest. Within an hour, the command had remounted and left Warrenton Pike and turned onto a dirt road heading south to Manassas Junction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0067-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nShortly, they found themselves crossing Bull Run over a partially rebuilt bridge which had been destroyed by the Confederates when they retreated. Although on the edge of the battlefield, the Maine men saw solitary chimneys where houses used to be. Dead rotting horses generated \"that peculiar stench which afterwards became familiar to all soldiers.\" As the march continued, many a Maine trooper was sobered by the sight of numerous soldiers' graves on the roadside along Warrenton Turnpike. At dark the regiment was at Manassas Junction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0067-0003", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nTheir horses were picketed by the side of the road and the men had their first experience (of many) in sleeping out-of-doors. The weather was fair, and morale was high, and the \"boys, though tired, were in good spirits, and inclined to make the best of the circumstances. The command had marched 17 miles from Fairfax Courthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nMonday, April 7, 1862, was a gray, drizzly day, as the 1st Maine traveled along the dirt road that paralleled the Orange & Alexandria past Bristoe Station and Catlett's Station all the way to Warrenton Junction. They saw ripe wheat fields and fine manors, all abandoned. It started drizzling in the late morning, and after a midday water stop, the rain increased. The muddy road and numerous fords over creeks made the march a difficult one, but after twelve miles, around 15:00 they reported to McDowell's Department of the Rappahannock in Warrenton Junction. The baggage train were still on the dirt road having been held up at a ford that was too deep for their transit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAfter scrounging for rations the first day in camp, the wagons finally caught up with the regiment having taught the men a valuable lesson \u2013 always have some rations and extra ammunition on their person or mount. Graced with an early spring snowstorm on Tuesday, the men made the best of camp life, drilling, and seeing to their horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nFirst assigned to Gen. Abercrombie's brigade, and soon afterwards to Gen. Ord's division within McDowell's department, the 1st Maine was learning its job. The occasional patrols were the primary means for this on-the-job-training. Companies were detached singly, in twos, threes, and more to conduct these reconnaissances. Friday, April 11, they spent the night scouting Warrenton and returned Saturday morning. They made several more such patrols through the remainder of April and into May. In this time, they became adept at river-crossings, bringing the right amount of gear for a mission, and handling their horses while also learning how valuable a source of intelligence both the enslaved and free black population would be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nOn Tuesday, April 15, Company C under CAPT Dyer made a patrol down the Orange & Alexandria to the Rappahannock where they saw black slaves building earthworks on the opposite side of the river north of the railroad. As they moved north, they could see a large, white plantation house which they surmised to be the rebel headquarters. Two slaves who had escaped across the river estimated that there were between 5,000 and 7,000 troops total in the area. Examination of the field works through binoculars led Dyer to believe they alone could hold 3,000\u20134,000 men. As they turned to report back, three rebel batteries opened fire on them. After getting out of range and sight of the rebels, they learned from some black women the identities of several locals who were visiting their camp and reporting back to the rebels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe next evening, Wednesday, April 16, LTC Willard Sayles, commander of the 1st Rhode Island Cavalry, took a squadron of his regiment and Companies D and F of the 1st Maine on a patrol toward Liberty Church to interrogate and arrest the reported rebel informants. After receiving accurate intelligence from the suspects' slaves, three men were arrested and turned over to the brigade headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nOn Tuesday, April 22, COL Allen rejoined his command. The regiment was being moved around and attached to various infantry brigades. Sometimes various companies were detached for provost or courier duties. Other than these command duties their time was spent on picket duty and scouting patrols for their various attached commands. Their constant reassignment led, by mid-May, to the common query among the men, \"whose kite are we going to be tail to next?\" In fact, this problem affected not only the 1st Maine but all volunteer cavalry regiments in the eastern theater. The Army of the Potomac's cavalry would not serve as a unified force until the upcoming Maryland Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe only patrol where the regiment operated as one body was a reconnaissance patrol to Culpeper Court House on Sunday, May 4, 1862, through Monday, May 5. Under BGEN Hartsuff's direction, the 1st Maine took up their line of march Sunday, May 4, 1862, at 17:00, for reconnaissance to the Rappahannock River and beyond Culpeper Courthouse. The expedition was led by MAJ Stowell due to COL Allen's continued infirmity. and the men were tasked with bringing three days rations with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0074-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAfter proceeding en miles in the darkness, Stowell halted at 20:30 and obtained a local Unionist as guide who took them two miles further to the road along the north side of the Rappahannock. The command then took this road two miles further north to Beverly's Ford. With the water up to five feet deep and a strong current, the regiment did not finish crossing until midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0075-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe guide suggested that the best place for a horse and water was the Cunningham plantation, or Elkwood Plantation, Farley Hill, by Farley Road over Ruffian's Run, the late headquarters of the Confederate Army. Around 01:00, the command gained access to the main house from the overseer who provided valuable intelligence on the geography of Culpeper County and the local rebel order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0076-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAt 04:00, the 1st Maine resumed their march, with the overseer guiding them. Instead of taking a dirt track (present day Farley Road) which went through a wood and low land, Stowell accepted the guide's suggestion to ride along Fleetwood Hill that gave a view of the river and railroad as well as of the surrounding country, thus precluding being surprised by the enemy. Pushing on toward Brandy Station, Stowell had thrown out a company of skirmishers and a formidable rear guard, which covered more than a mile of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0077-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nStowell found the general appearance of the country favorable, gently rolling, open, highly cultivated, and fruitful, rich plantations, with an abundance of forage and subsistence. He noted the brush was much heavier than about Warrenton Junction. After crossing the river, the men had found no real road leading south and on their left until they arrived at Brandy Station. There they found remains of an old plank road, connecting the Fredericksburg and Culpeper Plank Roads with the Old Carolina and Kelly's Ford Roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0078-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe patrol found that the rebels on the Rappahannock had fallen back to Gordonsville, and there has been no force this side of there of any great amount. Stowell noted that the \"planters on our route, as near as I could judge, are nearly all secesh [sic], and a little bleeding would reduce their fever a little and do them good.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0079-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAdvancing on from Brandy Station to Culpeper Court House around 09:00, the 1st Maine found that the middle and upper classes were secessionist who could not be trusted to give accurate information, but that the blacks and poor whites were exceptionally reliable, giving corroboration, and very willing to give all the intelligence they had. Two miles beyond Brandy Station, Stowell heard that a line of pickets was established about three miles this side of Culpeper, ergo about two miles ahead of them. Further interrogation of a civilian intercepted coming from the courthouse indicated that the rebels there were two companies of cavalry all equipped with carbines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0080-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAfter leaving this man by the wayside and advancing about one mile, at 10:15, Stowell received a messenger from CAPT Taylor commander of L Company, the advance guard, that LT Vaughan had found the pickets, charged them, put them to flight, and now Company L and Taylor were chasing them down the railroad. Stowell ordered the column forward as fast as possible. On arriving within a half-mile of the town, he detached men to high ground to the north and south of town to avoid surprises. He next sent two companies forward to support Taylor and Company L which had continued pursuit through the town and out the other side. The men on the high ground reported seeing horses being driven into a yard northwest of town. Stowell sent CAPT Smith forward to investigate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0081-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nNot having heard from either Taylor or Smith, Stowell kept the command spread out while he and Company C searched the courthouse and questioned the civilians. While the men in Culpeper were \"sour-looking and reserved,\" they again found that the black people and handful of Unionists and poor whites were reliable sources. According to the friendly locals, the regiment's approach generated quite a stir, and two couriers immediately rode to the Rapidan, some eight miles beyond Culpeper, for two regiments of infantry which were stationed there. Stowell also learned that the rebels mounted the horses without regard to ownership, and very many without stopping to saddle them. The man intercepted and interrogated on the way in had proven to be accurate as per the composition of the force posted at the courthouse", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0082-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nConsidering the short distance to the two regiments of rebel infantry (they were just a few stations up the Orange & Alexandria rail line) and not hearing from CAPT Taylor, Stowell became concerned about the regiment's quite critical situation. While searching stables and yards for horses to seize, the returned CAPT Smith and several company and platoon officers alerted him to a force of cavalry on the south side of the town. Initially thought to be rebels as the force had light-colored horses and some of it light clothing, it turned out to be CAPT Taylor. He had taken some prisoners were riding some of the light-colored horses and dressed in light clothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0083-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAt 11:00, after finding no papers of great consequence except a handful of rifles, carbines, shotguns, and pistols, the command began its trek back to its base. Stowell remarked that by following the railroad, they could tear up the track at any time if the cars should approach us with infantry. Stopping at Jonas Run about 13:30 to water and feed their horses, and then returned to the Rappahannock by 16:30. Stowell deemed it unwise to stop on the south side for the night, lest rebel infantry catch them by railroad. Since only their cavalry could ford the river, which the Maine troopers did not fear, Stowell turned the column north along the riverbank toward Beverly's Ford as it started top rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0084-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nArriving about 18:30, the command began across finding the water about higher than the night before and consequently a difficult two-hour evolution. Originally intending on camping on the north side for the night, Stowell found a consensus to push on home through the stormy weather twelve miles farther.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0085-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nStowell cleared the last of his men into camp and reported to COL Allen at 23:00. While not encountering any meaningful contact, the 1st Maine had successfully scouted the furthest distance south over the Rappahannock of any United States unit thus far in the war covering 60 miles over the course of 31 hours and returning with confirmed enemy order of battle, transportation infrastructure intelligence, enemy supply/logistics status, and eight prisoners. The command was duly praised for its competence and professionalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0086-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAfter several successful foraging and scouting expeditions that netted a handful of prisoners, on Friday, May 9, the brigade, now commanded by BGEN Hartsuff, received orders to pack its gear and move to Falmouth, opposite Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock, twenty-five miles to the southeast. On Monday, May 12 at noon, the brigade departed Warrenton. The five companies of the 1st Maine served as advance and rear guards during the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0087-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAt 17:00, after traveling eight miles, Companies D, K, and L, the advance guard, halted and set camp. The brigade found the travel very difficult, and the rear guard did not arrive at camp until 21:30 Monday evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0088-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nReveille at 04:00 got the men up to care for their horses and prepare for the day's march. Companies C, F, G, and I rotated to take the advance guard on Tuesday and were stepping out at 06:30. After all the infantry and wagons got out of the camp, D, K, and L finally got on the road at 08:30. COL Allen's command noted the number of \"large plantations of rare beauty\" along the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0088-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nMay 13, 1862, was a hot and humid day and the heat almost insufferable, with a dense cloud of dust that made the horses in front of the troopers almost invisible. The infantry in the brigade suffered greatly as the column spun out for miles. The advance guard halted at Stafford Court House at 14:00, but the rear companies did not arrive until 18:30. The men in the brigade were impressed with the relatively untouched countryside, quite amid the spring green, as they passed through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0089-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAs the column had progressed during the day, they had attracted a large following of escaped slaves, or \"contraband,\" who seized their freedom by joining the column. Again, these local black residents proved exceedingly valuable sources of intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0090-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe next morning, the Maine troopers rose earlier than their exhausted infantry brothers to prepare their horses for the last leg of the journey south to Falmouth. Again, the companies rotated between advance and rear guard and resumed the march with an awake and fed infantry by 07:00. Within an hour that Wednesday morning, it began raining which spared the brigade from the heat of the day before but added a wet chill to the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0091-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nHartsuff's brigades's advance guard of Companies D, K, and L reached Falmouth, on the opposite side of the Rappahannock from Fredericksburg, by mid afternoon. The remainder of the brigade streamed in until 20:00.The march of 30 miles through Virginia mud had been difficult. Nearly half of the infantry fallen out by the wayside at some point of the march. Despite the rigor, the 1st Maine troopers noticed several large, beautiful plantations, indicating fine taste. They also noticed again the support and value of the local black population as intelligence sources. The column had met many groups of slaves acting as agents of their own emancipation by escaping to Federal lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0092-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThrough April and May of that spring, the men of the 1st Maine had followed the progress of McClellan in his Peninsula Campaign through the Northern newspaper available in camp as well as the enemy press available along the route of march. The forces at Fredericksburg were commanded by McDowell to block any advance on Washington and to tie down Confederate troops marking them across the river at Fredericksburg. While the confederates had reduced their numbers at Fredericksburg, the U.S. forces increased in number yet did not advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0093-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nWhile at Falmouth, Hartsuff's brigade with Rickett's brigade now formed a division under a prior commander, Ord, Ord's division was reviewed by Gen. McDowell, and three days later, Friday, May 23, President Lincoln, accompanied by Secretary of War Stanton, M. Mercier, the French Minister, and other distinguished gentlemen, as well as by Mrs. Lincoln, Mrs. Stanton, and other ladies, reviewed McDowell's whole force. In camp at Falmouth, the regiment received new shelter tents (today known as pup tents) so that every two men would always he supplied with a tent for shelter. Despite initial misgivings, the troopers eventually found them much better tents than their original ten- and twelve man tents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0094-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nSunday, May 25, the regiment, with the 2nd Maine Light Battery (CAPT James A. Hall), the 5th Maine Light Battery (CAPT George F. Leppien), and the 1st Pennsylvania Light Battery (CAPT Ezra W. Matthews), all under command of COL Allen, marched to Alexandria. The command was in motion at 18:00 in the evening, and after a tedious march went into bivouac on the road at 23:30, having made five miles in as many hours, owing to continuous delays caused by the artillery and wagons getting stuck in the mud. By 07:00, they were on the road to Alexandria again. At 12:00, however, a courier caught up with COL Allen with orders for them to march to Manassas Junction instead. Allen had the small command go into camp planning on an early start on Tuesday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0095-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nMcDowell had received reports of the rebels in considerable force near Centreville, and he decided to consolidate his forces at Manassas. On the road by 05:00, the regiment and three batteries bivouacked on the roadside on Tuesday evening and made Manassas by midday, Wednesday, May May 28, joining the remainder of McDowell's corps, camping there that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0096-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nOn Thursday morning, Washington ordered McDowell to the Shenandoah Valley to assist Banks so the whole force, with the 1st Maine in the advance, took up the line of march for Front Royal. Washington was intent on this force cutting Jackson's force off in the lower valley between McDowell and Banks. The regiment passed through Thoroughfare Gap and camped Thursday night on the other side of the Blue Ridge Mountains. On Friday, they went fifteen miles further and camped on the estate of the late Chief Justice Marshall, and the third day, Saturday, May 31, reached Front Royal at dark in the rain camping just outside the village on the Manassas Gap Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0097-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nOne week prior to the 1st Maine's arrival as part of Ord's Division, Saturday, May 24, Jackson's forces, after demolishing the 1st Maryland Cavalry at Front Royal, had met their brethren in the 1st Battalion with LTC Douty and driven MGEN Banks' up the other side of the valley to Winchester following up with driving Banks further out of the valley and across the Potomac into Maryland on Sunday. At Front Royal, the regiment met a handful of their comrades from the 1st Battalion who had been captured after The Disaster with MAJ Collins from the 1st Vermont. The day before, Friday May 30, the 1st Rhode Island had liberated these men when MGEN Shields' forces retook the town. Unknown to the regiment, more of their comrades were being held temporarily at several locations in the valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0098-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAt Front Royal, McDowell, now in command, found it very important to open communication with General Banks, who had moved downriver from Williamsport to Harper's Ferry at the lower end of the valley. On Sunday, before his arrival, Shields had heard the artillery fire from Jackson's clash with Fremont at Fisher's Hill but refrained from moving to his assistance because he wanted to wait for McDowell and all of his forces to arrive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0098-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nWhile he now knew Jackson may have slipped away at Strasburg, he also wanted to get a picture of the disposition of Confederate forces between him and Winchester, specifically if Jackson and his main body of troops were still threatening Washington. Accordingly, the next day Monday, June 2, he ordered a small force to attempt to make contact. COL Allen upon receiving the orders sent MAJ Whitney with Companies C and D to reconnoiter in that direction, and if possible, open a line of communicate with Banks. The mission was risky as the rebels now commanded the valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0099-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nMAJ Whitney and his little command started late in the afternoon at 16:00. In moderate rain, they traveled up the macadamized Front Royal-Winchester Road, passing through Cedarville and Nineveh without seeing any enemy. The sun set at 19:30 and with the mountains' shadows, it was too dark to continue so Whitney halted his men in the woods about two miles from Winchester. They had heard from the local black population that the Confederates were holding Winchester but that Jackson's main body had already slipped into Strasburg the same day they had arrived ten miles away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0099-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThis would be valuable intelligence for both Banks and McDowell as well as the fact that they had not seen any rebels troops during their journey in the rain. They remained in the woods that night in a driving rain without fires to hide their presence from the enemy. Without shelter, they were \"cold, wet, and decidedly uncomfortable,\" but the Maine troopers knew the storm and darkness were advantageous to their dangerous mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0100-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nAt early dawn, Tuesday, the command dashed into town and through it, creating a complete surprise to the rebel force of about 300 who held the town. This force was left by Jackson to guard about 200 Union soldiers captured by Jackson's forces the week before including a handful of 1st Maine troopers, The rebels had not expected any threat between them and Jackson's main body and failed to put pickets south of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0100-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThey were completely surprised as well as the local citizenry who remembering, \"their barbarous conduct toward the retreating troops of General Banks, a few days before, they anticipated a fearful retribution.\" As the little force, at an hour when few in the town were stirring, swept like a whirlwind into the town, they were very naturally supposed' to be the advance of a heavy force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0101-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe consternation and frightened looks and actions of soldiers and citizens, as well as the joyous surprise of the prisoners, amused the Maine troopers. The panic seized rebel soldiers and the civilians that beds were suddenly vacated, toilets neglected, garments forgotten or ludicrously adjusted, and rebel soldiers threw down their arms in dismay while others took safety in flight. Taking advantage of the enemy's sudden panic and disorganization, many prisoners with their wits about them took off north on the road to Harper's Ferry where friendly forces lay. A few of these men were some captured from LTCOL Douty's battalion at Middletown Several of these men obtained mounts and joined Whitney's expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0102-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nThe whole number of Union prisoners in the town might have been liberated, but since this was not in the mission's orders, Whitney did not stop to do so. His first objective of the mission to scout between Front Royal and Winchester was accomplished. The orders being next to communicate with MGEN Banks and not stop to fight, Whitney's command pushed on. MAJ Whitney found a guide who stated that a rebel force was in camp just beyond Winchester, but instead, after marching a few miles he found Banks' pickets who told him Banks was now at Harper's Ferry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0102-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nHe soon reached the general's headquarters by 10:00, delivered his orders, received new ones, dropped off the liberated Maine troopers with LTC Douty, and started back on the return to Front Royal. Around 17:00, the command once again swept through Winchester again causing confusion and camped in the same woods On Tuesday night that they had on Monday night. Rising at dawn's light on June 4, the command lit off on the road to Front Royal and met no rebel forces along the way. Arriving by 11:00, MAJ Whitney reported with COL Allen to MGEN McDowell with Banks' messages and his report on rebel dispositions between Front Royal and Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0103-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, In the Department of the Rappahannock\nOn that Wednesday, the same day, as a result of Whitney's report of only the handful of rebels at Winchester, Banks moved his command back into Winchester. Entering the town, the U.S. troops found \"not a solitary person appeared in sight, but hundreds of unfriendly eyes were peering through all manner of crevices, expecting momentarily to see the torch applied to all places whence shots had been fired and hot water thrown on the morning of the twenty-fifth day of May.\" In this action, Whitney's colleagues in the 1st Battalion scouted up the Valley Turnpike for Banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 128], "content_span": [129, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0104-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Reunification\nThe regiment was reunited at Warrenton, VA, on July 10, and attached to Bayard's brigade, with which it took part in the Battle of Cedar Mountain. This was the unit's first encounter with elements of the Army of Northern Virginia, albeit only a portion under the command of Stonewall Jackson. Due to the confusion and the large number of prisoners taken in the valley in May and June, forty or more 1st Maine troopers who were being transported to Richmond at this time succeeded in escaping and eluding their guards and rejoined the company in a day or two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 104], "content_span": [105, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0105-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nGeneral Robert E. Lee responded to Pope's dispositions by dispatching Major General Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson with 14,000 men to Gordonsville on July 13. Jackson was later reinforced with another 10,000 men by MGEN A.P. Hill's division on July 27. On August 6, Pope marched his forces south into Culpeper County with the objective of capturing the rail junction at Gordonsville, to draw Confederate attention away from MGEN George B. McClellan's withdrawal from the Virginia Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0105-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nIn response to this threat, Jackson chose to go on the offensive, attacking Pope's vanguard under Banks, before the entire Army of Virginia could be brought to bear on his position at Gordonsville. After defeating Banks, he then hoped to move on Culpeper Court House, 26 miles (42\u00a0km) north of Gordonsville and the focal point of the Union arc about Northern Virginia, to keep Pope's army from uniting. This would allow Jackson to fight and hopefully defeat each of the Union Corps separately, as he had done during the Valley Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0105-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nAccordingly, Jackson set out on August 7 for Culpeper. The cavalry under BGEN Beverly Robertson was sent ahead to dispatch the Federal cavalry guarding the fords of the Rapidan River and occupying Madison Court House, threatening the Confederates left flank as they marched northward. This task was easily accomplished by Robertson on August 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0106-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nJackson's march on Culpeper Court House was hindered by the severe heat wave over Virginia at the beginning of August, as well as by his characteristic secrecy about his plan, which caused confusion among his divisional commanders as to the exact route of advance. As such, the head of his column had only progressed 8 miles (13\u00a0km) by the evening of August 8. The Federal Cavalry, though easily dispatched by Robertson, quickly returned to Pope and alerted him of the Confederate advance. In response, Pope ordered Sigel to Culpeper Court House to reinforce Banks, and Banks was ordered to maintain a defensive line on a ridge above Cedar Run, 7 miles (11\u00a0km) south of Culpeper Court House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0107-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nOn the morning of August 9, Jackson's army crossed the Rapidan River into Culpeper County, led by MGEN Richard S. Ewell's division, followed by BGEN Charles S. Winder's division, with MGEN A.P. Hill's division in the rear. Just before noon, BGEN Jubal Early's brigade, the vanguard of Ewell's division, came upon Federal cavalry and artillery occupying the ridge above Cedar Run, just to the north-west of Cedar Mountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0107-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nEarly brought up his guns and an artillery duel began between the opposing forces as Early's infantry formed a line on the eastern side of the Culpeper-Orange Turnpike (present day U.S. Route 15) on the high ground on the opposite bank of Cedar Run. As the rest of Ewell's division arrived, they formed on Early's right, anchored against the northern slope of the mountain and deployed their six guns on its ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0107-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nWinder's division formed to Early's left, on the west side of the Turnpike, with BGEN William Taliaferro's brigade closest to Early, and Col. Thomas S. Garnett's on the far Confederate left in a wheat field at the edge of a woods. Winder's artillery filled a gap on the road between the two divisions. The Stonewall Brigade, led by Col. Charles R. Ronald, was brought up in support behind the guns. A.P Hill's division, still marching up the Turnpike, was ordered to stand in reserve on the Confederate left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0108-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nThe Federals formed a line on a ridge above Cedar Run, with BGEN Samuel W. Crawford's brigade forming the Union right in a field across from Garnett and BGEN Christopher C. Augur's division on the Union left to the east of the Turnpike. BGEN John W. Geary's brigade was anchored on the Turnpike opposing Taliaferro, while Brig. Gen Henry Prince's brigade formed the far-left opposite Ewell. BGEN George S. Greene's understrength brigade (only two regiments) was kept in reserve in the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0109-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nA little before 17:00 as the artillery fight began to wane, Confederate BGEN Charles S. Winder fell mortally wounded. He had been ill that day and was taken onto the field in an ambulance wagon. While attempting to direct his troops, he was struck by a shell fragment. Winder's left arm and side were torn to pieces, and he died a few hours later. As a result, command of the division devolved on William Taliaferro, who was completely ignorant of Jackson's battle plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0109-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nDispositions on his part of the field were still incomplete; Garnett's brigade was isolated from the main Confederate line, with its flank dangerously exposed to the woods. The Stonewall Brigade was to have come up to support them but remained a half-mile distant behind the artillery. Before leadership could properly be restored to the division the Union attack began. Geary and Prince were sent against the Confederate right. The Federal advance was swift and threatened to break the Confederate line, prompting Early to come galloping to the front from Cedar Mountain where he was directing troop dispositions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0109-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nEarly's stabilizing presence and the raking fire of the Confederate guns halted the Union advance on the Confederate right. On the left Crawford attacked Winder's division, sending one brigade directly at the Confederate line and another brigade through the woods on a flanking movement. The Federals came from the woods directly into the flank of the 1st Virginia Infantry, who under the pressure from attack on two fronts broke for the rear. The Federals pushed on, not waiting to reform their lines, rolling through the outflanked 42nd Virginia until they found themselves in Taliaferro's and the artillery's rear. The Stonewall Brigade came up and was swept aside by Crawford's troops before it had a chance to react. Jackson ordered the batteries withdrawn before they were captured, but Taliaferro and Early's left were hit hard by the Union advance and threatened to break.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 986]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0110-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nAt this dire point, Jackson rode to that part of the field to rally the men and found his old brigade finally being brought up to reinforce the line. Intending to inspire the troops by waving his sword, he was forced, due to its being rusted and stuck in its scabbard from infrequent use, to unbuckle the sword and scabbard from his belt and wave it all over his head. Then grabbing a battle flag from a retreating standard bearer, he ordered his men to rally around him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0110-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nThe Stonewall Brigade, inspired by their leader, attacked the Union troops, and drove them back. By this point, Banks's men were becoming tired and disorganized, with their ammunition nearly gone. Without any support, his men had been unable to follow up on their initial success. The Stonewall Brigade maintained contact in pursuit of the U.S. troops but soon found themselves beyond the Confederate line alone and unsupported. Banks's line reformed and counterattacked, driving the 4th and 27th Virginia back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0110-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nThe Stonewall Brigade's attack had bought time allowing Jackson's line time to reform and A.P Hill's troops to come up and fill the gaps from Winder's broken regiments. Jackson ordered Hill and Ewell to advance. He encountered BGEN Lawrence O'Bryan Branch (a career politician) making a lengthy speech to his troops and urged him to press forward. The Union right immediately collapsed. Ewell, having difficulty silencing his guns, was delayed, but the Union left began to waver at the sight of Crawford's retreat and were finally broken by a charge down Cedar Mountain by BGEN Isaac R. Trimble's brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0111-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nDespite bringing up Greene's reserve brigade in support, by 19:45, the Union line was in full retreat. In a last-ditch effort to help cover his infantry's retreat, Banks sent two squadrons of cavalry at the Confederate line. They were met with a devastating volley from the Confederate infantry posted behind a fence on the road, allowing only 71 of 174 to escape. The Confederate infantry and Brig. Gen William E. Jones's 7th Virginia Cavalry hotly pursued the retreating Federals, nearly capturing Banks and Pope, who were at their headquarters a mile behind the Federal line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0111-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nAfter a mile-and-a-half of pursuit, Jackson grew wary as darkness set in, as he was unsure of the location of the rest of Pope's army. Finally, several Union infantrymen captured by the 7th Virginia informed the Confederates that Pope was bringing Sigel forward to reinforce Banks. Accordingly, Jackson called off the pursuit and by around 2200 the fighting had ceased. By this point, BGEN James Ricketts's division of McDowell's corps was arriving, which effectively covered Banks's retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0112-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nLosses were high in the battle: Union casualties of 2,353 (314 killed, 1,445 wounded, 594 missing), Confederate 1,338 (231 killed, 1,107 wounded). Crawford's brigade had lost over 50% of its total strength, including most of its officers. Prince's and Geary's brigades suffered 30\u201340% casualty rates. Both generals were wounded, and Prince was also captured. Confederate BGEN Charles S. Winder was mortally wounded by a shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0113-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nFor two days, Jackson maintained his position south of Cedar Run on the western slope of the mountain, waiting for a Federal attack that did not come. Finally, receiving news that all of Pope's army had arrived at Culpeper Court House, on August 12, Jackson fell back on Gordonsville to a more defensive position behind the Rapidan River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0114-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nWeather and poor communication with his divisional commanders had robbed Jackson of the initiative in the fight. Still expecting to face the same cautious opponent from the Valley, he was taken by surprise and very nearly driven from the field. Excellent commanding by the Confederates at the crucial moment of the battle and the fortuitous arrival of Hill staved off defeat, eventually allowing their numerical superiority to drive the Federals from the field. For his part, Banks, having been soundly defeated by Jackson in the Valley, was anxious to make up for previous losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0114-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nRather than fighting a defensive battle from a strong position because he was outnumbered 2 to 1, giving time for the rest of Pope's army to arrive, he decided to take the initiative and attack Jackson before he could fully form his lines. The bold move very nearly paid off, but in the end, he was again defeated by his old foe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0115-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Cedar Mountain\nWith Jackson on the loose, wreaking havoc against Union forces, General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck became apprehensive and called off Pope's advance on Gordonsville, thereby giving Lee the initiative in the Northern Virginia Campaign. The battle effectively shifted fighting in Virginia from the Virginia Peninsula into northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 105], "content_span": [106, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0116-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Skirmishing at Brandy Station and the Rappahannock}\nAfter that debacle, 1st Maine Cavalry participated in the retreat of Gen. Pope's forces to Fairfax Court House, where it arrived on Sep 3 and reported to BGEN Jesse L. Reno, having engaged the enemy at Brandy Station on Aug 20, and been present at the Second Battle of Bull Run on the 30th, under Brig.-Gen. Elliott of Pope's staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 142], "content_span": [143, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0117-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Skirmishing at Brandy Station and the Rappahannock}\nArriving in Washington on Sep 4, it was attached to Burnside's Corps and engaged the Lee's forces at Frederick, MD, on September 12, 1862. Company G, acting as BGEN Reno's bodyguard, took part in the Battle of South Mountain, Companies M and H, under MGEN Porter, in that of Antietam. The regiment (except Companies G, M, and H) remained at Frederick, from Sep 12 to Nov 2, up to which period it had lost in action and worn out in service nearly 700 horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 142], "content_span": [143, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0118-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Training, deployment, and operations in 1862, Skirmishing at Brandy Station and the Rappahannock}\nIn December 1862, during Battle of Fredericksburg, the regiment's battalions and companies were spread through MGEN William B. Franklin's Left Grand Division of the Army of the Potomac. The 1st Maine got through the Fredericksburg campaign relatively unscathed by the Army of Northern Virginia. It went into winter quarters outside Fredericksburg and mounted pickets and security patrols to fend off marauding rebels through the Holiday Season and into the new year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 142], "content_span": [143, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0119-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863\nIn camp before the onset of activity in the Spring, the 1st Maine as well as the entire of the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac received breech-loading carbines (two Michigan regiments received repeating Spencer rifles). The whole of the cavalry now had the firepower that would enable them to hold, tie down, and delay rebel infantry until their own infantry could arrive on the scene of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0119-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863\nWhile not as rapid in fire as the later repeating carbines and rifles, the breech loaders still increased the rate of fire to three and four times that of the rebel muzzle-loading Enfields and Springfields and could outrange the rebel cavalry's shotguns. The standard trooper in the 1st was now armed with a saber, two Colt .44 \"Army\" pistols, and a single-shot Burnside breech-loading carbines (some kept privately purchased Sharps Carbines). As with the rest of the Cavalry Corps, the saber and pistols were for combat from the saddle and the carbine was for dismounted combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0120-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863\nThe year would be the turning point in the Eastern Theater, and the severity of the service to which the men of this regiment were subjected during the campaigns of 1863, may be inferred from a bare recital of the battles in which they were subsequently engaged and from data showing some of their heaviest losses. The battles, in addition to those above mentioned, occurred during the following campaigns/expeditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0121-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nIn April 1863, MGEN Joseph Hooker sent MGEN George Stoneman to cut Lee's line of supply on the Orange and Alexandria and Virginia Central Railroads at the town of Gordonsville. Hooker hoped Lee would withdraw from Fredericksburg since he would be cut off from supplies and transportation. Hooker assured Stoneman that he would keep in communications with him while he was on the raid. This expedition was also a significant change in the use of Federal Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0121-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nThe cavalry was beginning to expand from their traditional screening/scouting roles and add the role of a mounted strike force tasked with finding and fighting the enemy. Hooker directed Stoneman in his orders on April 12, 1863, \"Let your watchword be fight, and let all your orders be fight, fight, fight.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0122-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nThe raid would be conducted with the men carrying light loads concentrating on weapons and ammunition. Sustenance for man and beast were to be taken from rebel territory. The 1st in the lead of COL Kilpatrick's 1st Brigade of BGEN David McM. Gregg's 2nd Division seized the bridge across the river at Rappahannock Station, but further reconnaissance found the roads beyond to be nearly impassable in the rain and mud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0122-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nThe men's eagerness was thwarted as heavy spring rains kept the bulk of the force on the Federal side of the river looking for a suitable spot to get across in force. To keep the force undetected, Stoneman had given the order that no fires would be allowed after dark for the duration of the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0123-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nRebel scouts had noticed some cavalry moving out of Falmouth but were ignorant of its intent. The 1st Maine's LT Stone of Company A was acting as the assistant brigade quartermaster when he was captured by a small party of Mosby's Rangers and taken to Warrenton to get back across the river for interrogation. The rain had increased the size and speed of the river at the ford so that his captors were reluctant to move into the stream. To goad his men, the party's commander, a LT Paine, spurred his horse into the river, and was promptly swept off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0123-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nDespite being a prisoner, Paine moved into the river downstream, while his other captors dithered and grabbed his captor saving his life. In return, he was promised he would be sent directly to Lee's headquarters with a recommendation to be returned without exchange as reward for this act. While being transported to Richmond, Paine, on Stone's horse, and his party were in turn captured by the 8th Illinois in COL Horace B. Sargent's 1st Brigade of BGEN William W. Averell's 1st Division of this expedition. Stone spent barely a week away from the regiment and was back with his horse by Wednesday, April 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0124-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nBy the evening of April 19, Stoneman had the command shed \"all men and horses not in good condition, and all extra baggage, to the rear, and prepare for long and rapid marches, day and night, as the cavalry was about to show an indulgent government that the money and pains taken to render this arm of the service efficient was not thrown away.'\" The rain and the mud still hindered the force to the extent that by Wednesday, April 22, the 1st Maine found itself in Warrenton, VA still on the Federal side of the river. The men found a respite in that being within a town, they were allowed to light fires. They remained in Warrenton through Saturday, April 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0125-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nOn April 25, the orders were modified to cross the Rappahannock north-west of Fredericksburg on the evening of the 28th, or the morning of the 29th, and move in two columns, operating on the line of the Orange & Alexandria railroad and Culpeper Road. After moving out during the night of April 28/29, the column was in motion, and before noon was at Kelly's ford, on the Rappahannock, where it crossed on a pontoon bridge. Once across, the force dismounted a short distance beyond the river until dark when they mounted up and moved toward Richmond. Keeping the horses saddled and the men under arms, Stoneman split his force in three for the next day's movement. Once again, Stoneman had his subordinates cull any men or mounts deemed unfit for the remainder of the expedition sent back across the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0126-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nThe 1st Maine was in Kilpatrick's 1st Brigade of Gregg's 2nd Division riding with Stoneman to arrive on the Virginia Central's rail line at Louisa Courthouse southeast of Gordonsville from the southeast while Averell's 1st Division with three brigades would come down the Orange & Alexandria from the north. A beefed-up reserve brigade with four regular cavalry and one volunteer regiments under BGEN John Buford followed equidistant behind the two wings. The operations the next day, the 30th, after crossing, consisted in driving in the outposts which were encountered on both roads. The 1st provided security for crossing the Rapidan at Raccoon ford, and troopers were pleased to find that the copper and brass rounds for their carbines were unaffected by the fording of the swollen streams and the torrential rains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0127-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nStill not lighting campfires to avoid rebel detection, the forces continued their advance south through Unionville and Thornhill to get between the Army of Northern Virginia and Richmond and east of Gordonsville. unopposed by any significant opposition. This had a further positive effect on the Federal Cavalrymen's self-esteem as well as a break in the weather. The men of the 1st noted that they were capturing prisoners, weapons, horses, mules, and fodder with every small skirmish yet they were seeing no signs of the Army of Northern Virginia's retreat from the vicinity of Fredericksburg. Instead, the men of the 1st saw the tracks of infantry and cavalry heading to Fredericksburg and points upriver on the Rappahannock. Stoneman reported these indications back to Hooker, but received no response so was unaware of the result of his intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 972]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0128-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nAfter slogging through rain and fog for three days, with the 1st Maine acting as its division's rear guard, the rains cleared as they crossed the North Anna River. On May 1, the unit rotated to the advance guard and at 01:00 (at night) on May 2, arrived at Louisa Courthouse on the Virginia Central Railroad thirteen miles southwest of the junction at Gordonsville. Stoneman consolidated his forces at Louisa Court House on the Virginia Central Railroad at 10:00 where they began destroying the rails and equipment found there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0128-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nHe had Averell come south through Gordonsville to meet him at Louisa. As he waited for Averell, Stoneman sent the regular officer, the 1st Maine's Adjutant, CAPT Tucker, with its Companies B and I northwest up the railway toward Gordonsville to find the enemy. Stoneman had not heard anything from Hooker and was unaware of any effect that his presence and actions were having on Lee's army. Men of the 1st and the rest of the force were ignorant of the impending doom facing XI Corp roughly 30 miles to the northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0129-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nThree miles outside Louisa, the two companies made contact and drove back the rebel pickets only to find themselves facing five companies of rebel cavalry. They managed to cut their way out of an encirclement and made it back to the main force. Stoneman opted to send out small parties to destroy as much infrastructure and supplies as possible from his stop at Louisa. Averell joined him on May 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0129-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nWhile these forays had commenced, Stoneman received orders that day from Hooker (the first communication sent his way since crossing the Rappahannock) recalling him to the main body of the Army of the Potomac then heavily engaged at Chancellorsville. At the same time, he was seeing the limit of endurance for his men and horses nearing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0130-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nStoneman began sending patrols east toward the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad on May 4, with the intent to move closer between Richmond and Fredericksburg and destroy as much rail equipment and military supplies as he could on the way back to the army. The 1st drew rear guard duty again and were instructed to build large numbers of fires around Louisa to deceive the 500 odd rebel cavalrymen who had mixed it up with CAPT Tucker and monitored the expedition from a distance. Instead of going into camp for the night, the column headed east on the Richmond Pike, a clear macadamized road. Making good progress on the hardtop, the column halted at Thompson's Crossroads. Stoneman again divided his force into several expeditions sent out in different directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0131-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nThe 1st Maine, with Gregg, was sent to Rockville fifteen miles northwest of Richmond and west of Ashland Station on the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac line. From there even smaller detachments fanned out. After burning bridges across creeks and rivers, firing warehouses, and rolling stock, on May 6, Gregg moved his group north to rejoin Stoneman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0132-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nAs the elements were regrouping, Stoneman found that a brigade-sized contingent under Kilpatrick (not including the 1st Maine) sent southeast had been cut off by an aroused rebel cavalry and forced to return to Union lines down at Yorktown. Unknown to him, the rebels having defeated Hooker were turning their attention to the raiders. As he was finding out, \"To take the enemy by surprise and penetrate his country was easy enough; to withdraw from it was a more difficult matter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0133-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nTo keep the rebel forces marshalling against him from seizing the initiative, Stoneman had sent Buford back to Louisa and Gordonsville on May 5. With the 1st rotated back to the advance guard, the force crossed the Pamunkey River and made camp to wait for its outliers to return. By May 6, Buford had returned to Stoneman. Crossing the Rapidan again at Raccoon ford, the force was shadowed by ever increasing numbers of rebel horsemen on the 7th reaching Kelly's ford at midnight. The three days of rain made the ford risky to cross in the darkness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0134-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nAt daybreak on May 8, Stoneman's remaining force began swimming across the Rappahannock with the men of the 1st Maine again realizing no debilitating effect on their metal carbine cartridges. At the end of the day, the 1st Maine was one of the first units of the expedition to get to the encampment at Bealton, twenty miles upriver from the Army of the Potomac's headquarters at Falmouth. By May 10, all the regiments less Kilpatrick's were reunited at Bealton. While bone weary, the Federal cavalrymen were in high morale in stark contrast to the rest of the army stung by a particularly galling defeat at the Battle of Chancellorsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0135-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nThis raid took a toll on the regiment, but it and the rest of the army's cavalry branch were gaining in combat effectiveness. Regardless of the success or failure of the daring Stoneman's raid, it instilled a growing sense of competence and confidence among the men of the Federal cavalry. Chaplain Merrill called the raid \"one of the most remarkable achievements in the history of modern warfare\" and one of the men encapsulated the new-found confidence writing, \"It was ever after a matter of pride with the boys that they were on Stoneman's Raid.\" Reflecting on the raid twenty years later, Edward Tobie wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0136-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Stoneman's raid and the Chancellorsville Campaign\nStarting with but two days' rations, after that was gone the boys lived on ham, flour and meal obtained from the country, cooked when they had time to cook, and eaten raw when necessary. As for rest and sleep, five nights there was no sleep exceed what was stolen in the saddles, and the rations of sleep were short and of an inferior quality during the rest of the time\u00a0; some of the men seemed demented at times from loss of sleep, and acted half crazed. Three days and nights there was continuous marching, fighting, scouting, and picketing, and in fact pretty much of the whole time the boys had been actively employed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 116], "content_span": [117, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0137-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nRegrouping, resupplying, and training further with their new carbines, the regiment prepared for the next engagement. Although the morale of the Cavalry Corps was high due to the perceived success of Stoneman's Raid, Hooker used Stoneman as a scapegoat and relieved him of command. The 1st Maine remained under Kilpatrick in the 1st Brigade of Gregg's 3rd Division. The brigade was joined by a company of cavalry from the District of Columbia under CAPT William H Orton (who would later join the 1st Maine the following year with the remainder of the 1st DC Cavalry). BGEN Pleasanton was promoted to command the Corp with BGEN Buford taking over his 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0138-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nAfter Chancellorsville, Lee began an invasion up the Shenandoah into the Maryland and Pennsylvania with two goals in mind. The first was to attack the US public's will to fight, and the second was to give the agricultural economy of northern Virginia a chance to rebound from the Army of the Potomac and produce a harvest that could sustain the rebel armies in the field by foraging and plundering the lush, productive country of south central Pennsylvania. To do this successfully, he would need MGEN Stuart's Confederate cavalry force to scout and screen for his main body. This would lead to the 1st Maine having an eventful experience during the ensuing Gettysburg Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0139-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\n\"[Brandy Station] 'made' the Federal cavalry. Up to that time confessedly inferior to the Southern horsemen, they gained on this day that confidence in themselves and in their commanders which enable them to contest so fiercely the subsequent battle-fields ...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0140-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nAround Brandy Station, Stuart had about 9,500 men in five cavalry brigades, led by BGENs Hampton, Robertson, and Jones, and COL Munford (temporarily commanding Lee's brigade), plus horse artillery. He was unaware that Pleasanton had organized his command into two wings of 11,000 men across the Rappahannock River. Buford, accompanied by Pleasanton, led the right wing of three cavalry brigades and horse artillery augmented by an infantry brigade from the V Corps. The 1st Maine rode in the left wing, led by Gregg, similarly composed and augmented in the 3rd Cavalry Division, led by Gregg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0140-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nTo remove the threat of Stuart raiding his supply lies from Brandy Station, Hooker ordered Pleasonton to make a \"spoiling raid,\" to \"disperse and destroy\" the Confederates. In Pleasonton's attack plan, the 1st Maine in Gregg's wing would cross at Kelly's Ford, six miles (10\u00a0km) downstream to the southeast of Brandy station as the left pincer in a planned double envelopment. Buford's wing would cross further north at Beverly Ford. At dawn on June 9, 1863, the U.S. forces advanced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0141-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nBuford's wing made first contact and surprised the Confederates at St. James Church. Buford failed to turn the Confederate left and dislodge the artillery that was blocking the direct route to Brandy Station. Men of the 1st Maine could hear cannon fire from Buford's force as they crossed Kelly's Ford. After initial heavy losses, Buford's men were amazed to see the Confederates began pulling back. Gregg's wing, finding their planned route blocked by Robertson's brigade, found a completely unguarded and more circuitous route surprising the rebels and forcing the withdrawal from Buford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0142-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nThe 1st Maine was in the second bride to arrive on scene. Between Gregg and Buford at St. James battle was Fleetwood Hill, Stuart's headquarters the previous night, which Stuart and most of his staff had left for St. James Church. A howitzer, left in the rear because of inadequate ammunition, fired a few shots that delayed the Union advance as they sent out skirmishers and returned cannon fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0142-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nWhen the first brigade in Gregg's wing under COL Wyndham charged up the western slope of Fleetwood and neared the crest they put to flight, the lead elements of Jones's brigade, which had just withdrawn from St. James Church. Wyndham set up a battery on the hill next to the rebel howitzer. The 1st Maine, in the next brigade, led by COL Kilpatrick, swung around east of Brandy Station and formed up on the southern end and the eastern slope of Fleetwood Hill on the right of Wyndham's brigade. A furious scrap began with charges moving back and forth over the hill by Wyndham and his foe, Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0143-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nKilpatrick kept feeding his brigade into the fight alongside Wyndham's brigade and seemed to be gaining the upper hand. His former regiment, the 2nd New York (also known as the Harris Light Cavalry) flooded up the hill, only to discover that their appearance coincided with the arrival of Hampton's brigade, with a battery of five guns to augment the howitzer, who drove them back over the crest and captured the Federal battery. The regiment was shattered and fled back down the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0143-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nWhile rallying the remnants of his old regiment, Kilpatrick galloped up to COL Douty asking, \"Colonel Douty, what can you do with your regiment?\" Douty answered confidently, \"I can drive the rebels.\" At that, Kilpatrick turned to the regiment and shouted, \"Men of Maine! You must save the day! Follow me!\" This call had an immediate effect on the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0144-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nWith a shout at the top of their lungs, \"in one solid mass this splendid regiment circled first to the right, and then moving in a straight line at a run struck the rebel columns in flank. The shock was terrific! Down went the rebels before this wild rush of maddened horses, men, biting sabres, and whistling balls.\" The charge of the 1st Maine saved the Federal guns near Fleetwood Hill from capture. The Federal battery was manned and withdrew off the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0145-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nDuring the charge and pursuit, the regiment separated into two groups. One remained near the crest of Fleetwood Hill mopping up in melee with dismounted rebels. Some of the regiment dismounted and opened fire with their carbines on Confederates withdrawing to the north along the crest. LTC Smith, in command of this contingent, soon found himself alone and almost cut off. He quickly rallied and gathered more than half the regiment around him. Once gathered, Smith led his group down the hill to join COL Douty. As they left the crest, no one manned or removed the Confederate guns on the crest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0146-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nCOL Douty, meanwhile, was with the other group further along in pursuit of fleeing rebel horsemen and began trying to reform this group to avoid a dissipation of his combat power. Douty quickly realized while the chase had carried them over a mile of open ground, he had woods on either side into which rebels had fled. As he rallied his command, he could see the enemy massing for an attack in his rear. He formed his group in column and charged the still-forming line of Hampton's men. He smashed through the line, wheeled around on the other side, and charged again thoroughly scattering the rebel troopers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0147-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nAs Smith and his contingent came up to meet Douty, they realized that they were surrounded. The rebels had flooded back toward the hill in small groups including artillerymen who had taken back their abandoned guns. The two groups rallied around COL Doughty and LTC Smith. With Smith in the lead, the regiment advanced on the battery at pace \"as if inviting death.\" Firing from the rebels died off as their troopers moved out of the battery's line of fire and the gunners sighted their guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0147-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nWhen Smith saw the battery preparing to fire, he ordered the column to turn right just before the guns fired loads of grape and shell. The abrupt move left the discharge tearing through empty space and the column reformed before the battery could reposition their weapons and swept around to the right of the crest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0148-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nThe regiment lost no men in the last action and made it back over the crest to the origin of their charge. In the last action, the Maine men had learned the valuable lesson that that cohesion gave them power and safety in numbers as demonstrated in Douty's two charges in the open ground and Smith's turn to dodge grape and shell from the rebels. Several sweeps over the hill during the day had left it remaining in Confederate hands. Near sunset, Pleasonton ordered a general withdrawal, and the ten-hour battle was over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0149-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nThe 1st Maine's losses in casualties and prisoners were almost all troopers who had been separated from the main two bodies. All told, this action had cost the regiment one killed, two wounded, seven \u00b7wounded and taken prisoner, and twenty-\u00adeight taken prisoner. They had also taken seventy-six rebel prisoners and 2nd South Carolina's colors. Two rebel artillery pieces were taken off the hill but abandoned in the withdrawal back across the Rappahannock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0150-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nMuch like the earlier raid (that is, not really succeeding in its initial objectives) the men of the 1st Maine gained more confidence from their action. Although a rebel tactical victory (although derided as a defeat in rebel press as a defeat), for the first time in the War, they matched the rebel cavalry in skill and determination. As they recouped, Edward P. Tobie observed, \"[ A] higher value attaches to Brandy Station as affecting the [1st Maine]. ... It was ... the first time it had ever tasted ... the fruit of victory. The battle aroused its latent powers, and awoke it ... to a new career. It became self-reliant, and began to comprehend its own possibilities. It became inspired with an invincible spirit that never again forsook it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0151-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nOf note, the battle had \"indisputably delayed Robert E. Lee's advance northward by one full day\" which would have a knock-on effect on the Army of Northern Virginia and its movements in the remainder of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0152-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nThe Battle of Aldie took place on June 17, 1863, in Loudoun County, Virginia. It was the first in a series of small battles along the Ashby's Gap Turnpike in which Stuart's forces successfully delayed Pleasonton's thrust across the Loudoun Valley, depriving him of the opportunity to locate the Army of Northern Virginia which was trying to get a jump on the Army of the Potomac into Pennsylvania via the Shenandoah Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0153-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nDespite the positive performance of the Cavalry Corps at Brandy Station Hooker grew increasingly frustrated with Pleasonton's inability to locate Lee's main body. Pleasonton reorganized his corps again from two wings into three divisions. He relieved COL Alfred N. Duffi\u00e9 with the 1st Maine's brigade commander, Kilpatrick. The Maine men were now part of Gregg's 2nd Division's 3rd Brigade now commanded by Gregg's cousin, COL John Irvin Gregg. Pleasonton took Company I to serve as escorts and orderlies at his headquarters. Company L detached, under CAPT Constantine Taylor to do the same at MGEN John F. Reynolds 's I Corps' headquarters. The remaining ten companies stayed under COL Douty's command in the 3rd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0154-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nOn June 17, Pleasonton decided to push the 2nd Division twenty miles from Manassas Junction westward down the Little River Turnpike to Aldie. Aldie was tactically important in that near the village the Little River Turnpike intersected both the Ashby's Gap Turnpike and Snicker's Gap Turnpike, which respectively led through Ashby's Gap and Snickers Gap in the Bull Run Mountains, a ridge east of the Blue Ridge Mountain into the valley. The 1st Maine arrived there with the 3rd Brigade at 14:00 to find a severe cavalry fight already underway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0155-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nJust east of the village Kilpatrick's division led by 1st Massachusetts had driven COL Thomas T. Munford's's pickets back upon initial contact through the town. Around the same time, the rest of Munford's brigade under the COL Williams Carter Wickham arrived at Dover Mills, a small hamlet on the Little River west of Aldie where the U.S. forces realized that Munford's regiments outnumbered them. The rebels set up a position west of the town that controlled the road leading from it. Wickham ordered COL Thomas L. Rosser to take the 5th Virginia to locate a campsite closer to Aldie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0155-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nAs they moved east, they ran into and easily drove back Kilpatrick's right flank regiment, the 1st Massachusetts, through Aldie to the main Union body. Rosser pulled back through town and deployed west along a ridge that covered the two roads leading out of Aldie and waited the arrival of Munford. As Rosser withdrew west, he repulsed a swift counterattack by 1st Massachusetts and 4th New York securing his hold on the Ashby's Gap Turnpike with a sharpshooter detachment under CAPT Boston behind a stonewall east of the William Adam farmhouse at the foot of the hill at Snicker's Gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0156-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nKilpatrick then turned his attention towards the Snicker's Gap Turnpike. As Mumford brought forward the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Virginia Cavalry, an artillery duel ensued. A furious fight erupted, which at first went in favor of Munford as Federal charges were met, stopped, and then forced back by the withering volley of sharpshooters entrenched along a stone wall. The 1st Massachusetts Cavalry was trapped in a blind curve on the west of Snicker's Gap Turnpike and was mauled, losing 198 of 294 men in the eight companies that were engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0156-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nGregg sent the 1st Maine to the left to report to Kilpatrick on his left. When Gregg found himself actively engaged in close combat on the east side of the hill at Snicker's Gap Turnpike, he recalled the 1st Maine ordering them to wheel right and attack over the crest with sabers drawn. Douty had only six companies with him as four under LTC Smith had gone too far west to recall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0157-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nAs Douty formed the companies, they were met by Kilpatrick and the withdrawing 1st Massachusetts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0158-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\n\"Kilpatrick was among them, but when he saw an unbroken front of live men, with glistening sabres drawn, he instantly stopped. His moistened features were covered with dust; his countenance was dejected and sad; the fire and the flash of his eyes were gone, and he looked indeed \"a ruined man.\" \"What regiment is this?\" he asked, in tones that did not betray him. \"First Maine!\" shouted a dozen throats. The response was electric.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0158-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nThen we heard the\u00b7 old, familiar, clear-ringing tones, and saw his countenance brighten to a smile, his eyes flash, and his whole frame fill with enthusiasm, as commanded: \"Forward. First Maine! You saved the field at Brandy Station, and you can do it here! Are there twelve men who will follow me?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0158-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nHe turned instantly, and forty boys of Co. H, followed by Co. D. with deafening yells and flashing sabres, charged down the hill and met the victorious rebels, brave, bold, determined fellows, just at the road, and in an instant we were among them; nor would they turn till they felt the steel borne by braver and stronger arms than theirs.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0159-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nCOL Doughty and CAPT Summat were on the extreme left of the regiment as they had been between the fourth and fifth company in the line of march. As Kilpatrick turned around to the rebels, Doughty and Summat galloped alongside him in front of the rest of the regiment. The regiment cleared all rebels before it. On its right, the 6th Ohio overran Boston's detachment at the stonewall beyond the Adam farmhouse on Ashby's Gap Turnpike, capturing or killing most of his men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0159-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nAs the charge met the rebels, LTC Smith had rejoined and immediately fell in the sweep down the hill. In the ensuing action, three sergeants of Company H captured the colors of the 4th Virginia. As the tide finally turned in the fading light, the Maine troopers found COL Doughty and CAPT Summat fatally shot from their saddles. LTC Smith assumed command of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0160-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nThe fighting died down around 20:00 as Munford withdrew his command west towards Middleburg. Despite Pleasonton's tactical victory, Munford had accomplished his mission of keeping Hooker from knowing Lee's location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0161-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Hard service in 1863, Gettysburg campaign\nDespite their high morale from their successful charge and the capture of enemy colors, the 1st Maine had suffered the notable loss of its commander, COL Douty, as well as a popular company commander, CAPT Summat. The scrap had been costly with the loss from this battle being five men killed, one mortally wounded, seventeen wounded, one mortally wounded and taken prisoner, one wounded and taken prisoner, four taken prisoner, and over 200 horses \u2013 a significant blow to the command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0162-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Union cavalry supremacy 1864\u20131865\nIt also moved with the cavalry corps on Gen. Sheridan's first raid. May 9, 1864, until within 3 miles of Richmond. In the engagement at Trevilian Station, June 24, 1864, its loss was 10 officers and 58 enlisted men. During August of this year its loss in killed, wounded and missing was 49 men and 75 horses, and the total casualties during 1864 amounted to 295 officers and enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0163-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Union cavalry supremacy 1864\u20131865\nIn August 1864, seven companies of the 1st D. C. cavalry were transferred and assigned to the several companies of this regiment by a special order of the war department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0163-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Service history, Union cavalry supremacy 1864\u20131865\nThe original members of the regiment whose term of service expired November 4, 1864, were mustered out at Augusta, ME, on November 25, while the regiment, now composed of veterans, recruits and members of the 1st D. C. cavalry whose term had not expired, participated in the closing battles of the war; was mustered out of the U. S. service at Petersburg, VA, August 1, 1865, and arrived in Augusta, ME., on August 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0164-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Affiliations, battle honors, detailed service, and casualties, Organizational affiliation\nThe 1st Maine Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was organized at Augusta, ME and served with the following organizations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 117], "content_span": [118, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0165-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Affiliations, battle honors, detailed service, and casualties, List of battles\nThe official list of battles in which the regiment bore a part:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 106], "content_span": [107, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0166-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Affiliations, battle honors, detailed service, and casualties, Casualties\nThis Regiment lost greatest number killed in action of any Cavalry Regiment in the entire army: 15 Officers and 159 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded; 3 Officers and 341 Enlisted men died of disease, a total of 518 The regiment also suffered 447 men wounded and 612 (246 having been 1st DC Cavalry prior to their absorption into the 1st Maine) were captured by rebel forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 101], "content_span": [102, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0167-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Armament\nTroopers in the 1st Maine were initially armed only with a Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber and two Colt .44 \"Army\" pistols. They were also issued ten Sharps Carbines per company. They continued with this as standard armament, although a few officers and men privately purchased Burnside, Merrill, Sharps, and Smith carbines. In February 1863, the 1st and the rest of the 1st Brigade of the 3rd Division of the Army of the Potomac's Cavalry Corps were completely armed with carbines (while retaining sabers and their brace of pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0167-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Armament\nThe 1st drew single-shot Burnside breech-loading carbines that used a metallic cartridge which, as stated above, they found to be an asset when fording waterway. A handful of individuals kept their Sharps if they were modified to accept metal cartridges. On September 10, 1864, all Burnside and Sharps carbines were turned in and the regiment was issued new Spencer carbines. The men from the 1st DC Cavalry had brought enough Henrys with them when they joined to arm four companies in one battalion. From that point to the end of hostilities one battalion was armed with sixteen-shot Henry rifles and two battalions were armed with seven-shot Spencers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159257-0168-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Cavalry Regiment, Monuments and memorials\nDuring the 1880s, planning was undertaken to erect a monument on the Gettysburg National Battlefield which would honor the 1863 service of the 1st Maine Volunteer Cavalry at Gettysburg. That monument was subsequently dedicated in a formal ceremony held at the battlefield on October 3, 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159258-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It suffered more casualties in an ill-fated charge during the Siege of Petersburg than any Union regiment lost in a single day of combat throughout the war. It was also the Union regiment with the highest number of officers killed (23).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159258-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe regiment was mustered in Bangor, Maine, in 1862 as the 18th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment and consisted mostly of men and officers from the Penobscot River Valley (the area around Bangor and points east). It was commanded by Col. Daniel Chaplin, a Bangor merchant. Charles Hamlin, son of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, was originally an officer in this regiment, but was promoted to a position on the staff of Maj. Gen. Hiram G. Berry before it saw significant action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159258-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe regiment's name was changed in 1863 to the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment, and it served in the defenses of Washington, D.C. before being reassigned to the Army of the Potomac during the Overland Campaign in the spring of 1864. At the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, the regiment took its first heavy casualties\u20146 officers and 76 men killed, and another 6 officers and 388 men wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159258-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment\nAt Petersburg, however, an ill-advised charge across an open field toward Confederate breastworks on June 18, 1864, ordered by Chaplin, resulted in the greatest single loss of life in a Union regiment to occur in the war, with 7 officers and 108 men killed, and another 25 officers and 464 men wounded. These casualties constituted 67% of the strength of the 900-man force. Chaplin survived the action but was later killed by a sharpshooter. The regiment was commanded by Russell Benjamin Shepherd for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159258-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment\nAll in all, the 1st Maine sustained one of the highest casualty rates in the war, with 423 killed, and another 260 died of disease. A monument to the 1st Maine stands on the former battlefield at Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159259-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Battalion\nThe 1st Maine Infantry Battalion was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159259-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Battalion, Service\nThe 1st Maine Infantry Battalion was organized in Augusta and Portland, Maine February through March 1865 from the 21st, 24th, 25th, and 26th companies of unassigned infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159259-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Battalion, Service\nThe battalion was ordered to Summit Point, Virginia and attached to 2nd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Army of the Shenandoah to May 1865. 2nd Brigade, Dwight's Division, Department of Washington, to June 1865. Dwight's Division, Department of the South, to July 1865. 4th Sub-District, District of South Carolina, Department of the South, to August 1865. 3rd Sub-District, Department of the South, to April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159259-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Battalion, Service\nThe battalion moved from the Shenandoah Valley to Washington, D.C., May 1, 1865, and served duty there until June 1. Moved to Savannah, Ga., June 1, then to Georgetown, S.C., June 15. To Florence, S.C., July 6-9. Served duty in eastern South Carolina until August 19. At Charleston until August 29, and in 3rd Sub-District, Western South Carolina, until April 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159259-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Battalion, Service\nThe 1st Maine Infantry Battalion mustered out of service April 5, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159259-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Battalion, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 40 men during service, all due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Maine Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was later re-activated in 1898 for the Spanish\u2013American War, but did not serve overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, Pre-Civil War\nIn 1847, during the War with Mexico, the President of the United States requested that a regiment of Maine infantry be mobilized for field duty. This was accomplished on paper, but field officers were never assigned and the regiment's companies never trained together. However, this partial mobilization and the influence of the Crimean War of 1853\u201356 excited military enthusiasm in Maine, and caused new militia companies to be organized in 1854\u201356.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, Pre-Civil War\nIn 1854 there were 58 companies in the Volunteer Maine Militia, and the request of the companies in and near Portland to be named the 1st Regiment was granted by orders of the Maine state government approved June 21, 1854. General Smith of the 5th Division was ordered to carry out the plan. In 1856, 47 of the 56 volunteer companies of the state were disbanded, having lost interest in military affairs. However, the First Regiment continued from 1856 to 1859, though without annual training as a regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, Civil War\nAbraham Lincoln's first call for volunteers in April, 1861 required Maine to raise one regiment of infantry for three months of Federal service. This was done by reorganizing ten existing companies of the state militia, completed at Portland, Maine on 28 April 1861 and mustered into service on 3 May 1861, a total of 779 soldiers. The regimental commander was Colonel Nathaniel Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, Civil War\nThe First Maine was transferred to Washington, D.C. on 1 June 1861, where it remained until 1 August 1861, encamped on Meridian Hill. It spent its entire service in the Washington defenses and saw no combat. They were mustered out on 5 August 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, Civil War\nAlthough the regiment's required Federal service was only three months, all of the soldiers had enlisted for two or three years. Many soldiers in the regiment who were required to remain in service joined the 10th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which retained eight of the 1st Maine's ten companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, Civil War\nThe regimental history was published as  written by Major John Mead Gould.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, Spanish\u2013American War\nThe regiment was mustered into the service of the United States at Augusta, Maine on 26 May 1898, with 46 officers and 979 enlisted men. The regiment moved to Chickamauga, Georgia, then a mobilization center. On 31 May it was assigned to Third Brigade, Second Division, Third Army Corps. The regiment did not deploy further and returned to Augusta, Maine 23\u201327 August after three months' service. On 21 September the regiment was furloughed for 30 days, and on 25 October the regiment's components began to muster out after five months' service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Service, Spanish\u2013American War\nThis was completed on 13 December with 46 officers and 1,211 enlisted men mustered out. A memorial plaque for Company K of the 1st Maine in the Spanish\u2013American War is in a park near Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. Dana T. Merrill, a brigadier general in the United States Army, began his career by enlisting in Company H in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost no men during its brief period of service in the Civil War. In the Spanish\u2013American War the unit lost two officers and 39 enlisted men to disease and 24 enlisted men to desertion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nThe companies of the 1st Maine in the Civil War were named as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nThe 1st Maine was originally formed in state service in 1854, and thus was older than any other Maine regimental organization. An historian of the 240th AAA (Anti- Aircraft Artillery) Group, a former Maine Army National Guard unit, has concluded that numerous subsequent Volunteer Maine Militia and Maine National Guard units inherited the lineage of the 1st Maine via the Portland Light Infantry company. From 1924 through 1944 this was the 240th Coast Artillery Regiment. As of 2018 this lineage is carried by the 240th Regional Training Institute, Maine Army National Guard, in Bangor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159260-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Infantry Regiment, Lineage\nThe 1st Maine is also one of the \"ancestor\" units, along with the famed 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, of the modern day 133rd Engineer Battalion of the Maine Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159261-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Light Artillery Battery\n1st Maine Light Artillery Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159261-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 1st Battery was organized in Portland, Maine and mustered in for three years of service on December 18, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159261-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to 3rd Brigade, Department of the Gulf, until September 1862. It was attached to Weitzel's Reserve Brigade, Department of the Gulf, until January 1863. It was attached to Artillery, 1st Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, until January 1864, and the 2nd Division until April 1864. It then served at Camp Barry, Defenses of Washington, XXII Corps, until July 1864. It was attached to Artillery, 2nd Division, XIX Corps, Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, until February 1865. Finally, it was attached to 2nd Division, Army of the Shenandoah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159261-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 1st Maine Battery mustered out of service July 15, 1865, at Portland, Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159261-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nMoved to Lowell, Mass., December 19, and duty there until February 1862. Moved to Boston February 2, and there embarked on steamer Idaho for Ship Island, Miss., February 8, arriving there March 10. Duty at Ship Island until May 8. Moved from Ship Island, Miss., to New Orleans, La., May 8\u201315, and served provost duty there until September 1862. Duty at Camp Parapet September 1 \u2013 October 24. Operations in La Fourche District October 24 \u2013 November 6. Action at Georgia Landing, Labadieville, October 27. At Thibodeauxville until January 1863. Expedition up the Teche January 11\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159261-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Maine Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nAction with steamer Cotton, Bayou Teebe, January 14. At Camp Stevens, Brashear City, and Bayou Boeuf until April. Operations in western Louisiana April 9 \u2013 May 14. Teche Campaign April 11\u201320. Fort Bisland, near Centreville, April 12\u201313. Jeanerette April 14. Expedition from Opelousas to Barre Landing April 21. Siege of Port Hudson May 23 \u2013 July 8. Thompson's Creek May 25. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 8. Koch's Plantation, Donaldsonville, July 12\u201313. Moved to Baton Rouge August 3, and duty there until September 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159261-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Maine Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nWestern Louisiana Campaign October 3 \u2013 November 18. At New Iberia until January 7, 1864. Moved to Franklin January 7, then to Brashear City and New Orleans January 18\u201320. On veteran furlough February and March. Moved to Annapolis, Md., April 15\u201319, then to Camp Barry, Washington, D.C., April 20. Duty there and at Fort Smith and Fort Strong, Defenses of Washington, until July. Repulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312. At Camp Barry until July 30. Ordered to Tenleytown July 30, and joined XIX Corps at Monocacy Junction August 1. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7 \u2013 November 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159261-0004-0003", "contents": "1st Maine Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nMarch to Middletown August 6\u201315; to Winchester, then to Berryville August 15\u201317, and to Halltown August 21. At Berryville August 28 \u2013 September 18. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty near Cedar Creek until November 9, and near Winchester until December 30. At Stevenson's Depot until January 14, 1865; at Manchester until April 14, and at Winchester until July 9. Moved to Portland, Me., July 9\u201313, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159261-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 43 men during service; 2 officers and 13 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 28 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159262-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Sharpshooters Battalion\nThe 1st Maine Sharpshooters Battalion was a sharpshooter battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159262-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nThe 1st Battalion Maine Sharpshooters was organized in Augusta, Maine October 27 through December 29, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159262-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nCompanies A and B left Maine for City Point, Virginia, November 12, 1864, and assigned to duty there until January 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159262-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nCompany C was organized November 29, 1864, and moved to Galloupe's Island, Boston Harbor, then moved to City Point, Virginia, January 1\u20135, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159262-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nCompany D was organized December 2, 1864. Company E was organized November 28, 1864. Company F was organized December 29, 1864, all three moved to City Point, Virginia, to join the other companies. All were ordered to the Petersburg front and attached to 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, January to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159262-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nThe 1st Battalion Maine Sharpshooters ceased to exist on June 21, 1865, when its members were transferred to the 20th Maine Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159262-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Sharpshooters Battalion, Detailed service\nThe regiment was involved in the Siege of Petersburg from  January 5 to April 2, 1865. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. White Oak Road March 29. Quaker Road March 30. Boydton Road March 30\u201331. Five Forks April 1. Amelia Court House April 5. High Bridge April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Moved to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312 and participated in the Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159262-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Sharpshooters Battalion, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 19 enlisted men during service; 7 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 12 enlisted men due to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159263-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Veteran Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Maine Veteran Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159263-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Veteran Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Maine Veteran Infantry was organized in Charleston, Virginia August 21, 1864, by consolidation of the 5th Maine Infantry, 6th Maine Infantry, and 7th Maine Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159263-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Veteran Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Shenandoah and Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159263-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Veteran Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Maine Veteran Infantry mustered out of service June 28, 1865, in Washington, D.C..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159263-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Veteran Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSkirmishes near Charleston, Va., August 21\u201322, 1864. Demonstration on Gilbert's Ford, Opequart, September 13. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown and vicinity until December. March to Washington, D.C., December 9, then moved to Petersburg, Va. Siege of Petersburg December 12, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25\u201327, 1865. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Sayler's Creek April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Danville, Va., and provost duty there until June. Moved to Washington, D.C.. Corps Review June 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159263-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maine Veteran Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 86 men during service; 6 officers and 40 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 40 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159264-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maintenance Battalion\nThe 1st Maintenance Battalion is a battalion of the United States Marine Corps that provides intermediate-level maintenance for the  I Marine Expeditionary Force's tactical ordnance, engineer, motor transport, communications electronics and general support ground equipment. The Marines and Sailors of 1st Maintenance Battalion are regularly assigned and deployed around the world with command elements that deliver tactical logistics support to I MEF units. The command is based out of Camp Las Pulgas, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California and is organized under the command of the 1st Marine Logistics Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159264-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maintenance Battalion, Mission\nProvide intermediate level maintenance support, to include wheeled and tracked vehicle recovery, salvage and disposal, and general maintenance support, for I MEF's ground equipment in order to improve and sustain MAGTF's combat power. Provide Secondary Reparable Management, including inventory management, storage, financial accounting, and maintenance for secondary and low-density repairables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159264-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maintenance Battalion, History, Organization\nMaintenance Company, 1st Combat Service Group was commissioned on October 1, 1947 at Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow, California. The battalion relocated to MCB Camp Pendleton, California during October 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159264-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maintenance Battalion, History, Iraq, Afghanistan, and current operations\nOn 26 September 2014, 1st Maintenance Battalion was selected as the winner of the Secretary of Defense Field-level Maintenance Award in the large category. The awards was presented to the winners on November 18, 2014, in the Sheraton Birmingham Hotel, Birmingham, Alabama, during the awards ceremony that is part of the 2014 DoD Maintenance Symposium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 77], "content_span": [78, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159264-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maintenance Battalion, History, Iraq, Afghanistan, and current operations\nIn 2020 the battalions higher headquarters, Combat Logistics Regiment 15, was disbanded as part of a larger reorganization of the Marine Corps. The battalion now falls directly under the 1st Marine Logistics Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 77], "content_span": [78, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade\nThe 1st Malaya Infantry Brigade was a regular infantry brigade formed in 1939 with its headquarters in Singapore immediately after the outbreak of hostilities in Europe. The Brigade participated in the Battle of Singapore against the Japanese until the surrender of the garrison in February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, History\nFormed on 3 September 1939, the formation was initially known as the Malaya Infantry Brigade as part of the wartime expansion and reinforcement of Malaya Command. It was re-designated the 1st Malaya Infantry Brigade when the 2nd Malaya Infantry Brigade was formed on 8 September 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, History, Malayan Campaign\nThe 1st Battalion, Mysore Infantry served in airfield security duties during the Battle of Kota Bahru as part of the 8th Indian Infantry Brigade. With the collapse of the defences in Kota Bahru, the Battalion was withdrawn to Singapore and was joined with the Brigade on 18 December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, History, Battle of Singapore\nAll organised Allied forces in Malaya had retreated to Singapore on 31 January 1942. The Brigade was deployed as part of the defence of the Southern Area of Singapore under the command of Maj Gen Frank Keith Simmons together with the 2nd Malaya Infantry Brigade, the Straits Settlements Volunteer Force Brigade and the 12th Indian Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, History, Battle of Singapore\nThe Brigade put up a stubborn defence during the Battle of Pasir Panjang which included the famous last stand at Bukit Chandu led by a platoon of C Company of the Malay Regiment under the command of 2Lt Adnan bin Saidi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, History, Battle of Singapore\nWith the fall of the Pasir Panjang Ridge, the Brigade fell back to the defensive line established along Mount Echo in Tanglin to Buona Vista. The Brigade was disbanded with the general surrender of the Singapore on 15 February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, Formations, September 1939\nThe following units were put under the command of the Brigade when it was initially formed as the Malaya Infantry Brigade in 1939:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, Formations, December 1940\nWith the formation of the 2nd Malaya Infantry Brigade, units were transferred to the new Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, Formations, December 1941\nThe following units were under the command of the Brigade during the outbreak of hostilities in Malaya on 8 December 1941:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159265-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Malaya Infantry Brigade, Formations, February 1942\nThe final order of battle of the Brigade prior to its surrender and dissolution:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159266-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maldives Film Awards\n1st Maldives Film Awards ceremony, presented by the Maldives Film Association, honored the best Maldivian films released in 2008 and 2009. Nominations for the major categories were announced on 8 April 2011. The ceremony was held on 2 July 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159267-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Man in Space\n\"1st Man in Space\" is a song by the English electronic music group All Seeing I, based in Sheffield. It was the third single to be released from the album Pickled Eggs and Sherbet (1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159267-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Man in Space\nIt features vocals by Philip Oakey of The Human League on what is essentially an update of David Bowie's \"Space Oddity\" and Elton John's \"Rocket Man\" The lyrics were written by another Sheffield musician, Jarvis Cocker of Pulp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159267-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Man in Space\nThe single reached Number 28 in the UK singles charts when released in September 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles\nThe 1st Manchester Rifles, later the 6th Battalion, Manchester Regiment, was a unit of Britain's Volunteer Force and Territorial Army recruited in and around Manchester. It served as infantry at Gallipoli, fighting with distinction at the Third Battle of Krithia, and in some of the bitterest battles on the Western Front in World War I. After conversion into an anti-aircraft unit of the Royal Artillery between the wars, it defended Manchester, Scapa Flow and Ceylon during World War II and continued in the air defence role until 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 6th Lancashire RVC raised at Manchester following a public meeting on 20 May 1859. The first 60 volunteers were sworn in on 7 June and began drilling at the Militia Barracks under staff sergeants of the 6th Lancashire Militia. The unit was formally accepted by the Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire, the Earl of Sefton, on 25 August 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Volunteer Force\nA number of large Manchester firms such as J.P. & E. Westhead (3rd Company) and J. & N. Philips (8th Company) provided whole companies from their employees, others came from the Manchester Cotton Exchange (4th Company) and from the Athenaeum Gymnastic Club (5th (1st Athenaeum) Company under Captain William Romaine Callender). Volunteers from the townships of Hulme, Moss Side, Cornbrook and Stretford, including groups from the Commercial Mills at Hulme and from T.G. Hill & Co, formed a 7th (Old Trafford) Company. The 6th Lancashire RVC soon had a strength of 12 companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Volunteer Force\nViscount Grey de Wilton was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant on 19 February 1860 and by the following month the unit had adopted the additional title of 1st Manchester Rifles. The 2nd and 3rd Manchester Rifles and the Ardwick Artizan Rifles (numbered as the 28th, 40th and 33rd Lancashire RVCs respectively) also appeared at this time, making up an unofficial Manchester Brigade at the Volunteer reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st Manchester Rifle Volunteers opened its headquarters (HQ) in Hopwood Avenue and its members drilled in various warehouses, in Carpenter's Hall, the Bazaar in Bridge Street, at Salford Dyeworks, and at the Cavalry Barracks in Hulme. The Old Trafford company paraded at Pomona Gardens and later at the Infantry Barracks at Salford, where they drilled under Regular Army staff sergeants of the 96th Regiment. The majority of volunteers enrolled in the unit were warehousemen and clerks. The uniform was scarlet with yellow facings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Volunteer Force\nIn October 1860, No 12 Company, based at Eccles, transferred to the 46th Lancashire RVC at Swinton but the following year the 6th absorbed the 43rd Lancashire RVC, originally raised on 11 February 1860 at Fallowfield. In March 1865 the 1st Manchesters moved their HQ to an office at 1 Brown Street, and then in July the following year to Wolstenholme's Court, Market Street, Manchester, where it stayed for a number of years. Drills were carried out at Barker's Riding School in Greenheys. From the 1880s the HQ and drill hall was at 3 Stretford Road, Hulme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Volunteer Force\nUnder the 'Localisation of the Forces' introduced by the Cardwell Reforms, the 6th was linked with other Manchester-based RVCs, Militia regiments and the Regular 63rd and 96th Foot into Brigade No 16 (Lancashire). When the 63rd and 96th were amalgamated to create the Manchester Regiment in 1881 as part of the Childers Reforms, the 6th Lancashire RVC was formally attached to it as a Volunteer Batalion on 1 July, and changed its designation to 2nd Volunteer Battalion, Manchester Regiment on 1 September 1887. Under the mobilisation plan introduced by the Stanhope Memorandum in 1891, the five (later six) Volunteer Battalions of the regiment constituted the Manchester Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Volunteer Force\nBetween 1887 and 1908 the 2nd VB maintained a Mounted infantry company. Volunteers from the battalion served in a Service Company alongside the Regulars of the regiment during the Second Boer War, gaining the battalion its first Battle Honour South Africa 1900\u20131902. According to their memorial, 157 men of the 2nd VB served during the war, of whom six died on active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 2nd Volunteer Battalion became the 6th Battalion, Manchester Regiment, except 'N' Company at Manchester University, which became part of the Officers' Training Corps and was the forerunner of today's Manchester & Salford University OTC. The Manchester Brigade became part of the East Lancashire Division of the TF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, the division was at its annual camp when the order to mobilise was received at 05.30 on 4 August. The units returned to their drill halls to mobilise, the men being billeted close by. On 20 August, having volunteered for overseas service, the division moved into camps for training, and on 9 September it entrained for Southampton to embark for Egypt. 6th Manchesters were under Lt-Col G.G.P. Heywood, who had been commanding officer (CO) since 1 September 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 31 August 1914, the formation of Reserve or 2nd Line units for each existing TF unit was authorised. Initially these were formed from men who had not volunteered for overseas service, and the recruits who were flooding in. Later they were mobilised for overseas service in their own right. From now on, the original battalion was designated the 1/6th Manchesters, and the 2nd Line was the 2/6th; later a 3rd line battalion was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion\nThe East Lancashire Division began to disembark at Alexandria on 25 September and the 6th Manchesters went into garrison at Mustapha Barracks in that city. At first the division's role was simply to relieve Regular troops from the garrison for service on the Western Front, but on 5 November Britain declared war on Turkey and Egypt became a war zone. While the East Lancashire Division went to guard the Suez Canal, the Manchester Bde was detached to garrison Cairo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\nOn 3 May 1915 the battalion (under the command of Major C.R. Pilkington, Lt-Col Heywood being unfit) embarked at Alexandria on the SS Derfflinger, a captured German Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping line vessel that had just arrived with a cargo of wounded from the initial landings at Gallipoli. Derfflinger missed her intended landing spot at Cape Helles, and so the Manchesters arrived late on 6 May, after the rest of the division had gone into action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\nThe 1/6th Bn bivouacked above 'W' Beach ('Lancashire Landing') and during the night of 7/8 May was moved, with ammunition, rations and entrenching equipment, but no blankets or baggage, to the Krithia sector, where the men went into the firing line for a 10-day period. On 12 May the brigade made a feint attack to attract attention away from a movement elsewhere", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\nOn 25 May, the East Lancashire Division was formally designated 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, and the Manchester Brigade became 127th (Manchester) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\nDuring another spell in front of Krithia beginning on 25 May, the 1/6th and 1/5th Manchesters advanced their line between 50 and 200 yards (180\u00a0m). The lines were now within assaulting distance of the nearest Turkish trenches, and a new attack (the Third Battle of Krithia) was launched on 4 June. After a bombardment starting at 08.00, the assault was launched at noon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\nThe Manchester Brigade led 42nd Division's attack, with half of 1/6th Bn on the left, and in this sector all went well to begin with: despite intense rifle and machine gun fire the brigade took all its first objectives, the second wave passing through and parties advancing up to 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) into the Turkish fourth line. The Official History records that 'The Manchester Territorials, fighting like veterans, were all in high fettle'. There was almost nothing between them and Krithia, and beyond that the ultimate target of Achi Baba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0012-0002", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\nHowever, things had gone disastrously wrong for 127 Bde's neighbours, and the Turks were counter-attacking both flanks. C Company of 1/6th Bn, which had advanced furthest, was cut off and practically wiped out. Although the Manchesters held on to the first Turkish line they had captured, casualties had been severe, and only 160 out of 770 men of 1/6th Bn answered evening roll-call. The Manchesters consolidated their position on 5 June before being relieved that night and going into reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\nOn 12 June the Manchester Brigade was withdrawn from the Gallipoli Peninsula and went to the island of Imbros for rest. It returned to Cape Helles on 22 June and 1/6th Bn went up to the firing line in the Krithia Nullah sector on 24 June. They held the Turkish trench they had captured while the formations on either flank attempted to improve their positions. The sector was given trench names reminiscent of home: 'Stretford Road', 'Greenheys Lane', 'Ardwick Green', etc. The 1/6th Manchesters then spent the next six weeks alternating in the line with 1/5th and 1/8th Bns, taking casualties steadily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\nA new attack at Helles (the Battle of Krithia Vineyard) began in August. 42nd Division delivered its main attack at 09.45 on 7 August, but despite the bombardment and assistance from machine guns and trench mortars, 127 Bde could make little progress. 1/6th Manchesters, described by the divisional commander as 'that fine battalion', seized a Turkish redoubt in Krithia Nullah and held it 'until they were practically annihilated'. By 19.15 that evening the Manchesters were back in their old positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\n127th Brigade was temporarily unfit for service and its total strength was only that of a single battalion, though it relieved 125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade on 8/9 August and continued the fight, with 1/6th Bn doing good work in defending a trench near Krithia Vineyard. After a short rest and receiving a few drafts and returning casualties, the division was put back into the line on 19 August, still badly under strength and suffering from sickness. The 1/5th and 1/6th Manchesters were temporarily combined under the command of Lt-Col Pilkington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Gallipoli\nDuring September the Turks exploded a series of mines in front of the British trench known as the 'Gridiron' and damaging its defences. Repairs after one mine on 22 September were covered by a bombing party of 1/6th Manchesters who held the lip of the crater. The same day the Royal Engineers exploded a counter-mine and the Manchesters rushed the crater and built a barrier across it. Captain Harold Cawley of 1/6th Bn, the Member of parliament for Heywood, was killed that night by a Turkish sniper, and the crater became known as 'Cawley's Crater'. The division continued to hold its position, suffering casualties from mining and bad weather, until its infantry were evacuated to Mudros on 29 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Romani\nThe Gallipoli Campaign was shut down at the beginning of January, but 42nd Division remained on Mudros until the middle of the month before returning to the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Suez Canal defences. From February to 1916 it was stationed at Shallufa, base for the Southern Sector of the defences, broken by spells of training in the desert. In June the division was moved to the Central Sector, between Ismailia and Qantara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Romani\nIn July, 42nd Division became part of a Mobile Column (under Maj-Gen Hon Herbert Lawrence, former brigadier of 127 Bde) formed to counter a threatened Turkish thrust across the Sinai desert before it reached the canal. 127 Brigade was the advanced brigade of this force, and on 3 August 1/6th Manchesters moved to Pelusium, six miles north-west of Romani to prepare defences to cover the railhead for the arrival of the rest of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Romani\nThe Battle of Romani opened early on the morning of 4 August, and the rest of 127 Bde was rushed up, passing through 1/6th Manchesters to support the Anzac Mounted Division, which was heavily engaged. That night the 1/6th Manchesters escorted the camel transport carrying vital water and supplies up to the front line troops, and then rejoined 127 Bde. During 5 and 6 August the brigade pursued the defeated Turkish force, suffering badly from extreme heat and lack of water, with many men falling out through exhaustion, until it reached Qatiya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Romani\nDuring the Autumn the railway and water pipeline were pushed forward, and 42nd Division participated in the EEF's Advance to Wadi el Arish, which began in late November 1916 and completed the Sinai Campaign in January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Western Front\n42nd Division was now ordered to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. In early February 1917 it returned to Egypt and by 2 March the last troopship had left for France. The troops were concentrated at Pont-Remy, near Abbeville, and re-equipped; the Short Magazine Lee-Enfield rifle was issued in place of the obsolescent long model with which the battalions had gone to war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Western Front\nThe division was employed on working parties in the area abandoned by the Germans when they retired to the Hindenburg Line, and then the brigades started taking turns in the line near Havrincourt Wood. On the night of 8/9 June all four battalions of the Manchesters went into No man's land to dig a new trench 300 yards (270\u00a0m) closer to the enemy line, which was completed and occupied the following night. The battalions also carried out regular night patrols and raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Western Front\nFrom 9 July to 22 August the division was in reserve, with 127 Bde stationed at Achiet-le-Petit. It then moved to the Ypres Salient to join the Third Ypres Offensive, passing through the Menin Gate on the night of 1 September. On 6 September 125 (Lancashire Fusiliers) Bde made an attack, with 1/6th Manchesters attached to provide carrying parties. After the failed attack, the Manchesters carried many of the Lancashire Fusiliers' dead back for burial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Western Front\nAfter 18 days in the Salient, the division was relieved and moved to the Nieuport Sector on the Belgian coast, where it remained under constant shellfire until November. It then moved to the La Bass\u00e9e\u2013B\u00e9thune sector where it spent the winter building concrete defences to replace the existing poor breastworks. The BEF was now suffering a manpower crisis, and in February 1918 around a quarter of its battalions were disbanded to reinforce others; the Manchesters absorbed drafts from the disbanded 1/9th  and 2/10th Bns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Spring Offensive\nWhen the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 42nd Division was in reserve, and on 23 March it was sent south in motor buses to reinforce Third Army. 127 Brigade debussed at midnight on the Ayette\u2013Douchy road and set up an outpost line. The following day the division was ordered to relieve 40th Division, and 127 Bde advanced in artillery formation across open ground to take up its positions. At dawn on 25 March the Germans attacked, making some penetrations but being stopped by the Manchesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Spring Offensive\nOn reports that another attack was assembling SE of Bihucourt, 1/6th Manchesters sent a company there. This arrived simultaneously with the Germans and immediately made two attacks on them, finally being forced out of the village by superior numbers. This action gave time for reinforcements to stop the enemy advancing beyond Bihucourt to Achiet-le-Grand, which the CO of 1/6th Manchesters was ordered to prevent at all costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Spring Offensive\nBy 26 March the enemy was working round the division's flanks, and it was ordered to pull back to the Bucquoy\u2013Ablainzevelle line; 127 Brigade slipped away unnoticed. The German advance was held in front of Bucquoy, despite heavy shellfire, and on the night of 27/28 March 1/6th Manchesters sent an aggressive patrol back into Ablainzevelle, which caused casualties and disruption. The following day the battalion counter-attacked again, breaking up another German attack, and held the line all day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Spring Offensive\nDuring one of the hottest attacks Corporal A. Brooks noticed that his men were running short of rifle oil and suffering jams, so he calmly went up and down the line with an oil can, lubricating rifle bolts while under fire. The first stage of the German offensive had been checked, although shellfire and raiding continued along the line until the division was relieved on 8 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Spring Offensive\nWhen the division returned to the line front, the Third Army line was relatively quiet, the Germans having switched their offensive to the north. The policy was now to advance the line by means of small raids and aggressive patrolling (so-called 'peaceful penetration') and 1/6th Manchesters actively advanced by these means between 20 and 24 July, and in August held off determined attacks on these positions. In July the division was struck by the  flu epidemic, but did receive some drafts: on 31 July the 1/6th Manchesters absorbed the remaining cadre of the 2/6th Manchesters from 66th Division (see below), and thereafter was simply referred to as the 6th Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Hundred Days Offensive\nThe Allied counter-offensive began with the Battle of Amiens (8\u201312 August), as a result of which the Germans began to give ground, and 42nd Division followed up against rearguards. Third Army began its formal assault (the Battle of Albert) on 21 August. 125 Brigade advance behind a creeping barrage onto its first objective, then the barrage switched to precede 127 Brigade advancing with 6th Manchesters on the right. Assisted by morning mist, the Manchesters took their first objective, and then cleared the ravine in which the Beaucourt\u2013Puisieux road ran, the men getting to close quarter fighting with the defenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Hundred Days Offensive\nHowever, it took two attempts for the brigades to take their third objective, the Manchesters finally advancing along the ridge up to Miraumont. A counter-attack from Miraumont at 04.15 the following morning was shattered by the Manchesters, as were two more against the division that day. On 24 August the Manchesters worked round Miraumont, 6th Bn securing fords over the River Ancre, and large numbers of prisoners were taken. The division continued to advance slowly against rearguards until the end of the month. Lieutenant-Colonel T. Blatherwick, commanding 6th Manchesters, was awarded a DSO for making reconnaissances under fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0024-0002", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Hundred Days Offensive\nOn 2 September 127 Bde put in an attack on Villers-au-Flos with support from tanks, aircraft, mortars and a creeping barrage, 6th Bn on the left making good progress as the village was enveloped and cleared. The division then exploited this success, and a period of open warfare ensued, with cavalry going into action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Hundred Days Offensive\nAfter a period of rest, the division returned to the line for the set-piece assault on the Hindenburg Line (the Battle of the Canal du Nord). 127 Brigade advanced at 08.20 on 27 September with 5th Manchesters leading over the Trescault Ridge to the first objective, after which 6th and 7th Bns passed through to the second and third objectives despite losses from machine guns. By 14.30, a weak company of the 6th Manchesters was on the fourth objective. The 6th and 7th Battalions were now too weak to attempt the final objective, but it was taken that night by the rest of the division, which continued to advance the following morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Hundred Days Offensive\n42nd Division next participated in the Battle of the Selle. The divisional Royal Engineers bridged the River Selle on the nights of 17\u201319 October and the attack went in at 02.00 on 20 October. 127 Brigade set off at 07.00 and passed through towards the second objective. Although the leading company of 6th Manchesters suffered casualties from machine gun nests, these were successfully cleared out and the battalion captured the village of Marou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Hundred Days Offensive\nAlthough the men of 6th Bn were anxious to carry on to the third objective, they were ordered to consolidate until the 5th Bn on their right could catch up. The Germans massed for a counter-attack at midday, but this was broken up by artillery and machine gun fire and 127 Bde captured its final objective that afternoon. When the advance was resumed on 23 October 127 Bde was in support. During the subsequent pursuit (3\u201311 November), it remained in support, marching through the Forest of Mormal and across the River Sambre behind 42nd Division's advanced guards until the Armistice with Germany came into effect on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Hundred Days Offensive\n42nd Division remained at Hautmont on the Sambre during November, then moved to Charleroi where demobilisation began. As the men went home the division's units were reduced to cadres by 16 March 1919, and 6th Bn was disembodied on 10 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 1/6th Battalion, Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as CO of the 1/6th Manchesters during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion\nThe 2/6th Bn was formed at Hulme in August 1914 and shortly afterwards was included in the 2/1st Manchester Brigade of 2nd East Lancashire Division. There was a great shortage of arms and equipment, and the 2nd Line Lancashire units had to train with .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles until the end of 1915. Training was also interrupted by the need to supply reinforcement drafts to the 1/6th Bn overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion\nIt was not until August 1915 that the division (now numbered as the 66th (2nd East Lancashire), with the 2/1st Manchester Bde as 199 (Manchester)) was able to concentrate in Kent and Sussex. By the end of the month all Home Service men had left to join Provisional Battalions (see below). Early in 1916 the division was transferred to coastal defence duties in East Anglia, but training was still hindered by the requirement to supply drafts to the 42nd Division. It was not until 1 January 1917 that the division was declared ready for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion\nThe division began embarking at the end of February, and was concentrated at Berguette and Thiennes by 16 March. It served in the desultory operations along the Flanders coast in the summer, then moved to the Ypres salient  in October to join the Third Ypres Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion, Poelcapelle\nThe division's first attack was on 9 October at the Battle of Poelcappelle. Its role was to advance up a ridge to the outskirts of the village of Passchendaele. Ground conditions were bad, but it was believed that there was no German wire to negotiate. The division began its 2.5 miles (4.0\u00a0km) approach march at 19.00 the evening before, and was expected to be resting at its jumping-off line by midnight. But the mud was so bad that the troops arrived 20 minutes after the attack was launched, and simply fixed bayonets and kept walking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion, Poelcapelle\nAs well as the mud, which seriously hindered movement, clogged weapons and deadened artillery fire, they were faced by unanticipated barbed wire. The artillery had made no impression on German pillboxes. Although patrols from 66th Division did reach Passchendaele, by the end of the day all temporary gains had been wiped out, and the division did note even hold a consolidated line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion, Operation Michael\nWhen the German Spring Offensive opened, 66th Division had recently been moved from Ypres to Fifth Army and was holding a line among the undulating valleys of the River Somme's tributaries. Reconnaissance had revealed strange new holes in No man's land, which turned out to be forming-up points for the German Stormtroopers. The divisional front was held by three battalions in the Forward Zone and three out of the other six in the Battle Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0032-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion, Operation Michael\n2/6th Manchesters was among the battalions held back from the Battle Zone, but the divisional commander had forbidden them to move into position until the battle actually started. Aided by early morning fog, the German attack on 21 March quickly broke through the Forward Zone, isolating the battalions, and continued into the Battle Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion, Operation Michael\nThe Manchesters now had to march up to their allotted positions under gas shelling, 2/6th Bn moving up the hill from Montigny towards Hervilly, which was under heavy shellfire, and into Hervilly Wood. Casualties had been light so far, but between 11.00 and 11.15 the Germans advancing in the fog split the battalion and surrounded both A and C Companies. Battalion HQ formed a defensive line and 2/6th Manchesters held on at Fervague Farm for several hours, until driven out at 13.00 by flamethrowers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion, Operation Michael\nMany of the survivors were captured, and when the battalion reached Carpenza Copse it consisted of only 12 officers and 150 men. Here, under the command of Maj John Whitworth and joined by some dismounted cavalry, they held on doggedly until 14.00 on 22 March before falling back under cover of fog to the 'Green Line' at H\u00e9b\u00e9court, where 50th (Northumbrian) Division was hurriedly digging in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion, Operation Michael\nThe remnants of 66th Division took up position on the Somme Canal at P\u00e9ronne, where 2/5th and 2/6th Manchesters held 'Bristol Bridge' for the retiring rearguards of 16th (Irish) Division until the Germans entered Peronne late on 24 March. The bridge was then demolished at 18.00 by 180th Tunnelling Company, RE, and the retreat continued to Rosi\u00e8res, where the division narrowly escaped being surrounded, until Germans were halted by a new defence line on the River Luce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 2/6th Battalion, Operation Michael\n66th Division had suffered some of the heaviest casualties during the battle, and in April its battered battalions were reduced to training cadres. 2/6th Manchesters was disbanded on 31 July, the remaining personnel being transferred to the 1/6th Bn in 42nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 70], "content_span": [71, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 3/6th Battalion\nThis battalion was formed at Hulme in March 1915, with the role of training drafts for the 1/6th and 2/6th Bns. Early in 1916 it moved to Witley. On 8 April that year it was renamed the 6th Reserve Bn, Manchester Regiment, and on 1 September it was absorbed into the 5th Reserve Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War I, 28th Battalion\nThe Home Service men of the 6th Manchesters, together with those of other TF battalions of the Manchesters and Lancashire Fusiliers, were combined into 45th Provisional Battalion, which became 28th Manchesters on 1 January 1917. It served in 73rd Division and was disbanded in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Interwar\n42nd (East Lancashire) Division began reforming at home in April 1920. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the 6th Manchesters was combined with the 7th Battalion (originally the 3rd Manchester RVC) and reformed at Hulme as the 6th/7th Battalion, Manchester Regiment in 127 (Manchester) Brigade of 42nd Division on 31 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Interwar\nIn the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA infantry battalions into AA brigades of the Royal Artillery (RA). The 6th/7th Manchesters was one unit selected for this role, becoming 65th (The Manchester Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, RA (TA) on 10 December 1936, still based at Hulme. The unit consisted of 181, 182, 183 and 196 Batteries, and initially formed part of 33rd (Western) Anti - Aircraft Group in 2nd AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Interwar\nOn 1 January 1939 the RA adopted the more normal terminology of 'regiment' instead of 'brigade', which allowed the AA groups to adopt the designation of 'brigades'. By then, the 33rd AA Bde had moved to 4th AA Division in Anti- Aircraft Command, and by the outbreak of war in September, 65th AA Regiment had moved to a new 44 AA Brigade within 4 AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Interwar\n(On 31 July 1939, as part of the doubling in size of the TA before the outbreak of war, new 6th and 7th Battalions of the Manchester Regiment were created as duplicates of the 5th and 8th (Ardwick) Battalions respectively; these served as infantry during World War II.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nThe TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nIn June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. 65th AA Regiment was at a practice camp at Burrow Head in Scotland when AA Command was fully mobilised on 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war. It immediately travelled back to man its war stations and was joined by its attached Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) company, which had been training at Manorbier in Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nInitially, the regiment manned sites with old 3-inch guns and a few modern 3.7-inch static guns. The first 4.5-inch guns began arriving in November. Surplus men manned Lewis light machine guns (LMGs) at Vital Points (VPs) including 181 Bty at Kearsley Power Station. A single 3-inch gun of the regiment was posted at Baxter's respirator (gas mask) factory at Leyland. By November the regiment was distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War\n196 Battery fired the regiment's first shots on 17 November when J Gunsite engaged a single Heinkel He 111 that entered the area. The VPs were soon taken over by specialist Light AA (LAA) units. On 1 June 1940, the RA's AA regiments were redesignated Heavy AA (HAA) to distinguish them from the newer LAA units being formed, the 65th becoming 65th (The Manchester Regiment) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Battle of Britain\nIn June 1940, after the end of the Phoney War and the Dunkirk evacuation, 65th HAA Rgt was distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Battle of Britain\nDuring the height of the post-Dunkirk invasion scare in July 1940, 181 HAA Bty was temporarily detached to 6th HAA Rgt in 2 AA Bde in Kent. This regiment was involved in a defence scheme codenamed 'Bovril' to defend roads leading inland from possible invasion sites on the South Coast and was also reconnoitring the area for future AA gunsites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Battle of Britain\nIn August, 181 HAA Bty was once again attached to 6th HAA Rgt, now stationed in the West Midlands, to allow that regiment's batteries to attend practice camps. It manned gunsites H1 at Coven Heath and H18 at Merry Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Battle of Britain\nAs the Battle of Britain progressed, small numbers of Luftwaffe bombers appeared over North West England by day and night, leading to a few AA engagements and a small amount of damage. These increased in late August, with considerable damage in the Bolton and Chorley areas on the night of 28/29 August. Gunsites B and J opened fire using the new GL Mk I gunlaying radar, causing some raiders to take evasive action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Home Defence\nAt the beginning of October, 65th HAA Rgt went to the Orkney & Shetland Defence Force (OSDEF), where it served in 58 AA Bde defending the naval base at Scapa Flow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Home Defence\nThe regiment supplied a cadres of experienced officers and other ranks to provide the basis for a new 402 HAA Bty formed on 12 December 1940 at 210th HAA Training Rgt, Oswestry, which joined 123rd HAA Rgt. It regiment provided another cadre to 211th HAA Training Rgt, Oswestry, which formed 432 HAA Bty on 8 May 1941. This battery did return to 65th HAA Rgt on 6 August, replacing 182 Bty transferred to newly-formed 128th HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Home Defence\nThe regiment returned to mainland UK in June 1941, joining 34 AA Bde defending Birmingham and Coventry in 11 AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Home Defence\nIn the autumn of 1941 the regiment moved again, joining 51 AA Bde in 3 AA Division in Scotland. On 4 November 1941, 432 HAA Bty transferred to 136th HAA Rgt and was replaced by 465 HAA Bty, also from a cadre supplied by the regiment and formed at 209th HAA Training Rgt at Blandford on 7 August. The regiment then left AA Command in December and joined the War Office Reserve, preparatory to going overseas. The war establishment for overseas service was three batteries, so 465 HAA Bty left to help form a new 146th HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Overseas\n65th HAA Regiment left the UK in January 1942 as part of the reinforcements for the Far East following the Japanese invasion of Malaya. It reached Ceylon in March, and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service raids against Colombo and Trincomalee began on 5 April (the Easter Sunday Raid) using Nakajima B5N 'Kate' bombers escorted by Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters. Lacking effective radar cover the HAA gunners had difficulty engaging their targets against strong dazzle from the sun but claimed a number of 'kills'. The Japanese Naval aircraft raided again on 9 April, causing further damage. Over succeeding months the AA defences were improved, with GL Mk II radar, and the Japanese threat diminished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Overseas\nBy degrees, the AA defences of Ceylon were taken over by Indian Artillery units and the British regiments were released for service elsewhere. In March 1943, 65th HAA Rgt sailed with 181, 183 and 196 Btys to join Middle East Forces, and by May it was with 8 AA Bde at Tahag in Egypt. This formation was not yet operational but was training for the Allied invasion of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, World War II, Overseas\nIn the event, 8 AA Bde did not move to Italy until December 1943, and 65th HAA Rgt did not go with it. It returned to Home Forces in August 1944 and remained in the UK for the remainder of the war. The regiment with 181, 183 and 196 HAA Btys was placed in suspended animation on 15 June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the regiment reformed as 465 (Manchester) HAA Regiment RA, with its HQ still at Stretford Road, Hulme. It formed part of 70 AA Bde (the former 44 AA Bde based at Salford).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Postwar\nOn 10 March 1955, AA Command was abolished, and there were wholesale disbandments and amalgamations among its units. 465 HAA Regiment was merged with 310 (8th Bn Lancashire Fusiliers), 360, 574 (7th Bn Lancashire Fusiliers), and 606 (East Lancashire) HAA Rgts to form 314 Heavy AA Regiment, RA, with RHQ at Hulme, and P (Manchester) Battery formed from 465 and 606 HAA Rgts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Postwar\nIn May 1961, 314 HAA Rgt was broken up, with RHQ and P Bty amalgamated into 252 (The Manchester Artillery) Field Regiment, RA, whose present-day descendants are part of 103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment, RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Insignia\nDuring World War II, the 65th HAA Regiment wore a printed arm badge consisting of a yellow letter 'M' on a green square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Battle Honours\nThe battalion was awarded the battle honour South Africa 1900\u20131902 for the service of its volunteers during the 2nd Boer War. During World War I the battalion contributed to the honours of the Manchester Regiment. The Royal Artillery does not carry Battle Honours, so none were awarded to 65th HAA Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Honorary Colonels\nThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Memorials\nA memorial plaque to the men of 2nd VB Manchester regiment who served in the Second Boer War is now in the Manchester & Salford University OTC Hall at University Barracks in Boundary Lane. It lists 157 names, of whom six died on service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Memorials\nOn 12 June 1921 a memorial was unveiled at the Stretford Road drill hall comprising dark oak panels bearing the names of 1057 officers and men of the 6th Manchesters who died during World War I. When the drill hall was demolished and replaced by the new University Barracks in 1995 the panels were re-installed in the new building. A brass plate bearing the names of the members of 1/6th Bn who died in Egypt and Gallipoli was installed in the Chapel of Mustapha Barracks, Alexandria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159268-0062-0001", "contents": "1st Manchester Rifles, Memorials\nWhen British troops left in 1946 the memorial was sent to England and is now also located at University Barracks. There is an elaborate marble memorial plaque in Eye Parish Church in Leominster to the three sons of Lord and Lady Cawley who were killed in World War I, including Capt H.T. Cawley, MP, of 1/6th Manchesters. Captain Cawley is buried at Lancashire Landing Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159269-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Manchurian Army\nThe 1st Manchurian Army (Russian: 1-\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0447\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f / 1 \u041c\u0410) was a field army of the Russian Empire that was established in 1904 during  the Russo-Japanese War, for the purposes of operating in the Manchuria region against Japan. It was one of the three such armies that were created and was involved in every major engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159269-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Manchurian Army, History\nIt was formed in October\u2013November 1904, from the basis of the Manchurian Army that had existed until September of that year, which had been dissolved after the Battle of Liaoyang. The previous \"Manchurian Army\" was a term that encompassed all units of the Russian Imperial Army formations operating in the region against the Imperial Japanese Army. It consisted of the following formations: 1st Siberian Army Corps primarily as the southern detachment and the 3rd Siberian Army Corps primarily as the eastern. In September 1904, that army was officially disbanded by order of Emperor Nicholas II and replaced by the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Manchurian Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159269-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Manchurian Army, Order of battle\nThe 1st Manchurian Army consisted of the following units, as of January 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159269-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Manchurian Army, Commanders\nThe formation was commanded by the following officers until its dissolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159270-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nThe 1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (1st MEB) was a United States Army brigade located at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The Brigade was tasked to improve the movement capabilities and rear area security for commanders at division level or higher. The Brigade has deployed units for combat operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and for humanitarian assistance in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159270-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nThe MEB is a tailored combined arms force with a headquarters staff designed to plan and execute protection, movement and maneuver, and sustainment tasks. It uses its subordinate units within their specialties to conduct maneuver support operations in its area of operations (AO) and within the broader AO of the organization it supports. The MEB provides added security and defense for other units and enhances freedom of action for the supported higher command. The capability to synchronize maneuver support operations and support area operations under the MEB provides a unique set of capabilities to other Army, joint, and multinational elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159270-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade\nAside from its headquarters element and the organic communications and logistics elements that form the basis for commanding, controlling, and supporting the brigade, the Brigade is a mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil considerations-dependent organization. The MEB leverages the current modular principles and the \"plug-and-play\" nature of current forces to apply the right force for the mission. Typically, but not exclusively, the MEB is composed of engineer, military police, chemical, air defense, and other units that routinely function together during protection, stability, and support operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159270-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, Unit history, Afghanistan 2008\u20132009\nFrom Jun 2008 through Sep 2009, the Brigade was deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom to act as the tactical command element for Bagram Airfield, a French infantry battalion and the Provincial Reconstruction Teams in the Parwan Province. The unit earned a Campaign Streamer embroidered \"Consolidation II\" and the Meritorious Unit Citation for this mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159270-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, Unit history, Defense CBRNE (Chemical, Radiological, Biological, Nuclear, and Explosive) Response Force 2011\u20132013\nThe Brigade was committed to the United States Northern Command and United States Army North as part of Joint Task Force-Civil Support to serve as the CBRNE Consequence Management Response Force, and served as an on-call federal response force for terrorist attacks and other natural or manmade emergencies and disasters. This assistance is termed \"Defense Support of Civil authorities\". This response is subject to the limitations of the Posse Comitatus Act. See also the National Response Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 147], "content_span": [148, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159270-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, Unit history, Currently\nOn 23 February 2015 the U.S. Army Center of Military History authorized the special designation \"Guardian Brigade\" for the 1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade. The 1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade inactivated on 17 August 2015. The 46th Engineer Battalion was assigned to the 20th Engineer Brigade at Fort Bragg. The 519th Military Police Battalion was assigned to the 16th Military Police Brigade at Fort Bragg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159270-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, Composition\nThe 1st MEB was composed of the following units at the time of its inactivation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159271-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Manitoba Legislature\nThe members of the 1st Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in December 1870, the first general election for the new province. The legislature sat from March 15, 1871, to December 16, 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159271-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Manitoba Legislature\nLieutenant Governor Adams George Archibald's \"Government party\" held the balance of power in the assembly with 17 seats. The Canadian Party, also known as the \"Loyal party\", led by John Christian Schultz, won 5 seats; they demanded swift punishment for the leaders of the Red River Rebellion. Henry Joseph Clarke served as government house leader in the assembly but Lieutenant Governor Archibald performed the functions of Premier. In December 1872, Alexander Morris replaced Archibald as Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159271-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Manitoba Legislature\nIn July 1874, a government led by Henry Joseph Clarke was defeated by a motion of non-confidence. Marc-Amable Girard was asked to form a government and was allowed to select the members of his cabinet, thus introducing responsible government to the province. On December 1, 1874, all but one member of the Girard cabinet resigned due to ethnic tensions. Robert Atkinson Davis was asked to form a new government which went to the polls later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159271-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Manitoba Legislature\nJoseph Royal served as speaker for the assembly from 1871 to 1872. Curtis James Bird was speaker from 1873 to 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159271-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Manitoba Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1870:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing\nThe 1st Marine Aircraft Wing is an aviation unit of the United States Marine Corps that serves as the Aviation Combat Element of the III Marine Expeditionary Force. The wing is headquartered at Camp Foster on the island of Okinawa, Japan. Activated in 1940, the wing has seen heavy combat operations during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, Mission\nConduct air operations in support of the Fleet Marine Forces to include offensive air support, antiair warfare, assault support, aerial reconnaissance including active and passive electronic countermeasures (ECM), and control of aircraft and missiles. As a collateral function, the Wing may participate as an integral component of Naval Aviation in the execution of such other Navy functions as the Fleet Commander may direct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, Subordinate units\n1st MAW consists of four subordinate groups, a headquarters squadron and a liaison unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, Subordinate units, Locations\nUnits of 1st MAW are located in the Pacific Region at the following bases:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, World War  II\nIn late 1940, Congress authorized a naval air fleet of fifteen thousand aircraft. The Marine Corps was allotted a percentage of these planes to be formed into 2 air wings with 32 operational squadrons. On the advice of Navy and Marine advisors returning from observing the war in Europe these numbers were doubled very soon after. It was under this expansion program that the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing was activated at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, on July 7, 1941. The First Marine Aircraft Group which was the largest east coast aviation unit in the Marines at the time, became its first component. Although a new wing, it is considered an unofficial descendant of the Northern Bombing Group of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, World War  II\nFollowing the attacks on Pearl Harbor, the wing transferred to Naval Air Station San Diego, California, on December 10, 1941, and then to Camp Kearny on December 31. The first deployment for 1st MAW came in August 1942 when forward elements of the Wing arrived on Guadalcanal and made up the Cactus Air Force  supporting the 1st Marine Division during the Battle of Guadalcanal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, Korean War\nAt the beginning of the Korean War, the initial deployment of Marines was a provisional brigade activated on July 7, 1950 \u2014 the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade \u2014 formed from the 1st Marine Division and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. Its core consisted of two units \u2014 a regimental combat team from the 5th Marine Regiment and Marine Aircraft Group 33 (MAG-33). Their job was to provide close air support, resupply, and Medevac for Marine ground forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, Korean War\nIn late-June 1952, 75 aircraft from 1st MAW participated in the attack on the Sui-ho Dam which were strikes aimed at the hydroelectric plants in North Korea. The Wing's Chief of Staff Frank Schwable was shot down in July 1952 and while a prisoner of war confessed to having participated in germ warfare. He was eventually cleared of all charges, but his case prompted a review of training and expectations of prisoners-of-war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, Korean War\nTwo 1st MAW aircraft groups, MAG-33 and MAG-12, and the 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion served during the course of the war. The wing flew 127,496 sorties of which over 40,000 were close air support and Marine helicopters evacuated more than 9,800 wounded personnel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, Taiwan\nFrom 6 March \u2013 30 April 1963. The VMF-114, VMA-542 and VMF-235 of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing from Okinawa deployed to Pingtung Air Base, Taiwan and with ROC Air Force participated in \u201cBLUE EAGLE\u201c exercise. While on Taiwan these units were under the control of United States Taiwan Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, Vietnam\nFrom April 1962, when HMM-362 flew into the Mekong Delta to set up operations at the S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng Airfield, through April 1975, when helicopters of HMM-164 evacuated the last Americans from the US Embassy, Saigon. While early missions involved Marine helicopters providing logistical support for South Vietnam, this role quickly expanded when 1st MAW pilots and crewmen were called upon to perform their traditional role of providing close air support for Marine combat units as American involvement in the war escalated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, Vietnam\nHelicopters played an extensive role in air operations in Vietnam, as Marine pilots flew CH-34s and later CH-46s and CH-53s to transport Marines into landing zones near suspected enemy concentrations, and to evacuate the wounded following combat engagements. Helicopters, supplemented by C-130 transports where there were landing strips, were also used to re-supply Marines in the field at remote outposts. Other Marine pilots flew UH-1E Hueys and AH-1 Cobras. Many of these choppers provided reconnaissance and armed air cover for combat air operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, Vietnam\nThe buildup of American troops resulted in the deployment of the Marine Corps' attack and fighter aircraft including the Douglas A-4 and the McDonnell F4B, as well as the maintenance, ordnance, and other support personnel necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, History, Global War on Terror\nHMH 463 has deployed to support the Operation Enduring Freedom Mission in Afghanistan in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159272-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Aircraft Wing, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 1st Marine Aircraft Wing has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159273-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Artillery Regiment (France)\nThe 1st Marine Artillery Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment d'Artillerie de Marine, 1er RAMa) is one of the oldest marine artillery units in the military of France, as part of the troupes de marine within the French Army {Founded 1692}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159273-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Artillery Regiment (France), History\nWith two infantry marine regiments it formed the 2nd Brigade of the Blue Division during the Franco-Prussian War. Based in Laon since 1993, it is the artillery regiment of the 2nd Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159273-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Artillery Regiment (France), History\n1956 \u22121962: A detachment of the regiment participated in operations in Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159273-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Artillery Regiment (France), History\n1977: The regiment left Melun for the new garrison at Monthl\u00e9ry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159273-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Artillery Regiment (France), History\n1993: On 2 August the regiment took its new headquarters in Laon Couvron, a former air base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159273-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Artillery Regiment (France), History\n1993 - 1996: The 1er RAMa sends detachments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) (Serb bombardment of the batteries Mount Igman) during the bombing of Bosnia Herzegovina by NATO 1995ou of IFOR, in charge of enforcing the Dayton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159273-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Artillery Regiment (France), History\n2009: The regiment received the first cannon CAESAR June 10 This gun replaces the AMX AUF1 in service since 1990. On 1 August it left the 2nd Armoured Brigade, after 42 years and joined the 1st Mechanised Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159273-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Artillery Regiment (France), Etendard (Standard/Colours) of the regiment\nThe banner is decorated with the Cross of the Legion of Honor, the Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 (two palms), the Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 (three palms) and the Cross of Liberation. He is entitled to use the forage in the colors of ribbon the Croix de Guerre 1914 1918 since August 13, 1918, with olive-colored ribbon for the Croix de Guerre 1939-1945. Then from 18 June 1996 to feed the ribbon colors of the Croix de la Liberation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159274-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Brigade (Iran)\n1st Marine Imam Hossein Brigade (Persian: \u062a\u06cc\u067e \u06cc\u06a9\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0646\u06af\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u200e) is a marines brigade of Islamic Republic of Iran Navy based in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan. The unit is one of top Takavar units among Iranian Armed Forces. The brigade operates in Persian Gulf and is able to operate 3,000 kilometers away from its HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division\nThe 1st Marine Division (1st MARDIV) is a Marine infantry division of the United States Marine Corps headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. It is the ground combat element of the I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division\nIt is the oldest and largest active duty division in the United States Marine Corps, representing a combat-ready force of more than 19,000 men and women. It is one of three active duty divisions in the Marine Corps today and is a multi-role, expeditionary ground combat force. It is nicknamed \"The Old Breed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, Mission\nThe division is employed as the ground combat element (GCE) of the I Marine Expeditionary Force or may provide task-organized forces for assault operations and such operations as may be directed. The 1st Marine Division must be able to provide the ground amphibious forcible entry capability to the naval expeditionary force (NEF) and to conduct subsequent land operations in any operational environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, Organization\nThe 1st Marine Division currently comprises a headquarters battalion, four regiments and five separate battalions as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Pre-World War II\nThe lineal forebear of the 1st Marine Division is the 1st Advance Base Brigade, which was activated on 23 December 1913 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Subsequently, the brigade was redesignated on 1 April 1914, as the 1st Brigade, and on 16 September 1935, as the 1st Marine Brigade). The brigade consisted of the Fixed Defense Regiment and the Mobile Defense Regiment, later designated as the 1st and 2nd Regiments, 1st Brigade, respectively. In 1916, while deployed in Haiti, the two regiments were again redesignated, exchanging numerals, to then become the 2nd and 1st Regiments, 1st Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Pre-World War II\nBetween April 1914 and August 1934, elements of the 1st Brigade participated in operations in Mexico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba, receiving campaign credit for service in each nation. While the 1st Brigade did not serve ashore in the European theater during the First World War, the brigade was awarded the World War I Victory Medal Streamer, with one bronze star, in recognition of the brigade's service during that conflict. On 16 September 1935, the brigade was redesignated as the 1st Marine Brigade and deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nThe 1st Marine Division was activated aboard the USS\u00a0Texas on 1 February 1941. In May 1941, the 1st MARDIV relocated to Quantico, Virginia and Parris Island, South Carolina and in April 1942, the division began deploying to Samoa and Wellington, New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nThe division's units were scattered over the Pacific with the support elements and the 1st Marine Regiment transported en route to New Zealand on three ships, the USATs Ericsson, Barnett and Elliott from Naval Reserve Air Base Oakland to New Zealand, and later were landed on the island of Guadalcanal, part of the Solomon Islands, on 7 August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nInitially, only the 7th Marine Regiment was in garrison on British Samoa, with the 5th Marine Regiment having just encamped at Wellington, New Zealand after disembarking from USAT Wakefield, and the 1st Marine Regiment not scheduled to arrive in New Zealand until 11 July. The 1st Raider Battalion was on New Caledonia, and the 3rd Defense Battalion was in Pearl Harbor. All of the division's units, with the 11th Marines (artillery) and 75mm howitzer armed 10th Marines battalion would rendezvous at Fiji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nDue to the change in orders and shortage of attack and combat cargo vessels, all of the division's 2.5-ton trucks, M1918 155-mm howitzers and the sound and flash-ranging equipment needed for counter-battery fire had to be left in Wellington. Also, because the Wellington dock workers were on strike at the time, the Marines had to do all the load reconfiguration from administrative to combat configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nAfter 11 days of logistical challenges, the division, with 16,000 Marines, departed Wellington in eighty-nine ships embarked for the Solomon Islands with a 60-day combat load which did not include tents, spare clothing or bedrolls, office equipment, unit muster rolls, or pay clerks. Other things not yet available to this first wave of Marine deployments were insect repellent and mosquito netting. Attached to the division was the 1st Parachute Battalion, which along with the rest of the division, conducted landing rehearsals from 28 to 30 July on Koro Island, which Major General Alexander Vandegrift described as a \"disaster\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nOn 31 July the entire Marine task force was placed under the command of Vice Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's Task Force 61. The division as a whole would fight in the Guadalcanal Campaign until relieved at 1400 on 9 December 1942 by Alexander Patch's Americal Division. This operation won the Division its first of three World War II Presidential Unit Citations (PUC). The battle would cost the division 650 killed in action, 1,278 wounded in action with a further 8,580 contracting malaria and 31 missing in action. Others were awarded for the battles of Peleliu and Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nFollowing the Guadalcanal Campaign, the division's Marines were sent to Melbourne, Australia for rest and refit. It was during this time that the division took the traditional Australian folk song \"Waltzing Matilda\" as its battle hymn. To this day, 1st Division Marines still ship out to this song being played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nThe division would next see action during Operation Cartwheel which was the codename for the campaigns in Eastern New Guinea and New Britain. They came ashore at the Battle of Cape Gloucester on 26 December 1943 and fought on New Britain until March 1944 at such places as Suicide Creek and Ajar Ridge. During the course of the battle the division had 310 killed and 1,083 wounded. Following the battle they were sent to Pavuvu in the Russell Islands for rest and refitting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nThe next battle for the 1st Marine Division would be the bloodiest yet at the Battle of Peleliu. They landed on 15 September 1944 as part of the III Amphibious Corps assault on the island. The division's commanding general, Major General William H. Rupertus had predicted the fighting would be, \"...tough but short. It'll be over in three or four days \u2013 a fight like Tarawa. Rough but fast. Then we can go back to the rest area.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nMaking a mockery of the prediction, the first week of the battle alone cost the division 3,946 casualties, during which time they secured the key airfield sites. The division fought on Peleliu for one month before being relieved. Some of the heaviest fighting of the entire war took place in places such as Bloody Nose Ridge and the central ridges of the island that made up the Umurbrogol Pocket. The month of fighting against the 14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) on Peleliu cost the 1st Marine Division 1,252 dead and 5,274 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nThe final campaign the division would take part in during World War II would be the Battle of Okinawa. The strategic importance of Okinawa was that it provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in close proximity to Japan. The division landed on 1 April 1945 as part of the III Amphibious Corps. Its initial mission was, fighting alongside the 6th Marine Division, to clear the northern half of the island \u2013 that they were able to do expeditiously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nThe Army's XXIV Corps met much stiffer resistance in the south, and on 1 May 1945 the Marine division was moved south where it relieved the Army's 27th Infantry Division. The division was in heavy fighting on Okinawa until 22 June 1945, when the island was declared secure. The 1st Marine Division slugged it out with the Japanese 32nd Army at such places as Dakeshi Ridge, Wana Ridge, \"Sugarloaf Hill\" and Shuri Castle. Fighting on Okinawa cost the division 1,655 killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nDuring the war, the division had five Seabee Battalions posted to it. the 6th NCB was attached to the 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal. They were followed by the 19th Naval Construction Battalion (NCB) which was assigned to the 17th Marines as the third battalion of the regiment. They landed at Cape Gloucester with the division. The 17th Marines were inactivated with the 19th NCB being reassigned. After that, the 33rd NCB was posted to the 1st for the assault on Peleliu and they were replaced by the 145th NCB for the invasion of Okinawa. (see:Seabees)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nOn Peleliu, the 17th Special NCB(segregated) was assigned to the 1st Pioneers as shore party. Together with the 16th Marines Field Depot(segregated) they helped evacuate wounded and bury the dead for the 7th Marines. On the first night of the assault, nearly all of the 17th Seabees volunteered to hump ammo to the frontlines. They also reinforced the Marines in sections where directed, were used to crew a 37mm, and were utilized for several days. For their efforts, they received an official \"well done\". The 33rd NCB also had 202 Men assigned to the shore party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nFollowing the surrender of Japan, the division was sent to Northern China as the lead combat element of the III Amphibious Corps with the primary mission of repatriating more than 650,000 Japanese soldiers and civilians still resident in that part of China. They landed at Taku on 30 September 1945 and would be based in Hopeh Province in the cities of Tientsin and Peiping, and also on the Shandong Peninsula, with the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party raging around them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nMost Marines in the division would be charged with guarding supply trains, bridges, and depots to keep food and coal moving into the cities. During this time they increasingly fought skirmishes with soldiers from the People's Liberation Army who saw the railways and other infrastructure as attractive targets to ambush, raid, and harass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, World War II\nBy the summer of 1946 the division was suffering the effects of demobilization and its combat efficiency had dropped below wartime standards; however, its commitments in China remained. As it became increasingly apparent that a complete collapse of truce negotiations among the Chinese factions was apparent, plans were laid for the withdrawal of all Marine units from Hopeh. The last elements of the division finally left China on 1 September 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Korean War\nFollowing the end of World War II and the postwar drawdown of forces, by 1950 the division only possessed the strength of a reinforced regimental combat team. The division would be assembled on the battle field and would participate in the amphibious assault at Inchon under the orders of United Nations Command (UN) commander General MacArthur. The division was the unit chosen to lead the Inchon landing on 15 September 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Korean War\nAt Inchon, the division faced one of its most daunting challenges, deploying so hurriedly it still lacked its third infantry regiment and ordered to execute an amphibious assault under the worst tidal conditions they had ever faced. After the landing they moved north and after heavy fighting in Seoul they liberated the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Korean War\nAfter the liberation of Seoul, the division was put back on ships and taken to the eastern side of the Korean peninsula and landed at Wonsan on 26 October. As part of X Corps commanded by Army Major General Edward Almond the division was ordered to push north towards the Yalu River as fast as possible. The then commanding officer of the division, Major General O.P. Smith, did not agree with his superiors and had become convinced that they were stretched thin and that the Chinese Forces had entered the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Korean War\nHe purposely slowed his advance and consolidated along the way at every opportunity. The 1st Marine Division was attacked by ten Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) infantry divisions on 27 November 1950. They fought their way out of the Chosin Reservoir against seven PVA divisions suffering over 900 killed and missing, over 3,500 wounded and more than 6,500 non-battle casualties mostly from frostbite during the battle. The greater part of the PVA 9th Army was rendered ineffective as they suffered an estimated 37,500 casualties trying to stop the Marines' march out of the \"Frozen Chosin\". The division was evacuated from Hungnam in mid-December and then landed in Pusan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Korean War\nBeginning in early 1951 the division participated in several UN offensives in east-central Korea. This was followed by defending against the Chinese Spring Offensive. By June 1951 the 1st Marine Division had pushed northward and secured the Punchbowl and then settled into a defensive line 11 miles (18\u00a0km) long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Korean War\nIn mid-March 1952 the 8th Army, to whom the Marines were attached, instituted Operation Bootdrop. The operation was a massive redeployment of UN forces designed to put more Republic of Korea Army units on the Jamestown Line, the UN's Main line of resistance (MLR). The 1st Marine Division was reassigned to the far western end of the MLR defending a 35 miles (56\u00a0km) line that encompassed the Pyongyang to Seoul corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Korean War\nFor much of the next year, in what would be termed the \"Outpost War\", action along this line consisted of small, localized actions because much of the fighting revolved around the holding and retaking of various combat outposts along the MLR, including the Battles of Bunker Hill, First Hook and Outpost Vegas. Fighting continued until the Armistice took effect on 27 July 1953. During the Korean War the division suffered combat casualties of 4,004 dead and 25,864 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Korean War\nIn 1953 the division command post was established at Tonggu. The site was later named Camp Howze by the US Army. A memorial to\u2014US and ROK\u2014Marine participation in the war is located at the adjoining district of Bongilcheon-ri (\ubd09\uc77c\ucc9c\ub9ac) ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nIn August 1965, the Division's 7th Marine Regiment participated in Operation Starlite, the first major engagement against the Vietcong (VC) for American ground troops in South Vietnam. This was followed in September by Operation Piranha. In December Division elements conducted Operation Harvest Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nIn March 1966 Division elements conducted Operations Utah, Oregon and Texas. March also saw the 1st Marine Division Headquarters established at Chu Lai. By June, the entire Division was in South Vietnam, its Tactical Area of Responsibility (TAOR) was the southern two provinces of I Corps \u2014 Quang Tin and Quang Ngai. In August the Division conducted Operation Colorado. Between March and October 1966 to May 1967, the Division conducted 44 named operations. The Division received its 7th Presidential Unit Citation for service from 29 March 1966 to 15 September 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nFrom January to April 1967 the 7th Marines conducted Operation Desoto. In early April 1967 under Operation Oregon the Division moved north to Da Nang to support the 3rd Marine Division and Task Force Oregon took over the Division's former TAOR. From April to May Division units conducted Operations Union and Beaver Cage. From May to June the 5th Marine Regiment conducted Operation Union II with Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces. In September Division units and ARVN forces conducted Operation Swift. In November the 5th Marines conducted Operation Essex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nOn 4 December 1967 Task Force X-Ray was activated to implement Operation Checkers, the movement of the 1st Marine Division from Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Province north to Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb Province to support the 3rd Marine Division which was engaged in heavy combat along the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. From 28 December 1967 to 3 January 1968 Division units conducted Operation Auburn on Go Noi Island south of Da Nang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nOn 11 January 1968 Task Force X-Ray headquarters was established at Phu Bai Combat Base and assumed operational control of the 5th Marine Regiment which moved north from Da Nang and the 1st Marine Regiment already based at Phu Bai. When the 1968 Tet Offensive began at the end of January, the Division was involved in fierce fighting with PAVN/VC throughout its TAOR and together with ARVN units would defend Da Nang and fight the Battle of Hu\u1ebf. The 1st Marines would receive a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at Hu\u1ebf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nFrom May to August Division units conducted Operation Allen Brook on Go Noi Island. From May to October Division units conducted Operation Mameluke Thrust in Happy Valley southwest of Da Nang. From 1 to 19 October Division units conducted Operation Maui Peak to relieve Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00d0\u1ee9c Camp. From late October to early December the 5th Marines conducted Operation Henderson Hill in Happy Valley. From 20 November to 9 December Division units conducted Operation Meade River south of Da Nang. From 6 December to 8 March 1969 Division units conducted Operation Taylor Common in the An Hoa Basin west of H\u1ed9i An.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nFrom 31 March to 29 May 1969 Division and ARVN units conducted Operation Oklahoma Hills southwest of Da Nang. From 26 May to 7 November Division, ARVN and Republic of Korea Marine Corps (ROKMC) units conducted Operation Pipestone Canyon on Go Noi Island. On 7 June PFC Dan Bullock of 2/5 Marines was killed in a PAVN sapper attack on An Hoa Combat Base, having lied about his age to enlist, he was, at 15 years old, the youngest American killed in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nFrom July to August 1970 Division units conducted Operation Pickens Forest southwest of An Hoa Combat Base. From 1 September to 7 May 1971 Division and ROKMC units conducted Operation Imperial Lake in the Qu\u1ebf S\u01a1n District south of Da Nang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nOn 13 January 1971 Operation Keystone Robin Charlie began with the standing down of the initial units supporting the Division. The redeployment accelerated in mid-February but then slowed when HMH-463, HML-167, HMM-263 and MASS-3 were retained to support Operation Lam Son 719. Throughout April the remaining Division units transferred bases and tactical areas of responsibility to the Americal Division. On 14 April 1971 the 3rd Marine Amphibious Brigade was activated at Camp Jay K. Brooks and III Marine Amphibious Force transferred all remaining Marine forces to it. On 30 April President Richard Nixon welcomed the Division back to Camp Pendleton and awarded it a second Presidential Unit Citation for its service in South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nThe Division lost 7,012 men killed in action in South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Vietnam War\nIn 1975, the division supported the resettlement of South Vietnamese refugees by providing food and temporary shelter at Camp Pendleton for Vietnamese refugees as they arrived in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Desert Shield and Desert Storm\nIn 1990, the 1st Marine Division formed the nucleus of the massive force sent to the Middle East in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. During Operation Desert Shield, the division supported I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF) in the defense of Saudi Arabia from the Iraqi threat. In 1991, the division went on the offensive as part of U.S. Marine Forces Central Command (MARCENT)with the rest of Coalition Forces in Operation Desert Storm. The 1st Marine Division destroyed around 60 Iraqi tanks near the Burgan oil field without suffering any losses. 1st Marine Division Task Force Ripper (RCT-7) M60A1 RISE Passive Patton tanks destroyed about 100 Iraqi tanks and armored personnel carriers, including about 50 top-of-the-line Soviet T-72 tanks. These efforts were instrumental in the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, 1992 Los Angeles riots\nOn 2 May 1992, the 1st Marine Division took part of Operation Garden Plot to help local and state law enforcement as well as the California Army National Guard in quelling the Rodney King riots in Los Angeles County, California. It was part of the 3,500 federal military force sent to Los Angeles. The Marine Corps contingent included the 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, commanded by Marine Corps General John F. Kelly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0032-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, 1992 Los Angeles riots\nAs part of the Joint Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force Los Angeles, Marines took up positions in Compton and Long Beach to prevent further rioting and disorder. No rioters or civilians were killed or injured by the Marines, nor did the Marines themselves suffer any casualties. On 10 May, six days after the riots ended, Marines formally withdrew from the city and returned to Camp Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, 1990s humanitarian relief\nImmediately following the Persian Gulf War, the Division sent units to assist in relief efforts following a typhoon in Bangladesh (Operation Sea Angel) and the eruption of volcano Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines (Operation Fiery Vigil). In December 1992, Operation Restore Hope, bringing relief to famine-stricken Somalia, kicked off with the early morning amphibious landing of Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, which was supported by 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines. More than 15,000 metric tons of food was successfully distributed from 398 different food sites in the city during the operation. The final phase of the operation involved the transition from a U.S. peacemaking force to a United Nations peacekeeping force. U.S. Marine involvement in Operation Restore Hope officially ended on 27 April 1993, when the humanitarian relief sector of Mogadishu was handed over to Pakistani Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 970]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Iraq War\nThe 1st Marine Division, then under the command of Major General James Mattis, was one of the two major U.S. land forces that participated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq as the land component of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force. In December 2002, Mattis was quoted as saying, \"The President, the National Command Authority and the American people need speed. The sooner we get it over with the better. Our overriding principle will be speed, speed, speed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Iraq War\nInitially, the division fought through the Rumaila oil fields, feinted an attack towards Basrah then moved north on Iraq Highway 1 to An Nasariyah \u2013 a moderate-sized, Shi'ite dominated city with important strategic significance as a major road junction and proximity to nearby Talil Airfield. The division then fought its way to Baghdad and pushed further to secure Tikrit by forming Task Force Tripoli after the fall of Baghdad. The division covered 808 kilometers in 17 days of sustained combat, the deepest penetrating ground operation in Marine Corps history. After the invasion the division settled in to conduct security and stabilization operations in Baghdad, Tikrit, and then in south-central Iraq from May to October 2003. For actions during the war as part of I MEF the division was awarded its 9th Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Iraq War\nThe division returned to Iraq in February 2004 and took control of the Al Anbar province in western Iraq; it was the lead unit in Operation Vigilant Resolve and Operation Phantom Fury in 2004. During February and March 2005, the division was relieved by the 2nd Marine Division concluding the largest relief in place in the history of the Marine Corps. In 2006, the division again deployed to Iraq as the ground combat element for I MEF in the Al Anbar province. It returned to MCB Camp Pendleton in early 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, History, Afghanistan War\nBattalions from the 1st Marine Division have been regularly deployed to Afghanistan since 2008. The division headquarters and staff were sent forward in March 2010 to take command of all Marine forces in the Helmand Province operating in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. This will be a year-long deployment for the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, Insignia\nOriginally termed a battle blaze, the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 1st Marine Division was designed by Lt. Col Merrill Twining, Division D-3 in February 1943 while the division was stationed in Victoria, Australia. The blue diamond with the Southern Cross is similar to the Flag of Victoria. The red numeral one in the middle denotes the division's first action on Guadalcanal. A commercial firm in Melbourne first produced the shoulder patch with every Marine issued two of them that was sewn on his battle jacket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, Insignia\nThe 2nd Marine Division originally had a similar battle blaze of the same design with a red snake in the shape of a \"2\" also reading GUADALCANAL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, Insignia\nMarine Corps shoulder sleeve insignia were officially authorized on 15 March 1943. Some in the division who served on Guadalcanal wore their \"battle blaze\" on the right shoulder to distinguish themselves from replacements who had not been on \"The Canal\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159275-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 1st Marine Division has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159276-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 1st Naval Infantry Division (German: 1. Marine-Infanterie-Division) was formed in February 1945 in Stettin from Marine-Sch\u00fctzen-Brigade Nord. Replacement troops were provided by 1. Marine-Infanterie-Ersatz- und Ausbildungs-Bataillon located in L\u00fcbberstedt bei Weserm\u00fcnde. Activated from Kriegsmarine forces it fought on the northern flank of the German line on the Oder river until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159277-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division Band\nThe 1st Marine Division Band is a regional military band of the United States Marine Corps, reporting directly to the 1st Marine Division. It is stationed in Camp Pendleton, California. The band serves as the de facto USMC representative for the Western United States, performing at over 300 military and state functions, civic events, and military parades a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159277-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division Band, History\nThe 1st Marine Division Band was organized during World War II when the division was based in Australia to participate in the Pacific War. On the occasion of President George Washington's birthday in February 1943, the 1st MARDIV Band played Waltzing Matilda, an Australian bush ballad which would later be the official march of the division. The band would play this march again in April of that year during an ANZAC Day parade in Melbourne and would continue to play it exclusively during the division's deployment to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159277-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Division Band, History\nIn recent years, all 50 members of the band have taken up arms to serve on the battlefield, especially during the Gulf War, the Iraq War and the Iraq conflict (2003\u2013present). During the lattermost conflict, the band was attached to Headquarters Company, 5th Marine Regiment at Camp Fallujah, Iraq from February 2006\u2013January 2007. During this deployment, the band served as a security platoon. In 2008, the band was awarded the \"Colonel George S. Howard Citation of Musical Excellence for Military Concert Bands\" by the John Philip Sousa Foundation. In 2006, the band took part in the State funeral of President Gerald Ford and has annually taken part in the Rose Parade as part of the USMC West Coast Composite Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159277-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division Band, Ensembles\nThe following ensembles are subordinated to the 1st MARDIV Band:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159277-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division Band, Gallery\nCWO3 Edward Hayes, director of the 1st Marine Division Band, conducting during  a concert at the California Maritime Academy in Vallejo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159277-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Division Band, Gallery\nMembers of the band with the Musique des Troupes de Marine in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159278-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade (United States)\n1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade (1st MEB) is a unit in the I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF) and is the \"middleweight\" global crisis response force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159278-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade (United States), History\nThe brigade was stationed at Kaneohe Bay Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) from 1956 (when the 1st Provisional Marine Air Ground Task Force was redesignated as the 1st Marine Brigade), until 30 September 1994, when the brigade was deactivated. In 1960 and again in 1964, the brigade participated in large-scale exercises in Taiwan; and in 1990 the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade deployed to Southwest Asia during Operation Desert Shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159278-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade (United States), History\nFrom 1956 to 1985 while at Kaneohe MCAS, (now known as Marine Corps Base Hawaii), the unit was designated as the 1st Marine Brigade. From 1985 until 1988, the brigade was designated as the 1st Marine Amphibious Brigade and was then redesignated as the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159278-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade (United States), History\nFrom 1971, in addition to the Brigade Headquarters Group as its Command Element (CE), the 1st Marine Brigade consisted of the 3rd Marine Regiment (from 1956 until 1965 the 4th Marine Regiment filled this role in the brigade) as its Ground Combat Element (GCE), Marine Aircraft Group 24 (MAG-24) as its Aviation Combat Element (ACE),   and a Brigade Service Support Group (BSSG) as it Logistics Combat Element (LCE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment\nThe 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Parachutistes d'Infanterie de Marine, 1er R.P.I.Ma) is one of three regiments (1er R.P.I.Ma, 13e R\u00e9giment de Dragons Parachutistes (13e R.D.P), 4e R.H.F.S) in the French Army Special Forces Command (COM FST).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment\nHeir to the traditions of the paratroopers of the Special Air Service of Free France and French Indochina, the regiment is the only French unit in mainland France to use the motto Qui ose gagne,  translated from the British Army SAS motto Who Dares Wins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Origins\nQuite unusually for the French Armed Forces, the affiliations of this unit are various, not directly related to each other, and numerous. The regiment is heir simultaneously to formations of the French Air Force, mainland infantry, Troupes coloniales and Troupes de marine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles\nDespite its name, the 1er RPIMa is part of the French Army, like other Marine units. The naval infantry background dates back to 1762, when units of the French Army were detached to the French Navy for ship-borne and overseas duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 84], "content_span": [85, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles\nIt is the heir to the first Colonial Parachute Commando Demi-Brigade, whose origins date back to World War II. Under the command of Captain Georges Berg\u00e9, the 1st Air Company was created in England on September 15, 1940 with parachute units of the Special Air Service (SAS). The 1e CCP/SAS was created in 1941 in Scotland. From 1942 to 1944, this company was engaged in Crete, Libya, Tunisia, Brittany, Belgium, and the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 84], "content_span": [85, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles\nAfterwards, the company was dissolved and re-designated as an SAS Parachute Demi-Brigade from 1946 to 1949, then 1st Colonial Parachute Commando Demi-Brigade from 1949 to 1955 in Indochina. It was classified as B.P.C in Algeria from 1955 to 1958, the B.C.C.P dissolved and re-designated from 1959 to 1960 as G.I.B.P.OM then in 1960 B.P.C.I.Ma and renamed in 1962 1erR.P.I.Ma which retained the SAS emblem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 84], "content_span": [85, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, World War II\nThe 1er RPIMa inherited the traditions of the two Free French Special Air Service (SAS) Regiments that served with distinction alongside their British brothers-in-arms of the SAS Brigade during World War II. On September 15, 1940, General Charles de Gaulle signed the activation order of the 1\u00e8re Compagnie d'Infanterie de l'Air (1\u00e8re CIA) of the Free French Forces, or 1st Free French Airborne Infantry Company, under the command of Captain Berg\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 98], "content_span": [99, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, World War II\nThe 1\u00e8re CIA began operational missions, parachuting into occupied France in March 1941. The company was then split into two units, a covert action unit used for clandestine operations and a conventional and uniformed company sent to North Africa in September 1941 to fight the Axis Forces along with British Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 98], "content_span": [99, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, World War II\nA very good relationship was quickly established between Captain Berg\u00e9 and Major Stirling, the commander of the newly created Special Air Service (SAS); the French detachment was soon incorporated into the SAS and became the French Squadron. From 1942 to 1943, the French SAS roamed the region, ranging as far as Crete hunting down Axis forces and destroying their aircraft and supply dumps. In November 1943, the 3rd and 4th Air Infantry were created and incorporated into the SAS Brigade along with their British and Belgian counterparts, the 1st and 2nd SAS Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 98], "content_span": [99, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, World War II\nThe Free French SAS took an important part in the liberation of Europe. In Brittany, a little after midnight on D-Day, June 6, 1944, Caporal Emile Bou\u00e9tard (born in Brittany, 1915) was the first soldier killed in action in Plumelec, Morbihan. On August 1, 1944, the 3rd and 4th Air Infantry battalions were renamed the 2nd and 3rd Chasseur Parachute battalions. As a reward for their bravery, King George VI awarded the Free French SAS the right to wear the red beret of the British SAS, which replaced the black beret worn until then. As the war drew to a close, 52 French SAS \"sticks\" (705 men) were parachuted into the Netherlands on April 7, 1945, causing major havoc in the rear areas of German occupation forces and easing pressure on the forward thrust of the 2nd Canadian Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 98], "content_span": [99, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, World War II\nThe Free French SAS took a major part in the epic battles of the SAS in Africa, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany, earning French and foreign awards (including many British DSOs, MCs and MMs). The regimental colours of the 1er RPIMa have also been decorated with the U.S. Bronze Star Medal, the Dutch Bronze Cross and the Belgian Croix de Guerre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 98], "content_span": [99, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, World War II\nToday, this SAS heritage is still evident in its regimental motto \"Qui Ose Gagne\" (\"Who Dares Wins\") and in the awarding of the RAPAS Wings, reminiscent of the wartime SAS \"Operational Wings\" that can only be awarded to 1er RPIMa operators after they have successfully passed a series of strict selection requirements, including operational deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 98], "content_span": [99, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1945\u20131974\nBetween 1945 and 1954 the unit that was later to become the 1er RPIMa after a series of name changes, took part in the war in Indochina, performing several of the more than 160 combat jumps carried out by French paratroopers during that conflict. After the war, the regiment underwent structural changes and became a training depot for the entire colonial airborne forces. As such, it did not take part in the Algerian conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 95], "content_span": [96, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1945\u20131974\nIn 1960 1er RPIMa was created. It continued in the training role until 1974, when the 1er RPIMa was transformed into a Special Forces unit, a role it still plays today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 95], "content_span": [96, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1974\u20132006\nThe unit's mission has been mostly to support France's interests in Africa. Between 1974 and 1981, the 1er RPIMa underwent another mission change to focus on long-range reconnaissance patrols for almost a decade, while it still used its training skills to training friendly forces abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 95], "content_span": [96, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1974\u20132006\nIn the 80s and 90s the regiment deployed dozens of times to various hotspots on the planet. While engaged in Operation Desert Storm, the 1er RPIMa lost two of its men in Iraq in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 95], "content_span": [96, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, History, garrisons, campaigns and battles, 1974\u20132006\nA year later, the creation of the French Special Operations Command (Commandement des Op\u00e9rations Sp\u00e9ciales, COS) led to a major shake-up of French special forces units to incorporate the lessons learned in the First Gulf War. As part of this process, in 1997, the nucleus of what was to become the army's BFST (Brigade des Forces Sp\u00e9ciales Terre) (Land Special Forces Brigade) was created and the 1er RPIMa became its core unit. All the while, the regiment participated in operations in the Balkans and in Africa; it was specifically involved in stalking war criminals in Bosnia, leading to several successful arrests of individuals indicted for war crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 95], "content_span": [96, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Today\nPart of the French Army Special Forces Command (COM FST), the 1er RPIMa is a modern, highly skilled and experienced Special Forces unit organized along company lines. The main strength of the regiment lies in its three RAPAS companies (RAPAS meaning Airborne Reconnaissance and Special Action) each specialised in a specific field such as HAHO/HALO, Counter-Terrorism, amphibious, jungle, mountain or motorized patrols operations and its RAPAS Signal company dedicated to the C3 (Command, Control and Communications) support of Special Operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Today\nThe 1er RPIMa also fields a Training and Operations company tasked with providing selection, basic and continuation training of the unit's manpower and a Logistics company which supports the regiment in its daily and operational missions. As the unit was inspired by the British Special Air Service, it has still much in common with them, including missions and capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Organisation and structure\nDue to its long history with the British Special Air Service much of the 1er RPIMa core aspects are based upon the British SAS. Each company specialises in a particular area such as maritime, air and parachuting operations, mobility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Organisation and structure\nThere is also one command and logistics company and a training and operations company which is in charge of providing the selection, initial and continuation training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Organisation and structure\nEach company is split in RAPAS sections. Each section includes 30 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Organisation and structure\nThe 1er RPIMa is based in Bayonne, which makes amphibious and mountain training possible. It is also ideal as it is very close to the Centre d'Entrainement Adaptee (CTA), Europe's largest and most modern Close Quarter Battle (CQB) facility and to the dedicated assets of the French army's Special Forces Aviation Detachment (DAOS) and airborne school (ETAP), two establishments that are essential to its training and operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Weapons and equipment\nThe main weapon used by the 1er RPIMa is the HK416 5.56x45mm assault rifle. Besides this, SIG 550, M4 and FN SCAR assault rifles are also used by French Army Special Forces. Sometimes M203 or HK69 grenade launchers are also used. For CQB the MP5 series and FN P90 are used as the main weapons, the 10.4 inches version of the HK416 is also sometimes used. The Glock 17 and H&K USP are the standard sidearm carried by the soldiers. The ARWEN 37\u00a0mm grenade launcher is used in CQB work to launch CS gas into buildings. The Benelli M4 shotgun is also used during CQB, to take down doors. FN Minimi is used as light machine gun, 5.56mm and 7.62mm, and snipers use the HK417 or Hecate II rifles. Sometimes MILAN missiles have been used in combat to provide fire support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Weapons and equipment\nThey wear standard French camouflage and webbing, except when doing CT/HR/CQB work. CQB kit includes a black balaclava, black nomex coveralls, non-slip boots, special webbing and holsters, medical kit for teams medics, gas masks, and special communications equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Weapons and equipment\nVPS Panhard VPS (V\u00e9hicule Patrouille SAS), based on the Mercedes-Benz 270 CDI G-Class 4x4 light tactical vehicle, is the vehicle used by French Army Special Forces. It is a rapidly deployable vehicle capable of long-duration missions in extremes of climate. An armored floor provides anti-landmine protection to the crew and VPS is air transportable by C-160 Transall or C-130 Hercules. In the French Army the VPS is equipped with 360\u00b0 ring-mount over the rear body which is armed with a Browning 12.7mm heavy machine gun or Gatling machine gun. One more 7.62mm machine is mounted on swivel station at the front of the crew compartment which is operated by the vehicle commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Skills\nThe 1er RPIMa is tasked with several jobs. These include: bodyguard for VIPs in conflict areas, direct action, reconnaissance, sabotage, unconventional warfare and hostage rescue. While their name states they are Marine Infantry, they are in fact Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Skills\nThe 1er RPIMa relies on a number of skills to successfully carry out its missions. Most skills are either regiment or brigade-specific and need constant honing to be kept at the desired level of proficiency. They can be divided into several generic fields:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Selection and training\nOfficers and NCOs joining the regiment have to attend the same selection and training as enlisted personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Selection and training\nEnlisted soldiers in the French Army can try to join super RPIMA, between their first and third years of active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Selection and training\nFirst step is a profile selection: Candidates will be selected regarding unit requirements and personal file (e.g. if the regiment needs some mountain specialists, they will ask for more mountain troopers to come for the selection). Candidates selected must attend the two weeks basic airborne training prior the SF training, for those who are not already enlisted in an airborne regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Selection and training\nSecond step of selection is \"adaptation training\" and \"stage commando\" lasting twelve weeks. Candidates must be above average to continue the training. Most cases of failure and RTU occur during this phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Selection and training\nThe last step of selection is the \"stage CTE RAPAS\" lasting six months. After completion of this \"stage\", candidates are fully assigned to the regiment as special force soldier. They will attend additional training to become specialists (bodyguards, pathfinders, etc.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Anniversary of the Troupes de Marine\nThe anniversary is celebrated of fighting in Bazeilles, a village which was taken and abandoned four consecutive times under orders, on August 31 and September 1, 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 91], "content_span": [92, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Anniversary of the Troupes de Marine\nIn the Name of God, long live the colonial\u00a0!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 91], "content_span": [92, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Anniversary of the Troupes de Marine\nThe Marsouins and the Bigors have for Saint, God. This war calling concludes intimate ceremonies which part life in the regiments. Often also at origin as an act of grace to Charles de Foucauld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 91], "content_span": [92, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Patron Saint\nSaint-Michael: As a paratrooper regiment, the 1er R.P.I.Ma celebrates each year on September 29, the Patron-Saint of Paratroopers. This celebration gives rise to various events with veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Motto\n\u00ab\u00a0Who dares wins\u00a0\u00bb is the general motto of the British SAS, translated in French to \u00ab\u00a0Qui ose gagne\u00a0\u00bb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Insignia\nInsignia of the 2e R.C.P, 1e B.C.C.P S.A.S, 1e B.P.C", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Colors\nThe unit is the only parachute regiments of the Marines to wear purple berets as opposed to the standard red beret of other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Honors, Battle honours\nThe list of operations shows a world-wide commitment since it ranges from Afghanistan to Africa and the Balkans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nThe most decorated French and allied unit of the Second World War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nThe officers and members of this regiment wear one of four Fourrag\u00e8res:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159279-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Paratroopers Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nFourrag\u00e8re bearing colors of the Croix de guerre des T.O.E", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Marine Infantry Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment d'Infanterie de Marine, 1er RIMa) is a French regiment heir of the colonial infantry. The regiment is one of the \u00ab\u00a0quatre vieux\u00a0\u00bb regiments of the Troupes de Marine, with the 2nd Marine Infantry Regiment 2e RIMa, the 3rd Marine Infantry Regiment 3e RIMa, as well the 4th Marine Infantry Regiment 4e RIMa (dissolved in 1998). Along with the 1st Marine Artillery Regiment 1e RAMa and the 2nd Marine Artillery Regiment 2e RAMa, the 1st Marine formed the Blue Division. The 1e RIMa is a light armoured unit, since 1986, alike with the r\u00e9giment d'infanterie-chars de marine RICM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, Creating and different nominations\nHeir to the Compagnie Ordinaire de la Mer created in 1622 by Richelieu, the 1e RIMa was created by a Royal Decree in 1822 at the corps of the French Naval Ministry (French: Minist\u00e8re de la Marine). This regiment was part of the \u00ab\u00a0Quatre Grands\u00a0\u00bb of the marine infantry which held garrison in the military ports ready to embark\u00a0: the \u00ab\u00a0Grand Un\u00a0\u00bb, le \u00ab\u00a0Grand Deux\u00a0\u00bb, the \u00ab\u00a0Grand Trois\u00a0\u00bb and the \u00ab\u00a0Grand Quatre\u00a0\u00bb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, Creating and different nominations\nDesignated as the 1st Colonial Infantry Regiment 1e RIC in 1900 at the creation of the colonial infantry at the corps of the Ministry of War (French: Minist\u00e8re de la guerre), the regiment was redesignated as RIMa in 1958, when the colonial infantry was redesignated as marine infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, Creating and different nominations\nThe regiment is heir to the 1st Free French Division and the battalion of the Pacific which combat engaged at Bir Hakeim. The Marine Infantry and Pacific Battalion (French: bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique) was issued from the merger, on July 1942, of the 1st Marine Infantry Battalion (French: 1er Bataillon d'Infanterie de Marine) and the Pacific Battalion (French: Bataillon du Pacifique).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, 1815 to 1848\nIn 1846, elements of the 1er RIMa were at Tahiti. The regiment was present in the battle of Fatahua (inscribed on the regimental colors of the 2e RIMa) of December 17, 1846 (3rd Company, Captain Masset).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, Second Empire\nOn August 17, 1870, the 1st Marching Marine Infantry Regiment was part of the Arm\u00e9e de Ch\u00e2lons (1870) (French: Arm\u00e9e de Ch\u00e2lons (1870)) of Marshal de MacMahon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, 1870 to 1914\nDuring the Paris Commune in 1871, the regiment participated with the Arm\u00e9e Versaillaise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, World War I, Attachments\nIn 1914, at the eve of the great war: the 2e, 3e, 7e and 1e RIC, were part of the 1st brigade under the orders of g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Montignault, the 3rd colonial infantry division under the orders of g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Raffanel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, World War I, Attachments\nThe 3e DIC\u00a0: Generals Raffanel, Leblond, Goulet (1914), Gadel (1915), Puyp\u00e9roux (1916\u20131918). Engaged in the same sectors as the 2nd Colonial Infantry Division 2e DIC (4e, 8e, 24e R.I.C), to the first battle of Champagne (Ville-sur-Tourbe) and the second battle of Champaign (Ville-sur-Tourbe and Massiges). In 1916, in the first Battle of the Somme: Becquincourt, Dompierre, Assevilliers, Flaucourt, Belloy-en-Santerre (juillet), Villers-Carbonnel, Barlaux (end of July).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, World War I, Attachments\nFebruary 1916 \u2013 November 1918\u00a0: 17th Colonial Infantry Division, 17e D.I.CIn 1917, to second battle of Aisne: Bois de Mortier, Mont de Singes (April\u2013May). In 1918, at the fourth battle of Champagne: Montagne de Reims; the second battle of the Marne (July\u2013September), to the battle of Serre (October).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, World War II, Mobilization of coloniales troupes in 1939\u20131940\nOn May 10, 1940, the 1st Colonial Infantry Regiment was under the command of colonel Fauchon and part of the 3rd Colonial Infantry Division which reinforced the sector of Montm\u00e9dy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 100], "content_span": [101, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, World War II, Mobilization of coloniales troupes in 1939\u20131940\nThe 3rd Colonial Division, g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Falvy, consisted of the 1st, 21e, 23e R.I.C and 3e and 203e R.A.C. The 3rd Colonial Division disappeared. The division immediately engaged the theatre, in the sector of Sun-sur-Meuse, Stenay, Martincourt, Aviot, Breux north of Verdun, at the level of cote 304 and Mort Homme, lieu of harsh combats in 1916\u20131917, where combats concentrated. On June 14, the 1er and 23e RIC were engaged in the ravine which separated cote 304 from Mort Homme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 100], "content_span": [101, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, World War II, Mobilization of coloniales troupes in 1939\u20131940\nAt 0630, the cote was crowned, despite a relentless resistance, the armoured contingents crossed the bridge of Bethoncout in direction of Esnes. The bridge was blown-up in the evening and redressed in the same night. The 1st company of the 1e RIC of captain Bertrand counter-attacked. At 17 hours, attacks were ceased. At 19 hours, the French Marines (French: Marsouis) gave their part to other engagements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 100], "content_span": [101, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, Combats of free France\nThe regiment was made compagnon de la Lib\u00e9ration, June 28, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, 1945 to present\nThe regiment was found in A.F.N from 1952 to 1962. Garrisoned in several places, the regiment was part of the 9th Brigade, then 9e DIMa, then 9e BLBMa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, 1945 to present\nThe regiment was deployed to Lebanon at the corps of the Multinational Force in Lebanon in 1983, then United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIFIL in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, 1945 to present\nIn July 2009, the regiment joined the 3rd Mechanised Brigade which became designated in March 2014 as 3rd Light Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, History, 1945 to present\nThe regiment has participated in all major operations of the French Army (Lebanon, Bosnia, Kosovo, Chad, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Central African Republic, Afghanistan). In 2010 members of the regiment were deployed in Guadeloupe and Djibouti or in operations in Kosovo and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, Traditions\nThe anniversary is celebrated for combats in Bazeilles, the village which was apprehended and abandoned four consecutive times under orders, respectively on August 31 and September 1, 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159280-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Infantry Regiment, Traditions\nThe Marsouins and the Bigors have for Saint, God. This war calling concludes intimate ceremonies which part life in the regiments. Often also at origin as an act of grace to Charles de Foucauld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group\nThe 1st Marine Logistics Group (1st MLG) is a logistics unit of the United States Marine Corps and is headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, with several subordinate elements also located at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma and Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History\nThe current 1st Marine Logistics Group was activated on 30 March 1976. The lineage of 1st MLG dates back to 1 July 1947 when it was activated as the 1st Combat Service Group (1st CSG), Service Command, Fleet Marine Force at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In the same month, 1st CSG was relocated to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Korean War\nIn August 1950, 1st CSG was deployed to Kobe, Japan; and was subsequently deployed in September 1950 to Inchon, Korea, assigned to the 1st Marine Division. They participated in the Korean War, fighting at Inchon-Seoul, Chosin Reservoir, the East-Central front, and the Western front. In August 1951, they were reassigned to the Fleet Marine Force; and in October 1951, reassigned to the 1st Marine Division. In May 1953, they were again reassigned to Fleet Marine Force and relocated to MCB Camp Pendleton, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Korean War\nOn 1 March 1957, 1st CSG was redesignated as the 1st Force Service Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Vietnam War\nIn May 1965 detachments of 1st FSR were sent to Okinawa and Vietnam. In August 1965 Headquarters Battalion, 1st FSR were sent to Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Vietnam War\nIn February 1967, the 1st Force Service Regiment was deployed to the Republic of Vietnam. On 15 February 1967, they were redesignated/assigned as the 1st Force Service Regiment, Force Logistic Command, Fleet Marine Force and assigned to the III Marine Amphibious Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Vietnam War\nThey participated in the Vietnam War from February 1967 to April 1971, operating from Da Nang, South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, 1970s\nOn 23 April 1971, 1st Force Service Regiment was relocated to Camp Pendleton, California. Then on 30 April 1976, they were redesignated as 1st Force Service Support Group (1st FSSG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, 1990s\nIn the 1990s, 1st FSSG participated in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm from September 1990 to April 1991; and in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia from December 1992 to February 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Global War on Terror\nThe Marines of 1st MLG were deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom on four occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Global War on Terror\nThe 1st FSSG deployed to Iraq in early 2003 in response to the continual rejection of UN inspectors. In March 2003, 1st FSSG elements joined the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF) in the crossing into Iraq. After approximately one month and the fall of Bagdad, the war was declared over. The Marines of 1st FSSG along with the 1st MEF redeployed back into the States over the rest of the summer 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Global War on Terror\nIn January 2004, the 1st FSSG deployed to Iraq for a second time \u2013 for 14 months to various camps in Iraq to include Camp Taqaddum (Headquarters), Camp Fallujah, Al Asad Air Base, Camp Habbiniyah, and, after the Abu Ghraib scandal, they took over guarding the prison as well. The group was involved with Operation Al Fajr (The Second Battle of Fallujah), the operation to retake the city of Fallujah. The artillery that helped bombard the city were stationed in the 1st FSSG HQ area. They returned to Camp Pendleton in early 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Global War on Terror\nIn October 2005, the group was redesignated as 1st Marine Logistics Group in an effort to make the name reflect the mission. The lower subordinate units were reorganized and some renamed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Global War on Terror\nIn February 2007, the Group returned from their third deployment, having served in several locations, including Camp Fallujah, Camp Taqaddum and Al Asad Air Base. The deployment was part of two seven-month assignments, but many Marines stayed for the greater duration of 14 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Global War on Terror\nIn February 2008, under the command of BGen Robert R. Ruark, took over for the 2nd Marine Logistics Group (Forward) at Camp Taqaddum, operating in Al Anbar Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Global War on Terror\nFrom March 2010 to March 2011 and from February 2012 to September 2012, 1st MLG participated in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Elements of 1st MLG once again participated In Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan from January 2014 to December 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159281-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Logistics Group, History, Global War on Terror\nElements of 1st MLG also participated in Operation Inherent Resolve in Iraq and Syria from August 2014 through into 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159282-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Raider Battalion (MARSOC)\nThe 1st Marine Raider Battalion (1st MRB) is a special operation unit of the United States Marine Corps and a subordinate combat component of the Marine Corps Special Operations Command. The Battalions' organization was finalized in 2006 and is one of three battalions of the Marine Raider Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159282-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Raider Battalion (MARSOC), History, Organizational\nIn October 2006 Marine Corps Special Operations Command (MARSOC) was created at Camp Lejeune North Carolina. The 1st and 2nd Marine Special Operations Battalions were created along with the Marine Special Operations Advisor Group (MSOAG, the predecessor of the 3rd Marine Special Operations Battalion). The majority of the combat personnel assigned to the battalion was drawn from the Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance. The battalion consists of four companies, each company consisting of 4 fifteen-man Marine Special Operations Teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159282-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Raider Battalion (MARSOC), History, Operational\nThe Marine Corps' Special Operations proof of concept consisted of Det One deploying to Iraq with Navy SEALs from Naval Special Warfare Group 1 in 2004. The initial force structure for the Marine Special Operations Battalions were the 1st and 2nd Force Reconnaissance Companies which then deployed elements to Afghanistan in 2007. The first deployment was marked with controversy and Marines from 2nd Raider Battalion were relieved from their operational charter in the country by an Army General from USSOCOM after claims were made that the Marines reacted inappropriately and caused excessive civilian casualties. In September 2009 the 1st Raider Battalion returned to Afghanistan in command of a joint special operations task force in the northwest of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment\nThe 1st Marine Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. The regiment is under the command of the 1st Marine Division and the I Marine Expeditionary Force. The 1st Marine Regiment is also sometimes referred to as \"Regimental Combat Team 1\" or \"Inchon\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, Subordinate units\nThe regiment comprises four infantry battalions and one headquarters company:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History\nThe 1st Marines were activated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 27 November 1913. At this time, it bore the designation of 2nd Advanced Base Regiment. During the 1st Marine Regiment's early years, it was primarily employed as a combat force in the so-called Banana Wars, and in the Caribbean area. The first of these engagements occurred in April 1914, when the regiment landed and seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History\nThey next participated in the Haitian campaign (1915\u20131916) and the Dominican Republic campaign (1916). On 1 July 1916, this organization was re-designated as the 1st Regiment of Marines. In December 1918, the 1st Regiment returned to the Caribbean and was deployed to Cuba for approximately six months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History\nFollowing its second Dominican tour of duty, it was deactivated; but it was subsequently reactivated at Quantico, Virginia on 15 March 1925. The Regiment received its present designation of 1st Marines on 10 July 1930. The 1930s was a period of inactivity in the 1st Marines' history, as the unit was in a deactivated status during most of this time. World War II was the occasion for the next reactivation of the Regiment on 1 February 1941 at Culebra, Puerto Rico as part of the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nThe 1st Marines stood at a low state of readiness at the beginning of the war, having just been reconstituted from cadre status; however, the regiment did possess very strong leadership at the higher levels. In June 1942, the 1st Marines set sail from San Francisco on board a mix of eight ships headed for the South Pacific. The 1st Marines landed on the island of Guadalcanal, part of the Solomon Islands, on August 7, 1942 and fought in the Guadalcanal Campaign until relieved on 22 December 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nSome of the heaviest action the regiment saw on Guadalcanal took place on August 21, 1942 during the Battle of the Tenaru, which was the first Japanese counter-attack of the campaign. Following their first campaign, the regiment was sent to Melbourne, Australia to rest and refit. During their stay, there they were billeted in the Melbourne Cricket Ground until leaving in September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nThe 1st Marines' next action was Operation Cartwheel, which was the codename for the campaigns in Eastern New Guinea and New Britain. The regiment was the first ashore at the Battle of Cape Gloucester on December 26, 1943; and continued fighting on the island, at such places as Suicide Creek and Ajar Ridge, until February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nThe 1st Marines next battle was its bloodiest yet \u2013 the Battle of Peleliu. The regiment landed on September 15, 1944 as part of the 1st Marine Division's assault on the island. The division's commanding general, Major General William H. Rupertus had predicted the fighting would be, \"...tough but short. It'll be over in three of four days \u2013 a fight like Tarawa. Rough but fast. Then we can go back to a rest area. \".During the Battle of Peleliu, the regiment was decimated by heavy artillery and accurate small arms fire in the vicinity of Bloody Nose Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nRepeated frontal assaults with fixed bayonets failed to unseat the Japanese defenders from the 14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army). The 1st Marines fought on Peleliu for 10 days before being pulled off the lines after suffering 58% casualties and no longer being combat effective. Ten days of fighting on Peleliu cost the 1st Marine Regiment 1,749 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nThe last World War II engagement for the regiment was the Battle of Okinawa under the command of Colonel Arthur T. Mason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, World War II\nIn September 1945, the 1st Marines deployed to North China to take part in the garrisoning of the area and in the repatriation of former enemy personnel. It remained in China until February 1949. It is also likely that they were stationed in North China to bolster the Chinese Nationalists defense against the Chinese Communists. The presence of the 1st Marines was used as leverage by George C. Marshall in 1945\u201346 to attempt to moderate a settlement to the impending Chinese Civil War. They regiment returned to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton and was deactivated on October 1, 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Korean War\nThe Korean War prompted an expansion of the Marine Corps. As a result, the regiment was brought back into existence on 4 August 1950. On 15 September, the 1st Marine Division, including the 1st Marines, assaulted the beaches of Inchon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Korean War\nThe regiment then went on to take part in the liberation of Seoul and later in the Chosin Reservoir Campaign. For the next two and one-half years, the 1st Marines continued to engage the North Koreans and Chinese Communists. Following the termination of hostilities in July 1953, the Regiment remained in Korea and acted as a defensive force against possible Communist attempts to rekindle the war. The 1st Marines returned to Camp Pendleton in April 1955. There it stayed for the following ten years, except for a brief deployment to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and the Caribbean during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nWith the intensification of the American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1965, the 1st Marine Regiment was quickly deployed to the region. By January 1966, the entire regiment had completed its move to Vietnam. The first major operation in the war for a battalion of the 1st Marines was Operation Harvest Moon in December 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nBy fall of 1967, the 1st Marines were operating permanently in the northern sector of the I Corps tactical zone. The following winter the communists launched their all-out Tet Offensive. The enemy overran Hue, the old imperial capital. Between 31 January and 2 March 1968, elements of the 1st Marines, commanded by Col. Stanley Hughes, along with other U.S. Marine and South Vietnamese units, fought to regain control of the city. Bitter street fighting and hand-to-hand combat characterized the battle. Hue was finally recaptured after the enemy suffered nearly 1,900 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nThe regiment remained deployed in South Vietnam for the next two and a half years, participating in numerous operations, both large and small. On 28 June 1971, the last members of the regiment departed Da Nang to return to the United States at MCB Camp Pendleton. The 1st Marines were the last marine infantry unit to depart Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Post Vietnam era\nIn the spring of 1975, the 1st Marines provided primary support to the Marine Corps Base at Camp Pendleton for preparation of a camp to house Vietnamese refugees during Operation New Arrivals. In 1983, 1st Marines were assigned responsibility to provide the Ground Combat Element for the WESTPAC MAU. Since the inception of the special operations capable (SOC) marine expeditionary units (MEUs) in support of contingency operations in the Western Pacific, the 1st Marine Regiment has been the SOC regiment of the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Operation Desert Storm and LA riots\nIn August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and 1st Marines deployed in support of Operation Desert Shield. On 30 December 1990, 1st Marines was designated as Task Force Papa Bear. The task force attacked into Kuwait on 23 February and continued its march to the vicinity of Kuwait International Airport, where hostilities ceased on 27 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 65], "content_span": [66, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Operation Desert Storm and LA riots\nFrom 1 to 11 May 1992, elements of the regiment deployed to perform riot control operations as part of the Joint Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force Los Angeles. They assumed a prominent role in quelling the urban unrest in South Central Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 65], "content_span": [66, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn January 2003, 1st Marines deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom. Organized as a 5,000-man combined arms task force, known as Regimental Combat Team One (RCT-1), the regiment fought its way from Kuwait to Baghdad, with significant actions at An Nasariyah, Al Kut, and Baghdad. On 5 April, commanding officer Colonel Joe D. Dowdy was relieved by Major General James Mattis and replaced by Colonel John Toolan, a highly unusual act. Subsequent to the collapse of the regime, the RCT conducted security and stability operations in Baghdad and Al Hillah until returning home throughout the summer of 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn February 2004, 1st Marines deployed to the Al Anbar province of Iraq. Upon arrival in theater, 1st Marines formed into RCT-1 and conducted a relief-in-place with 3d Brigade of the 82d Airborne Division. RCT-1 consisted of several major subordinate commands from 1st Marine Division and various smaller attachments from throughout the Marine Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe RCT's area of operation consisted of numerous cities, most important of which was Al Fallujah. On 31 March 2004, four U.S. citizens working for Blackwater USA were attacked, mutilated and hung on a bridge in the city. On 7 April 2004, Operation Vigilant Resolve commenced in response to these deaths. After intense urban fighting, a political resolution was mandated and the regiment was ordered out of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThroughout September and October 2004, insurgent presence increased in Fallujah. Led by the 1st Marine Division, Operation Phantom Fury began with an assault north of the city, with four infantry battalions in the attack. Designated the division main effort, RCT-1 (3rd Battalion, 1st Marines) crossed the line of departure on 7 November 2004. After twelve days of intense urban combat, 1st Marine Division had defeated the insurgents and successfully fought its way to the southern end of the city capturing the western half of Fallujah. First Marines returned to Camp Pendleton, California, in April 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 1st Marine Regiment has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159283-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment, Medal of Honor recipients\nNineteen Marines from the 1st Marines have been awarded the Medal of Honor: 7 during World War II, 10 during the Korean War, and two during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden)\n1st Marine Regiment (Swedish: Stockholms amfibieregemente, Amf 1) is an amphibian regiment of the Swedish Amphibious Corps based at the Berga Naval Base in Berga, Haninge Municipality. Raised from the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 1) in 2000 when the Swedish Amphibious Corps was formed, the 1st Marine Regiment has a large geographical spread where units are trained and grouped at Berga, south of Stockholm, in Gothenburg and in Gotland. Although the unit's natural combat environment is coastal zones, river deltas and other amphibious areas, the unit has the ability to operate in all types of terrain, such as desert. The 1st Marine Regiment has participated in operations in, for example, Kosovo, Gulf of Aden, Chad and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), History\nPrior to the Defence Act of 2000, the Swedish government's starting point was that only two units were needed to meet the Swedish Armed Forces' future training of coastal artillery units. One unit was intended to be a main unit for the combat arm. Prior to the Defence Act, there were four coastal artillery regiments, Vaxholm Coast Artillery Regiment and the 1st Coastal Artillery Brigade (KA 1) in Vaxholm, Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment and the 2nd Coastal Artillery Brigade (KA 2) in Karlskrona, Gotland Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 3) on Gotland and \u00c4lvsborg Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 4) in Gothenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), History\nThe government considered that the coastal artillery regiment in Vaxholm would constitute the main unit of the Swedish Armed Forces' basic organization. Given that Vaxholm had an existing infrastructure with a good proximity to the Stockholm archipelago with training areas, which was considered well-dimensioned for the terrain types the unit was expected to operate in. Further arguments for retaining Vaxholm were to maintain coordination with other marine units in the Stockholm area. The government also found that the other coastal artillery regiments lacked the prerequisites to form the main unit for the coastal artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), History\nOn the question of which of the other units that would remain to form a support unit for Vaxholm, was between the coastal artillery regiments in Karlskrona and in Gothenburg. In the overall assessment, it was considered that greater investments in both Gothenburg and Karlskrona would be required, as they both lacked the type of training area that Vaxholm had. On the other hand, both were considered suitable as a support unit for Vaxholm. But the government's choice fell on Gothenburg. Among other things, with the argument that Gothenburg as Sweden's second city needed a military presence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), History\nBut also the central location in Western Sweden, seen from a conscript travel perspective, contributed to the coastal artillery regiment in Gothenburg. The coastal artillery regiment on Gotland was never relevant to either a main unit or a support unit. As a result, Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment and the 1st Coastal Artillery Brigade (KA 1) in Vaxholm and \u00c4lvsborg Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 4) in Gothenburg remained in the basic organization, while the Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment and the 2nd Coastal Artillery Brigade (KA 2) in Karlskrona and the Gotland Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 3) on Gotland were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), History\nWith the Defence Act, the fixed coastal artillery was discontinued, and the remaining units instead came to form amphibious units, where the two coastal artillery regiments were reorganized into amphibious regiments, which organized one amphibious brigade staff and three amphibious battalions. On 30 June, the coastal artillery was disbanded, and on 1 July 2000, the Swedish Amphibious Corps was formed with the Vaxholm Amphibian Regiment (Amf 1), \u00c4lvsborg Amphibian Regiment (Amf 4) and the Amphibious Combat School (Amfibiestridsskolan, AmfSS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), History\nPrior to the Defence Act of 2004, the government felt that only one platform for training amphibious units in the basic organization was needed, where the government considered that Vaxholm Amphibian Regiment (Amf 1) should be maintained. Among other things, when referring to the government's bill 1999/2000: 30, where the government highlighted Vaxholm as the main platform because of the good practice conditions in the Stockholm archipelago, and that the valuation that was then made was still valid. It was then found that the regiment in Gothenburg had limited training conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), History\nInstead of continuing with amphibious training in Vaxholm, the government proposed in its bill that the regiment should be relocated to Haninge/Berga, where the regiment would take over the location from the Svea Helicopter Bttalion (Svea helikopterbataljon) as well as the Swedish Naval Schools (\u00d6rlogsskolorna, \u00d6S). Furthermore, it was considered important that in the future it was important to train unit that could operate also on the West Coast, which meant that the facility at K\u00e4ns\u00f6 would be maintained, and constitute a detachment to Vaxholm Amphibian Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), History\nOn 3 October 2005, the colour was lowered for the last time at Vaxholm Amphibian Regiment (Amf 1) in Vaxholm, in the presence of the Supreme Commander, General H\u00e5kan Syr\u00e9n and other dignitaries. As a result, the military presence in Vaxholm ceased. Later that day, the flag was hoisted at the 1st Amphibian Regiment (Amf 1) in Berga. A decommissioning organization remained in Rind\u00f6 until 30 June 2006. The last companies were installed in Berga in December 2005. The first big draft was made in January 2006. After the relocation to Berga, the name F\u00f6rsta amfibieregementet (Amf 1) was adopted. In 2006, the regiment adopted a shorter name form, in the form of the Amfibieregementet (Amf 1). On 1 October 2021, the regiment adopted the name Stockholm amfibieregemente.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Locations, detachments and training grounds, Locations\nThe regiment took over the barracks area on Rind\u00f6 where the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 1) was located. The area consisted of two barracks establishments, one of which the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment was placed to in 1906. The barracks were built after the 1901 Army Building Program after the Fortifikationen (\"Royal Engineers\") design for the infantry. The area consisted of two main barracks, which was built three stories high. In 1941, the coastal artillery also took over the establishment that was erected in 1907 for the Vaxholm Grenadier Regiment (I 26).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Locations, detachments and training grounds, Locations\nIt had also been erected according to the 1901 Army Building Program after the Fortifikationen (\"Royal Engineers\") design for the infantry. Just like the coastal artillery barracks, the barracks were built in only three floors, which was due to fortification reasons. The architect of the barracks establishments was Erik Josephson. After the Riksdag decided that the regiment was to be relocated to Berga Naval Base in Haninge Municipality, the move began on 1 January 2005, and ended on 30 June 2006. Vasallen AB took over as owner of the barracks area in Vaxholm on 1 October 2005. From 1 July 2006, the entire portfolio was to transferred Vasallen AB, which has since transformed the area into a residential area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Locations, detachments and training grounds, Locations\nAt Berga, the area was originally built in 1946 for the Berga Naval Training Schools. The barracks area is constructed after the design of the 1940 Military Building Investigation, and also includes Berga Castle built in 1915. From 1961, in addition to the harbor, the area also included Berga Heliport which was erected for the 1st Helicopter Division (1. helikopterdivisionen). Both the naval schools and the helicopter operations were disbanded in Berga through the Defence Act of 2004, which was taken over by the 1st Marine Regiment during a ceremony on 3 October 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Locations, detachments and training grounds, Locations\nCombat Boat 90 and Griffon 8100TD at Berga Naval Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 84], "content_span": [85, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Locations, detachments and training grounds, Detachments\nThe regiment has two detachments, one in Gothenburg in the form of the 17. bevakningsb\u00e5tskompaniet and the 132. s\u00e4kerhetskompani sj\u00f6, and one on Gotland in the form of the 32nd Home Guard Battalion (32. hemv\u00e4rnsbataljonen).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 86], "content_span": [87, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Locations, detachments and training grounds, Training grounds\nThe regiment uses the following training areas: Ask\u00f6, Berga, Kors\u00f6, Mellsten, Roten, Stabbo, Tofta, Ut\u00f6 and V\u00e4dd\u00f6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Colours, standards and guidons\nVaxholm Amphibian Regiment initially carried the colour which until 30 June 2000 was carried by the Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 1). On 12 June 2003, the regiment was presented with a new colour by His Majesty the King and Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland at Vaxholm Fortress. Blazon: \"On red cloth in the centre the badge of the former Coastal Artillery; two gun barrels of older pattern in saltire between a royal crown proper and a blazing grenade and waves, all in yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Colours, standards and guidons\nIn the first corner the badge of the town Vaxholm; from a wavy base the front of a sailing ship and a tower issuant, both white, in the second corner the provincial badge of Gotland; a white ram passant, armed yellow, a yellow crosstaff and a red banner with edging and five flaps in yellow (a legacy from the former Gotland Coastal Artillery Regiment, KA 3).\" The colour was drawn by Kristina Holmg\u00e5rd-\u00c5kerberg and embroidered by hand in insertion technique by Maj-Britt Salander, company Bl\u00e5 Kusten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Colours, standards and guidons\nOn 5 September 2005, the commanding officer of \u00c4lvsborg Amphibian Regiment (Amf 4), colonel Stefan Gustafsson, presented its colour to the commanding officer of the 1st Amphibian Regiment, colonel Lars-Olof Corneliusson. The colour has since been carried by the amphibian detachment in Gothenburg. On 27 January 2017, the unit was presented with a new colour, which then replaced the 2003 colour. The colour was handed over by His Majesty the King, and was received by colonel Peder Ohlsson at the regiment headquarters at Berga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Colours, standards and guidons\nThe colour bears a motif of two gun barrels of older pattern in saltire between a royal crown proper and a blazing grenade and waves. Embroidery is made in yellow on a red background. The upper left corner shows the badge of Vaxholm and in the lower left corner the badge of Gotland. It took 1,204 hours to manufacture the colour and it was delivered by the Swedish Army Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Medals and insignias\nIn 2000, the Vaxholms amfibieregemente (Amf 1) f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nstmedalj (\"Vaxholm Amphibious Regiment (Amf 1) Medal for Merit\") in gold and silver (VaxamfregGM/SM) of the 8th size was established. The medal ribbon is of blue moir\u00e9 with a yellow stripe towards each edge and a yellow line on the middle followed on both sides by first a green stripe and then a yellow line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Medals and insignias\nIn 2005, the Amfibieregementets f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nstmedalj (\"Amphibian Regiment Medal of Merit\") in bronze (designation: AmfregBM) was established, which was awarded to staff who left in connection with the Defense Act of 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Medals and insignias\nVaxholm Amphibious Regiment (Amf 1) Medal for Merit in silver", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159284-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Regiment (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Heritage\nThe regiment is primarily responsible for the tradition of the \u00c4lvsborg Amphibian Regiment (Amf 4), S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn Marine Brigade (SMB) and Gotland Regiment (P 18) as well as older ships, who bear the same name as the regiment's current ships. Secondly, the regiment is responsible for the tradition of all older amphibian and coastal artillery units, that is to say, the coastal defense defence (BK, GbK, SK, GK/KA 3, NK/KA 5), coastal artillery regiments/corps (KA 1, KA 2, KA 3, KA 4 and KA 5) as well as the Roslagen Marine Brigade (RMB). The responsibility of the traditions for Gotland Regiments (P 18), Roslagen Marine Brigade and S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn Marine Brigade rests on the home guard battalions at Gotland Group (Gotlandsgruppen, GLG) and the S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn Group (S\u00f6dert\u00f6rnsgruppen, UGS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159285-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Marine Surveillance Flotilla\n1st Marine Surveillance Flotilla, China Marine Surveillance (Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u76d1\u7b2c\u4e00\u652f\u961f) is under North China Sea Branch, State Oceanic Administration and North China Sea Fleet (CMS). Its main task is to administer Chinese waters in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. Its headquarters is at Qingdao, Shandong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade\n1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, originally organized as the 1st Potomac Home Brigade Cavalry, \"Cole's Cavalry\" was formed under the guidance of Henry A. Cole (from Frederick, Maryland). There are also references to it being designated as Cole's 1st Volunteer Maryland Cavalry. The unit, a battalion, originally consisted of four companies, A, B, C & D and was initially enlisted between August 10 and November 27, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nCompany A was made-up of men mostly from Frederick, Maryland and the surrounding area and was initially commanded by Cole; B was recruited from the western part of Maryland (Hagerstown, Clear Spring, Cumberland, etc.) and was commanded by Capt. William Firey; C was recruited primarily from Emmitsburg, Maryland and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and was commanded by Capt. John Horner; and D was made-up of men mostly from Baltimore City and Howard County, Maryland, and was commanded by Capt. Pearce K. Curll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nCompany B served, through March 1863, independent of the battalion, mostly in West Virginia, western Maryland, and the northern part of the Shenandoah Valley. The company was present in action as South Branch Bridge, West Virginia (October 26, 1861) and at the Battle of Kernstown (March 22, 1862), and spent much of 1862 in the area of Romney, West Virginia, on duty as a scouting force. They were in action again at Grass Lick, West Virginia, on April 23, 1862, and at Wardensville, West Virginia, on May 7, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nThe company regularly served along with Colonel Andrew Thomas McReynolds\u2019 Cavalry [the 1st New York \"Lincoln\" Cavalry]. It joined General Jacob Dolson Cox\u2019s Brigade in pursuit of J.E.B. Stuart, during his October 1862 raid into Pennsylvania. For the balance of the year, through early 1863, the company operated along the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and around Martinsburg, West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nCompanies A, C, and D of the battalion served initially as an unattached unit of the Dept. of West Virginia, to January, 1862, and were later in the service of Frederick W. Lander's Division. The list of engagements for these three companies is extensive and includes, Hancock, Md. (January 5\u20136, 1862), Bloomery Gap (February 14, 1862), the advance on Winchester (March 2\u201312), Martinsburg, West Virginia (March 3, 1862), Bunker Hill (this was just Co. A), West Virginia (March 5, 1862), action between Bunker Hill and Winchester (March 7, 1862), Stephenson's Depot (March 7\u20138), Winchester (March 12, 1862), Kernstown (March 22, 1862), Winchester (March 23, 1862), Edinburg, Va. (April 1), and Charles Town, West Virginia (May 28).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nOn paper, the companies were consolidated into a Battalion on August 1, 1862, and designated as Cole's Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade Cavalry, Capt. Henry Cole receiving the rank of major. At that time, with Cole's promotion, Lt. George W.F. Vernon was raised to command of Company A, with the rank of captain. Despite the consolidation, Company B continued to operate independently of the battalion through March 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nMeanwhile, Cole's Battalion continued to see regular and active service, participating in action at the Battle of Mile Hill, Leesburg, Va., September 2, 1862; Edwards' Ferry, Md., September 4; Monocacy Creek September 4; Reconnaissance to Lovettsville September 4; Maryland Heights and siege of Harper's Ferry, West Virginia September 12\u201314 (when the battalion led the way in cutting through enemy lines and evading capture). During the escape from Harpers Ferry, Cole's Battalion encountered and captured Confederate Gen. James Longstreet's ammunition train at Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nThe battalion participated in harassing Gen. J.E.B. Stuart in his raid into Pennsylvania and engaged portions of the Confederate cavalry force at Hyattstown, Md. on October 12. After that, the battalion saw action at Charles Town, November 14; Berryville, December 1; Charles Town, December 2; Winchester, December 5; Halltown, December 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nAfter Company B rejoined the battalion on March 21, 1863, at Kearneysville, West Virginia, the battalion, for the first time a complete force, participated later that spring at Charles Town, May 16; Berryville, June 13; Martinsburg, June 14; Winchester, June 15 (Co. B); Williamsport, June 15; Catoctin Creek, June 17; Frederick, Md., June 21; Sharpsburg, July; Fountain Dale, Pa., July; Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1\u20133; near Emmittsburg, July 4; Falling Waters, July 6; Harper's Ferry, July 6; Smithfield, August 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nIn August (26th) and September (12th-16th), the battalion sent scouts into Loudoun County, Virginia. The list of actions continues with Catoctin Mountain, September 14; Loudoun Valley, Va., September 25; Loudoun Valley and Summit Point, October 7; Charles Town, October 7 (Co. B); Snickersville, Leesburg, Rector's Cross Roads and Bloomfield, September 14; Upperville, September 25; Berryville, October 18; near Annandale, October 22; expedition from Charles Town to New Market, November 15\u201318; Mt. Jackson, November 16; Ashby's Gap, November; Upperville, December 10; Edinburg, December 17; New Market, December 18; Harrisonburg and Staunton, December 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nIn 1864, action against John S. Mosby's Rangers continued, the battalion engaging them at Rectortown, January 1, 1864. In the dark morning hours and freezing cold temperatures of January 10, 1864, Mosby attempted to make an attack upon the camp of Cole's Battalion at the Battle of Loudoun Heights and was soundly defeated in the effort. Following this action, the battalion was engaged at Romney, Moorefield, and Mechanicsville Gap, February 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nOn February 13, 1864, many members of the battalion reenlisted prior to going into action again at Upperville/Blackley's Grove on February 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nThe battalion was increased to a full regiment with the action of eight new companies, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, and M. Organized at Baltimore and Frederick from February 9 to April 23, 1864, elements of the new regiment participated in Gen. Franz Sigel's expedition from Martinsburg, W. Va., to New Market, Va., on April 30-May 16, and saw action at the Battle of New Market, May 13\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nAfter recovering from the defeat at New Market, the regiment participated next in Gen. David Hunter's expedition to Lynchburg May 26-July 1, participating in action at Harrisonburg, June 3 and the Battle of Piedmont, June 5. After the occupation of Staunton on June 6, the regiment participated in action at Tye River, June 12; Lexington, June 13; Buckhannon, June 14; the Battle of Lynchburg, June 17\u201318; and the Catawba Mountains and near Salem, Va., June 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nOnce back in the normal operating area around Martinsburg, the command saw action at Leetown and Shepardstown, July 3 (Detachment); Keedysville, July 5; Frederick, Md., July 11\u201312; Maryland Heights, Brownsville, Crampton's Gap and Herndon July ---; Purcelleville, July 16; Snicker's Ferry, July 17\u201318; Ashby's Gap and Winchester, July 19; Kernstown, July 23\u201324; Winchester, Bunker Hill, and Martinsburg, July 25; Snicker's Gap, July 25; Falling Waters, July 26; Hagerstown, July 29\u201330; Keedysville, August 5; Winchester, August 17; Opequan Creek, August 18, 19 and 20; near Berryville, August 21; near Charles Town, August 21\u201322; Antietam, August 22; Williamsport, August 26; Summit Point, August 30; White Post, September 3; Winchester, September 19; Fisher's Hill, September 22; and the Battle of Cedar Creek, October 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159286-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, Potomac Home Brigade, Organization and History\nFollowing the defeat of Jubal Early in the Shenandoah Valley, Cole's Regiment served on duty in West Virginia, operating against Mosby and guarding Baltimore & Ohio Railroad until June, 1865. Cole's Regiment was mustered out on June 28, 1865. In the course of its service, the regiment lost 2 officers and 45 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, 2 officers and 120 enlisted men by disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 78], "content_span": [79, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159287-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159287-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment, Service\nCompanies organized and mustered in between April and August 1861 in Baltimore and Pennsylvania, and served in the Department of West Virginia and the Army of the Potomac; in Hatch's Cavalry Brigade, Department of the Shenandoah, from March, 1862; in the Cavalry Brigade, 2nd Corps (really the old 5th Corps), Army of Virginia, from June 1862; with the Cavalry Brigade, 11th Corps, Army of the Potomac, from September 1862; various brigades/divisions, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, from January 1863; Provost Marshal General's Command, Army of the Potomac, from October 1863; from June 1864 in 10th Corps, Army of the James, then in the 3rd Brigade of the Cavalry Division, Army of the James, until April, 1865; cavalry and duty in the Department of Virginia until mustered out in August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159287-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment particularly distinguished itself at the cavalry battles of Brandy Station and Gettysburg. During part of its time in 10th Corps, the regiment fought dismounted, and for the remainder was brigaded with the 1st Regiment New York Mounted Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159287-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment lost 3 officers and 65 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded and 3 officers and 130 enlisted men to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA was a regiment of the Confederate army, formed shortly after the commencement of the American Civil War in April 1861. The unit was made up of volunteers from Maryland who, despite their home state remaining in the Union during the war, chose instead to fight for the Confederacy. The regiment saw action at the First Battle of Manassas, in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign, and in the Peninsular Campaign. It was mustered out of service in August 1862, its initial term of duty having expired. Many of its members, unable or unwilling to return to Union-occupied Maryland, went on to join a new regiment, the 2nd Maryland Infantry, CSA, which was formed in its place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, Baltimore riots of April 1861\nAfter the bombardment of Fort Sumter on April 12\u201314, 1861, President Lincoln called for the states to send troops to preserve the Union. On April 19, Southern sympathizers in Baltimore attacked Union troops passing through by rail, causing what were arguably the first casualties of the Civil War. Major General George H. Steuart, commander of the Maryland State Militia, and most of his senior officers were strongly sympathetic to the Confederacy. He ordered the militia to turn out, armed and uniformed, to repel Federal soldiers. Perhaps knowing of these sympathies, and that public opinion in Baltimore was divided, Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks did not order out the militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 84], "content_span": [85, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, Joining the Confederacy\nDuring the early summer of 1861, several thousand Marylanders crossed the Potomac river to join the Confederate Army. Most of the men enlisted into regiments from Virginia or the Carolinas, but six companies of Marylanders formed at Harpers Ferry into the Maryland Battalion. Among them were members of the former volunteer militia unit, the Maryland Guard Battalion, initially formed in Baltimore in 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, Joining the Confederacy\nCaptain Bradley T. Johnson, commander of Company A., refused the offer of the Virginians to join a Virginia Regiment, insisting that Maryland should be represented independently in the Confederate army. When the regiment was organized the first commander was Colonel Francis J. Thomas, a graduate of West Point in the class 1844. His choice as commander was vocally objected by several company commanders, and on June 8 he was relieved of command. It was agreed that Arnold Elzey, a seasoned career officer from Maryland, would take command. His executive officer was the Marylander George H. Steuart, who would later be known as \"Maryland Steuart\" to distinguish him from his more famous cavalry colleague JEB Stuart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), History, Joining the Confederacy\nThe 1st Maryland Infantry Regiment was officially formed on June 16, 1861, and, on June 25, two additional companies joined the regiment in Winchester. Its initial term of duty was for twelve months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War\nIn June 1861 General Johnston evacuated Harper's Ferry, and the 1st Maryland was ordered to assist in destroying its arsenal of weaponry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Battle of First Manassas\nAt the First Battle of Manassas, also known as the First Battle of Bull Run, on July 21, 1861, the 1st Maryland was combined with the 13th Virginia Infantry, 10th Virginia Infantry and 3rd Tennessee Regiments to form the 4th Brigade, led by Brigadier General E. Kirby Smith. Smith's men were late in arriving at the battle and approached the Confederate left near Chinn Ridge. The battle got off to a bad start when Elzey was forced to assume temporary command of the brigade, as General Smith was shot from his horse and injured by enemy fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Battle of First Manassas\nHowever, Elzey was able to bring his men into line facing the flank of the Federal army, the brigade commanded by General Oliver O. Howard. His men advanced to the edge of a wood without being detected by the Union army and opened fire, after which they charged over open ground into the Union position. Soon they were joined by Colonel Jubal A. Early on the Confederate left flank and shortly afterwards Howard's line began to disintegrate. As the federal forces fled, General Beauregard congratulated Elzey, commending him as \"the Blucher of the day\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Battle of First Manassas\nAfter the battle Elzey was promoted to brigade commander, and Colonel George H. Steuart was given command of the 1st Maryland Regiment. Major Bradley Johnson was appointed his second in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Battle of First Manassas\nDuring the winter of 1861-2 the regiment was quartered at Centerville. In April 1862 it was marched back to the Rappahannock River, and assigned to the command of General Richard S. Ewell, following which the regiment joined General \"Stonewall\" Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, meeting him at Luray, Virginia. At this point an unsuccessful attempt was made to form a \"Maryland Line\" in the CSA, uniting all Maryland units under one command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Training and discipline\nUnder Steuart's command the regiment was drilled relentlessly. Steuart soon began to acquire a reputation as a strict disciplinarian, eventually gaining the admiration of his men, though initially unpopular as a result. Steuart was said to have ordered his men to sweep the bare dirt inside their bivouacs and, rather more eccentrically, was prone to sneaking through the lines past unwitting sentries, in order to test their vigilance. On one occasion this plan backfired, as Steuart was pummeled and beaten by a sentry who later claimed not to have recognized the general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Training and discipline\nEventually however, Steuart's \"rigid system of discipline quietly and quickly conduced to the health and morale of this splendid command.\" According to Major W W Goldsborough, who served under Steuart at Gettysburg: \"...it was not only his love for a clean camp, but a desire to promote the health and comfort of his men that made him unyielding in the enforcement of sanitary rules. You might influence him in some things, but never in this\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0009-0002", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Training and discipline\nGeorge Wilson Booth, a young officer in Steuart's command at Harper's Ferry in 1861, recalled in his memoirs:\"The Regiment, under his master hand, soon gave evidence of the soldierly qualities which made it the pride of the army and placed the fame of Maryland in the very foreground of the Southern States\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 80], "content_span": [81, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Shenandoah campaign and the expiry of the regiment's term of duty\nOn May 17 the initial 12-month term of duty of C Company expired, and the men began to clamor for their immediate discharge. By this time Steuart had been promoted brigadier general, assigned with the task of forming the Maryland Line, and Colonel Bradley Tyler Johnson had succeeded to command of the regiment. Johnson reluctantly agreed with the men, but could not disband the entire regiment in mid-campaign, and discontent began to spread. By May 22, on the eve of the Battle of Front Royal, discontent became open mutiny. Steuart and Johnson argued with the men to no avail, though news of the rebellion was kept secret from General Jackson. When given orders to engage the enemy, Johnson addressed his soldiers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 122], "content_span": [123, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Shenandoah campaign and the expiry of the regiment's term of duty\nJohnson's speech seems to have worked where threats had failed, and the Marylanders rallied to the regimental colors, seizing their weapons and crying \"lead us to the enemy and we will prove to you that we are not cowards\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 122], "content_span": [123, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Battle of Front Royal\nAt the Battle of Front Royal, May 23, 1862, the 1st Maryland was thrown into battle with their fellow Marylanders, the Union 1st Regiment Maryland Volunteer Infantry. This is the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state have engaged each other in battle. After hours of desperate fighting the Southerners emerged victorious. When the prisoners were taken, many men recognized former friends and family. According to Goldsborough:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Battle of Front Royal\nAmong the prisoners was Charles Goldsborough, captured by his brother, William Goldsborough, who would go on to write the history of the Maryland Line in the Confederate Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Battle of Winchester\nJust two days later, on May 25, 1862, the 1st Maryland fought again at the First Battle of Winchester, another Confederate victory. After the battle, Colonel Johnson, who was described by Goldsborough as \"one of the handsomest men in the First Maryland\", was the recipient of some not entirely welcome female attention:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 77], "content_span": [78, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Battle of Cross Keys\nThe unit again saw action at the Battle of Cross Keys on June 8, where the 1st Maryland were placed on General Ewell's left, successfully fighting off three assaults by Federal troops. At Cross Keys George H. Steuart, was severely injured in the shoulder by grape shot, and had to be carried from the battlefield. A ball from a canister shot had struck him in the shoulder and broken his collarbone, causing a \"ghastly wound\". The injury did not heal well, and did not begin to improve at all until the ball was removed under surgery in August. It would prevent him from returning to the field for almost an entire year, until May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 77], "content_span": [78, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Peninsula Campaign\nOn June 26 the 1st Maryland fought at the Battle of Gaines' Mill where the regiment held off an assault by Federal infantry until the Baltimore Light Artillery could be wheeled into place to dislodge the Federal troops. They saw action the next day when they participated in an attack which captured a number of guns, weapons and many prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Peninsula Campaign\nThe regiment also saw action on 1 July 1862 at the Battle of Malvern Hill, this time a Union victory. The regiment was held in reserve, but still suffered severe casualties from the heavy barrage of the Federal artillery. On July 2 they fought off a Federal cavalry attack in a brief skirmish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 75], "content_span": [76, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Disbandment\nBy late summer the Southern capital of Richmond, Virginia was considered safe from Federal attack, and the Regiment's one-year term of duty having expired, it was soon disbanded. Company A. was assigned to escort duty, bringing General Jackson's prisoners to Richmond, and soon after this it was mustered out of service. On August 17 the rest of the regiment was also disbanded at Gordonsville, Virginia. In September 1862 the regiment's former commander, Colonel Bradley Tyler Johnson, and many members of his staff, finding themselves without a command, offered their services to General \"Stonewall Jackson\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159288-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Civil War, Disbandment\nHowever, the soldiers of the disbanded regiment found themselves in a precarious position, being unable to return home to Union-occupied Maryland, having effectively committed themselves to the Confederacy for the duration of the war. With little choice but to fight on, many went on to join other units of artillery, or cavalry, while others waited to form a new Maryland Infantry Regiment, which would become known as the 2nd Maryland Infantry, CSA in order to distinguish it from the original regiment. The new regiment would suffer such severe casualties during the course of the war that, by the time of General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, only around forty men remained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159289-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Regiment Maryland Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159289-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Maryland was organized at Baltimore, Maryland and 4 companies (A, B, C and D) were mustered into Union service on May 16, 1861. The regiment moved to Relay House on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad where additional companies (E, F, G, H, I and K) were mustered between May 25 and May 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159289-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment's first commanding officer was Colonel John Reese Kenly, a Baltimore attorney who had served in Mexican\u2013American War as a major of volunteers. When Kenly was promoted to Brigadier Genreral in August 1862, the new regimental commander was Colonel David Leroy Stanton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159289-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Union), Service, Battle of Front Royal\nIn March 1862 the 1st Maryland was assigned to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks forces operating in the Shenandoah Valley. The regiment was station at Front Royal on May 23, 1862, when it was attacked by Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson's Army of the Valley. Surprised and outnumbered, the 1st Maryland put up a stubborn rearguard action during which Col. Kenly was wounded. Union casualties were 83 killed and wounded, and 691 captured. The prisoners were paroled in September 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159289-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Union), Service, Battle of Front Royal\nThe battle is notable in that the Union 1st Maryland had been attacked by their fellow Marylanders, the Confederate 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA. This is the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state have engaged each other in battle. After hours of desperate fighting the Southerners emerged victorious. When the prisoners were taken, many men recognized former friends and family. According to J. J. Goldsborough, who would go on to write the history the Maryland Line in the Confederate Army:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159289-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Union), Service, Battle of Front Royal\nnearly all recognized old friends and acquaintances, whom they greeted cordially, and divided with them the rations which had just changed hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159289-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment (Union), Service, Losses\nThe 1st Maryland lost 8 officers and 110 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and 1 officer and 148 enlisted men to disease during its service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade\nThe 1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Service\nThe 1st Maryland Infantry, Potomac Home Brigade was organized at Frederick, Maryland, beginning August 15, 1861, and mustered in on December 13, 1861, for three years under the command of Colonel William P. Maulsby Sr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Service\nCompanies A, B, D and I were recruited in Frederick County. Company C was recruited from Baltimore City. Companies E, F and H were recruited from Washington County. Company G comprised men from Baltimore, Carroll and Frederick Counties. Company K was from recruited Baltimore city and Frederick County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Banks' Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Unassigned, Banks' V Corps, and Department of the Shenandoah to May 1862. Railroad District, Middle Department, to July 1862. Railroad District, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to September 1862. Annapolis, Maryland, VIII Corps, to March 1863. 1st Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to June 1863. Lockwood's Brigade, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, July 1863. 2nd Brigade, Maryland Heights, Division West Virginia, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, West Virginia, to April 1864. Reserve Division, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, to January 1865. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, West Virginia, to April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Service\nThe 1st Maryland Infantry, Potomac Home Brigade mustered out of the service August through December 1864. The regiment continued to recruit for veteran service, and its designation was changed to the 13th Maryland Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Detailed service\nRailroad guard duty until March 1862. Advance on Winchester, Va., March 7\u201312. Strasburg March 27. Guarding Baltimore & Ohio Railroad until May. Concentrated at Harpers Ferry May 24, and action at Loudon Heights May 27. Defense of Harpers Ferry May 28\u201330. Guard Baltimore & Ohio Railroad until September. Action at Monocacy Aqueduct September 4. Poolesville September 5. Concentrated at Sandy Hook and march to Harpers Ferry. Siege of Harper's Ferry September 12\u201315. Maryland Heights September 13. Harpers Ferry September 14\u201315. Surrendered September 15 and paroled September 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 70], "content_span": [71, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Detailed service\nSent to Annapolis, Md., and when exchanged assigned to duty on the Potomac in southern Maryland to June 1863. Martinsburg June 14. At point Lookout June. Joined Lockwood's Brigade and march to Gettysburg, Pa., June 25-July 2. Battle of Gettysburg July 2\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Guard duty on Baltimore Ohio Railroad in Maryland and Virginia until May 1864. Operations against Early's invasion of Maryland June and July. Duffield Station June 29. Battle of Monocacy July 9. Moved from Monocacy to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and duty in that district until April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 70], "content_span": [71, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Detailed service, Gettysburg, First Day\nUnder command of Col. Maulsby, the regiment formed part of 2nd Brigade (Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lockwood), 1st Division (Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams), XII Corps (Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum) at the Battle of Gettysburg. The regiment mustered 674 all ranks, making it the largest regiment in the Army of the Potomac. The regiment reached Gettysburg during the afternoon of July 1, but was not engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 93], "content_span": [94, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Detailed service, Gettysburg, Second Day\nOn the morning of July 2, the regiment constructed breastworks south of Culp's Hill at McAlister's Woods. The entire division was withdrawn later in the day and sent south to support a section of the Union line under attack by Longstreet's Corps. Returning to Culp's Hill that evening, the regiment discovered that its breastworks had been captured by Confederates of Maj. Gen. Edward \"Allegheny\" Johnson's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 94], "content_span": [95, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Detailed service, Gettysburg, Third Day\nOn July 3, the regiment fought to hold ground against renewed attacks by Johnson's division. Bloody fighting continued until around 11:00\u00a0a.m. when Johnson finally broke off his attack. XII Corps commander Brig. Gen. Alpheus Williams wrote: \"The wonder is that the rebels persisted so long in an attempt that the first half hour must have told them was useless.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 93], "content_span": [94, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Detailed service, Gettysburg, Losses\nThe regiment mustered 674 all ranks at the beginning of the battle. It lost 104 killed, wounded, captured and missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 90], "content_span": [91, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159290-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Infantry Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 131 men during service; 3 officers and 42 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 85 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 64], "content_span": [65, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment\nThe 1st Maryland Regiment (Smallwood's Regiment) originated with the authorization of a Maryland Battalion of the Maryland State Troops on 14 January 1776. It was organized in the spring at Baltimore, Maryland (three companies) and Annapolis, Maryland (six companies) under the command of Colonel William Smallwood consisting of eight companies and one light infantry company from the northern and western counties of the colony of Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, History\nOn 6 July 1776, the Maryland Battalion was assigned to the main Continental Army. On 12 August 1776, it was assigned to Stirling's Brigade and five days later (17 August 1776) adopted into the main Continental Army. On 31 August, the Maryland Battalion was reassigned from Stirling's Brigade to McDougall's Brigade. On 19 September 1776 the Maryland Independent Companies were assigned to the Maryland Battalion. This element was relieved from McDougall's Brigade on 10 November 1776. From 10 December 1776 to January 1777, the element was assigned to Mercer's Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, History\nIn January 1777 this element was re-organized to eight companies and was re-designated as the 1st Maryland Regiment and assigned to the 1st Maryland Brigade on 22 May 1777 of the main continental Army. On 12 May 1779, the regiment was re-organized to nine companies. On 5 April 1780, the 1st Maryland Brigade was reassigned to the Southern Department. On 1 January 1781, it was reassigned to the Maryland Brigade of the Southern Department. The regiment would see action during the New York Campaign, Battle of Trenton, Battle of Princeton, Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth, Battle of Camden and the Battle of Guilford Court House. The regiment was furloughed 27 July 1783 at Baltimore and disbanded on 15 November 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, History\nThe Maryland Battalion distinguished itself at the Battle of Long Island by single-handedly covering the retreat of the American forces against numerically superior British and Hessian forces, with a group of men memorialized as the Maryland 400. Thereafter, General George Washington relied heavily upon the Marylanders as one of the few reliable fighting units in the early Continental Army. For this reason, Maryland is sometimes known as \"The Old Line State.\" The lineage of this unit is perpetuated by the 175th Infantry Regiment, Maryland Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, Battle of Brooklyn\nThe Maryland Regiment had joined the Continental Army barely two weeks before the Battle of Long Island. Unlike most of Washington's Army, the Maryland contingent had been well drilled at home and were so well equipped \u2013 they even had bayonets, a rarity for the Army \u2013 that the Regiment was known at home as the Dandy Fifth, and to the rest of the Army as \"macaronis\", the then current word for dandies. The Marylanders were put under Lord Stirling's brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, Battle of Brooklyn\nWhen the British under Cornwallis surprised the Americans by circling around their rear, Stirling ordered all forces, other than the Marylanders, who were outside the fortified position on Brooklyn Heights to retreat there leaving behind himself and 4 companies of the 1st Maryland. Stirling led these men (who would come to be known as \"The Maryland 400\") against Cornwallis' 2,000 British soldiers who were massed around the Old Stone House, a thick-walled fieldstone and brick fortification near today's Fifth Avenue and 3rd Street that had been built in 1699 to withstand Indian raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, Battle of Brooklyn\nIn fierce fighting, the Marylanders charged the British forces six times to give their comrades time to make their way to safety with the rest of Washington's army in the Heights. Twice they managed to drive the British from the house, but as more British reinforcements arrived and the Marylanders casualties mounted, they finally had to give up the assault and try to get to safety themselves. Only Major Mordecai Gist and nine others managed to reach the American lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, Battle of Brooklyn\nOf the others, 256 lay dead in front of the Old Stone House and more than 100 were wounded/and or captured. The bravery of the Maryland Regiment earned them the name \"immortals\". The dead were buried in a mass grave consisting of six trenches in a farm field. The gravesite is located on what is now Third Avenue between 7th and 8th Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, Battle of Brooklyn\nUntil the widening of Third Avenue in 1910, the site was marked by a tablet that read: \"Burial place of ye 256 Maryland soldiers who fell in ye combat at ye Cortelyou House on ye 27th day of August 1776.\" The result of the brief battle was stunning for the Americans. More than a thousand men were killed, captured, or missing. Generals Stirling and Sullivan were in the enemy's hands. The battalion had lost more than 250 of their number. Most of the Marylanders' casualties occurred in the retreat and desperate covering action at the Cortelyou House. Ultimately, of the original Maryland 400 muster, 96 returned, with only 35 fit for duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, Battle of Brooklyn\nHistorian, Thomas Field, writing in 1869, \"The Battle of Long Island,\" called the stand of the Marylanders \"an hour more precious to liberty than any other in history.\" Four companies of the 1st Maryland stood as the final anchor of the crumbled American front line, and their heroic action not only saved many of their fellows but afforded Washington critical respite to regroup and withdraw his battered troops to Manhattan and continue the struggle for independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, Battle of Brooklyn\nOver time, the farm became the site of a Red Devil paint factory, and the burial grounds became part of a factory courtyard open to the sky because of a deed restriction relating to the grave. More time passed. The paint factory gave way to an auto repair shop and the courtyard was roofed over. Today the heroes whom Washington himself lamented lie under the floor of the building that had housed the auto repair shop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, Battle of Brooklyn\nThey lie in their unmarked grave miles from a Stanford White monument to their sacrifice in the form of a marble shaft topped with a sphere that stands at the foot of Lookout Hill in Prospect Park. It was erected in 1895 as a gift of the Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. The Old Stone House survived the battle and in later years became the first clubhouse of the baseball team that came to be known as the Brooklyn Dodgers. It was destroyed in the 1890s, and rebuilt in the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159291-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Maryland Regiment, Battle of Cowpens\nWhen Major General Nathanael Greene took command of the Southern theater of the war, his army numbered 1482 men present. Only 949 were Continental regulars, most of whom were in the \"Maryland Line\" regiment. Three companies of the  Marylanders were in Lt. Col. John Eager Howard's battalion. They participated extensively at Cowpens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery\nThe 1st Massachusetts Battery (or 1st Battery, Massachusetts Light Artillery) was a peacetime militia artillery battery that was activated for federal service in the Union army for two separate tours during the American Civil War. Prior to the war and during its first term of service, the unit was sometimes known as \"Cook's Battery\" after its commanding officer, Capt. Asa M. Cook. During its first term, the battery primarily served garrison duty in Baltimore, Maryland. Almost immediately after mustering out, the unit began preparing for a second term, this time volunteering to serve for three years. The battery was attached to the VI Corps of the Army of the Potomac during its second term and took part in some of the largest battles of the war including the Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign in the spring of 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery, Service details, First term of service\nThe 1st Massachusetts Battery was one of the Massachusetts militia units which responded to President Abraham Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteer troops to serve a term of 90 days at the start of the war. Due to the fact that these first units were en route to Washington on April 19 (the anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord), in Massachusetts these 90 day troops are often known as the \"Minutemen of '61.\" The battery was organized for active duty on April 20 though it was not mustered into federal service until May 18 near Baltimore, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 65], "content_span": [66, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery, Service details, First term of service\nThe battery left Massachusetts for Fort Monroe, Virginia on April 21, 1861 and arrived on April 23. From there they moved to the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland and were quartered there until May 4. They were assigned to garrison a key railroad relay station 15 miles outside of Baltimore in Elkridge, Maryland. Here they were officially mustered into United States service. They later moved to Camp Clare near Baltimore and then were stationed at Monument Square in Baltimore where they served garrison duty until August 2. On that date they were mustered out and returned home to Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 65], "content_span": [66, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery, Service details, Second term of service\nThe unit re-organized for a second term of service at Camp Cameron in Cambridge, Massachusetts on August 27, 1861. They departed for Washington on October 3 and were attached to Brigadier General William B. Franklin's division, part of the Army of the Potomac until March 1862. This division became part of the newly organized VI Corps in March and the battery remained attached to the First Division until June 1863. At that point they were attached to the Artillery Brigade of the VI Corps of the Army of the Potomac with which they remained associated until the end of their service in October 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery, Service details, Second term of service\nThe battery served in the defenses of Washington until March 1862 when they advanced with other units towards Manassas Junction from March 10-15. They were part of Major General Irwin McDowell's advance on Fredericksburg, Virginia from April 4-12. They became part of Maj. Gen. George McClellan's Peninsular Campaign in April. The battery was present for the Siege of Yorktown from April 23 to May 4. They were engaged in the Seven Days Battles near Richmond from June 25 to July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery, Service details, Second term of service\nThe battery remained at Harrison's Landing until August 16 when the Army of the Potomac withdrew from the Virginia Peninsula. They played a role in covering the retreat of the Union Army of Virginia after the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 30 and September 1. When Maj. Gen. McClellan pursued Gen. Robert E. Lee's forces into Maryland, the 1st Massachusetts Battery joined the Maryland Campaign. They were engaged at Crampton's Gap on September 14 and the Battle of Antietam on September 16 and 17. The battery was stationed at Downsville, Maryland until October 29. They moved to Falmouth, Virginia with the rest of the Army of the Potomac from October 29 to November 19. They were engaged in the Battle of Fredericksburg from December 11-15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery, Service details, Second term of service\nDuring the winter of 1862 to 1863 they participated in the Mud March, a failed attempt to engage Lee's army in January 1863, and then were stationed at White Oak Church in Virginia until the end of April. During the Chancellorsville Campaign, the battery was engaged at the Second Battle of Fredericksburg on May 3. They took part in operations at Franklin's Crossing from June 5-13. During Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, the 1st Massachusetts Battery participated in the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2-3, being stationed on Cemetery Hill. After the close of the campaign, the battery encamped at Warrenton, Virginia until September 15 and then Stone House Mountain until October 5. They participated in the Mine Run Campaign from November 26 to December 2 and then encamped at Brandy Station, Virginia until May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery, Service details, Second term of service\nAt the commencement of Grant's Overland Campaign in May, the battery was not engaged during the Battle of the Wilderness but took part in several of the battles that followed, including the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House from May 8-12, the Battle of North Anna from May 22-26, the Battle of Totopotomoy Creek from May 28-31, and the Battle of Cold Harbor on June 1. They were engaged during the Second Battle of Petersburg and the beginning of the Siege of Petersburg from June 17 to July 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery, Service details, Second term of service\nThe battery was pulled back to Washington on July 9 in response to the Confederate advance on the capital and participated in the repulse of Confederate forces during the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 12. In August, the battery was detached to participate in Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan's Valley Campaigns of 1864 and were engaged during the Battle of Opequan on September 19 and Battle of Fisher's Hill on September 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159292-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Battery, Service details, Second term of service\nWith the expiration of their term of service, the battery traveled to Boston from October 2-12. They were mustered out on October 19, 1864. The unit lost six men killed or mortally wounded and 15 men by disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159293-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159293-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Massachusetts Cavalry was organized at Camp Brigham in Readville, Massachusetts beginning September 3, 1861 and mustered in under the command of Colonel Robert Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159293-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to the Department of the South to April 1862. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, Department of the South, to August 1862. Companies A through H moved to Fort Monroe August 19, 1862, then moved to Washington, D.C., and joined Pleasanton's Cavalry, Army of the Potomac, at Tenallytown, September 3. Attached to Pleasanton's Cavalry, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. Averill's Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1865. Four new companies (I, K, L, and M) were organized December 5. 1863 to January 14, 1864. Provost Marshal's Command, Army of the Potomac, to May 1865. Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159293-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Massachusetts Cavalry mustered out of service on June 29, 1865 and was discharged at Readville on July 24, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159293-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service, Detached Duty\nThird Battalion was permanently detached from the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry by S. C. 346, War Department, August 4, 1863, and designated Independent Battalion, Massachusetts Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159293-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 239 men during service; 6 officers and 93 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 140 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159294-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion of Massachusetts Volunteer Heavy Artillery was a unit that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was organized from several unattached companies of heavy artillery already raised and mustered into a three-year service for the defenses of the Massachusetts coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159294-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Battalion, History\nThe 1st Unattached Company was formed in February 1862 for the garrisoning of Fort Warren in Boston Harbor. They remained here until 24 December 1864, when ordered to Champlain, New York due to \"trouble being feared on the Canadian border\". They returned to Fort Warren on 13 May 1865, and were mustered out on 20 October. Captain Stephen Cabot of this company would become the major of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159294-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Battalion, History\nThe 2nd Unattached Company was organized in October and November 1862, joining the 1st in garrison duty at Fort Warren. In July 1863, when a draft riot broke out in Boston, they were sent to restore order. In August, they were stationed at the Fort at Clark's Point, New Bedford, and remained there until its mustering out on 29 June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159294-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Battalion, History\nThe 4th Unattached, being mustered in on 22 April 1863, then became Company C when the battalion was formed that month. They were also stationed at Fort Warren during most of their term of service. During the Boston draft in July, the company was sent there to maintain order, except for a detachment that went to Concord, New Hampshire to assist in keeping order during the draft taking place there, and stayed until September. The company was mustered out on 20 October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159294-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Battalion, History\nThe battalion being formed by the three mentioned unattached companies at the end of April 1863, they were later joined by the 5th Unattached Co. after it was mustered in on 6 June 1863 and became Company D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159294-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Battalion, History\nThe four previously unattached companies were three-year units, and two additional companies (Companies E + F) were subsequently raised in August 1864 for one-year terms. Except where mentioned previously, the companies were all stationed at forts in Boston Harbor, with detachments from them being sent to other military locations along the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159294-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Battalion, History\nThree of the companies were mustered out in June 1865, while the rest of the battalion stayed in service until September and October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159294-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Battalion, Complement\nThe First Battalion consisted of 39 officers and 1272 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159294-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Battalion, Losses\nThe 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery lost 9 officers and 232 men were killed or died of wounds. 2 officers and 241 men died of disease or accidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Heavy Artillery Regiment was a unit that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was originally raised as the 14th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, History, 14th Mass Infantry\nThe 14th Massachusetts Infantry began its recruitment in spring 1861, with most of its members coming from Essex County. They were mustered in on 5 July 1861, and left the state on 7 August for Washington, DC, where it would serve in its defenses until the end of the year. Colonel William B. Greene, a West Point graduate and a veteran of the Florida Indian Wars, resigned in October, and was replaced as leader of the unit by Colonel Thomas R. Tannatt, who transferred over from the 16th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, History, Reorganization as artillery\nOn 1 January 1862, the regiment was reorganized and became a heavy artillery regiment. As artillery units required more men, fifty additional soldiers were added to each company and two additional ones were formed. They served in several military garrisons around Washington, including forts Woodbury, Tillinghast, Craig, Albany, and DeKalb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, History, Early skirmishes\nOn 26 August 1862, the regiment was sent to the front, and was present at the Second Battle of Bull Run, though it did not participate. During the Union retreat from the battlefield, Confederate cavalry overtook the 1st Massachusetts, capturing the surgical staff, the wagoners, and others. The doctors were quickly released, while the others were later paroled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, History, Early skirmishes\nA battalion of two companies were detached (two more joined a month or two later) on 27 September 1862 and sent to Maryland Heights, where they were to serve until December 1863. When the Union army abandoned its position at Winchester, VA in June 1863, Company I stayed behind to destroy the guns and ammunition, and 44 men were captured on 10 June. At this time, Company H was covering the army's retreat from Harpers Ferry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, History, First engagement\nOn 17 May 1864, many heavy artillery regiments filled in as infantry units and joined the Army of the Potomac as part of Grant's 1864 campaign. In their first real engagement as a regiment, they engaged Ewell's Division at Harris Farm Engagement, on the Fredericksburg Road near Spotsylvania, VA on 19 May 1864. In this battle, they lost 55 killed, 312 wounded, and 27 missing. In reserve during the Battle of North Anna on 23\u201326 May 1864, losing only 1 killed, they moved on to Cold Harbor, losing two members during the trench warfare there from 4\u201312 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, History, Siege of Petersburg\nThe regiment took part in the assault on Petersburg on the 16 June 1864, and lost 25 killed and 132 wounded. They remained as part of the siege of the city until April 1865. During this time, they were also involved in the Battle of Globe Tavern (or the 2nd Battle of Weldon Railroad), when 185 men were captured when a Confederate offensive flanked the division, and the Battle of Hatcher's Run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 72], "content_span": [73, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, History, Lee's surrender\nFollowing Lee's surrender in April 1865, the 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery returned to Washington, DC and stationed the forts until they were mustered out in August. They returned to Boston on the 20th, and were encamped at Gallop's Island until the 25th, when they were paid and discharged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 68], "content_span": [69, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, Complement\nThrough its four years of service, the regiment had a total of 2552 soldiers in its ranks, consisting of 24 field officers and staff, 111 line officers, and 2417 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159295-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, Losses\nA total of 486 officers and men were lost, 215 of them killed or died of wounds, 115 died by disease or accident, 156 died as prisoners, and four dead listed as MIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union army during the American Civil War. It was the first regiment to leave Massachusetts for a three-year term (several had previously left for 90-day terms) in response to President Abraham Lincoln's May 3, 1861, call for three-year regiments. It was also the first three-year regiment from any state to reach Washington, D.C., for federal service. The core of the regiment was five companies from the 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, a peace-time unit which was formed in 1858, replacing an earlier, disbanded unit of the same designation. Five companies of new recruits were added to the regiment and the unit was mustered in by companies beginning May 23, 1861, at Camp Cameron in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nAfter arriving in Washington, the regiment became part of Major General Irwin McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia and saw their first combat during the Battle of Blackburn's Ford. The 1st Massachusetts was engaged during the First Battle of Bull Run. When Union forces surrounding Washington were reorganized, the regiment became part of the Army of the Potomac, with which it was associated for the rest of its term of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment\nIt was involved in the Peninsular Campaign and was present for virtually all of the major battles in which the Army of the Potomac fought, including the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Battle of Gettysburg and Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant's Overland Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early service\nAt the start of the war, with the firing on Fort Sumter, the 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Militia consisted of five companies based in and around Boston, Massachusetts. The peace-time unit of militia was organized in 1858 not long after an older unit of the same name disbanded. The five core companies were the \"Union Guards\" of East Boston (which became Company B), the \"Roxbury City Guards\" of Roxbury (which became Company D), the \"Pulaski Guards\" of South Boston (which became Company E), the \"National Guards\" of Boston (which became Company F), and the \"Independent Boston Fusileers\" (which became Company G). The commanding officer, Colonel Robert Cowdin, originally offered their service in response to Lincoln's first call for 75,000 volunteers to serve a term of 90-days. But as the unit did not yet have the ten companies required for a regiment, the request was set aside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early service\nThe regiment first made its headquarters at Faneuil Hall in Boston and began recruiting volunteers for five new companies. This progressed for about a month until a full complement of companies was reached. When Lincoln's call for three-year regiments was issued on May 3, 1861, the men of the 1st Massachusetts unanimously agreed to serve for that term. The first four companies were mustered into federal service on May 23 and the remaining six over the next few days. On May 25, the regiment was ordered to occupy an improvised training camp outside of Boston dubbed Camp Ellsworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early service\nThe barracks were located in an old ice house next to Fresh Pond in North Cambridge, Massachusetts. The regiment began active training and drilling here, however, the camp and barracks turned out to be unsuitable and unhealthy, resulting a growing sick list. On June 13, the unit moved to a different location in Cambridge where new barracks were constructed. This came to be known as Camp Cameron. Just two days later, the War Department summoned the regiment to active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early service\nThe 1st Massachusetts left Boston by railroad cars on June 15, transferred to the steamship Commonwealth in Groton, Connecticut, disembarked in Jersey City and again transferred to a train bound for Washington. Since the Baltimore riot two months earlier when the 6th Massachusetts was attacked by a large crowd of civilian Confederate sympathizers, new Union regiments headed southward generally avoided passing through that city. Col. Cowdin decided to travel through Baltimore which required the regiment to march on foot between two of the city's train depots as the 6th Massachusetts had done. The men of the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early service\nMassachusetts were ordered to load their muskets before conducting the march. A large crowd of civilians assembled but remained silent as the 1st Massachusetts passed. After boarding train cars without incident, the regiment arrived in Washington on the evening of June 17. It was the first of the three-year regiments to reach the capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Organization and early service\nOn June 19, the regiment marched through Washington and Georgetown and established a camp on the north side of the Potomac River which they called Camp Banks. The 1st Massachusetts spent nearly a month there, drilling and preparing for the upcoming campaign. They were attached to the Fourth Brigade (commanded by Col. Israel B. Richardson) of the First Division (commanded by Brigadier General Daniel Tyler) of Maj. Gen. Irwin McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run Campaign\nOn July 16, the regiment received orders to march with their brigade into Virginia as Gen. McDowell commenced to move his army to meet the Confederate forces gathered around the important railroad junction at Manassas, Virginia. The regiment crossed the Potomac via the Chain Bridge and marched the next two days until they reached the vicinity of Centreville, Virginia and camped there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run Campaign, Battle of Blackburn's Ford\nThe next day, July 18, Tyler's division was ordered to probe the Confederate position on the other side of Bull Run. Richardson's brigade led the reconnaissance-in-force known as the Battle of Blackburn's Ford during which the 1st Massachusetts acted as the leading regiment of the brigade by Col. Cowdin's request. The 1st Massachusetts went into their first battle wearing their gray Massachusetts militia uniforms (the typical color for many state militia units). This caused considerable confusion for both Confederate and Union units that encountered the regiment. After they crossed Bull Run at Blackburn's Ford, three companies of the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run Campaign, Battle of Blackburn's Ford\nMassachusetts were ordered forward as skirmishers to probe the Confederate position. These two companies took the brunt of the unit's casualties during the engagement, although the entire regiment was exposed to heavy fire. The 1st Massachusetts found that the Confederates were present in force on the other side of Blackburn's Ford and had a strong position. Tyler ordered a complete withdrawal. Any attempt to flank the Confederate position by Blackburn's Ford was thereafter lost. The 1st Massachusetts suffered casualties of 13 killed in action and 20 wounded and missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run Campaign, First Battle of Bull Run\nDue to the failure of the reconnaissance at Blackburn's Ford, McDowell determined that a frontal assault on the Confederate lines across Bull Run would be necessary. The result was the First Battle of Bull Run fought on July 27. During the battle, the 1st Massachusetts and their brigade were posted at Blackburn's Ford to hold the crossing and to make demonstrations, or lightly engage, the forces on the other side of the ford to prevent them from reinforcing the rest of the Confederate line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 86], "content_span": [87, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, First Bull Run Campaign, First Battle of Bull Run\nThe 1st Massachusetts, relatively sheltered in woods near the ford, waited for hours while the main action played out several miles to their northwest, upstream along Bull Run. When the main Union force retreated in extreme disorder, the Confederate troops at Blackburn's Ford advanced to attack. The 1st Massachusetts resisted this advance for a short time, returning fire. Soon, however, an order came for them to immediately retire. Having no knowledge of the general retreat, this order came as a surprise to the regiment. They marched northward towards Centreville but did not join in the general retreat. Instead they halted and bivoucked just in the rear of the artillery, buried their dead, and rested until orders came near midnight to march for Washington. Theirs was the last Union brigade to leave the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 86], "content_span": [87, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Peninsular Campaign\nOrdered to Fortress Monroe, Va., April 7, 1862; thence to Yorktown. Siege of Yorktown April 16-May 4. Affair at Yorktown April 26 (Cos. \"A,\" \"H\" and \"I\"). Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Battle of Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, May 31 \u2013 June 1. Seven days before Richmond June 25 \u2013 July 1. Battles of Oak Grove June 25; Savage Station June 29; White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30; Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Northern Virginia Campaign and duty near Washington\nMovement to Fortress Monroe, thence to Centreville August 15\u201326. Bristoe Station or Kettle Run August 27. Catlett's Station August 28. Battles of Groveton August 29 and Bull Run August 30. Duty in the Defences of Washington until December --. At Fort Lyon until September 13. Near Fairfax Seminary until October 20 and at Munson's Hill until November 1. Duty at Fairfax Station November 2\u201325. Operations on Orange & Alexandria Railroad November 10\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, 1863\n\"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth until April 27. Operations at Rappahannock Bridge and Grove Church February 5-7. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 \u2013 May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg (Pa.) Campaign June 11 \u2013 July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee until July 24. Moved to New York July 30 \u2013 August 1. Duty at Governor's Island Ricker's Island and David's Island, New York Harbor until October 15. Moved to Washington October 15 thence to Union Mills, Va., and rejoin Corps October 17. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 41], "content_span": [42, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Armament\nBecause the core of the regiment was an existing militia regiment, they already had stocks of Springfield Model 1855 rifled musket with which they equipped the new companies (some of which were the 1858 modification with simpler rear sight, a patch box on the side of the buttstock, and an iron nosecap). The 1855 Springfield was a .58 calibre Mini\u00e9-type muzzle-loading fire-arm. It was issued with a square socket bayonet. The regiment did not use the Maynard tape primer in the field, but standard percussion caps. The regiment used these rifles through its service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159296-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, Casualties and total strength\nRegiment lost during service 8 Officers and 134 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 1 Officer and 78 Enlisted men by disease. Total 221.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159297-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Regiment\nThe 1st Massachusetts Regiment was an infantry unit of the Continental Army that fought during the American Revolutionary War. It was first authorized on 23 April 1775 in the Massachusetts State Troops as Paterson's Regiment under Colonel John Paterson and was organized at Cambridge, Massachusetts. It consisted of eleven companies of volunteers from Berkshire, Hampshire, Suffolk, Middlesex, Worcester, and York counties in Massachusetts and the county of Litchfield in the colony of Connecticut. The regiment was adopted into the main Continental Army on 14 June 1775 and was assigned to William Heath's brigade on 22 July 1775. On 1 January 1776 the regiment (less two companies) was consolidated with Sayer's and Sullivan's companies of Scammon's Regiment; re-organized to eight companies and redesignated as the 15th Continental Regiment of Heath's Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159297-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Regiment\nThe regiment would see action at the Battle of Bunker Hill. When the army was reorganized at the end of 1775 the regiment was designated the 15th Continental Regiment, and in 1777 it was designated the 1st Massachusetts Regiment (but was also referred to as Vose's Regiment after its colonel, Joseph Vose).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159297-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Regiment, 1776 reorganization\nThe remnants of Paterson's Regiment (less Morse's and Watkin's companies) and Sayer's and Sullivan's companies of Scammon's Regiment were combined on 1 January 1776 to form eight companies designated as the 15th Continental Regiment, which was assigned to the brigade of William Heath. On 24 January 1776 the regiment was reassigned to an unnamed brigade in the main Continental Army. On 16 February 1776 this brigade was designated as Frye's Brigade and on 15 April 1776 the brigade was reassigned to the Canadian Department. The regiment was then reassigned to Reed's Brigade of the Northern Department on 20 July 1776. On 11 August 1776 this brigade was redesignated as Paterson's Brigade. On 26 November 1776 the regiment was reassigned to St. Clair's Brigade of the main Continental Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159297-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Regiment, 1777 reorganization\nOn 1 January 1777 the 15th Continental Regiment was joined by two companies of the 18th Continental Regiment and two companies of the 6th Continental Regiment and re-organized as eight companies, known as Vose's, or the 1st Massachusetts Regiment. The regiment was reassigned to the Northern Department on 9 February 1777. On 13 March 1777 the regiment was assigned to the Highlands Department (which guarded the area around West Point, New York, and assigned to McDougall's Brigade on 12 June 1777 and three days later 15 June 1777 was assigned to 2nd Connecticut Brigade of the Highlands Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159297-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Regiment, 1777 reorganization\nOn 10 July 1777 the regiment was reassigned to the 2nd Massachusetts Brigade. This brigade was reassigned to the Northern department on 24 July 1777. On 7 November 1777 the brigade was reassigned to the main Continental Army. On 22 July 1778 the regiment was reassigned to the Eastern Department and re-organized to nine companies on 1 April 1779 and on 7 July 1779 the brigade was reassigned to the Highland's Department and was redesignated as the 1st Massachusetts Regiment on 1 August 1779.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159297-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Massachusetts Regiment, 1779-1783\nOn 1 August 1779 the regiment was in the 2nd Massachusetts Brigade in the Highland Department. On 1 January 1781 the regiment was reassigned to the 1st Massachusetts Brigade in the Highland Department and was disbanded on 3 November 1783 at West Point, New York. Its lineage is carried on by the U.S. 104th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159298-0000-0000", "contents": "1st May, Tver Oblast\n1st May (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u041c\u0430\u044f, romanized:\u00a0Pervoye Maya) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Pervomayskoye Rural Settlement of Konakovsky District, Russia. The population was 694 as of 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159298-0001-0000", "contents": "1st May, Tver Oblast, Geography\nThe settlement is located on the Soz River, 45 km north of Konakovo (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159299-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanical Kansas Militia\nThe 1st Kansas Mechanical Militia was a constitutional militia based in Kansas, United States. The group became known for openly campaigning for war against the federal government of the United States and claiming that Chinese communist troops were training on American soil. It is unknown if the group is still active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159299-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanical Kansas Militia, Activities and failed attacks\nThe group was led by Bradley Glover, a conspiracy theorist. The Militia itself claimed to have around 1000 members. The group maintained contact with other anti-government groups and individuals such as Kevin and Terry Hobeck from Ohio, Ronald Griesacker from the Republic of Texas Militia Group, and Merlon \"Butch\" Lingenfelter, Jr., a longtime follower of the UFO phenomenon. Two FBI agents infiltrated and observed the group. Glover and others wanted to attack the 4th of July Independence Day celebrations of 1997 at Fort Hood. Glover and Michael Dorsett were arrested in July 16. Seven men and women arrested during the month of July had planned to use antipersonnel bombs and other weapons at bases where they believed United Nations troops were stationed, said Lt. Richard Coffey of the Missouri Highway Patrol. They were initially charged with possession of illegal weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159299-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanical Kansas Militia, Activities and failed attacks\nThe FBI investigation and the work of the Missouri State Highway Patrol prevented the attack. Glover was sentenced to five years in prison. The group was also known as 7th Division Constitutional Militia, Kansas Militia, Southern Kansas Regional Militia, Southern Kansas Regional Militia (suspected), First Kansas Mechanized Infantry (suspected)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159300-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Brigade (France)\nThe 1st Mechanised Brigade (French: 1re Brigade M\u00e9canis\u00e9e, 1re BM) was one of the mechanized units of the Commandement des Forces Terrestres of the French Army. Created on 1 July 1999, as heir to the 1st Armored Division, the brigade was dissolved on 21 July 2015. Before the dissolution, formations reached 4000 men and women and the general staff headquarters of the brigade was garrisoned at Ch\u00e2lons-en-Champagne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159300-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Brigade (France)\nThe 1st Division was recreated in 2016 within the cadre of the reorganization of the French Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159300-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Brigade (France), Motto\nThe motto, Nomine et Virtute Prima literary means \"First by name and valor\". The choice of the insignia, the cross of Saint Louis by g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Jean Touzet du Vigier, comes from the place of formation of the unit, Tunisia, where King Louis IX of France came to rest in 1270.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159300-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Brigade (France), History\nThe 1st Armoured Division was dissolved with the reorganisation of the French Army in 1999, and the dissolution of the French Forces in Germany FFA. The division's honours and traditions are carried on with the formation of the 1st Mechanised Brigade in Ch\u00e2lons-en-Champagne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159300-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Brigade (France), History\nThe brigade was strong with 4000 men and women. The brigade was engaged on the ensemble of exterior theatres operations with an average of 3500 soldiers on average per year: Afghanistan, Lebanon, Guyana, Kosovo, Ivory Coast, Tchad and Senegal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159300-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Brigade (France), History\nThe 1st Mechanised Brigade was dissolved on 21 July 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159300-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Brigade (France), Organization\nThe brigade consists of at least 5000 personnel in 5 regiments and 3 brigade units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159301-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Division (Poland)\nThe 1st \"Warsaw\" Mechanised Division (Polish: 1 Warszawska Dywizja Zmechanizowana) was a mechanized infantry formation of the Polish Land Forces that existed from 1955 until September 1, 2011. During this entire period, the division was headquartered in Legionowo. The unit stood down in 2011 as a result of reorganizations in the Polish Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159301-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Division (Poland)\nThe division was formed in 1955 on the basis of the 1st Infantry Division of the Polish People's Army. This precursor division had existed since 1943 and saw service on the Eastern Front of the Second World War as a Soviet-controlled allied formation, part of the Polish Armed Forces in the East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159301-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Division (Poland), Structure\nThe 1955 reorganization equipped the division with armored personnel carriers and medium tanks. The division was initially structured and quartered as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159301-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Division (Poland), Structure\nAfter the fall of communism in Poland, the units of the army were organized to reflect NATO practice. Thus, by 2009, the division was structured and quartered as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159301-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Division (Poland), Structure\nThe division provided cadres for rotations V and IX for the Polish component of Multi-National Division Central South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159301-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Division (Poland), Structure\nNotably, under the 2009 organization, the units of the division were geographically much farther from one another than the original deployments of 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159301-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Division (Poland), Structure\nFor most of this period, the division was subordinated to the Warsaw Military District. As part of ongoing reorganization of the Polish Army, the 1st Mechanised Division stood down on September 1, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159301-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanised Division (Poland), Sources\nThis article is based on the Polish Wikipedia article of the same name as it existed on October 30, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159302-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Battalion (Croatia)\nThe 1st Mechanized Battalion \"Sokolovi\" (Lit: Falcons) (Croatian: 1. mehanizirana bojna \"Sokolovi\") is one of two mechanized infantry battalions within the Armoured Mechanized Guard Brigade (GOMBR) of the Croatian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159302-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Battalion (Croatia), History\nEstablished in its current form, following the reorganisation of the Croatian Armed Forces in 2007, the 1st Mechanized Battalion was created with the merging of the 3rd Guards Brigade \"Kune\" and 5th Guards Brigade \"Sokolovi\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159302-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Battalion (Croatia), Organisation\nGarrisoned at 132nd Brigade barracks in Na\u0161ice in eastern Croatia, the battalion comprises three mechanized infantry companies, a command company, a logistics company and a fire support company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159302-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Battalion (Croatia), Operations\nIn the past, members of the 1st Mechanized Battalion have deployed members in support of the NATO ISAF mission in Afghanistan, as part of the Croatian Contingent (HRVCON), and to the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) mission in the Golan Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159302-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Battalion (Croatia), Equipment\nThe 1st Mechanized Battalion is equipped with armoured vehicles and various infantry weapons of Yugoslav origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159303-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Brigade (Romania)\nThe 1st Mechanized Brigade \"Argedava\" (Brigada 1 Mecanizat\u0103 \"Argedava\") is a brigade of the Romanian Land Forces. It was initially formed as the 34th Infantry Regiment, and named after the Moldavian Voivode Vasile Lupu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159303-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Brigade (Romania)\nThe brigade is considered the best and most modern infantry brigade in the Romanian Land Forces; its headquarters are located in Bucharest. The 1st Brigade has two paratroop companies in its subordination. The structural reorganization process of the unit was completed in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159304-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Cavalry Brigade\nThe 1st Mechanized Cavalry Brigade (1st Brigade C Mec), is one of the mechanized brigades of the Brazilian Army. Its headquarters is located in the city of Santiago, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is part of the Brazilian Army 3rd Division, based in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Also known by its historical designation - Brigade Jos\u00e9 Luiz Menna Barreto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159305-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Mechanized Corps was a mechanized corps of the Red Army during World War II, formed twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159305-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), World War II, 1st Formation\nInitially formed in March 1940 it was attached to the Leningrad Military District, and held in reserve near the Pskov Fortified Region. It was under the command of Major General Mikhail Chernyavsky when the German Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941. It initially comprised the 1st and 3rd Tank Divisions, and the 168th Mechanized Division. On 22 June 1941, 1st Mechanized Corps consisted 31,439 Men, 1037 Tanks, 239 Armored Cars, 148 Artillery Pieces, 146 Mortars, 4730 Vehicles, 246 Tractors & 467 Motorcycles including lighter models T-26, Bt 7, & T-28's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159305-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), World War II, 1st Formation\nAfter the invasion began the Leningrad Military District was renamed Northern Front, Commanded by Lieutenant General Markian M. Popov. The front fielded 14th, 7th Armies, 23rd Armies, the 65th Rifle Corps & the Leningrad Military District forces including the 2nd Division of NKVD troops. The 1st Mechanized Corps was heavily engaged in the first battles of Operation Barbarossa, particularly during the Baltic Operation (1941).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159305-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), World War II, 1st Formation\nOn 29 June 1941 the 1st Mechanized Corps was ordered to reinforce new defenses anchored on the Velikaya River near Ostrov on the former Stalin Line after the spectacular advances by Georg-Hans Reinhardt's XLI Panzer Corps which had crossed the Daugava River. However it was unable to hold the line. On 11 July 1941 Col P Poluboiarov, Northwestern Front armoured directorate reported that the 1st Mechanized Corps had at the present moment fewer than 100 Tanks remaining. Pskov and Ostrov were captured within weeks & Leningrad invested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159305-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), World War II, 1st Formation\nOn 2 August 1941 Colonel Limarenko, Chief of Staff of the 1st Mechanized Corps reported that the Corps 'possessed no T-34 or Kv-1s when sent into action 20 were delivered only after combat began. The 1st Mechanized Corps was disbanded in August 1941, although 1st Tank Division remained in 14th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159305-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), Cold War\nIn 1946, the corps became the 1st Mechanized Division. The division became the 19th Motor Rifle Division in Olympisches Dorf as part of the 2nd Guards Tank Army. In June 1964, it was subordinated to the 20th Guards Army. On 1 January 1965, it became the 35th Motor Rifle Division. On 22 February 1968, the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In May 1983, it relocated to Krampnitz. In May 1989, the 219th Tank Regiment was moved to the Soviet Union and disbanded. It was replaced by the 32nd Guards Tank Division's 69th Motor Rifle Regiment. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at full strength. In December 1991, the division moved to Chebarkul and became part of the Volga\u2013Urals Military District. The division was disbanded in April 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia)\nThe 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade as a higher joint-tactical unit represents a major combat force of the North Macedonian army that provides prepared forces for protection and support of national interests and provides support during natural disasters, epidemics and other dangers. Outside the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia, the declared units are participating in peacekeeping operations and they fulfill the international military responsibilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), History\nThe 14th MMNABr  set off on 18 September, immediately after its formation, via village Budinarci to stop the advance of the fascists troops towards Vinica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), History\nThe next task of the brigade was to liberate Kochani. After that it preceded its movement towards Kochani \u2013 Shtip \u2013 Sveti Nikole. Later during the war it was engaged in the operation of liberating Skopje as well as fighting the enemy forces in the direction of Tetotvo. On 12 January 1945 it participated fighting on the Sremski Front in the area between Shid and the river Danube when it suffered the biggest losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), History\nOn 26 May it operated near Celje \u2013 Slovenia and on its way back it took part in the battles on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 15 June 1945 it entered Skopje with a parade march and ended its famous combat career. 423 members of the brigade gave their lives fighting against the fascists\u2019 forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), History\nThe 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade is the successor of this famous unit and it carries out its tradition. The 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade is directly connected with the formation of the Army of the independent Republic of North Macedonia. The first servicemen in ARM were from this unit. During the past years the brigade went through a process of transformation and now it is defined as a small, modern, mobile and professional unit prepared to cope with all the challenges of the modern time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), History\nThe personnel and the units of the 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade have participated at many courses, seminars, military exercises and international peace keeping missions in country and abroad. The gained knowledge was implemented in the preparation of the personnel to take part in the peace keeping missions in Afghanistan, Iraq, Bosnian and Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), History\nThe first biggest contingent from this brigade (sized an infantry company) was deployed to the ISAF mission in Afghanistan. The same unit has successfully participated in military exercises \"Macedonian Flash\" 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and has conducted NATO self-evaluation level 1 and level 2 according to NATO concept for operational abilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), History\nOn 18 August 2007 the Brigade was awarded a \"Decoration for merit\" given by the President of the Republic of North Macedonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Missions\nWithin the peace keeping mission ISAF in Afghanistan our unit has participated with two rotations (January and July). During an ongoing mission a preparations for the next mission are conducted. We have participated in ISAF with a Mechanized Infantry Company for securing the base and the staff personnel. The whole personnel of these units are under JOC operative command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 59], "content_span": [60, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Missions\nThe benefit ARM gained from the participation in ISAF mission is that the lessons learned will be used in the future. For a country with modest economics capacity, as North Macedonia is, to have highly trained and professional soldiers, who in the last five years, have greatly contributed to the image of the ISAF mission and the Alliance is a great honor. North Macedonia and its citizens are proud of the ARM servicemen who are not only the guards of the state sovereignty, but are ambassadors of the peace together with their NATO colleagues who have contributed to the development of the democracy in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 59], "content_span": [60, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 1st Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Scorpions\"\nMission:To conduct offensive and defensive operations for defense and security of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of North Macedonia\u00a0;To cooperate with MIA in securing the borders;To support the civilian authorities dealing with the consequences of the natural disasters and catastrophes;To take part in peace support missions and humanitarian missions abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 1st Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Scorpions\"\nTasks:To prepare for combat tasks;Tactical march;To take firing positionTo prepare for level 2 NATO assessment  according to the concept for operational capability;Tactical movement;To conduct defense tasks;To conduct attacks;Tasks for fighting against sabotage terroristic groups;To take part in peace keeping missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 1st Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Scorpions\"\nThe 1st Mechanized Infantry battalion as part of the 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade located in Shtip started operating in Kumanovo in September 2000 under the name \"Homour and Strength\" land is located in Kristijan Todorovki Karposh barracks. Major Joco Micev was appointed a commander of the battalion and his deputy was Captain 1st class Sinisha Stamenov. Later, Major Sinisha Stamenov becomes a commander and his deputy was Major Ljupcho Dimitrov. From 2005 our unit conducts tasks in Kumanovo garrison and has established cooperation with local government of town Kumanovo and many private and state subjects. Many awards and plaques are evident of this fruitful cooperation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 2nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Scorpions\"\nMission:To conduct offensive and defensive operations in order to protect the integrity and sovereignty of the territory North Macedonia;To cooperate with MIA in the area of border guard;To support civilian government when alleviating the aftermaths of natural and other disasters;To support peacekeeping operations and humanitarian operations out of R. of North Macedonia;Combat readiness level has been reached and maintained making progress in many areas, primarily training and preparing for TELA;Battalion units have completely reached the necessary combat readiness level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 2nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Scorpions\"\nTasks:Personnel physical readiness;Firearms training of individuals and units;Training according to BMP;Specialized \u2013professional training;Personnel training for peacekeeping missions participation;English language training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 2nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Scorpions\"\n2nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion was formed in 1996 under the name of \"Scorpions\" as a unit of the 11th Infantry Brigade. Since it was formed up to present moment the battalion has taken part in 24 international exercises organized by NATO PfP countries. It contributed with personnel and technique and represented ARM and Republic of North Macedonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 107], "content_span": [108, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 3rd Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Leopards\"\nMission:To prepare and organize the defence and protection of the territorial integrity and sovereignty and independence of the Republic of North Macedonia. To  assist, within it area of operation, the MIA during operations if the security of the country is endangered. To support the state authorities, the local government and various institutions and organizations as well as the citizens when dealing with natural disasters, epidemics, technical and technological catastrophes in its area of operation. To take part in peace keeping missions and conflicts prevention NATO, UN, OSCE and EU led activities. To contribute to dealing with regional conflicts and crises as well as to protect the wider interests of the North Macedonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 3rd Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Leopards\"\nTasks:To alert, move, transport and rapidly deploy the units to places, areas  and regionsTo plan, organize and conduct offensive and defensive operations and urban area operationsTo control the territory, to seal directions and to secure regionsTo give combat-service supports to the units in peace time, during crisis and warTo conduct command and controlTo support MIA when dealing with threats, risks and dangers for the security of the North MacedoniaTo support the state authorities and local government units when dealing with natural disasters, epidemics and technical and technological catastrophesTo take part in peace keeping missions and conflicts prevention missions abroad and to protect wider interests of RMTo plan and conduct personnel and commands training according to NATO standards and procedures and to fully implement the system for training management, to develop leaders \u2013 training instructors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 1026]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 4th Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Leopards\"\nMission:To prepare and organize the defence and protection of the territorial integrity and sovereignty and independence of the North Macedonia. To  assist, within it area of operation, the MIA during operations if the security of the country is endangered. To support the state authorities, the local government and various institutions and organizations as well as the citizens when dealing with natural disasters, epidemics, technical and technological catastrophes in its area of operation. To take part in peace keeping missions and conflicts prevention NATO, UN, OSCE and EU led activities. To contribute to dealing with regional conflicts and crises as well as to protect the wider interests of North Macedonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 4th Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Leopards\"\nTasks:To alert, move, transport and rapidly deploy the units to places, areas  and regionsTo plan, organize and conduct offensive and defensive operations and urban area operationsTo control the territory, to seal directions and to secure regionsTo give combat-service supports to the units in peace time, during crisis and warTo conduct command and controlTo support MIA when dealing with threats, risks and dangers for the security of the Republic of North MacedoniaTo support the state authorities and local government units when dealing with natural disasters, epidemics and technical and technological catastrophesTo take part in peace keeping missions and conflicts prevention missions abroad and to protect wider interests of RM", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, 4th Mechanized Infantry Battalion \"Leopards\"\nTo plan and conduct personnel and commands training according to NATO standards and procedures and to fully implement the system for training management, to develop leaders \u2013 training instructors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 106], "content_span": [107, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Artillery Battalion\nMission:To prepare its fire support forces for the units of the 1st mib, for defense and protection of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Republic of North Macedonia in all weather and field conditions, preparation of the declared unit habt 105\u00a0mm for operations in support of peace and prevention of conflicts and crises in operations led by NATO, UN, OSCE, EU and other international alliances and to contribute to the protection of the wider interests of the Republic of North Macedonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 81], "content_span": [82, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Artillery Battalion\nTasks:Alerting the unit and taking possession of areas and positionsTactical Movement and taking possession of fire positions and areasCoordination of the fire support and artillery fire managementConducting and maintaining command and controlImplementation of combat supportPerforming mobilization and rapid integration of the active membersPreparation of the declared unitProviding support to the government, the local government units, the citizens and the non-governmental organizations and institutions in dealing with natural disasters and epidemics \u2013 technical technological and other disastersPlanning and carrying out training to achieve NATO standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 81], "content_span": [82, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Artillery Battalion\nThe Artillery Battalion is a unit which in its composition has a high percentage of functional technique, excellent professionals, impeccable command and vast experience that affirms this unit in all areas of training, operations and execution of assigned tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 81], "content_span": [82, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Armor Battalion\nMission:To train and prepare the soldiers, officers and units for defense and protection of the territorial integrity, independence and sovereignty of the Republic of North Macedonia, from all possible threats, as well as in dealing with natural disasters or other accidents. Applying the standards and following an order issued by the 1st Mechanized Infantry Battalion to perform marching and carry out mobile, combined, defense and attack operations in the area of responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Armor Battalion\nTasks:Planned, organized and on-time operational development and maneuver. Occupation of the planned locations and regions. Organization and carrying out of tactical exercise on the level of a platoon, a company and a battalion. Preparation and training of the forces to provide help in case of natural disasters or other accidents. Securing facilities of strategic importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Armor Battalion\nWith the new formation of the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia on 19 December 2011 the Armor Battalion T-55 was reformed and the T-72 \"A\" Armour Battalion was formed under the command of GS of ARM. The new battalion consisted of 31 T-72 tanks and 11-OT BMP engaging 147 officers and professional soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 77], "content_span": [78, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Engineer Battalion\nMission:Prepared to give engineer support to the commands and units of ARM. Prepared to cooperate with the units of the MoI  in crisis situations, gives support to the civil authorities in case of disasters and other  crisis, as well as provides support  to help authorities deal with consequences of natural disasters and armed conflicts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Engineer Battalion\nTasks:Plans, organises and conducts engineer reconnaissance,Performs tactical march,Maintains the facilities for protection and carries out activities for the needs of the commands and units of ARM,Prepares and eliminates smaller explosive obstacles and prepares and deals with artificial  obstacles,Secures the movement and maneuver of the Combat Service Support units (CSS),Prepares and eliminates smaller explosive obstacles and eliminates artificial obstacles in cooperation with MOI units in case of crisis,Conducts humanitarian and logistic operations supporting the civil authorities in case of danger and helps them  deal with the consequences of natural disasters and armed conflicts,Assists civil authorities in reconstructing infrastructure damaged during natural disasters and armed conflicts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 80], "content_span": [81, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, NBC Protection Company\nMission:To provide a high level of training and combat readiness in peacetime and alertness for organization and execution of tasks for NBC protection support for the Forces and their need for rapid reaction in all conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, NBC Protection Company\nTo prepare and execute mobilization of the reserve forces and reach full readiness for  organization and execution of tasks for NBC protection support  for the needs of the  Forces under the command of the 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade in performing combat tasks in assigned areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, NBC Protection Company\nTasks:Providing a high level of training of officers, soldiers and the unit as a whole to perform purpose oriented tasks in peace and in war;Training and exercising overall unit composition in the procedures of signal alarm;Training and exercising overall unit composition in the procedures of moving in a region undertaking all combat security measures;Execution of tactical actions and procedures by the NBC reconnaissance units while organizing and conducting NBC protection control;Execution of tactical actions and procedures by the NBC decontamination units while organizing and conducting NC decontamination of personnel, weapons, technical assets, motor vehicles, land and buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 84], "content_span": [85, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Signal Company\nMission:The Signal Company establishes all connections scheduled for the needs of the 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade under the Signal Plan \"BRAN\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159306-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia), Structure, Signal Company\nHistory:The signal company is part of the 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade and is located in the barracks \"N.H. - Petrovec\". Its beginning was in September 2000 in the barracks \"Jane Sandanski\" - Shtip where it becomes a part of 1st Infantry Brigade (1st IB) under the motto \"Honor and Strength\". First commander of the brigade was Captain Zoranco Trenev, who after several years with the transformation in 1st infantry brigade into 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (1st MIB) in March 2006 was replaced by the next company commander Captain Zoran Aleksov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 76], "content_span": [77, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion\n1st Medical Battalion is a unit of the United States Marine Corps operated by the United States Navy that provides expeditionary Health Service Support to Marine Corps forces forward deployed to operations or humanitarian missions. The unit is based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton and falls under the command of 1st Marine Logistics Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, Mission\nProvides expeditionary health service support to the operating units of the First Marine Expeditionary Force to preserve and save every life and support the war fighting capability of the MEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, Subordinate units\nEach lettered Surgical Company consists of 4 Surgical Platoons that provide Role II Light Maneuver capabilities consisting of command and control, damage control resuscitation, damage control surgery, limited patient holding, radiology, laboratory and blood banking capabilities and MEDEVAC personnel and equipment. Typically, the Surgical Companies and Surgical Platoons are task organized to support the full range of Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1940 - 1941\nACTIVATED 06 SEPTEMBER 1940 AT QUANTICO, VIRGINIA, AS THE 1ST MEDICAL BATTALION AND ASSIGNED TO THE 1ST MARINE BRIGADE", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1940 - 1941\nRELOCATED DURING APRIL 1941 TO QUANTICO, VIRGINIA, AND PARRIS ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1942 - 1947\nDEPLOYED DURING JUNE - JULY 1942 TO WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1942 - 1947\nPARTICIPATED IN THE OCCUPATION OF NORTH CHINA, SEPTEMBER 1945 - MAY 1947", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1947 - 1964\nREACTIVATED 16 JULY 1947 AT CAMP PENDLETON, CALIFORNIA, AND ASSIGNED TO THE 1ST MARINE DIVISION, FLEET MARINE FORCE", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1947 - 1964\nPARTICIPATED IN THE KOREAN WAR, SEPTEMBER 1950 - JULY 1953, OPERATING FROM", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1947 - 1964\nPARTICIPATED IN THE DEFENSE OF THE KOREAN DEMILITARIZED ZONE, JULY 1953 - APRIL 1955", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1965 - 1993\nPARTICIPATED IN THE WAR IN VIETNAM, MARCH 1966 - APRIL 1971, OPERATING FROM", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1965 - 1993\nPLACED UNDER THE OPERATIONAL CONTROL OF THE 1ST FORCE SERVICE SUPPORT GROUP, FLEET MARINE FORCE, ON 30 MARCH 1976", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1965 - 1993\nPARTICIPATED IN OPERATIONS DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM, SOUTHWEST ASIA, AUGUST 1990 - APRIL 1991", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, History, 1965 - 1993\nPARTICIPATED IN OPERATION RESTORE HOPE, SOMALIA, DECEMBER 1992 - JANUARY 1993", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, Honors and awards\nPRESIDENTIAL UNIT CITATION STREAMER WITH ONE SILVER AND TWO BRONZE STARS", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159307-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Battalion, Honors and awards\nASIATIC-PACIFIC CAMPAIGN STREAMER WITH ONE SILVER AND ONE BRONZE STAR", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States)\nThe 1st Medical Brigade is a medical brigade of the United States Army. It is located at Fort Hood, Texas, providing health care and medical services to the Fort Hood community, and continuing training in its combat support mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe 1st Sanitary Train, as originally organized, was composed of two battalions\u2014one motorized and one animal drawn. The companies of the battalions had all been raised well before the start of the war, and were assembled as an organization upon arrival in France. Each battalion was composed of two field hospital companies and two ambulance companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe first elements of the train\u2014composed of ambulance company 6 (later renumbered 13) and field hospital company 6 (later renumbered 13) began movement to Hoboken, New Jersey, where they embarked for Europe on 14 June 1917, arriving in the port of St. Nazaire on 26 June. On 13 August, field hospital companies 2 and 12 and ambulance companies 2 and 12 landed on 1 and 3 September in Liverpool, England, and later moved to La Harve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nOn 1 December field hospital company 3 departed Fort Bliss, Texas and ambulance company 3 departed Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, sailed from Hoboken on 5 December, and arrived at St. Nazaire on 22 December, among the last elements of the 1st Division to arrive in France. The 1st Sanitary Train was assembled, finally, in the Gondrecourt training area, where the division trained for combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I\nThe table of organization for a sanitary train called for a total of 927 officers and men. Each ambulance company had 12 ambulances; the animal drawn companies each had 70 mules to pull their ambulances, as well as 24 riding horses. Each field hospital company could hold 236 patients, although it was authorized no nurses; the animal drawn field hospital companies also had 30 mules and 22 riding horses each. In column, the sanitary train stretched for 1,160 yards\u2014more than half a mile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Sommerville Sector\nAmbulance Company 13 of the 1st Sanitary Train was the only American ambulance company operational in the Sommerville sector and furnished litter bearers for duty in the trenches, evacuating patients to Field Hospital 13 (like the ambulance company, an organic unit of the 1st Sanitary Train) and from it to Base Hospital 18 at Bazoilles-sur-Meuse, and to Camp Hospital 1 at Gondrecourt. It did not establish a dressing station, as patients were moved direct by litters and by vehicles from the battalion aid stations to the field hospital. Because of road conditions near the front, the ambulance company's collecting point was some distance in the rear of the aid stations, so the wounded were carried through the trenches to the battalion aid stations and then back an additional 3\u00a0km to the collecting point at Bathelemont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Sommerville Sector\nField Hospital 13 was the only field hospital established for the 1st Division in the Somerville sector. Half of it, including X-ray and other necessary equipment, was located in a residence and two pavilions at Einville; the other half was in part of a hospital at Dombasle. As the base and camp hospitals to which this hospital was to evacuate were 81\u00a0km to the rear by road, patients were retained with the portion of Field Hospital 13 at Einville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nThe division surgeon's office, headquarters of the sanitary train, and headquarters of the train's field hospital and ambulance sections were at Menil-la-Tour. Medical Department personnel established an aid station at each regimental headquarters and battalion aid stations in battalion areas. The most advanced battalion aid stations were located in dugouts at Seicheprey. Because the village was under direct enemy observation and was shelled frequently, patients had to be evacuated at night, when ambulances could travel the road from Beaumont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nEvacuation to the regimental aid stations often required that patients be carried a kilometer or more through trenches which often were knee deep in mud and water. Patients were usually suffering from disease, although a moderate number of men suffering from shell wounds, and on occasion a fairly large number of chemical casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nInfantry regimental aid stations were first established Beaumont and Mandres, but on 1 March the station Mandres moved to Bouconville. The aid stations at Beaumont and Bouconville were in basements of partially destroyed buildings and were made provided additional protection from indirect fire using logs, sandbags, and stone. The road between Beaumont and Mandres was especially dangerous, as it was shelled day and night, causing many casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nThe regimental aid station of the 16th Infantry at Mandres had at first functioned also as a dressing station, but on 1 March 1918, this service was taken over by Ambulance Company 2, until they, in turn, were relieved by Ambulance Company 3 on 27 March. The station treated chemical casualties as well as other cases and to a limited degree acted as a triage point. It was on the axial road and occupied a building whose walls had been protected by thick sandbags, but occasionally when receiving indirect fire it utilized a dugout which it had constructed nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nAmbulance Company 13 operated ambulances from Menil-la-Tour and provided litter bearers to forward units until relieved by Ambulance Company 12 on 21 March 1918. That ambulance company, augmented by vehicles from other companies, maintained headquarters and an ambulance park at Menil-la-Tour, dispatching ambulances to the dressing station at Mandres and to forward units. Other ambulances were attached to unit aid stations at important points in rear areas of the sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nEvacuation Ambulance Company 1 from the Services of Supply maintained two ambulances at Field Hospital 13 for evacuation to Sebastopol, where twenty ambulances were available for use during periods of heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nThe different ambulance circuits, in forward and rear areas, were established for dealing with battle casualties, with a third circuit for the routine sick. The front circuit was maintained by Ford ambulances working forward from Mandres and returning to deliver patients to the dressing station there. Pertaining to it were emergency ambulances stationed at Beaumont, Rambucourt, and Bouconville, and at times at Seicheprey, with reserve at Mandres. The advance point to which ambulances could go by daylight was on the Beaumont-Bouconville road paralleling the front line and 2\u00a0km from it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nAt night ambulances could be sent forward to Xivray-Marvoisin and Seicheprey, 1\u00a0km from the front line. When circumstances warranted the risk, ambulances stationed at Seicheprey could evacuate from Seicheprey by day, but not as a routine measure. The rear circuit of heavy G. M. C. ambulances began at Mandres, where patients were carried to a fixed evacuation hospital. In order to cut down transportation, patients who could stand the longer trip to Toul or to Sebastopol were sent directly from Mandres and were not required to stop at the triage at Menil-la-Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0009-0002", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nPatients were distributed from Mandres as follows: (1) Seriously wounded and sick who could not stand long ambulance transportation, to Menil-la-Tour; (2) chemical agent casualties to Menil-la-Tour; (3) surgical cases to Sebastopol; (4) and sick and contagious diseases to Toul. A few ambulances for this circuit were maintained at Mandres, with reserve at Menil-la-Tour. At times of expected periods of high casualties, the ambulance park was advanced to Hamonville, and ambulances and trucks were dispatched to Mandres as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nIn quiet times a routine circuit of ambulances was maintained, daily calls being made at all aid stations within the division area that could be reached for the collection of sick and slightly wounded to be triaged at Menil-la-Tour, allowing placement of ambulances posted at outlying aid stations for emergency use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nField Hospital 13 became operational on 17 January 1918 at Menil-la-Tour, in barracks taken over from a French field hospital and equipped for the care of 200 patients. This served at first as a divisional hospital and, after hospitals in the rear began functioning as a triage, for the reception of chemical casualties and some ill patients until relieved about 31 March by a field hospital of the 26th Division. The location was poorly suited for a hospital because of its proximity to a large supply dump and railhead subject to indirect fire. Several attacks occurred and missiles impacted within a hundred yards of the hospital, but no artillery fire was ever received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nPatients began to be received immediately after arrival of the 1st Division in the sector. Seven wounded were admitted on 21 January, and sixty-two chemical casualties on the 26th, the first chemical casualties in the division. Of the 674 patients received by Field Hospital 13, 323\u2014nearly half of all patients treated\u2014were due to chemical agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nField Hospital 12, after being held in reserve, became operational on 23 January at Sebastopol in large, permanent, stone barracks. It functioned as an evacuation and surgical hospital until relieved on 4 February by Evacuation Hospital 1, which then assumed responsibility for care of the seriously wounded. The field hospital personnel had been previously augmented by details from Ambulance Companies 3 and 13. Field Hospital 12 moved 6 February to a large stone barracks\u2014Caserne la Marche\u2014at Toul, where it established a 400-bed hospital for the divisional sick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nSince the barracks were large and readily adapted for use as a hospital, the field hospitals here supplemented their normal equipment with the addition of large quantities of supplies suitable for the proper maintenance of a semi-permanent hospital. Field Hospital 2 arrived at Toul on 18 February and established an annex to Field Hospital 12 for the care of contagious cases. It operated until 2 April, when the annex was turned over to a hospital of the 26th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nField Hospitals 12 and 13 evacuated by train from Toul to base hospitals in the rear those cases which did not require surgical attention at Evacuation Hospital 1. This continued until about 3 April, when the facilities were turned over to hospitals of the 26th Division. In this sector Field Hospital 13 received 889 patients (not including those triaged directly to other hospitals) and Field Hospitals 12 and 2 received a combined total of 2,482 patients. As Evacuation Hospital 1 received most of the wounded, their patients were primarily those that were ill, and chemical casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nThe sick rate of the division was three times that for battle casualties. More than two-thirds of those cases were minor, and most of the patients were returned to duty in a short time directly from the field hospitals. The prevailing diseases in the division in the sector were respiratory or intestinal. Sporadic cases of cerebrospinal meningitis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, mumps, and measles occurred, but no epidemic developed. A camp for venereal cases was established southeast of Raulecourt, and patients who were able to do so were put to work as laborers on road construction and similar heavy work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nThe medical supply unit of the division, with a large stock, was maintained at Demange-aux-Eaux in the division rear. An advance medical supply depot was operated by Field Hospital 13 at Menil-la-Tour for issue to all organizations in advance areas. An advance subdepot was maintained at the dressing station at Mandres, for the distribution of supplies by ambulance or runners to front-line aid stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Ansauville Sector\nThe 1st Division was relieved 1\u20133 April 1918, by the 26th Division and proceeded to the neighborhood of Chaumont-en-Vexin, where headquarters were established 8 April. For the next 10 days the division was trained in open warfare, activities consisting chiefly of brigade and division maneuvers. Regiments evacuated the disabled directly into the French hospitals at Gisors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Cantigny Sector\nThe offensive launched by the Germans on 21 March 1918 placed the Allies in a desperate situation. The lack of complete cooperation among the Allies on the Western Front had been appreciated, and the question of preparation to meet the crisis had already received attention of the supreme war council. Reserves were not available and on 28 March, the 1st Division was placed at the disposal of the allied high command, starting movement toward the battle front on 17 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Cantigny Sector\nOn 25 April it took over the Cantigny sector 4.9\u00a0km west of Montdidier, relieving French troops and becoming a part of the French First Army. During the first six weeks that the division remained in this line the sector was very active; the remaining period was active. Battery positions were made untenable by high-explosive and chemical shells. Air raids were frequent and severe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Cantigny Sector\nOn 27 May 1918, the Germans attacked Chateau-Thierry, and when the French appreciated how serious and how successful the attack was they began to withdraw both their air squadrons and supporting artillery from the Cantigny sector. On the 28th the 1st Division made the first sustained American offensive of the war and captured the village of Cantigny\u2014a date later chosen by the 1st Medical Regiment as its Organization Day. Because of determined German efforts to retake the salient, losses were greater after the attack than during it. Beauvais, where a Red Cross hospital was located 38.4\u00a0km to the rear, suffered very severely. Hospitals were not immune from attack, and operation of the evacuation system, particularly at night, was very difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, World War I, Meuse-Argonne\nAfter the Armistice was signed, the 1st Sanitary train marched with the rest of the 1st Division to the Coblenz Bridgehead as part of the US Third Army, which served as part of the Army of Occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, Supporting the Medical Field Service School\nIn support of the 1929 class of the Officer Basic Course at the Medical Field Service School, the Regiment accompanied the students\u2014all officers\u2014on their field training exercise, this year conducted on the battlefield at Gettysburg. Students worked problems involving terrain exercises, while the 1st Medical Regiment then demonstrated the approved school solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 89], "content_span": [90, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, Supporting the Medical Field Service School\nBy 1930, the regiment was well integrated into the activities of the school. The regiment was maintained at \"full peacetime strength,\" which equated to the regimental headquarters, a service company, a hospital company, a collecting company, a veterinary company, and two ambulance companies\u2014one motorized and one animal drawn. In addition to serving as the demonstration unit for the school, most of the officers and noncommissioned officers who taught there were drawn from the ranks of the regiment, and senior officers in the regiment frequently moved into department directors in the school after completing their time in the regiment. The Medical Equipment Laboratory, charged with studying and developing equipment and transportation for medical department troops and installations frequently turned to the regiment for assistance in testing equipment in the field, particularly for battalion aid stations and equipment used by the medical regiments of the divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 89], "content_span": [90, 1064]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, Supporting the Medical Field Service School, The Ohio river floods, 1937\nIn January and February 1937, the Ohio and Mississippi rivers flooded over 12,700 square miles in twelve states. As part of the Federal response, The 1st Medical Regiment's Company G (Hospital), under the command of Captain Alvin L. Gorby (who would later command the regiment, and who retired as a major general) arrived by train on 30 January. The company included six medical corps officers and 93 enlisted men, with another 21 enlisted and ten ambulances from the regiment's Company E (Motor Ambulance), who were sent to Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana to provide support in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 118], "content_span": [119, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, Supporting the Medical Field Service School, The Ohio river floods, 1937\nInspecting a school building which had been used as an improvised hospital for the prior week by local volunteers, he found it an excellent facility with a modern structure, indoor plumbing, and a cafeteria. Moving his soldiers into rooms on the top floor, he quickly established hospital operations, reorganizing what he found on arrival was an \"appalling lack of organization.\" When the water pressure proved to be inadequate, he had his troops dig latrines on the school grounds and had water for other purposes trucked in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 118], "content_span": [119, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, Supporting the Medical Field Service School, The Ohio river floods, 1937\nOnce that hospital was up and running, the company assumed responsibility for a typhoid inoculation station, then repaired and reorganized a second school which was being used as a segregated facility for black patients. During the 13 days the company operated in Louisville, they provided more than 5,000 inoculations and provided over 2,000 patient-days of care in the two improvised hospitals they were running. This relief operation would be the Army's last major domestic relief operation before the start of the World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 118], "content_span": [119, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, Supporting NATO\nDuring most of September 1950 the 1st Medical Group participated in a major exercise called \"Rainbow.\" Following spring 1950 a command post exercise named \"Shamrock,\" this exercise saw most of the US medical units in Germany deploy their headquarters elements to the field, as well as sending as many operational elements as could be spared. Although medical play within the Communications Zone was simulated, soldiers role playing as patients were moved between the units in the field in Germany. In all, 40% of all Medical Corps and 20% of all Nurse Corps officers in Germany participated, with most units, according to published reports, rated as \"Excellent\" in their performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), History, Fort Sam Houston\nOne of the responsibilities of the 1st Medical Group and its subordinate units at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, was to serve as a test-bed for the Medical Equipment Test and Evaluation Division of the United States Army Medical Materiel Agency. Established in 1964 and based at Fort Sam Houston, the test and evaluation division was responsible for testing new medical products and equipment for suitability for the Army's use. Much as they had done at Carlisle Barracks decades earlier, the 1st Medical Group's units at Fort Sam Houston, including a MUST equipped combat support hospital and an air ambulance company, provided a readily available platform for testing equipment under field conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 3 August 1917 in the Regular Army as Headquarters, 1st Sanitary Train, assigned to the 1st Expeditionary Division and organized at New York, New York. (1st Expeditionary Division redesignated 6 July 1918 as 1st Division.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Lineage\nRelieved from the 1st Division, consolidated with Service Company, 1st Medical Regiment (organized during June 1925 at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania by consolidation of Headquarters Detachment, Medical Laboratory Section, and Medical Supply Section, 1st Medical Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 8 October 1939 as Headquarters, Headquarters and Service Company, 1st Medical Regiment (Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Lineage\nRedesignated 16 December 1940 Headquarters, Headquarters and Service Company, 1st Medical Regiment (Army).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 1 September 1943 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1st Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Lineage\nActivated 10 June 1950 in Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 6 June 2000 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Medical Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Insignia, Shoulder sleeve insignia\nOn a white rectangle arced at top and bottom with a 1/8 inch (.32\u00a0cm) yellow border, 2 inches (5.08\u00a0cm) in width and 3 inches (7.62\u00a0cm) in height overall, a maroon cross throughout bearing a yellow rod entwined by a green snake with a red eye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Insignia, Shoulder sleeve insignia\nMaroon and white are the colors used by the Army Medical Department units; gold is for excellence. The staff of Aesculapius and the maroon cross, symbolize the medical arts and allude to the mission of the Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Insignia, Shoulder sleeve insignia\nThe shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized effective 6 June 2000. (TIOH Dwg. No. A-1-844)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Insignia, Distinctive unit insignia\nA maroon shield bearing within a wreath of silver oak leaves the helmet of an esquire charged with the shoulder sleeve insignia of the First Division, a shield with the figure \"1.\" All above a silver scroll bearing the inscription \"FORTITUDE AND COMPASSION\" in black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Insignia, Distinctive unit insignia\nMaroon and white (silver) are the colors used for the Army Medical Service. The red numeral \"1\" on an olive drab shield is the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 1st Division as authorized 31 October 1918, and with which the unit served in World War I. The helmet indicates the military character of the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), Insignia, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 1st Medical Regiment on 19 December 1923. It was redesignated and amended to include a motto for the 1st Medical Group on 20 March 1968. The insignia was amended to correct the symbolism on 26 April 1968. It was redesignated for the 1st Medical Brigade effective 6 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159308-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Medical Brigade (United States), References, Sources\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa)\n1st Medium Regiment was an artillery regiment of the South African Army, after World War Two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa), History, Origin\n1st Medium Regiment. South African Artillery, (SAHA), was established with headquarters in Cape Town on the 1st January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa), History, Origin\nLt Colonel Norman Munnik, was appointed to command this regiment, having originally been with the 1st Heavy Battery, Coast Artillery Brigade. In the first few months of the regiment\u2019s existence, Lt Colonel Frank Whitmore Mellish, MC was also appointed as the regiment\u2019s Honorary Colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa), History, Similar Unit\nThis regiment should not be confused with another regiment of identical title in the UDF history, an Active Citizen Force (ACF) unit formed in Johannesburg around 1939, specifically to continue the memory of the South African Heavy Artillery batteries that fought in France in 1915\u20131918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa), History, Recruitment\nThose citizens who had been balloted to ACF units around Cape Town, reported to the New Drill Hall at Tennant Street in Cape Town, for medical examination and attestation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa), History, Training\nAfter receiving their kit, recruits started about five months of training. Foot and rifle drill, parades took place every Tuesday and Thursday nights at the early morning market in Sir Lowry Road. Mustering training took place at Youngsfield where the regiment had its hangar storing its soft vehicles, Jeeps, Ford 1 ton radio vehicles, 3 ton cargo, Mack gun tractors, 5.5 inch guns and all associated stores and equipment. Training took place on Saturdays and two full Saturdays per month for part of the year were normally allocated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa), History, Training\n1 Medium Regiment with Cape Field Artillery utilised the military camp at Oudtshoorn for live fire training. Recruit camps were about three weeks at the end of which the continuous training period ended on the range conducting \"dry runs\" and live shell firing first with 25 pounders and on the last day, with 5.5 inch guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa), History, Converted to an Afrikaans speaking regiment\nThe regiment was declared an Afrikaans unit in the early 1950s and training gunnery terminology had to be translated at Oudtshoorn from English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 88], "content_span": [89, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa), History, Transferred to Outeniqua Command\nOn 5 November 1953, it was announced that 1 Medium Regiment was being transferred to Outeniqua Command and in doing so Cape Town lost its most important Afrikaans speaking unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 77], "content_span": [78, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159309-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment (South Africa), History, Disbandment\nThe regiment was finally disbanded and disestablished on 1 March 1960, when the Citizen Force was once again reorganised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159310-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery\nThe 1st Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery was one of six Canadian medium artillery regiments that served in the European Theatre of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159310-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery, History\nThe adjutant of the 1st Medium Regiment, RCA, was Captain Horace Trites; Trites was mentioned in dispatches in Italy. Trites and G.P.O. (Gun Position Officer) Lieutenant 'Buck' Buchanan later became pilots at 43 Operational Training Unit, RAF Andover, and fought in northwest Europe with No. 665 Squadron RCAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159311-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Meijin\nThe 1st Meijin was the first Meijin title sponsored by Asahi Shimbun. The tournament used a nine player round robin league system. Hideo Otake won the last Old Meijin title and his title was honored as holder of the Meijin title. Shuchi Kubouchi, Takeo Kajiwara and Norio Kudo qualified through the preliminary stages while Yoshio Ishida, Hideyuki Fujisawa, Eio Sakata, Utaro Hashimoto, Rin Kaiho, Toshiro Yamabe retained their places from the 14th Old Meijin. Yoshio Ishida won the league and challenged Otake for the title. Otake won the title in five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159312-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Michigan Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was a part of the famed Michigan Brigade, commanded for a time by Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159312-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Michigan Cavalry was organized at Detroit, Michigan, between August 21 and September 6, 1861. Among the initial officers was William d'Alton Mann, a future prominent Michigan newspaper and magazine publisher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159312-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on September 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159312-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nOver the span of its existence, the regiment carried a total of 2705 men on its muster rolls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159312-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 14 officers and 150 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded and 6 officers and 244 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 414 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159313-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment\nThe 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment was an engineer regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. There were only ten other similar regiments in the Union Army. The Michigan unit was one of three engineering regiments raised in 1861, the other two being Missouri (August 1861) and New York (September 1861). Engineering regiments are often left off of many Order of Battles, but their contribution to campaigns were vital from a logistics point of view; repairing/building railroads, bridges and blockhouses; and destroying enemy communication lines, railroads and bridges. Engineering units like the First Michigan were often caught up in attacks from enemy guerrillas and cavalry skirmishes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159313-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Michigan Engineers was organized at Marshall, Michigan and mustered into service on October 29, 1861. They rendezvoused at Camp Owen on the Calhoun county fairgrounds in early October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159313-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nOver its existence, the regiment carried a total of 2962 men on its muster rolls. The regiment lost 1 officer and 12 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 351 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 364fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159313-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nAt the Battle of Perryville (October 1862), the First Michigan had at least ten wounded and one missing. At Lavergne, Tennessee; just prior to the Battle of Murfreesboro, the First Michigan had one killed, five wounded, four POWs and one missing. The 1st Michigan saw two men killed, nine wounded, and two missing at the Battle of Murfreesboro (early January 1863). The unit was active all over middle Tennessee, including Columbia, Spring Hill, Franklin, Brentwood and Nashville from 1862 - 1864, building and repairing railroads, bridges, blockhouses, etc. The Franklin-Nashville Campaign was costly to the First Michigan Engineers, losing over 30 men as POWs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159313-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe unit also participated in Sherman's March to the Sea and at the Battle of Bentonville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159314-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Infantry Regiment (3 Months)\nThe 1st Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. A Company consisted of the Detroit Light Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159314-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Infantry Regiment (3 Months), Service\nThe 1st Michigan Infantry was organized at Detroit, Michigan and mustered into Federal service for three months on May 1, 1861. The 1st Michigan was the state's only three-month regiment, raised in response to President Abraham Lincoln's initial call for 75,000 troops in April 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159315-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Infantry Regiment (3 Years)\nThe 1st Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159315-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Infantry Regiment (3 Years), Service\nThe 1st Michigan Infantry was organized at Detroit, Michigan and mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on September 16, 1861. This regiment retained the number of the original 1st Michigan raised for a three-month enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159315-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Infantry Regiment (3 Years), Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 15 officers and 172 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 149 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 337 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature\nThe 1st Michigan Legislature, consisting of the Michigan Senate and the Michigan House of Representatives, met in Detroit in three sessions between November 2, 1835, and July 26, 1836, during the first year of Stevens T. Mason's governorship of the (prospective) state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature\nThe legislature met with the expectation that Michigan would be granted statehood during this time, but this was delayed until January 1837. During the first part of the 1st Legislature's term, there were two parallel governments in the portion of Michigan Territory that was covered by the newly-drafted state constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Background\nThe people of the Territory of Michigan voted on October 1, 1832, to seek admission to the United States. A census in 1834 verified that the territory had 87,273 white inhabitants, well above the requirement for statehood of 60,000 defined by the Northwest Ordinance. In previous such instances, the U.S. Congress normally passed an enabling act calling on the residents of a prospective state to draft a constitution. But Michigan was embroiled in a territorial dispute with Ohio that Congress had not been able to resolve, and no such act was passed, so Michigan moved forward without one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Background\nAnother election was held on April 4, 1835, to elect delegates to a convention to draft a constitution. The convention began meeting in Detroit that May, and voters approved the new constitution in a statewide election held on October 5, 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Background, Opposition to statehood in Congress\nIn Congress, opposition to Michigan's application for statehood centered around several objections, two of which Congress resolved for itself. One was that Congress had never passed an enabling act for Michigan as it had with previous states; this objection was overcome on the basis that the U.S. Constitution did not require such an act, which had simply been the conventional approach for Congress to use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Background, Opposition to statehood in Congress\nAnother was that the new state constitution allowed aliens to vote, which led to concerns that this was tantamount to conferring U.S. citizenship; this objection was also overcome, since states were allowed to set their own qualifications for voting, even for federal elections, and this was separate from the notion of citizenship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Background, Opposition to statehood in Congress\nThe Toledo War, the dispute over a ten-mile-wide strip of land along the Michigan\u2013Ohio border, continued to occupy both Congress and the Legislature throughout the term of the 1st Legislature. Some southern senators also employed delaying tactics in order to ensure that Arkansas's application for statehood would be ready in time for it to be admitted simultaneously with Michigan, preserving the tradition of admitting free states and slave states in pairs in order to maintain the balance of the U.S. Senate. A bill formally offering Michigan and Arkansas admission to the union was not passed and signed into law until late in the legislature's term, on June 15, 1836.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Election and parallel governments\nVoters elected a governor, a lieutenant governor, a U.S. congressman, and members of the state legislature in the same October 5, 1835, election which asked them to approve the new constitution; all of these elections were contingent on the constitution itself being approved, which it was. Most of the elected officials were Democrats, as the Whigs generally either didn't want to pursue statehood or thought the constitution itself was a sham since Congress had not passed an enabling act; the Whigs did not nominate a candidate for governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Election and parallel governments\nThe newly-elected government was not officially recognized by the federal government, which still maintained a separate territorial government. President Andrew Jackson had installed John S. Horner as acting governor on September 15, 1835, after removing Mason from the position. The existence of the two parallel governments, one under Horner and one under Mason, continued for several months, until the federal government gave up in view of the fact that the people of Michigan clearly thought of the new government under Mason as their legitimate representatives. Having been mostly ignored in Michigan, Horner left to become secretary of the Wisconsin Territory when Congress organized a territorial government there on April 20, 1836, and no replacement was appointed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Sessions\nThe constitution made Detroit the state capital until 1847, when the legislature was due to choose a new location; at that time they moved the capital to Lansing. The 1st Legislature met in Detroit in three sessions. Much of the business before the legislature in these sessions  involved Michigan's pending application for statehood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Sessions\nThe first session ran from November 2, 1835, to November 14, 1835. Along with certifying the election of Governor Mason and Lieutenant Governor Mundy and performing other organizational tasks, the legislature elected Michigan's first two U.S. senators. Each chamber nominated two people; Lucius Lyon was nominated by both chambers for one position, while John Norvell was nominated by the House and John Biddle by the Senate for the other. Norvell won a joint vote, 35 to 28, and so was elected alongside Lyon. The legislature adjourned with the expectation that statehood would be quickly forthcoming. Since Michigan was not yet a state, the U.S. Senate admitted Lyon and Norvell to its chamber as \"spectators\" at the urging of Thomas Hart Benton and over the opposition of Henry Clay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Sessions\nThe second session, held despite the continued delay in statehood, ran from February 1, 1836, to March 28, 1836. The legislature elected Henry Howard as the state's first treasurer, in place of Levi Cook, who had declined the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Sessions, Extra session and the Conventions of Assent\nThe June 15, 1836, bill passed by Congress made Michigan's admittance conditional upon a popular convention approving the exchange of the disputed Ohio territory for the western three-quarters of the Upper Peninsula. Governor Stevens T. Mason called an extra session of the legislature, which ran from July 11, 1836, to July 26, 1836, in order to make provisions for the election of delegates to such a convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 79], "content_span": [80, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Sessions, Extra session and the Conventions of Assent\nDemocrats generally supported the compromise, seeing no value in antagonizing Congress and continuing to delay statehood and the financial benefits it would bring, while the Whigs felt Congress had no right to assist in the perceived theft of land from Michigan and wanted to press the case in the Supreme Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 79], "content_span": [80, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Sessions, Extra session and the Conventions of Assent\nThe Convention of Assent met in Ann Arbor on September 26 and, after deliberating for four days, rejected the compromise proposed by Congress. Supporters of the compromise called upon Mason to organize a second convention, which he refused to do, but he did declare that the people could do so themselves. The Democrats of Washtenaw County and Wayne County called for another convention, and this \"Frostbitten Convention\" was held beginning December 14 in Ann Arbor. The Whigs and several counties boycotted, and the compromise was overwhelmingly approved. Scholars have held that the second convention lacked any legal basis and that Mason overstepped his authority by suggesting the people hold a convention without any legislative or congressional consent, but it provided sufficient basis for Congress to finally grant Michigan's statehood on January 26, 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 79], "content_span": [80, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Leadership and organization\nLieutenant Governor Edward Mundy was ex officio President of the Senate, as prescribed by the state constitution. The senate appointed John S. Barry President of the Senate pro tempore; John J. Adam was chosen as the secretary, Silas D. McKeen as the enrolling and engrossing clerk, Edward A. King as the recording clerk, George W. Dexter as the sergeant-at-arms, and Diodate Hubbard as the doorkeeper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Leadership and organization\nThe House elected Ezra Convis as Speaker, George R. Griswold as the clerk, Egbert Van Buren as the enrolling clerk, Lewis Bond as the sergeant-at-arms, William Terry and Thomas Lappin as the messenger and assistant messenger, and James Houston as the doorkeeper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Members\nThe apportionment of senators and representatives in the new state legislature was defined by the recently-adopted constitution, which also directed that a new census be taken in 1837 and used as the basis for future apportionments. Only white inhabitants were considered in the apportioning of seats. The constitution mandated that the number of representatives be between 48 and 100, inclusive, and the number of senators be one-third that number, or as close as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Members\nSeats in both houses were apportioned by county, with the provision that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Members\nAny country attached to any county for judicial purposes, if not otherwise represented, shall be considered as forming part of such county, so far as regards elections for the purpose of representation in the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Members, Senate\nThe constitution created districts made up of one or more counties each, and apportioned senators as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Members, Senate\n... for the election of senators, the state shall be divided into five districts, and the apportionment shall be as follows: The county of Wayne shall compose the first district, and elect three senators; the counties of Monroe and Lenawee shall compose the second district and elect three senators; The Counties of Hillsdale, Branch, St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Kalamazoo and Calhoun shall compose the third district, and elect three senators; The counties of Washtenaw and Jackson shall compose the fourth district and elect three senators; And the counties of Oakland, Lapeer, Saganaw, Macomb, St. Clair, Michilimackinac and Chippewa shall compose the fifth district, and elect four senators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Members, House of Representatives\nThe constitution assigned representatives to each county, or district made up of multiple counties, apportioned as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Members, House of Representatives\n...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Members, House of Representatives\nthe County of Wayne shall be entitled to eight representatives; the county of Monroe to four representatives; the county of Washtenaw to seven representatives; the county of St. Clair to one representative; the County of St. Joseph to two representatives; the county of Berrien to one representative; the county of Calhoun to one representative; the county of Jackson to one representative; the county of Cass to two representatives; the county of Oakland to six representatives; the county of Macomb to three representatives; the county of Lenawee to four representatives; the county of Kalamazoo, and the unorganized counties of Allegan and Barry, to two representatives; the county of Branch to one representative; the county of Hillsdale to one representative; the county of Lapeer to one representative; the county of Saganaw and the unorganized counties of Genesee and Shiawasse to one representative; the county of Michilimakinac to one representative; the county of Chippewa to one representative; and the unorganized counties of Ottawa, Kent, Ionia and Clinton to one representative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 1152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159316-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Legislature, Members, House of Representatives\nThe constitution as written provided for 49 representatives. Allegan County was organized on August 25, 1835\u2014after the constitution was drafted by the convention, but before it was approved by the voters. According to other language in the constitution, Allegan was thus eligible to elect its own representative rather than be included as part of \"the county of Kalamazoo, and the unorganized counties of Allegan and Barry\". The House seated the additional representative, Elisha Ely, bringing the total for this legislature to 50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment\nThe 1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army's Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Michigan Sharpshooters was organized at Kalamazoo and Dearborn, Michigan, between April 14 and October 7, 1863, and six companies were mustered into Federal service on July 7, 1863, to serve three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Officers\nCharles Victor DeLand, a Jackson, Michigan, journalist and politician on 10/15/1861 was commissioned as a captain into \"C\" Co. MI 9th Infantry. He Resigned on 11/15/1862. On 7/7/1863 he was commissioned into Field & Staff MI 1st SharpShooters as Colonel and charged with mustering the First Michigan Sharpshooters. He fought in many of the great battles in the Western Campaigns, wounded in action three times and taken prisoner twice! A monument erected at the Michigan State Capital in Lansing, MI honoring the First Michigan Sharpshooters bears his name with other faithful soldiers under his command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Officers\nHe was discharged for wounds on 2/4/1865He was listed as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Officers\nOther Information:born 7/25/1828 in North Brookfield, MAdied 9/21/1903 in Jackson, MISources used by Historical Data Systems, Inc.:- Record of Service of Michigan Volunteers 1861-65- Dyer: A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion- Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue- Heitman: Register of United States Army 1789-1903", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Officers\nMajor John Piper, of Battle Creek, originally served as Captain of the famed Company D (The \"Michigan Boys\") of the Western Sharpshooters (W.S.S.) Regiment. Captain Piper resigned from the W.S.S. to take up the position of Major of the 1st Michigan Sharpshooters. He was killed in action at the Battle of Spottsylvania Courthouse, May 13, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Officers\nThe initial six companies were sent to Seymour, IN to repel the Morgan Raid where they were in contact with his raiders at North Vernon, July 13, and at Pierceville .July 14. After the successful rebuff of the raid, the regiment returned to Dearborn and trained there until August 16 when they moved to Chicago, to guarding prisoners-of-war (POWs) until March 17, 1864.The regiment was ordered to Annapolis, Md., March 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Company K\nOf note, Company K was composed primarily of Native Americans of the United States, especially members of the Ojibwa, Odawa, and Potawatomi nations. In their first action at Although some members were armed with repeaters and breech-loaders, and despite Colonel Deland's attempts to requisition 700 Henrys for the regiment, the majority remained armed with Springfield Model 1861 rifled muskets. The unit distinguished itself in its skirmishing ability, infiltration ability, and marksmanship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Company K\nThe regiment was highly trained in its combat skills, and the First Nations men in Company K were recognized as the most accomplished. In their first combat at The Wilderness,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Company K\nThey, on the very first day at the front, caught on to the great advantage our enemy employed over us in the color of uniform. Ours was blue, and could be seen at a long distance; while the \"Johnny\" (as we called them) could not be spotted at a comparatively short distance, even when lying in an open field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Company K\nThis disadvantage to us was appreciated almost immediately that these Indians got in the field, and they would go out and find a dry spot of earth and roll in it until their uniform was thecomplete color of the ground before going out on the skirmish line; and if the day was wet, they would not hesitate to take mud and rub it over their clothes, for as soon as this dried a little they would have what they were after\u2014the color of the earth. This custom was adopted by my whole Regiment; and it was often remarked that our Regiment could do the closest skirmishing at the least cost of any Regiment in the Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Company K\nSgt . Thomas Ke-chi-ti-go, called \"Big Tom\" by the white Sharpshooters, further \"ordered each brave to cover his breast and head with twigs and leaves to prevent contrast of color with their surroundings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Company K\nThrough its service, the regiment was esteemed for its solid, dependable, and effective conduct. It provided valuable sniping, counter-sniping, and harassment fire during the Siege of Petersburg. It was noted for its \"splendid work\" in the debacle of the Battle of the Crater on 30 July 1864. Many other Union soldiers noticed mortally wounded Native American members of Company K, \"... drawing their blouses over their faces, they chanted a death song and died \u2014 four of them a group.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Order of battle\nThe 1st was one of the first units to enter Petersburg after it finally fell on April 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Service, Order of battle\nThe 1st Michigan Sharpshooters' detailed service is as follows (NOTE \u2014 Battles are Bolded, Italicized; campaigns are Italicized):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159317-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Sharpshooters Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 6 officers and 131 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 165 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 362 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159318-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Territorial Council\nThe First Michigan Territorial Council was a meeting of the legislative body governing Michigan Territory, known formally as the Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan. The council met in Detroit in two regular sessions between June 7, 1824, and April 21, 1825, during the term of Lewis Cass as territorial governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159318-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Territorial Council, Background\nSince its creation from part of Indiana Territory in 1805, the government of Michigan Territory had consisted of a governor, a secretary, and three judges; the governor and judges together formed the legislative branch of government. This was the first stage of territorial government outlined in the Northwest Ordinance. An election called by Governor Cass in 1818 to decide whether to move to the second stage of government\u2014an elected legislature\u2014failed largely due to concerns over the cost that would be borne by the territory. Public discontent with the first stage government continued to mount, until in 1822 hundreds of residents petitioned Congress for reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159318-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Territorial Council, Background\nAn act of Congress on March 3, 1823, created a four-year term for the judges and transferred the powers of the territory to the governor and a legislative council of nine people serving terms of two years. Members of the council were to be appointed by the president of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate, from a slate of 18 people chosen in a general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159318-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Territorial Council, Leadership and organization\nAbraham Edwards was president of the council; John P. Sheldon, Edmund A. Brush, and George A. O'Keefe clerks; and Morris Jackson sergeant-at-arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159318-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Michigan Territorial Council, Members\nPer the act of March 3, 1823, the nine members of the council were appointed by President James Monroe, chosen from the top 18 vote-earners in a general election. In addition to the appointed members listed below, the slate of names sent to the president included Louis Baufet, William Brown, Harry Conant, Laurent Durocher, Francois Navarre, Ebenezer Reed, Solomon Sibley, and Benjamin F. Stickney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159319-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Middle Siberian Corps\nThe 1st Middle Siberian Corps (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435-\u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was one of the main formations of the Siberian Army during the Russian Civil War. It was created on June 12, 1918, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Anatoly Pepelyayev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159319-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Middle Siberian Corps, History\nThe force joined the Czechoslovak Legion of Captain Radola Gajda and, moving from the center of Siberia to Trans-Baikal in the East, cleared that territory from Bolsheviks. After that, they were replenished and deployed as the Middle-Siberian Corps (from August 26 1918) and 1st Middle Siberian Corps (from September 30 1918). The Corps was divided into 3 divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159319-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Middle Siberian Corps, History\nParts of the corps made the famous March to Perm, inflicting a crushing defeat on the Red 3rd Army in Winter 1918\u20131919. The Corps was then a part of the North Ural Front and the Yekaterinburg group of the Siberian Army. The corps took part in the Spring Offensive of the Russian Army (1919) and Counteroffensive of the Eastern Front in which it suffered heavy losses. In October only a quarter of the Corps remained, after which it was withdrawn to the rear for the transformation, but was decomposed and finally lost its fighting efficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159319-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Middle Siberian Corps, History\nBy January 6, 1920, only the 3rd Barnaul Siberian Rifle Regiment, which had safely retreated to the Transbaikal, remained from the whole Corps. Efforts by general A. N. Pepelyaev and major-General E. K. Vishnevskiy to revive the Corps in the East come to nothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers\nThe 1st Middlesex Engineers was the senior engineer unit of Britain's Volunteer Force, raised in 1860 and originally recruited from the South Kensington Museum. It provided Royal Engineers (RE) units to the 47th (1/2nd London) Division, the 47th (London) Infantry Division, the 56th (London) Divisions, and the 60th (2/2nd London) Division during both World Wars. The engineers served on the First World War's Western Front from 1915 to 1918, and in a number of theatres during the Second World War. It also served in the postwar Territorial Army, until 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Soon the need for military engineer ('Sapper') units to support the Rifle Volunteers was recognised, and a group from the South Kensington Museum, headed by Norman MacLeod of MacLeod, approached the War Office (WO) with an offer to raise two companies from the engineering and allied professions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Volunteer Force\nThe proposal was accepted in January 1860 and enlistment began on 6 February, creating the first Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC). MacLeod was appointed Captain in command and a year later was promoted to Major as the unit rapidly grew beyond its initial two companies. By November 1863 the 1st Middlesex EVC had 10 companies and was recruiting an 11th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Volunteer Force\nAlso from 1863 the new 1st Essex, 1st London and 1st Tower Hamlets EVCs were administratively linked to the 1st Middlesex (these units became independent from 1871, 1868 and 1868 respectively).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Volunteer Force\nThe unit outgrew its headquarters (HQ) at the South Kensington Museum and moved a short distance to Whitehead's Grove in Chelsea (it dropped its '(South Kensington)' subtitle in 1862) and in 1865 opened a purpose-built drill hall in College Street (today's Elystan Street) in Chelsea, designed by Capt Francis Fowke, RE, who had designed the new South Kensington Museum (the V&A). MacLeod relinquished command in 1871 and was appointed Honorary Colonel of the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Volunteer Force\nBy the end of 1873 the corps had dwindled to 210 men in six companies and a recruiting campaign was held, which brought it back up to nine companies, including two (A and G) in Marylebone and one based at the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill, near Egham. When the 1st Sussex Engineers was raised in Eastbourne in 1890 it was attached to the 1st Middlesex until 1892 when it was transferred to the 1st Hampshire. The Tonbridge School Cadet Corps was affiliated with the 1st Middlesex in 1893. All the EVCs' titles were changed to simply 'Royal Engineers (Volunteers)' in 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Volunteer Force, Active service\nIn 1882 the 1st Middlesex offered a detachment for service in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882, which was accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Volunteer Force, Active service\nAfter Black Week in December 1899, the Volunteers were invited to send active service units to assist the Regulars in the Second Boer War. The 1st Middlesex Engineers sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks (ORs) to work with the Royal Engineers (RE). They embarked at Southampton aboard the Tintagel Castle with similar sections from 11 other EVCs on 10 March 1900. The ship arrived at Cape Town on 31 March. The detachments returned home after a year's service, but the 1st Middlesex sent a second detachment in 1901. Members of the 1st Middlesex also volunteered for other active service units, bringing the total of those who served in South Africa to two officers and 100 ORs, of whom five died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Middlesex Engineers provided the divisional engineers for the TF's 2nd London Division with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Territorial Force\nNos 2\u20134 Sections of the Telegraph Company were attached to and largely manned by the 4th\u20136th infantry brigades of the division. It was termed a Signal Company from 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Territorial Force\nTonbridge School Cadet Corps became part of the Junior Division of the Officers Training Corps, but the Royal Engineer Cadets (2nd London Division) continued to be affiliated to the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, Mobilisation\nWhen war was declared on 4 August 1914 most units of 2nd London Division had just reached camps at Perham Down to carry out annual training. They immediately returned to their HQs and mobilised. 3rd London Field Company went to Dover to carry out defence works, but by mid-August the whole division was concentrated at its war stations around St Albans. The Divisional Commander, RE (CRE) was Lieutenant-Colonel H.H. Taylor, who had his HQ at Gorhambury, 3rd Company was at Shafford's Farm, 4th Company at Gorhambury Park, and the Signal Company in billets in St Albans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August 1914, the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Later the 2nd Line were prepared for overseas service and 3rd Line units were raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, Mobilisation\nThe WO also decided that each infantry division should have an additional RE field company, to allow one for each brigade. For 2nd London Divisional Engineers this should have been the 1/6th London Company, but the 2/3rd Field Company had already been formed at Chelsea in October, and this took the place, so the 1/6th Company joined the 2/2nd London Division when it was formed. 2/3rd Field Co trained with the rest of the 2nd Line at St Albans until it was ready to go overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE\nShortly after mobilisation, elements of 2nd London Division went to France independently to reinforce the BEF fighting on the Western Front: 1/3rd London Fd Co left for Winchester in January 1915 to join the newly formed  28th Division, composed mainly of Regular units brought back from Colonial garrisons. 28th Division embarked at Southampton 15\u201318 January and took its place in the line. The company suffered its first casualties, including the officer commanding (OC), Major S.D. Sewell, killed while working in the line in the Ypres Salient. However, 1/3rd London Fd Co returned to 2nd London Division on 6 April 1915, before 28th Division went into large-scale action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE\n1/2nd London Division was chosen as one of the first complete TF formations to join the BEF. It began its move on 8 March 1915 and by 22 March had concentrated in the B\u00e9thune area. From the formation of the 2nd Line, the 1st Line Signal Company was commanded by Major Sir Lionel Alexander, Bart, from 23rd Bn London Regiment (and originally the Grenadier Guards). Once in France, although 'vaguely' under the divisional CRE, the company usually came under the control of Corps HQ, while the sections were with their brigades. On 11 May the division was designated as 47th (2nd London) Division, and the RE as  47th (London) Divisional RE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE\nThe division took over a section of the line near Festubert, and its infantry played a part in the Battle of Festubert. The sappers were engaged in improving trench systems, and suffered a steady trickle of casualties, including the OC of 1/4th London Fd Co, Major H.H.S. Marsh. 2/3rd London Field Company left St Albans on 22 June, embarked on the SS City of Dunkirk for Le Havre, and joined the rest of the divisional RE at N\u0153ux-les-Mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Loos\nThe division's first major offensive action was the Battle of Loos. The front lines were opposite Loos-en-Gohelle and on 27 August the divisional RE began work on a new start line. Each night an infantry battalion was brought up from N\u0153ux-les-Mines to dig under the supervision of the sappers, and 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) of trenches were dug in three weeks, including special recesses for gas cylinders. At 06.30 on 25 September, after a 40-minute discharge of poison gas, the infantry of 47th Division 'went over the top' accompanied by parties of sappers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Loos\nTwo sections from 1/3rd Fd Co were with 140th (4th London) Brigade and two from 1/4th Fd Co were with 141st (5th London) Brigade; two more sections of 1/3rd Fd Co were with 142nd (6th London) Brigade, which was only to make a demonstration. The remainder of the Divisional RE was in reserve. Casualties in the attack were moderate, and the division's two attacking brigades took their objectives with the exception of one strongpoint where the Germans held out for 48 hours. Major E.B. Blogg, OC of 1/4th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Loos\nFd Co, was awarded a Distinguished Service Order (DSO) after he went out under heavy shellfire to cut the electric leads to mines laid by the enemy under the church tower at Loos. However, the flanking divisions had not done as well, and 47th Division was forced to fight to hold onto its gains. After four days the frontline brigades were relieved, while 142nd Bde relieved part of the Guards Division, and in turn spent three days in the line. During this period the brigade signal office in a Loos cellar was blown in, causing casualties, but communication back to Divisional HQ was restored in about 10 minutes/", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Loos\nOnce the front line had settled down, signal lines were quickly laid from brigade HQs to battalion HQs and in some cases company HQs, while the motorcycle despatch riders (DRs) did good work on the exposed road into Loos. Maintaining communication from divisional HQ back to corps HQ proved more difficult, because wagon movements after dar continually disrupted the signal cables. The division was engaged on 8 October when heavy enemy counter-attacks were repulsed. IV Corps used 9000 Grenades in two-and-a-half hours, all of which had to be fused by the RE working under great pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Loos\n47th Division spent the winter of 1915\u201316 in the Loos salient, with the REs attempting to shore up trenches collapsing under incessant rain. The divisional RE built a new fire trench using Russian saps, but this was damaged by German mining. On 23 January British tunnellers blew 'Harrison Crater', but this did much damage to the British trenches. In attempting to seize and consolidate the crater, 1/4th Fd Co suffered heavy casualties and had to be relieved by 2/3rd Fd Co. The crater was lost later after a German retaliatory mine was fired. On 15 February the division was relieved and went into GHQ Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Loos\nFrom March to July the division was in the Vimy area, where there was intensive mining by both sides and the sappers were employed in consolidating the craters. Major Blogg was mortally wounded by a sniper in March and his successor was killed within a few days. On 3 May the British fired four mines north of 'Ersatz Avenue' trench forming three big craters, which were seized and consolidated by the 1/21st Londons and 2/3rd London Fd Co. One of these craters was named 'Love Crater' after Major Love, OC 2/3rd Fd Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Loos\nThe crater lips gave splendid observation over the German lines. On 21 May the Germans began an intensive bombardment of this area, extending into the British rear areas. The smoke and dust thrown up obscured observation for the British guns, and lachrymatory shells increased the confusion. After fours hours the Germans fired a mine and attacked in overwhelming numbers: they 'had little more to do that take possession of the 140th Brigade sector'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0019-0002", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Loos\nThe situation was so critical for a while that all three companies of 47th Divisional RE were brought up under the CRE, Lieutenant-Colonel Sydney D'Aguilar Crookshank, to man the trenches. In June 1/19th Londons carried out a trench raid, accompanied by sappers from 1/4th London Fd Co carrying  slabs of Gun-cotton to blow in dugouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, High Wood\nIn August the division moved to the Somme sector to join the British offensive, and began training for an attack at High Wood. This was made on 15 September, resulting in extremely heavy casualties; the RE went in with the attackers and 2/3rd London Fd Co were instrumental in consolidating the 'Starfish Line' after its capture on 18 September. 47th (2nd London) Division took part in further attacks on the Somme in October, capturing Eaucourt l'Abbaye before being relieved and sent to the Ypres Salient, where it spent the winter in trench warfare and raiding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, High Wood\nOn 1 February 1917 all TF RE companies received numbers; in 47th Divisional RE they were assigned as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, High Wood\nOn 20 February a party from 520th Fd Co and 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company accompanied 1/6th Londons in a successful trench raid near Hill 60, but a similar raid next month by 1/18th Londons and a detachment of 517th Fd Co turned into a pitched battle with heavy casualties. The division took part in the Battle of Messines in June, when a deep penetration was made into the enemy position and the signal company quickly established communications. 47th (2nd L) Division then remained in the Ypres Salient, with the sappers working under shellfire to prepare tracks and railways for the resumption of the Third Ypres Offensive (the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge) in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Bourlon Wood\n47th (2nd London) Division left the Ypres Salient on 21 September and travelled south to hold the line around Oppy and Gavrelle until November, where the infantry carried out a major trench raid on 4 November with RE demolition teams and signal parties in support. It then went to take over positions in Bourlon Wood that had been captured during the Battle of Cambrai. The relief was carried out under gas shelling, and on 30 November the division was hit by a fierce German counter-attack. Some of the RE acted as infantry reinforcing the hard-pressed 1/15th Londons, others as stretcher-bearers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Bourlon Wood\nAfter bitter fighting and heavy casualties, the division was ordered to retreat on the night of 4/5 December while the RE destroyed dugouts and equipment that could not be withdrawn, and the signallers recovered their cables. They were the last to leave the wood, blowing up the captured enemy guns that had not been taken away, and destroying the catacombs under Graincourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Spring Offensive\nThe German spring offensive broke on 47th Division's positions near Cambrai on 21 March 1918. Casualties were heavy, and the division was withdrawn that night, coordinated by the Signal Company's buried cable communications. It continued to be forced back the following day, and the field companies went into the line to reinforce the infantry, proving in the words of the divisional history 'that they were as good fighters as they were engineers'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 93], "content_span": [94, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Spring Offensive\nOn 24 March the Germans threatened the retreat of the divisional transport, but the divisional RE and pioneer battalion defended the road until it could withdraw, causing heavy casualties to the attackers. By now the division had no cable communications and had to rely on despatch riders: its OC, Major W.F. Bruce, took vital messages up to the brigade HQs in person, and was captured. The division crossed the Ancre on 25/26 March, and got one day's rest before going back to improve the defence  line. On the night of 3/4 April a party of 518th Fd Co went out with an infantry fighting patrol to destroy Black Horse Bridge. On 5 April the Germans made a heavy attack on the division, but were held after desperate fighting. 47th Division was finally relieved on 8/9 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 93], "content_span": [94, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Hundred Days\n47th (2nd London) Division occupied a quiet part of the line until August while it rested and absorbed drafts, though there was plenty of work for the sappers digging new trenches and constructing concrete machine gun positions and dugouts. The division joined in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive on 22 August, meeting strong opposition, but captured its objectives after a night attack on 23/24 August. The advance continued from 31 August to 2 September. The CRE had his sappers and pioneers hard on the heels of the advancing infantry, who ended this phase by constructing crossings over the Canal du Nord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Hundred Days\nBy now the division was very weak, and it was withdrawn to prepare to relieve another division from the Italian Front. However, the Germans on the Western Front were retreating quickly, and 47th (2nd L) Division was brought back to the line to hasten their departure. The RE spent much time repairing roads and bridges to allow the transport to keep up with the advance. The division masked Lille for 10 days and then took the outer forts with little opposition on 16 October. It took part in th official entry into the city on 28 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Hundred Days\nOn 8 November the enemy evacuated Tournai, the sappers built footbridges over the Scheldt and began work on a heavy trestle bridge. The 1st Engineer Company of the Portuguese Army was attached to the division at this time. The Armistice with Germany took effect on 11 November, and the division concentrated round Tournai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE, Hundred Days\nWhile awaiting demobilisation, the division repaired the Tournai\u2013Ath railway, and then settled down into winter quarters around B\u00e9thune, where it had originally concentrated in 1915. The first parties left for England in early January, and by 28 March all the units had been reduced to cadre strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE\nMajor R.Q. Henriques, OC of 4th London Field Company, was promoted to CRE of the 2/2nd Division and began recruiting at the Duke of York's HQ in early September 1914. The divisional RE particularly sought artisans and volunteers from various local engineering works and gained a number of recruits who had returned to the UK from engineering jobs overseas in order to volunteer. Training was carried out with borrowed tools and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE\nBy November four companies each of 250 men had been enlisted: 2/3rd, 3/3rd, 2/4th and 1/6th, of which the 2/3rd was despatched as the third field company for the 47th Division at St Albans (see above). At the new year the division moved into billets in Surrey, with the RE companies at Nutfield, where they practised entrenching in a field. The whole division took part in digging anti-invasion defences along the Surrey Hills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0028-0002", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE\nIn March 1915 the division had to send large drafts to bring the 1st Line division up to establishment before it proceeded overseas; a further vigorous recruiting campaign was therefore carried out. The 2/2nd London Division then took the place of the 1st Line in the St Albans area, with the RE at Radlett and Shenley. The division moved to Bishops Stortford in May, where training was pushed forward. In August 1915 the division was numbered as 60th (2/2nd London) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE\nIn January 1916 the 60th Division moved to the Warminster training area on Salisbury Plain, based at Sutton Veny. It  built a complete trench system and practised trench warfare. On 24 April a warning order to proceed overseas was received, and on 21 June the division began embarking for Le Havre, concentrating near Arras on 29 June. From now on the field companies generally accompanied the infantry brigades: 2/4th with 179th (2/4th London) Brigade, 1/6th with 180th (2/5th London), and 3/3rd with 181st (2/6th London).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE\nThe division was attached to 51st (Highland) Division for its introduction to trench warfare, and then took over the line on its on account in mid-July. The whole area was overlooked by the enemy on Vimy Ridge and was honeycombed with mine galleries and mine craters. Fresh mines were regularly blown, each followed by a fight over possession of the crater lips involving both infantry and sappers. The division was also active in trench raiding. Autumn rains damaged the trenches and created much work for the sappers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Salonika\n60th (2/2nd London) Division had been earmarked to join in the Somme Offensive, but instead was switched to the Macedonian front. This required the RE companies to reorganise with pack mule transport rather than horse-drawn wagons. The CRE and 2/4th Fd Co left in the first ship from Marseille, SS Translyvania, and reached Salonika with 179th Bde on 30 November. The rest of the division followed by mid-December, while 179th Bde and 2/4th Fd Co were sent to guard the southwestern approaches to Salonika: the sappers had to repair the railway to allow their train to proceed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Salonika\nThe company then spent the next three months constructing a pier at Skala Vromeria, defences to cover the Petra Pass, and the requisite roads including 'Chelsea Bridge' (built by 2/4th Fd Co and a working party of  the 2nd London Scottish). At the end of 1916 the rest of the divisional RE  moved up to the main line, 1/6th Fd Co joining 180th Bde south of Lake Doiran, 3/3rd Fd Co and 181 Bde arriving last, east of the Lake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Salonika\nThe field companies in 60th Divisional RE were now assigned numbers as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Salonika\nOn the Doiran front 60th Division began a policy of vigorous raiding of Bulgarian outposts. For example, on the evening of 17 February 181st Bde attacked the village of Brest, evicting the garrison and holding it all night while an RE demolition party rendered it untenable. Each time the Bulgarians repaired the defences, the brigade raided Brest and the Hodza Redoubt, taking prisoners and causing destruction. At the end of March 179 Bde and 521st Fd Co rejoined the division, which took up new positions for the opening of the Spring offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Salonika\nOn 5 April German Gotha bombers raided Karasuli, catching a column of waggons waiting to load up with RE stores: only one man was wounded but all the waggons and mules were destroyed. The Allies launched their offensive (the Battle of Doiran at the end of April, with 60th Division carrying out a diversionary raid on the night of 24/25 April against 'The Nose'. The infantry of 2/20th Londons were accompanied by sappers of 519th Fd Co carrying Bangalore torpedoes to breach the barbed wire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Salonika\nThey were caught by searchlights while negotiating the gaps in the wire, and only one party was able to dash through into the Bulgarian trenches. Here they fought off counter-attacks while the sappers carried out demolitions before withdrawing; casualties were severe. For the second phase of the battle on 8/9 May 179th Bde carried out a surprise attack accompanied by 521st Fd Co. All five objectives were taken without serious resistance, and the gains were extended the following morning and then counter-attacks were beaten back on 10 May while the sappers and pioneers consolidated the ground won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Palestine\nThe fighting died down in later May, and on 1 June 60th Division was given new orders: it was to re-embark on 12 June, bound for Egypt to reinforce the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF). After arriving in Alexandria on 3 July the engineers had to reorganise for wheeled and camel transport, followed by desert training. Lieutenant-Colonel C.B. Thomson took over as CRE on 27 August. On 30 October the 60th Division concentrated for the Third Battle of Gaza and took part in the attack on Beersheba the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Palestine\nThe division advanced with two brigades (179th and 181st), each accompanied by its field company, the third field company being held ready to move into Beersheba at short notice. The town fell to the Desert Mounted Corps, and 519th and 521st Fd Cos entered the town to get the water supply going: only two of 17 wells had been destroyed, though the remainder were prepared for demolition. The Sheria position, with its water supply, was taken on 6\u20137 November after a 15 miles (24\u00a0km) march across the desert and a pre-dawn attack, and Huj was taken on 8 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Palestine\nAfter a rest, the division marched again in the operation to capture Jerusalem, advancing on 8 December with 179th Bde and a section of 521st Fd Co leading the attack on the right, 180th Bde with 519th Fd Co on the left, and 181st Bde and 522nd Fd Co in reserve. As 179th Bde's columns advanced, RE parties with pioneers were dropped off at intervals to improve the muddy track and direct the follow-up troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0036-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Palestine\nDespite bad weather, the attacks were successful in driving back the Turks, and on 9 December the city's civilian leaders surrendered it to two sergeants of 2/19th Londons. The division then had to defend its gains against fierce Turkish counter-attacks (22\u201328 December) before resuming its advance to positions from which it could cover the city during the next pause in operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Palestine\nEarly in February the division began advancing on Jericho, advancing as three independent brigade groups with their usual RE companies attached (the RE detachment with 180th Bde in the centre was specially tasked with repairing culverts). After preliminary moves on 14 February, the brigades attacked on 18 February and by 21 February had fought their way over very bad ground to within 7 miles (11\u00a0km) of Jericho, and the town was captured next day by the ANZAC Mounted Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Palestine\n60th Division was now tasked with crossing the River Jordan in order to raid the enemy's communications around Amman: it was to cross at Ghoraniyeh, one of two bridging sites that had been identified. 521st Field Co extemporised rafts of timber, wire netting and tarpaulin to get infantry across and then form the basis for an infantry assault bridge. However, the floodwater prevented them being launched on the nights of 21/22 or 22/23 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Palestine\nThe first infantry only got across on 23 March after the Anzacs had already crossed, 521st's assault bridge then being quickly followed by a barrel pier constructed by 519th Fd Co and by a pontoon bridge by the army's bridging train. 522nd Field Co then began to build a heavy timber trestle bridge on 25 March, but the rising floodwater caused this to be abandoned on 29 March. Instead 522 Fd Co built a suspension bridge between 1 and 18 April after cables had been brought from Egypt. A second raid lasting from 30 April to 4 May was launched from this bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Palestine\nThe EEF now had to provide urgent reinforcements to counter the German Spring Offensive on the Western Front. 60th Division was 'Indianised' and about three-quarters of its London infantry battalions went to France, to be replaced with Indian Army units. In the Divisional RE, 522nd Fd Co went to 7th (Meerut) Division on 18 July 1918, and No 1 Company, King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners joined in exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Megiddo\nThe final offensive in Palestine (the Battle of Megiddo) began on 19 September, with 60th and 7th (Meerut) Divisions rapidly breaking through along the coastal plain to capture Tulkarm and Tabsor respectively, opening a gap for the cavalry to exploit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE, Megiddo\nThe pursuit after the battle was a cavalry affair, and 60th Division was left behind on battlefield salvage work, while 7th (Meerut) Division participated in the advance across the Jordan to Baalbek. The Armistice with Turkey came into force on 31 October. By 26 November the whole of 60th Division was back in Alexandria, where the RE carried out various engineering tasks while demobilisation got under way. At one point 519th Fd Co was put under orders to proceed to Russia, but these were cancelled. Units were progressively reduced to cadre, and the division was disbanded on 31 May 1919. 7th (Meerut) Division remained as part of the occupation force in Palestine until its units were dispersed in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 3/2nd London Engineers\nOnce it became clear that the 2/2nd London Division would be sent overseas, its units began forming a 3rd Line to continue the role of training reinforcement drafts for overseas service and to take over the men who had enlisted for Home Service only. In mid-1915 the 3/2nd London Divisional Engineers came into being at Chelsea, with the 2/6th, 3/4th and 4/3rd London Field Companies and the 3/2nd London Signal Company. They moved for training to Sandown Park Racecourse, with the 3/1st London Divisional Engineers billeted nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 3/2nd London Engineers\n3/2nd Signal Company then moved a short way to join other signal units for specialist training at Oatlands Park, with Company HQ at Stafford Lodge and the cable wagons and horses in the stables of the Oatlands Park Hotel. Early on the strength of the 3rd Line units was fairly high, but significant numbers of officers and NCOs were detached on the staff, as clerks or as draughtsmen, and there was continual turnover of personnel as drafts were sent to the 1st and 2nd Lines and others posted back to Home Establishment. In February 1917, in common  with the rest of the TF RE units, the field companies were numbered:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, First World War, 3/2nd London Engineers\nAt the end of 1917 Sandown Park was required for other purposes, so the units moved to houses nearby, and the sappers practised dry bridging and field works in Oxshott Woods, with attachments to Brightlingsea for wet bridging and pontoon work. By Christmas 1917 the demand for drafts had depleted the units, which were reduced to a single company (525th Reserve Fd Co). This in turn was disbanded in early 1918, with a final draft of 140 sappers being sent to France and all remaining horse transport drivers being sent to the RE depot at Aldershot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Interwar years\n47th (2nd London) Division began to reform at home on 16 February 1920. At first, the divisional RE was to reform as two battalions: 3 and 4 Bns (2 London), then only 3 Bn was proceeded with. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the battalion idea was dropped and the divisional RE adopted the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Interwar years\nThe signal company transferred to the new Royal Corps of Signals as 47th (2nd London) Divisional Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Interwar years\nIn the coal strike of April 1921 a Defence Force was formed, drawing its personnel from the TA, many of whom did not rejoin the unit after the political crisis had ended. Recruitment was also hampered by the migration of working Londoners away from Chelsea. Mechanisation of the unit began in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Interwar years\nTo meet the growing threat of air attack, a number of TA units began to be converted to the anti-aircraft (AA) role during the 1930s. On 16 December 1935, 47th (2nd London) Divisional HQ was redesignated 1st AA Division, and a number of London infantry battalions were converted. The remaining battalions and the divisional assets were pooled under 56th (1st London) Divisional HQ, which became simply the London Division; 47th Division provided the divisional RE of the merged formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, Mobilisation\nFollowing the Munich Crisis, the TA was doubled in size. As a result, the London Division became the 1st London Division and created the 2nd London Division in August 1939. These two formations would be renumbered as the 56th (London) and 47th (London), respectfully. Their RE organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, Battle of France\n1st London Division was not sent to join the new British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France, but most of its divisional RE went independently and did serve in the Battle of France: 221 Fd Co joined I Corps Troops, Royal Engineers (I CTRE) and 222 Fd Co joined II CTRE, while 223 Fd Park Co (less its bridging section) was with Force X, a group of TA RE units working on the BEF's lines of communication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, Battle of France\nThe three companies mobilised at Hurst Park Racecourse and then embarked for France in October 1939. The engineers spent the Phoney War period working on defensive positions. 223 Field Park Co with Force X was building reinforced concrete pillboxes along the Franco-Belgian frontier. I CTRE attached 221 Fd Co to 1st Division as an additional field company. Its role on the outbreak of hostilities, in conjunction with 1st Division's bridging section, was to open the road from Tournai to Brussels and maintain an important canal crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0050-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, Battle of France\nWhen the German offensive in the west opened on 10 May 1940, the BEF abandoned the frontier defences and advanced into Belgium in accordance with 'Plan D'. 221 Field Co found itself in the lead, advancing ahead of the scouting armoured cars. Similarly 222 Field Co had been assigned by II CTRE to assist 3rd Division and went forward to blow the Dyle bridges round Louvain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, Battle of France\nShortly afterwards the German Army broke through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again, and by 19 May the whole force was back across the Escaut and then went back to the so-called 'Canal Line'. 221 Field Co was tasked with destroying bridges along a 10\u00a0km stretch of the Brussels\u2013Charleroi Canal to delay the German advance, then to prepare a 'stop line' on the La Bass\u00e9e Canal. 222 Field Co also fell back, destroying bridges as it went.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, Battle of France\nDuring the retreat to the Escaut a dangerous gap opened up between the BEF and the French to the south. The GHQ assembled a scratch force at Orchies to fill this gap under the command of the Director of Military Intelligence, Major-General Noel Mason-MacFarlane, and known as 'Macforce'. It was formed around 127th (Manchester) Brigade with some artillery and supporting services; 223 Fd Pk Co was assigned from X Force to Macforce, working on emergency defences. By 23 May the French had filled the dangerous gap in the line, so Macforce was shifted north to the Forest of Nieppe to extend the Canal Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, Battle of France\nBy 26 May the BEF was cut off and the decision was made to evacuate it through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo), with II Corps acting as flank guard against the German penetration where the Belgian Army had surrendered, and I Corps acting as rearguard, its sappers blowing bridges and cratering roads to form a defensive perimeter", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, Battle of France\n221 Field Co moved down to Dunkirk and destroyed its vehicles and stores before boarding a variety of vessels. One party was on the Queen of the Channel, which was bombed and sunk on 28 May: the passengers and crew were picked up and taken to England aboard the Dorrien Rose. Another party from the company arrived the following day on HMS Greyhound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0054-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, Battle of France\n222 Field Co reached Bray-Dunes on 30 May and also embarked on several vessels, most on HMS Calcutta, which landed them at Sheerness next day, the OC's party and several field park personnel aboard HMS Halcyon, which landed them at Dover. 223 Field Park Co was evacuated in small parties from the open beaches east of Dunkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE\nApart from a composite section from 220 and 501 Fd Cos that saw action in the Norwegian Campaign, the divisional engineers had been training round Tunbridge Wells in Kent during the winter. They moved to Tenterden in May, and after the Dunkirk evacuation were engaged in constructing anti-invasion defences along the South Coast. 221 Field Co reassembled under I CTRE at Newark, but in June 1st London was converted from a motor to an infantry division, and required a third field company, so 221 rejoined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE\n1st London Division held the critical south-east corner of England throughout the period of greatest invasion threat. The divisional engineers worked closely with the Petroleum Warfare Department, installing flame installations on beaches at Dumpton Gap and Deal. 563 Field Park Co built the first flame-projector mounted on a Universal Carrier, which was later developed into the 'Wasp' and the Churchill Crocodile. On 18 November 1st London Division was redesignated 56th (London) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE\nFrom November 1940, 56th (L) Division alternated with 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, being based at Maidstone and the Medway towns until February 1941 and then again from June. In November 1941 the division drove through London to join XI Corps in East Anglia. The division was now fully equipped and undergoing intensive training. In May 1942 the divisional RE attended a bridging camp at Wallingford, Oxfordshire, and in June the division was ordered to mobilise for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Middle East\nDuring August 1942 the division moved to the embarkation ports of Liverpool and Glasgow, and sailed for the Middle East on 25 August. The fast troop convoy reached South Africa safely, but the slow convoy carrying guns and vehicles was heavily attacked by U-boats off the coast of West Africa and lost several ships. From South Africa most of the troops sailed to Bombay, while the RE drivers were sent to Egypt to collect the vehicles that had escaped the U-boats, which arrived at Suez in December. The main. body sailed from Bombay to Basra in Iraq on 4 November and then by road and rail to Kirkuk where they were joined by the drivers who had brought the transport overland from Suez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Middle East\n56th Divisional RE spent the spring of 1943 training for mountain warfare, particularly bridging ravines. In March, 168th (2nd London) Brigade accompanied by 501 Fd Co was detached to Palestine. Then the rest of the division began an overland drive to join Eighth Army in Tunisia, driving some 3,200 miles (5,100\u00a0km) between 18 March and 19 April. An advanced party of RE officers and NCOs had gone forward earlier (covering 1,330 miles (2,140\u00a0km) in four days) to be attached to 51st (Highland) Infantry Division for battle experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Tunisia\nOn 22 April 201 Guards Motor Brigade joined the division as temporary replacement for 168 Bde, bringing with it 42 Fd Co, which became part of divisional RE for the rest of the year. Next day 56th (London) Division went into action for the first time at Enfidaville. The infantry were roughly handled, and the divisional RE suffered its first casualties, from shellfire and mines. The final attack on Tunis (Operation Strike) began on 6 May, the division meeting strong resistance before the Germans surrendered on 12 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0060-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Tunisia\n56th Divisional RE built its first operational bridge (a Small Box Girder (SBG) bridge) just before the end of the fighting. By the end of the month division had been pulled back to Tripoli to train for the invasion of Italy. Divisional RE lost 10 men to an accident with Bangalore torpedoes, while Sapper Robert Southall of 221 Fd Co won a George Medal for gallantry while clearing mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Sicily\nWhile the rest of 56th (London) Division trained for the assault on mainland Italy, 168 Bde and 501 Fd Co took a leading part in the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) with 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division. The company had trained at the Combined Operations Training Centre at the Great Bitter Lake in Egypt, then sailed in convoy from Alexandria. 168 Brigade Group landed on 13 July (D+3), after the rest of the division had taken its objectives; 501 Fd Co disembarked dryshod on the quay at Syracuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0061-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Sicily\nThe company was involved in 168 Bde's failed night attack beyond Primosole Bridge on 17/18 July, and later built a Folding Boat Equipment (FBE) bridge across the River Dittano there. It was then set to clearing mines and suffered several casualties. The retreating Germans had destroyed the cliff road at Taormina, and while XXX Corps Troops, Royal Engineers bridged the gap and a tunnelling company of the Royal Canadian Engineers excavated the cliff, 2 and 3 Platoons of 501 Fd Co were tasked with mine clearance on the beach below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0061-0002", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Sicily\nWhile reconnoitring forward they became involved in a firefight with a German patrol. The other two platoons were landed north of Taormina to begin clearance from the other side. 50th (N) Division reached Messina on 17 August, when 168 Bde Group left the division. 501 Field Co constructed an SBG bridge and prepared launching points for the assault crossing of the Straits of Messina (Operation Baytown) on 3 September. After the beachhead had been secured and Eighth Army began driving north, 168 Bde and 510 Fd Co crossed over to travel overland to rejoin 56th (L) Division, which had landed at Salerno on 9 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Operation Avalanche\n56th (London) Division landed as the right hand half of X Corps at Salerno before dawn on 9 September 1943 in Operation Avalanche. There were few beach defences, but once ashore there was plenty of work for the sappers. 503 (London) Fd Co (see below) was also present with one of the beach groups landed immediately after the first infantry waves. Bulldozer drivers from 220 Fd Co towed out seven bogged-down Sherman tanks of the Royal Scots Greys on the first morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 91], "content_span": [92, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0062-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Operation Avalanche\n221 Field Co sent a party to Montecorvino Airfield to disarm suspected demolition charges, but got involved in a firefight: the airfield was not fully cleared for several days. 563 Field Park Co came ashore during the morning and had a stores dump organised by evening. Sapper F. Martin of 563 Fd Park Co won a Military Medal (MM) for his work with a D7 armoured bulldozer, during which he was badly wounded. There was bitter fighting for 10 days along the Salerno beachhead: on 12 September 220 Fd Co took up defensive positions with its brigade when a German counter-attack threatened to break through, and on 14 September both 220 and 221 Fd Cos acted as infantry and took heavy casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 91], "content_span": [92, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Operation Avalanche\nOn 22 September the Allies broke out and X Corps headed north towards Naples. Meanwhile, the divisional reconnaissance unit (44th Reconnaissance Regiment) sent a mixed pursuit force, including a platoon of 220 Fd Co, eastward along Highway 18 to make contact with Eighth Army advancing from the south. It was held up by demolitions at Battipaglia, so 220 Fd Co built the first Bailey bridge on this front. There was another blown bridge 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) further on, so 220 Fd Co constructed a bypass while 221 Fd Co began work on a second Bailey bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 91], "content_span": [92, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0063-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Operation Avalanche\nOn X Corps' main axis of advance over the Sorrento Peninsula another platoon of 220 worked 'feverishly' to repair a damaged mountain road, and road clearance and repair became a major job as the force advanced across the plain of Naples. The retreating Germans had blown every bridge across the River Sarno for 8 miles (13\u00a0km) inland, but 56th Division captured an intact bridge at San Mauro and continued past Naples to Capua, where the Germans were making a stand on the River Volturno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 91], "content_span": [92, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Volturno and Garigliano\nThe attempt to cross the Volturno began with a feint attack at Capua by 201 Guards Bde using assault boats, which was repulsed, but the neighbouring divisions got across, and 56th (L) crossed by a US-built bridge. The RE then set to work to build additional bridges, the main one being a Class 30 (30 ton load) Bailey pontoon, the first of its kind to be built operationally under fire, and something 56th Divisional Engineers had never tackled before. It became a joint effort of 220 Fd Co, 270 Fd Co from 46th Division and a corps RE company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 95], "content_span": [96, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0064-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Volturno and Garigliano\n168 Bde Group, including 501 Fd Co, rejoined 56th (L) Division at Caserta during these operations. After the Volturno, X Corps made rapid progress up Highway 6 until it reached the Bernhardt Line in the mountains round Monte Camino. The sappers built jeep tracks through the mountains, but there was bitter fighting on Monte Camino itself that lasted until its capture on 9 December, when the division was rested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 95], "content_span": [96, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Volturno and Garigliano\nThe next obstacle in front of X Corps was the lower Garigliano river south of Monte Cassino. 56th (London) Division's attack on the night of 17 January launched the Battle of Monte Cassino. Many assault boats were sunk in the crossing, but the divisional RE built and operated rafts of varying types: 501 Fd Co providing a Class 40 Bailey pontoon ferry powered by eight outboard motors, which operated for a week without being hit by the enemy's accurate mortar fire. Two nights later construction began on a Class 40 Bailey pontoon bridge, which was completed by the evening of 20 January. However, fierce counter-attacks prevented X Corps from advancing far beyond the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 95], "content_span": [96, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Anzio\nOn 30 January 168 Bde (with 501 Fd Co) was about to resume the offensive on the Garigliano when it was hurriedly withdrawn to reinforce the landing further up the coast at Anzio, which had run into trouble. On 6 February the rest of 56th Division (less 201 Gds Bde and 42 Fd Co, which now left the division) was also withdrawn from the Gariglianao and landed as reinforcements at Anzio. Much of the work for the sappers consisted of repairing roads in the bridgehead, including quarrying the necessary stone, all under heavy artillery and air bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0066-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Anzio\nThere was also a programme of laying defensive wire and minefields. The infantry were continually engaged, and by 25 February were down to less than half strength, so the engineers had to go into the fighting line while enemy counter-attacks were repulsed. On 9 March the exhausted division and 501 Fd Co were evacuated from Anzio, but 220 and 221 Fd Cos remained behind working on roads and quarrying until 18 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Anzio\n56th Division now went back to Egypt for rest. While driving south to Taranto to embark, the divisional engineers spent a day bulldozing the road clear of volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. On arrival at Port Said the division went into camp, leave was granted, and RE training resumed at various locations in Palestine and Syria. On 10 July the refitted division left Port Said to return to Taranto, from where it was sent to join V Corps with Eighth Army on the Adriatic coast of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Gothic Line\nMassive engineering works were required in preparation for Eighth Army's assault on the Gothic Line (Operation Olive), including opening up two heavily demolished roads and erecting 40 separate Bailey bridges, of which 220 and 510 Fd Cos built one apiece near Pergola. V Corps opened the attack on 25 August, and by 1 September the Gothic Line had been cracked open, but 56th (L) Division coming up from reserve still had hard fighting at Monte Capello, Montefiore Conca village and the Gemmano ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0068-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Gothic Line\nDuring the Battle of Gemmano one RE bulldozer was forced by a German counter-attack to retreat down the ridge at speed, towing out a bogged jeep ambulance as it went. Eventually, 56th (L) Division bypassed the Gemmano ridge and crossed the Conca river, and finally took Gemmano village on 9 September. After a short rest, the division advanced on 16 September and fought its way to the swollen  Fiumicino river by the beginning of October. At Savignano 501", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0068-0002", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Gothic Line\nFd Co built a major bridge nicknamed 'Itsonitsoff' because the operation was 'on' and 'off' so many times during the week of fighting to secure the bridging site. By 7 October 56th (L) Division was exhausted and withdrawn, together with 563 Fd Park Co, while the field companies and 563's bridging platoon remained working in the line a few days longer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Argenta Gap\nIn the middle of December the division returned to the line, moving via Forl\u00ec to Faenza, where it spent the winter months, divisional RE working on road maintenance, mine clearance, and repairing the floodbanks of the River Lamone. For 56th (L) Division the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy began on 5 April with an operation to clear a triangle of ground between the River Reno and the south-west corner of Comacchio Lagoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0069-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Argenta Gap\n220 Field Co built a Class 40 and a Class 12 raft at dusk, ready to be towed into position, when No 1 Platoon would cross with the infantry. Then 221 and 501 Fd Cos were to build a Bailey pontoon bridge at dawn the following day. The infantry assault went in at 23.00 and early on 6 April a tug pulled the Class 40 raft up, to be loaded with a bulldozer. Unfortunately there were still Germans dug in on the far bank, who sank the raft with an anti-tank (A/T) rocket, the dozer driver being drowned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0069-0002", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Argenta Gap\nIn the subsequent firefight and recovery attempts led by the CRE, Lieutenant-Colonel R.E.C. Hughes, the OCs of  220, 501 and 563 Cos, and the Regimental Sergeant Major all became casualties. After a tank shelled the Germans, the post surrendered to Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes. The sappers then cleared dozens of mines from the approaches to allow the 282 feet (86\u00a0m) pontoon bridge to be built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Argenta Gap\nOn the night of 10/11 April 56th Division launched Operation Impact Plain to widen the bridgehead and open the 'Argenta Gap', for which the divisional RE had been reinforced by a company of the African Pioneer Corps and by Royal Army Service Corps troops transporting bridging equipment and dozers, and driving tipper lorries. Prior to the assault 56th Divisional RE built two Bailey bridges to allow amphibious LVTs known as 'Fantails' to reach their assembly area, then following behind the advance built several bridges across the network of irrigation and drainage canals. On 15 April 501", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0070-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Argenta Gap\nFd Co put up a 160 feet (49\u00a0m) FBE bridge and 221 Fd Co a 70 feet (21\u00a0m) Bailey. 56th Division renewed the attack that day, and on 16 April it took Bastia in Operation Impact Royal. However, it was held up at the Marina Canal. During 17 April 501 Fd Co was employed making a diversion route across country to the canal. Next day the divisional RE began to dam the canal, but handed the work over to 8th Army Troops RE in order to keep up with its division as the advance accelerated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Argenta Gap\nOn 25 April the division reached the River Po. This was a formidable obstacle, but 56th (L) Division planned to make an assault crossing that night using LVTs and storm boats, while 220 and 221 Fd Cos built and operated three Class 9 close support rafts and two Class 40 rafts; there was also a Class 50/60 raft built and operated by H Assault Squadron of 2nd Armoured Regiment, RE. 501 Field Co supported 169 Bde in the assault and built ramps for the LVTs. In the event the infantry got across by storm boat in the afternoon to occupy Crespino, and the river assault after nightfall was almost unopposed. The Class 50/60 raft had arrived without motors, so the engines from close support rafts had to be used for it, reducing the number available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Argenta Gap\nThe division pushed on to the Adige, where 501 Fd Co found a suitable bridging site  near Rovigo and began a 392 feet (119\u00a0m) pontoon Bailey, which it then handed over to 221 Fd Co and 564 Fd Co of V Corps Troops RE for completion. 56th (London) Division and 2nd New Zealand Division were given the task of capturing Venice, which they did on 28 April after a brief action. The war in Italy ended on 2 May with the Surrender of Caserta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 56th (London) Divisional RE, Argenta Gap\n56th (London) Divisional RE remained in the area of Trieste and Pula, building camps, frontier posts and hospitals, until they were disbanded in the summer of 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 47th (London) Divisional RE\nThe 2nd Line divisional RE mobilised with its HQ at the Duke of York's HQ and its men scattered around houses in Cadogan Gardens, Chelsea. The recruits had at least benefited from attendance at the 1st Line's 1939 summer camp. Almost immediately, 501 Fd Co formed at Chelsea transferred to 1st London Division, the other 2nd Line companies forming at New Barnet. While under training there, 503 Fd Co laid a water main to nearby Hatfield House to allow it to be used as an emergency hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0075-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 47th (London) Divisional RE\nIn January 1940 the companies moved to St Albans, and then each was given responsibility for bomb disposal across a county: 502 Cambridgeshire, 503 Northamptonshire, 504 Bedfordshire. They were then moved round the Midlands until June when they accompanied the division to South Wales on anti-invasion duty (HQRE at Hay-on-Wye, 502 at Carmarthen, 503 at Porthcawl and 504 at Skenfrith). The division was  converted from a motor to an infantry division, requiring an additional field company, and was joined by 222 Fd Co. After Dunkirk, see above 222 Fd Co had reformed with the rest of II CTRE at Blandford Camp in Dorset, going into billets round Sutton Veny in Wiltshire; it now moved to  a tented camp at Kington, Herefordshire, to join the 2nd London Division.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0076-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 47th (London) Divisional RE\nAs part of the anti-invasion preparations, the companies were set to manufacturing 'Molotov cocktail' petrol bombs in large quantities for the Home Guard. In the autumn they were moved into winter quarters: 222 at Leominster, 502 at Stourbridge and 504 at Rugeley; 503 remained at Skenfrith with the field park under cover at Blackbrook House. On 21 November the 2nd London Division officially became 47th (London) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0076-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 47th (London) Divisional RE\nIn February 1941 it moved to the South Coast of England, with HQRE at Hurstpierpoint and the companies with their brigade groups: 222 at Haywards Heath then Worthing, 502 at Chichester, 503 at Withdean and 504 at Billingshurst. The sappers were tasked with re-laying and plotting the minefields that had been hurriedly laid during the previous summer's invasion scare, and suffered some casualties from this dangerous work. They also demolished coastal bungalows to improve fields of fire, and installed hidden bridges round RAF Tangmere to allow for rapid counter-attack in case it was attacked by enemy paratroops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0076-0002", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 47th (London) Divisional RE\nIn July the division was moved back from the coast into reserve, with HQRE at West Hoathly, 222 at Cuckfield, 502 at Goodwood, 503 at Chelwood Gate, and 504 at Crawley with Three Bridges railway station yard as its stores depot. The sappers constructed a divisional battle HQ in the grounds of Knepp Castle near West Grinstead, while the field park set up a production line for blackout screens. The winter quarters that year were at Winchester (HQRE, with 222 at Cottesmore School), Sparsholt (502 at Northwood House), Sheffield Park (503) and Bishop's Waltham (504, with the station sidings for the RE dump).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0077-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 47th (London) Divisional RE\nIn December 1941 the division was placed on a lower establishment, though still with an operational role in Home Forces. 503 Field Co left on 29 November 1941 (see below), and 504 Fd Park Co was reduced to field stores section in January 1942. In January 1943 502 Fd Co moved to 80th Infantry (Reserve) Division in North Wales; it later transferred to 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division and remained with it in the UK until the end of the war. By now 47th (London) Divisional RE consisted solely of 222 Fd Co. It was joined by a new 601 Fd Co on 5 February and by 179 Fd Co (which had served as a tunnelling company in Gibraltar) on 8 February. 179 Field Co left the division on 22 September 1943 and was replaced by 507 Fd Co from 148 Bde Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0078-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 47th (London) Divisional RE\nOn 2 October 1943 222 Fd Co left (see below), breaking the last link between the division and its original London engineers. In January 1944 the division was downgraded to reserve status, but it was given a third field company once more when 93 Fd Co (converted from a chemical warfare company) joined on 20 April 1944. However, on 30 July 1944 all three field companies (93, 507, 610) and the field stores section left (probably disbanded), and 47th (London) Division was dispersed in August 1944. 76th Infantry (Reserve) Division was redesignated 47th Infantry (Reserve) Division on 1 September, bringing with it 250 (East Anglian) Fd Co together with a field stores platoon. Finally, 507 Fd Co returned on 29 January 1945, together with 649 Fd Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0079-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron\nIn October 1943 222 Fd Co left 47th (L) Division and was converted into an Assault Squadron to join 42nd Assault Regiment, RE, in 1st Assault Brigade, RE, of 79th Armoured Division at Aldeburgh in Suffolk. The rest of the regiment comprised Lancashire RE squadrons from the disbanded 42nd Armoured Division. The regiment was to be equipped with the Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). 222 Assault Sqn was joined by about 40 tank drivers from the Royal Armoured Corps and began training at Orford Battle Area. Although the regiment trained hard in its new role, it was not until April 1944 that the first production Churchill AVREs arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0080-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron\n42nd Assault Rgt was not committed on D Day, and remained in reserve, with 222 Assault Sqn quartered at Woodbridge, moving in July 1944 to Worthing for final training before embarkation. It landed at Juno Beach on 17 August and for the next week the whole of 1st Assault Bde was concentrated at the River Orne for training on the new Class 50/60 tank raft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0081-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Le Havre\n42nd Assault Rgt went into action in Operation Astonia to capture Le Havre on the evening of 10 September. Each attacking infantry brigade was supported by an assault team from 79th Armoured Division: a mixed group of Churchill AVREs, Sherman Crab mine flails and Churchill Crocodile flamethrowing tanks. Part of 222 Assault Sqn provided AVREs for 56 Bde while 2 Troop was with 146 Bde, both of 49th (West Riding) Division. Three of the chosen lanes of attack crossed the fortress's A/T ditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0081-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Le Havre\nFor these the regiment employed bridgelayer tanks and the AVRE 'Conger' mine clearance device (a flexible hose filled with liquid explosive) for its first use in action. An AVRE of 222 Assault Sqn deployed an older AVRE 'Snake' (utilising a rigid pipe instead of a flexible pipe), but this exploded as it was pushed across the ditch. The AVRE was then put out of action reversing over a mine, and the following bridgelaying AVRE also struck a mine. Thus the 'Hazel' lane through the defences had to be abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0081-0002", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Le Havre\nIn another lane the SBG bridge on the AVRE was hit and fell. A reserve bridge was brought up but was hit 500 yards (460\u00a0m) from the ditch. The AVRE crew dismounted and under heavy fire succeeded after 20 minutes in winching it into position. Several AVREs were knocked out by 88 mm A/T guns, but the remainder silenced enemy guns and used their Petard mortars against concrete positions. Once the town was entered, 2 Trp of 222 Sqn pushed on with 146 Bde to take Harfleur, destroying A/T guns and roadblocks as they went. At one point the AVREs used their petards to fell trees and fill in a ditch. The capture of Le Havre was completed on 12 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0082-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Low Countries\n79th Armoured Division's squadrons with their varied equipment (the 'Funnies') were often widely scattered and rarely under regimental control. On 4 November 51st (Highland) Division attacked towards 's-Hertogenbosch with support from 79th Division, including a troop of 222 Assault Sqn, which transported an SBG bridge across 4 miles (6.4\u00a0km) of difficult terrain and laid it successfully over a 28 feet (8.5\u00a0m) ditch to allow armour to cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0083-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Low Countries\nOffensive operations came to a virtual halt during the winter, and 222 Aslt Sqn rested at Waterscheide. Early in 1945 the squadron took part in Operation Blackcock to clear the Roer Triangle. On 17 January a troop laid three bridges for 7th Armoured Division's attack on Susteren, while the other two troops operated with two columns formed by 8th Armoured Bde and 52nd (Lowland) Division. Captain Herbert Baynton-Jones of 222 Sqn supporting 4th/7th Dragoon Guards was awarded a Military Cross (MC) for dismounting to take control of an RE mineclearing detachment and then leading his troop of AVREs to attack a village with their petards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0084-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Germany\n42nd Assault Rgt next participated in the Battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable). On 8 February 222 Assault Sqn supported 51st (Highland) Division, which advanced down three lanes cleared by flails. In each lane the flails were followed by two AVRE bridgelayers and two carrying Fascines. In the right hand lane all went well; the centre lane was blocked by a knocked-out flail tank, but the AVREs completed a fascine crossing by the evening; the third lane was impassable due to mud. Captain D. Hamilton, OC 1 Trp, was awarded an MC for this operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0084-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Germany\nOn 13/14 February 51st HD crossed the River Niers and took Heijin, where 222 Aslt Sqn bridged a crater and destroyed a roadblock, then laid a bridge that allowed the division to enter Hommersum. 222 Assault Sqn next helped 51st HD to capture Hervorst on 17 February; during the fighting 3 Trp attacked and destroyed a large pillbox with petards. Then on 19\u201320 March the squadron helped 51st HD capture Goch, penetrating the defences and reducing pillboxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0085-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Germany\nWhile Veritable continued, 42 Assault Rgt was withdrawn to Nijmegen to train for the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder), particularly operating Class 50/60 rafts. These consisted of five linked pontoons supporting a section of roadway to ferry a tank. For the final stretch of their journey to the riverbank, the heavy pontoons on sledges were towed by AVREs. Once launched, the ferries were hauled to and fro across the river by RAF Barrage balloon winches. For the crossing on the night of 23/24 March, 42nd Assault Rgt was assigned to 15th (Scottish) Division leading XII Corps' attack at Xanten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0085-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Germany\nHaving hauled their pontoons through the mud, 42nd Assault Rgt began assembling its rafts at 02.45 on 24 March, and had three operational by 21.00 that night. Two ferry points were used, each with two rafts; 222 Assault Sqn and half of 81 Assault Sqn operated the ferry point codenamed 'Abdullah'. The regiment ran its ferries until the afternoon of 26 March when a Bailey bridge was completed (by 503 Fd Co, see below), during which period it carried 311 tanks and self-propelled guns and a few wheeled vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0086-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Germany\nAfter the Rhine crossing, 21st Army Group fanned out over North Germany towards the River Elbe. 222 Assault Sqn was in Second Army Reserve, then supported 3rd Division in crossing the flooded approaches to Bremen, using their petards to flush defenders out of strongpoints, and skid Baileys to cross breaches in the causeways. Most of Bremen was in British hands by 27 April. 21st Army Group continued its advance until the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath on 4 May, when the squadron had reached Baden, Lower Saxony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0087-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 222 Assault Squadron, Germany\nIt was intended to reorganise 42 Assault Rgt for service in the Far East, but this was cancelled after the Surrender of Japan, and 222 Aslt Sqn was disbanded at Garlstorf in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0088-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 223 (London) Field Park Company\nAfter evacuation from Dunkirk the scattered parties of this company were gathered at Ripon in Yorkshire and then reformed at Barnsley in late June. It was sent to Penge to work on the defences of London alongside civilian contractors and military labour. During the London Blitz the company also dealt with unexploded bombs and assisted the Civil Defence Service, Auxiliary Fire Service, police and Home Guard. In 1941 the company moved to Pinner and then Cockfosters in North London, where it was engaged in general works and training the Home Guard. It was disbanded in February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0089-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 503 (London) Field Company\nAfter 503 Fd Co left 47th Divisional RE on 29 November 1941 it joined London District Troops RE, and was billeted in St Aloysius College, Highgate. For a year it trained as a normal field company, affiliated to 32 Independent Guards Bde. In 1942 it accompanied the brigade to Saunton Sands in Devon for training. It then became a posting unit for RE personnel who were unable to go overseas with their units, but in December 1942 it received 60 per cent reinforcements and mobilised for overseas service itself as an independent field company. On 16 January 1943 it embarked at Glasgow aboard the RMS Arundel Castle for the Middle East. It disembarked at Port Tewfik in April and went into training in Egypt. While there it built a pontoon bridge in 24 hours to replace one damaged by a ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0090-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 503 (London) Field Company, Italy\nThe company next went to Gaza to join 35 Beach Group, in training as a reserve unit for Operation Husky. It was then assigned to Operation Avalanche, the landing at Salerno (see above). It was transported by road and sea to Algeria, concentrating at Bougie. Company Sergeant Major L.J. King was awarded a George Medal for rescuing some gunners from a vehicle whose ammunition was burning after a bombing raid. 35 Beach Group landed at Salerno on 9 September immediately after the leading infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 76], "content_span": [77, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0090-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 503 (London) Field Company, Italy\nThe sappers' task was to lay Sommerfeld tracking and create roads across the beach to the intended supply dumps, as well as clear minefields. They suffered numerous casualties from shellfire, and won an MBE, two MCs and two MMs during the beachhead fighting. After the  armies moved north, 503 Fd Co remained at Salerno for the rest of the year, carrying out municipal and civil engineering, repairing the sewer system and the airfield,  and operating a stone quarry for the usual road repairs. Formally, 503 Fd Co was now part of 14th GHQ Troops RE.Early in January 1944 the company moved north to the Volturno, then to Teano near Naples. In early March the company was withdrawn and sailed from Naples to the UK", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 76], "content_span": [77, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0091-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 503 (London) Field Company, Normandy\nThe company landed at Liverpool, and after leave and training joined 7th Army Troops RE. This group of sapper units was earmarked for Operation Overlord (see above). It landed in Normandy on D+6, and one of its first tasks was to construct a 4 miles (6.4\u00a0km) road to bypass the congested town centre of Bayeux. This was 45 feet (14\u00a0m) wide between side drains, with a roadway 21 feet (6.4\u00a0m) wide chiefly composed of Sommerfeld track and chestnut paling covered with sand and gravel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0091-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 503 (London) Field Company, Normandy\nThe company then moved to Caen on bridge and road maintenance, losing casualties to enemy snipers. After 21st Army Group's breakout from the Normandy beachhead 7th Army TRE went to bridge the Seine, but 503 Fd Co was not involved. Instead it went to camouflage the oil tanks erected for the Pluto oil pipeline at Boulogne and clear mines in the area. They also cleared beach obstacles at Ambleteuse and at Ostend once that port had been captured, losing further casualties in this dangerous work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0092-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 503 (London) Field Company, Holland and Germany\n503 Field Co spent the winter of 1944\u201345 in South Holland on bridge and road maintenance. At Gennep in February it participated with 7th ATRE in building the longest Class 40 Bailey bridge yet constructed, (4,008 feet (1,222\u00a0m) including the approach viaducts across the floods at each end), followed in March by a 550 feet (170\u00a0m) Class 40 floating Bailey at Well, Limburg, and a Class 70 high level pontoon bridge at Venlo. For the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder, see above) 503 Fd Co and 7th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 90], "content_span": [91, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0092-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 503 (London) Field Company, Holland and Germany\nATRE built a Class 40 tactical pontoon Bailey at Xanten, utilising an existing ferry site. Craters in the ferry approach road had to be filled by tipper trucks before zero hour while the barrage was being fired, but the bridge was built in 31 hours, the first one completed during the operation. It carried 29,139 vehicles in the next six days as 21st Army Group advanced across Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 90], "content_span": [91, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0093-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Second World War, 503 (London) Field Company, Holland and Germany\n503 Field Co was then ordered to M\u00fcnster, but while the rest of 7th ATRE advanced to bridge the Elbe, the company was diverted back into Holland to join HQ Netherland Force, just before VE Day. Over the following months the company was engaged in rehabilitation work in the liberated area, principally bridging rivers and canals, installing Bailey bridges with lifting sections. It also trained 5 Engineer Company of the Royal Netherlands Army in Bailey bridging, and supervised German Prisoners of War clearing mines on the Frisian Islands. 503 Field Co remained in Holland until November 1945 and was eventually disbanded in Minden, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 90], "content_span": [91, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0094-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 May 1947, the 56th (London) Divisional RE initially reformed as Y Regiment, RE, then taking its seniority (from 1st Middlesex Engineers) as the senior TA RE regiment, it was numbered 101 Field Engineer Regiment, RE, with HQ in a modern building at DOYHQ in Chelsea. It was the divisional engineer regiment for 56th (London) Division, which served as an armoured division from 1947 until 1956, and as an infantry division until disbandment in 1961. 101 Field Engineer Rgt received the 'London' designation in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0095-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Postwar\nIn addition, the former 47th (London) Divisional RE together with the former London Corps TRE (descended from the Tower Hamlets Engineers) formed 121 Construction Regiment, RE, based at Chelsea with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0096-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Postwar\nThe regiment became 121 Army Engineer Regiment in 1951 and was disbanded in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0097-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Postwar\nFollowing absorption of part of 121 Construction Rgt on 1 July 1950, 101 Field Engineer Rgt had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0098-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reduced in 1961, 56th Division was disbanded and the regiment became 101 (London) Corps Engineer Rgt in 27 Engineer Group. It retained only a single squadron (222), but absorbed the remainder of the disbanded 121 Construction Rgt as 324 Field Sqn:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0099-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) in 1967 the regiment was disbanded and its personnel became C Company in 10th Battalion, Queen's Regiment (Middlesex), while 324 Fd Sqn's men joined the Surrey Yeomanry (Queen Mary's). However, a new 101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment formed in 1988 revived its name and heritage. In 1993, 590 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) Squadron in 101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment was redesignated 221 Field Squadron (EOD) to perpetuate one of the 47th's squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0100-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Ceremonial, Uniforms and insignia\nThe 1st Middlesex EVC wore RE uniform \u2013 a Busby with white plume supported by a 'grenade' badge, scarlet tunic, and blue trousers with broad red stripe \u2013 but all badges, buckles, piping and lace were silver or white rather than gold or yellow. The 'RE' cipher on accoutrements was replaced by 'EV'; in 1871 the unit adopted a new 'grenade' badge with the Royal arms and '1 M.E.V.' lettering. A Kilmarnock Bonnet was worn instead of the busby in working dress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0100-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Ceremonial, Uniforms and insignia\nIn 1880 the blue Home Service helmet replaced the busby, with silver helmet plate, spike and chains in place of the RE's brass. Khaki service dress was adopted for training after the Second Boer War. Until 1908 the RE cap badge with 'Royal Engineer Volunteers' on the lower scroll was worn by volunteer units; however, the unit's Boer War memorial shows a crowned grenade badge over the letters 'RE /(V)/1st Middlesex', with the scroll showing 'Pro Patria'. The TF units of the RE continued to wear silver badges and buttons in full dress, but 2nd London Divisional RE was granted the distinction of gold or gilt in 1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0101-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Ceremonial, Uniforms and insignia\nDuring the First World War, sappers wore the formation signs of their divisions, the eight-pointed white star on a blue ground of the 47th, and the black bee on a yellow ground of the 60th. During the Second World War, the 1st London (56th) Division adopted a black silhouette of Dick Whittington's cat on a red ground as its formation sign, leading to its nickname of the 'Black Cats'. 2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0101-0001", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Ceremonial, Uniforms and insignia\nLondon (47th) Division used a bow of ribbon supporting two bells (for Bow Bells) in red on black, designed by Corporal Valder of 504 Fd Park Co (both badges appear on the war memorial in St Luke's Church). When 222 Assault Sqn joined 79th Armoured Division it not only adopted the divisional badge of a black and white bull's head on an inverted yellow triangle, but also the regimental sign of 42nd Assault Regiment: a red diamond with a white centre, derived from 42nd Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0102-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Ceremonial, Uniforms and insignia\nFrom 1948 56th (London) Armoured Division wore a blue knight's helmet superimposed on the upright red sword of St Paul (from the Coat of arms of the City of London), which 56th Division had worn in the First World War, but in 1951 it resumed the black cat, now with the red sword superimposed. 101 Field Engineer Rgt wore this until the division was disbanded in 1961, thereafter it wore the gold grenade on blue ground of 27 Engineer Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0103-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Ceremonial, Affiliations\nIn 1951 the regiment was adopted by the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea, 220 Fd Sqn by the Municipal Borough of Heston and Isleworth, and 221 Fd Sqn by the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell. The Freedom of the Borough of Chelsea was conferred on the regiment in 1960 and the subtitle 'Chelsea' was granted to 222 Sqn after the regiment was reduced in 1961. In 1962 the regiment was adopted by the Worshipful Company of Paviors, which supported the civil engineering industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0104-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Commanders, Commanding Officers\n47th (2nd London) Divisional EngineersThe following served as Commanding Royal Engineer (CRE), of 2nd London Division (later 47th):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0105-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Commanders, Commanding Officers\n60th (2/2nd London) Divisional EngineersThe following served as CRE of 2/2nd London Division (later 60th):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0106-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Commanders, Commanding Officers\n56th (London) Divisional EngineersThe following served as CRE of 1st London Division (later 56th):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0107-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Commanders, Commanding Officers\n47th (London) Divisional EngineersThe following served as CRE of 2nd London Division (later 47th):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0108-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Commanders, Honorary Colonels\nThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0109-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Memorials\nAn incised stone memorial plaque surmounted by the then badge of the 1st Middlesex RE Volunteers, commemorating the five sappers who died during the Second Boer War, is fixed to the north interior wall of St Luke's Church, Chelsea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0110-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Memorials\nThe 2nd London Divisional Royal Engineers are listed on the London Troops Memorial, erected after the First World War, in front of the Royal Exchange, London (an addition for the Second World War was made to this memorial in 1955). There was also a bronze memorial listing the unit's 1914\u201318 losses at its drill hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0111-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Memorials\nTwo wooden memorial crosses erected at High Wood and Eaucourt l'Abbaye by carpenters of 517th (1/3rd London) Field Company in February 1918 were falling into disrepair by 1925, when they were replaced in stone. The restored wooden crosses were preserved at the Duke of York's Headquarters in London (the former divisional HQRE) until that building was sold in 2003, and are now at Connaught House, the HQ of the London Irish Rifles at Flodden Road, Camberwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159320-0112-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Engineers, Memorials\nA stone plaque bearing the formation badges of 56th (1st London) and 47th (2nd London) Divisions and listing all the 1st and 2nd Line field companies that served in 1939\u201345 was unveiled in the inner porch of St Luke's Church in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159321-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Middlesex Volunteers\nSeveral units of the Volunteer Force formed in Middlesex from 1859 shared the number 1:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteer Corps was formed in 1859 as a response to a French invasion threat. Originally it served as garrison and heavy artillery but transferred to the Territorial Force (TF) in 1908 as field artillery, in which role it served through both World Wars. In World War I it fought on the Western Front with 51st (Highland) Division. In World War II it briefly saw service in France after Dunkirk and was with Eighth Army in North Africa and Italy. Its wartime duplicate regiment served with distinction in the Burma Campaign. Postwar the regiment continued in existence until amalgamation in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) formed on 16 September 1859 at Leith in Midlothian, near to the City of Edinburgh. In December the title was changed to Midlothian Coast AVC, but by March 1860 it had changed again to 1st Midlothian (Midlothian Coast) AVC. The  Major in command was Sir James Gardiner Baird, 7th Baronet of Saughton Hall, a former Regular Army officer in the 10th Hussars, from which he had been obliged to retire because of an injury sustained in a steeplechase. He had since served with the part-time East Lothian Yeomanry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nThese were soon consolidated into a single unit (the 2nd being absorbed in 1863) of eight batteries, with Baird commanding in the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel: The 1st Haddington AVC, formed at Dunbar, Haddingtonshire (or East Lothian) on 20 January 1860, which had been attached to the 1st Administrative Battalion, Haddington Rifle Volunteers, since 1864, was attached to the 1st Midlothian AVC from 1873. (A proposed 2nd Haddington AVC at North Berwick had never been formed.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nFrom 1 April 1882 the unit formed part of the Scottish Division of the Royal Artillery (RA); on 1 July 1889 the Volunteer artillery were regrouped into three large divisions, the 1st Midlothian being assigned to the Southern Division. It unit dropped the 'Midlothian Coast' subtitle in 1888, and moved its headquarters (HQ) to a new drill hall at 30 Grindlay Street in Edinburgh the following year. There were modern guns available at Portobello and Musselburgh for drill. Gun practice was carried out at the annual camp, and for carbine practice it used the Queen's Edinburgh Rifles' range at Hunter's Bog in Holyrood Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nThe AVCs were intended to serve as garrison artillery manning fixed coast defences, but a number of the early units manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. In 1886 the 1st Midlothian obtained two 40-pounder rifled breech-loading (RBL) guns on travelling carriages pulled by Brewer's dray horses from Younger's and McEwan's breweries. Previously the War Office (WO) had refused to pay for the upkeep of field guns for the Volunteers, but the concept was regularised in 1888 when some Volunteer batteries were reorganised as 'position artillery' to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nIn 1889 the 1st Midlothian AVC was issued with two position batteries of 16-pounder rifled muzzle-loading guns, which were manned by four of the garrison batteries (referred to as Companies from 1891). The 1st Haddington AVC was consolidated into the corps in 1897, when it became No 9 Company, with it HQ remaining at Dunbar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nIn 1899 the artillery Volunteers were transferred to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), and the unit was redesignated  1st Midlothian RGA (V) (MRGAV) when the divisional organisation was abolished on 1 January 1902. In 1901 a further battery of 16-pounders was issued to the corps and manned by the two remaining garrison companies in Edinburgh. In 1903 the RGA (V) position batteries were modernised and became heavy batteries; the 1st MRGAV reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nLieutenant A.H.M. Jamieson of the 1st Midlothian RGA (V) served during the Second Boer War as machine gun commander with the 6th (Scottish) Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859-1908\nIn 1902 the unit's 1st Battery won the King's Prize for heavy artillery at the National Artillery Association meeting, and in 1905 the 2nd Bty won the prize, with the other two batteries coming second and third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the MRGAV was transferred to the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) and provided the bulk of the I (or 1st) Lowland Brigade, RFA, with one battery coming from the 1st Edinburgh (City) RGA (V), giving the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe unit was the senior field artillery brigade in the TF's Lowland Division. The batteries were each issued with four 15-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe order to mobilise was received at 17.25 on Tuesday 4 August 1914 when the Lowland Division was at its annual training camp on the Ayrshire coast. It immediately began guarding vulnerable points around Glasgow and the Clyde estuary. Mobilisation was complete by 10 August and the units proceeded to their designated war stations. For the I Lowland Brigade this was at Redford Barracks, Edinburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, units of the Territorial Force were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service: the majority of men in every unit of the Lowland Division did so. On 15 August the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade\nDuring the winter of 1914\u201315 the division underwent war training and served in the Forth defences. It was warned for overseas service on 5 April and on 11 May 1915 it was officially numbered as the 52nd (Lowland) Division. However, the division was destined for the Dardanelles Campaign and it was decided that the difficulties of operating artillery on the Gallipoli Peninsula precluded taking all the divisional artillery. 1/1st Lowland Brigade was therefore left behind when the division embarked, and remained in the Forth defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade\nThe brigade finally went overseas in October 1915, when it landed at Le Havre to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. On arrival in France the batteries were rearmed with modern 18-pounder guns, and on 10 November the brigade joined the 51st (Highland) Division, with which it would serve for the rest of its career in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade\nIn May 1916 the TF brigades of the RFA received numbers, the 1/I Lowland becoming CCLVII (257) Brigade \u2013 though this was changed to  CCLX (260) Brigade within a few days \u2013 and the batteries became A, B, C and D. D Battery was then exchanged for 2nd Renfrewshire Howitzer Bty from the 1/III Highland (CCLVIII) Howitzer Bde, which became D (H) Bty, equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. The brigade ammunition columns were abolished at the same time, and absorbed within the divisional ammunition column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade, Somme\nIn July 51st (Highland) Division joined in the Somme Offensive. An attack on 14 July had failed to capture the dominating ground of High Wood, and 51st (H) Division was tasked with renewing the attack on High Wood a week later. A night attack was to be tried: the bombardment began at 19.00 on 22 July, under the direction of low-flying artillery observation aircraft. German sources reported that the shelling was of 'painful accuracy' and prevented the troops in High Wood from being relieved, despite the number of casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade, Somme\nAt 01.30 the following morning the division attacked, but by 03.00 they were back on their start line having suffered heavy casualties. British gunners had difficulty supporting attacks on High Wood, because they had to fire over Bazentin Ridge. The low elevation of the guns meant that shells skimmed the British trenches, the margin for error was small and numerous complaints were made that British infantry casualties were caused by friendly fire. Worn guns, defective ammunition and inaccurate information about the location of British infantry positions were blamed for short-shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0015-0002", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade, Somme\nThe setback seemed to confirm the division's nickname of 'Harper's Duds' (from their commander, Major-General George Harper, and their 'HD' formation badge). The division was withdrawn from the front on 7 August for rest and reorganisation. On 23 August CCLX Bde was reorganised again, with C (Midlothian) Bty being split up between A and B to bring them up to six guns each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade, Somme\nThe division returned to the front in October for the Battle of the Ancre Heights, the final series of actions of the Somme Offensive. A mass of guns was assembled, with the artillery of no less than eight divisions and eight heavy artillery groups supporting 51st (H) Division's attack on Beaumont-Hamel, which had been an uncaptured objective on the first day of the offensive on 1 July. The operation was planned for 24 October, and the batteries began firing to cut the barbed wire on 20 October, but it was postponed several times because of bad weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade, Somme\nEventually 13 November was chosen. H hour was 05.45, when the 18-pounders started a Creeping barrage (a recent innovation) moving in front of the infantry at 100 yards (91\u00a0m) every five minutes. A quarter of the 18-pounders deliberately fired 100 yards (91\u00a0m) short of the barrage line \u2013 this would have suppressed German outposts sheltering in shell craters in No man's land. The attack was helped by a dense fog, which screened the infantry from retaliatory shellfire as they struggled through the mud towards their objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade, Somme\nThe barrage halted for an hour on the first objective before moving on. Some of the infantry were held up by machine guns in the notorious 'Y Ravine', which had caused so much trouble on 1 July, but reserves were employed and both attacking brigades had reached the third German trench line (the Purple Line) by 07.50. The Green Line was next taken, but the fourth wave of attackers lost the barrage on their way to the final (Yellow) objectives and had to pull back to the Green Line to consolidate a position in captured trenches. Beaumont Hamel had finally fallen, and 51st (Highland) Division had gone some way to shaking off the 'Harper's Duds' slur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade, Disbandment\nOn 18 November 1916 CCLX Bde was joined by the newly-formed 535 (H) Bty from the UK, which became C (H) Bty. However, on 28 January 1917 CCLX Bde was broken up and its batteries distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I Lowland Brigade, Disbandment\nArmy Field Artillery (AFA) brigades were used to support different formations as required. LXXXIV and CCCXV AFA Bdes continued to support 51st (H) Division during the Arras Offensive in early 1917, but thereafter they were regularly moved around. By the Armistice in November 1918, LXXXIV and LXXXVI were with Fourth Army and CCCXV was with Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1 Lowland Brigade\nRecruiting for the 2nd Line unit was good, and 2/I Lowland completed at Grindlay Street by the end of 1914. 2nd Lowland Division formed in January 1915 (numbered as 65th (2nd Lowland) Division in August) but the lack of equipment and need to supply drafts to 1st Line units delayed training. 2/I Lowland Brigade remained around the Edinburgh area throughout 1915. In March 1916 the division moved south to Essex and joined Southern Army (Home Forces). By May, the artillery brigades had received 18-pounders and that month they were numbered: 2/I Lowland became CCCXXV (325) Brigade and the batteries became A.B and C. Later, CCCXXVIII (2/IV Lowland) (H) Bde was broken up, with one battery joining CCCXXV as D (H) Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1 Lowland Brigade, Ireland\nIn January 1917 the division moved to Ireland to relieve 59th (2nd North Midland) Division, which had been the first TF formation to serve in that country. Before the end of the year a decision was made to break up the 65th Division. The infantry units were transferred or disbanded, but a number of divisional units remained in Ireland  after the division ceased to exist in March 1918. These included CCCXXV Bde, which stayed at Fermoy until it was disbanded on 29 December 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nAfter the war, the unit was reformed and when the TF was reconstituted as the  Territorial Army in 1921, it was designated the 78th (Lowland) Brigade RFA (TA) (becoming a Field Brigade, RA, in 1924 when the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery). It had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years\nThe unit returned to the reformed 52nd (Lowland) Division in Scottish Command. Royal Artillery brigades were redesignated regiments in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe Territorial Army was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis of 1938, and existing units split to form duplicates before the outbreak of World War II. 78th Field Regiment reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\n78th Field Rgt remained part of 52nd (L) Division, while 129th joined its duplicate, the 15th (Scottish) Division, formed on 2 September 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 78th (Lowland) Field Regiment\nAfter the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) had been evacuated from Dunkirk, 52nd (L) Division was sent to Cherbourg to form part of a reformed '2nd BEF', arriving on 10 June. However, the situation of the French armies was hopeless and the division was evacuated again after only a week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 80], "content_span": [81, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 78th (Lowland) Field Regiment\nAs one of the few formations that still had its guns and equipment, the division became part of Home Forces' mobile reserve around London. Its field regiments had an almost complete establishment of modern Mk II 25-pounders. 52nd (L) Division returned to Scottish Command in November 1940. In May 1942 it began mountain warfare training for a potential operation in Norway, but 78th Fd Rgt left almost immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 80], "content_span": [81, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 78th (Lowland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe regiment, together with a signal section of the Royal Corps of Signals and a light aid detachment of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, came under direct WO Control in June 1942 preparatory to proceeding overseas. It left in August bound for Egypt as part of the reinforcements for Eighth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 94], "content_span": [95, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 78th (Lowland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nIt arrived in time to take part in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October. The regiment was officially attached to 1st Armoured Division, but actually three Troops (12 x 25-pounders]] were with 51st Highland Division, and the other three with 2nd New Zealand Division. After the pursuit across North Africa, the regiment was involved in the fighting in Tunisia. For the final advance on Tunis (Operation Vulcan) it formed part of a battle group of 4th Armoured Brigade (30 April to 21 May 1943).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 94], "content_span": [95, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 78th (Lowland) Field Regiment, Italy\nThe regiment served in 5th Army Group Royal Artillery (5 AGRA) in the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). It then landed in Italy under Eighth Army's command in September 1943. In January 1944 it formed part of 2 AGRA supporting 56th (London) Infantry Division in its assault crossing of the Garigliano on 17 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 78th (Lowland) Field Regiment, Italy\nIt was then switched to the Anzio beachhead, where it supported 1st Infantry Division, firing to disrupt German preparations for a counter-offensive that was finally launched on 7 February and defeated by 12 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 87], "content_span": [88, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 178th (Lowland) Medium Regiment\nIn April 1944 the regiment was re-equipped to serve in the medium artillery role. Because there was already a 78th Medium Regiment, the new regiment took the designation 178th (Lowland) Medium Regiment in May. Medium regiments consisted of two batteries, each equipped with eight 5.5-inch guns; 309 and 310 Btys continued with the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 178th (Lowland) Medium Regiment\nAt various times in the latter part of the Italian Campaign the regiment was in 7 AGRA and 10 AGRA serving with Fifth US Army. For the Allies' final Spring 1945 offensive in Italy (Operation Grapeshot) the regiment fired in support of US 10th Mountain Division in its crossing of the River Po, 15\u201323 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 178th (Lowland) Medium Regiment\n178th (Lowland) Medium Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th (Lowland) Field Regiment\nShortly after the outbreak of war, 15th (Scottish) Division moved to training areas in the Scottish Borders, the artillery going to Selkirk and Jedburgh. After three months it went into winter quarters that were chosen for tactical considerations, with 44th Lowland Brigade and 129th Fd Rgt disposed across the River Forth. It returned to the Borders for training in April 1940, with 129th Fd Rgt at Selkirk near 44th (L) Bde at Galashiels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th (Lowland) Field Regiment\nHowever, the division had to make room for units returning from the Norwegian Campaign, so it moved south to Wiltshire and then after the German invasion of France and the Low Countries in May 1940 it moved into defensive positions in Essex, which it was holding when the BF was evacuated from Dunkirk. To cover over 40 miles (64\u00a0km) of coastline the division's three field regiments each had an average of only eight 18-pounders of World War I vintage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th (Lowland) Field Regiment\nAs the threat of invasion receded, the division was able to concentrate on mobile training in 1941. In September the field regiments finally got their full complement of 25-pounders. However, in November the division was placed on a lower establishment and became purely a mobile coastal defence formation in Northumberland, with 44th (L) Bde and 129th Fd Rgt around Wooler. It was used to supply drafts and complete units for service overseas. 129th (Lowland) Field Rgt (the regiment received its 'Lowland' subtitle in 1942.) left the division and came under WO Control in May 1942, and embarked in June for the Far East with 311, 312 and 493 Fd Btys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th (Lowland) Field Regiment, Burma\n129th (Lowland) Field Rgt arrived at Bombay on 10 August 1942 and moved up to Ranchi, the base for operations in Burma, where it joined 70th Infantry Division with 24 x 25-pounders. On 21 November it moved to Chittagong, where it joined 14th Indian Infantry Division for the First Arakan Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th (Lowland) Field Regiment, Burma\nSince September the 14th Indian Division had been advancing into the Arakan through difficult terrain and appalling weather, road-building as it went. Its objective was Akyab, but only part of its strength could be supported at the front and 129th Fd Rgt was withdrawn on 10 January 1943 without coming into action. It moved to Imphal, on the India/Assam border, where it came under the command of 17th Indian Infantry Division, which had been refitting as a 'light' division designed for jungle fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th (Lowland) Field Regiment, Burma\n17th Indian Division was covering the construction of the Imphal\u2013Tiddim road. 129th Field Rgt moved up to the base at Shillong on 8 May, but guns could not be moved up the single Jeep track to the advanced posts at Fort White and Kennedy Peak in the Chin Hills, where skirmishing with the Japanese went on through the Monsoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment\nThe problem of operating artillery in jungle terrain was tackled by converting field regiments into 'Jungle Field Regiments' equipped with jeep-towed 3.7-inch mountain howitzers and 3-inch mortars. 129th (Lowland) was the first unit to convert and build up experience with this equipment. However, neither weapon had sufficient range or weight of shell, but the regimental fitters under Sergeant Farrell and Bombardier Clifford Jones worked out that they could fit a jeep axle and wheels to a 25-pounder, reducing the weight and width of the whole assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment\nThe regiment tried it out on the Tiddim Road and found that with very few modifications to the gun carriage and trail it remained stable even when firing the highest charges. The CO, Lt-Col Younger, reported the success in October 1943 and the regiment received a gun converted to this 'jury axle' format for trials the following month. By January 1944 the gun had proved its worth and jeep-towed Jury axle 25-pounders began to be issued to one field regiment in each light division. In really rough terrain the whole gun could be broken down into jeep-sized loads like a mountain gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Retreat from Tiddim\nThe regiment moved to the Manipur Road with 17th Indian Light Division on 13 November 1943, but by 8 December it was with 5th Indian Infantry Division at Kohima and Imphal. From January it was back with 17th Indian Division, with which it remained for the rest of the war. 17th Division was still skirmishing from Kennedy Peak towards Fort White with a battery of 129th Jungle Fd Rgt supporting 48th Indian Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 99], "content_span": [100, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0040-0001", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Retreat from Tiddim\n493 Field Battery was deployed with its jury axle guns at a height of 8,871 feet (2,704\u00a0m), within 50 feet (15\u00a0m) of the crest of Kennedy Peak, claiming to be the highest guns in the world. The guns were constantly in action supporting infantry patrols, but enemy strength in the area began to increase in February as a prelude to the forthcoming Japanese offensive (Operation U-Go). 17th Division switched over to a defensive posture, with administrative units in the Imphal Plain grouped into self-contained defensive boxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 99], "content_span": [100, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Retreat from Tiddim\nU-Go was launched in March, with the aim of cutting off 17th Indian Division. The decision to withdraw the division from Tiddim came too late, and although it successfully disengaged from Kennedy Peak it was cut off by a series of roadblocks. On 15 March it was stopped at the Taitum Saddle. Lieutenant-Colonel Younger organised a fireplan with 393 Bty firing from the north and 311 and 312 from the south, which gave the Japanese no reverse slope for protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 99], "content_span": [100, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Retreat from Tiddim\nThe first attack on the block failed, but next day, reinforced by mountain and anti-tank guns, and one 25-pounder firing directly into enemy bunkers, the position was taken on 16 March and the following day the regiment provided Defensive Fire (DF) tasks to prevent it being recaptured. Suffering heavy casualties from the artillery fire, the Japanese suddenly fell back and opened the way to the bridge over the Manipur River. For the final stage of the retreat the division had to clear a block and recapture a supply dump at Milestone 109.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 99], "content_span": [100, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0041-0002", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Retreat from Tiddim\nA first attack on 22 March failed, but the following day with 311 and 312 Btys firing in support the enemy aa driven of the positions. The regiment's Forward Observation Officers (FOOs) were able to range their guns onto the objective when their own advancing infantry were only 15 yards (14\u00a0m) away from it. By now ammunition was down to five rounds per gun (the regiment had fired 6900 in three weeks), and attempts to air-drop supplies had failed, but on 4 April the regiment marched into Imphal where it met 5th Indian Division, which had been flown in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 99], "content_span": [100, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Kohima\u2013Imphal\nThe whole of IV Corps was now dug in on the Imphal Plain with 17th Indian Division at Imphal in Corps reserve. While the emphasis was on IV Corps' efforts to relieve the besieged base at Kohima in the north, 17th Indian Division at Bishenpur on the Tiddim Road was still under pressure from the south. The divisional artillery was disposed in two 'boxes', most in the north, but with RHQ and three troops of 129th Fd Rgt in the southern box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 93], "content_span": [94, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Kohima\u2013Imphal\nThe gunners themselves had to defend their boxes against attacks by Japanese infantry, as well as firing in support of troops fighting to clear the hills and to counter thrusts by Japanese columns. On 23 June the siege of Imphal was broken, and the position of the Japanese troops at Bishenpur became precarious as IV Corps went over to the offensive. By 31 July 17th Indian Division was withdrawn for rest. From the retreat from Tiddim to the end of July 129th Fd Rgt was in action for 244 days in which it fired 121,253 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 93], "content_span": [94, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Kohima\u2013Imphal\nOn 4 September 1944 the regiment left Burma with 17th Indian Division and returned to Ranchi for extended rest and preparation for the 1945 offensive. For example, on 26 October 1944 311 Fd Bty carried out trials on firing 25-pounders from landing craft, which would be necessary for future river crossings and coastal landings. 17th Indian Division was now organised with two brigades motorised and one air-transportable. On 31 January 1945 it completed its retraining and the regiment returned to the front on 6 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 93], "content_span": [94, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Meiktila\nThe division was to cross the Irrawaddy River and then act as a fast striking force towards Meiktila. It was ferried across the river on 18 February and drove towards Meiktila in a series of short actions. During this fighting a FOO of 129th Fd Rgt was killed; his Observation Post Assistant ('OP Ack') was Lance Bombardier G.C. Huntley, who made his own fire plan to neutralise the enemy, then organised a stretcher party to bring out a wounded officer and the body of his FOO. Huntly was awarded a Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) but was killed a few weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Meiktila\n17th Indian Division reached Meiktila by 1 March, but the Japanese cut the road behind the division, which then had to rely on air supply. Nevertheless, the guns came into action and the town was cleared by 4 March where the division prepared to meet the expected Japanese counter-offensive (the Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay). There was bitter fighting around the perimeter during March as the Japanese tried to retake the airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0045-0001", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Meiktila\nThe gunners used Airburst rounds to dislodge enemy snipers from treetops, and once again had to defend their own gun positions, but the airfield was held and the division's air-transportable brigade was successfully flown in. At the end of the month the road was opened, and reinforcements arrived on 1 April. The regiment had fired 11,721 rounds in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Meiktila\n17th Indian Division then hurried forward to catch up with the rest of the corps. It took over the lead on 28 April and after running fights along the road it had captured Pegu by 30 April. Although the offensive's objective, Rangoon, was only 50 miles (80\u00a0km) away, torrential Monsoon rain halted the advance. The abandoned city was occupied by amphibious forces (Operation Dracula). Having made contact with the Dracula force, 17th Indian Division was diverted to trap the retreating Japanese in the Sittang Bend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 129th Jungle Field Regiment, Meiktila\nThe Battle of the Sittang Bend carried on through the Monsoon, with 129th Fd Rgt very active in the fighting as Japanese thrusts were stopped and pockets of resistance mopped up. The next phase of the offensive was due to be an amphibious assault on Malaya (Operation Zipper), but this was forestalled by the end of the war in mid-August. After a period with the Burma garrison, 129th (Lowland) Field Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946 and disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 88], "content_span": [89, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1947, the unit was reformed at Edinburgh as 278th (Lowland) Field Regiment in 51st/52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1961, the regiment was amalgamated with the 357th (Lowland) Light Regiment RA (TA) to form the 278th (Lowland) Field Regiment RA (The City of Edinburgh Artillery) (TA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reduced to the TAVR in 1967, the regiment merged with 277th (Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders) Field Regiment and 279th (City of Glasgow and Ayr) Field Regiment and became Q (City of Edinburgh) Bty in The Lowland Regiment, RA, which was disbanded in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe original uniform of the corps was dark blue tunics and trousers, the latter with broad scarlet stripes. The tunic had a scarlet collar with silver grenades embroidered on both sides, blue cuffs, five rows of black cord lace on the breast, and black cord shoulder cords and Austrian knot. The head-dress was a busby, a round forage-cap with red band being worn in undress, and the belts were black. The 2nd Midlothian at first had scarlet cuffs and collar and white belts, but on amalgamation conformed to the dress of the 1st Corps. This uniform was worn down to the spring of 1881, when the corps changed to the regulation clothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nIn the 1930s the CO of 78th (Lowland) Fd Bde introduced silver cap badges and buttons, and trouser turn-ups, for officers in walking-out and mess dress. This custom was revived in the 1950s when white metal beret badges were issued to all ranks at regimental expense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159322-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nIn 1958 the sword and full-dress pouch that had belonged to Sir Joseph Noel Paton, the first CO of 1st Edinburgh Bty in 1859, was presented to 278th (Lowland) Fd Rgt by his family, They were worn by the battery commander on every Royal saluting parade until 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159323-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Military District (Australia)\nThe 1st Military District was an administrative district of the Australian Army. During the Second World War, the 1st Military District covered all of Queensland, with its headquarters at Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159323-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Military District (Australia)\nIn March 1939 a regional command structure was adopted, and the 1st Military District in Queensland became Northern Command. This required legislative changes to the Defence Act (1903), and did not come into effect until October 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159324-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Battalion (United States)\n1st Military Intelligence Battalion (Aerial Exploitation), nicknamed the \"Flying Eye Battalion\", is a unit of the United States Army which specializes in the acquisition of aerial signals information in direct support of the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade. 1st MI Battalion (AE) is currently headquartered at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159324-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Battalion history\nThe unit was originally formed on 14 December 1956 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1st Air Reconnaissance Support Battalion, and formally activated 1 February 1957 at Fort Polk, Louisiana. It was reorganized and redesignated 1 May 1959 as Company A, 196th Aerial Photo Interpretation Detachment at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Then on 20 March 1962 it was converted and redesignated the 1st Military Intelligence Battalion (Air Reconnaissance Support). In October 1962 the 1st Military Intelligence Battalion (ARS) was instrumental in identifying Russian missile activity from clear photographic evidence produced from Air Force U-2 Spy Planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159324-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Battalion history\nUpon its return from Vietnam in 1973, 1st MI was assigned to Fort Bragg, North Carolina and eventually inactivated 15 July 1982. Reactivated 14 January 1984 in Germany as V Corps' aerial exploitation battalion, 1st MI is currently assigned to the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade out of Lucius D. Clay Kaserne, Wiesbaden, Germany, supporting Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159324-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Current unit organization\nThe battalion has undergone various reorganizations. Currently it comprises four companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159324-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Vietnam unit organization\nThe unit served in Vietnam from 23 December 1965 from Ft. Bragg and departed Vietnam on 19 April 1971 to return to Ft. Bragg, as 1st Military Intelligence Battalion (Air Reconnaissance Support)(MIBARS). Detachments were stationed in multiple locations during the battalion's deployment. Each detachment consisted of an operations/imagery interpretation section, a reproduction section and a supply and maintenance section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159324-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Battalion (United States), Decorations\nThe following decorations have been awarded to the 1st Military Intelligence Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159325-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Brigade (United Kingdom)\n1st Military Intelligence Brigade (1 MI Bde) was a formation of the British Army formed after the Future Army Structure review reform, but in 2014 was absorbed into the new 1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159325-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nAfter the 2003 Iraq War, code-named Operation Telic by the British Army, a thorough reorganisation of the combat service support forces took place, known as the Future Army Structure. As part of this reorganisation, new 'support brigades' were formed. One of the new formations create was the 1st Military Intelligence Brigade, which commanded the military intelligence and psychological operation troops. Other new formations included the 8th Engineer Brigade and 2nd Medical Brigade. The brigade's mission was \"to command troops, and to prepare, deliver & sustain MI (military intelligence) & PSYOPS (Psychological operations) formations in order to conduct land operations in support of Land Command and Defence tasks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159325-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nEven though the brigade never deployed, its sub-units did have detachments serve during Operation Telic and Operation Herrick. Under the Army 2020 programme announced in 2010, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance formations were to be grouped together to form a new unit under Force Troops Command. Therefore, by September 2014 the brigade was disbanded and amalgamated with the 1st Reconnaissance Brigade to form 1st Intelligence and Surveillance Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159325-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Military Intelligence Brigade (United Kingdom), History\nAfter the brigade's integration, all military intelligence battalions joined the new brigade, while 15 Psyc Operations Group was moved under 77th Brigade, which was formed shortly after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159326-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Military Police Brigade\nThe 1st Military Police Brigade is a British Army formation that has control over the British Army's close support Royal Military Police units. It is under the tactical command of 3rd (UK) Division. The brigade is dispersed throughout the Army at sub-unit level, although it remains under the operational command of the Chief of the General Staff in order to keep and preserve investigative independence. It is commanded by the Provost Marshal (Army).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159326-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Military Police Brigade, History\nThe brigade was formed under the Army 2020 reorganisation and became operational on 1 December 2014. It reached Full Operational Capability in July 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159326-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Military Police Brigade, History\nFollowing the 2019 Field Army re-organisation in early August, the brigade will be under command of Regional Command with 1 and 3 regiments RMP having moved in April 2018 to 101st Logistic Brigade, which will continue to provide logistical support to 3 (UK) Division. CGS retains full responsibility over military police investigations, while day-to-day control of 1 and 3 RMP rests with General Officer Commanding (GOC) 3rd UK Division. Administrative control of other Royal Military Police Brigade units rests under GOC Regional Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159326-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Military Police Brigade, History\n4 Regiment Royal Military Police will disband and its sub-units will be transferred to 3 Regiment Royal Military Police, which in turn will cede one of its companies to 1 Regiment Royal Military Police. 4 RMP will formally disband on 1 November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159327-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Military Region (Algeria)\nThe 1st Military Region is a military region of the People's National Army of Algeria. It has its headquarters at Blida, and includes the capital of Algiers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159327-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Military Region (Algeria)\nMuch of the internal disorder and violence associated with economic distress and the Islamist movement of the 1980s occurred in this Military Region, as well as the 5th Military Region (Constantine). Army units were strengthened in and near the cities where attacks against the government and security forces have occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159327-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Military Region (Algeria)\nRegional commanders were originally all colonels, and Said Abid probably served in this rank from 1964 when he took over the region. He appeared to be holding command during the 1965 Algerian coup d'\u00e9tat. Said Bey was chosen by Lt. Gen Mohamed Lamari to be the commander of the 1st Military Region in 1994, but Boughaba Rabah replaced him in 1997 after multiple massacres occurred in Blida. The commander of the 1st Military Region (Mohamed Djenouhat) (as well as the commander of the 5th Military Region) were both promoted to major general in 1992. After a major reshuffle of positions in the guards, Brahim Fodhil Ch\u00e9rif was appointed in 2000 as head of the military region, replacing Major General Boughaba Rabah. Fodhil Cherif's commanded the \"Special Forces\" (ninjas) to go against the Islamic rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159327-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Military Region (Algeria)\nThe higher military school of the Territorial Air Defence Forces (\u00e9cole sup\u00e9rieure de la d\u00e9fense a\u00e9rienne du territoire) is located at Regha\u00efa in the 1st Military Region. It provides engineering training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159327-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Military Region (Algeria)\nIt is reported that the 1st Military Region contains the 90th, 91st, and 99th Battalions of the Military Police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159328-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)\n1st Military Region of Vietnam People's Army, is directly under the Ministry of Defence of Vietnam, tasked to organise, build, manage and commander fights against foreign invaders to protect the North East of Vietnam. The north-east region of Vietnam, borders with the Guangxi of China. In 1979, Chinese army with 5 infantry corps, 17 infantry divisions, launched a huge invasion in this military zone, occupied the L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n and Cao B\u1eb1ng. The headquarters of the 1st Military Zone is in Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159329-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Military Working Dog Regiment\nThe 1st Military Working Dog Regiment, Royal Army Veterinary Corps is a British Army animal unit. It is responsible for providing trained dogs and handlers to support the main brigade of British troops deployed to Afghanistan in Operation Herrick. The regiment was formed on 26 March 2010, and its headquarters is located at St George's Barracks, North Luffenham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159329-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Military Working Dog Regiment, Composition\nThe 1st Military Working Dog Regiment was established to command the Army's five military working dog support units. Until the regimental headquarters had been established these units were independent. As part of forming the regiment, an additional 162 soldiers were assigned to the RAVC. As of 2015 the regiment comprised 299 regular soldiers and up to 384 working dogs. At this time 350 reservists were being integrated into the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP)\nJung Joon Young 1st mini album is the self-titled debut EP by South Korean rock singer, Jung Joon-young, released by CJ E&M on October 10, 2013. It consists of six songs containing a pre-released track \"\ubcd1\uc774\uc5d0\uc694 (Spotless Mind)\", the title track, \"\uc774\ubcc4 10\ubd84 \uc804 (The Sense of an Ending)\", and two songs that he participated in writing and composing: \"\uc544\ub294 \ubc88\ud638 (Missed Call)\" and \"Take off Mask\" and other two songs \"\uc815\ub9d0? (Really? )\", and \"Be Stupid\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP)\nHis 1st Mini Album did well; The album ranked the top spot both on the daily and weekly chart of Synnara Record as a bestselling album during its first week and it totally sold over 12,804 copies from October until the end of 2013 in Korea. Plus, \"\ubcd1\uc774\uc5d0\uc694 (Spotless Mind)\" landed at the third place and \"\uc774\ubcc4 10\ubd84\uc804 (The Sense of an Ending)\" also took the second place on the chart of MBC's music show \uc74c\uc545\uc911\uc2ec  (Music Core).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP)\nJung Joon-young received New Male Solo Artist for \"\uc774\ubcc4 10\ubd84\uc804 (The Sense of an Ending)\" at the 3rd Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Background and release\nOn April 21, 2013, it was announced that CJ E&M signed with Jung Joon Young on April 20 and they were supposed to release his debut album at the earliest that summer of the year. However it was delayed until October due to his passion to make it perfect and it was referred that it took a pretty long time for him to select the best songs he could be satisfied with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Background and release\nIt was described that he participated actively in producing his 1st Mini Album especially making N version of \"\ubcd1\uc774\uc5d0\uc694 (Spotless Mind)\" MV and album photos through the reality show Be Stupid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Background and release\nOn Oct 01, 2013. Jung Joon-young released his single \"Spotless Mind\", a pre-released title track off his upcoming album, along with two versions of the music video (\"N\" version and \"S\" version). Just an hour after release, \"Spotless Mind\" immediately made an impact on the country's charts and nabbed the top spot on Mnet and Bugs, and Soribada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Background and release\nSoon after, finally his 1st Mini Album was released on October 10 of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Promotion\nJung Joon-young unveiled the detailed story behind the making of his album and the great effort for working on his album through On Style's reality show, \"Jung Joon-young's Be Stupid\" which aired four episodes from Sep 10 to Oct 1, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Promotion\nOn October 4, he revealed the track list of lst Mini Album through the graffiti mural on a wall near Hongik University with the help of art students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Promotion\nOn Oct 10, he held a showcase to celebrate the release of his 1st Mini Album, and started his official activities as a singer follow up by making his debut show performance of the title track \"\uc774\ubcc4 10\ubd84\uc804 (The Sense of an Ending)\" through Mnet\u2019s \"M Countdown\". He promoted the title track \"\uc774\ubcc4 10\ubd84\uc804 (The Sense of an Ending)\", along with the track \"\ubcd1\uc774\uc5d0\uc694 (Spotless Mind)\" on music shows such as Mnet's M! Countdown, KBS's Music Bank and MBC's Show! Champion from October 10 to November 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Promotion\nHe met many fans through signing events not only domestically but also abroad. He visited Taiwan in order to promote his first mini album on December 8, 2013 and held a fan meeting with 1,000 Taiwanese fans and had an autograph-signing event with his song performances for those who had purchased a special limited edition of his album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Composition and singles\nIt was reported that he devoted much effort and time to his first mini-album. Not just the vocals, but with the sound, album design, music videos. He attended  many meetings with the staff to include his unique colors into the album. So he mentioned that \"I hope that people will be able to see every side to the album, and not just the title song and pre-released song\" through the interview with YesAsia. According to his agency CJ E&M, \"We have paid special attention to the sound of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Composition and singles\nIn contrast to the mechanical sound that is currently in, we gathered some of the best engineers in Korea into the studio, and went for a sound that makes you feel like you\u2019re listening to live music. Colorful rock music with a high quality sound is the core of this album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Composition and singles\n\"\ubcd1\uc774\uc5d0\uc694(Spotless Mind)\", written by Luvan and Wonderkid, tells a story of a young man struggling to cope with the aftereffects of a painful break-up. The track is a song that highlights Jung Joon Young's deep emotional voice with a rock ballad sound. The name of the track was inspired by the American movie Eternal Sunshine on the Spotless Mind, which takes listeners on a movie-like experience with his imaginative and sorrowful melody and lyrics. A representative for the singer stated, \"Jung Joon-young has strong opinions and also has a love for rock, which is reflected directly in his debut single. Through his music listeners would be able to know what kind of person Jung is, and what kind of music he would like to play.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Composition and singles\nJung Joon Young's debut mini album's title song is a rock ballad song called \"\uc774\ubcc410\ubd84\uc804 The Sense of an Ending\". The song was produced by SCORE, who previously worked with artists such as Younha and Primary, and emphasizes Jung Joon Young's deep husky voice and a live band sound. The song features sad lyrics and Jung Joon Young's poignant vocals, just in time for the chilly autumn weather. According to Jung Joon Young, \"We tried to minimize the electronic sound, and instead tried to create an authentic sound, as if you are listening to a live band. This song features a man's emotional voice as he looks forward to a farewell, and hopefully brings back the male vocal's rock ballad genre. We wanted to preserve the classic aspect of the genre, as well as tastefully develop it into a song to fit in with 2013's modern sound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Composition and singles\nSelf-created songs\u00a0: \"Take Off Mask\" and \"\uc544\ub294 \ubc88\ud638 (Missed Call)\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Composition and singles\nHe proved his ability as a musician by participating in composing and writing lyrics on two songs. He composed the western style rock song \"Take Off Mask\" with Lee Ji Hoon, which features his unique musical style and slightly exaggerates his vocal color. He also participated in writing lyrics and composing the rock ballad \"\uc544\ub294 \ubc88\ud638 (Missed Call)\" which expresses the depressed feeling of a man who still misses a former girlfriend with a dark and sad melody and lyrics. It combines a band sound and orchestra sound perfectly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159330-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Jung Joon-young EP), Composition and singles\n\"Be Stupid\" is an upbeat song with a rock punk beat that includes a Japanese rock feeling and its lyrics seem to talk about his own style. It expresses  free, easy-going, and self-satisfied life style \"Be Stupid\". \"\uc815\ub9d0? (Really?)\" is a bright pop rock with a band sound that blends beautifully with string arrangements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159331-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Taegoon EP)\n1st Mini Album is the debut mini-album by South Korean singer Taegoon produced by Crown J.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159331-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mini Album (Taegoon EP), Singles\n\"Call Me\" was the first single to be released from the album. The debut performance was on MBC's show Music Core on January 17, 2009. The video for the song featured Park Shin-hye and TVXQ's Hero Jaejoong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159332-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Minnesota Cavalry Regiment, also known as the Mounted Rangers, was a   Minnesota USV cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159332-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Minnesota Cavalry Regiment was mustered between October and December 1862 in at St. Cloud, St. Peter and  Fort Snelling for one year's service, and the men were mustered out between October and December 1863. The 1st Minnesota Cavalry served entirely in Minnesota and the Dakota Territory, guarding the frontier against the hostile Sioux Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159332-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Cavalry Regiment, Casualties and total strength\nThe 1st Minnesota Cavalry lost two officers and four enlisted men killed in action or died of wounds received in battle. An additional 31 enlisted men died of disease. Total fatalities were 37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159333-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment was a Minnesota USV artillery regiment during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159333-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment mustered in at St. Paul, and  Rochester, Minnesota, between November 1864 and February 1865. Many of the officers were recruited from discharged veterans: sergeants from the 1st Minnesota while  corporals came from the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Minnesota Vol. Regiments. The 1st Minnesota Heavy was composed of twelve companies / batteries, of 140 men plus officers in each. It was the largest unit Minnesota sent to war numbering 1700 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159333-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was assigned to garrison duty at Chattanooga, Tennessee. There it was in charge of the heavy guns at forts defending the city in anticipation  Southern General John Hood might try and retake the Chattanooga. The regiment saw no combat, remained there until the close of the war. The 1st Minnesota \"Heavies\" were mustered out of service on September 27, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159333-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nAlbert Woolson, who was a 14-year-old company drummer in the regiment, became the last surviving veteran of the American Civil War from either side. He died in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159333-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment, Casualties and total strength\nThe regiment lost 87 enlisted men to disease. Many more suffered from scurvy and would never regain complete health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159334-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion\nThe 1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159334-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion, History, Early service\nThe 1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion was mustered into service on April 29, 1864, at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and was originally formed by soldiers of the disbanded 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment who had reenlisted into U.S. service. These veterans formed two companies that became the nucleus of the 1st Minnesota Battalion. They were soon joined by more companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159334-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion, History, Later service\nIn May of 1864, the battalion was ordered to Washington D.C.  On 1 June the battalion was temporarily consolidated with the 38th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment and assigned to the Provisional Brigade of Brigadier General John J. Abercrombie. Afterwards they moved to Virginia to join the Army of the Potomac and participate in the Siege of Petersburg under Captain James C. Farwell. On March 19, 1865, men of the 2nd Company of Minnesota Sharpshooters whose terms had not expired, transferred to the battalion. The unit then participated in the Appomattox Campaign assigned to the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 2nd Corps. They were commanded by Captain Frank Houston. Following Confederate General Robert E. Lee\u2019s surrender on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, the battalion took part in the Grand Review of the Army of the Potomac in Washington D.C. They were mustered out on July 14, 1865, in Jeffersonville, Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 987]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159334-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion, Detailed service\nVeterans and Recruits of 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment organized into two Companies as 1st Minnesota Battalion Infantry at Fort Snelling, Minn., and were on duty there until May 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159334-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D. C., May 16\u201322, thence to White House May 30-June 1. Assigned to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 2nd Army Corps, and joined Brigade at Cold Harbor, Va., June 12. Moved to Petersburg, Va., July 12\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159334-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion, Detailed service\nAssaults on Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Demonstration north of the James August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains August 14\u201318. Weldon Railroad August 25. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201329. Raid on Weldon Railroad December 7\u201311. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Watkins' House March 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159334-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion, Detailed service\nAppomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Hatcher's Run, Boydton Road, March 29\u201331. Crow's House March 31. Sutherland Station and fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge and Farmville April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159334-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion, Detailed service\nMarch to Washington, D. C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review May 23. Moved to Louisville June 6\u20139, and duty there till July 15. Mustered out July 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment was the very first group of volunteers the Union received in response to the South's assault of Fort Sumter at the beginning of the United States Civil War. Minnesota's Governor Alexander Ramsey offered 1000 men to Lincoln immediately upon learning of the attack on the fort. He just happened to be in Washington when the news broke. Those men volunteered for a five-year commitment (1861\u201364) which was much longer than other states. During combat actions, the 1st Minnesota sustained substantial casualties at the battles of First Bull Run (20%) and Antietam (28%) and a staggering 82% at the Battle of Gettysburg, where the regiment's most famous actions occurred on the second day of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment\nAt a dire moment on the afternoon of July 2, 1863, Major General Winfield Scott Hancock, commander of II Corps ordered the 1st Minnesota to charge into a brigade of roughly 1200 men of James Longstreet's corps and Richard H. Anderson's Division, which it did with roughly 250 men. They were outnumbered by at least 5 to 1, but it was Gen. Hancock's only option to buy time for reinforcements to arrive. One survivor stated afterward that he expected the advance to result in \"death or wounds to us all\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment immediately obeyed the order and Gen. Hancock was amazed at the unit discipline, valor, and the tremendous casualties taken in carrying out his order. This action blunted the Confederate attack and helped preserve the Union's precarious position on Cemetery Ridge at the end of the second day of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment\nPost war, both General Hancock and U.S. President Calvin Coolidge were unrestrained in their praise for the actions of the 1st Minnesota. Gen. Hancock, who witnessed the action firsthand, placed its heroism highest in the annals of war: \"No soldiers on any field, in this or any other country ever displayed grander heroism\". Gen. Hancock ascribed unsurpassed gallantry to the famed assault stating: \"There is no more gallant deed recorded in history\". Emphasizing the critical nature of the circumstances on July 2 at Gettysburg, President Coolidge considered: \"Colonel Colvill and those eight companies of the First Minnesota are entitled to rank as the saviors of their country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Organization and early service\nOn April 14, 1861, Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey was visiting Washington DC. Upon hearing of the attack on Fort Sumter Governor Ramsey immediately offered President Lincoln 1000 men to fight the South. Word of the Governor's offer spread and communities back in Minnesota quickly raised groups of volunteers in support of Ramsey. The abandoned Fort Snelling, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, was reactivated. The men raised by the communities were sent there and mustered into the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment on April 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Organization and early service\nThey were the first troops offered by any state to meet Abraham Lincoln's call for 75,000 men to assist the Federal Government  deal with the secession. On May 10 they were remustered \"officially\" for three years service. From Fort Snelling they boarded river boats to go South to a rail line so they could head east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Organization and early service\nJosias Redgate King of the St. Paul Pioneer Guard is credited as the first northern volunteer to stand to for Lincoln's call for men to fight the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, First Bull Run\nOn July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia, the regiment fought in the first major battle of the Civil War: the First Battle of Bull Run. While straddling Rickett's Battery in support, it saw heavy fighting on Henry House Hill in close proximity to the enemy. The 1st Minnesota was one of the last regiments to leave the battlefield and suffered among the highest casualties of any northern regiment: 49 killed, 107 wounded and 34 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, First Bull Run\nDuring the 1st Minnesota Infantry's initiation to combat, its honorable conduct was readily distinguishable from that of the other regiments in its brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, First Bull Run\nThe First Minnesota Regiment moved from its position on the left of the field to the support of Ricketts' battery, and gallantly engaged the enemy at that point. It was so near the enemy's lines that friends and foes were for a time confounded. The regiment behaved exceedingly well, and finally retired from the field in good order. The other two regiments of the brigade retired in confusion, and no efforts of myself or staff were successful in rallying them. I respectfully refer you to Colonel Gorman's report for the account of his regiment's behavior and of the good conduct of his officers and men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Antietam\nDuring General John Sedgwick's ill-fated assault on the West Woods, the regiment suffered significant casualties (1 officer killed, 3 officers wounded, 15 enlisted killed, 79 enlisted wounded, 24 enlisted missing, for at total of 122 [28%] of 435 engaged) as Union forces were routed on that part of the field. The brigade commander noted, \"The First Minnesota Regiment fired with so much coolness and accuracy that they brought down [three times one] of the enemy's flags, and finally cut the flag-staff in two.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nJuly 2, 1863 is the day the 1st Minnesota is most remembered for. During the second day's fighting at Gettysburg, the regiment stopped the Confederates from splitting the Union line, pushing the Union off of Cemetery Ridge and overrunning the battery there that could have been then turned on the North. The actions of the 1st Minnesota saved the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nMaj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, commander of II Corps, could see two brigades of Southerners commanded by Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox breaching the line in front of one of his batteries. He quickly rode up to the troops guarding the battery and asked Col. William Colvill \"what unit is this?\" Col. Colvill responded \"the 1st Minnesota\". Gen. Hancock responded \"attack that line\". With their bayonets leveled the Minnesotans broke the first lines. The intensity of their charge disrupted the southern advance. With the unit nearly encircled, support arrived in time to allow them to make a fighting withdrawal. Their selfless charge bought the Union the time needed for reinforcements to be brought up. During the charge, 215 of the 262 who made the charge became casualties within five minutes. That included the unit commander, Col. William Colvill, and all but three of his captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nThe 1st Minnesota's flag lost five flag bearers, each man dropping his weapon to carry it on. The 47 survivors rallied back to General Hancock under the command of their senior surviving officer, Captain Nathan S. Messick. The 82% casualty rate stands as the largest loss by any surviving  U.S military unit in a single day's engagement ever. The unit's colors are displayed in the rotunda of the Minnesota Capitol for public appreciation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nMinnesota has two monuments at the Gettysburg National Military Park. The more grand of the two bears the inscription:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nOn the afternoon of July 2, 1863 Sickles' Third Corps, having advanced from this line to the Emmitsburg Road, eight companies of the First Minnesota Regiment, numbering 262 men were sent to this place to support a battery upon Sickles repulse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nAs his men were passing here in confused retreat, two Confederate brigades in pursuit were crossing the swale. To gain time to bring up the reserves & save this position, Gen Hancock in person ordered the eight companies to charge the rapidly advancing enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nThe order was instantly repeated by Col. Wm Colvill. And the charge as instantly made down the slope at full speed through the concentrated fire of the two brigades breaking with the bayonet the enemy's front line as it was crossing the small brook in the low ground there the remnant of the eight companies, nearly surrounded by the enemy held its entire force at bay for a considerable time & till it retired on the approach of the reserve the charge successfully accomplished its object. It saved this position & probably the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nThe loss of the eight companies in the charge was 215 killed & wounded. More than 82% percent. 47 men were still in line & no man missing. In self sacrificing desperate valor this charge has no parallel in any war. Among the severely wounded were Col. Wm Colvill, Lt Col. Chas P Adams & Maj. Mark W. Downie. Among the killed Capt. Joseph Periam, Capt. Louis Muller & Lt Waldo Farrar. The next day the regiment participated in repelling Pickett's charge losing 17 more men killed & wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nIn his official report, Confederate Brigadier General Cadmus M. Wilcox perceived the inequality of the fight differently (bold emphasis likely refers to the First Minnesota):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nThis stronghold of the enemy [i.e., Cemetery Ridge], together with his batteries, were almost won, when still another line of infantry descended the slope in our front at a double-quick, to the support of their fleeing comrades and for the defense of the batteries. Seeing this contest so unequal, I dispatched my adjutant-general to the division commander, to ask that support be sent to my men, but no support came. Three several times did this last of the enemy's lines attempt to drive my men back, and were as often repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 2\nThis struggle at the foot of the hill on which were the enemy's batteries, though so unequal, was continued for some thirty minutes. With a second supporting line, the heights could have been carried. Without support on either my right or left, my men were withdrawn, to prevent their entire destruction or capture. The enemy did not pursue, but my men retired under a heavy artillery fire, and returned to their original position in line, and bivouacked for the night, pickets being left on the pike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 3\nCarrying on from the heavy losses of the previous day, the remaining men of the 1st Minn. were reinforced by detached Companies F and L. The reunited regiment was moved a bit north of the previous day's fight to one of the few places where Union lines were breached during Pickett's Charge. They again had to charge into advancing Confederate troops with more losses. Capt . Messick was killed and Capt. W. B. Farrell mortally wounded, and Capt. Henry C. Coates had to take command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 3\nDuring this charge, Private Marshall Sherman of Company C captured the colors of the 28th Virginia Infantry and received the Medal of Honor for this exploit. The Confederate flag was taken back to Minnesota as a war trophy. The State retains possession to this day with the Minnesota Historical Society ensuring its proper care and preservation. In the mid-1990s, several groups of Virginians threatened to sue the Society to return the 28th Virginia's battle flag to the Old Dominion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0018-0002", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 3\nThe Minnesota Attorney General advised that such threats were without a legal basis, and the flag remained in the possession of the Society. In subsequent years, various groups of Virginia officials asked for the flag to be returned to (or at least be loaned to) Virginia, always to be met with similar declinations from Minnesota authorities. Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton once explained \"We declined that invitation... It was taken in a battle with the cost of the blood of all these Minnesotans. It would be a sacrilege to return it to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0018-0003", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 3\nIt's something that was earned through the incredible courage and valor of the men who gave their lives and risked their lives to obtain it... ... As far as I'm concerned it is a closed subject.\" Some years earlier, Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura had been more succinct: \"We won... We took it. That makes it our heritage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Gettysburg, July 3\nAfter being knocked out by a bullet to the head and later shot in the hand, Corporal Henry D. O'Brien repeatedly picked up the fallen colors of the 1st Minnesota and carried a wounded comrade back to the Union lines. He was also awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, History, Later service\nThe 1st Minnesota continued to serve in the Army of the Potomac, participating later in 1863 in the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns. It was mustered out of service upon completion of its enlistment on April 29, 1864, at Fort Snelling. Enough of the regiment's veterans reenlisted to form the nucleus of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Battalion, which returned to Virginia and served through the end of the war. Other veterans provided officers for the 1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 1st Minnesota Infantry suffered the loss of 10 officers and 177 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 2 officers and 97 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 286 fatalities and 609 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159335-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment, Continued lineage\nThe 2nd Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment, 34th Infantry Division (Minnesota Army National Guard) traces its roots back to the historic 1st Minnesota Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159336-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Legislature\nThe first Minnesota Legislature first convened on December 2, 1857. The 37 members of the Minnesota Senate and the 80 members of the Minnesota House of Representatives were elected during the General Election of October 13, 1857. Although the Constitution of the State of Minnesota, which had been adopted by the voters at the 1857 general election, was not ratified by the United States Senate until May 11, 1858, this was the first legislature of the State of Minnesota to convene in conformity with the state constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159336-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Legislature, Sessions\nThe legislature met in a regular session from December 2, 1857 to August 12, 1858, with a recess between March 25, 1858 and June 2, 1858. There were no special sessions; however, the regular session continued for 254 days, which still ranks the longest duration of any Minnesota Legislature. Due to the protracted length of the 1857-58 session, it was determined that an 1858-59 meeting of the legislature was unnecessary, and the 2nd Minnesota Legislature did not convene until December 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159337-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery\nThe 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery   was a Minnesota USV artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The battery was mustered in at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. on  November 21, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159337-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery\nThe 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery was mustered out at St. Paul, Minnesota, on July 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159337-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery, Casualties and total strength\nThe 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery lost 1 officer and 7 enlisted men killed in action or died of wounds received in battle and 1 officer and 29 enlisted men died of disease. Total fatalities were 38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159337-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery, Battles and Campaigns\nThe 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery took part in the Battle of Shiloh, Siege of Vicksburg, the Atlanta Campaign and Sherman's March to the Sea. They served in the 4th Division of the 17th U.S. Army Corps. On 5 March 1864, Captain Clayton exchanged the old guns, two 12-pound howitzers, and two 6-pound rifled guns, caliber 3.67, for four new rifled 3-inch Rodman's guns. The 3-inch Rodman guns were actually 3-inch ordnance rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159338-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Sharpshooters Company\nThe 1st Minnesota Sharpshooters Company was a sharpshooter company of  USV from Minnesota that served in the Union Army between October 6, 1861, and July 15, 1865, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159338-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Sharpshooters Company, Service\nThe company was organized at Fort Snelling by the authority of the Secretary of War and mustered in on October 6, 1861. Straight away the 1st Minnesota Sharpshooters were given orders to make their way to Washington D.C. and report to Colonel Hiram Berdan. After reporting the company was assigned as Company \"A\" of the 2nd United States Sharpshooters. When their service to the 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters was completed they were transferred to the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment as Company \"A\". The 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment was mustered out on July 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159339-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Territorial Legislature\nThe 1st Minnesota Territorial Legislature first convened on September 3, 1849. The 9 members of the Minnesota Territorial Council and the 18 members of the Minnesota House of Representatives were elected during the General Election of August 1, 1849.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159339-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Minnesota Territorial Legislature, Sessions\nThe territorial legislature met in a regular session from September 3, 1849 to November 1, 1849. There were no special sessions of the first territorial legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159340-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mirchi Music Awards\nThe 1st Mirchi Music Awards, presented by the Radio Mirchi, honoured the best of Hindi music from the year 2008. The ceremony was held on 28 March 2009 at the Hotel Taj Lands End, Bandra, Mumbai and was hosted by Shaan and Tulip Joshi. There were many performances, including those by Dominique Cerejo, Benny Dayal, Manohari Singh, Bipasha Basu, Shreya Ghoshal, Genelia D'Souza, Kunal Ganjawala, Shahid Kapoor and Prachi Shah, the winner of the Tata Indicom Talent Hunt. Awards were given out in 17 different categories. Jodhaa Akbar won a leading seven awards including Song of the Year. Album of the Year was won by film Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na. The show was broadcast on 12 April 2009 on StarPlus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159340-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mirchi Music Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were selected by the members of jury, chaired by Javed Akhtar. The following are the names of winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159340-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mirchi Music Awards, Jury\nThe jury was chaired by Javed Akhtar. Other members were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159341-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mission Support Command\n1st Mission Support Command is a United States Army Reserve command providing support to military units based in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Headquartered at Fort Buchanan within the metropolitan area of the Puerto Rico's capital San Juan the command consists of 35 units and fields 3,800 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159341-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mission Support Command, History\nReserve units have served in Puerto Rico since 1922 when the 373rd Infantry was moved to the Organized Reserve and headquartered in San Juan, Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159341-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mission Support Command, History\nIn 1973, the Support Group was placed directly under First United States Army. By 1974, the 166th Support Group was given full mission control of all United States Army Reserve units in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands and assumed the mission and functions of a major U.S. Army Reserve Command, under First U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159341-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mission Support Command, History\nThe Garita patch is worn by members assigned to this unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159341-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mission Support Command, Subordinate units\nAs of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 1st Mission Support Command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159342-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mississippi Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Mississippi Infantry Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the Confederate States Army originally formed as a state militia unit in Mississippi. The regiment was first organized at Corinth, Mississippi in April 1861 with a strength of 682 men. By the following spring, the regiment had been augmented to the Confederate Army and fought primarily in the western theater of the war. The majority of the regiment was recruited from Itawamba County in Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159342-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mississippi Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment's first major action was at the Siege of Corinth. By the time of the Battle of Nashville, the regiment had suffered heavy casualties and was under the command of Captain Owen Hughes who had previously been in command of Company K, known as the \"Yankee Hunters\". Hughes and most of the remaining regimental members were killed at Nashville, after which the regiment was used for rear guard actions until disbanding in 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159343-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159343-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Organization\nThe regiment was formed in Missouri from December 5\u201331, 1861. Many of its members had served with the Missouri State Guard. The field officers were Colonel Elijah Gates, Lieutenant Colonels Richard B. Chiles, George W. Law, and William D. Maupin, and Majors Robert R. Lawther and William C. Parker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159343-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nThe 1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment fought at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas from March 6\u20138, 1862, then moved east of the Mississippi River and was dismounted. On May 4, 1862, the regiment contained 536 effectives. After fighting at the Battle of Iuka, Mississippi on September 19, 1862, the regiment participated in the Battle of Corinth, Mississippi on October 3\u20134, 1862, where it lost 9 killed and 54 wounded. It was then assigned to Martin E. Green's Brigade, Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159343-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nThe regiment fought at the Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi on May 16, 1863, and took an active part in the Battle of Big Black River Bridge on May 17. On July 4, 1863, it surrendered at the end of the Siege of Vicksburg. After being paroled, the regiment was declared exchanged on September 12, 1863. It was assigned to General Cockrell's Missouri Brigade, and consolidated with the 3rd (Samuel's) Missouri Cavalry Battalion. The 1st/3rd Battalion fought with the Army of Tennessee throughout the Atlanta Campaign and reported 25 killed, 80 wounded, and 3 missing at its end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159343-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Service\nOn October 5, 1864 the battalion saw action in the Battle of Allatoona, Georgia, where it sustained 56 casualties. In late 1864, it was part of Hood's operations in Tennessee, and fought at the Battle of Franklin on November 30. Later it was involved in the defense of Mobile, Alabama, fighting at the Battle of Fort Blakely, Alabama from April 2\u20139, 1865. The small command surrendered with the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana, and was disbanded on May 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment with three battalions that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Background\nMissouri in the American Civil War was divided, with the southern and central portion of the state pro-Confederacy, and most of the rest pro-Union. By the end of the Civil War, Missouri had supplied nearly 110,000 troops to the Union and at least 40,000 troops for the Confederate Army with additional bands of pro\u2013Confederate guerrillas. There were battles and skirmishes in all areas of the state, from Iowa and the Illinois border in the northeast to the edge of the state in the southeast and southwest on the Arkansas border. Counting minor engagements, actions and skirmishes, Missouri saw over 1,200 distinct fights. Only Virginia and Tennessee exceeded Missouri in the number of clashes within the state's boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Background\nBy the War's end, some 447 Missouri Regiments like the 1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment fought for the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment was organized at Jefferson Barracks located on the Mississippi River at Lemay, Missouri, south of St. Louis. The Regiment served and fought from September 6, 1861 until mustering out on September 1, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe Regiment moved to Benton Barracks September 12, 1861 thence to Jefferson City, Missouri ON September 21 (5 Companies) for training. Other Companies moved to Jefferson City on October 4 and later joined the Regiment at Tipton, Missouri, October 19. It was later organized into 3 battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe Regiment served with the Expedition to Lexington October 5\u201316 (Companies \"C\" and \"L\"). Capture of Lexington October 16 (Companies \"C\" and \"L\"). Warrensburg, Missouri October 18. General Fremont's advance on Springfield, Missouri, October 20\u201326, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\n1st Battalion (Companies \"A,\" \"C,\" \"D\" and \"E\") moved to Sedalia, Missouri, as escort to General David Hunter, November; thence to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas, and duty there until May, 1862. Attached to Dept. of Kansas November, 1861, to May, 1862. District of Southwest Missouri, Dept. of Missouri, to October, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Frontier, Dept. of Missouri, to February, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of the Frontier, to June, 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, District of Southeast Missouri, Dept. of Missouri, to August, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nReserve Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Arkansas Expedition, to December, 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division Cavalry, Army of Arkansas, to January, 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, 7th Army Corps, Dept. of Arkansas, to May, 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 7th Army Corps, to September, 1864. (Regiment consolidated to 7 Cos. September 10, 1864.) 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, 7th Army Corps, to March, 1865. Separate Brigade, 7th Army Corps, to September, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\n2nd Battalion (Companies. \"B,\" \"H,\" \"I\", and \"L.\") Moved to Otterville, Mo., November, 1861, and duty there until February, 1862. Expedition to Milford December 15\u201319. Shawnee Mound, Milford, Blackwater River, December 19. Roan's Tan Yard, Silver Creek, January 8, 1862. Joined 3rd Battalion at Lebanon February 9. Attached to 3rd Brigade, Army of Southwest Missouri, Dept. of Missouri, to February, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to April, 1862. Cassville, Mo., District of Southwest Missouri, to October, 1862. (Detached from 3rd Battalion at Cassville, Mo., April 7.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nUnattached, 2nd Division, Army of the Frontier, to January, 1863; then same as 1st Battalion. Advance on Springfield, Mo., February 13\u201316. Pursuit of Price to Fayetteville, Ark., February 13\u201316. Skirmish with Price's Rear Guard February 14\u201315. Bentonville February 17. Sugar Creek February 18. Reconnaissance to Berryville March 3\u20137. Battles of Pea Ridge March 7\u20138. Leetown March 7. Elkhorn Tavern March 8. Operations against Stan Wattee March 19\u201323. At Cross Timbers until April 6. Moved to Cassville April 6\u20137. Santa Fe Road April 14. Neosho April 26. Near Newtonia August 8. Union Mills August 20. Occupation of Newtonia October 4, Battle of Prairie Grove, Ark., December 7. Expedition over Boston Mountains December 27\u201329. Dripping Springs and capture of Van Buren December 28. (See 1st Battalion.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\n3rd Battalion (Companies \"F,\" \"G,\" \"K\" and \"M.\"). Moved to Rolla, Mo., November, 1861. Expedition against Sam Freeman December --. Stein's Creek, LaClede County, January 1, 1862. Scouting on the Gasconade until January 15, 1862. Attached to 3rd Brigade, Army of Southwest Missouri, Dept. of Missouri, to April, 1862. 2nd Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, to July, 1862. District of Eastern Arkansas, Dept. of Missouri, to December, 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Cavalry Division, District of Eastern Arkansas, to January, 1863, Helena, Ark., District of Eastern Arkansas, 13th Army Corps, Dept. of Tennessee, to January, 1863. District Of Memphis, Tenn., 16th Army Corps, to March, 1863. 4th Brigade, District of Memphis, 5th Division, 16th Army Corps, to June, 1863. Dept . of Missouri to December, 1863. New Madrid, Mo., to September, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nThe Regiment served, conducted operations and fought in mostly the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War in the following areas as cited in \"A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, V.III\" by Frederick H. Dyer, 1908, pages 1301-1302.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Detailed service, 2nd & 3rd Battalions\n* ** Company \"F\" served detached as escort to General Jeff C. Davis, commanding 4th Division, Army of Mississippi, to September 1862; then with Headquarters, 9th Division, 3rd Corps, Army of Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Division, Right Wing 14th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Division, 20th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October, 1863. At Headquarters, Dept. of Missouri, to August 1864. Siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30, 1862. Campaign against Bragg in Kentucky October 1862. Stone River Campaign December 1862-January 1863. Weem's Springs August 19, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Roster\nA roster of those who served with the 1st Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment is available through the Missouri Digital Heritage. Some 2,922 names, with company designation and a link to a soldier record of service card provides more detail,  are on the roster. Some names are duplicated and some may have been off this list. The link is   Note: Care must be exercised not to confuse the Regiment with a Confederate States of America (CSA) unit of same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159344-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe Regiment lost 2 Officers and 51 Enlisted men killed or mortally wounded due to combat. A further 2 Officers and 179 Enlisted men lost their lives due to disease. Total 234.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159345-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment was an African-American infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was redesignated as the 62nd Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops on March 11, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159345-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment was organized at Benton Barracks, in St. Louis, Missouri, December 7\u201314, 1863. Attached to District of St. Louis, Mo., to January 1864. Designation changed to 62nd Regiment United States Colored Troops March 11, 1864. Ordered to Port Hudson, Louisiana. District of Baton Rouge, La., Dept. of the Gulf, to June 1864. Provisional Brigade, District of Morganza, Dept. of the Gulf, to September 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, United States Colored Troops, District of Morganza, Dept. of the Gulf, to September 1864. Port Hudson, La., Dept. of the Gulf, to September 1864. Brazos Santiago, Texas, to October, 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, United States Colored Troops, Dept. of the Gulf, to December 1864. Brazos Santiago, Texas, to June 1865. Dept . of Texas to March 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159345-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed Service\nOrdered to Baton Rouge, La., March 23, 1864, and duty there till June. Ordered to Morganza, La., and duty there till September. Expedition from Morganza to Bayou Sara September 6\u20137. Ordered to Brazos Santiago, Texas, September, and duty there till May 1865. Expedition from Brazos Santiago May 11\u201314. Action at Palmetto Ranch May 12\u201313, 1865. White's Ranch May 13. Last action of the war. Duty at various points in Texas till March 1866. Ordered to St. Louis via New Orleans, La. Mustered out March 31, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159345-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment, Founding of Lincoln University\nOne of the soldiers' most important achievements came at the end of the war. Between duties, and after the termination of hostilities, soldiers of the 62nd and 65th U.S. Colored Troops had been taught to read and write. The troops of these two regiments agreed that they wished to continue their studies as civilians. The soldiers and their officers signed resolutions pledging to work to establish a school \"for the special benefit of free blacks\". Troops of the 62nd U.S.C.T. were especially energetic in working towards this goal, raising $5,000 to support the establishment of the planned educational institution. This effort eventually lead to the opening of the Lincoln Institute (now Lincoln University) in Jefferson City, Missouri, on September 16, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159346-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Engineer Regiment\nThe 1st Missouri Engineer Regiment was an engineer regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159346-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Engineer Regiment, Service\nOrganized February 17, 1864, by consolidation of Bissell's Engineer Regiment of the West and 25th Missouri Infantry Regiment. Attached to Defenses of Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to August 1864. Engineers Sherman's Army to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159346-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Engineer Regiment, Detailed Service\nAssigned to duty on line of Nashville & Western Railroad rebuilding road from Nashville to the Tennessee River February 18 to May 10, 1864; then on line of Nashville & Northwestern Railroad building blockhouses, repairing and protecting road until August 15. Ordered to Join Army in the field and march to the Chattahoochie River, Georgia, August 15\u201325. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy Station September 2\u20136. At Atlanta until November 15. March to the sea November 15-December 10. In charge of pontoons, Army of the Tennessee. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159346-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Engineer Regiment, Detailed Service\nCampaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Salkehatchie Swamps, S.C., February 2\u20135. South Edisto River February 9. North Edisto River February 12\u201313. Columbia February 15\u201317. Lynch's Creek February 26\u201327. Battle of Bentonville, N.C., March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24-April 10. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies, May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159346-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Engineer Regiment, Sherman's Advance\nThe 1st Missouri Engineers figured largely in Sherman's March to the Sea and Carolinas Campaign. In addition to building roads and repairing railroads and bridges, the regiment provided \"pontooneer\" detachments which transported and constructed mobile temporary bridges which sped the movement of Sherman's units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159346-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Engineer Regiment, Sherman's Advance\nConfederate General Joe Johnston paid tribute to the 1st Missouri (and Sherman's other engineers) when he said: \"When I learned that Sherman\u2019s army was marching through the Salk swamps, making its own corduroy roads at the rate of a dozen miles a day, I made up my mind that there had been no such army in existence since the days of Julius Caesar.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159346-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Engineer Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost during service 16 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 146 enlisted men by disease. Total 163. (This figure includes the casualties suffered by the \"Bissell's Engineer Regiment of the West\" before it was consolidated with the 25th Missouri Infantry to form the \"1st Missouri Engineers\".)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery\nThe 1st Missouri Field Battery was a field artillery battery that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The battery was formed by Captain Westley F. Roberts in Arkansas in September 1862 as Roberts' Missouri Battery and was originally armed with two 12-pounder James rifles and two 6-pounder smoothbore guns. The unit fought in the Battle of Prairie Grove on December 7, as part of a Confederate offensive. Roberts' Battery withdrew after the battle and transferred to Little Rock, Arkansas, where Roberts resigned and was replaced by Lieutenant Samuel T. Ruffner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery\nDuring the middle of 1863, the unit, as Ruffner's Missouri Battery, was part of a force sent to the Mississippi River under the command of Colonel John Bullock Clark Jr., with the intent of harassing Union shipping. Clark's force was eventually recalled to Little Rock, which was being threatened by the Union Army of Arkansas under Major General Frederick Steele. The Confederates abandoned Little Rock on September 10, and Ruffner's Battery saw action during the retreat as part of the rear guard. After the retreat from Little Rock, Ruffner's Battery was temporarily assigned to Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke's cavalry division. The battery accompanied Marmaduke in an expedition against the Union garrison of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, seeing action at the Battle of Pine Bluff on October 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery\nThe unit's assignment to Marmaduke's division ended in December, after which it received a new set of cannons: two 10-pounder Parrott rifles and two 12-pounder howitzers. In early 1864, it became part of Brigadier General Mosby M. Parsons's division, which was ordered into Louisiana in April to counter a Union thrust up the Red River. While Parsons's infantry fought at the Battle of Pleasant Hill on April 9, Ruffner's Battery served in a reserve role and was not engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery\nThe Union troops present at Pleasant Hill continued to retreat back down the river, so Parsons was returned to Arkansas to move against Steele's Camden expedition. Supply issues forced Steele to retreat from Camden, Arkansas, and the Union troops were pursued to the Saline River. On April 30, the Confederates caught up with Steele at the river crossing and attacked, starting the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry. Ruffner's Battery, along with Lesueur's Missouri Battery, supported an infantry assault, but moved to an exposed position in the process. A Union counterattack captured several of Ruffner's Battery's cannons and Steele's men escaped across the river that night. The battery was then rearmed with four 6-pounder smoothbores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery\nIn November 1864, the unit was given the official designation of the 1st Missouri Field Battery. It spent the remainder of the war in Louisiana and Arkansas and was paroled on June 7, 1865, at Alexandria, Louisiana, after General Edmund Kirby Smith signed surrender terms for the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Background and formation\nWhen the American Civil War began in early 1861, the state of Missouri did not secede despite being a slave state, as both secessionist and Unionist viewpoints had substantial support among the state's populace. The Governor of Missouri, Claiborne Fox Jackson, mobilized pro-secession state militia, which encamped near St. Louis, where a federal arsenal was located. Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon of the Union Army, commander of the arsenal, dispersed the militiamen on May 10, in the Camp Jackson affair. Lyon's action was followed by a pro-secession riot in St. Louis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Background and formation\nIn response, Jackson formed the pro-secession Missouri State Guard, a militia unit; Major General Sterling Price  was appointed as its commander on May 12. On June 15, Lyon drove Jackson and the secessionists from the state capital of Jefferson City; Jackson then went to Boonville. Two days later, the secessionists were forced from there, and Jackson and Price fell back to southwestern Missouri, pursued by Lyon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Background and formation\nIn early August, Price and the Missouri State Guard were joined by Confederate States Army troops commanded by Brigadier General Ben McCulloch. On August 10, Lyon attacked the combined camp of Price and McCulloch. Lyon was killed, and the battle ended in a Union defeat. Price and the Missouri State Guard then headed north towards the Missouri River in a campaign that culminated in the successful Siege of Lexington in September. In October, Union forces commanded by Major General John C. Fr\u00e9mont concentrated against Price, who retreated southwards to Neosho, where he was joined by Jackson. On November 3, Jackson and the pro-secession legislators voted to secede and join the Confederate States of America, functioning as a government-in-exile, first from Arkansas and later from Marshall, Texas. The remaining portion of the state legislature had previously voted to remain in the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 947]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Background and formation\nIn February 1862, pressure from Brigadier General Samuel R. Curtis's Union Army of the Southwest led Price to abandon Missouri for Arkansas. In March, Price, McCulloch, and Major General Earl Van Dorn joined forces to form the Army of the West. Van Dorn moved against Curtis, and the two foes fought the Battle of Pea Ridge on March 7 and 8. McCulloch was killed and the Confederates and Missouri State Guardsmen were defeated. After Pea Ridge, the Army of the West retreated to Van Buren, Arkansas. Eventually, many of the members of the Missouri State Guard transferred to official Confederate States Army formations. Around September 7, while located at Van Buren, Captain Westley F. Roberts formed a field artillery battery that would bear his name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Background and formation\nThe battery was armed with horse-drawn cannons in October: two 12-pounder James rifles taken from Union forces at the Battle of Lone Jack and two obsolescent 6-pounder smoothbores. Unlike the smoothbores, the captured James rifles had a series of spiral grooves engraved along the inside of the gun barrel, which spun the projectile when it was fired, giving the cannon greater effective range and accuracy. The James rifles had a range of 1,700 yards (1.6\u00a0km), and the 6-pounder smoothbores had a range of 1,500 yards (1.4\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Background and formation\nBoth of these cannons were field guns designed to fire solid shot at a flat trajectory over a long range. Later in the war, the battery was equipped with two 10-pounder Parrott rifles and two 12-pounder howitzers. Parrott rifles had a range of between 2,970 yards (2,720\u00a0m) and 3,200 yards (2,900\u00a0m) depending on the variant, while the howitzers only had a maximum range of 1,072 yards (980\u00a0m). The howitzers fired at a higher trajectory, which was useful where rough terrain made projectiles fired with a flat trajectory ineffective. Confederate artillerymen were hampered by problems with gunpowder and artillery fuze quality, which often resulted in premature detonation of shells, sometimes while still in the cannon. All of the pieces used by the battery required a crew of four to six men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1862\nOn December 7, the battery was engaged during the Battle of Prairie Grove in Arkansas. During the fight, Roberts' Battery was part of Colonel Robert G. Shaver's brigade, along with several infantry regiments from Arkansas. Shaver's brigade was initially held in reserve, but it was ordered from the Confederate left flank to the right flank by Army of the Trans-Mississippi commander Major General Thomas C. Hindman. Roberts' Battery then moved forward onto a ridge. The battery's new position gave it a clear field of fire against Brigadier General Francis J. Herron's Union division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1862\nOf the battery's four cannons, only the two James rifles could be deployed due to the terrain, although the two 6-pounders were still with the battery. The James rifles were the only rifled cannons available to the Confederates at Prairie Grove. After deploying, Roberts' Battery came under heavy Union fire. In turn, the Missourians took up a new position further down the ridge. Even in the new position, heavy Union artillery fire rendered the battery's position untenable, and the guns were withdrawn up the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1862\nEventually, Roberts decided that the battery could not hold its position, and the gunners abandoned the pieces and took shelter in some nearby woods. The battery had participated in the fighting at Prairie Grove for two hours, and damaged two cannons of Battery L, 1st Missouri Light Artillery; one shot from the battery wounded a man riding near Herron. The battle ended when night fell, and the Confederates retreated from the field. In order to mask the noises of retreat, the wheels of Roberts' Battery's cannons and caissons were padded with blankets. The retreat continued until the Confederates reached Van Buren, a process that took two days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1863\nBy January 6, 1863, the battery had been transferred to Little Rock, Arkansas, where Roberts resigned. Lieutenant Samuel T. Ruffner became commander of the battery, which adopted his name. In February, the unit boarded a steamboat for transport to the vicinity of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, which it reached on February 22. While near Pine Bluff, the battery was stationed at a position named Fort Pleasant under the authority of Brigadier General Daniel M. Frost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1863\nIn June, the battery, as part of a formation commanded by Colonel John Bullock Clark Jr., moved to the area around the Mississippi River with the intent of interfering with Union shipping. Ruffner's Battery, which was armed with four 6-pounders at this time, was positioned in the vicinity of Gaines' Landing, along with the 8th and 9th Missouri Infantry Regiments. After firing on Union Navy shipping on June 22 and 27, Ruffner's Battery, along with the two infantry regiments, skirmished with the 25th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, the 4th Ohio Battery, and elements of the 5th Illinois Cavalry Regiment on June 28, in the Gaines' Landing vicinity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1863\nIn late July, Clark's force was transferred back to Little Rock, as the city was threatened by the Union Army of Arkansas under Major General Frederick Steele. The Confederates abandoned Little Rock on September 10, without a fight. On September 11, Ruffner's Battery was engaged during the Confederate withdrawal. Union cavalry were pursuing the Confederates, and encountered elements from the 11th and 12th Missouri Cavalry Regiments. Ruffner's Battery then fired at the pursuers with the unit's four cannons, inflicting casualties. After additional fighting between the Union cavalry and the 5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment and Elliott's Missouri Cavalry Battalion, the retreat continued without further pursuit. After the retreat from the city, Ruffner's Battery was temporarily assigned to Marmaduke's cavalry division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1863\nAfter capturing Little Rock, Union troops occupied several points on the Arkansas River. Pine Bluff was occupied by the 5th Kansas and 1st Indiana Cavalry Regiments; the garrison was commanded by Colonel Powell Clayton. On October 25, Marmaduke attacked Pine Bluff. The Union cavalrymen barricaded the town square, which was then assaulted by Marmaduke's cavalry. The attack quickly bogged down and Ruffner's Battery, which had remained in reserve with other Confederate artillery, was called into action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1863\nThe unit served on the right of the Confederate line, and opened fire with three cannons on the Union position (near the local courthouse) from the grounds of a church. While the artillery fire forced the defenders from some of their positions, the main Union line held up under fire. Further Confederate cavalry charges failed to carry the makeshift defensive position, and Marmaduke's men withdrew after engaging in some looting. On December 2, the battery's assignment to Marmaduke's division ended, and the unit left Marmaduke on the 5th. Ruffner's Battery returned to Fort Pleasant without its cannons, which were given to Joseph Bledsoe's Missouri Battery. Once the fort was reached, Ruffner's Battery was assigned the cannons of a defunct artillery unit known as Von Puhl's Missouri Battery: two 10-pounder Parrott rifles and two 12-pounder howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1864\u20131865\nThe battery was later assigned to a new brigade commanded by Clark, which was part of Brigadier General Mosby M. Parsons's division. In March 1864, Parsons's division was transferred to Louisiana, where Major General Richard Taylor and his District of West Louisiana were confronting a Union thrust up the Red River. On April 9, Parsons's division, as part of Taylor's army, engaged the Union force at the Battle of Pleasant Hill, although Ruffner's Battery was in a reserve role and was unengaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1864\u20131865\nWhile Confederate assaults at Pleasant Hill were repulsed, the Union army, commanded by Major General Nathaniel Banks, continued a retreat that had begun several days earlier. After Pleasant Hill, General Edmund Kirby Smith, who was in overall command of the Confederate forces, moved his men back into Arkansas, where Steele had occupied Camden. Steele's supply line was tenuous, and he had suffered defeats at the battles of Poison Spring and Marks' Mills. Running low on food, the Union troops abandoned Camden on April 26, with hopes of retreating to Little Rock. The Confederates pursued, and caught up with Steele at the crossing of the Saline River on April 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1864\u20131865\nThat morning, as part of the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, Ruffner's Battery, along with Lesueur's Missouri Battery, positioned themselves to provide supporting fire for an attack by Parsons's Division. When Clark's brigade, along with Colonel Lucien C. Gause's brigade of Brigadier General Thomas J. Churchill's division, attacked the Union line, Ruffner's and Lesueur's Batteries moved forward in support. Clark and Gause were repulsed, exposing the two batteries' positions. Visibility on the battlefield was poor, and Ruffner's Battery stumbled into the 2nd Kansas Colored Infantry Regiment, under the erroneous perception that the Kansans were a Confederate regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1864\u20131865\nThe error allowed the 2nd Kansas Colored Infantry to capture either two or three of the battery's cannons, which were moved to the Union lines. After the attack miscarried, Churchill's and Parsons's men were withdrawn. The battery suffered 17 casualties at Jenkins' Ferry; seven of the losses were prisoners of war, some of whom were executed by African American soldiers as revenge for African American troops who had been killed by Confederate cavalry while trying to surrender at Poison Spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159347-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Field Battery, Service history, 1864\u20131865\nLater that day, Steele's men escaped across the Saline River via a pontoon bridge; they arrived in Little Rock on May 2. Ruffner's Battery was assigned four new cannons, all 6-pounder smoothbores. After Jenkins' Ferry, the unit saw no further action, and spent the rest of the war stationed at various points in Arkansas and Louisiana. On November 19, the battery, which had previously borne the name of its commander, was officially designated the 1st Missouri Field Battery and was assigned to Major William D. Blocher's artillery organization. Smith signed surrender terms for the Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865; the men of the 1st Missouri Field Battery were paroled five days later, while stationed at Alexandria, Louisiana, ending their combat experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)\nThe 1st Missouri Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Originally commanded by Colonel John S. Bowen, the regiment fought at the Battle of Shiloh, where it was engaged near the Peach Orchard on April 6, 1862. On April 7, during the Union counterattacks at Shiloh, the regiment was instrumental in preventing the Washington Artillery from being captured. The regiment was next engaged at the Second Battle of Corinth, where it outflanked several Union positions. On the second day at Corinth, the regiment was only minimally engaged. On November 7, the 1st Missouri Infantry was combined with the 4th Missouri Infantry to form the 1st and 4th Missouri Infantry (Consolidated), as a result of heavy battle losses in both regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Organization\nThe regiment was the first Missouri unit to officially enter the Confederate States Army. After recruiting efforts by Colonel John S. Bowen, who had been captured during the Camp Jackson affair, in early June 1861, the unit was officially mustered on June 22, near Memphis, Tennessee. Bowen was the regiment's first colonel, Lucius L. Rich was appointed the first lieutenant colonel, and Charles C. Campbell was the first major. Some of the men recruited were from outside of Missouri, including many from Memphis and New Orleans, Louisiana. Most of the Missourians were from St. Louis or the Missouri Bootheel area. The company organization at the date of organization was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service, 1861\nIn August 1861, the regiment was transferred from the Memphis area to New Madrid, Missouri, where it was part of the force of Brigadier General Gideon Pillow. While at New Madrid, the regiment became known for its skill at drill. In September, the unit was again transferred, this time to Columbus, Kentucky. The regiment was issued weapons on September 23. In late December, the regiment was sent to Bowling Green, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service, 1862, Shiloh\nAfter the Battle of Fort Donelson in early 1862, the regiment participated in the destruction of Confederate property during the abandonment of Nashville, Tennessee. The 1st Missouri then joined General Albert Sidney Johnston's Army of Mississippi. The regiment was stationed at Corinth, Mississippi, for some time. Bowen was promoted to brigadier general on March 14, and was replaced as regimental commander by Lieutenant Colonel Rich, who was officially promoted to colonel on April 1. In early April 1862, the 1st Missouri was part of Brigadier General John C. Breckinridge's Reserve Corps of Johnston's army, and would be in Bowen's brigade along with the 9th Arkansas Infantry, 10th Arkansas Infantry, 2nd Confederate Infantry, Hudson's Mississippi Battery, Watson's Louisiana Battery, and a company of Kentucky cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service, 1862, Shiloh\nOn April 6, the first day of the Battle of Shiloh, the 1st Missouri and the rest of Bowen's brigade attacked a Union defensive position known as the Peach Orchard. After heaving fighting, the Confederate charge drove the Union troops from the Peach Orchard, although Johnston was mortally wounded during the fighting. On April 7, the 1st Missouri participated in the Confederate defense against Union counterattacks, and played a significant role in preventing the capture of a portion of the Washington Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service, 1862, Shiloh\nEventually, the Confederate army retreated from the battlefield, and the 1st Missouri was part of the army's rear guard on the march back to Corinth. At Shiloh, the regiment lost 48 men killed, 130 wounded, and 29 missing, for a total of 207; the regiment had begun the battle with around 850 men. Colonel Rich had been wounded on April 6; he died on August 9. Lieutenant Colonel Amos Camden Riley replaced Rich at the head of the regiment; Riley was officially promoted to colonel on August 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service, 1862, Corinth\nAfter the Confederates abandoned Corinth in the summer of 1862, the 1st Missouri was transferred to the Vicksburg, Mississippi, area. The regiment, as well as the rest of Bowen's brigade, was expected to be part of the Confederate assault at the Battle of Baton Rouge, but arrived too late for the fighting. By early October, the 1st Missouri was part of Major General Earl van Dorn's Army of West Tennessee. The regiment was part of Bowen's brigade of Major General Mansfield Lovell's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service, 1862, Corinth\nBowen's brigade also contained the 6th Mississippi Infantry, 15th Mississippi Infantry, 22nd Mississippi Infantry, Caruther's Mississippi Battalion, and Watson's Louisiana Battery. On October 3, at the Second Battle of Corinth, the 1st Missouri was part of the Confederate assault on the Union's outer defensive works. The 1st Missouri, along with the 33rd Mississippi Infantry, broke the line of the 15th Michigan Infantry, contributing to the collapse of the initial Union line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service, 1862, Corinth\nDuring the fighting, the 1st Missouri became separated from the rest of Bowen's brigade, and fought with the brigade of Brigadier General John C. Moore for the rest of the day. The 1st Missouri outflanked a Union position commanded by Brigadier General John McArthur, helping Moore's brigade break the line. Moore's brigade then ran against Union reinforcements commanded by Colonel Marcellus Crocker. The 1st Missouri outflanked the 15th Iowa Infantry, which, accompanied by Moore's primary assault on Crocker's line, led to the collapse of the Union position. However, Moore's brigade was not reinforced, and the Confederate assault died down. The next day, Bowen's brigade was only briefly engaged during Confederate attacks on the stronger interior Union position, as Lovell's division was mostly inactive on October 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Service, 1862, Corinth\nThe regiment reported a total loss of seven men at Corinth, although historian James McGhee believes this total is incomplete. The 1st Missouri was part of the Confederate rear guard after Corinth, and participated in skirmishing. On November 7, the 1st Missouri and the 4th Missouri Infantry were combined, as both regiments had suffered heavy losses. The new regiment was known as the 1st and 4th Missouri Infantry (Consolidated). After the consolidation, the Missourians joined the First Missouri Brigade. Colonel Riley commanded the new regiment. Companies A, D, F, G, and K of the 1st and 4th (Consolidated) were from the 1st Missouri, while Companies B, C, E, H, and I were from the 4th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Legacy\nThe 1st and 4th Missouri Infantry (Consolidated), which contained many men from the 1st, was assigned to the First Missouri Brigade. The new regiment was engaged in several battles in the 1863 Vicksburg campaign, including the Battle of Champion Hill. In 1864, the regiment fought at the battles of New Hope Church and Kennesaw Mountain in the Atlanta campaign, and saw further action at the Battle of Allatoona. After suffering heavy casualties at the Battle of Franklin, the regiment was transferred to Mobile, Alabama, where it surrendered at the Battle of Fort Blakely on April 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 52], "content_span": [53, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Legacy\nOver the life of the regiment before the consolidation, about 1,045 men fought in the regiment; 338 of the regiment's men died while serving with the regiment. Of the deaths, 141 were related to combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 52], "content_span": [53, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159348-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate), Commanders\nBefore the consolidation with the 4th Missouri, the 1st Missouri was commanded by Colonels Bowen, Rich, and Riley. Rich and Riley also served as lieutenant colonels before their promotions. Campbell and Garland were the regiment's majors. After the consolidation, the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) was commanded by Riley and Garland. Garland had served as lieutenant colonel for the regiment previously, and the consolidated regiment's majors were Garland and Bradford Keith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159349-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Missouri Infantry Regiment evolved from one of several unofficial pro-Unionist Home Guards militia formed in St. Louis in the early months of 1861 by Congressman Francis Preston Blair, Jr. and other Unionist activists. The militia that would become the First Missouri was largely composed of ethnic Germans, although Companies K and I had significant numbers of native born American citizens and Irish-Americans. Although initially without any official standing, beginning on April 22, 1861, the four \"underground\" militia regiments Blair helped organize were sworn into Federal service at the St. Louis Arsenal by Captain John Schofield acting on the authority of President Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159349-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Missouri Volunteer Infantry elected Congressman Blair colonel of the regiment. The new Missouri Volunteer regiments, subsequently elected (then) Captain Nathaniel Lyon as the brigadier general of the new brigade of Missouri volunteers. President Lincoln would later confirm Lyon's promotion from captain to brigadier general. The unit was converted to the 1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment at the beginning of September 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159349-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Military Service\nOn 10 May 1861, the 1st Missouri under Colonel Blair participated in the arrest of the Missouri Volunteer Militia drilling at Camp Jackson at Lindell Grove on the western border of St. Louis City. As the Missouri militiamen were being march under guard back to the Arsenal near the riverfront, angry crowds confronted the Federal forces and the confused situation soon devolved into rioting and gunfire. Over 27 people were killed and the Camp Jackson Affair helped to polarize the state and send Missouri down the road to its own internal civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159349-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Military Service\nAfter the collapse of a truce negotiated by Federal Brigadier General William S. Harney and Missouri State Guard commander Sterling Price, the 1st Missouri, along with other Federal forces were ordered by Lyon to move on the Missouri state capitol, at Jefferson City. When the Federal forces arrived on 15 June, the pro-secessionist Governor, Claiborne Fox Jackson had already abandoned the city and Brigadier General Lyon's forces captured the city without resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159349-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Military Service\nLyon then pursued Jackson and the State Guard to nearby Boonville where the 1st Missouri Volunteers helped defeat the newly organized Missouri State Guard on 17 June in the short, one-sided Battle of Boonville. While the Battle of Boonville  was small by later war standards, it had major strategic consequences, driving the pro-secessionist forces into the southern part of the state and securing the Missouri River valley and communications across the state for the Federal government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159349-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Military Service\nThe 1st Missouri continued to campaign with Lyon, marching southwest to Springfield, eventually confronting a united Confederate and Missouri State Guard force near Springfield. The resulting Battle of Wilson's Creek fought ten miles south of the city on 10 August 1861, was a bloody affair, and the second costliest in American history up to that time. The 1st Missouri, now under Lieutenant Colonel George Lippitt Andrews, fought with Lyon's detachment of the Federal force on Bloody Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159349-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Military Service\nIsolated and outnumbered after a second Federal element under Colonel Franz Sigel was routed, the Federals on Bloody hill fought the Confederate forces to a stalemate. The battle ended only after General Lyon was killed leading the 1st Iowa Infantry against the Confederate right. As the senior U.S. Army regular officer present, command devolved to Major Samuel D. Sturgis. Concerned about his force's ammunition supply, Sturgis decided to withdraw towards Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159349-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Infantry Regiment (Union), Military Service\nThe 1st Missouri withdrew to Springfield and then to Rolla. A significant portion of the units members reenlisted as three-year volunteers, retaining the designation as the 1st Missouri Infantry. The regiment was then converted into an artillery unit by order of Major General John C. Fr\u00e9mont, Commander of the Department of the West on 1 September 1861. The resulting 1st Missouri Light Artillery would see action in most of the campaigns in the Western Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159350-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment\n1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment was a artillery unit from Missouri that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit began its service as the 1st Missouri Infantry Regiment, but converted to an artillery regiment in September 1861 and was brought up to a strength of 12 companies. Thereafter, each company served as an individual artillery battery, often separated from the other companies in the regiment. The individual batteries served in many actions in the Western Theater of the American Civil War and several batteries served together at key battles such as Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Prairie Grove, and Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159350-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, Formation\nThe regiment's parent unit was formed on 10\u201312 June 1861 in St Louis and Boonville, Missouri, as the 1st Missouri Volunteer Infantry, to serve three years. On 1 September 1861, the unit was re-designated the 1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment. Soldiers enlisted in United States regular army units in 1860 and 1861 were transferred into the regiment as Battery L and Battery M. Batteries L and M brought the regiment up to the strength of 12 companies, with batteries named A through M, excluding J. Battery C was immediately disbanded in September 1861. Battery I and Battery L were disbanded in January 1862 and Battery B was disbanded in April 1862. The soldiers in Batteries B, C, I, and L were transferred to the other companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159350-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, Officers, Field officers\nThe original field officers were Colonel Francis Preston Blair Jr., Lieutenant Colonel James Totten, and Major John Schofield. Schofield was promoted brigadier general on 21 November 1861, Totten was appointed brigadier general of Missouri state militia on 19 February 1862, and Blair was promoted brigadier general on 7 August 1862. G. W. Cutler was adjutant, T. D. Witt was quartermaster, William Hill was surgeon, and Joseph Brooks was chaplain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159350-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, Officers, Field officers\nJohn V. Dubois was appointed colonel to rank from 1 September 1862, but he quickly resigned on 14 October 1862. Warren L. Lothrop was promoted lieutenant colonel on 19 February 1862 and became colonel on 1 October 1862. A. M. Powell became major on 1 September 1861 and became lieutenant colonel on 21 October 1862. G. Harry Stone was promoted major on 19 February 1862. Thomas D. Maurice became major on 21 November 1862. David Murphy became major on 19 March 1863 and resigned on 10 July 1863. Nelson D. Cole was elevated to the rank of major on 10 August 1863 and promoted colonel of the 2nd Missouri Light Artillery Regiment on 2 October 1863. Charles Mann became major on 21 October 1863. Frederick Welker was promoted major on 3 November 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159350-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, Service\nMann's Independent Missouri Battery, formed 4 November 1861, was renamed Battery C, 1st Missouri Light Artillery in August 1862. Buel's Independent Battery, formed 12 July 1861, was reassigned as Battery I in August 1862. Battery A, Schofield's Light Artillery, formed 25 July 1862, was renamed Battery L in October 1862. Battery A, Missouri Artillery Battalion, formed 25 September 1861, was assigned as Battery B in December 1862. Battery E was mustered out at the end of its three-year term of service in June 1864. Company C, Segebarth's Pennsylvania Artillery was then reassigned as Battery E on 14 September 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159350-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, Service\nBattery I was mustered out on 30 June 1864 at the end of its term of service. When Battery D reached the end of its term of service, its members mustered out except recruits and re-enlisted veterans. Battery D consolidated with Battery C on 11 April 1865. The remaining companies mustered out between 16 June and 23 August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159350-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment suffered losses in the following list of actions. Actions are not listed if no losses were reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159350-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, Armament\nAccording to the 4th Quarter 1862 report, the batteries were armed with the artillery pieces shown in the table below, except where otherwise noted. By the time of the 4th Quarter 1863 report, several batteries were armed with different weapons. Battery A was rearmed with two M1841 6-pounder field guns, three M1841 12-pounder howitzers, and one 12-pounder Napoleon. Battery C was equipped with four M1841 12-pounder howitzers. Battery D was rearmed with three M1841 6-pounder field guns, two M1841 12-pounder howitzers, one M1841 24-pounder howitzer, and two 3-inch Ordnance rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159350-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri Light Artillery Regiment, Armament\nBattery E had only two 10-pounder Parrott rifles and two 3.5-inch Blakely rifles. Batteries G and H were each rearmed with six 12-pounder Napoleons. Battery I was equipped with two M1841 6-pounder field guns, one M1841 12-pounder howitzer, two 10-pounder Parrott rifles, and one rifled M1841 12-pounder field gun. Battery L had only two 6-pounder rifles (3.67-inch) and two M1841 12-pounder howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159351-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri State Militia Infantry Battalion\nThe 1st Missouri State Militia Infantry Battalion was a militia infantry battalion from Missouri that served in the Union Army between March 26 and November 11, 1862, during the American Civil War. It later formed Companies A\u2013F of the 1st Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159351-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri State Militia Infantry Battalion, Service\nThe battalion was recruited at St. Charles, Missouri on March 26, 1862. Once officially recognized by the United States Military, it was attached to the District of Central Missouri, Department of Missouri. On September 4, the battalion sent scouts to Callaway County and Prairie Station. The battalion saw duty at St. Charles, Missouri, while operating against guerrillas in that area until the first few days of November 1862. During its service the battalion incurred one enlisted soldier fatality (killed), and twelve men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment was a volunteer unit of the Union Army during the American Civil War. It evolved from one of several unofficial pro-Unionist militia units formed semi-secretly in St. Louis in the early months of 1861 by Congressman Francis Preston Blair, Jr. and other Unionist activists. The organization that would become the First U.S.R.C was largely composed of ethnic Germans, who were generally opposed to slavery and strongly supportive of the Unionist cause. Although initially without any official standing, beginning on April 22, 1861, the Unionist regiments Blair helped organize were sworn into Federal service at the St. Louis Arsenal by then-Captain John Schofield acting on the authority of President Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment\nThe first four regiments were considered to be the regiments of Missouri Volunteers called for under President Lincoln's April 15, 1861, call for 75,000 volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment\nSo many St. Louis Unionists mustered to volunteer, that after consultation with General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, and Secretary of War Simon Cameron, President Lincoln directed Captain Nathaniel Lyon to \"enroll in the military service of the United States the loyal citizens of Saint Louis and vicinity, not exceeding with those heretofore enlisted, ten thousand in number, for the purpose of maintaining the authority of the United States; [and] for the protection of the peaceable inhabitants of Missouri.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment\nThese additional regiments, in excess of the original Presidential call were designated \"United States Reserve Corps\" units, and were intended for local service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment was mustered into service on May 7, 1861, under Colonel Henry Almstead. Composed of men from St. Louis' First Ward, the regiment was unusually large, with 1,200 men in 12 companies. The new Missouri Volunteer regiments, subsequently elected (then) Captain Nathaniel Lyon as the brigadier general of the new brigade of Missouri volunteers. President Lincoln would later confirm Lyon's promotion from captain to brigadier general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment, Military Service\nOn May 10, 1861, the 1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment under Colonel Almstead participated in the arrest of the Missouri Volunteer Militia drilling at Camp Jackson at Lindell Grove on the western border of St. Louis City. As the Missouri militiamen were being march under guard back to the Arsenal near the riverfront, angry crowds confronted the Federal forces and the confused situation soon devolved into rioting and gunfire. Over 27 people were killed and the Camp Jackson Affair helped to polarize the state and send Missouri down the road to its own internal civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment, Military Service\nOn May 18, the regiment received an organic cavalry company, also raised from the First Ward \"which did valuable scouting service\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment, Military Service\nThe 1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry carried out Provost duties in St. Louis, until June 20, when the regiment conducted an expedition to Jefferson City (June 20\u201324).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment, Military Service\nOn July 29\u201330, Cos \"B\", \"C\", \"D\", \"E\", \"G\", \"H\", \"K\", \"M\" and Cavalry Co \"A\" marched to reinforce the strategic outpost at Bird's Point, Missouri, directly across from the Federal stronghold at Cairo, Illinois. This detachment remained on duty there until August 13, when it returned to St. Louis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment, Military Service\nMeanwhile, a separate detachment composed of Cos \"A\", \"F\", and \"L\" had departed St. Louis, marching to Rolla, Missouri, and then to Cuba, Missouri, arriving there on August 10. The three company detachment remained there until August 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment, Military Service\nThe regiment's term of service expired on August 20 and the men were mustered out. Members of the regiment who wished to continue serving were reorganized as the 1st United States Reserve Corps Infantry (Three Years Service), under Colonel Robert J. Rombaur, who had been the regiment's original lieutenant colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159352-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Missouri US Reserve Corps Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nRegiment lost during service 1 Officer and 3 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 4 Officers and 25 Enlisted men by disease. Total 33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade\nThe First Mixed Brigade (Spanish: 1.\u00aa Brigada Mixta), also known as Brigada Lister, was a mixed brigade of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. It was disbanded on 9 February 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History\nThe First Mixed Brigade was established from the Fifth Regiment on 10 October 1936 in Alcal\u00e1 de Henares as a result of the reorganization of the Spanish Republican Armed forces. It was put under the command of Communist commander Enrique Lister. The first combat action of the First Mixed Brigade was the Battle of Sese\u00f1a. It would suffer many losses in the Battle of Brunete, including its Cuban brigade commander Alberto S\u00e1nchez, as well as a great number of officers and Chief of Staff Major Emilio Conejo. Later the First Mixed Brigade would see action in the Aragon Offensive, the Battle of the Ebro and the Catalonia Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Central Front\nDuring the Siege of Madrid it was posted in Vallecas, where, with great losses, it helped repulse the attacks of the Army of Africa against the capital. Following this combat it was transferred to the left bank of the Manzanares River. At that time its size grew to eight battalions, being then split when the 1.\u00aa Brigada Bis was established. The 1.\u00aa Brigada Bis would later be renamed as the 9th Mixed Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Central Front\nOn 19 February the First Mixed Brigade was sent to attack the Cerro de los \u00c1ngeles where the rebels had established its positions and were firing upon the surrounding area, but although it managed to gain some terrain the attack failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Central Front\nOn 3 February it attacked the rebel positions in Villaverde Bajo, but it went back to the capital in order to take part in the Battle of Jarama. On 8 February it was near Vaciamadrid where on 19 February it began an assault at El Pingarr\u00f3n hill; there it occupied the enemy trenches on four occasions, being finally repulsed in all attacks. During the Jarama combats many officers \u2014including all battalion commanders\u2014 as well as a great number of soldiers were killed and the unit had to be reconstituted in the rearguard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Central Front\nIn March 1937 the brigade took part with success in the Battle of Guadalajara and in April it was sent again to attack the Cerro de los \u00c1ngeles, ending again in failure. In May it took part in a small offensive operation south of Toledo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Central Front\nOn 5 July the First Mixed Brigade infiltrated the rebel lines near Brunete. Two days later it occupied Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada and continued the advance. But towards the end of the month it had to retreat, along with the remainders of the 11th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Aragon Front\nAfter a short period of rest the brigade was transferred to Arag\u00f3n together with the remainder of the V Army Corps. On 24 August it took part in the Zaragoza Offensive attacking the Fuentes de Ebro sector in successive assaults without being able to make significant progress. The \"Jos\u00e9 D\u00edaz Battalion\" commander and his commissar died during these combats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Aragon Front\nIn December the First Mixed Brigade was sent to the Battle of Teruel where it repeated the same maneuver as in Brunete, infiltrating enemy lines following the 9th and 100th mixed brigades with the mission to take Concud and cut the Francoist rearguard. But the brigade lost its way and instead of circling the village, it ended up attacking it frontally, being immediately repulsed and suffering heavy casualties. Even so, by the afternoon it was able to occupy the place. After conquering Teruel, the First Mixed Brigade was sent to a rearguard position together with the remainder of the 11th Division in order to recover following the heavy losses that had been inflicted on these units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Aragon Front\nIn the spring of 1938 the First Mixed Brigade took part in the Arag\u00f3n Campaign, but with limited success. Even though it tried to stop the enemy advance in the sector between Calanda and the  Valdealgorfa road junction, the collapse of the whole front forced it to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Last actions in Catalonia\nBy April, although the 1st Mixed Brigade was stuck in Catalonia together with other republican forces, it had managed not to become cut off from its division after the hasty retreat. In May it was sent as strategic reserve for the failed Balaguer Offensive, seeing no combat action. By then the command of the brigade had been reorganized and the unit had been re-equipped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Last actions in Catalonia\nOn 25 July the unit crossed the Ebro, taking part in the battle that would last the following four months. After conquering M\u00f3ra d'Ebre, it arrived to the P\u00e0ndols Range defensive line and later it reached the Barranco de Santa Magdalena. But by 15 August it lost that outpost retreating again to the P\u00e0ndols Range, where it held its position until the end of the battle. At the beginning of November it was still in the southern bank of the Ebro, having suffered great losses in manpower and equipment. The commandment of the unit was changed again, being entrusted to major Jos\u00e9 Montalvo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159353-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Mixed Brigade, History, Last actions in Catalonia\nWhen the Francoist offensive against Catalonia began on 23 December 1938, the 1st Mixed Brigade was in the Garrigues area waiting to be reorganized, but it was sent to the Battle of the Segre front in order to plug a breach in the republican lines. For a while it managed to stop the offensive of the Fascist Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie near Les Borges Blanques, but by the beginning of January 1939 it had to retreat towards the north. By 3 February it reached Girona, and on 5 February it still held fast against the Francoist pressure by the banks of the Ter River. Nevertheless, on 9 February in the evening it crossed the French border at Portbou and became disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159354-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mobile Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)\nThe 1st Mobile Fleet (\u7b2c\u4e00\u6a5f\u52d5\u8266\u968a, Dai-Ichi Kid\u014d Kantai) was a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy established during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159355-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mokva\n1st Mokva (Russian: 1-\u044f \u041c\u043e\u043a\u0432\u0430) is a rural locality (a village) and the administrative center of Mokovsky Selsoviet of Kursky District, Russia. The population was 1823 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159355-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mokva, Geography\n1st Mokva is located 10 km west of Kursk (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteer Corps was a unit of Britain's Volunteer Force raised in 1860 from Monmouthshire in the Welsh borders. After transfer to the Territorial Force it served with the 53rd (Welsh) Division in Palestine in World War I and in North West Europe in World War II. Its successors serve with today's Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. An Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) of two batteries was formed at Newport  in Monmouthshire on 4 October 1860. Two additional batteries were raised by 1863: C at Abercarn and Crumlin, Caerphilly, and D at Blackwood, Caerphilly. Charles Lyne was appointed Major in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1864 the unit was included in the 1st Administrative Brigade of Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers, but it raised two more batteries at Newport in 1866 and became an independent unit, with Lyne promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1873 the 1st Worcestershire AVC was attached to it, and the following year the 1st Administrative Brigade of Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers was formed, comprising the two units, with its headquarters (HQ) at Newport and Lyne in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nHowever, by 1878, the 1st Monmouths were down to a strength of two batteries, and the admin brigade was renamed the 1st Administrative Brigade of Worcestershire Artillery Volunteers, with HQ moving to Worcester. Charles Lyne retired and became Honorary Colonel  of the brigade. His son, Lt-Col C.R. Lyne, became commanding officer in 1883. When the artillery volunteers were consolidated in 1880, the brigade became the 1st Worcester (Worcester and Monmouth) AVC, with the former 1st Monmouthshire reduced to Nos 7 and 8 Batteries at Griffithstown. Recruitment picked up in Monmouthshire during the 1880s, and by the end of the decade it was large enough to be an independent corps once more, with six batteries, and the HQ returned to Newport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe AVCs were intended to serve as garrison artillery manning fixed defences, but a number of the early units manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. However, the War Office (WO) refused to pay for the upkeep of field guns and the concept died out in the 1870s. It was revived in 1888 when some Volunteer batteries were reorganised as 'position artillery' with 16-pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loading guns to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. The six garrison batteries of the revived 1st Monmouthshire AVC were organised into three position batteries, named heavy batteries from 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st Worcesters had formed part of the Welsh Division of the Royal Artillery (RA) from 1882 to 1889, and the Western Division thereafter. The 1st Monmouthshire was placed in the Western Division on being reformed. In 1899 the Artillery Volunteers were transferred to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), the 1st Monmouths becoming the 1st Monmouthshire Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers)  when the divisional organisation was abolished on 1 January 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Monmouthshire transferred to the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) as the IV (or 4th) Welsh Brigade, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe Newport Cadet Corps, RFA, was also affiliated to the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe new brigade unit was part of the Territorial Force's Welsh Division and the batteries were each issued with four 15-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe units of the Welsh Division had just departed for their annual summer camp when the order to mobilise was received on 4 August 1914. They then returned home and assembled at their drill halls to mobilise. The 4th Welsh Brigade mobilised at Newport under the command of Lt-Col D.E. Williams, VD, who had been CO since 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nBy 11 August the units had completed their concentration and Territorial Force members were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. Four days later the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units, and on 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those Territorial Force formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\nAt the end of August the Welsh Division concentrated at Northampton to continue its training. On 18 November the division was warned for garrison duty in India, but this was cancelled and in December it moved to Cambridge, then to Bedford in May 1915. In July the infantry of the division (now renamed the 53rd (Welsh) Division) embarked for service at Gallipoli, but the divisional artillery remained at Bedford. In October the batteries were re-armed with modern 18-pounder guns and on 8 November they handed over their obsolescent 15-pounders to the 2nd Line unit, which had just arrived at Bedford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\n53rd (Welsh) Divisional Artillery was now ordered to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. It embarked on 20 November and had concentrated at Pont-Remy by 25 November, from where parties were sent to various divisional artilleries  for instruction in front line duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\nMeanwhile, after suffering appalling casualties at Gallipoli, 53rd (Welsh) Division had been withdrawn to Egypt to refit. On 30 January 1916 the divisional artillery was ordered to rejoin the rest of the division. The batteries entrained at Pont-Remy, embarked at Marseilles on 3 February and disembarked at Alexandria on 11 February. By 22 February the artillery had rejoined the division at Beni Salama. For the rest of the year the recuperating division was stationed in the Suez Canal defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\nIn May 1916 the Territorial Force field brigades were numbered, the 1/IV Welsh being designated CCLXVIII (268) Bde, RFA, and the batteries became A, B and C. Then on 25 December 1916 the divisional artillery was reorganised: A Bty was broken up between B and C Btys (to make them up to six guns each) and they were redesignated A and B, while B Battery (the former 2nd Glamorgan Bty) joined from the old CCLXV (I Welsh) Bde and became C (Howitzer) Bty, equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. The brigade itself was redesignated CCLXVI (266) Bde. 53rd (W) Divisional Ammunition Column had remained in France, and was reformed in Egypt by abolishing the Brigade Ammunition Columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nEarly in 1917 the Egyptian Expeditionary Force launched the Sinai and Palestine Campaign by crossing the Sinai desert and advancing against Turkish forces at Gaza City. The First Battle of Gaza began during the night of 25/26 March when 53rd (W) Division advanced 12 miles (19\u00a0km) to cross the Wadi Ghuzzeh, with CCLXVI Bde following 158th (North Wales) Infantry Brigade. Despite the darkness and morning fog \u2013 158th Brigade lost its way and arrived late \u2013 the infantry were in position by 08.30 and at 10.10 CCLXVI Bde opened fire on Ali Muntar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nHowever, the attack orders were late reaching the infantry, and the main bombardment did not begin until 12.00. The division's attack went well, with 158th Bde establishing a lodgement at Ali Muntar, but the artillery was too weak to suppress the Turkish fire and casualties were heavy. By 18.30 the division had taken all its objectives and its troops were in the eastern streets of Gaza when the attack was stopped for lack of water. Although 53rd (W) Division consolidated its position, it was withdrawn the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nFor the Second Battle of Gaza, beginning on 17 April, 53rd (W) Division's role was to advance up the coast across Wadi Ghuzzeh, and then attack Gaza after an artillery bombardment. The bombardment was begun by the heavy artillery and warships offshore, then the 4.5-inch howitzers began firing gas shells against Turkish batteries. At 07.20, 10 minutes before Zero, the 18-pounders began engaging the objectives. The infantry attacked punctually at 07.30 and 53rd (W) Division captured Samson's Ridge. However, it could not push on because the neighbouring division was badly held up. Casualties had been high and gains minimal, and the EEF dug in for a summer of trench warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nAlthough the War Office was unable to provide more divisions for the EEF, it could send guns: 53rd (W) Division's batteries were temporarily brought up to a strength of eight rather than six guns, until further troops arrived. The reorganised EEF renewed its offensive (the Third Battle of Gaza) on 27 October. XX Corps, including 53rd (W) Divisional artillery, moved into position during the night of 30/31 October to capture Beersheba, and the bombardment began at 05.55. After a pause at 07.00 to let the dust settle and determine the effect, the guns reopened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nInfantry parties advanced to within 30 yards (27\u00a0m) of the barrage to finish cutting the barbed wire. They then rushed Point 1069 and the 18-pounder batteries began to move up to more advanced positions. Beersheba had fallen to the Desert Mounted Corps and XX Corps could bivouack on the objective. On 3 November 53rd (W) Division was ordered to advance to the Tel es Sheria road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0017-0002", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nIt was a difficult march over broken country in hot weather and CCLXVI Bde, escorted by 5th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (RWF), made a wide movement out to the east where there was a track over comparatively flat ground. There were several sharp actions with enemy detachments, and 5th RWF was called from escort duty to support the attack on the Khuweilfe heights. Over following days 53rd (W) Division kept up pressure on the enemy in the hills so that the EEF could roll up the main trench lines (the Battle of Hareira and Sheria). Then on 6 November the division assaulted the Khuweilfe position supported by an intense bombardment by all its own guns and a heavy battery. After confused fighting the position was held, with the support of the divisional artillery breaking up Turkish counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nAfter breaking through the Gaza positions, the EEF pressed on to Jerusalem in appalling weather. The city was to be captured by XX Corps after a rapid advance by a flying column known as  'Mott's Detachment' that included 53rd (W) Division. Preliminary attacks began on 7 December and  Jerusalem fell the following day, but there was still heavy fighting to the end of the year as the Turks threw in counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nXX Corps renewed its advance in March 1918, 53rd (W) Division pushing forward a little on 2 March, then again on 6 March against only slight opposition, before the whole Corps advanced on 8 March. 53rd (W) Division's main objective was the hill of Tell 'Asur, and it was supported by plentiful artillery as well as its own brigades. The peak was taken, lost, and retaken, followed by four more Turkish counter-attacks. That night the division also took Chipp Hill, which had defied the neighbouring division during daylight, but on 10 March found the wadi in front too steep to climb, only passing over it during darkness on 12 March. The new line was held through the summer months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nIn the summer of 1918 the 53rd Division was 'Indianised', with three quarters of the infantry battalions replaced by others drawn from the British Indian Army, but this did not affect the divisional artillery, which retained its composition to the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nAt the climactic Battle of Megiddo 53rd (W) Division attacked late on the first day (18 September), after an hour's bombardment. After more than 20 hours' hard fighting, the main enemy position was taken and the guns could move forward. The pressure was kept up on 20 September and by the end of the next day the Turkish army was shattered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA, Palestine\nAfter the battle the division was withdrawn to Alexandria before the Armistice of Mudros came into effect on 31 October. Demobilisation began on 20 December and was completed in June 1919. CCLXVI Brigade was placed in suspended animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\nAlthough 2/IV Welsh Bde was raised before the end of 1914, the 2nd Welsh Division (68th (2nd Welsh) Division from August 1915) did not concentrate at Northampton until Spring 1915, the brigade joining it on 29 April. It moved to Earlswood on 4 August 1915 and then arrived at Bedford to replace the 1st Line brigade on 2 November. Training of the units was made difficult by the lack of arms and equipment, and the requirement to provide drafts to the 1st Line overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\nIn June the first saddlery and horses began to arrive, but no guns until August, when the brigade received four French De Bange 90 mm guns. Some ammunition wagons arrived in September, and eight more 90\u00a0mm guns in October. Training began to speed up, with the 90\u00a0mm guns standing in for 15-pounders. When the brigade arrived at Bedford it took over 12 x 15-pounders from the 1st Line. In December 1915 these in turn were replaced by modern 18-pounders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\n68th (2nd Welsh) Division was assigned a role in Home Defence in November 1915 when it joined First Army (Home Forces) in Central Force, with its units quartered across Eastern England. In May 1916 the brigade was numbered CCCXLIII Brigade (343 Bde) and the batteries became A, B and C. Later in the year CCCXL (Howitzer) Bde (formerly 2/I Welsh Bde) was broken up and its A Bty (formerly 2/1st Glamorgan Bty) joined CCCXLIII Bde as D (H) Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\nThe Home Defence divisions continually supplied drafts to units fighting overseas. In the autumn of 1916, A/CCCXLIII Bty was detached tand replaced by a newly-raised 502 (H) Bty, RFA. A Battery was then given back its old Territorial Force title as 502 (2/1 Monmouth) (Howitzer) Battery and left for France, while the new battery in CCCXLIII Bde was renumbered as 545 (H) Bty. 502 (2/1 Monmouth) (H) Bty disembarked at Le Havre on 6 October 1916, left two days later and joined CXXVI Bde RFA in 37th Division on 9 October, becoming its C (H) Bty on 23 October. It was equipped with four 4.5-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\n37th Division had been in France since the middle of 1915, but it had still not taken part in a major operation. Now it was involved in the Battle of the Ancre (the last phase of the Somme Offensive) starting on 13 November. 37th Divisional Artillery was in the line for the whole six-day battle, at first covering the front of 63rd (Royal Naval) Division before 37th Division took over the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\nOn 25 January 1917, C(H)/CXXVI Bty (the former 2/1 Monmouth Bty) was broken up and its Right and Left Sections used to make up D(H)CXXIII and D(H)CXXIV Btys up to six howitzers each. These two batteries served with 37th Divisional Artillery on the Western Front for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/IV Welsh Brigade, RFA\nThe rest of CCCXLIII Bde had disappeared from 68th (2nd W) Division's order of battle by mid-1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe brigade was reformed in the 53rd (W) Division in 1920, initially as 3rd Welsh Brigade, RFA, and redesignated the 83rd (Welsh) Brigade, RFA, when the Territorial Force was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921 (becoming a Field Brigade, RA, in 1924 when the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery). The howitzer battery was formed from a squadron of the Montgomeryshire Yeomanry and a company of the 1st Battalion, Herefordshire Regiment, giving the brigade the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe brigade was once more in 53rd (W) Division. Field Brigades were termed Field Regiments from 1938 onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis of 1938, with existing units splitting to form duplicates before the outbreak of World War II. 83rd Field Regiment reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nBoth regiments were in 53rd (Welsh) Division throughout World War II and shared similar histories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence\nParts of 53rd (Welsh) Division were sent to Northern Ireland from October 1939, and the whole division was stationed there from 3 April 1940 to 30 April 1941 as part of VI Corps. The establishment of a field regiment from 1941 onwards was three batteries, each of two four-gun troops of 25-pounders with Quad gun tractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence\nOn returning to mainland Britain, the division served under III Corps and Western Command. On 8 April 1942 it was assigned to XII Corps District, then from 15 May 1943 in XII Corps it became part of 21st Army Group training for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Normandy\n53rd (Welsh) Division was among the follow-up troops landing after D-Day (6 June). Its units were at sea from 21 June and completed landing on 27 June. On 1 July it relieved 15th (Scottish) Division on the River Odon after the Battle of 'Scottish Corridor'. 53rd Division was then involved in the Second Battle of the Odon from 15 July, capturing Cahier and holding on to it by hard fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Normandy\nWhen the breakout from the Normandy beachhead began in early August, 53rd Division cleared the banks of the River Orne and then fought its way towards Falaise to help in closing the Falaise Pocket. By late August its units were across the Seine and driving over open country towards the River Somme. On 4 September the division cleared St Pol and was working its way through the canal area west of Lille. On 12 September 83rd Regiment moved into the outskirts of Antwerp, where they were treated with hospitality by the liberated inhabitants, even while engaging enemy targets round the docks in grain elevators, tall buildings and hotels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 76], "content_span": [77, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Netherlands\nThere was a pause at the Meuse-Escaut Canal before Operation Market Garden was launched on 17 September. XII Corps had an important subsidiary role clearing the country west of XXX Corps' main thrust. 83rd Field Regiment came into action to support 158 Bde's crossing of the Meuse-Escaut Canal, suffering some casualties from Luftwaffe air attack on the night of 18\u201319 September while crossing the canal. 133rd came into action and crossed the canal the following day in support of 160th Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Netherlands\nOn 4 October, the 83rd Regiment moved to Sint-Oedenrode in the Market Garden 'corridor' supporting 158th Brigade, and two days later 133rd Regiment moved with 160th Bde into the Nijmegen bridgehead captured during Market Garden. Both positions were under frequent fire: on 13 October the 330 Battery of the 83rd Regiment was shelled as the Germans prepared a counter-attack against 158th Bde; the battery lost seven killed and 12 wounded when the battery command post (CP) was hit by two shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Netherlands\nThe CP was quickly re-established, partly due to the actions of Lt. Trevor Scholes, Royal Signals, who won an MC in this action for his efforts to make good the radios and to continue to relay fire orders to the guns. The battery's defensive fire tasks were instrumental in defeating an attack that got within 20 yards (18\u00a0m) of 158th Bde's positions. On 16 October 83rd Regiment took part in Operation Winkle: an intense fire programme by all arms rising to a crescendo, followed by loudspeaker appeals to German soldiers to desert to the Allied lines, covered by a smokescreen fired by the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Netherlands\nAfter the failure of Market Garden, XII Corps was ordered to advance westwards towards 's-Hertogenbosch. The regiments left the Nijmegen area on 19 October and took up new gun positions. The attack on s'Hertogenbosch (Operation Alan) began at 06.30 on 22 October, the infantry of 160th Bde advancing behind a timed artillery programme, after which the guns moved forward. After two days' fighting, 158th Bde took up the attack, but it took two more days of house-to-house fighting supported by the artillery to clear the old town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Netherlands\nNext XII Corps was switched to clearing the country between the Wessem and Zig Canals as 21st Army Group closed up to the River Maas. On 14 November the corps carried out Operation Mallard o cross the Wessem Canal. Both regiments fired in support of 51st (Highland) Division's assault crossing (Operation Ascot), followed by 53rd (W) Division's own crossing (Operation Bristol) in the evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Netherlands\nOn 3 December the guns supported 15th (S) Division in Operation Guildford to clear the banks of the Maas up to Blerick, opposite Venlo. The Commanding Officer of the 133rd Field Regiment was responsible for firing a large-scale smokescreen, which was maintained for over 11 hours during the operation, which was described as 'textbook'. Further operations were halted by winter weather. On 20 January 1945 the division moved to the Eindhoven area to refit and train for a special operation. On the night of 4/5 February the gunners moved into concealed positions near Nijmegen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Operation Veritable\nThe Battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable) opened at 05.00 on 8 February with the heaviest concentration of artillery employed by the British Army so far in the war. The bombardment hit enemy gun positions, HQs, and communications. After a pause and dummy attack at 07.40 to induce the Germans to man their guns, the Counter-battery fire was resumed and a barrage was laid down to protect the assaulting columns. At 10.30 the full barrage made its first lift and the advance began. Both regiments supported the advance of 71st Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0041-0001", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Operation Veritable\nBy 15.00, 133rd Regiment was out of range, but it took over 2 hours to extract its guns from their muddy positions to move forward. 83rd Regiment also moved forward at 19.00. 53rd Division's objectives were the Brandenburg and Stoppelberg features in the northern part of the Reichswald. Opposition was not strong but the terrain was difficult. By 02.00 on 9 February the leading units were through the Siegfried Line defences and closing on the Stoppelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0041-0002", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Operation Veritable\nThat feature was taken during the morning and the division pushed on to the edge of the forest, but it was hard to get guns and vehicles along the muddy forest tracks. The regiments deployed on German soil for the first time on 11 February. It took several days for the division to push on through Pfalzdorf towards Goch, mopping up opposition and fending off counter-attacks. Goch fell on 21 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Operation Veritable\n53rd Division was not involved in the assault crossing of the Rhine  (Operation Plunder) on 23/24 March, but it crossed on 26 March and the next day attacked through Hamminkeln to Dingden. It then took part in the drive to the Elbe. The German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath, ending the fighting on 21st Army Group's front, came on 4 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Home defence, Operation Veritable\n83rd and 133rd (Welsh) Field Regiments were placed in suspended animation in 1946; 133rd was subsequently disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the 83rd Field Regiment was reformed at Newport as 283rd (Welsh) Field Regiment in 53rd (Welsh) Division. In 1953 the title was changed to 283rd (Monmouthshire) Field Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nOn 10 March 1955 the regiment absorbed 603rd (1st Rifle Bn, The Monmouthshire Regiment) (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment at Newport, with the latter contributing P (1 Monmouthshire) Bty to the merger. On 1 May 1961 the regiment merged again, this time with two of the original field regiments of 53rd (W) Division, 281st (Glamorgan Yeomanry) Field Regiment and 282nd (Welsh) Heavy AA Regimentto form 282nd (Glamorgan and Monmouthshire) Field Regiment, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nFinally, when the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967, the combined regiment became 211 (South Wales) Battery, Royal Artillery at Newport in 104 Light Air Defence Regiment, RA, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1986, 211 Bty provided a cadre for a new 217 (County of Gwent) Bty at Cwmbran, but this was absorbed by HQ Bty in 1992, when 211 Bty was reduced to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\n211 (South Wales) Bty continues in 104th Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers) in the Army Reserve today, currently as a close support unit equipped with the L118 light gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159356-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Monmouthshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorial\nThere is a brass plate bearing the names of 28 members of 83rd Field Regiment killed in the NW Europe campaign in St Peter's and St Paul's Church, East Sutton, near Maidstone in Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939)\nThe 1st Moroccan Division (French: 1re division marocaine (1939), 1reD.M) created on October 27, 1939 was an infantry division of the Army of Africa (French: Arm\u00e9e d'Afrique) which participated in the Battle of France (May\u2013June 1940) during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939)\nThe 1st Moroccan Division participated with distinction in the Battle of Gembloux on May 15, 1940 and subsequently during the defense of Lille at the end of May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940)\nFormed in Mekn\u00e8s on September 2, 1939, the division was sent to Oran on October 24. It disembarked at Marseille and from there travelled from Bayonne to Luchon and from Toulouse to La Rochelle before making its way by rail on November 14 to the zone de Fresnes-en-Woevre, Vigneulles-les-Hattonch\u00e2tel and Sponville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940), Front de Lorraine\nOn December 17, the 1st Moroccan Division relieved the 1e D.I.N.A in the sector of Eizange (Third Army (France)), with a command post at Bertrange. On January 23, 1940, the division was in turn relieved by the 20e D.I and regrouped in the zone of Uckange, Moyeuvre, Roncourt, while making its way by land on February 3 toward Vitry-le-Fran\u00e7ois et Ch\u00e2lons. The division then did garrison duty for two months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940), Front de Lorraine\nOn April 1, the division was transferred to the zone of de Bavai, du Quesnoy, de Maubegne with a command post at Berlaimont, forming part of the (1st Army, 5th Army Corps; 5e C.A). On April 4, the division relieved the 82e D.I.A in the sector of Hainaut, de Wargnies-le-Petit at la Sambre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940), Bataille de la Dyle\nOn May 10, 1940, the division advanced by night towards Mons, Havre and Sars-la-Bruy\u00e8re. On the 11, the division made its way, again by night, towards Houdeng, Thieu and Seneffe. On the 12 and 13 May, the 1er and 2e R.T.M was transported by truck to take position in Ernage-Gembloux. On 14 May it was involved in confused actions around Ernage under bombardments from stukas and German artillery. On the morning of 15 May, Ernage was lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940), Bataille de la Dyle\nFollowing communications breakdowns with the 1st Motorized Infantry Division (1re DIM), orders were given for retreat along the V.F de Tilly; a difficult maneuver. On 16 May, the division took up positions on the Villers-la-Ville at Marbais, a continuous combat. On the 17th the division retreated behind the canal Charleroi-Bruxelles, then towards Mons. Communications between units were disrupted. On 18 May, elements of the division were regrouped at the south-west of Valenciennes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940), Bataille de la Dyle\nTwo commemorative plaques were placed at the foot of the steps of the Church of Saint-Pierre de Noirmont, near Ernage in memory of the combatants from the 110th Infantry Regiment (French: 110e r\u00e9giment d'infanterie, 110e R.I) and the 1st Moroccan Division which fell in combat around the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940), Bataille du Nord\nOn May 19 the remaining men of the division took up position facing south-east, on the Escaut, at the bridge of Rouvignies at Bouchain. On 20 May, German forces reached Escaut at the bridge. The French position was reestablished by a counter-attack. Regrouping in the zone of Marchiennes-Campagne, Warlaing, Erre, the division made its way north of la Scarpe on May 21, from Wred to Warlaing. On 22 and23 May the 2e and 7e R.T.M (Regiments of Moroccan Tirailleurs) were reorganized in marching battalions. One artillery regiment was destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940), Bataille du Nord\nOn the 24th the division made its way along the canal of la Deule, facing south-west, from Oignies to Baraques. On the 25th, the division was engaged in combat at Meurchin and Pont-\u00e0-Vendin. On the 26th German forces crossed the la Deule canal at bridges in de Courri\u00e8res and Maudit, and seized suburbs south of Carvin. The arrival of elements of the 2e D.I.N.A allowed the reestablishment of the Camphin front at Provin, Les Baraques, through a counter-attack by the 3e D.L.M. Following fighting at Don and Allennes on the 27th, the division retreated by night to Lys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940), Bataille du Nord\nOn the 28th broken up into three sections, the 1st Moroccan Division retreated towards Lille. It was engaged in combat in Lille-Canteleu on the 29th and 30th. Elements of the division united at Malo-Terminos and succeeded in taking ship for England. Following losses at sea through aerial bombardments, the remains of the division were in England from June 2 to June 5, before being transported to Brest. It was reorganized in the Beaumesnil Zone on 8 and 9 June. In Barre-en-Ouche, the division located the regimental transport and the support services, that had been evacuated to the north before the division's encirclement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), World War II (1939-1940), Bataille du Nord\nNow numbering almost 4,000 men the 1st Moroccan Division made its way to Risle, la Ferri\u00e8re and la Neuve-Lyre on June 10. Reinforced by two battalions of the 1e R.T.M, the division was transferred to the 1st Light North-African Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), 1st Moroccan Division, 1reDM\nFrom May 10 to June 24, the 1st Moroccan Division lost 700 men killed in action. Of this total 70% were Maghrebis (indigenous soldiers from Morocco and Algeria).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), 1st Moroccan Division, 1reDM, Composition\nIn 1940 the 1st Moroccan Division consisted of almost 61% Moroccan military volunteers and 39% of French cadres (officers, sous-officiers, and French volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), Division Commander\nCommandant\u00a0: g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Audet (1939-26 February 1940), then g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Mellier (February 27, 1940). Chef d'\u00e9tat-major\u00a0: Commandant Nardin, then Captain Castaing (May 22, 1940). Infantry Division Commandant: Colonel Cr\u00e9pin. Artillery Division Commandant: Colonel Ronin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), Distinctions\nThe battle honour Gembloux 1940 was added to the regimental flags of the\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), Distinctions\nCollective citations at the orders of the Armed Forces:Following the war, the regiments of the 1st Moroccan Division received eight citations from the French Armed Forces and Belgium Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159357-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Division (1939), Distinctions\nA road in Gembloux, Belgium bears the name of Rue de la Premi\u00e8re Division Marocaine (Road of the 1st Moroccan Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159358-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Infantry Division\nThe 1st Moroccan Infantry Division (French: 1e division d'infanterie marocaine, 1e DIM) was a French Army formation during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159358-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Infantry Division, World War I\nThe division was formed in July 1918 by the renaming and partial reorganisation of the Moroccan Infantry Division. In spite of its name, Moroccan troops formed only one of its two brigades, with the other combining soldiers from Madagascar with elements of the French Foreign Legion and the former Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159358-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Infantry Division, World War I\nThe division also had attached to it the 32e r\u00e9giment d'infanterie territoriale (32nd territorial infantry regiment), a unit of French reservists from Argentan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159358-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Infantry Division, World War I\nThe division was involved in many battles - such as the Second Battle of the Marne in 1918 (where, with the American 1st and 2nd Divisions, it was part of the French XX Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159358-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Infantry Division, World War II\nDuring the Battle of France in May 1940 the division was made up of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159358-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Moroccan Infantry Division, World War II\nIt was an active division which existed during peacetime. It mainly contained native troops from French Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159359-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Moscow International Film Festival\nThe 1st Moscow International Film Festival was held from 3 to 17 August 1959. The Grand Prix was awarded to the Soviet film Destiny of a Man directed by Sergei Bondarchuk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159360-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Moscow Jewish Film Festival\nThe  1st Moscow Jewish Film Festival is an annual international film festival, which aims to gather in the program features, documentaries, shorts and animated films on the subject of Jewish culture, history and national identity and contemporary problems. The festival was first held in Moscow from 14 to 17 June 2015, at the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center, the Documentary film center and cinema GUM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159360-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Moscow Jewish Film Festival, Education\nIn addition to film screenings educational program was organized in the framework of the festival, consisting of lectures, discussions and debates. The speakers were: Russian philosopher Igor Chubarov, writer Linor Goralik,  researcher of Jewish thought Uri Gershovich, gospel playwright Maria Zielinskaya, historian Sergei Stepanishev and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159361-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Motor Brigade (Australia)\nThe 1st Motor Brigade was a formation of the Australian Army during the interwar years and the early part of World War II. Initially raised in 1921 as the 1st Cavalry Brigade in Queensland, it was a part time formation of the Militia. It consisted of three light horse regiments spread across several depots in the southeast part of the state. During World War II, the brigade was mobilised for defensive duties in December 1941, and assumed positions north of Brisbane to defend against a possible invasion. In early 1942, the brigade was converted into a motorised formation, and was redesignated as the 1st Motor Brigade. In July 1943, when the threat of invasion had passed, it was disbanded and its manpower reallocated to operational formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159361-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Motor Brigade (Australia), History\nThe brigade was formed as a part time unit of the Militia in 1921 and was designated as the 1st Cavalry Brigade. Headquartered in Brisbane, Queensland, the brigade was raised from the previously existing 1st Light Horse Brigade. Upon establishment, the brigade consisted of three light horse regiments: the 5th, 11th and 14th. These were based in Gympie, Toowoomba and Ipswich. It formed part of the 1st Cavalry Division, which was headquartered in Sydney. By 1938, the brigade's three regiments had been transferred to the 11th Mixed Brigade, with the 2nd and 14th Light Horse Regiments being amalgamated. Plans drawn up before the war assigned the brigade a flank protection role to the north and south of Brisbane in the event of an invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159361-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Motor Brigade (Australia), History\nDuring World War II, the 1st Cavalry Brigade was mobilised for full time service following Japan's entry into the war in December 1941. At this time, the brigade's headquarters was located at Fortitude Valley, Queensland; its constituent units were converted into motorised units at this time, as part of an effort to motorise or mechanise Australia's mounted forces in the early war years. The brigade consisted of the 5th Motor Regiment, the 11th Motor Regiment and the 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion at this time, and was spread between Gympie, Gatton, and Grovely. By February 1942, the brigade's headquarters had moved to Enoggera with the 5th and 11th Motor Regiments based around Buderim and Caloundra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159361-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Motor Brigade (Australia), History\nThe brigade was converted into the 1st Motor Brigade in March \u2013 April 1942. After it was converted into a motor brigade, the brigade was reinforced by the 16th Motor Regiment, which was transferred to Gympie from New South Wales. At this time, the brigade was tasked with carrying out reconnaissance and defensive duties in the Bundaberg\u2013Maroochy River region, in the event of a Japanese invasion. This resulted in brigade headquarters being moved to Cooroy and then Gympie in April and May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159361-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Motor Brigade (Australia), History\nThe brigade was assigned to the 5th Division, then transferred to the direct command of I Corps before later being transferred to the 1st Motor Division. In July 1942, the brigade's area of responsibility was widened to include Maryborough as part of a reorganisation necessitated by the dispatch of the 7th Division to New Guinea to join the fighting along the Kokoda Track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159361-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Motor Brigade (Australia), History\nThe brigade was transferred again in November 1942, to the 3rd Armoured Division, headquartered at Murgon; at this time, the brigade's main units were the 5th, 11th and 16th Motor Regiments. At the start of 1943, the 1st Motor Brigade moved to Goomeri. However, when the threat of invasion had passed, the brigade was disbanded in July 1943, having not seen any active service. The brigade's manpower was then reallocated to meet shortages in the Army's operational formations, with the volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force personnel being reassigned to several different infantry brigades, specifically the 18th and 21st, while headquarters staff were transferred to the 25th Infantry Brigade's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159361-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Motor Brigade (Australia), Brigade units\nThe following units served with the brigade during the war while it was a cavalry brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159361-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Motor Brigade (Australia), Brigade units\nThe following units served with the brigade during the war following its conversion to a motor brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159362-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Motorised Brigade (Hungary)\nThe 1st Motorised Brigade was a formation of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159363-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Motorised Infantry Division (France)\nThe 1st Motorized Infantry Division was a division of the French Army that existed from 1939 - 1940. It was involved in the Battle of France. Although it didn't have a lot experience it was trained very well and had a lot of modern equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159363-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Motorised Infantry Division (France), History\nThe 1st Motorized Infantry Division was formed in 1939 at Anzin as a Covering Division. In late 1939 the division joined the 3rd Army Corps, later the \"Groupe Molin\u00e9\". In mid 1940 the division was re-formed as the \"1st Light Infantry Division\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159364-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Motorized Infantry Brigade \"Moldova\"\nThe 1st Motorized Infantry Brigade \"Moldova\" is an motorized infantry unit of the Moldovan National Army's Ground Forces based in the Moldovan city of B\u0103l\u021bi. It was the first Army unit to be created in the newly independent country, being founded on 10 April 1992. It was made up of elements of former Soviet units in Balti and Flore\u0219ti that used to form the 86th Guards Motor Rifle Division. The name \"Moldova\" was granted in August 1993 by order of defense minister Ion Costa\u0219, and was handed its battle flag later that month by presidential decree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159364-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Motorized Infantry Brigade \"Moldova\"\nIn 1996, the International Military Applications \"MEDCEUR-1996\" were organized at the Brigade Training Center located near the village of Elizaveta with the involvement of the American and German armies. Besides military actions, the brigade and its staff participated in containing the floods of 2008. In November 2018, the Moldova Brigade, along with the other 2 army brigades, took part in Dragon Pioneer military exercise with over 150 soldiers of the USAREUR's 2nd Cavalry Regiment. In 2013, the brigade commander gave President Nicolae Timofti an engraved souvenir of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159364-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Motorized Infantry Brigade \"Moldova\"\nLike all the other motorized infantry brigades in the ground forces, the brigade maintains a military band which serves on special occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159365-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Battery (Australia)\nThe 1st Mountain Battery was an Australian Army artillery battery formed in July 1942, that served during the Second World War, seeing action against the Japanese during the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona and the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign in 1942\u201343. The unit was added to the 1st Parachute Battalion in August 1944 providing an organic indirect fire support, equipped with Short 25-pounder guns, but did not see further action in this role. The battery was disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159365-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Battery (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 1st Mountain Battery was formed in July 1942 in response to an urgent request from New Guinea Force. Captain Martin O'Hare, an officer of the Regular Army, was appointed battery commander, while personnel were drawn from artillery units in I Corps and from the 6th Motor Regiment, which had previously been converted from the light horse role. Equipped with 3.7-inch pack howitzers hastily obtained from the Royal New Zealand Navy, it was formed as a four-gun battery with a strength of four officers and 209 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159365-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Mountain Battery (Australia), History, Formation\nInitially it was intended that the guns would be moved by pack horse; however, following the unit's arrival in Port Moresby in early October it soon became clear that horses would be unsuited to the humid conditions in New Guinea with the guns to be moved by jeeps and native carriers instead. It took about 90 porters to move one gun without ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159365-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Battery (Australia), History, Battle of Buna\u2013Gona\nThe battery supported the Australian and American forces during the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona. It was the only artillery in place to support the Allies during the opening engagements on 19 November 1942. On 15 November, a detachment of the left section, with one gun was flown into Kokoda to support the Australian 7th Division, which had driven the Japanese back along the Kokoda Track. By 16 November the division was preparing to cross the Kumusi River and advance against Japanese positions at Gona and Sanananda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159365-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Battery (Australia), History, Battle of Buna\u2013Gona\nMeanwhile, the right section, with two guns, was also provided to support the US 32nd Division which was preparing to seize Buna. The section was flown to Pongani, on the north coast of New Guinea, on 12 November. It was then moved along the coast by barge. During the battle, the section initially deployed to a position about 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) north of Cape Sudest on 16 November. The following day, it moved to a position about 600 yards (600 m) north of Hariko. It later moved to a position on the Dobodura\u2013Buna track. This was about 2,000 yards (1,800 m) south of the bridge between the two strips. On 5 December, the detachment from Kokoda joined the right section at Buna. On 26 December, the howitzers ran out of ammunition and took no further part in the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159365-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Battery (Australia), History, Advance towards Salamaua\nIn late February 1943, a section of 1st Mountain Battery was flown into Wau to support the advance to Salamaua. The section accompanied the 17th Brigade from Wau. As the terrain and thick jungle prevented additional guns being moved forward, this was the brigade's only artillery support. By June, the 3rd Division was finally approaching Salamaua, with the 17th Brigade advancing from the south-south-west. The brigade was supported by two 3.7 inch howitzers from the 1st Mountain Battery as well as one US field battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159365-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Mountain Battery (Australia), History, Advance towards Salamaua\nForward observers from the battery often directed fire from positions as close as 50 metres (55\u00a0yd) from Japanese positions due to limited observation as a result of the thick jungle canopy and low cloud; however, the battery's guns proved highly accurate. They were subsequently involved in the successful attack on Komiatum on 16 August, which saw the divisional artillery concentrated to support the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159365-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Battery (Australia), History, Parachute role\nIn August 1944, the battery was added to the 1st Parachute Battalion, providing an organic indirect fire support, equipped with Short 25-pounder guns. Although the battalion was warned for deployment on a number of occasions, the battery saw no further action before the war ended. It ceased to exist in 1946 when the 1st Parachute Battalion was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159366-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Brigade (Poland)\n1st Mountain Brigade (1. Brygada G\u00f3rska) was a unit of the Polish Army during the interbellum period, which took part in the Polish September Campaign. Commanded by Colonel Janusz Galadyk, it was part of Bielsko Operational Group of the Army Krak\u00f3w. It consisted mostly of units of the Border Defence Corps (KOP), sent to southwestern Poland from Eastern Borderlands. Created on July 7, 1939, its task was to defend southern wing of the Army, in the section between \u017bywiec and Rabka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159366-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Brigade (Poland)\nOn September 1, the Brigade was attacked by four German divisions - 2nd Panzer, 4th Light, 3rd Mountain and 7th I.D. In bitter fights around Wegierska Gorka, the Berezwecz Battalion of KOP was destroyed and the following night Colonel Galadyk ordered his men to leave the valley of the Sola river, as the neighboring Polish 21. Mountain Infantry Division had also been destroyed and further defence of the area was impossible. During retreat towards Wadowice, the Brigade fought several skirmishes with the advancing Wehrmacht. It was helped for a while by the 10th Cavalry Brigade under Colonel Stanis\u0142aw Maczek, its task was to halt the Germans, who wanted to gain control over the Zakopane - Krak\u00f3w road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159366-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Brigade (Poland)\nOn September 4, the German XXII Army Corps defeated a Border Defence Corps Battalion in Mszana Dolna, but on the same day, KOP soldiers from Wilejka managed to beat the Germans at Pcim. Withdrawing northwards, the Brigade was finally overcome in the area of Bochnia, and it ceased to exist", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159367-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Mountain Cavalry Division was a division-sized unit of the Red Army that existed during the Great Patriotic War and during the Allied Invasion of Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159367-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), History\nThe 1st Mountain Cavalry Division was formed originally as the \"1st Mountain Cavalry Division\" in July 1941 and immediately assigned to the 45th Army on the Iranian Border. In August of the same year the division was assigned to the 47th Army and in October as part of the Soviet Occupation Forces in Persia. In December it was re-designated to the \"1st Cavalry Division\" and was assigned to the 15th Cavalry Corps. It is unknown what happened after December 1942 but most sources show it being disbanded and units dispersed into Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159367-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Organization\nThe 1st Mountain Cavalry division's structure didn't change from its formation to the possible disbandment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159368-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe 1st Mountain Division (1. Gebirgsdivision) was a West German mountain infantry formation. It was part of the II Corps of the Bundeswehr. In the wake of military restructuring brought about by the end of the Cold War, the 1st Mountain Division was disbanded in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159368-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe division was constituted in November 1956 as part of the II Corps of the Bundeswehr. As initially formed, it had two brigade-sized battle-groups, \"A8\" and \"B8\" (despite its numerical designation, the division was considered the eighth division of the Bundeswehr). In 1959, the battle-groups were retitled the 22nd and 23rd Mountain Brigades, and the division also took command over the 24th Panzer Brigade. In 1966, the 24th Panzer Brigade was transformed into the 24th Panzergrenadier Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159368-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Bundeswehr)\nThis structure remained stable until 1981, when the 24th Brigade once again became a Panzer brigade and the 22nd Mountain Brigade was transformed into a Panzergrenadier brigade, leaving only a third of the division's troops as mountain infantry. The 56th Local Defense Brigade was also subordinated to the division. Division headquarters was located at Garmisch-Partenkirchen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159368-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Bundeswehr)\nIn 1989, division equipment included Bo-105 helicopters, Leopard I tanks, Gepard SP anti-aircraft guns, Fliegerfaust 1 ManPADS, M110 203mm SP howitzers, M109G 155mm SP howitzers, LARS and MARS multiple rocket launch systems, Jaguar SP ATGMs, and Marder IFVs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159368-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Bundeswehr)\nWith the end of the Cold War, the 22nd Panzergrenadier Brigade was disbanded in 1992. This was followed by the inactivation of the 24th Panzer Brigade in 1994. The division was then merged with Military Readiness Command VI with the 23rd Mountain Brigade, 36th Panzer Brigade, and the 60th Engineer Training Brigade as subordinated components. In 1994 the Wehrbereichskommando VI / 1. Gebirgsdivision (WBK IV/1. GebDiv) headquarters moved into Bayern-Kaserne, Munich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159368-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Bundeswehr)\nAfter 1993, elements of the division saw international service in Somalia, Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, and Bosnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159368-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Bundeswehr)\nOn 30 September 2001 the 1st Mountain Division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 1st Mountain Division (German: 1. Gebirgs-Division) was an elite formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II, and is remembered for its involvement in multiple large-scale war crimes. It was created on 9 April 1938 in Garmisch Partenkirchen from the Mountain Brigade (German: Gebirgs Brigade) which was itself formed on 1 June 1935. The division consisted mainly of Bavarians and some Austrians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), Poland and France\nThe 1st Mountain Division fought in the Invasion of Poland as a part of Army Group South and distinguished itself during fighting in the Carpathians and at Lw\u00f3w. On 8 September 1939 in Rozdziel village it\u2019s soldiers committed a war crime (killing 6 civilians and 3 POWs, burning houses) and attempting to execute another 250 civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), Poland and France\nIt subsequently took part in the Battle of France and was selected to take part in the planned operations against the United Kingdom (Operation Sea Lion) and Gibraltar (Operation Felix) but both operations were cancelled. With Felix cancelled, the division took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 as part of the 2nd Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), Eastern Front and Balkans\nThe 1st Mountain Division participated in Operation Barbarossa, (the invasion of the Soviet Union). On 30 June, the division captured Lviv. There, the Germans discovered several thousand bodies of prisoners who had been executed by the NKVD, as they could not be evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), Eastern Front and Balkans\nThe 1st Mountain Division continued its advance into the Soviet Union, participating in the breakthrough of the Stalin Line and the advance to the Dniepr and Mius rivers. In May 1942, the division  fought in the Second Battle of Kharkov and then participated in the offensive through southern Russia and into the Caucasus (Operation Edelweiss).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), Eastern Front and Balkans\nIn a symbolic propaganda move, the division sent a detachment to raise the German flag on Mount Elbrus on 21 August. Although the feat was widely publicized by Goebbels, Hitler was furious over what he called \"these crazy mountain climbers,\" his rage lasting for hours. However, by December 1942 with Soviet forces en-circling the 6th Army at Stalingrad, the 1st Mountain Division, as part of the 17th Army, was ordered to withdraw to the Kuban bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), Eastern Front and Balkans\nIn April 1943, the division was posted to Yugoslavia, where it participated in the anti-Partisan offensive named Case Black, and later Greece where it took part in anti-partisan operations. In November 1943, the division returned to Yugoslavia, where it took part in operations Operation Kugelblitz, Schneesturm and Waldrausch. In March 1944, the division was engaged in the Operation Margarethe (German occupation of Hungary). After Operation R\u00fcbezahl in Yugoslavia in August 1944, the division took part in defensive fighting against the Red Army in the Belgrade Offensive, and suffered severe losses. During the operation, the division commander, General Stettner, was killed in the battle on 17 October on Avala mountain near Belgrade. In late November, it was transferred in Baranja, to the most endangered spot of the German defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), Eastern Front and Balkans\nIt was renamed 1. Volks-Gebirgs-Division in March 1945. Its final major operations were near Lake Balaton (Operation Spring Awakening) against the 3rd Ukrainian Front. Two months later the division surrendered to the Americans in Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nDuring the Invasion of Poland, soldiers from the division assisted in the round-up of Jewish civilians from Przemy\u015bl for forced labour, and photos of this were printed in newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nDuring the Case Black operation in Yugoslavia, the division and other units committed crimes against prisoners of war and civilians. In the after-battle report on 10 July, the division reported that it took 498 prisoners, 411 of whom were shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nOn 6 July 1943 a unit from the division attacked the village of Borov\u00eb in Albania. All of the houses and buildings were completely burned or otherwise destroyed. Among the 107 inhabitants killed were five entire families. The youngest victim was aged four months, and the oldest 73.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nOn 25 July 1943, soldiers from the division attacked the village of Mousiotitsa in Greece after a cache of weapons was found nearby, killing 153 civilians. On 16 August 1943, the village of Kommeno was attacked on the orders of Oberstleutnant Josef Salminger, the commander of GebirgsJ\u00e4ger Regiment 98. A total of 317 civilians were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nDivisional soldiers took part in the murder of thousands of Italians from the 33 Acqui Infantry Division in September 1943 on the Greek island of Cefalonia after the Italian surrender. Divisional soldiers killed 32 officers and an estimated 100 soldiers from the Italian 151 Infantry Division Perugia in Albania after the Italian surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nAfter the killing of Oberstleutnant Josef Salminger by Greek partisans, the commander of XXII Gebirgs-Armeekorps General der Gebirgstruppe Hubert Lanz ordered, on 1 October 1943, a \u201cruthless retaliatory action\u201d in a 20\u00a0km area around the place where Salminger had been attacked. In the village of Lyngiades, 92 of its 96 residents were executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159369-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes\nThe Division's war crimes are described in H. F. Meyer's book Bloodstained Edelweiss: The 1st Mountain Division in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division\nThe 1st Mounted Division was a Yeomanry Division of the British Army active during World War I. It was formed in August 1914 for the home defence of the United Kingdom from four existing mounted brigades of the Territorial Force, each of three regiments of Yeomanry. The divisional order of battle changed often, as the 1st Line brigades left for service overseas and were replaced by 2nd Line formations. It was converted to the 1st Cyclist Division in July 1916, and was broken up in November 1916 without being involved in active service. It remained in East Anglia throughout its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division\nAn unrelated 1st Mounted Division was formed in July 1916, from the 3rd Mounted Division, lasting until September 1917. Another incarnation of 1st Mounted Division was created in April 1918 from the Yeomanry Mounted Division, lasting until July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, History, 1st Mounted Division\nThe Mounted Division was formed on 5 August 1914, immediately after the outbreak of World War I, from four existing mounted brigades of the Territorial Force\u00a0\u2013 Eastern, 1st South Midland, 2nd South Midland, and Notts. and Derby. It was assembled in East Anglia with Headquarters at Bury St Edmunds and the brigades at Ipswich, Diss and two at Bury. The division was to spend its entire existence in East Anglia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, History, 1st Mounted Division\nLater in the month, a decision was made to concentrate mounted troops in the Churn area of Berkshire and at the end of August 1914 these were formed into a new 2nd Mounted Division. The original division was designated as 1st Mounted Division and gained three more 1st Line mounted brigades\u00a0\u2013 South Wales, Welsh Border, and North Midland\u00a0\u2013 to replace the 1st South Midland, 2nd South Midland, and Notts. and Derby brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, History, 1st Mounted Division\nAs the 1st Line mounted brigades left for overseas service, they were replaced by 2nd Line formations. As with other 2nd Line divisions\u00a0\u2013 which the 1st Mounted Division was in all but name\u00a0\u2013 the division experienced considerable problems with regard to equipment and personnel. Even as late as July 1915, some Royal Horse Artillery batteries were without guns, wagons or harnesses, machine guns were lacking and few of the men had fired a recruits' course of musketry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, History, 1st Mounted Division\nBy the beginning of March 1916, the last 1st Line brigades had left and the division was now composed entirely of 2nd Line formations. On 31 March 1916, the remaining mounted brigades were ordered to be numbered in a single sequence and the division now commanded the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Mounted Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, History, 1st Cyclist Division\nIn July 1916 there was a major reorganization of 2nd Line yeomanry units in the United Kingdom. All but 12 regiments were converted to cyclists: the rest were dismounted, handed over their horses to the remount depots and were issued with bicycles. The 1st Mounted Division was reorganized as the 1st Cyclist Division, now commanding the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Cyclist Brigades. On reorganisation, 2nd Mounted Brigade\u00a0\u2013 with 2/1st Royal 1st Devon, 2/1st Montgomeryshire and 2/1st Fife and Forfar Yeomanry\u00a0\u2013 was posted to the new 1st Mounted Division (3rd Mounted Division redesignated) and remained mounted. In exchange, the 12th Mounted Brigade (2/1st London) joined as the 4th Cyclist Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, History, 1st Cyclist Division\nA further reorganization in November 1916 saw the 1st Cyclist Division broken up. The cyclist brigades were dispersed and the yeomanry regiments were amalgamated in pairs to form Yeomanry Cyclist Regiments in new cyclist brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, History, Other formations\nTwo other divisions of the British Army were named 1st Mounted Division during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, History, Other formations\nWhen the original division was converted to a cyclist division in July 1916, the 3rd Mounted Division was renumbered as the 1st Mounted Division as it was the only remaining mounted division. It, too, was converted to cyclists as The Cyclist Division on 4 September 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, History, Other formations\nIn March 1918, the 1st Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France. The British units remained on the Western Front and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt. By an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre. On 24 April 1918, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was indianized and its title was changed to 1st Mounted Division. On 22 July 1918, it was renumbered as the 4th Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, Orders of battle\nOn formation immediately after the outbreak of World War I, the 1st Mounted Division commanded the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, Orders of battle\nThe 1st Mounted Division had the following structure after the departure of three of the original brigades to the 2nd Mounted Division and before the 1st Line mounted brigades started to be replaced by 2nd Line formations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, Orders of battle\nThe 1st Mounted Division had the following structure after the departure of the last 1st Line mounted brigade and before the mounted brigades were numbered:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, Orders of battle\nThe 1st Mounted Division had the following structure after the mounted brigades were numbered and before it was converted to a cyclist division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, Orders of battle\nThe 1st Mounted Division was extensively reorganized to form the 1st Cyclist Division. It had the following structure during its brief existence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159370-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Division, Commanders\nThe 1st Mounted Division / 1st Cyclist Division had the following commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159371-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Rifles\nThe 1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry) were a mounted rifles regiment raised just before World War I, raised and based in the region of Canterbury. It can trace its history back to 1864 with the formation of the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159371-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Rifles, History, Origins and formation\nThe Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry was established as a volunteer corps at Christchurch in 1864. It was the oldest of twelve light cavalry units raised in New Zealand during the second half of the nineteenth century, using the British Yeomanry regiments as a model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159371-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Rifles, History, Origins and formation\nWhile numbering less than 100 men, scattered in small detachments across Canterbury Province, the unit earned a reputation for well drilled smartness and provided honour guards and ceremonial escorts as required. It was brought together for a training camp of eight days each year. A scarlet and blue uniform was worn with black facings and a red plumed helmet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159371-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Rifles, History, Origins and formation\nWith the introduction of a conscription-based territorial system in 1911-12, the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry became \"A\" Squadron of the 1st Mounted Rifles (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry). Following this, the regiment was formed on 17 March 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159371-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Rifles, History, World War I\nThey were mobilised during World War I as a squadron of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment. They served in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and first saw action during the Battle of Gallipoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159371-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Rifles, History, World War I\nAs a part of the larger New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade (of the ANZAC Mounted Division) they went on to serve in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159371-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Rifles, History, Between the wars\nIn 1921 they were amalgamated with the 8th (South Canterbury) Mounted Rifles and redesignated the Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry. By 1942, the regiment, as 1st Light Armoured Fighting Vehicles Regiment (Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry), was part of the 5th Division's divisional troops, located at Ashburton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159371-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Mounted Rifles, History, Between the wars\nThey were absorbed into the 3rd Armoured Regiment RNZAC on  29 March 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159372-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Murzino\n1st Murzino (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0437\u0438\u043d\u043e; Bashkir: 1-\u0441\u0435 \u041c\u044b\u0440\u0499\u0430, 1-se M\u0131r\u017aa) is a rural locality (a village) in Ufimsky Selsoviet of Khaybullinsky District, Russia. The population was 222 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159372-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Murzino, Geography\n1st Murzino is located 61 km north of Akyar (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159373-0000-0000", "contents": "1st NWHL All-Star Game\nThe 1st NWHL All-Star Game took place on January 24, 2016 at HarborCenter in Buffalo, New York. The event featured two 20-minute periods in a 4-on-4 format and a Skills Competition. Team Pfalzer entered the game with a 4-0 lead having won all events in the Skills Competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159373-0001-0000", "contents": "1st NWHL All-Star Game\nThis edition of the All-Star Game featured a \"fantasy draft\" format in order to determine the rosters. The team captains were Hilary Knight from the Boston Pride, and forward Emily Pfalzer, also a team captain with the Buffalo Beauts. Team Knight had the first pick overall and selected Kacey Bellamy. The captains each chose 11 players for their team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159373-0002-0000", "contents": "1st NWHL All-Star Game, Draft\nEach captain had to select at least one player from all four teams in the NWHL. In addition, each captain had to select two goalies among their 11 selections. Two available spots on each team were determined by fan balloting, which took place from December 11\u201314, 2015, with winning players announced on December 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159373-0003-0000", "contents": "1st NWHL All-Star Game, Draft, Fan voting\nOver 62,000 votes were cast in order to select four more players to add to the All-Star Game rosters. Madison Packer and Hayley Williams were assigned to Team Knight, while Morgan Fritz-Ward and Devon Skeat shall suit up with Team Pfalzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159373-0004-0000", "contents": "1st NWHL All-Star Game, Game summary\nThe starting goaltenders in the contest were Nana Fujimoto for Team Pfalzer and Jaimie Leonoff for Team Knight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159373-0005-0000", "contents": "1st NWHL All-Star Game, Game summary\nKelley Steadman would score the first goal in All-Star Game history, providing Team Pfalzer with the lead, as Leonoff allowed said goal. Earning the assists on Steadman's historic goal was Meghan Duggan. Adding to Team Pfalzer's lead was Emily Field, who would also score on Leonoff in the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159373-0006-0000", "contents": "1st NWHL All-Star Game, Game summary\nIn the second period, Brianne McLaughlin would replace Leonoff for Team Knight, while Brittany Ott stood between the pipes for Team Pfalzer. Along with Blake Bolden, Field and Kaleigh Fratkin, Ott would become one of four women to have competed in the 2015 Women's Winter Classic and the inaugural NWHL All-Star Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159373-0007-0000", "contents": "1st NWHL All-Star Game, Game summary\nSteadman would score on McLaughlin, generating the first multi-goal performance in All-Star Game history. Other Team Pfalzer skaters that would score included Shiann Darkangelo and Devon Skeats, who became the first Canadian to score a goal in the NWHL All-Star Game. During the second, Hayley Williams would score the only goal of the game for Team Knight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159373-0008-0000", "contents": "1st NWHL All-Star Game, Game summary, Skills competition\nHeld prior to the game itself, there were four different skills events. Whichever team would prevail in each event would gain one point that would count towards the All-Star Game's final score. Of note, Team Pfalzer captured the win in all four events at the Skills Competition, gaining four points. In the hardest shot competition, Megan Bozek was the winner, with a shot of 88\u00a0mph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159375-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National Assembly of the Philippines\nThe First National Assembly of the Philippines (Filipino: Unang Asemblyang Pambansa ng Pilipinas) was the meeting of the legislature of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from November 25, 1935 until August 15, 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159375-0001-0000", "contents": "1st National Assembly of the Philippines, Legislation\nThe First National Assembly passed a total of 415 laws: Commonwealth Act Nos. 1 to 415.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159376-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National Bank of St Lucia\n1st National Bank St Lucia Ltd is a St Lucian bank formed in 2005. It was originally established as the St Lucia Cooperative Bank in 1938, making it the oldest indigenous St Lucian bank. In June 2017, it launched a project to strengthen the small and medium-sized business sectors. The next month, it introduced two scholarship programmes, the Ferrel Victor Charles Secondary School Scholarship and the Francis J. Carasco Scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159377-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in Shanghai and Jiaxing between July 23 and August 2, 1921. The Congress established the Chinese Communist Party. It was succeeded by the 2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. The congress began in a shikumen building of the French Concession area of Shanghai (near present-day Xintiandi in Huangpu District). In early June 1921, Dutch national Henk Sneevliet, also known as Ma Lin, a representative of Comintern, arrived in Shanghai, and urged various Communist cells in the country to get together for a national-level meeting. Russian Comintern representative Nikolski also attended the meeting. At the time, there were 57 members of the Chinese Communist Party. Notably, the two founders of the party did not attend the congress: Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159377-0001-0000", "contents": "1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe meeting was put to an end due to harassment from the French Concession police on July 30. The delegates then agreed to move the meeting to a rented tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing. The Congress elected Chen Duxiu as Secretary (in absentia), Zhang Guotao as Director of Organization, and Li Da as Director of Propaganda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159377-0002-0000", "contents": "1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nOf the 13 representatives who attended the congress in 1921, only two would be present at the proclamation ceremony of the People's Republic of China 28 years later: Mao Zedong and Dong Biwu. Others either became casualties of war in the decades that followed or left the party in one way or another (e.g. by expulsion or defection).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159377-0003-0000", "contents": "1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe site of the conference in Shanghai has been converted into a museum since 1961. The South Lake Revolutionary Museum in Jiaxing located on a central island of the lake was constructed in 1959; a complex hosting more exhibits was constructed north of South Lake in 2011, also to commemorate the 1st Congress. The Congress would be followed by the 2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159378-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National Congress of the Kuomintang\nThe 1st National Congress of the Kuomintang (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703) was the first national congress of the Kuomintang, held on 20\u201330 January 1924 at Guangzhou, Guangdong, Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159378-0001-0000", "contents": "1st National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nDuring this first congress, the Kuomintang's reorganization process to become the Kuomintang of China (Chinese: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8) in 1919 from the previous Chinese Revolutionary Party was formally completed. A policy declaration was also drafted to fight against imperialism and feudalism, determining three policies of alliance with Soviet Union and alliance with the Communist Party of China. This first congress eventually led to the reunification of China four years later after the Northern Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159378-0002-0000", "contents": "1st National Congress of the Kuomintang, Results\nAs time progressed, the Chinese Kuomintang (KMT) lost its grip on China and after its defeat on the Chinese mainland, the party retreated to Taiwan. From 1950 to 1952, the KMT underwent a thorough organizational restructuring. The result was a renewal of its Leninist origins from the previous reorganization in 1924. This came from the help of the Kuomintang Central Reform Committee. The Kuomintang Committee created a variety of direct or indirect controls over the government and society that gave it unquestioned dominance. This eventually led to the party interacting closely with the people on Taiwan as a result of the party recruitment and the implementation of local-level political reforms, two salient agendas that had never taken place in the mainland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159378-0003-0000", "contents": "1st National Congress of the Kuomintang, The KMT today\nOn the first electoral defeat of the age-old Kuomintang (KMT) in the year 2000, many predicted its disintegration. However, as the 2004 election unfolded, many forecast its triumphant return. The party pursued a reform strategy before forging a pact with like-minded parties, and reestablished its leadership among the alliance of political opposition parties. The party itself however, is still going through an identity crisis and is struggling to maintain a foothold in the political format of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159379-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National Congress of the Lao People's Party\nThe 1st National Congress of the Lao People's Party (LPP) was held in Vientiane on 22 March \u2013 14 April 1955. The congress occurs once every five years. A total of 20 delegates attended the founding congress. In addition to the establishment of the Lao People's Party, its 1st Central Committee was elected at the congress with Kaysone Phomvihane as its General Secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards\nThe 1st National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema censored in the year 1953. Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 10 October 1954 and awards were given by then President of India, Dr Rajendra Prasad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0001-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards\nInstituted as State Awards for Films, which over the years known as National Film Awards, in its first year, were given in three different categories to honour the films at national level. Films made in all Indian languages were considered for the award. Awards were instituted, in order to encourage the production of the films of a high aesthetic and technical standard and educational and culture value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0002-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards\nAwards were categorised into three categories; Feature films, Documentaries and Children's films, where Gold Medal and Certificate of Merit was awarded in each category. For first two categories, Gold Medal was awarded as President's Gold Medal whereas for Children's films, it was awarded as Prime Minister's Gold Medal. For 1st National Film Awards, Prime Minister's Gold Medal Award for Children's film, though declared as one of the awards, was not given to any film as no film was found to be suitable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0003-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards\nShyamchi Aai, a Marathi film received an honour to be the first Indian film to receive President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film, which now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0004-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Background\nIndia had its first full-length motion picture when Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, popularly known as Dadasaheb Phalke directed and produced a mythological silent film\u00a0\u2013 Raja Harishchandra, released on 3 May 1913, at Coronation Cinema, Mumbai. This is marked as the beginning of the Indian film industry. Though film had female characters, Phalke could not get any female to play these roles. All the female characters were also played by male artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0005-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Background\nThe release in 1931 of the first Indian talkie\u00a0\u2013 Alam Ara, produced by the Imperial Film Company, marked as beginning of new era in Indian film industry. The film was released at the Majestic Cinema in Mumbai on 14 March 1931. Over the period, India produced many films and eventually became one of the largest film industries along with Hollywood and Chinese cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0006-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Background\nWith the increasing numbers of films being made, government brought Indian Cinematograph Act of 1918 for the censorship of the film and Central Board of Film Censors, to bring the uniformity into the film for their exhibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0007-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Background\nIn 1949, Film Inquiry Committee was appointed by Government of India. Committee then, in one of its recommendations, recommended to institute the State Film Awards, to felicitate the films made in the country in various regional languages in order \"to encourage the production of films of aesthetic and technical excellence and social relevance contributing to the understanding and appreciation of cultures of different regions of the country in cinematic form and thereby also promoting integration and unity of the nation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0008-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Juries\nA committee of seven members was formed and was headed by Mangal Das Pakvasa as a chairman, for the awards to be given for the films released in the year 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0009-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Awards\nState Awards for Films were categorised into three categories; Feature films, Documentaries and Children's films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0010-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's Gold Medal was given in Feature films and Documentaries categories and for Children's films, it was awarded as Prime Minister's Gold Medal. Certificate of Merit was given in all three categories. Awards were instituted, in order to encourage the production of the films of a high aesthetic and technical standard and educational and culture value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0011-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Awards\nPresident's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is analogous to today's National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is similar to National Film Award for Best Children's Film. Certificate of Merit in all the categories is discontinued over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0012-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Awards, Awards not given\nFollowing awards were not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0013-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Award gallery\nPresident's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Feature Film", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0014-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Award gallery\nPresident's Gold Medal for the All India Best Documentary Film is now better known as National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159380-0015-0000", "contents": "1st National Film Awards, Award gallery\nPrime Minister's Gold Medal for the All India Best Children's Film is now better known National Film Award for Best Children's Film", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159381-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National Geographic Bee\nThe 1st National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on May 19, 1989, sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was Jack Staddon of Great Bend Seventh-day Adventist Elementary School in Great Bend, Kansas, who won a $25,000 college scholarship. The 2nd-place winner, Michael Shannon of Reading, Massachusetts, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Kieu Luu of Riverdale, Maryland, won a $10,000 scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159382-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 1st National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at Maple Leaf Gardens, home of the Toronto Maple Leafs, on October 13, 1947. The game saw the Maple Leafs play a team of NHL all-stars. The All-Stars won the game 4\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159382-0001-0000", "contents": "1st National Hockey League All-Star Game, Founding\nThe NHL All-Star Game originated from the Players Committee and was approved on May 23, 1947. For the site of the All-Star Charity Game, it was applied for by Toronto and Chicago, with Chicago receiving the second game, in 1948. It was agreed that proceeds would be divided whereby one-third would go to Toronto charities, and two-thirds would go to the Players Emergency (Benevolent and Disability) Fund. At a later meeting in September 1947, the players agreed to set up a pension fund, with $900 from every player going into the fund and 25 cents from the sale of every playoff ticket and the two-thirds of the All-Star Game proceeds to go into the fund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159382-0002-0000", "contents": "1st National Hockey League All-Star Game, Pre-game festivities\nThe players selected for the game attended a Toronto Argonauts-Hamilton Tiger-Cats football game on the day of the Game. That was followed by a dinner at the Royal York Hotel. The players were given miniature engraved gold pucks. There were extra gifts for the Maple Leafs, who had won the Stanley Cup the previous spring. The Leafs received gold cufflinks from the Ontario government and a free lifetime pass from Conn Smythe. Sponsors gave each player a coat, a hat, a table lighter, golf balls, a tie, cigarette boxes, pocket knives, team photos, silver tea trays, engraved gold watches and silver watch chains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159382-0003-0000", "contents": "1st National Hockey League All-Star Game, Game description\nThe All-Stars wore red sweaters with white stars across the chest above a white and red NHL shield, and white and blue stripes running down the shoulders and sleeves. This uniform would be used through the 1955 All-Star Game, and later adapted for the Campbell Conference All-Stars in the 1992 game. The referees wore dark blue sweaters. The Leafs wore their white sweaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159382-0004-0000", "contents": "1st National Hockey League All-Star Game, Game description\nThe game was well-contested and was physical. Ken Reardon was assessed a major penalty for cutting Bob Goldham on the head after a dirty cross-check. Reardon was involved in a stick-swinging incident between himself and Bill Ezinicki and Gus Mortson. Maurice Richard was placed on a line with Ted Lindsay. The pair, who would often fight it out in regular games did not share a word, according to Richard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159383-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National People's Congress\nThe 1st National People's Congress (simplified Chinese: \u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a; traditional Chinese: \u7b2c\u4e00\u5c46\u5168\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703; pinyin: D\u00ecy\u012b Ji\u00e8 Qu\u00e1ngu\u00f3 R\u00e9nm\u00edn D\u00e0ibi\u01ceo D\u00e0hu\u00ec) was in session from 1954 to 1959. It held four sessions in this period. There were 1226 deputies to the Congress. These were the first legislative elections to take place after the founding of the People's Republic of China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159383-0001-0000", "contents": "1st National People's Congress, Elections to the Congress\nIn accordance with the rules set by the 1st Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the first set of deputies to the NPC were elected in the spring and summer of 1954, the first elections under the 1953 Electoral Law which set rules for elections in the PRC, by the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159383-0002-0000", "contents": "1st National People's Congress, First Plenary Session\nThe first plenary session was held in September 1954. The Congress passed the 1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China. It elected the state leaders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159384-0000-0000", "contents": "1st National Television Awards\nThe 1st National Television Awards ceremony was held at the Wembley Conference Centre on 29 August 1995 and was hosted by Eamonn Holmes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159385-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Naval Armaments Supplement Programme\nThe 1st Naval Armaments Supplement Programme (\u30de\u30eb1\u8a08\u753b, \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u88dc\u5145\u8a08\u753b, Maru 1 Keikaku, Dai-Ichi-Ji Hoj\u016b Keikaku), otherwise known as the \"Circle One\" plan was the first of four expansion plans of the Imperial Japanese Navy between 1930 and the start of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159385-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Naval Armaments Supplement Programme, Background\nThe London Naval Treaty placed severe restrictions on Japan's naval capabilities vis-a-vis the United States Navy and the British Royal Navy in terms of tonnage and numbers of capital warships. The response of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff was to initiate a construction program to build new warships to the allotted tonnage limits in each of the restricted categories, and to invest in types of warships and weaponry not specifically covered by the provisions of the treaty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159385-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Naval Armaments Supplement Programme, Background\nThe \"Circle One\" plan was submitted by the Naval Ministry and approved by the Cabinet in November 1930, and officially ratified by the Diet of Japan in 1931. It called for the construction of 39 new combat vessels, centering on four of the new Mogami-class cruisers, and expansion of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service to 14 Naval Air Groups. Budget for the construction of the warships was on a six-year basis, and the budget for forming the air groups was on a three-year basis. Total funding allotted was 247,080,000 Yen for ship construction and 44,956,000 Yen for naval aviation expansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159385-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Naval Armaments Supplement Programme, Background\nIn terms of naval aviation development, the \"Circle One\" plan also concentrated on the development of new aircraft technologies, especially large seaplanes, land-based bombers, as well as carrier-based attack aircraft and floatplane attack aircraft that could be launched from battleships, cruisers or submarines. Attention was also given to training of pilots and air crews in dive bombing and torpedo tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159385-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Naval Armaments Supplement Programme, Background\nIn a 1932 supplement to the Circle One plan, additional funding was added for the construction of three more vessels: the submarine tender Taigei, and two submarine chasers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own)\nThe 1st Regiment of the Line (King's Own) or (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento della Linea (del Re)) was a line infantry regiment of the Royal Army of Naples. The regiment was the first infantry regiment formed by the small kingdom, but by 1811 gained a reputation as an exemplary infantry regiment, and was reformed with the honorary title of \"King's Own, or del Re\". After the disastrous Neapolitan War, the regiment was disbanded, having never seen action outside of the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Formation\nBy decree of 13 June 1806, the 1st Regiment of the Line was formed with Colonel Bigarr\u00e8, a Frenchman, as commander together with Major Pegot, another Frenchman, and two Neapolitans as Chef de Bataillons. By August the regiment had grown to 70 officers, but only commanded 496 NCOs and men, taken largely from the Bourbonic prisoners, highlighting the difficulties in recruiting the ranks and file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Formation\nOn King Joseph's birthday, 19 March 1807, the regiment paraded with 1,800 men and afterwards marched north to reinforce the French Army of Italy. Along the way, many men deserted as the regiment marched north to join the Mantua Garrison. Upon arriving in Mantua, the regiment was reorganised, taking in many elements from the 2nd, losing its quality by the addition of these pardoned convicts or guerrillas forced to service. In November 1807, the regiment left for Spain, reorganised into two war battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 80], "content_span": [81, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona\nIn January 1808 the regiment arrived in Spain as part of Lechi's Italian Division which consisted of the Battalion of V\u00e9lite Grenadiers (Italians), 5th Infantry Regiment (Italian), 1st Neapolitan Line Infantry, and 2nd Neapolitan Mounted Cacciatori. When the French Army of Spain under Napol\u00e9on arrived in Madrid, Spain \"erupted in rebellion\", especially after news of the Third of May revolt. On 4 June 1808, the 2nd battalion commanded by Major d'Ambrosio formed part of the Corps of Observation of the Eastern Pyrenees and engaged a small \"Somatenes\" force near the El Bruch Pass in southern Catalonia, where 60 soldiers were killed and wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 110], "content_span": [111, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona\nAfter this small action, the French commander of the Barcelona Regional Garrison; G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Division Guillaume Philibert Duhesme became increasingly frustrated with the constant guerrilla raids, and began marching north from Barcelon to Girona. This, coming after communications with France having been lost. After seeing the first allied troops arriving in the area of Mataro, the Spanish local guard completely disintegrated and allied troops sacked the town for 24 hours. Though a small action, this battle proved that the Neapolitans were just as bad as the French, in Spanish eyes. This small action became known as the Battle of Mataro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 110], "content_span": [111, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona\nOn 17 June 1808, the regiment was again involved in an action at Mataro as part of the 2nd Brigade of the, albeit now expanded, Corps of Observation of the Eastern Pyrenees. As Duhesme moved north, the foreified medieval town of Girona was one of the last towns to take in this small campaign. As the allied force arrived, it attempted to storm the two on three or four occasions, in which all failed and the corps retreated back to Barcelona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 110], "content_span": [111, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona\nSometime before July, a company was detached to the Montgat castle and tasked with defending the road between Barcelona and Montgat; about 10\u00a0km from Barcelona itself. In June 1808, Spain switched allegiance and became an ally of Britain, and Lord Cochrane, a local British naval officer was subsequently given orders by Vice Admiral Lord Collingwood, Commander of the Mediterranean fleet, to assist Spanish efforts to drive the French garrison out of Barcelona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 110], "content_span": [111, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Breakout from Barcelona\nCochrane then proceeded to disrupt the French supply lines sending landing parties ashore to attack the main coastal road between Barcelona and Blanes and assisted Catalan militia in the capture of a castle at Montgat. On 31 July, the combined Anglo\u2013Spanish arrived in force and laid siege to the small garrison. The garrison surrendered, knowing that the miquelets would murder them to Lord Cochrane, and the entire garrison was taken into captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 110], "content_span": [111, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Fall of Barcelona\nAfter hearing the stunning news of the fall of Montgat, the Corps of Observation of the Eastern Pyrenees was reorganised into the Army of Barcelona (merely a psychological tactic) and reinforced with a provisional French division, which had left from the failed Siege of Zaragoza. After suffering a massive defeat at the hands of local Spanish guerrillas and the British squadron, the Army was forced to abandon Barcelona, and their garrison of Girona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 104], "content_span": [105, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), First Formation (1806), Peninsular War, Back in Naples\nSometime after the failed siege of Girona, the regiment was recalled to Naples, and a new 3rd battalion was raised and joined French Army of Naples for the upcoming Capri Campaign. Ending in a stunning defeat for the British, the regiment again gained their pride which had been lost in Spain. After the end of this small campaign, the 3rd battalion was disbanded, while the 1st and 2nd were moved back into Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 101], "content_span": [102, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Formation\nBy 1811, the regimental strength was almost halved, totalling only 1,958 men and officers. Since the Neapolitan Army had been formed, a conscription \"issue\" had been given each year, much like an ordnance or yearly army reorganisation. As part of the 1811 conscription, the old 1st Infantry Regiment was disbanded, and subsequently ordered to reform in Pescara under the new title of the 1st Regiment of the Line (King's Own), taking many veterans which began returning from the Iberian Peninsula. This new regiment was also organised very different from the old 1st, with four battalions now, instead of the old two. Meanwhile, the old 1st and 2nd battalions of the 1st Infantry Regiment were made independent, and shortly after helped form the new 8th Regiment of the Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 81], "content_span": [82, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Formation\nThough the Kingdom of Naples turned its back on Napol\u00e9on in 1813, the regiment, nor any of the other Nepolitan units would see service in the small Northern Italian Campaign of 1814. By 1 February 1814, the Neapolitan Army had been completely reorganised, with new permanent divisions and brigades. As part of these reforms, the 1st was assigned along with the 2nd Light Infantry Regiment to the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division commanded by Generale Pepe and Generale Carasco respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 81], "content_span": [82, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Neapolitan War\nJust before the beginning of the disastrous Neapolitan War, the army was again reorganised into two field armies; King Murat's Army and the Army of the Interior (or Reserve). The 1st Infantry were one of the unlucky units chosen to join the ill-fated Field Army. Though still part of Pepe's Brigade, in Carrascosa's Division, the regiment had now expanded to 2,551 men, tho many of these \"men\" were untrained peasants, former prisoners, guerrillas, or just simply not motivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Neapolitan War\nThe first battle occurred at Modena on 4 April 1815, with the majority of Generale Filangieri and General Carrasscosa's Divisions being captured or wounded. The regiment then saw defeat after defeat at Occhiobello (7 April 1815), Carpi (10 April 1815), Pesaro (28 April 1815), Scapezzano (1 May 1815), and finally the disastrous Battle of Tolentino. The few men who made it out of these battles retreated to the Fortress of Gaeta, where they were then captured after a long and arduous siege, which ended on 8 August 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Second Formation (1811), Neapolitan War\nFinally, on 8 August 1815, following the fall of Gaeta, the Kingdom of Naples was abolished, and with it went the 1st Infantry Regiment, which struck its regimental colours that same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 86], "content_span": [87, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Structure\nThe structure of the regiment (under the 1813 regulations) presented below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Uniform\nAll Neapolitan infantry regiments, with the exception of the 7th (Royal Africans) (until 1811), maintained the same uniform, but with different coloured facings. This consisted of; French-style shako with shield-shaped plate bearing the crowned \"JN\", red, white and black cockade, later blue white and maroon, and blue pom pom for the regiment. White tunics, small clothes, belts and shoulder straps, and brass buttons. Facings were shown on the collar, lapels, cuffs in \"Dark Blue\", French cuff flaps and turnbacks. Black gaiters were worn. Under the 1811 reorganisations by King Murat, the regimental facings changed to a lighter version of \"Royal Blue\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159386-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Neapolitan Infantry Regiment (King's Own), Uniform\nDrummers uniforms were as for those of the V\u00e9lites; they wore a bearskin, green cords and plume with a red tip, crimson top patch with yellow grenade. Dark blue coat with light crimson collar, lapels, cuffs, French cuff flaps and turnbacks, all but the latter piped white. The coat had yellow buttons and two tasselled buttonholes to the collar, two to each cuff and seven to each lapel. Red epaulettes and sabre knots were worn. Small clothes and belts were white. these were the same for the drummers, but reversed colours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159387-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159387-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment was created from the 1st Nebraska Infantry on October 11, 1863. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Robert Ramsay Livingston. It was later designated 1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry on July 10, 1865, after being consolidated with 1st Battalion Nebraska Volunteer Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159387-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to District of Southeast Missouri, Department of the Missouri, to November 1864. District of Northeast Arkansas, Department of the Missouri, to January 1864. District Northeast Arkansas, VII Corps, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Arkansas, to October 1864. 4th Brigade, Cavalry Division, VII Corps, to October 1864. District of Nebraska and District of the Plains, to July 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159387-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Nebraska Cavalry mustered out of service on July 1, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159387-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe First Nebraska Cavalry had \"veteran volunteered,\" as it was called. After a person had served in the field eighteen months, then he could \"veteranize,\" as it was said, and enlist for three years longer and get a bounty of $300, so that soldiers and sometimes regiments \"veteranized.\" The First Nebraska was a regiment in which the men had veteranized to such an extent that it was reorganized as a veteran regiment, and bore the name of veteran volunteer in the title of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159387-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe incursions of the Indians, and the vast damages which they had done in Nebraska, raised such an outcry that the Government had to send Nebraska troops home for the protection of Nebraska, the same as a portion of our regiment was stationed in Iowa. And so it happened that the \"First Nebraska Veteran Volunteer Cavalry\" was drawn from the field, and the Confederacy, and sent out to fight Indians in the Northwest. The 7th Iowa Cavalry and the First Nebraska got along together very well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159388-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was initially organized to protect the Nebraska Territory from Indian attacks, but primarily served in the Western Theater before being reorganized and sent to the frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159388-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, Service\nWhen the war started, U.S. Regular Army troops were withdrawn from Fort Kearny and Fort Randall to serve in more threatened areas, but at the increased risk to Nebraska settlers from Indian attacks. The Federal government requested that the Nebraska Territory form one volunteer regiment, with some companies supposed to stay behind to protect the territory. The territorial legislature met in special session in Omaha, and agreed to raise the requested local defense force. Thus, the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159388-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, Service\nNebraska Infantry Regiment was organized at Omaha, between June 11 and July 21, 1861, with the future governor of Nebraska and the Wyoming Territory, John Milton Thayer, as its first colonel. However, the promise was reneged, and the regiment was sent eastward in August to fight the Confederacy. The regiment camped at various sites in Missouri, including Pilot Knob, throughout the fall and winter of 1861\u20131862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159388-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, Service\nAfter joining the Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant, the 1st Nebraska Infantry participated in the successful attack on Fort Donelson in Tennessee, fought at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, and took part in the Union advance on, and siege of, Corinth, Mississippi. The unit then participated in several minor engagements in Missouri and Arkansas. The regiment was redesignated the 1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment on November 6, 1863. It was transferred to the frontier to keep the Plains Indians in check. It was amalgamated with the 1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion in 1865, and mustered out of the Union Army in 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159388-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nA total of 1370 men served in the 1st Nebraska Infantry/Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159389-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Militia\nThe 1st Nebraska Militia was a temporary military force mobilized by Territorial Governor Alvin Saunders in August, 1864 during the Indian uprising of 1864 which threatened travelers on the Overland Trail and settlers on the frontier. The 1st Nebraska Militia reinforced the 7th Iowa Cavalry Regiment, which had previously been deployed and had constructed Fort McPherson near present-day North Platte, Nebraska, and the 1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159389-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Militia\nThe Nebraska MILITIA were frontiersmen who furnished their own horses and arms. They were, as soldiers, first-class in every respect. The companies were small but efficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159389-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Militia, Companies\nCompanies \"B\" and \"C,\" 1st Nebraska Militia (mounted) were present at the January, 1865 attack on Camp Rankin and Julesburg and under the command of General Robert B. Mitchell were part of the force which engaged in a fruitless pursuit of the marauding Indian forces after the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159390-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion\nThe 1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion was a cavalry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159390-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion, Service\nWhen the 2nd Nebraska Cavalry Regiment was mustered out of service, in the fall of 1863, Governor Alvin Saunders authorized the raising of an independent battalion of cavalry from the ranks of the 2nd Nebraska Cavalry to serve for the balance of the war. The battalion was organized in four companies at Omaha, Nebraska between January and August, 1864 by Major George Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159390-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion, Service\nIt was then attached to the District of Nebraska and operated against Indians in Nebraska and Colorado and guarded the Overland Mail routes. After the end of the Civil War the battalion was consolidated with the 1st Nebraska Cavalry Regiment on July 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159390-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Nebraska Veteran Cavalry Battalion, Detailed service\nDuty at Fort Cottonwood, Nebraska Territory, October and November, 1864. Duty at Gillman's Station until January, 1865. Duty at Cottonwood Springs until February, 1865, and at Gillman's Station until July, 1865. Company \"B\" at Dakota City until July, 1865. Scout from Dakota City April 12\u201316, 1865. Scout to Middle Bow River April 22\u201327. Company \"C\" had duty at Fort Cottonwood, until July, 1865. Scout from Cottonwood May 12\u201314, 1865. Company \"D\" had duty at Omaha until February, 1865. Moved to Fort Kearney February 25 and duty until April, and at Fort Laramie until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly\nThe 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly was a unicameral body of 601 members that served from May 28, 2008, to May 28, 2012. It was formed as a result of the first Constituent Assembly election held on April 10, 2008. The Constituent Assembly was tasked with writing a new constitution, and acting as the interim legislature for a term of two years. 240 members were elected in single-seat constituencies, 335 were elected through proportional representation, and the remaining 26 seats were reserved for nominated members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly\nThe Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (CPN (M)) was the largest party in the Constituent Assembly, having won half of the constituency seats and about 30% of proportional representation seats. The Constituent Assembly declared a republic at its first meeting on May 28, 2008, abolishing the monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly\nIn late June 2008, the parties agreed to divide the 26 nominated seats in the Constituent Assembly between nine parties: the CPN (M) was to receive nine of these seats, while the Nepali Congress (NC) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) (CPN (UML)) (which respectively placed second and third in the election) would each receive five, the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum would receive two, and the Sadbhavana Party, the Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, Janamorcha Nepal, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) would each receive one nominated seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly\nDue to its failure in drafting a new constitution, the CA was dissolved on May 28, 2012, after its original and extended total tenure of four years. The next Nepalese Constituent Assembly elections initially slated for November 22, 2012 were held a year later on November 19, 2013, after being postponed several times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Opening of the Constituent Assembly, declaration of the Republic\nThe official and final list of members elected under the PR system was released on 8 May 2008; this meant the first meeting of the CA (which has to be held within 21 days of the publication of the final result) would be held before the end of May 2008. On 12 May 2008, it was announced that the first session of the CA would be held on 28 May 2008. The members of the CA were sworn in on 27 May 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 99], "content_span": [100, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Opening of the Constituent Assembly, declaration of the Republic\nAt the first session of the Constituent Assembly on 28 May, it voted to declare Nepal a federal democratic republic, thereby abolishing the monarchy. 564 members of the Constituent Assembly voted on this motion, with 560 in favor and four opposed. Of all the parties represented in the Constituent Assembly, only the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal (RPP-Nepal) opposed the motion. Koirala said that Nepal was entering a new era and that \"the nation's dream has come true\", while celebrations took place in Kathmandu; May 29 and May 30 were declared to be public holidays by the government. The Constituent Assembly also decided that Gyanendra should leave the Narayanhity Palace within 15 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 99], "content_span": [100, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Opening of the Constituent Assembly, declaration of the Republic\nEarlier on 28 May, the major parties agreed on the creation of the position of President, while the Prime Minister was to hold executive powers; however, they reached no agreement on exactly what powers the President should have or who should become president, and these deliberations led to a delay in the opening of the Constituent Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 99], "content_span": [100, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Opening of the Constituent Assembly, declaration of the Republic\nOn 29 May, the royal standard was removed from Narayanhity Palace and replaced with the national flag. Gyanendra reportedly said on 2 June that he accepted the Constituent Assembly's decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 99], "content_span": [100, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\n13 parties, including the CPN (M), the NC, and the CPN (UML), met at the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction on June 1; no agreement was reached regarding power arrangements. The CPN (M) pressed its demand for both the positions of President and Prime Minister, but the NC and CPN (UML) were unwilling to accept this. The NC wanted these positions to be chosen through a simple majority vote in the Constituent Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nAddressing a rally in Gorkha district on June 1, Prachanda gave Koirala an ultimatum to present his resignation to the Constituent Assembly within two or three days, warning that if he failed to do so, the Maoist members of the government would resign and the party would lead street protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nAfter Gyanendra requested that the government make arrangements for his residence on June 1, the government decided on June 4 to give another palace, the Nagarjuna Palace, to Gyanendra. Also on June 4, Prachanda and Koirala met; at this meeting Prachanda demanded that the government step aside by June 5 and again threatened street protests. On the same day, the three main parties held a meeting at which they again failed to reach an agreement, but the parties agreed on the need for a few more days and the CPN (M) postponed its deadline for the government to step aside to allow for this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nOn June 5, the CPN (M) softened its position, deciding at a meeting of its Central Secretariat that it would not press its claim to the presidency and that it would instead favor having a member of civil society become president. The party expressed continued opposition to a proposal that would allow the Prime Minister to be dismissed by a simple majority vote of the Constituent Assembly. Despite the Maoist desire to have a neutral figure as president, the NC proposed Koirala for the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nThe Constituent Assembly held its second sitting on June 5; due to the three major parties' deadlock, this sitting was very brief, lasting less than a half hour, and took no major decisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nOn June 11, Gyanendra gave a brief press conference at Narayanhiti, stating his acceptance of the republic and promising cooperation. He also said that he intended to stay in Nepal, asserted that he held no property outside of Nepal, and expressed his hope that he would be allowed to keep his property. He left Narayanhiti on the same evening and went to his new residence at Nagarjuna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nShortly after another meeting between Prachanda and Koirala, the CPN (M) ministers announced their resignations and sent a joint resignation letter to Prachanda on June 12. According to the CPN (M) Minister for Local Development, Dev Gurung, the purpose of the resignations was to \"accelerate the process of formation of a new government and bring an end to the current transitional period\". However, some considered the resignations to be a means of increasing pressure on Koirala. The resignations were not immediately submitted to Koirala by the CPN (M), and therefore were not made effective. Gurung said that he expected a coalition government to be formed by June 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nAlso on June 12, CPN (UML) General Secretary Jhala Nath Khanal asserted that a member of his party should become president. On June 14 he blamed the CPN (M) for the deadlock. At a meeting with Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) General Secretary C. P. Mainali on June 14, Koirala stressed the importance of power-sharing according to the popular mandate and consensus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nMainali expressed the view that the Maoists should be allowed to lead the government, while the post of President should go to someone from the Nepali Congress and the post of Chairman of the Constituent Assembly should go to someone from the CPN (UML). Meanwhile, Prachanda rejected the possibility of Koirala becoming president, saying that this would be a \"dishonour to the people's mandate\"; he also expressed concern that having Koirala as president could cause the development of a separate power center from the government, in addition to noting Koirala's advanced age and health problems. Prachanda said that the President should come from a smaller party rather than from the Nepali Congress or the CPN (UML).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nKoirala said on June 15 that he would not \"run around pleading\" for the presidency. Prachanda, meanwhile, said that he expected the new government to be formed imminently, calling on other parties to support this and warning that anyone contravening the people's mandate would have a \"heavy price\" to pay. Another meeting of the three main parties on June 16 ended in continued disagreement on the key issues, and the CPN (M) said that it would submit the resignations of its ministers to Koirala if the next meeting on June 17 did not produce an agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nCPN (UML) General Secretary Khanal said on June 17 that it was important for the left-wing parties to work together. While saying that the CPN (UML) and the CPN (M) would cooperate in the future, he noted that it would be necessary for the parties to improve their difficult relationship. The CPN (M) Central Secretariat met on the same day and approved the decision to hold firm on the key issues and for its ministers to resign if an agreement was not reached later in the day. The party chose to support Ramraja Prasad Singh for the presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nUpendra Yadav, the Coordinator of the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum, also said on June 17 that his party would not participate in the government and would instead be an opposition party, and he stressed the importance of cooperation among the Madhesi parties. Although he criticized the three main parties for focusing on their power struggle, he endorsed the Maoist claim to lead the government, while asserting that some of the key portfolios should be given to other parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nThe Constituent Assembly went into indefinite recess on June 18. The three main parties continued their discussions on that day, but did not reach an agreement. However, CPN (M) spokesman Krishna Bahadur Mahara said that they were getting closer to an agreement, and he said that the party had postponed its deadline to June 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nOn June 19, the three main parties reached an agreement providing for a constitutional amendment that would enable a government to be formed or dismissed by a simple majority vote of the Constituent Assembly, rather than the previously required two-thirds majority vote. An agreement was also concluded on the issue of integrating Maoist fighters into the national army. However, the parties did not yet agree on a way to resolve the question of power-sharing. Later that day, the Seven-Party Alliance held a meeting at which Koirala said that he was prepared to resign at any time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nThe CPN (M) and the CPN (UML) leadership met early on June 20, and afterwards Khanal said that the CPN (M) had \"responded positively\" to the CPN (UML)'s proposal to have someone from the CPN (UML) as president. A leading member of the CPN (UML) said that the two parties had agreed on the candidacy of Madhav Kumar Nepal, the former General Secretary of the CPN (UML).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nHowever, a leading member of the CPN (M) disputed this, saying that the two parties were closer to an agreement but that their party had not agreed to support a CPN (UML) candidate; he said that both Nepal and Sahana Pradhan (whose name was proposed by the CPN (M)) had been discussed as candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nThe Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NFIN) met with Koirala on June 20, seeking a recommendation that indigenous peoples not already represented in the Constituent Assembly be included in it through the 26 nominated seats. Koirala, who was supportive of the NFIN's request, also sharply criticized his rivals on this occasion, saying that they were practicing petty politics and were not respecting the people's mandate to work on a consensus basis. The Maoist ministers submitted their joint resignation at a meeting of the seven parties on June 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nSher Bahadur Deuba of the Nepali Congress said on June 24 that the CPN (M) was responsible for the deadlock and claimed that it was working to divide the Seven-Party Alliance. He also said that Koirala would resign after the election of a President and that the CPN (M) had no authority to demand his resignation before then. Also on June 24, the seven parties agreed on the introduction of a constitutional amendment providing for the election of a President and the formation of a government through simple majority votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nThere was, however, disagreement over the Nepali Congress proposal to include a member of the opposition on the National Security Council; the CPN (M) and the CPN (UML) described this as undemocratic. There was also a proposal to include members of each of the seven parties on the National Security Council. Despite the failure to agree about the opposition's inclusion on the National Security Council, it was agreed to give the opposition a place on the Constitutional Council. The parties also reached agreement on a number of issues related to peace, disarmament and reintegration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0021-0002", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Power-sharing discussions\nA decision was also reached with to divide the 26 nominated seats in the Constituent Assembly among nine parties: the CPN (M) was to receive nine of these seats, while the Nepali Congress and the CPN (UML) would each receive five, the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum would receive two, and the Sadbhavana Party, the Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, Janamorcha Nepal, and the Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist would each receive one nominated seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nThe Council of Ministers approved the constitutional amendment late on June 25. At a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on June 26, Koirala announced his resignation, although it will not be finalized until after the election of a President, to whom the resignation must be submitted. Although it was expected that the constitutional amendment would be approved at the same meeting, it was not introduced after Madhesi members of the Constituent Assembly demanded that the amendment be expanded to incorporate a March 2008 agreement between the Madhesis and the government that provided for Madhesi autonomy, among other things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nAs a result of this, the Constituent Assembly meeting was suspended until June 28. After meeting with Koirala on June 27, Hridayesh Tripathy of the Terai Madhes Loktantrik Party (TMLP) said that Koirala was in favor of incorporating the Madhesi agreement into the amendment and that he asked the Madhesis not to disrupt the Constituent Assembly again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nOn June 28, the seven parties met to discuss the Madhesi demands; although no decision was reached, all of the parties opposed the Madhesi demand for a single province. The Constituent Assembly met later that day and was again disrupted by representatives of the Madhesi parties, forcing the cancellation of the meeting after only a few minutes. The next Constituent Assembly meeting on June 29 was also disrupted by the Madhesis and was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nJaya Prakash Gupta, a leading figure in the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum (MJF), also warned on June 29 that the Madhesi parties would \"not only obstruct the Constituent Assembly but also paralyse the entire nation to force [the seven parties] to meet our demands.\" Prachanda, in an interview on June 30, expressed frustration with the Madhesi parties' disruption, which occurred just after Koirala's resignation, when it appeared the road to forming a new government was clear. He said that he favored Madhesi autonomy, but opposed their demand for all of Terai to become one Madhesi province. Khanal, the CPN (UML) General Secretary, flatly rejected the demand for a single Madhesi province, condemning it as \"a game to disintegrate the nation\". He said that the demand ignored the wishes of other ethnic groups in the Terai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nThe Constituent Assembly met on June 30 but was again disrupted by the Madhesis and the meeting was cancelled. The three main parties reached an agreement with the three Madhesi parties, the MJF, the TMLP, and the Nepal Sadbhavana Party, on July 1, providing for a supplementary amendment bill that would meet the Madhesi demands. Another meeting of the Constituent Assembly was disrupted by the Madhesis and aborted on July 2, while the CPN (M), Nepali Congress, and CPN (UML) met to decide the draft text of the supplementary amendment bill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nThe CPN (M) and MJF met on July 3, and the CPN (M) agreed to include a reference to Madhesi autonomy in the bill, while also saying that it wanted the bill to mention other indigenous groups' desire for autonomy. 13 small parties in the Constituent Assembly said on July 3 that they were completely opposed to the Madhesi demand for a single autonomous province, and they criticized the larger parties for the political deadlock that prevented discussion of the issues from taking place in the Constituent Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nSessions of the Constituent Assembly were attempted on July 3 and July 4, but both were immediately disrupted by the Madhesi members and were aborted. On the latter occasion, Kul Bahadur Gurung, who chaired the session, urged the Madhesi members to respect the right of other members to be heard, but they ignored him. On July 4, the CPN (M), Nepali Congress, and CPN (UML) agreed on a draft supplementary amendment bill intended to satisfy the Madhesi demands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nThe draft requires the State Restructuring Commission to consider the March 2008 agreement between the government and the Madhesis when drawing up Nepal's federal structure. A meeting of the Seven Party Alliance followed the three-party agreement, and at this meeting, the People's Front Nepal, United Left Front, and Nepal Workers and Peasants Party objected to the draft, saying that it would endanger national unity. The cabinet approved the bill late on July 4; at the same time, it decided to nominate the 26 remaining members of the Constituent Assembly, dividing the seats between nine parties in accordance with the parties' earlier agreement and the lists of names they presented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nThe Madhesi parties quickly deemed the supplementary amendment bill to be an unacceptable \"betrayal\". Khanal, the CPN (UML) General Secretary, said that the bill should satisfy the Madhesi demands, and he warned that opposition to the bill would not be in Madhesi interests or in the interests of any of the peoples of Terai. He called on the Madhesi members to make proposals and engage in discussion in the Constituent Assembly instead of disrupting it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nOn July 6, at a meeting between the three main parties and the Madhesi parties, the former agreed to formulate a new bill to replace the one agreed upon two days prior, while the latter agreed to stop disrupting the Constituent Assembly. 23 of the 26 nominated members of the Constituent Assembly were sworn in on July 7; the remaining three were unable to attend the swearing in ceremony. On July 8, the Seven Party Alliance, with the exception of the Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, agreed on the content of a new draft bill, according to which federal structures would be created in line with the wishes of the Madhesis and other ethnic groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nThe Constituent Assembly was able to meet and function on July 9, for the first time since the Madhesis began pressing their demands on June 26. Although they did not disrupt the Constituent Assembly on this occasion, the three Madhesi parties furiously condemned the proposed bill and vowed that their struggle would continue. During the Constituent Assembly meeting, they submitted a protest notice, and when this was rejected, they chose to boycott the Constituent Assembly's proceedings. Narendra Bikram Nemwang, the Minister for Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, tabled the bill regardless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nKoirala said on July 11 that forming a government was the responsibility of the CPN (M). However, the CPN (M) criticized the Nepali Congress on July 12 for \"obstructing the process [of forming a government] for the past three months\". To protest the amendment bill, the Madhesi parties boycotted the Constituent Assembly meeting held on July 13, at which the amendment bill was considered. The bill was passed on the same day; 442 members of the Constituent Assembly voted for the amendment and seven voted against it. It thus became the interim constitution's Fifth Amendment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nThe amendment allows for the formation of a government based on a Constituent Assembly majority; it also allows the President, vice-president, Chairman of the Constituent Assembly, and the Deputy Chairman of the Constituent Assembly to be elected by majority vote if there is no consensus. In addition, the amendment provides for the Leader of the Opposition to become a member of the Constitutional Council; however, the Constituent Assembly rejected a proposal from the cabinet that the Leader of the Opposition be included on the National Defense Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Resignation of Koirala, Madhesi demands\nIn a meeting with the Nepali Congress on July 14, the CPN (M) urged it to participate in the new government. A Nepali Congress leader replied that the party had still not decided whether to participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Election of Nepal's first president\nAn indirect presidential election was held in Nepal on 19 July 2008 with a presidential run-off on 21 July. The Nepalese Constituent Assembly (CA) elected in April 2008 elected a new president and vice-president after the Fifth Amendment to the Interim Constitution was passed on July 14. This would be the first President to be elected after Nepal became a republic a few months earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159391-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly, Election of Nepal's first president\nIn the newly passed amendment, the majority party will form the government, the CA will elect the new president on the basis of majority and a new provision that the Opposition Leader will be a member of the Constitutional Council. The leading political parties, Nepali Congress, Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) engaged in discussions regarding who would be the new president. The Nepali Congress wanted Prime Minister and interim Head of State Girija Prasad Koirala while the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) wanted its former Secretary-General Madhav Kumar Nepal as president. However, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) wants an independent figure as president rather than party figures such as Koirala or Nepal. The Maoists won the most seats in the CA however needs to form a coalition government with the other parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159392-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Neva Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st General Field Marshal Count Lacy's, His Majesty King of the Hellenes' Neva Infantry Regiment (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438, \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u042d\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a) was an infantry regiment of the Russian Imperial Army. It was known by different names for much of its existence but most of its designations included \"Neva Infantry Regiment.\" It served in several conflicts, including the Great Northern War, Seven Years' War, the Russo-Swedish War of 1808\u20131809, the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u201378, and the Russo\u2013Japanese War. By 1914, the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment was part of the 1st Infantry Division, and it fought in World War I before being dissolved in 1918, after the events of Russian Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159392-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe unit was first formed in Saint Petersburg on 21 July 1706 as the \"Kulikov Infantry Regiment\" by order of Russian Emperor Peter the Great. On 10 April 1708 it was renamed \"Neva Regiment\" and in 1711 it became the \"Neva Infantry Regiment\". On 16 August 1712 its surviving members were merged into another regiment after sustaining heavy losses during the Great Northern War (the regiment would later be disbanded in 1731). On 15 July 1713 a new Neva Regiment was created, named after the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159392-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization\nIn 1727 it was briefly designated as the \"2nd Vladimir Infantry Regiment\" before being renamed \"Neva\" again. It was reformed in 1731 and a decade later its total strength was 1,557 men. By 1753 the regiment's battalions each consisted of one grenadier and four fusilier companies, for a total strength of 2,859 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159392-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization\nIn the mid-1750s two of its grenadier companies were reassigned to form other units. In 1762 the Neva Regiment was reformed and came to consist of 3 fusilier battalions, each of which included one grenadier and four fusilier companies. The following year it gained two new battalions, and its official strength was listed as 2,092 men during wartime and 1,880 during peacetime. On 29 November 1796 it was renamed \"Neva Musketeer Regiment\". On 31 October 1798 it was renamed \"1st Lieutenant General Duke Volkonsky's Musketeer Regiment\" and later \"Lieutenant General Duke Gorchakov's\" on 26 January 1800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159392-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization\nIn 1800 its numerical designation was changed to 2nd before being renamed \"Neva Musketeer Regiment\" on 31 March 1801. In 1811 it was renamed \"Neva Infantry Regimen\"t. In January 1833 the 1st naval battalion was added to the unit, and it was later renamed the \"Neva Naval Regiment\". In 1846 it became the \"His Majesty King of Naples Regiment\" before being changed back to \"Neva Infantry Regiment\" the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159392-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Organization\nIn April 1863 it lost three battalions which were reassigned to form the new \"Neva Reserve Infantry Regiment\". It was in 1867 that it first gained the name of \"1st His Majesty King of the Hellenes' Infantry Regiment\". In 1913 it was renamed \"1st Neva Infantry Regiment\". Part of the unit was transferred to form the new 221st Roslavl Infantry Regiment in August 1914, and the unit was disbanded in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159392-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Combat chronicle\nThe regiment saw its first action during the Great Northern War, fighting in the Battle of Poltava (1709), Battle of Vyborg Bay (1711), and during a naval battle that resulted in the capture of four frigates (1719). From 1716 to 1717 it took part in a 20-month march through Prussia to the shores of Sweden. The Neva Regiment took heavy losses during the conflict. In 1760, during the Seven Years' War, the regiment was decorated for taking part in the raid on Berlin. It might also have taken part in the Russo-Turkish War (1768\u201374) and the Russo-Swedish War (1788\u201390).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159392-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Combat chronicle\nIn 1812 it took part in fighting the French invasion of Russia and until 1815 the regiment was fighting abroad, including at the Battle of Leipzig. The Neva Infantry Regiment later took part in crushing the January Uprising in Russian Congress Poland. It later fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u201378, during which the regiment's 1st battalion earned a decoration for distinguished service in battle. In 1905 the unit was deployed to Manchuria to fight in the Russo\u2013Japanese War, but the conflict ended by the time they arrived in Harbin. Between 1907\u201308 the regiment took part in putting down revolutionary unrest in Voronezh. During that time all men of the unit received a marking which stated \"For Accomplishment in the Turkish War of 1877 and 1878.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159392-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Neva Infantry Regiment, Combat chronicle\nDuring World War I the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment participated in the East Prussian Operation, including the Battle of Tannenberg, in 1914 and was part of the 1st Infantry Division. It saw action as part of 2nd Army, 10th Army, 5th Army, and 12th Army; on the Northwestern Front and the Northern Front. It was dissolved by the Bolsheviks in 1918 and some of its members fought for the White movement in the Russian Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion\nThe 1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, or the Nevada Territory Cavalry Volunteers, was a unit raised for the Union army during the American Civil War. It remained in the west, garrisoning frontier posts, protecting emigrant routes, and engaged in scouting duties. The unit was disbanded in July 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment\nIn the spring of 1862, recruiting for the army in the Nevada Territory began in Virginia City. These early volunteers were mustered into the 3rd California Cavalry Regiment, and occupied military posts within the territory. The following spring, Nevada was authorized to raise their own battalion of cavalry for three-years service. Recruitment offices were first opened at Gold Hill and Silver City, and the first men began mustering in on 17 June 1863. Other recruiting stations were later opened in Aurora, Carson City and Genoa and the battalion of six companies would be completed in April 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment\nCompany A was recruited in Silver City under Elias Brevoort \"Buck\" Zabriske who then became captain. Company B was recruited in Gold Hill under Joseph H. Matthewson who became lieutenant and Noyes Baldwin became captain. These two companies were mustered into service in Salt Lake City. Being the ranking captain, Zabriske was offered command of the two companies but declined. Baldwin was then placed in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment\nFour more companies were added to the battalion after its mustering. Company C was recruited throughout the state with John H. Dalton as captain. Company D was recruited in Gold Hill with Milo George as captain. Company E was recruited at Genoa, Carson City and Silver City with Robert Lyon as captain. Company F was recruited in Aurora with Joseph W. Calder as captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment\nHaving never reached full regimental strength, no colonel was appointed to command. Alfred A. C. Williams was appointed major of the battalion on March 18, 1864, and served as the completed battalion's first commander. A month later on April 6, Williams was promoted to lieutenant colonel and Milo George of Company D became major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Recruitment\nMajor George served as the post commander of Camp Nye in Carson City, Nevada, with Companies D and E. Williams resigned on December 21, 1864, and George was promoted to the lieutenant colonelcy the following day with Noyes Baldwin eventually succeeding to the position of major on March 31, 1865. Lieutenant Colonel George was in command of the battalion when it was mustered out of service in 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations\nThe companies, or detachments of, were engaged in various scouting missions and fort garrisoning during their service. Companies A and B left for the Utah Territory in 1864, where they encamped at Fort Bridger, Companies C and F manned Camp Douglas in Utah, while the other two were engaged in numerous skirmishes with hostiles throughout Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations\nThe Expedition to the Humboldt River took Captain Wells and Company D on a 1,200 mile scouting operation, from their camp at Fort Churchill north and west to the California border and back. In the 84 days, they never engaged or saw any hostile Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations\nThe Pyramid Lake, Walker Lake and Mud Lake operations in March 1865 involved Companies D and E investigating the murders of miners and the theft of cattle from settlers. The 10 March incident at Walker Lake with Capt Wallace and Company E was settled quickly, with the suspected murderers being handed over by the Northern Paiute band. For Capt Wells and Company E, however, encountering the Smoke Creek Paiutes at Mud Lake (now Winnemucca Lake) on 14 March became a battle (see \"Battle of Mud Lake\"). Though only one man was wounded, twenty-nine Indians were killed in the action. Reports from both sides offer largely different versions of the incident, like the question of whether or not members of Company E did things like throwing an infant onto a fire to die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations\nTable (or Godfrey's) Mountain, 20 May 1865. Capt Littlefield, with 35 men of Company D, while on a scouting run near Paradise Valley, encountered a large band of Northern Paiutes. Largely outnumbered, he returned to camp to notify Captain Almond Wells, who gathered up Co. E and returned to the scene with a force of 65 soldiers. Chief Zeluawick, with 500 Paiute, Shoshone and Bannock warriors, held a position on top of a butte. Wells, Littlefield and 40 men (the remainder of the force keeping the horses) charged up the hill and fought until night fall, when a retreat was ordered. Two soldiers were killed and four wounded in the attempted assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159393-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Cavalry Battalion, History, Operations\nSkirmishes with these bands of Paiutes continued throughout the summer, with additional troops of the 1st Battalion Nevada Volunteer Infantry and 2nd California Cavalry Regiment taking part. Companies D and E, along with a detachment from Company F, were mustered out on 18 November 1865. Companies A, B and C were be mustered out of service on 12 July 1866, while the remainder of Company F stayed on until 21 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159394-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Infantry Battalion\nThe 1st Nevada Infantry Battalion was in infantry unit raised for service for the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159394-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Infantry Battalion\nAuthorization was given to raise a full regiment. Charles Sumner was commissioned colonel with A. W. Briggs as lieutenant colonel and John G. Paul as major. The unit, however, never reached full regimental strength and these officers were not mustered into service. Three companies were organized at Fort Churchill, Nevada Territory beginning in 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159395-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Territorial Legislature\nThe first Nevada Territorial Legislature first convened on October 1, 1861. It consisted of the Council with ten seats and the House of Representatives with fifteen seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159395-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Territorial Legislature, Background\nThe Territory of Nevada was created on March 2, 1861 out of the western part of Utah Territory. On July 24, Governor James W. Nye ordered elections for the territorial legislature and a census to determine the districts. The elections were held on August 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159395-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Nevada Territorial Legislature, Session\nOne regular session was held between October 1 and November 29, 1861. The meeting place was the top floor of Warm Springs Hotel just outside Carson City, that was owned by Abraham Curry. Laws that were passed included ones creating the original nine counties, determining the county seats, and ratifying Governor Nye's decision to select Carson City as the capital of the territory. A total of 107 pieces of legislation were passed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159396-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Brunswick Legislature\nThe 1st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between January 3, 1786, and 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159396-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Brunswick Legislature\nThe assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick, Thomas Carleton. The first and second sessions were held at the Mallard House, an inn in Saint John. Subsequent sessions were held in Fredericton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion\nThe 1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion (1 NGIB) was a battalion of the Australian Army during World War II. One of four infantry battalions raised in New Guinea, 1 NGIB was formed in March 1944. In late 1944, the battalion began deploying company-sized elements in support of combat operations on Bougainville, New Britain and on mainland New Guinea. It later became part of the Pacific Islands Regiment before being disbanded in June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nEarlier efforts by the Australian Army to raise infantry from local Papuan and New Guinean personnel for service against the Japanese during World War II had resulted in the creation of the Papuan Infantry Battalion (PIB) in 1940. This unit had first seen combat in 1942, and as a result of its successes in November 1943 the Australian Army authorised the establishment of another battalion, recruited from New Guinea. This battalion, the 1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, was formed in March 1944 in the territory of New Guinea. Formed as part of the Australian Army, its soldiers were primarily natives of New Guinea, under the command of Australian officers and NCOs. The New Guinea battalions each had an establishment of about 77 Europeans and 550 native soldiers. Its roles included reconnaissance, harassment and mopping up operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nAlthough it was raised late in the war the battalion would ultimately serve in a number of the Allied campaigns in New Guinea, including during the offensives on New Britain and Bougainville. After forming in the Markham Valley, the battalion concentrated at Camp Diddy, located near Nadzab in August 1944, where they were formed into several rifle companies, which were supported by a depot company for training purposes. In November 1944, the PIB along with the 1st and 2nd New Guinea Infantry Battalions were amalgamated to form the Pacific Islands Regiment. Further units would later be raised as the role of New Guinea troops was to be expanded. The 3rd and 4th New Guinea Infantry Battalions joined the Pacific Islands Regiment in 1945, although 4 NGIB was soon disbanded. A further battalion, the 5th New Guinea Infantry Battalion\u2014although authorised\u2014was never raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nThe battalion's operations were devolved down to company level, and in November 1944 the battalion began deploying its companies in support of combat operations. The majority of the battalion was deployed in support of operations on New Britain. 'B' Company deployed there in November, and was joined by 'D' Company the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0003-0001", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\n'B' Company was assigned the southern sector around Jacquinot Bay, patrolling towards Wide Bay in support of the 6th Brigade, while 'D' Company undertook the drive on the northern coast towards Open Bay alongside the 36th Battalion as the Australians established a defensive line between Wide Bay and Open Bay, to confine the Japanese to their base around Rabaul. From March 1945, offensive operations were curtailed and largely focused upon collecting information. Around this time, advanced elements of battalion headquarters moved from Diddy Camp to Rile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nElsewhere,  'A' Company was sent to Bougainville in November 1944, initially concentrating around Cape Torokina. Several platoons were sent to support the 29th Brigade's southern drive towards Buin, carrying out reconnaissance and patrol operations, while another platoon supported the 11th Brigade in the centre of the island along the Numa-Numa trail. As these brigades were in turn rotated to the rear for rest, the platoons continued to support the replacement brigades (the 7th, 15th and 23rd). 1 NGIB troops were involved in numerous small scale skirmishes during the course of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0004-0001", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nIn December 1944 alone, these patrols killed 41 Japanese and captured eight others in several engagements, while the battalion also detached guides to the Australian infantry battalions, earning a reputation of being able move silently through the bush and locate Japanese patrols and ambushes. Close to the end of the month, a patrol crossed the Adele River to form a base for further operations, and then held off a Japanese attack around the Hupai River, before withdrawing towards Tavera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0004-0002", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nIn late January 1945, a long range patrol was moved by sea to Motupena Point, from where they attacked a Japanese outpost. The following month, a patrol exploited towards Mosigetta. On 29 March 1945, a platoon from 1 NGIB attacked a Japanese camp around Buritsiotorara, killing seven Japanese with machine gun fire and grenades. The next day, the platoon exploited further along the Wakunai River to Aviang, where another three Japanese were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nThe battalion undertook operations on Bougainville until May 1945, when the PIB relieved 'A' Company, which was subsequently sent to New Britain to join other elements of the battalion. Meanwhile, 'C' Company moved to Salamaua in November 1944, and carried out patrols around Hansa Bay, looking for small pockets of Japanese resistance that had been left behind following the main operation to clear the area, before linking up with the 8th Brigade to patrol around the Sepik River. Detachments were also contributed to the Australian troops holding Annanberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0005-0001", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nThe area was relatively quiet during this time, although there were some raids by Japanese troops on the forward areas around Marangis. On 19 January 1945, a 1 NGIB patrol attacked a platoon-sized Japanese force around Bosman, killing 22 and capturing a large quantity small arms and a machine gun. Over the period of two months, patrol operations by Australians and New Guineans resulted in 91 Japanese being killed. In March 1945, the company was transferred to Jacquinot Bay on New Britain, travelling from Madang to join the rest of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0006-0000", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nBattalion headquarters main arrived on New Britain in June 1945 and established itself around the Tol Plantation. During this time, the battalion was under the command of the 5th Division, but was later transferred to the 11th Division. Upon their arrival, 'A' Company concentrated around Wide Bay with 'B' Company, while 'C' Company linked up with 'D' Company at the Mavelo Plantation around Open Bay. Operations continued until the fighting came to an end in mid-August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159398-0006-0001", "contents": "1st New Guinea Infantry Battalion, History\nThe final months of the battalion's service on New Britain saw some unrest amongst the soldiers over pay and treatment, which later resulted in criticism from the unit's commander about how the troops had been employed on New Britain. Following the end of the war, the demobilisation process began and the battalion disbanded in June 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159399-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159399-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Service\nFour companies of cavalry were organized in Concord, New Hampshire, October 24-December 21, 1861, as a battalion and attached to the 1st New England Cavalry as Companies I, K, L, and M.  (For the service of these companies, see the history of the 1st Rhode Island Cavalry.) The regiment did not reach full strength of twelve companies until July 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159399-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe battalion was detached on January 7, 1864, and officially designated the 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Cavalry. The regiment was attached to the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to February 1865. Cavalry, Department of the Shenandoah, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159399-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st New Hampshire Cavalry mustered out of service in July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159399-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to New Hampshire and on veteran furlough and organizing regiment, February to April 1864. Seven companies organized and ordered to Washington, D.C., April 23, 1864. At Camp Stoneman, Washington, D.C., until May 17, 1864. Moved to Belle Plains, Virginia. Guarded Aquia Creek and Fredericksburg S. R., and at Belle Plains until June 6, then moved to White House. (A part of the regiment was at Hanover Court House and Cold Harbor June 1\u201312.) Long Bridge June 12. Riddle's Shop and White Oak Swamp June 13. Smith's Store June 15. Wilson's Raid on Southside & Danville Railroad June 22\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159399-0004-0001", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nReam's Station June 22. Nottaway Court House and Black and White Station June 23. Staunton Bridge (or Roanoke Station) June 25. Sappony Church (or Stony Creek) June 28\u201329. Ream's Station June 29. On picket duty at Light House Point and City Point June 30-August 8. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Winchester August 17. Summit Station August 20\u201321. Berryville August 21. Kearneysville August 25. Darkesville September 3. Near Brucetown and Winchester September 7. Abrams Creek September 13. Battle of Opequon, Winchester, September 19. Near Cedarville September 20. Front Royal September 21. Fisher's Hill September 22. Milford September 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159399-0004-0002", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nWaynesboro September 29 and October 2. Mt. Crawford October 2. Near Columbia Furnace October 7. Tom's Brook (\"Woodstock Races\") October 8\u20139. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Near Kernstown November 10. Newtown and Cedar Creek November 12. Rude's Hill, near Mt. Jackson, November 22. Expedition from Kernstown to Lacy Springs December 19\u201322. Lacy Springs December 20\u201321. Duty at Winchester until February 1865. Sheridan's Raid into Virginia February 27-March 3. Waynesboro March 2. Regiment led charge on enemy's works, capturing with the sabre 1,500 prisoners, all their artillery and the flag of every regiment engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159399-0004-0003", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nDetached from division, to guard prisoners back to Winchester, Mt. Jackson March 4. Mt. Sidney March 5. Lacy Springs March 5. New Market March 6. Duty at and in the vicinity of Winchester, and in the Department of the Shenandoah, also at Poolesville, Maryland, July 1865. Five companies completed organization July 1864, and ordered to Washington, D.C. Guard and patrol duty and operations against Mosby's guerrillas in the Defenses of Washington March 1865. Joined regiment in the Shenandoah Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159399-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 147 men during service; 5 officers and 28 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 112 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159400-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment was an American Civil War regiment, first raised in 1863 for the defenses of Portsmouth Harbor in New Hampshire and Maine. They were later transferred to garrison the numerous fortifications of Washington, D.C..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159400-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment, History\nWith the 17th New Hampshire Infantry failing to reach regiment strength and its organization halted, Lt Col Charles H Long was commissioned captain of the First Company NH Heavy Artillery Volunteers, ordered by the War Department for use in the defenses of Portsmouth harbor. The men were mustered into service on 22 July 1863, and stationed at Fort Constitution in New Castle. On 17 September 1863, the Second Company was mustered in, and garrisoned Fort McClary in Kittery Point, Maine. They remained at these posts until the following spring when, on 6 May 1864, both companies were ordered to Washington, D.C., for the defense of the capital; detachments of them spread between a dozen forts and batteries. Following this, a third company had begun recruiting in Manchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159400-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment, History\nIn August 1864, Ira McL. Barton, the captain of Company B, requested further recruits and, with authorization granted to organize a battalion-sized unit, returned to New Hampshire to take part in the raising of an additional four companies. Recruiting within the cities of Nashua, Concord, Laconia and Dover, the number of volunteers exceeded what was needed. The state adjutant applied to the War Department for authority to continue the formation of companies, and by November 1864 nearly had the required number of men to be organized into a proper regiment. To do so, the 1st New Hampshire Light Battery, who had just gone through its reenlistment following the end of a three-year term of service, became \"Company M\" of the 1st NH Heavy Artillery on 9 November. However, they were soon detached and returned as light artillery in Hancock's II Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159400-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment, History\nAs soon as each unit was organized, they were sent to Washington and assigned to different divisions, though seven companies remained together under Lt Col Barton in DeRussey's Division, 3rd Brigade. Col Long was mustered in as the regiment's commander on 16 November and took command of the 1st brigade, Hardin's Division, XXII Corps, on the 21st. While Company A returned to Portsmouth Harbor in November 1864 and Company B did the same the following February, the remainder of the regiment stayed in the vicinity of Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159400-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery Regiment, History\nOn 15 June 1865, the regiment was mustered out, arriving in New Hampshire on the 19th for final pay and discharge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159401-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\n1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment filled its ranks within two weeks of President Lincoln's call for 70,000 men on April 15, 1861. Between April 17 and 30, 1861, not less than 2,004 men volunteered to fight for the Union in the American Civil War. The volunteers organized and mustered at \"Camp Union,\" the Fair Grounds of the Merrimack County Agricultural Society on the east side of the Merrimack River, in Concord between May 1 and May 7, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159401-0000-0001", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nAfter the 1st NH was filled, volunteers were given their choice to enlist in the 2nd New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment or serve their three months as the garrison of Fort Constitution at Portsmouth Harbor. Four hundred and ninety-six (496) enlisted in the 2nd NH, and the remainder were sent to Fort Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159401-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nIn early May 1861, Baldwin's Cornet Band, of Manchester, under the leadership of Edwin T. Baldwin, joined the regiment. The law at the time made no provision for regimental bands, thus band members were not mustered in until vacancies occurred in companies, and where they became as privates or company musicians but continued their duty in the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159401-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st NH was commanded by Colonel Mason Tappan and later assigned to General Patterson's Army of the Shenandoah. In August 1861, the 1st NH was mustered out at the end of its three months. The average age of the officers was 36 and enlisted men was 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159401-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Further reading\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159401-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Infantry Regiment, Further reading\nThis New Hampshire-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery\n1st New Hampshire Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Service\nThe 1st New Hampshire Artillery was organized in Manchester, New Hampshire and mustered in September 21, 1861, for three years service under Captain George A. Gerrish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to McDowell's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1862. Artillery, King's Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Artillery, 1st Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1863. 3rd Volunteer Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863. Artillery Brigade, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. Artillery Brigade, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Service\nThe 1st New Hampshire Artillery mustered out of service June 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service\nLeft New Hampshire for Washington, D.C., November 1, 1861. Duty at Munson's Hill, defenses of Washington, D.C., until March 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10\u201315. Camp at Upton's Hill until April 9. Advance on Falmouth, Va., April 9\u201318. Occupation of Fredericksburg April 18 and duty there until May 25. McDowell's advance on Richmond May 25\u201329. Operations against Jackson June 1\u201321. Duty at Falmouth until July 28, and at Fredericksburg until August 5. Expedition to Fredericks Hall and Spotsylvania Court House August 5\u20138. Thornburg Mills August 5\u20136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0004-0001", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service\nPope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21\u201323. Rappahannock Station August 22. Sulphur Springs August 26. Battle of Groveton August 29. Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September\u2013October. Battle of Antietam, September 16\u201317. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Union November 2\u20133. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 11\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service\n\"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Belle Plains until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29-May 2. Fitzhugh's Crossing April 29\u201330. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Battle of Gettysburg, July 2\u20134. Funkstown, Md., July 12\u201318. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Brandy Station November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Payne's Farm November 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0006-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service\nAt Brandy Station until April 1864. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River May 3-June 12. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Po River May 10; Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, \"Bloody Angle,\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201319. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (reserve). Demonstration north of the James August 13\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0006-0001", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service\nStrawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Duty in the trenches before Petersburg August 20\u201330. At Fort Hill until September 7. At Battery 18 until October 22. Non -veterans mustered out September 28, 1864. Battery attached to 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery as Company M November 5, 1864, but remained detached as a light battery in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0007-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Detailed service\nDuty in the trenches before Petersburg until March 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. White Oak Road March 30\u201331. Sutherland Station and fall of Petersburg April 2. Sayler's Creek April 6. Farmville and High Bridge April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Moved to Washington, D.C., May 1\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159402-0008-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Light Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 12 men during service; 6 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 6 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159403-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Regiment\nThe 1st New Hampshire Regiment was an infantry unit that came into existence on 22 May 1775 at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. John Stark was the regiment's first commander. The unit fought at Chelsea Creek and Bunker Hill in 1775. On 1 January 1776, while engaged in the Siege of Boston, the unit was renamed the 5th Continental Regiment. In the spring it was sent to Canada where the New Hampshire soldiers fought at Trois-Rivi\u00e8res and later helped defend the area around Lake Champlain. Late in the year, the 5th Continental Regiment was transferred south to George Washington's main army where it fought at Trenton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159403-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Regiment\nOn 1 January 1777 the unit was renamed the 1st New Hampshire Regiment and it saw action at Princeton before being sent back to the Northern Department. The regiment fought at Saratoga in the fall of 1777. That winter it was transferred to Washington's army and fought at Monmouth in the summer of 1778. The troops participated in Sullivan's Expedition in the summer of 1779. The unit stayed with the main army until August 1781 when it was left to defend the Hudson Highlands. The regiment rejoined the main army in late 1782 and was renamed the New Hampshire Regiment in early 1783. After first being reduced to a battalion, the unit was disbanded on 1 January 1784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159403-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Regiment, History\nThe 1st New Hampshire Regiment was authorized as New Hampshire State Troops on 22 May 1775, and was organized as 10 companies of 800 volunteers from Hillsborough and Rockingham counties of the colony of New Hampshire at Medford, Massachusetts, commanded by John Stark. The regiment was adopted into the Continental Army on 14 June 1775, and assigned to General John Sullivan's brigade on 22 July 1775. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Bunker Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159403-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Regiment, History\nThe regiment was redesignated the 5th Continental Regiment on 1 January 1776, as eight companies in Sullivan's Brigade in the main Continental Army. On 27 April 1776, the regiment was relieved from the brigade and assigned to the Canadian Department. On 2 July 1776, the regiment was reassigned to the Northern Department, and on 20 July 1776, it was assigned to General John Stark's brigade. On 26 November 1776, the regiment was reassigned to the main Continental Army and later assigned to Sullivan's brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159403-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Hampshire Regiment, History\nOn 1 January 1777, the 5th Continental Regiment was re-organized to eight companies and redesignated as the 1st New Hampshire Regiment. The regiment was relieved from the brigade on 14 February 1777, and assigned to the Northern Department. On 28 April 1777, the regiment was assigned to the New Hampshire Brigade. On 20 October 1777, the brigade was reassigned to the main army and re-organized to nine companies on 23 December 1778. The brigade was reassigned to the Highlands Department on 19 August 1781. Between 10 and 14 October 1781, the brigade was reassigned to the Northern Department. On 12 November 1782, the brigade was reassigned to the main army. The regiment was redesignated as the New Hampshire Regiment and re-organized as nine companies on 1 March 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159404-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment was a Union Army regiment from the U.S. state of New Jersey that participated in the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159404-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment, Organization and Unit History\nThe 1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment was organized at Trenton, New Jersey, under authority of the United States Department of War on August 14, 1861, by William Halstead, a former congressman who served as first Colonel of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159404-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment, Organization and Unit History\nTwelve enlisted soldiers of the regiment performed actions which later earned them the Medal of Honor. These men included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159404-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment, Organization and Unit History\nThe regiment was mustered out at Cloud's Hills, Virginia, on July 24, 1865. During its service it lost 12 Officers and 116 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 4 Officers and 185 Enlisted men by disease; for a total of 317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159404-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment, Successor Unit\nThe 102nd Cavalry Regiment, part of the New Jersey Army National Guard, was originally designated the 1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment. It was composed of existing cavalry troops throughout the state when it was established in 1913. While it is informally considered to be the successor to the 1st New Jersey Volunteer Cavalry, the official lineage was not carried over due to the nearly half-century lapse in regimental structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159405-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment was an American Civil War Union Army regiment of infantry from New Jersey that served in the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159405-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment\n1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment was recruited and mustered into Federal service in May 1861, and was brigaded with the 2nd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, and the 4th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry to make up what became famed as the \"First New Jersey Brigade\". The regiment and brigade served as the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of the VI Corps, and participated in numerous battles from the June 27, 1862, Battle of Gaines's Mill, Virginia, to the final Union assaults on Confederate positions at Petersburg, Virginia, in April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159405-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment\nThe remnants of the regiment were mustered out in June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159405-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe 1st New Jersey lost 244 men during their service. 153 men were killed in battle or died of wounds, 91 men died of disease and other causes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment\nThe 1st New Jersey Regiment was the first organized militia regiment in New Jersey, formed in 1673 in Piscataway \"to repel foreign Indians who come down from upper Pennsylvania and western New York (in the summer) to our shores and fill (themselves) with fishes and clams and on the way back make a general nuisance of themselves by burning hay stacks, corn fodder and even barns.\" The first commander and founder of the regiment was Captain Francis Drake (1615-1687) who served from 1673 to 1685. All of New Jersey's regular organized military forces trace their lineage to this first provincial militia unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment\nThe regiment's allegiance was to the British Crown until 1775, when the regiment was raised for service in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, \"Jersey Blues\"\nAlthough the unit had existed long beforehand, it was not until the mid-eighteenth century that the term \"Jersey Blues\" came into popular usage. The term \"Jersey Blues\" derives from the uniform adopted by the New Jersey provincial legislature for its troops, which were assigned to service under the British Crown Provincial Forces. The coats of these Jersey units were blue with red lapels and cuffs. The men also wore blue breeches or leggings and red waistcoats. (In some cases, sturdier buckskin or leather breeches were authorized.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0002-0001", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, \"Jersey Blues\"\nThe term \"Jersey Blues\" continued to be used well into the early nineteenth century in reference to the state's military units. The regiments of the Jersey Line during the American Revolution and those of the New Jersey Volunteers, raised for Federal service during the Civil War, adopted the term. It was actually even used by New Jersey's National Guard unit after WWII \u2013 50th Armored Division; as well as in 2008 when the N. J. Guard was sent to Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom \u2013 50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, King George's War\nIn 1744, during King George's War (1744\u20131748) the New Jersey legislature appropriated money and raised 500 volunteers to assist New York in capturing the French fort at Crown Point. Bad food, ill discipline and a mutiny resulted in the abandonment of the expedition, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War\nDuring the French and Indian War (1755\u20131763) New Jersey's participation was remarkable, and \"Colonial Tribulations\" (2007) documents the service of the New Jersey Regiment (the \"Jersey Blues\") throughout that period. Just as in the previous colonial wars their existence began with the N. J. Assembly ordering the muster of 500 men to respond to the larger war looming on the New York frontier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0004-0001", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War\nIndian raids by tribes allied with the French along the colony's northwest border in the summer of 1755 also prompted the raising of a different unit known as the New Jersey Frontier Guard (not to be confused with the regular provincial or \"Blues\" regiment). The Frontier Guard responded to localized Indian incursions, as well as garrisoned the forts along the Delaware River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War\nContrastingly, in 1755 the entire contingent of 500 men known as the Jersey Blues was stationed at the lightly fortified trading village of Oswego, N.Y., where they constructed the first documented military hospital. They also assisted with improving the fortifications in order support the British offensive against French Fort Niagara which wound up bring delayed until 1756. During that following year only a part of the regiment had returned to the 'three' forts on Lake Ontario, and they were engaged in and bore the suffering of several skirmishes. However, in August the all out attack on their outpost by French commander the Marquis de Montcalm resulted in many Jerseymen becoming prisoners of war who experienced many documented tribulations. At least one NJ Indian is documented among the ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0006-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War\nBy 1757, the Jersey Blues were re-mustered and assigned to Fort William Henry where they comprised one third of its garrison. In July about 150 were taken as POWs while another 50 died during the battle of Sabbath Day Point on the northern part of Lake George. The 100 men who escaped that day returned to William Henry to join the 200 others who remained in garrison. A short few weeks later those 300 were again attacked by Montcalm which was immortalized in the book and movie \"The Last of the Mohicans\". Most in the general public have no idea that the Jersey troops were present or what they experienced. Importantly, the unit continued to include several Native Americans from the province who experienced harsh consequences following the fort's capitulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0007-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War\nIn 1758, the unit was again re-mustered and engaged in the attack of French Fort Carillon, where Montcalm was able to repel a massive British force. Several Jersey Blues were killed in action. A part of the unit was later engaged in the successful taking of the strategic French outpost, Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0008-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War\nBy 1759, they were again on the N.Y. frontier, when a small party was ambushed by Indians allied with the French near Lake George of July 2, 1759. \"16 of the Jersey Blues were sent without the camp to gather a little brush for the General's Baker, but were not an hour gone before they were surprised in sight of the camp by a party of the enemy, consisting of about 240, who killed and scalped six, wounded two, took four prisoners, and only four of the whole party escaped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0008-0001", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War\nThey shewed themselves plainly to the whole Army after they got the scalps, gave a hollow, and then made off to their Battoes, which were not more than two miles from the Head of the Lake. A large party was ordered out after them, but in vain. They butchered our people in a most shocking manner, by cutting pieces of flesh out of their necks, thighs and legs\" \u2013 New York Mercury", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0009-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War\nThe N.J. Historical Society stated that in 1760 the regiment was part of the final campaign against the French in Canada. Remarkably, one of the soldiers (a N. J. Native American) who was taken as a POW at Fort William Henry in '57 was reunited with the unit and returned home with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0010-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Service to the crown, The French and Indian War\nBy 1761, existing payroll accounts verify that the unit was indeed mustered, and by 1762 they had formed a part of the expedition against Havana, Cuba. There is also oral tradition that one of the cannons at the Old Barracks in Trenton, N. J. was a spoil of war for the Jersey Blues. Payroll accounts also verify that the unit remained activated through 1765. The Old Barracks Museum put forth a nice exhibit about the F & I War which includes rare artifacts of the Blues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0011-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, The American Revolution\nThe 1st New Jersey Regiment, which was known as part of the famed \"Jersey Blues,\" was authorized on October 9, 1775, by the Continental Congress to be raised for service with the Continental Army under the command of Colonel William Alexander, better known as Lord Stirling for his (unsuccessful) claims to that Scottish title. It was also known as \"First or Eastern Battalion of Foot of New Jersey Troops\" while the Second New Jersey, authorized at the same time, was raised in the western counties of provincial New Jersey. Eight companies of the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0011-0001", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, The American Revolution\nNew Jersey were raised in Essex, Middlesex, Morris, Somerset, Monmouth, and Bergen counties. One of the first activities of the newly formed unit was subduing and capturing Tories on Long Island. After Stirling was elevated to the rank of general, command of the 1st New Jersey was given to Colonel William Winds. Winds suffered humiliation after pressing for the regiment to leave Fort Ticonderoga in November 1776 after enlistments for the Jerseymen expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0012-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, The American Revolution\nWhen the regiment was reorganized in January 1777 as the 1st New Jersey Regiment, Continental Line, command was first offered to Silas Newcomb, but he declined. Matthias Ogden, who had previously served as major and lieutenant colonel of the 1st NJ Battalion of 1775-1776, became regimental commander with the rank of colonel, a position he held virtually until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0013-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, The American Revolution\nThe regiment saw action at the Battle of Valcour Island, Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth, Sullivan Expedition, Battle of Springfield and the Battle of Yorktown. Other service included Winter Cantonment at Valley Forge (1776\u20131777), Battle of Short Hills (1777), Winter Cantonments at Morristown/Pompton Plains. The regiment was disbanded on November 3, 1783, at New Windsor, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159406-0014-0000", "contents": "1st New Jersey Regiment, Famous members\nOther figures associated with the Jersey Blues during the colonial period include:Col. John Parker resumed command during Schuyler's captivity \u2013 1757. He was followed by John Johnston, another commander of the New Jersey Regiment during the French and Indian War; William \"Scotch Willie\" Maxwell, who was a lieutenant in the New Jersey Regiment during the colonial wars, a commissary in the 1760s, and later served as first colonel of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment (Continental Line) and general commanding the New Jersey Line during the Revolutionary War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159407-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized\n1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized was a New Mexico Territory Volunteer Regiment of the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159407-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized\nThe 1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized was organized on October 1, 1863, under the command of U. S. Army Major, Henry Raymond Selden, promoted Colonel of New Mexico Volunteers. Colonel Selden, died at Fort Union, aged 44, on February 2, 1865. He was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Francisco P. Abreu on February 4, 1865, who was subsequently promoted Colonel of the regiment before February 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159407-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized\nThe regiment was attached to the Department of New Mexico and on garrison duty by detachments at Fort Union, Fort Selden, Fort Craig, Fort Bowie, Fort Cummings, Fort McRae, Fort Goodwin and other points in that Department during its entire term of service. Company \u201cK\u201d garrisoned Fort Lyon, Colorado, from September, 1864, to February, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159407-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Reorganized, Operations\nThe regiment was mustered out November 7, 1866 as its last units were replaced by units of the U. S. Army returning from the Union Army after the end of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 58], "content_span": [59, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159408-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Orleans Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Louisiana Regiment New Orleans Infantry was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159408-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Orleans Infantry Regiment\nThe Regiment was organized in New Orleans, Louisiana, on March 6, 1864, and was on garrison and guard duty in the New Orleans defenses. The unit mustered out in May 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159409-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New York Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st New York Cavalry Regiment was a regiment in the  Union Army in the American Civil War . It was also known as the Lincoln Cavalry, Carbine Rangers, Sabre Regiment, and 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry. It was mustered in from July 16 to August 31, 1861. It was mustered out June 27, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159409-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New York Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment sustained 25 officers and men killed in action, 134 wounded, of whom 23 died and 111 recovered, 384 missing in action, and 120 died of disease and other causes, for a total of 168 casualties. Among its losses were 1st Lieut. Henry B. Hidden, killed March 9, 1862, one of the first Union cavalry officers killed in the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159409-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New York Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment's list of battles and casualties, cont. (Page 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159410-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New York Dragoons Regiment\nThe 1st New York Dragoons Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159410-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Service\nOriginally mustered into service as the 130th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment it was converted to cavalry on July 28, 1863, and designated as the 19th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry. The men were recruited from Allegany, Livingston, and Wyoming counties. The 19th Cavalry was officially re-designated as the 1st Regiment of Dragoons on September 10, 1863. The term dragoon generally refers to mounted infantry or light cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159410-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Service\nOriginally assigned to the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac the Dragoons moved to the Army of the Shenandoah with General Philip Sheridan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159410-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Service\nDuring its service, the 1st New York Dragoons fought in 64 battles, captured 19 pieces of artillery and four Confederate battle flags. After marching in the Grand Review at Washington D.C. at the close of the Civil War, the Dragoons were mustered out of service at Cloud\u2019s Mills, Virginia, on June 30, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159410-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Medals of Honor\nTwo enlisted men and one officer of the 1st New York Dragoons were awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159410-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New York Dragoons Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment suffered 4 officers and 127 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 142 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 274 fatalities; of whom 36 enlisted men died in Confederate prisons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment\nThe 1st New York Engineer Regiment was an engineer regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was also known as Serrell's Engineers, New York Volunteer Corps of Engineers, or Engineer's and Artizans. The regiment served initially in the Lower Seaboard Theater, and later in the Richmond\u2013Petersburg Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Organization and muster\nIn 1860 the army Corps of Engineers consisted of just 44 officers and 100 soldiers for an army of 15,000 soldiers. After the formation of the Confederacy and the Battle of Fort Sumter, Congress authorized a massive increase in the number of specialized engineer troops on August 3, 1861, to complement the growing Union Army. Edward W. Serrell, a prominent civil engineer obtained authorization to begin recruiting an engineer regiment which would become known as the 1st New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment, or Serrell's Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Organization and muster\nThe regiment was accepted by the state on September 27, 1861. Serrell was appointed a Lieutenant Colonel of Volunteers on October 11, 1861, and promoted to a full Colonel by December of that year. The regiment was officially organized in New York City, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on October 11, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Organization and muster\nUpon formation, the volunteer engineers were promised pay wages one-third greater than that of the line. After the unit had been mustered, the Paymaster General refused to recognize the status of the newly formed regiment, and paid them the same rate as infantry. After protests to the War Department failed to rectify the situation, the men refused to take their reduced pay. Finally, after eight months of refusing to accept the lower wages, the order finally came through to increase the soldiers' pay to the agreed amount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Department of the South\nThe 1st New York's was deployed to Port Royal Sound and was formed as the 10th Corps Engineers in the Department of the South. The regiment distinguished itself in the Battle of Fort Pulaski, helping to capture the fort after 30 hours of bombardment, constructing batteries for the new James rifled cannon. The 1st New York was given the honor of having their regimental flag chosen as the first to float over Fort Pulaski after its capture. The regiment was employed throughout the east coast, from South Carolina to Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Department of the South\nWhile serving in the X Corps, the regiment was involved in capturing several key forts in Charleston Harbor. After the failed infantry assault on Fort Wagner which included the famous charge by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, retold in the climax of the feature film Glory, the 1st New York Engineers were tasked with conducting a traditional siege on the fort. After 60 days of shelling, the defenders abandoned the fort on September 7, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0006-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Department of the South\nUsing Morris Island as a staging area, the X Corps could focus on recapturing Fort Sumter, the site of the first military action of the Civil War. During the Battle of Fort Sumter, the 1st New York established watchtowers and built batteries in an attempt to pummel the fort into capitulation. However, in spite of a near constant bombardment, as well as a failed amphibious assault, Union forces were unable to occupy the fort until its abandonment by Confederate forces on February 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0007-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel\nUnable to recapture Fort Sumter, the X Corps under Gen. Quincy Adams Gillmore turned their attention to the nearby city of Charleston. Gillmore wanted to shell Charleston using Greek Fire to force its capitulation without capturing the harbor forts, so he instructed Serrell to explore the possibilities of constructing a battery in the marshes between James Island and Morris Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0008-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel\nAccording to legend Serrell gave the duty to a young engineer who declared the project could not be done. Serrell told the doubting engineer that nothing was impossible, and to requisition any necessary materials. A short time later Serrell received a request for twenty men eighteen feet tall. At the same time there was a request to the department's surgeon to splice three six-foot men together to make the needed eighteen footers. The request did not amuse Serrell, and he soon replaced the young officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0009-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel\nSerrell assumed personal responsibility and conducted a series of experiments to establish the capability of the soil to support weight. He believed the soil could be stabilized enough to receive the weight of a siege piece. A plan was presented to Gilmore for the construction of a battery on August 2, 1863. It was immediately accepted, and several days were spent setting up support activities to supply lumber and other materials. Construction began on 10 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0010-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel\nThe engineers built a rectangular frame of sheet piling that was driven by a lever activated ram. The first measure to reinforce the soil was \"a thick stratum of grass.\" This was covered by two layers of tarpaulin followed by \"15 inches of well rammed sand.\" A platform consisting of three layers of 3 inch pine planks topped off the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0011-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel\nThe \"Marsh Battery\" was completed on August 17, 1863, and stood ready for its armament. The \"Swamp Angel,\" an 8-inch, 200 pound Parrott Rifle was positioned in the battery, and the 11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment manned the weapon, firing incendiary shells at the city of Charleston from August 22\u201323 of 1863. After lobbing 35 shells into Charleston the Swamp Angel burst, and the battery was abandoned. Like Sumter before, Charleston held out under bombardment and did not capitulate until February 18, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0012-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, The Marsh Battery and the Swamp Angel\nThe artillery piece also inspired a poem by Herman Melville, and is known as one of the most famous artillery pieces of the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0013-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Army of the James\nIn the spring of 1864, companies B, C, E, F, H, K, L & M were sent to join Benjamin Butler's Army of the James, and Serrell was again named chief engineer of the Corps. They participated in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign, building the entire Bermuda Hundred Line, laid many miles of corduroy roads, dredged the Dutch Gap Canal, and constructed the abutments and roads that connected the pontoon bridge assembled by the Engineers of the Army of the Potomac with City Point, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0014-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Army of the James\nDuring the Richmond\u2013Petersburg Campaign, the Confederate line was broken at Fort Harrison, and the 1st New York set the new line from the newly constructed Fort Brady to Fort Harrison and over to Deep Bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0015-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Army of the James\nAfter the fall of Petersburg, the 1st New York was formed into the Engineer Brigade, along with the 15th New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment and the 50th New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment. Col. Serrell was honorably discharged on February 15, 1865, and Col. James F. Hall took command of the regiment until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159411-0016-0000", "contents": "1st New York Engineer Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost 2 officers, and 25 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded in combat. 5 Officers and 116 Enlisted men died from disease, for a total of 148 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159412-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159412-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized in New York City, New York and was mustered in for a two-year enlistment on April 22, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159412-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on May 25, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159412-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 79 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 3 officers and 31 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 113fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159413-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New York Light Artillery Battalion\nThe 1st New York Light Artillery Battalion was a New York State volunteer artillery unit that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was initially composed of four artillery companies, which were mustered-in for service in late 1861. Throughout 1862 and early 1863, the battalion saw action in the Eastern Theater before it was reorganized into four independent batteries of the New York Light Artillery, which fought separately for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159413-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, Unit history, 1st Battalion of Artillery (Heavy)\nThe 1st Battalion, New York Light Artillery was approved for formation by the United States War Department in July 1861. The unit's companies were raised in New York between August and September 1861 for three-year enlistments and were initially under the command of German-born Lieutenant Colonel Andreas \"Andrew\" Brickel, a native of Baden in the German Confederation and a former artillery officer of the Baden Revolution of 1848 who had served under Franz Sigel before emigrating to the United States in 1850. The mostly German-speaking unit, described as \"nothing but Baden Artillerists under [Lieutenant Colonel Brickel's] command,\" was in action throughout the Eastern Theater battles of 1862 and early 1863, then dissolved into independent companies prior to the Battle of Chancellorsville, all of which remained in service through most of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159413-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, Unit history, 1st Battalion of Artillery (Heavy)\nThe 1st Battalion, New York Light Artillery consisted of four heavy artillery companies and were mustered into federal service on the dates shown below. At the Battle of Antietam on September 16\u201317, 1862, the batteries were armed as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159413-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, Unit history, 1st Battalion of Artillery (Heavy)\nThe battalion spent most of its career in a support role, attached to the Army of the Potomac and comprising the Third Brigade of the Artillery Reserve under Major Albert Arndt. Arndt was mortally wounded on September 16, 1862, and died two days later. At Antietam, the battery commanders were Lieutenant Bernard Wever (A), Lieutenant Alfred von Kleiser (B), Captain Robert Langner (C), and Captain Charles Kusserow (D). After Antietam, Battery D was rearmed with 3-inch Ordnance rifles because the 32-pounders were too heavy for field operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159413-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, Unit history, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., October 20, 1861. All four batteries assigned to the defenses of the Capital until March 1862. Transferred to Artillery Reserve of the Army of the Potomac, comprising the Third Brigade. Joined Major General George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in Virginia: present at the Siege of Yorktown, April 5 \u2013 May 4, 1862; Major Albert Arndt, commanding battalion (Lieutenant Colonel Brickel resigned May 12, 1862); at the Seven Days Battles near Richmond, Virginia, June 25 \u2013 July 1, 1862; in camp at Harrison's Landing on the James River until August 16, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159413-0004-0001", "contents": "1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, Unit history, Detailed service\nRetreated across the Virginia Peninsula and present with Army of the Potomac during the Maryland Campaign; at the Battle of Antietam, September 16\u201317, 1862 (battalion commander Major Arndt, mortally wounded). Batteries remained attached to Army of the Potomac's Artillery Reserve under Lieutenant Colonel William Hays. At the Battle of Fredericksburg, December 12\u201315, 1862. Winter camp at Falmouth, Virginia, and participated in the \"Mud March\" of January 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159413-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, Unit history, Dissolution of battalion and reorganization as Independent Batteries\nThe battalion organization was discontinued after March 5, 1863, when the four artillery batteries were reorganized as independent companies of the New York Light Artillery for the remainder of the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 122], "content_span": [123, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159414-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New York Mounted Rifles Regiment\nThe 1st Regiment New York Mounted Rifles, sometimes designated 7th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry, was a cavalry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159414-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New York Mounted Rifles Regiment, Service\nCompanies organized and mustered in between July 1861 and September 1862, and served in the Department of Virginia (VII Corps and IV Corps) and Department of Virginia and North Carolina, principally at Fort Monroe, Norfolk and Suffolk, Portsmouth, Williamsburg and Yorktown, Virginia; in Wistar's Division, XVIII Corps, from January 1864; in the Cavalry, Army of the James, with the 3d Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, from March 1864; a detachment as escort, headquarters Army of the James, from July 1864; unattached from August 1864; in the 3d Brigade of the Cavalry Division, Army of the James, until March 1865; again unattached to the close of the war; and at Fredericksburg, Virginia, from April 1865. Companies H and D served with the 10th Corps from June 1864; with XVIII Corps from August 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159414-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New York Mounted Rifles Regiment, Service\nJuly 17, 1864, 270 men of the 16th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment, who had volunteered to serve with the regiment, were transferred to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159414-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New York Mounted Rifles Regiment, Service\nSeptember 6, 1865, the regiment received the designation, 4th Regiment New York Provisional Cavalry, and its final record will be found under that head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159414-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New York Mounted Rifles Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment lost by death, killed in action, 1 officer, 18 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 1 officer, 12 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 4 officers, 125 enlisted men; total, 6 officers, 155 enlisted men; aggregate, 161; of whom 8 enlisted men died at the hands of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159415-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New York Regiment\nThe 1st New York Regiment was authorized on 25 May 1775 and organized at New York City from 28 June to 4 August, for service with the Continental Army under the command of Colonel Alexander McDougall. The enlistments of the first establishment ended on 31 December 1775.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159415-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New York Regiment\nThe second establishment of the regiment was authorized on 19 January 1776.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159415-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New York Regiment\nThe regiment was involved in the Invasion of Canada, the Battle of Valcour Island, the Battle of Saratoga, the Battle of Monmouth, the Sullivan Expedition, and the Battle of Yorktown. The regiment was furloughed 2 June 1783 at Newburgh, New York and disbanded 15 November 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159416-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New York State Legislature\nThe 1st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from September 9, 1777, to June 30, 1778, during the first year of George Clinton's governorship, first at Kingston and later at Poughkeepsie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159416-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New York State Legislature, Background\nThe 4th Provincial Congress of the Colony of New York convened at White Plains on July 9, 1776, and declared the independence of the State of New York. The next day the delegates re-convened as the \"Convention of Representatives of the State of New-York\" and on August 1 a committee was appointed to prepare a State Constitution. The New York Constitution was adopted by the Convention on April 20, 1777, and went into force immediately, without ratification by popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159416-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New York State Legislature, Apportionment and election\nThe State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the following election in April 1778, every year one fourth of the State Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159416-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New York State Legislature, Apportionment and election\nAssemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159416-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New York State Legislature, Apportionment and election\nOn May 8, 1777, the Constitutional Convention appointed the senators from the Southern District, and the assemblymen from Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties\u2014the area which was under British control\u2014and determined that these appointees serve in the Legislature until elections could be held in those areas, presumably after the end of the American Revolutionary War. Vacancies among the appointed members in the Senate should be filled by the Assembly, and vacancies in the Assembly by the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159416-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe State Legislature met in Kingston, the seat of Ulster County. The State Senate met first on September 9, 1777, at the home of Abraham Van Gaasbeck, now known as Senate House, the Assembly met first on the next day at the Bogardus Tavern. At the approach of the British army, the State Legislature dispersed on October 7, and reconvened in Poughkeepsie on January 5, 1778, possibly at a house now known as Clinton House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159416-0006-0000", "contents": "1st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the Constitutional Convention who continued as members of the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159416-0007-0000", "contents": "1st New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the Constitutional Convention who continued as members of the Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159417-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade\nThe 1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade was an armoured unit of the New Zealand Army during World War II. The brigade was formed in New Zealand during 1941 to provide the 2nd New Zealand Division with armoured support in North Africa. The outbreak of the Pacific War led to it being retained in New Zealand. The 1st Army Tank Brigade was disbanded in 1942, with most of its personnel being used to establish the 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159417-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade, History\nThe commander of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force, Major-General Bernard Freyberg, proposed to the New Zealand Government in October 1940 that an armoured brigade be formed to reinforce the 2nd New Zealand Division. The New Zealand Government rapidly agreed to this in principle. However, the British Government considered that it would be premature to establish such a formation, and it should be regarded as a long-term goal for New Zealand given shortages of tanks and the time needed to train armoured vehicle crews. After further consideration, the New Zealand Cabinet formally approved the establishment of an army tank brigade on 31 July 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159417-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade, History\nThe 1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade was formed at Waiouru Military Camp on 16 October 1941. At this time, it was intended for the brigade to undertake training in New Zealand before departing for the Middle East in March 1942. The first tanks for the brigade, 30 Valentine tanks, arrived in New Zealand during October 1941. Brigadier Graham Beresford Parkinson was selected as the brigade's commander, and arrived in New Zealand during November 1941 after returning from Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159417-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade, History\nAt the time of the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941, the full complement of tanks for the brigade still hadn't arrived in New Zealand. Those that had arrived sufficed to allow training to begin, but were inadequate in number to equip the brigade's three tank battalions. The threat of invasion led the tanks to be concentrated in a special battalion. The remainder of the brigade was organised as an infantry brigade with three battalions and practised countering Japanese landings. Parkinson commanded the 7th Brigade from December 1941 to April 1942, when he returned to the tank brigade. In March 1942 it was decided to retain the brigade in New Zealand until at least July that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159417-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade, History\nIn early 1942 the 3rd Tank Battalion began training with the available tanks. When further tanks arrived they were assigned to the 1st and 2nd Tank Battalions. By August 1942 there were 120 Valentine tanks and 24 M3 Stuarts in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159417-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade, History\nIn August 1942 Freyberg requested that the 1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade be transferred to the Middle East. In his message to the New Zealand Government, he noted that the 2nd New Zealand Division had suffered heavy casualties from German and Italian tanks and \"we have felt keenly the lack of our own armoured component\". After further consideration, it was decided instead to use the brigade's personnel to convert the 2nd New Zealand Division's 4th Infantry Brigade to the 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159417-0005-0001", "contents": "1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade, History\nThis was approved by the New Zealand Government in early September, with the 3rd Tank Battalion being selected as the first unit to be dispatched to the Middle East for that purpose. The 3rd Tank Battalion departed New Zealand on 12 December 1942 and was disbanded upon its arrival in the Middle East so that its members could be posted to the 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade's constituent formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159417-0006-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade, History\nFollowing the decision to use it to reinforce the 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade, the 1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade was disbanded in late 1942. The 1st Tank Battalion was used for home defence purposes until it was disbanded in June 1943, with most of its personnel being posted to the Middle East. The 270-man strong 3rd Division Tank Squadron was formed from the 2nd Tank Battalion, and served in the Pacific with the 3rd New Zealand Division. Most of the 2nd Tank Battalion's other personnel were sent to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0000-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament\nThe 1st New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. It opened on 24 May 1854, following New Zealand's first general election (held the previous year). It was dissolved on 15 September 1855 in preparation for that year's election. 37 Members of the House of Representatives (MHRs) represented 24 electorates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0001-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Parliamentary sessions\nNew Zealand had not yet obtained responsible government (that is, the power to manage its own affairs), and so the 1st Parliament did not hold any significant power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0002-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Parliamentary sessions\nThe 1st Parliament was held before the creation of either political parties or the office of Premier. There were, however, appointments made to the Executive Council (the formal institution upon which Cabinet is based). From 14 June 1854 to 2 August 1854, there was a four-person cabinet, New Zealand's first ministry, led by James FitzGerald, with Henry Sewell, Frederick Weld, and Thomas Bartley (a fifth member, Dillon Bell, also joined for a short time). Then, from 31 August 1854 to 2 September 1854, there was another four-person cabinet led by Thomas Forsaith, with James Macandrew, William Travers, and Jerningham Wakefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0002-0001", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Parliamentary sessions\nSome historians consider FitzGerald and Forsaith to be New Zealand's first Prime Ministers, but neither held any formal leadership role and since \"responsible government\" had not yet been obtained, they had little real power. Henry Sewell, appointed shortly after the 2nd New Zealand Parliament opened, is more often considered to have been the first Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0003-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Parliamentary sessions\nOn 17 August 1854 when the newly convened House of Representatives met, Administrator of the Government (acting Governor) Robert Wynyard was proposing to prorogue the General Assembly as he had not received authority from London. Sewell wanted to continue the debate and the suspension of standing orders was moved. The minority \"Wakefieldites\" (followers of Edward Gibbon Wakefield) opposed the move and tried to leave so that there would not be two-thirds of members present. This led to a violent turn when Sewell was reported to have pounced on the member for Nelson James Mackay and seized him by the throat. Suspension was moved an hour later when some members of the absent majority returned. Mackay was later found guilty of gross and premeditated contempt. There were moves to find the member from Dunedin James Macandrew guilty of contempt for entering the house with his hat on, but this was withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 964]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0004-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Parliamentary sessions\nThe 1st Parliament consisted of thirty-seven representatives representing twenty-four electorates. Two regions of the colony (the inland regions of the lower North Island and the northwest corner of the South Island) were not part of any electorate, and so were not represented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0005-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Changes during term\nThere were few changes during the term of the 1st Parliament, with only three by-elections being held. There were six resignations and one death during 1855, and those seats remained vacant for the remainder of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0006-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Changes during term\nStuart-Wortley resigned on 18 July 1855. His seat remained vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0007-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Changes during term\nBartley resigned on 11 July 1854. He was replaced by William Brown, who was elected on 4 August 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0008-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Changes during term\nKelham resigned on 3 August 1855. His seat remained vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0009-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Changes during term\nCutten resigned on 23 July 1855. His seat remained vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0010-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Changes during term\nLudlam resigned on 9 July 1855. His seat remained vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0011-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Changes during term\nCautley, MP for Waimea, and Travers, MP for Town of Nelson, both resigned on 26 May 1854. Travers subsequently contested the Waimea seat that Cautley had vacated, being elected on 21 June. Travers' own Nelson seat was won by Samuel Stephens on 19 June. Stephens died on 26 June 1855. His seat remained vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0012-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Changes during term\nWeld resigned on 13 June 1855. His seat remained vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159418-0013-0000", "contents": "1st New Zealand Parliament, Changes during term\nFeatherston resigned on 9 August 1855. His seat remained vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers\nThe 1st Newcastle Engineer Volunteers, later Northumbrian Divisional Engineers, was a Royal Engineer (RE) unit of Britain's Volunteer Force and Territorial Army founded in 1860. Its companies saw action in both World Wars, particularly at the Battle of Rosi\u00e8res and the assault crossing of the River Selle in 1918, and on D-Day in 1944. Its successors continue to serve in today's Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Early history\nThe 1st Newcastle Engineer Volunteers (EV) was raised at company strength in Newcastle upon Tyne during the enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement engendered by the invasion scare of 1859; its first officers' commissions were dated 1 September 1860. Many early volunteers came from Armstrong's engineering works at Elswick. The company was attached for administrative purposes to the 1st Newcastle upon Tyne Rifle Volunteer Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Early history\nIn 1874 the Newcastle company was united with the larger (8 companies) 1st Durham EV at Jarrow on the opposite (County Durham) bank of the River Tyne. This unit had been raised and commanded by Charles Palmer (1822\u20131907), founder of Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company and later the first mayor and Member of Parliament for Jarrow. The two units were formed into the 1st Durham Administrative Battalion EV, consolidated in 1880 as the 1st Newcastle upon Tyne and Durham EV, with Palmer as commanding officer and an establishment of 1300 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Early history\nPalmer, by now created Sir Charles Palmer, 1st Baronet of Grinkle Park, retired from the unit in 1888 with the rank of Colonel. The same year, the 1st Newcastle & Durham EV was split into three separate units: the 1st Newcastle upon Tyne RE (Volunteers), the 1st Durham RE (V), and the Tyne Division RE (V), Submarine Miners, which later became the Tyne Electrical Engineers. Both the 1st Newcastle RE (V) and the Tyne Submarine Miners derived their seniority from the original 1st Newcastle EV established in 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Early history\nThe Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the new 1st Newcastle RE was Sir Charles Palmer's younger brother, Alfred Septimus Palmer (1834\u20131910), a Newcastle mining engineer who had been a major in the 1st Newcastle & Durham EV. The honorary Colonel was William Henry Allinson (1827\u20131917), who had been second-in-command of the 1st Newcastle & Durham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Early history\nThe unit sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the original plan was for the 1st Newcastle RE to provide the 2nd Northumbrian Field Company in the Northumbrian Infantry Division while the remainder of the unit would be merged into the Tyne Electrical Engineers as the Northumberland (Fortress) RE. However, by 1910 this plan had been altered, and the 1st Newcastle RE provided the whole of the divisional RE, with its commanding officer becoming Commanding Royal Engineer (CRE). This organisation was in place on the outbreak of World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 3 August 1914, the men of the Northumbrian Division came home from their annual training camp. The next day the order to mobilise was received, and they returned to their drill halls. The mobilised division garrisoned the Tyne Defences as part of Central Force of Home Defence, and began training for war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 31 August the TF was authorised to raise '2nd Line' units, initially for home defence, composed of men who had not volunteered for overseas service, together with new volunteers who were flooding in. Later, the home service men were transferred to home defence units, the 2nd Line were prepared for overseas service, and '3rd Line' units were organised to find drafts for the 1st and 2nd Lines. The units were distinguished by the prefixes '1/', '2/' and '3/', and the 2nd Line units of the Northumbrian Division formed the 2nd Northumbrian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 28th Division\n1/1st Northumbrian Field Company left the Northumbrian Division on 26 December 1914 to join 28th Division forming at Winchester. This was a formation of Regular infantry battalions returned from India, with engineers, signals and medical services provided by Territorial companies. The company disembarked at Le Havre on 19 January 1915 and served with 28th Division in France for the first half of the year, including the battles of Gravenstafel Ridge (22\u201323 April), St Julien (24 April\u20134 May), Frezenberg Ridge (8\u201313 May) and Bellewarde Ridge (24\u201325 May).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 28th Division\nWhen 1/1st Northumbrian Field Company returned to the 1st Northumbrian Division, it was replaced by 2/1st Northumbrian Field Company from the 2nd Northumbrian Division, which joined 28th Division on 10 July 1915. For the remainder of the war 2/1st Company served with this division in France and Macedonia. In 1917 it was numbered 449th Field Company. It remained with 28th Division after the Armistice with Bulgaria (30 September 1918) and in November 1918 it moved to the Dardanelles with the Division. During 1919 it served in Turkey with 28th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nEarly in April 1915, the Northumbrian Division was informed that it would shortly be sent to France, and on 16 April it began to entrain for the ports of embarkation (Southampton and Folkestone). The division completed its concentration in the vicinity of Steenvoorde on 23 April. It was thrown into action the very next day at the Battle of St Julien, taking up positions along the Yser Canal and then counter-attacking. The infantry of the division were involved in bitter fighting. Meanwhile, the divisional engineers were left at Steenvorde, but from 26 April they were sent up each night to work on a new defence line near Hill 60, to which the division retired on the night of 2\u20133 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nThe Northumberland Division was now made responsible for holding a section of the line and learnt the techniques of trench warfare in which the engineers were kept busy improving defences. Like the 28th Division, the Northumberland Division also fought through the battles of Frezenberg Ridge and Bellewarde Ridge, and again at Bellewarde on 16 June. It was then moved south into quieter sectors for the rest of 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nSoon after arriving in France, the division received its number, becoming 50th (Northumbrian) Division, the brigades being numbered 149, 150 and 151, and the Signal Company numbered 50. 1/1st Northumbrian Field Company rejoined the division on 2 June 1915, and the divisional engineers were further reinforced on 17 June by 7th Field Company, RE, a Regular unit. 7th Field Company had landed in France with 4th Division on 22 August 1914, and had served through the Retreat from Mons, and the battles of the Marne, Aisne and Armenti\u00e8res. It had been attached to 48th (South Midland) Division for a few weeks before joining 50th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\n191650th Division moved back into the Ypres Salient in December 1915. This meant more intense trench warfare, with the divisional engineers and signallers constantly engaged in repairing defences and communications. In August 1916 the division was transferred to the Somme sector, moving into the line at Bazentin-le-Petit by 10 September, where it immediately began digging assembly and jumping-off trenches for a new phase of the Battle of the Somme. This attack (the Battle of Flers\u2013Courcelette) opened on 15 September, with 50th Division attacking between High Wood and Martinpiuch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\n7th Field Company with part of the pioneer battalion set to repairing the road towards Martinpuich, while 1/1st and 1/2nd Northumrian Field Companies were held in reserve around Railway Trench. As the attack developed, by the afternoon of 15 September they were engaged in digging communication trenches, repairing roads and building gun emplacements under fire. This continued throughout the seven days of the battle, and casualties among the sappers were heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nThe fighting was renewed on 25 September (the Battle of Morval) and 50th Division continued in action throughout October and into November (the battles of Le Transloy and Butte de Warlencourt). The division's last action on the Somme before being relieved was an attack on Gird Trench and Hook Sap on 14 November, which gained no ground. The division was withdrawn on the night of 17\u201318 November and went into Corps Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\n1917'When the TF engineer companies were numbered on 3 February 1917, 1/1st Northumbrian became  446th (1st Northumbrian) and 1/2nd became 447th (2nd Northumbrian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nIn mid-February, the division moved south to take over a section of the line from the French Army. The trenches were in poor condition, and had to be repaired by working parties directed by the field companies. In late March, the division moved north again, to take part in the Arras offensive. It consolidated ground captured in the First Battle of the Scarpe (9\u201314 April) and then attacked at the Second Battle of the Scarpe (23\u201324 April), when it suffered heavy losses. The engineers were engaged in road repair, clearing dugouts, digging and wiring trenches, and laying and repairing telephone lines, all under shellfire, and their casualties were numerous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nAfter a spell in Army Reserve, 50th Division returned to the line, and the summer of 1917 was spent in vigorous trench warfare, with constant patrols, raids, and constructing or repairing defences. It then moved to join the last phase of the Third Ypres Offensive, known as the Second Battle of Passchendaele. Because of the waterlogged nature of the ground, the German defences were based on concrete pillboxes and shell-holes rather than dugouts and trenches. 149th Brigade attacked on 26 October, with 446 Field Company in support. The attack was a failure and the attacking companies were virtually wiped out. Over succeeding days the rest of the division made small gains, at heavy cost. The division was relieved on 9 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\n1918When the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 50th Division was in GHQ Reserve west of the Somme Canal, behind the Fifth Army front that was attacked. During the night the division was ordered up to occupy the rear line of defences known as the 'Green Line', where they came under attack the following day. The division held its positions, but the adjoining division fell back, and the bridges on 149 Brigade's flank had to be held by some of the engineers before they were demolished. The following day, the division was ordered to retreat behind the Somme Canal, and fell back over 10 miles, fighting rearguard actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nOn 24\u201325 March the 50th Division defended the canal crossings, then as Fifth Army continued to retreat, it fell back again during the night of 25/26 March, taking part in the Battle of Rosi\u00e8res over the following two days. On the morning of 27 March the CRE was ordered to form a composite infantry battalion from the 7th and 447th Field Companies and some details of 150th Brigade. The composite battalion took up a position to guard the flank of 149th Brigade but no enemy attack developed on that front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nAt 11.30, however, divisional HQ received a report that the enemy had broken through at Proyart, and the RE battalion was sent to cooperate with two battalions of the adjacent division (24th Division) in a counter-attack. This counter-attack was held up short of Proyart, but the existing trenches were held during the night and the following day, until the division withdrew towards Moreuil, where the German offensive was finally halted on 31 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\n50th Division was relieved on 1 April, and was sent north. It took over billets around Estaires on 8 April, just in time to be hit by the second phase of the German Spring Offensive (the Battle of the Lys) the following day, resulting in the Battle of Estaires. The front line held by the 40th Division and Portuguese 2nd Division collapsed, and after they had passed through, 50th Division defended a string of fortified farms and bridgeheads. The troops fought hard all day, and then retired over the rivers Lawe and Lys, destroying the bridges that night. The Germans took Estaires on 10 April, despite counter-attacks, and the division was pressed back through 11\u201312 April, fighting rearguard actions. The much-reduced division was relieved at dawn on 13 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nAfter rest for the division and training for the replacement troops received, 50th Division moved south and relieved French troops in the River Aisne sector. Unfortunately, it was right in the path of the third phase of the German Spring Offensive (the Third Battle of the Aisne),which opened on 27 May. Several battalions were overrun, all the brigade commanders became casualties, and the division effectively ceased to exist by the end of the day. The Divisional Engineers had been sent up with the pioneers and reserves to occupy the Yellow (reserve) line, but were unable to reach it, meeting the advancing enemy before they reached the position. The remnants of the division were withdrawn two nights later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nThe Northumbrian battalions of the 50th Division were reduced to cadres, training fresh US Army units, while the division was reconstituted with battalions brought back from the Macedonian front. The Divisional Engineers were among the few original parts that remained with the reconstituted division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nThe rebuilt 50th Division re-entered the fighting during the Allied Advance to Victory, at the Battle of Beaurevoir (3\u20138 October). Considerable opposition was encountered. On 6 October, 150th Bde forced its way into the Beaurevoir Line, but subsequent attacks the following day by 149th Bde failed to progress. 7th Field Company then laid out the jumping-off tapes under cover of darkness and heavy rain, and 151st Bde broke through before dawn on 8 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nAfter breaking the Beaurevoir Line, the BEF pursued the Germans to the River Selle, which had to be forced by a set-piece operation (the Battle of the Selle). There was only one sector where 50th Division could cross the river. The CRE, Lt-Col P. de H Hall, and the officers of 7th, 446th and 447th Field Companies reconnoitred the position and  drew up plans to use 12 duckboard bridges and four floating bridges for the assault crossing. The bridges were made up with timber from a captured German dump and were concealed about 50 yards from the chosen site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nThe engineers began work at 01.00 on 17 October, cutting through hedges ahead of the infantry. When the artillery barrage came down at Zero Hour (05.20), the bridging parties (one RE officer and one pioneer officer, 17 sappers and 50 pioneers for each group of four bridges) advanced and assembled their bridges in ten minutes: 'all this, thanks to the thick mist, was done under the noses of the enemy without a casualty'. The division then crossed the river and embarked on bitter fighting for the 'Railway Triangle' on the outskirts of Le Cateau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nAfter a period in reserve, the division rejoined the offensive, forcing its way through the Forest of Mormal and across the River Sambre by plank bridges (4\u20135 November). The division continued the pursuit until it was relieved on 10 November, and the following day the Armistice with Germany came into force. Demobilisation began in December, and by March 1919 the division and its elements had been reduced to cadre and had gone home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 50th Division\nThe following officers served as CRE of 50th (Northumbrian) Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 63rd Division\n2nd Northumbrian Division, numbered 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division from August 1915, was an exact duplicate of the 50th Division. It began to assemble in and around Newcastle in January 1915 as part of Northern Command. Its divisional RE comprised the 2/1st and 2/2nd Northumbrian Field Companies and the 2/1st Northumbrian Signal Company, all based at Newcastle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 63rd Division\nThe division was responsible for the Seaham Harbour\u2013Sunderland\u2013Newcastle coastal stretch in the defence of North East England. As early as January 1915, the 2nd Line units of the division began to be called upon to provide drafts to the 1st Line, and were rarely up to strength thereafter. 2/1st Northumbrian Field Company was replaced in 63rd Division by 3/1st, and when divisional RE establishments were increased to three field companies, a new 1/3rd was added by January 1916. The divisional signal company was numbered 63rd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 63rd Division\nIn November 1915, 63rd Division moved to Nottinghamshire, with the divisional RE at Worksop. At this period the division formed part of the Eighth New Army. But the drain of drafts to 50th Division fighting on the Western Front was so great that the division's infantry units were never up to strength. The decision was made in Spring 1916 to break up the division. The 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division ceased to exist on 21 July 1916. Its number (together with the divisional artillery) was transferred to the Royal Naval Division, but the divisional field companies were transferred to the 15th Indian Division, serving in Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 63rd Division\n63rd (2/1st Northumbrian) Divisional Signal Company did not go overseas and was broken up for drafts in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 63rd Division\nThe following officer served as CRE of 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 15th Indian Division\nThe division was formed on 7 May 1916 in Mesopotamia, and had already seen action. The Northumbrian engineers joined the division on the Euphrates front as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 15th Indian Division\nThe division took part in the Capture of Ramadi on 28\u20139 September 1917, the occupation of Hit on 9 March 1918, and the action of Khan Baghdadi on 26\u20137 March 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 15th Indian Division\nAt the end of the war the division was rapidly run down, and was formally disbanded in March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 15th Indian Division\nThe following officers served as CRE of 15th Indian Division while the Northumbrian companies were attached:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 641st (Northumbrian) Field Company\nIn May 1915 all TF men who had only signed up for Home Service were transferred to Home Defence brigades (termed Provisional Brigades). 2nd Provisional Brigade was formed in North East England from the home service men of 50th (Northumbrian) and 49th (West Riding) Divisions, including 2nd Provisional Field Company, RE. By March 1916 the Provisional Brigades were concentrated along the South East Coast of England. The Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 641st (Northumbrian) Field Company\nThe provisional brigades and units received numbers and henceforth part of their role was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. 2nd Provisional Brigade became the 222nd Infantry Brigade, and in March 1917 the field company was redesignated 641st (Northumbrian) Field Company. The unit never served overseas but lasted until at least August 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War I, 641st (Northumbrian) Field Company\n454th (Northumbrian) Reserve Field Company was also formed (probably from 2nd or 3rd Line Territorials) and existed from January to December 1917. Little is known about it, but it did not proceed overseas, and was probably absorbed into the central training organisation in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Interwar\nThe 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division reformed in April 1920 in what was now termed the Territorial Army, with its engineers organised as follows:50th (Northumbrian) Divisional Engineers, RE", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Interwar\nSignals units were transferred from the RE to the newly formed Royal Corps of Signals in 1920: 50th Divisional Signals at Gateshead absorbed 5th (Cyclist) Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment and moved to Hull. Later, each division was assigned a 'Field Park Company', which acted as a base for the field companies and held specialist equipment, including the divisional bridging platoon. 50th Division's Field Park Company was numbered 235 in sequence after the field companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Interwar\nAfter the Munich Crisis in 1938 the TA was doubled in size, with most existing units and formations creating duplicates. 232\u2013235 Companies of 50th (Northumbrian) Divisional Engineers were duplicated by 505\u2013508 Companies, but instead of the new units being assigned to the new 2nd Line division (23rd (Northumbrian) Division), they were mixed, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, Battle of France, 50th Division\nThe 50th Division joined the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France in February 1940. When the Germans attacked in May, the division moved up into Belgium with the rest of the BEF and took up positions on the River Dendre. However, the Germans broke through French lines and the BEF was forced to retreat. By 19 May, 50th Division was moved back to Vimy Ridge north of Arras to prepare for a counter-attack as part of 'Frankforce.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, Battle of France, 50th Division\nOn 21 May part of the division attacked, supported by tanks, in what became known as the Battle of Arras. However, after this brief check, the Germans continued to advance, and Arras became a dangerous salient and a further attack was cancelled. By now the BEF was cut off from the bulk of the French armies, and began its retreat towards Dunkirk. 50th Division was sent north to Ypres, where it found an open flank where the Belgians had already retreated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0043-0001", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, Battle of France, 50th Division\nIt began a planned withdrawal, providing a rearguard for the eastern flank of the BEF, suffering heavy casualties from bombardment as it did so. By the night of 31 May\u20131 June the division was back across the French frontier, in reserve to the French defenders. The division, less its heavy equipment, was evacuated from Dunkirk on 1 June and landed in the United Kingdom the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, Battle of France, 23rd Division\n23rd (Northumbrian) Division only became operational on 2 October 1939, and almost immediately, 506 Field Company was withdrawn to join the reforming 5th Infantry Division and then 2nd Infantry Division, which it served throughout the war. Partly trained, 23rd Division was sent to France in an incomplete state primarily to provide labour behind the lines, but after the German breakthrough it was ordered up to defend a frontage of 16 miles along the Canal du Nord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, Battle of France, 23rd Division\nOutflanked, and faced with five German Panzer divisions, the infantry and engineers fell back towards Arras, doing what they could to hold up the enemy and suffering heavy casualties in the process. The division played a peripheral part in the Battle of Arras and by 27 May had retreated into the Dunkirk perimeter, by which time it was incapable of further action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, Battle of France, 23rd Division\nAfter evacuation from Dunkirk, 23rd Division was broken up. 233 Field Company rejoined 50th Division, while 507 Field Company and 508 Field Park Company transferred to London Defence Troops RE. 507 Field Company later went to Northern Ireland with 148 Brigade Group until mid-1942 when it joined 47th (London) Infantry Division, a reserve formation, with which it remained until the end of the war. 508 Field Park Company was assigned to VIII Corps Troops, Royal Engineers by February 1941 and apart from a brief interval it served with that unit in home defence and throughout the campaign in North West Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North Africa\nAfter re-equipping and retraining in the United Kingdom, 50th Division sailed on 23 April 1941 for Egypt. Following spells in Cyprus, Iraq and Syria, it joined British Eighth Army for the Battle of Gazala (26 May\u201321 June 1942). 150th Brigade, with 232 Field Company under command, had formed an independent brigade group and had been in the Western Desert since the previous November. It rejoined the division in February 1942, but during the 'Battle of the Cauldron' at Gazala the whole brigade, including 232 Field Company, was captured on 1 June and never reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North Africa\n235 Field Park Company also disappeared from the division's order of battle on the same day, being temporarily replaced by 142 Field Park Squadron from 1st Armoured Brigade, but returned in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North Africa\nFor the battles of Mersa Matruh and Alamein and for the remainder of the North African Campaign, the division operated with just its two surviving field companies (233 and 505) and field park (295). After Mersah Matruh they were engaged in developing a reserve position behind the main defence line at El Alamein. During the pursuit to Tripoli after the battle they were kept busy repairing roads demolished by the retreating enemy. They also suffered casualties while clearing mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North Africa\n50th Division moved up from Tripoli to lead the attack at the Battle of Mareth on 20 March 1943. The enemy position was behind the Wadi Zigzaou, 200 feet (61\u00a0m) wide, with almost unclimbable sides 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) high. The divisional engineers under their CRE, Lt-Col C.E.A. Browning, made quantities of fascines and scaling ladders, with which they and the infantry advanced 'as though at the storm of Badajoz', according to the RE's historian. The infantry stormed three or four strongpoints and formed a bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0049-0001", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North Africa\nUnder accurately ranged shellfire and enfiladed by machine guns, the sappers began to build fascine causeways for tanks and vehicles. Casualties were extremely heavy, but they managed to complete one causeway for tracked vehicles. They were unable to improve it for wheeled vehicles, and the first light tanks to cross it caused such damage in the mud that the heavier tanks could not follow. On the night of 21/22 March heavy rain produced a spate in the Wadi that further damaged the crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0049-0002", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North Africa\nThe 'shattered and weary' 50th Divisional RE were reinforced by Sappers and Miners from 4th Indian Division, and started work in the evening of 22 March on two new causeways, while the enemy were counter-attacking: the wadi was under heavy close-range fire and the rising moon silhouetted the men working on the far bank. The causeways were completed at 03.30 on 23 March under a heavy barrage preceding another enemy counter-attack. The sappers then withdrew without hurrying, so as not to alarm the defending infantry. 50th Division was also in the forefront of the attack on Wadi Akarit on 6 April, when the divisional engineers had the task of clearing gaps in the minefields and making crossings over the anti-tank ditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, Sicily\nIn April 1943, in preparation for the invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), 50 Division was joined by 168 (London) Infantry Brigade (consisting of 1st London Scottish, 1st London Irish Rifles and 10th Royal Berkshire Regiment) from 56th (London) Infantry Division, which brought 501 Field Company with it, which was soon replaced with 295th Fd Co, another London unit. The 50th Infantry Division was in the first assault wave and then fought its way up the east side of the island, including the Battle of Primosole Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, Sicily\nAfter the fighting was over in Sicily, 168 (London) Brigade was replaced by 231 Independent Infantry Brigade (2nd Devonshire Regiment, 1st Dorset Regiment and 1st Hampshire Regiment), together with 295 Field Company, a Territorial Army unit originally recruited in London. These had fought through the Sicilian campaign and the assault landing in Italy in September. They now became permanent parts of the 50th (Northumbrian) Division. The divisional bridging platoon became an independent unit (as 15 Bridging Platoon) within the Divisional RE in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, Sicily\nWith its experience of amphibious assaults, 50th Division was earmarked for the forthcoming invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) and sailed for Britain in October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North-West Europe\nOn D-Day, 6 June 1944, 50th Division carried out the landings on Gold Beach. For this it was heavily reinforced, including two squadrons (81 and 82) of 6th Assault Regiment RE from 79th Armoured Division equipped with AVREs, and two additional field companies RE (73 and 280) carrying explosives to deal with beach obstacles. These troops were the first to reach the beach and begin work under fire before the assault infantry arrived. The division's own 235 Field Park Company formed specialist detachments, driving bulldozers etc. Once off the beach, 50th Division pushed inland towards Bayeux, and then consolidated its gains over the next few days against German counter-attacks. Progress towards Villers-Bocage was held up by strong Panzer units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North-West Europe\nFor the next two months the division fought its way slowly through the Bocage country before being relieved on 5 August. However, it was back in action on 9 August, attacking against stiff opposition in the advance beyond Mont Pincon as the Allies closed the Falaise Gap. Once the Seine was crossed and the pursuit began, 50th Division supported 11th Armoured Division's rapid advance, protecting the flank and 'mopping up' local resistance. On 1 September the division secured bridges over the River Somme near  Amiens and reached Arras. On 3 September it took part in the Liberation of Brussels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North-West Europe\nMore resistance was met at the Albert Canal, and 50th Division had to make an assault crossing in storm boats, after which the engineers erected (and maintained under heavy fire) a folding bridge, while the infantry pushed on and captured Gheel after bitter fighting. (7\u201311 September). The division was due to play a minor role in Operation Market Garden, holding the bridgehead from which Guards Armoured Division advanced, and later defending the road and bridge at Nijmegen, but the latter turned into a major defensive battle after the defeat at Arnhem. Again, damage to the bridges had to be made good by the engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, North-West Europe\nThe defence of the Nijmegen bridgehead was 50th Division's last operation. It was by now very weak, and in December 1944 it was broken up to provide replacements for other units in 21st Army Group. Most of the division's units returned to the United Kingdom as training cadres to turn surplus Royal Navy and Royal Air Force personnel into infantry. However, the Divisional RE continued its frontline engineering role, the four companies becoming 50th GHQ Troops RE within 21st Army Group until the end of the war in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, 50th GHQ Troops RE\nFor the assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder) 50th GHQTRE's field companies constructed a vital access road, dubbed 'Caledonian Road', along the river bank to allow amphibious Buffalos and trucks carrying rafting equipment to cross a flooded area to reach the bank. The stores for the first 800 yards (730\u00a0m) of this road were brought forward, dumped, and camouflaged during the night of 22/23 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0057-0001", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, World War II, 50th GHQ Troops RE\nAt dusk the following evening, as the assault crossing began, the field companies started work and although hampered by enemy fire (the RE and Pioneers assisting them suffered over 50 casualties) they completed their 800 yards before dawn, when fire from Rees across the river halted further work. After the town was subdued the road was completed to its full length. At first it was made from channel tracks, which were later covered with soil so that carriers could run over them. But rain on 26 March turned this into slippery mud and the soil had to be scraped off again and replaced with coir matting and Sommerfeld tracking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, 50th Divisional RE was reformed as 103 Field Engineer Regiment, RE, with 232, 235 and 506 Companies and 235 Park Company now designated as squadrons. When the division was reorganised as a division/district command in 1961, 103 Regiment was broken up and 505 Fd Sqn disbanded, but 232 and 506 Fd Sqns and 235 Fd Park Sqn continued to be assigned to the divisional HQ. A major reorganisation in 1967 saw the division/district disbanded, and its RE component reformed as HQ Squadron and 103 (1st Newcastle) Field Squadron of 72 Engineer Regiment. The remainder of 72 Engineer Regiment was formed by the lineal descendants of the Tyne Electrical Engineers, thus uniting the lineages of all the Newcastle and Durham Engineer Volunteers of 1860 and 1874).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Postwar\n72 Engineer Regiment was reduced to a single squadron in 1999 but reformed in 2006 as 72 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Engineer Regiment (V), as a Close Support RE regiment, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Postwar\n72 Engineer Regiment supported 21 and 23 (Air Assault) Engineer Regiments of the Regular RE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Postwar\nUnder the Future of the British Army (Army 2020) plans, 72 Engineer Regiment was withdrawn from the Army's order of battle by December 2016, but 103 Field Squadron, based in Tyneside, continued after  being resubordinated to 21 Engineer Regiment as part of a hybrid Regular and Reserve Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Postwar\nIn November 2017, 103 Field Squadron was resubordinated from 21 Engineer Regiment in Ripon to 71 Engineer Regiment, based out of RAF Leuchars. 103 Field Squadron continues to operate as a detached Squadron from the Army Reserve Centre in Debdon Gardens, Newcastle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159419-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle Engineers, Memorials\nA World War I memorial to the men of the Durham Fortress Engineers and its three field companies was unveiled in Jarrow Drill Hall in 1928. An additional inscription to 233rd Field Company (of the Northumbrian Divisional Engineers) was added after World War II. The memorial is now in the RE Army Reserve Centre at Debdon Gardens, Newcastle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159420-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle-upon-Tyne Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Newcastle upon Tyne Artillery Volunteer Corps was a unit of the Volunteer Force raised to supplement the British Army at a time of a perceived French threat in 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159420-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle-upon-Tyne Artillery Volunteers, History\nThe unit was formed on the 2 June 1860 during the great surge of enthusiasm after an invasion scare that saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159420-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle-upon-Tyne Artillery Volunteers, History\nAttached to the 1st Newcastle AVC were the 1st Berwick-on-Tweed Artillery Volunteers from 1863 until 1866. In addition the 2nd Northumberland Artillery Volunteers were attached during 1863 and 1864 and the 3rd Durham Artillery Volunteers from 1873 until 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159420-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle-upon-Tyne Artillery Volunteers, History\nIn 1899 the Headquarters for the Corps was built. Named as the Angus Hall Drill Hall, it was constructed at Liddell Terrace, Gateshead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159420-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle-upon-Tyne Artillery Volunteers, History\nOn transfer to the Territorial Force in 1908 the Corps provided the 5th (Durham) Howitzer Battery of the 4th Northumbrian (County of Durham)(H) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159420-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Newcastle-upon-Tyne Artillery Volunteers, Honorary Colonel\nThe Honorary Colonel from January 1866 until his death in 1877 was Lord Henry H M Percy VC. From 1885 it was Colonel J R Young.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159421-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Night\n1st Night is a 2010 opera themed comedy film directed by Christopher Menaul and starring Richard E. Grant, Sarah Brightman, Mia Maestro, and Julian Ovenden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159421-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Night, Plot\n1st Night is about a rich industrialist Adam (Richard E. Grant), who aspires to a more cultured world. Spurred on by playful jibes that he is little more than a city suit living the capitalist's dream, this frustrated amateur opera singer decides to throw an opera (Mozart's Cos\u00ec fan tutte)in his lavish country retreat. Once his friends see him belting out the notes, he feels sure it will spell the end to their shallow taunts. In fact, it might even help him win the hand of Celia (Sarah Brightman), the female conductor he has been pursuing whom - it just so happens - is the first to be recruited for his showpiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159422-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nongshim Cup\nThe 1st Nongshim Cup was the inaugural edition of the team Go tournament consisting of five players each from China, Japan and South Korea. The tournament began on 16 December 1999 in Shanghai and finished on 28 March 2000. On Lee Chang-ho and Ma Xiaochun met in the final, with Lee defeating China's top player and leading Korea to their first of six straight Nongshim Cup titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159422-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nongshim Cup, Teams\nPreliminaries were held in Korea, while Japan and China sent pre-selected teams. Players listed in order that they appeared for their respective teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159422-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Nongshim Cup, Tournament\nMok Jin-seok of Korea defeated Yamashita Keigo in the first game. He would go on to defeat China representative Qiu Jun before losing to Japanese player Kudo Norio on 19 December. Luo Xihe beat Kudo Norio before the tournament moved to Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159422-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Nongshim Cup, Tournament\nLuo lost to Kim Yeong-sam of Korea, who then lost to Japan's Yoda Norimoto. Korea's Cho Hunhyun defeated Yoda after the Japanese representative eliminated China's Wang Lei from the tournament. The third and final stage moved to Seoul. Korea had three players left (including Hunhyun), while China (Chang Hao and Ma Xiaochun) and Japan (Cho Sonjin and Yamada Kimio) were left with two players each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159422-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Nongshim Cup, Tournament\nCho Hunhyun would lose the opening match of the third stage to Chang, who then stringed together two more victories by defeating Yamada (Japan) and Yoo Changhyuk (Korea). Cho Sonjin of Japan defeated Chang, but then lost his next match against Korea's Lee Chang-ho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers was a unit of Britain's Volunteer Force raised in the County of Norfolk in 1859 as a response to a French invasion threat. It became part of the Territorial Force in 1908 and served under various designations as field artillery in Palestine during World War I, and as heavy anti-aircraft artillery in North Africa and Italy during World War II. It disappeared in a merger in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) was formed at Great Yarmouth on 29 September 1859, with further batteries being added on 23 February and 4 June 1860, and 26 December 1862. In January 1864 several AVCs from Essex and Suffolk were attached to the 1st Norfolk for administration, and in November that year the 1st Administrative Brigade, Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, was formed with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nIn the early years the corps used large coastal artillery guns at Great Yarmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nWhen the Volunteers were reorganised in April 1880 the 1st Norfolk Admin Bde was consolidated into a single unit with headquarters at Great Yarmouth. The batteries were distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nHowever, the Essex volunteers were unhappy with the arrangements and left, so the Suffolk batteries were renumbered as Nos 5, 6 and 7. The unit became the 1st Norfolk (Norfolk & Suffolk) AVC, and was attached to the Eastern Division of the Royal Artillery (RA) in 1882.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nAs well as manning fixed coast defence artillery, some of the early Artillery Volunteers  manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. But the War Office refused to pay for the upkeep of field guns for Volunteers and they had largely died out in the 1870s. In 1888 the 'position artillery' concept was  revived and some Volunteer companies were reorganised as position batteries to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. On 14 July 1892 the 1st Norfolk Volunteer Artillery were reorganised as three position batteries and seven garrison companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Artillery Volunteers 1859\u20131908\nThe Artillery Volunteers were transferred to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) in 1899, and when the RA's divisional structure was abolished on 1 January 1902 the unit was redesignated as the 1st Norfolk RGA (Volunteers). An affiliated Cadet Corps was formed at Beccles in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nIn 1908 on the formation of the Territorial Force the Norfolk batteries of the 1st Norfolk became the I East Anglian Brigade Royal Field Artillery (TF). (The I (1st) Brigade was going to have been numbered II (2nd), but this was changed by October 1908.) Also formed at the same time from the Suffolk batteries was the III East Anglian (Howitzer) Brigade, comprising the 1st and 2nd Suffolk (Howitzer) Batteries and the 3rd East Anglian Ammunition Column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe Commanding Officer (CO) of the 1st Norfolks since 1888 had been Colonel the Earl of Stradbroke, VD; he became Honorary Colonel of the new unit (while remaining CO of the III East Anglian (H) Bde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe brigade formed part of the East Anglian Division of the TF. By 1914 the batteries were each equipped with four 15-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe East Anglian Division began its annual training on 27 July 1914 and by 3 August the divisional artillery had concentrated at the Redesdale training area in Northumberland. When the order to mobilise was given on 4 August, the units returned to their headquarters and then moved to their war stations. By 10 August the division had concentrated around Brentwood, Essex, and on 20 August it moved to Chelmsford and formed part of the coast defences of the UK until the following May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nMeanwhile, the formation of duplicate or 2nd Line TF units from Home Service men and recruits had been authorised, and towards the end of 1914 the 2nd East Anglian Division came into existence at Peterborough. The original (1st Line) I East Anglian Brigade became the 1/I and its 2nd Line became the 2/I East Anglian Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\nThe 1st East Anglian Division was employed on coast defence until May 1915, when it was concentrated at St Albans preparatory to going overseas as the 54th (1st East Anglian) Division. However, when the infantry departed for the Gallipoli Campaign, the divisional artillery was left behind. In August it joined the 2nd Line at Thetford and Brandon, Suffolk, rearmed with modern 18-pounder guns and handed over its obsolete 15-pounders to the 2nd Line batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\nOn 17 November 1915 the 54th Divisional Artillery embarked for France, where it joined 33rd Division, a 'Kitchener's Army' division whose artillery were still under training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\nAfter a month on the Western Front, during which parties of officers and men had been attached for training to other divisions in the Front Line, 54th Divisional Artillery was warned that it was to be transferred to Egypt to rejoin its parent division, which had been withdrawn from Gallipoli. Embarkation began at Marseille on 30 January 1916 and disembarkation was completed at Alexandria by 14 February. The divisional artillery rejoined 54th Division at Mena Camp near Cairo and in April moved into No 1 (Southern) Section of the Suez Canal defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\nOn 29 May 1916 the 1/I East Anglian Brigade was renumbered CCLXX (270) Brigade RFA and its batteries became A, B and C. It was renumbered again on 21 December, becoming CCLXXII (272) Brigade RFA, and was reorganised into two six-gun batteries, with C Battery split up between A and B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\nThe infantry battalions of 54th Division were slowly brought back up to strength with drafts from home during 1916, and by mid-January 1917 the whole division had assembled at Moascar in preparation for the British invasion of Sinai. After crossing the Wilderness, the division took part in the First (26\u20137 March) and Second Battle of Gaza (17\u20139 April)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\nBetween 26 June and 1 July 1917 the brigade was reorganised, with A Bty transferred to CCLXIV Bde of 52nd (Lowland) Divisional Artillery and C (Howitzer) Bty (originally the 1st Suffolk Battery, see above) joining from CCLXXI (1/II East Anglian) Bde. Henceforward the brigade comprised six 18-pounders in B Bty and four 4.5-inch howitzers in C Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\nThe campaign was renewed in the autumn at the Third Battle of Gaza (27 October \u2013 7 November) and the final capture of Gaza (1\u20137 November). At the end of the year the division was engaged in the Battle of Jaffa (21\u201322 December).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\n54th Division was next engaged in the action at Berukin (9\u201310 April 1918). Finally it took part in the opening stage of Allenby's final offensive (the Battle of Megiddo), known as the Battle of Sharon (19\u201323 September).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\nThe division was then taken out of the line and concentrated at Haifa, where it was engaged in repairing communications for the rapidly advancing army. It next moved to Beirut, where it was concentrating when the Armistice of Mudros was signed with Turkey and hostilities ended on 31 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/I East Anglian Brigade\nIn late November 1918 the division was ordered to return to Egypt, the artillery proceeding by sea and arriving in mid-December. Demobilisation began in January 1919, and the TF units were slowly reduced to cadres. In March and April, when its guns had been handed in and about one-third of its men had left, 54th Divisional Artillery was converted into an ad hoc cavalry regiment to act as mounted police during disturbances in Cairo. Demobilisation recommenced in May and was completed in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I East Anglian Brigade\nTraining for the 2nd Line artillery was hindered by the shortage of equipment, and several months passed before guns, horses and harness were received. Even then, only obsolete French De Bange 90 mm cannon were available for training. Early in 1915 the 2nd East Anglian Division (which was numbered 69th in August 1915) concentrated round Thetford, where it formed part of First Army in Central Force. The divisional artillery was distributed around Brandon, Cambridge and Tuddenham. In November the divisional artillery took over the 15-pounder guns released by its 1st Line (see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I East Anglian Brigade\nThe division's role throughout the war was to train drafts of reinforcements for units serving overseas. In May 1916, the 2/I East Anglian Brigade was numbered CCCXLV (345) Bde, the batteries became A, B and C, and it was joined by 2/1st Suffolk (Howitzer) Bty from 2/III East Anglian Brigade, which became D (H) Bty. The following month the division was transferred to Northern Command and moved to Harrogate in North Yorkshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/I East Anglian Brigade\nOn 1 September 1916, C Bty changed places (and designations) with 533 (Howitzer) Battery, RFA, at Cowshott (near Aldershot). In November 1916, B Bty was broken up to bring A and C Btys up to six-gun strength. However, the following month the whole brigade was broken up, with A and D (H) Btys becoming B and D (H) Btys in CCCXLVIII (2/IV East Anglian) Bde and C Bty becoming B Bty in CCCXLVI (2/II East Anglian) Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 3/I East Anglian Brigade\nA 3rd Line Depot brigade (3/I East Anglian Brigade) was formed early in March 1915. At first, training had to be carried out without any guns, harness or horses. In May the unit was affiliated to No 4 TF Artillery School at High Wycombe, which took over training while the 3/Ist became a holding and draft-finding unit. The 3rd Line East Anglian brigades were merged into the school in August 1916, when it became 4th Reserve Brigade, RFA (TF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years, 84th (1st East Anglian) Field Brigade\nWhen the TF was reformed on 7 February 1920 the unit was reformed in 54th (East Anglian) Division as 1st East Anglian Brigade, RFA. On the reconstitution of the TF as the Territorial Army in 1921 it was numbered as 84th (East Anglian) Brigade, RFA,, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 87], "content_span": [88, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years, 84th (1st East Anglian) Field Brigade\nWhen the RFA merged into the Royal Artillery on 1 June 1924, the unit changed its title to a 'Field Brigade, RA', and the subtitle '1st East Anglian' was restored in 1937. The brigade moved into new drill halls at All Saints Green, Norwich, Artillery Square, Great Yarmouth, and Lincoln Road, Peterborough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 87], "content_span": [88, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years, 78th (1st East Anglian) Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nIn 1938, the unit was one of a number of field artillery units selected for conversion to the Anti- Aircraft (AA) role as 78th (1st East Anglian) Anti - Aircraft Regiment, RA (still termed a brigade until 1 January 1939). The process began in November 1938, when 336th (Northamptonshire) Bty joined 135th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, and was replaced by 409th (Suffolk) Independent AA Bty at Lowestoft. (The latter had originally been the 1st Suffolk AVC in the 1st Norfolk Administrative Bn, and later C (H) Bty of CCLXXII Bde, see above.) The new regiment therefore had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Interwar years, 78th (1st East Anglian) Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe regiment was assigned to 41st (London) Anti - Aircraft Brigade in 2nd AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 96], "content_span": [97, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nIn February 1939 the TA's AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command. In June, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations, which in the case of 41st (London) AA Bde was in East Anglia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Phoney War\nOn the evening of Saturday 23 March 1940, a Royal Air Force bomber crashed in flames. Among the first on the scene were Sergeant H. Aspland and Gunners L. Thomas and H. Greenacre of 78th AA Rgt. In spite of the danger of explosion, Sgt Aspland and Gnr Thomas got one member of the crew out from under the wing just before the fuel tank exploded, while Gnr Greenacre carried the unconscious rear gunner to safety. The three men received a commendation from the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of AA Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of Britain and Blitz\nOn 1 June 1940 the AA regiments equipped with 3-inch or newer 3.7-inch guns were redesignated 'Heavy AA' (HAA) regiments. During the Battle of Britain and Blitz, from July 1940 to February 1941, 2nd AA Division split 78th HAA Rgt up into detachments between 32nd (Midland), 40th and 41st (London) AA Bdes, covering airfields in East Anglia and the East Midlands, and 39th AA Bde covering the Humber Gun Zone. By May 1941 the regiment was concentrated in 40 AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of Britain and Blitz\nThe regiment sent a cadre to 205th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, to provide the basis for a new 468 Bty; this was formed on 7 August 1941 and joined the regiment on 6 October 1941 to replace 409 Bty, which transferred to 136th HAA Rgt. By the end of the year the regiment was in 41st AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of Britain and Blitz\nThe regiment later supplied cadres for 506 and 540 (Mixed) HAA Btys formed on 13 January and 5 March 1942 respectively at 206th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, which joined 149th and 158th (Mixed) HAA Rgts ('Mixed' units were those into which women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Battle of Britain and Blitz\nDuring April 1942 the regiment left AA Command (except 468 HAA Bty which joined 136 HAA Rgt, reducing 78th to the three-battery establishment for overseas service) and came under control of the War Office to prepare for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Middle East\n78th HAA Regiment left the UK in June 1942 with 243, 244 and 245 HAA Btys and sailed for the Middle East. The commander of Persia and Iraq Command (PAIFORCE), Gen Henry Maitland Wilson, had urgently requested additional AA units, to cover the vital oilfields and other facilities in case of Luftwaffe attack from the Caucasus, and the regiment joined Ninth Army in October. In the event, the Germans did not break through in the Caucasus and the Luftwaffe was never able to bomb Iraq or Persia, which made the job of AA units in PAIFORCE rather dull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Middle East\nBy January 1943, 78th HAA Rgt was part of 'AA Defence Area Levant' in 20th AA Bde, which covered Haifa, Beirut and Tripoli. The regiment's three batteries between then deployed 20 x 3.7-inch and 4 x 3-inch HAA guns. In November 1943 the regiment moved to Egypt as part of Middle East Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Italy\nFrom January 1944 the regiment was in Italy. Here it came under the command of 8th AA Bde, which was defending airfields in the Brindisi area for Eighth Army. In July the brigade was relieved and moved across Italy to defend Civitavecchia and US airfields on the Tiber plain, then back across to Ancona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Italy\nHowever, by this stage of the Italian Campaign the Luftwaffe was incapable of serious attacks, while the British ground forces were suffering a severe manpower shortage, so many AA units were deemed surplus to requirements and the personnel made available for drafting to other units. 78th HAA Regiment was withdrawn for disbandment in September, and was placed in suspended animation with 243, 244 and 245 HAA Btys on 26 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the unit reformed at Great Yarmouth as 284th (1st East Anglian) (Mixed) HAA Rgt, the 'Mixed' now indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the regiment. (The regiment's previous number was taken when the regular 1st Searchlight Rgt reformed as 78th HAA Rgt.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nMeanwhile, 409th (Suffolk) HAA Bty reformed as 660 HAA Rgt at Lowestoft, became Mixed in 1950 and was disbanded in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nBoth regiments initially formed part of 66th AA Bde (the old 40th AA Bde), though that was disbanded the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159423-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nOn 1 August 1950 the 284th HAA Rgt absorbed the 418th (Norfolk) (M) HAA Rgt (previously 514th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt, originally the Suffolk RGA). AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, resulting in a large number of disbandments and mergers among TA AA units. The 284th HAA Rgt merged with the 389th (Norfolk Yeomanry) LAA Rgt to form 284th (The King's Royal Regiment, Norfolk Yeomanry) LAA Rgt, of which the old 284th formed RHQ and Q Btys, with HQ returning to Norwich. This regiment in turn later merged with 358th (Suffolk Yeomanry) Field Rgt, becoming 308th (Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry) Field Rgt, with HQ moving to Ipswich and ending the Norfolk Artillery Volunteers lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159424-0000-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st North Carolina Cavalry Regiment, initially formed as 9th Regiment, North Carolina State Troops, was a cavalry regiment from North Carolina that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Raised in 1861 it served all over the Eastern Theater until it surrendered with the Army of Northern Virginia in 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159425-0000-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st North Carolina Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. As part of the Army of Northern Virginia it fought in the Eastern Theater until the surrender at Appomattox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159425-0001-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 1st North Carolina Infantry was organized at the race track at Warrenton, North Carolina during the spring of 1861 and mustered in on June 3, 1861 with nearly 1600 officers and men hailing from eleven North Carolina counties. Colonel Montford S. Stokes, a son of North Carolina Governor Montfort Stokes, became its commanding officer. He served in the Navy from 1832 to 1839 and also fought as a Major with the North Carolina Volunteers during the Mexican\u2013American War. The other field officers were Lieutenant-Colonel Matt W. Ransom and Major John A. McDowell. The regiment initially served in Department of North Carolina, and after the First Manassas was relocated to Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159425-0002-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 1st North Carolina joined the Army of Northern Virginia and was brigaded under Brig. Gen. Roswell S. Ripley in the division of Maj. Gen. D.H. Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159425-0003-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Infantry Regiment, History\nOn June 26, 1862 during the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek the 1st North Carolina suffered its first heavy casualties as fifty-four of their own were killed or mortally wounded and over one hundred wounded. Colonel Stokes was mortally wounded and died on July 14, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159425-0004-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Infantry Regiment, History\nAs part of the Second Corps, the 1st North Carolina participated in almost every battle the Army of Northern Virginia fought in the Eastern Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159425-0005-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment surrendered with the army at Appomattox on April 9, 1865; fielding 10 officers and 61 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159426-0000-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Regiment\nThe 1st North Carolina Regiment of the Continental Army was raised on September 1, 1775, at Wilmington, North Carolina (originally authorized by the North Carolina Provincial Congress as state troops but on November 28, 1775, it became part of the Continental Army per direction of the Continental Congress). In January 1776 the organization contained eight companies. Francis Nash was appointed colonel in April 1776. The regiment was present at the defense of Charleston in 1776. It transferred from the Southern Department to George Washington's main army in February 1777. At that time, Thomas Clark became colonel of the 1st Regiment. The regiment became part of General Francis Nash's North Carolina Brigade in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159426-0001-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Regiment, Engagements\nIn 1777 the 1st North Carolina saw action at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown and it was present at White Marsh. Still led by Clark, it fought at Monmouth in June 1778. The North Carolina Brigade marched south under the command of James Hogun and arrived at Charlestown, South Carolina in March 1780. The 1st Regiment was captured by the British army at the Siege of Charleston on May 12, 1780. Clark and 287 men became prisoners. The regiment was reformed in the summer of 1781 and fought well in Jethro Sumner's brigade at Eutaw Springs in September that year. The 1st North Carolina was furloughed on April 23, 1783, at James Island, South Carolina and disbanded on November 15, 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159426-0002-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Regiment, Engagements\nThe complete list of engagements (battles and skirmishes) of the regiment include the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159426-0003-0000", "contents": "1st North Carolina Regiment, Other Officers\nOther officers included the surgeon, surgeon's mater, quartermaster, commissary, chaplain, muster master, deputy muster master, paymaster, and captains. The captains led a company that included a lieutenant, ensign, sergeant, corporal, fifers, drummers, and privates. The original captains of the 1st North Carolina Regiment included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0000-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit formed in the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1860 in response to an invasion scare. The unit later became part of the Territorial Force and served on the Western Front during World War I, while their successors served as anti-aircraft gunners in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0001-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, Origin\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Yorkshire (North Riding) Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) formed at Guisborough on 27 January 1860. It was soon followed by the 2nd Yorkshire (North Riding) AVC at Whitby on 27 March 1860 and a 3rd Corps formed at Middlesbrough in February 1860. However, the 3rd Corps was never properly established and was replaced by the 3rd Yorkshire (North Riding) AVC at Scarborough on 20 May 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0002-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st North Riding AVC at Guisborough was very successful and soon reached a strength of eight companies under the command of Captain (later  Admiral) Thomas Chaloner, RN, of Gisborough Hall, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant. The 2nd and 3rd North Yorkshire AVCs were attached to the 1st Administrative Battalion of Yorkshire (East Riding) AVCs, which actually had its headquarters (HQ) at Scarborough in the North Riding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0003-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nIn 1881 the 1st North Riding AVC moved its HQ to a new drill hall at Grange Road in the growing industrial town of Middlesbrough (No 4 Battery apparently remained at Northgate in Fountain Street, Guisborough), and in 1882 it became part of the Northern Division of the Royal Artillery, transferring to the Western Division in 1889. In 1891 it was converted to the role of  'position artillery', manning semi-mobile guns to operate with the Volunteer Infantry Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0004-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAdmiral Chaloner was succeeded as Lt-Col in 1881 by the 3rd Earl (and future 1st Marquess) of Zetland, a former Regular Army lieutenant in the Royal Horse Guards and Yeomanry captain in the Yorkshire Hussars. (Zetland's father, the 2nd Earl, had drilled all household members at his estates in North Yorkshire every day during the Volunteer craze of 1859\u201360.) Admiral Chaloner became Honorary Colonel of the unit and died in 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0005-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAll Volunteer Artillery units became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) in 1899 and in 1902 the unit was redesignated 1st North Riding Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0006-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the corps became the Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Battery, RGA, equipped with four 4.7-inch guns, and its attached Northumbrian (North Riding) Ammunition Column, RGA. It formed part of the Northumbrian Division of the TF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0007-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 the Northumbrian RGA mobilised at Middlesbrough under the command of Major C.T. Hennah and moved to Monkseaton on 8 August, then to Newcastle upon Tyne on 1 September as part of the Tyne defences. After mobilisation, units of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service, and on 15 August the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0007-0001", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. Thus were formed the 1/1st and 2/1st Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Btys. The 2/1st Bty formed part of the 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0008-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Battery\nThe 1/1st Battery received its embarkation orders on 12 April 1915 and entrained for its port of embarkation on 19 April. It disembarked at Le Havre on 21 April. The Northumbrian Division completed its concentration in the area of Steenvoorde on 23 April and went into action the next day at the Battle of St Julien. The 1/1st Bty was  transferred away from the Northumbrian Division on 6 May to join the XIII Brigade, RGA, and moved to positions in the angle of the Brielen\u2013Vlamertinge\u2013Elverdinge roads, west of the Yser Canal. It took part in the subsequent Battle of Frezenberg, engaging targets north of St Julien on 8 May, when its old 4.7-inch guns 'did fair shooting'. It remained in these positions, supporting troops in the Ypres Salient during May and June 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0009-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Battery\nRGA Brigades, later termed Heavy Artillery Groups (HAGs), moved around the Western Front a good deal, supporting the various armies of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) as operations dictated. 1/1st North Riding Heavy Bty joined 41st HAG with Second Army on 5 October 1916, and then transferred to 51st HAG on 12 December 1916 in time to move to Fourth Army. On 9 February 1917 the four-gun battery was made up to six guns when it was joined by a section from 194th Heavy Battery, a New Army unit that had just arrived from England. By now, the heavy batteries on the Western Front had adopted the 60-pounder in place of the 4.7-inch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0010-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/1st Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Battery\nAfter a spell of rest and training, the battery rejoined 41st HAG with Fourth Army on 20 March 1917, remaining with it (apart from an attachment to 12th HAG with Third Army from 5 to 22 September 1917) until the end of the war. 41st HAG (renamed 41st (Mobile) Brigade RGA on 1 February 1918) served with Second Army from 1 May to 18 August 1918, and then returned to Fourth Army. In the final Hundred Days Offensive until the Armistice with Germany, the 41st Bde together with gunners of the Australian Corps supported troops of the US II Corps (which had no artillery of its own) during the 2nd Battle of Cambrai and Battle of the Selle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0011-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/1st Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Battery\nThe 2nd Line TF units of the Northumbrian Division slowly assembled around Newcastle, where 2nd Northumbrian Divisional HQ opened in January 1915. While under training it was responsible for defending the coast of North East England from Seaham Harbour through Sunderland to Newcastle. In November 1915 the division moved into winter quarters in East Yorkshire, with 2/1st Bty at Hedon. However, thebattery left 63rd Division on 9 November 1915 and thereafter formed part of the Tyne Garrison until the Armistice. It was disbanded between 28 November and 30 December 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 99], "content_span": [100, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0012-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1920 the Northumbrian (North Riding) Heavy Bty, RGA, was reformed at Grange Road, Middlesbrough, as the 2nd North Riding Battery in the 2nd Northumbrian Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (successors to the former 2nd East Riding Artillery Volunteers, which included the old 2nd and 3rd North Riding AVCs). These were redesignated the following year as 292nd (2nd North Riding) Bty and 73rd (Northumbrian) Brigade respectively. 292nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0012-0001", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nserved as the howitzer battery of the brigade, and moved to the Artillery Barracks, Lytton Street, Middlesbrough, in the late 1920s, with the St Mary's College cadet battery attached to it. When the 73rd was converted into the 62nd (Northumbrian) Anti - Aircraft Brigade in 1936, the battery became 175th (2nd North Riding) Anti - Aircraft Battery. Shortly afterwards the 62nd split to form the 85th (Tees) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, which included 175th Bty. It served in the heavy anti-aircraft  role throughout World War II, including the Battle of France and Dunkirk evacuation, the Battle of Britain and Blitz, and the North African and Italian campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159427-0013-0000", "contents": "1st North Riding Artillery Volunteers, Insignia\nThe 1st and 3rd North Yorkshire AVCs wore a distinctive forage or field service cap badge consisting of a Yorkshire Rose surrounded by a strap bearing the words '1st [ or 3rd] N.R. YORK VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY', surmounted by a crown. The waistbelt clasp of the 1st AVC bore the same badge, while that of the 3rd Corps had the Coat of arms of Scarborough within a strap bearing the words '3rd N.R.Y. ARTILLERY VOLS. SCARBRO'. The early pattern of officers' full dress pouch in the 3rd AVC also bore the town's arms. Standard pattern helmet plates were worn from 1878 with the wording on the scrolls reflecting the changes in the unit's title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159428-0000-0000", "contents": "1st North-West Legislative Assembly\nThe 1st North-West Legislative Assembly lasted from 1888 to 1891. This Assembly was the third in the history of the Northwest Territories. The Assembly marked a huge milestone bringing responsible government to the territory for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159428-0001-0000", "contents": "1st North-West Legislative Assembly, Background\nThe 1st Northwest Territories Council was dissolved after reaching the quota of elected members prescribed under the Northwest Territories Act. This precipitated the 1888 Northwest Territories general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159428-0002-0000", "contents": "1st North-West Legislative Assembly, Background\nDespite being an elected body, there were three remaining appointed members left to serve in the Assembly. The three appointees were Legal Advisers they could actively participate in debates and move motions, but did not have a vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159428-0003-0000", "contents": "1st North-West Legislative Assembly, 1st Session\nThe 1st Session of the 1st North-West Legislative Assembly began on October 31, 1888. The festivities began in the morning, with music provided by the North-West Mounted Police Band. The session began at 3:00pm with Lieutenant Governor Joseph Royal entering the chamber escorted by Mounties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159428-0004-0000", "contents": "1st North-West Legislative Assembly, 1st Session\nThe Council opened by electing the first speaker in Northwest Territories history. Herbert Charles Wilson was nominated in a motion moved by Hugh Cayley. Wilson was acclaimed with the unanimous consent of the Assembly. The election for speaker was decided in a caucus meeting prior to the opening of the Assembly. There were to candidates for speaker presented. The first vote resulted in an 11 to 11 tie between James Ross and Wilson. Ross asked that his name be withdrawn but his supporters refused. After two more tie votes, Ross withdrew and Wilson was acclaimed as the choice for speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159428-0005-0000", "contents": "1st North-West Legislative Assembly, 1st Session\nThe throne speech outlined five main areas of concern. The first was the need for provisions to deal with and prevent Prairie Fires. The Lieutenant Governor then called for the repeal of the liquor laws passed by the Temporary North-West Council. The speech also announced the introduction of a bill to provide provisions for collecting vital statistics. Royal also reported on the efforts of his legal committee to consolidate the legislation of the Northwest Territories. The last major portion of the speech outlined the upcoming budgetary estimates to be provided to members from the Lieutenant Governor advisory Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps\nThe 1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteers were a unit of the British Army raised from 1859 onwards as a group of originally separate Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). They later became the 4th Volunteer Battalion of the Northamptonshire Regiment and saw action in the Gallipoli and Palestine campaigns during the First World War. Converted into a searchlight unit between the wars, they served in the defence of the United Kingdom and as an infantry regiment in liberated Norway during the Second World War. Postwar they continued in the air defence role until 1961 when they reverted to infantry as part of the Royal Anglian Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Force and huge enthusiasm throughout Great Britain for joining local RVCs. The War Office issued a Circular Letter on 12 May inviting volunteers, and within three days Earl Spencer had offered to raise a company from his tenants at Althorp in Northamptonshire. This became the Althorp Rifles, later 1st Northamptonshire RVC. The unit had a song, sung to the tune of The British Grenadiers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nWithin months the following units had been raised in the county:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nAll these units were included in the 1st Administrative Battalion, Northamptonshire RVCs, in 1860, under the command of William Fitzroy, Earl of Euston (later 6th Duke of Grafton), as lieutenant-colonel, with Earl Spencer and the Earl of Pomfret as majors. (There was no 2nd Admin Bn in Northamptonshire.) The 1st Northamptonshire RVC established its headquarters (HQ) at Clare Street drill hall, Northampton. Three further volunteer corps were raised in the county and added to the 1st Admin Bn:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nThe 1st Northamptonshire MRV was absorbed by the 4th Northampton RVC in 1863 and the 1st Northampton EVC transferred to the 2nd Tower Hamlets EVC in 1872. Also in 1872, the 4th and 5th RVCs amalgamated to form a new 3rd corps. Sir Henry Fletcher, Baronet, was appointed Captain of the 1st RVC in 1866, and Henry James Fitzroy (later Earl of Euston, nephew of the 6th Duke of Grafton) of the 2nd RVC in 1872. After Fitzroy had been promoted to major in 1874, Sir Hereward Wake, 12th Baronet, was captain of the 2nd RVC from 1877 to 1887, by special permission, because he simultaneously held a commission in the Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nThe Administrative Battalion was consolidated as the 1st Northamptonshire RVC in 1880, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nUnder the Childers Reforms of 1881, the 1st Northampton RVC was attached as a Volunteer Battalion to the Northamptonshire Regiment on 1 July, and formally changed its title to 1st Volunteer Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, in December 1887. (As with the Admin Bn, there was no 2nd Volunteer Bn). The Earl of Euston took over as Lt-Col Commandant on 4 February 1882.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nIn the mobilisation scheme introduced after the Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888, the battalion initially formed part of the South Midland Brigade, which would have assembled at Warwick in the event of war. Later it joined the volunteer battalions of the Suffolk Regiment in the Harwich Brigade, tasked with defending the naval base at Harwich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nBy 1900 the unit had grown to a double battalion of 16 companies distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nIn December 1899 the Volunteers were invited to form special service companies to reinforce their Regular battalions serving in Second Boer War. Volunteers from the 1st VB Northamptons disembarked at Cape Town in February 1900, and took their place as I Company with the 2nd Northamptons, gaining the Battle Honour South Africa 1900\u20131902 for the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Early history\nAfter the Boer War the battalion joined with the volunteer battalions of the Bedfordshire Regiment to form the Bedford Brigade in Eastern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) as part of the Haldane reforms of 1908, the bulk of the 1st Volunteer Bn became the 4th Battalion Northamptonshire Regiment, but the Peterborough companies were converted to form the Northamptonshire Battery of the Royal Field Artillery and the East Midland Brigade Company of the Army Service Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Territorial Force\nThe 4th Bn Northamptonshire Regiment formed part of the East Midland Brigade of the East Anglian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, Mobilisation\nOn 26 July 1914, the 4th Northamptons went into camp at Ashridge Park for annual training. When the order to mobilise was received on 4 August, it returned to its Clare Street drill hall at Northampton and by 10 August the battalion was at its war station at Romford as the East Anglian Division concentrated in Essex. On 20 August it moved to Bury St Edmunds and formed part of the East Coast defences until the following May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, Mobilisation\nMeanwhile, the formation of duplicate or 2nd Line TF units from Home Service men and recruits had been authorised, and towards the end of 1914 the 2nd East Anglian Division came into existence at Peterborough. The original battalion became the 1/4th, and its 2nd Line became the 2/4th. Later a 3/4th Battalion was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons\nAfter the Home Service men and the unfit had been transferred to the 2/4th Bn, the 1/4th was brought up to strength with recruits and training continued at Bury St Edmunds. The battalion moved to Thetford in Norfolk in November 1914. At Easter 1915 the East Anglian Division moved into the coast defences, the 1/4th Bn being stationed in Norwich. In May the battalion moved back to Bury St Edmunds to fit out with tropical kit for overseas service. The 1st East Anglian Division was now numbered as the 54th (East Anglian) Division, with the East Midlands Brigade becoming 162nd (East Midland) Brigade. On 29 July the 1/4th Northamptons entrained, and sailed the following day from Devonport aboard the transport Royal George.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 79], "content_span": [80, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Gallipoli\nIn the early hours of 15 August the battalion transhipped to the destroyers Foxhound and Scourge and ran in to Suvla Bay on the Gallipoli Peninsula, landing from small boats onto the beach. At the end of the day it was moved up to support the rest of 162nd Bde, which had been engaged throughout the day. On 17 August the battalion moved into the front line. In trench warfare it lost three officers and seven other ranks killed, and three officers and 53 other ranks wounded by the end of August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Gallipoli\nAt the beginning of September the 1/4th Northamptons were transferred to 163rd (Norfolk & Suffolk) Bde in 54th Division, and remained with it until the end of the campaign. This brigade held the Hill 60 sector and the battalion spent its time between that place and 'South Wales Borderers Valley'. The trench lines were close together, within hand grenade range, and between 3 September and 30 November the battalion suffered battle casualties of 35 killed and 129 wounded, as well as a large number of sick. On 27 November the battalion was due to be withdrawn for a month's rest at Mudros, but torrential rain brought all movement to a halt, followed by freezing conditions, and the battalion was not relieved until 8 December, having suffered further casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Egypt\nAfter a week at Mudros, the battalion was transferred to Egypt, landing at Alexandria on 18 December. On 30 December it was moved by rail and foot to the Western Desert in support of the cavalry and armoured cars operating against the Senussi before returning to camp near Cairo in January 1916. Here the 54th Division was concentrated, and the battalion was brought up to strength with drafts, including men from the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and Leicestershire Regiment who had seen service on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 86], "content_span": [87, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Egypt\nIn April 1916, after rest, the division took up positions in No 1 (Southern) Section of the Suez Canal defences, remaining in this area for the rest of the year. In the autumn the battalion embarked to join T.E. Lawrence and the Arab Revolt, but the move was countermanded. On 9 January 1917, the 1/4th Northamptons went into camp for training, and at the end of the month entrained for Kantara to begin the march across the Sinai Peninsula preparatory to the advance into Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 86], "content_span": [87, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine\nOn 26 March the 1/4th Northamptons were ordered to entrench a position on the Gaza road to cover the mounted troops during the First Battle of Gaza. However, at midnight they were informed that the action had been broken off and they were in danger of being cut off. After a tricky withdrawal, the battalion rejoined the rest of 162nd Bde. For the Second Battle of Gaza on 17 April, the battalion supported 1/5th Bedfordshire Regiment and 1/11th London Regiment. Two days later the Northamptons took over the lead, advancing towards the Beersheba road against strongly entrenched Turkish troops. The battalion reached but could not enter the trenches, and by 16.30 about 80 per cent of the leading companies had become casualties and they were pinned down. The survivors withdrew after nightfall, having suffered 10 officers and 366 other ranks killed, wounded and missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 964]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine\nStationary trench warfare having set in, the battalion was brought up to strength before a new attempt on the Turkish position (the Third Battle of Gaza) began on 2 November. After the 161st and 163rd Brigades had advanced up the coast to capture the Gaza defences, A Company 1/4th Northamptons was to pass through with tanks in support and capture the positions known as 'Lion', 'Tiger' and 'Dog', north west of Gaza, clear the beach of Wire entanglements to allow the cavalry through, and finally to occupy a defensive line to cover their withdrawal if required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine\nBy 06.30 the first part of the operation had succeeded, and A Company passed through, and captured 'Lion' about 1500 yards further on within an hour, despite the breakdown of the tanks and the ineffectiveness of the covering machine-gun barrage due to mist. The wire on the beach was cleared, but the remaining objectives could not be taken before the Turks counter-attacked. The company was so far ahead of support that it had to be withdrawn. Further attempts at the same operation also failed in face of counterattacks. The Northamptons suffered heavy casualties: five officers and 45 other ranks killed, three officers and 129 other ranks wounded, and 33 missing. However, the attack on the Beersheba position was successful and the Turks retreated, the 1/4th reaching the outskirts of Jaffa by 25 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine\nOn 27 November the weak (400 strong) battalion distinguished itself at Wilhelma, decisively repulsing three attacks made by 3000 Turks with ample artillery support. When the battalion's flanks were threatened, the CO ordered counter-attacks by two platoons on each flank to restore the position. The action protected the vital Jaffa\u2013Jerusalem road, the main supply route for the British force advancing to capture Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine\nThe next forward movement was not until March 1918, after which trench warfare set in again. In June the 54th Division was ordered to reinforce the Western Front, the 4th Northamptons entraining for Kantara. But the order was rescinded and the 54th returned to Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine\nThe final offensive of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), known as the Battle of Megiddo, opened on 19 September 1918 with the Battle of Sharon. 162nd Brigade formed the second wave, attacking at 09.40 into considerable machine-gun and shell fire. The battalion pressed on despite the heat and casualties (including the CO mortally wounded) and reached their objective by 06.45 the following morning after a running fight of 14 miles in which it had taken numerous German and Turkish prisoners for the loss of 75 killed and wounded. As a result of the EEF's attacks on 19/20 September, the Turks retreated and the cavalry took up pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 1/4th Northamptons, Palestine\n54th Division was then taken out of the line and concentrated at Haifa, where it was engaged in repairing communications for the rapidly advancing army. Although the 4th Northamptons marched north, reaching Beirut on 31 October, they saw no more fighting; the Armistice of Mudros was signed on that day. On 4 December they embarked to return to Kantara by sea. In early 1919 the battalion took part in suppressing riots in Egypt, which delayed demobilisation. The cadre of the battalion reached Northampton on 4 November 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 90], "content_span": [91, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 2/4th Northamptons\nThe 2/4th Battalion formed at Northampton on 27 November 1914. It constituted part of 2nd East Midland Brigade in 2nd East Anglian Division. Early in 1915, the division (which was numbered 69th in August 1915, with the 2nd East Midland Brigade becoming 207th) concentrated round Thetford, where it formed part of First Army in Central Force. The 2nd Line TF divisions were now being prepared to follow the 1st Line overseas, and in May 1915 the remaining Home Service men were removed from the battalion and posted to the 62nd Provisional Battalion (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 79], "content_span": [80, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 2/4th Northamptons\nHowever, the constant drain of trained drafts sent overseas meant that the 69th Division was never ready for active service, and it remained on Home Defence for the whole war. It moved to Harrogate in North Yorkshire in June 1916, then to Stockton-on-Tees in October. By May 1917 it was at Carburton Camp in Nottinghamshire, moving by October to Clipstone Camp. The weakened 2/4th Bn was disbanded on 14 March 1918 at Clipstone and its remaining personnel posted to the 4th Reserve Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 79], "content_span": [80, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 3/4th Northamptons\nThe 3/4th Battalion was formed at Northampton on 12 May 1915. It moved to Windsor Great Park in August, and then to Halton Park in October. On 8 April 1916 it was renamed the 4th Reserve Bn, forming part of the East Anglian Reserve Brigade at Halton. In August 1917 the battalion moved again, to Crowborough, where it later absorbed the 2/4th Bn. In September 1918 it moved to St Leonards-on-Sea and remained there until disbanded on 28 July 1919 after the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 79], "content_span": [80, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 62nd Provisional Battalion\nIn June 1915, the Home Service men of the 2/4th Northamptons were posted, togetherwith those of the 2/1st Cambridgeshire Regiment, to form the 62nd Provisional Battalion. This was a coast defence battalion forming part of 3rd Provisional Brigade, attached to 69th Division in Norfolk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 87], "content_span": [88, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, First World War, 9th Northamptons\nThe Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Battalions thus became anomalous, and on 1 January 1917 the 62nd Bn became 9th Bn Northamptonshire Regiment in 223rd Mixed Brigade. Part of its role was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. Based initially at Cley next the Sea, it moved to Sheringham in mid-1918 and remained on the Norfolk coast until disbandment on 24 March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Interwar\nThe 4th Bn Northamptonshire Regiment was reformed with the TF on 7 February 1920 (the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) the following year). Once again, it formed part of 162 (East Midlands) Brigade in 54 (East Anglian) Division. The four companies were at Northampton, Rushden, Wellingborough and Kettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Interwar\nIn 1930 a machine-gun company was added to the establishment and the 4th Battalion was reorganised with HQ, A and B (Machine Gun) Companies at Northampton (with a platoon at Towcester), C Company at Wellingborough, Rushden, Raunds and Irthlingborough, and D Company at Kettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Interwar\nIn the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA infantry battalions into searchlight battalions of the Royal Engineers (RE). The 4th Northamptons was one unit selected for this role, becoming 50th (The Northamptonshire Regiment) AA Battalion, RE, on 1 October 1937, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Interwar\nThe unit was subordinated to 34th (South Midland) AA Group (later Brigade) (later Brigade) as part of 2nd AA Division in Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mobilisation\nThe TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mobilisation\nIn June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. By now 50th (Northamptonshire) AA Bn was part of 32nd (Midland) AA Brigade in 2nd AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mobilisation\nOn 1 August 1940, in common with the other RE AA battalions, the unit was transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA), becoming 50th (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA., with the AA Companies redesignated Searchlight Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 74], "content_span": [75, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Blitz\nBy the Blitz of late 1940, 50 Searchlight Rgt had been transferred within 2 AA Division to 50th Light AA Bde, responsible for the air defence of Derby and Nottingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Blitz\nThe regiment supplied a cadre of experienced officers and men to 233rd S/L Training Rgt at Saighton Camp where it provided the basis for a new 556 S/L Bty formed on 13 February 1941. This battery later joined a newly forming 92nd S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Blitz\nIn 1941 the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the Gun Defended Areas (GDA) around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mid-war\nBy the end of the Blitz in May 1941, 50th S/L Rgt was in 50th Light AA Bde in 2nd AA Division, and remained with it until June 1942 when it joined a newly formed 72nd AA Bde in 2nd AA Division, though 402 and 403 Btys remained attached to 50th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mid-war\nOn 10 September 1942, 400 (Northampton) Battery was transferred to 30th (Surrey) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, which was preparing for service overseas. The regiment landed at Algiers in January 1943 and was the only British searchlight unit serving with Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ) in North Africa. 400 Battery later moved into Tunisia as part of '30/62 S/L Regiment'. During the Italian Campaign, 30 S/L Regiment was once again the only British searchlight unit operating under AFHQ, but late in 1943 it was placed in suspended animation and its personnel dispersed to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Mid-war\n50th (Northampton) S/L Rgt remained with 72nd AA Bde until December 1942, when it left to join 47th AA Bde in 2 AA Group (which had replaced 2nd AA Division). It remained with this brigade throughout 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Operation Diver\n2 AA Group was responsible for defending the assembly camps, depots and embarkation ports for Operation Overlord (the Allied invasion of Normandy) and was planning for the expected onslaught of V-1 flying bombs (codenamed 'Divers') against London. Meanwhile, the group had to deal with a sharp increase in Luftwaffe air raids trying to reach London (the so-called 'Baby Blitz'), which continued until May. In June 1944 47 AA Bde was disbanded but 50th S/L Rgt simply transferred within 2 AA Gp to the command of 38th Light AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, Operation Diver\nOn 13 June, a week after the Overlord fleets had left to launch D Day, the first V-1s appeared over southern England. 2 AA Group deployed its Light AA guns alongside S/L positions, hoping that the Searchlight Control radar (SLC) could guide the LAA guns at night. By day, the S/L positions used their AA Light machine guns in an effort to bring down the fast-moving missiles. The early success rate was low, but later fighter aircraft and radar-directed Heavy AA guns achieved high rates of success against V-1s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 77], "content_span": [78, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, 637 (Northamptonshire Regiment) Infantry Regiment, RA\nBy the end of 1944, the German Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks on the UK could be discounted. At the same time 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe was suffering a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. On 23 January 1945 the War Office began to reorganise surplus AA regiments in the UK into infantry battalions, primarily for line of communication and occupation duties, thereby releasing trained infantry for frontline service. On 23 January 1945 the regiment became 637 (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Infantry Regiment, RA. It formed part of 304 Infantry Bde (itself formed by conversion of 38th Light AA Bde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 115], "content_span": [116, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, 637 (Northamptonshire Regiment) Infantry Regiment, RA\nIn February the surplus (older or unfit) men were sent to Bursledon, near Southampton, where 82nd S/L Rgt was acting as a holding unit. The men remained with that regiment while they were awaiting posting or demobilisation. The regiment's Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) women were posted to AA brigade HQs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 115], "content_span": [116, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Second World War, 637 (Northamptonshire Regiment) Infantry Regiment, RA\nAfter infantry training, including a short period attached to 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division, 304 Bde was sent to Norway in June 1945 following the liberation of that country (Operation Doomsday). Afterwards it was placed in suspended animation at Much Hadham, Hertfordshire, on 10 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 115], "content_span": [116, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the regiment was reformed as 585 (The Northamptonshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, RA, forming part of 76 AA Bde (the former 50 AA Bde). It retained the right to wear the Northamptons' cap badge. The regiment was redesignated a Mixed Light Anti- Aircraft/Searchlight Regiment in March 1949 ('Mixed' indicating that personnel of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated within the unit).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Postwar\nWhen AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, there was a considerable reduction in the number of TA air defence units. As a result, 585 Regiment was amalgamated with 262 Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment and 579 (Royal Leicestershire Regiment) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment to form 438 (Royal Leicestershire Regiment) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment. The former 585 Rgt provided R (Northamptonshire Regiment) Battery in the new unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Postwar\nHowever, 438 LAA Regiment only lasted until 1961, when it was broken up. R Battery reverted to infantry and merged with 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, to become 4th/5th Bn Northamptonshire Regiment, subsequently part of the Royal Anglian Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Uniforms and insignia\nThe original uniform was grey with scarlet facings and the headgear was a shako, in which the 5th Northampton RVC wore a red tuft. The shako was replaced by a spiked helmet in 1879. When the Volunteers were affiliated to the Regular county regiments they were given the option of adopting the scarlet coat, but the 1st Northampton VB rejected this and retained the grey jacket. Only when the battalion became the 4th Northamptons did it adopt a scarlet uniform faced in white. The facings were changed to the buff of the old 48th Foot (1st Bn Northampton Regiment) in 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Uniforms and insignia\nIn common with the Regular Rifle regiments, the Rifle Volunteers did not carry Regimental colours: the battalion's first colours were presented in June 1909 after it had become the 4th Northamptons in the TF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Uniforms and insignia\nUpon conversion to the RE and then the RA, the battalion was granted the right to retain its county regiment association by continuing to wear the Northamptonshire Regiment cap badge. This was kept until the amalgamation of 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Battle Honours\nGaza was one of the 10 honours selected by the whole Northamptonshire Regiment to be emblazoned on the King's Colour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159429-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, Battle Honours\nThe RE and RA do not carry battle honours, so none were awarded for service during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry, or 1st NE Missouri Cavalry was a Confederate Army regiment during the American Civil War. One of the commanders was Colonel Joseph C. Porter, who led 125 men through the Battle of Moore's Mill. This regiment was known for its guerrilla warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Memphis\nThis battle was on June 6, 1862, in Scotland County, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Vassar Hill\nThis battle was on July 19, 1862, and was the largest Civil War battle in Scotland County of North East Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Vassar Hill\nThe battle took place on a wooden bridge over the North Fork of the Fabius River. The Pierce's Mill area is a few hundred yards to the northwest and upstream of the bridge crossing. Oak Ridge is south across and all along the bottom land/timbered hill interface running northwest to southeast following the stream valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Vassar Hill\nThe Battle of Vassar Hill was fought between the Federal forces of Missouri and the confederates. Col. Porter assembled his 125 riders at Memphis, gave them the plan/orders of the day and rode to the Pierce's Mill area. Looking for Porter's riders was a 280-man Federal detachment composed of a battalion of the 11th Missouri Cavalry (the Merrill Horse) and a detachment of the 11th MO State Militia. Major Clopper was in command of the Federal riders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Florida\nThis battle was on July 22, 1862, in Monroe County, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Santa Fe\nThis battle was on July 24, 1862, in Monroe County, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Moore's Mill\nThis battle was on July 28, 1862, in Callaway County, Missouri, with a Union victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Newark\nThis battle was on August 1, 1862, in Knox County, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159430-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Battle of Kirksville\nThis battle was on August 6, 1862, in Kirksville, Adair County, Missouri with a Union victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159431-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Northern Provincial Council\nThe 1st Northern Provincial Council is the current meeting of the Northern Provincial Council, with the membership determined by the results of the 2013 provincial council election held on 21 September 2013. The council met for the first time on 25 October 2013. According to the Constitution of Sri Lanka the maximum term of a provincial council is 5 years from the date of its first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159431-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Northern Provincial Council, Election\nThe 1st Northern Provincial Council election was held on 21 September 2013. The Tamil National Alliance (TNA), the largest party representing the Sri Lankan Tamils, won 30 of the 38 seats. The United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA), which was in power nationally, became the second largest group after winning 7 seats. The Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) won the remaining seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159431-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Northern Provincial Council, Election, Results\nThe new provincial council met for the first time on 25 October 2013. C. V. K. Sivagnanam (TNA-ITAK) and Anton Jeyanathan (TNA-ITAK) were elected unopposed as Chairman and Deputy Chairman respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159431-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Northern Provincial Council, Government/Board of Ministers\nC. V. Vigneswaran was appointed Chief Minister by Governor G. A. Chandrasiri on 1 October 2013. Vigneswaran took his oath as chief minister and provincial councillor in front of President Mahinda Rajapaksa at the Presidential Secretariat on 7 October 2013. The four other ministers took their oaths in front of Vigneswaran at Veerasingam Hall on 11 October 2013: P. Ayngaranesan (TNA-EPRLF); B. Deniswaran (TNA-TELO); T. Kurukularajah (TNA-ITAK); and P. Sathiyalingam (TNA-ITAK).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159431-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Northern Provincial Council, Deaths and resignations\nThe 1st provincial council saw the following deaths and resignations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159432-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council\nThe 1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council was the 8th assembly of the territorial government lasting from the election on September 17, 1951 to dissolution in 1954. This council would see elected members returned it for the first time since 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159432-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Powers increase\nFollowing the 1951 election, legislation to amend the Northwest Territories Act introduced in the House of Commons to increase the powers of the council. Provisions in the legislation also allowed them to re-establish a territorial court of law, as well as provide for the appointment of a police magistrate and increase the living allowance for members of the council while it is in session to $25.00 from $15.00 a day and to keep the pay per session day at $50.00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 62], "content_span": [63, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159432-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Powers increase\nThe legislation also increased the number of elected seats to four and provided for a federally managed Reindeer Marketing Board to portion off Reindeer herds to Inuit family's to encourage establishment of Reindeer farms. The federal government passed these initiatives to help assert arctic sovereignty and prevent the United States from taking over the north lands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 62], "content_span": [63, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159432-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Financial situation\nIn 1953 the territory recorded a budgetary surplus along with the Yukon. The inflow of cash came from government controlled liquor that netted over $150,000 to the treasury along with over $260,000 in federally collected taxes being returned to the territory. Other contributing sources were a 1 cent per gallon tax on all petroleum products, a fur export tax and various licensing fees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159432-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Membership\nA total of eight members served on the council, with five appointed and three elected. The three elected all came from the District of Mackenzie while the five appointed members lived in Ottawa. Previous to this council the last elected members sat in the 5th North-West Legislative Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159432-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Membership\nTwo appointed members of the council were returned from the 2nd Council of the Northwest Territories. They were Louis Audette and Deputy Commissioner Frank Cunningham who served by default as the presiding officer on the council. The Commissioner and leader of the government at the beginning of the council was Hugh Andrew Young who had served as such since 1950. Young left office on November 15, 1953, when his replacement Robert Gordon Robertson was appointed on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159432-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Northwest Territories Legislative Council, Membership\nThe only membership change in the council came in 1953 when Mervyn Hardie vacated his seat to run in the 1953 Canadian federal election. He won the district of Mackenzie River to be the first Member of Parliament for the territory since 1904. A by-election was not called to fill his seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159434-0000-0000", "contents": "1st November of 1954 Great Mosque\n1st November of 1954 Great Mosque (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 1 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1954\u200e) is a mosque in the city of Batna, Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159434-0001-0000", "contents": "1st November of 1954 Great Mosque, History\nThe Construction of the mosque began in 1980. It was constructed as an installation to celebrate Islam. It was completed in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159434-0002-0000", "contents": "1st November of 1954 Great Mosque, Site\nThe mosque is located in the street bound to the city of Biskra, I has a area size of 42,000 square meters with the  maximum capacity of accommodating 30,000 worshipers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159435-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Nunavut Legislature\nThe 1st Legislative Assembly of Nunavut lasted from 1999 to 2004. Nineteen Members were elected in the 1999 Nunavut General Election. The legislative assembly runs on a Consensus style government, members are elected as non-partisan and the assembly meets as a whole to elect a Premier, the cabinet and the Speaker. The Premier hands out the cabinet jobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159435-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Nunavut Legislature\nThe cabinet is considered the government and the Regular members are considered the opposition. The make up of the assembly acts as a minority parliament. The cabinet must gain the support of the Regular members in order to pass bills. Traditionally the cabinet votes as a block known as cabinet solidarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159436-0000-0000", "contents": "1st OTO Awards\nThe 1st OTO Awards, honoring the best in Slovak popular culture for the year 2000, took time and place on February 3, 2001 at the Andrej Bagar Theatre in Nitra. The ceremony broadcast live by STV was hosted by Tibor Hlista.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159436-0001-0000", "contents": "1st OTO Awards, Winners and nominees, Main categories\n\u2605 Dere\u0161 \u2013 Mark\u00edza Telev\u00edzne noviny \u2013 Mark\u00edza Sensi Senzus \u2013 STV", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival\nThe First Odesa International Film Festival (Ukrainian: \u041e\u0434\u0435\u0301\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0301\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0456\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0301\u043b\u044c) was held in Odessa (Ukraine) from 16 to 24 July 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival\nScreenings included in the competition program consisted of 16 feature-length films from United States, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Ukraine, Poland, Japan, Germany, Peru, Russia, India, United Kingdom, Canada (premiering in 2010) and the non-competition program consisted of over 50 films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival\nThe international jury of the first festival was headed by Dutch film maker Jos Stelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival\nGuests of the festival included Hollywood actor Rutger Hauer, directors Vadim Perelman, Krzysztof Zanussi, Kira Muratova, Yuri Mamin; actors Gr\u00e9goire Colin, Vladimir Mashkov, Emmanuil Vitorgan, Alika Smekhova, Larisa Udovichenko, Yuriy Stoyanov, Sergei Migitsko, and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival\nScreenings are held at five city movie theaters. The opening and closing ceremonies are hosted at the famed Odessa Opera House. The central platform for screenings, special events, and the home of festival headquarters is the \"Rodina\" Movie Theater. The Odessa Film Studio serves as the home-base of master classes (in the framework of the Summer Film School project) for the duration of the festival. The first festival was attended by over 40 thousand audience members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival\nAfter days full of screenings, the participants enjoy evening parties on the seashore beach clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Non-competitive program\nA program entitled \"Festival of Festivals\" made up the non-competitive portion of the festival. This lineup included special screenings, retrospectives of famed filmmakers \u2013 Federico Fellini and Kira Muratova, a retrospective of the best comedies of the Odessa Film Studio, and special French and Russian programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Special screenings\nA unique and grandiose affair of the festival became the screening of Sergei M. Eisenstein's masterpiece \"Battleship Potemkin\" shown in the open air on the Potemkin Steps with live musical accompaniment by a symphonic orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Summer Film School\nThe festival also included the special project \u2013 Summer Film School which incorporated Master Classes with special guests of the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Summer Film School\nIn the course of the 1st Odessa Film Festival master classes were given by Hollywood actor Rutger Hauer; directors Krzysztof Zanussi, Vadim Perelman, Kira Muratova, Jos Stelling and Yuri Mamin; film connoisseur Naum Kleiman; writer Lubko Deresh; producer Sergey Chiliants and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners\nOn 24 July 2010, at the closing ceremony in the Opera House, the jury announced the winners of the 1st Odessa International Film Festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners\nGrand Prix of the Festival - Best film - \" \", directed by Andrey Kavun (\u00a0Russia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners\nBest director - Juliusz Machulski, author of the film \" \" (\u00a0Poland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners\nBest acting work - Jaap Spijkers, the leading actor in the movie \"\", directed by Annemari van de Mond (\u00a0Netherlands).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners\nSpecial Jury Award \u2013 the film \"My Suicide\", directed by David Lee Miller (\u00a0United States).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners\nSpecial Jury Award \u2013 the film \"October\", directed by Daniel and Diego Vega (\u00a0Peru, \u00a0Spain).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159437-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Odessa International Film Festival, Winners\nAudience's Award \u2013 the film \" \", directed by Andrey Kavun (\u00a0Russia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment\nThe 1st Officer General Markov Regiment was the first of the military units of the Volunteer Army (later the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and the Russian Army), which received the patronage of one of the founders of the White Movement in southern Russia of the General Staff of Lieutenant General Sergey Markov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nDate of foundation \u2013 November 17, 1917 \u2013 the day General Alekseev visited Novocherkassk Infirmary No. 2 on Barochnaya Street, after which an Officer Company was organized from the first volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nWith the beginning of the First Kuban campaign in the village of Olginskaya, the Volunteer Army was reorganized by converting small units into larger units. On February 25, 1918, the regiment was formed from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Officer Battalions, the Shock Division of the Caucasian Cavalry Division, part of the 3rd Kiev School of Warrant Officers, the Rostov Officer and the Sea Company, as the Combined Officer Regiment, who later received a personal patronage of his first commander, General Markov. Initially, it consisted of 4 companies and a communications team and bombers with 13 machine guns. In mid-March 1918, the Special Junker Battalion (5th and 6th companies) was included in the regiment as the second battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nAlready during the Ice Campaign, the Combined Officer Regiment began to be called the Officer Regiment; from mid-March 1918, it was part of the 1st Infantry Brigade under the command of General Markov. On June 9, 1918, it was renamed the 1st Officer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nOn June 25, 1918, at the very beginning of the Second Kuban campaign, General Markov was killed in a battle near Shablievka station, who commanded the 1st Infantry Division of the Volunteer Army by that time. The departing red armored train fired the last shots, and a fragment of the head of the general who was watching the battle progress from the stack was demolished by a fragment of one of the shells. Now in this already city \u2013 Salsk \u2013 a monument has been erected to General Markov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nOn black, Markov epaulets, henceforth was the monogram of General Markov: \"Markov\" and the monogram \u2013 \"General Markov\" for the 1st Company of the Regiment \u2013 \"the Company of General Markov\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nAt the end of the Second Kuban campaign, almost without respite, the regiment was transferred to the Coal Basin, where, together with other parts of the Volunteer Army, it waged heavy battles against the Makhnovists and Red Army soldiers. It suffered losses in battles of up to 300 people, but was replenished with volunteers and reached the number of 1,500 people with 30 machine guns \u2013 the 4th Battalion was a combined battalion from the Siberian and Kabardin Regiments of 400 bayonets, which arrived from the Southern Army. Later, regiment participated in a Moscow campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nBy order of July 25, 1919, the formation of the 2nd Officer General Markov Regiment began. It was finally formed on August 27, 1919 in Kharkov on the basis of the 4th and Reserve Battalions and officer personnel of the 7th Company of the Markov Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nOn October 16, 1919, the 3rd Officer General Markov Regiment was formed. Its formation was carried out since September and took place in Kharkov on the basis of the 9th Officer Company of the 1st Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nBy order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia of October 27, 1919, the 1st Infantry Division, which included all three Markov regiments, was divided into Kornilov Shock and Officer General Markov Infantry Divisions. In addition to the Markov regiments, the Artillery General Markov Brigade formed on October 28, 1919 on the basis of the 1st Artillery Brigade, as well as the 1st Separate Engineering General Markov Company, became part of the formed division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nIn the spring and autumn of 1919, reserve battalions of the Markov division were created \u2013 one for the entire division and one for each regiment, whose personnel were used to replenish combat units. The battalions were disbanded in early 1920. In this composition, the division was part of the 1st Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nOn December 31, 1919, during the retreat of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, the Markov Division in the Donbass was encircled in the village of Alekseevo-Leonovo and lost two-thirds of the personnel. After the restoration of its strength, in January 1920, it successfully held the defense south of Rostov-on-Don. But during the retreat of Denikin's army deep into the Kuban, he was defeated again on February 29 in the battle near the village of Olginskaya, after which on March 1 the division was reorganized into the Officer General Markov regiment. Colonel Alexander Bleish was appointed commander. The artillery brigade was reduced to the Separate Artillery General Markov Division, the horse-drawn hundreds \u2013 to the Horse Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nMarkovites were assigned to Novorossiysk. Poured replenishment allowed the deployment of the Markov division again as part of 3 regiments and an artillery brigade. The total composition of the division reached almost 3800 people \u2013 of which 906 officers. At the same time, the 1st Officer General Markov Regiment consisted of 284 officers with 549 soldiers \u2013 this regiment was the largest in the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nAfter the evacuation of Markov units from Novorossiysk to Crimea, on March 26, 1920, the division was restored. In Crimea, it became part of the formed 1st Army Corps. The division was replenished to almost 4,5 thousand people, and the 1st Regiment consisted of 1043 people (375 of which were officers) with 27 machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nOn May 11, 1920, after the renaming of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia by General Peter Wrangel to the Russian Army, the Officer General Markov Division was renamed the General Markov Infantry Division (in accordance with this renaming, the regiments of the division were also called \"infantry\"). In the summer of 1920, reserve battalions of regiments and divisions were re-created as part of the division (the latter was intended for deployment in the 4th Regiment, the formation of which was begun in October).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nAs part of the 1st Army Corps, the Markov Division participated in battles in Northern Tavria and the Zadniprovsky operation. In the last battle, the Markovites, not receiving the support of the Drozdovites, wavered and began to retreat. Colonel Tretyakov shot himself. Markovites with difficulty were able to break into the Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nThe brigade from the 1st and 3rd Markov Infantry Regiments, led by Colonel Pyotr Sagaidachny, participated in the last battles of the Russian Army of General Wrangel in Crimea in November 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nThe regiment guarded the Chongar Isthmus. The order to retreat was not delivered to them on time. All White Guard units then left, even the armored train. The colonel realized that it was necessary to make a quick decision, and, subjugating the 3rd regiment, hurriedly led the brigade south. Soon the Cossack rode up with a report that we should retreat \u2013 with a delay of 3 hours. But the Markovites almost caught up with their leaving column. In parallel to them was the numerous Red Cavalry. Ahead from the Kurman-Kemelchi station, firing off, white armored trains left and the Markovites turned out to be surrounded. Closing in the square they volleys and machine guns did not allow the red cavalry to cut into their ranks. The early twilight came and allowed them to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nIn early November 1920, the division, along with other parts of the Russian army, was evacuated from Crimea. On November 27 in Gallipoli, the remainder of the division was reduced to the Markov Regiment and the Markov Artillery Division. For the ranks of the regiment in exile, a breastplate was installed in the form of a black Maltese cross with a white narrow border, in the center \u2013 a black rectangle with diagonally intersecting lines, surrounded by a silver crown of thorns; at the ends of the cross dates: \"12\", \"Feb\", \"19\", \"18\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159438-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Officer General Markov Regiment, History\nIn 1922, after moving to Bulgaria, the Markovites ceased to exist as separate military units, entering the Russian All-Military Union in 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio August 17-October 30, 1861, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Owen P. Ransom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to October 1862. (Companies F, I, K, L, and M attached to 5th Division, Army of the Ohio, May to October 1862.) Zahm's 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. (Companies F, I, K, L, and M attached to II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862.) 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to March 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Wilson's Cavalry Corps, Military Division of Mississippi, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, Wilson's Cavalry Corps, to May 1865. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, Wilson's Cavalry Corps, and Department of Georgia, to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Ohio Cavalry mustered out of service on September 13, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft State for Louisville, Ky., December 9, 1861. Company B was at Headquarters of Gen. Mitchel in Kentucky October to December 1861. Action at West Liberty, Ky., October 23. Rejoined regiment at Louisville, Ky., December 1861. Operations near Greensburg and Lebanon, Ky., January 28-February 2, 1862. Moved to Louisville, Ky., February 14, thence to Nashville, Tenn., February 28-March 3. Advance on Columbia March 14\u201315. Near Columbia March 15. March to Savannah, Tenn., March 28-April 7, thence moved to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. Advance on and siege of Corinth, Miss., April 29-May 30. Pursuit to Booneville May 30-June 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nReconnaissance toward Carrollville and Baldwyn June 3. Skirmish at Blackland June 3. Osborn's and Wolf Creeks, near Blackland, June 4 (Companies E, I, and M). Guard duty along Memphis & Charleston Railroad until August. Near Russellsville July 3 (Companies B & G). Expedition to Decatur, Ala., July 12\u201316 (detachment). Near Davis Gap July 12 (detachment). Near Decatur July 15 (Company I). Pond Springs July 24. Courtland and Trinity July 25 (detachment). Moved to Dechard, Tenn., August 1. Salem August 6. Scout to Fayetteville August 17\u201320. March to Louisville. Ky., in pursuit of Bragg August 21-September 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201322. Cedar Church, near Shepherdstown, October 3. Bardstown October 4. Battle of Perryville October 8 (detachment). Pursuit of Bragg to London October 10\u201322. Harrodsburg October 13. Stanford October 14. March to Nashville, Tenn., October 22-November 7. Duty there until December 26. Franklin December 12 and 26. Reconnaissance from Rural Hill December 20. Advance on Murfreesboro December 26\u201330. Nolinsville December 26. Near Murfreesboro December 29\u201330. Battle of Stones River December 30\u201331, 1862 and January 1\u20133, 1863. Overall's Creek December 31, 1862. Shelbyville Pike January 5. Duty at Lavergne until June. Reconnaissance from Lavergne May 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0004-0003", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nTullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Moore's Ford, Elk River, July 2. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Expedition to Huntsville July 13\u201322. Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River, and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Reconnaissance from Stevenson to Trenton, Ga., August 28\u201331. Reconnaissance from Winston's Gap to Broomtown Valley September 5. Alpine, Ga., September 3 and 8. Reconnaissance from Alpine toward Lafayette, Ga., September 10. Alpine September 11. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19\u201321. Cotton Port Ford, Tennessee River, September 30. Operations against Wheeler and Roddy September 30-October 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0004-0004", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nGreenville October 2. McMinnville October 4. Farmington October 7. Sim's Farm, near Shelbyville, October 7. At Paint Rock until November 18. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Raid on East Tennessee & Georgia Railroad November 24\u201327. Charleston November 26. Cleveland November 27. March to relief of Knoxville, Tenn., November 28-December 8. Near Loudoun December 2. Expedition to Murphey, N. C., December 6\u201311. Charleston and Calhoun December 28. Regiment reenlisted January 4, 1864. Demonstration on Dalton, Ga., February 22\u201327, 1864 (non-veterans). Near Dalton February 23. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. Tunnel Hill February 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0004-0005", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nBuzzard's Roost February 27. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8, 1864. Decatur, Ala.. May 26. Courtland Road, Ala., May 26. Pond Springs, near Courtland, May 27. Moulton May 28\u201329. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. McAffee's Cross Roads June 11. Noonday Creek June 15\u201319 and 27. Kennesaw Mountain June 21. Near Marietta June 23. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Rottenwood Creek July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Raid to Covington July 22\u201324. Siege of Atlanta July 24-August 15. Garrard's Raid to South River July 27\u201331. Flat Rock Bridge and Lithonia July 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0004-0006", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nKilpatrick's Raid around Atlanta August 18\u201322. Flint River and Red Oak August 19. Jonesboro August 19. Lovejoy's Station August 20. Operations at Chattahoochee River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2. Operations against Hood and Forest in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. Near Lost Mountain October 4\u20137. New Hope Church October 5. Dallas October 7. Rome October 10\u201311. Narrows November 11. Coosaville Road, near Rome, November 13. Near Summerville October 18. Little River October 20. Blue Pond and Leesburg October 21. Coosa River October 25. Ladiga, Terrapin Creek, October 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0004-0007", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Louisville, Ky., and, duty there until December. Ordered to Gravelly Springs, Ala., December 28, and duty there until March 1865. Wilson's Raid to Macon, March 22-April 24. Near Montevallo March 31. Ebenezer Church April 1. Selma April 2. Montgomery April 12\u201313. Crawford and Girard April. Columbus and West Point April 16. Capture of Macon April 20. Irwinsville, Ga., May 10. Capture of Jefferson Davis. Duty in Georgia and South Carolina until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nCompanies A and C were the first to organize and were thus ordered to western Virginia September 17, 1861. Attached to Army of Occupation, western Virginia, to October 1861. Cheat Mountain District, western Virginia, to January 1862. Landers' Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Shields' 2nd Division, Banks' V Corps, and Department of the Shenandoah, to May 1862. Cavalry, Shields' Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. Headquarters II Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Price's Cavalry Brigade, Military District of Washington, D.C., to March 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\n2nd Brigade, Stahel's Cavalry Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to June 1863. Headquarters 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to December 1863. Defenses of Washington, D.C., to January 1864. Participating in skirmish at Bloomery Gap, Va., February 4, 1862. Advance on Winchester March 7\u201315. Battle of Winchester March 23. Occupation of Mt. Jackson April 17. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Catlett's Station August 22. Centreville August 27\u201328. Groveton August 29. Bull Run August 30. Chantilly September 1. Duty in Defenses of Washington until June 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133, 1863. Monterey Gap July 4. Emmettsburg July 5. Hagerstown July 6\u201312. Falling Waters July 14. Hartwood Church August 28. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13\u201317. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Hartwood Church November 5. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. In Defenses of Washington, D.C., until January 1864, when the two companies rejoined the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159439-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 204 men during service; 6 officers and 45 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 150 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159440-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio General Assembly\nThe First Ohio General Assembly was the initial meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Chillicothe, Ohio, on March 1, 1803, and adjourned April 16, 1803. This General Assembly coincided with the first year of Edward Tiffin's first term as Ohio Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159440-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio General Assembly, Background\nUnder Ohio's first constitution, State Senators were elected to two year terms. For the first class, half were elected for one year and half for two years. Members of the House were elected for each term. The Constitution was written in November, 1802, and submitted to the U S Congress. Elections for the first session were held in January, 1803. The apportionment of legislative districts was based on the 1802 Ohio Constitution, in section 7 of the Schedule. Subsequent sessions would be elected each October, and meet the first Monday of December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159440-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio General Assembly, State Senate, Districts\nFor the first session, the constitution apportioned  four senators for Hamilton County, one senator for Clermont County, one senator for Adams County, two senators for Ross County, one senator for Fairfield County, two senators for Washington County, one senator for Belmont County, two senators for Jefferson County, and one senator for Trumbull County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159440-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio General Assembly, Ohio House of Representatives, Districts\nFor the first session, the constitution apportioned  eight representatives for Hamilton County, two representatives for Clermont County, three representatives for Adams County, four representatives for Ross County, two representatives for Fairfield County, three representatives for Washington County, two representatives for Belmont County, four representatives for Jefferson County, and two representatives for Trumbull County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159440-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio General Assembly, Major events\nIn joint session, state officers were elected: William Creighton, Jr. as Ohio Secretary of State, William McFarland as Ohio State Treasurer and Thomas Gibson as Ohio State Auditor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159440-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio General Assembly, Major events\nJohn Smith and Thomas Worthington were elected United States Senators, with no record of vote made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159440-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio General Assembly, Major events\nIn joint session, local judges and three Ohio Supreme Court judges, Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., Samuel H. Huntington, and William Sprigg, were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159440-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio General Assembly, Major legislation\nExisting territorial laws were recognized as in force, if not specifically invalidated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159441-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment\n1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment was an artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159441-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment was originally organized at Portsmouth, Ohio on 15 September 1862 as the 117th Ohio Infantry. The regiment was changed to heavy artillery on 2 May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159441-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, Department of the Ohio, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159441-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Ohio Heavy Artillery mustered out of service on 25 July 1865 at Knoxville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159441-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nConstructed fortifications around Covington and Newport, Ky., until August 1863. Guard duty in Kentucky by detachments: Company D at Paris, Companies F and I at Lexington, Companies H, K, L, and M at Camp Nelson, until January 1864. At Camp Burnside 14 January to 19 February. March over mountains to Knoxville, Tenn., 19 February\u20139 March and duty there until June. On railroad guard duty in Tennessee until September. Murphy, N.C., 28 June (Companies C, H, L, and M). Repulse of Wheeler's attacks on the Chattanooga, Knoxville & Virginia Railroad, August. Athens 1 August (detachment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159441-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Confederates from Athens into North Carolina 1\u20133 August. Murphy, N.C., 2 August (Companies C, H, L, and M). Sweetwater and Philadelphia 20 August (detachments). Strawberry Plains, 24 August. Gillem's Expedition from eastern Tennessee toward southwestern Virginia 20 September\u201317 October (Companies B, F, G, I, and K). Moved to Cleveland, Tenn., 7 October, then to Chattanooga 11 October and return to Cleveland 19 October. Duty at Cleveland and Charleston until December. Foraging Expeditions on the French Broad and Chucky River in eastern Tennessee and North Carolina December 1864 to January 1865. Stoneman's Campaign in southwest Virginia and western North Carolina February to April 1865. Duty in District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159441-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Heavy Artillery Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 171 men during service; 6 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 164 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159442-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Cavalry Battalion\nThe 1st Ohio Independent Cavalry Battalion was a battalion of cavalry in the Union Army during the American Civil War. With the addition of a second Battalion its designation changed to that of Regiment, the 11th Ohio Cavalry in July, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159443-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery\n1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159443-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 1st Ohio Battery was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio and mustered in for three years service on August 6, 1861, under Captain James Ross McMullin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159443-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe battery was attached to Cox's Brigade, District of the Kanawha, West Virginia, to September 1861. Benham's Brigade, District of the Kanawha, West Virginia, to October 1861. 1st Brigade, District of the Kanawha, West Virginia, to March 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, West Virginia, to August 1862. 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 3rd Brigade, Kanawha Division, West Virginia, Department of the Ohio, to March 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, Scammon's Division, Army of West Virginia, to December 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159443-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\n2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of West Virginia, to April 1864. Artillery, 2nd Infantry Division, Army of West Virginia, to July 1864. Artillery Brigade, Army of West Virginia, to August 1864. Artillery Reserve Division, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, to April 1865. 3rd Brigade, Hardins' Division, XXII Corps, Defenses of Washington, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159443-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Service\nThe 1st Ohio Battery mustered out of service June 26, 1865, at Columbus, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159443-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nOrdered to the Kanawha Valley, Va. Action at Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10, 1861. Moved to Camp Anderson and Big Sewell Mountain September 15\u201323, then to Camp Anderson October 6\u20139. Operations in the Kanawha Valley and New River Region October 19-November 16. Moved to Gauley and duty there until May 1862. Advance on Virginia & Tennessee Railroad April 22-May 1. Princeton May 11, 16 and 17. At Flat Top Mountain until August. Movement to Washington, D.C., August 15\u201324. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battles of South Mountain September 14; Antietam September 16\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159443-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nMoved to Clear Springs October 8, then to Hancock and march to the Kanawha Valley, W. Va., October 9-November 17, via Clarksburg, Summerville, Gauley Bridge, and Kanawha Falls. Duty at Kanawha Falls (Falls of the Great Kanawha) until March 1863, and at Charleston until April 1864. Fayetteville May 17\u201320, 1863 (section). Operations against Morgan's Raid in Ohio July 2\u201326, 1863. Scammon's Demonstration from Kanawha Valley December 8\u201325. Lewisburg and Greenbrier River December 12, 1863. Crook's Raid on Virginia & Tennessee Railroad May 3\u201319, 1864. Battle of Cloyd's Mountain May 9. New River Bridge May 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159443-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Detailed service\nSalt Pond Gap, Pond Mountain Gap, May 13. Hunter's Expedition to Lynchburg May 26-July 1. Lexington June 11. Diamond Hill June 17. Lynchburg June 17\u201318. Buford's Gap June 20. Salem June 21. Moved to Shenandoah Valley July 12\u201315. Action at Bunker Hill July 19. Stephenson's Depot, Carter's Farm, July 20. Battle of Winchester July 24. Retreat to Williamsport, Md. ; then ordered to Martinsburg, W. Va., and duty there guarding stores until March 1865. Moved to Harpers Ferry, then to Washington, D.C., and duty in the defenses of that city until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159443-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery, Casualties\nThe battery lost a total of 22 men during service; 1 officer and 6 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 15 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the Western Theater in a number of campaigns and battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-months regiment\nWith the outbreak of the Civil War in the spring of 1861, President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers from nearly every state. In April, recruiters quickly filled the quota for a number of regiments in the state of Ohio, with several regiments enlisting for 3-months, including a command designated as the 1st Ohio. Mustering in April 17, 1861, under Colonel Alexander M. McCook, the 1st Ohio Infantry Regiment travelled by train to Washington, D.C. for garrison duty in the capital's fortifications and defenses until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-months regiment\nThe regiment was placed in Schenck's Brigade, Tyler's Division, Irvin McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia. It first saw action at Vienna, Virginia, on June 17 and again on July 9 before occupying Fairfax Court House. It fought at the First Battle of Bull Run and helped cover the army's bitter retreat to Washington. The regiment soon returned to Ohio and mustered out August 2. The regiment was divided into ten separate companies A-K. Each company was stationed out of a different village A-Lancaster B Lafayette C Dayton D Montogomery E Cleveland F Hiberian G Portsmouth H Zanesville I Mansfield K Jaskson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment\nAfter the term of service was over in August, a number of the men re-enlisted for 3-years in the reconstituted 1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, under the command of Col. Benjamin F. Smith. The regiment was organized at Camp Corwin in Dayton between August 5 and October 30, receiving muskets, uniforms, and accoutrements. On the last day of August, the regiment entrained for Cincinnati for additional training and guard duty. The regiment left Ohio in November 1861 for Louisville, Kentucky. From there, they were posted in a number of Kentucky towns through February 1862, striving to keep the border state in the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment\nIn late winter 1862 the regiment was attached to the 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Ohio, serving in Tennessee under Don Carlos Buell at Shiloh. There, on April 7, the regiment became engaged at about 10 a.m., losing 2 men killed, 2 officers and 45 men wounded, and 1 man missing. Following Shiloh, the regiment served in Mississippi during the Siege of Corinth before moving to Tuscumbi, Florence, and Huntsville Alabama, June 10 - July 5. In August, the regiment returned to Kentucky (Louisville) as the army pursued Confederates under Braxton Bragg, fighting at the Battle of Perryville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment\nThe well-travelled regiment then marched to Nashville, Tennessee, in October and November. With the restructuring of the western army in November and the replacement of General Buell with William Rosecrans, the 1st OVI was assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Right Wing XIV Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland. It stayed in Nashville until December 26, when the regiment departed for a short campaign that culminated in the Battle of Stones River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment\nFor much of 1863, the 1st Ohio Infantry was stationed in Tennessee and assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, until October when the IV Corps was formed from the remnants of the heavily depleted XX Corps and XXI Corps. Under the command of Maj. Joab A. Stafford, the regiment saw action at the Battle of Chickamauga, a stinging defeat for Rosecrans' army. It marched to Knoxville as part of the army relieving the Confederate siege of Union forces at that city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment\nYet another reorganization of the army resulted in the 1st Ohio Infantry being assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 4th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, until September 1864. It fought under Grant at Missionary Ridge, where it was the first regiment to plant its colors on the hilltop, and with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign. The regiment spent much of the rest of the fall on scouting duty in Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment\nThe 1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry mustered out of the Union army from September 24 to October 14, 1864, when the 3-year term of enlistment expired. A number of recruits re-enlisted and transferred to the 18th Ohio Volunteer Infantry on October 31, 1864, and remained on duty through the end of the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment\nThe regiment lost during its service 5 officers and 116 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded in combat and 130 enlisted men by disease (a total of 251 fatalities). It was engaged in 24 battles and skirmishes, lost 527 men in action, and marched 2,500 miles. Following the war, the veterans erected a monument on the Shiloh National Military Park. The regiment is also commemorated on the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Public Square in downtown Cleveland. The tattered battle flags of both the three-months and three-years regiments (as well as the guidon of Company B, the Lafayette Guards) are preserved in the museum of the Ohio Historical Society in Columbus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159444-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Three-years regiment\nAnother \"1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry\" (unrelated to the Civil War regiment) existed in the Mexican\u2013American War. Still another regiment of the same name was organized April 26, 1898, for duty in the Spanish\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159445-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion\nThe 1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion was an irregular sharpshooter battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159445-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nThe 1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion was organized from four independent companies of sharpshooters and served at the headquarters of Generals William S. Rosecrans and George H. Thomas, commanders of the Army and Department of the Cumberland, March 1863 through July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159445-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nThe 5th Independent Company Sharpshooters was organized at Camp Cleveland in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in February 25, 1863, and mustered out July 19, 1865. This company was also known as Barber's Sharpshooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159445-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nThe 6th Independent Company Sharpshooters was organized at Camp Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in December 30, 1862, and mustered out July 19, 1865. This company was also known as Coe's Sharpshooters and Thomas' Bodyguard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159445-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nThe 7th Independent Company Sharpshooters was organized at Camp Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in January 27, 1863, and mustered out July 28, 1865. This company also served at the headquarters of General William T. Sherman, commander of the Military Division Mississippi, May 20, 1864, to July 17, 1865. This company was also known as Squire's Sharpshooters and Sherman's Bodyguard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159445-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nThe 8th Independent Company Sharpshooters was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, March 9, 1863, and mustered out July 19, 1865. This company was also known as Barton's Sharpshooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159445-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nThe August 10, 1863, returns for the unit show a total strength of 129 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159445-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Ohio Sharpshooters Battalion, Service\nThe unit suffered losses of 4 enlisted men killed or died of wounds, and 58 enlisted men dying of disease or accident, total 62 deaths in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159446-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Okinawa International Movie Festival\nThe 1st Okinawa International Movie Festival was held from March 19 to March 22, 2009 and took place at the American Village at Mihama Chatan-cho in Okinawa City. The inaugural events saw 38 films being shown and was supported by the Ministries of Economy, Trade and Industry, and Foreign Affairs, along with the Cabinet Office in Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159446-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Okinawa International Movie Festival\nMost of the films for the first Okinawa International Movie Festival were shown free of charge, with a few priced at \u00a5800/ \u00a5400 for adults/ children. The Chatan Town Sunset Beach also hosted performances by Okinawan artists Rimi Natsukawa and the Rinken Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159446-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Okinawa International Movie Festival\nThe Competition Grand Prix was awarded to Japanese director Katsuhide Motoki for his film Battle League Horumo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159446-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Okinawa International Movie Festival, Official selection\nThe official selection of films shown in competition included three domestic films out of 8 in competition, all of which were given their world premiers. The five competing foreign films were given their Japan premier at the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159446-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Okinawa International Movie Festival, Awards, Official selection\nThe Okinawa International Movie Festival \"Laugh & Peace\" Competition Grand Prix was won by the Japanese-language film Battle League Horumo directed by Katsuhide Motoki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159447-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Oklahoma Legislature\nThe First Oklahoma Legislature was the first meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The meeting took place from December 2, 1907, to May 26, 1908, in the Guthrie City Hall Building during the first year of the only term of Governor Charles Haskell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159447-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Oklahoma Legislature\nBoth houses of the state legislature had large Democratic majorities. William H. Murray, who had served as the president of the state constitutional convention, was elected by his colleagues as the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Henry S. Johnston, who had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention, was elected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159447-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, Senate\nWith the Democratic caucus controlling the Oklahoma Senate, Henry S. Johnston of Perry, Oklahoma, was selected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. Johnston had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention. Lieutenant Governor George W. Bellamy served as the President of the Senate, which gave him a tie-breaking vote and allowed him to serve as a presiding officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159447-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, House\nAfter much deliberation over who would serve as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, the Democratic caucus chose William H. Murray of Tishomingo, Oklahoma, a former Chickasaw Nation representative and the president of the state constitutional convention. Sworn into office on November 16, 1907, Murray pushed for legislation to curb business excesses and support agriculture during his single term as speaker. State Representative A. H. Ellis, of Garfield County, Oklahoma, was elected by his peers to serve as speaker pro tempore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159447-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, Staff\nCharles H. Pittman served as the first chief clerk of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159448-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Open Russian Festival of Animated Film\nThe 1st Open Russian Festival of Animated Film was held in 1996 at a boarding house called \"Birch Grove\" near the town of Tarusa, Russia. Because of the extreme scarcity of Russian animation in the post-perestroika era, submissions from the last three years were accepted. Along with auteur films, commercial reels, video clips and television bumpers were allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159448-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Open Russian Festival of Animated Film\nThe prizes were handed out according to profession, and any member or guest of the festival was able to vote for their favourite film. The three leading winners were given wooden planks hewn by president Aleksandr Tatarskiy and signed by their colleagues. The festival served as a gathering for Russian animators who otherwise had few opportunities to see each other in an era after the break-up of Soyuzmultfilm. In addition to the festival, the location offered fresh air, skiing, and nearby historic sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group\nThe 1st Operations Group (1 OG) is the flying component of the 1st Fighter Wing, assigned to the USAF Air Combat Command. The group is stationed at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. The 1st Operations Group is the oldest major air combat unit in the United States Air Force, being the successor organization of the 1st Pursuit Group. The 1st Pursuit Group was the first air combat group formed by the Air Service, American Expeditionary Force, on 5 May 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group\nThe Group was first organized at Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul, France, as a result of the United States entry into World War I. As the 1st Pursuit Group it saw combat on the Western Front in France, and during World War II as the 1st Fighter Group combat in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. Pilots of the 1st Group are credited by the USAF with destroying 554.33 aircraft and 50 balloons, and 36 pilots are recognized as being aces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group\nThe pilots of the 1st Group included Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, credited as the top scoring American ace in France during World War I. During World War II, the 1st FG was among the first groups deployed overseas in the summer of 1942. The group flew missions in England as part of the Eighth Air Force, then was transferred to North Africa in November 1942. It experienced significant combat as part of the Twelfth Air Force, moved to Italy, and became part of the fighter force of the Fifteenth Air Force. The 1st FG was equipped with the first operational U.S. jet fighter aircraft, the P-80A Shooting Star, in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group\nInactivated in 1961, after 30 years the group was renamed the 1st Operations Group (OG) and activated on 1 October 1991 as a result of the 1st Fighter Wing implementing the USAF objective wing organization. In 2005, the 1st OG was the first operational combat unit to receive the F-22A Raptor, a fifth generation fighter aircraft that uses stealth technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, Overview\nThe 1st OG directs the training and employment of two F-22A Raptor air dominance squadrons and an operations support squadron. The group's flying squadrons maintain 36 F-22 air superiority fighter aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, Overview\nThe group is responsible for 300 people and $3\u00a0billion in resources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, Overview\nIn addition to carrying out local training requirements, the group deploys personnel and equipment on a regular basis to support air expeditionary operations worldwide as part of the Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, Units\nThe 1st Operations Group consists of the following component squadrons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I\nWhen first deployed to France, the Aero Squadrons of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) were dispersed among the various army organizations. This made it difficult, however, to coordinate aerial activities. Some higher organization was required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, Origins\nThe 94th and 95th Aero Squadrons had trained and traveled together since their organization on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. When the two squadrons boarded a train at Kelly Field on 20 September 1917 for the trip to Mineola, New York, they consisted entirely of the enlisted echelon that would form the squadron's ground support element. Arriving at Mineola on 5 October, the squadrons reported directly to Aviation Mobilization Camp No. 2 . Each unit completed training there in about three weeks and proceeded to Pier No. 45, Hoboken, New Jersey where, on 27 October 1917, it boarded the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia for the trip to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, Origins\nThe two squadrons arrived at Liverpool on 10 November, spent about fourteen hours in a rest camp, boarded a steamer at Southampton, and sailed for France on 12 November. The 94th and 95th entered camp at Le Havre the next day, but their travels were not quite over. On 15 November the 95th moved to the 3d Aviation Training Center at Issoudun Aerodrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, Origins\nOn 18 November the 94th moved to the 1st Aviation Training Center at Paris, where it divided into seven detachments that immediately began advanced maintenance training in the region's airframe and aero-engine plants. The 94th reassembled in Paris and departed for Issoudun on 24 January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, Origins\nAfter the 95th's personnel arrived at Issoudun in November, they received advanced training on the same types of aircraft they would operate at the front. The 95th thus found itself well along in its training when the 1st Pursuit Organization and Training Center announced its readiness to receive units in mid-February, and it became the first unit to be attached to the center. The 94th made good progress at Issoudun, however, and it reported toVilleneuve not long after the 95th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center\nOn 16 January 1918, Brig. General Benjamin D. Foulois, Chief of Air Service, AEF, assigned Major Bert M. Atkinson to command of the 1st Pursuit Organization and Training Center, a temporary administrative and training organization for arriving U.S. pursuit squadrons on 16 January 1918 in Paris. Headquarters for the new unit was designated to be located at Villeneuve-les-Vertus Aerodrome. The command staff left Paris and selected a site for its headquarters adjoining that of the Groupe de Combat No 12 of the French \"Aeronautique Militaire\" at Vertus, near the airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center\nThe initial task of the unit was to erect barracks for arriving personnel from the United States; obtaining hangar space from the French and obtaining airplanes. The 95th Aero Squadron arrived on 19 February from the 3d Instructional Center at Issoudun Aerodrome, however the squadron's aircraft had not yet arrived. On 28 February word was received that the 94th Aero Squadron would be leaving Issoudun on 1 March. Bad weather with heavy sleet and snow inhibited the arrival of Nieuport 28 airplanes for the group, and the first elements of the 94th Squadron arrived on 5 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center\nThe next day, two Nieuports arrived and by 8 March a total of sixteen aircraft were at the airfield and the squadrons began training and familiarization flights. The planes received, however, were unarmed due to a lack of machine guns due to the difference of American ammunition, which was 3mm longer than the French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center\nThe first combat patrol by the 95th Squadron was made on 15 March, consisting of three unarmed Nieuport 28 planes and one French pilot in a SPAD took off from the airfield at 11:30. A second patrol was carried out in the afternoon to carry out a barrage of the Marne between Chalons and Eppernay. Continuous air rads by the Germans in the vicinity of Vetrus led to the digging of zigzag trenches on the Aerodrome and falling shrapnel was a hazard from the French anti-aircraft guns. Patrols continued to be carried out by the French, but none of the accompanying American planes were armed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center\nDue to the lack of armed aircraft, sixteen pilots of the 95th were ordered back to Issoudun to take the course in aerial gunnery. On 30 March orders were received that both squadrons were to proceed at once to Epiez Aerodrome (Meuse) where the squadrons flew combat patrols, although bad weather limited the number of patrols carried out. On 9 April the 94th was detached from the group and was moved to Toul where it acted independently until it became part of the 1st Pursuit Group on 4 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center\nOn 14 April, the first of many enemy aircraft was brought down by the 94th Squadron, being the first American Air Service organization to bring down an enemy plane. Combat patrols by the 94th on 23 and 25 April also shot down one enemy aircraft on each. On 29 April, Captain Hall and Lt. Rickenbacker attacked and brought down an enemy aircraft. This was Lt. Rickenbacker's first official patrol. During the period prior to the formation of the 1st Pursuit Group in May, the 94th brought down a total of nine enemy aircraft. One pilot, Lt Chapman was killed and one pilot became a POW, Captain Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Organization Center\nOn 22 April the 147th Aero Squadron arrived and on 24 April the 27th Aero Squadron arrived. Also the pilots of the 95th squadron returned from Issoudun. Reconnaissance patrols were carried out, however word was received that no flights over the Voil-Toul line would be permitted. on 4 May the 95th Squadron was moved to the Croix de Metz Aerodrome (Toul) where it joined the 94th Squadron which has been moved there from Epiez. The 27th and 147th were moved to Epiez. Group Headquarters was moved to Toul on 4 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nOn 5 May 1918, the AEF replaced the 1st Pursuit Organization Center at Toul-Croix de Metz Aerodrome, with the 1st Pursuit Group, the first American group-level fighter establishment (the 1st Corps Observation Group, organized in April 1918, was the first U.S. group). Major Atkinson became the 1st Pursuit Group's first commanding officer, followed by Major Harold E. Hartney on 21 August 1918. The 27th and 147th Aero Squadrons (Pursuit) were officially assigned to the group on 2 June, and the 185th Aero Squadron, a night pursuit unit, on 18 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nUpon its formation, the 1st Pursuit Group was equipped with Nieuport 28s. On 15 May, Captain David McK Peterson of the 95th squadron brought down two Enemy Aircraft. These were the first to be recorded in the records of the Group. Towards the end of June, the need for air support on the Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry front was critical due to the Germans breaking through the line. On the 28th, the group moved to Touquin Aerodrome, where the group was vigorously effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nDuring the weeks to follow in the Second Battle of the Marne, the group took the offensive on all points and was engaged continually in aerial combat in the Dormans-Eloup sector. Losses were heavy, however 38 victories were recorded while losing 36 pilots. This was the first real test of American airpower in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nOn 5 July the group switched from Nieuports to SPAD XIIIs. The 94th switched over first, then by the middle of August the other three squadrons were also converted. Unfortunately, the American mechanics were unused to the V-8 engines of the Spads and so availability of the Spads suffered for the first few weeks after the changeover. On 9 July the group moved closer to the line at Saints Aerodrome. It is while stationed at Saints Aerodrome that Theodore Roosevelt's youngest son Quentin Roosevelt, flying with the 95th Aero Squadron, was shot down and killed on 14 July 1918. With the front moving north and east, the Group was now between 50 and 70\u00a0km from the lines. An advanced landing field at Coincy Aerodrome was established on 5 August for refueling and a detachment was established there from which alerts were dispatched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nOn 31 August the group began moving to Rembercourt Aerodrome, a new airfield in the Saint-Mihiel sector. On 12 September the Saint-Mihiel Offensive started. The group was given orders to fly low and attack enemy targets on the ground, a very dangerous mission that exposed the pilots to ground fire. A number of the pilots became experts in balloon strafing, and Lt Luke of the 27th shot down fifteen enemy balloons in seventeen days. During the offensive, the group began patrols before daybreak, and kept up a constant barrage each day until after dark at night. Patrols were constantly engaging in low-level aerial battles with enemy reconnaissance and large formations of Fokker pursuit aircraft. The group kept up an incessant barrage over and above the ground forces and claimed thirty-four victories while losing one pilot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nIn late September, a flight of the 27th Squadron was sent to an advanced airfield at Verdun. This flight worked on alerts and protection of Allied balloons. The Group patrolled a new sector near Watronville on the east of the Argonne forest flying low-level attacks while the Infantry advanced through the sector. Reconnaissance was flown over the enemy rear areas to secure important information about his bridges, road and troop activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nOn 7 October, the 185th Aero Squadron was assigned to the Group, equipped with British Sopwith Camel F.1s. Its duties were to attack a line of searchlights and attack enemy night bombers. This was the first attempt at night flying attack patrols by the American Air Service. Enemy searchlights were attacked and patrols were flown where German bombers were known to cross the line at night. Adverse weather limited the effectiveness of the squadron, however the 185th engaged in five combats, however did not bring down any enemy bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nIn the last great offensive of the war, the infantry continued its advance. The Group's sector advanced and lengthened considerably. On one day, 22d October, the group flew 84 Sorties with a total of 104 flying hours. Sixteen combats were engaged in, shooting down seven enemy aircraft. On 11 November news was received that the Armistice was formally signed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nFrom May until 11 November armistice, the Group recorded 1,413 aerial engagements, accumulating 151.83 confirmed kills of enemy aircraft, and 50 confirmed balloon victories. Nineteen of its pilots \u2013 five from each pursuit squadron except the 27th \u2013 were recognized as \"aces\". For its participation, the 1st received seven campaign streamers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nTwo of the four pilots earning the Medal of Honor for actions during World War I were members of the 1st Pursuit Group: 2Lt Frank Luke Jr. and Captain Edward V. \"Eddie\" Rickenbacker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nLieutenant Luke of the 27th Squadron during September became the American Ace of Aces for the time being. From 12 to 29 September he gained eighteen victories. He shot down fifteen balloons and three planes. Joining the Group on 1 August, he had gained one victory on the Chateau Therry front which never was made official. On 18 September, he brought down two balloons and three planes in a period of less than 10 minutes. On 29 September, he was reported missing in action. He had dropped a note to one of our balloons asking them to be on the watch for burning balloons. Twenty minutes later he burned three enemy balloons but did not return from his mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nCaptain Rickenbacker, commanding officer of the 94th Squadron, became an Ace on the Toul sector in the spring of 1918. When the group moved to Rembercourt Aerodrome, Captain Rickenbacker made the 94th Squadron the leading American Fighting Squadron in number of aerial victories gained. From the period 14 September \u2013 11 November he brought down twenty more official enemy aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, World War I, 1st Pursuit Group\nOn 10 December 1918, orders were received relieving the First Pursuit Group from First Army with instructions to report to Commanding Officer, First Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome for demobilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty\nThe end of World War I was followed immediately by a massive demobilization of the U.S. Army Air Service, both in reduction of personnel and dissolution of air units, including the 1st Pursuit Group, demobilized 24 December 1918. A new 1st Pursuit Group began to be formed on 10 June 1919, at Selfridge Field, Michigan, and became an active part of the Air Service on 22 August 1919, consisting of the 27th, 94th, 95th and 147th Aero Squadrons (Pursuit), and the 2nd Air Park (later the 57th Service Squadron).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty\nThe new 1st Pursuit Group, as part of the 1st Wing, moved to Kelly Field, Texas, on 31 August 1919, and Ellington Field, Texas, on 30 June 1921. There, the 94th Aero Squadron operated the Pursuit Training School. The 1st Pursuit Group returned to Selfridge on 14 June 1922, as part of the Sixth Corps Area, where it remained until World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty\nThe designation of the Aero Squadrons was changed to \"Squadrons (Pursuit)\" on 15 March 1921 The 147th Aero Squadron became the 17th Squadron (Pursuit) on 31 March. All were renamed \"Pursuit Squadrons\" on 25 January 1923. The 2nd Air Park was renamed the 57th Service Squadron on 2 January 1923. In 1924 the original 1st Pursuit Group was reconstituted and consolidated with the active group formed in 1919. Two squadrons were transferred from the group, the 95th (1927) and the 17th (1940), replaced on 1 January 1941, by the 71st Pursuit Squadron. The 27th, 71st, and 94th Squadrons became the permanently assigned components of the group and wing. In December 1939 the group was redesignated 1st Pursuit Group (Interceptor), and in May 1941, 1st Pursuit Group (Fighter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty\nDuring the 1920s the group conducted pursuit training, tested new aircraft, participated in maneuvers and mobilization tests, conducted annual cold weather testing, gave demonstrations for other units, participated in civil airport dedications, and competed in the National Air Races each autumn. In 1922 Selfridge hosted the event. Captain Burt E. Skeel, commander of the 27th Pursuit Squadron, was killed 4 October 1924, in the crash of a Verville-Sperry R-3 Racer at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, at the start of Pulitzer Trophy event of the 1924 Races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty\nThe group changed aircraft frequently during its service between wars, as new types were developed and older models became outdated. It began its service flying Curtiss JNS, SE-5, and Fokker D.VII fighters left over from the First World War. From 1922 to 1925 it operated primarily MB-3A fighters. In 1925 it acquired Curtiss PW-8s for use by the 17th Pursuit Squadron, in 1926 Curtiss P-1 Hawks (a derivative of the PW-8), and in 1929 Boeing P-12s. Throughout this period each squadron often operated a different fighter type from the others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty\nWinter flying was conducted each February at Camp Skeel at Oscoda, Michigan, although in January 1927 the group instead sent a detachment to Ottawa, Ontario. In January 1929 the group conducted a lengthy search and rescue operation for a missing person in Petoskey, Michigan; and in January 1930 flew a squadron to Spokane, Washington, and back by way of North Dakota and Montana. Temperatures during the Petoskey rescue reached \u221230\u00a0\u00b0F, disabling the aircraft engines. A local cement company extended a steam hose to thaw engine oil and other components, enabling the aircraft to operate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty\nThe use of airpower demonstrations and participation in the dedication of civil airports to publicize the Air Corps reached its peak in 1929, when units of the 1st Pursuit Group participated in 24 airport dedications and 8 demonstrations. It garnered favorable publicity in other ways, however, using bombs to break up an ice jam on the Clinton River on 24 February 1925, and escorting Charles Lindbergh to Canada in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Air Service duty\nOn 21 January 1924, the Adjutant General approved the 1st Pursuit Group's emblem, designed with the unit's history as its basis. The green and black colors represent the colors of the Army Air Service, the five stripes signify the original five flying squadrons, and the five crosses symbolized the five major World War I campaigns credited to the group. A crest above the shield bore the Group's Latin motto \"Aut Vincere Aut Mori\" (translation: \"Conquer or Die\"). In 1957, the emblem was revised, with the crest removed and the motto placed in a scroll beneath the shield, now assigned to the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service\nThe Air Corps Act of 1926, drafted by Chief of Air Service Mason Patrick and passed in part due to the controversies involving Billy Mitchell and in part to the recommendations of the Morrow Board, replaced the Air Service with the U.S. Army Air Corps. The Act authorized a 5-year plan for expansion and modernization of the Air Corps, still consisting of the original 6 groups, with the 1st the only pursuit group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service\nResistance by the Coolidge administration to implementation of the plan for economic reasons, followed by the onset of the Great Depression severely limited the expansion. The 1st Group experienced restriction on its training operations and curtailment of personnel salaries. Officers were detached for duty with the Civilian Conservation Corps at varied intervals. However the Air Corps was able to expand from 6 to 14 groups in its first decade of existence, half of which were new pursuit groups. The 1st Pursuit Group trained individual squadrons at Selfridge and provided experienced cadres to the formation of these groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service\nFrom February to June 1934 the 1st Pursuit Group delivered the mail in the north central United States under an executive order of President Franklin Roosevelt (see Air Mail scandal). Original orders called for 35 pilots and 16 aircraft to be detached for mail service, but the Curtiss P-6 Hawk and Boeing P-12 fighters detailed had insufficient cargo capacity potential. Ultimately 56 pilots were listed in group records as detached for mail service, and approximately half the group's 70 aircraft were involved. Six were involved in crashes in the first week, struggling through severe winter weather in Ohio, including one fatality on the first day. Altogether twelve aircraft were lost in eleven crashes, with one pilot and one enlisted man killed, and four pilots and one mechanic injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service\nOn 1 March 1935, all operational flying units, previously assigned to corps-level ground commands, were consolidated under a new centralized air force command named General Headquarters, Air Force. GHQ Air Force was divided into three wings, and the 1st Pursuit Group became part of the 2nd Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Army Air Corps service\nIn 1937 the group received its first enclosed cockpit, monoplane fighter with retractable landing gear, the Seversky P-35, replacing P-26s and PB-2As. The P-35 was obsolete from the beginning of its operational history and replacement by the Republic P-43 Lancer began in 1940. This fighter too was unsuitable for modern combat, and preparations for the possibility of U.S. participation in the Second World War introduced the 1st Pursuit Group to the new P-38 Lightning in July 1941, with the 27th Pursuit Squadron receiving the first operational aircraft in the Army Air Force's inventory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\nOn the date the United States entered World War II the 94th Pursuit Squadron was in El Paso, Texas, its 20 P-38s en route from Selfridge Field to March Field, California. The 27th and 71st squadrons were immediately sent with an additional 12 P-38s and 24 P-43 fighters to March Field to provide the West Coast air defense against Japanese attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\nDuring its brief duty at March Field the Group provided cadre for newly mobilized fighter groups, losing over half of its assigned officers and enlisted men, but still made preparations for deployment to Europe on 25 April 1942. Before its departure, however, retired captain Eddie Rickenbacker made the first of several visits to the group both at home and abroad during World War II, listened to the Group's concerns and reported them to General \"Hap\" Arnold. Rickenbacker also worked with Arnold to reinstate the hat-in-the ring emblem, absent since Rickenbacker himself claimed the right to it when he retired, back to the 94th Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\nIn 1942, U.S. war policy placed first priority with the war in Europe. VIII Fighter Command Special Orders 46, dated 25 June 1942, deployed 86 aircraft and pilots of the newly designated 1st Fighter Group to England as part of Operation Bolero, with the first aircraft departing on 27 June. Flights of P-38s were led by individual B-17s from the 97th Bomb Group navigating the route between Presque Isle, Maine, Labrador, Greenland and Iceland. En route the 27th Fighter Squadron was detached at \"Indigo\" airfield, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland, for air defense duty in July and August. On 15 July 1942, six fighters from the 94th FS, \"Tomcat Yellow\" and \"Tomcat Green\", and their two B-17 escorts were forced by bad weather and low fuel to land on a glacier in Greenland. The crews were all recovered safely but the aircraft were abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\nGroup headquarters and the 71st Fighter Squadron were based at RAF Goxhill, near Kingston upon Hull, and the 94th FS at Kirton in Lindsey. The 27th flew to England on 27 August after the group had moved south to Ibsley, and was based at High Ercall. During the late summer of 1942, the 1st FG flew training, escort and fighter sweeps over German-occupied France. The group experienced its first combat loss on 2 October 1942, when a P-38F escorting B-17 Flying Fortress bombers on a mission to M\u00e9aulte, France, was shot down by a German fighter of JG 26 near Calais, and 2nd Lt. William H. Young was killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\nThe fighter and bomber groups initially deployed to England (97th and 301st Bomb Groups, and 1st, 14th, 31st, and 52nd Fighter Groups) were reassigned to support Operation Torch and redeployed to North Africa. While in transit, two 94th FS Lightnings were forced by mechanical difficulties to land in neutral Portugal, where the aircraft were confiscated and the pilots interned. However 1st Lt . Jack Ilfrey escaped, returned to the group, and became one of its leading aces. 1st Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0046-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\n. Robert N. Chenoweth was killed when his P-38, on a ferry flight from the UK to North Africa, crashed into a mountain at Ortigueira, Corunna, Spain, on 15 November 1942. By 13 November 1942, the group completed the move to Algeria, where they provided close air support and fighter protection against the Afrika Korps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\nOn 29 November 1942, the 94th Fighter Squadron flew the group's first combat sorties in the Mediterranean theater, strafing a German airfield and recording several aerial victories. However, as the year came to a close, the group's morale sagged. Though the move from England to the desert environment added sometimes 200\u2013300 hours to the life of the liquid-cooled Allisons, few replacement parts and virtually no replacement aircraft were available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0047-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\nCol. Clifford R. Silliman, in charge of Lightning maintenance and repairs for the 1st, 12th and 14th fighter groups, recalled that no hangars, machine shops or service bays were available, forcing ground crews to make repairs in the open air. Crewmen were exposed not only to attack but to virtually incessant blowing sand and dust that continually fouled filters, breathers and lubricants. The searing sun was so intense that mechanics were unable to as much as touch the aluminum surfaces of the fuselage, wings and cowlings with exposed skin, Silliman said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0047-0002", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\nThe grating sand found its way not only into engine components and weapons but crewmens' bedding, footwear, clothing, hair, eyes and even their teeth. Pilots recorded some kills, but the loss ratio in air-to-air combat was even at best. For nearly a year, the group moved throughout Algeria and Tunisia, flying bomber escort and providing air coverage for the ground campaign. On 23 February 1943, the group began two days of low-level strafing missions in support of hard-pressed Allied troops at Kasserine Pass, losing several aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II\nIn April 1943 the Germans made several concerted attempts to reinforce the Afrika Korps using Ju 52 transports flown at wavetop level over the Mediterranean Sea, resulting in a series of interceptions by Allied aircraft and large numbers of transports destroyed. On 5 April, pilots of the 27th FS shot down 11, plus four Ju 87 Stukas and two Me 109 escorts, losing two Lightnings. On 10 April, the 71st FS intercepted another large force escorted by 15 Macchi 200 and Fw 190 fighters, shooting down 20 transports and 8 of the escorts without loss to itself. The North African campaign ended with the capture of Tunis on 7 May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Markings and squadron codes\nIn 1943 the squadrons of the 1st Fighter Group began to apply distinctive colors to their tailbooms, wingtips and propeller tips for rapid unit identification. This was in addition to the fuselage letter codes assigned to the group by the Eighth Air Force which it continued to use when reassigned to the Twelfth Air Force in November 1942. The 27th FS used red (squadron code HV, radio callsign PETDOG), the 71st FS used white (squadron code LM, callsign CRAGMORE), and the 94th FS used yellow (squadron code UN, callsign SPRINGCAP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0049-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Markings and squadron codes\nWhen the group began receiving P-38s in an unpainted aluminium finish in the spring of 1944, the 71st changed its color to black. Red spinners were also introduced sometime in 1944 to the entire group. During the time of the North Africa invasion, the national insignia was outlined in yellow, replaced by a star-and-bar outlined in red in early 1943. From May 1943 on the standard star-and-bar national insignia was used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nSix months of continuous combat in North Africa was followed by a short break, flying reconnaissance and escort missions around the Mediterranean. The respite ended on 15 August 1943, as air attacks increased against southern Italy in preparation for landings at Salerno. On 25 August, the 1st FG launched 65 P-38s, and joined with 85 other fighters, conducted a fighter-bomber attack against the airfield complex at Foggia. In addition to strafing ground targets, pilots of the 1st FG damaged or destroyed 88 German aircraft, with a loss of two P-38s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0050-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nFor this mission, the group received its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). Five days later, on 30 August, the 1st Fighter Group earned its second DUC. The group flew 44 aircraft in escorting B-26 bombers to the railroad marshalling yards at Aversa, Italy, and were opposed by approximately 75\u2013100 German fighters. Outnumbered two to one, the group engaged the Luftwaffe for 40 minutes, enabling the bombers to strike their target and return to base without loss, but in doing so lost 13 fighters themselves, with 10 pilots killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nThe 1st Fighter Group became part of the newly created Fifteenth Air Force in December 1943 and moved to Italy, temporarily based at several airfields until its base at Salsola Airfield was ready on 8 January 1944. Living and supply conditions improved for the airmen, who received new P-38Js in the spring. On 16 April 1944, the group flew its 1,000th combat mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nThe 1st Fighter Group received its third DUC for an escort mission on 18 May 1944. Assigned to escort the force of 700 B-17 and B-24 bombers to the oil refineries at Ploie\u015fti, Romania, bad weather caused roughly half the bombers to abort the mission. The 1st Fighter Group continued through the heavy weather to support B-17s that continued to the target and engaged 80 Luftwaffe and Romanian fighters attacking the Flying Fortresses. The group's 48 P-38s shot down and damaged nearly 20 aircraft for a loss of one P-38, and drove off the rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nThe minimal effect of high altitude bombing raids on the Ploie\u015fti refineries prompted Fifteenth Air Force planners on 10 June 1944, to lay on a low level dive bombing attack by 48 P-38s of the 82nd Fighter Group and 45 of 1st FG. Mechanical turnbacks reduced the force by 21 aircraft, nine from the 1st Group. En route to the target much of the 1st FG was separated from the main force by a navigational error. Part of the 71st Fighter Squadron observed and attacked 6 Dornier 217 bombers but underestimated the numbers of Romanian IAR 80s escorting the bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0053-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nAlthough six fighters and two bombers were credited as shot down, the 71st lost 9 Lightnings. When the 82nd FG arrived in the target area, along with the 27th Fighter Squadron and one flight of the 71st, they found the Ploie\u015fti defense forces fully alert and a protective smoke screen concealing the targets. Flak shot down 7 P-38s during the attack, and 2 more were lost in strafing attacks on the return to Italy. After the attack, the 27th Fighter Squadron engaged 30\u201340 Me 109s, claiming 4 destroyed, 2 probables, and 4 damaged, but lost 4 P-38s in the engagement. In all, the 1st Fighter Group had 14 P-38s shot down, its heaviest single day loss of the war, while claiming 18 kills, including five by a 71st pilot, 1st Lt . Herbert Hatch. The 82nd FG lost an additional 8 Lightnings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nFrom 10 to 21 August 1944, the 94th Fighter Squadron deployed sixty Lightnings to Aghione, Corsica, providing air support for the Allied invasion of Southern France. On an escort of a photo reconnaissance mission to Munich on 26 November 1944, the group lost an aircraft and pilot to an Me 262 jet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nThe group's last major operation of the war came between 16 January and 19 February 1945. Under Operation Argonaut, the 1st FG escorted British and American delegations to the Yalta Conference, deploying 51 P-38's to protect the ships and aircraft carrying President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and their aides to and from the Crimea. The group changed bases shortly after its return to combat operations, moving to Lesina. There the 1st Fighter Group received two YP-80A jet fighters (serials 44-83028 and 44-83029) sent to the theater for operational testing (\"Project Extraversion\"). Although the jets were marked for combat operations with easily identifiable tail stripes and the letters 'A' and 'B' on their noses, and flown on two operational sorties by the 94th FS, neither saw combat before the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nOn 15 April 1945, the 27th Fighter Squadron, which had scored the 1st Fighter Group's first kill of the war, also recorded the group's last aerial victory of World War II, during a mission in which 5 Lightnings were shot down strafing German airfields, with 4 pilots killed. Its final combat losses occurred on 23 April 1945, when three aircraft were shot down and a pilot, Capt. Clarence I. Knapp, killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Italian operations\nDuring nearly three years of combat flying, from 31 August 1942, to 6 May 1945, the 1st Fighter Group flew over 21,000 sorties on 1,405 combat missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Aerial victories\nThe first aerial victory by a 1st Fighter Group pilot (and the first USAAF kill in the European Theater of Operations) occurred 14 August 1942, by a 27th Fighter Squadron pilot, 2nd Lt. Elza E. Shahan, stationed in Iceland, with the downing of an Fw 200C-3 Condor, a credit shared with a P-40C pilot of the 33rd Fighter Squadron. The final victory occurred 15 April 1945, by 1st Lt . Warren E. Danielson, also of the 27th Fighter Squadron, shooting down an Fw 190 near Regensburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 82], "content_span": [83, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Aerial victories\nThe 1st Fighter Group had 402.5 claims credited for German aircraft destroyed in air-to-air combat recognized by U.S. Air Force Historical Study No. 85, with 17 pilots identified as aces. Among the various units of the 1st, the 27th Fighter Squadron had the most victories, with 83 pilots credited with 176.5 kills. The 94th Fighter Squadron was credited with 124 kills by 64 pilots and the 71st Fighter Squadron with 102 kills by 51 pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 82], "content_span": [83, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Fighter Group in World War II, Aerial victories\nThe uneven distribution of kills among the squadrons is an apparent reflection of an unequal degree of contact with German fighter units after June 1944, almost all of which occurred in July 1944. Of the last 38 kills awarded to the 1st Fighter Group, 30 were by the 27th FS (24 in July, 2 in August 1944, and 4 in 1945). The 71st FS recorded only four, with the last occurring 21 October 1944, while the 94th recorded four in July 1944 and none thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 82], "content_span": [83, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Post-war air defense role\nThe 1st Fighter Group was inactivated 16 October 1945. In the post-war reorganization of the Army Air Forces, the group was reactivated as a P-80 Shooting Star group, replacing the inactivated 412th Fighter Group at March Field, California, on 3 July 1946, and receiving its personnel and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Post-war air defense role\nThe Air Force became an independent service on 18 September 1947, and the 1st Fighter Group became part of the newly created 1st Fighter Wing. (See 1st Fighter Wing for command assignments.) During the summer of 1947, the Army Air Force implemented the Hobson Plan on a test basis, creating a self-sufficient wing at each base. As a result, on 15 August 1947, the 1st Fighter Wing was activated at March Field, California, and the 1st Fighter Group was assigned as its combat group. Administrative, maintenance and support, and medical functions were the responsibility of separate support groups. The test proved satisfactory and the Air Force implemented it for all its tactical wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Post-war air defense role\nThe 1st Fighter Wing was re-equipped with F-86 fighters in 1949 and the group was redesignated 1st Fighter-Interceptor Group (FIG) in April of the following year. In January 1950, while stationed at George Air Force Base, California, the 1st Group formed an aerial demonstration team, the \"Sabre Dancers.\" The team, composed of five pilots of the 27th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS), flew their most distinguished show on 22 April 1950, at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, for an audience that included President Harry S Truman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Post-war air defense role\nDuring the Korean War, the 1st Group served in an air defense role while the Wing's elements divided to provide defense for both coasts. The 1st FIG Headquarters, and the 27th and 71st FIS were temporarily detached to the Eastern Air Defense Force, while the Wing headquarters and the 94th Fighter Interceptor Squadron were assigned as part the Western Air Defense Force. The group was inactivated on 6 February 1952, in a general reorganization of all ADC units responding to ADC's difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying fighter squadrons to best advantage. and its squadrons reassigned to other ADC headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Post-war air defense role\nIn April 1955, the group's designation was changed to 1st Fighter Group (Air Defense) and it was reactivated in August as part of Air Defense Command. It replaced ADC's 575th Air Base (later Air Defense) Group which had been the USAF host for Selfridge AFB since 1 February 1952 and had commanded the fighter squadrons at Selfridge effective 13 February 1953. The 575th group replacement was part of \"Project Arrow\", an ADC program to reactivate historic units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0065-0001", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Post-war air defense role\nEquipped first with radar equipped and Mighty Mouse rocket armed North American F-86D Sabre fighters, the group's 94th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS) upgraded to data link equipped F-86Ls for interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system in 1956, followed by the 71st FIS in 1957. The 71st FIS transitioned to F-102 Delta Dagger aircraft the following year. The 71st retained its F-102s for only a year before converting to F-106 Delta Darts, while the 94th FIS retained its Sabres until converting directly to the F-106 in 1960. Until it was reassigned to the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0065-0002", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, Post-war air defense role\nFighter Wing in 1956, it also served as the host organization for Selfridge AFB and was assigned a number of support organizations to fulfill this task. The group served as part of the 30th Air Division and the Detroit Air Defense Sector, based at Selfridge Air Force Base, before being reassigned as part of the 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense) in 1956 and being inactivated on 1 February 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Operations Group\nOn 1 October 1991, the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing was redesignated 1st Fighter Wing and the 1st Fighter Group reactivated as the 1st Operations Group to control its F-15 and operations support squadrons at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia as part of the implementation of the Air Force Objective Wing Reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Operations Group\nOn 15 March 1992, the 74th Air Control Squadron was transferred to the 1st Fighter Wing to provide command and control of air operations during deployments. On 1 February 1993, the 41st and 71st Rescue Squadrons, and the 741st Maintenance Squadron were also assigned to the 1st Fighter Wing. Stationed at Patrick AFB, Florida, the units provided search and rescue for NASA's space shuttle missions, and support of combat search and rescue operations in Southwest Asia. Additionally, C-21 operational support aircraft were assigned to the Wing on 1 April 1993, with the establishment of Detachment 1, 1st Operations Group. On 1 May, the detachment inactivated and the 12th Airlift Flight, with the same mission, activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Operations Group\nOn 14 June 1995, the 1st Rescue Group was activated as part of the 1st Fighter Wing and assumed operational control of the Search and Rescue organizations. On 1 April 1997, the 12th Airlift Flight was transferred to Air Mobility Command, leaving the group tasked with only fighter and air control operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, History, 1st Operations Group\nIn 2003 the 27th and 94th FS began transition to the F-22 Raptor, with the 94th FS reaching full operational status on 16 December 2005. Both the 27th FS and the 149th FS of the Virginia Air National Guard's 192nd Fighter Wing (integrated with the 1st Fighter Wing in operating and maintaining the 1st FW's forty F-22's) were declared fully operational by Air Combat Command on 15 December 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, 1st FG P-38 on exhibit\nBeginning in 1977, at least a dozen different groups attempted to locate and recover one of the eight aircraft abandoned on the Greenland ice cap after the forced landing of 15 July 1942. One of the B-17s was located and found to have been crushed by the glacial forces. A P-38 in restoreable condition was then located in 1988 approximately 268 feet below the surface. Efforts to bring it to the surface began in May 1992, culminating in the recovery in October 1992 of P-38F-1-LO 41-7630, last flown by 1st Lt . Harry L. Smith, Jr., 94th Fighter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159449-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Operations Group, 1st FG P-38 on exhibit\nThe P-38 was subsequently restored to flying condition over the next ten years, dubbed Glacier Girl by its new owner, the Lost Squadron Museum, and flown on 26 October 2002. The P-38 (civil aviation number N17663) was stored at the museum's location in Middlesboro, Kentucky, until its sale to a private individual. A scale model kit of Glacier Girl was released by Academy Plastic Model Co.-Model Rectifier Corporation (Kit No. 12208) in July 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159450-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Cavalry Regiment\nThe First Regiment Oregon volunteer Cavalry was a volunteer regiment in United States service Union army that was formed in response to the American Civil War. With men recruited in Oregon and some recruited in surrounding states, the regiment primarily served to protect the state of Oregon and surrounding territories during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159450-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Cavalry Regiment, Background\nIn 1861, Colonel George Wright requested permission from Oregon Governor John Whiteaker to form a cavalry company in the state, as Wright was commander of the District of Oregon that included the Washington Territory. Wright was motivated by the fact that there were a total of 700 soldiers and 19 officers in the Pacific Northwest at a time when there were often battles with Native Americans. Some volunteers joined up, asked to provide their own horse, but were later discharged when the organization failed before Wright was transferred to California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159450-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Cavalry Regiment, Background\nLieutenant Colonel Albemarle Cady replaced Wright late in 1861 as United States Army regular troops were returned east for the American Civil War. To replace those troops, Wright sent volunteers from California to protect Oregon from attacks by Native Americans. In response, Oregon then commissioned Thomas R. Cornelius in November 1861 as colonel and ordered him to raise ten companies of cavalry troops. Oregonians were unhappy with California volunteers protecting Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159450-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Cavalry Regiment, Formation\nThe initial part of the regiment (companies A through F) was organized and mustered into the army in Oregon from December 1861 to April 1862. In May 1862, it was sent into the Washington Territory to the Walla Walla country to protect immigrants and miners along the Salmon River. The 1st Oregon occupied Fort Walla Walla in June 1862 and sent out various expeditions over the next two years to fight the Snake Indians and other threats. Hence, the regiment was rarely intact as a single unit for much of the war. Several companies scattered to other frontier forts, including Fort Vancouver and Fort Dalles (see also The Dalles, Oregon) for detached duty such as constructing roads through the wilderness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159450-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Cavalry Regiment, Formation\nIn January 1863, the remaining portion of the regiment (companies G, H, I, K, and M) were authorized and activated for duty. Companies G and H served at Camp Watson on Rock Creek; Company I was at Fort Klamath, Company K at Fort Dalles and Companies L and M at Fort Boise in Idaho Territory. The battalion came together for several skirmishes with local Indians in the Harney Lake Valley and other locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159450-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Cavalry Regiment, Formation\nMen signed up for a three-year tour of duty with the cavalry. Pay was $31 per month for each soldier, and at the end of service men were given a $100 bounty and 160 acres (0.65\u00a0km2) of land. In addition to Col. Cornelius, other officers included R. F. Maury, C. S. Drew, Benjamin F. Harding as quartermaster, and J. S. Rinearson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159450-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Cavalry Regiment, Disbanding\nIn January 1865, Col. Reuben F. Maury, 1st Oregon Cavalry, assumed command of the Federal District of Oregon. The 1st Oregon Cavalry mustered out November 20, 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159450-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Cavalry Regiment, Disbanding\nThe 1st Oregon Volunteer Cavalry Regiment did not muster out all at once, but did so in stages beginning in November 1864. Two years later there were only a small number of men remaining to muster out of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Oregon Infantry Regiment was an American Civil War era military regiment recruited in Oregon for the Union Army. The regiment was formed in November 1864. At full strength, it was composed of ten companies of foot soldiers. The regiment was used to guard trade routes and escorted immigrant wagon trains from Fort Boise to the Willamette Valley. Its troops were used to pursue and suppress Native American raiders in eastern Oregon and the Idaho Territory. Several detachments accompanied survey parties and built roads in central and southern Oregon. The regiment's last company was mustered out of service in July 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Background\nFollowing the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, most regular army troops were withdrawn from the Pacific Northwest for service in the war's eastern theatres. This left Oregon and the Washington and Idaho territories without sufficient troops to guard Native American reservations from trespassing miners, escort immigrant wagon trains, and protect settlers and traders from Native American raiders in eastern Oregon and southern Idaho. Oregon officials were also concerned about possible conflicts between pro-Union and pro-Confederate supporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Background\nAs a result, the commander of the United States Army's Department of the Pacific, Brigadier General George Wright asked Oregon Governor John Whiteaker to recruit an Oregon cavalry regiment. At the same time, Wright asked Henry M. McGill, Washington Territory's acting Governor, to raise an infantry regiment in Washington. Both recruiting efforts were successful. The Washington infantry regiment was formed on 18 October 1861, and the 1st Oregon Cavalry was activated a month later on 21 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe initial enlistment period for six of the seven Oregon cavalry companies and five of ten Washington infantry companies expired in the fall of 1864. As a result, Brigadier General Benjamin Alvord, the Army's senior commander in Oregon, asked Oregon's new Governor Addison C. Gibbs to raise a new infantry regiment and recruit backfills for the expected cavalry vacancies. Gibbs agreed, and formally asked Major General Irwin McDowell, who replaced Wright as commander of the Department of the Pacific, to request authority to recruit additional troops for military operations in Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Formation\nOn 31 August 1864, Gibbs and McDowell sent a joint letter to the War Department in Washington, D.C. requesting permission to recruit a new infantry regiment and cavalry replacements. On 20 October 1864, the Governor received a positive reply from the War Department. The news arrived just one day before the end of Oregon's legislative session. Gibbs quickly asked the legislature to provide a $150 enlistment bounty, which the legislators enacted before going home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Formation\nGovernor Gibbs appointed well known civic leaders as county recruiting officers to give prestige to the effort. The state's pro-union newspapers including The Oregonian, the Oregon Statesman, and the Jacksonville Sentinel all encourage young men to join the new regiment. The publicity along with the $150 bounty helped make the recruiting drive a success. The first companies of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment were officially activated on 11 November 1864. By June 1865, the regiment reached ten full-strength companies. Three senior officers from the 1st Oregon Cavalry were promoted and placed in charge of the new infantry regiment. Colonel George B. Currey became the regiment's commander. Lieutenant Colonel John M. Drake was second in command, and Major William V. Rinehart was given the third most senior post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Operations\nWhile some detachments of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment occasionally skirmished with hostile Native American bands, the regiment's main duties were much more mundane. Most companies spent their time in garrison duty at small posts in eastern Oregon, southeast Washington, and southern Idaho. They protected immigrant trails and escorted wagon trains from Fort Boise to the Willamette Valley. Two companies escorted survey parties, and another constructed a road in southwestern Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Operations\nWhile scouting sixteen miles from Camp Wright on the Selvies River, near present-day Burns, Captain Loren L. Williams and a party of twenty Oregon infantrymen from Company H were ambushed by a band of hostile Native Americans. Williams and his troops fought a harrowing retreat back to Camp Wright, defending themselves for about fifteen hours before they reached safety. All along the way Native Americans fired from concealed positions. At one point, they even set a brush fire in the soldiers path to prevent them from escaping. Despite their continuous attacks, the Native Americans only wounded two soldiers. In his report, Williams stated that his long-range rifles killed fifteen Native American. He also stated that his superior weaponry was the only thing that prevented his party from being overrun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Operations\nIn the summer of 1865, Lieutenant Cyrus H. Walker and the men of Company B were responsible for disarming friendly Native Americans and guarding numerous wagon trains as they crossed southern Idaho. They also established Camp Reed at Salmon Falls Creek and Camp Wallace at Camas Prairie, both in Idaho. The troops built a blockhouse at Camp Wallace, but later abandoned the site in favor of winter quarters near Fort Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Operations\nLieutenant William Grant and his detachment accompanied David P. Thompson and his government survey team through central Oregon as they plotted the Deschutes Meridian, a north-south line extending from the Columbia River to the California border. In another party, Lieutenant John M. McCall led a detachment of forty-eight men responsible for escorting State Surveyor Byron J. Pengra and his assistants as they surveyed the route of the Oregon Central Military Road. The route they surveyed ran from Eugene, Oregon along the Middle Fork of the Willamette River, through the Cascades near Diamond Peak, then across arid southeastern Oregon to Idaho's mining country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Operations\nCaptain Franklin B. Sprague and twenty men of Company I built a section of road that linked the Rogue River with the John Day road. This connected Jacksonville and southwest Oregon with John Day's mining country. After the construction work was completed, Sprague published a list of the best camp sites along the road in the Jacksonville newspapers so that the wagon masters could find the best water and grass along the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Operations\nOn 1 August 1865, two hunters from Sprague's party rediscovered Crater Lake, which had been first visited in 1853, but was never effectively recorded so that others could locate the lake. Based on directions from his hunters, Sprague and five other men visited the lake on 12 August. They climbed down the 800 foot caldera cliff to become the first explorers to reach the lake shore. Sprague's account of the visit to \"Lake Majestic\" was published in the Jacksonville Sentinel on 25 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Operations\nIn the fall of 1865, Colonel Currey was planning a winter campaign against the Native Americans in eastern Oregon. To prepare, he sent detachments of the 1st Oregon Infantry along with Oregon cavalry units to Camp Alvord in the Alvord Valley; Camp Polk near present-day Sisters; Camp Currey near Silver Lake; Camp Logan and Camp Colfax along the Boise Road east of Canyon City; Camp Wallace; and Camp Lander near Fort Hall in the Idaho Territory. Detachment commanders were instructed to build winter quarters at their posts and prepare for a winter offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Operations\nWinter provisions were to follow in supply wagons. However, the end of the Civil War in the east had freed up many regular officers for duty in the west, and as a result, Colonel Currey was released from duty in November 1865 along with the men from companies C, D, and E. Lieutenant Colonel Drake was released from service in December, so the planned winter campaign never got started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Disbanding\nThe remaining companies spent a long winter in field encampments waiting for orders. In February 1866, Major General Frederick Steele arrived at Fort Vancouver to take command of the Military Department of the Columbia. As soon as the weather improved he ordered the dispersed infantry units, except Captain Sprague's Company I, to report to Fort Vancouver where the volunteers were mustered out of service. Several officers were reassigned to regular Army units arriving from the east, but few were retained more than a year. On 19 July 1867, Captain Sprague, First Lieutenant Harrison B. Oatman, and the men of Company I were the last members of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment to be mustered out of the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159451-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, Officers\nThe following is a list of officers who served in the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The list was current as of 31 October 1865, the date the first members of the regiment were mustered out of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers (OAV) was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed in the Orkney Islands in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat. The unit served as coast artillery until it was disbanded after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Precursor unit\nNumerous Volunteer units had been organised across Britain at the time for home defenceof the French Revolutionary Wars, and some of these had taken on the role of manning coast artillery guns. One such unit, the Kirkwall Gunners, was in existence at Kirkwall on Mainland, Orkney, as early as 1801, but little is known of its history. It was probably absorbed into the Orkney Volunteer Infantry and disbanded by the end of the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nRenewed enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. A public meeting on 29 December 1859 resolved to raise a volunteer company in Orkney, and a further meeting in early January 1860 decided that it should be an artillery volunteer corps (AVC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe 1st Orkney Artillery Volunteer Corps (OAV) was accepted for service by the War Office on 12 March 1860, and over 50 volunteers gathered at Kirkwall that month, when John Heddle of Melsetter was chosen as Captain. A battery with two 32-pounder guns was erected at Cromwell's Fort in the charge of the Sergeant-instructor. Over the following years the gunners practised gun drill and target firing with the heavy guns from the fort and musketry with carbines at a range on Mount Road. The first headquarters (HQ) was an office in Broad Street, then a wooden building on the Kirk Green until that was replaced by a purpose-built drill hall on reclaimed land on the shore of the Peerie Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nOther AVCs followed across the islands, and from 1863 they were all administered by the 1st Administrative Brigade, Caithness Artillery Volunteers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nSome 70 volunteers were raised for a corps at South Ronaldsay and drills commenced, but no officer candidates came forward and the unit was abandoned. Once a fifth OAV had been raised there were moves for Orkney to have its own brigade, and Capt David Balfour of the 3rd (Shapinsay) OAV was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of a new 1st Administrative Brigade, Orkney Artillery Volunteers on 15 March 1867 with Capt Alex Bain of the 1st (Kirkwall) OAV as Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nVolunteer corps were consolidated into larger units in 1880, when the 1st Admin Brigade became simply the 1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, with the individual corps as numbered companies. On 1 April 1882 all AVCs were affiliated to a territorial garrison division of the Royal Artillery (RA), the Scottish Division in the case of the 1st Orkney, moving to the Southern Division when the numbers were reduced on 1 July 1889. By 1894 No 6 Company was at Holm and Fort Alexander, No 9 at Birsay and Douby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe unit had its headquarters and drill hall at Kirkwall, and each battery had its own drill hall, armoury, sergeant-instructor's cottage, practice battery of two guns (four at Kirkwall) and a carbine range. The practice batteries were re-armed with old 64-pounder RML guns, so serious training on modern guns was carried out at the annual camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nFrom 1 June 1899 all artillery volunteers became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), and when the RA abolished its divisional structure on 1 January 1902 the unit was redesignated the 1st Orkney Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Orkney RGA transferred as a 'defended ports unit' with minor changes to organisation and uniforms. Headquarters remained at Kirkwall with the companies located as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, World War I\nOn the outbreak of war TF units mobilised and went to their war stations: the coast defences around Orkney and Fair Isle in the case of the Orkney RGA. Shortly afterwards, members of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service, and the majority did so. Soon the TF RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service were supplying trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas. Although most defended ports units provided cadres to form complete siege artillery batteries for front line service from New Army ('Kitchener's Army') volunteers, the Orkney RGA does not appear to have been used in this way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, World War I\nIn 1915 it was announced that the Royal Navy, which was already responsible for the defence of the Grand Fleet's anchorage at Scapa Flow, would take over the defences of the whole of the Orkneys. The Orkney RGA was replaced by the Royal Marine Artillery, and because the unit no longer had a mobilisation role it was disbanded, despite the protests of the Orkney TF Association. The individual Orkney gunners were posted to other RGA units in the UK and overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TF was reconstituted on 1 January 1920, there were attempts to revive the Orkney RGA. Major J.D. Shearer raised two companies, which were designated the Orkney Coast Brigade, RGA when the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921. However, recruitment was poor and the brigade was officially disbanded in May 1922. The historian of the Orkney and Shetland Volunteers places the blame for this failure on the disheartening effect of the 1915 decision to disband the former Orkney RGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Successor units\nIn 1926 it was decided that the coastal defences of Great Britain should be solely manned by part-time soldiers of the TA. However, there were by now no TA units existing in Orkney or Shetland, and new ones had to be hastily raised after the Munich Crisis in 1938. On the outbreak of World War II, the fixed coast defences on the Orkneys, including those protecting Scapa Flow, were manned by a new Orkney Heavy Regiment (TA) formed on 1 November 1938", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe original uniform of the 1st Orkney AVC was a blue Frock coat with blue cuffs and collar, with five rows of black lace across the chest. Other ranks had scarlet piping round the collar and Austrian knots above the cuffs, officers had them in silver. The headgear was a blue peaked cap with a black band  and scarlet piping, with the Royal Arms badge. White waist belts were worn, later replaced by cheaper black leather . However, in 1863 the 1st Orkney AVC adopted the standard uniform of the Royal Artillery. The Home Service helmet was worn from 1880.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159452-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers, Commanding officers\nThe following served as commanding officer of the 1st Orkney Artillery Volunteers and Orkney RGA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159453-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Otdelenie Gosudarstvennoy Selektsionnoy Stantsii\n1st Otdelenie Gosudarstvennoy Selektsionnoy Stantsii (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Tulunsky District, Russia. The population was 214 as of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159453-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Otdelenie Gosudarstvennoy Selektsionnoy Stantsii, Geography\nThe settlement is located 10 km northwest of Tulun (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Army\nThe 1st Panzer Army (German: 1. Panzerarmee) was a German tank army that was a large armoured formation of the Wehrmacht during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Army\nWhen originally formed on 1 March 1940, the predecessor of the 1st Panzer Army was named Panzer Group Kleist (Panzergruppe Kleist) with Colonel General Ewald von Kleist in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history\nPanzer Group Kleist was the first operational formation of several Panzer corps in the Wehrmacht. Created for the Battle of France on 1 March 1940; it was named after its commander Ewald von Kleist. Panzer Group Kleist played an important role in the Battle of Belgium. Panzer corps of the Group broke through the Ardennes and reached the sea, forming a huge pocket, containing several Belgian, British, and French armies. When the armistice was signed, the Group was deployed in occupied France, being renamed to Panzer Group 1 (Panzergruppe 1) in November. In April 1941, Panzer Group 1 took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia as part of Field Marshal Maximilian von Weichs's Second Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1941\nIn May 1941 Panzer Group 1 was attached to Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt's Army Group South at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa. At the start of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, Panzer Group 1 included the III, XIV and XLVIII Army Corps (motorized) with five panzer divisions and four motorized divisions (two of them SS) equipped with 799 tanks. Panzer Group 1 served on the southern sector of the Eastern Front against the Red Army and was involved the Battle of Brody which involved as many as 3,000 Red Army tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1941\nThe units of the Group closed the encirclement around the Soviet armies near Uman and near Kiev. After the fall of Kiev Panzer Group 1 was enlarged to become the 1st Panzer Army (on October 6, 1941) with Kleist still in command. The army captured Rostov, but was forced to retreat eight days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1942\nIn January 1942, Army Group Kleist, which consisted of the First Panzer Army along with the Seventeenth Army, was formed with its namesake, Kleist, in command. Army Group Kleist played a major role in repulsing the Red Army attack in the Second Battle of Kharkov in May 1942. Army Group Kleist was disbanded that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1942\nThe First Panzer Army, still under Kleist, which had been attached to Army Group South earlier, became part of Army Group A under Field Marshal Wilhelm List. Army Group A was to lead the thrust into the Caucasus during Operation Blue and capture Grozny and the Baku (current capital of Azerbaijan) oilfields. The First Panzer Army was to spearhead the attack. Rostov, Maykop, Krasnodar and the Kuban region were captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1942\nIn September 1942, the offensive by Army Group A stalled in the Caucasus and List was sacked. After Adolf Hitler briefly took personal control of Army Group A, he appointed Kleist to the command on 22 November 1942. As Kleist took over, Colonel-General Eberhard von Mackensen took the reins of the First Panzer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1942\nIn December 1942, as the German 6th Army was being crushed in the Battle of Stalingrad, the Red Army launched an offensive against Army Group A. The First Panzer Army was ordered to retreat through Rostov in January 1943, before the Soviet forces could cut it off in the Kuban. By February 1943, the army had been withdrawn west of the Don River and Kleist withdrew the remains of his forces from Caucasus into the Kuban, east of the Strait of Kerch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1943\nIn January 1943, von Mackensen's First Panzer Army became attached to Army Group Don under Field Marshal Erich von Manstein. The month after that, von Manstein redeployed the First Panzer Army together with the Fourth Panzer Army to counter-attack the Soviet breakthrough from the Battle of Stalingrad. The First Panzer Army contributed to the success of the Third Battle of Kharkov in March 1943. In July 1943, the Army, with the help of the XXIV Panzer Corps, repelled the Soviet Izyum-Barvenkovo Offensive. In October 1943 Soviet forces crossed the Dnieper River between Dnipropetrovsk and Kremenchug. The First Panzer Army counter-attacked along with the 8th Army, but failed to dislodge the Soviet forces. At the end of that month, as the Red Army closed in on Kiev, von Mackensen was replaced by Colonel-General Hans-Valentin Hube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1944\nThe First Panzer Army remained attached to Army Group South from March 1943 to July 1944. By that time German troops had been pulled out from the Ukraine. In March 1944, crisis hit the First Panzer Army as it was encircled by two Soviet fronts in the Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. A successful breakthrough was made, saving most of the manpower but losing the heavy equipment. That same month Hitler, who insisted his armies fight an inflexible defense to the last man, dismissed von Manstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1944\nIn October 1941, when the First Panzer Army had been formed, it was a large army consisting of four corps, several infantry, panzer, motorized, mountain, and SS divisions, along with a Romanian army and some Italian, Romanian, Hungarian, and Slovak divisions. By the spring of 1944, the First Panzer Army had shrunk considerably, consisting of only three corps, two infantry, four panzer, and one SS division. After July 1944 it retreated from Ukraine and Poland before fighting with Army Group A in Slovakia (Battle of the Dukla Pass).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1945\nDuring its existence, from October 1941 to May 1945, the First Panzer Army spent its entire time on the Eastern Front. In the spring of 1945, the First Panzer Army's main task was to defend the Ostrava region in the north of Moravia, which was at the time the last large industrial area in the hands of Third Reich. There the First Panzer Army was facing the advance of 4th Ukrainian Front from the north-east (Ostrava-Opava Operation, 10 March \u2013 5 May 1945) and had lost most of its heavy and medium tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159454-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Panzer Army, Service history, 1945\nAt the same time however the Panzer Army was flanked by the 2nd Ukrainian Front from the south (Bratislava-Brno Operation, 25 March \u2013 5 May 1945). German defensive lines finally collapsed in the early hours of Prague Offensive. The staff of First Panzer Army, along with other commands subordinated to Army Group Center, surrendered to the Soviet forces on 9 May 1945 in the area of Deutsch-Brod, while the remnants of its Panzer-units were scattered and captured all the way from Olomouc to Vyso\u010dina Region. Its last commander was general Walter Nehring, who abandoned his staff and fled south to surrender to the American forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159455-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe 1st Panzer Division (German: \"1. Panzerdivision\", short: \"1. PzDiv\") is an armoured division of the German Army. Its headquarter is based in Oldenburg. In the course of the last reorganisation of the Bundeswehr it became the backbone of Germany's newly formed intervention forces with a manpower of 35,000 soldiers. The division is equipped and trained for high intensity combat operations against militarily organized enemies as well as peacekeeping missions. The majority of all German troops assigned to EU-Battlegroups and Nato Response Forces will come from this division. It also represents Germany's permanent contribution to the binational I. German/Dutch Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159455-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)\nThe 43rd Mechanized Brigade of the Royal Netherlands Army is integrated into the 1st Panzer Division since 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159455-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Bundeswehr), History\nThis division was formed on July 1, 1956, the day of the official inauguration of the Bundeswehr. It was the first fully operational unit of the new German Army. At first referred to as 1st Grenadier Division, it was reorganized in the 1980s and made fully armoured in 1981. During this period it was part of I Corps of the Bundeswehr Heer, in turn part of NATO's Northern Army Group, Allied Forces Central Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159455-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Bundeswehr), History\n1st Panzer Division has deployed to the Balkans, Afghanistan and to several peacekeeping operations. Troops of this division were also deployed to the support of civilian agencies during large natural disasters such as the Hamburg Floods of 1962, disastrous wild fires in Northern Germany in the 1970s and the 2002 Floods in Eastern Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159455-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Bundeswehr), History\nThe division cultivates a partnership with the United States Army 28th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159455-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Bundeswehr), History\nIn April 2019 the division headquarters took the role of exercise High Command (HICON) for Exercise \"Allied Spirit X\" at Hohenfels Training Area in Bavaria. The exercise lead is routinely rotated among coalition/NATO partners. The exercise primarily involved the 21st Panzer Brigade, the Lithuanian Iron Wolf Brigade, and their subordinate units; 5,630 participants from 15 nations took part. The division already had Dutch, British and Polish officers within its ranks. The US Army's 2nd Battalion, 34th Armored Regiment, took part in the exercise. Six engineering advisor teams from 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade provided hands-on experience and testing of secure communications between NATO allies and partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 1st Panzer-Division (short: 1. Pz.Div . German: 1. Panzer-Division, English: 1st Tank Division) was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division was one of the original three tank divisions established by Germany in 1935. It took part in pre-war occupations of Austria and Czechoslovakia and the invasions of Poland in 1939 and Belgium and France in 1940. From 1941 to 1945, it fought on the Eastern Front, except for a period in 1943 when it was sent for refitting to France and Greece. At the end of the war, the division surrendered to US forces in Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 1st Panzer Division was formed on 15 October 1935 from the 3rd Cavalry Division, and was headquartered in Weimar. It was one of three tank divisions created at the time, the other two being the 2nd and 3rd Panzer Division. Earlier in the year, Germany had renounced the Treaty of Versailles, which had forbidden the country, among other things, from having tank forces, a treaty Germany had violated almost from the start by secretly developing tanks and operating a covert tank school in the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nInitially, the division consisted of two panzer regiments organized into a brigade, a motorized infantry brigade, a reconnaissance battalion, a divisional artillery regiment, and supporting ancillary formations. The division was equipped with the sub-standard light Panzer I and Panzer II, with the more powerful Panzer III arriving in late 1936. While the Pz I saw service in large numbers in Poland in 1939, the division was still using its Panzer II's in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn 1938, the division participated in the Anschluss of Austria and the occupation of the Sudetenland in 1938 and the subsequent invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1939. In September 1939, the 1st Panzer Division took part in the invasion of Poland, reaching the outskirts of Warsaw after eight days. After Warsaw the division was moved to support the 18th Infantry Division before returning to Germany in November 1939, after the Polish surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nIn May 1940, the 1st Panzer Division was part of the invasion of France, Luxembourg and Belgium. It took part in the battles of Sedan and Dunkirk before swinging south to participate in the attack on the Weygand Line. It advanced towards the Swiss border and occupied Belfort before the surrender of France. During the battle of France, the division suffered relatively low casualties, having just under 500 men killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 1st Panzer Division remained in France until September 1940, when it was moved to East Prussia. It supplied a substantial number of units to the new 16th and 18th Panzer Divisions. From 22 June 1941, it took part of Operation Barbarossa, crossing the former German-Lithuanian frontier as part of the Army Group North and the 4th Panzer Group. The division was involved in heavy fighting and, by mid-August, had only 44, of the 155 tanks it had started out with less than two month earlier, left in serviceable condition. It continued to advance towards Leningrad until early October when it was transferred to the Army Group Centre to take part in the advance on Moscow. The division advanced within 32 kilometres (20\u00a0mi) on Moscow before being forced to retreat during the Soviet counterattack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe division was part of the defence of the Rzhev Salient during early 1942, initially being very short on tanks and fighting predominantly as infantry until being resupplied during Spring. The 1st Panzer Division was engaged in the defence of the supply lines of the 9th Army in the centre of the Eastern Front. It suffered heavy casualties during the defence against repeated Soviet attacks in the Winter of 1942\u201343 before eventually being transferred back to France in January 1943 for refitting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nAfter months in northern France, the division was sent to occupied Greece in June 1943 because of the perceived threat of an Allied landing there. Instead, the landing took place in Sicily and the division participated in the disarming of Italian forces in Greece when the former defected from the Axis in September 1943. The 1st Panzer Division was brought up to full strength again in October when it received a substantial number of Panther tanks and returned to the Eastern Front again shortly thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe 1st Panzer Division was engaged in the southern sector of the Eastern Front to serve alternately within the 1st and 4th Panzer Army as an emergency force. It was constantly thrown from crisis location to crisis location as the German front lines retreated, taking part in battles at Kiev, Zhitomir and Cherkassy. The latter battle saw the division attempting to break through to the cauldron but falling just short. By March 1944, the division had been reduced to just over 25 percent of its nominal strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nRetreating further westwards, the division was part of the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket and, from there, took part in the defence of eastern Poland and Hungary. It was engaged in defensive operations around Lake Balaton and took part in the unsuccessful attempt to break through to the Siege of Budapest and once more suffered heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159456-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), History\nThe final month of the Second World War saw the division engaged in the defence of Styria. From there, it retreated westwards to surrender to US forces rather than Soviet ones, successfully crossing the demarcation line between the two. It surrendered on 8 May 1945 in southern Bavaria and most of its soldiers were released from captivity soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159457-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Panzergrenadier Brigade (Germany)\nThe 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (German: Panzergrenadierbrigade 1) in Hildesheim was a formation in the  Bundeswehr, which was subordinated to the 1st Armoured Division in Hanover. The Brigade was disbanded on 31 December 2007. During its lifetime the Brigade was stationed between the L\u00fcneburg Heath, Harz Mountains, the Solling hills and the River Weser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159457-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Panzergrenadier Brigade (Germany), Formation sign\nThe formation sign displays the white Sachsenross or Saxon steed on a red background within a yellow and white shield. The steed recalls the Welf dukes and the Kingdom of Hanover. The original Saxon tribal emblem was adopted in 1235 by the Welf dukes, the Dukes of Brunswick and L\u00fcneburg, as an additional coat of arms. Through the amalgamation of part of the L\u00fcneburg-Brunswick region with the Principality, later Kingdom, of Hanover the Saxon steed appeared in 1705 on the escutcheon of the kingdom's coat of arms surrounded by the main yellow and white shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159457-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Panzergrenadier Brigade (Germany), Formation sign\nOn the foundation of the state of Lower Saxony in 1952 the Saxon steed on a red field became the coat of arms of the state. The white border of the coat of arms, in embroidery shown as a white cord - represents the usual heraldic custom of the German Army: white borders were always the formation signs of the \"first\" brigades in a division. The superior division as well as the other two brigades in the division traditionally bore an identical formation sign apart from the white border. On the disbandment of the Brigade the sign continued to be worn by Panzerlehrbrigade 9, which gave up its old sign in 2006. The white border remains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159457-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Panzergrenadier Brigade (Germany), Composition 2007\nIn 2007, just before disbanding the brigade was organised as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159458-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe German 1st Parachute Army (1. Fallschirm-Armee) was formed in September, 1944, comprising 30,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159458-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Army (Wehrmacht), History\nIts first commander was Colonel General Kurt Student, the Wehrmacht's airborne pioneer. During the Allied Operation Market Garden, Student's men delayed the Allied advance across the south of the Netherlands. The 30,000 soldiers were likely the only combat-ready reserve forces in Germany at the time. However, few of the Army's units or personnel were paratroopers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159458-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Army (Wehrmacht), History\nStudent was transferred to the Eastern Front, and on 18 November 1944, command of the First Parachute Army passed to General der Fallschirmtruppe Alfred Schlemm, who opposed the Canadian First Army during the Battle of the Reichswald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159458-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Army (Wehrmacht), History\nThe Canadian First Army and Lieutenant-General William Hood Simpson\u2019s U.S. Ninth Army compressed Schlemm\u2019s forces into a small bridgehead on the west bank of the Rhine opposite Wesel. On 10 March 1945, the rearguard of the 1st Parachute Army evacuated their bridgehead, destroying the bridge behind them. Schlemm was wounded in an air attack on his command post at Haltern eleven days later and on 20 March 1945, command passed to General G\u00fcnther Blumentritt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159458-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Army (Wehrmacht), History\nJust before Operation Varsity, First Parachute Army had three corps stationed along the river;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159458-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Army (Wehrmacht), History\nOf these formations, II Parachute Corps and LXXXVI Corps had a shared boundary which ran through the proposed landing-zones for the Allied airborne divisions, meaning that the leading formation of each corps would face the airborne assault \u2014 these being 7th Parachute Division and 84th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht). After their retreat to the Rhine both divisions were under-strength and did not number more than 4,000 men each, with 84th Infantry Division supported by only 50 or so medium artillery pieces. In the final days of the war, command passed once more to Student (10 April) and finally to Erich Straube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159459-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Australia)\nThe 1st Parachute Battalion was a parachute infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Raised for service during the Second World War, it was formed in early 1943 from volunteers for airborne training. Despite achieving a high level of readiness, the battalion did not see action during the war and was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159459-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Australia), History\nLike the British Army, Australia did not have a parachute operations capability at the outbreak of the Second World War; however, the demonstration of the effectiveness of such forces by the Germans in the early stages of the conflict soon provided the impetus for their development. Efforts to raise an operational parachute capability in the Australian Army began in November 1942, with 40 volunteers being selected for initial training with the newly formed Paratroop Training Unit. The first descents were made at Tocumwal in New South Wales, with the initial parachute courses consisting of four jumps. By March 1943 enough personnel had been trained for the Army to consider forming a full parachute battalion. As a result, the 1st Parachute Battalion was raised at this time at RAAF Station Richmond near Sydney, New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159459-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Australia), History\nInitially, raised on a reduced scale of only two rifle companies, the battalion's personnel were mainly drawn from volunteers from other Army units\u2014mostly the independent companies that had been set up in 1941\u201342 to carry out irregular warfare\u2014and as a result, most of the battalion's personnel had seen active service prior to being accepted. These volunteers completed their parachute training with 1st Parachute Training Unit before joining the battalion, and upon completion of their training qualified to wear the maroon beret, which was adopted by the 1st Parachute Battalion as a symbol of their elite status. In April 1943, while based at Scheyville Farm, the battalion raised a troop of engineers. Consisting of six officers and 51 other ranks, the 1st Parachute Troop, Royal Australian Engineers, was specially trained to undertake clandestine demolitions work alongside the battalion's rifle companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159459-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Australia), History\nAs the battalion was to be Australia's first airborne unit it required extensive training. Consequently, in addition to basic parachute training at Richmond, the battalion also trained in jungle warfare at Canungra in Queensland. In September 1943, Major John Overall, formerly of the 2/13th Field Company, Royal Australian Engineers, was appointed as commanding officer. Throughout this time training continued in the demolitions, tactics and parachuting, and as no reserve parachutes were used several fatalities occurred. A third rifle company was formed in October 1943 and by January 1944 the battalion was at full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159459-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Australia), History\nFollowing company and battalion level exercises the battalion was declared ready for operations in May 1944 and moved to Mareeba airstrip in North Queensland. A fourth rifle company was formed in June 1944. In August 1944 the battalion gained its own organic indirect fire support when it was joined by the parachute qualified 1st Mountain Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, equipped with short 25 Pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159459-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Australia), History\nIn late 1944, the battalion was alerted to begin preparations for operations in Borneo as part of the Borneo campaign. As well as preparing for airborne operations, the battalion also conducted amphibious training in late January and early February 1945 as part of a possible role in the amphibious landing at Balikpapan. The battalion was not used in this operation, however, due to a shortage of suitable aircraft. A few months later, the battalion was warned to prepare for a mission to rescue thousands of Allied prisoners held by the Japanese at Sandakan in North Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159459-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Australia), History\nThis operation, codenamed Operation Kingfisher, was controversially cancelled and the prisoners were subsequently killed by the Japanese in what subsequently became known as the Sandakan Death Marches. The disappointment of not being deployed to Borneo caused significant frustration within the battalion, with many soldiers requesting transfers to other infantry units such as Z Special Unit. Many of these requests were denied, however, as the battalion had been instructed to prepare to operate alongside British paratroopers in the planned liberation of Singapore that was to have taken place later in 1945 as part of Operations Zipper and Mailfist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159459-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Australia), History\nThe war ended before these operations took place, however, and following the Japanese surrender the battalion was ordered to prepare to deploy to Singapore for garrison duties. While an advance party of 120 men arrived in Singapore on 9 September, the rest of the battalion remained in Australia. The unit contributed an honour guard to the main surrender ceremony. Afterwards, a further 75 men were sent out to join them and together this force performed general garrison and policing duties before returning to Australia in January 1946. Orders were received to disband the battalion on 29 January 1946, and these were carried out the following day at Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159459-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Australia), Composition\nThe 1st Parachute Battalion was organised with the following sub units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159460-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Battalion (Hungary)\nThe 1st Parachute Battalion was a unit of the Royal Hungarian Army that participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Parachute Brigade was an airborne forces brigade formed by the British Army during the Second World War. As its name indicates, the unit was the first parachute infantry brigade formation in the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)\nFormed from three parachute battalions as well as support units and assigned to the 1st Airborne Division, the brigade first saw action in Operation Biting\u00a0\u2013 a raid on a German radar site at Bruneval on the French coast. They were then deployed in the Torch landings in Algeria, and the following Tunisia Campaign, where it fought as an independent unit. In North Africa each of the brigade's three parachute battalions took part in separate parachute assaults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe brigade then fought in the front line as normal infantry until the end of the campaign, during which they earned the nickname the \"Red Devils\". Following the Axis surrender in North Africa, when 1st Airborne Division arrived in Tunisia the brigade once more came under its command. The brigade's next mission was Operation Fustian, part of the Allied invasion of Sicily. This was also the British Army's first brigade-sized combat parachute jump. Because of casualties sustained in Sicily, the brigade was held in reserve for the division's next action, Operation Slapstick, an amphibious landing at Taranto in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)\nAt the end of 1943, the brigade returned to England, in preparation for the invasion of North-West Europe. Not required during the Normandy landings, the brigade was next in action at the Battle of Arnhem, part of Operation Market Garden. Landing on the first day of the battle, the brigade objective was to seize the crossings over the River Rhine and hold them for forty-eight hours until relieved by the advancing XXX Corps, coming 60 miles (97\u00a0km) from the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)\nIn the face of strong resistance elements, the brigade managed to secure the north end of the Arnhem road bridge. After holding out for four days, with their casualties growing and supplies exhausted they were forced to surrender. By this time the remainder of the brigade trying to fight through to the bridge had been almost destroyed and was no longer a viable fighting force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)\nReformed after the battle, the brigade took part in operations in Denmark at the end of the war and then in 1946 joined the 6th Airborne Division on internal security duties in Palestine. Post-war downsizing of the British Army reduced their airborne forces to a single brigade and led to the 1948 dissolution of 1st Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Background\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations during the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. On 22\u00a0June 1940, No. 2 Commando was redeployed to parachute duties and on 21\u00a0November re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion (later the 1st Parachute Battalion), with both a parachute and glider wing, the men of which took part in the first British airborne operation, Operation Colossus, on 10\u00a0February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Background\nThe success of the raid prompted the War Office to expand the airborne forces, setting up the Airborne Forces Depot and Battle School in Derbyshire in April 1942, and creating the Parachute Regiment as well as converting several infantry battalions into airborne battalions in August 1942. This resulted in the formation of the  1st Airborne Division with the 1st Parachute Brigade and the 1st Airlanding Brigade. Its commander Major-General Frederick Arthur Montague Boy Browning, expressed his opinion that the fledgling force must not be sacrificed in \"penny packets\" and urged the formation of further brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Background\nAll parachute forces had to undergo a twelve-day parachute training course at No. 1 Parachute Training School, RAF Ringway. Initial parachute jumps were from a converted barrage balloon and finished with five jumps from an aircraft. Anyone failing to complete a descent was returned to his old unit. Those men who successfully completed the parachute course were presented with their maroon beret and parachute wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Background\nAirborne soldiers were expected to fight against superior numbers of the enemy armed with heavy weapons, including artillery and tanks. Training was as a result designed to encourage a spirit of self-discipline, self-reliance and aggressiveness. Emphasis was given to physical fitness, marksmanship and fieldcraft. A large part of the training regime consisted of assault courses and route marching while military exercises included capturing and holding airborne bridgeheads, road or rail bridges and coastal fortifications. At the end of most exercises, the battalions would march back to their barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Background\nAn ability to cover long distances at speed was also expected: airborne platoons were required to cover a distance of 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in twenty-four hours, and battalions 32 miles (51\u00a0km). This ability was demonstrated in April 1945. When the 3rd Parachute Brigade advanced 15 miles (24\u00a0km) in twenty-four hours, which included eighteen hours of close-quarters fighting. In the same month the 5th Parachute Brigade marched 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in seventy-two hours, during which they also carried out two night time assaults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Formation\nBrigadier Richard N. Gale, who would later command the 6th Airborne Division, took command of the 1st Parachute Brigade on its formation in September 1941. A triangular brigade formation with three battalions, Gale decided that rather than dividing the 11th Special Air Service Battalion among the brigade's battalions, he would keep the already trained unit together. On 15\u00a0September it was renamed the 1st Parachute Battalion, which, together with the newly raised 2nd and 3rd Parachute Battalions, now formed the 1st Parachute Brigade. These battalions were formed from volunteers aged between twenty-two and thirty-two years of age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Formation\nOnly men in infantry units were selected and only ten men from any one unit were allowed to leave. Early in 1942 the brigade was joined by the 4th Parachute Battalion, the 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance, and the 1st (Parachute) Squadron, Royal Engineers (RE). The 4th Parachute Battalion left the brigade in July to become the first battalion in the 2nd Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Formation\nBy 1944 the brigade had increased in size and now comprised the 1st, 2nd, 3rd Parachute battalions, the 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance and the 1st (Parachute) Squadron Royal Engineers (RE) as well as the 3rd (Airlanding) Light Battery Royal Artillery (RA) with 75\u00a0mm howitzers, 1st (Airlanding) Anti -Tank Battery RA with 6\u00a0pounder and 17\u00a0pounder guns along with a Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Formation\nAfter the war the brigade comprised the 1st, 2nd, 17th Parachute Battalions and the 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance. The 3rd Parachute Battalion had left to join the 3rd Parachute Brigade, replacing the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, who had returned to Canada at the cessation of hostilities. The 1st Airborne Division was disbanded in November 1945, and the brigade assigned to the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine. In 1946 the 17th Parachute Battalion amalgamated with the 7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion retaining the number of the senior unit. The brigade formation changed again in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation history, Formation\nFurther amalgamations and the general reduction in the post war British Army resulted in the brigade being formed from the 1st Parachute Battalion, the amalgamated 2nd/3rd Parachute Battalion and the amalgamated 8th/9th Parachute Battalion. By July 1948 the 6th Airborne Division had been withdrawn to England and disbanded, leaving the 2nd Parachute Brigade as the only regular British Army parachute formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Bruneval\nThe Bruneval raid or Operation Biting in February 1942 was one of the first missions planned by Combined Operations Headquarters that used all three of the British Armed Forces. An attacking force from 'C' Company, 2nd Parachute Battalion would be parachuted into France by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and later evacuated by the Royal Navy. Their objective was a German W\u00fcrzburg radar station on the coast of France, which British scientists wanted to examine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Bruneval\nOn 27\u00a0February, in ideal tide and weather conditions, the raid was commanded by Major John D. Frost. A group of forty men would attack machine-guns on the cliffs overlooking the evacuation beach and then advance to Bruneval village. Another fifty-five men in an assault group would attack the radar station and forty men would set up a blocking position to prevent German reinforcements reaching the radar site. The parachute drop was mostly successful with half of the first group missing the drop zone (DZ) by 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Bruneval\nAfter capturing the radar and other installations, the assault group dismantled the equipment then withdrew towards the beach. They were intercepted en route by the cliff machine guns which had not yet been cleared and suffered some casualties. When the delayed first group arrived, they managed to neutralize the enemy machine guns and by 02:15 the company had mustered on the beach to wait for the navy. Despite some initial problems caused by a lack of experience in combined operations, the troops were successfully evacuated with losses of three men killed and seven wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Bruneval\nThe success of the Bruneval raid was reported in the British media for several weeks while Winston Churchill, who had taken a personal interest in the raid, assembled the War Cabinet on 3\u00a0March to hear from Major Frost and several other officers who had taken part. On 15\u00a0May 1942 a special supplement to the London Gazette carried the announcement of nineteen decorations for the mission, including a Military Cross for Frost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, North Africa\nIn November 1942, the brigade now commanded by Brigadier Edwin Flavell, was detached from 1st Airborne Division, to take part in Operation Torch, the Allied landings in French North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, North Africa\nOn 11\u00a0November, the first major British parachute landing was made by the 3rd Parachute Battalion, which without its 'A' Company, flew from England via Gibraltar in a fleet of American piloted Douglas Dakotas. Their objective, the airfield at Bone, turned out to be deserted and was secured with no opposition. No. 6 Commando and a flight of RAF Spitfires reinforced the battalion later the same day. The following day the rest of the brigade who had travelled by sea arrived at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, North Africa\nDuring the next airborne mission on 16\u00a0November, the 1st Parachute Battalion secured an important road junction near Souk el Arba, 90 miles (140\u00a0km) west of Tunis then the next day ambushed a German convoy and were involved in several small battles. The Commanding Officer (CO) Lieutenant Colonel James Hill was wounded attacking an Italian position and replaced by his second-in-command, Alastair Pearson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, North Africa\nOn 29\u00a0November the 2nd Parachute Battalion, now commanded by John Frost, parachuted onto an  airfield at Depienne, 30 miles (48\u00a0km) south of Tunis. The airfield was deserted so Frost marched the battalion 10 miles (16\u00a0km) to a second airfield at Oudna. Due to postponement of their advance, the First Army did not relieve the battalion as planned and instead it became trapped 50 miles (80\u00a0km) behind the German lines, where Frost was informed by radio that they had been written off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, North Africa\nAfter ambushing an advancing German formation, the battalion were attacked by a second German unit and surrounded. On 1\u00a0December the Germans attacked with infantry, armour and artillery, almost wiping out 'C' Company and causing heavy casualties in the rest of the battalion. Frost ordered the battalion to disperse into company groups and head for the Allied lines. On 3\u00a0December, the surviving 180 men reached safety at Majaz al Bab. With no more opportunities for parachute operations, the brigade fought in the front line as normal infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0015-0002", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, North Africa\nIn February they held the right flank of the Allied line at Bou Arada and on the night of 2/3 February, the 1st Battalion, along with a French Foreign Legion unit, captured the Jebel Mansour heights and were then subjected to constant shelling and infantry attacks. After three days without relief, their almost ammunition expended, and having suffered 200 casualties, they were forced to withdraw. This was followed by the brigade fighting two fierce engagements at Tamera and checking the German offensive of Operation Ochsenkopf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0015-0003", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, North Africa\nWhen the Allied advance began again after the winter rains, the brigade was assigned to the force tasked with capturing Bizerta on 17\u00a0March. The remaining Axis forces surrendered on 13 May 1943 bringing the Tunisian campaign to an end with a cost to the 1st Parachute Brigade of 1,700 killed, wounded or missing. They had nevertheless proved themselves in combat and been nicknamed the Red Devils by the German forces they had fought against.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 73], "content_span": [74, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nImmediately before the Axis surrender in April 1943, the 1st Airborne Division, now commanded by Major-General George F. Hopkinson, arrived in North Africa, and the 1st Parachute Brigade once again came under their command for further operations in Sicily. The invasion of Sicily was to be carried out by General Bernard Montgomery's Eighth Army landing in the east and Lieutenant General George S. Patton's U.S. Seventh Army coming ashore in the west. These seaborne landings were to be supported by airborne assaults whereby the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division would support the Americans and the 1st Airborne Division the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nThe British airborne assault was divided into brigade-sized operations: Operation Ladbroke by the 1st Airlanding Brigade took place on the night of 9/10 July, and Operation Fustian by the 1st Parachute Brigade on the night of 13/14 July. A third operation to drop 2nd Parachute Brigade beside Augusta on the night of 10/11 July (Operation Glutton) was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nNow under the command of Brigadier Gerald Lathbury, 1st Parachute Brigade's objective in Sicily was the Primosole bridge across the Simeto River, south of Catania, the only crossing point that gave the Eighth Army access to the Catania plain. Once they had captured the bridge, the brigade were to hold out until relieved by Major-General Sidney C. Kirkman's 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, reinforced by the 4th Armoured Brigade advancing from the landing beaches. Paratroops of the brigade would land on four DZs and the gliders at two landing zones (LZ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nThe 1st Parachute Battalion was divided into two groups that would land at DZs on both sides of the river and thereafter attack the bridge from both sides simultaneously\u20133rd Parachute Battalion would land on their own DZ north of the bridge and secure the high ground, while the 2nd Parachute Battalion did the same in the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nAt 19:30 on 12\u00a0July 1943 the brigade took off from North Africa Consisting of 105 Dakotas, eight of them towing Waco gliders and 11 Albemarles towing Horsa gliders, the gliders amongst other things transported the twelve anti-tank guns of the 1st (Airlanding) Anti -Tank Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nThe brigade's first casualties occurred while they were still en route, when two Dakotas were shot down flying over an Allied convoy with another nine damaged and forced to turn back. When they reached the Sicilian coast, Axis anti-aircraft fire shot down thirty-seven and a further ten were damaged and forced to abort their mission. Of the surviving aircraft, only thirty-nine managed to drop their paratroops within .5 miles (0.80\u00a0km) of the correct DZ. Only four gliders arrived intact and those not shot down en route were destroyed while attempting to land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nDespite these setbacks, the 250 surviving men of the 1st Parachute Battalion captured the bridge intact. The battalion commander, 28-year old Lieutenant Colonel Pearson, ordered his men to dig in on the north side of the river. Their only support weapons were three anti-tank guns, two 3\u00a0inch mortars and a Vickers machine gun. As they dug in, the men removed the demolition charges from the bridge such that even if they were forced off the bridge it could not be immediately destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nUnknown to the brigade, units of the German 1st Parachute Division had parachuted onto Catania airfield to reinforce the Italians guarding the bridge and quickly moved to regain the crossing. The German paratroops attacked at dawn. The defenders at the bridge held out all day against infantry, armour and attacks by aircraft. South of the bridge, the 2nd Parachute Battalion also under attack, were able to call on naval gunfire support from the 6\u00a0inch guns of the British cruiser HMS\u00a0Mauritius, which stopped an assault that was about to overrun their position. The men from the 1st and 3rd Battalions, although initially forced across the river, still held the southern bank until dark when they withdrew to the 2nd Battalion's position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Sicily\nTo the south, the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, in the face of strong German resistance, had stopped for the night 1 mile (1.6\u00a0km) south of the 2nd Battalion. Gunfire was heard just south of the brigade position on the following morning whereupon Brigadier Lathbury sent out a patrol to investigate and they discovered it was from British guns. The leading elements of the 50th Division had finally made contact with the brigade. After two days fighting, the brigade's 4th Armoured and the 9th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry recaptured the bridge. Operations Ladbroke and Fustian had cost the British 1st Airborne Division 454 dead, 240 wounded and 102 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, England\nThe brigade returned to England in late 1943 and trained for operations in North-West Europe under the supervision of I Airborne Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General Frederick Browning. Although they were not scheduled to take part in the Normandy landings, Operation Wastage was a contingency plan drawn up whereby all the 1st Airborne Division would be parachuted in to support any of the five invasion beaches if delays were experienced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, England\nIn early September the brigade prepared for Operation Comet, during which the 1st Airborne Division's three brigades were to land in the Netherlands and capture three river crossings. The first of these was the bridge over the River Waal at Nijmegen, the second the bridge over the River Maas at Grave and finally the bridge over the River Rhine at Arnhem. The objective of the British 1st Parachute Brigade would be the bridge at Arnhem. Planning for Comet was well advanced when on 10\u00a0September the mission was cancelled. Instead, a new operation was proposed with the same objectives as Comet but to be carried out by three divisions of the First Allied Airborne Army, the British 1st and U.S. 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nLandings by the 1st Allied Airborne Army's three divisions began in the Netherlands on 17\u00a0September 1944. Although the allocation of aircraft for each division was roughly similar, the 101st Airborne Division landing at Nijmegen would use only one lift. The 82nd Airborne Division at Grave required two lifts while the 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem would need three lifts. Whereas the two American divisions delivered at least three quarters of their infantry in their first lift, the 1st Airborne's similar drop used only half its capacity for infantry and the remainder to deliver vehicles and artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nThe 1st Airborne Division had the required airlift capacity to deliver all three parachute brigades with their glider-borne anti-tank weapons or two of the parachute brigades and the airlanding brigade on day one. Instead, the vast majority of the division's vehicles and heavy equipment, plus the 1st Parachute Brigade, most of the 1st Airlanding Brigade and divisional troops were to be on the first lift, with the rest to follow the next day. Following the first lift, the airlanding brigade would remain at the landing grounds to defend them for the following day's lifts, while the parachute brigade set out alone to capture the bridges and ferry crossing on the River Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nPlanes carrying the brigade left England at around 09:45 and arrived over DZ 'X' at 13:00. After an uneventful landing the brigade, once organised, set off for Arnhem. The 2nd Parachute Battalion followed a southern route along the river Rhine, to the north 3rd Parachute Battalion took the Heelsum-Arnhem road through Oosterbeek, while the 1st Parachute Battalion initially remained in reserve at brigade headquarters. The 2nd Battalion, with 'A' Company leading, came under sporadic fire from pockets of German troops. 'C' Company were directed to capture the Arnhem railway bridge, but it was blown up just as they arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nPushing ahead, 'A' Company came under fire from German armoured cars and discovered that the central span of the pontoon bridge was missing. Entering Arnhem as night fell, the leading battalion elements reached the main road bridge at 21:00. Having secured the northern end of the bridge, attempts to capture the southern end were repulsed and the battalion started to fortify the houses and dig in. Following behind, other units of the brigade started to arrive, including a troop of guns from 1st (Airlanding) Anti -Tank Battery, brigade headquarters without the brigadier, part of the 1st Airborne Reconnaissance Squadron, and detachments of Royal Engineers and Royal Army Service Corps men. In total about 500 men were now at the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nA lucky break allowed 3rd Battalion to ambush the staff car carrying Generalmajor Friedrich Kussin, the German commandant of Arnhem, and kill him and his driver. Nevertheless, most of the battalion had been stopped by the Germans in Oosterbeek while 'C' Company had entered Arnhem but were halted on the road leading to the bridge. At 15:30 the 1st Parachute Battalion were released from the reserve and directed along the Ede-Arnhem road. Here they first encountered German armoured vehicles and a column of five tanks and fifteen half-tracks, which were engaged by the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nThey continued fighting their way forward, and by morning had reached the outskirts of Arnhem. By this time around a quarter of the battalion had been killed, wounded or were missing. Before this, at nightfall, Brigadier Lathbury had contacted Lieutenant-Colonel Frost in command at the bridge and informed him the brigade would stay put during the night and attempt to reach him in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nAt dawn on the second day, the defenders on the bridge saw a small convoy of trucks approaching at some speed from the south, which at first they misidentified as the British XXX Corps. That they were enemy trucks did not become apparent until they were on the bridge whereupon the defenders opened fire and destroyed the convoy. Soon afterwards, German infantry and armour approached the bridge from the east. One tank reached the space under the bridge before it was destroyed by one of the 6\u00a0pounder anti-tank guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nAt 09:00, thirty armoured cars, half-tracks and trucks from the 9th SS Panzer Division attempted to rush the bridge from the south. The first five armoured cars, using the wrecks of the dawn convoy as cover and with the element of surprise, managed to cross unscathed. The rest of the force was engaged and twelve of their vehicles destroyed with the survivors returning to the southern bank. All day long, the force at the bridge came under fire from mortars and anti-aircraft guns positioned south of the river and were subject to probing infantry and armour attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nOn the outskirts of Arnhem, 1st Battalion, which had been joined by Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, unsuccessfully attempted to fight through to the bridge then moved south in an attempt to flank the German line. They eventually ended up beside the river, whereafter 3rd Battalion advanced 2.5 miles (4.0\u00a0km) along the bank until daylight revealed their position to the Germans. Divisional commander Major-General Roy Urquhart and Brigadier Lathbury accompanied 3rd Battalion until Lathbury was shot and wounded. Due to his injuries, they were unable to move him and he was left in the care of a Dutch family. The 1st and 3rd Battalions spent all day trying to force a way through to the bridge. By nightfall they had failed and the strength of both battalions was reduced to around 100 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nAnother attempt to reach the bridge began at 03:45 on the third day, 19\u00a0September when the 1st and 3rd Battalions were joined by the 11th Parachute Battalion and the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment. By dawn, under intense fire from the German defenders, the attack had faltered whereupon the 11th Parachute Battalion, until then held in reserve, was ordered to carry out a left flanking assault on the German line. This last attempt to reach the defenders at the bridge was subsequently stopped on the orders of General Urquhart when he realised the futility of the battle. By this time the 1st Parachute Battalion had been reduced to forty men and the 3rd Parachute Battalion to around the same number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nWith no word from the division or brigade Lieutenant-Colonel Frost assumed command of the brigade units at the bridge. With their casualties mounting and supplies of food and ammunition running low, a request for the force to surrender was rejected by Frost, who decided they would fight on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nBy day four, 20\u00a0September, the brigade still holding out at the bridge had been split into two groups during the night by the Germans who had managed to infiltrate close enough to separate them into positions east and west of the bridge road. Any movement was subjected to machine-gun and sniper fire and they were under almost constant mortar and artillery attack. Added to this were probes by tanks and self propelled guns, which approached the defenders' buildings and opened fire at point blank range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0032-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nThe brigade, out of anti-tank ammunition, could do nothing to stop them in the east, but the 6\u00a0pounders in the west still proved an effective deterrent. During the day, Lieutenant John Grayburn of the 2nd Battalion was killed and later posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his bravery during the fighting at the bridge. That morning, communications with 1st Airborne Division were established and Frost, on asking for reinforcements and supplies, was informed that the division was surrounded at Oosterbeek and the brigade was on their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0032-0002", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Arnhem\nFrost was later wounded and command of the brigade assumed by Major Frederick Gough of the reconnaissance squadron. By midday the brigade position was untenable and the last defenders were withdrawn into what had been the Headquarters Company, 2nd Battalion's position. By nightfall they were still holding out, and in the darkness some men tried unsuccessfully to break out. At dawn on day five, what was left of the brigade was forced to surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Post war\nBy early May 1945, the 1st Parachute Brigade had been brought up to strength, albeit mainly with inexperienced replacements and the survivors of the 4th Parachute Brigade, which had been disbanded. On 4\u00a0May, the brigade was detached from 1st Airborne Division and 1st Parachute Battalion transported to Denmark for occupation duties while the rest of the brigade remained in Britain as a reserve formation. Without the brigade, the 1st Airborne Division deployed to Norway, but on their return were disbanded on 15\u00a0November 1945. The remaining airborne division, the 6th, went to serve in Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Post war\nOn 8\u00a0April 1946, the brigade, now under command of Brigadier Hugh Bellamy, arrived in Palestine where it deployed in an internal security role. They replaced the 6th Airlanding Brigade, which was reformed as a normal infantry formation. Disbandment of the last brigade was overseen by its final commander Brigadier James Hill. Except for the three battalions of the 2nd Parachute Brigade in England, the remainder of the British airborne forces were disbanded. Between March and May 1948, the 6th Airborne Division was dismantled, with the men leaving for England to be demobbed. The 1st Parachute Battalion, along with divisional headquarters, were the last airborne units to leave Palestine, three days after the British mandate ended on 18\u00a0May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159461-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom), Operational history, Post war\nAfter the brigade had been disbanded in June 1948, its battalions were reformed, by renumbering those in the 2nd Parachute Brigade. The 5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion became the 2nd Parachute Battalion, the 4th/6th Parachute Battalion the 1st Parachute Battalion, and the 7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion the 3rd Parachute Battalion. Finally, in July 1948, the 2nd Parachute Brigade was renumbered the 16th Parachute Brigade Group, taking its one and six numbers from the two wartime divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment\nThe 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Chasseurs Parachutistes, 1er R.C.P) is the oldest and among the most decorated airborne regiments of the French Army. Established in the French Army in 1943 and formerly part of the French Air Force since 1937, the chasseur distinguished its Regimental Colors during the campaigns of the Liberation of Paris, the First Indochina War in 1947, 1950, 1953, 1954 and the Algerian War. This elite regiment is part of the 11th Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment\nThe 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment is the only French parachute regiment that traces its roots to the French Air Force, hence the representation of a golden Hawk on the rank insignia and that of uniforms and which originally referred to the 601st Airborne Infantry Group and 602nd Airborne Infantry Group respectively (601e G.I.A, 602e G.I.A).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, The Genesis\nIn 1935, the Russians successfully parachuted airborne contingents with various equipment and supporting materials. France, aware of such an operational system put in motion, dispatched three officers to the Soviet Union, Captain Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Geille (prime paratrooper and fighter pilot (French: Pilote de Chasse)), Captain Durieux and Captain Charley Durrieu, to familiarize with and train on the parachute techniques adopted by the Soviet Union. On September 12, 1935 by the French Air Minister, G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Denain, decreed the creation of a parachute training center in Avignon-Pujaut and accordingly on October 3, 1936, French Air Minister Pierre Cot signed a decree which stipulated that Combat Air Brigades can include Air Infantry Units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, The Genesis\nOn April 1, 1937, two Airborne Infantry Groups were created, the 601st at Reims and the 602nd at Baraki near Algiers. The Airborne Groups conducted their infantry training respectively at the 95th Infantry Regiment (French: 95e r\u00e9giment d'infanterie, 95e R.I.) (originally the Graub\u00fcnden 9th Swiss Regiment in service of France) in Bourges and the 4th Zouaves Regiment (French: 4e r\u00e9giment de zouaves, 4e R.Z) in Tunisia. In 1939, the 601st Airborne Infantry Group joined the 602nd at Baraki and conducted joint military airborne parachute maneuvers at Boghar, Algeria using the Potez 650.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns\nWith the outbreak of World War II on September 1, 1939, both the 601st and 602nd returned to France. In April 1940, an Air Marching Infantry Company was formed, under the command of Captain Sauvagnac, which served in the Niederbronn-les-Bains region of Alsace. On August 25, 1940, the German offensive of May 1940 pushed the marching company to Marseille-M\u00e9rignane, where it boarded for Oran and then Algiers where it was subsequently disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns\nIn March 1941, the 1re C.I.A (French: 1re Compagnie d'infanterie de l'air, 1re C.I.A) or Air Infantry Company was formed from components of the two dissolved Airborne Infantry Groups (French: Groupe d'infanterie de l'air, G.I.A),  at Oued Smar near Algiers. The 1re CIA was renamed Air Company n\u00b01 and commanded by Captain Sauvagnac. In January 1943, following the allied landings in North Africa, the 1re C.I.A or 1st Air Company n\u00b01 landed in Fes, Morocco. Subsequently, the 1re C.I.A was transformed into the first battalion of parachute chasseurs n\u00b01 under the command of Commandant Sauvagnac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns\nOn February 1, 1943, the 1re C.I.A n\u00b01 became the 1st Parachute Chasseur Battalion (1er BCP n\u00b01) with 4 combat companies and on June 1, 1943, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Battalion (1er BCP) became the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment (1er RCP) with 10 combat companies including a central command and two battalions under the command of Commandant Sauvagnac. Commandant Hartmann took command of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment in June and July 1943 and in August 1943, Commandant Gueille took command of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment while Commandant Faure commanded the 2nd battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns\nIn October 1943, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment was attached to the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division and conducted intense training exercises with Douglas type planes. On September 28, 1944; under the etiquette of engagement as a \"light reconnaissance troop\"; the regiment was assigned to the 1st Army under disposition orders of G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns\nOldest French parachute regiment; the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment of the French Air Force illustrated capabilities during the Liberation combats. The regiment engaged in combat during the campaigns of Vosges and Alsace during World War II. During this time, the regiment was put at the disposition and orders  of the 2nd Armored Division commanded by General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, participating and engaging the paratroopers of the 1st Parachute in the decisive battle for the liberation of Colmar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns\nOn January 28 and 29, 1945; with temperatures below \u221220\u00a0\u00b0C and under a flood of shrapnel shells \" house to house, hall after hall\", the regiment seizes the alzace village of Jebsheim while counting 700 injured and dead. During Colmar Pocket, the regiment combat engaged alongside the Commandant Boulanger's III battalion of the Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (III battalion/ R.M.L.E, assigned to CC6) of the French Foreign Legion at Jebsheim (N-E de Colmar) from January 25 to January 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, World War II, Vosges and Colmar Campaigns\nWhether in the Vosges or Alsace, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment wrote in blood the most glorious pages of the regiment's history: 1150 rapaces were injured and killed in action; the regimental colors received the first two 2 palms at the orders of the Armed Forces. During the final courses of the war, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment of the French Air Force would be seen transferred to the French Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, First Indochina War, Battle of Dien Bien Phu\nOn July 30, 1947, the unit was separated as a regiment and the I, II and III parachute battalions (I/1er RCP, II/ 1er RCP, III/ 1er RCP) took part separately in the First Indochina War and were referred to as the \"III Indochina Battalions\". The three parachute battalions engaged successively in airborne operations in and around the delta of Tonkin. The rapaces of the 1st Parachute Chasseur were the only ones dropped at night on Dien Bien Phu while encircled by Vi\u00eat-minh troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, First Indochina War, Battle of Dien Bien Phu\nAs an old combatant (French: un ancien) recalled: In this month of June, the rice fields were flooded, while we had to land smoothly and softly at night, we still had the inconvenience to extract from our pair of rangers (boots) a beautifully thick and sticky layer. The parachutes where submerged in water and doubled in weight... we tried to remain small because bullets were whistling near our ears. The beginning of May 1954, the Vi\u00eat-minh troops gave way to the final assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, First Indochina War, Battle of Dien Bien Phu\nOn the night of May 1 to May 2; the first and second combat company rejoined the support point Eilane 4. One week later, Eliane 4 fell and only 19 survivors all which were taken prisoners. Dien Bien Phu was lost and fell on May 7, 1954, at 1730. The couple of hectares today are filled with corn fields centered by a stele which commemorates the sacrifices of the paratroopers and Legionnaires who served with distinction in the French Foreign Legion and who wrote a painful and glorious page in the history of airborne troops of France. The sacrifice of 400 rapaces of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment since the Indochina engagement in 1947 earned the regiment a new decoration: the fourrag\u00e8re bearing colors of the Croix de guerre des th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures with 7 palms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Algeria, Algerian War\nOn November 1, 1954; it's \"Toussaint Rouge\" ( All Saints Red Day ) in Algeria. During the day at Arris, rebel terrorist groups intercepted a transport vehicle carrying dozens of Muslims and one couple of young teachers. The rebel terrorists killed the Qaid and the two Europeans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Algeria, Algerian War\nThe insurrectionary debuted and the first bombs exploded in Algiers, and all over Algeria counted thirty-some coordinated suicides are targets. It was the commencement of a seven-year war torn era. Already on the ground since 1949, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment quickly engaged in the first military operations to maintain order. In the city of Alger, the regiment participated to the reestablishing of order and security. Nevertheless, the conflict radicalized itself quickly. The rebellion touched all the regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Algeria, Algerian War\nRecovery, search and patrol operations in the Djebel were distracted by combat engagements with the rebels that slowed down the progression and lead to the loss of human life from one side like the other. Aflou, Ain Roua, Bordj Gasses, Ain Soltan, Masqueray, El Milia, Djebel Bezzez...combat engagements were violent. Following a 15-year garrison on the Algerian soil; the regiment was repatriated to mainland France before the ceasefire. The regiment headquartered garrison on July 3, 1959, at Moulins-L\u00e8s-Metz, Moselle. The following year, the regiment followed Pau in the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Atlantiques. The campaign AFN 1952\u20131962 was inscribed on the regimental colors of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War\nThe 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment participated at the request of the Lebanese Government in serving within the ranks of the Multinational Force in Lebanon in 1982. On the morning of October 23, 1983; the bombing of the Drakkar barracks claimed the lives of 55 paratroopers of the 3rd combat company of Captain Jacky Thomas of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment and 3 paratroopers of the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment. On November 10, 1983; the 1st combat company of Captain Lanoux embarked at Beirut to replace the 3rd combat company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Lebanon, Lebanese Civil War\nOn December 1, 1983; paratrooper Gallais died from his wounds during an ambush in Beirut. Mandated to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the French paratroopers of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment left Lebanon in February 1984. Only two years later; both paratroopers regiments of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment and 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment would find themselves back in Lebanon. The 2nd combat company of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment would serve within the ranks of UNIFIL in 1985 and 1986. On the other hand, paratroopers of the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment would serve to their turn the ranks of UNIFIL in 1986, 1998 and 1999 before the paratroopers of the 9th merged with the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations\nIn 1970, the 1er RCP created and implemented a system of \"rotating combat companies\" in New Caledonia, R\u00e9union and Gabon and that in order to make ready immediate pre-positioned forces in case of operational necessity. Almost every year, a combat company is sent to these territories for missions lasting 4 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations\nThe Rapaces (term for paratroopers of the 1er RCP) are deployed around the four corners of the globe where conflicts are born and or at the calling of the international community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations\nAt the stage theatre of exterior operations, the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment has both a military and humanitarian approach on callings. The regiment demined the roads and rice fields in Cambodia, ameliorated and constructed schools and gave French lessons. The regiment also evacuated those exiting French citizens from the Ivory Coast, Gabon, Noum\u00e9a, Tchad, Mauritania and ex-Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations\nIn a situational crisis, the men of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment are known to always interpose between belligerents and protect civilians at all cost. Dedicated to such a mission, the regiment sometimes pays the price heavily in losses. Ten year later in June 1993, two combat companies of the 1er RCP land at the aerodrome of Phnom Penh, in the greater west of Cambodia. Whether on Patrols in search for opposing rebel groups, or escorting the convoys of the United Nations and Non-governmental organization; the missions of the regiment took place in a tense climate with the Khmer Rouge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations\nSince 40 years, the Cambodians have been living in a civil war. The situation degraded end of June with automatic arms firing and intensifying mortar fire rounds bursting the environment. As a result, to maintain, the primary mission of the paratroopers of the 1er RCP focused on protecting the population. Through the seasonal unpredictable monsoon, the precarious life conditions, tropical diseases, and an operation on the most mined terrain of the world; the men of the 1er RCP reestablished the peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations\nThe arrival of the regiment at Pamiers in 1999 coincided with the professioanlism of the French Army. The 1er RCP changed status from regiment of calling to a professional regiment. The tempo and projection rhythm accelerated and operations commenced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations\nIn 2000 in the region of the Balkans, the situation exploded. The 1er RCP landed one reinforcing battalion part of the international brigade in Kosovo, a country ravaged by conflicts between Serbian authorities and Albanian separatists. The principal and immediate mission of the regiment was to ensure the security of the municipal elections. The regiments immediately demonstrated savoir-faire in managing controlled riots and croud dispersions to the point of effect where the mission became a pivot prolongation to maintain status for a long term peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Foreign operations\nThe beginning of the years 2000 witnessed a recurring engagement of the rapaces (paratroopers of the 1er RCP) on the African soil around Tchad, Gabon and Central African Republic. However, the most marking one would be the Ivory Coast. At the end of 2002, a battalion of the 1er RCP prepositioned in Gabon, was projected in urgency to Abidjan in order to participate in the exiting of French citizens. As a result, the regiment prepositioned a 3-month duration operation to counter the offensives launched by the rebels and moved to the pursuit of other missions. In parallel with the departure and demand of global operations; the combat companies of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment put into motion effect \"Gu\u00e9pard Alert\", enacted for urgent interventions. In March 2004, the regiment lived the departure of two \"Gu\u00e9pard Alerts\", one on Haiti and one on Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 963]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Afghanistan\nThe 2nd combat company made way to the Afghan capital in January 2006. Near 200 paratroopers were deployed around the vicinity of Kabul or a mission duration of 5 months. France has been engaged since 5 years amongst the ranks of the NATO-OTAN ISAF in this country situated at the intersection of civilizations. Day and night, the 5 combat Para Platoons, patrol, assured a continuous presence, visible and promising near a population torn by more than 25 years of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Afghanistan\nIn 2007, the Rapaces (paratroopers of the 1er RCP) rejoined the Afghan theatre again, this time however as a constituted and formed battalion. 5 new months of presence at Kabul with a principal mission to control the field of Chamalie, a diverse terrain of more than 250\u00a0km\u00b2, as well as protecting Camp Warehouse at the heart of Kabul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Afghanistan\nFollowing the projection of a team in 2009 to train the Afghan Army in Urozgan Province, it is the Kapisa Province, 80\u00a0km north east of Kabul that welcomed in 2011 the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment. One province and year marked the history of the regiment. Engaged at the corps of Battle Group Raptor, more than 600 paratroopers got acquainted with rigorous climate, the language barriers, the different cultures, the violence of combat, the improvised explosive devices and the suicide attacks of Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Afghanistan\nThe situation menace was permanent and the paratroopers were continuously engaged in fire combat exchanges launched by the insurgency; the intensity of combat clashes are indelible. For combat actions lead in Afghanistan in 2007 and in summer of 2011, the regimental colors were decorated with the Cross for Military Valour with 2 palms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Mali\nOn January 11, 2013; France intervened in Mali and launched Operation Serval. Paratroopers of the 1st and 2nd combat company of the 1er RCP were part of the first elements engaged in the conflict. Both combat companies were deployed within the regiment's \"Gu\u00e9pard Alert\". As of January 26, 2013; both combat companies lead the dispositif and illustrated their tactical capabilities and conquered the Niger river while taking over the airport and the bridge of GAO through an air assault raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Mali\nShortly after, the paratroopers of the 1er RCP launched two air assault raids on February 2 at Kidal and February 8 at Tessalit to capture both airports. Subsequently, the paratroopers were engaged in the Battle of Ifoghas at the heart of the enemy's sanctuary where they confronted at short range in heavy combat, determined insurgents tightly attached to the terrain. The regiment imposed heavy casualties on the enemy, captured numerous prisoners and recouped a significant quantity of ammunitions. On March 2, 2013; one rapace (paratrooper) was killed by enemy fire and accordingly a new name would be subsequently inscribed on the regiment's memorial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, History, creation and different nominations, Mali\nFor actions lead in Mali in 2013 within Operation Serval, the regimental colors of the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment received, from the Chief of Staff of the French Army g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Jean-Pierre Bosser, a citation at the orders of the armed forces with attribution of the Cross for Military Valour with bronze palm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions\nExcept for the Legionnaires of the 1er REG, 2e REG, 2e REP who wear the Green Beret, the remainder of the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 11th Parachute Brigade wear the Red Beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions\nThe Archangel Saint Michael, patron of the French paratroopers is celebrated on September 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions\nThe pri\u00e8re du Para (Prayer of the Paratrooper) was written by Andr\u00e9 Zirnheld in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias\nJust like the paratrooper Brevet of the French Army, the insignia of French Paratroopers was created in 1946. The French Army Insignia of metropolitan Paratroopers represents a closed \"winged armed dextrochere\", meaning a \"right winged arm\" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents \"the right Arm of Saint Michael\", the Archangel which according to Liturgy is the \"Armed Arm of God\". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions. The French Army Insignia of Marine Infantry Paratroopers is backgrounded by a Marine Anchor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias, Regimental colors\nbearing, stitched in gold letters in the folds, the following inscriptions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias, Regimental colors\nThe flag was presented to the 1st Battalion of the Regiment 14 April 1944 in Paceco Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias, Regimental song\nR\u00e9giment de RapacesLa gloire de tes anciensMalgr\u00e9 le temps qui passeReste notre destinAu M\u00e9nil et en AlsaceLes Paras du PremierOnt d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9livr\u00e9 la FranceRendu la libert\u00e9Du Laos au TonkinLe bataillon sans finDans les rizi\u00e8res et les Maraisfit la gloire du PremierSur la terre africainel'avion les a men\u00e9sVers des combats et vers des peinesQui furent notre fiert\u00e9Du Liban aux BalkansLes Rapaces du premierOnt toujours su verser leur sangPour r\u00e9tablir la paixR\u00e9giment de RapacesReprenant le flambeauPr\u00eat \u00e0 fondre sur la menacePour l'honneur du drapeauCar sur la terre de FranceEt ailleurs s'il le fallaitNous resterions le fer de lanceDe notre belle arm\u00e9e", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 71], "content_span": [72, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159462-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Traditions, Insignias, Flag decorations\nMort pour la France following the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 72], "content_span": [73, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159463-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Corps (Germany)\nThe I Fallschirmkorps (1st Parachute Corps) was one of the main German Luftwaffe Corps during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159463-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Corps (Germany), History\nThis Corps was formed in January 1944 in Rome from the II Luftwaffe Field Corps, and fought exclusively in Italy. During it existence, it was composed of the 1st and 4th Parachute Divisions and several Infantry Divisions. It fought in the Battle of Anzio, Battle of Monte Cassino and Battle of Bologna. The Corps capitulated on 3 May 1945 in the Trento \u2013 Bolzano \u2013 Belluno area in Northern Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159464-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Division (Germany)\nThe 1st Parachute Division (German: 1. Fallschirmj\u00e4ger-Division) was an elite German military parachute-landing division that fought during World War II. A division of paratroopers was termed a Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Division. For reasons of secrecy, it was originally raised as the 7th Air Division, or Flieger-Division, before being renamed and reorganized as the 1st Parachute Division in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159464-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history\nThe division was formed in October 1938 under the command of Major-General Kurt Student. At the start of World War II, the Division contained two parachute regiments; it was brought up to full strength in 1941. In April 1940, the division took part in the invasion of Denmark and Norway during Operation Weser\u00fcbung, successfully seizing several airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159464-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history\nThe German plan for the invasion of Belgium and the Netherlands in May 1940 called for the use of the 7th Fliegerdivision to aid in the advance through the capture of key bridges and the fortress of Eben Emael. The invasion of the Netherlands included the majority of the 7th Fliegerdivision in cooperation with the 22nd Air Landing Division. This force was grouped as the 11th Fliegerkorps, and commanded by Kurt Student. The attack on The Hague was a failure: the high loss of transport planes grew to quite dramatic proportions. Many paratroopers and airlanding troops were captured, hundreds were killed or wounded and 1,536 prisoners of both divisions were transported to England. (The Rotterdam Blitz on 14 May 1940 led to Rotterdam's surrender.) The Eben Emael assault was a complete success with both the fort itself and 1,000+ enemy captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159464-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history\nThe division took part in the Battle of Crete. The Allied forces on the island put up a stubborn defense and the troops of the 7th Fliegerdivision took heavy losses. With the aid of the follow-on reinforcements, however, the Allies were forced to evacuate the island by 29 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159464-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history\nThe division took part in the July 1943 fight against the Allied invasion of Sicily. For the remainder of the war, the division fought in the Italian Campaign. From 14\u201327 December 1943, the division, under General-Lieutenant Richard Heidrich, saw action against the 1st Canadian Division in the Battle of Ortona. Later the division was concentrated in the defense of the Winter Line south of Rome, defending against the advance of the British Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159464-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history\nIn February to May 1944, the 1st Parachute Division took part in the Battle of Monte Cassino, and in late May and June it fought against the Allied Operation Diadem later retreating to the north of Rome. They formed part of the German I Parachute Corps, along with the German 4th Parachute Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159464-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Division (Germany), Operational history\nBy January 1945, the German I Parachute Corps was deployed to the Adriatic coast behind the Senio Rivier. The Allied advance resumed on 8 April, and the 1st Parachute Division was forced into a steady withdrawal toward the Po River by the British Eighth Army. By 25 April, the division had completed the river crossing. They immediately set off on a final march toward the Alpine Mountains. Finally the German surrender in Italy came on 2 May 1945, and included the men of the 1st Parachute Division. The unconditional surrender of Germany followed a week later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159464-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Division (Germany), War crimes\nMembers of various units of the division committed war crimes in Italy between 1943 and 1945. A massacre by members of the 1. Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Regiment occurred on November 21, 1943 in Pietransieri, a frazione of Roccaraso in Abruzzo. A total of 128 unarmed civilians, mostly women and children, were slaughtered in the Massacre of Pietransieri. After they refused to leave the village, civilians were rounded up and executed by gunfire and explosives and their farms were set on fire and demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159464-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Parachute Division (Germany), War crimes\nAccording to a project funded by the German federal government and led by a commission of historians Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia (Atlas of the Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy), nearly 400 Italian civilians were murdered by members of the 1st Parachute Division by the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment\nThe 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Hussards Parachutistes, 1er RHP) is an airborne cavalry unit in the French Army, founded in 1720 by Hungarian noble Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny. It is stationed in Tarbes and is a part of the 11th Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions\nExcept for the Legionnaires of the 1er REG, 2\u00e8me REG, 2\u00e8me REP that conserve the Green Beret; the remainder of the French army metropolitan and marine paratroopers forming the 11th Parachute Brigade wear the Red Beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions\nThe Archangel Saint Michael, patron of the French paratroopers is celebrated on September 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions\nThe pri\u00e8re du Para (Prayer of the Paratrooper) was written by Andr\u00e9 Zirnheld in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Insignias\nJust like the paratrooper Brevet of the French Army; the Insignia of French Paratroopers was created in 1946. The French Army Insignia of metropolitan Paratroopers represents a closed \"winged armed dextrochere\", meaning a \"right winged arm\" armed with a sword pointing upwards. The Insignia makes reference to the Patron of Paratroopers. In fact, the Insignia represents \"the right Arm of Saint Michael\", the Archangel which according to Liturgy is the \"Armed Arm of God\". This Insignia is the symbol of righteous combat and fidelity to superior missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Colors\nRegimental Colors of the 1st Parachute Hussars Regiment with battle respective honours", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nBased on the melody of the revolutionary Polish song Whirlwinds of Danger\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nPour lib\u00e9rer le pays qu'on encha\u00eene,Briser ses liens, massacrer ses ennemis,Il est des gars endurcis \u00e0 la peineChacun pour tous et tous pour un r\u00e9unis. Voyez, bonnes gens, largu\u00e9s sur la plaine,Tombant du ciel et rampant seuls dans la nuit,Ne craignant rien, ni la peur, ni la haine,Voyez, ce sont les hussards de Bercheny. Autour de nous, attendant l'esclavage,Les lib\u00e9raux se vautrent dans leur veulerie. Pour eux la paix, mais pour nous le courageDe risquer tout pour secourir la Patrie. \u00d4 parachutiste, voil\u00e0 l'orage,Montrons-nous fiers de nos anciens d'Alg\u00e9rie,Rien n'est trop dur pour un gars de notre \u00e2ge,S'il est Para de Bercheny Cavalerie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nPour lib\u00e9rer le pays qu'on encha\u00eene,Pr\u00eats au combat pour repousser ses ennemis,Il faut des gars endurcis \u00e0 la peine,Chacun pour tous et tous pour un r\u00e9unis. Voyez, braves gens, largu\u00e9s sur la plaine,Tombant du ciel et progressant dans la nuit,Ne craignant rien, ni la mort, ni la haine,Voyez ce sont les hussards de Bercheny. Autour de nous la bataille fait rage,Si certains tombent sous les coups de l'ennemi,Pour eux la paix et \u00e0 nous le courageDe risquer tout pour secourir la Patrie. \u00d4 parachutiste, voil\u00e0 l'orage,Montrons nous fiers de nos anciens de Hongrie,Rien n'est trop dur pour un gars de notre \u00e2ge,S'il est para de Bercheny Cavalerie", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nGyenge viol\u00e1nakLet\u00f6r\u00f6tt az \u00e1gaAz \u00e9n b\u00e1natomnakNincs vigasztal\u00e1saRefrain\u00a0:Suhog a sz\u00e9lK\u00e9sm\u00e1rk felett\u00c9des r\u00f3zs\u00e1mIsten veledNagy Bercs\u00e9nyi Mikl\u00f3sSirdog\u00e1l mag\u00e1banElfogyott szeg\u00e9nynekMinden katon\u00e1jaRefrain\u00a0:Suhog a sz\u00e9lK\u00e9sm\u00e1rk felett\u00c9des haz\u00e1mIsten veled", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nDienne guen vi o la nackLes teureute aze agaAze \u00e9ne bana tome nackNintche vigas ta la chaRefrain (bis)\u00a0:Chou hogue a sellK\u00e9chemark failetteEdeche ro jameIchtene velaideNadie Bertch\u00e9nyi MiclocheChir do gal ma gabaneElfodiote se gu\u00e9nie neckMine daine cato nayaRefrain (bis)\u00a0:Chou hogue a sellK\u00e9chemark failetteEdeche hazameIchtene velaide", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nGirofl\u00e9e fr\u00eale\u00c0 cass\u00e9 sa brancheMa tristesseReste sans consolationRefrain (bis)\u00a0:Hurle le ventAu-dessus de K\u00e9smarkMa ch\u00e8re amie,Adieu, Adieu\u00a0! Nicolas de Bercheny, le Grand,Pleure en lui-m\u00eameIl a perdu, le pauvre,Tous ses soldatsRefrain (bis)\u00a0:Hurle le ventAu-dessus de K\u00e9smarkMa ch\u00e8re patrie,Adieu, Adieu\u00a0!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nCroix de guerre 1914-1918 with one vermeil star (Citation at the orders of the armed forces).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nCroix de guerre 1939-1945 with one palm (citation at the orders of the armed forces).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nCroix de la Valeur militaire with one palm in 2012 following engagement of the regiment in Afghanistan (Operation Pamir).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159465-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Parachute Hussar Regiment, Regimental Commanders of the 1st Hussars Regiment, From 1945 till present\n(*) Officers which subsequently were promoted to Brigade generals. (**) Officers which subsequently were promoted to Divisional generals(***)Officers which subsequently were promoted to Corps generals(****)Officers which subsequently were promoted to Army Generals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium)\nThe 1st Paratroopers Battalion (French: 1er Bataillon Parachutiste, Dutch: 1 Bataljon Parachutisten) or 1 PARA was a military formation of the Belgian Army and part of the Paracommando Brigade from 1946 to 2011. Its regimental traditions, including its badge and motto, were heavily influenced by the experience of many of its personnel in British SAS during the Second World War. The battalion was disbanded on 1 July 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Special Air Service\nMany personnel who had served in the Belgian 5th Special Air Service during the Second World War chose to re-enlist in the army following the war. These included the first commander of the unit, Eddy Blondeel, who had served in France and the Ardennes during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Congo Crisis\nDuring political instability in the former Belgian colony of the Republic of Congo, soldiers from the 1st Paratroopers Battalion (with an attached company from the 2nd Commando Battalion and elements of the 3rd Paratroopers Battalion) were sent to capture the airfield at Stanleyville. In November 1964, 299 Belgian paratroopers, under Colonel Charles Laurent jumped on Simi-Simi Airport from USAF C-130 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Congo Crisis\nAfter securing the airfield, the paratroopers made their way to the Victoria Hotel, where several hundred (mostly Belgian) civilians were being held by Simba rebels. Though 60 civilians were killed, Belgian paratroopers were still able to evacuate 1,800 Europeans and Americans, as well as 400 Congolese during the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Rwandan Genocide\nIn the period leading up the Rwandan genocide, soldiers from 1st Paratroopers Battalion formed the Belgian contingent of the United Nations force in the country, known as UNAMIR which was commanded by the Canadian Brigadier-General Rom\u00e9o Dallaire, from 1993. UNAMIR was tasked with maintaining the precarious balance between the Hutu-backed Rwandan government and the Tutsi rebels, known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front. As the former colonial power, Belgian forces made up the brunt of UNAMIR (around 400 men), but it also included soldiers from Ghana, Tunisia, Bangladesh, and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Rwandan Genocide\nIn March 1994, the 1st Paratroopers Battalion handed over to the 2nd Commando Battalion. In April 1994, 10 commandos would be murdered by Rwandan soldiers in Kigali - the largest single military loss for Belgium since the Second World War - and all Belgian personnel were controversially withdrawn from the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Balkans\nIn February 1992, the Belgian government decided to actively participate in the United Nations UNPROFOR force. The first Belgian troops (known as BELBAT 1), including 97 paratroopers, arrived in Croatia in April 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Balkans\nA Belgian battalion, known as BELKOS, also served in the KFOR mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Balkans\nBetween 1999 and 2000, 87 soldiers of 1st Paratroopers Battalion formed part of the international peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Major Operations, Afghanistan\nSince 2007, Belgian troops have been tasked with defending Kabul International Airport, which 1st Paratroopers Battalion have been actively involved in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Peacekeeping, Somalia\nIn December 1992, 1st Paratroopers Battalion deployed to Somalia as part of US-led United Nations mission Operation Restore Hope. Part of their role involved protecting UN aid distribution, as well as searching out militants. In March 1993, three Belgians were killed and two wounded when their Jeep was attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Peacekeeping, Lebanon\nSoldiers from 1st Paratroopers Battalion have been deployed to peace-keep in Lebanon as part of the United Nations UNIFIL mission. The Belgian force, known as BELUBAT (since it is also joint with Luxembourg) has been made up of soldiers from 1st and 3rd Paratroopers Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Standard\nIn a ceremony in Brussels on 22 October 1946, Prince Charles presented lieutenant-colonel Eddy Blondeel with the standard of the Paratroopers Regiment, carrying the following citations, inherited from the 5th SAS in the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159466-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium), Standard\nThe standard also carries the fourrag\u00e8re of the Order of Leopold and the French croix de guerre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece)\nThe 1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greek: 1\u03b7 \u03a4\u0391\u039e\u039a\u0394-\u0391\u039b - 1\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 K\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd-\u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, romanized:\u00a01 TAXKD-AL - 1 Taxiarhia Katadromon-Alexiptotiston), is a brigade-sized formation of elite Greek light infantry and special operations forces. The formation is more commonly referred to as the Raider Forces (Greek: \u0394\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 K\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, romanized:\u00a0Dynamis Katadromon), and a soldier belonging to the Brigade a Raider (Greek: K\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2, K\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, romanized:\u00a0Katadromeas, Katadromis).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Sacred Squadron\nThe nucleus of the Raider units was the Sacred Squadron (Ieros Lochos), a Free Greek unit of commandos attached to the Allied 1st Special Air Service (1 SAS) Brigade during the Second World War. Its members consisted of mainly officers and NCOs who had fled to North Africa after the fall of Greece to Axis forces. After its formation in 1942, the Sacred Squadron, along with a unit of Free French troops and British commandos, formed the basis of L Detachment, a component of the SAS which specialised in hit-and-run raids on Axis airfields, ports and fuel dumps throughout North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Sacred Squadron\nThe Sacred Squadron was later transferred to the Greek theatre of operations, where they recaptured several eastern Aegean islands from Axis forces. After the liberation of Greece from German occupation, a proposal was made for the reformation of the Hellenic Armed Forces under British guidance. This proposal included the establishment of a small, highly trained, special warfare unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Mountain Raider Companies\nWhen the Greek Civil War broke out in 1946, the Greek Government formed a special warfare unit, primarily to help Greek royalist capture territory which was still in the hands of communist-inspired guerrillas. Mountain Raider Companies (LOK) (Greek: \u039b\u039f\u039a - \u039b\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 \u039f\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, Lochoi Orein\u014dn Katadrom\u014dn), were formed on 20 January 1947 and began operations almost immediately in Greece's mountainous terrain. The Beta Raider Squadron was formed at Vouliagmeni, Athens in August 1947 and took part in civil war operations in Thessaly, Central Greece, Epirus, West Macedonia and Euboea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Mountain Raider Companies\nThe Delta Raider Squadron was established at the port city of Volos, Thessaly in December 1947 and operated in all regions of Greece during the Civil War. The Epsilon Raider Squadron was formed in April 1949 and took part in Civil War operations until December 1949. By 1949, the LOK squadrons were so successful against the communist insurgents that the Raider Forces Command was expanded to two brigades. Gamma Raider Squadron, also formed in 1949, was redesignated as an amphibious-capable unit in 1963, while Alpha Raider Squadron, disbanded at the end of the Civil War, was reactivated in 1968, and later re-formed as an amphibious unit in 1974, after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Mountain Raider Companies\nIn the late-1960s, the Greek Central Intelligence Service (KYP), and the CIA became secretly involved with training and arming the Lokatzides. A tool of the KYP and CIA, a LOK detachment played a part in the 1967 Greek coup d'\u00e9tat by storming and securing the Army General Staff buildings at Cholargos, Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), History, Raider Forces\nAfter the fall of the Papadopoulos regime, and the establishment of a democratic republic in 1975, the LOK were dismantled and re-formed as the Raider Forces (Greek: \u0394\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 K\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd), and placed under the command of the Hellenic Army's Special Forces Command (Greek: \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0394\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd). A further restructuring of the Greek Army in 1996 saw the amalgamation of all Raider Forces regiments into the current brigade formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), Uniform and unit insignia\n1st Paratroopers Brigade soldiers wear the standard-issue 'Greek Lizard' camouflage battle dress uniforms (BDU) of the Hellenic Army. Members of the Special Paratrooper Unit (ETA) and Z' MAK may occasionally wear non-standard issue BDUs depending on mission requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), Uniform and unit insignia\nAll members of the brigade wear the unit insignia depicting a winged sword, representative of the \"deadly, silent and swift\" nature of special forces operations. A scroll runs across the sword and wings with the motto \"Who Dares Wins\" (Greek: \u039f \u03a4\u039f\u039b\u039c\u03a9\u039d \u039d\u0399\u039a\u0391 - O Tolmon Nika), a tribute to the Free Greek Special Forces that served with the 1 SAS Brigade during World War II. The unit flash is emblazoned with \u0394\u03a5\u039d\u0391\u039c\u0395\u0399\u03a3 \u039a\u0391\u03a4\u0391\u0394\u03a1\u039f\u039c\u03a9\u039d (Raider Forces). While on operations, low-visibility patches are worn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), Uniform and unit insignia\nAll Raiders wear the green beret with the national emblem on the left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159467-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Paratroopers Brigade (Greece), Structure, Special Paratroopers Unit\nMembers of the Special Paratroopers Unit (a HALO/HAHO-qualified long-range reconnaissance patrol (LRRP) unit are all professional NCOs and officers. They are the brigade's contribution to the Defence Ministry's DESAA (Diakladiko Epihirisiako Stratiyio Amesis Adidrasis), the Multi-Branch Operational Rapid Response Command, along with the Hellenic Navy's DYK, and the Hellenic Air Force's 31 MEE. The formation is also known as Force Delta (Dynami Delta).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159468-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Botswana\nThe 1st Parliament of Botswana, composed of 31 members of the National Assembly, met in Gaborone from September 1966, when Botswana gained independence from the United Kingdom, to 1969. Its membership was set by the 1965 Bechuanaland general election, which gave the Botswana Democratic Party control of Parliament with 28 members, while the Botswana People's Party received the remaining three seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159468-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Botswana, List of members\nThe following is a list of members of the 1st Parliament of Botswana:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159469-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of British Columbia\nThe 1st Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1871 to 1875. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in October 1871. John Foster McCreight was called upon to form a cabinet. In December 1872, the government was defeated on a confidence motion and Amor De Cosmos subsequently formed a new cabinet. After De Cosmos was elected to the House of Commons in February 1874, George A. Walken became premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159469-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 1st General Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1871:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 71], "content_span": [72, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159469-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time. All cabinet members were re-elected by acclamation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159469-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of British Columbia, By-elections\nBy-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159470-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Ceylon\nThe 1st Parliament of Ceylon was a meeting of the Parliament of Ceylon, with the membership determined by the results of the 1947 parliamentary election between 23 August and 20 September 1947. The parliament met for the first time on 14 October 1947 and was dissolved on 8 April 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159471-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Lower Canada\nThe 1st Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from December 17, 1792, to May 31, 1796. Elections for the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in June 1792. All sessions were held at Quebec City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159472-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Ontario\nThe 1st Parliament of Ontario was in session from September 3, 1867, until February 25, 1871, just prior to the 1871 general election. This was the first session of the Legislature after Confederation succeeding the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (last session was the 8th Parliament of the Province of Canada). The 1867 general election produced a tie between the Conservative Party led by John Sandfield Macdonald and the Liberal Party led by Archibald McKellar. Macdonald led a coalition government with the support of moderate Liberals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159473-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Anne\nThe 1st Parliament of Queen Anne was summoned by Queen Anne of England on 2 July 1702 and assembled on 20 August 1702 (but prorogued until 20 October 1702). Its composition was 298 Tories, 184 Whigs and 31 others, representing a large swing to the Tories since the previous election. Robert Harley, the member for Radnor, was re-elected Speaker of the House of Commons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159473-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Anne\nQueen Anne's new ministry was Tory dominated, led by Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin at the Treasury and Marlborough as the commander of the army  (The major War of the Spanish Succession was now in full progress). Anne's commitment to the Church of England also ensured the presence of several High Church Tories in the government, including her uncle Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester. However, disputes between Godolphin and Rochester forced the latter's resignation from the Cabinet in February 1703.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159473-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Anne\nThe attitudes of the High Church Tories hardened against the expensive war and they became obstructive to the point that Queen Anne was obliged to replace them at the end of the second session. The speaker Robert Harley replaced Lord Nottingham as Secretary of State for the Northern Department in addition to his Parliamentary role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159473-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Anne\nThe third session saw the Aliens Bill introduced, which threatened that unless Scotland agreed to negotiate terms for union with England and accepted the Hanoverian succession by 25 December 1705, there would be a ban on the import of Scottish products. In addition Scots would also lose the privileges accorded to English nationals, endangering their rights to any property they held in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159473-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Anne\nFollowing a prorogation in March 1705, the Parliament was dissolved on 5 April 1705.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159474-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I\nThe 1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I was summoned by Queen Elizabeth I of England on 5 December 1558 and assembled on 23 January 1559. This Parliament would restore many of the laws created by Henry VIII and the English Reformation Parliament. Queen Elizabeth's 1st Parliament passed some 24 public statutes and 17 private measures by the time it was dissolved on 8 May 1559.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159474-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Background\nAt the state opening of Parliament the Lord Keeper Sir Nicholas Bacon informed the house that one of the main reasons for summoning the Parliament was to establish \u2018an uniforme order of religion\u2019. He also drew attention to the recent loss of Calais and the need to maintain the England's navy and coastal defences. The speech summarised Elizabeth\u2019s manifesto for the whole of her reign i.e. to restore stability, prosperity and peace to the country. She approved the appointment of Sir Thomas Gargrave, sitting for Yorkshire, as Speaker of the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159474-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Background\nThe membership of the Lower House (the House of Commons) numbered 402, of whom only a quarter had survived from the previous Parliament in the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary. The membership of the Upper House (the House of Lords), however, still favoured Catholicism. After much debate the Commons held sway and two important acts were passed into law, the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. Collectively referred to as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, the former confirmed the break from Rome and the latter more Protestant practices for the Church of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159474-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Background\nA committee was established to guarantee the Queen's financial stability. She was also petitioned to marry and secure the succession, notwithstanding their concern about the approach from Queen Mary's widower, the Catholic King Philip II of Spain, which in the event was rebuffed by Elizabeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159474-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts\nThe major pieces of legislation from the Reformation Parliament included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 41], "content_span": [42, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159474-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts, 1558 Act of Supremacy\nThis act gave full ecclesiastical authority to the monarchy and abolished the authority of the Pope in England. This act restored a law that had previously been issued by Henry VIII in 1534, and partially repealed by Mary I in 1555.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159474-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts, 1558 Act of Uniformity\nRe -introduced the English Book of Common Prayer, with the order of prayer changed to make the Protestant book more acceptable to traditional Catholic worshippers and clergy. It also established that all persons go to Church once a week or suffer a fairly steep fine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159474-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts, 1558 Treason Act\nDeclared that directly saying, publishing, declaring, or holding the opinion that the Queen or her heirs are not the rightful Queens or Kings was Treason. Anyone so accused would lose their land and property to the Crown before being imprisoned for the rest of their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159474-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I, Acts, 1558 First Fruits and Tenths Act\nand Tenths\u201d, a Tax on the clergy of Great Britain. The clergy would pay a portion of their first year\u2019s earnings, and thereafter pay a tenth of their revenue once per year. This tax had originally been established by Henry VIII to claim money intended for the papacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 75], "content_span": [76, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159475-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Singapore\nThe 1st Parliament of Singapore was a meeting of the Parliament of Singapore. It commenced its first and only session on 8 December 1965 and was dissolved on 8 February 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159475-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Singapore\nThe members of the 1st Parliament had been elected in the 1963 general election to the 3rd Legislative Assembly of Singapore, which was renamed as the Parliament of Singapore following Singapore's independence in 1965. Parliament was controlled by a People's Action Party majority, led by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his Cabinet. The Speakers were A P Rajah and Punch Coomaraswamy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159475-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Singapore, Members\nThis is the list of the members of the 1st Parliament of Singapore on 8 December 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey\nThe first parliament of Turkey existed from 23 April 1920 to 11 August 1923. This parliament existed before the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, Background\nThe parliament of the Ottoman Empire was in Constantinople (now Istanbul). But after the First World War, \u0130stanbul was occupied by the Allies of World War I (United Kingdom, France and Italy). The Ottoman sultan was still living in his palace; but on 16 March 1920, the parliament was abolished by the Allies. Some MPs were arrested and later expelled to Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, Ankara parliament\nThe nationalists in Anatolia called for another parliament in Angora (now Ankara), which was not under Allied occupation. All former Ottoman MPs were invited to this parliament. Most MPs who were had not been arrested accepted the invitation and came to Angora. There were also new MPs which were elected in the 66 provinces. But due to time limitations and the fact that the most of the country was under Allied control, they were elected by the Turkish National Movement members instead of the general vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, Ankara parliament\n(see Sivas Congress) Ankara then was a small city without the amenities of a comfortable life. The MPs began living in Ankara citizen's houses or even in dormitories. Even the parliament building was an inconvenient building, built shortly before 1920 as a branch office building of the Committee of Union and Progress. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the leader of the nationalists was serving in the train station building. (But he transferred to a house in \u00c7ankaya district, which later on became the mansion of the Turkish presidents)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term\nThe parliament was opened on 23 April 1920. The total number of representatives were 422 . (Later in 1922, with the addition of the former Ottoman MPs released in Malta the number of representatives increased to 436.) 88 of these were former Ottoman MPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term\nThe parliament was an all-powerful parliament. The government members were elected by the parliament one by one and the government was named \u0130cra vekilleri heyeti (\"Committee of Executive ministers\"). Thus parliament had both the legislative and the executive powers. Professor Tar\u0131k Zafer Tunaya compares this parliament with the National Convention parliament of France. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was the chairman of the Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term\nOn 21 January 1921 the parliament ratified the constitution which would be valid during the Turkish War of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term\nDuring the Greek offensive in the war, parliament asked Mustafa Kemal to be the commander of the army. Mustafa Kemal was planning a large scale mobilization and accepted the offer on the condition that he would be authorized to exercise the power of the parliament for three months. On 5 August 1921, Mustafa Kemal Pasha became the commander of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, The parliamentary term\nAfter the victory, this authorization caused an opposition in the parliament (see Second Group).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, End of the term\nThe first parliamentary term of Turkey was ended by the general elections held on 28 June 1923 which immediately followed the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, List of the prime ministers served before the Republic\nThe governments (Prime ministers of executive council) following several-days temporary government were the following,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159476-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Turkey, List of the prime ministers served before the Republic\n(After the proclamation of the Republic the governments were renumbered beginning from 1st government of Turkey)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159477-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Upper Canada\nThe 1st Parliament of Upper Canada was opened 17 September 1792. Elections in Upper Canada had been held in August 1792. All sessions were held at Navy Hall in Newark, later Niagara-on-the-Lake. This parliament was dissolved 1 July 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159477-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of Upper Canada\nThis House of Assembly of the 1st Parliament of Upper Canada had five sessions 17 September 1792 to 3 June 1796:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada\nThe First Parliament of the Province of Canada was summoned in 1841, following the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Province of Canada on February 10, 1841. The Parliament continued until dissolution in late 1844.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada\nThe Parliament of the Province had two chambers: the elected lower house, the Legislative Assembly, and the appointed upper house, the Legislative Council. The first general election for the Legislative Assembly was held in April, 1841. Canada East (formerly Lower Canada) and Canada West (formerly Upper Canada)) each had forty-two seats in the Legislative Assembly. The members of the Legislative Council, twenty-four in number, were appointed by the British Governor General, Lord Sydenham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada\nAll sessions were held at Kingston, Canada West, with the first session of the Parliament called in June 1841. The Parliament had three annual sessions, but then was prorogued for close to a year due to a political crisis in the relations between the Legislative Assembly and the Governor General. The Parliament was dissolved in September, 1844, triggering the second general election for the Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada\nIn 1841, the District Councils Act was passed which established a system of local government in Canada West based on district councils. Prior to 1841, local affairs were dealt with by the District Court of Quarter Sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election\nThe Governor General, Lord Sydenham, appointed the first members to the Executive Council on February 13, 1841.\u200b  All of the members were anglophones, with no francophones. They were appointed as advisors to the Governor General, who continued to exercise the executive powers of the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election\nThe first general election for the new Legislative Assembly was held in the spring of 1841. There was no single election date. The returning officer in each electoral district chose the date for the election in their district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election\nThe Governor General, following the policy of assimilation set out in Lord Durham's Report, drew boundaries and chose the location of polling stations in Canada East in anglophone areas, in an effort to favour voters of British stock and to make it more difficult for francophone voters to exercise their franchise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election\nThere was electoral violence during the elections. In one case, the threat of riots at the polling station forced Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, a proponent of responsible government, to withdraw his candidacy from the riding of Terrebonne in Canada East. In response, Robert Baldwin in Canada West, also a supporter of responsible government, proposed to his father, William Warren Baldwin, that they should assist Lafontaine's election. Baldwin senior was a candidate for a riding in the Toronto area. He withdrew his nomination to allow Lafontaine to stand for election. Lafontaine was elected. This was the beginning of the Lafontaine-Baldwin alliance which ultimately led to responsible government in the Province of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, First government and election\nCandidates at this time would be loosely affiliated in early political parties, but party structure was not strong, and there were different party groups in Canada East and Canada West. The election resulted in a Legislative Assembly with no single party group with a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Canada East, Members elected in the general election\nThe following members were elected to the Legislative Assembly from Canada East in the 1841 general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 116], "content_span": [117, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Canada East, By-elections during the First Parliament\nThe following members were elected in by-elections during the First Parliament.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 117], "content_span": [118, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Canada West, Members elected in the general election\nThe following members were elected to the Legislative Assembly from Canada West in the 1841 general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 116], "content_span": [117, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159478-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Canada West, By-elections and election petitions during the First Parliament\nThe following members were elected in by-elections during the First Parliament, or installed as a result of election petitions challenging an election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 140], "content_span": [141, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159479-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\nThis is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the Assembly of the Republic for the 1st Parliament of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus at the 1985 parliamentary election, which was held on 23 June 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159479-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Parliament of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\nThe list below indicates the MPs in the parties in which they were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159480-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (15th Reserves / 44th Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army as part of the Pennsylvania Reserves infantry division during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159480-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (Companies A through G) was organized at Camp Curtin in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania as the \"44th Volunteers\" and mustered in for state service in July and August 1861 under the command of Colonel George Dashiell Bayard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159480-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nCompanies H, I, and K were organized at Camp Wilkins in Pittsburgh, August 1861. Company L was organized as an independent company on July 30, 1861 and served duty at Baltimore until January 7, 1862 when it joined the regiment. Company M was organized as an independent company August 5, 1861. At Baltimore until October 3, 1861, then on the eastern shore of Maryland under Lockwood picketing and scouting until January 7, 1862 when it joined the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159480-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to McCall's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Cavalry, McDowell's I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1862. Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Bayard's Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159480-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry ceased to exist on June 17, 1865, when it was consolidated with the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry and 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry to form the 2nd Regiment Pennsylvania Provisional Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159480-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 201 men during service; 9 officers and 87 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 104 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159480-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Monuments and memorials\nAmong the tributes paid to the regiment, during and after the Civil War, were the Congressional Medal of Honor awards conferred upon members of the regiment for valor and the placement of the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry monument on the battlefield at the Gettysburg National Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Pennsylvania Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War that served for three months at the beginning of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nOn April 13, 1861, Northampton County residents held a public meeting at Easton to discuss the secession of southern states from the United States of America. Several in attendance, including Charles Heckman and Captain Samuel Yohe, began recruiting local militia members and other volunteers willing to support and protect the federal government. Yohe, the owner-operator of a local distillery, mill and store, previously served his community as an associate judge, county treasurer and prothonotary, as well as the commanding officer of the Washington Grays, an Easton-based militia unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nTwo days later, when President Abraham Lincoln issued his call for 75,000 volunteers to defend Washington, D.C., community leaders in Easton and neighboring cities offered the services of the local residents they had begun recruiting. Three days later, these volunteers left their respective cities and headed for Dauphin County, where they mustered in at Camp Curtin, a military training camp on Agricultural Society land in northern Harrisburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nOn April 20, the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment was officially organized at the camp with Yohe commissioned as colonel and appointed commanding officer. The Washington Grays were designated as Company C while the men recruited by Heckman were assigned to company D. Commissioned as captain, Heckman was then placed in charge of that unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nLehigh County native Tilghman H. Good, commanding officer of the Allen rifles, a highly regarded militia unit based in Allentown, was named lieutenant colonel and second in command of the regiment. During the summer of 1861, as the war intensified, Good went on to establish another new regiment, the 47th Pennsylvania Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nGeorge Warren Alexander, the captain of the Reading Artillerists who later became Good's second in command with the 47th Pennsylvania, and William H. Gausler, the captain of the Jordan Artillerists from Allentown, who also later joined the 47th Pennsylvania, were placed in charge of their recruits as they were assigned, respectively, to the 1st Pennsylvania's Company G and I. Also commissioned as officers on the regimental command staff were Thomas W. Lynn (major) and James W. Militmore (adjutant). The regimental band, composed of musicians from the city of Lancaster, was led by Daniel Clemens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThat evening, after being equipped with muskets and twelve rounds of ball cartridge, haversacks and food rations (bacon and hard tack) and placed under the command of Brigadier General George C. Wynkoop, the members of the 1st Pennsylvania marched to Harrisburg's train station and boarded Northern Central rail cars. Transported to Maryland, they disembarked near Cockeysville. Within short order, they were pulled back to York, Pennsylvania, where they trained at Camp Scott until May 14. At this point, they were assigned to guard the Northern Central Railroad from Pennsylvania to Druid Park in Baltimore, Maryland. The regiment was ordered to Catonsville, Maryland and then onward on May 25, once again assigned to guard duty protecting roads leading to Harpers Ferry and the cities of Frederick and Franklintown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nTransported back to Pennsylvania on June 3, the regiment underwent additional training at Chambersburg before reassignment to the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division of the Army of the Shenandoah commanded by General Robert Patterson. Ordered back to Maryland, the regiment moved between Hagerstown, Funkstown and Williamsport before occupying Frederick from June 22, where they continued to drill until receiving orders two weeks later to head for Martinsburg, Virginia. Moving through Boonsboro and Williamsport, the 1st Pennsylvanians forded the Potomac River, advancing toward Falling Waters and then reaching Martinsburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nYohe and his 1st Pennsylvanians were ordered to assume garrison duty in the vicinity of Martinsburg by army Assistant Adjutant General Fitz John Porter on July 8, in order to protect Union supplies and railroad lines. They remained there when the remainder of Patterson's army moved on to Bunker Hill on July 14. Two days later, they rejoined the army at Charlestown. Ordered to Harpers Ferry on July 21, the 1st Pennsylvania Volunteers marched to Sandy Hook, boarded train cars to return to Harrisburg on the evening of July 23, where they were honorably discharged. Many then promptly chose to re-enlist for three-year terms of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAccording to official historian Samuel P. Bates, \"During the time that the regiment was in service, it did not participate in any battles; but its timely arrival in the field accomplished much good by checking any rash movement on the part of Rebels in arms along our borders. The duties it was called upon to perform were faithfully done, and its good conduct, under all circumstances, was appreciated and acknowledged by its superior officers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159481-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Organization\nPer historian Samuel P. Bates, based on information taken from muster rolls throughout the regiment's tenure of service, the officers serving with the 1st Pennsylvania's central command and in command of its individual companies were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment\nThe 1st Pennsylvania Regiment - originally mustered as the 1st Pennsylvania Rifles; also known as the 1st Continental Line and 1st Continental Regiment, was raised under the command of Colonel William Thompson for service in the Continental Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nThe Congressional resolution of June 14, 1775, authorized ten companies of expert riflemen to be raised for one-year enlistments as Continental troops. Maryland and Virginia were to raise two companies each, and Pennsylvania six. Pennsylvania frontiersman, however were so eager to participate that on June 22 Pennsylvania's quota of two was increased to eight, organized as a regiment  known as the \"Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment.\" A ninth company was added to the regiment on July 11. All thirteen companies were sent to Washington's army at Boston for use as light infantry and later as special reserve forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nSeven companies of the regiment (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 8th, and 9th) were made up of Germans, Welsh, the rare Manx, Free Quakers, even English but mostly Irish from Lancaster; the 6th and 7th companies were mostly German, from Berks and Northampton counties. Their standard weapon was the long rifle, which had greater range and accuracy than the muskets used by most of the British Army and Continental Army, but less weight of shot, slower rate of fire, and were without bayonets, making the regiment unsuitable for line-of-battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nDoctor James Thacher, a young doctor from Barnstable who observed the regiment during many of its battles, provided this description of the riflemen:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nThey are remarkably stout and hardy men; many of them exceeding six feet in height. They are dressed in white frocks or rifle shirts and round hats. There men are remarkable for the accuracy of their aim; striking a mark with great certainty at two hundred yards distance. At a review, a company of them, while in a quick advance, fired their balls into objects of seven inches diameter at the distance of 250 yards . . . their shot have frequently proved fatal to British officers and soldiers who expose themselves to view at more than double the distance of common musket shot. (Source: James Thacher, \"Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783\".)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nAs described under colours, the regiment in 1776 wore green hunting shirts with black caps trimmed white adorned with feather while the officers wore green coats with red facings and similar caps. By the Battle of Boston and by regulation at Valley Forge, blue coats with red facings were issued to the regiment, while most of the regiment's Riflemen continued to wear hunting shirts until wars end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nThe regiment saw action during the New York Campaign, Battle of Trenton, Second Battle of Trenton, and Battle of Princeton. At the Battle of Brandywine the regiment was led by Colonel James Chambers and assigned to Colonel Thomas Hartley's 1st Pennsylvania Brigade. Under the direction of acting division commander Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment fought near Chadds Ford where it held the \"post of honor\", the far right flank of the division. At the Battle of Germantown the regiment was brigaded with the 2nd, 7th, and 10th Pennsylvania Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nThe unit again fought on the extreme right flank of the division just east of Germantown Road. Afterward, the regiment's Major Henry Miller boasted to his family about how the division routed the British troops opposed to them and overran their camp. The 1st was in action at the Battle of Matson's Ford on December 11, 1777. That same year, Robert Blackwell became the chaplain and surgeon of the regiment\u2014despite having no medical experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nThe unit also fought at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778 and the Battle of Springfield in 1780. Two companies, those of Captain William Hendricks and Captain Matthew Smith, accompanied Arnold's expedition to Quebec and were captured in the Battle of Quebec. The regiment was furloughed June 11, 1783, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and disbanded on November 15, 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159482-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Regiment, History\nCompany C of the 337th Engineer Battalion claims lineage from Captain Michael Doudeis Company of York, Pennsylvania, of the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159483-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment\nThe 1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, also known as the 30th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was a part of the famed Pennsylvania Reserve division in the Army of the Potomac for much of the war, and served in the Eastern Theater in a number of important battles, including Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159483-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Pennsylvania Reserves were assembled at Camp Wayne near West Chester, Pennsylvania on June 9, 1861 and mustered into the service on July 26, 1861 at Camp Carroll near Baltimore, Maryland under the command of Colonel Richard Biddle Roberts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159483-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to the following throughout the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159483-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Harrisburg, Pa., July 20; then reported to General Dix at Baltimore, Md., July 22, 1861. Moved to Annapolis, Md., July 27. Duty at Annapolis, Md., July 27 to August 30, 1861. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Tennallytown, Md., August 30\u201331. Marched to Langley October 10, and duty at Camp Pierpont until March 1862. Reconnaissance to Dranesville December 6, 1861. Action at Dranesville December 20 (Company A). Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10\u201315. McDowell's advance on Fredericksburg, Va., April 9\u201319. Duty at Fredericksburg until May 31. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159483-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nSeven Days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Battles of Mechanicsville June 26, Gaines Mill June 27, Charles City Cross Roads and Glendale June 30, and Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to join Pope August 16\u201326. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201324. Battle of South Mountain September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Duty in Maryland until October 30. Movement to Falmouth October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 12\u201315. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159483-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Washington, D.C., and duty in the defenses there until June 25. Rejoined the Army of the Potomac. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Williamsport July 13. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Mine Run November 26\u201330. Rapidan Campaign May and June 1864. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Laurel Hill May 8; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. Harris Farm May 19. North Anna River May 23\u201326. Jericho Ford May 25. Line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Left front June 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159483-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 174 men during service; 6 officers and 102 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 64 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159484-0000-0000", "contents": "1st People's Choice Awards\nThe 1st People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1974, was held in 1975 and broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159485-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Personnel Command\nThe 1st Personnel Command was a command of U.S. Army Europe responsible for personnel management and administration. 1st Personnel Command was in existence from 20 October 1978 until 26 June 2008. The command was granted campaign participation credit for the Global War on Terrorism. 1st Personnel Command was formed to replace the U.S. Army Military Personnel Center, Europe, a staff activity created in 1974. Upon disbandment, the mission of the 1st Personnel Command was taken over by the 21st Theater Sustainment Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159486-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Philippine Legislature\nThe First Philippine Legislature was the first session of the Philippine Legislature, the first representative legislature of the Philippines. Then known as the Philippine Islands, the Philippines under the sovereign control of the United States through the Insular Government. The Philippine Legislature consisted of an appointed upper house, the Philippine Commission, and an elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly. These bodies were the predecessors of the Philippine Senate and Philippine House of the Philippine Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159486-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Philippine Legislature, Legislation\nThe First Philippine Legislature passed a total of 170 laws (Act Nos. 1801\u20131970)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group\nThe 1st Photographic Group is an inactive United States Army Air Forces unit. It was last assigned to the 311th Photographic Wing, stationed at Buckley Field, Colorado. It was disbanded on 5 October 1944, but reconstituted in 1985 as the 358th Special Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History\nEstablished in mid-1941 as a GHQ Air Force aerial mapping and reconnaissance group based at Bolling Field. Mission was to conduct long-range photo reconnaissance after the pattern developed by the British. Each of the four initial assigned squadrons of the group (1st, 2d, 3d, 4th) was assigned to one of the four continental air forces (1st, 2d, 3d, 4th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History\nThe unit had almost no opportunity for training because each of its squadrons was busily engaged in carrying out mapping missions for hemisphere defense. The Photographic Squadrons were largely equipped with short-range second-line aircraft from the 1930s. Not until the end of 1942 were the first modern aircraft, B-25 (F-10) Mitchells, were assigned to observation groups", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History\nLong-range reconnaissance squadrons were established as part of combat bombardment groups in the Continental United States as well as the Caribbean and in Hawaii. These squadrons were associated with the 1st Photographic Group for crew training in aerial photography and reconnaissance. These bomber reconnaissance squadrons were designed to provide a long-range reconnaissance capability with each group. However, with the entry of the United States into World War II after the Pearl Harbor Attack, these units could no longer serve as both reconnaissance training and photo-mapping squadrons. The bombers were needed for combat bombing missions more than for reconnaissance. In April 1942 these squadrons were absorbed by those groups and were redesignated as bombardment squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History\nDuring World War II, the group charted and mapped areas of the United States and sent detachments to perform similar functions in Alaska, Canada, Africa (including Operation Rusty), the Middle East, India, the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Kurils. Inactivated in late 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons\nAssociated 1st Air Force (later I Bomber Command) Reconnaissance Squadrons (all stationed at Langley Field, Virginia)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons\nThese units were assigned to antisubmarine patrols along the Atlantic coast and convoy patrol duty over the North Atlantic shipping lanes in the immediate months after the Pearl Harbor Attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons\nAssociated 2d Air Force (later II Bomber Command) Reconnaissance Squadrons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons\nAssociated 3d Air Force (later III Bomber Command) Reconnaissance Squadrons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons\nThese units were assigned to antisubmarine patrols along the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico s in the immediate months after the Pearl Harbor Attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons\nAssociated 4th Air Force (later IV Bomber Command) Reconnaissance Squadrons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons\nAssociated Panama Canal/Puerto Rican Department (later Caribbean Air Force) Reconnaissance Squadrons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History, Squadrons\nAssociated Hawaiian Air Force (later 7th Air Force) Reconnaissance Squadrons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, History, Heraldry\nPer pale, vert and azure, a pile or debruised by a barrulet arched of the field upon and over the pile a camera lens proper rimmed sable. Motto: FIDELITER ET DILIGENTER \u2014Faithfully and Diligently. (Approved 24 October 1942)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159487-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Photographic Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia)\nThe 1st Pioneer Battalion was an Australian infantry and light engineer unit raised for service during the First World War as part of the all volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Formed in Egypt in March 1916, the battalion subsequently served on the Western Front in France and Belgium, after being transferred to the European battlefields shortly after its establishment. Assigned to the 1st Division, the 1st Pioneer Battalion fought in most of the major battles that the AIF participated in between mid-1916 and the end of the war in November 1918. It was subsequently disbanded in early 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nThe 1st Pioneers were raised in Egypt, on 10 March 1916, from volunteers drawn from New South Wales who were subsequently assigned to the 1st Division. The battalion was formed in the aftermath of the failed Gallipoli campaign when the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) was expanded as part of plans to transfer it from the Middle East to Europe for service in the trenches along the Western Front. This expansion saw several new infantry divisions raised in Egypt and Australia, as well as specialist support units such as machine gun companies, engineer companies, artillery batteries and pioneer battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nTrained as infantrymen, the pioneers were tasked with light combat engineer functions in the field, with a large number of personnel possessing trades from civilian life. The concept had existed within the British Indian Army before the war, but was adopted by the Australian Army in early 1916 to meet a need for troops with construction and engineering skills to assist with digging trenches, labouring, constructing strong points and undertaking battlefield clearance. At the same time, they could be pressed into the line to fight alongside regular infantry where required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nA total of five pioneer battalions were raised by the AIF during the war, with one being assigned to each of the five infantry divisions that the Australians deployed to the battlefield in France and Belgium. The battalion consisted of four companies, under a headquarters company. To identify the battalion's personnel, they were issued with a purple and white unit colour patch. The colours were in common with other Australian pioneer battalions, while the horizontal rectangle shape denoted that the unit was part of the 1st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter a short period of training at Serapeum, in Egypt, in late March 1916 the 1st Pioneer Battalion embarked on a troopship from the port of Alexandria, bound for Marseilles. After landing in France, they boarded a train and were subsequently transported to the Somme. From there, the 1st Pioneers moved  to Armentieres where they established a camp, in an area which was dubbed a \"nursery\" sector by the Allies, where newly arrived units could gain their first experience of fighting on the Western Front. They subsequently entered the front line around Fleurbaix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAt Fleurbaix, the 1st Pioneers received new equipment and in late May were tasked with assisting the 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company in digging a mine towards German lines around the Cordonnerie Salient, where they were positioned opposite the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division. On the night of 30/31 May, the sector of the line the pioneers were digging under was subjected to a heavy artillery bombardment, followed by a trench raid. In the confusion that followed several of the battalion's personnel were killed or taken prisoner. One member of the battalion, Private William Cox, was subsequently nominated for a posthumous Victoria Cross for his actions during the raid, refusing to leave his pumping station  despite the danger and despite already having been wounded. The award was later downgraded to a Mention in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion subsequently served on the Western Front until the end of the war in late 1918. After the battalion's introduction to trench warfare around Fleurbaix it was committed to the Battle of Pozieres in July 1916 where, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Edmund Nicholson\u00a0\u2013 an artillery officer who had served at Gallipoli\u00a0\u2013 they laid the form-up trench for the attack, before being committed to the capture of the village itself. The battalion's losses in its first battle amounted to 180 killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nDuring the next two-and-a-half years, the battalion fought in most of the main battles that the Australians fought in along the Western Front. They took part in the Battle of Mouquet Farm later in 1916, and in early 1917, they were tasked with extending a light railway system towards Fremicourt as part of preparations for the Battle of Bullecourt. Later in the year, they took part in the Third Battle of Ypres, taking part in actions around the Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde Ridge and Passchendaele. Later, around Ypres in October, the battalion worked to clear the Ypres\u2013Zonnebeke road, which had virtually disappeared under a layer of thick mud and debris due to a prolonged artillery bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nIn early 1918, the Germans launched their Spring Offensive during which the 1st Pioneer Battalion, which had spent the winter around Messines, supported the 1st Division's operations around Hazebrouck in April, establishing the division's trench systems. From April 1918 until the end of the war, the battalion was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Murdoch. After the defeat of the German offensive, a lull period followed during which the Allied armies sought to regain the initiative through a series of small scale actions dubbed peaceful penetrations, which were carried out throughout June and July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nDuring the Allied Hundred Days Offensive that was launched in August, which finally brought about an end to the war in late 1918, the pioneers took part in the Allied offensive around Amiens, supporting the capture of Lihons and then the exploitation beyond Proyart, losing around 80 casualties during the month. The following month they followed up the drive through the Somme until the 1st Division was withdrawn from the line in late September 1918. They remained out of the line until the armistice in November 1918 and did not see any further action. After the war, the battalion was disbanded in May 1919 as part of the demobilisation of the AIF and its personnel were repatriated back to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Legacy\nWithin the AIF, according to historian William Westerman, the pioneer battalion concept was not \"effectively employed by Australian commanders\". In this regard, Westerman argues that the AIF pioneer battalions were rigidly utilized as either engineers or infantry, instead of \"integrating those two functions\". Additionally, while he argues that they were under utilised in their infantry roles, and that the amount of time that was spent training as infantry and the resources consumed was disproportionate for the amount of time they spent in the line undertaking infantry tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Legacy\nWhile some battalions, such as the 2nd Pioneers at Montrebrehain undertook successful infantry actions, units such the 1st and 4th Pioneers never saw action directly in their infantry role. Additionally, the units' separation from the field engineers resulted in \"administrative, organisational and command and control problems\" which even limited their utility as engineering formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Legacy\nAfter the war, the concept of pioneer battalions was discontinued in the Australian Army. In the immediate aftermath of the war, as plans were drawn up for the shape of the post conflict Army, a proposal was put forth to raise six pioneer battalions in the peacetime Army, but a combination of global disarmament and financial hardship  resulted in this plan being scrapped. As a result, pioneer battalions disappeared from the Australian Army order of battalion until the Second World War, when four such battalions were raised as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159488-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Legacy\nAccording to Alexander Rodger, as a result of the decision not to re-raise pioneer battalions in the interwar years, no battle honours were subsequently awarded to the 1st Pioneer Battalion\u00a0\u2013 or any other First World War pioneer battalion\u00a0\u2013 as there was no equivalent unit to perpetuate the honours when they were promulgated by the Australian Army in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159489-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Place\n1st Place is an album led by trombonist Jimmy Knepper which was recorded in 1982 and originally released on the BlackHawk label in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159489-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Place, Reception\nThe Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states \"Trombonist Jimmy Knepper is well featured on this out of print LP from the defunct Black Hawk label, both as a highly original trombonist and as a composer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159490-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Platino Awards\nThe 1st Platino Awards were presented at the Teatro Anayasi in Panama City, Panama on April 5, 2014 to honour the best in Ibero-American films of 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159490-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Platino Awards\nNominations were announced on 13 March 2014. The German Doctor received the most nominations with five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159490-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Platino Awards\nGloria won three awards including Best Ibero-American Film and Platino Award for Best Actress for Paulina Garc\u00eda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia\nThe 2010\u20132015 Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia was the first class of the Bolivian legislature, also known as the Plurinational Legislative Assembly, to go by that name. The Assembly was controlled in both houses by the governing Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP), elected with a 2/3 supermajority, although some members later separated themselves from the majority. Just four incumbent members of the 2005\u20132010 Congress returned: Deputy Antonio Franco; Deputy Javier Zabaleta (MAS-IPSP/MSM); Senator Ren\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez (MAS-IPSP), who was a deputy; and Senator R\u00f3ger Pinto, previously of Podemos and now representing PPB-CN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia\nThe Assembly was elected as part of general elections on 9 December 2009. After the votes were counted, party strengths in Congress were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia\nAs part of a break between the MAS-IPSP and its ally the Without Fear Movement (MSM), the latter party's four deputies, elected on the MAS slate pledged in late March 2010, \"to act in accord with our political identity, with our conscience, and with the people who elected us with their vote.\" Consequently, MAS-IPSP had 84 members in the Chambers of Deputies, while the MSM has four. However, two MSM deputies re-affiliated with the MAS-IPSP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia\nIn late 2011, at least five indigenous deputies distanced themselves from the MAS-IPSP and announced the formation of an Indigenous Bloc in the Assembly, independent of the MAS. While the Assembly's leadership has yet to officially recognize these two defections, the MAS now controls less than two-thirds of all Assembly seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Senate\nThe latest President of the Senate, elected on 19 January 2010 and serving until her death on 26 October of that year, was Ana Mar\u00eda Romero de Campero (MAS-IPSP, La Paz). Romero had been on medical leave since February 2010, and Ren\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez (MAS-IPSP, Chuquisaca) served as interim President in her absence. Mart\u00ednez was confirmed as Senate President on 1 November. Martha Poma Luque (MAS-IPSP, La Paz) was elected the same day to serve as Vice President of the Senate, the first woman de pollera to hold that office. Seventeen of 36 members of the Senate are women. The 26-member MAS-IPSP majority includes all four senators from La Paz, Oruro, and Potos\u00ed; three senators from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca; and two senators from each of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 57], "content_span": [58, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Senate\nRomero's alternate, Javier Hurtado Mercado, served as senator in her place, but resigned 15 May 2010. Her seat was filled by Mary Constancia Medina Zabaleta, the alternate for Eugenio Rojas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 57], "content_span": [58, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Senate, Commissions\nThe Senate has ten legislative commissions (Spanish: comisi\u00f3n legislativa), each with two subordinate committees, whose leadership is chosen annually. Their current leadership, chosen on 2 February 2011, is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 70], "content_span": [71, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Chamber of Deputies\nThe President of the Chamber of Deputies, elected on 19 January 2010, is H\u00e9ctor Arce (MAS-IPSP). 33 of 130 deputies (25.38%) are women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 70], "content_span": [71, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Chamber of Deputies\nFour parties elected deputies, the MAS-IPSP (including members of the Without Fear Movement) holds 88; the Plan Progress for Bolivia \u2013 National Convergence holds 37; the National Unity Front has 3; and Social Alliance holds 2. Sixty-nine seats were elected by individual districts (uninominal seats); 53 were elected from lists provided by each party in each department, with the number of such deputies determined by population (plurinominal seats); and seven were elected by minority indigenous peoples in the seven of the country's departments (all except Chuquisaca and Potos\u00ed). Altogether, 41 of the deputies were indigenous, including 9 women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 70], "content_span": [71, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159491-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Plurinational Legislative Assembly of Bolivia, Chamber of Deputies, Commissions\nThe Chamber of Deputies has twelve legislative commissions (Spanish: comisi\u00f3n legislative), whose leadership is chosen annually. Their current leadership, chosen on 28 January 2011, is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 83], "content_span": [84, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159492-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Podemos Citizen Assembly\nThe 2014 Podemos state assembly\u2014officially the 1st Citizen Assembly, and more informally referred to as the Yes We Can assembly\u2014was held between 15 September and 15 November 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159493-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba\nThe 1st Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) was elected in 1975 by the 1st Plenary Session of the 1st Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 1st Party Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159493-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba, References, Bibliography\nThis Cuba-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159493-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba, References, Bibliography\nThis article about politics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159494-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Pondicherry Representative Assembly\nAfter the de facto merger on 1 November 1954 and before the legal integration with the Indian Union on 16 August 1962, general elections were held in 1955 and 1959. The first general elections to the Pondicherry Representative Assembly were held in 1955 from July 18 to 23 for 39 constituencies. The election were held on the basis of adult franchise under the State of Pondicherry (Representation of the People) Order, 1955 which prescribed the rules and regulations for the conduct of elections, more or less on the pattern adopted in the Indian Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159494-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Pondicherry Representative Assembly, Dissolution\nHowever, the government was not stable as the ruling party was ridden with personal strifes and factions. Finally, the Government of India had to intervene finally by dissolving the Assembly following the instability caused by the change of party affiliation of members. Then, the Chief Commissioner took over the administration in October 1958. Later, after nine months, second general elections were held to the Pondicherry Representative Assembly in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159495-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Pornhub Awards\nThe 1st Pornhub Awards was held on September 6, 2018 at the Belasco Theater in Los Angeles. It was hosted by Asa Akira and featured a performance by Kanye West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159495-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Pornhub Awards, Production\nOn August 7, 2018 Pornhub announced Asa Akira would host the award show. In early September 2018 reports stated Kanye West would be a creative director for the show. On September 3, 2018 Pornhub and West confirmed the partnership. Unlike other award shows such as the AVN's or XBIZ Awards winners would be decided on users streaming data from the website. The data compiled from mid-March 2018 until the day before the show on September 5 were used to find the winners of the categories. There was also a fan award portion which fans vote in a poll-style system from mid-August 2018 until the event in September on pornhub.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159495-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Pornhub Awards, Production\nKanye West and Teyana Taylor performed at the show. The show was held at the Belasco Theater in Downtown Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159496-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Primetime Emmy Awards\nThe 1st Emmy Awards, retroactively known as the 1st Primetime Emmy Awards after the debut of the counterpart Daytime Emmy Awards, were presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club in Los Angeles on Tuesday, January 25, 1949. Only shows produced in Los Angeles County, California and aired in the Los Angeles media market were eligible to win. The awards were hosted by Walter O'Keefe who substituted for Rudy Vall\u00e9e when he had to leave town at the last minute. A special award category was introduced and awarded to Louis McManus for designing the actual Emmy Award statuette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159496-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Primetime Emmy Awards, Winners and nominees, Hosting, Special Award\nMcManus was presented with a plaque as an award instead of a copy of the very statue which he was being honored for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159497-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Prince\n1st Prince was an electoral district in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, which elected two members to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1873 to 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159497-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Prince\nThe district comprised the westernmost portion of Prince County. Communities in the district included Alberton and Tignish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159497-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Prince\nWhen the provincial electoral districts were reorganized into conventional single-member districts in 1996, 1st Prince was replaced by the districts of Tignish-DeBlois, Alberton-Miminegash and West Point-Bloomfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159498-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans)\nThe 1st Proletarian Brigade, later the 1st Proletarian Division, was the first brigade-size formation raised by the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II. The unit was one of the elite formations of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. Its combat value was respected by the enemy. Artur Phleps, V SS Mountain Corps commander, in his war journal in 1944 assessed  as a serious opponent, very well managed and well trained, who fights like a regular troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159498-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans), Chronicle\nIt was formed by Josip Broz Tito and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia on 22 December 1941 in the village of Rudo in eastern Bosnia. Initially comprising 1,200 of the best Serb and Montenegrin Partisans under the command of the Spanish Civil War veteran Ko\u010da Popovi\u0107, it began to take on a more multi-ethnic character from March 1942 when 15 Bosniaks from Sarajevo joined the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159498-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans), Chronicle\nThe formation of the brigade represented a significant change for the Partisans, as it gave the Partisan Supreme Command a politically reliable and mobile force that was not tied to a particular geographic area. This innovation allowed the Partisans to more easily concentrate fighting power at a particular point to achieve a decision, and permitted withdrawal when faced by a superior enemy force. The brigade fought its first battle on the day following its creation, when it encountered Italian troops and the Chetniks as it marched out of Rudo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159498-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans), Chronicle\nDuring Operation Southeast Croatia the brigade crossed Mount Igman in freezing temperatures. After Operation Trio, it participated in the Partisan Long March from Zelengora in eastern Bosnia to the west. The withdrawal of the brigade from eastern Bosnia to Fo\u010da caused a number of problems, including recriminations between Tito and Svetozar Vukmanovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159498-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans), Chronicle\nFrom its formation until June 1942 this was as an independent brigade, after which the brigade formed part of the Strike Group of Proletarian Brigades. From November 1942 the brigade became the 1st Proletarian Division. In 1971, the Museum of the First Proletarian Brigade was established in the village of Rudo to commemorate the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159498-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans), Chronicle\nAt the time of formation, the Brigade numbered 1,186 soldiers, NCOs and officers, 71 of which were women. The brigade then fought in many battles against the Italians, Germans, and their Chetnik auxiliaries, as well as the forces of the Axis puppet Independent State of Croatia from its creation until the end of the war. It fought in six of the Seven Enemy Offensives described in Yugoslav historiography. During 41 months of battle engagement, in the unit fought 13,443 men and 651 women, and 4,818 of them died in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159498-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans), Battles\nFor the most part of its war time, the Brigade relayed mostly on manoeuvrability and initiative. In frequent marches it covered some 20,000\u00a0km. The change in tactics occurred after Belgrade Offensive, when it was engaged in frontal battles on Sremski front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group\nThe 1st Proving Ground Group is a disbanded United States Army Air Forces unit. It was last active with the Army Air Forces Proving Ground Command, based at Eglin Field, Florida, where it was disbanded on 1 April 1944. The unit's personnel/equipment/mission was taken over by the 610th Army Air Forces Base Unit (AAF Base Unit) and 611th AAF Base Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group\nThe group was originally established as the 23d Composite Group and was part of the Air Corps Tactical School with a mission that focused on developing and demonstrating tactics and doctrine. After moving to Eglin it also conducted testing of experimental weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group, History\nThe group was established at Maxwell Field, Alabama in August 1939 as the 23d Composite Group. It was assigned the 1st Pursuit Squadron, 24th Bombardment Squadron (Light) (not manned until 1940) and the 54th Bombardment Squadron (Medium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group, History\nThroughout the 1930s, there had been a number of attempts to have Air Corps tactical units demonstrate current tactics to students attending the Air Corps Tactical School, which was the advanced school for Air Corps officers. The impracticability of scheduling a recently trained unit with modern aircraft for these demonstrations led the school to recommend the formation of a composite unit permanently stationed with the school as early as 1932. The recommendation was disapproved because of the lack of personnel or equipment that could be dedicated to this mission. The establishment of the group was finally approved in August 1939, with the understanding that the group would also assume the demonstration and exhibition function that was being carried out by combat units of Air Force Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group, History\nThe group was also assigned the mission of performing tactical service tests of aircraft and other equipment; developing and testing new air tactics; and demonstrating these new tactics to the service schools of the other branches of the Army, to General Headquarters, and at Air Corps stations. However, because the Tactical School suspended classes in June 1940, because experienced officers were required for the expansion of the Air Corps in response to the war in Europe and could not be spared for a nine-month-long school, the group was only able to support the school for a short time. In September 1940, the group moved to Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, which would become the base for the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group, History\nThe group transferred from Orlando for assignment to Eglin Field to conduct flight testing activities in July 1941. At Eglin it was redesignated as the Air Corps Proving Ground Detachment, then the Air Corps Proving Ground Group. On 1 May 1942, the group's three original squadrons were disbanded as it focused on weapons development rather than tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group, History\nIn 1944, the group conducted \"Operation Crossbow\" program to determine the best method of attacking German V-1 \u201cbuzz bomb\u201d sites along the French and Dutch coasts, February 1944. Began testing the Republic-Ford JB-2, an American version of  the German V-1, which became the foundation of the Air Force guided missile program, October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group, History\nThe AAF found standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving less well adapted to the support mission. Accordingly, a more functional system was adopted in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. Accordingly, the group was disbanded and the testing mission and associated personnel of the group were assumed by the 611th AAF Base Unit (Flight Test) (later 611th AF Base Unit (Proof Test Group)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group, History\nAt the same time the 610th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Proving Ground Complement) assumed the equipment, and personnel of the group associated with base support as well as those of the 118th WAC Post Headquarters Company, 2051st Ordnance Company, Aviation (Service), 869th Signal Service Company (Aviation), 24th Aviation Squadron, 4th AAF Emergency Rescue Boat Squadron, and 1453d Quartermaster Service Company (Aviation). Later in 1944, the 610th assumed the electronics and flight test activities of the 611th and became the 610th AAF Base Unit (Flight Test).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group, History\nThe 610th transferred its base support activities to the 609th AAF Base Unit (Airdrome Group) in January 1947 and was discontinued on 1 August 1947 with its mission assumed by Army Air Forces Proving Ground (Provisional). The 611th AAF Base Unit  was discontinued on 9 July 1948, when the Air Proving Ground Command reorganized according to the Wing/Base (Hobson Plan) model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159499-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Proving Ground Group, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159500-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Air Brigade\nThe 1st Provisional Air Brigade was a temporary unit of the United States Army Air Service, commanded by Col. Billy Mitchell, operating out of Langley Field, Virginia, that was used in Project B to demonstrate the vulnerability of ships to aerial attack when, in July 1921, the \"unsinkable\" German dreadnought SMS Ostfriesland was sent to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean by bombardment. Other targets included the German destroyer SMS G-102, the SMS Frankfurt, and the USS Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159500-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Air Brigade, Formation\nIn the wake of the disarmament following the conclusion of the Great War, with the aviation branch of the U.S. Army drastically reduced in size, Col. Mitchell felt that the U.S. Navy's focus on building super dreadnoughts was a waste of defense money as he was convinced that warships were now vulnerable to air attack. He published articles and had testified before the House subcommittee on aviation \"that 1,000 bomber aircraft could be built and operated for the cost of one dreadnought and that his airplanes could sink a battleship. He volunteered to demonstrate this if the navy would provide him with some battleships, which were already due to be demolished. The navy reluctantly agreed to the demonstrations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159500-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Air Brigade, Formation\n\"Once the test was agreed to, Mitchell formed the First Provisional Air Brigade, drawing 150 airplanes and 1,000 people from air bases around the country. Because none of the pilots knew how to sink ships, extensive training was required at Langley Field in Virginia, where practice missions against mock ships were performed. Among the officers attending the practices was Alexander de Seversky, who had served with Russia during the war, dropping bombs on German ships. He taught the pilots that the best way to sink a ship was to drop the bomb near, not on, the ship.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159500-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Air Brigade, Tests\n\"The test, held off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay in July, 1921 attracted widespread public interest. There, after naval aircraft in June had easily disposed of a surfaced U-boat, Mitchell's First Provisional Air Brigade, hastily assembled and trained at Langley Field, attacked and sank three German ships -- a destroyer, the cruiser Frankfurt, and the heavily compartmented Ostfriesland. Disputes arose as to the manner in which the experiment -- directed by the Navy - had been conducted, and the Joint Board's report tended to deprecate the effectiveness of aerial bombing. But the fact of the sinkings was indisputable, and Mitchell went on to clinch the validity of his claims by tests conducted with like results on obsolete US Battleships -- the Alabama in September, 1921, and the Virginia and New Jersey in September, 1923.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159500-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Air Brigade, Equipment\nOn 1 May 1921, Mitchell assembled the 1st Provisional Air Brigade, an air and ground crew of 125 aircraft and 1,000 men at Langley, Virginia, using six squadrons from the Air Service:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159500-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Air Brigade, Equipment\nHandley Page O/400 and Martin MB-2 bombers of the 96th Squadron (Bombardment) did the heavy lifting, dropping bombs of between 230\u00a0lbs (100\u00a0kg) and 2,000\u00a0lbs (910\u00a0kg) over a two-day period on the captured German warship, rupturing her water-tightness and sinking her on 21 July off of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159500-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Air Brigade, Equipment\nOther types drawn for the unit included Airco DH.4s and at least one Curtiss Eagle ambulance airplane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159500-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Air Brigade, Equipment\nFollowing the sinking of USS Alabama on 26 September 1921, the 1st Provisional Air Brigade was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159500-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Air Brigade, Equipment\nThe bombing tests of 1923 were subsequently conducted with equipment and personnel of the 2d Bombardment Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group\nThe 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group was a provisional unit that served as the headquarters for all United States Marine Corps antiaircraft battalions that participated in the Battle of Okinawa. The group was formed on Kauai, Territory of Hawaii in November 1944 under the command of the III Marine Amphibious Corps. For the Battle of Okinawa, the group was under the command of the 53d Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade of the Tenth United States Army and was responsible for air defense of the area surrounding Yontan & Kadena Airfields. Following the end of the war, the group returned to the United States and was decommissioned on December 5, 1945. To date, no other Marine Corps squadron has carried the lineage and honors of the 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Organization\nThe 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group was commissioned on November 1, 1944 in Kauai, Territory of Hawaii by the authority of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPAC), Special Order Number 75-44. It was formed as the antiaircraft headquarters for the III Amphibious Corps. On November 11 the group assumed tactical control of the 2d, 5th, 8th, 10th, and 16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions. The 10th AAA Battalion was detached from the group on November 25, 1944 when it was decommissioned by authority of FMFPAC, Special Order Number 104-44.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Training, embarkation, and movement west\nPrior to the group forming, the 5th and 8th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions had returned from deployments to Funafuti and Apamama and had been conducting extensive air defense training for most of 1944. Training for the group's battalions consisted of firing air defense artillery and automatic weapons at towed target sleeves, drones and waterborne targets, field artillery exercises, and training in radar and radar countermeasures. In December 1944, the 2d and 8th Antiaircraft Battalions were tasked with temportarily augmenting antiaircraft defenses in forward areas prior to the group's next amphibious operation. The 5th Antiaircraft Battalion was sent to Guam while the 16th was sent to Tinian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Training, embarkation, and movement west\nOn January 17, 1945, the group headquarters boarded the USS Meriwether (APA-203) for transport to Pearl Harbor arriving on January 19. On January 20, the group received FMFPAC Special Order Number 25-45 ordering movement to Saipan. The group's equipment departed Pearl Harbor on January 28 on board the SS Donald M. Dickinson while the group's personnel departed a day later on the SS Typhoon from Honolulu Harbor. The group's personnel arrived off the coast of Eniwetok Atoll on February 6 and they remained there until February 12. The convoy arrived at Saipan on February 16. On March 14, the group's headquarters began loading USS LST-641 in Tanapag Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 95], "content_span": [96, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Battle of Okinawa\nFor the Battle of Okinawa the 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Group was tasked with providing antiaircraft defenses for Yontan Airfield and the III Marine Amphibious Corps beaches in the Yontan Area, Southern Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Battle of Okinawa\nOn D-Day, April 1, the assault echelons of the Group Headquarters and the 2d and 16th Antiaircraft Battalions were loaded onto seven Landing Ship, Tanks (LST). During the assault, the first antiaircraft artillery battalions ashore were initially placed under the tactical control of the division they were assigned to support. The assault echelon of the 2nd Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was tasked with supporting the 6th Marine Division while the assault echelon of the 16th was in direct support of the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Battle of Okinawa\nThe battalions were delayed coming ashore because the landing beaches were not good and the Marine Corps prioritized other assault units before them. Reconnaissance parties were finally able to get ashore on April 3 however the majority of personnel and equipment from both of these battalions did not start flowing ashore until April 8 with both battalions being fully operational by April 12. On April 20th, operational and tactical control of the 1st Provisional AAA Group was transferred from III MAC to the 53rd AAA Brigade under Tenth Army AAA. The first echelon of the 8th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Battle of Okinawa\nAAA Battalion arrived on April 17 coming ashore at Nago on the neck of the Motobu Peninsula. The battalion completed offloading on April 20 and was fully operational capable y April 22.    the 8th AAA Battalion was followed by the 5th AAA Battalion on May 5 which also established positions in the vicinity of Yontan and Kadena Airfields. On May 8, the 53rd AAA Brigade, higher headquarters for the group, issued an order that antiaircraft battalions were now expected to use only variable time fuses for 90mm antiaircraft ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Battle of Okinawa\nSome of the heaviest air raids of the battle occurred on the evening of 24-25 May. During the night a large force of twin engine planes made for the Yontan-Kadena area. Eleven of the planes were shot down and the rest driven away mainly by the guns of the 1st Provisional AAA Group. One of the Japanese planes crash landed on Yontan Airfield and six Japanese commandos escaped. Before they were all killed they were able to destroy eight aircraft and damage another twenty four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Battle of Okinawa\nFrom April to July 1945 the Group was credited with destroying 31.5 Japanese aircraft, probably destroying 6 more and damaging 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Post war and decommissioning\nOn October 1, the 1st Provisional AAA Group was transferred under the command of the Commanding General, Service, Command, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. On October 4, the group received FMFPac Special Order 334-5 authorizing the group and its subordinate battalions to return to the United States. On October 9, Typhoon Louise struck Okinawa causing extensive damage to deployed American Forces. There were three Marines from the Group that sustained minor injuries while the group and its battalions lost 50-75% of tents and buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, History, Post war and decommissioning\nThe Group Headquarters began embarking on the  USS Meriwether (APA-203) on October 22 and set sail the next day for the United States. The Group arrived in San Diego on November 8, 1945 and reported to Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. The 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group as officially decommissioned on December 5, 1945 by the authority of Area Special Order Number 354-45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, Commanding Officers\nThe following officers served as Commanding Officer of the 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Group:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 65], "content_span": [66, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159501-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Group has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade\nThe 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was a Marine infantry brigade of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) that existed periodically from 1912 to 1950. It was an ad hoc unit formed for specific operations and not considered a \"permanent\" USMC unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade\nThe brigade saw five brief activations for service over a 40-year span. First created in 1912 for duty in Cuba following the Negro Rebellion, the brigade was not activated again until 1941 when it was hastily constructed from the 6th Marine Regiment to garrison Iceland after the occupation of that country by British troops during World War II. The brigade saw service once more in the war during the Battle of Guam in the Pacific War, conducting an amphibious landing on that island's southern sector and subduing resistance from Japanese troops. It was activated once more in a brief organizational shift after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade\nThe brigade was formed again in 1950 when it was hastily assembled for service in the Korean War. The brigade participated in a counterattack at Masan before reinforcing United States Army units during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and at the First and Second Battles of Naktong Bulge along the Naktong River. The brigade was deactivated for the last time when it was merged with the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, Organization\nThe 1st Provisional Marine Brigade varied in size and structure each time it was created. Headquarters and Service Company, the company comprising the headquarters staff and support personnel, was much smaller than the equivalent company in standard Marine brigades. Each iteration of the brigade was assigned provisional military police, signal and other supporting companies and platoons. This was not an uncommon practice for the U.S. Marine Corps, which created such ad hoc units regularly in wartime. During World War II two other provisional Marine brigades were formed, which eventually expanded into divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, Organization\nComponent units varied considerably as well. In its first iteration in 1912, the brigade had only 1,200 men in two provisional regiments. When re-formed for duty in Iceland in 1941, it was based around volunteers from the 2nd Marine Division. Volunteers from the division were moved into the 6th Marine Regiment's 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalions, and the 10th Marine Regiment's 2nd Battalion. It took 4,095 men from A Company of the 2nd Tank Battalion, A Company of the 2nd Service Battalion, and parachute and antitank platoons. For the Iceland deployment, the 5th Marine Defense Battalion was attached. In its 1944 iteration, the brigade was far larger than a standard brigade, 9,886 men, formed around the 4th Marine Regiment and the 22nd Marine Regiment, with provisional headquarters, military police, and signal companies and a provisional battalion of artillery. The 53rd Naval Construction Battalion was also assigned. (see: Seabees)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 982]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, Organization\nThe brigade's Korean War organization was a 4,725-man force based around the 5th Marine Regiment and supported by Marine Aircraft Group 33, including military police, reconnaissance and intelligence companies. The attack force included the 1st Battalion, 2nd Battalion and 3rd Battalion of the 5th Marine Regiment as well as supporting companies from the 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, 1st Medical Battalion, 1st Motor Transport Battalion, 1st Ordnance Battalion, 1st Service Battalion, 1st Shore Party Battalion, 1st Signal Battalion, 1st Tank Battalion, 1st Amphibian Tractor Company, and 1st Combat Service Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, Organization\nIn each of its iterations, the brigade was not organized as a permanent formation. Typically it was created only as a temporary front-line unit while larger United States Marine units were formed. The brigade would then merge with these to form a Marine division. The 1942 brigade merged with the 2nd Marine Division, the 1944 brigade was the basis for the formation of the new 6th Marine Division, and the 1950 brigade acted as an advance force for the newly reactivated 1st Marine Division before merging into that unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Cuba\nThe 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was first created in 1912 for occupation duties in Cuba. Earlier that year, the Negro Rebellion had erupted throughout Cuba among former black slaves. A 1st Provisional Marine Regiment of 450 men under Colonel Lincoln Karmany was assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on 22 May. At the same time, a 2nd Provisional Marine Regiment of 750 men under Colonel James Mahoney assembled at Key West, Florida. The two regiments sailed for Cuba aboard the USS Prairie, with 1st Battalion, 2nd Regiment, landing at Havana and the remainder of the force at Guantanamo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Cuba\nThere they combined to form the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade in early June under Karmany, and the United States Marines fanned out in Oriente Province, occupying 26 towns and controlling all rail traffic in the area. The Marines protected United States sugar plantations in Siboney and El Cobre until late July when the Cuban government was able to clamp down on the revolt. At that point, the Marines pulled back to Guantanamo, disbanded the brigade and returned home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Cuba, Differentiation with other \"1st Marine Brigades\"\nA second \"1st Marine Brigade\" was created in 1935, serving in Cuba in 1940, before being expanded and redesignated as the 1st Marine Division in 1941. This brigade was originally created in 1913 as the 1st Advance Force Brigade. However, the 1st Advance Force Brigade, and its descendants, was not considered a \"provisional\" unit. The brigade served in Puerto Rico and Mexico in 1914, as well as in the Dominican Republic (1916), and maintained a permanent establishment in Haiti from 1915 until its deactivation in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 95], "content_span": [96, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Cuba, Differentiation with other \"1st Marine Brigades\"\nIt was reactivated in 1935 as the 1st Brigade before redesignation as the 1st Marine Brigade. The 1935 vintage 1st Marine Brigade was considered a separate unit and it has no lineal relationship to the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade. Additionally, yet a third \"1st Marine Brigade\" was created in 1956, later becoming the 1st Marine Amphibious Brigade in 1985 and the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade (1st MEB) in 1988. The 1st MEB is also a separate organization for purposes of lineage and shares no historical relationship with the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 95], "content_span": [96, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Iceland\nIn May 1940, during World War II, the United Kingdom initiated an invasion of politically neutral Iceland, fearing it would otherwise fall to the forces of Nazi Germany which had recently conquered Denmark. Iceland's indigenous population was generally opposed to the British occupation, instead preferring troops of the United States, which was neutral at that phase in the war. Iceland signed a defense agreement with the United States in which United States troops would be stationed on the island nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Iceland\nThe U.S. Marine Corps hastily assembled the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade in Charleston, South Carolina, to move to Iceland as part of the agreement. The brigade was first activated on 14 July 1941. Its elements were taken from the 2nd Marine Division, which was training at Marine Corps Base San Diego and Camp Elliott, both in San Diego, California. This brought the force up to a strength of 4,095 men. They were the first of 28,000 men occupying Iceland under Major General Holland M. Smith and his 1st Marine Division. While the 1st Marine Division was building its forces, though, the Provisional Brigade would hold Iceland. However, priorities soon changed and the 1st Marine Division was moved elsewhere. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was instead joined by units of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Iceland\nUnder the command of Brigadier General John Marston and Colonel Leo D. Hermle, the brigade sailed from San Diego to Charleston aboard the attack transports USS\u00a0Heywood, USS\u00a0Fuller, and USS\u00a0William P. Biddle. There, they met with additional ships which sailed with their supplies as well as the remaining elements of the brigade, the 5th Defense Battalion. These elements were joined by the USS\u00a0Orizaba, USS\u00a0Arcturus, and USS\u00a0Hamul on 27 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Iceland\nThey were escorted by Task Force 19, a fleet of 25 United States Navy warships including the battleships USS\u00a0Arkansas and USS\u00a0New York as well as the cruisers USS\u00a0Brooklyn and USS\u00a0Nashville. The force stopped at Newfoundland, before continuing to Iceland, landing in Reykjav\u00edk on 7 July. There they relieved the British Army 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division of control of some areas of the country, while the British continued to administer the remainder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Iceland\nThe British commanders distributed the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade throughout camps around the Reykjavik area, to act as an emergency force which could quickly counter any German invasion. The British gave their division patch to the brigade, and it was worn for the remainder of the Marines' time in Iceland. The Marines were joined by units of the U.S. Army and Army Air Corps in August 1941. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade troops spent much of their time in Iceland building infrastructure and bases to fortify Iceland against potential German attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Iceland\nOn 22 September, the British division departed Iceland and command was assumed by the United States Army. During the winter of 1941\u20131942 the brigade saw no combat and spent much of its time attempting to construct fortifications and drill for combat, hampered by a lack of supplies, communications equipment, transportation, and good weather. Aside from the occasional German reconnaissance aircraft, no German forces came to Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Iceland\nFollowing the 7 December attack on Pearl Harbor, the men were informed they would be redeployed from Iceland at the beginning of 1942 and would likely see combat in the Pacific Theatre. In January 1942, the brigade began deploying back to the United States, one battalion at a time. Elements of the brigade were gradually relieved by Army units and returned to New York City aboard the USS McCawley and the US Army Transport Borinquen until March 1942, when the entire brigade was in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Iceland\nThe brigade was disbanded in New York City on 25 March 1942, and its component elements were reassigned to the 2nd Marine Division. Most of them were immediately dispatched to California and by the end of the year most of the Marines had been transferred to units fighting in the Guadalcanal Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Guam\nOn 18 April 1944, the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was again activated, this time at Guadalcanal, and placed in reserve for a time, commanded by Brigadier General Lemuel C. Shepherd. In July, it was moved to the Marshall Islands for a planned invasion of Guam, an island under the control of the Empire of Japan. This much larger brigade was built around the 4th and 22nd Marine Regiments with supporting units, and comprised 9,886 Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Guam\nThe brigade was assigned to III Amphibious Corps, a force almost 67,000 strong, in anticipation of a 15 July invasion of Guam's southern beaches, in conjunction with a northern landing by the Army's 4,500-man 305th Infantry Regiment, 77th Infantry Division. The brigade commenced training at Guadalcanal in conjunction with the 3rd Marine Division. Then, in early July, the two formations staged through the Eniwetok Atoll in preparation for the invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Guam\nOn 21 July at 08:32 the 22nd Marines landed on beaches around Agat while the 4th Marines landed at Bangi Point to the north. Opposing the U.S. landings were 22,000 Japanese troops stationed on the island. The most intense fighting struck the other units of III Amphibious Corps to the north, which held through heavy Japanese counterattacks. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade encountered lighter resistance on the southern beaches, but nonetheless fought a substantial Japanese force occupying Gaan Point, between the two regiments' landing zones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Guam\nJapanese defenders had built fortifications into the point, including Type 41 75 mm Mountain Guns which had gone undetected in U.S. reconnaissance probes, using them to pin down 20 amphibious vehicles supporting the 22nd Marines and slow their advance. The 22nd Marines subsequently spent most of the day capturing the point against stiff Japanese resistance. Their 1st Battalion was eventually able to capture Agat, and the 2nd Battalion took Mount Alifan, 1,000 metres (3,300\u00a0ft) inland. In the meantime, the 1st Battalion of the 4th Marines took Bangi point with support from their 3rd Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Guam\nThey then began an advance to Mount Alifan but were delayed by fierce Japanese resistance inland. At nightfall the Japanese mounted a large, coordinated counterattack which was unsuccessful. By the end of the day, the 4th and 22nd Marines were holding positions 2,000 metres (6,600\u00a0ft) into the island along a 4,500-metre (14,800\u00a0ft) front. The 305th Regimental Combat Team supported the Marines for several days before rejoining the rest of the 77th Infantry Division to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0014-0003", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Guam\nThe 1st Brigade was 7 miles (11\u00a0km) south of the 3rd Marine Division and 77th Infantry Division landing zones to the north at Asan. On 25 July, the two forces cut off Orote Peninsula between the two landing zones, and the brigade turned west and cleared the peninsula until 29 July against heavier resistance, killing some 2,500 Japanese. It advanced north in a sweeping motion with the 4th Marines on the right, west flank and the 22nd Marines on the left, east flank, until reaching the forces on the northern beach landings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Guam\nBy 28 July, the 3rd Marine Division and 77th Infantry Division had formed a continuous flank and were advancing north. On 6 August, the brigade joined them on the left, western flank. Here, Japanese forces staged last stands in their remaining fortifications, and holdouts on Mount Santa Rosa were cleared on 8 August, Ritidian Point on August 10, and Pati Point the same day. The island was declared \"officially\" secure at 11:31 on 10 August, after  11,000 Japanese dead had been counted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Guam\nHowever, thousands of Japanese troops fled to the woods of Guam after the fight, and mop-up operations continued long after the island was declared secure. By V-J Day, the island had cost the Japanese 18,400 killed and 1,250 captured, and the Americans 1,700 killed and 6,000 injured. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, however, only assisted in mop-up operations for a month. The 4th Marines moved along the north coast while the 22nd Marines patrolled inland to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, World War II, Guam\nOn 9 September 1944, the brigade was disbanded and its elements were moved to Guadalcanal where the new 6th Marine Division was forming. That division was activated on 25 September 1944. Most of the Provisional Marine Brigade units were transferred to the command of the 6th Marine Division. The 29th Marine Regiment was added to form the division. The 53rd CB was the directly assigned to III Amphibious Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, After the war\nThe 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was briefly re-formed in the post-war era on 1 June 1947, by enlarging the 1st Battalion, 11th Marines. The force served as a contingency force for the Pacific Ocean area, based in Camp Witek, Guam. However, as post-war military spending was drastically cut, the brigade at this time was far undermanned, and considered only a \"paper unit\". It was again \"downsized\" and re-designated the 1st Provisional Artillery Battalion on 1 October 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War\nThe U.S. Marine Corps, which had been drastically reduced in size after World War II, was unprepared at the outset of the Korean War on 25 June 1950. The Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered the Marine Corps to ready a 15,000-man division for duty in Korea as a part of the United Nations Command being created there. The Marine Corps began rebuilding the 1st Marine Division to wartime strength, but in the meantime assembled a 4,725-man force around the 5th Marine Regiment to assist in the war effort as quickly as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War\nOn 7 July the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was reactivated in California. One week later it sailed from Long Beach and San Diego. The regiment, which had originally been slated for landing in Japan, bypassed that country and landed at Pusan in South Korea on 3 August. As it sailed to Korea, it was put under the command of Brigadier General Edward A. Craig, who met the brigade in-country. The brigade was supported by Marine Aircraft Group 33, and became a subordinate unit of the Eighth United States Army under Lieutenant General Walton Walker, who placed it in his reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Task Force Kean\nThe brigade was immediately moved to Masan, the westernmost flank of the Pusan Perimeter, which the Eighth Army had set up to resist the North Korean Army which was attempting to overrun the UN forces. The brigade joined the U.S. 25th Infantry Division and the 5th Regimental Combat Team, under Major General William B. Kean. The three units together formed \"Task Force Kean\", a formation of about 20,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Task Force Kean\nGeneral Walker and the Eighth Army began preparing a counteroffensive, the first conducted by the UN in the war, for 6 August. It would kick off with an attack by the U.S. reserve units on the Masan area to secure Chinju from the North Korean 6th Division, followed by a larger general push to the Kum River in the middle of the month. One of Walker's goals was to break up a suspected massing of North Korean troops near Taegu by forcing the diversion of some North Korean units southward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Task Force Kean\nOn 6 August, the Eighth Army issued the operational directive for the attack by the task force. The plan of attack was to move west from positions held near Masan, seize the Chinju Pass, and secure the line as far as the Nam River, and depended on the arrival of the entire U.S. 2nd Infantry Division, as well as three more battalions of American tanks which were en route from the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Task Force Kean\nTask Force Kean kicked off its attack on 7 August, moving out from Masan. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade surged forward to Pansong, quickly inflicting 350 casualties on the North Koreans as it overran the North Korean 6th Division's headquarters. The other units of the Task Force, however, were slowed by North Korean resistance. Task Force Kean pressed on the Chindong-ni area, resulting in a confused battle where the fragmented force had to rely on air strikes and airdrops to keep it effective. Task Force Kean's offensive had collided with one being delivered simultaneously by the North Korean 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Task Force Kean\nHeavy fighting continued in the area for three days. By 9 August, Task Force Kean was poised to retake Chinju. The task force, aided by air power, initially advanced quickly though North Korean resistance was heavy. On 10 August, the Marines picked up the advance, inadvertently encountering the North Korean 83rd Motorized Regiment of the 105th Armored Division, which was caught off-guard and attempted to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Task Force Kean\nF4U Corsairs from the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing strafed the retreating column repeatedly, inflicting 200 casualties and destroying about 100 of the regiment's equipment vehicles, but 1st Provisional Marine Brigade forces were not able to follow up the attack, as they were redeployed elsewhere on the perimeter on 12 August. Task Force Kean continued forward, supported by field artillery, capturing the area around Chondong-ni. At that time, Eighth Army requested several of its units to redeploy to Taegu to be used elsewhere on the front, particularly at the Naktong Bulge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Task Force Kean\nAt the end of the counteroffensive on 14 August, Task Force Kean had failed in its two objectives of diverting North Korean troops from the north and reaching the Chinju pass. The NK 6th Division had been reduced to 3,000 or 4,000 and had to replenish its ranks with South Korean conscripts from Andong. Fighting in the region continued for the rest of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, First Naktong Bulge\nImmediately north on the line, the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was desperately needed to break a stalemate between the U.S. 24th Infantry Division and the NK 4th Division. Beginning at midnight on the night of 5\u20136 August, North Koreans had begun crossing the Naktong River at the Ohang ferry site, 3.5 miles (5.6\u00a0km) south of Pugong-ni and west of Yongsan, carrying light weapons and supplies over their heads or on rafts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, First Naktong Bulge\nAt 02:00 on the morning of 6 August, the North Koreans began engaging the 3rd Battalion, U.S. 34th Infantry Regiment, and moved forward after a short fight, attempting to penetrate the lines to Yongsan. The North Korean infantry forced the 3rd Battalion back, and the battalion abandoned its command post to consolidate its positions. The North Koreans surprised the Americans, who had been expecting an attack from further north, and captured a large amount of American equipment. The attack threatened to split the American lines and disrupt supply lines to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, First Naktong Bulge\nRepeated American attacks resulted in a stalemate. By the morning of 7 August, North Koreans were able to press forward and capture the Cloverleaf Hill and Oblong-ni Ridge, critical terrain astride the main road in the bulge area. By 16:00 that day, the U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment, U.S. 2nd Infantry Division, a newly arrived unit, was sent to the region. 24th Infantry Division commander Major General John H. Church immediately ordered it to attack the Naktong Bulge salient. Despite a tenacious attack, the 9th Infantry was only able to regain part of Cloverleaf Hill before intense fighting stalled its movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, First Naktong Bulge\nThe NK 4th Division had in the meantime constructed underwater bridges of sandbags, logs and rocks, finishing the first one the day before. It moved trucks and heavy artillery across the river over this bridge, as well as additional infantry and a few tanks. By the morning of 10 August close to two full North Korean regiments were across the river and occupying fortified positions. After a series of unsuccessful counterattacks, the threat to Yongsan necessitated more U.S. reinforcements. As U.S. casualties mounted, a frustrated Walker ordered the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to the area. They mounted a massive offensive on Cloverleaf Hill and Obong-ni beginning at 08:00 on 17 August, unleashing all available heavy weapons: artillery, mortars, M26 Pershing tanks, and airstrikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, First Naktong Bulge\nAt first, tenacious North Korean defense halted the Marines. Heavy indirect fire forced the North Koreans out of their positions before the Marines and Task Force Hill overwhelmed them, one hill at a time. The Marines approached Obong-ni first, destroying resistance on the slope with an airstrike and a barrage from U.S. tanks, but strong resistance caused heavy casualties, and they had to withdraw. The 18th North Korean Regiment, in control of the hill, mounted a disastrous counterattack in hopes of pushing the Marines back. The division's previously successful tactics of cutting off supplies and relying on surprise failed in the face of massive U.S. numerical superiority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, First Naktong Bulge\nBy nightfall on 18 August, the North Korean 4th Division had been annihilated; huge numbers of deserters had weakened its numbers during the fight, but by that time, Obong-ni and Cloverleaf Hill had been retaken by the U.S. forces. Scattered groups of North Korean soldiers fled back across the Naktong, pursued by American planes and artillery fire. The next day, the remains of 4th Division had withdrawn across the river. In their hasty retreat, they left a large number of artillery pieces and equipment behind which the Americans later pressed into service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, First Naktong Bulge\nThe battle caused heavy casualties for both sides. By the end of the fight, the NK 4th Division had only 300 or 400 men in each of its regiments. Of its original 7,000 men, the division now had a strength of only 3,500, having suffered over 1,200 killed. Several thousand members of the division deserted during the fight. Most of these men were South Korean civilians forcibly conscripted into the North Korean army. The NK 4th Division would not recover until much later in the war. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade reported 66 Marines dead, 278 wounded, and one missing. In total, American forces suffered around 1,800 casualties during the battle, with about a third of those killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Second Naktong Bulge\nBy 1 September, the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was down to 4,290 men, having suffered 500 casualties in its month of Korean service, and was preparing to move back to Pusan to evacuate to Japan. There, the brigade was to join with Marine reinforcements to re-form the 1st Marine Division, which would then be a part of X Corps for a counterattack at Inchon. However, the North Korean Great Naktong Offensive delayed these plans, as the brigade was needed to repel one more North Korean crossing of the Naktong River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Second Naktong Bulge\nAt the same time, the 1st and 2nd Regiments of the NK 9th Division, in their first offensive of the war, stood only a few miles short of Yongsan after a successful river crossing and penetration of the American line. Division commander Major General Pak Kyo Sam felt the chances of capturing Yongsan were strong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Second Naktong Bulge\nOn the morning of 1 September, with only the shattered remnants its E Company at hand, the U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division, had virtually no troops to defend Yongsan. Division commander Major General Lawrence B. Keiser formed ad hoc units from his support troops but they were not enough to counter the North Korean attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Second Naktong Bulge\nOn 2 September, Walker spoke by telephone with Major General Doyle O. Hickey, Deputy Chief of Staff, Far East Command, in Tokyo. He described the situation around the Perimeter and said the most serious threat was along the boundary between the U.S. 2nd and 25th Infantry Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0033-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Second Naktong Bulge\nHe said he had started the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade toward Yongsan but had not yet released them for commitment there and he wanted to be sure that General of the Army Douglas MacArthur approved his use of them, since he knew that this would interfere with other plans of the Far East Command. Walker said he did not think he could restore the 2nd Division lines without using them. Hickey replied that MacArthur had the day before approved the use of the Marines if and when Walker considered it necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0033-0002", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Second Naktong Bulge\nA few hours after this conversation, at 13:15, Walker attached the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to the U.S. 2nd Division and ordered a coordinated attack by all available elements of the division and the Marines, with the mission of destroying the North Koreans east of the Naktong River in the 2nd Division sector and of restoring the river line. The Marines were to be released from 2nd Division control as soon as this mission was accomplished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nA conference was held that afternoon at the U.S. 2nd Division command post, attended by leaders of the U.S. Eighth Army, 2nd Division, and 1st Provisional Marine Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nA decision was reached that the Marines would attack west at 08:00 on 3 September astride the Yongsan\u2013Naktong River road, and U.S. Army troops would attack northwest above the Marines and attempt to re-establish contact with the U.S. 23rd Infantry, while the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion with remnants of the 1st Battalion, 9th Infantry, and elements of the 72nd Tank Battalion would attack on the left flank, or south, of the Marines to reestablish contact with the 25th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nThe troops holding this line on the first hills west of Yongsan were G Company, 9th Infantry, north of the road running west through Kogan-ni to the Naktong; A Company, 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion, southward across the road; and, below the engineers, F Company, 9th Infantry. Between 03:00 and 04:30 on 3 September, the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade moved to forward assembly areas. The 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines, assembled north of Yongsan, the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines, south of it. The 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, established security positions southwest of Yongsan along the approaches into the regimental sector from that direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nFighting began the night of 2 September, and at dawn on 3 September, U.S. troops gained the high ground which was part of the designated Marine line of departure. With help from Marine tank fire, G Company overcame heavy resistance, but this early morning battle for the line of departure delayed the planned attack. The Marine attack started at 08:55 toward North Korean-held high ground 0.5 miles (0.80\u00a0km) westward. The 1st Battalion, 5th Marines, south of the east-west road, gained its objective when North Korean soldiers broke under air attack. Air strikes, artillery concentrations, and machine gun and rifle fire of the 1st Battalion now caught North Korean reinforcements in open rice paddies moving up from the second ridge and killed most of them. In the afternoon, the 1st Battalion advanced to Hill 91.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nNorth of the road the 2nd Battalion had a harder time, encountering heavy North Korean fire when it reached the northern tip of Hill 116, 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) west of Yongsan. The North Koreans held the hill during the day, and at night D Company of the 5th Marines was isolated there. In the fighting west of Yongsan, Marine armor knocked out four T-34 tanks, and North Korean crew members abandoned a fifth. That night the Marines dug in on a line 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) west of Yongsan. The 2nd Battalion had lost 18 killed and 77 wounded during the day, most of them in D Company. Total Marine casualties for 3 September were 34 killed and 157 wounded. Coordinating its attack with that of the Marines, the 9th Infantry advanced abreast of them on the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nJust before midnight, the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, received orders to pass through the 2nd Battalion and continue the attack in the morning. That night torrential rains made the troops miserable. The North Koreans were unusually quiet and launched few patrols or attacks. The morning of 4 September, the weather was clear. The counterattack continued at 08:00 on 4 September, at first against little opposition. North of the road the 2nd Battalion quickly completed occupation of Hill 116, from which the North Koreans had withdrawn during the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nSouth of the road the 1st Battalion occupied what appeared to be a command post of the NK 9th Division. Tents were still up and equipment lay scattered about. Two abandoned T-34 tanks in excellent condition stood there. Tanks and ground troops advancing along the road found it littered with North Korean dead and destroyed and abandoned equipment. By nightfall the counterattack had gained another 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nThat morning, 5 September, after a 10-minute artillery preparation, the American troops moved out in their third day of counterattack. It was a day of rain. As the attack progressed, the Marines approached Obong-ni Ridge and the 9th Infantry neared Cloverleaf Hill where they had fought tenaciously during the First Battle of Naktong Bulge the month before. There, at midmorning, on the high ground ahead, they could see North Korean troops digging in. The Marines approached the pass between the two hills and took positions in front of the North Korean-held high ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nAt 14:30 approximately 300 North Korean infantry came from the village of Tugok and concealed positions, striking B Company on Hill 125 just north of the road and east of Tugok. Two T-34 tanks surprised and knocked out the two leading Marine M26 Pershing tanks. Since the destroyed Pershing tanks blocked fields of fire, four others withdrew to better positions. Assault teams of B Company and the 1st Battalion with 3.5-inch rocket launchers rushed into action, took the tanks under fire, and destroyed both of them, as well as an armored personnel carrier following behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0039-0002", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nThe North Korean infantry attack was brutal and inflicted 25 casualties on B Company before reinforcements from A Company and supporting Army artillery and the Marine 81\u00a0mm mortars helped repel it. September 5 was a day of heavy casualties everywhere on the Pusan Perimeter. Army units had 102 killed, 430 wounded, and 587 missing in action for a total of 1,119 casualties. Marine units had 35 killed, 91 wounded, and none missing in action, for a total of 126 battle casualties. Total American battle casualties for the day were 1,245 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Counteroffensives\nThe American counteroffensive of 3\u20135 September west of Yongsan resulted in one of the bloodiest and most terrifying debacles of the war for a North Korean division, according to historians. Even though remnants of the NK 9th Division, supported by the low strength NK 4th Division, still held Obong-ni Ridge, Cloverleaf Hill, and the intervening ground back to the Naktong on 6 September, the division's offensive strength had been spent at the end of the American counterattack. The NK 9th and 4th divisions were not able to resume the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Deactivation\nDuring the previous night, at 20:00 on 4 September, Walker had ordered the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade released from operational control of the 2nd Division effective at midnight, 5 September. At 00:15, 6 September, the Marines began leaving their lines at Obong-ni Ridge heading for Pusan. They would join the 1st Marine Regiment and 7th Marine Regiment to form the new 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Deactivation\nWalker had protested in vain against releasing the brigade, believing he needed it and all the troops then in Korea if he were to stop the North Korean offensive against the Pusan Perimeter. The order prompted a heated disagreement between Walker's command and MacArthur's command. Walker said he could not hold the Pusan Perimeter without the Marines in reserve, while MacArthur said he could not conduct the Inchon landings without the Marines. MacArthur responded by assigning two newly arrived units of the 3rd Infantry Division, the 17th Infantry Regiment and the 65th Infantry Regiment to Walker's reserves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Korean War, Deactivation\nWalker did not feel the inexperienced troops would be effective, and believed the transition endangered the Pusan Perimeter at a time when it was unclear if it could hold back the North Koreans. The brigade moved to Japan and merged with the 1st Marine Division. It was deactivated as an independent unit for the last time on 13 September 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Other \"1st Marine Brigades\"\nThe original \"1st Marine Brigade\" was the 1st Advance Base Brigade, established in 1913. It was redesignated as the \"1st Brigade\" in 1914, and in 1935 as the 1st Marine Brigade, FMF. In 1941, the 1st Marine Brigade was redesignated as the 1st Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, History, Other \"1st Marine Brigades\"\nA new permanent Marine brigade, designated as the 1st Marine Brigade was formed in Hawaii in 1956. In 1985, it was redesignated as the 1st Marine Amphibious Brigade (1st MAB), and in 1988 as the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade. As this brigade had relation to the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, it did not assume its lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159502-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Provisional Marine Brigade, Unit awards\nThough not considered a \"permanent\" unit, the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was awarded campaign streamers for each of its missions, creating a lineage for the unit. Those streamers include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Prussian Infantry Regiment (von Kunheim) (German: 1. Preu\u00dfisches Infanterieregiment) was a line infantry regiment of the Old Prussian Army which had initially formed part of the Prussian Life Guard, but later transferred to the line. After notably serving in the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War, the regiment was demolished following the Battle of Auerstadt. A small part of the regiment went on to help form the famed 8th (1st Brandenburg) Life Infantry Regiment, which in turn would serve notably till its disbandment after the Great War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Outline\nOn 21 July 1615, Captain Wilhelm von Kalckumb raised the Mark Life Company (M\u00e4rkische Lieb-Kompagnie) in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. On 1 June 1641, the Prussian Life Company (Preussisch Lieb-Kompagnie) was raised, and in 1657 these companies merged with 4 x newly raised companies to form the Life Guard Regiment (Lieb-Garde Regiment). That year, the first regimental chef was assigned, Oberst Georg Bernhard, Freiherr von P\u00f6llnitz. By 1688 the regiment was expanded to 30 x companies, but in 1702 5 of these companies were transferred to the 18th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Outline\nIn 1701, the regiment was absorbed into the new Prussian Army. In 1707, the regiment was further reduced by 10 x companies, (bringing the regiment 15 x companies), when those were transferred to the 5th Infantry Regiment (Fusilier-Garde Regiment). In 1713, the regiment lost its Guard status and was henceforth known by the regimental Chef (see list below), thus becoming 1st Infantry Regiment (1. Infanterieregiment). When the regiment lost its guard status, its size was again reduced with 4 x companies going to the new 23rd Infantry Regiment (von Kamecke), and 1 x company went to also recently formed 24th Infantry Regiment (von Schwendy). At this point the regimental strength now numbered 11 x companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Outline\nDuring the reign of King Frederick the Great, the regiment had a very high reputation and said at the Battle of Hochkirch:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Outline\nIt's true, I always considered the [1st] Winterfeld Regiment was brave but today it has surpassed all my expectations. I shall never forget it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Outline\nFrom 1768, the regiment was ranked after the Guard (6th Grenadier Guards and 15th Foot Guards), regardless of the seniority of the Chef.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Outline\nThe regiment's numeric successor, the 1st Infantry Regiment (1st East Prussian) would later be raised to the status of Grenadiers and serve with distinction until its disbanded in 1919. That regiment's successor, the 1st (East Prussian) Infantry Regiment would then serve the Reichswehr and Nazi Germans until its final disbandment in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Austrian Succession\nIn 1741, the regiment fought at the Siege of Breig (7 April & 11 April\u20133 May), 2nd battalion present at the Battle of Mollwitz (10 April) and the Siege of Neisse (19\u201331 October). In 1742, the regiment was present at the Battle of Glatz (9 January), 1st battalion at the Battle of G\u00f6ding (10 March), 1st battalion also present at the Siege of Br\u00fcnn (31 March\u20133 April), and again as a regiment at the Battle of Austerlitz (10 April).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Austrian Succession\nIn 1744, the regiment was present at the Battle of Kloster Maria Schein (28 August), Siege of Prague (2\u201318 September), and Battle of Patschkau (21 December). In 1745, the regiment fought further at the Battle of Konstadt (20 April) and at the famed Battle of Hohenfriedberg (4 June). At Hohenfriedberg, the regiment defeated three full Austrian infantry regiments, capturing many flasgs. Oberst Ewald Wedig von Massow, 17 officers and 631 men were killed. The regiment was awarded with five Pour le M\u00e9rite (Prussia's Highest Military Honour). The regiment had been reduced to 18 officers, 48 Non-commissioned officers, 22 musicians, and 378 men. Finally, they were present at the Siege of Neustadt (4\u201312 September) and the Battle of Hennersdorf (23 November).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Seven Years War\nFollowing the outbreak of hostilities over the control of Silesia once again, the Third Silesian War broke out, which would become part of the larger Seven Years' War, itself making a profound impact on the future of the world as a whole. In 1756, the regiment joined in the blockade of the Royal Saxon Army in Pirna while the main Prussian field army was engaged against the Austrians at the Battle of Lobositz (1 October). On 6 May 1757, the regiment lost two third of its strength (22 officers and 1,168 men) during the failed Siege of Prague. At the end of August, the regiment was part of the small Prussian army hastily assembled at Dresden to oppose the Franco-Imperial Army invading Saxony. The regiment then fought at the Battle of Rossbach (5 November), Battle of Leuthen (5 December), and finally the Siege of Breslau (7-20 December).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Seven Years War\nIn 1758, the regiment guarded King Frederick's headquarters during the 1758 Invasion of Moravia and fought at the Battle of Jenwitz (10-11 October). In 1760, the regiment was present at the Siege of Dresden (13-22 July), Battle of Liegnitz (15 August), and finally the Battle of Torgau (3 November).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Seven Years War\nIn 1761, the regiment was present at the Siege of Bunzelwitz Lager (20 August-25 September). In 1762, it fought at the Battle of Burkersdorf and Battle of Leutmannsdorf (both on 21 July), Siege of Schweidnitz (4 August-10 October), and finally the Battle of Reichenbach (16 August).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Seven Years War\nDuring the Seven Years' War, the grenadier battalions from the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments were combined to form a field grenadier battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Reorganisations\nFrom 1768, regardless of the regimental chief, the regiment would be ranked hereafter following the Royal Guard. During the French Revolutionary Wars, the regiment was not mobilised and subsequently not included in the Duke of Brunswick's Army, instead remaining on garrison in Brandenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Reorganisations\nIn 1770 the peacetime organisation of a Prussian infantry regiment was set with two battalions totalling 1,392 soldiers, plus the regimental staff. A battalion was formed with one grenadier and four musketeer companies. The strength therefore stood as the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Reorganisations\nIn 1787, the Prussian Army reorganised its infantry regiments such that they had 2 x musketeer battalions and 1 x grenadier battalion. Each battalion had 4 x companies. Each company was divided into four Z\u00fcge (modern equivalent of a Platoon). The use of the four platoons remained in the fusilier companies in 1806, but it was to remain in the musketeers only until 1798. At that time there began a gradual change. Each company had ten \"sh\u00fctzen\" or riflemen who were issued rifled carbines \"B\u00fcchsen\". These men designated as the company's sharpshooters and provided the battalion's skirmishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Reorganisations\nTherefore, by 1798 each company was organised as follows: 1 x Captain, 1 x First Lieutenant, 2 x Second Lieutenants, 12 x NCOs, 3 x Drummers, 4 x Artillerists (manning the company 3-pounder field gun), 10 x Sh\u00fctzen, 140 x Grenadiers or Musketeers, leaving 173 x Total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Reorganisations\nThe Order-in-Cabinet of 23 May 1787 directed that each regiment was to have 10 x flags, with 6 x in the Zeughaus in the regimental house. Each battalion had an Avancir-Fahne and a Retirir Fahne. The grenadier battalion was not to carry a flag because it was formed from companies of two different regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Reorganisations\nIn addition, an invalid company with from 40 to 60 men was organised in each regiment. It was commanded by the commander of the depot battalion. The uniform of the invalid companies consisted of a blue coat with cuffs and collars of the regimental colour. The vest and breeches were blue and the buttons bore of the regimental number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Reorganisations\nIn peacetime 20 men per company were to be furloughed, but in fact the musketeer companies usually shrank to about 80 men and the grenadiers to 90 men. For annual manoeuvres they were brought to 120 and 150 men respectively. In 1796 the depot battalions were raised to four companies each and added to the regiments and their 3rd battalion. They now consisted of:, 12 x Officers, 26 x NCOs, 1 x Drum Major, 8 x Drummers, 8 x Surgeons, 480 x Soldiers, leaving 535 x Total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Napoleonic Wars, 1st\u20133rd Battalions\nWhen the Prussian Army was mobilised for war on 9 October 1806, it was split between three major group: the Advance Guard under General Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, the Field Army commanded by King Frederick Wilhelm III and General Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, and Generalmajor Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq's East Prussian Corps. When mobilised, the regiment was therefore split, the regiment was assigned to the Field Army, and made part of the Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach's separate corps, based in the reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Napoleonic Wars, 1st\u20133rd Battalions\nSometime later the corps joined the main force and was redesignated as the Corps of Battle. Along with the Grenadier Battalion, the regiment formed part of the Field Army and was present at the disastrous Battle of Auerstadt. During the battle, the regiment along with the 30th Infantry Regiment formed part of the 1st Brigade, Infantry Division of the Advance Guard. The regiment along with the remainder of the army and grenadier battalion was decimated and fell back into Brandenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0020-0002", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Napoleonic Wars, 1st\u20133rd Battalions\nThe regiment then, albeit significantly reduced, fought at the Battle of Weissensee, Battle of Greussen, Battle of Nordhausen, Battle of Ellingen, and finally the Battle of Ratekau where it surrendered and was subsequently disbanded. The 3rd Battalion was reformed from the depot at the same time as the mobilisation and remained in Berlin till November when joined the rest of the regiment at the Battle of L\u00fcbeck and escaped to Stettin where it also surrendered following that siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Napoleonic Wars, Grenadiers\nBy the time of 1806, the grenadier battalions of the 1st and 13th Infantry Regiments formed the Prinz August von Pre\u00dfen  grenadier battalion. This battalion formed part of the 2nd Brigade in the 1st Division of the Reserve within the Field Army. This battalion was decimated following the Battle of Auerstadt, and its personnel flocked back into Brandenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Napoleonic Wars, Later elements\nFollowing the disaster of the Saxon campaign, the 9th (later 8th (1st Brandenburg)) Life Infantry Regiment was formed merging elements from several units, including cantonists of the 1st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Depot\nDuring the regiment's history, its depot and headquarters garrison was Berlin in Neumark, while the grenadiers were in Strausberg, Brandenburg. The majority of recruits came from the districts of Storkow and Zauche, partly from Teltow and Beeskow, and some from the cities of Storkow, Teltow, M\u00e4rkisch Buchholz, Zossen, and Beelitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Colours\nPrussian Infantry regiments before 1806 had two official types of 'regimental colours', the Life Flag, which consisted of a white field and silver decorations. The orange medallion had a black eagle and a white scroll bearing the gold motto \"Pro Gloria et Patria\", \"For Glory and Fatherland\". The company flag consisted of an orange field and silver  decorations. The white medallion had a black eagle surmounted by an orange scroll with the same model as above in gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Colours\nThe regiment had a total of 10 x flags, five per battalion. These flags were grouped in the middle of the battalion, two flags in the first rank, one in the second, and two in the third rank. A Feldwebel was posted on either side of flags in the first and third ranks. The standards were carried by a Gefreiter. The regimental sappers were posted on the right wing of their battalion aligned on the first rank and the drummers formed on the right and left flanks of the second and third ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Uniform\nBy the time of the Seven Years' War, the regimental uniform consisted of the following: Black tricorne laced white with white pom-poms, red stock, Prussian blue coat with two white pointed braid loops under the lapel and one button at the rear waist. The horizontal pockets had three buttons and two white pointed braid loops. White lace and white metal buttons. Red collar and straight cuffs with white pointed braid loops and white metal buttons. Red lapels with six white metal buttons and six white pointed white braid loops [2:2:2]. Blue shoulder straps, red turnbacks, and white waistcoat and breeches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Uniform\nGrenadiers had a separate cap design, with a white plate, white headband, blue back, white pompom, and white piping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Uniform\nBlack tricorne edged silver and black & white pom-poms. Prussian blue coat with red collars. Smooth white silk and silver braid was 23mm wide. Red lapels edged with silver lace. Silver edging to the Prussian cuffs and cuff flaps. White metal buttons [2:2:2].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Uniform\nThe drummer lace was based upon the coat of arms of Caspar Otto von Glasenap who was its Chef from 1723 to 1742. Prussian blue coat richly decorated in white and red braid. The wings had four vertical and one base lace. The sleeves had nine bars of lace. White linen lace with red woolen zig-zag patter either 29mm or 50mm wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Uniform\nBlack tricorne edged with silver. Prussian clue collarless coat had 2 x silver embroidered buttonholes under the lapels and one both sides of the rear waist. Metallic embroidery of silver braid thread and white silk on red cloth was 29mm wide. The metallic buttonhole lace of silver braid and white silk on blue cloth was 34mm by 83mm. Red lapels edged with lace. Cuffs and cuff flaps edged with silver embroidery, and silver buttons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Uniform Gallery\nOfficer of musketeers in uniform the 1st Prussians by 1745. The rather elaborate spontoon was not used in combat (the officers' sword can be seen), and was therefore typically brilliantly engraved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Notes, Uniform Gallery\nThe grenadier company of the 1st Infantry advanced towards Austrian lines. The height different between the grenadiers and the musketeers can be somewhat seen, though the smoke does obscure them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159503-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Prussian Infantry Regiment, Regimental Chefs\nThe regimental chefs held the position of commanding officer and for several periods was known by their names. Below is a list of the chefs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159504-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Puducherry Assembly\nThe Pondicherry Representative Assembly was converted into the Legislative Assembly on 1 July 1963 as per Section 54(3) of The Union Territories Act, 1963. All the 39 members who were elected by 1959 were deemed to have been elected to the First Assembly of Pondicherry (01 July 1963 \u2013 24 August1964).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159504-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Puducherry Assembly, Background\nThe First Representative Assembly of Pondicherry which was constituted in 1955 after 1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election. However, that government was not stable as the ruling party was ridden with personal strifes and factions. The Government of India had to intervene finally by dissolving the Assembly following the instability caused by the change of party affiliation of members. Then, the Chief Commissioner took over the administration in October 1958. Later, after nine months, second general elections were held to the Pondicherry Representative Assembly in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159504-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Puducherry Assembly, Members of the 1st Pondicherry Representative Assembly\nKeys:\u00a0\u00a0Congress (21) \u00a0\u00a0People's Front (P.F.) (13) \u00a0\u00a0 Praja Socialist Party (P.S.P.) (1) \u00a0\u00a0 Independent (4)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159505-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Assembly\nThe 1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election were the First Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) elections of the state when the Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party with 96 seats in the 126-seat legislature in the election. The Shiromani Akali Dal became the official opposition, holding 13 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment\nThe 1st Punjab Regiment was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army from 1922 to 1947. Upon the Partition of India, it was transferred to the newly-raised Pakistan Army. It ceased to exist in this form in 1956, when it was amalgamated with the 14th, 15th and 16th Punjab regiments to form the Punjab Regiment, an existing infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Madras Army\nThe 1st Punjab Regiment had its antecedents in the old Madras Army of the British East India Company, which was largely responsible for the establishment of British rule in south and central India. Its senior battalion was raised as the 3rd Battalion of Coast Sepoys in 1759, making it the senior-most surviving infantry battalion of the British Indian Army. The 2nd Battalion was raised in 1761 as the 7th Battalion of Coast Sepoys, while the 3rd Battalion was raised in 1776 as the 16th Carnatic Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Madras Army\nThis was followed by the 5th Battalion in 1788 as 29th Madras Battalion and the 10th Battalion in 1794 as 34th Madras Battalion. These battalions underwent several changes in nomenclature until 1824, when they were designated as the 2nd, 6th, 16th, 22nd and 24th Regiments of Madras Native Infantry. Their men were mostly enlisted from South India and consisted of Muslims and Hindus. The 4th Battalion was an oddity as being a survivor of the Bengal Army, most of whose units were disbanded following the Indian Rebellion of 1857\u201358. It was raised in 1776 as the 30th Battalion of Bengal Sepoys. In 1861, it was designated as the 1st Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry. It mostly recruited Hindu Bhumihar Brahmans from Oudh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Madras Army\nAll the battalions of the regiment played an important role in the early military campaigns of the East India Company and were actively engaged in the wars against the French, Mysore and the Marathas. Their first major engagement was the decisive Battle of Wandiwash in 1760, which ended French colonial ambitions in India. This was followed by forty years of constant warfare against the Sultans of Mysore, and then the Marathas chieftains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Madras Army\nIn the Second Maratha War of 1803\u201305, the 1st and 10th Battalions fought in the Battle of Assaye under General Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, while the 4th Battalion fought in the Battles of Laswari and Agra in 1803, and Bhurtpore in 1805. The performance of the 1st and 10th at Assaye was much appreciated and they were permitted the word \"Assaye\" with the device of an elephant on their colours and appointments. The two battalions were again engaged against the Marathas during the Third Maratha War of 1817\u201319, which decisively broke the Maratha power in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Madras Army\nThe regiment also made overseas forays, when the 2nd and 10th Battalions took part in the expeditions to Bourbon Island and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean in 1810, and the 3rd and 5th served in the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824\u201326. In 1840, the 1st and 2nd Battalions took part in the First Anglo-Chinese War. Their performance was much appreciated and as a reward, they were the only two battalions of the Indian Army authorized to bear a golden dragon wearing the imperial crown upon their regimental colours along with the battle honour of \"China\". In the latter part of the 19th century, the regiment did not see much action, although all of its battalions served in Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Madras Army\nAfter the conquest of Sindh and the Punjab in the 1840s, British focus shifted towards the northwest and the Madras Army was largely reduced to garrison duties. This greatly affected its morale and efficiency. By the turn of the century, the reputation of Madrassi units had suffered considerably and they were either disbanded or reconstituted with northerners. Among the latter were the five battalions, which would go on to form the 1st Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1902, the South Indians were mustered out and replaced with Punjabi Muslims, Jat Sikhs and Rajputs in the 1st, 2nd and 10th Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Madras Army\nNext year, the 3rd and 5th Battalions were also reconstituted with Punjabi Muslims, Sikh Jats and Hindu Jats. Under the Kitchener Reforms of 1903, these battalions were redesignated as the 62nd, 66th, 76th, 82nd and 84th Punjabis; thus severing almost a hundred and fifty years of association with Madras. Meanwhile, the 1st Bengal Infantry was redesignated as the 1st Brahmans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, First World War\nDuring the First World War, except for the 1st Brahmans, all battalions of the regiment served in the Mesopotamian Campaign, while the 62nd and 76th Punjabis also served at Suez Canal during the Turkish offensive of 1915. Captain Claude Auchinleck, later Field Marshal and the last Commander-in-Chief of the British Indian Army, served with the 62nd Punjabis in Egypt and Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, First World War\nIn 1919, the 66th, 76th and 82nd Punjabis participated in the Third Afghan War. In 1921\u201322 a major reorganization was undertaken in the British Indian Army leading to the formation of large infantry groups of four to six battalions in 1922. Among these was the 1st Punjab Regiment; most senior among the infantry regiments of the Indian Army. The line-up of battalions for the 1st Punjabis was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, First World War\nThe new class composition of the 1st Punjab Regiment, based at Jhelum, was Punjabi Muslims, Rajputs, Muslims from Hazara and Sikhs. The Elephant of Assaye and the Imperial Dragon superimposed over the Star of India were chosen as its new emblem. The regiment's uniform was scarlet with green facings. In the inter-war period, the 1st Punjab Regiment saw extensive service on the North West Frontier of India. In 1931, the 4th Battalion was disbanded due to retrenchment in the Indian Army. In 1937, King George VI was gazetted as the Colonel-in-Chief of the 1st Punjab Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War, the 1st Punjab Regiment suffered a total of 5510 casualties, including 1291 killed. The 2nd Battalion received more gallantry awards than any other unit of the Indian Army. These included a posthumous Victoria Cross to Subedar Ram Sarup Singh for gallantry in action on Kennedy Peak in Burma in 1944. The 3rd Battalion was nominated for parachute training in June 1946 to join the 2nd Indian Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Second World War\nHowever, soon after completing its training in 1947, the 3rd (Para) Battalion 1st Punjab Regiment was engaged in quelling communal riots and in July, was detailed to join the Punjab Boundary Force, formed to keep the peace on the new East-West Punjab border. The 5th Battalion was sent to Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Post-independence history\nOn the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the 1st Punjab Regiment was allotted to Pakistan Army. At the time, the active battalions were 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 7th. Sikhs and Rajputs were transferred to the Indian Army and the regiment's new class composition was fixed as Punjabis and Pathans. In November, Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, Supreme Commander of the Indian and Pakistan Armies was appointed Colonel of the 1st Punjab Regiment and the regiment was authorized to wear a grass-green hackle with regimental berets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, History, Post-independence history\nIn 1948, the 14th Battalion was re-raised in response to the war with India in Kashmir, where the 2nd Battalion again distinguished itself and Captain Muhammad Sarwar became the first recipient of Nishan-i-Haider, Pakistan's highest gallantry award. In 1956, a major reorganization was undertaken in the Pakistan Army and larger infantry groups were created by amalgamating the existing infantry regiments. As a result, the 1st Punjab Regiment was amalgamated with the 14th, 15th and 16th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment. The four regimental centres were also merged and the combined centre moved to Mardan. The line up of the new regiment was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159506-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Punjab Regiment, Battle honours\nSholinghur, Carnatic, Mysore, Seringapatam, Assaye, Leswarree, Bourbon, Nagpore, Ava, Bhurtpore, China, Burma 1885\u201387, Suez Canal, Egypt 1915, Shaiba, Kut al Amara 1915, Ctesiphon, Defence of Kut al Amara, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1915\u201318, Aden, NW Frontier India 1915, Afghanistan 1919, Agordat, Keren, Abyssinia 1940\u201341, Damascus, Syria 1941, Sidi Barrani, Omars, Benghazi, Gazala, Defence of Alamein Line, El Alamein, North Africa 1940\u201343, Arezzo, Advance to Florence, Gothic Line, The Senio, Italy 1943\u201345, Pyuntaza-Shwegyin, Yenengyaung 1942, Monywa 1942, Donbaik, Htizwe, North Arakan, Buthidaung, Razabil, Mayu Tunnels, Maungdaw, Ngakyedauk Pass, Imphal, Tamu Road, Litan, Kanglatongbi, Kohima, Defence of Kohima, Relief of Kohima, Jail Hill, Ukhrul, Kennedy Peak, Kalewa, Meiktila, Defence of Meiktila, Taungtha, The Irrawaddy, Rangoon Road, Pyawbwe, Shwemyo Bluff, Pyinmana, Toungoo, Pegu 1945, Sittang 1945, Ramree, Burma 1942\u201345, Kashmir 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 1018]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature\nThe First Legislature of Quebec was summoned in 1867 when the new Canadian province of Quebec was created, as part of the new country of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature\nThe Legislature had two chambers:  the elected lower house, the Legislative Assembly, and the appointed upper house, the Legislative Council. The first general election for the Legislative Assembly was held in August and September, 1867, and returned a majority for the Quebec Conservative Party led by Premier Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau. The Liberal Party of Quebec formed the Official Opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature\nThe Chauveau government then appointed the first members to the Legislative Council in November, 1867, who were sworn into their positions in December, 1867. The Conservatives had a strong majority in the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature\nThe first session of the Legislature was called on December 27, 1867. The Legislature had four annual sessions, until its dissolution on May 27, 1871, triggering the second general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Creation of the Legislature\nThe province of Quebec was created on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, splitting the old Province of Canada into the new provinces of Quebec (formerly Lower Canada) and Ontario (formerly Upper Canada). That Act also created the Legislature of Quebec, composed of the Lieutenant Governor, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Creation of the Legislature\nThe Act provided that the Lieutenant Governor was to be appointed by the Governor General of Canada for a term of five years, subject to dismissal for cause. The Legislative Assembly was to consist of sixty-five members, elected in single-member constituencies. The Legislative Assembly was to last for four years, subject to being dissolved earlier by the Lieutenant Governor. The Legislative Council was to consist of twenty-four members, appointed for life. Each Legislative Councillor was appointed to represent one of the twenty-four divisions which had formerly been used in the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Elections and Qualifications\nThe first election was conducted under the electoral laws of the former Province of Canada, which had been continued in force until such time as the Quebec Legislature enacted electoral laws specifically for Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Elections and Qualifications, Right to vote\nThe right to vote in elections to the Legislative Assembly was not universal. Only male British subjects (by birth or naturalisation), aged 21 and older, were eligible to vote, and only if they met a property qualification. For residents of cities and towns, the qualification was being the owner, tenant or occupant of real property assessed at three hundred dollars, or at an assessed yearly value of thirty dollars. For residents of townships and parishes, the requirements were either an assessment of two hundred dollars, or an assessed yearly value of twenty dollars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Elections and Qualifications, Right to vote\nWomen were expressly prohibited from voting, \"for any Electoral Division whatever\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Elections and Qualifications, Right to vote\nJudges and many municipal and provincial officials were also barred from voting, particularly officials with duties relating to public revenue. Election officials were also barred from voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Elections and Qualifications, Right to vote\nVoting was done by open ballotting, where the voters publicly declared their vote to the election officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Elections and Qualifications, Qualification for the Legislative Assembly\nCandidates for the Legislative Assembly had to meet a significant property qualification. A candidate had to own real property in the Province of Canada, worth at least \u00a3500 in British sterling, over and above any encumbrances on the property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 96], "content_span": [97, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Elections and Qualifications, Qualification for the Legislative Council\nThe qualifications for the members of the Legislative Council were the same as for the members of the Senate of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 95], "content_span": [96, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Elections and Qualifications, Qualification for the Legislative Council\nThe provisions of the British North America Act, 1867 did not explicitly bar women from being called to the Senate of Canada. However, until the Persons Case in 1929, it was assumed that women could not be called to the Senate, and thus were also barred from the Legislative Council. In any event, no woman was ever appointed to the Legislative Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 95], "content_span": [96, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, First government and election\nThe first Governor General of Canada, Viscount Monck, appointed Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau, a former premier of the Province of Canada, as the first Lieutenant Governor, effective July 1, 1867. Belleau in turn appointed Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau as premier on July 15, 1867. Chauveau had formerly been active in politics as a member of the Legislative Assembly and the Cabinet of the Province of Canada, but he had been out of electoral politics since 1855. He was appointed as a compromise candidate to begin the government of the new province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, First government and election\nThe first general election for the Legislative Assembly was held in August and September 1867. Chauveau and the Conservatives won a strong majority of fifty-one seats in the sixty-five seat Assembly. The Chaveau government then appointed the twenty-four members of the Legislative Council. Twenty-one of the appointed members supported the Conservative party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Legislative Assembly, Party standings\nThe 1867 elections returned a majority in the Legislative Assembly for the Conservative Party, led by Premier Chauveau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Legislative Assembly, Members of the Legislative Assembly\nThe following candidates were elected to the Legislative Assembly in the 1867 election. The Premier of Quebec is indicated by Bold italics. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly is indicated by small caps. Cabinet Ministers are indicated by Italics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Legislative Assembly, By-elections\nThere were eight by-elections during the term of the First Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Legislative Council, Party standings\nFollowing the election, the Chauveau government appointed twenty-four individuals to the Legislative Council. The result was a Council with a strong Conservative majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Legislative Council, Members during the First Legislature\nThe Speaker of the Legislative Council is indicated by small caps. Cabinet members are indicated by italics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Legislative Council, Qualifications of the Legislative Councillors\nSixteen of the individuals appointed had previously been involved in the government of the Province of Canada, sitting in either the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council:  Beaudry, Beaubien, Proulx, Dostaler, Le Boutillier, Bryson, Thibaudeau, Panet, Boucher de Boucherville, Archambeault, Prud'homme, Armstrong, Ross, Gingras, Ferrier and Hale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 90], "content_span": [91, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Legislative Council, Qualifications of the Legislative Councillors\nNine of the individuals had been involved in municipal politics, including former mayors of Montreal:  Beaudry, Wood, Rodier, Starnes, Bryson, Lemaire, Archambeault, McGreevy, and Ferrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 90], "content_span": [91, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Legislative Council, Qualifications of the Legislative Councillors\nFive of the individuals were involved in business or their seigneuries: Dionne, Thibaudeau, Chaussegros de L\u00e9ry, Fraser de Berry and McGreevy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 90], "content_span": [91, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, First Quebec Ministry:  Chauveau Cabinet, 1867-1873\nThe first Cabinet for Quebec consisted of Premier Chauveau and six other Cabinet ministers. Chauveau and four of the ministers were Members of the Legislative Assembly, while two were Members of the Legislative Council. Chauveau held other ministries, in addition to being premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Leader of the Opposition\nWhen the Legislature first met, the Liberals did not have a formal party structure or leader. As a result, there was no official Leader of the Opposition for the first session of the Legislature. Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbini\u00e8re gradually emerged as the leader of the Liberals. Late in the second session held in 1869, he was formally elected Liberal leader and took the position in the House opposite to the Premier, as the Leader of the Opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159507-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Quebec Legislature, Legislative sessions\nThe Legislature did not meet again prior to its dissolution on May 27, 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159508-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Queens\n1st Queens was an electoral district in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, which elected two members to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1873 until the riding was abolished in 1996 with the elimination of dual member ridings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159508-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Queens\nThe district holds a unique place in the history of women's participation in Prince Edward Island's provincial politics. In 1970, it elected Jean Canfield to the legislature as the province's first female MLA; in 1979, the election of Marion Reid and Leone Bagnall made it the first district in the province's history to elect women to both of its legislative seats. Reid became the province's first female speaker of the legislature; after her retirement from electoral politics she also became the province's first female lieutenant governor. In 1993, the district elected Catherine Callbeck, the province's first female premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159509-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rabochiy Poselok\n1st Rabochiy Poselok (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0451\u043b\u043e\u043a) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Vnukovskoye Settlement of Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug, Russia. The  population was 8 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159509-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rabochiy Poselok, Geography\nThe village is located 500 m south-west from Gubkino village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159510-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Railway Corps (People's Republic of China)\n1st Railway Corps (Chinese: \u94c1\u9053\u5175\u7b2c1\u519b) of the People's Liberation Army was a military formation mainly focusing on railway construction missions. It was activated on September 1, 1956. The corps commander was He Huiyan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159510-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Railway Corps (People's Republic of China)\nThe corps was composed of 2nd, 7th and 11th Railway Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159510-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Railway Corps (People's Republic of China)\nFrom 1956 to early 1957, the corps was in charge of the construction of Lanzhou\u2013Xinjiang railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159510-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Railway Corps (People's Republic of China)\nIn early 1957 the corps diverted to Ningxia and Inner Mongolia to build the Baotou-Lanzhou railway. During the construction, 11th Railway Division was detached from the corps, while 9th Railway Division and Independent Bridge Construction Regiment attached. In July 1958 the construction was finished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion\nThe 1st Ranger Battalion, currently based at Hunter Army Airfield in Savannah, Georgia, United States, is the first of three ranger battalions belonging to the United States Army's 75th Ranger Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion\nIt was originally formed shortly after the United States' entry into World War II and was modeled after the British Commandos during the war. Members from the unit were the first American soldiers to see combat in the European theater when they participated in the failed raid on Dieppe in France in 1942, during which three Rangers were killed and several more were captured. Later, the 1st Ranger Battalion was sent to North Africa where they participated in the landings in Algeria and the fighting in Tunisia in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion\nAlso in 1943 the unit provided cadre for two more Ranger battalions created between the campaigns in Sicily and Italy. After World War II, the 1st Ranger Battalion has gone through a number of changes of name and composition as it has been activated, deactivated and reorganized on a number of occasions. However, the unit has lived on in one form or another since then, serving in the Korean and Vietnam Wars before being consolidated into the 75th Ranger Regiment of which it is a part today. Deployments have included operations in Syria Iraq and Afghanistan as part of the wider global war on terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Formation\nMajor General Lucian Truscott, U.S. Army, in liaison with the British General Staff, submitted proposals to General George Marshall that \"we undertake immediately an American unit along the lines of the British Commandos\" in 1942. A subsequent cable from the U.S. Department of War authorized the activation of the 1st U.S. Army Ranger Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Formation\nAfter much deliberation, Company A, 1st Ranger Battalion was constituted on 27 May 1942. Captain William Orlando Darby, 31-year-old graduate of West Point with amphibious training, was chosen as its commanding officer. Within weeks he was promoted to major for his efforts in  organizing the unit. Of the 1,500 men to volunteer for the original Ranger Battalion, only 600 were chosen. Eighty percent of these original Rangers came from the Red Bulls U.S. 34th Infantry Division. On 19 June 1942, Company A, 1st Ranger Battalion, was officially activated in Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Formation\nA select team of four officers toured the existing commando training camps and selected the center at Achnacarry, Scotland for the Rangers. Here they underwent intense training. Coached by the battle-seasoned commando instructors (commanded by Lt. Col. Charles Vaughan), the Rangers learned the basics of commando warfare. Five hundred of the 600 volunteers (83.33%) that Darby brought with him to Achnacarry completed the commando training. Many could not endure the exercises; one Ranger was killed, while several others were wounded in training so realistic that it was executed under live fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, 1st Battalion goes active\nThe first Americans to see active combat in the European theater of World War II were forty-four enlisted men and five officers from the 1st Ranger Battalion. Dispersed among the Canadians and the British commandos, these men were the first American ground soldiers to see action against the Germans in the disastrous Dieppe Raid, officially known as Operation Jubilee. Three Rangers were killed and several captured. The first American soldier killed in Europe in World War II was part of the Dieppe Raid, Ranger Lieutenant E. V. Loustalot. During the mission, the British Captain leading the assault was killed. Loustalot took command and with his men attacked a clifftop machine gun nest. Scaling the steep cliff, Loustalot was wounded three times and then was killed by enemy crossfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 70], "content_span": [71, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, North Africa\nThe first efforts to stop the German infiltration of Europe were by the 1st Ranger Battalion. Attempting to prevent German occupation of seaports in North Africa, the 1st Ranger Battalion spearheaded an invasion at the Port of Arzew in Algeria. This was accomplished by executing a surprise night landing, silencing two gun batteries, and opening the way for the capture of Oran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, North Africa\nIn Tunisia in 1943, the 1st Battalion executed the first Ranger behind-the-lines night raid for the purpose of gaining information and terrorizing the enemy. On 11 February the Rangers took a 32-mile (51\u00a0km) journey, 12 on foot, for their first raid on an Italian camp at Sened Station. Using the cloak of night, the Rangers slipped in 50 yards (46\u00a0m) of the Italian outpost and began their attack. It took the battalion only 20 minutes to achieve area control. Fifty enemy were killed and an additional 10 were taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, North Africa\nDarby, along with fellow commanders, was awarded the Silver Star for this victory and the battalion itself gained the nickname the \"Black Death\" by the Italians. Later, in March, American units were decimated time and again while trying to break through the critical mountain pass at Djbel Ank. Given this mission, the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, North Africa\nRangers undertook a twelve-mile (19\u00a0km) night march through rugged terrain to reach the heights of Djbel Ank where, at dawn, the Rangers surprised the enemy from the rear, capturing two hundred prisoners and giving General Patton an opening though which he began the final and victorious battle in North Africa. Rangers played a crucial role in the battle of El Guettar which immediately followed, for which the First Ranger Battalion won its first Presidential Unit Citation (US).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, Sicily and Italy\nThe early success of the 1st Ranger Battalion brought about the creation of the 3rd and 4th Battalions. The original 1st Battalion was divided into thirds. One third of the headquarters and each company was placed in each of the Battalions 1-3-4. 3rd Ranger Battalion was Activated on 21 May 1943 at Nemours, Morocco, while 4th Ranger Battalion was activated on 29 May 1943 in Tunisia. To provide command and control for these three Ranger Battalions, the 6615th Ranger Force (Provisional) was established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, Sicily and Italy\nThis force was rounded out with the addition of the 83rd Chemical Mortar Battalion, and the 2/509th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The battle seasoned 1st Battalion moved into their newly assigned positions and trained their Ranger colleagues. The 1-3-4 Battalions were trained under Darby in Nemours, Morocco and prepared for the invasion of Sicily and Italy. Following the 1st Ranger Battalion success at the Amphibious Battle of Gela, all four of the initial Ranger Battalions were redesignated as Ranger Infantry Battalions on 1 August 1943", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, Sicily and Italy\nHad it not been for the accomplishments of the 1st Ranger Battalion in the early entry of WWII, there would be no Rangers today. Their successful invasions in North Africa opened the sea and its ports for the Allied forces. The Allies were now able to move ships and equipment to support subsequent campaigns, enabling the later forces to successfully infiltrate enemy lines along the African coast, in Sicily, and up into Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, Sicily and Italy\nThe Ranger Force targeted Salerno on 9 September 1943, and participated in the Naples-Foggia Campaign. Then they moved on to Anzio on 22 January 1944. The entire 6615th Ranger Force (Provisional) was destroyed behind enemy lines in a heavily outnumbered encounter at Cisterna, Italy on 30 January 1944, and was officially disbanded on 15 August 1944. The 4th Ranger Battalion suffered some casualties while attempting to break through enemy lines to rescue their comrades in the 1st and 3rd Battalions. The 1st, 3rd, and 4th Battalions were known as Darby's Rangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, World War II, Postwar\nThe 1st Ranger Infantry Battalion, in response to parallel missions in Berlin, was reconstituted on 1 September 1948 as Company A, 1st Infantry Battalion, and activated in the Canal Zone. It served there until it was inactivated on 4 January 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Korea\nThe outbreak of hostilities in Korea in June 1950 again signaled the need for Rangers. Colonel John Gibson Van Houten was selected by the Army Chief of Staff to head the Ranger training program at Ft. Benning, Georgia. 1st Ranger Infantry Company (Airborne) departed from Ft. Benning, Georgia on 15 November 1950, and arrived in Korea on 17 December 1950, where it was attached to the 2nd Infantry Division. The 1st Ranger Infantry Company (Airborne) opened with an extraordinary example of land navigation, then executed a daring night raid 9 miles (14\u00a0km) behind enemy lines destroying an enemy complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Korea\nThe enemy installation was later identified by a prisoner as the headquarters of the 12th North Korean Division. Caught by surprise and unaware of the size of the American force, two North Korean Regiments hastily withdrew from the area. The 1st Company was in the middle of the major battle of Chipyong-Ni and the \"May Massacre.\" It was awarded two Distinguished Unit Citations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Korea\nAs a result of budgetary considerations, the US Army spent much of the 1950s and 1960s consolidating and redesignating units that were on inactive status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Korea\nThis unit was redesignated 24 November 1952 as Company A, 1st Ranger Infantry Battalion, in inactive status and was consolidated on 15 April 1960 with the A Company, 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment, 1st Special Service Force, and the consolidated unit was redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 7th Special Forces Group(SFG), 1st Special Forces Group. The unit was further consolidated 6 June 1960 with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 7th Special Forces Group, and the consolidated unit was designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 7th SFG, 1st SFG (organic elements constituted 20 May 1960 and activated 6 June 1960).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Vietnam\nOn 1 January 1969, under the new U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS), U.S. Army Rangers were re-formed in South Vietnam as the 75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger). Fifteen companies of Rangers, two of which (A-75 & B-75) were based in the US, were raised from units that had been performing missions in Europe since the late 1950s and in Vietnam since 1966 as Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol and Long Range Patrol companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Post-Vietnam\nAfter the Vietnam War, division and brigade commanders determined that the U.S. Army needed an elite, rapid deployment, light infantry, so in 1974 General Creighton Abrams charged General Kenneth C. Leuer with the task of activating, organizing, training and leading the first battalion sized Ranger unit since World War II. Because of the success of the 1st Ranger Battalion; eight months later, the 2nd Ranger Battalion was constituted, and in 1984 the 3rd Ranger Battalion and their regimental headquarters were created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Post-Vietnam\nThe 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 51]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, Post-Vietnam\nRanger Battalion have participated in the following operations: the 1980 rescue attempt of American hostages, Tehran, Iran in (Operation Eagle Claw); Operation Urgent Fury on Grenada in 1983;  the U.S. invasion of Panama (Operation Just Cause) in 1989; Bravo Company, 1st Battalion was deployed in the First Persian Gulf War (Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield) in 1991; soldiers from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Ranger Battalions deployed to Haiti in 1994 (before operation's cancellation; recalled 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) from the Haitian coast); the entire Ranger Regiment is on deployment since the start of the Iraq War, in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, War on Terror\nSince December 2001, after the events of 9/11, elements of Headquarters Company and Company A deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. In 2002, the entire battalion returned to Afghanistan to support the continuing Global War on Terrorism, in March 2002, during Operation Anaconda, 35 Rangers from the battalion had been assigned as QRF for all Task Force 11 operations, but only half of the platoon was available for the Battle of Takur Ghar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, War on Terror\nIn 2003, 1st Battalion participated in combat operations in support of Iraq War, conducting missions across the entire country of Iraq. 290 Rangers from the battalion and 2nd Battalion distinguished itself during the successful rescue of the prisoner-of-war, PFC Jessica Lynch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, War on Terror\nThe battalion currently supports the Global War on Terrorism, regularly rotating elements to Afghanistan continuing to successfully dismantle terrorist networks; For actions between 14\u201316 November 2010, Charlie Company received the Valorous Unit Award for extraordinary heroism, combat achievement and conspicuous gallantry while executing combat operations in support of a named operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, War on Terror\nWith ISAFs surge in Afghanistan at its peak in summer 2011, for actions in support of Operation Enduring Freedom between 15 May \u2013 28 August 2011 that included: conducting continuous combat operations, including time sensitive raids and deliberate movement to contact operations while in enemy held terrain out of reach by other friendly forces, in places like Khost, Paktika and Nangarhar Province, the battalion received the Meritorious Unit Citation in particular its Bravo Company received the Valorous Unit Award; 2 Rangers from the battalion were killed during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, War on Terror\nPrimary tasks include: direct action, national and international emergency crisis response, airfield seizure, airborne & air assault operations, special reconnaissance, intelligence & counter intelligence, combat search and rescue, personnel recovery & hostage rescue, joint special operations, and counter terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, War on Terror\nPeter Kassig, a former Ranger who was with the 1st Ranger Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, later became an aid worker in Syria. He was taken hostage by The Islamic State, and ultimately beheaded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159511-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Battalion, History, War on Terror\nAs of March 2019, the battalion has made 22 deployments during the Global War on Terrorism. During these deployments, the battalion took part in 198 combat operations in which 1,900 terrorists were killed or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159512-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Company (New Zealand)\nThe 1st Ranger Company was a short-lived independent infantry company of the New Zealand Army. The initial training course drew all its directing staff from the New Zealand Special Air Service (NZSAS). The name 'Rangers' was chosen as a reference to Gustavus von Tempsky (1828\u20131868) who raised a fighting unit during the New Zealand Wars known as 'von Tempsky's Bush Rangers'. The company was raised in October 1987 and disbanded in late 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159512-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Company (New Zealand), History\nThe Company was raised on 5 October 1987. A Defence White Paper had been published earlier that year that called for greater New Zealand defence self-reliance. At this time the New Zealand Special Air Service was preparing to provide high-level security for the 1990 Commonwealth Games, scheduled to be held in Auckland, New Zealand in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159512-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Company (New Zealand), History\nIn October 1987 Captain Dave Gawn, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment, was posted in as Officer Commanding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159512-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Company (New Zealand), History\nIn early 1988 selection and training commenced. Known as the 'Basic Ranger Course', the purpose was to 'identify volunteers suitable for service with 1 Ranger Company and to develop those individuals in the basic skills required to allow them to take their place within the unit'. All directing staff were drawn from the NZSAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159512-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Company (New Zealand), History\nThe 1st Ranger Company never reached its authorised strength, and was disbanded in late 1989 due to a reduction in the Army's funding. Many years later, in 2013, Gawn was appointed Chief of Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159512-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Company (New Zealand), Selections\nThroughout the Basic Ranger Course, candidates were assessed by Directing Staff in the skills of weapon handling, field craft, navigation and physical fitness. Candidates were expected to show good judgement, assimilation of tactics, physical endurance, honesty/integrity, maturity, reaction under stress and participation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159512-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Company (New Zealand), Selections\nAt the conclusion of parts B&C, 27 soldiers were selected to serve in 1st NZ Ranger Company. NZSAS had recently adopted the sand coloured 'ecru' beret worn by the British SAS. Soldiers within Ranger Company were 'capped' with the maroon beret, associated with airborne units. They continued to were the unit badges associated with their original units; e.g. Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment, Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States)\nThe 1st Ranger Infantry Company (Airborne) was a Ranger light infantry company of the United States Army active during the Korean War. As a small special forces unit, it specialized in irregular warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), Organization\nWith the successful development of the Eighth Army Ranger Company as a \"test\" unit for the United States Army to bring back Army Ranger units; additional Ranger companies were ordered. The companies were small light infantry special forces units which specialized in infiltration and irregular warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), Organization\nThe new 1st Army Ranger Infantry Company was formulated based on the Table of Organization and Equipment documents of Ranger units in World War II, all of which had been deactivated. The 1st Ranger Infantry Company was organized into three heavily armed platoons. A headquarters element of five men oversaw the platoons. Each platoon comprised 36 men in three squads, two assault squads and one heavy weapons squad. Each platoon was also furnished with 60mm M2 mortars, M20 Super Bazookas, and M1918 Browning Automatic Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), Organization\nOne sniper was designated for each platoon, with the remainder of the troops equipped with M1 Garand and M2 Carbine rifles. They were authorized two vehicles; an M38 Jeep and an M35 2\u00bd ton cargo truck. Overall, the company was far more heavily armed than both the Eighth Army Ranger Company and standard infantry companies. Like the other numbered Ranger companies, its organization called for five officers and 107 enlisted men in three platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), Organization\nThe troops for the Ranger company were to be Airborne qualified, so the Ranger Training Center heavily recruited troops from the 82nd Airborne Division and 11th Airborne Division who had already completed United States Army Airborne School. In spite of this, only one Ranger operation in the conflict ever required an airborne landing. They initially wore a black and gold scroll as a shoulder sleeve insignia, but that insignia was later redesignated the Ranger Tab and the Rangers adopted a black, red and white scroll similar to that unofficially worn by Ranger Battalions in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Origins\nWith the 25 June 1950 outbreak of the Korean War, the North Korean People's Army had invaded the Republic of Korea (ROK) with 90,000 well-trained and equipped troops who had easily overrun the smaller and more poorly equipped Republic of Korea Army. The United States (U.S.) and United Nations (UN) began an intervention campaign to prevent South Korea from collapsing. The U.S. troops engaged the North Koreans first at the Battle of Osan, being badly defeated on 5 July by the better-trained North Koreans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Origins\nFrom there, the U.S. and UN saw a steady stream of defeats until they had been pushed back to the Pusan Perimeter by August. At the same time, North Korean agents began to infiltrate behind UN lines and attack military targets and cities. UN units, spread out along the Pusan Perimeter, were having a difficult time repelling these units as they were untrained in combating guerrilla warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Origins\nNorth Korean special forces units like the NK 766th Independent Infantry Regiment had seen great success in defeating ROK troops, prompting Army Chief of Staff general J. Lawton Collins to order the creation of an elite force which could \"infiltrate through enemy lines and attack command posts, artillery, tank parks, and key communications centers or facilities.\" All U.S. Army Ranger units had been disbanded after World War II because they required time-consuming training, specialization, and expensive equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0004-0003", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Origins\nWith the defeat of the NK 766th Regiment at the Battle of P'ohang-dong, and the strength of U.S. infantry units in question, U.S. commanders felt recreating Ranger units was essential. In early August as the Battle of Pusan Perimeter was beginning, the Eighth United States Army ordered lieutenant colonel John H. McGee, the head of its G-3 Operations miscellaneous division, created a new experimental Army Ranger unit, the Eighth Army Ranger Company. In the meantime, the Ranger Training Center was established at Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Origins\nOf a pool of 5,000 applicants, the Ranger Training School selected 22 officers and 314 enlisted men for the first three Ranger companies. A fourth, all African-American company was organized several days later. The 1st Ranger Infantry Company (Airborne) was organized on September 29, 1950, assuming the lineage of A Company of the 1st Ranger Battalion. It had an initial strength of 120 men under the command of Captain John Striegel. The Rangers trained extensively in reconnaissance, long-range patrols, motorized scouting, setting uproadblocks, land navigation, camouflage, concealment, and adjusting indirect fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Origins\nThey undertook frequent live fire exercises, many at night, simulating raids, ambushes and infiltrations. The Rangers trained 60 hours per week and ran 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) each day and frequently held 20 miles (32\u00a0km) speed marches, which were considered traditions for Ranger training from World War II. In spite of a 30 percent dropout rate, most of the men completed the course and graduated 15 November 1950. The Rangers were then sent to Camp Stoneman, California. Ten days later on 25 November, they sailed for Japan to be moved to the front lines in the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Korean War\nThe 1st Ranger Company undertook equipping in Sasebo, Japan before arriving in Pusan, South Korea where they were trucked to the 2nd Infantry Division on 23 December, where they would be attached. The 2nd Infantry Division, which was south of Seoul, had been badly mauled in the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River earlier in the month, and were rebuilding. The company was attached to the 23rd Infantry Regiment, causing animosity as food and water were in short supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Korean War\nThe company began front line patrols on 26 December, and in the course of these patrols began suffering casualties, including one four-man patrol which was captured by Chinese troops and subsequently died or went missing in prison camps. Striegel contracted severe hepatitis and was evacuated, replaced on 6 January 1951 by Lieutenant Alfred Herman, his executive officer. The next day, 7 January, the company was moved with the 2nd Division to Wonju, where the Chinese advanced against the division in the First and Second Battles of Wonju. The 1st Ranger Company fought in this battle, first conducting night patrols to screen Chinese movements, then destroying bridges to slow the Chinese advance as the 2nd Infantry Division lost the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Korean War\nAs the Chinese attempted to advance, the Rangers were employed as a counter-infiltration force, conducting defensive patrols and burning vacant buildings to stem the Chinese advance. As the bitter cold and snow hampered actions around Wonju, the Rangers were also employed as forward observers and snipers, as their nighttime movement was limited. The Rangers began conducting frequent long range patrols, frequently coming into ambush and relying heavily on artillery and supporting units to cover them, and instead fought few engagements on their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Korean War\nOn 16 January the company conducted its first mission as a single unit, a probe north of the front lines to scout Chinese positions. The division used the rangers as a scouting force ahead of a planned counteroffensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159513-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Ranger Infantry Company (United States), History, Awards and decorations\nThe 1st Ranger Infantry Company was awarded four campaign streamers for its service in the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159514-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2015 film)\n1st Rank Raju is a 2015 Indian Kannada comedy drama film written and directed by Naresh Kumar HN in his debut, and produced by V. K. Manjunath. It features Gurunandan and Apoorva Gowda in the lead roles. The rest of the cast includes Tanishka Kapoor, Sadhu Kokila, Ananth Nag, Achyut Rao, Manadeep Rai, Giri Mahesh and Master Chinmai. The film's music director Kiran Ravindranath. The director remade the film in Telugu in 2019 with the same title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159514-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2015 film), Synopsis\nFilm explores the importance of the academic qualification in life. The story line conveys the message to parents who consider only academic achievements results in successful life. It was the most talked movie in 2015, commercially too, the movie tasted tremendous success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159514-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2015 film), Soundtrack\nThe music of the film was composed by Kiran Ravindranath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film)\n1st Rank Raju is an Indian Telugu comedy drama film written and directed by Naresh Kumar HN and produced by Manjunath VK. The film is a remake of the director's own 2015 Kannada film of the same name. The music director Kiran Ravindranath. The release date is 21 June 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Synopsis\nThe screenplay explores the importance of academic qualification in life and the parental belief that only academic achievements result in a successful life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Plot\nShobhan Babu decides to raise his son Raju to become a topper. Throughout his childhood, Raju is indoctrinated with the belief that general knowledge is worthless before book knowledge. He becomes a topper throughout his school life and college life, but lacks common sense and social skills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Plot\nNevertheless, a girl named Shruthi becomes interested in him and takes him out on dates. One month later, Shruthi confesses her feelings for Raju, but the latter scorns her because he is obsessed with obtaining first rank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Plot\nDuring a campus placement, one of the interviewers, Mr. Parthasarathy rejects Raju, highlighting the latter's neurotic personality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Plot\nRaju is dejected and his father vows to transform him into a trendy guy. To that end, his parents prepare him a list of activities he has to do before graduating. Consequently Raju befriends delinquent students and Shruthi once more loves him, however he is conflicted about cheating all of them just to get a job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Plot\nTo complete the final activity, that is getting Shruthi to propose Raju, his parents plan a fake birthday party for him. However, some delinquents, jealous of Raju, engineer an unfavorable situation which leads to conflicts. Afterwards, they expose the schemes of Raju's parents, and Raju falls out of favour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Plot\nDisillusioned by the series of events, Raju realises that friendship and love are not syllabus, but sentiments that should not be toyed with. He sheds his image and decides to travel alone for a while, exploring the world around him. One day, while relaxing near a river, Raju witnesses a young boy attempt suicide. Raju rushes the boy to the hospital but the latter dies en route. The boy's suicide note states that he was interested in cricket but everyone around him pushed him to study against his will. Raju confronts the school principal and has an altercation with him, which garners media attention. In the end, Raju states that education is not a business and the lessons of life are extremely important.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Plot\nRaju returns and reconciles with his friends. He turns down Parthasarathy's job offer, but thanks him for inspiring him. Many years later, Raju and Shruthi are married. He watches a man pointing at a company campus and telling his son to achieve the first rank, so that he may earn a place there. Raju approaches the boy and tells him that while hard work may earn him a job, following his heart will earn him an entire business. The father tells Raju to not say such things, but Raju points out that he owns the company in front of him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack of the film was composed by Kiran Ravindranath and lyrics by Vanamali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159515-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Rank Raju (2019 film), Production\nDolphin Entertainment is an Indian production company, which was established\u00a0by Manjunath V Kandkur in the year 2014. The Production house's first film was First Rank Raju. The film was released in the year 2015 which ran for 100 successful days. Their second production is this remake of First Rank Raju in Telugu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion\n1st Reconnaissance Battalion (abbreviated as 1st Recon Bn) is a reconnaissance battalion in the United States Marine Corps. It falls under the command of the 1st Marine Division and the I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion\n1st Recon Battalion was reactivated on July 5, 2000, as part of Marine Corps Commandant General James L. Jones\u2019 mission to revitalize Marine Corps reconnaissance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, Mission and training\nThe mission of 1st Reconnaissance Battalion is to provide task-organized forces in order to conduct amphibious reconnaissance, ground reconnaissance, battlespace shaping operations, raids, and specialized insertion and extraction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History\nWhen the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions were created in 1941, each had a Scout Company 7 officers and 132 NCOs and enlisted men divided into a headquarters unit and three platoons. The unit had M3 Scout Cars and a motorcycle platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, World War II\nIn 1941, Lieutenant Colonel William \"Wild Bill\" Donovan, the executive officer of 5th Marine Regiment visualized and perceived the use for specialized missions encompassing reconnaissance at the division-level, which would be conducted above the normal infantry battalion-level in scouting and patrolling. He recommended to General Alexander Vandegrift the need of a special \"Scout and Sniper unit\" for the 1st Marine Division's operations on Guadalcanal. Upon approval, by February 1, each of the three companies were created for each regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, World War II, New Britain, December 1943\nForming the southern of the Bismarck Sea and the Bismarck Archipelago, the island of New Britain was focused for seizure by General MacArthur as it would mean control of the Vitiaz and Dampier Straits. Planning began and decision was made to first seize Arawe Peninsula, an island, a town, a plantation and the Japanese occupation forces situated on the southern coast, sixty miles south across island from Cape Gloucester. Cape Gloucester was tasked for seizure by Major General William H. Rupertus, the landing force commander of the northern elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, World War II, New Britain, December 1943\nGeneral Rupertus turned to his scout company's chief, 1st Lieutenant John D. Bradbeer, to lead a team of several Marine scouts to conduct amphibious reconnaissance patrols of New Britain. D-Day was determined on December 26, 1943. They landed on New Britain on September 24, 1943, at night by rubber boats from three PT boats #110, #325 and #327 of Motor Torepedo Boat Squadron 21, bringing Royal Australian Navy Lieutenant Kirkwall Smith, a former Australian coastwatcher who knew the area, and two natives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, World War II, New Britain, December 1943\nFor nine days, they paddled throughout the prospective landing beaches, locating coastal-defense guns, sketched the beaches and evaded the Japanese patrols in the area. Upon time of return to their PT boat pickup, they couldn't establish radio contact, so they paddled out into the Dampier Strait until they were able to get contact by radio to arrange recovery. Bradbeer's patrol were able to uncover that Japanese troop strength on New Britain was about seventy-five hundred men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, World War II, New Britain, December 1943\nForty-five days later of November 1943, Bradbeer accompanied Lieutenants Firm and Smith, and Ensign Gipe (a Navy hydrographer) and their small team and again landed from three PT boats on other proposed beaches. However, never landing on the proposed landing beach, it was quickly negated due to the cliffs just inland from the beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, World War II, New Britain, December 1943\nBy December 26, 1943, six days prior to D-Day, or D-6, Bradbeer and 1st Lieutenant Joseph A.L. Fournier split the recon patrol, taking their six Marines to reconnoiter remaining portions of the island; Bradbeer and his team went north, Fornier's team reconned the south. Hours later, they both confirmed the usability of the selected landing beaches, reporting them only lightly defended. Momentarily within a few more hours both teams were recovered by their PT boats. While returning, a Japanese barge opened fire onto Bradbeer's PT boat, injuring three of the PT crew personnel. US Navy Lieutenant Paul T. Rennell, the PT boat's captain, was able to break contact and evade the Japanese safely. The reconnaissance they provided was the third and the last preliminary amphibious reconnaissance for the New Britain operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, World War II, Peleliu and the Palaus, September 1944\nThe III Amphibious Corps, led by Major General Geiger tasked MGen Rupertus's 1st Marine Division for the main assault landing on Peleliu. Originally, the 1st Tank Battalion's scout company were part of the \"floating reserve\", but was ordered ashore on D-Day, September 15, 1944. Early in the afternoon, the Company D (Scout) reinforced Colonel Herman Hanneken's 7th Marines to cover the 5th Marines. The island was declared secured on November 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 91], "content_span": [92, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, World War II, Northern Okinawa, April 1945\nOn April 3, 1945, 1st Marine Division sent their scout company in front of their zone of action along the boundary of the 6th Marine Division to their north. The recon company, commanded by 1st Lieutenant Robert J. Powell, Jr., traversed by motorized patrols to the eastern shore of Okinawa, reaching the base of Katchin Peninsula by 1300. They received further orders to advance north up the east coast toward Hiazaonna. Along the way they encountered a lightly held tank trap, then returned to 1st Marine Division before dark. Colonel Edward Snedeker 7th Marine Regiment followed the recon action report of 1st Marine Division's Company D  (Scout) and pushed across the island to the town of Hiazaonna, reaching it at 1830 on April 3, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 81], "content_span": [82, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Korean War\nA selected platoon of Kenny Houghton's 1st Marine Division Reconnaissance Company was dispatched to Korea as part of 1st Marine Brigade (5th and 11th Marines) landing at Pusan. The remainder of the Company arrived with the remainder of the Division, and all landed at Inchon. Recon Marines from the 2nd Marine Division Recon later arrived to augment the reconnaissance unit including Lieutenant \"Bull\" Francis Kraince. Barry Crossman was the Executive Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Korean War\nThe organization was quickly altered from an amphibious unit of nine-man boat teams to a motorized unit of four-man jeep teams utilizing jeeps loaned by the United States Army. Using these vehicles the Company dispatched motorized patrols on a deep reconnaissance to scout from Wonsan and Hungnam to Huksori, an enemy supply depot some forty miles distant. An element of the Company acted as a point for Tobin's B/1/5 push on August 13, 1950, travelling by jeep about a mile forward of the infantry force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Korean War\nIn January 1951, the unit dispatched patrols to search out guerrillas in the Andong area and later, on one occasion, stayed concealed in a town for two nights tracing enemy cavalry and infantry patrols, and ended up by directing air strikes on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Korean War\nMarines from the 1st Recon Company made seven raids into North Korea from the USS\u00a0Horace A. Bass\u00a0(APD-124), one of which was conducted 12\u201416 August 1950, in which a combined force of sixteen Marines and twenty-five Navy Underwater Demolition Teams raided the Posung-Myon area destroying three tunnels and two railway bridges without losing one man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Interim Years, Cuban Missile Crisis\n1st Reconnaissance Battalion (Forward) deployed to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba and Haiti in October\u2013November 1962 to await the invasion of Cuba. Upon the resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the battalion returned to MCB Camp Pendleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nBy June 1966, the 1st Marine Division had plans to expand its assigned tactical area of responsibility (TAOR) southward from Da Nang to Tam K\u1ef3, the capital of the Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00edn Province. Pressure from the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) had placed Brigadier General William A. Stiles, the assistant division commander (ADC), position to respond by conceiving an operation by ordering an extensive reconnaissance effort between Da Nang and Tam Ky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nBGen. Stiles had divided the operation into two phases. The first phase was to send in his recon assets in an area in the vicinity of the Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ee9c District. The division's intelligence (D-2) section had sources of a headquarters of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 2nd Division lying somewhere near the western border of I Corps in the Qu\u1ebf S\u01a1n Valley. The second phase consisted of a massive exploitation of the recon team's findings, by sending in a joint show-of-force; four infantry battalions from the 1st Marine Division and the ARVN 2nd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nOn the afternoon of June 13, a thirteen-man recon team, accompanied by the command group, of 1st Recon Battalion landed by helicopters in the middle of the Qu\u1ebf S\u01a1n Valley onto the small mountain of Nui Loc Son. In the course of the next 24-hours, six more recon teams were deployed in different strategic positioning sites, ringing the valley. This enabled the teams to actively report on enemy activity, and if possible, forward observe for either air strikes or artillery fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nUp to eight battalions were on full standby\u2014 four battalions of Marines and ARVN each, ready to deploy against any hostile forces encountered. One recon team worked their way south of Hi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ee9c  after they set up positions along the heavily wooded Hill 555. They spotted several groups of PAVN of varying size that appeared to be training in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nThe next day on June 14, a scout dog accompanying an enemy patrol caught scent of the nearby Marines and the patrol advanced towards their position; the recon team's leader immediately called for an extraction. A helicopter was inbound within minutes and the team hastily scrambled aboard and were safely flown back to Chu Lai Base Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nThe other five recon teams remained undetected and continued reporting on the enemy for the next two days, until the moment Team 2 spotted a large enemy formation as they took up positions on Nui Vu hill, at the east end of the valley. Staff Sergeant Jimmie E. Howard (a decorated Korean War veteran), called in numerous fire coordination support, from an ARVN artillery battery located at an Army Special Forces camp 7\u00a0km to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nThe PAVN quickly adapted when they realized the barrage of artillery fire was more than mere coincidence; a battalion-size force was heading toward Nui Vu. On the night of June 15, a Special Forces team spotted the advancing enemy presence and alerted headquarters. However, they relayed the information too late. SSgt Howard had heard the enemy forces approach them as they amassed below them at the bottom of the hill. While the next few hours were quiet, by midnight, several of Howard's men spotted silhouettes as dozens of PAVN soldiers furtively climbed up the hill in the darkness. The PAVN instigated the fight by throwing grenades at the Marines. Greatly outnumbered, Howard's men held off the attackers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nHoward understood that they would soon be overwhelmed and radioed to his commander, Lt. Colonel Arthur J. Sullivan, for an immediate extraction. A short time later, the UH-34s were inbound. However, the helicopters were under immediate attack from machine gun fires, forcing them to return. Sullivan relayed the bad news back to Howard that they would not be able to be extracted until daylight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nThroughout the night, close air support, artillery strikes, and gunship fire support pounded the enemy, but the PAVN launched three strong attacks against Team 2. By 04:00 on 16 June, six out of eighteen Marines were killed in action and Howard was temporary immobilized from shrapnel wounds. Every other man was hit at least once. While they were suffering from ammunition shortages, some recon Marines resorted to throwing rocks at the enemy, others managed to pick up captured AK-47 rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nBy dawn, Company C of 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment (1/5) landed at the base of Nui Vu and reinforced recon Team 2. The Marines of 1/5 forced their way up the small mountain through scattered but strong resistance to reach Howard and his recon team. Howard and the surviving Marines were immediately evacuated; however, Charlie Company of 1/5 continued to battle for control of Nui Vu. The PAVN finally disengaged and withdrew, leaving 42 dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Kansas, June 1966\nThe first phase of Operation Kansas had ended, however, the second phase of the operation was changed. On June 17, the day before the first assault was scheduled, General Walt advised Gen. Stiles that the ARVN units would be unavailable due to the Buddhist Uprising in Hu\u1ebf. Although aware of the circumstances, both Generals Walt and Stiles decided to continue the effort. Overall, the recon teams reported over 141 sightings of enemy forces. The second phase of the operation commenced artillery and air strikes, dispersing the enemy. Operation Kansas ended on June 22, 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Washington, July 1966\nOn 6 July 1966, Lieutenant Colonel Arthur J. Sullivan, battalion commander of 1st Recon Battalion, moved his battalion headquarters to Hau Doc, a location 25\u00a0km west of Chu Lai. For eight days his recon teams covered four-hundred square kilometers of his area of operation (AO); sighting forty-six PAVN that were scattered throughout the dense, rugged double- and triple- canopy jungle terrain, roughly ranging of 200 soldiers at most. The ground combat and supporting elements resulted only in thirteen PAVN killed, with four prisoners. Because of the poor results, General Lewis J. Fields, the commanding general of the Chu Lai TOAR, ended the operation on July 14, 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 83], "content_span": [84, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, September 1967\nOn 5 September 1967, Nine Paratroopers [8 USMC and 1 Navy HM2] 1st Force Recon Company, 1st Recon Battalion, 1st Marine Division parachuted into \u201cHappy Valley\u201d southwest of Da Nang, Quanh Nam Provience Against North Vietnam/Viet Cong supply centers. Because of unexpected high winds the mission could not be completed and the members  Evacuated. Loses were 3 injured and 1 MIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Scott Orchard, April 1971\nOperation Scott Orchard was the last major 1st Marine Division operation of the Vietnam War, issued by the 1st Marine Division commander, MG Charles F. Widdecke. The operation began when Marines of 1st Recon Bn. commenced a heliborne assault into abandoned Fire Support Base (FSB) Dagger at 10:45 on 7 April 1971. After the brief firefight, the fire support base was declared secured. The plan was to reopen FSB Dagger in the Qu\u1ebf S\u01a1n mountains by emplacing a provisional composite battery of 105-mm and 155-mm howitzers from the 1st Battalion, 11th Marines (1/11).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Vietnam War, Operation Scott Orchard, April 1971\nFSB Dagger was used the previous autumn during Operation Catawba Falls. The intelligence sources from MACV had included reports of American prisoners-of-war were being held at an isolated camp in the mountainous region of the Qu\u1ea3ng Nam Province, however no prisoners were found, contact was minimal and only abandoned base camps were discovered. The operation concluded on 12 April, the Marines had killed 4 PAVN/VC and captured 1 and 12 weapons. Many ops missing recon 1971+1973", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Persian Gulf War\nIn 1990\u20141991, the 1st Reconnaissance Battalion participated in the Persian Gulf War. Upon returning from the Gulf War plans were enacted to break up 1st Reconnaissance Battalion and spread it out to AAV's, 1st Marines and 5th Marines. In June 1992 Alpha Company was moved and attached to Headquarters Battalion 1st Marine Division. Bravo Company was moved and attached to Headquarters Battalion 5th Marine Division. Charlie company was moved to the Marine Corps 8 wheeled amphibious assault vehicle (AAV) unit, forming LAR (Light Armored Reconnaissance). Delta Company was disbanded and folded into Charlie Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Persian Gulf War\nReconnaissance Company 5th Marines deployed as a company to Somalia in January 1993 and was spread around Somalia conducting reconnaissance and surveillance operations in Mogadishu, Biadoa and Bardere to help stop the flow of weapons being brought in by militant groups. Reconnaissance Company 5th Marines returned to Somalia on deployment multiple times in the next 5 years. Reconnaissance Company 1st Marines and Reconnaissance Company 5th Marines were brought back together in 2000 to reform 1st Reconnaissance Battalion in Camp Margarita, Camp Pendleton Ca, with only 50 unfilled billets on its first day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Invasion of Iraq\nIn January 2003, the battalion deployed to Kuwait in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The 1st Reconnaissance Battalion participated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq from March 2003 to June 2003. The battalion redeployed to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom from February 2004 to October 2004, where it took part in Operation Vigilant Resolve; September 2005 to April 2006, March 2007 to October 2007, and October 2008 to April 2009. In January 2006, the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Invasion of Iraq\nReconnaissance Battalion was in the national news for leading Operation Green Trident, which discovered over ten metric tons of insurgent munitions, hidden in caches throughout a large area south of Fallujah in the Euphrates River Valley. Marines of 1st Recon told military reporters that about 90 percent of their time in Operation Iraqi Freedom was spent in mounted patrols, using their Humvees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Afghanistan\nThe 1st Recon were also deployed to Helmand Province, Afghanistan in 2010 where they produced 300+ enemy KIA, did not lose a single man in their seven-month deployment and was regarded as \"The deadliest battalion in Afghanistan right now\" by Lt. Gen James Mattis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Afghanistan\nThe unit conducted a battalion-sized helicopter insert into the area of Trek Nawa, operating for 32 days straight, away from friendly lines, during that period there was contact with Taliban forces for 28 of those days using tactics and offensive action that stunned the local enemy forces. Following the missions in Trek Nawa and surrounding areas, the battalion deployed two companies to the Upper Sangin River Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159516-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Battalion, History, Afghanistan\nIn February 2012, there was controversy when a September 2010 photograph was published showing members of Charlie Company, 1st Reconnaissance Battalion, posing in front of a flag with a logo resembling that of the German Schutzstaffel while serving in Afghanistan. The 1st Marine Expeditionary Force inspector general found that there was no anti semitic intent on the part of the Marines to identify themselves with the organization as the symbol was in fact representative of the U.S. Marine Corps' scout sniper military occupational specialty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159517-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Reconnaissance Brigade was a short-lived specialist formation of the British Army which administered the formation reconnaissance regiments not attached to a division or brigade, and was disbanded sometime between 2005 and 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159517-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Brigade (United Kingdom), Screening Force\nSometime after the publishing of the 1981 Defence White Paper \"The Way Forward\", the Screening Force (Corps Border Surveillance Force) was formed as an ad hoc brigade within I (British) Corps. Brigadier Royal Armoured Corps, British Army of the Rhine would become 'Commander Screening Force' on mobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159517-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Brigade (United Kingdom), Screening Force\nThe force's objective, if mobilised, was to hold off a soviet frontal invasion for as long as possible until the 1st and 4th Armoured Divisions could be moved into position. If mobilised, the brigade would control al the units of the division in the reconnaissance role and providing a reconnaissance/screening force. On mobilisation, the force would have consisted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159517-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Brigade (United Kingdom), Screening Force\nIn 1992 following the disbandment of the British Army of the Rhine, the force HQ was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159517-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconnaissance Brigade\nThe 1st Reconnaissance Brigade was established on 1 April 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159517-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Brigade (United Kingdom), Reconnaissance Brigade\nhe brigade might have been assigned to HQ Allied Rapid Reaction Corps. Following the 2003 reorganisation of the Army under 'LANDmark', HQ Theatre Troops was formed to oversee the specialist brigades of the army. The brigade soon joined HQ Theatre Troops, which it would remain under until disbanding in 2005-06, following the Future Army Structure programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 1st Reconnaissance Squadron (1 RS) is a United States Air Force squadron, assigned to the 9th Operations Group, Beale Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 1st Reconnaissance Squadron is the United States military's oldest flying unit, first established on 5 March 1913. The squadron has maintained an unbroken heritage of over a century from its founding. Originally organized in anticipation of a potential breach in security along the border between the United States and Mexico, General John J. Pershing directed the 1st Aero Squadron to become the first tactical aviation unit to participate in American military action. The 1st RS has flown 47 different aircraft while being stationed worldwide at 52 locations, including 4 stints at sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron\nSince 1922 the 1st Squadron has been associated with the 9th Bomb Group and the USAF 9th Reconnaissance Wing, where it continues to be an active flying training unit operating the Lockheed U-2 and the RQ-4 Global Hawk surveillance aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, Overview\nThe 1st Reconnaissance Squadron is responsible for training all High-Altitude Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance aircrew for the U-2S Dragon Lady and the RQ-4 Global Hawk. Aircrew members consist of pilots and mission planners for the U-2S, and pilots and sensor operators for the RQ-4. Training for all U-2S pilots includes additional qualification in the T-38A Talon, the companion trainer to the U-2S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, Overview\nThe squadron flies over 5,400 U-2S/T-38A training hours and 2,400 RQ-4 combat support hours annually. This flight training program produces 24 U-2S pilots, 48 RQ-4 pilots, and 36 RQ-4 sensor operators annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Origins\nMexico's revolutionary violence early in 1913, caused President Wilson to order partial mobilization, and the army formed the \"Second Division\" at Texas City, Texas. On 25 February, the Chief Signal Officer, Brig. Gen. George P. Scriven, ordered the airplanes, personnel, and equipment then at Augusta, Georgia, to Texas City; and on 5 March, the army designated the small command as the 1st Aero Squadron (Provisional).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Origins\nThe unit consisted of nine airplanes, nine officers, and fifty-one enlisted men organized into two companies, and it spent much of its time practicing cross-country flying and operating from rough terrain, skills that would be of great value in the field. It was soon clear that the Second Division would not become involved in a fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Origins\nBy June 1913, the squadron had transferred to the new Signal Corps Aviation School at San Diego, California. In December, the 1st Aero Squadron dropped the \"provisional\" from its title, making it the U.S. Army's first regular air squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Origins\nThe Chief Signal officer approved a table of organization for the unit on 7 January 1914, consisting of two companies of eight officers and 45 enlisted men each, and eight aircraft. At the time of its formation, 1st Company consisted of Burgess Model H tractors S.C. No. 9, 24, 25, and 26; while 2nd Company consisted of Curtiss aircraft S.C. No. 2 (a Curtiss Model D), 6 (Curtiss Model E), 22 (Curtiss Model G) and 23 (an aircraft assembled from spare parts for the Curtiss E). The initial composition of the squadron was short three pilots. (According to the U.S. Air Force Historical Research Agency, during this period other training aircraft included at least one example of the Wright Model B, Burgess F, Burgess I-Scout, Burgess J-Scout, and the Martin T.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Origins\nDetachments of the 1st Aero Squadron returned to Fort Crockett, Texas, on 30 April 1914 when the Tampico Affair threatened war again, although they arrived too late to be transshipped to Mexico and their aircraft were never uncrated. The 1st Aero Squadron had made its first flights at Fort Sill on 10 August, but accomplished little flying in the next few weeks, as manufacturing problems in the airplanes and engines quickly appeared. A fatal crash occurred on 12 August 1915 followed by a second crash on 5 September after protests about its safety were overruled by squadron commander Capt. Benjamin D. Foulois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nDuring the Mexican Revolution, hundreds of Pancho Villa's horsemen crossed the United States border and raided Columbus, New Mexico on 9 March 1916. The town was looted and burned, and 17 Americans were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nPresident Wilson immediately asked President Carranza of Mexico for permission to send United States troops into his country, and Carranza reluctantly gave permission \"for the sole purpose of capturing the bandit Villa.\" Wilson then ordered General John J. Pershing to \"pursue and disperse,\" the forces commanded by Villa. In his orders to Southern Department commanding general Frederick Funston, United States Secretary of War Newton D. Baker instructed him to have the 1st Aero Squadron moved to Columbus to provide liaison and aerial reconnaissance for Pershing's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nDespite the shortcomings, the squadron was ordered to send all available aircraft, pilots and personnel to support Pershing. There would be neither replacements nor a reserve. The squadron disassembled its aircraft and left Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, by train on 13 March. Two days later it arrived in Columbus with eight Curtiss JN-3 aircraft, 11 pilots and 82 enlisted men and established an airfield to the southeast of the town. From Columbus, the squadron flew its first reconnaissance sortie on 16 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nOn 19 March 1916, the squadron received orders to fly into Mexico and report without delay to his headquarters at Casas Grandes. Shortly after 17:00, the planes took off but one returned almost immediately with engine problems. Darkness proved a formidable challenge and none of the aircraft completed the movement on the first day. Four landed near La Ascension, about halfway to destination, and completed the flight the next morning, although one was a total loss in a landing accident. Another aircraft overflew Casas Grandes in the dark and landed in the desert, where it was destroyed by vandals. Two others landed in the desert short of Casas Grandes, where one continued on the next morning, but the last did not arrive until repairs were completed to it on 26 March. Pershing had only five operational airplanes available for immediate duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nIt was found that the squadron's 90 horsepower (67\u00a0kW) Curtiss JN-3 airplanes were unable to climb over the 10,000 to 12,000-foot (3,700\u00a0m) mountains of the region or overcome the high winds of the passes through them. Dust storms frequently grounded the aircraft and wooden propellers de-laminated in the heat. Using its base in Columbus, the 1st Aero Squadron concentrated on carrying mail and dispatches between Columbus and Pershing's Army columns moving south into Mexico. During the last few days of March, the squadron's planes flew approximately 20 missions with messages for the various columns of Pershing's command. By 20 April, only two airplanes remained in service (neither flyable, and both were destroyed), four having crashed and two others scavenged to provide replacement parts. After the losses, the remaining two JN-3s and the rest of the squadron were ordered back to Columbus for refitting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 971]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nWhile the Punitive Expedition searched for Villa and his men, events in the United States provided some help for the 1st Aero Squadron. Secretary of War Baker was following the squadron's activities closely. On the following day, Congress took action to deal with the deficiencies reported from Mexico. On 31 March, it passed the Urgent Deficiency Act, which provided the army with $500,000 for the immediate purchase of twenty-four airplanes, eight for the 1st Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nThe initial practical result of this legislation was the delivery of four Curtiss N-8s, S.C. Nos. 60\u201363, which were essentially variants of the JN\u20133 with a different wing and airfoil and powered by a 90\u00a0hp engine. Tests conducted over the next six days verified that these were incapable of meeting the operational conditions in Mexico. On 1 May, it was concluded that the Curtiss N\u20138 was too slow and under-powered and the landing gear too weak for rough terrain. The squadron packed up the N\u20138s and shipped them to the Signal Corps Aviation School at San Diego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nOn the same day, the first of twelve Curtiss R-2s reached Columbus. The R\u20132 was a larger, modified version of the original Curtiss Model N powered by a 160\u00a0hp engine. However, the 1st Aero Squadron spent the next three months fighting problems with the new airplanes. The catalogue of deficiencies was enormous and inexcusable. Further, most of the airplanes were poorly constructed from shoddy materials. Clearly, Curtiss had lost control of quality at the manufacturing plant. These critical deficiencies had repercussions in Washington, D.C. and reports on the R\u20132s had stirred up the Signal Office about the Curtiss Company's miserable performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nBeyond wrestling with the R\u20132s and propellers, the 1st Aero Squadron experimented with a variety of other airplanes and aviation equipment. In addition to the R\u20132s, the squadron received three Standard H\u20132s, six Curtiss twin-engine JNs, about seven Curtiss JN\u20134 \"Jennies\", and other planes from Martin, Sturtevant, Thomas, and LWF. All told, counting the four Curtiss N\u20138s, the 1st AeroSquadron received fifty-one airplanes at Columbus by 6 April 1917. The 1st Aero Squadron remained at Columbus, with a detachment in Mexico, until Pershing withdrew the Punitive Expedition from Mexico in early February 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nThe Punitive Expedition is often portrayed as a failure because Pershing's force failed to capture or kill Pancho Villa. This view is something less than the truth. While Pershing's mission was to catch Villa if possible, Pershing's orders from the War Department had directed him only to pursue and disperse the band of raiders that had attacked Columbus, not to eliminate Villa. In addition to the 69 bandits captured and killed during the fighting in Columbus on 9 March, the Punitive Expedition had killed 248 and taken 19 prisoners by 31 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nThe mission of the 1st Aero Squadron during the Punitive Expedition was primarily one of communications and observation, and during the first phase of the Punitive Expedition the 1st Aero Squadron was of considerable help in enabling Pershing to keep in touch with his thinly spread, fast-moving troopers. The squadron also performed several reconnaissance missions, and although these failed to locate enemy forces, that information in itself was important for the commander to know. The second phase of the Punitive Expedition was probably most important for the squadron, because the officers and men gained experience and knowledge by experimenting with a variety of airplanes and aviation equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Punitive expedition\nThe deficient, unsuitable airplanes the 1st Aero Squadron took to Mexico also served as a warning for the future. The U.S. aviation industry at the end of 1916 consisted of fewer than a dozen firms, only a handful of which\u2014Curtiss, Martin, Wright, and Sturtevant, for example\u2014had produced a reasonable number of airplanes. 1st Aero Squadron remained at Columbus until August 1917, when it was ordered to France after the United States' entry into World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I\nWhen the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917, the 1st Aero Squadron was still based at Columbus, New Mexico. The Army ordered the 1st Aero Squadron to Fort Jay, New York City, to accompany the 1st Division to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I\nThere was an advanced company of the 1st Aero Squadron which flew under French direction as reconnaissance for French troops prior to the USA officially entering the war. Henry Gabriel of Rocky River, Ohio was one of those first pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I\nThe squadron departed on 5 August 1917 on a troop train, arriving at Jersey City, New Jersey on the 9th. It embarked on the Red Star Liner SS Lapland on 13 August for its trans-Atlantic crossing, reaching Liverpool, England on 1 September without incident. The squadron then boarded a train for Southampton, and crossed the channel the next day, resting at British Rest Camp No. 2, Le Havre, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nAfter a few days rest in Le Havre, the squadron moved to the French depot and airdrome of \u00c9tampes-Mondesir, then to the French aviation school at Avord. At the Avord Aerodrome, training was begun on 13 September on several types of aircraft: Bl\u00e9riot Penguin, a flightless aircraft that gave the sensation of flying while still on the ground; then Nieuport 30, 23 and 10s. After two weeks at Avord and completing the training course, the 1st Aero Squadron moved to Issoudun Aerodrome in central France on 20 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nHowever, the training facilities there were not yet ready and the squadron was moved on 19 October to Amanty Airdrome in Lorraine, where the squadron was prepared for active service on the front. On 5 February, Stephen W. Thompson, a member of the squadron, became the first American in the US military to shoot down an enemy aircraft. He was on a bombing mission with a French squadron. At Amanty, the squadron was equipped with Avion de Reconnaissance 1 (AR 1) trainers. Classes were held in radio and machine-gun work and ground training was conducted by French officers. By the end of February 1918, the AR 1 trainers were replaced by SPAD S.XIA.2s. While at the training school, a number of squadron observers were sent to the front line trenches and to other French squadrons for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nOn 4 April 1918, the 1st Aero Squadron was assigned to the I Corps Observation Group, Air Service, First Army, and was designated as a Corps Observation Squadron. Movement was made to Ourches Aerodrome for combat duty. In combat, the mission of the 1st Aero Squadron was general surveillance of the enemy rear areas by means of both visual and photographic reconnaissance. These missions were carried out for the purpose of intelligence-gathering and informing First Army headquarters informed of enemy movements and preparations for attacks or retreats of its infantry forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nThe 1st identified enemy activity along roads and railroads, ground stations, various storage dumps and airfields, the numbers of fires, and activities of enemy aircraft, and the amount of anti-aircraft artillery was also monitored and reported. Due to the nature of the missions and the depths of enemy area which was penetrated, the missions were carried out at high altitudes, usually between 4,500 and 5,500 meters (14,800 and 18,000\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nBad weather and engine trouble with the SPAD aircraft plagued the squadron upon its arrival at the front, and on 12 April, the first contact with enemy aircraft was made, when Lt Coyle was attacked by three German planes. He escaped, his plane having several bullet holes. The work done by the squadron in its early days of combat operations was judged to be of a high order. A great deal of valuable intelligence was obtained. This was recognized when French General Passage, Chief of Staff of the 32d French Corps, awarded the \"Croix de guerre\" to several aircrews for exceptional bravery in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nAt the beginning of June, the 1st Aero Squadron was re-equipped with the latest in French observation aircraft, the Salmson 2A2. Also in June, the 1st Aero Squadron adopted the American flag as its squadron emblem, it being the first Air Service squadron on the front lines. The insignia was painted on the fuselage of all of its aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nOn 29 June, the squadron moved to Saints Aerodrome to take part in the Chateau Thierry offensive, the first major American operation of the war. Flying over the front began on 1 July and from the beginning, a great number of combats with enemy aircraft were encountered. The Germans appeared to have concentrated a large number of aircraft over the sector, to counter a large number of British aircraft which had operated there prior to the 1st Squadron's arrival. The combat sustained in the offensive therefore, was quite heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nThe squadron was tasked with missions of the greatest importance, and heroic actions were frequent. Operations began with the squadron having less than its full number of aircraft, pilots and observers. Until replacements were received, ground mechanics and other support personnel worked day and night, and observation patrols were flown from dawn until dusk, sometimes into the night, with two or three sorties per day with each aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nIn preparation for the St. Mihiel Offensive, the 1st Aero Squadron moved to Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul, on 22 August. The St. Mihiel salient in the line covered an area of 390 square kilometers (150\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and its elimination was the next major task for the American Expeditionary Forces. About 02:00 on 12 September, their artillery opened up to begin the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nThe squadron received orders to fly no lower than 600 meters (2,000\u00a0ft) in overflying enemy territory, but the 1st flew much lower than that, flying anywhere between 50 and 400 meters (160 and 1,310\u00a0ft) in altitude in order to avoid enemy machine-gun fire. Shortly after daylight, squadron aircraft No. 6 took off. The sun was clear before it arrived over the lines, but then disappeared behind the clouds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0028-0002", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nAmerican infantry had just crossed the German lines and it was noted that panels had been placed on the ground indicating that their artillery barrage was falling about 100 meters short. That information was sent to division headquarters. This routine was repeated for the next several hours as the advance continued. It was observed that the Germans were making a hasty retreat and deserting their guns, with their officers on horseback. Squadron aircraft attacked the retreating enemy with machine guns on low-level attacks. Wagons and trucks in the enemy rear were also attacked until fuel was nearly exhausted, landing back at Toul with nearly empty tanks. During the offensive, the ground infantry were continually supported by observation aircraft, assisting them in every manner possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nDuring the offensive, the work done by the 1st Aero Squadron was of the most importance, giving divisional commanders the vital information as to where the front line elements actually were, where artillery barrages need to be laid down in advance of the infantry and for causing disruption to enemy forces behind his lines. Later, as positions became stabilized, photographs were obtained behind enemy lines to learn the dispositions of enemy forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nAfter flying in the St. Mihiel sector for several weeks, on 21 September the squadron was moved to the Remicourt Aerodrome in the Argonne Forest, getting ready for the next big American push. Squadron personnel began to believe they were a \"shock\" squadron, having taken the lead in the previous battles of Chateau Thierry and Saint-Mihiel, coming out of both bruised and battle-scarred. Intelligence raft of the 1st Aero Squadron provided the critical intelligence of what lay ahead of them, trying to find out what the half-routed enemy was trying to do. Constant flying and continual combats with enemy aircraft were routine and deadly, but the intelligence and photography carried out by the squadron was of the highest importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nOperations continued until 9 November when the order came from Corps headquarters to cease flying, and it was believed it simply meant to move to another sector. However, on 11 November, news was received that an armistice has been signed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\n1st Aero Squadron pilots recorded 13 aerial victories during the war, commemorated by 13 Maltese crosses encircling their squadron emblem. The 1st Aero squadron lost 16 pilots killed in action and three missing-in-action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nAfter the armistice, the I Corps Observation Group was disbanded and the squadron was assigned to serve as part of the occupation force of the Rhineland under the Third Army Air Service, III Corps Observation Group at the former Andernach Airdrome, near Coblenz. One of its duties was to fly over Cologne and other parts of the Rhineland occupied by Third Army. In addition, the squadron was able to perform test flights on surrendered German aircraft. Flights of the Fokker D.VII, Pfalz D.XII, Halberstadts and Rumpler aircraft were made and evaluations were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, Combat in France\nOn 13 June 1919, the squadron first went to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's planes were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome. It then moved to a staging camp in France for the return crossing of the Atlantic back to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War I, World War I honors\nDSC: Distinguished Service Cross; DSM: Distinguished Service Medal; SSC: Silver Star Citation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nUpon its return to the United States, the 1st Aero Squadron was based first at Park Field, Tennessee, on 4 August 1919, and then at Mitchel Field, New York, on 10 October 1919, where it remained until 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nAssigned as a component of the Air Service's 1st Army Observation Group (briefly the 7th Observation Group in 1921) from 1 October 1919, to 30 August 1921, the 1st Aero Squadron was redesignated the 1st Squadron (Observation) on 14 March 1921. It was attached to the 1st Provisional Air Brigade from 1 May to 3 October 1921. This temporary unit, organized by Gen. William L. Mitchell, sank the German battleship Ostfriesland on 21 July in bombardment tests. The squadron functioned briefly as part of the 2nd Wing before being assigned to the Second Corps Area on 30 September 1921. The 1st Aero Squadron used the de Havilland DH-4 observation airplane as its primary equipment from 1919 to 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nThe 1st Squadron was assigned as a component squadron of the new 9th Observation Group on 1 August 1922. It was assigned directly to the II Corps on 23 March 1923, as the 1st Observation Squadron, but remained attached to the 9th Observation Group. This command arrangement continued until 15 February 1929, when the 1st Observation Squadron was permanently assigned to the 9th Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nIts aircraft from 1928 to 1935 was primarily the Curtiss O-1B Falcon observation plane, but it also field tested and employed other Falcon variants (O-13, O-39, and Y1O-40 Raven) and several Douglas observation types, the Y1O-31, Y1O-35 and O-35. The 1st Observation Squadron's O-35s all participated in delivering the U.S. Mail in 1934 without loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nThe Air Service became the U.S. Army Air Corps on 2 July 1926, and kept that title until reorganized as the United States Army Air Forces on 20 June 1941. In early 1935 the Air Corps was re-organized, with all combat groups being centrally controlled for the first time, under a new command organization called General Headquarters, Air Force. The role of observation as the primary function of the air arm had been de-emphasized in the creation of eight new Air Corps groups between 1927 and 1932. With the creation of General Headquarters Air Force (GHQAF) it was further de-emphasized when the 9th and its component squadrons were converted into a bombardment group and made a part of the 2nd Wing, responsible for the air defense of the East Coast of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Inter-War era\nThe 1st Observation Squadron became the 1st Bombardment Squadron on 1 March 1935, and was equipped with Keystone B-6 bombers. It converted to Martin B-10 bombers in 1936 and operated these until 1938, when it again re-equipped, with Douglas B-18 bombers. The designations of the squadron changed in the late 1930s as the role of bombardment became pre-eminent in the Air Corps, becoming the 1st Bomb Squadron (Medium) on 6 December 1939, and the 1st Bomb Squadron (Heavy) on 20 November 1940. During the period 1935\u20131940 the 1st Bomb Squadron trained aircrews, took part in maneuvers, and participated in air shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Sixth Air Force\nThe 1st deployed with its parent group on 5 November 1940 on the USAT Chateau Thierry and arrived on 12 November 1940 at Rio Hato Army Air Base, Panama on 13 November 1940 from Langley Field, Virginia. The squadron was one of the units designated to move to Piarco Airport on Trinidad in late April 1941 after the U.S. gained base rights there from the British in the Destroyers for Bases Agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Sixth Air Force\nIn fact, the 1st Bomb Squadron's entire sojourn in the Caribbean after its brief interval at Rio Hato was based on Trinidad, moving from Piarco to the new Waller Field by 12 May 1941 and, later, to Edinburgh Field on 23 August 1942. As of the United States' entry into the war, it was the only USAAF antisubmarine unit on Trinidad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Sixth Air Force\nBy August 1941, the squadron was the proud operator of a solitary Boeing B-17B Flying Fortress (probably sin 38-264) at Waller (together with six Douglas B-18A Bolos), certainly one of the very few B-17's to fly anti-submarine patrols in the Caribbean. Although the surviving records arc rather confusing and very truncated, it appears that the squadron may have briefly been assigned or attached to the 72d Observation Group, although no orders or formal correspondence to this effect survive. By January 1942, the B-17B was gone, and only five of the B-18As were still airworthy at Waller, where the squadron was nominally under the operational control of the Trinidad Base Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Sixth Air Force\nBy mid-February 1942, with four airworthy B-18A's still on hand, the squadron received a number of Consolidated LB-30 Liberators originally intended for the British. With these, the unit flew patrols over the Caribbean approaches to the Panama Canal to test the newly sited radars placed there, as well as routine anti-submarine patrols. The unit was technically still based at Waller Field, however, the Squadron was also called upon to detach an element to conduct patrols of the Vichy French Martinique area during April and May 1942. ed antisubmarine patrols and conducted reconnaissance of the Vichy French fleet at Martinique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Sixth Air Force\nAlthough scant records survive, the 1st Bomb Squadron attacked a German U-boat on at least one occasion. On 17 August 1942, a squadron B-18A sighted a submarine some 20 miles from a convoy and dropped four depth charges after it crash dived. About 10 minutes later, a patch of oil appeared on the surface where the now-submerged submarine had been. The B-18A remained in the area a further 45 minutes, until it was relieved by another aircraft. There was no further sign of the submarine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0045-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Sixth Air Force\nTwo days later, another squadron B-18A sighted a completely surfaced submarine at a distance of five miles from an altitude of 1,800 feet. Three depth charges were released, the third of which caused the sub to list away from the attack, side-slipping into the water. A fourth depth charge was believed to have hit the stern, then about 20 feet below the surface. The results of these attacks, however, were never confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics\nThe 9th Bomb Group and its squadrons were withdrawn from Trinidad, and returned without personnel or equipment to the United States in late August 1942, where all were reconstituted as part of the Air University Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics (AAFSAT) at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida. AAFSAT operated a combat simulation facility in Florida. Units and airfields were established throughout an 8,000-square-mile (21,000 km2) area of central and north central Florida designated a mock \"war theater,\" stretching roughly from Tampa to Titusville and from Starke to Apalachicola in which war games were conducted using numerous military airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics\nThe 1st was equipped with a mixture of medium and heavy bombers. The squadron operated primarily from Brooksville Army Airfield which runways could better accommodate the heavy bombers. Its squadrons trained bomber crews in organization and operations, performed bombing pattern tests, experimented with tactical formations to attack moving ships, and performed equipment tests. The squadron also flew in maneuvers and took part in many experiments at Eglin Field, Florida. During this period, the 1st BS had twelve B-17 Flying Fortresses, two B-25 Mitchells and two L-3Cs observation aircraft assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nThe training mission of the 9th Bomb Group at AAFSAT was replaced by the 903d Army Air Forces Base Unit on 1 March 1944 with \"Section D\", the bombardment training in an administrative reorganization. As a result, the 1st Bomb Squadron was moved without aircraft or personnel to Dalhart Army Airfield, Texas. On 28 March, it was re-designated the 1st Bombardment Squadron (Very Heavy) and began to organization process for training as a B-29 Superfortress squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nDuring April the key personnel of the new squadron assembled at Dalhart, forming the command cadre, and were transferred with the group to McCook Army Airfield, Nebraska. After a brief period establishing the unit at McCook, the cadre of group and squadron operations staffs went by train to AAFSAT in May for the 4-week training course in organizing and operating very heavy bombardment units in the field. While the cadre was at AAFSAT, the influx of new personnel continued at McCook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nAfter the return of the squadron staff in June 1944, the squadron organized new crews and conducted an intensive program of ground and flying training using B-17 aircraft to practice takeoffs, landings, instrument and night flying, cross-country navigation, high altitude formation flying, and bombing and gunnery practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nThe development of the B-29 as an operational weapon had been plagued since an early flight test on 28 December 1942, resulted in an engine fire, culminating in a massive emergency modification program in the winter of 1943\u201344 ordered by General Henry H. Arnold, Chief of the Army Air Forces, and nicknamed the \"Battle of Kansas\". In particular, the program sought to resolve a spate of problems with serious engine fires and faulty gunnery central fire control systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0051-0001", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nAll B-29s modified in this program were diverted to the 58th Bomb Wing to meet President Franklin D. Roosevelt's commitment to China to have B-29s deployed to the China-Burma-India Theater in the spring of 1944, leaving none available to equip the 12 new groups being formed in the 73rd, 313th, and 314th Wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nThe 9th Group received its first training B-29 on 13 July 1944. After four further months of training the group commander declared the unit ready for movement overseas, and its ground echelon left McCook for Seattle, Washington, Port of Embarkation on 18 November 1944, traveling by troopship to the Mariana Islands on a voyage that required thirty days. The ground echelon of the group debarked at Tinian on 28 December and was assigned a camp on the west side of the island between the two airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nThe air echelon of the 1st Bomb Squadron began its overseas movement on 15 January 1945, from its staging base at Mather Army Airfield, California, after accepting the first of its 14 new B-29s at Herington Army Airfield, Kansas. The squadron's bombers proceeded individually by way of Hickam Field, Hawaii, and Kwajalein to North Field, Tinian, with the first three arriving on 18 January 1945. The final two of the original 14 airplanes arrived on Tinian on 3 February by which time the squadron had already flown three practice missions to the Maug Islands in the Northern Marianas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nThe 1st Bomb Squadron conducted its first combat mission on 9 February 1945, against a Japanese naval airfield located on the island of Moen at Truk atoll (now known as the Chuuk Islands). Flown by day at an altitude of 25,000 feet (7,600\u00a0m), it was in actuality a further training mission, encountering no opposition. Its second mission was to Iwo Jima on 12 February, one week prior to D-Day for Operation Detachment. The capture of Iwo Jima had as its objective an emergency landing field for Twentieth Air Force bombers attacking Japan and a base for escorting P-51 and P-47 fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nThe first mission to the Japanese home islands was the 1st Bomb Squadron's fifth, flown 25 February 1945. Again a day mission flown at high altitude, the target was the port facilities of Tokyo. On the squadron's seventh mission, 9\u201310 March 1945, Tokyo was attacked with incendiaries by night and at low altitudes of 6,400 to 7,800 feet (2,400\u00a0m). This mission also resulted in the first loss of a 1st Squadron B-29 when the crew of L'il Iodine was forced to crash-land at sea when it ran out of fuel returning to Tinian, although the crew was rescued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nThe Tokyo fire raid was the first of five flown between 9 and 18 March, resulting in devastation of four urban areas (Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka and Kobe) and extensive civilian loss of life. The squadron had a B-29 bomber [44-69748] shot down and crew lost on 24 March 1945, attacking the Mitsubishi Aircraft factory at Nagoya, ironically the same crew that had ditched on 10 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nOn 27 March, the 1st Squadron began a week of night missions sowing aerial anti-shipping mines of Japanese harbor approaches and Inland Sea ship passages, a mission they would again conduct during the entire second half of May. Attacks in April were a combination of night and medium altitude day missions against the Japanese aircraft industry, and beginning 18 April, three weeks of daytime attacks against Japanese airfields on Ky\u016bsh\u016b launching Kamikaze attacks against U.S. naval forces at Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nOn 1 June, the 1st Bomb Squadron began a grim campaign of night fire raids against the remaining urban areas of Japan not previously attacked that continued to its final mission, 14 August 1945. In all, the 1st Bomb Squadron flew 71 combat missions, 3 post-hostilities flyover missions, and one mission to drop medical and food supplies to liberated prisoners-of-war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nOf the 71 combat missions, 27 were fire raids, 14 mining, 13 against airfields, 9 against aircraft production, and 9 against other industry or targets other than the home islands. 39 of the missions were flown at night, and 32 by day. Only 6 of the 71 combat missions were flown above 20,000 feet (6,100\u00a0m) altitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nThe 1st Bomb Squadron had 28 B-29s assigned to it on Tinian. Two were reassigned to other units, one was declared \"war-weary\" and used for local flights only, two were written off for salvage, one crashed on takeoff 20 May, destroying two parked bombers of another group and itself, and six were lost on missions\u2014an aircraft attrition rate of 34.6% over six months. The squadron had 33 combat crews of 11 airmen each on its rosters during its combat operations. Four crews were missing in action or killed (12%), and three crews completed a full operational tour of 35 missions before the Japanese surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nAfter the end of the war, the squadron received two Presidential Unit Citations as part of the 9th Bomb Group, for a mission against Kawasaki On 15\u201316 April 1945, and for mine-laying operations 13\u201328 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, World War II, Twentieth Air Force\nThe 1st Bomb Squadron remained on Tinian until 7 March 1946, although most of its crews and aircraft were returned to the United States in the interim to be de-mobilized. On 14 March 1946, the group and squadron set up limited operations at Clark Field, Luzon, where they remained until 9 June 1947. By that date, although still an active unit, the squadron was unmanned, and was transferred \"on paper\" to Harmon Field, Guam, where it remained in a paper status until 10 October 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nThe United States Air Force became a separate military service on 18 September 1947, during the period of time when the 1st Squadron was without personnel or equipment. On 10 October 1948, the 1st Squadron was removed from the 9th Bomb Group (which was inactivated), re-designated the 1st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, Photographic (SRS), and assigned to the 311th Air Division of Strategic Air Command (SAC) at Topeka Air Force Base, Kansas. In Kansas, squadron members immediately began training with RB-29 Superfortresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nIn May 1949, the squadron moved to Fairfield-Suisun AFB (now Travis AFB), California, and was assigned to the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing. Initially equipped with a mix of B-29, RB-29 and RB-17 aircraft, the 1st SRS was earmarked to become an RB-36 Peacemaker unit and did receive three B-36B bombers in preparation for this assignment. However, in April 1950, the Air Force re-designated the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing the 9th Bombardment Wing and, consequently, the 1st SRS became the 1st Bombardment Squadron and started to receive conventional B-29s and also atomic-capable B-29MRs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nDuring the Korean War, the 1st Bombardment Squadron participated in several rotations to Harmon AFB, Guam, as a contingency atomic-capable force. The 1st BS along with its parent wing, the 9th BW, would transfer to Mountain Home AFB, Idaho, in May 1953. There the squadron would continue to fly B-29s until 1954 when they started to receive Boeing B-47 Stratojet bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nDuring the Air Force's first decade, budgetary shortfalls led to the search for more cost-efficient Wing operations. In 1952, many of the World War II Combat Groups began to be phased out and inactivated as more wings assumed direct control of the combat squadrons. On 16 June 1952, the 9th Group was inactivated and the squadron was assigned directly to Wing control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nFor the next twelve years, the 1st BS remained at the forefront of America's nuclear deterrent force. In November 1955, the squadron helped established a non-stop point-to-point long distance record during a flight from Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, to New Zealand, a distance of 8,300 miles, with the aid of aerial refueling. And from 1955 through 1958, the squadron would deploy to RAF Fairford, England; Kadena Air Base, Okinawa; Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska; and Andersen AFB, Guam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nFrom 1962\u20131965, the 1st BS operated several EB-47E Stratojets, a classified program which were electronics countermeasure conversions of the standard B-47E. These was equipped with what was known as the Phase IV (or Blue Cradle) ECM package, consisting of 16 AN/ALT-6B electronic jammers mounted on a cradle inside the bomb bay. Some of the EB-47ss carried a pressurized capsule inside the bomb bay that carried two electronics warfare officers that operated a suite of up to 13 different jammers that could focus on specific threats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command\nIn late 1965, SAC and Tactical Air Command (TAC) completed a transfer agreement assigning Mountain Home to TAC effective 1 January 1966, with TAC transferring Bergstrom AFB, Texas to SAC. Since 1960, the B-47 was being phased out of service, as Soviet Air Defenses improved and the development of ICBMs had taken more and more of the nuclear mission. With the transfer of Mountain Home AFB, the B-47s of the 1st Bomb Squadron were retired. The last B-47E departed on 10 February and the personnel followed soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command, Strategic Reconnaissance\nThe SR-71 Blackbird joined the Air Force inventory in 1966. From Beale and several overseas operating locations, the 1st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron conducted worldwide strategic reconnaissance missions, supporting national intelligence gathering requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command, Strategic Reconnaissance\nThe Blackbird\u2016 carried a crew of two\u2014a pilot and a reconnaissance systems operator (RSO). The SR-71's versatility included simple battlefield surveillance, multiple-sensor high-performance interdiction reconnaissance, and strategic surveillance over large areas of the world. Flying over 2,000\u00a0mph at approximately 80,000 feet, the SR-71 carried sensors with a 45-degree viewing angle on each side that could survey 100,000 square miles in an hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command, Strategic Reconnaissance\nFollowing the end of American involvement in Southeast Asia, the 1st turned to more peaceful accomplishment. The most spectacular of these was the SR-71 speed runs from New York to London and from London to Los Angeles. On 14 September 1974, Major James Sullivan, pilot and Major Noel Widdifield, RSO, flew their SR-71 from New York to London in 1 hour, 55 minutes, 42 seconds for an average speed of 1,817\u00a0mph. This bettered the old record set by a RAF F-4 Phantom jet of 4 hours, 46 minutes set in 1969. The SR-71 crew of Captain Harold Adams, pilot, and Major William Machorek, RSO, established a record for the London to Los Angeles route when they flew the 5,645-mile leg in 3 hours, 48 minutes on 13 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command, Strategic Reconnaissance\nBecause of budgetary reasons the Air Force retired the SR-71 in July 1990. But in March 1990, on its final journey from California to Washington D.C., where it became part of the collection at the Smithsonian Institution, an SR-71 flown by the 1st SRS made the coast-to-coast trip in a record time of 68 minutes, 17 seconds\u2014at a record speed of 2,242.48\u00a0mph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Strategic Air Command, Strategic Reconnaissance\nFlying the SR-71, the squadron was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for the period 31 March \u2013 31 December 1968, and an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award With Combat \"V\" Device for the period 1 July 1972 \u2013 30 June 1973. The 1st SRS also received ten Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards for the periods 1 July \u2013 30 June of the years 1967\u20131968, 1970\u20131971, 1971\u20131972, 1975\u20131977, 1981\u20131982, 1983\u20131984, 1985\u20131986, 1986\u20131987, 1989\u20131990, and 1991\u20131993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0075-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Air Combat Command\nAfter the initial interviews, orientation flights, and selection for the program, the new pilot undergoes approximately six months of extensive training, including twenty sorties in the U-2. Upon graduation, the new crewmember is not only mission-ready in the U-2, but also checked out in the T-38 companion trainer. The graduate then transfers to the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron and prepares for a tour at one of the overseas detachments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159518-0076-0000", "contents": "1st Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Air Combat Command\nThe 1st also trains the mission planners. Mission planners have to know the wing's mission, the aircraft and sensors capabilities, plus detailed information on target and threat assessment at specific locations. After planners complete their training, they deploy to the overseas detachments and design flight tracks that allow the pilots to gather the best data with the least personal risk. The 1st Reconnaissance Squadron graduates about twelve pilots and twomission planners each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159519-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Recruit Training Battalion (United States)\nThe 1st Recruit Training Battalion is a battalion of the United States Marine Corps which is used to train new enlisted personnel. It is composed of four Training Companies; Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, and Delta. The recruit training battalion is responsible for ensuring that each company is following the procedures set forth by the Recruit Training Regiment. Each company is responsible to follow the standards established by the Commandant of the Marine Corps to train, teach, mentor, and above all lead recruits through a demanding standard-based training system. 51 percent of all male Marines attend recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego (MCRDSD), California.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159519-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Recruit Training Battalion (United States), History, 1st Recruit Training\n\"In 1921, the MCRDSD was formally commissioned and in 1923, it became the primary recruiting center for the west coast. During World War II, the flow of recruits into the base surged, with 18,000 recruits arriving in one month. In 1948, the base was formally named Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego and was home to the Recruit Training Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 77], "content_span": [78, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159519-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Recruit Training Battalion (United States), History, 1st Recruit Training\nFirst Recruit training Battalion is one of the three Battalions under the Recruit Training Regiment, whose main mission is to train new United States Marine Corps recruits, specifically males recruited from west of the Mississippi River, but also from some areas east of the river, such as Wisconsin, Michigan, the Chicago metropolitan area and New Orleans. Recruit training includes a thirteen-week process during which the recruit becomes cut off from the civilian world and must adapt to a Marine Corps lifestyle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 77], "content_span": [78, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159519-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Recruit Training Battalion (United States), History, 1st Recruit Training\nDuring training, drill instructors train recruits in a wide variety of subjects including weapons training, Marine Corps Martial Arts Program, personal hygiene and cleanliness, close order drill, and Marine Corps history. The training emphasizes physical fitness, and recruits must attain a minimum standard of fitness to graduate by passing a Physical Fitness Test. Recruits must also meet minimum combat-oriented swimming qualifications, qualify in rifle marksmanship with the M16A4 service rifle, and pass a 54-hour simulated combat exercise known as 'The Crucible'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 77], "content_span": [78, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army\nThe 1st Red Banner Army (Russian: 1-\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was a Red Army field army of World War II that served in the Soviet Far East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Before 1941\nThe 1st Army was created in July 1938 under the name of the 1st Coastal Army (or, depending on translation, 1st Maritime Army) in the Far East, part of the Far Eastern Front. Previously, the Special Far Eastern Army had been the theatre command in the Far East, but due to increased tensions with Japan it was expanded into the Far Eastern Front. The 1st Army was created from the Primorsky Group of Forces, and was responsible for the Ussuri area with its headquarters at Voroshilov (now Ussuriysk). Elements of the army fought in the Battle of Lake Khasan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Before 1941\nOn 4 September, the front was dissolved, and the army became the 1st Separate Red Banner Army, controlling troops in Ussuriysk Oblast and parts of Khabarovsk and Primorsky Oblasts. It was directly subordinated to the People's Commissariat of Defense and operationally controlled the Pacific Fleet. It included the 21st, 22nd, 26th, 32nd, 39th, 40th, 59th, 66th, 92nd, and 105th Rifle Divisions, as well as the 8th, 22nd, and 31st Cavalry Divisions from 4 September. Elements of the army fought in the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in mid-1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Before 1941\nBy an order of the People's Commissariat of Defense dated 21 June 1940, the Far Eastern Front was reformed. The army became part of the front and was redesignated the 1st Red Banner Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Before 1941\nIts initial commander was the later Marshal of the Soviet Union, Andrei Yeremenko. When Yeremenko arrived in early 1941, the Army was responsible for all the frontier between Vladivostok and Khabarovsk; on 18 March 1941, the 25th Army was established to cover the southern sector. The 32nd, 40th, and 105th Rifle Divisions transferred to the 25th Army in May. In June, the 79th Fighter Aviation Division began forming as part of the army's Air Force. The 32nd and 34th Mixed Aviation Divisions had joined the army by June as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Order of battle, 22 June 1941\nThe official Soviet archives list the composition of the Army on 22 June 1941:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Order of battle, 9 Aug 1945\n6 rifle divisions, 3 tank brigades (75th, 77th, 257th), 3 SP regiments, 6 SP battalions, 1 heavy tank/SP gun regiment, 5 artillery brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Soviet invasion of Manchuria\nUntil the war's end in 1945, the 1st Red Banner Army covered some of the long far eastern borders of the Soviet Union. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and the Soviet Far East Front attacked into Japanese-occupied Manchuria, as part of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, led by Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky. The area the Army was to operate through was mountainous, rugged taiga, and it was specifically tailored to the conditions it would face, in common with the other formations earmarked for the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Soviet invasion of Manchuria\nThe Army's forces at the beginning of the offensive included 26th and 59th Rifle Corps, 6 rifle divisions, 3 tank brigades (75th, 77th, 257th), 3 SP regiments, 6 SP battalions, 1 heavy tank/SP gun regiment, 5 artillery brigades, and 410 tanks/SP guns and 1,413 guns/mortars. The 6th and 112th Fortified Regions also formed part of the Army. The First Army's attack was aimed at northern Manchukuo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Postwar\nIn September 1945 the army became part of the newly formed Transbaikal\u2013Amur Military District after moving its headquarters to Blagoveshchensk, where it absorbed troops from the disbanded 15th Army and 2nd Red Banner Army. On 1 October it included the 26th Rifle Corps with the 3rd, 12th, and 231st Rifle Divisions, the 59th Rifle Corps with the 39th and 59th Rifle Divisions, and the 101st Fortified Region. By the end of the year, the 35th Rifle Division had joined the 59th Rifle Corps and the 4th and 102nd Fortified Regions became part of the army. In 1946, the three fortified regions were converted into the 13th and 14th Machine Gun Artillery Brigades. The headquarters of the 26th Rifle Corps was disbanded in July, and the 3rd and 59th Rifle Divisions disbanded on 30 August. The 59th Rifle Corps was disbanded in March 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159520-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Red Banner Army, Postwar\nIn May, the army was transferred to the Far Eastern Military District after the Transbaikal\u2013Amur Military District was disbanded. It included the 37th Guards Airborne Corps with three divisions, the 13th and 14th Machine Gun Artillery Brigades, and the 12th and 39th Rifle Divisions, the former at Kuybyshevka-Vostochnaya and the latter at Khabarovsk. In 1948, the army included the 11th and 13th Machine Gun Artillery Divisions, formed from the 34th Rifle Division and the 11th, 13th, and 14th Machine Gun Artillery Brigades, previously reorganized into regiments. The army headquarters was disbanded in April 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159521-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"\nThe 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento \"Granatieri di Sardegna\") is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Rome in Lazio. The regiment is part of the army's infantry corps' Granatieri (Grenadiers) speciality and operationally assigned to the Mechanized Brigade \"Granatieri di Sardegna\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159521-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\"\nIt descends from the Guard Brigade (formed on 18 April 1659) and the Cacciatori Regiment (established on 13 July 1774). Since 20 April 1850, it has taken the name of the Grenadier Brigade, taking precedence over the other Infantry Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159521-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", Current structure\nAs of 2019 the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159521-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", Current structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The regiment is equipped with tracked Dardo infantry fighting vehicles. The Maneuver Support Company is equipped with M106 120mm mortar carriers and Dardo IFVs with Spike LR anti-tank guided missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159521-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", Honors\nIn its history, the regiment has earned the following decorations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159521-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", Traditions, Symbols\nThe Regiment wears the Grenadiers frieze (consisting of a grenade with a straight flame). The number \"1\" is shown in the center in the rod. At the base of the collar is the Stella d'Italia, the symbol of the Italian armed forces. The regimental hymn is also used as a symbol of the Grenadiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159521-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", Traditions, Holidays\nThe regiment celebrates two unit holidays. They are celebrated on the following dates: April 18 (Foundation anniversary) and February 18 (Feast of the Duke of San Pietro). Every year in February, the regiment participates in the solemn mass in arms in memory of Alberto Genovese, Duke of San Pietro, in the Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri in Rome. It is the most important event for the regiment and takes place in a very formal manner, with the historical uniform being on display during a regimental military parade through the streets of Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159521-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", Traditions, Motto\nGrenadier's motto A me le guardie (\"Guards to me!\") derives from the cry launched by Vittorio Emanuele, Duke of Savoy: A me le guardie per l'onore di casa Savoia! (\"To me the guards for the honor of the House of Savoy!\"). This was stated during an operation against the Austrians at Goito on 30 May 1848 during the First Italian War of Independence. After the proclamation of the Republic, the motto was shortened to its current form. \"A me le guardie! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159521-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\", Traditions, Band\nThe first military bands in the regiment were formed in 1786. The present-day music band is made up of volunteers who serve on contract with the regiment. The band carries out musical tasks during the changing the guard at the Quirinale Palace, official state visits by heads of state, international sports competitions as well as multiple military and civilian demonstrations. Since 1 January 2002, the band has been led by Sub-lieutenant Domenico Morlungo, a graduate of three Italian conservatories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta)\nThe 1st Regiment (Maltese: L-Ewwel Re\u0121iment tal-Forzi Armati ta' Malta) is a light infantry battalion of the Armed Forces of Malta. The Regimental Headquarters is at Lyster Barracks in \u0126al Far. Lyster Barracks was a former Royal Navy and Royal Air Force barracks and originally named after Vice Admiral Sir Arthur Lumley St George Lyster. Admiral Lyster commanded the Fleet Air Arm force that protected the Operation Pedestal convoy force to Malta during World War 2. The current barracks site includes some of the original British military architecture and four of the accommodation blocks are named after famous Royal Navy aircraft carriers, some of whom were frequent visitors to Malta; i.e. Glorious, Courageous, Eagle and Hermes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta)\nThe 1st Regiment is task organised into a Headquarters Company, three Infantry Companies and an Air Defence and Support Company. It is the AFM\u2019s main land manoeuvre unit. Its tasks are based on public duties, security, crisis management operations and peacekeeping missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta), History\nThe 1st Regiment's predecessor The Royal Malta Artillery was set up on 15 March 1889, with the specific aim of manning the guns around the Grand Harbour, which apart from being the point of connection with the rest of the world, was also important as a base for the Royal Navy. In time, more roles were created to cater for the great advances in  warfare, especially during World War I, so that by the beginning of World War II the R.M.A consisted of 4 Regiments. There was also the Dockyard Defence Battery, composed of workers at the Admiralty Dockyard who alternated between manning their guns and working at their trade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta), History\nIn 1970 the 1 Regiment of the Royal Malta Artillery was renamed as 1 Regiment, AFM. Initially, this continued their artillery role, with 2 Regiment formed as an engineers unit. In 1980, 1 Regiment became a mixed unit which included infantry, light army aviation and maritime responsibilities The light anti-aircraft artillery element was transferred to the 2 Regiment. In 1992, there was a major re-organisation, which led to the formation of 3 Regiment, which remains predominantly reflected in its structure till today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta), Organization, HQ Company\nThe Headquarters Company provides combat service support to the other manoeuvre subunits of the unit. The orbat consists of a Company Headquarters, Motor Transport section, Pioneer section, Regimental Police section, Signals section, Armoury section and Quartermaster Section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta), Organization, A Company\nA Company is responsible for airport security in the controlled access role by providing security guards at terminal access points/airfield perimeter gates leading to restricted areas and by conducting patrol in these said areas. They also enforce access passes and visitor movement control assisted with CCTV surveillance and is based at Malta International Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta), Organization, B Company\nB Company is responsible for security duties in various locations. It carries out land patrols and conducts vehicle checkpoints for traffic contraventions, illegal immigrants' identification and apprehension, and anti-narcotics' searches. It consists of a Company Headquarters and five infantry platoons. B Company personnel are often engaged in ceremonial and security tasks when foreign dignitaries visit. In addition, it is an internal security company, tasked with guarding high-profile/sensitive government establishments. It is based at \u0126al Far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta), Organization, C Company\nC (Special Duties) Company is the AFM's Quick Reaction Force, for high-risk operations both internally and as part of the European Union. It consists of a Company Headquarters and three infantry platoons, also maintaining sustainable sniper and close protection teams. It also serves as an infantry training unit for the AFM and is based at Hal-Far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta), Organization, D Company\nD (Air Defence & Support) Company provides Malta's primary air defence capability, armed with the Bofors 40mm L70 and ZPU-4 14.5mm AAMG as well as 81mm mortars, Type 69 RPGs and Browning .50 HMGs for ground support. Its primary role is the light anti-aircraft defence of Luqa Airport and other vulnerable points on the Maltese islands. Gunnery training and battery shooting practices are regularly held at Pembroke Ranges, St. Andrews. This sub-unit runs a training school conducting Junior Non-commissioned Officers Leadership development courses, Infantry trade courses, Ceremonial Saluting guns courses and AAMG courses. All the AFM ceremonial activities that involve the firing of the saluting guns are performed by this sub-unit. This sub-unit is also responsible for the administration and training of the Emergency Volunteer Reserve Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta), Alternate HQ AFM Operations Centre\nLyster Barracks has also acted as an alternate Operations Centre for HQ AFM when the main Operations Centre at Luqa was out of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159522-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment (Malta), Migrant Detention Facility\nHermes Black within Lyster Barracks, is a temporary secure detention facility for migrants awaiting administrative processing. The Hermes Block Detention Centre is managed by the government's Detention Service (DS) and not the AFM. The DFS is controlled by Malta's Ministry for Home Affairs, National Security and Law Enforcement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry\nThe 1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry (1810\u201312) was a light infantry regiment, founded as a local establishment in British service consisting mostly of Greek and Albanian enlisted men and Greek and British officers that served during the Napoleonic Wars. Later it became a regular British Army regiment as the 1st Greek Light Infantry (\"The Duke of York's\") (1812\u201316). It had no official association with the modern state of Greece or the Filiki Eteria or any Greek War of Independence groups; however, several future leaders of the War of Independence fought in its ranks, as did a number of rank-and-file klephts and armatoloi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Background\nThe British Army during the Napoleonic Wars was small (~40,000 troops)  at the outset compared to those of other European countries like France and Prussia. The British Army used foreign volunteers, such as French Royalists, Germans, Greeks and Corsicans to supplement its forces. In 1813 one fifth of the army, 52,000 men, were such volunteers. The British Army in 1813 contained over 250,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Background\nMeanwhile, the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the majority of Greek-speaking areas at the time, participated in on-again, off-again alliances with France under Napoleon. Many Greeks fleeing Ottoman persecution or local disputes on the mainland ended up in the Ionian Islands, which were beyond the reach of Ottoman authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Background\nWhen Britain became the enemy of the Ottoman Empire, it provided, if not an actual chance to fight for national liberation, at least a possibility of harming a foreign power that was increasingly viewed as hostile to the Modern Greek Enlightenment and under stress due to the rise of nationalism in the empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Background\nWhen Britain took over the Ionian Islands, it initially relied on small numbers of British and British-foreign troops along with the local volunteer militias, the largest of which was on Zakynthos (Zante), numbering some 2,000 men, with another approximately 2,000 dispersed over the other islands. These were armed at their own expense, and unpaid. They were drawn from the population of the islands and from mainland Greece and Albania, from men with varying levels of experience. A decision was taken to form an elite, paid unit from among the experienced troops, and to give them additional training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Service history\nThe regiment was raised in the Ionian Islands in March 1810 by then-Captain Richard Church who already had experience managing foreign (i.e. non-British) troops from his previous appointment in the Royal Corsican Rangers. At the outset, its authorized strength was one battalion of 800 men, its actual strength was 548 officers and men when it took part in its first action, the successful capture of Lefkada (then called Santa Maura due to still-lingering Venetian influence) from the French, but suffered high casualties. Later, it was moved to Zante (Zakynthos) which served as its base and reached its full authorized strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Service history\nIn 1811, Church was promoted Major, and Brigadier General Robert Oswald, late of the 35th Foot as colonel for the Greek Light Infantry Corps, which at that time consisted of only the nominal battalion-sized 1st Regiment. Recruitment began for the second regiment, in order to build up to the corps-level strength, after which Oswald was promoted brigadier for the corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Service history\nThe regiment was put on British establishment in 1812, becoming an official regiment of the British Army, and increased to an authorized strength of 1,129 men of all ranks. It was sent to suppress an insurrection in Montenegro in June of that year, but baulked at being sent to Sicily in 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Service history\nOn 22 May 1813 the unit was reviewed and found to be in a \"very indifferent state, with no field officer present and company officers at a loss to discipline the men\"; Church was badly wounded in the arm in the attack on Lefkada and did not return to the regiment after recuperating. Instead, he was promoted Lieutenant Colonel went on to become colonel commandant the 2nd Greek Light Infantry, and his second-in-command went with him. At least one replacement major was cashiered for an unspecified offence, and another transferred out. This led to the gazetting of Lt. Col. Henry Cuyler of the 85th Foot as colonel commandant of the regiment on February 2, 1813. A 250-man detachment took part in the British expeditions against Republic of Genoa and La Spezia in the spring of 1814. The regiment disbanded in 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Organisation & administration\nOfficers were Greek, apart from British regimental staff. The day-to-day language of the regiment was Greek; however, in order to avoid confusion when the regiment or elements of the regiment were brigaded with other British units, English was used for all drill commands. This was generally the practice in all foreign units recruited by the British at the time. Elements of the regiment were often brigaded with other units, for instance, the assaults on Santa Maura, Genoa and La Spezzia also included elements of the Calabrian Free Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Uniforms and equipment\nThe men of the regiment were reported as wearing \"Albanian dress\" in 1810; their orders stated \"clothing and accoutrements were to be made in the Albanian fashion\". Enlisted men wore red jackets with yellow cuffs, facings, and trim; for the officers, these were gold and white, over a white shirt, foustanella, breeches and stockings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Uniforms and equipment\nHeadwear was usually a red cap (resembling a fez or small beret, like the fario of the Greek Evzones). In some contemporary prints, the officers and men are depicted wearing fillets (kefalodesmoi) instead of caps. Officers wore a crested red dragoon-style helmet, as depicted in the drawing of Richard Church and of later drawings of Greek War of Independence (after 1821) leader Theodoros Kolokotronis who continued to wear the helmet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Uniforms and equipment\nFootwear consisted of what are described as \"tied sandals\" and in illustrations resemble the moccasin-like tsarouhia of the Evzones, only they lack pompoms and have extra lacing to keep them secure. Officers are depicted as wearing taller, higher-heeled three-quarter shoes or short boots. The troops refused to carry British knapsacks, only haversacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Uniforms and equipment\nThe men were armed initially with sawed-off muskets, but gradually came to prefer British-issue muskets and by 1813 this is what they carried. They wore sword bayonets on waist belts instead of shoulder or cross-belts (this was also common among British light infantry and rifle units). Officers carried longer sabre-style weapons, just as their light infantry counterparts in Western European armies did. The men were supposed to be issued pistols, but it was \"thought prudent\" not to issue them to the men as they were, in the view of one historian 'always volatile', although officers carried.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Uniforms and equipment\nAt least one contemporary print by Charles Hamilton Smith shows enlisted men of the sister regiment wearing pistols, another two by Goddard depict an enlisted man with a single pistol, possibly French pattern, and the other an officer of the 1st with a brace of pistols and enlisted man with one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Uniforms and equipment\nKolokotronis sported a brace of engraved pistols and an ornate cavalry-style cuirass, which are now on display at the National Historical Museum, Athens. Richard Church was depicted wearing a similar helmet-and-cuirass outfit plus metal greaves and knee protectors with gilt lion's heads along with a braided version of the uniform of the unit's sister regiment, in a painting now housed in the Royal Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159523-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry, Uniforms and equipment\nBoth of these romanticized outfits imitating Ancient Greek styles were probably intended for ceremony and were not worn in their entirety in combat, although Kolokotronis did sometimes wear the helmet when he fought, even after the regiment disbanded. As officers, they both would have had the privilege of wearing pistols, and in Kolokotronis' career as a klepht, the carrying of more than one pistol would not have been uncommon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159524-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Infantry National Guard of Philadelphia\n1st Regiment Infantry National Guard of Philadelphia, also known as the Spirit of '61, is a bronze statue by Henry Kirke Bush-Brown installed in Philadelphia at the Union League Club, 140 South Broad Street, Center City \u2013 adjacent to John Wilson's sculpture Washington Grays Monument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159524-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Infantry National Guard of Philadelphia, History\nCommissioned in 1911 by the First Regiment, Infantry of the National Guard of Pennsylvania for that organization's 50th anniversary, this sculpture was installed in front of the Union League building on Broad Street, Philadelphia in 1911, and deeded to the Union League of Philadelphia in 1962 in celebration of the First Regiment's centennial anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159524-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Infantry National Guard of Philadelphia, Physical description\nThe sculpture depicts a Civil War-era soldier marching in full uniform as a member of the First Regiment, Infantry of the National Guard of Pennsylvania. A successor regiment of the Gray Reserves, which was established in 1822, the First Regiment was called to action following the mid-April 1861 Fall of Fort Sumter. The plaque on the sculpture\u2019s base was inscribed with the words: \"First Regiment Infantry/National Guard of Pennsylvania/Grays Reserves/1861 April\u20131911.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 74], "content_span": [75, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159525-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry\nThe 1st Regiment New Mexico Cavalry was a volunteer cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159525-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry, Service, Civil War\nIn August 1861, Ceran St. Vrain and Kit Carson organized the 1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry Regiment. This regiment fought at the battle of Valverde. On March 31, 1862, the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th New Mexico Infantry Regiments were consolidated to form the 1st New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry Regiment with Kit Carson as colonel. The regiment was dispersed throughout the Department of New Mexico stationed at various frontier forts: Stanton, Goodwin, McRae, Wingate, Craig, Canby, Sumner, Marcy, Bascom, Union, and other points in that Department, during entire term of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159525-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry, Service, Civil War\nIn January 1864 Kit Carson led a detachment of nearly 400 in the battle of Canyon de Chelly. Later that year Carson led a detachment at the first Battle of Adobe Walls. The regiment was mustered out on September 30, 1866. However the 1st Battalion Cavalry and Infantry was organized from it August 31, 1866. It continued on duty in the Department of New Mexico and Arizona until mustered out November 23, 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159525-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry, Service, Spanish\u2013American War\nWith the declaration of war with Spain in April 1898 the 1st New Mexico Cavalry entered Federal service as the 2d Squadron, 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, better known as the \"Rough Riders.\" Theodore Roosevelt conceived the idea of raising a cavalry regiment recruited from businessmen, cowboys and outdoorsmen. Roosevelt, a former New York National Guardsman, helped to organize the regiment and was appointed its lieutenant colonel. After training in Texas and Florida, the Rough Riders landed in Cuba, without their horses, on June 22, 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159525-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry, Service, Spanish\u2013American War\nIt was during the Battle of San Juan Hill, on July 1, that the Rough Riders, under the command of Lt Col Roosevelt, made their mark in American military history. Ordered to seize Kettle Hill in support of the main attack, the Rough Riders fought their way to the top despite heavy enemy fire. New Mexico's E and G Troops were among the first to reach the top of Kettle Hill. After taking the hill, the Rough Riders continued their attack, seizing the heights overlooking the city of Santiago. The American victory led to the Spanish surrender two weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159525-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry, Service, 21st Century\nThe heritage of the 2nd Squadron, 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, is perpetuated by the 200th Air Defense Artillery, New Mexico Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery\n1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery is a regiment of the Royal Horse Artillery in the British Army. It currently serves in the armoured field artillery role, and is equipped with the AS90 self-propelled gun. The regiment is currently based at Larkhill Garrison, Larkhill. The Regiment completed its move from Assaye Barracks, Tidworth to Larkhill in June 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Formation\nThe regiment was formed as 5th Brigade Royal Horse Artillery in March 1901 and was renamed 1st Brigade Royal Horse Artillery in October 1906. It served in Iraq in 1920, returned to the Uk in 1923 and served in Egypt in 1931, before returning to the UK again in 1936. It was renamed 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery  on 1 May 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Second World War\nIn 1939, 1 RHA was part of 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, and fought at Saint Valery. The Regiment was captured after severe fighting, but some batteries managed to escape after the Battle of Dunkirk. The Regiment reformed and was deployed to Northern Africa in late 1940. The Regiment then arrived with the Middle East Command in October 1940 and took a large part in Wavell's Campaign which opened on 9 December 1940. The most notable actions were those during the Siege of Tobruk and all the batteries fought during the fierce fighting just before El Alamein and then the First and Second Battles of El Alamein itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Second World War\n1 RHA then joined 10 Armd Division in Aleppo and spent the next year training all over Syria, Palestine and the Suez Canal Zone. 1 RHA then landed in Italy from Palestine in May 1944 at Taranto, and were in action south of Rome on 15 May 1944 and thereafter played a full part in the remainder of the Italian Campaign and finished the war in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Cold War\nThe regiment saw service as follows: 1 RHA was stationed in Palestine after the Second World War, during the period of terrorist activity that led to the creation of the State of Israel. 1 RHA returned to England as part of 6th Armoured Division at Salisbury Plain in 1951. in 1952 1 RHA moved to M\u00fcnster in West Germany, where they remained until 1958 as part of the 20th Armoured Brigade of 6th Armoured Division. In 1958, it moved to Hildesheim, where it was equipped with the M44 Self Propelled 155\u00a0mm Howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Cold War\nIn 1965, RHA deployed to Aden with three batteries (each split into three independent two-gun sections), where they supported British battalions in the Radfan, and South Arabian battalions on the Yemeni border. On returning from the region, the regiment was based at Kirkee Barracks, Colchester Garrison and subsequently renamed as 1st Field Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, and its batteries also taking the new designation. The regiment was then equipped with the 105mm Pack Howitzer, and assigned to the 19th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Cold War\nElements of 1 RHA were deployed on Operation Banner in November 1969. As part of support to support 3rd Infantry Brigade, units were deployed to Long Kesh and Belfast City Centre. After returning from Northern Ireland, the regiment was granted the Freedom of the City of Nottingham. In May 1970 they moved to Hobart Barracks in Detmold and equipped with the new Green Archer Radar and joined CRA, 4th Armoured Division in support of the 20th Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Cold War\nThe regiment then deployed to Northern Ireland on Operation Banner three more times, Sep 72 - Jan 73 in Long Kesh, Mar - Jul 74 in Belfast (City Central), and Mar - Jun 76 Belfast (Grand Central/City Centre). In September 1976, the regiment was equipped with the new Cyberline Radar, and the batteries re-equipped with the FV433 Abbot SPG, and E Bty subsequently became an independent abbot bty. In March 1977 the regiment moved to Alanbrooke Barracks, Topcliffe and E bty remained for one year until joining the regiment again in March 1978. In 1979 the regiment was re-equipped with the new FH70 155mm Field Howizer and joined the 24th Airportable Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Cold War\nIn April 1982 the regiment moved to back to Germany, and was based at Haig Barracks, Hohne Garrison, re-equipped with the Abbot 105mm and joined CRA, 1st Armoured Division, and from 1988 in the close support role for the 22nd Armoured Brigade. Just after moving back to Germany, the regiment gained D Battery from 45th Regiment Royal Artillery, but in April 1984 the bty moved to 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Cold War\nWhen the Cold War ended in 1990, the Options for Change reforms were published, and the regiment ordered back to England within the next two years. Another change was during the Gulf War, all three batteries, A, B, and E amalgamated to form A/B/E Bty for Gulf service. On returning from the gulf in April 1991, the batteries were separated into their independent identities again. In September 1992, the regiment moved to Assaye Barracks, Tidworth, renamed as 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery and re-equipped with the L118 light gun in CRA, 3rd (United Kingdom) Mechanised Division in support of the 1st Mechanised Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Current history (1993\u2013present)\nIn September 1993 the regiment was equipped with the new AS-90 and the observation parties equipped in the Warrior tracked armoured vehicle. In December of that year, L (N\u00e9ry) Battery and O Battery (The Rocket Troop) joined the regiment after the disbandment of the 2nd Regiment Royal Artillery, and O Bty became O Headquarters Battery (The Rocket Troop) of the regiment. The regiment now controlled the following batteries after the recent reforms; A Battery (The Chestnut Troop), B Battery, E Battery, and L (N\u00e9ry) Battery as field batteries, and O Headquarters Battery (The Rocket Troop). In April 1994 the regiment's radar troop deployed to Bosnia and the regiment then joined and deployed many times until 2002 when it ended its last deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Current history (1993\u2013present)\nIn November 1999 after the recent Strategic Defence Review 1998, N Battery (The Eagle Troop) joined from 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery and amalgamated with L (N\u00e9ry) Battery to form L/N (N\u00e9ry) Battery (The Eagle Troop).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Current history (1993\u2013present)\nIn 2004, 1 RHA deployed to Basra, Iraq on Operation Telic (Op TELIC 4) as part of 1st Mechanised Brigade: Sergeant Terry Bryan from 1RHA was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross for his actions during an incident on 9 August 2004. On 28 September 2004, a convoy of 1 RHA vehicles was ambushed, resulting in the loss of Cpl Marc Taylor REME and Gunner David Lawrence in an improvised explosive device attack. In 2007, 1 RHA re-deployed to Basra, Iraq on Operation Telic (Operation TELIC 10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Current history (1993\u2013present)\nIn September 2009 1 RHA deployed for approximately 7 months to Helmand province, Afghanistan on Operation HERRICK 11 supporting 11 Light Brigade. 1 RHA deployed to Afghanistan for a second time, on Operation Herrick 16, in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159526-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, History, Current history (1993\u2013present)\nUnder Army 2020, and its successor, Army 2020 Refine, the regiment is now part of the re-organised 1st Artillery Brigade and provides armoured artillery support to the 20th Armoured Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 75], "content_span": [76, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159527-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry\nThe 1st Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry refers to the Bengal Native Infantry unit that mutinied in 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159527-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, Chronology\nIn 1861, after the mutiny, the title was given to the 21st Bengal Native Infantry which later became the 1st Regiment of Brahman Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159528-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment of Life Guards\nThe 1st Regiment of Life Guards was a cavalry regiment in the British Army, part of the Household Cavalry. It was formed in 1788 by the union of the 1st Troop of Horse Guards and 1st Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards. In 1922, it was amalgamated with the 2nd Life Guards to form the Life Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159528-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment of Life Guards, History\nThe regiment was formed in 1788 by the union of the 1st Troop of Horse Guards and 1st Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards. It fought in the Peninsular War and at the Waterloo. In 1877, it was renamed 1st Life Guards and contributed to the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment in the Anglo-Egyptian War, in the Second Boer War and in the First World War from August to November 1914. From 1916 to 1918, the Reserve Regiment contributed to the Household Battalion. In 1918, the regiment was converted to the 1st Battalion, Guards Machine Gun Regiment. It was reconstituted in 1919 and was amalgamated with the 2nd Life Guards in 1922 to form the Life Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159529-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment of New York Volunteers\n1st Regiment of New York Volunteers, for service in California and during the war with Mexico, was raised in 1846 during the Mexican\u2013American War by Jonathan D. Stevenson. Accepted by the United States Army on August 1846 the 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers was transported around Cape Horn to California, where it served as garrisons in Yerba Buena, Monterey, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles and San Diego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159529-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment of New York Volunteers\nElements of the Volunteers under Lieutenant Colonel Henry Stanton Burton were involved in operations of the Pacific Coast Campaign in Baja California, captured and garrisoned towns there, fighting in the Battle of La Paz, Siege of La Paz and defeated local forces at the Skirmish of Todos Santos after the peace was negotiated in 1848. The Regiment was then evacuated from Baja California and disbanded in California on August, September and October 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159529-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment of New York Volunteers, History\nOriginally formed as the 7th Regiment of New York Volunteers upon the request of President James K. Polk by New York State Legislator Jonathan D. Stevenson. Secretary of War William L. Marcy directed Stevenson that the regiment should be composed of unmarried men, of good habits and varied pursuits, and such as would be likely to remain in California or adjoining territory at the close of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159529-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment of New York Volunteers, History\nThe New York Legion departed New York 27 September 1846 aboard five ships, including the Susan Drew, LooChoo, and Thos H Perkins. Arriving in San Francisco 19 March 1847 companies D, E, G, and I were transported by store ship to the California Capital Monterey. From this post companies of the regiment were deployed by ship to lower California where they participated in the battles of La Paz, and the final Skirmish of Todos Santos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159529-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment of New York Volunteers, History\nIt is said of Co. D \"This Company was without doubt the last command of American troops to leave the soil of Mexico after the close of the Mexican War.\" During the regiments tour of service in California portions of the regiment were dispatched throughout California in search of Indian horse-thieves. Much of the 1st New York was disbanded in early 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159529-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment of New York Volunteers, Many names\nFormed as the 7th Regiment New York Volunteers Commonly referred to in New York as the California Guard or the California Regiment. Since the 7th New York Volunteers was composed of infantry, cavalry, and artillery the regiment was also called the New York Legion. Finally re-designated in early 1848 by the War Department as the 1st Regiment New York Volunteers, for service in California and during the war with Mexico, now also called the 1st New York Legion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159529-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment of New York Volunteers, Many names\nHowever, this fact was not well known outside of California and thus another regiment formed in New York by Colonel Ward B. Burnett served in Mexico as the 1st Regiment New York Volunteers during the war but was re-designated by the War Department as the 2nd Regiment of New York Volunteers, for during the war with Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery\nThe 1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery is a close support regiment attached to the 7th Brigade at Enoggera Barracks in Queensland. The unit was formed in 1914 under the name 1st Australian Field Artillery Brigade, part of 1st Division Artillery during World War I and later served in World War II and the Vietnam War. It is currently re-equipping with M777A2 lightweight towed howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I\nThe 1st Field Regiment was formed in 1914 following the outbreak of World War I, designated as the \"1st Field Artillery Brigade\". The brigade saw action on the Gallipoli Peninsula in 1915, supporting the British 29th Division around Cape Helles from early May, and then the Australian 2nd Division around Anzac Cove from October until the force was withdrawn back to Egypt. From mid-1916, the brigade supported the 1st Division on the Western Front until the end of the war in November 1918. During this time, the regiment consisted of the following: the 1st Field Artillery Battery, 2nd Field Artillery Battery, 3rd Field Artillery Battery, 101st Field Artillery (Howitzer) Battery and the 1st Brigade Ammunition Column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I\nOn cessation of hostilities in 1918, the 1st Australian Field Artillery Brigade returned to Australia where it was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War II\nIn the interwar years, the 1st Field Regiment was raised again as a Militia formation. Later, during World War II, this regiment served within Australia. In addition to this regiment, the 2/1st Field Regiment was raised as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War II\nThe 2/1st Field Regiment was raised on 31 October 1939 at Ingleburn, New South Wales. The regiment saw action in North Africa supporting the 6th Australian Division from late 1940. As the 6th Division went into action for the first time, the regiment took part in the battles for Bardia, Tobruk and Derna. Barce was captured next, followed by Benghazi. The 1st Field Regiment's barracks located at Enoggera is named Barce Lines to commemorate this victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War II\nIn March and April, the regiment was deployed to Greece, but the campaign was short lived as the German invasion rapidly overwhelmed the defending Allied forces. The regiment was evacuated from Kalamata, having lost it guns, and was rebuilt in Palestine, before being withdrawn back to Australia in early 1942, following Japan's entry into the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War II\nThe regiment served two tours in New Guinea. The first began in September 1942 when the regiment supported the 16th Brigade during the final stages of the Kokoda Track campaign, while other elements of the regiment took part in the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona and the defence of Wau. During this time, the regiment expanded existing doctrine for the deployment of artillery by deploying guns into forward areas by air. The regiment returned to Australia for reorganisation in August 1943, and did not see action again until late in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War II\nIt returned to New Guinea in January 1945 to support operations in the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign, supporting the defence of the airfield around Aitape, the advance on Wewak and operations around Mount Shiburangu. The regiment was in occupation of these areas when the war ended on 15 August 1945. The last of the regiment returned to Australia in January 1946 and was disbanded several weeks later as part of the post war demobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post World War II\n1st Field Regiment was raised on 25 May 1949 at North Head, Sydney. At that time it was the only regular artillery regiment. On the eve of the Vietnam War the Regiment consisted of 101st Field Battery and 105th Field Battery (Independent), both equipped with 105\u00a0mm L5 Pack Howitzers, 102nd Light (4.2\u00a0inch Mortar) Battery and a Headquarters Battery. In April 1965 the decision was taken to deploy the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR) to Vietnam. This resulted in an expansion of artillery regiments by the addition of a third field battery. 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post World War II\nField Regiment's order of battle for deployment to Vietnam was 101st Field Battery, 105th Field Battery, 161st Battery, Royal New Zealand Artillery and Headquarters Battery. 1 RAR deployed to Vietnam in May 1965 with fire support initially provided by 161 RNZA; however, in September 1965 the 105th Field Battery arrived to provide additional fire support. With the expansion of the Australian force to two Battalion Groups in June 1966, the remainder of the Regiment, less 101st Field Battery, deployed to Vietnam accompanied by 103rd Field Battery, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richmond Cubis. In addition, six 155\u00a0mm M109 self-propelled howitzers from A Battery, US 2/35th Artillery Battalion were permanently attached at Nui Dat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post World War II\nOn 18 August 1966, the Regiment took part in the Battle of Long Tan in support of D Company, 6 RAR, firing 3,198 rounds from their L5s in three hours of battle with the artillery proving critical in ensuring the survival of the infantry. In September 1966, 105th Field Battery was replaced by 101st Field Battery and returned to Australia. In May 1967, the Regiment completed its first tour of duty in Vietnam and was replaced by 4th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery. The Regiment, rejoined by 105th Field Battery, relocated to Sanananda Barracks, Wacol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post World War II\nThe 103rd Field Battery was re-roled as a medium battery and moved to 12th Medium Regiment. In February 1969, 105th Field Battery returned to Vietnam for a second tour of duty to be followed by the remainder of the Regiment a month later. On completion of their final tour of duty, the Regiment returned to Sanananda Barracks, Wacol in March 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post Vietnam\nIn February 1983, the Regiment was relocated to its current base at Barce Lines, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera. In November 1985, the Regiment was integrated with the Army Reserve resulting in the re-raising of 104th Field Battery as an Army Reserve battery on 8 November 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post Vietnam\nAs part of the restructuring of the Army (RTA) program, 1st Field Regiment took command of 13th Field Battery on 1 May 1997 and amalgamated with 11th Field Regiment on 15 June 1997. As part of the RTA motorised Battalion trial, 101st Field Battery, to be known as Fire Support Company, was placed under command of 6 RAR on 1 July 1997. In November 1999, Fire Support Company 6 RAR was disbanded, with the former 101st Field Battery members joining 105th Field Battery in anticipation of deployment on operations in East Timor. Although the entire sub-unit did not deploy to East Timor with 6 RAR Battalion Group in April 2000, many 1st Field Regiment members did deploy to East Timor with various units and distinguished themselves during their operational tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post Vietnam\nIn January 2011 the Australian Regular Army field regiments were reorganised in preparation for re-equipment with new guns and battle management systems to each contain three observation post batteries, supported by a single gun battery equipped with 12 guns. As part of this reorganisation the regiments were renamed, with the word \"field\" removed from their title. Under the new structure each regiment is capable of providing a brigade-level Joint Fires and Effects Coordination Centre (JFEEC) and every observation post battery provides a battle group JFECC as well as three combat team joint fires teams. Every gun battery now comprises three troops of 155\u00a0mm towed howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159530-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post Vietnam\nUnder the Land 17 project in 2011 1st Regiment received 8 M777A2 lightweight towed howitzers to replace its L119 field guns and M198 howitzers, and the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS), which is a fully automated digital battle-management system. In early 2012 it took delivery of the Digital Terminal Control System for observation post batteries. The regiment is currently based at Barce Lines, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera. In 2018, members of the Regiment deployed to Iraq on Operation Okra as a part of Task Group Taji VIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159531-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Command\nThe 1st Regional Command under the Vietnam People's Navy (VPN) is an independent naval warfare command that manages and protects the waters from Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh to\u00a0H\u00e0 T\u0129nh and the islands in the Gulf of Tonkin, including the Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh provinces, Haiphong, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, Ninh B\u00ecnh, Thanh H\u00f3a, Ngh\u1ec7 An, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159532-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Community Defense Group\nThe 1st Regional Community Defense Group, Army Reserve Command is a line unit of the Army Reserve Command of the Philippine Army. It was created for the sole purpose of Reserve Force management, procurement, and organisation in the areas encompassing Northern and Central Luzon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159532-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Community Defense Group, Training\nTraining is the major task handled by the 1st Regional Community Defense Group. Its primary arms are the university/college-based Department of Military Science and Tactics-administered mandatory basic and the optional advanced Reserve Officer Training Corps; and the territorial unit-administered Basic Citizen's Military Training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159532-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Community Defense Group, Training\nBasic Reserve Officer Training Corps and Basic Citizen's Military Training graduates are enlisted as privates in the Reserve Force, while advanced Reserve Officer Training Corps graduates are enlisted as sergeants. Completion of Advanced Reserve Officer Training Corps is considered a graduate qualification in military science, and such graduates who subsequently progress to the Probationary Officer Training Course are commissioned as second lieutenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159532-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Community Defense Group, Training\nOther than time-in-grade and merit promotions, rank adjustments are authorized depending on civilian qualifications, as well as their reciprocity to the operating environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159532-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Community Defense Group, Types of reservists\nThere are currently two types of reservists in the Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Force:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159532-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Community Defense Group, Units\nThe 1st Regional Community Defense Group has several line units under its command, making the administration and training of reservists more compartmentalized and territorial based.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159533-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Legislature (Azores)\n1st Regional Legislature (21 July 1976 to 20 October 1980), was the first session of the Regional Assembly and Government of the Autonomous Region of the Azores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159533-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Legislature (Azores)\nThe constitution of the 1st Regional Legislature was written on 27 June 1976. It was only possible since the new Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, approved on 2 April 1976, explicitly allowed for the creation of the Autonomous Region of the Azores, and those governmental institutions necessary to operate the bureaucracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159533-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Regional Legislature (Azores)\nOne of these institutions was the Regional Assembly, which, at the time, was responsible for establishing the government of the Autonomous Region, and included: President \u00c1lvaro Monjardino (PSD), Vice-President Alberto Madruga da Costa (PSD), Vice-President Angelino de Almeida P\u00e1scoa (PS), and secretaries Jo\u00e3o Vasco Paica (PSD) and Suzete Oliveira (PS). It was not until September 4, 1976, after the approval of the government, in the presence of the President of the Republic, General Ramalho Eanes, that the first Assembly began its functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159533-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Legislature (Azores), History\nOn 21 July 1976, \u00c1lvaro Monjardino was elected by plenum of the Regional Assembly, the first President of the Azorean Parliament. The preliminary session of the Assembly, which took two days to deliberate, included 43 regional deputies: 27 representing the Social Democratic Party (PSD), 14 from the Socialist Party (PS) and 2 members of the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party (CDS\u2013PP). The representatives had gathered at the Amor da P\u00e1tria building, as no Regional Assembly had yet been constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159533-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Legislature (Azores), History\nRepresentatives of the Assembly were duly elected from 43 electoral districts, with the majority of the seats occupied by members of the Portuguese Social Democrats (PSD). The Social Democrats (PSD), under the leadership of Mota Amaral, became the first Government of the Azores in the 1st Regional Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159533-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Regional Legislature (Azores), History\nOn the day of the first session, General Altino Pinto de Magalh\u00e3es, then the President of the Junta Regional of the Azores (effectively the Portuguese governor) and Frank Carlucci, the United States Ambassador in Portugal (the two had administrated the Azores since the summer of 1975 in order to bring stability and provide security), surrendered control of the region's administration to the PSD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159533-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nHaving established a plurality of the seats cast in the regional elections, the Partido Social Democrata was obligated to form the first regional government. Over time, the Regional Presidency would be established and governed from Ponta Delgada, on the island of S\u00e3o Miguel: the residency of President would be at the Palace of Santanna, and main administrative offices would be located in the center of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159533-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Regional Legislature (Azores), Regional Government\nThe executive, many of which took office on 8 September 1976 (until 20 October 1980), were appointed by decree of the Ministry of the Republic on September 1, 1976, as no formal process had yet been established, and consisted of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery founded in Scotland in 1860. During World War I it served with 51st (Highland) Division at the Battle of the Somme before being broken up. In World War II is regiments saw action in the Battle of France, in the campaigns in North Africa, Sicily, Italy, the Greek Civil War and in North West Europe. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army until 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Three Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were formed in Renfrewshire and three more in neighbouring Dumbartonshire in 1860, and on 22 August 1863 all six were included in the 1st Administrative Brigade, Renfrewshire Artillery Volunteers, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel John Scott, with its headquarters (HQ) at Greenock:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nWhen the AVCs were consolidated in May 1880, the administrative brigade became the 1st Renfrewshire (Renfrew and Dumbarton) Artillery Volunteers, shortly afterwards adopting the title of  1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position Artillery\nThe AVCs were intended to serve as garrison artillery manning fixed defences, but a number of the early units manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. The War Office (WO) refused to pay for these batteries and they died out. However the concept was revived in 1888 when some Volunteer batteries were reorganised as position artillery to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. In 1889 the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 83], "content_span": [84, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position Artillery\nRenfrew & Dumbarton AV was issued with a position battery of 40-pounder Rifled Breech-Loading guns, which were manned by two of the Greenock batteries, the remaining batteries moving to Port Glasgow. In 1892 the position battery was numbered 1st and the remaining garrison batteries were redesignated companies (Nos 2\u20133 at Port Glasgow, 4 at Helensburgh, and 5\u20136 at Dumbarton).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 83], "content_span": [84, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Royal Garrison Artillery\nIn 1882 all the AVCs were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the 1st Renfrew & Dumbarton AV became part of the Scottish Division. In 1889 the structure was altered, and the corps joined the Southern Division. In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished their titles were changed, the  unit becoming the 1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 89], "content_span": [90, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Royal Garrison Artillery\nThe unit's HQ and drill batteries were at 8 South Street, Greenock, and gun practice was carried out at Irvine. It also had a carbine range at Drumshantie, near Greenock. During the Second Boer War 72 men of the unit volunteered for service overseas, but only three were accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 89], "content_span": [90, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Dumbartonshire personnel formed two companies of the Clyde and Forth Royal Garrison Artillery while the Renfrewshire men transferred to the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) to form the III (or 3rd) Highland (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA, at North Street, Greenock, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe unit was part of the TF's Highland Division. The batteries were each issued with four 5-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nA warning order of the imminence of war was received at the Highland Division's HQ on 29 July 1914, and the order to mobilise was received at 17.35 on Tuesday 4 August 1914. Mobilisation began the following day at unit drill halls. On 12 August the division was ordered to concentrate at Bedford and entrainment began on 15 August. Concentration was completed by 17 August and the division formed part of First Army (Home Forces) in Central Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, units of the Territorial Force were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service: the majority of men in the Highland Division did so. On 15 August the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 73], "content_span": [74, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Highland Brigade\nDuring the winter of 1914\u201315 the 1st Line units underwent war training, and a number left to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front. The division was warned for overseas service on 13 April and on 3 May it crossed to France, the artillery embarking at Southampton for Le Havre. The Highland Division completed its concentration at Lillers, Busnes and Robecq by 6 May and on 12 May it was officially numbered as the 51st (Highland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 83], "content_span": [84, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Highland Brigade, Western Front\nThe raw division was soon in action at the Battle of Festubert (18\u201325 May). The 51st (Highland) and 1st Canadian Division together formed 'Alderson's Force', which relieved  the attacking divisions at the end of the first day's fighting. It was also engaged at the Battle of Givenchy (15\u201316 June). Afterwards the division was moved to a quiet front to gain more experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 98], "content_span": [99, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Highland Brigade, Western Front\n1/III Highland Bde's old 5-inch howitzers were replaced with modern 4.5-inch howitzers on 11 January 1916, and on 8 February the brigade was joined by a battery from CLI (1st County Palatine) Howitzer Brigade (30th Division), a 'Kitchener's Army' unit raised by the Earl of Derby in Lancashire in 1914; this became R (H) Bty in 1/III Highland Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 98], "content_span": [99, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Highland Brigade, Western Front\nIn May 1916 the TF brigades of the RFA received numbers, the 1/III Highland becoming CCLVIII (or 258) Brigade, and were reorganised: 1/1st Renfrewshire Bty became D (H) Bty in CCLV (1/I Highland) Bde, R (H) Bty became D (H) Bty in CCLVI (1/II Highland) Bde, and 1/2nd Renfrewshire Bty became D (H) Bty in CCLX (1/I Lowland) Bde. The D batteries of those three brigades joined and became A, B and C Btys of CCVLVIII Bde, each equipped with four 18-pounder guns. The brigade ammunition columns were abolished at the same time, and absorbed within the divisional ammunition column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 98], "content_span": [99, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Highland Brigade, Somme\nIn July 51st (Highland) Division joined in the Somme Offensive. An attack on 14 July had failed to capture the dominating ground of High Wood, and 51st (H) Division was tasked with renewing the attack on High Wood a week later. A night attack was to be tried: the bombardment began at 19.00 on 22 July, under the direction of low-flying artillery observation aircraft. German sources reported that the shelling was of 'painful accuracy' and prevented the troops in High Wood from being relieved, despite the number of casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 90], "content_span": [91, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Highland Brigade, Somme\nAt 01.30 the following morning the division attacked, but by 03.00 they were back on their start line having suffered heavy casualties. British gunners had difficulty supporting attacks on High Wood, because they had to fire over Bazentin Ridge. The low elevation of the guns meant that shells skimmed the British trenches, the margin for error was small and numerous complaints were made that British infantry casualties were caused by friendly fire. Worn guns, defective ammunition and inaccurate information about the location of British infantry positions were blamed for short-shooting. The division was withdrawn from the front on 7 August for rest and reorganisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 90], "content_span": [91, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 1/III Highland Brigade, Somme\nOn 23 August CCLVIII Bde was broken up, with A Bty and the Right Section of C Bty going to CCLV Bde and B Bty and Left Section of C Bty going to CCLVI Bde, in each case to bring their 18-pounder batteries up to a strength of six guns each. The former gunners of III Highland Bde continued to serve with their new units through the rest of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 90], "content_span": [91, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Highland Brigade\nRecruiting for the 2nd Line unit was good, and 2/III Highland completed at Greenock by the end of 1914. 2nd Highland Division formed in January 1915 (numbered as 64th (2nd Highland) Division in August) but the lack of equipment and need to supply drafts to 1st Line units delayed training. The division was not fully assembled around Perth until August 1915, with 2/III Highland Brigade at Brechin, moving into Perth for winter quarters in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 83], "content_span": [84, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War I, 2/III Highland Brigade\nIn January 1916 the division was assigned to the 'Eighth New Army', then in March it moved south to Norfolk and joined Northern Army (Home Forces). By May, the 2/III Highland Bde had received 4.5-inch howitzers and that month it was numbered, becoming CCCXXIII (323) (H) Brigade. However, the brigade was immediately broken up, with the batteries joining CCCXX (2/I Highland) and CCCXXI (2/II Highland) brigades as their D (H) batteries. 64th (H) Division remained a training organisation in Norfolk until it was disbanded after the Armistice with Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 83], "content_span": [84, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe 3rd Highland (Howitzer) Brigade reformed in 51st (Highland) Division in 1920. When the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the brigade was redesignated 77th (Highland) Brigade, RFA, (becoming a Field Brigade, RA, in 1924 when the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery) with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe TA was doubled in size following the Munich Crisis of 1938, with existing units splitting to form duplicates before the outbreak of World War II. 77th Field Regiment reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, Mobilisation\nThe establishment of each field battery was increased to 12 guns organised into three Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment\nOn the outbreak of war 77th (Highland) Field Rgt mobilised in 51st (H) Division under the command of Lt-Col W.H. Denholm, still equipped with its World War I era 18-pounders and 4.5-inch howitzers (one 12-gun battery of each), though now on pneumatic tyres and towed by gun tractors. The division moved to Bordon in January and arrived in France to join the new British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on 29 January 1940. On 19 February the regiment exchanged with a field regiment of 4th Division at Croix, near Roubaix , and remained with this Regular Army formation for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 92], "content_span": [93, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nThe Battle of France began on 10 May with the German invasion of the Low Countries. The BEF responded by executing the pre-arranged Plan D, advancing into Belgium to take up defences along the River Dyle; 4th Division was in support of the river line. However, the Panzers of Army Group A had broken through the Ardennes and threatened the BEF's flank, so on 16 May it began to withdraw to the River Escaut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 110], "content_span": [111, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nThe first 'bound' was back to the line of the River Senne during the night of 16/17 May, the second took the BEF back to the River Dendre the following night. The Belgian forces retired more rapidly, and 4th Division found its left flank was open, so there was hard and confused rearguard fighting as it withdrew across the Dendre and back to the Escaut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 110], "content_span": [111, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nBy 20 May the BEF was established on the Escaut line, but on 22 May the Germans began making determined attacks  against 4th Division's positions. Worse, the BEF was now cut off from the south as the Panzers reached the coast at Boulogne. It began to withdraw into a 'pocket' round Dunkirk from which it was preparing to evacuate (Operation Dynamo). 4th Division held the northernmost sector of the east-facing line, first on the old Franco-Belgian frontier, then back on the River Lys and the Ypres-Comines Canal, where enemy attacks were driven back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 110], "content_span": [111, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nThe division was then drawn back into the shrinking pocket to protect the coastal flank, where the Belgian army had surrendered. The Division defended La Panne while the evacuation proceeded. The men then had to destroy their remaining equipment and march 10 miles (16\u00a0km) along the beach to be picked up at Dunkirk on 31 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 110], "content_span": [111, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Home Defence\nOn return to the UK, the regiment reformed at Charmouth in Dorset. 4th Division joined V Corps in anti-invasion defences on the South Coast on 19 June. Units returned from Dunkirk were progressively brought back up to strength and re-equipped with whatever was available. By September 1940 77th (Highland) Fd Rgt was stationed at Barton-on-Sea, equipped with old French 75 mm guns. In December it received modern 25-pounders. The establishment of a field regiment from 1941 onwards was three batteries, each of two four-gun troops of 25-pounders. with Quad gun tractors. 77th Field Rgt formed 455 Fd Bty as its additional battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 106], "content_span": [107, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Home Defence\nAt the end of October 1942 4th Division was assigned to I Corps, but was then sent as reinforcements for First Army after the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 106], "content_span": [107, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\n4th Division sailed on 12 March 1943 and began landing in North Africa on 23 March. It joined V Corps in the forward area in Tunisia between 3 and 6 April, in time to join in the next phase of the offensive towards Tunis. The division advanced against stiff opposition (the Battle of Oued Zarga, 7\u201315 April) and was held up in the hill country. The Germans then retaliated with a spoiling attack at Medjez el Bab on 21 April which endangered the British artillery lines preparing for the final assault on Tunis (Operation Vulcan). This attack was beaten off, and the following day the Allied offensive opened, with 4th Division launching its attack on 24 April, though the enemy fought back hard and progress was slow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 106], "content_span": [107, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe last phase of Vulcan (Operation Strike) began on 5 May with 4th Division attacking a ridge on the Medjez el Bab\u2013Tunis road the following day. The assault began at 03.00 with artillery bombardment including counter-battery (CB) fire, concentrations on specific targets, and barrages to assist the advancing infantry. In two hours 16,632 shells fell on the enemy facing 4th Division, and in the first 24 hours of the battle the whole artillery support averaged 368 rounds per gun (rpg). This weight of support broke the initially stiff enemy opposition, and the division fought its way methodically forward from one objective to another according to timetable. By 12 May the Allies had fought their way into Tunis and the Axis forces surrendered next day", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 106], "content_span": [107, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nAfter the Tunisian Campaign ended, 4th Division remained in North Africa until 16 December 1943, when it went by sea to Egypt. Then on 14 February 1944 it sailed from Egypt to join in the Italian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 106], "content_span": [107, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Italy\n4th Division became operational in XIII Corps in April. The division's role in the Spring offensive was an assault crossing of the Gari river (Operation Diadem). Six hundred rpg of field gun ammunition was stockpiled for the attack, which was launched at 23.00 on 11 May with 40 minutes of CB and counter-mortar fire, after which the field guns began firing concentrations and a Creeping barrage that advanced at a rate of 100 yards (91\u00a0m) every six minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 99], "content_span": [100, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Italy\nThe assault troops got across the river, but fell behind timetable, so at daybreak they were ordered to hold the bridgehead while the artillery switched to firing defensive fire (DF) tasks to form a protective ring round them. With this support they held on all day against small but fierce counter-attacks, then bridging efforts re-commenced after dark. By the morning of 13 May the bridge was open and armour and infantry reinforcements crossed to relieve the defenders and enlarge the bridgehead. On 14 May the advance began behind a barrage, and XIII Corps was able to advance up the Liri valley to outflank the Monte Cassino position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 99], "content_span": [100, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Italy\nAfter this fighting, 4th Division was withdrawn into Army Reserve, rejoining XIII Corps after the capture of Rome in the first week of June for the pursuit to Lake Trasimeno. On 21 and 22 June the division moved out of Corps Reserve and took over part of the front facing the German Trasimene Line. On 24 June it had a hard fight to clear Vaiano, held by the 1st Parachute Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 99], "content_span": [100, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Italy\nNext, XIII Corps moved on Arezzo, and the guns of 4th Division fired in support of 6th Armoured Division and 2nd New Zealand Division as they attacked the hills in front of the town. 4th Division then continued the advance towards Florence, clearing the Chianti mountains and the west bank of the Arno against tough opposition as the Germans slowly gave ground. Florence was entered on 4 August, then 4th Division had a fierce battle to clear the Incontro ridge in a loop of the Arno. It completed this on 8 August and was relieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 99], "content_span": [100, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Italy\nThe next major attack was Operation Olive, aimed at breaching the Gothic Line, where 4th Divisional artillery supported the initial attack by I Canadian Corps on 25 August. 4th Division itself was held in readiness at Foligno for the pursuit towards the River Po. Breaching the successive defence lies proved slow and costly, and 4th Division remained waiting for the breakthrough. A new phase began on 12/13 September against the Rimini Line, which began with a series of massed artillery bombardments. 4th Division began to pass through the attacking Canadians to continue the advance but got held up. It continued on the following days and crossed the Ausa during the night of 17/18 September behind artillery preparations fired by its own guns assisted by those of several other divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 99], "content_span": [100, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Italy\nOperations in Italy then began to bog down in a series of river crossings. 4th Division's next major operation was to seize a bridgehead over the Savio on 19 October, where the bridge was isolated by artillery fire in an attempt to prevent its destruction. However, it was demolished just as the infantry patrols reached it, and the division had to make an assault crossing at Cesena the following day. When the Germans fell back to the Ronco, attempts to 'bounce' more crossings on the night of 25/26 October met with disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 99], "content_span": [100, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Italy\nThe division got across the Ronco on 31 October, but was halted by German troops defending Forl\u00ec Airport. It attacked during the night of 7/8 November while the artillery concentrated on the airfield buildings. The defenders pulled back to the Montone on 8/9 November. 4th Division then fought its way up a narrow corridor between the Montone and the Ravaldino Canal, utilising Air Observation Post aircraft to direct artillery fire onto dug-in German heavy tanks. The division finally broke through on 12 November, the artillery laying 'bomb lines' of coloured smoke shells to direct air attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 99], "content_span": [100, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0030-0002", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Italy\n4th Division's last major operation in the campaign was a pre-dawn attack on 21 November to cross exposed ground up to cross the Cosina, but little went right, and only one company got across. Once the neighbouring II Polish Corps crossed, on 25 November, however, the division made good progress, fanning out north of the Via Aemilia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 99], "content_span": [100, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Greece\n4th Division was now relieved from the front line. It was intended to send it to the Middle East for rest, but it was diverted to Greece where civil war (the so-called Dekemvriana) had broken out after the withdrawal of German occupying forces. Some of the infantry were airlifted, the remainder of the division without heavy equipment was sent by sea to Faliron Bay on 12 December. The artillery regiments were reorganised as infantry for internal security duties and guarding prisoners, any artillery support required being provided by Royal Navy warships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 100], "content_span": [101, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Greece\nBy 16 December the division had established defences round the base and began methodically clearing the road from Faliron to Athens on 17 December while the dismounted gunners and Greek National Guard defended the base and communications. Bitter fighting went on into the new year. The Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) began withdrawing from central Athens on 27 December, and the British started an offensive on 2 January 1945. ELAS retreated completely from Athens on 5 January, although fighting went on in other parts of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 100], "content_span": [101, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Greece\n77th (Highland) Field Regiment remained in Greece until after the end of World War II. It was placed in suspended animation in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 100], "content_span": [101, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment\n128th (Highland) Field Rgt mobilised in 9th (Highland) Infantry Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of 51st (H) Division. It remained training in Scottish Command until 7 August 1940 when 9th (H) Division was redesignated as 51st (H) Division to replace the original formation, most of which had been captured at Saint-Valery-en-Caux at the end of the Battle of France. After two more years' training in Scotland, the division sailed for Egypt on 16 June 1942, landing on 12 August. 128th (Highland) Fd Rgt (it received its Highland subtitle in 1942) was equipped with 24 x 25-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 93], "content_span": [94, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\n51st (Highland) Division's first action was the Second Battle of El Alamein. It moved up during the preceding nights, occupying gun positions and dumping ammunition, and remaining concealed during daylight. For the first time in the Western Desert Campaign, the Eighth Army had enough 25-pounders to allow them to be concentrated and switched from one set-piece target to another. Almost every gun was used to neutralise enemy batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 107], "content_span": [108, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe bombardment began at 21.40 on 23 October and lasted for 15 minutes; then after 5 minutes silence the guns opened again on the enemy's forward positions and the infantry began to advance. After a further 7 minutes the guns began firing concentrations at a succession of specific locations. The whole artillery programme lasted for 5 hours 30 minutes. 51st (H) Division ran into several centres of resistance and only on the extreme left did it reach its final objective; however, the 'break-in' phase of the battle had started well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 107], "content_span": [108, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nOn the second night of the battle, 51st (H) Division's guns fired a similar succession of CB tasks, concentrations and then a barrage to support 1st Armoured Division's attack. On the night of 25/26 October 51st (H) Division made progress towards its own objective as the 'dog-fight' phase continued. The 'break-out' phase began on the night of 1/2 November with Operation Supercharge, preceded by another powerful barrage. In the early hours of 4 November 51st (H) Division broke through to the Rahman Track, and the Axis forces began to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 107], "content_span": [108, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\n51st (H) Division then took part in the pursuit to El Agheila and Tripoli in January 1943. By 25 February it was past Medenine in Tunisia and facing the Mareth Line. The Axis force made a spoiling attack on 6 March (the Battle of Medenine) but there was plenty of warning and the advance was easily repulsed. 51st (H) Division had already moved most of its artillery south in waiting for the attack, leaving three Troops to move and fire between various positions to simulate the whole divisional artillery remaining in its old positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 107], "content_span": [108, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe Battle of the Mareth Line began on the night of 16/17 March when 51st (H) Division took the outpost line against negligible opposition. The main attack followed on 20/21 March with another massive night barrage. But little progress was made over the Wadi Zigzaou for the first two days and the line held until it was outflanked by other forces in the south. The Axis defence collapsed on 28 March and the following day 51st (H) Division was on its way to Gab\u00e8s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 107], "content_span": [108, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, North Africa\nThe next Axis defence line was along Wadi Akarit. The barrage for 51st (H) Division's assault began at 04.15 on 6 April, followed by four more barrages over five hours, one involving a difficult change of direction, and the division's attack, in the words of the Official History, 'went like clockwork'. Axis troops then began counter-attacks and the Highlanders had to fight hard to hold their gains. The pursuit was resumed the following day, through Sfax, after which the divisional artillery was in action in the hill country near Enfidaville. This lasted until the fall of Tunis and the end of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 107], "content_span": [108, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\n128th (H) Field Rgt then rested and trained for the Allied landings in Sicily (Operation Husky). The regiment landed shortly after the assault infantry on 10 July. The division was moving forward by nightfall, with the objectives of Palazzolo Acreide and Vizzini, which it reached by the night of 14/15 July. Despite some fierce fighting the division continued with scarcely a pause towards the Dittaino river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 101], "content_span": [102, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\nOn 17 July the division deployed to cross the Dittaino and attempt to capture Patern\u00f2. It achieved a bridgehead but further advance was checked, so on the night of 20/21 July the division sent a composite force of infantry and armour against the main enemy defences at Gerbini Airfield. Although the attack succeeded, fierce counter-attacks by the Hermann Goring Division drove the Highlanders out the following morning, after which 51st (H) Division was put onto the defensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 101], "content_span": [102, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\n51st (H) Division's artillery joined in XXX Corps' artillery preparation for operations against Adrano (the battles round Etna). These began on 31 July while 51st (H) took bridgeheads over the Dittaino. Patern\u00f2 fell on 4 August, Biancavilla on 6 August. The division made a 50 miles (80\u00a0km) 'sidestep' on 12 August and the guns came into action north of Zafferana the following night. By now the Axis forces were evacuating Sicily, which was completed on 17 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 101], "content_span": [102, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Sicily\n51st (H) Division did not take part in the subsequent Italian Campaign, having been earmarked for the Allied invasion of Normandy Operation Overlord. However, its guns did assist in the massive bombardment covering the assault crossing of the Strait of Messina on 3 September (Operation Baytown). The division embarked for the UK on 7 November and disembarked at Liverpool on 26 November. It then went into training for Overlord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 101], "content_span": [102, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\n51st (Highland) Division was in the first follow-up wave of formations in Overlord. On 2 June 1944 it embarked on Liberty ships at East India Docks, London, and began landing on 7 June (D + 1). The guns went into action supporting the Orne bridgehead. On 23 June the division expanded the bridgehead by a night attack at Ste Honorine la Chardonnerette. The guns had remained silent before the attack to ensure surprise, after which the enemy's successive attempts to recover the village were stopped by artillery fire. The division supported 3rd Division's attack on the flank of Operation Goodwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 103], "content_span": [104, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0043-0001", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\nOn 8 August 51st (H) Division spearheaded II Canadian Corps' attack towards Falaise (Operation Totalize), preceded by a massive barrage. The attack began before dawn and by first light the break-in was going well, with a number of villages taken. After a second artillery preparation the 4th Canadian and 1st Polish Armoured Divisions passed through to continue the advance. The Canadians renewed the advance to Falaise on 14 August in Operation Tractable, with 51st (H) Division attacking towards the Liaison Valley on the left flank. By 21 August the Falaise Pocket had been closed and the division was advancing eastwards towards Lisieux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 103], "content_span": [104, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Normandy\n51st (H) Division then moved up to and across the Seine for the assault on Le Havre (Operation Astonia). This was a major operation with a massive field artillery preparation alongside support from medium guns and RAF bombers, which cowed the opposition. It was followed by a similar assault to take Boulogne (Operation Wellhit). The division next made a long move to the Antwerp area at the end of September, then spent three weeks in the line at Sint-Oedenrode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 103], "content_span": [104, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Low Countries\nThe division's next offensive action was west of 's-Hertogenbosch on the night of 23 October. With massive artillery support the infantry took all their objectives, with follow-up advances over succeeding days through Loon op Zand and across the Afwaterings Canal towards the Meuse (Dutch: Maas) by early November. On 14 November the division carried out an assault crossing of the Willems Canal near Weert accompanied by another heavy artillery barrage, then moved on to the Zig Canal and crossed that on 17 November with much less preparation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 108], "content_span": [109, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Low Countries\n51st (H) Division was then moved to hold 'The Island', the wet low-lying country between Nijmegen and Arnhem that had been captured during Operation Market Garden (see above). In mid-December the division was pulled out of the line for rest. In December the division was suddenly moved south as part of the response to the German breakthrough in the Ardennes (the Battle of the Bulge), and  fought its way into the flank of the 'Bulge' in winter conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 108], "content_span": [109, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\nLike 3rd Division, 51st (H) Division was engaged in the fighting in the Reichswald (Operation Veritable). It began at 05.00 on 8 February with a huge artillery preparation, after which the Highlanders attacked and were on their objectives by 23.00 that night. Over the next two days 128th Fd Rgt regiment fired smoke and HE to help the brigade continue the advance through the forest. The slow advance continued through Gennep on 11 February, then German counter-attacks were driven off by DF fire. The final  phase of the operation for 51st (H) Division began on 18 February against Goch, which was successfully taken after stiff fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 104], "content_span": [105, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\nThe division took a leading part in the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder). OP parties from the regiment were among the first troops across the river on the night of 23/24 March, while the guns fired throughout the night just 600 yards (550\u00a0m) from the river and under frequent return fire. The division fought its way into Rees, and the guns were brought over two days later. The division then  continued through Isselburg and Anholt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 104], "content_span": [105, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\nThe division reached the Dortmund\u2013Ems Canal on 8 April. After a pause at the canal, it advanced rapidly towards Bremen against delaying actions. It reached Delmenhorst on 20 April and closed in on the centre of Bremen. The German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath ended the fighting on 5 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 104], "content_span": [105, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, World War II, 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Rhineland\n128th (Highland) Field Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 104], "content_span": [105, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, 77th Fd Rgt reformed at Greenock as 277th (Highland) Field Regiment, once more in 51st (Highland) Division. On 10 March 1955 the regiment absorbed 254th (West Highland) Anti -Tank Rgt at Dumbarton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nMeanwhile 128th Field Rgt reformed at Pollokshaws as 328th (Highland) Medium Regiment in 1947, changing its subtitle to 'Lowland' the following year. It reorganised in 1950, with most of the regiment amalgamating into 279th (Lowland) Field Rgt and one battery forming 888th (Renfrewshire) Independent Locating Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nThen on 1 May 1961 277th Fd Rgt (less R Bty) and 888 Bty both amalgamated with 402nd (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) Light Rgt, and R (Clyde) Bty of 357th (Lowland) Light Rgt, to form 277th (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) Field Rgt with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nR Bty of 277th Fd Rgt amalgamated with 8th Bn Argyll &Sutherland Highlanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reduced to the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967, the regiment merged with 278th (Lowland) Field Rgt and 279th (City of Glasgow and Ayr) Field Rgt to form P (Clyde and Renfrewshire, Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders) and R (Paisley, Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders) Batteries of The Lowland Regiment, RA. When the Lowland Regiment was reduced to a cadre in 1969 some of the personnel from R (Paisley, A&SH) Bty joined 102 (Clyde) Field Squadron at Paisley in 71 (Scottish) Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe original uniform of the Renfrewshire AVCs was a blue tunic with scarlet cord on the cuff, a scarlet collar with black edging, the company number on the shoulder strap, and silver buttons. The trousers were blue with a scarlet stripe, the cap blue with a scarlet band and a grenade or Prince of Wales's feathers for the badge, and the waistbelt black. The buttons carried the Prince of Wales's feathers and coronet above a gun, surrounded by a strap with the words 'RENFREWSHIRE VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY'. The 2nd Dumbarton AVC wore a blue uniform with scarlet facings and white belts. After consolidation the unit wore a standard RA helmet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159534-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nWhen 277th Fd Rgt amalgamated with 402nd (A&S) Light Rgt, it adopted the Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders' Tam O'Shanter bonnet and cap badge, and the regimental flash of a narrow red and white diced strip with green ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159535-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Division (German Empire)\nThe 1st Reserve Division (1. Reserve-Division) was a reserve infantry division of the Imperial German Army in World War I. It was formed, on mobilization in August 1914, from reserve infantry units, primarily from East Prussia, and was part of I Reserve Corps. The division served on the Eastern Front from the beginning of the war until October 1917, after which it was transferred to the Western Front for the war's final campaigns. It was rated a third class division by Allied intelligence, mainly due to its losses in heavy fighting and reduced quality of replacement troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159535-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Division (German Empire), August 1914 organization\nThe 1st Reserve Division's initial wartime organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159535-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Division (German Empire), Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). The 1st Reserve Division triangularized in June 1917. An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 1st Reserve Division's order of battle on January 1, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159536-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Division (People's Republic of China)\n1st Reserve Division(Chinese: \u9884\u5907\u7b2c1\u5e08) was formed in August 1955 in Chengdu Military Region. On February 15, 1956, the division moved to Jiajiang, Sichuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159536-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was fully manned and equipped. During its short-lived existence the division was focused on the training of officers and sergeants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159536-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn March 1958 the division was demobilized, moving to Heilongjiang for agricultural missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159537-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Infantry Division of Beijing\nThe 1st Reserve Infantry Division of Beijing(Chinese: \u5317\u4eac\u9646\u519b\u9884\u5907\u5f79\u6b65\u5175\u7b2c1\u5e08) was a reserve infantry formation of the People's Liberation Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159537-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Infantry Division of Beijing\nThe formation of the division started in September 1983. The division was formally activated on February 1, 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159537-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Infantry Division of Beijing\nTank Regiment, 1st Reserve Infantry Division was deactivated in October 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159537-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Infantry Division of Beijing\nThe division, combined with the 2nd Reserve Infantry Division of Beijing, reorganized into the Reserve Antiaircraft Artillery Division of Beijing Guard District in March 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159538-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Reserve Officers' Training Corps Brigade\nThe 1st Reserve Officers' Training Corps Brigade is an Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps brigade based at the Fort Knox, Kentucky. This brigade is responsible for the 10 Senior Military Colleges and Military Junior Colleges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159539-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Battery\nThe First Rhode Island Battery (also known as \"Tompkins' Marine Artillery\") was an artillery unit which served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159539-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Battery, Service record\nThe 1st Rhode Island Battery was organized by Colonel Samuel G. Arnold at the Benefit Street Arsenal in Providence for three months' service in April 1861. It was organized from the Providence Marine Corps of Artillery, a unit of the Rhode Island Militia. It was commanded by Captain Charles H. Tompkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159539-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Battery, Service record\nThe Battery left Rhode Island for Jersey City, New Jersey on April 18, 1861, then moved to Easton, PA on April 19, and to Washington, D.C., on April 27. It performed duty in the defense of that city until June 9. It was mustered into Federal service May 2, and attached to Hunter's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia. It moved to Williamsport, Maryland, June 9\u201315, and returned to Washington June 17\u201320, and then  marched to Williamsport July 9\u201313, and to Martinsburg, WV. It was then attached to Thomes' Brigade, Patterson's Army and marched to Bunker Hill, VA, and saw action there on July 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159539-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Battery, Service record\nThe Battery moved to Charlestown July 17, and to Harper's Ferry July 22 and then moved to Sandy Hook, New Jersey and then to Providence, RI, July 29\u201331. It was mustered out of service on August 2, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159540-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that participated in the American Civil War. They were badly routed at the Battle of Middleburg, a blemish on an otherwise competent combat record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159540-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment was organized between December 1861 and March 1862 at Pawtucket as the 1st New England Cavalry. Late in that month, the regiment was sent to Washington D.C. and initially assigned to Hatch's cavalry brigade in Nathaniel Banks' V Corps in the Department of the Shenandoah. Throughout the war, the regiment would be a part of many reorganizations of the cavalry, although the majority of its service was with the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159540-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment, History\nMost of the regiment's service in 1862 was in northern Virginia, where it served as scouts to determine enemy movements, as well as foraging for supplies and screening infantry movements. The troopers saw action contesting Stonewall Jackson's cavalry in the Valley Campaign. They fought in the Second Bull Run Campaign, as well as many other battles of note, including service in the cavalry actions surrounding the Battle of Fredericksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159540-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment, History\nIn 1863, they participated in the Chancellorsville Campaign, and played an important role in the opening battle of the Gettysburg Campaign at Brandy Station. Shortly thereafter, isolated and alone deep in Confederate territory on a scouting mission, they lost nearly 240 of their 280 remaining men at the June 17 skirmish at Middleburg. The regiment was refitted with new recruits and performed scouting and outpost duty along the upper Potomac River until September, when they rejoined the Army of the Potomac, participating in the Bristoe Campaign and Mine Run Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159540-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe following year, the 1st Rhode Island served in the defenses of Washington D.C. before eventually returning to the Shenandoah Valley under the command of Philip H. Sheridan. Due to heavy battle losses, the regiment was consolidated to a battalion of four companies on January 1, 1865. They continued serving in the valley for much of the rest of the war before being mustered out at Baltimore, Maryland on August 3, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159540-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment, History\nDuring the war, the regiment lost 1 officer and 16 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and 2 officers and 77 enlisted men to disease. Hundreds more were wounded or captured. A total of 2,124 different men served in the regiment at various times, although its field strength normally was less than 500 effectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159541-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment were two regiments of the United States Army, the first of which was raised in 1861 at the beginning of the American Civil War on a 90-day enlistment, the second during the Spanish\u2013American War in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159541-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, 1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment was originally called the 1st Rhode Island Detached Militia. It was organized in Rhode Island in April 1861 and moved to Washington, D. C.. It was attached to Ambrose Burnside's Brigade in Irvin McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia on July 16 after duty at Camp Sprague in the defense of Washington. The regiment advanced on Manassas, Virginia on July 16\u201321, seeing action at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21. It left Washington, D.C. for home on July 25 and mustered out on August 2, 1861. During its service, the regiment lost a total of 25 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159541-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, 1st Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers\nUnder proclamation signed April 23, 1898, President William McKinley ordered the call up of 125,000 troops. Rhode Island was directed by Secretary of War Russell A. Alger to raise a regiment of infantry from existing militia units in lieu of conscripting 720 individuals to augment the Regular Army as U.S. Volunteers by letter dated April 25, 1898. On May 2 the state established a camp site at Quonset Point in Rhode Island, and formally named the site \"Camp Dyer\" in honor of Governor Elisha Dyer, Jr. on May 7, 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159541-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, 1st Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers\nThe regiment began to muster until fully assembled between May 10 and 17, with Colonel Charles Wheaton Abbot, Jr., commanding. Initially the unit consisted of forty-six officers and 958 enlisted men. This regiment, the only infantry regiment raised on Rhode Island during the war, was constituted of several militia infantry units in Rhode Island as well as individual volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159541-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, 1st Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers\nThe unit was assigned to the 3rd Division, Second Army Corps and reported for duty at Camp Alger, Virginia, from late May. However the regiment and the rest of Second Corps left Camp Alger in early August 1898, due to a typhoid fever epidemic. The regiment relocated to another part of Virginia at Thoroughfare Gap in an attempted run from the virus. However, conditions in Thoroughfare Gap resulted in dysentery and malaria, and the unit eventually relocated to Camp Meade, Pennsylvania, with the rest of Second Corps in August 1898. The overcrowded conditions forced the relocation of the 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Division of Second Corps to Camp Fornance, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159541-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, 1st Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers\nThe regiment was mustered out of federal service on March 30, 1899, at Columbia, South Carolina. The unit returned to Providence and handed over colors to Governor Elisha Dyer after a parade past city hall on April 1, 1899. At the time of muster-out, the regiment included forty-five officers and 1,039 enlisted men. During its term of service, the unit lost eleven enlisted men who died from disease and one enlisted man who died as the result of an accident. Thirty-five more enlisted men were discharged for disability. The unit also had thirteen enlisted men court-martialed and eighty-nine men deserted the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159541-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, 1st Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers\nThe regiment nicknamed itself the \"Rough Walkers\" which was inspired by Roosevelt's Rough Riders. Veterans of the regiment received an unofficial medal called the Rough Walker Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159541-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment, 1st Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers, Other units\nIn addition to the first regiment, the state of Rhode Island raised the following units for the war with Spain:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 86], "content_span": [87, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment\nThe 1st Rhode Island Regiment (also known as Varnum's Regiment, the 9th Continental Regiment, the Black Regiment, the Rhode Island Regiment, and Olney's Battalion) was a regiment in the  Continental Army raised in Rhode Island during the American Revolutionary War (1775\u201383). It was one of the few units in the Continental Army to serve through the entire war, from the siege of Boston to the disbanding of the Continental Army on November 3, 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment\nThe unit went through several reorganizations and name changes, like most regiments of the Continental Army. It became known as the \"Black Regiment\" because it was composed mostly of black enlistees. However, there were also some Native Americans. It is regarded by some as the first black military unit, because all the enlistees were non-white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Varnum's Regiment (1775)\nThe 1st Rhode Island was initially formed by the Colonial government before being taken into the Continental army. The revolutionary Rhode Island Assembly authorized the regiment on 6 May 1775 as part of the Rhode Island Army of Observation. The regiment was organized on 8 May 1775 under Colonel James Mitchell Varnum, and was therefore often known as \"Varnum's Regiment.\" It originally consisted of eight companies of volunteers from Kent and Kings Counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Varnum's Regiment (1775)\nVarnum marched the regiment to Roxbury, Massachusetts in June 1775, where it took part in the siege of Boston as part of the Army of Observation. It was adopted into the Continental Army by act of Congress on 14 June 1775. It was expanded to ten companies on 28 June, and was assigned to General Nathanael Greene's Brigade in General George Washington's Main Army on 28 July. Greene's Brigade was encamped at Prospect Hill in Somerville. General Washington officially took command of the Continental Army upon his arrival in Cambridge, Massachusetts on 3 July 1775.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Varnum's Regiment (1775)\nThe soldiers of Varnum's Regiment had enlisted until the end of 1775, like all others in the Continental Army, and the Regiment was discharged on December 31, along with the remainder of the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 9th Continental Regiment (1776)\nThe Continental Army was completely reorganized at the beginning of 1776, with many regiments receiving new names and others being disbanded. Enlistments were for one year. Varnum's Regiment was reorganized with eight companies on 1 January 1776 and re-designated as the 9th Continental Regiment. Under Colonel Varnum, the regiment remained near Boston until the British evacuated the city in March. It was then ordered to Long Island and took part in the disastrous New York and New Jersey campaign, including the Battle of Long Island and the Battle of Harlem Heights, retreating from New York with the Main Army. The Continental Army was reorganized at the end of the year, as was the case in 1775, but soldiers were now given the option of enlisting for \"three years or the war\", unlike the previous practice of enlisting only until the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 78], "content_span": [79, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380)\nThe Continental Army was reorganized once again in 1777, and the 9th Continental Regiment was re-designated as the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Colonel Varnum was promoted to brigadier general on February 27, 1777 and was succeeded by Colonel Christopher Greene, a distant cousin of General Nathanael Greene. Under Colonel Greene, the regiment, along with the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment, successfully defended Fort Mercer at the Battle of Red Bank on 22 October 1777 against an assault by 2,000 Hessians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 82], "content_span": [83, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380)\nThe regiment spent the winter of 1777 to 1778 at Valley Forge near Philadelphia. It endured the hardships of hunger, disease and exposure to cold along with other units of the Continental Army. In early 1778 the regiment, along with the 2nd Rhode Island, returned to Rhode Island to prepare for an upcoming expedition to dislodge British and Hessian forces occupying the city of Newport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 82], "content_span": [83, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380), The \"Black Regiment\" (1778\u201381)\nBlack soldiers had been a part of the Continental Army since the first shots at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. In fact, the very first American casualty of the war was a black soldier named Crispus Attucks. The black soldiers in those militias served throughout the war. However, new recruits of black soldiers were barred from military service in the Continental Army from November 12, 1775 until February 23, 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380), The \"Black Regiment\" (1778\u201381)\nRhode Island was having difficulties recruiting enough white men to meet the troop quotas set by the Continental Congress in 1778, so the Rhode Island Assembly decided to pursue a suggestion made by General Varnum to enlist slaves in the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Varnum had raised the idea in a letter to George Washington, who forwarded it to the governor of Rhode Island without explicitly approving or disapproving of the plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380), The \"Black Regiment\" (1778\u201381)\nOn 14 February 1778, the Rhode Island General Assembly voted to allow the enlistment of \"every able-bodied negro, mulatto, or Indian man slave\" who chose to do so, and voted that \"every slave so enlisting shall, upon his passing muster before Colonel Christopher Greene, be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free.\" The owners of enslaved men who enlisted were to be compensated by the Assembly in an amount equal to their market value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380), The \"Black Regiment\" (1778\u201381)\nA total of 88 slaves enlisted in the regiment over the next four months, as well as some free black men. The regiment eventually totaled about 225 men; as many as 140 of these were black. The 1st Rhode Island became the only regiment of the Continental Army to have segregated companies of black soldiers; other regiments that allowed black men to enlist were integrated. The enlistment of slaves had been controversial, and no more non-white men were enlisted after June 1778. The unit continued to be known as the \"Black Regiment\" even though only white men were recruited to replace losses, a process which eventually made it an integrated unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 114], "content_span": [115, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380), Battle of Rhode Island\nThe regiment fought in the Battle of Rhode Island in August 1778 under the command of Major Samuel Ward Jr., as Colonel Greene had been assigned as a brigade commander for the campaign. It played an important role by defending a redoubt on West Main Road where it successfully repelled three charges by the Hessians. Repeated attacks from British regulars and Hessian forces failed to break the line of the Patriot forces and allowed the successful retreat of Sullivan's army. Historian Sidney Rider notes that the Hessians charged three times and were repulsed each time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 106], "content_span": [107, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380), Battle of Rhode Island\nAccording to Rider, the Hessian Colonel \"applied to exchange his command and go to New York, because he dared not lead his regiment\" into battle again, \"lest his men should shoot him for having caused them so much loss.\" The First Rhode Island suffered three killed, nine wounded, and eleven missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 106], "content_span": [107, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380), Battle of Rhode Island\nAfter a day of battle, General Sullivan decided that his forces were insufficient and ordered an orderly withdrawal during the night. His soldiers left their camp fires burning to make the Hessians think that they were still in place. The retreat lasted a total of four hours, with six Continental brigades retreating. Sullivan praised the Rhode Island Regiment for its actions, saying that they bore \"a proper share of the day's honors.\" General Lafayette proclaimed the battle as \u201cthe best fought action of the war.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 106], "content_span": [107, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, 1st Rhode Island Regiment (1777\u201380), Battle of Rhode Island\nThe regiment saw little action over the next three years, since the focus of the war shifted to the south. It remained in Rhode Island to defend against a possible attack by the British forces in Newport, and was later sent to Westchester County in New York where the Continental Army was located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 106], "content_span": [107, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Rhode Island Regiment (1781\u20131783)\nOn 1 January 1781, the regiment was consolidated with the 2nd Rhode Island Regiment at West Point, New York and was re-designated as the Rhode Island Regiment. The regiment spent the early months of 1781 in an area of the Hudson River Valley called by some historians the \"Neutral Zone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 80], "content_span": [81, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Rhode Island Regiment (1781\u20131783), Campaign in the Neutral Zone\nThe \"Neutral Zone\" was an area in the Hudson River Valley east of the river described as \u201ca desolate, sparsely populated buffer zone between the forces of the English to the South and the Americans to the North.\u201d People who continued to live in the area had to deal with \u201ctheft, murder, and destruction\u201d by renegade groups, such as the \u201ccowboys\u201d or the \u201cskinners.\u201d These renegade groups \u201ccloaked their plundering under an alleged allegiance to one of the combatants.\u201d To whichever side the renegade groups leaned, they would forage for goods to sustain \u201cboth men and beasts of burden.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 110], "content_span": [111, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Rhode Island Regiment (1781\u20131783), Campaign in the Neutral Zone\nThe constant foraging and raiding in the neutral zone, especially by the British supporting \u201ccowboys,\u201d (loyalist militia) caused Major-General Heath to command Colonel Greene and the Rhode Island Regiment to defend Pine's Bridge on the Croton River from \u201cmarauding Cowboys\u201d who frequently made incursions from their base in Morrisiania (South Bronx), under the command of loyalist leader Brigadier General James Delancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 110], "content_span": [111, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Rhode Island Regiment (1781\u20131783), Battle of Pines Bridge\nOn the 14th May 1781, Colonel Delancey and his unit of loyalist militia, De Lancey's Refugee Corps, assaulted Pine's Bridge (near present day Yorktown, New York) and caught Colonel Greene and the Rhode Island Regiment by surprise. Delancey's troops killed Colonel Greene, Major Ebenezer Flagg and eight African-American soldiers of the Rhode Island Regiment. The black troops were reported to have \u201cdefended their beloved Col. Greene so well that it was only over their dead bodies that the enemy reached and murdered him.\u201d  Colonel Greene and Major Flagg were buried at the First Presbyterian Church in Yorktown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 104], "content_span": [105, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Last years\nFollowing the death of Colonel Greene, Lieutenant Colonel Jeremiah Olney took command of the regiment. Under Olney's command, the regiment took part in the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781 which proved to be the last major battle of the Revolution. After Yorktown, the regiment moved with the Main Army to Newburgh, New York where its primary purpose was to be ready to react if British forces in the city went on the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Last years\nOn January 22, 1783, the regiment was placed under command of Colonel Marinus Willett of the New York Militia, along with other units, to capture Fort Ontario in the town of Oswego, New York on the shore of Lake Ontario. On February 8, the force of about 500 soldiers, with 120 horse-drawn sleighs, left Fort Herkimer near Utica. Although the expedition was able to get within a mile of Fort Ontario, the attack was called off at the last minute as the moon was not due to set with enough time before daybreak to make a surprise attack. After the expedition, the Rhode Island Regiment returned to Newburgh, where it remained for the remainder of its service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Regimental history, Rhode Island Battalion (1783)\nOn March 1, 1783, the regiment was reorganized into six companies and designated as the Rhode Island Battalion (a.k.a. \"Olney's Rhode Island Battalion\"). On June 15, the Rhode Island Regiment veterans with at least 3 years of service were discharged at Saratoga, New York, and the remaining soldiers of the battalion who were enlisted for three years, were organized into a small battalion of two companies. The British evacuated New York on November 25, and the Rhode Island Battalion disbanded on December 25 at Saratoga, New York. It was one of the few units in the Continental Army to have served through the Continental Army's entire existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 76], "content_span": [77, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Disbandment\nThe Rhode Island Regiment served its final days in Saratoga, New York under the command of Brevet Major William Allen. The regiment was left waiting in Saratoga for months, with low supplies and a terrible snowstorm, until Major William Allen and Adjutant Jeremiah Greenman printed the discharge certificates on December 25, 1783. The discharged troops were \"dumped back into civilian society,\" according to one historian, with only the white soldiers being guaranteed 100 acres of bounty land from the federal government, as well as a pension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Disbandment\nThe Rhode Island General Assembly had already guaranteed the black soldiers their freedom after the war, and the Rhode Island General Assembly passed an act on February 23, 1784 which forbade \"any person born in Rhode Island after March 1, 1784 from being made a slave.\" The act also stipulated that children born to slaves were to be supported financially by the Rhode Island town in which they were born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Disbandment\nDuring the same meeting, Colonel Olney presented the colors of Rhode Island's Continental Regiment to the General Assembly, and they have been housed in the Rhode Island State House ever since. Olney had promised his men his \"interest in their favour,\" and he continued to advocate for his former troops' right to remain free and to have the government pay them the wages or pensions that they deserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Disbandment\nIn June 1784, 13 black veterans of the Rhode Island Regiment hired Samuel Emory to present their claims for back pay to the War Department Accounts Office, in order to help alleviate the financial difficulties that most black veterans faced after the war. In response, the Rhode Island Assembly passed a special act for these soldiers on February 28, 1785 which called for \"the support of paupers, who heretofore were slaves, and enlisted into the Continental battalions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Disbandment\nTherefore, any \"Indian, negro or mulatto\" who was sick or unable to support himself must be taken care of by the town council where he lived. Most black veterans remained in Rhode Island, although many moved onto the 100 acres of Bounty Land that they were promised in New York or Ohio. Most veterans who survived into their 50s or 60s were in desperate poverty, including the whites, because of the economic depression that occurred after the Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Senior officers\n(Colonel Varnum was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Rhode Island state militia on 12 December 1776 and commanded a brigade of Rhode Island state troops serving in Rhode Island until his promotion to brigadier general in the Continental Army on 27 February 1777.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Senior officers\n(Colonel Crary was appointed lieutenant colonel of Stanton's State Regiment on 12 August 1776.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Legacy\nThere is a monument to the 1st Rhode Island Regiment at Patriots Park in Portsmouth, Rhode Island on the site of the Battle of Rhode Island. The regimental flag is preserved at the Rhode Island State House in Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159542-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Rhode Island Regiment, Legacy\nColonel Greene and Major Flagg are buried at the First Presbyterian Church in Yorktown, New York where there is a large monument in their honor, about two miles north of the site of their deaths. There is also a Monument to First Rhode Island Regiment made of stone next to Greene's marker to honor the black soldiers who died defending them; this memorial was added to the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159543-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army, it is unclear when the division was first established. Some sources indicate 1918, others indicate 1924 or 1927. The division was formed from units already stationed in Moscow as the 1st Moscow Rifle Division. It became a motorized unit in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159543-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation\nThe division was initially placed on \"cadre\" status, but in 1932 it was upgraded to a \"shock\" division and tank and motorized elements were added. In August 1939, as the Soviet Union began to mobilize and expand the army, the division was broken up to provide cadres for two new divisions. The 2nd Rifle Regiment was used to form the 115th Rifle Division and the 3rd Rifle Regiment was used to form the 126th Rifle Division. The 1st Rifle Regiment was then used to form new 1st Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159543-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation\nThe division was formed from the remaining cadre of the division. The division was assigned as the garrison for the city of Moscow. In December 1939 the division was ordered to convert to a motorized division and in January 1940 was redesignated the 1st Motorized Division. This division eventually became the 1st Guards Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159543-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation\nIt was reformed for the third time on 13 March 1942 at Kuibyshev (though a second source, probably Poirer and Connor, says June 1942 was also a possibility). After completion of training the division was transferred to the 5th Reserve Army. Assigned to 63rd Army from August to November 1942, and fought at Stalingrad. It became the 58th Guards Rifle Division on 31 December 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159543-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation, Subordinate Units\nUnits were awarded their 'Guards' designation on 27 February 1943", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159543-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Fourth Formation\nThe division was reformed for the fourth time in December 1943, or January 1944, at Nevel in the rear areas of 6th Guards Army. The 31st and 100th Rifle Brigades provided the basis for the new formation. It was transferred to 70th Army, 2nd Belorussian Front, and with that Army took Brest, Belarus, winning the title 'Brest'. It later advanced into Poland, fighting at Gdynia. It became part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany briefly, but with the rest of 70th Army and 114th Rifle Corps moved to the South Urals region and was disbanded on 24 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159543-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Fourth Formation\nHowever, the division appears to have been disbanded in the summer of 1945 in accordance with Stavka Directive No. 11095, which directed the formation of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159544-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division NKVD\nThe 1st Rifle Division NKVD was a division of the NKVD of the Soviet Union during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159544-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division NKVD, History\nThe 1st Rifle Division NKVD was formed in August 1941 from the 3rd, 7th, 33rd and 102nd Border Guard Detachments and the 7th and 33rd NKVD Rifle Regiments. In December 1941 the division was then assigned to the 8th Army where it remained until February 1942 when it moved back to the Neva Operational Group as part of the Leningrad Front. Later that year in August the division was transferred to the Red Army and redesignated as the 46th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159544-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division NKVD, Organization at beginning\nOrganization of the \"division\" before it was actually considered a division sized unit. :", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159544-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Rifle Division NKVD, Organization during War\nWhen the war started the division was de-organized and re-organized as a rifle division within the army. It was then known (in the army) as the \"46th (Dzerzhinsky) Rifle Division): see for further information. The structure when it entered the army:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159545-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Robert Awards\nThe  1st Robert Awards ceremony was held in 1984 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159546-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rockbridge Artillery\nThe 1st Rockbridge Artillery was a light artillery battery in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159546-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rockbridge Artillery\nThe 1st Rockbridge Artillery were organized as part of the Stonewall Brigade in late April 1861 in Lexington, Virginia, from men of Rockbridge County. The battery fought at the First Battle of Manassas, supporting the brigade in its defense of Henry House Hill on 21 July. The battery provided artillery support for the brigade in the First Battle of Kernstown, the Battle of Port Republic, the Battle of Malvern Hill, the Second Battle of Manassas, and the Battle of Antietam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159546-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Rockbridge Artillery\nIn October 1862 the 1st Rockbridge Artillery was detached from the brigade, and from that point in the war would be part of corps artillery battalions. The battery fought in the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Battle of Gettysburg, the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, and the Siege of Petersburg. After the Confederate abandonment of Petersburg, the 1st Rockbridge Artillery joined in the retreat and surrendered at Appomattox Court House on 9 April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159546-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rockbridge Artillery, History, Formation\nThe seventy men of the 1st Rockbridge Artillery were organized in April 1861 by VMI professor John McCausland. William N. Pendleton took command of the battery in late April after McCausland was transferred to command another unit. The battery was initially equipped with two 6-pounders from VMI and two guns from Richmond. Pendleton named the first four guns \"Matthew\", \"Mark\", \"Luke\", and \"John\", after the Apostles. On 11 May, the battery departed for Harpers Ferry, where it joined Thomas J. Jackson's Virginia brigade, which was later called the Stonewall Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159546-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Rockbridge Artillery, History, First Manassas\nOn 18 July, the battery moved east with the Stonewall Brigade to link up with Confederate general P. G. T. Beauregard's troops at Manassas Junction. On 21 July, during the First Battle of Manassas, Pendleton's Battery was among the Confederate batteries defending the key position of the battle, Henry House Hill. The battery was visited by Confederate president Jefferson Davis, who had gone to Manassas to watch the battle, during the Union retreat. In the aftermath of the battle, the battery received captured Union cannon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159547-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rojdenstvenskoe\n1st Rojdenstvenskoe (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435) is a rural locality (a selo) in Verkhnekhotemlsky Selsoviet of Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. The population was 34 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159547-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rojdenstvenskoe, Geography\nThe village is located on the right bank of the Khoteml River, 10 km south of Fatezh (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159547-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rojdenstvenskoe, History\nDuring the Great Patriotic War, a hospital was organized inside the village school. In 1965, the village of Dolgintsevo was added to the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159548-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Rossoshinskiy\n1st Rossoshinskiy (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Rossoshinskoye Rural Settlement of Zernogradsky District, Russia. The population was 911 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159548-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Rossoshinskiy, Geography\nThe khutor is located on the Sredny Elbuzd River, 18 km from Zernograd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159548-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Rossoshinskiy, Geography\n1st Rossoshinskiy is located 35 km south of Zernograd (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159549-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Round (album)\n1st Round is an album by Italian musician and producer Pino Presti, released in 1976 under Atlantic Records. It's considered one of the most innovative albums of the 70's in the  Italian music scene. All songs are composed by Pino Presti, except for \"Smile\" (Charlie Chaplin), \"Sunny\" (Bobby Hebb) and \"Firefly\" (Kenny Nolan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159550-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Chevau-l\u00e9gers \"Emperor Nicholas of Russia\"\nThe 1st Royal Bavarian Chevau-l\u00e9gers \"Emperor Nicholas of Russia\" (K\u00f6niglich Bayerisches Chevaulegers-Regiment \u201eKaiser Nikolaus von Ru\u00dfland\u201c Nr. 1) was a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Bavarian Army. The regiment was formed in 1682 and fought in the Battle of Vienna, the Great Turkish War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Napoleonic Wars, the Austro-Prussian War, the Franco-Prussian War, and World War I. The regiment was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159551-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Division\nThe 1st Royal Bavarian Division was a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army that served alongside the Prussian Army as part of the Imperial German Army. The division was formed on November 27, 1815, as the Infantry Division of the Munich General Command (Infanterie-Division des Generalkommandos M\u00fcnchen.). It was called the 1st Army Division between 1822 and 1848, again between 1851 and 1859, and again from 1869 to 1872. It was called the 1st Infantry Division from 1848 to 1851 (as well as during wartime) and was named the Munich General Command from 1859 to 1869.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159551-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Division\nFrom April 1, 1872, until mobilization for World War I, it was the 1st Division. Within Bavaria, it was not generally referred to as a \"Royal Bavarian\" division, but outside Bavaria, this designation was used for it, and other Bavarian units, to distinguish them from similarly numbered Prussian units. The division was headquartered in Munich from 1815 to 1919. The division was part of the 1st Royal Bavarian Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159551-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Division\nThe division fought against Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought alongside the Prussians. It saw action in battles of W\u00f6rth, Beaumont, and Sedan, the 1st and 2nd battles of Orleans, the battle of Loigny-Poupry, and the siege of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159551-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Division\nDuring World War I, the division served on the Western Front. It fought in the Battle of the Frontiers against French forces in the early stages, and then participated in the Race to the Sea. Thereafter, it remained on the northern part of the front facing the British Army through 1915 and early 1916. The Infantry Life Regiment was transferred from the division in 1915 to become part of a provisional German mountain division, the Alpenkorps, sent to the Italian Front. In 1916, the division went into the Battle of Verdun. After Verdun, it went to the Somme in that battle's later stages. 1917 was spent mainly occupying the trench lines. In 1918, the division participated in the German spring offensive. The division was generally rated one of the better German divisions by Allied intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159551-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Division, Pre-World War I peacetime organization\nIn 1914, the peacetime organization of the 1st Royal Bavarian Division was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159551-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Division, Order of battle on mobilization\nOn mobilization, in August 1914, at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 1st Division was renamed the 1st Bavarian Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization (major units) was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159551-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Division, Late World War I organization\nDivisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, and the engineer contingent was increased. Divisional signals commanders were established to better control communications, a major problem in coordinating infantry and artillery operations during the war. The division's order of battle on March 21, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159551-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Division, Late World War I organization, History\nAt the beginning of the First World War, the division was mobilized under the command of the 6th Army, on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159552-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry (Prince Charles of Bavaria's)\nThe 1st Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry \u201cPrince Charles of Bavaria\u201d (K\u00f6niglich Bayerisches Schwere-Reiter-Regiment \u201ePrinz Karl von Bayern\u201c Nr. 1) were a heavy cavalry regiment of the Royal Bavarian Army. The regiment was formed in 1814 as Garde du Corps to the King of Bavaria. The normal peacetime location of the regiment was Munich. The regiment fought in the War of the Sixth Coalition, the Austro-Prussian War, the Franco-Prussian War and World War I. The regiment was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159553-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Bavarian Uhlans \"Emperor William II, King of Prussia\"\nThe 1st Royal Bavarian Uhlans \"Emperor William II, King of Prussia\" (K\u00f6niglich Bayerisches Ulanen-Regiment \u201eKaiser Wilhelm II., K\u00f6nig von Preu\u00dfen\u201c Nr. 1) was a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Bavarian Army. The regiment was formed in 1863 as a Uhlans unit. It fought in the Austro-Prussian War, the Franco-Prussian War and World War I. In 1919 the regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own)\nThe 1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own) was an auxiliary regiment raised in the county of Lancashire in North West England during the 17th Century. Primarily intended for home defence, it saw active service in Ireland under King William III, as well as against the Jacobite Risings of 1715 and 1745. It spent long periods on defence duties during the wars of the 18th Century and early 19th Century, and was stationed on the Ionian Islands during the Crimean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own)\nIt later became part of the King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) and saw active service in the Second Boer War. After its conversion to the Special Reserve under the Haldane Reforms, it supplied reinforcements to the fighting battalions during World War I. After a shadowy postwar existence the unit was finally disbanded in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Background\nUniversal obligation to military service in the Shire levy was long established in England, and its legal basis was updated by two Acts of 1557. This legislation placed selected men, the 'Trained Bands', under the command of a Lord Lieutenant appointed by the monarch; this is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Background\nThe trained bands were an important element in the country's defence at the time of the Armada in the 1580s, and control of the bands was an area of dispute between King Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War. Lord Wharton had been appointed Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire by Parliament in 1641, and on the outbreak of hostilities in July 1642 he attempted to seize the trained bands' magazine at Manchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Background\nHowever, he was forestalled by Lord Strange and William Farington (appointed Commissioner of Array by the King), who had already gained control of the magazines at Liverpool and Preston for the Royalists. The resulting skirmish at Manchester on 15 July, when Strange and his men were driven out by Wharton's Parliamentarians, was among the first battles of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Background\nOnce Parliament had established full control in 1648 it passed new Militia Acts that replaced lords lieutenant with county commissioners, who were appointed by Parliament or the Council of State, after which the term 'Trained Band' began to disappear in most counties. Under the Commonwealth and Protectorate, the militia received pay when called out and operated alongside the New Model Army to control the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment\nAfter the Restoration of the Monarchy, the English Militia was re-established by the Militia Act of 1661 under the control of the king's lords-lieutenant, the men to be selected by ballot. It was popularly seen as the 'Constitutional Force' to counterbalance a 'Standing Army', a concept that was tainted by association with the New Model Army that had supported Cromwell's military dictatorship, and almost the whole burden of home defence and internal security was entrusted to the militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 79], "content_span": [80, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment\nThe Lancashire Militia were called out in 1663 when there were rumours of plots against the new regime, and no sooner had they been sent home in October than they were called out again on receipt of new information. Some counties were slacking in training and equipping their men: in 1674 most of the weapons of the Lancashire Militia were found to be defective, and many had to be replaced again in 1689.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 79], "content_span": [80, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Nine Years' War\nFollowing the Glorious Revolution, in which King William III supplanted James II, the militia were called out in 1689. The Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire, William Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby, organised three regiments of foot and three Troops of horse from the County palatine of Lancaster:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 96], "content_span": [97, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Nine Years' War\nThese regiments volunteered for service in William's campaign in Ireland. After training on Fulwood Moor, near Preston, the Lancashire brigade, commanded by the Earl of Derby's brother, Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon James Stanley (1st Foot Guards), sailed with the army from Wallasey and landed at Carrickfergus on 14 June 1690. It played a full part in the campaign, serving in the Siege of Carrickfergus, at the Battle of the Boyne, and the Siege of Athlone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 96], "content_span": [97, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Nine Years' War\nAfter a short tour of garrison duty in Dublin, the Lancashire brigade embarked at Howth in September to return to England to be disembodied on 15 October. Lieutenant-Colonel Stanley then recruited a number of veterans from the brigade for the regiment he was joining in Flanders. He succeeded to the command after his colonel was killed at the Battle of Steenkerque, after which the unit became 'Stanley's Regiment' (later the Bedfordshire Regiment). Colonel Stanley succeeded his brother as 10th Earl of Derby and Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire in 1702.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 96], "content_span": [97, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Nine Years' War\nAt the end of the Nine Years War in 1697 the militia in Lancashire consisted of 1601 men organized into 22 companies and three regiments, with 150 horsemen in three Troops. The three colonels were Major-General the Earl of Macclesfield (lord lieutenant), Roger Kirkby, MP, and Sir Ralph Assheton, 2nd Baronet, of Middleton, MP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 96], "content_span": [97, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1715\nAfter the outbreak of the Jacobite Rising of 1715 the Lancashire Militia was ordered in August to assemble at Lancaster Castle under the command of Col Philip Hoghton. He found that fewer than half of the balloted men turned out, only 560 in all, enough to organise a single battalion. When a force of reputedly 3\u20134000 Scottish Highlanders and English Jacobites advanced from Carlisle, Hoghton was ordered to fall back from Lancaster to Preston to await further orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1715\nHe marched out early on 7 November and the Jacobites entered Lancaster the same day, taking over the ordnance stores in the castle. From Preston the Lancashire Militia and a newly arrived regiment of dragoons were ordered to Wigan, and the Jacobites occupied Preston on 9 November, where they built street barricades and placed the town in a state of defence. However, they were disappointed by the small number of Lancashire Jacobites who joined them, about 1200 badly-armed men. Major-General Charles Wills reached Wigan from Manchester on 11 November with a considerable force of government troops. Further troops under Lieutenant-General George Carpenter were also approaching from Clitheroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1715\nWills advanced on Preston next day, and finding the bridge over the River Ribble unguarded, began his attack on the town. Brigadier-General Philip Honywood led the Lancashire Militia together with three dismounted troops of dragoons against the barricade at the west end of Fishergate. They first stormed the houses west of the churchyard and set fire to them as a diversion to assist the column attacking the churchyard barricade, and then moved against Fishergate, preceded by skirmishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1715\nColonel Hoghton detached the left wing of the Lancashire Militia and a troop of dragoons to attack the Friargate barricade while he led the right wing and remaining dragoons in columns of attack against Fishergate. Hoghton and his men reached the top of the barricade but were driven back by heavy musketry fire from the neighbouring houses, having suffered serious casualties; Honywood ordered them to withdraw. The attack at Friargate fared no better. But the Government troops renewed the attack after dark, Col Hoghton leading his men silently up to the Fishergate barricade then rushed it with the bayonet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0009-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1715\nThe rebels took refuge in the houses, which were set on fire, and the street fighting continued by the light of the fires. Carpenter's troops arrived in the morning, to relieve the exhausted militia and completely invest the town, poised to complete the task of capturing it. A brigade of Dutch troops was also about to arrive, having marched from London. The rebel commanders, realising that they could hold out no longer, surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1715\nThe Lancashire Militia had four officers killed, seven wounded, and 105 non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and privates killed and wounded, around a third of the total government casualties at the Battle of Preston. On 16 November the regiment marched back to Lancaster with 250 prisoners to be lodged in the castle. It remained there for the rest of the year, escorting parties of prisoners for trial, until it was disembodied about 15 January 1716.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nThe Lancashire Militia was next called out for service against the Jacobite Rising of 1745. Orders to embody the militia were issued to the lord lieutenant, Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby, on 26 September after the government's forces had been defeated at the Battle of Prestonpans. Derby complained that although there were sufficient weapons (though of poor quality), the three regiments of foot and three troops of horse had not been called out for training in the 30 years since the Battle of Preston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nHe and his deputy lieutenants scrambled to raise money and find officers and army pensioners who could train the raw troops gathering at Bury. By 5 November Derby had assembled a regiment of eight companies. The Lancaster and Lonsdale Company, under the command of Captain William Bradshaw, was left at Lancaster to guard the ordnance stores and prison there. Major William Ffarington of Shaw Hall, Leyland, was sent with a detachment of two companies to guard Chorley. In the meantime, the Corporation of Liverpool had raised a 648-strong volunteer regiment, the Liverpool Blues, which was fully armed and could be put into the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nOn 17 November the Jacobite army reached Carlisle, which soon surrendered, and began moving south. Two days later Derby ordered the companies at Bury and Chorley to concentrate at Liverpool, and ordered Bradshaw to requisition as many waggons and carts as he could to move the ordnance stores out of Lancaster to 'a secure and secret place' at Ulverston. These moves were carried out next day, regimental headquarters (HQ) was established at the Talbot Hotel in Liverpool, and the Earl handed over command to Maj Ffarington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nThe commander of the government forces, Field Marshal George Wade, advised the militia to operate in small bodies to harry the advancing rebel army, firing from hedges and preventing it from sending out plundering parties. The Jacobites reached Lancaster on 24 November and Preston on 27 November, while detachments marched through Wigan, Chorley and Bolton. They hoped to gather recruits in Lancashire but were disappointed until they reached Manchester on 28 November, where there were sufficient volunteers to form the Manchester Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nThe Liverpool Blues, being better armed and equipped than the Lancashire Militia, were sent out on 29 November under Colonel Campbell to Warrington to prevent the rebels from using the bridge over the Mersey. As darkness approached they opened fire on what was thought to be a group of Highlanders but turned out to be a flock of geese. Next day they repulsed the Jacobite detachment from Preston, and broke down Warrington Bridge. On 1 December Col Campbell marched to Cheadle and Stockport, blowing up the bridges there and forcing the Jacobite artillery and baggage to cross by temporary rafts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nAfter feinting towards Wales, the Jacobites reached Derby on 4 December. Government forces were now closing in on the Jacobite army and it was clear that there was not going to be an uprising in their favour in England. The Jacobite commanders decided to retreat to Scotland. Hindered by the Liverpool Blues' demolitions, they did not reach Manchester until 8 December, with stragglers being picked off by the Blues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nThe advance guards of the government forces under Maj-Gens James Oglethorpe and Sir John Ligonier joined the Liverpool Blues at Lancaster on 14 December. Next day Capt Bradshaw and his company (95 all ranks) arrived from Ulverston with orders to put himself under Campbell's command. By now the Duke of Cumberland had arrived to take overall command, and he sent Oglethorpe with his dragoons and the Liverpool Blues to harry the Jacobite rearguard. They marched via Kendal (17 December) and continued over Shap Fell in moonlight and a snowstorm to surprise the Jacobites next morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nThe dragoons pursued the Jacobite rearguard through Shap village as far as Clifton Moor, where the Jacobites were drawn up to cover the retreat of their guns across the bridges into Penrith. The Liverpool Blues deployed in front of Clifton, with Bradshaw's company and some dragoons covering the road at Clifton Dykes. They piled arms and cooked a meal, then at 20.00 that evening Oglethorpe ordered them to advance in support of his dragoons. Bradshaw's company formed on the right of the Liverpool Blues (the position taken by the grenadier company in a line regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nThe delaying action (the Clifton Moor Skirmish) was well handled by the Jacobite commander, Lord George Murray, who led a counter-charge of Highlanders, and Oglethorpe was blamed for the heavy losses suffered by his dragoons in their dismounted attack. The Liverpool Blues followed the Highlanders with volley fire, but the Jacobites succeeded in reaching Penrith with the loss of a few guns and waggons. Bradshaw commended Corporal Shaw of his company for rescuing three people from a burning house in Clifton. The company had lost one killed and three wounded in the two skirmishes at Shap and Clifton", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Old County Regiment, Jacobite Rising of 1745\nCumberland's army followed the Jacobites through Penrith to Carlisle. The Lancashire Militia company was left at Penrith to guard the prisoners, while the Liverpool Blues were present at the 10-day siege of Carlisle Castle. Cumberland marched into Scotland on 4 January 1746 (finally defeating the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April) while the Liverpool Blues escorted the prisoners from Carlisle (including those of the Manchester Regiment) to Lancashire for trial. Bradshaw's company similarly escorted the prisoners from Penrith to Lancaster. The Lancashire Militia was then disembodied on 12 January 1746; it was not called out again for training or active service until the Seven Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 104], "content_span": [105, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Seven Years' War\nUnder threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 reorganised the county militia regiments, the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. Lancashire's quota was set at 800 men in one regiment, but despite the enthusiasm of the acting lord lieutenant, Lord Strange, the county was slow to raise its quota. A regiment would have its arms issued from the Tower of London when it reached 60 per cent of its established strength, but in the case of Lancashire this was not until 18 July 1760, and the regiment was finally embodied for service on 23 December that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 106], "content_span": [107, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Seven Years' War\nThe regiment assembled on 28 December with six companies at Preston and four at Manchester. After training, it marched on 9 July 1761 to join other militia regiments at Warley Camp in Essex, arriving on 13 August. On 15 October King George III presented the Lancashire Militia with its new Regimental Colours, and on 23 October they were granted the title Royal Lancashire Militia (RLM) with the colonel's company designated 'the King's Company'. The regiment then marched to Nottingham for winter quarters. On 11 June 1762 the regiment was marched south again to join the militia camp at Winchester in Hampshire on 30 June. Preliminaries of peace having been signed, the regiment was ordered on 18 October to march back to Lancashire, where it was disembodied at Manchester on 15 December 1762.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 106], "content_span": [107, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Seven Years' War\nIn peacetime, the reformed militia regiments were supposed to be assembled for 28 days' annual training. In 1763 part of the RLM camped at Fulwood Moor near Preston from 18 May to 14 June, but it was not called out again until 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 106], "content_span": [107, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, War of American Independence\nThe militia was called out after the outbreak of the War of American Independence when the country was threatened with invasion by the Americans' allies, France and Spain. The Royal Warrant for the embodiment of the Royal Lancashire Militia was issued on 26 March and the regiment was embodied on 1 April 1778 under the command of the 12th Earl of Derby. After six weeks' training the regiment was marched to camp at Winchester. In October it was billeted among small Hampshire towns: Lymington (HQ + 3 companies), Romsey (3 companies), Ringwood, Christchurch, Downton and Fordingbridge (1 company each). Then in November it marched back to Liverpool for the winter, setting up its HQ at the Talbot Hotel once more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 118], "content_span": [119, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, War of American Independence\nWhile at Liverpool a large number of unfit and time-expired men were discharged and a new ballot held to refill the ranks, necessitating a great deal of training. In June 1779 the regiment moved to Newcastle upon Tyne, with two companies detached to Sunderland until February 1780 when they relieved the Regular garrison of Tynemouth Castle. In June 1780 the regiment marched to Chester Castle; three companies were detached at Macclesfield and two at Nantwich. It spent the winter from November 1780 at Manchester, with some companies detached to Warrington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 118], "content_span": [119, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, War of American Independence\nIn June 1781 two companies each from Manchester and Warrington moved to Chester, returning to Warrington the following November. By now the regiment was organised like the regulars with a Grenadier Company (the King's Company), a Light Company, and eight line or 'hat' companies. From April 1782 the regiment was broken up in detachments across Cumberland: Carlisle Castle (4 companies), Cockermouth (2 companies), Workington (2 companies), Whitehaven and Maryport (1 company each). Although Cumberland was remote from a possible French invasion, Whitehaven had been attacked by John Paul Jones in 1778.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 118], "content_span": [119, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0020-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, War of American Independence\nThe regiment remained at these stations until 22 January 1783, when two companies were ordered from Carlisle Castle to Lancaster, and then on 17 February marched with HQ from Lancaster to Manchester. By now a peace treaty had been drawn up (it was signed in September) and orders were issued to the Earl of Derby on 28 February to disembody the RLM. This was carried out at Manchester in March 1783. The Earl of Derby then resigned the colonelcy to concentrate on his parliamentary duties; he nominated a distant kinsman, Thomas Stanley of Cross Hill, MP, to succeed him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 118], "content_span": [119, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, War of American Independence\nFrom 1784 to 1792 the militia were generally assembled for their 28 days' annual training, but to save money only two-thirds of the men were actually called out each year. However, it appears that the Royal Lancashire Militia did no training until the Stanleys called them out in 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 118], "content_span": [119, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, French Revolutionary War\nThe militia were re-embodied in January 1793 shortly before Revolutionary France declared war on Britain. The Royal Lancashire Militia assembled at Preston on 22 January, but on 25 January were ordered to disperse across Lancashire \u2013 Liverpool (4 companies), Wigan (3 companies), Blackburn (2 companies) and Chorley (1 company) \u2013 which hindered training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 114], "content_span": [115, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, French Revolutionary War\nDuring the French Wars the militia were employed anywhere in the country for coast defence, manning garrisons, guarding prisoners of war, and for internal security, while the regulars regarded them as a source of trained men if they could be persuaded to transfer. Their traditional local defence duties were taken over by the part-time Volunteers and later by a compulsory Local Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 114], "content_span": [115, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, French Revolutionary War\nIn February 1793 the civil authorities in the West Riding of Yorkshire feared an outbreak of disorder and requested a military force. The RLM was sent, with HQ and four companies going to Leeds, three companies to Halifax, then to Sheffield and Barnsley, and three to Wakefield, Horset and Horbury. When regular troops arrived to keep the peace in May the RLM was moved to Doncaster, with detached companies at Bawtry, Blyth, Retford and Moorgate. During the rest of the year companies and pairs of companies went out to other towns before returning to Doncaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 114], "content_span": [115, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, French Revolutionary War\nIn April 1794 the regiment was moved to the East Midlands, with six companies at Stamford and four at Peterborough. In June 1794 the RLM joined the great anti-invasion camp on the South Downs above Brighton, which included regular and fencible regiments as well as militia. In November it moved to winter quarters across Kent, with HQ at Canterbury Barracks. In 1795 it went to Dover Castle, spending May in camp at Hythe, returning to Canterbury in October with the companies in billets across north Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 114], "content_span": [115, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0024-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, French Revolutionary War\nThe regiment was then moved to billets around Greenwich and Deptford in November as part of a concentration round London to prevent disorder. In the spring of 1796 detachments were marched through Surrey before returning to Greenwich, then in June the regiment crossed to Warley Camp before going into winter quarters at Chelmsford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 114], "content_span": [115, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, French Revolutionary War\nLancashire's militia quota set in 1760 was small in proportion to its population, which soared during the Industrial Revolution. By 1796 it represented only one man in every 43 of those eligible. But in that year an additional ballot was carried out to raise men for the 'Supplementary Militia' to reinforce the standing militia regiments and to form additional temporary regiments. Lancashire's quota was increased to five regiments, and on 1 March 1797 the RLM was ordered to send a party to Lancaster to begin training them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 114], "content_span": [115, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, French Revolutionary War\nAlthough recruitment of such large numbers became difficult, the 1st Royal Lancashire Supplementary Militia was raised on 1 March 1797 at Liverpool under the personal command of the 13th Earl of Derby as lord lieutenant. On 17 August 1798 it was placed on a permanent footing as the 2nd Royal Lancashire Militia (2nd RLM), after which the 'Old County Regiment' became the 1st Royal Lancashire Militia (1st RLM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 114], "content_span": [115, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, French Revolutionary War\nIn March 1797 the 1st RLM was scattered across villages north of London, but on 11 April it was ordered to Plymouth, where it was quartered at the Maker Redoubts overlooking Plymouth Sound for the rest of the year. By the end of the year, with so many senior officers in parliament and the parties away training the supplementary militia, the strength of the regiment at Plymouth was down to about 400 men, under the command of the senior captain. Two of the companies may have been organised and equipped as rifle companies at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 114], "content_span": [115, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Irish Rebellion\nIn March 1798 legislation was passed to allow the militia to volunteer for service in Ireland, where a Rebellion had broken out. The 1st Royal Lancashire Militia immediately volunteered, and the regiment was recruited to full strength (1200 men) from the supplementary militia to replace the time-expired men. The contractors having failed to provide enough uniforms in time, the 136 time-expired men were stripped of their uniforms, hats and boots to clothe the recruits, leading to a serious complaint to the War Office about their treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0027-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Irish Rebellion\nThe recruits arrived at Plymouth from Lancashire and the regiment embarked at the end of June. But the news from Ireland having improved the voyage was cancelled and the regiment returned to camp on Maker Heights. It was not until the end of August that the 1st RLM embarked again as part of a militia brigade in response to the French intervention in Ireland. The regiment landed at Ballyhack in Waterford Harbour on 11 September and then marched to New Ross, preparatory to moving north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0027-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Irish Rebellion\nHowever, the French expedition had already been defeated at the Battle of Ballinamuck, and the follow-up expedition was defeated at sea without landing. When the regiment reached Clonmel on 21 October the rebellion was effectively over. The regiment went into winter quarters but guard and picket duties heavy while the area was still in disorder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Irish Rebellion\nWith the end of the Irish Rebellion the government encouraged militiamen to volunteer for the regular army: the 1st RLM was one of a number of regiments that offered to serve abroad as a complete unit. However the legislation did not allow for this and the offer was declined, though Col Stanley encouraged his men to volunteer as individuals, and some 350 did so, over 150 joining the 20th Foot (later the Lancashire Fusiliers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Irish Rebellion\nMeanwhile, the trials of the rebels were continuing, and in May 1799 the militia brigade at Clonmel was put on alert to march at short notice in case of trouble, or of another French landing. In September, after a year's service in Ireland, the 1st RLM prepared to embark for England. Before departure one whole company, about 100 strong, recruited from Bolton and its neighbourhood, volunteered to transfer to the 36th Foot. The reduced regiment \u2013 about 560 other ranks (ORs) \u2013 embarked from Waterford on 9 October, landing at Bristol on 12 October. It rested at Tetbury and then on 21 October it began its march back to Lancashire. On arrival at Preston on 6 November the regiment was ordered to disembody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Irish Rebellion\nThe supplementary militia having been abolished, the remaining balloted men in Lancashire were distributed to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd RLM to fill vacancies \u2013 the officers of the 1st RLM complaining about the quality of the men they were assigned. The regiment completed disembodiment on 28 December 1799. It was called out again for training 5 August 1801, assembling at Lancaster (now its permanent HQ). A few days later it was informed that it would be embodied for active service again at the end of the training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Irish Rebellion\nOn 26 September it began the march to its new station of Tynemouth Castle. On arrival, with the newly balloted men, it had a strength of 900 ORs. The Peace of Amiens was signed on 27 March 1802, and on 1 April the regiment was ordered to march back to Lancaster to disembody once more, apart from the small permanent staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Napoleonic Wars\nThe Peace of Amiens was short-lived, and the militia was called out again on 1 April 1803. After establishing a depot at Lancaster to train the newly balloted men the 1st RLM marched on 23 May to join the encampment at Danbury, Essex, under the command of Lt-Col John Plumbe, Col Stanley being unwell. The recruits followed from Lancaster on 20 July, bringing the regiment up to full strength of 1200 men in 12 companies. It remained at Danbury Camp until August 1804, when it was transferred to Brabourne Lees Camp in Kent, and then in June 1805 to Portsmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Napoleonic Wars\nIn August and September 1805 the 1st RLM was at Weymouth, Dorset, while the royal family was in residence, then in October moved to Exeter and the surrounding villages, where it spent the winter. In the spring it returned to Weymouth where it trained the newly balloted men, who replaced those time-expired and those who had volunteered for the regulars (one whole company had done so). It returned to Exeter for the winter of 1806, staying there and at Stonehouse Barracks, Plymouth, until May 1809.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0030-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Napoleonic Wars\nAt that time it was ordered to Tavistock and then to Bristol, detaching 100 men to embark at Ilfracombe to sail to Milford Haven and Haverfordwest to reinforce the garrison there. The detachment rejoined HQ at Bristol in June, and the regiment stayed there until March 1811. During 1810 it had recruiting parties detached to Bolton, Manchester, Preston and Wigan. On 8 March 1811 the 1st RLM was ordered to march from Bristol to Hull; however on 25 March it was diverted en route to deal with Luddite disturbances that had broken out at Nottingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0030-0003", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Napoleonic Wars\nIt was ordered to resumed its march to Hull Barracks on 22 April. In October it was sent to Berwick-upon-Tweed and Tweedmouth, with detachments at Eyemouth and Holy Island. In March 1812 it moved into Scotland, to Dunbar and Haddington, and then to Dalkeith. It remained there, with occasional detachments to Penicuik where there was a large Prisoner-of-war camp to be guarded, until December 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Napoleonic Wars\nThe militia had become one of the biggest sources of recruits to the regular army, and the 1st RLM was expected to supply a quota of 100 volunteers each year, rising to a draft or 244 men in February 1814. Colonel Plumbe also volunteered the whole regiment for service in Ireland, and roughly half the men agreed to extend their service accordingly. In March 1814 this body (12 officers and about 340 ORs) embarked at Portpatrick for Donaghadee, from where it marched to Belfast and then Athlone, arriving on 14 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Napoleonic Wars\nNapoleon had abdicated in April and peace was declared on 30 May, but the 1st RLM had still not been disembodied in February 1815 when he escaped from Elba and the war was resumed. The three regiments of Lancashire Militia, which happened to be stationed together at Dublin, were allowed to recruit back to full strength by ballot and 'by beat of drum'. They also provided drafts of around 1000 volunteers to the regular regiments being sent to Belgium. The 1st RLM supplied 23 NCOs and men to the 1st Foot Guards, and 11 each to the 33rd Foot and 71st (Highland) Light Infantry, with individuals to other regiments. There is a story that many of the Guardsmen at the Battle of Waterloo were still wearing their Militia uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Napoleonic Wars\nWaterloo ended the war, but much of the regular army remained in France as part of the Army of Occupation for several months, and the Lancashire Militia continue their garrison duty at Dublin. The 1st RLM now being very weak, drafts of balloted men continued to be despatched from Lancaster until February 1816, when it was finally ordered to return for disembodiment. It embarked from Dublin on 25 March and landed at Liverpool, arriving at Lancaster on 5 April and being disembodied on 15 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 105], "content_span": [106, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Long peace\nMilitia training was suspended in most years after Waterloo, but the 1st RLM was called out for its 28 days' training in 1821, 1825 and 1831. Balloting continued, but the permanent staff was progressively reduced over the years. Just before the 1831 training King William IV bestowed on the three Lancashire Militia Regiments the additional title The Duke of Lancaster's Own. No further militia training took place for the next 21 years. Although officers continued to be appointed to fill vacancies the ballot was suspended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 100], "content_span": [101, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, 1852 reforms\nThe Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act of 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the Militia Ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21\u201328 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, Militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time service in three circumstances:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 102], "content_span": [103, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, 1852 reforms\nIn the case of the 1st RLM some younger officers were appointed, including John Talbot Clifton of Lytham Hall, formerly of the 1st Life Guards, as colonel, together with new permanent staff officers and regular army NCOs, and the revived regiment was called out for its first 21 day training on 8 November 1852. The staff NCOs and the few experienced officers had their hands full when the special trains brought the 500 undisciplined recruits from Bolton and Manchester, but had made good progress after three weeks' drilling on Giant Axe Field. The officers' mess now adopted the traditional Lancashire form of the Loyal toast: 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster', which the regiment kept thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 102], "content_span": [103, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Crimean War\nIn May 1853, in view of the worsening international situation, the government ordered the lord lieutenant (the Earl of Sefton) to recruit the three Lancashire militia regiments up to their full strengths of 1200 each. The 1st RLM was called out for 28 day's annual training on 24 May, in which the staff were assisted by drill sergeants from the 50th Foot stationed nearby at Preston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 101], "content_span": [102, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Crimean War\nWar having broken out with Russia in March 1854 and an expeditionary force sent to the Crimea, the Militia were called out for home defence. The 1st RLM assembled at Lancaster on 24 May for 28 days' training before embodiment. Colonel Clifton had already offered the regiment for overseas service \u2013 the first such offer made in this war by a militia regiment \u2013 and the government accepted a body of 500 men. On 16 June the regiment divided, 500 men for the service companies, the other 700 dismissed to their homes until further notice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 101], "content_span": [102, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Crimean War\nThe service battalion travelled by train to Deptford Dockyard, moving on 16 July to Portsmouth. In September, training began with the new Enfield rifled musket. In November there was a call to reinforce the army in the Crimea, and 250 men from the service companies of the 1st RLM volunteered. It was not until December that Parliament passed Acts allowing whole militia regiments to volunteer, and recalling out the men who had been disembodied in order to fill the vacancies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 101], "content_span": [102, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Crimean War\nThe regiment now prepared to embark for the Ionian Islands (then a British protectorate) to release the garrison to fight in the Crimea. The men who had not volunteered or were unfit for overseas service were formed into a regimental depot at Fort Cumberland, Portsmouth. The depot returned to Lancaster on 1 March 1855, and the service companies embarked on the transport Calcutta two days later. It sailed on 4 March and they disembarked at Corfu on 16 March, taking up quarters in the Citadel Barracks, with detachments on the islands of Fano, Paxo and Santa Maura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 101], "content_span": [102, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0038-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Crimean War\nIts first task was to send the Grenadier Company on 20 March to suppress a riot on Vido among the convalescent soldiers from the Crimea. On 15 May the bulk of the regiment re-embarked for Zante, leaving detachments on Santa Maura, Cerigo and Cephalonia. In September there was a cholera outbreak at Zante, and in two weeks the regiment lost one officer, two NCOs and 275 men dead, and 54 invalided home. Two drafts of reinforcements arrived from the depot at Lancaster, 150 men on 25 November and 250 more on 15 January 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 101], "content_span": [102, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0038-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Crimean War\nThe Grenadier Company at Santa Maura had been unaffected by cholera, and was chosen to go to the Crimea to reinforce the army for its projected operations following the fall of Sevastopol in September 1855 (the only militia unit accepted). However, there were no further operations and the war ended on 30 March 1856 before the company had left the islands. The 1st RLM embarked on the troopship Colombo on 21 May, but its passage was delayed when the ship ran aground at Argostoli Bay, where it had gone to pick up the Grenadier Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 101], "content_span": [102, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0038-0003", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Crimean War\nThe ship was deemed to be overcrowded, and two companies were left at Malta to follow by a later steamer. The main body reached Portsmouth on 3 June, and went by trains to Lancaster on 8 and 9 June. The two companies from Malta were not disembodied until 16 July. After the regiment was disembodied it was awarded the Battle honour Mediterranean for its service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 101], "content_span": [102, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Crimean War\nFurther militia regiments had been raised in Lancashire after 1852, bringing the total to seven of infantry and one of artillery. Each had its own recruiting areas across the county, those of the 1st RLM being Bolton (Great and Little), Fylde, Lancaster and Manchester. During the Crimean War the depot of the 1st RLM built a barracks on Windy Hill at Lancaster for 200 men and a storehouse with a parade ground for 800 men later known as Springfield Barracks. Plans to convert some old warehouses at St Georges Quay were scrapped when the war ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 101], "content_span": [102, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Crimean War\nAnnual training for the 1st RLM resumed in 1857. It was usually held on Giant Axe Field, but at Ulverston when camp coincided with elections in Lancaster. In some years a joint field day was held with one of the Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps during annual training. From 1876 the regiment adopted the practice of camping at Scale Hall field, about 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) from Lancaster, during its annual training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 101], "content_span": [102, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Cardwell reforms\nUnder the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Militia regiments were brigaded with their local regular and Volunteer battalions \u2013 for the 1st RLM this was with the 4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot in Sub-District No 11 (County of Lancaster). The Militia now came under the War Office rather than their county lords lieutenant, and officers' commissions were signed by the Queen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 106], "content_span": [107, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Cardwell reforms\nAlthough often referred to as brigades, the sub-districts were purely administrative organisations, but in a continuation of the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned regular and militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Royal Lancashire Militia formed 1st Brigade of 3rd Division, VI Corps. The brigade would have mustered at Manchester in time of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 106], "content_span": [107, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Cardwell reforms\nThe Hon Frederick Stanley, MP, formerly captain in the Grenadier Guards, was appointed lieutenant-colonel commandant of the regiment (later of the 1st Battalion) on 23 June 1874, the rank of colonel in the militia having been abolished. He was also Financial Secretary to the War Office from 1874 to 1877, and Secretary of State for War 1878\u201380, which meant that he was often absent during training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 106], "content_span": [107, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Cardwell reforms\nCardwell's localisation scheme provided for the regular and militia regiments to be linked in pairs, sharing a single permanent depot. The 4th (King's Own) already had two battalions; the 1st RLM split to form its own second battalion on 26 September 1877, each being initially of six companies. A new regimental depot, Bowerham Barracks, was built at Lancaster between 1876 and 1880.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 106], "content_span": [107, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Cardwell reforms\nMilitia battalions now had a large cadre of permanent staff (about 30). Around a third of the recruits and many young officers went on to join the regular army. In addition, the Militia Reserve introduced in 1867 consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war. During the international crisis caused by the Russo-Turkish War in 1877, the 1st RLM offered its service and was informed that it might be embodied for garrison duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 106], "content_span": [107, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, Cardwell reforms\nIn the event the militia was not embodied, but the regular and militia reserves were called out the following year, those belonging to Sub-District No 11 assembling at Lancaster on 3 April. On 22 April they entrained to join the depot of the 4th (King's Own) at the Portsdown Hill Forts, where they served until 30 July when they were dismissed to heir homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 106], "content_span": [107, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)\nThe Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further, with the linked regular and militia regiments becoming single county regiments. In the case of the Lancaster district this was the King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) ('The King's Own') of four battalions: the 1st and 2nd were the regulars, while the 1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own) became the 3rd and 4th Bns, together with affiliated Volunteer Force battalions. As the regimental history put it, the 1st and 2nd Bns King's Own had amalgamated with the 1st and 2nd Bns Duke's Own. The two militia battalions continued to be administered as a single double-battalion regiment until 1 August 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 121], "content_span": [122, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)\nIn 1882 the 3rd and 4th Battalions began their annual training at Lancaster on 3 July, but at the end of the month their training was extended for 56 days, embodying them for garrison duty during the crisis surrounding the Anglo-Egyptian War. Both battalions entrained for Preston on 31 July, and went to Fulwood Barracks, which were grossly overcrowded by the arrival of their 12 companies in addition to the reservists of the regular regiment stationed there. The two battalions returned to Lancaster on 26 August to be disembodied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 121], "content_span": [122, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment), Second Boer War\nAfter the disasters of Black Week at the start of the Second Boer War in December 1899, most of the regular army was sent to South Africa, and many militia units were embodied to replace them for home defence and to garrison certain overseas stations. The 4th Bn King's Own was embodied on 13 December 1899 and the 3rd Bn on 23 January 1900. Both battalions volunteered for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 138], "content_span": [139, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment), Second Boer War\nThe 4th Battalion left first, embarking with a strength of 25 officers and 666 ORs under the command of Lt-Col W. Kemmis and landing at Cape Town on 1 February 1900. It proceeded to the advanced base at Naauwpoort and was employed on the lines of communication with detachments guarding towns, bridges and culverts between Norvalspont and Port Elizabeth, Graaff-Reinet and Hanover Road. In August 1900 a column consisting of 200 men of the battalion and 40 of Nesbitt's Horse carried out a demonstration through the disaffected district of Hanover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 138], "content_span": [139, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0048-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment), Second Boer War\nOn 30 December the Boers attacked and burned a train at the 'Gates of Hell' about 16 miles (26\u00a0km) from Naauwpoort: two companies of the battalion only arrived in time to exchange a few shots with the retiring enemy. In December, Lt-Col Kemmis was appointed commandant of Naauwpoort. On 23 February 1901 2nd Lt Hunt with 30 men guarding the Fish River bridge and station successfully held off Commandant Kritzinger and about 250 Boers for four hours before the armoured train came to their assistance and drove off the Boers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 138], "content_span": [139, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0048-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment), Second Boer War\nOn 7 March Capt Worsley Taylor with 40 men of the 4th Bn and about 60 Mounted infantry (MI) was attacked by a superior force while repairing the Colesberg\u2013Philippolis telegraph line. Taylor and his men took up a defensive position on a Kopje and held it for 24 hours until a relief column arrived from Colesberg. On 29 May Battalion HQ moved to Norvalspont and the battalion occupied the northern bank of the Orange River. Finally, it concentrated at De Aar on 5 July preparatory to embarking for home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 138], "content_span": [139, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0048-0003", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment), Second Boer War\nDuring the campaign the battalion lost one officer and 21 ORs killed or died of disease. The 4th Bn was disembodied on 3 August 1901. It was awarded the battle honour South Africa 1900\u201301, and the officers and men received the Queen's South Africa Medal with the clasps 'Cape Colony', 'Orange Free State', and 'South Africa 1901'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 138], "content_span": [139, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment), Second Boer War\nThe 3rd Bn embarked for South Africa with a strength of 25 officers and 686 ORs under the command of Col B.N. North. It landed at Cape Town on 1 March 1900 and was deployed along the lines of communication in Orange River Colony, with Battalion HQ and three companies guarding the important railway bridge and supply depot at Zand River Bridge. They were attacked on 14 March by a Boer force that included artillery, driving them off after a day's fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 138], "content_span": [139, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0049-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment), Second Boer War\nThe battalion also supplied an MI company that took part in the action at Ventersburg with a column under Col North operating with armoured trains. This force obliged the Boers to abandon their position at Zeegatacht, near Brandfort, on 16 January 1901, and North with the MI and armoured train drove them from Huten Beck on 28 January. At this time the rest of the battalion was holding the blockhouse line and railway from Kroonstad to Bloemfontein, driving off several attacks. In October 1901 the battalion was divided into several detachments that engaged Theron's Commando around Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 138], "content_span": [139, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0049-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), 3rd and 4th Battalions, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment), Second Boer War\nThe battalion re-assembled on 10 January 1902 to embark for England, where it was disembodied on 8 February 1902. During the campaign the battalion had lost 51 ORs killed or died of disease. It was awarded the battle honour South Africa 1900\u201302, the Queen's South Africa Medal with the clasps 'Cape Colony' and 'Orange Free State', and the King's South Africa Medal with the clasps 'South Africa 1901' and 'South Africa 1902', and Lt-Col North was awarded a Companionship of the Order of the Bath (CB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 138], "content_span": [139, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Special Reserve\nAfter the Boer War, the future of the Militia was called into question. There were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in the six Army Corps proposed by the Secretary of State for War, St John Brodrick. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out. Under the more sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the militia was replaced by the Special Reserve, (SR) a semi-professional force whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for Regular units serving overseas in wartime, rather like the earlier Militia Reserve. The 3rd Battalion became the 3rd (Reserve) Battalion, King's Own, on 19 July 1908, but the 4th Bn was disbanded on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 75], "content_span": [76, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Special Reserve, World War I\nOn the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 the battalion was embodied at Lancaster under Lt-Col J.M.A. Graham. It then moved to its war station at Saltash, Cornwall, for a few days before the bulk of the battalion moved to Sunderland. It probably helped to organise the 10th (Reserve) Battalion, King's Own, from Kitchener's Army volunteers, when that was formed at Saltash in October 1914. From 1915 to 1917 the 3rd Bn was at Plymouth, but by November 1917 it had moved to Harwich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 88], "content_span": [89, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0051-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Special Reserve, World War I\nAs well as forming part of the Plymouth and Harwich Garrisons, the battalion's role was to train and despatch drafts of reservists, special reservists, recruits and returning wounded for the regular battalions. The 1st King's Own served on the Western Front, while the 2nd Bn returned from India and after a few months on the Western Front spent the rest of the war on the Macedonian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 88], "content_span": [89, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Special Reserve, World War I\nThousands of men for the regular battalions would have passed through the ranks of the 3rd Bn during the war. It was disembodied on 30 July 1919, when the remaining personnel were drafted to the 1st Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 88], "content_span": [89, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Special Reserve, Postwar\nThe SR resumed its old title of Militia in 1921 and then became the Supplementary Reserve in 1924, but like most militia battalions the 3rd King's Own remained in abeyance after World War I. By the outbreak of World War II in 1939, no officers remained listed for the battalion. The militia was formally disbanded in April 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 84], "content_span": [85, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the regiment as Colonel, as Honorary Colonel, or served as Lt-Col Commandant of one of its battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Uniforms & Insignia\nThe uniform of the Royal Lancashire Militia was red with the blue facings appropriate to 'Royal' regiments. The regimental colour presented in 1761 was blue and bore the coat of arms of the Duchy of Lancaster (on a shield gules, three lions of England (passant gardant) or, in chief a label azure of three points, each charged with three fleur-de-lis of France). The regimental colour presented by Queen Charlotte at Weymouth in 1806 simply carried the words 'FIRST ROYAL LANCASHIRE MILITIA' surrounded by a wreath of roses, thistles and shamrocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 79], "content_span": [80, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Uniforms & Insignia\nAs a reward for its service in Ireland in 1798 the badge of the 'Harp and Crown' was bestowed on the regiment, and the 'Red Rose of Lancaster' in 1803. The set of colours believed to have been presented by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland when the regiment was stationed in Dublin in 1816 bore the harp in the centre of the King's colour and the crowned red rose with 'LANCASTER' in Old English script in the three outer corners of the regimental colour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 79], "content_span": [80, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0056-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Uniforms & Insignia\nThe colonel's wife, Mrs Clifton, presented new colours to the reformed regiment in 1853 and again in 1870 after the regulation size of colours was made smaller. The regimental colour bore a red rose inside a circle with the words 'DUKE OF LANCASTER'S OWN' surrounded by a wreath of roses, thistles and shamrocks. Above was a crown, below were the Roman numeral 'I' and two scrolls, the upper saying 'ROYAL LANCASHIRE MILITIA', the lower the battle honour 'MEDITERRANEAN'; the crown, numeral and upper scroll also appeared on the Queen's colour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 79], "content_span": [80, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0056-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Uniforms & Insignia\nThe smaller 1870 colours were similar, but the numeral I had disappeared and the scroll now read '1. ROYAL LANCASHIRE MILITIA'. Lady Constance Stanley presented the 2nd Bn's colours in 1880: the design was the same, but the lettering on the scrolls was 'First Royal Lancashire Militia, 2nd Battalion, Mediterranean', which was repeated in black on a yellow ground in the centre of the Queens colour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 79], "content_span": [80, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Uniforms & Insignia\nAbout 1790 the buttons had the letters 'RL' inside a crowned star; the figure '1' was added above the letters after the creation of the 2nd RLM, and these buttons were retained until 1829. The officers' shako plate in 1812\u201316 consisted of the stylised cipher 'GR' above an enamelled red rose, with a silver spray of leaves beneath and the numeral '1' at the bottom, the whole plate a highly stylised escutcheon topped with a crown. The ORs' plate was plain brass, the word 'LANCASTER\" appearing between the cipher and rose, and no numeral at the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 79], "content_span": [80, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0057-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Uniforms & Insignia\nThe cap badge of 1852 was circular, with 'LANCASTER' in Old English lettering above a red rose, a spray of leaves below; the officer's belt plate carried this badge without the spray of leaves but surmounted by a crown, on a decorated star. The OR's Glengarry badge of 1874\u201381 had the royal crest (a crowned lion statant gardant on a crown) over the red rose within a spray of grass, with a scroll underneath inscribed 'THE DUKE OF LANCASTER'S OWN'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 79], "content_span": [80, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Uniforms & Insignia\nIn 1881 the regiment combined the insignia of the King's Own and the Duke's Own, with the Red Rose of Lancaster surmounted by the Lion of England. Later this was replaced by the lion over the words 'KING'S OWN'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 79], "content_span": [80, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Precedence\nIn September 1759 it was ordered that militia regiments on service were to take their relative precedence from the date of their arrival in camp. In 1760 this was altered to a system of drawing lots where regiments did duty together. During the War of American Independence all the counties were given an order of precedence determined by ballot each year, beginning in 1778. For the Lancashire Militia the positions were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159554-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own), Precedence\nThe militia order of precedence balloted for in 1793 (when Lancashire was 37th) remained in force throughout the French Revolutionary War: this covered all the regiments formed in the county. Another ballot for precedence took place at the start of the Napoleonic War, when Lancashire was 52nd. This order continued until 1833. In that year the King drew the lots for individual regiments and the resulting list remained in force with minor amendments until the end of the militia. The regiments raised before the peace of 1763 took the first 47 places: the 1st RLM was 45th. Formally, the regiment became the 45th, or 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, but the 1st RLM like most regiments seems to have paid little attention to the additional number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 70], "content_span": [71, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159555-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Naval Brigade\nThe 1st Royal Naval Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Royal Navy. It was assigned to the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159555-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Naval Brigade\nThe brigade was raised in August 1914, from surplus naval reserves. By April 1915, it was known as 1st (Royal Naval) Brigade, but was re-designated as 1st Brigade on 2 August 1915. The Brigade was broken up on 2 July 1916, the staff joining the 3rd (Royal Marine) Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159555-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Naval Brigade, Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers\nThe 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers was an Australian Army light cavalry (reconnaissance) regiment. Its complicated lineage includes the New South Wales Lancers which was first formed as a colonial unit in 1885 as the New South Wales Cavalry, and subsequently saw action in the Second Boer War, and later during First World War at Gallipoli and Palestine as the 1st Light Horse Regiment. The unit subsequently served during the Second World War as the 1st Armoured Regiment equipped with Matilda tanks, fighting the Japanese in New Guinea and Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers\nThe Lancers was reformed after the Second World War in 1948 as a reserve formation in the Citizens Military Forces (CMF) known as the 1st Armoured Regiment (Royal New South Wales Lancers). In 1949, the regiment was renamed the 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers however, in order to reallocate the former name to the tank regiment that was to be established in the new Australian Regular Army. In 1956, the 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers was merged with the 15th Northern River Lancers to create the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, a unit which continues to serve today in the Australian Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, Second Boer War\nThe unit's complicated lineage included the New South Wales Lancers, which had been first formed as the New South Wales Cavalry, a reserve colonial unit in 1885 and had later served in the Second Boer War. A half squadron of the Regiment had been in Great Britain where they participated in the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. When war was declared they were transported to South Africa. The Lancers contributed a squadron that had served under John French in Lord Roberts' army, and participated in a counter-invasion of the Orange Free State that eventually lifted the Siege of Kimberley in 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, First World War and inter-war years\nIn August 1914, following the outbreak of the First World War, the 1st Light Horse Regiment was formed at Rosebury Park in Sydney, as part of the raising of a 20,000-man expeditionary force known as the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). The new regiment was raised mainly from volunteers of the 7th Australian Light Horse (New South Wales Lancers), an existing militia unit based in Sydney and on the New South Wales south coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, First World War and inter-war years\nUpon establishment, the men from the 7th ALH formed the bulk of Regimental Headquarters, and A and B Squadrons, while AIF volunteers made up the remainder of the new unit. Among them were veterans of the New South Wales Lancers who had fought in South Africa. Sailing from Sydney on 19 October, the 1st Light Horse disembarked in Egypt on 8 December 1914 and later went on to fight in Gallipoli, after being dispatched there in May 1915 with the 1st Light Horse Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, First World War and inter-war years\nServing in a dismounted role, they reinforced the New Zealand and Australian Division around Anzac Cove, and undertook mainly defensive tasks. In August, the regiment mounted a diversionary assault around a position dubbed \"the Chessboard\", where they suffered heavy casualties. After withdrawal from Gallipoli in December 1915, the regiment returned to a mounted role and was assigned to the Anzac Mounted Division. After defensive duties around the Suez Canal, the regiment joined the Sinai and Palestine campaign against Turkish forces. Its first battle came at Romani. It was followed by numerous others over the next two-and-a-half years, including Maghdaba, Rafa, Gaza, Jaffa, Es Salt, before the war end in late 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, First World War and inter-war years\nThe regiment returned to Australia in mid-1919, and the AIF was disbanded in 1921. Serving in the part-time Citizens Force (later known as the \"Militia\") after the war, the Lancers was designated as successor to the 1st Light Horse Regiment, and they consequently inherited the former unit's battle honours. The regiment continued as the 1st Light Horse Regiment until 1929, its ranks augmented with conscripts. In 1929, universal service ended, and the unit was linked with the 21st Light Horse to become the 1st/21st Light Horse (New South Wales Lancers) in the wake of the Great Depression. In 1935, the regiment received the prefix \"Royal\", while the 1st and 21st Light Horse were uncoupled the following year. The unit was subsequently converted into a motorised machine-gun regiment, and was renamed the 1st Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment (Royal New South Wales Lancers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 961]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, Second World War\nAt the start of the Second World War, due to the limitations of the Defence Act (1903), which prevented the government from sending the Militia to fight outside Australian territory, it was decided to raise an all volunteer force to serve overseas. This force was known as the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), and many of the 1st Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment's members volunteered. Assigned to the 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion, they took part in the fighting in the Mediterranean theatre. In December 1941 the regiment became the 1st Machine Gun Regiment and was given its first operational role securing the northern Newcastle beaches as part of the Newcastle Covering Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, Second World War\nIn March 1942, the regiment was again renamed, being converted to the 1st Motor Regiment. This change was short lived however, and it was changed again in May to the 1st Tank Battalion, becoming part of the 3rd Army Tank Brigade, equipped with Matilda tanks. In 1943 the unit became part of the 4th Armoured Brigade and was designated as an AIF unit, thus allowing it to be deployed to any theatre of the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, Second World War\nLater, after completing training in Caboolture, Queensland it deployed to New Guinea in August 1943 where it supported the 9th Division fighting the Japanese 20th Division around Lae, on the Huon Peninsula and around Finschhafen, Sattelberg and Lakona. The unit was then withdrawn to Australia in mid-1944. During the fighting the tanks had performed well, and despite the difficult jungle terrain, the suitability of the Matilda for such operations had been proven with the Australians effectively employing combined arms tactics against which the Japanese had no effective response.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, Second World War\nOn 1 June 1944, the unit was renamed the 1st Armoured Regiment. The unit then spent the next year in training, and during this time it was based at Southport, Queensland. In May 1945, it took part in the amphibious landings at Balikpapan in support of the 7th Division, being involved in one of the final Australian campaigns of the war in Borneo. The landings took place on 1 July 1945 and had been preceded by heavy bombing and shelling by Australian and US air and naval forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, Second World War\nLanding with the infantry, the tanks\u2014including newly modified Matilda Frog flamethrower tanks\u2014mainly operated in small detachments in close support of the troops, even though the terrain offered the opportunity for more mobile tactics to be employed. Although the Australians were ultimately successful, casualties among the infantry were heavy and during this time the regiment was involved in some hard fighting, with the Japanese able to make effective use of strong natural defences in conjunction with minefields and anti-tank ditches in order to compensate for their lack of anti-tank guns. With the fighting coming to a conclusion however, tank operations ceased on 24 July. In total, casualties suffered by the regiment during the war included 14 dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, Post-war era\nFollowing the end of the war the Australian Army was demobilised. In 1948, the Citizens Military Forces (CMF) was re-raised, albeit on a reduced establishment of two divisions. As a part of this force, the regiment was reconstituted as a reserve formation on 1 April 1948, adopting the designation of the 1st Armoured Regiment (Royal New South Wales Lancers), in recognition of its previous history. During this time the regiment continued to operate Matilda tanks and was based at Lancer Barracks in Parramatta, in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159556-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Royal New South Wales Lancers, History, Post-war era\nHowever, in 1949 the regiment was renamed the 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers and its battle honours and history were perpetuated by this unit, in order to reallocate the former name to the tank regiment that was to be established in the new Australian Regular Army. Later, in 1956 the 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers merged with the 15th Northern River Lancers to form the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, equipped with a small number of Centurion tanks. This unit continues to serve today as a part-time unit in the Australian Army Reserve, operating Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles (PMV) in the Light Cavalry (Reconnaissance) role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159557-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Saxon Guards Heavy Cavalry\nThe 1st Royal Saxon Guards Heavy Cavalry (Garde-Reiter-Regiment (1. Schweres Regiment)) was a heavy cavalry of the Royal Saxon Army. Established in 1680 as a cuirassiers unit, the regiment fought in the Battle of Vienna (1683), the Nine Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the Silesian Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, the Austro-Prussian War, the Franco-Prussian War and World War I. The regiment was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia\nThe 1st Royal Surrey Militia, later the 3rd Battalion, East Surrey Regiment was an auxiliary regiment raised in Surrey in the Home Counties of  England. From its formal creation in 1759 the regiment served in home defence in all of Britain's major wars until 1918, seeing active service in the Second Boer War and supplying reinforcements to the East Surreys during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Background\nThe universal obligation to military service in the Shire levy was long established in England and its legal basis was updated by two Acts of 1557, which placed selected men, the 'Trained Bands', under the command of Lords Lieutenant appointed by the monarch. This is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England. The Surrey Trained Bands formed part of the army at Tilbury during the Armada campaign of 1588, and some elements saw active service during the English Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Background\nThe Militia was re-established in 1661 after the restoration of the monarchy, and was popularly seen as the 'Constitutional Force' in contrast to the 'Standing Army' that was tainted by association with the New Model Army that had supported the military dictatorship of the Protectorate. However, the Militia declined in the years after the Peace of Utrecht in 1713.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, Seven Years War\nUnder threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 re-established county militia regiments, the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. An adjutant and drill sergeants were provided to each regiment from the Regular Army, and arms and accoutrements were supplied when the county had secured 60 per cent of its quota of recruits. Surrey was given a quota of 800 men to raise under the command of the Lord-Lieutenant of Surrey, Richard Onslow, 3rd Baron Onslow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, Seven Years War\nArms for the Surrey Militia were authorised on 23 February 1759 and the regiment was formed at Richmond-upon-Thames on 18 April 1759. By now Lord Onslow had resigned the colonelcy (he remained lord lieutenant) and had been replaced by Sir Nicholas Hacket Carew, 2nd Baronet, of Beddington, with the lord lieutenant's kinsman George Onslow as lieutenant-colonel. The 10 companies were distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, Seven Years War\nThe regiment was embodied for full-time service from 6 July 1759 and marched to Kent, where the companies were distributed. In August they were concentrated again at Frindsbury. On 3 November the regiment was split into two battalions of five companies each, the 1st or Eastern commanded by Carew and the 2nd or Western by Onslow with the writer Francis Grose as his adjutant. They then went into winter quarters in Surrey, the 1st Bn at Kingston, the 2nd at Putney, Fulham and Wandsworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, Seven Years War\nThereafter the regiments were frequently moved about the country, one of their duties being to guard French prisoners of war, beginning in May 1760 when the two battalions alternated this duty at Maidstone in Kent. In November the 1st Bn was at Salisbury in Wiltshire and the 2nd had just marched through Essex to Northampton. The Peace of Fontainebleau was signed on 3 November 1762, ending the war, and the regiment was quartered at Lewes in Sussex when on 3 December it was ordered to march back to Surrey to be disembodied. The following year the two battalions were merged into a single regiment again; Sir Nicholas Carew had died in August 1762, so George Onslow was appointed colonel of the amalgamated regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, American War of Independence\nThe Militia was called out after the outbreak of the War of American Independence when the country was  threatened with invasion by the Americans' allies, France and Spain. The Surrey regiment was embodied on  26 March 1778, and that summer was at Coxheath Camp near Maidstone, which was the army's largest training camp, where the Militia were exercised as part of a division alongside Regular troops while providing a reserve in case of French invasion of South East England. The Surreys under Colonel Jeremiah Hodge formed part of the Right Wing under Major-General William Amherst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, American War of Independence\nEach battalion had two small field-pieces or 'battalion guns' attached to it, manned by men of the regiment instructed by a Royal Artillery sergeant and two gunners. In 1779 the regiment was at Gosport guarding 1500 Prisoners of War in a former seamen's hospital when the militiamen foiled an attempt to tunnel out and a plot to overcome the guards, who were increased. In 1780 some of the Surrey companies were stationed at Ringwood in Hampshire, where they were called upon to assist the Revenue officers against smuggling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0005-0002", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, American War of Independence\nIn June that year the regiment was deployed on the streets of London against the Gordon Riots, clearing the streets and bridges with the bayonet when parties of rioters refused to disperse. From 1 July 1782 the regiment was in summer camp at Chatham, Kent, once again brigaded with regulars and other militia. It was disembodied on 28 February 1783 after the signing of the Peace of Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, American War of Independence\nIn September 1759 it had been ordered that militia regiments on service were to take precedence from the date of their arrival in camp. In 1760 this was altered to a system of drawing lots where regiments did duty together. During the War of American Independence the counties were given an order of precedence determined by ballot each year, beginning in 1778. For the Surrey Militia the positions were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, American War of Independence\nFrom 1784 to 1792 the militia were assembled for their 28 days' annual peacetime training, but to save money only two-thirds of the men were actually mustered each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, French Wars\nIn view of the worsening international situation in late 1792 the militia was called out, even though Revolutionary France did not declare war on Britain until 1 February 1793. The Surrey Militia was embodied on 1 December 1792. The French Revolutionary Wars saw a new phase for the English militia: they were embodied for a whole generation, and became regiments of full-time professional soldiers (though restricted to service within the British Isles), which the regular army increasingly saw as a prime source of recruits. They served in coast defences, manning garrisons, guarding prisoners of war, and for internal security, while their traditional local defence duties were taken over by the Volunteers. The militia order of precedence balloted for in 1793 (Surrey was 18th) remained in force throughout the French Revolutionary War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, French Wars\nIn 1797, to release regulars for overseas service, the strength of the Militia was increased by the creation of the Supplementary Militia, also raised by means of the ballot. A third of Surrey's Supplementary Militia quota (820 men) was assigned as reinforcements to the 'Old Surrey Militia', as the original regiment became known. The remainder were to form two supplementary regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, French Wars\nSurrey has been described as one of the 'black spots' in recruitment for the Supplementary Militia (especially compared to the Volunteers), so although the 1st Surrey Supplementary Militia was successfully raised (and became the permanent 2nd Surrey Militia the following year) the 2nd regiment (intended to be the 3rd Surrey Militia) never reached establishment and was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, French Wars\nThe Old Surrey Militia, which officially became the 1st Surrey Militia on 17 August 1798, now consisted of 12 companies. At the end of 1797 it was stationed at Sunderland in the North East and York District, brigaded with other militia regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, French Wars\nA peace treaty having been agreed (the Treaty of Amiens), most of the militia were disembodied in 1802, but the Peace of Amiens broke down in 1803 before the 1st Surreys could be disembodied and the regiment remained in service. On 23 April 1804 both the Surrey militia regiments were granted the title 'Royal', the 1st becoming the 1st Royal Surrey Militia (1st RSM). Another ballot for precedence took place at the start of the Napoleonic War: Surrey was 41st. These 'regular', 'ordinary' or 'permanent' regiments of embodied militia should not be confused with the Local Militia, part-time units formed in 1809 to replace the various Volunteer units in the county; eventually there were five Local Militia regiments in Surrey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, French Wars\nMilitia duties during the Napoleonic War were much as before: home defence and garrisons, prisoners of war, and increasingly internal security in the industrial areas where there was unrest. From 1813 the militia were invited to volunteer for limited overseas service, primarily for garrison duties in Europe. The 1st RSM supplied a detachment of one officer and 30 men for the 1st Provisional Battalion in the Militia Brigade. This embarked on 10\u201311 March 1814 and joined the Earl of Dalhousie's division that had occupied Bordeaux just as the war was ending. The brigade did not form part of the Army of Occupation after the abdication of Napoleon and returned to England in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, French Wars\nAfter Napoleon's exile to Elba the 1st RSM was disembodied on 24 June 1814, but it was called out again on 29 June 1815 during the Waterloo campaign. At the beginning of the campaign several regular regiments including the Scots Guards were hurriedly brought up to strength with militia volunteers before embarking for Belgium. There is a story that many of the Guardsmen at Waterloo were still clad in Surrey Militia uniforms. The 1st RSM was finally disembodied on 30 April 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, Long peace\nAlthough officers continued to be commissioned into the militia and ballots were still held during the long peace after the Battle of Waterloo, the regiments were rarely assembled for training and the permanent staffs of sergeants and drummers were progressively reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 62], "content_span": [63, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1st Royal Surrey Militia, Long peace\nThe militia order of precedence balloted for in the Napoleonic War remained in force until 1833. In that year the King drew the lots for individual regiments and the resulting list remained in force with minor amendments until the end of the militia. The regiments raised before the peace of 1763 took the first 47 places: both Surrey regiments were deemed to predate 1763 (even though the 2nd had disappeared until 1797), and the 2nd RSM was allotted 11th place, the 1st RSM only 20th. Formally, the regiment became the 20th, or 1st Royal Surrey Militia: most regiments paid little notice, but the 1st RSM did include the numeral in its badge (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 62], "content_span": [63, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1852 reform\nThe Militia was revived by the Militia Act of 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the militia ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21\u201328 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time home defence service in three circumstances:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1852 reform\nThe existing militia regiments were reorganised, with most of the old officers and permanent staff pensioned off and replaced, and annual training was resumed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1852 reform, Crimean War and Indian Mutiny\nWar having broken out with Russia in 1854 and an expeditionary force sent to the Crimea, the Militia were called out for home defence. The 1st RSM was embodied for service from 28 December 1854 to 10 June 1856, and was called out again from 5 November 1857 to 22 January 1858 during the absence of many of the Regular units fighting the Indian Mutiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 68], "content_span": [69, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 1852 reform, Crimean War and Indian Mutiny\nThereafter the regiment was called out for its annual training. As an experiment in 1867 this was held in May at Aldershot in conjunction with the regular division stationed there. The camp ended with a divisional field day and was considered a success, being repeated in subsequent years. The 1st RSM attended in 1868 and again in 1871, when extensive Autumn Manoeuvres were conducted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 68], "content_span": [69, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Cardwell reforms\nUnder the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Militia regiments were brigaded with their local regular and Volunteer battalions \u2013 for the 1st RSM this was with the 31st (Huntingdonshire) and 70th (Surrey) Regiments of Foot and the 3rd Royal Surrey Militia in Sub-District No 47 (County of Surrey) with a shared depot at Kingston. The Barracks, Kingston upon Thames, was built for the brigade depot in 1874\u20135; the 1st RSM moved there from Richmond before the end of 1880. The Militia now came under the War Office rather than their county lords lieutenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Cardwell reforms\nAlthough often referred to as brigades, the sub-districts were purely administrative organisations, but in a continuation of the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned Regular and Militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd RSM were assigned to 2nd Brigade of 2nd Division, III Corps. The brigade would have mustered at Redhill in time of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 3rd Battalion, East Surrey Regiment\nThe Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further, with the linked regiments becoming two-battalion regiments and the militia formally joining as their 3rd and 4th Battalions. The 31st and 70th Foot became the East Surrey Regiment and the 1st and 3rd RSM became the 3rd and 4th Battalions on 1 July 1881 (the 2nd RSM became 3rd Bn Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)). Militia battalions now had a large cadre of permanent staff (about 30). Around a third of the recruits and many young officers went on to join the Regular Army. The Militia Reserve consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 3rd Battalion, East Surrey Regiment\nThe 3rd Bn East Surrey was embodied from 9 March to 30 September 1885 during the Panjdeh Crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 3rd Battalion, East Surrey Regiment, Second Boer War\nAfter the disasters of Black Week at the start of the Second Boer War in December 1899, most of the Regular Army was sent to South Africa, and many militia units were embodied to replace them for home defence and to garrison certain overseas stations. The 3rd East Surreys were embodied on 12 May 1900 and disembodied on 19 October. They were embodied again on 6 May 1901 and volunteered for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 3rd Battalion, East Surrey Regiment, Second Boer War\nThe battalion disembarked at Port Elizabeth in South Africa on 1 July with a strength of 23 officers and 617 other ranks (ORs) under its commanding officer, Lt-Col Sir George Douglas Clerk, 8th Baronet of Penicuik. It occupied various posts along the line of communications from Port Elizabeth to the Orange River bridge at Norvalspont, with battalion headquarters established at Colesberg. It was involved in an action at Kalkfontein on 28 November. On 29 December the battalion moved via Naauwpoort to De Aar and took over the blockhouse line from Victoria West to Beaufort West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 3rd Battalion, East Surrey Regiment, Second Boer War\nIn February 1902, C and D Companies trekked to Clanwilliam and Williston to help build and man a new blockhouse line, H Company joining them later. In March, seven companies moved to Simon's Town where they mounted guard over 1700 Boer prisoners. The Treaty of Vereeniging was signed on 31 May 1902, and in June the 3rd East Surreys concentrated at Green Point to embark for home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, 3rd Battalion, East Surrey Regiment, Second Boer War\nAfter returning to England the 3rd Battalion was disembodied on 10 October 1902. During the campaign the battalion had lost two officers and 9 ORs killed or died of wounds or sickness. The battalion was awarded the Battle honour South Africa 1901\u201302 and the participants were awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with clasps for 'Cape Colony', 'Orange Free State', 'South Africa 1901' and 'South Africa 1902'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve\nAfter the Boer War, the future of the Militia was called into question. There were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in the six Army Corps proposed by the Secretary of State for War, St John Brodrick. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve\nUnder the more sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve (SR), a semi-professional force whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for Regular units serving overseas in wartime, rather like the earlier Militia Reserve. The battalion became the 3rd (Reserve) Battalion, East Surrey Regiment, on 9 August 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve, World War I\nOn the outbreak of World War I the 3rd East Surreys were embodied on 4 August 1914 at Kingston under Lt-Col C.O. Shipley. Made up of Special Reservists and the Regular Reservists at the depot, the battalion left by train the same night for its war station at Dover where it remained for the whole war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve, World War I\nThe battalion was accommodated in the Grand Shaft Barracks and established outposts along the cliffs and guards at vital points such as South Breakwater, Turret Battery, Abbott's Cliff and the 'Valiant Sailor'. As well as forming part of the Dover Garrison, the battalion's role was to train and form drafts of reservists, special reservists, recruits and returning wounded for the regular battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0030-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve, World War I\nThe 1st East Surreys served on the Western Front , with a short spell on the Italian Front, while the 2nd Bn returned from India and after a few months on the Western Front spent the rest of the war on the Macedonian Front. The 3rd Bn sent its first draft for the 1st Bn (one officer and 93 ORs) on 30 August 1914, followed by others at roughly two-weekly intervals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve, World War I\nThe 3rd Bn also assisted in forming some of the Service battalions of  'Kitchener's Army' volunteers. The first of these, the 7th Bn East Surreys, for 'Kitchener's First Army' (K1), was formed at Kingston, and a draft of 32 men was sent from the 3rd Bn at Dover as a cadre to help organise and train them. At the beginning of September the eight companies (A to H) were amalgamated to conform with the standard four-company (A to D) establishment of the regular army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve, World War I\nHowever, the 3rd Bn immediately began forming new companies E to H; A to D were regarded as service companies composed of trained men, E to H were to be recruit companies. The additional companies were accommodated in tents on the Glacis of the Dover fortifications. Later a 200-strong special training company (I) was also established. On 16 October the formation of the 10th (Service) Battalion East Surreys for 95th Brigade in 32nd Division of K4 was ordered for 1 November. G, H and I Companies of 3rd Bn formed A, B and C Companies of the new battalion. At the end of January 1915 the 3rd Bn was back to a strength of seven companies, which were now numbered instead of lettered. Number 8 Company was formed in late March 1915 from a nucleus of the battalion machine gun and signal sections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve, World War I\nIn April 1915 the K4 battalions were converted into reserve units for the K1\u2013K3 service battalions and 95th Bde became 7th Reserve Bde. The 10th East Surreys (which returned to Dover in May 1915) therefore became 10th (Reserve) Bn carrying out for the 7th 8th and 9th (Service) Bns the same role that the 3rd Bn fulfilled for the regular 1st and 2nd Bns. 10th (Reserve) Bn moved to Purfleet in May 1915, then to Shoreham-by-Sea in September, but returned to Dover in My 1916. On 1 September it became 30th Training Reserve Bn in 7th Reserve Bde, and was disbanded on 14 December 1917 at Clipstone Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve, World War I\nOn 10 November 1915 3rd Bn was ordered to send a draft of 109 men to the new Machine Gun Training Centre at Grantham where they were to form the basis of a machine-gun company of the new Machine Gun Corps for one of the brigades serving overseas. In addition, 10 men at a time were to undergo training at Grantham as battalion machine gunners. The order stated that 'Great care should be taken in the selection of men for training as machine gunners as only well educated and intelligent men are suitable for this work'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve, World War I\nThousands of men for the regular battalions would have passed through the ranks of the 3rd East Surrreys during the war. On 19 November 1918, just after the Armistice, the 3rd Bn moved from Dover to Bridge of Allan in Scotland, and then in February 1919 to Glasgow. The 3rd Bn was disembodied on 15 August 1919, when its remaining personnel were drafted to the 2nd Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Special Reserve, Postwar\nThe SR resumed its old title of Militia in 1921 but like most militia battalions the 3rd East Surreys remained in abeyance after World War I. By the outbreak of World War II in 1939, only two officers (both commissioned in 1915) remained listed for the battalion. The Militia was formally disbanded in April 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the regiment as Colonel or (after the 1852 reforms) as Lieutenant-Colonel commandant:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Uniforms & Insignia\nThe uniform of the regiment in 1759 was red with white facings, the drummers' coats decorated with red and white lace and the words 'SURREY MILITIA' embroidered on the flap of their caps. The first Regimental Colour in 1759 was white (the regiment's facing colour), bearing the Coat of arms of Lord Onslow as lord lieutenant. A second pair of colours was requested when the regiment split into two battalions. A new regimental colour of the same pattern was issued in 1770. When the regiment was granted its 'Royal' title in 1804 the facings changed to blue, appropriate for a royal regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Uniforms & Insignia\nAbout 1810 the officers wore an oval gilt shoulder-belt plate bearing a crown within a garter bearing the words 'FIRST ROYAL SURREY REGT', the whole superimposed on a crowned star. In the 1870s officers' and ORs' cap badges showed the Roman numeral 'XX' within a crowned circle bearing the inscription 'FIRST ROYAL SURREY' \u2013 despite the fact that militia regiments had been ordered not to use their 1833 numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159558-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Surrey Militia, Uniforms & Insignia\nAfter the 1st RSM became the 3rd East Surreys, new colours were presented to the battalion in 1884 by the Countess of Lovelace, wife of the lord lieutenant, the Earl of Lovelace. These colours were carried until the disembodiment of the battalion in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment\nThe 1st Royal Tank Regiment (1 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army. It is part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps and operationally under 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Formation\nThe regiment was originally formed as A Company, Heavy Section, Machine Gun Corps in May 1916 during the First World War (1914\u20131918). It took part in the first ever tank offensive in 1916 and saw action on the Western Front again in the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 and later in the Hundred Days Offensive. Remaining active in the army during the interwar period, in 1939 it was renamed the 1st Royal Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Second World War\nDuring the Second World War (1939\u20131945) the regiment took part in the Siege of Tobruk in the summer of 1941 and the Battle of El Alamein in October 1942, the advance up Italy in late 1943, the Normandy landings in June 1944 and the Western Allied invasion of Germany in 1945. From the Battle of El Alamein the regiment was part of the 22nd Armoured Brigade, itself part of the 7th Armoured Division, for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Post war\nAfter a period based in Germany, 1 RTR fought Communist forces during the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Post war\nThe regiment was in the Suez Canal Zone as part of 25 Armoured Brigade to protect British interests in the Zone from on January 1954 to August 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Post war\nIn 1957 the regiment was posted to Hong Kong as part of the 48th Gurkha Infantry Brigade. When it left Hong Kong in 1960 it replaced the Comet tanks with Centurions at Hohne, West Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Amalgamation\nIn 1993, it amalgamated with the 4th Royal Tank Regiment without change of title. It incorporated both of the original regiments' traditional recruiting areas of Merseyside and Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Amalgamation\nIn 1999, two squadrons were split off as part of the Joint NBC Regiment with No. 27 Squadron RAF Regiment. In December 2011 the Regiment handed over its responsibility for CBRN to the RAF Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Amalgamation\nOn 25 June 2008 at Buckingham Palace, both 1RTR and 2 RTR were presented with their new Standard by The Queen, which included the new Battle Honour of Al Basrah 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Amalgamation\nOn 2 August 2014 the regiment merged with 2RTR to form the single battalion Royal Tank Regiment (RTR), based at Aliwal Barracks, Tidworth and is one of three armoured regiments equipped with the Challenger 2 tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159559-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Royal Tank Regiment, History, Amalgamation\nThe history and traditions of 1 RTR are preserved by 'Ajax\" Squadron of the RTR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159560-0000-0000", "contents": "1st SA Infantry Regiment\n1st SA Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the South African Army, during World War One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159560-0001-0000", "contents": "1st SA Infantry Regiment, History, Origin\nThe infantry regiments were raised with men from the four provinces of the Union: the 1st Regiment troops were from the Cape. Also known as \"The Cape Regiment.\" A Company (Western Province) was made up from men mostly from the Duke of Edinburgh's Rifles. B. Company was recruited from the Eastern Province and C Company was from Kimberley, with many of the men being ex Kimberley Regiment. D Company was recruited from Cape Town. Most of the recruits already had military training or experience. They were, in general, middle class, well-educated and well-bred men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159560-0002-0000", "contents": "1st SA Infantry Regiment, History, Origin\nThe regiment was led by serving officers of the Union Defence Force, while the whole of 1st South African Infantry Brigade came under the command of Brigadier-General Henry Lukin DSO, a previous Inspector General of the UDF and part of the South African Overseas Expeditionary ForceThe Brigade was attached to the 9th (Scottish) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159560-0003-0000", "contents": "1st SA Infantry Regiment, History, Engagements\nThe Regiment was deployed to France where it captured the village of Longueval and was deployed in the adjacent Delville Wood on 15 July 1916. The regiment then served with the Brigade at Arras during April 1917 and was part of the offensive at Ypres and Passchendale in September 1917, at Marrieres Wood in March 1918, at Messines in April 1918 and finally at Le Cateau in October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159560-0004-0000", "contents": "1st SA Infantry Regiment, History, Victoria Cross\nPrivate W. Faulds of 1 SA Infantry won his VC at Delville Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159560-0005-0000", "contents": "1st SA Infantry Regiment, Leadership\nThe 1st South African Infantry Regiment was commanded by Lt Col F.S. Dawson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0000-0000", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade\nThe 1st Special Air Service Brigade (1st SAS) was a fictional brigade during the Second World War. It was first formed in Cairo in 1941, as part of a deception by Brigadier Dudley Clarke, to play on Italian fears of airborne attacks. Clarke used documents, photographs, news reports and even fake SAS soldiers to plant information about the brigade \u2013 he even named the Cairo-based deception department, 'A' Force, to bolster evidence of their existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0001-0000", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade\nIn the summer of 1941, when David Stirling was pitching his idea for a dedicated airborne commando unit (which later evolved into the Special Air Service) he obtained Clarke's support partly by promising to use the SAS name. From late 1942, Clarke used the 1st SAS in his major order of battle deception (codenamed Operation Cascade). The brigade formed part of the fictional 4th Airborne Division; between then and the end of the war it was used to mislead Axis commanders about the strength of Allied forces in North Africa, and as part of several specific tactical deceptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0002-0000", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade, Formation\nIn late 1940 the Allies recovered the journal of an Italian officer during an operation at Sidi Barrani. The diary referred to fears of British paratroopers being landed to the Italian rear. At the time the Allies had no airborne troops in the North African region. Dudley Clarke, in charge of military deception in the region, decided to play on these fears by creating a fictional airborne unit. Clarke began Operation Abeam in January 1941 by creating a paper trail for the 1st SAS Brigade. The fictional unit was supposedly training for special missions in Transjordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0002-0001", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade, Formation\nClarke established their existence using documentary and physical subterfuge. Photographs of parachutists were printed in local papers, documents were planted with the enemy, Allied airmen were warned to look out for gliders (Victor Jones mocked up some dummies to support the story), and a section of desert was cordoned off for \"training\". To aid the rumours, two soldiers were dressed in 1st SAS uniforms and wandered around the Allied-held cities of Cairo, Port Said, and Alexandria, where they were briefed to hint at missions in Crete or Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0003-0000", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade, Formation\nBy March, Clarke's deception operations had grown and it was decided to create a formal department. He chose the name Advanced Headquarters 'A' Force - the 'A' being a subtle reference to airborne - in the hope that it would help support the existence of paratroopers in the area (as well as hide the true purpose of the department). Clarke continued actively promoting the existence of 1st SAS until around June 1941, and it appears that Axis commanders accepted the brigade as real.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0003-0001", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade, Formation\nClarke had created the unit with no specific aims, although it did mean that the enemy command had to factor the existence of airborne troops into any battle plan. However, Abeam and the 1st SAS represented his first attempt at inflating the apparent strength of Allied forces, a tactic he would use significantly over the rest of the war. The brigade occasionally featured in Clarke's tactical deceptions; such as a March 1941 threat to Axis supply lines near Tripoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0004-0000", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade, Formation, Stirling's SAS\nIn May 1941, David Stirling, an injured British forces Commando in the North Africa theatre, proposed the idea of small airborne special forces units to operate behind enemy lines. Whilst lobbying for support within Middle East Command it came to Clarke's attention, who offered his backing provided the force could also be used to help his own deception schemes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0005-0000", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade, Formation, Stirling's SAS\nThe name SAS came mainly from the fact I was anxious to get the full co-operation of a very ingenious individual called Dudley Clark[e], who was responsible for running a deception operation in Cairo... Clark[e] was quite an influential chap and promised to give me all the help he could if I would use the name of his bogus brigade of parachutists, which is the Special Air Service, the SAS", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0006-0000", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade, Formation, Stirling's SAS\nStirling's plan received approval in the summer of 1941 and the unit was designated \"L\" Detachment, Special Air Service. The name was intended to add further evidence of an airborne presence, specifically 1st SAS, in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0007-0000", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade, 4th Airborne\nThrough 1941 and 1942, 1st SAS formed part of Clarke's overall strategy to deceive the Axis about the strength of Allied forces in the region. In early 1942, this ad hoc situation was formalised as Operation Cascade; an entire fictional order of battle featuring numerous units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159561-0008-0000", "contents": "1st SAS Brigade, 4th Airborne\nBy late 1942, the Allies had begun to train a number of real airborne units in the North African theatre. Clarke created the fictional 4th Airborne Division out of several units, both real and fictional, including 1st SAS. Under the umbrella of Cascade, the  aim was to mislead the Axis that paratroopers, most of whom were still training, posed a realistic threat. The 4th Airborne were utilised in a number of specific operational deceptions over the next few years (including Operation Zeppelin and Operation Barclay), most often to threaten fictional invasions as a distraction from real Allied operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159562-0000-0000", "contents": "1st SIIMA Short Film Awards\nThe 1st SIIMA Short Film Awards were presented on 14 May 2017 at Hyderabad, Telangana and 28 May 2017 at Chennai, Tamil Nadu to honour the best achievements of the short films produced in Telugu & Kannada and Tamil languages respectively in the previous years. A total of 21 Awards were given to the talented professionals across all categories in three languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0000-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade\nThe 1st SS Infantry Brigade was a unit of the German Waffen SS formed from former concentration camp guards for service in the Soviet Union behind the main front line during the Second World War. They conducted Nazi security warfare in the rear of the advancing German troops and took part in the Holocaust. The unit also filled gaps in the front line when called upon in emergencies. In 1944, the brigade was used as the cadre in the formation of the SS Division Horst Wessel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0001-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nThe 1 SS Infantry Brigade (mot) was formed from concentration camp guards, on 21 April 1941, from men of the SS-Totenkopfverb\u00e4nde (concentration camp guards). It received the designation of the 1st SS Infantry Brigade (motorised) on 20 September 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0002-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nWhen Germany invaded the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) in June 1941, the brigade was stationed in Krak\u00f3w, Poland awaiting its full complement of men and materials. On 23 July the unit moved east into the occupied territories and between July and August 1941, mopping up dispersed Red Army units in the rear of Army Group South. On 9 August, the brigade was north of Zhitomir and was asked to cover the northern flank of the 6th Army in the Pinsk Marshes. The brigade next operated behind the XVII Army Corps and on 23 August, crossed the Dnieper River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0003-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nDuring the remainder of the year and until late 1942 the unit was assigned to the Reich Security Main Office, which also had the SS Cavalry Brigade and the 2nd SS Infantry Brigade under command. In the autumn of 1941, the brigade actively took part in the Holocaust as part of Einsatzgruppe C and took part in the liquidation of the Jewish population of the Soviet Union, forming firing parties when required. The three brigades were responsible for the murder of tens of thousands of the population by the end of 1941, and they destroyed at least one village st Bia\u0142ystok for no apparent reason as they had not been engaged from it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0004-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nOn 12 December 1941, the brigade was placed under the command of the 56th Infantry Division on the orders of Army Group Center when a gap appeared in the front line of the 2nd Army in the area of Tula, Yelets Liwny. On 28 December 1941, the unit was placed under the command of LV Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0005-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1942\nThe brigade spent the winter in fighting defensive battles in the front line, then received new orders. They were again to form a rear-area security unit. From January to August they took part in security and defensive duties around the area of Kursk and a new commander, Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld, arrived in July. The unit remained in the Kursk area until 11 August when it was sent to the Minsk area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0006-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1942\nOn 11 October, the brigade was in the Wydriza sector in Central Russia (where Erich von dem Bach-Zelewsky was the SS and Police Leader). It took part in the Operation Karlsbad (11 September to 23 October); also participating were the SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger, SS Schuma Battalion 255 and the 1st Battalion, L\u00e9gion des Volontaires Fran\u00e7ais. By the end of it the brigade had recorded the killing of 1051 civilians and alleged partisans for the loss of 24 dead and 65 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0007-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1942\nThe brigade next took part in the Operation Freda (5 to 9 November), together with the SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger near Borissov. The reported casualties from the operation were light with 2 men killed and 10 missing compared to several hundred dead \"partisans\", most likely civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0008-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1942\nThe unit was next used in another security action, Operation N\u00fcrnberg (19 to 25 November), with Police Kampfgruppe von Gottberg. The operation took place between Gleboki and Wilna. The operation was under the command of Brigadef\u00fchrer Curt von Gottberg with SS Polizei Regiment 14, two Schuma battalions and a town Gendarmerie unit in support of the 1 SS Infantry Brigade. The operation resulted in 2984 Russian casualties and the release of some German prisoners. At the end of 1942 they were involved in the Battle of Velikiye Luki when the Soviet forces encircled the town of Velikiye Luki. The 83rd Infantry Division which was trapped in the pocket and was destroyed. The 1 SS Infantry Brigade, along with Frikorps Danmark, who had participated in the attempts to break the encirclement under Kampfgruppe Chevallerie had suffered heavy casualties in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0009-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1943\nIn 1943 the brigade came under the command of the LIX Corps in the 3rd Panzer Army. On 4 February they were located at Podluschje. They took part in Operation Kugelblitz (22 February to 8 March) attached to the 201st Sicherungs Division. Operation Kugelblitz was an anti Belarusian partisans sweep in the area of Witebsk Gorodok Gurki and Senniza Lake. They also took part in the followup Operation Donnerkeil (31 March to 2 April) the second operation was ordered by the 3rd Panzer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0010-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1943\nIn May 1943, the brigade formed a cadre for the 3 Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade and on 7 July it was sent to Borrissov on another security sweep. They participated in Operation Hermann (7 July) with various other units under the command of Generalmajor of Polizei von Gottberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0011-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1943\nOn 1 August, the brigade took part in the security and depopulation operation in the area Jeremicze-Starzyna-Rudnja-Kupinsk. The goal was to murder or deport the local population and seize livestock and agricultural supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0012-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1943\nThey were again moved into the front line in September to reinforce the 25th Panzergrenadier Division, which wasfighting in the Smolensk-Gomel sector. Smolensk was abandoned on 24 September and the brigade reported that during the fighting they had lost 215 killed in action, 1172 wounded and 77 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0013-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1943\nOn 12 November, the brigade units were redesignated the former SS Infantry Regiment 8 and SS Infantry Regiment 10 now became known as the SS Grenadier Regiment 39 and SS Grenadier Regiment 40. To counter the Soviet offensive on 10 November the Brigade formed SS Kampfgruppe Trabandt which came under the command of the 36th Infantry Division. They fought at the Rogatschew bridgehead until they were transferred to the bridgehead at Stassewka on 2 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0014-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1943\nIn December, the brigade took part in Operation Nikolaus which started on 20 December and formed the 9th Army's southern pincer group attacking towards the 2nd Army alongside the 16th Panzer Division, 258th Infantry Division, 134th Infantry Divisions and Cavalry Regiment Mitte. The counterattack filled the gap between the 2nd and 9th Army's which had been created by the Soviet push towards Bobruisk in November that year. The attack was succeeded and the gap was closed on 22 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0015-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1943\nAt the end of December 1943 the Brigade was ordered to move to East Prussia. After they reached the troop training grounds Stablack near K\u00f6nigsberg they were reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0016-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, 1944\nThe 1 SS Infantry Brigade (mot) was disbanded on 24 January 1944 when it was used to form the 18th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Horst Wessel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0017-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, War crimes\nThe brigade took an active part in the killing of the Jewish population assisting the Einsatzgruppen, in the town of Ushomir where it took part in the killing of all male Jews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0018-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, War crimes\nUntersturmf\u00fchrer Max T\u00e4ubner commanded a workshop detail in the brigade and was tried by an SS court in May 1943, along with four other Waffen-SS men, for unauthorized and sadistic killings of a large number of Jews in 1941 and for taking photos of the killings showing them to wife and friends. In the indictment, the SS court states \"The accused allowed his men to act with such vicious brutality that they conducted themselves under his command like a savage horde\". The case against four other defendants under T\u00e4ubner's command was dismissed by the judge Standartenf\u00fchrer Dr. Reinecke. The photos and negatives were later ordered to be destroyed. T\u00e4ubner, who had been given a sentence of 10 years, was pardoned in January 1945 and released from prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0019-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, War crimes\nIn another version of this trial cited in  Taubner is convicted of disregarding secrecy provisions surrounding the exterminations, expelled from the SS, deprived of his civil rights and sentenced to ten years imprisonment, for behavior that was \"unworthy of an honorable and decent German man.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0020-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, War crimes\nVasyl Valdeman, a Jewish resident of Ostroh reported: \"We knew something would be done to us here. When we saw people hit and driven along here with spades, even small children realised why people were carrying the spades.\" One of the members of the 1st SS Infantry Brigade at the time was Hans Friedrich. He claims not to recall exactly which actions he took part in that summer, but he does admit to participating in killings like the one in Ostrog. \"They were so utterly shocked and timid, you could do with them what you wanted.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0021-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, War crimes\nVasyl Valdeman: \"Kids were crying, the sick were crying, the elderly were praying to God. Not on their knees but seated or lying down. It was very tough to go through it all, hearing all this wailing and crying. Then they had everyone get up and said 'Go', and as soon as people started moving, they selected people for shooting, for execution.\" The selected Ukrainian Jews were taken out to this spot and a pit was dug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0021-0001", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, War crimes\nIn scenes which were repeated right across the areas of the Soviet Union occupied by the Nazis, men, women and children were ordered to strip and prepare to die. The killings went on into the evening. Vasyl Valdeman and his mother managed to escape and hide in a nearby village. But the SS killed his father, grandfather and two uncles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0022-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, War crimes\nVasyl Valdeman: \"That's how it was\u2014the first execution\u2014the most horrible one. It wasn't the last one. There were three more large executions after that with 2000 to 3000 people shot at every one of them. More people were executed afterwards in smaller scale ones and this is how the Jewish community of Ostrog was annihilated.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159563-0023-0000", "contents": "1st SS Infantry Brigade, Casualties\nBetween formation in 1941 and January 1944 the Brigade reported the following casualties, from an establishment of 6,271 officers and men:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0000-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler\nThe 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler or SS Division Leibstandarte, abbreviated as LSSAH, (German: 1. SS-Panzerdivision \"Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler\") began as Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard, responsible for guarding the F\u00fchrer's person, offices, and residences. Initially the size of a regiment, the LSSAH eventually grew into an elite division-sized unit during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0001-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler\nThe LSSAH participated in combat during the invasion of Poland, and was amalgamated into the Waffen-SS together with the SS-Verf\u00fcgungstruppe (SS-VT) and the combat units of the SS-Totenkopfverb\u00e4nde (SS-TV) prior to Operation Barbarossa in 1941. By mid-1942 it had been increased in size from a regiment to a Panzergrenadier division and was designated SS Panzergrenadier Division \"Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler\". It received its final form as a Panzer division in October 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0002-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler\nMembers of the LSSAH perpetrated numerous atrocities and war crimes, including the Malmedy massacre. They killed an estimated 5,000 prisoners of war in the period 1940\u20131945, mostly on the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0003-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Early history (1923\u20131933)\nIn the early days of the Nazi Party, the leadership realized that a bodyguard unit composed of reliable men was needed. Ernst R\u00f6hm formed a guard formation from the 19.Granatwerfer-Kompanie; from this formation the Sturmabteilung (SA) soon evolved. Adolf Hitler in early 1923, ordered the formation of a small separate bodyguard dedicated to his service rather than \"a suspect mass\", such as the SA. Originally the unit was composed of only eight men, commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold. It was designated the Stabswache (staff guard).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 79], "content_span": [80, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0003-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Early history (1923\u20131933)\nThe Stabswache were issued unique badges, but at this point was still under SA control. Schreck resurrected the use of the Totenkopf (\"death's head\") as the unit's insignia, a symbol various elite forces had used in the past, including specialized assault troops of Imperial Germany in World War I who used Hutier infiltration tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 79], "content_span": [80, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0004-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Early history (1923\u20131933)\nIn May 1923, the unit was renamed Sto\u00dftrupp (Shock Troop)\u2013Hitler. The unit numbered no more than 20 members at that time. On 9 November 1923, the Sto\u00dftrupp, along with the SA and several other Nazi paramilitary units, took part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. In the aftermath, Hitler was imprisoned and his party and all associated formations, including the Sto\u00dftrupp, were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 79], "content_span": [80, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0005-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Early history (1923\u20131933)\nIn the mid-1920s, violence remained a large part of Bavarian politics. Hitler was a potential target. In 1925, Hitler ordered the formation of a new bodyguard unit, the Schutzkommando (protection command). The unit was renamed the Sturmstaffel (assault squadron) and in November was renamed the Schutzstaffel, abbreviated to SS. By 1933 the SS had grown from a small bodyguard unit to a formation of over 50,000 men. The decision was made to form a new bodyguard unit, again called the Stabswache, which was mostly made up of men from the 1st SS-Standarte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 79], "content_span": [80, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0005-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Early history (1923\u20131933)\nBy 1933 this unit was placed under the command of Sepp Dietrich, who selected 117 men to form the SS-Stabswache Berlin on 17 March 1933. The unit replaced the army guards at the Reich Chancellery. Out of this initial group, three eventually became divisional commanders, at least eight would become regimental commanders, fifteen became battalion commanders, and over thirty became company commanders in the Waffen-SS. Eleven men from the first company of 117 went on to win the Knights Cross, and forty of them were awarded the German Cross in gold for bravery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 79], "content_span": [80, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0005-0002", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Early history (1923\u20131933)\nLater in 1933, two further training units were formed: SS-Sonderkommando Zossen on 10 May, and a second unit, designated SS-Sonderkommando J\u00fcterbog on 8 July. These were the only SS units to receive military training at that time. Most of the training staff came from the ranks of the army. On 3 September 1933 the two Sonderkommando merged into the SS-Sonderkommando Berlin under Dietrich's command. Most of their duties involved providing outer security for Hitler at his residences, public appearances and guard duty at the Reich Chancellery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 79], "content_span": [80, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0006-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Early history (1923\u20131933)\nIn November 1933, on the 10th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch, the Sonderkommando took part in the rally and memorial service for the Nazi Party members who had been killed during the putsch. During the ceremony, the members of the Sonderkommando swore personal allegiance to Hitler. At the conclusion the unit received the new title, \"Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler\" (LAH). The term Leibstandarte was derived partly from Leibgarde \u2013 a somewhat archaic German translation of \"Guard of Corps\" or personal bodyguard of a military leader (\"Leib\" = lit. \"body, torso\") \u2013 and Standarte: the Schutzstaffel (SS) or Sturmabteilung (SA) term for a regiment-sized unit, also the German word for a specific type of heraldic flag (Standard).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 79], "content_span": [80, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0007-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Expansion\nOn 13 April 1934, Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, ordered the Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler (LAH) to be renamed \"Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler\" (LSSAH). Himmler inserted the SS initials into the name to make it clear that the unit was independent from the SA or the army. The LSSAH was designated a \"National Socialist\" unit, which eventually grew into an elite Panzer division of the Waffen-SS. Although nominally under Himmler, Dietrich was the real commander and handled day-to-day administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0008-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Expansion\nDuring 1934, Stabschef-SA Ernst R\u00f6hm continued to push for greater political influence for his already powerful SA. Hitler decided that the SA had to be eliminated as an independent political force and ordered the LSSAH to prepare for the action. The LSSAH formed two companies under the control of J\u00fcrgen Wagner and Otto Reich, these formations were moved to Munich on 30 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0009-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Expansion\nHitler ordered all SA leaders to attend a meeting at the Hanselbauer Hotel in Bad Wiessee, near Munich. Hitler along with Sepp Dietrich and a unit from the LSSAH travelled to Bad Wiessee to personally oversee R\u00f6hm's arrest on 30 June. Later at around 17:00 hours, Dietrich received orders from Hitler for the LSSAH to form an \"execution squad\" and go to Stadelheim prison where certain SA leaders were being held. There in the prison courtyard, the LSSAH firing squad shot five SA generals and an SA colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0009-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Expansion\nAdditional alleged \"traitors\" were shot in Berlin by a unit of the Leibstandarte. On 1 July Hitler finally agreed with G\u00f6ring and Himmler that R\u00f6hm should be executed. In what the Nazis called the R\u00f6hm Putsch, but otherwise came to be known as the Night of the Long Knives, companies of the LSSAH, together with the Gestapo and G\u00f6ring's Landespolizeigruppe, performed Death Squad actions. At least 85, but most likely no less than twice that number of people, were executed without trial over the next few days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0010-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Expansion\nThis action succeeded in effectively decapitating the SA and removing R\u00f6hm's threat to Hitler's leadership. In recognition of their actions, both the LSSAH and the Landespolizeigruppe General G\u00f6ring were expanded to regimental size and motorized. In addition, the SS became an independent organization, no longer part of the SA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0011-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Expansion\nThe LSSAH provided the honor guard at many of the Nuremberg Rallies, and in 1935 took part in the reoccupation of the Saarland. On 6 June 1935, the LSSAH officially adopted a field-grey uniform to identify itself more with the army, which wore a similar uniform. The LSSAH was later in the vanguard of the march into Austria as part of the Anschluss, and in 1938 the unit took part in the occupation of the Sudetenland. By 1939, the LSSAH was a full infantry regiment with three infantry battalions, an artillery battalion, and anti-tank, reconnaissance and engineer sub-units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0011-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Expansion\nSoon after its involvement in the annexation of Bohemia and Moravia, the LSSAH was redesignated \"Infanterie-Regiment Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (mot.)\". When Hitler ordered the formation of an SS division in mid-1939, the Leibstandarte was designated to form its own unit, unlike the other Standarten of the SS-Verf\u00fcgungstruppe (SS-VT) (SS-Standarte Deutschland, SS-Standarte Germania, and SS-Standarte Der F\u00fchrer). The Polish crisis of August 1939 put these plans on hold, and the LSSAH was ordered to join XIII. Armeekorps, a part of Army Group South, which was preparing for the attack on Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0012-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Expansion\nThe Leibstandarte division's symbol was a skeleton key, in honor of its first commander, Josef \"Sepp\" Dietrich (Dietrich is German for skeleton key or lock pick); it was retained and modified to later serve as the symbol for I SS Panzer Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0013-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of Poland\nDuring the initial stages of the invasion of Poland, the LSSAH was attached to the 17.Infanterie-Division and tasked with providing flank protection for the southern pincer. The regiment was involved in several battles against Polish cavalry brigades attempting to hit the flanks of the German advance. At Pabianice, a town near \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, the LSSAH fought elements of the Polish 28th Infantry Division and the Wo\u0142y\u0144ska Cavalry Brigade in close combat. Throughout the campaign, the unit was notorious for burning villages. In addition, members of the LSSAH committed atrocities in numerous Polish towns, including the murder of 50 Jews in B\u0142onie and the massacre of 200 civilians, including children, who were machine gunned in Z\u0142oczew. Shootings also took place in Boles\u0142awiec, Torzeniec, Goworowo, M\u0142awa, and W\u0142oc\u0142awek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 72], "content_span": [73, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0014-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of Poland\nAfter the success at Pabianice, the LSSAH was sent to the area near Warsaw and attached to the 4.Panzer-Division under then Generalmajor (brigadier general) Georg-Hans Reinhardt. The unit saw action preventing encircled Polish units from escaping, and repelling several attempts by other Polish troops to break through. In spite of the swift military victory over Poland, the regular army had reservations about the performance of the LSSAH and SS-VT units due to their higher casualty rate than the army units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 72], "content_span": [73, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0015-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of France\nIn early 1940 the LSSAH was expanded into a full independent motorized infantry regiment and a Sturmgesch\u00fctz (Assault Gun) battery was added to their establishment. The regiment was shifted to the Dutch border for the launch of Fall Gelb. It was to form the vanguard of the ground advance into the Netherlands, tasked with capturing a vital bridge over the IJssel, attacking the main line of defense at the Grebbeberg (the Grebbeline), and linking up with the Fallschirmj\u00e4ger of Generaloberst Kurt Student's airborne forces, the 7.Flieger-Division and the 22.Luftlande-Infanterie-Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 72], "content_span": [73, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0016-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of France\nFall Gelb\u2014the invasion of France and the Low Countries\u2014was launched on 10 May 1940. On that day, the LSSAH crossed the Dutch border, covered over 75 kilometres (47\u00a0mi), and secured a crossing over the IJssel near Zutphen after discovering that their target bridge had been destroyed. Over the next four days, the LSSAH covered over 215 kilometres (134\u00a0mi), and upon entering Rotterdam, several of its soldiers accidentally shot at and seriously wounded General Student. After the surrender of Rotterdam, the LSSAH left for The Hague, which they reached on 15 May, after capturing 3,500 Dutch soldiers as prisoners of war. After the surrender of the Netherlands on 15 May, the regiment was then moved south to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 72], "content_span": [73, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0017-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of France\nAfter the British counterattack at Arras, the LSSAH, along with the SS-Verf\u00fcgungs-Division, were moved to hold the perimeter around Dunkirk and reduce the size of the pocket containing the encircled British Expeditionary Force and French forces. The LSSAH took up a position 15 miles south west of Dunkirk along the line of the Aa Canal, facing the Allied defensive line near Watten. That night the OKW ordered the advance to halt, with the British Expeditionary Force trapped. The LSSAH paused for the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 72], "content_span": [73, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0017-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of France\nHowever, on the following day of 25 May, in defiance of Hitler's orders, Dietrich ordered his 3rd battalion to cross the canal and take the Wattenberg Heights beyond, where British artillery observers were putting the regiment at risk. They assaulted the heights and drove the observers off. Instead of being censured for his act of defiance, Dietrich was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 72], "content_span": [73, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0018-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of France\nOn 26 May the German advance resumed. By 28 May the LSSAH had taken the village of Wormhout, only ten miles from Dunkirk. After their surrender, soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment, along with some other units (including French soldiers) were taken to a barn in La Plaine au Bois near Wormhout and Esquelbecq. It was there that troops of the LSSAH 2nd battalion, under the command of SS-Hauptsturmf\u00fchrer Wilhelm Mohnke committed the Wormhoudt massacre, where 80 British and French prisoners of war were killed. Although it is unarguable that the massacre occurred, Mohnke's level of involvement is impossible to know; he was never formally charged and brought to trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 72], "content_span": [73, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0019-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece\nAfter the conclusion of the Western campaign on 22 June 1940, the LSSAH spent six months in Metz (Moselle). It was expanded to brigade size (6,500 men). A 'Flak battalion' and a StuG Batterie were among the units added to the LSSAH. A new flag was presented by Heinrich Himmler in September 1940. During the later months of 1940, the regiment trained in amphibious assaults on the Moselle River in preparation for Operation Seel\u00f6we, the invasion of England. After the Luftwaffe's failure in the Battle of Britain and the cancellation of the planned invasion, the LSSAH was shifted to Bulgaria in February 1941 in preparation for Operation Marita, part of the planned invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0020-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece\nThe operation was launched on 6 April 1941 by aerial bombings of central-southern Yugoslavia, specially over Belgrade causing enormous destructions and thousands of victims and woundeds. After the LSSAH entered on 12 April into the Yugoslavian capital, then to follow the route of the 9.Panzer-Division, part of General der Panzertruppe Georg Stumme's XL Panzer Corps. The LSSAH crossed the border near Bitola and was soon deep in Greek territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0021-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece\nThe LSSAH captured Vevi on 10 April. SS-Sturmbannf\u00fchrer Kurt Meyer's reinforced Aufkl\u00e4rungs-Abteilung (reconnaissance battalion), LSSAH was tasked with clearing resistance from the Kleisoura Pass south-west of Vevi and driving through to the Kastoria area to cut off retreating Greek and British Commonwealth forces. Despite stiff resistance, Meyer's unit captured the pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0022-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece\nThe brigade participated in the clearing the Klidi Pass just south of Vevi, which was defended by a \"scratch force\" of Greek, Australian, British and New Zealand troops. An Australian artillery officer wrote of the Germans' \"insolence\" in driving \"trucks down the main road \u2013 to within 3,000 yards (2,700\u00a0m) of our infantry\" and there unloading the troops. The Germans were forced off the road by artillery fire and faced fierce resistance for more than two days. On the morning of 12 April the Germans renewed their attack, and by late afternoon the pass was cleared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0023-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece\nWith the fall of the two passes the main line of resistance of the Greek Epirus army was broken, and the campaign became a battle to prevent the escape of the enemy. On 20 April, following a pitched battle in the 5,000-foot-high (1,500\u00a0m) Metsovon Pass in the Pindus Mountains, the commander of the Greek Epirus army surrendered the entire force to Dietrich. British Commonwealth troops were now the only Allied forces remaining in Greece, and they were falling back across the Corinth Canal to the Peloponnesos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0023-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece\nBy 26 April the LSSAH had reached the Gulf of Patras, and in an effort to cut off the retreating British Commonwealth forces, Dietrich ordered that his regiment cross the Gulf and secure the town of Patras in the Peloponnesos. Since no transport vessels were available, the LSSAH commandeered fishing boats and successfully completed the crossing, but were forced to leave much of their heavy equipment behind. By 30 April the last British Commonwealth troops had either been captured or escaped. The LSSAH occupied a position of honor in the victory parade through Athens. After Operation Marita, the LSSAH was ordered north to join the forces of Army Group South massing for the launch of Operation Barbarossa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0024-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nFollowing LSSAH's outstanding performance during Marita, Himmler ordered that it should be upgraded to divisional status. The regiment, already the size of a reinforced brigade, was to be given motorized transport and redesignated \"SS-Division (mot.) Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler\". It was moved to Czechoslovakia in mid May for reorganization until being ordered to assemble in Poland for Operation Barbarossa, as part of Gerd von Rundstedt's, Army Group South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 82], "content_span": [83, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0024-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nThere was not enough time to deliver all its equipment and refit it to full divisional status before the launch of the invasion of the Soviet Union, so the new \"division\" remained the size of a reinforced brigade, even though its expansion and development was of concern at the very highest ranks of command. Franz Halder, chief of the OKH General Staff noted on 20 June that \"SS 'Adolf Hitler' will not be ready in time. Tracked components leave on 22 June, others not before 25 June,\" then more hopefully the next day; \"Materiel position of SS 'Adolf Hitler' has improved, Div. may yet get ready in time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 82], "content_span": [83, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0025-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nDespite Halder's hopes, LSSAH was held in reserve attached to XIV Panzer Corps as part of Generalfeldmarschall Ewald von Kleist's 1st Panzer Group during the opening stages of the attack. Through July it was attached to III Panzer Corps before finishing August as part of XLVIII Panzer Corps. During this time, the LSSAH was involved in the Battle of Uman and the subsequent capture of Kiev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 82], "content_span": [83, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0025-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nAccording to a postwar report by Waffen-SS journalist Erich Kern, the division murdered 4,000 Soviet prisoners in reprisal on 18 August, after finding the mutilated bodies of six dead divisional members who had been executed at Nowo Danzig, north of Kherson. These allegations have been researched using local units' war diaries; no mention of executed German soldiers during those dates has been found. For want of reliable evidence, not even accusations by the Soviet authorities, the allegations remained unproven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 82], "content_span": [83, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0026-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nIn early September, the division was shifted to LIV Army Corps, as part of the 11th Army under Eugen Ritter von Schobert during the advance east after the fall of Kiev. Hoping to capitalize on the collapse of the Red Army defense on the Dnepr River the reconnaissance battalion of LSSAH was tasked with making a speedy advance to capture the strategically vital choke point of the Perekop Isthmus through a \"coup de main\" but were rebuffed by entrenched defenders at the town of Perekop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 82], "content_span": [83, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0026-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nThat same day, 12 September, 11th Army's commander was killed in an aircraft accident, and Hitler appointed Erich von Manstein to command. It took five days for Manstein to take matters in hand, and the operation to clear the Crimean Peninsula was not launched until 17 September. Manstein deployed LSSAH to create diversions while preparing for the main assault, intending to employ it to exploit an eventual breakthrough, but was forced to throw pioneers into the attack on the \"Tatar Ditch\" in the face of a furious counterattacks and did not break the Soviet defense for ten days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 82], "content_span": [83, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0027-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nIn October, the LSSAH was transferred back north to help solidify the Axis line against fresh Soviet attacks against the Romanian 3rd Army and later took part in the heavy fighting for the city of Rostov-on-Don, which was captured in late November; there, the LSSAH took over 10,000 Red Army prisoners. However by the end of the year, the German advance faltered as Soviet resistance grew stronger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 82], "content_span": [83, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0028-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union\nUnder pressure from heavy Soviet counterattacks during the winter, the LSSAH and Army Group South retreated from Rostov to defensive lines on the river Mius. After the spring rasputitsa (seasonal mud) had cleared, the division joined in Fall Blau, participating in the fighting to retake Rostov-on-Don, which fell in late July 1942. Severely understrength, the LSSAH was transferred to the Normandy region of occupied France to join the newly formed SS Panzer Corps and to be reformed as a Panzergrenadier division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 82], "content_span": [83, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0029-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Kharkov\nThe LSSAH spent the remainder of 1942 refitting as a panzergrenadier division. Thanks to the efforts of Himmler, along with SS-Obergruppenf\u00fchrer Paul Hausser, the SS Panzer Corps commander, the three SS Panzergrenadier divisions, LSSAH, Das Reich and Totenkopf, were to be formed with a full regiment of tanks rather than only a battalion. This meant that the SS Panzergrenadier divisions were full-strength Panzer divisions in all but name. The division also received nine Tiger 1 tanks, and these were formed into the 13th (schwere) Company/1st SS Panzer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0030-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Kharkov\nThe collapse of the front around Stalingrad and the encirclement of the 6th Army created a threat to Field Marshal Erich von Manstein's Army Group Don. Manstein requested reinforcements to halt the Soviet attack near Kharkov. The SS Panzer Corps was then ordered east to join Manstein's forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0031-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Kharkov\nArriving at the front in late January 1943, the LSSAH was engaged in fighting in and around Kharkov as a part of Hausser's SS Panzer Corps. In March 1943 the division participated in the recapture of Kharkov. On 12 March 1943, the LSSAH made progress into the city's center by breaking through the Soviet defenses in the northern suburbs. By the end of the day, the division had reached a position just two blocks north of Dzerzhinsky Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0031-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Kharkov\nThe 2nd Panzergrenadier Regiment's 2nd Battalion was able to surround the square, after taking heavy casualties from Soviet snipers and other defenders, by evening. When taken, the square was renamed \"Platz der Leibstandarte\". Despite the declaration that the city had fallen, fighting continued on 15 and 16 March, as German units cleared the remnants of resistance in the tractor works factory complex, in the southern outskirts of the city. The city was taken on 17 March. While in Kharkov, troops of the LSSAH engaged in the murder of wounded Soviet soldiers that were located in the city's military hospital; several hundred were killed. Additionally, captured Soviet officers and commissars were routinely executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0032-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Kharkov\nThe division was pulled back to rest and refit. Division commander Sepp Dietrich was promoted to form a new Corps, the 1st SS Panzer Corps Leibstandarte, and the LSSAH was to supply all the senior officers for the new headquarters. At the same time a new SS division would be formed from members of the Hitler Youth and the LSSAH would supply all of the regimental, battalion and most of the company commanders. This new division would become the 12th SS Panzer Division (Hitlerjugend).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0033-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Massacre of civilians on the Eastern Front\nDuring the fighting around Kharkov, a unit under the command of Joachim Peiper gained a nickname \"Blowtorch Battalion\", after the inhabitants of two Soviet villages were shot or burned. Ukrainian sources, including surviving witness Ivan Kiselev, who was 14 at the time of the massacre, described the killings at the villages of Yefremovka and Semyonovka on 17 February 1943. On 12 February Waffen-SS troops of the LSSAH occupied the two villages, where retreating Soviet forces had wounded two SS officers. In retaliation, five days later LSSAH troops killed 872 men, women and children. Some 240 of these were burned alive in the church of Yefremovka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 126], "content_span": [127, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0034-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Massacre of civilians on the Eastern Front\nThe reputation of the \"Blowtorch Battalion\" was confirmed in August 1944, when Sturmbannf\u00fchrer Jacob Hanreich was captured south of Falaise in France and interrogated by the Allies. He stated that Peiper was \"particularly eager to execute the order to burn villages\". Hanreich had previously served with Leibstandarte but was with SS Division Hitlerjugend at the time of his capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 126], "content_span": [127, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0035-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Massacre of civilians on the Eastern Front\nAdditional sources support the division's reputation for brutality. The following statement, taken from the surreptitious recording of POWs' conversations by the Allies, describes the atrocities on the Eastern Front. SS-Untersturmf\u00fchrer Kr\u00e4mer (captured on the Western Front during his service with the SS Division Hitlerjugend) recounted the following from his time with the LSSAH:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 126], "content_span": [127, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0036-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Massacre of civilians on the Eastern Front\nI have experienced it in Russia at Orel. An MG 42 was set up in the main aisle of a church, [...] and the Russian men, women and children were taken into the church, without knowing at all what was happening. Then they were shot immediately with the MG 42 and petrol was poured on them and the whole place was set on fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 126], "content_span": [127, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0037-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Invasion of the Soviet Union, Fabrikaktion Operation\nElements of LSSAH took part in Fabrikaktion \"factory action\" a/k/a/ Gro\u00dfaktion Juden \"Major Action (on) Jews\", an operation to capture remaining German Jews that worked in the arms industry. Men of the LSSAH helped the Gestapo round up Jews in Berlin; people were taken from their jobs and herded in to cattle wagons on 27\u201328 February 1943. Most of the captured perished either in Auschwitz or other camps in the East. In May 1943, Hans Frank shipped 500 watches collected from Auschwitz prisoners to soldiers of the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 106], "content_span": [107, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0038-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Battle of Kursk\nThe spring rasputitsa halted offensive operations, giving the LSSAH time to rest and refit. By early June 1943, the division had been fully refitted and was now under the command of SS-Brigadef\u00fchrer, Theodor Wisch. Its armor strength was 12 Tiger Is, 72 Panzer IVs, 16 Panzer III and Panzer IIs, and 31 StuGs. In late June 1943, the formation of I SS Panzer Corps meant that Hausser's SS Panzer Corps was renamed II SS Panzer Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 69], "content_span": [70, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0039-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Battle of Kursk\nThe II SS Panzer Corps was moved north to Belgorod in preparation for the upcoming summer offensive Operation Citadel. The LSSAH, along with the SS Divisions Totenkopf and Das Reich, was to form the spearhead of General Hermann Hoth's 4th Panzer Army, tasked with breaching the southern flank of the Kursk salient. Field Marshal Walter Model's 9th Army was to breach the northern flank, and the two forces were to meet near the city of Kursk, to the east, thereby encircling a large Soviet force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 69], "content_span": [70, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0040-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Battle of Kursk\nThe attack commenced on 5 July. The LSSAH's panzers, advancing in Panzerkeils (wedges), soon ran into the elaborate defenses of the Red Army, which slowed the advance. By 9 July, the II SS Panzer Corps had advanced 48\u00a0km (30\u00a0mi) north, and were nearing the small town of Prokhorovka. The LSSAH again took the lead; by now its strength was reduced to just 77 armored vehicles. The 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment, supported by several tanks, advanced up the road to Prokhorovka against heavy resistance. By midday, the infantry had cleared the Komsomolets State Farm and begun the attack on Hill 241.6, which they secured shortly after nightfall on 10 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 69], "content_span": [70, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0041-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Battle of Kursk\nThe next day the advance resumed, with the division capturing Oktiabr'skii State Farm and Hill 252.2 in heavy fighting against Soviet Paratroops of the 9th Guards Airborne Division. On 12 July, the Soviets threw the 5th Guards Tank Army into a counterattack near Prokhorovka. Two tank corps faced the LSSAH, hitting the Germans around Oktiabr'skii State Farm and Hill 252.2. In the ensuing fighting, the Germans inflicted heavy casualties on the Soviets. The Soviet counterattack had stalled the German advance, and the division was forced to fall back to Oktiabr'skii. Fighting continued the next day, but the focus of the Soviet attack had then shifted to the Totenkopf, on the left of the LSSAH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 69], "content_span": [70, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0042-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Battle of Kursk\nWith the battle at Prokhorovka still in the balance, Soviet High Command launched an offensive of their own, Operation Kutuzov, near Orel causing Hitler to order the cessation of Citadel. The II SS Panzer Corps was pulled back. The LSSAH was ordered out of the line, having suffered 2,753 casualties including 474 killed. Eleven tanks were also lost during Citadel. The division was sent to Italy to help stabilize the situation there caused by the deposal of Benito Mussolini by the Badoglio government and the Allied invasion of Sicily which began on the night of 9\u201310 July 1943. The division left behind its heavy equipment, which was given to Das Reich and Totenkopf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 69], "content_span": [70, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0043-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Italy and subsequent operations\nThe division, re-equipped with vehicles, arrived on the Po River Plain on 8 August 1943. The LSSAH was given the task of guarding several vital road and rail junctions in the area of Trento-Verona. After several weeks, the division was moved to the Parma-Reggio area. During this period, the Leibstandarte was involved in several skirmishes with partisans. With Italy having announced an armistice with the Allies of 8 September 1943, the division was ordered to begin disarming nearby Italian units. This went smoothly, with the exception of brief, bloody fights with Italian troops stationed in Parma, Cremona and Piacenza on 9 September. By 19 September, all Italian forces in the Po River Plain had been disarmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0044-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Italy and subsequent operations\nWhile on rear security duties in Italy, LSSAH men murdered 49 Jewish refugees near Lake Maggiore, in the Lake Maggiore massacres, who had fled there after the German takeover. The murders happened between 15 and 24 September. Some of the victims had their feet and hands tied and were drowned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0045-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Italy and subsequent operations\nThe LSSAH was sent to the Istria Peninsula and was engaged in several anti-partisan operations as part of Nazi security warfare. During its period in Italy, the LSSAH was reformed as a full panzer division, and redesignated 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. In early November, the division was ordered back to the Eastern Front, arriving in the Zhitomir area in mid-November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0046-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Italy and subsequent operations\nThe division was assigned to XLVIII Panzer Corps, a part of 4th Panzer Army, which was struggling to hold the line near Zhitomir. The division was transferred to the Cherkassy area at the end of January, where it was assigned to the III Panzer Corps, part of 1st Panzer Army. As part of the corps, the division took part in the relief attempt of German forces of Army Group South encircled in the Korsun Pocket in January\u2013February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0047-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Italy and subsequent operations\nThe majority of the LSSAH, which amounted to 41 officers and 1,188 men, were withdrawn to Belgium for rest and refit, however a Kampfgruppe was left behind. On 25 March, the 1st Panzer Army was encircled in the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. The battle group took part in the fighting to escape the encirclement, forming a part of the spearhead which linked up with the II SS Panzer Corps near Buczacz on 6 April. The LSSAH Division was reformed in Belgium and was at full strength by 25 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0048-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front\nThe division was transferred again as part of the I SS Panzer Corps which at this time consisted of the 101 SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, SS Division Hitlerjugend, SS Division G\u00f6tz von Berlichingen and the Panzer Lehr Division. The LSSAH had been positioned north of the River Seine to counter any possible landing in the area of the Pas de Calais so the first units did not arrive in Normandy until after the Allied invasion there on 6 June 1944; part of it arrived on the night of 27\u201328 June with the whole division taking another week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0048-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front\nBy 4 July the I SS Panzer Corps was reformed, and now consisted of the LSSAH and the Hitlerjugend. The first action they were involved in was the defense of Carpiquet village and airfield in the Allied Operation Windsor. There then followed a number of Allied attacks \u2013 Operations Charnwood and Jupiter. On 12 July the LSSAH was holding the Caen south sector from Maltot in the west to the Caen \u2013 Falaise road in the east. During the night of 14 \u2013 15 July, LSSAH was relieved by the 272nd Infantry Division and pulled back to an assembly area astride the Caen \u2013 Falaise road between Ifs and Cintheaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0049-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Operation Goodwood\nThe British Operation Goodwood took place between 18 and 20 July 1944. British VIII Corps, with three armored divisions, launched the attack aiming to seize the German-held Bourgu\u00e9bus Ridge, along with the area between Bretteville-sur-Laize and Vimont. The operation was preceded by a three-hour bombing by 2,500 aircraft. The Division strength prior to Goodwood was reported as 59 Panzer IVs, 46 Panthers and 35 StuG IIIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0050-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Operation Goodwood\nII/1st SS Panzer Regiment, located near Garcelles, received orders to attack the British at Soliers. While moving its 13 Panthers towards Bourgu\u00e9bus, the unit engaged 60 British tanks, destroying 20 of them and capturing Soliers. Around 12:00, the Panther Battalion, I/1st SS Panzer regiment, was engaged in combat with the British 29th Armoured Brigade of the British 11th Armoured Division. The body of the LSSAH was rushed to the front from Falaise, where it was being held in reserve. It counterattacked at 17:00, together with the 21st Panzer Division, and halted the British offensive on the left front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0051-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Operation Goodwood\nThe British resumed their assault at around 13:00 on 19 July, having brought up reinforcements to continue the attack. They overran some of the forward German units and approached Bourgu\u00e9bus Ridge at 16:00. They came under fire from Panthers of the Leibstandarte, who had taken up positions on the ridge. Reinforcements of the 12th SS Panzer Division arrived at the right flank at around 15:00. The Canadians attacked next in the Battle of Verri\u00e8res Ridge and Operation Spring (see map), where the LSSAH came up against a number of Allied divisions, including the Guards Armoured Division, 7th Armoured, 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0052-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Operation L\u00fcttich\nOn 25 July 1944, US forces under General Omar Bradley succeeded in breaking through the German defenses as part of Operation Cobra and entered Brittany. Hitler forbade any retreat, and ordered a counteroffensive, codenamed Operation L\u00fcttich, by the XLVII Panzer Corps, consisting of the 2nd Panzer Division, part of the LSSAH, the SS Division Das Reich and the 116th Panzer Division. The plan for the attack was to hit the 30th Infantry Division east of Mortain, then cut through American defenses to reach the coast. The US response was aided by Ultra intelligence, which had revealed the plans for Operation L\u00fcttich by 4 August. As a result, Bradley was able to obtain air support from both the US 9th Air Force and the RAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0053-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Operation L\u00fcttich\nThe LSSAH and other divisions went on the attack on 7 August. The 1st SS Panzer Regiment, along with two battalions of motorized infantry, one combat engineer company, and the division's flak battalion, were used for the attack. The weather was not suitable for flying that morning, which disadvantaged the Allies. The SS Division Das Reich recaptured Mortain, and an armored battle group under Joachim Peiper reached Bourlopin, but had to halt due to US counterattacks and air strikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0054-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Operation L\u00fcttich\nThe much-reduced division was encircled in the Falaise pocket by US, Canadian, and Polish forces. Some LSSAH units broke out of the pocket on 22 August, leaving behind all their tanks and artillery. The division sustained 5,000 casualties during the Normandy campaign. During their retreat from France, members of the LSSAH and the SS Division Hitlerjugend division murdered 34 French civilians in the towns of Tavaux and Plomion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0055-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Ardennes Offensive\nThe Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 \u2013 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive launched through the forested Ardennes Mountains region of Belgium, France and Luxembourg. The offensive was called Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein (Operation \"Watch on the Rhine\") by the Germans. The 'bulge' was the initial incursion the Germans put into the Allies' line of advance, as seen in maps presented in contemporary newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0056-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Ardennes Offensive\nWilhelm Mohnke, now in command of the LSSAH, attached to the I SS Panzer Corps, was the spearhead of the operation. The fuel crisis in Nazi Germany meant that the LSSAH had insufficient amounts of fuel for its vehicles. On 16 December the operation began, with then SS-Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer Joachim Peiper's Kampfgruppe leading the push to the Meuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 87], "content_span": [88, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0057-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Malmedy massacre\nPeiper bypassed the Elsenborn ridge, and at 07:00 on 17 December, the unit seized a US fuel depot at B\u00fcllingen, and refueled before continuing westward. At 12:30, near the hamlet of Baugnez, on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville, Peiper's Kampfgruppe encountered a convoy of the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion, US 7th Armored Division. After a brief battle the Americans surrendered. Along with other Americans captured earlier (127 men total), they were disarmed and sent to stand in a field near the crossroads, where the Germans shot them en masse with machine guns and pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0057-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Malmedy massacre\nOf the 84 men killed, 41 were killed by a pistol shot to the head at close range and six were killed by having their skulls bashed in. After feigning death in the field for several hours while the Germans moved among them shooting survivors, a group of about 30 men escaped. Researcher Danny S. Parker believe that Peiper or one of his subordinates made the decision to kill the prisoners. There is no record of an SS officer giving an execution order. News of the killings raced through the Allied lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0057-0002", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Malmedy massacre\nCaptured SS men who were part of Kampfgruppe Peiper were tried during the Malmedy massacre trial following the war for this massacre and several others in the area. Many of the perpetrators were sentenced to hang, but the sentences were commuted. Peiper himself was imprisoned for eleven years for his role in the killings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0058-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Malmedy massacre\nPeiper entered Stavelot on 18 December but encountered fierce resistance from the American defenders. Unable to defeat them, he left a smaller support force in town and headed for the bridge at Trois-Ponts with the bulk of his strength, but by the time he reached it, retreating US engineers had already destroyed it. Peiper then headed for the village of La Gleize and from there on to Stoumont. There, as Peiper approached, engineers blew up the bridge. US defenders were entrenched and ready.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0058-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Malmedy massacre\nPeiper's men were cut off from the main German force and supplies when the Americans recaptured the poorly defended Stavelot on 19 December. As their situation in Stoumont was becoming hopeless, Peiper decided to pull back to La Gleize where he set up his defenses, waiting for the German relief force. Since no such force was able to penetrate the US line, Peiper decided to break out back to the German lines on 23 December. The men of the Kampfgruppe abandoned their vehicles and heavy equipment, although most of the men were able to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0059-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Malmedy massacre\nWith each passing day, enemy resistance stiffened and the advance was eventually halted on all fronts. The German High Command ordered that a renewed attack begin on 1 January 1945. Yet by this time, the Allies had regrouped their forces and were ready to repulse any attack launched by the Germans. The operation formally ended on 27 January 1945, and three days later Mohnke was promoted to SS-Brigadef\u00fchrer. LSSAH and the I SS Panzer Corps were then transferred to Hungary to bolster the crumbling situation there. Mohnke was wounded in an air raid. In his place, SS-Brigadef\u00fchrer Otto Kumm was appointed the new Division Commander as of 15 February 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 85], "content_span": [86, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0060-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Western Front, Malmedy massacre, Killing of Wereth 11\nDuring Battle of the Bulge, troops from 3./SS-PzAA1 LSSAH captured eleven African-American soldiers from the 333rd Artillery Battalion in the hamlet of Wereth. Subsequently the prisoners were shot and their remains found by Allied troops two months later. The soldiers had their fingers cut off, legs broken, and at least one was shot while trying to bandage a comrade's wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 107], "content_span": [108, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0061-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Eastern Front 1945, Operation Spring Awakening\nOperation Spring Awakening (6 March 1945 \u2013 16 March 1945) was the last major German offensive launched during World War II. It began in great secrecy on 6 March 1945. The German forces launched attacks in Hungary near Lake Balaton. This area included some of the last oil reserves still available to the Axis. The operation involved many German units withdrawn from the failed Ardennes Offensive on the Western Front, including the 6th SS Panzer Army and the LSSAH. Operation Spring Awakening was a failure for the German side. Within a week, the early gains were halted by massive counter-attacks by Soviet forces. The overwhelming numerical superiority of the Red Army made any defense impossible, yet Hitler somehow had believed victory was attainable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 100], "content_span": [101, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0062-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Eastern Front 1945, Operation Spring Awakening\nAfter the failure of Operation Spring Awakening, Sepp Dietrich's 6th SS Panzer Army retreated in stages to the Vienna area. The Germans prepared defensive positions in an attempt to hold the city against the fast arriving Red Army, in what become known as the Vienna Offensive. The Germans could not hold Vienna, which fell to the Soviet forces on 13 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 100], "content_span": [101, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0063-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Eastern Front 1945, Operation Spring Awakening\nThis defeat resulted in the \u00c4rmelstreifen (Cuff Titles Order) or \"armband order\", which was issued by Hitler to the commander of the 6th SS Panzer Army, Sepp Dietrich. Hitler claimed that the troops \"did not fight as the situation demanded.\" As a mark of disgrace, Hitler ordered the Waffen-SS units involved to remove their cuff titles (German: \u00c4rmelstreifen). Dietrich refused to carry out the order and did not relay the message to the troops. According to Heinz Guderian, most cuff titles had already been removed; he later wrote that the removal of unit cuffs from the Leibstandarte, Totenkopf, Hohenstaufen, and the Das Reich Divisions was accomplished for security reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 100], "content_span": [101, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0064-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Eastern Front 1945, Battle of Berlin\nPart of the LSSAH ended the war fighting in Berlin. On 23 April 1945, Hitler appointed Brigadef\u00fchrer Mohnke the commander for the central government district (Zitadelle sector) that included the Reich Chancellery and F\u00fchrerbunker. Mohnke's command post was under the Reich Chancellery in the bunkers therein. He formed Kampfgruppe Mohnke which was divided into two weak regiments made up of approximately 2,000 men. The core group were the 800 of the Leibstandarte Guard Battalion (assigned to guard the F\u00fchrer). After Hitler's suicide, they received orders to break out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 90], "content_span": [91, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0064-0001", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Eastern Front 1945, Battle of Berlin\nPrior to the attempt, Mohnke briefed all commanders who could be reached within the Zitadelle sector about Hitler's death and the planned break out. It started at 2300 hours on 1 May. Mohnke led the first of ten small groups. Several very small groups managed to reach the Americans at the Elbe's west bank, but most, including Mohnke's group, could not get through the Soviet lines. Many were taken prisoner and some committed suicide. On 2 May hostilities officially ended by order of Helmuth Weidling, Commandant of the Berlin Defense Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 90], "content_span": [91, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159564-0065-0000", "contents": "1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Eastern Front 1945, Battle of Berlin\nAfter Vienna was captured, the LSSAH had fewer than 1,600 men and 16 tanks. Apart from the remains of Berlin Guard Battalion, the LSSAH surrendered to US forces in the Steyr area on 8 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 90], "content_span": [91, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159565-0000-0000", "contents": "1st SS Police Regiment\nThe 1st SS Police Regiment (German: SS-Polizei-Regiment 1) was initially named the 1st Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 1) when it was formed in 1942 from existing Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units for security duties in Occupied Europe. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943. Later that year it was disbanded and its battalions were reassigned to other SS Police units. The regiment was reformed in late 1944 in Hungary, but was absorbed by 35th SS and Police Grenadier Division (35. SS und Polizei Grenadier Division) in early 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159565-0001-0000", "contents": "1st SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regimental headquarters was formed in July 1942 in Berlin and was subordinated to the Polizei Abschnitt Spree which was the police command for all SS-police units in and around the Berlin capitol area. The regiment comprised three police battalions as well as a signals and headquarters unit. A police tank company was planned, but never formed. Police Battalion 2 (Polizei-Batallion 2) was assigned as its 1st battalion, but it was in northern Russia at that time. It was withdrawn to Berlin around August or September for reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159565-0001-0001", "contents": "1st SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment's 2nd battalion was Police Battalion 3, but this assignment was only nominal as the battalion was scattered along the length of the Eastern Front and remained that way until the bulk of it was withdrawn to M\u00e4hrisch Ostrau, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, (now Ostrava, Czech Republic) in late 1942 where it served as cadre for the 1st Battalion of the 36th Police Rifle Regiment (Polizei-Sch\u00fctzen Regiment 36) in mid-1943. Police Battalion 10 was in Upper Carniola, Slovenia, when it was redesignated as the regiment's third battalion, and apparently remained there until early 1943. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS-police units on 24 February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159565-0002-0000", "contents": "1st SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization, Activities\nIn late 1942, the headquarters and first battalion were deployed to the Eastern Front and attached to Army Group North while the second battalion remained attached to various security police units on the individual company level and the third battalion remained in Slovenia on anti-partisan duty. In early 1943, the first and third battalions were transferred to France where they were assigned to Polizei-Regiment Griese in Marseilles, and were redesignated as the first and third battalions of the 14th SS Police Regiment in March, while the regimental HQ was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159565-0003-0000", "contents": "1st SS Police Regiment, Formation and organization, Activities\nThe regiment was reformed in August 1944 in Hungary from the headquarters of the Polizei-Regiment zbV (zur besonderen Verwendung). Its battalions were taken from other police regiments, notably II./SS Pol.Rgt. 12, II./SS Pol.Rgt. 20 and III./SS Pol.Rgt. 21 as its first through third battalions, respectively. The latter two battalions were redesignated as the first and second battalions of the 6th SS Police Regiment in October while the regiment's second battalion was replaced by the assignment and redesignation of the Police Half-Battalion Hungary (Polizei Halb-Batallion Ungarn). The regiment was ordered disbanded on 12 March 1945 and its personnel and equipment were absorbed by the SS and Police Grenadier Regiment 89 (SS und Polizei Grenadier Regiment 89) of the 35th SS and Police Grenadier Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0000-0000", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger\n1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger (German: SS-Sonder-Regiment I 'War\u00e4ger') was a collaborationist formation, primarily composed of Russians, that fought under German command during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0001-0000", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger, Background\nAfter the end of the Russian Civil War (1917\u201323), several hundred thousand Russians (and other subjects of the Imperial Russia) fled the Bolshevik forces. Most so-called White \u00e9migr\u00e9s initially fled from Southern Russia and Ukraine to Turkey and then moved to other Slavic countries in Europe (the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland). A large number also fled to Estonia, Latvia,  Lithuania, Finland, Iran, Germany and France. Some \u00e9migr\u00e9s also fled to Portugal, Spain, Romania, Belgium, France, Sweden, Switzerland, and Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0002-0000", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger, Background\nIn the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, a Russian All-Military Union (Russian: \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435-\u0412\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437, abbreviated \u0420\u041e\u0412\u0421, ROVS) was formed by White Army General Pyotr Wrangel on 1 September 1924, initially headquartered in the town of Sremski Karlovci.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0003-0000", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger, Background\nAfter the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 and subsequent establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), German military government in Serbia and direct occupation of other Yugoslav lands, the German forces started to recruit local population for its paramilitary formations, primarily for combating emerging Communist-led Anti-fascist Yugoslav Partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0004-0000", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger, Semenov\nOne such Russian White \u00e9migr\u00e9, Mikhail Alexandrovich Semenov (Russian: \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 Cemehob), who was an military officer of the Russian Imperial Army and then of White Army. After relocation to Yugoslavia, he settled in Croatian city of Osijek, where he worked in culture and industry; at that time he was member of different emigre groups: Russian Tsarist Union-Order, Union of Russian National Youth and National Union of Russian Youth /National Union of New Generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0005-0000", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger, Semenov\nAfter the formation of NDH, Semenov started to cooperate with the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA), tasked with establishing Russian nationalist-socialist party in Croatia.\u200b\u200b But soon afterwards, he was sent to Serbia to join Russian Corps (German: Russisches Schutzkorps Serbien, Russian: \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441); some sources also state, that he was an officer in the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0006-0000", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger, Semenov\nIn April 1942, Semenov was tasked by the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) to form a battalion, based on the Russian White \u00e9migr\u00e9s, living in Yugoslavia and neighboring countries, with added contingent of local Serbian volunteers. At first, the battalion was meant to participated in the SD's Operation Zeppelin, but was then included into the German auxiliary police force in Serbia. Battalion was stationed in Belgrade, Smederevo and Po\u017earevac, where they were responsible for securing roads and rainways against the partisan attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0006-0001", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger, Semenov\nIn summer 1943, he and selected group of Russian White \u00e9migr\u00e9s were assigned to the Operation Zeppelin for conducting sabotage and long-range reconnaissance missions behind the frontlines, inside the Soviet Union. But in general, the operation was unsuccessful and in summer 1944, the Semenov and his men were sent to Slovenian town of Kamnik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0007-0000", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger, Regiment\nThe unit was known as Sonderkommando K or SS J\u00e4ger Bataillon and was once again involved in counter-insurgency operations against Slovenian partisans in the area of Upper Carniola. In November 1944, the unit was relocated to Ljubljana, where the unit was enlarged with the transfer of Soviet prisoners of war and in February 1945, the unit was renamed into the SS-Sonder-Regiment I 'War\u00e4ger. At first, the newly formed regiment has only five companies (in two battalions) with around 500 men altogether. In February 1945, a part of the regiment was sent to Suha krajina region, to secure positions along the Krka river around the town of \u017du\u017eemberk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159566-0008-0000", "contents": "1st SS Special Regiment War\u00e4ger, Regiment\nRegiment hold their positions against several partisan attacks until late April 1945, when a general German retreat started from the Slovenian territory. During this time, the regiment was formally transferred fully under the Russian Liberation Army's group under Anton Vasilyevich Turkul, but was in reality still under full German control. While retreating, some regimental personnel were captured by Yugoslav partisans, majority managed to reach Western Allied forces in Italy and Austria. Some of the British-captured regimental men were then transferred to the Red Army (Operation Keelhaul), while others (non-Soviet citizens) were alloved to remain in Europe or emigrate to South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159567-0000-0000", "contents": "1st SS-Standarte\nThe 1st SS-Standarte was a regimental command of the Allgemeine-SS and one of the units in the General-SS order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159567-0001-0000", "contents": "1st SS-Standarte, History\nThe unit was formed on 1 August 1928. It was reorganized from previous Schutzstaffel (SS) units, known as SS-Gaus. Based in Munich, the 1st SS Standarte was charged with protection of top Nazi Party leaders, including Adolf Hitler. Its first commander was Josef \"Sepp\" Dietrich. For most of its existence, the command was known by the honor title \"Julius Schreck\". Schreck had been the co-commander of the first Stabswache bodyguard unit for Hitler in 1923 and later the first leader of the SS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159567-0002-0000", "contents": "1st SS-Standarte, History\nBy 1929, Hitler had re-formed a personal bodyguard unit known as the Stabswache, which would eventually become the nucleus of the future 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. At this stage, the Stabswache and the 1st SS Standarte were practically one and the same. By 1930, however, Dietrich began to be seen strictly as the commander of the Stabswache, with the day-to-day running of the 1st Standarte handled by then SS-Standartenf\u00fchrer Heinrich H\u00f6flich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159567-0003-0000", "contents": "1st SS-Standarte, History\nWhen Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Dietrich traveled with the F\u00fchrer to Berlin to set up a new SS-Guard for the German leader. It was mostly made up of men from the 1st SS-Standarte. The unit replaced the army guards assigned to protect the Chancellor of Germany. Dietrich went on to command the new unit known as the \"SS-Stabswache Berlin\". Later it became known as the SS-Sonderkommando Berlin. In November 1933, the Sonderkommando received the title Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler (LAH). Finally, Himmler modified that title to Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) on 13 April 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159567-0004-0000", "contents": "1st SS-Standarte, History\nIn the summer of 1933, leadership of what remained of 1st Standarte in Munich was taken over by SS-Standartenf\u00fchrer Emil W\u00e4ckerle. By the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, the SS had solidified itself with new headquarters' in Berlin. The 1st SS Standarte lost most of its operational importance and became a unit attached to the Munich Nazi Party headquarters, known as the \"Brown House\" for which the SS was in charge of security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159567-0005-0000", "contents": "1st SS-Standarte, History\nThe next commander of the 1st SS Standarte, after the Night of the Long Knives, was Julian Scherner, later known as the SS and Police Leader of Krakau, who was depicted in the Steven Spielberg film Schindler's List. After Scherner's tour as the Standarte commander, leadership passed through two more leaders, until eventually command was assumed by SS-Standartenf\u00fchrer Erich Buchmann, who held the command until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159568-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Saeima\nThe 1st Saeima was the parliament of Latvia from November 7, 1922 until November 2, 1925. It was the first Saeima to be elected after the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia had created the Constitution of Latvia and the Elections Law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159568-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Saeima\nSocial-Democrat Fr\u012bdrihs Vesmanis was Speaker of the Saeima until March 17, 1925 followed by Social Democrat Pauls Kalni\u0146\u0161.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159568-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Saeima\nThe 1st Saeima gave confidence to the 1st cabinet of Zigfr\u012bds Anna Meierovics (July 20, 1922 \u2013 January 26, 1923), cabinet of J\u0101nis Pau\u013cuks (January 27, 1923 \u2013 June 27, 1923), 2nd cabinet of Meierovics (28 June 1923 \u2013 26 January 1924), cabinet of Voldem\u0101rs Z\u0101mu\u0113ls (January 25, 1924 \u2013 December 17, 1924) and the 1st cabinet of Hugo Celmi\u0146\u0161 (December 19, 1924 \u2013 December 23, 1925).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159568-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Saeima, Elections and Parties\n1st Saeima elections were held on October 7\u20138, 1922 and 82,2% (800,840 people) of eligible voters participated. Due to the liberal Elections law, 20 parties were elected to the 100 seats, representing all the political and ethnic interest groups of Latvia. Of the 100 MPs, 84 were Latvians, 62 had a higher education, 22 had a secondary education, 7 had graduated from teacher training colleges and 9 had a primary education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0000-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment\nThe 1st San Marco Regiment (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento San Marco), located in Brindisi,  is an amphibious formation of the Italian Navy. They are the Italian marines. Until the middle of the 1990s the unit was known as the San Marco Battalion (Battaglione San Marco), until it was expanded beyond battalion size because of the new geopolitical situation after the end of the Cold War and an increasing number of international missions, after as the San Marco Regiment. In 2013 it became part of the San Marco Marine Brigade as 1st San Marco Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0001-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nMarines of Italy was created as Fanti da Mar in 1550 in the Republic of Venice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0002-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nThe San Marco Regiment traces its history back to the La Marina Regiment, formed in 1713. During the Wars of Italian Independence the Italian Marines were known as the Fanteria Real Marina, units of specially selected sailors who were skilled marksmen. The regiment also played an important role in Peking during the Boxer Rebellion and in the Italo-Turkish War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0003-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nWith the beginning of the Italian campaign during World War I, the unit was named the Brigata Marina (Naval Brigade), and included two regiments, one infantry and one artillery. The brigade's infantry battalions were drawn from various Army and customs units, in addition to sailors from the torpedoed Italian navy cruiser Amalfi who were hastily equipped as infantry. Following the Battle of Caporetto in October\u2013November 1917, the Italian front had almost collapsed and the Marina Brigade fought in the defence of Venice during the Battle of the Piave River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0003-0001", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nAfter the war, the grateful city presented a flag with the Lion of Saint Mark, from Venice's coat of arms, to the marines of the Naval Brigade. The Naval Brigade was renamed the San Marco Brigade because of the connection with Venice, and the Italian ship of the same name that was sunk in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0004-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nBetween the two world wars only a \u201cSan Marco Battalion\u201d existed. A special unit of the battalion was sent to garrison the Italian concession in Tianjin, China in 1924 and stayed there until it was interned by the Japanese in 1943, when Italy declared war on the Axis. In the confusion, one post resisted, holding out against Japanese attacks for 24 hours before surrendering. The interned Italians were then given the choice to represent the collaborationist fascist government, or become prisoners of war. The San Marco Battalion also served during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0005-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nAt the beginning of the Second World War it became a two battalion regiment and later increased in size, and prepared for amphibious landings at Cape Martin in France which never happened. When Italy attacked Yugoslavia in April 1941, the San Marco Marines carried out successful landings on several islands in the Adriatic and seized ports against minimal resistance. The regiment expanded to seven battalions before the final desert battles in 1943, including the Battaglione Nuotatori who were trained as parachutists in 1941. The 3rd Battalion of the 'San Marco' Regiment, which became known as the Tobruk battalion, repelled landings by British Commandos at Tobruk during the night of 13/14 September 1942, in the course of the botched Operation Agreement. As a result, 200 British Commandos were taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0006-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nThe regiment fought at Tobruk and Tunisia, where it defended the Mareth line during April and May 1943. The Tobruk Battalion was later destroyed on the night of 5 April 1943 while defending the Oidane-el-Hachana line against an attack on Wadi Akarit by the British 69th Infantry Brigade and Gurkha units from the Indian Army 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0007-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\n\"When we were about ten yards away we had reached the top of the slit trench and we killed any of the survivors,\" recalled British infantryman Bill Cheall, who had just seen his section leader shot down by a San Marco Marine. \"It was no time for pussy footing, we were intoxicated with rage and had to kill them to pay for our fallen pal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0008-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nThe Italian Marines, well dug-in and plentifully supplied with automatic weapons and grenades, fought well, and casualties among the 6th Green Howards were severe; two senior officers, six senior NCO's and junior officers and one hundred and eighteen other ranks killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0009-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nGerman General Hans-J\u00fcrgen von Arnim later said of the San Marco Marines fighting abilities in Tunisia in 1943, that they were \"the best soldiers I ever commanded\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0010-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nFollowing the Italian surrender in 1943, many San Marco marines fought for the Allies against the Germans, however the 4th (Caorle) Battalion fought for the Axis until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0011-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nThe San Marco Marine Regiment was deactivated in 1956 but was reformed on 1 January 1965 to battalion strength (Marina Battaglione \"San Marco\") in Venice with 750 personnel. During the Italian-Yugoslav tensions of Trieste and Istria, the Yugoslav head of state Tito requested the Italian government move the unit from Venice, because he believed it represented a possible aggression against Yugoslavia, and that it was not necessary for the defense of Italy according to the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty. The battalion was then shifted to Brindisi Naval Base in Southern Italy and integrated completely into the Italian Navy. In Venice, the Italian Army reconstituted its Lagunari amphibious infantry. From 1982 to 1984 the San Marco battalion took part in international UN peacekeeping missions in Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0012-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nToday the San Marco Marine Regiment consists of the Amphibious Battalion Grado and the Support Battalion Golametto with approximately 1,500 marines. Combined with the Logistics and Training Regiment \u201cCarlotto\u201d, landing boats and helicopters, the San Marco Regiment can conduct amphibious assaults and landings. If necessary, the San Marco Regiment can be reinforced by the Army's Lagunari. The naval command is connected by a unified operations staff and is closely associated with the Spanish Marines through the SILF joint landing force. The San Marco Regiment has been active in international peace-keeping operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0012-0001", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nSince the early 1980s the unit has deployed to Lebanon, the Persian Gulf, Somalia, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, East Timor, Eritrea and Iraq. The San Marco and the Lagunari were used together for the first time in operation UNIFIL after the 2006 Lebanon war in a peacekeeping mission as the \u201cInitial Entry Force\u201d in the early hours of the morning 2 September 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0013-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nTwo marines from the San Marco Regiment, Massimiliano Latorre and Salvatore Girone, are currently under trial in India and face murder charges for allegedly shooting dead two Indian fishermen, Ajeesh Pinki and Gelastine, 20.5\u00a0nm off the coast of Kerala. The 2012 Italian shooting in the Laccadive Sea created a diplomatic dispute between Italy and India over matters of court jurisdiction and functional immunity. The diplomatic row developed into a stand-off with India in March 2013 and resulted in the resignation of Italian foreign minister Giulio Terzi on 26 March 2013. Court proceedings have continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0014-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, History\nSince 2013 the San Marco Regiment is now part of the larger San Marco Marine Brigade as the 1st San Marco Marine Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0015-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, Organization\nThe support elements of the regiment include a telecommunications center; a coordination center for fire support; air observer and coastal defense forces; and staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0016-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, Organization\nAdvanced force and reconnaissance operations are undertaken by a separate company (\u201cDemolitori di Ostacoli Antisbarco DOA\u201d today called \"Compagnia Operazioni Speciali Andrea Bafile\"), tasked primarily with the clearing of landing zones and the removal of barriers, obstacles and mines. The marines can be landed by helicopters, speedboats or from submarines. The DOA/Bafile Company trains with the commando frogmen of the Italian Fleet Command Special Forces COMSUBIN GOI, who themselves are drawn largely from the ranks of the San Marco marines. COMSUBIN wear an emerald green beret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0017-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, Organization\nAnother separate company, consisting of about 180 men, the Naval Operation Company, leads the boarding teams. These units of about 8 to 10 men conduct boardings and inspections of shipping, e.g. in embargo measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0018-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, Organization\nThe Grado battalion contains the actual naval infantry component of the Italian Navy. The battalion consists of a staff and supply company, three naval infantry companies, plus a 'heavy' company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0019-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, Organization\nEach of the three combat companies consists of three 37 man platoons and a 21-man fire support section. These companies can be brought ashore with amphibious vehicles and boats or with helicopters. In other cases they can operate as mechanized infantry with a modified version of the M113 (\u201cVCC-1\u201d).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0020-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, Organization\nThe heavy company forms the combat support component of the battalion with their air defense and anti-armour weapons as well as with the 120mm mortar .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0021-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, Organization\nLogistical support is conducted by the Golametto battalion. It contains transport and logistics companies, as well as a medical unit. The members of this battalion are fully trained naval infantrymen, who give landing operations the necessary combat logistical and technical  support to the Grado battalion. General tasks of support fall into the scope of responsibility of the Carlotto regiment, which supplies the Golametto battalion with the necessary materials before deployment depending upon operational orders .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0022-0000", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, Heraldry\nThe marines of the San Marco Regiment are designated as Marine Riflemen. Their rank system is similar to the Italian Army except that enlisted men are distinguished by a sailor's collar on the uniform and a navy blue beret. Both the Navy's San Marco marines and the Army's Lagunari amphibious infantry have the Lion of Saint Mark in their coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159569-0022-0001", "contents": "1st San Marco Regiment, Heraldry\nPlans to consolidate both organizations together (as it was during the early '50s when both Army and Navy contributed to a naval infantry unit known as the Settore Forze Lagunari that after became the Lagunari regiment) was abandoned in the mid-1990s. Today, however, close co-operation exists because of a common operations staff in Brindisi, which has continued to strengthen ties between the two units ( Forza di Proiezione dal Mare ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159570-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Sarasaviya Awards\nThe 1st Sarasaviya Awards festival (Sinhala: 1\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc5), presented by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, was held to honor the best films of 1961, 1962 and 1963 in Sinhala cinema on May 9, 1964, at the Asoka Cinema, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Senate President Thomas Amarasuriya was the chief guest at the awards night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159570-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Sarasaviya Awards\nThe film Gamperaliya won the most awards with nine including Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159571-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Saskatchewan Legislature\nThe 1st Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in December 1905, the first general election for the new province. The assembly sat from March 29, 1906, to July 20, 1908. The Liberal Party led by Walter Scott formed the government. The Provincial Rights Party led by Frederick Haultain formed the official opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159571-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Saskatchewan Legislature, Members of the Assembly\nThe following members were elected to the assembly in 1905:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159572-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Saturn Awards\nThe 1st Saturn Awards were awarded to media properties and personalities deemed by the Academy to be the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror in 1972. They were awarded on May 18, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159572-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Saturn Awards\nBelow is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159573-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Scots Guards F.C.\n1st Scots Guards F.C. were an English football team that existed from at least 1891. They played in the Southern League from 1895\u201396 and finished third of nine in Division Two. This made them eligible to play in a test match promotion decider against Clapton, which they lost 1\u20134. The following season they finished 8th of 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159573-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Scots Guards F.C.\nThey also participated briefly in the London League Division One for the 1896\u201397 season before withdrawing, and were the last club to play Thames Ironworks  at their Hermit Road ground on 8 October 1896, when they lost 1\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159573-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Scots Guards F.C.\nThey were still a functioning football team as late as 1909, when they won the Middlesex Senior Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159573-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Scots Guards F.C.\nThe Christmas truce football game of 1914 supposedly featured men from the 1st Scots Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159574-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Scottish Parliament\nThis is a list of members (MSPs) returned to the first Scottish Parliament at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election. Of the 129 members, 73 were elected from first past the post constituencies with a further 56 members being returned from eight regions, each electing seven MSPs as a form of mixed member proportional representation .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159574-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Scottish Parliament\nThe 1999 election produced a hung parliament, with the Labour MSPs forming the largest minority. Consequently, they formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats to form the first Scottish Executive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159574-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Scottish Parliament, Graphical representation\nThese are graphical representations of the Scottish Parliament showing a comparison of party strengths as it was directly after the 1999 election and its composition at the time of its dissolution in March 2003:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159574-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Scottish Parliament, List of MSPs\nThis is a list of MSPs at dissolution. For a list of MSPs elected in the 1999 Scottish Parliament election, see here. The changes table below records all changes in party affiliation during the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159574-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Scottish Parliament, Changes\nDuring the 1999 to 2003 period there were one death and three resignations amongst constituency MSPs, and replacement MSPs were elected in by-elections. Also there was one resignation amongst the additional member MSPs, with that MSP being replaced by the candidate who was next on the additional members list at the time of the 1999 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159575-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Scout Ranger Regiment\nThe Scout Rangers, known officially as the First Scout Ranger Regiment, is a Philippine Army unit specializing in anti-guerrilla jungle warfare, raids, ambushes, close quarters combat, urban warfare and sabotage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159575-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Scout Ranger Regiment, History\nThe First Scout Ranger Regiment was formed on November 25, 1950 under the command of former AFP Vice Chief of Staff and Defense Secretary Rafael M. Ileto. The unit was modelled after two legendary fighting groups, the intelligence gathering American Alamo Scouts and the combat ready US Army Rangers, the unit was created due to a growing need to counter the Hukbalahap guerrillas and its rebellion with a force trained in small unit actions. The Scout Rangers participated in the December 1989 coup attempt against the administration of Corazon Aquino. Led by then Captain Danilo Lim, Major Abraham Purugganan and Lieutenant Colonel Rafael Galvez, some 2500 Rangers took over Makati in the most destructive coup attempt against the Aquino administration, which left hundreds of civilians and soldiers dead, and hundreds more injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159575-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Scout Ranger Regiment, History\nThe Scout Rangers played a major role in capturing the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) rebel camp during the 2000 all-out war against the MILF. During the Battle of Marawi of 2017, Scout Rangers were the first elite units deployed with the 1st Infantry division to neutralize the Islamic State-inspired groups the Maute and Abu Sayyaf and their leaders Isnilon Hapilon and the Maute brothers. During the battle the Rangers incurred many casualties including a veteran Captain of the battle of Zamboanga city. A Scout Ranger is credited with killing Hapilon during the final stages of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159575-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Scout Ranger Regiment, History\nTheir headquarters is based at Camp Tecson in San Miguel, Bulacan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159575-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Scout Ranger Regiment, Units\nThe following are subordinate battalions and companies of the First Scout Rangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159576-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Screen Actors Guild Awards\nThe Inaugural Screen Actors Guild Awards aired on NBC from Stage 12, Universal Studios, on February 25, 1995. Unveiled during this evening for the first time was the Guild's new award statuette, The Actor, as well as the first awards for ensembles in drama series and comedy series which honor all of the actors who are the regulars in television series. From this auspicious beginning the Screen Actors Guild Awards has been embraced as one of the most prestigious in the entertainment industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159576-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Screen Actors Guild Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nRa\u00fal Juli\u00e1 \u2013 The Burning Season as Francisco \"Chico\" Mendes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159576-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Screen Actors Guild Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nNYPD Blue \u2013 Gordon Clapp, Dennis Franz, Sharon Lawrence, James McDaniel, Gail O'Grady, Jimmy Smits, and Nicholas Turturro", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159576-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Screen Actors Guild Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSeinfeld \u2013 Jason Alexander, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Michael Richards, and Jerry Seinfeld", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159577-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Scripps National Spelling Bee\nThe 1st National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1925, sponsored by the Louisville Courier-Journal. Scripps-Howard did not sponsor the Bee until 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159577-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Scripps National Spelling Bee, Competition\nNine finalists (six girls and three boys) competed in Washington, where they met President Calvin Coolidge before the competition. After a 90-minute competition, the winner was 11-year-old Frank Neuhauser of Kentucky who correctly spelled gladiolus, a flower he had raised as a boy. He won $500 in gold pieces for placing first, and Louisville held a parade in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159577-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Scripps National Spelling Bee, Competition\nComing in second place was 11-year-old Edna Stover of Trenton, New Jersey, winning $250, who spelled gladiolus with a \"y\" instead of an \"i\". Third place went to 12-year-old Helen Fischer of Akron, Ohio ($150) who missed \"moribund\", and fourth prize went to 13-year-old Mary Daniel of Hartford, Connecticut ($100) who missed \"valuing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159577-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Scripps National Spelling Bee, Competition\nThe first to fall in the competition of nine was Almeda Pennington on \"skittish\" (9th place), followed by Mary Coddens (\"cosmos\") (8th place), Loren Mackey (\"propeller\") (7th place), Patrick Kelly (\"blackguard\") (6th place), and Dorothy Karrick (\"statistician\") (5th place).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159577-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Scripps National Spelling Bee, Competition\nThe nine contestants in the first bee were: Dorothy Katrick (Detroit), Helen Fischer (Akron, Ohio), Edna Stover (Trenton, New Jersey), Patrick Keily (New Haven, Connecticut), Lorin Mackey (Oklahoma), Frank Neuhauser (Kentucky), Almeda Pennington (Houston, Texas), Mary Daniel (Hartford, Connecticut), and Mary Coddens (South Bend, Indiana).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States)\n1st Searchlight Battery was a United States Marine Corps unit formed during the Vietnam War to monitor the \"Electronic Wall of Defense\" that was set up along the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. They fell under the 12th Marine Regiment and the 3rd Marine Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States), History\n1st Searchlight Battery was a new unit organized, supervised and controlled by the United States Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara and was part of the \"Electronic Wall of Defense\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States), History\nThe Battery began at Marine Corps Base Twentynine Palms, California. It was the first unit in the history of the Marine Corps with infrared/xeon arc technology searchlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States), History\nThere were 122 men in the Battery: 6 Officers, 113 Enlisted and 3 Enlisted U.S. Navy Corpsmen. Commanding Officer was Captain Victor B. Snider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States), History\nDeployed to South Vietnam on the USS\u00a0Paul Revere, departing the continental limits of the United States from National City, California, on May 31, 1967. All personnel had \"Secret\" security clearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States), Vietnam\nOn June 27, 1967, the Battery arrived in Da Nang, South Vietnam. At 05:30 on June 28 it departed Da Nang for \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0 Combat Base, arriving there on June 29. The Battery HQ was built in \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States), Vietnam\nAttached to 12th Marine Regiment, 3d Marine Division (Rein) FMF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States), Equipment\nThere were 18 M274 Mechanical Mules converted with generators and the searchlight. Each searchlight had a 23\" Dual Blade. They had infrared (viewed with M-18 binoculars) and white light capability. The white light had a Xenon Arc, with 75 million candlepower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States), Equipment\nOn July 3 the Battery began deployment of the 3 platoons to seven areas of the Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb Province/I Corps:  Con Thien, C\u1eeda Vi\u1ec7t, Khe Sanh, Gio Linh, \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0, Cam L\u1ed9, Camp Carroll and Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Provinces: (Phu Bai and Camp Evans).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159578-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Battery (United States), Equipment\nThe primary use of the searchlight was for perimeter defense. The lights were also used in six major combat operations with excellent results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery was an air defence unit of the British Army from 1920 until 1954. Originally formed in the Royal Engineers (RE), it was transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) at the start of World War II. It fought with distinction in the defence of Calais during the Battle of France, in which it was virtually destroyed. Reformed, it helped to protect the cities of South Wales from the Luftwaffe during The Blitz, and later defended the South Coast of England against Fighter bomber and V-1 flying bomb attacks. It went to North West Europe to defend Antwerp during the final stages of the war, and served in the Gibraltar garrison postwar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, Royal Engineer origins\nThe Royal Engineers (RE) had developed an extensive anti-aircraft (AA) searchlight (S/L) organisation during World War I, but this was quickly reduced after the Armistice. The last remnants of Nos 3 and 17 AA Companies moved to Blackdown Camp at the end of 1920 to form the nucleus of 1st AA Battalion, RE, as part of the newly created 1st Air Defence Brigade. Although destined to become the largest Regular unit of the RE during the inter-war years, its initial strength was three non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and four sappers under the command of a lieutenant of the Royal Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, Royal Engineer origins\nIt was another year before it got its first RE commanding officer (CO), Lt-Col G.C.E. Elliott, and nearly two years before it received substantial reinforcements, including troops who had operated lorry-mounted searchlights during the Irish War of Independence. It formed two companies, A and B. From early 1925 the battalion also had a detachment at Belfast, but this disappeared in late 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, Royal Engineer origins\nThe main responsibility for AA defence of the United Kingdom was entrusted to the part-time Territorial Army, which developed a large-scale organisation under Anti- Aircraft Command before the outbreak of World War II. The Regulars of 1st Air Defence Brigade (later 1st AA Brigade) were to provide AA cover for field forces, initially for the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that would go overseas on the outbreak of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, Royal Engineer origins\nIn 1938 it was decided that all coastal and AA searchlights, which operated alongside the Royal Artillery (RA), would become the responsibility of that corps; however, the transfers had not been completed when war was declared in September 1939. A 2nd AA Battalion, RE, was organised at Blackdown in 1936, but this was disbanded in September 1938 and replaced by 2nd Searchlight Regiment, RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 65], "content_span": [66, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation\n1st AA Battalion, RE, under the command of Lt-Col R.M. Goldney, RA, was ordered to mobilise by 1st AA Brigade on 1 September 1939, and war was declared two days later. Battalion HQ with A and B Companies (which officially became Nos 1 and 2 Companies) left Blackdown and embarked at Southampton on 10 September, landing at Cherbourg the following day. However, this may have been a mistake: it is alleged that the movement order was supposed to have said 'less 1st AA Bn RE', and the battalion was intended to defend the Thames Estuary under AA Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation\nOn arrival in France, the battalion deployed to protect the BEF's No 2 Base Sub-area at Nantes, but at the end of the month it moved up to Fauquembergues, where its lights cooperated with night fighters of No 60 Wing, Royal Air Force in the Aircraft Fighting Zone (AFZ) bounded by Bergues, Cassel and Guisnes (just inland from the ports of Boulogne, Calais and Dunkirk). The 72-light S/L layout (at an average separation of 4500 yards, seven rows deep, with Mk VIII Sound locators in the first row) was built up from west to east as 3rd Searchlight Battery arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation\n3rd Searchlight Battery, RA, had mobilised at Portsmouth, and sailed from Southampton, disembarking on 16 September at Brest, where it was delayed for a week awaiting the arrival of much of its transport. It joined the rest of the battalion on 3 October and deployed three days later. On 17 October the battalion came under the command of 2nd AA Brigade, and on 2 November the first Luftwaffe raider came over the battalion's area (a Heinkel He 111 shot down by the RAF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation\n4th Searchlight Battery, RA, mobilised on 1 December at Yeovil and sailed from Southampton to Cherbourg on 8 December. It joined the battalion and began deploying round La Capelle-l\u00e8s-Boulogne on 21 December, filling in the west end of the AFZ. This brought the number of lights operated by the battalion up to 96. From late December, the regiment provided two sections at Boulogne and Dunkirk to cooperate with Light AA (LAA) guns in trying to prevent German seaplanes from dropping Parachute mines in the harbours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Phoney War\nApart from occasional air raid alarms, there was little activity during the winter of 1939\u201340 (the Phoney War). The battalion officially became 1st Searchlight Battalion, RE, on 17 December 1939. and then 1st Searchlight Regiment, RA, on 15 January 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Phoney War\nBetween 16 and 21 March, A and B  S/L Companies, RE, were relieved by 1st and 2nd S/L Batteries, RA, direct from 216th S/L Training Regiment at Kinmel Park, Abergele. The equipment and some of the RE officers and sappers transferred to the new regiment but others returned to the UK, while the RA officers and gunners familiarised themselves with the S/L layout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Phoney War\nFrom 23 February the regiment formed part of 5th S/L Brigade, which had been formed to control most of the S/L units deployed to protect airfields, ports, and the BEF's forward gun areas. During April, 1st S/Lt Rgt was moved up close to the Belgian Border to protect the artillery concentrating there in accordance with 'Plan D'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nWhen the Battle of France began on 10 May, the BEF started its planned advance north into Belgium, but the German Army broke through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again. 1st and 3rd Searchlight Batteries were ordered to hold the bridges on the La Bass\u00e9e\u2013B\u00e9thune Canal 'at all costs' against attacks from the south. They deployed their Boys anti-tank rifles and Bren guns, using S/L lorries as roadblocks, while French forces withdrew through them. The towns were bombed and S/L positions were machine-gunned by Luftwaffe fighters. 4th Searchlight Bty, deployed round Lille, saw constant enemy air activity. On 17 May it detached a group of riflemen with Boys rifles to 5th AA Brigade HQ at Lens (these never returned to the battery during its stay in France) while the remainder joined the Bethune canal guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of France\nMeanwhile, Army Group A had cut the BEF's lines of communication into France and driven it back towards the coast at Dunkirk, cutting off the British troops at Calais and Boulogne from the main force. When planning the evacuation from Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo), the BEF's commanders decided that Calais and Boulogne should still be held as supply points for further fighting or possible exit points for a final withdrawal. On 17 May, 1st S/L Bty was ordered back to Calais, a move made difficult because all the roads were choked with refugees. There it operated in the S/L role to defend the port.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nBy 20 May, the AA units at Calais, including 1st and 2nd S/L Btys, were deployed in a semi-circle from Fort Risban and Fort Vert west of the town, round to the east side where there was a screen of S/L detachments one mile apart. Lt -Col Goldney was appointed AA Defence Commander for the town. The 1st Bn Queen Victoria's Rifles (QVR), the lead unit of 30th Infantry Brigade, arrived by sea on 22 May, just before advanced German troops began probing the defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nOn the night of 22/23 May the AA units engaged Luftwaffe raiders that bombed Calais, starting fires. But ground attack was now the biggest danger, and the S/L men had to man the perimeter as infantry, a role for which they (mainly older Territorials, raw militiamen and a few ex-RE reservists) were untrained. Goldney ordered his S/L detachments to concentrate at their Troop HQs (THQs) at dawn on 23 May, dig trenches and erect roadblocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nThe first serious attack came the following day, against a position held by C Troop of 1st S/L Bty on the Saint-Omer canal at Les Attaques, eight miles south-east of Calais. Reinforced by men from 2nd S/L Bty they put up a stout fight, halting a tank column for three hours before they were  overwhelmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nNext, Goldney's HQ at Orphanage Farm came under attack. The HQ details of 1st S/L Rgt and 172nd LAA Bty (58th (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) LAA Rgt), supported by Bren gunners from Lt Airey Neave's Troop of 2nd S/L Bty at nearby Coulogne, held the position for five hours before Goldney ordered them to slip back towards Calais. He ordered Neave to withdraw his men by lorry to Calais, pausing only to destroy his experimental sound locator, codenamed 'Cuckoo'. Neave with a sergeant and a sapper, failed to blow the apparatus up with Gun cotton, but two French drivers abandoned and set on fire their tankers of aviation fuel and the resultant blaze destroyed the equipment successfully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nBy 24 May the town was completely cut off, and 2nd Lieutenant William Dothie, commanding a Troop of six S/L detachments east of the town, found himself out of communication with his Battery HQ. His THQ, including a number of stragglers from other units, came under attack by German tanks and aircraft in the evening and he fell back to a small farm in a nearby wood. The following morning, Dothie led an attack on the tanks in their camp, engaging them with Boys and Bren fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nAlthough the tanks withdrew, Dothie guessed that they would bring up reinforcements and he ordered his men to withdraw, covering their crossing of some open ground with a Bren gun. However, he and the QVR Bren gunner found themselves cut off on the wrong side of the open ground and could not get back to the rendezvous until after dark, by which time the rest of the party had made their way to Calais.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nIn the town, Goldney formed the S/L and AA troops into a reserve for 30th Brigade, which was manning the outer fortifications. On 24 May 30th Brigade's infantry and the S/L gunners were involved in close-quarter fighting and were forced back to the citadel and the harbour. Many wounded and 'non-fighting' personnel were evacuated on the City of Canterbury and the Kohistan and a Flotilla of Destroyers. Goldney allowed about 200 AA troops to leave, but ordered the remainder to stay and fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nHundreds of 'non-fighting' men, including Neave's party, were left at the port and later in the dunes hoping for evacuation. The garrison held out in the citadel and port until 16.00 on 26 May. The survivors, including Goldney and Neave (by now wounded) became Prisoners of war (PoWs). During the final stages and during the night of 26/27 May some of the defenders escaped or were picked up by boats. Reaching the shore, 2nd Lt Dothie volunteered to swim out to a destroyer to arrange evacuation, but could not reach it and had to return to the beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nWearing nothing more than a blanket at first, he then went on the run for several days before being taken prisoner. Later, he escaped from a PoW column being marched towards Germany, returned to the coast and stole a boat in which he reached Alderney. Finding that the Channel Islands were already in enemy hands, he returned to Cherbourg before making a second successful attempt to reach England by boat. He was awarded a Military Cross for his exploits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Calais\nCalais fell on 26 May, but its three-day defence, holding up Heinz Guderian's XIX Panzerkorps, had provided some respite for the Dunkirk evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Dunkirk\n3rd and 4th Searchlight Btys were withdrawn from the La Bass\u00e9e\u2013B\u00e9thune Canal on 19 and 20 May and sent to provide AA cover at Hazebrouck and Cassel, which were heavily bombed. 4th S/L Bty sent some S/L lorries to Lille, but these never rejoined. On 22 May a German mechanised column forced a passage over the Canal de Neufoss\u00e9 at Blaringhem despite the defensive efforts of P Troop, 4th S/L Bty, while N Troop, 4th S/L Bty, was also forced to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Dunkirk\nThe two troops reached Furnes the following day and dug in along the Furnes\u2013Dunkirk Canal, where they were joined by O Troop and J Troop of 3rd S/L Bty, which had withdrawn from Hazebrouck to Spycker. All the units were being regularly bombed. On 27 May, 4th S/L Bty was ordered to destroy its S/L equipment and vehicles and move into Dunkirk for evacuation, which occurred in the early hours of 28 May. Finally on 28 May 3rd S/L Bty was also ordered to destroy its equipment and march to Dunkirk docks for evacuation. Both batteries were regularly bombed and machine gunned during the evacuation, suffering several casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Dunkirk\nIt is claimed that only one officer and 57 men of 1st Searchlight Regiment's 52 officers and 1600 men got back to England, but that must apply only to the two batteries at Calais, the bulk of the other two batteries having been evacuated from Dunkirk. William Dothie got back on 2 August, and Airey Neave later made the first successful British escape from Colditz Castle, reaching England in April 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Blitz\nOn return to the UK, 3rd S/L Bty was quickly re-equipped with a reduced number of S/Ls and sent to Gibraltar in July to bolster the AA defences of the naval base against raids by Vichy French and Italian bombers. 4th Searchlight Bty joined 2nd S/L Rgt defending airfields in South West England and later served in Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Blitz\n1st Searchlight Regiment was reformed at the AA Command Practice Camp at Codsall, near Wolverhampton, on 24 July 1940. The reconstituted unit consisted of 1st, 2nd, 7th and 8th S/L Btys (7th and 8th had served in France with 2nd S/L Rgt), and the replacement personnel were drawn from 477th, 479th and 480th S/L Btys, all of which were newly-raised. For example, 477th S/L Bty had been formed at 217th Searchlight Training Regiment at Bradbury Lines, Hereford, with a cadre of experienced men from  the Territorial 59th (Warwickshire) S/L Rgt. It was intended to join a newly-formed 76 S/L Rgt, but these plans were immediately changed: 477th S/L Bty was disbanded in July and the men posted to 1st S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Blitz\nAt the end of September the regiment joined 45th AA Brigade of 5th AA Division (9th AA Division from November) to complete the 'Illuminated Area' in South Wales. At the time, the towns of South Wales, including important coal and oil port facilities, refineries, steelworks and ordnance factories, were under almost nightly air attack (the Cardiff Blitz and Swansea Blitz). The regiment's searchlights were deployed under both 45th and 61st AA Brigade, assisting the AA guns of the Cardiff and Swansea Gun Defence Areas, while the S/L detachments occasionally engaged the raiders directly with their LMGs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Blitz\nThe regiment supplied a cadre of experienced officers and men to 230th S/L Training Rgt at Blandford Camp where it provided the basis for a new 545 S/L Bty formed on 16 January 1941. This battery later joined a newly-forming 81st S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Blitz\nAfter The Blitz ended in May 1941, the regiment remained under 61st AA Brigade until January 1942, when it transferred to 27th (Home Counties) AA Brigade in South East England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Hit and run\nThe city of Canterbury was raided in the so-called Baedeker Blitz soon after the regiment arrived in the area, and thereafter the AA defences of Southern England were severely tested by the Luftwaffe's 'hit-and-run' attacks along the South Coast from the summer of 1942. The AA Divisions were disbanded on 30 September and replaced by AA Groups that more closely matched the organisation of RAF Fighter Command. 27th AA Brigade took responsibility for all S/L units under 2 AA Group covering South East England, though 8th S/L Bty was often operationally attached to 71 AA Brigade in 2 AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Hit and run\nBecause of the continuing hit-and-run raids by Luftwaffe Fighter-bombers, the defensive armament of S/L positions was enhanced, the allocation of LMGs being increased from one to four and then six per S/L site. Later the LMGs in 27th AA Brigade were supplemented with twin Vickers K machine gun mountings and eventually twin 0.5-inch Browning machine guns on power mountings. The guns had to be manned throughout the hours of daylight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 68], "content_span": [69, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Baby Blitz and Operation Diver\nBetween 21 January and 14 March 1944 the Luftwaffe crossed the S/L belt of SE England to carry out 11 night raids on London in the so-called Baby Blitz. However, by March 1944, AA Command was being forced to release manpower for service overseas, including the planned invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). Each of 27th AA Brigade's S/L regiments lost one of its four batteries. In the case of 1st S/L Rgt it was 8th S/L Bty that began to disband on 25 February, completing the process by 24 March. being sent to Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 87], "content_span": [88, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Baby Blitz and Operation Diver\nSoon after D Day, the Germans began launching V-1 flying bombs against London by day and night. The AA resources in SE England were strongly reinforced in Operation Diver, the S/L belt being thickened up both to cooperate with RAF Night fighters and to use their S/L Control (SLC or 'Elsie') radar to guide LAA guns. All these units were heavily engaged until the autumn, when 21st Army Group overran the V-1 launching sites in northern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 87], "content_span": [88, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, North West Europe\nBy the end of 1944, 21st Army Group had advanced to the Belgium\u2013Netherlands frontier, and required AA reinforcements to protect the vital port of Antwerp and its approaches up the Scheldt Estuary from bombing (including parachute mines) and 'Divers'. 1st Searchlight Regiment left 27th AA Brigade and crossed to the Continent in January 1945 under the command of Lt-Col G.Howson to join 76th AA Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, North West Europe\nThe regiment relieved 2nd S/L Rgt on the Scheldt on 23 January, with Regimental HQ at Goes on South Beveland, 1st S/L Bty HQ at 's-Heerenhoek and 2nd S/L Bty HQ at Krabbendijke. These two batteries took over a permanent radar watch to provide early warning for the LAA units deployed with them. The regiment also supplied the S/Ls for two Landing Craft Flak operating in the estuary under 124th (Highland) LAA Rgt. The AA units on the Scheldt were employed both in the AA and coastal defence role, because of German miniature submarines infiltrating into the shipping lane. 7th Searchlight Battery was detached and deployed at Brasschaat near Antwerp on anti-Diver duties under 5th Royal Marine AA Brigade. On 25 February a V-1 hit inflicted casualties of five killed, two missing and six wounded on this battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, North West Europe\nDuring February the regiment began to receive the latest AA No 2 Mk VIII* SLC centimetric radar to improve the coverage of the AA Inner Artillery Zone. However, the threat of serious air raids diminished as the war drew to its close, and the Diver defences were closed down on 20 April. While some other AA units were disbanded or moved up into Germany, 1st S/L Rgt maintained its deployment throughout the final weeks of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, North West Europe\n76th AA Brigade was ordered to cease fire on 3 May 1945 when a local truce came into effect to allow supplies to be airlifted to civilians in the enemy-occupied Netherlands (Operation Manna). This was followed on 4 May by the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath and the end of the war in Europe (VE Day).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, North West Europe\nAfter VE Day, 76th AA Brigade remained temporarily on its AA tasks. Its units, including the whole of 1st S/L Rgt, then returned to the mainland from the Scheldt islands and concentrated north of Antwerp before moving into Germany in June to garrison the Dortmund\u2013Bochum area. 1st Searchlight Regiment returned to the UK on 1 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nOn 1 April 1947 the regiment was redesignated 78th Searchlight Regiment, RA (not to be confused with the wartime 78th S/L Rgt, disbanded in 1943), 1, 2 and 7 S/L Btys becoming 212, 213 and 240 S/L Btys respectively. However, on 30 September 1948 the regiment was re-equipped with 3.7-inch AA guns as 78th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA (not to be confused with the wartime 78th (1st East Anglian) HAA Rgt, which had been reformed as 284th HAA Rgt in the TA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159579-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nIn August 1950 the regiment went to Gibraltar, where 213 and 240 Btys served in the Grand Casemates and 212 Bty at Moorish Castle. On Gibraltar the regiment was equipped with a mixture of 3.7-inch HAA guns and 6-pounder and 17-pounder anti-tank guns. On 4 December 1953 the regiment was ordered back to Woolwich for disbandment, which was completed on 1 February 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159580-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Secretariat of the Communist Party of Cuba\nThe 1st Secretariat of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) was elected in 1975 by the 1st Plenary Session of the 1st  Central Committee in the immediate aftermath of the 1st Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159580-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Secretariat of the Communist Party of Cuba, References, Bibliography\nThis Cuba-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159580-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Secretariat of the Communist Party of Cuba, References, Bibliography\nThis article about politics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 72], "content_span": [73, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade\nThe 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade (1st SFAB) is a security force assistance brigade of the United States Army. It is based in Fort Benning, Georgia and is under the command of BG Scott Jackson and Command Sergeant Major Jerry Dodson. On February 8, 2018, the 1st SFAB held its official activation ceremony at the National Infantry Museum at Fort Benning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade\nAdvisor teams from the 1st SFAB will deploy to AFRICOM's area of responsibility (AOR) in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, Organization\nSFABs are brigades whose mission is to support, assist, advise and liaise with the conventional armed forces of other states. Operationally, an 800-soldier SFAB would free up a 4500-soldier brigade combat team from a train, advise, assist mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, Organization\nOn 23 June 2016 General Mark A. Milley revealed plans for train/advise/assist brigades, consisting of seasoned officers and non-commissioned officers with a full chain of command, but no junior soldiers. The SFABs were to consist of 800 senior officers and NCOs, which could act as a cadre to reform a full brigade combat team in a matter of months. In May 2017, the initial SFAB staffing was underway. The volunteer officers and non-commissioned officers have previous experience in the same positions. Commanders and leaders have previously led at the same echelon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, Organization\nThe remaining personnel, all NCOs, are being recruited from across the Army. Promotable E-4s (Specialists and Corporals) who volunteer for the SFAB are automatically promoted to Sergeant upon completion of the Combat Advisor Training Course at the Military Advisor Training Academy. In the event of a national emergency, SFABs could be augmented with new soldiers from basic training and advanced individual training to form a full brigade combat team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, Organization\nOn 16 October 2017, BG Brian Mennes of Force Management in the Army's G3/5/7 announced accelerated deployment of the first two SFABs. This was approved in early July 2017, by the Secretary of Defense and the Chief of Staff of the Army. These two SFABs would be trained in languages, how to work with interpreters, and equipped with the latest equipment including secure, but unclassified, communications and weapons to support coalition partners, as well as unmanned aircraft systems (UASs). An SFAB could provide up to 61 teams (possibly with additional soldiers for force protection).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, Organization\nA team of twelve advisors includes combat arms experts, a medic, and personnel specializing in military intelligence, logistics, maintenance, communications, and air support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, History\nBy October 2017, the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade was established at Fort Benning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, History\nOn January 11, 2018, it was announced that the 1st SFAB would deploy to Afghanistan in Spring 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, History\nOn 8 February 2018, 1st SFAB held an activation ceremony at Fort Benning, revealing its colors and heraldry for the first time, and then cased its colors for the deployment to Afghanistan. It is made up of the first graduates of the Military Advisor Training Academy (MATA), also located at Fort Benning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, History\n1st SFAB deployed to Afghanistan in February 2018 and returned to Fort Benning in November of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, History\nOn 7 July 2018, Corporal Joseph Maciel, Task Force 1st Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment, attached to 2nd Battalion 1st SFAB, was killed in an apparent insider attack in Uruzgan Province, Afghanistan. On 3 September 2018, 3rd Squadron, 1st SFAB Command Sgt. Maj. Timothy Bolyard was killed in an apparent insider attack while visiting the Afghan army's 4th Brigade, 203rd Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, History\nThe 1st SFAB conducted hundreds of persistent advising missions, and facilitated operations with thirty plus Afghan National Army Kandaks (Afghan battalions), 15+ Brigades, Regional Training Centers, and Afghan divisional and corps headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, History\nSix engineering advisor teams from the brigade provided hands-on experience and testing of secure communications between NATO allies and partners during Exercise \"Allied Spirit X\", led by the German 1st Panzer Division, in April 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159581-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Security Force Assistance Brigade, History\nIn Summer 2019 Combat Advisor Teams 1221 and 1222 became the first SFAB elements to participate in the United States Military Academy's Cadet Field Training, a four-week-long program which includes a six day field training exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159582-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Security Group (South Korea)\nThe 1st Security Group (Korean: \uc81c1\uacbd\ube44\ub2e8) is a military formation of the Republic of Korea Army. The group is subordinated to the Capital Defense Command. It headquartered in Seodaemun District, Seoul, and have the mission to guards Mt. Bukak, Mt. Inwang, the central part of downtown Seoul, and the Blue House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159582-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Security Group (South Korea), History\nAccording to the plan by President Kim Young-sam to liquidate the remnants of the military dictatorship, on 17 December 1996, the 30th and 33rd Security Group were incorporated, and the 1st Security Group was established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159582-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Security Group (South Korea), Organization\nEquipped with 81mm mortars and 106mm recoilless guns mounted on light truck", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159583-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Seiyu Awards\nThe 1st Seiyu Awards ceremony was held on March 3, 2007 at the Akiba 3D Theater in Akihabara, Tokyo. General voting categories had 10 nominations each for Best Lead (actor/actress), Best Supporting (actor/actress), Rookie (actor/actress), Singing, and Personality. Special Achievement, Achievement, and Synergy Awards were selected by the event without nominations. The period of general voting lasted from October 21, 2006 to January 10, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159584-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Sem\n1st Sem is a 2016 Filipino independent coming of age comedy-drama film directed and written by Dexter Hemedez and Allan Ibanez in their feature-film directorial debut. The film stars Lotlot de Leon and newcomer Darwin Yu. It is an official entry to the 2nd CineFilipino Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159584-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Sem\nThe film's teaser trailer was released at YouTube on January 20, 2016. The film will be having its commercial release on April 26, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159584-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Sem, Plot\nMaru Marasigan (Darwin Yu), a sixteen-year old incoming freshman from the province, leaves his hometown to study in one of the prestigious universities in Manila. He is accompanied by his mother Precy (Lotlot de Leon) as he goes to his dormitory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159584-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Sem, Plot\nBut Precy cannot help but get emotional when she is about to leave him. Maru feels sad seeing his mother cry. This escalates after Maru spent his first night at the dorm feeling alone and very lonely. Maru then decides to pack his things and go back home. Precy is very shocked to see him in their kitchen early in the morning the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159584-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Sem, Plot\nDown on his knees, Maru pleads to Precy to allow him to study in a nearby college for he cannot afford to live miles away from his family. But Precy rejects Maru's request and tells him to go back to Manila instead. As Maru insists his decision and disobeys Precy, his relationship with his mother starts to fall apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159584-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Sem, Critical reception\nOggs Cruz from Rappler states in his review that \"At first, 1st Sem seems like it is all about jokes and punch lines. As soon as all the noise and artifice die down, what's left is a tender coming-of-age tale that has its heart in the right place.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159584-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Sem, Critical reception\n1st Sem won Best Debut Feature for directors Dexter Paglinawan Hemedez and Allan Michael Iba\u00f1ez at the All Lights India International Film Festival. Lotlot de Leon, also won a special acting citation for her performance in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159584-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Sem, Critical reception\n1st Sem also won Gold Remi Award from the 50th Worldfest Houston International Film Festival. Lotlot de Leon also won Best Supporting Actress for the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159584-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Sem, Critical reception\nThe film also won awards in South Korea and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159585-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Senate of Haiti\nThe 1st Senate of Haiti was organized from the Constituent Assembly which drafted the 1806 Constitution. After the elected president and previous Provisional Chief Executive of Haiti Henri Christophe took up arms against the Senate, the Senate retaliated by stripping power from Christophe and electing Alexandre P\u00e9tion as president of Haiti in early 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159585-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Senate of Haiti\nThe Senate was the first legislative body in post-revolutionary Haiti, and was designed by P\u00e9tion to be a powerful body. However, P\u00e9tion tired of the Senate, and successfully pushed for a significant revision to the 1806 Constitution in 1816, including authorizing him to serve as president for life, as well as the transformation of the unicameral Senate to the bicameral National Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159586-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Senate of Puerto Rico\nThe First Puerto Rican Senate was the first meeting of senators of the Senate of Puerto Rico elected as part of the legislative branch of their government. Elections for the Senate of Puerto Rico were authorized by passage of the Jones-Shafroth Act in 1917. It authorized elections to be held on July 6, 1917 for representative government in the legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159586-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Senate of Puerto Rico\nThe Senate met from August 13, 1917, to January 2, 1920. The voters elected a majority of members from the Union of Puerto Rico party, who chose Antonio R. Barcel\u00f3 as President of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159587-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Separate Brigade (Philippine Expedition)\nThe 1st Separate Brigade (Philippine Expedition), United States Army was a U.S. expeditionary brigade. It was commanded by Brigadier General Marcus P. Miller consisted of the 18th Iowa Infantry Regiment, 51st Iowa Infantry Regiment and a battery of 6th Artillery. It was organised to provide a U.S. Army expeditionary force for the Philippine campaign of the Spanish\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159587-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Separate Brigade (Philippine Expedition), History\nIt was formed on December 24, 1898, after General Otis received permission from the United States Department of War to accept the surrender of the Spanish garrison of Iloilo City. The brigade left Manila on December 26 and arrived outside the city abroad the cruiser USS Baltimore on the morning of the 28th to discover insurgents had already occupied the city. Miller, at the request of Otis, tried to negotiate for US troops to enter the city but a stalemate ensued. On February 2 the 51st had to be returned to Manila due to poor morale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159588-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Separate Women's Volunteer Rifle Brigade\nThe 1st Separate Women's Volunteer Rifle Brigade was an independent brigade of the Soviet Union military created from the order of the State Defense Committee Resolution No GFCS-2470SS in 1942. Originally part of the Red Army, the unit was transferred to the NKVD in 1943 after the arrest of its deputy combat commander, Major Vera Krylova. In 1944 the brigade was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159589-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Shock Army\nThe 1st Shock Army (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was a field army established by the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II. The 1st Shock Army was created in late 1941 and fought in the northern areas of Russia and the Baltic States until the surrender of Germany in 1945. The Army was created in accordance with prewar doctrine that called for Shock Armies to 'overcome difficult defensive dispositions in order to create a tactical penetration of sufficient breadth and depth to permit the commitment of mobile formations for deeper exploitation.' However, as the war went on, Shock Armies lost this specific role and reverted, in general, to ordinary frontline formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159589-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Shock Army, History\nThe 1st Shock Army was formed as part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK, the Stavka reserve) at Zagorsk (now Sergiyev Posad) in the Moscow Military District in November 1941. Taking part in the Battle of Moscow in December 1941, on 1 December the Army consisted of the 133rd Rifle Division, 29th, 44th, 47th, 50th, 55th, 56th, 71st, and 84th Rifle Brigades, 17th Cavalry Division, two tank battalions, an artillery regiment of the Stavka reserve, and other support units. All the rifle brigades were formed from the naval personnel of the Pacific Fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159589-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Shock Army, History\n1st Shock Army was then airlifted to Staraya Russa and fought at Demyansk in 1942. Fighting in the north-central areas of the front, the 1st Shock Army again fought near Staraya Russa in 1944. From 1942 through 1944, the army took part in many attacks such as the Leningrad\u2013Novgorod, Pskov-Ostrov, Tartu, and Riga offensives. Fighting through the Baltic States, the 1st Shock Army finished the war as part of the Courland Group of Forces that had trapped the German Army Group Kurland in the northern reaches of Latvia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159589-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Shock Army, History\nIn May 1945, the 1st Shock Army commanded four Rifle Corps: the 1st (306th, 344th, and 357th Rifle Divisions), 8th Estonian (7th and 249th Estonian Rifle Divisions), 119th (201st, 360th and 374th Rifle Divisions), and 123rd (21st Guards and 376th Rifle Divisions), totalling ten rifle divisions. The 1st Shock Army had by that point been strongly reinforced with three artillery divisions, a corps artillery brigade, a tank brigade, and seven regiments of tanks and assault guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159589-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Shock Army, History\n1st Shock Army was disbanded by being redesignated Headquarters Turkestan Military District on 9 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159590-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Shorty Awards\nThe first Shorty Awards ceremony was held on February 11, 2009, at the Galapagos Art Space in Brooklyn, New York. Approximately 300 people attended the event. The event was hosted by CNN anchor Rick Sanchez and featured appearances by prominent Twitter users MC Hammer and Gary Vaynerchuk and a video appearance by Shaquille O'Neal. The awards, in 26 categories, were voted on by Twitter users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159590-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Shorty Awards, History\nThe Shorty Awards were created in 2008 by tech entrepreneurs Greg Galant, Adam Varga, and Lee Semel of Sawhorse Media. They invited Twitter account holders to nominate the best Twitter users in general categories such as humor, news, food, and design. Winners were chosen by more than 30,000 Twitter users during the voting period. The founders of Twitter first heard about the awards after the contest had gotten underway and expressed support for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159591-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Army Corps\nThe 1st Siberian Army Corps was an elite unit of the Imperial Russian Army. It was raised in May 1900 and disbanded in August 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159591-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Army Corps, History\nThe 1st Siberian Army Corps was raised in May 1900 under the command of Lieutenant General Nikolai Linevich and was one of the two most engaged Russian corps during the Russo-Japanese War. It took part in the battle of Telissu, the battle of Tashihchiao, the battle of Liaoyang, the battle of Sandepu and the battle of Mukden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159591-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Army Corps, History\nIt also took part in World War I. Its last major action was at the Battle of Gala\u021bi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159592-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade\nThe 1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430) was an artillery brigade of the Russian Imperial Army attached to the 1st Siberian Rifle Division of the 1st Siberian Army Corps. The unit was founded in 1851 and took part in the Russian intervention in the Boxer Rebellion, the Russo-Japanese War, and World War I before being demobilized in 1918 following the Russian Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159592-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade, History\nThe unit's origins dated back to 15 June 1851 with the formation of the 16th Garrison Artillery Brigade, consisting of troops located in Siberia. On 29 January 1857, it became the Line Transbaikal Artillery Brigade (Russian: \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0417\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430). On 29 March 1869, it was renamed to the East Siberian Artillery Brigade, with its headquarters located in Blagoveshchensk. Its 1st battery was based in Verkhneudinsk and its mountain battery in Vladivostok. In 1884 the East Siberian Military District was divided and the East Siberian Artillery Brigade became part of the Amur Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159592-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade, History\nUntil 1889 the brigade was located in Nikolskoye, where it remained until 1899, being moved to Nikolsk-Ussuriski. After 31 July 1895, it became known as the 1st East Siberian Artillery Brigade. A new 1st battery of the brigade was formed on 1 March 1900 and the formation was deployed to the Kwantung Oblast. On 13 May 1900, it became part of the newly formed Siberian Army Corps. That year, it also took part in the Eight Nation Alliance intervention in the Boxer Rebellion that occurred in Qing China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159592-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade, History, Russo-Japanese War\nOn 12 February 1901, the 1st East Siberian Artillery Brigade was subordinated to the 1st Siberian Army Corps. With the beginning of hostilities during the Russo-Japanese War, the brigade (at the time consisting of four batteries) became part of the Russian Manchurian Army in 1904. Later that year, on 15 February, it was renamed the 1st East Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade. Around this time the 2nd battery formerly of the 23rd Artillery Brigade became part of the unit. The brigade, along with its corps, later became part of the 1st Manchurian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159592-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade, History, Russo-Japanese War\nIn the war against Japan it took part in the Battle of Te-li-Ssu (14\u201315 June 1904) and in the Battle of Mukden (20 February\u201310 March 1905). At least one officer of the brigade was awarded the Order of St. George during the war. On 19 February 1906m it was transferred to peacetime status and remained as part of the 1st Siberian Army Corps. In 1907, it was reformed, with the batteries being organized into two divisions of three batteries each. In September 1910, the unit was renamed the 1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade and was made part of the 1st Siberian Rifle Division. In addition, it received the former East Siberian mountain artillery division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159592-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade, History, World War I\nAs part of the general mobilization of the Russian Imperial Army in August 1914, the 1st Siberian Rifle Artillery was transferred to the Kazan Military District. In September, its parent corps, the 1st Siberian Army Corps, became part of the 5th Army on the Southwestern Front. In November 1914, the brigade had become part of the 2nd Army. From June 1915 the brigade was part of the 1st Army and in August of that year it was returned to the 2nd Army as part of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159592-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade, History, World War I\nTowards the end of 1916, it was transferred to the 10th Army, where it would remain until the end of the war, and on 23 April 1917 a new light artillery battery was formed within the brigade. With the upheaval of the Russian Revolution in 1917\u20131918 and the subsequent collapse of the Russian army, the 1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159592-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade, Organization\nFor the duration of its existence, the 1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade was part of the 1st Siberian Rifle Division (since 1910) of the 1st Siberian Army Corps (since 1900). As of 1901, the brigade consisted of the following (the date of each unit's establishment is given):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159592-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade, Organization\nBy 1907 it was reduced to a strength of six batteries, and divided into two artillery battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159593-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 1st Siberian Rifle Division (Russian: 1-\u044f \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 1-ya Sibirskaya strelkovaya diviziya) was an infantry formation of the Russian Imperial Army that existed in various formations from the early 19th century until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. The division was based in Ussuriysk in the years leading up to 1914. It fought in World War I and was demobilized in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159593-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Division (Russian Empire), Organization\nThe 1st Siberian Rifle Division was part of the 1st Siberian Army Corps. Its order of battle in from the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment\nThe 1st Siberian Rifle His Majesty's Regiment (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a) was an infantry regiment of the Russian Imperial Army, part of the 1st Siberian Rifle Division. Existing from 1883 until 1918, it was part of the Russian force in Manchuria during the Boxer Rebellion, then later fought in the Russo-Japanese War at the battles of Liaoyang and Mukden, before taking part in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment, History\nThe unit was first formed on 30 October 1883 was the 1st East Siberian Rifle Battalion. On 11 May 1891 it was redesignated as the 1st East Siberian Rifle His Imperial Highness Tsarevich's Battalion (being named after Nicholas Alexandrovich, who was at the time the heir-apparent). On 2 November 1894 it was renamed the 1st East Siberian Rifle His Majesty's Battalion following the coronation of Nicholas II as the Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, and on 28 January 1898 it was reformed into a two-battalion infantry regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment, History\nDuring the Boxer Rebellion in the Qing dynasty and the Russian intervention along with seven other powers, the 1st East Siberian Rifle Regiment was deployed into the three northeastern provinces of China (Manchuria) in 1900\u20131901. On 16 July 1900 it took part in fighting off attackers from the fortress-city of Kodzhou and on July 19 the regiment participated in storming it. Later, on September 11, it took part in combat near the city of old Nuchang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0001-0002", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment, History\nDuring the regiment's deployment in Manchuria at least twenty of its soldiers were decorated with the Decoration of the Military Order of St. George for distinguished service in the fighting at Kodzhou and Nuchang. The whole regiment was awarded with the head dress decoration with the label: \"For Old Nuchang in 1900\" (received on 19 February 1903).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment, History\nA company of the regiment was removed from the unit and used for the formation of the 33rd East Siberian Rifle Regiment on 5 December 1903. From 1904 the 1st Siberian Rifle His Majesty's Regiment took part in the Russo-Japanese War as part of the 1st Brigade, 1st Siberian Rifle Division, 1st Siberian Army Corps. It fought in the Battle of Te-li-Ssu (14\u201415 June 1904), the Battle of Liaoyang (25 August\u20145 September 1904), and the Battle of Mukden (20 February\u201410 March 1905). After the losses at Te-li-Ssu some of the companies of the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment, History\nSiberian Rifles only had about 150 to 160 fighting men left. It was upgraded with a third battalion on 2 February 1904 and later received another battalion on 11 October 1905. Two members of the regiment were awarded the Order of St. George, 4th class, for their service in the war against Japan. After the conflict the 1st Siberian Rifle Regiment was awarded with the St George's Banner with the label \"For the battle of Mukden 21\u201326 February 1905\" along with the silver cross of St. George with the label \"For the battle of Liaoyang 17 and 18 August 1904\", both on 26 November 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment, History\nAt the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and throughout that conflict the regiment remained in the same division and army corps as it had in 1904\u20131905. It was assigned to different field armies, and in 1914 it was part of the Southwestern Front before it was transferred in August 1915 to become part of the Western Front. The 1st Siberian Rifles fought in the battles in Russian Poland near Warsaw around 1915. With the collapse of the Imperial Army due to the Russian Revolution in 1917\u201318 the regiment was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment, History\nIt was officially headquartered in the village of Razdol'noye, in the Primorskaya Oblast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment, Organization\nSiberian rifle regiments consisted of four battalions (approx. 1,000 men) of four companies (approx. 240 men) each, for a total wartime strength of about 4,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159594-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Siberian Rifle Regiment, Known commanders\nThis is the list of known regimental commanders, the information is not complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159595-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Siege Artillery Battery (Australia)\n1st Siege Artillery Battery was formed in Victoria during April 1915. The battery departed Melbourne on 17 July 1915 and served on the Western Front during World War I. The battery along with the 2nd Siege Artillery Battery made up the 1st Siege Artillery Brigade. 1st Siege Artillery Battery was renamed the 54th Siege Artillery Battery on 28 September 1915. The battery was equipped first with four 8 inch howitzers and then 6 from July 1917. In March 1918 the battery was assigned to the Australian Corps Heavy Artillery and resumed its original title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 1st Signal Brigade, formerly known as the 1st Signal Group, is a brigade of the British Army. The group was first formed in 1968 as a result of the 1966 Defence White Paper which expanded support for NATO and the British Army of the Rhine. In 1987 the group was disbanded and merged into the 2nd Signal Brigade. In 1995 the brigade was reformed and has since deployed on operations across the globe in support of NATO and HQ Allied Rapid Reaction Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First Formation\nOn 1 April 1968 as a result of the 1966 Defence White Paper, 1st Signal Group (Strategic Communications (STRATCO)) was formed at Erskine Barracks, Wilton. The new formation was formed to command those UK-based signal units earmarked for NATO reinforcement and 'Out of Area' operations. The Group was also known as Headquarters, Army Strategic Command (Signals). Under this command, the group was tasked with providing communications for the 5th Division and other Army Groups with no signals support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First Formation\nFollowing the 1975 Mason Review, the group was reorganised so that it oversaw all oversees signal units, leaving the UKLF support role to the 2nd Signal Brigade. The group was therefore reorganised into the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First Formation\nIn 1979 the group HQ was moved to Tidworth in accordance with the reforms of the 1975 Mason Review. In 1980 the Commandant of the Royal Corps of Signals made a visit to Blandford where he announced possible changes to the group and the overall signal group. As part of this announcement, the master of signals announced 1 Signal Group's role would change, and be able to help with the \"Rhodesian Situation\". The group was later involved in this when it supported the communications for a smooth independence movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom), History, First Formation\nIn 1982 the group was re-titled with accordance with the 1981 Defence White Paper [The Way Forward], to become the 1st Signal Brigade. In addition to the name changes, the brigade also gained command of 244 Signal Squadron (Air Support) at RAF Brize Norton. In 1987 the group was disbanded and merged into the larger 2nd Signal Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Reformation\nFollowing the Dissolution of Yugoslavia, increasing tensions in the region lead to a United Nations peacekeeping operation known throughout NATO as Operation Resolute, later the Implementation Force (IFOR). Under this operation, Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps was deployed, and shortly after headquarters 1st (United Kingdom) Signal Brigade was formed at Rheindahlen Garrison, Germany. The new brigade was tasked specifically with overseeing the units deployed on the operation, and later those supporting HQ ARRC. In December 1995 the brigade deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina on Op Resolute. Brigade strengh was 1,900 troops and 50% of the HQ Staff of 25 were mobilsied Reserves or TA soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Reformation\nThe brigade's organisation on formation remained the same till 2013 following Army 2020:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom), History, Reformation\nUnder the Defence in a Competitive Age programme and subsequent Future Soldier, the brigade will leave 6 (UK) Division and be directly subordinated to HQ Allied Rapid Reaction Corps. This move was completed by September 2021, joining 104th Logistic Support Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom), Current organisation\nThe brigade's current organisation, as of April 2021, is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159596-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom), Commanders\nThe following have commanded 1st Signal Brigade since its inception as a separate command:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159597-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United States)\nThe 1st Signal Brigade (\"First to Communicate\") is a military communications brigade of the United States Army subordinate to the Eighth United States Army and 311th Signal Command in Hawaii, and located at Camp Humphreys in South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159597-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam War\nThe 1st Signal Brigade was activated on 1 April 1966 in South Vietnam. The brigade's mission was to originate, install, operate, and maintain a complex communication system that fused tactical and strategic communications in Southeast Asia under a single, unified command. The formation of the brigade brought together three signal groups that were already in South Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159597-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam War\nAt the peak of the Vietnam War the brigade consisted of more than 23,000 soldiers, in six Signal groups (including the 160th Signal Group), 22 signal battalions and several communications agencies, making the 1st Signal Brigade the largest signal unit in the U.S. Army at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159597-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Brigade (United States), History, South Korea to present\nOn 7 November 1972 the brigade was relocated to the Republic of Korea under the United States Army Strategic Communications Command. On 29 January 1973 the 1st Signal Brigade was reestablished by General Order 56 from HQ, USASTRATCOM. The brigade's mission in South Korea is to provide communications support to the Eighth United States Army, United States Forces Korea and the United Nations Command. The brigade was also given the mission of installing, maintaining and operating the Defense Communications System in South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159598-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Command (United States)\nThe 1st Signal Command was a Signal Corps command of the United States Army, based at Fort Riley between 1967 and 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159598-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Command (United States), History\nThe command was constituted on 19 April 1967 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Signal Command, and activated at Fort Riley on 25 April 1967. Based at Camp Funston, the command was subordinate to the headquarters of the 23rd Field Army Support Command. It was inactivated in March 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159599-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Regiment (Italy)\nThe 1st Signal Regiment (Italian: 1\u00b0 Reggimento Trasmissioni) is a deployable signals regiment of the Italian Army based in Milan in Lombardy. Today the regiment is operationally assigned to the NRDC-ITA Support Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159599-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Signal Regiment (Italy), Current Structure\nThe Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159600-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Siklab Sports Youth Awards\nThe 1st Siklab (Spark) Sports Youth Awards, or the 1st Phoenix Siklab Sports Youth Awards, for sponsorship reasons, is an awarding ceremony bestowed upon young Philippine sports personalities aged 17 and below who are excelled in different local and international sports competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159600-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Siklab Sports Youth Awards\nThe Siklab Sports Youth Awards is organized by the PSC\u2013POC Media Group, an organization composed of esteemed sportswriters, both print and online who are covering the Philippine Sports Commission (PSC), the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC), the National Sports Associations (NSAs), and the National Athletes and Teams beat assignments, and it is headed by June V. Navarro of the Philippine Daily Inquirer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159600-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Siklab Sports Youth Awards\nThe inaugural edition of the yearly event was originally scheduled for April 2018, but it was later moved to June 27, 2018, set to be held at the Century Park Hotel Grand Ballroom, Malate, Manila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159600-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Siklab Sports Youth Awards, Honor roll, Sports Idol Award\nThe award was given to Olympic silver medalists Mansueto Velasco and Hidilyn Diaz who serves as an inspiration to young Filipino sportsmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159600-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Siklab Sports Youth Awards, Honor roll, POC Young Heroes Award\nThe Young Heroes award were given to 24 young athletes who shined in different local and international tourneys/", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159600-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Siklab Sports Youth Awards, Honor roll, POC Super Kids Award\nThe POC Super Kids Award were given to outstanding young athletes that has competed in collegiate sports competitions including the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and the National Collegiate Athletic Association, as well as the Philippine National Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159600-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Siklab Sports Youth Awards, Honor roll, PSC Children's Games for Peace Award\nThe PSC Children's Games for Peace Award were given to talented young athletes who are won medals in major age-group sports events including the Batang Pinoy and the Palarong Pambansa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 80], "content_span": [81, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159601-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ski Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 1st Ski Division (German: 1. Skij\u00e4ger-Division) was an infantry unit of the German SS/Army trained to use skis for movement during winter. It was created on the Eastern Front in the autumn of 1943 in preparation for upcoming winter operations. It was enlarged into a full division in the summer of 1944. The division fought exclusively on the Eastern Front as part of  Army Group Centre, including an approach to the Vistula river and during the retreat into Slovakia, southern Poland and the Czech lands (now the Czech Republic), where it surrendered to the Red Army in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159601-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ski Division (Wehrmacht), Formation and organization\nThe American writer and publisher George Nafziger states that the 1st Skij\u00e4ger Division was formed on 2 June 1944 by expanding the 1st Skij\u00e4ger Brigade, which had been initially formed in September 1943. As was usual for German formations at this point in the war, the division was formed around existing units which were strengthened with new recruits. Elements of the 19th Panzergrenadier Brigade, the 65th Heavy Artillery Regiment, the 152nd Panzerj\u00e4ger Battalion and the 18th Werfer (Rocket) Battalion with the 615th Flak (anti-aircraft) Battalion which was used to expand the brigade into a division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers\nThe 1st Somersetshire Engineers was a volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers (RE) whose history dated back to 1868. As the engineer component of the 43rd (Wessex) Division, the unit served in both World Wars, distinguishing itself at the assault crossing of the River Seine at Vernon in August 1944 and in the doomed attempt to relieve the 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem. A detachment also served as airborne engineers in Sicily, Italy and at Arnhem. Their successors served on in the Territorial Army until 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Origins\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the 1st Somersetshire Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC) formed at  Nailsea on 5 September 1868. The unit soon had two companies at Nailsea and one at Weston-super-Mare, where the headquarters was moved in 1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Origins\nFrom the beginning, the 1st Somerset EVC was attached to the 1st Administrative Battalion of Gloucestershire Engineer Volunteers. With the reorganisation of the Volunteer Force in 1880, the Gloucestershire Admin Bn was consolidated as the 1st Gloucestershire (The Western Counties) EVC, with the 1st Somerset providing G and H Companies at Nailsea and I Company at Weston-super-Mare. The EVC titles were abandoned in 1888, when the units became 'Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers', proclaiming their affiliation to the Regular RE, and then simply 'Royal Engineers (Volunteers)' in 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Origins\nIn August 1889 the Devon and Somerset companies were removed from the 1st Gloucestershire and constituted as a separate 1st Devonshire and Somersetshire RE (V), with its HQ at Exeter. The unit sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1900, and a second section the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) in 1908, the Devon and Somerset Engineers were split to form the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers at Plymouth and the Somerset-based divisional engineers for the Wessex Division. The latter unit was organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Territorial Force\nThe divisional Commander Royal Engineers (CRE) was Lt-Col Sidney Keen, TD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nAt the end of July 1914 the Wessex Division was at its annual training camp on Salisbury Plain when warning orders were received on 29 July and by the time war was declared on 4 August the division was already at its war stations, defending the ports of southern England. Full mobilisation followed, and by 10 August the division was back on Salisbury Plain undergoing war training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 31 August 1914, the formation of 2nd Line units for each existing TF unit was authorised. Initially these were formed from men who had not volunteered for overseas service, together with the recruits who were flooding in. The titles of these units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. An additional 1/3rd (Wessex) Field Company and its 2nd Line had also been formed before the end of September. Later, the 2nd Line were sent overseas and replaced by 3rd Line or Reserve units. At least one such unit, later designated 508th (Wessex) Reserve Field Company, was formed in January 1917 but was probably absorbed into the central training organisation after August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 24 September 1914, at the special request of Lord Kitchener, the Wessex Division (later numbered 43rd (Wessex) Division) volunteered to serve in India in order to relieve Regular Army units for service on the Western Front. The infantry and artillery embarked on 9 October, but the divisional engineers, signallers and other support services were left in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers\nDuring the winter of 1914\u201315, three new Regular Army Divisions were formed in England from the units returned from India. The Wessex Divisional Engineers were assigned to the first of these, 27th Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers\nLieutenant-Colonel Keen assumed the role of CRE of 27th Division on 23 November 1914 and the engineers joined the division at Magdalen Hill Camp, Winchester, on the 27th. The division embarked from Southampton on 19\u201321 December, concentrating near Arques in France by 25 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers, Western Front\n27th Division served on the Western Front for almost a year, taking part in the Action at St Eloi (14\u201315 March) and the Second Battle of Ypres (22 April\u201325 May). On 17 November the division embarked from Marseille for the Macedonian front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers, Salonika\n27th Division completed its disembarkation at Salonika on 17 February 1916. In August the forward Allied troops were thrown into disarray by a Bulgarian attack, and the British took up positions along the River Struma. 27th Division was then ordered to destroy two railway bridges across its tributary, the River Angista, to delay the Bulgarian advance towards the Struma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers, Salonika\nA mixed party of six officers and 77 other ranks, drawn from 17th Field Company, RE, the divisional mounted squadron (Surrey Yeomanry) and the cyclist company, went out from the Struma bridgehead at Neohori, and blew up the first bridge early in the morning of 20 August. The second bridge was damaged enough to stop trains crossing. The party withdrew with only one officer and one man wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers, Salonika\nA second, larger raid, was then mounted, by a detachment of 17th Fd Co, Yeomanry, mounted infantry and cyclists, covered by 3rd Bn King's Royal Rifle Corps and two guns of 99th Battery Royal Field Artillery. The party moved out from Neohori bridge before dawn on 23 August and burned two out of three target bridges over the Angista before being attacked. A planned movement to bridges further away was abandoned, but one party of sappers and mounted infantry slipped upstream unseen and destroyed the third Angista bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers, Salonika\n27th Division's first offensive action was on 30 September 1916 when it made a dawn attack across the River Struma  to capture the villages of Karajakoi Bala and Karajakoi Zir. 1/1st Wessex Fd Co then erected Wire entanglements around the captured villages before Bulgarian counter-attacks came in after dark. The attack was then continued to extend the position to include the village of Yenikoi, by 4 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers, Salonika\nThe next attack was across the Virhanli Stream against Tumbitza Farm on the night of 16/17 November. 10th Battalion Cameron Highlanders was ordered to attack across a pontoon bridge laid by No 4 Section of 1/2nd Wessex Fd Co, but in the dark they found the stream was too wide. The infantry were already exhausted from carrying the pontoons, which had to be left hidden when the force withdrew. A second attempt was made in thick fog on the morning of 6 December by 2nd Bn Gloucestershire Regiment. No 4 Section erected the bridge in 10 minutes, but the attackers were beaten back. A renewed attack at dawn on 7 December also failed, the bridge being destroyed by Bulgarian shellfire, even though the Wessex sappers discovered that the stream was only waist-deep and could be forded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers, Salonika\nThe TF field companies were numbered on 1 February 1917, the two in 27th Division becoming  500th (1st Wessex) and 501st (2nd Wessex) respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers, Salonika\n27th Division was not involved in the Second Battle of Doiran, and little else happened on the British part of the Macedonian Front in 1917. 27th Division spent almost two years in the malarial Struma Valley, the only significant action occurring when the division took part in the capture of  Homondos on 14 October. The front became active again in September 1918 when the Allies began the final offensive and 27th Division was engaged in the capture of the Roche Noire Salient, followed by the passage of the Vardar and pursuit to the Strumica Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 27th Divisional Engineers, Black Sea\nThe Armistice of Salonica was signed by Bulgaria on 29 September 1918, ending hostilities on the Macedonian Front. 27th Division withdrew back down the Struma, but in December it embarked for the Black Sea, the first brigade accompanied by 17th Fd Co reaching Batum on 22 December. The rest of the division arrived by the end of January. The force was part of the British intervention in the complex situation of independent regimes that had emerged in the Caucasus region following the collapse of the Russian and Ottoman Turkish empires. Detachments of the division were scattered across the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Democratic Republic of Georgia and First Republic of Armenia. British troops began to withdraw in August 1919 and 27th Division was disbanded between 7 and 24 September after handing over to an Inter-Allied force at Batum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 45th (2nd Wessex) Divisional Engineers\nThe divisional engineers for the 2nd Wessex Division duplicated those of the 1st:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 45th (2nd Wessex) Divisional Engineers\nThe division was rapidly recruited, and it followed the 1st Line division to India in December 1914 (where it was later renumbered 45th (2nd Wessex) Division). Once again, the engineers and other support troops were left behind, and on 23 February 1916, 45th Divisional RE joined 58th (2/1st London) Division, becoming part of 58th Divisional RE for the rest of the war. The field companies later received the numbers 503 and 504, and the signal company became the 58th. They served with the division on the Western Front from February 1917 until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War I, 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Divisional Engineers\nA new 1/3rd Wessex Field Company was raised in September 1914 and the 2/3rd by the end of the year. They were eventually assigned to the 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division, 1/3rd joining from Christchurch, Hampshire on 9 December 1915, and 2/3rd from Taunton in Somerset on 26 February 1916. In February 1917 they were numbered 502nd and 505th respectively. They served with the division on the Western Front from February 1917 until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 89], "content_span": [90, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Interwar\n43rd (Wessex) Division was reconstituted in the renamed Territorial Army (TA) in 1920. The divisional engineers were organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Interwar\nThe signal company was transferred to the new Royal Corps of Signals formed in 1920 as 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Signals. In 1938, 206th (Hampshire) Field Company left to join Hampshire Fortress Royal Engineers where it became No 2 (206th) (Electric Light and Works) Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, Mobilisation\nImmediately after the outbreak of war, a new 45th Infantry Division was formed (7 September 1939), once again as a 2nd Line duplicate of 43rd Division. The 1st and 2nd Line Field Companies were mixed across the two divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers\n260th Fd Co usually operated with 129 Brigade, 553 Fd Co with  130 Bde and 204 Fd Co with 214 Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers\nFor almost five years, the division remained in the UK on Home Defence and training, mainly at Stone Street near Folkestone in Kent. During that time, the three field companies 'bridged and re-bridged almost every river in Kent', and developed techniques for mine clearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Normandy\n43rd (Wessex) Division finally embarked for Normandy on 17 June 1944. It completed landing on 24 June and immediately went into the Battle of the Odon (Operation Epsom). 260th Fd Co constructed a rough crossing of logs and stones over the River Odon under heavy fire and suffered severe casualties, but the success could not be exploited. As the division established itself along the valley of the Odon the engineers built tank bridges to avoid bottlenecks over the few available stone bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Normandy\nAfter weeks of bitter fighting around Hill 112 (Operation Jupiter) and Mont Pin\u00e7on (Operation Bluecoat), 43rd Division finally captured the latter on 7 August and prepared to bear down on the northern rim of the Falaise Pocket. 204th Fd Co discovered how strong the opposition would be when No 1 Platoon found itself under heavy machine gun fire from both flanks while clearing the route to Le Plessis Grimault at the foot of Mont Pin\u00e7on. They deployed to attack but found their firepower inadequate and the company commander withdrew the platoon by sections to the vehicles, aboard which they then shot their way through, followed by 207th Field Park Company's armoured bulldozer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Normandy\nBy 14 August the division had pushed to the north bank of the River Noireau, where the crossings had been measured by the RE Reconnaissance Party. During the night of 15/16 August the infantry waded across and established a bridgehead, while 204 Fd Co advanced with a waterproofed bulldozer, three tipper lorries of flexboards, four landing stage units and two boat units, and No 1 Platoon got to work on clearing mines, building a tank ford and a trestle bridge. Downstream the river split into two streams, but No 2 Platoon erected two Class 9 trestle bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0029-0001", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Normandy\nMeanwhile, 553 Fd Co began work on the division's first Bailey bridge across the demolished road bridge. They found that the bridge abutments were too small to take the baseplates, which had to be set back, meaning that a 120-foot (37\u00a0m) span rather than 80 foot (25\u00a0m) was required. Work could not be started until daylight  and it took two days to clear all the booby-trapped mines, 204 Fd Co losing a complete section of men. Lieutenant Martin and Sapper Murphy discovered that the mines had a new tamper-proof TMIZ 43 igniter, which led to a new recovery drill throughout the army, probably saving hundreds of lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Vernon Bridge\n43rd Division was now given the opportunity to spearhead XXX Corps' advance to the Seine ('Operation Loopy'). Bridging the river would be a major operation, and the force was split into three large convoys of divisional troops, engineers and bridging equipment. 43rd Divisional Engineers were in the first, the Assault Group, which set off early on 24 August. En route, the bridges over the Eure at Pacy had been  destroyed, but this had been planned for, and extra Bailey equipment had been taken. While 260th Fd Co dealt with the craters and boobytrapped roadblocks, 11th Fd Co from XXX Corps spent the night assembling the Bailey bridge. At first light the convoy drove on to the Seine at full speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Vernon Bridge\nThe assault was ordered for 19.00 on 25 August, with a reinforced brigade crossing on a two-battalion front, one either side of the destroyed road bridge. While 15th (Kent) GHQ Troops Royal Engineers ferried the assault troops across, and other RE units prepared to build a heavy Bailey bridge, 43rd Divisional Engineers had the task of constructing a Class 9 Folding Boat Equipment (FBE) bridge on rafts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Vernon Bridge\nIt emerged that DUKW amphibious vehicles could not enter the river, so the assault had to be carried out with powered storm boats, until 260 Fd Co had bulldozed ramps in the river bank. 553rd and 204th Fd Companies began work on the bridge after an approach had been bulldozed under intense machine gun and mortar fire. Close support rafts built by 553rd Fd Co were taken over next morning by 15th (Kent) GHQT RE to continue the ferrying operation and support the hard-pressed assault troops on the far side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Vernon Bridge\nDuring the morning of 26 August, 553rd and 204th Fd Companies completed  the rear trestle and approach to the bridge, but when attempts were made to bring in the rafts to form the first bridge, they were raked by fire in mid-stream and about two-thirds of the crews became casualties. By mid-day half the rafts were in position, but casualties were so heavy that the CRE of 43rd Division, Lt-Col Tom Evill, temporarily withdrew his men. In the afternoon the enemy fire slackened, and the Class 9 bridge (named 'David') was complete by 17.20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0032-0001", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Vernon Bridge\nLight traffic began to flow, but with little hope of the Bailey bridge ('Goliath') being ready quickly, the Corps Chief Engineer, Brig B.C. Davey, ordered a Bailey pontoon raft to be built as a ferry. With all of the available bridging engineers fully employed, Davey set 207th Fd Park Co to start unloading equipment and reconnoitring approaches while specialist sappers were called up from the rear. The first vehicle rafted across was an RE bulldozer to prepare a ramp; however, it became bogged down and a new ramp had to be built. By 06.00 on 27 August the first tanks were being ferried across to drive off German counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Vernon Bridge\nGerman shellfire continued, with 'David' receiving a direct hit that sank two boats and caused a traffic delay of one and three-quarter hours, and another shell causing 20 casualties among sappers working on 'Goliath'. The latter was open to traffic by 19.30 and a second Class 40 Bailey bridge by noon on 29 August. 11th Armoured Division  crossed over and passed through 43rd Division to continue the pursuit across Northern France into Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Arnhem\n43rd Division had a crucial role in the plan for Operation Market Garden, which aimed to seize a 60-mile road corridor to the Lower Rhine at Arnhem using bridges captured by airborne forces. Anticipating that many of the bridges would be destroyed and would hold up the advance of Guards Armoured Division in the lead, 43rd Division following up was responsible for assault crossings and bridging where necessary. A huge number of sappers were assembled, with 2277 vehicles to carry the necessary equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0034-0001", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Arnhem\nThe operation began on 17 September and 43rd Division passed through Guards Armoured after Nijmegen and fought their way across the low-lying country known as 'The Island', leading elements reaching the banks of the Lower Rhine late on 23 September. By now the 1st Airborne Division was in a desperate plight, hemmed into a small pocket on the other side of the river, with no bridges. Only 16 unpowered assault boats were available, but that night 204th Fd Co and the 5th Bn Dorsetshire Regiment used these to ferry men of the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade across to reinforce 1st Airborne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Arnhem\nIt was now recognised that the Airborne position across the river was untenable, and that assault bridging was unfeasible under direct enemy observation, so the decision was made to evacuate what remained of 1st Airborne. The plan was for 43rd Division to take a firmer grip on the opposite bank during the night of 24/25 September, with 204 Fd Co ferrying across more of the Polish paratroopers and 4th Bn Dorsets using the remaining stormboats together with 20 more assault bats due to arrive from the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0035-0001", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Arnhem\nHowever, in the darkness two of the lorries bringing the boats took a wrong turning and were captured by the enemy, two more slipped off the muddy road, and only one arrived safely, bringing boats but no paddles. The crossing of the Poles was therefore cancelled and all the boats concentrated for 4th Dorset. Under heavy fire only a few of the boats made it, and only a handful of the infantry reached the Airborne perimeter. Although 204 Fd Co got about 2 tons of stores across, all the available DUKWs were bogged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Arnhem\nThe evacuation proceeded the following night under the control of 43rd Division's CRE, Lt-Col W.C.A. Henniker. He had 260 Fd Co and 23rd Canadian Fd Co operating a boat ferry to the Airborne perimeter, and another manned by 553 Fd Co and 20 Canadian Fd Co at the site of 4th Dorsets' crossing. At each site there were 16 assault boats manned by 43rd Divisional Engineers and 21 motorised stormboats provided by the Canadians. Throughout the night, partly shielded by darkness and rain but under heavy mortar fire, the sappers crossed and recrossed the river bringing back a steady stream of wounded or exhausted men. Over 2000 men of 1st Airborne were evacuated, but few of the 4th Dorsets could be found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Arnhem\nAfter the battle ended, Lt-Col Henniker and his divisional sappers were given the role of protecting the vital bridges at Nijmegen that were XXX Corps' lifeline. Reinforced with two batteries from 73rd Anti-Tank Regiment and B Company 8th Bn Middlesex Regiment (the divisional machine-gun battalion), they constituted the 'close bridge garrison', with little between themselves and active German forces a short distance upstream. German Frogmen succeeded in attaching explosive charges to the bridges under cover of darkness, which caused damage that the sappers had to repair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 85], "content_span": [86, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Geilenkirchen\nIn November, XXX Corps attacked south-eastwards out of The Island towards Geilenkirchen (Operation Clipper), using 43rd Division and the US 84th Division. In preparation for the attack, 43rd Divisional Engineers had to lift a defensive minefield previously laid by 84th Division. ' By the morning of 14 November, 204 Fd Co had picked up a considerable number of these American mines and loaded them on lorries. Major Evill, the Company Commander, decided to dump them near the Custom House on the German border, where 129 Brigade Headquarters was established'. During the afternoon some 700 of these mines exploded simultaneously, killing 14 sappers of No 1 Platoon, wounding six others and fatally injuring the brigade commander, Brig G.H.L. Mole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Geilenkirchen\nPreparations for the attack continued with the sappers constructing tracks across the muddy country, which were named 'Savile Row', 'Bond Street' (after famous London streets) and 'Wyvern Road' (from the divisional badge). After six days of heavy fighting (18\u201323 November), including driving off counter-attacks by Panzer troops, the objectives were taken. The divisional engineers struggled to get roads open through the mud and destroyed villages, and the weather brought the end of the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Rhineland\n43rd Division took part in operation Operation Blackcock in January 1945 to clear the Roer Triangle, and thanks to the weight of artillery and armoured support it took its objectives with little opposition. A large crater on the main road revealed in aerial photographs caused concern, and the sappers had constructed a large Bailey bridge ('Sydney') on sledges to push into position. Only then did they discover that the 'crater' was a dust spot on a photograph and did not exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Rhineland\nOn 16 February 1945, as part of Operation Veritable, 43rd Division 'carried out a brilliant 8000 yards advance which brought them to the escarpment overlooking the fortified town of Goch', regarded as the turning-point of the operation. At the foot of the escarpment lay an anti-tank ditch that had to be crossed before an attack could be launched on Goch. 204 Field Co and two platoons of 260 Fd Co were ordered to prepare six crossings during the night of 17/18 February. Five were completed by dawn but the sixth, at a road crossing, took longer, and lorries delivering material after daybreak came under fire before it was completed for 15th (Scottish) Division to pass through for the assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Rhineland\n43rd Division was next tasked with capturing Xanten. Again, the town was protected by an anti-tank ditch. Lieutenant-Colonel Henniker had 553 Fd Co build a 70-foot (20\u00a0m) Bailey on skids improvised by 207 Fd Pk Co. This was towed  down the road by two AVREs of 81st Assault Squadron, RE, from 79th Armoured Division, accompanied by an AVRE with a 'Jumbo' scissors bridge, two more AVREs with fascines, two armoured bulldozers and 20 three-ton lorries loaded with rubble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0042-0001", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Rhineland\nThe intention was to launch the Bailey bridge over the gap where the road crossed the ditch, while the AVREs and a platoon of 260th Fd Co would make a second crossing. If the Bailey was unsuccessful the bulldozers would fill the crater with rubble. Half an hour before first light on 8 March, the engineer column advanced up the road behind the barrage with the assaulting infantry, supported by Churchill Crocodiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0042-0002", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Rhineland\nIt emerged that the gap in the road was in fact two craters, too long for the Bailey on skids, and the fascines failed to provide a passable crossing for tracked vehicles, despite the efforts of 260th Fd Co. However, the AVRE bridgelayer was successful in bridging the ditch some 50 yards (45\u00a0m) from the crater, and the Crocodiles, tanks and infantry passed over. The redundant Bailey section on the road was pulled back with difficulty before 260 Fd Co's lorries could begin delivering rubble. Under heavy fire they constructed a crossing for wheeled vehicles by midday on 9 March. Xanten fell by the end of the day and by 10.40 on 11 March, no Germans remained west of the Rhine and they blew their last bridges over the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Germany\nPreparations for the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder) involved 'probably the largest accumulation of engineer equipment ever assembled in the history of the Army'. The assault on XXX Corps' front was to be carried out by 51st (Highland) Division, after which 43rd Wessex was to pass through and continue the advance. However, 43rd Divisional Engineers was allotted to assist 51st (Highland) in the crossing on 25 March, before rejoining its division when it concentrated on the far side on 27 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 86], "content_span": [87, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Germany\nFor the pursuit, 43rd Division was organised in five groups led by the Armoured Thrust Group, accompanied by 260th Fd Co. This force had to fight through tenacious rearguards from the German 6th Parachute Division, but reached the Twente Canal by 1 April. Rather than force this major obstacle, 43rd Division made a flank march to the end of the canal at Hengelo, where 204 Fd Co was to construct a bridge if necessary, though the town fell quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 86], "content_span": [87, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Germany\nOn 14 April the division crossed the River Lethe at Cloppenburg, where 204th Fd Co incurred severe casualties bridging the river under shellfire. The following day the division decisively crushed the last organised counter-attack against its troops. For the rest of the month 43rd Division protected the left flank of XXX Corps' drive towards Bremen. On 30 April the 43rd Division closed up to the small River W\u00f6rpe at Grasburg, which the leading infantry crossed while 204th Fd Co repaired the road bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 86], "content_span": [87, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0045-0001", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Engineers, Germany\nThe next day the advance was held up by numerous large craters in the causeway carrying the road, each of which had to be bridged under fire from Self-propelled guns, which was not complete until 3 May. On 4 May the division's infantry crossed the Oste-Hamme Canal by a footbridge, while 553 Fd Co built a Class 40 Bailey Bridge before the end of the day. The division's further advance to capture Bremerhaven the next day was forestalled by the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 86], "content_span": [87, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 45th Divisional Engineers\nThe new 45th Infantry Division was formed on 7 September 1939 as a 2nd Line duplicate of 43rd Division. It was placed on a lower establishment in December 1941, and disbanded in August 1944. Its engineers were organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 45th Divisional Engineers\n55th Division had been a home defence and training formation on a low establishment for most of the war. Although it was raised to a higher establishment in 1944 when the two Wessex RE companies joined, it never went overseas, and served in Home Forces until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 1st Airborne Divisional Engineers\nThis division was organised in November 1941 and 261st Field Park Company was one of the first units to join. It trained in the UK until April 1943 when it sailed to North Africa to prepare for Operation Husky (the Allied invasion of Sicily). For this assault, 261st Fd Park Co made special equipment, including dummy parachutists. The night before the landings, part of the company flew with the RAF scattering these dummies over various parts of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 1st Airborne Divisional Engineers\n1st Airborne Division made an unopposed landing at Taranto on 7 September 1943, quickly securing the 'heel' of Italy. Sections of the railway were still working, and 'an enterprising patrol, travelling in a train driven by a sapper of 261st Field Park Company, raided deeply into enemy territory and released 300 prisoners of war'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 1st Airborne Divisional Engineers\nThree small detachments from 261 (Airborne) Field Park Company went to Arnhem during Operation Market Garden, attached to the field company with each of the division's three brigades. They were flown into the Landing Zone by glider from RAF Tarrant Rushton on 18 September (the second day of the operation). Detachment 2 was unable to join 1st Parachute Squadron RE, which was cut off at Arnhem bridge, but the other two made contact successfully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 1st Airborne Divisional Engineers\nDuring the final stages of the defence of the Arnhem bridgehead, the sappers held the western side under Brigadier Pip Hicks, along with members of the Glider Pilot Regiment, remnants of 1st Bn Border Regiment and a few Polish paratroopers. Of the detachment from 261 Co, two died, 12 were evacuated, and six remained missing at the end of the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, World War II, 1st Airborne Divisional Engineers\nIn March 1945 the company was redesignated an Airborne Park Squadron and it accompanied the division to Norway at the end of the war (Operation Doomsday). It was disbanded in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 76], "content_span": [77, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Postwar\nIn 1946, 43rd Divisional Engineers was combined with VIII Corps Troops, Royal Engineers to form 29th Army Troops RE, including 204 and 207 Companies, before they were demobilised. When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, 43rd Divisional Engineers were reformed at Bath as 110 Engineer Regiment, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Postwar\nThe regiment was reorganised as 43rd (Wessex) Division/District RE in 1961, with 226 Sqn becoming an independent unit and 207 Sqn disbanded. The unit and its remaining squadron were disbanded when the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) in 1967. Some of the personnel formed 3 Troop in 100 Fd Sqn (Militia) and to the Somerset Yeomanry and Light Infantry in TAVR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159602-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Somersetshire Engineers, Honorary Colonels\nThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Source\n1st Source Corporation is a financial services company headquartered in South Bend, Indiana. It operates 1st Source Bank, a bank with 81 branches in Indiana and Michigan. The bank's Specialty Finance Group provides financing for aircraft, trucks, and construction equipment. 1st Source Insurance provides insurance products and services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nThe company was founded in 1863 as the First National Bank of South Bend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nIn the early 1930s, the company merged with First National and Union Trust to form First Bank and Trust Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nUnder the leadership of Ernest M. Morris, the bank survived the Great Depression and in 1935 it opened its first branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nBy the end of the 1950s, it was the seventh largest bank in Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nIn 1981, the bank changed its name to 1st Source Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nIn 2007, the company folded its Trustcorp Mortgage Company subsidiary into its bank subsidiary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nIn December 2014, the bank opened 2 branches and remodeled 6 others in Fort Wayne, Indiana at a cost of about $8 million. All 8 locations do not use traditional teller windows in favor of \"side-by-side\" banking where tellers share their screens and work space with clients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nIn December 2015, the bank broke ground on 2 additional branches in Fort Wayne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nIn 2016, the bank made the most Small Business Administration loans in Indiana among banks with less than $10 billion in assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159603-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Source, History\nIn October 2016, the bank received approval to open a branch in Sarasota, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159604-0000-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Regiment\nThe 1st South Carolina Regiment (Infantry) was authorized on June 6, 1775, at Charleston, South Carolina, for service with the South Carolina State Troops. On November 4, 1775, the unit was adopted into the Continental Army and on February 27, 1776 was assigned to the Southern Department. The regiment saw action at the Siege of Savannah and the Siege of Charleston. The British Army captured the regiment at Charleston on May 12, 1780, together with the rest of the Southern Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159604-0001-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Regiment, Engagements\nThe unit was involved in the following battles, skirmishes and sieges:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159605-0000-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Rifle Regiment\nOrr's Rifles was a South Carolina infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159605-0001-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Rifle Regiment, History, Formation\nOn 20 July 1861, James Lawrence Orr organized the First South Carolina Rifle Regiment at Sandy Springs. He was elected Colonel; J. Foster Marshall was elected Lt. Colonel, and Daniel A. Ledbetter, Major. Ten companies were recruited in the following districts (counties were known as districts between 1800 & 1868)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159605-0002-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Rifle Regiment, History, Formation\nThe regiment had seen no action by the time Orr left, but the name \"Orr's Rifles\" stuck throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159605-0003-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Rifle Regiment, History, Initial duty\nFirst posted to Sullivan's Island, SC to defend Charleston Harbor, others called them the \"Pound Cake Regiment\" in reference to their \"light\" garrison duty. The 20th SC Infantry was referred to as the \"Poundcake Brigade\" on account of limited engagements and they were so close to home, their families could bring them poundcake or other treats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159605-0004-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Rifle Regiment, History, Transfer to Virginia\nIn April 1862, the full-strength 1,000-man unit was transferred to Robert E. Lee\u2019s Army of Northern Virginia (ANV). In June, it was incorporated into Gregg's Brigade, of A.P. Hill's Light Division, of Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson Corps (often termed the \"Left Wing\" early in the war).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159605-0005-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Rifle Regiment, History, Surrender\nLee surrendered the ANV, including Orr's Rifles, at Appomattox Court House on 9 April 1865. After three years of combat, the regiment comprised 9 officers and 148 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159606-0000-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)\nThe 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored) was a Union Army regiment during the American Civil War, formed by General Rufus Saxton. It was composed of escaped slaves from South Carolina and Florida. It was one of the first black regiments in the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159606-0001-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)\nDepartment of the South staff officer James D. Fessenden was heavily involved in efforts to recruit volunteers for the 1st South Carolina. Although it saw some combat, the regiment was not involved in any of the war's major battles. Its first commander was Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who\u2014like all the other officers\u2014was white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159606-0001-0001", "contents": "1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)\nA proclamation by Confederate President Jefferson Davis had ordered that members of the regiment would not be treated as prisoners of war if taken in battle:  The enlisted men were to be delivered to state authorities to be auctioned off or otherwise treated as runaway slaves, while the white officers were to be hanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159606-0002-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)\nColonel Higginson wrote \"We, their officers, did not go there to teach lessons, but to receive them. There were more than a hundred men in the ranks who had voluntarily met more dangers in their escape from slavery than any of my young captains had incurred in all their lives.\" The regiment was particularly effective at conducting raids along the coast of Florida and Georgia, due to their familiarity with the terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159606-0003-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)\nThe regiment was a step in the evolution of Union thinking towards the escaped slaves who crossed their lines. Initially they were returned to their owners. Next they were considered contraband and employed as laborers. Finally the legal fiction that they were property was abandoned and they were allowed to enlist in the Army, although in segregated units commanded by white officers. Harriet Tubman served with these men as a cook, nurse, spy, and scout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159606-0003-0001", "contents": "1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)\nSusie King Taylor, whose husband and other relatives fought with the regiment, also served as a laundress and nurse for the men from August 1862 until mustering out on February 9, 1866. As a holdover from the \"contraband\" days, black privates were paid $10 per month, the rate for laborers, rather than the $13 paid to white privates. The men served as the precedent for the over 170,000 \"colored\" troops who followed them into the Union Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159606-0004-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)\nCol. Higginson, a minister, author and abolitionist, documented the Gullah dialect spoken by the men and made a record of the spirituals that they sang. Captain Seth Rogers was regimental surgeon and wrote extensive war time letters. His nephew, Captain James Seth Rogers, previously of the 51st Massachusetts, was captain of Company B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159606-0005-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)\nHigginson later wrote a book about his experiences title \"Army Life in a Black regiment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159606-0006-0000", "contents": "1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)\nThe regiment was re-designated the 33rd United States Colored Infantry Regiment on February 8, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159607-0000-0000", "contents": "1st South Indian International Movie Awards\nThe 1st South Indian International Movie Awards were presented on June 22, 2012, in Dubai, UAE, to honour the best cinematic achievements of the South Indian film industry in the year 2011. Producing films in four Dravidian languages of South India, professionals were handed over a total of 71 Awards. The ceremony was hosted by R. Madhavan and Lakshmi Manchu at the Dubai World Trade Centre, while the \"Generation Next Awards Night\" was hosted by Parvathy Omanakuttan and held a day before at Park Hyatt on June 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159607-0001-0000", "contents": "1st South Indian International Movie Awards\nNominated by a jury, the final winners were decided by a public voting system. The most successful film was Dookudu, which fetched eight Awards in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159608-0000-0000", "contents": "1st South Western Mounted Brigade\nThe 1st South Western Mounted Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army, organised in 1908. By 1915 its regiments had been posted away so it was broken up; it never saw active service as a brigade. The Headquarters may have formed the HQ for 2/1st Southern Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159608-0001-0000", "contents": "1st South Western Mounted Brigade, Formation\nUnder the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column, a transport and supply column and a field ambulance. The Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry was attached for training in peacetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159608-0002-0000", "contents": "1st South Western Mounted Brigade, Formation\nAs the name suggests, the units were drawn from South West England, predominantly Wiltshire, Somerset, Hampshire and Dorset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159608-0003-0000", "contents": "1st South Western Mounted Brigade, World War I\nThe brigade was mobilised on 4 August 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War. Initially assigned to the Portsmouth Defences in August 1914, the brigade moved to the Forest Row area of Sussex in October 1914. Thereafter, the regiments left the brigade for other formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159608-0004-0000", "contents": "1st South Western Mounted Brigade, World War I\nBy 1915, with its regiments having been posted away, the brigade was dissolved. The headquarters staff may have been used to form the 2/1st Southern Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159609-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThe First Soviet Antarctic Expedition was led by Mikhail Somov; his scientific deputy was V. G. Kort. The expedition lasted from 30 November 1955 to 1957 and involved 127 expedition members and 75 crew members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159609-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThree diesel-electric ships were used to transport the expedition. They were RV Ob (flagship; captain I. A. Man), RV Lena (captain A. I. Vetrov) and the refrigerator ship No. 7 (captain M. A. Tsygankov). The final ship was used only for transporting perishables. Ob and Lena were icebreakers 130m long and displacing 12,600 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159609-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition\nThe principal task of the expedition was to organise the main base, Mirny, and perform limited scientific observations. Other tasks were reconnaissance of sites for the inland bases Vostok and Sovetskaya; and oceanography of the Indian ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159610-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Space Launch Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 1st Space Launch Squadron was a space launch unit located at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. It was responsible for USAF Delta II launches from its activation in October 1990 to its inactivation in August 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159610-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Space Launch Squadron, History\nAir Force launch operations were transferred from Air Force Systems Command to Air Force Space Command in the early 1990s. Phase I of the Launch Transfer Plan began on 1 October 1990, with the redesignation of the Eastern and Western Space and Missile Centers, as the 30th and 45th Space Wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159610-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Space Launch Squadron, History\nThe 1st Space Launch Squadron was activated on 1 October 1990 and became Air Force Space Command's first Delta II launch squadron. Its final launch of a Delta II was on 17 August 2009. Its final launch successfully placed the USA-206, or GPS IIR-21(M) navigation satellite into orbit. The squadron was inactivated on 30 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159610-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Space Launch Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron\nThe United States Space Force's  1st Space Operations Squadron  is a space operations unit located at Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado. The squadron is responsible for performance launch, on-orbit, emergency, end-of-life testing and disposal operations providing warning, navigation, R&D, surveillance and weather to the president and the Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff and nine combatant commanders worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron\nIt was first activated in 1961 as the 1st Aerospace Surveillance and Control Squadron as the SPACETRACK component of NORAD's Space Detection and Tracking System. It was the operational version of Project Space Track. It continued this mission as the 1st Aerospace Control Squadron until inactivation in 1976. It depends on Space Delta 9 when this unit is created in 24 July 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron conducts command and control for four distinct constellations: Defense Support Program (DSP), Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) and a NASA research and development program, in low earth to deep space orbits, and is Air Force Space Command's only multi-mission Satellite Operations Control Center. 1 SOPS is supported by the Air Force Reserves unit, the 7th Space Operations Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron operates and maintains 24-hour Air Force Satellite Control Network command and control capability for Defense Support Program and Midcourse Space Experiment constellations. It also operates and maintains a research and development space system providing vital space weather data worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe 1st Squadron performs launch and early-orbit operations for GPS and DSP systems including satellite activation, initial checkout and transfer to mission orbit. It plans and executes tracking, telemetry and command functions for GPS, DSP, MXS and a NASA research and development satellite to maintain spacecraft state-of-health, sustain on-orbit operations and accomplish mission taskings. They respond to all satellite emergencies, and support end-of-life testing and disposal operations for GPS, DSP and MSX and NASA research and development spacecraft as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe squadron maintains DSP spacecraft positional knowledge and distributes data to worldwide users. It also conducts MSX and NASA research and development training and evaluation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe Multi-Mission Space Operations Center (MMSOC) is a revolutionary approach to space operations\u2014an operations center focused on forging a one-of-a-kind operations/acquisition team to demonstrate and field emerging space missions and satellite C2 technologies in a rapid, decisive manner. The MMSOC is structured to operate a variety of satellite missions, including satellite initiatives without a program office, satellite missions of small scale (small constellations), new missions transitioning from concept toward full-scale operations, and all research, development, test and evaluation satellites with operational utility remaining after test and evaluation are complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, Mission\nMission control crew shifts conduct 24-hour operations supporting the three major functions of satellite control; telemetry, tracking and commanding. Orbital analysts and program engineers provide program specific knowledge and support to the crews. The operators perform pre-contact planning, real time contact and post-contact evaluation. The squadron conducts more than 2,000 contacts a month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track\nThe squadron was originally organized on 14 February 1961, as the 1st Aerospace Surveillance and Control Squadron, a unit of Air Defense Command and became operational on 1 July 1961 as the SPACETRACK component of NORAD Space Detection and Tracking System (SPADATS). It was the operational version of research and development Project Space Track. Effective 1 October 1961, the Squadron was assigned to the 9th Aerospace Defense Division, which had been activated on 15 July 1961. The squadron name changed to 1st Aerospace Control Squadron on 1 July 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track\nUntil April 1966, when operations were moved to the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex, The squadron was located on the bottom two floors of Ent Air Force Base building P4 Annex, a former hospital building, adjacent to the NORAD command center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track\nThe squadron was responsible for tracking all artificial earth satellites, space probes, carrier rockets, and debris, US and foreign. The mission included detecting additional objects previously unknown and maintaining a complete catalogue. It controlled a global network of ground sensors. It was the operational version of research and development Project Space Track and the Space Track component of NORAD's Space Detection and Tracking System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Sensors\nThe squadron had essentially the same set of sensors used by Project Space Track, with the addition of two additional Baker-Nunn cameras, one of which was used by the Royal Canadian Air Force at RCAF Station Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada. In March 1961, the Laredo Air Force Base sensor was transferred from Air Research and Development Command to Air Defense Command. It was operated by Detachment 1 of the squadron. In January 1968, the System 440L over-the-horizon radar reached initial operational capability. In 1968, SPACETRACK was also supported by the Royal Radar Establishment at Great Malvern, England. By mid-1969, three USAF Baker-Nunn cameras were operated in support of SPACETRACK under the 18th Surveillance Squadron, despite questions about their on-going utility in view of increasing radar tracking accuracies. An AN/FPS-85 phased array radar became operational at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, in May 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 984]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Orbital computations\nThe squadron initially made orbital predictions by computing ephemerides based on standard Kepler orbits. As a satellite got lower into the atmosphere, drag made it difficult to forecast the ephemeris of the satellite accurately. By 1962, the situation was somewhat better. The Soviet satellite Sputnik 4 was slowly entering lower orbits because of atmospheric drag. Using a new program, (Satellite General Perturbations Differential Corrections) and observations from the radar at Shemya Air Force Station, the orbital analyst plotted the changing orbital period and was able to predict the exact revolution on which the satellite reentered the atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Orbital computations\nTo make progress in automating ephemeris forecasts, Aeronutronic and TRW Inc. developed sophisticated new programs. Squadron orbital analysts evaluated the two programs. The Aeronutronic submission was named Spiral Decay and the TRW submission, Electronic Systems Precision Orbit Determination (ESPOD). ESPOD had been developed for Program 437, an anti-satellite program, to enable computation of trajectories for satellite intercept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Orbital computations\nAs a demonstration of the effectiveness of Spiral Decay, the program was used to forecast the reentry of Soviet Kosmos 23. Public media had been alerted to the impending decay and many people in Canada saw the fiery reentry. One racetrack even dimmed the lights to enhance the show. Spiral Decay was considered a more sophisticated program than ESPOD and used less computer time to attain more accurate results. It was selected as the standard for analysis, significantly helping predict future decay trajectories. It was also adopted as the primary computer capability for weapon engagement and was useful in more precisely locating sensors, such at the radar at Dyarbakir Air Station, Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Orbital computations\nOn 1 March 1965, the rocket body of Kosmos 61 exploded between revolutions 1 and 2, giving 1st Aero another challenge to catalog the many fragments. Because the orbital period was 106\u00a0minutes, the fragments would not decay quickly. Two computer programs, SPACESWEEP and ALTEC, aided automation of the task but, when Cosmos 200 broke up on 23 January 1968, the breakup created severe problems to the Space Defense Center because of the amount of manual work needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Orbital computations\nAlso in March 1965, the Special Projects Division was supporting evaluation of the upgraded Shemya radar and the associated computer, in a project nicknamed Blue Fox. Blue Fox used both Spiral Decay and ESPOD to determine the accuracy of the new Shemya system, tracking satellites Transit 2A and ANNA 1B, a Navy geodetic satellite. The Blue Fox results, showing radar range biases of 129\u00a0meters or less, proved that the Shemya AN/FPS-80M was now the most accurate tracking radar in the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Orbital computations\nOrbital elements computed by the squadron, along with those computed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, were included in the Satellite Situation Reports regularly published by the Goddard Center.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 73], "content_span": [74, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Operations\nIn April 1961 a Philco 2000 computer was installed for dedicated squadron use. It was considered the fastest computer in the world at the time of installation. It still used IBM punched cards for data entry and was infamous for devouring the cards. The computer was programmed using Fortran for batch processing and the TAC assembly language for other work. However, Orbital Analysts still had Friden Square Root Calculators on their desks, a necessary tool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Operations\nProject Space Track at Laurence G. Hanscom Field, Massachusetts was the backup facility for squadron operations. About 49\u00a0hours before the 1st Squadron became operational, the Navy's Transit 4A carrier rocket exploded. Orbital analysts at the 1st and at Hanscom achieved a landmark in satellite tracking by identifying 296 of the fragments. On 5 June 1962, the relationship with Hanscom was formalized when several squadron officers activates the Space Track Center Alternate Facility at Hanscom. From 25 March to 6 April 1962, squadron orbital computations were transferred to Project Space Track while the Ent computer was being modified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Operations\nIn mid-1962, the NORAD Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence expressed appreciation for the information and technical assistance the squadron provided in support of NORAD analysis of the Soviet Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Operations\nA new Soviet launch, which occurred on 1 November 1963. In plotting the observations made by the BMEWS radar at RAF Fylingdales, England, and other sensors the data showed an apparent change in the satellite's orbital period. The data indicated that the Soviets had boosted the satellite, changing its orbit. This confirmed a boast by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev that the Soviets had a maneuverable satellite, something that had been treated with some disbelief by the intelligence community. It is now known that the satellite, called Polyot, was in fact a prototype orbital carrier rocket for an anti satellite system. Only one other Polyot was launched (in April 1964); the system never became operational.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Operations\nIn mid-1965, there was concern that two Soviet satellites had attempted a rendezvous in space. Aeronutronic technicians combined the existing Xroads and Groundtrack programs into a new program that could compare the relative positions of two satellites. This enabled the duty orbital analyst to prove that a rendezvous had not taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Operations\nIn 1966, the Gemini IV astronauts saw what appeared to be a nearby space object. The COMBO program did not identify any nearby satellites. Shortly thereafter a short movie clip of the mystery object taken by the astronauts indicated it was probably something associated with the spacecraft, perhaps dangling from a tether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Operations\nSquadron operations were based on the techniques developed at Project Space Track. By 1962, initial observations were processed by the Report Association Program which ran automatically twice a day plus twice for BMEWS data. The program associated observations with known orbits. The output of the program, plus data from the Checker Program, was sent to the duty space surveillance officer and technician for review with some assistance from the duty orbital analyst as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Operations\nOther special duty orbital analyst activity occurred when a satellite neared decay. When the orbital period fell below 90\u00a0minutes, the duty space surveillance officer notified the duty orbital analyst and a special analyst was normally assigned to monitor the decay. In the unusual case of the decay of a Discoverer recovery vehicle that had not come down where programmed, the duty orbital analyst had access to a special computer program, which provided a sub-satellite trace for one revolution, to assist in specifying the track. New friendly launches were handled by a duty orbital analyst dedicated to the task but, in the case of new Soviet launches, an analyst for intelligence was assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Space Track, Operations\nAnalysis of interplanetary and lunar probe launches were handled by Special Project Analysts, who had several special astrodynamic programs to assist in computations. The Encke program was used when the vehicle was within 125 earth radii and the Interplanetary program, adjusting for planetary perturbations, for vehicles beyond that distance. The Special Project Analysts also handled special requests for such things as very accurate orbital elements or decay information for a satellite (as might be required by research or educational groups). These analysts also monitored incoming technical papers, attended technical meetings to obtain information which was of use to the mission, and monitored improvements in decay forecasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Satellite control\nOn 5 October 1987, the squadron was reactivated, renamed the 1st Satellite Control Squadron, and began its ever-growing satellite control mission. On 16 February 1988, the squadron began its first commanding on the DSP constellation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Satellite control\nThe Space Operations Center (SOC) was operationally turned over to AFSPC on 21 December 1989. The SOC increased its mission on 20 February 1990, when the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program mission was operationally turned over. In May 1996, satellite command authority for the first research and development satellite controlled by AFSPC, Technology for Autonomous Operational Survivability, was given to 1st SOPS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Satellite control\nOn 4 December 1998, the squadron assumed command and control capability on the Midcourse Space Experiment, which became an operational program on 1 October 2000, with the first-ever transfer of operations from the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization to AFSPC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, History, Satellite control\nOperated Space Detection and Tracking System Center, tracking and cataloging man-made objects in space, 1961-1976. Satellite command and control for the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, and the Defense Support Program, 1987-.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159611-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Space Operations Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159612-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Space Surveillance Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's  1st Space Surveillance Squadron (1 SSS) was a space surveillance unit located at Griffiss AFB, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159612-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Space Surveillance Squadron, Mission\nThe mission of the 1 SSS was to operate the Low Altitude Space Surveillance (LASS) system to gather space intelligence and track space systems in near-Earth orbits. The LASS operation supported USAF space intelligence requirements, while being assisted by the 18th Intelligence Squadron's Det 1 for SIGINT support. This coverage augmented worldwide coverage of space signals activities at similarly equipped sites at Misawa AB, Japan, Osan AB, Republic of Korea and at RAF Feltwell and RAF Edzell in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159612-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Space Surveillance Squadron, History\nDue to the creation of mobile versions of the space surveillance systems in 1992 and the BRAC decision regarding Griffiss AFB, AFSPC inactivated the 1 SSS during 1995, distributing surveillance mission requirements to other units. The equipment held at the Verona Test Annex, N.Y. was also distributed to units with similar capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159613-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Space Wing\nThe 1st Space Wing was a wing of the United States Air Force active from 1983 to 1992 at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado as part of Air Force Space Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159613-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Space Wing\nThe Wing was constituted on 18 Oct 1982 and activated on 1 January 1983 with assignment to Space Command (later, Air Force Space Command). It was inactivated on 15 May 1992 along with the 3d Space Wing, also at Peterson AFB, and the 21st Space Wing, a unit with a more historic lineage, took their place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159613-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Space Wing, Emblem, Blazon\nAzure, from chief two rays pilewise or, terminating at base on a demi-globe light blue edged and grid-lined sable, surmounting the rays and globe are two uneven ellipses saltirewise argent, each intersected with a mullet of four points of the second and delineated of the fourth; positioned between the rays at dexter chief a globe and at sinister a mullet of five points and below them a smaller mullet of the same all of the fifth, all within a diminished bordure of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159613-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Space Wing, Emblem, Significance\nThe globe represents the earth as viewed from space; the earth being both the origin and control point for all man-made space activities. The lines of latitude and longitude emphasize the global nature of Air Force space operations. The two uneven ellipses represent both low and high orbital paths traced by satellites in earth orbit shown as four-point stars. The two yellow rays depict space surveillance and communications capability from ground base sensors. The larger of the two stars represents the Space Command, and the smaller and closest star to earth represents the 1st Space Wing of the Space Command. The two stars also along with the distinctive blue shading and small globe symbolize the space environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment\nThe 1st Spahi Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Spahis) is an armored regiment of the modern French Army, previously called the 1st Moroccan Spahi Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Spahis Marocains). It was established in 1914 as a mounted cavalry unit recruited primarily from indigenous Moroccan horsemen. The regiment saw service in the First World War, and in the Second World War as part of the Forces Fran\u00e7aises Libres, as well as post-war service in the French-Indochina War and elsewhere. The modern regiment continues the traditions of all former Spahi regiments in the French Army of Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War I\nThe Moroccan Spahis of the French Army were created in 1914 by G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Hubert Lyautey. The initial title of the regiment was that of the R\u00e9giment de Marche de Chasseurs Indig\u00e8nes \u00e0 Cheval (R.M.C.I.C). The French Army had already raised four regiments of indigenous cavalry in both Algeria and Tunisia during the 19th century, and extended the designation of \"spahis\" to the Moroccan mounted units recruited after 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War I\nThe first Marching Moroccan Spahi Regiment (R\u00e9giment de Marche de Spahis Marocains, R.M.S.M) participated in the First Battle of the Marne. Subsequently, sent to the Orient Front, the regiment served with distinction at Pogradec, Skumbi, Bofnia, Uskub and on the Danube. The regiment was accordingly awarded 5 citations and a fourragere with the colors of the M\u00e9daille militaire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Inter-war period\nThe regiment was redesignated as the 21st Moroccan Spahi Regiment (21e R\u00e9giment de Spahis Marocains, 21e R.S.M.) in 1921 and served in the campaigns in the Levant from 1920 to 1927. The regiment was awarded 3 additional citations plus a fourragere in the colors of the Croix de guerre des th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures. In 1929, the regiment was renamed as the 1st Moroccan Spahi Regiment (1er R\u00e9giment de Spahis Marocains, 1er R.S.M).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II\nOn July 1, 1940, Captain Paul Jourdier, who commanded the 1st Squadron of the 1st Moroccan Spahi Regiment, (1e RSM) decided to defect from the Vichy-led Army of the Levant and join the British forces in Palestine. While on maneuvers in southern Lebanon, Jourdier succeeded in detaching a small contingent comprising half of his squadron. The 1st RSM at this stage in the war was still a mounted cavalry unit, consisting of mostly North African Muslim troopers under French officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II\nReinforced by detached units that had separately crossed the border between Lebanon and Palestine, plus volunteers from London, the squadron undertook mounted operations in Eretria. The squadron conducted horse-mounted cavalry charges at Umbrega, still under the leadership of Captain Paul Jourdier. The defection of a regular cavalry unit of the Vichy forces was widely publicized by the British and Free French forces, making use of photographs showing charging spahis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II\nThe regiment was subsequently dismounted and participated in the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign on trucks, as part of the 1st Free French Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II\nOther squadrons were created, forming first one then two army corps reconnaissance groups (GRCA), commanded by Jourider and Robert de Kersauson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II\nReinforced by a company of the 501e R\u00e9giment de chars de combat of the Free French Forces, the 2nd Group constituted the Free French Flying Column which participated in the Battle of El Alamein. It subsequently participated in the advance to Tunisia, initially as part of the British 8th Army, then in 1943 in the FFF commanded by G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II\nOn September 25, 1942, the two Groups were merged to form the 1st Moroccan Spahi Marching Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Marche de Spahis Marocains, 1er R.M.S.M), under the command of Jean R\u00e9my.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II\nAs a reconnaissance regiment of the 2nd Armored Division 2e DB, the 1st RMSM participated in the Liberation, suffering heavy losses in both France and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II\nThe original (i.e. non-regiment de march) 1e RSM saw mounted horse combat in Syria before being motorized in Morocco during 1943. The unit then took part in the battle of Royan, France in 1945. It was subsequently merged with the 8th Dragoon Regiment (French: 8e R\u00e9giment de Dragons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II, Decorations\nThe 1st Marching Moroccan Spahi Regiment 1er RMSM was awarded the distinction of Compagnon de la Lib\u00e9ration by decree of August 7, 1945 and cited twice at the orders of the armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II, Regimental Colors\nThe Regimental Colors of the 1e RMSM include in golden letters, the following inscriptions in the folds:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, World War II, Regimental Colors\nBetween 1944 and 1945, as part of the corps of the 2e DB, the 1e RMSM suffered the loss of 184 men out of whom 12.5% were Moroccan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Post-war: 1945-62\nOne squadron of the 1st RSM served in the First Indochina War, between 1945 and October 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Post-war: 1945-62\nDuring the post-war era the regiment underwent several changes in title, as well as being transferred between a number of different garrisons. In 1947, the regiment was designated as the 1st Regiment of Moroccan Spahis (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Spahis Marocains, 1er RSM), a title it retained during its remaining service in Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Post-war: 1945-62\nIn 1956 the 1st RSM was transferred to Algeria. The regiment was then re-designated as the 1st Regiment of Spahis (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Spahis, 1e RS). In October 1958 its title was again changed to the 21st Regiment of Spahis  (French: 21e R\u00e9giment de Spahis, 21e RS) - in order to avoid confusion with the 1st Regiment of Algerian Spahis (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Spahis Alg\u00e9riens, 1e RSA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Modern\nThe 1st Spahi Regiment continued in the French Army after the end of the Algerian War in 1962, although most of the other units of the former Armee d'Afrique were disbanded. Reportedly one of General Charles de Gaulle's ministers urged that the 1st RSM be retained in service because of its distinguished role in the Free French Forces during World War II. De Gaulle responded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Modern\nIn 1961, the regiment was transferred to Speyer Germany,  as part of the French Forces of Germany (French: Forces Fran\u00e7aises en Allemagne, FFA). Its role was that of a reconnaissance regiment of the 2nd Army Corps 2e CA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Modern\nIn 1965, following the dissolution of the 1st Regiment of Algerian Spahis, the regiment was given its present-day title of the 1st Spahi Regiment (French: 1er R\u00e9giment de Spahis, 1er RS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Modern\nIn 1984 the regiment was transferred from Germany and the FFA, to be incorporated in the 6th Light Armoured Division 6e DLB and garrisoned in Valence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Modern\nThe regiment participated in Op\u00e9ration Daguet during 1991, as part of the French contingent in the Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Modern\nIn 2009, the regiment left the 6th Light Armoured Brigade 6e BLB and joined the 1st Mechanized Brigade. On August 1, 2015, the regiment was reintegrated in the 6th Light Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Modern\nThe regiment's armored vehicle core consists of 48 AMX, 90 VAB and 110 trucks. The regiment trains new recruits at headquarters; including armored vehicle crewmen and various mechanical trades as well as musicians and non-commissioned officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, History, Modern\nThe most decorated unit of the modern Armoured Arms and Armoured Cavalry branch of the French Army, the regiment carries 14 battle honors on its colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, Traditions, Uniform and insignia\nAs mounted cavalry the North African personnel of the regiment wore high turbans, red jackets, wide blue-grey trousers and a white burnous (cloak). A dark blue over-cloak with hood was worn over the burnous, to distinguish the Moroccan spahis from their red-cloaked Algerian and Tunisian counterparts. After mechanization, features such as the double burnous/cloak and red sash of the historical Spahi uniform were retained and are still worn by the modern regiment on parade. A red forage cap of a model worn since the 1940s, is another present-day distinguishing feature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, Traditions, Uniform and insignia\nThe regimental insignia is a combination of the Cross of Lorraine with the Sharifian Pentagram from the Flag of Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nNous \u00e9tions au fond de l\u2019AfriqueGardiens jaloux de nos couleursQuand, sous un soleil magnifiqueRetentissait ce cri vainqueur\u00a0:En avant\u00a0! En avant\u00a0! En avantC\u2019est nous les AfricainsQui revenons de loinVenant de nos paysPour sauver la PatrieNous avons tout quitt\u00e9Parents, gourbis, foyers,Et nous gardons au c\u0153urUne invincible ardeurCar nous voulons porter haut et fier,Le beau drapeau de notre France enti\u00e8re,Et si quelqu\u2019un venait \u00e0 y toucher,Nous serions l\u00e0 pour mourir \u00e0 ses pieds. Battez tambours, \u00e0 nos amoursPour le Pays, pour la Patrie,Mourir au loin, c\u2019est nous les Africains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0028-0001", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Song\nPour le salut de notre EmpireNous combattons tous les vautoursLa faim, la mort nous font sourireQuand nous luttons pour nos amours. En avant\u00a0! En avant\u00a0! En avant\u00a0! De tous les horizons de FranceGroup\u00e9s sur le sol africainNous venons pour la d\u00e9livranceQui, par nous se fera demainEn avant\u00a0! En avant\u00a0! En avant\u00a0! Et lorsque finira la guerreNous reviendrons \u00e0 nos gourbisLe c\u0153ur joyeux et l\u2019\u00e2me fi\u00e8reD\u2019avoir lib\u00e9r\u00e9 le PaysEn criant, en chantant, en avant\u00a0!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nThe Regimental Colors of the 1st Spahi Regiment is decorated with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nFourragere with colors of the M\u00e9daille militaire, with olives of the Croix de guerre 1914-1918, Croix de guerre 1939-1945 and Fourragere with colors of the Croix de guerre des th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159614-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Spahi Regiment, Traditions, Decorations\nFourragere with colors of the Croix de la Lib\u00e9ration since June 18, 1996", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159615-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Command (Airborne)\nThe 1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) is a division-level special operations forces command within the United States Army Special Operations Command. The command was first established in 1989 and reorganized in 2014 grouping together the Army Special Forces (a.k.a. \"the green berets\"), psychological operations, civil affairs, and support troops into a single organization operating out of its headquarters at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159615-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Command (Airborne), Mission\nThe mission of 1SFC (A) is to organize, equip, train, and validate forces to conduct full-spectrum special operations in support of United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), Geographic Combatant Commanders, American ambassadors, and other governmental agencies. The new command includes all seven Special Forces groups (including the five active duty and two Army National Guard groups), two Psychological Operations groups, a civil affairs brigade, and a sustainment brigade. The Command has the ability to rapidly deploy a high-level headquarters to run sustained, unconventional campaigns in foreign theaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159615-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Command (Airborne), 1st Special Forces Regiment\nAll seven Special Forces Groups were redesignated as part of the 1st Special Forces Regiment, and as such, were made part of its historical lineage, with all the campaign credits and battle honors that go with it. The Regiment is ceremonial, not operational.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States)\nThe 1st Special Forces Group (Airborne) (1st SFG) (A) is a unit of the Special Forces regiment of the United States Army. It is designed to deploy and execute nine doctrinal missions throughout the Indo-Pacific Command area of operations: unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, direct action, counter-insurgency, special reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, information operations, counterproliferation of weapon of mass destruction, and security force assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nIt was among the first groups of the Special Forces to be officially formed. The group is responsible for operations in the Pacific. Currently, the First Battalion is stationed at Okinawa while the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and Group Support Battalions are stationed at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\n1st Special Forces Group's history began at Fort Bragg, NC, in 1955. Four Special Forces Operational Detachments - the 12th, 13th, 14th, and 16th - were selected from the 77th Special Forces Group and transferred to the Pacific theater over the next year. 1st Special Forces Group was officially activated at Fort Buckner, Okinawa, on 24 June 1957, with LTC A. Scott Madding as commander and MSG Robert L. Voss as the sergeant major. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nSpecial Forces Group holds the distinction of having the first and last Special Forces soldiers killed in Vietnam: Captain Harry Cramer killed 21 October 1957, and Captain Richard M. Rees killed 15 December 1973. Decades later, another 1st Special Forces Group soldier became the first American to die by hostile fire in Afghanistan: Sergeant First Class Nathan Chapman killed 2 January 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nThe 1st Special Forces Group on Okinawa was one of two Special Action Forces/Security Assistance Forces (SAF) built around Special Forces Groups. The other was built around the 8th Special Forces Group in Panama. SAF Asia  from which 1st Group could task organize a detachment for any time of mission in the Pacific rim. During the Vietnam War, it sent teams to Vietnam for six-month temporary duty. It also ran Camp Hardy Combat Training Center in the Northern Training Area of Okinawa to train SF, Navy SEALs, and US Marines deploying to Vietnam. It also earned the Meritorious Unit Commendation for its work during the year 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nFollowing the war in South Vietnam, and the withdrawal of American military forces in Southeast Asia, the emphasis on military actions shifted away from the Asia-Pacific region and focused more on Europe and the NATO Allies. Special Forces, which had grown to a total of seven groups in 1963, faced severe cuts in the peacetime army; as a result, 1st Group was inactivated 28 June 1974 at Ft. Bragg, NC. After a 10-year hiatus, the need for an Asian unconventional warfare force was recognized, and Alpha Company, 1st Battalion was reactivated at Fort Bragg on 15 March 1984. This company and the remainder of the 1st Battalion were assembled and deployed to Torii Station, Okinawa during the spring and summer of 1984. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions, along with Headquarters and Service Company were officially reactivated 4 September 1984 at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nBrought back to life as part of overall growth in the support to U.S. strategic efforts in Asia, the unit focused on the Pacific Command area of operations but were routinely deployed out of Asia to support unified commanders throughout the world. Unit members supported theater security engagement within the PACOM area of operations, contingency operations in Haiti, Central Asia, and Bosnia. Operational Detachments \"Alpha\" deployed to Haiti to conduct Coalition Support Team missions in 1993\u201394 in support of U.S. Joint Task Force 190 and Multi-National Force operations supporting Operation Uphold Democracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nAdditional ODAs conducted Humanitarian Demining Operations in Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam earning Humanitarian Service Medals for their efforts in both Laos and Thailand. Elements from the 1st SFG (A) conducted training with military units from newly created states from the former Soviet Union that supported the development of the Central Asian Battalion (CENTRASBAT), a regional peace-keeping force in the mid-1990s. By the end of the millennium, 1st SFG (A) soldiers had deployed for the Stabilization Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nFollowing the 11 September attacks, members of the 1st SFG (A) were quick to answer President George W. Bush's call to action, deploying individual soldiers to support Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and deploying back-to-back battalion rotations to the Republic of the Philippines. Starting in February 2002, elements of the 1st SFG (A) deployed to conduct unconventional warfare in the Southern Philippines by and with the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in order to assist the Government of the Philippines (GOP) in the destruction of terrorist organizations and the separation of the population from terrorist organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nOver the next three years, 1st SFG (A) members built an admirable record in the Philippines training six light infantry battalions, three light reaction companies from the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), treating over 31,000 Filipinos in MEDCAP events, helping to professionalize the AFP and providing operations and intelligence fusion teams to actively assist the AFP in targeting terrorist cells. Due to its efforts, the Province of Basilan was no longer a haven for terrorists, and the AFP continues to make progress against terrorist groups in the Southern Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nFor its tremendous efforts, the 1st SFG (A) was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation on 24 January 2004 for its outstanding meritorious performance in a difficult and challenging mission while supporting the Global War on Terrorism in Asia. Throughout 2003\u20132004, the 1st SFG (A) deployed many soldiers in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom in Iraq and Afghanistan. By November 2004 the unit deployed an entire battalion to Afghanistan as part of the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force- Afghanistan (CJSOTF-A).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Unit history\nToday, 1st SFG (A) continues to support the Global War on Terrorism with operations in the Philippines, Iraq and Afghanistan as well as maintaining US security relationships with partner nations throughout the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Area of responsibility\nThe following is a list of countries in Asia that fall into the 1st Group Area of Responsibility:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Lineage\nConstituted 5 July 1942 in the Army of the United States as the 2nd Company, 1st Battalion, First Regiment, First Special Service Force, a combined Canadian-American organization", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Lineage\nActivated 9 July 1942 at Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Lineage\nReconstituted 15 April 1960 in the Regular army. concurrently consolidated with Company B, 1st Ranger Infantry Battalion (activated 19 June 1942), and consolidated unit re-designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Lineage\nConsolidated 30 September 1960 with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Special Forces Group (constituted 14 June 1957 in the Regular Army and activated 24 June 1957 in Japan), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces (organic units concurrently constituted and activated 4 October 1960)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Lineage\nGroup inactivated 28 June 1974 at Fort Bragg, North Carolina", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Lineage\n(Former Company B, 1st Ranger Infantry Battalion, withdrawn 3 February 1986, consolidated with Company N, 75th Infantry, and consolidated unit re-designated as Company N, 75th Ranger Regiment \u2013 hereafter separate lineage)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159616-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Special Forces Group (United States), Campaign participation credit\nWorld War II: Aleutian Islands*, Naples-Foggia*, Anzio*, Rome-Arno*, Southern France (with arrowhead)*, Rhineland*", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159617-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Component Maintenance Squadron\nThe 1st Special Operations Component Maintenance Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit. Its current assignment is with the 1st Special Operations Maintenance Group, based at Eglin Aux Air Field #9 (Hurlburt Field), Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159617-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Component Maintenance Squadron, Overview\nThe 1st Special Operations Component Maintenance Squadron (SOCMS) is responsible for organizational and all intermediate level maintenance on 141 different avionic, electronic warfare, sensor, electrical, pneudraulic, fuel and engine maintenance systems, specifically AC-130 gunships, MC-130H Combat Talon IIs, MC-130P Combat Shadows and MH-53J/M PAVE LOW III/IV helicopters assigned to the 1st Special Operations Wing. Technical support is provided on Communication/navigation, guidance and control, sensor, electronic warfare, pneudraulics, electrics and fuel systems, engines and propellers. The squadron's unique repair capabilities cover the entire range\u2014from vacuum tube, solid state and infrared components, to laser and fiber optic technology. In addition to maintenance for the wing's operational and transient aircraft, the squadron performs test and development work for ongoing acquisitions in support of Air Force Special Operations Command, U.S. Special Operations Command and the Department of Defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 1081]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, Mission\nThe 1st Special Operations Squadron is part of the 353d Special Operations Group at Kadena Air Base, Japan. It operates the MC-130J Commando II, providing special operation capabilities. Air crews are trained in night low-level flying, using night vision goggles to deliver troops and equipment into denied areas during adverse weather conditions at night by airdrop or landing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History\nThe 1st conducted gunnery testing and training from 1939 to 1942. It flew administrative airlift from 1949 to 1952 and 1953\u20131954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History\nThe 1st flew combat missions in Southeast Asia from 8 July 1963 \u2013 7 November 1972 and 15 December 1972 \u2013 28 January 1973. It also trained South Vietnamese air force pilots in counter-insurgency operations from, July 1963 \u2013 November 1972. It acquired the Combat Talon mission from the redesignated 90th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 15 December 1972. Three MC-130 Combat Talons from the 1st SOS led the Night One mission of Operation Eagle Claw, the hostage rescue mission in Iran, in April 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History\nThe 1st operated the MC-130H Combat Talon II aircraft until 2020, and now flies MC-130J Commando II aircraft in support of joint and allied special operations forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe 1st Special Operations Squadron was originally constituted as the 1st Air Commando Squadron, Composite, and activated on 17 June 1963 under Pacific Air Forces. It organized on 8 July 1963 at Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, and was assigned to the 34th Tactical Group. It was reassigned the following year, on 8 July, to the 6251st Tactical Fighter Wing (although attached to the 3d Tactical Fighter Wing after 21 November 1965).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nRelocating to Pleiku Air Base, South Vietnam, it was reassigned to the 2d Air Division on 18 February 1966, and reassigned again to the 14th Air Commando Wing on 8 March 1966. Redesignated the 1st Air Commando Squadron, Fighter, on 15 August 1967, it was reassigned on 20 December 1967 to the 56th Air Commando Wing (redesignated the 56th Special Operation Wing in August 1968), and moved to Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Navy Base, Thailand. On 1 August 1968 the 1st was redesignated as the 1st Special Operations Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nThe 1st saw extensive combat in Southeast Asia, from 8 July 1963 \u2013 7 November 1972 and from 15 December 1972 \u2013 28 January 1973. In its early years in Southeast Asia, the squadron flew a variety of aircraft, beginning with the Douglas B-26 Invader and North American T-28 Trojan in 1963 and 1964, both aircraft used for close air support. While at its initial home base at Bien Hoa AB, aircrews of the 1st Air Commando Squadron performed the first combat tests of the famous Douglas FC-47 gunship, beginning in December 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nIn 1964 the 1st began flying the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, the aircraft with which it is most closely associated, but continued to fly other types into 1966. Its primary mission after the move to Nakhon Phanom RTAFB was interdiction along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, but its pilots and planes also flew cover for pilot rescue missions, and it continued to fly close air support missions for U.S. and Vietnamese ground forces. It also trained Vietnamese Air Force pilots in counterinsurgency operations, from July 1963 \u2013 November 1972. Aircraft flown by the 1st were the B-26 (1963\u20131964); North American T-28 Trojan (1963\u20131964); Helio U-10 Courier (1963\u20131966); Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1963\u20131966); RB\u201326 (1963\u20131964); A\u20131 (1964\u20131972); FC-47 (1964\u20131965); AC-47 (1965); and the C (later MC)-130 beginning in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nAmong its pilots was Major Bernard Francis Fisher, who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on 10 March 1966 over South Vietnam. In the first action of the Vietnam War that merited the award of the Air Force Cross, Captain Howard Rudolph Cody and his navigator First Lieutenant Atis Karlis Lielmanis both received the award posthumously for extraordinary heroism on 24 November 1963 while flying an A-26 out of Bien Hoa AB on a close air support mission. Two other early recipients of the Air Force Cross were Maj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Vietnam War\nCarl Berg Mitchell and his navigator, Capt. Vincent Joseph Hickman. Maj. Mitchell and Capt. Hickman were awarded the medal posthumously for an A-26 mission over Dong Nai Province on 14 January 1964. Capt . John Edgar Lackey received the award for extraordinary heroism during a search and rescue mission over Laos on 18 and 19 March 1972. The last pilot of the 1st to be awarded the Air Force Cross was Maj. James C. Harding, for extraordinary heroism in action near Tchepone, Laos from 10 to 13 April 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Post-Vietnam operations\nFollowing the end of combat operations at the end of 1972, the 1st was reassigned to the 18th Tactical Fighter Wing on 15 December 1972 and relocated to Kadena AB, Japan (although a segment of the squadron operated from Nakhon Phanom RTAFB until 28 January 1973). The squadron was reassigned to the 3rd Tactical Fighter Wing, on 15 January 1981, relocating in the process to Clark Air Base, Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Post-Vietnam operations\nOn 1 March 1983 the squadron was reassigned to the 2nd Air Division; to the Twenty-third Air Force on 1 February 1987; and to the 353rd Special Operations Wing (later the 353rd Special Operations Group), on 6 April 1989. The 1st SOS relocated to Kadena AB, Japan, on 5 February 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Post-Vietnam operations\nIn August 2000, a crew from the 1st SOS, along with another from the 17th SOS, flew a C-130 each to deliver 19 tons of disaster relief aid across the Pacific to assist in Vietnam's worst flooding in a century. Nearly 22,000 pounds of plastic sheeting, 3,600 blankets and 5,000 water containers were flown from Guam to Okinawa and then on to Vietnam by the two Kadena-based C-130s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Post 2000 assignments\nAs an integral part of the 353rd Special Operations Group, the 1st Special Operations Squadron operated the MC-130H Combat Talon II until 2020. They currently operate the MC-130J Commando II aircraft in support of joint and allied special operations forces. This aircraft is capable of delivering troops and equipment into denied areas at night by airdrop or landing. Its aircrews are specially trained in night low-level flying, using night vision goggles. The 353rd Special Operations Group is the focal point for all U.S. Air Force special operations activities throughout the USPACOM theater. The group contains more than 1000 Airmen and six squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159618-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Squadron, History, Post 2000 assignments\nThroughout its history, the unit has been extremely active in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. In 2005, the unit supported Operation UNIFIED ASSISTANCE, the relief effort from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. In 2011, the unit supported Operation TOMODACHI, the relief effort from the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011. In 2013, the unit supported Operation DAMAYAN, the relief effort from Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Republic of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing\nThe 1st Special Operations Wing (1 SOW) at Hurlburt Field, Florida is one of three United States Air Force active duty Special Operations wings and falls under the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing\nThe 1st Special Operations Wing is a successor organization of the 16th Pursuit Group, one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, Heraldry\nThe unit's current emblem was approved on 6 June 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, Heraldry\nThe 16th Pursuit Group's emblem was approved in 1934. It has four lightning bolts\u2014representing the four assigned squadrons\u2014depicting destruction from the sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nThe beginnings of the 1st Special Operations Wing can be traced to the authorization by the Army Air Service of the 16th Pursuit Group on 24 March 1923 as part of the United States Army Panama Department at Albrook Field, Canal Zone. The unit, however, was not activated until 1 December 1932. The 16th Pursuit Group spent its entire existence in the defense of the Panama Canal. The Group was progressively redesignated, in keeping with the changes sweeping through the Army Air Corps, becoming first the 16th Pursuit Group (Interceptor) in 1939 and finally the 16th Fighter Group in 1942. It was disbanded in the Canal Zone on 1 November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nAlthough subordinate squadrons assigned to the Group changed over the years the Group headquarters remained at Albrook Field throughout its existence. Squadrons assigned were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nAs the U.S. prepared for World War II in 1940\u20131941, the 16th Pursuit Group, as of 1939 could count only 22 Curtiss P-36A Hawks on hand as of 1939, although these were the best fighter aircraft to be had at the time (in addition, Group Headquarters had two Northrop A-17's and two North American BC-1's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nAdditionally, as of February 1939 the Group was shown on Order of Battle documents with 10 Douglas B-18's, but these belonged to its 44th Reconnaissance and 74th Attack Squadrons, which were assigned to the Group at the time (the 44th Recon Squadron changed its status from \"Assigned\" to \"Attached\" on 1 February 1940, and finally being transferred entirely to the 9th Bomb Group 20 November, to whom it was also attached).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nIn June 1941, relief for the P-36A's arrived in the form of 6 Curtiss P-40B's and 64 P-40C's, although, though these were split between the 16th and 32nd Pursuit Groups (the 16th got 32 P-40C's). These new aircraft arrived not a moment too soon, because as of April and May 1941 not fewer than 17 of the Groups P-36A's were either unserviceable or awaiting deposition due to either a lack of parts or as a result of the hard use they had endured during the intense training program then ongoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nWith the arrival of the P-40s, morale improved dramatically, and the Group headquarters added a rare Sikorsky OA-8 to its roster for rescue and communications duties, and had lost one of its A-17's and one BC-1 by August, at which time all remaining P-36A's were transferred to the newly formed 32d Pursuit Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nAs of the outbreak of war in December 1941, the Group had 20 serviceable P-40C's (plus five others awaiting disposition and three unserviceable \u2013 two from the 24th Pursuit Squadron and one from the headquarters squadron (HHS), 41-13498) but 10 new P-40E's had arrived, although one of these was promptly crashed. One other P-40C didn't have a prop, and all elements of the Group were dispersed at Albrook Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nBy mid-January 1942, it was found expedient to send a detachment of the Headquarters to Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico to liaise with the VI Interceptor Command headquartered there, and detachments of six P-40C's were also quickly moved to Atkinson Field, British Guiana and Zandery Field, Dutch Guiana, to provide local air defense for the other elements stationed at those remote bases for Ferrying Command. Besides these, the Group had 23 P-40C's, eight P-40E's and 14 of its former P-36A's back at Albrook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nAs of mid-February 1942, the Group elements still stationed at Albrook had the following aircraft on hand but only had 11 pilots between them of whom only seven had more than one year experience on pursuit aircraft (the numbers in parenthesis indicate the number of each type operational):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nAs the squadrons of the group moved through their various deployments from the start of the war on, the group headquarters became less and less important in day-to-day operations and, finally, on 17 January 1943, the Group Headquarters was moved from Albrook to La Joya Auxiliary Airdrome No. 2 to attempt to get the men assigned at Group back into the midst of \"field\" operations that were being endured by the subordinate squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 16th Pursuit Group\nIn actuality, the Group was disbanded on 31 October 1943, at which time the HHS still had a solitary Curtiss P-36A assigned. The Command and Control responsibilities of the surviving former Squadrons of the Group then came under the umbrella of the XXVI Fighter Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nThe next unit in the lineage of the 1 SOW is the 1st Air Commando Group, which inherited the history and lineage of the 16th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt, amidst the Quebec Conference in August 1943, was impressed by Brigadier Orde Wingate's account of what could be accomplished in Burma with proper air support. To comply with Roosevelt's proposed air support for British long range penetration operations in Burma, the United States Army Air Forces created the 5318th Air Unit to support the Chindits. In March 1944, they were designated the 1st Air Commando Group by USAAF Commander General Hap Arnold. Arnold chose Colonel John R. Alison and Colonel Philip Cochran as co-commanders of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nAlison was a veteran flight instructor of P-40 aircraft, and gained renown as a pilot with Major David Lee \"Tex\" Hill's 75th Fighter Squadron, part of Col Robert Lee Scott, Jr.'s 23d Fighter Group, the USAAF successor of the AVG's famed Flying Tigers in the China-Burma-India Theater. General Claire Lee Chennault lobbied to Arnold, who knew Alison from service at Langley Field, suggesting Alison be given the new command. Cochran was a decorated P-40 veteran pilot from the North African Campaign noted for his unconventional aerial tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nAs a result, the 5318th Provisional Air Unit was formed in India in late 1943. As a miscellaneous unit, the group was comprised until September 1944 of operational sections (rather than units): bomber; fighter; light-plane (and helicopter); transport; glider; and light-cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nThe 1st Air Commando Group consisted of a squadron of 30 A-model P-51 Mustangs led by Lt. Col. Grattan M. \"Grant\" Mahony, a squadron of 12 B-25H bombers led by Lt. Col. Robert T. Smith, 13 C-47 air transports led by Major William T. Cherry, Jr., 225 Waco CG-4A military gliders led by Captain William H. Taylor, Jr., and 100 L-1 and L-5 Sentinel liaison aircraft led by Major Andrew Rebori and Lt. Col. Clinton B. Gaty. The group tested the United States' first use of a helicopter in combat, six Sikorsky R-4s led by Lt. Col. Clinton B. Gaty, in May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nA tragic accident occurred where 2 CG-4 gliders towed by one of the unit's Skytrains collided killing several American and British Chindits. The commander of the British unit, Lt. Col . D.C Herring restored confidence in the Americans who were worried whether the Chindits would trust them to fly them on operations by sending the Air Commandos a message that became the unit's motto;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nPlease be assured that that we will go with your boys any place, any time, anywhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nThe unit was redesignated the 1st Air Commando Group on 25 March 1944. It provided fighter cover, bomb striking power, and air transport services for the Chindits (Wingate's Raiders), fighting behind enemy lines in Burma. Operations included airdrop and landing of troops, food, and equipment; evacuation of casualties; and attacks against enemy airfields and lines of communication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nThe 1ACG started receiving better-performing P-51B Mustangs in April 1944. They converted from P-51 Mustang to D-Model P-47 Thunderbolt fighters by September 1945. The unit eliminated its B-25 Mitchell bomber section in May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nIn September 1944, after the original unit was consolidated with the headquarters component of the new establishment (also called 1st Air Commando Group), the sections were replaced by a troop carrier squadron, two fighter squadrons, and three liaison squadrons. The group continued performing supply, evacuation, and liaison services for allied forces in Burma until the end of the war, including the movement of Chinese troops from Burma to China in December 1944. It also attacked bridges, railroads, airfields, barges, oil wells, and troop positions in Burma; and escorted bombers to Burmese targets, including Rangoon. Switched back to P-51 Mustangs (D-models) in January 1945. Left Burma in October and inactivated in New Jersey in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nOn 15 March 1945, 40 P-51D Mustangs armed with drop tanks attacked Don Muang airfield, which harbored little more than 100 Japanese aircraft. At 1:30 PM (1330 military time), the Mustangs strafed every aircraft in sight, and destroyed at least 50% of the aircraft there. More Japanese aircraft that managed to takeoff were shot down and destroyed. On 9 April 1945, a second attack was launched with 33 Mustangs total. Anti - Aircraft fire was heavy, and three Mustangs were shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, 1st Air Commando Group\nDuring their brief (less than two-year) combat operations in the China Burma India Theater, the 1ACG accomplished a number of \"firsts.\" Their first joint operation with the Chindits--Operation Thursday\u2014was the first invasion of enemy territory solely by air, and set the precedent for the glider landings of Operation Overlord associated with the Normandy Landings on D-Day. They also used helicopters in combat for the first time, executing the first combat medical evacuations. They pioneered the use of air-to-ground rockets. These firsts and others had a lasting effect on how air operations would directly support ground operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Vietnam\nIn April 1961 General Curtis Lemay directed HQ Tactical Air Command to organize and equip a unit to train USAF personnel in World War II\u2013type aircraft and equipment; ready surplus World War II-era aircraft for transfer, as required, to friendly governments provide to foreign air force personnel in the operation and maintenance of these planes develop/improve: weapons, tactics, and techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Vietnam\nIn response to Lemay's directive, on 14 April 1961 Tactical Air Command activated the 4400th Combat Crew Training Squadron (CCTS) at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The unit had an authorized strength of 124 officers and 228 enlisted men. The 4400th CCTS consisted of World War II aircraft: 16\u00a0C-47 transports, eight B-26 bombers, and eight T-28 fighters. The declared mission of the unit would be to train indigenous air forces in counterinsurgency and conduct air operations. The 4400th CCTS acquired the logistics code name \"Jungle Jim,\" a moniker that rapidly became the nickname of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Vietnam\nAs the military conditions in South Vietnam continued to deteriorate, United States Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara actively began to consider dispatching United States military forces to test the utility of counterinsurgency techniques in Southeast Asia. In response, Air Force Chief of Staff General Curtis LeMay pointed out that the 4400th was operationally ready and could serve as an Air Force contingent for that force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Vietnam\nOn 11 October 1961, President John F. Kennedy directed, in NSAM 104, that the Defense Secretary \"introduce the Air Force 'Jungle Jim' Squadron into South Vietnam for the initial purpose of training Vietnamese forces.\" The 4400th was to proceed as a training mission and not for combat at the present time. \"Jungle Jim\" was a code name and nickname of the original 4400th CCTS and Air Commandos. Members wore an Australian-type green fatigue slouch hat in the style Johnny Weissmuller wore in the Jungle Jim films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Vietnam\nThe mission was to be covert. The commandos were to maintain a low profile in-country and avoid the press. The aircraft were painted with Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) insignia, and all pilots wore plain flight suits minus all insignia and name tags that could identify them as Americans. They also sanitized their wallets and did not carry Geneva Convention cards. Those Air Commandos who served with the Raven Forward Air Controllers in the Secret War in Laos from 1966 to 1974 would continue this sanitized routine during their service there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Vietnam\nElevated to group level as 4440th Combat Crew Training Group, 20 March 1962. The provisional TAC group was replaced by AFCON 1st Air Commando Wing in Apr 1962 and assumed air commando operations and training responsibility. Trained United States and RVNAF aircrews in the United States and South Vietnam in unconventional warfare, counter-insurgency, psychological warfare, and civic actions throughout the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, From the 1970s\nBetween 11 January and 30 June 1974, the USAF Special Operations Force and 1st Special Operations Wing merged their operations, and on 1 July 1974, concurrent with its redesignation as the 834th Tactical Composite Wing, the wing assumed responsibility for operating the USAF Air Ground Operations School, which trained personnel in concepts, doctrine, tactics, and procedures of joint and combined operations until 1 February 1978, and the USAF Special Operations School, which trained selected American and allied personnel in special operations, until March 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, From the 1970s\nElements of the wing participated in the Operation Eagle Claw attempt in April 1980 to rescue U.S. hostages held in Tehran, Iran. Thereafter, continued to work closely with multi-service special operations forces to develop combat tactics for numerous types of aircraft and conduct combat crew training for USAF and foreign aircrews. Conducted numerous disaster relief; search and rescue; medical evacuation; and humanitarian support missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, From the 1970s\nA notable rescue operation they participated in was the rescue of tourists from the roof of their 26 story hotel during the 1980 MGM Grand fire in Las Vegas. Part of the unit was participating in the yearly Exercise Red Flag at Nellis AFB when the call came from local authorities that several hundred people were trapped on the roof of the enflamed MGM. It took several local and military helicopters several hours flying in dangerous conditions to rescue as many people as they could, only being able to take about twenty people per trip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, From the 1970s\nSupported drug interdiction efforts in a coordinated program involving multiple US and foreign agencies, 1983\u20131985. Conducted airdrop and airlift of troops and equipment; psychological operations, close air support, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and attacks against enemy airfields and lines of communications in support of the rescue of US nationals in Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury), October to November 1983, and the restoration of democracy in Panama (Operation Just Cause), December 1989 to January 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, From the 1970s\nBeginning in August 1990, the wing deployed personnel and equipment to Saudi Arabia for Operation Desert Shield/Storm. These forces carried out combat search and rescue, unconventional warfare, and direct strike missions during the war, including suppression of Iraqi forces during the Battle of Khafji, January 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, From the 1970s\nDeployed personnel and equipment worldwide, performing combat search and rescue, and supporting contingencies, humanitarian relief, and exercises that included Bosnia-Herzegovina, Iraq, Kuwait, and Central America. Elements of the wing deployed to participate in Operation Provide Comfort in Iraq, 1991 to 1996 and Operation Deny Flight, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1993 to 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, From the 1970s\nIt supported Operation Deliberate Force/Joint Endeavor, August to September 1995 and 14 to 20 December 1996, flying combat missions and attacking targets critical to Bosnian-Serb Army operations. Wing elements participated in operations Northern and Southern Watch in 1997 and again participated in combat operations in Desert Thunder, February to June 1998 and Desert Fox, 17 to 21 December 1998. It assumed an additional mission, supporting the Aerospace Expeditionary Forces in February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, From the 1970s\nIn 2001 and 2002 the wing deployed elements to Afghanistan and Iraq and fought in other \"war on terror\" operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Units in March 2015\n- 1st Special Operations Aircraft Maintenance Squadron- 1st Special Operations Maintenance Squadron- 801st Special Operations Aircraft Maintenance Squadron- 901st Special Operations Aircraft Maintenance Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Units in March 2015\n- 1st Special Operations Civil Engineer Squadron- 1st Special Operations Communications Squadron- 1st Special Operations Contracting Squadron- 1st Special Operations Logistics Readiness Squadron- 1st Special Operations Force Support Squadron- 1st Special Operations Security Forces Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Units in March 2015\n- 1st Special Operations Medical Operations Squadron- 1st Special Operations Medical Support Squadron- 1st Special Operations Aerospace Medicine Squadron- 1st Special Operations Dental Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Overview in the late 2010s\nThe 1st SOW mission focus is unconventional warfare: counter-terrorism, combat search and rescue, personnel recovery, psychological operations, aviation assistance to developing nations, \"deep battlefield\" resupply, interdiction and close air support. The wing has units located at Hurlburt Field, Florida, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, and Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Overview in the late 2010s\nThe wing's core missions include aerospace surface interface, agile combat support, combat aviation advisory operations, information operations, personnel recovery/recovery operations, precision aerospace fires, psychological operations dissemination, specialized aerospace mobility and specialized aerial refueling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Overview in the late 2010s\nThe 1st SOW also serves as a pivotal component of AFSOC's ability to provide and conduct special operations missions ranging from precision application of firepower to infiltration, exfiltration, resupply and refueling of special operations force operational elements. In addition, the 1st SOW brings distinctive intelligence capabilities to the fight, including intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance contributions, predictive analysis, and targeting expertise to joint special operations forces and combat search and rescue operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Overview in the late 2010s\nThe wing's motto of \"Keeping the Air Commando promise to provide reliable, precise Air Force special operations air power... Any Time, Any Place,\" has repeatedly shown to be true since the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. MH-53 Pave Lows responded almost immediately to support relief efforts in New York City and Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Overview in the late 2010s\nSince the United States invasion of Afghanistan began in October 2001, the wing's aircraft have flown more than 25,000 combat sorties, amassing more than 75,000 combat hours. The wing has also deployed more than 8,500 personnel to 16 geographic locations around the world. The continued high operations tempo of the 1st SOW truly put the Air Commandos assigned here at the \"tip of the spear.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159619-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Special Operations Wing, History, Overview in the late 2010s, Units in December 2020\nThe following units and aircraft are assigned to the 1st Special Operations Wing as of April 2020:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade\nThe 1st Special Service Brigade was a commando brigade of the British Army. Formed during the Second World War, it consisted of elements of the British Army (including British Commandos) and the Royal Marines. The brigade's component units saw action individually in Norway and the Dieppe Raid (in France), before being combined under one commander for service in Normandy during Operation Overlord. On 6 December 1944, the Brigade was redesignated 1st Commando Brigade, removing the hated title Special Service and its association with the German SS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, History\nRecruiting for the Commandos began in 1940 when a call was made for volunteers from certain formations that were still in Britain at the time. It was also decided that the Divisional Independent Companies that had been originally raised from Territorial Army Divisions would be disbanded and used to raise the new Commando units along with other men who had seen service in Norway and elsewhere. Subsequent recruiting for the Commandos was also conducted in the various theatres of war and among foreign nationals joining the Allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, History\nInitially, each 'Commando' was to consist of a headquarters plus ten troops of 50 men each, including three officers; this changed in 1941 to six troops of 65 men per Commando, including a Heavy Weapons Troop. Each Commando unit was initially responsible for the selection and training of its own officers and men. Commando soldiers received extra pay from which they had to find their own accommodation whenever they were in Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, History\nThey trained in physical fitness, survival, orienteering, close-quarter combat, silent killing, signalling, amphibious and cliff assault, motor vehicle operation, weapons (including the use of captured enemy small-arms) and demolition. Many officers, NCOs and trainee instructors initially attended various courses at the all forces Special Training Centre at Lochailort in Scotland. Also in the Scottish Highlands, Combined Operations established a substantial all forces amphibious training centre at Inveraray, and in 1942 a specific Commando Training Centre at Achnacarry near Spean Bridge. All field training was conducted with live ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions\nBefore the formation of the brigade, each Commando fought independently in various actions, being employed as directed by Combined Operations Headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Claymore\nOperation Claymore was a raid on the Lofoten Islands, on the 4 March 1941, by Nos 3  and 4 Commando, 52 Norwegians of Norwegian Independent Company 1 and demolition teams from  55 Field Squadron, Royal Engineers. The force made an unopposed landing and generally continued to meet no opposition. They achieved their objective of destroying fish-oil factories and some 3,600 tonnes (800,000 gallons) of oil and glycerin (some of the oil being destined for use in munitions). Through naval gunfire and demolition parties, 18,000 tons of shipping was sunk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Claymore\nPerhaps the most significant outcome of the raid, however, was the capture of a set of rotor wheels for an Enigma cypher machine and its code books from Nazi Germany's armed trawler Krebs. This enabled German naval codes to be read at Bletchley Park, providing the intelligence needed to allow allied convoys to avoid U-boat concentrations. The British experienced only one accidental injury and returned with some 228 German prisoners, 314 loyal Norwegian volunteers and a number of Quisling collaborators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Archery\nOperation Archery was a raid in December 1941 by Nos 2, 3, 4 and 6 Commando with a small party of Norwegians. Its aim was to destroy the German installations at V\u00e5gs\u00f8y, supported by the RAF who provided air cover and attacked the airfield at Herdla near Bergen. The naval part of the force consisted of one cruiser, four destroyers and two landing ships; the warships began the operation with a shore bombardment of M\u00e5l\u00f8y island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Archery\nThe commandos were split into five groups, one landed to the west of South V\u00e5gs\u00f8y to secure the area and then moved up to the town. The second group landed to the north of the town to prevent German reinforcements getting in. The third group landed on M\u00e5l\u00f8y to deal with the guns and garrison there, but the Navy had done their job well, the guns were silent. The fourth group landed in the town itself, which proved to be the main centre of resistance, the last group was kept on board ship to act as a floating reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Archery\nThe German garrison in the town was larger than expected and reinforcements had to be requested from the group to the west, from the floating reserve and from elements of the group on M\u00e5l\u00f8y. House-to-house fighting ensued, but by 1345 hours it was over and the force re-embarked soon afterwards; 15,000 tons of shipping and all German installations were destroyed, as well as warehouses, dockyards and fish-oil processing plants. 98 Germans were taken prisoner along with 4 'Quislings', 77 Norwegians also decided to come with them back to Britain. The German garrison had around 150 killed, the British lost 19 men and 57 wounded and the Norwegian force lost 1 man and 2 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Archery\nThe after-effects of the raid had far reaching consequences, as the Germans took reprisals against the Norwegian population which prompted protests from the Norwegian King Haakon VII and the government-in-exile. The Germans also reinforced and strengthened their defences which tied down troops that could have been used elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Jubilee, (Dieppe raid)\nThe Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942, involved over 6,000 Canadian soldiers supported by large British naval and Allied air force contingents. The objective was to seize the port, gather intelligence and assess the German response. The raid was also intended to use air power to draw the Luftwaffe into a large, planned encounter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Jubilee, (Dieppe raid)\nLieutenant Colonel John Durnford-Slater's mission, with No. 3 Commando, was to neutralize a German coastal battery (code named GOEBBELS), near Berneval on the extreme left flank. This battery could engage the landing at Dieppe, some six kilometres to the west. The three 170\u00a0mm and four 105\u00a0mm guns of 2/770 Batterie had to be put out of action by the time the main force approached the beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Jubilee, (Dieppe raid)\nThe craft carrying No 5 group of No 3 Commando, approaching the coast to the east, were not warned of the presence of a German coastal convoy that had been located by British \"Chain Home\" radar stations at 2130 hours. S-boats escorting a German tanker torpedoed some of the landing craft and disabled the escorting Steam Gun Boat 5. Subsequently Motor Launch 346 and Landing Craft Flak 1 combined to drive off the German boats, but the Group was dispersed, with some losses. The enemy's coastal defences were also alerted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0010-0002", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Jubilee, (Dieppe raid)\nOnly a handful of commandos under the Second in Command, Major Peter Young, landed and scaled the barbed wire-laced cliffs. 18 Commandos reached the perimeter of the GOEBBELS Battery via Bernevall and engaged their target with small-arms fire. Unable to destroy the guns, their sniping of the crews prevented the guns from firing effectively on the main assault. Thus, a handful of determined British soldiers neutralised the most dangerous German coastal battery in the area of the raid for the most critical period of the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Independent actions, Operation Jubilee, (Dieppe raid)\nNo. 4 Commando was tasked with landing on the extreme right flank; they landed in force and destroyed their targets, providing the only major success of the operation. Most of No 4 returned safely to England. This portion of the raid was considered a model for future commando operations. Lord Lovat became famous as an officer on Orange Beach (and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his part). Captain Patrick Porteous, attached to No. 4 Commando, was awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Formation of the Brigade\nThe brigade was assembled under one commander in 1943 and trained to operate as a formation in preparation for Operation Overlord and the Normandy landings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nThe plan was for 1st Special Service Brigade comprising Nos 3, 4, 6 and 45 (RM) Commandos to land at Ouistreham in Queen Red sector (the most easterly). No 4 Commando were augmented by 1 and 8 Troops (both French) of No 10 (Inter Allied) Commando. No 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando was formed in January 1942 and included Nos 1 and 7 Troops (French), 4 Troop (Belgian), Dutch Troop, Norwegian Troop, Polish Troop, X Troop (German and Austrian, Hungarians and Greeks), Yugoslav Troop, which often served detached in other theatres. In August 1942 they were involved in the Dieppe raid. They also took part in the Normandy Landings and fought across North Western Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nThe assault on Sword began at about 03:00 with an aerial bombardment of the German coastal defences and artillery sites. The naval bombardment began a few hours later. At 07:30, the first units reached the beach. These were the amphibious DD tanks of the 13th/18th Hussars; they were followed closely by the infantry of the 8th Infantry Brigade, part of the British 3rd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nThe 1st Special Service Brigade, under the command of Brigadier Lord Lovat, were piped ashore in the second wave led by No 4 Commando with the two French Troops first, as agreed amongst themselves. The British and French personnel of No.4 Commando had separate targets in Ouistreham: the French, a blockhouse and the Casino; the British, two batteries overlooking the beach. The blockhouse proved too strong for the Commandos' PIAT Projector Infantry Anti Tank) weapons, but the Casino was taken with the aid of a Centaur tank. The British Commandos achieved both battery objectives only to find that the guns had been removed. Leaving the mopping-up to the infantry, the Commandos withdrew from Ouistreham to join other units in their brigade, moving inland to join-up with the 6th Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nLord Lovat reputedly waded ashore wearing a white pullover under his battledress, with \"Lovat\" inscribed on the collar, while armed with an old Winchester rifle. He instructed his personal piper, Bill Millin, to play the commandos ashore, in defiance of specific orders not to allow such an action in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nLovat's forces pressed on, Lovat himself advancing with parts of his brigade from Sword to Pegasus Bridge, which had been obstinately defended by men of the British 6th Airborne Division who had landed in the early hours. The commandos arrived almost exactly on time, (late by about two minutes), for which Lord Lovat apologised to Lieutenant Colonel Richard Geoffrey Pine-Coffin, of 7th Parachute Battalion. The commandos ran across Pegasus Bridge, to the sound of Bill Millin's bagpipes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nDespite rushing across in small groups, twelve men were killed by sniper fire, mostly shot in the head; the men crossing the bridge wore helmets rather than berets from then on. They went on to establish defensive positions around Ranville, east of the River Orne. The bridges were relieved later in the day by elements of the British 3rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nDuring an attack on the village of Br\u00e9ville on 12 June, Lord Lovat was seriously wounded while observing an artillery bombardment by the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division. A stray shell fell short of its target and landed amongst the officers, killing Lieutenant-Colonel A. P. Johnston, commanding officer of the 12th Parachute Battalion, and seriously wounding Brigadier Hugh Kindersley of the 6th Airlanding Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nOn 1 August, the Brigade was ordered to seize and hold a section of high ground by dawn the following day. This was in support of a further advance to Dozule, by 6th Airborne Division. No.4 Commando led with Nos.3, 45 and 6 following. The Brigade infiltrated the enemy line and reached their objective before the Germans realized it. There were four counter-attacks throughout the day but the brigade held firm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\n1st Special Service Brigade returned to England on 8\u20139 September 1944, landing at Southampton and Gosport. During this period new volunteers were recruited and trained. No.4 Commando was later sent back to the continent to take over from the shattered 46 (RM) Commando, which was down to a strength of 200 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nIn December 1944 all Special Service Brigades were renamed Commando Brigades, but with the same Brigade number, so 1st Special Service Brigade was now 1st Commando Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, D-Day, Sword\nAbout the same time there were plans to send 1 Commando Brigade to the Far East, but due to the German counter-offensive in the Ardennes over the New Year and in January, they returned to mainland Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Operation Blackcock\nIn the aftermath of the Ardennes Offensive in January 1945, the Brigade took part in Operation Blackcock, and was temporarily placed under command of the 7th Armoured Division. It was during this period of operations that Lance Corporal Henry Eric Harden, a medical orderly of the RAMC attached to 45 RM Commando, posthumously won the Victoria Cross. With complete disregard for his own safety, Cpl Harden rescued two of his wounded comrades from a field that was under heavy machine gun and mortar fire. During this action he was wounded himself a couple of times. In his attempt to rescue a third person, he was mortally wounded and died instantly. This all happened in the little town of Brachterbeek, in the province of Limburg, Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Crossing the Rhine\nThe Brigade's next large-scale operation was the crossing of the river Rhine at Wesel. Intensive training and detailed planning were the keys to the remarkable success of Operation Plunder on 23 March, which incurred less than 100 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Crossing the Rhine, Operation Plunder\nOperation Plunder started at 1800 hours on 23 March with a barrage of 5,500 guns along the 35\u00a0km front and a bomber raid on the city of Wesel. The 51st (Highland) Infantry Division led the river crossing at 2300 hours with the Canadians crossing later 6.5\u00a0km south of Rees, then the 1st Commando Brigade, 1.5\u00a0km north of Wesel. The assault craft\u2014Buffalo amphibious vehicles, assault boats and DUKWs carried the infantry; LCMs carried the armour, including Sherman DD tanks\u2014were guided across the river by CDL searchlights and tracer fire from machine guns. General Patton had earlier put the US 5th Infantry Division across the Ludendorff railway bridge at Remagen\u2014a day earlier than planned\u2014thus drawing off German reinforcements and reducing the opposition to the main landings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Crossing the Rhine, Crossing the Weser\nThe next obstacle to be tackled was the river Weser, where the brigade was to reinforce and exploit the bridgehead that had already been established. This operation was followed by the crossing of the river Aller, which resulted in some heavy fighting in the woods beyond. A serious situation was averted by a spirited counter-attack by No.6 Commando. When \"...the hunting horns sounded and led by Lieut. Colonel A. C. Lewis, the Commando charged forward through the trees at a fast double and with bayonets fixed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Crossing the Rhine, Crossing the Weser\nBy 19 April, the 1st Commando Brigade had reached Lunenburg and prepared for its final operation, the crossing of the river Elbe and the advance beyond to Neustadt. Reaching there on 3 May, No.6 Commando was the first to arrive and began sorting out the dead and the survivors of the prison ship Cap Arcona that had been attacked by the RAF by mistake whilst moored in the Bay of L\u00fcbeck. The following day, 4 May 1945, Brigadier Mills-Roberts took the surrender of Generalfeldmarschall Erhard Milch and all of the German troops under his command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Dissolution\nThe final chapter concerning the Commandos, during the war, was written on 25 October 1945 with the announcement by Major General Robert Laycock (who had been one of the original volunteers for the Commandos in 1940 and had been promoted to succeed Lord Louis Mountbatten as Chief of Combined Operations) that the Commandos were to be disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Dissolution\nArmy Commandos were disbanded in 1946 and the Commando role was taken over by The Royal Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159620-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Special Service Brigade, Battle honours\nThe following Battle honours were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159621-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Special Squadron (Japanese Navy)\nThe 1st Special Squadron (January 1917 \u2013 October 1918) was an Imperial Japanese Navy fleet. In accordance with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the fleet helped defend Australia and New Zealand as well as Allied shipping in the Pacific and Indian oceans during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159621-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Special Squadron (Japanese Navy), Background\nAt the outbreak of war, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) stood at 3,800 personnel and consisted of sixteen ships, including the Indefatigable-class battlecruiser Australia, the light cruisers Sydney and Melbourne, the destroyers Parramatta, Yarra and Warrego, and the submarines AE1 and AE2. Another light cruiser (Brisbane) and three destroyers were under construction, and a small fleet of auxiliary ships was also being maintained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159621-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Special Squadron (Japanese Navy), Background\nAfter the Imperial German Navy's German East Asia Squadron was destroyed early in the war, most RAN ships were redeployed to the European theatres, leaving Australia and New Zealand exposed to German merchant raiders operating in the Pacific. The Australian government requested help from the British Admiralty, as the remaining warships could not effectively protect the region. These requests suggested that ships of the United States Navy be deployed to supplement the forces in Australian waters, but instead, the Admiralty contacted Japan and made arrangements for several ships to be sent to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159621-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Special Squadron (Japanese Navy), 1st Special Squadron\nIn January 1917, Japan created the 1st Special Squadron, made up of several cruisers supported by the 2nd Destroyer Division. They were tasked to defend the Strait of Malacca and shipping from Australia to Aden. To provide more coverage, the Japanese Navy formed the 3rd Special Squadron on March 26, 1917, to defend the eastern coast of Australia and New Zealand. With the capture and sinking of German raiders, the pressure against Allied shipping lessened, and after December 1917, the 3rd Special Squadron was dissolved and the operational area of the 1st Special Squadron was enlarged to include the eastern coast of Australia and New Zealand. The defence of Australia, New Zealand and of Indian shipping lanes by Japanese ships continued until October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment\nThe 1st Split Partisan Detachment (Serbo-Croatian: Prvi splitski partizanski odred) or the 1st Split Detachment (Serbo-Croatian: Prvi splitski odred) was a short-lived unit of the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II. It was composed of volunteers from the city of Split and was created in August 1941, just four months after the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, and the annexation of Split and most of Dalmatia by the Kingdom of Italy. The unit, composed mostly of young men with little or no fighting experience, planned to relocate to the Dinara mountains to join other Partisan units in fighting the Axis powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment\nAfter initial organizational problems, the weakened detachment reached an area near the village of Ko\u0161ute where they were engaged by Usta\u0161e Militia backed by Italian reinforcements. After a day of fighting and the death of one of their commanders, members of the detachment began to retreat. In the end, the Partisans suffered four killed in action and 25 taken prisoner, while 13 managed to escape. All but three of the prisoners were later executed by firing squad. A Split Detachment was reformed, but most of its fighters were part of the 3rd Dalmatian Assault Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, Background\nThe Axis powers began their invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941. Just four days later, a puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Dr\u017eava Hrvatska \u2013 NDH) was declared, encompassing most of modern-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia. In accordance with the Treaties of Rome signed by the Usta\u0161e leadership of the NDH, a large part of the Croatian coastline and islands, including the city of Split were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, Background\nThe low morale of Yugoslav troops in Split and the uncontested advance of the Italian Army through Dalmatia resulted in a number of desertions. Paramilitary formations of the Croatian Peasant Party (Serbo-Croatian: Hrvatska Selja\u010dka Stranka, HSS) disarmed soldiers. By 11 April, there were no organized military formations remaining in Split, and a large number of police and gendarmerie switched their allegiance to the NDH. With Split under the control of the new Usta\u0161e government, the authorities apprehended 300 citizens they deemed to be political enemies. On 13 April, members of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Savez komunisti\u010dke omladine Jugoslavije, SKOJ) broke into a number of Usta\u0161e weapons depots, stealing dozens of rifles and machine guns, as well as ammunition and hand grenades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, Background\nOn the evening of 15 April, the first troops of the Italian Army entered Split, signifying the start of their occupation. On 21 April, civil control of Split passed from the NDH to Italian authorities, followed by the raising of the Italian flag over the city. On 18 May, Italy and the NDH signed the Treaties of Rome, confirming Italian rule of Dalmatia, including Split.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, History, Formation\nOn 7 August 1941, Pavle Pap-\u0160ilja and Mirko Kova\u010devi\u0107-Lala arrived in Split with instructions from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Centralni komitet komunisti\u010dke partije Hrvatske) to discuss the forming of Partisan detachments to fight the Axis occupiers. In a meeting with the members of the Regional Committee, they agreed that the new detachments should operate in the Dinara mountains where their fighters could rely on support from the population of the Sinj and Livanjsko field regions as well as other Partisan formations planned for Bosanska Krajina and Lika.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, History, Formation\nThis plan meant that the detachments would have to be formed and then relocated to the Dinara mountains. Relocation meant crossing the rough terrain of Zagora, whose population did not support the Partisans. Despite these difficulties, it was decided that in the next two days the Regional Committee would form seven detachments, including one from Split.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, History, Formation\nAccording to the initial plan, on the night of 11 August, the Split Detachment was to move just outside the town and collect weapons that had been captured on 13 April. They would then link up with the Solin Detachment and continue towards Kame\u0161nica. From there, they would travel to Otok to meet with the Sinj Detachment. On 8 August, a meeting of Communist Party members and sympathisers was held in a field house between Split and Stobre\u010d to ask for volunteers to join the Split Detachment. The detachment was formed on 11 August, and consisted of 66 members organized in three platoons. The detachment departed Split on the same day, under the command of \u0110ordano Borov\u010di\u0107-Kurir with  commissar Alfred Santini, and accompanied by Kova\u010devi\u0107-Lala who was in overall command of all Partisan detachments in Dalmatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, History, Ambush and aftermath\nThe plan went awry when the 2nd Platoon got lost and missed a rendezvous with the 1st and 3rd Platoon, which were waiting for them near Mravince. The 2nd Platoon was therefore disbanded while the rest of the detachment continued via Mosor to Dicmo where they were to meet up with their guides. They arrived on the night of 12 August, and upon realizing their guides were not there, decided to continue alone towards Kame\u0161nica, but got lost and ran out of supplies during the night. At dawn on 13 August the detachment camped near the village of Kru\u0161var.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, History, Ambush and aftermath\nIn the evening they once again continued towards Kame\u0161nica, and at dawn on 14 August, they camped near the village of Ko\u0161ute, near Trilj. Borov\u010di\u0107-Kurir tasked two fighters to go into the village and ask the locals for water and directions. After talking to some locals, the fighters were fired upon by a member of the Usta\u0161e Militia of the village. They returned fire then continued back to their camp and notified the others about the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, History, Ambush and aftermath\nJust as they finished their report, the detachment was fired on by Usta\u0161e Militia. The Usta\u0161e called for help from Sinj, and by 18:00, Italian reinforcements had arrived and began encircling the detachment, engaging them with mortars and light artillery. Outnumbered and facing an enemy with greater firepower, the Partisans planned to hold their positions until evening then retreat using the cover of darkness. About 20:00, Kova\u010devi\u0107-Lala, one of the most experienced members of the detachment, was killed after being hit by a mortar round, which had a significant effect on the morale of the remaining fighters. Borov\u010di\u0107-Kurir issued the order to retreat, but it turned into chaos as individuals fled the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, History, Ambush and aftermath\nFour Partisans died in the fighting, and three more were summarily shot after capture. Twenty-five were captured and taken prisoner, while 13 managed to escape. The 25 that were captured were moved to Sinj, where one of the prisoners was beaten to death. The rest were placed on trial before a special court that was sent from Mostar. Three prisoners were acquitted while the remaining 21 were taken to Rudu\u0161a near Sinj, and executed by firing squad. According to the Yugoslav historian Mate \u0160alov, a Split Detachment was still active at the time of the Italian Armistice in September 1943, but only consisted of the detachment staff and a few fighters, with the Dinara Battalion forming part of the 3rd Dalmatian Assault Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, Commemoration\nAfter the war, a public school was named after Borov\u010di\u0107-Kurir. In 1962, the 1st Split Partisan Detachment was commemorated with a 15 metres (49\u00a0feet 3\u00a0inches) tall monument designed by Vuko Bombardelli, which was erected in Rudu\u0161a where the captured members of the detachment were executed. The monument was destroyed by an explosion in August 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence. It was renovated in 2009 with financial aid from the owners of the RNK Split football club, as several members of the detachment had played for the club before the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, Commemoration\nIn 1981, a monument dedicated to the detachment was placed in Vinkova\u010dka street in Split. In July 2013, this monument was vandalized by unknown perpetrators who spray painted symbols of the Usta\u0161e, swastikas, and the initials of the Croatian Civic Party (Hrvatska gra\u0111anska stranka; HGS) and the Croatian Pure Party of Rights (Hrvatska \u010dista stranka prava; H\u010cSP). This was the second time the monument had been damaged. A movie about the detachment, entitled Prvi splitski odred and directed by Vojdrag Ber\u010di\u0107, was released in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, Commemoration\nIn August 2014, the Mayor of Split Ivo Baldasar announced he would propose that the Split city council name a street in the Meja\u0161i neighbourhood after the detachment. The initiative was met with opposition from the Meja\u0161i district leaders, who stated that people living in Meja\u0161i had a \"different political orientation\" and that such action would devalue the Croatian War of Independence and all of its values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, Commemoration\nThe initiative was also met with opposition from the Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica; HDZ) members of the council who accused Baldasar of \"forging history\", because \"the detachment was never Partisan, and its members didn't die under Partisan insignia.\" A HDZ council member explained that even during the existence of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the street that was named after the detachment did not have the word Partisan in it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159622-0010-0002", "contents": "1st Split Partisan Detachment, Commemoration\nMembers of the Organization of Anti-fascists and Anti-fascist Fighters of Split were also dissatisfied because the proposal was intended for a minor street at the edge of the city. Faced with this opposition, Baldasar withdrew his proposal during a council meeting on 25 August, explaining that he could not \"allow arguments surrounding street names\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159623-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron (Belgium)\nThe 1st Squadron (French: 1re escadrille) is a Recce squadron in the Air Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. It is part of the 2nd Tactical Wing and operates the MQ-9B Sky Guardian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159623-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron (Belgium)\nThe 1re Escadrille de Chasse was the first fighter squadron of the Belgian Air Component. The squadron was founded during World War I, reorganized into a dedicated fighter unit, and became part of a fighter wing before war's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159623-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron (Belgium), History, The origins\nThe 1re Escadrille de Chasse was founded in February 1916 as the first dedicated squadron of the Aviation Militaire Belge. It drew upon the men and equipment of the previously existing provisional Escadrille I. In August 1917, upon receiving the new Hanriot-Dupont 1 aircraft, the first version of  the famous \u201cThistle\u201d symbol was designed by Andr\u00e9 de Meulemeester as the squadron's insignia, to be painted on the aircraft. He also selected the squadron motto \u201cNemo me impune lacessit\u201d or \u201cNo-one can challenge me unpunished\u201d. In March 1918, it would be reorganized into the 9\u00e8me Escadrille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159623-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron (Belgium), History, Operations\nAt the start of World War I, Belgium was neutral. An overwhelming invasion by the German army left Belgium partially occupied by the end of 1914, with its preserved territory shielded by deliberate defensive flooding at Nieuwpoort by the Belgians. As a result, the Aviation Militaire Belgium was based in the diminished remnant of a small country, and performed largely in a static defensive mode. Captain Fernand Jacquet and Lieutenant Louis Robin scored the squadron's first victory on 20 May 1916. It would claim 52 aerial victories and be credited with 15, at a blood cost of five Belgian pilots killed in action and one accidental death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159623-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron (Belgium), Present day\nAfter World War II, the modern Belgian Air Force was founded in 1946. The \"Thistle\" was accorded to 351 Squadron of 161st Wing at Florennes Airbase. On January 10, 1948, this unit became 1st Squadron of 2nd Wing. From that day to the present, the squadron shares the identity and the traditions of the 1\u00e8re Escadrille de Chasse of 1917 . In July 1971, 1 Squadron leaves Florennes for Bierset, to constitute 3rd Wing together with 8 Squadron. Designated to transform to the F-16, the unit swaps bases with 42 Squadron of Florennes in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159624-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron (JASDF)\nThe 1st Squadron (\u7b2c1\u98db\u884c\u968a (dai-ichi-hikoutai)) was a squadron of the 1st Air Wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force based at Hamamatsu Air Base, in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It was equipped with North American F-86F Sabre aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159624-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron (JASDF), History\nOn January 10, 1956 the squadron was formed at Hamamatsu Air Base in Shizuoka Prefecture. It was the first fighter squadron formed by Japan since the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service were dissolved at the end of World War II. It was responsible for training pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159624-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron (JASDF), History\nIt was disbanded on March 31, 1979. At that time the type of aircraft operated by a Japanese fighter squadron was linked to the type of aircraft operated. Squadrons 1\u201311 were F-86F squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment is a Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition squadron of the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (48th IBCT), Georgia Army National Guard. 1st Squadron provides the 48th IBCT both mounted and dismounted reconnaissance capabilities. Prior to 2007, the unit was designated as the 1st Battalion, 108th Armor Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, History, Desert Storm & Bosnia and Herzegovina\nThe 1st Battalion, 108th Armor mobilized for Desert Storm, but were not deployed in time to be able to participate in the war. After certifying at the National Training Center as combat-ready, they demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, History, Desert Storm & Bosnia and Herzegovina\nThe 1st Battalion, 108th Armor deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina for Stabilization Force (SFOR) Rotation 9 to provide support operations for Task Force Eagle (United States contingent to United Nations Operations in support of Dayton Peace Accord). The SFOR9 rotation was scheduled from April to October 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terrorism\nThe 1st Battalion, 108th Armor mobilized as a component of the 48th Brigade Combat Team in 2004 for combat operations in support of the Global War on Terrorism. It was augmented with an additional Infantry company from Alabama and organized as Task Force (TF) Roughrider. In May 2005 the unit began deploying to Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and experienced some of the fiercest combat actions in the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terrorism\nDuring the first half of the brigade's deployment (Spring 2005 through Spring 2006) to Iraq, the 1-108th spent much of its time conducting cordon and search operations, reconnaissance missions, and raids in Iraq's Triangle of Death region southwest of Baghdad. The unit's focus shifted during the second half of the deployment to a theater security mission primarily consisting of convoy escort and civilian military operations. On 20 April 2006, at Ft. Stewart, members of the 1-108th returned home after a year of combat operations in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terrorism\nAs a part of the United States Army's ongoing transformation to a lighter, more modular force the 1st Battalion, 108th Armor was re-designated as the 1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry (RSTA) in 2007. The unit traded in its M1 Abrams tanks and its M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles for up-armored HMMWVs. Most of the squadron's tank crewmen have reclassified to 19D cavalry scouts or 11B infantrymen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terrorism\nIn December 2007, the Georgia National Guard's 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) was alerted that it will be deployed to Afghanistan in the summer of 2009 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). In January 2009, the 1-108th began training for the expected year-long deployment. The unit was subsequently deployed to Afghanistan in April as Task Force Roughrider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, History, War on Terrorism\nWhile deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, the 1-108th participated in training the Afghan Security Forces while conducting Counter Insurgency Operations throughout the country. In March 2010 the unit redeployed from Afghanistan and demobilized at Fort Stewart, GA. TF Roughrider suffered six fatalities while deployed to Afghanistan:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nConstituted 19 June 1959 in the Georgia Army National Guard as the 108th Armor, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nOrganized 1 July 1959 from the following units to consist of the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron and the 2d, 3d, and 4th Medium Tank Battalions, elements of the 48th Armored Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n48th Reconnaissance Battalion (organized in 1902 at Jackson) as the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron163d Tank Battalion (organized in 1924 at Calhoun) as the 2d Medium Tank Battalion162d Tank Battalion (organized in 1882 at Macon) as the 3d Medium Tank Battalion190th Tank Battalion (organized in 1889 at Macon) as the 4th Medium Tank Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 May 1962 to consist of the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron and the 2d, 3d, and 4th Medium Tank Battalions, elements of the 48th Armored Division, and the 5th Medium Tank Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 16 April 1963 to consist of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th Battalions, elements of the 48th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 January 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 30th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 December 1973 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 48th Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nWithdrawn 1 June 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters at Calhoun", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nOrdered into active federal service 30 November 1990 at home stations; releasedfrom active federal service 27 March 1991 and reverted to state control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nOrdered into active federal service 6 December 2004 \u2013 3 January 2005 at home stations; released from active federal service 1 September \u2013 1 October 2006 and reverted to state control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nConsolidated 1 September 2007 with the 108th Cavalry Regiment (see ANNEX) and consolidated unit designated as the 108th Cavalry Regiment, to consist of the 1st Squadron, an element of the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team and the 2d Squadron, an element of the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 September 2008 in the Georgia and Louisiana Army National Guard to consist of the 1st Squadron, an element of the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, the 2d Squadron, an element of the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, and the 3d Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nConstituted 2 September 1995 in the Georgia and Louisiana Army National Guard as the 108th Cavalry, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System; concurrently organized from existing elements to consist of Troop A, an element of the 256th Infantry Brigade, and Troop E, an element of the 48th Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n(Troop E ordered into active federal service 6 December 2004 \u2013 3 January 2005 at Griffin, Georgia)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 September 2006 to consist of the 2d Squadron, an element of the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, and Troop E, an element of the 48th Infantry Brigade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n(Troop E released from active federal service 1 September \u2013 1 October 2006 and reverted to state control)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159625-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment, Honors, Campaign Participation Credit\nThe squadron has received participation credit for the following campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment is the BCT cavalry squadron assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division. Carrying the lineage of Company A, United States Regiment of Dragoons, the squadron has served in the Mexican War, Civil War, various Indian Wars, the Spanish\u2013American War, the Philippine Insurrection, World War II, Vietnam, and the Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Early history\nFrom 1833-1945, the 1st US Cavalry Regiment has distinguished itself across most of America's battlefields. The current 1st Squadron carries the lineage of the original Company A from the unit's constitution in 1833 through the implementation of the Combat Arms Regimental System in 1957. For more information on the early beginnings of the 1st Squadron's pre-history, see the 1st Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Cold War; 1945-1954\nAfter World War II, the Regiment reorganized as the 1st Tank Battalion, was later converted to the 1st Constabulary Squadron, serving on occupation duty in Germany until December 1948, when it was inactivated. Reactivated as the 1st Medium Tank Battalion in March, 1951 at Fort Hood, Texas, the Regiment served with Combat Command A, 1st Armored Division, until February 1962 when the remainder of the 1st Armored Division was reactivated. At this time the Regiment was redesignated as the 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment (or 1-1 Cavalry), and resumed its historic role as the \u201ceyes and ears\u201d of its parent organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Cold War; 1945-1954\nDuring October, 1962, as a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Squadron moved to Fort Stewart, Georgia with other elements of the 1st Armored Division. As the world situation eased, the Squadron participated in a STRAC (Strategic Army Corps) mobility exercise and amphibious training at Port Everglades, Florida. During the spring of 1963 the Squadron took part in the STRICOM (Simulation, Training & Instrumentation Command) exercise \u201cSwift Strike,\u201d and then returned to Fort Hood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nIn January, 1967, the commander of 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, was called to Vietnam to assist in studying the role of Armor in Vietnam. Upon his return to Fort Hood, Texas in March, 1967, the Squadron began training for a deployment to Vietnam. From March to August 1967, the officers and men of the Squadron trained daily in all phases of Squad, Platoon, Troop and Squadron operations. The Squadron received superior ratings in their annual training test, annual general inspection, and Command Maintenance Management Inspections during this period. It surpassed every assigned mission with such professionalism, that in late July 1967, the Squadron was awarded the Third US Army Corps Superior Unit Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nArriving in Vietnam in August, 1967, the Squadron consisted of three Armored Cavalry Troops and one Air Cavalry Troop, D Troop, which was not deployed until July 1968. The Squadron immediately deployed in the I Corps Tactical Zone around the city of Chu Lai. It was committed to battle two days after its arrival, operating against the North Vietnamese Army and Vietcong. From 1 September 1967 to June 1968, the Squadron was involved in eleven major battles and numerous smaller engagements; among these were Cigar Island, Que Son Valley, Pineapple Forest, the Western Valley and Tam Ky. The Air Cavalry Troop, Troop D, joined the Squadron 21 July 1968, disembarking at Da Nang and flew directly to Camp Eagle. The Troop remained on combat duty in I CORP for the next four years using the call sign Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Vietnam War\nThe Squadron was further augmented by Troop F, 8th Cavalry, attached to the Squadron as its \u201ceyes and ears.\u201d In the Pineapple Forest Battle of February 1968, the ground-air cavalry team had its greatest victory, killing 180 of the enemy without losing one of its own number. 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment remained in the field continuously during the Vietnam War from 1967-1972, attached as an independent Squadron to elements of the 101st Airborne Division and took part in 13 campaigns. The Squadron departed Vietnam on 10 May 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Cold War: 1972-1991\n1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment returned to Europe and the 1st Armored Division. It took up a frontier mission in December 1978, conducting surveillance of the international border between the Federal Republic of Germany and Czechoslovakia. While watching the border, it eventually gained additional aviation elements to help support its mission. V Corps' Kiowa force stood at 27 soldiers strong, hailing from B\u00fcdingen, Germany. At this time, the Squadron consisted of 3 aerial troops: D Troop (\"Desperado\"), E Troop (\"Executioner\") and F Troop (\"Falcon\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Cold War: 1972-1991\nThey conducted aerial reconnaissance missions and reported the composition/disposition of obstacles or enemy positions, to the 1st Armored Division headquarters. As with their forebearers, the Kiowas lead the Division in all things Scout related. They also worked closely with the Abrams tanks and Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicles on the ground. Units operated out of Camp Pitman a forward base located in Weiden, West Germany.Bco.501st M.I.Bn (Katterbach) had a permanent detachment at the camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Gulf War\nIn February 1991, the Squadron spearheaded the 1st Armored Division\u2019s attack into Iraq during Operation Desert Storm. As the Division's best Cavalry Squadron, 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment made first enemy contact with the Medina Division and informed the Division Commander of the location of the enemy forces. The subsequent battle, known as Medina Ridge, soon involved the Division\u2019s 2nd Brigade consisting of 1-35th Armor, 4-70th Armor, 2-70th Armor and 6-6th Infantry. Medina Ridge was one of the few battles during Desert Storm where American forces encountered significant Iraqi resistance and found it extremely difficult to advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159626-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, History, Gulf War\nThe Iraqi forces were well-deployed. They could not be seen by American forces advancing until after they had cleared the top of the ridge-line. This defilade position gave the Iraqis protection from the powerful long-range direct fire of the M1 Abrams tanks and the M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles. The American units found it necessary to engage an entrenched enemy at close range, resulting in a higher degree of damage to the American armored units. Following the Gulf War, 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment returned with the Division to Germany where it remained until the Bosnian Conflict (1992-1995).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, later 2nd North Midland Brigade, was a Volunteer unit of the Royal Artillery of the British Army recruiting primarily from Staffordshire that fought on the Western Front during the First and Second World Wars in the Normandy Campaign and Belgium, Holland, and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Origin\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) was one such unit, formed at Etruria, Staffordshire, with the first officers' commissions being issued on 18 December 1860. Initially, the 1st Staffordshire (along with the 1st Shropshire and 1st Worcestershire AVCs; there were no 2nd AVCs in any of these counties) formed part of the 1st Cheshire Administrative Brigade. In 1869 it became part of a new 1st Shropshire Administrative Brigade (again with the 1st Shropshire and 1st Worcestershire), with William Field of the 1st Shropshire as lieutenant-colonel in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Origin\nLater, the Worcester Volunteers left to join with the Warwickshires, and in 1880 the 1st Shropshire and Staffordshire Volunteer Artillery were consolidated into a single unit, with the Staffords providing Nos 5 to 8 Batteries. It was organised as a brigade of 'position artillery', equipped with 16 Pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading field guns. In 1882 all the artillery volunteers were attached to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery, with the Shropshire and Staffordshire unit attached to the Lancashire Division. When the Lancashire Division was abolished in 1889 the unit transferred to the Southern Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Origin\nIn 1899 all the artillery volunteers became part of the  Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and in 1902 the unit was renamed the 1st Shropshire and Staffordshire RGA (Volunteers) with two companies. As late as 1906, they were still using the 16 Pounders in their annual camp at Bare, Morecambe. The brigade's headquarters was at Etruria, later moving to Shelton, Staffordshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the RGA (V) were incorporated into the Territorial Force in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the Shropshire Battery was separated once more to become the Shropshire Royal Horse Artillery. The Staffordshire Battery expanded to form two and these were joined by a third battery formed from J Company of the 1st Volunteer Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment at Leek. This company had originally been raised as the 28th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps on 28 April 1860 (the rest of the 1st VB became 5th Battalion North Staffordshires). Together, the RGA at Shelton and the infantry at Leek were formed into a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe brigade was assigned to the North Midland Division of the TF. Sir Smith Hill Child, 2nd Baronet, a local Staffordshire landowner and former officer in the Irish Guards, was appointed commanding officer in 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, Mobilisation\nThe order to mobilise was received on 4 August 1914. Shortly afterwards, the men were invited to volunteer for overseas service, and the majority having accepted this liability, the North Midland Division concentrated at Luton. In November, it moved to the area round Bishop's Stortford where it completed its war training. At the time of mobilisation, the three batteries of II North Midland Brigade were each equipped with four 15-pounder field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, Mobilisation\nMeanwhile, the men who had not volunteered for foreign service, together with the recruits who were coming forward, remained at Stoke-on-Trent to form a 2nd Line unit designated the 2/II North Midland Brigade, after which the parent unit became the 1/II Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade\nThe North Midland Division began embarking for France on 25 February 1915, and by 8 March had completed its concentration at Ploegsteert in Belgium \u2013 the first complete TF division to deploy to the Western Front. It was numbered the 46th (North Midland) Division shortly afterwards. Over the following months the artillery supported the division's infantry in routine trench warfare, particularly when 139th (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade was caught in the German flamethrower attack at Hooge in the Ypres Salient on 30\u201331 July 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nThe 46th Division's first offensive operation was the Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt. This was an attempt to restart the failed Battle of Loos, and the division was moved down from Ypres on 1 October for the purpose. The Germans recaptured the Hohenzollern trench system on 3 October, and the new attack was aimed at this point. The artillery bombardment (by the field guns of 46th and 28th Division, backed by heavy batteries) began at 12.00 on 13 October and the infantry went in at 14.00 behind a gas cloud. The attack was a disaster, most of the leading waves being cut down by machine gun and shell fire from German positions that had not been suppressed by the bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 105], "content_span": [106, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Hohenzollern Redoubt\nOn 23 December, the 46th (NM) Division was ordered to embark for Egypt. It entrained for Marseilles, and some of the infantry had actually reached Egypt before the order was rescinded on 21 January 1916. The artillery returned from Marseilles and the whole division reassembled on the Western Front near Amiens by 14 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 105], "content_span": [106, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Hohenzollern Redoubt\n46th Divisional Artillery rearmed with 18-pounder guns in November 1915. In April and May 1916 the BEF's artillery was reorganised: II North Midland Brigade became CCXXXI Bde RFA (231 Brigade), its batteries were lettered A\u2013C, and a new D Battery was formed. D Battery was almost immediately exchanged for D (Howitzer) Battery from CCXXXIII Brigade (formerly A Battery of CLIV (Empire) Brigade, a unit from Croydon attached to the New Army 36th (Ulster) Division) equipped with 4 x 4.5-inch howitzers. Lastly the Brigade Ammunition Columns were absorbed into the Divisional Ammunition Column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 105], "content_span": [106, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nOn 1 May 1916, the division was ordered into the line facing Gommecourt in preparation for the forthcoming Somme Offensive. Over the first 10 days of the month, the divisional artillery took over the existing battery positions along this front and began digging additional ones. The sector was a quiet one, but on the night of 15/16 May there was a sudden German bombardment of the division's positions, apparently set off by the Germans detecting a wiring party of the adjacent 56t (1st London) Division working in No-Man's Land. CCXXXI's batteries returned the fire from their position behind Foncquevillers, and the exchange went on for about 50 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nPreparations were under way for the 46th and 56th Divisions' assault on Gommecourt on 1 July as a diversion from the main attack further south. While the heavy guns were moved up and dug in, CCXXXI's 18-pounders were used on 22 May to bombard a suspected German machine gun position. On 18 June, the divisional artillery was allocated its tasks for wire-cutting and registration of targets ahead of the attack: CCXXXI and CCXXXII Brigades formed the Left group, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hill Child of CCXXXI. This group supported the attack of 139 Brigade, which was made by two battalions (1/5th and 1/7th (Robin Hoods) Sherwood Foresters) over a frontage of 520 yards into an area of dead ground in front of Gommecourt Wood where the German wire entanglements could not been seen by artillery observers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nAlthough CCXXXI Brigade thought that its wirecutting was successful, the results of this bombardment were patchy. The Germans reported that in this area their 'front trenches were levelled and the wire shot away' but their casualties had been few because of their deep dugouts, and when the attack went in on 1 July their men emerged to receive the attack with heavy machine-gun and rifle fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nDuring the attack, the 18-pounders fired a covering barrage, which was lifted onto each enemy trench line in turn, but the infantry were unable to keep up with these lifts: artillery observation during the attack was difficult due to the smokescreen and confusion. 139 Brigade broke into the first German trench and some parties reached the second, but overall the attack was a bloody failure, as was the whole Gommecourt action. Attempts to reinforce 139 Brigade during the afternoon broke down and the Germans retook the positions lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Gommecourt\nAlthough the 46th Division remained in the line in front of Gommecourt until March 1917 (apart from a month's rest in November), it did not attack again. On 28 August 1916, the brigade's former D Battery returned, and was broken up to bring B and C Batteries up to six guns each. Similarly, A Battery received a section from CCXXXII Brigade's D Battery. On 2 January 1917, C (H)/CCXXXII (former 512 (H) Battery) was broken up and a section joined D (H)/CCXXXI to bring it up to six 4.5-inch howitzers. For the remainder of the war, the brigade had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Bucquoy\nAt the beginning of March 1917, patrols found that the Germans were beginning to retreat from the Gommecourt defences. The division followed up slowly and cautiously, but on the night of 14 March an attack on Bucquoy Graben (trench) by 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade led to heavy casualties. The rushed attack had been ordered by V Corps headquarters despite the protests of the divisional commander, and there was not time for the artillery adequately to cut the enemy wire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Bucquoy\nThe attack went in behind an artillery barrage moving at 100 yards in four minutes but although 'the assault was gallantly pressed' (Official History) it was a complete failure. The Germans eventually retreated as far as their new Hindenburg Line defences well beyond the Somme battlefields, but 46th Division was withdrawn from the pursuit on 17 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 92], "content_span": [93, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Lens\nAfter rest and training, the 46th Division returned to the line in the coal-mining sector around Lens in April. In May and June, the division carried out small-scale operations against Hill 65. 46th Division was now ordered to capture Lens itself, beginning on 28 June. Another divisional attack on 1 July aimed at capturing more houses and trenches. 137 Brigade attacked 'Aconite' trench behind a creeping barrage beginning at 02.47. By 07.00, the two right companies held Aconite, but the two left companies were held up in severe house-to-house fighting. A second push at 08.00 cleared the cellars round the church and caused heavy casualties to the defenders. But, in the afternoon, a German counter-attacks drove the battalion back to its start line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, Lens\nAfter Lens, the division was withdrawn into reserve, and did not engage in major operations again during 1917. On 13 March 1918 the brigadier-general, Royal Artillery, (BGRA) of 46th Division was wounded, and Hill Child took over in an acting capacity. On 22 March Hill Child was confirmed as BGRA, a position he held until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, St Quentin Canal\nThe 46th Division had been very unlucky during the war, the infantry in particular taking appalling casualties at the Hohenzollern Redoubt and Gommecourt, but it gained revenge at the Battle of the St Quentin Canal on 29 September 1918 when it performed one of the great feats of the First World War by crossing the canal and breaking open the Hindenburg Line. Careful artillery preparation and support was an integral part of this success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0018-0001", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, St Quentin Canal\nHill Child had nine brigades of field artillery under his command, including CCXXXI Brigade, and several brigades of corps heavy artillery were also firing on the division's front. The bombardment began on the night of 26/27 September with harassing fire and gas shells, followed with intense bombardment with high explosive shells until the morning of the assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0018-0002", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, St Quentin Canal\nEvery field gun was used in carefully timed barrages: 'creeping barrages' (including smoke shells) ahead of the attacking troops, with pauses at the end of each phase, including a 'standing barrage' of three hours to allow mopping-up of the first objectives to be carried out, and the second wave of troops to pass through and renew the attack behind the creeping barrage. The first of these creeping barrages actually progressed at twice the normal pace while the infantry rushed downhill to seize the canal crossings; it was described in the Official History as 'one of the finest ever seen'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/II North Midland Brigade, St Quentin Canal\nThe attack was a brilliant success, and by the afternoon the field artillery batteries were crossing the canal by the bridges that had been captured or thrown across, and were coming into action on the far side. Over succeeding weeks, the division took part in a succession of successive follow-up attacks: Battle of the Beaurevoir Line, Battle of Cambrai (1918), Battle of the Selle and Battle of the Sambre (1918). On 8 November 1918, in its last operation of the war, 46th Division pushed forward 138 Brigade to seize the Avesnes road, aided by concentrations of fire from CCXXXI Brigade on the main points of resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 101], "content_span": [102, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde\nMeanwhile, the men who had not volunteered for foreign service, together with the recruits who were coming forward, remained to form the 2/I North Midland Brigade, RFA, in the 2nd North Midland Division (59th (2nd North Midland) Division from August 1915), which concentrated round Luton in January 1915. At first, the 2nd Line recruits had to parade in civilian clothes and train with 'Quaker' guns \u2013 logs of wood mounted on cart wheels \u2013 but these shortages were slowly made up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde\nUniforms arrived in November 1914, but it was not until March 1915 that a few 90 mm French guns arrived for training. The division took over the requisitioned transport and second-hand horse harness when 46th Division was re-equipped and left for France. The divisional artillery were joined at Luton by the1st Line 4th Home Counties (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA, and Wessex Heavy Bty, RGA, which were fully equipped and could lend guns for training. Later, the 59th Divisional Artillery took over some 15-pounders (without sights) from a TF division that was proceeding to India. In July, the division moved out of overcrowded Luton, the artillery moving to Hemel Hempstead, where they spent the winter of 1915\u201316. In early 1916 the batteries were finally brought up to establishment in horses, and 18-pounders replaced the 15-pounders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde\nAfter the Easter Rising in April, the division was sent to Ireland. Once the trouble in Dublin had been suppressed, the troops moved out to The Curragh to continue training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde\nIn April 1916, the batteries were designated A, B and C, and later the brigade was numbered CCXCVI (296). At the end of May, 2/1st Essex Royal Horse Artillery joined the brigade as D Battery, but was exchanged in July for B (Howitzer) Battery of CCXCVIII (2/IV North Midland) Brigade. This battery, originally designated 2/2nd Derbyshire Howitzer Battery, was equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers and became D (H) Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde\nIn January 1917, the 59th Division was relieved in Ireland and returned to the United Kingdom, concentrating at the Fovant training area on the edge of Salisbury Plain preparatory to embarking for France. Before departure, the artillery underwent a further reorganisation, with A, B and C Batteries of CCXCVI each receiving a section from A, B and C Batteries of CCXCVII (formerly 2/III North Midland) Brigade, bringing them up to a strength of six guns each. In France, D (H) Battery was similarly made up with a section from C (H)/CCXCVIII (formerly 3 (H)/LIX in 11th (Northern) Division). The final organisation of the brigade was therefore as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde\n59th Division began crossing to France on 17 February 1917 and completed its concentration around Mericourt by 3 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde, 3rd Ypres\nThe 59th Division took part in following the German Army's retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March and April, but it was not until September that it was engaged in its first full-scale action, the phase of the 3rd Ypres Offensive known as the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge. This was a carefully prepared assault with massive artillery preparation, and most of the objectives were taken easily. The next phase, the Battle of Polygon Wood (26 September), was equally successful, with 176th Brigade advancing steadily behind its barrage onto the final objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 90], "content_span": [91, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde, Bourlon Wood\n59th Division was next moved south to join in the Battle of Cambrai. The division entered the recently captured line between Cantaing and Bourlon Wood on 28 November. Fierce German counter-attacks began on 30 November. Two infantry assaults were made against 176th Brigade, but both attacks were easily broken up under British artillery fire. By 4 December the decision had been made to withdraw from the Bourlon Salient, and 59th Division held covering positions while this was carried out. On 7 December the British were back on the line that they would hold for the coming winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 93], "content_span": [94, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde, Spring Offensive\nWhen the German spring offensive began on 21 March 1918 (the Battle of St Quentin), 59th Division was holding the Bullecourt Salient, squarely in the path of the German thrust. The situation soon became desperate, the forward brigades were almost totally destroyed, and the reserves moving up were swamped. The division's field guns in the forward zone were captured after firing over open sights at the advancing Germans. The line was held by rear details, including the gunners using rifles and Lewis guns. Only two batteries of 59th Divisional Artillery escaped, remaining in action for the next four days under the command of 40th Division, during the rest of the Battle of St Quentin and the Battle of Bapaume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde, Spring Offensive\nWhile 59th Division was withdrawn, its artillery remained in the front line, under the command of 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, with which it fought at the Battles of Arras (28 March) and the Ancre (5 April).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 97], "content_span": [98, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde, Reconstruction\n59th Division, without its artillery, was back in the line on 14 April, when it was again in the path of a German offensive (the Battle of Bailleul) and remnants took part in the 1st Battle of Kemmel Ridge (17\u201318 April). By now, 59th Division's infantry had been almost destroyed. The units were reduced to training cadres and the division was later reconstructed with garrison battalions. Until June, it was employed in digging rear defences, then it underwent training to enable it to hold a sector of the front line. On 25 July the reconstructed division went back into the line, and on 21 August it once more took part in active operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde, Reconstruction\nHowever, the Divisional Artillery (CCXCV and CCXCVI Brigades) remained in the Line, serving with various formations as required: 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division (15\u201324 April and 17 May\u201319 June), 37th Division (24 April\u201317 May), XVIII Corps (23 June\u20131 July), 5th Division (1\u20138 August) and 61st (2nd South Midland) Division (8\u201326 August).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde, Advance to Victory\nThe 59th Divisional Artillery rejoined its parent division on 27 August 1918. From 2 October until 11 November 1918, the division participated in the final advance in Artois and Flanders. On 2 October, 59th Division ordered two minor operations in which detachments advanced under cover of smoke and a creeping barrage; these determined that the enemy had retired, and so the division advanced against little opposition. On 16 October the division fought its way through the old defences of Lille, and liberated the city against minimal opposition the following day. Opposition stiffened at the River Schelde was approached, but this was crossed in early November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/II North Midland Bde, Advance to Victory\nThe Armistice on 11 November found the division astride the Schelde north of Tournai. It moved to the coast to operate demobilisation centres at Dieppe, Dunkirk and Calais in early 1919, and to train drafts for continued service in Egypt and the Black Sea. 59th Divisional Artillery including CCXCVI Brigade, was demobilised on 8 August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe 2nd North Midland Bde RFA was reformed in 1920 with an additional battery (based at Stafford) from the former 3rd North Midland. On the reconstitution of the TF as the Territorial Army (TA), the 2nd was renumbered as 61st (North Midland) Bde RFA in 1921 (becoming a 'Field Brigade, RA' in 1924 when the RFA merged into the rest of the Royal Artillery). The unit had the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nIn December 1936, the 46th (North Midland) Division was disbanded, and its headquarters was reconstituted as 2nd Anti - Aircraft Division. 61st Field Regiment (as field brigades were redesignated from 1938) was then attached to 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division. When the TA was doubled in size after the Munich Agreement, the regiment split into two:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 61st and 116th (North Midland) Field Regiments\nOn the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, both regiments were in the process of transferring to the new 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division being formed as a 2nd Line duplicate by55th Division. The division served in various parts of the United Kingdom for the first part of the war, including a spell in Northern Ireland (June 1942 to March 1943). Latterly it was training for Operation Overlord. It embarked on 21 June 1944 and landed in Normandy on 27 June (D + 21).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 61st and 116th (North Midland) Field Regiments, Normandy\nOn 8 July, 59th Division took part in a large-scale attack on Caen, Operation Charnwood, with the artillery of the attacking divisions greatly reinforced by Army Groups Royal Artillery (AGRAs), guns of the Royal Navy and heavy bombers of the Royal Air Force. The attack on the division's front was only partially successful, but after clearing up pockets of resistance it reached its objectives the next day. 59th division was then moved west of Caen and attacked again, on 15\u201318 July, as part of the holding operation before Operation Goodwood was launched to the east. On 6 August, the division's infantry forded the River Orne and then held off heavy counter-attacks, while its artillery supported it from across the river until bridges could be built. By 18 August, the division was pushing south as part of the northern pincer closing the Falaise Pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 114], "content_span": [115, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 61st and 116th (North Midland) Field Regiments, Normandy\nAt the end of August, the 59th Division was broken up to provide drafts for other formations, due to a severe shortage of manpower in the British Army at the time. However, the divisional field artillery was kept together as 59th Army Group Royal Artillery, serving directly under Corps and Army HQs as required, until the end of the year. The composition of AGRAs varied according to circumstances, and mainly comprised medium regiments, but 61st Field Regiment was usually included in 59th AGRA during the autumn of 1944, sometimes with 116th Field Regiment in addition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 114], "content_span": [115, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 61st and 116th (North Midland) Field Regiments, Netherlands\nIn early October, 59th AGRA moved up to 'The Island', near Nijmegen, supporting first the US 101st Airborne Division, then the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions in the Hoogboom area. 61 and 116 Field Regiments were absent from 59 AGRA in late October, then for most of November 59th AGRA only had 61st Field Rgt and one other under command, and was not given any targets until 28\u201329 November when it fired in support of 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division's operation to clear Blerick (Operation Guildford).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 117], "content_span": [118, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 61st and 116th (North Midland) Field Regiments, Netherlands\nAt the end of November, it was announced that 59th AGRA was to be disbanded to provide drafts for the infantry. 59th AGRA's guns continued to fire in support of Operation Guildford, then, on 4 December, the formation moved to the Svegehem area, where 61st Field Rgt left. The disbandment of 59th AGRA's remaining units began in December, with the first drafts of gunners transferring to the infantry in the United Kingdom. 116 Field Regiment was one of those placed in suspended animation from January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 117], "content_span": [118, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 61st Super Heavy Regiment\n61st Field Regiment escaped disbandment and was given a new role as a 'Super Heavy' regiment, equipped with US-built 240 mm howitzers and 8-inch guns. It operated these guns supporting 21st Army Group until the end of the war; it was placed in suspended animation in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 83], "content_span": [84, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the Territorial Army was reformed in 1947, the 61st Field Regiment was reconstituted as 261 Observation Rgt RA (North Midland) at Stoke, forming part of 88 (Field) AGRA. It was renamed 261 (North Midland) Locating Regt in 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\n88 AGRA was disbanded on 31 October 1956 and 261 Rgt was reduced to battery strength as 887 Locating Battery. The battery HQ was at Hanley until 1961, when it moved to Newcastle-under-Lyme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nIn 1967, the unit was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps as B (887 Locating Bty) Squadron of the Staffordshire Yeomanry (Queen's Own Royal Regiment), at Stafford; the squadron also included part of 125 Engineer Regiment Royal Engineers (originally North Midland Divisional RE). In 1969, the Staffordshire Yeomanry was reduced to a cadre, and when it was reformed two years later it was as a squadron of the Queen's Own Mercian Yeomanry and the artillery lineage disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Insignia\nIn the late 1870s, the other ranks wore a standard artillery volunteers' brass helmet plate comprising the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom surmounting the gun badge of the Royal Artillery. A scroll above the gun read FIRST, and the scroll beneath read STAFFORDSHIRE ARTILLERY VOLUNTEERS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Insignia\nAfter the TF was formed, the other ranks of the Staffordshire Batteries wore brass shoulder titles with the lettering T above RFA above STAFFORD, while the Brigade Ammunition Column wore T above RFA above NORTH MIDLAND.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorials\nThere are two memorials to the 46th (North Midland) Division on the battlefield of the Hohenzollern Redoubt: one on the road between Vermelles and Hulluch, marking the jumping-off point of the attack, and one on the site of the redoubt itself, which lists all the units of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorials\nThe 46th (North Midland) Division memorial on the road between Vermelles and Hulluch", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159627-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Memorials\nThe memorial honouring the casualties of the 46th Division at the Hohenzollern Redoubt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159628-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Standing Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam\nBefore the Politburo, an organ with the same functions, known as the Standing Committee of the Central Committee, was the leading Party organ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159628-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Standing Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Members\nStanding Committee of the Central Committee Communist Party of Vietnam since 1941: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh (General Secretary), Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n Th\u1ee5 and Ho\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159628-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Standing Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Members\nStanding Committee of the Central Committee Communist Party of Vietnam since 1945:  H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh (President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam), Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh (General Secretary), V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p, L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd, Ho\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t, Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eb1ng (supplement).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159630-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea\nThe 1st Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) was elected by the 1st Session of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly on 10 September 1948. It was replaced on 20 September 1957 by the 2nd SPA Standing Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159631-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea\nThe 1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea (WPNK) was elected at the 1st WPNK Congress held in August 1946. It consisted of 13 members and remained active until the election of the 2nd Standing Committee by the 1st Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee on 30 March 1948. In between sessions of the Standing Committee, the Political Committee met in its place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159632-0000-0000", "contents": "1st State Council of Ceylon\nThe 1st State Council of Ceylon was a meeting of the State Council of Ceylon, with the membership determined by the results of the 1931 state council election held between 13 and 20 June 1931. The parliament met for the first time on 7 July 1931 and was dissolved on 7 December 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159632-0001-0000", "contents": "1st State Council of Ceylon, Election\nThe 1st state council election was held between 13 and 20 June 1931 in 37 of the 50 constituencies. No nominations were received in four constituencies in the north of the country due to a boycott organised by the Jaffna Youth Congress. The remaining nine constituencies only had a single nomination each and consequently the candidates were elected without a vote. The remaining nine constituencies only had a single nomination each and consequently the candidates were elected without a vote. In addition the Governor nominated eight additional members, John William Oldfield, Maurice John Cary, I. X. Pereira, M. K. Saldin, V. R. S. Schokman, Evelyn Charles Villiers, Thomas Lister Villiers and Stewart Schneider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159632-0002-0000", "contents": "1st State Council of Ceylon, Election\nThe new state council met for the first time on 7 July 1931 and elected A. F. Molamure, F. A. Obeysekera and M. M. Subramaniam as Speaker, Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees and Deputy Chairman of Committees respectively. The seven chairman of the State Council's executive committees, who were members of the Board of Ministers, were also appointed. The State Council was ceremonially opened on 10 July 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159632-0003-0000", "contents": "1st State Council of Ceylon, Election\nFollowing the end of the boycott in the north of the country by-elections were held in the four constituencies in early July 1934. The newly elected members entered the state council on 17 July 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159632-0004-0000", "contents": "1st State Council of Ceylon, Members, Deaths, resignations and removals\nThe 1st state council saw the following deaths, resignations and removals from office:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159633-0000-0000", "contents": "1st State Duma\nThe State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 1st convocation (Russian: \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 I \u0441\u043e\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430) is a former convocation of the legislative branch of the State Duma, Lower House of the Russian Parliament, worked from December 12, 1993 \u2013 December 16, 1995. The first few months, the State Duma was located in the Comecon building on New Arbat Avenue, then moved to the State Duma building on Okhotny Ryad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159633-0001-0000", "contents": "1st State Duma, Leadership\nUntil the election of the Chairman of the State Duma of the meeting, spent the oldest deputy \u2013 69 year-old of George Lukawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159633-0002-0000", "contents": "1st State Duma, Leadership\nOn January 17, 1996, the parliament elected Ivan Rybkin as the Chairman of the State Duma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159633-0003-0000", "contents": "1st State Duma, Committees\nIn the State Duma of the 2nd convocation operated 23 Committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159634-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Step to Heaven\n1st Step to Heaven is a 1986 album by Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft, released on Dean Records via Ariola in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159634-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Step to Heaven\nIt is their only album in English rather than German. Singer Gabi Delgado-L\u00f3pez later noted: \"So we wanted to break our own rules and said: OK, so now we sing in English, now we don\u2019t wear black. (laughing) With purpose. Because we wanted to break our own rules.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159634-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Step to Heaven\nThe album charted for one week on the Swedish album charts at No. 46. The first single from the album, \"Voulez-vous coucher avec moi ce soir\" (an original, though the title is a quote from the lyrics of \"Lady Marmalade\"), reached No. 47 on the German singles chart (charting for 7 weeks) and No. 17 on the Belgian singles chart (charting for 5 weeks). Another single, \"Brothers\", reached No. 23 on the Belgian singles chart (charting for 4 weeks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159634-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Step to Heaven\nThe band reunited to make the album but split again soon after its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159634-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Step to Heaven\nA variant track listing was released in the US as Hitz Blitz in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159635-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Stinger Battery\n1st Stinger Battery   was an air defense unit of the United States Marine Corps. When active, it was part of Marine Air Control Group 18 (MACG-18) and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1st MAW) and was based at Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, Okinawa, Japan. On December 7, 2006, Headquarters Marine Corps released a message stating that 1st Stinger would be deactivated during 2007. The battery was decommissioned on September 28, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159635-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Stinger Battery, Mission\nTo provide close-in, low altitude, surface-to-air weapons fires in defense of Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) assets defending forward combat areas, maneuver forces, vital areas, installations, and/or units engaged in special/independent operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159635-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Stinger Battery, History\n1st Stinger Battery was initially activated on July 1, 1982, at Marine Corps Air Station, Futenma, Okinawa, Japan as 1st Forward Area Air Defense (FAAD) Battery, Marine Air Control Group 18, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. Employing the Redeye missile and the newly fielded Stinger missile, the battery participated in numerous exercises throughout the Pacific Rim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159635-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Stinger Battery, History\nOn October 1, 1986, the Battery was redesignated as 1st Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) Battalion. The battalion consisted of two firing batteries and a headquarters and service battery. During Operation Desert Storm, 1st LAAD Battalion deployed a Platoon (-) in the defense of Al Jabal Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159635-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Stinger Battery, History\nOn May 14, 1993, 1st LAAD Battalion was reduced in size and redesignated as 1st Stinger Battery. The Battery consists of two firing platoons and a headquarters and service platoon. In January 1996, the Battery fielded the Avenger Weapon System, increasing its firepower and targeting capabilities. Over the next several months, the Avengers and man-portable air defense system (MANPADS) vehicles will be phased-out and replaced with the Advanced-MANPADS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159635-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Stinger Battery, History\n1st Stinger Battery was the only Marine ground-based air defense unit within the III Marine Expeditionary Force. The Battery maintained an aggressive training program and operational tempo as its Marines supported exercises within the Western Pacific and operations with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit. In early February 2007, 1st Stinger battery Marines deployed for the first time in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Their mission was to provide airbase security while in Iraq for the next seven months. The battery returned to Okinawa in August 2007 and on September 28, 2007, 1st Stinger Battery was decommissioned at a ceremony at MCAS Futenma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159635-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Stinger Battery, Unit Deployment Program\nBeginning in the Summer of 2013, Marine Corps low altitude air defense returned to III Marine Expeditionary Force in the form of rotations of LAAD Marines from the remaining CONUS Battalions, 2nd LAAD Battalion and 3rd LAAD Battalion, as part of the resumption of the Unit Deployment Program. Attached to Marine Air Support Squadron 2, LAAD UDP Detachments support III MEF operational requirements for exercises and operations within the PACOM AOR as III MEF's only organic ground based air defense asset in theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159636-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Aerospace Division\nThe 1st Strategic Aerospace Division (1st STRAD) is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Strategic Air Command, assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, being stationed at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. It was inactivated on 1 September 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159636-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Aerospace Division\nThe division directed and supervised heavy bombardment (1943\u20131945) and fighter (1944\u20131945) operations during World War II within the Eighth Air Force in the European Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159636-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Aerospace Division\nReplacing the Eighth Air Force in Okinawa in June 1946, the division directed fighter reconnaissance and bomber organizations, and provided air defense for the Ryukyu Islands, Japan until December 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159636-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Aerospace Division\nFrom 1954 to 1955, the division served as a holding unit at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts, for personnel of Eighth Air Force, who moved to the base as part of a transfer of Eighth's headquarters from Carswell Air Force Base, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159636-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Aerospace Division\nActivated again under the Air Research and Development Command in April 1957, it was the first division level organization controlling intermediate range and intercontinental ballistic missiles. It became an operational component of Strategic Air Command (SAC) in January 1958 and began operational testing of missile systems, supporting missile launchings by SAC and other agencies, and training SAC missilemen. These missions continued until the final disbandment on 1 September 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159636-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Aerospace Division, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159637-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Missile Group (France)\nThe 1st Strategic Missiles Groupment (French: 1er Groupement de Missiles Strat\u00e9giques, 1er GMS) is a former unit of the Strategic Air Forces of the French Air and Space Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159637-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Missile Group (France), History\nThe 1st SMG was formed in September 1968 as the land component of the French nuclear triad (together with the Navy's Redoutable-class ballistic nuclear submarines and the Air Force's fleet of Dassault Mirage IV nuclear bombers). The 1st SMG was an army unit armed with 18 S2 strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. It was based on the Plateau d'Albion in the southeast of France. The group reached operational readiness with its S2 missiles on 2 August 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159637-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Strategic Missile Group (France), History\nThe 18 missiles were split in two batteries (of 9 silos each), officially called \"firing units\" (unit\u00e9s de tir), which were formed respectively in 1970 and in 1972. The first battery was taken off duty in April 1978 in anticipation of the replacement of the S2s with the new S3 ballistic missiles; the modernization of the infrastructure for fielding of the new system commenced at the end of that year. The battery received its first S3 missile on 23 May 1980 (three months behind schedule from the timetable set in 1973) and reached operational readiness on 1 June. The two batteries formed the Firing Squadron 01.200 \"Luberon\" (l'Escadron de Tir (ET) 01.200 \"Luberon\")\u2014the operational unit of the French Army's Strategic Missile Brigade 05.200 (Brigade de Missiles Strat\u00e9giques (BMS) 05.200), formed in May 1968. The \"Luberon\" Firing Squadron changed its designation from 01.200 to 02.394 in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 946]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159637-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Missile Group (France), History\nIn 1985, the land-based ballistic missile component was transferred from the French Army to the French Air Force. Thus, in June that year, the Strategic Missile Brigade 05.200 became the 95th Strategic Missile Wing (95e Escadre de Missiles Strat\u00e9giques (EMS 00.095)), the Firing Squadron 02.394 \"Luberon\" became its Strategic Missile Squadron 01.095 (Escadron de Missile Strat\u00e9gique (EMS) 01.095), and the army base became an operational air force installation designated as Air Base 200 Apt-Saint-Christol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159637-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Strategic Missile Group (France), History\nThe base was protected by the Protection Squadron 21.200 (l'Escadron de protection (EP) 21.200), a dedicated missile air defence unit armed with Crotale SAMs, a dedicated NBC defence unit and the 04.067 Durance Helicopter Squadron (l'Escadron d'h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res (EH) 04.067 Durance) providing perimeter security to the base. Protection Squadron 21.200 consisted of four paratrooper companies and additional support units such as horse-mounted and working dog platoons. It was formed in 1968 and split into two separate squadrons in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159637-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Missile Group (France), History\nWith the armed forces reduction in Europe after the end of the Cold War and the rapid technological advancements in guided weapon systems, the base's vulnerability increased. As a result, plans for the replacement of the S3 with a land version of the Navy's M5 strategic nuclear ballistic missile system were deemed impractical by the French government. On 22 February 1996 French President Jacques Chirac announced that the S3 missiles would be dismantled and that the Apt-Saint-Christol air base would be closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159637-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Strategic Missile Group (France), History\nOn 31 August 1998 the 1st Strategic Missile Group and the 04.067 Durance Helicopter Squadron were disbanded. The dismantling of the S3 missiles was completed the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159638-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Streamy Awards\nThe 1st Annual Streamy Awards was the first ever awards ceremony to celebrate web series and the first installment of the Streamy Awards. The awards were held on March 28, 2009, at the Wadsworth Theatre in Los Angeles, California. The event had over 1,300 audience members in attendance and was simultaneously broadcast live online. The Official Red Carpet Pre-Show was hosted by Shira Lazar and the award show was co-hosted by Tubefilter, NewTeeVee and Tilzy.TV. The web series The Guild and Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog were the biggest winners of the night, winning four and six awards, respectively, out of the 25 award categories. The show was met by positive reception by celebrities in attendance and the media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159638-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Streamy Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees were announced on March 13, 2009 and the finalists for the Audience Choice Award for Best Web Series were announced on March 17. The Streamy Craft Award winners were announced in a ceremony held on March 26, 2009. The remaining award categories were announced during the main ceremony at the Wadsworth Theatre on March 28. Winners of the categories were selected by the International Academy of Web Television except for the Audience Choice Award for Best Web Series which was put to a public vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159638-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Streamy Awards, Reception\nThe New York Times Magazine columnist Virginia Heffernan called the show \"a goofy and a powerful experience.\" Heffernan, alongside Alexia Tsotsis writing for LA Weekly, were impressed by the celebrity presence at the show, with Tsotsis calling it \"an Emmys for Web TV.\" Maria Russo, writing for TheWrap, and Patrick Orndorff, writing for Wired, praised the quality of the nominees. Russo opined of the show that although \"[in] the big scheme of things it all feels very fledgling\", the existence of the awards felt \"like a cool glimpse into the future\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159638-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Streamy Awards, Reception\nHeffernan, Tsotsis, and Jill Weinberger of Gigaom, singled out the speeches of Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog writer Joss Whedon and The Guild star Felicia Day as particularly memorable with Whedon praising the online content creators in attendance and Day saying of her awards \"this is for everyone who ever said no to me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159638-0002-0002", "contents": "1st Streamy Awards, Reception\nYouTuber and singer Tay Zonday was enthusiastic about the awards saying that they show \"that people don't have to play the system to have their art acknowledged,\" and actor David Faustino said of the show \"we're at a baby stage of something that's going to be amazingly giant and I'm excited to be on ground floor.\" Brian Lowry writing for Variety called the Streamys the \"Worst Award Name Ever\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159639-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Street station (Los Angeles Metro)\n1st Street is an at-grade light rail station on the A Line of the Los Angeles Metro Rail. It has a side platform, and is located in the median of Long Beach Boulevard at Alta Way, one-half block north of the intersection of 1st Street in Long Beach, California. The station is on a loop at the south end of the A Line route and only has Southbound Service. 1st Street station was closed for about a month in September 2014 as Metro renovated the station and added new additional canopies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159639-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Street station (Los Angeles Metro), Service, Metro Rail service\nA Line service hours are approximately from 5:00\u00a0am until 12:45\u00a0am daily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 67], "content_span": [68, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159640-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Street, Los Angeles\n1st Street is an east\u2013west thoroughfare in Los Angeles and Monterey Park, California. It serves as a postal divider between north and south and is one of a few streets to run across the Los Angeles River. Though it serves as a major road east of downtown Los Angeles, it is a mostly residential street to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159640-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Street, Los Angeles\nFor over a mile between Hoover Street and Glendale Boulevard, 1st Street is synonymous with Beverly Boulevard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159640-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Street, Los Angeles, Transportation\nThe L Line runs on east 1st Street between Alameda and Indiana Streets; it operates the Little Tokyo/Arts District, Pico/Aliso, Mariachi Plaza, Soto and Indiana stations. Metro Local line 14 runs through west 1st Street and Metro Local line 30 through East 1st Street. The under construction Metro Regional Connector will have a new light rail subway station on the intersection of 1st Street and Central Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159640-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Street, Los Angeles, Film history\nFirst Street was a location background filmed during the Blood In Blood Out movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159640-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Street, Los Angeles, Downtown bridges\nWalking through these historic bridges in Downtown Los Angeles since 1910 to the 1930s had been a leisure and pastime for some people. In the book Down By The Los Angeles River written by Joe Linton he narrates the readers on a walking path starting from First Street Bridge. LA voters in 1924 passed the Viaduct Bond Act that would allocate 2 million dollars through a tax, the funds allocated would go towards revitalizing the Downtown Los Angeles Bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159640-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Street, Los Angeles, Downtown bridges\nThe friends of the Los Angeles River mobilized the La Gran Limpieza to clean up the Los Angeles River with an educational feature where they invited elementary, middle, and high school students. A collaboration the friends of the Los Angeles had was with the Los Angeles Conservation Corps\u2019 Clean & Green program that monitored the water quality at the rivers monthly. Under their collaborated event efforts activities included cleaning up trash, science experiments, educational workshop, and familiarize participants with the L.A river bridges themselves since events would be facilitated there to create community identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159641-0000-0000", "contents": "1st String Teenage High\nTullycraft released the 1st String Teenage High 7\" EP on the German label Little Teddy Recordings in 1996. The four songs were exclusive, but reappeared on The Singles CD released in 1999. The songs were recorded and mixed at Yoyo Studios in Olympia, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159642-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Submarine Flotilla (Sweden)\nThe 1st Submarine Flotilla (Swedish: F\u00f6rsta ub\u00e5tsflottiljen, 1. ubflj) is a unit of the Swedish Fleet which has operated in various forms since 1904. Its unit staff is located at Karlskrona naval base, Blekinge in Karlskrona Garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159642-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Submarine Flotilla (Sweden), History\nThe embryo of the 1st Submarine Flotilla was formed in 1904, when the Swedish Navy was supplied with its first submarine, Hajen, and the submarine force was formed. In 1918 the submarine force was included as the 1st Submarine Division (1.\u00a0 undervattensb\u00e5tsdivisionen) in the Coastal Fleet. In 1934, the submarine force had been organized as the Submarine Department (Ub\u00e5tsavdelningen) with three included divisions. In 1951, the unit was assigned its current name, and was part of the Coastal Fleet as the 1st Submarine Flotilla. During the 1970s, the Navy Diving School (Flottans dykarskola) was added to the flotilla, which later formed the Diving Division (Dykdivisionen), which included submarine rescue ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159642-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Submarine Flotilla (Sweden), History\nOn 1 July 1994, the flotilla was organized as the First Submarine Department (F\u00f6rsta ub\u00e5tsavdelningen, 1. UbA). This because all units within the Swedish Armed Forces were cadre organized, and got a permanent organisation. On 1 January 1998, the flotilla received its current name 1st Submarine Flotilla (F\u00f6rsta ub\u00e5tsflottiljen, 1.\u00a0 ubflj), and by the Defence Act of 2004 it was decided that the flotilla with its staff would be relocated from H\u00e5rsfj\u00e4rden to Karlskrona. From 1 January 2005, the flotilla came to serve from Karlskrona naval base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159642-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Submarine Flotilla (Sweden), Organisation\nBetween the years 1904-1998, the submarine force was included in the Coastal Fleet. See below the composite of the submarine force at different time points. During the 1930s, the submarine force was included in the Winter Squadron (Vintereskadern), which was the equipped part of the Swedish Navy during winter time. Parts of the submarine force were included in the Gothenburg Squadron and the Karlskrona Department (Karlskronaavdelningen) during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159642-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Submarine Flotilla (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms of the 1st Submarine Division (F\u00f6rsta ub\u00e5tsavdelningen) 1994\u20131998 and the 1st Submarine Flotilla since 1998. Blazon: \"Or, from a wavy base azure a trident issuant sable\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159642-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Submarine Flotilla (Sweden), Heraldry and traditions, Flag\nThe flag is a double swallow-tailed Swedish flag. It was presented to the then 1st Submarine by the Supreme Commander Owe Wiktorin at the Artillery Yard in Stockholm on 30 April 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps\nThe 1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteers was a unit of Britain's Volunteer Force and Territorial Army from 1860 until 1955. Raised at Lowestoft in Suffolk, it served under various designations, as field artillery in Palestine during World War I and as heavy anti-aircraft artillery defending the UK during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Origin\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) was formed at Lowestoft on 19 July 1860 and from 31 May 1861 it was attached to the 3rd Administrative Battalion of Suffolk Rifle Volunteers at Bury St Edmunds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Origin\nIn January 1864, together with other AVCs from Suffolk and Essex, the unit was attached to the 1st Norfolk AVC for administration, and in November that year the 1st Administrative Brigade of Norfolk Artillery Volunteers was formed with four batteries from Norfolk, one from Essex and four from Suffolk. The 1st Suffolk AVC built its drill hall at Arnold Street, Lowestoft, in about 1872.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Origin\nA major reorganisation of the Volunteer Force in 1880 saw the 1st Norfolk Admin Bde consolidated into a single unit, with the 1st Suffolk AVC due to become No 6 Battery. However, the Essex volunteers were unhappy with the arrangements and left, so the Suffolk batteries were renumbered, the 1st Suffolk becoming No 5 Battery in the 1st Norfolk (Norfolk & Suffolk) AVC, which was attached to the Eastern Division of the Royal Artillery in 1886. The Artillery Volunteers were transferred to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) in 1899, and the unit was redesignated the 1st Norfolk RGA (Volunteers) in 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the two Suffolk batteries were separated from the 1st Norfolk RGA to form the IV (4th) (renumbered III (3rd) by October 1908) East Anglian (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (RFA), in which the Lowestoft battery provided both the 1st  Suffolk (Howitzer) Battery, RFA and the 3rd East Anglian Brigade Ammunition Column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Territorial Force\nThe Arnold Street Drill Hall was now used by the 3rd East Anglian Ammunition Column, while the headquarters of the 1st Suffolk (H) Battery was at a Drill Hall in Beccles Road shared with detachments of the Suffolk Yeomanry, the 6th (Cyclist) Battalion of the Suffolk Regiment and the 2nd East Anglian Field Ambulance of the Royal Army Medical Corps. The battery also had an outlying drill station at Peddars Road, Beccles shared with the Suffolk Yeomanry and the 5th and 6th (Cyclist) Bns, Suffolk Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Territorial Force\nThe new brigade formed part of the East Anglian Division of the TF. By 1914 the howitzer batteries were each equipped with four 5-inch howitzers. It was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel The Earl of Stradbroke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe East Anglian Division began its annual training on 27 July 1914 and by 3 August the divisional artillery had concentrated at the Redesdale training area in Northumberland. When the order to mobilise was given on 4 August, the units returned to their headquarters and then moved to their war stations. By 10 August the division had concentrated around Brentwood, Essex, and on 20 August it moved to Chelmsford and formed part of the coast defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, Mobilisation\nMeanwhile, the formation of duplicate or 2nd Line TF units from Home Service men and recruits had been authorised, and towards the end of 1914 the 2nd East Anglian Division came into existence at Peterborough. The original (1st Line) battery became the 1/1st and its 2nd Line became the 2/1st Suffolk (H) Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery\nThe 1st East Anglian Division was employed on coast defence until May 1915, when it was concentrated at St Albans preparatory to going overseas as the 54th (1st East Anglian) Division. However, when the infantry departed for the Gallipoli Campaign, the divisional artillery was left behind. In August it joined the 2nd Line at Thetford and Brandon, Suffolk, the howitzer batteries were rearmed with modern 4.5-inch howitzers and handed over their obsolete 5-inch howitzers to the 2nd Line batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, France and Egypt\nOn 17 November 1915 the 54th Divisional Artillery embarked for France, where it joined 33rd Division, a 'Kitchener's Army' division whose artillery were still under training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, France and Egypt\nAfter a month on the Western Front, during which parties of officers and men were attached for training to other divisions in the Front Line, 54th Divisional Artillery was warned that it was to be transferred to Egypt to rejoin its parent division, which had been withdrawn from Gallipoli. Embarkation began at Marseille on 30 January 1916 and disembarkation was completed at Alexandria by 14 February. The divisional artillery rejoined 54th Division at Mena Camp near Cairo and in April moved into No 1 (Southern) Section of the Suez Canal defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, France and Egypt\nOn 28 May 1916 the 1/III East Anglian (H) Brigade was renumbered CCLXXII (272) (H) Brigade RFA and 1/1st Suffolk (H) Bty became A (H) Battery. On 21 December the brigade was broken up, and A (H) Bty became C (H) Bty in CCLXXI (1/II East Anglian) Brigade (originally the Essex batteries, see above), while the Brigade Ammunition Column was split up between CCLXX and CCLXXI brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Gaza\nThe infantry battalions of 54th Division were slowly brought back up to strength with drafts from home during 1916, and by mid-January 1917 the whole division had assembled at Moascar in preparation for the British invasion of Sinai. After crossing the Wilderness, the division took part in the First (26\u20137 March) and Second Battle of Gaza (17\u20139 April)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Gaza\nOn 29 June 1917 the divisional artillery was reorganised again, with C/272 (H) Bty  joining CCLXX (1/I East Anglian) Bde (originally the Norfolk batteries see above) as C/270 (H) Bty. On 14/15 and 20/21 July, the brigade gave covering fire for major raids on the Turkish lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Gaza\nA six-day preliminary bombardment for the Third Battle of Gaza began on 27 October, with C/270 (H) Bty in No 2 Group supporting 163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade. On X-Day (2 November), 163rd Bde attacked at 03.00 behind a creeping barrage laid down by No 2 Group. The brigade was checked by heavy Turkish defensive fire and some confusion because of the dark night, and the Norfolks were unable to reach their third objective, but on the right flank the 5th Bn Suffolk Regiment kept close behind No 2 Group's barrage and overran El Arish Redoubt with few losses. A new fire programme on 7 November began two hours before dawn and led to the Turkish evacuation of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Nahr el Auja\nDuring the night of 23/24 November the pursuing ANZAC Mounted Division was ordered to seize a bridgehead across the Nahr el Auja supported by A and C/270 Btys. The two batteries moved up rapidly and began bombarding the bridge while the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade forded the river and attacked from the far side 'in a most spectacular charge over a little hill behind the bridge. It was a capital battle' in the words of an officer at 270 Bde HQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0014-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Nahr el Auja\nThe Turks counter-attacked the following day and 270 Bde  was recalled from its bivouacs to re-occupy its positions of the previous day, which A and C/270 managed in 70 minutes from the first alarm. From an observation point known as Z30, effective fire was brought down on the Turks. Thereafter, 270 Bde became the basis of an artillery group positioned to support ANZAC Mtd Division along the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0014-0002", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Nahr el Auja\nThe Turks made a second serious attack on 27 November, where at Z30, C/270 Bty had one section of howitzers firing in one direction, the other at 180 degrees to it, and both targets had got within 3000 yards of the position. The brigade remained in support of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade until the Surrender of Jerusalem on 9 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Nahr el Auja\nDuring the Battle of Jaffa (21\u201322 December), 270 Bde supported 162nd (East Midland) Brigade's attack on 'Bald Hill' with a pre-dawn bombardment, followed by a barrage on the enemy communication trenches. 162nd Brigade successfully took the hill, and when 54th Division pushed on at dawn there was no serious resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Majdal Yaba\nDuring the night of 11/12 March 1918 the 54th Division formed up for an attack on Majdal Yaba. There was no preliminary bombardment: after moving into position in No man's land, the batteries opened fire as the infantry attack went in, and then followed the advance of 162nd Bde, 'leap-frogging' forward by sections to ensure that some guns were always available. 54th Division then took up defensive positions on the height of Majdal Yaba. On 9 April, 270 Bde's guns supported 75th Division's attack against German troops on Three Bushes Hill (the Battle of Berukin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Majdal Yaba\nThe German spring offensive on the Western Front led to a prolonged lull in operations in Palestine. In June, 54th Division was warned of a move to France that was later cancelled. In August, preparations began for the Battle of Megiddo. 270 Brigade HQ commanded No. 1 RA Group, including C/270 (H) Bty, while a series of battery positions were prepared and ammunition dumped (800 rounds per gun for 4.5-inch howitzers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 86], "content_span": [87, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Megiddo\nWhen the offensive opened on 19 September with the Battle of Sharon, there was no preliminary bombardment: the guns moved up close to the line during darkness, and then their opening fire at 04.30 was the signal for the infantry to advance. The field guns bombarded the enemy line until the infantry arrived, then while the 18-pounders fired a creeping barrage for the continued advance, the howitzers switched to firing on specific targets. C/270 (H) Bty was now in Left RA Group of 4.5-inch howitzer batteries supporting 161st (Essex) Brigade. After the timed barrage programme, the guns moved forward again under fire. By about 14.00, 161st Bde had secured all its objectives and 162nd Bde had passed through towards the final objectives. Despite the retaliatory fire, 270 Bde suffered no casualties in this final action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Megiddo\nThe division was then taken out of the line and concentrated at Haifa, where it was engaged in repairing communications for the rapidly advancing army. It next moved to Beirut, where it was concentrating when the Armistice of Mudros was signed with Turkey and hostilities ended on 31 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 1/1st Suffolk Battery, Megiddo\nIn late November 1918 the division was ordered to return to Egypt, the artillery proceeding by sea and arriving in mid-December. Demobilisation began in January 1919, but in March, after its guns had been handed in and about one-third of its men had left, 54th Divisional Artillery was converted into an ad hoc cavalry regiment to act as mounted police during disturbances in Cairo. Demobilisation recommenced in May and was completed in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 2/1st Suffolk Battery\nTraining for the 2nd Line artillery was hindered by the shortage of equipment, and several months passed before guns, horses and harness were received. Even then, only obsolete French De Bange 90 mm cannon were available for training. Early in 1915 the 2nd East Anglian Division (which was numbered 69th in August 1915) concentrated round Thetford, where it formed part of First Army in Central Force. The divisional artillery was distributed around Brandon, Cambridge and Tuddenham. In November the 2/III East Anglian Brigade took over the 5-inch howitzers released by its 1st Line (see above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 2/1st Suffolk Battery\nIn May 1916, the 2/III East Anglian Brigade was numbered CCCXLVII (347) (H) Bde and 2/1st Suffolk (Howitzer) Bty became A (H) Bty. Later in the year the brigade was broken up and it became D (H) Bty in CCCXLV (345) Bde. In June 69th Division was transferred to Northern Command and moved to Harrogate in North Yorkshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 2/1st Suffolk Battery\nIn October the battery swapped places with 536 (H) Battery at Cowshott near Aldershot. This was one of a number of new howitzer batteries formed at the TF Reserve Brigades on 30 June 1916; 536 (H) Battery had been formed at No 5 Reserve Brigade at Glasgow. The two batteries swapped equipment and changed identities: D (H) CCCXLV became 536 (2/1st Suffolk) (H) Bty, while the original 536 (H) Bty was renumbered 544 (H) Bty and continued to be administered by the Glasgow TF Association, but became D (H)/CCCXLV with 69th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 2/1st Suffolk Battery, 32nd Division\n536 (2/1st Suffolk) (H) Bty went to France equipped with four 4.5-inch howitzers and on 10 October it joined CLV (West Yorkshire) Bde in 32nd Divisional Artillery (32nd DA), a New Army formation, becoming C (H)/CLV Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 2/1st Suffolk Battery, 32nd Division\nShortly afterwards 32nd Division was engaged in the Battle of the Ancre, the final phase of the Somme Offensive. A mass of artillery was assembled, including 32nd Division's, to support an attack by V Corps. CLV Brigade was deployed around the position known as 'White City', where it suffered casualties from counter-battery fire. Seven days of bombardment and wire-cutting preceded the attack, which employed a full creeping barrage. The initial pre-dawn attack was a partial success, and attacks continued over succeeding days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 2/1st Suffolk Battery, 32nd Division\n32nd Division's infantry came into the line on 17 November and attacked 'Munich Trench' the following day, though they were quickly stopped by machine gun fire. The battle ended on 18 November, with minor operations continuing through the winter. CLV Brigade was pulled out of White City to safer positions by 21 November, and the divisional artillery was relieved on 6 December. It moved to the St Ouen area, with CLV Bde billeted in nearby village of St L\u00e9ger", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 2/1st Suffolk Battery, 32nd Division\nCLV Brigade left 32nd Division and became an Army Field Artillery (AFA) brigade on 16 January 1917. However, C (H) Bty (formerly 536 (2/1st Suffolk) Bty) remained behind and was split up to bring the howitzer batteries of the remaining 32nd DA brigades (CLXI (Yorkshire) and CLXVIII (Huddersfield)) up to six guns each. The former 2nd Line TF gunners fought with these New Army batteries for the rest of the war, including following up the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, the Battle of Messines, the Defence of Nieuport, the German spring offensive and the final Hundred Days Offensive. The units were disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War I, 3/1st Suffolk Battery\nThe 3rd Line Depot brigade (3/III East Anglian Brigade) was formed early in March 1915. At first, training had to be carried out without any guns, harness or horses. In May the unit was affiliated to No 4 TF Artillery School at High Wycombe. The Artillery School took over training while the 3/IIIrd became a holding and draft-finding unit. The 3rd Line East Anglian brigades were merged into the school in August 1916, when it became 4th Reserve Brigade, RFA (TF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Interwar\nWhen the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the former III East Anglian Brigade was amalgamated with the Suffolk Yeomanry to form 103rd (Suffolk) Brigade RFA in 54th (East Anglian) Division. However, this was broken up again in 1923, the Yeomanry batteries moving to 108th (Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry) Bde RFA, leaving 103rd Bde as an 'Army' unit of the Royal Artillery (RA) in 54th Divisional Area, with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Interwar, Anti-Aircraft role\nHowever, the 103rd Fd Bde was itself broken up on 1 October 1932. The HQ was disbanded and the howitzer battery joined 58th (Suffolk) Medium Brigade (formerly the 6th (Cyclist) Bn Suffolk Regiment) at Ipswich. The senior battery returned to Lowestoft and converted to the Anti- Aircraft (AA) role as an independent 175th Battery, shortly redesignated 409th (Suffolk) Anti - Aircraft Battery, RA. The Earl of Stradbroke became Honorary Colonel of the battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Interwar, Anti-Aircraft role\nOn 1 November 1938, the 84th (1st East Anglian) Field Bde (formerly the 1st Norfolk AVC, see above) was also converted to the AA role as 78th (1st East Anglian) Anti - Aircraft Regiment, RA, and 409th (Suffolk) Independent AA Bty was regimented with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Interwar, Anti-Aircraft role\nThe regiment was assigned to 41st (London) Anti - Aircraft Brigade in 2nd AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War II, Mobilisation\nIn February 1939 the TA's AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command. In June, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations, which in the case of 41st (London) AA Bde was in East Anglia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War II, Blitz\nIn 1940 the AA regiments equipped with 3-inch or newer 3.7-inch guns were redesignated 'Heavy AA' regiments. During The Blitz, from Autumn 1940 to February 1941, 78th HAA Rgt was split up into detachments between 32nd (Midland), 40th and 41st (London) AA Bdes, covering airfields in East Anglia and the East Midlands under 2nd AA Division. By May 1941 the regiment was concentrated in 40th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War II, Mid-War\nOn 6 October 1941, 409 (Suffolk) HAA Bty left to join a newly formed 136th HAA Rgt in 32nd AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War II, Mid-War\nAt the beginning of April 1942, 136th HAA Rgt moved to 30th (Northumbrian) AA Bde in 7th AA Division covering North East England, but by the end of June it was back in the East Midlands with 32nd AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War II, Mid-War\nIn early 1943, 409 HAA Bty was detached from the regiment and attached to 50th AA Bde covering Derby and Nottingham. In May, the whole of 136th HAA Rgt moved south to join 37th AA Bde along the north side of the Thames Estuary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War II, Baby Blitz and Operation Diver\nIn August 1943 the regiment moved to 71st AA Bde. This was part of 2nd AA Group responsible for defending South East England and the approaches to London. Between 21 January and 14 March 1944 the Luftwaffe carried out 11 night raids on London in the so-called 'Baby Blitz'. From April 1944, 2 AA Group had the additional responsibility of defending the ports at which the shipping for the invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord) was being gathered. By now, 136th HAA Rgt formed part of a new 102nd AA Bde in 2 AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 83], "content_span": [84, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, World War II, Baby Blitz and Operation Diver\nNo sooner had the Overlord fleet sailed on D-Day than the long-anticipated V-1 flying bomb campaign began against London. Large numbers of HAA guns under 2 AA Group were deployed in depth across the line of flight of the V-1s as part of Operation Diver, but it was not until most of the HAA batteries were moved out to the coast and given the latest Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictors (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer) that their rate of success against these small fast-moving targets began to improve. Once 21st Army Group had overrun the V-1 launching sites in Northern France, the Luftwaffe switched to air-launching V-1s over the North Sea, and many of the 'anti-Diver' batteries had to be relocated to the East Coast during the autumn and winter of 1944\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 83], "content_span": [84, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Postwar\nAfter the war ended, 136th HAA Rgt briefly served in Scotland with 40th AA Bde, which had moved to Kincardine. On 1 April 1946, the war-formed 136th HAA Rgt was disbanded at King's Park, Glasgow, and its personnel were used to resuscitate the Regular 5th HAA Rgt, with the TA 409 Bty placed in suspended animation to reform 8 HAA Bty of that regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Postwar\n(The original 5th HAA Rgt had been captured at the Fall of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941, but 8 HAA Bty had been operating independently in India and survived, fighting in the retreat through Burma in 1942; it was placed in suspended animation on 28 February 1945.) The reformed 5th HAA Rgt went on to become 69 HAA Rgt in the postwar Regular Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Postwar, 660 Heavy AA Regiment\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1947, 409th (Suffolk) HAA Bty reformed at Lowestoft as a full regiment, designated 660 HAA Rgt, becoming a 'Mixed' unit (indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the regiment) in 1950. The regiment initially formed part of 66th AA Bde (the old 40th AA Bde), though that was disbanded the following year. When AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, 660 HAA Rgt was initially ordered to amalgamate with 4th Bn Suffolk Regiment, but on 22 April this was changed to complete disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159643-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk Artillery Volunteer Corps, Honorary Colonel\nColonel The Earl of Stradbroke, KCMG, CB, CVO, CBE, VD, TD, commanded III East Anglian Brigade and 272 Brigade RFA in France, Egypt and Palestine during World War I. He became Honorary Colonel of the 103rd (Suffolk) Bde in 1927 and then of 409th Independent AA Bty from 1932 until its merger with 78th HAA Regiment in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery\nThe 1st Suffolk & Harwich Volunteer Artillery, later the Essex & Suffolk Royal Garrison Artillery was an auxiliary coastal artillery unit of the British Army first raised in 1899. It defended the ports and naval bases (the Haven ports) around the estuaries of the Rivers Orwell and Stour. Although the unit saw no active service, it supplied trained gunners to siege batteries engaged on the Western Front during World War I. It was greatly expanded in World War II to defend the invasion-threatened East Anglian Coast from Harwich to Great Yarmouth. Postwar it continued in the coast and air defence roles until it disappeared in a series of amalgamations from the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Volunteer Force\nThe rise of the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. These developed into permanent auxiliary units in the later 19th Century. On 1 April 1899 two companies of the 1st Essex Artillery Volunteers based in the port of Harwich became the basis of a new unit recruited among the Haven ports straddling the Essex\u2013Suffolk border, with one new battery at Ipswich and three at Felixstowe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Volunteer Force\nInitially designated the 2nd Essex (Harwich) Volunteer Artillery it was soon renamed the 1st Suffolk & Harwich Volunteer Artillery in Eastern Division, Royal Artillery. From 1 June 1899 all volunteer artillery units were part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and on 1 January 1902 they were redesignated, the Harwich unit becoming the 1st Suffolk & Harwich RGA (Volunteers). It now had eight companies, with its headquarters (HQ) at 6 Church Street in Harwich and No 3 Company detached at Felixstowe. From 1 July 1905 the unit was commanded by Lt-Col Arthur Churchman (later Lord Woodbridge) of the Ipswich-based W.A. & A.C. Churchman tobacco company and a former Mayor of Ipswich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the Territorial Force under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the unit became the Essex and Suffolk Brigade, RGA, as a defended ports unit, with a new headquarters built at Dovercourt in 1911. By 1914 it was organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Territorial Force\nThe responsibilities of the unit were split between the Defended Ports of Medway and Thames (two companies) and the Defended Port of Harwich (two companies), where in wartime they would man the guns alongside Regular RGA companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe Essex & Suffolk RGA mobilised in August 1914 on the outbreak of war. Shortly afterwards TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 70], "content_span": [71, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nBy October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of Siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, and 1st line RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service had been authorised to increase their strength by 50 per cent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 70], "content_span": [71, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nAlthough complete defended ports units never went overseas, they did supply trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas. They also provided cadres to form complete new units for front line service, thus the siege batteries formed in late 1915\u2013early 1916 were a mixture of Regular and TF gunners from the RGA coast establishments with new recruits. In August 1915 Harwich was chosen as one of the depots for forming these units, under the command of Major G.W. Horsfield, officer commanding (OC) No 1 Company Essex & Suffolk RGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 70], "content_span": [71, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe selected Territorials were sent to Beacon Hill Battery under Capt F.A.W. Cobbold (a member of Ipswich's Cobbold brewing family) of No 4 Company to begin their training. The first battery to be formed at Harwich, 76th Siege Battery, consisted of a half battery of men from the Essex & Suffolk RGA, drawn from all four companies, the remainder being returning wounded Regulars, men of the Special Reserve, and 'Kitchener's Army' volunteers. 90th Siege Battery, RGA was formed at Harwich on 1 December 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 70], "content_span": [71, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nAlthough the relevant WO Instruction does not specifically mention this, it is recorded that half the men of the new battery were Essex Territorials, and the remainder Durham miners (presumably Kitchener volunteers). Thereafter four more siege batteries ordered to be formed at Harwich had cadres of four officers and 78 other ranks (ORs) drawn from the Essex & Suffolk RGA: 148, 220, 245 and 356 (see below). A large number of other siege batteries were formed at Harwich during the war (34, 119, 139, 166, 189, 229, 252, 264, 294, 300, 312) and although no TF cadres are specified, it is likely that the Essex & Suffolk RGA would have assisted in their organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 70], "content_span": [71, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Home defence\nThis process meant a continual drain on the manpower of the defended ports units and under Army Council Instruction 686 of April 1917, the coastal defence companies of the RGA (TF) were reorganised. The Essex & Suffolk RGA serving in the Harwich and Shoeburyness Garrison was reduced from five remaining companies (1/1st, 1/4th, 2/1st, 2/3rd, 2/4th) to just three numbered 1\u20133. The 1st and 2nd Line TF distinction was dropped and they were to be kept up to strength with non-TF recruits. In April 1918 the Harwich Garrison comprised the following batteries under the control of No 14 (Essex & Suffolk) Coastal Fire Command based at Landguard Fort:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 70], "content_span": [71, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Home defence\nNo 1 Company was based at Beacon Hill, No 2 at Brackenbury. These defences never saw action during the war. The TF was demobilised in 1919 after the Armistice with Germany and the Essex & Suffolk RGA entered suspended animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 70], "content_span": [71, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nIn the words of the battery's historian, 'the history of No 76 Siege Battery is to a large extent bound up with that of the Essex and Suffolk R.G.A.'. On 3 November 1915 the half battery from Harwich travelled to Roffey Camp, Horsham, to join the other personnel from Clarence Barracks, Portsmouth under the command of Maj W.H. Brent Clark. Clark had been the Regular Army adjutant of the Essex & Suffolk before the war and had applied to transfer to the battery from command of 67th Siege Bty. After training at Lydd, the battery embarked for the Western Front equipped with four 9.2-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nThe battery joined 25th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) with Fourth Army, which was preparing for that year's 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme). 25th HAG supported 32nd and 36th (Ulster) Divisions, which were to attack Thiepval. The infantry went 'over the top' at 07.30 and the heavy artillery bombardment proceeded through its planned phases, lifting from one objective to the next. However, although one brigade of 36th (Ulster) Division had swept through the German positions opposite, the rest of the attack on Thiepval was held up. The guns were ordered to repeat part of the bombardment, but the advance could not be restarted, and counter-attacks drove the Ulstermen out of most of their gains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nThe Somme Offensive continued through the summer and autumn, with 76th Siege Bty supporting the attacks on Pozi\u00e8res and Contalmaison. In September the battery was able to move one of its sections forward to support the attacks on Mouquet Farm ('Mucky Farm') and the Schwaben Redoubt. On 13 November the battery swung its howitzers round to fire on Beaumont-Hamel (the Battle of the Ancre), the capture of which ended the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nThere were minor operations on the Ancre Heights during January 1917, then in March the battery moved to the Arras sector where it supported Canadian Corps' successful attack on Vimy Ridge (9 April). The battery was then engaged during the Arras Offensive until it was moved to the Ypres Salient at the end of May. It played a minor role in the Battle of Messines, then joined 90th HAG for the opening of the Third Battle of Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nAt the end of June the battery was brought up to a strength of six howitzers when it was joined by a section (2 officers and 32 ORs) from 356th Siege Bty, which had also been formed with a cadre from the Essex & Suffolk RGA (see below). But it also suffered serious casualties in the Salient, Maj Cobbold (who had succeeded to the command) being among those wounded).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nThe Ypres offensive opened with the Battle of Pilckem Ridge) on 31 July, but after initial successes the attack bogged down before the end of the day. The follow-up attack (the Battle of Langemarck) on 16 August was a failure. The Battles of the Menin Road (20 September) and Polygon Wood (26 September) were highly successful because of the weight of artillery brought to bear on German positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0013-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nBut as the offensive continued the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to counter-battery CB fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire. 76th Siege Bty suffered serious casualties before it was finally rested in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\n76th Siege Bty joined 62nd HAG on 22 December. By now HAG allocations were becoming more fixed, and on 1 February 1918 they were converted into permanent RGA brigades. 62nd Brigade was defined as a Mixed Brigade, with guns and howitzers of several sizes. Apart from short periods of detachment, 76th Siege Bty remained with this brigade until the Armistice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nEarly in 1918 62nd Bde moved south to join Third Army where its guns were hidden and remained silent until the launch of the German Spring Offensive on 21 March, when they immediately began firing pre-arranged 'SOS' barrages. German retaliation was heavy: the gun positions came under heavy fire of gas, shrapnel and High explosive shells, 76th battery commander was 's and the battery was ordered to pull out just ahead of the advancing Germans. It halted on 26 March after difficult 40 miles (64\u00a0km) retreat along roads crowded with retreating troops and civilians, and periodically under fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nFrom April to July this part of the front was relatively quiet. Then Third Army entered the Allied Hundred Days Offensive. 76th Siege Bty caught up with 62nd Bde in time for the Battle of the Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Switch Line (2 September). Afterwards, the battery took up a very exposed position at Pronville-en-Artois, near Qu\u00e9ant, and after being heavily shelled and suffering numerous casualties had to move into the valley behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nIt supported the attacks at the Battle of the Canal du Nord (27 September) and the Second Battle of Cambrai (8 October), at the end of which it had to cease fire because the enemy had retreated out of range. By now the offensive had turned into a pursuit, and many of the heavy batteries had to be left behind. 76th Siege Bty was billeted on the outskirts of Cambrai when hostilities were ended on 11 November by the Armistice with Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 76th Siege Battery, RGA\nAs 1919 progressed 76th was reduced to a skeleton battery of officers and men who escorted the guns back to England in May. Although the battery was designated 104th Bty in 26th Bde RGA in the interim order of battle published on 21 May 1919, this was scrapped after the signature of the Treaty of Versailles  in June and the battery was officially disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 96], "content_span": [97, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 148th Siege Battery, RGA\n148th Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Harwich under Army Council Instruction 1091 of 29 May 1916 with a cadre of 4 officers and 78 ORs \u2013 approximately a TF RGA company \u2013 from the Essex & Suffolk RGA. It went out to the Western Front in August 1916, manning four 9.2-inch howitzers, and joined Fourth Army, which was engaged in the continuing Somme Offensive. The battery was commanded for a period by Major George Hugh-Jones, who had first been commissioned into the 1st Suffolk & Harwich RGA in 1900. He was wounded in November 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 148th Siege Battery, RGA\nIn March 1917 148th Siege Bty moved north to join the artillery supporting Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge, and then the continuing Arras offensive. In May it went to Second Army for the Battle of Messines and afterwards to Fifth Army for the Ypres Offensive. In June it replaced its old guns by taking over the new Mark II howitzers that 356th Siege Bty had brought with them (see below). The battery supported II Corps at Pilckem Ridge, but the infantry were unable to reach their objectives. Like the other siege batteries at Ypres, 148th struggled to continue its CB work under appalling conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 148th Siege Battery, RGA\nDuring the winter 148th Siege Bty joined 28th HAG, later 28th Bde, and remained with it for the rest of the war. During the German Spring Offensive of 1918 the heavy howitzers of 148th Siege Bty were left behind when 28th Bde went south to reinforce the threatened front, but the brigade was reunited for the Hundred Days Offensive, taking part in Fifth Army's advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 148th Siege Battery, RGA\n148th Siege Bty was designated 116th Bty in 29th Bde RGA in the 1919 interim order of battle, but was disbanded after this was scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 220th Siege Battery, RGA\n220th Siege Battery, RGA, was formed at Harwich on 31 July 1916 from the Essex & Suffolk RGA under Army Council Instruction 1544 of 8 August 1916. It went out to the Western Front 25 December 1916, equipped with four 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers, and initially joined 72nd HAG with Fifth Army on 7 January 1917 during the winter operations on the Ancre Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 220th Siege Battery, RGA\n72nd HAG followed the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich), and then joined Third Army for the opening Battle of Arras. 220th Siege Bty served under several different HAGs during the continuing offensive and through the summer. It went to Ypres in the autumn to relieve exhausted units, and served through the grim battles of Passchendaele with 56th HAG. 56th HAG became 56th Brigade in December and 220th Siege Bty remained with it for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 220th Siege Battery, RGA\n56th Brigade was moved in to reinforce Third Army before the launch of the German Spring Offensive. After the German breakthrough 220th Siege Bty supported the retreating troops, finding ammunition where it could. Eventually the brigade rallied behind Amiens. It returned to the line with Third Army and took part in the Hundred Days advance at the Battles of Albert, Bapaume and Cambrai, followed by the crossing of the Sambre. Even 220th Siege Bty's lighter 6-inch howitzers could not keep up in the final days of the advance. The battery went to Germany as part of the British Army of the Rhine after the Armistice, where it was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 245th Siege Battery, RGA\n245th Siege Battery, RGA, was formed at Harwich on 29 August 1916 with a cadre of 3 officers and 78 ORs from the Essex & Suffolk RGA under Army Council Instruction 1739 of 7 September 1916. It went out to the Western Front on 29 January 1917, equipped with four 6-inch 26 cwt howitzers and joined Second Army in the Ypres sector. Its first major action was at the Battle of Messines, where it suffered numerous casualties under hostile CB fire, including its commander being wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 245th Siege Battery, RGA\nIt moved to Ypres in the summer, supporting II Corps in its ill-fated attacks at Pilckem Ridge and Langemarck. It then fired in support of the more successful battles of the Menin Road, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde, and suffered like the other batteries in the mud of Passchendaele. It then went fr rest with 6th HAG, but was sent to help Third Army ward off the fierce German counter-attack following the Battle of Cambrai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 245th Siege Battery, RGA\nDuring the winter 6th HAG became 6th Bde, and 245th Siege Bty was brought up to a strength of six howitzers. One of the most serious breakthroughs of the German offensive of 21 March 1918 occurred in front of 245th Siege Bty, and it was forced to pull out hurriedly with the loss of half its guns. It took part in a rearguard action at Mont Saint-Quentin, where 16th (Irish) Division covered the Somme crossings. It got back with one gun, which it handed over to another battery and went to the rear to re-arm and refit. In April 6 Bde was supporting Australian Corps and III Corps when the Germans made a thrust at Villers-Bretonneux) All the guns were brought to bear and the attack was halted, then driven back by counter-attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 245th Siege Battery, RGA\n6th Brigade was with Second Army south of Ypres during the summer when 245th Siege Bty was hit by a German bombardment and its commander was killed. The Ypres sector remained quiet during the first part of the Allied offensive of August 1918, but the Germans began withdrawing on Second Army's front and 6th Bde took part in the follow-up, back onto Messines Ridge, leading to the Fifth Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Courtrai. Casualties were still serious, but the battery supported Second Army's crossing of the Schelde. After the Armistice, 45th Siege Bt also served in the Rine Army before it was disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War I, Western Front, 356th Siege Battery, RGA\n356th Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Harwich on 19 January 1917 from a nucleus provided by details of the Essex & Suffolk RGA. It went out to the Western Front on 12 June, manning four 9.2-inch howitzers. It joined II Corps on 22 June where it exchanged its new Mark II howitzers for the older ones of 148th Siege Bty (see above). The battery was then broken up, one section going to reinforce 76th Siege Bty (see above), the other to 265th Siege Bty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 97], "content_span": [98, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Interwar\nWhen the TF was reconstituted on 7 February 1920, the former Essex & Suffolk RGA was split into separate units. Nos 1\u20133 Companies were reorganised as the Essex RGA at Dovercourt with a single battery; this unit later took over some Kent batteries and became the Thames & Medway Coast Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Interwar\nMeanwhile, No 4 Company reformed at Harwich as the Suffolk RGA. When the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921 this unit was redesignated the Suffolk Coast Brigade, RGA and the single company became 176 Coast Battery. When the Royal Garrison Artillery was subsumed into the Royal Artillery (RA) in 1924, the unit was redesignated again as the Suffolk Heavy Brigade, RA. It took over the Dovercourt drill hall after the Thames & Medway moved to Southend in 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Interwar\nIn 1926 it was decided that the coast defences of the UK would be manned by the TA alone. These defences reached their final form in 1932, and the brigade raised a new 166 Heavy Bty at Ipswich on 1 October that year. Together with the Suffolk Fortress Royal Engineers, TA, it became fully responsible for the Harwich defences. In 1938 the RA adopted the more conventional designation of 'regiment' instead of 'brigade' for a lieutenant-colonel's command, and the unit became the 'Suffolk Heavy Regiment on 1 November On the outbreak of World War II the regiment was responsible for the following armament at Harwich:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Home defence\nWith the danger of invasion after the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk, a 'crash' programme began to instal additional guns at smaller ports, together with Emergency Beach Batteries at potential landing sites. The Royal Navy offered the necessary 6-inch guns, some of which were temporarily manned by naval gunners. The first batch, authorised on 22 May 1940, included the following Priority A sites on the East Anglian coast:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Home defence\nA second batch was authorised on 12 June 1940, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Home defence\nOther beach batteries were installed in the area later, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Home defence\nIn addition, 12-pounder and twin 6-pounder guns were installed to counter motor torpedo boats. At their height in the autumn of 1941, the following guns were installed at the East Anglian ports:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Home defence\nDuring 1941, specially trained Coast Observer Detachments (CODs) began to be organised to man coast artillery radar, and in early 1942 the RA formed Defence Troops to defend exposed coast batteries against hostile raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Home defence\nMeanwhile, the RA coast artillery branch had been massively expanded to man the extra defences. With effect from 14 July 1940 the Suffolk Coast Rgt was divided into two separate units, designated 514th and 515th (Suffolk) Coast Regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 71], "content_span": [72, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Home defence, 514th (Suffolk) Coast Regiment\nInitially formed with A and B Btys, later organised as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 103], "content_span": [104, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Home defence, 515th (Suffolk) Coast Regiment\nInitially formed with A, B, C and D Btys, later organised as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 103], "content_span": [104, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Mid-war\nThe coast defences of Suffolk were reorganised in early 1942. Firstly, Harwich Fire Command was split into North Bank and South Bank Fire Commands. 515th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt remained in North Bank FC under II Corps, while a new 572nd Coast Rgt was formed at Harwich in South Bank FC under XI Corps, taking over 281, 282 and 283 Btys from 515th. On 1 May 1942 RHQ of 544th Coast Regiment, previously in North East England, was brought in and established at Lowestoft in Lowestoft FC, taking over 177, 215, 225 and 326 Btys and 23 COD from 514th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt which retained Yarmouth FC; both were under XI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 66], "content_span": [67, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Mid-war\nBy July 1942 Coastal Artillery Plotting Rooms (later known as Army Plotting Rooms) had been created to coordinate the 'coast watching' radar of the CODs, with No 11 plotting room assigned to Yarmouth FC under II Corps and No 12 to Harwich FC under XI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 66], "content_span": [67, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Late War\nBy 1943 the threat from German attack had diminished and there was demand for trained gunners for the fighting fronts. A process of reducing the manpower in the coast defences began, but there were few organisational changes for the Suffolk defences closest to the enemy. In June 1943, 514th Coast Rgt and No 11 Plotting Room transferred from II Corps to Norfolk and Cambridge District Coast Artillery, while 515th, 572nd and No 2 Plotting Room left XI Corps and came under II Corps District. By March 1944 both district HQs had been disbanded and all the units came directly under HQ Coast Artillery, Eastern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Late War\nThe manpower requirements for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) led to further reductions in coast defences in April 1944. By this stage of the war many of the coast battery positions were manned by Home Guard detachments (such as Aldeburgh, Bawdsey and Southwold) or in the hands of care and maintenance parties, including the Beacon Hill, Brackenbury and North Denes batteries. Consequently, RHQ of 572nd Coast Rgt was disbanded on 1 April 1944, together with 110 Bty; as an established TA unit, 281 Bty passed into suspended animation; 282 Bty returned to 515th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0044-0001", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Late War\nThe same disbandment included 546th Coast Rgt in Norfolk, its batteries (174, 197, 219, 228, 324, 353) being taken over by 514th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt, and 548th Coast Rgt in Essex, the batteries (330, 331, 372, 373) going to 515th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt. 23, 56 and 82 CODs were also disbanded at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Late War\nAfter VE Day Britain's coast defences could be stood down. RHQ of 514th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt began entering suspended animation on 1 June 1945 together with 277 Bty; 191, 325 and 384 Btys began disbanding on the same day, while 427 Bty transferred to 515th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt. At the same time 544th Coast Rgt at Lowestoft was disbanded and its remaining batteries transferred to 515th. These procedures were completed by 26 June, and left 515th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt as the sole regimental HQ commanding coast artillery in Eastern Command from The Wash to the Thames, with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, World War II, Late War\n515th (Suffolk) Coast Rgt continued as a holding regiment for the remaining TA coast batteries in the Eastern Ports (215, 280, 282, 427) until 10 January 1946 when RHQ and the batteries commenced entering suspended animation, which was completed by 31 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 514th and 515th (Suffolk) Coast Rgts were reformed as 418 (Norfolk) Coast Regiment at Great Yarmouth and 419 (Suffolk) Coast Regiment at Harwich respectively. Both were in 101 Coast Brigade, based at Dover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Postwar\nHowever, it was soon afterwards decided to reduce the number of TA coast regiments, and so on 1 September 1948 the unit at Great Yarmouth was converted into 418 (Norfolk) (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment ('Mixed' indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the regiment). On 1 August 1950 the regiment was amalgamated into 284 (1st East Anglian) HAA Rgt, which became a Mixed unit. Anti - Aircraft Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955 and there were wholesale mergers among its units: 284 HAA Rgt amalgamated with 389 (King's Own Royal Regiment, Norfolk Yeomanry) Light AA Rgt to form 284 (KORR, Norfolk Yeomanry) LAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159644-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, Postwar\n419 (Suffolk) Rgt continued in the coast defence role until the Coast Artillery Branch of the RA was abolished in 1956. The regiment was absorbed into 358 (Suffolk Yeomanry) Medium Rgt on 31 October 1956, forming a new battery within that regiment. A further round of TA reductions took place in 1961, and on 1 May 284 and 358 Rgts merged to form 308 (Suffolk & Norfolk) Yeomanry Field Rgt and links with the Suffolk coast artillery were effectively ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159645-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Americas\nThe First Summit of the Americas was convened in Miami, Florida, United States, on December 9\u201311, 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159645-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Americas\nThis summit was the first of a series of events for leaders from countries of the Americas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159645-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Americas\nFrom across North and South America thirty-four nations met in Miami and agreed to create Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). All countries were welcome to participate except for Cuba. Cuba was the only country not invited to participate in Miami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159645-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Americas\nThe Summit of the Americas accepted a Declaration of Principles to aid in the process of discussing a continent wide trade bloc. The declaration principles included: Partnership for Development and Prosperity which meant that the heads of all the states in the Americas were committed to promote democracy, its values, and various institutions. Another aspect of the agreement was that all of the Americas were to be joined together in pursuing prosperity for every nation through open markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159645-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Americas\nThe summit adopted a procedure to preserve and strengthen the community of democracies of the Americas. It was agreed upon that all nations would promote democracy and that citizens have the right to participate in government. The thirty-four nations that met in Miami understood that democracy requires an attack on all corruption which is what the agreement stated. There was also a call to cooperation among the nations in eliminating trafficking of illegal drugs. Another outline in the summit was the procedure to promote prosperity through economic integration and free trade. This required a promotion for all nations there should be no subsidies and nations should not practice in unfair laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159645-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Americas, Overview\nThe \"Summits of the Americas\" is the name for a continuing series of summits bringing together the leaders of North America and South America. The function of these summits is to foster discussion of a variety of issues affecting the western hemisphere. These high-level summit meetings have been organized by a number of multilateral bodies under the aegis of the Organization of American States. In the early 1990s, what were formerly ad hoc summits came to be institutionalized into a regular \"Summits of the Americas\" conference program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159645-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Americas, Protests and demonstrations\nThe summits which garnered most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata events, both provoking very large anti-globalization and anti\u2013Free Trade Area of the Americas protests. Police responses to protesters and demonstrations developed into independent news stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159646-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement\nSummit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement (Serbo-Croatian: \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0448\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0459\u0430 / Konferencija \u0161efova dr\u017eava ili vlada nesvrstanih zemalja, Macedonian: \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0458\u0438, Slovene: Konferenca voditeljev dr\u017eav ali vlad neuvr\u0161\u010denih dr\u017eav) on 1\u20136 September 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia was the first conference of the Non-Aligned Movement. A major contributing factor to the organization of the conference was the process of decolonization of a number of African countries in the 1960s. Some therefore called it the \u2033Third World's Yalta\u2033 in reference to 1945 Yalta Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159646-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement\nTwenty-five countries in total participated in Belgrade Conference, while 3 countries, Bolivia, Brazil and Ecuador, were observers. The preparatory meeting of Non-Aligned Countries took place earlier that year in Cairo June 5\u201312, 1961. One of the issues was division of the newly independent countries over the Congo Crisis which led to a rift and creation of the conservative and anti-radical Brazzaville Group and radical nationalist Casablanca Group. All members of the Casablanca Group attended the conference, including Algeria, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Morocco and the United Arab Republic, while none of the Brazzaville Group was present. The summit was followed by the 2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Cairo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159646-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, The Conference\nVladimir Popovi\u0107 was the head of the Yugoslav State Committee for the Preparation of the Conference. The conference brought together 25 independent states. In addition to them, there were three states that had observer status, eleven socialist parties, trade unions from Japan and four other organizations. Socio-economic differences between participants were great and from the beginning participating states often showed different interests. Yugoslavia attached special importance to Latin American countries participation. The participation of these countries, along with the representatives of Europe, should have given the conference the character of a gathering where all parts of the world are represented, and avoid reduction to Afro-Asian meeting as it was case with some meetings before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159646-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, The Conference\nPresident Tito only partially succeeded bringing together all parts of the world to the conference. From Latin America, only Cuba was a full participant, while Bolivia, Brazil and Ecuador had observer status. The reason for that was the inability of these states to resist some pressure from the United States which wanted to preserve its role in the Western Hemisphere. The representatives of Yugoslavia were especially disappointed with Mexico's last minute cancelation. Of the European countries, only Cyprus and Yugoslavia as a host participated in the meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159647-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Supply Battalion\nThe 1st Supply Battalion is a battalion of the United States Marine Corps that specializes in distributing and warehousing military goods and equipment. It is based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California and falls under the command of the 1st Marine Logistics Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159647-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Supply Battalion, Mission\nThe mission of Supply Battalion is to provide general support, ground supply support, less bulk fuel, and Navy funded stock/programs and Distribution system management for the sustainment of Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159647-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Supply Battalion, Mission\nUnder the ongoing reorganization of the Corps, Combat Logistics Regiment 15 was disbanded, and the battalion joined the 1st Marine Logistics Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159648-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Support Group (Australia)\nThe 1st Support Group was a formation of the Australian Army during World War II. The brigade was formed in February 1942, at Victoria Barracks, Sydney and assigned to the 1st Armoured Division. Support Groups were brigade sized formations assigned to armoured divisions that commanded the infantry and artillery elements. The Support Group did not see any active service and was disbanded at Narrabri, New South Wales in November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159648-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Support Group (Australia), Brigade units\nAll units that served with the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159650-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Supreme People's Assembly of Laos\nThe 1st Supreme People's Assembly of Laos was elected by the National Congress of People's Representatives on 2 December 1975. It was replaced by the 2nd Supreme People's Assembly on 1 June 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159651-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea\nThe 1st Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) was elected on 25 August 1948 and convened for its first session on 2 September 1948. It was replaced on 18 September 1957 by the 2nd Supreme People's Assembly. It convened for its first meeting on 2\u201310 1948, which discussed and adopted the constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159652-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Surface to Air Missiles Brigade (Romania)\nThe 1st Surface to Air Missiles Brigade \"General Nicolae D\u0103sc\u0103lescu\" (Brigada 1 Rachete Sol-Aer), is the main air defense unit of the Romanian Air Force. Its headquarters are located in Bucharest. The brigade was created on August 1, 1973, by gathering together the 18th and 19th SAM regiments. In 1995, it received the honorific name \"General Nicolae D\u0103sc\u0103lescu\" (after Nicolae D\u0103sc\u0103lescu 1884-1969) and a new battle flag. The main task of the 1st SAM Brigade is Bucharest's air defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159652-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Surface to Air Missiles Brigade (Romania)\nThe brigade's area of responsibility covers approximately 20,000 square km. in four counties (Giurgiu, Ialomi\u0163a, D\u00e2mbovi\u0163a and C\u0103l\u0103ra\u015fi). The unit currently operates S-75 M3 \"Volhov\", S-125 missiles, and MIM-23 Hawk missile systems. Between 2007\u201308, the 3rd Battalion converted from ZSU-23-4 Shilka and SA-8 anti-aircraft systems to the US-made MIM-23 Hawk system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles\nThe 1st Surrey Rifles (often spelled out in full as First Surrey Rifles and abbreviated as FSR) was a volunteer unit of the British Army from 1859 until 1993. It saw considerable service on the Western Front, at Salonika and in Palestine during World War I. It served as a searchlight unit and as a light anti-aircraft regiment during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Origins\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Force and huge enthusiasm for joining local Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). The 1st Surrey RVC or South London Rifles was one of the first such units formed, being based on the existing Peckham Rifle Club and recruiting many other members from the Hanover Sports Club at Peckham. The first officers were commissioned into the unit on 14 June 1859, and the headquarters was established in Camberwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Origins\nThe following year it absorbed the 3rd Surrey RVC (first commissions 26 August 1859), also based at Camberwell, which became No 2 Company. The 1st Surrey RVC was active in trying to take over other South London groups: in November 1859 it made an unsuccessful approach to a new sub-unit formed in Putney (which actually joined the 9th Surrey RVC in Richmond). By the end of 1860 the strength of the 1st Surrey (South London) RVC was eight companies, recruited across Camberwell, Peckham and Clapham, under the command of Lt-Col John Boucher, formerly of the 5th Dragoon Guards. In 1865 they opened a new headquarters and drill hall in Camberwell. The uniform was Rifle green with red facings. An affiliated Cadet Corps was formed at Dulwich College in 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Origins\nFollowing the Childers Reforms the 1st Surrey RVC became the 1st Volunteer Battalion of the East Surrey Regiment on 1 July 1881, but without changing its title. Under the Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 the battalion was assigned to the Surrey Volunteer Infantry Brigade, whose place of assembly in case of war was at Caterham to man the outer London Defence Positions. By 1907 the brigade had been split into separate East and West Surrey brigades, the 1st Surrey Rifles forming part of the East Surrey Brigade based at  Worplesdon. Volunteers from the unit served in the 2nd Boer War, earning the Battle honour South Africa 1900\u201302.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Territorial Force\nUnder the Haldane Reforms, the former Volunteers were subsumed into the Territorial Force (TF) in 1908. The newly created London Regiment consisted entirely of TF infantry battalions, with no Regular component. The 1st Surreys' recruiting area of South London had been incorporated into the new County of London since 1889, and so it became the 21st (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment (1st Surrey Rifles) (TF) and formed part of 6th London Brigade in the 2nd London Division. Its headquarters and all eight companies were located at Flodden Road, off Camberwell New Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe battalion had just arrived at Perham Down on Salisbury Plain on 2 August 1914 for its annual training when the order to mobilise was received, and it immediately returned to Camberwell. Within four days sufficient volunteers had been recruited to bring it up to full strength, and the battalion marched to billets in St Albans for intensive training. A few officers were left at Flodden Road to form the nucleus of a reserve battalion, which was fully recruited before the end of September. The two battalions were later designated 1/21st and 2/21st Londons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons\nThe 2nd London Division (soon to be numbered 47th Division) was sent to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front in March 1915. The 1/21st Bn disembarked at Le Havre on 16 March and first went into the trenches on the evening of 2 April near B\u00e9thune, the four companies being distributed among the four battalions of 1st (Guards) Brigade for initiation into trench warfare. Later that month the division took over its own section of line, the 1/21st being in front of Festubert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Festubert\nThe Battle of Festubert began on 15 May, and on 25 May the 47th Division extended the British offensive by launching an attack from Givenchy just north of the La Bass\u00e9e Canal. 6th London Brigade (now entitled 142nd (1/6th London) Bde), was chosen to make the attack on a two-battalion front by the 1/23rd and 1/24th Londons, with the 1/21st in support. The brigade was harassed by artillery and machine-gun fire (during the Battle of Aubers) in the days before the attack, which went in at 18.30 on the 25th, against German trenches known as the 'S' Bend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Festubert\nThe leading battalions swept across No-Man's Land with comparatively small losses, but once in the German front-line trench came under fierce enfilading fire from German guns that had pre-registered their own trenches. The lead companies of the First Surreys (B and D), waiting in the British front trenches, were also heavily shelled, and then met with intense small-arms fire when they crossed No-Man's Land to support the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0006-0002", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Festubert\nThey then had to put the captured trenches into a defensible state to ward off counter-attacks, while A and C companies brought up supplies, evacuated wounded, and dug a communication trench from the old front line during the night. Daybreak on 26 May revealed that the left flank of the battalion was 'in the air', with a party of Germans behind it still inflicting casualties. It took all day to fortify this flank and build up parapets that could be handed over to the relieving battalion that night. The First Surreys lost two officers and 32 NCOs and men killed in this action, and three officers and 120 NCOs wounded, and won the battle honour Festubert 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Loos\nAfter rest and reorganisation, the First Surreys returned to frontline duty in June 1915, holding relatively quiet sectors for the next three months while mentoring the Kitchener's Army men of 15th (Scottish) Division. The First Surrey's Regular Army adjutant, Capt H.B.P.L. Kennedy, was promoted to command the battalion. In late September, preparations began for the Battle of Loos, in which 47th Division was to play a major part. 142 Brigade's role was to provide a firm flank to the division's attack, and distract the enemy's attention with dummy figures in No-Man's Land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Loos\nThe attack started on 25 September, and on the night of 28 September 142 Bde went up to relieve the division's leading brigade, the First Surreys taking up positions among the coal mine workings of Loos. For the rest of the winter, the battalion was rotated through the dangerous defences in the area around Lone Tree and the Hohenzollern redoubt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Vimy\nIn Spring 1916 the division was moved to the Vimy Ridge sector near Arras. This was quiet to begin with, but in April intensive mining operations were begun by both sides, and on 20 May the Germans attacked and took some ground from the division. The 1/21st and 1/24th Bns counter-attacked on the evening of 23 May. The 1/24th was held up, but A Company of the First Surreys went ahead and recaptured the old line, holding it for about an hour and causing heavy casualties to the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Vimy\nHowever, they were unsupported by flanking forces and were compelled to return: 'Nothing was left to show for this gallant and costly action beyond a few yards of our old front line'. To hold its position against German counter-attack at the end of the action, the battalion had to be reinforced by a company of the 1/22nd Londons, by the divisional engineers and pioneers and by the tunnelling companies. The First Surreys suffered 187 casualties of all ranks in this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, High Wood\nThe First Surreys were relieved on 27 July and marched south to take part in the Somme offensive. On arrival, the battalion underwent intense training, before going into the line near High Wood on 10 September. On 15 September, as part of the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, 47th Division attacked to complete the capture of High Wood, with 142 Bde in reserve. The First Surreys moved into Mametz Wood at 06.30 to be close to the fighting line, and at noon were released to 140 Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, High Wood\nAt 15.30, the battalion was ordered to capture a length of enemy-held trench (the 'Starfish Line') that lay between 140 and 141 Bdes. All went well until the leading platoons topped the ridge east of High Wood, when they came within view of the enemy's guns. Whole platoons were wiped out by direct hits, but the  others carried on until they were able to make a determined assault on the trench.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0009-0002", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, High Wood\nThe 'Starfish Redoubt' was carried and connection made with the remnants of 140 Bde, but the losses made it impossible to continue to take the second objective (the 'Cough Drop'). Of the 19 officers and 550 men who had gone into the attack, only 2 officers and 60 men remained, the rest being dead or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, High Wood\nThe battalion was pulled out the following morning and marched back to collect a draft of 300 inexperienced men from the 2/5th East Surreys (from 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division in England). By 27 September the First Surreys were back at High Wood in reserve. On 8 October they attacked again, in an attempt to capture 'Diagonal Trench' near Eaucourt l'Abbaye  and the Butte de Warlencourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, High Wood\nThe attack was meant to be a surprise after a 1-minute hurricane bombardment, but the troops could make only 2\u2013300 yards, still some 200 yards short of the objective, before they were  compelled to dig in and form a chain of outposts. The exhausted 47th Division was relieved the following day and sent to the Ypres Salient for the winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Messines\nThe First Surreys went into the line near the much fought-over Hill 60, now a quiet sector used by both sides to rest exhausted divisions. It was not until May 1917 that the battalion began training for a new attack at Messines. Assisted by a series of large mines (including one under Hill 60), the pre-dawn assault at Messines was highly successful. The First Surreys, in support for 142 Bde, moved forward and by 06.15 were in their jumping-off position in the newly captured trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Messines\nA and C Companies advanced and took 'Oaf Line', the German support line, after which they were to seize the spoil bank thrown up from canal construction, then wheel right and cross the canal. B and D Companies jumped off towards the spoil bank at 07.30, but the unit to their left was held up in 'Battle Wood', from which enemy machine-guns enfiladed the battalion as it advanced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0011-0002", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Messines\nOnly a foothold could be gained on the spoil bank, so the divisional commander withdrew the troops and ordered a fresh bombardment of the position from 14.00 to 19.00. Reinforced, the First Surreys were due to renew the assault when the Germans put down an intense barrage, rendering attack impossible. The following day the battalion had to fend off several German counter-attacks. At Messines \u2013 generally considered a successful battle \u2013 the battalion's casualties were seven officers and 237 other ranks killed and wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Messines\nAfter rest, the battalion went back into the front line on 1 July, and held the line or was in support until 25 July. Although this was a quiet period, the First Surreys were among the first units to experience the new German Mustard gas, which caused significant casualties. Even in camp in July and August, the battalion suffered from long-range shelling and night bombing. losing a steady trickle of key personnel. The 47th Division next went to the Arras front, where it held the Gavrelle and Oppy Wood sectors until late November, when it was sent to take over ground captured during the recent Battle of Cambrai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Bourlon Wood\nThe division took over the Bourlon Wood sector on the night of 28/29 November, and was bombarded with mustard gas. On 30 November the Germans made a heavy counter-attack against the sketchy trenches. On the night of 1 December, the First Surreys moved out of divisional reserve to relieve the battered Civil Service Rifles (1/15th Londons) in their isolated forward trenches. Despite gas and high explosive shelling, the battalion held the position until the division was withdrawn from the dangerous salient four days later. However the Germans kept up the pressure on the new line, and on 9 December the First Surreys had to counter-attack to relieve a party of 1/23rd Bn in 'Durrant's Post', after which the line was withdrawn further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Spring 1918\nThe heavy casualties suffered by the BEF necessitated a major reorganisation in early 1918. On 1 February, 1/21st Bn was transferred within the division to 140 Bde, where it came under the command of its former CO, now Brig-Gen H.B.P.L. Kennedy. At the same time it received a draft from the disbanded 2/11th London Regiment (Finsbury Rifles) in 58th (2/1st London) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Spring 1918\nThe German spring offensive opened on 21 March. The First Surreys had just taken over the 'Welsh Ridge' section of the front at Villers-Plouich, with two companies holding a chain of outposts rather than a continuous trench. After a heavy bombardment and a day of skirmishing with German probes, the battalion was ordered to fall back to 'Highland Ridge' after dark. The following day the battalion's Lewis gun teams fought a delaying action from Welsh Ridge to Highland Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Spring 1918\nThe main German breakthrough had been to the south, and over the next few days the whole division had to fall back because of pressure from this flank. The First Surreys now got separated, part retiring with the rest of the brigade, the remainder with battalion HQ and details of other battalions digging in at Four Winds aerodrome at Lechelle. Later, Brig-Gen Kennedy, organising a mixed force from 47th and 2nd Division had two FSR companies under his command, while battalion HQ and the other companies were part of another mixed force holding the brigade's front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0015-0002", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Spring 1918\nThese outposts were slowly pushed in as the enemy infiltrated between them, and it was not until the evening of 24 March that the battalion was once more concentrated, at Bazentin Wood on the old Somme battlefield. On 25 March the battalion occupied an old trench and caused heavy casualties to German troops pushing past in the direction of Pozieres. Towards evening the enemy infiltration forced the brigade back once more. On 26 March the battalion retired across the River Ancre past fresh troops and ceased to be in the front line. For the next few days the First Surreys were engaged in digging defences, coming under heavy bombardment on 4 April when the rest of 47th Division was attacked once more. The battalion was finally relieved on 8 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Spring 1918\nFor the rest of the month, the First Surreys were able to rest, refit, and train, absorbing drafts from the UK. Duties in May and June were light, then in July the battalion began to carry out the usual tours of duty in the front line, including introducing US troops to the trenches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, The Hundred Days\nThe Allies had begun a new offensive at Amiens on 8 August, and the First Surreys joined this at the Battle of Albert. 47th Division attacked on 22 August from the old Amiens defences towards an objective called the Green Line, on the high ground east of 'Happy Valley'. 140th Brigade was in support, intended to exploit any success in conjunction with Whippet tanks and the cavalry of the Northumberland Hussars. However, the division's leading brigades encountered stiffer than expected opposition, the tanks and cavalry were unable to get through, and the Green Line was not reached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, The Hundred Days\n140th Brigade therefore made a fresh attack on the night at 01.00 on 24 August. This surprise night attack was a complete success, the regimental historian reporting that 'In brilliant moonlight, and with a splendid barrage, we went over, and were almost immediately in the trenches which formed our objective'. However, the battalion's left-hand company was severely shot up by a German strongpoint that the neighbouring division had failed to capture. The following afternoon the strongpoint was finally suppressed by tanks. The following night the battalion renewed the advance behind a creeping barrage, gaining two miles with almost no opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, The Hundred Days\nAfter three days' refitting, the division rejoined what had now become a war of movement against German rearguards. The First Surreys had a tough fight to take Moislans trench on 2 September, even though they were officially following up in support, because the attacking forces were also badly thinned \u2013 1/21st Bn itself could only put 100 men into the battle. By now, 47 Division was in need of reinforcements that were not forthcoming; after calling up detached working parties, the First Surreys provided a composite company of 150 men for the operations of 6\u20137 September, after which the division was pulled out of the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, The Hundred Days\nThe First Surreys were warned to prepare for a move to the Italian Front, but this never happened because of shortage of railway rolling stock. Instead, the battalion spent a period holding a quiet sector of the line, and then took part in 47th Division's ceremonial entry into the liberated city of Lille on 28 October. After a halt on the Scheldt, the battalion had advanced past the evacuated city of Tournai when the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Demobilisation\nImmediately after the Armistice the First Surreys were engaged in repairing the Tournai\u2013Ath railway, and then went into winter quarters in the mining village of Auchel, near B\u00e9thune to await demobilisation. Men began to be demobilised in January 1919, and by 4 May the remaining cadre of the battalion entrained for the UK, for an official welcome at Camberwell and a final march-past to Buckingham Palace by London troops on 5 July. The battalion was demobilised on 25 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 1/21st Londons, Commanding Officers\nThe following officers commanded the 1/21st Bn during World War I:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons\nThe 2/21st Battalion was formed on 31 August 1914 began its training in September at Flodden Road, at Ruskin Park and on Wimbledon Common, with a few rifles borrowed from the affiliated cadet corps at Dulwich College. Meanwhile, the men continued to live at home and wore civilian clothes until uniforms gradually became available. In January 1915 the battalion joined 2/6th London Brigade in billets at Redhill, Surrey, where training included digging trenches at Merstham Hill as part of the London Southern Defence Scheme. During February, .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles were issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons\nBy March the 2/2nd London Division was sent to the St Albans area to replace 1/2nd London Division in Third Army, Central Force, and provided drafts to bring the 1st-Line units up to strength for overseas service. The men who had only signed up for Home Service became the nucleus of the 3/21st Bn forming at Flodden Road. The 2/21st was billeted first at St Albans, then at Sawbridgeworth. After camping during the summer, it spent the winter of 1915\u201316 billeted at Coggeshall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons\nIn November the division received .303 Lee\u2013Enfield service rifles in place of the Japanese weapons, and towards the end of January 1916 (now officially the 60th (2/2nd London) Division) it moved to Sutton Veny on Salisbury Plain for final training before proceeding overseas. The 2/21st in 181st (2/6th London) Brigade was brought up to full strength with a draft of recruits (and some Home Service men now obliged by the Military Service Act 1916 to undertake overseas service) from the 3/21st. The battalion crossed to France on 24/25 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Western Front\nThe 60th Division was due to relieve the 51st (Highland) Division in the line near Vimy, and the fresh troops of the 2/21st were introduced to their duties by the 4th Bn Seaforth Highlanders and 9th Bn Royal Scots. The battalion took over its own sector on 16 July. Mining, crater-fighting and trench-raiding were constant on this front, but the battalion's first disastrous trench raid on the night of 15 September dampened its enthusiasm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Salonika\n60th Division was intended to join the Somme offensive in October 1916, but instead was switched to the Macedonian front. The 2/21st was relieved on 25 October and disembarked at Salonika on 8 December. On 17 January 1917, after a rough march up-country, it took over a section of the line at 'Dover Tepe' (Dova Tepe), which it held for six weeks, carrying out one night raid against Bulgarian outposts, but generally more concerned with the bad weather than the enemy. At the end of March, 181 Bde moved to join the rest of the division in the Vardar sector. This was a totally static area during the battalion's stay, apart from one patrol action. During 16\u201318 June the battalion re-embarked at Salonika for Egypt to join the Palestine Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Palestine\nAfter landing at Alexandria, 60th Division moved to the Suez Canal to join the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), where its units were re-equipped and underwent training before crossing Sinai in early July 1917. Further intensive training followed until late October, when the division made its first full-scale attack of the war, at Beersheba. After a silent approach march during the night of 30/31 October, the division bombarded and then attacked Hill 1070, a prominent feature in front of the Turkish main defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Palestine\n181st Brigade advanced on the left at 08.30, with 2/21st in close support, and the position was taken at the double within 10 minutes. 2/21st Battalion lost a few casualties to enemy shellfire while waiting, but none in the attack. The guns then moved up to bombard the Turkish main line, and at 12.15, 181 Bde went forward again with 2/21st in the centre, capturing their objectives without a hitch and forming an outpost line. That evening the town of Beersheba fell to the Desert Mounted Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Palestine\nOn the night of 5/6 November, the 2/21st was ordered to send out two companies to get in touch with 74th (Yeomanry) Division who were due to attack Sheria; this entailed an advance in the dark with inadequate maps, but before dawn C & D Companies had established an outpost line at Wadi Sheria, from which they were able to enfilade the enemy when the attack began at dawn. A Turkish counter-attack was broken up with rifle and machine-gun fire, and later a cavalry brigade of the EEF passed through to complete the victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Palestine\nAfter the fall of Sheria, the division advanced to Nebi Samwil, a strong position in front of Jerusalem, against which the Turks sent a series of counter-attacks. Despite coming under sporadic bombardment, 2/21st Battalion was not seriously engaged during the days it spent in this position. On 9 December the battalion was marching towards Jerusalem, engaging the Turks in the western outskirts and suffering several casualties while clearing the last ridge with the bayonet. On 13 December B & D Companies made a surprise attack on a Turkish position known as 'Tower Hill', after which C Company came up and drove off a counter-attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Palestine\nAfter the surrender of Jerusalem, all the battalions of the 60th Division had a short spell in billets out of the foul weather, but on 24 December intelligence was received of a Turkish counter-attack from the Jericho direction and the division deployed outside the city on 26 December, with 2/21st  at Beit Hannina supporting 181 Bde. The following day the attack developed along the whole line, and 2/24th Londons were hard pressed, being relieved by the 2/21st during the afternoon. The attacks petered out at dusk and next day the British advance up the Nablus road was resumed. On 3 January, A, B and C Companies successfully attacked  Hill 2635 at dawn; two days later the 60th Division was relieved and went into defensive positions around Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Palestine\nOn 31 January the battalion made a successful reconnaissance of Mukhmas, and on 14 February it attacked and seized the position, followed by 'Round Hill' This was a preliminary to the division's advance on Jericho, which began on the night of 18/19 February. The next night, 2/21st were leading 181 Bde on the right, advancing slowly through rugged ground and Turkish rearguards. By the morning of 21 February the division was on the heights overlooking Jericho, which was secured by the 3rd Australian Light Horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Palestine\nThe 60th Division next took part in the First Transjordan Raid. Swimmers of the 2/21st attempted to cross the River Jordan on the night of 21 March, but failed; however the 2/19th succeeded upstream, the Turkish defenders retreated and Pontoon bridges were thrown over the river. The 2/21st crossed in daylight, and advanced towards the Moab hills. The following day a set-piece attack was made on the positions in these hills, and the route towards Es Salt and Amman cleared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Palestine\nThe attack on Amman began on 28 March, the 2/21st on the right advancing against the deep and difficult obstacle of Wadi Amman. The attack was made over 1,000 yards of open terrain and was held up by small arms and artillery fire. A further attack made at 02.00 on the night of 29/30 March failed at 'The Citadel', with heavy casualties. The troops were exhausted \u2013 at one scheduled 10-minute rest, the entire 2/21st fell asleep for an hour \u2013 and the raid was abandoned. The troops retired back over the Jordan by 2 April. The 2/21st had suffered 215 killed, wounded and missing in this operation, all the officers of B and C Companies becoming casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 2/21st Londons, Disbandment\nAlthough the 2/21st took part in the Second Transjordan Raid (30 April\u20134 May), it did not see any action. By now the battalion was very weak in numbers and no reinforcements were forthcoming from Europe; indeed, after the German Spring Offensive the BEF required reinforcements from the EEF. The 60th Division was reorganised as an Indian Army formation and sent most of its British troops to the Western Front. The 2/21st, however, was disbanded on 3 June 1918, and its men were drafted to the three remaining London battalions of the division: 2/13th,  2/19th and 2/22nd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War I, 3/21st Londons\nThe 3/21st Bn was formed in March 1915 and went to Tadworth in Surrey for training, moving to Winchester in January 1916. The remaining Home Service men were transferred to a Provisional Battalion at Clacton. (probably 107 or 108 Provisional Bns in 7th Provisional Bde). On 8 April 1916 the 3/21st was redesignated 21st Reserve Bn as part of the 2nd London Reserve Group (later 2nd London Reserve Brigade). It absorbed the 23rd Reserve Bn (former 3/23rd) in September 1916. In November 1917 it moved to Chiseldon Camp in Wiltshire and then to Benacre Park in Suffolk in 1918. It was disbanded on 11 September 1919 at Hunstanton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Interwar\nThe TF reformed on 7 February 1920 and was reconstituted in 1921 as the Territorial Army (TA). The London Regiment had been abolished in 1916, so its battalions were designated as regiments in their own right, the FSR becoming 21st London Regiment (First Surrey Rifles), once again affiliated to the East Surreys and once again in 142nd (6th London) Brigade of 47th (2nd London) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Interwar, 35th (FSR) Anti-Aircraft Battalion\nIn 1935 the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence, particularly for London, was addressed by converting the 47th Division into the 1st Anti - Aircraft Division. A number of its infantry battalions were also converted to the AA role, the 21st Londons being transferred to the Royal Engineers (RE) as a searchlight unit on 15 December, becoming the 35th (1st Surrey Rifles) Anti Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA), with HQ and 340th\u2013343rd AA Companies at Camberwell. Despite its transfer to the RE, the battalion continued to wear its First Surreys cap badge. The 35th AA Bn was initially assigned to 27th (Home Counties) Anti - Aircraft Brigade in 1 AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 35th (FSR) Searchlight Regiment, Mobilisation\nThe TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0036-0001", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 35th (FSR) Searchlight Regiment, Mobilisation\nIn June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. By the outbreak of war in September 1939, the battalion was part of 47th AA Brigade in a new 5th AA Division formed to cover Southern England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 35th (FSR) Searchlight Regiment, Battle of Britain\nIn 1940 the battalion transferred again to 38th Light AA Brigade back in 1 AA Division, defending London. In early May 1940, 342 AA Coy came under the operational control of 29th (Kent) AA Bn to thicken up the S/L distribution in Kent (29th AA Bn was in process of transferring from 29 (East Anglian) AA Bde to 27 (Home Counties) AA Bde in 5 AA Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 83], "content_span": [84, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 35th (FSR) Searchlight Regiment, Battle of Britain\nOn 1 August 1940 the RE's AA battalions were transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) and were redesignated searchlight regiments, the FSR becoming 35th (First Surrey Rifles) Searchlight Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 83], "content_span": [84, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 35th (FSR) Searchlight Regiment, The Blitz\nThe S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3500 yards (3200 m), but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6000 yards (5500 m) by September 1940. In November, during The Blitz, this was changed to clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards (9500 m) apart. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or Royal Air Force (RAF) Night fighters. Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with SLC radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 35th (FSR) Searchlight Regiment, The Blitz\nThe regiment supplied a cadre of experienced officers and men to 230th S/L Training Rgt at Blandford Camp where it provided the basis for a new 521 S/L Bty formed on 14 November 1940. This battery later joined 85th S/L Rgt. At the end of the Blitz in May 1941 342 S/L Bty returned to 35th S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 35th (FSR) Searchlight Regiment, The Blitz\nBy October 1941 the availability of SLC radar was sufficient to allow AA Command's S/Ls to be 'declustered' into single-light sites spaced at 10,400-yard intervals in 'Indicator Belts' along the coast and 'Killer Belts' at 6000-yard spacing inland to cooperate with the RAF's night fighters. By December 1941 the regiment was in  27 (Home Counties) AA Bde in 5 AA Division, covering Portsmouth. On 23 January 1942, 342 Bty transferred to 79th S/L Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 129th (FSR) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nIn March 1942, the 35th (First Surrey Rifles) S/L Regt RA was reorganised as 129th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment RA (First Surrey Rifles) (TA), with 425, 426, 427 LAA Btys equipped with LAA guns instead of searchlights. 455 LAA Battery joined on 19 May 1942 from 81st LAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 129th (FSR) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nAt first the new regiment was unbrigaded, but after training it joined 28th (Thames & Medway) AA Bde in 6 AA Division in June 1942, covering North Kent and the Thames estuary. It transferred to 71 AA Bde in September (except 427 LAA Bty, which remained attached to 28 AA Bde). Both brigades were in 6 AA Division, which was absorbed into a larger 2 AA Group on 1 October. In early December 129th (FSR) LAA Rgt transferred again within 2 AA Group to 6 AA Brigade, which covered RAF airfields in East Anglia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 129th (FSR) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nOn 1 May 1943, 6 AA Bde was redesignated 102 AA Bde and transferred from AA Command to the GHQ Reserve. 129th (FSR) LAA Regiment remained with 2 AA Group, transferring to 56 Light AA Bde and then back to 47 AA Bde by the summer, before becoming unbrigaded in September. By March 1944 it had joined 40 AA Bde in 2 AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 129th (FSR) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Diver\nShortly after D-Day, the Germans began launching V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', against London. These presented AA Command's biggest challenge since the Blitz. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but it presented a severe problem for AA guns, and after two weeks' experience AA Command carried out a major reorganisation, stripping guns from other areas and repositioning them along the South Coast to target V-1s coming in over the English Channel. 129th (FSR) LAA Regiment rejoined 102 AA Bde, which had taken responsibility for one sector of a new belt of anti-Diver defences under 2 AA Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 129th (FSR) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Diver\nThe regiment moved with 102 AA Bde back to East Anglia under a new 9 AA Group after 21st Army Group overran the V-1 launching sites in Northern France and the Luftwaffe switched to air-launching V-1s from the North Sea during the autumn and winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, World War II, 129th (FSR) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Diver\nAt the end of 1944 the Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks on the UK could be discounted. At the same time 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe was suffering a severe manpower shortage. Large numbers of AA gunners were converted into infantry, and the strength of AA Command dwindled: 455 LAA Battery was disbanded at Anerley on 22 March 1945. The regiment transferred to 57 LAA Bde in March, and was still in 46 AA Bde in 2 AA Group after the war's end, without ever having served overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 129th LAA Regiment with its three remaining batteries (425, 426, 427) was placed in suspended animation at Trowbridge Barracks. The war-raised personnel then reformed the regiment and batteries in the Regular Army with the same numbers. On 1 April, this regiment was redesignated 115th LAA Regiment with 348, 349, 350 LAA Btys. However, it was disbanded a month later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Postwar\nMeanwhile the First Surrey Rifles had reformed in the TA on 1 January 1947 as 570th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA, (First Surrey Rifles) with its HQ at Dulwich, forming part of 64 AA Bde (the former 38 AA Bde) in AA Comman. Its role was partly altered two years later when it was redesignated as an LAA/Searchlight regiment. From 1947 to 1955 the regiment continued to wear its 21st Londons cap badge and 1st Surrey Rifles arm badge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Postwar\nIn 1955, the regiment absorbed 622 Heavy AA Regiment (7th Queens Own) to form 570 LAA Regiment in 30 AA Bde. The combined regiment had no subsidiary title, but the parent units were recognised in the battery titles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Postwar\nIn 1961 the regiment was merged into 265 LAA Regiment, becoming R (Surrey) Bty, and 265 LAA in turn was merged into 100 Regiment RA in 1967. In the 1970s a cadre of 265 Regiment was reformed at Camberwell as C Battery (21st London, 1st Surrey Rifles) in 6th (Volunteer) Bn Queen's Regiment. In 1975 the 6th and 7th Bns Queen's Regiment amalgamated, and in 1980, 10 Platoon of D Company at Camberwell was renamed 10 (Highwood) Platoon in memory of the men of the 1st Surrey Rifles killed at High Wood on the Somme. This was increased to company strength in the Queen's Fusiliers in 1988, but in 1993 it became part of C (City of London Fusiliers) Company in the modern-day London Regiment and the 1st Surrey Rifles affiliation was discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Battle Honours\nThe 1st Surrey Rifles received the following Battle Honours: those shown in bold type were borne on the drums and bugles (as a rifle regiment, no colours were carried):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Battle Honours\nAubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Flers-Courcelette, Le Transloy, Messines 1917, Ypres 1917, Cambrai 1917, St Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Ancre 1918, Amiens, Albert 1918, Pursuit to Mons, France and Flanders 1915\u201318, Doiran 1917, Macedonia 1916\u201317, Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jerusalem, Jericho, Jordan, Tell 'Asur, Palestine 1917\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Battle Honours\nThe RA and RE do not receive battle honours, so none were awarded to the regiment for its service during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Traditions\nThe London RVCs of 1859\u201350 considered themselves the successors to the Volunteers of 1793\u20131815. The 1st Surreys claimed descent from the following Volunteer units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Traditions\nFrom 1980 to 1988, 10 Platoon of 6/7th Queen's Regiment was named 10 (Highwood) Platoon in memory of the men of the 1st Surrey Rifles killed at High Wood on the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Memorials\nThe regimental war memorial stands in front of St Giles' Church, Camberwell. The bronze plaque at the rear lists the battle honours won in World War I, which were later added to the regimental badge. Small panels have been added to the sides to commemorate those who served in South Africa 1899\u20131902 and those who were killed in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Memorials\nThe regiment is one of those whose titles are inscribed on the City and County of London Troops Memorial in front of the Royal Exchange, London, with architectural design by Sir Aston Webb and sculpture by Alfred Drury. The right-hand (southern) bronze figure flanking this memorial depicts an infantryman representative of the various London infantry units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Memorials\nThe two wooden memorial crosses erected at High Wood and Eaucourt l'Abbaye by 47 Divisional Engineers in 1916 were falling into disrepair by 1925, when they were replaced in stone. The restored wooden crosses were preserved at the Duke of York's Headquarters in London (the former divisional HQ) until that building was sold in 2003, and are now at Connaught House, the HQ of the London Irish Rifles on the site of the former First Surrey Rifles drill hall at Flodden Road, Camberwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159653-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles, Sport\nThe 1st Surrey Rifles had an association football club drawn from its personnel which played on Flodden Road at Camberwell. In the early years of the FA Cup, it competed in the Cup ties, but never rose further than second round, scores from their point of view:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159654-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Surrey Rifles F.C.\n1st Surrey Rifles F.C. were an amateur football club who featured in the early years of the FA Cup from 1872 to 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers\nThe 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery from 1859 to 1961. Raised as coastal defence artillery, the unit later served as field artillery in Mesopotamia during the First World War, and in North Africa, Sicily, Italy and North West Europe during the Second World War. It carried out a number of roles in the postwar Territorial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Origin\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer Movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVC) was formed at Brighton on 19 November 1859. This soon reached a strength of eight batteries. Other AVCs were formed along the Sussex Coast, and on 8 June 1860 the 1st Administrative Brigade, Sussex Artillery Volunteers was formed at Brighton with the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Origin\nG.C. Dalbaic, formerly of the 4th Light Dragoons, was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Admin Brigade in 1864, with Lt-Col Thomas G. Johnston of the 1st Sussex AVC as his major. Major Charles S. Hannington of the 1st Sussex AVC, owner of Hanningtons department store in Brighton, became lt-col of both the AVC and the Admin Brigade in 1868, and honorary colonel in 1873. In 1865 the 1st Sussex became the first unit to win the Queen's Prize at the annual National Artillery Association competition held at Shoeburyness. They subsequently won it in 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Origin\nIn April 1880 the 1st Admin Brigade was consolidated as the 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers with 12 batteries organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Origin\nThe 1st Sussex was assigned to the Cinque Ports Division of the Royal Artillery (RA) in 1882, transferring to the Eastern Division after the Cinque Ports Division was disbanded in 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Origin\nIn 1886 the unit was divided into the 1st and 2nd Sussex Artillery Volunteers based at Brighton and Eastbourne respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position artillery\nAs well as manning fixed coast defence artillery, from the early days of the Artillery Volunteers Captain George Darby of the 3rd Sussex AVC, a former MP for Sussex, had promoted the idea of the Volunteers manning semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. This concept was put into practice by a number of AVCs, but the War Office refused to pay for the upkeep of field guns and they had died out among the AVCs in the 1870s. In 1888 the concept was  revived and some Volunteer batteries were reorganised as position artillery to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. In 1892 the 1st Sussex was reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position artillery\nNo 1 Position Battery at BrightonNos 2\u20136 Garrison Companies at BrightonNo 7 Garrison Company at LewesNo 8 Garrison Company at High Street, Shoreham", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Position artillery\nIn 1899 the Artillery volunteers were transferred to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), the Sussex units becoming the 1st Sussex RGA (V) at Brighton and 2nd Sussex RGA (V) at Eastbourne respectively, with the 2nd Sussex designated as position or 'heavy' artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Railway gun\nCharles Gervaise Boxall (1852\u20131914), a Brighton-born London solicitor, was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st Sussex in 1873 and rose to become its commanding officer (CO) in 1893. In 1884 he published The Armoured Train for Coast Defence in Great Britain, outlining a new way to employ heavy artillery. No 6 Garrison Company of the 1st Sussex AVC was formed entirely from railway workers, and in 1894 they manned an Armoured train constructed in the workshops of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (of which the unit's Honorary Colonel, Sir Julian Goldsmid, was a director).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Railway gun\nBoxall was an enthusiastic member of the Volunteer Movement, and was awarded the Volunteer Decoration (VD) in 1894 and made a Companion of the Bath (CB) in 1897. He succeeded Goldsmid as Honorary Colonel in 1896. When the Second Boer War broke out, he  suggested the creation of a combat unit drawn from the London volunteer units. This became the City of London Imperial Volunteers (CIV) to which he acted as secretary and depot commandant. Boxall was knighted (KCB) for his services during the war, and in 1906\u20137 he served on the committee that recommended the creation of the Territorial Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the bulk of the 1st and 2nd Sussex RGA (V) transferred to the Royal Field Artillery (RFA), forming the I Home Counties Brigade and two batteries of the II Home Counties Brigade respectively. Two companies of the 1st Sussex remained with the RGA to form part of the Kent and Sussex RGA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe I (or 1st) Home Counties Brigade had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe three batteries were each equipped with four 15-pounder guns. The unit was assigned to the Home Counties Division of the TF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Territorial Force\nAffiliated to the unit were the 1st Cadet Battalion, 1st Home Counties Bde, RFA, (Imperial Service Cadet Corps) at Brighton, the Steyne School Cadet Corps, and the Brighton Brigade, Sussex Cadets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war, the TF was mobilised for home defence and units were then invited to volunteer for overseas service. On 15 August 1914 the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and on 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. Duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were thereby created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way the 1/I and 2/I Home Counties Brigades were formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, Mobilisation\nOn the outbreak of war in August 1914 the unit was under the command of Lt-Col Sir Berry Cusack-Smith, 5th Bt, KCMG, former Consul-General to Valparaiso, and the officer commanding 1st Sussex Bty was Major A.P. Boxall (nephew of Sir Charles Boxall).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade\nThe bulk of the Home Counties Division, including the 1/I Home Counties Brigade without its Brigade Ammunition Column, embarked at Southampton and sailed on 30 October 1914 for India to relieve Regular Army units to fight on the Western Front. The Territorials disembarked at Bombay 1\u20133 December, and were allotted to various peacetime stations across India. Although the Home Counties Division remained in the order of battle and received a number (as the 44th (Home Counties) Division) in May 1915, it never served as a complete formation during the First World War. On arrival in India 1/I Home Counties Bde was assigned to the 5th (Mhow) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 75], "content_span": [76, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade\nThe Territorials completed their training in India to prepare them for possible active service, and  they supplied drafts to units serving in the Mesopotamian campaign. When there was an urgent request for reinforcements to lift the Turkish Army's Siege of Kut, the 1/I Home Counties Bde was part of the 'Emergency Force' sent from India. Still armed with obsolescent 15-pounders it landed at Basra between 7 and 12 December 1915 and in January 1916 it joined Tigris Corps (soon afterward retitled III Indian Corps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 75], "content_span": [76, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1916\n1/1st and 1/2nd Sussex Batteries moved up with the Emergency Force to reinforce Nasiriyah on the Euphrates, while 1/3rd Sussex Bty and Bde HQ followed later. During January, 12th Indian Division HQ at Nasiriyah pushed a force including 1/2nd Sussex Bty a few miles up the river to Butaniyah against some opposition, but there it halted. Meanwhile, 1/1st Sussex Bty with 7th (Meerut) Division took part in the Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad, attempting to dislodge the main Turkish force blocking the way to Kut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1916\nThe force advanced on both banks of the Euphrates, the 1/1st Sussex Bty accompanying the column on the left bank. The attack went in on 6 January, but morning mist followed by Mirage made accurate artillery fire difficult in the flat featureless terrain. Even with the support of 1/1st Sussex Bty, the 37th Dogras had only got to about 800 yards from the Turkish trenches by 15.30 and were digging in under heavy fire. The attack was called off to allow the troops to regroup. In a renewed attack the following day the battery suffered the same problems, and the column had no better success. The right bank column, however, succeeded in taking Sheikh Sa'ad, despite heavy casualties. The force was too exhausted to take immediate advantage of the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1916\nAn attempt to turn the enemy line on 13 January led to the Battle of the Wadi. 1/1st Sussex Bty again supported 7th (Meerut) Division. The infantry forded the River Wadi with ease, but it constituted a serious obstacle to artillery, so the guns were not across until the afternoon. Once they had come into action at 13.30, firing into the rear of the Turkish guns and trenches at a range of 3500 yards, 7th (Meerut) Division began its attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1916\nMost of the Turkish artillery fire was directed at the British guns rather than the infantry, but the attack still made little progress. The divisional artillery had to be concentrated before the next attack, and bad weather on 14 January delayed this. Meanwhile, the Turks had slipped away to their next position of strength at Hanna, and pursuit was hampered by the weather. On 7 February the detachment at Butaniyah was withdrawn, 1/2nd Sussex Bty covering the retirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1916\nBy the beginning of March the relief force had been reinforced, including 1/3rd Sussex Bty, and a new advance against the Hanna position was begun. 1/1st and 1/3rd Sussex Btys remained with the weak force left to contain the enemy and guard the British camp and bridges, so they played little part in the Battle of Dujaila, which was another failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1916\nFor the third relief attempt, on 5 April, 1/1st and 1/3rd Sussex Btys were with the concentrated corps artillery, which was organised into separate counter-battery, enfilading, breaching and barrage groups. However, the Turks had abandoned their trenches and the attack hit 'thin air'. The force pushed on and made a rushed attack on poorly-reconnoitred positions at dawn the following day. The artillery fire was misdirected  in the poor light, and the attack was bloodily repulsed at Sannaiyat. A series of deliberate attacks on the Sannaiyat position failed to break through, though they got to Bait Isa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1916\nOn 18 April the Turks put in a strong counter-offensive, against which the artillery caused terrible casualties, especially when the Turkish infantry retreated from the unbroken British line. A renewed British attack on 22 April failed to break through, despite the concentration of artillery, and shortly afterwards the garrison of Kut surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, India\n1/I Home Counties Bde was withdrawn to India in July 1916. On return to India the 1/1st and 1/2nd Sussex Btys went to Lahore where they were attached to 1/I Wessex Bde RFA in 3rd Lahore Divisional Area, while 1/3rd Sussex Bty went to Sialkot under II Mountain Brigade RGA in 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, India\nIn December 1916 the 1/1st and 1/3rd Sussex Btys, now at Multan and Delhi respectively, joined with the 1/4th and 1/5th Sussex Btys (from 1/II Home Counties Brigade) to form the I Combined Home Counties Brigade in 3rd Lahore Divisional Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, India\nDuring 1916 the brigade had been formally renumbered as CCXX Brigade (220th Bde) and the batteries designated A, B and C. In 1917 the batteries were finally re-equipped with 18-pounders and redesignated again as 1064, 1065 and 1066 Btys; 1065 Bty was then broken up between the other two to bring them up to six guns each. From April to September 1917, Brigade HQ and 1066 Bty were at Meerut and 1064 Bty still at Multan, all under 7th Meerut Divisional Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, India\nThe brigade (with a reformed Brigade Ammunition Column) returned to Basra between 18 and 23 October 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 82], "content_span": [83, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1918\nCCXX Brigade made its way from Basra to Baghdad where it joined the newly formed 17th Indian Division on 11 November. In May 1918 it was joined by 403rd (Howitzer) Bty (with six 4.5-inch howitzers) from England and an Anglo-Indian battery formed in India with four 18-pounders. Other RFA brigades from 44th and 67th (HC) Divisions also served in 17th and 18th Indian Divisions, which constituted the bulk of I Indian Corps under Lt-Gen Sir Alexander Cobbe, VC, which concentrated at Tikrit on the Tigris in October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1918\nBy now the Turks were in retreat in Palestine and on the Euphrates Front in Mesopotamia, and it was time for the forces on the Tigris Front to exert pressure by advancing on Mosul. 17th Indian Division moved up the west bank and 18th Division up the east bank. The problem was the strong Turkish position on the Little Zab river and the Fat-Ha gorge, 35 miles further on. Rather than make a direct assault with the untried 17th and 18th Indian Divisions, Cobbe chose to outflank the gorge with a mobile column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1918\nOn 23 October the 17th and 18th Divisions were within a mile of the Fat-Ha trenches; 220th Bde was on the west bank with 17th Division. The division advanced as the moon rose at 21.30, with the divisional artillery following close behind the leading infantry brigades to get as close as possible to the Turkish defences. But it found the Turkish positions empty; the flanking column had done its job. By 11.15 the following morning the division was astride Jabal Makhul and shortly afterwards patrols crossed the Little Zab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1918\nOn 26 October the division closed up to Mushak. This time the Turks stood and fought, catching 403rd (H) Bty in the open and putting it temporarily out of action with 25 casualties. Lieutenant-Colonel R.K. Lynch-Staunton, CO of 220th Bde, was mortally wounded in this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1918\n17th Division was ordered to assault along the crest of Jabal Makhul at dawn on 27 October and once again found the enemy trenches empty. It set off in pursuit, the advance guard comprising 220th Bde (403rd (H) Bty and one section each from 1064th and 1066th Btys, with 404th (H) and 25 Mountain Btys attached) with the 32nd Lancers and some infantry. The going was however appalling and progress was slow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1918\nThe main Turkish position was discovered at Sharqat. At dawn on 28 October the Turks counter-attacked and were engaged by guns from the other bank of the river. This attack having been stopped, 17th Division then deployed to attack, with 1066th and 404th (H) Btys coming into action some 3000 yards from Sharquat. By last light the Turks were trapped against the river by 17th Division and the cavalry with 220th Bde (403rd (H) Bty less a section, 404th (H) Bty and a section each from 1064th and 1066th Btys) in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0032-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1918\nTo make sure that the Turks surrendered, 17th Division was ordered to attack with the rising moon at 01.45 on 29 October. The advance was very slow over broken ground, but at 11.30 all the guns of both divisions were turned on the Turks. A final attack went in at 15.30 on 29 October, and at first light the following morning the Turks in Sharquat surrendered. At noon on 31 October the Armistice of Mudros ended  hostilities with Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 1/I Home Counties Brigade, Mesopotamia 1918\nAt the end of the war the 17th Indian Division was selected to form part of the occupation force in Iraq and served during the Iraq Rebellion of 1920. It is not clear when the TF units were demobilised and sent home; the 44th (Home Counties) Division began to reform in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/I Home Counties Brigade\nBecause the 1st Home Counties Division had gone to India, the 2nd Home Counties Division was among the earliest 2nd Line formations to be formed. By 27 November 1914 the division was settled in billets round Windsor, Berkshire, and was reported ready to receive its weapons. However, the only guns available for the RFA brigades were obsolete French 90 mm guns, and even then there were only 4 guns per brigade. It was not until January 1916 that the division's gunners received their modern 18-pounders, and even then some time elapsed before sights arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 75], "content_span": [76, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/I Home Counties Brigade\nMeanwhile,  the division had been numbered as 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division and given a dual role of training drafts for units serving overseas and at the same time being part of the mobile force responsible for home defence. From November 1915 it formed part of Second Army, Central Force, quartered in Kent. Twice the division was warned to prepare for moves to Ireland, but these moves never happened and the division remained in England for the whole war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 75], "content_span": [76, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, First World War, 2/I Home Counties Brigade\nIn May 1916 the field brigades were numbered, with 2/II  Home Counties becoming CCCXXXV Brigade (335th Bde) and the batteries were designated A, B and C. A howitzer battery (D (H)) equipped with 5-inch howitzers was added later in the year when CCCXXXVIII (2/IV Home Counties) Howitzer Bde was broken up. However, in 1917 the whole brigade was broken up to bring the batteries of the other RFA brigades of 67th Division up to a strength of six guns each before they went overseas to serve in Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 75], "content_span": [76, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe 1st Home Counties Brigade (now with an establishment of four batteries) reformed in the renamed Territorial Army in 1920 and was designated the 57th (Home Counties) Brigade, RFA, the following year. In 1924 the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery. During the interwar years the unit had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nThe brigade was once again assigned as divisional artillery to 44th (Home Counties) Division, and was initially under the command of Lt-Col A.P. Boxall until 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Interwar\nWith the expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis, most units split to form duplicates. In the case of the 57th, 227 and 228 Batteries left in 1939 to form a new 113th Field Regiment, RA (RA 'brigades' were redesignated 'regiments' in 1938), at Shoreham, which gained the 'Home Counties' subtitle in 1942. At this time batteries consisted of 12 guns each, which in TA regiments were still 18-pounders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nOrders to mobilise were received on 1 September ahead of the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939. Mobilisation went smoothly and on 14 September 57th Fd Rgt moved to Forest Row for intensive training. On 24 October the division concentrated  in Somerset and the regiment moved to Stoke under Ham. However, the shortage of tools and equipment hampered training. The regiment carried out live firing exercises at Larkhill with 18-pounders and 18/25-pounders. 44th (HC) Division began moving to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on 1 April 1940, and 57th Fd Rgt moved up to the St Pol area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 104], "content_span": [105, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nWhen the German offensive in the west opened on 10 May, the BEF advanced into Belgium in accordance with 'Plan D', with 44th (HC) Division moving up to the Escaut, where it was in reserve. However, the German Army broke through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again, and by 19 May the whole force was back across the Escaut, with 57th Fd Rgt deployed at Jammel Hoek covering the canal line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 104], "content_span": [105, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nThis was the most threatened part of the British line, and there was severe fighting after the enemy established bridgeheads across the Escaut at dawn on 20 May. However, it was the deep German penetration further east that forced the BEF to withdraw to the next canal line on the Belgian frontier by 23 May. 44th (HC) Division withdrew into GHQ Reserve, and then took up positions immediately south of Hazebrouck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 104], "content_span": [105, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Battle of France\nOn the morning of 27 May this line came under attack. By now the decision had been made to withdraw the BEF to Dunkirk for evacuation (Operation Dynamo). 44th Divisional artillery covered the division's retreat until close to Dunkirk, where all routes were completely blocked by abandoned French vehicles. The gunners destroyed their guns and vehicles before marching to the evacuation beaches on foot. 44th (HC) Division got away in pretty good order aboard boats on 30\u201331 May, but 58th Fd Rgt lost a number of officers and men in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 104], "content_span": [105, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Home Defence\nAfter evacuation the artillery of 44th (HC) Division reformed in the Oxford area before moving to Northern England to be re-equipped. 58th Field Rgt moved to Pontefract in July and some 25-pounder guns began to arrive later in the month. 44th (HC) Division then moved to Sussex to man a key part of the anti-invasion defences in South East England under I Corps. The division remained in Sussex and Kent until the end of May 1942, when it embarked for the Middle East. It landed in Egypt on 24 July, with 58th Fd Rgt equipped with 24 x 25-pounder guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, North Africa\nAt the time of its arrival the British forces in Egypt were facing a crisis against Rommel's Panzerarmee Afrika, and the division was lucky not to be thrown straight into action without any desert experience. Instead it got a bare month to train and was positioned on the key south-facing Alam el Halfa ridge when Rommel resumed his offensive with a right hook round the British Eighth Army's defences at El Alamein. During the resulting Battle of Alam el Halfa on 31 August the German Afrika Korps was drawn into attacking dug-in British tanks, supported by 44th Divisional artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, North Africa\nDuring the Second Battle of El Alamein, 44th (HC) Division supported 7th Armoured Division, which itself was tasked with carrying out a subsidiary attack on the first day (23 October). Much of this support was with artillery fire. 57th Field Rgt contributed to the famous '1000 gun' barrage that opened the battle. In the later stages of the battle elements of the division were switched north to assist the main breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, North Africa\n44th (HC) Division was broken up after Alamein and 57th Fd Rgt became an Army Field Regiment under Eighth Army. In January 1943 it joined 5th Army Group Royal Artillery (5 AGRA) forming at Medenine in Tunisia. 5 AGRA usually supported XXX Corps. The regiment participated in the battles of Medenine, Mareth, Wadi Akarit, and the capture of Tunis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Italy\n57th Field Rgt took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) as part of 5 AGRA supporting XXX Corps' campaign in the east of the island. On 2 August the regiment supported the successful attack by 38th (Irish) Brigade on Centuripe. 5 AGRA and the rest of XXX Corps artillery then provided crushing support for XIII Corps in its assault crossing of the Straits of Messina (Operation Baytown) on 3 September 1943. Against this force, the landings were not seriously disputed, and Eighth Army began advancing up the Calabria coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Italy\nIn November, XXX Corps including HQ 5 AGRA were withdrawn to the UK to prepare for the Allied invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord), and 57th Fd Rgt transferred to 6 AGRA, which remained under Eighth Army in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Italy\n6 AGRA supported V Corps at the crossing on the Sangro  in November 1943, when 57th Fd Rgt was detached to work directly under 78th Division. The field regiments fired over 600 rounds per gun in the three days of this engagement. 6 AGRA was involved in other operations by Eighth Army and US Fifth Army, including the Battle of Monte Cassino in April 1944, the fighting on the Gothic Line  (August) and at Castel del Rio (December 1944), and the crossing of the River Po (April 1945) that effectively ended the Italian Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Italy\n57th (Home Counties) Field Regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Home Defence\n113th Field Regiment mobilised in 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of 44th (HC) Division, but when the division moved to France in April 1940 it was only intended for labour duties and the RA units remained behind in the UK. After the Dunkirk evacuation the 12th Division was broken up, and on 6 July 113th Fd Rgt joined 1st London Division (shortly afterwards designated 56th (London) Division). Post-Dunkirk, this formation was part of XII Corps in the south-east corner of England, the most-threatened area in the country, moving to XI Corps in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 101], "content_span": [102, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Iraq and North Africa\nIn August 1942 the division embarked for the Middle East, arriving in Iraq to reinforce Persia and Iraq Command (PAIC) in November. By the time it arrived, the threats to the Persian oilfields had diminished with the British victory at El Alamein and the lack of German progress at the Battle of Stalingrad. The troops in PAIC were therefore free to undergo intensive training, and 56th Division was selected for the planned Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 110], "content_span": [111, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Iraq and North Africa\nThis involved a move from Kirkuk via Palestine and Egypt to join X Corps of Eighth Army in Tunisia, covering approximately 3200 miles between 19 March and 19 April 1943. As soon as it arrived it was thrown into the last stages of the Tunisian Campaign, because Gen Montgomery did not want an untried division in Husky. Given the task of capturing Tarhuna during the night of 28/29 April, it succeeded but was driven off the position the following morning. Montgomery realised that the division needed time to learn battlecraft. It went into action again during the final advance on Tunis (Operation Vulcan), moving north to meet 6th Armoured Division of First Army coming south, whose leading troops were able to spot for X Corps' guns via 56th Division's wireless net.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 110], "content_span": [111, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Salerno to Anzio\nBecause of Montgomery's doubts, 56th Division was not in fact used in Operation Husky. Instead it moved back to Tripoli in Libya for further training, and then put to sea on 1 September for the invasion of mainland Italy, landing at Salerno on 9 September (Operation Avalanche). H-Hour was at 03.30, the division's leading infantry landing craft touched down at 03.35 covered by naval gunfire, and 113rd Fd Rgt's guns began landing at 05.35. The whole regiment was ashore and ready for action at 16.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Salerno to Anzio\nOver the next few days the division fought its way forward to extend the beachhead against strong German counter-attacks, and the divisional artillery was heavily engaged in defensive fire (DF) tasks. X Corps began its advance out of the beachhead on the night of 22/23 September with massive artillery support and reached Naples on 30 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Salerno to Anzio\nBy 11 October, the division was on the Volturno Line but failed to cross the river the following day and had to wait until 16 October before it could cross and begin the pursuit through rough country beyond. This brought the division to the Bernhardt Line, where 113th Fd Rgt lent support to the attack of 201st Guards Brigade up 'Bare Arse Ridge' on 6 November during the during the Battle of Monte Camino. Attacks at Monte Camino continued in early December, with large numbers of guns in support, until the division seized the heights on 6 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Salerno to Anzio\n56th Division was next tasked with capturing a bridgehead across the Garigliano using strong artillery support (400 rounds per gun were supplied for the division's 25-pounders). The attack on the night of 17/18 January 1944 was  successful and by morning the leading battalions were across and attacking with plenty of artillery support. The division began its breakout from the bridgehead on 23 January, but at the end of the month was ordered to pull out and go by sea to reinforce the Anzio beachhead. By 15 February the whole division had arrived and taken over part of the line under US VI Corps, in time to beat off the German counter-attack (Operation Fischfang or 'Catching Fish').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Salerno to Anzio\nTrench warfare in the Anzio bridgehead continued for months. On 28 February the German I Parachute Corps began an offensive against 56th Division that produced no change in the line. When the attack was widened to the front of 3rd US Division the following day, accompanied by unusually heavy support from field artillery, the whole artillery in VI Corps brought down a pre-emptive counter-preparation programme. Although this was too late to catch the German troops as they formed up, the attack made no real impression on the Allied defences. 56th Division was by now so weak that it was relieved and on 28 March went by sea to Egypt for recuperation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 105], "content_span": [106, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Italy again\n56th Division returned to Italy on 17 July 1944 and was assigned to V Corps for the attack on the Gothic Line (Operation Olive). When the offensive opened on 25 August 1944, V Corps was still moving up, and 56th Division was its reserve, but its artillery was sent on ahead to strengthen the Corps artillery. Once the Corps had broken into the German positions, 56th Division was used to widen the breach on 1 September, and then on 3 September to lead the pursuit, taking Monte Maggiore before opposition increased at the Gemmano\u2013Coriano high ground. There followed hard methodical fighting to clear the Germans off successive ridge lines (the Battle of San Marino).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Italy again\nOn the night of 27/28 September the 56th Division attacked Savignano sul Rubicone on the Fiumicino river, supported by a 90-minute barrage fired by the heavily reinforced divisional artillery. Nevertheless, the attack failed, as did attempts to renew it on 29/30 September and 1 October. Later in October, the badly weakened 56th Division was relieved in the line. While the infantry were recuperating, 56th Division's artillery was brought up to reinforce V Corps' fire-plan for the capture of Forl\u00ec and the attempted crossings of the Montone on 8 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Italy again\n56th Division returned to the fighting in December to cover the Lamone crossing (2\u201313 December) and then to clear the ground between the Lamone and the Senio, forcing its way into Sant'Andrea on 31 December. However, ammunition shortages limited the use of the artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Italy again\nFor Eighth Army's Spring offensive in 1945 (Operation Grapeshot), 56th Division was responsible for the operations on Lake Comacchio to outflank the Senio line (5/6, 10/11 and 13 April) allowing it to breach the Argenta Gap (15\u201319 April) despite the shortage of artillery ammunition. Once through the gap, 56th Division drove on through German rearguards to the Po, arriving on 25 April and crossing immediately. The division reached Venice on 29 April. Here it was halted due to shortage of fuel. The Surrender of Caserta came into force on 2 May, ending hostilities in the Italian theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Second World War, 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment, Italy again\n56th Division was made responsible for protecting lines of communication to the disputed city of Trieste in the immediate aftermath of the fighting. 113th (Home Counties) Field Regiment was placed in suspended animation during 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, 57th Fd Rgt was reformed as 257 (Home Counties) Fd Rgt. Once again it was part of 44th (HC) Division. In 1955 the unit's title was changed to 257 (County of Sussex) Fd Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nMeanwhile, 113th Field Rgt changed role and was reformed in 1947 as 313 (Sussex) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Rgt at Worthing. It was assigned to 99 (AA) AGRA, which became 99 AA Brigade the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Postwar\nWhen Anti- Aircraft Command was disbanded in 1955, 313 (Sussex) HAA Rgt merged with 258 (Sussex) Light AA Rgt, 344 (Sussex Yeomanry) HAA Rgt and 641 (Sussex) HAA Rgt to form 258 (Sussex Yeomanry) LAA Rgt, with R Battery at Worthing formed by 313 and 641 HAA Rgts. When 257 (County of Sussex) Field Rgt joined this amalgamation on 4 October 1961 it became 257 (Sussex Yeomanry) Fd Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe original uniform of the Brighton AVC was of mixed grey Oxford cloth. The tunic had black Braid on the cuffs and collars and it is believed that a black stripe was worn down the trousers. A peaked Forage cap was worn with a white medal grenade badge and similar grenade badges were worn on the shoulder straps. When the guns were hauled by hired horses, the civilian carters wore a form of straw Boater with a ribbon bearing the corps title, similar to a naval Cap tally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe 3rd Sussex AVC wore a forage cap badge consisting of an oval surmounted by a crown and inscribed 'S A III V C' at the top and 'H I C' at the bottom in Old English letters, with an oak tree in the centre. From 1878 a standard RA helmet with ball Finial was worn with 'FIRST ('2nd', 'THIRD', 'FOURTH')   SUSSEX ARTILLERY VOLUNTEERS' on the scrolls of the helmet plate. The band wore a scarlet plume in place of the ball finial, and a helmet plate of crowned star pattern with sheet music and musical instruments superimposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe Other Ranks' waist belt clasp ca 1890\u20131908 was a rectangular plate surrounded by a scroll inscribed '1st SUSSEX VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY' worn with a brown leather belt, pouch and pouch belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nThe two men of No 6 (Railwaymen's) Garrison Company responsible for driving the armoured train wore silver arm badges bearing a locomotive and the word 'DRIVER' and 'FIREMAN'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nFrom 1908 to 1919 the men of the TF Sussex batteries wore a brass shoulder title 'T/RFA/SUSSEX' on their service dress, while the men of the Brigade Ammunition Column wore 'T/RFA/HOME COUNTIES'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159655-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers, Uniforms and insignia\nFrom 1955 to 1961, 257 Fd Rgt wore a supplementary shoulder title 'COUNTY OF SUSSEX' embroidered in yellow on a navy background, immediately below the 'ROYAL ARTILLERY' title in red on navy blue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers\nThe 1st Sussex Engineers was a Volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers raised in Eastbourne in 1890. It became the engineer component of the 44th (Home Counties) Division of the Territorial Force, but its units saw action with Regular Army formations on the Western Front, at Salonika and in Italy during the First World War, and in North Russia and Turkey after the war ended. During the Second World War, its units were in the Battle of France and at Alamein, in Sicily, on D Day and the subsequent campaign in North West Europe, including the Rhine crossing. Detached companies fought in Tunisia, Italy, and Burma, where one was involved in the decisive Battle of Kohima and the assault crossing of the Irrawaddy. The unit continued in the postwar Territorial Army until 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force\nThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. However, it was not until 1890 that an Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC) was raised in Sussex. Its instigator was George Frederick Chambers, a barrister from Eastbourne, with the support of the Commanding Royal Engineer (CRE) for the  South-East District and against opposition from local dignitaries and the 2nd Sussex Artillery Volunteers, who feared competition for recruits in the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force\nTowards the end of 1889 Chambers called a meeting to get the minimum 60 volunteers required, obtaining 105 names including a complete fife and drum band. The requisition was sent to the War Office, and the 1st Sussex Engineer Volunteer Corps officially came into existence in Eastbourne on 24 May 1890. Initially the company headquarters (HQ) was at Eastbourne Redoubt, then from April 1891 at 38 Commercial Road, Eastbourne. It was attached for administrative purposes to the 1st Middlesex EVC. It formed two additional companies in 1892, B at Newhaven and C at Seaford. From 1892 it was attached to the 1st Hampshire Engineers EVC and then became an independent unit from May 1895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force\nFrederick Savage, headmaster of Seaford College, was commissioned as a captain in the 1st Sussex EVC in 1891 and formed a Cadet Corps at the school that year. In July 1895 he was promoted to major in command of the 1st Sussex EVC. Further cadet companies were formed at University and St Leonards Collegiate Schools, Hastings, in 1906 and 1907 respectively. D Company of the 1st Sussex EVC was formed at Chalvington in 1896, but attempts the following year to raise three or four more companies were unsuccessful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force, South Africa\nAfter Black Week in December 1899, the Volunteers were invited to send active service units to assist the Regulars in the Second Boer War. From 70 volunteers, the 1st Sussex Engineers selected its detachment of one officer, one sergeant and 25 other ranks to work with the Royal Engineers (RE). They were sworn in on 18 January 1900, underwent training at the RE depot at Chatham, Kent, and embarked at Southampton aboard the Tintagel Castle with similar sections from 11 other EVCs on 10 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force, South Africa\nThe ship arrived at Cape Town on 31 March where the first duty for the sappers was to unload balloons and gas cylinders for the RE Balloon Section. The Sussex Section was then given its assignment, which was to 23rd Field Company, RE, at Ladysmith. This entailed re-embarking and sailing to Durban, then proceeding by rail via Pietermaritzburg. The section spent three weeks repairing siege damage at Ladysmith, then with 23rd Fd Co it joined 4th Division's advance towards Newcastle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0003-0002", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force, South Africa\nThe main job for the sappers was to repair drifts (fords) so that the transport and artillery could cross the numerous rivers, but providing water supplies for the horses was also important. During the four-day Battle of Belfast the sappers were involved in digging trenches and gun positions. The force then drove the Boers out of Lydenburg into the Mauchsberg Mountains, where the sappers were employed to get the guns forward from ridge to ridge. After reaching Kruger Post, the column returned to Lydenburg, where the sappers built a six-span square timber bridge over the Crocodile River, sangars and water supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force, South Africa\nThe Sussex Section was now ordered to return to England, so it was marched back to Machadorp (the only unit on foot in a mounted column) and then went by train to Pretoria. There it assisted 9th Fd Co in laying a pipeline and carried out guards and patrols. After three weeks at Pretoria it was obvious that the Boers were not defeated, and the orders to return home were cancelled. The Sussex Section rejoined 23rd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force, South Africa\nFd Co at Middelburg, where it was chiefly engaged in manufacturing and erecting corrugated iron blockhouses, but also putting Middelburg Town Hall into a state of defence. Three Sussex sappers died of Enteric fever while at Middelburg, and another four were evacuated home with sickness before the end of the section's term of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force, South Africa\nAt the end of March 1901 the first sections of Volunteer sappers were ordered to return home at the completion of their year's service. The Sussex section travelled by train to Durban, then by ship to Cape Town, where the survivors embarked on the St Andrew for Southampton. Before they left Cape Town, the second Sussex Section arrived on the Saxon from England, having been raised (from the enlarged 1st Sussex Engineers) in March. The Boers having adopted prolonged Guerrilla warfare, the second section saw less movement than the first, being chiefly engaged with 9th Fd Co at Naampoort on the blockhouse system. After the end of its year's service the second section embarked on the Roslin Castle at Cape Town on 29 May 1902 and reached Southampton on 18 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Volunteer Force, South Africa\nThe wave of patriotism at the time of the Boer War led to the formation of eight more companies for the 1st Sussex Engineers in 1901: E, F and G at Brighton, H and J at Eastbourne, K at Tonbridge in Kent, L and M at Hastings. Shortly afterwards the HQ moved to 40 Junction Road, Eastbourne, with another drill station at Seaford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Sussex EVC provided the divisional engineers for the TF's Home Counties Division with the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Territorial Force\nNos 2\u20134 Sections were attached to and largely staffed by the three infantry brigades of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Territorial Force\nThe 1st Sussex also provided (from B & C Companies) the Sussex Fortress Royal Engineers, a single Works Company based at the Drill Hall, Queen's Hall, Broad Street, Seaford, while K Company at Tonbridge formed the basis for the Kent Fortress Royal Engineers. All three cadet corps continued to be affiliated to the Home Counties Divisional Engineers. The Telegraph Company was redesignated a Signals Company in 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, Mobilisation\nThe Home Counties Division was on its annual training on Salisbury Plain when mobilisation orders were received on 4 August 1914, and its units returned to their HQs. The Home Counties Divisional RE was embodied on 5 August 1914 under Lt-Col W.F. Cheesewright, who had been its Commander, RE, (CRE) since 12 July 1913. It went to its war station of Dover to work on defences, and then on 24 August to the Home Counties Division's concentration area around Canterbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, Mobilisation\nShortly after the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for overseas service. Early in September battalions of the Home Counties Division began to relieve Regular units at Gibraltar, then in October the infantry and artillery of the whole division embarked for garrison service in India. Although it did later receive a number (44th), the Home Counties Division never operated as a formation during the war: its units remained scattered in colonial garrisons or were attached to Indian divisions. The Divisional RE went to France on 21 December 1914 as GHQ Troops for the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front and were later assigned as individual companies to Regular divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, Mobilisation\nMeanwhile, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. The 2nd Home Counties Division was one of the first organised, as soon as the 1st Line had departed for India. Later 3rd Line units were formed to supply drafts to the 1st and 2nd Lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company\nOn 2 February 1915 the 1/1st Home Counties Fd Co was transferred from GHQ Troops at Racquenham to join 8th Division in the Lys sector. This division had been formed in the autumn of 1914 from Regular units returned from colonial garrisons, including two Regular RE companies. The decision had now been made to give each infantry division a third RE company, so that one could work with each of the brigades. 1/1st HC Field Co served with 8th Division on the Western Front throughout the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 72], "content_span": [73, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company\nThe company's first duties were to build breastworks rather than trenches in the waterlogged front line and to make extemporised mortars and Jam tin grenades. By the end of the month the division went into training for the planned Battle of Neuve Chapelle and the RE prepared depots of battle stores including trench bridges and ladders. 1/1st Home Counties Fd Co built a Pontoon bridge over the Lys to carry the extra traffic. The attack on 10\u201313 March advanced the line by about 800 yards (730\u00a0m). The company then carried out preparations for further attacks at Fromelles and at Aubers Ridge, including provision of splinter-proof shelters, footbridges, mine galleries, gun emplacements, roads and approach trenches. The division's attack at Rouge Bancs was a costly failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 72], "content_span": [73, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company\n8th Division was then moved north to a quieter sector. In September it prepared a limited attack at Bois-Grenier as a diversion from the main Battle of Loos. Once again 1/1st (HC) Fd Co built a pontoon bridge across the Lys to aid traffic flow. Although none of the enemy positions was held at the end of the day's fighting, the company wired and consolidated a new shorter defence line in No man's land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 72], "content_span": [73, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Somme\nPreparations for the 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme) began in April 1916, with the RE Sapping towards the enemy positions, preparing dugouts and assembly positions, and making gaps in the wire. 1/1st Home Counties Fd Co was not engaged in 8th Division's disastrous attack on the Ovillers Spur on the First day on the Somme (1 July), but was sent up in the evening to help hold the line. The sappers spent the night bringing in wounded, of whom there were over 3000 across the division's front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Somme\nAfter this disaster 8th Division was withdrawn, and 1/1st HC Fd Co was put to work on defences at Loos and in front of the Hohenzollern Redoubt. Later in July it rejoined 8th Division in the Ginchy sector. The division returned to the Somme for the Battle of Le Transloy (23\u201330 October), with the sappers preparing additional communication trenches before the attack. The company went in with the attack, which was only partly successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Somme\nThe company spent the winter building Nissen huts and carrying out improvements to trenches and wire. It was redesignated 490th (Home Counties) Field Company when the TF RE companies were numbered on 1 February 1917. 8th Division carried out an attack at Bouchavesnes on 4 March, and then followed up the German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich) (14 March \u2013 5 April).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Ypres\nIn May the division went into reserve to prepare for the Third Ypres Offensive, the RE work including burying signal cables, building roads, forming dumps of stores, and assisting an RE Tunnelling Company building deep dugouts. The division made a daylight raid on Bellewaarde Farm on 24 July, and then participated in the Battle of Pilckem Ridge that opened the offensive on 31 July. It was then relieved on 2 August to refit and train for a renewed attack to complete the capture of the first objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Ypres\nOn the night of 10 August, just before going back into the line, Divisional HQ (DHQ) suffered an air raid, and a bomb killed the officer commanding 490th (HC) Fd Co, Maj C.C. Bryan, and wounded two other officers and six other ranks. Major D.L. Herbert took over command of the company. Zero hour for the Battle of Langemarck was 04.45 on 16 August, and 490th (HC) Fd Co laid out tapes to help the men of 25th Bde to find their forming-up positions in the mud and craters in the dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Ypres\nThe infantry crossed the Hanebeek stream and began dealing with enemy pillboxes. But the divisions on either flank were unable to advance as far, and 8th Division was left 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) in front with its flanks exposed. Dangerous German counter-attacks began to come in, and by nightfall the division was practically back on its starting positions. The division spent the rest of the offensive making demonstrations without actually attacking. The sappers spent the winter in Ypres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Spring Offensive\nThe German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918. 8th Division had just come out of the line for rest, but after the initial German breakthrough it was sent up on 23 March to hold the Somme crossings, blowing up the bridges after the retreating troops had crossed back over them. The divisional frontage was very wide, and there were no reserves, so when 25th Bde was hard pressed the only troops to hand were 490th (HC) Fd Co. The sappers were ordered to take up position across the Morchain\u2013Pertain road to act as a rallying point. After further severe fighting, 25th Bde fell back to hold this position in the afternoon. However, the river line had been penetrated elsewhere, and by 26 March the division was fighting at Rosi\u00e8res. After a week's fighting retreat it was relieved at Moreuil Wood on 2 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Spring Offensive\n8th Division was next in action at Villers-Bretonneux on 24\u201325 April, when 490th (HC) Fd Co was in action, losing numerous casualties to Mustard Gas. The division was then moved south, where it faced another heavy German attack and consequent retreat at the Aisne (27 May \u2013 6 June). The exhausted division was then withdrawn into reserve, with the sappers at St Quentin and Le Treport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Hundred Days\n8th Division entered the Allied Hundred Days Offensive at the Battle of the Scarpe (26\u201330 August). It followed up by forcing the Rouvroy\u2013Fresnes Line (7\u20138 October). After the attack on the Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Switch Line on 4 October the Germans in this sector suddenly retreated and 8th Division participated in the capture of Douai on 17 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Hundred Days\nOn 30 October, 8th Division was pursuing the defeated Germans and sent 23rd Brigade to establish a bridgehead across the Scheldt opposite Odomez. 490th (HC) Field Co constructed a light cylinder bridge by 21.00 that evening. but it collapsed, and was not fully repaired until 04.00 the following morning, so the lead battalion crossed by rafts. However, it came under heavy attack on 31 October and was ordered to withdraw. Although the bridge was again broken, all the wounded were got away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/1st Home Counties Field Company, Hundred Days\nOn 4\u20135 November the division concentrated round Marchiennes, where the sappers were engaged in improving roads and canal and river crossings. When the Armistice with Germany came into effect at 11.00 on 11 November, 8th Division was 3\u20134 miles NNE of Mons. On 16 November it was relieved and went back to Tournai, then moved to the Ath\u2013Enghien area by 18 December. Here demobilisation began, and the cadre of 490th (HC) Fd Co returned to England in May 1919 after the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company\nOn 2 February 1915 the 1/2nd Home Counties Fd Co was transferred from GHQ Troops at Blendiques to join 5th Division at Bailleul. This Regular division was part of the original BEF that had gone to France in 1914; it was now given 1/2nd HC as a third field company, which served with it for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 72], "content_span": [73, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company, Hill 60\nThe company was at work in the line as soon as it arrived, suffering casualties at Messines  Ridge and at Hill 60, where it assisted in the mining operations preceding its capture on 17 April. 5th Division was then engaged during the German offensives (the Second Battle of Ypres) including the battles of Gravenstafel Ridge (23 April) and St Julien (24 April \u2013 1 May). The division was not involved in any major actions for the next year, but suffered a steady trickle of casualties as it held the line in the Ypres sector from May to July, around Bray from August 1915 to February 1916, and the Arras front from March to July 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 81], "content_span": [82, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company, Somme\n5th Division was moved south to join in the Somme Offensive and was engaged in the Attacks on High Wood (20 July \u2013 1 August). During these actions the RE were engaged in building positions round Longueval and sections were attached to the infantry for each advance, in which they acted as riflemen as well as sappers. The division then continued in the September battles, in all of which the  company suffered casualties, at Guillemont (3\u20136 September), Flers\u2013Courcelette (18\u201322 September) and at Morval (25\u201326 September).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company, Somme\n5th Division was stationed in the B\u00e9thune sector from October 1916 to March 1917. On 1 February 1917, 1/2nd HC Fd Co was designated as 491st (Home Counties) Field Company. The division was moved into position on 7 April to take part in the Battle of Vimy Ridge (9\u201314 April). After the successful advance, the RE made plank roads over the shell holes. The Germans knew the lost positions intimately, and were able to shell the new artillery positions accurately, so the divisional RE built deeper dugouts for the gunners and built dummy ammunition dumps to divert enemy fire. The division then took part in the attack on La Coulotte (23 April), the Third Battle of the Scarpe (3\u20134 May), and the Capture of Oppy Wood (28 June).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company, Ypres\n490th (HC) Field Company was used for road building before the Third Ypres Offensive. 5th Division took part in several of the battles that autumn: Polygon Wood (1\u20133 October), where it was subjected to mustard gas; the advance along the Reutelbeck during the Battle of Broodseinde (4 October); the first attack on Poelcappelle on 9 October,;the second attack on Polderhoek (26 October); and the Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October \u2013 10 November), including the third attack on Polderhoek on 6 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company, Italy\nOn 23 November the division was warned that it was to be moved to the Italian Front. It began entraining on 27 November and by 20 December it had concentrated to the east of the River Brenta, not far from Padua. The divisional RE built bridges over the Brenta. 5th Division later took over part of the line along the River Piave on 27 January 1918 and the RE worked to improve these positions until the division was relieved on 18 March. During this period the sappers were involved in bridgebuilding and in revetting the trenches dug into shingly ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company, Spring Offensive\nOn 24 March 5th Division was warned to return to the Western Front, where the German Spring Offensive had been launched. It began entraining on 1 April and completed its concentration on 9 April between Doullens and Fr\u00e9vent, just in time for the Battle of the Lys. It took part in the Battle of Hazebrouck, including the Defence of the Nieppe Forest (12\u201315 April). After the fighting died down the division held the forest, and the divisional RE extended a Decauville Railway to bring up supplies, repairing it after frequent breaks due to enemy shelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company, Spring Offensive\nOn 28 June, in its first offensive operation since the Great Retreat, the division gained space clear of the forest and pushed patrols and outposts forward (the action at La Becque, Operation Borderland). Then under cover of darkness the divisional RE went forward to destroy the bridges over La Plate Becque in front of the outposts. Later they were used to strengthen various HQ dugouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company, Hundred Days\nShortly after the start of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive 5th Division was moved into the Authie\u2013Doullens area. It took part in the Second Battle of Albert (21\u201323 August) and continued advancing thereafter. The Second Battle of Bapaume followed from 31 August to 3 September. The division followed up to the Hindenburg Line, attacking the outposts in the Battle of \u00c9pehy (18 September) when it captured 'African Trench'. It then played a part in breaching the Hindenburg Line at the Battle of the Canal du Nord (27 September \u2013 1 October) and the subsequent pursuit to the River Selle, followed by the Battle of the Selle (17\u201323 October).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1/2nd Home Counties Field Company, Hundred Days\nFrom 5 November the division slowly fought its way through the For\u00eat de Mormal, crossed the Sambre and advanced across the Maubeuge\u2013Avesnes road, where it was relieved on 10 November. After the Armistice it was in reserve near Le Quesnoy. Between 13 and 21 December it moved into Belgium and was cantoned in villages between Namur and Wavre. It remained in these billets until demobilisation began in February 1919. The last troops left for England on 10 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 86], "content_span": [87, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1st Home Counties Signal Company\n28th Division was formed in December 1914 \u2013 January 1915 primarily from Regular units returned from service in India, with support units provided by the TF. On 5 January 1915 the division was joined at Winchester by the 1st Home Counties Signal Company, which provided its communications until beyond the end of the war. The division embarked at Southampton 15\u201318 January, disembarked at Le Havre 16\u201319 January and concentrated between Bailleul and Hazebrouck by 22 January. While on the Western Front it participated in the following actions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1st Home Counties Signal Company\nOn 19 October 1915 the division was ordered to entrain for an unknown destination. Units began embarking at Marseille on 24 October and by 22 November the whole division was at Alexandria in Egypt. It then embarked again for the Macedonian front, completing its disembarkation at Salonika on 4 January 1916. It spent the rest of the war on this front, where there were few major actions but the troops suffered steady attrition through trench warfare casualties and sickness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1st Home Counties Signal Company\nOn 18 and 19 September 1918, 28th Division took part in the Battle of Doiran and the subsequent pursuit of the defeated Bulgarian Army up the Strumica Valley. On 29 September Bulgaria concluded the Armistice of Salonica with the Allies. This was followed a month later by the Armistice of Mudros with the Turks. Early in November the 28th Division was sent to occupy Constantinople and the Dardanelles Forts, with Divisional HQ at Chanak (\u00c7anakkale).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 1st Home Counties Signal Company\n28th Division remained in these positions, though its units (including 28th Divisional Signal Company of the new Royal Corps of Signals) were progressively staffed by Regulars after the remaining TF men were demobilised. In July 1922, 28th Division was moved to interpose between the Greek and Turkish armies (the Chanak Crisis). After a ceasefire was arranged, the British troops were progressively reduced. On 2 October 1923 the final evacuation took place, and 28th Division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 67th (2nd Home Counties) Divisional Engineers\n2/1st Home Counties Fd Co was formed at Brighton and Eastbourne, and 2/2nd (HC) Fd Co at Hastings in October 1914. 2nd Home Counties Signal Co was formed at Brighton. The 2nd Home Counties Division began to assemble around Windsor in November 1914 and Lt-Col E.G. Hales was appointed CRE on 12 December. There was a shortage of equipment with which to train \u2013 only a few old .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles were available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0039-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 67th (2nd Home Counties) Divisional Engineers\nIn July 1915 the units had to be reorganised as TF men who had only signed up for Home Service were transferred to Home Defence brigades (termed Provisional Brigades). 9th Provisional Fd Co, predominantly an East Lancashire unit, was formed in Kent and absorbed details from Home Counties RE units. It later became 648th (East Lancashire) Fd Co in 73rd Division. When that division was disbanded in March 1918, the field company was reorganised as 648th (Home Counties) Army Troops Company, RE, and went to join the BEF on 23 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 67th (2nd Home Counties) Divisional Engineers\nThe 2nd HC Division was redesignated 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division in August 1915 and the signal company became 67th (2nd HC) Signal Co. The divisional RE was further reorganised with the addition of 1/3rd Home Counties Fd Co, a new 1st Line company that had been formed at Newhaven on 21 August; it joined at Southborough on 6 November. By that time the division was part of Second Army, Central Force, and was quartered in Kent, with the other two field companies at Tonbridge, and the Signal Co HQ with divisional HQ (DHQ) at Canterbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 67th (2nd Home Counties) Divisional Engineers\n67th (2nd HC) Division had the dual role of home defence and supplying drafts to units serving overseas. It was twice warned for service in Ireland and in April 1917 for service on the Western Front, but these deployments never materialised and the division spent the whole war in England. By September 1916 the three field companies were based at the villages of Broomfield, Preston and Northbourne in Kent. In February 1917 the field companies were numbered: 492nd (1/3rd), 493rd (2/1st) and 494th (2/2nd). In October 1917, 492nd (1/3rd HC) Fd Co was detached from the division and joined 71st Division, the 67th receiving 645th (West Lancashire) Fd Co in exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 67th (2nd Home Counties) Divisional Engineers\nDuring the winter of 1917\u20131918 the division moved to Essex, where it joined XXIII Corps. DHQ and Signals were at Colchester, and the field companies at Colchester and Driffield. The units maintained these dispositions until after the Armistice when demobilisation began. In March 1919 the remaining divisional RE began to disband, and the process was soon completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 492nd (Home Counties) Field Company\nIn October 1917, 492nd (HC) Fd Co joined 71st Division, a training and coast defence formation that was forming a special brigade (214th Bde) for possible service in Murmansk as part of the North Russia Intervention. In the event, 214th Bde remained in the UK, but 492nd (HC) Fd Co did proceed to Russia as part of Syren Force, landing at Murmansk on 29 September 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 74], "content_span": [75, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0043-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, First World War, 492nd (Home Counties) Field Company\nIn the closing months of the First World War, the force defended the ice-free port facilities of Murmansk and the Murmansk\u2013Petrograd railway as far as Kem on the White Sea, against the threat of attacks by German and Finnish White Guard forces. It continued this duty during the complex postwar political and military exchanges with local Bolsheviks and Finnish Red Guards. The company joined Syren Force in June 1918 and served in Russia until at least July 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 74], "content_span": [75, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Interwar\n44th (Home Counties) Division began to reform at home in 1920. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the field companies were renumbered and the divisional RE adopted the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Interwar\nThe signal company transferred to the new Royal Corps of Signals as 44th (Home Counties) Divisional Signals. The Sussex Fortress Engineers began to reform on 1 November 1920, but a year later 210 Fd Co was moved from Middlesex back to Seaford and absorbed the Fortress Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Interwar\nThe CRE of 44th (HC) Division, appointed on 16 February 1920, was Lt-Col H.C. Saunders, who had commanded the HC Signal Company before the First World War. He was promoted to Brevet Colonel on 16 February 1924 and after retiring was appointed Honorary Colonel on 17 July 1926. The Sussex RE found it difficult to obtain enough officers, and Saunders returned to the command for a further four-year term on 16 February 1932, before reverting to the Honorary Colonelcy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, Mobilisation\nFollowing the Munich Crisis the TA was doubled in size. Once again, 44th (HC) Division formed a duplicate, 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division, with the following RE organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, Mobilisation\n44th (HC) Division was mobilised on 3 September 1939, and the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division became active on 7 October 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE\nShortly after mobilisation, 44th (HC) Division formed the 'Ashdown Forest Mobile Group' as an anti-invasion reserve at Groombridge, with 208 Fd Co as its RE component, joining on 14 September. On 29 September it was announced that each of the 1st Line TA divisions would send one field company to France to build defences for the new British Expeditionary Force (BEF). 208 (S) Field Co was selected from 44th (HC) Division and made its way from Groombridge to Southampton, where it boarded the Mona's Queen on 26 September and landed at Cherbourg the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 74], "content_span": [75, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE\nThe rest of 44th (HC) Division RE moved to Dorset for training under the CRE, Lt-Col R.H. Parsons, with 209 Fd Co at Bridport, 210 at Beaminster and Wetherby, and 211 Fd Pk Co establishing its stores and workshops at Larkham Hall. In January 1940 the division was ordered to prepare to embark for France in February, but the departure was delayed. The first RE parties left on 19 March, but 210 Field Company only embarked on 8 April, and 211 Fd Park Co's bridging section did not follow until 30 April. After landing at Cherbourg the field companies moved into France with their brigade groups (209 Fd Co with 132 Bde and 210 Fd Co with 133 Bde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 74], "content_span": [75, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, Battle of France\nOnce 44th (HC) Division had concentrated, HQRE was established at Estaires on 1 May, where 208 Fd Co briefly rejoined. As the training of the recently doubled TA formations was still weak, GHQ instituted a policy of exchanging some of their units with Regular formations. Having already been detached during the training period, the CRE selected 208 Fd Co as the one to be exchanged, and it was replaced in 44th (HC) Division on 4 May by 11 Fd Co from 2nd Division. This Regular company remained part of the divisional engineers for the rest of the war, usually supporting 131 Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, Battle of France\nWhen the German offensive in the west opened on 10 May, the BEF advanced into Belgium in accordance with 'Plan D'. 44th (HC) Division moved up to the Escaut, where it was in reserve, with 11 and 210 Fd Cos preparing bridges for demolition. However, the German Army broke through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again, and by 19 May the whole force was back across the Escaut, and the sappers began blowing up the bridges while under shellfire and bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0052-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, Battle of France\n44th (HC) Division tried to hold the most dangerous point, but the Germans established bridgeheads across the Escaut at dawn on 20 May. The attack was renewed on 22 May and the division was badly chewed up, but there was no breakthrough: it was the deep penetration further east that forced the BEF to withdraw. That night the sappers began to lay anti-tank mines and prepare the bridges over the River Lys for demolition, and next day the BEF fell back to the 'Canal Line'. 44th (HC) Division was then withdrawn into reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, Battle of France\nCut off, the BEF fell back towards the coast, with 44th (HC) Division given the responsibility of defending the area round Hazebrouck. On 26 May the decision was made to evacuate the BEF through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo). 44th (HC) Division was heavily attacked by German Panzer divisions on 27 May, but fought on doggedly until ordered to withdraw, by which time the enemy's advanced columns had penetrated between its widely-spread units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0053-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, Battle of France\nWith its flanks 'in the air' after neighbouring French formations retreated during the night of 28/29 May, the divisional commander decided to withdraw some 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) to Mont des Cats, a strong position held by the divisional artillery and the divisional RE. 210 Field Co was absent with 133 Bde (and some of the company were captured during the retreat), but 11 and 209 Fd Cos, reinforced by the RE Chemical Warfare Group (58, 61 and 62 Chemical Warfare Cos), 100 Army Fd Co and 216 ArmyTroops Co were deployed as infantry to defend this position, with 211 Fd Park Co in reserve, though only DHQ and scattered elements managed to join them by dawn. This rearguard was subjected to intense mortar fire next morning, then by dive-bombing, but held its position for 30 hours while the rest of the division withdrew. The remnants of the division reached the beaches for embarkation, landing in England on 1 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 1009]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, Home Defence\nBack in England, 44th (HC) Divisional Engineers assembled at Port Meadow Camp, Oxford, on 6 June, and then the companies joined their brigade groups. 209 Field Co went to Castle Bromwich with 132 Bde, 210 Fd Co to Gloucester with 133 Bde, and 211 Fd Park Co to Shrivenham; later 11 Fd Co joined 131 Bde at Fosdyke. Re -equipment began in July, after which 44th (HC) Division moved to Northern Command. The sappers were soon engaged in building anti-invasion defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0054-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, Home Defence\n209 Field Co moved to Ollerton in Nottinghamshire, where it worked on pillboxes and other defences along the River Trent. It also put a ferry into operation in case the bridges were destroyed by bombing. 210 Field Co worked on pillboxes and preparing bridges for demolition around Castleford and Snaith while 211 Fd Park Co was at Pontefract; both then moved to continue the work around Doncaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, Home Defence\nIn November 1940 44th (HC) Division was transferred to XII Corps in invasion-threatened South East England; 209 Fd Co went to Tenterden, while 210 moved around Kent. The next year was spent alternately training and working on beach defences. On 27 July 1941 the CRE, Lt-Col W.G.R. Nutt, was wounded and the OC (Maj Becher) and another officer of 209 Fd Co were killed while inspecting a mine on Dover beach. In January 1942 the unit was relieved of its operational duties and concentrated on training for crossing minefields and anti-tank ditches. In February the whole division concentrated at Mote Park, Maidstone, and on 29 May it embarked for Egypt, via Freetown, Cape Town and Aden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, North Africa\n44th (HC) Division arrived at Suez on 24 July, shortly after Eighth Army had retreated to the El Alamein position. At first its engineers worked on the Delta defences in the rear, then on 14 August the division was called forward by General Bernard Montgomery and the following day assigned to XIII Corps. The division was positioned on the vital Alam Halfa ridge, where General Rommel was expected to attack the El Alamein line. Its positions were protected by minefields through which 'gates' had been left to allow patrols to come and go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0056-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, North Africa\nAt each 'gate' there was an infantry picquet; if the enemy approached the picquet would place mines in ready-made holes and an attached sapper would arm them. When the attack came in on 30 August (the Battle of Alam el Halfa), the Panzers spent hours attempting to break through in the darkness. On the morning of 31 August a German tank was seen approaching one of these gates in front of 133 Bde. The infantry left their cover to place the mines, but were all disabled by the tank's machine-gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0056-0002", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, North Africa\nSapper K. Stansfield of 210 Fd Co calmly walked 100 yards (91\u00a0m) down the forward slope, armed and placed 12 mines under continuous fire from the tank's main gun, and then walked back unharmed. Stansfield was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM). Over the next two days the Panzers made repeated attacks but 44th (HC) Division held its position. Detachments of the field companies went out at night to destroy disabled enemy tanks in front of their positions to prevent their recovery. By 3 September the division was counter-attacking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, North Africa\nFor Eighth Army's counter-offensive (the Second Battle of Alamein), 44th (HC) Divisional RE was reinforced by the attachment of 577 Army Fd Co from XIII Corps Troops RE (CTRE), while 11 Fd Co was detached with 131 Bde to 7th Armoured Division. 44th (HC) Division was to lead one of XIII Corps' thrusts through the enemy minefields on the first night, 23/24 October (Operation Lightfoot), but without sufficient electronic or mechanical aids the sappers had to find and lift the mines by hand under intense fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0057-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, North Africa\nWith the armour, however, 11 Fd Co had the assistance of three 'Snail' lorries from 211 Fd Park Co, which left a trail of diesel oil over the desert that was visible in the moonlight to mark the cleared lane. As the RE historian wrote: 'Thus we had the unusual sight of a field park company leading an army into battle'. The section came under heavy fire, however, so its commander, Lt R.B. Hoskyns, made a fresh attempt with a small party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0057-0002", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, North Africa\nAlthough they were working in the middle of a firefight, they succeeded in clearing a lane to allow a carrier platoon through. Thus a route was found through the first belt of minefields ('January') on the first night of the battle. 44th (HC) and 7th Armoured Divisions' sappers succeeded in passing the second minefield ('February') the next night, but the armour was unable to exploit beyond. The sappers continued working on the gaps until they were completed on 28 October", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0058-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, North Africa\nThe second phase of the offensive, Operation Supercharge, was launched on the night of 27/28 October. On 2 November 133 Bde alongside the New Zealand 28th Maori Battalion, secured objectives covering the flanks of the attack, after which the sapper units began clearing gaps for the armour through the minefields. 133 Brigade advanced through the 'February' minefield on 3 November with No 2 Section of 209 Fd Co clearing the route, but got held up on the 'Avon' minefield until 5 November. By now the enemy was withdrawing and the exhausted sappers were given a week's rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0059-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 44th (Home Counties) Divisional RE, North Africa\nXIII Corps was short of transport and was left behind as Eighth Army drove westwards. The sappers were left with the task of clearing the battlefields. 11 and 209 Field Cos were sent up to Benghazi on 19 November, arriving on 25 November where 209 Fd Co began the task of clearing and re-opening the harbour as an advanced supply base for Eighth Army. The company remained on this work until April 1943, joined by the other units of 44th (HC) Divisional RE as they completed their mine-clearing tasks and moved up in early December. 211 Field Park Co used its own and captured machinery such as road rollers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0060-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE\nShortly after Alamein 44th (HC) Division HQ was disbanded, and its units distributed to other formations. On 26 November 1942, 44th (HC) Divisional RE (11, 209, 210 Fd Cos and 211 Fd Park Co) became XXX Corps Troops RE (XXX CTRE), replacing a number of South African Engineer Corps units that had fulfilled the role up to that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0061-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE\nXXX Corps had led Eighth Army's pursuit across Tripolitana to Tunisia in early 1943. The advance was delayed by enemy demolition and mines, entailing much work for the sappers. In March XXX CTRE moved up to Tripoli to work on improving the road behind the advance, dealing with 68 demolitions and craters, one of which required a bridge of five 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) spans. XXX Corps launched Eighth Army's assaults on the Mareth Line on 20 March and the Wadi Akarit position on 6 April. The Tunisian Campaign ended with the Axis  surrender on 12 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0062-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, Sicily\nIn May 1943 XXX CTRE moved up to Sfax in Tunisia to join its corps, which was training to land in the first wave of the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) on 9/10 July. The engineers followed later: 209 Field Co sailed from Sousse on 18 July and landed on Beach 20 near Porto Bello, south of Syracuse, on 21 July; 211 Fd Park Co also landed at Port Bello, but 210 Fd Co did not arrive until 4 August. The engineering required included mine clearance, bridge building and road repair as XXX Corps advanced to Catania and Mount Etna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0063-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, Sicily\nThe last Axis forces evacuated from the island on 17 August, leaving behind much destruction of communications. On 15 August XXX CTRE reconnoitred the important coastal route at Taormina, which had been damaged by British naval gunfire and then by enemy demolitions. The road was cut into a cliff, overhanging a railway line, part of which ran through a tunnel whose mouth had been blown in. Calculating that a 150\u2013160 feet (46\u201349\u00a0m) bridge was required across the gapped road, the CRE ordered up one field company and a Bailey bridge platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0063-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, Sicily\nA Canadian tunnelling company was also called up to widen the approach road by removing the cliff above it, and a bomb disposal section had to check the tunnel for mines and booby-traps. Eventually, the bridge assembly could start on the morning of 21 August, the road being opened two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0064-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, Sicily\nXXX Corps did not take part in the invasion of the Italian mainland, and in November 1943 XXX CTRE sailed from Augusta for the UK, 209 Fd Co sailing direct to Glasgow, where it disembarked on 26 November, the remainder travelling via Algiers and arriving during December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0065-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nXXX Corps now began to prepare for the Allied invasion of Normandy, Operation Overlord. The corps' leading troops landed on D-Day and the build-up of forces began thereafter: 209 Fd Co landed on 'King' Sector on Gold Beach during the early hours of D+2 (8 June), losing some men drowned. 210 Field Co landed at Sword Beach later the same day, and on 10 June a reconnaissance party of five sappers captured an enemy machine gun post and five prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0065-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nThe field park company disembarked in four groups between D+3 and D+6, acquired equipment for roadmaking and airfield construction at Bayeux and based itself there during the Normandy campaign, handling stores for road- and bridge-building, and manufacturing all manner of objects required by the army. The field companies operated behind the lines, maintaining roads and clearing mines. 210 Field Co began to take up sleepers to convert a railway into a road, but after objections from the French railway authorities they had to be replaced and the railway reinstated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0065-0002", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\n209 Field Co spent 7\u201316 August at Aunay-sur-Odon, clearing 1,500 yards (1,400\u00a0m) of rubble-strewn road with bulldozers, making 2,000 yards (1,800\u00a0m) of diversions, spraying roads to keep down dust, and building a Class 40 Bailey bridge. The company then moved up to deal with roads washed out by the flooded River Odon, and on 17 August No 2 Platoon built a 50 feet (15\u00a0m) Bailey bridge across the River Orne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0066-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nAfter the breakout from the Normandy beachhead, XXX CTRE under Lt-Col R.E. Black was called on to assist in the major bridging operation on the River Seine at Vernon. Their role was to clear the road to the crossing site, including replacing blown road and rail bridges over the River Eure at Pacy-sur-Eure that threatened to hold up the whole operation. 11 Field Co was sent to begin the work, first clearing a road block at St Acquilin; unfortunately this had been booby-trapped and five sappers were killed in the explosion. XXX CTRE then spent the next two days working continuously on the Pacy bridges until the sappers were exhausted. XXX CTRE continued worked on road repairs and bridging along the 'Club' and 'Heart' routes through Northern France and across Belgium into the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0067-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nAfter the failure of Operation Market Garden, vital road and rail bridges at Nijmegen were damaged by German swimmers who attached mines to the piers. A hole was blown in the roadway of the road bridge, but was swiftly repaired by the insertion of two Bailey spans by XXX CTRE and 15th (Kent) GHQ TRE; the bridges were also camouflaged. On 21 October 209 and 210 Fd Cos paddled assault boats across the Nederrijn to rescue 138 men of 1st Airborne Division who had been sheltered by Dutch civilians since the failure of Market Garden. For the rest of the year the sappers were engaged in bridge-building, encountering considerable problems at Beringen bridge when the flooded river washed away the approach roads and threatened the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0068-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nDuring the German Ardennes Offensive, XXX Corps was moved down to defend the line of the River Meuse, and the corps RE prepared the bridges for demolition. Once the situation had stabilised XXX Corps advanced to recover the lost ground, with the RE re-establishing communications and clearing minefields. The latter task was especially dangerous in the frozen ground, and resulted in many casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0069-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\n21st Army Group returned to the offensive with Operation Veritable to clear the Reichswald, led by XXX Corps. A few days before the attack was due, a thaw set in, and the vital supply roads collapsed. All available engineers were put to roadbuilding to maintain the traffic flow for the concentration of troops, ammunition and supplies. The attack began on 8 February, but that evening rain began to fall and water levels rose by 18 inches (46\u00a0cm). The mass of engineers worked continuously to keep roads open to sustain the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0069-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nAs the divisions fought their way forward, XXX CTRE was sent in to reinforce the divisional engineers. By 13 February the whole of the Reichswald had been cleared and the first phase of Veritable completed. The companies then returned to clearing and maintaining  the main routes, and were back at Nijmegen by early March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0070-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nBy mid-March 21 Army Group had closed up to the Rhine. Now it paused to prepare for an assault crossing (Operation Plunder). The bridges to be constructed on XXX Corps' front after the initial crossings were codenamed after famous London bridges: XXX CTRE under Lt-Col Black was responsible for 'Lambeth' (named after Lambeth Bridge), a Class 15 Bailey pontoon bridge. 211 Feld Park Co constructed equipment such as cradles to transport naval Tugboats, and acted as a reserve of manpower for the bridging parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0070-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nWork began at 03.00 on 25 March, but enemy fire from the uncaptured town of Rees on the far bank caused casualties equivalent to a platoon's strength with 30 minutes. After daylight the work continued under a smokescreen and despite a collision from an out-of-control tugboat the bridge was opened at 08.30 on 26 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0071-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nAcross the Rhine 209 Fd Co worked with  51st (Highland) Division and 210 Fd Co with 43rd (Wessex) Division to help with their route maintenance, and then on 5 April 209 Fd Co with a platoon of 11 Fd Co built a 213 feet (65\u00a0m) bridge over the River Ems under fire; this was open for traffic the next day. The whole of XXX CTRE was required for the bridge over the River Weser. The site was still in enemy hands on 20 April when the reconnaissance was carried out, but work began at 12.00 on 22 April for a Class 40 bridge, and the bridgehead was defended and patrolled by the sappers themselves, 'mopping up' a number of prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0072-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nAs the rapid advance continued, 209 Fd Co filled craters and built a 110-foot treble/single Bailey at Hassel on 1 May, replaced a 30-ft Bailey at Bremerv\u00f6rde with two 20-ft single/double Baileys starting at 21.30 on 3 May and completing the job at 04.30 on 4 May. By 6 May it was looking after 11 bridges and collecting surplus bridging materials from nearby sites as it upgraded them for heavier traffic. Immediately after news arrived of the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath, 209 Fd Co started building a large Prisoner of War (PoW) camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0073-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\nPostwar, the companies carried out many tasks, from clearing bridge wreckage and building  PoW camps, to running trade schools. Demobilisation by age and call-up group reduced the companies to cadre strength by early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0073-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XXX Corps Troops RE, North West Europe\n211 Field Park Company was put into suspended animation on 28 March 1946, with some of its remaining personnel transferring to 11 Fd Co, and next day the remainder together with the cadres of 209 and 210 Fd Cos transferred to two field squadrons (4 and 621) of 7th Armoured Division, which took over the TA numbers of 209 and 210 before eventually being placed in suspended animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0074-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 208 (Sussex) Field Company\n208 (Sussex) Fd Co joined 2nd Division on 4 May 1940, and by 12 May it was deployed on the Dyle Line (see above). During the retreat to Dunkirk its role was to destroy bridges and create anti-tank obstacles. Some of the volunteers who stayed behind to blow 'last minute' bridges were unable to make it back to Dunkirk, where the rest of the company was evacuated by 31 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0075-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 208 (Sussex) Field Company\nThe company served in home defence until April 1942 when it embarked for India with 2nd Division. In India it trained for amphibious operations on the coast of Burma, but when the Japanese launched a pre-emptive attack (the U Go Offensive) against Kohima and Imphal in March 1944, 2nd Division was among the reinforcements rushed to the Central Front. The company fought with the division to break through and relieve the defenders of Kohima and then to drive the Japanese off of Kohima Ridge. 2nd Division then continued its campaign through Monsoon rain to relieve Imphal, with 208 Fd Co clearing roadblocks and building bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0076-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 208 (Sussex) Field Company\nOperations resumed in November, and 208 Fd Co operated ferry services and repaired roads and bridges behind the advancing Fourteenth Army. On 24 February 2nd Division made a moonlight assault crossing of the Irrawaddy River with 208 Fd Co manning the assault boats under heavy fire. It then began a ferry to get tanks and vehicles across the river. The division advanced towards Mandalay before being disengaged and airlifted back to India for reorganisation. The Japanese surrendered before it saw action again, and the company went into suspended animation on 31 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0077-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE\n12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE mobilised as follows in September 1939, under the command of Lt-Col W.E. Dewdney as CRE:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 77], "content_span": [78, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0078-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE\nThe unit moved to Milton Barracks, Gravesend, to guard the airport, undergo training, and receive reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 77], "content_span": [78, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0079-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE, Battle of France\n262 Field Co was ordered to proceed to France independently and arrived at Le Havre from Southampton on 20 March 1940. The company was put to work building accommodation for the new BEF. The infantry of 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division arrived in April as labour troops to work on airfields and lines of communication. On 17 May, after the BEF was forced to withdraw from the Dyle Line, 262 Field Co joined 36 Bde near Doullens, where it began constructing road blocks and preparing a massive fuel dump for destruction. It then cratered the main road and laid anti-tank mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 95], "content_span": [96, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0079-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE, Battle of France\nBy 20 May the Germans had taken Doullens and the sappers were part of a long retreating column fighting off German attacks. On 22 May about 100 men of 262 Fd Co and 50 men of the 7th Battalion Royal West Kent Regiment reached Boulogne, where 20th Guards Bde had just landed to defend the port. 262 Field Co took up position between two Guards battalions, with parties of 50 sappers posted either side of the Boulogne\u2013Desvins road, while a party remained out to blow the last bridge over the river before joining their unit. 262 Field Co covered the retreat of 7th Royal West Kents into the defended perimeter. The defenders were attacked from all sides and by the evening of 23 May the Royal Navy was ordered to evacuate them. The last parties who could not be evacuated finally surrendered on 25 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 95], "content_span": [96, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0080-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE, Battle of France\nThe rest of the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE sailed from Gravesend and arrived at Le Havre on 20 April. They were sent to Rouen, where 263 Fd Co was put to building camps and 265 Fd Park Co set up an RE depot and workshop. When the German invasion began, the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division (less 36 Bde and 262 Fd Co) was ordered to concentrate at Amiens. The RE were entrained but never reached Amiens, which was already on fire after air raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 95], "content_span": [96, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0080-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE, Battle of France\nThey were then withdrawn via Le Mans to Blain on the Atlantic coast, where they began building a new camp at Chateau Pont Pietin. The infantry of the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division fought as part of 'Petreforce', holding up the German advance at the coast of heavy casualties before being evacuated through Dunkirk. The rest of the BEF remaining on the Atlantic coast then began to be evacuated through Cherbourg, the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE moving via Caen to get there early on 7 June. They embarked on the RMS Duke of Argyll and arrived at Southampton that evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 95], "content_span": [96, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0081-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 12th (Eastern) Infantry Divisional RE, Battle of France\nThe divisional RE was moved to Hexham in Northumberland, where 262 Fd Co rejoined, then returned to the south coast to work on anti-invasion beach defences along the South Coast and inland stop lines in Sussex and Kent. The 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division was broken up on 10 July, following the division's return to the United Kingdom. The divisional RE was converted into XII Corps Troops RE, the field companies formally being termed 'Army Field Companies'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 95], "content_span": [96, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0082-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE\nXII Corps HQ was formed in Aldershot Command in July 1940, and XII CTRE served with it for the rest of the war. 264 Field Co transferred to VIII CTRE in December 1941, and was replaced a year later by 280 Fd Co from 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0083-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE\nThe unit moved around the UK working on defences, laying minefields and supervising civilian contractors digging anti-tank ditches. On one occasion an infantry party wandered into a minefield near Chichester and some were killed and wounded. 262 Field Co was called upon for help and the officer commanding, Maj A.H.M. Morris, led a detachment and personally went into the crater to try to locate displaced mines, then disarmed others so that the casualties could be recovered. Major Morris was awarded the George Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0084-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE\nBy July 1943 XII Corps formed part of 21st Army Group, training for Operation Overlord. In mid-October 1943 XII CTRE settled at Mote Park, Maidstone, and began intensive training in clearing mines and underwater obstacles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0085-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE, Normandy\nFor the Normandy landings, XII CTRE's field companies were loaned to the assaulting divisions as obstacle clearance parties. Shortly after 07.45 on 6 June (D-Day) 262 Fd Co landed with troops of 3rd Canadian Division on Juno Beach, 263 Fd Co with 5th Assault Regiment, RE, supporting 3rd British Division on Sword Beach and 280 Fd Co with 6th Assault Regiment, RE, supporting 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division on Gold Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0085-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE, Normandy\nOnce ashore, the sappers began the dangerous task of clearing the beach obstacles before they were covered by the rising tide, and constructing exits so the follow-up troops could quickly get into action. At Colleville-sur-Orne 263 Fd Co's sappers had to clear snipers from nearby houses while working on the exits, then cleared a nearby glider landing zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0086-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE, Normandy\nFrom 7 to 10 June 263 Fd Co operated raft ferries at B\u00e9nouville, then on 10 and 11 June it assisted 71 Fd Co in building two Class 40 bridges ('London I & II') to duplicate Pegasus and Ranville bridges across the River Orne and Caen Canal. On 8 June 262 Fd Co established company HQ at Bernieres while the platoons continued beach clearance. They reverted to XII CTRE command around 11 June, and spent the rest of the campaign clearing roads of mines and debris, filling craters and minor bridgebuilding. 265 Field Park Co and the rear parties of the field companies joined the unit later. 265 Field Park Co operated quarries for road-building material and prepared bridging equipment for the field companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0087-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE, North West Europe\nAfter the breakout from the Normandy beachhead, XII crossed the Seine, with 262, 263 and 265 Cos building a Class 40 pontoon bridge over the river at St Pierre de Vouvray on 28 August. XII Corps drove on towards Antwerp, bypassing German garrisons along the coast. On 6 September, Instead of building bridges, 280 Fd Co together with 621st Fd Squadron of 7th Armoured Division was given the task of destroying all bridges on the Lys and Escaut as far south as Oudenaarde and Deinze to prevent these Germans from threatening the flank of the advance. All these were successfully destroyed, except a large concrete bridge at Deinze that the Germans themselves later blew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0088-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE, North West Europe\nXII CTRE spent the autumn clearing roads and building bridges across the many watercourses of the Low Countries. During Operation Colin 51st (Highland) Division pushed through Schijndel to Boxtel, 262 and 263 Fd Cos building Class 40 Bailey bridges across the Halsche and Dommel rivers respectively; 262 had to use four bulldozers to clear away the old bridge before beginning work. XII CTRE supported 51st (H) Division again during Operation Ascot on 11\u201314 November, building a Bailey at Neder. The winter of 1944\u20131945 was spent keeping roads open during snow and floods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0089-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE, North West Europe\nIn February and March 1945 the unit received special training in rafting and Folding Boat Equipment (FBE) bridging in preparation for the Rhine crossing, where XII Corps was to make an assault crossing alongside XXX Corps (see above). XII CTRE under Lt-Col C.J. Gardiner (together with 85 and 184 Gd Cos from 7th GHQ TRE) was allotted the task of building a Class 12 pontoon Bailey (codenamed 'Sussex') at the extreme left of the corps' area. The main bridge was 1,440 feet (440\u00a0m) long, with an additional 320 feet (98\u00a0m) across a minor gap. The start of construction was held up by enemy fire, but once work began the bridge was completed with the assistance of naval tugs on 26 March in just under 43 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0090-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE, North West Europe\nXII CTRE then took its turn on bridge maintenance until moving to Haffen to bridge the River Aa and remove concrete road blocks. It followed XII Corps' advance across Germany, building bridges especially across the Weser and Elbe. After the German surrender the unit was involved in bridgebuilding at Hamburg Docks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0091-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, XII CTRE, North West Europe\nDuring the summer of 1945 XII CTRE prepared to return to the UK to reorganise for service in the Far East. It got as far as handing in its equipment and concentrating at Ghent before the Japanese surrender ended the war. With reduced equipment the sappers assisted other units in erecting and dismantling Bailey bridges and other civil engineering works in rebuilding the occupied zone of West Germany. The unit and its companies were disbanded by 25 March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0092-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 264 (Sussex) Field Company\nAfter it left XII CTRE, 264 Fd Co moved to VIII CTRE and then in July 1942 it joined 2nd GHQ TRE forming for the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch), where it landed on 23 November. It remained in North Africa after the Tunisian Campaign until December 1943 when it moved to Italy, supporting 15th Army Group, with a detachment on the island of Vis where it worked for several weeks with the Yugoslav Partisans. The company spent 1944 working on road improvements and bridging with 4th Indian Division and I Canadian Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0092-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Second World War, 264 (Sussex) Field Company\nIn the winter of 1944\u20131945 the Allies began Operation Goldflake, secretly transferring I Canadian Corps from Italy to reinforce 21st Army Group in North West Europe. 2nd GHQTRE was among the units selected, and 264 Fd Co travelled via Livorno and Marseilles to Belgium, where it worked on supply routes and bridging. It continued this work in occupied Germany until disbandment in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0093-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947, 44th (HC) Divisional RE was reformed as 119 Field Engineer Regiment with its seniority derived from the 1st Sussex Engineers of 1890. It had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0094-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Postwar\nIn 1959, 210 Fd Sqn was awarded the freedom of Seaford, together with a Freedom Sword.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0095-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Postwar\nIn the 1961 reorganisation of the TA, the division became 44th (HC) Division/District and 119 Rgt once again became 44th (HC) Divisional RE. Headquarters remained at Brighton with 209 Fd Park Sqn, 211 (T&M) Fd Sqn rejoined (though still based at Northfleet, Beckenham and Swanley in Kent), and 208 and 210 Fd Sqns were amalgamated, with a recruiting area covering Hastings, Eastbourne, Seaford, Lewes and Worthing. To avoid argument, both numbers were scrapped and the amalgamated squadron revived a First World War number as 490 Fd Sqn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0096-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) on 31 March 1967, the division/district was disbanded and its remaining RE companies absorbed (together with 559 Sqn Royal Corps of Transport) into a new TAVR unit at Eastbourne designated B Company (Royal Engineers), 9th Territorial Battalion, The Queen's Regiment (Royal Sussex), except 209 Fd Park Sqn, whose personnel joined C Company; other personnel joined the London and Kent Regiment, Royal Artillery. B Company was disbanded on 31 March 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0097-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Honorary Colonel\nThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159656-0098-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Engineers, Memorial\nA memorial to the 16 men of 208 Fd Co who died in France and Burma was unveiled in All Souls Church, Susans Road, Eastbourne, on 28 October 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers\nThe 1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army first raised from the county of Sussex in 1859. It later became the 6th (Cyclist) Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment. During World War I it served in home defence in Britain and Ireland, while its 2nd Line battalion served in India and Waziristan. It was not reformed after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the Volunteer Movement, and Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) began to be organised throughout Great Britain. The 1st Sussex RVC was formed as two companies at Brighton on 23 November 1859, with Captains R. Moorsom (formerly of the Scots Fusilier Guards) and John Stuart Roupell as the company commanders. From April 1860 it was included in the 3rd Administrative Battalion of Sussex RVCs, but having attained a strength of six companies it became  an independent unit in July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nUnder the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Volunteers were brigaded with their local Regular and Militia battalions. This was in Sub-District No 43 in South Eastern District for the 1st Sussex RVC, grouped with the 35th (Royal Sussex) and 107th Regiments of Foot, the Royal Sussex Light Infantry Militia and the 1st Cinque Ports and 1st Sussex Admin Battalions of RVCs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further, the linked battalions becoming county regiments to which the Volunteers were formally affiliated. The 35th and 107th became the Royal Sussex Regiment on 1 July 1881, the 1st Sussex RVC becoming its 1st Volunteer Battalion (VB), but without changing its title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nThe late Victorian era saw a craze for cycling and the Volunteer Force took a leading role in developing the new Safety bicycle for military use. In April 1885 the 1st Sussex RVC was the first to raise a scout section using bicycles. The battalion raised its seventh and eighth companies in 1886, and officially changed its name to 1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment in February 1887.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force\nWhile Cardwell's sub-districts were often referred to as 'brigades', they were purely administrative organisations and the Volunteers were excluded from the 'mobilisation' part of the scheme. The Stanhope Memorandum of December 1888 proposed a more comprehensive Mobilisation Scheme for Volunteer units, which would assemble in their own brigades at key points in case of war. In peacetime these brigades provided a structure for collective training. Under this scheme the 1st Sussex formed part of the Dover Brigade, later entitled the South Eastern Brigade, before the Royal Sussex VBs formed their own Sussex Brigade at the end of the 1890s. This became the Sussex and Kent Brigade in the early 1900s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Second Boer War\nAfter Black Week in December 1899, the Volunteers were invited to send active service units to assist the Regulars in the Second Boer War. The War Office decided that one company 116 strong could be recruited from the volunteer battalions of any infantry regiment that had a regular battalion serving in South Africa. The Royal Sussex's VBs accordingly raised a service company that joined the 1st Battalion, replaced by a second contingent after a year, and earned the volunteer battalions their first Battle honour: South Africa 1900\u201302.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Volunteer Force, Second Boer War\nThere was a general expansion of the Volunteers in 1900, and the 1st VB raised a ninth company. In addition, three school Cadet Corps were affiliated to the battalion: Brighton College in 1900, Christ's Hospital in 1904 and Cottesmore School (later Brighton College Preparatory School) in 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, it was proposed that the 1st Volunteer Bn should be converted into the 2nd Home Counties Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, and an Army Service Corps company. However, the battalion's officers refused this unpopular conversion and were placed on the Unattached List; the artillery brigade was then organised from existing artillery volunteers. Brighton College and Christ's Hospital cadet corps joined the Officers' Training Corps and Brighton Prep School was affiliated to the 4th Bn Sussex Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nWhat remained of the battalion was then converted on 21 November 1911 into the 6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, consisting of headquarters (HQ) and A-H Companies. Lieutenant-Colonel Cecil Clarke, VD, commanding officer (CO) of the 1st Sussex VB since 18 January 1899, was confirmed in command of this successor unit. A regular officer, Captain B.M. Hynes of the Royal Sussex, was appointed adjutant to assist in raising the new battalion. Its drill hall was at 18 Montpelier Place in Brighton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Territorial Force\nThe cyclist battalions were not included in the TF's main divisional structure but were instead given the role of using their mobility to defend vulnerable sectors of the coastline and to maintain communications between the static defence units. The 6th Bn Royal Sussex fulfilled this role in Eastern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe battalion mobilised at Brighton on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, still under the command of Lt-Col Cecil Clarke. Shortly afterwards, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Later 3rd Line units were created to train reinforcements for the 1st and 2nd lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nFrom August 1914 to the end of 1915 the battalion served in coast defence in Norfolk as 'Army Troops' attached to the 1st Mounted Division, with battalion HQ at Holt. During this period the cyclist battalions with 1st Mtd Division operated as dispersed companies. In line with their pre-war training they prepared all the important road and rail bridges for demolition to impede an invading force, manned coastal lookout stations, and mounted guards on important infrastructure locations such as ports and oil tanks. In the prevailing mood of 'spy fever' they were also alert for possible espionage. On 14 July 1915 the battalion's remaining Home Service men were sent to join the 9th Provisional Brigade (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nIn July 1916 the Yeomanry of the 1st Mtd Division were converted to cyclists and the original cyclist battalions ceased to be attached. 1/6th Royal Sussex moved to St Leonards-on-Sea on the South Coast as part of the General Reserve. By March 1917 it was at Folkestone. In July 1917 it was at Wingham, Kent, attached to the reformed 1st Mtd Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 1/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nEarly in 1918 the battalion was sent to Tralee in Ireland, where it was attached to the 6th Cyclist Brigade. By August it was at Limerick, where it remained until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nThe 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, was mobilised at Brighton on 26 October 1914 under the temporary command of Maj C.V. Johnson. It moved to its war station at Southwold, Suffolk, on 12 March 1915 and deployed in the Centre Sub Section, Coast Defences, with one company detached at Dunwich, one at Wrentham and one at Southwold Fish Market. It was attached to 1st Mounted Division for operations, coordinating with the infantry of 2nd Welsh Border Brigade, 2nd Welsh Division. The battalion began a routine of training, trench digging, and road and railway patrols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nOn the night of 15/16 April Zeppelin L5 bombed Southwold and a patrol from the battalion opened fire on what they thought was spies signalling to it. Thereafter patrols frequently investigated reports of suspicious lights during a period of spy fever and occasional air raids. Many 2nd Line TF units had to make do with .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles; when the battalion received its Lee-Enfields in June they were a mixture of Long and Short models and carbines, in poor condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nThe battalion then went through a series of rapid changes, coming under First Army, Central Force, in May, then  2/1st London Division in June. On 1 July it moved from Southwold to Norfolk, first at Norwich, with HQ later at Stalham, and finally at Potter Heigham. It formally came under 2nd Welsh Division (redesignated 68th (2nd Welsh) Division the following month) and manned No 3 Section Norfolk Coast Defences, with detachments at Winterton-on-Sea, Stalham, and Sea Palling. Once again responsibilities were split, with the battalion coming under North Midland Mounted Brigade for operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0016-0002", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nBy November the battalion was attached to 1st Mtd Division again. It had relatively few home service or unfit men who had to be transferred to the provisional company (see below) but about 60 Canadians and Rhodesians had been recruited into the battalion, and in July 1915 they were transferred to the Canadian Expeditionary Force, being replaced by a draft from the 3/6th Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nIn November 1915 the 2/6th Royal Sussex under Lt-Col F.W. Johnson, DSO, was sent to Chiseldon in Wiltshire where it was brigaded with three other cyclist battalions (1/9th Hampshire Regiment, 1/25th London and 1/1st Kent) and converted to infantry, dropping 'Cyclist' from their titles. The battalions were reinforced and reorganised on the infantry's four-company system, and there was a period of intensive training. The brigade was intended as reinforcements for the East African Campaign, and tropical uniforms and foreign service helmets were issued, while stores were marked '4th East African Brigade'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0017-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nHowever, these were withdrawn before the end of the year. The brigade was then mobilised for the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, but instead was shipped to India. 2/6th Royal Sussex, with Capt Hynes promoted to Major as battalion second-in-command, embarked on the White Star liner Ceramic at Devonport, and landed at Bombay on 25 February 1916. The brigade assembled at Bangalore (at the time it was the only all-English brigade east of Suez) and resumed training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, India\n2/6th Sussex were stationed at Cornwallis Barracks in Bangalore, two companies later exchanging with two companies from 1/1st Kents at Hebbal Camp outside the city. At the beginning of December 1916 the brigade entrained for a six-day journey to a camp at Burhan, north of Rawalpindi. Here it was broken up and its individual units joined different brigades of 16th Indian Division, which was being assembled there. 2/6th Royal Sussex and 1/1st Kents joined 44th (Ferozepore) Brigade in February 1917. The division began training for mountain warfare on the North-West Frontier. However, training was abruptly stopped on 4 March when 44th Bde was sent to join a field force in South Waziristan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, India\nAt the beginning of December 1916 the brigade entrained for a six-day journey to a camp at Burhan, north of Rawalpindi. Here the brigade was broken up and its individual units joined different brigades of 16th Indian Division, which was being assembled there. 2/6th Royal Sussex and 1/1st Kents joined 44th (Ferozepore) Brigade in February. The division began training for mountain warfare on the North-West Frontier. However, training was abruptly stopped when 44th Bde was sent to join a field force in South Waziristan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, Waziristan 1917\nThe South Waziristan Field Force was mobilised at Tank, to carry out a punitive expedition against the Mahsud tribe who had ambushed and killed many of a force of the South Waziristan Militia at Serwekai. 2/6th Sussex entrained for Darya Khan on 5 March, marching into Dera Ismail Khan on 7 March where it organised camels and mules for the battalion transport. It reached Tank on 9 March, and 44th Bde moved out to Jatta three days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 98], "content_span": [99, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, Waziristan 1917\nHere the brigade formed an entrenched camp with 2/6th Sussex deployed along the perimeter with outlying picquets and Lewis gun posts, though large numbers of the men were sick. It also escorted supply convoys and carried out sweeps through the surrounding area. The South Waziristan Field Force operated until 15 April. Major Hynes had been promoted from second-in-command of the battalion to command 1/25th Londons on 24 March 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 98], "content_span": [99, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, Waziristan 1917\nNext the North Waziristan Militia were attacked and the force was reorganised at Tank as the North Waziristan Field Force, with 2/6th Royal Sussex moving to 45th (Jullundur) Brigade in May. The force began its advance in June. 2/6th Royal Sussex and 45th Bde moved on the second night, 7/8 June, over appalling tracks past Zam Fort as the force closed up to Jandola. Here the force was subjected to night sniping, and the daytime picquets going out and coming back exchanged fire with tribesmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 98], "content_span": [99, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, Waziristan 1917\nBut when the brigade advanced again the passage of the Shahur Tangi Pass was unopposed, the 2/6th Royal Sussex reaching the fortified camp beyond on 16 June. The next 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) march to Barwand entailed the heaviest fighting of the campaign, and picquets on the hills had to fight their way into position and then fight to hold them, sometimes through the night. A further 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) advance was then made on 20 June to secure water supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 98], "content_span": [99, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0021-0002", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, Waziristan 1917\nThe tribesmen made a determined stand on the Ispana Raghra plateau before the force was able to camp there. Next day 45th Bde was sent to destroy the village of Nanu at the head of the Splitoi valley, with 2/6th Sussex suffering one killed and 11 wounded in seizing the heights and then acting as the rearguard. On 23 June 45th Bde cleared a very difficult defile to allow the Striking Force to advance, 2/6th Sussex suffering more casualties. Next day the battalion provided the reserve and covering force for another sweep into the Khaisora Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 98], "content_span": [99, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0021-0003", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, Waziristan 1917\nOn 25 June the Mahsuds offered to negotiate for peace, and a treaty was signed on 12 July. The force then withdrew down the valley as far as Manzal, where a semi-permanent camp was erected. There was still a month of hard duty, picquetting the heights and escorting supply convoys up the Shahur Tangi pass, while many sick had to be transported down to the nearest hospital, five days' march away. Once the peace conditions were completed, the field force withdrew by stages through Jandola and Zam to Tank, with 2/6th Sussex having to provide picquets and road repair parties. On 20 August the battalion entrained at Tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 98], "content_span": [99, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, Waziristan 1917\nFor many of the men in the field force, there as a long period of convalescence before they were fit for further service. In 81 days' campaigning 2/6th Sussex had lost 8 men killed or died of disease, 18 evacuated wounded and 415 evacuated sick. The division was reorganised and 2/6th Royal Sussex moved to 43rd Indian Brigade in August. In March 1918 2/6th Royal Sussex went to Lahore, which was within the division's area of responsibility, and remained there throughout the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 98], "content_span": [99, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, Waziristan 1919\nAlthough World War I had ended in November 1918, 2/6th Royal Sussex was still stationed on the North-West Frontier when 16th Indian Division was mobilised in May 1919 on the outbreak of the Third Anglo-Afghan War. 44th and 45th Brigades were immediately sent up to Peshawar and took part in the campaign, but 43rd Bde went back to Waziristan where the Afghan war had rekindled trouble. The brigade's arrival at Bannu from 30 May transformed the situation, enabling relief columns to lift the sieges of some militia posts. However, 2/6th Royal Sussex had left for the UK by the time the Waziristan campaign 1919\u20131920 got under way in November 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 98], "content_span": [99, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 3/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex\nThe role of 3rd Line battalions was to provide drafts for the 1st or 2nd Line battalions serving overseas; most had been formed early in 1915, but 2/6th Royal Sussex did not leave until February 1916. The 3/6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex, was then formed during 1916 at Purfleet in Essex. The battalion only had a short existence: on 1 September 1916 it was absorbed into 4th (Reserve) Battalion, which combined the 3rd Lines of the 4th, 5th and 6th Bns Royal Sussex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 81], "content_span": [82, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 9th Provisional Cyclist Company\nFrom May 1915 the remaining Home Service men of the TF were withdrawn from their units and formed into brigades of coast defence battalions, termed Provisional Battalions from June. The home service details of 1/6th Royal Sussex were withdrawn on 4 July, and on 8 September the 113 men were ordered to join two platoons (64 men) from 1/1st and 2/1st Kent Cyclist Battalions to form 9th Provisional Cyclist Company at Herne Bay, Kent, under the command of Capt H. Ewell of 1/6th Royal Sussex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, World War I, 9th Provisional Cyclist Company\nThis was the cyclist unit for 9th Provisional Brigade, whose infantry battalions were mainly from Lancashire. The company was temporarily attached to 42nd Provisional Battalion. Its men had been engaged in coast patrol work and were considered untrained in infantry duties. Some sources report that the company was disbanded on 13 April 1916 at Margate, but when 9th Provisional Bde was expanded to form 73rd Division in November 1916, it formed 73rd Divisional Cyclist Company, Army Cyclist Corps (Home Service). That unit was disbanded by 1 April 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Disbandment\nThe remaining units of 6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment were disbanded at Brighton at the end of 1919, the 2/6th Bn on 15 December and the 1/6th Bn on 29 December. The battalion was not reformed when the TF was reconstituted the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159657-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers, Disbandment\nA new 6th Battalion, Royal Sussex, was formed in May 1939 as a duplicate of the 4th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe 1st Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Riley, Kansas. It provides logistics support to the 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nActivated in 2007, the unit is a modular brigade capable of a variety of actions. Though assigned to the 1st Infantry Division on a permanent basis, it is capable of independent operations and taking on subordinate units to fulfill large scale sustainment operations for the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nFormed from the Division Support Command of the 1st Infantry Division, the Brigade carries the lineage and honors of the division dating back to World War I campaigns as early as 1917. Having also seen action in World War II, the Vietnam War, and the Gulf War, the brigade has numerous awards and decorations from its previous designation. The brigade has also seen three tours in Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), Organization\nThe 1st Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade (1ID SB) in garrison at Fort Riley is composed of two subordinate battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), Organization\nThe 541st Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (CSSB) provides logistics support to the 1st Infantry Division and area support to units that are echelons above brigade. The 541st CSSB has seven subordinate companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Origins\nThe 1st Infantry Division Support Command (DISCOM) traces its origins to World War I, where in 1917, the Division Trains were formed to support the newly formed 1st Infantry Division. In 1921, the Division trains were consolidated into the Special Troops, 1st Infantry Division. After World War I, the Special Troops deployed to Fort Riley, Kansas . Three of the DISCOM's former subordinate battalions, the 101st Forward Support Battalion (FSB) and 201st Forward Support Battalions, and the 701st Main Support Battalion, served in World War I, but with different divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Origins\nThese units deployed back to Germany to support the 1st Infantry Division during World War II, and participated in all eight campaigns credited to the 1st Infantry Division. In 1955, the Division and its support organizations returned to Fort Riley, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Origins\nIn 1965, the division deployed to South Vietnam, as a part of the Vietnam War buildup. DISCOM units supported the Division in all of the eleven campaigns it participated in while deployed to South Vietnam .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Origins\nAfter Vietnam, the DISCOM underwent many changes. The Division Material Management Center (DMMC) was established, and the Finance and Personnel Services Companies (PSC) were reorganized into battalion commands. In 1990, the DISCOM deployed again, this time to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Origins\nIn 1996, the DISCOM, deployed to Europe for a third time and consisted of the 101st FSB at Fort Riley, Kansas, the 201st FSB in Vilseck, Germany, the 701st MSB in Kitzingen, Germany, the 601st Aviation Support Battalion(ASB) in Katterbach, Germany, and the Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), also in Kitzingen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2003, the DISCOM was deployed to Turkey in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom I. The DISCOM simultaneously supported peacekeeping operations in the Balkans and deployed a logistics task force to support Operation Iraqi Freedom I throughout Iraq. In 2004, the DISCOM redeployed to Southwest Asia in Support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II. In addition to the organic DISCOM units, the 225th Forward Support Battalion from Hawaii and the 230th Support Battalion from North Carolina deployed to support logistical operations for Task Force Danger. Finally, in 2005, the DISCOM redeployed to Germany to reconstitute and prepare for future contingency operations. The DISCOM was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for its contributions during Operation Iraqi freedom II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nAs of January 2006, the DISCOM consisted of the 201st Field Support Battalion in Vilseck, Germany, the 701st Maneuver Support Battalion in Kitzingen, Germany, the 299th Field Support Battalion in Schweinfurt Germany, the 601st Aviation Support Battalion in Katterbach, Germany, and the Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), also in Kitzingen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nOver the months between January 2006 and July 2006 the 601st  returned to Fort Riley, the 701st was inactivated, the 299th was task organized to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team in preparation for another deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom, and the 201st was task organized under the 3rd Brigade Combat Team and later deactivated. The DISCOM HHC was re-deployed to Fort Riley Kansas in August 2006 to build the 1st Sustainment Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nFor a brief period, the DISCOM gained administrative control over the 97th Military Police Battalion, the 541st CSSB, the Band, and the 101st Military Intelligence Battalion. The 101st was in-activated in December 2006, the 541st and 97th were deployed and task organized away from the DISCOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nIn November 2006, the brigade reviewed its own Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (SSI) and Distinctive Unit Insignia. These items were based heavily on the SSI of the 1st Infantry Division. Later that month, the Brigade was informed that it would be deployed to Iraq again in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 1st Sustainment Brigade (SB) was activated on 15 February 2007 at 10:00\u00a0am local time at Fort Riley, Kansas. It is a scalable tailorable Sustainment Brigade, with a mission statement of: Plans, synchronizes, monitors, and executes distribution operations. Conducts sustainment operations within assigned area of operation. Conducts Theater Opening and/or Theater Distribution operations when directed. Provides support to joint, interagency, and multinational forces as directed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe brigade deployed to Iraq again in late 2007, operating in the areas such as those around Central Iraq. The brigade's headquarters during this time has been Camp Taji. The brigade made history on 16 June 2008 when it heralded the return of the battlefield promotion system in the US Army. The system, which was previously discontinued, was part of a pilot program that the Army was looking at to bring battlefield promotions back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nSoldiers of the brigade were also some of the first to use the MRAP, or Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicle. The soldiers used the vehicles to train other soldiers on use of the vehicle, particularly leaders of the 10th Sustainment Brigade, which replaced the 1st Sustainment Brigade in late 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nFrom October 2012 to September 2013 the 1ID Sustainment Brigade deployed to Bagram, Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. This was the brigade's first deployment to Afghanistan. They deployed to Afghanistan again in February 2019 in support of Operation Freedom Sentinel and Resolute Support under the title 1ID Resolute Support Sustainment Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), History, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 1st Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade provides a full spectrum support including: configuring for, distributions and retrogrades to and from maneuver Brigade Combat Teams, other support brigades, and to joint interagency and multinational elements as directed. The 1st SB supports Early Entry Operations or Hub operations with augmentation, providing postal, replacement, and casualty operations as well as essential personnel services and Trial Defense Services on an area basis. The brigade is assigned as the sustainment unit of the 1st Infantry Division, however it can also operate independently, being assigned other units and other missions independent of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159658-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Brigade (United States), Honors\nAs it was a part of the 1st Infantry Division's command, the Brigade received campaign participation credit and awards for all of the same conflicts as the Division Headquarters up until it became an independent unit in 2006. Thereafter, it retained separate lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater)\nThe 1st Sustainment Command (Theater) (1st TSC) is a major subordinate unit of US Army Central at Fort Knox, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), History\nThe 1st Theater Sustainment Command maintains two headquarters, the main command post located at Fort Knox, Kentucky and the operational command post located at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait. The 1st Logistical Command was activated as a planning headquarters in October 1950 at Fort McPherson, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), History\nDuring the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the new unit deployed to France to organize the base Logistics Command, which was responsible for the supervision of seven depots and area port operations in western and southwestern France. On August 11, 1962, the 1st Logistical Command returned to the United States where it was reassigned to III Corps at Fort Hood, Texas. Once at Fort Hood, the 1st Logistical Command resumed training and participated in a wide range of Logistical missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), History\nOn April 1, 1965, the unit deployed to Vietnam to serve as the Logistics Command Headquarters for all units in the war. The mission included provision and management of maintenance, supply and transportation. During the five-year tour, the command's ranks swelled to 50,000 to include three area support commands, numerous brigades and group-sized units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), History\nTwo Soldiers assigned to 1st Logistical Command distinguished themselves by receiving the Medal of Honor: Sergeant William W. Seay and Specialist Fourth Class Larry G. Dahl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), History\nOn June 22, 1972, the command was re-designated the 1st Corps Support Command and reassigned to XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. From 1972 until 2006, COSCOM deployed multiple times in support of disaster relief missions and the following operations: Urgent Fury (1983), Just Cause (1989), Desert Shield/Desert Storm (1990), Restore Hope (1992), Uphold Democracy (1994), Provide Refuge (1999), Operation Iraqi Freedom (2004), Enduring Freedom (2001), Spartan Shield (2012), Inherent Resolve (2014), Resolute Support (2015), and Freedom's Sentinel (2015)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), History\nOn April 16, 2006, COSCOM was re-designed as the 1st Sustainment Command (Theater) and reassigned to Third Army, U.S. Army Central Command. In August 2017, the 1st Theater Sustainment Command ended its more than four decades of history on Fort Bragg when they cased their colors and moved to a new U.S. Headquarters at Fort Knox, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Background\nAs early as 1962, the need for a centralized U.S. logistical organization in South Vietnam was foreseen by Commander U.S.  Military Assistance Advisory Group, Vietnam, Lieutenant General Paul D. Harkins. The proposal was disapproved, however by Commander in Chief, United States Army Pacific and Commander in Chief Pacific, who felt that the requirement was not justified at that time.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Background\nThe idea was revived in August 1964 by the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) J-4 (Logistics), who believed that the current and future situation would require a logistical command to support activities in South Vietnam. Accordingly, he saw that a plan was prepared which included the prompt introduction of a logistical construction capability. On 21 December 1964, the Joint Chiefs of Staff endorsed the MACV plan and recommended that 230 men be initially dispatched to South Vietnam to form a logistical command as soon as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Background\nSecretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara approved the plan in principle, but stated that additional justification was needed, particularly for the engineer construction group. However, he felt that the subject was of sufficient importance to send a special representative to South Vietnam and on 31 January 1965, a group from the Office of the Secretary of Defense arrived in Saigon. After four days of conferences, this group recommended the establishment of a logistical command with an initial strength of 350 men. The establishment of an engineer construction group, not recommended initially, was approved in April as planning for a further buildup developed.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Background\nOn 25 February 1965 McNamara approved the introduction of a logistical planning group in South Vietnam consisting of 17 officers and 21 enlisted men. Colonel Robert V. Duke was enroute to take command of the 9th Logistical Command in Thailand. He was intercepted in Hawaii and ordered to South Vietnam to take charge of the planning group. He arrived in Saigon on 6 March 1965. The balance of the officers and enlisted men for the planning group arrived in Saigon during the last two weeks of March 1965. On 1 April 1965, the 1st Logistical Command was activated in Saigon by Commander in Chief U.S. Army Pacific General Order, using the personnel of the logistical planning group as its initial strength.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Background\nPrior to this time logistical support in South Vietnam had been fragmented, with the Army providing only Class II and IV items which were peculiar to the Army, Class V items used by the Army aviation units and maintenance of vehicles, armament, and instrument calibration by a small Direct Support shop in Saigon. The rest of the support was provided by the United States Navy through Headquarters Support Activity, Saigon because the Navy had been designated as the executive agency responsible for supporting the Military Assistance and Advisory Groups and missions in Southeast Asia.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Background\nThe mission of the 1st Logistical Command was, in broad terms that it would assume responsibility for all logistical support in South Vietnam, less that which was peculiar to the United States Air Force or Navy. This initial mission included procurement, medical, construction, engineer, finance and accounting of all U.S. Army forces in-country except MACV advisors; and excluded communications, aviation, and military police support which were retained by United States Army Vietnam (USARV) (the Army component command under MACV and over the 1st Logistical Command). Requirements beyond direct support and general support maintenance capability were to be retrograded to Okinawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Background\nSubsequent add-on missions were planned to be put into effect as the capability became available. These add-on missions were to: assume support of MACV advisors from Headquarters Commandant, MACV, a task accomplished on 1 September 1965, phase out the Navy supply  activity in Saigon, the 1st Logistical Command started assuming Headquarters Support Activity Saigon functions in September 1965 and completed the mission in March 1966 and assume common item support for all U.S. forces in South Vietnam.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Organization\nThe 1st Logistical Command, in coordination with MACV operational planning, developed its own logistic concept for South Vietnam. The plan provided for two major base depots and five support commands. The seas and rivers were initially to be the main supply routes within South Vietnam. However, a changeover to road and rail would take place when the tactical situation permitted. Each support command would provide all logistic support on an area basis and have a 15 day stockage. Depots would have a 45 day stockage. The Saigon Depot would support the V\u0169ng T\u00e0u and C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1 Support Commands. The Cam Ranh Bay Depot would support the Nha Trang, Qui Nh\u01a1n and Da Nang Support Commands.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Organization\nA two depot concept was considered essential due to the vulnerability of the Saigon River and port to Viet Cong (VC) action and the limited port capacity. V\u0169ng T\u00e0u was considered an alternative to the Saigon port in the event of loss of Saigon or blockage of the Saigon River. Cam Ranh Bay was selected as the other base depot and port due to its excellent deep water harbor, the existing pier, its central location and U.S. capability to secure the area from VC attack.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Organization\nThis plan by the 1st Logistical Command was implemented with only two changes: the United States Marine Corps were landed at Da Nang and, by Commander in Chief Pacific direction, the Navy was given the responsibility for both tactical and logistical operations in I Corps and this was administered by Naval Support Activity Danang. The Da Nang Support Command was eliminated from the 1st Logistical Command plan. The anticipated scale of tactical operations in the Mekong Delta area of IV Corps did not materialize, so the C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1 Support Command was not activated and IV Corps was supported by the V\u0169ng T\u00e0u Support Command by sea and air.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Organization\nThe original plan for the refinement of a logistical plan in an orderly fashion followed by a deliberate and orderly implementation never came to pass. Instead it quickly turned into a concurrent planning and implementation process. U.S. forces in South Vietnam were built up in an imbalanced manner. Continued enemy pressure on the beleaguered government of South Vietnam and manpower ceilings combined to cause the logistics base to be inadequate in relation to the total force level.\u200b Numerous changes were made in tactical plans in the initial stages of the buildup due to VC pressure. Such changes were necessary, but had an adverse effect on orderly logistical planning and implementation. As logistical units arrived in South Vietnam they were assigned to appropriate depots or Support Commands as the tactical situation demanded.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Organization\nIt was recognized that the continued influx of troops into Saigon would soon exceed its capability to absorb them and that usable real estate and facilities were not available in the Saigon area. The command was tasked with developing a short range plan to absorb the influx of troops and a long range plan that would ultimately move the bulk of U.S. Army personnel out of the Saigon area. A thorough reconnaissance was made and the Long Binh area was selected for the establishment of a major logistical and administrative base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Organization\nA master base development plan was prepared which provided areas for all activities in Saigon. General William Westmoreland (who was both MACV commander and Commanding General USARV) was briefed on the study and approved it in principle, except he elected to move Headquarters, USARV to Long Binh Post (Headquarters MACV, remained in the Saigon area). The command immediately began implementing the study by locating the ammunition depot, hospital, engineers, plus direct support and general support supply and maintenance support at Long Binh. The movement of headquarters activities was delayed by the requirement for $2 million to develop an adequate communication system in the area and by the time required for installation of the system. Long Binh Post eventually became the Army\u2019s largest installation in South Vietnam.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Organization\nIn July 1965, the decision was made to deploy an engineer brigade to South Vietnam, and upon its arrival the engineer construction functions were transferred from the command to the Engineer Brigade. The 44th Medical Brigade became operational in May 1966 and assumed the command's medical services and supply function.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Organization\nWith the increase of Army forces in I Corps from early 1968 and the progressive reduction of Marine forces there in 1969, the command began to take over the logistics function there with the Army assuming full control by July 1970.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Vietnam War, Organization\nIn 1970 the command was merged into USARV and on 15 June the command was disestablished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Late 20th Century\nOn 22 June 1972, the command was re-designated the 1st Corps Support Command and reassigned to the XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Late 20th Century\nFrom 1972 until 2006, it deployed multiple times in support of disaster relief missions and Operations Operation Urgent Fury (1983); the United States invasion of Panama - \"Operation Just Cause\" (1989); the Gulf War (\"Desert Shield/Desert Storm\") (1990-March-April 1991); Joint Task Force Andrew to support South Florida after being devastated by Hurricane Andrew (August 1992-October 1992), Operation Restore Hope regarding support to United Nations efforts in Somalia (1993); Haiti with Uphold Democracy (1994); and Provide Refuge (1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Current role\nThe 1st Theater Sustainment Command (TSC) provides mission command and operational-level sustainment support to Army, Joint, Interagency, and Multinational Forces; sets the theater, and conducts theater security cooperation within the USCENTCOM Area of Operations in order to enable unified land operations in support of combatant command directives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159659-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Sustainment Command (Theater), Current role\nThe command maintains a headquarters in Fort Knox, Kentucky, while sustaining an enduring mission forward, based in Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France)\nThe 1st Swiss Regiment (French: 1\u00e8re R\u00e9giment Suisse) was a Swiss mercenary line infantry regiment in the French Imperial Army during the Napoleonic Wars. During the expansion of the Imperial Army in 1803, Napoleon decreed the formation of four swiss mercenary regiments, one of these later becoming the famed 1st Swiss. After a short time serving in Southern Italy, notably serving at the Battle of Maide, the 1st Swiss were sent to Poland for the impending Invasion of Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0000-0001", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France)\nDuring the invasion, the regiment remained in the reserve, but served with honour, notably at the Battles of Polotsk and later the crossing of the Berezina. After retreating from Russia, elements of the regiment served during the minor campaigns until May 1814. The regiment was then reformed under the Bourbon restored monarchy, and continued into the Royal Guard until its final disbandment in 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Formation\nOn 27 November 1803, authorised articles were signed in which a new Swiss infantry regiment was to be created. However, it was not until March 1805, just before the Ulm Campaign, that the new French emperor, Napoleon, ordered the reorganisation of the Swiss troops by imperial decree. The remaining three Swiss Demi-brigades, which were the result of the merger of the original six Swiss demi-brigades of the Helvetic Legion. The men of these remaining small units were merged to form the new 1st Swiss Regiment, formed by imperial decree on 15 March 1805. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Formation\nSwiss Demi-Brigade was based in La Rochelle, where it was dissolved on 11 May 1805 to provide the 3rd Battalion of the new regiment. The 2nd Swiss Demi-Brigade formed the 4th Battalion a month later when it was based in Livorno. The 3rd Swiss Demi-Brigade was split, sourcing the personnel for the 1st and 2nd Battalions on 5 July 1805 while in Bastia, Corsica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Formation\nNapoleon took pains over their formation, demanding that the French rather than the Swiss authorities select officers and personnel appointing those above the rank of Major. He also had to approve all Grenadier Company (Compagnie des Grenadiers) officers, from names put forth by the Colonel-General of the Swiss (a French appointment, held in 1808 by Mar\u00e9chal d\u2019Empire Jean Lannes). To ensure that the Swiss Confederation did not evolve military institutions that would attract volunteers away from his Swiss regiments, Napoleon forbade developing Swiss general staff academies and limited the home forces to a self-defence militia of no more than 20,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Formation\nThough the majority of the recruits for the new regiment came from the now disbanded Swiss demi-brigades, the battalions of 1st Swiss Infantry Regiment were now spread out between Northern Italy, Corsica, and Elba was not declared fully operational until 4 July 1806 \u2013 and even then, with only 2,887 men, to be increased by piecemeal arrivals from Switzerland over the following months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition\nIn 1805, according to regimental records, parts of the regiment was embarked on the Mediterranean Squadron's ships at the Battle of Trafalgar, where one officer was wounded. By mid-1805, the regiment was consolidated within the new Kingdom of Italy with the Staff and 1st Battalion based at Bastia, the 2nd Battalion on Elba, the 3rd Battalion near Modena, and 4th Battalion in Genoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 4th Battalion\nThe 4th Battalion under Louis Clavel was detached to the Right Wing Division of the Army of Italy and fought at the Battle of Castelfranco Veneto where three officers were wounded. During the remainder of the campaign, the battalion was composed of 666 troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 4th Battalion\nThe 4th Battalion was still in the Right Wing, being involved in the Invasion of Naples under General de Division Jean Reynier, a fellow countryman. Their participation in the invasion was well noted, especially at the Battle of Maida, where the story of the Swiss is not as well known as their British victors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 4th Battalion, Maida\nTowards the end of the battle, the French right-wing broke, and because the British mistook the 1st Swiss as the British De Watteville's Regiment; because of the almost identical uniform; the 78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot allowed the 1st Swiss to advance within very close range. The 1st Swiss then fired a volley and caused mass casualties in the regiment and increased confusion as the 78th thought this was a friendly fire incident. When the 78th realised their mistake, it was too late, and they began to retreat. The 78th then reformed and pushed back the 1st Swiss towards Dignoet's Brigade, where the 1st Swiss began to retire slowly and in good order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 4th Battalion, Maida\nFollowing the end of the battle, the 1st Swiss were grouped with the 23rd Light Infantry Regiment, and 9th Mounted Chasseurs along with four 6-pounder cannons to cover the army's retreat. At the battle, the 1st Swiss with 600 men engaged, lost 82 men killed or wounded and 55 taken prisoner. However, these returns are disputed as official British returns show some 102 Swiss prisoners of war after the battle. Among the officers, one was killed, one mortally wounded, and four wounded, with Chef de Bataillon Clavel included amongst the latter. He was rescued by the British De Watteville's Regiment, who organised his exchange for French prisoners. However, his wounds were very severe, and he ultimately died from their effects on 23 July 1808, over two years after they were inflicted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 4th Battalion, Calabria\nFollowing the disaster at Maida, the populace of Calabria (a fiercely pro-Bourbon province of the newly created Kingdom of Naples) rebelled against King Joseph Bonaparte. On the 5th July 1806, the regiment and the remainder of Reynier's army were still retreating when it came upon the village of Marcellinara, desperate for food and water. To the amazement of the French, they were welcomed enthusiastically by the populace shouting \"Long live the British\" and \"Death to the French\", once again because they were mistaken for British soldiers. However, this comical situation ended tragically, when the Swiss opened fire on the populace, and the village was sacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 80], "content_span": [81, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 3rd Battalion\nThe 3rd Battalion was originally also scheduled for inclusion in the Army of Naples. Still, it was diverted to assist in the suppression of a significant uprising by Italian peasants in Parma, Piacenza, and the Trebbia Valley in January 1806. The incident, involving upwards of 20,000 inhabitants driven to insurrection by the abuses of the occupying French forces, gave the Swiss a taste of the type of action they would encounter again in Calabria. The 3rd Battalion finally made it to Naples in September 1806, followed shortly thereafter by the 1st and 2nd Battalions. The 4th Battalion was held back at Naples because it still had not made good the losses suffered at the Battle of Maida, but the other three battalions were plunged into the fighting in 1807 as the French attempted to pacify Calabria once and for all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 3rd Battalion, Calabrian Campaign\nThroughout the Cambrian campaign, the 1st Swiss proved themselves as a distinguished anti-partisan unit. The 1st Battalion even managed to distinguish itself at the crucial Siege of Cotrone at the end of June, when two of its offices earned the Legion of Honour. Because of its reliability in the field, Joseph Bonaparte of the new Kingdom of Naples conceived a plan of transferring the 1st Swiss Regiment into its own nascent Neapolitan Army and even persuaded Napoleon to permit that. He negotiated a convention to that effect in December 1807.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 90], "content_span": [91, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 3rd Battalion, Calabrian Campaign\nYet, it was not ratified by all the Swiss cantonal governments until June of the following year, by which time Joseph had already accepted a transfer to the throne of Spain. His successor, King Joachim Murat, decided it would be an insult to his new subjects to allow foreigners in his army, so the plan was never implemented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 90], "content_span": [91, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 3rd Battalion, Calabrian Campaign\nHowever, the new King did not object to the regiment's continued use in the vanguard of his military endeavours. The Grenadiers, Voltigeurs, and battalion artillery of the regiment were consequently included in the elite force that stormed the island of Capri in October 1808 and captured the British garrison commanded by General Sir Hudson Lowe. The following year, the 1st Swiss also played a prominent part in defending Capri and nearby coastal targets. The 1st Swiss suffered some combat casualties as a result of these endeavours, but the real enemy turned out to be the malaria that was endemic around the Bay of Naples, which killed nearly 800 men (including some who became so depressed by the disease that they committed suicide).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 90], "content_span": [91, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Third Coalition, 3rd Battalion, Calabrian Campaign\nIn 1810, the 1st and 2nd Battalions, the elite companies (Grenadiers and Voltigeurs) of the 3rd and 4th Battalions, and the regimental artillery company were all assigned to the force that King Joachim Murat concentrated at the toe of Italy in August to launch an invasion of Sicily. That plan was abandoned after two Neapolitan battalions made their way to the shores of Sicily and were captured en masse, and the various components of the 1st Swiss were dispersed to a variety of garrisons and duties in lower Calabria. Finally, in July 1811, the 1st Swiss received a reprieve from its hard labours in the form of a summons to re-join the main French armies after an absence of over five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 90], "content_span": [91, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Preparations\nAs Napoleon's new Grande Arm\u00e9e assembled in the eastern parts of the Duchy of Warsaw, the need for Swiss troops became apparent. Napoleon even said, \"We must pay serious attention to the Swiss regiments\". He went on to call for a major effort to recruit the regiments up to strength and bring about their organisation. As a result, over the next year's course, the regiments were gradually reassembled, and each received a new regimental artillery company. Each artillery company composed of two 3-pounder mountain field cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Preparations\nThe initiative also resulted in a re-negotiation of the convention governing the four Swiss regiments, after Napoleon decided that he preferred four smaller full-strength regiments rather than four larger ones which never came close to their prescribed establishment. Therefore, the overall Swiss contingent was reduced to 12,000 men and changed the composition of each regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Preparations\nUnder Article 9 of the new conventions, the Swiss government was required to produce a steady stream of 2,000 replacements a year to keep up with attrition, with an extra 1,000 per annum required in case of the outbreak of war in Germany or Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Preparations\nBy 1812 following the reorganisations of the previous year, the 1st Swiss were reorganised into two active battalions with a total strength of 2,103. According to Dempsey, only two battalions were active at this time, though the regiment was actually the most numerous, with the 2nd Swiss being just behind in three battalions with 1,822 troops. By the time of the beginning of the Invasion of Russia, all Swiss regiments were grouped for the first time in Mar\u00e9chal d\u2019Empire Nicolas Oudinot's II Corps. the 1st and 2nd Swiss Regiments were grouped into General de Brigade Jacques Savettier de Candras's Brigade, which in turn was paired with Coutard's Brigade (3rd Swiss and 128th Line) and Amey's Brigade (4th Swiss and 3rd Provisional Croats) in General Merle's Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Preparations\nOn most levels, Napoleon's campaign against Russia was a hugely complex series of events. For the Swiss regiments, it was much simpler \u2013 it consisted of three major engagements separated by long stretches of inactivity. The First Battle of Polotsk and Second Battle of Polotsk are amongst the least known actions of the campaign because they took place far from the watchful eye of Napoleon. Howeve, the Battle of Berezina is better known, but the role played by the Swiss in that engagement is not always clearly described. Still, in all three instances, the Swiss covered themselves with glory and provided some of the most heroic episodes in the story of Napoleon's foreign troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, First Battle of Polotsk\nAt the very beginning of the invasion, the II Corps was detached along with Mar\u00e9chal d'Empire \u00c9tienne Macdonald's X Corps to guard the left, or northern, flank of the advancing Grande Arm\u00e9e, which generally followed the line of the Dvina River. After encountering stiff resistance from the 1st Detached Corps from the Russian First Western Army lead by the soon to be well known Lieutenant General Peter Wittgenstein, both the II and VI (Bavarian) Corps under General de Division Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr fell back and took up a defensive position in and around Polotsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, First Battle of Polotsk\nOn 17th August, General Wittgenstein attacked the French in force, inflicting a sharp reserve on the II and VI Corps where Oudinot was wounded, and command was given to Marshal St Cyr, commanding VI Corps. The latter earned his Marshal's baton on the 18th when he counter-attacked and drove off the Russian Corps. During the engagement, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Swiss Regiments were initially not engaged, but the 18th St Cyr placed them in reserve as a precaution in case the action went against the French. St Cyr is said to have noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, First Battle of Polotsk\n\"I know the Swiss. I had a battalion of the 1st [ Swiss] Regiment under my orders at Castlefranco in Italy. The French are more impetuous in an advance, but if it comes to a retreat, we can count on the calm and courage of the Swiss", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, First Battle of Polotsk\nIn the afternoon, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Swiss Regiments were called upon to play a small but important role in the action when General Wittgenstein launched a bold cavalry charge to stabilise his deteriorating position. The Russian cavalry overran a French brigade but were brought up short of their full objective by several squares of Swiss. The Marquis de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, who was riding in a carriage because of a wound he had suffered, was nearly captured when his transport was upset but was saved by the 3rd Swiss Regiment. The casualties overall of the Swiss, fortunately, were very light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, First Battle of Polotsk\nFor the next two months, the Swiss led a relatively calm existence in and around Polotsk despite the enemy's relative proximity. The fact that all the Swiss regiments were serving together for the first time since they were formed meant that there were many occasions for socialising among relatives and old comrades-in-arms who had not seen each other for a long time. The men built sturdy huts for themselves and entrenchments and field fortifications wherever the rivers did not cover the town's approaches. Meanwhile, the officers hunted and fought duels. Daily life here, however, was far from perfect, because a lack of fresh food and clean water led to outbreaks of dysentery and other diseases that ravaged the strength of the Swiss regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nThe Russians finally returned to the offensive on 17 October 1812, leading to the Second Battle of Polotsk. The Russians grouped once again under Lieutenant General Peter Wittgenstein in his 1st Detached Corps and grouped into three 'columns'. The First Column designated as the 'Right Hand Column' was commanded by Lieutenant General Prince Jaschwil, the Centre Column under Lieutenant General Gregor von Berg and the Left-Hand Column under Major General Begitschef. The French, meanwhile, were once again split between the II and VI (Bavarian) Corps, lead by Marshals Oudinot and the Marquis de Saint Cyr de Gouvion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nThe two forces were split between Wittgenstein's 40,000 men deploying a concentric attack against the positions held by less than 30,000 men under the Marquis of Saint Cyr. Simultaneously, another 12,000 Russians under General Stengel advanced along the Dvina's south bank in a flanking attack designed to cut off the French retreat. The 1st and 2nd Swiss of de Candrad's Brigade were part of the 9th Division under Divisional General Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle, though the 1st Swiss had only two battalions present while the 2nd-4th had three battalions each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0025-0001", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nThe 9th Division was on the left of the French position though the 4th Swiss were in garrison in Polotsk itself and the 3rd Swiss was on the extreme right of the French some way down the road to Witebsk with some units of the 3rd Cuirassier Division and 3rd Light Horse Lancers. On that first day of fighting, the 1st Swiss had the most noteworthy role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0025-0002", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nThe regiment had formed its elite grenadier and voltigeur companies in two separate 'elite battalions' and, on the 17th, the Grenadiers under Captain Jean Gilly and Jean Pierre Druey were posted in the chapel of Rostna and an adjoining walled cemetery that had been turned into a strong point. At 19:00 hours, the battalion was assailed by two Russian regiments. The Swiss fought until their ammunition was used up, then broke through the surrounding enemy forces in a desperate bayonet charge, leaving 150 dead behind while not abandoning a single wounded man. When the remaining Grenadiers were safely back within French lines, all of the regiment's officers gathered to assist in the midnight burial of the two Grenadier captains, who were killed in the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nThe fighting became more widespread on the 18th. The Russians first assaulted the French right but were finally driven off in see-saw action that lasted more of the day. Then Wittgenstein launched a late attack on the French left. This gesture should have had little consequences, but the 1st and 2nd Swiss Regiments and 3rd Provisional Croats were then posted somewhat in advance of the French entrenchments. However, before they could be withdrawn from harm's way, they came under fire and responded with a few volleys of their own, followed by a bayonet charge that repulsed the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0026-0001", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nThe Eagle-Bearer of the 2nd Swiss was wounded, and he passed his burden to Captain Louis B\u00e9gos. The officer was then confronted by Captain Leonard M\u00fcller, one of the regiment's biggest men, who demanded the honour of defending the regimental standard. To B\u00e9gos' amazement, however, no sooner did M\u00fcller take the Eagle than he ran directly toward the enemy yelling \"En avant le 2e!\" (\"Forward the 2nd\"). All orders to disengage were ignored, and the Swiss swept forward after the captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nIt was magnificent, but also folly. The Swiss pushed forward unsupported in the face of Russian infantry and artillery fire, and the casualties were appalling. When it was impossible to advance further, they gave ground only grudgingly, withdrawing with parade-ground precision that inspired admiration in friend and foe alike. Wittgenstein attempted to administer a coup de gr\u00e2ce by launching his cavalry, including some elements of the Russian Combined Guards Cavalry Regiment, at the embattled redcoats, but they never lost their courage or composure as Colonel Raguettly of the 1st Swiss urged the men of both units to keep to their ranks, hold firm and not give up. The steadiness is demonstrated by the following passage from a memoir by an officer who participated in the action:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\n[ T]he resistance stubborn: I mention the 1st Swiss Regiment, which deployed, began firing by platoons, advanced, stopped and began firing again, this time by files. Ceasing fire, the unit performed an about-face and retreated at a normal pace, then stopped, faced around and began firing again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nBy the time the Swiss returned to French lines, the two regiments had suffered casualties of over 60 officers and 1,100 men. As an example to illustrate the carnage, at the end of the day, one company was commanded by a Sergeant Major named Bornand who had been wounded three times (a sabre-cut to the head, a musket ball in the arm and a wound in the leg) and mustered only three privates and a single corporal. Colonel Castella of the 2nd Swiss Regiment reported that 33 of the 50 officers of his unit present with the colours at the start of the day were killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nThe Swiss preserved their standards as well as their honour. Captain M\u00fcller was shot dead shortly after starting his charge, leaving the eagle of the 2nd at the mercy of the Russians. Captain B\u00e9gos rushed forward to save it but found that the flag was pinned underneath M\u00fcller's corpse, which he was at first unable to budge because of M\u00fcller's great weight. B\u00e9gos got down on his knees and, undoubtedly with the help of some adrenaline, was finally able to pull the colours clear. He gave the eagle and the colours to an NCO to carry to safety, then retook his place at the head of his troops. Lieutenant Legler and Sergeant Kaa preserved the eagle of the 1st Swiss, but no details exist of this feat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nOn 19 October, the very day that Napoleon began retreating from Moscow, the battered Russians rested for the most part, waiting for their flanking movement to develop and provide more decisive results than they had been able to achieve on the battlefield. The Marquis de Saint Cyr realised what was happening and also realised that he had to withdraw to avoid encirclement. The French retirement through the town of Polotsk and across the bridges over the Dvina was favoured by a thick fog and was handled so discreetly that the Russians at first failed to notice what was happening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nUnfortunately, some of the retreating soldiers set fire to their abandoned barracks in the early evening, and the flames brought on an immediate Russian assault. The 3rd and 4th Swiss Regiments were among the troops ordered to hold the town at all costs until the rest of the army had escaped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Second Battle of Polotsk\nThe fight for Polotsk was one of the campaign's most savage battles, conducted at night in a town full of blazing wooden buildings. Once the outer perimeters were breached, the fighting became hand-to-hand in the streets and houses, but the Swiss maintained their discipline and organisation throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Retreat from Russia\nThe performance of the Swiss at the Second Battle of Polotsk was one of the finest by foreign troops during the whole of the Napoleonic Wars. Marshal Sainte Cyr recognised in his report that he owed the escape of his baggage and all of his guns to the Swiss, although he did chide them for the 'excessive' courage that had led to such fearful losses on the 18th. Napoleon himself mentioned the stalwart performance of the Swiss in the 28th Bulletin published on 1 November, and the four regiments were awarded thirty-four Legion of Honour decorations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Retreat from Russia\nAfter Polotsk, the Swiss and the II Corps' other remaining units retired slowly towards the French main body returning from Moscow. Although reduced in numbers, the Swiss were in relatively good condition since many had warm overcoats and new shoes they had found in Polotsk. They were stunned when they finally met up with the ragged remains of the Grande Arm\u00e9e on the banks of the Berezina accompanied by a tired-looking Napoleon wearing his traditional grey overcoat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Retreat from Russia, Berezina Crossing\nThe Emperor subjected the Swiss to an impromptu review on 27 November, then dispatched them across the improvised bridges with the all-important mission of protecting the French line of retreat from the forces of General Pavel Chichagov's 3rd Western Army. After a restless night spent bivouacked in a gloomy forest, they awoke to the unexpected sound of a traditional Swiss patriotic hymn sung by Lieutenant David Legler and a chorus of officers and men. This song of voyage and homecoming, known thereafter as the \"Song of the Beresina\", must have seemed both poignant and ironic to men who knew that few of them would survive that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Retreat from Russia, Berezina Crossing\nThe thin line of battle that was formed that morning of 28 November to face the Russian onslaught consisted of the four Swiss regiments, the Legion of the Vistula, the 123rd Line Infantry Regiment (formed from disbanded regiments of the Kingdom of Holland), and the 3rd Provisional Croatian Regiment, plus General of Division Jean-Pierre Doumerc's heavy cavalry division, all under the command of Marshals Michel Ney and Nicolas Oudinot. The understrength units mustered perhaps 7,000 men and were heavily outnumbered by the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Retreat from Russia, Berezina Crossing\nThe battle would last the whole day. Attacked by eight full regiments of infantry, the Swiss fired off all their ammunition and then, under direct orders from General Merle, advanced with the cold steel to drive the enemy back. Having won some breathing room, they retired, found more ammunition, then repeated the same sequence \u2013 something they were to do a remarkable total of eight times during the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0037-0001", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Retreat from Russia, Berezina Crossing\nThe men who were not wounded were exhausted and had no opportunity to eat, but they fought on, never offering a complaint and mustering the same vigour for their bayonet attacks throughout the day. By the end, all the drummers had been killed or wounded, and Captain Rey had to pick up an abandoned drum to beat the charge himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Retreat from Russia, Berezina Crossing\nThe astonishing effort of the Swiss alone might not have been enough to win the day for the French, but it was matched by those of the other foreign troops in action and surpassed by that of Domerc's cavalry division. The 400 men of the 4th, 7th, and 14th Cuirassiers, representing almost the last organised cavalry in the whole of the Grande Arm\u00e9e, routed an entire Russian division and forced over 2,000 Russians to surrender. As soldiers on both sides collapsed from exhaustion at 22:00 hours, the French knew that they had held their position and had prevented the Russians from trapping the Emperor and the last remnants of his army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Retreat from Russia, Berezina Crossing\nThe cost for the Swiss in human lives was severe, particularly regarding the many officers who were still mounted and therefore made easy targets. Chef de Bataillon Blattman was knocked from his horse and was killed by a bullet in the forehead. No exact count of casualties was possible in the circumstances, but the Swiss were virtually wiped out as a fighting force, although each of the four regiments had preserved their Eagles. Counting stragglers and detachments, there were perhaps just 300 men left in the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Invasion of Russia, Retreat from Russia, Berezina Crossing\nGeneral Merle told Napoleon that he thought that every Swiss soldier deserved to be decorated for the Battle of Berezina, and he persuaded the Emperor to award the Swiss sixty-two crosses of the Legion of Honour. Unfortunately, the order to that effect was lost, and so the deserving officer and men of the Swiss regiments never received any officer recompense for their valour. However, their performance was accorded proper recognition by their countrymen, who viewed them as heroes whose actions were a source of national pride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 87], "content_span": [88, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Sixth Coalition, Reorganisation\nThe Swiss regiments suffered such stupendous casualties during the Russian campaign that they had to be completely reorganised for the 1813 campaign. After assembling the soldiers in the regimental depots, survivors of the Russian campaign, new recruits, recovering wounded, soldiers returning from Spain and other odds and ends, each of the four Swiss regiments fielded a single battalion for active service (formerly using three battalions). There were also small detachments of Swiss serving in several fortresses (including, most notably, Custrin) held by French garrisons when their main force retreated from the Duchy of Warsaw and East Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Sixth Coalition, German campaign\nAccording to official returns, by 1813, the 1st Swiss was the weakest of the four regiments, standing at 587 in strength, with 210 Russian campaign veterans. By Spring 1813, all four of the Swiss regiments were assigned to General Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor's independent Corps of Observation of Holland charged with defending the Dutch departments of the French Empire. By October however, the 1st\u20133rd Swiss regiments advanced into Germany to take up a position at the famed battlefield of Minden in the Kingdom of Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Sixth Coalition, German campaign\nOn 10 October, the 1st Swiss along with fifty recruits of the 4th Swiss Regiment joined the Bremen garrison. The town had 30,000 inhabitants, which were of dubious loyalty to the Emperor. The forces' arrival was quite timely for the French commandant, Colonel Thuillier, as on 13 October, the town was assaulted by a mixed force of 4-5,000 Russian Cossacks and Prussian Freikorps under General Tettenborn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0043-0001", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Sixth Coalition, German campaign\nThe voltigeur company under Captain Segesser was assigned to dispute the possession of the town's eastern suburb, and a French official who observed the combat noted that the Swiss \"shot with such marvellous accuracy that any enemy soldier who showed himself was soon dead or wounded\". The enemy retired. However, the Swiss made the mistake of pursuing them into open country. When a group of Cossacks appeared, a supporting French cavalry unit fled, leaving the voltigeurs surrounded. The Swiss chose to fight rather than surrender, but it was not a fair contest and 86 out of the 97 men were killed, captured, or wounded. Captain Segesser himself, badly wounded, is said to have fired two last pistol shots before he died and killed two cossacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Sixth Coalition, German campaign\nThe next day saw more fighting and more Swiss casualties, but resistance faltered when Colonel Thuillier was killed, and Major Dufresne wounded. The new commander negotiated an honourable capitulation on 15 October, which allowed the garrison to leave with the honours of war but bound them not to fight against the allies anywhere north of the Rhine. Recruiters of the Russian\u2013German Legion attempted to persuade the Swiss to desert and enlist in the said unit. However, the Swiss proudly disdained these advances with indignation. By a decree of 22 December 1813, four Swiss officers and two other ranks received the Legion of Honour for their part in the town's defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Sixth Coalition, Defence of France\nAll the Swiss regiment fell back towards or into French territory after the Battle of Leipzig, and the different regiments experienced different fates. After its defeat at Bremen, the 1st Swiss were pulled back to the banks of the Rhine and were incorporated into the Maestricht Garrison. It would remain here until the end of the war, ravaged by typhus rather than warfare. However, a small detachment of the regiment was based and later besieged in Metz where it suffered a small mutiny when some men refused to work on the fortifications until they received all the pay due to them. The instigator of the trouble was quickly tried and shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Sixth Coalition, Defence of France\nThe Swiss government had tried to recall the Swiss regiments at the end of December 1813 by invoking a clause in the convention with Napoleon that permitted such an action if the Swiss homeland was invaded, but circumstances prevented that initiative from having any practical outcome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), War of the Sixth Coalition, Defence of France\nWith Napoleon's First Abdication and subsequent Treaty of Fontainbleau, the hated Bourbons were restored to the throne of France. However, the Bourbons wanted to keep the convention in effect. So, under the First Restoration, the status of the Swiss regiments remained unchanged. However, life was hardly normal as released prisoners received the wounded, and missing detachments returned to their depots from all over Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Disbandment\nWhen Napoleon returned from Elba, the Swiss regiments found themselves in a serious dilemma. Their home government now bound them to serve the Bourbons, and the Swiss authorities refused to switch the benefit of the contract back to Napoleon. When Napoleon called upon the Swiss to defy their own government and serve again with him, most of them took the path of patriotism (and, possibly, disgusted with war) and returned home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Disbandment\nHowever, some Swiss did decide to join Napoleon. They were formed into a regiment under the command of Colonel Christopher Stoeffel, who had been a Captain in the 3rd Swiss in 1807 but had served exclusively in staff posts thereafter. A single battalion was formed in that regiment and served in General Vandamme's III Corps during the Waterloo Campaign, notably at the Battle of Wavre where it was wiped out. This regiment used the uniform and eagles of the 1st Swiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0050-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Bourbon Restoration\nUnder the complete reorganisation of the French Army in 1815-16, the old regiments were disbanded and reformed into new 'departmental legions' (L\u00e9gions des Departments). However, in keeping with tradition, the 1st and 2nd Swiss were consequently reformed, this time within the Royal Guard as the 7th and 8th Swiss Royal Guard Regiments. The 7th Swiss was now uniformed as follows: red coat with blue lapels, red collar, blue cuffs, red cuff patches, white skirt turnbacks, and red piping. The fusiliers wore the shako, while the grenadiers worse a bearskin fur cap, and the voltigeurs had a shako with a yellow plume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0051-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Bourbon Restoration\nFollowing the 1830 July Revolution, the Royal Guard was disbanded. All Swiss regiments (including those in the Guard) were mustered out and subsequently disbanded. However, the majority of the troops from both of the beforementioned units were kept in the army, with the 1st Swiss helping to form the later famed Foreign Legion. It was, in fact, Colonel Stoffel, the former commander of the 2nd Foreign Regiment (Swiss) during the Hundred Days who helped form the legion. These soldiers would later help form the 2nd Foreign Legion in 1835, which later became the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment which remains in French service as a mechanised infantry regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0052-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Uniform\nThe 1st Swiss was formed from the 3rd Swiss Demi-Brigade and seemed to have retained the uniforms of the latter unit, which were red coats with yellow lapels, cuffs (with red cuff flaps) and turnbacks, sky blue trim around the collar, the cuff flaps and the yellow facings and white turnbacks. Forthofer's uniform plates include an illustration of a plain red, single-breasted jacket with long tails and red turnbacks ornamented with gold grenades on a sky blue cloth background. During the period of 1809\u201312, the hat was a black shako with white cords, yellow shoulder straps, yellow collar and white piping all around.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0053-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Uniform\nThe uniform was further modified in style and detail by the 1812 dress regulations. The jackets now had yellow collars and closed yellow lapels, both with red piping, while white piping was prescribed for the cuff flaps. The fusiliers were assigned red shoulder straps piped yellow, while the grenadiers were now supposed to have red epaulettes. Apparently, the grenadiers maintained their bearskin caps, with a copper plate adorned with a grenade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0054-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Uniform\nThe regiment had a full regimental band which participated in the Russian campaign. In 1805, the uniform jacket of the regimental drummers appeared to have been adapted from that for the 3rd Swiss Demi-Brigade \u2013 blue with yellow collar, cuffs, cuff flaps, and lapels, all trimmed with gold-laced and piped with sky blue. The drummers also wore red 'swallow's-nest' ornaments, trimmed yellow, on their shoulders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0055-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Regimental Eagles\nEach of the Swiss regiments received an Eagle and Model 1804 standard of the same type used by French line troops when it was formed. However, it appears the Swiss were never issued model 1812 eagles. The Swiss demi-brigades that were used to create the 1st Swiss possessed their own eagles and colours, but they were replaced when the new regiment was formed. The 1st Swiss recruited one eagle and one standard for each battalion, which were distributed during the course of the first trimester of 1806.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0055-0001", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Regimental Eagles\nA wing was broken off the eagle in action at the First Battle of Polotsk, and Sergeant Kaa had to save it from being captured at the 2nd Battle of the name. It was preserved during the retreat from Russia by Lieutenant Legler and is mentioned as having been in Maestricht in January 1814. Some officers preserved both the colour and the eagle in safekeeping after Napoleon's abdication, and they were used briefly by the 2nd Foreign Regiment in 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0056-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Commanding Officers\nThroughout the regiment's history, only two colonels led the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159660-0057-0000", "contents": "1st Swiss Regiment (France), Commanding Officers\nNote: under the First Restoration, the Count of Artois (Comte d'Artois) was appointed as Colonel-General of the Swiss, making him the regimental chef; however, the above list only includes those officers who led during the Napoleonic Era pre-restoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159661-0000-0000", "contents": "1st TCA Awards\nThe 1st TCA Awards were presented by the Television Critics Association. The ceremony was held on June 9, 1985 at The Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159662-0000-0000", "contents": "1st TV\n1st TV is an independent television station based in South Africa broadcasting to Zimbabwe on free-to-air satellite and on the Internet. The station was launched in the run-up to the 2013 Zimbabwean general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159663-0000-0000", "contents": "1st TVyNovelas Awards\nThe 1st TVyNovelas Awards, is an Academy of special awards to the best of soap operas and TV shows for the last year in Mexico. The awards ceremony took place in 1983 in the Mexico City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159664-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Airlift Group (JASDF)\n1st Tactical Airlift Group (\u7b2c1\u8f38\u9001\u822a\u7a7a\u968a, dai-ichi-kusoukoukuutai) is a group of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force based at Komaki Air Base in Aichi Prefecture. It is sometimes referred to as the 1st Tactical Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron\nThe 1st Tactical Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 585th Tactical Missile Group at Bitburg Air Base, West Germany, where it was inactivated on 18 June 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron\nThe first predecessor of the squadron is the 881st Bombardment Squadron, a former United States Army Air Forces unit organized in November 1943. After training in the United States, the 881st deployed to the Pacific Ocean Theater of World War II, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Japan. It earned two Distinguished Unit Citations before the end of the war. It returned to the United States in the fall of 1945 and was inactivated at March Field, California in January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron\nThe squadron's second predecessor was established as the 1st Experimental Guided Missiles Squadron, which conducted guided missile testing for the Army Air Forces and United States Air Force from bases in Florida from 1946 through 1950. It was reactivated the following year and tested cruise missiles, then trained for deployment to Europe with Martin B-61 Matador missiles. It stood alert with its missiles in Germany until it was inactivated in 1958 and transferred its personnel and missiles to the 71st Tactical Missile Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nThe first predecessor of the unit, the 881st Bombardment Squadron, was activated at Gowen Field, Idaho on 20 November 1943 as one of the four original squadrons of the 500th Bombardment Group. It initially flew Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers in New Mexico, then trained in Kansas with early model Boeing B-29 Superfortresses, with frequent delays in training due to modifications of the aircraft correcting production deficiencies.. It departed for its combat station in the Pacific in July 1944 after completing training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron arrived at its combat station, Isely Field, on Saipan in the Mariana Islands in September 1944. It flew its first combat mission against a submarine base in the Truk Islands on 11 November. Thirteen days later it participated in the first attack on the Japanese homeland from the Marianas. Initially, the squadron flew high altitude daylight raids against industrial targets in Japan. In January 1945, it carried out an attack on the Mitsubishi engine manufacturing plant in Nagoya, for which it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was briefly diverted from its strategic mission when it struck airfields in Kyushu to support Operation Iceberg, the landings on Okinawa in April 1945. Beginning in March 1945, Twentieth Air Force changed both its tactics and strategy and the squadron began carrying out nighttime attacks with incendiaries against area targets. It received its second DUC for attacks on the urban and industrial section of Osaka, feeder industries at Hamamatsu and shipping and rail targets on Kyushu in June 1945. During the closing days of the war, the squadron also dropped propaganda leaflets over the Japanese home islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, History, World War II\nFollowing V-J Day, the squadron dropped food and supply to prisoners of war in Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan. The squadron returned to the United States in the fall of 1945 and was inactivated at March Field, California on 17 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, History, Missile testing\nThe squadron's second predecessor was organized as the 1st Experimental Guided Missiles Squadron, one of the original Army Air Forces missile test squadrons, at Eglin Field, Florida in 1946. At Eglin it was assigned to the 1st Experimental Guided Missiles Group. It tested air-to-surface missiles. The 1st Group was inactivated in July 1949, and the squadron was attached to its successor, the 550th Guided Missiles Wing. In December 1950, the squadron moved with the 550th Wing to Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, but it was not operational at Patrick and was inactivated at the end of the month, when the 550th was replaced by the 4800th Guided Missile Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, History, Missile testing\nThe squadron was redesignated the 1st Bombardment Squadron, Missile (Light), but was again redesignated the 1st Pilotless Bomber Squadron before being reactivated at Patrick in October 1951. The unit again experimented with missiles, but this time with cruise missiles, including the Republic-Ford JB-2 and Martin B-61 Matador. The squadron developed procedures and methods for deployment of tactical nuclear missiles until 1954, when it was transferred to Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, History, Missile operations in Europe\nThe 1st trained until March 1954, when it deployed to United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE) and Bitburg Air Base. It maintained dispersed missile launch facilities at 'Site VII \"B Pad\", 3.5 miles (5.6\u00a0km) northwest of Bitburg  and Site VIII \"C Pad\",  4.5 miles (7.2\u00a0km) south southwest of Bitburg  At Bitburg, it was initially attached to the host 36th Fighter-Bomber Wing. It was the first operational United States missile unit. At Bitburg the squadron was equipped with the B-61A Matador. The 1st was redesignated the 1st Tactical Missile Squadron a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, History, Missile operations in Europe\nAs additional Matador squadrons deployed to Germany, USAFE formed the 7382d Guided Missile Group, headquartered at Hahn Air Base. The 1st Tactical Missile Squadron was detached from the 36th Wing, and attached to the new group. when the 7382d Group was inactivated on 15 September 1956, the 1st Squadron was reassigned to the newly formed 585th Tactical Missile Group at Bitburg, as part of the newly formed 701st Tactical Missile Wing, headquartered at Hahn. The unit converted from the TM-61A to the TM-61C during that time. The 1st was inactivated and replaced by the 71st Tactical Missile Squadron, which was simultaneously activated on 18 Jun 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, History, Missile operations in Europe\nIn 1985 the World War II 881st Bombardment Squadron was consolidated with the squadron, but it was not activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 68], "content_span": [69, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159665-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Missile Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159666-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tactical Squadron\n1st Tactical Squadron (known as 1.ELT - 1 Eskadra Lotnictwa Taktycznego in Poland) is a fighter squadron of Polish Air Force established in 2001 in Mi\u0144sk Mazowiecki, Poland. Squadron is stationed in 23rd Air Base and operates  MiG-29 9.12A and MiG-29UB 9.51A jet fighters. Unit has been created on the base of 1st Fighter Regiment (1944\u20132001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division\nThe Polish 1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division (Polish: 1 Polska Dywizja Piechoty im. Tadeusza Ko\u015bciuszki) was an infantry division in the Polish armed forces formed in 1943 and named for the Polish and American revolutionary Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko. Formed in the Soviet Union, it was the first division of the First Army (Berling Army), and of what later became the post-war Polish Armed Forces (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie) after defeating the Nazi regime and liberating Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Formation\nAn infantry division, it was formed in May 1943 in Sielce (near the Oka River) under the command of general Zygmunt Berling. It was organised according to the Shtat (Table of Organisation and Equipment) of a Red Army Guards Rifle Division, with minor amendments. In accordance with a decision of Joseph Stalin, Col. Zygmunt Berling took over the command of the division. Political control of the division was held by the Union of Polish Patriots. On July 15, 1943, the anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald, the soldiers of the division took the military oath. The oath sworn obligated, amongst other things Confidentiality of fidelity to the alliance to the Soviet Union and adherence to the brotherhood of arms [of the] allied Red Army. In late August shortages still existed \u2013 20% of the standard complement of officers were missing and 36% of NCOs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Formation\nWhen the division started being organised, there were many Jewish volunteers, but they stopped accepting any more Jews,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Formation\n\"so as to not become propaganda targets of the London Government-in-exile which might be tempted to revive the old story of the connection between Communism and the Jews.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Formation\nIn June 1943, Commander in Chief and Prime Minister General Sikorski declared Berling's army as a communist Polish division, subversive, and its author as a traitor, a deserter from the Polish Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Formation\nOn July 7, 1943 the Polish military attach\u00e9 to the United States, Colonel. Vladimir Onacewicz, issued a statement in which he wrote that the division does not belong to the Polish Army and is a Red Army Division under the command of the Soviet authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Frontline service\nThe division was ready for operations on July 15, 1943. Its first engagement took place on October 12, 1943 at the battle of Lenino. The 33rd Army commander Gen. Gordov asked the division to break the German defense, in the section Polzukhi, and then move in the direction of \u0141osiewa and Czurni\u0142owa. From October 12 to 14, 1943, sustained twenty-five percent losses. After the battle the division regrouped in the Smolensk region, where further training took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Frontline service\nBy March 1944 the division had been expanded into the basis of the 1st Polish Army Corps, part of the Western Front. As part of the 1st Polish Army Corps, the division was in the vicinity of Zhytomyr and Berdichev. According to a Directive of April 29, 1944, it was part of the structure of the Belarusian Front. In the following days with the troops, Division marched in a westerly direction, and on July 23, 1944 crossed the river Bug. After a march lasting from July 15 to 27, 1944, the division reached the boundary of the Vistula and on August 2, 1944 made an attempt to capture a foothold in the Deblin region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Frontline service\nIn subsequent days, the division was regrouped to the north and on August 26, 1944 continued battles on the Vistula River in the area between the rivers: Wilga and Auger. September 5, 1944 the division was temporarily reassigned from the First Army commander and resubordinated to the 47th Army. Between September 10\u201315, 1944 bloody battles were fought for the liberation of right-bank Warsaw \u2013 Praga. There is a memorial to this in the same area built in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Frontline service\nLater, the division fought in Berlin around the Reich Chancellery and the Reichstag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Frontline service\nFor participation in the war, the division was awarded the Golden Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159667-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko Infantry Division, Postwar\nIn 1955 it was reorganized into the 1st \"Warsaw\" Mechanised Division. The 1st Warsaw Mechanised Division was part of the Warsaw Military District from 1955\u20131998. In the mid-1990s mechanized regiments of the division were reorganised as brigades. In 2001 the division was subordinated to the commander of the 2nd Mechanised Corps and its components included three Mechanised Brigade and 21 Podhale Rifle Brigade. In 2004 the division was subordinated directly to the Land Forces Command. It was disbanded on September 1, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion\nThe 1st Tank Battalion was an armor battalion of the United States Marine Corps which was based out of the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, California. It last fell under the command of the 1st Marine Division and I Marine Expeditionary Force. The unit was decommissioned in May 2021 as part of the service Force Design 2030 initiative which saw it move away from larger armor formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, Insignia\nThe coat of arms of the 1st Tank Battalion is a jousting shield of blue with a scarlet border and a large numeral \"1\" (in the 1st Marine Division font) in scarlet behind an M2A4 tank painted as used at Guadalcanal during World War II all behind a diagonal lightning bolt (striking from the shields upper left to the shields lower right). The crest is a Marine Corps emblem of silver and gold contained within a green laurel. A gold banner above the arms is inscribed \"First Tank Battalion\" and another below the arms inscribed \"August-Guadalcanal-1942\" in scarlet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, Insignia\nThe battle of Guadalcanal began in August 1942 and was the first combat action of the battalion and the M2A4 tank was the first tank used by the battalion. Additionally, the battalion was the only American military unit to ever use the M2A4 tank in battle. The use of this tank memorializes the first combat action of the battalion. The jousting shield is a unique device of mounted and armored warriors and has the upper corner cut away to better wield one's weapons. The colors of the shield and the 1st Marine Division numeral \"1\" identify the battalion with its parent division. The lightning bolt represents speed, shock effect and firepower. The laurel, in the crest, is an award of honor, recalling the courage, valor and sacrifices of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, Insignia\nThis coat of arms has existed in Marine Corps records\u2014in varied forms\u2014since at least 1970. Other variations exist, often placing the emblems from the coat of arms (the number \"1\", the tank and lightning bolt) on a differently shaped shield or on the diamond insignia of the 1st Marine Division, often substituting a more modern tank for the original and sometimes rearranging the emblems. This latter device (the number \"1\", tank, and lightning bolt upon the diamond insignia of the 1st Marine Division) is commonly used as the distinctive unit insignia (or DUI, a badge-type device) of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, Mission\nTo provide combat power to the 1st Marine Division in the form of amphibious and/or Maritime Preposition Forces; conduct operations ashore utilizing maneuver, armor protected firepower and shock action in order to close with and destroy the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, Mission\nAs an independent battalion, First Tank Battalion is responsible to the Commanding General, 1st Marine Division for providing armored assets as well as anti-armor systems and staff expertise in their employment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History\nThe 1st Tank Battalion was activated on 1 November 1941 at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and was attached to the 1st Marine Division. At this time, Headquarters and Service Company and Company B were organized. Company A had been in existence prior to this activation. This unit was originally activated on 1 August 1940 as the 3d Tank Company. It was reorganized and redesignated as Company A, 1st Tank Battalion, on 1 May 1941. Other companies of the battalion were later activated in early 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, World War II\nAfter the outbreak of World War II the unit subsequently was ordered to the South Pacific and began movement to the area in the Spring of 1942. Companies from the battalion were eventually deployed to Samoa and New Zealand. The first combat operation for units from the battalion was the Guadalcanal campaign, in which they were equipped with the predecessor of the famed M3 Stuart light tank; the M2A4 light tank. On 7 August 1942, Companies A and B took part in the 1st Marine Division's landings on the Japanese held island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, World War II\nThe next month saw, M2A4 light tanks from the battalion supporting infantry units in the Battle of Bloody Ridge. The two companies continued to engage the enemy until the end of the year when the 1st Marine Division was relieved by the Army forces. The 1st Tank Battalion's campaign during this period was unique, in that the only combat experienced by the M2A4 light tank in World War II, by US forces, was while assigned to the US Marine Corps 1st Tank Battalion. The division was then moved to Australia in January 1943 where units of the 1st Tank Battalion were once again reunited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, World War II\nLate that year the battalion moved to New Guinea to begin preparations for the Cape Gloucester, New Britain operation. 1st Marine Division units including the 1st Tank Battalion made an amphibious assault on Cape Gloucester the day after Christmas 1943. Battalion tanks were immediately committed to the drive to expand the beachhead; but progress was impeded, not only by the resistance of the Japanese but also by the torrential rains and the rough terrain. For the rest of the month and in early January, the Marines made heavy contact with Japanese forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, World War II\nCompany B, which had been located on New Guinea, landed in the Arawe area of New Britain on 12 January 1944 to support Army forces there. Battalion units remained committed to the struggle for New Britain until Spring. By the beginning of May, however, all elements of the 1st Tank Battalion had been withdrawn from both New Britain and New Guinea and relocated to Pavavu Island in the Russell Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, World War II\nThe assault and capture of Peleliu in the Palau Group was the next combat mission for the battalion. On 15 September 1944, it participated in the initial landing on the island. The 1st Tank Battalion, during this campaign rendered conspicuous service in defeating the enemy. Bitter fighting for the battalion continued for another two weeks. On 2 October 1944, it was withdrawn and redeployed to the Russells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, World War II\nThe last campaign of the war for the 1st Tank Battalion was the assault on Okinawa. Beginning on 1 April 1945, the battalion was actively engaged in wresting control of the island fortress from the Japanese. The ferocity of the fighting during the battle is shown in the following losses of battalion tanks:  28 destroyed and 163 damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, World War II\nThe cessation of hostilities was followed by the deployment of the battalion to North China in early October for occupation duty in Tientsin. In January 1947, the battalion minus Company B was relieved of its responsibilities in China and ordered to Guam. Another transfer occurred four months later. This time the unit with the exception of Company A was returned to the United States. The battalion arrived at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California on 1 May 1947, where it remained for the following three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, Korean War\nShortly after the Communist invasion of South Korea in June 1950, the battalion was ordered to prepare to mount out for the Far East. The first element of the battalion arrived in the war zone on 2 August 1950. Upon arrival, it disembarked at the port of Pusan and immediately commenced operations against the enemy. The battalion, with Company A now reattached also participated in the amphibious landing at Inchon on 15 September. The 1st Tank Battalion remained engaged with both North Korean and Chinese Communist forces for three years. Redeployment back to the United States finally came in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, Korean War\nDuring WWII the 3rd Tank Battalion received 18 M4-A3R8 Shermans with coaxial flamethrowers that the Chemical Warfare Service: Flame Tank Group Seabees had produced. Postwar those tanks were dispersed between Hawaii and California. The Corps got nine of them together to form a flamethrowing platoon that was sent to Korea as a component of the 1st Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, Vietnam War\nIn March 1966 most of 1st Tank's M48A3 Patton tanks were  deployed to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). All of the battalion's components were reunited in Vietnam during May. Upon arrival in theater, the battalion was ordered to support 1st Marine Division units operating in Military Region I (MR-I), better known as I Corps, in tactical operations against the Viet Cong, and the North Vietnamese Army. The 1st Tank Battalion remained actively deployed until March 1970. At that time the Battalion was returned to Camp Pendelton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, Gulf War and the 1990s\nWhen Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, 1st Tank Battalion deployed to Saudi Arabia's part of 1st Marine Expeditionary Force. On 7 September, the battalion was fully equipped with M60A1 Combat Tanks from Maritime Preposition Squadron 3 and was deployed from Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia as the armored backbone of the multinational force which was established during Operation Desert Shield in 1990. On 24 February 1991, less than a month into the Desert Storm phase of the campaign, the 1st Tank Battalion spearheaded the assault of Task Force Papa Bear into Kuwait. Company A was supporting Task Force Ripper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0016-0001", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, Gulf War and the 1990s\nBy 27 February, 1st Tank Battalion had reached the Kuwait International Airport and all Iraqi forces were destroyed. The cease-fire was established on 28 February and by April 1991, the battalion returned home to Las Flores, Camp Pendleton. On 2 June 1992 the colors of 1st Tank Battalion were transferred to Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, Iraq War\n1st Tank Battalion participated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom. They were present when Corporal Edward Chin of Bravo Company, (attached to 3rd Battalion 4th Marines) placed the American flag over Saddam's statue in Firdos Square before it was demolished. Since then, they have also participated in Operation Vigilant Resolve near and around the city of Fallujah. 1st Tank Battalion operated in support of Marine infantry for the duration of Operation Iraqi Freedom as armored support. Due to the continually shifting missions, members of the battalion also deployed as provisional infantry or provisional combat engineers. Currently 1st Tank Battalion is equipped with 58 M1A1 Abrams main battle tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, Afghanistan\nOn 1 January 2011 Company D, 1st Tank Battalion, deployed to Camp Leatherneck, Afghanistan and was the first American mechanized unit to employ the M1A1 Main Battle Tank in Helmand Province. These Tank Companies deployed in support of International Security Forces- Afghanistan. Company D deployed from Jan to Jul 2011, Company A deployed from Jan to Jul 2012, and Company D deployed from Jan to Jul 2013 as Tank Companies. In this time Company C deployed as a route clearance company (Oct 2011 to May 2012), Company B with elements from H&S Company deployed as an advisory team (Jan 2012 to Jul 2012).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159668-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Battalion, History, Decommissioning\n1st Tank Battalion was officially decommissioned on 21 May 2021 at a ceremony held at MCAGCC 29 Palms, CA. The deactivation was part of a larger restructuring of the Marine Corps as part of the Commandant's Force Design 2030 initiative. The Marine Corps is divesting itself of larger, armor formations in order to create more expeditionary formations that can operate in the Indo-Pacific and provide long range precision fires in support of fleet maneuver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159669-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Brigade (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Tank Brigade was a Soviet tank brigade taking a part in World War II. The brigade was in the lines during 18 September 1941 to 16 February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159669-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Brigade (Soviet Union), History\nThe 1st Tank Brigade was formed 14 September 1941 in Kosteryovo on the basis of the disbanded 32nd and 34th Tank Divisions. At the time of formation there were in the brigade 7 KV-1, 22 T-34 and 32 T-40 with 1 847 of personnel assets. 15th September, 1941 the brigade departed by railway to Okhtyrka and 21 September 1941 concentrated in 20\u00a0km southeastward Romny. September 21 to October 25 the brigade had fought retiring from Romny to Belgorod. October 26 to December, 17 the brigade had been restored in the reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159669-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Tank Brigade (Soviet Union), History\nDecember, 18 the brigade had been deployed to Kastornoye and December, 20 to January, 2 the brigade had advanced from Kastornoye to Shchigry. January, 3 to January, 15 the brigade was in reserve and January, 16 reopened offensive to Shchigry. The offensive was continued to 11 February 1942 and then the brigade taken on the defensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159669-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Brigade (Soviet Union), History\nOn 16 February 1942 the brigade was retitled to 6th Guards Tank Brigade for distinguished conduct under fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159670-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Brigade (Ukraine)\nThe 1st Severia Tank Brigade (Ukrainian: 1-\u0448\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430) is an armored formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. The Brigade is located in Honcharivske.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159670-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nThe Brigade was formed from the 292nd Guards Armored Novohrad Orders of the Red Banner, Kutuzov, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Alexander Nevsky and Red Star Regiment of the 72nd Mechanized Division and 280th Armored Regiment of the 25th Mechanized Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159670-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Brigade (Ukraine), History\nOn 18 November 2015 the Soviet decorations of brigade's full name (1st Separate Guards Tank Novohrad Orders of the Red Banner, Kutuzov, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Alexander Nevsky and Red Star Brigade, (Ukrainian: 1-\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0440\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0425\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u041e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0417\u0456\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430) were removed, leaving the full name of 1st Guards Tank Brigade (Ukrainian: 1-\u0448\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430). On 22 August 2016, its Guards title was also removed. It was granted the Siverska honorific on 24 August 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159671-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Cavalry Regiment (Argentina)\nThe 1st Tank Cavalry Regiment is a cavalry regiment of the Argentine Army, currently endowed with TAM tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159671-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Cavalry Regiment (Argentina)\nHe has his seat in the Army Garrison of Villaguay (Entre R\u00edos province), which he shares with the 5th Mechanized Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159672-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Destroyer Brigade\nThe 1st Tank Destroyer Brigade was a United States Army brigade of World War II. It was formed in November 1942, and landed in France in July 1944. It took part in the campaign in Western Europe and was disbanded in November 1945. The 434th Field Artillery Brigade has continued the 1st Tank Destroyer Brigade's lineage since 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159672-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Destroyer Brigade, History, Role\nThe 1st Tank Destroyer Brigade was formed at Camp Hood in Texas on 18 November 1942, and was one of the two tank destroyer brigades established by the Army (the other being the 2nd Tank Destroyer Brigade, which was established on 24 November 1944). The initial role of both brigades was to oversee the training of the large number of tank destroyer battalions that had been formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159672-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Destroyer Brigade, History, Role\nAt this time, US Army doctrine called for tank destroyers to primarily operate as concentrated tank destroyer battalions during combat. These battalions were to be grouped in regiments and brigades when needed to combat large forces of enemy tanks. Combat experience in Europe demonstrated that tank destroyer brigades were not needed. Tank destroyers were usually parcelled out to other units, and were rarely concentrated in battalions. The thirteen tank destroyer group headquarters dispatched to Europe never led massed units of tank destroyers, and nor did the 1st Tank Destroyer Brigade. The 2nd Tank Destroyer Brigade was disbanded in March 1944 without having ever been dispatched overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159672-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Destroyer Brigade, History, Deployments\nThe brigade was transferred to Camp Claiborne in Louisiana on 26 February 1944. Between 15 September and 15 November 1943 it took part in the Louisiana Maneuvers. The brigade departed the United States on 2 January 1944, and arrived in the United Kingdom eight days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159672-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Destroyer Brigade, History, Deployments\nThe 1st Tank Destroyer Brigade was landed in Normandy on 11 July 1944. On 1 August its headquarters took control of Task Force A, which comprised several armoured units and was tasked with securing railroad bridges in Brittany as part of VIII Corps. Task Force A initially comprised the brigade headquarters, the 15th Cavalry Group and the 159th Engineer Battalion  and was commanded by Brigadier General Herbert L. Earnest. An infantry battalion was later detached from the 83rd Infantry Division to reinforce Task Force A. The task force took part in the early stages of the Battle of Saint-Malo before continuing west. Task Force A was disbanded on 22 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159672-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Destroyer Brigade, History, Deployments\nOn 30 September 1944 the 1st Tank Destroyer Brigade became the United States Third Army's tank destroyer section. This involved the brigade headquarters staff being integrated into the Third Army's headquarters to provide advice on anti-tank issues. It continued in this role until the end of the war in Europe. Following the German surrender the brigade undertook occupation duties in Germany. It concluded these duties on 31 October 1945 and was disbanded on 3 November that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159672-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Destroyer Brigade, History, Deployments\nWhen the 434th Field Artillery Brigade was formed on 7 May 1947 it inherited the lineage of the 1st Tank Destroyer Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159673-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 1st Tank Division (\u6226\u8eca\u7b2c1\u5e2b\u56e3, Sensha Dai-ichi Shidan), was one of four armored divisions of the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159673-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nThe 1st Tank Brigade was created out of four separate armored regiments based in Manchukuo on June 24, 1942. With the addition of one infantry regiment, it was soon raised to the status of a full armored division. Stationed in Ning'an in northern Manchukuo, it was tasked primarily with border patrol of Manchukuo's eastern frontier with the Soviet Union under the overall command of the Japanese First Area Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159673-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nAs the situation in the Pacific War against the Allies deteriorated for Japan, in March 1944, the IJA 9th Armored Regiment of the 1st Tank Division was reassigned to the IJA 31st Army, and sent to Saipan, where it was annihilated at the subsequent Battle of Saipan and Battle of Guam. The remaining three regiments participated in Operation Ichi-Go in mainland China. The IJA 3rd Armored Regiment of the 1st Tank Division was reassigned to China and attached to the 11th Army until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159673-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nIn March 1945, the 1st Tank Division with its 5th Armored Regiment was reassigned to the Japanese home islands in preparation for the expected invasion by Allied forces. It gained the IJA 1st Armored Regiment from the 3rd Tank Division, and formed part of the IJA 36th Army under the Japanese Twelfth Area Army. The headquarters unit and IJA 1st Armored Regiment were based in Sano, Tochigi, with the IJA 5th Armored Regiment stationed at \u014ctawara, Tochigi (and later relocated to Kazo, Saitama, and the IJA 1st Mechanized Infantry Regiment and the Division\u2019s mechanized artillery stationed at Tochigi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159673-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nAnticipating that Allied forces would land at Kuj\u016bkuri Beach, the 1st Tank Division was to hold a defensive line stretching from Mount Tsukuba to the Tama River, with forward units deployed to Choshi, Chiba. The surrender of Japan came before the landing, and the 1st Armored Division did not see any combat on Japanese soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159673-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nThe 1st Tank Division was demobilized in September 1945 with the rest of the Imperial Japanese Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 1st Tank Division was a Division sized unit of the Red Army that existed from 1940\u201342. It was later reformed, from a separate formation, with a different lineage. Within the Soviet Ground Forces it existed as a second line ready division from 1945\u20132008, at Kaliningrad in the Baltic Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), First formation\nThe division was first formed in July 1940 and had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), First formation\nWhen under the control of the Leningrad Military District the division was assigned to the 1st Mechanized Corps where it remained until its disbandment. When the division was disbanded the division was broken up and used to create the new 122nd and 124th Tank Brigades. Before disbandment the division contained the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), Second formation\nThe Division was re-formed for its second time on 18 August 1941 from the 1st Motor Rifle Division. The division had the following formation upon creation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), Insterburgskaya Tank Division\nThe division was established 4 July 1945 in Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, from the 1st Tank Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), Insterburgskaya Tank Division\nAfter the end of the war the division was stationed in Kaliningrad and had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), Early 1950s\nAfter force reductions in early 1953, Soviet divisions were re-organized and most were drawn down to just cadre brigades, including the 1st Tank Division. The reforms mostly were because of the draw-down after the end of the Second World War and the changes were mostly organized by Nikita Khrushchev and his cabinet. The \"division\" had the following structure after the re-forms:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), Early 1950s\nLater in June of 1957 the division was re-organized yet again including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), Early 1950s\nJust three years later in 1960, the 72nd Independent Tank Training Battalion was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), Structure in 1990\nAfter many years the Soviet Ground Forces had a major re-fit under Dmitry Yazov including the 1st Tank Division. In 1990 the division consisted of the following just before its major re-organization:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159674-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Division (Soviet Union), Structure in 1990\nIn 1993 the 1st Tank Division was reduced in status to the 2nd Independent Tank Brigade. Finally, in 1998 the brigade was re-organized and became the 385th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base. The base was finally disbanded in 2008 as a result of the 2008 Russian military reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159675-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Section (Australia)\nThe 1st Tank Section was an Australian Army armoured unit formed in 1930 equipped with the Vickers Medium Mark II medium tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159675-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tank Section (Australia)\nThe unit was raised in February 1930 and was based at Randwick, New South Wales. Training was undertaken at Greenhills part of the Liverpool Military Area, Sydney. The unit was disbanded in November 1937 with the men and equipment transferring to the newly created 1st Light Tank Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159676-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Technical School (JASDF)\nThe \u822a\u7a7a\u81ea\u885b\u968a\u7b2c1\u8853\u79d1\u5b66\u6821 (1st Technical School, k\u014dk\u016bjieitai-dai-ichi-jutsukagakk\u014d) is a training unit belonging to Air Training Command of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force based at Hamamatsu Air Base in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159677-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee & Alabama Independent Vidette Cavalry\nThe 1st Tennessee and Alabama Vidette Cavalry served in the Union Army between September 10, 1863, and June 16, 1864, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159677-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee & Alabama Independent Vidette Cavalry, Service\nCompanies \"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"G\" and \"H\" were organized at Stevenson and Bridgeport, Alabama, between September 10, 1863, to April 26, 1864. Companies \"D\", \"E\" and \"F\", were organized at Tracy City and Nashville, Tennessee, between December 9, 1863, to February 24, 1864. The vidette cavalry participated in the skirmish at Hunt's Mills near Larkinsville, Alabama. They were a part of an expedition to Lebanon between December 12 and 29. Another skirmish at Sand Mountain, Alabama, December 26. They were mustered out on June 16, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159677-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee & Alabama Independent Vidette Cavalry, Bibliography\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159678-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Tennessee Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was also known as 1st East Tennessee Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159678-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Tennessee Cavalry was organized in November 1862 at Camp Dennison, Ohio from the 4th Tennessee Infantry, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Robert Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159678-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to Camp Dennison, Ohio, to December 1862. Reserve Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to November 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to January 1865. District Middle Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159678-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Tennessee Cavalry mustered out of service at Nashville, Tennessee during April and June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159678-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 356 men during service; 4 officers and 56 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 293 enlisted men died of disease or accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159679-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery Regiment (African Descent)\nThe 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery Regiment (African Descent) was an artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159679-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery Regiment (African Descent), Service\nThe 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery (African Descent) was organized at Memphis, Tennessee, and mustered in for three years under the command of Colonel Ignatz G. Kappner. As was custom at the time, the regiment was designated the 1st Tennessee (Colored) Heavy Artillery. The regiment was initially recruited as eight companies, but actually mustered with twelve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159679-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery Regiment (African Descent), Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 5th Division, District of Memphis, XVI Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to April 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159679-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery Regiment (African Descent), Service\nThe 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery (African Descent) ceased to exist on March 11, 1864, when its designation was changed to the 2nd United States Heavy Artillery Regiment (Colored). The latter designation was changed again on April 26, 1864, to 3rd United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 65], "content_span": [66, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159679-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery Regiment (African Descent), Detailed service\nDuring its brief existence, the regiment performed post and garrison duty at Memphis, and at Fort Pickering, Defenses of Memphis, June 1863 to April 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 74], "content_span": [75, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159680-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (also known as the \"First Tennessee\") was an infantry regiment in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War, and was successively commanded by Colonels George Maney and Hume R. Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159680-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment, History\nThe Regiment was originally organized on the 9th of May in 1861. It was officially mustered into Confederate service on August 1st of the same year. George Maney, who commanded the Rock City Guards battalion which became companies A, B and C, was elected colonel for the first 90 days. After that, command passed to Hume Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159680-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment, History\nConfederate martyr Sam Davis joined the regiment as a scout, but he was later executed as a spy by Union forces despite his wearing a butternut Confederate uniform when he was captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Tennessee Infantry was organized at Camp Dick Robinson in Garrard County, Kentucky August through September 1861 and mustered in for a three-year enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe regiment was attached to Thomas' Command, Army of the Ohio, to November 1861. 12th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 12th Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to February 1862. 24th Brigade. 7th Division, Army of the Ohio, to October 1862. 3rd Brigade, District of West Virginia, Department of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIV Corps, to April 1863. District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\n1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Department of the Ohio, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Service\nThe 1st Tennessee Infantry mustered out of service on August 8, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nDuty at Camp Dick Robinson and at London, Ky., until January 1862. Battle of Logan's Cross Roads January 19, 1862. At London and covering Cumberland Gap until March. Skirmishes at Big Creek Gap and at Jacksboro March 14 (Company A). Reconnaissance to Cumberland Gap and skirmishes March 21\u201323. Cumberland Gap Campaign March 28-June 18. Occupation of Cumberland Gap June 18-September 17. Skirmish near Cumberland Gap August 27. Rogers' Gap August 31. Operations at Rogers' and Big Creek Gaps September 10. Evacuation of Cumberland Gap and retreat to Greenupsburg, Ky., September 17-October 3. Operations at Kanawha Valley, W. Va., until November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nOrdered to Louisville, Ky., thence to Nashville, Tenn., and duty there until January 1863. Escort trains to Murfreesboro, Tenn., January 2\u20133. Action at Cox's or Blood's Hill January 3, 1863. Reconnaissance to Franklin and Brentwood February 1\u20132. Ordered to Lexington, Ky., March 11, 1863. Duty in District of Central Kentucky tell June. At Camp Dick Robinson until April. Expedition to Monticello and operations in southeast Kentucky April 25-May 2. At Nicholasville May. Actions at Monticello and Rocky Gap June 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0004-0002", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nSander's Raid on East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad and destruction of Slate Creek, Strawberry Plains and Mossy Creek bridges June 14\u201324. Kingston June 16. Wartzburg June 17. Lenoir Station. June 19. Knoxville June 19\u201320. Rogers' Gap June 20. Powder Springs Gap June 21. Powell Valley June 22. Pursuit of Morgan July 3\u201323. At Lebanon and Camp Nelson July. Operations against Scott's forces in eastern Kentucky July 25-August 6. Near Winchester July 29. Irvine July 30. Lancaster, Stanford and Pain's Lick Bridge July 31. Smith's Shoals, Cumberland River, August 1. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 19. Jacksborough August 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0004-0003", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nWinter's Gap August 31. Athens September 10 and 25. Calhoun September 18. Calhoun and Charleston September 25. Cleveland October 9. Philadelphia October 20\u201322. Sweetwater October 24. Leiper's Ferry October 28. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Marysville November 14. Lenoir Station November 14\u201315. Near Loudoun and Holston River November 15. Campbell's Station November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Russellville December 10. At and near Bean's Station December 9\u201315. Blain's Cross Roads December 16\u201319. Hay's Ferry, near Dandridge, December 24. Mossy Creek, Talbot Station, December 29. Bend of Chucky and Rutledge January 16, 1864. Operations about Dandridge January 16\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0004-0004", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Detailed service\nSeviersville January 26. Near Fair Garden January 27. Fentress County February 13. Sulphur Springs February 26. Atlanta Campaign May to August. Demonstration on Dalton May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Cartersville May 20. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Olley's Creek June 26\u201327. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 6\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 11. Relieved August 11 and ordered to Knoxville, Tenn. Duty there and in eastern Tennessee until March 1865. Expedition from Irish Bottom to Evans' Island January 25, 1865. Ordered to Cumberland Gap March 16, 1865, and duty there until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 982]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159681-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Union), Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 385 men during service; 49 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 334 enlisted men died of accident or disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron\nThe 1st Test and Evaluation Squadron (1 TES) is a United States Space Force test and evaluation unit, located at Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado. The squadron is tasked with testing and evaluation command and control systems for Space Operations Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron\n1 TES was activated on 27 August 2021 and assigned to Space Delta 12, Space Training and Readiness Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, Mission\nEvaluate relevant command and control systems and plans for Space Operations Command, integrating continuously improving Joint combat capability to space warfighters and commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, History, Space Launch Test\nThe 1st Air and Space Test Squadron was a unit of the 30th Space Wing of the United States Air Force, responsible for spacelift and test operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, History, Space Launch Test\nThe squadron's operations included launching of the Minotaur I and Minotaur IV and Pegasus rockets; as well as testing the Boeing Interceptor and Minotaur II target vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, History, Space Launch Test\nThe squadron's mission was to provide complete service launch and test operations for current and future space launch vehicles, targets, interceptors and experimental space systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was established by Headquarters, United States Army Air Corps in early 1940 as the 1st Photographic Squadron. It performed aerial mapping primarily over the northeastern United States prior to the Pearl Harbor Attack using obsolescent cargo and Martin B-10 bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter the United States entry into World War II, equipped with Lockheed A-29 Hudsons, Beech C-45 Expeditors and Douglas A-20 Havocs (all in photographic reconnaissance configuration) and performed aerial photography and mapping over uncharted areas of Newfoundland, Labrador and Greenland for development of the Northeast Transport Route for the movement of aircraft, personnel and supplies across the North Atlantic from the United States to Iceland and the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron re-equipped with long-range Consolidated B-24 Liberator reconnaissance aircraft and deployed to Alaska in late 1943, assisting in the establishment of landing fields in the Aleutian Islands; also to map uncharted areas of internal Alaska to establish Lend Lease aircraft emergency landing fields over trans-Alaska route from Ladd Field and Elmendorf Field to Nome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was relieved from assignment in Alaska and returned to the Continental United States. It deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations across the South Atlantic Transport Route to North Africa in early 1944. It performed aerial surveys and mapping over Sicily; Italy and along the North African Coast and Middle East with B-24s and some Boeing B-17Fs converted to F-9 reconnaissance configuration over non-combat areas. It then deployed to India and China; performing unarmed long-range mapping of remote areas of the China-Burma-India Theater over combat areas in support of ground forces and strategic target identification over Indochina and the Malay Peninsula for follow-up raids by XX Bomber Command operating from India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, History, World War II\nThe unit returned to the United States in late 1944. It was equipped with very long range Boeing B-29 Superfortresses converted to F-13A reconnaissance configuration. It deployed to the Central Pacific Area after the Surrender of Japan and was assigned to the Eighth Air Force. The squadron performed reconnaissance mapping flights over Japan, Korea and China. The B-29s returned to the United States in early 1946 for storage or reassignment; unit largely demobilized on Okinawa, flying some light liaison and courier aircraft. It was inactivated in early 1947 and disbanded on 8 October 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, History, Test Operations in the Pacific\nThe squadron replaced the 6400th Test Squadron, which had been organized in 1967, in 1969. It conducted weapons system evaluation, known as COMBAT SAGE, of F-4 aircraft, of F-15 aircraft from 1980, and of F-16 aircraft from 1982, until shortly before inactivation. It also trained visiting aircrews from other Pacific Air Forces units in weapons employment and tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159682-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Test and Evaluation Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159683-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Cavalry Regiment (Union)\nThe 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment from Texas that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Raised in Louisiana in 1862; it served in the Department of the Gulf and in Texas. It was consolidated with the 2nd Texas Cavalry Regiment in November 1864. Afterwards it continued to serve until being disbanded in November 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Texas Infantry Regiment, nicknamed the \"Ragged Old First,\" was an infantry regiment raised in Texas for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Texas Infantry Regiment was assembled at Richmond, Virginia, in August, 1861, with ten companies from Marion, Cass, Polk, Houston, Harrison, Tyler, Anderson, Cherokee, Sabine, San Augustine, Newton, and Nacogdoches counties. Later two companies from Galveston and Trinity County were added to the command. Part of Hood's Texas Brigade, it served under Generals Hood, J.B. Robertson, and John Gregg. The regiment fought with the Army of Northern Virginia from Seven Pines to Cold Harbor except when it was detached with Longstreet at Suffolk, Chickamauga, and Knoxville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment\nIt was involved in the Petersburg siege north and south of the James River and later the Appomattox Campaign. This unit had 477 effectives in April, 1862 and lost 186 of the 226 engaged at Sharpsburg, a casualty rate of 82.3% percent. This staggering casualty rate was the highest suffered by any regiment, North or South, on a single day, during the entire war. In incurring these losses during ferocious fighting in Miller's cornfield the regiment lost a battle flag which was picked up by federal troops when they re-occupied the cornfield (the First Texas having previously withdrawn without noticing the loss of their flag).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment\nThe highest number of casualties, on the other hand, was suffered by the 26th North Carolina Infantry at the battle of Gettysburg. They suffered 72% casualties out of the 820 engaged. The 1st Texas suffered more than twenty percent of the 426 during the same engagement. It surrendered with 16 officers and 133 men. The field officers were Colonels Frederick S. Bass, Hugh McLeod, Alexis T. Rainey, and Louis T. Wigfall; Lieutenant Colonels Harvey H. Black, Albert G. Clopton, R.J. Harding, and P.A. Work; and Majors Matt. Dale and John R. Woodward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Texas also lost a battle flag on April 8, 1865, at Appomattox Court House when it was captured by 1st Lt . Morton A. Read of the 8th New York Cavalry. Read earned the Medal of Honor for this deed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nOn July 2, 1863 Brigadier General Jerome Robertson and his Texas Brigade arrived at Gettysburg around 9:00 A.M. Among the regiments under the command of Robertson was the 1st Texas Infantry. The 1st Texas fought hard during its time at Gettysburg and achieved much for fighting with lesser numbers than the enemy. Lieutenant Colonel Phillip A. Work commanded the 1st Texas and successfully took the major objectives that he was assigned to take.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nRobertson and his Texas Brigade arrived at their position on Seminary Ridge, along with the rest of the Confederate forces, and   quickly organized his regiments left to right with the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment on the left, then the 1st Texas, 4th Texas, and 5th Texas. Soon after arrival on Seminary Ridge, both Union and Confederate artillery opened fire. According to General R. H. Anderson, the ridge that the enemy forces sat on was about twelve hundred yards away from the ridge that the Confederate forces positioned on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0005-0001", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nAnderson also mentioned that the area between the two ridges was \u201cslightly undulating, enclosed by rail and plank fences and under cultivation.\u201d  For nearly an hour the Confederate troops stood in formation as the Union artillery collided with their lines. The troops of the 1st Texas infantry jumped as the cannon fire hit around them, as did the rest of the Confederate forces, but stood strong in their formation. The order to charge and take the heights was finally issued. As soon as he received the order, Lieutenant Colonel Phillip Work ran to the front of his regiment, pointed to his regiments flag and yelled \u201cFollow the Lone Star Flag to the top of the mountain!\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nRobertson and his Texas Brigade faced many problems almost as soon as they moved off their original position on Seminary Ridge. The Federal batteries in The Peach Orchard area and above Devil's Den increased their fire. Robertson ordered the men to throw down a rail fence that obstructed their path. As soon as this obstruction was out of the way the men moved across Emmitsburg Road and continued forward. Robertson now faced a problem caused by Evander M. Law's Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nRobertson had orders to keep his left on Emmitsburg Road and his right on Law's left but Law's Brigade bore too sharply to the right and a large gap formed in the middle of Robertson's forces. The 3rd Arkansas and 1st Texas stubbornly stuck to the Emmitsburg Road while the 4th and 5th Texas regiments stuck with Law's forces. The 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment and 1st Texas now advanced to the west branch of Plum Run (Rock Creek) near the Timber's House and the Rose Woods. At this point the gap in Robertson's forces was over one hundred yards. Robertson tried to move his regiments back together but they were already engaged and so it became impossible. Robertson quickly made the decision to stick with the left wing and sent a message to Evander M. Law telling him to watch out for the 4th and 5th Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nThe 1st Texas Infantry now moved up toward the triangular field and as soon as they were in the open started receiving artillery fire from Smith's battery on Houck's Ridge. The Texans continued moving until they reached a stone wall at the base of the triangular field. The 1st Texas found some safety behind this stone wall because the guns of Smith's battery could not depress far enough to fire on them. The troops formed two lines behind the wall with the front line kneeling behind the wall and the back line standing behind them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nThe Texans quickly opened fire on Smith's gunners and silenced the guns on the ridge. The men now jumped over the stone wall and rushed forward towards the guns but confusion soon followed. Part way up the hill the regiment heard orders to retreat and so they began to fall back but then received more orders that countermanded the first. Private James Bradfield recalled \u201cNo one seemed to know whence it came, nor from whom\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0007-0002", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nThis first rush at the enemy made it within fifty yards of Smith's battery but was quickly repelled by the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and Ward's Brigade. Next the Texans regrouped and pushed slowly forward a few feet at a time but they were once again repelled by the artillery atop the ridge and the 124th New York. The 124th now charged into the line of the 1st Texas and drove them back down the rocky slope. The 1st Texas infantry fell back to the southwest wall of the triangular field and held their ground here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0007-0003", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nAs the New Yorkers charged through the open terrain and got within one hundred feet of the wall, the Texans opened fire and \u201cdropped nearly one-quarter of them in their tracks\u201d. The 124th of New York now surged forward once again but they had gone as far as they could go because Brigadier General Henry Benning's Brigade had arrived to support the tired Texans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nBenning began striding back and forth yelling \u201cgive them hell boys!\u201d. Benning's left regiment, the 15th Georgia, now pressed up into the 1st Texas line to relieve them. The Texans refused to back down and so the two regiments mixed together, much to the displeasure of Colonel Work. Work didn't want the Georgians disrupting his line and thought that it would have been better if Benning had flanked the enemy from the side instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0008-0001", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nThe two regiments could not be separated in the middle of the battle and so they fought as one single unit for the remainder of the evening. This support from Benning caused the 124th New York to fall back to their original position and the Confederate soldiers pushed forward into the rocks on Devil's Den. The battery atop Devil's Den continued firing for as long as they could but were soon overrun by the pressing Confederate forces. The two comingled regiments of the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0008-0002", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nTexas and the 15th Georgia were soon joined by the 20th Georgia and 44th Alabama and together they took on the combination of the remainder of the 124th New York, the 4th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and the 99th Pennsylvania Infantry regiments. After a short, close range melee the Confederates pushed off the Union and the capture of Devil's Den was official. The 1st Texas had managed to hold their ground long enough for reinforcements to arrive and it paid off for them greatly. The Confederates had captured the four guns of Smith's battery and took between one hundred forty and two hundred prisoners from their victory but the day wasn't over yet for the 1st Texas Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nOver to the left, the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment had not made any progress and so General Robertson ordered Colonel Work to leave two companies of his men on Houck's Ridge and to move the rest of his regiment to help support the 3rd Arkansas. The 1st Texas moved to support the 3rd Arkansas and when they arrived they were met with even more support from the 11th Georgia Infantry and 59th Georgia. Together these forces moved toward the enemy line in this area but the Federal troops in this area were too strong to move and every attack failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0009-0001", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nThe Confederates kept up the attack and eventually the growing pressure on the Federal line became so great that Ward's brigade and the 17th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment had to fall back. The 1st Texas regiment continued to move across the ridge north of Devil's Den, capturing Union soldiers along the way and eventually got to a position that they could fire at Winslow's battery on Little Round Top. Brooke's Union brigade now advanced through the Wheatfield but Colonel Work and the 1st Texas Regiment were ready and waiting. The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0009-0002", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nTexas and the 15th Georgia were sitting atop Houck's Ridge and as Brooke approached, Colonel Work ordered his regiment to put an enfilading fire into Brooke's men. As the enemy forces grew, the 1st Texas was forced to fall back towards the field. Colonel Work quickly became concerned about his ability to withdraw his troops and so he ordered the color bearer and some of his men to maintain their position while the rest of the regiment moved to the rear. Unfortunately this plan didn't work because the men refused to leave their flag behind and so the men stayed and continued to fight the Federal reinforcements by raking Brooke's left. The 1st Texas continued their fight until the evening then nightfall brought the end to the day's battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nAround 2:00 A.M. on July 3, the 1st Texas and 3rd Arkansas moved to their right in order to rejoin the rest of Robertson's Brigade. All of the men were exhausted so they tossed down their gear in front of Little Round Top and got whatever sleep they could. Confederate officers feared an attack from the enemy and so they awakened the men to erect breastworks soon after they had fallen asleep. Major John Bane reported that by dawn the breastworks stood two feet high. Robertson's Brigade stayed in this position through the majority of the day and only participated in some skirmishing in their front. Many men were killed or wounded by the sharpshooting that proceeded through the day as well as the cannonade that preceded Pickett's Charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nAround 3:00 P.M., Colonel Work received an order to move his 1st Texas regiment south to help defend against an anticipated cavalry charge. As the 1st Texas approached the Bushman house they were ordered to knock down part of the wooden fence that obstructed their path. The men proceeded another two hundred yards to take position behind a short stone wall near the edge of the Bushman Woods. Due to many losses from the day before, the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nTexas didn't have enough men to properly cover the wall and so they deployed in a single thin line along the length of the stone wall. Work sent several units out to his left and right in order to protect against any flanking attacks. On the left flank, the men of the 1st Texas tore down a staked fence and rebuilt it beside the stone wall. Reilly's battery also took position about two hundred fifty yards behind the Texans. The men had just barely completed constructing their breastworks when the 1st West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment appeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0011-0002", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nPrivate W. T. White of the 1st Texas noted that \u201cthey formed line of battle in plain view of us and charged. We held our fire until they were within fifty or sixty yards of us, when, taking deliberate aim, we fired on them, bringing down many men and horses.\u201d  The cavalry then retreated to their original position to regroup and then charged once again but were repelled just like the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0011-0003", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nThe cavalry continued to charge and at this point the Texans had fired off their guns and so they used the butts of their guns as the cavalry got close. Private James Henderick also stated that many of the cavalry came up within a few feet of the 1st Texas regiment and so the men knocked them off their horses with rocks and whatever else they could find. The 1st Texas continued to kill many of the charging cavalrymen captured over one hundred prisoners. The men of the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0011-0004", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nTexas only got a short reprieve before the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry arrived and charged their position. The Texans once again repelled the enemy and as Private White stated, \u201chaving repulsed the second charge, we felt that we could almost whip all the cavalry the enemy had.\u201d The Union cavalry continued to make demonstrations against the 1st Texas for another two hours but Texan line held strong. As the evening rolled around, Robertson's Brigade received orders to move around the right flank to their original jump off position on Seminary Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nRobertson's brigade was not fully utilized during July 2 and their problems arose almost as soon as they stepped off their position on Seminary Ridge. Even with these problems that their brigade faced, the 1st Texas regiment managed to achieve their major objectives. Colonel Work and the 1st Texas managed to take Devil's Den and Houck's Ridge through utilizing their terrain such as the stone walls of the triangular field. Even with their smaller forces, the 1st Texas managed to take these objectives and it is a testament to those men and their commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159684-0012-0001", "contents": "1st Texas Infantry Regiment, Battle of Gettysburg\nThe Texans then continued on to repel a massive Federal cavalry charge when they barely had enough men to cover their position. The use of terrain once again helped the 1st Texas and led them to a victory in their endeavors. This impressive regiment fought hard during their time at the battlefield and finally got a rest when they were ordered to retreat from Gettysburg late the night of July 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0000-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards\nThe 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards (QDG) is a cavalry regiment of the British Army. Nicknamed The Welsh Cavalry, the regiment recruits from Wales and the bordering English counties of Cheshire, Herefordshire, and Shropshire, and is the senior cavalry regiment, and therefore senior regiment of the line of the British Army. The regiment is part of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0001-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nThe current regiment was formed in 1959 by the amalgamation of 1st King's Dragoon Guards (raised in 1685 by Sir John Lanier as Lanier's or the 2nd Queen's Regiment of Horse in response to the Monmouth Rebellion) and the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) (raised in 1685 by the Earl of Peterborough as Peterborough's or the 3rd Regiment of Horse, also in response to the Monmouth Rebellion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0002-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nThe regiment has spent much of its history based in Germany. It served during the Aden Emergency in 1966 and 1967 and its squadrons were dispersed throughout the Middle East during that time. Perhaps the best known member in the 1970s was Captain Mark Phillips, one-time husband of The Princess Anne: they married in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0003-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nIn 1983, the regiment was deployed to Lebanon in support of the allied Multinational Force, in 1990 it was sent to the Middle East for the Gulf War and in 1996 it was deployed to Bosnia as part of NATO peacekeeping forces during the Yugoslav Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0004-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nIn 2003, the regiment served in Iraq during the invasion of Iraq providing the reconnaissance and light armour support necessary to allow 3 Commando Brigade's advance north to Basra. On their return from Iraq in 2005, Brigadier Rose of 3 Commando Brigade presented the Regiment with the Commando Dagger in recognition of the superb relationship between 'C' Squadron and the Royal Marines during the liberation of Iraq. It is of note that this squadron had the distinction of spending one of the longest periods of constant contact with the enemy for 20 days or so during this operation. In 2006, the QDG deployed again to Iraq on Op TELIC 8 and oversaw the successful transfer of Al Muthanna province back to Iraqi control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0005-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nAt the end of 2007, the Regiment left Osnabr\u00fcck and moved to Dempsey Barracks, Sennelager where they trained for a six-month deployment to Afghanistan as part of 3 Commando Brigade. Here they carried out a variety of frontline tasks across Helmand province. QDG were the first Formation Reconnaissance Regiment to deploy to Helmand as the Intelligence, Surveillance and Target Acquisition Group (ISTAR Gp) on Operation HERRICK 15 in 2011. The ISTAR Gp consisted of HQ Squadron, 'C' Squadron, 'D' Squadron QRH, an Intelligence Company, K Battery 5 Regt RA and 11 UAV Battery with 'B' Squadron initially detached to the Danish Battlegroup but joining the remainder of the Regiment towards the end of the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0006-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nThe regiment celebrated its fiftieth anniversary on 31 July 2009 with a ceremony at Cardiff castle and a parade through the streets of Cardiff city, both attended by the Colonel-in-Chief The Prince of Wales. The regiment received a great response from the people of Cardiff. That same year, the unit was also awarded with the Freedom of the City of Swansea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0007-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nIn 2012, the regiment were called in to provide security for the 2012 London Olympics with composite squadrons focused on supporting the beach volleyball and securing the athletes village. In May of that year, there was speculation that the unit would become a victim of the defence budget cuts. As it was one of only three regiments historically associated with and one that still largely recruits from Wales, there was much support from the Welsh public to keep the QDG. However, Ministry of Defence officials announced no such plan has been made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0008-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nAs part of the Army 2020 plans, most units based in Germany returned to the UK and the QDG moved to Robertson Barracks, Swanton Morley, Norfolk in June 2015. They have re-roled as \"light cavalry\", using Jackal vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0009-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nIn 2014, the Regiment deployed on the final British combat deployment to Helmand Province on Operation HERRICK 20. The principal focus was the protection and handover of Camp Bastion,'C' Squadron formed the Brigade Reconnaissance Force and the remainder of the Regiment worked with the Afghan Army to develop the latter's capabilities and professionalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0010-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, History\nIn 2018, the QDG conducted two tours of Poland on Operation Cabrit providing the role for NATO as the enhanced forward presence in order to protect and reassure NATO's Central and Northern European member states on NATO's eastern flank of their security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0011-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, Operational role\nThe regiment operates in a light cavalry role and is now equipped with Jackal 2 armoured fighting vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0012-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is displayed at Firing Line: Cardiff Castle Museum of the Welsh Soldier in Cardiff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0013-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, Uniform, cap badge and march\nIn 1896, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the 1st King's Dragoon Guards and allowed the regiment to wear the Austrian imperial coat of arms, which is still used as the regiment's cap badge today; the collar badge is that of The Queen's Bays. Also the regiment adopted an Austrian military march, Radetzky March, as quick march. The current Regimental March is the Radetzky March and Rusty Buckles, the latter being the Regimental March of The Queen's Bays. Other items of uniform draw on the regiment's dual heritage: thus, whilst the cap of 1st King's Dragoon Guards (with dark blue velvet strip and piping) is worn, trousers have the distinctive broad white stripe of The Queen's Bays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0014-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, Uniform, cap badge and march\nFull dress is still worn by some on ceremonial occasions: the 1st King's Dragoon Guards tunic (scarlet with blue velvet facings) being paired with Queen's Bays white-striped overalls. The KDG red-plumed brass cavalry helmet is also worn, together with pouch belts and other accoutrements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159685-0015-0000", "contents": "1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, Uniform, cap badge and march\nIn the QDG lance corporals wear two chevrons, corporals wear two chevrons surmounted by a rank badge consisting of the Bay\u2019s emblem, which is worn by all senior NCOs. Squadron quartermaster sergeants wear four chevrons with rank badge, the whole surmounted by a crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0000-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons\nThe Royal Dragoons (1st Dragoons) was a mounted infantry and later a heavy cavalry regiment of the British Army. The regiment was formed in 1661 as the Tangier Horse. It served for three centuries and was in action during the First and the Second World Wars. It was amalgamated with the Royal Horse Guards to form The Blues and Royals in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0001-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, Formation\nThe regiment was first raised as a single troop of veterans of the Parliamentary Army in 1661, shortly thereafter expanded to four troops as the Tangier Horse, taking the name from their service in Tangier. For the next few years, the regiment defended Tangier, which had been acquired by the English Crown through the marriage of King Charles II to Catherine of Braganza in April 1662, from Moorish cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0002-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, Formation\nThe regiment consisted of four troops, three of which were originally troops in the English Regiment of Light Horse in France attached to the French army of Louis XIV and under the command of Sir Henry Jones. They were constituted in 1672 and, after Jones was killed during the siege of Maastricht in 1673 while serving with the Duke of Monmouth, command passed to the Duke. The regiment was ranked as the 1st Dragoons, the oldest cavalry regiment of the line, in 1674.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0002-0001", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, Formation\nThe regiment was recalled to England in 1678 (it was disbanded in France and reformed in England with most of the same officers) with the expectation of fighting in a war against France. In early 1679, it was disbanded and then reformed in June of that year as Gerard's Regiment of Horse (its colonel being Charles Gerard), with most of the same officers and men, to police the Covenanters in Scotland. The regiment was disbanded in late 1679 and three of its captains, John Coy, Thomas Langston and Charles Nedby, along with their troopers, went out to Tangier in 1680 as reinforcements. When they returned in 1683, they joined what became a new permanent regiment of the Royal Dragoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0003-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, Early wars\nOn their return to England in 1683, the three troops were joined with three newly raised troops and titled The King's Own Royal Regiment of Dragoons, named for Charles II. In 1690, the regiment was renamed as simply The Royal Regiment of Dragoons. It fought at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690 and the Siege of Limerick in August 1690 during the Williamite War in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0004-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, Early wars\nThe regiment saw action at the Battle of Dettingen in June 1743 and at the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745 during the War of the Austrian Succession, and having been formally titled as the 1st (Royal) Regiment of Dragoons in 1751, it took part in the Raid on St Malo in June 1758, the Raid on Cherbourg in August 1758 and the Battle of Warburg in July 1760 during the Seven Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0005-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, Early wars\nThe regiment also fought at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 and the Battle of Willems in May 1794 during the Flanders Campaign. It served under Viscount Wellesley, as the rearguard during the retreat to the Lines of Torres Vedras in September 1810, and charged the enemy at the Battle of Fuentes de O\u00f1oro in May 1811 during the Peninsular War. The regiment also took part in the charge of the Union Brigade under the command of Major-General William Ponsonby at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815 during the Hundred Days Campaign. Captain Alexander Kennedy Clark, an officer in the regiment, captured the French Imperial Eagle of the 105th Line Infantry Regiment during the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0006-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, Early wars\nIn 1816 a detachment of the regiment was involved with suppressing the Littleport riots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0007-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, Early wars\nThe regiment, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel John Yorke, also took part in the charge of the heavy brigade at the Battle of Balaclava in October 1854 during the Crimean War. Having been re-titled the 1st (Royal) Dragoons in 1877, the regiment also saw action at the Battle of Abu Klea in January 1885 during the Mahdist War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0008-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, 20th century wars\nAfter the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899, the regiment was sent to South Africa where it arrived at Durban in November. It formed part of the force sent to relieve Ladysmith, taking part in the battles of Colenso (December 1899), Spion Kop (January 1900), and the Tugela Heights (February 1900). In January 1900, the regiment was part of a force that set out to discover the western flank of the Boer lines. It was able to ambush a column of about 200 Boers near Acton Homes and successfully trapped about 40 of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0008-0001", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, 20th century wars\nFrom June 1900 to April 1901 the regiment was employed guarding the Buffalo River and the Transvaal approaches to the Drakensberg, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Sclater-Booth. During the rest of the war they were employed in the Transvaal and in the Orange River Colony. Following the end of the war, 623 officers and men of the regiment left South Africa on the SS Kildonan Castle, which arrived at Southampton in October 1902. After their return, they were stationed at Shorncliffe, where they were inspected by their Colonel in Chief Emperor Wilhelm II in November 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0009-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, 20th century wars\nThe regiment, which had been serving at Potchefstroom in South Africa when the First World War started, returned to the UK and than landed at Ostend as part of the 6th Cavalry Brigade in the 3rd Cavalry Division in October 1914 for service on the Western Front. It took part in the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914, the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915, the Battle of Loos in September 1915 and the advance to the Hindenburg Line in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0010-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, 20th century wars\nThe regiment retitled as the 1st The Royal Dragoons in 1921. It was deployed to Egypt in 1927, to Secunderabad in India in 1929 and to Palestine in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0011-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, 20th century wars\nThe regiment mechanised shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War and was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps in 1940. It was deployed to the Western Desert as the Reconnaissance Regiment for the 1st Armoured Division in December 1941; its men were the first troops to enter Benghazi later that month, before seeing action again at the Battle of Gazala in May 1942. It became the Reconnaissance Regiment for the 10th Armoured Division in September 1942 and helped to destroy the enemy supply columns at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0011-0001", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, 20th century wars\nThe regiment saw action during the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 and then briefly took part in the Italian campaign before returning home in December 1943 and taking part in the Normandy landings in July 1944. The regiment took part in the advance to the River Elbe and, after taking 10,000 enemy prisoners, liberated Copenhagen in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0012-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, History, Post-war\nThe regiment moved to Eutin in Schleswig-Holstein in November 1945 and to Dale Barracks in Chester in November 1950. It deployed troops to Egypt in February 1951 and then moved to Combermere Barracks in Wesendorf in May 1954 and to Harewood Barracks in Herford in August 1957. It returned to the UK in September 1959 from where it deployed troops to Aden in November 1959 and to Malaya in December 1960. The regiment survived the immediate post-war reduction in forces, and was re-titled as The Royal Dragoons (1st Dragoons) in 1961. It returned home in October 1962 and then deployed troops to Cyprus in February 1964 before transferring to Hobart Barracks in Detmold in January 1965. It amalgamated with the Royal Horse Guards (The Blues), to form The Blues and Royals in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0013-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, Regimental museum\nThe regimental collection is held by the Household Cavalry Museum which is based at Horse Guards in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0014-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, Colonels \u2013 with other names for the regiment\nOn 1 July 1751, a royal warrant provided that in future regiments would not be known by their colonels' names, but by their \"number or rank\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159686-0015-0000", "contents": "1st The Royal Dragoons, Colonels \u2013 with other names for the regiment\nIn 1969 the regiment amalgamated with Royal Horse Guards (The Blues), to form The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159687-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Time\n\"1st Time\" is a rap single by  rapper Yung Joc. It is the third single  released off his debut album New Joc City. The single features Trey Songz and Marques Houston. The song failed to be as successful as It's Goin' Down, I Know You See It, or Dope Boy Magic. It premiered on BET's Access Granted on Wednesday November 1, 2006, and is receiving growing air and video play. The video features Eightball & MJG, Doug E. Fresh, Gorilla Zoe, Jody Breeze and Trey Songz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159687-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Time\nThe lyrics are based on a woman having a sexual experience for the first time with a man controversy sparked because the song was originally written by a teenage songwriter \"Lil Will\" under Jermaine Dupri's So So Def Imprint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159687-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Time\nThe song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 93 in February 2007. On March 2, the song returned to the charts at number 97 and has thus far peaked at number 82.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159688-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tirailleur Regiment\nThe 1st Tirailleur Regiment (French: 1er r\u00e9giment de tirailleurs, 1er RTir) is a mechanized infantry unit of the French Army, created in 1994 under the command of the 7th Armoured Brigade. It is mainly composed of active soldiers but also reservists, deployed both overseas and in internal security tasks such as Operation Vigipirate. It is currently only tirailleur regiment in the French army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159688-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tirailleur Regiment, History\nIt was formed on 1 May 1994 from the 170th infantry regiment. The ceremony was held in Golbey, in the presence of the heirs of the Army of Africa, legionnaires, Spahis, Zouaves and the 170th Infantry Regiment, who kept the flag of the 7th Algerian Tirailleurs Regiment, became the 1er R\u00e9giment de Tirailleurs. It is officially recreated under the command of Colonel Jean-Guy Gendras and in the presence of Fran\u00e7ois L\u00e9otard, the French Minister of Defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159688-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Tirailleur Regiment, History\nIt was created in tribute to North African Tirailleurs who took part in all the battles of France on the occasion of the golden jubilee of the Liberation of France. The regiment formerly was stationed at the Haxo Golbey neighborhood and the neighborhood Varaigne in Epinal. Since 2005, the entire regiment has been grouped in Varaigne neighborhood abandoning Haxo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159688-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tirailleur Regiment, Traditions, Regimental Nouba\nThe regimental military band of the regiment is known as the \"Nouba\". The traditional uniform is generally derived from those in use in the 19th century. The earliest evidence of music in these African regiments dates back to the centenary of Algeria in 1860, and the painter Edouard Detaille in 1884 represented the nouba of the 2nd Infantry. The band, which is a small size ensemble, has had a turkish crescent used for ceremonial dutues since the end of the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159688-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tirailleur Regiment, Traditions, Mascot\nAround 1930, some regiments most often had a mascot, a bighorn sheep or a ram. The mascot of the 1st Regiment is called Messaoud, which in Arabic means \"fortune\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159688-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tirailleur Regiment, Traditions, Uniform\nA characteristic of La Nouba is its oriental dress, which recalls the uniform of the old Algerian tirailleurs created around 1840. The origin of these troops goes back to the Arab and Turkish units formed by the French after the Invasion of Algiers in 1830, with volunteers, contingents provided by different local chiefs, or with organized troops from the various beys defeated by the French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159688-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Tirailleur Regiment, Traditions, Uniform\nThis uniform consists of baggy pants called \"saroual\", which sky blue or white depending on the season, tightened at the waist by a wide red woolen belt. Its function was to keep the abdomen of soldiers and non-commissioned officers warm to prevent them from suffering from intestinal ailments. The short, blue jacket, with yellow facings drawing beautiful scrolls, is worn over a sleeveless vest: the \"sedria\". On the head, the skirmishers wear the \"ch\u00e8che\", that is to say a strip of white rolled up fabric, or the \"ch\u00e9chia\" in crimson felt with a pompom with sky blue fringes. Only this regiment is authorized to wear the golden half-moon on a clear sky-blue background, crowned with three chevrons of the African  arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159689-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tony Awards\nThe First Tony Awards, more formally known as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, were held on April 6, 1947, in the Grand Ballroom of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Perry was a co-founder of the revived and revised version the American Theatre Wing (ATW) in 1940, and the award were established by the ATW  in her memory after her death in 1946. Fellow ATW co-founder Louise Heims Beck was responsible for overseeing the organization of the 1st Tony Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159689-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tony Awards, Background and ceremony\nPresented by the ATW, the Awards celebrated \"outstanding contributions to the current American theatre season.\" According to The New York Times, these awards \"do not designate their recipients as 'best' or 'first' but the classifications in which they are given will be elastic from year to year.\" The ceremony, hosted by Brock Pemberton, was broadcast on radio station WOR and the Mutual Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159689-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tony Awards, Background and ceremony\nThe awards got their nickname, \"Tonys\", during the ceremony itself when Pemberton handed out an award and called it a \"Toni\", referring to the nickname of Antoinette Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159689-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Tony Awards, Background and ceremony\nMusicals represented at the ceremony were Street Scene, Brigadoon and Finian's Rainbow. Oklahoma! and Carousel could not be nominated because, while although still playing their original runs at the time of the awards, they had opened too soon to qualify for the awards (Oklahoma! had opened in 1943, and Carousel in 1945).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159689-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Tony Awards, Background and ceremony\nThe award itself was a scroll, an initialed sterling silver compact case for the women, and an engraved gold bill clip or cigarette lighter for the men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159690-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Topographic Platoon\nThe 1st Topographic Platoon is a military unit in the United States Marine Corps located on Camp Pendleton, California. It is composed of members of the Geographic Intelligence Specialist Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) 0261. Most members of the 0261 field are highly trained intelligence operators with extensive knowledge of geospatial intelligence, terrain analysis, land navigation techniques, datums and ellipsoids, coordinate systems, and cartography that make them a valuable asset to the Marine Expeditionary Force. All members are required to attend a 7 month course at the National Geospatial-Intelligence College on Fort Belvoir, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159690-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Topographic Platoon\nThe platoon deployed a number of times in recent years, including multiple deployments to Iraq in the early 2000s and multiple deployments to Afghanistan in the 2010s with the I Marine Expeditionary Force (Fwd) on Camp Leatherneck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159691-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Topographic Survey Squadron\nThe 1st Topographic Survey Squadron is a unit of the Australian Army. It provides mapping support the Army. The squadron was originally part of the Royal Australian Survey Corps which reintegrated with Royal Australian Engineers on 1 July 1996. It was an independent squadron until 13 January 2003 when it became part of the new 6th Engineer Support Regiment. In 2014 the squadron came under the command of the 1st Intelligence Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159692-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tranny Awards\nThe 1st Annual Tranny Awards were a pornographic awards event recognizing the best in transgender pornography form the previous year from November 1, 2007 to 31 October 2008. Nominations were announced online on December 16, 2008 on Grooby.com. The winners were announced online on January 9, 2009. The winners were decided by a panel of industry judges. It was the first installment of the Tranny Awards which are now known as the Transgender Erotica Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159692-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tranny Awards\nThis was the first awards dedicated to recognising achievements in transgender pornography. Steven Grooby the founder of the awards stated that he wanted to address the lack of representation of transgender performers in awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159692-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Tranny Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 1st Tranny Awards were announced on December 16, 2008, online on the Grooby.com website. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 9, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159693-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Transportation Support Battalion\n1st Transportation Battalion (TB) is a General Support (GS) logistics unit of the United States Marine Corps that is headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. The unit falls under the command of Combat Logistics Regiment 1 and the 1st Marine Logistics Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159693-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Transportation Support Battalion, Mission\nProvide transportation and throughput support for the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) to facilitate the distribution of personnel, equipment, and supplies by air, ground, and sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159693-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Transportation Support Battalion, History, Korean War\nThe 7th Motor Transport Battalion was activated at the outset of the Korean War on August 5, 1950 at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. That same month the battalion departed the West Coast for Kobe, Japan where it staged for follow on tasking. On September 15, 1950, 7th Motor Transport Battalion began to come ashore during the Battle of Inchon. The battalion remained in support of the 1st Marine Division for the remainder of the war and took part in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, fighting on the East-Central Front and action on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159693-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Transportation Support Battalion, History, Inter-war years\nAfter the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed the battalion remained in Korea until March 1955 when it was relocated back to MCB Camp Pendleton, CA. The battalion was reassigned to the 1st Marine Division in October 1955 and continued to train in the Southwestern United States for the next decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159693-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Transportation Support Battalion, History, Vietnam War\n7th Motor Transport Battalion landed in South Vietnam in March 1966. During its time in Vietnam the battalion supported combat operations near Da Nang, Chu Lai and Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb. 7th Motor Transport Battalion departed South Vietnam in February 1970. Arriving back at MCB Camp Pendleton in March 1970 the battalion was initially assigned to the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade. The battalion was again assigned to the 1st Marine Division in April 1971 only to be deactivated the next month on May 7, 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159693-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Transportation Support Battalion, History, 1970s - 1990s\n7th Motor Transport Battalion was reactivated on March 30, 1976 at MCB Camp Pendleton, CA as part of the 1st Force Service Support Group (1st FSSG). The battalion deployed to Saudi Arabia in December 1990. It supported combat operations during the Gulf War and returned to the United States is April 1991. In December 1992, 7th Motor Transport Battalion was part of the Unified Task Force sent to Somalia to conduct humanitarian assistance. The battalion departed Somalia in February 1993. Elements of 7th Motor-T next participated in Operation Vigilant Warrior in Kuwait in response to build up of Iraqi Republican Guard forces on the border in October 1994. The battalion was deactivated on December 8, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159693-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Transportation Support Battalion, History, Reactivation and current operations\n1st Transportation Support Battalion was reactivated at MCB Camp Pendleton, CA on October 1, 2014, as part of Combat Logistics Regiment 1 and the 1st Marine Logistics Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159693-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Transportation Support Battalion, History, Redesignation\nOn April 2, 2021 1st Transportation Support Battalion was redesignated as 1st Transportation Battalion. The redesignation of 1st Transportation Support Battalion to 1st Transportation Battalion and deactivation of Landing Support Company and Support Company were modernization initiatives conducted to best align the United States Marine Corps to support the National Defense Strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159693-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Transportation Support Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. 1st TSB has been presented with the following awards:.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159694-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Troop Carrier Group (Provisional)\nThe 1st Troop Carrier Group (Provisional) was a United States Air Force unit that fought in the Korean War. The unit was attached to Far East Air Forces' Fifth Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159694-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Troop Carrier Group (Provisional)\n1st TCG was organized at Ashiya Air Base, Japan on 26 August 1950 under operational control of FEAF through the 1st Troop Carrier Task Force (Provisional). The 1st TCG and its provisional squadrons were based at Tachikawa and supported by the 374th Troop Carrier Wing. Personnel from units of Thirteenth and Twentieth Air Forces and the Far East Air Materiel Command (FEAMCOM) manned the 1st TCG. Using C-46s and briefly C-47s, the group began airlifting freight and passengers between Japan and Korea on 2 September 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159694-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Troop Carrier Group (Provisional)\nThe group transported a U.S. Marine unit to Pyongyang on 25 and 26 November, then flew emergency air evacuations from Sinanju and other forward bases as the Chinese advanced. Leaving Kimpo AB on 4 January, the group inactivated effective 25 January, with many of its personnel transferring to the 86th Troop Carrier Squadron of the 437th TCG. In its five months of operation, the group carried over 28,000 passengers, 7,000 air evacuees, and almost 12,000 tons of cargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159695-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Troop of Horse Guards\nThe 1st (His Majesty's Own) Troop of Horse Guards was formed from King Charles II's exiled followers in the Netherlands (the Stuart monarchs had been overthrown during the English Civil War, and replaced with the Commonwealth).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159695-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Troop of Horse Guards\nThe regiment was formed in 1658, and placed on the English establishment three years later, with the official formation of the \"modern\" British Army. It fought at Dettingen, along with four other troops of the Royal Horse Guards, and eventually absorbed the 3rd Troop of Horse Guards and the 1st Troop, Horse Grenadier Guards. On 25 June 1788, the regiment became the 1st Regiment of Life Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159695-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Troop of Horse Guards, Colonels and former names of the 1st Troop, Horse Guards\nOn 1 July 1751 a royal warrant provided that in future regiments would not be known by their colonels' names, but by their \"number or rank\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159695-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Troop of Horse Guards, Colonels and former names of the 1st Troop, Horse Guards\nOn 25 June 1788 became 1st Regiment of Life Guards", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159696-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tukatovo\n1st Tukatovo (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e; Bashkir: 1-\u0441\u0435 \u0422\u04af\u043a\u04d9\u0442, 1-se T\u00fck\u00e4t) is a village in Nukayevsky Selsoviet, Kugarchinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 147 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159696-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tukatovo, Geography\n1st Tukatovo is located 32 km south of Mrakovo (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159697-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Tupchanovo\n1st Tupchanovo (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u0422\u0443\u043f\u0447\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e; Bashkir: 1-\u0441\u0435 \u0422\u04e9\u043f\u0441\u04d9\u043d, 1-se T\u00f6ps\u00e4n) is a rural locality (a village) in Yuldybaievsky Selsoviet of Kugarchinsky District, Russia. The population was 126 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159697-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Tupchanovo, Geography\n1st Tupchanovo is located 12 km southeast of Mrakovo (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159698-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Turkmenevo\n1st Turkmenevo (Russian: 1-\u0435 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e; Bashkir: 1-\u0441\u0435 \u0422\u04e9\u0440\u04e9\u043a\u043c\u04d9\u043d) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Mukasovsky Selsoviet, Baymaksky District, Russia. The population was 1043 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159698-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Turkmenevo, Geography\n1st Turkmenevo is located 59 km northeast of Baymak (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159699-0000-0000", "contents": "1st U-boat Flotilla\nThe 1st U-boat flotilla (German 1. Unterseebootsflottille) also known as the  Weddigen flotilla, was the first operational U-boat unit in Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine (navy). Founded on 27 September 1935 under the command of Fregattenkapit\u00e4n Karl D\u00f6nitz, it was named in honor of Kapit\u00e4nleutnant Otto Weddigen. Weddigen, a U-boat commander during World War I, died on 18 March 1915 after his submarine U-29 was rammed by the British battleship HMS\u00a0Dreadnought in the North Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159699-0001-0000", "contents": "1st U-boat Flotilla\nThe flotilla at first only consisted of U-9, a Type IIB boat commissioned on 21 August 1935. Later, boats U-1 to U-12 were included in the flotilla, but U-1 to U-6 were only used as training boats and were attached to the U-boat training school in Neustadt. Originally based in Kiel from September 1935-May 1941, it was moved to Brest, France in June 1941. In September 1944, the flotilla was disbanded and its remaining boats were distributed to other flotillas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0000-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E\nBattery E, 1st U.S. Artillery was a United States Army field artillery battery that was in service between 1821 and 1901, most notably in extensive service with the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0001-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E\nDuring the Civil War, the battery was present at the Siege of Fort Sumter in April 1861 under the command of Captain Abner Doubleday. Returned to the artillery defenses of Washington, D.C. and rearmed as a field artillery battery, the unit was merged with Battery G, 1st U.S. Artillery in February 1862. Consolidated and renamed Battery E & G, 1st U.S. Artillery, the unit continued with this designation until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0002-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E\nThe unit is also known for its participation in the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0003-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Service\nBattery E, 1st U.S. Artillery was formed by a reorganization of the U.S. Army artillery service in 1821. The battery saw service in the Second Seminole War and the early engagements of the Mexican-American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0004-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Service\nAt the outbreak of the Civil War, the battery was stationed at Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina in January 1861, where it was present during the Battle of Fort Sumter in April which sparked the war. It moved to Washington, D.C. where it was attached to Patterson's army to October 1861. Under the command of Captain Alanson Merwin Randol, the battery was merged with Battery G, 1st U.S. Artillery in February 1862, with the Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 2nd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to September 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0004-0001", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Service\nArtillery, 2nd Division, V Corps, to October 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, V Corps, to May 1863. 2nd Regular Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, Horse Artillery, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 3rd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to July 1864. 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0005-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Service\nOn garrison duty along the East Coast post-war, the battery also participated in the Indian Wars at Wounded Knee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0006-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Detailed service\nDefense of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, April 12\u201313, 1861. Evacuation of Fort Sumter April 13. Reached Fort Hamilton, New York Harbor, April 19. Moved to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, June 3. Ordered to Washington, D.C., August 26, 1861. Duty at the federal arsenal and at Camp Duncan, defenses of Washington, until March 1862. Moved to the Virginia Peninsula. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 26-July 1. Savage's Station and Peach Orchard June 29. White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0006-0001", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Detailed service\nAt Harrison's Landing until August 16. Moved to Fortress Monroe, then to Centerville August 16\u201328. Pope's Virginia Campaign August 28-September 2. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Shepherdstown Ford September 19\u201320. At Sharpsburg until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Virginia, October 29-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 11\u201315. At Falmouth, Virginia, until April 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Aldie June 17. Middleburg June 19. Upperville June 21. Ashby's Gap June 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0006-0002", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Detailed service\nBattle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Near Harpers Ferry July 14. Shepherdstown July 16. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advanced to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Custer's Raid into Albemarle County February 28-March 1, 1864. Near Charlottesville February 29. Stannardsville March 1. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 8. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania May 8\u201321. Milford Station May 21. Chesterfield May 23. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Mechump's Creek May 31. Cold Harbor June 1\u20135. Sharp's Farm June 3. Moved to Washington, D.C., June 18. Garrison duty at Fort Willard and Fort Strong, defenses of Washington, D.C. until October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0007-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Later service\nOne of the most notable actions of Battery E, 1st U.S. Artillery was in support of the Colonel James W. Forsyth's 7th U.S. Cavalry at the now-controversial engagement at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. The battery was commanded by Captain Allyn Capron and equipped with four Hotchkiss M1875 mountain guns which were used against the Wounded Knee encampment with devastating effect after the fight broke out. Some estimates report that as many as 200 Lakota Indians were killed or wounded in the engagement, the majority of whom were women and children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159700-0008-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery E, Later service\nBattery E continued in service with the 1st Artillery until the regiment was dissolved by the reorganization of all U.S. Artillery units in 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159701-0000-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G\nBattery \"G\" 1st Regiment of Artillery was a light artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159701-0001-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G, Service\nThe battery was stationed at Fort Pickens, Florida, January to May 1861. It moved to Fort Hamilton, New York Harbor, May 13\u201326, then to Washington, D.C., July 8 where it was attached to Richardson's Brigade, Tyler's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia, to August 1861. Richardson's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October 1861. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac (temporarily attached to Batteries E and K, 1st U.S. Artillery, February to May 1862. 2nd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to September 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, V Corps, to October 1862. Artillery, 3rd Division, V Corps, to May 1863. 2nd Regular Brigade, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, Horse Artillery, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, to October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159701-0002-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G, Detailed service\nReconnaissance from Alexandria on Fairfax, Richmond and Mt. Vernon Roads July 14. Advanced on Manassas, Va., July 16\u201321. Occupation of Fairfax Court House July 17. Blackburn's Ford July 18. First Battle of Bull Run July 21. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until March, 1862. Moved to the Virginia Peninsula. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 26-July 1. Golding's Farm June 27. Savage's Station and Peach Orchard June 29. White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159701-0002-0001", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G, Detailed service\nMoved to Fort Monroe, then to Centerville August 16\u201328. Pope's campaign in Virginia August 28-September 2. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Crampton's Pass September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Shepherdstown Ford September 19\u201320. At Sharpsburg, Md., until October 30. Moved to Falmouth October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 11\u201315. At Falmouth until April 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20136. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Aldie June 17. Middleburg June 19. Upperville June 20\u201321. Ashby's Gap June 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159701-0002-0002", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery G, Detailed service\nBattle of Gettysburg, July 1\u20133. Shepherdstown July 16. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advanced to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Custer's Raid into Albemarle County February 28-March 1. Near Charlottesville February 29. Stannardsville March 1. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 5. Battle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania May 8\u201321. Milford Station May 21. Chesterfield May 23. North Anna May 23\u201326. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Machump's Creek May 31. Cold Harbor June 1\u20135. Sharp's Farm June 3. Moved to Washington, D.C., June 18. Garrison duty at Fort Willard and Fort Strong, defenses of Washington, D.C. until October 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159702-0000-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I\nBattery \"I\" 1st Regiment of Artillery was a light artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159702-0001-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Service\nThe battery was stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in January 1861 before moving to Washington, D.C. where it was attached to Wilcox's Brigade, Heintzelman's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia, to August 1861. Stone's Brigade, Division of the Potomac, to October 1861. Stone's (Sedgwick's) Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Artillery, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to November 1862. Reserve Artillery, II Corps, to May 1863. Artillery Brigade, II Corps, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, Horse Artillery, Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to May 1865. Defenses of Washington, D.C., XXII Corps to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159702-0002-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., January 7\u201329, 1861, and served duty there until July. Advanced on Manassas, Va., July 16\u201321, 1861. First Battle of Bull Run July 21. Moved to Poolesville, Md., August 7\u201315. Duty there and at Edward's Ferry until March 1862. Ball's Bluff October 21, 1861. Edward's Ferry October 22. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula March 1862. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 25-July 1. Peach Orchard and Savage Station July 29. White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159702-0002-0001", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Detailed service\nMoved to Alexandria, Va., August 16\u201323. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. At Harpers Ferry until October 30. Movemed to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg December 11\u201315. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Advance to line of the Rapidan September 13\u201317. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Bristoe Station October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159702-0002-0002", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Detailed service\nBattle of the Wilderness May 5\u20137. Battle of Spotsylvania Court House May 8\u201321. Battle of North Anna May 23\u201326. Battle of Totopotomoy Creek May 28\u201331. Battle of Cold Harbor June 1\u20137. Gaines's Mill, Salem Church, and Haw's Shop June 2. Sheridan's Trevilian Raid June 7\u201324. Trevilian Station June 11\u201312. Black Creek or Tunstall Station and White House or St. Peter's Church June 21. St. Mary's Church June 24. At Light House Point June 29-July 27. At Camp Barry, Washington, D.C. until September. Arthur's Swamp September 29. Poplar Springs Church September 29-October 1. Wyatt's Road October 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159702-0002-0003", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery I, Detailed service\nBoydton Plank Road October 27\u201328. Warren's Raid on Weldon Railroad December 7\u201312. Dabney's Mills February 5\u20137, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Dinwiddie Court House March 30\u201331. Five Forks April 1. Namozine Church April 3. Paine's Cross Roads April 5. Sailor's Creek April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Moved to Washington, D.C., May. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159703-0000-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K\nBattery \"K\" 1st Regiment of Artillery was a light artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159703-0001-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K, Service\nThe battery was stationed at Eagle Pass, Fort Duncan, Texas January\u2013February 1861 before moving to Fort Taylor, Florida where it served until January 1862. It then moved to Washington, D.C. where it was attached to Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 2nd Brigade, Artillery Reserve, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to September 1862. Reserve Artillery, V Corps, to December 1862. Artillery Reserve, Army of the Potomac, to June, 1862. 2nd Brigade, Horse Artillery, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. Camp Barry, Washington, D.C., to August 1864. Horse Artillery, Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to December 1864. Horse Artillery Reserve, Army of the Shenandoah, to April 1865. Cavalry Brigade, Army of the Shenandoah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159703-0002-0000", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K, Detailed service\nMoved from Washington, D.D. to the Virginia Peninsula March 1862. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Battle of Seven Pines May 31-June 1. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 25-July 1. Malvern Hill July 1. Moved to Fort Monroe, then to Centerville August 16\u201328. Pope's campaign in northern Virginia August 28-September 2. Battle of Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Battle of Chantilly September 1. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 11\u201315. At Falmouth, Va., until April 1863. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159703-0002-0001", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K, Detailed service\nBattle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Brandy Station or Fleetwood and Beverly Ford June 9. Upperville June 21. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Williamsburg and Hagerstown, Md., July 6. Boonsboro July 8. Benevola or Beaver Creek July 9. About Funkstown July 10\u201313. Brandy Station August 1\u20134. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13\u201315. Culpeper Court House September 13. Robertson's Ford September 15. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Jeffersontown October 12\u201313. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Reconnaissance from Bealeton to Front Royal January 1\u20134, 1864. Rapidan Campaign May 4-June 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159703-0002-0002", "contents": "1st U.S. Artillery, Battery K, Detailed service\nWilderness May 5\u20137. Spotsylvania Court House May 8\u201321. North Anna May 23\u201326. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Ream's Station June 21. Wilson's Raid on Southside & Danville Railroad June 22\u201330. Nottaway Court House June 23. Sappony Church or Stony Creek June 28\u201329. Ream's Station June 29. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 12\u201314. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Near Kearneysville August 25. Leetown and Smithfield August 28. Smithfield Crossing, Opequan Creek, August 29. Savior's Ford, Opequan Creek, September 15. Third Battle of September 19. Fisher's Hill September 21. Milford September 22. Mt. Jackson September 23\u201324. Port Republic September 26\u201327. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty in the defenses of Washington and the Shenandoah Valley until August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159704-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ubootgeschwader\nThe 1. Ubootgeschwader (1. UG) (1st Submarine Squadron) is a submarine squadron of the German Navy. It is based at Eckernf\u00f6rde, Schleswig-Holstein, and forms part of Einsatzflottille 1, headquartered in Kiel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159704-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ubootgeschwader, History\nThe 1st Ubootgeschwader (1st UG) was set up on 1 October 1961 in Kiel. It was initially under the control of the Amphibische Gruppe, before it was subordinated to the newly established Ubootflottille on 1 November. The 1st UG received its first submarine, the newly-commissioned Type 201 submarine U-1, on 21 March 1962. The U-1 was the first submarine constructed in post-war Germany. U-1's sister ship, U-2 followed in May 1962. The former R boat Merkur was assigned to the squadron as a support ship. The Type 201 submarines were eventually found to be unsatisfactory and were decommissioned early.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159704-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Ubootgeschwader, History\nThe successor class, the Type 205 submarine, entered service in the following years, with eleven boats joining the squadron between 1962 and 1969. In 1964, the two submarine tenders Lahn and Lech entered service with the 1st UG. Lech was decommissioned in 1966 and assigned to the Reserve Fleet. Merkur left service the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159704-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ubootgeschwader, History\nAs part of the reforms of the Bundeswehr the Submarine Training Centre was made a part of the 1st UG on 29 August 2013. Since October 2016 the German submarine arm consists of six Type 212 submarines. However because of damage and missing spare parts, none of the six boats were in active service as of October 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159705-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions\nThe 1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions was a cavalry unit of the Polish Legions during World War I. Members of the unit were named \"Beliniaki\", after their original leader W\u0142adys\u0142aw Zygmunt Belina-Pra\u017cmowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159705-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions\nThe regiment was created on August 13, 1914 from a squadron composed of 140 soldiers formed by Belina-Pra\u017cmowski. The unit was based on The Seven Lancers of Belina, the vanguard of the march of the First Cadre Company on August 6, 1914. The cavalry unit  was composed of Janusz G\u0142uchowski \"Janusz\", Antoni Jab\u0142o\u0144ski \"Zdzis\u0142aw\", Zygmunt Karol Karwacki \"Stanis\u0142aw Bo\u0144cza\", Stefan Kulesza \"Hanka\", Stanis\u0142aw Skotnicki \"Grzmot\", and Ludwik Kmicic-Skrzy\u0144ski  \"Kmicic\" under Pra\u017cmowski's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159705-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions\nIn February and March 1917, the regiment organized and implemented officer training (for officers and non-commissioned officers) and administrative courses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159705-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions\nOn August 10, 1917, the leader of the Polish Legions handed over the command of the regiment to captain Albert Kordecki of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159705-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Uhlans Regiment of Polish Legions, Medal\nThe medal, designed by corporal Kajetan Stanowicz, was instated on the 5th of November 1916. It has a round shield of a 41 to 45mm diameter with a twisted-rope-like edge. On it is engraved the monogram \"1PU\" on the background of an Uhlan hat and two dates: \"II VII 1914\" the date on which Belina's patrol left Galicia for the kingdom; and \"V XI 1916\" the day the medal was instituted. The medal was approved by the Minister of Military Affairs on the 5th of May 1920. Bearing it required being part of the regiment for at least a year. All in all 800 medals were issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps\nThe 1st Ukrainian Corps was a Ukrainianized combined\u2013arms military formation created during the \"democratization\" of the army in Russia in August 1917 based on the 34th Army Corps of Lieutenant General Pavlo Skoropadskyi. After the October Revolution, the 1st Ukrainian Corps became part of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, but it ceased to exist in January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, Background\nOn January 22, 1917, Lieutenant General Pavlo Skoropadskyi was appointed commander of the 34th Army Corps by the All\u2013Russian Emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, Background\nAfter the Kerensky Offensive's failure by the Russian Army, coupled with the Tarnopol breakthrough by the Austro\u2013Hungarian and German troops, General Lavr Kornilov, the 8th Army's commander, who managed to hold the front in a difficult situation, was appointed commander\u2013in\u2013chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front. On the evening of the same day, Kornilov sent a telegram to the Provisional Government with a description of the situation at the front (\"The army of maddened dark people ... is running ...\") and his proposals for rectifying the situation (the introduction of the death penalty and field courts at the front).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, Background\nTwo weeks later, he was appointed the Supreme Commander\u2013in\u2013Chief. Before accepting this position, he stipulated the conditions on which he would agree to do so \u2013 one of such conditions was the implementation of the army reorganization program. To restore discipline, at the request of General Kornilov, the Provisional Government returned the death penalty in the army. By decisive and harsh methods, with the use of deserters in exceptional cases, General Kornilov restored the army's combat capability and restored the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, Background\nAccording to Kornilov, one of the measures that could radically increase the troop's combat capability was the creation of large national military formations \u2013 primarily Ukrainian ones. Kornilov noted that it was the Ukrainians who directly defended their native land that showed the greatest stamina and discipline in battle. In August 1917, at Lavr Kornilov's suggestion, Skoropadsky began to \"Ukrainize\" his corps (104th and 153rd Infantry Divisions). For reorganization, the corps was transferred to the Medzhybizh Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, Background\nThe 34th Army Corps was \"Ukrainized\" with all the Russian soldiers and officers in the unit being transferred to the 41st Army Corps, with their places, both soldier and officer, being substituted with Ukrainians from other parts of the front; in the regiments, along with the all\u2013Russian, national symbols and the Ukrainian language were introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, Background\nIt was assumed that the 1st Ukrainian Corps, consisting of 8 regiments, united in two divisions, would have a total strength of 60,000 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nThe date of creation of the 1st Ukrainian Corps in several sources is July 2, 1917, although in fact, Ukrainization began only in August and ended at the end of September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nIn October 1917, after the Bolsheviks came to power, Skoropadskyi, having changed his oath to the emperor, recognized the Central Council of Ukraine's power, although its leaders socialist ideas seemed unacceptable to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nIn November\u2013December, the corps implemented the plan developed by the corps' chief of staff, General Yakov Safonov, to neutralize the \"Bolshevized\" military units of the 2nd Guards Corps, which had left the front and were advancing on Kyiv. Parts of the corps occupied strategically important railway stations \u2013 Vinnytsia, Zhmerynka, Koziatyn, Berdychiv, Bila Tserkva and Fastiv \u2013 and blocked the way for the Bolsheviks to Kyiv from the south. The \"red\" echelons were intercepted, disarmed and sent to Soviet Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nHowever, the leadership of the Central Council and the Ukrainian People's Republic continued to treat Skoropadskyi with prejudice, considering him as a future rival in the power struggle or not believing that an aristocrat and one of the wealthiest people of the former empire could sincerely defend the interests of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Skoropadskyi's growing popularity is atested by the fact that he was elected General Ataman on 6 October 1917, at the All\u2013Ukrainian Congress of Free Cossacks in Chigirin, which aggravated relations with the Central Council. This was a manifestation of special trust and respect, testifying to great authority among the masses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nAfter Symon Petliura's dismissal from the post of Secretary-General of Military Affairs and the appointment of Mykola Porsh in his place, Skoropadsky's relations with the Ukrainian Central Council's leaders completely broke down. The combat general, who was awarded the highest military awards, could not understand why the army's organizational problems were entrusted to a person who never had anything to do with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nAll of Skoropadskyi's efforts to prove the necessity of the existence of the Ukrainian regular army were in vain. On winter's eve, the corps was without food, winter clothing and shoes. This demoralized the fighters, and they began to go home. Experiencing constant pressure from the Central Council's leadership, General Skoropadskyi, to save the corps, on the eve of 1918 was forced to resign from the post of ataman \u2013 the commander\u2013in\u2013chief of the Central Rada troops. At the same time, he left the post of commander of the 1st Ukrainian Corps. With the departure of Skoropadsky from the post of commander\u2013in\u2013chief, the Ukrainian Army practically collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nFormally, the 1st Ukrainian corps until the end of 1917 was part of the 7th Army of the Southwestern Front, although the front itself and the army as a single structure did not actually exist anymore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nAfter General Skoropadskyi's resignation, the corps was actually headed by General Yakov Gandzyuk, head of the 1st Ukrainian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nOn January 16, 1918, the Central Council issued a temporary \"Law on the Formation of the Ukrainian People's Army\", according to which the Ukrainianized regiments of the regular army were to be disbanded, replacing them with the people's militia. On January 17, Nikolay Porsh issued an order for the army's complete demobilization, which finally disoriented and demoralized the Ukrainianized units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nIn January 1918, the corps was split into parts and stationed in Bila Tserkva, Berdichev, Fastov and Vinnytsia to maintain order there and protect the local population from deserters and local gangs. Covering Kyiv from the south, the corps did not have sufficient forces to effectively resist the attack on Kyiv by the Bolshevik troops of Mikhail Muravyov, which unfolded in January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nOn February 9, Kyiv was taken by Soviet troops, and the day before, on the night of February 7\u20138, the Ukrainian government and the remnants of the troops of the Ukrainian People's Republic left Kyiv along the Zhytomyr Highway. On one of the last days of Kyiv's defence, General Gandzyuk with the chief of staff, General Safonov, left the corps headquarters for a meeting in Kyiv, not expecting such a sharp change in the situation. At one of the outposts of Soviet troops, they were captured and sent for interrogation to the commander\u2013in\u2013chief Muravyov. Refusing to accept his offer to go into the service of Soviet Russia, on February 9, both generals were shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, History\nLeft without command, units of the corps also lost discipline in an atmosphere of general anarchy, and by mid\u2013February, general desertion began. In February 1918, the corps was demobilized. A small part of it, led by Colonel Nikonov, after the arrival of the Germans, joined the army of the Ukrainian State of Hetman Skoropadsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159706-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Corps, Composition\nThe 1st Ukrainian Corps consisted of 8 infantry and two artillery regiments and other formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159707-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Front\nThe 1st Ukrainian Front (Russian: \u041f\u00e9\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u00e1\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442) was a major formation of the Soviet Army during World War II, being equivalent to a Western army group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159707-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime\nDuring 1943\u20131944, the Red Army recruited, more than 3 million people or 10% of the total population of Ukraine (in the Volyn region, this figure was 16%). In the troops of 1\u20134 Ukrainian fronts (mainly in infantry units and other formations), Ukrainians accounted for 60\u201380%", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159707-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime\nOn October 20, 1943, the Voronezh Front was renamed to the 1st Ukrainian Front. This name change reflected the westward advance of the Red Army in its campaign against the German Wehrmacht, leaving Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic behind and moving into Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The front participated or conducted battles in Ukraine, Poland, Germany, and Czechoslovakia during 1944 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159707-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime\nDuring 1944, the front participated with other fronts in the battles of Korsun-Shevchenkivskyy, and the battle of Hube's Pocket in Ukraine. It conducted the Lviv-Sandomierz Offensive, during which the Front was controlling the Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army, 3rd Guards Tank Army, 4th Tank Army, 3rd Guards, 5th Guards Army, 13th, 38th, and 60th Armies. It then took part in the battle for Ternopil'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159707-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime\nIn 1945 the front participated in the Vistula-Oder offensive, and conducted the Silesian and Prague Operations, and the siege of Breslau. It also participated in the Berlin operations in Germany and Poland. The front also conducted the major part of the Halbe Encirclement, in which most of the German 9th Army was destroyed south of Berlin. By this time the Polish Second Army was operating as part of the Front. Finally 1st Ukrainian Front provided the defence against the counter-attacks by Armee Wenck which aimed to relieve Berlin and the 9th Army. The Prague Offensive was the final battle of World War II in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159707-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Front, Wartime\nFollowing the war, the Front headquarters formed the Central Group of Forces of the Red Army in Austria and Hungary till 1955, and reinstituted in 1968 in Czechoslovakia as a legacy of the Prague Spring events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159707-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Front, Armies\nThe armies that were part of the 1st Ukrainian Front included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159708-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Soviet Army\nThe 1st Ukrainian Soviet Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, which existed between April 15, 1919 and June 25, 1919 when the Ukrainian Front was abolished. The troops were the transferred to form the 12th Army of the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159708-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ukrainian Soviet Army, History\nThe First Ukrainian Soviet Army fought against the UNR Army west of Kiev and by the end of May occupied Rivne, Dubno and Sarny, having cleared a considerable part of the Western Ukraine from the enemy and interrupted the connection of the UNR Army with Galicia. In May, the Army participated in the elimination of the Grigoriev Uprising. On May 28, 1919, the Army transferred part of its troops to the Southern Front and went on the defensive, continuing to fight against Petlyura and local armed formations in the districts of Rivne, Ostroh, Sarny, and Proskurov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159709-0000-0000", "contents": "1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159709-0001-0000", "contents": "1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment was organized at Washington, D.C. beginning May 19, 1863 and mustered in June 30, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159709-0002-0000", "contents": "1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to United States Forces, Norfolk and Portsmouth, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, July to October 1863. United States Forces, Yorktown, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, Hincks' Colored Division, XVIII Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XVIII Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XV Corps, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXV Corps, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, X Corps, Department of North Carolina, to August 1865. Department of North Carolina to September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159709-0003-0000", "contents": "1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st U.S. Colored Infantry mustered out of service September 29, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159709-0004-0000", "contents": "1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAfter its formation the regiment saw duty at Norfolk, Portsmouth and Yorktown in Virginia until April 1864. It then went on an expedition from Norfolk to South Mills, Camden Court House, N.C. from December 5 to December 24, 1863. Butler's operations south of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond, Va., May 4 \u2013 June 15. Action at Wilson's Wharf May 24. Assaults on Petersburg June 15\u201318. Siege of Petersburg and Richmond June 16 to December 7, 1864. Explosion of Mine, Petersburg, July 30. Demonstration on the north side of the James River September 28\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159709-0004-0001", "contents": "1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Chaffin's Farm, New Market Heights, September 28\u201330. Fort Harrison September 29. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27\u201328. Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., December 7\u201327. Second Expedition to Fort Fisher, N.C., January 7\u201315, 1865. Assault on and capture of Fort Fisher January 15. Sugar Loaf Hill January 19. Sugar Loaf Battery February 11. Fort Anderson February 18\u201320. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Northeast Ferry February 22. Carolinas Campaign March 1 \u2013 April 26. Advance on Goldsboro March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Cox's Bridge March 23\u201324. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 13. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty in the Department of North Carolina until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159709-0005-0000", "contents": "1st United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 185 men during service; 4 officers and 67 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 113 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0000-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress\nThe 1st United States Congress, comprising the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791, during the first two years of George Washington's presidency, first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new (and current) frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0000-0001", "contents": "1st United States Congress\nThe apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution. Both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority. Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution were passed by this Congress and sent to the states for ratification; the ten ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, are collectively known as the Bill of Rights, with an additional amendment ratified more than two centuries later to become the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0001-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Major legislation, Session 1\nHeld March 4, 1789, through September 29, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0002-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Major legislation, Session 2\nHeld January 4, 1790, through August 12, 1790, at Federal Hall in New York City", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0003-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Major legislation, Session 3\nHeld December 6, 1790, through March 3, 1791, at Congress Hall in Philadelphia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0004-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Party summary\nThere were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0005-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Party summary\nDetails on changes are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0006-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Party summary, Senate\nDuring this congress, two Senate seats were added for North Carolina and Rhode Island when each ratified the Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0007-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nDuring this congress, five House seats were added for North Carolina and one House seat was added for Rhode Island when they ratified the Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0008-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0009-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, all Senators were newly elected, and Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1790; Class 2 meant their term ended with the next Congress, requiring re-election in 1792; and Class 3 meant their term lasted through the next two Congresses, requiring re-election in 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0010-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are listed by their districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0011-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Changes in membership\nThere were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0012-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Changes in membership\nNew York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island, were the last states to ratify the U.S. Constitution, and because of their late ratification, were unable to send full representation at the beginning of this Congress. Six Senators and nine Representatives were subsequently seated from these states during the sessions as noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0013-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Changes in membership, Senate\nThere was 1 resignation, 1 death, 1 replacement of a temporary appointee, and 6 new seats. The Anti-Administration Senators picked up 1 new seat and the Pro-Administration Senators picked up 5 new seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159710-0014-0000", "contents": "1st United States Congress, Changes in membership, House of Representatives\nThere was 2 resignations, 1 death, and 6 new seats. Anti -Administration members picked up 3 seats and Pro-Administration members picked up 2 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0000-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters\nThe 1st United States Sharpshooters were an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. During battle, the mission of the sharpshooter was to kill enemy targets of importance (i.e., officers and NCOs) from long range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0001-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters\nThe first regiment of volunteers began service in late November 1861. During their service, they fought in every Eastern battle up until autumn of 1864. During their tour, the Sharpshooters were noted for efficient service in the battles of Yorktown, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Atlanta, Spotsylvania and Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0002-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters\nThe 1st and 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters were consolidated on December 31, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0003-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Founder\nHiram C. Berdan was the founder of the Sharpshooters. Berdan was born in the town of Phelps, New York, on September 6, 1824. Not only was Berdan a military officer in the Civil War and creator of the Sharpshooters regiment, he was also an American mechanical engineer and creative inventor. Some of Berdan's inventions included the Berdan rifle (a repeating rifle) and the Berdan center fire primer, a range finder torpedo boat for evading torpedo nets during and after the Civil War. Berdan also developed the first commercial gold amalgamation machine to separate gold from ore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0003-0001", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Founder\nBerdan was also known for being an amateur champion marksman in the United States. Berdan's interest in rifles and shooting led him to the idea of creating a regiment full of men who all had notable shooting skills: the Sharpshooters. On November 30, 1861, Berdan was named colonel of both the first and second Sharpshooter regiments. After serving for three years, Berdan resigned his position as colonel on November 30, 1864, in order to return to his life as a mechanical engineer and inventor. Berdan died on March 31, 1893, and was buried in the Arlington National Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0004-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Raising the regiment\nDuring the Civil War, regiments were usually composed of companies all from the same state. On the other hand, due to the strict qualifications and special skills in order to become a member of the Sharpshooters, each regiment was assembled of companies from various different Union states. Below is a list of each company in the first regiment, their origin and date of establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0005-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Company commanders\nThe first United States Sharpshooter regiment consisted of the following commanding officers (listed by company):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0006-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Selection of recruits\nHiram C. Berdan of New York state created the Sharpshooters. Berdan began recruiting men for the first Sharpshooter regiment in 1861. He recruited men from New York City and Albany and from the states of New Hampshire, Vermont, Michigan and Wisconsin. The volunteer recruits had to pass a rifle test in order to qualify to be a member of the Sharpshooters; each man had to be able to place ten shots in a circle of 10 inches (250\u00a0mm) in diameter from 200 yards (180\u00a0m) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0006-0001", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Selection of recruits\nThey were able to choose a rifle and position of their preference for the test. A man eligible to be a Sharpshooter had to possess a keen eye, steady hands and a great deal of training and skill with a rifle. In addition to that, for a man to be a Sharpshooter, it took cool nerves in order to be able to estimate their target carefully, determine the high trajectory needed and to take in consideration the effect that any current wind may have.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0007-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Weapons\nThe men of the Sharpshooters regiment were armed with various types of rifles, including the Sharps rifle, the Whitworth rifle, sporting arms, and various other custom-made privately owned target weapons. Some of these rifles weighed up to 30 pounds (14\u00a0kg) because they contained the first breed of telescope sights. At first, many of the Sharpshooter riflemen used their own weapons, but this began leading to problems when it came to ammunition supply. As a result, Berdan made a request to receive issuance of Sharps rifles to his men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0008-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Weapons\nChristian Sharps invented the Sharps rifle in 1848 in Hartford, Connecticut. It was a single shot percussion lock breech loader that could be fired eight to ten times per minute (three times the rate of the Springfield rifle), weighed about 12 pounds (5.4\u00a0kg), was 47 inches (1,200\u00a0mm) in length with a 30-inch (760\u00a0mm) barrel and fired cartridges with a .52 caliber conical ball. The Sharps rifle was accurate up to 600 yards (550\u00a0m), so the typical Sharpshooter was able to put twenty bullets in a 24-inch (610\u00a0mm) pattern from 200 yards (180\u00a0m) away. The first Sharps rifle in the regiment was purchased by Private Truman \"California Joe\" Head while the regiment was at the camp of instruction outside Washington, D.C. during the winter of 1861-1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0009-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Weapons\nBerdan chose the Sharps rifle mainly because of its fast breech loading and outstanding accuracy from long-range distances. Unfortunately, though, Lieutenant General Winfield Scott denied Berdan's request because he feared the issuance of Sharps rifles would lead to a waste of ammunition. Lt . General Scott insisted that Berdan's men use a standard Springfield rifle. Berdan was not at all satisfied with Scott's ruling, so he took his request for Sharps rifles directly to President Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0009-0001", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Weapons\nAfter Lincoln watched Berdan perform a demonstration of the Sharps rifle's extreme speed and accuracy he was so impressed that he ordered them to be immediately issued to both Sharpshooter regiments. Nevertheless, many of the men still continued to use their own rifles, no matter how heavy and bulky they were, probably because that is what they had training and experience with. The sharpshooters were finally issued their Sharps rifles on May 8, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0010-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Uniform\nThe most notable aspect of the Berdan Sharpshooter uniform is the green color, rather than the standard Union blue. They were one of only a few regiments that went outside the typical Potomac Army's uniform. The green uniform gave the sharpshooters the clear advantage of camouflage, but also sometimes was a disadvantage because they were easy to distinguish against the rest of the Union soldiers for Confederate marksmen to spot and target. Sharpshooters were high-priority kills amongst the Confederate army, because they had such high skills and good salvageable equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0010-0001", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Uniform\nSharpshooters used more guerrilla warfare battle tactics than the rest of the Union infantry. Along with the green uniform, a soldier was to have no brass on any of their buttons. Their shoes were standard Union issue, but their pants were made of green wool just like the frock coats, with a pair of gaiters. Furthermore, Sharpshooter knapsacks were a Prussian-style fur sack fitted over a wooden frame, as opposed to the usual tarred canvas. However, as the war went on the men were not reissued this clothing and many of the men received standard federal clothing making them harder for rebel troops to notice their elite capabilities. By the Gettysburg campaign most of the men were wearing modified blue uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0011-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Total strength and casualties\nTen of the regiment's officers and 143 enlisted men were killed in action or mortally wounded and 1 officer and 128 enlisted men died of disease, for a total of 282casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159711-0012-0000", "contents": "1st United States Sharpshooters, Total strength and casualties\nLieutenant Colonel William Y. W. Ripley was wounded and later received the Medal of Honor for his heroism as second in command of the 1st U.S. Sharpshooters at the Battle of Malvern Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159712-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Utah State Legislature\nThe 1st Utah State Legislature was elected on Tuesday, November 5, 1895, and convened on Monday, January 13, 1896.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159713-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Utah Territorial Legislature\nThe 1st Utah Territorial Legislature was convened on September 22, 1851, and ended on March 6, 1852.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159714-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Uttar Pradesh Assembly\nThe First Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (a.k.a. First Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh) was constituted in May 1952 as a result of Indian general election, 1951\u201352. First Legislative Assembly had total of 431 MLAs (later revised to 426 including one nominated Anglo-Indian member).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159715-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Uttarakhand Assembly\nThe 2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election were the First Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) elections of the state when the Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party with 36 seats in the 70-seat legislature in the election. The Bharatiya Janata Party became the official opposition, holding 19 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159716-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Valley Bank\n1st Valley Bank is a development bank (3rd in terms of assets) in the Philippines, based in Baroy, Lanao del Norte and servicing various areas in Mindanao, specifically the provinces of Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga Sibugay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159716-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Valley Bank\nThe bank's primary clientele include small and medium enterprises and farmers in the communities served by it. Loans granted by the bank are primarily channeled to help finance the production of coconut, corn, rice and fish. The bank also provides capital and other banking services, as a co-partner of the Department of Agriculture, to small-scale commercial, industrial and agri-aqua business or diversified farming in line with the government\u2019s program in agricultural development to uplift the socio-economic welfare of the people. The bank has also a special loan program to accommodate salaried individuals and micro entrepreneurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159716-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Valley Bank, History\n1st Valley Bank was originally two banks: the Rural Bank of Kapatagan Valley and the Rural Bank of Sinacaban in Misamis Occidental.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159716-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Valley Bank, History\nThe Rural Bank of Kapatagan Valley was incorporated on September 11, 1956, and was granted an authority to operate on November 24 of the same year, becoming the Philippines' seventy-fifth rural bank, initially starting with an initial capital of forty thousand pesos. It eventually became a member of the prestigious Rural Bankers Association of the Philippines on April 5, 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159716-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Valley Bank, History\nOn April 3, 2004, the stockholders of the Rural Bank of Kapatagan Valley approved the recommendation of its Board of Directors to consolidate with the Rural Bank of Sinacaban. On August 30, 2005, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued the consolidated bank\u2019s Certificate of Consolidation and the corresponding certificate of incorporation of the merged institution, by then known as 1st Valley Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159716-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Valley Bank, History\nThe Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas granted 1st Valley Bank\u2019s authority to operate on September 21 of that year. The corporate culture and mission and vision (Increase income by increasing market share at a lower cost leveraging on the expertise of human resources) of the Rural Bank of Kapatagan Valley were since adopted by the merged institution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159716-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Valley Bank, History\nIn 2007 the bank was one of several rural banks enabled with wireless ATMs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159717-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Vanier Cup\nThe 1st Vanier Cup was played on November 20, 1965, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided Canada's university football champions by way of a national invitation to participate in the game. The Alberta Golden Bears and the Toronto Varsity Blues were invited by a national panel to compete in a single elimination game to decide the Canadian college football champion for the 1965 season. The Varsity Blues won the game for their first ever championship by defeating the Golden Bears by a score of 14-7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159718-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Venezuelan Rifles\nThe 1st Venezuelan Rifles (Spanish: 1.er Regimiento de Rifles de Venezuela) was a nominally Irish regiment that took part in the Venezuelan War of Independence. Commanded by Colonel Donald Campbell, a Scottish Protestant. Battalion Rifles was created on August 13, 1818 with the British Riflemen under the command of Colonel Robert Piggot, survivors of the Battle of La Puerta (1818), formerly called the Line Battalion or Fusiliers of the Honor Guard. Its nucleus was recruited by the British and its ranks were completed with Creole peoples and natives of the Caribbean. Later, the unit participated in actions that included expeditions through the Llanos and the Andes and the Boyac\u00e1 Campaign, 1819. He fought until 1824, in the Battle of Ayacucho, saving with his sacrifice the army of Sucre, trapped in the Corpahuaico Gorge, a few days before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159719-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Venice International Film Festival\nThe 1st annual Venice International Film Festival was held between 6 and 21 August 1932. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was the first film to be screened at the festival. No official prizes were awarded, so an audience referendum took place to determine the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade\nThe First Vermont Brigade, or \"Old Brigade\" was an infantry brigade in the Union Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. It suffered the highest casualty count of any brigade in the history of the United States Army, with some 1,172 killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, Organization and early battles\nThe \"Old Brigade\" served from 1861 to 1865 and was one of two brigades from Vermont, both famous in their own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, Organization and early battles\nThe First Vermont Brigade was organized in October 1861, primarily through the efforts of Maj. Gen. William F. \"Baldy\" Smith. It was composed of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Vermont regiments, which had been individually mustered into service between June and September, for a time, it also included the 26th New Jersey Infantry. Its first commander was Brig. Gen. William T. H. Brooks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, Organization and early battles\nIn April 1862, the brigade was incorporated into the Army of the Potomac as the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, and first saw action during Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in the battles of Williamsburg and Savage's Station. It later was present at Antietam and Fredericksburg. Under the command of Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant, the Vermonters fought in the campaign culminating in the Battle of Chancellorsville. The Vermonters participated in VI Corps' capture of Marye's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg and then were prominent in the fighting at Salem Church. They were held in reserve during the Battle of Gettysburg, holding a flank guard position behind Big Round Top, losing only one man wounded. After the Gettysburg Campaign, elements of the Vermont Brigade were sent to help quell the draft riots in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign\nThe depleted brigade received reinforcements in May 1864 when the 11th Vermont Infantry was assigned to the organization. That same month, the Army of the Potomac, under the overall supervision of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, began its spring offensive (the Overland Campaign) towards Richmond. The Vermont Brigade mustered approximately 2,850 soldiers at the start of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign\nOn the morning of May 5, the Union army attacked Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at the Battle of the Wilderness. While the initial Union attack was successful, rough terrain and stubborn resistance ground down the attack. By midday, Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill's Confederate corps had been brought up and was attacking the weak Union center along the Orange Plank Road. Maj. Gen. George W. Getty's brigades were ordered by Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, who was still bringing up most of his corps, to hold the road and counterattack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign\nThe Vermont Brigade took the southern flank and charged the advancing Confederates. Ordered to retreat, the 5th Vermont regiment instead launched a bayonet charge, buying time for Union troops and the rest of the Vermont Brigade to fall back to their hasty works. The Confederates continued to attack until the Union line was stabilized. Losses by the brigade totaled 1,269 killed, wounded, and missing in less than 12 hours of fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign\nAfter the Wilderness, the Union Army moved south to Spotsylvania Court House, where Lee's army had entrenched. The 11th Vermont Infantry joined the brigade at this point. Early in the battle, elements of the Vermont brigade, defending barricades forward of the rest of the Union Army, were ordered to retreat and spike their supporting artillery field pieces before the Confederates overran them. Disobeying orders, the commander of the brigade ordered the guns to be \"spiked with canister,\" and the brigade was able to defend the guns and works successfully until reinforcements arrived to stabilize the position. The Vermonters suffered heavily during the ensuing assault on the Confederate defenses as The Vermont Brigade led the assault on the \"Mule Shoe Salient\", a protruding network of trenches in the center of the Confederate lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, The Overland Campaign\nThe final battle of the Overland Campaign was the Battle of Cold Harbor. The Vermont Brigade was one of the units selected to charge Confederate earthworks on June 1, 1864. Grant's attack failed and he suffered heavy losses. In less than 10 minutes, hundreds of soldiers from the Vermont Brigade were killed or wounded. The brigade, in less than one month of fighting, had been reduced from 2,850 men to less than 1,200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, Petersburg and the Valley\nWhile the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia dug in at Petersburg, Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early was sent on a mission through the Shenandoah Valley to the outskirts of Washington, D.C. The Vermont Brigade fought in the Valley Campaign against Early, under the overall command of Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan. At the Battle of Cedar Creek, Early launched a surprise attack against Sheridan's army and the First Vermont Brigade covered the Union army's temporary retreat, prior to Sheridan's counterattack and decisive victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0007-0001", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, Petersburg and the Valley\nLewis Grant commanded the 2nd Division, VI Corps, during the later stages of this action, when Getty became acting corps commander. Col. George P. Foster led the brigade while Grant was in command of the division. Foster's brigade held the center of the division's line until the entire formation retreated in good order. When Brig. Gen. Daniel D. Bidwell fell and his brigade, of the Vermonters' left, was in danger of losing heart, Lt. Col. Winsor B. French, who took command, is reported to have told his men not to fall back until the Vermonters did so. Six Medals of Honor were awarded to Vermonters at Cedar Creek, and the brigade captured three regimental colors and much of the 12th North Carolina regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159720-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Brigade, Petersburg and the Valley\nReturning to Petersburg, where it was engaged until the end of the war, the First Vermont Brigade led the attack on the earthworks defending the city, successfully breaking through the Confederate lines on the morning of April 2, 1865. Lewis Grant was wounded in this action and briefly relinquished command. Six members of the brigade were awarded the Medal of Honor for valor for this action. After the surrender of Lee's army later that month, the brigade participated in the victory parade in Washington. It returned to Vermont and the men were mustered out. Many former members of the brigade joined fraternal veterans organizations such as the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and held reunions to recount their days in the First Vermont Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159721-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment was a three years' cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the Eastern Theater from November 1861 to August 1865, in the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159721-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was mustered into Federal service on November 19, 1861, at Burlington, Vermont. Its first commander was Colonel Lemuel B. Platt, and the first lieutenant colonel was George Bradley Kellogg. Platt's appointment was an honor sometimes afforded to an individual who aided in raising and equipping a regiment; subsequent commanders included Jonas P. Holliday, Charles Henry Tompkins, Edward B. Sawyer, Addison W. Preston, William Wells, and Josiah Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159721-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History\nIt was engaged in, or present at 76 engagements during the course of the war, from Mount Jackson on April 16, 1862, to Appomattox Court House, on April 9, 1865, including the 1862 and 1864 Shenandoah Valley campaigns, the Gettysburg Campaign, the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg, plus many skirmishes not connected to a particular campaign, such as the Skirmish at Miskel Farm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159721-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment most notably participated in BG Elon Farnsworth's unsuccessful attack on the Confederate right flank on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Maj William Wells led a battalion in that attack, with Farnsworth by his side. Lieut: Col Addison W. Preston commanded the regiment. The regiment's monument stands on the Sluyder Field, near the site where BG Evander Law's brigade repelled the Union attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159721-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment lost during service: 112 killed and mortally wounded, 159 died in Confederate prisons, 7 died from accidents and 114 died by disease; total loss 392.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159721-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment mustered out of service on August 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159721-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment's heritage continues to be celebrated to this day with a state legislative decree naming the Corps of Cadets at Norwich University, the Military College of Vermont, as members of the regiment. Members of the NUCC wear the crossed sabers on all of their uniforms and their insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159722-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Vermont Infantry Regiment was a three months' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the eastern theater, in and around Fortress Monroe, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159722-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nResponding to President Abraham Lincoln's call in mid-April 1861, for 75,000 men to serve for three months to help put down the rebellion, Governor Erastus Fairbanks ordered the recruitment of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159722-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was organized from militia companies from the following towns, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159722-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nCaptain John W. Phelps, of Brattleboro, an 1836 graduate of the United States Military Academy, and a 23-year veteran of the regular army, was chosen to command the regiment and commissioned as a colonel. Militia Captain Peter T. Washburn of Woodstock, later Adjutant General and Governor of Vermont, was appointed lieutenant colonel. Among the officers was future Governor Roswell Farnham and future Medal of Honor recipient William Y. W. Ripley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159722-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe ten companies rendezvoused at Rutland, on May 2, 1861, and went into camp on the fairgrounds south of the city, called Camp Fairbanks, in honor of the governor. The regiment was mustered into United States service on May 8, and the next day departed for New York City, where it arrived on May 10. Rutland businessman Horace Henry Baxter, then serving as Adjutant General of the Vermont Militia, used personal funds to ensure that 1st Vermont soldiers were equipped and paid, and he rode at their head as they left Vermont. On May 11, the regiment embarked the steamer Alabama, and arrived at Fortress Monroe on May 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159722-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nOn May 23, the regiment made the first reconnaissance upon Virginia soil by United States troops, marching six miles from Fortress Monroe to Hampton. On May 26, the regiment took the steamers Cataline and Monticello, up Hampton Roads to Newport News, where they made camp, which ended up being their home for the rest of its stay in Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159722-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nOn June 10, five companies of the 1st Vermont, along with five companies of the 4th Massachusetts Infantry, were at the Battle of Big Bethel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159722-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nOn August 4, the regiment embarked the steamers Ben de Ford and . R. Spaulding, and sailed to New Haven, Connecticut, then took a train to Brattleboro, arriving there on August 9. The men were paid off and mustered out on August 15 and 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159722-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Vermont Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment mustered in 38 officers and 743 enlisted men. One enlisted man was killed in action, four died of disease, and one died due to an accident. One officer resigned his commission, four enlisted men were discharged for disability, and two deserted. Five-sixths of the members of this regiment subsequently enlisted for three years. Two hundred and fifty served as field and line officers in Vermont and neighboring states' units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159723-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Vietnam Film Festival\nThe 1st Vietnam Film Festival was held from August 17 to August 28, 1970, in Hanoi, Vietnam, with the slogan \"For the Fatherland - For the Socialism\" (Vietnamese: \"V\u00ec T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c - V\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159723-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThe first Vietnamese film festival was organized by the Ministry of Culture and Information, the Vietnam Cinema Department and the Vietnam Cinema Association. With the criterion \"Summarizing the cinematic works of the 4-year period against the Americans to save the country from 1965 to 1969\", the festival aimed to encourage the work of composing and honor the outstanding works of Vietnamese artists in cinema field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159723-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThe opening ceremony was held at the August Cinema Theater. When the festival flag along with the national flag were raised, the film contest begins. The judges, included many famous people in the film industry as well as other art fields, were divided into three juries: feature film, documentary/science film and children/animated film. Members whose films are in attendance will not participate in voting for that film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159723-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Vietnam Film Festival, Event\nThe closing and awarding ceremony were held in Vietnam Museum of Revolution. Everyone was gathered, listening to the name of the award ceremony. Awards include Golden Lotus, Silver Lotus and Certificate of Merit, no individual awards yet. The Golden Lotus is designed like a coin, as big as the mouth of a tea cup, embossed with a golden lotus. From the jury to the award-winning artist, no one received any monetary remuneration as well as material gifts, only such symbolic medals. 29 Golden Lotuses were awarded to 3 feature films, 24 documentary films and 2 animated films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159724-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion\nThe 1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion (Fr: 1er bataillon de parachutistes vietnamiens) was a French-Vietnamese paratroop battalion formed in Saigon, French Indochina in 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159724-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion, Operational history\nThe 1st Vietnamese Parachute Battalion (5 BPVN) was one of five battalions of Vietnamese paratroopers raised by the French Army between 1951 and 1957 as part of General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's policy to establish a Vietnamese Army. Its cadre was drawn from volunteers from 1st Guards Company and from 1st Colonial Commando Parachute Battalion (1 BCCP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Organization\nThe 1st Virginia Cavalry completed its organization at Winchester, Virginia, in July 1861, under the command of Colonel James Ewell Brown (J.E.B.) Stuart at the command of General Thomas Jackson. Unlike most regiments, the First contained twelve companies. The men were from the counties of Amelia, Augusta, Berkeley, Clarke, Frederick, Gloucester, Jefferson, Loudoun, Rockbridge, Rockingham, and Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe First Virginia Cavalry participated in more than 200 engagements of various types throughout the American Civil War, during which it was reorganized several times. Its significant casualties at the First Battle of Bull Run led to reorganization and placement under the command of Brigadier General J.E.B. Stuart. However, members were allowed to elect their lower officers, and they failed to re-elect career U.S. army officer and future Confederate general William E. Jones, who was then transferred to lead the 7th Virginia Cavalry. Thus, Gen. Stuart relayed his orders to Lt. Col. (and future Virginia governor)Fitzhugh Lee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nIn 1863, further Confederate Army reorganization placed the First Virginia Cavalry under the command of General Williams Carter Wickham (formerly of the 4th Virginia Cavalry). Although decimated by casualties and surrenders under General Jubal Early as it defended the Shenandoah Valley at the war's end, the First Virginia Cavalry technically ended the war under the command of Gen. Thomas T. Munford (formerly of the 2nd Virginia Cavalry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nDuring 1862, the First Virginia Cavalry participated in the Seven Days Battles and Stuart's ride around McClellan. The regiment then participated in cavalry clashes at Gainesville, Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Kelly's Ford, Chancellorsville, Brandy Station, Gettysburg, Bristoe Station, the Wilderness, Todd's Tavern, Spotsylvania, Bethesda Church, and Cold Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nIn 1864, the First Virginia was involved in Jubal Early's operations in the Shenandoah Valley. Although many of the remaining soldiers either became casualties or were allowed to return to their homes by early 1865, members did participate in the defense of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign. The remains of the cavalry unit cut through the Federal lines at Appomattox, shortly before it was formally disbanded. Only one man from this unit was present at the surrender. In April 1862, the First Virginia Cavalry totaled 437 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0004-0001", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nIt lost eight percent of the 310 engaged at Gettysburg in July 1863, and had 318 fit for duty in September 1864. Other field officers (alphabetically) included Colonels R. Welby Carter (of Company H; son of Sen.John A. Carter), James H. Drake, and William A. Morgan; Lieutenant Colonels L. Tiernan Brien and Charles R. Irving; and Major Robert Swan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nFuture U.S. Solicitor General Holmes Conrad enlisted in Company A at the beginning of the war. He was commissioned a lieutenant and eventually transferred to division headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, History\nCompany F boasted a namesake to Abraham Lincoln, a Private from Jefferson County. However, in 1864, he deserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159725-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Temporary Attachments\nCaptain Martin's Independent Company Mississippi Cavalry and Captain Stone's Independent Company Alabama Cavalry were temporarily attached to this regiment as Company N and O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159726-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Infantry Battalion\nThe 1st Battalion, Virginia Infantry Regulars, also known as the Irish Battalion, was raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and, served as infantry. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159726-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Infantry Battalion\nThe battalion was organized in May 1861, with men from the city of Richmond and Hanover County in five companies. It moved to western Virginia and participated in Lee's Cheat Mountain Campaign, then fought at First Kernstown, McDowell, and in Jackson's Valley Campaign. The unit was then assigned to General J.R. Jones' Brigade and was involved in many conflicts of the Army of Northern Virginia from the Seven Day's Battles to Fredericksburg. Later it was assigned to General Headquarters and in November 1864, Provost Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159726-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Infantry Battalion\nIt lost twenty-five percent of the 187 engaged at First Manassas, had 3 wounded during the Seven Days' Battles and 3 killed and 19 wounded at Second Manassas. The unit surrendered 18 officers and 120 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159726-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Infantry Battalion\nMajors D.B. Bridgford, John D. Munford, and John Seddon were in command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159727-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in the Commonwealth of Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159727-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Virginia completed its organization at Richmond, Virginia, in May, 1861. At the outbreak of the war it had ten companies, but in April three were detached. Thus the unit contained seven companies from Richmond and in mid-July a company from Washington, D.C. was added. Its first colonel, Patrick T. Moore, was severely wounded on July 18, 1861, in the skirmish at Blackburn's Ford, and Lt. Col. W.H. Fry commanded at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas). The companies (with original commanders) were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159727-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Infantry Regiment\nIt fought at the Battle of First Bull Run (First Manassas) in a brigade under James Longstreet and in August totaled 570 men. During April, 1862, when the regiment was reorganized, it contained only six companies. The 1st Virginia Infantry was assigned to A. P. Hill's, Kemper's, and W. R. Terry's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. It was active from the Battle of Williamsburg to the Battle of Gettysburg, except when it was with Longstreet at the Siege of Suffolk, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159727-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Virginia Infantry Regiment\nLater the unit was involved in the capture of Plymouth, the conflicts at Drewry's Bluff and Cold Harbor, the Siege of Petersburg south and north of the James River, and the Appomattox Campaign. This regiment lost twenty-two percent of the 140 engaged at the Battle of Second Bull Run (Second Manassas), had 9 wounded at the Battle of Fredericksburg, and had more than half of the 209 at Gettysburg disabled. Its casualties were 12 killed and 25 wounded at Drewry's Bluff, 1 killed and 77 wounded at the Battle of Five Forks, and 40 captured at the Battle of Sayler's Creek. Only 17 surrendered at Appomattox on April 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159727-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Infantry Regiment\nThe field officers were Colonels Patrick T. Moore, Franklin G. Skinner, and Lewis B. Williams, Jr; Lieutenant Colonels William H. Fry and Frank H. Langley; and Majors John Dooley, William P. Mumford, George F. Norton, and William H. Palmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159728-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Regiment\nThe 1st Virginia Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Virginia Line that served with the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159728-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Regiment, Origins\nIts origins go back to the Charles City-Henrico County Regiment of Militia founded in 1652. During the French and Indian War, the Virginia Regiment was organized and was the only colonial regiment incorporated into the British line (1754-1763) and saw action at the Battle of Jumonville Glen, Fort Necessity, and the Braddock and Forbes expeditions. Its most notable Commander was Colonel George Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159728-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Regiment, Involvement in American Revolutionary War\nWith the heightened political tensions of the 1770s, the regiment was raised again, on July 17, 1775, at Williamsburg, Virginia. As the primary state militia unit, the Virginia regiment later saw service with the (U.S.) Continental Army. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Great Bridge, New York Campaign, Battle of Trenton, Battle of Princeton, Battle of Brandywine, Battle of Germantown, Battle of Monmouth, Battle of Stony Point and the Siege of Charleston. Most of the regiment was captured at Charlestown, South Carolina, on May 12, 1780, by the British and the regiment was formally disbanded on November 15, 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159728-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia Regiment, Later Years\nDuring the Mexican American War 1846\u20131848, the 19th regiment of the Virginia Militia was mustered into Federal Service and renamed the 1st Virginia Volunteers. However, this regiment did not have the regimental lineage of the original Virginia Regiment, but was the descended from the Richmond City Regiment. During the American Civil War (1861-1865) there was a 1st Virginia Infantry raised in the Confederate Army, but disbanded after the war. Today the 276th Engineer Battalion (United States) of the Virginia National Guard maintains the regimental lineage of the 1st Virginia Volunteers. The regimental lineage of the Colonial, the French and Indian War, and the American Revolution 1st Virginia Regiment is maintained in the Department of Military Affairs by the Office of the State Adjutant General of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the Virginia Defense Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159729-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia State Regiment\nThe 1st Virginia State Regiment was a regiment of regular state troops from Virginia which fought during the American Revolutionary War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159729-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia State Regiment, Formation\nThe regiment was authorized by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia in December 1776 as a force of regular troops for the Commonwealth's defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159729-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia State Regiment, In the Contintenal Army\nIn 1777, Virginia had difficulty meeting its quota for the regular line of the Continental Army. As a result, in July 1777 under the command of Colonel George Gibson, the regiment began a march North to temporarily join the Continental Army in the Philadelphia Campaign. In January 1778, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act directing that the 1st Virginia State Regiment \"now in Continental service, be continued in said service instead of the Ninth Virginia Regiment, made prisoners by the enemy in the Battle of Germantown.\" The regiment camped at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-78 and at Middlebrook in the winter of 1778-79 and participated in the Battle of Monmouth. The regiment remained in the service of the Continental Army until late 1779 when redeployed Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159729-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Virginia State Regiment, Organization\nUnlike the standard division of eight found in the regular line regiments of the Continental Army, the 1st Virginia State Regiment consisted of ten companies including one of light infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards\nBest Visual Effects - Motion Picture: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards\nThe 1st Visual Effects Society Awards, given on February 19, 2003 at the Skirball Cultural Center, honored the best visual effects in film and television from 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers \u2013 Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook, Alex Funke", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Sum of All Fears \u2013 Glenn Neufeld, Derek Spears, Dan Malvin, Al DiSarro", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers \u2013 Richard Baneham, Eric Saindon, Ken McGaugh, Bay Raitt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nStuart Little 2 \u2013 Tony Bancroft, David Schaub, Eric Armstrong, Sean Mullen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers \u2013 Steve Ingram, Blair Foord, Rich Cordobes, Scott Harens", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nStar Wars: Episode II \u2013 Attack of the Clones \u2013 Paul Huston, Yusei Uesugi, Jonathan Harb", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers \u2013 Richard Taylor, Paul Van Ommen, Matt Aitken", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers \u2013 Alex Funke, Brian Van't Hul, Richard Bluck", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers \u2013 Alan Lee, Jeremy Bennett, Christian Rivers, Gino Acevedo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers \u2013 Mark Lewis, GG Heitmann Demers, Alex Lemke, Alfred Murrle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Film\nThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - Andy Serkis, Elijah Wood, Sean Astin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nFirefly - Serentity (Pilot) \u2013 Emile Smith, Rocco Passionino, Loni Peristere, Kristen Branan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nDinotopia \u2013 Mike McGee, Tim Webber, Alec Knox, Ben Morris", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nXbox - Mosquito \u2013 William Bartlett, Andrew Daffy, Jake Mengers, Helen Mackenzie", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nSo to Speak \u2013 Andrew Honacker, Steven Wagner, Sean Capone, Talon Nightshade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nDinotopia \u2013 Michael Eames, Quentin Miles, Dadi Einarsson, Ben White", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nDinotopia \u2013 Daren Horley, Jason Horley, Craig Lyn, Martin McRae", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nEnterprise - Dead Stop \u2013 John Teska, Koji Kuramura, Pierre Drolet, Sean Scott", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nAdidas - Mechanical Legs \u2013 Eric Barba, Bernd Angerer, Jeff Julian, Feli di Giorgio", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159730-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Visual Effects Society Awards, Winners and nominees, Television\nDinotopia \u2013 Christian Manz, Pedro Sabrosa, Nicolas Cotta, Tor Bjorn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159731-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Vi\u0161egrad Brigade\nThe 1st Vi\u0161egrad Brigade (Bosnian: Prva vi\u0161egradska brigada) was a brigade of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War. Its commander was Ahmet Sejdi\u0107. The brigade was established on 9 June 1992, made up of refugees and survivors of the 1992 massacres from Vi\u0161egrad, mostly ethnic Bosniaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159731-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Vi\u0161egrad Brigade, History\nMost of the members of the unit had no military training, but they were praised for their professionalism and bravery by Bosnian leaders at the time. 1,975 people were part of the brigade at some point, and 234 of them were killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159731-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Vi\u0161egrad Brigade, History\nIt successfully defended pockets of the Vi\u0161egrad area from mid-1992 until May 1993. After the fall of positions in the Rogatica area, faced with the possibility of being cut off from Gora\u017ede and dwindling supplies, the decision was made to safely pull out towards Gora\u017ede. It was done with the aim to one day liberate Vi\u0161egrad, which before the genocide had a large Bosniak population. Unfortunately for the members of the brigade, that day never occurred, and today Vi\u0161egrad is a primarily Serb town in Republika Srpska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159732-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ward of New Orleans\nThe 1st Ward or First Ward is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans, divisions of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is geographically one of the smaller wards of the city. Roughly triangular in shape, the boundaries are Thalia Street (below which is the city's 2nd Ward), Felicity Street (above which is the 10th Ward), and the Mississippi River. The majority of this is in the historic Lower Garden District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159732-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Ward of New Orleans, History\nThis was an area of Uptown New Orleans urbanized in the early decades of the 19th century. Despite the \"First\" designation, this was neither the oldest section of the city nor its seat of government. The current \"1st  Ward\" was a result of a redrawing of divisions within the city in 1852, prior to which the city had been governed for a generation as 3 separate municipalities, each with its own wards. The First Ward of the newly unified city was designated as identical to the boundaries of the First Ward of the old 2nd Municipality as designated in 1847.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159733-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade\nThe 1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade (Polish: 1 Warszawska Brygada Pancerna) is a brigade of the Polish Armed Forces, based in Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159733-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, History\nPolish 1st Armoured Brigade \" defenders of Westerplatte\" (Polish: 1 Brygada Pancerna im. Bohater\u00f3w Westerplatte) or Polish 1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade (Polish: 1 Warszawska Brygada Pancerna) was a military unit in the Ludowe Wojsko Polskie. It was formed on August 19, 1943, from a regiment (pu\u0142k) of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159733-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, History\nThe unit fought at the Battle of Lenino (September 1943) and at the Battle of Studzianki during the Lublin-Brest Offensive (Magnuszew bridgeheads in August 1944). From mid-August it was subordinate to the Polish First Army. Later the unit fought in the East Pomeranian Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159733-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, History\nIn January 1945 it received another honorary name, Warszawska (of Warsaw). In July and August 1945 fought against Polish anti-Communist guerrilla. In January 1946 it was downsized to regiment (becoming 1st Warsaw Tank Regiment), and from June it was stationed in the Modlin area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159733-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, History\nThe modern version of the 1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade was formed in 1994 and was subordinated to the 16th Pomeranian Mechanised Division. On August 29, 2019, the brigade was transferred under the command of the newly formed 18th \"\u017belazna\" Mechanised Division, which is intended to help safeguard Poland's eastern border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159733-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Warsaw Armoured Brigade, Popular culture\nThe Polish TV series Czterej pancerni i pies (Four tank men and a dog)  featured the adventures of a tank crew from this brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st Regiment of Washington Territory Volunteer Infantry (or 1st Washington Territory Volunteers) was a unit of infantry raised by the Washington Territory for service in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nUnder Colonel Justus Steinberger, organization for a three-year regiment began on 19 October 1861, with recruiting taking place within the territory as well as California. Company A, B, C and D were organized at Alcatraz Island, San Francisco, California, January to April, 1862. By May 1862, four companies had been mustered, with 17 officers and 317 men. Ten companies would eventually be raised, being mustered in from the end of March until December 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe majority of the volunteers would muster in at Alcatraz Island (Co A-E, G, and H), two others at Fort Vancouver (Co F and I) and one at Fort Steilacoom, Washington (Co K). The headquarters for the regiment was first at Fort Vancouver, and by July 1862 moved to Fort Walla Walla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe companies, and/or detachments thereof, were stationed throughout the territories of Washington and Idaho, and in Oregon. They were used for the protection of miners and settlers, emigrant parties and other travellers along the roads from the east, and participated with the 1st Oregon Cavalry in expeditions against Shoshone, Snake, and other hostile Indian groups. They were also used to protect the Nez Perce, an ally of the United States, against those encroaching on their lands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nWhen the three years terms of service had expired for the earlier formed companies and the men were mustered out, the remaining three companies (Co E, H, and I) became the 1st Battalion on 7 March 1865. Co H would be consolidated with Co E in July, and was the last of the former Washington regiment to muster out of service in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nAs the companies were detached and participated in individual operations, their service records are best if listed separately:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany AOrganized 21 March 1862, they were stationed at Fort Walla Walla. Originally being recruited for a two-year term, some of the men were leaving or reenlisting in early 1864. Once replaced by a company of the 1st Oregon Infantry, they left to be mustered out around February 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany BOrganized 1 April 1862, they were stationed at Fort Colville until 25 May 1864, when ordered to Fort Walla Walla. They remained here until receiving orders for their return to Fort Vancouver for discharge in the spring of 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany COrganized 7 April 1862 and sent to Fort Colville for their term of service. They were mustered out at Fort Vancouver in April 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany DOrganized 12 April 1862, they were stationed at Fort Hoskins in Oregon by December 1862. Orders in March 1863 sent them to Fort Boise in Idaho Territory, where they remained stationed during their service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany EMustered in at Alcatraz, they were ordered on 19 October 1862 to Camp Lapwai (would fall within the bounds of the Idaho Territory when created the following March), near the Nez Perce Agency. Here, they were to build their encampment in what became Fort Lapwai. By June 1864, they would be stationed at Fort Vancouver. Co H would be consolidated with them in July 1865, and they would be the last of the Washington Territory volunteers to be mustered out, doing so on 11 Dec 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany FMustered at Fort Vancouver, the company was stationed at Fort Dalles, Oregon in 1863 and 1864. The majority of the troops were mustered out in July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany GOne of the three Washington companies encamped at Fort Boise, Idaho Territory in March 1863, previously being at Fort Steilacoom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany HMustered at Alcatraz, they first encamped at Fort Walla Walla. On 25 May 1864, they transferred to Fort Vancouver. On 22 July 1865, they would be consolidated with Company E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany IEncamped at Ft Vancouver in December 1862, it transferred to Fort Boise in March 1863. With Company H, the 1st Oregon Cavalry and Nez Perce Scouts, they made an expedition to Snake River in early June, 1863 to clear the area of the Snake Indians, who had been attacking travellers here for several years. As a band of emigrants, and their US Army escort, were due to pass through the Emigrant Road in August, additional troops were called on for protection. The pass safely made, Company I returned to Fort Boise, where it remained until its mustering out on 20 November 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159734-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Washington Territory Infantry Regiment, Service\nCompany KMustered in at Fort Steilacoom, where they were stationed during their enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159735-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Group\nThe 1st Weather Group (1 WXG) is a group of the United States Air Force. It oversees all six operational weather squadrons; the 15th OWS at Scott AFB, Ill.; the 17th OWS at Joint Base Pearl Harbor\u2013Hickam, Hawaii; the 21st OWS at Kapaun Air Station, Germany; the 25th OWS at Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz.; the 26th OWS at Barksdale AFB, La. ; and the 28th OWS at Shaw AFB, SC. The 1st WXG is a subordinate of the 557th Weather Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159735-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Group, Mission\n\"Provide accurate, timely, and relevant weather analyses, forecasts, warnings and briefings to Air Force, Army, Guard, Reserve, and Combatant Command forces operating in the continental United States.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159735-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Group, Mission\n\"Provide initial qualification and up-grade training for weather forecaster apprentices and new weather officers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159735-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Group, Personnel and resources\nThe 1st Weather Group is part of the 557th Weather Wing's worldwide organizational force of more than 1,100 professionals. The 1st WXG manning consists of active duty, reserve, civilian and contract personnel and is headquartered on Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159735-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Group, Organization\nThe 1st Weather Group is organized into six squadrons. Each of the squadrons produces forecasts for a specified area of the world. The squadrons also serve as training hubs for new weather professionals \u2013 both enlisted and officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159735-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Group, History\nThe 1st Weather Group starts as the Far East Air Forces Weather Group in October 1944. In September 1945, the 1st WXG was assigned to the 43rd Weather Wing and later that year to the Headquarters Army Air Forces Weather Service. They were inactivated in 1948, and reactivated and assigned to the Air Weather Service at Offutt AFB through the Military Air Transport Service from 1952 to 1956, after which they were again inactivated. The group reactivated once again under the 1st Weather Wing from 1966 to 1972 at Tan Son Nhut AB, Vietnam. The most recent period of activation was at Fort McPherson, Ga., from 1992 to 1994 under the Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159735-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Group, History\nThe Group was distinguished with service and campaign streamers from World War II and Vietnam. They also earned four outstanding unit awards and the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159735-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Group, History\nThe realignment began with the reactivation of the 1st Weather Group, at Offutt AFB, Neb., 25 May. The 1st WXG continues its long and decorated history of providing weather products and service to Air Force and Army units, and is now part of the Air Force Weather Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159735-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Group, History\nThe 15th Operational Weather Squadron, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, was the first operational weather squadron to align under the newly formed 1st WXG during a ceremony 25 May 2006. The 26th Operational Weather Squadron was realigned at Barksdale Air Force Base on 22 June 2006. Next was the 25th Operational Weather Squadron at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base on 6 July 2006, and the last 2006 addition to the team was the 9th Operational Weather Squadron which was reactivated on 20 July 2006 at Shaw Air ForceBase. The 9th was subsequently inactivated on 31 May 2008. When the Air Force Weather Agency became the 557th Weather Wing in March 2015, three more OWSs aligned under the group: the 17th Operational Weather Squadron at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam; the 21st Operational Weather Squadron at Kapaun Air Station, Germany; and the 28th Operational Weather Squadron at Shaw AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron is an inactive United States Army Air Force unit. It saw service between April 1943 and May 1945. On 21 December the squadron was inactivated at Grenier Field, New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron\nDuring World War II the United States had to move large numbers of aircraft to the European and Mediterranean Theaters via the North Atlantic ferry route, a series of short flights between Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland, Iceland and the UK. Weather conditions in winter closed the route and made crossing perilous at any time. The amount of time the route was open could be increased and the losses en route decreased by accurate weather forecasting. Land based weather stations left large gaps; the solution was the development of airborne meteorology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron\nThe 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron was formed to gather weather data for the North Atlantic ferry routes, particularly the segments over the ocean. This data was used to provide forecasts for the safe passage of aircraft flying between North America and Britain. It became operational in April 1943 and operated throughout the North Atlantic region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background\nDuring World War II, the United States had to move large numbers of aircraft to the European and Mediterranean Theaters. Nearly 15,000 were sent across the North Atlantic to Britain before being dispersed to their areas of operations. Even before the US entered the war, the British were buying thousands of US planes to build up the Royal Air Force and replace aircraft lost in the Battles of France and Britain. While larger, four engine planes could be flown directly, one and two engine planes did not have the necessary range. At first, these smaller planes were partially disassembled and carried across on cargo ships but that was inefficient, slow, and the ships were often attacked by German submarines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background\nWork started in 1940 on an alternative, the North Atlantic ferry route, a series of shorter flights across Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland and Iceland to the UK. The necessary airfields and resources were in place by summer of 1942 for the first large scale flights by the Eighth Air Force. Large numbers of aircraft were ferried during the summer but weather conditions in the winter closed the route and made any crossing more perilous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background\nThe stormy and erratic weather in the North Atlantic region presented the same problem faced by ships sailing between North America and Britain, and required the same solution: accurate weather forecasting. With the defeat of France, and Germany's aerial attacks on Britain in midyear 1940, it was clear that the Army Air Forces' (AAF) weather services would soon be inadequate to the need. Facilities and personnel were rapidly produced to provide weather stations, weather observers and weather forecasters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background\nImportantly, the AAF's weather services were fundamental for the growth of air transport services and the ferrying of aircraft. Weather stations for the North Atlantic ferry route were developed from Eastern Canada north to the Arctic Circle and east to Iceland. In addition to readings collected by land stations, data was also available from United States Coast Guard ships on weather patrol in the North Atlantic. On 13 August 1941, a detachment of weather officers and men was activated at Gander Airport, Newfoundland, to coordinate and extend the network of facilities and provide forecasts for the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0006-0001", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Background\nHowever, these facilities were still sparse considering the immense region to cover and forecasts were necessary limited. Data was unavailable for large sections of land and large stretches of the ocean where storm systems could hide. The problem was how to cover this expanse with the scarce resources at hand. The solution was the flying meteorologist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Mission\nThe squadron\u2019s mission was to gather weather data over the North Atlantic ferry routes, particularly from the segments over the ocean. This data was used to provide forecasts for the safe passage of aircraft flying between North America and Britain. There were three routes used for this. Two routes had short flights from Canada to Greenland to Iceland and to Scotland. Airplanes could also fly directly from Canada to Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization\nShortly before the US declared war on the Axis powers in 1941, there were discussions at AAF headquarters about organizing several weather reconnaissance squadrons. As a result, the Army Air Forces Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (Test) Number One was constituted in August 1942. It was assigned to the 2d Weather Squadron and stationed at Patterson Field in Ohio. It was tasked with finding the types of equipment, personnel, and procedures necessary for gathering and reporting weather data during flight. The results of this research were supposed to be the basis for forming operational squadrons. But the program lacked support and languished until the next spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization\nIn April 1943, the squadron was made operational and assigned to Flight Control Command. It moved to Truax Field in Madison, Wisconsin for training. In June, its headquarters moved to Presque Isle Army Air Field, Maine under command of Lt. Col. Clark L. Hosmer. In July, it was assigned to the recently activated Army Air Forces Weather Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization\nHosmer was an important personality in AAF weather circles. He was a pilot, a graduate of West Point and trained in meteorology at the California Institute of Technology. In August 1941, he was assigned command of the small weather detachment at Gander Airport in Newfoundland, working alongside the Canadian weather unit until their own facilities were ready. Under Hosmer, the detachment developed weather facilities stretching across the North Atlantic Region from Canada to Iceland, and eventually became the 8th Weather Squadron. When Eighth Air Force moved to Britain in 1942, he stationed his most experienced forecasters along the route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0010-0001", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization\nHe also persuaded Eighth Air Force commanders to scout the legs of the route ahead of the fighter aircraft with B-17 bombers. As a result, the accident ratio was 5.2%, about half of what was expected. When the Army Air Forces Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (Test) Number One went operational, his knowledge of weather and advocacy of weather reconnaissance made him a natural fit as its commander. Hosmer served for 14 months before he was reassigned to Headquarters AAF. During that time, he and 58 of his aircrew were awarded medals for their performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization\nIn December 1943, the squadron was redesignated the 30th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, Air Route, Medium and assigned to Air Transport Command (ATC). ATC grew out of the Air Corps Ferrying Command that started in 1941 when America was still nominally neutral. The Ferrying Command's sole duty was flying Lend-Lease aircraft from the manufacturers on the West Coast of the US to points in Canada and the East Coast. From there the planes were sent to Britain, either by ship or flown by British pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0011-0001", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization\nStarting in 1942, the ATC became a worldwide delivery system, carrying cargo and passengers, and flying replacement aircraft, to all theatres. ATC served the material needs of all the services in the war, not just the AAF. Notably, ATC operated the North Atlantic ferry route, and the reassignment was in line with their preference for unified commands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization\nHosmer was replaced by Maj. Karl T. Rauk in August 1944 and the squadron redesignated the 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron. In September, the squadron headquarters moved to Grenier Field near Manchester, New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Organization\nWith the failure of the last German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in early 1945, German forces were fatally damaged and the effects were felt on the ferry routes to the European Theater. The monthly averages for aircraft arriving in Europe fell from 1551 in 1944 to 681 in 1945. With the end of the war in sight, the squadron was reorganized in February. Rauk was promoted to Lt. Col. and assigned command of the 3d Reconnaissance Squadron, Weather, Heavy(3d RS). The 3d also received the 1st Squadron's RB-17 flight and its mission. Rauk was replaced by Capt. Sidney C. Bruce and the 1st Squadron was reassigned to the 311th Photographic Wing, Mapping and Charting. By September, the squadron was operating only a single flight. The squadron was inactivated in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Aircraft\nWhen interest in the AAF Weather Reconnaissance (Test) Number One renewed in spring of 1943, it was assigned a single Lockheed Hudson. Originally, in August 1943, it was intended to equip it with six Consolidated B-24 Liberators but heavy demands for combat aircraft kept the squadron unsupplied and unattended until March 1943.The Hudson was unsuitable and would soon be unobtainable since Lockheed was stopping production. A modified version of the North American B-25 Mitchell was chosen instead. The armaments were removed, eliminating the weight from the guns, turrets, armor plating and bombsight. In their place, additional fuel tanks were installed in the bomb bay. This modification was later redesignated the TB-25D. The crew complement was pilot, co-pilot, navigator, weather officer, radio operator and flight engineer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Aircraft\nThe squadron received an initial nine TB-25Ds, in May 1943, and two more TB-25Ds in the next year. In August 1944, the squadron received nine B-25Js with the same modifications. The D models had a top speed of 284\u00a0mph at 15,000 feet with a range of 1,500 miles. The J models had a top speed of 272\u00a0mph at 13,000 feet with a range of 1,350 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Aircraft\nWhen the squadron was given three Boeing B-17Es for winter operations in 1943\u20131944, the crews that went to pick them up in Spokane, Washington in December, found that the airplanes had 1941 serial numbers and had already flown many hours over the Aleutians. It took weeks of maintenance before they were ready for missions in February 1944. The airplanes were stripped of armament and armor and had additional fuel tanks in the bomb bays. They were designated RB-17Es, with a crew complement of pilot, co-pilot, navigator, weather officer, radio operator and flight engineer. Over the next year, the squadron received two additional airplanes, an RB-17F and an RB-17G. The RB-17Fs and RB-17Gs and their crews were on detached service from Air Transport Command; only the weather officers were members of the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Instruments\nThe TB-25s were outfitted with: ML-313/AM psychrometer, ML-175-T-1 psychrometer, Friez Aerograph, SCR-718A radio altimeter, Kollsman pressure altimeter, C-13A free air thermometer, cloud height meter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Instruments\nThe RB-17s were outfitted with: ML-313/AM psychrometer, Friez or Pioneer Aerograph ML-715, SCR-518 or SCR-718 Radio Altimeter, K-20 camera for cloud photography, cloud height meter, weather observer's table, de-icing equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Instruments\nThe psychrometers were a wet bulb-dry bulb pair of thermometers. The moisture evaporating from the wet fabric on one bulb cooled it, the lower the humidity the lower the temperature. By comparing the two temperatures, it was possible to calculate the relative humidity. The thermometers were inside the nose of the airplane. Air was trapped by probes attached to the outside and directed in over the thermometer bulbs. When the psychrometer was first tried in the airplanes, the readings were inaccurate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Instruments\nIt was found that when exposed to an airstream moving over 200\u00a0mph, the friction of the air heated the thermometers. The amount of heating was unpredictable, making it impossible to calculate a correction. New psychrometers were developed that slowed the air before making the readings. With these devices, accuracy was 98\u201399%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Instruments\nThe aerograph combined three instruments, an air pressure sensor, a humidity sensor and a temperature sensor. The sensors were connected to pens that drew graphs on a paper chart wrapped around a rotating drum. The paper chart was replaced with a new one when it was full. When all the charts from a mission were collected in the mission log, they provided a continuous record of conditions of the flight. The air pressure sensor was an aneroid barometer and the humidity sensor was strands of human hair. As the hair absorbed or evaporated moisture, it lengthened or shortened, moving the pen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Instruments\nThe radio altimeter gave a true reading of the airplane's altitude when it was over the sea. Over land, the radio altimeter only gave the altitude over the land below. Without knowing the elevation of the land, it wasn't possible to know the true altitude. The pressure altimeter gave the same readings over land or sea, but it could not distinguish between a change in air pressure caused by a change in altitude and a change in air pressure caused by a change in barometric pressure. Therefore, the pressure altimeter was only accurate to a range of altitudes. By using both altimeters together over the ocean, it was possible to determine the true altitude, the true air pressure at that altitude and the pressure at other altitudes at that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Equipment, Instruments\nOn some RB-17E missions, there was also a bucket in the event the weather officer got airsick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Observations\nAll the effort of the officers and men of the squadron had one goal, to place the necessary instruments and a trained observer in the air at the right place and time. The success of any mission depended on the reliability of the readings they made. The instruments used were typically what any weather observer would have used at the time, modified where needed to adapt to the special circumstances of flight. In particular, they were designed to give readings from the air outside the airplane, not inside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Observations\nIn all types of aircraft used, the weather officer sat in the nose where the bombardier would be in a combat airplane. The glazing gave good views of the sky, and, when flying at low, the sea. The weather officer's task was to observe and record both the visible conditions outside the airplane and the indications on the instruments. The psychrometer and aerograph indicated the relative humidity. The free air thermometer and aerograph gave the air temperature. The radio altimeter gave the altitude, and the pressure altimeter and aerograph gave the air pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0024-0001", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Observations\nBy using both altimeters, the weather officer determined and recorded the air pressure at standard altitudes, such as 5,000 and 10,000 feet. Wind speed and direction were determined from the aircraft's drift off course. By watching for sharp changes in temperature and humidity on the aerograph chart, the weather officer noted the strength and locations of cold fronts. By having the airplane fly along a constant pressure altitude, the weather officer could map an isobaric surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Observations\nLooking outside, he observed the height, amount and type of clouds and could photograph significant formations. He could also observe the amount and duration of any icing. At low altitudes, he could estimate the wind speed and direction if its effect on the ocean's surface was strong enough. All these observations were logged and periodically radioed to the weather reporting network. At the end of the mission, the weather officer submitted his log to the 8th Weather Squadron forecasters for analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nWhile the squadron's headquarters were in the northeastern US, it operated throughout the North Atlantic region. It had headquarters first at Presque Isle, Maine, and then Grenier Field in New Hampshire. Reconnaissance flights were staged out of: Gander Airport, Newfoundland; Goose Bay, Labrador; Bluie West 1, Greenland; Meeks Field, Iceland; Stornoway in the Hebrides, Scotland; Kindley Field; Bermuda; Lajes Field, Azores; Atkinson Field, British Guiana; Morrison Field, Florida; Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico; Waller Field, Trinidad; and Belem Airport, Brazil. During its 31 months of operations, it performed four different missions; area synoptic reconnaissance, route reconnaissance, vertical soundings and hurricane reconnaissance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nThe first missions in 1943 were route reconnaissance flown by TB-25Ds. The planes scouted ahead of a planned flight of aircraft across a short hop route, reporting the weather along the way by Morse code. At the end of the reconnaissance the weather officer also sent a report describing the types of aircraft that could cross safely. Because weather reports were vital information that the Germans could intercept, they were encrypted before they were sent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nUnder Clark Hosmer the squadron's initial nine TB-25Ds were divided into three flights of three airplanes. Each flight was assigned one leg of the route. The first leg was between Labrador and Greenland, a second between Greenland and Iceland, and a third between Iceland and Scotland. Each were 700 to 800 miles. In the first six months of Hosmer's command, the squadron flew 446 missions and no planes were lost to weather on flights scouted by the squadron. This achievement earned medals for the commander and his crews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nBy December the North Atlantic weather was too dangerous for twin engine B-25s to fly in safely and six planes were sent to the 9th Weather Region to fly reconnaissance for the South Atlantic ferry route. Two airplanes each went to: Morrison Field, Flight C; Trinidad, Flight D; and Brazil, Flight E. Their missions were primarily route reconnaissance at first, shifting to more synoptic missions towards the end of their assignments. They returned north in May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nRoute reconnaissance was very good for short term forecasts over one route, but wasn\u2019t very efficient, so early in 1944 the squadron began emphasizing synoptic area reconnaissance. Since weather moves from west to east over the North Atlantic, it was possible to make useful forecasts for all the routes by taking readings over a large area from Newfoundland and Labrador to Greenland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nIn December 1943, the squadron received a flight of three B-17s on detached service from ATC. These heavier aircraft with four engines were better able to handle the rough winter weather. When they started flying in February 1944, they flew a synoptic track out and back from either Goose Bay or Gander Field. This was at first designated Flight B, later as Falcon Flight. On a typical mission, the airplane started at 0730GMT from Gander and flew a round trip of 1400 nautical miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0031-0001", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nOn the outbound segment, the airplane flew 700 nautical miles at 10,000 feet and returned inbound at 500 feet. During the flight, the weather officer periodically recorded the altitude, temperature, air pressure, relative humidity and the wind speed and direction. He also recorded the amount and duration of any icing, the strength and location of any cold fronts and the amount, type and height of any clouds. The readings were reported every 100 miles by radio. These missions continued until February 1945. Meanwhile, the three B-25s that were left behind at Presque Isle in December 1943 were organized into Flight A and flew a few missions that winter between Presque Isle, Goose Bay and Gander Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nIn March 1944, the squadron instituted a synoptic flight, named Eagle, from Lajes Field in the Azores. Two B-25s flew a daily 1200-mile track. In May, Eagle Flight assisted the Navy moving six blimps from Massachusetts to French Morocco. Eagle Flight continued until August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nIn May 1944, the B-25s returned from the 9th Weather Region and resumed reconnaissance in the North Atlantic. Three new routes were set, named Redbird, Bluebird and Blackbird: Redbird initially between Goose Bay and BW1 then between Goose Bay and Presque Isle; Bluebird between Bluie West 1 and Meeks Field; Blackbird between Meeks Field and Stornoway. Most of the missions were route reconnaissance but shifted towards more synoptic missions through the summer. Starting in July, there was an additional out and back synoptic track named Raven flown south of Iceland from Meeks Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nIn the winter, the squadron again sent three flights of airplanes south, to Lajes Field, Kindley Field in Bermuda, and Atkinson Field, British Guiana. Eagle Flight at Lajes got an additional four to six planes, depending on the month. The operations out of Kindley were named Robin Flight. Eagle and Robin Flights continued until they were inactivated in August 1945. The operations out of Atkinson were named Duck Flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nIn May 1945, Duck flight moved to Morrison Field, Florida, where it replaced the Hurricane Reconnaissance Unit that had flown for the 1944 hurricane season. Duck Flight flew routine reconnaissance throughout the summer, looking for hurricanes to the east, and south to Antigua, BVI. On 12 September, they found one of the most violent ones ever recorded, Kappler's Hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nThe developing hurricane was spotted by weather officer  2nd Lt. Bernard J. Kappler while on a routine mission. With little difficulty, Kappler's B-25 flew through the storm that was already close to hurricane strength. They flew on to Antigua for the night with orders to return to the storm in the morning. The next day was more troublesome. Kappler's airplane encountered winds up to 120 knots, severe turbulence and heavy rain before penetrating the eye. The storm was estimated at 200 miles across. Damage on the ground was extensive but no air crew were lost. Automated recordings made as the storm passed over Morrison Field showed the highest sustained wind at 170\u00a0mph with a gust to 198\u00a0mph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, History, Operations\nIn the period June through November 1945, Duck Flight flew into six tropical storms, two hurricanes and completed 258 synoptic missions for a total of 1145 hours of operation. Duck Flight moved back to Grenier Field that December and was inactivated. On 21 December, the 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, Air Route, Medium, was inactivated at Grenier Field, New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, Squadron specifications, Insignia\nThe figure on the patch is a thunderbird. In some native American cultures, thunderbirds control the weather. A thunderbird throws lightning and creates thunder as it flaps its wings. The background of the patch is blue for the sky. On the sky are clouds, rain drops and a lightning bolt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159736-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159737-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 1st Weather Squadron is a weather unit located at Fort Lewis, Washington. The squadron is connected to the 1st Air Support Operations Group and it provides support to units based at Joint Base Lewis\u2013McChord, including I Corps, the Stryker brigades, an army aviation unit, the 16th Combat Aviation Brigade, and the 201st Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159737-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Squadron, Duties\nThe 1st Weather Squadron assists soldiers on the battlefield by predicting the weather, allowing the commanders to determine when to undertake \"full-spectrum operations.\" According to Lorin Smith, the unit's personnel are able to report on the weather that will occur during a \"unit's future missions and create battlefield reports to the unit commander on whether that mission will be impacted by the weather and local environment.\" Weather effects that can be predicted include dust storms and floods. The airmen are taught \"infantry tactics\" and they are trained in the same basic abilities as soldiers. The 1st Weather Squadron has two sides which are designated as \"green and blue\". The green side distributes \"battlefield weather forecasts and briefing to Army leaders\" while the blue side flies with jets and helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159737-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Squadron, Duties\nIn 2019, it was reported that the squadron had 89 members \"in six different U.S. Indo-Pacific Command locations\". Their data helps 80,000 soldiers and assets belonging to the U.S. Army. The squadron also assists with natural disasters including volcanic eruptions and wildfires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159737-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Squadron, History\nHarold Huntley Bassett was the first commander of the squadron due to Oscar C. Maier not accepting the job after being recommended for the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159737-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Squadron, History, Lineage\nThe lineage of the 1st Weather Squadron is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159737-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Weather Squadron, History, Assignments\nThe assignments of the 1st Weather Squadron are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery\nThe 1st Wessex Artillery was a volunteer unit of the British Army that existed under various titles from 1860 to 1971, including active service in Mesopotamia in World War I and North Africa and Italy in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Volunteer Artillery 1859-1908\nAn invasion scare in 1859 led to a surge of new Rifle and Artillery Volunteer corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 2nd Hampshire (2nd Hants) Artillery Volunteers (AV) was formed in the Volunteer Force at Southsea on 9 May 1860 and quickly formed further batteries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Volunteer Artillery 1859-1908\nThe unit became part of the 1st Administrative Brigade, Hampshire Artillery Volunteers when that was formed on 11 December 1860, along with the 1st Hants AV at Bitterne, Southampton, and the 3rd Hants (Dockyard) AV raised from civilian staff of Portsmouth Dockyard. In 1871 the 2nd Hants absorbed the Dockyard AV and moved it headquarters (HQ) to Portsmouth. The 2nd Hants AV drilled on the guns at Southsea Castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Volunteer Artillery 1859-1908\nOn 13 April 1880 the Administrative Brigade was consolidated as the 1st Hampshire (Hants and Dorset) Artillery Volunteer Corps, with the 2nd Hants AV providing Batteries Nos 5 to 12 at Portsmouth. In 1882 all the artillery volunteers were assigned to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA), and the unit joined the Southern Division. It was redesignated the 1st Volunteer (Hampshire) Brigade, Southern Division, RA, in September 1886 when the Dorset batteries formed their own corps and the brigade's HQ moved back to Southsea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Volunteer Artillery 1859-1908\nHowever, the new brigade was broken up again in 1889, the Southampton batteries forming a new 3rd Volunteer Brigade while the Portsmouth batteries remained in the 1st. The following year they were redesignated 1st and 2nd, but because the original 1st Hants AVC was in the 3rd Brigade, that had seniority and so the 1st Bde with the Portsmouth and Southsea batteries became the '2nd Hants' once more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Volunteer Artillery 1859-1908\nThe newly independent 2nd Hants had 10 batteries (termed companies from November 1891), and in 1894 these were distributed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Volunteer Artillery 1859-1908\nBy 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme had allocated the 2nd Hampshire Artillery Volunteers to the Portsmouth fixed defences. An 11th company was raised by 1908", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Volunteer Artillery 1859-1908\nOn 1 June 1899 the RA was split into Royal Field Artillery and Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA), and the Volunteers were affiliated to the RGA. On 1 January 1902 the RA abandoned its divisional organisation and the unit changed its designation to 2nd Hampshire Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Volunteer Artillery 1859-1908\nBy 1900 the 2nd Hants had a total enrolment of 777 out of an authorised strength of 805 officers and men. In 1904 the unit won the King's Prize for Garrison Artillery at the annual National Artillery Association competition held at Shoeburyness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Territorial Force\nWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, Nos 1\u20138 companies of the 2nd Hants RGA formed 1st (Wessex) Brigade Royal Field Artillery (RFA), organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Territorial Force\nNos 10 and 11 Companies were separated to form the nucleus of the 2nd Wessex (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA, on the Isle of Wight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Territorial Force\nNo 9 Company at Cosham also provided the nucleus of the Wessex (Hampshire) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Territorial Force\nAs the change of title indicates, 1st Wessex Brigade was now trained and equipped as field artillery rather than garrison artillery. It formed part of the Wessex Division of the TF. When war was declared in August 1914 the whole division was at its annual camp on Salisbury Plain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn mobilisation in 1914, the Territorials of the Wessex Division were sent to India to relieve British and Indian Regular troops for the Western Front. The artillery left behind their horses and their ammunition column, which were needed in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nWith the expansion of the army, the division was designated 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in April 1915 and 1st Wessex Brigade became CCXV (or 215) Brigade RFA. Its three batteries were renamed A, B and C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nAll those Territorials who had not volunteered for overseas service, together with the recruits, were left behind to form Second Line units. The 45th (2nd Wessex) Division containing the CCXXV (2/1st Wessex) Bde RFA resulted from this process, and was ready so quickly that it followed the 43rd to India in December 1914. These units remained in garrison in India, supplying drafts to the First Line and other theatres throughout the war until they had virtually disappeared. CCXXV Bde was broken up in April 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mobilisation\nInitially, CCXV brigade had been equipped with obsolete 15-pounder field guns, but in July 1916 it re-equipped with 4 x 18-pounders per battery in preparation for front line duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mesopotamia\nWith a reformed Brigade Ammunition Column, CCXV Bde moved in October 1916 to Basra to take part in the Mesopotamian campaign, and on 8 December 1916 it joined 3rd (Lahore) Division of the Indian Army on the Tigris front. At this time it had 524 (Howitzer) Battery (4 x 4.5-inch howitzers) attached, which remained with the brigade until September 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mesopotamia\nFrom 14 December 1916 until 19 January 1917 the division participated in the advance to the Hai and the capture of the Khudaira Bend. The one-hour bombardment at Khudaira by 3rd Division's guns on 9 January was described by the Turks as 'violent' and caused heavy losses. When the infantry went in they occupied the Turkish front line in minutes with few losses. The Turks counter-attacked under cover of a mist, but when that cleared a 15-minute bombardment enabled the British to secure the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mesopotamia\nAfter the capture of Baghdad, 524th (Howitzer) Battery was lent to 7th (Meerut) Division for the advance on Hassaiwa and Fallujah, which was captured on 19 March 1917. In parallel, the rest of CCXV Bde was with another force advancing towards Khaniqin, where they were supposed to link up with Russian troops. There was no sign of the Russians, but the Turks were present in force in the Jabal Hamrin hills. A brigade group including B Battery CCXV was ordered to outflank this position, and at one point B/CCXV was engaging the enemy at 1500 yards' range from open positions in the plain. But the Turkish position was too strong and the British force had to fall back towards Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mesopotamia\nIn July the British resumed their advance, making for Ramadi. CCXV had its own A and B Batteries, 66th Battery and 524 (Howitzer) Battery under command. Contact was made at Mushaid Ridge, where the force was held by heavy fire from the banks of the Euphrates Canal and from the Regulator House. 2nd Battalion 7th Gurkha Rifles and CCXV Bde were ordered to try a left flanking movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0019-0001", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mesopotamia\nThe Turks had about six guns firing very accurately, but 66th and 524th Batteries got the upper hand and by 1830 hours the Gurkhas were across the canal, only to come under heavy fire from the Ramadi trenches. Forward artillery observers saw signs of a Turkish retirement and brought down fire on the Aziziya Ridge to cut them off. But now confusion set in: Turkish shells cut telephone wires, two forward observers were wounded, and a dust storm blew up. Then two guns of B Battery were hit. No effective artillery bombardment was possible and the attack had to be called off. The flanking force had lost 566 casualties, 321 from the effects of heat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mesopotamia\nOn 7 August 1917 CCXV's 18-pounder batteries were renamed again, as 1086, 1087 and 1088, and 1087 Battery was then broken up (probably to make the other batteries up to 6 guns each). CCXV Bde transferred to 15th Indian Division on 4 October 1917 and gained an extra battery: 2/1st Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery (renumbered 816 Battery RFA in February 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mesopotamia\nWith 15th Indian Division on the Euphrates front, CCXV Bde participated in the occupation of H\u012bt on 8 March 1918 and the action of Khan Baghdadi on 25 March 1918. At the latter battle, CCXV and CCXXII Brigades advanced by alternate batteries over rough country under heavy enemy fire. 1088 Battery lost a gun and many casualties, but they continued moving forward and kept the momentum of the infantry advance going.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0021-0001", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mesopotamia\nBy now the gunners were so far forward that they were engaging at ranges of 1800\u20132200 yards, putting down a steady barrage on the Turkish trenches followed by 15 minutes of intense fire, described by the RA's historian, Gen Sir Martin Farndale, as 'the most accurate seen so far' on the Mesopotamian Front. The infantry were able to enter these trenches with few casualties, taking many prisoners and enemy guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War I, Mesopotamia\nAfter Khan Baghdadi, CCXV was sent to the rear to ease supply problems, and therefore took no part in the pursuit to Kirkuk through April and May. 15th Indian Division played little part in the final battles in Mespotamia. CCXV Bde was placed in suspended animation in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Interwar years, 54th (Wessex) Field Brigade\nThe 1st Wessex Brigade reformed on 7 February 1920 with 1\u20133 (Hampshire) Batteries, and reabsorbed the Wessex Heavy Battery as 4 (Hampshire) (Howitzer) Battery. In 1921 the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA) and the brigade now became 54th (Wessex) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, organised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 65], "content_span": [66, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Interwar years, 54th (Wessex) Field Brigade\nThe RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery (RA) on 1 June 1924 and the brigade became 54th (Wessex) Field Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 65], "content_span": [66, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Interwar years, 57th (Wessex) Anti-Aircraft Brigade\nThe unit was given a new role and title on 1 October 1932 as 57th (Wessex) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, taking over 219 (Isle of Wight) Battery from 95th (Hampshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment in exchange for 216 (Cosham) Battery (219 (IoW) Battery had originally been part of 2nd Wessex Bde). In February 1938 219 (IoW) AA Bty absorbed 216 (Cosham) Fd Bty returned from 95th Fd Bde and was redesignated 219 (Isle of Wight and Cosham) AA Bty. Then in July 1938 the other three batteries changed their designations, giving the brigade the following organisation on the eve of World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Interwar years, 57th (Wessex) Anti-Aircraft Brigade\nAs Britain's AA defences were expanded, on 1 April 1938 the regiment became part of the newly formed 35th Anti- Aircraft Brigade at Fareham, which soon became part of a new 5th AA Division raised in September 1938 with responsibility for the south and south-west of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Interwar years, 57th (Wessex) Anti-Aircraft Brigade\nOn 1 January 1939 the RA's AA brigades were redesignated 'regiments', eliminating confusion with the new AA formations being created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation and Blitz\nAnti - Aircraft Command mobilised in August 1939, ahead of the declaration of war, and 57th AA Regiment was transferred to a new 65th AA Brigade in 5th AA Division, responsible for the AA defence of Southampton. It remained with this brigade through the Battle of Britain and the Southampton Blitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0029-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation and Blitz\nIn the summer of 1940, along with other AA units equipped with 3-inch or the newer 3.7-inch AA guns, the 57th was designated a Heavy AA Regiment, and 213 Light AA Battery was converted to HAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0030-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation and Blitz\nThe regiment sent a cadre to 209th Training Regiment at Blandford Camp to form a new 400 HAA Bty on 12 December 1940. This joined 122nd HAA Rgt in 1941. Later, the regiment also provided the cadre for 430 HAA Bty formed on 8 May 1941 at 207th HAA Training Rgt, Devizes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0031-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Mid-war years\nWhen the Blitz ended in May 1941, the regiment had returned to Portsmouth and 35th AA Bde. Shortly afterwards, 219 Bty was attached to 27th AA Bde in 5th AA Division, and during the summer it was permanently transferred to 124th HAA Rgt in that brigade. It was replaced in 57th HAA Rgt by 430 Bty from the training regiment. However, by December, the regiment had transferred (with just 213, 214 and 215 Btys) to 49th AA Bde covering London as part of 1st AA Division, while 430 Bty went on 17 December to 42nd AA Bde covering Glasgow and the Firth of Clyde in 12th AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0032-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Mid-war years\n57th HAA Regiment was now under training for mobile operations overseas, and it temporarily left AA Command in January 1942, returning to 34th AA Bde covering Birmingham and Coventry in 11th AA Division. In May it transferred to 61st AA Bde in 9th AA Division in South Wales, but left again by the end of June, leaving AA Command entirely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0033-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, North Africa\nIn October 1942, 57 (Wessex) HAA Rgt with 213, 214 and 215 Batteries was sent to North Africa to join 12 AA Bde in Eighth Army. Two of the batteries were equipped with the older 3-inch 20 cwt gun on a modernised trailer, rather than the newer 3.7-inch. This was because the lighter 3-inch was easier and quicker to deploy in the rough country anticipated for this campaign. The regiment remained with 12 AA Bde to the end of the campaign in May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0034-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Italy\nIn September 1943, 12 AA Bde including 57 HAA Rgt sailed direct from Tunisia to take part in the landings at Salerno on mainland Italy (Operation Avalanche). When German counter-attacks threatened to break through 56th (London) Division to the beachhead on D+3, one newly arrived battery of 57 HAA Rgt was called upon to join the divisional fire-plan under control of field regiment Observation Post parties. The regiment fired 6000 rounds on enemy positions, road junctions, buildings and troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0035-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Italy\nFor X Corps' crossing of the River Volturno in October, 12 AA Bde's units were deployed to protect bridges, field gun positions and landing grounds. ' The Luftwaffe was very active in attempting to deny the crossings, particularly in the use of Me1092 and Fw190s in fighter-bomber attacks. Seven were shot down, two by 213rd/57th HAA Battery, which knocked down an Me109 with 13 rounds'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0036-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Italy\nHowever, the threat from the Luftwaffe declined as the campaign progressed, and the versatile 3.7-inch HAA guns began to be used in field roles as corps medium artillery. From October to December 1943, 12 AA Bde was static, with all of its regiments and batteries engaged in corps tasks in the forward area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0037-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Italy\nIn January 1944, 12 AA Bde moved up to cover the crossing of the Garigliano. Bde HQ reported that 57 HAA, operating in a dual AA/field role, had a particularly busy time involving 16 AA engagements, in which there were two Category 1 kills for the expenditure of 222 rounds, intermixed with firing 10,880 rounds against counter-bombardment and opportunity targets on the ground. Continuous rapid fire led to overheating and twice the usual amount of barrel wear for the guns. In addition, the gunlaying (GL) and local warning (LW) radar sets of the batteries operating up forward in the ground role provided the only AA early warning coverage across the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0038-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Italy\nOnce US Fifth Army had crossed the river and the siege of Monte Cassino begun, 12 AA Bde was transferred to British XII Corps for the Rapido river crossings and the advance along Highway 6 up the Liri Valley. Again the HAA batteries were heavily involved in Corps fireplans, particularly for counter-mortar shoots. Some HAA troops of 4 guns fired over 3000 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0039-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Italy\nOnce Rome was captured in June and the Germans pulled back to the Gothic Line, 12 AA Bde moved up, providing one HAA battery to each divisional artillery in X Corps, the remainder guarding airfields and river crossings in the Tiber Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0040-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, World War II, Italy\nThe regiment served through the rest of the Italian Campaign until the end of the war. 57 (Wessex) HAA Rgt was officially placed in suspended animation on 15 January 1946, but was actually was retained as a cadre on 1 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0041-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Postwar years, 74 HAA Regiment\nThe war service personnel of 57 HAA Rgt continued under the old regimental and battery numbers until 1 April 1947 when they were redesignated 74 HAA Regiment in the Regular Army with the batteries reorganised as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0042-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Postwar years, 74 HAA Regiment\nThis regiment and its batteries were placed in suspended animation on 30 July 1958. It was resuscitated in British Army of the Rhine on 1 December 1951 as a Light AA (LAA) regiment with the same three batteries as well as 230 and 231 Btys from the former 84 S/L Rgt [2 S/L Rgt]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0043-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Postwar years, 74 HAA Regiment\n200, 202 and 203 LAA Btys were disbanded on 1 May 1954, then on 15 April 1955 230 and 231 LAA Btys were redesignated to resuscitate 158 and 161 Btys of the disbanded 70 HAA Rgt. Finally, RHQ and the two remaining batteries were placed in suspended animation on 15 July 1958 and formally disbanded on 1 January1 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0044-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Postwar years, 457 (Wessex) HAA Regiment\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947 the TA regiment was reformed as 457 (Wessex) (Mixed) HAA Rgt ('Mixed' because it included members of the Women's Royal Army Corps; the Mixed designation was dropped in 1950\u201351). In the 10-year plan for the TA the regiment was to form part of 73 AA Bde in 2 AA Group, but that only lasted a short while. In 1955 the regiment absorbed 428 HAA Regiment, formerly Princess Beatrice's Isle of Wight Rifles, which formed P (Princess Beatrice's Isle of Wight) Battery alongside Q (Portsmouth) and R (Gosport) Batteries. In 1963, the regiment absorbed 295 (Hampshire Carabiniers Yeomanry) HAA Regiment, and became 457 (Wessex) Heavy Air Defence Regiment, RA, (Hampshire Carabiniers Yeomanry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0045-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Postwar years, 457 (Wessex) HAA Regiment\nIn 1967 the regiment became infantry as C Company (Wessex Royal Artillery Princess Beatrice's) in the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Territorials, but when that regiment was subsumed into the Wessex Regiment the Royal Artillery and Hampshire Yeomanry links were discontinued. However, when 106 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery was created in 1999, the old number '457' was revived for 457 (Hampshire Yeomanry) Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0046-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Commanders, Commanding Officers\nThe following served as commanding officer (CO) of the unit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0047-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Memorials\nThere is a memorial plaque on the seafront at Hayling Island to 219 Bty, 57 HAA Regiment. Unveiled in July 1994, it lists the names of six men of the battery killed during a German air raid on Portsmouth and Hayling Island on the night of 17/18 April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0048-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Memorials\nThere is also a memorial bench in Walpole Road, Gosport, dedicated to 215 Bty, 57 HAA Regiment, and the Wessex Drill Hall that stood nearby. It was dedicated in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159738-0049-0000", "contents": "1st Wessex Artillery, Re-enactment group\nThe Palmerston Forts Society has a re-enactment group, the Portsdown Artillery Volunteers, based on the 2nd Hants Artillery Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0000-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although it started slowly, it became one of the most active and effective of the West Virginia Civil War regiments\u2014and had 14 Medal of Honor recipients, the most for any West Virginia regiment during the war. It was originally called the 1st Virginia Cavalry, not to be confused with the Confederate 1st Virginia Cavalry. Some reports added \"Union,\" \"Loyal\" or \"West\" when identifying this regiment. After the Unionist state of West Virginia was officially admitted to the Union in 1863, the regiment became the 1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment. The National Park Service identifies it as the 1st Regiment, West Virginia Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0001-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe regiment was organized in Wheeling, Morgantown and Clarksburg in 1861 and consisted of 13 companies, plus an additional company that was attached for most of the war. Members were predominately recruited from Ohio and Pennsylvania and the western Virginia counties of Marshall, Monongalia, Harrison and Ohio. The regiment was often split during the first two years of the war, with detachments spending time guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and hunting bushwhackers. During July 1863, ten companies of the regiment fought at the Battle of Gettysburg as part of a division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0002-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment\nThe regiment began fighting in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley during the second half of 1864. At the beginning of 1865, it became part of the 3rd Brigade in General George Armstrong Custer's Third Division, Cavalry Corps\u2014which, along with another division was under the command of General Philip Sheridan. Sheridan's two cavalry divisions were responsible for eliminating Confederate General Jubal Early's Army of the Valley from the war, and also played an important part in the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. After the war, the 1st West Virginia Cavalry participated in the Grand Review of the Armies, and was mustered out on July 8, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0003-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization\nAlthough Virginia seceded from the union and joined the Confederate States of America, many people in the northwestern portion of the state preferred to remain loyal to the United States. The first new cavalry regiment formed from this loyal region was originally known as the 1st Virginia Cavalry, and was sometimes noted as a loyal (to the union) regiment to differentiate it from the 1st Virginia Cavalry that was a rebel force for the Confederacy. The regiment eventually was identified as a West Virginia cavalry regiment after the new state was formed in the loyal section of Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0003-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization\nRecruiting for the new regiment began during July 1861, and a significant portion of the new recruits were from the cities of Wheeling, Morgantown, and Clarksburg. An analysis of the regiment by the George Tyler Moore Center showed that 32% of the men were from West Virginia, 23% were from Pennsylvania, 16% were from Ohio and the remainder were from Virginia and other states as well as immigrants. One company consisted mostly of men who spoke German.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0004-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization\nThe regiment\u2019s first company, known as the Kelley Lancers, rarely fought with the regiment and was usually attached to General Benjamin Franklin Kelley. Their original captain, John Lowry McGee, eventually became commander of the 3rd West Virginia Cavalry. Another company that was typically detached was called Gilmore's Company. The first regiment commander was Colonel Henry Anisansel, who was commissioned on September 7, 1861. Anisansel was a former lieutenant in the Ringgold Cavalry. His second-in-command was Lieutenant Colonel Nathaniel P. Richmond. Richmond had been a lieutenant in the 13th Indiana Infantry Regiment and an aide-de-camp to General William Rosecrans. The regiment's first chief surgeon was Henry Capehart, who eventually became regiment commander and a general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0005-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Early action\nThe regiment's first action is listed as the Battle of Carnifex Ferry on September 10, 1861. However, the two companies present, Gilmore's Company and a company led by Captain William West that eventually became Company\u00a0I, were held in reserve. The first fighting was done by the Kelley Lancers (Company\u00a0A) in Romney in October 1861. As the regiment grew, it worked primarily in detachments to hunt bushwhackers. The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (a.k.a. the B&O Railroad) was an important asset for the Union army, and detachments of the regiment were also used to guard it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0006-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Early action\nAlthough the regiment became West Virginia's \"most active, and one of the most effective,\" it did not begin well. During 1862, General Frederick W. Lander brought court martial charges against Anisansel for \"failing to obey an order to charge the enemy\" at Bloomery Gap. Anisansel was exonerated because he claimed a battle injury made him unable to make the charge. After returning to duty, he resigned on August 6, 1862. He was succeeded by Richmond, his second-in-command. During December 1862, Richmond became involved in a dispute that resulted in his arrest for disobedience. Richmond remained under arrest until he resigned on March 18, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0007-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Early action\nOn May 3, 1863, an 80-man detachment of the regiment was surprise attacked at Warrenton Junction by the notorious guerilla warfare leader Major John S. Mosby and his Mosby's Rangers. They were rescued by the 5th New York Cavalry, but had 17 men killed or wounded, including Major Josiah Steele\u2014who died about one month later from his wounds. During the spring after the Mosby encounter, the regiment was armed with Spencer repeating rifles. Officers from the regiment sent a petition to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton to have Richmond reinstated. Richmond was reinstated as regimental commander on June 12. On June 20, the new state of West Virginia joined the union, and the 1st Virginia Cavalry (loyal) became the 1st West Virginia Cavalry\u2014although many still called it the 1st Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0008-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign\nOn June 24, the 3rd Brigade, Third Division, Twenty-second Army Corps of the Army of the Potomac departed from its camp in Fairfax, Virginia. Their destination was Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Richmond commanded the 1st West Virginia Cavalry as it departed with 10 of the regiment\u2019s companies as part of this brigade with three other regiments. The brigade moved to Frederick, Maryland, where the entire division was reorganized into two brigades. Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick was assigned command of the division, and Brigadier General Elon J. Farnsworth was assigned command of the 1st Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0008-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign\nBrigadier General George Armstrong Custer was assigned command of the 2nd brigade. As the troops moved from Frederick toward Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the regiment in the rear was attacked by cavalry under the command of General James Ewell Brown \"Jeb\" Stuart. Farnsworth's 1st Brigade counter-attacked, and with the help of Custer's 2nd Brigade drove off the Confederate cavalry. The 1st West Virginia had 2 killed, 5 wounded, and 18 men taken prisoner. This June 30 battle became known as the Battle of Hanover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0009-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Gettysburg\nThe Battle of Gettysburg began on the next day, lasting from July 1 through July 3. The Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by General George G. Meade, defeated the invading Confederate Army of Northern Virginia commanded by General Robert E. Lee. Over 150,000 men (both sides combined) fought in this battle, and casualties are estimated to be around 51,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0010-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Gettysburg\nFarnsworth's brigade did not encounter any enemy forces for the first two days (July 1 and 2) of the battle. Late in the afternoon on the third day of the battle, Kilpatrick ordered Farnsworth to make a mounted charge against a Confederate infantry position that was fortified and near ground difficult for horses. Although Farnsworth objected, he followed his orders. The 1st West Virginia Cavalry, led by Richmond, made the first charge. The West Virginians became nearly surrounded by the 1st Texas Infantry and had to retreat to safety using their sabers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0010-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Gettysburg\nThey took some prisoners and suffered casualties of five killed and four wounded. Farnsworth led a second group of men in another charge and took significant casualties\u2014and Farnsworth was killed. The charge became known as the infamous Farnsworth's Charge. After the death of Farnsworth, Richmond assumed command (officially July 4) of Farnsworth's 1st Brigade. Major Charles E. Capehart assumed command of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry. Both commands were temporary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0011-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Pursuit of Lee's Army\nAfter the third day of fighting at Gettysburg, armies on both sides were exhausted. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia prepared to leave during the rainy night and return to the relative safety of Virginia. Their trip back would involve traveling through mountains to cross the Potomac River at Williamsport, Maryland. General John D. Imboden led a wagon train carrying wounded men on a northwest route, which was safer and easier to follow. Lee moved with the healthy part of his Army of Northern Virginia on a more southern route to Williamsport that was shorter but had more difficult terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0012-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Pursuit of Lee's Army\nKilpatrick's division, which was reinforced with cavalry stationed at Emmitsburg, Maryland, pursued Lee's retreating army. Late at night high in the mountains, near Monterey Pass, a dismounted advance guard company from Custer's 2nd Brigade confronted a small group of rebels guarding the pass. The rebels, using only one piece of artillery, prevented Custer's men from entering the pass while a wagon train belonging to Confederate General Richard S. Ewell moved from the north into the pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0013-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Pursuit of Lee's Army\nAt 3\u00a0am, the 1st West Virginia Cavalry were ordered to assist Custer. In pouring rain and total darkness, the 1st West Virginia Cavalry charged down the mountain, capturing the Confederate artillery piece and an entire wagon train in hand-to-hand combat. The captured wagon train consisted of 300 wagons and 15 ambulances, and the horses and mules pulling them. A total of 200 officers and 1,100 men were captured. Casualties for the 1st West Virginia were only 2 killed and 2 wounded. For this action, Charles Capehart was later awarded the Medal of Honor. He accomplished this while having a shattered ankle that was the result of being shot while fighting at Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0014-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Pursuit of Lee's Army\nLess than a week after the battle at Monterey Pass, Colonel Othniel De Forest (who had been ill) of the 5th New York Cavalry reported for duty, and Richmond was relieved from command of the 1st Brigade. Richmond and the 1st West Virginia Cavalry reported to Frederick, Maryland, for provost duty. Lee's army crossed the Potomac at Williamsport and Falling Waters on July 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0015-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Capehart becomes commander\nFor the last half of July, the regiment fought in some minor skirmishes, and eventually reported to Stafford, Virginia, near Fredericksburg. On September 16, Richmond was injured when his horse was shot and fell on him at Raccoon Ford on the Rapidan River. He resigned in early November after an October promotion to colonel, and was discharged on a Surgeon's Certificate of Disability on November 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0016-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Capehart becomes commander\nDuring November, the regiment (ten companies) was in the Battle of Mine Run as part of Custer's Third Division. Their brigade commander was General Henry Eugene Davies, and the regiment was under the temporary command of Major Harvey Farabee. Henry Capehart, the regiment's surgeon (and brother of Charles Capehart), was familiar with the territory, and provided valuable assistance to Davies in strategy and fighting\u2014in addition to navigating the terrain. Davies was impressed, and along with Kilpatrick and Custer recommended Capehart to replace the injured Colonel Richmond as commander of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry. Henry Capehart was commissioned as colonel on December 23, becoming the regiment\u2019s commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0017-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Army of West Virginia\nBeginning in December, the regiment became part of the Department of West Virginia, but was unassigned. Near the end of January 1864, the regiment returned to Wheeling. They stayed at Camp Willey on Wheeling Island for a few days before going to their homes for a 30 day furlough. About 500 men re-enlisted. A reception to honor the regiment was held in Wheeling on February 3. The local newspaper called them \"The Heroes of 70 Engagements\". The regiment left Wheeling during mid-March, departing on the B&O Railroad. They became part of the 2nd Brigade, Second Cavalry Division, in the Army of West Virginia. They patrolled West Virginia for the next six weeks, but did not see any significant action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0018-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Army of West Virginia\nBeginning in May, the regiment was part of the 3rd Brigade, Second Cavalry Division. They participated in General William W. Averell's Raid on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, which was a valuable asset for the Confederacy because it enabled transportation of soldiers and supplies between the two states. On May 10, Averell's division (including the regiment) fought in the Battle of Cove Mountain in northern Wythe County, Virginia. Averell was eventually able to destroy 26 bridges and portions of railroad track near Dublin (Newbern on old maps), Virginia. The division returned to its base in West Virginia on May 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0019-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Army of West Virginia\nOn May 22, the regiment was fording the Greenbrier River just upriver from a waterfall. Their objective was to eliminate some Confederate sharpshooters that were harassing the cavalry. Colonel Henry Capehart stationed himself between the falls and the crossing. His standard procedure was to position himself down river at crossings, which would enable him to rescue men having trouble crossing the water. He was an expert rider and had a horse that was a good swimmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0019-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Army of West Virginia\nIn this circumstance, a private from Company B was swept out of his saddle while attempting to cross a swollen river with a swift current. Not only was the private swept over the falls, but Capehart and his horse were too. Capehart was able to rescue the private while both were being shot at by enemy sharpshooters. On February 12, 1895, Henry Capehart was awarded the Medal of Honor for this action. His citation read \"Saved, under fire, the life of a drowning soldier.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0020-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Army of West Virginia, Hunter's Lynchburg Campaign\nDuring early June, various Union forces met in Stanton, Virginia, and were resupplied. After a reorganization on June 9, Averell commanded the Second Cavalry Division, and its 3rd Brigade (1st and 2nd West Virginia Cavalry regiments) was commanded by Colonel William H. Powell. The infantry was led by General George Crook. General David Hunter was the commander of the entire cavalry and infantry force. On June 10, they moved toward Lexington, Virginia as part of a plan to capture Lynchburg. The force arrived in Lexington on June 11, and occupied the town for several days. On June 14, Powell's brigade was sent forward Liberty, and drove away Confederate cavalry. During this time, Confederate reinforcements were arriving at Lynchburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 86], "content_span": [87, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0021-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Army of West Virginia, Hunter's Lynchburg Campaign\nOn June 16, the entire Union force left Liberty and approached Lynchburg from the southwest. The Battle of Lynchburg was fought on June 17 and 18. Approximately 44,000 soldiers participated in this Confederate victory. The Union force could not capture Lynchburg, and was forced to retreat toward West Virginia as supplies dwindled. The force reached Charleston on July 1. Losses for Hunter's entire army totaled to 940 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 86], "content_span": [87, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0022-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley\nDuring July, the 1st West Virginia Cavalry left Charleston, West Virginia, for Parkersburg\u2014where they boarded the B&O Railroad with their horses to begin a three-day trip to the other side of the state. Their destination was the rail station at Martinsburg. The regiment was commanded by Henry Capehart, and was part of the 2nd Brigade, Second Cavalry Division, Army of West Virginia. Hunter commanded this army while Averell commanded its Second Cavalry Division. Powell commanded the 2nd Brigade of the Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0023-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Rutherford's Farm\nThe Battle of Rutherford's Farm, also known as the Battle of Carter's Farm, occurred on July 20, about 4 miles (6.4\u00a0km) north of Winchester, Virginia. While portions of Hunter's army were still arriving in the Martinsburg area, Hunter sent Averell from Martinsburg toward Winchester to meet a perceived threat to the B&O Railroad from General Jubal Early's Army of the Valley. Averell did not have his entire cavalry force when he started, but had about 1,000 men from the 1st and 3rd West Virginia Cavalry Regiments. He also had another 1,350 infantrymen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0023-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Rutherford's Farm\nHe advanced southwest down the Valley Turnpike, and was attacked by Confederate troops under the command of General Stephen Dodson Ramseur. Although the attack was initially successful, Averell was reinforced by 300 men from the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry who had arrived at Martinsburg after Averell had departed. The unexpected reinforcement led to a Confederate panic, and Averell won the battle. The Confederate loss was about 400 to 450 men, and Averell's men collected 500 rifles from the battlefield. Averell's casualties were about 220.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0024-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Second Battle of Kernstown\nAfter Averell's victory at Rutherford's Farm, he was joined by another cavalry division and infantry. Crook commanded the entire force. Both cavalry divisions sent men on scouts to find Early's army. Crook believed that most of Early's army had left the valley to defend the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia. He did not believe the reports of Averell and General Alfred N. Duffi\u00e9 (commander of the First Cavalry Division) that said enemy infantry, artillery, and cavalry were in the area. Crook was mistaken, and both cavalry units made accurate reports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0025-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Second Battle of Kernstown\nOn July 24, Averell was ordered to conduct a flanking maneuver near Front Royal to cut off what Crook believed was a small band of Confederates. Averell encountered a much larger enemy force than he was led to expect, and the Second Battle of Kernstown began. As portions of Crook's force began retreating (some in panic) north through Winchester, he finally understood the situation. He organized a more orderly retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0025-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Second Battle of Kernstown\nPowell's brigade (including the 1st West Virginia Cavalry) and an infantry brigade led by Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes (future President of the United States) were among the few organized units remaining. They became the rear guard against the pursuing Confederate cavalry. The battle was over by the end of July 25, as all soldiers were soaked in cold rain. Crook retreated north across the Potomac River, and the Confederates reoccupied Martinsburg (in addition to controlling Winchester). The 1st West Virginia Cavalry lost a total of 28 men killed, wounded, missing, or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0026-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Chambersburg and Moorefield\nThe regiment was part of Averell's cavalry force that pursued Confederate Generals McCausland and Bradley Johnson after the rebels burned the Pennsylvania community of Chambersburg. After multiple skirmishes and Confederate threats to burn more towns, McCausland's two brigades of cavalry were caught in Battle of Moorefield, West Virginia. In a surprise attack at dawn on August 6, 1864, Averell captured over 400 Confederates. In this battle, Powell rode with Henry Capehart and the 1st West Virginia Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0026-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Chambersburg and Moorefield\nAfter the 3rd West Virginia Cavalry charged across the South Branch of the Potomac River and met strong resistance from the Confederate 17th Virginia Cavalry, they were reinforced by the 1st West Virginia\u2014and the two regiments overwhelmed the Confederates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0026-0002", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Chambersburg and Moorefield\nPowell's report said \"The thanks of the brigade are also due to the First West Virginia Cavalry for the timely support given to the Third West Virginia Cavalry at a time when the enemy seemed conscious of our weakness, and attempted to rally their forces and to repel the advance of our lines, and for its joint operation with the Third Virginia Cavalry, driving the enemy into the mountains for a distance of twelve miles, killing, wounding and capturing many, also capturing one battle-flag and two pieces of artillery.\" Despite Averell's successes, General Philip H. Sheridan assumed command of all Union troops in the Shenandoah Valley on August 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0027-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Opequon\nThe Battle of Opequon, also known as the Third Battle of Winchester, began in the morning on September 19, 1864. Some historians consider this the most important battle of the Shenandoah Campaign. Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah defeated Early's Army of the Valley. Union casualties were about 5,000 out of 40,000 men, while Confederate casualties were about 3,600 out of 12,000 men. Generals and colonels on both sides were killed, including Confederate Colonel George S. Patton Sr.\u2014grandfather of the famous World War II tank commander, General George S. Patton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0027-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Opequon\nConfederate General Robert E. Rodes was killed, and Confederate cavalry generals Fitzhugh Lee and Bradley Johnson were among the wounded. General David Allen Russell, killed in action, was among the Union casualties. The majority of the Union casualties were in the infantry. Averell's Second Cavalry Division had only 35 casualties, including four from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0028-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Fisher's Hill\nThe Battle of Fisher's Hill occurred on September 21\u201322, 1864. Early's Confederate army was pursued from Winchester to Fisher's Hill, where the rebels had strong fortifications and an advantageous location given the terrain. The 1st West Virginia Cavalry was part of a diversion that enabled Crook's infantry to secretly position itself to the rear of the Confederate line. Crook's surprise attack broke through the Confederate lines, and was the major reason for the Union victory. The 1st West Virginia Cavalry was part of Powell's cavalry brigade that pushed through the gap created by Crook, and chased rebels as they fled south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0029-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Fisher's Hill\nAfter the battle, Sheridan pressured his officers to pursue Early's retreating army. Sheridan became impatient with Averell, who he considered too cautious. On September 23, Sheridan replaced Averell with Powell. Henry Capehart was designated commander of Powell's old brigade, and Capehart's brother, Charles, became commander of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment. Powell's Second Cavalry Division pursued Early further south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0030-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Cedar Creek\nThe Battle of Cedar Creek occurred on October 19, 1864. Early's Confederate Army appeared to have a victory until Sheridan rallied his troops to a successful counterattack. Although Union casualties were more than double those of the Confederates, this battle is considered a Union victory, and Confederate troops were driven from the battlefield. The Union troops recaptured all of their artillery lost earlier in the battle, and 22 additional cannons belonging to Early's army. Union cavalry were commanded by General Alfred Torbert. The 1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment remained in the 2nd Brigade of Powell's Second Division. Powell positioned his division near Front Royal to prevent Confederate cavalry under General Lunsford L. Lomax from flanking the Union force. The 1st West Virginia Cavalry had a total of 3 casualties in this battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0031-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Nineveh\nOn November 12, the Second Division again fought Lomax's cavalry. Powell sent most of his 1st Brigade out beyond Front Royal, where it encountered a portion of Lomax's cavalry commanded by McCausland. The Confederates slowly pushed the 1st Brigade back. Powell brought Capehart's 2nd Brigade, including the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, to the front while the 1st Brigade moved to the rear. Capehart's brigade charged, resulting in a short clash that ended with the Confederates retreating as fast as they could. They were chased for 8 miles (12.9\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0031-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Nineveh\nPowell captured all of the rebel artillery (two guns), their ammunition train, and took 180 prisoners. Newspaper accounts said McCausland was slightly wounded. Two men from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry were awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in this battle. Private James F. Adams, from Company\u00a0D, received his medal for \"Capture of State flag of 14th Virginia Cavalry (C.S.A.)\". The other medal winner was Sergeant Levi Shoemaker from Company\u00a0A. His citation is \"Capture of flag of 22d Virginia Cavalry (C.S.A. )\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0032-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Third Division\nPowell resigned from the Union Army on January 5, 1865. His father had died and his mother was seriously ill. Sheridan reorganized his 8,000-man force into two cavalry divisions. General Wesley Merritt was Sheridan's cavalry commander. General Thomas Devin led the First Division, and Custer commanded the Third Division. There was no Second Division. The 1st West Virginia Cavalry became part of the 3rd Brigade, Third Division Cavalry Corps. The brigade consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd West Virginia Cavalry Regiments, and the 1st Regiment New York (Lincoln) Cavalry, and was commanded by Henry Capehart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0032-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Third Division\nThese four regiments had been most of Averell's force that had a major victory at Moorefield during August 1864. As a brigade, they had also performed extremely well three months later at Nineveh under Powell's command. The brigade became known as Capehart's Fighting Brigade, after its skills were noticed by Sheridan\u2014who called it \"the fighting brigade\". Both divisions spent about six weeks in winter quarters, where they rested and were given fresh clothing. On February 27, they left Winchester and moved south. Their purpose was to eliminate Early's Army of the Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0033-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Third Division, Laurel Brigade\nIn late February, Early received additional troops which were supposed to enable him to attack instead of flee. The reinforcement was the elite Confederate cavalry known as the Laurel Brigade, and it was under the command of General Thomas L. Rosser. Many of the men in the proud and well\u2013equipped Laurel Brigade had served with Stuart\u2014the Confederacy's most famous cavalry officer. Early added his own cavalry to Rosser's command, and sent them toward Custer's approaching division. Rosser used rails to fill a covered bridge over the middle fork of the Shenandoah River, and this is where he planned to confront Custer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0034-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Third Division, Laurel Brigade\nAt 2:00\u00a0am, on March 1, Capehart's brigade was awakened and told to prepare to move without breakfast or feed for their horses. Their objective was to remove the obstacle of Rosser's cavalry, which would enable the rest of Custer's division to attack Early's army\u2014which was thought to be between Harrisonburg and Staunton. At the covered bridge, Capehart sent a portion of his brigade, dismounted, to attack Rosser. The 1st West Virginia Cavalry was sent upriver where it crossed and then charged down on Rosser. The brigade drove off Rosser's cavalry, capturing 50 men and all of his artillery. Thus Custer, utilizing Capehart's brigade (including the 1st West Virginia Cavalry), defeated one of the Confederacy's best cavalries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0035-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Third Division, Battle of Waynesboro\nSheridan's cavalry encountered the remnants of Early's army at Waynesboro, Virginia, on March 2. Most of Early's army was killed or captured, although Early evaded capture. Custer's division did the fighting. His 1st Brigade dismounted and attacked as infantry, then Capehart's 3rd Brigade, including the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, charged and cut off over half of Early's force\u2014which forced that portion of the rebels to surrender. All of Early's headquarters equipment was captured, as were 11 pieces of artillery. Capehart's brigade chased the fleeing rebels toward Rockfish Gap. A New York newspaper credited the 3rd Brigade with capturing 5 pieces of artillery, 67 wagons of ammunition and food, and 1 battle flag. Early's army was eliminated from the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0036-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army\nSheridan's original orders were to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad and then meet with the army of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman in North Carolina. Sheridan reached Charlottesville on March 3, but faced delays caused by muddy roads. On March 5, Sergeant Richard Boury, from Company\u00a0C, was part of a squadron of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry sent into the mountains to find some rebels that had retreated from Waynesboro. Boury captured a flag and three rebels. He received the Medal of Honor, and the citation described his action as being \"at Charlottesville\" .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0037-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army\nRainy weather, swollen rivers, and destroyed bridges persuaded Sheridan to move east toward Richmond instead of moving south across the river to link with Sherman's army in North Carolina. Private Archibald H. Rowand, Jr., of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry's Company K, was one of two men sent with a message from Sheridan to General Ulysses S. Grant (the Union's highest-ranking officer and future president of the United States). His mission meant that he had to get through Confederate lines. To accomplish this feat, Rowand wore a Confederate uniform for much of his journey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0037-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army\nHis 48-hour journey covered 145\u00a0mi (233.4\u00a0km) on horseback and an additional 11\u00a0mi (17.7\u00a0km) on foot. Near the end of his journey, he was chased by Confederates and had to abandon his horse and swim the Chickahominy River. That started the walking portion of his journey. He was wet, muddy, and was wearing only his underclothing when he crossed into Union lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0038-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army\nSheridan's two divisions reached a Union Army base at the river port community of White House, Virginia, on March 18, 1865. At White House, the two divisions were resupplied, and rested for five days. They departed on March 24, and met the Army of the Potomac near Petersburg on March 27. The Army of the Potomac was \"the Union's primary army operating in the East.\" Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah was still considered separate from the Army of the Potomac, so he received orders directly from Grant. Grant was working on site with Meade and the Army of the Potomac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0038-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army\nMeade had partially surrounded Lee's army at Richmond and Petersburg, but Lee still had a western escape route. Grant ordered Sheridan to proceed to Dinwiddie, Virginia, where it could cut off Lee's escape route. The two divisions were joined by the Second Cavalry Division from the Army of the Potomac, which was led by General Crook. The three cavalry divisions totaled to a force of about 9,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0039-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Dinwiddie Court House\nSheridan now had three divisions, and reached Dinwiddie Court House on March 29. While most of his army went into camp at that location, Custer's Third Division (which included the 1st West Virginia Cavalry) guarded the wagon trains further back at Malone's Crossing. On the next day, Devin's First Cavalry Division, and a brigade from Crook's Second Division, were sent north toward Five Forks. Their reconnaissance found a strong enemy infantry force led by General George E. Pickett, and the Union cavalry was driven back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 115], "content_span": [116, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0039-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Dinwiddie Court House\nThe Battle of Dinwiddie Court House occurred on March 31, and is considered a Confederate victory. While Sheridan again sent Devin and Crook north, Pickett\u2019s infantry and cavalry led by General Fitzhugh Lee drove back infantry under the command of Union General Gouverneur Kemble Warren, located east of Sheridan's army. Then the attacking Confederate force turned its attention to Sheridan. This forced Sheridan's cavalry to face three enemy divisions: two infantries and one cavalry. As the Union cavalry was driven back toward Dinwiddie Court House, Capehart's 3rd Brigade was recalled from duty guarding the wagon train. They moved near what would soon become the front, an open area in front of Dinwiddie. Capehart's brigade used rails from a fence to quickly build a protective area for fighting while dismounted. The brigade was able to halt the Confederate attack in fighting that continued until after dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 115], "content_span": [116, 1032]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0040-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Five Forks\nThe Battle of Five Forks occurred on April 1, 1865. Five Forks is a small community in Dinwiddie County, located between Dinwiddie Court House and Petersburg. Sheridan received reinforcements from the Fifth Corps and a division of cavalry from the Army of the James. The Confederate force was again led by Pickett and Fitzhugh Lee. Both sides advanced and retreated, and soon the opposing forces were fighting in close combat using sabers. At times, the cavalry fought dismounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 104], "content_span": [105, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0040-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Five Forks\nA portion of Capehart's brigade drove the rebels to the end of the field, only to be partially driven back by a second group of Confederate cavalrymen. After the regiment was reinforced by the rest of Capehart's brigade, the Confederates were driven from the area, and numerous battle flags were captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 104], "content_span": [105, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0041-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Five Forks\nLieutenant Wilmon W. Blackmar, from Company\u00a0H of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, was awarded the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism in this battle. After Capehart's brigade began a charge, Blackmar observed that they were chasing a small detachment of Confederates, and the main body of the Confederates was about to isolate the cavalry from the Union infantry. Blackmar caught up with Capehart and informed him of the situation, and was ordered to reform the brigade in the correct line of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 104], "content_span": [105, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0041-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Five Forks\nBlackmar reformed a portion of the brigade and led a charge without waiting for the rest of the brigade. The charging men took prisoners, and captured artillery, wagons, and ambulances. Custer and Capehart promoted Blackmar to captain immediately. Blackmar's Medal of Honor citation says \"At a critical stage of the battle, without orders, led a successful advance upon the enemy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 104], "content_span": [105, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0042-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Five Forks\nAlthough the battle is considered finished on the day it started, skirmishing continued as Lee's army tried to escape to the west. On April 2, Capehart's brigade attacked the Confederates at Namozine Church. In this confrontation, Henry Capehart's horse was killed, and his clothing was pierced with several shots that did not seriously wound him. On the next day, another brigade from Custer's division attacked, and eventually the Confederates escaped toward Amelia Court House. This inconclusive battle, described as a Confederate rear guard action, became known as the Battle of Namozine Church. Total casualties for both sides are an estimated 75, and Confederate General Rufus Barringer was captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 104], "content_span": [105, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0043-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Sailor's Creek\nIn early April, the Confederate government abandoned Richmond, and Lee's army began moving west. On April 6, Union troops chased Lee's army to an area south of the Appomattox River near Saylor's Creek. The Battle of Sailor's Creek was concentrated in three places, and Sheridan's cavalry fought in the Marshall's Crossroads area. Sergeant Francis M. Cunningham, from Company\u00a0H of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, wrote that the battle \"was one of the hardest cavalry fights of the war.\" Custer's cavalry division made numerous charges upon the Confederate lines. Although the charges were successful in capturing artillery and men, casualties were high. Armies on both sides had already suffered numerous casualties in battles at Dinwiddie Court House and Five Forks. In the case of Company\u00a0H, only four men remained for the final charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 108], "content_span": [109, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0044-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Sailor's Creek\nAs Henry Capehart, commander of Custer's 3rd Brigade, reviewed the Confederate army's position, Custer rode along the lines in plain view of the Confederate infantry, taunting his enemy with captured Confederate battle flags. The Confederates responded by taking numerous shots at the general, hitting his horse. Custer dismounted without injury. Capehart realized that the Confederates would need time to reload their single-shot rifles, and requested permission for his 3rd Brigade to attack immediately. Custer quickly agreed, and Capehart's brigade of about 1,400 cavalry men including the 1st West Virginia Cavalry charged the Confederate lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 108], "content_span": [109, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0045-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Sailor's Creek\nCapehart's men used sabers, carbines, and revolvers to move through three Confederate infantry lines. A large portion of Ewell's corps became surrounded, causing many of the demoralized Confederate soldiers to surrender. Thus, the Union troops captured more than 20 percent of Lee's army. Approximately 8,000 Confederate soldiers, including eight generals, were killed or captured. Among the surrendering generals was the corps commander Ewell. Another general captured was Custis Lee, eldest son of the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, Robert E. Lee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 108], "content_span": [109, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0045-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Sailor's Creek\nUpon seeing the battered survivors from his army, Robert E. Lee said \"My God, has the army dissolved?\" Although many men from General Richard H. Anderson's IV Corps escaped westward, the battle is considered the \"death knell\" for Lee's Confederate Army. The Battle of Sailor's Creek was the last major battle of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 108], "content_span": [109, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0046-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Sailor's Creek\nFive men from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry were awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in this battle. Captain Hugh P. Boon received his medal for capturing a flag. Boon's Company\u00a0B was part of a charge when he noticed a battalion of enemy infantry on the right. He led his company away from the original charge, moving toward the infantry. His company routed the Confederate battalion, and Boon captured the flag of the 10th Georgia Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 108], "content_span": [109, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0046-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Sailor's Creek\nAlthough Boon was worried that he did not exactly follow orders, a superior officer witnessed the affair and acknowledged that the captain took appropriate action. Sergeant Francis M. Cunningham's Medal of Honor citation reads \"Capture of battle flag of 12th Virginia Infantry (C.S.A.) in hand-to-hand battle while wounded.\" Cunningham's horse had been killed, but he found a Confederate mule that leaped a Confederate breastworks when the regiment made a charge. Although Cunningham, who was from Company\u00a0H, was shot twice (but survived), he captured a Confederate flag using his saber. Custer later recommended Cunningham for the award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 108], "content_span": [109, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0046-0002", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Sailor's Creek\nCommissary Sergeant William Houlton won his medal for the capture of a flag, but the regiment was not identified in the citation. Corporal Emisire Shahan from Company\u00a0A received his medal for \"Capture of flag of 76th Georgia Infantry (C.S.A.)\". The citation for Medal of Honor winner Private Daniel A. Woods, who was from Company\u00a0K, says \"Capture of flag of 18th Florida Infantry (C.S.A. )\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 108], "content_span": [109, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0047-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Appomattox Station\nOn April 8, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia continued to flee westward. Two Union army corps were following. Additional Union troops, including Sheridan's cavalry, were further west. Sheridan hoped to block Lee's retreat. His advance force was Custer's Third Division. Custer captured Confederate supply trains and removed a few pieces of track to prevent the trains from going back to Lynchburg. However, Custer was then repelled by Confederate artillery. After two more attacks using single brigades were ineffective, Custer made a rare night attack using his entire division. Strong moonlight reduced the risk of getting lost or misidentifying friendly and enemy soldiers, and the night attack was successful. Custer's division captured 24 to 30 artillery pieces, 1,000 prisoners, and 150 to 200 wagons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 112], "content_span": [113, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0048-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Appomattox Station\nTwo men from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry were awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in this battle. Corporal Thomas Anderson, from Company\u00a0I, received his medal for capturing a Confederate flag. The flag has been, at times, displayed in Lee Chapel and Museum of Washington and Lee University. Charles Schorn, Chief Bugler from Company\u00a0M, also received the Medal of Honor for actions in this battle after he captured the flag of the Sumter Flying Artillery. This flag, which had been carried by the Sumpter Flying Artillery since 1861, was captured in Custer's final nighttime charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 112], "content_span": [113, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0049-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Appomattox Courthouse\nOn April 9, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia continued to flee westward. Infantry led by Generals John Brown Gordon and James Longstreet, and cavalry led by Fitzhugh Lee formed a battle line near the Appomattox Court House. This was their last chance to escape to Lynchburg, as Union troops were attempting to surround them. The 1st West Virginia Cavalry's participation in this \"battle\" was mostly preparing to attack\u2014but no full-fledged charges were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 115], "content_span": [116, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0050-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, Sheridan leaves the Valley to fight Lee's army, Battle of Appomattox Courthouse\nA Confederate officer approached Capehart's 3rd Brigade on horseback under a flag of truce. Capehart and the officer rode down the column to Custer, where the officer told the general that Lee and Grant were in correspondence concerning a surrender of Lee's Army. Shortly after his meeting with Longstreet's representative, Custer turned command of the division over to Henry Capehart and rode off to see Sheridan. On that day, Robert E. Lee unconditionally surrendered his starving Army of Northern Virginia to Grant. The surrender look place at the home of Wilmer and Virginia McLean in the small community of Appomattox Court House, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 115], "content_span": [116, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0051-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, War's end\nThe 1st West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry remained in battle line until the evening of April 9, and then went into camp. On the next day, they marched toward Burkesville Junction, arriving on April 12. After resting for the night, they marched to Nottoway Court House, and received new clothing. The cavalry reached Petersburg, Virginia, by April 18, and camped outside the city. On the same day, Custer sent a recommendation to Secretary of War Stanton that Colonel Henry Capehart be promoted to Brigadier General, retroactive to March 1. On April 24, the division started a march to North Carolina to join Sherman's army confronting the Confederate army of General Joseph E. Johnston. However, on April 28, they became aware that Johnston had surrendered. On the next day, the division began its return north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0052-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, War's end, Grand Review of the armies\nThe Grand Review of the Armies began on May 23, 1865, as a Union celebration of the end of the Civil War. Union troops paraded down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC. The parade was led by Custer's Third Division, which was led by Capehart's brigade. The New York Times described men in Custer's division as \"being decorated with a scarf or tie, known as the Custer Tie, red in color\u00a0...\"  It also said \"Capehart's brigade of West Virginia Veterans, as trusty a body as ever drew a sabre, are singled out for their fine appearance\u00a0...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0053-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, War's end, Final muster out\nIn early June 1865, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd West Virginia Cavalries were ordered to proceed to Wheeling, West Virginia, to muster out. On June 17, the men and their horses were loaded onto a B&O Railroad train where they departed for Wheeling. The three regiments camped on Wheeling Island between Wheeling and Belmont County, Ohio. They were officially mustered out on July 8, 1865. While Crook and Custer would continue service with the federal cavalry in the western United States, the 1st West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159739-0053-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, War's end, Final muster out\nDuring the war, the regiment had 10 officers and 71 enlisted men killed. An additional 126 men died from disease. At the end of the war, the regiment was part of the highly regarded Capehart's Fighting Brigade, and was one of the most active, and most effective, of the West Virginia regiments. Fourteen men received the Medal of Honor, the most for any West Virginia regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159740-0000-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Month)\nThe 1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. During its period of service, the regiment was known as the 1st Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment, but often referred to with, \"Union,\" \"Loyal\" or \"West\" in front to distinguish it from Virginia regiments. It was the first regiment mustered into service on southern soil after Lincoln's call for 75,000 troops. It was formed three days before the Wheeling Convention, which was assembled to decide western Virginia's response if Virginia seceded from the Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159740-0001-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Month), Service\nThe first incarnation of the 1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (known as the 1st Virginia at the time) was organized at Wheeling, Virginia, in May, 1861 from volunteer companies from Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, and Marshall counties (the Northern Panhandle of the state). These companies had been formed by pro-Union citizens of these counties in April 1861, after the Commonwealth of Virginia voted to secede from the Union, in order to resist  Confederate incursions from the eastern portions of the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159740-0001-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Month), Service\nThe Regiment was mustered into United States service by companies for a period of three months (the first company, Company A, was mustered into service on May 10, while the final company, Company K, was mustered on May 23). Company A (from the Fourth Ward of Wheeling) had actually been organized, as the Rough and Ready Guards, on April 18, 1861, the day after the state convention voted for secession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159740-0002-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Month), Service\nUnder the command of Colonel Benjamin Franklin Kelley and the 1st Virginia traveled from Wheeling by train on May 27 to near Mannington to secure a bridge on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which had been destroyed by the rebels. After remaining there two days, the regiment advanced again, seizing the important railroad junction of Grafton on May 30 from a body of Virginia state militia under command of Confederate Col. George A. Porterfield. On June 1, Isaac Duval took command as  Major of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159740-0002-0001", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Month), Service\nPorterfield's troops retreated to Philippi where, on June 3, they were defeated by a Union force which included the 1st Virginia Infantry. The Battle of Philippi was the first land battle of the Civil War. During the battle, Col. Kelley was seriously wounded. The Regiment remained on duty at Rowlesburg, Grafton, and Philippi until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159740-0003-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Month), Service\nDuring the remainder of their three months service, the regiment was separated. A detachment of five companies served with Major General George B. McClellan in the Rich Mountain campaign. Another detachment was with Col. Erastus B. Tyler in a campaign against Confederate Brigadier General Henry A. Wise, who at that time had attempted an invasion of western Virginia. The remainder of the regiment guarded the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. On August 19, they returned to Wheeling where the 3-months regiment was mustered out of Federal service on August 27, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159740-0004-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Month), Casualties\nThe 1st West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment suffered no fatalities in battle during its enlistment. However, a member of Company G was killed in camp on May 29, 1861, from the accidental discharge of a gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159741-0000-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Year)\nThe 1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment was a three-year infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159741-0001-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Year), Service record\nThe second incarnation of the 1st West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered in for three year's service on October 30 at Wheeling, Virginia. It was known as the 1st Virginia until West Virginia became a state. Among the more notable members was the chaplain, James McCook, a member of the famed Fighting McCooks. An analysis of the regiment by the George Tyler Moore Center in Shepherdstown, West Virginia, shows that it was composed of 39% native West Virginians, while 23% were from Ohio, 18% Pennsylvania, 11% were immigrants and 8% were from other U.S. states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159741-0002-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Year), Service record\nFollowing the expiration of the original three-year term of enlistment, veterans of the regiment who chose to re-enlist were amalgamated with the 5th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment on October 10, 1864, to form the 2nd West Virginia Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159741-0003-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Infantry Regiment (3 Year), Casualties\nThe 1st West Virginia suffered 3 officers and 51 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded in battle and 2 officers and 136 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 192 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159742-0000-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Veteran Infantry Regiment\nThe 1st West Virginia Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment  was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the last year of the American Civil War. It consisted primarily of veterans of older regiments whose terms of enlistment had expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159742-0001-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Veteran Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st West Virginia Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered into Federal service on November 9, 1864, composed of re-enlisting veterans from the 5th and the 9th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiments", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159742-0002-0000", "contents": "1st West Virginia Veteran Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of Federal service on July 21, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159743-0000-0000", "contents": "1st White Cloth Hall\nThe 1st White Cloth Hall is a Grade II* listed building on Kirkgate, in the city centre of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159743-0001-0000", "contents": "1st White Cloth Hall, History\nOriginally named The White Cloth Hall, it was opened in 1711 as a response to the building of a covered cloth hall by the merchants of Wakefield in 1710, built in order to entice traders away from Leeds. So the cloth hall for the sale of white (undyed) cloth was built on Kirkgate on a site provided by Lord Irvine of Temple Newsam with \u00a31,000 given by merchants and tradesmen. It was 'built upon Pillars and Arches in the form of an Exchange, with a Quadrangular Court within'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159743-0002-0000", "contents": "1st White Cloth Hall, Present\nDespite its importance to the industrial heritage of Leeds and to the industrial revolution in general, the first White Cloth Hall in Kirkgate has stood growing increasingly derelict for many years surrounded by scaffolding and safety hoardings. The Amusement Arcade in its eastern wing still operates but the rest of the building is getting close to state of collapse and is a health and safety hazard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159743-0003-0000", "contents": "1st White Cloth Hall, Present\nA series of meetings with the City Council Planning Officers, the building owner Emco, and English Heritage, concluded that the western and southern sections of the building must be demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159743-0004-0000", "contents": "1st White Cloth Hall, Present\nIn March 2018, Leeds City Council granted Rushbond Group permission to restore the building. Rushbond Group are local property developers who bought the building over a year earlier. Work started in March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159743-0005-0000", "contents": "1st White Cloth Hall, Present\nIn 2019 Historic England commissioned dendrochronological (tree-ring) analysis on ex situ samples from 19 oak and one conifer timbers from the former west range of First White Cloth Hall. This analysis dated the timber as growing during the years AD 1366\u20131476, with the trees felled in the summer of AD 1476, with a likelihood that the timbers were part of a specific programme of felling and construction from a single woodland source relatively local to West Yorkshire. This date is earlier than had been expected based on the opening of First White Cloth Hall in the early eighteenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159744-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wildflower Film Awards\nThe 1st Wildflower Film Awards (Korean:\u00a0\ub4e4\uaf43\uc601\ud654\uc0c1) is an awards ceremony recognizing the achievements of Korean independent and low-budget films. It was held at the Literature House in Seoul on April 1, 2014, following five days of screenings at CGV Apgujeong Movie Collage in Seoul. Eligible films included some 60 features with budgets under \u20a91 billion (US$900,000) and 20 documentaries that received a theatrical release in Korea in the calendar year 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159745-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wing (Belgium)\nThe 1st Wing is a wing in the Air Component of the Belgian Armed Forces, located at Beauvechain Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159745-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wing (Belgium), Training Wing\nThe 1st Fighter Wing (All Weather) was disbanded in 1996, with 349 Squadron and the Operational Conversion Unit moving to Kleine Brogel Air Base. 350 Squadron moved to Florennes Air Base. Later that year, all Belgian Air Force Training Squadrons moved to Beauvechain, creating 1st Wing. This unit was responsible for the education and training of the pilots of the Belgian Air Component and comprised the 5th Squadron, which operated the SIAI Marchetti SF260, the 7th Squadron and 11th Squadron, which operated the Alpha Jet. The 7th Squadron used to operate the Fouga Magister as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159745-0001-0001", "contents": "1st Wing (Belgium), Training Wing\nInstructors of the 9th Squadron, also known as \"Training and Evaluation Centre\" (TEC), flew on the SF260 as well as the Alpha Jet. In 2005, 11th Squadron and the Alpha Jets moved to Cazaux in France, to participate in the Advanced Jet Training School (AJeTS). The Fouga Magister was retired from service in September 2007, and 7th Squadron moved to Tours in France. The 1st Wing then consisted of 5th Squadron and 9th Squadron, both operating the SF260.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159745-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wing (Belgium), Helicopter Wing\nOn September 9, 2010, the A109 helicopters of the Wing Heli moved from Bierset to Beauvechain. The former Training Squadrons (5th and 9th) became the Basic Flying Training School, still located at Beauvechain. Wing Heli was disbanded, and 1st Wing became a helicopter wing, consisting of 15th (Operational Conversion and Training Unit), 17th and 18th Squadrons. 17th Squadron still operates the A109BA helicopter, while 18th Squadron started flying the NH90 as of October 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159746-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment\nThe 1st Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159746-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Wisconsin Cavalry was organized at Ripon and Kenosha, Wisconsin, between September 1, 1861, and February 2, 1862, and mustered into Federal service on March 10, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159746-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment participated in the capture of Confederate President Jefferson Davis on May 10, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159746-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out at Edgefield, Tennessee, on July 19, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159746-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 1st Wisconsin Cavalry initially recruited 1,124 officers and men. An additional 1,417 men were recruited as replacements, for a total of 2,541 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159746-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 6 officers and 67 enlisted men killed or died from wounds in action, and 7 officers and 321 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 401 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159746-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment, References\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159747-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Regiment Wisconsin Heavy Artillery was an artillery regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159747-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nThe 1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery was originally organized by companies over a considerable period of time and did not serve together as a complete regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159747-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery Regiment, Service\nBatteries \"E\" to \"M\" were mustered out on June 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159747-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe 1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery initially recruited 1,777 officers and men. An additional 386 men were recruited as replacements, for a total of 2,163 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159747-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 4 enlisted men killed or died from wounds in action, and 2 officers and 77 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 83 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 69], "content_span": [70, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159748-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (1898)\nThe 1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, reconstituted in 1898, was as an infantry regiment that served in the United States Army during the Spanish\u2013American War. The regiment served out its term of service within the continental United States, and did not see action during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159748-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (1898), Service\nThe 1st Wisconsin was mustered into service on May 14, 1898, at Camp Harvey in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with a strength of fifty officers and 976 enlisted men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159748-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (1898), Service\nThe regiment moved to Camp Cuba Libre in Jacksonville, Florida, and was assigned to the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division of the 7th Army Corps commanded by Fitzhugh Lee. The corps was being trained for an intended assault on Havana, Cuba, when an armistice ended the fighting on August 12, 1898, though the war would officially continue until the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159748-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (1898), Service\nThe 1st Wisconsin was mustered out of service on October 19, 1898, in Wisconsin. At the time of mustering out, the unit consisted of forty-nine officers and 1,224 enlisted men. The 1st Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry is perpetuated by both the 127th Infantry Regiment and the 128th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159748-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (1898), Casualties\nThe 1st Wisconsin suffered 40 enlisted men who died of disease, plus 8 additional men who were discharged for disability or other causes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159749-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (3 Months)\nThe 1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served a three-month enlistment in the Union Army during the first months of the American Civil War. The regiment was later re-established as a three-year enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159749-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (3 Months), Service\nThe original 1st Regiment Wisconsin was raised at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on April 16, 1861, and mustered into Federal service May 17, 1861. The regiment was moved to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on June 9. It was assigned to Abercrombie's 6th Brigade of Negley's 2nd Division, Patterson's Army. It spent its service guarding the upper Potomac River crossings. Its only engagement was at Falling Waters on July 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159749-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (3 Months), Total enlistments and casualties\nThe 1st Wisconsin Infantry initially mustered 810 men and added no recruits. It lost 2 men killed in action or mortally wounded, and one killed accidentally for a total of three fatalities, a death rate of 0.37 percent. One of the fatalities was Second Sergeant of Company B, Warren M Graham, 18 years old, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 76], "content_span": [77, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159750-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (3 Years)\nThe 1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served a three-year enlistment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159750-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (3 Years), Service\nThe 1st Wisconsin was raised at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and was mustered into federal service on October 19, 1861. The new regiment was recruited by Colonel Starkweather of the original 1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment after that regiment was mustered out of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159750-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment (3 Years), Total enlistments and casualties\nThe 1st Wisconsin Infantry initially mustered 945 men and later recruited an additional 563 men, for a total of 1508 men. The regiment suffered 6 officers and 151 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 1 officer and 142 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 300 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159751-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Legislature\nThe First Wisconsin Legislature convened from June 5, 1848, to August 21, 1848, in regular session. Members of the Assembly and Senate were elected after an election on February 1, 1848, that ratified the proposed state constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159751-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the First Wisconsin Legislature (19):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159751-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Assembly\nMembers of the Assembly for the First Wisconsin Legislature (66):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159752-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Territorial Assembly\nThe First Legislative Assembly of the Wisconsin Territory convened from October 25, 1836, to December 9, 1836, and from November 6, 1837, to January 20, 1838, in regular session. The Assembly also convened in special session from June 11, 1838, to June 25, 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159752-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Territorial Assembly\nThe first session was held at Belmont, Iowa County (in present-day Lafayette County, Wisconsin). The 2nd session and special session were held at Burlington, Des Moines County (in present-day Des Moines County, Iowa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159752-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wisconsin Territorial Assembly\nThe three sessions of the 1st Legislative Assembly were the only legislative sessions to take place before the division of the Iowa Territory from the Wisconsin Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159753-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Women's Chess Olympiad\nThe 1st Women's Chess Olympiad, organized by the FIDE, took place between 2 and 21 September 1957, in Emmen, Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159753-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Women's Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nA total of 21 two-woman teams entered the competition and were divided into three preliminary groups of seven teams. The top three from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed 4th\u20135th to Final B, and 6th\u20137th to Final C. All groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159753-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Women's Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 1 was won by the Soviet Union, well ahead of Netherlands and Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159753-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Women's Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nEast Germany took first place in group 2, ahead of Bulgaria and Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159753-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Women's Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 3 was won by Yugoslavia, ahead of West Germany and England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159754-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Word/1st Word Plus\n1st Word and 1st Word Plus are word processors developed by GST Computer Systems in the 1980s. The original package, 1st Word, was given away free with all Atari STs. The later 1st Word Plus was sold by GST and was more advanced. Atari ST disk magazine ST News was written entirely and exclusively using 1st Word and, later, 1st Word Plus. The first Volume (1986) was distributed as a plain 1st Word .DOC file, after that a custom shell was produced that enabled the 1st Word documents to be displayed in a userfriendly disk magazine shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159754-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Word/1st Word Plus\n1st Word first began being bundled with the Atari ST in December 1985. 1st Word Plus version 2.0 credits Mike Bees, Howard Chalkley, Phil Champ, Martin Dickens, Chris Scheybeler, and Alun  Gladman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159754-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Word/1st Word Plus\nAcorn Computers commissioned GST to make a version known as First Word Plus available for the Archimedes range of computers, this becoming available for the Arthur operating system in 1988, priced at \u00a392. After the release of RISC OS, a new version of the software was released to take advantage of the multi-tasking environment, although the application did not make use of the system's own printing architecture and accompanying drivers, instead retaining its own drivers to take advantage of printer features such as \"near-letter quality\" modes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159754-0002-0001", "contents": "1st Word/1st Word Plus\nAlso priced at \u00a392, with an upgrade from the earlier version costing \u00a345, the software was regarded as not providing any \"giant leap forward in capability\" from similar products on Acorn's 8-bit computers, but nevertheless made the activities of such a \"simple system\" easier to accomplish on the more capable hardware, lending itself to efficient use of dot-matrix or daisywheel printers. It was also considered a useful companion to Acorn Desktop Publisher - a derivative of GST's Timeworks software - making a \"neat system\" for users with 2\u00a0MB of RAM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159754-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Word/1st Word Plus\nA PC version was produced that ran using Digital Research's GEM interface. Other versions were produced for the Torch XXX and for Digital Research's FlexOS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159755-0000-0000", "contents": "1st World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe First World Festival of Youth and Students (WFYS) was held in 1947, in Prague, the capital of the then Czechoslovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159755-0001-0000", "contents": "1st World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe World Federation of Democratic Youth had decided to celebrate its first festival there in remembrance of the events of October and November 1939, when thousands of young Czechs rose in demonstrations against the occupation of the country by Nazi Germany. This caused a wave of repression that included the closing of all the superior schools, the arrest of more than 1850 students, and the internment of 1200 in the Nazi concentration camps. The WFYS also paid tribute to the Czech cities of Lidice and Le\u017e\u00e1ky, which were eradicated as a response to the assassination of the German governor Reinhard Heydrich, nicknamed The Butcher of Prague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159755-0002-0000", "contents": "1st World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe WFYS was officially inaugurated before a crowd of 17,000 at Strahov Stadium on the afternoon of July 25, 1947. The blue flag with the emblem of the World Federation of Democratic Youth was raised and, for the first time, the Song of Democratic Youth, composed by Anatoli Novikov with lyrics by Lev Oshanin, was heard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159755-0003-0000", "contents": "1st World Festival of Youth and Students\nThis was the longest Festival in its history, lasting almost four weeks. Among the sporting events was an athletics competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159755-0004-0000", "contents": "1st World Festival of Youth and Students\nThe motto of the festival was Youth Unite, Forward for Lasting Peace!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159756-0000-0000", "contents": "1st World Mahjong Championship 2007\nThe 1st World Mahjong Championship 2007 was held at the Hong Zhu Shan Hotel in Chengdu, Sichuan, China from November 1 to 5, in 2007. The official name of this event was \"2007 The First Mahjong Cultural Exchange Congress and World Mahjong Championship\". During the event, the Congress was held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159756-0001-0000", "contents": "1st World Mahjong Championship 2007, Competition\nThis competition is the official first world championship in Mahjong after World Mahjong Organization was founded in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159757-0000-0000", "contents": "1st World Science Fiction Convention\nThe First World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) was held in the Caravan Hall in New York from July 2 to July 4, 1939, in conjunction with the New York World's Fair, which was themed as \"The World of Tomorrow\". The convention was later named \"Nycon I\" by Forrest J Ackerman. The event had 200 participants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159757-0001-0000", "contents": "1st World Science Fiction Convention, Participants\nThe Guest of Honor at the first Worldcon was Frank R. Paul and the event was chaired by Sam Moskowitz. Along with Moskowitz, other organizers were James V. Taurasi, Sr. and Will Sykora. Notable people attending included John W. Campbell, Isaac Asimov, L. Sprague de Camp, Ray Bradbury, Hannes Bok, Milton A. Rothman, John D. Clark, Jack Williamson, and Harry Harrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159757-0002-0000", "contents": "1st World Science Fiction Convention, Participants\nIn addition to its groundbreaking role as the first of its kind, the convention was noteworthy for the exclusion of a number of politicized Futurians by convention chair Sam Moskowitz; those excluded were  Donald A. Wollheim, Frederik Pohl, John Michel, Robert A. W. Lowndes, and Jack Gillespie, an event known to fannish historians as \"The Great Exclusion Act.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159757-0003-0000", "contents": "1st World Science Fiction Convention, Participants\nAccording to Pohl, in his autobiography The Way the Future Was, the Futurians held their own counter-convention which was attended by several who went to the regular convention. He also downplayed the aspect that politics played, himself believing that it was a personality conflict between the convention organizers and the Futurians and said \"We pretty nearly had it coming,\" continuing with \"What we Futurians made very clear to the rest of New York fandom was that we thought we were better than they were. For some reason that annoyed them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159757-0004-0000", "contents": "1st World Science Fiction Convention, Participants\nAckerman and his girlfriend and fellow fanzine editor Myrtle R. Douglas (\"Morojo\") attended the convention in costumes designed and sewn by Douglas: this is considered a forerunner to modern fan costuming (which is known as \"cosplay\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0000-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree\nThe 1st World Scout Jamboree was held from 30 July 1920 to 8 August 1920 and was hosted by the United Kingdom at Kensington Olympia in London. 8,000 Scouts from 34 nations attended the event, which was hosted in a glass-roofed building covering an area of 6 acres (24,000\u00a0m2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0001-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree\nIt was at this event that Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, was acclaimed the Chief Scout of the World. The organizing secretary was Major Alexander Gawthrope Wade, MC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0002-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Olympia and camping\nThe Olympia arena was filled with a foot-(30\u00a0cm)-deep layer of earth, which was turfed over, enabling the Scouts to pitch tents within the glass-roofed hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0003-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Olympia and camping\nHowever, around 5,000 of the Scouts were encamped at the Old Deer Park in nearby Richmond. The Scouts rotated in and out of Olympia to give them all the opportunity to participate in the events there. The Thames flooded the campsite one night and Scouts had to be evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0004-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Olympia and camping\nOlympia hosted numerous exhibitions, pageants and contests during the Jamboree event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0005-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Chief Scout of the World\nIn order to honour Baden-Powell's role as the founder of Scouting, it was suggested by James E. West, the Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America that he be awarded the title of Great Indian Chief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0006-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Chief Scout of the World\nHowever, during the initiation ceremony, one of the young Scouts shouted out \"Long live the Chief Scout of the World\", and so it became Baden-Powell's official title within Scouting until his dying day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0007-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Closing speech\nBaden-Powell gave a closing speech at the end of the Jamboree:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0008-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Closing speech\n\"Brother Scouts. Differences exist between the peoples of the world in thought and sentiment, just as they do in language and physique. The Jamboree has taught us that if we exercise mutual forbearance and give and take, then there is sympathy and harmony. If it be your will, let us go forth fully determined that we will develop among ourselves and our boys that comradeship, through the world wide spirit of the Scout brotherhood, so that we may help to develop peace and happiness in the world and goodwill among men\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0009-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Jamborees since 1920\nMany lessons were learnt from the first World Scout Jamboree, including the acknowledgement that an indoor venue was too restrictive for the activities and numbers of Scouts who would attend. It was also realised that above all else, a Jamboree is a means of developing a spirit of comradeship among the boys of many nations and the more that aspect can be stressed, the more successful a Jamboree becomes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0010-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Exhibits\nAmongst the thousands of Scouts, there was also a selection of wild animals at the Jamboree:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159758-0011-0000", "contents": "1st World Scout Jamboree, Official badge\nThere was no official badge for this event; the first badge was made for the 2nd World Scout Jamboree. There was later a placeholder badge made to make the set of reminder badges complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159759-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Writers Guild of America Awards\nThe 1st Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best film writers of 1948. Winners were announced in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159760-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Wyoming Territorial Legislature\nThe 1st Wyoming Territorial Legislature was a meeting of the Wyoming Legislature that lasted from October 12 to December 10, 1869. This was the first meeting of the territorial legislature following the creation of the Wyoming Territory by the United States Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159760-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Wyoming Territorial Legislature, History, Creation\nOn July 25, 1868, the United States Congress approved the Wyoming Organic Act which created the Wyoming Territory with land from the Dakota, Utah, and Idaho territories. At the time of the territory's formation there were four counties; Albany, Carbon, Carter, and Laramie counties. On September 2, 1869, the first legislature elections were held where the Democratic Party won all of the seats in the Council and House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159760-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Wyoming Territorial Legislature, History, Formation\nThe first session of the Wyoming territorial legislature occurred from October 12, to December 10, 1869. The upper house Council met in the Thomas McLeland Building and the House of Representatives met in the Arcade Building in Cheyenne, Wyoming. On October 12, John H. Howe, Chief Justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court, inaugurated the twenty-one members of the territorial legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159760-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Wyoming Territorial Legislature, History, Formation\nWilliam H. Bright was selected to serve as the President of the Council and S. M. Curran was selected to serve as the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Council convened with two members missing, W. S. Rockwell and George Wilson Jr., who would later arrive on October 15 and October 27. The House of Representatives convened with five members missing, with four of them arriving by November 23, but Representative J. M. Freeman never arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159760-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Wyoming Territorial Legislature, History, Legislation\nDuring the legislative session legislation giving women the right to vote was introduced by William Bright in the Council. On December 6, 1869, Council voted seven to two in favor and the House of Representatives voted seven to four in favor. On December 10, Governor John Allen Campbell signed the legislation into law. Amalia Post, a leader in the woman suffrage movement, was largely instrumental in having the franchise granted women in Wyoming Territory by the 1st Wyoming Territorial Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159760-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Wyoming Territorial Legislature, History, Legislation\nThe legislature passed legislation renaming Carter County to Sweetwater and created Uinta County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159761-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Yanaul\n1st Yanaul (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u042f\u043d\u0430\u0443\u043b; Bashkir: 1-\u0441\u0435 \u042f\u04a3\u0430\u0443\u044b\u043b, 1-se Ya\u00f1aw\u0131l) is a rural locality (a village) in Kudashevsky Selsoviet of Tatyshlinsky District, Russia. The population was 98 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159761-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Yanaul, Geography\n1st Yanaul is located 18 km west of Verkhniye Tatyshly (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159762-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Yerevan Golden Apricot International Film Festival\nThe 1st Yerevan Golden Apricot International Film Festival was a film festival held in Yerevan, Armenia from June 30 to July 4, 2004. The festival attracted attention from all over the world while including 148 films representing over 70 filmmakers from 20 countries. Grand Prizes of the first Golden Apricot festival went to Atom Egoyan (Feature Film Competition), Stephane Elmadjian (Short Film and Experimental) and Armen Khachatryan (Documentary).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159762-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Yerevan Golden Apricot International Film Festival, About the Golden Apricot Yerevan International Film Festival\nThe Golden Apricot Yerevan International Film Festival (GAIFF) (Armenian: \u00ab\u0548\u057d\u056f\u0565 \u053e\u056b\u0580\u0561\u0576\u00bb \u0535\u0580\u0587\u0561\u0576\u056b \u0574\u056b\u057b\u0561\u0566\u0563\u0561\u0575\u056b\u0576 \u056f\u056b\u0576\u0578\u0583\u0561\u057c\u0561\u057f\u0578\u0576) is an annual film festival held in Yerevan, Armenia. The festival was founded in 2004 with the co-operation of the \u201cGolden Apricot\u201d Fund for Cinema Development, the Armenian Association of Film Critics and Cinema Journalists. The GAIFF is continually supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RA, the Ministry of Culture of the RA and the Benevolent Fund for Cultural Development. The objectives of the festival are \"to present new works by the film directors and producers in Armenia and foreign cinematographers of Armenian descent and to promote creativity and originality in the area of cinema and video art\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 116], "content_span": [117, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159763-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Ye\u015fil\u00e7am Awards\nThe 1st Ye\u015fil\u00e7am Awards (Turkish: 1. Ye\u015fil\u00e7am \u00d6d\u00fclleri), presented by the Turkish Foundation of Cinema and Audiovisual Culture (T\u00dcRSAK) and Beyo\u011flu Municipality, honored the best Turkish films of 2007 and took place on March 24, 2008, at the L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar Congress and Exhibition Hall in Istanbul, Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159764-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Yokohama Film Festival\nThe 1st Yokohama Film Festival (\u7b2c1\u56de\u30e8\u30b3\u30cf\u30de\u6620\u753b\u796d)  was held on 3 February 1980 in Keihin Film Theatre, Tsurumi, Kanagawa, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159765-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Your World Awards\nYour World Awards 2012 is produced by Telemundo, and was broadcast live on August 30, 2012. It was hosted by Gaby Espino and Rafael Amaya. Voting for nominees started on July 25, and ended on August 17, 2012. The awards show averaged 1.68 million viewers. Due to its success, a second edition of Premios Tu Mundo was held on August 15, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159766-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Youth in Film Awards\nThe 1st Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers in the fields of film, television and music for the 1978\u20131979 season, and took place in October 1979 at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Universal City, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159766-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Youth in Film Awards\nEstablished in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159766-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Youth in Film Awards\nAlthough the Youth in Film Awards were conceived as a way to primarily recognize youth performers under the age of 18, the eldest winner in a competitive category at the 1st annual ceremony was Dennis Christopher who was 23 years old on the night he won as Best Juvenile Actor in a Motion Picture for his performance in Breaking Away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159766-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Feature Film, Best Juvenile Actor in A Motion Picture\n\u2605 Dennis Christopher \u2013 Breaking Away \u2013 20th Century Fox", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 105], "content_span": [106, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159766-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a Feature Film, Best Juvenile Actress in A Motion Picture\n\u2605 Diane Lane \u2013 A Little Romance \u2013 Warner Bros", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 107], "content_span": [108, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159766-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Series or Special, Best Juvenile Actress in a TV Series or Special\n\u2605 Charlene Tilton \u2013 Dallas (Royal Marriage segment) \u2013 CBS", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 121], "content_span": [122, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159766-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Daytime Series, Best Juvenile Actor in A Daytime Series\n\u2605 Meegan King \u2013 Days of Our Lives \u2013 NBC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 110], "content_span": [111, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159766-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Youth in Film Awards, Best Young Performer in a TV Daytime Series, Best Juvenile Actress in A Daytime Series\n\u2605 Tracey Bregman \u2013 Days of Our Lives \u2013 NBC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 112], "content_span": [113, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159767-0000-0000", "contents": "1st ZAI Awards\nThe 1st ZAI Awards, honoring the best in the Slovak music industry for individual achievements for the year of 1990, took place at the Hotel Kiev in Bratislava in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159767-0001-0000", "contents": "1st ZAI Awards, Winners, Main categories\n\u2605 \"Pravda v\u00ed\u0165az\u00ed\" (by Tublatanka) \u2013 Martin Sarva\u0161 (lyrics)\u00a0\u2022 Martin \u010eurinda (music)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division\nThe 1st Zadneprovskaya Ukrainian Soviet Division was a military unit of the Ukrainian Soviet Army during the Russian Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Formation\nOn January 26, 1919, a special detachment under the command of Pavel Dybenko, the commander of the 7th Sumy Regiment of the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Division, captured the city of Yekaterinoslav during the offensive of the Ukrainian Front. The front was to continue its advance south. The position of the peasantry in the central and southern regions of Ukraine was of decisive importance in this situation. In addition the Yekaterinoslav railway was of strategic importance as it was the only one in the steppe Ukraine, and therefore the question of control over it was extremely acute. Local rebel groups were located just near this railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0002-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Formation\nOn January 27, Dybenko and his chief of staff Sergey Ivanovich Petrikovsky were urgently summoned to Kharkov by the commander of the Ukrainian Front, Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko. Antonov-Ovseenko ordered Dybenko to create a rifle division from the rebel and partisan detachments of Northern Tavria (Tavricheskaya province), train personnel and begin to perform combat missions as part of the Ukrainian Front. Dybenko was appointed as the commander of the division, Petrikovsky as the chief of staff, and Alexandra Kollontai as the chief of the political department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0003-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Formation\nUpon Dybenko's return from Kharkov, the commanders of the partisan and rebel detachments of Northern Tavria were summoned by a special telegram, and gathered in the headquarters of the Special Detachment. Dybenko familiarized them with the situation in the south of the province, where the White Guards had entrenched themselves on the line from Tokmak, through Prishib station to the village of Fedorovka and, according to available information, intended to hold the defense at this line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0003-0001", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Formation\nDybenko announced to the audience about the beginning of the formation of the division, which in March was to go on the offensive and in April to capture the Crimea. Based on the number of units in Northern Tavria, the command of the division planned to form six regiments, combined into three brigades. The anarchist Nestor Makhno was appointed commander of the 3rd Brigade. During this period, Makhnovist detachments advancing from the Donbass fought fierce battles against the 3rd Division of the Volunteer Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0004-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Ataman Grigoriev's switch to the side of the Red Army\nIn early February, it became known that the Kherson division of the Ukrainian People's Army under the command of Ataman Nikifor Grigoriev intended to switch to the side of the Red Army. Grigoriev broke off relations with the Petliura command due to the fact that the Directorate of Ukraine agreed with the Entente expansion of the occupation zone, after which the fighters of his division, formed from the rebel detachments of the Kherson region, left their homes and went north. On January 25, the occupation troops landed in Mykolaiv, on January 29\u201330. Having entered into armed clashes with them against the orders of the Directory, Grigoriev actually placed himself outside the army of the UPR. Unable to independently resist the Entente offensive, he decided to go over to the side of the Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 105], "content_span": [106, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0005-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Ataman Grigoriev's switch to the side of the Red Army\nOn February 1, Grigoriev entered into negotiations with the Soviet troops \u2013 he established contact with the chief of staff of the Special Group of Soviet Forces Petrenko, stating that he was negotiating on behalf of the Borotbist Central Revolutionary Committee. Grigoriev stated that he had twenty partisan detachments at his disposal, ready to fight against the Petliurists, White Guards, Germans and interventionists. The Ataman also had a telephone conversation with Antonov-Ovseyenko. During the negotiations, he agreed to submit to the command of the Red Army, as well as to recognize the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR \u2013 thereby, he actually renounced the Borotbist Tsentrrevkom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 105], "content_span": [106, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0006-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Ataman Grigoriev's switch to the side of the Red Army\nOn February 2, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR, Christian Rakovsky, reported to Moscow: \u201cThere was an agreement between the representatives of our armies operating on the border of the Yekaterinoslav and Kherson provinces and the ataman Grigoriev. He is a Ukrainian Social Revolutionary with significant partisan forces and operates in the Kherson province all the way to Mykolaiv ... \"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 105], "content_span": [106, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0007-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Ataman Grigoriev's switch to the side of the Red Army\nOn February 18, the Grigorievites became part of the 1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division. According to Order No. 18 for the troops of the Kharkov Sector Group of Forces dated February 21, 1919, a rifle division was formed from units under the command of Dybenko, Grigorieva and Makhno, which received the name 1st Zadneprovskaya Ukrainian Soviet Division. Dybenko was appointed head of the division, the 1st Brigade was formed from the insurgent detachments of Ataman Grigoriev, the 2nd brigade from the insurgent detachments of Northern Tavria, and the 3rd Brigade from the insurgent detachments of Nestor Makhno. At this time, there were more than 5 thousand former rebels under the command of Grigoriev, armed with 100 machine guns and 10 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 105], "content_span": [106, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0008-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Ataman Grigoriev's switch to the side of the Red Army\nIn the operational summary of the headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Group of Forces of the Kharkov direction of February 5, 1919, it was reported that Grigoriev's detachments controlled the region of Znamianka-Koristovka-Oleksandriia-Kherson-Kryvyi Rih-Dolgintsevo-Apostolove, as well as the Novo-Poltavka station, north of Mykolaiv. In a summary for February 15, it was reported that Elisavetgrad, Nikopol, Novoukrainka and other settlements were also under the control of the ataman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 105], "content_span": [106, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0009-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Ataman Grigoriev's switch to the side of the Red Army\nAfter the Grigorievites were reorganized into the 1st Brigade of the 1st Zadneprovskaya Ukrainian Soviet Division, the brigade was tasked with keeping the front north of the Voznesensk-Alyoshki-Nikopol-Apostolove-Kryvyi Rih line, restraining the advance of the Entente troops and preventing their connection with the Russian White Guards advancing from Northern Tavria. On February 20, French troops drove the Grigorievites out of Voznesensk. Meanwhile, Antonov-Ovseenko ordered the Grigoriev brigade to launch an offensive on the Black Sea coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 105], "content_span": [106, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0010-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nIn early February, an additional 500 French and 2,000 Greek soldiers landed in Kherson, where there were already 500 Entente soldiers. In Mykolaiv, the number of French and Greek troops reached 3 thousand bayonets. The invaders could also count on the remnants of the 15th German Division that remained in the city, with up to 16 thousand bayonets. At all railway stations from Odessa to Kherson, small detachments of 30\u201340 Entente soldiers were deployed. At large stations, the Entente garrisons numbered 400\u2013500 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0011-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nHaving launched a general offensive on Kherson, Grigoriev recaptured Voznesensk a week later, and the Entente units were forced to create an extended front along the Mykolaiv-Kherson railroad, using up to 8 thousand soldiers, 20 guns, 18 tanks, 4 armored cars and 5 aircraft. Against them at that time Grigoriev could only put up about 6 thousand peasant rebels with 8 guns. However, the interventionists could not hold back the onslaught of peasant detachments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0012-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nBy February 27, the Grigorievites recaptured Belaya Krinitsa and other settlements from the enemy. On February 27, the command of the Soviet troops assigned Grigoriev a political commissar, and with him 35 more Bolsheviks to carry out political work in the brigade. At the same time, a member of the Borotbist party named Yuriy Tyutyunnyk came to Grigoriev, and Grigoriev appointed him his chief of staff. The struggle for political influence in the Grigorievites continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0013-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nOn March 3, the Grigorievites began the siege of Kherson. On March 8, after five days of stubborn fighting, the Grigorievites broke into the city, pushing the Greeks back to the port. The command of the Entente troops sent reinforcements to the aid of the Kherson garrison, but they did not manage to disembark and did not take part in the battles. When it became clear to the command of the allied forces in Kherson that defeat was inevitable, the Greeks set fire to the port warehouses, in which several hundred hostages from among the local residents burned to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0014-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nOn March 10, the city was taken, while Grigoriev captured 6 guns, about 100 machine guns and 700 rifles. During the battles for Kherson, the Greeks lost more than 300 soldiers and officers killed and taken prisoner, and 70 prisoners were shot by the Grigorievites. Grigoriev ordered to load the corpses of Greek soldiers onto a steamer and send them to the main allied command in Odessa. After the loss of Kherson, a large group of up to 2 thousand Entente bayonets and 2 squadrons of White Guards tried to attack the city, but the Grigorievites repulsed the attack. In the meantime, soldiers in the French units held a rally and refused to go on the offensive. The French command was forced to withdraw its troops to the Kolosovka station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0015-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nSimultaneously with the operation to capture Kherson, the troops of the 1st Brigade attacked Mykolaiv, which was defended by the 15th German Division of the Landwehr under the command of General Zak-Galhausen (10 thousand people). Despite the calls of the Entente command about the need to hold the defense, the German soldiers' committee began negotiations on the surrender of the city. On March 5, Grigoriev sent an ultimatum to the Mykolaiv City Duma demanding that the city be surrendered immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0015-0001", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nOn March 7, the attacks of the Grigorievites were successfully repulsed by the defenders of the city with heavy losses for the Soviet troops, including from the actions of the German heavy artillery and the naval artillery of the French cruiser stationed at the mouth of the river. However, a few days later, in view of the loss of Kherson and the arrival of fresh reinforcements to the offensive, the French command announced the evacuation of the allied forces, and on March 14 Mykolaiv was surrendered without a fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0015-0002", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nIn the surrender of Mykolaiv, a significant role was played by the position of the German garrison and the commander of the 15th Division, General Zak-Galhausen, who decided to support the offensive of the Grigorievites and signed an agreement on the restoration of Soviet power in the city. At the same time, German units disarmed a small volunteer White Guard squad, transferring power in the city and seizing 20 heavy guns, military equipment and more than 2 thousand horses for the Soviet of Workers' Deputies and Grigoriev's troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0016-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nThe seizure of Kherson, Mykolaiv and adjacent territories with the main railways created favorable conditions for the further offensive of the troops of the Kharkov Direction Group in southern Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0017-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nOn March 15, the Grigorievites recaptured the Rozdilna railway station from the Whites and their main base in southern Ukraine. On March 17, the Grigorievites captured the Berezivka railway station, which was held by Polish legionnaires, French bayonets and White Guards. In the battles for Berezovka, the invading force lost about 400 people (including about 150 killed); in addition 8 guns, 5 Renault FT-17 tanks, 1 armored train, 7 steam locomotives and about 100 machine guns were seized by the Gregorievites. One of the tanks was sent to Moscow as a gift to Lenin. Four more Renault FT-17 tanks were delivered by rail to the Kharkov steam locomotive plant for repair and re-equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0018-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nLeaving Berezovka, the command of the Entente troops nominated General Timanovsky's units of the \"Volunteer Army of the Odessa Region\" to the front. A thousand volunteers with two guns occupied the front from the Mykolaiv-Odessa railway to the Black Sea, covering Ochakov. Two more cavalry squadrons of volunteers, with the support of the Polish battalion, blocked the Mykolaiv-Odessa railway, and the Greeks (one thousand bayonets) were located in the rear of this defense sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0019-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nOn March 20, the commander of the Kharkov Group of Forces, A. Ye. Skachko, issued order No. 22, in which he assigned the 1st Zadneprovsk Division a combat mission: the 1st brigade of Grigoriev \u2013 to capture Odessa; 2nd brigade Kotov \u2013 blockade the Crimean peninsula; 3rd brigade Makhno \u2013 go to the line with. Platovka \u2013 Mariupol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0020-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nOn March 22, a strike group was allocated from the Group of Forces of the Kharkov direction for conducting hostilities in the Odessa direction, which included the 1st Brigade under the command of Grigoriev. The aggravation of the situation near Kiev prevented the full implementation of these plans, which Antonov-Ovseenko to transfer most of the combat-ready units from the south to the defense of the city from the Petliurists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0020-0001", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nIn the operation to capture Odessa, Grigoriev had to carry out the forces of his brigade: 1st Verblyuzhsky Regiment (about 3900 people), 2nd Kherson Regiment (about 4000 people), 3rd Tavrichesky Regiment (more than 3000 people). The 1st Brigade was supported only by two attached regiments \u2013 the 1st Voznesensky (450 people) and the 15th Ukrainian Soviet Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0021-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nMeanwhile, on March 24, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Ukrainian Front made a decision to create the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Soviet armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0022-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nOn March 25, the Grigorievites captured the Serbka station, on March 26, they captured Kolosovka station, and on March 28 the Kremidovka station fell, in battles from which up to 2 thousand of the Entente members were taken prisoner. An attempt by the Entente forces and the Odessa White Guards to conduct a counteroffensive on Serbka on March 29 did not bring success. About 8 thousand French, Greek, Romanian, Polish troops recaptured the station, but the night attack of the Grigorievites led to the flight of the Entente who, in a hurry, left the Grigorievites a French plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0022-0001", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nOn March 29, the White Guards left Ochakov without a fight, after which the defense of the \"Odessa White Army\" concentrated on the Razdelnaya-Serbka-Odessa sector. Odessa was completely surrounded by \"red\" rebels. On March 31, the allies tried, with the support of two tanks, to attack Serbka again, but the attack was drowned. In the battles for the station, up to 600 Entente servicemen were killed and seriously wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0023-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nDespite defeats at the front, the interventionists and White Guards outnumbered the Grigorievites by several times and could have continued the defense and even launched a counteroffensive, however, on April 2, the chief of staff of the French troops in southern Russia, Colonel A. Freudenberg, falsified the order of the French government to evacuate within three days. While the circumstances were being clarified, the evacuation took on such proportions that it was no longer possible to stop it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0023-0001", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nOn the morning of April 3, the commander of the Entente forces in the South of Russia F. d'Anselm announced the evacuation of the Entente forces from Odessa within 48 hours. On April 6, at about 15.00, the 1st brigade of Grigoriev entered Odessa, abandoned by the allied forces. On April 7, the People's Commissar for Military Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR, Nikolay Ilyich Podvoisky, notified the Soviet government by telegram about the capture of Odessa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0024-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Odessa-Mykolaiv operation\nThe Group of Forces of the Odessa Sector was formed as part of the Ukrainian Front, by separating troops from the Group of Forces of the Kharkov Sector. The group also included the 1st Zadneprovskaya Brigade of the 1st Zadneprovskaya Ukrainian Soviet Division. On April 14, Soviet troops took Razdelnaya. Romanian troops withdrew across the Dniester. On April 18, Ovidiopol was taken, and a little later \u2013 Tiraspol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 77], "content_span": [78, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0025-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Actions of the 2nd and 3rd brigades\nIn mid-March, the commander of the Ukrainian Front, Antonov-Ovseenko, ordered \"to reinforce the Makhno group to eliminate Berdyansk-Mariupol\" (French Navy ships entered the ports of Mariupol and Berdyansk in December 1918) with units of the 2nd Brigade operating in the Crimean direction, and the 16th regiment of the 1st Brigade. On March 14, the 1st Zadneprovsk Division captured Melitopol, cutting the White Azov front in two. On March 15, the Makhnovists occupied Berdyansk, on March 17 they captured Volnovakha and on March 19 approached Mariupol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 87], "content_span": [88, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0026-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Actions of the 2nd and 3rd brigades\nOn March 20, the commander of the Kharkov group of forces, Anatoly Evgenievich Skachko, assigned the Zadneprovsk Division and its 3rd Brigade to enter the Platovka-Mariupol line and gain a foothold on it. On March 27, during the battle with the Makhno brigade for Mariupol, the Entente naval forces stationed in the roadstead of Mariupol intervened in hostilities, fired at the advancing Makhnovists and created a small landing. However, on March 29, an agreement was signed with the Makhnovist delegation, establishing a one-day truce for the evacuation of the port. During this day, French ships removed from the port of Mariupol several unfinished ships, valuables and refugees. The 9th Greek Regiment, which took part in the liberation of Mariupol from the White Army, was awarded the honorary Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 87], "content_span": [88, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0027-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Actions of the 2nd and 3rd brigades\nThe 2nd Brigade during this period fought with the troops of the Crimean-Azov army for the Chongarsky and Perekop isthmuses of the Crimean peninsula. On April 5, the division completed its task \u2013 it captured the Isthmus of Perekop and had to stop at advantageous positions, locking up the Whites in Crimea. Not encountering serious resistance, Dybenko sent the divisional command, the 2nd rifle brigade, the engineer battalion and other units to the peninsula. The division was supported by a special purpose armored division under the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR. On April 10, the 2nd Rifle Brigade occupied Simferopol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 87], "content_span": [88, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159768-0028-0000", "contents": "1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division, History, Disbandment\nOn April 15, by order of the Ukrainian Front, the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Soviet armies were created:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159769-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Zhaoshang Cup\nThe '1st Zhaoshang Cup' began on 5 March 2011 and concluded on 6 March. Team China defeated Team Korea 6\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159770-0000-0000", "contents": "1st Zirimzibash\n1st Zirimzibash (Russian: 1-\u0439 \u0417\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0437\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0448; Bashkir: 1-\u0441\u0435 \u0415\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0439\u04d9\u0431\u0430\u0448, 1-se Eremy\u00e4ba\u015f) is a rural locality (a village) in Kurdymsky Selsoviet of Tatyshlinsky District, Russia. The population was 106 as of 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159770-0001-0000", "contents": "1st Zirimzibash, Geography\n1st Zirimzibash is located 23 km west of Verkhniye Tatyshly (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0000-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series)\n1st and 10 was a sports talk and debate television program spun off from ESPN2's Cold Pizza morning show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0001-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series)\nIt began as a segment which ran every in 20 minute intervals during Cold Pizza, a two-hour program broadcast on the American cable television network ESPN2, each weekday morning. It first aired at 7 AM, then moved to 8 before settling in at 10:00 AM and noon ET and later became a standalone program on ESPN2 at 2:30 PM each afternoon. Brian Donlon was the original executive producer of both Cold Pizza and 1st & 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0002-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), History\nThe program is hosted by Jay Crawford and features a sports columnist  Skip Bayless. Woody Paige, another columnist, was a founding co-host, but left the show before the move to Connecticut to return to his writing duties at the Denver Post. Dana Jacobson, First Take co-host, takes over the segments (and the spin-off show) when Crawford is away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0003-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), History\nGuest hosts, in place of either Jacobson or Crawford, have included Josh Elliott, Tom Rinaldi, Michael Kim, Michelle Bonner, Sage Steele and Bayless himself. (On the show Bayless hosted, the brothers who make up the 2 Live Stews, Doug and Ryan Stewart, were on either side of him.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0004-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), History\nOn May 7, 2007, the program moved to ESPN's headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut from its previous location in New York City. There have been occasional on-location segments as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0005-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), History\nDuring the show or segment, Bayless and another panelist discuss and debate ten items of significant sports news daily, with the full program ultimately divided into four segments, termed, as in American football, whence comes also the program's title, downs. Viewer e-mail is often read at the beginning of each segment and incorporated into discussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0006-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), History\nCrawford joined ESPN as co-host of Cold Pizza in 2003 having previously served as director of sports programming at WFTS-TV in Tampa, Florida. Paige, having frequently been a panelist on ESPN's Around the Horn while on the staff of the Denver Post, for which he had worked for more than thirty years, left the Post in 2004 to become a full-time employee of ESPN; however, he left the show on November 28, 2006 to return to the Post. Bayless, formerly a columnist for the Dallas Morning News, Miami Herald, and San Jose Mercury News, also left print journalism to join ESPN in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0007-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), History\nSince Paige left the show in December 2006 to return to Denver, Colorado, Bayless has been joined by a different guest panelist, whose run on the show has usually lasted for a week. The change affects both the main and spin-off programs. When the move to Bristol was originally announced, Bayless was no longer to be a regular on the show. Instead, he was to be part of a rotating group that will also include Patrick McEnroe, Stephen A. Smith, and Jemele Hill. However, Bayless has continued to be on the show every day since the move (except for vacation periods), and the basic format has not changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0008-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), History\nOn August 11, 2008, the show moved to ESPN2 because ESPN unveiled its new live SportsCenter block in the mid-morning and afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0009-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), History\nIn August 2011, parent show First Take underwent a drastic format change. Gone were the 1st and 10 segments, replaced with a more pronounced role for Skip Bayless. The show greatly increased the amount of debate segments, dropping the 1st and 10 name altogether and using the First Take name throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0010-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), History\nIn August 2011, ESPN rolled out a 1st and 10 podcast, featuring all of the debate topics condensed into a downloadable audio file. On September 13, 2011, the podcast was renamed the First Take podcast, effectively rendering 1st and 10 defunct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0011-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), Comparisons to other ESPN talk shows\nThe show was similar in format to ESPN's other afternoon sports talk programs Jim Rome Is Burning, Around the Horn, and Pardon the Interruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159771-0012-0000", "contents": "1st and 10 (2003 TV series), Comparisons to other ESPN talk shows\nWhat made the show different from others was its use of two panelists who talk about topics without any scoring system (as on Horn) or set amount of time given to a topic (PTI). Also, there are no \"theme\" segments or interviews with athletes and celebrities (several of the other shows), nor do either of the panelists face \"elimination\" at the end of a segment (also a feature of Horn).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0000-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated)\nThe 1st and 4th Missouri Infantry (Consolidated) was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was formed on November 7, 1862 when the 1st Missouri Infantry and the 4th Missouri Infantry were consolidated as a result of heavy battle losses in both units. The regiment served in several battles in the 1863 Vicksburg campaign, including a charge that almost broke the Union line at the Battle of Champion Hill. When the Siege of Vicksburg ended with a Confederate surrender, the regiment was captured and later exchanged. In 1864, the regiment fought in the Atlanta campaign, and suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Franklin. On April 9, 1865, the regiment surrendered at the Battle of Fort Blakely, and was paroled in May when the war ended for all effective purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0001-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Organization\nOn November 7, 1862, the 1st Missouri Infantry and the 4th Missouri Infantry were combined into a single unit. The consolidation occurred because both units had suffered heavy losses. Because Archibald MacFarlane, the colonel of the 4th Missouri, had been severely wounded at the Second Battle of Corinth and was unfit for further service, Amos Camden Riley, colonel of the 1st Missouri, commanded the regiment. Hugh A. Garland served as the regiment's major; the regiment did not have a lieutenant colonel until Garland was promoted to that rank on May 1, 1863. The regiment's company organization as of November 7, 1862, was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 67], "content_span": [68, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0002-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1863, Grand Gulf and Champion Hill\nAfter organization, the new regiment was assigned to the First Missouri Brigade. The First Missouri Brigade, commanded by Colonel Francis M. Cockrell, was transferred to the vicinity of Grand Gulf, Mississippi in early March 1863. While at Grand Gulf, the brigade built fortifications. The 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated), along with the 2nd Missouri Infantry, 3rd Missouri Infantry, and Henry Guibor's artillery battery, crossed the Mississippi River to Louisiana to observe Union movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0002-0001", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1863, Grand Gulf and Champion Hill\nOn April 15, the Missourians were ordered back to Grand Gulf, and the regiment participated in artillery fire with Union naval ships at the Battle of Grand Gulf. After Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant landed in Mississippi in order to move against Vicksburg, Bowen sent many of his men from Grand Gulf to Port Gibson, Mississippi to try to stop Grant. However, the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) was on detached duty guarding a bridge, and missed the ensuing Battle of Port Gibson on May 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0003-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1863, Grand Gulf and Champion Hill\nAfter Bowen withdrew from the Port Gibson area, the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) was next engaged at the Battle of Champion Hill on May 16. Bowen's division was under the commanded of Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton, and Pemberton had aligned his troops near Champion Hill to try to stop Grant's advance towards Vicksburg. A strong Union assault broke the left flank of the Confederate line, and Cockrell's brigade was sent to try to prevent a complete collapse of the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0003-0001", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1863, Grand Gulf and Champion Hill\nThe 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) formed on the right end of Cockrell's line, and soon came under heavy Union fire. The regiment then charged the Union position, buying time for Brigadier General Martin E. Green's Confederate brigade to arrive. Together, the brigades of Cockrell and Green, including the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated), charged the Union line, which was driven back some distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0003-0002", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1863, Grand Gulf and Champion Hill\nAfter driving Union troops from a crossroads and recapturing some cannons the Confederates had lost earlier in the battle, the Confederates charged towards the Champion family plantation, which was on a hill and was a key terrain feature. Brigadier General Alvin P. Hovey's Union division was broken by the Confederate charge, and the Confederates kept pressing forward. However, Union reinforcements and a strong line of artillery blunted the charge, and Bowen's men were forced to give up the ground they had gained. The 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) lost six flagbearers at Champion Hill. In total, the regiment lost 46 men killed, 80 wounded, and 52 missing in the fight, for a total of 178.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 106], "content_span": [107, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0004-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1863, Vicksburg\nAfter the retreat from Champion Hill, the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) was next engaged on May 17, at the Battle of Big Black River Bridge. Cockrell's brigade, Green's brigade, and a brigade of Tennessee soldiers commanded by Brigadier General John C. Vaughn had formed a line protecting the bridge over the Big Black River. A Union charge broke the Confederate line, forcing most of the Confederates into a retreat that turned into a rout towards the river crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0004-0001", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1863, Vicksburg\nThe 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) provided a rear guard for the fleeing Confederates, and was one of the few Confederate units to leave the field without routing. After the fight at the Big Black River, the Confederate army retreated within the defenses of Vicksburg. During the Siege of Vicksburg, the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) helped defeat Union attacks on May 19 and 22, and the regiment captured the flag of the 8th Missouri Infantry (Union) during the former engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0004-0002", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1863, Vicksburg\nThe regiment also saw action on July 1, helping to plug a gap in the Confederate line after a Union mine exploded a portion of the Confederate line. During the siege, the regiment lost 34 men killed and 59 wounded; the remaining 344 men of the regiment were captured by Union forces when the Confederate garrison surrendered on July 4. After the surrender, the men of the regiment were paroled, and were ordered to wait at Demopolis, Alabama until officially exchanged. Many of the Missourians did not report to Demopolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0004-0003", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1863, Vicksburg\nThe prisoner exchange process was completed on September 12, allowing the unit to rejoin Confederate service. In October, the regiment became part of the division of Major General Samuel French at Meridian, Mississippi. The regiment was later transferred to Mobile, Alabama, and then served patrol duty for a time in northern Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0005-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1864, Atlanta campaign\nThe 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) and Cockrell's Missouri Brigade fought as a unit of the Confederate Army of Tennessee during the Atlanta Campaign from May to September 1864. During the campaign, the regiment was part of French's division of Major General Leonidas Polk's corps. Cockrell, now promoted to brigadier general, still commanded the brigade the regiment was in. Besides the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated), Cockrell's brigade contained the 2nd and 6th Missouri (Consolidated), the 3rd and 5th Missouri (Consolidated), and the 1st and 3rd Missouri Cavalry (Consolidated). The regiment was engaged at the Battle of New Hope Church on May 25 and 26, where Colonel Riley was killed in action. Regimental command then passed to Hugh Garland, who was promoted to colonel on May 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 94], "content_span": [95, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0006-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1864, Atlanta campaign\nThe regiment was then in combat at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain on June 27. At Kennesaw Mountain, the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) and the rest of Cockrell's brigade was part of the Confederate line at a promontory named Pigeon Hill. Cockrell's brigade had deployed skirmishers, who were quickly driven in when the Union troops charged the position on Pigeon Hill. Cockrell's men drove back all of the Union assaults made against their position, and were engaged in combat for about an hour. Cockrell's brigade, including the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated), participated in several smaller engagements during the Atlanta campaign, as well as the Siege of Atlanta. The regiment lost 19 men killed, 57 wounded, and 4 missing over the course of the campaign, for a total of 80.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 94], "content_span": [95, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0007-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1864, Franklin-Nashville campaign\nCockrell's Missouri troops were heavily engaged in the Battle of Allatoona on October 5, 1864. General John Bell Hood, now commander of the Confederate army, dispatched French's division, which contained Cockrell's brigade, to capture a fortified Union position at Allatoona Pass. At Allatoona, Cockrell's four-regiment brigade aligned with the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) second from the left. Cockrell's brigade initially drove in Union skirmishers and captured an outer redoubt. The 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) captured the flag of the 39th Iowa Infantry. However, the Confederates were unable to capture the main Union fort, and were forced to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 105], "content_span": [106, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0007-0001", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1864, Franklin-Nashville campaign\nAt Allatoona, the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) lost 5 men killed, 37 wounded, and 2 missing, for a total of 44. The regiment also participated in the Battle of Franklin on November 30, 1864. In Franklin, as at Allatoona, the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) was aligned as the second regiment from the left in Cockrell's brigade. Cockrell's brigade reached the main Union line near a cotton gin, where the brigade ran into very heavy fire. Cockrell was wounded during the charge, and command of the brigade fell to Colonel Elijah Gates of the 1st and 3rd Missouri Cavalry (Consolidated), who was also wounded, but remained with the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 105], "content_span": [106, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0008-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1864, Franklin-Nashville campaign\nThe Confederates were able to break a hole in the Union line, but a strong counterattack drove the Confederates out of the main Union line. The First Missouri Brigade was decimated at Franklin, suffering 419 losses out of the 696 engaged in a frontal assault on the fortified Union lines. The 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated)'s commanding officer, Colonel Hugh A. Garland, was also killed in the charge. Garland had been carrying the regiment's flag when he fell; the flag was captured by Union troops. The regiment had entered the battle with around 100 men, and lost 35 of them killed, 25 wounded, and 2 missing, for a total of 62. The regiment, as well as the rest of the First Missouri Brigade, was on detached duty after Franklin, and missed the Battle of Nashville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 105], "content_span": [106, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0009-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Service history, 1865\nAfter the failure of the Nashville campaign, the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) was ordered to Mobile, Alabama, where it participated in the defense of Fort Blakely. During the Battle of Fort Blakely on April 9, 1865, the Confederate defenses, including the 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated), were overrun by a strong Union assault. The Missourians were forced to surrender during the fall of the fort, and were sent to Ship Island, Mississippi as prisoners of war. The survivors of the regiment were paroled on May 13, while at Jackson, Mississippi; the war had ended for all effective purposes by that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 76], "content_span": [77, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159772-0010-0000", "contents": "1st and 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Consolidated), Commanders\nThe 1st and 4th Missouri (Consolidated) was commanded by Riley and Garland. Garland had served as lieutenant colonel for the regiment previously, and the consolidated regiment's majors were Garland and Bradford Keith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 65], "content_span": [66, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159773-0000-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Lyon\nThe 1st arrondissement of Lyon, France is one of the nine arrondissements of the City of Lyon. It is located below the hill of Croix-Rousse and on the north part of the Presqu'\u00eele formed by the Sa\u00f4ne and the Rh\u00f4ne, the two rivers in Lyon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159773-0001-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Lyon\nThis zone is served by the metro lines \u00a0A\u00a0 and \u00a0C", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159773-0002-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Lyon, History\nLes pentes (the slopes Croix-Rousse, which were situated in the Franc-Lyonnais, are integrated to the city of Lyon since 1512, when Louis XII decided to build a fortification on the top of the hill Saint-S\u00e9bastien (name of Croix-Rousse in the Middle Ages) to defend the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159773-0003-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Lyon, History\nThe arrondissement was created 24 March 1852 (also the date of the creation of the 5 first arrondissements).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159773-0004-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Lyon, Geography, Area and demographics\nLocated in the centre of the presqu'\u00eele, the 1st arrondissement is the smallest of all the arrondissements de Lyon. Around the place des Terreaux, bars and pubs across the street make the 1st arrondissement one of the more animated the night and days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159773-0005-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Lyon, Geography, Quarters\nThe 1st arrondissement of Lyon is composed of four districts\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159773-0006-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Lyon, Administration\nThe city hall is managed since 2001 by Nathalie Perrin-Gilbert (Parti socialiste).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159774-0000-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Marseille\nThe 1st arrondissement of Marseille is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 7th arrondissement, with which it forms the 1st sector of Marseille.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159775-0000-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Parakou\nThe 1st arrondissement of Parakou is an arrondissement in the Borgou Department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Parakou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 66,994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0000-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris\nThe 1st arrondissement of Paris (Ier arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is colloquially referred to as le premier (the first). It is governed locally together with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th arrondissement, with which it forms the 1st sector of Paris (Paris-Centre).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0001-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris\nAlso known as Louvre, the arrondissement is situated principally on the right bank of the River Seine. It also includes the west end of the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9. The locality is one of the oldest areas in Paris, the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 having been the heart of the city of Lutetia, conquered by the Romans in 52 BC, while some parts on the right bank (including Les Halles) date back to the early Middle Ages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0002-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris\nIt is the least populated of the city's arrondissements and one of the smallest by area, with a land area of only 1.83\u00a0km2 (0.705 sq. miles, or 451 acres). A significant part of the area is occupied by the Louvre Museum and the Tuileries Gardens. The Forum des Halles is the largest shopping mall in Paris. Much of the remainder of the arrondissement is dedicated to business and administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0003-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris, Demography\nThe area now occupied by the first arrondissement attained its peak population in the period preceding the re-organization of Paris in 1860. In 1999, the population was 16,888, while the arrondissement hosted 63,056 jobs, making it one of the most active for business after the 2nd, 8th, and 9th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0004-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris, Demography, Historical population\n1The peak of population actually occurred before 1861, but the arrondissement was created in 1860, so there are no figures before 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0005-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris, Demography, Immigration\n2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0006-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris, Quarters\nEach of the 20 Paris arrondissements is divided into four-quarters (quartiers). The table below lists the four-quarters of the 1st arrondissement:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0007-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris, Economy\nAt one time Air Inter's head office was located in the first arrondissement. When Minerve, an airline, existed, its head office was in the first arrondissement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0008-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris, Education\nIn terms of state-operated schools, the first arrondissement has two nursery schools (\u00e9coles maternelles), two primary schools (\u00e9coles \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires), one \u00e9cole polyvalente, one high school (coll\u00e8ge), and one sixth-form college (lyc\u00e9e).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159776-0009-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Paris, Education\nThe state-operated nursery schools are \u00c9cole Maternelle Auxerrois and \u00c9cole Maternelle Sourdiere. The state-operated primary schools are \u00c9cole \u00c9l\u00e9mentaire Arbre Sec and \u00c9cole \u00c9l\u00e9mentaire D'Argenteuil. The arrondissement has one \u00e9cole polyvalente, \u00c9cole Polyvalente Cambon. Coll\u00e8ge Jean-Baptiste Poquelin is the sole state-operated high school in the arrondissement. Lyc\u00e9e Professionnel Commercial Pierre Lescot is the sole state-operated sixth-form college in the first arrondissement. Private primary and secondary institutions in the arrondissement include \u00c9cole \u00c9l\u00e9mentaire Priv\u00e9e Notre-Dame-Saint-Roch, \u00c9cole du 2nd Degr\u00e9 Professionnel Priv\u00e9e Pigier, and \u00c9cole Technologique Priv\u00e9e de Dessin Technique et Artistique Sornas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159777-0000-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Porto-Novo\nThe 1st arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Ou\u00e9m\u00e9 department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Porto-Novo. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 33,830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159777-0001-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of Porto-Novo\nThe district Akron is the more historical location from Benin to be lived by humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159778-0000-0000", "contents": "1st arrondissement of the Littoral Department\n1st arrondissement is an arrondissement in the Littoral department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Cotonou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 55,413.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159779-0000-0000", "contents": "1st cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey\nThe 1st cabinet of executive ministers of Turkey (3 May 1920 \u2013 24 January 1921 ) was the first government formed by the nationalists during the Turkish War of Independence. The Republic was not yet proclaimed and the government was called \u0130cra vekilleri heyeti (\"cabinet of executive ministers\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159779-0001-0000", "contents": "1st cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey, Background\nThe chairman of the cabinet (equivalent to prime minister) was Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later named Atat\u00fcrk.) The other members of the cabinet were elected by the parliament one by one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159779-0002-0000", "contents": "1st cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the name in parentheses is the surname the cabinet members assumed later (see Surname Law of 1934).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159779-0003-0000", "contents": "1st cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey, Aftermath\nThe chairman of the next cabinet was Fevzi Pasha who was the Minister of Defence in the first cabinet. After the proclamation of the Republic the Republican governments were renumbered beginning by 1st government of Turkey", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159780-0000-0000", "contents": "1st century\nThe 1st century was the century 1 CE (I) through 100 CE (C) according to the Julian calendar. It is often written as the 1st century AD or 1st century CE to distinguish it from the 1st century BC (or BCE) which preceded it. The 1st century is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159780-0001-0000", "contents": "1st century\nDuring this period, Europe, North Africa and the Near East fell under increasing domination by the Roman Empire, which continued expanding, most notably conquering Britain under the emperor Claudius (AD 43). The reforms introduced by Augustus during his long reign stabilized the empire after the turmoil of the previous century's civil wars. Later in the century the Julio-Claudian dynasty, which had been founded by Augustus, came to an end with the suicide of Nero in AD 68.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159780-0001-0001", "contents": "1st century\nThere followed the famous Year of Four Emperors, a brief period of civil war and instability, which was finally brought to an end by Vespasian, ninth Roman emperor, and founder of the Flavian dynasty. The Roman Empire generally experienced a period of prosperity and dominance in this period and the first century is remembered as part of the Empire's golden age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159780-0002-0000", "contents": "1st century\nChina continued to be dominated by the Han Dynasty, despite a fourteen-year interruption by the Xin dynasty under Wang Mang. Han rule was restored in AD 23; Wang Mang's rule represents the watershed between the Western/Former Han and the Eastern/Later Han. The capital was also moved from Chang'an to Luoyang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159781-0000-0000", "contents": "1st century BC\nThe 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC, started on the first day of 100\u00a0BC and ended on the last day of 1\u00a0BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero; however, astronomical year numbering does use a zero, as well as a minus sign, so \"2\u00a0BC\" is equal to \"year\u00a0\u20131\". 1st century AD (Anno Domini) follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159781-0001-0000", "contents": "1st century BC\nIn the course of the century all the remaining independent lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea were steadily brought under Roman control, being ruled either directly under governors or through puppet kings appointed by Rome. The Roman state itself was plunged into civil war several times, finally resulting in the marginalization of its 500-year-old Roman Republic, and the embodiment of total state power in a single man\u2014the Roman emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159781-0002-0000", "contents": "1st century BC\nThe internal turbulence that plagued Rome at this time can be seen as the death throes of the Roman Republic, as it finally gave way to the autocratic ambitions of powerful men like Sulla, Julius Caesar, Mark Antony and Octavian. Octavian's ascension to total power as the emperor Augustus is considered to mark the point in history where the Roman Republic ends and the Roman Empire begins. Some scholars refer to this event as the Roman Revolution. The birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, took place around the close of this century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159781-0003-0000", "contents": "1st century BC\nIn the eastern mainland, the Han Dynasty began to decline and the court of China was in chaos in the latter half of this century. Trapped in a difficult situation, the Xiongnu had to begin emigration to the west or attach themselves to the Han.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159781-0004-0000", "contents": "1st century BC, Sovereign states\nSee : List of sovereign states in the 1st century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159782-0000-0000", "contents": "1st century in Ireland\nCertain Medieval Chronicles record events in Ireland during the 1st century AD, but it is difficult to know how far they can be regarded as historical events, and should probably be regarded merely as legendary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159784-0000-0000", "contents": "1st government of Turkey\nThe 1st government of Turkey (30 October 1923 \u2013 6 March 1924) was the first government formed in the Republic of Turkey. In reality, there were other governments between 23 April 1920 and 29 October 1923, but the republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, and the governments were numbered only after this date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159784-0001-0000", "contents": "1st government of Turkey, Background\nThe first prime minister was \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc of the Republican People's Party (CHP, than known as People\u2019s Party). Although \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc was a successful general during the Turkish War of Independence, he had also proved himself an able politician during the talks of Armistice of Mudanya and the Treaty of Lausanne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159784-0002-0000", "contents": "1st government of Turkey, The government\nIn the list below, the cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column \"Notes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159784-0003-0000", "contents": "1st government of Turkey, The government\nIn 1923\u20131924, surnames were not in use in Turkey, which would remain true until the Surname Law. The surnames given in the list are the surnames the members of the cabinet assumed later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159784-0004-0000", "contents": "1st government of Turkey, Aftermath\nMinistry of Shariah was taken over from the Ottoman Empire, and the Ministry of General Staff was a temporary ministry which was active during the war of independence. Both ministries were abolished on 3 March 1924, and \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc resigned to form a new government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159785-0000-0000", "contents": "1st meridian east\nThe meridian 1\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159785-0001-0000", "contents": "1st meridian east\nThe 1st meridian east forms a great circle with the 179th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159785-0002-0000", "contents": "1st meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 1st meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159786-0000-0000", "contents": "1st meridian west\nThe meridian 1\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159786-0001-0000", "contents": "1st meridian west\nThe 1st meridian west forms a great circle with the 179th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159786-0002-0000", "contents": "1st meridian west\nIt is the most populous meridian west of Greenwich, being home to between 41.2 million and 44.9 million people as of 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159786-0003-0000", "contents": "1st meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 1st meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159787-0000-0000", "contents": "1st millennium\nThe first millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1 to 1000 (1st to 10th centuries; in astronomy: JD 1721425.5 \u2013 2086667.5). The world population rose more slowly than during the preceding millennium, from about 200 million in the year AD 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159787-0001-0000", "contents": "1st millennium\nIn Western Eurasia (Europe and Near East), the first millennium was a time of great transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by the Viking expansion in the west, the rise of the Byzantine Empire in the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159787-0002-0000", "contents": "1st millennium\nIn East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. The Yamato court was established. The Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, until the formation of the Gupta Empire. Islam expanded rapidly from Arabia to western Asia, India, North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, culminating in the Islamic Golden Age (700\u20131200).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159787-0003-0000", "contents": "1st millennium\nIn Mesoamerica, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classic Era (200\u2013900). Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica. In South America, pre-Incan, coastal cultures flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In North America, the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Numerous cities were built; Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois. The construction of Monks Mound at Cahokia was begun in 900\u2013950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159787-0004-0000", "contents": "1st millennium\nIn Sub-Saharan Africa, the Bantu expansion reaches Southern Africa by about the 5th century. The trans Saharan slave trade spans the Sahara and the Swahili coast by the 9th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159787-0005-0000", "contents": "1st millennium, Events\nThe events in this section are organized according to the United Nations geoscheme", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159787-0006-0000", "contents": "1st millennium, Events\n313 Edict of Milan370 Huns invade Eastern Europe396  Alaric and the Visigoths invade Greece", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159787-0007-0000", "contents": "1st millennium, Events\n750 Sacred Cenote built at Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1780 Murals at Bonampak abandoned", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159788-0000-0000", "contents": "1st millennium BC\nThe 1st millennium BC, also known as the last millennium BC, was the period of time lasting from the year 1000 BC to 1 BC (10th to 1st centuries BC; in astronomy: JD 1356182.5  \u2013  1721425.5). It encompasses the Iron Age in the Old World and sees the transition from the Ancient Near East to classical antiquity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159788-0001-0000", "contents": "1st millennium BC\nWorld population  roughly doubled over the course of the millennium, from about 100 million to about 200\u2013250 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159788-0002-0000", "contents": "1st millennium BC, Overview\nThe Neo-Assyrian Empire dominates the Near East in the early centuries of the millennium, supplanted by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century. Ancient Egypt is in decline, and falls to the Achaemenids in 525 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159788-0003-0000", "contents": "1st millennium BC, Overview\nIn Greece, Classical Antiquity begins with the colonization of Magna Graecia and peaks with the conquest of the Achaemenids  and the subsequent flourishing of Hellenistic civilization (4th to 2nd centuries).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159788-0004-0000", "contents": "1st millennium BC, Overview\nThe Roman Republic supplants the Etruscans and then the Carthaginians (5th to 3rd centuries). The close of the millennium sees the rise of the Roman Empire. The early Celts dominate Central Europe while Northern Europe is in the Pre-Roman Iron Age. In East Africa, the Nubian Empire and Aksum arise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159788-0005-0000", "contents": "1st millennium BC, Overview\nIn South Asia, the Vedic civilization blends into the Maurya Empire. The Scythians dominate Central Asia. In China, the Spring and Autumn period sees the rise of Confucianism. Towards the close of the millennium, the Han Dynasty extends Chinese power towards Central Asia, where it borders on Indo-Greek and Iranian states. Japan is in the Yayoi period. The Maya civilization rises in Mesoamerica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159788-0006-0000", "contents": "1st millennium BC, Overview\nThe first millennium BC is the formative period of the classical world religions, with the development of early Judaism and Zoroastrianism in the Near East, and Vedic religion and Vedanta, Jainism and Buddhism in India. Early literature develops in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Tamil  and Chinese. The term Axial Age, coined by Karl Jaspers, is intended to express the crucial importance of the period of c. the 8th to 2nd centuries BC in world history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159788-0007-0000", "contents": "1st millennium BC, Overview\nWorld population more than doubled over the course of the millennium, from about an estimated 50\u2013100 million to an estimated 170\u2013300 million. Close to 90% of world population at the end of the first millennium BC lived in the Iron Age civilizations of the Old World (Roman Empire, Parthian Empire, Graeco-Indo-Scythian and Hindu kingdoms, Han China). The population of the Americas was below 20 million, concentrated in Mesoamerica (Epi-Olmec culture);that of Sub-Saharan Africa was likely below 10 million. The population of Oceania was likely less than one million people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159789-0000-0000", "contents": "1st millennium BC in music\n2nd millennium BC in music - 1st millennium BC in music - 1st millennium in music", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159791-0000-0000", "contents": "1st millennium in music\n1st millennium BC in music \u2013 1st millennium in music \u2013 11th century in music", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159792-0000-0000", "contents": "1st municipality of Naples\nThe First Municipality (In Italian: Prima Municipalit\u00e0 or Municipalit\u00e0 1) is one of the ten boroughs in which the Italian city of Naples is divided. It is the lesser-populated municipality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159792-0001-0000", "contents": "1st municipality of Naples, Geography\nThe municipality is located by the coast in the south-western area of the city. It is extended from the western branch of the Port of Naples to the borders with Nisida (part of Bagnoli).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159792-0002-0000", "contents": "1st municipality of Naples, Geography\nIts territory includes the zones of Mergellina, Piedigrotta, Borgo Santa Lucia, Borgo Marinari, Marechiaro and Rione Amedeo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159793-0000-0000", "contents": "1st of May: All Belongs to You\n1st of May: All Belongs to You (German: 1. Mai \u2013 Helden bei der Arbeit) is a 2008 German film. It was premiered as the opening film of the series \"Perspektive Deutsches Kino\" ran May 1 - Heroes at Work at the Berlinale 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159793-0001-0000", "contents": "1st of May: All Belongs to You, Plot\nThree episodes are interwoven in the film: \"Uwe\" is about a provincial police officer, \"excursion\" is about two adolescents from the small town and \"Yavuz\" is about an eleven-year-old Turk. Everyone experiences May Day in Kreuzberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159793-0002-0000", "contents": "1st of May: All Belongs to You, Plot\nProvincial police officer Uwe, with his colleagues turned down for participating in the demo on 1 May in Berlin, is cheated on by his wife at home. He visits a brothel. During the demo, he gets between the fronts and in the field of action of a water cannon and is injured on the nose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159793-0003-0000", "contents": "1st of May: All Belongs to You, Plot\nJacob and Pelle, two middle-class youths from Minden, go to Berlin in the hope of riots, but there they are mistaken between tourist program and street violence. Attempting to get drugs poses greater difficulties for both of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159793-0004-0000", "contents": "1st of May: All Belongs to You, Plot\nThe young Turk Yavuz wants to grow up, prove his masculinity and set off for the first time with his brother on May 1st. On his journey through the oncoming chaos Yavuz gets to know old man Harry, with whom he builds a street barricade. Harry develops protective instincts for the boy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159793-0005-0000", "contents": "1st of May: All Belongs to You, Plot\nThe end of the day brings them all together to the hospital in Kreuzberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159794-0000-0000", "contents": "1st of tha Month\n\"1st of tha Month\" is the first single by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony from their album E. 1999 Eternal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159794-0001-0000", "contents": "1st of tha Month\nIt was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales of 500,000 copies. It peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming their first top twenty single, and later was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159794-0002-0000", "contents": "1st of tha Month\nThe title is a reference to when welfare checks are paid out. There are several remixes of the song, including one by DJ Premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159794-0003-0000", "contents": "1st of tha Month, Samples\nThe song contains a sample from the Chapter 8 and Anita Baker song  \"I Just Want to Be Your Girl\" and an interpolation of the \"wake up, wake up, wake up, wake up, get up, get up, get up, get up\" chant from Marvin Gaye's \"Sexual Healing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159795-0000-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 1\n1st of the Month Vol. 1 is the first EP by American rapper Cam'ron. The EP was released on July 1, 2014, by Killa Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159795-0001-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 1, Background\nIn October 2013, Cam'ron announced that he would release an EP and an episode of his web series every month starting on January 1, 2014. In February 2014, he gave an update on the EP plans, saying: \"I got the First of the Month project coming out probably next month. Dame put together the A-Trak collaboration which is called Federal Reserve. me and Smoke DZA got a project going on. It\u2019s like five different projects, basically what we\u2019re doing now is just trying to figure out the timing for everything. It\u2019s probably 150 new songs done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159795-0001-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 1, Background\nIn an April 2014, interview with Mass Appeal, he explained why he decided to release a series of EP's, saying: \"Just setting everything up. Music has changed and it\u2019s always fun, but I like to make money while I\u2019m making music, so I just had to figure out a new strategy. Things are changing and if you don\u2019t change with the times you gon get stuck in the past. I\u2019ve been working on this thing called The First of the Month. I\u2019m putting out an EP every month with a 30-minute episode so you\u2019re not waiting a year or more for the next album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159795-0002-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 1, Background\nIn May 2014, in an interview with MTV News, he spoke about the features on the EP's saying: \"The people that\u2019s gonna be on this project is Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa, Estelle and Gunplay, so far.\" He also announced the first EP would be released on July 1, 2014, saying: \"The first one is July 1 for the visual, July 3 for the music. And we\u2019ll put it out \u2014 the visual \u2014 every first of the month. So, August 1 will be another visual, September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159795-0002-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 1, Background\nAnd then, whatever the first Tuesday is of every month, we\u2019ll be doing the music, as well.\" On June 26, 2014, the music video was released for \"Funeral\". On July 1, 2014, the first episode of the web series was released along with the EP. On July 2, 2014, the music video was released for \"Put It In the Sky\" featuring Un Kasa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159795-0003-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 1, Critical reception\n1st of the Month Vol. 1 was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. David Inkeles of XXL gave the album an L, saying \"If First Of The Month is mainly more of the same, you might be wondering why, then, should the project earn a listen? Well for one, at only 5 tracks deep there are worse ways to spend your time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159795-0003-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 1, Critical reception\nBut the project deserves a shot for the same rationale behind why the good folks in Charlie Rangel\u2019s district voted him to go to Congress one last time: because we love the same old Cam; and like those voters, we listeners know what to expect when it comes to Cam\u2019ron, and what that is, is pretty damn good and entertaining.\" Sheldon Pearce of HipHopDX gave the album three and a half stars out of five, saying \"The 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159795-0003-0002", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 1, Critical reception\nOf The Month EP feels like Cam\u2019ron working his way back into album shape; however, and it is a marked achievement to take two features from perennial placeholders on the Dipset undercard and turn them into salvageable records. The Un Kasa-led \u201cPut It In The Sky\u201d is the most anthemic song on the EP with a chanting refrain that is rousing. It is a prime example of Cam at his showy best, blurring the lines between fact and fiction, confessions and quips.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159796-0000-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 2\n1st of the Month Vol. 2 is the second EP by American rapper Cam'ron. The EP was released on August 1, 2014, by Killa Entertainment. The EP features guest appearances from Nicki Minaj, Rod Rhaspy,  Yummy Bingham, Jim Jones, and Hell Rell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159796-0001-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 2, Background\nIn October 2013, Cam'ron announced that he would release an EP and an episode of his web series every month starting on January 1, 2014. In February 2014, he gave an update on the EP plans, saying: \"I got the First of the Month project coming out probably next month. Dame put together the A-Trak collaboration which is called Federal Reserve. me and Smoke DZA got a project going on. It\u2019s like five different projects, basically what we\u2019re doing now is just trying to figure out the timing for everything. It\u2019s probably 150 new songs done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159796-0001-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 2, Background\nIn an April 2014, interview with Mass Appeal, he explained why he decided to release a series of EPs, saying: \"Just setting everything up. Music has changed and it\u2019s always fun, but I like to make money while I\u2019m making music, so I just had to figure out a new strategy. Things are changing and if you don\u2019t change with the times you gon get stuck in the past. I\u2019ve been working on this thing called The First of the Month. I\u2019m putting out an EP every month with a 30-minute episode so you\u2019re not waiting a year or more for the next album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159796-0002-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 2, Background\nIn May 2014, in an interview with MTV News, he spoke about the features on the EPs, saying: \"The people that\u2019s gonna be on this project is Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa, Estelle and Gunplay, so far.\" He also announced the first EP would be released on July 1, 2014, saying: \"The first one is July 1 for the visual, July 3 for the music. And we\u2019ll put it out \u2014 the visual \u2014 every first of the month. So, August 1 will be another visual, September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159796-0002-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 2, Background\nAnd then, whatever the first Tuesday is of every month, we\u2019ll be doing the music, as well.\" On July 15, 2014, the EP's first single \"So Bad\" featuring Nicki Minaj and Yummy Bingham was released. On the same day, the music video was released for \"So Bad\". On August 7, 2014, the music video was released for \"C.F.W.U. (Cantfuckwithus)\" featuring Jim Jones and Hell Rell. On August 15, 2014, the music video was released for \"Sweetest\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159796-0003-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 2, Critical reception\n1st of the Month Vol. 2 was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. David Inkeles of XXL gave the album an XL, saying \"1st of the Month, Vol. 2 is a true-to-form gem, and a nod to Cam\u2019s early aught brilliance. It gives listeners a dose of an artist they might have thought they\u2019d lost, or at least conceded to the laurels of an incredibly successful career. But even at its most single/radio-reaching moments, like on the Nicki Minaj-assisted \u201cSo Bad,\u201d Vol. 2 feels and sounds like the Cam\u2019ron we know and love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159796-0003-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 2, Critical reception\nIt is one of the most surprisingly great things you\u2019ll hear all summer.\" Steven Goldstein of HipHopDX gave the album three and a half stars out of five, saying \"1st Of The Month, Vol. 2 exceeds in allowing Cam\u2019ron to flex range without ever looking too out of place, and serves as a medium for both somber reflection and self-indulgent celebration. If nothing else, the EP is a worthy refresher from one of Hip Hop\u2019s most unusual personalities, and a teaser of what could come on projects with Dipset and A-Trak.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159797-0000-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 3\n1st of the Month Vol. 3 is the third EP by American rapper Cam'ron. The EP was released on September 1, 2014, by Killa Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159797-0001-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 3, Background\nIn October 2013, Cam'ron announced that he would release an EP and an episode of his web series every month starting on January 1, 2014. In February 2014, he gave an update on the EP plans, saying: \"I got the First of the Month project coming out probably next month. Dame put together the A-Trak collaboration which is called Federal Reserve. me and Smoke DZA got a project going on. It\u2019s like five different projects, basically what we\u2019re doing now is just trying to figure out the timing for everything. It\u2019s probably 150 new songs done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159797-0001-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 3, Background\nIn an April 2014, interview with Mass Appeal, he explained why he decided to release a series of EP's, saying: \"Just setting everything up. Music has changed and it\u2019s always fun, but I like to make money while I\u2019m making music, so I just had to figure out a new strategy. Things are changing and if you don\u2019t change with the times you gon get stuck in the past. I\u2019ve been working on this thing called The First of the Month. I\u2019m putting out an EP every month with a 30-minute episode so you\u2019re not waiting a year or more for the next album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159797-0002-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 3, Background\nIn May 2014, in an interview with MTV News, he spoke about the features on the EP's saying: \"The people that\u2019s gonna be on this project is Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa, Estelle and Gunplay, so far.\" He also announced the first EP would be released on July 1, 2014, saying: \"The first one is July 1 for the visual, July 3 for the music. And we\u2019ll put it out \u2014 the visual \u2014 every first of the month. So, August 1 will be another visual, September 1. And then, whatever the first Tuesday is of every month, we\u2019ll be doing the music, as well.\" On August 20, 2014, the music video was released for \"Let the Show Begin\" featuring Estelle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159797-0003-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 3, Critical reception\nDavid Inkeles of XXL gave the album an L, saying \"For the third installment in Cam\u2019ron\u2019s monthly EP series, the irreverent Harlem MC treats listeners to yet another brief, but memorable, piece of work that manages to touch on an array of subject-matter, ranging from women problems (in case you couldn\u2019t guess, the song is \u201cDumb Bitch\u201d) to in-depth, autobiographical reflections on some of his career bright spots, as well as mishaps (on \u201cOn Top.\u201d). Despite the five-track, 20 minute-or-less formulas Cam has used for these tapes, First of The Month: Vol. 3, much like his last effort, has enough diverse records that stand out on their own, and should help give the project some decent shelf-life.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159798-0000-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 4\n1st of the Month Vol. 4 is the fourth EP by American rapper Cam'ron. The EP was released on October 1, 2014, by Killa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159798-0001-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 4, Background\nIn October 2013, Cam'ron announced that he would release an EP and an episode of his web series every month starting on January 1, 2014. In February 2014, he gave an update on the EP plans, saying: \"I got the First of the Month project coming out probably next month. Dame put together the A-Trak collaboration which is called Federal Reserve. me and Smoke DZA got a project going on. It\u2019s like five different projects, basically what we\u2019re doing now is just trying to figure out the timing for everything. It\u2019s probably 150 new songs done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159798-0001-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 4, Background\nIn an April 2014, interview with Mass Appeal, he explained why he decided to release a series of EP's, saying: \"Just setting everything up. Music has changed and it\u2019s always fun, but I like to make money while I\u2019m making music, so I just had to figure out a new strategy. Things are changing and if you don\u2019t change with the times you gon get stuck in the past. I\u2019ve been working on this thing called The First of the Month. I\u2019m putting out an EP every month with a 30-minute episode so you\u2019re not waiting a year or more for the next album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159798-0002-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 4, Background\nIn May 2014, in an interview with MTV News, he spoke about the features on the EP's saying: \"The people that\u2019s gonna be on this project is Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa, Estelle and Gunplay, so far.\" He also announced the first EP would be released on July 1, 2014, saying: \"The first one is July 1 for the visual, July 3 for the music. And we\u2019ll put it out \u2014 the visual \u2014 every first of the month. So, August 1 will be another visual, September 1. And then, whatever the first Tuesday is of every month, we\u2019ll be doing the music, as well.\" On September 17, 2014, the EP's first single \"Snapped\" featuring 2 Chainz was released. On September 22, 2014, the music video was released for \"Snapped\" featuring 2 Chainz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159798-0003-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 4, Critical reception\nDarryl Robertson of XXL gave the album an XL, saying \"While the first half of the EP holds up, the second doesn\u2019t deliver. \u201cBaby Ain\u2019t Mine\u201d and \u201cF*ckin\u2019 Hater\u201d find Cam making lackluster attempts at singing about his dislike for women. If \u201cDumb Bitch\u201d from Vol. 3 wasn\u2019t enough of him talking crazy, these should be added to the growing list of songs. The problem lies that these aren\u2019t on par to what fans have heard in the past. 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159798-0003-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 4, Critical reception\nOf The Month, Vol. 4 concludes with the bass knocking track \u201c3rd Floor Flow,\u201d which finds Cam getting down and dirty like the Harlem streets during Alpo and Rich Porter days. It\u2019s an excellent conclusion to Vol.4, despite the EP\u2019s minor mishaps. Just like the previous installments, the project leaves fans wanting more from the Dipset honcho. Until next month.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159799-0000-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 5\n1st of the Month Vol. 5 is the fifth EP by American rapper Cam'ron. The EP was released on November 1, 2014, by Killa Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159799-0001-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 5, Background\nIn October 2013, Cam'ron announced that he would release an EP and an episode of his web series every month starting on January 1, 2014. In February 2014, he gave an update on the EP plans, saying: \"I got the First of the Month project coming out probably next month. Dame put together the A-Trak collaboration which is called Federal Reserve. me and Smoke DZA got a project going on. It\u2019s like five different projects, basically what we\u2019re doing now is just trying to figure out the timing for everything. It\u2019s probably 150 new songs done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159799-0001-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 5, Background\nIn an April 2014, interview with Mass Appeal, he explained why he decided to release a series of EP's, saying: \"Just setting everything up. Music has changed and it\u2019s always fun, but I like to make money while I\u2019m making music, so I just had to figure out a new strategy. Things are changing and if you don\u2019t change with the times you gon get stuck in the past. I\u2019ve been working on this thing called The First of the Month. I\u2019m putting out an EP every month with a 30-minute episode so you\u2019re not waiting a year or more for the next album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159799-0002-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 5, Background\nIn May 2014, in an interview with MTV News, he spoke about the features on the EP's saying: \"The people that\u2019s gonna be on this project is Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa, Estelle and Gunplay, so far.\" He also announced the first EP would be released on July 1, 2014, saying: \"The first one is July 1 for the visual, July 3 for the music. And we\u2019ll put it out \u2014 the visual \u2014 every first of the month. So, August 1 will be another visual, September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159799-0002-0001", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 5, Background\nAnd then, whatever the first Tuesday is of every month, we\u2019ll be doing the music, as well.\" On October 22, 2014, the EP's first single \"Touch the Sky\" featuring Wiz Khalifa and Smoke DZA was released. On October 27, 2014, the music video was released for \"Touch the Sky\" featuring Wiz Khalifa and Smoke DZA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159799-0003-0000", "contents": "1st of the Month Vol. 5, Critical reception\nJohn Barnes of XXL gave the album an L, saying \"First Of The Month Vol. 5 finishes with \u201cUh Uh Uh Oh\u201d where Cam\u2019ron deviates from the bubblegum aesthetic on the rest of the EP and goes in on a hard-hitting and frantic beat. Perhaps this final track is to let fans know that Cam will fundamentally always still be Killa. The latest EP definitely has its own personality, but sometimes it sounds contrived and underdeveloped compared to the rest of Cam\u2019ron\u2019s catalog. Maybe the pressure of putting out new music frequently is getting to him? Whatever the case, we\u2019ll have to find out next month.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159800-0000-0000", "contents": "1st otdeleniya sovkhoza 'Maslovskiy'\n1st otdeleniya sovkhoza 'Maslovskiy' (Russian: 1-\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0445\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u00ab\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Nikolskoye Rural Settlement of Novousmansky District, Russia. The population was 1185 as of 2010. The settlement is the administrative center of the Nikolsky rural settlement. There are 35 streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159800-0001-0000", "contents": "1st otdeleniya sovkhoza 'Maslovskiy', Geography\nThe settlement is located 20 km southwest of Novaya Usman (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159801-0000-0000", "contents": "1st otdeleniya sovkhoza 'Novousmanskiy'\n1st otdeleniya sovkhoza 'Novousmanskiy' (Russian: 1-\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0445\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0443\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Babyakovskoye Rural Settlement of Novousmansky District, Russia. The population was 1185 as of 2010. The village is part of the village of Babiakovo and is located in the forest-steppe zone. There are 19 streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159801-0001-0000", "contents": "1st otdeleniya sovkhoza 'Novousmanskiy', Geography\nThe settlement is located 20 km southwest of Novaya Usman (the district's administrative centre) by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159802-0000-0000", "contents": "1st parallel north\nThe 1st parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 1 degree north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159802-0001-0000", "contents": "1st parallel north\nThe parallel defines part of the border between Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159802-0002-0000", "contents": "1st parallel north, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian, and heading eastwards, the parallel 1\u00b0 north passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159803-0000-0000", "contents": "1st parallel south\nThe 1st parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 1 degree south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159803-0001-0000", "contents": "1st parallel south\nThe parallel defines most of the border between Uganda and Tanzania, and a very short section of the border between Kenya and Tanzania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159803-0002-0000", "contents": "1st parallel south, Around the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 1\u00b0 south passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159804-0000-0000", "contents": "1st to Die\n1st to Die is a 2001 crime novel by American author James Patterson that is the first book in the Women's Murder Club series. The series is about four friends who pool their skills together to crack San Francisco's toughest murder cases. The women each have different jobs: Lindsay Boxer, a homicide inspector for the San Francisco Police Department, Claire Washburn, a medical examiner, Jill Bernhardt, an assistant D.A., and Cindy Thomas, a reporter who just started working the crime desk of the San Francisco Chronicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159804-0001-0000", "contents": "1st to Die, Plot summary\nThe prologue introduces main character Inspector Lindsay Boxer, San Francisco P.D., who is in a depression and holding a gun to her head as a result of losing a love interest on a case called \"The Honeymoon Murders\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159804-0002-0000", "contents": "1st to Die, Plot summary\nBook One begins with David and Melanie Brandt, freshly married, in their hotel room at the Grand Hyatt. A man outside the door calls \"Champagne\" and David opens the door. The man, Phillip Campbell, then violently kills the bride and groom and immorally brutalizes the corpse of Melanie. The book then cuts to Inspector Lindsay Boxer in her general practitioner's office. The doctor, Dr. Roy Orenthaler, tells Lindsay that she has a rare, and deadly, blood disease called Negli's aplastic anemia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159804-0002-0001", "contents": "1st to Die, Plot summary\nThroughout the book, Lindsay struggles with the physical side-effects of getting blood transfusions for Negli's, and the emotional aspect of having a life-threatening disease. During the appointment, she is called to the crime scene of a double murder at the Grand Hyatt. At that scene she is introduced to Cindy Thomas, covering the story. A second pair of bodies are found, and after Lindsay is told she has a new partner due to the sensitivity of the case, Cindy, Lindsay and medical examiner Claire Washburn join forces to attempt to solve the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159804-0003-0000", "contents": "1st to Die, Plot summary\nA 3rd pair of bodies is found in Cleveland, Ohio, which are thought to be connected to the San Francisco cases. As Lindsay and company go through the case they acquire a fourth friend, Assistant D.A. Jill Bernhardt. Together, the four friends attempt to pin down a suspect, leading to the shocking conclusion. A subplot features Lindsay's attraction to Chris Raleigh, her new partner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159804-0004-0000", "contents": "1st to Die, Reception\nKirkus Reviews stated the novel has \"bargain-basement plotting, fewer thrills than a tax audit, and cardboard sleuths poised to return for a sequel.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159804-0005-0000", "contents": "1st to Die, Film adaptation\nIn 2003, the novel was adapted into a television film, First to Die, starring Tracy Pollan, Carly Pope, Megan Gallagher, Pam Grier, Gil Bellows, Robert Patrick and Sean Young among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159805-0000-0000", "contents": "1st unofficial Chess Olympiad\nThe 1st Team Chess Tournament was held together with the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, 12\u201320 July 1924, at the Hotel Majestic. Fifty-four players representing 18 countries were split into nine preliminary groups of six. The winner of each round qualified for the Championship while the rest joined an eight-round Swiss consolation tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159805-0001-0000", "contents": "1st unofficial Chess Olympiad, Results, Team classification\n1 Potemkine and Kahn were \u00e9migr\u00e9s living in Paris and represented \"Russia\", not the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159805-0002-0000", "contents": "1st unofficial Chess Olympiad, FIDE\nOn 20 July, the last day of the games, 15 delegates from all over the World signed the proclamation act of the International Chess Federation (originally known as F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale des \u00c9checs in French) and elected Dr. Alexander Rueb of the Netherlands the first FIDE president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159805-0003-0000", "contents": "1st unofficial Chess Olympiad, FIDE\nLatin motto Gens una sumus (\"we are one family\") became official and well-recognized watchword of the chess unity. Below is the historic list of 15 founders of FIDE: Abonyi (Hungary), Grau (Argentina), Gudju (Romania), Marusi (Italy), Nicolet (Switzerland), Ovadija (Yugoslavia), Penalver y Zamora (Spain), Rawlins (Great Britain), Rueb (Netherlands), Skali\u010dka (Czechoslovakia), Smith (Canada), Towbin (Poland), Tschepurnoff (Finland), Vincent (France), Weltjens (Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159806-0000-0000", "contents": "1st-11th Cuirassier Regiment\nThe 1st\u201311th Cuirassier Regiment  (French: 1er-11e R\u00e9giment de Cuirassiers, 1er-11e RC) was an armoured (tank) regiment of the French Army. It was the armoured component of the 3rd Mechanised Brigade from 1 July 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159806-0001-0000", "contents": "1st-11th Cuirassier Regiment, History\nThe Chief of Staff of the French Army decided on 1 September 1990 to create a new experimental armoured regiment of 80 tanks with two squadron groups (Groupes d'Escadrons, GE). Each group would consist of three combat squadrons and one command and logistics squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159806-0002-0000", "contents": "1st-11th Cuirassier Regiment, History\nThe 1er-11e RC was formed on 5 June 1999 by merging the 1st Cuirassier Regiment and the 11th Cuirassier Regiment. It was disbanded 29 July 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159806-0003-0000", "contents": "1st-11th Cuirassier Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment was composed of around 1350 personnel organized into 13 Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159806-0004-0000", "contents": "1st-11th Cuirassier Regiment, Commanding officers\nList of Commanding Officers (French: Chefs de corps) since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159807-0000-0000", "contents": "1st-2nd Chasseur Regiment\nThe 1st-2nd Chasseurs Regiment (French: 1er-2e R\u00e9giment de chasseurs, 1er-2e RCh) was an armoured cavalry (tank) unit of the French Army. It was the armoured component of the 7th Armoured Brigade. Garrisoned at Quartier Maginot, Thierville-sur-Meuse near Verdun, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159807-0001-0000", "contents": "1st-2nd Chasseur Regiment, History\nThe Chief of Staff of the French Army decided on 1 September 1990 to create a new experimental armoured regiment of 80 tanks with two squadron groups (Groupes d\u2019Escadrons, GE). Each group would consist of three combat squadrons and one command and logistics squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159807-0002-0000", "contents": "1st-2nd Chasseur Regiment, History\nThe 1er-2e RCh was formed in 1998 by merging the 1st Chasseur Regiment (French: 1e R\u00e9giment de chasseurs) and 2nd Chasseur Regiment (French: 2e R\u00e9giment de chasseurs) as two squadron groups. The regiment was disbanded with the deactivation of the 2nd Chasseur Regiment. The 1st Chasseur Regiment continues in existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159807-0003-0000", "contents": "1st-2nd Chasseur Regiment, History\nThe regiment carried out operations in Lebanon, Kosovo, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Ivory Coast, Senegal and New Caledonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159807-0004-0000", "contents": "1st-2nd Chasseur Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment was composed of around 1200 personnel organization into 13 squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159808-0000-0000", "contents": "1st. Czech National Hockey League\nThe 1st. Czech National Hockey League was, along with the 1st. Slovak National Hockey League, the second level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia from 1969 to 1993. The league was made up teams from the area of the modern Czech Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159809-0000-0000", "contents": "1st. Slovak National Hockey League\nThe 1st. Slovak National Hockey League was, along with the 1st. Czech National Hockey League, the second level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia from 1969 to 1993. The league was made up only of Slovak teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159809-0001-0000", "contents": "1st. Slovak National Hockey League, History\nThe precursor to the league was the Group D of the Czechoslovak 2. Liga, which consisted only of Slovak teams. In 1969, two individual leagues were created, the 1. CNHL, and the 1. SNHL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0000-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers\nThe 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers is an active Australian Army Reserve Cavalry regiment. The regiment has its headquarters at Lancer Barracks in Parramatta, a suburb in Western Sydney, New South Wales. Lancer Barracks is the oldest Military Barracks on mainland Australia and dates from 1819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0001-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, History\nThe regiment dates back to the formation of the Sydney Light Horse Volunteers in January 1885 and took its current name in 1956 when the 1st Royal New South Wales Lancers and the 15th Northern River Lancers amalgamated, initially being equipped with Matilda tanks. The 1st/15th RNSWL carries the former regiments' battle honours, and consequently has 31 collective battle honours, including those from the Boer War, First World War and Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0002-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, History\nThe regiment has recently been equipped with Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles (PMV), having previously used 4x4 Land Rover patrol vehicles as part of the conversion to a Light Cavalry (Reconnaissance) role. The last of the previously equipped armoured vehicles, the M113A1 APC was handed over in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0003-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, History\nThe Regimental Band of the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers is one of the few Army regimental bands still in existence. The Band was formed in 1891 and has served with the regiment since, making it the oldest military band in Australia. The Lancer Band consists of Army Musicians who perform for Regimental functions, at public events, and for other Army Ceremonial tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0004-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, Lancers' Museum\nThe regimental museum was started in 1957, and is currently hosted at its own building in Linden House, Parramatta. Its collection includes equipment, uniforms, weapons and vehicles used by the Lancers along its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0005-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, Gallery\n1/15th Royal NSW Lancers on parade at Lancer Barracks, Parramatta", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0006-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, Gallery\nThe regimental band in front of Linden House (The regimental museum)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0007-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, Gallery\nBarracks open for inspection after the August 2014 parade through Parramatta", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0008-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, Gallery\n\"Brenda\", the museums Bren Gun Carrier, parading through Parramatta 2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0009-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, Gallery\nStaghound armoured car under restoration in the museums collection 2008", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159810-0010-0000", "contents": "1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers, Gallery\nCovenanter tank bridgelayer, one of only 2 known left in existence", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0000-0000", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment\nThe 1st/19th Battalion, The Royal New South Wales Regiment (1/19 RNSWR), is an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. It is one of four battalions of the Royal New South Wales Regiment and is currently a Reserve unit attached to the 5th Brigade, 2nd Division. In its present form 1/19 RNSWR was raised in 1971 with the amalgamation of the 1st Battalion and the 19th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0000-0001", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment\nThese two units were previously linked between 1930 and 1939, although they can trace their lineage back to 1854 with the formation of a number of Volunteer Rifles units as part of the New South Wales colonial defence force. The battalion's headquarters is located in Romani Barracks, Orange, with four rifle companies spread across Wagga Wagga, Bathurst, Dubbo, and Canberra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0001-0000", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nThe 1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment was formed in 1971 as part of the Citizens Military Force (later known as the Australian Army Reserve) with the amalgamation of the 1st and 19th Battalions. The battalion had previously existed for a short time during the years between the First and Second World Wars, having been linked on 1 July 1930 when the decision was made to amalgamate a number of infantry battalions due to manpower shortages and financial constraints that resulted from the suspension of the compulsory training scheme and the Great Depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0001-0001", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nDuring this time, the battalion was known as the 1st/19th Battalion (City of Sydney's Own Regiment). In 1939, with the prospect of war looming, the Australian government decided to expand the size of the Army, and as a consequence the 1st/19th was split once more and re-raised in their own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0002-0000", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nThese two units had previously existed as separate entities with their own lineages that can be traced back to the earliest infantry units raised in New South Wales prior to Federation, which participated in a number of conflicts including the Mahdist War, the Boer War, and the First World War. By virtue of these predecessor units, the 1st/19th Battalion is the custodian of a number of battle honours from these conflicts. The battalion also maintains the battle honours of a number of units from the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0002-0001", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nEven though during the conflict the 1st Battalion was not deployed overseas on active service, the 19th Battalion was, being sent to New Guinea in 1944 and then later taking part in the New Britain campaign. The 1st/19th Battalion also maintains the battle honours of two Second Australian Imperial Force units, the 2/1st and 2/19th Battalions, which served in North Africa, Greece, New Guinea, Malaya and Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0003-0000", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nFollowing the end of the Second World War, these battalions were disbanded, and although the part-time military force, known as the Citizens Military Force, was re-raised in 1948, initially neither the 1st or the 19th Battalions were reformed at this time. In 1957, the 1st Battalion returned to the order of battle, when it was re-raised as the 1st Infantry Battalion (Commando), City of Sydney's Own Regiment. In 1960, following the introduction of the Pentropic divisional establishment into the Australian Army, this battalion was reduced to a company-sized unit in the newly raised 1st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0003-0001", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nThe Pentropic establishment did not last long and in 1965, when the Army returned to the previous Tropical establishment, the City of Sydney's Company was re-raised as a battalion in its own right. In 1966, the 19th Battalion was also re-raised as a battalion of the Royal New South Wales Regiment, attached at divisional-level to the Headquarters 2nd Division and taking on the role of a special conditions, or \"Bushman's Rifles\", battalion of the Citizens Military Force, offering National Servicemen from remote areas flexible training options in order to allow them to complete their service obligations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0004-0000", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nIn 1971, the decision was made to amalgamate the two battalions once more, and as a consequence the 1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment was formed, being officially established on 1 May 1971. In August 1971, the battalion was entrusted with the 1st Battalion's Colours and the following year, on 13 August 1972, 1/19 RNSWR received the Colours of the 19th Battalion, in a ceremony at Holsworthy Barracks, presided over by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Roden Cutler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0005-0000", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nSince formation, 1/19 RNSWR, as part of the 5th Brigade, has continued to cater for the training needs of Reservists in regional areas, although after 1995 the unit no longer officially functioned as a \"special conditions\" battalion as all Reserve units were required to offer their soldiers flexible conditions after that date. In 1996 the battalion was decentralised and moved from Ingleburn, to four regional depots at Orange, Wagga Wagga, Bathurst and Dubbo. During the 2000 Summer Olympics, 1/19 RNSWR provided personnel to undertake search tasks as part of the Australian Army's security operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0005-0001", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nIn 2006, as part of Operation Acolyte, the battalion performed a similar role in support of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. Other recent activities undertaken by the battalion include a company-sized deployment to New Zealand to take part in exercises with other regional Reserve forces, various ceremonial duties and a continued commitment to contributing to Rifle Company Butterworth in Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0006-0000", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, History\nIn May 2010, the battalion provided a platoon-sized element to Operation Anode Rotation 21 for service in the Solomon Islands as part of the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands. This force returned to Australia in August 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159811-0007-0000", "contents": "1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, Battle honours\n1/19 RNSWR carries the following battle honours, which it inherited from its ancestral units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159812-0000-0000", "contents": "1st/9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment\nThe 1st/9th (County Antrim) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment was formed in 1984 as a result of an amalgamation between the 1st Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment and the 9th Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159812-0001-0000", "contents": "1st/9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment\nThe amalgamated battalion was the largest in the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159812-0002-0000", "contents": "1st/9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Formation\nThe formation of the merged battalion was carried out on 20 May 1984, and was done as result of the Royal Ulster Constabulary's territorial reorganisation. In order to keep their own organisation closely linked to that of the police the UDR carried out its own reorganisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159812-0003-0000", "contents": "1st/9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History\nBattalion HQ in Antrim became the headquarters of the new battalion with companies based at Antrim, Larne, Carrickfergus and Ballymena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159812-0004-0000", "contents": "1st/9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History\nThe Coleraine company was transferred to 5UDR and the Lisburn company to 11UDR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159812-0005-0000", "contents": "1st/9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History\n1/9 UDR was responsible for the 700 square mile territory comprising South and mid-Antrim, taking in 153 square miles of Lough Neagh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159812-0006-0000", "contents": "1st/9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, History\n1/9 UDR was one of the units merged with the Royal Irish Rangers in 1992 as part of the amalgamation which formed the Royal Irish Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159813-0000-0000", "contents": "1stBank Center\nThe 1stBank Center (originally the Broomfield Event Center and formerly the Odeum Colorado) is a multi-purpose arena located 15 miles northwest of Downtown Denver, in the city of Broomfield. It is located near the Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport and the Flatiron Crossing Mall. Opening in 2006, the arena naming rights belong to 1stBank, a local financial institution since 2010. The venue is typically used for mid-sized concerts in the Denver Metro area, seating up to 6,500 patrons. From June 2010 until May 2014, the arena housed the Colorado Music Hall of Fame before it moved to its permanent home at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre. For sports, it is the current home of the Denver Roller Dolls and former home of the Rocky Mountain Rage and Colorado 14ers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159813-0001-0000", "contents": "1stBank Center, History\nThe City and County of Broomfield unveiled plans for a new sports facility in the Denver Metro area, in May 2005. Led by Jim Wiens and John Few, the venue is an anchor for the 215-acre commercial and residential development, Arista Metropolitan District (also called Arista Broomfield). The facility would serve as competition for several mid-sized venues in Colorado, including the: Magness Arena, Bellco Theatre, Fillmore Auditorium, Budweiser Events Center, World Arena and the (now defunct) City Lights Pavilion. To set it apart from its competition, the arena was designed to give an arena-sized show a theatre (intimate) feeling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159813-0002-0000", "contents": "1stBank Center, History\nConstruction began in October 2006 to a rocky start. Six months after construction began, the venue's owners faced a lawsuit regarding noise control. Before opening, the facility saw staff and management changes. Despite pushbacks, the venue opened on November 9, 2006, with a concert by Bonnie Raitt. However, the facility proved it couldn't stand against its competitors. Many patrons complained of a lack of parking and street sign leading to the venue. Others complained about the acoustics, describing the arena as a concrete barn. For its first two years of operation, the venue did not see a profit. It was unable to pay bills and staff salaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159813-0003-0000", "contents": "1stBank Center, History\nUntil 2009, the arena was operated by Broomfield Sports and Entertainment (created by Wiens and Frew). Management ceased when the company could no longer financially afford to maintain the failing venue. The Broomfield Urban Renewal Authority (BURA) began seeking a new management company in January 2009. AEG Live, VenuWorks and SMG all placed bids. Operations were passed off to Peak Entertainment\u2014a joint venture between Kroenke Sports Enterprises and AEG Live Rocky Mountains, in June 2009, for 28 years. Chuck Morris, President and CEO or AEG Live Rocky Mountains, was responsible to the revitalization of the Fillmore Auditorium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159813-0004-0000", "contents": "1stBank Center, History\nUnder the new management, the venue saw over one million dollars in renovations. This included a new paint job, window treatments, terrace balconies, improvements to lighting and acoustics. Over 2,000 parking spaces were added, along with a pedestrian bridge connecting patrons to RTD's US 36 and Broomfield Park-n-Ride. During this construction period, the facility was given a temporary name change of Odeum Colorado. In February 2010, it was announced local financial institution,  FirstBank Holding Company of Colorado, Inc. (known simply as 1stBank) purchased naming rights for five years, at an undisclosed amount. The agreement began on March 1, 2010. The arena reopened on March 5, 2010, with a concert by Furthur. Since its reopening, the arena has hosted numerous concerts by popular artists, alongside family shows and sporting events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159814-0000-0000", "contents": "1stdibs\n1stdibs (stylized as 1stDibs) is an e-commerce company. It has an online marketplace, which sells luxury items such as high-end furniture for interior design, fine art and jewelry. The company has been recognized for \"pushing the antiques business into the 21st century.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159814-0001-0000", "contents": "1stdibs, History\n1stDibs was founded in 2000 by Michael Bruno as an online luxury marketplace for antiques after he visited the March\u00e9 aux Puces in Paris, France. 1stDibs.com started as a listings site for art dealers to sell offline, but the site was redesigned in 2013 to give buyers the option to purchase items online. The company has received praise for restricting its listings to authorized dealers for authenticity, and scrutiny for preventing dealers from completing a negotiation offline to avoid the company's commission fees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159814-0002-0000", "contents": "1stdibs, History\nIn 2015, 1stDibs raised $50 million from venture capital firm Insight Partners. Part of that funding went to buy out Bruno's shares, who had stepped away from day-to-day operations. The raise added Deven Parekh from Insight to the company's board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159814-0003-0000", "contents": "1stdibs, History\nIn March 2019, the company completed a Series D funding round of $76 million. It has received $170 million in funding to date and has a valuation of more than $500 million. As of February 2019, 1stDibs works with 4,000 dealers in 28 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159814-0004-0000", "contents": "1stdibs, History\nIn December 2019, 1stDibs closed its brick-and-mortar location at Terminal Stores after the new owner of the building began a large-scale construction project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159814-0005-0000", "contents": "1stdibs, History\nIn March 2021, due to increased online shopping as a results of the COVID-19 pandemic and to increased demand via social network Instagram, 1stDibs showed a 20% increase in demand for its vintage products, with some categories increasing 80%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0000-0000", "contents": "1the9\n1the9  (Hangul: \uc6d0\ub354\ub098\uc778, stylized as 1THE9, pronounced as Wonder Nine) was a South Korean boy band formed through the 2018 survival competition Under Nineteen. The group was composed of 9 members: Yoo Yong-ha, Kim Tae-woo, Lee Seung-hwan, Shin Ye-chan, Kim Jun-seo, Jeon Do-yum, Jung Jin-sung, Jeong Taek-hyeon and Park Sung-won. The group's debuting members were announced on February 9, 2019 and was initially slated to be promoting under PocketDol Studio for 12 months. After delays surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, the group disbanded in August 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0001-0000", "contents": "1the9, History, Pre-debut: Under Nineteen\n1THE9  was formed through the 'survival' competition series Under Nineteen, which aired on MBC from November 3, 2018 until February 9, 2019. Out of an initial 57 trainees participating, the final 9 were chosen by the audience voting and announced via live television broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0002-0000", "contents": "1the9, History, Pre-debut: Under Nineteen\nDuring the final broadcast the final members were ranked and marked to debut by votes from the fans. It was announced that the final lineup would do a V Live to thank the fans two hours after the show as well as their name. It was later announced that vocal team director Crush would be writing and producing the groups debuting single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0003-0000", "contents": "1the9, History, Pre-debut: Under Nineteen\nAlthough their official debut is scheduled for April, they will be participating in \"Under Nineteen's Final Concert\" on February 23, 2019 performing songs from the show with the other contestants. Since the show, the members have performed the single \"Like a Magic\" on music shows and has used it as a pre-debut promotion single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0004-0000", "contents": "1the9, History, 2019: XIX and Blah Blah\nOn February 22, 2019, it was announced that their official debut is set for April 12 with a concert later on in the month with their Japan debut. It was also announced that a reality show for the group will begin airing on March 22. Their Japan debut was put on hold due to MBK wanting to focus on promotions in South Korean first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0005-0000", "contents": "1the9, History, 2019: XIX and Blah Blah\nA series of individual teasers was released per member before the debut timeline was announced. On April 5 the debut timeline started and the name of the album was revealed to be XIX with the title track being \"Spotlight\". A pre-debut track \"Domino\" featuring Crush was released on April 7 leading up to their official debut on April 13. 1THE9 began promoting the album with \"Spotlight\" on various music shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0006-0000", "contents": "1the9, History, 2019: XIX and Blah Blah\nOn April 17, they held their debut stage through a V Live special for an hour and thirty minutes. They performed 3 songs, played games, and announced the fandom name and color to be Wonderland and Lime Punch, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0007-0000", "contents": "1the9, History, 2019: XIX and Blah Blah\nOn October 3, 2019, it was announced that they would return with their second mini-album Blah Blah on October 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0008-0000", "contents": "1the9, History, 2020: Turn Over, Good Bye 1the9 and Disbandment\nOn July 6, 2020, it was announced that they would release their third mini-album Turn Over on July 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 63], "content_span": [64, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159815-0009-0000", "contents": "1the9, History, 2020: Turn Over, Good Bye 1the9 and Disbandment\nOn July 27, 2020, it was confirmed that the group would officially disband on August 8. Before their disbandment, the group released their fourth and final mini-album Good Bye 1the9 on August 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 63], "content_span": [64, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0000-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals\n1theK Originals, formerly LOEN TV (Hangul: \ub85c\uc5d4 TV), is a South Korean web series, produced by Kakao M. It is shown on the label's official YouTube channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0001-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, History, 2011: Debut\nLOEN TV started in 2011, also going under the name LOEN Bangsong (\ub85c\uc5d4 \ubc29\uc1a1, LOEN broadcast). At first, it only covered IU. It has six episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0002-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, History, 2012: Comeback\nIn 2012, LOEN TV came back with three new episodes covering IU's Japanese tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0003-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, History, 2012: Comeback, 2012: Introduction of segments\nIn the same year, LOEN TV launched segments. Ask in a Box started in October 2012 with Gain as debut star followed by CSI: Coming Soon Interview (Girl's Day), Let's Dance (November 2012, Girl's Day), LOEN TV Live (December 2012, Sunny Hill and Yoon Hyun-sang), Special Feature (December 2012, Kim Sung-kyu), Run to You (March 2013, Kim Tae-woo), I'M: Introduce Myself (April 2013, Yoo Ji-ae) and Wonder Live (September 2013, Lyn).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0004-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, History, 2012: Comeback, 2014\nDue to the change of LOEN's music distribution brand from LOEN Music to 1theK, the web series became \"1theK Originals\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0005-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, Background, Segments, Ask in a Box\nIt is about asking guest artists different questions. LOEN gets the questions from \"likers\" (subscribers) of its Facebook page ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0006-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, Background, Segments, CSI: Comeback Special Interview\nIt shows interviews on guest artists and their new releases (album, single etc.). It was formerly called CSI: Coming Soon Interview until October 10, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0007-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, Background, Segments, Let's Dance\nIt teaches viewers moves from the latest K-pop dance crazes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0008-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, Background, Segments, Special Feature\nIt features interview on an artist, with a twist. The twist is that the interviewer is the same artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0009-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, Background, Segments, Run to You\nIt features a special live event presented by a K-pop artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0010-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, Background, Mini-Programs, History's ToryTory BangBang\nCalled a \"short-com\" (comedy short film), it starred the boy band History and premiered on June 6, 2013. It tackles about the group members' lives before their debut. It had five episodes and ended on July 4, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 71], "content_span": [72, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0011-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, Background, Mini-Programs, Fiestar's A-HA! For the Global K-pop Fan\nIt is an educational show featuring Fiestar's leader Jei, vocalist Cao Lu and lead rapper Cheska. It caters  for international viewers who wants to learn the Korean language. The first video is released on July 26, 2013, with their main topic, \"Daebak\", with Jei speaking Korean, Cheska in English, and Cao Lu translating it in Chinese. The last video, \"Kkuljaem\", was uploaded on October 24, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 84], "content_span": [85, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0012-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, Background, Mini-Programs, Oven Radio\nIt is a five-minute program resembled to a radio show, airing for five days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159816-0013-0000", "contents": "1theK Originals, Background, Mini-Programs, Oven Radio\nIt was supposed to start in October 2013 and to be hosted by Jung Joon-young, but was cancelled. It finally started the following month with Lee Juck as host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0000-0000", "contents": "1time\n1time Airline (Pty) Ltd commonly called 1time was a South African low-cost airline that operated between 2004 and 2012. Based in the Isando Industrial Park in Kempton Park, Ekurhuleni, Gauteng, 1time operated scheduled domestic and regional services. Its main base was OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg. The name of the company, \"one time! \", is a South African expression meaning \"for real! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0001-0000", "contents": "1time\nIn November 2012 the airline went into liquidation, and ceased operations. Despite various initiatives, including those of the liquidator, operations remain suspended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0002-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Early history\nThe founders owned an aviation holding company, Afrisource Holdings, through which they owned Aeronexus, an aviation company that offered various aircraft services (and performed maintenance for 1time).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0003-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Early history\n1time itself commenced ticket sales in January 2004, and started flying on 25 February 2004, with three daily return flights between OR Tambo International Airport and Cape Town International Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0004-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Early history\nThe Avstar Group acquired a 15% shareholding in 1time Holdings, and under the deal the airline leased two additional 157-seat McDonnell Douglas MD-83 aircraft from the Group. In 2006 1time carried over a million passengers on services to eight destinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0005-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Early history\nThe airline was owned by Afrisource Holdings (50%), MKJH Trust (30%) and Mogwele Investments (20%) and had 420 employees (at March 2007).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0006-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Early history\n1time Holdings made an IPO on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) on 14 August 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0007-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Provisional liquidation\nOn 22 August 2012, it was reported that 1time had filed for business rescue to give it protection from its creditors because it was \"financially distressed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0008-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Provisional liquidation\n1time ceased operations and filed for liquidation on 2 November 2012, cancelling all flights and stranding hundreds of passengers, after a final meeting with shareholders. The airline's final flight was at 15:00 on the day it was liquidated. The airline later issued the following statement on its website:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0009-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Provisional liquidation\n1time Airline has applied for business liquidation (02.11.2012) and that all of its operations have been grounded with immediate effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0010-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Provisional liquidation\nThe business rescue practitioner has advised that there are no reasonable prospects of survival as a potential financier notified us this afternoon that they are no longer able to invest in our airline. It is therefore with the utmost regret, disappointment and heartfelt disbelief that we have to file for liquidation, which means the end of a dream and an era for all of us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0011-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Provisional liquidation\n\"I sincerely thank our employees who worked so hard over the years to drive 1time's business, the travel trade who have been steadfast in their support, and our passengers who carried and maintained 1time during our most difficult and trying financial times, your loyalty is appreciated. Although 1time ceases to exist, the airline that we've built up through blood, sweat, tears and undeniable passion, will live on in the hearts of our passengers and also our competitors, who know that they have lost a formidable and world-class player in the low cost market. \"Blacky Komani (1time Group CEO)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0012-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Provisional liquidation\nOn 6 November 2012, Dr Gerhard Holtzhauzen, 1time's business rescue practitioner, filed an application for the termination of the Business Rescue proceedings, and for the airline to be placed under provisional liquidation. The North Gauteng High Court issued a provisional liquidation order on 7 November 2012, and decreed that the return date for the order would be 11 December 2012, at which time the court will rule on the final closure of the business. On the same date, the Master of the High Court appointed Aviwe Ndyamara as the provisional liquidator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0013-0000", "contents": "1time, History, Provisional liquidation\nOn 19 December 2012 Fastjet announced that it had entered into an option agreement to buy the entire issued share capital of 1time Airline, and planned to take over up to three of the aircraft that were in the 1time fleet, and operate services on domestic South African routes. However, negotiations with the liquidator appear to have lapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0014-0000", "contents": "1time, Destinations\nAt the time operations ceased, 1time flew to the following destinations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0015-0000", "contents": "1time, Fleet\nAt the time operations were suspended, the 1time fleet consisted of the following aircraft:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159817-0016-0000", "contents": "1time, Fleet\nAdditionally, the airline previously operated at least x1 Boeing 737-200 and x5 Douglas DC-9s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0000-0000", "contents": "1worldspace\n1worldspace, known for most of its existence simply as WorldSpace, is a defunct satellite radio network that in its heyday provided service to over 170,000 subscribers in eastern, southern and northern Africa, the Middle East, and much of Asia with 96% coming from India. It was profitable in India, with 450,000 subscribers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0001-0000", "contents": "1worldspace\nThe two operational satellites that the company had, AfriStar and AsiaStar, are now being used by their new owner, the  run by WorldSpace's former CEO Noah A. Samara. The company claims to have built the first satellite-to-tablet content delivery system. The system primarily aims at providing educational services to rural areas in developing countries. The first pilots of the technology are said to be taking place in India (with 30,000 licenses) and the sub-Saharan region in Africa, with the latest trials in two schools in South Africa, in Rietkol, in Mpumalanga Province, and at Heathfield, in Western Cape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0002-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Overview\nThe company, founded in 1990, has its headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland and additional studios were located in Washington, D.C., Bangalore, Mumbai, New Delhi, and Nairobi. In 1991 Noah Samara, working with Thomas van der Heyden \u2013 founder of what was then International Telecommunications Inc. (ITI), later in 1997 to become the geostationary satellite division of Orbital Sciences, prepared and filed for the world's first Radio Broadcast Satellite with the US FCC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0002-0001", "contents": "1worldspace, Overview\nIn 1992, Samara and van der Heyden (at the time representing the Republic of Indonesia) were able, at WARC-92 with the support of many African and Asian countries, to have the ITU establish a new radio frequency spectrum band dedicated to Broadcast Satellite Services (BSS) in the L-band \u2013 1,452 MHz \u2013 1,492 MHz. After WARC-92 Samara went on to build WorldSpace and van der Heyden to build IndoVison and the Indostar S-band Direct Broadcast Satellite satellite program for Indonesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0003-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Overview\nWorldSpace first began broadcasting satellite radio on 1 October 1999, in Africa. In a last-ditch but ultimately completely unsuccessful effort to avoid commercial insolvency in July 2008, WorldSpace changed its brand and corporate identity to 1worldspace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0004-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Overview\nBefore filing for bankruptcy in October 2008, 1worldspace employed two satellites and broadcast 62 channels \u2013 38 of which were content provided by international, national and regional third parties and 24 1worldspace-branded stations produced by or for 1worldspace. Most of the channels used to be available only through a subscription plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0005-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Overview\n1worldspace claimed to be the only company with rights to the world's globally allocated spectrum for digital satellite radio. However, it never made use of its license to broadcast to the Americas or the Caribbean. The company gained attention around 2000 because of its willingness to invest in impoverished areas and from 2006 to the present due to its financial difficulties and bankruptcy proceedings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0006-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Overview\nEuropean operations were liquidated in the spring of 2009. On December 25, 2009, the company issued notices to all of its subscribers in India that WorldSpace service in India would officially be terminated from December 31, 2009, with no refunds given to its subscribers, on account of bankruptcy. The company was known as AfriSpace until 1992 when it changed its name to WorldSpace until July 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0007-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Overview\nFor a while Liberty Media (a spin-off of TCI, an American cable-television group) sought to buy the assets, but in June 2010, a company called Yazmi USA owned by former WorldSpace founder, chairman, and CEO Noah Samara purchased the remains for US$5.5M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0008-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Overview\nOn 18 July 2011, Forbes India reported that Timbre Media was re-launching WorldSpace Radio in association with Sa Re Ga Ma in September 2011, although it would only be streamed through mobile phones, the Internet and direct-to-home television networks. Reportedly, old WorldSpace receivers would no longer work. The re-launch would start with 40 stations and eventually have as many as 120 stations, including sub-categories such as music for cardio-workouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0009-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Content\n1worldspace assembled a combination of news, sports, music, brand name content and educational programming which it delivered to its market in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The 62 channels (38 of which were third-party content and 24 of which were produced by or for 1worldspace) represented popular international music formats including contemporary hits, country, classic rock and jazz with content specific to the local geographic region. Sports coverage included content from Fox Sports Radio and talkSPORT in addition to regional coverage. 1worldspace also broadcast news from well-renowned sources such as BBC, CNBC, CNN, NPR, RFI, and WRN. Additional content included channels that highlighted poetry and literature, comedy, talk shows, and inspirational and religious programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0010-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Content\n1worldspace's program directors and announcers operated from studios in Washington, D.C., Bangalore, and Nairobi, where 18 original music and lifestyle channels were created for distribution. Four of these stations were previously available in the United States on the XM Satellite Radio network. This arrangement ended in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0011-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System\nThe 1worldspace system had three major components: the space segment, the ground segment, and the user segment. The space segment referred to the company-owned satellites that broadcast the signals over a large percentage of the eastern hemisphere. The ground segment referred to the operating and broadcasting centers. The user segment referred to the user-owned devices in which the signal was received. In addition, the company planned to implement terrestrial repeater networks in order to facilitate access to new markets in Europe and the Middle-East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0012-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System\nThe 1worldspace system was built with companies including Alcatel Space (now Thales Alenia Space), EADS Astrium and Arianespace (France), SED (Canada), GSI (USA), Fraunhofer Soviety (Germany), ST Microelectronics (Italy), Micronas (Germany) and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0013-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, Space segment\n1worldspace operated two satellites: AfriStar and AsiaStar. This made it available in Asia, Africa, Middle East, and parts of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0014-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, Space segment\nThe company ordered also a third satellite, AmeriStar (also known as CaribStar and later renamed AfriStar 2). This satellite was built but never launched. A fourth satellite, WorldStar 4, was also considered and some components were acquired. However, the whole WorldStar 4 satellite was never built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0015-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, Ground segment\nThe regional operations centers for the satellites were located in Silver Spring, Maryland for AfriStar and Melbourne, Australia for AsiaStar. These centers managed the performance and status of the satellites by controlling them and monitoring there. The system architecture is identical for each region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0016-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, Ground segment\nTelemetry, command and ranging (TCR) ground stations consisted of an X-Band uplink command and control system and an L-Band telemetry monitoring system. A backup mode was also provided using an S-Band link from Bangalore, India. Each satellite had two TCR stations with sufficient geographic distance between them so that if natural disasters or any unforeseen events were to make one inoperable, a back-up station would be available. The TCR stations for AfriStar were located in Bangalore, India and Port Louis, Mauritius, and the ones for AsiaStar in Melbourne, Australia and Port Louis, Mauritius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0017-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, Ground segment\nIn addition to the TCR stations, a communications system monitoring station (CSM) was associated with each satellite to monitor continuously the quality of the downlink services. The CSM facilities were located in Libreville, Gabon for AfriStar and Melbourne, Australia for AsiaStar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0018-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, User segment\nUsers purchased receivers compatible with the L-Band frequency in order to access the system. The radio receiver processed, decoded and descrambled the signals to allow users to receive programming content. The company's broadcast frequency and satellites required a special receiver design incorporating either a small patch antenna measuring approximately 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.2 inches) which folded neatly into the receiver unit or a similarly sized omni-directional antenna mounted on the car rooftop. Each receiver was individually addressable via a unique identifier that could be used to unlock specially coded audio or multimedia signals. This capability provided the flexibility to deliver free, subscription and/or premium services to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0019-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, User segment\nThe currently available receivers were manually coded for subscription authorization. A password, valid for varying periods of time depending upon the length of the subscription purchased and paid for, is provided to a subscriber and entered into the receiver. Passwords were re-validated on a quarterly basis. Upon subscription renewal, a new passcode was provided and similarly entered into the receiver. As new receiver products were introduced, there were plans to provide over-the-air activation of subscriptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0020-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, User segment\nThe radio sets, or receivers, which could pick up 1worldspace signals were manufactured by South Korea's AMI, India's BPL and China's Tongshi, among other corporations. Discontinued models were manufactured by JVC, Sanyo, Hitachi, and Panasonic. The radios consisted of a satellite receiver plus an antenna that has to be placed in clear view of the relevant satellite, and properly oriented to the user's geographic azimuth and elevation. A new receiver manufactured by Delphi using open standard ETSI Satellite Digital Radio technology would have been used in Europe if the company had entered the car satellite radio receiver marketplace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0021-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, Debt\n1worldspace finally became insolvent in 2009/2010 after a prolonged series of financial crises. In the first quarter of 2008 the company lost a net total of 2676 subscribers and reported that it would scale back its marketing activities around the world. WorldSpace recorded a $36.0 million net loss in the second quarter of 2008, as compared to a net loss of $51.2 million in the second quarter of 2007. Throughout 2008 and 2009 company was in deep debt and was reported to owe its creditors over $50 million, due to be paid by various repeatedly postponed deadlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0022-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, Bankruptcy\nThe company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on 17 October 2008. The reorganization includes a 90-day $13 million debtor-in-possession financing approach, with the hopes of obtaining added funds to repay senior secured notes and convertible notes. The company's wholly owned India affiliate was not covered by the bankruptcy filing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0023-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, System, High-profile resignations\nIn August 2008, two of the top executives of 1worldspace announced their resignations. Greg Armstrong, co-COO, left effective on August 1 and Alexander Brown, co-COO, has given notice of his intention to leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0024-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Promotional information\nWorldSpace audio advertisements in 2006 highlighted the company's ability to provide communication and data-transmission services to remote areas of the world, particularly in a disaster-relief context. The promotions also mentioned WorldSpace's facilitation of long-distance educational projects in Africa. The ads, broadcast on Washington D.C. radio stations, appeared aimed at government procurement officials and possibly NGOs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0025-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Promotional information\nWorldSpace named noted Indian composer A.R. Rahman as its brand ambassador in India where 90% of its customers are located, and unveiled an integrated marketing communication campaign across print and visual media featuring an exclusive signature tune composed by Mr. Rahman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0026-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Philanthropy\nWorldSpace Foundation was a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization created in 1997 with the aim of improving literacy in Africa, and providing content through satellite to smaller community radio stations in the continent. WorldSpace Foundation has changed its name to First Voice International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0027-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Philanthropy\nFirst Voice International was a non-profit organization that tried to ensure that people living in poverty and remote places get the information they need to improve their lives, have the means to communicate their needs and wants, are able to share what they know with others \u2013 in their own voice. The organization attempted to reach the most people for the least cost by combining satellite and other technologies. By bypassing the isolating effects of illiteracy and remoteness, the organization routinely delivers information to people in areas lacking electricity, telephone or Internet service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0028-0000", "contents": "1worldspace, Historic plans for service development\nSince uninterrupted line of sight reception may be difficult in the urban areas, a need to install terrestrial repeating transmitters to rebroadcast the satellite signals in the largest metropolitan areas of intended mobile DARS markets was identified. The company had been licensed to build networks of terrestrial repeaters in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. With this addition, the system could have provided more reliable broadcast services to receivers in automobiles. 1worldspace had planned to start providing mobile radio and data services in Italy using a combination of satellite and terrestrial broadcasts in late 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159818-0028-0001", "contents": "1worldspace, Historic plans for service development\nIt had signed an agreement with Fiat, an Italian automobile manufacturer, to make radios capable of receiving the signals available to car owners. Fiat plans to make such radios available as a bookable option made prior to purchasing a car. If the service had been launched and had been a commercial success in Italy, it was then planned to make similar services available in Germany and Switzerland. 1worldspace would have used ETSI Satellite Digital Radio (SDR) open standard in the new European coverage beam. The receivers for the new markets would have been manufactured by Delphi and would have delivered a gap-free coverage to vehicles similar to that of Sirius XM Radio vehicular mobile service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0000-0000", "contents": "1xBet\n1X Corp N.V. (also known as \"1xBet\") is an online gambling company licensed by the Cura\u00e7ao eGaming License. It was founded in 2007 and registered in Cyprus. In 2019 they experienced considerable growth, briefly sponsoring Chelsea FC and Liverpool FC before being ousted for their involvement in illegal activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0001-0000", "contents": "1xBet\nInitially a Russian Casino, it expanded its online presence in 2014 by partnering with 'BookmakerPub'. It maintains operations in Malta, Cyprus and Abuja (Nigeria). 1xBet's website is blocked in Russia, Ukraine and in other countries; the company is not authorized for gambling in Russia by the Russian Federal Tax Service, as with many other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0002-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Activities\nIn 2018, 1xBet entered into an agreement with the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF). As part of the deal 1xBet will acquire branding and advertisement rights at Nigerian national football team matches and other NFF events. The deal also includes the Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0003-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Activities\nIn 2018, 1xBet were announced as new International Presenting Partner of Italy\u2019s Serie A. The deal covers: Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas until 2021. In March 2018, former Italian professional football player Andrea Pirlo was announced as a brand ambassador for 1xBet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0004-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Activities\n1xBet were named as a Global Betting Partner of Cardiff City FC for the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0005-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Activities\nin 2019, 1xBet were granted a five-year full National Licence to operate in Nigeria until 2024. 1xBet are also an official sponsor of the Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Africaine de Football (CAF), the controlling body for African association football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0006-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Activities\nIn 2020, 1xBet signed a trademark license agreement with an international online gaming company TonyBet. As part of the deal, TonyBet acquired the 1xBet UK trademark. Following the sale of the UK trademark, 1xBet announced they will no longer be operating in the UK market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0007-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Activities\nIn 2020, 1xBet were issued a license to operate in Mexico by the General Directorate for Games and Lotteries and the Mexican Ministry of the Interior (SEGOB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0008-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Activities\nIn March 2021, 1xBet was confirmed by ESL Gaming as the official global betting partner for the ESL Pro Tour and ESL One Summer. The partnership is to run for the entirety of 2021 and up to IEM Katowice 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0009-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Activities\nIn May 2021, 1xBet announced a new top-level partnership with Davido, one of the most influential artists in Africa. The ambassadorial deal will see Davido's image appear on advertisements such as TV, billboards and transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0010-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Activities\nIn July 2021, 1xBet signed a one-year ambassadorial deal with Nigerian comedian Mark Angel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0011-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Awards\nIn 2018, 1xBet was awarded the \u201cRising Star in Sports Betting Innovation\u201d award at the SBC Awards 2018 in London. 1xBet was also nominated in five other categories: Rising Star in Sports Betting, Football Bookmaker of the Year, Esports Bookmaker of the Year, Best Affiliate Partner Scheme and White Label Supplier of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0012-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Awards\n1xBet was recognised with two nominations at the Global Gaming Awards 2021. The betting company was nominated as Online Sports Betting Operator of the Year, as well as being shortlisted for Affiliate Program of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0013-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Controversies\nFollowing an investigation by The Sunday Times in 2019, their license was promptly rescinded by the UK Gambling Commission (UKGC) after revelations of involvement promoting a \u201cpornhub casino\u201d, bets on children's sports and advertising on illegal websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0014-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Controversies\nThe company is prohibited from operating in the UK, however continue to sponsor FC Barcelona, Seria A, and the Confederation of African Football (CAF), among various other sports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0015-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Controversies\nAs of May 2021, 1xBet has amassed over 1,290,0000 search results on Google for the term \"1xBet Scam\"; retaining its reputation as one of the world's most controversial betting firms and featuring on Russia's payment processor blacklist. It provides an affiliate system to delegate its advertising onto unwitting clients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0016-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Criminal Investigation\nIn early 2020, awareness was raised of an ongoing scam involving embezzlement and unlawful practice, highlighting attention through diplomatic channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0017-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Criminal Investigation\n1xBet's headquarters and company roster remain largely unknown with a multitude of offshore companies, domain aliases and registrars intertwined to obfuscate operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0018-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Criminal Investigation\nIn July 2020, the regional department of Bryansk revealed investigators had completed an investigation into a resident who was the cashier of an illegal online bookmaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0019-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Criminal Investigation\nLater in August 2020, the Directorate of the Investigative Committee for the Russian Bryansk Region, released the names of the supposed creators of 1xBet. These are ''Sergey Karshkov, Roman Semiokhin'' and ''Dmitry Kazorin.''", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0020-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Criminal Investigation\nThe trio are suspected of organizing the online bookmaker 1xBet, and are defendants in a criminal case, with penalty of imprisonment. A number of estates in Russia with a total value of 1.5 billion rubles were seized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0021-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Criminal Investigation\nThe UK has put them on the international wanted list -  all three have Cypriot citizenship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0022-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Criminal Investigation\nWeplay, a company that hosts esports, partnered up with 1xbet. When Netherrealm Studios (Mortal Kombat 11) and Bandai Namco (Tekken 7 and Soulcalibur VI) found this information out, they immediately pulled support from Weplay due to differences in vision. Weplay responded back, but have not heard back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0023-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Criminal Investigation\nIn 2021, Parlan Law Firm announced a search for victims of 1Xbet in Russia. The company has organized a service for filing applications to the investigative committee. They filed a lawsuit against the owner of the Russian version of 1Xbet - bookmaker 1XStavka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0024-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Alleged Owners\nKarshkov, an ex-police major and head of the \"K\" department of the Internal Affairs Directorate for the Bryansk region - was granted Cypriot citizenship in 2020 by obtaining a \"Golden Passport\" through substantial investments in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159819-0025-0000", "contents": "1xBet, Alleged Owners\nAlongside Russian billionaire Semiokhin and Kazorin, all three have fled to Cyprus to avoid Russian prosecution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159820-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00aa Divis\u00e3o de Andebol Feminino\nThe 1\u00aa Divis\u00e3o de Andebol Feminino, or Campeonato Nacional Seniores Femininos, 1\u00aa Divis\u00e3o, is the premier women's handball league in Portugal. It was established in 1978, and it is currently contested by twelve teams. Madeira SAD is the championship's most decorated team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159821-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00b0 West\n1\u00b0 West is an orbital satellite position used by satellites belonging to Telenor Satellite Broadcasting and Intelsat. During the 1990s, it was established as one of the two major satellite positions for DTH reception in the Scandinavian countries (the other being 5\u00b0 East).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159821-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u00b0 West\nToday, the position is used by the Scandinavian DTH operator Canal Digital, the Romanian DTH operators Digi TV and Focus Sat, as well as some African channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159822-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00b9\u00b9=1 (Power of Destiny)\n1\u00b9\u00b9=1 (Power of Destiny) is a studio album by South Korean boy group Wanna One, released on November 19, 2018, by Swing Entertainment and Stone Music Entertainment. The album serves as the group's culmination of activities before their disbandment in January 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159822-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u00b9\u00b9=1 (Power of Destiny), Background and release\nOn October 30, 2018, Wanna One released a teaser video and also revealed the title of their first full album, titled 1\u00b9\u00b9=1 (Power of Destiny) and from October 31 through November 4, concept photos were posted on the group's social media sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159822-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u00b9\u00b9=1 (Power of Destiny), Background and release\nOn November 5, 2018, the group revealed the lead single \"Spring Breeze\" and the album pre-order. From November 6 through November 11, 2018, the group released concept photos for Adventure and Romance versions of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159822-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u00b9\u00b9=1 (Power of Destiny), Background and release\nThe \"Spring Breeze\" music video teaser was posted on November 13. The track list was revealed on November 15. The \"Spring Breeze\" video was released on November 19 along with the album, with Billboard calling the song a \"smooth dance track that leans into lilting synths and alt rock instrumentals while sprinkling in orchestral strings, horns and piano elements to craft a stirring melody\". The Korea Times labeled the song alternative dance. The video features the group performing \"clean-cut, interpretive choreography\" along with intercut scenes of the group hanging out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159822-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u00b9\u00b9=1 (Power of Destiny), Background and release\nThe album was characterized as featuring songs about the members' feelings about the group's upcoming disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159822-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u00b9\u00b9=1 (Power of Destiny), Promotion\nWanna One hosted a comeback show last November 22, 2018, which was broadcast worldwide on Mnet, M2, the group's Facebook page, and the YouTube channels of Mnet Official, Mnet KPOP, and M2. The comeback show was be pre-recorded and featured the group's performances of their old and new songs as well as a discussion of the album through making \"mukbangs\" and paintings. They also promoted the album on various South Korean music shows including The Show, Show Champion, M Countdown, Music Bank, Show! Music Core and Inkigayo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159823-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba Batalh\u00e3o de For\u00e7as Especiais\n1\u00ba Batalh\u00e3o de For\u00e7as Especiais (1\u00ba B F Esp) (English: 1st Special Forces Battalion) is a counter-terrorism (CT) unit of the Brazilian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159823-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba Batalh\u00e3o de For\u00e7as Especiais, History\nThe Battalion was initially formed in 1957 as a jungle rescue unit. However, in 1968 it was reorganized as a special forces unit. In 1983 the unit was expanded and placed under the parachute infantry brigade structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159823-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba Batalh\u00e3o de For\u00e7as Especiais, Role\nThe Battalion's mission is similar to that of the Green Beret units; however, because they have the CT mission, they have modified their organization to more closely follow Britain's Special Air Service and American's Delta Force. The SF Battalion falls within the Army's Special Operations Brigade and is located in Guadelupe, near Rio de Janeiro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159823-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba Batalh\u00e3o de For\u00e7as Especiais, Role\nThe battalion is capable of conducting its missions independently from or in conjunction with conventional forces. Battalion troops are trained in jungle warfare at the Army's CIGS jungle warfare school and in amphibious, mountain warfare, airborne, airmobile and HAHO/HALO operations. They are also prepared for long-range reconnaissance in addition to their CT operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159824-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Comandos \"Iquique\"\nThe 1st Commandos Company \"Iquique\" (Spanish: 1\u00ba Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Comandos \"Iquique\") is special forces unit under the jurisdiction of northern Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159824-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Comandos \"Iquique\", Division\nThe unit is part of the 2nd Armored Brigade \"Cazadores\" (2\u00ba Brigada Acorzada \"Cazadores\" in Spanish) of the Sixth Army Division based in the first region of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159824-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Comandos \"Iquique\", Restructuring of Chilean Army\nThe Chilean Army has been restructured into more independent armored brigades, and shaped only by professional people, meaning that each squad possesses a special forces unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159825-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio\nGrupo Desportivo 1\u00ba de Maio is a football club that plays in the island of Principe in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe. The team plays in the Principe Island League in its local division and plays at Est\u00e1dio 13 de Julho in the island capital as every club on the island does.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159825-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio, History\nThe team was founded on May 1, 1982 and named after the foundation of the date of the club. Its current coach is Aldo Cruz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159825-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio, History\nThe club celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1992 and later celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159825-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio, History\nIts logo has a gold-yellow pointed crest with a thin dark green edge with the club name and the club's location inside and on top, Djunta M\u00f3, the Pr\u00edncipe Creole form. It has a sky blue colored football (soccer ball) in the middle with two people shaking hands inside. It also has three stars on the bottom, colored green, red and yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159825-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio, History\nIn 1999, the club won their first regional cup title and played in the national semis where they were placed at the time, they lost a match at that round and was out of the competition. In 2000, the club won the previous round of the regional cup, the club lost at the semi-final stage. In 2001, the club finished fifth and last place. The team won a title in 2003 beating Inter Bom-Bom by 4 points. In regional title totals, it became shared with UDAPB in 2007 and Sporting Pr\u00edncipe in 2011, up to that time, its title totals were third and last. After Sporting's win in 2012, their totals became fifth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159826-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio Esporte Clube\n1\u00ba de Maio Esporte Clube, commonly known as 1\u00ba de Maio, is a Brazilian football club based in Petrolina, Pernambuco state. They competed in the S\u00e9rie C once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159826-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio Esporte Clube, History\nThe club was founded on February 23, 1985. 1\u00ba de Maio finished in the second position in the Campeonato Pernambucano Second Level in 1996, when they lost the competition to Flamengo de Arcoverde, and in 2002, when they lost the competition to Itacuruba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159826-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio Esporte Clube, Stadium\n1\u00ba de Maio Esporte Clube play their home games at Est\u00e1dio Paulo de Souza Coelho, nicknamed Est\u00e1dio Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Rural. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 5,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159827-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio de Quelimane\n1\u00ba de Maio de Quelimane is a football club based in Quelimane, Mozambique. As of 2016, 1\u00ba de Maio compete in the Mo\u00e7ambola, the premiere football league of Mozambique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159827-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Maio de Quelimane\nThe club (colloquially known as Oper\u00e1rios) narrowly avoided relegation from the Mo\u00e7ambola during the 2016 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159828-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00ba de Mayo (Seville Metro)\n1\u00ba de Mayo (English: 1 May) is a station of the Seville Metro on line 1. It is located at the intersection of Federico Mayo Gayarre and Ronda del Tamarguillo avenues in the district of Cerro-Amate. 1\u00ba de Mayo is an underground station situated between Gran Plaza and Amate on the same line. It was opened on 2 April 2009. It is expected that by 2017 the station will have a connection with line 4 of the subway (that it is still in planning phase).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde\n1+1/2 Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde (German: 1+1/2 Ritter \u2013 Auf der Suche nach der hinrei\u00dfenden Herzelinde) is a 2008 German film directed by Til Schweiger. It stars Til Schweiger, Rick Kavanian, Julia Dietze, Thomas Gottschalk and Udo Kier. The film centers on two knights, Lanze (Schweiger) and Erdal (Kavanian) who are trying to save kidnapped Princess Herzelinde (Dietze) from the Black Knight (Tobias Moretti). Some characters from Der Ring des Nibelungen by Richard Wagner, such as Siegfried (Thierry van Werveke) and Br\u00fcnnhilde (Stefanie Stappenbeck) appear in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, Plot\nKnight Lanze and Halb Night Erdal finds out it's right by the out numbered appearance and finds a group of nazi soldiers and then kills them and then finds out that they are going to a place to know and then finds out that a bad guy Luipiud has to know it's going good and then Knight says that the Liupiud Soldiers has arrived and Knight kills them and then he leaves and gen Knight tells Halb knows the answer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 64], "content_span": [65, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0001-0001", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, Plot\nKnight and Halb knows that they are giving answers by getting it the right or wrong way and then knows the answer and then Knight finds the Crude sharks and then Knight kills them and drives away fast. Knight and Halb and finds Herzalinde to find out what the answer is and then Knight finds the crude members and then kills them and scatters across the way in. Knight and Halb takes Herzalinde to a book club and then finds a book and then takes it and then purchases it and then leaves the book club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 64], "content_span": [65, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0001-0002", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, Plot\nIn a real knowledge Knight finds Halb in order to present the question and then he finds Halb and finds Crude Sharks and then kills themAnd then Halb is taken by The Black Knight and then Halb kills them and leaves the area. Halb and Knight and then they finds Schwarzer River and then takes him to a store and finds the tough soldiers and then kills them and gets him to a safe place to know he is the good guy and then drops him off safe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 64], "content_span": [65, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, Plot\nKnight and Halb finds a way to go to the nightclub parking and goes over to the bikes and then a group of bikers arrive and then Knight kills them until he has a chance to get rid of them and then they leave the nightclub parking lot to find Konig and then gets him out fast and to the house. Knight and Konig finds the dealers and then kills them and then leaves the area and gets away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 64], "content_span": [65, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0002-0001", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, Plot\nKnight knows the answer and finds Walter and then Knight greets him and gives him money for the job and then Knight tells Walter to enter his car for the job as a completion. Knight finds Hexe and then Knight goes to the warehouse and talks to Hexe and follows her out of the warehouse and then Knight follows Hexe to a helicopter and then Hexe flies the helicopter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 64], "content_span": [65, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0002-0002", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, Plot\nKnight takes the car and searches for a coin and then takes it and drops it down the river and finds Prince Gustav and then Knight takes him to his house and follows him in his room and then Knight leaves his house and drives to his house and looks at the file. Knight tells Knappe Georgie and then knight knows he is bad and then follows him to an office building and then kills him through the office and then escapes and then finds a group of killers and then kills them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 64], "content_span": [65, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, Critical reception\nThe film earned mostly negative reviews from film critics. German newspaper S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung described it as an \"embarrassing parade of celebrities\", \"[...] Til Schweiger has got both the critics and the press to hate him for this film. Not without reason. [ ...] The film is just as lame as its trailer\". TV Movie.de wrote, \"If the jokes were better and went beyond adolescent humor, it would become a real comedy\". Cinefacts.de added that \"Til [Schweiger] once again tried in the comedy genre, but that, unlike his previous films Barfuss and Keinohrhasen, it lacks gags\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 78], "content_span": [79, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0003-0001", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, Critical reception\nDorit Koch from General Anzeiger Bonn wrote \"Though the film lacks good gags, the famous cast will attract the audience\". Cinema.de described the film as a \"shallow medieval farce with a few funny ideas\". \"Til Schweiger directs and stars in his middle age film with childish jokes and Monty Python style. You can try to find it funny, but you won't\", the Welt wrote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 78], "content_span": [79, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159829-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u00bd Knights: In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, Music\nThe 1+1\u20442 Knights \u2013 In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde soundtrack album was released through the Interscope Records on 19 December 2008, and includes the song \"Walta Sattla\", performed by Til Schweiger. In the review of the album, the Bild wrote that \"unlike the film itself, the soundtrack is just beautiful, not a funny parade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 65], "content_span": [66, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159830-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided)\n1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided) is the  third mini-album by South Korean boy band Wanna One. It was released on June 4, 2018, by Swing Entertainment and Stone Music Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159830-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided), Release and promotion\n1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided) is a follow-up of the band's arithmetic-themed album series. In April, Wanna One announced that the members will split into multiple units and collaborate with different artists such as Dynamic Duo, Zico, Nell and Heize for their upcoming album. On May 7, Wanna One announced the title of the new \"Special \"album, 1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided) through a teaser video. It will contain the songs produced during their unit projects, which will be shown on the group's reality show Wanna One Go: X-con.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159830-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided), Release and promotion, Units\nThe different units were unveiled on the first day of Wanna One Go: X-con.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159830-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided), Release and promotion, Units\nOn June 4, the album was released, along with the music video of the lead single, \"Light\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159830-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided), Release and promotion, Units\nWanna One filmed the live performance of \"Light\" and the unit songs during their Day 1 Concert in Seoul on June 1, which was broadcast live on Mnet, the channel's YouTube account and the group's Facebook account, through the group's reality show, Wanna One Go: X-con on June 4. They also promoted on music shows for two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159830-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided), Production and composition\nThe title of the album is inspired by arithmetical operations like the band's previous releases:1X1=1 (TO BE ONE), 1-1=0 (NOTHING WITHOUT YOU), and 0+1=1 (I PROMISE YOU). Every sub-unit track on the album is produced by a high-profile South Korean artist. The lead single, \"Light\" is a UK garage-inspired electropop track containing a catchy chorus and EDM breakdown. The song features all the eleven members of the band. \u201cForever and a Day\u201d is an evocative pop rock track groove ballad. The song is produced by Kim Jong Wan, the vocalist of indie rock band Nell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159830-0005-0001", "contents": "1\u00f7x=1 (Undivided), Production and composition\nIt features the members Yoon Ji-sung, Ha Sung-woon and Hwang Min-hyun and sonically, sounds similar to the style of its writer Kim. \u201c11\u201d is a groovy alternative R&B track produced by  Gaeko and Choiza of Dynamic Duo. The song features Lai Kuan-lin, Park Ji-hoon, and Bae Jin-young. \u201cSandglass\u201d is a breezy track produced by Heize and featuring Ong Seong-wu and Lee Dae-hwi. The lyrics talk about with the theme of an hourglass that symbolizes memories that do not disappear, but are there for a limited time. \u201cKangaroo\u201d is a summery hip hop track produced by Block B\u2019s Zico and contains  punky rhythms and melodies. The song features members Kim Jae-hwan, Kang Daniel and Park Woo-jin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159831-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u03b2-Methylseleno-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine\nIn organic chemistry, 1\u03b2-Methylseleno-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is an amino sugar containing selenium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope\nIn 6-dimensional geometry, the 122 polytope is a uniform polytope, constructed from the E6 group. It was first published in E. L. Elte's 1912 listing of semiregular polytopes, named as V72 (for its 72 vertices).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope\nIts Coxeter symbol is 122, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of the 1-node sequence. There are two rectifications of the 122, constructed by positions points on the elements of 122. The rectified 122 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 122. The birectified 122 is constructed by points at the triangle face centers of the 122.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope\nThese polytopes are from a family of 39 convex uniform polytopes in 6-dimensions, made of uniform polytope facets and vertex figures, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope\nThe 1_22 polytope contains 72 vertices, and 54 5-demicubic facets. It has a birectified 5-simplex vertex figure. Its 72 vertices represent the root vectors of the simple Lie group E6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope, Construction\nIt is created by a Wythoff construction upon a set of 6 hyperplane mirrors in 6-dimensional space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope, Construction\nThe facet information can be extracted from its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0006-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on either of 2-length branches leaves the 5-demicube, 131, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0007-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope, Construction\nThe vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed node and ringing the neighboring node. This makes the birectified 5-simplex, 022, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0008-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope, Construction\nSeen in a configuration matrix, the element counts can be derived by mirror removal and ratios of Coxeter group orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0009-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope, Related complex polyhedron\nThe regular complex polyhedron 3{3}3{4}2, , in C2{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} ^{2}} has a real representation as the 122 polytope in 4-dimensional space. It has 72 vertices, 216 3-edges, and 54 3{3}3 faces. Its complex reflection group is 3[3]3[4]2, order 1296. It has a half-symmetry quasiregular construction as , as a rectification of the Hessian polyhedron, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0010-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope, Related polytopes and honeycomb\nAlong with the semiregular polytope, 221, it is also one of a family of 39 convex uniform polytopes in 6-dimensions, made of uniform polytope facets and vertex figures, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 61], "content_span": [62, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0011-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope, Related polytopes and honeycomb, Geometric folding\nThe 122 is related to the 24-cell by a geometric folding E6 \u2192 F4 of Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams, E6 corresponding to 122 in 6 dimensions, F4 to the 24-cell in 4 dimensions. This can be seen in the Coxeter plane projections. The 24 vertices of the 24-cell are projected in the same two rings as seen in the 122.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 80], "content_span": [81, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0012-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, 1_22 polytope, Related polytopes and honeycomb, Tessellations\nThis polytope is the vertex figure for a uniform tessellation of 6-dimensional space, 222, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 76], "content_span": [77, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0013-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Rectified 1_22 polytope\nThe rectified 122 polytope (also called 0221) can tessellate 6-dimensional space as the Voronoi cell of the E6* honeycomb lattice (dual of E6 lattice).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0014-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Rectified 1_22 polytope, Images\nVertices are colored by their multiplicity in this projection, in progressive order: red, orange, yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0015-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Rectified 1_22 polytope, Construction\nIts construction is based on the E6 group and information can be extracted from the ringed Coxeter-Dynkin diagram representing this polytope: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0016-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Rectified 1_22 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the ring on the short branch leaves the birectified 5-simplex, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0017-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Rectified 1_22 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the ring on the either 2-length branch leaves the birectified 5-orthoplex in its alternated form: t2(211), .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0018-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Rectified 1_22 polytope, Construction\nThe vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed node and ringing the neighboring ring. This makes 3-3 duoprism prism, {3}\u00d7{3}\u00d7{}, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0019-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Rectified 1_22 polytope, Construction\nSeen in a configuration matrix, the element counts can be derived by mirror removal and ratios of Coxeter group orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0020-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Truncated 1_22 polytope, Construction\nIts construction is based on the E6 group and information can be extracted from the ringed Coxeter-Dynkin diagram representing this polytope: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0021-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Truncated 1_22 polytope, Images\nVertices are colored by their multiplicity in this projection, in progressive order: red, orange, yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159832-0022-0000", "contents": "1\u200922 polytope, Birectified 1_22 polytope, Images\nVertices are colored by their multiplicity in this projection, in progressive order: red, orange, yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 48], "content_span": [49, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope\nIn 7-dimensional geometry, 132 is a uniform polytope, constructed from the E7 group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope\nIts Coxeter symbol is 132, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of one of the 1-node sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope\nThe rectified 132 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope\nThese polytopes are part of a family of 127 (27-1) convex uniform polytopes in 7-dimensions, made of uniform polytope facets and vertex figures, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, 1_32 polytope\nThis polytope can tessellate 7-dimensional space, with symbol 133, and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, . It is the Voronoi cell of the dual E7* lattice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, 1_32 polytope, Construction\nIt is created by a Wythoff construction upon a set of 7 hyperplane mirrors in 7-dimensional space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0006-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, 1_32 polytope, Construction\nThe facet information can be extracted from its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0007-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, 1_32 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 2-length branch leaves the 6-demicube, 131,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0008-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, 1_32 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 3-length branch leaves the 122,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0009-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, 1_32 polytope, Construction\nThe vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed node and ringing the neighboring node. This makes the birectified 6-simplex, 032,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0010-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, 1_32 polytope, Construction\nSeen in a configuration matrix, the element counts can be derived by mirror removal and ratios of Coxeter group orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0011-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, 1_32 polytope, Related polytopes and honeycombs\nThe 132 is third in a dimensional series of uniform polytopes and honeycombs, expressed by Coxeter as 13k series. The next figure is the Euclidean honeycomb 133 and the final is a noncompact hyperbolic honeycomb, 134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 62], "content_span": [63, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0012-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, Rectified 1_32 polytope\nThe rectified 132 (also called 0321) is a rectification of the 132 polytope, creating new vertices on the center of edge of the 132. Its vertex figure is a duoprism prism, the product of a regular tetrahedra and triangle, doubled into a prism: {3,3}\u00d7{3}\u00d7{}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0013-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, Rectified 1_32 polytope, Construction\nIt is created by a Wythoff construction upon a set of 7 hyperplane mirrors in 7-dimensional space. These mirrors are represented by its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, , and the ring represents the position of the active mirror(s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0014-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, Rectified 1_32 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 3-length branch leaves the rectified 122 polytope,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0015-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, Rectified 1_32 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 2-length branch leaves the demihexeract, 131,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0016-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, Rectified 1_32 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 1-length branch leaves the birectified 6-simplex,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0017-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, Rectified 1_32 polytope, Construction\nThe vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed node and ringing the neighboring node. This makes the tetrahedron-triangle duoprism prism, {3,3}\u00d7{3}\u00d7{},", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159833-0018-0000", "contents": "1\u200932 polytope, Rectified 1_32 polytope, Construction\nSeen in a configuration matrix, the element counts can be derived by mirror removal and ratios of Coxeter group orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb\nIn 7-dimensional geometry, 133 is a uniform honeycomb, also given by Schl\u00e4fli symbol {3,33,3}, and is composed of 132 facets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, Construction\nIt is created by a Wythoff construction upon a set of 8 hyperplane mirrors in 7-dimensional space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, Construction\nThe facet information can be extracted from its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, Construction\nRemoving a node on the end of one of the 3-length branch leaves the 132, its only facet type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, Construction\nThe vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed node and ringing the neighboring node. This makes the trirectified 7-simplex, 033.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, Construction\nThe edge figure is determined by removing the ringed nodes of the vertex figure and ringing the neighboring node. This makes the tetrahedral duoprism, {3,3}\u00d7{3,3}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0006-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, Kissing number\nEach vertex of this polytope corresponds to the center of a 6-sphere in a moderately dense sphere packing, in which each sphere is tangent to 70 others; the best known for 7 dimensions (the kissing number) is 126.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0007-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, Geometric folding\nThe E~7{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {E}}_{7}} group is related to the F~4{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {F}}_{4}} by a geometric folding, so this honeycomb can be projected into the 4-dimensional demitesseractic honeycomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0008-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, E7* lattice\nE~7{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {E}}_{7}} contains A~7{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {A}}_{7}} as a subgroup of index 144. Both E~7{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {E}}_{7}} and A~7{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {A}}_{7}} can be seen as affine extension from A7{\\displaystyle A_{7}} from different nodes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0009-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, E7* lattice\nThe E7* lattice (also called E72) has double the symmetry, represented by [ [ 3,33,3] ]. The Voronoi cell of the E7* lattice is the 132 polytope, and voronoi tessellation the 133 honeycomb. The E7* lattice is constructed by 2 copies of the E7 lattice vertices, one from each long branch of the Coxeter diagram, and can be constructed as the union of four A7* lattices, also called A74:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0010-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, E7* lattice, Related polytopes and honeycombs\nThe 133 is fourth in a dimensional series of uniform polytopes and honeycombs, expressed by Coxeter as 13k series. The final is a noncompact hyperbolic honeycomb, 134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159834-0011-0000", "contents": "1\u200933 honeycomb, E7* lattice, Related polytopes and honeycombs, Rectified 133 honeycomb\nThe rectified 133 or 0331, Coxeter diagram  has facets  and , and vertex figure .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 86], "content_span": [87, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159835-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u200952 honeycomb\nIn geometry, the 152 honeycomb is a uniform tessellation of 8-dimensional Euclidean space. It contains 142 and 151 facets, in a birectified 8-simplex vertex figure. It is the final figure in the 1k2 polytope family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159835-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u200952 honeycomb, Construction\nIt is created by a Wythoff construction upon a set of 9 hyperplane mirrors in 8-dimensional space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159835-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u200952 honeycomb, Construction\nThe facet information can be extracted from its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159835-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u200952 honeycomb, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 2-length branch leaves the 8-demicube, 151.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159835-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u200952 honeycomb, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 5-length branch leaves the 142.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159835-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u200952 honeycomb, Construction\nThe vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed node and ringing the neighboring node. This makes the birectified 8-simplex, 052.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope\nIn 8-dimensional geometry, the 142 is a uniform 8-polytope, constructed within the symmetry of the E8 group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope\nIts Coxeter symbol is 142, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of the 1-node sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope\nThe rectified 142 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 142 and is the same as the birectified 241, and the quadrirectified 421.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope\nThese polytopes are part of a family of 255 (28\u00a0\u2212\u00a01) convex uniform polytopes in 8-dimensions, made of uniform polytope facets and vertex figures, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope\nThe 142 is composed of 2400 facets: 240 132 polytopes, and 2160 7-demicubes (141). Its vertex figure is a birectified 7-simplex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope\nThis polytope, along with the demiocteract, can tessellate 8-dimensional space, represented by the symbol 152, and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0006-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope, Coordinates\nThe 17280 vertices can be defined as sign and location permutations of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0007-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope, Coordinates\nThe edge length is 2\u221a2 in this coordinate set, and the polytope radius is 4\u221a2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0008-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope, Construction\nIt is created by a Wythoff construction upon a set of 8 hyperplane mirrors in 8-dimensional space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0009-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope, Construction\nThe facet information can be extracted from its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0010-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 2-length branch leaves the 7-demicube, 141, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0011-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 4-length branch leaves the 132, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0012-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope, Construction\nThe vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed node and ringing the neighboring node. This makes the birectified 7-simplex, 042, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0013-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope, Construction\nSeen in a configuration matrix, the element counts can be derived by mirror removal and ratios of Coxeter group orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0014-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, 142 polytope, Projections\nOrthographic projections are shown for the sub-symmetries of E8: E7, E6, B8, B7, B6, B5, B4, B3, B2, A7, and A5 Coxeter planes, as well as two more symmetry planes of order 20 and 24. Vertices are shown as circles, colored by their order of overlap in each projective plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0015-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope\nThe rectified 142 is named from being a rectification of the 142 polytope, with vertices positioned at the mid-edges of the 142. It can also be called a 0421 polytope with the ring at the center of 3 branches of length 4, 2, and 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0016-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope, Construction\nIt is created by a Wythoff construction upon a set of 8 hyperplane mirrors in 8-dimensional space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0017-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope, Construction\nThe facet information can be extracted from its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0018-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 1-length branch leaves the birectified 7-simplex,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0019-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 2-length branch leaves the birectified 7-cube, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0020-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope, Construction\nRemoving the node on the end of the 3-length branch leaves the rectified 132, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0021-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope, Construction\nThe vertex figure is determined by removing the ringed node and ringing the neighboring node. This makes the 5-cell-triangle duoprism prism, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0022-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope, Construction\nSeen in a configuration matrix, the element counts can be derived by mirror removal and ratios of Coxeter group orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0023-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope, Projections\nOrthographic projections are shown for the sub-symmetries of B6, B5, B4, B3, B2, A7, and A5 Coxeter planes. Vertices are shown as circles, colored by their order of overlap in each projective plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159836-0024-0000", "contents": "1\u200a42 polytope, Rectified 142 polytope, Projections\n(Planes for E8: E7, E6, B8, B7, [24] are not shown for being too large to display.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159837-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u201311 and 13 Bath Street, Chester\n1\u201311 and 13 Bath Street consists of a row of six attached cottages and a separate town house on the east side of Bath Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. Both the row of cottages and the house are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade\u00a0II listed buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159837-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u201311 and 13 Bath Street, Chester, History\nThe buildings were designed by the local architect John Douglas and built on his own land in 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159837-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u201311 and 13 Bath Street, Chester, Architecture\nNos. 1\u201311 stand at the north end of Bath Street. They are built in buff sandstone with grey-green slate roofs in two storeys. The frontage is asymmetrical and includes a variety of features, including two large plain gables with their upper storeys jettied on corbels, two smaller dormers with shaped gables, and three round turrets with conical roofs. The cottages containing dormers are set back from the rest, have bay windows in the lower storey, and small forecourts with wrought iron railings in front. Over the door of No. 11 is a cartouche containing the date 1903. On the gables and on the summits of the turrets are finials. The chimneys and the rear of the cottages are constructed in brick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159837-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u201311 and 13 Bath Street, Chester, Architecture\nNo . 13 is at the south end of the street and has two storeys. It is built in red brick with panels containing stonework in the upper storey, and has Westmorland green slate roofs. Its plan consists of a main square part with a wing to the north. On the front of the main part of the house are, from the left, a round turret with a conical roof containing a hipped lucarne and surmounted by a finial, a high shaped chimney, and an octagonal turret with an octagonal spire and finial. The upper storeys of the main part of the house and the octagonal turret are jettied on terracotta corbels. The wing contains the front door and a jettied dormer with a casement window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159838-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20132 Orme Square\n1\u20132 Orme Square is a Grade II listed pair of houses in Orme Square, Bayswater, London, W2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159838-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u20132 Orme Square\nThe houses were built in the early-19th century and according to rate books No.1 was first occupied in 1826, along with No.3 to the east, followed by No.2 in 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159838-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u20132 Orme Square\nThere is an LCC plaque on number 1 to Sir Rowland Hill, (1795\u20131879), postal reformer, who lived there from 1839 to 1842, while he was introducing the penny post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159838-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u20132 Orme Square\nNo 2 was the home of George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, and his son,  David Lascelles, 8th Earl of Harewood, who was born there. When the 7th Earl divorced his wife, Marion Stein, in 1967 the house passed to her for her lifetime. When she married Liberal politician Jeremy Thorpe, it became their London home until Marion's death in March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159839-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20132\u20131\u20131 zone press\nIn basketball, the 1\u20132\u20131\u20131 zone press (also called the diamond press) pressures the in-bounds passer, and attempts to trap the first pass receiver, the technique is considered a \"gamble\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159839-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u20132\u20131\u20131 zone press, Variations\nTwo variations of the technique exist; \"one fist\", in which the defenders immediately trap the first pass and \"two fist\", in which the defenders wait until the first pass receiver puts the ball on the floor and starts the dribble, and then quickly closes in and traps. In this situation, a player is waiting for the pass receiver to first commit with the dribble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159839-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u20132\u20131\u20131 zone press, Applications\nShaka Smart became one of the most well known users of this defense when put into his overall Havoc defense at his 2010\u201311 VCU Rams men's basketball team, which resulted in a Final Four run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159840-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\n1\u20133 is the debut album of Supersilent, released on January 12, 1998, through Rune Grammofon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159841-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20133 Churchyard Side, Nantwich\n1\u20133 Churchyard Side is a grade-II-listed Victorian Gothic building in Nantwich, Cheshire, England, located on the corner of Churchyard Side and Pepper Street (), opposite St Mary's Church. Built in 1864\u201366 to a design by Alfred Waterhouse as the Nantwich branch of the Manchester and Liverpool District Bank, it is among the most notable examples of Victorian corporate architecture in the town. The building remained a branch of the District Bank until the late 20th century, and is still in use as a bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159841-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u20133 Churchyard Side, Nantwich, History\n1\u20133 Churchyard Side was built in 1864\u201366 to a design by Alfred Waterhouse as the Nantwich branch of the Manchester and Liverpool District Bank. Although Waterhouse is best known for the Natural History Museum in London, he practised in Manchester until 1865 and many of his earlier buildings are in that city, including the assize courts (1859\u201364), Strangeways Prison (1862\u201369), Owens College (1873) and the town hall (1877). Richard Beckett and Thomas Bowker were contractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159841-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u20133 Churchyard Side, Nantwich, History\nThe bank opened on 2 June 1866, replacing the branch at 9 Mill Street, which had opened in 1852. An earlier branch of the bank had been established in Barker Street in 1830. In 1874, there were four banks in the town, the others being the Midland, also on Churchyard Side; the Savings Bank on Welsh Row; and Downes, Groome, and Hamilton on the High Street. By 1939, the bank had become known simply as the District Bank, and 1\u20133 Churchyard Side remained a branch of the District Bank until at least the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159841-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u20133 Churchyard Side, Nantwich, Description\n1\u20133 Churchyard Side is two-storey Victorian Gothic building in red brick with blue brick decoration and sandstone dressings, under a tiled roof. The central main entrance is flanked by two gables and is reached by a flight of brick steps. The left gable has an oriel window to the first floor, with the coats of arms of both Manchester and Liverpool beneath. Several of the windows have stone mullions and transoms; some have decorative arches above in brick or brick and sandstone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159841-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u20133 Churchyard Side, Nantwich, Modern use\nAs of 2010, the building is a branch of the Lloyds TSB bank; the first floor is used for offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense\nThe 1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense is a popular strategy used in basketball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense\nThe 1-3-1 zone defense is a defensive basketball formation. It was originally utilized by legendary basketball coach, Red Sarachek. This defense is named for its formation since there is one defender at the point, three defenders at the free throw level, and one defender at the base line. The main focus of this defensive strategy is to force turnovers. This is done by using quick, pestering defense and anticipating any passes to attempt a steal. A two-man trap is implemented in this defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0001-0001", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense\nThe defense attempts to guide the ball handler towards a corner and quickly close in and double team the offensive player creating a trap with the defenders and side lines. This trap often forces the ball handler to get rid of the ball prematurely taking the offense out of their set up. This often results in poor passes or shots. These poor passes are meant to be taken advantage of in this defense so the weak side defenders must anticipate passes to create turnovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Defense\nThe defensive usage of the 1-3-1 is mostly used to create turnovers, not for protecting the paint, due to only having one player down low. Teams usually have two guards to double team the ball carrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Defense\nAnother variation of the 1-3-1 defense is the full court press version. The lead guard will pressure the ball in the backcourt, and also can shade over to the side and form a 2-man trap with a defensive player in the 3-set when an offensive guard tries to bring up the ball down the sideline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Defense\nOne effective press-break against the 1-3-1 full court press is to have either the power forward or the center to flash to midcourt and then quickly pass the weak side guard running down the sideline, not allowing the trap to be formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Defense\nThere are multiple ways to approach defense in the sport of basketball. Typically they are divided into man defenses and zone defenses. The 1-3-1 zone defense is a zone defense. It falls under this category because each player guards a specific zone within the formation. This defense is named for its formation. A picture of the formation is shown on the right. In basketball positions are numbered from one to five. One and two are guards, three and four are forwards, and five is the center in a typical basketball lineup. Guards are quick and typically are good ball handlers and shooters. Forwards usually are the most athletic and are typically taller than the guards. The center is the tallest player and specializes in close vicinity to the basket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0006-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Formation\nIn this formation, the one will take the top and meet the oncoming offensive guard. The two and three positions are split out on the edges of the court at free throw level, or on the wing. The four position is down beneath the basket and acts as a rover along the base line. The rover position is typically the best athlete\u2019s position since there is the most area to defend around the basket. The five position is posted in the center of the formation at about free throw level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0007-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Zone responsibilities\nThe goal of the 1-3-1 zone defense is to create turnovers. This defense focuses extra pressure on the ball handler and will exert more effort to force turnovers. Turnovers within this defense are created by a couple key features of this strategy. Two defensive players will try to trap the ball handler in one of the corners of the half court. In basketball the ball can only be held for five seconds before passing, shooting, or dribbling. If a player is trapped in the corner they tend to stop their dribble before making a decision to pass or shoot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0007-0001", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Zone responsibilities\nThis creates a problem for the offense but is exactly what the defense wants to happen. When a player is double teamed without their dribble they tend to make poor decisions. Often bad passes and shots are forced out by the player just to get the ball out of the corner. It is vital for players not guarding the ball handler to anticipate a bad pass or shot in order to make a steal or get a rebound. This will help create the most turnovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0008-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Zone responsibilities\nEach player will have their own responsibility in the zone. They each have their own area to guard on the court. Players will also shift as the ball is moved to be in better defensive position. This means moving to a better location to cut off passes and gather rebounds. Typically, the one will take the top position. They will meet the ball handler and force them in one direction while playing close defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0008-0001", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Zone responsibilities\nBased on the direction the ball handler dribbles the defender on the wing, either the two or three position, will close in on the ball handler for a double team. The intention is to force a double team quickly and drive the offensive player into a corner of the court. The double team creates a lot of free space on the court. The other three players must shift to cover this area equally during a trap. A trap can be made at any of the four corners both at the base line and at half court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0008-0002", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Zone responsibilities\nThe only difference is the base line is defended by the rover and they will trap with the wing instead of the one position. By forcing these double teams the offense will make long cross court passes. These passes are more likely to get stolen because they are less accurate and travel in the air longer. More space is open during a double team so the defenders not trapping must take advantage of the long passes and force any possible turnovers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0009-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Coaching strategy\nDefensivelyCoaches usually do this to throw the offense off tempo. It is thrown in to mix up the defensive look and force the offense to adjust or face flustering defensive pressure. Normally the 1-3-1 defense is used to create turnovers and is fast paced so players cannot keep it up the whole game. By applying pressure to the ballhandler the defense plans to take advantage of any mistakes forced from the pressure. The extra defensive pressure often makes the ball handler lose some composure and turn the ball over. By using this at key points in the game this strategy can change momentum, cause quick scoring shifts, and create a large enough lead to break the opponents morale. This defense is very effective if run correctly and can take a team out of the game both physically and mentally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0010-0000", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Coaching strategy\nOffensivelyThe 1-3-1 defense attempts to fluster the offensive set up. The key to beating the 1-3-1 zone is to get the defenders out of position. This is accomplished by quickly passing the ball around the perimeter. If the offense can pass the ball before the defense traps them then the defense must shift to adjust to the new ball position. As the defense shifts passing lanes open up and defenders have to rotate to stay in position. Speeding up the tempo and running fast breaks also can beat this defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159842-0010-0001", "contents": "1\u20133\u20131 defense and offense, Coaching strategy\nPushing the ball quickly up the court gives the defense little time to set up the zone. If the offense can get to the basket before the zone sets up scoring can be achieved easily. The defense can easily be beaten if composure is kept and good passes are made. Issues occur when the offense is surprised by the extra pressure and is not expecting the trap that occur in basketball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich\n1\u20135 Pillory Street is a large curved corner block in Nantwich, Cheshire, England, in the French Baroque style of the late 17th century, which is listed at grade II. It is located on the corner of Hospital Street and Pillory Street (at ), and also includes 2 Hospital Street. Formerly known as Chesters' Stores, it was built in 1911 for the grocer's, P. H. Chesters, to a design by local architect, Ernest H. Edleston (1880\u20131964). The building has subsequently been used for a variety of retail and wholesale purposes, and it is currently a furniture store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich\nIt is the most recent listed building in Nantwich, as well as the only one dating from after the Victorian era. English Heritage describes the building in the listing as \"a corner block of unusual design\", and local historian Jane Stevenson calls it \"flamboyant\". Some contemporary observers likened the building, with its circular, porthole-like windows, to the Lusitania liner, which had been launched a few years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich, History\nThe corner of Pillory Street and Hospital Street (1 Pillory Street and 2 Hospital Street) was occupied from 1869 by Chesters' Stores, a premises of P. H. Chesters. This successful local Grocer's business had been established by Philip H. Chesters in 1859 and continued by his three nephews including Joseph Chesters. It was the largest grocery business in Nantwich in the early 20th century, with several other premises in the town, including a small shop adjacent to the Crown Hotel on High Street, a bakery on Barker Street and a warehouse on Pepper Street. The original stores also featured a curved corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich, History\nIn 1910, the existing corner premises of the firm were demolished, together with adjacent buildings including two public houses (the Golden Lion and the George and Dragon), and Pillory Street was widened. The corner, which forms the junction of Pillory Street, Hospital Street and High Street, had been the site of numerous accidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich, History\nThe present building was constructed in 1911. The design was by local architect E. H. Edleston of Bower & Edleston, a Nantwich firm of architects founded in 1854 by Thomas Bower. A contemporary commentator described:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich, History\n...the general amazement at the splendid type and character of architectural building Messrs Chesters decided upon as their new \"Stores\"; it was likened by some, with its roof port-hole windows to the great Lusitania, which vessel had shortly before been launched. Nantwich had indeed, woke up. ... All, I think agree that the utmost that could be done was accomplished, and, what a bright change, from the low, dingy old shop that our ancestors had known as \"Dicky Garnetts\" with its blue and red apothecary's signs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0006-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich, History\nDicky Garnetts refers to a chemist's, Garnett's, which had occupied a wooden thatched building at 1 Hospital Street opposite Chesters' Stores, and had been demolished in 1883. Despite the luxurious premises, prices at Chesters' Stores were described as \"very competitive\". In addition to the retail area, the new building housed assistants and apprentices. In 1929, the business passed to Joseph Chesters' son, Colin F. Chesters. 1\u20135 Pillory Street remained Chesters' Stores until at least 1939. Subsequent retailers on the site included H. S. Jones and Son, a wholesale confectioner; Boots, a chemist (1960s); and later a carpet shop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0007-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich, Description\nEnglish Heritage describes the building's design as \"unusual\". The stylistic details derive from the French Baroque style of the late 17th century. The building is V-shaped, of two main storeys with double attics in red brick under a slate roof. The Pillory Street fa\u00e7ade, of eight bays, is approximately double the length of the Hospital Street fa\u00e7ade, which has four bays. The curved corner, of a further three bays, forms the junction of the two streets with High Street, and is finished with a concave spirelet, giving a dome-like appearance. The spirelet bears a flag pole. The ground floor has cream-coloured rendering with a string course above, and part of the first floor and lower attic level is also rendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0008-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich, Description\nThe main entrance is at the curved corner; the doorcase has flanking pilasters with a pediment above. A second entrance takes the place of one of the original windows on the Pillory Street face, while the original second doorway at the end of this face is now blind. The windows flanking the main doorway and two others on the Pillory Street face have rectangular heads; the other ground-floor windows have semicircular heads. In both cases, the top part is divided into small panes (now obscured by modern shop-window hoods).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0008-0001", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich, Description\nThe ground-floor shop windows are all flanked by pilasters and topped with moulding detail including a keystone-like feature that reaches the string course. The mullioned and transomed first-floor windows have horizontal heads with brick keystone detailing. The two attic storeys each have a row of circular dormer windows in the steep roof, the lower set being decorated below with festoons of fruit and flowers, which differ in detail from window to window. The drainpipe heads are all inscribed with 1911 in a lozenge pattern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159843-0009-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 Pillory Street, Nantwich, Modern use\nAs of 2010, 1\u20135 Pillory Street is the premises of a luxury furniture store of the Clive Christian chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159844-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 and 6 Sydney Place\n1\u20135 and 6 Sydney Place, South Kensington, are a group of large terrace houses situated on the corner of Sydney Place and Fulham Road in London, United Kingdom. Sydney Place leads into Onslow Square. The buildings have been listed Grade II as a group on the National Heritage List for England since 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159844-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 and 6 Sydney Place\nThe buildings span 5 floors and the freehold is owned by the Wellcome Trust. They stand four storeys high and cover over 5600 square feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159844-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u20135 and 6 Sydney Place\nDesigned by George Basevi in the early nineteenth century, they were built by Charles James Freake between 1844 and 1845. At the end of the century, 1 Sydney Place changed from a residential to a commercial building. Until its acquisition by an interior designer company in 2017, the building had been home to a branch of HSBC bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159845-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u201350 series (CTA)\nThe 1\u201350 series was a series of Chicago \"L\" cars built by the St. Louis Car Company in 1959 and 1960. Unlike cars in the similar 6000 series, which were designed for married pair operation, the 1\u201350 series cars were double-ended to facilitate single car operation. There was a limited need for single cars, however, so cars 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 21, 23, 24, and 31 were later rebuilt as married units and were renumbered 61a/b\u201365a/b.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159845-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u201350 series (CTA), Equipment\nForty-six cars in the series were constructed with components salvaged from Presidents\u2019 Conference Committee (PCC) streetcars which the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) no longer needed. The majority of the 6000 series also used salvaged components.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159845-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u201350 series (CTA), Equipment\nThe streetcar version of the PCC trucks had 26\u00a0in (660\u00a0mm) resilient wheels, instead of the 28\u00a0in (711\u00a0mm) solid wheels intended for rapid transit use, and restricted speed to 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h). The slower speed was adequate for most CTA needs. Replacement wheels were solid, but remained at 26\u00a0in (660\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159845-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u201350 series (CTA), Equipment\nCars 1\u20134 had high speed test equipment and 28\u00a0in (711\u00a0mm) wheels. In 1964 they were modified with a locally designed \u201cpan trolley\u201d for the overhead wires on the high speed Skokie Swift shuttle . Later, cars 23\u201326 and 29\u201330 would also have pan trolleys, and 29\u201330 were also retrofitted with 28\u00a0in (711\u00a0mm) solid wheels for increased speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159845-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u201350 series (CTA), Equipment\nCars 27\u201328 and 39\u201350 had trolley poles for use on the Evanston line. The line was converted to third rail in 1973, and most trolley equipment was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159845-0005-0000", "contents": "1\u201350 series (CTA), Routes\nThe Skokie equipped cars, with their pan trolleys, were too high to operate anywhere else on the system. Up to eight cars were used on this route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159845-0006-0000", "contents": "1\u201350 series (CTA), Routes\nThe Evanston equipped cars, with their smaller trolley poles, operated into the loop. Up to sixteen cars were used on this route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159845-0007-0000", "contents": "1\u201350 series (CTA), Routes\nThe remaining cars were used on the Ravenswood then West-Northwest routes. They were usually used as two car sets trained with 6000 series cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159845-0008-0000", "contents": "1\u201350 series (CTA), Surviving cars\nMost of the 1\u201350 cars and all of the 61\u201365 cars were scrapped by the CTA. Only a handful of 1\u201350 cars survive today in a number of museums in the United States as well as one in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159846-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20136 Priory Street, Monmouth\n1\u20136 Priory Street in Monmouth, Wales, is a row of six shop houses designed by the architect George Vaughan Maddox and constructed c.\u20091837. They form part of Maddox's redevelopment of the centre of Monmouth and stand opposite his Market Hall. The architectural historian John Newman has written that Maddox's work \"gives Monmouth its particular architectural flavour,\" and considers Priory Street to be \"his greatest work.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159846-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u20136 Priory Street, Monmouth, History\nIn the early 19th century, the main thoroughfare out of Monmouth towards London was Church Street, a relatively narrow street now pedestrianised. Increasing traffic on the street led to a number of accidents and demands for the construction of a new road. At the same time, developments at the Shire Hall in Agincourt Square meant that the market, previously located there, required new accommodation. In 1834, the Town Council offered a prize for a redevelopment scheme, which was won by George Vaughan Maddox. Maddox, the son of another Monmouthshire architect, John Maddox, had already established a reputation within the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159846-0001-0001", "contents": "1\u20136 Priory Street, Monmouth, History\nMaddox's proposals envisaged a new road, described by John Newman as \"a remarkably early inner bypass\", that would run north of Church Street along the west bank of the River Monnow. Above the embankment side would stand slaughterhouses, supporting the new Market Hall, and facing the Hall, a row of grand residential houses, backing on to Swan Court. The road was called Priory Street, as its course ran next to Monmouth Priory on the route from the centre of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159846-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u20136 Priory Street, Monmouth, Architecture and description\nNumbers 1\u20136 Priory Street form a curved, symmetrical frontage at the beginning of Priory Street as it runs north-east from Agincourt Square. The whole block is of three storeys and nineteen bays. The frontage is stuccoed, and decorated with pilasters, typical of Maddox's \"good facades.\" The roofline has a central attic, under a pediment and lit by a shallow window. The architectural historian John Newman, in his Gwent/Monmouthshire volume of Pevsners Buildings of Wales, notes that Maddox's work gives the town of Monmouth its \"particular architectural flavour\" and considers Priory Street \"his finest work\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159846-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u20136 Priory Street, Monmouth, Architecture and description\nThe composite grouping has been designated a Grade II* listed building for \"its exceptional architectural interest as part of an important piece of early 19th century town planning.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159847-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20137 Constitution Hill, Birmingham\n1\u20137 Constitution Hill in Birmingham, England is a Grade II listed building at the acute junction with Hampton Street, and is a former H.B. Sale factory (grid reference ). The red brick and terracotta structure is extremely thin, with a tower at one end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159847-0001-0000", "contents": "1\u20137 Constitution Hill, Birmingham, History\nIt was designed in 1895 and 1896 by William Doubleday and James R. Shaw for H. B. Sale, a die-sinker firm that as of 2012 occupies premises on Summer Lane within 100 metres of the original building. The original plans were for five stories, but only four were built. A fifth storey was added in the mid-20th century before planning laws were in force to protect the integrity of original structures and as a result, the fifth floor is not of the same architectural style of  the 1895 building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159847-0001-0001", "contents": "1\u20137 Constitution Hill, Birmingham, History\nThe tower is original, built in 1896 as a memorial to Lord Roberts of Kandahar (1832\u20131914) who led a successful campaign in Afghanistan in 1879 before a career in India. Plans show three independent shops and offices at ground level. Each upper floor, measuring approximately 900 square feet (84\u00a0m2), was designed as a single workshop with an office in the tower. There was an engine room and dynamo in the basement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159847-0002-0000", "contents": "1\u20137 Constitution Hill, Birmingham, History\nThe present owner also purchased the adjacent buildings numbers 9-11 Constitution Hill in the early 1990s in order to provide better access to the listed main body of the property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159847-0003-0000", "contents": "1\u20137 Constitution Hill, Birmingham, History\nKnown locally as the 'Red Palace', the building as of 2007 was only occupied on the top two floors. The lower floors remained empty after the previous tenant, a Chinese restaurant trading as 'China Village', vacated in approximately 2002. The basement floor was used as the kitchens serving the main restaurant on the ground floor and function room on the first floor. The building fabric has been deteriorating for a number of years and needs a significant investment if the building is to survive long term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159847-0004-0000", "contents": "1\u20137 Constitution Hill, Birmingham, History\nThe ground and first floor re-opened as a Syrian/Lebanese restaurant called 'Syriana' in April 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159848-0000-0000", "contents": "1\u20138 Collingham Gardens\n1\u20138 Collingham Gardens are eight Grade II* listed houses in Collingham Gardens, Earls Court, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0000-0000", "contents": "2\n2 (two) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 1 and preceding 3. It is the smallest and only even prime number. Because it forms the basis of a duality, it has religious and spiritual significance in many cultures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [1, 1], "content_span": [2, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0001-0000", "contents": "2, Evolution, Arabic digit\nThe digit used in the modern Western world to represent the number 2 traces its roots back to the Indic Brahmic script, where \"2\" was written as two horizontal lines. The modern Chinese and Japanese languages still use this method. The Gupta script rotated the two lines 45\u00a0degrees, making them diagonal. The top line was sometimes also shortened and had its bottom end curve towards the center of the bottom line. In the Nagari script, the top line was written more like a curve connecting to the bottom line. In the Arabic Ghubar writing, the bottom line was completely vertical, and the digit looked like a dotless closing question mark. Restoring the bottom line to its original horizontal position, but keeping the top line as a curve that connects to the bottom line leads to our modern digit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0002-0000", "contents": "2, Evolution, Arabic digit\nIn fonts with text figures, digit 2 usually is of x-height, for example, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0003-0000", "contents": "2, Evolution, Etymology of two\nThe word two is derived from the Old English words tw\u00e1 (feminine), t\u00fa (neuter), and tw\u00e9gen (masculine, which survives today in the form twain).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 30], "content_span": [31, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0004-0000", "contents": "2, Evolution, Etymology of two\nThe pronunciation /tu\u02d0/, like that of who is due to the labialization of the vowel by the w (combare from womb), which then disappeared before the related sound. The successive stages of pronunciation for the Old English tw\u00e1 would thus be /twa\u02d0/, /tw\u0254\u02d0/, /two\u02d0/, /twu\u02d0/, and finally /tu\u02d0/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 30], "content_span": [31, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0005-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nAn integer is called even if it is divisible by 2. For integers written in a numeral system based on an even number, such as decimal, hexadecimal, or in any other base that is even, divisibility by 2 is easily tested by merely looking at the last digit. If it is even, then the whole number is even. In particular, when written in the decimal system, all multiples of 2 will end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or\u00a08.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0006-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nTwo is the smallest prime number, and the only even prime number (for this reason it is sometimes called \"the oddest prime\"). The next prime is three. Two and three are the only two consecutive prime numbers. 2 is the first Sophie Germain prime, the first factorial prime, the first Lucas prime, and the first Ramanujan prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0007-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nTwo is the base of the binary system, the numeral system with the fewest tokens that allows denoting a natural number n substantially more concisely (with log2 n  tokens) than a direct representation by the corresponding count of a single token (with n tokens). This binary number system is used extensively in computing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0008-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nExtending this sequence of operations by introducing the notion of hyperoperations, here denoted by \"hyper(a,b,c)\" with a and c being the first and second operand, and b being the level in the above sketched sequence of operations, the following holds in general:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0009-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nTwo has therefore the unique property that 2 + 2 = 2 \u00b7 2 = 22 = 2\u2191\u21912 = 2\u2191\u2191\u21912 = ..., disregarding the level of the hyperoperation, here denoted by Knuth's up-arrow notation. The number of up-arrows refers to the level of the hyperoperation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0010-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nTwo is the only number x such that the sum of the reciprocals of the natural powers of x equals itself. In symbols", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0011-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nPowers of two are central to the concept of Mersenne primes, and important to computer science. Two is the first Mersenne prime exponent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0012-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nTaking the square root of a number is such a common mathematical operation, that the spot on the root sign where the exponent would normally be written for cubic and other roots, may simply be left blank for square roots, as it is tacitly understood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0013-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nThe square root of 2 was the first known irrational number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0014-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nIn a set-theoretical construction of the natural numbers, 2 is identified with the set {{\u2205},\u2205}. This latter set is important in category theory: it is a subobject classifier in the category of sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0015-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nIn any n-dimensional, euclidean space two distinct points determine a line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0016-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\nFor any polyhedron homeomorphic to a sphere, the Euler characteristic is \u03c7 = V \u2212 E + F = 2, where V is the number of vertices, E is the number of edges, and F is the number of faces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0017-0000", "contents": "2, In mathematics\n2 is a pronic number and the only pronic prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159849-0018-0000", "contents": "2, Other\nIn pre-1972 Indonesian and Malay orthography, 2 was shorthand for the reduplication that forms plurals: orang (person), orang-orang or orang2 (people). In Astrology, Taurus is the second sign of the Zodiac. For Pythagorean numerology (a pseudoscience) the number 2 represents duality, the positive and negative poles that come into balance and seek harmony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 8], "content_span": [9, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159850-0000-0000", "contents": "2 & 2A Well Street, Ruthin\n2 & 2A Well Street, Ruthin is a Grade II listed building in the community of Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales, which dates back to at least the 19th century, with most parts rebuilt in 1904. It was listed by Cadw (Reference Number 901) on 24 October 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159850-0001-0000", "contents": "2 & 2A Well Street, Ruthin\nNow trading as the \"Celtic Hair Studio\" at 2 Well Street, the site was originally for a  public house built (the 'Ruth Inn') in 1401, possibly the oldest pub in Ruthin. It ceased trading in 1773. In 1850 the building was transformed into a draper's, later becoming the town post office until 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159850-0002-0000", "contents": "2 & 2A Well Street, Ruthin\nToday's post office in St Peter's Square is reputed to be on the site of the  medieval Carmelite Priory of White Friars said to be founded and built by Reginald de Grey and was partly destroyed by the Reformation of Churches. De Grey also provided a large piece of land close to the castle known as Whitefriars. A horse feed chandler's stood next to the public house; both buildings were destroyed by fire in 1904 when the present post office was built to replace this one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159850-0003-0000", "contents": "2 & 2A Well Street, Ruthin, Location\nThis building is fronting Castle Street, almost opposite its junction with Dog Lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159851-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (All Girl Summer Fun Band album)\n2 is the second album by the All Girl Summer Fun Band, released on the K label in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159852-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Amaia Montero album)\n2 is the second solo album by Spanish singer Amaia Montero, after an eleven-year music career as the frontwoman for La Oreja de Van Gogh and the success of her first album Amaia Montero. It was released in Spain on 8 November 2011 by Sony BMG. \"Caminando\" was the first single released from the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159853-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Darker My Love album)\n2 is the second album by the Los Angeles band Darker My Love. Recorded primarily at Sunset Sound Recorders in Los Angeles, with additional recording at Sage & Sound, The Boat, Sonora and Westbeach Recorders, it is the first with Will Canzoneri on organ and clavinet. It was released on 5 August 2008. The artwork for the album was by the lead guitarist/vocalist Tim Presley. Several of the songs on 2 had previously been performed live in a different arrangement under various working titles, appearing on the set of live albums that Darker My Love recorded during their Spaceland residency in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159853-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Darker My Love album)\nThe album, produced by Dave Cooley and mixed by Tony Hoffer, peaked at #41 on the heatseekers album chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159853-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Darker My Love album), Track listing\nThe band simultaneously released two different versions of the album, on CD and double LP, with different track listings. The LP version also has the track \"Pharoah Sanders' Tomb\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159854-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Dover album)\n2 is a compilation album of songs by the Spanish band Dover, released in 2007. It is a double CD greatest hits compilation from the band including singles \"Serenade\", \"Devil Came to Me\" and \"Loli Jackson\" and featuring many singles and favourites from their past albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159854-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Dover album)\nThe CD also includes a new single, \"Soldier\", and pop versions of five of their greatest hits and successes from their previous album Follow the City Lights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159854-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Dover album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Amparo Llanos and Cristina Llanos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159855-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Erkin Koray album)\n2 or  Erkin Koray 2 is the third studio album by Turkish rock musician Erkin Koray. Stylistically, this album leans more towards traditional Turkish music styles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159856-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Florent Pagny album)\n2 is a 2001 album recorded by French singer Florent Pagny. It was his seventh studio album and was released on December 17, 2001. It achieved success in France and Belgium (Wallonia), where it hit #3, and in Switzerland where it peaked at #8. This album is composed of cover versions of popular songs in French or English, and covers of Pagny's previous songs, but as the title suggests, these songs were overdubbed as duets with many notable artists such as David Hallyday, Calogero, Pascal Obispo and Patrick Bruel. It provided a sole single, \"L'air du temps\", recorded with C\u00e9cilia Cara, which was #20 in France and #19 in Belgium (Wallonia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159857-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Los Angeles Railway)\n2 was a designation given to several transit lines in Los Angeles, California. The number was assigned to a streetcar route in 1930 which lasted a year, then later reassigned to a new service in 1932. Trolley buses replaced streetcars in 1941, and the line was converted to full motor coach operation in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159857-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Los Angeles Railway), History, West 7th Line\nThe first incarnation of the 2 was assembled from existing trackage on 7th Street and Vermont Avenue. It ran during peak periods and lasted from 1930 to June 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159857-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Los Angeles Railway), History, Second version\nThe new 2 line has a more continuous history. It began service on June 13, 1932, as a combination of two former routes: A-2 West Adams and Griffith Avenue Line and C Crown Hill and Temple Street Line. It ran from Montecito and Griffin in the east to Belmont and Temple where connections were avainable to the L car. Pacific Electric's construction in the Hill Street Tunnel in 1939 forced the line to be diverted to Temple Street and Hill Street; the former route was never reinstated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159857-0002-0001", "contents": "2 (Los Angeles Railway), History, Second version\nIn 1939, the Griffith Avenue section was converted to bus service and the line was routed to 5th Street, which was already in service under the D, U, and V lines. The line ceased servivce on October 5, 1941, with the closure of the Crown Hill branch, and was thereupon converted to trolley bus service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159857-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (Los Angeles Railway), History, Trolley coach and bus operation\nThe service was maintained and transferred to Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority in 1958. The agency replaced trolley buses with SilverLiner coaches after March 31, 1963; the new service retained the number 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159858-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Mac DeMarco album)\n2 is the debut full-length studio album by Canadian musician Mac DeMarco. It was recorded in June 2012, and released in October 2012 on the Captured Tracks label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159858-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Mac DeMarco album), Background\nDeMarco moved from Vancouver to Montreal in 2011. There, he recorded an EP under his own name, Rock and Roll Nightclub. Featuring slowed-down vocals and elements of glam rock, this recording garnered enough attention that his label, Captured Tracks, agreed to finance a full-length album. DeMarco shifted his style from Rock and Roll Nightclub to 2, and his glam and crooning singing style were dropped for a more standard approach to guitar rock. The album was composed and recorded in DeMarco's Montreal apartment, in the Mile End neighbourhood. DeMarco made the recording wearing only his \"skivvies\", or underwear. In a June 2012 interview, DeMarco announced that about 75% of the album had been completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159858-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Mac DeMarco album), Music\nThe album contains a single acoustic track, \"Still Together\", which is a re-recording of \"Together\", written by DeMarco on 2009 to Makeout Videotape EP \"Bossa Yeye\", also features DeMarco using falsetto singing in the chorus. The opener, \"Cooking Up Something Good\", uses a song structure where a catchy verse transitions to a \"blindsiding\" darker chorus. \"Robson Girl\" also juxtaposes a \"sweet\" verse with a guitar-shredding chorus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159858-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (Mac DeMarco album), Music\nLyrically, DeMarco covers growing up in suburbia, failed love and family secrets, the last featuring heavily in \"Cooking Up Something Good\". \"Ode to Viceroy\" is a tribute to the singer's favourite brand of cigarettes. DeMarco is apologizing to his mother in \"Freaking Out the Neighbourhood\", and trying to convince a girl to leave town with him in \"The Stars Keep on Calling My Name\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159858-0004-0000", "contents": "2 (Mac DeMarco album), Artwork\nIn September 2014, DeMarco stated in a \"What's in My Bag?\" interview video at Amoeba Records in San Francisco, California that he had been inspired by the album art for Haruomi Hosono's Hosono House for the design of 2\u2019s album cover. In the same interview, DeMarco also points out his cover\u2019s striking but coincidental similarity to Bruce Springsteen's The River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159858-0005-0000", "contents": "2 (Mac DeMarco album), Reception\nThe album was compared by several reviewers to Real Estate's 2011 release, Days. NME called DeMarco a \"skilled songwriter\" and likened him to fictional character Ferris Bueller. DeMarco's guitar work was praised by several reviewers. The Guardian remarked that, although the initial tracks have promise, the album \"never quite delivers\" and criticised its \"unvarying\" tone. Pitchfork gave an enthusiastic review, awarding the record its \"Best New Music\" designation. Reviewer Sam Hockley-Smith commented positively on DeMarco's songwriting and lyrical depth. The website placed the album at 43rd on their \"50 Best Albums of the Year\" retrospective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159858-0006-0000", "contents": "2 (Mac DeMarco album), Reception\nThe album was named a longlisted nominee for the 2013 Polaris Music Prize on June 13, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159858-0007-0000", "contents": "2 (Mac DeMarco album), Reception\nThe album was recognized as one of The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far, a list published by Pitchfork in August 2014. In 2019, Pitchfork ranked the album at number 149 on their list of \"The 200 Best Albums of the 2010s\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159859-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Mudcrutch album)\nMudcrutch 2 (or simply 2) is the second and final studio album by American rock band Mudcrutch, released on May 20, 2016 and was the last recorded studio material by Tom Petty before his death in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159859-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Mudcrutch album), Promotion\nA limited edition 7\" vinyl single of \"Trailer\" backed with \"Beautiful World\" was released for Record Store Day 2016. The band embarked on its first American tour following the release of the album in May and June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159859-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Mudcrutch album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Tom Petty, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159859-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (Mudcrutch album), The song \"Trailer\"\n\"Trailer\" was originally recorded by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and released in 1985 as the B-side of the single \"Don't Come Around Here No More\" and again in 1995 on the Petty box set Playback. It was re-recorded with an added third verse for this album and released as the lead single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159860-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Ned Collette album)\n2 is the second album by Australian folk-rock band Ned Collette + Wirewalker, released in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159860-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Ned Collette album)\nThe title is a reference to the album being the second released under that band name, but also reflects the fact that the album is essentially a collaboration between Collette and longtime collaborator Joe Talia, with regular Wirewalker member Ben Bourke taking time off to be with his young family in Melbourne. Parts of the album were recorded with the two artists working separately\u2014Collette in Berlin and Talia in Melbourne\u2014although Talia spent six weeks in Berlin in mid-2011 to expand the recordings before Collette returned to Melbourne for final mixing. It features guest vocals by Gemma Ray and Laura Jean, among others. The album also features \"For Roberto\", an instrumental tribute to late Chilean writer Roberto Bola\u00f1o.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159860-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Ned Collette album), Track listing\nAll tracks by Ned Collette, music by Ned Collette & Wirewalker", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159861-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Netsky album)\n2 is the second album from Belgian drum and bass producer Netsky. It was released on June 25, 2012 through Hospital Records on multiple formats, including digital download, CD and vinyl. The album includes the singles \"Give & Take\", \"Come Alive\", \"Love Has Gone\", and the deluxe edition of the album includes the single \"We Can Only Live Today (Puppy)\". It became Netsky's first number one album topping the Belgian Album Charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159861-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Netsky album), Singles, Other songs\n\"When Darkness Falls\" was released as the iTunes Single of the Week for limited free download on the week of 30 June 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159861-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Netsky album), Singles, Other songs\nMusic video were given to the songs \"Puppy\" (20 June 2012), \"No Beginning\" (10 July 2012), \"Squad Up\" (28 August 2012), \"The Whistle Song\" (22 March 2013), and \"When Darkness Falls\" (16 April 2013), as well as all of the singles. The videos were released through the official Hospital Records YouTube channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service)\nThe 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or \"bullet\", is colored red since it uses the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service)\nThe 2 operates at all times between 241st Street in Wakefield, Bronx, and Flatbush Avenue\u2013Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn; limited rush hour service in the reverse-peak direction originates and terminates at New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn instead of Flatbush Avenue. Daytime service makes express stops in Manhattan and all stops elsewhere; late night service makes all stops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service)\nHistorically, 2 trains have also run to Crown Heights\u2013Utica Avenue or New Lots Avenue. They ran exclusively on the IRT New Lots Line until 1983, when the 2 was routed to Flatbush Avenue. This is still the case with some rush-hour trains, albeit just to New Lots Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early history\nThe first section of what became the current 2 entered service on November 26, 1904, from the temporary 180th Street\u2013Bronx Park terminal via the West Farms El to 149th Street\u20133rd Avenue. On July 10, 1905, the connection between the IRT Lenox Avenue Line and IRT White Plains Road Line (which was previously served by the Third Avenue El) opened, allowing subway service from Manhattan to the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0004-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early history\nOn January 9, 1908, the Joralemon Street Tunnel opened, connecting the current IRT Lexington Avenue Line to Brooklyn. At this time, trains ran from East 180th Street to Borough Hall. On May 1, 1908, trains were extended to Nevins Street and Atlantic Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0005-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early history\nOn March 3, 1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 219th Street. On March 31, 1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 238th Street\u2013Nereid Avenue, and to Wakefield\u2013241st Street on December 13, 1920. On August 1, 1918, the entire IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line was completed. On April 15, 1919, the Clark Street Tunnel, connecting the line to Brooklyn, opened as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0006-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early history\nBeginning on December 19, 1919, trains ran to South Ferry with some rush hour trains to Atlantic Avenue. In 1923, during rush hours, 2 trains alternated between South Ferry and Utica Avenue. Beginning December 1, 1924, 2 trains that had ended at South Ferry were extended to New Lots Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0007-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early history\nOn January 16, 1928, the New York State Transit Commission announced that it had reached an agreement with the IRT to increase service on its lines by 8,000,000 car miles a year\u2013the greatest increase since 1922. As part of the changes, on January 30, all West Farms trains were extended from Atlantic Avenue to Flatbush Avenue during middays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0008-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early history\nAs of 1934, 2 trains ran from 180th Street-Bronx Park to Flatbush Avenue weekdays and Saturday during daytime and to South Ferry evenings and Sundays, express in Manhattan. Late-night service was from 241st St to South Ferry, making all stops. There were occasional lay-up/put-ins from New Lots. Four weekday evening trains turned at Atlantic. On September 5, 1937, some evening rush hour trains started running to Flatbush Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0009-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early history\nAs of July 1, 1938, weekday and Saturday evening service was extended to Flatbush Avenue from South Ferry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0010-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early history\nSunday service was extended to Flatbush Avenue on March 5, 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0011-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early history\nBeginning on December 26, 1950, alternate weekday rush trains were extended to 241st Street in the peak direction, but PM rush service to 241st Street was discontinued on June 26, 1952. Beginning on August 4, 1952, the 180th Street\u2014Bronx Park station was closed, with trains rerouted to East 180th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0012-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Under the New York City Transit Authority\nMorning rush hour service to 241st Street was cut back to Gun Hill Road on October 2, 1953. On March 19, 1954, weekend service was rerouted to New Lots Avenue at all times except late nights. On May 4, 1957, a track connection to the IRT Dyre Avenue Line was completed and daytime 2 trains were rerouted to Dyre Avenue. Evening service remained a shuttle between Dyre Avenue and East 180th Street, and morning rush service from Gun Hill Road was discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 92], "content_span": [93, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0013-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Under the New York City Transit Authority\nOn December 20, 1957, weekday trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue at all times except late nights. On June 26, 1958, late night service began between Dyre Avenue and East 180th Street. Beginning on December 12, 1958, late night service was extended to Flatbush Avenue, and the 2 began running express at all times. Beginning February 6, 1959, trains ran between Wakefield\u2013241st Street and Flatbush Avenue at all times except late nights, when they ran between East 180th Street and New Lots Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 92], "content_span": [93, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0014-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Under the New York City Transit Authority\nBeginning on April 8, 1960, daytime service was rerouted from Dyre Avenue to 241st Street, and service in Brooklyn was rerouted from New Lots Avenue to Flatbush Avenue. At the same time, late night service was rerouted from Flatbush Avenue to New Lots Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 92], "content_span": [93, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0015-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Under the New York City Transit Authority\nBeginning on April 18, 1965, evening service was extended from East 180th Street to 241st Street, and daytime service was rerouted from Flatbush Avenue to New Lots Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 92], "content_span": [93, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0016-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Under the New York City Transit Authority\nOn July 10, 1983, the 2 and 3 trains swapped terminals in Brooklyn, with 2 trains terminating at Flatbush Avenue and 3 trains terminating at New Lots Avenue. These changes were made to reduce non-revenue subway car mileage, to provide a dedicated fleet for each service, and to provide an easily accessible inspection yard for each service. The change allowed the 2 to be dedicated to 239th Street Yard and allowed the 3 to be assigned to Livonia Yard. With the rerouting of 3 trains, train lengths along the New Lots Line were reduced from 10 cars to 9 cars, within acceptable crowding levels, and train lengths along the Nostrand Avenue Line were increased from 9 to 10 cars, reducing crowding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 92], "content_span": [93, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0017-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Under the New York City Transit Authority\nIn Spring 1995, rush hour 5 service to 241st Street was cut back to Nereid Avenue. 241st Street had insufficient capacity to terminate all 2 and 5 trains during rush hours, requiring some 2 and 5 trips to terminate at Nereid Avenue. To ease passenger confusion regarding which trips terminate where and to provide more reliable service, it was decided to have all 2 trips terminate at 241st Street and have all 5 trains terminate at Nereid Avenue. This recommendation was made in response to comments made as part of the Northeast Bronx Comprehensive Study.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 92], "content_span": [93, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0018-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Recent history\nFrom March 2 to October 12, 1998, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line was rehabilitated. On weekdays, 2 trains ran via the IRT Lexington Avenue Line between 149th Street\u2013Grand Concourse and Nevins Street uptown from 5:00\u00a0a.m. to midnight and downtown from midnight to 5:00\u00a0a.m. On October 3, 1999, the 2 began running local in Manhattan during late night hours so local stations would receive service every ten minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0019-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Recent history\nOn December 9, 1999, New York City Transit released a proposal, revising 2 and 5 service in the Bronx to eliminate a merge north of the East 180th Street station, increasing capacity and reducing delays, to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Board. Dyre Avenue-bound 5 trains would start running local along the White Plains Road Line, while 2 trains would run express. Nereid Avenue-bound 5 trains would continue to run express in the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0019-0001", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Recent history\nAs part of the change, the frequency of service at White Plains Road Line local station would decrease from 12 trains per hour to 7 trains per hour. Market research showed that riders at these stations preferred Lexington Avenue Line service. In addition, riders on the line north of East 180th Street would gain express service. This change would have been revenue neutral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0020-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Recent history\nShortly after the proposal was more widely announced in April 2000, Assemblyman Jeffrey Klein collected 2,000 signatures for a petition opposing the change. The MTA delayed the change's planned implementation by a month after receiving the petition. Opponents of the change also argued that it would have increased subway crowding on the 2 train, especially at the 72nd Street station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. The change was also opposed by State Senator Eric Schneiderman, Assemblyman Scott Stringer and Public Advocate Mark Green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0020-0001", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Recent history\nNew York City Transit expected the passenger volume of downtown 2 trains in the morning rush hour to increase from 92% of capacity to 108% at 72nd Street. After Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver put pressure on the MTA, the change was pushed back for an additional three months in May 2000. On September 24, 2000, a spokesperson for New York City Transit said that MTA Chairman E. Virgil Conway told planners to drop the change until service on the 5 was increased with the arrival of new R142 subway cars by early 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0021-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Recent history\nAfter September 11, 2001, 2 trains ran local in Manhattan at all times so they would not be delayed behind 3 trains terminating at 14th Street. Daytime express service resumed on September 15, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0022-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Recent history\nDue to repairs to Hurricane Sandy-related damage on the Clark Street Tube, on weekends between June 17, 2017 and June 24, 2018, the 2 ran between Eastchester\u2013Dyre Avenue in the Bronx and South Ferry in Lower Manhattan, with 5 trains replacing it in Brooklyn and the Bronx north of East 180th Street. Trains ran express only between 96th Street and Times Square\u201342nd Street during the daytime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0023-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Route, Service pattern\nThe following table shows the lines used by the 2, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the specified times:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159862-0024-0000", "contents": "2 (New York City Subway service), Route, Stations\nFor a more detailed station listing, see the articles on the lines listed above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159863-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Nik & Jay album)\n2 is the second studio album by Danish Pop duo Nik & Jay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159863-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Nik & Jay album), Commercial reception\nThe album topped the Danish Albums Chart in the first week of 2005 and stayed in the charts for a total of 71 weeks. Five singles were released from the album: \"Pop-pop! \", \"En dag tilbage\", \"L\u00e6kker\" \"Kan du h\u00f8re hende synge\" and \"Strip\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159864-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Olivia Newton-John album)\n(2) is the eighteenth studio album by Australian pop singer Olivia Newton-John, released on 12 November 2002 in Australia. A duets album, the majority of tracks are with Australian artists, along with two American performers (Richard Marx and Michael McDonald). The Peter Allen and Johnny O'Keefe duets are built around archive recordings, with new vocals added by Newton-John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159864-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Olivia Newton-John album)\nThe album was planned to include the song \"True to Yourself\", a Vanessa Amorosi song re-recorded as a duet and intended as track two. However, the track was dropped at the last minute due to contractual disagreements between Amorosi's Transistor Music and Newton-John's Universal Music labels. Both women said they felt sad about the situation and clarified that there is no problem between them, but that it was simply a contractual matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159864-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Olivia Newton-John album), Release and promotion\nThe album was a great success in Australia, reaching the top 10 in the ARIA Charts, being certified Platinum. A TV special for the album promotion, A Night with Olivia, also aired in the country, featuring John Farnham and Tina Arena as special guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159864-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (Olivia Newton-John album), Release and promotion\nNewton-John's 2008 duets album, A Celebration in Song, contains two songs originally released on (2): \"Never Far Away\" and \"Sunburned Country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159864-0004-0000", "contents": "2 (Olivia Newton-John album), Release and promotion, Tour\nThe Australian leg of Newton-John's Heartstrings World Tour also served in the promotion of album. These were the first solo concerts in Australia of Olivia since 1982 and were very well received by the public and critics. New Idea magazine published an article of \"the comeback of queen\" in 2002, highlighting the success of the album and tour, as well as its induction into the ARIA Hall of Fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159865-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Pole album)\n2 is the second studio album by German electronic music producer Pole. It was released in 1999 by Kiff SM in Europe and Matador Records in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159865-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Pole album), Background\n2 is the second in a trilogy of albums released annually between 1998 and 2000 by Pole. The trilogy has been noted for its lack of heavy bass commonly found in dub music, and described as \"ambient electronic minimalism\". While some critics have noted that 2 is more dub-influenced than 1, Pole maintains that the influence was simply less hidden in 2, stating that \"it was intended from the first record on, but it became more obvious on the second one and then on the third one.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159865-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Pole album), Background\nThe trilogy was also noted by critics for its conceptual monochromatic cover art, with 1 being blue, 2 being red, and 3 being yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159866-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Retribution Gospel Choir album)\n2 is the second studio album from Low singer-songwriter-guitarist Alan Sparhawk's band Retribution Gospel Choir. It was released on January 26, 2010, in the US and February 8, 2010, in the UK on the Sub Pop Records label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159867-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Rockapella album)\n2 is the tenth overall and fifth North American studio album by the a cappella group Rockapella. As the name suggests, it was the group's second CD released through a record company in the United States. It was recorded during the fall of 1999 and released in the spring of 2000. In 2004, the album was then re-released on Shakariki Records with two new remixes of \"This Isn't Love,\" which replace the  Folgers Coffee commercial tracks \"Rockin' Morning\" and \"Holiday Wake-Up.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159867-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Rockapella album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Scott Leonard, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159868-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Saint Lu album)\n2 is the second full-length album by the Austrian singer-songwriter Luise Gruber, better known as Saint Lu. The album is noteworthy for its music direction change, from the blues and rock of its predecessor toward a more soul-oriented aesthetic with elements of funk, jazz and baroque pop. The album was released on 15 February 2013 via Warner Music. The album was intended to accompany Saint Lu's representation of Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest in Malm\u00f6 but the selection jury in Hannover selected Cascada instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159868-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Saint Lu album), Track listing\nAn acoustic EP, named \"2 (Acoustic EP)\" was released shortly after the release of the album. It contains new, acoustic arrangements of six of the songs from the album", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159868-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Saint Lu album), Critical reception\nOber\u00f6sterreichische Nachrichten, Austria, describes the album as \"abounding with emotions and ideas. Soul Pop and Blues combine with the dark, versatile grater-like voice of the 30-year old into a fascinating fusion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159868-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (Saint Lu album), Critical reception\nTracks Magazin, Switzerland, writes: \"2 keeps what the self-titled debut from 2009 brought into view. At that time, she sang confident pop rock. Now it is more confident and more rock pop with a lot of soul in it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159868-0004-0000", "contents": "2 (Saint Lu album), Critical reception\nSteve Braun of Rock Times writes: \"2 offers magical moments that reveal Luise Gruber's huge potential. ' Falling For Your Love' must be mentioned first\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159869-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Shook Twins EP)\n2 is an EP by indie folk group Shook Twins. The first single from the EP, \"Mad Scientist,\" was premiered on No Depression in September 2017. The EP premiered on Pop Dust in November 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159870-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Smoking Popes EP)\n2 is the third EP by the Chicago-based pop punk band the Smoking Popes, released independently in 1993. It was recorded in 1992 at Solid Sound Studio in Hoffman Estates, Illinois with recording engineer Phil Bonnet, the same location and engineer used for their previous EP Break Up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159870-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Smoking Popes EP)\nSinger and guitarist Josh Caterer has said that the lead track, \"Writing a Letter\", was influenced by the songwriting style of old Hollywood musicals:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159870-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Smoking Popes EP)\nI thought it would be fun to write the kind of song that might have been sung by Carmen Miranda in one of those old movies where she's wearing a hat made out of bananas. This is part of a larger experiment we've dabbled with, which is to take the classic songwriting style from Hollywood's golden age and combine it with the musical approach of a modern day punk band. I'm all for keeping up with current musical trends, but I still think the best way to learn how to write a good melody is by listening to the soundtrack from The Music Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159870-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (Smoking Popes EP)\nAll four tracks from 2 were later reissued on the compilation albums 1991\u20131998 (1999) and It's Been a Long Day (2010). Reviewing 1991\u20131998, Ari Wiznitzer of Allmusic remarked that 2 documents Josh Caterer's growth as a songwriter and guitarist, particularly in the track \"Stars\": \"Tracks like these are the Smoking Popes at their best, as Josh Caterer's smooth vocals slide effortlessly over the band's distorted canvas.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159870-0004-0000", "contents": "2 (Smoking Popes EP)\nThe Smoking Popes later re-recorded \"First Time\" in an acoustic style for their 2008 album Stay Down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159871-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Sneaky Sound System album)\n2 is the second studio album by Australian music collective Sneaky Sound System, released on 16 August 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159871-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Sneaky Sound System album), Information\nThe album was produced by Black Angus and Donnie Sloan and mixed by 'Spike' Stent and Paul PDub Walton (Madonna, Bj\u00f6rk, Massive Attack, Gwen Stefani) at Olympic Studios in London. The first single to be released from the album Kansas City was released on 12 July 2008. The album was available for pre-order on the Australian iTunes Store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159871-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Sneaky Sound System album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Black Angus and Miss Connie Mitchell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159871-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (Sneaky Sound System album), Charts\nIn Australia, the album debuted at No. 1, selling 8870 copies, beating out the previous No. 1, the Mamma Mia! soundtrack which sold 7651 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159871-0004-0000", "contents": "2 (Sneaky Sound System album), Release history\nThe album was released in Australia on 16 August 2008 with a limited edition disc containing remixes from their debut album Sneaky Sound System as well as the singles from this album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159872-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Strings album)\n2 is the second studio album by Pakistani pop rock band Strings. Singles from the album included \"Sar Kiye Yeh Pahar\" and \"Aaj Mein Khud He Se\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159872-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Strings album), Release\nIn 1992, the band came up with a follow-up album titled 2, released by Shalimar Recording Company. Maqsood realising that the band needed more exposure, advised that a music video to be shot. He himself took charge of the direction of the video for the song, \"Sar Kiye Yeh Pahar\", and handed it to the STN to be aired on their show. The video was played for a minute on the channel in their hour-long show and with not many new videos from competing artists, Maqsood's directorial d\u00e9but was an instant success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159872-0001-0001", "contents": "2 (Strings album), Release\nThis decision proved beneficial and \"Sar Kiye Yeh Pahar\" became a nationwide hit overnight. In its most primitive form, the video and the song created a phenomenon in the local music industry and the band scored hits after another, played shows and enjoyed the lifestyle of the post-80s pop stars. The hype was short-lived as the quartet decided to disband considering it as a mutual decision amongst all the members. Soon afterwards, as the band disappeared from the local pop music scene their video of \"Sar Kiye Yeh Pahar\" aired on MTV Asia and led the band to achieve success and worldwide fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159872-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Strings album), Release\nAfter disbanding, Maqsood joined an art school and later got himself a job in an advertising agency as the creative director, while Kapadia travelled to the Houston, Texas to continue his business studies. Little is known of the other two members of the band but it is understood they continued their studies as well. The disbanding of the group came as a mutual decision amongst all the members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159872-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (Strings album), Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Anwar Maqsood except where noted; all music is composed by Bilal Maqsood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159873-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Suburban Kids with Biblical Names EP)\n#2 is an EP by Suburban Kids with Biblical Names, released on May 18, 2005 by Labrador Records. \"Funeral Face\" was the only track to be carried on to their album #3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159874-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (The Black Heart Procession album)\n2 is the second studio album by American indie rock band The Black Heart Procession. It was released on May 18, 1999 on Touch and Go Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album)\nThe Gloaming 2 (also referred to as \"2\") is the second studio album by the contemporary Irish/American music group The Gloaming. It was released on February 26, 2016 on Real World Records, and on Brassland Records in America, Justin Time Records in Canada, and Planet Records in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album)\nThe album debuted at No.1 in the Irish Album Chart and was met with critical acclaim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album), Background and recording\nIn an interview with the Irish Times in August 2014, fiddle player and band founder Martin Hayes said that the quintet were all eager to begin work on new material. In December 2015, The Gloaming entered Real World Studios in Wiltshire, England to record material that had mostly been written and previewed during the group\u2019s 2015 touring schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album), Background and recording\nCommenting at the time on the recording sessions, vocalist Iarla \u00d3 Lion\u00e1ird felt that a \u201cstronger\u201d record was being made to the band\u2019s 2015 debut, and that while the group had not become completely removed from its \u201cinitial creative area\u201d, something of a departure had been made. Hayes, meanwhile, said that the album had \u201cmore feeling\u201d than its predecessor because the five individuals in the band had bonded more deeply in terms of a shared aesthetic in the interim period. Hayes added that the music on The Gloaming 2 possibly had a euphoric and joyful quality, a sentiment shared by bandmate and fellow fiddle player Caoimh\u00edn \u00d3 Raghallaigh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0004-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album), Background and recording\nLyrically and musically, the group drew from age-old sources just as they had on their debut LP. For example, \u201cThe Pilgrim's Song\u201d comprises two extracts of poems by the mid-20th century Irish poet Se\u00e1n \u00d3 R\u00edord\u00e1in \u2013 \u201cOilithreacht F\u00e1m Anam\u201d and \u201cA Sheanfhil\u00ed, M\u00fain\u00eddh Dom Glao\u201d, both taken from Eireaball Spideoige (1952). \u201cF\u00e1inleog\u201d, meanwhile, uses a traditional lyric extract from Na Laoithe Fiannuidheachta as well as a traditional Irish jig called \u201cThe Holly Bush\u201d. \u201cOis\u00edn's Song\u201d also used a traditional lyrical motif from Na Laoithe Fiannuidheachta called \u201cThe Dialogue of Ois\u00edn and P\u00e1draig\u201d. \"Casadh an tS\u00fag\u00e1in\" was dedicated to the memory of the traditional Irish musician M\u00edche\u00e1l \u00d3 Domhnaill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0005-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album), Background and recording\nThe album was recorded in just five days, with pianist Thomas Bartlett producing and Patrick Dillett (assisted by Patrick Phillips) on mixing duties. In an interview, \u00d3 Lion\u00e1ird said that the music on their second record had been recorded with very few overdubs in favour of a looser and more spacious live approach. Guitarist Dennis Cahill also remarked that a natural feel was sought by the group on this record, and a decision had been made not to \u201coverwork\u201d the compositions by playing them over and over again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0006-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album), Background and recording\nLike their debut, The Gloaming 2 was mastered by UE Nastasi at Sterling Sound. Its album sleeve was designed by Marc Bessant, with the cover art image \u2013 entitled 'Flying Lesson' \u2013 created by US conceptual photography duo Robert and Shana ParkeHarrison", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0007-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album), Release and reception\nThe Gloaming 2 was released February 2016 to positive reviews and debuted at No.1 in the Irish Album Charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0008-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album), Release and reception\nIn its review, the Herald said that the new body of work \u201ctakes things to a higher level\u201d, while the Irish Times called it a \u201crichly textured thing of beauty\u201d. The Guardian once again dubbed The Gloaming\u2019s music \u201cexquisite\u201d in its review, and NPR labelled the record \u201cwistful, tender and completely transforming\u201d. \u201cTop-class\u201d was the verdict of The Telegraph, while Mojo described these new recordings as \u201can album of dark beauty and unnerving enchantment\u201d. The LP would finish the year with inclusions in various end-of-year lists of the Irish Times, Irish Independent, Daily Telegraph and fRoots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0009-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album), Release and reception\nA five-night residency in Dublin\u2019s National Concert Hall was timed to coincide with the release, with all five nights selling out in record time. More high-profile live dates took place that year across Europe and North America, including London\u2019s Royal Festival Hall, Philharmonie de Paris, Teatro Viriato in Portugal and the Kennedy Center in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159875-0010-0000", "contents": "2 (The Gloaming album), Track listing\nCredits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Information in brackets indicates individual tunes featured on a track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159876-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Thee Oh Sees album)\n2 is the second studio album by American garage rock band Thee Oh Sees, released on June 14, 2004 on Narnack Records. Released under the name, OCS, the album was recorded entirely by John Dwyer as a side-project to his then-primary band, Coachwhips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159876-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Thee Oh Sees album), Critical reception\nIn a positive review for Allmusic, Alex Henderson wrote: \"2 is perhaps best described as an experimental, oddly appealing mixture of folk-rock and avant-garde noise rock. On these recordings \u2013 which were made over a two-year period from 2001\u20132003 \u2013 Dwyer plays a calm, reflective, even pastoral acoustic guitar that interacts with bizarre collages of dissonant electro-noise. [ ...] This enjoyably intriguing, if slightly uneven, release makes one hope that Dwyer will have more OCS projects outside of Coachwhips.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159877-0000-0000", "contents": "2 (Training) Regiment Army Air Corps\n2 (Training) Regiment Army Air Corps is a regiment of the British Army's Army Air Corps. It is responsible for all of the Army Air Corps' groundcrew Phase 2 and 3 training, as well as the Ground Support Commanders Course for officers. The Regiment is based at Middle Wallop and is made up of two squadrons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159877-0001-0000", "contents": "2 (Training) Regiment Army Air Corps, History\nOriginally designated 2nd Division Aviation, the regiment provided support for the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) from 1964 until 1976. The regiment was made up of three squadrons (652 Sqn AAC at B\u00fcnde, 659 Sqn AAC at Osnabr\u00fcck and 662 Sqn AAC at M\u00fcnster), who were attached as independent squadrons to cavalry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159877-0002-0000", "contents": "2 (Training) Regiment Army Air Corps, History\nIn 1976 the regiment was re-organized (with 659 Sqn AAC becoming part of 9 Regt AAC) and renamed 2 Regiment Army Air Corps. In 1983 the regiment was temporarily disbanded, with 652 Sqn AAC becoming part of 1 Regt AAC and 662 Sqn AAC becoming part of 3 Regt AAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159877-0003-0000", "contents": "2 (Training) Regiment Army Air Corps, History\nThe regiment was re-formed in 1994 as 2 (Training) Regiment Army Air Corps, based at Middle Wallop and is responsible for training the Army Air Corps' groundcrews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159878-0000-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 + 1 = Ponderosa Twins Plus One\n2 + 2 + 1 = Ponderosa Twins Plus One is the only studio album by American soul vocal group Ponderosa Twins Plus One. It was released in 1971 through Horoscope Records. The album was produced by Bobby Massey of The O'Jays and Michael Burton, a songwriter and a producer of All Platinum Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159878-0001-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 + 1 = Ponderosa Twins Plus One\nThe album spawned two singles, a cover of Sam Cooke's \"You Send Me\", and \"Bound\". \"You Send Me\" became the band's most successful single release, and both songs charted on Billboard's Best Selling Soul Singles chart. The track \"Bound\" was sampled by rapper Kanye West in his 2013 song, \"Bound 2\". This was followed by a set of copyright infringement lawsuits by the ex-Ponderosa Twins Plus One member Ricky Spicer, directed at West and related parties. The same track was sampled in 2019 by Tyler, The Creator\u2019s \"A Boy Is a Gun\" , for which Bobby Massey received sample credits on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159878-0002-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 + 1 = Ponderosa Twins Plus One\nThe album was reissued on vinyl in Japan by P-Vine Records in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159878-0003-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 + 1 = Ponderosa Twins Plus One, Critical reception\nAndrew Hamilton of Allmusic compared the production work of Bobby Massey and Michael Burton, stating that \"Massey's sides were the most interesting\" Hamilton also further stated: \"He knew how to record them, Burton saddled them with a tinny, kiddie sound, and a couple of his productions/compositions are far too strident for ears.\" He also noted the cover of Sam Cooke's \"You Send Me,\" \"Bound,\" \"I Remember You,\" and \"Dad I Love Her\" as \"album highlights.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0000-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5\nThe mathematically incorrect phrase \"two plus two equals five\" (2 + 2 = 5) is best known in English for its use in the 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, as a possible statement of Ingsoc (English Socialism) philosophy, like the dogma \"War is Peace\", which the Party expects the citizens of Oceania to believe is true. In writing his secret diary in the year 1984, the protagonist Winston Smith ponders if the Inner Party might declare that \"two plus two equals five\" is a fact. Smith further ponders whether or not belief in such a consensus reality makes the lie true.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0001-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5\nAbout the falsity of \"two plus two equals five\", in Room 101, the interrogator O'Brien tells the thought criminal Smith that control over physical reality is unimportant to the Party, provided the citizens of Oceania subordinate their real-world perceptions to the political will of the Party; and that, by way of doublethink: \"Sometimes, Winston. [ Sometimes it is four fingers.] Sometimes they are five. Sometimes they are three. Sometimes they are all of them at once\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0002-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5\nAs a theme and as a subject in the arts, the anti-intellectual slogan 2 + 2 = 5 pre-dates Orwell and has produced literature, such as Deux et deux font cinq (Two and Two Make Five), written in 1895 by Alphonse Allais, which is a collection of absurdist short stories; and the 1920 imagist art manifesto 2 x 2 = 5 by the poet Vadim Shershenevich, in the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0003-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Self-evident truth and self-evident falsehood\nIn the 17th century, in the Meditations on First Philosophy, in which the Existence of God and the Immortality of the Soul are Demonstrated (1641), Ren\u00e9 Descartes said that the standard of truth is self-evidence of clear and distinct ideas. Despite the logician Descartes' understanding of \"self-evident truth\", the philosopher Descartes considered that the self-evident truth of \"two plus two equals four\" might not exist beyond the human mind; that there might not exist correspondence between abstract ideas and concrete reality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0004-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Self-evident truth and self-evident falsehood\nIn establishing the mundane reality of the self-evident truth of 2 + 2 = 4, in De Neutralibus et Mediis Libellus (1652) Johann Wigand said: \"That twice two are four; a man may not lawfully make a doubt of it, because that manner of knowledge is grauen [graven] into mannes [man's] nature.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0005-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Self-evident truth and self-evident falsehood\nIn the comedy-of-manners play Dom Juan, or The Feast with the Statue (1665), by Moli\u00e8re, the libertine protagonist, Dom Juan, is asked in what values he believes, and answers that he believes \"two plus two equals four\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0006-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Self-evident truth and self-evident falsehood\nIn the 18th century, the self-evident falsehood of 2 + 2 = 5 was attested in the Cyclop\u00e6dia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728), by Ephraim Chambers: \"Thus, a Proposition would be absurd, that should affirm, that two and two make five; or that should deny 'em to make four.\" In 1779, Samuel Johnson likewise said that \"You may have a reason why two and two should make five, but they will still make but four.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0007-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Self-evident truth and self-evident falsehood\nIn the 19th century, in a personal letter to his future wife, Anabella Milbanke, Lord Byron said: \"I know that two and two make four\u2014& should be glad to prove it, too, if I could\u2014though I must say if, by any sort of process, I could convert 2 & 2 into five, it would give me much greater pleasure.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0008-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Self-evident truth and self-evident falsehood\nIn Gilbert and Sullivan's Princess Ida (1884), the Princess comments that \"The narrow-minded pedant still believes/That two and two make four! Why, we can prove,/We women\u2014household drudges as we are \u2013/That two and two make five\u2014or three\u2014or seven;/Or five-and-twenty, if the case demands!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0009-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, France\nIn the late 18th century, in the pamphlet What is the Third Estate? (1789), about the legalistic denial of political rights to the common-folk majority of France, Emmanuel-Joseph Siey\u00e8s, said: \"Consequently, if it be claimed that, under the French constitution, 200,000 individuals, out of 26 million citizens, constitute two-thirds of the common will, only one comment is possible: It is a claim that two and two make five.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0010-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, France\nUsing the illogic of \"two and two make five\", Siey\u00e8s mocked the demagoguery of the Estates-General for assigning disproportionate voting power to the political minorities of France\u2014the Clergy (First estate) and the French nobility (Second estate)\u2014in relation to the Third estate, the numeric and political majority of the citizens of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0011-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, France\nIn the 19th century, in the novel S\u00e9raph\u00eeta (1834), about the nature of androgyny, Honor\u00e9 de Balzac said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0012-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, France\nThus, you will never find, in all Nature, two identical objects; in the natural order, therefore, two and two can never make four, for, to attain that result, we must combine units that are exactly alike, and you know that it is impossible to find two leaves alike on the same tree, or two identical individuals in the same species of tree. That axiom of your numeration, false in visible nature, is false likewise in the invisible universe of your abstractions, where the same variety is found in your ideas, which are the objects of the visible world extended by their interrelations; indeed, the differences are more striking there than elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0013-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, France\nIn the pamphlet \"Napol\u00e9on le Petit\" (1852), about the limitations of the Second French Empire (1852\u20131870), such as majority political support for the monarchist coup d'\u1e16tat, which installed Napoleon III (r. 1852\u20131870), and the French peoples' discarding from national politics the Liberal values that informed the anti-monarchist Revolution, Victor Hugo said: \"Now, get seven million, five hundred thousand votes to declare that two-and-two-make-five, that the straight line is the longest road, that the whole is less than its part; get it declared by eight millions, by ten millions, by a hundred millions of votes, you will not have advanced a step.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0014-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, Russia\nIn the late 19th century, the Russian press used the phrase 2 + 2 = 5 to describe the moral confusion of social decline at the turn of a century, because political violence characterised much of the ideological conflict among proponents of humanist democracy and defenders of tsarist autocracy in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0014-0001", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, Russia\nIn The Reaction in Germany (1842), Mikhail Bakunin said that the political compromises of the French Positivists, at the start of the July Revolution (1830), confirmed their middle-of-the-road mediocrity: \"The Left says, 2 times 2 are 4; the Right, 2 times 2 are 6; and the Juste-milieu says, 2 times 2 are 5\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0015-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, Russia\nIn Notes from Underground (1864), by Feodor Dostoevsky, the anonymous protagonist accepts the falsehood of \"two plus two equals five\", and considers the implications (ontological and epistemological) of rejecting the truth of \"two times two makes four\", and proposed that the intellectualism of free will\u2014Man's inherent capability to choose or to reject logic and illogic\u2014is the cognitive ability that makes humanity human: \"I admit that twice two makes four is an excellent thing, but, if we are to give everything its due, twice two makes five is sometimes a very charming thing, too.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0016-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, Russia\nIn the literary vignette \"Prayer\" (1881), Ivan Turgenev said that: \"Whatever a man prays for, he prays for a miracle. Every prayer reduces itself to this: 'Great God, grant that twice two be not four'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0016-0001", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, Russia\nIn God and the State (1882), Bakunin dismissed deism: \"Imagine a philosophical vinegar sauce of the most opposed systems, a mixture of Fathers of the Church, scholastic philosophers, Descartes and Pascal, Kant and Scottish psychologists, all this a superstructure on the divine and innate ideas of Plato, and covered up with a layer of Hegelian immanence, accompanied, of course, by an ignorance, as contemptuous as it is complete, of natural science, and proving just as two times two make five; the existence of a personal god.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0016-0002", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, Russia\nMoreover, the slogan \"two plus two equals five\", is the title of the collection of absurdist short stories Deux et deux font cinq (Two and Two Make Five, 1895), by Alphonse Allais; and the title of the imagist art manifesto 2 x 2 = 5 (1920), by the poet Vadim Shershenevich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0017-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Politics, literature, propaganda, Russia\nIn 1931, the artist Yakov Guminer supported Stalin's shortened production schedule for the economy of the Soviet Union with a propaganda poster that announced the \"Arithmetic of an Alternative Plan: 2 + 2 plus the Enthusiasm of the Workers = 5\" after Stalin's announcement, in 1930, that the first five-year plan (1928\u20131933) instead would be completed in 1932, in four years' time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0018-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, George Orwell\nOrwell used the idea of 2 + 2 = 5 in an essay of January 1939 in The Adelphi; \"Review of Power: A New Social Analysis by Bertrand Russell\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0019-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, George Orwell\nIt is quite possible that we are descending into an age in which two plus two will make five when the Leader says so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0020-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, George Orwell\nIn propaganda work for the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) during the Second World War (1939\u20131945), George Orwell applied the illogic of 2 + 2 = 5 to counter the reality-denying psychology of Nazi propaganda, which he addressed in the essay \"Looking Back on the Spanish War\" (1943), indicating that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0021-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, George Orwell\nNazi theory, indeed, specifically denies that such a thing as \"the truth\" exists. There is, for instance, no such thing as \"Science\". There is only \"German Science\", \"Jewish Science\", etc. The implied objective of this line of thought is a nightmare world in which the Leader, or some ruling clique, controls not only the future, but the past. If the Leader says of such and such an event, \"It never happened\"\u2014well, it never happened. If he says that \"two and two are five\"\u2014well, two and two are five. This prospect frightens me much more than bombs\u2014and, after our experiences of the last few years [the Blitz, 1940\u201341], that is not a frivolous statement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0022-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, George Orwell\nIn addressing Nazi anti-intellectualism, Orwell's reference might have been Hermann G\u00f6ring's hyperbolic praise of Adolf Hitler: \"If the F\u00fchrer wants it, two and two makes five!\" In the political novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), concerning the Party's philosophy of government for Oceania, Orwell said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0023-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, George Orwell\nIn the end, the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it. It was inevitable that they should make that claim sooner or later: the logic of their position demanded it. Not merely the validity of experience, but the very existence of external reality, was tacitly denied by their philosophy. The heresy of heresies was common sense. And what was terrifying was not that they would kill you for thinking otherwise, but that they might be right. For, after all, how do we know that two and two make four? Or that the force of gravity works? Or that the past is unchangeable? If both the past and the external world exist only in the mind, and if the mind itself is controllable\u2014what then?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0024-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Contemporary usage, Politics and religion\nIn The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet is Killing Our Culture (2007), the media critic Andrew Keen uses the slogan \"two plus two equals five\" to criticise the Wikipedia policy allowing any user to edit the encyclopaedia \u2014 that the enthusiasm of the amateur for user generated content, peer production, and Web 2.0 technology leads to an encyclopaedia of common knowledge, and not an encyclopaedia of expert knowledge; that the \"Wisdom of the crowd\" will distort what society considers to be the truth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0025-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Contemporary usage, Politics and religion\nIn 2017, the Italian Catholic priest Antonio Spadaro tweeted: \"Theology is not #Mathematics. 2 + 2 in #Theology can make 5. Because it has to do with #God and real #life of #people. ...\" In defence of the priest, Traditionalist Catholics stated that Spadaro's remark was referring to alleged contradictions among interpretations of the apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia (2016)\u2014for divorced-remarried Catholics returning to the Church\u2014and the doctrines of Marriage in the Catholic Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0025-0001", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Contemporary usage, Politics and religion\nThat a person can freely act in contradiction to Catholic doctrine if he or she felt that God allowed that action\u2014despite the moral and theological contradictions inherent to the action. That Spadaro's \"two plus two equal five\" comments refer to the Church philosophy that human reason is insufficient for the full comprehension of God. That Spadaro was much like the cynical Rex Mottram character in the novel Brideshead Revisited (1945), by Evelyn Waugh, wherein Mottram, during his catechesis (becoming Catholic to marry a Catholic) is indifferent to ascertaining any aspect of Catholicism; Mottram attributes moral and theological contradictions to personal sinfulness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159879-0026-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5, Contemporary usage, Politics and religion\nFormer mathematician Kareem Carr has said \"when somebody says '2+2=5', I will always ask them for more details rather than dismissing them as an idiot because maybe they are talking about [male and female] chickens and turns out that is how chickens work! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159880-0000-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5 (song)\n\"2 + 2 = 5\" is a song by the English rock band Radiohead, released as the third and final single from their sixth album, Hail to the Thief (2003). It reached number two on the Canadian Singles Chart, number 12 on the Italian Singles Chart, and number 15 on the UK Singles Chart. It was also featured on Radiohead: The Best Of (2008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159880-0001-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5 (song), Recording\n\"2 + 2 = 5\" is a rock song that builds to a loud climax. The song consists of four sections, none of which is repeated throughout the song, rendering it an instance of through-composed music, which is a rare form in rock music. It was recorded in 2002 at Ocean Way Recording studios in Hollywood, Los Angeles, with producer Nigel Godrich. It was recorded as a studio test, and finished in two hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159880-0002-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = 5 (song), Title\nThe title is a reference to the slogan 2 + 2 = 5 from the 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. The song's alternative title, \"The Lukewarm\", references Dante's Inferno, in which the \"lukewarm\" are those in hell who did nothing wrong but did not oppose wrongdoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159881-0000-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = ?\n\"2 + 2 =\u00a0?\" is a single from The Bob Seger System on their debut album Ramblin' Gamblin' Man, released in January 1968, on Capitol Records. It is an anti-Vietnam War song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159881-0001-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = ?, History\nFramed around a central, Animals-esque hard riff driven by bass guitar, bass drum, and a fuzz guitar line, \"2 + 2 =\u00a0?\" is an explicit protest against the United States' role in the Vietnam War and the drafting of young men to serve in it who will end up \"buried in the mud, of a foreign jungle land.\" It also captures the general generational divide of the time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159881-0002-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = ?, History\nAnd you stand and call me \"upstart\"\u00a0... I ain't saying I'm a genius;Two plus two is on my mind \u2013Two plus two is on my mind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159881-0003-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = ?, History\nAllMusic writes that \"2 + 2\" is \"a frightening, visceral song that stands among the best anti-Vietnam protests.\" Music historian and editor of the Vietnam War Song Project comments that by 1968 \"songs began to emphasise the war\u2019s length, military failures and growing fatality rate. Bob Seger attacked the political system in \u20182 + 2 =\u00a0?\u2019 (1968): \u2018it\u2019s the rules not the soldier that I find the real enemy.\u2019\" The original studio version had a dead stop, or sudden cut to silence, placed near the end. On the 45 version, however, there is a guitar chord added at this point in the song, because radio stations fear dead air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159881-0004-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = ?, History\nIt was Seger's first release with Capitol and under the Bob Seger System name. But as with much of Seger's early efforts up to that point, the single was a hit in his native Detroit but went unnoticed almost everywhere else in the US. In Canada, it was actually a minor chart hit, peaking at number 79.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159881-0005-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = ?, History\nThe song was subsequently included on Seger's April 1969 album Ramblin' Gamblin' Man. There, any concessions for radio were removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159881-0006-0000", "contents": "2 + 2 = ?, History\nAlternative/garage rocker and fellow Detroiter Jack White was a fan of early Seger and in an interview he once said that \"2 + 2\" was his favourite song; writers have speculated that it may have been the inspiration behind The White Stripes' 2003 hit \"Seven Nation Army\" and its bass line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159882-0000-0000", "contents": "2 1/2-dimensional manufacturing\n2+1\u20442-dimensional manufacturing , also known as 2+1\u20442-D, is a conventional way of describing a process for obtaining an object where the third dimension is somehow dependent from the transversal cross-section of the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159882-0001-0000", "contents": "2 1/2-dimensional manufacturing\n2+1\u20442-D is used for differentiating a 3D process, like for example injection moulding, casting or forging, as well as 2D processes like plastics extrusion, extrusion, drawing or dipping from other processes, like for example microextrusion, overmoulding, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159882-0002-0000", "contents": "2 1/2-dimensional manufacturing\nThe product of the 2+1\u20442-D process can, in fact, be described by mean of a transversal cross-section and a longitudinal cross-section as any other, but in which the transversal cross-section varies, generating a variable longitudinal cross-section generally more simple than the transversal cross-section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159882-0003-0000", "contents": "2 1/2-dimensional manufacturing\nIn other words, the third dimension, so the longitudinal cross-section can be represented as the projection of the transversal cross-section in the infinity of the horizon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159882-0004-0000", "contents": "2 1/2-dimensional manufacturing\nAn example of 2+1\u20442-D processing, can be 2+1\u20442-D microextrusion, where, thanks to an optimal control of the process, the obtained extrudate, which is generally, but not always a tube, can have:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159882-0005-0000", "contents": "2 1/2-dimensional manufacturing, References, Bibliography\nThis technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159883-0000-0000", "contents": "2 A. M. in the Subway\n2 A. M. in the Subway is a one shot, 53 second-long comedy filmed, and probably directed, by Billy Bitzer on June 5, 1905 at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company's (AM&B) studio on 14th Street  in New York City. Likely intended as a slightly racy, and therefore rather typical, subject for AM&B's peepshow machine, The Mutoscope, 2 A. M. in the Subway is a vignette of New York City's night life that still resonates with New Yorkers more than a century later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159883-0001-0000", "contents": "2 A. M. in the Subway, Plot summary\nA tired cop and a subway conductor are seen waiting at a subway platform, late at night. The conductor opens the doors to the train at left, and out steps an obviously drunk man, played by Sidney Olcott, carried between two women in fancy dress. The cop begins to mix it up with the three of them, and they are interrupted by another man in a bowler hat; he is carrying a large package and steps onto the train to the right after greeting the two women and the drunk man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159883-0001-0001", "contents": "2 A. M. in the Subway, Plot summary\nOne of the women steps forward into the frame and lifts up her skirt so that the drunk man can tie her shoe. This gets the attention of the cop, who hustles the three of them onto the train; meanwhile what appears to be a pair of bare legs stick out from a window of a train car and are quickly withdrawn. The cop just manages to notice this, and calls all parties back out to the platform where it is revealed that the man in the bowler hat has a pair of department store mannequin's legs with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159883-0002-0000", "contents": "2 A. M. in the Subway, Historical background\nOn May 21, 1905, Billy Bitzer had made his film Interior N.Y. subway, 14th St. to 42nd St. from the front of a New York City Subway car; at that point the Subway itself had been open only seven months. The very day that subject was submitted for copyright, this one was made at the Biograph studio; it was copyrighted on 20 June. Although the six actors involved are unidentified, aside from Sidney Olcott,  the action is obviously tightly coordinated in order to get all of the action into such a short subject.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159883-0003-0000", "contents": "2 A. M. in the Subway, Historical background\nAM&B sent two paper prints of this film for copyright, and the better of the two copies was rephotographed for preservation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159884-0000-0000", "contents": "2 AM Club\nThe 2 AM Club is a popular bar in Mill Valley, California. It is known as being the location of the cover photo of the Huey Lewis and the News' album Sports. Known locally as \"The Deuce\", it is a popular watering hole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159884-0001-0000", "contents": "2 AM Club\nFormerly known as \"The Brown Jug\", which was opened by Bill Brown there on the corner of Miller and Montford. Prohibition caused its closure in 1921. It reopened in 1933 with the same name, but became the 2 A.M. Club in about 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159884-0002-0000", "contents": "2 AM Club\nThe famous \"toilet seat\" guitar created by Charlie Deal still hangs behind the bar. Charlie holds the patent for this original idea and transformed numerous donated, oak seats into decent musical instruments. He claimed the idea came to him while he was sitting on one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159885-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Andromedae\n2 Andromedae, abbreviated 2 And, is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Andromeda. 2 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation. It is a faint star system but visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.09. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 7.7\u00a0mas, it is located 420\u00a0light years away. The binary nature of the star was discovered by American astronomer Sherburne Wesley Burnham at Lick Observatory in 1889. The pair orbit each other over a period of 74\u00a0years with a high eccentricity of 0.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159885-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Andromedae\nThe magnitude 5.26 primary, designated component A, is an A-type main-sequence star based on a stellar classification of A1V or A2V, although it may have already left the main sequence. It was identified as a candidate Lambda Bo\u00f6tis star, but this was ruled out by Paunzen et al. (2003) as it doesn't match the typical characteristics of these objects. Although 2 And does not display a significant infrared excess, it is a shell star that displays varying absorption features due to circumstellar dust grains. This may indicate it has an orbiting debris disk containing gas that is being viewed edge-on. The star is about 100\u00a0million years old and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 212\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159885-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Andromedae\nThe magnitude 7.43 secondary companion, component B, is a suspected variable star and may be a Delta Scuti variable. Alternatively, it may be an ellipsoidal variable with a brown dwarf companion. It is an F-type main-sequence star with a class of F1V/F4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159886-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Area Support Group Signal Squadron\n2 Area Support Group Signal Squadron (2 ASG Sig Sqn) was a Regular Force Army unit within the Canadian Forces. The squadron was responsible to deliver secure and non-secure communication and information systems across Land Force Central Area (LFCA). The parent formation of the squadron was 2 Area Support Group (2 ASG). Although an Army unit, for service delivery the squadron aligned itself to an ITIL framework for business processes and a common lexicon with industry partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159886-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Area Support Group Signal Squadron\n2 ASG Signal Squadron was headquartered at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Petawawa with platoon-sized troops in Petawawa, Kingston, Toronto, London and section-sized detachments in Ottawa, Sault Ste Marie, and North Bay. The majority of soldiers within the squadron came from the Communications and Electronics Branch. In 2013, 2 ASG Sig Sqn was renamed 4th Canadian Division Support Group Signal Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159886-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Area Support Group Signal Squadron, History\n2 ASG Sig Sqn, in various forms, has been located at CFB Petawawa since a school of signals was established in 1912. In 1960, Camp Petawawa Signal Squadron was formed from the amalgamation of three units: 2 Static Signal Troop, Camp Petawawa Signal Troop, and Increment D Troop. On 1 November 1966, Camp Petawawa Signal Squadron became 702 Communication Squadron (702 Comm Sqn) with the motto Nunquam Non Paratus (Never Unready).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159886-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Area Support Group Signal Squadron, History\nOver the years the squadron has changed hands between Army Signals, Communication Command, Director Information Services Organization and back to the Army. In 1998, 702 Communications Squadron became part of 2 ASG within Land Force Central Area (LFCA) and renamed to 2 Area Support Group Signal Squadron. Base Information Technology Support Units (BITSUs) at Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, London, North Bay and Sault Ste. Marie were amalgamated with the squadron to create a single unit within LFCA, which would provide consolidated information systems support to all Army units in Ontario. In 2013, 2 ASG Sig Sqn was renamed 4th Canadian Division Support Group Signal Squadron with a Government of Canada move to restore historical features of the Canadian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159886-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Area Support Group Signal Squadron, Armoury\nLarge centrally located building houses 32 Canadian Brigade Group Headquarters; The Governor General's Horse Guards; 2 Intelligence Company; 32 Combat Engineer Regiment; 32 Service Battalion; 2 Military Police Regiment (Canada) and one of its sub-units, 32 Military Police Platoon; 4th Canadian Division Support Group Signal Squadron (formerly 2 Area Support Group Signal Squadron) Charlie Troop; 4th Canadian Division Support Group Detachment Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159887-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Aurigae\n2 Aurigae is a possible binary star system in the northern constellation of Auriga. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.79. It forms an attractive four-star asterism when viewed in a low power eyepiece, together with the nearby HIP 22647 and another very loose visual pair, HIP 22776 and HIP 22744, all above magnitude 8. 2 Aurigae is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221217\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159887-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Aurigae\nThe visible component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K3- III Ba0.4. The suffix notation indicates this is a mild barium star, which means the stellar atmosphere is enriched with s-process elements. It is either a member of a close binary system and has previously acquired these elements from a (now) white dwarf companion or else it is on the asymptotic giant branch and is generating the elements itself. 2 Aurigae is 1.80\u00a0billion years old with 2.86 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 48 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 599 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,115\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159888-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Autumns, 3 Winters\n2 Autumns, 3 Winters (French: 2 automnes 3 hivers) is a 2013 French film written and directed by S\u00e9bastien Betbeder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159888-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Autumns, 3 Winters, Plot\nThe story is narrated by each of the major characters. At the beginning, 33-year-old Arman (Macaigne) decides to change his life. For starters, he takes up jogging, which is how he has his first meeting with Am\u00e9lie (Wyler).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159888-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Autumns, 3 Winters, Release\nThe Marchers had theatrical showings in North America as part of the Rendez-vous with French Cinema series 2014 program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159888-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Autumns, 3 Winters, Critical response\nJordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter called it a \"low-key kind of dramedy\" and a \"quirky French indie that gets by more on style and sass than on its storytelling skills, [...] With endearing performances and crafty 16mm imagery, but also a tad too many winks to the camera, this Cannes ACID sidebar selection should see additional fest and niche art-house play\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159888-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Autumns, 3 Winters, Critical response\nRonnie Scheib of Variety commented that \"[i]n Sebastien Betbeder's playfully arty 2 Autumns, 3 Winters, three protagonists offer self-conscious riffs on their every thought and action, directly addressing the camera to describe past happenings, present happenings or what's about to occur momentarily. Mundane actions, trite exchanges and life-altering events all undergo the same literary alchemy, creating a matter-of-fact, Woody Allen-ish sense of complicity with the viewer. Maintaining a bemused, sometimes comic distance, Betbeder traces how happenstance crystallizes into biography as his characters traverse the titular seasons, with results that will delight some and alienate others.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159888-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Autumns, 3 Winters, Critical response\nMike Russell of The Oregonian gave it a 'B' grade saying \"[a] fair amount of traumatic stuff happens in 2 Autumns, 3 Winters [... b]ut writer/director S\u00e9bastien Betbeder's French seriocomic romance still feels light (or emotionally distant, depending), thanks to the film's fusillade of stylistic tics.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159889-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Avenue Southwest station\n2 Avenue SW is a planned and approved CTrain light rail station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada part of the Green Line. Construction is expected to begin in 2022 and complete in 2027 as part of construction stage one, segment 2A. The station is located in the high density urban community of Eau Claire, immediately north of downtown Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159889-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Avenue Southwest station\nThe station will be underground, integrated into the future Eau Clare Market redevelopment site. Similar to Calgary's Central Library, the redeveloped market will have a tunnel portal on the north end of the building where the line will exit the station and enter an S-curved elevated guideway over Prince's Island Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159889-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Avenue Southwest station\nThis station will provide access to Chinatown, as well the Bow River Pathway, Princes Island Park, the Peace Bridge, the Chinese Cultural Centre and numerous office, residential, and commercial towers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159890-0000-0000", "contents": "2 B R 0 2 B\n\"2 B R 0 2 B\" is a science fiction short story by Kurt Vonnegut, originally published in the digest magazine Worlds of If Science Fiction for January 1962, and collected in Vonnegut's Bagombo Snuff Box (1999). The title is pronounced \"2 B R naught 2 B\" and references the famous phrase \"to be, or not to be\" from William Shakespeare's Hamlet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159890-0001-0000", "contents": "2 B R 0 2 B\nIn the story, the title refers to the telephone number that one dials to schedule an assisted suicide with the Federal Bureau of Termination. Vonnegut's 1965 novel God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater describes a story by the name and attributes it to his recurring character Kilgore Trout, but the plot summary given is closer in nature to the eponymous tale from Vonnegut's short-story collection Welcome to the Monkey House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159890-0002-0000", "contents": "2 B R 0 2 B, Plot summary\nThe setting is a society in which aging has been cured, individuals have indefinite lifespans,  and population control is used to limit the population of the United States to forty million, a number which is maintained through a combination of infanticide and government-assisted suicide. In short, for someone to be born, someone else must first volunteer to die. As a result, births are few and far between, and deaths occur primarily by accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159890-0003-0000", "contents": "2 B R 0 2 B, Plot summary\nThe scene is a waiting room at the Chicago Lying-In Hospital, where Edward K. Wehling Jr. is faced with the situation that his wife is about to give birth to triplets, but he has found only one person, his maternal grandfather, who will volunteer to die. A painter on a stepladder is redecorating the room with a mural depicting employees who work at the Hospital, including Dr. Benjamin Hitz, the hospital's Chief Obstetrician. Leora Duncan, from the Service Division of the Federal Bureau of Termination, arrives to pose for the mural. It is a picture of a garden that is well taken care of, and a metaphor for the United States at the time. Later, Dr. Hitz enters the scene and converses with everyone but the painter of the mural.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159890-0004-0000", "contents": "2 B R 0 2 B, Plot summary\nIt becomes apparent to all that Wehling is in a state of despair since he does not want to send his grandfather and two of his children to death. Dr. Hitz questions Wehling's belief in the system and tries to make Wehling feel better by explaining how the surviving child will \"live on a happy, roomy, clean, rich planet.\" Suddenly, Wehling draws a revolver and kills Dr. Hitz, Leora Duncan, and himself, \"making room for all three children.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159890-0005-0000", "contents": "2 B R 0 2 B, Plot summary\nThe painter, who is about 200 years old, is left to reflect on the scene and thinks about life, war, plague, and starvation. Descending the stepladder, he initially takes the revolver and intends to kill himself with it but is unable to do so. Instead, he calls the Bureau of Termination to make an appointment. The last line is from the receptionist at the Bureau:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159890-0006-0000", "contents": "2 B R 0 2 B, Plot summary\n\"Thank you, sir,\" said the hostess. \"Your city thanks you; your country thanks you; your planet thanks you. But the deepest thanks of all is from all of the future generations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159890-0007-0000", "contents": "2 B R 0 2 B, Adaptations\nVonnegut's story was the basis for the 2016 Canadian short film 2BR02B: To Be or Naught to Be, directed by Marco Checa Garcia, which premiered at the Sci-Fi-London festival in April 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159891-0000-0000", "contents": "2 BC\nYear 2 BC was a common year starting on Thursday or Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Silvanus (or, less frequently, year 752 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 2 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159892-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Bad Mice\nFormed in 1991, 2 Bad Mice are an English breakbeat hardcore group, composed of Sean O'Keeffe, Simon Colebrooke, and Rob Playford (was originally the third member) and the owner of the Moving Shadow record label. In the 1990s, the group had two singles that charted in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159892-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Bad Mice, History\nO'Keefe and Colebrooke first experimented with music in 1990, using equipment and spare time at Playford's home studio. The trio formed 2 Bad Mice in 1991. Their first chart success was \"Hold It Down\" which reached number 48 in February 1992. Playford's involvement in the group slowed down as his studio and record label took off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159892-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Bad Mice, History\n2 Bad Mice stopped producing as the hardcore scene began to wane. A best-of compilation of the group's work appeared on the American Sm:)e Communications label in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159892-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Bad Mice, History, Post split\nIn September 1996, \"Bombscare\" which reached number 46 in the UK charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159892-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Bad Mice, History, Post split\nA new label was created in 1996 called Moshed (MOving Shadow HousE Dept). It was set up with the help of Terry Donavan (A&R at Arista Records, who went on to co-found Rockstar Games). This label, released new mixes of \"Bombscare\" by Tall Paul, DJ Sneak, and Graham Gold, along with the original and Parliament Squares versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159892-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Bad Mice, History, Post split\nIn 1997, the song \"Jackalmouse\" appeared in the movie The Jackal in the scene where Bruce Willis kissed a man in a gay nightclub.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159892-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Bad Mice, History, Post split\nPlayford continues to record as under the alias Timecode, while O'Keeffe records under the name Deep Blue and as a member of Black Rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159892-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Bad Mice, History, Post split\nThe members of 2 Bad Mice are also members of Kaotic Chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159892-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Bad Mice, Musical style\n2 Bad Mice are credited as among the first UK hardcore acts to begin incorporating breakbeats into their style. They were part of the early to mid-1990s hardcore scene, and were instrumental in the music's steady mutation into jungle/drum and bass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Baruch\n2 Baruch is a Jewish pseudepigraphical text thought to have been written in the late 1st century AD or early 2nd century AD, after the destruction of the Temple in AD 70. It is attributed to the biblical Baruch and so is associated with the Old Testament, but not regarded as scripture by Jews or by most Christian groups. It is included in some editions of the Peshitta, and is part of the Bible in the Syriac Orthodox tradition. It has 87 sections (chapters).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Baruch\n2 Baruch is also known as the Apocalypse of Baruch or the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch (used to distinguish it from the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch). The Apocalypse proper occupies the first 77 chapters of the book. Chapters 78\u201387 are usually referred to as the Letter of Baruch to the Nine and a Half Tribes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Baruch, Manuscript tradition\nThe Letter of Baruch had a separate and wider circulation than the rest of the book, and is attested in thirty-six Syriac manuscripts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Baruch, Manuscript tradition\nThe Apocalypse proper has been less widely available. One Latin excerpt was known from a quotation in Cyprian. A 4th\u20135th century AD Greek fragment was found among the Oxyrhynchus manuscripts. Two excerpts were known from 13th century lectionaries of the Syriac Orthodox Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Baruch, Manuscript tradition\nThe full text of 2 Baruch is now known from a 6th or 7th century AD Syriac manuscript discovered by Antonio Ceriani in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan in 1866. An Arabic manuscript of the whole text was discovered in 1974. It is apparently a rather free translation from a Syriac text similar to the Milan manuscript.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Baruch, Description\nAlthough the canonical Book of Jeremiah portrays Baruch as Jeremiah's scribe, 2 Baruch portrays him as a prophet in his own right. It has a style similar to the writings attributed to Jeremiah: a mix of prayer, lamentation, and visions. Although Baruch writes of Nebuchadnezzar's sack of Jerusalem in 586 BC, the book is currently believed to have been written in reaction to the fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD, but written before 135 AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Baruch, Description\nThe Syriac is almost certainly a translation from the Greek; the original was probably written in Hebrew. There is a close relation between the apocalypse described here and that in 2 Esdras, but critics are divided over the question of which influenced the other. The probabilities favor the hypothesis that that in 2 Baruch is an imitation of that of Esdras and therefore later. This Apocalypse of Baruch deals in part with the same problems, the sufferings of the theocratic people, and their ultimate triumph over their oppressors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Baruch, Description\nIts Messianism, in general, is earthly, but in the latter part of the book the Messiah's realm tends unmistakably towards a more spiritual conception. Greater importance is attached to the law than in the related composition. Some scholars of 2 Baruch have seen in it a composite work, but the majority of critics consider it unified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Baruch, Description\nAs in 2 Esdras, sin is traced to the disobedience of Adam, but different stances are taken about the hereditary nature of Adam's sin: while 2 Esdras supports it, 2 Baruch has a quite different position: \"each of us has been the Adam of his own soul\" (54:15).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159893-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Baruch, Description\nThe first part of the text is structured in triplets: three fasts, each followed by three visions and three addresses to the people. The visions are notable for their discussion of theodicy, the problem of evil, and an emphasis on predestination. According to the text, the Temple's sacred objects were rescued from destruction under the protection of angels, to be returned during the restoration prophesied in the Book of Jeremiah. The second part of the text is a long letter (known as Letter of Baruch), which many scholars believe was originally a separate document.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1\n\"2 Become 1\" is a song by the English girl group the Spice Girls. Written by the group members, together with Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard during the group's first professional songwriting session, it was produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group's debut album Spice (1996).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1\n\"2 Become 1\" is a pop ballad that features instrumentation from a guitar, an electronic keyboard and string instruments. The lyrics focus on the bonding of two lovers, and also address the importance of contraception. Its Big TV!-directed music video, which features the group performing against time-lapse footage of Times Square in New York City, was completely shot against a green screen at a studio in London. The backdrop was later superimposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1\nReleased as the group's third single on 16 December 1996, it was generally well received by music critics and was a commercial success. It topped the UK Singles Chart for three weeks, becoming the group's third consecutive chart-topper, their second million-selling single, and their first Christmas number-one single in the United Kingdom. In July 1997, the song was released in the United States, peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot 100, and receiving a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It performed similarly internationally, peaking inside the top ten on the majority of the charts that it entered. The song was named \"Song of the Year\" at the 1998 ASCAP London Music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1\nIn 2019, Emma Bunton covered the song, as a duet, with Robbie Williams on her fourth solo album, My Happy Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Background\nIn December 1994, the Spice Girls persuaded their former managers\u2014father-and-son team Bob and Chris Herbert\u2014to set up a showcase in front of industry writers, producers and A&R men at the Nomis Studios in Shepherd's Bush, London. Producer Richard Stannard was originally at the studio to meet pop star Jason Donovan, but he ended up in the showcase after hearing Melanie Brown, as she went charging across the corridor. Stannard recalls:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Background\nMore than anything, they just made me laugh. I couldn't believe I'd walked into this situation. You didn't care if they were in time with the dance steps or whether one was overweight or one wasn't as good as the others. It was something more. It just made you feel happy. Like great pop records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Background\nStannard stayed after everyone had left the showcase to talk to the group, he then reported back to his songwriter partner Matt Rowe, that he had found the pop group of their dreams. In January 1995, Chris Herbert booked the group's first professional songwriting session with the producers at the Strongroom in Curtain Road, East London. Rowe remember feeling similarly to Stannard when he first met the group, \"I love them. Immediately. [ ...] They were like no one I'd met before, really.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Become 1, Background\nThe session was productive as the duo seemed to get along with the group, together they discussed about the songwriting process and what they wanted to do with the record. In her autobiography, Brown recalled that the duo instinctively understood their point of view and knew how to incorporate \"the spirit of five loud girls into great pop music\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Writing and inspiration\nIt's basically a love song, but it's got a message\u2014make sure you put a condom on if you're going to have sex. We all think that's very important!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Writing and inspiration\n\"2 Become 1\" was co-written by the Spice Girls along with partners Richard Stannard and Matthew Rowe. Stannard and Rowe also co-produced the track. After writing more uptempo dance-based songs, such as \"Wannabe\", the group and the two producers decided to write a slow ballad. But as the group were writing the song, they realised that it was a bit too slushy, so it was decided to address the importance of contraception with the lyrics: \"Be a little bit wiser baby. Put it on, put it on\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Writing and inspiration\nThe song was inspired by the \"special relationship\" that was developing between Geri Halliwell and Rowe. Brown hinted at this development in her autobiography commenting: \"When he [Rowe] and Geri started making eyes at each other I knew what was going on, even though they denied it. I knew them both too well for it to be a secret for me.\" Stannard commented about the fondness between Halliwell and Rowe: \"I don't want to get into the side of things. They were very close. They clicked. And I think the lyrics in '2 Become 1' came from that, especially the first verse, which they wrote together.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Writing and inspiration, Spanish version\nThe group recorded a European Spanish version of the song, written by them, Rowe, Stannard, and N. Ma\u00f1o. The title was \"2 Become 1\" (Spanish Version), although the title is loosely translated in one line of the song, \"Seremos Uno Los Dos\". It was released as the eleventh track of their debut album Spice, in Latin America, South Africa, in a special re-edition of the album in Spain, and as one of the tracks of the \"2 Become 1\" maxi-single in the US. A Spanglish edit that traded verses between the English and Spanish versions was created by DJ Mike Rizzo and production director Bill Schultz for New York-based radio WKTU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Composition\n\"2 Become 1\" is a pop ballad with R&B influences, written in the key of F\u266f major; it is set in the time signature of common time and moves at a slow tempo of 72 beats per minute. The song is constructed in a verse\u2013chorus form, and its instrumentation comes from a guitar, an electronic keyboard, and string instruments. The song opens with an instrumental introduction, with a chord progression of E\u266dm add9\u2013D\u266d/F\u2013G\u266d\u2013A\u266dm7 sus4, that is also used during the first part of the verses. The last two lines of each verse changes the progression to C\u266d\u2013B\u266dm7\u2013A\u266dm7\u2013D\u266d11, and changes again during each chorus to G\u266d\u2013D\u266d\u2013C\u266d\u2013D\u266d. It closes with a string outro that uses the chord progression F\u266d\u2013G\u266d\u2013B\u266d\u266d\u2013C\u266d, which is arranged by Scottish composer Craig Armstrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Composition\nThe lyrics focus on how the bonding of two lovers can become so strong that they practically become one entity, through the act of sexual intercourse. Apart from the sexual connotations, there is an aspirational undercurrent to the lyrics, and like many of their subsequent songs, desire is explicitly linked to ambition: \"Free your mind of doubt and danger/Be for real don't be a stranger/We can achieve it/We can achieve it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Composition\nTwo different versions of the song, each with different lyrics, were recorded: in the album version, the two first verses are sung by Melanie Chisholm and Melanie Brown, Emma Bunton sings the pre-choruses, the next second two verses are sung by Chisholm and Geri Halliwell, and the first and third lines of the chorus are sung by Bunton and Halliwell together and the second and fourth lines are sung by Chisholm and Victoria Beckham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0013-0001", "contents": "2 Become 1, Composition\nThe second line of the second verse, \"Any deal that we endeavour/Boys and girls feel good together\", was changed in the single version to: \"Once again if we endeavour/Love will bring us back together\". Halliwell sings on the album version, while Beckham sings on the single version, after Halliwell confessed that she had a hard time singing on that particular key. Bunton later stated that the lyric change was necessary after realising that the group had become LGBT icons. However, the original lyrics are still used in album pressings of Spice, due to the album not being revised since 1997. The single version also contains slightly different vocals from the rest of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Composition\nThe single version appears in the music video and is available on the group's Greatest Hits album, and on stage the girls always performed the single version before and after Halliwell's departure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Release\n\"2 Become 1\" was released in the United Kingdom on 16 December 1996, in three single versions. The first one, a maxi single that included the single version of the track, an orchestral take, the Junior Vasquez remix of \"Wannabe\", and \"One of These Girls\", a song written by the group with Paul Wilson and Andy Watkins\u2014the songwriters and production duo known as Absolute. The second version was the special Christmas pack, a standard CD single in a cardboard case that included a signed postcard with a Christmas message from the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0015-0001", "contents": "2 Become 1, Release\nThis version contained the single version, the Dave Way remix, and their own version of Leroy Anderson's \"Sleigh Ride\". The third version was a two-track cassette single, featuring the single version and the orchestral take of the song. The same track listing was also used for the release of the European CD single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Reception, Critical response\nThe song was generally well received by music critics. Brian Grosz from Albumism described it as \"a smooth R&B jam\". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called it a \"perfect adult contemporary confection\". In a review of the group's 2007 compilation album, Greatest Hits, Talia Kraines of BBC Music called it \"shimmering\", adding that \"only a cold heart could fail to love their first festive #1\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0016-0001", "contents": "2 Become 1, Reception, Critical response\nLarry Flick of Billboard magazine said that \"they are surprisingly adept at weaving warm and romantic imagery over a sweet melody\", adding that \"[Everyone] will delight in the track's arrangement of soft harmonies and delicate acoustic guitar riffs\". Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said that their first album \"is a compendium of slick secondhand urban pop encompassing [...] G-funk synths on 'Say You'll Be There' [...] and Babyface's guitar and strings balladry on '2 Become 1'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0016-0002", "contents": "2 Become 1, Reception, Critical response\nDigital Spy's Nick Levine noted that the group's slower songs were \"probably their strongest suit\", and thought that the song \"manages to combine every element of the perfect Christmas ballad\u2013a touch of elegance, a hint of romance, a soupcon of sexiness and a generous sprinkling of sparkle\u2013and still finds time for a coy safe sex message\". Whitney Pastorek of Entertainment Weekly said that it is \"too slow, and the lyrics appear to have been written by a safe-sex-loving unicorn\", adding that \"it's almost impossible to identify the individual Spice Girls by their voices here, so airbrushed are the proceedings\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0016-0003", "contents": "2 Become 1, Reception, Critical response\nA reviewer from Music Week rated the song five out of five, adding, \"No turkey this as Spice Girls virtually guarantee a third chart topper and look a strong bet for the Christmas number one with a seasonally lush ballad. Anticipate much smooching 'neath the mistletoe.\" Time magazine's Christopher John Farley called it a \"slumberous ballad [...] [that] seem[s] designed to amuse, titillate, ingratiate\". In a review of the group's debut album Spice, Dev Sherlock of Yahoo! Music Radio called it a \"glossy ballad that would do Mariah Carey proud\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Reception, Chart performance\n\"2 Become 1\" was originally going to be released in the UK on 9 December 1996, but the release date was delayed to let Dunblane's \"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\"\u2014a tribute to the children killed at the Dunblane Primary School in Scotland\u2014to stay at the top of the UK Singles Chart. The single was released the next week, debuting at the top, becoming the group's third chart-topper and their first Christmas number-one single in the UK. It sold 209,000 copies in the first three days of release and 462,000 in the first week, becoming the fifth best-selling single of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0017-0001", "contents": "2 Become 1, Reception, Chart performance\n\"2 Become 1\" sold 1.14 million copies in total, giving the Spice Girls their second and final million-selling single in the UK. Despite being released during the final two weeks of 1996, \"2 Become 1\" was the 5th best seller of the year and that year's fastest selling single of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Reception, Chart performance\nIn Ireland, \"2 Become 1\" was the group's second number-one single, and their first to debut at the top of the Irish Singles Chart. It stayed at the top position for six weeks, and became their first Christmas number-one single in the country. \"2 Become 1\" peaked at No. 3 on the Eurochart Hot 100, and performed similarly across the rest of Europe, topping the singles chart in Spain, peaking inside the top ten in Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, and inside the top fifteen in Belgium and Germany. It was also commercially successful in Australia and New Zealand, peaking inside the top three on both countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Reception, Chart performance\nIn July 1997, \"2 Become 1\" debuted on the Canadian RPM singles chart at No. 87, peaked at No. 3 on its fifth week, and ended at No. 25 on the year-end chart. On the Adult Contemporary chart it peaked at No. 4, and ended at No. 27 on the year-end chart. In the United States, the song debuted on 16 August 1997 at No. 6, reaching a peak of No. 4 in its fourth week, becoming the group's third consecutive top five in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0019-0001", "contents": "2 Become 1, Reception, Chart performance\nThe song peaked at No. 6 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and at No. 8 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart, selling 700,000 copies as of December 1997. It peaked at four on the Mainstream Top 40, and had crossover success, peaking at four on the Rhythmic Top 40 and at eight on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Music video, Background\nThe music video for \"2 Become 1\" was directed on 5\u20136 November 1996 by Big TV!, in a two-day shoot located at a studio in Old Compton Street, London. Cinematographer Stephen Keith-Roach, who worked in other music videos such as Jamiroquai's \"Virtual Insanity\" and U2's \"Discoth\u00e8que\", was in charge of the photography. The shoot involved the group dressed in winter coats, wandering around the studio against a green screen, interspersed with close-up camera angles, so that the backdrop could be superimposed later. To achieve the effect of the wind rippling through their hair, the group was required to lip synch the song in double time while wind machines were blowing on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Music video, Synopsis\nThe music video features the group wandering around Times Square in New York City, with fast moving cars appearing around multi-coloured lights. They appear in various places around the city, either alone, with one other member, or as a quintet. The video is intercut with scenes of lovers experiencing moments of togetherness and closes with a deer wandering the streets. Such a scene, according to the group's first official book Girl Power!, gave them a running gag all throughout the shoot\u2014\"Whenever anyone made a mistake it was, 'Oh, deer'.\" Sometimes, the closing scene would not be shown on television, due to the song fading out to an instrumental, which lasts for 40 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Music video, Synopsis\nIn the same book, Victoria Beckham wrote about the shoot: \"I think '2 Become 1' is my favourite video. [ ...] It was really different to the other videos\u2013shot entirely in the studio, with high technology and loads of effects. It was really weird having to sing passionately into the camera, I was feeling a right mug in front of all those people singing 'wanna make love to ya baby'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Live performances\nThe song was performed many times on television, including the Bravo Supershow, GMTV, Live & Kicking, Noel's House Party, and Top of the Pops. In October 1997, the group performed \"2 Become 1\" as the eighth song of their first live concert at the Abdi \u0130pek\u00e7i Arena in Istanbul, Turkey. The performance was broadcast on Showtime in a pay-per-view event titled Spice Girls in Concert Wild!, and was later included in the VHS and DVD release Girl Power! Live in Istanbul. In December 2007, the group performed the song on the finale of the fifth season of the British television show Strictly Come Dancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Live performances\nThe Spice Girls have performed the song on their four tours, the Spiceworld Tour, the Christmas in Spiceworld Tour, the Return of the Spice Girls Tour and the Spice World - 2019 Tour. After Halliwell's departure in 1998, Bunton sang the first and third lines of the chorus alone during the Spiceworld Tour, but in the Christmas in Spiceworld Tour Beckham replaced Halliwell during the first and third lines of the chorus along with Bunton, while Brown replaced Beckham during the second and fourth lines of the chorus along with Chisholm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0024-0001", "contents": "2 Become 1, Live performances\nThe performance at the Spiceworld Tour's final concert can be found on the video: Spice Girls Live at Wembley Stadium, filmed in London, on 20 September 1998. For the Return of the Spice Girls Tour, the group performed it during the second segment of the show. After the \"Too Much\" performance, each of the girls emerged from a cocoon of oversized swan wings and danced around a set of barber's poles while singing the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0024-0002", "contents": "2 Become 1, Live performances\nFor the Girls return without Beckham for Spice World - 2019 Tour, Halliwell sang a mixture of her and Beckham's original lines \u2013 \"Any deal that we endeavour/Love will bring us back together...\". This was the first time Halliwell had sung a solo live on the track since the Spice debut album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0025-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Cover versions\n\"2 Become 1\" has been covered both in albums and live performances. In 1998, The Countdown Singers recorded a sound-alike version of the song for their album Today's Love Songs. Lester Bowie's Brass Fantasy did an instrumental jazz cover for the 1999 album The Odyssey of Funk & Popular Music. American guitarist Paul Gilbert covered the song for his fourth album Alligator Farm. Wildside recorded a dance remake for the 1997 album Mega Hits Dance Party, Vol. 1, and was later included on the 2005 album Let's Hear It for the 90's, Vol. 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0025-0001", "contents": "2 Become 1, Cover versions\nFilipino bossa nova singer, Sitti Navarro, recorded a cover of the song for her second album My Bossa Nova. During her solo career, Emma Bunton has performed live covers of the song on television programmes such as CD:UK and Popworld, and it was also included as part of her set list for the Pepsi Silver Clef Concert. She performed the song as a duet twice with her former bandmate Melanie C on 9 November 2013 as part of the Oxford Street Lights Switch on and on 11 January 2014 for Sporty's Forty at 02 Shepherd's Bush Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0025-0002", "contents": "2 Become 1, Cover versions\nOlly Alexander of the band Years & Years performed the song with special guest Melanie C at a charity event at London's Union Chapel. In December 2016, Melanie C performed the song with former bandmate Victoria Beckham at the latter's New Year's Eve party concert. She also performed the song on her own for a live session on BBC Radio 2 in January 2017. In 2019, Bunton covered the song, as a duet, with Robbie Williams on her fourth solo album, My Happy Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0026-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Formats and track listings\nThese are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \"2 Become 1\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159894-0027-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1, Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159895-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (Jewel song)\n\"2 Become 1\" is a song by American pop singer\u2013songwriter Jewel from her fourth studio album, 0304 (2003). Written by Jewel and Guy Chambers and produced by Jewel and Lester Mendez (who co-wrote and co-produced 0304's two previous singles, \"Intuition\" and \"Stand\"), the song was released as the album's third and final single in December 2003. It failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and all other Billboard charts except for the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks, where it peaked at number thirty-three in late January 2004. The single also charted moderately in Australia at number forty-nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159895-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (Jewel song)\nIn 2008 the song was re-recorded and retitled \"Two Become One\" for Jewel's country album, Perfectly Clear, produced by John Rich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159895-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (Jewel song), Background and writing\n\"2 Become 1\" was co-written by Guy Chambers who is best known for his songwriting partnership with Robbie Williams and produced by Kilcher and Lester Mendez. The song later appeared on her sixth album \"Perfectly Clear\" (2008) in a new country version that was re-titled, \"Two Become One\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159895-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (Jewel song), Background and writing\nOn the song, Jewel is concentrating on only the moment she\u2019s having with her lover and not the entire relationship. In the first verse, she sings, \"don\u2019t move/this mood is a painting.\" In a part of the lyric, she sings that \"I watch you while you are sleeping/Messy hair, chest bare, moonlight on your skin/I want to breathe you in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159895-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (Jewel song), Critical reception\nWhile being a single from \"0304\", the song received positive reviews. \"Traveling to the Heart\" wrote a positive review, writing that \"Jewel is genuine and open throughout. Finally, she sounds relaxed and not as uptight as she has in her previous singles.\" The article also said that \"It\u2019s an uptempo ballad with a romantic, tender feel. Although the music arrangement sounds like a peppier Sarah McLachlan song, it\u2019s a major improvement over her last efforts.\" Ron Slomowicz from About.com wrote that the song evokes \"retro-Jewel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159895-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (Jewel song), Single information\nThe single received no form of editing or remixing for its American release. An Australian commercial single was released with the track labelled as the 'radio edit', but this is just the 4:40 album version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159895-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (Jewel song), Music video\n\"2 Become 1\" is the second single by Jewel not to have a music video as well as her first single released within the U.S. without a video (the first was 1997's \"Morning Song\", not released in the U.S.). However, some music video stations played a live version of the song featuring footage from concerts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159896-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (film)\n2 Become 1 (Chinese: \u5929\u751f\u4e00\u5c0d Literal Title: Perfect Match) is a 2006 Hong Kong romantic comedy-drama film directed by Law Wing-Cheong and produced by Johnnie To. The film stars Miriam Yeung as Bingo Leung, a working-class woman who discovers she has breast cancer. The film is based on Xi Xi's published diary Mourning For Breasts (\u54c0\u60bc\u4e73\u623f), which chronicled her own experiences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159896-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (film), Synopsis\nBingo Leung, an advertising executive, lives a carefree life with her friends until she bumps into a doctor, V, who becomes infatuated with her after she rejects him. His interference leads to her discovery of a malignant lump on her breast and a medical scam targeting her orchestrated by her long-lost boyfriend. Everything begins to fall apart as she tries to cope with the loss of femininity in a series of bittersweet events. With the help of V and a shy but talented teenage singer Sing, Bingo is able to cope with her cancer, revive her career and strengthen her bonds with her family. The epilogue shows Bingo years later at a shop buying a bra for her daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159896-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (film), Production\nThe film is based on Xi Xi's diary Mourning For Breasts, which was based on her experiences with breast cancer. After Milkyway Image gained film rights, a first draft of the script was written by Ivy Ho, who relied on the diary's structured writings. After producers felt that the diary did not have a complete story, they hired screenwriter Fung Chi-Keung to rewrite the story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159896-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (film), Marketing\n2 Become 1 first gained controversy with the film's original theatrical poster, which showed a computer-altered photograph of a woman's upper torso. MTR, which runs Hong Kong's subway system, concluded that the poster was not suitable for the public and banned it from all subway stations, which were traditionally the most important locations for displaying movie posters in the city. The posters were replaced with a more traditional design, showing portraits of the leading actors. Miriam Yeung reacted strongly to the ban, and noted that there was no nudity in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159896-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Become 1 (film), Marketing\nReaction to the teaser poster differed in Mainland China. The Chinese Film Bureau, which is in charge of movie censorship, praised the design for its social value. The film's Mainland Chinese distributor, Polybona Films used the breasts design in various promotional materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159897-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Birds 1 Stone\n2 Birds 1 Stone is the third studio album by American rapper Stevie Stone. The album was released on August 13, 2013, by Strange Music. The album features guest appearances from Krizz Kaliko, Spaide R.I.P.P.E.R., Brotha Lynch Hung, Wrekonize, Bernz, \u00a1Mayday!, Mai Lee, Darrein, Tech N9ne, Rittz, Jarren Benton and  Ms. Kriss. The album debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159897-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Birds 1 Stone, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 4,700 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159898-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Bit Pie\n2 Bit Pie are an English electronic music group formed in 2005 as a collaboration between Fluke and many other musicians, some of whom had previously worked with Fluke, and others who already had significant experience within the music industry, such as Andy Gray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159898-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Bit Pie\nThe band's first release was \"Nobody Never\" which was released on 12\" Vinyl in 2005. This was followed by a period of inactivity before the announcement via the band's label, One Little Indian, that the band's debut album, 2Pie Island was released on 4 September 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159898-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Bit Pie, History and line-up\n2 Bit Pie is the direct descendant of Fluke, the group including both of the current Fluke members, Mike Bryant and Jon Fugler. Both Bryant and Fugler have a writing credit each for every song on 2Pie Island with Andy Gray listed as an additional credit on \"Fly\" and \"Nobody Never\". Gray had previously worked with Korn and Paul Oakenfold and is a firmly established figure in the music production industry. The group's vocals are provided by Jon Fugler, who was also the vocalist for Fluke, with additional vocals provided by Yukiko Ishii, formerly of Tokyo-based trip hop band She Shell, Dilshani Weerasinghe, of the Royal Opera, Louise Marshall, Margo Buchannon and Marli Buck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159899-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Black 2 Strong\nJohn Mars, known as 2 Black 2 Strong, is an American rapper who recorded in the early 1990s. He is perhaps best known for his song \"Burn Baby Burn,\" about the right to burn the American flag. He led a crew of rappers, MMG (Militant Manhattan Gangsters or Mighty Motherfuckin\u2019 Gangsters), which appeared on many of his tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159899-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Black 2 Strong, Early life\n2 Black 2 Strong is the professional name of John Mars. He grew up in Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159899-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Black 2 Strong, Burn Baby Burn EP\n\"Burn Baby Burn,\" recorded in 1990, features a guest verse from Chuck D.  The song, about the right to burn the American flag, was controversial. A pressing plant, Sonopress, refused to press it, and Musicland and Sam Goody refused to carry it. The song was released on an EP of the same name by In Effect/Clappers. Robert Christgau, in The Village Voice, gave it an honorable mention rating, specifically highlighting \"Burn Baby Burn.\" Gregory Lee Johnson, an activist who had a flag-burning conviction overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States, introduces the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159899-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Black 2 Strong, Doin' Hard Time on Planet Earth\n2 Black 2 Strong, backed by MMG, released his debut album in 1991, on Relativity Records. Doin' Hard Time on Planet Earth received positive reviews from critics. Alex Henderson, in AllMusic, gave it a 4-star rating (out of 5), and called it \"one of the strongest -- and most unjustly neglected -- rap releases of 1991 ... a riveting, gutsy work that makes its share of highly valid points when addressing social and political issues.\" Henderson went on to write that \"unfortunately, as the '90s progressed, 2 Black 2 Strong remained undeservedly obscure.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159899-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Black 2 Strong, Doin' Hard Time on Planet Earth\nChristgau also praised the album, awarding it a B+ grade, and writing: \"The music of this Harlem crew is loud beats anchored to spare guitar, the hip hop obverse of death metal if death metal didn't always strain for drama ... Without reveling in brutality for its own sake, they state the amoral facts as they understand them--or misunderstand them, if it makes any difference.\" One track, \"War on Drugs,\" addresses the possibility of the federal government's role in the crack epidemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159900-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Bo\u00f6tis\n2 Bo\u00f6tis is a single star in the northern constellation of Bo\u00f6tes, located 337\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.63. This object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +4\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159900-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Bo\u00f6tis\nAt the age of 1.33\u00a0billion years old, this is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K0\u00a0III, having exhausted the hydrogen at its core and expanded off the main sequence. It has 1.9 times the mass of the Sun with ten times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 60 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,867\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway\n2 Broadway is an office building at the south end of Broadway, near Bowling Green Park, in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The 32-story building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons and constructed from 1958 to 1959, contains offices for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). 2 Broadway serves as the headquarters for some of the MTA's subsidiary agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway\nThe building is on a site bounded by Broadway and Whitehall Street to the west, Beaver Street to the north, and Stone Street to the south. It fills most of the lot, with the building rising in triple setbacks. The facade is covered in blue-green tinted glass, which dates from a 1999 redesign by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway\nThe site was previously occupied by George B. Post's New York Produce Exchange building, which was completed in 1884. Plans for the skyscraper date to 1953, when William Lescaze devised plans to replace the Produce Exchange Building. Emery Roth & Sons were selected to be the architects when Uris Buildings Corporation took over the project. The original tenants were largely financial firms, while the Produce Exchange owned the land under the building and occupied some lower floors. Olympia and York acquired 2 Broadway in 1976 and the underlying land in 1983. After the building became mostly vacant during the early 1990s, Tamir Sapir purchased 2 Broadway in 1995. The building was renovated after the MTA leased all the space in 1998, although the project encountered high costs and several delays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Site\n2 Broadway is in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, along the eastern side of Bowling Green. The land lot is shaped irregularly, with frontage on seven streets: Stone Street to the south; Broadway and Whitehall Street, along Bowling Green, to the west; Beaver Street and Marketfield Street to the north; and New Street and Broad Street to the east. The building also wraps around other structures at the city block's northeast corner, at Marketfield and Broad Streets, and at the block's southeast corner, at Broad and Stone Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Site\nThe building is adjacent to 26 Broadway to the north, the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House to the west, and the American Bank Note Company Building to the northeast. The Whitehall Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the 1\u200b, R\u200b, and \u200bW trains, contains entrances directly outside 2 Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Site\nMuch of the site was previously occupied by George B. Post's ten-story New York Produce Exchange headquarters, erected between 1881 and 1884. The structure had been built at a time when the Produce Exchange was in high demand; in 1900, the exchange performed $15 million of business every day. By the 1950s, membership at the Produce Exchange had declined to five hundred from its peak membership of three thousand. The site was also occupied by three smaller buildings, including a five-story structure at 76 Broad Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Design\n2 Broadway was designed by Emery Roth & Sons and completed in 1959. It was one of several large post-World War II buildings the firm erected in Manhattan, besides the Pan Am Building, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, and the Chemical New York Trust Building. The current exterior dates to 1999, when Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) installed new cladding on the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Design\nThe structure consists of 32 stories, with a height of 421 feet (128.32\u00a0m). The design fills most of the lot, with the building rising in triple setbacks. The building was designed so it occupied the maximum volume and massing allowed under zoning regulations at the time. Under a subsequent change to the zoning code, proposed one year after 2 Broadway was completed, the building would have exceeded the maximum shape of that code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Design, Facade\nOriginally, 2 Broadway's facade was clad with full-height glass windows between black horizontal spandrels. The glass windows were separated by gray vertical mullions. Gray horizontal bars alternately ran atop the bottom or top of each spandrel, resulting in a staggered pattern. A similar pattern is employed in the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building. Carter B. Horsley wrote for The New York Times in 1977 that the facade pattern did not relate to the building's structural system, unlike most other structures built in New York City at the time. Following SOM's renovation, the facade was covered in blue-green tinted glass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Design, Facade\nAbove the main entrance at Broadway is a mosaic mural by Lee Krasner and Ronald Stein, measuring 86 feet (26\u00a0m) wide and 12 feet (3.7\u00a0m) tall. The mosaic is composed of multicolored glass tiles in green, gold, black, and crimson hues. Another mosaic by the same artists is installed over the entrance on Broad Street but measures 15 by 15 feet (4.6 by 4.6\u00a0m). The works were installed on the suggestion of B. H. Friedman, an executive at Uris Brothers, the company that developed 2 Broadway. These artworks were never given a title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Design, Interior\nThe building contains about 1,600,000 square feet (150,000\u00a0m2) of total interior space. It was built with 1,390,000 square feet (129,000\u00a0m2) of leasable space, with about 59,000 square feet (5,500\u00a0m2) of office space on each floor. This made 2 Broadway the second largest skyscraper in the Financial District at the time of its completion, behind One Chase Manhattan Plaza (now 28 Liberty Street). As of 2021, the building houses offices of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Some of the MTA's subsidiaries are headquartered at 2 Broadway, including the New York City Transit Authority, MTA Bridges and Tunnels, and MTA Capital Construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Design, Interior\n2 Broadway's lobby was originally accessed by three entrances at Broadway, Broad Street, and New Street, which were open to the public and internally connected. The entrance concourse at Broad Street, measuring 100 by 20 feet (30.5 by 6.1\u00a0m), was planted with flowers, shrubs, and trees when the building was completed. Other features of the lobby included a gray marble panel on the wall, embedded with a fossilized coral reef estimated to be 360 million years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nIn October 1953, the Produce Exchange leased the site of its headquarters to developers Jack D. Weiler and Benjamin H. Swig for up to 100 years. The developers planned to construct a 30-story building on the Produce Exchange's site at 2 Broadway for $25 million. In the original design by William Lescaze, the first and second stories would have occupied the whole lot, with a ground-level arcade, a two-story lobby, and a tenants' garage with 300 spots. The 3rd to 11th floors would have contained shallow setbacks from the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0012-0001", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nThe 12th to 30th floors would have comprised the tower slab measuring 72 feet (22\u00a0m) parallel to Broadway and 250 feet (76\u00a0m) deep. The tower slab was to be slightly hexagonal with concave bulges on the north and south. The facade of the third through 11th stories on Bowling Green would have been a grid, while the other facades would have been \"horizontal strip\" windows, horizontally spaced between balconies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0012-0002", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nThe building would have had 1 million square feet of space, with 50,000 square feet (4,600\u00a0m2) on each of the 3rd to 11th floors and 18,000 square feet (1,700\u00a0m2) on each of the tower floors. Tenants of the existing Produce Exchange Building would have been able to rent space in 2 Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nAfter the original plan stalled, the Charles F. Noyes Company subsequently took over the development project. The development had stalled until plans for One Chase Manhattan Plaza had been announced in 1956. As part of an agreement finalized that May, the exchange was allowed to retain ownership of the land under the new building. The Charles F. Noyes Company, which was funding the project, announced that August that Lescaze and Kahn & Jacobs had revised the plans. The building was then planned to be 33 stories with 1,069,000 square feet (99,300\u00a0m2) of rentable office space, making it the fourth-largest office building in New York City by rentable area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nThe Uris Buildings Corporation took over the project in January 1957 and hired Emery Roth & Sons to redesign the skyscraper. The Roth design was also to be thirty stories but contained an additional 200,000 square feet (19,000\u00a0m2). The Produce Exchange moved to temporary quarters the same month and demolition began that February. The final designs provided for a 32-story tower, the largest skyscraper to be developed in Lower Manhattan after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0014-0001", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Planning and construction\nHalf of the planned 1,300,000 square feet (120,000\u00a0m2) of office space was rented by July 1957, even though the Produce Exchange Building was still being demolished. Facade installation was underway by early 1959. The structure was completed that June; the space was fully leased by the time it was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Early occupancy\nThe Produce Exchange moved to 2 Broadway, the site of its old building, in November 1959. The land under 2 Broadway was leased from the Produce Exchange, which earned $275,000 per year. The other original tenants were largely financial firms, including sixteen brokerage firms. Leases at the building were originally handled by Cushman & Wakefield, which itself occupied some space in the building from 1959 to 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0015-0001", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Early occupancy\nThe leases included four stories for the City Bank/Farmers Trust Company, three stories for American Electric Power, two stories for Haskins and Sells, two stories for Continental Grain, parts of two stories for steamship operator Moore-McCormack, and some space for IBM. The large number of visitors to the building's financial firms, as well as the fact that the main lobby was used as a public pedestrian shortcut, resulted in extremely high visitor traffic, thereby increasing maintenance costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Early occupancy\nIn 1973, the Produce Exchange was converted into a real estate investment trust called the Produce Exchange Realty Trust (PERT). The trust's main property was the land ownership of 2 Broadway. The same year, Uris Buildings was sold to National Kinney Corporation, which shortly afterward placed 2 Broadway and ten other Uris properties for sale. Samuel J. LeFrak expressed interest in buying 2 Broadway and most of the other Uris structures in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Olympia & York ownership\nOlympia and York (O&Y) bought 2 Broadway in 1977 as part of a $50 million transaction involving several Uris properties. The transactions made the firm the largest commercial landlord in Manhattan. By 1980, the building was again fully occupied. With its purchase of the building, O&Y took over the $275,000-per-year lease of the land under 2 Broadway, which was scheduled to be renewed in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0017-0001", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Olympia & York ownership\nUpon the lease's expiration, PERT proposed to raise the annual rental to $2.01 million, based on a clause in the lease that set the annual rental as five percent of the land value, as if the land had been vacant and unimproved. While two appraisers agreed the land was worth $40.2 million,  O&Y objected that the value had been incorrectly derived. The dispute was brought to the New York Supreme Court, which in May 1983 ruled in favor of PERT. Later that year, PERT's trustees proposed and approved a plan to sell off its ownership in 2 Broadway, its only large asset, to  O&Y for $26 million. In early 1984, O&Y secured a $970 million floating-rate mortgage for 2 Broadway and two other Manhattan properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, Olympia & York ownership\nAs the 1990s recession affected O&Y's finances, the vacancy rate at 2 Broadway reached 60 percent by 1992. The structure was described in The New York Times as \"a stark illustration of the neighborhood's struggling office market\". O&Y, struggling to pay $60 million of property taxes, attempted to persuade the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development to lease about 500,000 square feet (46,000\u00a0m2). Around the same time, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority rented space at 2 Broadway, moving some of its operations from its former headquarters at 370 Jay Street in Downtown Brooklyn. O&Y subsequently restructured its $970 million mortgage notes, and Apollo Investors became the majority owner of the notes. Accordingly, the note-holders became the owners of 2 Broadway. O&Y announced in July 1994 that it would sell 2 Broadway to raise money for the two other properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, MTA headquarters\nIn August 1995, the media announced that 2 Broadway had been purchased for $20.5 million. The buyer was Tamir Sapir, a Soviet immigrant and cab driver turned real-estate investor, who acquired the building through his firm, ZAR Realty, that October. At the time, the MTA was the only tenant of 2 Broadway. While other developers saw the building as a white elephant, the building's brokers expressed optimism that the vacant space would be attractive to a large tenant. ZAR hired SOM in mid-1997 to upgrade the building's mechanical systems and renovating its lobby. By then, ZAR received offers of $80 million for the property, but Sapir refused to sell. At the same time, the MTA was looking to consolidate its space, which then was split across several buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, MTA headquarters\nThe MTA signed a 49-year lease for the entire building in July 1998, with two 15-year renewal options, the day after it sold the New York Coliseum. The lease was one of the largest in city history at the time. The lease was worth $1.6 billion, or about $20 per square foot ($220/m2) per year for the 50-year term. Shortly after the MTA's lease was signed, ZAR and the MTA started renovating 2 Broadway, with the cost then estimated at $39 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0020-0001", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, MTA headquarters\nCredit Suisse First Boston gave Sapir a $150 million mortgage on the property in late 1998, and Carlton Advisory Services gave another $230.2 million in financing the next year. The MTA started moving additional personnel from the New York Coliseum into 2 Broadway in 1999. The MTA had initially named Sapir as the developer of its office space, offering to pay him $7 million in bonuses. The refurbishment of mechanical systems and interiors was then expected to cost $55 million while the offices would be furnished for $80 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, MTA headquarters\nThe refurbishment encountered delays in part due to a high demand for skilled construction workers citywide. A dispute also arose when the MTA replaced Sapir with Frederick C. Contini, whom Sapir had fired for another reason. The change of developer led Sapir to sue the MTA. Project costs increased as well; the renovations were expected to cost $135 million by 2000 and about $430 million by 2003. Part of the budget increase was attributed to corruption by several parties involved in the renovation, including Contini, who was subsequently indicted for embezzling several million dollars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0021-0001", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, MTA headquarters\nInvestigations of Contini's activities found that some of the embezzled funds had gone to the Gambino and Genovese crime families. The cost of routine work rose ten times from normal levels, and the law firm which the MTA hired to negotiate the building's lease sent the agency invoices for $8 million in legal fees. Sapir and the MTA settled their suit in late 2003. The renovation was only about two-thirds complete at that time, leading one reporter to write, \"2 Broadway stands as a monument to what's wrong with the MTA and how it handles the public's money.\" The total cost of the renovation ended up at $499 million, excluding an additional $346 million in interest costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, History, MTA headquarters\nAround 2003, the New York City Transit Authority assumed responsibility of the building. At that point, 2,700 workers were working in 2 Broadway and another two thousand were to be relocated by the end of the year. By 2011, the building had offices for 4,200 MTA employees, putting it at 87 percent occupancy. That year, the MTA announced plans to sell off its other office buildings at 341\u2013347 Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. As part of this plan, many of the 873 employees at Madison Avenue would be moved to 2 Broadway. In addition, the remaining employees at 370 Jay Street were moved to 2 Broadway around the same time. The Madison Avenue employees were relocated to 2 Broadway in 2014 and early 2015. The MTA moved its Business Service Center and Capital Project Management offices to 2 Broadway in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Impact\nThe design of 2 Broadway was criticized by Architectural Forum editor Douglas Haskell, who wrote in 1959 that the Roth firm's space-maximizing design was a \"cubistic method of composition\", due to the need to conform to zoning law. Haskell stated of the building's curtain wall facade, \"From a distance the wall looks not unlike a great piece of magnified and glass-filled chain mail\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0023-0001", "contents": "2 Broadway, Impact\nAda Louise Huxtable wrote in 1986 that, in comparison to the design for the Produce Exchange, \"The successor at 2 Broadway, a legitimate descendant if one considers only the engineering drawings, looks as if it could be demolished with a can opener.\" After SOM renovated the facade, the AIA Guide to New York City wrote that the exterior was a \"sleek glass and elegant metal\" cladding on what had been a \"banal\" structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159901-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Broadway, Impact\n2 Broadway was shown in the American comedy-drama film The Apartment (1960), produced and directed by Billy Wilder, as the building in which the characters played by stars Jack Lemmon, Shirley MacLaine, and Fred MacMurray work. The building was also filming location in the thriller Mirage (1965), with Gregory Peck and Diane Baker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls\n2 Broke Girls (stylized 2 Broke Girl$) is an American television sitcom that aired on CBS from September 19, 2011, to April 17, 2017. The series was produced for Warner Bros. Television and created by Michael Patrick King and Whitney Cummings. Set in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, the show's plot follows the lives of friends Max Black (Kat Dennings) and Caroline Channing (Beth Behrs). Whereas Caroline was raised as the daughter of a billionaire, Max grew up in poverty, resulting in differing perspectives on life, although together they work in a local diner while attempting to raise funds to start a cupcake business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls\nSince its debut, the series has received a polarized response from critics and audiences alike. The on-screen chemistry between the two lead characters has been praised, while others have condemned the show's reliance on sexualized, racist humor and stereotypes. It was nominated for 12 Emmy Awards, winning in 2012 for its art direction. During the course of the series, 138 episodes of 2 Broke Girls aired over six seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls\nOn May 12, 2017, CBS cancelled the series after six seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Synopsis\nThe series chronicles the lives of two waitresses in their mid-20s (at the start of the series): Max Black (Kat Dennings), the child of a poor working-class mother and an unknown father, and Caroline Channing (Beth Behrs), who was born rich but is now disgraced and penniless because her father, Martin Channing, got caught operating a Bernard Madoff-esque Ponzi scheme. The two work together at a Brooklyn diner, soon becoming roommates and friends while building toward their dream of one day opening a cupcake shop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Synopsis\nAmong those working with them at the restaurant are their boss, Han Lee (Matthew Moy); Oleg (Jonathan Kite), an upbeat but perverted and harassing Ukrainian cook; and Earl (Garrett Morris), a 75-year-old cashier. Also featured starting late in the first season is their neighbor and part-time boss Sophie (Jennifer Coolidge), a Polish immigrant who runs the house-cleaning company Sophie's Choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Synopsis\nDuring most of the first season, Max is also a part-time nanny for the twin babies of Peach Landis (Brooke Lyons), who during the season adopts Caroline's horse Chestnut. At the end of each episode, a tally shows how much they have made toward their goal of $250,000. Early in the second season, Sophie lends the women $20,000, which is enough for them to start their business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Synopsis\nHowever, the business fails, and in the 18th episode, they are forced to give up the lease of their cupcake shop with just enough money to pay off Sophie's loan, resetting the end of episode tally to $1. The shop opposite to theirs belonged to Andrew who had his own candy shop named Candy Andy. Andrew (Ryan Hansen) was Caroline's first major love interest, but they broke up because Caroline's major focus was her cupcake business and Andy \"wanted more\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Synopsis\nDuring the third season, the two young women reopen the business in the back room of the diner, using the window as a walk-up window. Max also enrolls in, and Caroline goes to work for, the Manhattan School of Pastry, where Max finds a love interest, Deke, marking the first time in the series that Max gets emotional for a man. Caroline has a brief affair with the Pastry School Head Chef Nicholas, which eventually leads to Nicholas closing down the school and moving back to France with his wife. They also attempt to get Deke's parents to invest in the pastry school, planning to run it by themselves, but do not succeed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Synopsis\nDuring season four, the women finally start their cupcake business, which succeeds briefly before going into the red. Both Max and Caroline end up working in an elite-class pastry shop called \"The High\" to make more money to return the loan they took for their business. In the end of season four, Oleg and Sophie get married, with the two realizing they have their own business to worry about and their own dream to work towards, which leads to them quitting \"The High\" and coming back to their business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Synopsis\nIn season five, Caroline sells her life story to a film producer for $250,000. She uses most of the money to expand their old cupcake space into the adjacent pizza shop, converting it into a dessert bar. The remaining $30,000 is used to purchase part ownership of the diner to help Han pay off his debts from gambling on women's tennis. While in Hollywood with Caroline consulting on her life story script, Max meets her second major love interest in the series, a Los Angeles-based \"lawyer to the stars\" named Randy. Meanwhile, despite her advancing age, Sophie becomes pregnant with Oleg's child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Synopsis\nSeason six has Sophie and Oleg welcoming their baby daughter Barbara to the world. Randy returns to briefly continue his relationship with Max, but it does not work out. Randy wants Max to move to California, but Max, publicly acknowledging her strong friendship with Caroline for the first time, says she cannot do so because she has important people in her life now. Meanwhile, Caroline meets Bobby, a contractor who rebuilds the dessert bar after a storm, and the two start a relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0008-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Synopsis\nBy the end of the season, the movie about Caroline's life has been made (albeit with some \"creative license\" changes), but Caroline destroys a $10,000 on-loan dress at the premiere, which wipes out both her and Max's combined savings and returns them to \"broke\" status. Randy comes back to New York, this time permanently, and proposes to Max, who accepts. The series ends at this point, as 2 Broke Girls was unexpectedly cancelled by the network without allowing the creative team to resolve the show's continuing plotlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Cast, Special guest stars\nHad the show lasted another season, there were reports the shows producers were going to offer Cher a guest-starring spot as Max's mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Development and casting\nEven before it went to series, the then-undeveloped pilot was the subject of a bidding war, with CBS landing the deal on December 10, 2010, and ordering it to series on May 13, 2011. It was one of two shows commissioned for the 2011\u201312 television season for which Whitney Cummings served as producer and co-creator, the other being Whitney, which was picked up by NBC but was cancelled after two seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Development and casting\nDennings was the first to be cast in the role of Max on February 18, 2011. A week later on February 25, 2011, Behrs won an audition to land the role of Caroline, beating out other established actresses. Moy, Morris and Kite were the last three to be cast on March 16, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Filming\nThe series was taped in front of a live studio audience with some sweetening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Timeslot change\nThe first episode aired at 9:30 pm (E/P) after Two and a Half Men on September 19, 2011, and the show moved to its regular timeslot following How I Met Your Mother on Monday nights at 8:30 pm (E/P). Production for the second season began on August 6, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Timeslot change\nFor its second season 2 Broke Girls moved to 9 pm ET/PT after Two and a Half Men was moved to Thursdays, and remained there until early in its third season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Timeslot change\nOn March 27, 2013, CBS renewed 2 Broke Girls for a third season. The show was first moved back to its original timeslot, which opened when We Are Men was cancelled, and stayed there until March 24, 2014. Beginning on April 7, 2014, 2 Broke Girls moved to 8 pm to replace How I Met Your Mother following its conclusion, with the show's former timeslot given to the short-lived Friends with Better Lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Timeslot change\nOn March 13, 2014, CBS renewed 2 Broke Girls for a fourth season. The network announced a premiere date of October 27, 2014. The move was prompted by CBS' arrangement to air Thursday Night Football for the first several weeks of the season and their subsequent decision not to postpone the season premiere of The Big Bang Theory, which occupied 2 Broke Girls' timeslot until October 20, and then returned to its normal Thursday timeslot. The fourth season consisted of 22 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Timeslot change\nOn March 12, 2015, CBS renewed 2 Broke Girls for a fifth season which premiered Thursday, November 12, 2015. CBS relocated the show to Thursdays 9:30 pm ET/PT due to Supergirl taking over its previous Monday night timeslot. 2 Broke Girls had its premiere delayed again this season due to CBS airing Thursday Night Football for the first few weeks of the season. By November, regular Thursday programming resumed with The Big Bang Theory and new comedy Life in Pieces moving to Thursdays after airing on Monday nights at the beginning of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0017-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Timeslot change\nMom and 2 Broke Girls then premiered the same month to form CBS' Thursday night comedy block. By midseason, CBS moved 2 Broke Girls to Wednesdays 8 pm ET/PT starting January 6, 2016 pairing it with the final season of Mike and Molly. Both comedies were slated to air for six weeks on the Wednesday 8\u20139 hour before going on an indefinite hiatus due to Survivor returning to that timeslot the following month. However, on February 8, 2016, CBS cancelled new comedy Angel from Hell with 2 Broke Girls replacing it and returning to its Thursday timeslot on February 18, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Production, Cancellation\nThe series was canceled after six seasons on May 12, 2017. A combination of factors, including declining ratings, CBS's desire to have an ownership stake, and the network needing to clear space for three new sitcoms in the fall 2017 schedule, led to the show's demise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Broadcast\n2 Broke Girls is aired in numerous countries around the world. In Canada the series airs on City. In the United Kingdom, 2 Broke Girls airs on E4. In the Republic of Ireland, it airs on RT\u00c92. In India, it airs on Star World, Comedy Central & Colors Infinity. In the Philippines, \"2 Broke Girls\" airs on ETC In Australia, the show airs on 10 Peach In New Zealand, it airs on TV2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Reception\n2 Broke Girls received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the first season holds a rating of 59%, based on 34 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Kat Dennings and Beth Behrs have undeniable chemistry, and although 2 Broke Girls is at times bogged down by predictable jokes, this old-fashioned odd couple sitcom is rich with laughs.\" On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Reception\nMuch of the show's criticism focused on the perceived overuse of sexually based jokes and offensive racial stereotypes. Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said the show had potential but \"squandered it away every week on cheap, predictable and unfunny jokes\" and noted that many jokes were of a racist or sexual nature. New Zealand critic Chris Philpott was especially offended by the rape jokes in the first three episodes of the series, calling the series the worst new show of 2012, stating that it \"display[ed] a lack of understanding and creativity on the part of the comedy writer.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0021-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Reception\nAndrew Ti, writing for Grantland.com, singled out the portrayal of Han Lee as \"a fairly regressive portrayal\" of the stereotypical Asian male: \"a tiny, greedy, sexless man-child with infantilized speech patterns.\" Elliot B. Gertel at Jewish World Review similarly found that the show misrepresented Orthodox Jews in an episode. When asked about the racial stereotypes at a January 2012 press conference, Michael Patrick King said \"I don't find it offensive, any of this\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Reception\nEmily Nussbaum of The New Yorker wrote that while the way the supporting characters are written is \"so racist it is less offensive than baffling\", she noted that the show has \"so much potential\", and compared it favorably to Cummings' other show Whitney. Positive reviews such as one from Entertainment Weekly focused on the \"potential\" that the series has based on the acting and chemistry between Dennings and Behrs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0022-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Reception\nThe series also received a B+ from The Boston Globe TV critic Matthew Gilbert, who was impressed with the casting and production: \"The actresses \u2013 especially the Gwen Stefani-esque Dennings \u2013 transcend their types, and the pop-savvy humor has spirit thanks to producer Michael Patrick King from Sex and the City. After the forced opening minutes, it's the best multi-cam-com of the season.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0022-0002", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Reception\nWriting weekly reviews of the series, The A.V. Club editor Emily VanDerWerff hoped that the series would improve but ultimately wrote: \"Most of the problems\u2014weird story construction, stereotypical characters, bad jokes\u2014that have bedeviled the show have been there from the very beginning, though I will certainly say they've gotten worse as the season has gone along and the show hasn't bothered to diversify its rhythms at all.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Reception\nIn 2015, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said what started out as \"a modern Laverne & Shirley\" attracted many young people to begin with, until they \"realized it was a waste of their time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Reception\nThe show appeared on many critics' \"Worst of The Year\" lists throughout its run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0025-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Reception, Ratings\nThe series premiere was watched by 19.4 million viewers after its lead-in, the first episode of Two and a Half Men without Charlie Sheen. This marked the highest rating for a fall premiere of a comedy series since Fall 2001. It scored a 7.1 rating in Adults 18\u201349. With DVR viewers included, the premiere rose to over 21.5 million viewers and an 8.1 in adults 18\u201349. The show has done well in ratings with college students and young males.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0026-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Syndication\nOn June 20, 2012, it was announced that TBS had secured the cable syndication rights to the sitcom, which began airing on September 20, 2015. The series has also been cleared on CBS and Weigel owned affiliates in 35% of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0027-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Home media\n2 Broke Girls first became available on DVD in 2012 with the first season via Warner Bros. Home Entertainment, and was the only season to receive an additional Blu-ray release in countries United States, Canada and Australia. Subsequent seasons have received only a DVD release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159902-0028-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls, Home media\nMultiple DVD sets received releases in the United Kingdom and Australia, with the first three-season being made available in 2014. Two subsequent sets containing seasons one to four and seasons one to five were released exclusively only in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1)\nThe first season of the American television sitcom 2 Broke Girls, premiered on CBS from September 19, 2011, and concluded on May 7, 2012. The series was created and executively produced by Michael Patrick King and Whitney Cummings. The season introduces Max Black, a sarcastic below-the-poverty-line waitress, and Caroline Channing, a disgraced New York socialite turned waitress, who both pool their money together to pay for their future cupcake business. Kat Dennings and Beth Behrs portray the two lead characters of the series, Max Black and Caroline Channing. The main cast is rounded out by actors Garrett Morris, Jonathan Kite, Matthew Moy, and Jennifer Coolidge, who portray Earl, Oleg, Han Lee, and Sophie Kaczynski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1)\n2 Broke Girls' first season aired during the 2011\u201312 television season on Mondays at 8:30\u00a0p.m. EST, except the series premiere. While initial reviews were positive, the season garnered mixed reviews from television critics, who praised the lead actresses' chemistry while panning the use of stereotypes and racial content. The season premiere debuted to 19.37 million viewers, the highest series launch on CBS since Fall 2001. The season averaged 11.27 million viewers per 24 episodes. Season one earned several award nominations and won two awards: An Emmy Award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series and a People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Comedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1)\nThe entire season was released on DVD in Region 1 on September 4, 2012, Region 2 on October 22, 2012, and Region 4 on October 17, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Development and production\nCreator Michael Patrick King had worked on several network series before the HBO television series Sex and the City (1998\u20132004). Initially starting out as a writer, he went on to direct and produce episodes for the series as well as write, produce and direct the two films that followed\u00a0\u2013 Sex and the City and Sex and the City 2. After finalizing the last film to the series, King entered a multi-year deal with Warner Bros. Television, through which he formed his production company, Michael Patrick King Productions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Development and production\nIn that year, a bidding war occurred for the undeveloped pilot to 2 Broke Girls. In December, the series' pilot was picked up by CBS. The series was then ordered on May 13, 2011, for the 2011-2012 primetime television season. The series received a full-season pickup on October 5, 2011. In March 2012, the series was renewed for a second season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Development and production\nThe season was produced by Michael Patrick King Productions and Warner Bros. Television and executive produced by creators Michael Patrick King and comedian Whitney Cummings. The season featured writing from King, Cummings, David Feeney, Liz Feldman, Sonny Lee, Dave Mallins, Jhoni Marchinko, Molly McAleer, comedian Morgan Murphy, Michelle Nader, and Patrick Walsh. Directors hired for the season were James Burrows, Scott Ellis, John Fortenberry, Thomas Kail, Julie Anne Robinson (serving as associate director), actor Fred Savage, actress Jean Sagal, and actor Ted Wass. Ellis and Wass directed a majority of the season's episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Development and production\nFeldman, Tim Kaiser, Lee and Walsh also served as the series' producers. Series writers Malins, Marchinko, and Nader, along with Laura Kightlinger, served as the series consulting producers. Cinematography for the series was headed by Chris La Fountaine, with  Gary Baum and Joseph W. Calloway directing photography for one episode each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Cast and characters\nThe first season employed a cast a five main actors. Actresses Kat Dennings and Beth Behrs were the first to be cast in the series as Max Black, a sarcastic below-the-poverty-line waitress, and Caroline Channing, a former socialite who is bankrupt following her father's arrest for his involvement in a Ponzi scheme. Jonathan Kite, Garrett Morris and Matthew Moy were later cast as Oleg, a foreign hypersexed cook; Earl, a wise but hip elderly cashier; and Han, the Korean proprietor of the diner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Cast and characters\nSeason one introduced a few characters that recurred throughout the season as well as several guest stars. Jennifer Coolidge portrayed Sophie Kaczynski, a Polish cleaning businesswoman who moves into the building where Max and Caroline live, beginning in the episode \"And the Upstairs Neighbor\". She was later upgraded to series regular in the next season. Nick Zano portrayed Johnny, a street artist and Max's potential love interest. Brooke Lyons played Peaches Landis, a wealthy clueless mother who hires Max as her babysitter of her twins. Marsha Thomason appeared in the season as Johnny's British girlfriend and Max's romantic rival Cashandra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Cast and characters\nBrian Gross and Greg Worswick appeared in two episodes of the season as a gay couple Steven and Michael. Noah Mills played Robbie, Max's ex-boyfriend in two episodes. Businesswoman Martha Stewart appeared in the season finale as herself. Jayson Blair, who starred in the MTV series The Hard Times of RJ Berger, starred in \"And the Spring Break\" as Brendon, a tenant in the apartment that Max and Caroline are housesitting for. Stand-up comedian Eddie Pepitone appeared in \"And Hoarder Culture\" as the voice of the hoarder that Max and Caroline help out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Reception, Viewership and ratings\nThe pilot for 2 Broke Girls premiered in the United States on September 19, 2011 to 19.37 million viewers. The series premiere followed the season nine premiere of Two and a Half Men with Ashton Kutcher replacing Charlie Sheen, which premiered to 28 million viewers. The series premiere was the highest rated comedy series launch since fall 2001. The season ended with a 2 part episode \"And Martha Stewart Have a Ball\", which drew in 8.99 million viewers. The season averaged 11.29 million viewers per 24 episode, ranking No. 32 among the most watched primetime television series. The season also averaged 5.56 million viewers per 24 episodes within the target demographic, registering a 4.35/11 Nielsen ratings share and ranking as the eleventh highest rated program of the 2011-2012 primetime television season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Reception, Critical reviews\nThe first season was well received by media critics. At Metacritic, a site which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from media critics, the season received an average score of 66, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\", based on initial reviews of the pilot episode. Reviews of the full season became more polarized, with the criticism towards the show's usage of racial stereotypes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Reception, Critical reviews\nMatt Hinrichs from DVD Talk wrote that the season release is \"highly recommended.\" He deemed the first season \"a snarky delight that crackles with hilarious situations and proudly non-p.c. characters.\" Hinrichs also praised actresses Dennings and Behrs for their portrayal of Max and Caroline, highlighting the chemistry between them and the characters themselves as the series' \"winning formula.\" The Numbers writer C.S. Strowbridge positively received the season, praising the chemistry between the two leads and the character development of several of the main characters while noting that \"calling it crass would be an understatement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Reception, Critical reviews\nStrowbridge concluded, \"the style of humor will turn off as many people as it entertains and that is an issue. I do think Season One got better as it went along and even though the DVD and the Blu-ray do not have a lot of extras, it is still worth picking up.\" Todd Fuller of Sitcoms Online wrote that the series is \"an old fashioned sitcom like Laverne & Shirley and Alice. It works on many levels. The writing is a bit edgy and raunchy at times, but that's the trend in many comedies these days. Kat Dennings and Beth Behrs have great chemistry and comic timing together. The supporting cast at the diner is pretty funny in small doses. Jennifer Coolidge was also a welcome later addition to the cast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Reception, Critical reviews\nEmily Nussbaum of The New Yorker wrote a mixed review of the series. Favoring it over Cumming's series on NBC, Nussbaum praised the character Max as something new for network television, highlighting her sense of humor and her contrasting nature to that of Whitney's lead character. However, she was critical of the racial strereotypes present in the series and the series' setting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0010-0001", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Reception, Critical reviews\nNussbaum positively concluded, \"there's so much potential here it kills me\u2014a deep female friendship, raw humor about class, and a show that puts young women's sexuality dead center, rather than using it as visual spice, as in some cable series about bad-boy antiheroes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0010-0002", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Reception, Critical reviews\nThe A.V. Club writer Emily VanDerWerff, in her review of the series finale, was critical of the series for not living up to the potential present in the series' pilot episode and noted that \"still hasn't figured out how to use the ensemble, though at least it doesn't seem to have something out for all of the male supporting characters.\" Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict praised the lead actresses' chemistry but ultimately found it \"repetitive, broad, grating and, more often than not, just stupid.\" Browley was also critical  of the racial content and stereotypes present in the series. Aaron Peck, writing for High-Def Digest, wrote the first season release as \"one to avoid.\" Deeming the season \"pure comedic blasphemy\", Peck panned the comedic content and use of stereotyping and racism, deeming the characters alongside Max and Caroline \"the most racially insensitive depictions\" thought up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 950]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Reception, Awards and nominations\nIn 2012, the series won the People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Comedy. Crew members Glenda Rovello, Conny Boettger and Amy Feldman were nominated for Excellence in Production Design Award for Episode of a Multi-Camera, Variety, or Unscripted Series for the work on the episode And the Rich People Problems\". At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards, 2 Broke Girls was nominated for Choice TV: Comedy while series star Beth Behrs was nominated for Choice TV Breakout Performance \u2013 Female. At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Rovello and Feldman won the award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series while cinematographer Gary Baum was nominated for Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series and series editor Darryl Bates for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nRussian waitress Paulina is fired from the diner by new Korean boss Han after she had sex at work. African-American cashier Earl is celebrating his 75th birthday. Max, a hardworking waitress, soon finds herself helping out Paulina's replacement Caroline, who until recently was very wealthy, but has been left with nothing after her father was sent to prison. Caroline is homeless, so Max invites her to be her roommate. Their new friendship is in jeopardy when Max's boyfriend Robbie (Noah Mills) hits on Caroline, and she suggests that Max split up with him. Max takes her advice; Caroline moves into Max's apartment and Caroline's horse, Chestnut, moves into Max's yard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nCaroline thinks she is doing Max a favor when she takes it upon herself to facilitate her breakup with Robbie. This leads to an increasing dispute over boundaries that threatens to end their new friendship. However, in the end, a very drunk Caroline apologizes to Max and they fall asleep together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nMax takes Caroline thrift shopping. After seeing a shirt stolen from Max's basket worn by another woman, Caroline persists in standing up for Max despite her indifference, and the two try to reconcile their different notions of what girlfriends do and do not do for each other. A struggling street artist, Johnny, catches Max's attention with his similarly sarcastic sense of humor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nMax is for once overwhelmed and impressed when she sees how Caroline once lived when the two break into her old townhouse to retrieve her bite-guard. She insists on staying to enjoy the bath, and begins to realize that despite their very different upbringings, Caroline has some things in common with her. They steal several coats and handbags from the house. At the diner, Han installs a karaoke machine, much to Max's disliking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nAfter discovering how many debts Max is dodging, Caroline resolves to clean up her roommate's credit by repaying a student loan that Max will not reveal in what it is majored. Max later tells Caroline that she studied art. They host a 1990s-themed party at the diner after they discover that hipsters will pay a lot of money to ride Chestnut. Caroline's ex-boyfriend shows up, so she hides from him in order to prevent him to know that she is now poor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nDifferent events test Caroline and Max's ability to do things for themselves. Caroline had solicited Johnny to help her assemble a Murphy bed she got for the apartment, but Max challenges her to do it herself so that she can follow up on a \"weird\" interaction between herself and Johnny at the diner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nMax herself tries to work up the courage to give Peach a business card for the cupcake business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nWhen Caroline's effort to sell cupcakes to a trendy new coffee shop in the neighborhood fails after the owner says they are not pretty enough, she persuades Max to take a cupcake-decorating class. Max, however, is despondent over her ability to meet the standards of the obnoxious instructors. The girls get their first job after a gay couple see Max's insulting cupcake idea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nMax and Caroline take a job cleaning a hoarder's apartment for the extra money and find items they can sell. While out with Johnny spray painting a billboard, Max tries to kiss him but is unsuccessful. Later, on the street, she runs into him with a woman named Cashandra (\"Cash\"), whom he introduces as his girlfriend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nJohnny apologizes to Max for not telling her about his girlfriend, but Max is despondent nonetheless. Cash then hires Max and Caroline to make cupcakes for an art show at which Johnny's painting of he and Max in a passionate embrace is among the works shown. The two soon realize that Cashandra is trying to make a point to Max and must choose between their money and their dignity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nCaroline and Max spend Caroline's first broke holiday season working as elves at a department store's Santaland to earn extra money. Max is initially cynical about Christmas, while Caroline, filled with happy childhood memories, is enthusiastic. However, when her hopes of seeing her father are dashed, and Max is unexpectedly promoted to playing Mrs. Claus, their viewpoints change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nWith winter approaching, Max persuades Caroline that Chestnut cannot live in their backyard anymore. However, Caroline balks at her plan to persuade Peach to adopt Chestnut, since it is part of Peach's scheme to be cast in The Real Housewives of TriBeCa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nAfter Max and Caroline struggle to light the pilot light of their oven, Caroline tries to raise money for a new one by selling her jewelry, first at the cash-for-gold store and then at the upscale jewelry stores she once frequented. Encountering hostility from a clerk who remembers Caroline all too well, the pair decide the best option is a pop-up sale in the women's bathroom. Caroline abandons Max there with some wealthy Arab women when some of her former friends recognize her and ask her to lunch, severely testing Max and Caroline's friendship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0025-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nMax starts a protest when Han triples the price of tampons in the diner's restroom. Caroline discovers the secret ingredient to Max's cupcakes and develops a new obsession: couponing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0026-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nMax and Caroline are suspicious of the new upstairs neighbor, Sophie (Jennifer Coolidge), who moves in after the previous tenant dies. Their attempts to make friends with her backfire, and they fear that she will report them to the landlord as illegal sub-letters. They start to believe that Sophie could be a prostitute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0027-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nSophie tests Max and Caroline to see if they are adept enough to work as maids for her cleaning business. She is impressed by Max but not Caroline, and suggests privately to Max that Caroline is holding her back and she should let go of her. Max resists the suggestion at first, but when Caroline carelessly ruins a batch of cupcakes, Max finds herself wondering if Sophie has a point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0028-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nCaroline and Max find themselves spending Valentine's Day in the emergency room when Earl has a heart attack, after being overwhelmed by Sophie's beauty. While there, Caroline attempts to rekindle an old relationship unsuccessfully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0029-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nMax and Caroline have to make kosher cupcakes for an Orthodox Jewish family's bar mitzvah. Meanwhile, Caroline worries she might be getting sick, since she lacks the resources she used to have to deal with health problems. Caroline is harassed by the boy having the bar mitzvah and his friend who treat her like a prostitute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0030-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nAfter a surprise birthday party for Caroline bombs, Max runs into an ex-boyfriend when she accompanies Caroline to visit her father in jail. The girls make some friends on the prison bus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0031-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nMax and Caroline take a spring getaway dog-sitting at a gay couple's posh apartment. A series of parties tempts Caroline with reminders of her former life. Max starts a relationship with a bacon baker man and Ashley, Caroline's spring break alter ego, flirts with a beer brewer. Max develops a new flavor cupcake, beer batter maple bacon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0032-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nCaroline's old family lawyer stops by to inform her she is being deposed by the prosecution in her father's case. Since he cannot represent her for free, Max convinces Caroline to partake in a clinical drug trial in an effort to raise money for his fee. The side effects from the drug ruin her appointment with the lawyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0033-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nAfter Caroline helps Earl save money on his taxes, Max asks her roommate to help her. Caroline does, but discovers that Max has never filed a tax return. Her efforts to help Max organize her finances put the two at odds, and risk of missing the midnight deadline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0034-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nMax and Caroline must deliver perfect cupcakes to Peach's socialite friends if Max wants to keep her babysitting job. However, they get ruined after a subway delay, and Max must make some choices about her future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0035-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nA major opportunity for Max and Caroline falls through when her father's move to a new prison brings her story into the news again. Caroline lies in bed depressed until Max brings Chestnut to cheer her up. After learning Martha Stewart will be attending the Met Ball, they concoct a scheme to get her to try their cupcakes. Max's mood is then affected when Johnny, whose art has become more successful, comes into the diner to say goodbye to her as he is moving to Manhattan and getting married. Sophie takes the girls dress shopping. Final tally for cupcake business venture: $922.00", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0036-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), Episodes\nAfter Sophie helps them get proper evening clothing, the girls are forced to ride Chestnut to the ball when Oleg's car breaks down. They are stymied by the same party planner who rejected them in Part 1, as Caroline is not on the list. Max, however, comes up with a plan to sneak in. Han reveals that he used to be a jockey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159903-0037-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls (season 1), DVD release\nThe DVD boxset and  Blu-ray for season one was released by Warner Home Video on September 4, 2012 in the United States. The set contains three discs, each with eight episodes, unaired scenes and a featurette titled \"2 Girls Going for Broke\". The featurette contains behind the scenes material with the cast and creators. The DVD set and Blu-ray was released in Region 2 on October 17, 2012 while in Region 4, the DVD set was released on October 22, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159904-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls: A XXX Parody\n2 Broke Girls: A XXX Parody is 2019 pornographic parody film based on the American sitcom 2 Broke Girls. The film was shot in a point-of-view (POV) virtual reality style. It was distributed by the VR porn studio and distributor VRcosplayX.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159904-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Broke Girls: A XXX Parody, Plot summary\nThe film opens with Max and Caroline kissing in the restaurant. Max wonders aloud if this is one of her work sex fantasies after the short pause the kissing continues. Max then wishes for \"A hot guy with a big dick, right now!\" however nothing comes. Then Caroline wishes for the same, this time he appears. Max then realizes its not her sex dream but Caroline's. It then cuts to a blowjob scene. After this sequence it then transitions to a threesome with Max and Caroline. This continues for the remainder of the film finishing with a cum shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159905-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers\n2 Brothers (Thai: 2 Brothers \u2013 \u0e41\u0e1c\u0e19\u0e25\u0e27\u0e07\u0e23\u0e31\u0e01\u0e09\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e48\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e22) is a 2019 Thai television series starring Sattaphong Phiangphor (Tao), Suradet Piniwat (Bas) and Dhanundhorn Neerasingh (Fang).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159905-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers\nDirected by Ekkasit Trakulkasemsuk and produced by Star Hunter Studio, the series premiered on GMM 25 and LINE TV on 16 February 2019, airing on Saturdays at 21:25 ICT. The series concluded on 11 May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159906-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers on the 4th Floor\n2 Brothers on the 4th Floor is a Dutch musical group created in 1990 by brothers Martin and Bobby Boer. The group has had success in many countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Czech Republic, Norway, Finland, South Africa, Argentina, Chile, Israel, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. The most recent members of 2 Brothers on the 4th Floor are Martin and Bobby Boer, Dutch singer D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Claudette Manders, and rapper D-Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159906-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers on the 4th Floor, Early career, 1990\u20131991\nThe Boer brothers had already been experimenting with music in a small bedroom when they finally gained note in 1990, when their single Can't Help Myself was picked up by Dutch radio stations and became an international hit. The brothers then brought together rapper Da Smooth Baron MC and singers Peggy \"The Duchess\" and Gale Robinson to form their stage act. The release of their next single, Turn Da Music Up was somewhat less successful, but helped the band to gain name recognition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159906-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers on the 4th Floor, Early career, 1990\u20131991\n2 Brothers on the 4th Floor made two hit singles together before separating. Martin Boer moved into a new professional studio and started making remixes under the name Dancability Productions, making remixes for artists such as Becky Bell, Twenty 4 Seven and Luv' (for their Megamix '93), while Bobby Boer designed record covers and CD inlays for other artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159906-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers on the 4th Floor, 1993\u20131994: Revival and Dreams\n2 Brothers on the 4th Floor was revived by the Boer brothers in 1993. Bobby joined Martin in his studio and, after some time, released the single Never Alone. This single was the first to be launched with rapper D-Rock (Ren\u00e9 Philips) and singer Desir\u00e9e Manders (stage name: Des'Ray). The song Dreams, which is the title song of the band's first album, was a song that captured the essence of Eurodance. Due to the genre's popularity when the song was released in 1994, the song became a hit both nationally and internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159906-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Brothers on the 4th Floor, 1993\u20131994: Revival and Dreams\nThe band's renewed style and concept was accepted well by Dutch audience. Never Alone topped the charts for weeks and went gold. Dreams, the band's subsequent single, went straight to number one and remained on the charts for weeks (as well as reaching the top 30 on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Songs chart in the United States) and Let Me Be Free, its successor, remained in the top ten nationally for some time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159906-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers on the 4th Floor, 1995\u20131997: 2\nIn 1995 and 1996, 2 Brothers on the 4th Floor further widened their success with the singles Fly (Through the Starry Night), Come Take My Hand and Fairytales, changing their style to happy hardcore. These singles topped the charts in various European countries. At the end of 1996, the band released the single There's a Key and its second album, 2. After 2, the band shifted styles and first recorded the single One Day, an R&B track that departed from their typical Eurodance style. Afterwards, they returned to their previous Eurodance style with the single I'm Thinkin' of U.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159906-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers on the 4th Floor, 1998\u20132001: Single releases\nIn March 1998, 2 Brothers on the 4th Floor released the single Do U Know, a mid to low tempo pop track. At the beginning of autumn 1998, the single The Sun Will Be Shining was released. It contains remixes by Mark van Dale & Enrico, Dance Therapy and the Dub Foundation. Packaged with The Sun Will Be Shining was a CD-ROM featuring the videos of \"The Sun Will Be Shining\" and \"The Making Of\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159906-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers on the 4th Floor, 1998\u20132001: Single releases\nOn 5 February 1999 the single Heaven Is Here was released. 29 October that year saw the release of the single Living In Cyberspace. On 16 June 2000 the single \"Wonderful Feeling\" was released. On 29 June 2001 the single \"Stand Up And Live\" was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159906-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Brothers on the 4th Floor, 2002\u2013present: Hiatus & return\nThe duo had never released its third album due to problems with record companies. Currently, the band is touring, with performances planned for 2018. The group released \"The Very Best of\" in April 2016. In addition to their duties with 2 Brothers on the 4th Floor, Des'Ray has a solo career, and D-Rock is working with the rapper/MC E-Life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159907-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Bugs and a Roach\n2 Bugs and a Roach is an album by blues musician Earl Hooker released by the Arhoolie label in 1969. Jimmy Page wanted a Gibson EDS-1275 guitar, after seeing the sleeve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159907-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Bugs and a Roach, Reception\nThe AllMusic review stated: \"Earl Hooker's Two Bugs and a Roach is a varied lot, with vocals from Hooker, Andrew Odom, and Carey Bell in between the instrumentals, all cut in 1968. All in all, it's one of the must-haves in this artist's very small discography -- a nice representative sample from Chicago's unsung master of the electric guitar\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159908-0000-0000", "contents": "2 BvR 739/17\n2 BvR 739/17 is a case decided on 13 February 2020 by the German Federal Constitutional Court (German: Bundesverfassungsgericht; abbreviated: BVerfG) in which the Court decided that the Act of Approval, i.e. for the ratification, of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court of 19 February 2013 (EPG\u00dc-ZustG) in Germany was null and void, because it had not been approved by the German federal parliament (German: Bundestag) sitting with the required quorum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159908-0001-0000", "contents": "2 BvR 739/17\nThe case was initiated with a complaint filed in March 2017 by German lawyer Ingve Bj\u00f6rn Stjerna and the order was published on 20 March 2020. It was decided by the Court's second senate with Justice Andreas Vo\u00dfkuhle presiding and Justice Peter Huber acting as judge rapporteur. Among the Court's eight judges, Justices Ulrich Maidowski, Doris K\u00f6nig, and Christine Langenfeld dissented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159909-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Camelopardalis\n2 Camelopardalis is a triple star system in the northern circumpolar constellation of Camelopardalis, next to the southern constellation border with Perseus. It is dimly visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.36. The system is located at a distance of about 213 light-years (65 parsecs) from the Sun, based on its parallax. It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +20\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159909-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Camelopardalis\nThe primary member of 2 Camelopardalis, designated component A, is an A-type main-sequence star with a spectral type of A8V. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.86, and has a secondary with an apparent magnitude of 7.35, designated component B. The two orbit each other on a very eccentric orbit with a period of 26.34 years. Further out, there is an eight-magnitude companion (designated component C), orbiting once every few hundred years. As the third star was previously thought to be relatively massive for its luminosity, it was suspected of being a binary star itself, but the current estimate of component C's magnitude matches its absolute magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159910-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School\n2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (2CFFTS; French: 2e \u00c9cole de pilotage des Forces canadiennes) is one of the Royal Canadian Air Force's training centres for pilots and also one of the facilities of the NATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC) program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159910-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, History\nThe school is located at CFB Moose Jaw. Prior to operating the CT-155 and CT-156, 2CFFTS flew the CT-114 Tutor from 1964 until 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159910-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, History\nPilots at the school are in the Advanced Training section of the CF program with focus on:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159910-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, Images\nRaytheon CT156 Harvard II of 2 CFFTS, at CFB Moose Jaw, 3 November 2005 undergoing maintenance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159910-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, Images\nCT-114 Tutor jet trainer and the old Moose Jaw control tower in the spring of 1982", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159910-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, Images\nCT-114 Tutors belonging to 2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School parked on the ramp at CFB Moose Jaw, 1982", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159910-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, Badges\n\"E\" Flight badge 1981. Eagle Flight was the Ground Training School (GTS)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159910-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, Badges\nStandards Flight badge 1981. Snapper Flight was responsible for evaluating students through flight testing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159911-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group\n2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (2 CMBG; French: 2e Groupe-brigade m\u00e9canis\u00e9 du Canada) is a Canadian Forces brigade group that is part of 4th Canadian Division of the Canadian Army. It is currently based in CFB Petawawa. One of its three infantry battalions is under the administration of 5th Canadian Division and is stationed at CFB Gagetown in New Brunswick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159911-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, Brigade units\n1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG) - Organization chart with regimental colours - Condensed.svg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159911-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, Brigade units\nTwo regular force units of other formations, 450 Tactical Helicopter Squadron (of 1 Wing, Royal Canadian Air Force) and 2 Field Ambulance (of the Canadian Forces Health Services Group), are collocated with 2 CMBG at CFB Petawawa and work closely with the brigade group although technically not under full command. 2 Field Ambulance is under its operational control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159912-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron\n2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters & Signal Squadron (2 CMBG HQ & Sig Sqn) is a Regular Force Army unit of the Canadian Forces garrisoned at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Petawawa. The unit's parent formation is 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (2 CMBG). The squadron was housed in eight separate buildings but consolidated into one in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159912-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron, History\nThe Special Service Force Headquarters and Signal Squadron (SSF HQ & Sig Sqn) was renamed 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron on 1 June 1995, coincident with the name change of its parent formation. The squadron has provided personnel and equipment for many United Nations (UN) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) missions, particularly Operation ALLIANCE (Former Yugoslavia) in 1996, Operation PRUDENCE (Central African Republic) in 1998 and Operation KINETIC (Kosovo) in 1999. The squadron has been involved with significant domestic operations including the Winnipeg flood in 1997, the ice storms in 1998, and the G8 Summit in Huntsville in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 77], "content_span": [78, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159912-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron, Afghanistan, Kabul (2003-2005)\nIn July 2003, the squadron deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation ATHENA Rotation 0 with a transfer of command authority on 17 July 2003. Under the command of Major Sean Sullivan, the unit provided integral communications support to the Canadian-led Kabul Multi-National Brigade (KMNB) led by Brigadier-General Peter Devlin, then Commander 2 CMBG. Although the core of the squadron was stationed within Camp Warehouse, the squadron had several outstations in allied locations throughout KMNB including Kabul International Airport and radio rebroadcast site on TV Tower Hill. They returned to CFB Petawawa in January 2004. The remainder of the time in Kabul prior to the move to Kandahar in 2005, 2 CMBG HQ & Sig Sqn only provided individual augmentation to the subsequent rotations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 100], "content_span": [101, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159912-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron, Afghanistan, Kandahar (2006-2011)\nThe G6 (Communications - General Staff System) Staff for the National Command Element of Rotation 2 (Task Force 3-06) was composed of the leadership of 2 CMBG HQ & Sig Sqn. This period saw some of the heaviest fighting during the Afghanistan Campaign including Operation Medusa. A complete squadron again deployed in May 2008 as Task Force Kandahar Signal Squadron under the leadership of Major (promoted Lieutenant-Colonel on tour) James Lambert as part of Task Force 5-08 (also called Rotation 5.5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 103], "content_span": [104, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159912-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron, Afghanistan, Kandahar (2006-2011)\nWhen Brigadier-General Denis Thompson passed command of Task Force Kandahar to his successor, Brigadier-General Jonathan Vance on 19 February 2009, the squadron redeployed to Canada. The squadron deployed to Kandahar once again in August 2010 under Lieutenant-Colonel Chris McGuffin to support the last Task Force Headquarters (Task Force 5-10) under the combat-operations mandate. The squadron handed over to the Mission Transition Task Force in July 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 103], "content_span": [104, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159912-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron, Afghanistan, Fallen soldiers\nDuring the Afghanistan campaign, the squadron lost two soldiers killed in action:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 98], "content_span": [99, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159913-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Centauri\n2 Centauri is a single star in the southern constellation of Centaurus, located approximately 183 light years from Earth. It has the Bayer designation g Centauri; 2 Centauri is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as faint, red-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.19. It is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +41\u00a0km/s. The star is a member of the HD 1614 supercluster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159913-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Centauri\nThis is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M5\u00a0III. It is classified as a semiregular variable star and its brightness varies from magnitude +4.16 to +4.26 with a period of 12.57 days. The star has around 70 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 72 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,398\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159914-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Ceti\n2 Ceti is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus, near the border with Aquarius. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.483. The distance to 2 Ceti can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 12.0\u00a0mas, which yields a value of around 272\u00a0light years. It appears to be moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of about +8\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159914-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Ceti\nThe stellar classification for this star is B9\u00a0IVn, matching a B-type subgiant star with \"nebulous\" absorption lines due to rapid rotation. Estimates of the rotation rate range from 116 to 237\u00a0km/s, and this high rate of spin is giving the star an equatorial bulge that is 12% larger than the polar radius. 2 Ceti is about 217\u00a0million years old with 2.7 times the mass of the Sun and 2.75 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 119 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,419\u00a0K. An infrared excess has been detected around this star by the Akari satellite at a wavelength of 18\u03bcm, suggesting there is an orbiting debris disk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz\nTauheed K. Epps (born September 12, 1977), known professionally as 2 Chainz, is an American rapper. Born and raised in College Park, Georgia, he initially gained recognition for being one-half of the Southern hip hop duo Playaz Circle, alongside his longtime friend and fellow rapper Earl \"Dolla Boy\" Conyers. The duo was signed to fellow Georgia-based rapper Ludacris' Disturbing tha Peace label, and are best known for their debut single \"Duffle Bag Boy\" (featuring Lil Wayne).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz\nIn February 2012, Epps signed a solo record deal with Def Jam Recordings, an imprint of Universal Music Group. The following August, he released his debut studio album Based on a T.R.U. Story on August 14, 2012, to commercial success despite mixed reviews. The album spawned three successful singles: \"No Lie\" (featuring Drake), \"Birthday Song\" (featuring Kanye West), and \"I'm Different\", all of which charted in the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100 and were certified Gold or higher by the RIAA, along with the album being certified Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Chainz\nHis second studio album B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time was released on September 11, 2013; supported by the lead singles \"Feds Watching\" (featuring Pharrell Williams) and \"Used 2\". Epps began working with TV network Viceland on a show called Most Expensivest, which debuted on November 15, 2017, and aired for three seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Early life\n2 Chainz was born Tauheed Epps in College Park, Georgia. He attended North Clayton High School, where he played basketball and graduated second in his class. While in high school, he dealt marijuana and was arrested for felony cocaine possession when he was 15 years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, College basketball career\nHe later attended Alabama State University on a scholarship, and played on its basketball team from 1995 to 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, College basketball career\nWhen asked by Rolling Stone about longstanding rumors that he had graduated from Alabama State with a 4.0 GPA, which had been widely reported on many sources including Wikipedia, 2 Chainz said: \"Don't believe anything on Wack-ipedia. There's a lot of false stuff on there, to the point that every time I try to fix one thing, something else comes out.\" In fact, he transferred to Virginia State University due to circumstances he was reluctant to speak about. \"I got into some trouble, went somewhere else, and came back. But I graduated, and that's that. That was then,\" he said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 1997\u20132010: Playaz Circle and Disturbing tha Peace\nEpps formed the hip hop duo Playaz Circle (the word \"Playaz\" being a bacronym for \"Preparing Legal Assets for Years from A to Z\") in College Park, Georgia in 1997, with his high school friend Earl Conyers (known as Dolla Boy), while Epps adopted \"Tity Boi\" as his moniker. Following the release of an independent album titled United We Stand, United We Fall (2002), the duo was introduced to fellow Atlanta rapper Ludacris when he moved into their College Park apartment complex while he was acting as a DJ. After taking interest in Playaz Circle, Ludacris began to record several songs with the group, playing some of them on his radio station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 75], "content_span": [76, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 1997\u20132010: Playaz Circle and Disturbing tha Peace\nLudacris soon became one of the highest-selling rappers in the Southern United States. After hearing of their situation, Ludacris requested of Epps that the duo join his newly formed record label Disturbing Tha Peace, a subsidiary of Def Jam Recordings. Epps agreed to sign, although Conyers did not officially join the label until his mother regained her health a year after the initial signing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 75], "content_span": [76, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 1997\u20132010: Playaz Circle and Disturbing tha Peace\nThe duo's debut album Supply & Demand, was released on October 30, 2007. The lead single and the duo's debut single, \"Duffle Bag Boy\", became an urban hit single. The song features Lil Wayne, and was performed by the duo at the BET Hip Hop Awards. The duo released its second studio album Flight 360: The Takeoff, on September 29, 2009. In January 2010, Playaz Circle filmed a music video for the single \"Big Dawg\" featuring Lil Wayne and Birdman at Studio Space Atlanta. Shortly afterwards, Epps left Disturbing tha Peace, a move he claimed was taken in order to advance his career. Although Ludacris was initially reluctant to allow Epps to leave the label (as he felt Epps could still prove financially successful), he eventually accepted the decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 75], "content_span": [76, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2011\u201312: Name change and Based on a T.R.U. Story\nEpp's has sometimes faced criticism of sexism for his original pseudonym \"Tity Boi\", although he has repeatedly denied such accusations. In early 2011, Epps decided to change his stage name to 2 Chainz, as he perceived it to be more \"family friendly.\" Following the name change, Epps released a mixtape titled T.R.U. REALigion, which became his first mixtape to appear on the music charts, peaking at number 58 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Since the success of the mixtape, Epps has made numerous guest appearances on tracks by prominent recording artists such as []Kanye West]{ (\"Mercy\") and Nicki Minaj (\"Beez in the Trap\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 74], "content_span": [75, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2011\u201312: Name change and Based on a T.R.U. Story\nOn March 24, 2012, Epps announced his debut studio album, whose title he had changed to Based on a T.R.U. Story from its original title of T.R.U. to My REALigion, which was set for an August 14, 2012, release date. The album's lead single, \"No Lie,\" featured Canadian rapper Drake, and was released on May 8, 2012. On May 11, it was under speculation that Epps had signed with Kanye West's GOOD Music label, after West tweeted: \"2 Chainz is charging 100k for a verse now cause he's G.O.O.D!!!!!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 74], "content_span": [75, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2011\u201312: Name change and Based on a T.R.U. Story\nHowever, Epps later denied those rumors, saying: \"He just said I'm good, like I'm ill. But we was talking and I think I was jeopardizing my brand sometimes by doing the homeboy special. So I think he felt like we should just put that out there that we ain't doing no more of that.\" On May 30, 2012, Ciara revealed 2 Chainz was featured on \"Sweat,\" the intended first single from her fifth studio album, One Woman Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 74], "content_span": [75, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2011\u201312: Name change and Based on a T.R.U. Story\nBased on a T.R.U. Story debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, selling 147,000 copies in its first week. The album was met with mixed reviews, earning a score of 55 on metacritic. As of September 23, 2012, the album sold 288,000 copies in the United States. That September, Epps performed at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards, alongside longtime friend Lil Wayne. After the release of his debut, Based on a T.R.U. Story, Epps made momentous strides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 74], "content_span": [75, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0010-0001", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2011\u201312: Name change and Based on a T.R.U. Story\nHe facilitated his first solo worldwide tour, selling out most of its dates; he was nominated for over 13 BET Hip Hop Awards, bringing home 4 such trophies; he earned The Source Magazine's \"Man of the Year\" award; he released a collaborative endeavor with ADIDAS, and later Beats By Dre; and he was nominated for three Grammy Awards, including Best Rap Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 74], "content_span": [75, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2012\u201315: B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time and Collegrove\nIn late 2012, Epps stated once he completed the B.O.A.T.S. concert tour, he would reenter the studio. In November 2012, he revealed he was three songs deep into his second studio album. The album's estimated release date was April 2013. The rapper made a guest appearance on NBC's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in an episode that aired May 8, 2013. He also appeared as himself in the second season (episode 16, titled \"... And Just Plane Magic\") of the CBS sitcom 2 Broke Girls, where he traveled on the same private planes as the two main characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 72], "content_span": [73, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0011-0001", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2012\u201315: B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time and Collegrove\nOn May 23, 2013, he announced that his second studio album B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time would be released on September 10, 2013. On June 2, 2013, Epps premiered the first single from the album, titled \"Feds Watching,\" at the Hot 97's Summer Jam. The song featured Pharrell Williams, and it was recorded on 2013 Grammy Awards night. On June 15, Epps announced the title of his second album would be B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time. The album was released on Def Jam Recordings on September 10, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 72], "content_span": [73, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2012\u201315: B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time and Collegrove\nB.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time featured guest appearances from Pharrell Williams, Fergie, Drake, Lil Wayne, Pusha T, Mase, Chrisette Michele, Iamsu!, T-Pain, Dolla Boy, Rich Homie Quan, and Lloyd among others. The album's production was handled by Diplo, Mike WiLL Made It, Drumma Boy, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Mannie Fresh, Wonder Arillo, Da Honorable C-Note and DJ Toomp among others. It was also supported by the single \"Used 2,\" along with the promotional singles \"Where U Been?\" and \"Netflix.\" Upon the album's release, it was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. It also faired decently commercially, debuting at number three on the US Billboard 200, and number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart selling 63,000 copies in its first week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 72], "content_span": [73, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2012\u201315: B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time and Collegrove\nOn October 23, 2013, Epps revealed that he had begun working on his third studio album immediately following the release of B.O.A.T.S. II. He also stated he had the first single from his third album ready for release and that he still wanted to get Jay-Z featured on the album. In November 2015, 2 Chainz revealed that he was releasing a joint album with Lil Wayne, titled ColleGrove. On May 5, 2014, Epps released a brand new EP titled FreeBase for free digital download. It included seven songs and included features from Lil Boosie, A$AP Rocky, Rick Ross, and more. The EP earned over 200,000 downloads. In January 2014 Epps released a promotional single titled \"I'm a Dog.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 72], "content_span": [73, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\nOn January 27, 2016, Epps released an EP titled \"Felt Like Cappin\". It was released via online streaming sites and iTunes. The EP was promoted by the single \"Back On That Bullshit\" featuring Lil Wayne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\nEpps began 2016 with the March release of a 12-record collaborative album with rapper Lil Wayne titled ColleGrove, which was intended to be the debut album between 2 Chainz and Lil Wayne. However, Wayne's ongoing lawsuit with Cash Money Records prevented Wayne from being a primary artist on the album. Epps appears as the primary artist on the album with eight tracks featuring Lil Wayne. The album features prominent producers such as Honorable C.N.O.T.E., Mike Will Made It, Zaytoven, TM88, Metro Boomin, London on da Track, and more. ColleGrove received decent reviews from critics and fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\nEpps continued his work in 2016 with the August 5 release of mixtape Daniel Son: Necklace Don, a 9-track mixtape that Epps released independently. The mixtape originally featured Drake and YFN Lucci on it, but Epps chose to move the song \"Big Amount ft. Drake\" to the 2017 studio album Pretty Girls Like Trap Music because of its mass appeal on the mixtape and star power performance. Daniel Son: Necklace Don received a 3-out-of-5-star review from XXL magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\n2016 was wrapped up by Epps's third mixtape, titled Hibachi for Lunch, which was released October 28. The 7-track mixtape originally featured Quavo, Gucci Mane, Ty Dolla Sign, and Future. However, the song \"Good Drank ft. Quavo and Gucci Mane\" was moved to Pretty Girls Like Trap Music. Notable production was done by Mike Will Made It, K Swisha, and Buddah Bless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\nIn 2017, Epps released his fourth studio album titled Pretty Girls Like Trap Music on June 16 on Def Jam Recordings. The album featured Travis Scott, Nicki Minaj, Swae Lee, Migos, Jhene Aiko, Pharrell Williams, and more. Album production was done by Mike Will Made It, Buddah Bless, Mike Dean, Murda Beatz, and more. The album was supported by three official singles: \"Good Drank\", \"It's a Vibe,\" and \"4 AM.\" The album was also supported by a nationwide concert tour, as well as several pop-up shops in the US. [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0018-0001", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\n1] [2] 2 Chainz alluded to the album showing \"growth and maturation.\" He stated the content would maintain its edginess while also elevating trap music to a point where everyone could appreciate it. Pretty Girls Like Trap Music received widespread critical acclaim, with most critics citing the album as his best album yet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\nOn November 15, 2017, the first episode of Most Expensivest aired on the TV network Viceland. The show focused on 2 Chainz visiting different locations offering the \"most expensivest\" goods and services. Each show covers a particular theme, with shows ranging from personal health to extravagant indulgences. The show offered a unique insight into products and services that have been created with the explicit intent on being exclusive and expensive. 2 Chainz offered a unique and often humorous insight into the products, especially the ones that he personally found to be either amazing or ridiculous. The show was renewed for a 20-episode third season, which aired in early 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\nThe Play Don't Care Who Makes was the fourth EP released by Epps on February 8, 2018, by Def Jam Recordings. The EP was composed of four songs, one of which featurd appearances from YG and Offset on the song \"PROUD\". Production was done by Minus, June James, Nonstop, Streetrunner, and more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\nOn February 19, 2018, Epps announced his new album Rap or Go to the League, which was set to be released during 2018. However, the album was released on March 1, 2019. On March 26, 2020, 2 Chainz confirmed that ColleGrove 2, a sequel of 2016's ColleGrove, would be released later in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Musical career, 2016\u20132020: Pretty Girls Like Trap Music, Rap or Go to the League So Help Me God, and upcoming projects\nIn August 2020, following his Verzuz battle with Rick Ross, 2 Chainz announced that his upcoming sixth album would be titled So Help Me, God. The album was initially scheduled for release on September 25, 2020. However, in the week of its planned release, it was delayed because of sample clearances. 2 Chainz said, \"It should be another couple weeks\". It was then announced for release on November 13, 2020, and was preceded by the release of the single \"Quarantine Thick\", which featured Mulatto.. On September 24, 2020, 2 Chainz played against Big Boi and his family on the season premiere of the reality game show Celebrity Family Feud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 128], "content_span": [129, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Personal life, Family\nEpps has two daughters, Heaven, born on July 26, 2008, and Harmony, born on October 20, 2012. On October 14, 2015, 2 Chainz welcomed his third child, a baby boy named Halo. On August 18, 2018, Epps married his longtime girlfriend and mother of his three children: Kesha Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Legal issues\nAt the age of 15, Epps was convicted of felony cocaine possession. On February 14, 2013, Epps was arrested in Maryland en route to a concert at UMES for marijuana possession. Epps was then cited and released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0025-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Legal issues\nOn June 11, 2013, Epps was arrested while on board a departing flight at LAX airport for possession of a controlled substance after TSA agents found that his checked bag contained marijuana and promethazine. He was booked and charged with felony narcotics possession. Later that day he posted $10,000 bond and was released. He was due back in court on June 21, 2013. Two days previous, he was reportedly robbed at gunpoint outside a medical marijuana dispensary in San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0026-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Legal issues\nJust before midnight on August 21, 2013, Epps' tour bus was pulled over in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, because the passenger side taillights were out. The arresting officer reported that he smelled marijuana and saw smoke through the open door of the bus after he had stopped and pulled over the bus. The driver of the bus shut the door and told officers he was not authorized to allow them on the bus. The officer said the marijuana smell gave him probable cause to search, but the driver refused to open the door.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0026-0001", "contents": "2 Chainz, Legal issues\nAfter many attempts to enter, the bus was towed with the men still aboard to the police training center in Oklahoma City. Officers obtained a search warrant and the 10 men, including Epps, got off the bus. Police discovered two semi-automatic pistols and a 12-gauge pump shotgun, along with some prescription painkillers and marijuana residue, on the tour bus according to papers filed Oklahoma County district Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0027-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Business ventures\nIn October 2016, he opened a line of hoodies called CEO Millionaires or Create Every Opportunity Millionaires. He also has his own line of sweaters called \"Dabbing Sweaters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0028-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, Business ventures\nOn May 10, 2019, the Atlanta Hawks announced that 2 Chainz had acquired a minority ownership stake in the team's NBA G League affiliate, the College Park Skyhawks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159915-0029-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz, The Real University\nOn January 6, 2015, 2 Chainz announced that he was starting his own independent record label \"The Real University\" (also known as \"T.R.U. \"; or \"The Real U\"). The announcement also revealed that frequent collaborators Cap.1 & Skooly were signed. Additionally, they signed former Young Money artist Short Dawg, who is now known as Fresh. Along with the announcement of the label's founding, they also revealed they'd be releasing their debut mixtape TRU Jack City on January 27, 2015. On October 4, 2019, 2 Chainz announced that T.R.U has signed a partnership deal with Atlantic Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159916-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chainz discography\nThe discography of American rapper 2 Chainz, consists of six studio albums, one collaborative studio album, 10 mixtapes, 4 extended plays, 84 singles (including 61 as a featured artist), 14 promotional singles and 59 music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159917-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Champions of Shaolin\n2 Champions of Shaolin (\u5c11\u6797\u8207\u6b66\u7576 Sh\u00e0ol\u00edn Y\u01d4 W\u01d4d\u0101ng) is a 1980 Shaw Brothers film directed by Chang Cheh. Starring the Venoms, it continues the then-popular theme of feuds between Shaolin and Wu tang. The film was digitally manipulated by Joseph Kahn for the Chemical Brothers' music video \"Get Yourself High\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159917-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Champions of Shaolin, Plot\nTwo young warriors from the Ming loyalist Shaolin Clan are engaged in a deadly secret mission that could bring down the Qing empire. Tung Chien-chen is the \"Shaolin Hercules\", who is sent from Shaolin to take revenge on the local Wudang experts. Li Detong and Li Pashan are the Wudang chiefs who attempt to kill Tung using Li Detong's throwing knives technique after meeting him in a restaurant. Tung barely escapes and meets up with Chin Tailei and his sister, who teach him a special kung fu to counter knives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159917-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Champions of Shaolin, Plot\nHe eventually meets up with Hu Wei-chen, who is another Shaolin student. Wei Sing-hung is the son of a Ming general who was adopted by Wudang, but in his heart he supports Shaolin and frequently questions why the Wudang sect supports the Qing but is usually hushed quickly by his masters. His love interest is Wang Li's daughter, Li Erh-wan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159917-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Champions of Shaolin, Plot\nThe Wudang teacher, Feng Daode, sends Detong to kill Tung. However, Tung, Tailei, and Wei-chen end up killing him, forcing Wudang to take revenge. Li Pashan and another Wudang disciple, Lu Yingbu, challenge Tung and Hu to a duel, but Tung bests Pashan and Hu kills Yingbu. Tung plans to marry Chin Tailei's sister, but after getting drunk and the wedding raided by the Wudang, Chin and his sister are killed, Tung is kidnapped, and Wei-chen is too inebriated to help defend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159917-0002-0001", "contents": "2 Champions of Shaolin, Plot\nWei Sing secretly meets up with Wei-chen, then frees Tung and allows him to escape, but is found out by Li Erh-wan when he unknowingly leaves his dagger behind, forcing a rift between them. Tung, realizing his wife is dead, loses his will to fight until his brothers bring him back to reality. Tung and the other Shaolin men visit his wife's grave and meet up with a wandering scholar, Kow Xuewen, and his three servants. They immediately befriend Tung and Wei-chen. Kow occasionally brings them food and gifts and discusses martial arts with them. Kow Xuewen is secretly a Qing government official, Kow Chinchong, who uses the monkey sword style while his servants use the monkey poles. They are planning to ambush the Shaolin men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159917-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Champions of Shaolin, Plot\nWei Sing finds out about the plan, and sides with Tung and Hu Wei-chen. All the men end up in a battle at a local tea house. Tung and Wei-chen kill Kow Chinchong and his servants (being killed themselves in the process) and Wei Sing kills Li Pashan. Erh-wan arrives just as Wei kills her uncle. She tearfully asks him why he would betray his own adoptive family. In response, a speechless Wei kills himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars\n2 Cheap Cars is a used car dealership group in New Zealand. It was founded in 2011 by Eugene Williams and Yusuke Sena. The company specialise in selling Japanese imported cars in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars, History\nThe company was founded in June 2011 in Auckland, New Zealand. In 2014, they were ranked as number two on the Deloitte Fast 50 and the Fastest Growing Retail or Consumer Business in the Auckland and upper North Island region, also on the Deloitte Fast 50. This was attributed to their primarily online business model, their New Zealand Automobile Association appraisals for the cars that they sold and reliance upon customer reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars, History\nLater in 2014, they were founder investors of Kiwi Regional Airlines with a 23% shareholding but in 2015, they sold their shares due to the issuing of new shares diluting their percentage to 10%. In 2015, 2 Cheap Cars started parallel importing of new cars from Honda, Toyota and Mazda. The company received a \"cease and desist\" notice from the car giant Honda in May 2015, claiming that 2 Cheap Cars's advertisement of the Honda Jazz would mislead consumers, resulting in the low sales of the new car manufacturers including Honda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0001-0002", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars, History\nIn July 2015, there was an alleged racist incident between the employees and boss of the company that led to a strike in the company's Auckland's based outlet. The company claimed that the car groomers were incorrect and were being misled and manipulated. By 2016, the company had sixteen showrooms throughout New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars, History\nThe company was criticized in February 2016 when it used Maori cultural symbols in an advertisement to promote its Waitangi Day sale. The company claimed it was not trying to cause controversy and questioned why it was wrong to depict a P\u0101keh\u0101 girl \"join[ing] in with M\u0101ori culture\". The video was posted online to YouTube and Facebook, a decision negatively critiqued by the press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars, History\nIn 2017 2 Cheap Cars established a subsidiary in Japan. That year the company was placed on a 24-month stand-down from recruiting migrant workers for failing to comply with employment standards. By 2019, the company owned a business in Japan to assist with the purchasing of cars for sale. That same year the company hired a new CEO, international clothing brand Huffer founder Dan Buckley. He left the company in February, 2020. In 2019, the company floated on the New Zealand Stock Exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars, History\nIn July 2019, 2 Cheap Cars was fined $438,000 for having customers sign warranty waiver documents if they did not purchase an extended warranty. The document misled customers into thinking that they would not have the protection of the Consumer Guarantees Act 1993. In March 2020, 2 Cheap Cars were criticised by the public in their use of coronavirus imagery in its advertising. In February of 2021, the parent company of 2 Cheap Cars, NZ Automotive Investments listed on the main board of the New Zealand stock exchange under the ticker code NZA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars, 2016 advertising controversy\nIn 2016, 2 Cheap Cars ran a television advertisement in which a Japanese car salesman responded to every one of the customer's requests with \"Ah, so\". When asked to stop saying \"ah, so\" at the end of the advertisement, he said \"Ah, sold!\" The advertisement was criticized for featuring stereotypes about Japanese people. 2 Cheap Cars responded that their directors were Japanese and did not find it offensive. It received the most complaints in New Zealand in 2016, with the Advertising Standards Authority receiving 27 complaints about it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars, 2016 advertising controversy\nIn February 2017, 2 Cheap Cars pulled the commercial from television after children started copying the character, with some of them pronouncing the catchphrase as \"arsehole\". The 2 Cheap Cars marketing manager said that they used controversial advertising to draw attention to their brand but that they would likely not do it again due to their growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159918-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Cheap Cars, Achievements\nIn November of 2020, 2 Cheap Cars was Awarded the Silver Award in the Readers Digest Quality Service Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159919-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 1\n2 Chronicles 1 is the first chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's ascension and wealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159919-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 1, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 17 verses in Christian Bibles, but into 18 verses in the Hebrew Bible with the following verse numbering comparison:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159919-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 1, Text\nThis article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159919-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159919-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159919-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 1, Solomon's sacrifice and prayer at Gibeon (1:1\u201313)\nThe section records how Solomon began his reign to succeed David in the unified monarchy as David had consolidated domestic support for Solomon (1 Chronicles 25\u201329). In verses 3\u20135, the Chronicler attempts to unite all legitimate worship sites and objects, that is the tabernacle built by Moses in the desert, which was placed in Gibeon (1 Chronicles 16:39; 21:29), and the ark of the Covenant, placed in the tent by David in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 65], "content_span": [66, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159919-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 1, Solomon's sacrifice and prayer at Gibeon (1:1\u201313)\nThe Chronicler deliberately presents 'a great people, so numerous they cannot be numbered or counted' (1 Kings 3:8) into 'a people as numerous as the dust of the earth' (verse 9), referring to the promise made to Jacob (or \"Israel\") in Genesis 28:14. The reference to a promise of an eternal dynasty made to David ('let your promise to my father David now be fulfilled'; cf. 1 Chronicles 17:11\u201312) refers to verse 1 where Solomon is introduced as David's son and rightful successor by divine choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 65], "content_span": [66, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159919-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 1, Solomon's wealth (1:14\u201317)\nThe record of Solomon's wealth in this section is almost identical to other passages (1 Kings 10:26\u201329). Here is to illustrate the fulfillment of God's promise to Solomon in Gibeon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159920-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 10\n2 Chronicles 10 is the tenth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159920-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 10\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the kingdom of Israel's division in the beginning of Rehoboam's reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159920-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 10, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 19 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159920-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159920-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159920-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 10, Rebellion against Rehoboam (10:1\u201315)\nThe whole passage (until verse 19) parallels 1 Kings 12:1\u201319 with only a few verbal alterations. After inheriting the throne from his father, Rehoboam went to Shechem to be confirmed as king. The northern tribes of Israel called Jeroboam (who fled to Egypt for fear of Solomon) to lead them in requesting a relaxation of financial burden applied by Solomon. Rehoboam, refusing the old men\u2019s counsel, but following the advice of young men, replied to them roughly, so ten tribes (not including Judah and Benjamin) revolted and established the northern kingdom, killed Hadoram, Rehoboam's officer, and forced Rehoboam to flee to Jerusalem (verse 18).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159920-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 10, Rebellion against Rehoboam (10:1\u201315), Verse 1\nJacob's well is located about 0.5 miles (0.80\u00a0km) south-east of it, and Joseph's tomb is 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) to the east (Joshua 24:32).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159920-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 10, The kingdom divided (10:16\u201319)\nThe kingdom's division is presented in the Chronicles as God's will, in accordance with interpretation of 1 Kings, although some facts about Solomon's falling away and Jeroboam's background (explained in the 1 Kings 11) are not reported. The war with Jeroboam was only a side issue in this chapter and is elaborated in chapter 13 (cf. 1 Kings 12).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159921-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 11\n2 Chronicles 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159921-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 11\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the fallout from the unified kingdom of Israel's division in the beginning of Rehoboam's reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159921-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 11, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 23 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159921-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159921-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159921-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 11, Rehoboam fortifies Judah (11:1\u201312)\nVerses 1\u20134 parallel 1 Kings 12:21\u201324, but verses 5\u201312 has no parallel elsewhere. Rehoboam refrained from attacking Jeroboam because of a prophetic intervention (verse 4), an obedience for which he is rewarded. Instead, Rehoboam transformed some cities into fortresses (verses 6\u201310), all but Adoraim are mentioned elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159921-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 11, Rehoboam's supporters and family (11:13\u201323)\nVerses 13-17 describe the consequences in Judah of Jeroboam's cult 'reforms', as it is reported in verse 15 that Jeroboam made idols (1 Kings 12:28\u201329 detail the placement of two golden calves in Bethel and Dan), then recruited new non-Levite priests who pledged allegiance to him, so the Levites (including the priests; verse 14) and the laymen (verse 16) from the northern kingdom came to Jerusalem for the legitimate sacrificial rite, exactly what Jeroboam wished to avoid with his religious policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159921-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 11, Rehoboam's supporters and family (11:13\u201323)\nThe Chronicles indicates that a large family and numerous children are a sign of God's blessing (without detailing Solomon's large family, perhaps because it is combined with the idolatry) so the family of Rehoboam is recorded especially in relation to the two wives, Mahalath and Maachah, who were closely related to David's family. Like David, his grandfather, Rehoboam places his sons in the administration of the kingdom (verses 22\u201323; cf. 1 Chronicles 18:17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159921-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 11, Rehoboam's supporters and family (11:13\u201323), Verse 14\nThe exodus of the priests and Levites from the northern Israel territory into Judah strengthened the southern kingdom and demonstrated Jeroboam's apostasy (cf. 1 Kings 12:28, 13:33; 14:8\u20139).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159922-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 12\n2 Chronicles 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159922-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 12\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the kingdom of Israel's division in the beginning of Rehoboam's reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159922-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 12, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 16 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159922-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159922-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159922-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 12, Shishak attacked Jerusalem (12:1\u201312)\nAfter a short recovery (three years faithfully the law of God; 2 Chronicles 11:17), Rehoboam and the people fell to apostasy, so Egypt could defeat them as a form of punishment. Uzziah also behaved similarly in 2 Chronicles 26:16. The siege of Jerusalem in Rehoboam's time is comparable to the one in Hezekiah's time (2 Chronicles 32).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159922-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 12, Shishak attacked Jerusalem (12:1\u201312), Verse 2\nMost scholars support the identification by Champollion with Shoshenq I of the 22nd dynasty (ruled Egypt 945\u2013924 BCE), who left behind \"explicit records of a campaign into Canaan (scenes; a long list of Canaanite place-names from the Negev to Galilee; stelae), including a stela [found] at Megiddo\", and Bubastite Portal at Karnak, although Jerusalem was not mentioned in any of these campaign records. A common variant of Shoshenq's name omits its 'n' glyphs, resulting in a pronunciation like, \"Shoshek\". Other identifications of Shishak are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159922-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 12, Rehoboam's reign and death (12:13\u201316)\nThis section records events at a further phase of Rehoboam's rule, which follows a tragic pattern: 'As soon as he has recovered, Rehoboam immediately apostasizes again' (cf. verse 1), so the Chronicles notes that 'he did not set his heart to seek the LORD'. The concluding remarks in verses 15\u201316 distinguishes between the earlier and later acts of Rehoboam, although the time of separation is not entirely clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159922-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 12, Rehoboam's reign and death (12:13\u201316)\nHis records were written in the books of Shemaiah and Iddo (unclear if they were two separate sources or  a single text; cf. e.g. 1 Chronicles 29:29; 2 Chronicles 9:29; also 2 Chronicles 11:2 or 1 Kings 12:22 with different spelling regarding Shemaiah, and 1 Kings 13:22 regarding Iddo, probably identical person as here).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159923-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 13\n2 Chronicles 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Abijah, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159923-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 13, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 22 verses in Christian Bibles, but 23 verses in the Hebrew Bible with the following verse numbering comparison:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159923-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 13, Text\nThis article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159923-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 13, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159923-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 13, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159923-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 13, Abijah king of Judah (13:1\u20132)\nThe information about Abijah's reign over Judah contains no judgement (unlike the negative judgement in 1 Kings), which is otherwise only given to Jehoahaz (2 Chronicles 36:1\u20134), and a report of his (one and only) victory over Jeroboam (not recorded in 1 Kings), preceded by a sermon on the mount which portrays the basic relationship between the northern and southern kingdoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159923-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 13, War between Abijah and Jeroboam (13:3\u201322)\nThis section consists of preparations for war, a lengthy speech, and the description of an actual battle between the army of Abijah (kingdom of Judah) and that of Jeroboam (northern kingdom of Israel). Abijah's army (400,000 'valiant warriors ... picked men') was only half the size of Jeroboam's (800,000 'picked mighty warriors'\u2014a number corresponding to 2 Samuel 24:9 and David's census), suggesting that on human terms, northern Israel should be victorious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159923-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 13, War between Abijah and Jeroboam (13:3\u201322)\nStill, Abijah made a 'stylistically and rhetorically artistic speech' (verses 5\u201312), calling on the people of the northern kingdom to return to the legitimate rule of the David's line (YHWH's elect), the legitimate office of priesthood in Jerusalem, and the legitimate (and pure) worship in the temple of Jerusalem, from the idolatrous worship of Jeroboam with his own priests serving that of 'no gods' (\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd, lo elohim; cf. Hosea 8:6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159923-0006-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 13, War between Abijah and Jeroboam (13:3\u201322)\nThe 'enumeration of Judean orthopraxis' by Abijah describes the Temple worship during the period of United Monarchy (1 Chronicles 15-16; 23-29; 2 Chronicles 2-4) with reference to the tabernacle worship at the time of Moses (Exodus 25:30-40; 29:1-9, 38-42; 30:7-10; Leviticus 24:3-9; Numbers 8:2-4; 28:3-8). The battle had the elements of tactics by the Israelites, who prepared an ambush, and the holy warfare by the Judeans, for whom the Lord acted to strike down Jeroboam's troops, enabling the Judeans to kill 500,000 chosen men of Israel (verses 16\u201317).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159924-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 14\n2 Chronicles 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Asa, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159924-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 14, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 15 verses in Christian Bibles, but 14 verses in the Hebrew Bible with the following verse numbering comparison:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159924-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 14, Text\nThis article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159924-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 14, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159924-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 14, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159924-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 14, Asa king of Judah (14:1\u20132)\nThe record of Asa's reign in the Chronicles (2 Chronicles 14\u201316) is almost three times longer than in 1 Kings (15:9\u201324), consisting of two distinct phases:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159924-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 14, Asa king of Judah (14:1\u20132)\nAlthough not free from fault (2 Chronicles 16:7, 10, 12), the evaluation of Asa is positive (verse 2), because overall \"he did that which was good and right\" (cf. 1 Kings 15:14).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159924-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 14, Asa\u2019s religious accomplishments (14:3\u20138)\nThe Chronicles omits the abolition of the hierodules (\"male prostitutes\") and all edifices recorded in 1 Kings 15:12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159924-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 14, War between Asa and Zerah the Ethiopian (14:9\u201315)\nThis section records a sacral war (cf. 2 Chronicles 13:2\u201320) , where the outnumbered army of Judah faced a strong enemy, but when they cried to God (in accordance to 2 Chronicles 6:34\u201335), they achieved a victory and took abundant booty (verses 12\u201315). The phrase \"cities around Gerar\" (verse 14) and the words \"tents ... sheep... goats ...camels\" indicate that the defeated enemy was an \"Arab-Edomite tribe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 66], "content_span": [67, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159925-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 15\n2 Chronicles 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Asa, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159925-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 15, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 19 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159925-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 15, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159925-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 15, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159925-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 15, The prophecy of Azariah (15:1\u20137)\nThe section records Azariah's speech, which can be divided into three parts (after the introduction):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159925-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 15, The prophecy of Azariah (15:1\u20137)\nThe speech's introduction addresses a broad audience: king Asa, people of Judah, and of Benjamin (excluding the Israelites from the northern kingdom). Verse 2 speaks of the reciprocity principles in divine-human relations \"The Lord is with you, while you are with him\", corollary of the 'measure-for-measure' principle spoken by Shemaiah in 2 Chronicles 12:5. The historical parts could refer to the judges period (cf. e.g. Judges 2:11-14; 17:6) or to a midrash-like reworking of Hosea 3:4. Azariah's speech concluded with a 'call for courageous deeds', patterned after Jeremiah 31:16: 'For your work shall be rewarded'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159925-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 15, Asa\u2019s reforms (15:8\u201319)\nAsa responded immediately to Azariah's sermon by carrying out religious reforms, and then initiated a great assembly (modelled on 2 Kings 23) to establish a covenant renewal (cf. Exodus 19:3\u20138), accompanied with a joyful and enthusiastic sacrificial ceremony. The general assembly (verse 9) not only included the people of Judah and Benjamin, but also those from the northern kingdom who were regarded as 'strangers' from the Chronicler's perspective, from the tribes Ephraim, Manasseh, and Simeon (cf. 2 Chronicles 34:6). The \"third month\" points to the date of \"the Sinai theophany\" and the \"Feast of Weeks\" (Shavuot or Pentecost) with sacrifices based on the number \"seven\" (seven hundred...seven thousand) to link with that particular feast (seven times seven).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159925-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 15, Asa\u2019s reforms (15:8\u201319), Verse 8\nthe vicinity of the mountains of Ephraim; cf 2 Chronicles 16:6), which Asa built after his war with Baasha or even to his father Abijah's conquest (2 Chronicles 13:19). * \"Renewed the altar of the Lord': is a measure marking the resumption of ordered worship life (cf. Ezra 3:2\u20133).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16\n2 Chronicles 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Asa, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 14 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16, War between Asa and Baasha (16:1\u20136)\nThe war against Baasha of Israel marks the second phase of Asa's reign when he behaved badly and was accordingly punished. During the first period Asa relied on God in battle and listened to God's prophet (Azariah), but in the second, he didn't rely on God but made alliance with Ben-hadad of Aram in his war and later ignored Hanani's sermon. As a consequence, throughout this last phase of his reign, Asa was always plagued by wars (cf. 1 Kings 15:16).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16, War between Asa and Baasha (16:1\u20136), Verse 1\nto September 894 BCE. Thiele assumes that the year here refers not to Asa's personal rule but to the duration of the kingdom of Judah (cf. the \"20th year of Artaxerxes\", 445 BCE, in Nehemiah 2:1 was calculated from the beginning of Xerxes' reign in 465 BCE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16, War between Asa and Baasha (16:1\u20136), Verse 1\nThe Chronicler placed the invasions in a correct chronology after the rest in the first 10 years of Asa's rule (from 910 to 900 BCE), starting with the attack of the Cushites and the Lubim (but no war with Israel as yet) just before the third month of Asa\u2019s 15th year (between September 896 and September 895 BCE), which ended with a victory celebration of Judah. This caused a migration of people from the northern kingdom to the south, that Baasha's invasion attempted to halt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0005-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16, War between Asa and Baasha (16:1\u20136), Verse 1\n1 Kings 15:33 notes that Baasha became the king of Israel on the third year of Asa's reign (909/908 BCE) and ruled for 24 years (until 886/885 BCE), thus only until the 26th year of Asa (1 Kings 16:8). Therefore, the 36th year from the Division was also the 16th year of Asa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16, Hanani\u2019s message to Asa (16:7\u201310)\nThe short but strong speech of Hanani has the elements of three other prophets: the proclamation of Isaiah proclamation (verse 7;  cf. Isaiah 7:9; 10:20; 31:1), the words of Zechariah (verse 9; cf. Zechariah 4:10), and the suffering of Jeremiah (verse 10; Jer 20:2\u20133).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159926-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 16, Death of Asa (16:11\u201314)\nThe extensive concluding acknowledgement of Asa's reign with the unusual words of appreciation before the description of his burial indicates that his son Jehoshaphat hadalready taken on the business of government since Asa's illness rendered him unable to rule (verse 12). The sickness of Asa was seen as a punishment for his shameful behaviour towards Hanani the seer (1 Kings 15:23), in irony to the king's name which can be interpreted as \"YHWH heals\". Since the word \"Asa\" could also be derived from the Aramaic word for 'myrrh', the funeral pyre (cf. Jeremiah 34:5; 2 Chronicles 21:19) with the incense and the delicate spices shows that Asa was buried in 'a way that accorded with his name'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159927-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 17\n2 Chronicles 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159927-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 17\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter (and the next ones until chapter 20) is the reign of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159927-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 17, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 19 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159927-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 17, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159927-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 17, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159927-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 17, Analysis\nThis chapter divides into three parts: two general judgements on Jehoshaphat's rule (17:1\u20136, 10\u201319) and one report on teaching the law to the people (17:7\u20139). The first judgement (verses 1\u20136) focuses on domestic politics and religion, wheres the second (verses 10\u201319) concerns with foreign and military policy. Both 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles commend his reign (1 Kings 22:43\u201344; 2 Chronicles 16:3\u20134; 20:32\u201333), but the Chronicles provide more information not recorded in 1 Kings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159927-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 17, Jehoshaphat, king of Judah (17:1\u20136)\nJehoshaphat's reign was marked with peace, especially there were no conflicts with the northern kingdom (verse 1), drawing parallel with Solomon. Despite his successes as ruler\u2014honored and wealthy (verse 5)\u2014Jehoshaphat remained humble and God-fearing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159927-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 17, Jehoshaphat\u2019s educational plan (17:7\u20139)\nThe education of all people of Judah on the book of the law of the Lord (Deuteronomy 17:18\u201320; 2 Kings 22:8\u201313) was performed by the royal officers, Levites, and priests (in that particular order), reflecting the growing importance of the Torah teaching and the Levites as teachers in postexilic era (Ezra 7:25; Nehemiah 8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159927-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 17, Jehoshaphat\u2019s military power (17:10\u201319)\nThis section contains a second summarizing description of Jehoshaphat's reign from the perspective of foreign and military policy, with all Judah and the lands around Judah were struck by fear of the Lord (verse 10) and paid tributes to the king (verse 11; cf. 2 Chronicles 27:5). The army's composition (verses 14\u201319) were closely linked with the construction of forts, differentiating between army divisions from Judah and Benjamin (less than Judah and equipped with light armour consisting of bows and shields).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18\n2 Chronicles 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter (as all chapters from 17 to 20) is the reign of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 34 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18, Analysis\nThis chapter parallels closely with 1 Kings 22:1\u201340 (especially from verse 4) with a different introduction (the Chronicles did not mention the three-year conflicts between the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram leading to the battle) and conclusion (shorter narrative of Ahab's death than 1 Kings 22), mainly to demonstrate that 'true YHWH-prophecy also existed in the northern kingdom'. The alliance with Ahab was Jehoshaphat's first of the two missteps (both involving the northern kingdom).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18, Jehoshaphat\u2019s alliance with Ahab (18:1\u201311)\nVerse 1 refers to 2 Chronicles 17:5 concerning Jehoshaphat's wealth and to 2 Kings 8:18, 27 about the marriage of Jehoshaphat's son, Joram, with Ahab's daughter, Athaliah (2 Chronicles 21:6; 22:2; cf. 2 Kings 8:18), probably driven by mutual political interests, but driving the royalty of Judah away from the Lord (2 Chronicles 21:6; 22:3\u20135).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18, Micaiah's message of defeat (18:12\u201327)\nMicaiah's speech describes a meeting of the Lord with his heavenly council (verses 18\u201322; cf. Job 1:6; 2:1; Psalm 82:1) where the prophet was a witness to the conversation (cf. Jeremiah 23:18, 22).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18, Micaiah's message of defeat (18:12\u201327), Verse 27\nThe last words of the prophet Micaiah the son of Imlah (\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5 \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05dc\u05dd,   , \"hear all you peoples\") are exactly the first words of the prophet Micah the Morasthite in the Book of Micah (Micah 1:2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 65], "content_span": [66, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159928-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 18, Death of Ahab, king of Israel (18:28\u201334)\nThis section parallels closely to with some differences in the last parts, such as in verse 34, the sentence [Ahab] \"was (or, continued) holding himself up in the chariot, facing Aram, until the evening\" is a clearer rendering of 1 Kings 22:35 which reads that [Ahab] \"was held up in the chariot, ... and he died in the evening\", as well as the omission of the remaining narrative regarding the return of the army and the washing of Ahab\u2019s chariot at the pool of Samaria (1 Kings 22:36-38), which did not concern Jehoshaphat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159929-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 19\n2 Chronicles 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159929-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 19\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter (as all chapters from 17 to 20) is the reign of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159929-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 19, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 11 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159929-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 19, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159929-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 19, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159929-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 19, Jehoshaphat reproved by Jehu (19:1\u20133)\nJehoshaphat's safe home return (in contrast to Ahab's death) literally fulfilled Micaiah's demands (18:16), although 'not complying with the spirit of his plea'. The prophet Jehu, the son of Hanani (cf. 2 Chronicles 16:7\u20139) rebuked Jehoshaphat for making an alliance with Ahab of Israel (cf. 2 Chronicles 16:1\u20136), because with the act, Jehoshaphat was not faithful to God in that 'he proposed to help the wicked and was loyal to those who hate the Lord'. 'Love' and 'hate' here are not 'emotional terms', but parts of a 'political vocabulary'; 'to love' means virtually 'to form a coalition'. The attacke by the Transjordanian alliance in chapter 20 could be interpreted as the realization of God's anger at Jehoshaphat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159929-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 19, Jehoshaphat's reforms (19:4\u201311)\nJehoshaphat continued to develop the policies he established at the start of his reign (2 Chronicles 17), extending to the territory of northern kingdom he controlled (verse 4; cf. 2 Chronicles 17:1\u20132). The judicial reform may reflect the element \"shaphat\" (\"to judge\") in Jehoshaphat's name (cf. 2 Chronicles 16:12).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159929-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 19, Jehoshaphat's reforms (19:4\u201311), Verse 11\nThe distinction between \"matters of the Lord\" and \"matters of the king\" is found only in the books of Chronicles (1 Chronicles 26:30, 32; 2 Chronicles 19:11) and book of Ezra (Ezra 7:26).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159930-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 2\n2 Chronicles 2 is the second chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's ascension and wealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159930-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 2, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 18 verses in Christian Bibles, but into 17 verses in the Hebrew Bible with the following verse numbering comparison:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159930-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 2, Text\nThis article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159930-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159930-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159930-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 2, Solomon gathers building materials for the Temple (2:1\u201310)\nThe section records Solomon's request to Huram (or Hiram in 1 Kings) the king of Tyre, who was a friend of David (verses 2\u20139), in which the skilfully structured message actually contains temple worship theology, establishing the temple as the second tabernacle (verse 3) with rituals as stated in the Torah (verses 4\u20135; cf. Exodus 30:1-8; Leviticus 24:5-9; Numbers 28-29 etc.) as the ground for the dedicatory prayer in 2 Chronicles 6:18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 74], "content_span": [75, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159930-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 2, Solomon gathers building materials for the Temple (2:1\u201310)\nThe man sent by Huram should be skilled in carpentry, as well as other crafts and works with various materials (verse 6; for examples, the curtain in 2 Chronicles 3:14), basically an equivalent of Bezalel and his assistant Oholiab, who constructed the tabernacle at Mount Sinai (Exodus 31:18). Solomon worked together with the Phoenicians in parallel with what David did (2 Samuel 5:11; 1 Chronicles 22:4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 74], "content_span": [75, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159930-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 2, Huram's reply to Solomon (1:11\u201318)\nThe salutation 'my lord' in verse 14 indicates Solomon's supremacy over Huram. Joppa (verse 15) was an important Israelite seaport (cf. Jonah 1:3; Ezra 3:7 about trading relations with the Phoenicians (Sidon and Tyre), mentioning Lebanese wood being transported across the sea to Joppa). According to 1 Kings 9:22 (cf. 2 Chronicles 5:29), Israelites were not employed as forced laborers, but the foreigners were (the same as in the time of David (1 Chronicles 22:2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20\n2 Chronicles 20 is the twentieth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter (as all chapters from 17 to 20) is the reign of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 37 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20, Jehoshaphat Defeats Moab and Ammon (20:1\u201330)\nThis section contains the battle report of Jehoshaphat against the southeastern Transjordanian coalition of powers, but it was exclusively a sacral war (verse 15: \"the battle is not yours, but God's\") as the enemies destroyed themselves and the people of Judah only came to sing and pick up the spoils of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20, Jehoshaphat Defeats Moab and Ammon (20:1\u201330)\nInformed about the invasion of a huge enemy, Jehoshaphat resorted to prayer (verses 6\u201312), which was also called a 'national lament' (echoing Solomon's prayer in 2 Chronicles 6:28, 34), addressing YHWH as 'O LORD, God of our ancestors' and 'the ruler of all peoples who gave the Israelites their land'. YHWH ordered Israel not to attack these Transjordanian neighbors (Deuteronomy 2), but as they attacked, Jehoshaphat appealed to YHWH for their expulsion from his land. Jahaziel, a Levitical singer, served as the designated priest to proclaim God's assurance of victory (cf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0004-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20, Jehoshaphat Defeats Moab and Ammon (20:1\u201330)\nDeuteronomy 20:2-4; 1 Chronicles 25:1-8), as a result of faith in God, quoting both Moses (Exodus 14:13-14) and David (1 Samuel 7:47). As previous sacral wars, 'the fear of God descends upon all the kingdoms of the countries (cf. Exodus 15:14-16; Deuteronomy 2:25; 11:25; Joshua 2:9, 11, 24; 10:1-2; 1 Samuel 4:7-8; 14:15; 1 Chronicles 14:7; 2 Chronicles 14:13). Jehoshaphat, all Judeans and the citizens of Jerusalem reacted joyfully by worshipping YHWH (verses 18\u201319) followed by the Levites, who sang praises to God, even before the salvation happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0004-0003", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20, Jehoshaphat Defeats Moab and Ammon (20:1\u201330)\nThe entire action of God (verse 20) took place early in the morning (that is, the time at which God usually acted), leaving no survivor among the enemy armies and the largest spoils in the entire Hebrew Bible (taking three days to collect). The war ended where it began, in the temple of Jerusalem (verses 26\u201328) and with music (verses 29\u201330, cf. 17:10;  typical for the Chronicles). As fear of YHWH struck not only Judah's neighboring kingdoms, but also all the kingdoms in the region, Judah was in peace as a reward for the nation's exemplary conduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159931-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 20, The end of Jehoshaphat's reign (20:31\u201337)\nJehoshaphat second misstep happened at the end of his reign that he again worked together with another king of northern kingdom (Ahaziah the son of Ahab). Despite a warning given through a prophet, Jehoshaphat went on with his alliance and therefore was condemned to failure, although this (as well as the previous misstep) did not affect the positive judgement for his reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159932-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 21\n2 Chronicles 21 is the twenty-first chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Jehoram, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159932-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 21, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 20 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159932-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 21, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159932-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 21, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159932-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 21, Jehoram, king of Judah (21:1\u20137)\nThis section contains the record of Jehoram's reign, but uniquely also has the records of the king's brothers (verses 2\u20134), which only occurs with David's family in Kings or Chronicles. As soon as Jehoram had established his power, he brutally murdered all his brothers, who were in charge of fortified cities, and several notables, most likely driven by his lust for control or fear of losing it. However, the divine wrath was restrained for the kingdom, because of the promise to David (1 Chronicles 17:1\u201315; cf. 2 Kings 8:17\u201319).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159932-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 21, Edom and Libnah Rebel (21:8\u201311)\nThe text provides unclear description whether Jehoram managed to defeat the Edomites, only to state that Edom and Libnah successfully revolted against the kingdom of Judah (verse 10), which should give ample warning to Jehoram to repent from his sins, but instead he continued to establish idol worship in Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159932-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 21, Elijah\u2019s Letter to Jehoram (21:12\u201315)\nIn Jehoram's regnal record, there was not a single prophet appearing in flesh andblood, and the prophetic warning only came in a letter sent by Elijah, who was active in  the northern kingdom. Elijah's threats of divine punishment for Jehoram (verses 14\u201315) were all fulfilled and fell on Jehoram's people, family, property and own body (verses 16\u201319).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159932-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 21, Death of Jehoram (21:16\u201320)\nThe punishment for Jehoram came from the south-western neighbors of the kingdom (\"the Arabs who are near the Ethiopians\"; cf. 2 Chronicles 14:9), and left with only the youngest son of Jehoram, the Davidic line was on the brink of total eradication. The Chronicler extensively describes Jehoram's final punishment in the form of a painful, incurable, yet indefinable sickness (probably a stomach ulcer leading to a chronic rectal prolapse).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159932-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 21, Death of Jehoram (21:16\u201320), Verse 20\nThe repetition of Jehoram's age and length of reign (cf. verse 5) incidates a transcription from another source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22\n2 Chronicles 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reigns of Ahaziah and Athaliah, rulers of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 12 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22, Ahaziah, king of Judah (22:1\u20139)\nThe section contains the record of Ahaziah's reign, with some events in the northern kingdom mentioned as necessary. Verses 1\u20136 correspond with 2 Kings 8:24b\u201329, whereas verses 7\u20139 are concise parallels to 2 Kings 9:1\u201328 and 10:12\u201314. Uniquely in verse 1, Ahaziah was said to be made king by the \"people of Jerusalem\", while elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible involving the \"people of the land\". It refers back to 2 Chronicles 21:17 for the explanation why the youngest of all Jehoram's sons should become king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22, Ahaziah, king of Judah (22:1\u20139)\nThe alliance with the northern kingdom and the emulation of its worship practices in Ahaziah's time threatened the elimination of Davidic dynasty as well as the traditional Temple worship practice in Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 23:18; 24:7). Verse 9 provides another point of view concerning Ahaziah's death in comparison to 1 Kings 9 which recorded that Ahaziah was wounded while fleeing near Ibleam, but reached Megiddo, where he died, whereas the Chronicler only records that Ahaziah died in Samaria, the 'evil capital'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0004-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22, Ahaziah, king of Judah (22:1\u20139)\nThe Chronicler does not explicitly confirm that Ahaziah was buried is Samaria, only that he received a burial for the sake of his God-fearing ancestor, Jehoshaphat, so it is not a contradiction to the statement in 1 Kings 9 that Ahaziah's dead body was brought to Jerusalem to be buried there. The anointing of Jehu and the assassination of Joram, king of Israel were described in 2 Kings 9:1\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22, Athaliah, queen of Judah (22:10\u201312)\nEntering this section, Ahaziah and the Judean princes (\"sons of Ahaziah's brothers\"; verse 8) have been murdered, so the kingdom of Judah was in a similar situation to that at the end of Saul's reign (cf. 1 Chronicles 10), giving a significant meaning to the promise for David (cf. 2 Chronicles 23:3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159933-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 22, Athaliah, queen of Judah (22:10\u201312), Verse 11\nThe unique information in the Chronicles that Jehoram's daughter Jehoshabeath (spelled as \"Jehosheba\" in 2 Kings 11) was the wife of Jehioada, the high priest could be historically reliable, despite the lack of support elsewhere in the Hebrew BIble, and it can explain why she could stay in the temple grounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159934-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 23\n2 Chronicles 23 is the twenty-third chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159934-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 23\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reigns of Athaliah and Joash, rulers of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159934-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 23, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159934-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 23, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159934-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 23, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159934-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 23, Joash anointed king of Judah (23:1\u201311)\nThe section describes the anointing of Joash as the king of Judah (verses 1\u20133 parallel to 2 Kings 11:4) involving not only the 'captains of the royal guard', but also the Levites, 'the heads of the families of Israel' and the 'entire community', Except for \"Elishaphat, all other names can be found in the lists of priests and Levites in the books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. The temple personnel organization and working schedule (1 Chronicles 23\u201326) were indicated in verse 8 ('for the priest Jehoiada did not dismiss the divisions').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159934-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 23, Death of Athaliah (23:12\u201315)\nThe section about the slaughter of Athaliah (verses 12\u201315) parallels closely to 2 Kings 11:13\u201316. Athaliah heard the 'noise of the people' which is an 'unusual commotion', accompanied by the 'blast of the trumpets and the vehement acclamations of the people' across the Tyrop\u0153on and this attracted her attention, or 'excited her fears'. She was caught by the guards and taken \"by the way by the which horses came into the king's house: and there was she slain\" (2 Kings 11:16).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159934-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 23, Death of Athaliah (23:12\u201315)\nJosephus explains that \"the way\" refers to the road to bring the horses into the king's (horses') house (not into [the king's house] of residence) or \"hippodrome\" (the gate of the king's mules) that was built on the southeast of the temple, near the horse gate in the valley of Kidron Athaliah's reign was the 'gravest threat' to the continuation of Davidic dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159934-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 23, Jehoiada restored the worship of the LORD (23:16\u201321)\nThe high priest Jehoiada organized the offices (priests and Levites) and their duties (sacrifices and music) to undo the damage inflicted by Athaliah and prior rulers (cf. 2 Kings 11:17\u201320) and bring back to the law of Moses and David's orders (as Moses made no law concerning music for worship). Jerusalem became 'quiet' is a 'sign of divine blessing (1 Chronicles 4:40; 22:9; 2 Chronicles 14:1, 6; 20:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 69], "content_span": [70, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159935-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 24\n2 Chronicles 24 is the twenty-fourth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Joash, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159935-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 24, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 27 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159935-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 24, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159935-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 24, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159935-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 24, Joash repairs the Temple (24:1\u201316)\nThe Chronicles divide the reign of Joash into two periods: before and after the death of Jehoiada (verse 2: 'all the days of the priest Jehoiada'; cf. 2 Kings 12:2\u00a0: 'all his days, because the priest Jehoiada instructed him'). During his good period, Joash displayed strong leadership in rebuilding the neglected Temple in Jerusalem. This efforts occurred as long as Jehoiada is alive, the only priest recorded to live longer than Aaron (verses 15\u201316; cf. Numbers 33:39) and to be buried 'among the kings', a clear expression of Jehoiada's status as a \"regal priest\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159935-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 24, The wickedness of Joash (24:17\u201322)\nThe Chronicles use the phrases 'abandoned the house of the LORD', 'sacred poles', and 'idols'. to describe Joah's wickedness, followed by the important theological statement in the books: 'the Lord gives sinners the opportunity to return to his way by sending prophets to them' (verse 19), punctuated by the word of Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada,  'because you have forsaken the LORD, he has also forsaken you' (verse 20). Joash reacted shockingly by ordering Zechariah to be stoned to death in the forecourt of the temple, showing no gratitude to Jehoiada. Zechariah's dying words resembles the lines of Exodus 5:21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159935-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 24, Death of Joash (24:23\u201327)\nThis section parallels to 2 Kings 12:17\u201318 but with more emphasize to theological aspect: the Arameans were greatly outnumbered by the Judeans (who abandoned God), yet they prevailed over Judah, which is in contrast to the theme of a small Judean force defeating powerful armies with the help of God in the past. Joash was buried in the city of David (on account of his earlier good behavior), but not amongst the kings (because of his sins; verses 25\u201326).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159936-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 25\n2 Chronicles 25 is the twenty-fifth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Amaziah, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159936-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 25, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 28 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159936-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 25, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159936-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 25, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159936-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 25, Amaziah, king of Judah (25:1\u201316)\nVerses 1\u20134 and verse 11 in this section parallel to 2 Kings 14, along by two parts unique to the Chronicler: verses 5\u201310 and verses 12\u201316, both involving a prophetic figure. Amaziah's reign could be divided into a period of obedience to YHWH and success (verses 1\u201313) , then a period of idolatry and defeat (verses 14\u201328).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159936-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 25, Jehoash of Israel defeats Amaziah (25:17\u201328)\nThis section records the consequences of Amaziah worshipping Edomite deities (verses 15, 20: 'it was God's doing'; cf. 2 Chronicles 10:15; 22:7) in form of his defeat to Jehoash of the northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159937-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 26\n2 Chronicles 26 is the twenty-sixth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Uzziah, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159937-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 26, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 23 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159937-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 26, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159937-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 26, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159937-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 26, Uzziah, king of Judah (26:1\u201315)\nLike some kings of Judah before him, Uzziah's reign could be divided into two periods: one positive (Uzziah's successes as a result of seeking God) and one negative (Uzziah's illness caused by his disobedience as described in verses 16\u201321. The Chronicles portray Uzziah as a major reformer whose fame reached Egypt and detail his wars, construction projects, agriculture and military organization, whereas 2 Kings 14:21\u20132; 15:1\u20137 which only report the fortification and conquest of Elath as well as Uzziah's illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159937-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 26, Uzziah, king of Judah (26:1\u201315), Verse 10\nArchaeological evidence supports the record of Uzziah's building projects in the south, although it could also point to the time of Jehoshaphat or other kings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159937-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 26, Uzziah\u2019s disease (26:16\u201323)\nIn the latter period of his reign, Uzziah grew proud and attempted to burn incense, which could only be performed by the priests. When the priests warned him, Uzziah became angry to them, but the king was immediately smitten with leprosy, so he had to live in a separate house from then on and his son, Jotham, ruled as regent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159938-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 27\n2 Chronicles 27 is the twenty-seventh chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Jotham, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159938-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 27, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 9 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159938-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 27, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008)., and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159938-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 27, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159938-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 27, Jotham, king of Judah (27:1\u20139)\nJotham receives positive judgment for his reign (cf. 2 Kings 15), repeating the praise for Uzziah (2 Chronicles 25:2) with the addition of  'only he did not invade the temple of the LORD' (verse 2), and therefore was rewarded threefold (verses. 3\u20136 ):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159939-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 28\n2 Chronicles 28 is the twenty-eighth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Ahaz, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159939-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 28, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 27 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159939-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 28, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008). A fragment containing a part of this chapter was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 4Q118 (4QChr; 50\u201325 BCE) with extant verse 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159939-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 28, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159939-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 28, Ahaz, king of Judah (28:1\u20134)\nAhaz's reign was dominated by the Syro-Ephraimite war, against the kingdoms of Israeland Aram, due to Ahaz's wicked way and refusal to convert. His reign marks the unmitigated decline of the kingdom of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159939-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 28, Judah were defeated by enemies (28:5\u201321)\nA possible opportunity of Israel reunification by northern kingdom's subjugation of Judah was prevented by God's word through the prophet Oded (verses 9\u201311) and some chiefs of the Ephraimites (verses 9\u201311), so the army of Israel treated the captives from Judah humanely (a mirror image of 2 Chronicles 13, in which Judah and Israel have exchanged their roles). Some details of the good treatments by the people of \"Samaria\" in verses 9\u201315 are apparently underlined in the well-known story of \"the Good Samaritans\" in the Gospel of Luke ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159939-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 28, Judah were defeated by enemies (28:5\u201321)\nWhile Ahaz sought and waited for Tiglath-pileser's support (not recorded in the Chronicles, the books of Kings note that later Tiglath-pileser accepted the offer, defeated Damascus, deported its citizens, and killed king Rezin), the Edomites (verse 17) and the Philistines (verse 18) had successfully defeated Judah. Verses 20\u201321 emphasize that Tiglath-pileser did not really come to help, because he extorted heavy tribute from Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159939-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 28, Apostasy and death of Ahaz (28:22\u201327)\nVerses 22\u201325 record the cultic sins of Ahaz as he worshipped for the gods ofDamascus, the land that defeated him, and abandoned the worship of YHWH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159939-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 28, Apostasy and death of Ahaz (28:22\u201327), Verse 15\nThis verse displays the strongest parallels with Luke 10 (Luke 10:30, 33\u201334).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159940-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 29\n2 Chronicles 29 is the twenty-ninth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159940-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 29, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 36 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159940-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 29, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 4Q118 (4QChr; 50\u201325 BCE) with extant verses 1\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159940-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 29, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159940-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 29, Hezekiah, king of Judah (29:1\u201319)\nAmong the kings of Judah (after David and Solomon), the Chronicles record more extensively about Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 29\u201332), focusing his reform and restoration of the Temple and worship. Verses 1\u201319 parallel to 2 Kings 18:1\u201312 with the addition of material of temple cleansing. In the first month of his (sole) reign, Hezekiah opened and repaired the doors of the temple (verse 3), which was shut  by this father (2 Chronicles 28:24), but because the main building was still unclean, Hezekiah held the meeting with the priests and Levites at the square on the east of the temple (verse 4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159940-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 29, Hezekiah, king of Judah (29:1\u201319)\nHezekiah's speech  (verses 5, 11) encouraged the Levites (and priests) to resume their traditional tasks, recalling the sins of the ancestors and their effects (verses 6\u201310). Verses 12\u201319 report the cleansing of the temple, involving two sons each of seven Levite families (the number \"seven\" is a keyword in this chapter, cf. e.g. verses 17, 21), the last three of them (Asaph, Heman, and Jeduthun) are the families of singers ascribed to the Levites (cf. 1 Chronicles 15:5\u20138 about the first three names).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159940-0004-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 29, Hezekiah, king of Judah (29:1\u201319)\nw. 15-17, having After sanctified themselves, the priests removed unholy things from the temple then the Levites carried them from the forecourt into the Kidron valley (verses 15\u201317). The sanctification of the temple was completed on the sixteenth day of the first month, forcing a delay in the Passover feast (which should fall on the fifteenth day of the first month). The report to Hezekiah explicitly mentioned Ahaz who removed the temple utensils from Solomon's temple, which in post-exilic times were continued to be used in the second temple, after being returned by the Persians to those who resettled Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159940-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 29, Hezekiah restores Temple worship (29:20\u201336)\nThe feast after the consecration of the temple here was without parallel in the Hebrew Bible, a mixture of rituals in the book of Leviticus and Numbers for sanctifying altars (Numbers 7:88), consisting of three parts: preparations, sacrifices made by the princes and the sacrifices made by the people, which were given voluntarily and joyfully. It also reflects the consecration of the second temple (Ezra 6:17; 8:35; cf. Ezekiel 43\u201345). The people's voluntary offerings here are not mentioned elsewhere in the Chronicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159941-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 3\n2 Chronicles 3 is the third chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BC. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is the construction of the temple in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159941-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 3, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 17 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159941-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159941-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159941-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 3, Temple construction begins (3:1\u20134)\nThis section records the start of temple construction, a parallel of 1 Kings 6. The structure of the temple was based on the desert tabernacle and linked to Abraham. Whereas the books of Kings contains the calculation of dates and months from the year of Solomon's accession and from the Exodus, the Chronicles focused more on the exact location (Mount Moriah; only appeared one time in Genesis 22:2) and authentication (YHWH appeared to David there, and sent fire from heaven on the altar of burnt offering).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159941-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 3, The temple's interior (3:5\u201317)\nVerses  6\u20137 indicates a mosaic made with precious stones on the floor (cf 1 Chronicles 29:2). The repeated phrase 'he made' emphasizes the similarity to the report in Exodus, portraying the parallels between the temple and the tabernacle. The golden nails in verse 9 parallel with the (differently named) golden nails in Exodus 26:32, 37, although fifty shekels of gold is probably a symbolic number (cf. 2 Samuel 24:24). The Chronicles focuses on the construction material and position of the cherubims (verses 10\u201313), while omitting the height (mentioned in 1 Kings 6:23). The curtain described in verse 14 (not mentioned in 1 Kings 6, possibly missing from 6:21b) is also mentioned in the writing of Josephus (Jewish War 5.5.5), recalling to the one of the tabernacle (Exodus 26:31).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30\n2 Chronicles 30 is the thirtieth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 27 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30, Hezekiah proclaims a Passover (30:1\u201312)\nThis section of the chapter records the preparations for the Passover feast. Hezekiah took all the significant measures to establish the Passover feast in the first year of his reign, because at that time the northern kingdom had already fallen, so Hezekiah had to quickly make a final attempt to restore the unity of the YHWH worship in all area of the former united kingdom of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30, Hezekiah proclaims a Passover (30:1\u201312)\nIn line with the Chronicler's 'democratic convictions', the king, the princes and the people made a collective decision to celebrate Passover (verses 1\u20137), and to have a good preparation for such a feast (verse 3), they made a decision to delay it until the second month, which had happened before (Numbers 9:6\u201313). Following this decision Hezekiah sent messengers to all parts the country and particularly to the northern kingdom, reciting a message (using a play on words): \"return to YHWH, he will return to you\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0004-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30, Hezekiah proclaims a Passover (30:1\u201312)\nThe demise of the northern kingdom (unreported in the Chronicles) may have caused various reactions to the invitation: most (remaining) inhabitants of the northern kingdom reacted with 'derision and scorn', although some accepted by 'humbling themselves', whereas in the sovereign southern kingdom the Judeans reacted with 'one heart' (verse 12), which is attributed by the Chronicler to stem from God's actions (cf. 1 Chronicles 29).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30, Hezekiah celebrates the Passover (30:13\u201327)\nThis section reports the celebration of Passover and contains the first description of a complete pilgrimage in the Hebrew Bible. Once the temple was cleansed (chapter 29), Jerusalem was also liberated from all foreign influence, so only legitimate worship for YHWH took place. The national celebration of the Passover recalls the 'heady days of the United Monarchy'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30, Hezekiah celebrates the Passover (30:13\u201327)\nMany participants (especially from the northern tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh, Issachar and Zebulun), the officials, the priests and the Levites had not properly cleansed themselves, but they were trying hard to show their change of heart, and that is what seems most important, so Hezekiah called upon YHWH to pardon those people and YHWH granted the petition (verse 20). According to the law, any person making the sacrifice should be responsible for its slaughter, but since many of them had not been cleansed properly, the Levites assumed this role (verse 16).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159942-0005-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 30, Hezekiah celebrates the Passover (30:13\u201327)\nThe important character of the feast (typical in the Chronicles) is the voluntary action with a great sense of unity (involving priests, Levites, and laymen), joy, and generosity prevalent amongst the king and the notables, and many animals are sacrificed. The Chronicler notes that such scenes had not happened since the days of Solomon, referring not just to the celebration alone, but also to an impression of possible reunification since the kingdom fell apart after Solomon's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159943-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 31\n2 Chronicles 31 is the thirty-first chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159943-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 31, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159943-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 31, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159943-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 31, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159943-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 31, The reform of Hezekiah (31:1\u201310)\nVerse 1 parallels to 2 Kings 18:4 summarizing Hezekiah's reforming measures. Once the temple service was reinstalled, Hezekiah reinstated the priestly and Levitical divisions as set out by David (1 Chronicles 23\u201326; 1 Chronicles 28:13, 21) and implemented by Solomon (cf. 2 Chronicles 8:14; 23:18\u201319), then Hezekiah organized the tithes. The king also contributed to the support of the Temple and its workers, like David did (1 Chronicles 22:14\u201316; 29:2\u20135), and likewise responded by the people with their generosity (cf. 1 Chronicles 29:6\u20139). The chief priest in Hezekiah's time was Azariah, which has the same name of the chief priest under Solomon, both from the lineage of Zadok, portraying Hezekiah in similar light to David and Solomon although their names were not explicitly mentioned in this chapter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159943-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 31, Hezekiah organizes the priests (31:11\u201321)\nThe abundance of tithes needed to stored so king Hezekiah ordered to build or renovate more chambers for the purpose. Two Levites (Cononiah and Shimei) administered \"the offerings and the tithes and the dedicated things\", with the assistance of ten 'overseers' (Jehiel, Azaziah, Nahath, Asahel, Jerimoth, Jozabad, Eliel, Ismachiah, Mahath, and Benaiah), leading to the 'round sum of twelve' (verses 11\u201313).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159943-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 31, Hezekiah organizes the priests (31:11\u201321)\nVerses 14\u201319 detail the distribution of the offerings as the financial support for the priests and Levites on the basis of the number and size of the family (cf. 1 Chronicles 23:3), both in Jerusalem and in the other cities. Verses 20\u201321 parallel to 2 Kings 18:5\u20137 in the assessment of Hezekiah's reign, praising Hezekiah more than for any other king of Judah, describing him in a specific threefold praise: '[gjood and right and faithful before the LORD'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32\n2 Chronicles 32 is the thirty-second chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 33 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Sennacherib invades Judah (32:1\u201319)\nOwing to his dilligence in performing the reform, Hezekiah was rewarded in the form of deliverance from Sennacherib, 'after these things and these acts of faithfulness' (no mention of 'the fourteenth year of his reign' as in 2 Kings 18). Hezekiah made efforts on military defence measures (cf. 2 Kings 20:20; Isaiah 22:8\u201311), concentrating on securing the water supply, carrying out the necessary building works, acquiring required weaponry, and organizing his army. He repaired the infrastructure of Jerusalem, including the construction of Siloam water tunnel (cf. 2 Chronicles 32:30), and initiated a program of 'urban mobilization'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Death of Sennacherib (32:20\u201323)\nThe Chronicler records a shorter report than the books of Kings and the book of Isaiah, generally focusing on the emphasis that Hezekiah's and Jerusalem's (aid and) salvation is due to YHWH (verse 21: 'And the LORD sent an angel'; cf. 2 Kings 19:35\u201337 and Isaiah 37:36, which only mention the angel as the active party). The prophecy of Isaiah, the number of the Assyrians killed and the names of Sennacherib's sons were not recorded in the Chronicles. The text simply states that the whole Assyrian army was annihilated, so Sennacherib had to return with 'shame of face' (cf. Ezra 9:7; Psalm 44:16) to his land, where his sons slew him in the temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Death of Sennacherib (32:20\u201323), Verse 21\nHerodotus wrote that the Assyrian army was overrun by mice when attacking Egypt. Some Biblical scholars take this to an allusion that the Assyrian army suffered the effects of a mouse- or rat-borne disease such as bubonic plague. Even without relying on that explanation, John Bright suggested it was an epidemic of some kind that saved Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Death of Sennacherib (32:20\u201323), Verse 21\nIn What If?, a collection of essays on counterfactual history, historian Willian H. McNeill speculates that the accounts of mass death among the Assyrian army in the Tanakh might be explained by an outbreak of cholera (or other water-borne diseases) due to the springs beyond the city walls having been blocked, thus depriving the besieging force of a safe water supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Hezekiah\u2019s shortcomings (32:24\u201331)\nDespite experiencing  vast wealth and strong economy for being  God-fearing, Hezekiah was not without faults (2 Chronicles 32:24\u201326; cf. 2 Kings 20:1\u201319; Isaiah 38\u201339; \"there is no one who does not sin\" in 2 Chronicles 6:36), but like David, (1 Chronicles 21:8, 17) and Rehoboam (2 Chronicles 12:7), Hezekiah prayed and humbled himself before God (cf. 2 Chronicles 7:14), so that the wrath of God did not come during his reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Hezekiah\u2019s shortcomings (32:24\u201331), Verse 30\nThe tunnel (now called the \"Siloam tunnel\") leads from the Gihon Spring to the Pool of Siloam. The curving tunnel is 583 yards (533 m; about 1\u20443 mile) long and by using the 12 inch (30 cm) altitude difference between its two ends, which corresponds to a 0.06\u00a0percent gradient, the engineers managed to convey the water from the spring to the pool. According to the Siloam inscription, the tunnel was excavated by two teams, one starting at each end of the tunnel and then meeting in the middle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0008-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Hezekiah\u2019s shortcomings (32:24\u201331), Verse 30\nThe inscription is partly unreadable at present, and may originally have conveyed more information than this. It is clear from the tunnel itself that several directional errors were made during its construction. Support for the dating to Hezekiah's period is derived from the radiocarbon dates of organic matter contained in the original plastering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Death of Hezekiah (32:32\u201333)\nThis section contains the concluding verdict on Hezekiah's reign, especially his 'good deeds', that are recorded in the book of Isaiah and the books of Kings. Hezekiah's burial was one of the most impressive among those given to kings in the Chronicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Extrabiblical documentation, Hezekiah\nExtra-biblical sources specify Hezekiah by name, along with his reign and influence. \"Historiographically, his reign is noteworthy for the convergence of a variety of biblical sources and diverse extrabiblical evidence often bearing on the same events. Significant data concerning Hezekiah appear in the Deuteronomistic History, the Chronicler, Isaiah, Assyrian annals and reliefs, Israelite epigraphy, and, increasingly, stratigraphy\". Archaeologist Amihai Mazar calls the tensions between Assyria and Judah \"one of the best-documented events of the Iron Age\" and Hezekiah's story is one of the best to cross-reference with the rest of the Mid Eastern world's historical documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Extrabiblical documentation, Hezekiah\nSeveral bullae  bearing the name of Hezekiah have been found:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Extrabiblical documentation, Hezekiah\nOther artifacts bearing the name \"Hezekiah\" include LMLK stored jars along the border with Assyria \"demonstrate careful preparations to counter Sennacherib's likely route of invasion\" and show \"a notable degree of royal control of towns and cities which would facilitate Hezekiah's destruction of rural sacrificial sites and his centralization of worship in Jerusalem\". Evidence suggests they were used throughout his 29-year reign and the Siloam inscription.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159944-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 32, Extrabiblical documentation, Sennacherib\nThe accounts of Sennacherib of Assyria, including his invasion into the Kingdom of Judah, especially the capture of Lachish and the siege of  Jerusalem, are recorded in a number of ancient documents and artifacts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33\n2 Chronicles 33 is the thirty-third chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). It contains the regnal accounts of Manasseh and Amon, the kings of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 25 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1\u201320)\nHistorically, Manasseh was regarded as an 'exceptionally skilful ruler', reigned on David's throne for 55 years, longer than any other king of Israel and Judah. The books of Kings portray him as the most godless king of all and extensively list his disgraceful behavior which mostly contributed to the downfall of Judah (2 Kings 21:1\u201318), but the Chronicler records his repentance during his deportation to Babylon, that when he returned to Jerusalem, he removed all foreign images, so the long reign was a result of this God-fearing behavior. The Assyrians' treatment of Manasseh (verse 11) was similar to the Babylonian's treatment of Jehoiachin in later date (Ezekiel 19:9; 2 Chronicles 36:10). In his distress, Manasseh did as instructed in  the temple-consecration prayer (cf. 2 Chronicles 6:36\u201339; 7:14), that he humbled himself and prayed to God, so .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1\u201320), Verse 1\nTwo seals appeared on the antiquities market in Jerusalem (first reported in 1963), both bearing the inscription, \u201cBelonging to Manasseh, son of the king.\u201d  As the term \"son of the king\" refers to royal princes, whether they eventually ascended the throne or not, the seal is considered to be Manasseh's during his co-regency with his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1\u201320), Verse 1\nIt bears the same iconography of the Egyptian winged scarab as the seals attributed to King Hezekiah, recalling the alliance between Hezekiah and Egypt against the Assyrians (2 Kings 18:21; Isaiah 36:6), and may symbolize 'a desire to permanently unite the northern and southern kingdoms together with God\u2019s divine blessing'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0005-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1\u201320), Verse 1\nJar handles bearing  a stamp with a winged-beetle and the phrase LMLK (\"to the king\"), along with the name of a city, have been unearthed throughout ancient Judah as well as in a large administrative complex discovered outside of the old city of Jerusalem and used to hold olive oil, food, wine, etc \u2013 goods that were paid as taxes to the king, dated to the reigns of   Hezekiah (cf. \"Hezekiah's storehouses\"; 2 Chronicles 32:27\u201328) and Manasseh. These artifacts provide the evidence of 'a complex and highly-organized tax system in Judah' from the time of Hezekiah extending into the time of Manasseh, among others to pay the tribute to the Assyrians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Manasseh, king of Judah (33:1\u201320), Verse 11\u201313\nManasseh was thought to have joined a widespread rebellion (or at least been suspected of having supported it) led by Shamash-shum-ukin, the king of Babylon, against his brother, the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, in an attempt to take the empire for himself, in 652-648 BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Amon, king of Judah (33:21\u201325)\nThe record of Amon's rule is brief (as also in 2 Kings 21) and he is mainly portrayed as a godless king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Amon, king of Judah (33:21\u201325), Verse 24\u201325\nThe assassination of Amon is thought to be related to the rise of an extensive anti-Assyrian rebellion (recorded in Assyrian sources) organized in \u02bbEber ha-Nahar, the region between the Euphrates and the Meditteranean Sea, against the rule of Ashurbanipal, and at the same time, an attempt of Egypt under Psamtik I to conquer Assyrian territories in the southern Palestine. The faction in Jerusalem that wanted to throw off the yoke of Assyrian, succeeded in killing Amon who was pro-Assyrian, even as worshipping Assyrian gods. However, Assyrian army soon arrived in Syria and Palestine and suppressed the revolt with 'all the usual severity' (all inhabitants were killed or exiled to Assyria'), so the forces in Judah, who wanted to prevent a military clash with Assyria, exterminated the anti-Assyrian nobles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh\nIn rabbinic literature on \"Isaiah\" and Christian pseudepigrapha \"Ascension of Isaiah\", Manasseh is accused of executing the prophet Isaiah, who was identified as the maternal grandfather of Manasseh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh\nManasseh is mentioned in chapter 21 of 1 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, where he is used as an example of ungodly king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh\nManasseh and the kingdom of Judah are only mentioned in the list of subservient kings/states in Assyrian inscriptions of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh\nManasseh is listed in annals of Esarhaddon as one of the 22 vassal kings from the area of the Levant and the islands whom the Assyrian king conscripted to deliver timber and stone for the rebuilding of his palace at Nineveh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159945-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 33, Extrabiblical documentation on Manasseh\nEsarhaddon\u2019s son and successor, Ashurbanipal, mentions \"Manasseh, King of Judah\" in his annals, which are recorded on the \"Rassam cylinder\" (or \"Rassam Prism\", now in the British Museum), named after Hormuzd Rassam, who discovered it in the North Palace of Nineveh in 1854. The ten-faced, cuneiform cylinder contains a record of Ashurbanipal\u2019s campaigns against Egypt and the Levant, that involved 22 kings \"from the seashore, the islands and the mainland\", who are called \"servants who belong to me,\" clearly denoting them as Assyrian vassals. Manasseh was one of the kings who 'brought tribute to Ashurbanipal and kissed his feet'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34\n2 Chronicles 34 is the thirty-fourth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book was compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). It contains the regnal accounts of Josiah the king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 33 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34, Josiah king of Judah (34:1\u20137)\nWhile 2 Kings 22\u201323 record Josiah's deed from the eighteenth year of his reign, the Chronicler noted that since he was still young (16 years old), Josiah already started to 'seek God', but as he was not yet of age, the public measures he planned were carried out in the twelfth year of his reign (when he was considered an adult at 20 years of age, verse 3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34, Josiah king of Judah (34:1\u20137)\nThe inclusion of the area used to belong to the former northern kingdom in his reform showed a legitimate control of the whole Israel (cf. verses 9, 21, 33) and later in 35:17\u201318. The phrase 'he returned to Jerusalem' (cf. 2 Kings 23:20) underlines the direct involvement of the king for the reform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34, The Book of the Law found (34:8\u201321)\nThe collection of donations for the temple's improvement was described in more detail in verses 8\u201313  than in 2 Kings 22 with the collection of tithes from the entire population (cf. 2 Chronicles 24:5\u20139 and David's approach for temple's construction (1 Chronicles 29), emphasizing the co-operation of all inhabitants, including people from the north. The Levites have similar duties as in 1 Chronicles 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34, The Book of the Law found (34:8\u201321)\nThe discovery account of the Book of Law (verses 14\u201333) is very similar to 2 Kings 22, with some minor details, especially linking the finding of the book to the exemplary behavior of Josiah and his people. The Chronicles record that this is \"the book of the law, which was written by Moses\", so it was not only Deuteronomy, but the entire Pentateuch. Therefore, Shaphan read 'from' it (cf. \"read it\" in 2 Kings 22) rather than 'all of it', before the king (cf. verse 18). The Chronicles clarify in verse 24 about 'all the curses that are written in the book', instead of 'all the words of the book' in 2 Kings 22, which refer to Deuteronomy 27\u201329 (and Leviticus 26).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34, Huldah prophesies disaster (34:22\u201328)\nThe prophetess Huldah pointed out the inevitability that the kingdom of Judah would suffer destruction because of the people's apostasy, although she showed supports for Josiah's reforms and indicated that Josiah's righteousness would earn him a peaceful death before the catastrophe striked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159946-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 34, Josiah restores true worship (34:29\u201333)\nIn verse 30, 'the Levites' replaced 'the prophets' in 2 Kings 22, indicating the Chronicler's conviction that in that period the Levites had a role of announcing God's word, although the prophets still had their place of honour in the books of Chronicles. Verse 33 is an extremely shortened summary of 2 Kings 23:4\u201320, which together with verses. 3\u20137, show two different forms of cleansing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159947-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 35\n2 Chronicles 35 is the thirty-fifth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book was compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). It contains the regnal accounts of Josiah the king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159947-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 35, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 27 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159947-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 35, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159947-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 35, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159947-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 35, Josiah Restores the Passover (35:1\u201319)\nUnlike the hasty celebration in Hezekiah's time, the liturgy of Passover feast in Josiah's 18th year of reign is performed meticulously on the appointed day in Jerusalem (verse 1), referring to Exodus 12 and Deuteronomy 16, including the involvement of the Levites and musicians in the procedures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159947-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 35, Josiah's death (35:20\u201327)\nThe report in this section has been regarded by some commentaries as historically more reliable and with clearer explanation about the event than that in the Books of Kings. The description of Josiah's armor, his wounding, and his order to be taken to Jerusalem is quite similar to that of Ahab (1 Kings 22:30, 34). Although the passage and the Talmud attribute the lamentations to Jeremiah, Mathys suggests that Zechariah 12:9\u201314 may be the one referred in verses 24b\u201325, as it seems to refer to Josiah's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159947-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 35, Josiah's death (35:20\u201327), Verse 20\nThe reference to Carchemish on the Euphrates (verse 20) uses similar wording as in Jeremiah 46:2. The Battle of Carchemish was eventually fought in 605 BCE where the Babylonian and Median army led by Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed the combined Egyptian and Assyrian forces, ending the existence of the Assyrian empire and eliminating Egypt's significant role in the Ancient Near East since that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36\n2 Chronicles 36 is the thirty-sixth (and the final) chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36\nThis chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia  (2 Chronicles 10 to 36). It contains the regnal accounts of the last four kings of Judah - Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah - and the edict of Cyrus allowing the exiled Jews to return to Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 23 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Analysis\nThe final chapter contains shortened history of the four final kings of Judah (to less than half the length in the Books of Kings, although there is a small amount of additions). The omissions are on the details of Jerusalem's destruction (also the reference to Manasseh's sins, 2 Kings 24:3; cf. ), the names of the queen mothers, part of the evaluations on the kings, and some death announcements (such as the death of kings in foreign lands), but giving a more united story than the Books of Kings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Analysis\nThe additions refer to the temple, a strong theological argument of the people's responsibility for their downfall), the deportation of the survivors of Judah  (verse 20) and the mention of the Persian successors to Babylon. In particular, verse 21 contains an interpretation (instead of a \"description\") of the exile ('until the land had made up for its sabbaths') and part of Cyrus's edict, which is more completely cited in the opening part of the book of Ezra, allowing the deported Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Jehoahaz king of Judah (36:1\u20134)\nThe regnal account of Jehoahaz is brief and omits details of the  journey to the land of Hamath as well as the concluding judgement  (as with the account Abijah, the only other king to get this treatment). Mathys links this to the positive verdict in the Book of Jeremiah (Jeremiah 22:15\u201316).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Jehoiakim king of Judah (36:5\u20138)\nThe regnal account of Jehoiakim is much reduced compared to the Book of Kings: omitting the attacks of the Chaldeans, Arameans, Moabites, and Ammonites (2 Kings 24:2) and adding the information about Nebuchadnezzar's attack in 597 BCE, placed Jehoiakimin fetters and intended to take him to Babylon, although it is unclear how far the journey was, since the Hebrew text allows multiple interpretations (verse 7). More attention is given to the fate of the temple and its equipment (cf. verses 10, 18\u201319) which links to Daniel 1:2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Jehoiachin king of Judah (36:5\u20138)\nThe regnal account of Jehoiachin focuses on the deportation of the king along with temple equipments (cf. verse 7). The Babylonian Chronicles record 2 Adar (16 March), 597 BCE, as the date that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem, putting an end to the reign of Jehoaichin and installing Zedekiah as king of Judah (verse 10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Jehoiachin king of Judah (36:5\u20138), Verse 10\nThe Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle attested the replacement of the king of Judah as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, Zedekiah king of Judah (36:11\u201316)\nThe regnal account of Zedekiah is similarly short as those of the previous three kings, even for the account of 'the pillage of the cultic vessels' (verse 18 compared to 2 Kings 25:13-17), because the emphasis is on the sin of the people and their kings (the Exile is seen as the result of Manasseh's sin), that Zedekiah 'did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, just as Jehoiakim had done' (2 Kings 24:19). In addition, Zedekiah was also disobedient towards the prophet Jeremiah and did not want to repent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, The fall of Jerusalem (36:17\u201321)\nThe climax of temple plundering: 'All the vessels of the house of God' in verse 18 is followed by the taking away of the king's and princes' private treasures (verse 19) with very little words about Jerusalem's actual destruction and nothing about vineyard and field workers who were left behind on the land. Instead, it directly relates the end of exile when the kingdom of Persia ruled over Babylon. The sentence in verse 21 combines Jeremiah's prophecy of 70 years of exile (Jeremiah 25:11\u201312) with the warning in Leviticus 26 regarding the consequences of abusing the sabbath years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, The edict of Cyrus (36:22\u201323)\nThe last section of the chapter (and the whole books of Chronicles) relates Cyrus's edict, allowing the exiled Jews to return to their land and to rebuild the temple. The text could be based on Ezra 1:1\u20133, but it was left as an open ending, with the appeal, 'Let him go up', which may serve as a link to the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah or as a general reference to the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, The edict of Cyrus (36:22\u201323), Verse 23\nIn the Cyrus Cylinder there is a statement related to the Cyrus's edict which gives the historical background to the book of Ezra:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159948-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 36, The edict of Cyrus (36:22\u201323), Verse 23\nCyrus's edict is significant to the return of the Jews, because it shows that they did not slip away from Babylon but were given official permission by the Persian king in the first year of his rule, and it is a specific fulfillment of the seventy years prophecy of Jeremiah (Jeremiah 25:11\u201314; Jeremiah 29:10\u201314).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4\n2 Chronicles 4 is the fourth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is the construction of the temple's interior decoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 22 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4, The bronze altar and molten sea (4:1\u20135)\nThis section records the construction of the bronze altar (verse 1; cf. 1 Kings 8:64; 2 Kings 16:14\u201315; 2 Chronicles 1:5; Ezekiel 43:13\u201317) and the molten sea (verses 2\u20135; cf. 1 Kings 7:23\u201326). The altar was a formidable object, probably made of wood and covered with bronze, with the measures probably referring to the base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4, The bronze altar and molten sea (4:1\u20135), Verse 2\nThe approximation of the mathematical constant \"\u03c0\" (\"pi\"), defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, can apparently be calculated from this verse as 30 cubits divided by 10 cubits to yield \"3\". However, Matityahu Hacohen Munk observed that the spelling for \"line\" in Hebrew, normally written as \u05e7\u05d5 , in  is written (ketiv) as \u05e7\u05d5\u05d4 . Using gematria, qaweh yields \"111\" whereas qaw yields \"106\", so when used in calculation 3010\u2217111106{\\displaystyle {\\frac {30}{10}}*{\\frac {111}{106}}} it results in \u03c0 =  \"3.1415094\", very close to the modern definition of \"3.1415926\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4, The bronze altar and molten sea (4:1\u20135), Verse 2\nCharles Ryrie gives another explanation based on verse 5 (cf. 1 Kings 7:26) that the molten sea has a brim of a handbreadth (about 4 inches or 10 cm) wide, so when the inside diameter, subtracting 10 cubits (about 180 inches or 4.6 meter; from outer \"brim to brim\") with 2 times 4 inches (two handbreadth) to yield 172 inches (4.4 meter), is divided by \u03c0, it results in 540 inches (45 feet or 14 meter or 30 cubits) which is the circumference given in this verse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4, The temple's interior (4:6\u201322)\nVerse 10\u201322 closely parallel 1 Kings 7:39\u201350 except for the omission of materials in 1 Kings 7:27\u201337. 1 Kings 7:38 corresponds to 2 Chronicles 4:6, while 1 Kings 7:38\u201339a is reworked at 2 Chronicles 4:6a, but verses 6b\u20139 have no parallel in Kings, and 1 Kings 7:39b\u201451 corresponds to 2 Chronicles 4:10-5:1. The (lengthy) passage in Kings concerning the stands for the basins is only found in verse 14. The function of the basin (verse 6) is related to Exodus 30:17-21, where a copper basin is used for ceremonial washing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4, The temple's interior (4:6\u201322)\nThe list of golden materials in verses 7\u20139 corresponds to that in 1 Kings 7:48\u201350 (cf. verses 19\u201322), presented in the order of the Chronicler's (original) list in 1 Chronicles 28:15\u201318. Whereas the tabernacle was equipped with only one lampstand (Exodus 25:31\u201340; 31:8; Leviticus 24:1\u20134; Numbers 8:2\u20134), an interesting similarity to 13:11, there were ten in the Temple (verse 7; cf. multiple lampstands in 1 Chronicles 28:15; 2 Chronicles 4:20; 1 Kings 7:49).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159949-0006-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 4, The temple's interior (4:6\u201322)\nBoth the tabernacle (Exodus 25:23-30; 26:35; Leviticus 24:5\u20139; 2 Chronicles 13:11) and Solomon's temple according to 1 Kings 7:48 only mention one shewbread table, but there were ten in verse 8, and by contrast to the one, the ten tables in the Chronicles (1 Chronicles 28:16) are not explicitly characterized as covered in gold. Whereas 1 Kings 6:36 only briefly mentions the inner courtyard, the Chronicler clearly distinguishes between the priests' court (1 Kings 6:36; 7:12) and the precinct for laymen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159950-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 5\n2 Chronicles 5 is the fifth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bibles or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is the installation of the Ark of the Covenant in the temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159950-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 5, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 14 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159950-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159950-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159950-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 5, The construction of the Temple completed (5:1)\nThis verse concludes the section started in 2 Chronicles 4:6 with the placement of temple decorations into the finished building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159950-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 5, The construction of the Temple completed (5:1), Verse 1\nThe construction of the temple started in Solomon's fourth year of years, took seven years to complete (1 Kings 6:1) and another thirteen years in furnishing it (1 Kings 9:1, 2), but this is not mentioned in the Chronicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 71], "content_span": [72, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159950-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 5, The Ark brought into the Temple (5:2\u201314)\nThe section parallels 1 Kings 8:1\u201313, except for verses 11b\u201313a, which points to the implementation of David's Levitical and priestly orders (1 Chronicles 15\u201316; 25\u201326). All participants were sanctified (cf 1 Chronicles 15:14) and all three musician families were present to play musical instruments and sing in unison 'For he is good, for his steadfast love endures for ever' (verse 13; cf. 1 Chronicles 16:41). Once the music begun, a cloud fill the house (verse 13), recalling the cloud which came down on the tent of meeting in the desert (cf. Numbers 12:5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159950-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 5, The Ark brought into the Temple (5:2\u201314), Verse 2\nThe transfer of the ark from Mount Zion to the temple on Mount Moriah was the first part of the celebration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159950-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 5, The Ark brought into the Temple (5:2\u201314), Verse 4\nThe Levites carried the ark in conformation with Moses' instructions (Deuteronomy 10:8; 31:25) and David's orders (1 Chronicles 15:2). In 1 Kings 8:3, 6 it was specified that the \"priests\" (who must be from the tribe of Levi) carried the ark, as Levites who were not priests were forbidden to enter the most holy place (as shown in verses 7 and 29:16).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 65], "content_span": [66, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6\n2 Chronicles 6 is the sixth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's prayer and speech at the consecration of the temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 42 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1\u201311)\nThe first part of this chapter starts with a doxology, followed by Solomon's speech about God's choice of Jerusalem and David for  the temple's construction, that Davidic promises regardingthem (1 Chronicles 17:1\u201315) have been fulfilled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1\u201311), Verse 1\nThe Hebrew expression that God 'wished to dwell in darkness' links to God's manifestation on Mount Sinai (Exodus 20:21; Deuteronomy 4:11; 5:22).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1\u201311), Verse 11\nThe Chronicler sharpens the portrayal of David in relationship with Moses, most significantly in this verse where at three points the Chronicler eliminated or altered allusions to the exodusthemes found in Samuel-Kings (1 Kings 8:21):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1\u201311), Verse 11\nwherein is the covenant of the Lord, which he made with our fathers,when he brought them out of the land of Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Solomon blesses the LORD (6:1\u201311), Verse 11\nwherein is the covenant of the Lord,that he made with the children of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Solomon's prayer of dedication (6:12\u201342)\nThe second part of the chapter contains a prayer of dedication that consists of seven petitions concerning a variety of predicaments in which Israel may find, including defeat by enemies (verses 24\u201325), drought (verses 26\u201327), open pitched battles (verses 34\u201335) or exile (verses 36\u201339), in each case of which Solomon asks God to be attentive to the prayers of His people from His heavenly dwelling. Verses 32\u201333 concern with foreigners, whose significance to the people of Israel would be increased in the time between the writing of the books of Kings and that of the books of Chronicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Solomon's prayer of dedication (6:12\u201342)\nThe theme of Babylonian Exile in 1 Kings 8 had developed into the theme of diaspora (for examples, in Babylon and Egypt) in the Chronicler's time, so the phrase 'and grant them compassion in the sight of their captors, so that they may have compassion on them' in 1 Kings 8:50 is omitted in the Chronicles here, although interestingly it is taken up in the letter written by Hezekiah to the rest of the northern kingdom(2 Chronicles 30:9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159951-0009-0002", "contents": "2 Chronicles 6, Solomon's prayer of dedication (6:12\u201342)\nIn contrast to 1 Kings 8 the Chronicler omits the reference to the Exodus and therefore to Moses in verse 40 (as in verse 11), but ends in a more positive tone by taking and changing Psalm 132:8\u201310 to enhance the importance of the ark and the anointed (such as the terms 'salvation' in place of  'righteousness', 'rejoice' in place of 'shout for joy', and goodness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7\n2 Chronicles 7 is the seventh chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is the conclusion of dedication ceremony and God's covenant for the temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 22 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, Fire from heaven (7:1\u20133)\nThis section reports God's positive response to the plea in 2 Chronicles 6:41 that He accepted the temple as His own, applying Leviticus 9:22\u201324 (without the people's blessings by Moses and Aaron in Leviticus 9:23).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, Fire from heaven (7:1\u20133)\nGod's glory took provisional possession of the temple as in 2 Chronicles 5:13\u201314, but now with an endorsing fire falling from the heavens, which was witnessed by the religious elite as well as all the Israelites, because God's glory does not only fill the temple, but is also above it (cf. Exodus 40:34 for verse 2, which can be rendered as 'and during all this time the glory of YHWH still filled the temple').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, Fire from heaven (7:1\u20133), Verse 1\nThe 'divine consecration' of the burnt offering and the sacrifices by fire coming down from heaven (not found in 1 Kings 8\u20139) 'dramatically legitimates' Solomon's Temple as 'an enduring fixture of Israelite life' (cf. Leviticus 9:24; 1 Kings 18:36-39; 1 Chronicles 21:26).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, Fire from heaven (7:1\u20133), Verse 3\nThe song refrain is found in Psalm 136 (cf. 2 Chronicles 5:13; 7:6; 20:21; Ezra 3:11), which became a significant element in the postexilic Temple liturgy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, Sacrifices of dedication (7:4\u201310)\nThe celebration of the temple's dedication and the Feast of Tabernacles were two separate feasts, each lasting seven days, for a total of 14 days (clarifying 1 Kings 8:66): the temple dedication took place from the 8th to the 14th of the seventh month, while the Feast of Tabernacles lasted from the 15th until the 21st of the same month with the concluding feast (as in Leviticus 23:36, 39; cf. Numbers 29:35\u201338; Nehemiah 8:18) is on the 22nd, then Solomon dismissed the festive community on the 23rd, as stated in verse 10, showing a strict adherence to the festal calendar according to Moses' law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, God's response to Solomon (7:11\u201322)\nVerse 11 bridges the previous section to the next showing that Solomon was successful because he behaved in an exemplary manner. God lists four ways in which the Israelites could move Him to action (verse 14): humility, prayer, seeking His face, and turning from wicked ways; all these becoming repeated themes in the following chapters of Chronicles, whereas verses 17\u201322, a form of theodicy, lays out the explanation for the future collapse of David's monarchy and the destruction of the temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159952-0008-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 7, God's response to Solomon (7:11\u201322)\nThe unique phrase in verse 18 'a successor to rule over Israel' (instead of  'a successor on the throne of Israel' in Kings9:5 and also excluding the phrase 'over Israel for ever') parallels Micah 5:1 with messianic undertones, followed by the exclusion of the phrase 'or your children' in verse 19 to invoke the responsibilities of the current generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159953-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 8\n2 Chronicles 8 is the eighth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's other building projects and commercial efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159953-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 8, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159953-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159953-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159953-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 8, Solomon's other building projects (8:1\u201311)\nThis section reports that Solomon received additional cities from Hiram the king of Tyre, whereas reported in 1 Kings 9, Solomon gave Hiram 20 cities, probably in exchange. Solomon sent Israelites to settle in those cities, similar as the policy of the Assyrian towards the defeated northern kingdom in 2 Kings 17:24\u20138. The remaining population of non-Israelites wereemployed as slave workers by Solomon, with Israelites as guards exempted from the works (verses 7\u201310). Solomon was proud to have Pharaoh's daughter as his wife, so he built her a special house, also that she, as a woman (and foreigner), was not to come into contact with holy things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159953-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 8, Public worship established at the Temple (8:12\u201316)\nThe passage details how Solomon kept the commandments of Moses in offerings and David's ordinances in the appointments of priests and Levites (1 Chronicles 22:7\u201316; 28:6\u201310, 20\u201321). The three annual festivals are named here, along with the daily sacrifices as well as for sabbath and the new moons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 66], "content_span": [67, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159953-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 8, Solomon's fleet (8:17\u201318)\nThis part parallels 1 Kings 9:26-28, with \"the sea\" refers to the Red Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159954-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 9\n2 Chronicles 9 is the ninth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of Solomon (2 Chronicles 1 to 9). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's fame and wealth with the visit of the queen of Sheba and the list of his treasures, ending with the report of his death and the history books containing his activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159954-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 9, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 31 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159954-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century) and Codex Leningradensis (1008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159954-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159954-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 9, The queen of Sheba's visit (9:1\u201312)\nThe story of the Queen of Sheba's visit to Jerusalem was almost identical with that in 1 Kings 10 and fits extremely well for international recognition of Judah's rulers in the Chronicles (cf. e.g. 1 Chronicles 14:17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159954-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 9, Solomon's wealth (9:13\u201328)\nThis section with substantial information regarding Solomon's splendor and power largely parallels with 1 Kings 10:14\u201328a, describing how the promise of unmatched wealth and wisdom (2 Chronicles 1:11\u201312) was fulfilled in Solomon. Verse 25a corresponds with 1 Kings 5:6, verse 25b with 1 Kings 10:26b, whereas verse 26 includes information recorded in 1 Kings 5:1 and verses 27\u201328 with 1 Kings 10:27\u201328. Some materials in 1 Kings 10 with no parallel in this chapter can be found in 2 Chronicles 1:14-17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159954-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Chronicles 9, The death of Solomon (9:29\u201331)\nThe Chronicles report that Solomon enjoyed a peaceful reign of unified Israel kingdom from the beginning to the end ('from first to last'; instead of 'all that he did' in 1 Kings 11:41), omitting any negative information found in other documents (1 Kings 9:11\u201316; 11:1\u201338) and also not to present Solomon's wisdom as his most significant quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159954-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Chronicles 9, The death of Solomon (9:29\u201331)\nInstead of using 'the Book of the Acts of Solomon', the Chronicles use 'the history of the prophet Nathan, and in the prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite, and in the visions of the seer Iddo concerning Jeroboam son of Nebat' \u2013 three prophetic sources just like David (1 Chronicles 29:29) \u2013 covering the beginning of Solomon's reign (Nathan, cf. 1 Kings 1), to its end (Ahijah; cf. 1 Kings 11:29), whereas Iddo is mentioned again as a source in 2 Chronicles 12:15 (Rehoboam) and 13:22 (Abijah).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159955-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Close Support Battalion REME\n2 Close Support Battalion REME is a battalion of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers of the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159955-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Close Support Battalion REME, History\nThe battalion was formed in 1993, through the re-designation of 7 Armoured Workshop, at St Barbara Barracks, Fallingbostel. The battalion's initial role was supporting 7th Armoured Brigade, just like its predecessor unit did. The battalion is due to amalgamate with 27 Regiment RLC, to provide a specialist combat service support unit to the 2nd Strike Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159956-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Coelhos\n2 Coelhos (Lit: 2 Rabbits) is a 2012 Brazilian action film written and directed by Afonso Poyart. The film features innovations that were not common in Brazilian films, including explosions, animations, elaborate special effects and pop culture references. It was released in Brazil on January 20, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159956-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Coelhos, Plot\nEdgar is arrested for killing a woman and child in a car crash, but is bailed out by state representative Jader Kerleis. After two years on vacation in Miami, Florida, Edgar returns to the city of S\u00e3o Paulo with a plot to pit Jader, infamous for multiple corruption cases, against Maicon, a criminal notorious for bribing influential politicians to keep him free, to bring both of them to justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159956-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Coelhos, American remake\nTango Pictures bought the rights to remake this film with a title Two Rabbits. The film will be the second project for the development of new production, directed by Andrew Lazar, Christina Lurie and Steven Shainberg. Afonso Poyart says it should take the executive production, but not the direction. Poyart said, \"The idea is to make another movie. At the moment, the Tango is hiring writers that will give a new treatment history and acclimation to the American public\". The budget of the film should cost between $10 million and 12 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio\nCharles Bernard Scaggs (born October 25, 1965) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name 2 Cold Scorpio (sometimes spelled Too Cold Scorpio). He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling, Extreme Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation (as Flash Funk) throughout the 1990s, along with his appearances in Japan for New Japan Pro-Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Noah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio\nChampionships held by 2 Cold Scorpio over the course of his career include the ECW World Tag Team Championship, ECW World Television Championship, GHC Tag Team Championship and WCW World Tag Team Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Early career (1985\u20131992)\nScaggs made his professional wrestling debut in 1985, adopting the ring name 2 Cold Scorpio. He wrestled in various independent promotions in the United States, until, on the recommendation of Big Van Vader, he decided to go to New Japan Pro-Wrestling, where he trained in the NJPW Dojo. He also wrestled in Europe and Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 71], "content_span": [72, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, World Championship Wrestling (1992\u20131994)\n2 Cold Scorpio debuted in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) on November 18, 1992, as Ron Simmons' mystery partner at Clash of the Champions XXI. In June 1993, he challenged Barry Windham for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, but lost to Windham at Clash of the Champions XXIII. He had a brief reign as World Tag Team Champion with Marcus Alexander Bagwell in October 1993. Although he was released in April 1994, 2 Cold Scorpio competed on the WCW-promoted pay-per-view When Worlds Collide in November 1994 and the WCW/New Japan produced pay-per-view Collision in Korea in April 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 87], "content_span": [88, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Extreme Championship Wrestling (1994\u20131996)\n2 Cold Scorpio debuted in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in 1994, where he had four reigns as World Television Champion and one reign as World Tag Team Champion with The Sandman. He had feuds with wrestlers such as Taz, Shane Douglas, Sabu, and Mikey Whipwreck. In August 1994, Scorpio had another chance at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, this time in a tournament; he made it all the way to the finals, before losing to Shane Douglas in the finals. Following his departure for the WWF, 2 Cold Scorpio returned to ECW for one night at House Party in 1998 as a mystery opponent for Taz. In 1996, he would return to Japan to wrestle for Tokyo Pro Wrestling, under the masked alter-ego, Black Wazuma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 89], "content_span": [90, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, World Wrestling Federation (1996\u20131999)\n2 Cold Scorpio made his WWF debut on November 17, 1996, at Survivor Series, under the name Flash Funk. His gimmick involved wearing tights with large lapels, and entering the arena dancing with a pair of \"Fly Girls\" or \"Funkettes\" while wearing a large hat and fur coat. Towards the end of his first WWF run, Funk reverted to his 2 Cold Scorpio name, later shortening it to \"Scorpio\", and began teaming with former WCW teammate and friend Ron Simmons, as well as Terry Funk through most of 1998. In mid-1998, he competed in the WWF's Brawl for All tournament, replacing Ken Shamrock. He lost in the quarterfinals to The Godfather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 85], "content_span": [86, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, World Wrestling Federation (1996\u20131999)\nIn late 1998, Scorpio became a member of Al Snow's J.O.B. Squad, often being a regular on WWF Shotgun Saturday Night. In February 1999, 2 Cold Scorpio requested time off due to personal problems, but was instead released from the WWF. Scorpio's last WWF match would be him and Hardcore Holly losing to Owen Hart and Jeff Jarrett on the February 6, 1999 edition of Shotgun Saturday Night, ultimately being the J.O.B. Squad's last televised match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 85], "content_span": [86, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999\u20132006)\n2 Cold Scorpio next made sporadic appearances for ECW, which included a challenge against then-champion Mike Awesome for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship on the December 10, 1999, edition of ECW on TNN. 2 Cold Scorpio competed for All Japan Pro Wrestling until native members of its roster defected to form Pro Wrestling Noah in 2000, and both Scorpio and Vader followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999\u20132006)\nScorpio would team with Vader when he debuted in October 2000. Both had a strong dominance in the tag team division, where they had a great number of victories on television and pay-per-views. Like Vader, Scorpio earned many singles victories against several of the roster's Japanese wrestlers. At this time Scorpio would receive major pops and fanfare from the Japanese audience, who would often cheer and jive for his charismatic entrances and root for him in matches as a babyface. Because Vader already had a grudge feud with Jun Akiyama, Scorpio would take Vader's side and help him defeat Akiyama and whatever Japanese wrestler Akiyama teamed with at the moment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999\u20132006)\nVader and Scorpio would emerge victorious in the grudge feud by defeating Jun Akiyama and Akitoshi Saito on an October 19, 2001 pay-per-view, where they became the inaugural GHC Tag Team Champions. They would lose the titles to Mitsuharu Misawa and Yoshinari Ogawa on November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999\u20132006)\nScorpio and Vader continued teaming throughout 2002, and despite them not winning the titles again, they continued having many victories in the tag team and singles division throughout 2002. Vader's last appearance in NOAH was in January 2003, and Doug Williams would become Scorpio's replacement that spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to ECW & Pro Wrestling Noah (1999\u20132006)\nScorpio and Doug Williams won the GHC Tag Team Championship in January 2005. On November 5, 2005, Scorpio won the GHC Openweight Hardcore Championship against Yoshinobu Kanemaru in a pay-per-view match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Return to WWE (2006\u20132007)\nIn 2006, 2 Cold Scorpio signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. Upon joining the promotion, he returned to using his Flash Funk character in the WWE developmental promotion Deep South Wrestling until he was released on May 11, 2007, without ever appearing on WWE television. On the 15th anniversary of WWE Raw on December 10, 2007, 2 Cold Scorpio participated in a battle royal as \"Flash Funk\", eliminating Steve Blackman while eliminating himself in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 72], "content_span": [73, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005\u2013present)\nOn June 10, 2005, 2 Cold Scorpio wrestled at the ECW reunion event Hardcore Homecoming, defeating Kid Kash. In late 2007, 2 Cold Scorpio joined Booker T's Pro Wrestling Alliance promotion, based in Houston, Texas. He wrestled occasionally in Pasadena, Texas, at the city's convention center, and he participated in a feud with heel wrestler and student Gustavo Mendoza. His last PWA match was in February 2008 at Texas Tapout against Mendoza. On August 8, 2010, 2 Cold Scorpio wrestled at Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's ECW reunion show, Hardcore Justice, defeating C.W. Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0013-0001", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005\u2013present)\nOn April 28, 2012, 2 Cold Scorpio wrestled Shane Douglas in the main event of Extreme Reunion (a wrestling event promoted by Douglas) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the match, two masked men got involved. One was Kevin Sullivan, who attacked Douglas. The other was former ECW owner Tod Gordon, who hugged 2 Cold Scorpio. Douglas pinned 2 Cold Scorpio with a twisting sunset flip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0013-0002", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005\u2013present)\n2 Cold Scorpio made his debut for Chikara in September 2012, when he, Jerry Lynn and Tommy Dreamer entered the 2012 King of Trios as \"The Extreme Trio\", defeating Team WWF (1-2-3 Kid, Aldo Montoya and Tatanka) in their first round match. The following day, The Extreme Trio was eliminated from the tournament by Team ROH (Mike Bennett, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005\u2013present)\nOn February 2, 2013, 2 Cold Scorpio defeated ACH in the main event of the first ever National Pro Wrestling Day to become the 2013 Rey De Voladores. On June 23, 2013, 2 Cold Scorpio was defeated by John Hennigan in a match for the FWE Heavyweight Championship at House of Hardcore 2. On September 2, 2017, 2 Cold Scorpio unsuccessfully challenged Hannibal for the Great North Wrestling Canadian Championship at the Hawkesbury Bike Fest 2017 in Hawkesbury, Ontario. On February 18, 2018, 2 Cold Scorpio won the WPW Heavyweight title at Cheltenham Town Hall by defeating Kendo Kashin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0014-0001", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005\u2013present)\nOn August 3, 2018, 2 Cold Scorpio competed in the 2018 Scenic City Invitational Tournament held in Soddy Daisy, Tennessee, losing in the first round to AJ Gray. The following night Scorpio defeated Darius Lockhart in non-tournament action. As of July 2019, 2 Cold Scorpio has taken the role of head trainer at the Rocky Mountain Pro Wrestling Academy in Golden, Colorado. Within the Rocky Mountain Pro promotion, he also has a large role in producing the live television product they air on Right Now TV, Fight Network UK and Twitch.tv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0014-0002", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Professional wrestling career, Independent circuit (2005\u2013present)\n2 Cold Scorpio is also the current Rocky Mountain Pro tag team champion alongside tag team partner Airborne Alex Anthony after winning the championship at their Milestone 9 Pay Per View on June 30, 2019. On September 10, 2020 2 Cold Scorpio made his debut for Game Changer Wrestling as part of their For The Culture event. He was defeated by AR Fox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159957-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Cold Scorpio, Personal life\nDuring a Ring of Honor's Straight Shootin interview in 2004, Scaggs admitted to hard drug use while he was in ECW and WWF, but it had been significantly accelerated during his stint in WWF due to the fact that he was simply making more money and thus had the opportunity to use more. Scaggs regretted his covert lifestyle at the time, and wondered  that if he had admitted to WWF and himself that he had a problem, his career might have lasted longer in WWF. He also admitted to have kicked his hard drug use several years ago, although still actively using marijuana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle\n2 Columbus Circle is a 12-story building located on a small trapezoidal lot on the south side of Columbus Circle on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City. Bordered by 58th Street, 59th Street, Broadway, and Eighth Avenue, it stands on the site of the former seven-story Grand Circle Hotel. It opened in 1964, after A&P heir Huntington Hartford hired architect Edward Durell Stone to build a museum for him at the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle\nControversy was sparked in 2002 after the Museum of Arts and Design (MAD) purchased the building and planned to significantly alter its design, including modifying its facade. Calls had been made since 1996 for the building to be landmarked, so its proposed landmark status was brought into question with this renovation. The renovations were completed in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation\nThe seven-story Grand Circle Hotel, designed by William H. Cauvet, stood at this address from 1874; later called the Boulevard Hotel, it was demolished in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation\nIn 1964, A&P heir Huntington Hartford hired architect Edward Durell Stone to build a museum for him at 2 Columbus Circle. At the time Hartford had one of the world's greatest art collections, including works by Rembrandt, Monet, Manet, Turner, and Salvador Dal\u00ed. Hartford commissioned Dal\u00ed to paint a painting called The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus for the opening, which attracted many celebrities, such as the Duke of Windsor. 2 Columbus Circle opened as the Gallery of Modern Art, displaying Hartford's collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0002-0001", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation\nUntil 2005, the building was a 12-story modernist structure, marble-clad with Venetian motifs and a curved fa\u00e7ade. It had filigree-like portholes and windows that ran along an upper loggia at its top stories. With architect Philip L. Goodwin, Stone had previously designed the Museum of Modern Art in the International style, which opened to the public on May 10, 1939. Hartford wanted his Gallery of Modern Art to represent an alternative view of modernism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation\nThe building was often called \"The Lollipop Building\" in reference to a mocking review by architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable in which she called it a \"die-cut Venetian palazzo on lollipops\". However, three decades later she admitted that she got \"a little lift, a sense of pleasure\" when she walked past it. Nonetheless, Huxtable took issue with the campaign to save the building, writing in The Wall Street Journal that: \"It was an unworthy performance that did little credit to anyone who cares about preservation and can only serve as an object lesson of how not to go about it.\" The Gallery of Modern Art closed by 1969. Fairleigh Dickinson University received 2 Columbus Circle as a gift from Hartford and operated it as the New York Cultural Center, where art exhibitions were sometimes hosted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Early history and site, pre-renovation\nBy 1974, New York Cultural Center's trustees were seeking a buyer for the property. Due to financial shortfalls, the New York Cultural Center closed in September 1975. The following year, Gulf and Western Industries purchased 2 Columbus Circle. In exchange for tax breaks, Sumner Redstone got a clause that Hartford had, which said that the building could never be renovated or destroyed. In 1979, Gulf and Western presented 2 Columbus Circle to the City of New York as a gift. The next year, the Department of Cultural Affairs opened in the building. The New York Convention and Visitors Bureau also began to be housed in 2 Columbus Circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation\nThe Museum of Arts and Design, now at 2 Columbus Circle, was founded in 1956 by the American Craft Council together with philanthropist Aileen Osborn Webb, as the Museum of Contemporary Crafts. It relocated to 40 West 53rd Street in 1986, and was renamed the American Craft Museum. In 2002, it changed its name again to the Museum of Arts and Design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation\nConcurrently, interest in landmarking this building had begun in 1996, soon after the building turned thirty years old and became eligible for landmark designation. In this year, Robert A. M. Stern included it in his article \"A Preservationist's List of 35 Modern Landmarks-in-Waiting\" written for The New York Times. Stone's design at 2 Columbus Circle was listed as one of the World Monuments Fund's \"100 most endangered sites\" in 2006. The same year, Jennifer Raab, Chairman of the Landmarks Preservation Commission, reviewed with the Designation Committee of the Commission the possibility of recommending a hearing on 2 Columbus Circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation\nIn 1998, the Department of Cultural Affairs and the Convention and Visitors Bureau vacated 2 Columbus Circle, and in 2002, under Landmarks Preservation Commission Chairman Sherida Paulsen, the Designation Committee reviewed the request to hold a hearing and again voted not to. MAD was designated as the site developer of 2 Columbus Circle by the New York City Economic Development Corporation in June 2002. In 2004, the National Trust for Historic Preservation called it one of America's \"11 Most Endangered Historic Places\". Despite a serious preservation effort, the New York City Department of Buildings approved the permit for MAD to begin removing 2 Columbus Circle's facade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation\nBy the end of renovations in 2008, the museum moved to this building. The new location at 2 Columbus Circle, with more than 54,000 square feet (5,000\u00a0m2), more than tripled the size of the Museum's former space. It includes four floors of exhibition galleries for works by established and emerging artists; a 150-seat auditorium in which the museum plans to feature lectures, films, and performances; and a restaurant. It also includes a Center for the Study of Jewelry, and an Education Center that offers multi-media access to primary source material, hands-on classrooms for students, and three artists-in-residence studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nThe museum's plans to radically alter the building's original design touched off a preservation debate joined by many notable people, including Tom Wolfe (The New York Times; October 12, 2003 and October 13, 2003), Chuck Close, Frank Stella, Robert A. M. Stern, Columbia University art history department chairman Barry Bergdoll, New York Times architecture critics Herbert Muschamp and Nicolai Ouroussoff, and urbanist scholar Witold Rybczynski, among others. Congresswoman Carolyn B. Maloney (D-NY) referred to it as \"one of New York's most photographed and readily recognizable buildings.\" However, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Ada Louise Huxtable, and others supported the redevelopment of the long-neglected site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nStone's building was listed as worthy of preservation by organizations, including: the New York/Tri-State Chapter of DOCOMOMO, the Historic Districts Council, the Municipal Art Society, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the New York Landmarks Conservancy, the Preservation League of New York State, and the World Monuments Fund. Despite this, the New York City Landmarks Commission never held a public hearing on its fate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nE-mails obtained under the Freedom of Information Act between NYC Landmarks Commission chairman Robert Tierney and Laurie Beckelman, who worked for the Museum of Art and Design, suggest that the pair worked behind the scenes to keep the building from being considered by the landmarks panel. A city permit to allow removal of the existing facade was issued on June 29, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nThe August 9, 2005, edition of The New York Times reported that members of the Landmarks Preservation Commission took the rare step of public disagreement over this issue, despite City Hall's insistence that the case against the building had been closed for nine years. Roberta Brandes Gratz, a commission member, said in a letter to The New York Times, \"Neither I as an individual commissioner nor the current commission as a whole has rendered a 'professional judgment' on whether there should be a hearing or a designation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0010-0001", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nIn addition, telephone interviews conducted by The New York Times suggested that at least some of the other eleven commissioners also favored a public hearing. Yet the commission's executive director, Ronda Wist, said chairman Tierney \"is not inclined to revisit this question.\" Tierney said his principal architectural education occurred when he took an undergraduate course with Vincent Scully, now the Sterling professor emeritus of art history at Yale University. On August 14, 2005, Scully stated in a letter to Tierney:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nSomething rather wonderful has occurred, by which the building, rarely anyone's favorite in the past, is looking better every day ... Its own integrity, its uniqueness, the indomitable determination to make a point that produced it, are coming to the fore and are powerfully affecting the way we see it. ... It is in fact, becoming the icon it never was, one about which the city now cares a great deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nThe New York City Landmarks Commission's refusal to hold a public hearing on the building was based on a consensus reached in June 1996 by a four-member committee made up of the Rev. Thomas F. Pike, Charles Sachs, Vicki Match Suna, and Professor Sarah Bradford Landau. However, on August 18, 2005, The New York Times reported that Landau joined other former commissioners \u2013 William E. Davis, Stephen M. Raphael, Mildred F. Schmertz, along with Gene A. Norman, a former chairman, and Beverly Moss Spatt, a former chairwoman \u2013 in calling for a hearing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nThe redesigned building has the same massing and geometric shape as the original, but has channels carved in its exterior. The original white Vermont Marble has been replaced with a glazed terra-cotta and glass facade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nJames Gardner, architecture critic for the New York Sun wrote that the original building \"was indubitably a landmark; the best that can be said for its replacement is that, if we're lucky, no one will ever notice it.\" Francis Morrone, also of the Sun, wrote: \"Where Stone's original building read as neatly scaled to its setting, Mr. Cloepfil's redesign reads as a piece of abstract sculpture that, at building scale, seems all wrong.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0014-0001", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nWitold Rybczynski wrote in Slate that the new design \"feels like an alien presence\", and architecture critic Justin Davidson said, \"This version won't satisfy those who thought it should never have been touched.\" In 2008, New York Times architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff named the renovated building as one of seven buildings in New York City that should be torn down because they \"have a traumatic effect on the city.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159958-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Columbus Circle, History, Museum of Arts and Design renovation, Redesign and landmark controversy\nSome critics defended the new facade. Ada Louise Huxtable, who had originally coined the term \"Lollipop Building\" for the original structure, wrote that \"criticism of the structure has been alarmingly out of proportion and flagrantly out of control\". Paul Goldberger praised the new building's \"functional, logical, and pleasant\" interior in a review in The New Yorker, even though th \"proportions and composition seem just as odd and awkward as they ever did\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 99], "content_span": [100, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159959-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Combat Engineer Regiment\n2 Combat Engineer Regiment is a regiment of the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers; a subdivision of the Canadian Military Engineers. It is located at Garrison Petawawa, and is part of 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group. 2 CER was redesignated from 1 Field Engineer Squadron in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159959-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, Formation\nIn 1903, following the Boer War, the Royal Canadian Engineers were founded as the basis for the permanent military engineers and the Canadian Engineer Corps was created as a militia unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159959-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, World War I\nOne of the first tasks given to the Canadian engineers after the declaration of World War I was the construction of the Valcartier training site in Quebec. At its peak, 30,000 men were stationed there before the 1st Canadian Division was deployed. When the 1st Canadian Division arrived in Belgium, they were accompanied by the Canadian Engineer Corps. These troops were responsible for the construction of defences, sanitation systems, water supplies, bridging, and assisting with trench raids. The engineers, known as Sappers, were also tasked with digging tunnels underneath enemy trenches and planting explosives to destroy the trenches. These tunnels were strategic in winning the Battle of Vimy Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159959-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, World War II\nCanadian engineers spent the early phases of World War II building camps in Canada and as they deployed to the United Kingdom, turned their attention to building camps, defence work, roads and airfields in England. Sappers of the 2nd Canadian Division led the beach assault supporting the Dieppe Raid and took the second highest number of casualties after the infantry. By 1942, divisional and corps engineers turned their full attention to the invasion of Europe. They were fully engaged in the Sicilian and Italian Campaigns, the Normandy Landings and the liberation of France, Belgium and Holland. The majority of their work consisted of constructing bailey bridges, clearing mines and booby traps and building communication networks and field defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159959-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, Postwar to present\nAfter the Canadian Forces unified in 1968, the Royal Canadian Engineers, Royal Canadian Navy Civil Engineers and the Royal Canadian Air Force Construction Division were amalgamated. The new branch went under the name Royal Canadian Engineers until 1973 when they were renamed the Canadian Military Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159959-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, Postwar to present\nIn 2017, 2 Combat Engineer Regiment celebrated its 40th anniversary; and at the same time, the 20th anniversary of the Neder Rijn Engineer Park. A reunion event was held 7\u20139 July 2017, which was attended by over 500 members of the CME family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159959-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Combat Engineer Regiment, History, Postwar to present\n2 CER is part of this history of Canadian military engineers. It provides combat engineering support to 2 CMBG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159960-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Compositions\n2 Compositions is an EP by Peter Frohmader, released independently in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159961-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Compositions (Ensemble) 1989/1991\n2 Compositions (Ensemble) 1989/1991 is an album featuring ensemble performances of compositions by Anthony Braxton which was recorded in Germany in 1989 and 1991 and released on the HatART label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159962-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Compositions (J\u00e4rvenp\u00e4\u00e4) 1988\n2 Compositions (J\u00e4rvenp\u00e4\u00e4) 1988 is a live album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded in Finland in 1988 and first released on the Leo label on CD in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159962-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Compositions (J\u00e4rvenp\u00e4\u00e4) 1988, Reception\nThe Allmusic review by Chris Kelsey stated \"Recorded with a septet of Finnish musicians that manifests a pronounced affinity for his music, Braxton's Compositions No. 144 and 145 are given a vigorous, warm, and reasonably tight rendering, of a sort made difficult by the usual lack of rehearsal time and scarcity of appropriate collaborators. The soloists, including and especially the leader, are uniformly excellent, but most importantly, the written parts are realized in a way that does justice to the concept\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159963-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten\n2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten is a 2016 Filipino coming-of-age drama film directed by Petersen Vargas in his feature-length directorial debut and written by Jason Paul Laxamana. The film stars Khalil Ramos, Ethan Salvador and Jameson Blake. It depicts the mysterious coming-of-age tale of Felix after he met half-American Snyder brothers, Magnus and Maxim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159963-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten\nThe film premiered on November 17, 2016 at the 2016 Cinema One Originals Film Festival, where it won three awards, including Best Picture. It was commercially released by Star Cinema on March 15, 2017 in selected theaters nationwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159963-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Synopsis\nThe film depicts the coming-of-age story of Felix (Khalil Ramos), a friendless and smart high school sophomore, who lives in post-lahar Pampanga in the late 1990s. His life takes a turn after the two new half-American students, the Snyder brothers, Magnus (Ethan Salvador) and Maxim (Jameson Blake), transfer to his school. He finds himself drawn toward them, especially Magnus, who becomes his classmate. Magnus befriends him and he infiltrates the private lives of the Snyder brothers. He interweaves himself to the dark and mysterious motives of the Snyder brothers and at the same time, his interactions with them uncover desires within him that he has never confronted before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159963-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Production\nDirector Petersen Vargas started his career in filmmaking by producing short films and shooting music videos. He became prominent after he won the Best Direction award for his short film, Lisyun qng Geografia, in the 2015 Cinemalaya Film Festival. In early 2016, Vargas approached fellow Kapampangan filmmaker Jason Paul Laxamana to collaborate for an entirely different story concept he had in mind. But instead, Laxamana offered him to direct a script he has written which was originally entitled Dos Mestizos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159963-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Production\nLaxamana's script focused on the effect of the arrival of the half-American Snyder brothers in their new school and Vargas made some revisions to this script to focus on their relationship with Felix. Later on, Vargas and the film's creative consultant, Jade Castro, decided to change its title from Dos Mestizos to 2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten to reflect the youthful spirit of the film. The title was inspired by Lucinda Williams' 1998 song, \"2 Kool 2 Be 4-gotten\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159963-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Production\nThey finished filming the film in just 8 days in order for it to be completed in time for the 2016 Cinema One Originals Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159963-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Release\nThe film originally received a R-13 rating during its screenings at the 2016 Cinema One Originals Film Festival. When it was submitted for a review for its nationwide commercial release, the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) gave it a R-16 rating. The producers appealed the rating but instead, the MTRCB slammed the film with a R-18 rating as it said that \u201cthe film lacks any social redeeming value.\u201d This caused an outrage from some netizens and filmmakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159963-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Critical reception\nMaridol Ranoa-Bismark of Philippine Entertainment Portal writes, \"2 Cool has the potential to affect viewers with its versions of unconditional love.\" Philbert Dy of The Neighborhood gave it 4.5 out of 5 stars, commending the cinematography and the acting of the ensemble cast. Oggs Cruz of Rappler praised Laxamana's screenplay by describing it \"as intelligent as it is emotionally potent.\" Cruz further described the film as \"a work of gorgeous sentimentality.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159963-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 2 Be 4gotten, Critical reception\nRito Asilo of the Philippine Daily Inquirer highlighted the performances of Ramos and Salvador by saying that the film \"gets its main thespic tag-team boost from Salvador and Ramos\u2019 complementary portrayals, each in thoughtful sync with the other.\" Status Magazine stated that it would \"keep the audience on their toes with gripping scenes and a conflicted narrative.\" Prominent writer J. Neil Garcia described the film as \"textured and outstanding\". Furthermore, he praised the \"deft and beautiful direction\" of Vargas and the \"comparably strong and noteworthy\" performances of Ramos, Salvador and Blake. Movies for Millennials calls it \"...sweet, humorous, romantic... An experience that's too cool to be forgotten. No pun intended.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159964-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 4 Skool\n2 Cool 4 Skool is the debut single album released by South Korean boy band BTS on June 12, 2013 through Big Hit Entertainment and distributed by Loen. The album was supported by two singles \"No More Dream\" and \"We Are Bulletproof Pt.2\". Commercially, it peaked at number five on the Gaon Album Chart in South Korea, and at number ten on Billboard's World Albums Chart in the United States. The album has sold over 300,000 copies as of June 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159964-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 4 Skool\nA 3-disc version of the album was released in Japan through Pony Canyon in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159964-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 4 Skool, Background and release\nOn May 21, 2013 Big Hit Entertainment launched a countdown clock on BTS website and uploaded a debut trailer on May 26 on YouTube in preparations for BTS' debut album, 2 Cool 4 Skool and comeback promotions. It featured hip-hop beat with requisite deep voice over raps with the caption \"Finally BTS will make their debut!\" which packs a punch for a debut trailer. The image teasers of the confirmed members as well as concept photo of the album was then released on their official Facebook page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159964-0002-0001", "contents": "2 Cool 4 Skool, Background and release\nBig Hit Entertainment revealed the track list for this upcoming album on their official Twitter account. They also released the design and details of the physical album which it will be accompanied with its photobook and postcard. They later released the first teaser, revealing that \"No More Dream\" would be their title track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159964-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 4 Skool, Music videos\nThe music video for \"No More Dream\" was released on June 12, 2013 ahead of BTS debut showcase. \"No More Dream\" dance version was later released on June 16, 2013 in the middle of the group's promotion on music programs. The music video for \"We Are Bulletproof Pt.2\" was then released on July 16, 2013 for the group's further follow-up promotions. All the dance was choreographed by Son Sungdeuk while both \"No More Dream\" and \"We Are Bulletproof Pt.2\" music videos were directed by Zanybros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159964-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 4 Skool, Promotions\nThe group held a press conference and debut showcase on June 12, 2013, performing \"No More Dream\" and \"We Are Bulletproof Pt.2\", marked their unofficial debut stage in South Korea music industry. BTS later made a successful debut stage on June 13 on Mnet's M Countdown marked the start of their promotion of the album on various South Korea music programs. Much later in 2015, BTS held a special concert in support of the album. 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode I: BTS Begins was held for two days at Olympic Hall starting from March 28, 2015 with BTS performing songs from 2 Cool 4 Skool & O!RUL8,2? albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159964-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 4 Skool, Commercial performance\nBTS entered Billboard World Digital Songs for the first time with lead single, \"No More Dream\" at number 14 on June 29, 2013. The song stayed on the chart for three consecutive weeks. 2 Cool 4 Skool peaked at number 5 on week 31 Gaon Weekly Album Chart during \"We Are Bulletproof Pt.2\" promotion. A month and a half after its release, the album peaked at number 10 on July Gaon Monthly Album Chart. It was the sixty-fifth best-selling album of South Korea Gaon Album Chart in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159964-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Cool 4 Skool, Track listing\nAll song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159965-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 1\n2 Corinthians 1 is the first chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159965-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 1, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 24 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159965-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159965-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 1, Greetings, Verse 1\nTimothy\u2019s name is also associated with Paul's name in the Epistles to the Philippians, Colossians, both of those written to the Thessalonians, and in that to Philemon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159965-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 1, Preface\nPaul's preface to his letter begins in  with a thanksgiving to God the \"father of mercies\" (Ancient Greek: \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c1\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd, ho pater tov oiktirmon), a Jewish term frequently used in prayer. The plural ('mercies') generates a strong sense of God's many mercies alongside God's merciful nature; James uses a similar expression, (Ancient Greek: \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd ho pater tov photon, the father of lights), in .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159965-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 1, Sparing the Church\nPaul outlines his aborted plans to travel to Corinth on his way to Macedonia, return to Corinth and then travel to Judea. The letter does not indicate where he is writing from, or would have been travelling from. Easton's Bible Dictionary suggests \"it was probably written at Philippi, or, as some think, Thessalonica\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159966-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 10\n2 Corinthians 10 is the tenth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE. According to theologian Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer, chapters 10\u201313 \"contain the third chief section of the Epistle, the apostle's polemic vindication of his apostolic dignity and efficiency, and then the conclusion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159966-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 10, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159966-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159966-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 10, Verse 4\nThe weapons (Biblical Greek: \u1f45\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1, opla) which Paul refers to are \"not carnal\", (Biblical Greek: \u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, ou sarkika). He does not rely on human power and authority or on learning or eloquence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159966-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 10, Verse 10\nPaul knows that he is criticised for being bold and direct in his writings but treated as weak and unassertive when he is present: he has made the same point in verse 1,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159966-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 10, Verse 10\nBiblical commentator Edward Plumptre notes also the criticism that Paul's delay in returning to Corinth, which he has explained in , was also considered to be \"a proof that he was shirking [an] encounter\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159966-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 10, Verse 17\nBelievers should not glories in oneself, nor in outward circumstances of life, or inward endowments of mind, but in the Lord Jesus Christ, as the author and donor of all gifts, natural and spiritual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159967-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 11\n2 Corinthians 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE. According to theologian Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer, chapters 10\u201313 \"contain the third chief section of the Epistle, the apostle's polemic vindication of his apostolic dignity and efficiency, and then the conclusion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159967-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 11, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 33 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159967-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159967-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 11, False Apostles\nIn verse 13, Paul writes of \"false apostles\" (Greek: \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9, pseudapostoloi). In verse 5 he has compared himself with the \"super-apostles\"  or the \"apostles-extraordinary\"  (Greek: \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, t\u014dn hyperlian apostol\u014dn). Meyer asks \"Whom does he mean by \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd?\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159967-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Corinthians 11, False Apostles\nHe notes that \"according to Chrysostom, Theodoret, Grotius, Bengel, and most of the older commentators, also Emmerling, Flatt, Schrader, Baur, Hilgenfeld, Holsten, Holtzmann [among nineteenth century commentators], [he means] the actual summos apostolos, namely Peter, James, and John\" but Meyer argues that \"Paul is not contending against these, but against the false apostles\" and recommends the translation \"the over-great apostles\". Meyer lists biblical commentators Richard Simon, Alethius, Heumann, Semler, Michaelis, Schulz, Stolz, Rosenm\u00fcller, Fritzsche, Billroth, R\u00fcckert, Olshausen, de Wette, Ewald, Osiander, Neander, Hofmann, Weiss, Beyschlag and others as having followed Beza's suggestion, according to which the pseudo-apostles were understood to be Judaistic anti-Pauline teachers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159968-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 12\n2 Corinthians 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159968-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 12, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159968-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159969-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 13\n2 Corinthians 13 is the thirteenth and final chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159969-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 13, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 14 verses in most Bible versions, but 13 verses in some versions, e.g. the Vulgate, Douay-Rheims Version and Jerusalem Bible, where verses 12 and 13 are combined as verse 12 and the final verse is numbered as verse 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159969-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 13, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159969-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 13, Verses 12\u201313\nThese verses are combined as verse 12 in the Vulgate, Douay-Rheims Version and Jerusalem Bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159969-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 13, Verse 14\nThis verse is number 13 in the Vulgate, Douay-Rheims Version and Jerusalem Bible. It contains a statement of the Holy Trinity of distinct persons in the Godhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159969-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 13, Verse 14\nThe subscription was found in some manuscripts at the end of this epistle stating that it was written by Paul when he was at Philippi, a city of Macedonia, transcribed by Titus and Lucas, and by them sent or carried to the Corinthians; this seems to be agreeable to what is suggested in the epistle itself, though these subscriptions are not to be depended upon. The Syriac version only mentions Luke; and some copies read, by Titus, Barnabas, and Luke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159969-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 13, Verse 14\nPope Benedict XVI suggests that these words were \"probably echoed in the worship of the newborn Church\". His analysis, \"based on the close parallelism between the three genitives that the text establishes:\u00a0(\"the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ ... the love of God ... and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit), presents 'fellowship' as a specific gift of the Spirit, the fruit of the love given by God the Father and the grace offered by the Lord Jesus\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159969-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 13, Verse 14\nThis verse, with the wording amended to \"... with us all, evermore, Amen\" is known as \"The Grace Prayer\", or simply \"The Grace\", and is often used at the end of church services and meetings, especially in the Methodist tradition, where it is recited by the whole assembly, generally with each person making eye-contact with the others who are present. The practice of reciting the Grace Prayer was well-established in John Wesley's time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159970-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 2\n2 Corinthians 2 is the second chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159970-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 2, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 17 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159970-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159970-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 2, Forgive the Offender\nThe unnamed offender, Biblical Greek: \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, toioutos, \"such a one\" (KJV), \"a man in his position\" (J. B. Phillips' translation) is the man who, in  \"has his father\u2019s wife\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159971-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 3\n2 Corinthians 3 is the third chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE. Biblical commentator Heinrich Meyer emphasises that the use of the plural 'we' in 2 Corinthians 3:2 (\"in our hearts\") and 2 Corinthians 3:6 ([we are] \"ministers of the new covenant\") includes Timothy in the writing of the letter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159971-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 3, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159971-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159972-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 4\n2 Corinthians 4 is the fourth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE. Twice in this chapter (verses 1 and 16) this sentence occurs: \"Therefore, we do not lose heart\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159972-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 4, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159972-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159972-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 4, We do not lose heart\nThe Greek \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd (ouk enkakoumen) is a Pauline phrase used twice in this chapter, derived from the verb \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c9 (ekkake\u00f3), meaning \"to faint\". The word is used in three of the other Pauline epistles, and in one other New Testament text: \"the example outside the Pauline corpus is found at Luke 18:8. Jesus spoke a parable concerning the constant necessity of prayer and [teaching] that the Christians should not grow weary of prayer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159973-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 5\n2 Corinthians 5 is the fifth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159973-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 5\nThe 17th-century theologian John Gill summarises the contents of this chapter:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159973-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 5\nThe apostle, in this chapter, enlarges upon the saints' comfortable assurance, expectation, and desire of the heavenly glory; discourses of the diligence and industry of himself and other Gospel ministers in preaching the word, with the reasons that induced them to it; and closes it with a commendation of the Gospel ministry from the important subject, sum, and substance of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159973-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 5, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159973-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159974-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 6\n2 Corinthians 6 is the sixth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159974-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 6, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159974-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159974-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 6, Verse 2\nPaul quotes the first part of  using the Septuagint version. The full text of this verse reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159974-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 6, Verse 2\nThe promised hearing and salvation are offered first to the \"suffering servant\" in the time of the prophet Isaiah, then to Christ according to Christian interpretation of the servant songs, and finally, here, to the Christian people. Paul adds that the day concerned is \"now\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159974-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 6, Verse 14\nThese verses have been understood in traditional forms of Christianity as prohibiting a marriage between a Christian and a non-Christian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159975-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 7\n2 Corinthians 7 is the seventh chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159975-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 7, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 16 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159975-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159975-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 7, Verse 1\nThe New King James Version and the New International Version and biblical commentators Johann Bengel and Heinrich Meyer treat verse 1 as the conclusion of verses 11\u201318 in the previous chapter:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159975-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 7, Verse 1\nGod promises to walk in His temple, dwell in His churches, be their God, and they His people, be their Father, and they His \"beloved\" sons and daughters (2 Corinthians 6:16). Some copies read \"brethren\" for \"beloved\", including the Ethiopian version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159976-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 8\n2 Corinthians 8 is the eighth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE. This chapter, and the next one, \"are devoted entirely to the topic of generous giving\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159976-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 8, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 24 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159976-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159976-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 8, Collection for the Judean Saints\n\"Next to his ministry of preaching to the Gentiles, Paul's most important activity during his ministry was to collect money for the poor [believers] in Jerusalem.\" Paul confirms in  that this was a part of his ministry which he considered important and endorsed by the leaders of the church in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159977-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 9\n2 Corinthians 9 is the ninth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Timothy (2 Corinthians 1:1) in Macedonia in 55\u201356 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159977-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 9\nThis chapter continues \"the topic of generous giving\"  commenced in the previous chapter. The eighteenth-century German theologian Johann Salomo Semler suggested that this chapter was a separate letter later inserted into 2 Corinthians. The Jerusalem Bible notes the possibility that chapter 9 was \"a short note to the churches of Achaia, being inserted here subsequently to follow the instructions on the same subject ... in chapter 8. The Pulpit Commentary rejects this suggestion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159977-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 9, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 15 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159977-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159977-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 9, Verse 7\nProverbs 22:8 in Septuagint has \"God blesses a cheerful man, and a giver\", which may be what Paul refers to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159977-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Corinthians 9, Verse 15\nPaul knew that all the magnificent promises of God were guaranteed through the perfect sacrifice of Christ (cf. ). Thus, that \"indescribable free gift\" would include all the goodness and loyal love that God would extend to mankind through Jesus. Indeed, that gift is so awe-inspiring that it cannot be fully described in human terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159978-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Countries (2017 film)\n2 Countries is a Telugu film directed by N. Shankar starring Sunil and Manisha Raj in the lead roles. It is the remake of the Malayalam film, 2 Countries (2015). The film is also produced by Shankar under the Banner of Mahalakshmi Arts. Gopi Sundar composed music for this film while C. Ram Prasad and Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao handled the cinematography and editing departments respectively. The film released on 29 December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159978-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Countries (2017 film), Plot\nThe plot of the film revolves around Ullas (Sunil), who makes a living by deceiving people in his home town. Money is the only motivator that works for him and he wants it without any risks. For making money he decides to marry a disabled women, Simran. But when a better proposal comes from an Indo-Canadian woman Laya (Manisha Raj), he chooses her. Immigration to Canada and easy money lures him. Only later does Ullas comes to the knowledge that Laya is a chronic alcoholic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159978-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Countries (2017 film), Plot\nThe knowledge of funds deposited in her name, that Laya cannot claim due to her alcoholism, and the possibility of access entices him however and he adjusts with the troubles. In time Ullas falls in love with his alcoholic wife, and the call of a husband makes him care for Laya even in troubles. Laya comes to knowledge about Ullas's original plan through Avinash, Ullas's friend, accidentally. This leads to a divorce case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159978-0001-0002", "contents": "2 Countries (2017 film), Plot\nInitially Ullas gains the upper hand from the court, citing his wife is an alcoholic and she needs treatment and that the divorce case is resistance towards it. Laya gets treated through a de-addiction center. By the guidance of the doctor, Ullas goes with the divorce process to help Laya. Ullas returns and decides to marry Simran. Later Laya understands about the role of Ullas for her wellness, through certain unexpected turn of events they get together again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159978-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Countries (2017 film), Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack was composed by Gopi Sundar and it consists of five songs. Lyrics for one song N. Shankar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159978-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Countries (2017 film), Reception\nThe Times of India \"(g)ives this one a miss unless you have time to kill and want to watch this film just for Sunil.\" \"telugu360.com\" reviewed the movie as a disappointing comedy film! and gave a rating of 2/5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159979-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Cowboys\nTwo Cowboys was a short-lived Italian Eurodance project known for their hit single \"Everybody Gonfi-Gon\". The group was composed of Maurizio Braccagni and Roberto Gallo Salsotto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159980-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Cute Shinseinaru Best Album\n2 Cute Shinseinaru Best Album (2\u2103-ute\u795e\u8056\u306a\u308b\u30d9\u30b9\u30c8\u30a2\u30eb\u30d0\u30e0, Ni Ky\u016bto Shinseinaru Besuto Arubamu, \"Two. Cute's Divine Best Album\") is the second compilation album by the Japanese girl group Cute, released on November 21, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159980-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Cute Shinseinaru Best Album, Background\nThe  album is primarily a compilation of Cute's hit songs. The older songs were remixed with new vocal tracks, some were-arranged. The album also contains one new song, titled \"Daisuki no Imi o Oshiete\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159980-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Cute Shinseinaru Best Album, Release information\nThe album was released in three versions: Regular Edition and Limited Editions A and B. The regular edition is CD-only, both limited editions include a DVD. All editions will include a randomly seeded trading card (of 5 types total).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159980-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Cute Shinseinaru Best Album, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Tsunku (except \"Edo no Temari Uta II\", written by Osamu Yoshioka and composed by Ryudo Uzaki).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159981-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Cygni\n2 Cygni is a blue-white hued star in the northern constellation of Cygnus, located a few degrees from Albireo. It is a probable astrometric binary; the visible component can be viewed with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 4.976. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 3.6\u00a0mas, it is located roughly 910\u00a0light years from Earth. It has a peculiar velocity of 23\u00a0km/s and may be a runaway star system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159981-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Cygni\nThe stellar classification of the primary is B3\u00a0IV, matching a B-type subgiant star. It has seven times the mass of the Sun and about 5.6 times the Sun's radius. The star is 37\u00a0million years old with a high rate of spin; it has a projected rotational velocity of 137\u00a0km/s. It is radiating 3,354 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 16,479\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night\n2 Days & 1 Night (Korean:\u00a01\ubc15 2\uc77c; also known as 1 Night 2 Days; abbreviated as 1N2D) is a South Korean reality-variety show that airs on KBS2 beginning August 5, 2007. 1 Night 2 Days is one of the two segments (the other segment is The Return of Superman) on Happy Sunday, airing at 6:25pm KST once a week. The episodes are also uploaded with English subtitles weekly on YouTube through KBS World's official channel. The show's current cast members are Kim Jong-min, Yeon Jung-hoon, Moon Se-yoon, Kim Seon-ho, DinDin and Ravi. The show's motto is \"Real Wild Road Variety.\" Its main concept is to recommend various places of interest that viewers can visit in South Korea. Filming for every new trip is usually done 2 weeks prior to broadcast on KBS2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night\n1 Night 2 Days has gained much popularity and has garnered high viewer ratings. Along with The Return of Superman, the show's third season helped revive and maintain KBS2 Happy Sunday ratings, beating out competition from other major networks since its first episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Synopsis\nAlthough there were multiple member line-up changes through each season, 1 Night 2 Days has mostly kept its format. The cast members take various trips throughout South Korea, including many offshore islands. While doing so, members also perform missions at a certain mealtime or point of the day to earn rewards (ex. foods that are famous in the region they visit) and to avoid punishments (ex. going into the water). Guests can be invited not only by the production team but also by the members themselves if they meet the criteria of the episode's concept (ex. ep 396-399).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, History\nBefore 2 Days & 1 Night was first aired, it was preceded by Are You Ready which featured four of the six 2 Days & 1 Night Season 1 members (Kang Ho-dong, Lee Soo-geun, Kim Jong-min, and Eun Jiwon). Are You Ready was canceled due to low viewership ratings and was replaced by 2 Days & 1 Night after 12 episodes. Singer and actor Lee Ji-hoon was offered to join the cast of 1 Night 2 Days but rejected the role to take a role on MBC drama New Heart instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, History\nSeason 1 premiered on August 5, 2007 with cast members Kang Ho-dong, Lee Soo-geun, Kim Jong-min, Eun Jiwon, Noh Hong-chul, Ji Sang-ryul, and Sanggeun the dog mascot. The show later experienced a number of cast member changes. Season 1 broadcast its final episode on February 26, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, History\nSeason 2 premiered on March 4, 2012 with returning members Lee Soo-geun, Kim Jong-min, and Uhm Tae-woong, who were joined by new members Kim Seung-woo, Cha Tae-hyun, Sung Si-kyung, and Joo Won. Kim Seung-woo left the show in March 2013 to focus on his acting career. He was replaced by fellow actor Yoo Hae-jin. Season 2 officially wrapped up on November 24, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, History\nSeason 3 premiered on December 1, 2013, with returning members Cha Tae-hyun and Kim Jong-min, and new members Kim Jun-ho, Kim Joo-hyuk, Jung Joon-young, and Defconn. On November 22, 2015, Kim Joo-hyuk left the cast of season 3 on their two-year anniversary, as he filmed his last episodes on November 20 and 21. Yoon Shi-yoon was then rumored to be in talks to join the show and officially became the new member in April 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, History\nJung Joon-young left the show on September 29, 2016 due to his scandal regarding a \"sexual offence\" charged by his former girlfriend, of which he was later cleared of. On January 7, 2017, a production member confirmed that Joon-young will return to the show, already having recorded an episode the previous day. Jung Joon-young was permanently removed on March 12, 2019 by the production team due to his involvement in the Burning Sun scandal concerning non-consensual filming during sex and covert distribution of said illegal videos).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0006-0002", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, History\nAs a result, KBS announced on March 15 that they are halting the production and broadcast of 2 Days & 1 Night until further announcement is made. The chatroom expos\u00e9 also affected members Cha Tae-hyun and Kim Jun-ho with allegations of golf gambling in large amounts, resulting in both of them quitting all their television programs, including 2 Days & 1 Night where they were cast members with Jung, with immediate effect. This marked the abrupt end of Season 3, unlike the two previous seasons having traditional farewell episodes. This also marked the end of Defconn, Yoon Shi-yoon and Lee Yong-jin's run with the show. It was revealed in April 2021 that Lee Yong-jin, who joined the cast as an intern on December 30, 2018, was set to be a permanent cast member of Season 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, History\nSeason 4 was confirmed in November 2019 with Kim Jong-min returning with new members Yeon Jung-hoon, Moon Se-yoon, Kim Seon-ho, DinDin and Ravi. The new cast filmed the first episode on November 12, 2019 which had its first broadcast on December 8, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Broadcast\nKBS Drama, KBS Joy has often aired re-runs of 1 Night 2 Days. U-KBS HERAT, a DMB, a digital radio transmission technology developed by South Korea, channel aired the show daily from Monday to Friday at 8:00\u00a0p.m. \u2013 9:00\u00a0p.m. and recorded the show as one of the \"fun to watch\" re-runs. KBS World, the international broadcasting service provided by KBS, also started airing English-subtitled episodes (usually 2\u20134 weeks after the original broadcast) of the show starting from Episode 35 titled as 2 Days and 1 Night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Broadcast\nWith 1 Night 2 Days being well received, KBS Joy launched a \"female version\" of 1 Night 2 Days called \ub2e4\ub140\uc624\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. The first season aired between January 12, 2009 and April 29, 2009. The first season's members were gagwoman Kim Sook, Kim E-Z (former member of Baby V.O.X. ), Jeong Jung-ah, Bronwyn Mullen (Afrikaaner ethnicity and member on Global Talk Show), Polina Lipina (Russian ethnicity and member on Global Talk Show), and Kim Ji Hye (member of Korean girl group Cats). Season 2 aired from June 3 to September 16, 2009 with two members from Season 1, Kim Sook and Kim E-Z, and new members, actress and singer Yoo Chae-yeong, movie actress Seo Young, gagwoman Kwon Jin-young, and Kang Ye-bin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Criticism of Season 1, Concept\nDuring the early days of 1 Night 2 Days, the show was heavily compared with  SBS's Good Sunday's Family Outing and MBC's Infinite Challenge, particularly because Noh Hong-chul was part of both 1 Night 2 Days and Infinite Challenge (which aired on Sundays and Saturdays, respectively). However, the concept of the three shows is different. The concept of 1 Night 2 Days is traveling on a trip with families and friends, while Infinite Challenge is a challenge-based variety program with 7 men competing in games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Criticism of Season 1, Smoking and profanity\nThe episode which aired on July 6, 2008 gained a lot of criticism from viewers because of a smoking scene. On their trip to Baekdusan, Korea, a scene of MC Mong smoking in the bus was not edited and was aired. In 2004, all 3 major broadcasting stations, KBS, MBC and SBS, agreed to prohibit smoking scenes being aired before midnight. The variety program's directors made an official apology on July 7 for not properly editing the scene before airing the program and it will never occur again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Criticism of Season 1, Smoking and profanity\nViewers protested about the \"violent scene\" on episode 51, which aired July 20, 2008. The scene was a hidden prank of Kang Ho-dong and Kim C getting into an argument to fool the new director who had joined the show. The production team stated that the fight was not intentional and it left good memories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Criticism of Season 1, Smoking and profanity\nOn the episode aired September 21, 2008, scenes of Lee Soo-geun smoking in the village was caught on tape and aired. On the episode aired December 7, 2008, more drinking and smoking scenes appeared. It was deemed unsuitable for families watching the show with their children. In the March 15, 2009 episode, it was said that Kang Ho-dong had uttered the profanity \"XX-bitch\" in one of the scenes. But the production team denied that Kang Ho-dong had said such a thing on the show and that it was just noises during the car ride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Criticism of Season 1, Antarctic trip\nIt was announced that on March 9, 2010, the cast and crew of 1 Night 2 Days will take a trip to Antarctica to visit the King Sejong Station. Viewers' opinions were mixed, with some thinking it will be a great experience while others think they should not go. Nonetheless, the production team still had plans to leave on March 9 for the beginning of filming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0014-0001", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Criticism of Season 1, Antarctic trip\nA small group of the production team even left in February for Chile to prepare for the trip, but they had no choice but to leave and return to Korea after staying in Chile for a week. The reason was due to a blizzard that prevented them from taking a flight to Antarctica from Chile. The production crew had bought brand new HD cameras, lighting equipment and microphones to film the beauty of Antarctica and bring the best resolution to viewers. However, due to the 2010 Chile earthquake on February 27, the production crew had to search for alternate routes to get to Antarctica. Unfortunately, it was announced that the crew had decided to cancel their trip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Media response and reception\nOn December 27, 2008 at the 2008 KBS Entertainment Awards, all six cast members were present at the award show and performed \"No Matter What\" by Park Sang-chul. The show took home five awards \u2013 Best Newcomer (Variety), Best Variety Show Writer, Top Popularity Award, Viewer's Choice Program, and the Grand Prize (Daesang). In the Top Popularity Award category, three out of the four nominees were from 1 Night 2 Days \u2013 Eun Jiwon, MC Mong, and Lee Seung-gi, for which Lee won the award. The Viewer's Choice Program was based on viewer's votes through surveys and SMS. Happy Sunday ended up with 108.3% of the votes, and trailing behind them with 40.3% of the votes was Happy Together (Gag Concert with 33.1% of votes, A Chat with Beauties with 12.9% of the votes and Sang Sang Plus with 5.3% of the votes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Media response and reception\n2 Days & 1 Night's third season received much positive response. The first episode of 1 Night 2 Days received very high viewer ratings of 14.3% when it first aired in December 2013. At the end of 2014, Happy Sunday segments (1 Night 2 Days and The Return of Superman) wrapped up with ratings of 17.9%, followed by SBS Good Sunday (K-pop Star 4 and Running Man) with 12.1% and MBC Sunday Night (7.8%) with Real Men and Dad, Where Are You Going? In March 2015, KBS's Happy Sunday was in first place in terms of viewer ratings with 14.7%, beating out SBS's Good Sunday (Running Man and Take Care Of My Dad) with 11.1% and MBC's Sunday Night (Animals and Real Men) with 8.4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Digital single\nA digital single of the show's theme song was released on March 29, 2010 and was first heard on episode 135, which was aired March 28, 2010. The title of the song is called \"Let's Go Paradise\" and is sung by Gil Hak-mi (a contestant on Mnet's talent show Superstar K Season 1) and Han Bora (from AB Avenue).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Digital single\nOn the episodes 486-488 which were aired March 5, 12, and 19, 2017, Season 3 members had been given a mission to make an OST for their 10th Anniversary. With the help of several musicians, they succeeded the mission. Producing 3 songs, namely , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159982-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night, Awards and recognitions\nIn 2018, the show received a Presidential Commendation from the South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism for the show's effort of promoting tourism since 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159983-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night (Chinese TV series)\n2 Days & 1 Night (Chinese: 2\u59291\u591c) is a Chinese variety show. It is based on the South Korean reality show 2 Days & 1 Night and it is broadcast on Sichuan Television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159983-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Days & 1 Night (Chinese TV series), Synopsis\nThe cast members have made various trips throughout Sichuan's major landmarks and complete for transportation, food, services, sleeping location, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159984-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Days in April\n2 Days in April is a double album by a free jazz quartet consisting of saxophonists Fred Anderson and Kidd Jordan, bassist William Parker and drummer Hamid Drake, documenting two 1999 concerts at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Cambridge. It was released on Eremite, a label founded by producer Michael Ehlers. Anderson and Jordan first meeting was at a mid-80s AACM concert in Chicago, but this is their first recording together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159984-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Days in April, Reception\nThere isn't anything remotely 'inside' about the playing on these two CDs. They are documents of concerts in which two brilliant veteran saxophonists engaged each other, stretched each other's musical vocabularies to the breaking point and pushed their rhythm section into places they hadn't dreamed of going before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159985-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Days in New York\n2 Days in New York is a 2012 romantic comedy film co-written and directed by Julie Delpy. It is a sequel to Delpy's 2007 film 2 Days in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159985-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Days in New York, Plot\nParisian Marion is living in New York with her son, in order to be closer to Jack, the boy's father (Marion's ex-boyfriend from 2 Days in Paris). She and her new boyfriend Mingus have a cozy relationship until the arrival of Marion's father, sister and sister's boyfriend, on vacation from France. The group's two days together are tested by \"unwitting racism and sexual frankness\", with no one left unscathed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159985-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Days in New York, Festival and theatrical releases\n2 Days in New York premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2012. The film was shown April 26, 2012 at the Tribeca Film Festival and May 21, 2012 at the Seattle International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159985-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Days in New York, Festival and theatrical releases\n2 Days in New York went into theatrical release in France on March 28, 2012, and in the United Kingdom on May 18, 2012. It was scheduled for release in the United States on August 10, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159985-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Days in New York, Festival and theatrical releases\nFollowing the film's Sundance premiere, distribution rights in Scandinavian and Baltic countries were acquired by Stockholm-based NonStop Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159985-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Days in New York, Reception\nAccording to Steve Rose of The Guardian, \"Delpy's alter ego Marion\" is a \"lovable mess of neurotic babble, intellectual uncertainty and unmanageable lies\"; the film is a \"delightfully eccentric comedy,...big on laughs, low on pretense, exaggerated but emotionally sincere\u2014not least in Delpy's dealing with the death of her mother (in real life as well as in the movie). We've rarely seen comedy this smart since Woody Allen and Seinfeld left New York.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159985-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Days in New York, Reception\nTotal Film's Neil Smith said the film is a \"haphazard meditation on Franco-American relations, which hurls screwball situations, oddball cameos and the odd one-liner liberally at the screen without much caring if any of them stick.\" Smith concludes \"what it all adds up to is an anything goes take on modern relationships with a side order of broad stereotype. Expect to be amused and bemused in equal quantities and you'll be amply entertained.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris\n2 Days in Paris is a 2007 romantic comedy-drama film written, produced, and directed by Julie Delpy, who also edited the film, composed the soundtrack and played the leading female role. The film also stars Adam Goldberg and Daniel Br\u00fchl. It was followed by the 2012 sequel 2 Days in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris, Premise\nMarion is a French-born photographer living in New York City with her neurotic, hypochondriacal, chain-smoking, heavily tattooed American interior designer boyfriend Jack. After a markedly unromantic trip to Venice, which was planned to re-ignite the passion in their relationship, they take a night train to Paris to pick up Marion's cat from her parents and decide to stay for two days. Jack is startled to learn Marion has remained in contact with numerous ex-lovers and becomes increasingly uncomfortable due to the language barrier and a multitude of her old flames she keeps meeting. Meanwhile, Marion wrestles with her own insecurities about love, relationships, and her impulsive nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris, Production\nThe film was shot on location in Paris. Sites included Gare Du Nord train station, Pasteur station in the Paris M\u00e9tro and the grave of Jim Morrison in P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery. Marie Pillet and Albert Delpy, who portray Marion's parents, are Julie Delpy's real-life parents. It was produced by Christophe Mazodier with his company Polaris Film Production & Finance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris, Distribution\nThe film premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival. It went into theatrical release in Germany on 17 May 2007 and was shown at the Seattle International Film Festival, the Tremblant Film Festival in Canada, the Los Angeles Film Festival, and Paris Cin\u00e9ma before going into theatrical release in France on 11 July and the United States on 10 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris, Critical response\nReviews were mostly positive. In the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert called Julie Delpy \"an original, a woman who refuses to be defined or limited\" and said she \"has made a smart film with an edge to it... What she has done here is avoid all temptation to recycle the usual lovers-in-Paris possibilities, and has created two original, quirky characters so obsessed with their differences that Paris is almost a distraction.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris, Critical response\nStephen Holden of The New York Times said the film \"is an inside-out version of the much-admired Richard Linklater films Before Sunrise and Before Sunset, in which Ms. Delpy and Ethan Hawke portray a French-American pair who meet, part and reunite years later. Where Mr. Linklater's movies were weepies for the kind of educated, upscale young cosmopolites who have a soft spot for romances like Casablanca, Ms. Delpy's examination of modern love among the almost young and still restless is bracingly hard-headed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris, Critical response\nIn her review for the Los Angeles Times, Carina Chocano said, \"At first blush, 2 Days in Paris looks like it's going to be the story of a culture-clashing couple. But slowly and rather slyly, Delpy zeros in on something much more subtle and complex. What interests her are not the superficial differences between people from different countries... but the way in which the distances between people, genders and cultures (the very distances we rely on to grant us the perspective needed to see how completely insane other people, genders, cultures really are) seem to shift constantly according to circumstances.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris, Awards and nominations\nJulie Delpy was nominated for the C\u00e9sar Award for Best Writing, the European Film Awards Audience Award for Best Film, and the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Film. The film won the Coup de C\u0153ur Award from the Mons International Festival of Love Films. It also won the Prix Jacques Pr\u00e9vert du Sc\u00e9nario for Best Original Screenplay in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris, Sequel\nIn February 2010, it was announced a sequel titled 2 Days in New York was in production. Actress/director Delpy re-teamed with Polaris Film to produce the \"atypical sequel.\" She directed the sequel in Manhattan in October and reprised her role as Marion, a Frenchwoman who now finds herself in New York with her child and a new guy, having broken up with her 2 Days in Paris lover (and the father of her child) who was played by Goldberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159986-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Days in Paris, Sequel\n\"It's about the difficulty of relationships but also about the main character's evolution in general. It's a very modern story about the complexities of being a woman and not being completely consumed by your partner,\" Delpy explained. Comedian Chris Rock confirmed on The Howard Stern Show on 8 November 2010 that he was set to play the \"new guy\" in the film. Other members of the Paris cast, including Delpy's real father Albert, returned to their same roles for the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley\n2 Days in the Valley is a 1996 American crime film written and directed by John Herzfeld. It depicts 48 hours in the lives of a group of people in the San Fernando Valley who are drawn together by a murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Plot\nTwo hitmen, Lee Woods (James Spader) and Dosmo Pizzo (Danny Aiello), walk into a bedroom where a sleeping couple, aspiring Olympic athlete Becky Foxx (Teri Hatcher) and her ex-husband Roy Foxx (Peter Horton) are in bed. Lee injects Becky with a tranquilizer then shoots Roy in the head. Lee and Dosmo then drive to an abandoned area off Mulholland Drive, where Lee shoots Dosmo and blows up the car in order to set Dosmo up as the fall guy for the murder. Lee flees the scene with his girlfriend, Helga Svelgen (Charlize Theron).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Plot\nDosmo was wearing a bulletproof vest and survived the shooting and car explosion. He seeks shelter at the mansion of wealthy art dealer, Allan Hopper (Greg Cruttwell) where he takes Hopper and his assistant, Susan Parish (Glenne Headly) hostage. Dosmo is unaware that Hopper has called his sister, Audrey Hopper (Marsha Mason) a nurse, to come to the house. On her way, Audrey picks up Teddy Peppers (Paul Mazursky) a down-and-out TV producer contemplating suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Plot\nMeanwhile, Becky awakens and discovers Roy's body in bed beside her. She runs from her house and flags down two detectives, young, ambitious Wes Taylor (Eric Stoltz) and cynical veteran Alvin Strayer (Jeff Daniels) who are driving by. Although he is sympathetic, Wes begins to suspect that Becky knows more than she is saying. Becky, who had hired Lee and Dosmo to kill Roy for $30,000, was unaware that they would kill Roy in her own house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Plot\nLee goes back to the house to get the money, encounters homicide detectives Creighton (Keith Carradine) and Carla Valenzuela (Ada Maris) working the crime scene, and kills them both. Wes decides to return to the crime scene to see if he can offer any insight on the case. Masquerading as one of the detectives, Lee lures Wes outside, intending to kill him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Plot\nBecky and Helga get into an argument, which escalates into a fight. After being smashed over the head with a vase by Becky, Helga reaches across the bed to grab her gun from her purse, but Becky realizes this and runs and grabs the gun as well to prevent herself from being shot. In a confused fight for the gun, Helga ends up getting shot and wounded, after which Becky escapes from the hotel with Helga shooting at her from the doorway of the room multiple times but missing with each shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Plot\nHelga finds her way to Becky's house, where Lee has knocked Wes unconscious. Lee reluctantly decides to kill Helga instead of taking her to the hospital, concluding that her wound is too severe to be treated, but his gun jams. He turns to retrieve Wes's gun but finds that Helga has escaped and has flagged down a passing car containing Dosmo and his hostages. Audrey jumps out of the car and tries to help the dying Helga, but Helga dies on the roadside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Plot\nWes is caught in the  middle of a shootout between Dosmo and Lee, and is shot in the legs. Just before Lee can kill Dosmo, Teddy shoots Lee, killing him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Plot\nA grateful Wes allows Dosmo to take the $30,000 and escape with Susan, the following day, Teddy shows up to an anniversary party that Audrey is attending. As Susan and Dosmo drive down a highway, Dosmo contemplates using the money to start a pizzeria in Brooklyn; Susan smiles and he kisses her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Reception\nThe film was given mixed reviews from critics, with a 63% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 58 reviews. Writing in The New York Times, Stephen Holden wrote the film \"lacks the humanity of Short Cuts or the edgy hipness of Pulp Fiction, but it is still a sleek, amusingly nasty screen debut by a filmmaker whose television credits include an Amy Fisher melodrama.\" Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four on his rating scale, saying that it \"looks like a crime movie, but crime is the medium, not the message\". Teri Hatcher's performance earned her a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159987-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Days in the Valley, Music and Score\nJerry Goldsmith composed an original orchestral score for 2 Days in the Valley that was rejected in post-production. The released film features a rock-oriented score composed by Anthony Marinelli. Goldsmith's score was released in complete form by the soundtrack label Intrada Records in 2012. A track was used from Waterlily Acoustic's album, Mumtaz Mahal, featuring Taj Mahal, Chitravina N. Ravikiran and Vishwa Mohan Byatt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159988-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Days or Die\n2 Days or Die is an album that was released on February 25, 2004 by Atlas Plug. The album was originally released only as a digital release (MP3), and later on CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159988-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Days or Die\nThe album was mostly overlooked by mainstream reviewers, although it did receive some positive coverage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159988-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Days or Die, Appearances\n\"The Ace the Only\" made its appearance in Project Gotham Racing 3 and MLB 2006 as an in game soundtrack. \"2 Days or Die\" as the opening title for Microsoft's Xbox racing game Rallisport Challenge. ' Halfway Till Bliss' was featured in TimeShift. Crackdown features the songs\"Halfway Till Bliss\"\"The Ace The Only\"\"Rule The World\"\"Get Rolled On\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Die 4\n2 Die 4 is a novel by British author Nigel Hinton first published in 2009. It follows the story a fourteen year boy named Ryan who bought a high tech mobile phone but it negatively affected him and made scary things happen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Die 4, Concept\nThe author based the novel on the way someone calls but stays silent and imagined how scary it would be if someone kept doing that. He also based it on how mobile phones can be fun and useful yet users can be traced by the signal from them. He imagined if someone scary and dangerous traced them then worked from there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Die 4, Plot\nAt a car boot sale Ryan came across a mobile phone with a large screen and gold casing. The salesman told him it had features like voice control, Television, music and video downloads and satellite tracking. He was willing to sell it for \u00a330 and knocked it to \u00a320 seeing Ryan's surprised look. At that point Ryan was sure it was stolen but the salesman persuaded to try it and Ryan saw the model number DIAVOLO 666. Ryan was then told the phone did not need charging and calls and texts were free. In the end he got it for \u00a310 and the salesman left immediately. At home Ryan found that the phone had a channel called Diavolo Special that showed violent and pornographic films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Die 4, Plot\nThat night the phone's screen flashed on and off with a figure somewhere between a man and a goat. Ryan got the feeling that something was in his bedroom when the light was off. Then the nightmares began. The phone appeared to read Ryan's mind switching to the channel reflecting his thoughts but switched to Diavolo Special most. One night the phone woke Ryan then it displayed the Goat-Man and a creature between a dragon and a dinosaur with sharp teeth. Once again he had the feeling of scary beings in his room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Die 4, Plot\nFrom that point he slept with the light on. From the next morning the phone displayed the Goat-Man when Ryan turned it on. One morning the number 23 appeared under the face. For the next three mornings two new numbers appeared until it stopped at 23553110. Ryan could not make any sense out of it. Two days later the word PAYBACK appeared above the digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Die 4, Plot\nOn his way out of the shopping centre Ryan saw the flying creature from the phone. He saw it prey on two starlings but no one else in the street noticed. Ryan saw the creature again but none of his friends could see it. His mother Jenny asked why Ryan left the light on and her boyfriend Colin, who Ryan did not get along with, suggested he might be having panic attacks having experienced them himself at Ryan's age. This finally gave Ryan a reason to like him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Die 4, Plot\nOne day Ryan felt unsafe at home alone with the impression of the scary beings around. He typed the number 23553110 into the phone's Sat Spy thinking it might be a postcode but the phone came out with the sound of screaming people. One morning the phone rang and when Ryan answered the words 'The time is nearly up.' came in a menacing whisper. Ryan became fearful that he was going to die but did not want to give up the phone. The phone rang and played the same message about time nearly up when he was left home alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Die 4, Plot\nDuring the day on Halloween Ryan used the phone's Sat Spy to track his friends and joined them at the bowling alley. That evening Ryan went to a party at Brandon's house after Colin convinced his mother to let him go. A girl named Danielle pointed out that Ryan's phone appeared to display the time but it was an hour ahead. Ryan realised that it meant the payback was to take place at 23:55 that evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Die 4, Plot\nRyan left to get home before the payback fearing that something was going to happen. He took the bus to the station car park and cut across the industrial estate. Ryan phoned home where Colin answered and agreed to meet him on his way. He got the impression that the flying creature was hovering around. Just before leaving the estate a man confronted Ryan with a knife and demanded he handed over his money. He was unhappy with the small amount and felt Ryan's phone. Ryan handed it over and told him how to use it. The thief got the same nosebleed Ryan had when he got the phone then he ordered Ryan to lie flat and not follow him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159989-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Die 4, Plot\nAs the thief reached the road the phone gave out a high-pitched whine then the flying creature went towards him. The thief tried to escape but the creature pushed him onto the main road where he was hit by a car then run over by a van. At the crash site Ryan found the crushed remains of the phone which melted into the tarmac. Colin met him there and the two of them walked home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159990-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Different Tears\n2 Different Tears is an extended play by South Korean girl group the Wonder Girls. The title track was written and produced by J.Y. Park. It was simultaneously released internationally on May 15, 2010 in English, Korean and Chinese. It was the first release to member Hyelim who replaced former member, Sunmi, after she departed from the group on February 2010. The EP also contained a 2009 English version of their number one single \"Nobody\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159990-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Different Tears, Background and release\n\"2 Different Tears\" continues the retro theme of the Wonder Girls, including the 1980s inspired \"Tell Me\" and the 1960s, Motown-inspired \"Nobody\", by using a disco theme. The concept was created by Sohee and Yubin who describe it as a \"more sophisticated and mature, modern feel.\" The music uses melodies similar to the Hustle. The lyrics speak about remembering a lost love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159990-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Different Tears, Background and release\nStylistically, the Wonder Girls used a retro 1980s denim look to promote the song as shown on the single cover and in the accompanying music video. The single release also included the English versions of previous singles \"So Hot and \"Tell Me\" and as well as remixes of the title track and \"Nobody\". After the singles' release in Korea, the Wonder Girls embarked on their North American tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159990-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Different Tears, Background and release\nEP was released in United States for digital download via iTunes Store on May 15, 2010. Following day, it was released digitally worldwide and physically in South Korea. In June 2010, it was released physically in China and in August 2010 in Philippines through MCA Music and Universal Music Group. It was promoted with Wonder Girls World Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159990-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Different Tears, Music video\nThe music video was directed by Jang Jae-hyeok, who had previously collaborated with the group on videos \"Irony\", \"So Hot\", and \"Nobody\". The video was filmed in Korean, English, and Chinese, and features cameo appearances by Bobby Lee and Park Jin-young. The video parodies the classic American television series Charlie's Angels. The group members wear 1980s inspired clothing, make-up and hairstyles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159990-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Different Tears, Commercial performance\nThe single debuted on South Korea's Gaon Single Chart at number one for the week ending May 22, 2010. \"2 Different Tears\" stayed at the top of the chart for three consecutive weeks until it was replaced by IU and Seulong's \"Nagging\" on June 6, 2010. By the end of 2010, the single had sold 2,790,298 digital copies and 28,594 physical copies, becoming the sixth best-seller of the year in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159990-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Different Tears, Commercial performance\nIn the United States, the single failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 however the album placed at number 21 on the Heatseekers Albums chart on July 7, 2010. In Canada, \"2 Different Tears\" debuted at number 6 on the Canadian Singles Chart on May 20, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159991-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Division (Nigeria)\nThe 2 Division, Nigerian Army is a division, active since the Nigerian Civil War. Its headquarters are now at Ibadan in the South-West. The current General Officer Commanding is Major General AB Omozoje .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159991-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Division (Nigeria)\nThe division is \"charged with the responsibility of securing its Area of Responsibility (AOR) covering the South Western flank of Nigeria and also ensuring that the borders located in its AOR are secured. The division is a mechanized infantry (sic: formation) with affiliated combat support and combat service support units.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159991-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Division (Nigeria)\nThe division previously included 32 Artillery Brigade at Abeokuta. 2nd Division also possibly includes 4 Brigade at Benin City, with 19 Battalion at Okitipupa and 195 Battalion at Agenebode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159991-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Division (Nigeria)\nIn 2018, the annual 2 Division Army Inter Brigade Warrant Officers and Senior Non-Commissioned Officers Competition was announced to be held from August 13\u201317. Participants were to be 4 Brigade Benin, 22 Brigade Ilorin, 42 Brigade Akure, 42 Engineer Brigade Ibadan, 52 Signal Brigade Ibadan and the 2 Division Garrison, Ibadan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens\n2 Dope Queens is a podcast hosted by Jessica Williams and Phoebe Robinson that aired between April 4, 2016, and November 14, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens\nFor the first seven days following the podcast's launch, it was number one on the iTunes podcast charts. It is produced by WNYC Studios. The podcast features female comedians, comedians of color, and LGBT comedians, in an effort to represent people from different backgrounds. The podcast's guests include Jon Hamm, Nick Kroll, LeVar Burton, Naomi Ekperigin, Nore Davis, Aparna Nancherla, Marc Maron, and Michelle Buteau. 2 Dope Queens is WNYC Studios' first comedy podcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens\nOn June 27, 2016, Sooo Many White Guys, the first 2 Dope Queens spin-off, debuted. The podcast is hosted by Phoebe Robinson and produced by Ilana Glazer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens\nA four-episode HBO special based on the show aired in February and March 2018 directed by podcast guest Tig Notaro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens, Format\n2 Dope Queens is taped live at Union Hall in Brooklyn. Though the live show runs about two hours, the podcast is edited down to about an hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens, Format\nEach episode features three guest comedians. Issues discussed on the podcast include \"race, gender, sex, and other topics\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens, Format\nHost Jessica Williams said of the podcast, \"For our show, people get to be the stars of their own stories and they get to be the stars of their own stand up, so it's really cool to give our friends and a lot of people of color and different orientations an opportunity to speak for themselves and be sort of the main character as opposed to like the side character or supporting character.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens, History\n2 Dope Queens stemmed from Blaria LIVE!, a monthly stand-up show in Brooklyn, hosted by Phoebe Robinson and Jessica Williams. Blaria LIVE! was inspired by the blog of the same name authored by Phoebe Robinson. Similarly to 2 Dope Queens, Blaria LIVE! featured diverse comedians from all over the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens, History\nThe 2 Dope Queens podcast debuted on April 4, 2016. In its first week,t was number one on the iTunes podcast charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159992-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Dope Queens, History\nOn July 19, 2016, Sooo Many White Guys, the first 2 Dope Queens spin-off debuted. Sooo Many White Guys is an interview-talk show hosted by Phoebe Robinson and produced by Ilana Glazer with guests including Nia Long, Janet Mock, Hari Kondabolu, Gina Rodriguez, Roxane Gay, and Hasan Minhaj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159993-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Drink Minimum\n2 Drink Minimum is an album by jazz guitarist Wayne Krantz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159993-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Drink Minimum, Reception\nThe Allmusic review by David R. Adler awarded the album 4.5 stars stating \"Essential listening for fans of gritty, non-commercial fusion music. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159994-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Dy a Ni\n2 Dy a Ni (also Dau Dy a Ni) is a Welsh television programme produced by Boomerang for the Welsh television channel S4C in 2008, consisting of thirteen episodes. The show, a teenage drama, is set in a foster home in the South Wales Valleys. Shelley Rees plays Jo Pugh, one of the main characters, and was nominated for a Welsh BAFTA award. Dyfrig Morris (who also has a role in the film The Big I Am) plays the father. Carli De'La Hughes plays Sam the foster child, also known as Vicky Collins in Pobol y Cwm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159995-0000-0000", "contents": "2 D\u00e9s Sans Faces\n2d Sans Faces (or 2 D\u00e9s Sans Faces or even 2dsf) is a game publishing house based in Romande Switzerland. Its goals are to create and publish aspects of games, including works of fiction, tabletop role-playing games, and reference documents for the leisure industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159995-0001-0000", "contents": "2 D\u00e9s Sans Faces, History\n2d Sans Faces was founded in January 2001, to produce the first translation and publication under licence of Nobilis in the French language, and later, to develop and publish under licence Nightprowler and Tigres Volants. The legal structure adopted was that of a cooperative society as under Swiss law, this allowed them to choose their cooperative members. Since 2017, 2d Sans Faces has published the adaptation of the acclaimed Norwegian surreal fantastic Itras By and as a design studio, created the Freaks' Squeele super-heroes role-playing game for Ankama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159996-0000-0000", "contents": "2 E Main / N High\nThe 2 E Main / N High is a Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA) bus service in Columbus, Ohio. The line operates on High Street, the city's main north-south thoroughfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159996-0001-0000", "contents": "2 E Main / N High\nThe 2 replaced High and Main Streets streetcar lines, both of which were early streetcars line in Columbus. These lines initially served Columbus with horsecars, and horse-drawn omnibuses followed a similar route. The horsecars were replaced with electric streetcars around the 1890s, and later with trolleybuses. In the mid-20th century, the trolleybus line was replaced with a bus line similar to the modern-day 2 E Main / N High.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159996-0002-0000", "contents": "2 E Main / N High, Attributes\nThe 2 route was the highest-trafficked in 1987 and 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159996-0003-0000", "contents": "2 E Main / N High, Attributes\nIn 2008, facing overcrowding, service was doubled on the line. and expanded again in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159996-0004-0000", "contents": "2 E Main / N High, Attributes\nThe Night Owl line (formerly 21 Night Owl) supplements 2 E Main / N High with late-night service along High Street, while the 102 (formerly 2L) provides limited-stop service from Broad and High north to Westerville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159996-0005-0000", "contents": "2 E Main / N High, Attributes\nThe route is frequented by Ohio State University students, as the campus is on the transit line. In 2000, about a fifth of the average weekday riders on the routes were OSU students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159996-0006-0000", "contents": "2 E Main / N High, History\nThe first mass transit in Columbus was a horsecar line, which operated along a two-mile stretch on High Street beginning in 1863. The line ran from Union Station at Naughten Street (now Nationwide Boulevard) south to Livingston Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159996-0007-0000", "contents": "2 E Main / N High, History\nAn initiative from about 2006 to 2009 proposed to bring streetcars back to Columbus. The Columbus Streetcar was proposed for three different routes; the most popular would have been a 2.1-mile route from German Village to the Short North via High Street (the same route the CBUS utilizes today). The Great Recession affected the city's budget, and paired with a failure to acquire state or federal funding, forced the plan to be cut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159997-0000-0000", "contents": "2 East Taylor Street\n2 East Taylor Street (also known as the Comer House) is a historic building in Savannah, Georgia, United States. It is located in the northwestern tything block of Monterey Square and was built in 1880. It is part of the Savannah Historic District. It was formerly the home of Hugh Moss Comer (1842\u20131900), president of the Central of Georgia Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159997-0001-0000", "contents": "2 East Taylor Street\nJefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy, was a guest at the house in 1886 with his daughter Varina Anne Davis. The exterior of the house appears in the Clint Eastwood-directed 1997 movie Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. John Cusack's character, John Kelso, is welcomed to town by the home's owner from one of its verandas. The gate in the fenced wall that Kelso walks through has since been removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159997-0002-0000", "contents": "2 East Taylor Street, Gallery\nThe carriage house, located behind the property on East Jones Lane", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159998-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Eivissa\n2 Eivissa is a German Eurodance group. They are best known for their 1997 song \"Oh La La La\", and landed on the charts in several countries including #1 in Spain, #1 in Italy, USA, #13 in the United Kingdom, and top 40 in Germany. It peaked at number 13 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1997. 2 Eivissa were produced by Team 33, a Hamburg, Germany based music production company. Most tracks were written and produced by Ambrogio Crotti, Luigi Ricco and David Lacera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159998-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Eivissa\nThe group was originally fronted by singers Terri Bjerre and Melannie Molinnus on the first album. Bjerre, was the lead vocalist of the band who later  pursued a solo career as Terri B! Terri Bjerre  was replaced by Jobel (Lian Ross) as vocalist in 1999. However, the live act was fronted by Jane and Francine (aka 2 Blond Bandits) until 2000. The project was stopped in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159998-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Eivissa\nThe 2 Eivissa project was resurrected in 2007, in the song \"Hot Summer Night (Oh La La La)\" by David Tavar\u00e9, using a vocal sample from \"Oh La La La\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch\nThe Second Book of Enoch (abbreviated as 2 Enoch and also known as Slavonic Enoch, Slavic Enoch or Secrets of Enoch) is a pseudepigraphic text in the apocalyptic genre. It describes the ascent of the patriarch Enoch, ancestor of Noah, through ten heavens of an Earth-centered cosmos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch\nThe cosmology of 2 Enoch corresponds closely with beliefs of the Early Middle Ages about the metaphysical structure of the universe. It may have been influential in shaping them. The text was lost for several centuries, then recovered and published at the end of the nineteenth century. The full text is extant only in Church Slavonic, but Coptic fragments have been known since 2009. The Church Slavonic version itself represents a translation from an earlier Greek version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch\nSome scholars attribute 2 Enoch to an unidentified Jewish sect, while others regard it as the work of first-century Christians. Some consider it a later Christian work. It is not included in either the Jewish or the Christian canon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch\n2 Enoch is distinct from the Book of Enoch, known as 1 Enoch, and there is also an unrelated 3 Enoch. The numbering of these texts has been applied by scholars to distinguish each from the others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Manuscript tradition\n2 Enoch has survived in more than twenty Old Bulgarian manuscripts and fragments, dated from the 14th to 18th centuries AD. These Old Bulgarian materials did not circulate independently, but were included in collections that often rearranged, abbreviated, or expanded them. Typically, Jewish pseudepigraphical texts in Slavic milieux were transmitted as part of larger historiographical, moral, and liturgical codexes and compendiums, where ideologically marginal and mainstream materials were mixed with each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Manuscript tradition\n2 Enoch exists in longer and shorter recensions. The first editors considered the longer version to be the original. Since 1921, Schmidt and many authors challenged this theory, and considered the shorter recension to be more ancient. Vaillant showed in 1952 that the additional parts found only in the longer version use more recent terms. Other scholars suggest that both of them preserve original material, and posit the existence of three or even four recensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Manuscript tradition\nTwo different ways of numbering verses and chapters are used for 2 Enoch: the more widely accepted is Popov's of 73 chapters, while De Santos Otero proposed division into 24 chapters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Manuscript tradition\nThe best family of manuscripts are copies of the compilation of rearranged materials from Chapters 40\u201365 found in a 14th-century judicial codex titled The Just Balance (Merilo Pravednoe). The main manuscripts of the longer version are designated R, J, and P. The main manuscripts of the shorter version are designated U, B, V, and N. Several other manuscripts exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Manuscript tradition\nMost scholars believe that the Old Bulgarian version was translated from one or more lost Greek versions, since the text attests to some traditions that make sense only in the Greek language. For example, a tradition found in 2 Enoch 30 that derives Adam\u2019s name from the Greek designations of the four corners of the world. Semitisms found in various parts of the text, such as the words Ophanim and Raqia Arabot, point to the possibility of a Semitic original behind the Greek version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Manuscript tradition\nIn 2009, four fragments in Coptic from Chapters 36\u201342 were identified. They follow the short recension and are related to Manuscript U.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Date\nDates ranging from the 1st century BCE to the 10th century CE have been proposed, with the late 1st century CE often preferred. The date of the text can be deduced solely on the basis of the internal evidence, since the book has survived only in the medieval manuscripts (even if a reference to 2 Enoch could be found in Origen's On the First Principles i, 3:3). 2 Enoch's composition must be later than that of the Book of the Watchers in 1 Enoch, around the 3rd century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0010-0001", "contents": "2 Enoch, Date\nThe crucial arguments for the early dating of the text have very largely been linked to the themes of the Temple in Jerusalem and its ongoing practices and customs. Scholarly efforts have been, in this respect, mostly directed toward finding hints that the Sanctuary was still standing when the original text was composed. Scholars note that the text gives no indication that the destruction of the Temple had already occurred at the time of the book's composition. Critical readers of pseudepigraphic texts would have difficulty finding any explicit expression of feelings of sadness or mourning about the loss of the sanctuary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Date\nAffirmations of the value of animal sacrifice and Enoch's halakhic instructions, found in 2 Enoch 59, also appear to be fashioned not in the \"preservationist\", mishnaic-like style, but rather as if they reflected sacrificial practices that still existed when the author was writing his book. The author tries to legitimize the central place of worship, through reference to the place Ahuzan, which is a cryptic name for a Jewish temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Date\nScholars have also previously noted in the text some indications of the ongoing practice of pilgrimage to the central place of worship. These indications could be expected in a text written in the Alexandrian diaspora. In his instructions to the children, Enoch repeatedly encourages them to bring the gifts before the face of God for the remission of sins, a practice which appears to recall well-known sacrificial customs widespread in the Second Temple period. Further, the Old Bulgarian apocalypse also contains a direct command to visit the Temple three times a day, an inconsistency if the sanctuary had been already destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Content\nThe Second Book of Enoch, also known as The Book of the Secrets of Enoch, is most noted for its description of multiple heavens and accounts of battles between angels and devils. This account is thought to have been known by and to have influenced the apostle Paul who described his experience of being taken up to the third heaven (2 Corinthians 12:2-4). Enoch describes the ten heavens this way:1. The first heaven is just above the firmament (Genesis 1:6-7) where the angels control atmospheric phenomena such as the storehouses of snow and rain and the waters above. 2 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0013-0001", "contents": "2 Enoch, Content\nIn the second heaven, Enoch finds darkness: a prison where rebel angels are tortured. 3 . In the third heaven, he sees both paradise represented as the garden of eden (also guarded by angels) (as in 2 Corinthians 12:2) and hell where bad men are tortured. 4 . The fourth heaven is the place of the movements of the Sun and of the Moon, which are described in detail. There is also on this level a heavenly choir comprising soldier angels whose singing is wonderful and marvelous. 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0013-0002", "contents": "2 Enoch, Content\nIn the fifth heaven, Enoch finds some Grigori: soldiers of Satan that look like human beings but were giants. They were in a state of limbo, having not yet been condemned, and Enoch convinced them to repent. 6. In the sixth heaven, he sees the angels in charge of governing the cosmos and people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0013-0003", "contents": "2 Enoch, Content\nThese are the archangels who are above angels, measure all life in heaven and on earth, and the angels who are (appointed) over seasons and years, the angels who are over rivers and sea, and who are over the fruits of the earth, and the angels who are over every grass, giving food to all, to every living thing, and the angels who write all the souls of men, and all their deeds, and their lives before the Lord\u2019s face. 7 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0013-0004", "contents": "2 Enoch, Content\nIn the seventh heaven, Enoch, now guided by Gabriel, is allowed to enter and sees the Lord on his throne face to face but only from a distance. This is where the legions of God\u2019s angels live in beautiful light. 8. The Eighth heaven is just below the upper firmament in which are stuck the constellations; here lives Muzaloth, changer of the seasons and mover of the constellations. 9. The ninth heaven is the upper firmament in which are fixed the constellations and the changer of the seasons. 10 The tenth and final heaven is where God\u2019s throne resides and God's face may be seen up close. Here he holds court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Exaltation of Melchizedek\nChapters 69-73 of 2 Enoch (sometimes referred as the Exaltation of Melchizedek or 2EM) outline the priestly succession of Enoch. There is not unanimous consensus whether this section belongs to the main body of the text or it is an early addition. Considering the not-fragmentary main manuscripts, 2EM is not included in P V N, it is included partially in J, while it is fully included in R U B, which anyway represent the best traditions of all versions. So we have both shorter and a longer versions of 2EM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0014-0001", "contents": "2 Enoch, Exaltation of Melchizedek\nSome early authors, as Charles, have not included this section mainly because they based their edition on manuscripts P and N. The lack of this section in recent manuscripts is explained by others because of the scandalous content (the virgin birth of Melchisedek) for Christian copyists. According to Vaillant, who edited the first critical edition of 2 Enoch, there is no evidence that 2EM ever existed separately. Modern editions usually include also these chapters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Exaltation of Melchizedek\nThe recent discoveries of Melchisedek 11Q13 text at Qumran and of a related text at Nag Hammadi, have made possible to have an idea about the Melchisedek controversy, involving also 2EM and the Letter to the Hebrews, that developed in non-mainstream Jewish communities and in early Christians communities from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE against the traditional Jewish identification of Melchisedek with Shem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Exaltation of Melchizedek\nA growing number of scholars recognize the antiquity of 2 Enoch, including also 2EM, and support a pre-70 CE dating for its original composition. Sacchi suggests that 2EM is actually an addition to the main body of the text (the style is slightly different), but a very early addition by someone of the same sect that wrote 2 Enoch (it uses the same language and same typical names as Ahuzan for Temple), dating 2EM after the 70 CE but before or about the Letter to the Hebrews. The differences between 2EM with the Letter to the Hebrews (in the Letter to the Hebrews, Melchisedek is primarily a heavenly figure, while 2EM depicts him as an earthly one) don't allow to prove the dependence of 2EM from Hebrews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Theology\nThe theological universe of 2 Enoch is deeply rooted in the Enochic mold of the Jewish Apocalyptic literature of the Second Temple period. Yet along with appropriations of ancient traditions about the seventh antediluvian hero, the text attempts to reshape them by adding a new mystical dimension to the familiar apocalyptic imagery. The figure of Enoch portrayed in the various sections of 2 Enoch appears more elaborate than in the early Second Temple Enochic treatise of 1 Enoch. The anointing of Enoch, after he saw face to face the Lord, makes him be similar in appearance to a glorious angel and that allows him to sit above other angels on the left of the Lord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00159999-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Enoch, Theology\nAccording to Orlov, in this attempt, one may find the origins of another image of Enoch, very different from the early Enochic literature, that was developed much later in rabbinic Merkabah and Hekhalot mysticism: the image of the supreme angel Metatron, \"the Prince of the Presence\", found in the later 3 Enoch. The titles of the patriarch found in the Old Bulgarian apocalypse appear to be different from those attested in early Enochic writings and demonstrate a close resemblance to the titles of Metatron as they appear in some Hekhalot sources. These developments demonstrate that 2 Enoch represents a bridge between the early apocalyptic Enochic accounts and the later mystical rabbinic and Hekhalot traditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain\n2 Entertain (stylized as 2 | entertain) is a British video and music publisher founded in September 2004 by the merger of BBC Video and Video Collection International in 2004. Under CEO Richard Green, the company operated as a joint venture between BBC Worldwide and the Woolworths Group until BBC bought out Woolworths' share following the latter's administration in 2008. As of November 2013, the 2 Entertain branding is only used on non-BBC releases; the BBC label has since been used on its own material instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, BBC Video\nBBC Video was established in 1980 as a division of BBC Enterprises (later BBC Worldwide) with John Ross Barnard at the head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, BBC Video\nAt launch, the BBC had no agreement with British talent unions such as Equity or the Musician's Union (MU), so BBC Video was limited in the television programming it could release. Initially, video cassette and laser-disc releases were either programmes with no Equity or MU involvement, such as natural history and other documentaries, or material licensed from third parties, including feature films such as High Noon and the first video release of Deep Purple's California Jam concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, BBC Video\nFor the first few years, the BBC produced videotapes in both VHS and Beta-max formats. The company also worked with Philips on early Laserdisc releases, including a notable ornithology disc called British Garden Birds, presented by David Attenborough. This disc was published in 1982 and included digital data in the form of Teletext, which could be read by any suitably-equipped television. This pioneering use of a data channel on a consumer video format led directly to the development of the BBC Domesday Project in 1984\u20131986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, BBC Video\nSince videos could have stereo soundtracks, BBC Video produced stereophonic versions of many programmes that had been broadcast in mono. These included The Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy (although release was delayed for lack of an Equity agreement) and the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, BBC Video\nBy 1982, an agreement had been reached with the Musicians' Union and this led to some popular music releases (including compilations by John Martyn and Tom Robinson).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, BBC Video\nThe label grew significantly from \u00a313 million turnover in 1989 to nearly \u00a339 million in 1994. In 1991, BBC Video was the number-one video label in the UK when it sold more prerecorded videotapes, by value as well as by unit count, than any other company, including all of the Hollywood studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, BBC Video\nBBC Video was well known for its releases of David Attenborough, Pride and Prejudice, The Human Body, Dinnerladies, Walking with Dinosaurs, The Goodies, Dad's Army, Yes Minister, Fawlty Towers, Blackadder, Only Fools and Horses, Wallace & Gromit, Postman Pat, Pingu, The Office, Red Dwarf and Doctor Who.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nVideo Collection International was a video company based in London, England. It was opened in 1984. Originally part of the Prestwich Group, based in New Southgate, London, the company was subject to a management buyout headed by Steve Ayres CEO and Paddy Toomey (ex-Woolworths) as MD. The vision of \"sell through video\" was born with the strong Woolworths association driving the retail sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nWith these individuals at the helm, the company expanded rapidly, securing the market lead in retail video sales throughout the mid to late 1980s and into the early to mid-1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nThe company mainly served as a home video label for Incorporated Television Company (ITC) television programmes, but launched the Central Video, Granada Media, Thames Video, Channel 4 Video and the Cinema Club labels in the process. The Cinema Club label mainly consisted of re-releases of films from the late 1960s and early 1970s and also had licensing agreements with Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures to re-release their films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nAfter suffering financial losses in 1995, the company changed its name to VCI. It discontinued the Cinema Club label in 1999 and re-established it under the \"FilmFour\" name, although the Cinema Club logo would still be used for occasional budgeted titles after that. At its peak VCI plc consisted of Video Collection Ltd, Music Collection Ltd, Andr\u00e9 Deutsch (book publisher) and Disc Distribution. In 1999 the business was sold to the Kingfisher Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nIn 1999, FilmFour began releasing DVDs. The company split into two arms: publishing (VCI) based in Dean Street, London, and VCI Distribution, which also handled third-party distribution for labels outside its own stable, based in Watford and the old premises in New Southgate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nSoon after, the company discontinued Thames Video and introduced the Granada Media label, which would soon appear on most VCI titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nIn 2001, VCI became part of the Woolworths Group as a result of the demerger from the Kingfisher Group. In 2004, BBC Worldwide and Woolworths Group merged VCI with BBC Video to create 2 Entertain Video, part of their new joint venture company 2 Entertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nIn 2005, Channel 4 began releasing titles on DVD themselves under the brand name Channel 4 DVD, they would eventually go on to have their DVDs released by Spirit Entertainment, though still using Channel 4 DVD branding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nVCI is perhaps most well known as the main home video distributor of both ITV and Channel 4 television programmes such as Thomas & Friends, Black Books, Drop the Dead Donkey,  Peep Show, Jeeves and Wooster,  So Graham Norton, Men Behaving Badly, V Graham Norton, Spaced,   Shameless, Father Ted, Mr. Bean,  Traffik, Emmerdale, Brass Eye, Da Ali G Show and Coronation Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nConfusion often arose between this UK-based company, and the Tulsa, Oklahoma-based home video label VCI Entertainment, founded in 1976 by Bill Blair. At the height of the UK label's popularity, the US-based label rebranded themselves as United Home Video; however, they returned to the VCI name in the mid-'90s and have retained it ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160000-0016-0001", "contents": "2 Entertain, History, Video Collection International\nPerhaps as a result of this, when VCI entered the American market in the early 1990s, they went under the name of Strand VCI Entertainment, and then Strand Home Video; this operation was sold in 1993 to budget video label Video Treasures (later a core component of Anchor Bay Entertainment), who completed the label's absorption in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160001-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Equulei\n2 Equulei is a double star system in the constellation of Equuleus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160001-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Equulei\nThe primary component of the 2 Equ pair is an F-type main sequence star. As of 2015, the secondary had an angular separation of 2.90\u00a0arc seconds along a position angle of 213\u00b0 from the primary. They form a common proper motion pair, two stars at approximately the same distance and moving in the same direction. Gaia EDR3 gives them parallaxes of 8.8125\u00b10.2471\u00a0mas and 8.5577\u00b10.0298\u00a0mas respectively, although they are flagged as potentially unreliable. These parallaxes correspond to a distance of around 380\u00a0ly, in contrast to the Hipparcos distance of 260\u00b120\u00a0ly for the two stars as a pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras\n2 Esdras (also called 4 Esdras, Latin Esdras, or Latin Ezra) is the name of an apocalyptic book in some English versions of the Bible. Tradition ascribes it to Ezra, a scribe and priest of the 5th century\u00a0BCE, but scholarship places its composition between 70 and 218\u00a0CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras\nIt is reckoned among the apocrypha by Roman Catholics, Protestants, and most Eastern Orthodox Christians. 2 Esdras was excluded by Jerome from his Vulgate version of the Old Testament, but from the 9th century onwards the Latin text is sporadically found as an appendix to the Vulgate, inclusion becoming more general after the 13th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Naming conventions\nAs with 1 Esdras, there is some confusion about the numbering of this book. The Vulgate of Jerome includes only a single book of Ezra, but in the Clementine Vulgate 1, 2, 3 and 4 Esdras are separate books. Protestant writers, after the Geneva Bible, called 1 and 2 Esdras of the Vulgate, Ezra and Nehemiah; and called 3 and 4 Esdras of the Vulgate, 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras respectively. These then became the common names for these books in English Bibles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Naming conventions\nMedieval Latin manuscripts denoted it 4 Esdras, which to this day is the name used for chapters 3\u201314 in modern critical editions, which are typically in Latin, the language of its most complete exemplars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Naming conventions\nIt appears in the Appendix to the Old Testament in the Slavonic Bible, where it is called 3 Esdras, and the Georgian Orthodox Bible numbers it 3 Ezra. This text is sometimes also known as Apocalypse of Ezra (chapters 3\u201314 known as the Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra or 4 Ezra. In modern critical editions, chapters 1\u20132 are named as 5 Ezra, and chapters 15\u201316 as 6 Ezra). Bogaert speculates that the 'fourth book of Ezra' referred to by Jerome most likely corresponds to modern 5 Ezra and 6 Ezra combined \u2013 and notes a number of Latin manuscripts where these chapters are together in an appendix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 5 Ezra\nThe first two chapters of 2 Esdras are found only in the Latin version of the book, and are called 5 Ezra by scholars. They are considered by most scholars to be Christian in origin; they assert God's rejection of the Jews and describe a vision of the Son of God. These are generally considered to be late additions (possibly third century) to the work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nChapters 3\u201314, or the great bulk of 2 Esdras, is a Jewish apocalypse, also sometimes known as 4 Ezra or the Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra. The latter name should not be confused with a later work called the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nThe Ethiopian Church considers 4 Ezra to be canonical, written during the Babylonian captivity, and calls it Izra Sutuel (\u12d5\u12dd\u122b \u1231\u1271\u12a4\u120d). It was also often cited by the Fathers of the Church. In the Eastern Armenian tradition it is called 3 Ezra. It was written in the late 1st century\u00a0CE following the destruction of the Second Temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nAmong Greek Fathers of the Church, 4 Ezra is generally cited as \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f1c\u03c3\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 Prophetes Esdras (\"The Prophet Ezra\") or \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f1c\u03c3\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 Apokalupsis Esdra (\"Apocalypse of Ezra\"). Most scholars agree that 4 Ezra was composed in Hebrew, which was translated into Greek, and then to Latin, Armenian, Ethiopian and Georgian, but the Hebrew and Greek editions have been lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nSlightly differing Latin, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, Georgian, and Armenian translations have survived; the Greek version can be reconstructed, though without absolute certainty, from these different translations, while the Hebrew text remains more elusive. The modern Slavonic version is translated from the Latin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\n4 Ezra consists of seven visions of Ezra the scribe. The first vision takes place as Ezra is still in Babylon. He asks God how Israel can be kept in misery if God is just. The archangel Uriel is sent to answer the question, responding that God's ways cannot be understood by the human mind. Soon, however, the end would come, and God's justice would be made manifest. Similarly, in the second vision, Ezra asks why Israel was delivered up to the Babylonians, and is again told that man cannot understand this and that the end is near.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0010-0001", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nIn the third vision Ezra asks why Israel does not possess the world. Uriel responds that the current state is a period of transition. Here follows a description of the fate of evil-doers and the righteous. Ezra asks whether the righteous may intercede for the unrighteous on Judgment Day, but is told that \"Judgment Day is final\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nThe next three visions are more symbolic in nature. The fourth is of a woman mourning for her only son. She is transformed into a city when she hears of the desolation of Zion. Uriel says that the woman is a symbol of Zion. The fifth vision concerns an eagle with three heads and twenty wings (twelve large wings and eight smaller wings \"over against them\"). The eagle is rebuked by a lion and then burned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0011-0001", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nThe explanation of this vision is that the eagle refers to the fourth kingdom of the vision of Daniel, with the wings and heads as rulers. The final scene is the triumph of the Messiah over the empire. The sixth vision is of a man, representing the Messiah, who breathes fire on a crowd that is attacking him. This man then turns to another peaceful multitude, which accepts him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nFinally, there is a vision of the restoration of scripture. God appears to Ezra in a bush and commands him to restore the Law. Ezra gathers five scribes and begins to dictate. After forty days, he has produced ninety-four books: the twenty-four books of the Tanakh and seventy secret works:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nMake public the twenty-four books that you wrote first, and let the worthy and the unworthy read them; but keep the seventy that were written last, in order to give them to the wise among your people.\" (2 Esdras 14:45\u201346 RSV; 4 Ezra 12:45\u201346)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nThe \"seventy\" might refer to the Septuagint, most of the apocrypha, or the lost books that are described in the Bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nAlmost all Latin editions of the text have a large lacuna of seventy verses between  7:35 and 7:36 that is missing due to the fact that they trace their common origin to one early manuscript, Codex Sangermanensis I, from which an entire page had been cut out very early in its history. In 1875 Robert Lubbock Bensly published the lost verses and in 1895 M.R. James oversaw a critical edition from Bensly's notes restoring the lost verses from the complete text found in the Codex Colbertinus; it is this edition that is used in the Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate. The restored verses are numbered 7:35 to 7:105, with the former verses 7:36\u20137:70 renumbered to 7:106\u20137:140. For more information, see the article Codex Sangermanensis I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nSecond Esdras turns around a radical spiritual conversion of Ezra in a vision, where he stops to comfort a sobbing woman who turns instantly into a great city (2 Esd. 10:25\u201327). On this pivotal event, one scholar writes that Ezra", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nis badly frightened, he loses consciousness and calls for his angelic guide. The experience described is unique not just in 4 Ezra but in the whole Jewish apocalyptic literature. Its intensity complements the pressure of unrelieved stress evident in the first part of the vision, and it resembles the major orientation of personality usually connected with religious conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nThe following verses (10:28\u201359) reveal that Ezra had a vision of the heavenly Jerusalem, the true city of Zion, which the angel of the Lord invites him to explore. As the angel tells Ezra at the end of Chapter 10 in the Authorised Version:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nAnd therefore fear not,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0let not thine heart be affrighted,but go thy way in,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and see the beauty and greatness of the building,as much as thine eyes be able to see;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and then shalt thou hear as much as thine ears may comprehend. For thou art blessed above many other\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and art called with the Highest and so are but few.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 4 Ezra\nBut tomorrow at night thou shalt remain here and so shall the Highest show thee visions of the high things which the Most High will do unto them that dwell upon earth in the last days. So I slept that night and another like as he commanded me (2 Esd. 10:55\u201359).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Contents, 6 Ezra\nThe last two chapters, also called 6 Ezra by scholars, and found in the Latin, but not in the Eastern texts, predict wars and rebuke sinners. Many assume that they probably date from a much later period (perhaps late third century) and may be Christian in origin; it is possible, though not certain, that they were added at the same time as the first two chapters of the Latin version. It is possible that they are Jewish in origin, however; 15:57\u201359 have been found in Greek, which most scholars agree was translated from a Hebrew original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Author and criticism\nThe main body of the book appears to be written for consolation in a period of great distress (one scholarly hypothesis is that it dates to Titus' destruction of the Second Temple in 70\u00a0CE). The author seeks answers, similar to Job's quest for understanding the meaning of suffering, but the author doesn't like or desire only the answer that was given to Job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Author and criticism\nCritics question whether even the main body of the book, not counting the chapters that exist only in the Latin version and in Greek fragments, has a single author. Kalisch, De Faye, and Charles hold that no fewer than five people worked on the text. However, Gunkel points to the unity in character and holds that the book is written by a single author; it has also been suggested that the author of 2 Esdras wrote the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch. In any case, the two texts may date from about the same time, and one almost certainly depends on the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Author and criticism\nCritics have widely debated the origin of the book. Hidden under two layers of translation it is impossible to determine if the author was Roman, Alexandrian, or Palestinian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0025-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Author and criticism\nThe scholarly interpretation of the eagle being the Roman Empire (the eagle in the fifth vision, whose heads might be Vespasian, Titus and Domitian if such is the case) and the destruction of the temple would indicate that the probable date of composition lies toward the end of the first century, perhaps 90\u201396, though some suggest a date as late as 218.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0026-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Usage\nThe book is found in the Orthodox Slavonic Bible (Ostrog Bible, Elizabeth Bible, and later consequently Russian Synodal Bible). 2 Esdras is in the Apocrypha of the King James Version, and  Pope Clement VIII placed it in an appendix to the Vulgate along with 3 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh \"lest they perish entirely\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0026-0001", "contents": "2 Esdras, Usage\nThe chapters corresponding to 4 Ezra, i.e. 2 Esdras 3\u201314, make up the Book of II Izra, aka Izra Sutuel, canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; it was also widely cited by early Fathers of the Church, particularly Ambrose of Milan, as the 'third book of Esdras'. Jerome states that it is apocryphal. It may also be found in many larger English Bibles included as part of the Biblical apocrypha, as they exist in the King James Version, the Revised Version, the Revised Standard Version, and the earliest editions of the Catholic Douay\u2013Rheims Bible, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0027-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Usage\nThe introitus of the traditional Requiem Mass of the Extraordinary Form of the 1962 Missal in the Catholic Church is loosely based on 2:34\u201335: \"Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them.\" Several other liturgical prayers are taken from the book. The same chapter, verses 36 and 37, is cited in the Introit of Pentecost Tuesday, \u201cAccipite jucunditatem gloriae vestrae, alleluia: gratias agentes Deo, alleluia: qui vos ad caelestia regna vocavit, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Ps . 77 Attendite, popule meus, legem meam: inclinate aurem vestram in verba oris mei. Gloria Patri. Accipite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0027-0001", "contents": "2 Esdras, Usage\n\u2013 Receive the delight of your glory, alleluia, giving thanks to God, alleluia, Who hath called ye to the heavenly kingdoms, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Psalm 77 Attend, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth. Glory be. Receive.\u201d The Alleluia verse Crastina die for the Vigil Mass of Christmas in the Roman Missal is taken from chapter 16, verse 52.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160002-0028-0000", "contents": "2 Esdras, Usage\nChristopher Columbus quoted verse 6:42, which describes the Earth as being created with 6 parts land and 1 part water, in his appeal to the Catholic Monarchs for financial support for his first voyage of exploration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160003-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Fabiola\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by SnowKang (talk | contribs) at 13:15, 4 May 2021 (Updated infobox). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160003-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Fabiola\n2 Fabiola is a Belgian electronic dance music group, formed in 1991 by Pat Krimson (Patrick Claesen) and Zohra. The group got its name from Queen Fabiola of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160003-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Fabiola\nThe group was noted for its lavish and extravagant clothes and performances. It has also made the charts in the Belgian Ultratop and had success in Spain. In the Ultratop 50 and Ultratop 50, they topped the charts. In 1999, the group took a break. Zohra started a solo career, and Pat Krimson led another project of his, called Nunca. After a while, a new 2 Fabiola was presented to the world, introducing singer Evi Goffin (Medusa, Lasgo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160003-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Fabiola\nAfter releasing some singles, the group disappeared from the Belgian music scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160003-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Fabiola\nIn 2007, Krimson announced the band's comeback, introducing two new singers. Their last single, \"Blow Me Away\", was published in July 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160003-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Fabiola\nIn 2014 the group had a major hit with \"She's After My Piano\", after participating in the Belgium national selection for Eurovision Song Contest 2014. This song was co-written by Romanian-Norwegian artist Ovi who, for the second time, participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with duet partner Paula Seling. The two artists recorded their own version of the song for Ovi's album, A Bit of Pop Won't Hurt Anyone, (May 2014 daWorks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160004-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Faced\n\"2 Faced\" is a song by English singer Louise, released on 17 July 2000 as the lead single from her third studio album, Elbow Beach (2000). It is her highest-charting single, reaching number three on the UK Singles Chart and number 13 on the Irish Singles Chart in July 2000. It has sold 153,000 copies in the UK according to the Official Charts Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious\n2 Fast 2 Furious  is a 2003 action film directed by John Singleton and written by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, with a story also credited to Gary Scott Thompson. A standalone sequel to The Fast and the Furious (2001), it is the second installment in the Fast & Furious franchise. The film stars Paul Walker, Tyrese Gibson, Eva Mendes, Cole Hauser, Chris \"Ludacris\" Bridges, and James Remar. 2 Fast 2 Furious follows Brian O'Conner and Roman Pearce who go undercover for the U.S. Customs Service to apprehend a drug lord in exchange for the erasure of their criminal records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious\nPlans for a sequel to The Fast and the Furious were developed immediately following that film's box office success. Early treatments for a sequel initially featured the returns of both Vin Diesel and Walker; the former declined, instead choosing to star in The Chronicles of Riddick (2004). John Singleton, who critically praised the first film, was announced to direct the second in place of Rob Cohen, who left the franchise after directing the previous installment. Principal photography began in September 2002 and lasted until that December, with filming locations including Miami and South Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious\n2 Fast 2 Furious was released worldwide by Universal Pictures on June 6, 2003. The film grossed over $235 million worldwide, becoming the 17th highest-grossing film of 2003, and the then-highest grossing film in the franchise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious\nIn 2006 a third installment, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, was released, however when viewing the series chronologically, 2009's Fast & Furious would follow this film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nAfter letting Dominic Toretto escape from the authorities, disgraced LAPD officer Brian O'Conner flees from Los Angeles to escape prosecution. He subsequently relocates to Miami and makes a living participating in illegal street races, driving a heavily modified silver Nissan Skyline GT-R R34. The races are organized by his local mechanic friend Tej Parker. After winning a race against drivers including Suki, the police show up and Brian is arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nHe is taken into custody, but given a deal by his former boss FBI Agent Bilkins and U.S. Customs Agent Markham to go undercover and bring down Argentinian drug lord Carter Verone in exchange for clearance of his criminal record. Agent Monica Fuentes, who has been undercover with Verone for a year, agrees to assist bringing Brian into the organization. Brian agrees on the condition that he is given permission to choose his own partner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nThis prompts Brian to travel to Barstow, where he enlists the help of childhood friend Roman Pearce, who served jail time for housing stolen cars in a garage and currently making a living as a demolition derby driver. Roman, currently on parole, gets into a brief fight and blames Brian for his arrest, but reluctantly agrees to help in exchange for the same deal Brian was offered. For their mission, they are issued two confiscated, modified cars\u2014a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII and a Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder GTS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nRoman and Brian are later hired by Verone, who tasks the duo to compete against rival drivers to obtain a package from a confiscated Ferrari located in a lot. During the race, some of the hired drivers crash while a few are injured by big rigs. Markham, who mistakenly thinks that the duo is trying to run away, follows them to the lot. The police ambush spooks Roman, who shoots at Markham to help maintain his cover. Roman later confronts the agent for interfering with the mission. Brian is able to salvage the situation, however, telling Bilkins that Verone is allegedly aiming to launder his money in Miami before escaping on his private jet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nBrian and Roman challenge a pair of muscle car drivers they raced when competing for Verone's hiring, for pink slips. Despite engine and power output handicaps, they win the race and obtain the rival cars\u2014a 1969 Yenko Camaro SYC and a 1970 Dodge Challenger R/T previously driven by the hired drivers. Roman later confronts Brian about the constant threat of Verone's men; however, they patch up their differences and focus on completing the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nAt the VIP section of a nightclub, Brian and Roman witness Verone torturing MPD Detective Whitworth into giving his men a window of opportunity to make their getaway. The next morning, Monica warns them that they will be killed once the drop is made. Despite this, Markham refuses to call off the job, claiming that it is their one chance to catch Verone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nOn the day of the mission, Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone's money with Verone's associates\u2014Enrique and Roberto\u2014riding alongside to accompany them. Before the window is set, Whitworth decides to call in the police to move in for an arrest of the drivers of the cars used by Brian and Roman. This results in a high-speed chase across the city, with Bilkins and U.S. Customs also tracking them. The duo leads the cops to a warehouse, where a \"scramble\" by dozens of street racers organized by Tej disorients the cops. Following the scramble, the police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse, only to find out that they were driven by Tej and Suki. As it turns out, the duo had switched cars and had escaped in the two muscle cars they had won earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nAs Brian approaches the destination point in his Camaro, Enrique tells him to take the Tarpon Point Marina exit, instead of heading to the airfield. Meanwhile, Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his Challenger powered by nitrous oxide. At the airfield, Customs agents have Verone's plane and convoy surrounded, only to discover they have been duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away. Verone reveals he knew Monica was an undercover agent, and purposely gave her wrong information on the destination point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nWhen Brian arrives at the Marina, Verone forces Monica onto his private yacht and orders Enrique to kill Brian. As Enrique prepares to kill him, Brian's ejector seat fails, but Roman suddenly appears and helps Brian to incapacitate Enrique. Verone makes his escape, but Brian and Roman use the Camaro to drive off a ramp, crashing on top of the yacht. Brian shoots and wounds Verone moments before he was about to shoot Brian and Roman with his shotgun, making him miss, who is then arrested by Monica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Plot\nMarkham grants Brian and Roman full pardons, and in return Roman turns over the second half of Verone's cash. The two agree to stay in Miami, and Brian suggests opening a garage \u2013 funded by a cut of Verone's cash Roman kept for themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Cast\nProducer Neal H. Moritz makes a cameo appearance as a police officer during a chase scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Development\nBecause of the incredible response to The Fast and the Furious, we knew we had struck a chord with young audiences. I believe we had tapped into a culture\u2014the very urban world of street racing. It really resonated with our fans, who continued to support the film when it hit the streets on DVD and video\u2014I mean, it really just exploded again, allowing even more people a chance to take the ride. We knew they were ready for another film, but only if we delivered one with the same authenticity and edge as the first. Well, we've done just that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Development\nPlans to make a sequel came about after the box office success of The Fast and the Furious, which grossed over $200 million worldwide. John Singleton had seen the first film and was awed by it, saying: \"When I saw The Fast and the Furious, I was like, 'Damn, why didn't I think of that?' Growing up in South Central L.A., we had street races all the time.\" Singleton's rave reaction of the film as well as the culture of street racing in general influenced his decision to direct the sequel. The director also claimed that the concept of street racing could be something young audiences can relate to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Development\nThe screenplay was written by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, along with Gary Scott Thompson (the co-writer from the first film). There were two film treatments submitted early on, one of which did not involve Vin Diesel's character in the event the actor would not return for the sequel. Singleton credited Top Gun as a major influence for the film, particularly with regard to the action sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Pre-production\nVin Diesel was offered $25 million to return in the sequel as Dominic Toretto. However, he refused after reading the screenplay as he felt that its potential was inferior compared to that of its predecessor; rather, he chose to appear in The Chronicles of Riddick. According to Variety magazine in 2015 he was less taken with what the screenwriters had in mind for the film, \"They didn't take a Francis Ford Coppola approach to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0015-0001", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Pre-production\nThey approached it like they did sequels in the '80s and '90s, when they would drum up a new story unrelated for the most part, and slap the same name on it.\" However, Diesel reflected on his decision in a July 2014 report from Uproxx, saying: \"I would've said, 'Don't walk away from it just because the script sucked in 2 Fast 2 Furious because there's an obligation to the audience to fight, no matter what, to make that film as good as possible.' ... I might have had a little bit more patience or belief in the long-term of it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Pre-production\nPaul Walker, who had just finished Timeline at the time, reprised his role in the second picture as Brian O'Conner. Tyrese Gibson, then known mononymously as Tyrese, also became a part of the cast having previously acted in Singleton's Baby Boy, which was the singer's feature film acting debut; he portrayed Roman Pearce. Ja Rule, another prominent rap artist who appeared in The Fast and the Furious, was originally tapped for the role of Tej Parker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0016-0001", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Pre-production\nJa Rule was offered $500,000 for the role, which was more than what he had been paid to appear in The Fast and the Furious, $15,000. According to Singleton, \"Ja got too big for himself. He turned it down. He turned down a half a million dollars. ... He was acting like he was too big to be in the sequel. He wouldn't return calls.\" The director then hired Chris \"Ludacris\" Bridges as a substitute. Bridges would later rise to prominence for appearing in the film and star in later films such as Crash and Hustle & Flow. Additional cast also included Cole Hauser as key villain Carter Verone, who appeared in Singleton's Higher Learning; Eva Mendes as undercover agent Monica Fuentes; and Devon Aoki as Suki, the sole female driver in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Filming\nPrincipal photography began in the fall of 2002, and Matthew F. Leonetti served as the director of photography. Filming was done mostly in various parts of South Florida such as Miami Beach, Seven Mile Bridge, and Homestead Air Reserve Base. Hauser's character's mansion was shot in Coral Gables, in a house owned by Sylvester Stallone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Filming\nA car enthusiast himself, Walker drove a Nissan Skyline GT-R model R34 borrowed from the film's Technical Advisor, Craig Lieberman, in the film's opening scenes. Aoki did not have a driver's license or any driving experience prior to the film's production, and took driving lessons during filming; she drove a pink 2001 Honda S2000 AP1 in the film. Gibson drove a convertible Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder, while Michael Ealy drove a Toyota Supra Turbo MkIV model JZA80 that had been used by Walker in The Fast and the Furious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Production, Music\nThe musical score was composed by David Arnold. The soundtrack was released on May 27, 2003 on Def Jam Recordings, the same record label that Ludacris was signed to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Release, Box office\n2 Fast 2 Furious earned $50.5 million in its U.S. opening in 3,408 theaters, ranking first for the weekend. In its 133 days in release, the film reached a peak release of 3,418 theaters in the U.S. and earned $127.2 million in the US, taking the number #1 spot off of Finding Nemo. The film had the 15th largest US gross of 2003 and the 16th largest worldwide gross of 2003; combined with the international gross of $109.2 million, the film earned $236.4 million worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Release, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, 2 Fast 2 Furious has an approval rating of 36% based on 160 reviews and an average rating of 4.75/10. The site's critical consensus reads: \"Beautiful people and beautiful cars in a movie that won't tax the brain cells.\" On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100, based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A-\" on scale of A+ to F.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Release, Critical response\nTodd McCarthy of Variety magazine wrote: \"While this John Singleton-directed sequel provides a breezy enough joyride, it lacks the unassuming freshness and appealing neighborhood feel of the economy-priced original.\" Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club wrote: \"Singleton abandons the underground racing subculture that gave the first film its allure, relying instead on lazy thriller plotting that's only a bag of donuts and a freeze-frame away from the average TV cop show.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160005-0022-0001", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious, Release, Critical response\nUSA Today's Mike Clark gave film 2 out of 4, and wrote \"The movie is all about racing, and character be damned, though the still dazed-looking Walker and Tyrese finally get a little rapport going after a worn-out story's very rocky start.\" He concludes \"Lack of pretension helps the viewer get over the fact that this is just another retread. \" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 and said, \"It doesn't have a brain in its head, but it's made with skill and style and, boy, it is fast and furious.\" In 2018, Derek Lawrence of the Entertainment Weekly called it \"the forgotten Fast and Furious gem\" and praised the chemistry between Walker and Gibson and John Singleton's direction. In 2019, Bilge Eberi of Vulture also praised the movie especially Singleton\u2019s direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160006-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious (soundtrack)\n2 Fast 2 Furious is the soundtrack for John Singleton's 2003 action film 2 Fast 2 Furious. It was released on May 27, 2003 via Def Jam South. Production was handled by several record producers, including Keith McMasters, Cool & Dre, the Diaz Brothers, Elite, Just Blaze and The Trak Starz. It features contributions from the film stars Ludacris and MC Jin, as well as 2 Chainz, 8Ball, Chingy, Dead Prez, Dirtbag, Fat Joe, I-20, Joe Budden, Kardinal Offishall, K'Jon, Lil' Flip, Pitbull, R. Kelly, Shawnna, Trick Daddy and Tyrese Gibson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160006-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious (soundtrack)\nThe album reached number five on the Billboard 200, and peaked atop the Billboard Top Soundtracks and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, spawning four singles: \"Pump It Up\", \"Act a Fool\", \"Pick Up the Phone\" and \"Hell Yeah\". As of August 14, 2003, It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling of 500,000 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160006-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious (soundtrack), Critical reception\nAllMusic editor John Bush highlighted Budden's \"Pump It Up\", Trick's \"Represent\" and Ludacris' \"Act a Fool\" as standout tracks but found Tyrese's offering \"weaker [even] than his solo work for J Records\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160006-0002-0001", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious (soundtrack), Critical reception\nSteve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews.com gave praise to the overall Dirty South production throughout the first two-thirds of the album, highlighting Budden and Dead Prez's contributions for standing out amongst them, but was mixed on the final third having unknown artists on the last three tracks, concluding that: \"Given that's a known fact about rap soundtracks, it's ironic that by using a somewhat less diverse mix 2 Fast 2 Furious actually achieves and in some ways ECLIPSES the success of its predecessor. Whether the movie can do the same without Vin Diesel is up to the audience of moviegoers, but hip-hop and Dirty South fans alike should be happy with the soundtrack\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160006-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious (soundtrack), Bonus tracks\nOn June 23, 2003, an alternate version of the album was released with two additional bonus tracks, \"Remember\" and \"Get Dirty\". On October 21, 2003, a further version was released with a single bonus song, \"Comin' Up\" by Saukrates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160007-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious (video game)\n2 Fast 2 Furious is a racing video game developed by  Digital Bridges and published by  dbi Games for mobile phones based on the film of the same name. It is the sequel to The Fast and the Furious and second game in the racing game series based on The Fast and the Furious franchise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160007-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious (video game), Gameplay\nThe game uses a pseudo-3D engine with the player controlling the car from a third person perspective. The controls simply involve steering, accelerating and braking and using nitro (if equipped). The object of the game is to win all twelve races in order and win the most amount of money. The car is damaged when it collides with other cars and if it collides too much the player will have to abandon the race. Money is earned by winning races and can be used to purchase car upgrades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160007-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 2 Furious (video game), Background\nA game based on the franchise for PlayStation 2 and Xbox was developed by Genki, the developer of the game Tokyo Xtreme Racer, and published by Universal, but it was never released. The release was scheduled for November 2003 under the name The Fast and the Furious. It was shown at E3 2003. No further information about the game was released after that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160008-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 4 Gnomz\n2 Fast 4 Gnomz is a platform video game developed and published by Polish studio QubicGames in North America and Europe, with Flyhigh Works publishing it in Japan. It was released on the WiiWare for Wii in 2012, and for the eShop for the Nintendo 3DS in late 2012 to early 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160008-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 4 Gnomz, Plot\nJoin Bumb, Berzerk, Speedster and Uncle Time as they run, fly, bounce, glide and break their way through the magical lands of Gnomia to reach their mysterious destiny. You can help them save the kingdom, find a princess and collect hundreds of precious lost socks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160008-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 4 Gnomz, Gameplay\nThe user plays as Bumb, a gnome who has to save a princess, and has to complete various platformt-style levels. While traversing the game, players can collect socks found throughout the levels. The controller's D-pad is used to change movement style, from slamming into trees to speeding up or reversing time. The game takes places in different settings, mainly in the forest. However, after completing the game, players are taken to \"The Nightmare\", in which certain criteria needs to be met in order to progress. The game contains 80 levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160008-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Fast 4 Gnomz, Reception\nThe game currently holds a score of 65/100 on review aggregator Metacritic indicating \"mixed or average\" reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160009-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Federal\n2 Federal is a collaborative mixtape by American rappers Moneybagg Yo and Yo Gotti. The mixtape was released on October 31, 2016, by N-Less Entertainment and Collective Music Group. It features a sole guest appearance from Blac Youngsta. Meanwhile, the mixtape's production was handled by members of 808 Mafia such as Gezin and TM88, K Swisha, Karltin Bankz, Ben Billions, and Tay Keith, among others. This album serves as the second installment of his Federal series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160010-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Feet in the Gutter\n2 Feet in the Gutter is the final album led by jazz drummer Dave Bailey which was originally released on the Epic label in 1961. The album featurrs the first recording of \"Comin' Home Baby\" which became a top 40 hit for Mel Torm\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160010-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Feet in the Gutter, Reception\nAllMusic reviewer Ken Dryden stated: \"While this record is just a notch beneath Dave Bailey's earlier dates for Epic -- One Foot in the Gutter and Gettin' Into Somethin' -- it is definitely worth picking up\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160011-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Field Engineer Regiment (South Africa)\n2 Field Engineer Regiment SAEC is a regiment of the South African Engineer Corps. The unit is based in Bethlehem, Free State. The role of the unit is to maintain mobility and serviceability of own forces and counter mobility of enemy forces. Tasks include bridging, water purification, obstacles, demolition, infrastructure repair and development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160011-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Field Engineer Regiment (South Africa), History, Origin\n2 Field Engineer Regiment was formed in 1946 and disbanded in 1958 until, in 1962 the Regular Force was formed with 17 Field Squadron for support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160011-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Field Engineer Regiment (South Africa), History, Training\n2 Field Engineer moved to Bethlehem in 1967 as a training unit and finally in 1974 it was renamed 2 Field Engineer Regiment consisting of 21, 22 and 23 Field Squadrons with 24 and 25 Field Squadrons as additional support for the operational area of South West Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160011-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Field Engineer Regiment (South Africa), Function\nThe main function of 2 Field Engineer Regiment is to provide mobility to, and ensuring the survivability of the landward forces of the SANDF, and to deny the mobility of the enemy when needed. This is done through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160012-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Foreigners In Bollywood\n2 Foreigners In Bollywood is a comedy group known from social media based in Mumbai, India. The group consists of the three members Johan Bartoli, Hampus Bergqvist and Vidhan Pratap Singh(rewa). Johan and Hampus both come from Stockholm, Sweden, and moved to India in September 2015 to work as actors in the Hindi Film Industry after completing their education in business school. The comedy group are best known for their Facebook page and youtube channel2 Foreigners In Bollywood where they upload comedy videos. Their video content is about cultural clashes and every day situations in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160012-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Foreigners In Bollywood\nIn June 2017, 2 Foreigners In Bollywood was the most viewed original video content page on Facebook India with over 70 million views in that month. Their Facebook page has 3.5 million followers (as of October 2017).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160013-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Frogs in the West\n2 Frogs in the West (French: 2 frogs dans l'ouest) is a Canadian comedy-drama film, released in 2010. The directorial debut of filmmaker and actor Dany Papineau, the film premiered in Montreal on October 8, 2010. It stars Mirianne Brul\u00e9, Dany Papineau, Jessica Malka, Germain Houde, and Charlie David.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160013-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Frogs in the West, Plot\nThe film stars Mirianne Brul\u00e9 as Marie, a restless young woman from Quebec who decides to drop out of university and hitchhike west to Whistler, British Columbia on a voyage of self-discovery, much to her parents' dismay. The journey to British Columbia is not an easy one, as along the way Marie experiences a myriad of bumps and mishaps, with her finally arriving in Whistler only to have her luggage stolen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160013-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Frogs in the West, Plot\nAfter this exasperating ordeal a man by the name of Jean-Fran\u00e7ois (Papineau), who is also from Qu\u00e9bec, takes Marie in to stay with him and his two roommates, his ex-girlfriend Gaby (Malka) and their gay friend Brad (Barton). During her time there Marie experiments sexually with Gaby and through this is drawn into an unexpected love triangle with both J-F and Gaby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160013-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Frogs in the West, Plot\nThe film's cast also includes Brandon Barton, Juan Riedinger, Anik Vermette, Germain Houde, Diane Lavall\u00e9e, Val\u00e9rie Chevalier, Charlie David, Bruno Baronet, Adam Bergquist, Rick Tae, Niels Schneider, Bill Marchant and Linda Darlow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160013-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Frogs in the West, Inspiration for the film\nThe film is directly inspired by director Papineau's own experience travelling from his home province of Qu\u00e9bec to Alberta during his undergraduate degree. While in Qu\u00e9bec he had been studying engineering at Sherbrooke, but after spending a summer on a ranch in Banff, Alberta, decided to stay there instead of returning to Sherbrooke. After having such a successful time in the western part of Canada he decided to enroll at the Vancouver Film School for a year long program and ended up living in Vancouver for six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160013-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Frogs in the West, Inspiration for the film\nPapineau first wrote 2 Frogs as a 21-minute short film in 2004, and after receiving much acting success as a result, was able to turn the short film into the feature-length film it is today. During an interview with Papineau at the 2010 Whistler Film Festival, Papineau highlighted how the inspiration for the movie came from how the young adults who come to Whistler from all around the world go there for a couple of months to help determine what they want to do with their lives. He expressed how he felt a lot of people would recognize themselves in the film because of this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160013-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Frogs in the West, Reception\nAfter its debut in Montreal, the movie received excellent reviews from film critics. The film was showcased at film festivals around the world, receiving many accolades for its involvement in the LGBT film community. In 2012, it was highlighted as one of the best films at the Durban Gay and Lesbian Film Festival  and was also featured in many film events devoted to the LGBT community, including QFest: the Annual Houston International LGBTQ Film Festival. Although recognized abroad, the film also received recognition in Canada, in publications like the Globe and Mail and was presented in multiple Canadian film festivals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160013-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Frogs in the West, Reception\nThe film not only received accolades for its portrayal of the LGBT community but also for its portrayal of Canadian culture. As the film illustrates the typical adolescent Canadian experience, of a young adult leaving their long-time home in the Eastern provinces to find work in the West of Canada, the film also received awards reflecting its Canadian influences. As a highlight, the film was chosen to close the 2010 Whistler Film Festival, after the short film, \"Two Frogs in the West\", that it was based on had been previously featured at the festival in 2004. At the festival, the film won the festival's Best Mountain Culture Film award, an award which directly reflected the spirit of the film and the area in which the festival was held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160013-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Frogs in the West, Reception\nAlthough it received positive feedback at film festivals for its portrayal of both Canadian culture and the LGBT community, it received mixed reviews from its general audience for its \"predictable\" plotline. Some online reviews of the film described it has being unimaginative and the acting to be underwhelming while another reviewer claimed that \"the problems with 2 Frogs are based pretty much entirely in the screenplay\". No matter how negative or positive the reviews it received were, one thing remained consistent: that Papineau has great potential as a director. No matter the downfalls described by the film's critics, 2 Frogs \"demonstrates that it's possible for a film to be bad, while still showcasing the positive potential of its writer/director\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160014-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Future 4 U\n2 Future 4 U is the third studio album by American record producer Armand Van Helden. It was released on the 30th of November ,1998, by Tinted and includes the singles \"U Don't Know Me\" and \"Flowerz\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160014-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Future 4 U, Charts\nAll tracks are written by Armand Van Helden, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160015-0000-0000", "contents": "2 GB limit\nThe 2\u00a0GB limit refers to a physical memory barrier for a process running on a 32-bit operating system, which can only use a maximum of 2\u00a0GB of memory. The problem mainly affects 32-bit versions of operating systems like Microsoft Windows and Linux, although some variants of the latter can overcome this barrier. It is also found in servers like FTP servers or embedded systems like Xbox. The use of Physical Address Extension (PAE) can help overcome this barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160015-0001-0000", "contents": "2 GB limit\nWhile Linux, FreeBSD, and most Unix-like operating systems support PAE so long as the hardware does, Windows needs this boot option enabled manually. This is known as 4-gigabyte tuning (4GT), or the /3GB switch. Once enabled, executables can have the \"large address aware\" flag set to increase their memory limit to 3\u00a0GB. 32-bit processes on 64-bit Windows are also limited to 2\u00a0GB. However, they can use the \"large address aware\" flag as well, except that it doesn't require the /3GB switch and increases the limit to 4\u00a0GB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160016-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Gentlemen in Verona\n2 Gentlemen in Verona is a 2000 live album of improvised experimental music by Chris Cutler and Fred Frith. It was recorded Verona, Italy on 16 April 1999 and released by Recommended Records in April 2000. It was Frith and Cutler's third collaborative album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160016-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Gentlemen in Verona\nThe album title was derived from Shakespeare's play The Two Gentlemen of Verona, and the track names were taken from the play's act and scene titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160016-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Gentlemen in Verona, Reception\nIn a review of 2 Gentlemen in Verona at AllMusic, Thom Jurek described Cutler and Frith's performance as \"a joyously brash and boisterous cacophony\", and labelled the album \"one of the greatest live duet improv recordings ever\". Writing in All About Jazz, Glenn Astarita called Cutler and Frith's set in Verona a \"fascinating live exhibition\" of \"multi-textured pastiches ... abstract rhythms, otherworldly effects and mind-bending dialogue\". Astarita rated the album \"Highly recommended\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160016-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Gentlemen in Verona, Reception\nReviewing the album in The Wire, Philip Clark described 2 Gentlemen in Verona as a \"feral modern classic\". He said Frith's \"massed sonorities and simple singsong patterns\" are accompanied by the \"noisy, byzantine complexity\" of Cutler's drums that from time to time settle down to \"stretchy rock beats and rigid marching patterns\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160016-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Gentlemen in Verona, Reception\nIn The Washington Post Mike Joyce described the album as a \"curious and quixotic excursion into freely improvised music\", adding that despite the \"odd sounds and surprising tangents\", the duo remains on a \"common wavelength, anticipating each other's moods and moves with quick speed and wit\". Joyce wrote that anyone who has followed the career of Cutler and Frith will welcome this recording, but warned that the uninitiated may find it \"unendurably indulgent\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160016-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Gentlemen in Verona, Reception\nDavid Ashcraft was more critical of the album. In a review in Expos\u00e9 he wrote that this recording is \"strictly for the hardcore fan of improvised exploration\". He said that while it \"showcases the improvisational talents\" of Cutler and Frith, it is not without \"hits and misses\". Ashcraft felt that between \"sublime moments of melody and emotion\", there is \"plenty of meandering and some dissonant sounds\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160017-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Girls\n2 Girls (\u0130ki Gen\u00e7 K\u0131z\u0131n Roman\u0131 in Turkish) is a novel by Turkish writer Perihan Ma\u011fden, first published in 2002. The novel tells the story of two teenager girls with polar characteristics drawn into each other, forming an intense friendship in milieu of man-dominated, materialistic, and oppressive pressures. The novel was translated in English by Brendan Freely and published in the United Kingdom in 2005. The novel was hailed by The Independent by the following remark, \"Not since Salinger\u2019s Catcher in the Rye has a writer animated adolescent anguish so vividly and compellingly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160017-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Girls, Plot summary\nBodies of several murdered men are found in Istanbul and the oppressive air is evident in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160017-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Girls, Plot summary\nMeanwhile Behiye, rebellious, full of teenage angst, oppressed by her conservative family, achieves well in her university entrance exams and gets the chance to enter prestigious Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University. This, however, does not take her angst away, but oppressions endure. Behiye's life, longing to get rid of her angst is changed drastically when she meets Handan, a beautiful and naive girl of her age who lives with her beautiful call girl mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160017-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Girls, Plot summary\nIn short time, Behiye becomes attached to Handan and moves into their apartment. The girls form and intense and unidentifiable relationship which has both romantic and sisterly implications. Their uniting relationship has to face social problems and is damaged by peer boys, academic expectations, economic difficulties, and most of all different cultural backgrounds. The story continues as step by step Handan painfully realizes the impossibility of their relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160017-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Girls, Film adaptation\nThe novel was adopted into film by Kutlu\u011f Ataman in 2005 as \u0130ki Gen\u00e7 K\u0131z and starred Feride \u00c7etin as Behiye, Vildan Atasever as Handan, and H\u00fclya Av\u015far as Leman, Handan's mother. The movie won three prizes in 2005 (Best Actress for Vildan Atasever, Best Cinematography for Emre Erkmen, and Best Director for Kutlu\u011f Ataman) at Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival which gives out the most prestigious film awards in Turkey. Kutlu\u011f Ataman was also awarded the Best Director in Istanbul International Film Festival with this film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup\n2 Girls 1 Cup is the unofficial nickname of the trailer for Hungry Bitches, a 2007 Brazilian scat fetish pornographic film produced by MFX Media. The trailer features two women defecating into a cup, taking turns in what appears to be consuming the excrement, and vomiting into each other's mouths. \"Lovers Theme\" by Herv\u00e9 Roy plays throughout the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup\nThe video became one of the best known shock videos in itself and for the reactions its graphic content elicited from viewers who had not seen it before. Around mid-October 2007, video-sharing sites including YouTube were flooded with videos of the reactions of first-time viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Production\nViewers often speculate that the apparent feces are actually food substances such as refried beans, ice cream, or peanut butter. Some speculate that the vomit is real, but was regurgitated before reaching the stomach and does not contain any gastric acids. In the video, the majority of the vomit does not enter the mouths. Fiorito unsuccessfully argued in court that the excrement was actually chocolate ice cream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Background\nThe video originated from a Brazilian distributor and pornographer Marco Ant\u00f4nio Fiorito (born 1 July 1971, in Sao Paulo), who describes himself as a \"compulsive fetishist\". Fiorito started having interest producing films in 1994, and in 1996, with his wife, Joelma Brito, using her artistic name Let\u00edcia Miller, he began a fetish film business and soon moved on to coprophagia. The film was produced by MFX Video, one of several companies owned by Fiorito.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Background\nAuthorities in the United States have branded some of Fiorito's films as obscene and filed charges against Danilo Croce, a Brazilian lawyer living in Florida, listed as an officer of a company distributing Fiorito's films in the United States. Fiorito explained that had he known that selling his films in the U.S. was illegal, he would have stopped. In his declaration he stated \"I would have stopped because the money is not the main reason that I make these films.\" He then added, \"I have already made fetish movies with scat/feces using chocolate instead of feces. Many actors make scat films but they don't agree to eat feces.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Background\nThe first few seconds of the 2 Girls 1 Cup video contain the text \"MFX 1209\" (the production code for Hungry Bitches) and the URL mfxvideo.com, the website of Fiorito's MFX Video, leading some in the media to incorrectly believe the video is one of the many Croce had to surrender to the Department of Justice but was somehow leaked in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Reaction videos\nThe popularity of 2 Girls 1 Cup was aided by a series of reaction videos, that is, videos depicting people reacting to watching it. Many videos exist on YouTube of users showing the original video (off-camera) to their friends and filming their reactions, although some may be staged. Even Joe Rogan, host of Fear Factor, a show notorious for the disgusting things its contestants are dared to eat, had to turn away in a reaction video posted to his blog. A reaction video starring a Kermit the Frog puppet proved very popular on the community-based website Digg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Reaction videos\nIn January 2008, Slate documented the reaction video phenomenon with a slideshow featuring various reactions. Violet Blue, an author, described this website as becoming \"the new 'tubgirl' and goatse all in one disgusting moment of choco-poo-love\" in a San Francisco Chronicle article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Reaction videos\nVeteran porn star Ron Jeremy walked off while watching the video on The Playhouse. On the same program, singer Wyclef Jean sat through the whole thing without looking away or showing any apparent reaction, all while eating corn on the cob. Ace Frehley, formerly of Kiss, was shown the video on The Opie and Anthony Show in July 2009, and was unfazed, declaring, \"Crazier things than that have happened on the road.\" \"Genuine Nerd\" Toby Radloff was so disgusted by the clip that he had to immediately watch it again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Impact\nThe video has led to many parodies and other shock videos with similar content, contributing to the titles and nicknames of other shock videos, including 2 Girls 1 Finger, 8 Girls No Cup, 1 Guy 1 Jar, 1 Guy 1 Screwdriver, 3 Orangutans 1 Blender, 3 Guys 1 Hammer, and 1 Girl 1 Cake, the nickname for the 2008 viral shock video Cake Farts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Impact\nA short film by guitarist John Mayer to his blog entitled 2 Guys 1 Cup where Mayer and Best Week Ever correspondent Sherrod Small enjoy Pinkberry frozen yogurt in the same manner that the women in the original consumed the feces. Comedian Conan O'Brien created a parody called One Guy, Two Bowls starring Andy Richter, which shows Andy eating two bowls of soup. This video was created for O'Brien's comedic website, Conan.XXX. Filmmakers Justin Roiland and Christian Le Guilloux made a five-minute series called 2 Girls, 1 Cup: The Show for the short film competition site Channel 101.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0009-0002", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Impact\nIt debuted in first place on 27 January 2008. Canadian comedian Jon Lajoie also made a song named \"2 Girls 1 Cup song\", which described the activities in the video as if the two women were expressing their love for each other. The music video gained over 10\u00a0million views on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Impact\nIn 2013, German company MediaMarkt marketed a cupcake maker dubbed \"2 Girls 1 Cup-Cake Maker\". The product's slogan was that it made cupcakes \"So good that it's impossible to film.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Impact\nThe first episode of sketch comedy show Inside Amy Schumer has a parody in which Amy Schumer auditions for a role in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Media recognition\nIn the media the video has been used as an example of the poor content quality of YouTube and similar video-sharing websites, and their tendency towards deliberately shocking content. Esquire magazine showed the video to actor George Clooney during an interview, prompting him to compare it to a rodeo, saying the point of the video was to see \"how long you can last\". In an episode of Tosh.0, the entire audience is filmed reacting to this video. Host Daniel Tosh called it the World's Largest Reaction Video in terms of number of people being filmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0012-0001", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Media recognition\nThe cast of Avenue Q, responding to The Muppets' version of \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", made a video of \"We Will Rock You\"/\"We Are the Champions\" (known as \"We Will Rock Q\"), ending with Nicky surfing the internet, finding 2 Girls 1 Cup (indicated by the soundtrack), and vomiting as the screen fades to black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160018-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Girls 1 Cup, Media recognition\nThe site was featured in a Dr Pepper Facebook promotion open to minors, which resulted in The Coca-Cola Company terminating its relationship with the digital marketing agency responsible. Jim Edwards of BNET said that Coca-Cola has full responsibility for allowing the situation to occur, arguing that Coca-Cola selected an advertising agency that openly advertised \"profane\" advertising campaigns and that the Coca-Cola executive who approved the 2 Girls 1 Cup line failed to do research on what the name meant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160019-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Good 2 B True\n2 Good 2 B True is American teen pop singer Aaron Carter's third compilation album. The album primarily consists of songs that originally appeared on Aaron Carter's last three studio albums. It was released in February 2006, only one month after his previous compilation Come Get It: The Very Best of Aaron Carter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160020-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Guitars\n2 Guitars is an album by guitarists Kenny Burrell and Jimmy Raney recorded in 1957 and released on the Prestige label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160020-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Guitars, Reception\nAllmusic awarded the album 3 stars with Scott Yanow stating: \"This is a well-rounded set that may not contain any real surprises, but will be enjoyed by collectors of hard bop\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Guns\n2 Guns is a 2013 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Baltasar Korm\u00e1kur and starring Denzel Washington and Mark Wahlberg. It's based on the comic book series of the same name created by Steven Grant and Mateus Santolouco, published in 2007 by Boom! Studios. The film was released in the United States on August 2, 2013, and was met with mixed reviews from critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Plot\nRobert \"Bobby\" Trench (Washington) and Michael \"Stig\" Stigman (Wahlberg) are questioned by the US Border Patrol after meeting with drug lord Manny \"Papi\" Greco (Edward James Olmos) in Mexico. Unknown to Stig, Bobby is undercover DEA agent Trench who reports to his superior, Jessup (Robert John Burke), that he didn't get the cocaine from Papi they need to convict him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Plot\nAgainst orders, Bobby remains undercover to assist Stig in robbing $3 million - in a bank vault in Tres Cruces, Texas - to prosecute Papi for money laundering. Bobby then meets with fellow DEA agent and ex, Deb Rees (Paula Patton), while Stig, an undercover Navy SEAL with ONI, meets with his commanding officer, LCDR Harold Quince (James Marsden), and is told to kill Bobby so they can fund covert operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Plot\nBobby and Stig are surprised to find $43.125 million and not $3 million. Stig follows orders to betray Bobby and escape with the money, pulling his gun as Bobby is about to pull his. Stig wounds Bobby in the upper arm rather than kill him, and then sees Bobby's DEA badge. Unsure what to think, Stig leaves him in the desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Plot\nAfter debriefing, Quince orders his death. Stig escapes after learning the money will go to a Navy base in Corpus Christi. Meanwhile, a man named Earl (Bill Paxton) aggressively interrogates the bank manager about the stolen money and the vet who treated Bobby's wound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Plot\nBobby goes to Stig's to find the money, only to have him contact him from a sniper's post across the street. A hit squad sent by Quince attacks the apartment but Bobby and Stig escape. Bobby tries to tell Jessup what happened, but Earl and his men are already there. Earl kills Jessup, frames Bobby and lets him go, agreeing to clear his name if he recovers the $43 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Plot\nBobby and Stig kidnap Papi, interrogating him in Deb's garage. Earl is a black ops operative Papi reports to, and the money they stole was the CIA's payments. The agency has forced Papi, and other cartels, to pay a 7% cut in exchange for using CIA planes to smuggle product across the border. The garage is attacked by Quince's hit squad. Bobby, Stig, and Deb escape, as does Papi, who calls his crew. All three are captured by Papi, and taken to his farm in Mexico. After a beating and a visit from Earl, Papi gives the men 24 hours to return the money, or Deb will die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Plot\nAt the base, Bobby infiltrates Quince's office, discovering he is Deb's boyfriend, and they had planned to steal the money for themselves. Meanwhile, Stig asks Admiral Tuwey (Fred Ward) for help. Tuwey orders Quince's arrest, but disavows Stig to protect the Navy's reputation. Both Quince and Stig evade arrest. Unable to find the money in time, Papi kills Deb. Bobby later realizes the money is in a motel room he and Deb had frequented and goes to help Stig, who had returned to Papi's farm for vengeance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Plot\nThere, Stig is surrounded by Papi's men, then both Quince and Earl intervene. Bobby arrives in a car filled with money, blows it up, scattering the money everywhere, leading to a massive shootout. During a standoff, Earl reveals that the CIA has 20 other secret banks, and the loss of the $43.125 million is only a minor setback. Signaling Stig with a phrase from an earlier conversation, Stig shoots Earl, and Bobby shoots Quince. Bobby and Stig kill Papi and the duo escape, but first Bobby shoots Stig in the leg as payback for shooting him in the desert. While planning to continue to take down the CIA's secret banks and sabotage their black operations, Bobby reveals to Stig that he did not blow up all the money and had some stashed away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Production\nThe film is an adaption of the comic series of the same name by Steven Grant. However, it has been noted by the Observer that it can also be seen as evocative of the 1973 thriller Charley Varrick. The pictures have similar plots and in both cases the bank being robbed is in a town named Tres Cruces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 18], "content_span": [19, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Production\nFilming took place in New Orleans, Louisiana, and areas throughout New Mexico. While filming in Louisiana, the production spent $57.5 million in the state and received a $17.6 million subsidy under the state's film incentive program. 2 Guns marked the second collaboration for Wahlberg and Korm\u00e1kur. They had first worked together on the film Contraband (2012). It also marks the second collaboration between Washington and Patton, who had starred together in D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu (2006).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 18], "content_span": [19, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 64% based on 187 reviews, with an average score of 6.02/10. The site's consensus reads, \"Formulaic and often jarringly violent, 2 Guns rests its old-school appeal on the interplay between its charismatic, well-matched stars.\" Metacritic gave a score of 55 out of 100 based on 43 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 36], "content_span": [37, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Reception, Critical response\nBen Kenigsberg of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ rating, describing it as \"the no-frills action, half-pint Jim Thompson scenario, and buddy-cop wisecracks.\" Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 2 out of 5 stars. R. Kurt Osenlund of Slant Magazine gave the film 2 out of 4 stars. \"It's noticeably odd that 2 Guns has the desire to make offhanded sociopolitical statements, but not the will to take them anywhere truly provocative,\" he wrote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 36], "content_span": [37, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0012-0001", "contents": "2 Guns, Reception, Critical response\nPeter Travers of Rolling Stone also gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, commenting that the film didn't make the extra effort. Lisa Kennedy of Denver Post gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, writing that \"the biggest guns this action flick brandishes are stars Denzel Washington and Mark Wahlberg who have very different acting styles that work surprisingly well together.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 36], "content_span": [37, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160021-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Guns, Reception, Box office\nThe film grossed $75,612,460 in North America and $56,327,951 in other countries, with a $131,940,411 worldwide gross against a budget of $61 million, having debuted at the top of the box office with $27,059,130 in its first weekend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 29], "content_span": [30, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160022-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Hare Court\n2 Hare Court is a set of barristers chambers specialising in criminal and regulatory law, located in the Inner Temple, one of the four Inns of court. Established in the 1967, It employs 61 barristers, including 16 Queens' Counsel and several former prosecutors, including those who have acted as First Senior, Senior and Junior  Treasury Counsel - barristers appointed by the Attorney General to prosecute the most serious and complex criminal cases to come before the courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160022-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Hare Court, History\n2 Hare Court is a Grade I listed building that houses barristers' chambers in the Inner Temple. It was named after a nephew of Sir Nicholas Hare, also named Nicholas Hare, who built the first set in 1567. The original buildings were destroyed in a fire in 1678, and the building which is now 1 Hare Court dates from the reconstruction. In 2000, 2 Hare Court building was extensively refurbished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160022-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Hare Court, Notable members\nMembers of chambers have prosecuted and defended in many high-profile criminal cases, including murder and terrorism, with head of chambers Jonathan Laidlaw QC defending News International chief executive Rebekah Brooks accused of phone hacking, Oliver Glasgow QC prosecuting Constance Briscoe, barrister and a part-time judge who was imprisoned for perverting course of justice in Chris Huhne scandal, Robert Rinder, barrister specialising in financial crime best known for his role on the reality courtroom series Judge Rinder, who in September 2016 became the first daytime TV judge to compete in the fourteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing,and Orlando Pownall QC who represented the Premier League footballer Adam Johnson at a trial over child sex allegations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160022-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Hare Court, Notable members, Former notable members\nFormer members include The Hon. Mr Justice Edis, who practised in chambers until 2013 when he was appointed a Justice of the High Court, and Dame Bobbie Cheema-Grubb, former member who practised in chambers until November 2015, when she was appointed a High Court judge. David Pannick QC, former member, acted for the lead claimant Gina Miller in the historic 11-justice Supreme Court case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar\n2 Harihar Nagar is a 2009 Comedy-Thriller Malayalam film written and directed by Lal and produced by P. N. Venugopal starring Mukesh, Siddique, Jagadish and Ashokan. It is the sequel to In Harihar Nagar (1990).The film chronicle the story of four very close friends Mahadevan (Mukesh), Govindan Kutty(Siddique), Appukuttan (Jagadish) and Thomas Kutty (Ashokan). The film was a blockbuster at the box office. The final sequel and third movie in the trilogy, In Ghost House Inn was released in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nThe movie starts with a flashback, in front of a church, in 1980 when the four main characters were children. This scene shows the beginning of their friendship. Thomas Philip (a.k.a. Thomas Kutty) loses money to a scam artist, who responds to his complaints with violence. He is rescued by the other three who respond to his calls of distress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nThey then invite Thomas Kutty to join their group who, above all, vow never to cheat on one another. The scene is transitioned by the quote \"Thomas kutty Vittodaa!\" (Thomas kutty, run!) once the scam artist brings his friends to return the beating he got.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nThe movie transitions to the current time: Each of them are introduced again, 20 years later. Mahadevan is a Psychologist and an unhappily married father in the Middle East. Govindan Kutty is a Civil Engineer-CEO who's happily married Parvathi (Lena) and settled in Kochi. Appukuttan (now Dr. Appukuttan Nair) is a dental specialist, living in Bombay who often fights with his wife and twins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nThe prologue show them preparing to travel back to Harihar Nagar to attend Thomas Kutty's wedding; he, after years of \"enjoying\" his bachelor life, has decided to settle down and marry an orphan who belonged to the same church as him. The prologue also highlights that none of them have really changed from their flirtatious ways, despite being married.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nAfter arriving at Harihar Nagar, they settle into Govindan Kutty's old house at Harihar Nagar. Disappointed at how life has become sombre after growing up, they decide to revert to their younger selves for the rest of the trip. To jump start their \"trip back to youthfulness,\" Mahadevan suggests that they should create problems in the neighbourhood: According to him, its only with problems that one becomes youthfully energetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nWhile staying at Govindan Kutty's house, they are greeted with flowers left at the doorstep with a tag reading \"Maya.\" Immediately thinking that this is their old Maya, they go to meet her in a caf\u00e9. They barely miss her, but Appukuttan throws a rock and breaks her car's rear window. An anonymous woman steps out of the car. But it is not \"their\" Maya. They are immediately arrested. Later, \"Maya\" comes and gets them out of jail saying that they are her friends and didn't recognise it because she hadn't seen them in a long time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nOnce out, she says not to bother her any more because of this. Maya lives right across from Govindan Kutty's house. Trying to find the weakness that will draw her attention, one night Appukuttan looks to the window and is frightened by the sight of a ghostly figure with a \"burned\" face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nThomas Kutty is not staying with the other three on that night, but he arrives the next morning. Mahadevan says a sentimental story to make Maya believe that they're not here for wrong reasons. She later comes and visits them and becomes their friend. A hilarious sequence follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nIt is revealed that Maya is John Honai's daughter, in cahoots with her evil brother (John was the villain in the first part). Thomas Kutty gets kidnapped days before his wedding and his three friends are suspected. They are followed by the police. Meanwhile, Freddy Honai, son of John Honai reveals that he has Thomas kutty. When the threesome (with great difficulty) enters Freddy Honai's hiding place they find Thomas Kutty. Freddy Honai demands the box filled with money which the old Maya had given them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0008-0001", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nThe 3 friends say to Freddy that they will give the box when the original owner comes in front of them. Freddy calls them to a room where a face covered man with his wheelchair by halfly burned face is sitting. Appukkuttan remembers the face that he seen the face earlier at Christina's their known Maya's house. Freddy reveals it is the person the foursome knows as John Honai, his father. The box is now in a bank with each of the foursome knowing two digits of the password. The four escape, but now Appukuttan is missing. Maya is found and chided. But she tells her story full of dire circumstances. The correct code for the box sounds faulty. It seems that Appukuttan who is in the hands of Honai has forgotten his two digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nAfter a lot of twists and turns they confround Honai who has a time bomb attached to his pet Lousie, a clinging lizard. The time bomb comically gets caught over each person. But then things get serious. The time bomb gets caught on Thomas kutty while Honai presses the ignition to burst in 30 seconds. Thomas Kutty runs to Honai in the last few seconds and pushes Honai and himself into the next room. The bomb explodes killing them both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Plot\nIn the end, the other three friends eventually find out that Thomas Kutty is alive and was cheating them the whole time. Everything that happened thus far was a plan made by Thomas Kutty to get the money to pay a debt he had while gambling. But he apologises for everything he did and they all reconcile at his wedding and becomes best friends again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Cast\nActor Anoop Chandran provides the voice for Sudipto balav's character Freddy Honai(fake).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Release, Box office\nThe film was released in 65 screens all over Kerala and had a successful opening, owing to the cult following of its prequel. The film was highly successful which ran over 100 days in theatres, and was the third biggest grossing film of the year 2009.. The satellite rights of the film was sold for an amount of \u20b9 1.2 crores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Release, Box office\nThe film was commercial success. The film grossed \u20b93.6 crore in 9 days in Kerala box office. It collected around \u20b920  crore from Worldwide box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160023-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Harihar Nagar, Release, Critical reception\nThe film mostly opened to high positive reviews from the critics. Sify wrote \" 2 Harihar Nagar is just what intelligent filmmaking is all about and, no wonder, this delightful comedy is a winner from the word go.\" Rediff wrote \"The main reason 2 Harihar Nagar works is because the performance of the foursome that Lal is able to extract, giving us a sense of deja vu\" and gave it 3 stars out of 5. Indiaglitz wrote \"To Harihar Nagar definitely offers rib tickling comedy and delightful watch from the word goes, with apt mixing up of inexhaustible laughter and few moods of seriousness at intervals.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160024-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Haymarket\n2 Haymarket is a listed building in Sheffield City Centre in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160024-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Haymarket\nThe building was constructed in 1871 to serve as Sheffield's head post office. It was originally intended also to house the local branch of the Inland Revenue, but the space was almost immediately found to be inadequate, and within a couple of months of its opening in 1872, the Revenue moved to offices on Norfolk Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160024-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Haymarket\nThe building has two stories and an attic and is in the classical revival style, adopting a form which was already old-fashioned at the time it was built. In 1879, it was described as \"a fairly handsome Doric structure, but inadequate to the requirements of the rapidly increasing postal and telegraphic business of so large a town\". A further section at the rear of the building, facing Commercial Street, was constructed at the same time and in the same style, but is of a single storey, with a basement below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160024-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Haymarket\nIn 1910, a new head post office for the city was constructed on Fitzalan Square. The building was purchased by the Sheffield Stock Exchange, which opened its new site with a grand ceremony in 1911. The stock exchange operated until 1967, when the creation of British Steel Corporation dramatically reduced its business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160024-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Haymarket\nThe building was restored in the 1970s, and the interior was completely reworked to serve as a branch of the Yorkshire Bank, which it remained until September 2014. The building is Grade II listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160024-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Haymarket\nAs of July 2017, the building remains unoccupied following Yorkshire Bank's vacation of the site. There are currently plans for the refurbishment of 2 Haymarket and the adjacent building at 5-7 Commercial Street, which would include the addition of a second floor on the Commercial Street building and the creation of 11 flats across both buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160025-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Headed Dog\n2 Headed Dog is a four-man comedy troupe based in Los Angeles, composed of comedians Jim Turner, Mark Fite, Craig Anton, and Dave Allen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160025-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Headed Dog\nThe Steve Allen Theater served as the troupe's home base, where they performed regularly until the theater closed. The group has appeared at numerous comedy clubs and festivals such as Festival Supreme over the years, as well as repeat performances at Lucha VaVOOM and the Brookledge Follies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160025-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Headed Dog, Clowntown City Limits\n2 Headed Dog performed the comedic theatre piece Clowntown City Limits, about four down-and-out clowns, many times. It was written by the troupe, with additional material by Joel Madison, Dale Goodson, and Bob Rucker; with music by Andy Paley, and directed by John Ferraro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160025-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Headed Dog, Clowntown City Limits\nClowntown City Limits was described by LA Weekly as\"ravishingly brilliant ... as funny and pointless and circuitous as life on the margins\", and was still playing well three years later, described then as\"hysterically imbecilic repartee\" tinged with \"a loathing resentment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160026-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Heads\n\"2 Heads\" is a 2015 country song by Canadian singer Coleman Hell and his debut single. It was included on his self-titled EP, released on October 23, 2015. It was a commercial success in both Canada and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160027-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Heartless\n2 Heartless is the thirteenth mixtape by American rapper Moneybagg Yo. It was released on February 14, 2018, by Collective Music Group, Bread Gang Entertainment, N-Less Entertainment and Interscope Records, serving as his second commercial release with Interscope although Interscope refers the mixtape an album after the streaming success. The mixtape features guest appearances from Yo Gotti, Lil Baby, BlocBoy JB, and Quavo. The production lists Southside, Tay Keith, DJ Swift, Dmactoobangin, Track Gordy, Javar Rockmore and Fuse, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160027-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Heartless, Background\nOn February 11, 2018, Moneybagg Yo unveiled the mixtape's tracklist and release date via Instagram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160027-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Heartless, Promotion, Tour\nOn March 6, 2018, Moneybagg Yo announced an official headlining concert tour to further promote the album titled 2 Heartless Tour. The tour began on April 7 in Rochester, at Main Street Armory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160027-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Heartless, Critical reception\nJackson Howard of Pitchfork stated that \"A revelation hidden in plain sight, this Memphis rapper\u2019s latest project is more proof that he\u2019s headed for bigger things\", criticising the album's lyricism: \"He's so brazenly secure in his sound, so convinced of his impending success, that you're left feeling like you have to win him over, and not the other way around.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160028-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Hearts (film)\n2 Hearts is a 2020 American romantic drama film directed by Lance Hool and starring Jacob Elordi, Adan Canto, Tiera Skovbye and Radha Mitchell. It is based on the true story of Leslie and Jorge Bacardi and Christopher Gregory. The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 16, 2020, receiving generally negative reviews from critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160028-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Hearts (film), Premise\nTwo different couples in different decades and different places share a hidden connection that eventually brings them together. The story is narrated by Chris Gregory, one of the main characters in the film. He shares the story of the first couple, stating that their stories are connected to one another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160028-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Hearts (film), Release\nFreestyle Releasing acquired distribution rights to the film in June 2020. The film was originally scheduled to be released on September 11, 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic was pushed to October 16, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160028-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Hearts (film), Reception, Box office\nIn its opening weekend, 2 Hearts grossed $565,000 from 1,683 theaters. It then made $313,010 in its second weekend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160028-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Hearts (film), Reception, Critical response\nOn review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 19% based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"Its picturesque setting is as agreeable as its noble intentions, but this treacly melodrama proves 2 Hearts aren't necessarily better than one.\" On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on six critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160029-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Hearts 1 Love\n\"2 Hearts 1 Love\" is a song by English boy band 911. It was their first single release since \"Wonderland\" in 1999. The song, along with its corresponding album Illuminate... (The Hits and More), was released on 8 September 2013. The song was written by the group members. The album, 911's first release in 14 years, features seven of their greatest hits re-recorded, alongside seven brand new tracks written by the group - including \"2 Hearts 1 Love\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160029-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Hearts 1 Love, Live performances\n911 first performed the song at Big Summer Sessions in Swindon on 27 July 2013. They also performed it on Big Brother's Bit on the Side on 4 August 2013 and on This Morning the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160030-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Hell with Common Sense\n2 Hell With Common Sense is a 1992 album by Power of Dreams. It was released as the follow up to their debut, Immigrants, Emigrants and Me, and included the singles 'There I Go Again' and 'Slowdown'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160031-0000-0000", "contents": "2 High Street, Perth\n2 High Street is a municipal building in Perth, Scotland. Standing at the corner of High Street and Tay Street, the building is currently the home of offices of Perth and Kinross Council, which also occupies the municipal buildings at 1 Tay Street directly opposite. The building is Category B listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160031-0001-0000", "contents": "2 High Street, Perth, History\nThe General Accident and Employers' Liability Assurance Association was founded in the city in 1885. Shortly after it was founded the directors decided to commission a purpose-built head office: the site they chose was occupied by a post office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160031-0002-0000", "contents": "2 High Street, Perth, History\nThe building was designed by George Penrose Kennedy Young in the Renaissance style, built in ashlar stone and was completed in 1899. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with five bays facing onto the High Street with the end bays slightly projected forward; the central bay, which also slightly projected forward, featured an elaborate doorway with Ionic order columns capped by crouching figures supporting a carved entablature and an open pediment with a cartouche in the tympanum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160031-0002-0001", "contents": "2 High Street, Perth, History\nOn the ground floor, the bays flanking the central bay were fenestrated by large round headed windows and there were narrow casement windows beyond that. The first floor was fenestrated with square headed windows with keystones and pediments while the second floor was fenestrated by recessed sash windows flanked by short Ionic order columns. At roof level, in the northeast corner there was an aediculed drum surmounted by a dome. Internally, the principal rooms were the general manager's office and the boardrooms which were all panelled with mahogany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160031-0003-0000", "contents": "2 High Street, Perth, History\nThe building was extended along the High Street by ten extra bays to the west in a similar style in 1958. A number of older properties were demolished to facilitate the expansion: in the 19th century that part of the High Street had been occupied by a property which accommodated the Scoon and Perth Freemans' Lodge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160031-0004-0000", "contents": "2 High Street, Perth, History\nThe building was vacated by General Accident when it moved to a new head office at Necessity Brae in Pitheavlis in 1984. Later that year, the building became the headquarters of Perth and Kinross Council when the council moved from the aging Municipal Buildings at Nos. 1, 3 and 5 High Street. Staff also moved from the County Offices in York Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160031-0005-0000", "contents": "2 High Street, Perth, History\nNo. 2 High Street was extensively refurbished at a cost of \u00a310 million in 2015; the works included the relocation of the council chamber from the top floor to the ground floor, as well provision of an energy-efficient external lighting system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160031-0006-0000", "contents": "2 High Street, Perth, History\nLocated close to the River Tay, the building suffered severe flooding and was also hit by lightning in August 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160032-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Hip 4 TV\n2 Hip 4 TV is a variety show aimed at children that appeared on NBC in 1988 and was hosted by Colin Quinn and Ahmet Zappa. Musical guests included the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Edie Brickell and New Bohemians, Sparks and El Vez (\"the Mexican Elvis\"). The series was set in a bowling alley. It played on Saturday mornings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street\n2-10 Horatio Street is a 17-story co-operative apartment building located between Greenwich and Eighth Avenues, on the corner of Greenwich Avenue, across from Jackson Square Park in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. Built in 1929-31 and designed by Robert T. Lyons, the building is located within the Greenwich Village Historic District, but is not, of itself, a landmarked building. The building also has the address 123-129 Greenwich Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street\nBetween 1959 and 1963, an addition to the western end of the building, fronting on Horatio Street, added four apartments per floor, as well as air conditioning and new windows. This section of the building occupies what was the site of the Caledonian Club, at #8-10 from 1880 to 1897 after which it was occupied by a number of church-related organizations. Altogether, the building, along with the 17-story apartment building at 54 Eighth Avenue \u2013 also known as #14-18 Horatio Street \u2013 at the other end of the block, replaced six older low-level buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Development\nOn April 1, 1929, the real estate development firm Bing & Bing \u2013 founded in 1906 by brothers Leo S. Bing and Alexander Bing \u2013 announced that they had quietly acquired 75 small lots and old buildings largely around Abingdon Square, Sheridan Square and Jackson Square Park, on Horatio, West Twelfth and Christopher Streets, sufficient to build five high-end residential buildings in a concerted effort to \"recreate\" the Greenwich Village neighborhood. In addition to 2 Horatio Street, the project would result in 299 West 12th Street, 59 West 12th Street, 302 West 12th Street, and 45 Christopher Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Development\nAlthough Bing & Bing had built many residences on the Upper West and Upper East Sides, this project was their first major venture this far downtown. According to a 1985 article in The New York Times, the firm's structures were \"regarded as among the city's finest prewar properties ... [ Bing & Bing] built hotels and apartments at a time when luxurious in New York was still synonymous with spacious.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Development\nThe firm hoped to take advantage of some of the amenities which would make the western part of Greenwich Village a more desirable place to live, including the coming Eighth Avenue Subway, the recent completion of the West Side Elevated Highway, and easy access to the Holland Tunnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Development\nLeo Bing said in the firm's announcement that the goal of the project was to \"recreate the entire district as a modern counterpart of the high-class residential section it once was\", saying that it would \"rival Central Park West and the fashionable east side within a few years.\" He cited the goal of neighborhood reinvention as the reason for the simultaneous building, saying his hope was that \"complete transformation of the section may be achieved as quickly as possible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Development\nSeven months after the announcement that the land had been bought and that clearing and construction would commence, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Architect\nFor 2 Horatio Street, Bing & Bing chose architect Robert T. Lyons, who they had just worked with on the Gramercy Park Hotel, which had opened in 1925. The Bing brothers and Lyons also partnered on what was then a major technological breakthrough \u2013 creating the world's tallest apartment building \u2013 17 stories \u2013 at 903 Park Avenue, which was completed in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Architect\nLyons worked in New York between 1891 and 1931, mostly hotels or residential buildings but with a few commercial buildings as well. Many of them are located on Park Avenue, but other areas include the Upper West Side and Midtown. A notable project designed by Lyons was the \"St. Urban\" apartment building on Central Park West at 89th Street, which opened in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Architecture and interior\n2 Horatio Street is rendered in red and brown brick. It has Art Deco references that include four horizontal, terra cotta decorations using greek key motifs at the fourth and sixteenth floors and circle-in-square motifs at the cornice. Overall, the building is not interestingly ornamented, the primary features being rusticated bricks at the corners and balconies under the 15th floor windows. In addition, the penthouse has a tower with terra cotta ornamentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Architecture and interior\n1931 promotional material for 2 Horatio Street declared, \"In every case the living room is large and beautifully proportioned and has a wood-burning fireplace. The wide expanse of unbroken wall space permits the expression of your individuality in furnishing.\" Special features cited were \"oversize rooms, immense closets, dining foyers, dressing rooms, ornamental railings and RCA radio outlets ...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Rentals\nAs the opening of 2 Horatio Street and other four buildings of the Bing & Bing project approached, there were reports that the developers were having difficulty finding tenants. The headline of a New York Times article about the five buildings said: \"Tall Apartments in Village Center / Opening This Fall / Presents Rental Problem / Situation Unprecedented.\" Quoted in the same article, Bing & Bing reported that the \"five new buildings on Christopher, Horatio and West Twelfth Streets are proving among the most popular of all the Bing & Bing apartment properties. Callers have been numerous\u2026and a high percentage of the space has been leased.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Rentals\nThe building was sold by Bing & Bing in 1985, and became cooperative apartments in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160033-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Horatio Street, Criticism\nConcerning the two massive apartment buildings which sit next to each other, at 2 Horatio Street and 54 Eighth Avenue (also known as 14 Horatio Street), the latter built in 1959, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission commented that \"[I]t is not at once evident that they defy their neighbors ... Conspicuous from the park, they might well have been designed in better character with the houses in the surrounding blocks, had some regulatory body been in existence to give expert guidance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160034-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm\n2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham, featuring performances with Ernie Henry. It was recorded in 1957 and released on the Riverside label. This was Henry's last recording session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160034-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm, Reception\nThe AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars and stated \"The sparse setting (unusual for a Dorham session) works quite well\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160034-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Kenny Dorham, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160034-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Horns / 2 Rhythm, Track listing\nRecorded in New York City on November 13 (tracks 1\u20133, 5\u20137 & 9) and December 2 (tracks 4 & 8), 1957", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160035-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Hot\n2 Hot! is an album by American vocalist duo Peaches & Herb. The album was issued in 1978. It was the strongest performing album by the duo on the Billboard charts, where it topped the R&B Albums chart and reached the second position on the Pop Albums chart. 2 Hot notably featured the disco hit \"Shake Your Groove Thing\" and the No. 1 R&B and pop ballad, \"Reunited\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160035-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Hot, Reception\nThe AllMusic review by Andrew Hamilton awarded the album 3 stars stating \"Disco jams and sweet ballads are featured on Peaches & Herb's return to the charts after a long absence... This new Peaches oozed sexuality, and her voice could raise the dead... The duo's specialty were ballads, and \"Four's a Traffic Jam\" is a beauty, Fame's sweet falsetto and Greene's sexy phrasings are intoxicating.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160035-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Hot, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Dino Fekaris and Freddie Perren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160036-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Hours Doing Nothing\n\"2 Hours Doing Nothing\" (Indonesian: 2 Jam Nggak Ngapa-ngapain) is a two-hour video created by YouTuber Muhammad Didit, published on his YouTube channel Sobat Miskin Official (Official Broke Gang) on 10 July 2020 at 11:21:44 UTC. The video features Didit staring at the camera in his bedroom for two hours. It was originally intended to be a 10-minute video. It surpassed four million views and a mobile game of the same name was later published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160036-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Hours Doing Nothing, Summary and production\nThe video is 2 hours, 20 minutes and 52 seconds in length; it features 21-year-old Madurese YouTuber Muhammad Didit Delon in his bedroom sitting on the floor staring at nothing. A viewer counted Didit blinking 362 times. Apart from the twelve seconds starting at 2:20:39, Didit remains tense throughout. The video was shot between 11 pm and 1 am local time, with preparation beginning 30 minutes earlier. Didit originally planned the video to be only 10 minutes long. Didit stated that he feared his parents would call him out of his room while the video was being recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160036-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Hours Doing Nothing, Summary and production\nHe stated that the video was a sarcastic commentary, responding to Indonesian netizens continually ranting about the lack of \"educational\" content on the Internet. He stated that the video \"depends on you the viewers to filter; that is my only advice to all of you, and I hope that you will be entertained and benefited from this video.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160036-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Hours Doing Nothing, Reception\nThe video, published on YouTube, went viral, with Times Now reporting 1.7 million views on the day of its release, India.com reporting 2 million views as of 3 August, Beebom reporting 2.5 million views as of 9 August, and Tribun News reporting 3 million views as of one month since release. As of December 2020, the video has received over 4.4 million views with 139,000 likes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160036-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Hours Doing Nothing, Reception\nIn addition to several memes using the video's clips seen on Instagram and Twitter, the video hit trending on 9GAG. Didit stated that he did not expect such attention, that the video was only meant for his subscribers. Prior Didit's primary focus were the food genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160036-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Hours Doing Nothing, Reception\nThe comment section itself attracted media attention. Some said Didit should register the video for the Cannes Film Festival; others imagined Didit forgetting to press the \"Record\" button and wasting his time. Many challenged Didit to make a similar video but with longer duration, or follow-up videos like \"2 Hours Saying Alhamdulillah\", \"2 Hours Waiting Duck to Lay Egg\", \"1 Hour Begging Subscribers\", and \"2 Hours Holding Breath\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160036-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Hours Doing Nothing, Reception\nVice said that it was part of a trend in Indonesia, but also found similar international videos such as \"Doing Nothing For 8 Hours Straight\", as well as Sitting and Smiling. The video was regarded as \"one of the best things on the internet\" by Ilyas Sholihyn of AsiaOne, \"and [people worldwide] are surprised that a video of a random guy doing nothing for two hours is interesting enough to get millions of hits.\" Online newspaper World of Buzz compared Didit to comedian Russell Peters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160036-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Hours Doing Nothing, Reception\nUNILAD wrote, \"Growing up, [...] parents all over the world say the same thing: 'You can't just sit about all day doing nothing.' [...] However, one man (Didit) has bucked the adage with his latest video.\" The Hindustan Times called him \"inspirational\". Former Jakarta Vice Governor Sandiaga Uno praised the video for being \"cool and original\", as well as accurately capturing the boredom of staying home during the COVID-19 pandemic. In an interview, he opined that the video is \"based on authenticity\", and that \"content is king, [and] timing is queen. The timing was perfect.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160036-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Hours Doing Nothing, Video game adaptation\nA mobile game of the same name was launched on Google Play by developer Hepitier. The main menu is a white screen with a text reading \"Touch screen to begin,\" and the game displays a bald man against a light gray background doing what Didit did, with a stopwatch below. As it hits 2:00:01, an end card reads \"Congratulations! You've successfully done nothing for 2 hours.\" As of August 2020, it has been downloaded over 10,000 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160037-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Hours Love, Plot\nA love story with a tinge of suspense underlying. Hero and heroine love only for 2 hours a day. Irrespective of situations, they only love from 4\u00a0pm to 6\u00a0pm a day. Before 4\u00a0pm and after 6\u00a0pm, they behave as strangers. Even if they accidentally spot each other, they don't even wish/talk. Though the boy is reluctant in following it, he does it as the girl approves his love only on this condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160037-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Hours Love, Plot\nWhen Hero proposes Heroine, she will inform that she is busy and is free only for 2 hours a day and will love only from 4\u00a0pm to 6\u00a0pm of a day. She also mentions various conditions that they will not be lovers after 6\u00a0pm, they will not be involving friends and family during their time etc..Only if he agrees to all the conditions, she will agree to love him. She will also make an agreement with all the conditions and get it signed by the Hero. If he breaks any of the rules, she will break the relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160038-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Hype\n2 Hype is the debut studio album by American rap duo Kid 'n Play. It was released on October 26, 1988, through Select Records. Recording sessions took place at Bayside Sound Recording Studio in New York. Production was handled by Hurby \"Luv Bug\" Azor and the Invincibles. It features the lone guest appearance from The Real Roxanne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160038-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Hype\nThe album reached number 96 on the Billboard 200, number nine on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. Three singles found success on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts: \"Rollin' with Kid 'n Play\" (No. 11 and No. 2, respectively), \"2 Hype\" (No. 46 and No. 19, respectively) and \"Gittin' Funky\" (No. 53 and No. 24, respectively).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160038-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Hype, Critical reception\nThe Rolling Stone Album Guide called the album \"witty and entertaining,\" writing that \"its amiable energy never disappoints.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160038-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Hype, Critical reception\nIn 2008, \"Rollin' with Kid 'n Play\" was ranked #63 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company\n2 Intelligence Company (abbreviated 2 Int Coy) is a Canadian Armed Forces Primary Reserve Intelligence Branch unit based in Toronto, headquartered at Denison Armoury. It is part of the 4th Canadian Division. The Intelligence Officers and Operators of the unit reside in the Greater Toronto Area, work as professionals in the business community and are also active in numerous community service organizations. They deploy on domestic and foreign operations, and are primarily responsible for tactical, or combat intelligence. Recent deployments include to Cyprus, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Lineage\n2 Intelligence Company perpetuates the presence of a military intelligence unit in Toronto that can be traced back to the original No. 2 Guides Company that was formed April 1, 1903. As mounted units, Guides Companies were tasked to survey their respective regions as well as to collect information of potential military intelligence value. Upon mobilization for World War I, Guides personnel were reassigned to other duties. This was due to the fact that there was no establishment for intelligence units in the British divisional structure on which the Canadian Expeditionary Force was based.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Lineage\nGuides personnel however did serve in intelligence capacities at corps, division and brigade level throughout the war. Following the end of World War I, units of the Corps of Guides were restructured as Cyclists and a company assigned to each Military District. On December 15, 1921, the company in Toronto was re-designated No. 2 Cyclist Company. As Divisional troops, these units were tasked to conduct reconnaissance and force protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Lineage\nOn March 31, 1929, the Corps of Guides was disbanded. As a result, the Canadian Army had no officers or men trained in \"field intelligence\" at the beginning of World War II. The Canadian Intelligence Corps was formed on October 29, 1942. Overseas, the Corps grouped together several specialist units as well as all personnel employed in intelligence duties at various headquarters, but did not include senior staff officers or intelligence officers at Brigade and Battalion level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0002-0001", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Lineage\nWithin Canada, Canadian Intelligence Corps units were responsible for the training of specialist personnel, performing signals intelligence and censorship duties as well as conducting counter-intelligence. One of these units was No. 2 Field Security Section (also known as No. 2 Intelligence Section), which operated in Toronto from April 1, 1942, until February 27, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Lineage\nThe need to train officers and men without wartime experience was recognized quickly after the end of World War II and militia intelligence companies were formed across Canada. No. 2 Intelligence Company (also known as 2 Intelligence Training Company) was formed in Toronto on September 4, 1947. Training was provided in combat intelligence, air imagery analysis, field security and languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Lineage\nWith Unification, the amalgamation of the Regular Force Intelligence component with the Provost Corps led to the amalgamation of their militia counterparts. On February 1, 1970, No. 2 Intelligence Company was reduced to a section within the Military Police Platoon of the Toronto Service Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Lineage\n2 Intelligence Company returned to the Canadian Army's Order of Battle on October 29, 1993, as Land Force Central Intelligence Company. It regained its historic designation on May 19, 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War I (1914\u20131918)\n4th Divisional Cyclist Company of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was organized in Toronto in March 1916 under the command of Captain G. L. Berkley, with a strength of 8 officers and 191 other ranks. They deployed from Halifax aboard the HMT Olympic 1 May 1916 and arrived in England 6 May 1916 and attached to Canadian Reserve Cyclist Company at Swindon (Chisledon Camp). The unit was disbanded by General Order 208 of 15 November 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War I (1914\u20131918)\nIn addition to the training the Cyclists had received under the direction of the Corps of Guides in Canada, a much more intensive course was started in England which consisted of musketry, bombing, and bayonet fighting coupled with the highly specialized role of learning signalling and topography techniques, range-finding, tactics and the use of Lewis guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945)\nThe Canadian Virtual War Memorial lists six fallen soldiers as members either of \"2 Intelligence Company\", or \"2 Field Security Sec.\". The unit was known as 2 Field Security Section before 1947 when it was designated No. 2 Intelligence Company. Other fallen soldiers from Toronto, listed only as members of the Canadian Intelligence Corps, who were likely members of the unit include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain Frank Pickersgill\nMay 28, 1915 \u2013 September 14, 1944. Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Son of Frank Allan Pickersgill and Sara Cornelia (n\u00e9e Smith) Pickersgill, of Vancouver, British Columbia. Brother of Jack Pickersgill, a member of the House of Commons of Canada and a Cabinet Minister until 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain Frank Pickersgill\nCaptain Frank Pickersgill (code name: Bertrand) spoke English, French, German, Spanish and Greek. After receiving his MA in classics at U of T in 1938, he went to study in London, England. While travelling in Europe he was interned as an enemy alien by the Germans and put to hard labour. After using a metal file smuggled to him in a loaf of bread to saw his way out of his cell and escape, he returned to Britain, briefing Canadian units on conditions in German-occupied France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0010-0001", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain Frank Pickersgill\nHe volunteered to be parachuted into France with the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to support the French Resistance. Along with John Kenneth Macalister, another U of T student and Rhodes scholar from Guelph, Ontario, he was inserted on the night of June 15, 1943. The two were almost immediately picked up in a random search by the German army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain Frank Pickersgill\nThe two men were tortured by the Gestapo, who wanted them to pretend to still be free, and so encourage more SOE personnel to parachute in and be captured. Neither cooperated with the enemy. The Gestapo entertained Pickersgill at their Paris headquarters in an effort to persuade him to assist them. Pickersgill didn't relent. Instead, he broke a wine bottle, used the jagged edge to slit a guard's throat and managed to escape by jumping out a second-storey window before SS guards shot him four times and recaptured him. He was sent to the Buchenwald extermination camp, where he and Macalister were strangled as spies in early September, 1944. Buchenwald survivors said Pickersgill continued to try to keep his fellow captives' spirits up to the very end, telling bad jokes and encouraging them to march in step like soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain Frank Pickersgill\nCaptain Pickersgill, an alumnus of the University of Toronto, was honoured on September 15, 2004, at a wreath-laying at a small garden dedicated to him and his fellow Special Operations Executive agent, Captain John Kenneth Macalister at the foot of the University's Soldiers Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain Frank Pickersgill\nHe was buried at Groesbeek Memorial, Netherlands. Grave Reference: Panel 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 75], "content_span": [76, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain Frank Pickersgill, Citations\n1939-45 Star, France and Germany Star, Defence Medal, War Medal 1939-45, Canadian Volunteer Service Medal and Clasp. Mention in Dispatches, 12 November 1945. He was posthumously awarded the Cross of the Chevalier de la L\u00e9gion d'Honneur (France) in a ceremony on 12 December 1950 at the French embassy in Ottawa, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain John Kenneth MacAlister\nJuly 19, 1914 \u2013 September 14, 1944. John Kenneth Macalister (code name: Valentin, alias: Jean Charles Mauinier) was born July 19, 1914, in Guelph, Ontario. Son of Alexander and Celestine MacAlister; husband of Jeannine (n\u00e9e Lucas) MacAlister, of Paris, France. He spoke French and English. After graduating at the top of his law class at the University of Toronto, Macalister attended Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship. He graduated from there with first-class honours, and went on to the bar exams in London where he came first among the 142 from across the empire who sat the tests. He turned down a position teaching law at the University of Toronto in order to serve as an Intelligence Officer, responding to the faculty with only, \"Sorry. Many thanks. Macalister.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain John Kenneth MacAlister\nHe was parachuted into France with the  SOE to support the French Resistance on the night of June 15, 1943. They were met by agent Yvonne Rudelatt as planned, but were shortly afterward stopped by the Gestapo who had been tipped-off by an informer. Although they tried to get away, shots were fired and Rudelatt was hit, causing the car to crash. They were taken to Fresnes prison where they were interrogated and tortured repeatedly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0016-0001", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain John Kenneth MacAlister\nMacalister steadfastly refused to reveal his security checks to the Germans who had his codes and wished to send misleading messages back to the SOE's London headquarters. Macalister gave his interrogators nothing and when his captors tried to send messages, SOE recognized them as fake. He was sent to the Buchenwald extermination camp where he was executed as a spy September 14, 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain John Kenneth MacAlister\nCaptain MacAlister, an alumnus of the University of Toronto was honoured on September 15, 2004, at a wreath-laying at a small garden dedicated to him and his fellow SOE agent, Captain Frank Pickersgill at the foot of the University's Soldiers Tower. In 1995, the former principal of University College, Douglas LePan published an epic poem on MacAlister titled Macalister or Dying in the Dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain John Kenneth MacAlister\nHe was buried at Brookwood Memorial, Surrey, United Kingdom. Grave Reference: Panel 21 Column 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Captain John Kenneth MacAlister, Citations\nMention in Dispatches, 15 November 1945 \"for his great bravery and self-sacrifice\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 92], "content_span": [93, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Warrant Officer Class II (CSM) James Smart Milne\nDecember 25, 1897 \u2013 August 19, 1942. Killed in action at Dieppe. He was buried at Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery (Hautot-Sur-Mer), Seine-Maritime, France. Grave Reference L. 51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 98], "content_span": [99, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Sergeant William Corson\nNovember 10, 1905 \u2013 August 19, 1942. Killed in action at Dieppe. He was buried at Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery (Hautot-Sur-Mer), Seine-Maritime, France. Grave Reference: B. 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Sergeant George Anthony Osipoff\nSeptember 25, 1919 \u2013 August 9, 1944. Son of Anton and Tanya Osipoff. Husband of Ethel M. Osipoff, of Chichester, Sussex, England. Sergeant Ossipoff was working as a furrier when he enlisted at Regina on the outbreak of the war. He was killed in action on Operation Totalize during the push to Falaise, and was buried at Bretteville-Sur-Laize Canadian War Cemetery, Calvados, France. Grave Reference: XIII. E. 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, World War II (1939\u20131945), Lance Corporal Joseph William Place\nNovember 26, 1916 \u2013 June 5, 1943. Son of Tom and Mary Place; husband of Ruth Place, of Hamilton, Ontario. He was buried at Brookwood Military Cemetery, Surrey, United Kingdom. Grave Reference: 40. E. 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 85], "content_span": [86, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Korean War (1950\u20131953)\nStaff Sergeant James Hillary Struthers was one of the few Canadian Intelligence Corps personnel to serve in the Korean War. He was a World War II veteran who had served in the Royal Canadian Dragoons from 1938 to 1946. Following the end of the war he returned to Toronto where he joined the Canadian Intelligence Corps as a Reservist in 2 Intelligence Company. In May, 1951, he deployed to Korea with 1 Field Security Section, which had a unit strength of two Intelligence Officers, 17 Intelligence Operators and 12 other non-intelligence members. Their tasks included Counter Intelligence and Force Protection through screening of civilian labourers, refugee control, and interrogations; activities now known as HUMINT. The unit was disbanded in December 1951 in an effort by Ottawa to reduce the Canadian contribution to the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0025-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, War in Afghanistan (2005\u20132011)\nSoldiers from 2 Intelligence Company deployed on operations in Afghanistan from 2005 through the end of combat operations in 2011, and following that on the NATO Training Mission and withdrawal (2012\u201314). Throughout the combat operations period, up to 25 percent of the unit's effective strength was deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0026-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, War in Afghanistan (2005\u20132011)\n2 Intelligence Company personnel served with various formations and units, including at ISAF Joint Command (IJC), Information Dominance Centre (IDC) Kabul, Regional Command South, Task Force Kandahar HQ, Battle Group, Canadian Operational Mentor and Liaison Teams (OMLTs), National Support Element and the All Source Intelligence Centre. Operations conducted include MEDUSA, ATHENA and ARCHER.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0027-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, War in Afghanistan (2005\u20132011), Citations\nUnit member citations from the war include a Mention in Dispatches October 2, 2007, and a Meritorious Service Medal awarded June 20, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0028-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Camp X\n2 Intelligence Company conducts the annual Remembrance Day parade at Intrepid Park, the site of a World War II commando and espionage training site known as Camp X (or Special Training School 103 as it was officially known).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0029-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Camp X\nMany in the intelligence world consider Camp X to be the finest espionage training camp of the Second World War. It is said that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency named its training facility the 'Farm' as homage to Camp X, the first school of its kind in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0030-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Camp X\nFounded by Sir William Stephenson (more popularly known by his codename 'The Man Called Intrepid'), Camp X operated from 1941 to 1946 as a vital co-operative training ground for agents in Canadian, British and American service, who were inserted deep in Nazi-occupied Europe. Over 500 agents trained at Camp X before going on to work as secret agents, security personnel, intelligence officers, or psychological warfare experts, serving in clandestine operations in German-occupied Europe, supporting the efforts of underground resistance movements, or monitoring Nazi propaganda elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0031-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Camp X\nTrainees at the camp learned sabotage techniques, subversion, intelligence gathering, lock picking, explosives training, radio communications, encode/decode, recruiting techniques for partisans, the art of silent killing and unarmed combat. Camp X offered no parades for its graduates and none were ever publicly recognized for their accomplishments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0032-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Camp X\nAgents were not protected by the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War and many were captured, tortured, and executed by hostile forces. Approximately half of them did not return from their missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0033-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Camp X\nA monument was erected in 1984 to honour the men and women of Camp X. It is surrounded by four flags: that of Bermuda (where Sir William Stephenson lived for many decades) and those of wartime Allies the United States, Canada and Britain. The annual parade at this memorial honours the service of the fallen soldiers and the veterans who trained at this site, but could never be publicly recognized for their service during their lifetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0034-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Camp X\nCamp X was also the site of Hydra, a sophisticated top-secret communications relay station that facilitated the transmission of Allied sensitive and secret information during the war, and continued to operate until 1969. Built and run by Canadian electrical engineer Benjamin de Forest Bayly, it was considered one of the world's most advanced communications centres at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0035-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Camp X\nIn the fall of 1945, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police delivered to Camp X one of its most informative visitors, Igor Gouzenko, a Russian embassy cypher-clerk who defected to Canada. During an extensive debriefing, Igor revealed the magnitude of an elaborate Soviet espionage operation in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0036-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Camp X\nIn March 2012 Parks Canada designated \"Camp X\" a National Historic Event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0037-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, The Garden of Remembrance\nOn September 15, 2004, alumni veterans from the Soldiers' Tower Committee and members of 2 Intelligence Company held a ceremony to dedicate the Pickersgill-Macalister Garden of Remembrance at the foot of Soldiers' Tower to the memory of Captain John MacAlister and Captain Frank Pickersgill. MacAlister and Pickersgill were members of 2 Intelligence Company who were executed in the Buchenwald concentration camp by the German Gestapo, after being parachuted into France for the SOE prior to D-Day. A plaque at the garden displays the following inscription: \"This garden is in memory of those who gave their lives for peace and freedom. It was originally dedicated to the memory of Captain John Kenneth Macalister (University College BA 1936) and Captain Frank Herbert Dedrick Pickersgill (University College MA 1938)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0038-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, The Garden of Remembrance\nThe late University College principal Douglas LePan (BA 1935, DLitt 1990, DLitt Sac. Hon. 1997) a veteran and award-winning poet, had known Macalister as a student, and was chiefly responsible for the creation of the Pickersgill-Macalister Memorial Garden on the west side of Soldiers' Tower. In 1995 LePan published a long verse drama about MacAlister titled MacAlister, or Dying in the Dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0039-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Centennial Cannon\nThe Intelligence Corps' Centennial Cannon was produced by Compton House Limited as an operational muzzle-loading cannon to be fired for the Canadian Centennial. It is a George III one-pounder, however it carries the Canadian Intelligence Corps crest in place of the George III cipher. Two C INT C \"collar dogs\" are mounted on the forward face of the carriage. The squat 30-inch barrel is mounted on an oak carriage, fitted with bronze wheels, trunion caps and hardware. The barrel is cast in iron, with drawn steel bore tube for reinforcement. It weighs 83 pounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0040-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Centennial Cannon\nThe Centennial Cannon was proved on December 4, 1966, at Aurora, Ontario, by Duncan Webster, Historian, Antique Arms Expert and Curator of the Canadiana Gallery of the Royal Ontario Museum. The cannon is the first muzzle loading cannon ever produced in Canada, with the exception of some miniatures and replicas made privately by collectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0041-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Centennial Cannon\nThe gun was given by Duncan F. Cameron, a retired officer of 2 Intelligence Company, to the unit Officers' Mess to mark Canada's Centennial. He presented the gun to Major Wilford C. Wheeler, Commanding Officer of 2 Intelligence Company at the unit's Christmas Ball, December 16, 1966, at which time it was fired. It was also fired on February 24, 1967, to officially open the Toronto Garrison Officers' Centennial Ball at Moss Park Armoury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160039-0042-0000", "contents": "2 Intelligence Company, Centennial Cannon\nThe gun is on display at Denison Armoury, in Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160040-0000-0000", "contents": "2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings\nThe 2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings took place on 2 January 2017, when a pair of suicide car bombings targeted civilians and security forces in Somalia's capital. The first targeted a checkpoint, while a second car drove at high speed through it and detonated outside the Peace Hotel, opposite Aden Adde International Airport. The attack killed at least seven people and injured 17 others. The al-Shabaab militant group claimed responsibility for the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160041-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Jennifer\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Sc2353 (talk | contribs) at 01:39, 24 June 2020 (-Category:2016 horror films; -Category:2016 comedy films; \u00b1Category:2010s comedy horror films\u2192Category:2016 comedy horror films using HotCat). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160041-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Jennifer\n2 Jennifer is a 2016 indie horror film written and directed by Hunter Johnson, who also stars in the film. The film is a sequel to James Cullen Bressack's To Jennifer and features Johnson as a young man intent on creating a sequel to the 2013 film. The film also features David Coupe and Lara Jean Mummert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160041-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Jennifer, Synopsis\nSpencer wants to create a sequel to one of his favorite horror films, To Jennifer, and is hoping that doing so will launch his career as a filmmaker. As such, he is playing one of the movie's main characters and wants to find the perfect woman to serve as the film's titular character, even going so far as to insist that they only consider actresses that are named Jennifer. However as they find their perfect Jennifer and filming commences, Spencer's hold on reality grows more and more tenuous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160041-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Jennifer, Reception\nStarburst wrote a favorable review of the film, as they felt that it was \"refreshing to have a sequel work so well and for it actually not be essential that one has seen the original. Ultimately, it\u2019s a more enjoyable ride than the first, with a payoff that packs quite a wallop.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160041-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Jennifer, Reception\nIn contrast, Dread Central panned 2 Jennifer, stating that \"Fans of bargain-basement snuff will eat this one right up, but for this lad, I prefer to keep my eyesight on level ground\u2026 solid, stable, non-shaky ground.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160042-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Jubbergate\n2 Jubbergate, also known as 4 Jubbergate, is a grade II* listed building in the city centre of York, in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160042-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Jubbergate\nThe older part of the building was constructed in the 14th-century, at the end of Jubbergate, where it met Newgate and Little Shambles. This part is of two bays, timber framed, with a jettied upper floor, and brick infill on the ground floor. In the early-17th century, another timber-framed building was constructed next to it, in two parts: a two bay, two storied section with an original attic and cellar, and a smaller three storey section, the two perhaps having been built a few years apart. Over time, the two have become interconnected and are now a single property. Internally, the 17th-century section has an original chimney with a fireplace in the attic, and there is a plaster cornice in one first floor room which dates from the 18th-century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160042-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Jubbergate\nBy 1830, the building was in commercial use, as the Taylor, Cook & Co chemists and art shop. With the creation of nearby Parliament Street, it became a prime location for its new market, and by the 1870s it was a hatters' shop. In 1928, the building was restored by Brierley and Rutherford. They rebuilt the north-east wall of the 14th-century wing, inserted a new staircase in the 17th-century wing and built a brick extension to its rear, replaced the windows, and renewed some of the timber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160042-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Jubbergate\nFollowing the reconstruction, the building served for many years as the White Rose Cafe. It was grade II* listed in 1954, and in 1957, the York Conservation Trust purchased the freehold. As part of the creation of the Shambles Market, the neighbouring buildings were demolished, and it is now freestanding, almost surrounded by the market. It later became Gert and Henry's restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0000-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement\nThe 2 June Movement (German: Bewegung 2. Juni) was a West German anarchist militant group based in West Berlin. Active from January 1972 to 1980, the anarchist group was one of the few militant groups at the time in Germany. Although the 2 June Movement did not share the same ideology as the Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Gang), these organizations were allies. The 2 June Movement did not establish as much influence in Germany as their Marxist counterparts, and is best known for kidnapping West Berlin mayoral candidate Peter Lorenz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0001-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, History\nRising from the ashes of political group Kommune 1 and militant group Tupamaros West-Berlin, the 2 June Movement was formed in July 1971. During the trial of Thomas Weissbecker, Michael Baumann, and Georg von Rauch for an assault on Horst Rieck, Baumann and Weissbecker were ordered to be released on bail. When the release was announced, Rauch, who was facing a probable ten-year sentence for other charges, pretended to be Weissbecker, and left the courtroom with Baumann. The two immediately went underground. Once Weissbecker revealed his identity, he was released from custody. Following their escape, the 2 June Movement was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0002-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, History\nIn contrast to the Red Army Faction (RAF), the 2 June Movement was anarchist rather than Marxist. The organization derived its name from the date that German university student Benno Ohnesorg was shot by West Berlin Police officer Karl-Heinz Kurras while participating in a protest against the Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlavi's state visit to Germany, as the demonstrators were attacked by the police. His death ignited the left-wing movement in West Germany, influencing politicians and political activists, and leading to the establishment of violent non-state actors. Although the organization never became as notorious as the RAF, the 2 June Movement was the most prominent in the first phase of German leftist post-World War II militarism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0003-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Fritz Teufel\nPolitical activist Fritz Teufel became one of the leaders of the 2 June Movement. Originally taking part in Kommune 1, his comical take on revolutionary activity had him dubbed \"fun guerilla\" by the general public. In 1967, Teufel became a quasi-icon in West Germany after being arrested. Charged with treason and the attempted assassination of United States Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Teufel was eventually acquitted. His humorous image was constructed following his arrest, as he and his associates were brought into questioning with a flour-pudding-yogurt concoction that was to be used as a \"bomb\". On 2 June 1967, Teufel was arrested again, this time falsely accused of throwing a rock at police and provoking the riot at which Benno Ohnesorg was killed. This time, he served six months in jail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0004-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Fritz Teufel\nIn 1975, Teufel was arrested and charged with kidnapping Peter Lorenz, spending five years in pre-trial detention. When he came to trial, he was able to prove he was working in a toilet seat factory at the time, yet was still convicted of various charges and given a sentence of five years, which he had already served.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0005-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Fritz Teufel\nAlthough the 2 June Movement never developed a clear ideology or purpose for its existence, Teufel's political activism was rooted in his hatred for his parents' generation. Just like many students and activists of his age, Teufel was angered by the Nazi regime of the previous generation, and fought to eliminate that image from Germany. Much of the resentment was directed towards those who had played a role in the Nazi regime, especially those who had never taken any responsibility for their actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0006-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Bombings, kidnappings, and other violent acts\nAlthough the 2 June Movement achieved their greatest feat kidnapping Peter Lorenz, the group is known for many other attacks. The 2 June Movement predominantly used firearms when carrying out their attacks, but also used explosive devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0007-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Bombings, kidnappings, and other violent acts\nOn 4 December 1971 during a massive search throughout the city of West Berlin following the discovery of a Red Army Faction safehouse, three members of the 2 June Movement got into a shootout with a plainclothes policeman. George von Rauch was killed, while Michael Baumann and another guerrilla managed to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0008-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Bombings, kidnappings, and other violent acts\nOn 2 February 1972, the 2 June Movement declared responsibility for a bombing at the British Yacht Club in West Berlin. The attack, which killed the boat's engineer, was later found out to be an act of assistance for the Irish Republican Army. During the trial, which took place in February 1974, 2 June Movement and other militants started a riot at the court's exterior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0009-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Bombings, kidnappings, and other violent acts\nOn 2 March 1972 Thomas Weisbecker was killed in Augsberg, Germany during a shootout with two Munich policeman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0010-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Bombings, kidnappings, and other violent acts\nOn the fifth anniversary of Benno Ohnesorg's death, a bomb exploded in West Berlin. To this day, no group has taken responsibility for the bombing, although it was inferred that attack was the action of 2 June Movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0011-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Bombings, kidnappings, and other violent acts\nIn West Berlin on 27 July 1973, the 2 June Movement stole 200,000 Deutsch Marks from a local bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0012-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Bombings, kidnappings, and other violent acts\nIn mid-1974, 2 June Movement member Ulrich Schm\u00fccker was shot to death by others in the organization. Although it is not clear what the rationale was for the shooting, Schm\u00fccker was believed to be an informant. The opposing argument was that the murder was an accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0013-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Bombings, kidnappings, and other violent acts\nAfter Red Army Faction member Holger Meins died in prison, the 2 June Movement attempted a kidnapping of Superior Court Justice G\u00fcnter von Drenkmann, who was killed in the process. The effort to kidnap Von Drenkmann was believed to be retaliation for the poor treatment of Meins during his time in prison. Meins and other Red Army Faction members were force-fed during a hunger strike, an action that angered the radical groups of West Berlin. While much of the general public was horrified by the death of the Superior Court Justice, some others believed that the Meins' cruel treatment by security officers was unethical, and justified Von Drenkmann's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0014-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Kidnapping of Peter Lorenz\nThree days before mayoral election in West Berlin in 1975, candidate Peter Lorenz of the Christian Democratic Union party was kidnapped by 2 June Movement members. Lorenz was cornered while on the road, and was thrown into another vehicle after his driver was knocked unconscious from the vehicle collision involving the kidnappers. In an effort to free several imprisoned Red Army Faction and 2 June Movement affiliates, the extremists publicized a photo which showed Lorenz with a sign around his neck that read \"Peter Lorenz, prisoner of the 2nd June Movement\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0014-0001", "contents": "2 June Movement, Kidnapping of Peter Lorenz\nThe photo also contained a message that demanded the release of Gabriele Kr\u00f6cher-Tiedemann, Horst Mahler, Ingrid Siepmann, Rolf Heissler, Rolf Pohle, and Verena Becker from prison. Along with the release of these members, 2 June Movement also demanded that a jet be provided to fly the radicals out to Aden located in South Yemen, and 9,000 German marks should be given to the 2 June Movement. The West German government met their demands, releasing all but Horst Mahler, who did not want to be set free.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0014-0002", "contents": "2 June Movement, Kidnapping of Peter Lorenz\nOn 5 March 1975 Peter Lorenz was released at midnight, six hours after the West German Government had fulfilled the demands made by his abductors. He was dropped off in Wilmersdorf district, walked to a telephone booth, and called his wife, Marianne, to tell her that their six\u2010day ordeal was over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0015-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Arrests and escapes\nThroughout the course of the organization's history, several notable arrests resulted in the imprisonment of 2 June Movement members. Associate Till Meyer was taken into custody after a 29 March 1972 shooting in Bielefeld at which no one was wounded. By December, he was convicted of the attempted murder of a policeman, and imprisoned for three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0016-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Arrests and escapes\nOn 19 April 1972 four hundred police raid the \"Georg von Rauch House\", a commune in Kreuzberg. Evidence related to recent bombings were discovered, but members of the 2 June Movement who had been living there were else where at the time of the raid. Twenty-seven people were taken in for questioning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0017-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Arrests and escapes\nLater that June, Bernhard Braun was discovered and arrested for his activity in violent attacks, along with Red Army Faction member Brigitte Mohnhaupt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0018-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Arrests and escapes\nIn 1973, 2 June Movement member Gabi Kr\u00f6cher-Tiedemann was arrested after shooting a policeman and sentenced to eight years in prison. She was set free in 1975 as a part of the bargain in the Peter Lorenz kidnapping. Within a few months of each other in late 1973, Inge Viett and Till Meyer escaped from prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160043-0019-0000", "contents": "2 June Movement, Dissolution\nOn 2 June 1980, the 2 June Movement declared that they had disbanded and merged with the Red Army Faction in a letter to the German daily newspaper, Frankfurter Rundschau. Anti -imperialism was a common cause that brought the 2 June Movement to join forces with the Red Army Faction. The 2 June movement ended their statement with \"Unity in the Anti- Imperialist Armed Struggle\" conveying their solidarity with the Red Army Faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160044-0000-0000", "contents": "2 King's Bench Walk\n2 King's Bench Walk is a Grade I listed building that houses barristers' chambers in the Inner Temple, Central London. It was designed by Sir Christopher Wren in about 1680, after the Great Fire of 1666.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160044-0001-0000", "contents": "2 King's Bench Walk\nThe building survived the bombing of World War II, and remains as an important example of a well-proportioned seventeenth century townhouse. The corner position provides for a number of spacious dual-aspect rooms with views towards the River Thames. One of the rooms on the first floor contains a beautiful carved wooden mantelpiece together with wall panelling. The top floor continues to be used as a residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160044-0002-0000", "contents": "2 King's Bench Walk\nVarious sets of barristers' chambers have existed at 2 King's Bench Walk, including a set formerly headed by Lord Campbell of Alloway QC ERD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160045-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings (album)\n2 Kings is a collaborative studio album by Nigerian rappers Olamide and Phyno. It was released through Cloud 9 and the iTunes Store with little announcement on 1 April 2015, by Penthauze Music and YBNL Nation. The album features collaborations with producers and guest artists such as Wizkid, Lil Kesh, Storm Rex, Pheelz, Major Bangz, B.Banks and Young John. Prior to recording the album, Olamide and Phyno frequently collaborated with each other on several songs, including \"Ghost Mode\" and \"Dope Money\". The album produced the singles \"Une\" and \"Confam Ni\", both of which were released in the months leading to the album's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160045-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings (album), Background\nOlamide first announced plans for a collaborative project with Phyno in January 2014. The album was initially scheduled for release in 2014, but was pushed back. While speaking to Yaw of Wazobia FM in October 2014, Olamide said the album was still being worked on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160045-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings (album), Singles\nPhyno released the album's lead single \"Une\" on 5 February 2015. Olamide released the album's second single \"Confam Ni\" on 8 March 2015. The song features vocals from Wizkid and was produced by Young John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160045-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings (album), Critical reception\n2 Kings received generally positive reviews from music critics and consumers. Jim Donnett awarded the album 4 stars out of 5, characterizing it as \"the battle axe, crafted and fashioned for the reawakening purpose\" and commending Olamide and Phyno for \"breaking the fetters and reigning supreme as kings.\" Ayomide Tayo of Pulse Nigeria granted the album 3.5 stars out of 5, describing it as a \"project that had more promise and potential than impact\" while applauding both rappers for not taking the \"let's play it safe\" approach. A writer for music blog Jaguda described the album as a \"classic masterpiece\" and commended its production and length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1\n2 Kings 1 is the first chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter focuses on the Israel king Ahaziah, the son of Ahab, and the acts of Elijah the prophet who rebuked the king and prophesied the king's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Analysis\nThe second book of Kings begins with a chapter featuring the prophet Elijah, whose stories occupy the last part of the first book of Kings (1 Kings). In this final story of confrontation with a monarch, Elijah takes on King Ahaziah of Israel whose reign was introduced in the ending verses of 1 Kings (1 Kings 22:52\u201354).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Analysis\nThe artificial separation of this episode of Elijah from those in the previous book resulted from the Septuagint's division of the Hebrew book of Kings into two parts, whereas the Jewish Hebrew text tradition continued to consider Kings as one book until the Bamberg Rabbinic Bible of 1516. This makes 2 Kings begin with a sick king (Ahaziah) in his deathbed, just as 1 Kings (David), where both Ahaziah and David received prophets with quite different results. Although Elijah is fully capable of raising the dead (1 Kings 17:17\u201324), Ahaziah seeks help elsewhere, so instead of being healed, he was prophesied by Elijah to die in his current bed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Analysis\nThe abruptness of the beginning of 2 Kings can also be seen its very first verse about Moab's rebellion against Israel after the death of Ahab, which seems unrelated to the story of Ahaziah and Elijah that follows it; the rebellion will be dealt in chapter 3, where it starts with the verbatim \"repetitive resumption\" (Wiederaufnahme) of 2 Kings 1:1 in 2 Kings 3:5. However, this opening episode of 2 Kings serves several important functions: looking backwards to summarize the personality and behavioral traits of Elijah, while at the same time anticipating the future anti-Baal crusade by Jehu who would destroy the Omride dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Analysis\nThis narrative is one of four in 1\u20132 Kings in which a prophet delivers an oracle to a dying king, placing Elijah in a \"type-scene\" associated with each major prophet in the book (Ahijah in 1 Kings 14:1\u201318; Elisha in 2 Kings 8:7\u201315; Isaiah in 2 Kings 20:1\u201311), thus linking him into a prophetic chain. The differences from the common pattern are the threefold repetition of the oracle (verses 3b-4, 6, 16) and the confrontations between Elijah and the three captains of the king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Analysis, Structure\nThe main narrative of this chapter contains parallel elements that create structural symmetry:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Opening verse (1:1)\nThis statement about Moab's rebellion in the opening verse of 2 Kings is elaborated in 2 Kings 3:5ff, and supported by the information in the Mesha Stele (see detailed comparisons in chapter 3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Opening verse (1:1)\nMoab in the Trans-Jordan region was incorporated into Israel by King David, who has family connections with the people of that land (Ruth 4), mentioned only briefly in 1 Kings 11:7 as a client state of Israel during the days of David and Solomon, then ruled by the Northern Kingdom of Israel during the reigning period of the Omrides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Elijah interferes (1:3\u201316)\nThe oracular consultation that Ahaziah requested did not take place due to Elijah's interference in the name of YHWH, following the explicit order of an 'angel of the LORD' (verses 3\u20134) and three (fifty-strong) army divisions are unable to stop him (verses 9-16). Thematically similar to 1 Kings 18, Elijah's mission to promote the exclusive worship of YHWH in Israel suits his name ('My God is YHWH!').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0011-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Elijah interferes (1:3\u201316)\nAhaziah only came to know who the prophet was by the description of Elijah's appearance, and aside from his mantle (cf. 2 Kings 2:13), Elijah's recognizable feature seems to be his sudden showing up 'precisely when he is not expected or wanted, fearlessly saying what was to be said in the name of his God' (cf. 1 Kings 18:7; 21:17\u201320).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160046-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 1, Death of Ahaziah (1:17\u201318)\nIn Ahaziah's life and death, the history of the house of Ahab is parallel to that of the house of Jeroboam I. A man of God from Judah prophesied the end of Jeroboam's family (1 Kings 13), then Jeroboam's son Abijah was sick and died before the dynasty ended. Likewise, after the destruction of Ahab's family was prophesied, Ahab's son, Ahaziah, died when the dynasty was still intact. However both dynasties fell during the reign of a subsequent son.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10\n2 Kings 10 is the tenth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records Jehu's massacres of the sons of Ahab, the kinsmen of Ahaziah the king of Judah and the Baal worshippers linked to Jezebel. The narrative is a part of a major section 2 Kings 9:1\u201315:12 covering the period of Jehu's dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 36 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with extant verses 19\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Analysis\nThis chapter and the previous one contain the narrative of Jehu's overthrow of the Omride dynasty and destruction of the Baal worship in Israel, reopening the battle against apostasy which was started by Elijah (1 Kings 18). Following his anointing, Jehu executed a total revolution in Israel and Judah, by killing the reigning kings (and their family members) of both kingdoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Analysis\nThe narrative may be divided into two parallel sections, the first one about the assassination of the leaders (including Jezebel, the queen mother of Israel) and the second about the killing of their kinsmen (including the Baal worshippers as Jezebel's \"kin\"), ending with a summary of Jehu's reign and the consequences of his action in relation to his faithfulness to YHWH. The structure can be as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Jehu massacres the house of Ahab (10:1\u201311)\nThe eradication of the entire ruling house after a coup was common in the ancient Near East, because it minimized the threat of blood-revenge and claims to the throne. As the royal house of Omri is in Samaria (1 Kings 16:24), Jehu wrote to the Samarians to 'choose between loyalty to the previous dynasty and defection to him, the murderer of their king' (verses 1\u20135). The Samarians, like the Jezreelites, chose to follow Jehu and they brought the heads of the decapitated 70 Omrides to Jezreel (verses 6\u20137).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Jehu massacres the house of Ahab (10:1\u201311)\nJehu took responsibility for murdering the king, but not for the slaughter of the royal family. It seems that Jehu was God's instrument to fulfill the prophecy spoken through the prophet Elijah (verse 10), but the way he executed the coup was blameworthy, because about 100 years later the prophet Hosea states that God 'will punish the house of Jehu for the blood of Jezreel' (Hosea 1:4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Jehu massacres the house of Ahab (10:1\u201311), Verses 1\nThe correspondence regarding the fate of the Ahab's sons recalls Ahab and Jezebel's correspondence with the nobles of Jezreel regarding Naboth's fate (1 Kings 21:8\u201310).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 64], "content_span": [65, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Jehu massacres the kinsmen of King Ahaziah (10:12\u201314)\nForty-two male members of the Judean royal family, who were closely tied and related to the Israelite royal house (cf. 2 Kings 3:7; 8:26, 29)  near Betheked (presumably between Jezreel and Samaria) and ignorantly announced 'their allegiance to the Omrides, and thereby condemned themselves to death' (verses 13\u201314).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Jehu massacres worshipers of Baal and destroys house of Baal (10:15\u201328)\nIn their common 'zeal for the LORD', Jehu formed an alliance with Jehonadab ben Rechab, presumably the leader of a nomadic YHWH-worshipping religious clan which had strictly detached itself from the culture and religion of the country (cf. Jeremiah 35). The news that many Omrides have been killed (verse 17) is related to the full execution of the announcement made in 2 Kings 9:8\u20139. Jehu (and Jehonadab) then targets the house of Baal in Samaria, established since the time of Ahab (1 Kings 16:32).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 83], "content_span": [84, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0008-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Jehu massacres worshipers of Baal and destroys house of Baal (10:15\u201328)\nAs the Baal worshippers were closely linked to Ahab's royal family, the attack on them is clearly in line with Jehu's revolution. Jehu gathers all the prophets and priests in the temple using lures and threats (verses 18\u201319). Jehu's announcement, 'I have a great sacrifice to offer to Baal' (verse 19) is 'cruelly ambiguous, as he initially performs the sacrificial rites as a devout king would do (verse 24), only to order the ensuing human sacrifice'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 83], "content_span": [84, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0008-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 10, Jehu massacres worshipers of Baal and destroys house of Baal (10:15\u201328)\nAccording to verse 21, all servants of Baal throughout Israel should be eradicated, but individual YHWH-worshippers must first be separated from the mass (verse 22b), recalling the same problem in Genesis 18:17\u201333. Jehu's soldiers executed the order thoroughly, destroying the cella ('the citadel of the temple') and the matzbas within it, then transforming the holy site into a latrine, to remain so 'unto this day' (verses 25, 27). Jehu's victory led to a decisive turn in the political and religious history of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 83], "content_span": [84, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 10, The reign of Jehu (10:29\u201336)\nThe final passage of this chapter contains annal notes of Jehu's reign. Jehu eradicated Baal worship in Israel, but the idol worshipsites still stood in Bethel and Dan, so he received bad rating, although his dynasty lasted four generations: no more than the Omrides, but longer in years (36 years for house of Omri to 100 years for house of Jehu, of which Jehu himself ruled for 28 years. However, verse 32 immediately shows that it was not a particularly good time for Israel, as the Arameans quickly put Israel under pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160047-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 10, The reign of Jehu (10:29\u201336)\nOn the Tel Dan Stele erected presumably by Hazael the king of Aram (Syria) in the same period, it was written that the Arameans had comprehensive victories over Israel and Judah, explicitly stating the killing of \"Joram the son of Ahab king of Israel and Ahaziah son of Jehoram of the king of the house of David\" with a probable reading of Jehu appointed to rule Israel (line 11\u201312). This could mean that Jehu (willingly or unwillingly) was Hazael's accomplice. Soon the Assyrians came to defeat the Arameans, so Jehu might have to pay tribute to Shalmaneser III the Assyrian king, as depicted in the Black Obelisk (written in about 825 BCE, found in Nimrud, now in the British Museum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 11\n2 Kings 11 is the eleventh chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the reign of Athaliah and Joash as the rulers of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 21 verses in Christian Bibles, but into 20 verses in the Hebrew Bible as in the verse numbering comparison table below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Text, Verse numbering\nThis article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Analysis\nA parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11\u201320 and 2 Kings 21\u201325, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Athaliah's accession to power and Joash's rescue (11:1\u20133)\nThe record of Athaliah's reign in Judah was treated structurally as an appendix of the regnal account of Ahaziah ben Jehoram, the king of Judah (2 Kings 8:25\u201311:20), or as a revolt of a usurper (cf. northern tribes against Rehoboah in 1 Kings 12; Jehu's revolt against Jehoram in 2 Kings 9\u201310), so it lacks the usual formal structure of regnal accounts. Athaliah was Omri's 'granddaughter' (2 Kings 8:26), who married to Joram of the Davidic royal family and became the queen mother of Ahaziah ben Joram (2 Kings 8:18).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 69], "content_span": [70, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Athaliah's accession to power and Joash's rescue (11:1\u20133)\nWhen Jehu's coup left her with no male relatives in either Samaria or Jerusalem, she reacted brutally as a mass murderer of David's house (of what remained after Jehu's slaughter in 2 Kings 10:12\u201314) and\u2014despite being a woman and an Omride\u2014became the ruler of Judah, effectively personifying the Omridic politics that was violently cut away from (northern) Israel, for a further six years in Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 69], "content_span": [70, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Joash's enthronement and Athaliah's death (11:4\u201321)\nThe priest Jehoiada played a significant role in deposing Athaliah and putting the 7-year-old Joash on the throne after keeping the future king hidden for six years (2 Kings 12:1). Jehoiada built up a 'subversive organization in the temple with a good infrastructure, sufficient weaponry', and a close relationship with the 'people of the land' (verses 14, 18, 20).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0007-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Joash's enthronement and Athaliah's death (11:4\u201321)\nThe final sentence of verse 20 (contrasting the land/Judah and the city/Jerusalem) gives indication on the political constellation: Athaliah, like all Omrides, enjoyed the support of the urban and aristocratic circles of the capital city, whereas the opposition (such as also Jehu) received the support from the provincial farming population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160048-0007-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 11, Joash's enthronement and Athaliah's death (11:4\u201321)\nThe religious factors also played a role in the overthrow in Judah, as Jehoiada was a priest of the temple of Jerusalem, where since the time of Solomon, there had been syncretistic and strictly YHWH-worshipping tendencies there (cf. e.g. 1 Kings 15:13; 2 Kings 18:4, 22), so the revolt might include anti-Baal sentiment (verse 18a). This chapter is a Judean counterpart to Jehu's revolt (2 Kings 9\u201310), which also eliminated a queen (Jezebel) and the Baal worship in (northern) Israel six years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 12\n2 Kings 12 is the twelfth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the reign of Joash as the king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 12, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 21 verses in Christian Bibles, but into 22 verses in the Hebrew Bible as in the verse numbering comparison table below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 12, Text, Verse numbering\nThis article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 12, Analysis\nA parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11\u201320 and 2 Kings 21\u201325, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 12, The Temple renovation during the reign of Joash (12:1\u201316)\nJoash (or Jehoash) is given a relatively positive rating in the books of Kings, first because of his succession to replace the Omride queen Athaliah, and secondly due to his care of the temple of YHWH (the Chronicler notes that Jehoash became corrupt after the death of Jehoiada; 2 Chronicles 24:15\u201322). Joash arranged that temple renovation was no longer solely directed by the priests, but was decreed by the palace, and that donations for this project were placed in a collection box, to be counted communally at intervals, then given to a building administration (verses 6\u201312, 15).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 69], "content_span": [70, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 12, The Temple renovation during the reign of Joash (12:1\u201316)\nAs animal and vegetable sacrifices were reserved for God and his priests (verse 17), others could be made by paying in silver (shekel), so a group of lower caste 'priests who guarded the threshold' was assigned to deposit these in a designated chest (according to 2 Chronices 24:10, by thetime of exile, the believers threw their money into the collection box themselves).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 69], "content_span": [70, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 12, Joash's reign (12:17\u201321)\nDuring the later parts of Joash's reign, Hazael, the king of Aram in Damascus (cf. 1 Kings 19:15\u201317; 2 Kings 8:7\u201315), placed both the northern kingdom of Jehu (cf. 2 Kings 10:32\u201333) and the kingdom of Judah under heavy burden of tributes. The threat of Hazael to Jerusalem indicates a continuous concern for the Aramean invasion to the land of Israel since the time of Omri's dynasty to the early parts of Jehu's dynasty until king Jehoash ben Jehoahaz of Israel (the third in Jehu's line of kings) defeated the Arameans following the death of prophet Elisha (2 Kings 13:14\u201321). The payment of tribute to Hazael may mean that all the funds for temple repairs collected by Jehoash (and his predecessors, such as Jehoshaphat, Jehoram and Ahaziah) were lost to the Arameans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160049-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 12, Joash's reign (12:17\u201321)\nJehoash's assassination could be explained from historiographical perspectives, beginning with Jehoshaphat giving his son Jehoram in marriage to Athaliah, so the house of David thereafter descended from the house of Omri, and the next three kings of Judah (three generations) were assassinated as the consequences of Elijah's prophecy that every male of Ahab in Israel would be cut off (2 Kings 21:21) until the reign of Uzziah ben Amaziah of Judah which coincides the time king Jeroboam ben Jehoash of Israel restored the borders of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13\n2 Kings 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 13\nThis chapter records the reigns of Jehu's son, Jehoahaz, and Jehu's grandson, Jehoash, in the kingdom of Israel during the reign of Jehoash, the king of Judah, as well as the events around the death of Elisha. The narrative is a part of a major section 2 Kings 9:1\u201315:12 covering the period of Jehu's dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 25 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Analysis\nThis chapter contains an underlying typology of the Exodus and Conquest, linking also to passages in the Book of Judges with the recurring pattern: worship of idols provoking the jealousy and anger of YHWH, then Israel is delivered into the hands of foreign nations, until the people cry for help, so YHWH sends a savior to deliver them, returning them to true worship until the savior (or 'judge') dies and the cycle starts again (Judges 2:6\u201323). This pattern is 'grounded in the foundational exodus pattern': YHWH responds to the cry of the people, remembers their covenant with him, raises Moses as a savior and delivers Israel from Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Jehoahaz, king of Israel (13:1\u20139)\nJehu's son Jehoahaz became the king of Israel during the long reign of Joash, the king of Judah. This is a period of a relatively long and internally stable dynasty, but starkly in contrast to problems from abroad, as Aram-Damascus became the superpower in the region with bitter consequences for Israel (cf. verse 7). The oppression of the Syrian kings, Hazael and his son Ben-hadad is seen as the result of God's anger on Israel's faithlessness, more specifically, 'thesins of Jeroboam' (cf. verses 2\u20133 with Judges 2:13\u201314; 3:7\u20138, 11\u201312; 4:1\u20132, etc.). Like Israel at the time of the judges, Jehoahaz asked God for help and was provided a 'savior' (verses 4\u20136). However, Israel kept adhered to 'the sins of Jeroboam' and additionally worshipped Asherah in Samaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Jehoash, king of Israel, and the death of Elisha (13:10-25)\nThe passage about Jehoahaz' son, Jehoash, the king of Israel (his name is spelt 'Joash' in 13:12, and 14:1) is unusually structured:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Jehoash, king of Israel, and the death of Elisha (13:10-25)\nThe following passages are still related to Jehoash with the concluding formula repeated in 2 Kings 14:15\u201316. This peculiarity could be a result of the insertion of two Elisha legends (verses 14\u201319 and 20\u201321) into the narrative context using verses 12\u201313 and 22\u201325. The first legend shows Elisha acting as military support against the Arameans (cf. 2 Kings 6\u20137).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0007-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Jehoash, king of Israel, and the death of Elisha (13:10-25)\nJehoash held the prophet Elisha in honor, and wept by his bedside while he was dying, addressing him in the words Elisha himself had used when Elijah was carried up into heaven (2 Kings 2:12): \"O my father, my father, the chariot of Israel and the horsemen thereof\" (2 Kings 13:14; 2 Kings 14), During the visit, Elisha had Jehoash perform certain prophetic tasks. The king did not know what he was doing, and was only given  explanation after the deed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0007-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Jehoash, king of Israel, and the death of Elisha (13:10-25)\nThe arrow shot to the east is an indication of future victory against Aram, significantly shows \u2018how far south the Arameans had advanced\u2019 into the territory of Israel in the eastbank (cf. 2 Kings 10:32\u201333) and the point from where they are to be pushed back. The use of obscure sign language in the prophecies is found in other books of prophets (e.g. Isaiah 8:1\u20134; 20; Jeremiah 27\u201328; Ezekiel 4\u20135; 12, amongst others). The prophecy was fulfilled with successive victories of Jehoash over the Syrians, enabling him to retake from them the towns which Hazael had captured from Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0007-0003", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Jehoash, king of Israel, and the death of Elisha (13:10-25)\nThe attack by the Moabites in the second short legend indicates that the northern kingdom was severely weakened after Jehu's coup that not only the Arameans, but other neighboring tribes also took advantage of the situation. The hasty burial of a body in Elisha's grave (probably a burial cave) results in a resurrection, which displays Elisha's miraculous death-defying powers even beyond his own death just as during his lifetime (2 Kings 13:20\u201321). Verses 22\u201325 clarify that the story fits Jehoash, not Jehoahaz, because Jehoahaz suffered lifelong pressure from Hazael and Ben-hadad (13:3), whereas Jehoash did not (cf. 13:10\u201312; 14:15\u201316).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Archeology\nThe excavation at Tell al-Rimah yields a stele of Adad-nirari III which mentioned \"Jehoash the Samarian\" and contains the first cuneiform mention of Samaria by that name. The inscriptions of this \"Tell al-Rimah Stele\" may provide evidence of the existence of King Jehoash, attest to the weakening of Syrian kingdom (cf. ), and show the vassal status of the northern kingdom of Israel to the Assyrians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160050-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 13, Archeology\nA postulated image of Jehoash is reconstructed from plaster remains recovered at Kuntillet Ajrud. The ruins were from a temple built by the northern Israel kingdom when Jehoash of Israel gained control over the kingdom of Judah during the reign of Amaziah of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14\n2 Kings 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reigns of Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, as well as of Joash, and his son, Jeroboam (II) in the kingdom of Israel. The narrative is a part of a major section 2 Kings 9:1\u201315:12 covering the period of Jehu's dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 29 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Analysis\nThis chapter as a whole (as many other parts of 1\u20132 Kings) functions as a \u2018parable and allegory\u2019, and in particular includes a \u2018proverb\u2019 given by Jehoash king of Israel to Amaziah king of Judah (14:9\u201310). Some examples of the parabolic or allegoric style are provided in form of the \u2018history repeating itself\u2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Analysis\nDuring the time of Rehoboam the son of Solomon, after the division of the kingdom of Israel (1 Kings 12:21\u201324), Shisak the king of Egypt plundered the temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 14:25\u201328) and this event has a similar pattern in this chapter when Jehoash the king of Israel plundered the temple and broke down a large portion of the walls of the city of Jerusalem (2 Kings 14:13\u201314).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0004-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Analysis\nAnother parallel commences at the end of the chapter when another Jeroboam started to reign in Israel and the subsequent chapters reveal a \u2018providential chronological and historical symmetry\u2019 with the first Jeroboam. While Jeroboam I initiated the separation of the united kingdom to form the northern kingdom of Israel, Jeroboam II started the countdown to the end of this northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0004-0003", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Analysis\nThere is an indication that the kingdoms were reunited briefly under Jehu's dynasty is supported by some details in Jeroboam II's reign: the Israel king extended the borders of his kingdom from Hamath in the north to the Sea of the Arabah in the south, far into the territory of the kingdom of Judah (14:25), which \u2018echoes the ideal boundaries of the original united kingdom\u2019 (1 Kings 8:65). 2 Kings 14:28 can also be translated as \u201che recovered Damascus and Hamath to Judah in Israel\u201d as if Jeroboam II recovered the territory of Judah back to \u201cthe kingdom of Israel\u201d, forming a (semi)united kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Amaziah, king of Judah (14:1\u201322)\nThe historical records of Amaziah the king of Judah might be taken exclusively from the Judean annals. He took revenge for his father's murder (verse 5, cf. 2 Kings 12:20\u201321; verses 6\u20137 are an educated scribe's addition according to Deuteronomy 24:16, cf. also Ezekiel 18) only to fall victim to murder himself (verses 19\u201320). Amaziah also defeated the Edomites in the Arabah (\"Valley of Salt\", verse 7, cf. 2 Samuel 8:13, also verse 22), highlighting a struggle between Edom and Judah at the time (cf. 1 Kings 22:48; 2 Kings 16:6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Amaziah, king of Judah (14:1\u201322)\nHowever, the most detail is about the war with Israel which Amaziah initiated but ultimately lost (verses 8\u201314). Amaziah outlived Joash by at least fifteen years, but his violent death in the reign of Jeroboam II, the son of Joash, (verses 15\u201316) probably still related back to the events of his defeat. Amaziah's successor, Azariah (later, Uzziah), was chosen by 'the people of Judah' (verse 21), probably meaning 'the people of the land', who had an 'increasingly influential role in Judean politics' since the end of Athaliah's reign. Azariah (2 Kings 15:1\u20137) managed to consolidate his father's conquest of Edom by claiming the port of Elath for Judah (cf. 1 Kings 9:26).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Amaziah, king of Judah (14:1\u201322), War between Israel and Judah\nHistorical records show that Adad-nirari III of Assyria claims a successful westward campaign in 806 BCE, defeating, among others, 'Omri-Land' (the name Assyrian uses for Israel) and also Edom (ANET 281-2). This might encourage Amaziah to wage wars against Edom and Israel. He was successful to defeat Edom, but he miscalculated the strength of Israel. Joash the king of Israel, had warned Amaziah, using a parable: \u201cA thistle in Lebanon sent a message to a cedar in Lebanon, 'Give your daughter to my son in marriage.' Then a wild beast in Lebanon came along and trampled the thistle underfoot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 74], "content_span": [75, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Amaziah, king of Judah (14:1\u201322), War between Israel and Judah\nYou have indeed defeated Edom and now you are arrogant. Glory in your victory, but stay at home! Why ask for trouble and cause your own downfall and that of Judah also?\" However, Amaziah insisted on the war. Joash's army defeated Amaziah's at Beth-shemesh, on the borders of Dan and Philistia, then plundered Judah's palace and the temple, also broke down 200 meters of the 'particularly sensitive northern wall of Jerusalem', leaving the city defenseless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 74], "content_span": [75, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Jeroboam (II), king of Israel (14:23\u201329)\nJeroboam's reign outshines that of Joash, his father, as the northern kingdom enjoys a glorious period, when Aram-Damascus was ensnared between Israel and Assyria (cf. verse 28), that apparently allowed Jeroboam to control the territories northwards to Hamath on the Orontes, and also to the east and south as far as the Dead Sea (verse 25). This implies a hegemony over Judah, or at least the Jordan valley and the regions east of the Jordan, Gilead and Gad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0007-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Jeroboam (II), king of Israel (14:23\u201329)\nThe Book of Amos provides highlights to Israel's momentary political success: 'they were proud of the land they gained (Amos 6:13), the higher classes at least enjoyed the incoming wealth (Amos 6:4\u20146), the people believed they were God's favorites (Amos 6:1)', although Amos prophesied that this period of happiness would be short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0007-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Jeroboam (II), king of Israel (14:23\u201329)\nThe prophet Jonah ben Amittai was active in Israel at the time and had forecast Jeroboam's successes, so this can be seen as God's will, like other previous political events, 'according to the word of the LORD, which he spoke by the hand of...' (cf. the 'underlying rule'in Deuteronomy 18:21\u201322 and the examples in 1 Kings 15:29; 16:12; 22:38; 2 Kings 10:17). It is thought that God saw how Israel had suffered so much in the past, so God took pity, as connected to 13:5\u20136, 23\u20135. The mention of Jonah supports the historical basis of his claim in the Book of Jonah that God's mercy extended to peoples beyond Israel, including Assyria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Archeology\nThe excavation at Tell al-Rimah yields a stele of Adad-nirari III which mentioned \"Jehoash the Samarian\" and contains the first cuneiform mention of Samaria by that name. The inscriptions of this \"Tell al-Rimah Stele\" may provide evidence of the existence of King Jehoash (=Joash) of Israel, attest to the weakening of Syrian kingdom (cf. ), and show the vassal status of the northern kingdom of Israel to the Assyrians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160051-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 14, Archeology\nA postulated image of Joash is reconstructed from plaster remains recovered at Kuntillet Ajrud. The ruins were from a temple built by the northern Israel kingdom when Jehoash of Israel gained control over the kingdom of Judah during the reign of Amaziah of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15\n2 Kings 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 15\nThis chapter records the events during the reigns of Azariah (Uzziah) and his son, Jotham, the kings of Judah, as well as of Zechariah, Shallum, Menahem, Pekahiah and Pekah, the kings of Israel. Twelve first verses of the narrative belong to a major section 2 Kings 9:1\u201315:12 covering the period of Jehu's dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 38 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Analysis\nThis chapter displays a contrast between the stability of the southern kingdom and the downward sliding of the northern kingdom, with two royal records of Judah bracketing the narrative of five Israel kings in quick succession. Each reign is judged using a standard formula, one for the kings of Judah (verses 3, 34) and another for the kings of Israel (verses 9, 18, 24, 28).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Azariah (Uzziah), king of Judah (15:1\u20137)\nThe regnal records of Azariah the son of Amaziah, the king of Judah, can be demarcated by the introductory form (verses 1\u20134) and the concluding form (verses (5\u20137). The main account is in verse 5 regarding the king's leprosy and the active role of his son, Jotham, in ruling the kingdom on his behalf, but the length of the co-regency is not explicitly recorded. The period of his reign coincides largely with the reign of Jeroboam, who ruled over a kingdom territory comparable to that of Solomon, so Azariah's kingdom was a vassal to the kingdom of Israel. 2 Chronicles 26 provides a more detailed account of Azariah's reign, especially the reason God striking him with leprosy, his 'military actions against Philistia, the Arabs of Geur-Baal, and  the Meunites', as well as 'his efforts to fortify Jerusalem and to secure the hold on the Shephelah.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Azariah (Uzziah), king of Judah (15:1\u20137), Verse 7\nThe time of Azariah's death coincides with the time Isaiah received his call to be a prophet (\"in the year that King Uzziah died\"; Isaiah 6:1). E.L. Sukenik found an Aramaic inscription that reads, \"Here were brought the bones of Uzziah, king of Judah. Do not open!\" and once marked the tomb of Uzziah outside Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Zechariah, king of Israel (15:8\u201312)\nZechariah, the last ruler of the Jehu dynasty, only reigned for six months  and his assassination ends a long period of stability in the kingdom of Israel. It is set in the frame of the divine guidance that God himself announced to the founder of the dynasty (2 Kings 10:30) and confirms the fulfillment of it in verse 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Shallum, king of Israel (15:13\u201316)\nAfter bringing an end to the Jehu dynasty (verse 10), Shallum could only reign for a month before he was slain by Menahem. The literary structure consists of an 'introductory regnal form' (verse 13), the body of the account (verse 14) and the 'concluding regnal form' (verse 15\u201316). Menahem's submission to Assyria (verses 19\u201320) suggests that his action was to stop an attempt to revolt against the Assyrian by Shallum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Menahem, king of Israel (15:17\u201322)\nThe 10-year reign of Menahem provides a 'rare period of stability' in the final years of the northern kingdom, which was the result of Menahem's tributary payment to the Assyrian king, Tiglath-Pileser III (also known as Pul, cf. ANET 272). The tribute, along with those from other monarch, is listed with Menahem's name explicitly in the annals of the Assyria (ANET 283\u2013284). To pay that tribute, Menahem instituted an oppressive tax, fifty shekels (about 1\u00bc pounds, or 575 grams) of silver per person from all the wealthy men in Israel (verse 20), which may contribute to the coup against his son after he died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Menahem, king of Israel (15:17\u201322), Verse 19\nTiglath-Pileser records the tribute from Menahem in one of his inscriptions (ANET3 283).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Pekahiah, king of Israel (15:23\u201326)\nThe main regnal account of Pekahiah, the 17th king of Israel, only mentions his assassination by a group of 50 men from Gilead led by Pekah ben Remaliah, his own captain (verse 25).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Pekah, king of Israel (15:27\u201331)\nThe main record of Pekah's reign in this section focuses on the invasion of Tiglath-Pileser III into Israel in 734\u2013732\u00a0BCE and his murder in a coup led by Hosea ben Elah, backed by the Assyrians, as noted in the annals of Assyria (ANET 284). Pekah's alliance with Rezin of Damascus in the Syro-Ephraimite War to resist the Assyrians and attack Judah, a vassal to the Assyrians, is recorded in multiple passages (verse 37, 2 Kings 16:5, 7\u20139; Isaiah 7:1\u201317; Isaiah 9:1) and also in the annals of the Assyrians (ANET 283\u2013284).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160052-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 15, Jotham, king of Judah (15:32\u201338)\nLike his father (Azariah or Uzziah), Jotham was given a good assessment 'in the sight of the LORD' (verse 34; cf. verse 3), although both kings did not remove the 'high places', which was later done by Hezekiah (2 Kings 18:4) and Josiah (2 Kings 23:8), nor perform notable political actions. Jotham's memorable achievement was the building of 'the upper gate of the house of the LORD' (verse 35).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16\n2 Kings 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Ahaz, the king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 20 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Analysis\nCentering on Ahaz's interest in the altar of Damascus, the narrator highlights the typology of this passage, contrasted the images of Solomon and Jeroboam at altars in the First Book of Kings (1 Kings 8, 12:32\u201333), to Ahaz standing before the altar, a replica of that in Damascus, becoming 'another Jeroboam', setting up an alternative worship to that of Solomon's temple, so Judah repeats the sin of Israel and would suitably be doomed at the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Analysis\nAhaz is judged more severely than any king of Judah other than Manasseh, as he followed the ways of Israel's kings rather than David's. Ahaziah of Judah did the same (2 Kings 8:27), but with the \"excuse\" of being part of Ahab's family, whereas no excuse is given for Ahaz. Going further that imitating Israel's alternative worship, Ahaz revived the customs of the Canaanite nations that Israel had originally displaced (16:3) causing  'idolatrous shrines sprinkled throughout the land'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Analysis\nMeanwhile, the kingdoms Israel and Aram, in alliance against Assyria, attacked Ahaz from the north (Isaiah 7), and Rezin of Syria  took a town of Judah (2 Kings 16:6), 'driving the inhabitants into a mini-exile'. Not turning to YHWH, Ahaz turned to Tiglath-Pileser III for help and declared himself as the \"servant and son\" of the Assyrian king (16:7). The Assyrians ransacked Damascus and drove the Arameans into exile. Thus, both Israel and Judah were pressured into 'compromising alliances with Gentiles': Israel allied with Aram, 'its traditional enemy', while Judah allied with Assyria, bringing the image of \"the sons of God 'marrying' the daughters of men\" (Genesis 6:1\u20134), and then \"a flood\" of Gentiles swept 'both Judah and Israel into exile' (Genesis 6-9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Ahaz and the Syro-Ephraimite War (16:1\u20139)\nThe introductory regnal account of Ahaz  emphasizes on his wickedness, that despite his encounters with the prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 7:1\u20139:6), he acted like the kings of Israel (cf. 2 Kings 8:18), failed to follow David's example (cf. 2 Kings 14:3; 1 Kings 15:11). The evidence is that the \"abominable\" worship practices of the Canaanites (cf. Deuteronomy 20:18) including \"passing  his son through fire\" (verses 3\u20134; cf Deuteronomy 12:31; 18:10; 2 Kings 17:17), tying to the practices of Jeroboam (1 Kings 14:24) and Manasseh (2 Kings 21:2\u20136).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Ahaz and the Syro-Ephraimite War (16:1\u20139)\nFacing the attack of the Syro-Ephraimitic forces, Ahaz didn't accept the advice of Isaiah to seek YHWH's protection, but appealed to Tiglath-Pileser, who didn't need Ahaz's invitation to attack Aram. Ahaz's approach made Israel obligated to the Assyrians, whereas Tiglath-Pileser didn't feel the same way and even imposed further tribute on Ahaz for the rescue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Ahaz and the Syro-Ephraimite War (16:1\u20139), Verse 5\nThe Syro-Ephraimitic army could not afford to lay prolonged siege of Jerusalem while Aram's border was open to Assyrians' assault. That was foreseen by Isaiah when giving his advice to Ahaz (Isaiah 7-9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Ahaz paganizes the Temple  (16:10\u201320)\nThis section focuses on the new altar that Ahaz made following the design of the one he saw in Damascus, when he went there to meet (perhaps to give his oath of allegiance) to Tiglath-pileser who had set up his headquarters in that city. The new altar took the spot of the bronze one commissioned by Solomon (1 Kings 8:64), which is shifted to the north side of the new one, and took over its functions for regular offerings (cf. Numbers 29:39). The heavy bronze instruments that were installed by Solomon in the temple court (1 Kings 7:27\u201439) and other structures in the temple were changed by Ahaz 'because of the king of Assyria\". The altars on the roof of Ahaz's upper chamber were later destroyed by king Josiah (2 Kings 23:12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Archaeology, Ahaz\nMuch of Ahaz's foreign policy is not known from the Books of Kings, but from the Book of Isaiah and Assyrian inscriptions (ANET 282\u2013284). The \" Nimrud Tablet K.3751\", which describes the first 17 years of Tiglath-Pileser III's reign, contains  first known archeological reference to Judah (Yaudaya or KUR.ia-\u00fa-da-a-a) and the name of \"Ahaz\" (written as \"Jeho-ahaz\"), along with his tributes to the Assyrian king in gold and silver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Archaeology, Ahaz\nSeveral bullae  bearing the name of Ahaz have been found:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Archaeology, Tiglath-Pileser III\nMany inscriptions from the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III, the king of Assyria, have been found, most of them from his ancient palace in Nimrud, ancient Kalhu, including: (1) Annals (arranged chronologically); (2) Summary Inscriptions (arranged in a predominantly geographical pattern); and (3) Miscellaneous Texts (labels, dedicatory inscriptions, as well as other fragments).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Archaeology, Rezin\nThe account of Rezin is found among Tiglath-Pileser's inscriptions, particularly those related to a three-year Assyrian campaign in the Levant from 734-732 BCE, as in the following quote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Archaeology, Rezin\nThis is comparable to the account in the 2 Kings 16:9:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Archaeology, Pekah\nOne annals of Tiglath-Pileser III mentioned Pekah and Hoshea, two last kings of Israel:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160053-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 16, Archaeology, Pekah\nThis is comparable to the account in 2 Kings 15:30:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17\n2 Kings 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reigns of Hoshea the last king of Israel, the capture of Samaria and the deportation of the northern kingdom population by the Assyrian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 41 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, Structure\nThe skeletal narrative structure in this chapter is shaped by the actions of the king of Assyria, with the narrative followed by the commentary (twice):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, Analysis\nThis chapter provides a significant theological interpretation of Israel history connecting the long chronicles of the sin of the nation to the resulting divine punishment with the fall of the northern kingdom, as reflected by a 'dense concentration of Deuteronomistic language'. It also gives a glimpse to Judah's eventual fate, linking to other 'dense concentrations of Deuteronomistic judgment language' in 2 Kings 21:3\u201315; 23:26\u201327; 24:3\u20135. The northern prophets, Amos and Hosea, provide additional reflection on the reasons for the judgment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, Hoshea, king of Israel (17:1\u20136)\nThe regnal records of Hoshea, the last king of Israel, is evaluated less negatively than the previous kings of the northern kingdom, but his deeds are still 'evil in the sight of the Lord.' Hoshea's shift of allegiance from Assyria to Egypt has a disastrous consequence. Shalmaneser V, the king of Assyria, soon went up against Hoshea and laid siege on Samaria that last for three years, but Sargon II made the claim in his annals to have taken Samaria (ANET 284\u2013285).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, Hoshea, king of Israel (17:1\u20136), Verse 6\nThe deportees were displaced decentrally to various location in the north-east Syria, effectively destroying the races, so the exiled northern Israelite people left few traces in history and tradition (becoming \"Ten Lost Tribes\" of Israel), unlike the Jews (the people of Judah) who were later moved en bloc to Babylon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, Theological cause of the catastrophe (17:7\u201323)\nThe exposition in this section consists of two parts: about Israel (verses 7\u201318) and involving Judah (verses 19\u201323). The first part is marked by the term \"because\" of verse 7 to the \"therefore\" in the beginning of verse 18:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, Theological cause of the catastrophe (17:7\u201323)\nIn the second part, the idolatry in kingdom of Judah is coordinated with that in the northern kingdom (verse 19; cf. verse 13), although the narrator at this point only hints the demise of Judah (as the punishment for its sins).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160054-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 17, The immigrants from the east and their cults (17:24\u201341)\nFollowing the principle of destroying races in the conquered territory, the Assyrians not only displaced the Israelites from their land, but also deported people from other lands into Israel. The places listed in verses 24, 29\u201341 are partly in Mesopotamia and partly in Syria.. This mixing of ethnicity would avoid the development of large-scale resistance and 'paralyse the regions using the tension between people' of different origins. The Deuteronomistic narrative focuses on the religious impacts of this policy, that 'the religion (gods and ritual traditions) in the province of Samaria 'became mixed'. It is noted that the worship of YHWH still exists, but 'united syncrestistically' with other religions (verses 32-34, 41), as explained using the episode recorded in verses 25-28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 67], "content_span": [68, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18\n2 Kings 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Hezekiah, the king of Judah, a part of the section comprising 2 Kings 18:1 to 20:21, with a parallel version in Isaiah 36\u201339.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 37 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Analysis\nThis chapter introduces Hezekiah as a 'ultra-righteous king' who relied on YHWH (verses 1\u20138), the most David-like king since David (verse 3, cf. verse 7 with 1 Samuel 18:14). It is contrasted to the apostate northern kingdom which was then destroyed by the Assyrians (verses 9\u201312). Prompting by Hezekiah's  rebellion (verse 7), Sennacherib, the Assyrian king, came to attack Judah, and even after given large amount of tribute (verses 13\u201316) still demanded Jerusalem to surrender with convincing argumentation (verses 17\u201337).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Analysis\nThe narrative of the Assyrian siege on Jerusalem in chapter 18 and 19 is presented in a parallel structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Analysis\nFrom 18:17 onwards the editors seem to insert another source, which is also used in the Book of  Isaiah, that indicates the Assyrians breaking their word after receiving the tribute and putting further pressure on Hezekiah in Jerusalem (cf. 1 Kings 20:1\u20137 for the equivalent chain of events).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Hezekiah, king of Judah (18:1\u201312)\nThis section highlights Hezekiah's religious reforms which may contribute to an exceptional evaluation: he and Josiah (2 Kings 22:2) alone are comparable to David. The destruction of the Nehushtan, a snake-shaped cultic image traced back to Moses (cf. Numbers 21:9), can really be attributed to Hezekiah, despite little details were reported, among other acts of piety (verses 6\u20137). Next are Hezekiah's early foreign political activities: he liberated the kingdom of Judah from Assyrian subservience and conducted successful campaigns against the Philistines (verses 7\u20138).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0007-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Hezekiah, king of Judah (18:1\u201312)\nAn Assyrian source noted that Hezekiah was the 'leader of an anti-Assyrian coalition from 705 BCE onwards', and he even 'arrested a pro-Assyrian king of Ekron in this capacity'. The editors included the description of the northern Israel kingdom's defeat to the Assyrians (cf. verses 9\u201311 with 2 Kings 17:3\u20136), as well as the cause of it, namely, the 'entire population's lack of loyalty to the Torah' (verse 12).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, The Assyrians attack and force tribute payment (18:13\u201316)\nThe Assyrians stormed Judah, likely in response to Hezekiah's rebellion (verse 7) in 701 BCE. In a short time many cities of Judah were occupied and Jerusalem was besieged. King Sennacherib depicted his victory over Lachish in a stone relief in his palace at Nineveh (Lachish reliefs, now in the British Museum) and described Hezekiah's desperate situation on several victory monuments (Sennacherib's Annals):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 69], "content_span": [70, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, The Assyrians attack and force tribute payment (18:13\u201316)\nThe Bible text records that Hezekiah initially tried to free himself from Assyrian pressure by conceding defeat and paying a heavy tribute, which also conforms with Sennacherib's record:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 69], "content_span": [70, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Rabshakeh's speeches   (18:17\u201337)\nSennacherib decided that the tribute from Judah is not enough, so he sent his \"big guns\", his main officers, consisting of: 'Tartan, Rabsaris, and Rabshakeh' to force the capitulation of Jerusalem verse 17). The Assyrians started by using psychological warfare, with Rabshakeh speaking directly to the people of Jerusalem at the wall of the city using the Hebrew language and employing shrewd rhetoric on Israelite faith while undermining it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Rabshakeh's speeches   (18:17\u201337)\nThe Rabshakeh is not a common messenger, as he is a 'propagandist and skill negotiator' with the ability of speaking the 'language of diplomatic disputation', with a purpose to divide the people of Judah along calls lines (verse 27). The envoy delivered two speeches: one directed to King Hezekiah and his officers/negotiators, including Shebna and Eliakim, (verses 19\u201325) and one to 'the (warring) people on the city walls' (verses 27\u201335). Rabshakeh's well-crafted speeches alternate between promises of good things from the Assyrian king and warnings not to trust YHWH nor Hezekiah to protect them:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Rabshakeh's speeches   (18:17\u201337)\nRabshakeh hammers on the issue of trust, which is a key issue in 2 Kings 17, as spoken by the prophets, but here he offers the theological challenge: Hezekiah's acts of destroying places of worship provoke the displeasure of YHWH, and the implication: neither Hezekiah nor Egypt nor YHWH can be trusted to deliver the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0012-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Rabshakeh's speeches   (18:17\u201337)\nHe ends his speech with an audacious claim that Sennacherib, not Hezekiah, is doing the will of God (verse 25) and that the Assyrian king will be the shepherd-king for Israel, a composite of Moses, Joshua and Solomon, to bring the people to a land full of prosperity (verse 32). Brueggemann observes a structure in the speech mocking YHWH's power to emphasize that 'YHWH is only one among many gods':", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Rabshakeh's speeches   (18:17\u201337)\nRabshakeh's argument rises from the polytheistic worship system of the empire with the boast that Assyria has the king 'before whom no gods can stand'. This leads to the confrontation and the display of YHWH's power in chapter 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Extra biblical documentation, Ahaz\nOther than in the Books of Kings, Ahaz is mentioned in the Book of Isaiah, Books of Chronicles, Gospel of Matthew (1:9), and Assyrian inscriptions (ANET 282\u2013284), such as the \" Nimrud Tablet K.3751\", which is the first ancient record for the name \"Judah\" (Yaudaya or KUR.ia-\u00fa-da-a-a) and \"Ahaz\" (written as \"Jeho-ahaz\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Extra biblical documentation, Ahaz\nSeveral bullae  with the printed name of Ahaz have been found:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Extra biblical documentation, Hezekiah\nExtra-biblical sources specify Hezekiah by name, along with his reign and influence. \"Historiographically, his reign is noteworthy for the convergence of a variety of biblical sources and diverse extrabiblical evidence often bearing on the same events. Significant data concerning Hezekiah appear in the Deuteronomistic History, the Chronicler, Isaiah, Assyrian annals and reliefs, Israelite epigraphy, and, increasingly, stratigraphy\". Archaeologist Amihai Mazar considers the tensions between Assyria and Judah \"one of the best-documented events of the Iron Age\" and \"Hezekiah's story is one of the best to cross-reference with the rest of the Mid Eastern world's historical documents\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Extra biblical documentation, Hezekiah\nSeveral bullae  bearing the name of Hezekiah have been found:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Extra biblical documentation, Hezekiah\nOther artifacts bearing the name \"Hezekiah\" include LMLK stored jars along the border with Assyria \"demonstrate careful preparations to counter Sennacherib's likely route of invasion\" and show \"a notable degree of royal control of towns and cities which would facilitate Hezekiah's destruction of rural sacrificial sites and his centralization of worship in Jerusalem\", with the evidence suggesting the use throughout Hezekiah's reign, and the Siloam inscription.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Extra biblical documentation, Shebna\nAn inscription bearing the name \"Shebnayahu\" was discovered on the lintel above the entrance of a rock-cut tomb which suggests the connection to Shebna, the court officer mentioned in 2 Kings 18:18 and 2 Kings 19:2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160055-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 18, Extra biblical documentation, Sennacherib\nThe accounts of Sennacherib of Assyria, including his invasion into the Kingdom of Judah, especially the capture of Lachish and the siege of  Jerusalem, are recorded in a number of ancient documents and artifacts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19\n2 Kings 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the invasion of Assyrian to Judah during the reign of Hezekiah, the king of Judah, a part of the section comprising 2 Kings 18:1 to 20:21, with a parallel version in Isaiah 36\u201339.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 37 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Analysis\nThe last part of the previous chapter (2 Kings 18:17\u201337) and this chapter form a subunit in the account of king Hezekiah (2 Kings 18\u201320) focusing on YHWH's deliverance of Jerusalem from Sennacherib's invasion. It begins on 2 Kings 18:13 with a conjunctive waw and a reference to the fourteenth year of Hezekiah's reign, proceeding with 'a form of prophetic confrontation narrative' featuring Sennacherib, represented by his officers who tried to intimidate Jerusalem to surrender, against Hezekiah and YHWH, represented by the prophet Isaiah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's first oracle (19:1\u20138)\nThis section records the response of king Hezekiah and prophet Isaiah to the speeches of Rabshakeh in the previous chapter. Aware of the serious predicament of the Assyrian attack, Hezekiah sent a delegation to Isaiah for advice from YHWH. The answer from Isaiah is the classic opening, 'Do  not be afraid', followed by a positive oracle that YHWH will send a 'spirit' to the Assyrian king (cf. 1 Kings 22:21\u201322), so the king will be in panic after merely hearing a rumor and retreat to Assyria, then there he will be murdered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's first oracle (19:1\u20138)\nEach part of this oracle is recorded as \"fulfilled\" in 2 Kings 19:8, 9a, 36\u201337. The Bible text states that an Egyptian army appeared and forced Sennacherib to retreat. In his annals (ANET 287), the Assyrian king also mentions the advance of an Egyptian army, though he claims to have defeated them at Eltekeh, near the border of Philistine and Egypt (cf. Joshua 19:44).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's first oracle (19:1\u20138), Verse 8\nAfter capturing Lachish, the big city in the region, Sennacherib attacked to smaller targets, such as Libnah, identified with 'Tell Bornat', 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) northeast of Lachish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Sennacherib's letter and Hezekiah's prayer (19:9\u201319)\nThe Assyrians were still in Syria-Palestine, and even after hearing a report of Taharqa's attack, Sennacherib became bolder than Rabshakeh in mocking YHWH to be at the same level as the useless gods of other defeated nations. Hezekiah appeared more pious than in verses:1\u20134, acknowledging that YHWH is only one that exists, as opposed to all other gods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 64], "content_span": [65, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Sennacherib's letter and Hezekiah's prayer (19:9\u201319), Verse 9\nNelson suggests that the narrator exploits the ambiguity of the Hebrew verb shub to 'tease the readers' of the impending confrontation, because it would be expected that when the Assyrian king heard a \"report\" (about Tirhakah), as prophesied, he soon '\"returned'\" (shub) home, but, instead, he \"once more\" (another use of shub) sent messengers to Hezekiah. Therefore, it would not be a 'relatively uneventful withdrawal' as in 2 Kings 7:6\u20137, but a more pronounced retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 73], "content_span": [74, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's second oracle and Jerusalem's liberation (19:20\u201337)\nThe second response from Isaiah is much more detailed than his first, containing three oracles in Isaiah's message this time:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 72], "content_span": [73, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's second oracle and Jerusalem's liberation (19:20\u201337)\nThe  speech  has  an  ABCBA  structure, bracketed by an introductory and a concluding  formula  ('thus  says the  LORD\u2014says  the  LORD'), containing a central message with a double assurance that the enemy shall not enter this city: his weapons will not harm Jerusalem and he shall retreat in failure. Verse 34 is thought to be a late-Deuteronomistic inclusion (cf. 1 Kings 11:12\u201313).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 72], "content_span": [73, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's second oracle and Jerusalem's liberation (19:20\u201337)\nThe song of scorn in verses 21\u201328 that YHWH himself challenges the king of Assyria for his faulty theological logic:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 72], "content_span": [73, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's second oracle and Jerusalem's liberation (19:20\u201337)\nThe prophecy took an immediate effect: in one night, a plague-bringing angel kills 185,000 Assyrian soldiers in their camp (verse 35), forcing Sennacherib to retreat and never to return (verse 36b). The \"great army\" (2 Kings 18:17) was destroyed overnight, leaving behind dead bodies (cf. Exodus 14:30). Even Sennacherib's own (pseudo-)god \"NIsroch\" cannot protect him in his own temple (#Verse 37|verse 37).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 72], "content_span": [73, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's second oracle and Jerusalem's liberation (19:20\u201337), Verse 35\nThe account of Sennacherib invasion into Judah is corroborated by some extrabiblical sources:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's second oracle and Jerusalem's liberation (19:20\u201337), Verse 36\nThis point marks the end of the Assyrian threat against the kingdom of Judah, although the Assyrians claimed to control Judah through the mid-seventh century BCE. Sennacherib indeed decorated his palace in Nineveh with the image of his invasion, in particular, his victory over Lachish in a stone relief (Lachish reliefs, now in the British Museum) and described Hezekiah's desperate situation, although somehow was left alive, on several victory monuments (Sennacherib's Annals):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's second oracle and Jerusalem's liberation (19:20\u201337), Verse 36\nSennacherib never claimed to have captured Jerusalem or forced Hezekiah from the throne, uncharacteristic for a king who led a revolt against the Assyrian empire, but his records are still showing successes as typical in Assyrian annals. On the other hand, Judah's records emphasize the protection of YHWH over Jerusalem and the house of David (cf. Psalm 2, Psalm 46, Psalm 47, Psalm 48).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Isaiah's second oracle and Jerusalem's liberation (19:20\u201337), Verse 37\nAccording to Assyrian records, Sennacherib was assassinated in 681 BCE, twenty years after the 701 BCE invasion of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 82], "content_span": [83, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Extrabiblical documentation, Hezekiah\nExtra-biblical sources specify Hezekiah by name, along with his reign and influence. \"Historiographically, his reign is noteworthy for the convergence of a variety of biblical sources and diverse extrabiblical evidence often bearing on the same events. Significant data concerning Hezekiah appear in the Deuteronomistic History, the Chronicler, Isaiah, Assyrian annals and reliefs, Israelite epigraphy, and, increasingly, stratigraphy\". Archaeologist Amihai Mazar calls the tensions between Assyria and Judah \"one of the best-documented events of the Iron Age\" and Hezekiah's story is one of the best to cross-reference with the rest of the Mid Eastern world's historical documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Extrabiblical documentation, Hezekiah\nSeveral bullae  bearing the name of Hezekiah have been found:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Extrabiblical documentation, Hezekiah\nOther artifacts bearing the name \"Hezekiah\" include LMLK stored jars along the border with Assyria \"demonstrate careful preparations to counter Sennacherib's likely route of invasion\" and show \"a notable degree of royal control of towns and cities which would facilitate Hezekiah's destruction of rural sacrificial sites and his centralization of worship in Jerusalem\". Evidence suggests they were used throughout his 29-year reign and the Siloam inscription.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Extrabiblical documentation, Shebna\nAn inscription bearing the name \"Shebnayahu\" was discovered on the lintel above the entrance of a rock-cut tomb which suggests the connection to Shebna, the court officer mentioned in 2 Kings 18:18 and 2 Kings 19:2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160056-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 19, Extrabiblical documentation, Sennacherib\nThe accounts of Sennacherib of Assyria, including his invasion into the Kingdom of Judah, especially the capture of Lachish and the siege of  Jerusalem, are recorded in a number of ancient documents and artifacts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2\n2 Kings 2 is the second chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. The first part of this chapter (verses 1\u201318) records the appointment of Elisha to succeed Elijah and Elijah's ascension to heaven, while the second part (verses 19\u201325) records some miraculous acts of Elisha showing that he has been granted power similar to Elijah's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 25 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Analysis\nThe story of Elisha's inheritance of Elijah's prophetic power is placed in this chapter after the reign of Ahaziah is closed but before the reign of Jehoram opens, underscoring its importance, as the only account of a prophetic succession recorded in the Tanakh. It is also the one of the two occasions (the other is at the death of Elisha; 13:14-21) that a story stands outside the narrated time (in the midst of, but separate from, the sequential and interlocking formulas of royal succession), setting \"prophetic over against royal power.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Analysis\nThe narratives of this chapter recall the past history of Israel, with Elijah as a new Moses, Elisha as his Joshua, Ahab as Pharaoh, and when one son died (Passover), Elijah departs on the far side of Jordan (as Moses does), while Elisha crosses the Jordan back into the west bank \u2018to carry on a conquest, significantly starting at Jericho\u2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Structure\nThis whole chapter has a chiastic structure,mapping the scenes of a journey and a return: Elijah and Elisha journeyed from Gilgal to Bethel to Jericho and then to the other side of the Jordan where the climactic ascent of Elijah occurs. Elisha then returned alone via Jericho, Bethel, Mount Carmel and ended in Samaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Elisha's Appointment and Elijah's Ascension (2:1\u201318)\nElijah's life was coming to an end with an ascension to heaven, one of the very few breaches of the \"wall of death\" in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. Because he 'only departed rather than died', he was expected to return without the need of resurrection to 'announce the Messiah's arrival' as noted at the time of the New Testament (Mark 6:15; 8:28). Verses 2\u20136 indicate that Elijah, Elisha, and many prophet disciples were aware of Elijah's impending departure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 63], "content_span": [64, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0007-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Elisha's Appointment and Elijah's Ascension (2:1\u201318)\nWhile Elijah seems to wish to be alone when the time comes, Elisha wants to accompany him: he is to be 'a witness to the miracle and an heir to the master'. Elisha requested and was granted the inheritance of Elijah's 'spirit' (as 'the double portion due the eldest son', verse 9, cf. Deuteronomy 21:17), which is considered closest to 'the sphere of God' (cf. Judges 3:10; 14:6; 1 Samuel 10:10; 11:6; Isaiah 11:2, among others).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 63], "content_span": [64, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0007-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Elisha's Appointment and Elijah's Ascension (2:1\u201318)\nElisha also inherits Elijah's mantle, one of the older prophet's hallmark (1 Kings 19:13, 19; cf. 2 Kings 1:8), which is also proved to have magical powers (both Elijah and Elisha could divide the river Jordan with it, reminding us of Moses' division of the Red Sea in Exodus 14:21). The military title of honor, 'chariot of Israel and its horsemen' (verse 12; or \"horses\"), is also applied to Elisha (2 Kings 13:14) in relation to wartime successes achieved by the kingdom of Israel with his help (the later acts of Elisha are recorded mainly in 2 Kings 3; 6\u20137).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 63], "content_span": [64, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2, Elisha's Appointment and Elijah's Ascension (2:1\u201318), Verse 1\nThe first clause of the opening verse summarizes the events to happen, whereas the second one notes the beginning of the journey that leads up to it. Since the start, YHWH is 'named as the subject of this occurrence' with s\u0103arah (\"storm, whirlwind\"; often associated with theophany, such as in Job 38:1) as the agent of Elijah's ascent. Elisha is mentioned for the first time since Elijah chose him (1 Kings 19:19\u201321), accompanying the prophet from Gilgal (probably north of Beth-el), setting up the conflict between the two in the next three scenes as Elijah insists that he journey alone, while Elisha swears to follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 72], "content_span": [73, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160057-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 2, The early acts of Elisha: bringing life and death (2:19-25)\nThis section records some of Elisha's first actions, confirming that 'Elisha has the same power to perform miracles as Elijah before him'. The spring named after Elisha (attributed to the miracle recorded in verses 19\u201322) can still be seen today at the oasis in Jericho with its fresh and abundant life-giving water. By stark contrast, ridiculing prophets can cost lives (verses 23\u201324; cf. 2 Kings 1:9\u201314; another 42 deaths are by Jehu in 2 Kings 10:12\u201314).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 70], "content_span": [71, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20\n2 Kings 20 is the twentieth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Hezekiah and Manasseh, the kings of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Analysis\nA parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11\u201320 and 2 Kings 21\u201325, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Hezekiah\u2019s illness and recovery (20:1\u201311)\nThis passage records the miraculous healing of Hezekiah from mortal illness as a corollary with the account of Jerusalem's deliverance, both by YHWH. The prophet Isaiah acted as the messenger of YHWH, first to announce the 'prophecy of woe' that Hezekiah would die  (verse 1b; cf. 2 Kings 1:16), later to announce a positive prophecy: Hezekiah would recover (and receive the addition of fifteen years of life, verse 6a) and to order a 'fig paste' to be spread on the diseased part of his body, 'so that he may recover' (verse 7; cf. Isaiah 38:21). The king asked for a sign that he really would get healed (verse 8a), so YHWH had the shadow on the sundial (put up byHezekiah's father, Ahaz) to move back: a sign that 'Hezekiah's life-clock' had also been turned back (w. 9-11).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Hezekiah\u2019s illness and recovery (20:1\u201311)\nNarrative in the parallel passage in Isaiah 38 differs extensively in some parts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Hezekiah\u2019s illness and recovery (20:1\u201311)\nThe additional of fifteen years correlates Hezekiah's illness with Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem which occurred in the fourteenth year (2 Kings 18:13) of Hezekiah's reign making a total of twenty nine years (2 Kings 18:2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Hezekiah shows his treasures; end of his reign (20:12\u201321)\nThis passage includes two episodes: one account of the Babylonian envoys dispatched by  Merodach-Baladan following Hezekiah's illness (verses 12\u201313) and an account of Isaiah's confronting Hezekiah for showing his treasures to the envoys (verses 14\u201319). Historical records to date suggest that this event more likely took place before 701 BCE, when the anti-Assyrian coalition would form following the death of Sargon II in 705 BCE, and Hezekiah's effort to impress Babylon by showing off his treasures would indicated a 'preparation for alliance and revolt'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 69], "content_span": [70, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0008-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Hezekiah shows his treasures; end of his reign (20:12\u201321)\nAccording to the narrative, Hezekiah's act caused the prophet Isaiah to be critical of the king, which conforms with the strong criticism of Hezekiah's alliance policy in Isaiah 30\u201331. The concluding regnal formula on Hezekiah (verses 20\u201321) contains a quote from the Annals of the Kings of Judah, which also mention the construction of Siloam tunnel to carry water from Gihon Spring under the city of David to the Pool of Siloam within city walls of Jerusalem (cf. 2 Chronicles 32:3\u20134; the remains of the fortifications have been excavated in modern times).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 69], "content_span": [70, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Archaeology, Hezekiah\nExtra-biblical sources specify Hezekiah by name, along with his reign and influence. \"Historiographically, his reign is noteworthy for the convergence of a variety of biblical sources and diverse extrabiblical evidence often bearing on the same events. Significant data concerning Hezekiah appear in the Deuteronomistic History, the Chronicler, Isaiah, Assyrian annals and reliefs, Israelite epigraphy, and, increasingly, stratigraphy\". Archaeologist Amihai Mazar calls the tensions between Assyria and Judah \"one of the best-documented events of the Iron Age\" and Hezekiah's story is one of the best to cross-reference with the rest of the Mid Eastern world's historical documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Archaeology, Hezekiah\nSeveral bullae  bearing the name of Hezekiah have been found:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Archaeology, Hezekiah\nOther artifacts bearing the name \"Hezekiah\" include LMLK stored jars along the border with Assyria \"demonstrate careful preparations to counter Sennacherib's likely route of invasion\" and show \"a notable degree of royal control of towns and cities which would facilitate Hezekiah's destruction of rural sacrificial sites and his centralization of worship in Jerusalem\". Evidence suggests they were used throughout his 29-year reign and the Siloam inscription.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Archaeology, Manasseh\nManasseh is mentioned in the Esarhaddon Prism (dates to 673\u2013672 BCE), discovered by archaeologist Reginald Campbell Thompson during the 1927\u201328 excavation season at the ancient Assyrian capital of Nineveh. The 493 lines of cuneiform inscribed on the sides of the prism describe the history of King Esarhaddon\u2019s reign and an account of the reconstruction of the Assyrian palace in Babylon, which reads \"Together 22 kings of Hatti [this land includes Israel], the seashore and the islands. All these I sent out and made them transport under terrible difficulties\"; one of these 22 kings was King Manasseh of Judah (\"Menasii \u0161ar [\u00e2lu]Iaudi\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160058-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 20, Archaeology, Manasseh\nA record by Esarhaddon\u2019s son and successor, Ashurbanipal, mentions \"Manasseh, king of Judah\" who contributed to the invasion force against Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21\n2 Kings 21 is the twenty-first chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Manasseh and Amon, the kings of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 26 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Analysis\nA parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11\u201320 and 2 Kings 21\u201325, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Manasseh king of Judah (21:1\u201318)\nThe passage recording the reign of Manasseh consists of the 'introductory regnal form' (verses 1\u20133), the body/regnal account (verses 4\u201316; with major subunits in verses 4\u20135, 6\u20138, 9\u201315 and 16, each in the waw-consecutive narrative form) and the 'concluding regnal form' (verses 17\u201318). Manasseh's 55-year reign is the longest of all the kings of Judah, but in the Books of Kings he is considered the worst king of the southern kingdom. Manasseh behaved like Ahab, the king of Israel in Samaria:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Manasseh king of Judah (21:1\u201318)\nLater, his grandson, king Josiah, must abolish all the deities reintroduced by Manasseh (cf. 2 Kings 23).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Manasseh king of Judah (21:1\u201318)\nManasseh was Assyria's vassal, that Assyrian sources mention as 'a bringer of tribute and as a military follower', without the slightest indication of resistance. This might be the reason for the length of his reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Manasseh king of Judah (21:1\u201318), Verse 1\nTwo seals appeared on the antiquities market in Jerusalem (first reported in 1963), both bearing the inscription, \"Belonging to Manasseh, son of the king.\" As the term \"son of the king\" refers to royal princes, whether they eventually ascended the throne or not, the seal is considered to be Manasseh's during his co-regency with his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0008-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Manasseh king of Judah (21:1\u201318), Verse 1\nIt bears the same iconography of the Egyptian winged scarab as the seals attributed to King Hezekiah, recalling the alliance between Hezekiah and Egypt against the Assyrians (2 Kings 18:21; Isaiah 36:6), and may symbolize 'a desire to permanently unite the northern and southern kingdoms together with God\u2019s divine blessing'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0008-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Manasseh king of Judah (21:1\u201318), Verse 1\nJar handles bearing  a stamp with a winged-beetle and the phrase LMLK (\"to the king\"), along with the name of a city, have been unearthed throughout ancient Judah as well as in a large administrative complex discovered outside of the old city of Jerusalem and used to hold olive oil, food, wine, etc \u2013 goods that were paid as taxes to the king, dated to the reigns of Hezekiah (cf. \"Hezekiah's storehouses\"; 2 Chronicles 32:27\u201328) and Manasseh. These artifacts provide the evidence of 'a complex and highly-organized tax system in Judah' from the time of Hezekiah extending into the time of Manasseh, among others to pay the tribute to the Assyrians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Amon, king of Judah (21:19\u201326)\nAmon, Manasseh's son and successor, is recorded to have 'walked in the waywhich his father walked' (verse 21), but, unlike his father, he had a short period of reign. Then, 'the people of the land'\u2014the same political groupwho brought down the 'evil' queen Athaliah, enabling the 'good' king Joash to seize the throne (2 Kings 11:18, 20)\u2014intervene to 'punish the king's murderers' and place Josiah, Amon's son, on the throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Archaeology\nManasseh and the kingdom of Judah are only mentioned in the list of subservient kings/states in Assyrian inscriptions of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal. Manasseh is mentioned in the Esarhaddon Prism (dates to 673\u2013672 BCE), discovered by archaeologist Reginald Campbell Thompson during the 1927\u201328 excavation season at the ancient Assyrian capital of Nineveh. The 493 lines of cuneiform inscribed on the sides of the prism describe the history of King Esarhaddon's reign and an account of the reconstruction of the Assyrian palace in Babylon, which reads \"Together 22 kings of Hatti [this land includes Israel], the seashore and the islands. All these I sent out and made them transport under terrible difficulties\"; one of these 22 kings was King Manasseh of Judah (\"Menasii \u0161ar [\u00e2lu]Iaudi\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Archaeology\nA record by Esarhaddon's son and successor, Ashurbanipal, mentions \"Manasseh, king of Judah\" who contributed to the invasion force against Egypt. This was recorded on the \"Rassam cylinder\" (or \"Rassam Prism\", now in the British Museum), named after Hormuzd Rassam, who discovered it in the North Palace of Nineveh in 1854. The ten-faced, cuneiform cylinder contains a record of Ashurbanipal\u2019s campaigns against Egypt and the Levant, that involved 22 kings \"from the seashore, the islands and the mainland\", who are called \"servants who belong to me,\" clearly denoting them as Assyrian vassals. Manasseh was one of the kings who 'brought tribute to Ashurbanipal and kissed his feet'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Archaeology\nIn rabbinic literature on \"Isaiah\" and Christian pseudepigrapha \"Ascension of Isaiah\", Manasseh is accused of executing the prophet Isaiah, who was identified as the maternal grandfather of Manasseh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160059-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 21, Archaeology\nManasseh is mentioned in chapter 21 of 1 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, where he is used as an example of ungodly king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22\n2 Kings 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Josiah, the king of Judah, especially the discovery of the Book of the Law (Torah) during the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 20 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Analysis\nA parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11\u201320 and 2 Kings 21\u201325, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Analysis\n2 Kings 22\u201323:30 mainly contains the story of Josiah's actions of his eighteenth year (22:3; 23:23) and the discovery of the book of the law (22:8-10; 23:24) as grouped based on five royal initiatives (using distinct verbs \"send\" and \"command\"):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Josiah king of Judah (22:1\u20137)\nThe account of Josiah ben Amon as the king of Judah is bracketed by the introductory regnal form in 2 Kings 22:1\u20132 and the concluding regnal form in 2 Kings 23:28\u201330, as the body in 2 Kings 22:3\u201323:27 highlights the religious reform and national restoration. The life of Josiah shows some similarities to the life of Joash, king of Judah, that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Josiah king of Judah (22:1\u20137)\nIn 625 BCE Babylon achieved independence under Nabopolassar and in 612 BCE took the Assyrian capital Nineveh. This situation enables the kingdom of Judah, not under the threat of the Assyrians anymore, could make internal changes, including religious reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Josiah king of Judah (22:1\u20137)\nVerses 3\u20137 records the instruction of Josiah, through the scribe Shaphan ben Azaliah ben Meshullam, to the high priest Hilkiah to lead the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8\u201313)\nHilkiah reported to Shaphan about the discovery of a book of Torah in the temple during the renovations. (verse 8; cf. 2 Kings 12). Critical studies suggest that the discovered book was Deuteronomy or its core (Deuteronomy 6ab\u201328), which contains the speech made by Moses shortly before his death and might include some older materials as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 22, The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8\u201313)\nThe closing admonitions (Deuteronomy 28), the strict demand for the exclusive worship of YHWH (Deuteronomy 6:5) and the cultic veneration of YHWH alone in the central holy site of Jerusalem (Deuteronomy 12) would impress Josiah, and rules such as the social laws of Deuteronomy (e.g. Deuteronomy 15: 24) would become state law during his reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0009-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 22, The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8\u201313)\nShaphan's report to King Josiah concerning the discovery of the Torah scroll and read the document (verses 9\u201310), causing Josiah's distress on hearing the words and his command to a delegation including Hilkiah the priest, Shaphan the scribe, and others to make an inquiry of YHWH  to determine the significance of this discovery (verses 11\u201313), which led them to the home of the prophetess, Huldah, wife of Shallum ben Harhas, the keeper of garments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Huldah's prophecy (22:14\u201320)\nThe prophetess Huldah pointed out the inevitability that the kingdom of Judah would suffer destruction because of the people's apostasy, although she showed supports for Josiah's reforms and indicated that Josiah's righteousness would earn him a peaceful death before the catastrophe striked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Archaeology\nTwo ostraca were found in 1997 (Shlomo Moussaieff #1 and #2) that seems to strengthen the evidence for a temple renovation during the reign of Josiah (see Bordreuil, Israel, and Pardee 1996 and 1998), but these artifacts did not come from regular excavations, so there is a suspicion of modern forgery. The first ostracon has a five-line inscription that records a royal contribution of three shekel of silver by a king \u02beAshyahu to the temple of Yahweh to be made through a royal functionary named Zakaryahu, dated by palaeography to the time of Josiah. The name \"Ashyahu\" is determined as a short form of Yo\u2019shiyahu (\"Josiah\"). The second ostracon contains a widow's plea about an inheritance which mentions Josiah's name and a short quote from Psalm 22:11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Illustration\nKing Josiah ordered Shaphan the scribe to go to the high priest Hilkiah", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Illustration\nHilkiah reported to Shaphan about the discovery of the Book of the Law", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160060-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 22, Illustration\nJosiah tore his clothes when Shaphan read the Book of the Law to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23\n2 Kings 23 is the twenty-third chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Josiah, Jehoahaz and Jehoiakim, kings of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 37 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century). The extant palimpsest AqBurkitt contains verses 11\u201327 in Koine Greek translated by Aquila of Sinope approximately in the early or mid-second century CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Analysis\nA parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11-20 and 2 Kings 21-25, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Analysis\n2 Kings 22\u201323:30 mainly contains the story of Josiah's actions of his eighteenth year (22:3; 23:23) and the discovery of the book of the law (22:8-10; 23:24) as grouped based on five royal initiatives (using distinct verbs \"send\" and \"command\"):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Analysis\n2 Kings 23\u201324 contain a 'neat scheme' within the chaos at the end of the kingdom of Judah:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Analysis\nMost of  2 Kings 23 particularly focuses on Josiah's response to the Book of Law, being grammatically the subject of all the verbs used throughout verses 1\u201330. 2 Kings 23:4-20 records twelve actions by Josiah, which in numerological view is signified by his 'twelvefold purging' of idolatry, reformation of all twelve tribes of Israel and the renewal of the kingdom from Bethel to Beersheba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0007-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Analysis\nHe is the eighth king commended for \"doing right\" in the eyes of God, who began his reign in his eighth year of age (2 Kings 22:1)  and the only king who actually heard and read the book of Torah. However, Josiah could not prevent the destruction of Judah, as the promise and threat of Torah would be seen as fulfilled in the whole book of Kings. By the end of 2 Kings, everything established during the golden age of Solomon, promised to David, became unraveled: Under Solomon, Egypt entered a marriage alliance with Judah, but after Josiah, Egypt conquered Judah (23:31-37), and whereas Solomon received tribute, his descendants paid it to other nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Josiah's implementation of religious reforms (23:1\u201324)\nThis section records the religious reform by Josiah that he had performed together with all the people in a covenant (verse 4). The actions cover three areas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 66], "content_span": [67, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Josiah's death (23:25\u201330)\nIn death, there is a parallel between Josiah and Ahab as both were killed during battles with foreign powers, and both were brought from the battlefield to the capital city to be buried(1 Kings 22:34-37; 2 Kings 23:28-30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Josiah's death (23:25\u201330)\nBoth of them learned about the prophecy of doom on their dynasties that would happen not during their lifetimes, but during the reign of their sons (1 Kings 21:20-29; 2 Kings 22:15-20), with two sons of Ahab (Ahaziah in 2 Kings 1 and Jehoram in 2 Kings 3:1; 9:14-16) to reign over Israel, before the whole dynasty was eliminated by Jehu  (2 Kings 9\u201310), and two generations (three sons--Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Zedekiah-- and one grandson, Jehoiachin) succeeding Josiah to reign over Judah before the kingdom was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. The huge difference is that Josiah receives the highest praise from the editors of the book of Kings for his religious reforms (verse 25), which was also confirmed by Jeremiah, who describes him as a popular king who was 'modest and socially just' (Jeremiah 22:15\u201316).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Jehoahaz ben Josiah king of Judah (23:31\u201335)\nThe regnal account of Jehoahaz consists of an introductory regnal part (verses 31\u201332) and his replacement with Jehoaikim by Pharaoh Necho (verses 33\u201335) without the typical concluding part. The waw-consecutive syntatical sequence employed in the account of Necho's action (verses 33\u201334a)  shifts to a 'conjunctive waw sequence in verses 34b\u201335 for the statements of Jehoahaz's death in Egypt and Jehoiakim's taxation to pay tribute to Necho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Jehoahaz ben Josiah king of Judah (23:31\u201335)\nAfter defeating Josiah at Megiddo in 609 BCE, Necho had no time to interfere Judah's affair because he had to quickly go to help his Assyrian allies in the last stand against Babylonia in Harran. The battle with Josiah hindered Necho to arrive in time, so he could only attempt  in vain for several months to bring back Assuruballit (his Assyrian ally) on the throne. Meanwhile, the anti-Egyptian people in Judah crowned Jehoahaz, a younger son of Josiah, only to be dethroned three months later by Necho, who also penalized the inhabitants with heavy taxation. Necho placed as his puppet king Jehoahaz's older brother, Eliakim (Jehoiakim), who was earlier rejected by the people of Judah and whose mother's family was from the northern part of Israel (verse 36), so it could provide a base of support against the threat of Babylonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Jehoiakim ben Josiah king of Judah (23:36\u201337)\nThis part contains the introductory regnal formula on the account of Jehoiakim's reign as king of Judah. The regnal account continues to the main part in 2 Kings 24:1\u20134 and the concluding regnal formula in 2 Kings 24:5\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Illustration\nJosiah commanded the priests to remove idols from the temple of the Lord", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Illustration\nAll workers with familiar spirits, and the wizards were cast away from the land of Judah", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Illustration\nThe altar and high place in Bethel were torn down", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160061-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 23, Illustration\nJosiah turned to the Lord with all his heart, and with all his soul, and with all his might, according to all the law of Moses", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 24\n2 Kings 24 is the twenty-fourth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reigns of Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah, kings of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 20 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Analysis\nA parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11-20 and 2 Kings 21-25, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Analysis\n2 Kings 23\u201324 contain a 'neat scheme' within the chaos at the end of the kingdom of Judah:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Judah overrun by enemies (24:1\u20137)\nWith the placement of Jehoiakim as the puppet king in 609 BCE, Judah was firmly in Egypt's hand. When the Egyptian army of Necho II and his Assyrian allies were defeated by the Babylonian army of Nebuchadnezzar II and his  allies -- the Medes, Persians, and Scythians -- in the Battle of Carchemish (605 BCE), Jehoiakim switched to be Babylonian vassal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Judah overrun by enemies (24:1\u20137)\nIn 601 BCE, a battle near Pelusium between Egypt and Babylonia resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, forcing Nebuchadnezzar to return to Babylon to rebuild his army, but Jehoiakim apparently considered this as a Babylonian defeat, so he revolted against Babylonia and returned under the Egypt's wing. During 601-598 BCE Nebuchadnezzar dispatched 'raiding parties from various surrounding nations to harass Judah', until he mustered strong enough army to attack Jerusalem (cf. Jeremiah 35:1, 11; Zephaniah 2:8-10; Babylonian Chronicles, ANET 564), while Egypt could not protect Judah anymore (verse 7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0006-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Judah overrun by enemies (24:1\u20137)\nIn late 598 BCE, the Babylonian army laid siege to Jerusalem for three months. Jehoiakim apparently died before the siege ended. The Book of Chronicles recorded that \"Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon ... bound him in fetters, to carry him to Babylon.\" Jeremiah prophesied that he died without proper funeral, describing the people of Judah \"shall not lament for him, saying, 'Alas, master!' or 'Alas, his glory!'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0006-0003", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Judah overrun by enemies (24:1\u20137)\nHe shall be buried with the burial of a donkey, dragged and cast out beyond the gates of Jerusalem\" () \"and his dead body shall be cast out to the heat of the day and the frost of the night\" (Jeremiah 36:30). Josephus wrote that Nebuchadnezzar slew Jehoiakim along with high-ranking officers and then commanded Jehoiakim's body \"to be thrown before the walls, without any burial.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Jehoiachin, king of Judah (24:8\u201316)\nThe regnal account of Jehoiachin (also called Jeconiah) consists of an introductory regnal form (verses 8-9) and a two-part narrative describing the brief three months reign and his exile to Babylon. The first part is marked by the 'syntactically independent introductory temporal formula' of waw-consecutive verbal form, \"in that time\" (verse 10) regarding the siege of Jerusalem (verses 10-13), whereas the second one (verses 14-17) starts with a 'converted perfect verbal form', \"and he exiled\". There is no concluding regnal formula, because Jehoiachin's account did not end with his death. The record in 2 Kings 25:27-30 describes his release from the prison during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar's son, Evil-Merodach, stating that he was still alive the writing of the book of Kings was concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160062-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 24, Zedekiah, king of Judah (24:17\u201320)\nThe regnal account of Zedekiah consists of an introductory regnal part (verses 18\u201320) and the main part in 2 Kings 25:1\u201330, without the typical concluding part, because there was no king to succeeded him on the throne after Jerusalem was destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25\n2 Kings 25 is the twenty-fifth (and the final) chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Zedekiah, the last king of Judah, the fall of Jerusalem, the governorship of Gedaliah and the release of Jehoiachin from prison in Babylon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 30 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Analysis\nA parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11-20 and 2 Kings 21-25, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, The fall of Jerusalem and exile of Judah (25:1\u201321)\nKing Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon took the last of Solomon's accumulated masses of gold and silver (verse 15) as he burned Solomon's Temple, palace and much of the city of Jerusalem (verse 9). The fall of Jerusalem parallels the fall of Samaria:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, The fall of Jerusalem and exile of Judah (25:1\u201321)\nThe last siege of Jerusalem lasted nineteen months (verses 1, 8), until 'the people of the land' being overcome by hunger (verse 3, Lamentations 2:11\u201312; 4:4\u20135, 9\u201310). Zedekiah tried to escape the city, but was captured and heavily punished (verses 4\u20137). Thereafter, Jerusalem and its remaining inhabitants suffered destruction, burning, plundering, deportation and executions (verses 8\u201321).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Governorship of Gedaliah (25:22\u201326)\nThe aftermath of Jerusalem's defeat seemed to start promisingly, but ended disastrously when the Babylon-appointed governor, Gedaliah ben Ahikam ben Safan was killed by Ishmael ben Nethaniah ben Elishama of the royal family, causing the remaining inhabitants to flee to Egypt in fear of Babylonian reprisal. This passage probably is a summary of a more detailed report in Jeremiah 40\u201341.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Governorship of Gedaliah (25:22\u201326), Verse 25\nThe assassination of Gedaliah was commemorated in Fast of Gedalia, one of the fast days lamenting the fall of Jerusalem (Zechariah 8:19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Jehoiachin pardoned (25:27\u201330)\nShifting the view from the land of Judah and the community in Egypt to the situation in Babylonia, the books of Kings end with a sign of hope. King Jehoiachin who was in prison since his capture in 598 BCE (attested by clay tablets from 592 BCE reporting regular provisions he received from Babylonian administrators) was pardoned and received special honor from the king of Babylon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Jehoiachin pardoned (25:27\u201330)\nWith this passage, the editors of the books wished to stress that the history of Davidic kingdom did not end with the fate of Zedekiah and his sons (verse 7), but continue in Jehoiachin as a symbol of hope for freedom, a return to the homeland, and the restoration of the kingdom. The book of Ezekiel, written during the exile in Babylon, dated its prophecies according to Jehoiachin's regnal years (Ezekiel 1:2; 29:17; 31:1). Among his sons and grandchildren (1 Chronicles 3:17\u201319), Zerubbabel emerged as a hopeful political figure after Babylon's decline (Ezra 2:2; Haggai 2:20\u201323). The conclusion of the book must have been written during the reign of Evil-Merodach (562-560 BCE), as it seems unaware of the Babylonian king's demise after only two year on throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Illustration\nZedekiah's sons were killed and Zedekiah was made blind before king Nebuchadnezzar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160063-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 25, Illustration\nThe Babylonians took away the valuable items from the temple and burnt the buildings", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3\n2 Kings 3 is the third chapter in the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 3\nAfter a short introduction to the reign of the last king of Israel from the Omride dynasty, Jehoram the son of Ahab, this chapter records the war of the coalition of the kings of Israel, Judah, and Edom, against Mesha the king of Moab with some contribution of Elisha the prophet. Another view of the events in this chapter is notably provided by the inscription on the Mesha Stele made by the aforementioned king of Moab in c. 840 BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 27 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3, Analysis\n2 Kings 3 has rather coherent syntax with virtually no indications of redactional work on a syntactic level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 3, Analysis\nHowever, from topographical considerations, the narrative could have at least two layers: the original tradition preserved in verses 4\u20136 and 24\u201327 describing the punitive war of Israel against Moab from the north some time after the rebellion of Mesha, which is in accord with the extrabiblical evidence and the settlement history of Trans-Jordan in the ninth century BCE; and another story in verses 7\u201323 augmenting this basic layer, introducing the formation of an alliance between Israel, Judah, and Edom; the oracle of Elisha; and an attack on Moab from the south. Despite some inconsistencies, the pro-Judean redactor skillfully joined this expansion of the story into a coherent information. The narrative of 2 Kings 3 has thematic and lexical parallels to other passages in the Bible, such as 1 Kings 22 or Numbers 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3, King Jehoram of Israel (3:1\u20133)\nJehoram is the last ruler of the Omri dynasty and as the other monarchs in the dynasty he received a negative rating before God, although more favourable than his parents Ahab and Jezebel because 'he is said to have abolished the \"pillar of Baal\", a cult-stone setup by his father' (although it is not mentioned in 1 Kings 16:32). Nonetheless, he is later killed by Jehu (2 Kings 9:24) and his family dynasty is completely annihilated as prophesied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3, War against Moab (3:4\u201327)\nAt one point Israel under the Omri dynasty is recognized as a 'regional superpower' that 'the kingdoms of Judah and Edom were compliant' (verses 7\u20138), 'the kingdom of Moab was a vassal liable to pay tribute' (verse 4), and any rebellions face military reprisals. However, the success of Israel's wars were not without the interference of YHWH, as shown in this section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 3, War against Moab (3:4\u201327)\nWhen the coalition of the kings of Israel, Judah, and Edom against Moab threatens to fail as water supplies ran out in the desert of Edom, Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah, asked to call for a prophet of YHWH. Elisha, an Israelite prophet, showed up but wished only to deal with the king of Judah (verses 11\u201314) The prophet ensured the success of the campaign with the miraculous help of YHWH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0006-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 3, War against Moab (3:4\u201327)\nThe advance of the allied army against Moab managed to destroy the entire region (verses 24b\u201326) until the king of Moab, out of desperation, made a terrible sacrifice of his firstborn son to his god, that caused Israel be struck with 'great wrath' and forced the attacking armies to retreat (verse 27).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3, War against Moab (3:4\u201327), Verse 5\nThis and the following verses elaborate the statement in the opening verse of 2 Kings, about Moab's rebellion. Just as the unified kingdom of Israel divides in the days of Solomon's son, the resulted kingdom of Israel divides (with the loss of Moab) in the days of Ahab's son, indicating the framing of Ahab as a perverse Solomon (comparing 2 Kings 3:5 to 1 Kings 12:19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3, Relation to the Mesha Stele\nThe inscription on the Mesha Stele (Mesha Inscription or \"MI\") verifies certain things recorded in 2 Kings 3 and makes other things in the biblical text more understandable:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160064-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 3, Relation to the Mesha Stele\nOn the other hand, the Mesha Inscription spoke about victory over Israel, in contrast to the report of Israel's victory over Moab in 2 Kings 3, but the biblical account of Moab's invasion helps explain why 'Moab is nowhere mentioned in the inscriptions of Shalmaneser III (858-824)', that is, 'Israel's punitive raid had rendered them militarily not worth mentioning'. Therefore, even though detailed synchronization between the Mesha Inscription and 2 Kings 3 can be problematic, Hermann states that \"on the whole, the texts complement each other.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4\n2 Kings 4 is the fourth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 4\nIn this chapter some of Elisha's acts are recorded: the first part (verses 1\u20137) is how he helped a poor widow of a prophet to repay her family debts, the second part (verses 8\u201337) is how he helped a family to have a son, and the third part (verses 38\u201344) is how he helped to make the food of his disciples harmless to eat as well as to multiply a small amount of food to feed  about one hundred guests with some leftovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 44 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Analysis\nThe narrative moves abruptly from a war story involving Israel and Judah into a series of four small-scale episodes in which Elisha performs miracles for individuals or his disciples, the first two of which involve women, one poor and one rich. Overall, this chapter gives a view about the way the groups of prophets live, such as the community around Elisha. They seemed to lead an 'eremitic existence' in deserted areas, with extremely modest needs, but had followers in the cities from where they received visitors and sometimes they made preaching journeys to the cities themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Analysis\nElisha himself acts as a 'traveling temple, a human \"tabernacle\" that bears the life-giving glory of Yahweh', supplying the northern Israel what they could have gotten from the temple in Jerusalem: the water of life and cleansing, food, access to the presence of God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Analysis\nWater is an important object, symbolizing life from YHWH, that through Elisha's contribution, water at Jericho was purified (2 Kings 2:19-22), water came from nowhere to sustain the armies and animals of the three kings (2 Kings 3:20); Naaman was directed to the water of cleansing (2 Kings 5), an iron tool was made floating on the water (2 Kings 6:1-7), and Jehoram was directed to give food and water to Aramean soldiers (2 Kings 6:22-23).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0005-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Analysis\nThe Shunammite woman even sets up a little \"temple\" for Elisha in the \"upper room,\" (verse 10) where she places a bed, a table, a chair and a lampstand (Hebrew: menorah); a comparable set of furniture to those in the Jerusalem temple (\"table\" for \"showbread\"; \"chair\"/\"throne\" for \"ark\"; \"bed\" for \"altar\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0005-0003", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Analysis\nElisha speaks to the woman through his \"priest,\" Gehazi (2 Kings 4:12\u201313), the Shunammite visits the prophet on Sabbaths and new moons (4:23; in the northern Kingdom, Sabbath and new moons are usually kept, as is evidenced from Amos 8:5), and the sons of the prophets bring him their firstfruits (4:42), and what Israel normally expects at the temple is available from Elisha; what Israelites would expect to do at the temple they do in the presence of Elisha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Elisha helps a poor widow (4:1\u20137)\nA wife of a prophet-disciple in Elisa's group of prophets was left with an insolvent debt when her husband died, and faced a pressure from the creditor to give up her sons as temporary slaves as the payment for the debts. This is a lawful arrangement for the people of Israel (cf. Exodus 21:2-4; Deuteronomy 15:12), which is also found throughout the ancient Near East. However, in Elisha's time, this was used systematically as a method to rob farmers of their land (Isaiah 5:8; Amos 2:6; Micah 2:2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 44], "content_span": [45, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Elisha helps a poor widow (4:1\u20137)\nIn the widow's case, the loss of support from her sons, after losing the protection from her husband, would severely ruin her life. Elisha, apparently regarded as the spiritual leader of the prophet-fraternity as well as 'a kind of clan-chief carrying social  responsibility for its members', might not have the material, financial or legal means to help her, but he can perform miracles; this time by increasing what little she has beyond all measure with the active help of her and her children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 44], "content_span": [45, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0006-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Elisha helps a poor widow (4:1\u20137)\nThe widow showed her faith in the prophet and his God (cf. a similar structure in 1 Kings 17:7\u201316 and Mark 6:35\u201344; 8:1\u201310) and received some full jars of oil, worth enough money to relieve the woman and her children from their plight. As in the earlier purification story of the water (2:19-22), Elisha enlists the help of the person for whom the miracle is to be performed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Elisha helps a childless woman to bear a son (4:8\u201337)\nCompared to the previous miraculous provision of oil, the second episode reveals interesting contrasts: \"The poor widow was with two children but no food, but here is a rich matron was with no children but plenty to offer Elisha. The poor woman appealed to Elisha; the Shunammite woman asks for nothing. The miracle of the oil saves the poor woman's children; the miracle of the Shunammite's child leads to his death. Elisha instructs the poor woman; the Shunammite takes matters into her own hands and forces Elisha to revive her dead son\". In this episode, Elisha is 'twice caught off guard and must quickly find solutions to the situations that confront him'. The story of the woman and her son will be concluded in chapter 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 64], "content_span": [65, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Elisha helps a childless woman to bear a son (4:8\u201337), Structure of 4:8\u201337\nThe main act is the Shunammite's appeal to Elisha and his response, and this is prefaced by three background scenes, each of which begins with the phrase \"one day\". The episode may be outlined as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 85], "content_span": [86, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, Elisha helps the disciples with meals (4:38\u201344)\nThe group of prophets in Elisha's community must literally scrape together a living in the barren area of lower Jordan valley, but their trust in YHWH enables them to enjoy divine care. Two of their miraculous experiences are recorded here. One obviously inexperienced man finds a vegetable he does not recognize and put it in the large cooking-pot for meal, but it turns out to have toxic effects. Elisha performs a miracle to make it harmless by adding a little amount of flour (verses 38\u201341). Another short episode in verses 42\u201344 involves the multiplication of food (such as known in the New Testament) from a little that they have to an amount that all who are hungry can be satisfied and still having some left over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160065-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 4, House of Elisha?\nDuring the 2013 excavations in Tel Rehov a team directed by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem archaeologist Amihai Mazar uncovered a pottery fragment (sherd) bearing the name \"Elisha\", a table and a bench in a particular room excavated from a ruin dated to the second half of the ninth century BCE (the period when the prophet Elisha was active), which is linked to 2 Kings 4:8\u201310. Additionally, a storage jar from the same period was found in the ruin of another building at Tel Rehov bearing the inscription \"Nimshi\", the same name as the father or grandfather of the 9th-century king Jehu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 27], "content_span": [28, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 5\n2 Kings 5 is the fifth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records an astonishing healing of Naaman, an Aramean general, by the prophet Elisha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 5, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 27 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). A fragment containing a part of this chapter in Hebrew was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with the extant verse 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 5, The healing of Naaman (5:1\u201319)\nThis story of Elisha healing neighboring Aram's highest-ranking military officer, Naaman, of an uncurable illness happened in a period of significant Aramean control over Israel (verse 2; Aram could give Israel orders, verses 6\u20137), perhaps during the time of Ben-Hadad II and Jehoram, or during the time of Hazael of Aram (reigned 842\u2013796 BCE) Jehu (reigned 841\u2013814 BCE), Jehoahaz (reigned 814\u2013798 BCE) or Joash of Israel (reigned 798\u2013782 BCE; cf. 2 Kings 8:11\u201312; 10:32\u201333; 13:22).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 5, The healing of Naaman (5:1\u201319)\nElisha's reputation as a miracle-worker spread to Aram through a young female Israelite prisoner-of-war (verse 3), whose information not only helped her master, but also her people in the service of her God. In helping the Aramean general, Elisha simultaneously helped the Israelite king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0004-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 5, The healing of Naaman (5:1\u201319)\nThe Aramean king sent a lot of money and ordered his vassal in Samaria to do impossible task: to immediately produce the necessary miracle to heal Naaman (verse 6\u20137), but Elisha somehow knew about the letter (seper; literally \"scroll\") from Aram and sent his own letter to the Israelite king asking Naaman to be directed to the prophet for treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0004-0003", "contents": "2 Kings 5, The healing of Naaman (5:1\u201319)\nNaaman who expected respectful conventional behavior of miracle-healing was understandably unhappy that Elisha did not meet him personally and only prescribed instructions to ritually bathe in the Jordan (verses 9\u201312), yet after advised by his more sensible soldiers (verse 13), Naaman complied and immediately experienced complete healing (verse 14). Naaman quickly returned to his benefactor, wishing to ensure the future proximity of YHWH whose power had convinced him. Since this God resides only in Israel, he took two mule-loads of Israelite earth to Damascus in order to be able to sacrifice to YHWH there (verses 15a, 17; a sincere 'earthbound understanding of God') with the blessing of Elisha who parted from Naaman in peace (verse 19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 5, The healing of Naaman (5:1\u201319), Verses 2\u20133\nThe young girl had much reason to doubt the power of YHWH because of her abduction, but nonetheless showed her confidence in YHWH when informing her mistress about Elisha, in contrast to Naaman who was responsible to subjugate Israel and take away slaves but powerless about his disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 53], "content_span": [54, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 5, Gehazi's greed and punishment (5:20\u201327)\nThis passage is an appendix to the main story, the healing of Naaman, with the same purpose of hailing the glory of God and Elisha, but here in the teaching of disciples: what can a prophet accept as recompense for services to God and at what point is it considered selling one's soul?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 5, Gehazi's greed and punishment (5:20\u201327)\nIn verses 15b,16, Elisha showed a good example: in a case like this, a prophet accepts nothing, clarifying that great power and wealth cannot force or buy the support of prophets and God, nor must prophets allowed themselves be used as tools for any interest groups (cf. Micah 3:5). Gehazi, Elisha's servant (also mentioned in 2 Kings 4:27\u201337; 8:4\u20135) became the complementary negative example: cunningly accepting the presents brought by Naaman for himself, but then receiving condemnation by his master for the act ands afflicted by Naaman's former sickness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 50], "content_span": [51, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160066-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 5, Gehazi's greed and punishment (5:20\u201327), Verses 26\u201327\nElisha has been directing Naaman's thoughts to YHWH alone as the healer of the disease, so the prophet was out of sight until Naaman was fully cured and steadfastly refused any present to remove any indication that he was in any way instrumental in the healing. Naaman must have been very impressed with the act and pledged to worship YHWH. However, Gehazi's actions possibly obliterated the impression. In listing of all the Gehazi's plan to purchase using the ill-gotten talents Elisha showed Gehazi that he has been reading all his thoughts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 64], "content_span": [65, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 6\n2 Kings 6 is the sixth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records some miraculous deeds of the prophet Elisha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 33 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). A fragment containing a part of this chapter in Hebrew was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with the extant verse 32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 6, The axe head recovered (6:1\u20137)\nThe passage shows how Elisha helped his disciples, even for something seemingly trivial. Elisha's followers lost a borrowed axe in the water (hence an obligation to repay its owner for the loss; cf. Exodus 22:13\u201314), and the prophet came to help by using \"a kind of analogical magic\" on the last spot of the axe, before letting the disciple picked it up out of the water. This episode is tied syntactically to the earlier passage by an 'initial waw-consecutive verb' (in \"and they said\") and thematically by similar emphasis of Elisha's 'divinely granted powers' as well as in its relation to Jordan River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Elisha captures Arameans and subsequently ensures their release (6:8\u201323)\nThe scene moves to a larger political world, where Aramean troops attacked Israelite territory unhindered, but with the help from the prophet, the Israelite army could avoid falling into their hands several times. The Aramean king (likely Ben-Hadad II; 2 Kings 6:24) could only presume he had been betrayed (verse 11), until he found out that the Israelite king (verse 12, Jehoram) was guided by a 'clairvoyant prophet', so he sent an 'army regiment with horses and chariots' to Dothan (about 15 km. north of Samaria) to arrest Elisha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 83], "content_span": [84, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Elisha captures Arameans and subsequently ensures their release (6:8\u201323)\nThe prophet's servant saw in despair that the city was completely surrounded, yet Elisha could see a heavenly host with horses and chariots of fire (verse 17) guarding him (referring to Elisha's archaic title: 'chariots of Israel and its horsemen [better: horses]', 2 Kings 13:14).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 83], "content_span": [84, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0005-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Elisha captures Arameans and subsequently ensures their release (6:8\u201323)\nThere was no battle with the Arameans, because God 'struck them with blindness' (verse 18), so that Elisha can mock them that the one they seek (which is the prophet himself) was not there, and he led them into his trap, right into the middle of the strongly fortified royal city of Samaria, where the Arameans were now completely surrounded with no escape (verses 19\u201323).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 83], "content_span": [84, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0005-0003", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Elisha captures Arameans and subsequently ensures their release (6:8\u201323)\nHowever, Elisha prevented the king (who respectfully called the prophet 'father'; cf. 2 Kings 13:14) from simply killing the helpless prisoners, and instead to feed and release the Arameans (verses 21\u201322); a humane act which might help to reduce tensions and enmities at the time (verse 23). Initially the narrative refers Elisha as \"the man of God\" and only later employs his name, emphasizing that the prophet is indeed the man of God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 83], "content_span": [84, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Ben-Hadad besieges Samaria(6:24\u201333)\nDespite the kind gesture of 2 Kings 6:23, the Arameans who no longer made plundering raids through the country, now directly besieged the capital, Samaria. Such a siege in ancient times could last for months, even years, in order literally to starve out the people in the city (cf. 2 Kings 17:5; 25:1\u20132). The attacker is identified as Ben-Hadad II whom Ahab foolishly released in the time of Elijah (1 Kings 20), then later caused Ahab's death (1 Kings 22) and now threatened Ahab's son, Jehoram (as this report appeared within his regnal report in 2 Kings 3:1\u20138:15).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Ben-Hadad besieges Samaria(6:24\u201333)\nThe narrative displays the increasingly desperate situation: poor-quality food and fuel became extremely expensive (verse 25), ravenous hunger drove people to cannibalism (verses 26\u201329, cf. also Lamentations 2:20; 4:10), the king was completely powerless and deeply dejected (verses 27, 30). At last, the prophet Elisha was mentioned\u2014not as a possible helper, but as the king's enemy (verses 31\u201332), because apparently the prophet had encouraged resistance to the enemy and trust in YHWH, and now the king's patience had come to an end and sent messengers to arrest Elisha (verse 33).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160067-0007-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 6, Ben-Hadad besieges Samaria(6:24\u201333)\nThe location of Elisha's house was presumably in Samaria, not in Dothan, since Samaria was under siege. The presence of some elders in Elisha's house indicates a consultation session regarding oracles from YHWH (cf. Ezekiel 8:1). Elisha called the king as \"this son of a murderer\", likely recalling the acts of Ahab, the father of the present king Jehoram, in murdering the sons of the prophets (1 Kings 18).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160068-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 7\n2 Kings 7 is the seventh chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the fulfillment of Elisha's prophecy during the siege of Arameans on Samaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160068-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 7, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 20 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160068-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with extant verses 8\u201310, 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160068-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160068-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 7, Elisha\u2019s prophecy of plenty (7:1\u20132)\nFacing the death threat from the Israelite king (2 Kings 6), Elisha attacked back using a prophecy from God that good-quality food would be available at normal prices within one day (verse 1). When the king's adviser showed doubts over the hardly imaginable salvation under the circumstances, Elisha even proclaimed a woeful prophecy against him (verse 2). The king's silence seems to indicate that he was ready to give Elisha one final chance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160068-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 7, The Syrians flee (7:3\u201315)\nThe narrative's dramatic climax starts with four lepers, who stood daily at the city gates, rejected and avoided by other city inhabitants, going to the Aramean encampment and becoming the first to witness the sudden retreat of the big army, but instead of taking personal advantage of the situation they decided to announce the news to state officials (verses 3\u201311; a wonderful precursor to Jesus' recognition that God loves making the last first; cf. Mark 10:31ff).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160068-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 7, The Syrians flee (7:3\u201315)\nAn information was supplied (what the lepers did not know) that God brought hallucinations to the Arameans, convincing them that great Egyptian and Hittite armies advanced to attack, thus forcing them to break off the siege immediately (verses 6\u20137). The Israelite king suspected a trick (verse 12; cf. a very similar scene in 2 Kings 3:23\u201324), but finally sent people to investigate the situation and found the Arameans' eastward retreat toward the Jordan leaving their weapons and goods in panic (verses 13\u201315).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160068-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 7, Elisha\u2019s prophecy fulfilled (7:16\u201320)\nThe report about Arameans' retreat triggered the people to enter the camp close to the city and take possession of their provisions, causing food prices to sink to the level forecast by Elisha (verse 16). The story ended with the fate of the doubting adviser who saw the prophecy fulfilled but was trampled to death before he could enjoy the victory (verses 17\u201320). Verse 19 quotes the words of the officer and the prophet Elisha to clarify the fulfillment of the prophecy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8\n2 Kings 8 is the eighth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 8\nThis chapter records Elisha's acts in helping the family of Shunammite woman to escape famine, then to gain back their land (verses 1\u20136) and in contributing to Hazael's ascension to the throne of Syria (Aram) in verses 7\u201315; then subsequently records the reigns of Joram and Ahaziah, the kings of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 29 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with extant verses 1\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Locations\nThis chapter mentions or alludes to the following places (in order of appearance):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Elisha helps a refugee (8:1\u20136)\nThe part is a continuation to the story of the Shunammite woman in 4:8\u201337. Elisha foresees famine, warns the woman, and recommends her and her family to leave the area until the famine ends (cf. the stories of Ruth and Joseph and the so-called \"economic refugees\" today). On her return seven years later she found that her property belongs to someone else, probably fell into the crown's hands since it had no owner for a while (as there is no record of a dispute with neighbors). The woman appeals to the king who returns her the land on hearing of her connections with Elisha after being impressed by Elisha's miracle-working power told by Elisha's servant Gehazi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Elisha triggers a change of power in Damascus (8:7\u201315)\nThe events that continue to 2 Kings 9\u201310 form one of two political stories placed at the end of the Elisha cycle (the other in 2 Kings 13:14\u201321). The Aramean king, named here as Benhadad, becomes seriously ill and sends his general Hazael to Elisha, who was in Damascus at that time, to request an oracle. Elisha's reply is puzzling: Hazael should tell the king he will recover although he will also die (verse 10), which is clarified a little later: the king would have survived his illness (verse 14), but would not survive Hazael's assassination attempt (verse 15).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Elisha triggers a change of power in Damascus (8:7\u201315)\nHazael's brutality against Israel was also revealed by the prophet (verses 11\u201313; cf. 1 Kings 19:17; 2 Kings 8:28; 10:32\u201333; 12:17\u201318; 13:3; Amos 1:3). It is a tragic future event that Elisha could not prevent to happen while the agent of destruction himself was before him at that moment. During the last year's of Benhadad' reign the relationship between Israel and Aram was relaxed, but the change of power in Damascus dramatically worsened it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0006-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Elisha triggers a change of power in Damascus (8:7\u201315)\nThe war between Hazael and Israel shortly after his accession leads to the Omride Joram's wounding and his murder (followed by the murder of Ahaziah of Judah) by general Jehu. Hazael as an instrument of vengeance against Ahab's family was mentioned during the encounter of YHWH and Elijah at Mount Sinai (1 Kings 19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Elisha triggers a change of power in Damascus (8:7\u201315), Structure of 8:7\u201315\nA chiastic structure is observed in this part with the focus of attention on the central dialogue between Hazael and Elisha, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 86], "content_span": [87, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Elisha triggers a change of power in Damascus (8:7\u201315), Verse 13\nElisha carries out the anointing of Hazael according to the divine commission to Elijah, his predecessor, in 1 King's 19:15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 75], "content_span": [76, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Elisha triggers a change of power in Damascus (8:7\u201315), Verse 15\nHazael (reigns c. 842\u2013800 BCE), seized Israelite territory east of the Jordan River, and the Philistine city of Gath, but unsuccessful to take Jerusalem (2 Kings 12:17\u201318). His death is mentioned in 2 Kings 13:24. Decorated bronze plaques from chariot horse-harness belonged to Hazael, identified by their inscriptions, have been found as re-gifted  votive objects at two Greek sites, the Heraion of Samos and in the temple of Apollo at Eretria on Euboea. The inscriptions read \"that which Hadad gave to our lord Hazael from 'Umq in the year that our lord crossed the River\", which may refer to Orontes river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 75], "content_span": [76, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, King Joram of Judah (8:16\u201324)\nJoram (or \"Jehoram\") got the 'harshest possible verdict' among the descendants of David in this book: placed on the same level as the kings of Israel, and especially 'the house of Ahab'. He was married to the Omride princess Athaliah, who was not merely one wife among others, but became the queen mother when her son Ahaziah came to the throne (cf. verses 18 and 26).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0010-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 8, King Joram of Judah (8:16\u201324)\nThe tense relationship between Judah and Israel  after their separation (cf. e.g. 1 Kings 14:30; 15:16) clearly turned to a peaceful one during the time of the Omri dynasty, along with the northern religious supremacy over the south. The link between Judah and the sinful kingdom of Israel could have brought the kingdom of Judah down, but God in his faithfulness to the Davidic covenant (2 Samuel 7:11\u201316) mercifully spared them (verse 19). Nevertheless, Judah lost the territory of Edom, after the Edomites heavily defeated Joram's troops and achieved independence (cf. 1 Kings 22:48; 2 Kings 3:8-9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, King Ahaziah of Judah (8:25\u201329)\nAhaziah is depicted as bad as his father Joram (and his mother, the Omride Athaliah), although he only reigned for one year. He was soon involved in a war with Aram, in alliance with his uncle, Jehoram of Israel, centered upon Ramoth, a town on the border between Israelite Gilead and Aram's territory to the north ('Israel had been on guard at Ramoth-gilead against King Hazael' in 9:14). The repeated reports of 8:28\u201329 in 9:14\u201315a, and in 9:16 may indicate that the narrative could stem from three different sources: the annals of Judah and Israel, as well as a separate record on Jehu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, King Ahaziah of Judah (8:25\u201329), Verse 28\nThe inscription by Hazael the king of Aram (Syria) in the Tel Dan Stele stated that after the death of his father 'the king of Israel invaded, advancing in my father's land' (lines 3\u20134). It corresponds well with 2 Kings 8:28a stating that the kings of Israel and Judah launched a campaign and attacked the Aramaeans at Ramoth-gilead. The city was soon occupied by Hazael for the whole period of his reign, but would be in Israelite hands again thereafter (cf. 2 Kings 13:25; 14:25, 28; Amos 6:13).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Relation to the Tel Dan Stele\nTel Dan Stele, a fragmentary stele from the 9th century BCE was discovered in 1993 (first fragment) and 1994 (two smaller fragments) in Tel-Dan. The stele contains several lines of Aramaic detailing that the author of the inscription (likely Hazael, an Aramean king from the same period) killed both Jehoram, the son of Ahab, king of Israel, and Ahaziah, the son of Jehoram, the king of the house of David. This artifact is currently on display at the Israel Museum, and is known as KAI 310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Relation to the Tel Dan Stele\nAlthough the part containing the name of the Israelite king is not complete, the only king, either of Israel or of Judah, whose name ends with resh and mem is Jehoram, who is either a son of Ahab, king of Israel, or a son of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0014-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Relation to the Tel Dan Stele\nThe letters y-h-u, followed by b-n, 'the son of', must belong to a Hebrew theophorous name and in the ninth century BCE, the two royal names ending with -yah(u)\" were Ahazyah(u)\" (Ahaziah) and \"Atalyah(u)\" (Ataliah; becoming queen of Judah after her son Ahaziah), so the only name of the king is Ahaziah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160069-0014-0002", "contents": "2 Kings 8, Relation to the Tel Dan Stele\nThe name \u201cAhaziah\u201d can refer to a king of Israel and a king of Judah, but only one can be taken into consideration: the son of Jehoram and grandson of Jehoshaphat, who ruled in Judah for one year (2 Kings 8:25\u201326) and was the ally of Jehoram of Israel. After Hazael seized the throne from Ben Hadad II, king of Aram-Damascus, he fought Jehoram of Israel and Ahaziah of Judah at Ramoth Gilead (2 Kings 8:7-15, 28; 2 Chronicles 22:5) and wounded Jehoram (according to 2 Kings 9:24\u201328, both Jehoram and Ahaziah were slain by Jehu shortly after). Thus, this stele is to be attributed to the campaign of Hazael.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9\n2 Kings 9 is the ninth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter  records Jehu's anointing as the next king of Israel and his assassinations of Jehoram the king of Israel, Ahaziah the king of Judah and Jezebel the queen mother of Israel. The narrative is a part of a major section 2 Kings 9:1\u201315:12 covering the period of Jehu's dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 37 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with extant verses 1\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Locations\nThis chapter mentions or alludes to the following places (in order of appearance):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Analysis\nThis chapter and the next one contain one continuous narrative of Jehu's overthrow of the Omride dynasty and destruction of the Baal worship in Israel, reopening the battle against apostasy which was started by Elijah (1 Kings 18). Fulfilling the divine commission given to Elijah, Elisha arranged the anointing of Jehu who then executed a total revolution in Israel and Judah, by killing the reigning kings (and their family members) of both kingdoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Analysis\nThe narrative may be divided into two parallel sections, the first one about the assassination of the leaders (including Jezebel, the queen mother of Israel) in chapter 9 and the second about the killing of their kinsmen (including the Baal worshippers as Jezebel's \"kin\"), ending with a summary of Jehu's reign and the consequences of his action in relation to his faithfulness to YHWH in chapter 10. The structure can be as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, The anointing of Jehu (9:1\u201315)\nThe inverted subject-verb order in verse 1 indicates the shift to another story line. Prophets' political influence is shown here as in the previous chapter (8:7\u201315) when Elisha played a role in Hazael's coupagainst Ben-hadad in Damascus. In this part Elisha uses a military crisis to fulfill the last divine commission in 1 Kings 19:15\u201317 to support Jehu's ousting of the Omri dynasty. The long oracle in verses 7\u201310 stems from Elijah's prophecy to Ahab at Naboth's vineyard in Jezreel (1 Kings 21:21\u201323).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Jehu killed King Jehoram of Israel (9:16\u201326)\nThe narrative follows an impressive scene from the sentinel's viewpoint (Greek: teichoskopia), how Jehu steers his chariot ('like a maniac') in verses 17\u201320. Since no messengers he sent to Jehu came back (instead, they got behind Jehu) king Joram decided to investigate the matter himself and met Jehu half way (verse 21). Jehu's reply with sharp criticism of the Omrides' religious policy (verse 22) alerted Joram of Jehu's aggressive intentions, but it is too late to flee, only enough time to warn Ahaziah to run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0007-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Jehu killed King Jehoram of Israel (9:16\u201326)\nJoram was killed by Jehu's arrow, because, according to Jehu's reason, 'Joram had to suffer for a sin committed by his father Ahab' (verses 25, 26a). The discrepancies with 1 Kings 21 (which only mention Naboth, but here also his sons) and the addition of religious dimension in verse 22 suggest the originality of the passage in the context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Jehu killed King Jehoram of Israel (9:16\u201326), Verse 20\nThe man's \"crazy\" driving style as the chariot was approaching identified the driver as Jehu. The Hebrew word for \"crazy\" here () is of the same root word as the nickname \"crazy man\" () associated to the disciple who anointed Jehu in verse 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Jehu killed King Jehoram of Israel (9:16\u201326), Verse 26\nAfter the assassination of Jehoram, Jehu provides a brief flashback that he and Bidkar directly heard the original pronouncement of the oracle against Ahab to avenge the death of Naboth (cf. 1 Kings 21:20\u201324). This information sheds new light that Jehu accepted the oracle after his anointing without question becausehe had heard it before, thus fueling his conspiracy by thedoubled divine word and justifying the slaying of the son of Ahab as recompense for the murder of the sons of Naboth. The pronouncement is framed by his order to Bidkar to throw Joram into the field of Naboth, fulfilling the prophecy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Jehu kills King Ahaziah of Judah (9:27\u201329)\nAhaziah the king of Judah initially managed to flee to the south, but was overtaken after about 10 km on the ascent to the mountains and fatally shot, but he could still reach Megiddo, died there, then was taken to Jerusalem by his followers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 53], "content_span": [54, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Jehu had Jezebel killed (9:30\u201337)\nWith the death of both kings, Jehu can turn his attention to Jezebel, who is still in Jezreel. He encounters no resistance on entering the city, finding Jezebel, lavishly decorated, appearing at 'the window from which royalty show themselves to the people'. She addressed the approaching Jehu as \"Zimri\", recalling another usurper who assassinated his royal master, only soon to be overcome himself by Omri (cf. 1 Kings 16:8\u201320). Jehu responded impatiently and ordered the queen mother to be thrown out of the window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 44], "content_span": [45, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0011-0001", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Jehu had Jezebel killed (9:30\u201337)\nAfter it was promptly executed, Jehu imperturbably went in to eat, then, as an afterthought, he remembered that noble people should be given a decent burial, but there is not enough left of Jezebel to bury (verses 30\u201335). Verses 33\u201337 refer to the judgement made in 1 Kings 21:23 to legitimize the events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 44], "content_span": [45, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160070-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Kings 9, Jehu had Jezebel killed (9:30\u201337), Verse 31\nJezebel associates Jehu with another assassin, Zimri, who approximately 44 years before had murdered King Elah, only to meet a violent death just a few days later (1 Kings 16:9\u201320).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 54], "content_span": [55, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160071-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Lacertae\n2 Lacertae is a binary star in the constellation of Lacerta. With an apparent magnitude of about 4.5, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Its parallax, measured by the Hipparcos spacecraft, is 5.88 milliarcseconds, corresponding to a distance of about 550 light years (170 parsecs). It is projected against the Lacertae OB1 stellar association to the northeast of the main concentration of stars, but it is likely to be a foreground object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160071-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Lacertae\n2 Lacertae is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. Its components are too close to be resolved, however periodic Doppler shifts in its spectrum reveal that there are two stars orbiting each other. Both stars are B-type main-sequence stars, orbiting each other every 2.616 days and with an eccentricity of about 0.04. The primary is estimated to be about one magnitude brighter than the secondary. The primary component is close to moving off the main sequence, and has nearly exhausted its core hydrogen (possibly also its companion). It is estimated to have completed over 90% of its time on the main sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit\n\"2 Legit 2 Quit\" is a song by Hammer featuring Saja (a.k.a. Sonia Moore), released on September 5, 1991 as the first single from his fourth studio album, Too Legit to Quit (1991).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Music video\nThe music video was directed by Rupert Wainwright, and at almost 15 minutes in length, was one of the most expensive videos ever produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Music video\nThe uncut version of the video begins with a newscaster, played by Jim Belushi, reporting on Hammer's apparent decision to quit the music business, as well as responses from a number of celebrities. It then cuts to an impatient crowd waiting for Hammer to perform, while Hammer has a lengthy conversation with James Brown, who calls Hammer \"Godson\" and enlists him to get the glove of Michael Jackson. Brown endows Hammer with several blasts of energy before sending Hammer off to perform. The performance is high-budget and laden with pyrotechnics. The video ends with a purported Jackson (seen only from behind) having seen the performance and conceding Hammer to be the superior dancer, while doing the \"2 Legit 2 Quit\" hand gesture. Hammer spoke with Jackson on the phone about the video, with Jackson giving his approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Music video\nThe song's music video features several athletes making cameo appearances. These athletes can be seen in the following order: Jos\u00e9 Canseco, Isiah Thomas, Kirby Puckett, Jerry Rice, Rickey Henderson, Deion Sanders, Andre Rison, Wayne Gretzky, Chris Mullin, Roger Clemens, Roger Craig, Ronnie Lott, Lynette Woodard, the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, David Robinson, and former Atlanta Falcons coach Jerry Glanville. As a result of the appearance of various Falcons team members in the video, the 1991 team became known as the \"2 Legit 2 Quit\" Falcons, utilizing the song as their team theme song. The uncut version of the video also featured cameos from Danny Glover, Henry Winkler, Mark Wahlberg, Donnie Wahlberg, Eazy-E, DJ Quik, 2nd II None, Tony Danza, Queen Latifah and Milli Vanilli among others commenting on Hammer's apparent decision to \"quit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Music video\nThe video was No. 5 in MAX Music's World's Worst Ever Video countdown, and No. 1 in its Forgotten Video Clips countdown in 2008. It was also voted No. 24 on MTV's all-time \"25 Lame\" countdown in 1999. However, it has been selected as a viewer's favorite by VH1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Music video\nA hand gesture became popular as a result of the title song and video which was also shown in the \"Addams Groove\" movie video and on MTV. It involved forming the number two for \"Too\", an L for \"Legit\", and a \"cut\" motion for \"Quit\" with the hand and fingers (as seen in the video).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Dance challenge\nAt the end of the \"2 Legit 2 Quit\" music video, after James Brown enlists Hammer to obtain the glove of Michael Jackson, a silver-white sequined glove is shown on the hand of a Jackson look-alike doing the \"2 Legit 2 Quit\" hand gesture. It was a reference to Hammer wanting to challenge Jackson to a dance-off for rights to his famous glove, which is also referenced on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Dance challenge\nHammer and Jackson would later appear, speak and perform at the funeral service for James Brown in 2006. M.C. Hammer appeared on The Wendy Williams Show on July 27, 2009 and told a story about a phone call he received from Michael Jackson, regarding the portion of the \"2 Legit 2 Quit\" video that included a fake Jackson, giving his approval and inclusion of it. He explained how Jackson had seen the video and liked it, and both expressed they were a fan of each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Televised performances\nOn the December 7, 1991 episode of Saturday Night Live, Hammer was the host and musical guest, performing \"2 Legit 2 Quit\" and two other songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Televised performances\nIn 1991, the song along with Hammer's \"Addams Groove\", was featured in the film The Addams Family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Televised performances\nFor the opening of the 2010 BET Hip Hop Awards, Rick Ross, Diddy and DJ Khaled performed \"MC Hammer\" (from the Teflon Don album), at which point Hammer stepped out to perform \"2 Legit 2 Quit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Televised performances\nAt the 40th American Music Awards, in November 2012, Hammer danced to \"2 Legit 2 Quit\" and \"Gangnam Style\" alongside Psy, both wearing his signature Hammer pants. The mashup, suggested by Psy's manager, was repeated by the two stars on December 31, 2012 during Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve and was released on iTunes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160072-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Legit 2 Quit, Charts\n\"2 Legit 2 Quit\"proved to be successful in the U.S., peaking in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 5. The single also peaked at No. 60 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew\n2 Live Crew was an American hip hop group from Miami, Florida, which had its greatest commercial success from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. The group's most well-known line up was composed of Luke Campbell, Fresh Kid Ice, Mr. Mixx, and Brother Marquis. They were considerably controversial in the U.S. due to the sexually explicit content in their songs, particularly on their 1989 album As Nasty as They Wanna Be. They were frequently challenged for their sexually explicit lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1984\u20131986: Group formation and breakthrough\nThe 2 Live Crew, although seen as a main fixture in the Miami hip-hop scene, actually got their start in California and was created by DJ Mr. Mixx (David Hobbs) with fellow rappers Fresh Kid Ice (Chris Wong Won), and Amazing Vee (Yuri Vielot).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1984\u20131986: Group formation and breakthrough\nThe group released its first single, \"Revelation\", on its own label \"Fresh Beat Records\" in 1984. The A-side of \"Revelation\" contained a song by the same where the only rapper featured was Amazing Vee, and on the B-Side it contained a song named \"2 Live\" where Fresh Kid Ice was the only rapper featured. \"Revelation\" was popular in Florida. Luke Skyywalker (Luther Campbell), who at the time was local DJ and promoter, invited The 2 Live Crew to relocate to Miami. Also due to the subsequent success of 2 Live Crew, this made Fresh Kid Ice the first rapper to be noted in Asian American in hip hop, and the first Asian rapper to gain notoriety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1984\u20131986: Group formation and breakthrough\nFor their second single \"What I Like\" (1985), Fresh Kid Ice was the only rapper featured. Amazing Vee was only credited as writer, and left the group shortly after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1984\u20131986: Group formation and breakthrough\nThe single \"Throw The D\" released in January 1986 gave a permanent blueprint to how future Miami bass songs were written and produced. Wong Won said that the song came about when they noticed a new popular dance in Miami called \"Throwing The Dick\", when the Herman Kelly and Life's song \"Dance to the drummer's beat\" played. The dance consisted of men throwing their hips back and forth, while the girls would squat with their hands on their knees, bend over, and shake their butt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1984\u20131986: Group formation and breakthrough\nWong Won suggested to Mr. Mixx that they should adapt the hook, and they scratched it into the song. Wong Won felt his voice was too high pitched for the hook, so Mr. Mixx who came up with the pattern did it using an emulator. Wong Won wrote the lyrics in twenty minutes on a plane ride returning to their base. Finally they booked a 16 track studios to record it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1984\u20131986: Group formation and breakthrough\nRapper Brother Marquis (Mark Ross) joined The 2 Live Crew. Luke Skyywalker (Luther Campbell) gave The 2 Live Crew a record deal and worked as the group's manager. He also joined the group as its hype-man and spokesperson in their subsequent controversies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1984\u20131986: Group formation and breakthrough\nThe 2 Live Crew's debut album, The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are, was released in 1986. Alex Henderson of AllMusic commented that the album \"did take sexually explicit rap lyrics to a new level of nastiness\", with tracks such as \"We Want Some Pussy\" and \"Throw the 'D'\". With word-of-mouth attention, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Bob Rosenberg of Will to Power remixed \"Beat Box\" (originally released as \"Two Live\") and was billed \"King of Edits\" by Luke Skyywalker. In 1987, a Florida store clerk was acquitted of felony charges for selling the album to a 14-year-old girl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nIn 1988, the group released their second album, Move Somethin' It was certified Gold and featured the singles \"Move Somethin'\" and \"Do Wah Diddy Diddy\". The album improved on the charts from the previous album, making in to No. 68 on the Billboard 200 and No. 20 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nCampbell decided to sell a separate clean version in addition to the explicit version of the album, Move Somethin' (1988), produced by Mr. Mixx. A record store clerk in Alexander City, Alabama, was cited for selling a copy to an undercover police officer in 1988. It was the first time in the United States that a record store owner was held liable for obscenity over music. The charges were dropped after a jury found the record store not guilty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nIn 1989, the group released their third album, As Nasty as They Wanna Be, which also became the group's most successful album. A large part of its success was due to the single \"Me So Horny\", which was popular locally with heavy radio rotation on Miami's WPOW-Power 96 FM. The American Family Association (AFA) did not think the presence of a \"Parental Advisory\" sticker was enough to adequately warn listeners of what was inside the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nJack Thompson, a lawyer affiliated with the AFA, met with Florida Governor Bob Martinez and convinced him to look into the album to see if it met the legal classification of obscenity. In 1990, action was taken at the local level and Nick Navarro, Broward County sheriff, received a ruling from County Circuit Court judge Mel Grossman that probable cause for obscenity violations existed. In response, Luther Campbell maintained that people should focus on issues relating to hunger and poverty rather than on the lyrical content of their music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nNavarro warned record store owners that selling the album might be prosecutable. 2 Live Crew then filed a suit against Navarro. That June, U.S. district court Judge Jose Gonzalez ruled the album obscene and illegal to sell. Charles Freeman, a local retailer, was arrested two days later, after selling a copy to an undercover police officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0010-0001", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nThis was followed by the arrest of three members of 2 Live Crew after they performed the As Nasty as They Wanna Be album at Club Futura in Hollywood, Florida, hosted by radio personality Tony the Tiger (Ira Wolf) from Power 96 FM, one of the few radio stations in the U.S. that continued airplay while the trial ensued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0010-0002", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nAfter international exposure with support from freedom of speech advocates like SCREW magazine's Al Goldstein (who owned a house in Broward County) and many others, they were acquitted soon after, as professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr. testified at their trial in defense of their lyrics. Freeman's conviction was overturned on appeal as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\n\"A lot of people have gotten the impression that I'm this rude, sexual deviant or something,\" Campbell told journalist Chuck Philips. \"But contrary to what has been printed about me in the papers, I'm no moral threat to anybody. I'm just a hard-working guy marketing a new product.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nIn 1992, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit overturned the obscenity ruling from Judge Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear Broward County's appeal. As in the Freeman case, Gates testified on behalf of 2 Live Crew, arguing that the material that the county alleged was profane actually had important roots in African-American vernacular, games, and literary traditions and should be protected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nAs a result of the controversy, sales of As Nasty as They Wanna Be remained brisk, selling over two million copies. It peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 and number 3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. A few other retailers were later arrested for selling it as well, including Canadian Marc Emery, who was convicted in Ontario in 1991, and later gained fame as a marijuana activist. Later hard-rock band Van Halen sued over an uncleared sample of their song \"Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love\" in the 2 Live Crew song \"The Fuck Shop\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0013-0001", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nThe publicity then continued when George Lucas, owner of the Star Wars universe, successfully sued Campbell for appropriating the name \"Skywalker\" for his record label, Luke Skyywalker Records. Campbell changed his stage name to Luke (and changed the record label's name to Luke Records) and the group released an extremely political follow-up album, Banned in the U.S.A., after obtaining permission to use an interpolation of Bruce Springsteen's \"Born in the U.S.A.\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nBanned in the U.S.A was the group's fourth album. It was originally credited as Luke's solo album. The certified Gold album included the hits \"Do the Bart\" and the title track. It was also the first release to bear the RIAA-standard Parental Advisory warning sticker. The eponymous title single is a reference to the decision in a court case that its album, As Nasty as They Wanna Be, was obscene (the decision was overturned on appeal).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nDispleased over the decision of Florida Governor Bob Martinez who, on being asked to examine the album, decided it was obscene and recommended local law enforcement take action against it and over the subsequent action of Broward County, Florida, sheriff Nick Navarro, who arrested local record-store owners on obscenity charges for selling the group's albums and the subsequent arrest of members of the group on obscenity charges, the group included the song \"Fuck Martinez\", which also includes multiple repetitions of the phrase \"fuck Navarro\". The group found two other men with the same names, and had them sign releases, as they thought that this action would make it impossible for Martinez or Navarro to sue them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nLive in Concert (1990) was their fifth album. This was 2 Live Crew's first and only live album, and was also the only 2 Live Crew release under the Effect subsidiary label of Luke Records, a move that was deemed necessary for the company to be able to release additional 2 Live Crew material outside of their distribution deal with Atlantic Records, which was signed in 1990 \u2013 the same year they released Banned in the U.S.A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nSports Weekend: As Nasty as They Wanna Be, Pt. 2 was their sixth album. Released in 1991, it is the sequel of As Nasty as They Wanna Be. A clean version was released later that same year titled Sports Weekend: As Clean as They Wanna Be Part II. This was the last studio album by all original members of the 2 Live Crew. It contains the successful single \"Pop That Pussy\". The album was certified a gold record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nFrom that point on, all the releases by 2 Live Crew would always vary, having one or two member of the original line up missing, with the exception of Fresh Kid Ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nIn 1994, Back at Your Ass for the Nine-4 was released. This album the group was billed as \"The New 2 Live Crew\" as Brother Marquis and Mr. Mixx had left the group, the line-up for this album was Fresh Kid Ice, Luke and new member, Verb. It is the last album with the 2 Live Crew banner to feature Campbell. The album became a moderate hit, peaking at No. 52 on the Billboard 200 and No. 9 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Two charting singles were produced, \"Hell, Yeah\" and \"You Go Girl\" who were both made into music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\n1995 saw a reunion of Fresh Kid Ice, Brother Marquis and Mr. Mixx re-formed again to record \"Hoochie Mama\" for the soundtrack of movie Friday. The soundtrack reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200, where it held the position for two weeks, and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart for six weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nFresh Kid Ice, Mr. Mixx, and Brother Marquis left Luke and Luke Records to go to Lil' Joe Records and released Shake a Lil' Somethin' (1996) without Luther Campbell. Shake a Lil' Somethin' is their seventh album. It was released on August 6, 1996, for Lil' Joe Records and was produced by Mr. Mixx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0021-0001", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nThe album made it to No. 145 on the Billboard 200 and No. 33 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and two singles \"Shake a Lil' Somethin'\", which peaked at No. 11 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and \"Do the Damn Thing\", which reached No. 24 on the same chart. It peaked at number 59 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop and albums chart. At the time of this album, Fresh Kid Ice had left the New 2 Live Crew (which consisted of himself, Luke and Verb and Luke Records) to re-join original members Mr. Mixx and Brother Marquis. However, the reunion was short lived as Mr. Mixx left the group after this album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 1988\u20131998: Best selling albums and controversy\nThe Real One is their eighth and last studio album. It was released on April 7, 1998, for Lil' Joe Records and with the absence of Mr. Mixx, was produced by various producers. The album peaked at No. 59 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Shortly after the release of this album, Brother Marquis left as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 2000\u20132009: Hiatus and reformation\nIn the early 2000s, both Brother Marquis and Fresh Kid Ice pursued solo projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 2000\u20132009: Hiatus and reformation\nCirca 2006\u20132007 Fresh Kid Ice and Brother Marquis discussed their differences and decided to relaunch 2 Live Crew. They offered other past members to be involved but were declined. Both of them started to tour and release singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0025-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 2010\u2013present: Awards, Mr. Mixx return, and death of Fresh Kid Ice\nIn 2010, Brother Marquis and Fresh Kid Ice briefly reunited with Luther Campbell, and Mr. Mixx as they were honorees winners at the 2010 VH1 Hip-Hop Honors: The Dirty South Edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 87], "content_span": [88, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0026-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 2010\u2013present: Awards, Mr. Mixx return, and death of Fresh Kid Ice\nLater that year, the both of them released the singles \"I'm 2 Live\" featuring Mannie Fresh, \"Cougar\", \"Boom\" featuring E-40. They announced the release of a new 2 Live Crew album called Just Wanna be Heard with guest Too Short, E-40, and Insane Clown Posse. It was set to be released in August 2010, but remains unreleased to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 87], "content_span": [88, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0027-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 2010\u2013present: Awards, Mr. Mixx return, and death of Fresh Kid Ice\nIn June 2014, the 2 Live Crew released a new single, \"Take It Off\", the video clip featured cameos by Mannie Fresh, Flavor Flav, Trina, Flo Rida, and Trick Daddy. The single is available on iTunes Later that year they made a cameo in the Flo Rida music video \"G.D.F.R. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 87], "content_span": [88, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0028-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 2010\u2013present: Awards, Mr. Mixx return, and death of Fresh Kid Ice\nAlso in 2014, they announced an album called Turn Me On, which also remains unreleased. By Thanksgiving of that year, 2 Live Crew reunited with Campbell for a series of shows until 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 87], "content_span": [88, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0029-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 2010\u2013present: Awards, Mr. Mixx return, and death of Fresh Kid Ice\nIn 2016, Fresh Kid Ice left the group to relaunch Chinaman Records. Shortly after Mr. Mixx returned to the 2 Live Crew. That same year the new 2 Live Crew duo released two singles; \"How Bout Dem Cowboys\" (2016) and \"One Horse Sleigh\" (2016).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 87], "content_span": [88, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0030-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, History, 2010\u2013present: Awards, Mr. Mixx return, and death of Fresh Kid Ice\nOn July 13, 2017, at age 53, Fresh Kid Ice died in a Miami hospital from cirrhosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 87], "content_span": [88, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160073-0031-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew, \"Oh, Pretty Woman\" lawsuit\nThe Crew parodied Roy Orbison's \"Oh, Pretty Woman\" on the album As Clean As They Wanna Be. The copyright owners of the original song brought a lawsuit in 1990 claiming copyright infringement. In 1994, the United States Supreme Court unanimously adopted a rule from an earlier Ninth Circuit case involving Rick Dees, and ruled that the 2 Live Crew's parody was fair use, and thus did not infringe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160074-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Live Crew discography\nThe discography of 2 Live Crew consists of eight studio albums, one live album and 13 singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160075-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Live Jews\n2 Live Jews was a comedy hip hop duo composed of MC Moisha (Eric Lambert) and Easy Irving (Joe Stone). Its name is a parody of 2 Live Crew. The duo were known for songs that mixed and spoofed hip hop culture and Jewish American stereotypes; the members were purportedly two elderly Jewish men who had recently discovered their rhyming ability. In reality, Lambert and Stone were young men who were raised Jewish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160075-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Live Jews, Style\n2 Live Jews' original rhyming style involved hip hop lyrics typical of the golden age hip hop of the early 1990s, but included sung and non-hip hop tunes. Its lyrics tended toward clich\u00e9 or stereotypical Ashkenazi Jewish topics. In keeping with Jewish stereotypes the duo's lyrics are full of Yiddish words, often unknown to most non-Yiddish speakers. Despite Moisha and Irving's ages, they adopted haggard voices for effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160075-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Live Jews, History\n2 Live Jews released its debut album, As Kosher as They Wanna Be, in 1990. The name of the group and the album were spoofs of 2 Live Crew's 1989 hit album, As Nasty as They Wanna Be. With songs such as \"Oy! It's So Humid\" (a parody of 2 Live Crew's hit \"Me So Horny\"), \"Young Jews be Proud,\" and \"Shake Your Tuchas\" (which borrowed liberally from KC and the Sunshine Band's \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\"), the album was a success and launched 2 Live Jews into the spotlight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160075-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Live Jews, History\nAs Kosher as They Wanna Be was the duo's most successful and popular album. 2 Live Jews released four others. Fiddling With Tradition (1991), a hip-hop reworking of the 1964 musical, Fiddler on the Roof; it got only minor attention and was not a successful. 2 Live Jews released Disco Jews in 1994, and Christmas Jews in 1998. On VH1, the duo guest-starred as talking heads for the special \"40 Least Hip Hop Moments.\" In 2005, Moisha and Irving released a greatest-hits album, The Worst of 2 Live Jews...the Best of the Shticks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160076-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Live Stews\nThe  2 Live Stews was an American syndicated sports talk radio show originating from WQXI, AM 790 the Zone, in Atlanta, Georgia hosted by brothers Doug and Ryan Stewart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160076-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Live Stews, The hosts and cast\nBoth brothers were born and raised in Moncks Corner, South Carolina. Doug Stewart is a former running back at Newberry College who then transferred to South Carolina State University where he graduated. He was also a former sports agent, mortgage lender, and Foot Action USA store manager. Ryan Stewart (RJR) is a former Georgia Tech All-American and Detroit Lions football player. The brothers are members of Omega Psi Phi fraternity. The Stewart brothers both currently reside in Atlanta, and they support the  local Atlanta charities, particularly Big Brothers, Big Sisters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160076-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Live Stews, The hosts and cast\nQuasimoto (Malcolm Brown) and Opie (Keith Allen) were the in-house producers with the Stews in Atlanta, GA. Marvin Byrd (a.k.a. Marvinsky) was the sound engineer. Kyle and Dave were the sound engineers in Houston, TX", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160076-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Live Stews, History\nHitting the airwaves in 2001, Doug and Ryan Stewart have taken their hip hop style of sports talk from \"the basement to the penthouse.\" Calling it a \"keep it real show,\" the Stews try to tell the blunt, unvarnished truth, and encourage guests and callers to do the same. The show initially aired in the late evenings, was later moved to mid-days, and then the prime afternoon drive slot. Five years into their gig the 2 Live Stews have become Atlanta-based radio station 790 The Zone's highest-rated show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160076-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Live Stews, History\nIn 2004, the Stews were voted \"Best Air Talent of the Year\" at the Sports Radio Awards presented by ESPN Radio. In 2005, The Stews signed on to do a show for ESPN2, which aired Wednesdays at 12:30am. In October 2005, after months of negotiation, the Stews announced a deal with Radio One and Reach Media to nationally syndicate their show; said deal ended with Radio One's departure from the syndication business in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160076-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Live Stews, History\nOn June 4, 2007, the Stews joined ESPN2's morning show First Take (formerly Cold Pizza) as regular contributors to the show. Additionally, they have done some work as analysts in the NFL Live studio. On September 24, 2007, TV One Network signed The Stews to host Season Two of 'Black Men Revealed', the series that brings together males from all walks of life to frankly discuss and often explore the myths and truths surrounding black men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160076-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Live Stews, Future of the show\nOriginal syndicator Syndication One left the syndication business in 2007; the show was subsequently picked up for a time by Sporting News Radio. The station is now off air. The Stews are not working in radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160077-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Locating Regiment\n2 Locating Regiment was an artillery regiment of the South African Artillery. The regiment provided divisional troops but was typically organized to allocate locating batteries to brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160077-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Locating Regiment, History, Origin\nThis unit can trace its origins back to its creation at the University of Witwatersrand. Major H.B. Gilliland was its first commander. The unit struggled initially but by June 1951 a command nucleus could conduct its first training camp in Potchefstroom. By 1956 the unit had grown to such an extent that it could make personnel available to other units. By 1966 the unit moved from Auckland Park to Doornkop Military Base. Its last headquarters was however in Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160077-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Locating Regiment, History, Command affiliation\nWith the reorganization of the SA Army in August 1974, the unit, now a regiment was placed under the divisional command of 7 South African Infantry Division, but was also allocated to 8th Armoured Division (South Africa) later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160077-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Locating Regiment, History, Renamed and amalgamated\nThe unit was renamed to the Johannesburg Artillery Regiment around 1990 but was finally amalgamated together with 7 Medium Artillery Regiment into the Transvaal Horse Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160077-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Locating Regiment, History, Specialization\nThe regiment consisted of 22 Battery. The regiment specialized in the technical search of enemy battery fire by means of delicate and sophisticated measuring equipment, such as radar and meteorology. The battery typically comprised an Intelligence Section, a Meteorological Section, and a Radar Troop of three radar section each with a radar set, a Sound Ranging Troop, a Survey Troop and an observation Troop. Three batteries of this unit conducted border service in the operational area in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160077-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Locating Regiment, Insignia\nThe regiment\u2019s emblem is a blue background with a red diamond and a gold eagle holding a flash of lightning in its right claw and a grenade in its left claw. On its chest is a Roman letter II in red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160078-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Long\n\"2 Long\" was the Polish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001, performed in English (the first time the Polish entry had not been performed monolingually in Polish) by Andrzej Piaseczny (PIASEK).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160078-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Long\nThe song is an up-tempo number, influenced by urban music. PIASEK sings from the perspective of a man whose lover is leaving him because he has been unfaithful towards her (he describes himself as \"a faker\"). As she prepares to do so, however, he confesses his true feelings and explains that \"life's too short, it would be a crime\" if they did not remain together. PIASEK entered the stage wearing a brown fur coat, which he discarded almost immediately, to reveal a navy blue T-shirt. He was accompanied by three female backing singers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160078-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Long\nThe song was performed eighteenth on the night, following Slovenia's Nu\u0161a Derenda with \"Energy\" and preceding Germany's Michelle with \"Wer Liebe lebt\". At the close of voting, it had received 11 points, placing 20th in a field of 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160078-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Long\nPrior to the 2002 contest, the decision was taken to restrict entry to the best-performed countries of 2001, a group which did not include Poland. As a \"passive participant\" (a country broadcasting but not taking part in the contest), Poland was re-admitted the following year. Thus, the song was succeeded as Polish representative at the 2003 contest by Ich Troje with \"Keine Grenzen-\u017badnych granic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160079-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Low Life Muthas\n2 Low Life Muthas is the debut album released by rap group, Poison Clan. It was released on August 20, 1990, for Luke Records and was produced by 2 Live Crew member, Mr. Mixx. The album sold well in the South, but only managed to make it to #42 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Two singles did pretty well on the charts, \"The Bitch That I Hate\", peaked at #18 on the Hot Rap Singles and \"Dance All Night\" peaked at #14 on the Hot Rap Singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160079-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Low Life Muthas, Trivia\nThe vinyl version of the album can briefly be seen in the 1992 film Juice in the scene in which its four main characters steal records from a record store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160080-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Lupi\n2 Lupi is a single star in the southern constellation of Lupus, located 326\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It has the Bayer designation f Lupi; 2 Lupi is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.33. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22123\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160080-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Lupi\nThis is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0 IIIa CH-1. The suffix notation indicates abnormally weak lines of carbyne. Having exhausted the hydrogen at its core, the star evolved away from the main sequence by expanding to 11 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 65.6 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,953\u00a0K. It is a suspected variable star of unknown type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160081-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Lyncis\n2 Lyncis is a binary star system in the northern constellation Lynx. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 4.44. The distance to this system, judging by an annual parallax shift of 20.83\u00b10.40\u00a0mas, is around 157\u00a0light years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22122\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160081-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Lyncis\nThis is a spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of around 3.6\u00a0years and an eccentricity of 0.5. It is classified as a probable (91% chance) eclipsing binary with the variable star designation UZ\u00a0Lyn, showing a net magnitude decrease of 0.3 during an occultation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160081-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Lyncis\nThe primary component is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A2\u00a0Vs, where the 's' indicates narrow (sharp) absorption lines. The orbiting companion may be the source of the X-ray emission from this system, as stars similar to the primary component do not generally produce detectable levels of X-rays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees\nThe Second Book of Maccabees, also called 2 Maccabees, is a deuterocanonical book originally in Greek which focuses on the Maccabean Revolt against Antiochus IV Epiphanes and concludes with the defeat of the Seleucid Empire general Nicanor in 161 BC by Judas Maccabeus, the \"hero of the Jewish wars of independence\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees\nUnlike 1 Maccabees, the style of 2 Maccabees suggests that it was written in Koine Greek, probably in Alexandria, some time between 150 and 120 BC (c. 124 BC according to Stephen L. Harris). It presents a revised version of the historical events recounted in the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees, adding material from the Pharisaic tradition, including prayer for the dead and a resurrection on Judgment Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees\nThe book, like the other Books of the Maccabees, was not included in Masoretic Hebrew canon, the Tanakh. It was included in the Greek Septuagint, known as the Alexandrian canon. For this reason, Jews and Protestants reject most of the doctrinal issues present in the work, while Catholics and Eastern Orthodox consider the work to be deuterocanonical and part of the Bible. Some Protestants include 2 Maccabees as part of the biblical apocrypha, useful for reading in the church. Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England defines it as useful but not the basis of doctrine and not necessary for salvation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Author\nThe author of 2 Maccabees is not identified, but he claims to be abridging a 5-volume work by Jason of Cyrene. This longer work is not preserved, and it is uncertain how much of the present text of 2 Maccabees is simply copied from that work. The author wrote in Greek, apparently, as there is no particular evidence of an earlier Hebrew version. A few sections of the book, such as the Preface, Epilogue, and some reflections on morality are generally assumed to come from the author, not from Jason. Jason's work was apparently written sometime around 100 BC and most likely ended with the defeat of Nicanor, as does the abridgement available to us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Author\nThe beginning of the book includes two letters sent by Jews in Jerusalem to Jews of the Diaspora in Egypt concerning the feast day set up to celebrate the purification of the temple (see Hanukkah) and the feast to celebrate the defeat of Nicanor. If the author of the book inserted these letters, the book would have to have been written after 124 BC the date of the second letter. Some commentators hold that these letters were a later addition, while others consider them the basis for the work. Catholic scholars tend toward a dating in the last years of the 2nd century BC, while the consensus among Jewish scholars place it in the second half of the 1st century BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Contents, Summary\nUnlike 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees does not attempt to provide a complete account of the events of the period, instead covering only the period from the high priest Onias III and King Seleucus IV (180 BC) to the defeat of Nicanor in 161.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Contents, Summary\nIn general, the chronology of the book coheres with that of 1 Maccabees, and it has some historical value in supplementing 1 Maccabees, principally in providing a few apparently authentic historical documents. The author seems primarily interested in providing a theological interpretation of the events; in this book God's interventions direct the course of events, punishing the wicked and restoring the Temple to his people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Contents, Summary\nIt has been suggested that some events appear to be presented out of strict chronological order to make theological points, but there seems little reason to expect a sequential chronology anyway, and little evidence for demonstrating the point one way or the other. Some of the numbers cited for sizes of armies may also appear exaggerated, though not all of the manuscripts of this book agree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Contents, Summary\nThe Greek style of the writer is very educated, and he seems well-informed about Greek customs. The action follows a very simple plan: after the death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Feast of the Dedication of the Temple is instituted. The newly dedicated Temple is threatened by Nicanor, and after his death, the festivities for the dedication are concluded. A special day is dedicated to commemorate the Jewish victory in the month of Adar, on the day before \"Mordecai's Day\" (Purim).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Contents, Structure\nThe divisions used by the New American Bible (Revised Edition) are similar, except that all the \"renewed persecution\" of 2 Maccabees 10:10 to 15:36 is treated as one section, with a brief \"epilogue\" in verses 15:37-39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Doctrine\n2 Maccabees demonstrates several points of doctrinal interpretation deriving from Pharisaic Judaism, and also found in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox theology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Doctrine\nIn particular, the long descriptions of the martyrdoms of Eleazar and of a mother with her seven sons (2 Macc 6:18\u20137:42) caught the imagination of medieval Christians. Several churches are dedicated to the \"Maccabeean martyrs\", and they are among the few pre-Christian figures to appear on the Catholic calendar of saints' days (that number is considerably higher in the Eastern Orthodox churches' calendars, where they also appear). The book is considered the first model of the medieval stories of the martyrs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Doctrine\nCatholic apologist Jimmy Akin examines Hebrews 11:35 (\"Some were tortured, refusing to accept release, that they might rise again to a better life\") and notes that this hope of eternal life after torture is not found anywhere in the protocanonical books of the Old Testament, but is found in 2 Maccabees 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Canonicity\nCatholics and the Eastern Orthodox regard 2 Maccabees as canonical. Jews and all Protestants other than Anglo-Catholics do not. Based on copies, 1 and 2 Maccabees appears in manuscripts of the Septuagint,    the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, which was completed by the 2nd century BC  along with (in some copies) 3 and 4 Maccabees  and Psalm 151 which are considered apocryphal by the Roman Catholic church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0012-0001", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Canonicity\nThe Codex Vaticanus lacks 1 and 2 Maccabees (but includes 1 Esdras) which Codex Sinaiticus  includes along with 4 Maccabees  (but omits Baruch), which evidences a lack of uniformity in the lists of books in early manuscripts of the Septuagint. Neither 1st nor 2nd Maccabees were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0012-0002", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Canonicity\nOrigen of Alexandria (A.D. 253), Augustine of Hippo (c. 397 AD), Pope Innocent I (405 AD), Synod of Hippo (393 AD), the Council of Carthage (397 AD), the Council of Carthage (419 AD), the Apostolic Canons, the Council of Florence (1442 AD) and the Council of Trent (1546 AD) listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Canonicity\nIn the Council of Jamnia (late 1st century AD), according to one theory now largely discredited, rabbis endorsed a narrower canon, excluding deuterocanonical works such as 2 Maccabees. This had little immediate impact on Christians, however, since most Christians did not know Hebrew and were familiar with the Hebrew Bible through the Greek Septuagint text from Hellenistic Jews, although some researchers believe that under Christian auspices the books known to Protestants and Jews as apocryphal and to Roman Catholics as deuterocanonical were added to the Septuagint. In addition, the canonical status of deuterocanonical books was disputed among some notable scholars from early on and into the Council of Trent,  which first definitively settled the matter of the OT Canon on 8 April 1546,  after the death of Martin Luther.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Canonicity\nAlthough 2 Maccabees was included by Luther and other early reformers in their Bibles, they were rejected as not being on the same level as canonical writings. Martin Luther said: \"I am so great an enemy to the second book of the Maccabees, and to Esther, that I wish they had not come to us at all, for they have too many heathen unnaturalities.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0014-0001", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Canonicity\nOther evangelical writers have been more positive towards the book: twentieth century author James B. Jordan, for example, argues that while 1 Maccabees \"was written to try and show the Maccabean usurpers as true heirs of David and as true High Priests\" and is a \"wicked book\", a \"far more accurate picture of the situation is given in 2 Maccabees.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Liturgical usage and theological significance\nIn the Roman Catholic Church, the Latin Church Lectionary makes use of texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, along with texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings during a Mass for the Dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160082-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Maccabees, Liturgical usage and theological significance\nThe texts regarding the martyrdoms under Antiochus IV in 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees are held in high esteem by the Anabaptists, who faced persecution in their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160083-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Mai\n2 Mai (Romanian pronunciation:\u00a0[doj maj], \"May 2\") (according to the Socialist Republic of Romania records) or Dou\u0103 Mai (according to the founding decree signed by Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu in 1887) is a village in the Limanu commune, Constan\u021ba County, Dobrogea, Romania. It is found on the shoreline at a distance of 6 km north of Vama Veche and 5 km south from Mangalia. Doi Mai is also a summer vacation destination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160083-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Mai\nIts name (then Dou\u0103 Mai ) was chosen to celebrate the 2nd of May 1864, when Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza dissolved the Legislative Assembly (Adunarea Legislativ\u0103) of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia to promote his reforms. Nine years earlier Northern Dobruja was given to Romania through the treaty of Berlin after it had been taken from the Ottoman Empire at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u20131878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160083-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Mai\nRussian voluntary eunuchs of the Old Believers sect, being persecuted in their homeland of the Russian Empire, found refuge here in the 19th century, amongst the Greek fishermen, Romanian shepherds and Tatar horse breeders, which had huts and rudimentary houses in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street\n2 Marsham Street is an office building on Marsham Street in the City of Westminster, London, and has been the headquarters of the Home Office, a department of the British Government, since March 2005. Before this date the Home Office was located at 50 Queen Anne's Gate. It has also housed the headquarters of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs since 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, History\nThe site was previously occupied by the Departments of Environment (DoE) and Transport (DfT). The headquarters offices of both departments were located in Marsham Towers - three 20-floor concrete towers (North, Centre and South) joined together by 'podium' floors to level 3. The towers won an architectural award, and boasted express lifts, marble entrances and escalators to the third floor - very modern government offices for the early 1970s. Construction had started in the early 1960s but was finally completed in 1971, becoming the office of the new DoE created in October 1970 (out of a merger between the Ministry of Housing and Local Government and the Ministry of Transport).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, History\nThe towers were considered by some to be a blot on London's landscape, and were subsequently nicknamed \"the three ugly sisters\" and \"the toast rack\". Michael Heseltine, the Secretary of State for the Environment in the late 1970s and early 1980s, allegedly said that the building offered the best view of London \u2013 because one could not see the towers from his north-facing 16th-floor office in the North tower. Chris Patten called the complex \"a building that deeply depresses the spirit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, History\nThe last government staff occupied the building in the late 1990s. The building was declared unfit for future use and the towers were demolished in 2003 to make way for the new building into which the Home Office moved in 2005. Prior to the 'ugly sisters' epoch, from about 1818, the site housed the Chartered Gas Works of the Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, as well as a laundry yard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, History\nSoon after the building opened in 2005, agencies of the Home Office like Her Majesty's Passport Office and the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs began moving to new offices. From August 2014 to autumn 2018, the building was also home to the Department for Communities and Local Government, the Homes and Communities Agency and the Building Regulations Advisory Committee. In 2018, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) relocated to 2 Marsham Street; Defra is itself a successor to the DoE that originally occupied the Marsham Towers site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, History\nIn 2018, Homes England (the reorganized Homes and Communities Agency) moved to Windsor House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, Design\nDesigned by Terry Farrell, the new building was financed through the private finance initiative (PFI) model with French construction firm Bouygues as contractor. It was completed within 24 months. The cost of \u00a3311 million is to be spread over 29 years, and will be partially met by the issue of bonds. The site is made up of three buildings, designated Seacole, Peel and Fry. They are named after Mary Seacole, Robert Peel and Elizabeth Fry, figures who had significant impacts in areas within the Home Office's responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, Design\nThe buildings are connected by a bridge from the first to the fourth floors, forming part of a corridor that runs the whole length of the building. Staff call this corridor 'The Street'. During design, the emphasis was on creating a building with a community feel. To that end, the open-plan offices are well lit, situated around three central atria and overlooking turfed 'pocket parks'. The building has also been constructed to be energy efficient and to fall well within government energy-expenditure targets. The approachable effect of the building is enhanced by art-work by Liam Gillick who used coloured glass to change the feel of the building depending on the light conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, Design\nThe site contains 800,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (74,000\u00a0m2) of office space. Part of the old Marsham Towers site was also turned over to blocks of residential flats, shops and restaurants behind the new Home Office building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, Critical reception\nSince its completion in early 2005, 2 Marsham Street has been well received by the architectural community, winning a RIBA Award for Architecture, a Leading European Architects Forum and MIPIM 2006 Awards. Giles Worsley, architecture critic of The Daily Telegraph, called the building \"a triumph of urban repair\". The contractor's provision of the building within the time-frame required has also been praised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160084-0009-0001", "contents": "2 Marsham Street, Critical reception\nThe Home Secretary at the time of the building's completion, Charles Clarke, stated \"By moving to a newer, more efficient headquarters, the Home Office will save taxpayers around \u00a395m. This will contribute to the Home Office's programme to save \u00a31.97bn so that we can target more money at front line services like policing and border control.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India)\n2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171) is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Formation\nThe regiment was raised on 15 May 1940 as \u2018B\u2019 Field Brigade, Indian Artillery at Bangalore by Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Guy Horsfield. It consisted of Headquarters (H.Q. ), 3rd Indian and 4th Indian Field Batteries. It was subsequently redesignated as the 2 Indian Field Regiment. During its deployment in the Persia and Iraq Command (PAIC), 7th Indian Field Battery joined the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Composition\nIn the early years, there was one battery each of South Indian Class (SIC), Marathas and Sikhs. In May 1946, the regiment was converted to a single class regiment with Sikh soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Name changes\nThe regiment has underwent the following changes in its designation -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nIn May 1942, the Regiment joined 6 Indian Division in the PAIC. It moved to Basra, Iraq and later to Syria and Iran. The regiment was deployed in the Western desert in February 1942 as part of the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade, which formed part of the Gazala-Bir Hakeim defences. It was equipped with 25-pounder guns and fought against the German Afrika Korps under Rommel in the Battle of Bir Hakeim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nOn 26 May 1942, the Brigade Group with 2 Field Regiment and 1 Indian Anti-Tank Regiment as its artillery component, moved to Point 171, south of Bir Hakeim in Libya. Late in the evening of 26 May, 2 Field Regiment was warned of an impending attack by Rommel\u2019s forces early next morning. Rommel\u2019s forces had 15 Panzer Division, 21 Panzer Division, the Italian Ariete Division and 90 Light Infantry Division. The defenders were hopelessly outnumbered, but determined to give a fight, which ended up creating history. Throughout the night, the Regiment made preparations to face an impending armour attack on its gun positions. The defences at Point 171 were incomplete, without mines, uncoordinated and without any tanks deployed in the Brigade Box area, but were ready to face the might of the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nEarly morning of 27 May saw Rommel\u2019s forces moving out of their harbour hardly 2 miles away. The Battle at Point 171 was so swift and bloody, that in about two hours\u2019 time Rommel\u2019s forces had over-run the defences of the Brigade, but not before facing the wrath of the Indian Gunners who kept firing till their positions were over-run. In the battle, despite being surrounded from all sides by German Panzers, the gunners showed indomitable spirit and courage and destroyed many tanks (estimated 52-64).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nThe ferocity of the battle can be gauged from the numbers of enemy tanks destroyed as also from the fact that the losses suffered by 2 Field Regiment included six officers and many men killed, and many wounded or taken prisoners of war. For its gallant action, the regiment was honoured with the title Point 171, the first Indian Artillery regiment to be awarded a honour title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nAfter proving its mettle in North Africa, the regiment was inducted into the Burma campaign in 1944. After a short three weeks rest at Kalemyo, the regiment joined 7th Indian Infantry Division, IV Corps at Pokokku. It was then part of the Fourteenth Army and subsequently the 20th Indian Division. In 1945, it was part of the 255th Indian Tank Brigade, which was temporarily under 17th Indian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nOn 23 February 1945, the Regiment was positioned in defence near Letse (east of Arakan), Burma; when the Japanese launched a Brigade attack. The gunners of the regiment killed around 300 Japanese soldiers in a deadly artillery attack. The regiment thus got its second honour title \u2013 Letse and the following gallantry awards \u2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nIn May 1946, the regiment was converted to a single class regiment with Sikh soldiers and into a self-propelled artillery regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nParticipation of Indian Artillery in Jammu and Kashmir operations during 1947-48 commenced with the first flights of civil and Royal Indian Air Force Dakotas, which transported 1 Sikh Battalion to Srinagar on the morning of 27 October 1947. Personnel of 2 Field Regiment (SP) and 13 Field Regiment donned uniforms of 1 Sikh and proceeded as a composite company of the battalion under Captain RL Chauhan of 13 Field Regiment. It operated as infantry till the first week of November1947, when four 3.7 inch howitzers reached the area. Thereafter, they took over the guns and assisted the infantry to drive out the infiltrators along Srinagar - Baramula road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nThe regiment equipped with 25 pounder self propelled Sextons was part of the of 1 Artillery Brigade under 1 Armoured Division. It along with 101 Field Regiment (SP) and 71 Medium Regiment were allotted to provide timely and accurate fire support to 1 Armoured Brigade during the Battle of Phillora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nThe performance of the gunners was summarised by Brigadier KK Singh, MVC, Commander 1 Armoured Brigade in the \u2018Report\u2019 sent by him after the operations. This reads as under:-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nDuring the operations our gunners supported us to the hilt-a truly magnificent performance. The success of the armoured units was in great measure facilitated by the promptitude, accuracy and intensity of our artillery fire through the Commanding Officer 2 Field Regiment (SP) and his battery commanders and forward observation officers. Without this support we could not have done half as well as we did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Operations\nIn the Battle of Phillora, the bulk of the tanks of the Pakistani 1 Corps were destroyed. \u2018C\u2019 Squadron of Poona Horse with 5/9 Gorkha Rifles battalion duly supported by massive artillery fires captured Phillora. The intensity of artillery fire can be appreciated from the fact that just one regiment, 2 Field Regiment (SP), fired 10,436 rounds during the operations!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), Equipment\nThe regiment has been equipped with the following artillery guns -", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160085-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Medium Regiment (India), War Cry\nThe war cry of the regiment is 'Har Maidan Fateh' (\u0939\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u0924\u0947\u0939), which translates to Victory in every field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160086-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Mics & the Truth\n2 Mics & the Truth is the fifth live album by American rock band Violent Femmes. The album was released on July 7, 2017, by Add It Up Productions and PIAS Recordings. It was recorded at various radio stations and Paste Magazine. It was released on CD, 2-LP and digital download/streaming with differing track listings on each format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160086-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Mics & the Truth, Track listings\nAll tracks are written by Gordon Gano, unless otherwise indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160086-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Mics & the Truth, Track listings\nThe 2-LP release track listing is the same as the digital release, except for omitting the track \"Issues\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment\n2 Military Police Regiment (2\u00a0MP Regt) is a unit of the Canadian Forces. It provides support to the Canadian Army within the Province of Ontario. It does not provide support to Canadian Forces Bases Borden, Trenton and North Bay and Canadian Forces Support Unit (Ottawa). The unit was initially created in the summer of 2006. Since then, the unit was officially established by a ministerial organization order (MOO) and a Canadian Forces organization order (CFOO) dated September 24, 2007. It is a \"total force\" unit of the Canadian Army Military Police Group (CA MP Gp).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment\nThe term \"total force\" describes a unit which includes both Regular Force and Reserve Force members. 2\u00a0MP Regt is responsible for police, security and detention operations as well as police support in field operations. The unit headquarters is located at The George Taylor Denison III Armoury, more commonly known as Denison Armoury, in Toronto, Ontario. The strength of 2\u00a0MP Regt totals just under 300 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0000-0002", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment\nSince the transfer of command authority (TOCA) on 1 April 2011, 2\u00a0MP Regt is under the full command of the Canadian Forces Military Police Group (CF MP Gp) through the CA MP Gp, and attached operational command (OPCOM) to the 4th Canadian Division (4\u00a0Cdn Div). The unit is commanded by a major as the commanding officer (CO) and the unit has a master warrant officer who is the regimental sergeant major (RSM). The CO of 2\u00a0MP Regt reports directly to the commander of the CA MP Gp, as well as the commander of 4\u00a0Cdn Div. The CO has a dual function as commanding officer and division provost marshal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Unit background, Recent history\nPrior to the existence of 2 MP Regt, members of the Army Reserve Military Police of Ontario were part of 2 Military Police Company (2 MP Coy) formed summer 2003 until April 2006. With Platoons located in London, Toronto and Ottawa, the unit boasted strength around 125 all ranks. During this time, Regular Force members of the Military Police were under command of their local Canadian Forces Base (CFB) or Area Support Unit (ASU). As noted above, Regular Force and Reserve Force members amalgamated into one unit known as 2 MPU 8 April 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Unit background, Recent history\nThe Regt was renamed 2 Military Police Regiment on 1 April 2011 during the reorganization of the Canadian Forces Military Police. In the early 2000s and earlier, Regimental Police (RP) were assigned police duties within their respective Battalion. Although not specially appointed as peace officers, members of the RP were instrumental in dealing with police related matters. They wore brassards denoting \"RP\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Unit background, Sub-Unit composition\nUntil about the mid-2000s, 2 MP Regt had representation at Canadian Forces Base Petawawa within 2 Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, The Royal Canadian Dragoons and the Royal Canadian Regiment. The same held true in London at Wolseley Barracks when the 1st Battalion - The Royal Canadian Regiment was stationed there. These MP were normally referred to as Battalion Sheriffs, a term used in a somewhat official manner. In each of these locations, the Battalion Sheriffs normally had several Regimental Police (RP) working for them. RP were not peace officers and did not have special powers of arrest. Instead, they were members of their respective unit. They would assist MP in their day-to-day work. Similar to MP, RP would wear an RP brassard to identify themselves accordingly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Unit background, Sub-Unit composition\n2 MP Regt has working relations with MP units at CFB Trenton, CFB North Bay, CFB Borden and Canadian Forces Support Unit (Ottawa). They also partner with municipal, regional, provincial and federal police agencies on a routine basis throughout Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Unit background, Commanding Officers\nThe following Officers have commanded 2 MP Regt (most recent to least recent):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Unit background, Regimental Sergeant Majors\nThe following personnel have served as Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) of 2 MP Regt (most recent to least recent):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Expeditionary operations\n2 MP Regt is one of four Regiments within the CA MP Gp primarily responsible for force generation of Military Police personnel for Expeditionary Operations, which includes the War on Terror in Afghanistan. When deployed, members of 2 MP Regt are tasked to the Joint Task Force Afghanistan Military Police Company (JTF-Afg MP Coy). Military Police (MP) tasks have varied greatly over successive rotations. Canadian Forces members who serve in Afghanistan are awarded the General Campaign Star (GCS). 2 MP Regt was the main force generator for TF 3-08 which deployed in the fall of 2008. 2 MP Regt was the main force generator for Task Force 1-10 which deployed in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Expeditionary operations\nIn the summer of 2014, 2 MP Regt will be designated operational ready for Task Force 1-14 (major international operation for an extended period) and Task Force 2-14 (response to crises elsewhere in the world for shorter periods). Both are unnamed missions and may or may not deploy. Deployment is dependent on decision by the Government of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Expeditionary operations\nIn the spring of 2015, members of the regiment were involved in five separate missions throughout the world, OP CALUMET (Sinai Peninsula), OP ADDENDA (Afghanistan), OP REASSURANCE (Central and Eastern Europe), OP IMPACT (operations against ISIS in Iraq), and OP RENAISSANCE (Disaster relief in Nepal after major earthquakes in April 2015). This concurrent contribution to international operations is quite unprecedented within the Canadian Forces Military Police Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Humanitarian assistance\nMembers of 2 MP Regt contribute to humanitarian assistance in Canada and abroad through the Immediate Reaction Unit (IRU) and Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART). The IRU responds to domestic situations in Canada such as floods, forest fires and ice storms, whereas DART responds to disastrous situations throughout the world such as Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. Most recently, one member of 2 MP Regt was deployed to Nepal to assist with disaster relief as a result of major earthquakes in April 2015 that killed thousands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Clothing and equipment, Uniforms\nMembers of 2 MP Regt normally wear one of two uniforms; Operational Patrol Dress (OPD) or Canadian Disruptive Pattern (CADPAT). Members of the unit involved in policing duties wear OPD and all others wear CADPAT. During formal events such as parades, members of the unit will wear their Distinct Environmental Uniform (DEU). Therefore, even as a member of an Army unit, members will wear the uniform corresponding to their particular environment; Army, Navy or Air Force. In OPD and CADPAT, unit members who are trained as Military Police wear a scarlet beret. In DEU, the head dress of each element is worn instead of the scarlet beret. Introduced in the late 1980s, the scarlet beret is same colour as berets worn by members of the Royal Military Police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Clothing and equipment, Uniforms\nOn international operations in Afghanistan, MP wear Arid CADPAT uniforms with the following protective equipment: combat helmet, ballistic eyewear, tactical vest, fragmentation protective vest with bullet resistant plates and beige combat boots. A bayonet (Bayonet System 2005 by Eickhorn Solingen) mounts to the front of the tactical vest. Optional equipment includes a CamelBak drinking system and the small pack system. The wide brimmed combat hat can be worn within the camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Clothing and equipment, Personal weapons\nMembers of 2 MP Regt mainly use the following personal long and short barrel weapons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Clothing and equipment, Personal weapons\nThose involved in garrison policing duties also carry the following for use in the Use of Force continuum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Clothing and equipment, Personal weapons\nIn Field Platoons, as well as on combat operations, MP carry/use the same weapons as any other member of the Canadian Forces. This includes all the weapons above, as well as, but is not limited to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Clothing and equipment, Personal weapons\nFor those MP involved in domestic garrison policing, the use of force model governs how much force is used and when. During combat operations, use of force is based on the Rules of Engagement (ROE) that apply to all other members of the Canadian Forces. ROE complies with the Geneva Conventions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Recruiting and training, Recruiting\nThere are two streams for recruiting. The local Canadian Forces Recruiting Centre (CFRC) will process applicants for the Regular Force (full-time). They will also provide referrals to the local Reserve Force Platoons (part-time), in London, Toronto and Ottawa. Interested persons can join as MP (non-commissioned member) or an MPO (commissioned officer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Recruiting and training, Training\nRegular Force and Reserve Force members of 2 MP Regt receive initial Military Police training at the Canadian Forces Military Police Academy at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden, Ontario. Non -Commissioned Members (NCM's) attend the Qualification Level 3 (QL 3) Military Police course, and Officers attend the Military Police Officers Course (MPOC). There are separate Regular Force and Reserve Force courses. Members attending the Reserve Force courses are not awarded credentials (MP badge) upon course completion. It is possible in some instances for Reserve Force members to take training at the Regular Force level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Internet and intranet sites\n2 MP Regt does not have an internet web-site, Facebook or Twitter. Internally, 2 MP Regt maintains a SharePoint site under both 4 Cdn Div and LF MP Gp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Combat casualties\nOn April 22, 2006, Corporal Matthew Dinning of 2\u00a0MP Platoon and Corporal Randy Payne of the Military Police Detachment, Wainwright, Alberta, were killed in action, along with three other members of the CAF, when their G-Wagen struck an improvised explosive device (IED) north of Kandahar, Afghanistan. The Silvia Pecota print \"Fallen Comrades (Task Force Afghanistan)\" has the date 22-04-06 inscribed on the helmet band. In September 2006, Corporals Dinning and Payne were added to the Honour Roll at the Canadian Police and Peace Officers' Memorial at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0019-0001", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Combat casualties\nDinning's name and date of death are inscribed on panel 25. In 2014, a bridge on Highway 21 spanning Clark Creek in Huron County, Ontario, was dedicated to Corporal Dinning and is marked with signs at each end of a bridge. In 2015, Corporal Dinning's name was inscribed on the Ontario Police Memorial in Toronto, Ontario. Corporal Payne's name was inscribed on the Alberta Police Memorial in Edmonton, Alberta. Both MPs had Ontario bridges dedicated in their names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Combat casualties\nOn the Highway of Heroes from CFB Trenton to the Coroner's Office in Toronto, Ontario, 2\u00a0MP Regt provides escort duties to the motorcade of dead CAF personnel, ordinarily occupying the second vehicle in the order of march. The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) is the lead vehicle, with Trenton MP being the second last vehicle, with the OPP being the last vehicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Notable Toronto area events\nMembers of 2 MP Regt have been involved in the following high-profile events in Toronto and surrounding areas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Community involvement\nMembers of 2 MP Regt raise funds for the Military Police Fund for Blind Children, a registered charity in Canada. Annually in December, members from London and Toronto visit the W. Ross MacDonald School in Brantford (school for students who are visually impaired, blind and deafblind), delivering presents to children. 2 MP Regt participates annually in the Canadian Police and Peace Officer Memorial on the last Sunday of September. As 2 MP Regt is dispersed throughout Ontario, Remembrance Day services are attended in the local area. Members have attended services in Wingham, Gananoque and Haliburton Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel and senate\nThe following have served as the Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of 2 MP Regt:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160087-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Military Police Regiment, Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel and senate\nMembers of the Senate are mostly retired police and/or military members. The Senate meets on a regular basis, normally in the Toronto area. Members are staunch advocates of members of the regiment. Senate members are eager to attend 2 MP Regt training and other events throughout the year, where they have opportunity to speak to regimental members one on one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160088-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Million Bikers to DC\n2 Million Bikers to DC was a protest/motorcycle ride which brought thousands of riders from various parts of the United States to Washington, D.C. on September 11, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160088-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Million Bikers to DC, Background\nBill Williamson had a \"Pipe Dream\" but was not part of any organizing. Belinda Bee and a team from across the country organized the event. It was originally to protest the American Muslim Political Action Committee to rally on the National Mall on that date. . While the bikers stated that it was inappropriate for the group to have a rally on the anniversary of the September 11 attacks, they also stated that their plan was not to confront the Muslim group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160088-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Million Bikers to DC, Background\nHowever, as planning went on, the ride became a demonstration of patriotism, with many of the riders being veterans. A Facebook page  was set up for planning and documentation. Participants also tweeted photos of their journey to Washington, using the hashtag #2MBikers, which show rest stops and other locations overflowing with bikers. Many other drivers pulled over for them on the highway to wave and take pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160088-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Million Bikers to DC, Background\n2 Million Bikers to DC initially asked for a permit to demonstrate around the National Mall, but the National Park Service denied the request stating that such a large gathering of motorcycles would cause \u201ca severe disruption of traffic\u201d and that the D.C. police would not be able to accommodate it. However, D.C. law states that it is not an offense to assemble or parade on a public thoroughfare in the District without having provided notice or obtained an approved assembly plan. For this reason the event commenced anyway and was legal without the permit. But because the permit was denied the riders did not have a police escort through the traffic \u2014 a sore spot with organizers who thought the denial was for political purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160088-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Million Bikers to DC, The event\nOn the day of the event, there were not two million bikers; estimates of participants ranged from 10,000 to 75,000. Several dozen gathered for the \u201cMillion Muslim March\u201d (later renamed the Million American March Against Fear). Some participants gathered at the Harley Davidson dealership in Fort Washington, Maryland, just outside Washington, DC and at about 10:30 am, began departing side by side with anywhere between 2 and 5 bikes entering the highway at once. It took over an hour to get all bikers on the road, extending for about a third of a mile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160088-0003-0001", "contents": "2 Million Bikers to DC, The event\nRoads around the National Mall were reportedly closed that day according to mainstream media, saying it kept the bikers away from the Muslim event. Traffic was a nightmare and deterred many bikers from actually making it to the National Mall area, but thousands upon thousands prevailed and rode around the monuments and parked anywhere they could find to let their bikes cool off. Their motors could be clearly heard there, with one of the organizers of the Muslim event complaining that noise from one group of bikers disturbed a moment of silence for 9/11 victims. The event passed without incident with the exception of a couple of minor accidents. By 5 pm some bikers were still circling the National Mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160088-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Million Bikers to DC, Future plans\nBee and other organizers state the event will be repeated each year on September 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160089-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Million Man March\nThe 2 Million Man March was the culmination of efforts by the group Youth Earnestly Ask for Abacha under the direction of Daniel Kanu. The march took place in Abuja, Nigeria, during 3\u20134 March 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160089-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Million Man March\nThe support of the former military leader Sani Abacha culminated in 1998 with what is now remembered as the two-million-man march, the largest gathering in history of Nigeria. It was coordinated by YEAA and NACYAN. Africa Research Bulletin reported that YEAA had distributed free exercise books to schools, that it had plans to distribute subsidized imported \"Abacha Rice\" and that it had bought two new buses, equipped with speakers and modern communications equipment in honor of the event (20 Mar. 1998 13002). Many prominent politicians and other famous Nigerians attended, supported, and spoke at the rally", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160089-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Million Man March\nAccording to an interview with Daniel Kanu the costs of the rally, estimated at 400-500 million Naira, were paid for by \"patriotic individuals\" (NTA TV 5 Mar. 1998; Voice of Nigeria 3 Mar. 1998) As alleged in the book Regime Change and Succession Politics in Africa: Five Decades of Misrule, the march was likely government-backed and nearly 2.5 billion Naira was spent on the march. (PG 115 Repressive State and Resurgent Media Under Nigeria\u2019s Military Dictatorship)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160090-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Million Minutes\n2 Million Minutes is a series of documentary films exploring how students in the United States, India, and the People\u2019s Republic of China spend the nominal 2,000,000 minutes of their high school years. The film has been supported by Newt Gingrich and Al Sharpton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160090-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Million Minutes, Chapters, Chapter 1: 2 Million Minutes: A Global Examination\nChapter 1 describes the different emphasis students, parents, and teachers put on socialization, academic rigor, and discipline in the three countries. This chapter of the film compares high school students from three countries, India, China and the United States. The film seems to focus on stereotypes of the study habits and social behaviors of students from these different countries. For example, the story looks at how American students natural proclivity to extra-curricular activities like student government and sports teams versus Chinese and Indian students' dedication to additional prep work and hobbies like playing instruments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 79], "content_span": [80, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160090-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Million Minutes, Chapters, Chapter 2: 2 Million Minutes: In India\nChapter 2 describes the Indian K-12 education system. Filmed one year after Chapter 1, it rejoins the two American students and the two Indian students for a discussion. The film also features an interview with the principal of St. Paul's English school, Sundari Rao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160090-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Million Minutes, Chapters, Chapter 3: 2 Million Minutes: In China\nChapter 3 describes the Chinese K-12 education system. Filmed one year after Chapter 1, it rejoins the two American students and the two Chinese students for a discussion. The film also features an interview with the headmaster of Xiwai International School, Dr. Lin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160090-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Million Minutes, Chapters, Chapter 4: 2 Million Minutes: The 21st Century Solution\nChapter 4 advocates some solutions for the United States to become competitive in education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 84], "content_span": [85, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160091-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Mini: Ikiru to Iu Chikara\n2 Mini Ikiru to Iu Chikara (\u2461mini\u301c\u751f\u304d\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u529b\u301c, Ts\u016b Mini Ikiru to Iu Chikara, 2 Mini: The Power That You Live) is the second album from the Japanese pop idol group Cute, released on April 18, 2007 on the Zetima label. Although it is actually a mini-album, containing only five tracks, it is considered their second album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160091-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Mini: Ikiru to Iu Chikara\nThe album was  released in two versions: Regular Edition and Limited Edition, the latter containing also a DVD with videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160091-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Mini: Ikiru to Iu Chikara\nThe album debuted at number 21 in the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart, remaining in the chart for 2 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show)\n2 Minute Drill is an ESPN game show based on the general knowledge UK game show Mastermind. The program aired from September 11, 2000, to December 28, 2001. ESPN Classic currently airs reruns of the series daily at 11:30 am Eastern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show)\nKenny Mayne hosted the show, and began each player's turn at the front game by telling them, \"Your 2-minute drill begins now! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Round 1, Season 1\nThree players competed. The show featured a four athlete/celebrity panel. The scoreboard was an eggcrate display. Sometimes it malfunctioned, such as a transition from a number. (e.g. when a player gets a question correct sometimes a blank digit would show before going to the next number.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Round 1, Season 1\nFor contestants' turns, they would be given 2:00 to answer sports trivia questions and would have a choice of four categories, each represented by a member of the panel, each pertaining to that panelist's area of expertise, and each containing five questions. When contestants got a question right in any category, they could continue to play it or pick another category, but an incorrect answer or a pass forced them to pick another category (although they could go back to it at any time, provided  questions were left in it). Each correct answer was worth one point, and one bonus point was awarded if the contestant swept a category (got all five right), for a maximum of 24 first-round points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Round 1, Season 1\nThe lowest scorer at the end of the first round was eliminated. Prior to the show, the contestants are also asked a numerical question and asked to give an answer. If a tie for low score exists at the end of this round, the answers are compared, and the player whose answer is closest to the correct answer moves on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Round 1, Seasons 2 and 3\nTwo players competed as opposed to three. This time, the scoreboard was computerized to match the on-screen graphics, and the current question and answer would be shown to the home viewers who were playing along. To accommodate this, players could no longer interrupt during the question, and must wait for the question to be read completely before answering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Round 1, Seasons 2 and 3\nFor each  turn, again, contestants would be given 2:00 to answer sports trivia questions from four categories. This time, however, contestants would pick an athlete/celebrity, and they would read all of their questions (in their entirety), regardless of whether or not the contestant missed or passed one along the way. The contestant could only select another celebrity after the current celebrity's questions were completed. In addition, each category had only four questions, but bonuses were still awarded for sweeping a category; 20 points were the maximum possible first-round score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Round 1, Seasons 2 and 3\nBecause only two players were competing, neither is eliminated at the end of the round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Round 2\nIn the second round, the contestants faced a  series of rapid-fire, general-knowledge, sports trivia questions from the panel for two minutes, with no categories or panelist selections before each question. One at a time, each panelist asked a question and the contestant had to wait for a question to be completed before they could answer. In season one, the panel included host Kenny Mayne, who sat in the center position at the panel desk. When the show made aesthetic changes for season two, Mayne got his own desk and sat to one side of the panel; he thus ceased to be an active part of the front game (as in, he no longer asked any of the questions).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Round 2\nWhoever had the highest score after this round won $5,000 in cash and  an \"ESPN Experience\", and advanced to the bonus round for a chance to double their money to $10,000. If a tie existed after the end of round two, the tiebreaker rules from the previous round were used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Bonus round\nThe winners would get a question (usually with more than one part) in a category that they chose as their area of expertise (usually a specific sports team of the past or single athlete). In the second and third seasons, Mayne called it the \"Question of Great Significance.\" Answering it correctly doubled what they won in the front game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Format, Bonus round\nAlso in the second and third seasons, to heighten the dramatic effect for the question, every light in the studio was turned out except for those focused on Mayne and the contestant, and the panel's table was moved off to the back of the set so the contestant would only be focused on the host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Tournament\nEach player in 2 Minute Drill was part of a tournament. After all the first-round matches were played, the winners plus the highest-scoring nonwinner advanced to the quarterfinals, with $15,000 and another ESPN Experience going to the winner, and a chance to double it to $30,000 in the bonus round. The six winners of the quarterfinals advanced to the semifinals, with another Experience and $30,000 with a chance to double it to $60,000 given to the winners. The finals involved the two semifinal winners and the contestant who had the highest score among nonwinners (i.e. a wild card).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0012-0001", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Tournament\nThe winner received another ESPN Experience and $50,000, with a final shot to double their earnings to $100,000 in the bonus round, thus making total winnings a possible $200,000 in the event players get all their specialty category questions correct. Regardless of the outcome, the grand champion also receives a trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Tournament\nIn seasons two and three, the tournament was shortened to 13 episodes and was changed to a two-player game; the rules involving wild cards were eliminated as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Tournament\nAs long as a player kept winning matches, he/she could continue to play\u2014 meaning that, if a contestant was a good enough player, they could potentially win more than one tournament. In fact, Willy Gibson from Columbus, Ohio, did exactly that; he won the first and second 2 Minute Drill season championships, and was eliminated on a tiebreaker after winning two games during the third season. All in all, he won 9 ESPN Experiences and $220,000 in cash. Nearly all of Gibson's winnings were from match victories, as he tended to struggle with his Questions of Great Significance (Gibson chose individual subjects, Deion Sanders and Eddie George, instead of past teams, thus was given questions with more obscure information). Gibson's second tournament championship aired on September 11, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160092-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Drill (game show), Tournament\nThe third season premiered on September 18, 2001, in its normal primetime slot, but was moved to late nights later on in the run. The final tournament was won by Syracuse University student and ESPN The Magazine writer Adesina Koiki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160093-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Minute Medicine\n2 Minute Medicine, Inc. is a peer-reviewed and physician-led medical publishing and original news syndication company. It was founded in 2012 by Marc D. Succi MD, a physician at Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School. 2 Minute Medicine is a content licensing group, licensing their content to industry companies, libraries, and higher-education institutions including Harvard University. They license their content through a system known as the 2 Minute Medicine Syndication Engine. Their textbook arm, the 2 Minute Medicine Physician Press, publishes various education textbooks including the Classics in Medicine and The Classics in Radiology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160094-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Minutes of Fame\n2 Minutes of Fame is a 2020 American comedy film directed by Leslie Small and starring Jay Pharoah and Katt Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight\n\"2 Minutes to Midnight\" is a song by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden, featured on their fifth studio album, Powerslave (1984). It was released as the band's tenth single, and first from the album on 6 August 1984. It rose to number 11 on the UK Singles Chart and number 25 on Billboard Top Album Tracks. The band's first single to exceed five minutes in length, it remained their longest until the release of \"Infinite Dreams\" in November 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight, Synopsis\nA protest song about nuclear war, \"2 Minutes to Midnight\" was written by Adrian Smith and Bruce Dickinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight, Synopsis\nThe song attacks the commercialisation of war and how it is used to fuel the global economy (\u201cThe golden goose is on the loose and never out of season\u201d), how rich politicians profit directly from it (\u201cas the reasons for the carnage cut their meat and lick the gravy\u201d) and how after a war concludes, the world is left in a far worse condition than before the war began, resulting in future wars (\u201cto the tune of starving millions to make a better kind of gun\u201d).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight, Synopsis\nThe song title references the Doomsday Clock, the symbolic clock used by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, which represents a countdown to potential global catastrophe. In September 1953 the clock reached two minutes to midnight, the closest it ever got to midnight in the 20th Century, when the United States and Soviet Union tested H-bombs within nine months of one another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0002-0001", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight, Synopsis\nThe atomic clock, set at 12 minutes to midnight in 1972, regressed thereafter among US\u2013Soviet tensions, reaching three minutes to midnight in 1984\u00a0\u2013 the year this track was released\u00a0\u2013 and at that time the most dangerous clock reading since 1953. According to Dickinson, the song critically addresses \"the romance of war\" in general rather than the Cold War in particular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight, Synopsis, \"Rainbow's Gold\"\nThe first B-side is a cover of British progressive rock band Beckett's \"Rainbow's Gold\", which was featured on their self-titled album released in 1974. The song was written by Terry Slesser and Kenny Mountain, respectively the band's vocalist and guitarist. On the original release, it is titled \"A Rainbow's Gold\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight, Synopsis, \"Rainbow's Gold\"\nAccording to Nicko McBrain, commenting on the single in \"Listen With Nicko Part VI\" (as part of The First Ten Years series), the members of Iron Maiden were friends with members of Beckett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight, Synopsis, \"Rainbow's Gold\"\nThe band's manager, Rod Smallwood, commented this version: \"This was originally done by a band called Beckett who the band liked a lot. Adrian used to do a cover of another of their songs 'Rainclouds' in his band 'Evil Ways'. Beckett were from Newcastle and had a great singer called Terry Wilson Slesser (incidentally I was Beckett's agent prior to meeting Maiden).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight, Synopsis, \"Mission From 'Arry\"\nAnother B-side, entitled \"Mission from 'Arry\", is a recording of an argument between bassist Steve Harris and drummer Nicko McBrain, which took place after a show in Allentown, Pennsylvania, during the band's World Piece Tour. During the concert, Harris' bass gear broke down, so he asked the nearest roadie to tell McBrain to extend his drum solo. The crew member was unable to communicate the message effectively, which unfortunately distracted McBrain and had a negative impact on his solo, causing him to yell at the roadie afterwards. Vocalist Bruce Dickinson states that he found the ensuing argument so amusing that he decided to record it with a concealed tape recorder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160095-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Minutes to Midnight, Personnel\nProduction credits are adapted from the 7-inch vinyl, and 12-inch vinyl covers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160096-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Minutos\n2 Minutos or Dos Minutos are a punk rock band from Valent\u00edn Alsina, Buenos Aires, Argentina. They have released ten albums since first receiving a contract by Phonogram in 1994. The band have toured mostly around Latin America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160096-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Minutos, Biography\nSinger Walter Vel\u00e1squez first met bass player Aidnajan and guitarist Pedrozo at a Casanovas concert in 1987. The group they formed largely played the local circuit in the early 1990s. In 1992, the band participated in a collective album produced by an independent label called Mentes Abiertas, with the songs \"Ya No Sos Igual\" and \"Arrebato\". It caught the attention of the local Polygram A&R men who would sign the band soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160096-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Minutos, Biography\n1994 would be the studio album debut for 2 Minutos. Valent\u00edn Alsina was named in honor of their hometown, and it turned into a bigger hit than even the band or the label had expected on the back of the hit single \"Ya no sos Igual\" (\"You're not the same anymore\"), about a corner store clerk whom they found out was also a Federal Police officer. A controversy erupted however between the band and \"Pil Trafa\", a member of Los Violadores, with Pil Trafa accusing 2 Minutos of having \"un-punk\" lyrics about beer, football, and street fighting, which he considered those of bored, middle-class 1990s suburban kids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160096-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Minutos, Biography\nNonetheless, 2 Minutos became a mid-1990s darling of the Argentine punk world, and they also gained large followings by simple word-of-mouth across Latin America, specially after the release of their Valent\u00edn Alsina follow-up, Volvi\u00f3 la Alegr\u00eda, Vieja!. They also gained notoriety in the American punk scene, to the point they became the 1st Argentine punk band to dedicate a tour of the United States in 1995. A highlight of that tour was their performance at the CBGB club, which they sold out. Back home, they shared the stage with The Ramones during their 1996 farewell tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160096-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Minutos, Biography\nThe third studio album was released in mid-1997. Postal 97 featured the hit singles \"Gatillo f\u00e1cil\", \"Qu\u00e9 yeta\", and \"Recuerdos en la arena\". International success lead Polygram to renew and improve the contract for the band that year. They kept issuing albums every year or two. With the mid-2000s seeing the band as now weathered veterans of the punk movement, 2 Minutos released the studio album Un Mundo de Sensaciones, featuring the song \"Aeropuerto\" and including guest artists like Sebasti\u00e1n Teysera (La Vela Puerca), and Claudio O'Connor. In 2010, they released the album Vamos a la granja/Directo al infierno, which included covers of songs by The Clash, Sandro, Joaqu\u00edn Sabina and Daniel Melero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160097-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Months 2 Million\n2 Months $2 Million (abbreviated as 2M2MM) is an American reality show that debuted on G4TV on August 16, 2009. The show follows four online poker players who are sharing a house in Las Vegas, Nevada. Their goal is to collectively earn $2 million in two months using their own money. The show was canceled after one season, however, archived episodes returned to G4's TV schedule on September 1, 2014 as a replacement to syndicated programming that was pulled after rights were expired at the end of August 2014 until the network's closure on December 31, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160097-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Months 2 Million, Cast\nThe participating cast members were Dani \"Ansky\" Stern, Jay \"KRANTZ\" Rosenkrantz, Brian \"flawless_victory\" Roberts, and Emil \"whitelime\" Patel. Stern, Rosenkrantz and Patel are also instructors at the poker training site DeucesCracked, which was featured prominently during Episode 7, in which the cast organized a charity fund-raising event. The Connect Four charity event raised $20,000. Executive Chef Robert Owens CEC MCFE was also featured in this series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160097-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Months 2 Million, Cast\nThere were 10 episodes shot. The goal was 2 million, but their winnings totaled only $676,700. G4TV decided not to renew the show for another season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160098-0000-0000", "contents": "2 More Loves\n2 More Loves is an album released by 2moro. The album remains first, only and final full-length album through Rock Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160098-0001-0000", "contents": "2 More Loves\nThe album features previously debut self-titled (or \u96d9\u80de\u80ce\u7684\u521d\u56de\u76e4) EP, it contains five songs, as well as nine new songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160099-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Much Drama\n2 Much Drama is the debut album by NBA star, Chris Webber, released under his nickname C. Webb. Released on March 16, 1999, for independent label, Lightyear Records, the single \"Gangsta, Gangsta (How U Do)\" did well, making it to #10 on the Hot Rap Singles Chart. Guests include, Redman and Kurupt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160100-0000-0000", "contents": "2 New York Plaza\n125 Broad Street (formerly known as 2 New York Plaza) is an office building in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, at the intersection of Broad Street and South Street near South Ferry. The building, standing 504 feet (154\u00a0m) tall with 40 floors, is one of the southernmost skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan. The building was designed by the Kahn & Jacobs architecture firm, and developed by Sol Atlas and John P. McGrath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160100-0001-0000", "contents": "2 New York Plaza\nConstruction took place from 1970 to 1971. The building is to the east of 1 New York Plaza, and to the south of 55 Water Street. It has a modern structural design, and is one of a series of modern-style buildings built in the Financial District during the 1960s and 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160100-0002-0000", "contents": "2 New York Plaza\nStarting in 2007 the managers began incorporating energy saving renovations to meet LEED Silver standards. Building amenities include on-site management, day care, a coffee shop, shoe shine and a 50-car garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160101-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Nice Girls\n2 Nice Girls was the self-titled debut album of Two Nice Girls, released on Rough Trade Records in 1989. This album contains the track \"I Spent My Last $10 (On Birth Control & Beer)\" which gained the group some commercial success. The album also features a track that combines The Velvet Underground's \"Sweet Jane\" with Joan Armatrading's \"Love and Affection\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160101-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Nice Girls\nThe album was re-released in 2007 and received a 4-star review from the Austin Chronicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160101-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Nice Girls, Track listing\n\"The Holland Song\" was omitted from initial vinyl and cassette releases save for the UK release; all CD releases of the album reinstate it as the closing track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160102-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Nights Live!\n2 Nights Live! is a live compilation album of a two-night concert released by Barry Manilow in 2004. It was recorded on August 3\u20134, 2002 at PNC Bank Arts Center in Holmdel, NJ; during the last two dates of the Barry Manilow Live 2002! tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160103-0000-0000", "contents": "2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings\nThe 2 November 2010 Baghdad attacks were a series of bomb attacks in Baghdad, Iraq that killed more than 110 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160103-0001-0000", "contents": "2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings\nAt least 17 explosions occurred in the attacks, 48 hours after the 2010 Baghdad church massacre where 58 people were killed by a suicide bomber in a Baghdad church. Al-Qaeda has been suggested to be behind the violence. It is estimated that seventeen coordinated car bombs exploded. More than 250 people have been killed in Iraq in the last six days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160103-0002-0000", "contents": "2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings\nThe political background is the race between Prime Minister Nouri Maliki, a Shia Islamist, and former Prime Minister Iyad Allawi, a secular Shia supported by Iraq's Sunnis. Iyad Allawi's political group won two more parliamentary seats than the Prime Minister's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160103-0003-0000", "contents": "2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings\nThere were explosions near east Baghdad Sadr City, where 15 people died and 23 wounded. In west Baghdad 54 people died. There were twenty one blasts in all, eleven of them were car blasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160103-0004-0000", "contents": "2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings\nIn western Baghdad the casualties and injured people took to the Yarmuk Hospital. Al-Qaeda's Iraqi affiliate said on Friday it was behind car bombings against Shias in Baghdad this week that killed 64 people, saying they were revenge for \"insults\" and threatening more attacks. In a statement on the Al-Hanein jihadi website, the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) said Tuesday's attacks were to avenge \"insults\" against Aisha, the wife of Islam's Prophet Mohammed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160104-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Nuts and a Richard!\n2 Nuts and a Richard! (original French-language title: Les Grandes Gueules s'animent!) is a Canadian adult animated sitcom based on the radio show hosted by Quebecois comedy group Les Grandes Gueules. It premiered in French on T\u00e9l\u00e9toon la nuit on September 2, 2015, with an English premiere on Adult Swim following on October 16, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160104-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Nuts and a Richard!, Development\nProduction on the series was first announced in May 2014, with the show's concept described as adapting popular sketches from the long running Les Grandes Gueules radio show. Cast members Mario Tessier, Jos\u00e9 Gaudet and host Richard Turcotte were confirmed to return. In the English version, they're voiced by Carlo Mestroni, Shawn Baichoo and Thor Bishopric, respectively. To support the first season's launch, a game was released for browsers and mobile platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160104-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Nuts and a Richard!, Development\nA second season, consisting of 12 half-hours, began airing on T\u00e9l\u00e9toon la nuit on September 4, 2017. It was not released in English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160104-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Nuts and a Richard!, Home Video\nThe first 13 episodes were released in French on DVD in Canada by DEP Distribution on December 16, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160105-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Oceans FM\n2 Oceans FM (also known as Augusta Community Radio) is a community radio station based in Augusta, Western Australia, 45 kilometres (28\u00a0mi) south of Margaret River in the state's southwest. Transmitting from the Augusta Community Resource Centre in Allnutt Terrace, the station is run by volunteers from the Augusta community. Broadcasting on 97.1 FM and sponsored by local businesses around the Augusta region, the station offers a variety of music, including songs from the 1940s and 1950s up to the current Top 40. On the station's website there is also an option to listen online through streaming over the internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160105-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Oceans FM, History\nThe idea for the station came about due to frustration with the lack of local content on the very few radio stations broadcasting to the Augusta region. Attempts to acquire a frequency for the station to operate on began in 2002, but the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) specified that all the frequencies were being used by other local TV broadcasters. The founders of the station pushed on with support of local communities and, after initially requesting the frequency 99.9 MHz in 20007, the ACMA allocated 97.1 MHz for a community radio station in Augusta in April 2008. With the help of donations from Lotterywest, a local couple, and the South West Development Commission, 2 Oceans FM started broadcast in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160106-0000-0000", "contents": "2 October (film)\n2 October is a Hindi action thriller movie of Bollywood directed and produced by Sunil Tiwary. This movie was released on 5 September 2003 under the banner of Sarthak Movies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160106-0001-0000", "contents": "2 October (film), Plot\nOne day police commissioner comes to know that Interpol wanted criminal Bhau is staying in Bombay. He informs the matter to Chief Minister. C.M instructs him to secretly finish Bhau because he is politically influenced. Hence the commissioner gives a charge to Karan Abhayankar. Karan is a fearless and honest police officer trying to clean the city from the gangster. Karan targets Bhau to wipe out in 2 October because this is the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, father of the nation. To fulfill his mission, Karan faced many obstacles from the influentials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0000-0000", "contents": "2 On\n\"2 On\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Tinashe for her debut studio album Aquarius (2014). The song, which features a rap verse from American rapper SchoolBoy Q, was written by Tinashe, Schoolboy Q, Bobby Brackins, DJ Mustard, Jon Redwine, and Marley Waters. It features a sample from the 2005 single \"We Be Burnin'\" by Jamaican recording artist Sean Paul, resulting in writing credits for Cezar Cunningham, Sean Paul, Steven Marsden, Delano Thomas, Michael Jarrett, and Craig Serani Marsh. \"2 On\" was released as Tinashe's commercial debut single from Aquarius on January 21, 2014 and was sent to US rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radio on March 18, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0001-0000", "contents": "2 On\n\"2 On\" is an electro-R&B song that contains elements of trap production. Lyrically, the song is a party song about living life to the fullest. Music critics mostly praised the song for its sound and carefree lyrics, and \"2 On\" was also noted by critics as a departure from Tinashe's murky alternative R&B that was part of her previous songs. The single peaked at number 24 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on US rhymthic radio, was the second-most played song of 2014 on the format, and was certified platinum by the RIAA. The song also reached the top forty in Australia and Flanders (Belgium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0002-0000", "contents": "2 On\nThe accompanying music video for the track was directed by Hannah Lux Davis and was released on March 24, 2014, with Tinashe dancing in several different scenes. To further promote the song, Tinashe made various live performances, including the SXSW Festival, the Power 106 LA concert, Capital Xtra, Rinse FM, V100.7/Milwaukee's Family Affair and  The Wendy Williams Show. Canadian rapper Drake released an unofficial rework of the song to his SoundCloud account; the song consisted of two parts, the new version of \"2 On\" and \"Thotful\". An official Spanish remix featuring reggaeton singer Randy was released on November 18, 2014, and later included on his mixtape Under Doxis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0003-0000", "contents": "2 On, Background\n\"2 On\" was written by Tinashe, Schoolboy Q and Bobby Brackins and produced by DJ Mustard, Jon Redwine and DJ Marley Waters. It is nightclub-oriented, which contrasts with Tinashe's previous work such as her 2013 mixtape Black Water. She stated: \"I wanted '2 On' to be transitional, so people get used to the idea of, 'She can make songs that can play on the radio, and she can still make songs that I can vibe out to in my car.'\" \"2 On\" was released worldwide as a music download by RCA Records on January 21, 2014. It impacted US rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radio on March 18, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0004-0000", "contents": "2 On, Composition\n\"2 On\" is an electronic R&B song, marking a slight departure from the murky alternative R&B from her mixtapes. The song features \"effervescent keys\", \"synth-string accents\", finger snaps, trap hi-hats, electro beats and distant chilly sighs, the latter which Bradley Stern of MuuMuse described as more reminiscent of her mixtape releases. The song features a sample of Sean Paul's 2005 single \"We Be Burnin'\", with the line \"Just give me the trees and we can smoke it ya/Just give me the drink and we can pour it ya\" featured in the middle eight. As a result, the song's writers (Cezar Cunningham, Sean Paul Henriques, Steven Marsden, Delano Thomas, Michael Jarrett, and Craig Serani Marsh) are credited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0005-0000", "contents": "2 On, Composition\nLyrically, the song is a carpe-diem anthem about being \"super hyped up, super extra out on whatever emotion that it is.\" Although the song became her first hit and got a lot of people buzzing about the song, some listeners didn't really understand the concept of the meaning of \"2 On.\" She spoke with VladTV to address this by saying \"2 On is basically a new way of saying turn up. Being super hyped up with your friends when going out. I just wanted to come up with a fresh phrase that people can catch on to.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0006-0000", "contents": "2 On, Reception\nJ. Leeds of the online publication Idolator praised the song's production calling it a \"club thumper\" and comparing the music video choreography to Britney Spears and Janet Jackson Tom Breihan of Stereogum commented on the throwback feel from the track saying \"2 On recreates some of the tropes of the late-\u201990s/early-\u201900s teenpop/R&B crossover era, but it does it within quotes\" and also comparing the video having an Aaliyah vibe on it. Gotty, a writer for The Smoking Section, commented that \"made me want to rollerskate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0006-0001", "contents": "2 On, Reception\nMaybe not as rhythmic and polished as Tip and them did in ATL but I could definitely hit the rink, do a little bop once I get some speed and cut the corners.\" Gotty also commended DJ Mustard's production, writing \"it\u2019s not necessarily what we\u2019ve come to expect as his signature sound and that\u2019s a good thing here.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0007-0000", "contents": "2 On, Reception\nBradley Stern of MuuMuse classified the song as a \"female version of Tyga\u2018s \u201cRack City\" and 2 Chainz\u2018 \"I\u2019m Different\" (both also produced by Mustard) mixed with the icy flow of Cassie's \"Me & U,\" blending #TurnUp club culture (TURN DOWN FOR WHAT?!) with hypnotic minimal beats \u2013 it's all sorts of sexy.\" Jon Ali, in his blog, appraised the song as \"a hot slow-burning R&B number packed with an icy electro beat and a infectious chorus loaded with plenty of memorable sexual come-ons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0007-0001", "contents": "2 On, Reception\nThe song works so well in its simplicity\" and the sample used as \"all sorts of perfect.\" A writer for Fact Magazine opined that \"Tinashe and Mustard are a surprisingly potent pairing, but we hoped rappers would leave the \u201cbeat the pussy up\" schtick in the bin.\" John Kennedy of Billboard noted that \"ScHoolboy Q's rambunctious bars give this feel-good smash just the right amount of scruffiness.\" \"2 On\" was labeled an album highlight by several critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0008-0000", "contents": "2 On, Reception\nPitchfork named \"2 On\" as one of the 200 best songs of the decade, praising the track as \"widescreen and intricately sculpted: its curling, high-toned bassline seems to whir and chime, and its descending roll of pizzicato synth-drums are so ear-catching that they compete with the gorgeous vocal melody. [ ...] Tinashe\u2019s sensuous, slurred lingering over the chorus \u201cI luuuuu to get 2 on\" is joyous and life-affirming, a million miles from the deadened hedonism of so much trap. Dissolution has never sounded so delicious\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0009-0000", "contents": "2 On, Reception\nFollowing its release the song has peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 53 on the UK Singles Chart and stayed at number one for four weeks on the Billboard Rhythmic Charts. As of August 8, 2014, \"2 On\" has sold 473,000 downloads in the US. On November 24, 2014 the song was certified Platinum by RIAA for selling 1,000,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0010-0000", "contents": "2 On, Promotion\nThe song's official music video, directed by Hannah Lux Davis, was released on March 24, 2014. One of the songwriters, Bobby Brackins, makes a cameo. Speaking about the choreography, handled by JaQuel Knight, in the video, Tinashe listed Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson and Britney Spears as her inspirations, \"I was always super frustrated when people stopped dancing in their videos because I thought that was such a great part of it. I really want to bring that back.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0011-0000", "contents": "2 On, Promotion\nTinashe first performed the song at SXSW Festival 2014. Also, at the Power 106 LA concert, Capital Xtra, Rinse FM, V100.7/Milwaukee's Family Affair, The Vipor Room and Hot 97's Who's Next. Drake also invited her on stage to perform the remix to the song in Houston. Tinashe performed the song on The Wendy Williams Show on July 21, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0012-0000", "contents": "2 On, Cover versions\nOn May 12, 2014, OB O'Brien posted an unofficial rework of the song to his SoundCloud account, featuring vocals from Drake. The song consists of two parts, the new version of \"2 On\" and \"Thotful\". The song begins with O'Brien singing a verse before Drake takes over. The cover transitions into \"Thotful\", the second part of the song which according to a writer for Rap-Up magazine \"toasts to the thots.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0012-0001", "contents": "2 On, Cover versions\nThe remix also features references to Wu-Tang and Flipmode and in regards to its production, J. Tinsley of The Smoking Section called it \"an updated version of what a So Far Gone 2 would sound like.\" Reviews were positive towards Drake's take on the song. Chris DeVille of Stereogum called the track \"an entertainingly moody passive-aggressive R&B/hip-hop mash the likes of which Drake patented sometime around late 2009.\" Jesse James of StupidDOPE lauded it as \"dope showcasing of depth and lyrical prowess,\" adding that it \"shall be heard in a number of rides, clubs, and much more very soon.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160107-0012-0002", "contents": "2 On, Cover versions\nSamantha Nelson of Examiner.com called his verse \"classic Drake\", deeming it a \"smart take on the title of the song but makes it more dramatic\" and that it \"will please all of his fans.\" Recording artist and rapper Brooke Candy released an unofficial remix on her SoundCloud on June 17, 2015. It reached more than 8 million plays in the platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160108-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle\n2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle is the second studio album by the Welsh psychedelic/progressive rock band Man and was released in September 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160108-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle, Re-releases\n2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle was re-released on CD in May 2009 (Esoteric Eclec 2128) including 3 bonus tracks:-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160108-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle, Re-releases\nThe original album has also been re-released on two CD compilations:-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160108-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Ozs of Plastic with a Hole in the Middle, Re-releases\nBoth these compilations also include Man's previous album Revelation and bonus singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas\nPallas (minor-planet designation: 2\u00a0Pallas) is the second asteroid to have been discovered, after 1 Ceres. Like Ceres, it is believed to have a mineral composition similar to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, though significantly less hydrated than Ceres. It is the third-largest asteroid in the Solar System by both volume and mass, and is a likely remnant protoplanet. It is 79% the mass of 4 Vesta and 22% the mass of Ceres, constituting an estimated 7% of the mass of the asteroid belt. Its estimated volume is equivalent to a sphere 505 to 520 kilometers (314 to 323\u00a0mi) in diameter, 90\u201396% the volume of Vesta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas\nDuring the planetary formation era of the Solar System, objects grew in size through an accretion process to approximately the size of Pallas. Most of these 'protoplanets' were incorporated into the growth of larger bodies, which became the planets, whereas others were ejected by the planets or destroyed in collisions with each other. Pallas, Vesta and Ceres appear to be the only intact bodies from this early stage of planetary formation to survive within the orbit of Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas\nWhen Pallas was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matth\u00e4us Olbers on 28 March 1802, it was counted as a planet, as were other asteroids in the early 19th century. The discovery of many more asteroids after 1845 eventually led to the separate listing of 'minor' planets from 'major' planets, and the realization in the 1950s that such small bodies did not form in the same way as (other) planets led to the gradual abandonment of the term 'minor planet' in favor of 'asteroid' (or, for larger bodies such as Pallas, 'planetoid').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas\nWith an orbital inclination of 34.8\u00b0, Pallas's orbit is unusually highly inclined to the plane of the asteroid belt, making Pallas relatively inaccessible to spacecraft, and its orbital eccentricity is nearly as large as that of Pluto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Discovery\nOn the night of 5 April 1779, Charles Messier recorded Pallas on a star chart he used to track the path of a comet (now known as C/1779 A1 (Bode)) that he observed in the spring of 1779, but apparently assumed it was nothing more than a star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Discovery\nIn 1801, the astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi discovered an object which he initially believed to be a comet. Shortly thereafter he announced his observations of this object, noting that the slow, uniform motion was uncharacteristic of a comet, suggesting it was a different type of object. This was lost from sight for several months, but was recovered later that year by the Baron von Zach and Heinrich W. M. Olbers after a preliminary orbit was computed by Carl Friedrich Gauss. This object came to be named Ceres, and was the first asteroid to be discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Discovery\nA few months later, Olbers was again attempting to locate Ceres when he noticed another moving object in the vicinity. This was the asteroid Pallas, coincidentally passing near Ceres at the time. The discovery of this object created interest in the astronomy community. Before this point it had been speculated by astronomers that there should be a planet in the gap between Mars and Jupiter. Now, unexpectedly, a second such body had been found. When Pallas was discovered, some estimates of its size were as high as 3,380\u00a0km in diameter. Even as recently as 1979, Pallas was estimated to be 673\u00a0km in diameter, 26% greater than the currently accepted value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Discovery\nThe orbit of Pallas was determined by Gauss, who found the period of 4.6 years was similar to the period for Ceres. Pallas has a relatively high orbital inclination to the plane of the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Later observations\nIn 1917, the Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama began to study asteroid motions. By plotting the mean orbital motion, inclination, and eccentricity of a set of asteroids, he discovered several distinct groupings. In a later paper he reported a group of three asteroids associated with Pallas, which became named the Pallas family, after the largest member of the group. Since 1994 more than 10 members of this family have been identified, with semi-major axes between 2.50 and 2.82\u00a0 AU and inclinations of 33\u201338\u00b0. The validity of the family was confirmed in 2002 by a comparison of their spectra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Later observations\nPallas has been observed occulting stars several times, including the best-observed of all asteroid occultation events, by 140 observers on 29 May 1983. These measurements resulted in the first accurate calculation of its diameter. After an occultation on 29 May 1979, the discovery of a possible tiny satellite with a diameter of about 1\u00a0 km was reported, which was never confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Later observations\nRadio signals from spacecraft in orbit around Mars and/or on its surface have been used to estimate the mass of Pallas from the tiny perturbations induced by it onto the motion of Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Later observations\nThe Dawn team was granted viewing time on the Hubble Space Telescope in September 2007 for a once-in-twenty-year opportunity to view Pallas at closest approach, to obtain comparative data for Ceres and Vesta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Name and symbol\n2 Pallas is named after Pallas Athena (Ancient Greek: \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u1fb6), an alternate name for the goddess Athena. In some versions of the myth, Athena killed Pallas, then adopted her friend's name out of mourning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Name and symbol\nThe adjectival form of the name is Palladian. The d is part of the oblique stem of the Greek name, which appears before a vowel but disappears before the nominative ending -s. The oblique form is seen in the Italian and Russian names for the asteroid, Pallade and \u041f\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 Pallada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Name and symbol\n(There are several male characters with a similar same name in Greek mythology, P\u00e1llas rather than Pall\u00e1s, but the first asteroids were invariably given female names. Because the oblique stem is different, the male name would have been Pallante in Italian and \u041f\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442 Pallant in Russian.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Name and symbol\nThe stony-iron Pallasite meteorites are not Palladian, being named instead after the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas. The chemical element palladium, on the other hand, was named after the asteroid, which had been discovered just before the element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, History, Name and symbol\nAs with other asteroids, the astronomical symbol for Pallas is a disk with its discovery number, \u2461. It also has an older, more iconic symbol, \u26b4 () or sometimes \ud83d\udf0d (10px|Variant of Pallas symbol), the alchemical symbol for sulfur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Orbit and rotation\nPallas has unusual dynamic parameters for such a large body. Its orbit is highly inclined and moderately eccentric, despite being at the same distance from the Sun as the central part of the asteroid belt. Furthermore, Pallas has a very high axial tilt of 84\u00b0, with its north pole pointing towards ecliptic coordinates (\u03b2,\u00a0\u03bb) = (30\u00b0,\u00a0\u221216\u00b0) with a 5\u00b0 uncertainty in the Ecliptic J2000.0 reference frame. This means that every Palladian summer and winter, large parts of the surface are in constant sunlight or constant darkness for a time on the order of an Earth year, with areas near the poles experiencing continuous sunlight for as long as two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Orbit and rotation, Near resonances\nPallas is in a, likely coincidental, near-1:1 orbital resonance with Ceres. Pallas also has a near-18:7 resonance (91,000-year period) and an approximate 5:2 resonance (83-year period) with Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 45], "content_span": [46, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Orbit and rotation, Near resonances\nAnimation of the Palladian orbit in the inner Solar system\u00a0\u00b7 \u00a0\u00a0Pallas\u00a0\u00b7 \u00a0\u00a0Ceres\u00a0\u00b7 \u00a0\u00a0Jupiter\u00a0\u00b7 \u00a0\u00a0Mars\u00a0\u00b7 \u00a0\u00a0Earth\u00a0\u00b7 \u00a0\u00a0Sun", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Orbit and rotation, Near resonances\nAn animation of Pallas's near-18:7 resonance with Jupiter. The orbit of Pallas is green when above the ecliptic and red when below. It only marches clockwise: it never halts or reverses course (i.e. no libration). The motion of Pallas is shown in a reference frame that rotates about the Sun (the center dot) with a period equal to Jupiter's orbital period. Accordingly, Jupiter's orbit appears almost stationary as the pink ellipse at top left. Mars's motion is orange, and the Earth\u2013Moon system is blue and white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Orbit and rotation, Transits of planets from Pallas\nFrom Pallas, the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth can occasionally appear to transit, or pass in front of, the Sun. Earth last did so in 1968 and 1998, and will next transit in 2224. Mercury did in October 2009. The last and next by Venus are in 1677 and 2123, and for Mars they are in 1597 and 2759.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 61], "content_span": [62, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Physical characteristics\nBoth Vesta and Pallas have assumed the title of second-largest asteroid from time to time. At 513\u00b13\u00a0km in diameter, Pallas is slightly smaller than Vesta (525.4\u00b10.2\u00a0km). The mass of Pallas is 79%\u00b11% that of Vesta, 22% that of Ceres, and a quarter of one percent that of the Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Physical characteristics\nPallas is farther from Earth and has a much lower albedo than Vesta, and hence is dimmer as seen from Earth. Indeed, the much smaller asteroid 7 Iris marginally exceeds Pallas in mean opposition magnitude. Pallas's mean opposition magnitude is +8.0, which is well within the range of 10\u00d750 binoculars, but, unlike Ceres and Vesta, it will require more-powerful optical aid to view at small elongations, when its magnitude can drop as low as +10.6. During rare perihelic oppositions, Pallas can reach a magnitude of +6.4, right on the edge of naked-eye visibility. During late February 2014 Pallas shone with magnitude 6.96.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Physical characteristics\nPallas is a B-type asteroid. Based on spectroscopic observations, the primary component of the material on Pallas's surface is a silicate containing little iron and water. Minerals of this type include olivine and pyroxene, which are found in CM chondrules. The surface composition of Pallas is very similar to the Renazzo carbonaceous chondrite (CR) meteorites, which are even lower in hydrous minerals than the CM type. The Renazzo meteorite was discovered in Italy in 1824 and is one of the most primitive meteorites known. [ update\u2014Marsset 2020 finds it closer to CM meteorites] Pallas's visible and near-infrared spectrum is almost flat, being slightly brighter in towards the blue. There is only one clear absorption band in the 3-micron part, which suggests an anhydrous component mixed with hydrated CM-like silicates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0025-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Physical characteristics\nPallas's surface is most likely composed of a silicate material; its spectrum and calculated density (2.89\u00b10.08\u00a0g/cm3) correspond to CM chondrite meteorites (2.90\u00b10.08\u00a0g/cm3), suggesting a mineral composition similar to that of Ceres, but significantly less hydrated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0026-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Physical characteristics\nTo within observational limits, Pallas appears to be saturated with craters. Its high inclination and eccentricity means that average impacts are much more energetic than on Vesta or Ceres (with on average twice their velocity), meaning that smaller (and thus more common) impactors can create equivalently sized craters. Indeed, Pallas appears to have many more large craters than either Vesta or Ceres, with craters larger than 40\u00a0km covering at least 9% of its surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0027-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Physical characteristics\nPallas' shape departs significantly from the dimensions of an equilibrium body at its current rotational period, indicating that it is not a dwarf planet. It's possible that a suspected large impact basin at the south pole, which ejected 6%\u00b11% of the volume of Pallas (twice the volume of the Rhea Sylvia basin on Vesta), may have increased its inclination and slowed its rotation; the shape of Pallas without such a basin would be close to an equilibrium shape for a 6.2-hour rotational period. A smaller crater near the equator is associated with the Palladian family of asterods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0028-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Physical characteristics\nPallas probably has a quite homogeneous interior. The close match between Pallas and CM chondrites suggests that they formed in the same era and that the interior of Pallas never reached the temperature (\u2248820 K) needed to dehydrate silicates, which would be necessary to differentiate a dry silicate core beneath a hydrated mantle. Thus Pallas should be rather homogeneous in composition, though some upward flow of water could have occurred since. Such a migration of water to the surface would have left salt deposits, potentially explaining Pallas's relatively high albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0028-0001", "contents": "2 Pallas, Physical characteristics\nIndeed, one bright spot is reminiscent of those found on Ceres. Although other explanations for the bright spot are possible (e.g. a recent ejecta blanket), if the near-Earth asteroid 3200 Phaethon is an ejected piece of Pallas, as some have theorized, then a Palladian surface enriched in salts would explain the sodium abundance in the Geminid meteor shower caused by Phaethon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0029-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Physical characteristics, Surface features\nBesides one bright spot in the southern hemisphere, the only surface features identified on Pallas are craters. As of 2020, 36 craters have been identified, 34 of which are larger than 40\u00a0km in diameter. Provisional names have been provided for some of them. The craters are named after ancient weapons,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 52], "content_span": [53, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0030-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Satellites\nA small moon about 1 kilometer in diameter was suggested based on occultation data from 29 May 1978. In 1980, speckle interferometry suggested a much larger satellite, whose existence was later refuted a few years later with occultation data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0031-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Exploration\nPallas itself has never been visited by spacecraft. Proposals have been made in the past though none have come to fruition. A flyby of the Dawn probe's visits to 4 Vesta and 1 Ceres was discussed but was not possible due to the high orbital inclination of Pallas. The proposed Athena SmallSat mission would have been launched in 2022 as a secondary payload of the Psyche mission and travel on separate trajectory to a flyby encounter with 2 Pallas, though was not funded due to being outcompeted by other mission concepts such as the  Transorbital Trailblazer Lunar Orbiter. The authors of the proposal cited Pallas as the \"largest unexplored\" protoplanet with the main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0032-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Gallery\nAn ultraviolet image of Pallas showing its flattened shape, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160109-0033-0000", "contents": "2 Pallas, Gallery\nObjects considered for dwarf planet status under the IAU's 2006 draft proposal on the definition of a planet. Pallas is second from the right, bottom row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160110-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Pegasi\n2 Pegasi is a single star in the constellation Pegasus, located approximately 394 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, red-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.52. The object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221219\u00a0km/s. It has a magnitude 12.7 visual companion, designated component B, at an angular separation of 30.4\u2033.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160110-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Pegasi\nThis is an aging red giant star with a stellar classification of M1+III, currently on the asymptotic giant branch, having exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. The star has expanded to an estimated 55 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 653 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,919\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160111-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Penkuttikal\n2 Penkuttikal ( English\u00a0: Two Girls ) is a 2016 Indian Malayalam film directed by Jeo Baby. It stars Anna Fathima and Shambavi in the lead roles with cameo appearances from Amala Paul, Tovino Thomas, and Anju Kurian. Fathima won Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist for her role in the film.2 Penkuttikal was screened at the Odisha International Film Festival and Busan Kids and Youth International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160111-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Penkuttikal, Plot\nThe film discusses issues faced by young girls and women in today's society. Achu and Anagha are close friends, who decide to bunk their class to visit a mall in the city. Their visit to the city changes their life and what happens next forms the crux of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160111-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Penkuttikal, Music\nThe music of the film was composed by Mathews Pulickan. Lyrics was penned by Jobi Moozhiyankan Joseph and Gilu Joseph and the songs are sung by Mrithul, Haritha Balakrishnan and Leah Anne Philip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160111-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Penkuttikal, Release\nThe film was released on 22 January 2016 in theaters across Kerala", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160111-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Penkuttikal, Release, Reception\nThe film was screened at the following film festivals & received accolades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160112-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Persei\n2 Persei is a binary star system in the northern constellation Perseus, located around 500\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude is 5.70. The system is moving further away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 11\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160112-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Persei\nIn 1970 radial velocity measurements from spectrograms taken at David Dunlap Observatory indicated it was a single-lined spectroscopic binary. Follow up observations led to the determination that it had a nearly circular orbit with a period of 5.6 days. The visible component is a chemically peculiar mercury-manganese star with a stellar classification of B9pHgMn. Other analyses of its spectrum have assigned it the giant star spectral type of B9III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160113-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 1\n2 Peter 1 is the first chapter of the Second Epistle of Peter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as \"Simon Peter, a bondservant and apostle of Jesus Christ\" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but there are charges that it is a work of Peter's followers between 60-90 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160113-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 1, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160113-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160113-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 1, Text, Relationship with the Epistle of Jude\nThere is an obvious relationship between the texts of 2 Peter and the Epistle of Jude. The shared passages are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 54], "content_span": [55, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160113-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 1, A call to spiritual growth (1:3\u201311)\nAs Christians have obtained the \"power\" and \"promise\" for their resources, Peter urges that they \"make every effort\" (verse 5) to achieve the goal, that is \"to grow to be like Jesus\", following the steps towards it (verses 5\u20137):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160113-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 1, Reasons for the emphasis (1:12\u201321), Verse 18\nReference to Transfiguration of Jesus (Matthew 17:1\u201312; Mark 9:2\u201313; Luke 9:28\u201336)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160114-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 2\n2 Peter 2 is the second chapter of the Second Epistle of Peter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as \"Simon Peter, a bondservant and apostle of Jesus Christ\" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but there are charges that it is a work of Peter's followers between 60-90 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160114-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 2, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 22 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160114-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 2, Text, Relationship with the Epistle of Jude\nThere is an obvious relationship between the texts of 2 Peter and the Epistle of Jude. Comparing the Greek text portions of 2 Peter 2:1\u20133:3 (426 words) to Jude 4\u201318 (311 words) results in 80 words in common and 7 words of substituted synonyms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 54], "content_span": [55, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160114-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 2, The danger and condemnation of false prophets (2:1\u201310a), Verse 1\nThe activities of the \"false prophets\" (Ancient Greek: \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, ) among the people in the Old Testament period are listed in Deuteronomy 13:1\u201315; 1 Kings 13:18; 22:5\u201323; Jeremiah 5:13, 31; 6:13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 75], "content_span": [76, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160114-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 2, The character of false prophets (2:10b\u201322)\nThe dangerous influence of the false prophets are emphasized by more fully describing their true nature: insolent (verses 10\u201312), licentious (verse 13), immoral (verse 14) and greedy (verses 14b\u201316). They ought to be condemned for the following three reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 53], "content_span": [54, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160114-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 2, The character of false prophets (2:10b\u201322), Verse 19\nThe false prophets/false teachers offer freedom from the obligation to serve Christ and to grow in Christ (cf. 2 Peter 1:3\u201311), yet, in doing so, bringing the people, and also themselves, into 'the bondage of sin all over again' (cf. John 8:31\u201336 and Romans 6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 63], "content_span": [64, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160115-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 3\n2 Peter 3 is the third (and the last) chapter of the Second Epistle of Peter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as \"Simon Peter, a bondservant and apostle of Jesus Christ\" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but there are charges that it is a work of Peter's followers between 60-90 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160115-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 3, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160115-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160115-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 3, Text, Relationship with the Epistle of Jude\nThere is an obvious relationship between the texts of 2 Peter and the Epistle of Jude. Comparing the Greek text portions of 2 Peter 2:1\u20133:3 (426 words) to Jude 4\u201318 (311 words) results in 80 words in common and 7 words of substituted synonyms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 54], "content_span": [55, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160115-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 3, A reminder of the coming of the Lord (3:1\u201313)\n2 Peter 3:1-2 reminds the addressees about the writer to re-emphasize the epistle's authority before the exposition of the central issue in verses 3\u201313 about the timing of Jesus' second coming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160115-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 3, A reminder of the coming of the Lord (3:1\u201313), Verse 1\nPeter emphasizes the unity of this epistle with the first one and the consistency of his teaching with those of the prophets and apostles (verse 2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160115-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 3, A reminder of the coming of the Lord (3:1\u201313), Verse 2\nHere Peter emphasizes the unity of the writings by the prophets in the Old Testament with the apostolic teachings in 2 Peter 1:19\u201321 and 1 Peter 1:10\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160115-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Peter 3, Peroratio (3:14\u201318)\nThe final five verses of the epistle contain the concluding part (peroratio) of the discourse, starting with the phrase: \"Therefore, beloved\" (verse 14, and used again in verse 17) and continue with a tone similar to the opening in the first chapter, echoing the 2 Peter 1:1\u20132 ('grace, knowledge, and Jesus as Savior') with the final words ('day of eternity') as the last reminder of this epistle's major theme, that is, 'the judgment day will come'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160116-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Phones\n\"2 Phones\" is a song by American rapper Kevin Gates. It was released on November 5, 2015 as the third single from his debut studio album Islah. It peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Gates' first top 20 song and his highest-charting single to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160116-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Phones, Music video\nThe song's accompanying music video premiered on January 1, 2016 on Kevin Gates's YouTube account. It was directed by Jon J, who previously directed the music videos for Gates' \"Kno One\" and \"Really Really\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160116-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Phones, Chart performance\n\"2 Phones\" debuted at number 93 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for the chart dated January 23, 2016. It eventually reached its peak position at number 17 for the chart dated April 23, 2016. On January 25, 2019, the single was certified quadruple platinum for combined sales and streaming data of over four million units in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160117-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Piscis Austrini\n2 Piscis Austrini, also known as HR 8076,  is a single star located approximately 351\u00a0light years away in the southern constellation of Microscopium, despite its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160117-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Piscis Austrini\nThis is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K3\u00a0III. At the age of 2\u00a0billion years, it is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has 1.91 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 107 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,632\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160118-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Pistols\nJeremy Lemont Saunders (born June 11, 1983), better known by his stage name 2 Pistols (censored as 2P), is an American rapper from Tarpon Springs, Florida. After the local success of his independent single \"Dirty Foot\", he was offered a record deal with Universal Republic Records in 2007. His debut single, \"She Got It\" featuring T-Pain, was released in 2007 and peaked at number 7 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 2008 and hit number 2 on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160118-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Pistols, Biography\nFrom a broken home, Saunders grew up being looked after by his extended family. By his teens, he became involved in local crime and in 2005 was incarcerated for eight months. After this, he became involved in music promotion and formed a group called Blood Money Union, which consisted of other DJs, producers and rappers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160118-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Pistols, Biography\nSaunders' first success in rapping came with a self-released record called \"Dirty Foot\", which he wrote while still in high school and distributed in the Tarpon Springs area at the urging of his cousin. After hearing it played in a local dance club and then witnessing another rapper's performance, 2 Pistols had his first chance to perform on-stage. After taking the stage and performing his own single (\"Dirty Foot\"), 2 Pistols' confidence in his abilities grew to a point that he began to take his chances at making a career of music seriously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160118-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Pistols, Biography\nHis debut album, Death Before Dishonor, was released on June 17, 2008 and featured production from the Grammy-winning J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Da Honorable C.N.O.T.E, Bolo Da Producer, and others. Tracks from the album included \"You Know Me\" featuring Ray J & \"Thats My Word\" featuring Trey Songz, in addition to \"She Got It\". The album peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200 chart, and rose to number 10 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip Hop album chart. 2 Pistols resides in Tampa, Florida and currently releases his music under his own label, Blood Money Union. In February 2014, the album Comin Back Hard appeared through Stage One Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160119-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Places at the Same Time\n2 Places at the Same Time is a live album by the Washington, D.C.-based go-go band Experience Unlimited, released in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160120-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Player Productions\n2 Player Productions, Limited is a video production company based in San Francisco, California. It was founded in 2005 by Paul Owens, Paul Levering, and Asif Siddiky. The company  produces content relating to video game culture and the process of game production. They produced the documentary Reformat the Planet in 2008, and have since worked with mainstream companies including MTV and Spike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160120-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Player Productions, Projects, Reformat the Planet\nReformat the Planet is a documentary film, first shown in 2008 at the South by Southwest Film Festival film festival, about the chiptune music scene. The film depicts events in the culture such as Blip Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160120-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Player Productions, Projects, Penny Arcade: The Series\nPenny Arcade: The Series Is a 27-episodes web show about Penny Arcade and PAX. The first season was aired on GameTrailers and has a positive collective review of 9.1. Subsequent seasons were produced by Vantage Point Production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160120-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Player Productions, Projects, Uncharted 3\nIn 2010 the company was hired by game developer Naughty Dog to produce behind-the-scenes content detailing development for their game Uncharted 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160120-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Player Productions, Projects, Minecraft: The Story of Mojang\nIn December 2012, the company released Minecraft: The Story of Mojang, a documentary about the development of the video game Minecraft and its developer, the Swedish game company Mojang. The idea was first shown on February 21, 2011 as a proof of concept video to attempt to raise money to finish the project using Kickstarter. The company's goal was to raise $150,000. This goal was met on March 26, 2011, however people continued to donate so that the final amount raised was $210,297. Depending on the amount donated contributors will have an opportunity to share their personal story in the documentary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160120-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Player Productions, Projects, Double Fine Adventure!\nIn February 2012, Double Fine Productions became the first game company to fully fund a high-budget video-game via Kickstarter, a crowdfunding website. As part of their funding agreement, Double Fine pledged to hire 2 Player Productions to document the entire development process as a serial documentary, with roughly monthly episodes, made available to all backers of the project. Leading up to the release of the game's final act, Double Fine also began making the episodes freely available on YouTube in early March 2015. The 20 episode series concluded in July 2015, three months after the final act of the game was officially released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1\n2 Plus 1 was a Polish band performing pop and folk music, and in the later period of their activity also synthpop and rock. They were founded in 1971 by Janusz Kruk and El\u017cbieta Dmoch. The band have recorded ten studio albums, three of which have been certified Gold in Poland, and established such evergreen hits as \"Chod\u017a, pomaluj m\u00f3j \u015bwiat\", \"Wind\u0105 do nieba\" and \"I\u015b\u0107 w stron\u0119 s\u0142o\u0144ca\". They have won a number of local and international awards, and performed in countries around the world, such as Germany, the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada and Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Plus 1\n2 Plus 1 enjoyed the biggest popularity in the 1970s, but remained successful into the mid-1980s. At the turn of the two decades the band achieved a notable success in Western Europe and Japan with songs \"Easy Come, Easy Go\" and \"Singapore\". The end of 2 Plus 1's activity was marked by the death of Janusz Kruk in 1992. A successful, but short lived reunion took place at the end of the 1990s. 2 Plus 1 remain one of the most successful bands in the history of Polish popular music, and their musical legacy still proves influential in Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1971-1975: Formation and early success\nThe band was founded in Warsaw in January 1971 by a guitarist Janusz Kruk and a flautist El\u017cbieta Dmoch, who both had been part of a short lived band Warszawskie Kuranty in the 1960s. The two were joined by another guitarist, Andrzej Rybi\u0144ski, and played their first live shows in hotel Bristol in Warsaw. The band worked with Polish lyricist Katarzyna G\u00e4rtner and became the first artist to perform her songs live. Initially called Smak Miodu (Polish for \"Taste of Honey\"), the trio would soon rename to Dwa Plus Jeden (2 Plus 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1971-1975: Formation and early success\nIn the summer of 1971, the group performed their first concert to a mass audience, at the National Festival of Polish Song in Opole, and were awarded for the song \"Nie zmog\u0142a go kula\". Andrzej Rybi\u0144ski very soon left the group to work on his own project, Andrzej i Eliza, and was replaced by Andrzej Krzysztofik. The band performed \"Ju\u017c nie b\u0119d\u0119 taki g\u0142upi\" at the festival in Ko\u0142obrzeg and recorded their first EP, which featured four folk-flavoured songs. The band started to perform abroad, among others in West Berlin and the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1971-1975: Formation and early success\n1972 saw 2 Plus 1 achieve mainstream popularity with hits \"Czerwone s\u0142oneczko\" and \"Chod\u017a, pomaluj m\u00f3j \u015bwiat\". The band performed at Sopot International Song Festival and in November recorded for RCA Italiana. In December 1972, their debut LP Nowy wspania\u0142y \u015bwiat was released by Polskie Nagrania Muza. Beside two previously known hits, it included songs \"Wstawaj, szkoda dnia\" and \"Hej, dogoni\u0119 lato\" which also became popular. The album sold very well and was later certified Gold. 2 Plus 1 were proclaimed the band of the year by several media outlets, and their acoustic pop-folk music proved especially popular with teenagers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0002-0001", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1971-1975: Formation and early success\nIn March 1973, Janusz Kruk and El\u017cbieta Dmoch got married. The group then performed the song \"Zjechali\u015bmy kapel\u0105\" at a German TV show Disco and were met with warm reception. In June, 2 Plus 1 performed for the third time at the Opole Festival and received an award for the song \"Codzienno\u015b\u0107\". In the same year, the band recorded a hit song \"Gwiazda dnia\" for the movie In Desert and Wilderness, based on Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1971-1975: Formation and early success\nIn the spring of 1974, 2 Plus 1 performed in the United States and Canada for the first time, followed by Scotland, France, Switzerland and West Germany. With the song \"Ko\u0142ysanka matki\", they took the 3rd place at the festival in Sopot. The group made an appearance in an all-star TV special Piosenki z autografem, performing \"Na luzie\", alongside such artists as Anna Jantar and Danuta Rinn. British magazine Music Week proclaimed 2 Plus 1 the star of the year. The band continued performing frequently in 1975, among others in East Germany, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. Their second LP, Wyspa dzieci, was a concept album and turned out to be another success, including previously known hits \"Gwiazda dnia\", \"Ko\u0142ysanka matki\" and \"Na luzie\" as well as the popular title song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1976-1979: Artistry development\nThe group scored another hit with the song \"Odp\u0142yniesz wielkim autem\", which they recorded in English and released as a single in Germany. Their next project was a tribute suite to Zbigniew Cybulski, a famous Polish actor who had died in the late 1960s. The musical spectacle, showcasing more sophisticated sound than the group's previous efforts, was premiered in Opole in 1976 and received flattering feedback. Andrzej Krzysztofik left the group and was replaced by Cezary Szl\u0105zak, what gave shape to what would turn out the band's most successful line-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1976-1979: Artistry development\nIn the early 1977, on the 10th anniversary of Cybulski's death, the band started to work on their third studio album, Aktor, based around the previously known musical spectacle. 2 Plus 1 toured with that repertoire not only in Poland, but also in East Germany and Czechoslovakia, where the album was released as Herec. In the same year, 2 Plus 1 released another single in West Germany, which featured songs \"Ring Me Up\" and \"Free Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1976-1979: Artistry development\nIn 1978, the band recorded Teatr na drodze, an album embracing their pre-Aktor, accessible pop-folk style. It is this album that features one of 2 Plus 1's biggest hits \"Wind\u0105 do nieba\", which went on to become an evergreen. Other notable songs on the LP included \"Ding-Dong\", \"Romanse za grosz\" and \"Ballada \u0142om\u017cy\u0144ska\", the latter with a contribution from the legendary Polish musician Czes\u0142aw Niemen. In the summer, 2 Plus 1 went to Cuba, where they performed \"La Habana mi amour\" and taped a TV special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1976-1979: Artistry development\nAt the Sopot Festival, the band won an award for \"Wind\u0105 do nieba\" and \"Ding-dong\". In the same year, they released a new single \"Taks\u00f3wka nr 5\", which turned out another success. In March 1979, 2 Plus 1 visited Cuba again, where they successfully toured for two weeks. Their double A-side single, featuring songs \"Margarita\" and \"La Habana mi amour\", was the first record by a Polish artist ever released in Cuba. Meanwhile, in Poland, 2 Plus 1 released their fifth studio album, Irlandzki tancerz. The LP was inspired by Irish folk music and contained Polish translations of thirteen old Irish ballads. The album received highly favourable reviews and was another major seller in 2 Plus 1's career. A promotional musical film of the same name was premiered on television in May 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1979-1981: International career\nIn the summer of 1979, 2 Plus 1 recorded their third single for the German market, the disco-pop song \"Easy Come, Easy Go\". The band performed it on the popular West German TV show Musikladen, and the East German variety show Ein Kessel Buntes. The song was a surprise success, charting within the German top 40. The follow-up album Easy Come, Easy Go, recorded entirely in English with German and American musicians, was released in early 1980. It was met with a modest success and would eventually receive Gold certification in Poland. It spawned another hit, \"Singapore\", which reached number 7 in Japan. In the same year, 2 Plus 1 were headlining the Sopot Festival where they performed their English-language material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1979-1981: International career\nIn 1981, the band released a non-album song \"I\u015b\u0107 w stron\u0119 s\u0142o\u0144ca\", which went on to become one of their biggest hits in Poland. Their second international album, Warsaw Nights, was released in the same year, promoted by singles \"Mama Chita\" and \"Lady Runaway\". The band performed in Villach, Austria and spent several months touring in the USA. However, the growing popularity of 2 Plus 1 in Western Europe was suddenly interrupted by the breakout of martial law in Poland in December 1981. As this had complicated travelling abroad, the group focused back on the Polish market. Their last international offering was the song \"Rocky Doctor\", released two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1982-1987: New musical direction\nIn 1982, 2 Plus 1 released a new wave-inspired double A-side single, with songs \"Kalkuta noc\u0105\" and \"Ob\u0142\u0119du chc\u0119\", which enjoyed considerable popularity. In 1983, the band gave a critically acclaimed, avant-garde performance at the Opole Festival, where they premiered songs from the forthcoming album. Their eighth studio LP, Bez limitu, introduced the band's new image and musical style, which now explored new wave, rock and synthpop. The album spawned hits \"Nic nie boli\", \"Requiem dla samej siebie\", \"Superszczur\" and \"XXI wiek (Dla wszystkich nas)\", and was certified Gold the following year. 2 Plus 1 were in fact one of the very few artists from the 1970s who remained commercially successful in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1982-1987: New musical direction\nIn February 1984, 2 Plus 1 performed a concert at the Warsaw Congress Hall, which was broadcast on television. Their next single, the uptempo synthpop track \"Wielki ma\u0142y cz\u0142owiek\", became one of their biggest hits. The group teamed up with Maciej Zembaty and John Porter to work on their ninth album, Video. Released in 1985, it was largely drawing from synthpop and New Romanticism, and turned out another success. The LP spawned further hits \"Video\" and the Polish-English \"Chi\u0144skie latawce\", the latter a duet between El\u017cbieta Dmoch and John Porter. A TV special was filmed to promote the album. In 1985, Cezary Szl\u0105zak released a solo single, featuring songs \"Bezp\u0142atny kurs\" and \"Inne \u017cycie, inny \u015bwiat\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1982-1987: New musical direction\nAfter the release of Video, 2 Plus 1 have significantly limited their live appearances and media exposure. 1986 saw the release of the retrospective Greatest Hits Live. In 1987, Janusz Kruk started to compose music to theatrical plays, including Szale\u0144stwa pana Hilarego, based on Julian Tuwim's short story. The band recorded one new song, \"Ocali\u0107 co\u015b\", later released on a various artists compilation Ca\u0142uj gor\u0105co. Janusz and El\u017cbieta broke up in the second half of the 1980s, after Janusz left her for another woman. The couple divorced in 1989, but remained friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1988-2008: The break-up and aftermath\nIn 1988, 2 Plus 1 started to work on a new album and performed several new songs on a TV show Premie i premiery. In 1989, their tenth and final studio album Antidotum was released. The record didn't go as far as previous albums, but several tracks gained a moderate popularity, most notably \"Ocal\u0119 Ci\u0119\". The band embarked on a tour in the USA. During one of the concerts, Janusz Kruk, who had already grappled with heart problems, fainted on stage. That prompted the group to take some time off from extensive touring, and Janusz focused on composing soundtracks to plays. In 1991, the hits collection 18 Greatest Hits became their first album released directly in CD format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1988-2008: The break-up and aftermath\nIn June 1992, Janusz Kruk died of a heart attack. El\u017cbieta, who never got over the loss, moved from Warsaw to a countryside, and subsequently gave up public and artistic life. In 1997, another compilation Greatest Hits Vol. 2 was released, which focused on rare and previously unreleased tracks. In the fall of 1998, Cezary and El\u017cbieta decided to reactivate 2 Plus 1, recruiting two new musicians. Their first performances were met with enthusiastic response and the band embarked on a successful tour. They appeared on several TV shows, including Szansa na sukces. However, in early 1999, El\u017cbieta suddenly decided to withdraw from all the future plans and 2 Plus 1 ultimately disbanded. Cezary Szl\u0105zak founded his own group, Cezary Szl\u0105zak Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, History, 1988-2008: The break-up and aftermath\nAt the end of the 1990s, and after 2000, numerous 2 Plus 1 compilations appeared on the market, released by various record companies. In 2002, El\u017cbieta made a guest appearance at a community centre in \u0141om\u017ca, where a teenage group staged a play as a tribute to 2 Plus 1 and their music. In January 2005, a Polish TV program Uwaga! reported on her apparently poor living conditions, which caused a massive sympathetic response. In August 2008, El\u017cbieta attended a secret 2 Plus 1 fans gathering in Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160121-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1, Band members\nIn the mid-1970s, two additional musicians supported the band: Adam Pilawa (piano, violin) and Andrzej W\u00f3jcik (drum kit).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160122-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Plus 1 discography\nThe discography of a Polish band 2 Plus 1 consists of ten studio albums, twenty compilation albums, three EPs, and twenty-nine singles. Three of their studio albums (Nowy wspania\u0142y \u015bwiat, Easy Come, Easy Go and Bez limitu) have been certified Gold in Poland for selling in over 150,000 copies each. 2 Plus 1 have released seventeen singles in Poland, nine in Germany, two in Japan, and one in Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160123-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman and a Dominican\n2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman and a Dominican was a short-lived house music group featuring David Morales and Robert Clivill\u00e9s (Puerto Ricans), David Cole (Black), and Chep Nu\u00f1ez (Dominican). In 1987, they scored a hit in dance clubs with their debut song, \"Do It Properly,\" the only release on Grooveline Records. The track was inspired by Cole and Bruce Forest's DJ sets at New York club Better Days, where they would mix Adonis' \"No Way Back\" with scratching, other songs, and samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160123-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman and a Dominican\nCole, Clivill\u00e9s, and Morales all performed at Better Days (Clivill\u00e9s and Morales as DJ and Cole as keyboardist) in the late 1980s. The single was released in the UK on the London Records label; it entered the UK singles chart on June 13, 1987, and reached a peak of number 47, remaining in the chart for four weeks. In 1988, Clivill\u00e9s and Cole recorded a sequel called \"So Many Ways (Do It Properly Part II)\" with the Brat Pack on Vendetta/A&M Records. \"Do It Properly\" was covered again by vocalist Deborah Cooper, who later worked with C+C Music Factory, in 1999, for The Collaboration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160123-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman and a Dominican\nIn 1989, 2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman and a Dominican released a single called \"Scandalous\" on Capitol Records in the United States and on Syncopate (a label of EMI)) in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160123-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman and a Dominican\nLater in 1989, Clivill\u00e9s and Cole started C+C Music Factory. David Morales had a successful solo career in the 1990s and Chep Nu\u00f1ez died in 1990. David Cole died in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160124-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Quick Start\n2 Quick Start is an Estonian band which was created 1992. In the 1990s, the band was one of the most notable dance music band in Estonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160124-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Quick Start\nIn 2001, the band won one award in Estonian Music Awards, namely, in the category \"best band of the year\". In Estonian Music Awards 2018 the band granted award \"Panus Eesti Muusikasse\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160125-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Rats\n2 Rats is a 2003 Nigerian comedy film directed by Andy Chukwu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160125-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Rats\nNollywood's highest-paid actors, Osita Iheme (A-boy) and Chinedu Ikedieze (Bobo), play two young boys whose father has been murdered by their uncle. In a selfish move, Amaechi Muonagor wants them to work as house boys in their father's own house. A-boy and Bobo have other plans. The film features performances by Aki and Pawpaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160126-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Reasons\n\"2 Reasons\" is a song by American recording artist Trey Songz, featuring vocals from American hip hop recording artist T.I. It was released in the United States on June 12, 2012. The song serves as the second single from his fifth studio album, Chapter V (2012).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160126-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Reasons, Music video\nThe video was filmed in April 2012 in Atlanta, Georgia and directed by Benny Boom. The video was premiered on June 12, 2012 on BET's 106 & Park. This was the beginning of the Santiago Era for Trey Songz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160127-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa)\n2 Reconnaissance Regiment was the Active Citizen Force unit of the South African Special Forces. Its part-time service personnel formed part of the reserve component of the South African Defence Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160127-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa), History\nThis unit was established in Pretoria as 2 Reconnaissance Commando in 1974  from what had been called the Hunter Group. This was a group of Citizen Force soldiers who, under the auspices of the South African Irish Regiment, had started arranging specialised training. They were eventually formalised into 2 Reconnaissance Regiment mostly at the insistence of Brigadier G.W. Germishuizen, then Commanding Officer of Witwatersrand Command. Later, its complement comprised Operators and personnel who had retired from active military duty to pursue civilian careers, but who could be, and were willing to be, called up to perform Special Forces operations when such a need arose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160127-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa), History\nThe Regiment performed extremely well in all the operations in which it took part, beginning with their first operational deployment at the start of Operation Savannah (Angola). This was especially significant as the Operators would be called up from their civilian occupations on very short notice, and would have to make the transformation from a civilian occupation in South Africa to performing Special Forces Operators functions in a remote war zone in only a few days. Its total strength was 2-3000 but its operational strength only a few hundred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160127-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa), History\nIn 1981, 2 Reconnaissance Commando was re-designated as 2 Reconnaissance Regiment and continued to carry out its Special Forces activities until 1992, when, as part of the process of rationalisation, it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160127-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa), History\nAll Special Forces Operators and Support Staff who are retired, but are willing to be called up to assist Special Forces when required, now fall under the Special Forces Reserve and join the strengths of the existing Regiments as and when required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street\n2 Architect Rossi Street (Russian: \u0423\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0417\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438, \u0434. 2) is a building in St. Petersburg, Russia. It is located at the corner of Ostrovsky Square and Architect Rossi Street (also called just Rossi Street), which is named for the Italian architect Carlo Rossi who spent his working life in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, Description\nThe building, a prime architectural ornament of the city, follows the canons of classical antiquity: its height and width are identical (22 metres (72\u00a0ft)), and its length (220 metres (720\u00a0ft)) is exactly ten times its width. It is located in central St. Petersburg, the nearest metro station being Gostiny Dvor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, History\nIn the middle of the 18th century the site was occupied with gardens and outbuildings of the Vorontsov Palace and the Anichkov Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, History\nAt the end of the 18th century the plot was sold and design work for the site was begun in 1816 by the Committee for Structures and Hydraulic Works. All five buildings on Rossi Street were designed by Carlo Rossi and built between 1828 and 1834. #2 was built in 1832. Since then the facade has remained essentially unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, History\nThe building was initially a commercial enterprise under the aegis of the Ministry of the Imperial Court. The shops of the merchants Dejtera, Kolpakov, and Nizovskaya, and porcelain, glass, and paper manufactories were located on the ground floor. The upper two floors held apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, History\nThe merchants of the nearby Gostiny Dvor shopping arcade petitioned the Czar (Nicholas I) for protection from this competition, and in 1836 he ordered 2 Rossi Street transferred to the Directorate of Imperial Theaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, History\nAfter some changes to the facade and interior (arches converted to window niches, interior walls removed to create open halls) under the direction of the architect Alberto Cavos, the Imperial Ballet School (now the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet) took over the building. 2 Rossi Street became the center of theatrical life in St. Petersburg and many outstanding masters of the theater and ballet trained at the academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, History\nIn 1890-1891 a building was constructed in the courtyard of 2 Rossi Street (designed by Alexander Geshvend) for storing scenery for the ballet troupe of the Imperial Directorate of Theaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, History\nDuring World War II, from 1941 to 1945 the building housed the headquarters of the Leningrad Military District, and a concrete bunker was added to the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, History\nIn 1999 the Committee on Urban Planning & Architecture held a design competition for the improvement of Architect Rossi Street and Ostrovsky Square, and various improvements were made to the street, adding granite pavements and stone ramps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, History\nAt the end of 2007 an overhaul of the building was announced, including the addition of penthouse apartments. Renovation began in August 2009 and was scheduled to have been completed by December 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, Memorials\nThe building features memorials to some of the artists associated with 2 Rossi Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, Memorials, Ulanova monument\nThe monument to Galina Ulanova, created by the sculptor Elena Janson-Manizer in 1936, has a rich history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, Memorials, Ulanova monument\nIt was first placed on Yelagin Island in Kirov Park. It remained there until the middle 1980s, by which time it had deteriorated considerably, at which time it was dismantled and placed in storage at the  Yelagin Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, Memorials, Ulanova monument\nDuring preparation for the celebrations of the 300th anniversary of Saint Petersburg, employees of the Vaganova Ballet Academy were alerted to the existence of the sculpture in the museum's storerooms. Under the initiative of the Rector of the Academy L. N. Nadirov, the academy accepted responsibility for the sculpture and restored it at its own expense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160128-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Rossi Street, Memorials, Ulanova monument\nThe sculpture was installed in the courtyard and unveiled on January 8, 2004, the 94th anniversary of the great ballerina's birth. The sculpture is 233 centimetres (7.64\u00a0ft) x 107 centimetres (3.51\u00a0ft) x 65 centimetres (2.13\u00a0ft), the pedestal height is 140 centimetres (4.6\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 22\n2 Samuel 22 is the 22nd chapter in the second parts of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible (or the 22nd chapter of the \"Second Book of Samuel\" in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible). It contains a Song of Thanksgiving attributed to King David which corresponds to Psalm 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Text\nThe original text of this chapter was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 51 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Text, Textual versions\nSome ancient witnesses for the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100\u201350 BCE) with extant verses 17, 19, 21, 24, 26\u201328, 30\u201331, 33\u201351.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Text, Textual versions\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Analysis\nThe song celebrates King David's achievements as God's marvellous works, which is very similar to Psalm 18, with only minor differences, attributed to possible scribal errors or to the transmission process. According to Charles and Emilie Briggs in the International Critical Commentary series, Psalm 18 borrowed material from 2 Samuel 22, which may have been written by David himself, with later additions in the psalm by multiple editors adapting it for use in public worship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0004-0001", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Analysis\nThe Pulpit Commentary suggests that \"the introduction \u2013 David spoke to the Lord the words of this song on the day when the Lord delivered him from the hand of all his enemies, and from the hand of Saul \u2013 \"was probably written by the prophet who compiled the Books of Samuel. The scribe who collected the Book of Psalms would be a priest, and he has repeated it with one or two additions\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0004-0002", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Analysis\nIt is generally recognized that the language of the poem is archaic, with earlier attempts to date it to the Macabean period (second century BCE) 'have been abandoned in favor of the tenth century BCE'. The analysis finds two ancient poems from the monarchical period: (1) verse 2\u201320 and (2) verses 29\u201331, 35\u201351), which were linked with the addition of verses 21\u201328, verse 1 and verse 51a. The combined songs celebrates two aspects in the life of David: the deliverance from his enemies and his military conquests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Verse 1\nThis verse contains the song title which generally relates to the protection of David from Saul and his enemies, not focusing on any particular event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Verses 2\u201320\nThe prominent theme of first poem, comprising verses 2\u201320, is the rescue of David from his enemies, with the help of God, in the imagery of a rock as a place of refuge (verses 2\u20134), and as a theophany (verses 8\u201320) that God responded to his cry of help (verse 7) when he was in distress at the hands of the enemies (verses 5\u20136).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Verses 21\u201328\nThe transitional verses 21\u201328 contain traces of Deuteronomistic language, the most obvious clich\u00e9s being: 'the ways of the LORD' (cf. Deuteronomy 8:6; 10:11, etc. ), 'judgements and statutes' (Deuteronomy 4:5; 5:1, etc.). proclaim David's innocence, pointing (according to biblical commentator Alexander Kirkpatrick) \"to the earlier years of David's reign rather than the later, overclouded as these were by the fatal consequences of his sin\" (his adultery with Bathsheba),  with its fateful consequences which hung over David for the remainder of his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0007-0001", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Verses 21\u201328\nKirkpatrick associates this song with the period of peace described in 2 Samuel 7:1, but after the visit of Nathan when he proclaims God's covenant with David \"and his descendants for ever\". assert again the theme of 'Yahweh's help to the blameless and pure' in a fourfold statement, which 'have been described as an ancient quatrain'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160129-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 22, Verses 29\u201351\nThe second poetic section (verses 29\u201351) focuses more on 'David's victories over his enemies', so this part has been called a 'royal victory song'. The mention of David and his descendants only in the last phrase of the song is a 'feature paralleled in other victory songs', so it is to be regarded not as an addition, but as original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160130-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 23\n2 Samuel 23 is the 23rd chapter in the second parts of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible (or the 23rd chapter of the \"Second Book of Samuel\" in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible). It contains a prophetic statement described as the \"last words of David\" (verses 1\u20137) and details of the 37 \"mighty men\" who were David's chief warriors (verses 8\u201339).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160130-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 23, Text\nThe original text of this chapter was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 39 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160130-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 23, Text, Textual versions\nSome ancient witnesses for the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 1Q7 (1QSam; 50 BCE) with extant verses 9\u201312 and 4Q51 (4QSama; 100 \u2011 50 BCE) with extant verses 1\u20136, 14\u201316, 21\u201322, 38\u201339.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160130-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 23, Text, Textual versions\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160130-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 23, Analysis\nThe Jerusalem Bible states that last words were attributed to David in the style of Jacob (see Jacob's Blessing, Genesis 49) and Moses (see Blessing of Moses, Deuteronomy 33). Its editors note that \"the text has suffered considerably and reconstructions are conjectural\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160130-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 23, Analysis\n1 Kings 2:1\u20139 contains David's final words to Solomon, his son and successor as king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160130-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 23, David's last words (23:1\u20137)\nThe last words of David do not consist of a blessing (or \"benediction\") to Israel (unlike the blessing of Jacob in Genesis 49 or the blessing of Moses in Deuteronomy 33), but David is portrayed as a prophet speaking a prophecy (oracle) similar to Moses in Deuteronomy 32\u201333.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160130-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Samuel 23, David's mighty men (23:8\u201339)\nThe list of David's warriors consists of several sections. The first part is about 'the Three' (the term used in LXX and Vulgate) with their names\u2014Josheb-basshebeth, Eleazar and Shammah\u2014and deeds (verses 8b\u201312, possibly until 17b). The second part is about the 'three of the thirty' (verses 13\u201317a) who were different from the first three, but also whose membership in the thirty is also uncertain, so probably somewhere between these two groups. The list of the Thirty starts with Asahel in verse 24, then the following warriors may be arranged geographically, with places in verses 24\u201335 being the closest to Bethlehem, and those in verses 36\u201339 were non-Israelites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160131-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Scorpii\n2 Scorpii (A Scorpii) is a double star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. The brighter component has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.69, which is bright enough to be visible to the naked eye, while the fainter star is of magnitude 6.98. The distance to this pair can be estimated from the annual parallax shift of 6.49\u00b10.51\u00a0mas, which places it roughly 500\u00a0light years away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160131-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Scorpii\nIt has a peculiar velocity of 16.5\u00b12.4\u00a0km/s and is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of about \u22129\u00a0km/s, which will bring it to a perihelion distance of 450\u00a0ly (139\u00a0pc) in about 2.9\u00a0million years. This is a probable (73% chance) member of the Lower Centaurus Crux group of the nearby Scorpius-Centaurus association (Sco OB2), or else (27% chance) it is a member of the Gould's Belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160131-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Scorpii\nWith high likelihood (>95%), this is a binary star system. As of 2014, the pair had an angular separation of 2.061\u2033\u00b10.001\u2033 along a position angle of 268.28\u00b0\u00b10.02\u00b0. The brighter member, component A, is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B2.5\u00a0Vn. The 'n' suffix indicates broad (nebulous) absorption lines due to rapid rotation. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 320\u00a0km/s, giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 15% larger than the polar radius. Roughly 30\u00a0million years old, it has an estimated 6.9 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 457 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 20,350\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160132-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Seater (song)\n\"2 Seater\" is a song by American rapper YBN Nahmir featuring G-Eazy and Offset. It was released on March 19, 2020, as the second single from Nahmir's debut studio album Visionland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160132-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Seater (song), Background\nThe song is YBN Nahmir's second single released in 2020, with the first one being \"Talkin\" in January. Nahmir previously linked with G-Eazy on his April 2018 track \"1942\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160132-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Seater (song), Music video\nThe music video for the single was released on March 25, 2020. It was directed by Arrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160132-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Seater (song), Critical reception\nJon Powell of Revolt called the song \"perfect for the radio or club dance floors\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160133-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Seconds\n2 Seconds (French: 2 secondes) is a Canadian drama film, released in 1998. This film premiered in 1999 at the Sundance Film Festival. Written and directed by Manon Briand, 2 Seconds stars Charlotte Laurier as Laurie, a bisexual woman who takes a job as a bike courier in Montreal after being fired from her previous job as a professional downhill racer. Laurie is forcefully retired as a downhill racer when her concerns about her signs of aging cause her to lose her last race by 2 seconds (hence the name of the movie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160133-0000-0001", "contents": "2 Seconds\nLaurie and the one bike she was allowed to keep then move in with her geeky, physics-loving brother who is trying very hard to find a girlfriend. While putting her bike together, Laurie discovers that she is missing a gear on her bicyclette so she makes do with what she has. Because of this, she breaks the chain on her bike one day, leading to her meeting with her soon-to-be best friend Lorenzo . Lorenzo is an ex Italian professional racer who currently works as a bike mechanic in his own bike shop. offered her a job at the bicycle company, but one of her co workers, Willie, tries to make her life miserable. After talking to Lorenzo, Laurie figures out what she needs to do to help herself and try to resolve things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160133-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Seconds, Reception, Critical reception\nBrendan Kelly of Variety praised the film, saying \"there is no shortage of nifty visual flourishes. . .Soundtrack is an appropriately cool urban mix of jazz and modern-rock sounds.\" The Melbourne International Film Festival called it \"An understated film with an extraordinarily simple premise\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160134-0000-0000", "contents": "2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing\nOn September 2, 2018, a suicide car bombing took place in Mogadishu, Somalia. The attack left at least 6 people dead and another 14 were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160134-0001-0000", "contents": "2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing, Incident\nOn September 2, 2018, a car bomb was set off near a government office after being stopped at a checkpoint by military personnel, killing at least 6 people including the 3 soldiers present and injuring 14 other people. It also caused a nearby school to collapse, damaged nearby houses, and blew the roof off a mosque, as well as destroying the targeted building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160134-0002-0000", "contents": "2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing, Reaction\nShortly after the attack, the Islamist militant group al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack. The group has often targeted the capital with bombings, including a truck bomb in October 2017 that killed 587 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160135-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Service Battalion\nThe Canadian Army's 2 Service Battalion provides second-line Combat Service Support to 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (CMBG), including transportation, supply, and maintenance to assigned formations for domestic and deployed operations. The service battalion also provides essential institutional support to CFB Petawawa lodger units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160136-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Sextantis\n2 Sextantis is a single star that is now in the equatorial constellation Hydra, located around 295\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.68. This object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +44.6\u00a0km/s. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.173\u2033 per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160136-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Sextantis\nThis is a giant star with a stellar classification of K3\u00a0III, which, at the age of 4.58\u00a0billion years old, has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. The star has 1.32 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 24 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 190.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,188\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160137-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Shows Nightly\n2 Shows Nightly is a 1968 live album by Peggy Lee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160137-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Shows Nightly\nAt Lee's request, this album was abruptly withdrawn from circulation almost immediately after its release in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160137-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Shows Nightly, Track listing\n13. \"Make Believe\" \u2013 (1964; previously unavailable on Peggy Lee solo CD)14. \"Stay with Me\" \u2013 (1966 single; CD debut; previously unreleased stereo mix) 15. \"Happy Feet\" \u2013 (1966 single; CD debut; previously unreleased stereo mix) 16. \"That Man\" \u2013 (1966 single; previously unavailable on Peggy Lee solo CD; previously unreleased album mix) 17. \"I Feel It\" \u2013 (1967 single) 18. \"The Lonesome Road\" \u2013 (1967 single; CD debut; previously unreleased stereo mix) 19. \"I Wound It Up\" \u2013 (1967; CD debut; previously unreleased) 20. \"Money\" \u2013 (1968; CD debut; previously unreleased) 21. \"Misty Roses\" \u2013 (1968 single) 22. \"It\u2019ll Never Happen Again\" \u2013 (1968 single) 23. \"Reason to Believe\" \u2013 (1968 single; CD debut) 24. \"Didn\u2019t Want to Have to Do It\" \u2013 (1968 single)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160138-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)\n2 Signal Regiment is a regiment of the Royal Corps of Signals within the British Army. One of its signal squadrons is part of the Queen's Gurkha Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160138-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nThe regiment can trace its history back to 2nd Company, The Telegraph Battalion, Royal Engineers. In 1907, it was designated as the Divisional Telegraph Company of the 2nd Infantry Division. During the Cold War the regiment remained the divisional signals regiment of the 2nd Infantry Division. After the end of the Cold War, the regiment was designated as a support signals regiment within 11th Signal Brigade. Because of the regiment's strong link with the Gurkhas the regiment was awarded the Firmin Sword of Peace in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160138-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nUnder the Army 2020 reforms, the regiment fell under the command of 7 Signal Group of 11th Signal Brigade. After the disbandment of 2 Signal Group the regiment moved to the direct support role for the 11th Signal Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160138-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), Future\nThe regiment is in the process on converting to support for the Strike Brigades under Army 2020 Refine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160139-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Sins\n2 Sins is an American hip hop duo from Detroit, Michigan. They are known for their violent lyrics and most significant for their best-selling 1994 release, Look What Hell Created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160139-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Sins, Biography\nMembers Low Life and Lethal were born and raised in Detroit, Michigan. They began making music together in early 1993. Their first album, entitled Look What Hell Created, was released in the summer of 1994. They would go on to record and produce over sixteen albums and EPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group\n2 Sisters Food Group, a subsidiary of Boparan Holdings Ltd, is a privately owned food manufacturing company with head offices in Birmingham, England primarily focusing on private label manufacturing for retailer and food service markets. Established in 1993 by entrepreneur Ranjit Singh Boparan as a frozen retail poultry cutting operation, the company now covers 20 sites in the UK, six in the Netherlands, one in Ireland and one in Poland. It is the largest food company in the UK by turnover. The group employs 18,000 people, with annual sales of \u00a33billion. It is listed 9th on the 2017 Sunday Times Top Track 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, History\nIn November 2000 the sites at Scunthorpe and Flixton were acquired. These were significant acquisitions as it meant the group would move from a poultry meat cutting operation to a primary producer. In September 2005 the group purchased Haughley Park near Stowmarket, allowing the business to manufacture cooked and breaded poultry. In June 2007 the group made four acquisitions \u2013 including Joseph Mitchell (Letham) of Forfar; Challenger Foods of Sunderland, where 400,000 chicken fillets per week are prepared for sandwich and pizza market; and the Tulip facility in Morecambe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, History\nIn January 2008 the group bought Devon poultry firm Lloyd Maunder. In April 2010 the group announced the agreed acquisition of Dutch-based chicken processor Storteboom Group, with facilities in the Netherlands and Poland. In January 2011 the group announced it was to buy Northern Foods PLC in a deal worth \u00a3342m. Then, in December 2011 Premier Foods sold its Brookes Avana business, combining RF Brookes chilled foods and Avana Bakeries, to 2 Sisters for \u00a330m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, History\nIn March 2013 the group announced the acquisition of the UK arm of Dutch poultry and red meat company VION. By August 2014 the business announced it was selling its Avana Bakeries cake business in Newport and its salads business Solway Foods in Corby, Northamptonshire and then in January 2018 the business announced it was selling its Goodfellas pizza business to Nomad Foods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, History\nIn December 2013, the company was ranked as Britain's 4th Most Admired Company (food producers sector) in the Management Today Most Admired Company list, voted for by its industry peers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, History\nOn 6 December 2017, the Group announced its full year results (52 weeks ending 27 July 2017). Sales were \u00a33.28bn, with like-for-like operating profit of \u00a364.5m. The Group reported profit after exceptional items, before interest and tax of \u00a322.8m, against \u00a363.4m profit the previous year. However, after exceptional items, interest and tax, losses for the year stood at \u00a337.7m, against a loss of \u00a31.4m the previous year. LTM EBITDA for the year was \u00a3161.2m", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, History\nIn January 2018, 2 Sisters reached agreement with Nomad Foods on the sale of its Goodfellas Pizza brand for \u00a3200m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, History\nIn February 2018, Ranjit Singh Boparan announced he was stepping up into the role of President of parent company Boparan Holdings Limited and in May 2018, Ronald Kers was appointed CEO of 2 Sisters Food Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, Sustainability\nIn December 2014, the business signed a major contract with Liverpool-based H2 Energy for the installation of bio-refineries at ten 2 Sisters factories to convert product waste into energy. The company claims the deal \u2013 which will eventually encompass all its manufacturing sites in the UK \u2013 will deliver 35,000 tonnes of carbon savings, 20,000 fewer lorry journeys a year and a significant electric and thermal energy boost, reducing its non-transport carbon footprint by 10%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, Food hygiene, 2014\nIn August 2014, an undercover investigation into high levels of the food poisoning bacteria campylobacter in food in the UK allegedly showed raw chicken, contaminated by being dropped on the factory floor, being returned to the production line at one factory. The company strongly disputed this claim, pointing out the footage did not prove the chicken entered the human food chain. The Food Standards Agency initially cleared the factory of any wrongdoing but then admitted a breach of regulations had occurred though the company was not fined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, Food hygiene, 2014\nIn November 2014, 2 Sisters claimed to have launched the most comprehensive programme in the poultry industry to reduce campylobacter levels. The initiative, claimed to be costing \u00a310m, would encompass the entire supply chain from farm through to consumer, using a variety of interventions including blast surface chilling and 'no touch' packaging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, Food hygiene, 2017\nIn September 2017, an undercover investigation filmed workers allegedly changing the slaughter dates \u2013 and hence the sell-by dates \u2013 at a 2 Sisters plant in West Bromwich. The company strenuously denied the allegations. Within days, management at the plant decided to suspend production. The subsequent Food Standards Agency investigation report, published 2 March 2018, cleared the business of any serious non-compliances. The CEO of the FSA, Jason Feeney, said: \"Our investigation found some areas for improvement but the issues were resolved promptly by the company, who co-operated fully, and at no point did we find it necessary to take formal enforcement action\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160140-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Sisters Food Group, Food hygiene, 2020\nIn June 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Public Health Wales confirmed 75 cases at the 2 Sisters chicken factory in Llangefni on Anglesey. All staff had to self-isolate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160141-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Skinnee J's\n2 Skinnee J's (also spelled Two Skinnee J's or Too Skinnee J's) is an American hip hop band from Brooklyn, New York, whose music has been categorized as nerdcore and rap rock. The band was founded in 1991 by Special J (vocals), Rabbi J-Slim (vocals), Joey Viturbo (guitar), Sammy B (bass guitar), DJ Casper (keyboards), and Andy Action (drums). With numerous line-up changes, the band was active through the 1990s until 2003, when they officially disbanded. The group recorded several demos, 2 EPs, and 3 studio albums; SuperMercado! on Capricorn Records, Volumizer on Volcano Records, and Sexy Karate on Dolphins vs. Unicorns. The band went through several key membership changes before its breaking up in 2003, although they briefly reunited for reunion tours in 2005, 2008, 2010 and 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160141-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Skinnee J's, History\n2 Skinnee J's formed in 1991 at Columbia University in New York City. The original line-up was  Special J and Rabbi J-Slim (vocals), Joey Viturbo (guitar), Sammy B (bass), DJ Casper (keyboards), and Andy Action (drums). Their first independent release was on cassette, titled 6 Songs for 5 Bucks. They attracted a fan following through heavy touring in their early years. A second cassette release entitled American Heroes, was released in 1994 with the band titled \"Too Skinnee J's\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160141-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Skinnee J's, History\nSeveral personnel changes saw original rapper J-Slim bass player Sammy B and guitarist Joey Viturbo part with the band; whilst J Guevara (formerly of Canadian ska band Me Mom and Morgentaler) and Stevie Spice (of Connecticut ska band Spicy Gribblets) were recruited. Former bassist Sammy B rejoined the band in 1995 as a guitarist and using the name King Vitamin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160141-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Skinnee J's, History\nThey started to break into the mainstream in 1998 after signing with Capricorn and releasing SuperMercado!, which found airplay on modern-rock radio stations. 2 Skinnee J's performed at Woodstock '99 and later criticized the event. Relations soured with Capricorn and the label delayed release of the second album on 2 Skinnee J's two-album contract, Volumizer, produced by Mickey Petralia, for two years after it was recorded. The label folded and the band's contract was bought by Volcano Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160141-0002-0001", "contents": "2 Skinnee J's, History\nWhen the album was officially released in 2002, many critics refused to review it again as they had reviewed a pre-release version years earlier. Rockworthy says the delay and its fallout, which left the band without a label, were a major problem and contributed to their decision to break up in 2003. Sexy Karate was released on indie label Dolphins vs Unicorn that year, before their farewell tour in 2003. They returned for a \"Five Nights of Fury\" tour in 2005 and another five-show reunion tour in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160141-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Skinnee J's, History\nIn 2009 the band website announced the September premier of Get In The Van a film shot during the 2008 reunion tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160141-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Skinnee J's, History\nSpecial J, Eddie Eyeball, Lance Rockworthy and Andy Action got together for the band's next reunion tour, billed as \"acoustically-charged, tell-all brawls,\" of which there were seven dates between Feb. 12 and April 16, 2010. These shows were a unique way for fans to connect personally with the band, as they were held at small, intimate venues, and featured heavy audience participation, through Q&As and singalongs. In between acoustic versions of selections from their entire catalog of songs, each band member told stories about how songs were written, life on the road and the evolution of the band. J Guevara was scheduled to join the band for two of the April shows, and several hints were dropped about plans for a \"full-on electric\" tour to follow in summer 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160142-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Smile Sensation\n2 Smile Sensation (\u2461\u30b9\u30de\u30a4\u30eb\u30bb\u30f3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3) is the second studio album by Japanese girl idol group S/mileage. It was released on 22 May 2013 on the label Hachama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160142-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Smile Sensation, Release\nThe album was released in 2 versions: a regular edition and a limited edition. The limited edition contained an additional DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160142-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Smile Sensation, Release\nThe album contained 10 tracks on the CD: 3 songs that were originally released as A-sides of 3 physical singles and 7 new songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160142-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Smile Sensation, Chart performance\nThe album debuted at number 13 in the Japanese Oricon weekly albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0000-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion\n2 South African Infantry Battalion is a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0001-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Origin: Walvis Bay and South West Africa\n2 SAI was established on 1 January 1962, at Walvis Bay an enclave of South Africa surrounded by South-West Africa (Namibia). The first officer to command the battalion was Major G.N. Mcloughlin and the first RSM was WO1 J.A.J. Steenkamp. Initially the base consisted of tents, but was later replaced by prefabricated buildings. Basic training took place in the desert and running up Dune 7 became part of that regime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0002-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Units Colours\nThe unit was awarded its colours by the local municipality in 1969, and adopted the town's motto and flamingo emblem as a consequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0003-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Freedom of Walvis Bay\nOn 30 August 1974, the freedom of Walvis Bay was granted to 2 SAI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0004-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Freedom of Walvis Bay, Mechanised Battlegroup\nWhile at Walvis Bay, 2 SAI was organised as a battlegroup when on 1 October 1973, an armoured car subunit, D Squadron, from 1 Special Service Battalion's became a part of 2 SSB and subsequently 2 SAI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 90], "content_span": [91, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0005-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Freedom of Walvis Bay, Mechanised Battlegroup\nThis accounts for the unit insignia including at the top the number \"2\" in infantry colours, with the St Barbara's lightning flash representing the artillery in the middle and armour's old heraldic colours at the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 90], "content_span": [91, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0006-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Freedom of Walvis Bay, Mechanised Battlegroup\nThese elements and the Transport Park and quartermaster were based at Rooikop, a distance inland because of the rust at the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 90], "content_span": [91, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0007-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Training the fledgling SWATF\nSince 1981, national servicemen of the SWA Territorial Force were also trained by the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0008-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Operations\n2 SAI first saw deployment to the South-West Africa/Angola border in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0009-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Operations\n2 SAI took part in Operation Savannah during 1975, when South African troops covertly involved themselves in the Angolan Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0010-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Disbandment\nThe unit disbanded at the end of 1989 when Namibia gained independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0011-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Reactivation in South Africa, Pomfret, South Africa\nOn 1 July 1993, the unit was reformed at Pomfret from old members of 32 Battalion, it then resorted under Northern Cape Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 96], "content_span": [97, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0012-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Reactivation in South Africa, Zeerust, South Africa\nBy 1998, the unit was transferred to North West Command and then based in Zeerust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 96], "content_span": [97, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0013-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 2 SAI today: SANDF Motorised Infantry\nOn its reactivation back in South Africa, 2 SAI was transformed into a motorised infantry unit using mostly Samil trucks, Mamba APC's or other un-protected motor vehicles. Samil 20, 50 and 100 trucks transport soldiers, towing guns, and carrying equipment and supplies. Samil trucks are all-wheel drive, in order to have vehicles that function reliably in extremes of weather and terrain. Motorised Infantry have an advantage in mobility allowing them to move to critical sectors of the battlefield faster, allowing better response to enemy movements, as well as the ability to outmanoeuvre the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 82], "content_span": [83, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160143-0014-0000", "contents": "2 South African Infantry Battalion, Insignia, Previous Dress Insignia\nAs a national servicemen at 2 SAI in 1975, I can categorically state that the beret badges for 1975 were small brass Springboks, without a bar underneath. The instructors still wore the large brass Springbok on their berets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion\n2 Special Service Battalion (usually abbreviated to 2SSB) was an armoured regiment of the South African Army and only one of two such in its regular force. The Regiment was based at Zeerust. It was previously known both as in English 2 Special Service Battalion, and in the Afrikaans Language as 2 Spesiale Diens Bataljon (2 SSB and 2 SDB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History\n2 Special Service Battalion was founded on 1 May 1946 at Potchefstroom. The S.S.B. was a military unit formed to take in unfortunate young men who were unable to find employment at the time. Before World War II the Special Service Battalion was re-organized into 2 battalions \u2013 1st and 2nd Special Service Battalion. In 1946 after World War II the South African Armoured Corps, was thus officially proclaimed and the Special Service Battalion was included in the corps as the only full-time unit, its symbols and colours were incorporated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Infantry\nInitially, the sole purpose of 2 SSB was to train members of the Permanent Force as Infantrymen. 2 SSB was put into service officially on 21 February 1947 and on 26 January 1951 the name changed from 2 SSB to 1 South African Infantry Battalion (1 SAI). 2 SSB can thus be seen as the founding unit of the South African Infantry Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Armour changeover\nC-Squadron of 2 Armoured Car Regiment was founded during February 1962 with its official base at Zeerust. On 22 December 1966 the name was adapted to C-Squadron 1 SSB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Armour changeover\nOn 1 October 1973 2 SSB, born from C-Squadron 1 SSB was resettled. The headquarters of the Regiment as well as C-Squadron 1 SSB was stationed at Zeerust, while D-Squadron 1 SSB was detached to 2 South African Infantry Battalion at Walvis Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Border War\nSeveral squadrons have taken part in the war in Namibia and Angola since 1974. From 8 October 1975 to 31 January 1976, B-, C- and D-Squadron took part in Operation Savannah. This border duty was continued with significant participations in Operation Protea, Daisy, Hooper and Modular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Border War\nOn 25 January 1988, 2 SSB became the first unit in South Africa to receive the Right Of Free Admission to a coloured community, namely Henryville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Bophuthatswana coup d'\u00e9tat\nOn 10 February 1988, 2 SSB took part in Operation Adding during which President Lucas Mangope and his government was returned to power, after a failed coup d\u2019\u00e9tat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Rooikat Conversion\nIn May 1990, 2 SSB received the first Rooikat armoured cars and on 30 June its National Colours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Corps Change ARMOUR to INFANTRY\nOn 31 December 1992, as part of the reduction of the SA Army after withdrawal from SWA- Namibia (Resolution 435), 2 SSB underwent a change in role. The unit was transformed from an Armoured Car Regiment to a Motorised Infantry Battalion and provided with an operational company (A-Company) which was transferred from Group 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Corps Change ARMOUR to INFANTRY\nDuring the historical General Elections of 1994, 2 SSB took part in Operation Baccarat (stability in Mmabatho and Passado (border protection) as a peace force to ensure stability in the North West Province).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Corps Change ARMOUR to INFANTRY\nOn 19 December 1994, the Bophuthatswana Defence Force Parachute Battalion at Gopane was placed under operational command of 2 SSB, as part of the founding of the SANDF. 2 SSB withdrew simultaneously from Nietverdiend and Nooitgedacht. From August 1994 to 15 June 1995 successful bridging training was provided for 550 formerly non-statutory force members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160144-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Special Service Battalion, History, Disbandment\nEarly in 1997 the rationalisation of the Defence Force was announced and 2 SSB was one of the battalions that had to close down. 2 SSB amalgamated with 10 SAI on 1 April 1997 in Mafeking. 2 SSB was closed down on 30 August 1997 after the handing over of the base to 2 SAI Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF\n2 Squadron is a squadron in the South African Air Force which was formed in 1940. The squadron has a long history, having been involved in every single combat action in which the SAAF has taken part. During the Second World War it made a name for itself in the battles for East Africa, before distinguishing itself in North Africa as part of the Desert Air Force, and later in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, World War II\nThe squadron was established on 1 October 1940. During the initial years of the war, 2 Squadron served as part of 1 Bomber Brigade in the East African campaign and the North African campaign. After August 1943, it also saw action in Sicily, Italy and Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, World War II\nDuring the Second World War the squadron operated the following aircraft:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, Korean War\nThe squadron was South Africa's contribution to the United Nations war effort during the Korean War from November 1950 to December 1953. 2 Squadron was attached to the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing U.S. Air Force for the duration of the war. Initially flying the P-51 Mustang, the squadron re-equipped with the F-86 Sabre in February 1953. During the war the squadron flew a total of 12,067 sorties, most being dangerous ground attack missions. 74 of the 94 Mustangs and 4 out of the 22 Sabres were lost, along with 33 pilots (14 killed in action, 11 missing in action, 8 pilots killed in accident).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, Korean War\nFor its actions, the squadron received the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, United States Presidential Unit Citation, and numerous other awards and decorations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, Korean War\nThe Commanding Officer of the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing, issued a directive at the end of the war that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, Korean War\nIn memory of our gallant South African comrades, it is hereby established, as a new policy that at all Retreat Ceremonies held by this Wing, the playing of our National Anthem shall be preceded by playing the introductory bars of the South African National Anthem, 'Die Stem van Suid-Afrika'. All personnel of this Wing will render the same honours to this Anthem as our own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, Korean War\nEleven Korean War SAAF casualties are buried at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery, Busan, South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, Korean War\nAfter the Korean War 2 Squadron, based at Waterkloof AFB, was equipped with Canadair CL-13 Sabres. For a period the squadron was stationed at AFB Pietersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, The Border War and post 2000\nConversion to the new Mirage III occurred in 1963 and the squadron moved to AFB Hoedspruit at the end of 1978. The squadron fought in several engagements during the South-West Africa/Angola Border War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, The Border War and post 2000\nThey continued to fly the Mirages until October 1990. They later re-equipped with the Atlas Cheetah C and D, but remained 'on the books' during the hiatus between Mirage and Cheetah, not being officially disbanded at that point. Reconnaissance was also performed using Vinten Vicon 18 Series 601 pod. Regular night flying was performed and the aircrew also performed air-to-air refuelling operations with the Boeing 707 aircraft of 60 Squadron, until these were retired in 2007. The squadron participated in the annual SANDF force preparation exercises which includes using live weapons. During joint exercises with the German Air Force in 2006, 40 live V3S \"Snake\" short-range air-to-air missiles were fired at the Denel Overberg Test Range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, The Border War and post 2000\nMoving to Louis Trichardt (now AFB Makhado) in January 1993, 2 Squadron became the sole front line combat jet squadron in the SAAF. Till 2 April 2008 the squadron operated the Cheetah C/D fighter aircraft and was equipped with 28 examples. The squadron flew 1010 hours in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160145-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Squadron SAAF, The Border War and post 2000\nThe last of the Cheetahs were retired on 2 April 2008, later that month the first new JAS 39 Gripen arrived. The SAAF accepted its first Gripen D in April 2008 and the final two Gripen D aircraft arrived in South Africa in July 2009. The first two Gripen Cs arrived on 11 February 2010 with deliveries ongoing as at October 2011. The squadron operates all the SAAF's Gripens except for the first Gripen D, which is assigned to the Test Flight and Development Centre at AFB Overberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0000-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film)\n2 States is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film based on Chetan Bhagat's 2009 novel 2 States: The Story of My Marriage and written by Abhishek Varman and Bhagat. Directed by Varman in his directorial debut, the film was jointly produced by Karan Johar and Sajid Nadiadwala under their respective banners Dharma Productions and Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment on a total budget of \u20b9320 million (US$4.5\u00a0million). Featuring Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt in lead roles, 2 States co-stars Ronit Roy, Revathi, Amrita Singh and Shiv Kumar Subramaniam as supporting cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0001-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film)\nDistributed by UTV Motion Pictures, 2 States opened in global cinemas on 18 April 2014. Praised for music, cast performances, story and direction, the film earned \u20b91.75 billion (US$25\u00a0million) in worldwide markets thus emerging as a huge critical and commercial success. The recipient of many accolades, 2 States was nominated in eight categories at the 60th Filmfare Awards winning two awards there: Best Debut Director (Varman) and Best Music Director (Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0002-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nKrish Malhotra, a fresh Engineer from IIT Delhi, now a student pursuing his MBA at the IIM Ahmedabad, Gujarat, comes from a troubled, rich family of Punjabi Hindu origin based in Delhi. His mother, Kavita Malhotra, is often beaten by his father, Vikram Malhotra. He meets his classmate Ananya Swaminathan, an economics topper in her college, who comes from a conservative Tamil Hindu Brahmin family. Krish and Ananya initially quarrel, but soon become friends and start studying together. Ananya, though an economics topper, is unable to answer simple questions to her professor who chides her in turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0002-0001", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nAnanya finds that Krish is a genius and starts taking his help in academics. Krish is attracted to Ananya and can not control himself, so one day, he tells Ananya that either they end their friendship or she kisses him because while close to her, Krish is distracted too much from her for him to focus on studies. Soon they begin dating and stay together for their next 22 months on the IIM campus. Krish confides in Ananya that his real passion is writing, which he wants to pursue a career in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0002-0002", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nThey both have become close to each other and fall for each other during the stay in IIM. Krish gets selected in the campus drives for Yes Bank. He immediately rushes to the next room and proposes to Ananya, in the middle of her interview. She accepts and then gets selected for Sunsilk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0003-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nWhen they complete their graduation, Krish and Ananya decide to get married. They introduce their parents to each other at the convocation ceremony. To their dismay, Krish's loud Punjabi mother Kavita, does not get along with Ananya's reserved Tamil parents Radha and her husband, Shiv. After graduation, Ananya begins her marketing job in her hometown Chennai, and Krish goes back to his own hometown Delhi, with the choice of the workplace in his own hands. Krish's brash family urges him to stay in Delhi and try to discourage him from his interest in writing. They also criticize his relationship with Ananya and tell him to get into an arranged marriage with a Punjabi girl. It is also evident that there is tension between Krish and his rich, alcoholic father, Vikram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0004-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nKrish, unable to get over Ananya, leaves his dysfunctional family and shifts his job to Chennai. During this time, he tries very hard to win over Ananya's family. He initially steps on the rangoli at the entrance of their house and, unintentionally, messes it up, which upsets Ananya's father. Gradually, over a period of time, he builds rapport with the family. He tutors her younger brother for the IIT entrance, gets her mother an opportunity to sing for an event at his workplace, and helps Ananya's father create his first PowerPoint presentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0005-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nWith his efforts, when Krish symbolically proposes to each member of the family, Ananya's family agrees to the marriage. Krish and Ananya then travel to Delhi to win over Krish's family. Initially, Kavita and her family are hostile towards Ananya but slowly come to like her after she saves Krish's cousin's wedding from being canceled due to a dispute over an excessive dowry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0006-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nKrish and Ananya decide to take a vacation in Mumbai with their families before the wedding. The vacation does not go as planned when Kavita makes continuous snide remarks about Tamilian culture. Furthermore, Ananya and her parents overhear Krish falsely assuring his mother that she can treat Ananya however she wants after they are married. Having had enough of the insults Ananya breaks up with Krish, and both go their separate ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0007-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nKrish and Ananya find it hard to live without each other. Krish becomes a workaholic and becomes depressed and starts writing about his story with Ananya. He also visits her in Chennai, where she warns him to stop communication. Sometime later, he gets a call from Ananya, who reveals that Krish's father had secretly come down to Chennai to speak to her parents, apologizing for his wife's shallow behavior in an effort to change their decision. This allows for Krish and Ananya to finally get married, with Krish and his Punjabi family traveling by train to Chennai for the wedding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0007-0001", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nHis father initially says that he will not attend the wedding to prevent any further embarrassment, but at the last minute, he flies down to Chennai with Krish seeing his rental car outside of the hotel, and to the surprise of his mother, announcing that his father has come to the wedding during an argument with the priests due to the absence of the father. Krish's father apologizes to his mother for his abusive behavior over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0008-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Plot\nAfter getting married, Ananya gives birth to twin boys. Krish resigns from his job at the bank and publishes his book 2 States based on his and Ananya's life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0009-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Production, Casting\nThe first choice for the lead pair in the film had been Saif Ali Khan and Priyanka Chopra and the film was to be directed by Siddharth Anand. Later, it was announced that Shah Rukh Khan and Asin Thottumkal would play lead roles and the film was to be directed by Vishal Bhardwaj. The role of Krish Malhotra was also offered to Imran Khan who instead chose to work on Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola. Finally, Arjun Kapoor was cast as the lead. The female lead was then offered to Anushka Sharma who rejected it as she didn't find the role interesting enough and later Alia Bhatt signed on. Amrita Singh and Ronit Roy were cast as Arjun Kapoor's parents and Revathi Nair and Shiv Kumar Subramaniam were cast as Alia Bhatt's parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0010-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Production, Filming\nPrincipal photography commenced on 29 January 2013 with the shooting of a song. Parts of the film were shot at Chennai, Delhi, IIM-A and Gol Limda Bhajiya House near Astodia Darwaza, Ahmedabad Railway Station to Police commissioner office in Ahmedabad in August 2013. Alia would be sporting an Indian Fusion look in the film and her costumes have been designed by Manish Malhotra. Speaking about her character, Alia said that she is a City Girl who speaks Tamil only with her parents. It was given a U/A certificate by the censor board", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0011-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Production, Filming\nThe song \"Offo\" was choreographed and conceptualized by Remo D'Souza as a celebration of several Indian festivals in a time lapse of almost one year. It was shot over four days at IIM Ahmedabad campus and Filmistan Studio in Mumbai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0012-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Soundtrack\nThe film score was composed by Tubby-Parik while the songs were composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, while the lyrics for the songs were penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya. The first song, Offo, sung by Aditi Singh Sharma and Amitabh Bhattacharya, released on 7 March 2014. The second song, Locha-E-Ulfat, sung by Benny Dayal, released on 13 March 2014. The soundtrack of the film released on 16 March 2014. The medley song \"Isaiyin Alai\" at the Concert was sung by Mahalaxmi Iyer. Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy won the Filmfare Award and IIFA Award 2015 for this film. The Songs \"Offo\", \"Mast Magan\", \"Uski Uski\",\"Locha E Ulfat\", \"Chandaniya\" declared chartbusters. The Song \"Mast Magan\" is one of the most Romantic Song of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0013-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Release, Box office, India\nAccording to Box Office India, 2 States had \"excellent\" first day figures of \u20b9120 million (US$1.7\u00a0million). The collections for second day were around \u20b9118 million (US$1.7\u00a0million) taking its two-day total to \u20b9238 million (US$3.3\u00a0million), receiving a \"fantastic\" response in circuits like Mumbai, Mysore, Delhi-UP, CP Berar, CI, Nizam and Rajasthan. The film was declared a \"Super Hit\" by Box Office India in light of its first two days' performance. With a very good run in multiplexes and single screens alike, it managed a three-day nett of \u20b9280 million (US$3.9\u00a0million). 2 States had a final domestic nett of \u20b9811 million (US$11\u00a0million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0014-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Release, Box office, International\nAccording to Box Office India, 2 States grossed US$5.85\u00a0million internationally, and was the second highest overseas grosser of 2014 in Bollywood after Jai Ho at that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0015-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Release, Critical reception\nTaran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama awarded the film 4.5 out of 5 stars, and noted, \"On the whole, 2 States is one of the finest movies to come out of the Hindi film industry of late. This is one of those rare Hindi movies that commands a repeat viewing. Strongly recommended!\" Critic Saurabh Dwivedi, writing for India Today, gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, and published, \"2 States can be a good mirror for parents to understand their children. So take along your parents and enjoy the film.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0015-0001", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Release, Critical reception\nMeena Iyer of The Times of India gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, and wrote, \"What makes 2 States work is the simple narrative told humorously. Adapted as it is, from one of author Chetan Bhagat's best-selling works, the film, just like the book before it, is light-hearted. Chetan's funny one-liners and life-view are studiously borrowed by the director for his screen outing. And though there is a sense of deja-vu, for those who have read the book, the movie still manages to charm and surprise.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0015-0002", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Release, Critical reception\nPaloma Sharma of Rediff.com gave the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars and opined, \"There's nothing that should keep you from watching 2 States\". Mohar Basu of Koimoi gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, and wrote, \"2 States is barely unwatchable but misses the magic of Chetan Bhagat's novel. As a stand-alone, it is endearingly done with Alia and Arjun's scorching chemistry coming off as adorable. The Bhagat fan in me is disappointed, but the cinemagoer isn't.\" DNA posted, the first half of the film is light and breezy and the second dramatic and emotional, perhaps a better balance would have helped the post-interval portion which seems heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0016-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Release, Critical reception\nHindustan Times' Anupama Chopra gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, and said, \"In 2 States, the story is the weakest link. The film is bolstered by talented actors, gorgeous songs by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, nice styling, sumptuous production design, and a few sparkling moments. But in the second half, 2 States falls apart. At almost two-and-a-half hours, it's also stretched so thin that by the time Krish and Ananya walk into the sunset, you are long past caring\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0016-0001", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Release, Critical reception\nConcerning Kapoor and Bhatt, she said, \"Arjun, departing from his earlier violent roles, makes a nicely goofy and later subdued lover boy, but it's Alia who lights up the screen.\" Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, and wrote, \"2 States is a cross-culture love story that strives to be sweet, funny and emotionally wrenching all at once. It is occasionally funny and sweet in parts all right, but the family drama at the film's core has a severely stultified feel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0016-0002", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Release, Critical reception\nThe trouble is that the impending wedding remains impending far too long to sustain interest... it sets out to be a slice-of-life drama about a real couple grappling with the politics of inter-community marriage, but it fails to generate enough energy and warmth to draw the audience into a tight clinch\". Shubra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, and said, \"2 States... sets out to be a solid, emotionally satisfying rom-com, and goes well for a bit but then turns into a too-stretched-out 'jhagda' between the two sets of North-South parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0016-0003", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Release, Critical reception\nThe smooth, engaging first half descends, post-interval, into mopey melodrama, and I got impatient waiting for the inevitable resolution.\" She praised Bhatt's performance, saying, \"...Alia Bhatt is a surprise. She leaves behind her earlier films, and gets into her character: she may not be an authentic 'Southie' in terms of body language, but she is all girl, easy and fresh and natural.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160146-0017-0000", "contents": "2 States (2014 film), Remake\nThe film has been remade in Telugu with same name starring Adivi Sesh and Shivani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160147-0000-0000", "contents": "2 States (2020 film)\n2 States is an Indian 2020 Malayalam-language romantic comedy starring Manu Pillai, Sharanya R Nair, Mukesh, and Vijayaraghavan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160147-0001-0000", "contents": "2 States (2020 film), Release\nThe film was set to release on Valentines' Day, but was postponed to 28 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160147-0002-0000", "contents": "2 States (2020 film), Release\nThe Times of India gave the film two-and-half out of five stars and stated that \" The progression of the story is more or less predictable, except for a suspense element towards the end\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160148-0000-0000", "contents": "2 States: The Story of My Marriage\n2 States: The Story of My Marriage commonly known as 2 States is a 2009 novel written by Chetan Bhagat. It is the story about a couple coming from two different states in India, who face hardships in convincing their parents to approve of their marriage. Bhagat wrote this novel after quitting his job as an investment banker. This is his fourth book after Five Point Someone, One Night @ the Call Center and The Three Mistakes of My Life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160148-0001-0000", "contents": "2 States: The Story of My Marriage, Plot summary\n2 States: The Story of My Marriage is autobiographical with only names changed. The story is about a couple Krish and Ananya, who hail from two different states of India, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, respectively, who are deeply in love and want to marry. It is narrated from a first person point of view in a humorous tone, often taking digs at both Tamil and Punjabi cultures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160148-0002-0000", "contents": "2 States: The Story of My Marriage, Plot summary\nThe story begins in the IIM Ahmedabad mess hall where Krish, a Punjabi boy from Delhi sights a beautiful girl Ananya, a Tamilian from Chennai quarreling with the mess staff about the food. Ananya was tagged as the \"Best girl of the fresher batch\". They become friends within a few days. Both graduate and get jobs with serious plans for their wedding. At first, Krish tries to convince his girlfriend Ananya's parents by helping Ananya's brother Manju IIT tuition and by  helping her father Swaminathan create his first PowerPoint presentation. He later convinces her mom by helping her fulfill her biggest dream of singing at a concert by arranging for her to perform at the concert organised by Krish's employer City Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160148-0003-0000", "contents": "2 States: The Story of My Marriage, Plot summary\nWith Ananya's parents convinced, the couple then has to convince Krish's mother. But they run into problems as Krish's mother's relatives don't quite like the relationship and do not want Krish to marry a Tamilian. They are won over after Ananya intervenes to help one of Krish's cousins get married. Now as they have convinced both their parents, they decide to make a trip to Goa to give their parents an opportunity to get to know each other. But this too ends badly as Ananya's parents have a fallout with Krish's mother after which they leave, deciding that the families can never get along with each other. Krish returns home and becomes a depressed workaholic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160148-0004-0000", "contents": "2 States: The Story of My Marriage, Plot summary\nIt is shown throughout the story that Krish was not on good terms with his father and doesn't share a close bond with him. But finally, it is revealed that Krish's father travels to Chennai to meet Ananya's parents and successfully convinces them, by spending a whole day. Thus, father and son are reconciled and the novel ends with Ananya giving birth to twin boys. Krish says that the babies belong to a state called 'India', with a thought to end inequality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160148-0005-0000", "contents": "2 States: The Story of My Marriage, Plot summary\nAfter many years in October 2018, Krish ends up texting a lady who is not Ananya on Whatsapp telling her he has decided to woo her as he wants to write Two States part 2, tentatively titled 3 states. The lady's home state is unknown though. But Krish soon has a change of heart when the WhatsApp texts surface in public and apologizes to Ananya for wanting to write a sequel to Two States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160148-0006-0000", "contents": "2 States: The Story of My Marriage, Film adaptation\nWhen a film adaptation of the novel was first announced, it was to be directed by Siddharth Anand and the lead roles were played by Saif Ali Khan and Priyanka Chopra. The music to be composed by Vishal-Shekhar. However, the project was called off due to creative differences over script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160148-0007-0000", "contents": "2 States: The Story of My Marriage, Film adaptation\nLater, it was announced that the screen adaptation of 2 States would be produced by Sajid Nadiadwala with Shahrukh Khan and Priyanka Chopra in the lead roles and Vishal Bhardwaj would be directing the movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160148-0008-0000", "contents": "2 States: The Story of My Marriage, Film adaptation\nHowever, since Shahrukh Khan did not want to appear in back to back romantic movies, the director had to look at other options. It was later declared that Imran Khan will be playing the male lead in the movie. But then, due to clash of dates, Imran and Priyanka had to opt out of the movie as well. After a lot of brainstorming, it was finally confirmed by producers Karan Johar and Sajid Nadiadwala that Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt will be seen playing the lead pair in the movie. This pair was then a crowd favorite. Amrita Singh and Ronit Roy were cast as Arjun Kapoor's parents and Revathy and Shiv Kumar Subramaniam were cast as Alia Bhatt's parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160149-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Step\n\"2 Step\" is the second single from Unk's album Beat'n Down Yo Block! It was released in 2007. It has an accompanying dance, called the \"2 Step\". The video co-directed by Dale \"Rage\" Resteghini and Will Horton was released on February 23, 2007 on Yahoo! Music. The official remix has been made that features T-Pain, Jim Jones and E-40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160149-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Step\nThe song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 94 in February 2007 and peaked at number 24. It has also climbed to number 9 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and number 4 on Hot Rap Tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160150-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Stepz Ahead\n2 Stepz Ahead is the second album by Oxide & Neutrino, released on 30 September 2002. The album features two top 20 singles and peaked at #28 on the UK albums chart. The song \"Shoot 2 Kill\" was prominently featured in the film Ali G Indahouse and also appeared on the soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160151-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Stupid Dogs\n2 Stupid Dogs is an American animated television series created and designed by Donovan Cook and produced by Hanna-Barbera Cartoons. It originally ran from September 5, 1993, to May 15, 1995, on TBS as a part of their Sunday Morning in Front of the TV block and in syndication. The show's main segments feature two unnamed dogs, called \"The Big Dog\" and \"The Little Dog\" in the credits (voiced by Brad Garrett and Mark Schiff, respectively).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160151-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Stupid Dogs\nThe show has been described as \"Hanna-Barbera's answer to Ren and Stimpy\", a hit show that premiered two years earlier in 1991 on Nickelodeon. Like Ren and Stimpy, the Dogs characters are not very bright, the show is scored with jazz music, and the comedy style leans on gross-out body-secretion humor. Asked about the comparison, Hanna-Barbera CEO Fred Seibert was unconcerned, saying that it was \"like Pearl Jam worrying about being compared to Nirvana.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160151-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Stupid Dogs\nA backup segment, Super Secret Secret Squirrel (a sequel series to Secret Squirrel), is shown in between the main 2 Stupid Dogs cartoons in the first season's episodes, similar to early Hanna-Barbera cartoons from the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160151-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Stupid Dogs\nThe show entirely used digital ink and paint in every episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160151-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Stupid Dogs, Plot\nThe show is about two unnamed dogs\u2014neither of whom, as the title states, are very intelligent\u2014and their everyday misadventures. The animation style is unusual for the time: a very flat and simplistic style similar to the early Hanna-Barbera cartoons of the 1950s and 1960s, but with early 1990s humor and sensibility. The Big Dog tends to talk much less than the Little Dog. When the Big Dog talks, he usually talks about food.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160151-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Stupid Dogs, Home media\nOn August 14, 2018, Warner Home Video (via the Warner Archive Collection) released the first season of the series as 2 Stupid Dogs/Secret Squirrel Show Volume One on DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160151-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Stupid Dogs, Reception\nMartin \"Dr. Toon\" Goodman of Animation World Magazine described 2 Stupid Dogs as one of two \"clones\" of The Ren & Stimpy Show, the other one being The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show. The series was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award but lost to Rugrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160152-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 1\n2 Thessalonians 1 is the first chapter of the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Traditionally, it is believed to be written for the church in Thessalonica by Apostle Paul, likely in Corinth shortly after the first epistle (which was written in about 50-51 CE), although there were debatable charges that it is the work of a secondary imitator after Paul's death (in 70s to 100 CE). This chapter contains the prescript, thanksgiving and encouragement for the recipients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160152-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 1, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 12 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160152-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160152-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 1, Prescript (1:1\u20132)\nAs common in the letters of ancient Mediterranean, this epistle begins with a prescript comprising the names of the senders (Paul, Silvanus and Timothy), the addressees (the ekkl\u0113sia/church of the Thessalonians) and a brief greeting, which is identical to the prescript in 1 Thessalonians 1:1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160152-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 1, Thanksgiving and Encouragement (1:3-12)\nPaul usually includes a thanksgiving after the prescript in his epistles (except in Galatians), where he mentions the good qualities of the recipients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160153-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 2\n2 Thessalonians 2 is the second chapter of the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle. Traditionally, it is believed to be written for the church in Thessalonica by Apostle Paul, likely in Corinth shortly after the first epistle (which was written in about 50-51 CE), although there were debatable charges that it is the work of a secondary imitator after Paul's death (in 70s to 100 CE). This chapter contains the body of the letters, dealing with 'the End and the Man of Lawlessness' and encouragement to persevere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160153-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 2, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 17 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160153-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160153-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 2, Encouragement to Persevere (2:13\u201317)\nThis second thanksgiving is for the establishment of the church by God as a privileged group in the world, to obtain the exalted honor (Greek: doxa) of Jesus Christ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160154-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 3\n2 Thessalonians 3 is the third (and the last) chapter of the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Traditionally, it is believed to be written for the church in Thessalonica by Apostle Paul, likely in Corinth shortly after the first epistle (which was written in about 50-51 CE), although there were debatable charges that it is the work of a secondary imitator after Paul's death (in 70s to 100 CE). This chapter contains a mutual prayer, warnings against loafers and the conclusion of the epistle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160154-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 3, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160154-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160154-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 3, Mutual Prayer (3:1-5)\nThis section contains a series of moral admonition and a prayer that the recipients get 'the ability to carry out the instructions'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160154-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 3, Warning against Loafers (3:6-15)\nThe subject of this part is to address those who live 'in disorderly way' ('attakt\u014ds), which should be avoided by the members of the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160154-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 3, Warning against Loafers (3:6-15), Verse 10\n\"he that labours on the evening of the sabbath (or on weekdays), he shall eat on the sabbath day; and he who does not labour on the evening of the sabbath, from whence shall he eat (or what right and authority has he to eat) on the sabbath day?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160154-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Thessalonians 3, Conclusion (3:13-18)\nPaul gives the final messages, puts his own handwriting as a sign of authenticity and ends with a benediction which has become standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160155-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Times\n\"2 Times\" is a song co-written and recorded by British Italian-based singer Ann Lee. It was released in 1999 as the lead single from her debut album, Dreams. The single entered and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart. Outside the United Kingdom, the single topped the charts of Flanders and peaked within the top 10 in several countries, including Australia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160155-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Times, Background and composition\nAnn Lee's previous work on a large number of Eurodance projects would help her receive a contract with Alfredo Larry Pignagnoli, with whom she had already worked with on the Whigfield project as a songwriter, amongst others. He worked on a track with Marco Sorcini called \"Two Times\". The song is played in a F major key in common time at a BPM of 132, and throughout follows chord progression F-C7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160155-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Times, Critical reception\nDaily Record wrote, \"This sounds like a line-dancing song reworked for the techno market, but it's worked for Ann Lee who has already topped the charts across Europe.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160155-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Times, Commercial performance\nThe song achieved success in many European countries where it was a top-10 hit, particularly in Scotland and the Flanders region of Belgium, where it reached number one. It peaked at number two in Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom; it has sold over 500,000 copies in the UK as of 2014. It was also a top-10 hit in Australia after initially receiving frequent airplay on Melbourne radio station KIX FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160155-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Times, Music video\nThe song's music video was released in 1999 by Energy Productions. Ann Lee has noted that the structure and cinematography of the video was very similar to that of Peter Gabriel's \"Sledgehammer; \"The two videos were similar! I remember perfectly the 'sledge video' (love Peter Gabriel!) and my movements are in fact very similar - but I think the similarity ends there\". Parts of the music video were filmed in Whitstable, Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160155-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Times, Charts and certifications, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160155-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Times, Kristeen version\nIn 2000, German pop singer Kristeen recorded a similar song called \"Mit Dir\". It has the same composition and musical tune, but the lyrics are in German.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1\n2 Timothy 1 is the first chapter of the Second Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The letter is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, the last one written in Rome before his death (c. 64 or 67), addressed to Timothy. There are charges that it is the work of an anonymous follower, after Paul's death in the first century AD. This chapter contains an opening greeting, a personal story of Paul and Timothy, a description of the opponents they are facing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1, Opening Greeting and Warnings (1:1\u20132)\nThe format of the opening greeting is familiar and follows the few first-century letter-writing conventions, comprising the name of the sender(s) and the recipient(s) with a salutation, similar to the one in the earlier epistle to Timothy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1, Thanksgiving for Timothy's Faith (1:3\u20135)\nThe portion of thanksgiving-prayer is typical of the Hellenistic or Hellenistic-Jewish letters and included in most of Pauline letters, but the tone in this epistle is more for encouragement and forms a basis of Paul's appeal to Timothy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1, The Renewed Call to Boldness and Faithfulness in Ministry (1:6\u201314)\nBased on Paul's confidence in Timothy's faith as expressed in the previous section, Paul gives his instructions to Timothy, more like handing over his ministry to his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 79], "content_span": [80, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1, The Renewed Call to Boldness and Faithfulness in Ministry (1:6\u201314), Verse 7\n\"God has not given us a spirit of fear, but of power and of love and of a sound mind. \" [fear = spirit of fear\u00a0; power = Holy Spirit Power\u00a0; love = love of the Father God\u00a0; sound mind = 'we have the mind of Christ [1 Cor ] ]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 88], "content_span": [89, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1, The Renewed Call to Boldness and Faithfulness in Ministry (1:6\u201314), Verse 9\nPhilip Towner sees this and the next verse present \"a carefully constructed unit of theology that emphasizes a traditional understanding of salvation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 88], "content_span": [89, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1, Models of Shame and Courage (1:15\u201318)\nPaul names Phygellus and Hermogenes who have turned away from him in Asia, in contrast to Onesiphorus, who remains faithful. The first two characters illustrate for Timothy 'the shameful way of willful dissociation' from Paul and his ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160156-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 1, Models of Shame and Courage (1:15\u201318), Verses 16\u201318\nPaul greets \"the household of Onesiphorus\" (as Paul did again in 2 Timothy 4:19, without referring to the man himself) and mentions the loyal services he had done; after that Paul wishes him well (verse 18a). Roman Catholics consider these verses as an implication that Onesiphorus was already dead, as \"the easiest and most natural hypothesis\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160157-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 2\n2 Timothy 2 is the second chapter of the Second Epistle to Timothy  in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The letter has been traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, the last one written in Rome before his death (c. 64 or 67), addressed to Timothy. There are charges that it is the work of an anonymous follower, after Paul's death in the first century AD. This chapter contains the charge to Timothy, to pass on what has been entrusted to him to those who will teach others, to use the message of the gospel to contradict the opponent's teaching, and to counter heterodoxy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160157-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 2, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 26 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160157-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160157-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 2, Called to Dedication and Faithfulness (2:1\u201313)\nAfter the initial appeal (in the previous chapter), Paul addresses Timothy's responsibilities in the local church settings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160157-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 2, Addressing the Challenge of Opposition in the Church (2:14\u201326)\nThis passage contains a number of commands addressed to Paul's co-worker (in the second person) about how one to teach or relate to those in disputes pertaining heresy. The teaching of Paul was regarded authoritative by Gnostic and anti-Gnostic groups alike in the second century, but this epistle stands out firmly and becomes a basis for anti-Gnostic positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 75], "content_span": [76, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160157-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 2, Addressing the Challenge of Opposition in the Church (2:14\u201326), Verse 19\nThe citations allude Numbers 16:5, Sirach 17:26 and Isaiah 26:13, but not exactly cited as appeared in the Septuagint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 85], "content_span": [86, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160158-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 3\n2 Timothy 3 is the third chapter of the Second Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The letter is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, the last one written in Rome before his death (c. 64 or 67), addressed to Timothy. However, most biblical scholars believe that it and the other Pastoral Epistles are the work of an anonymous follower, writing after Paul's death in the first century AD. This chapter contains the charge to Timothy to keep out of heterodoxy, and use Paul's steadfast faith under persecution as an example to contrast the opponents' characters, while continue to follow the teachings of the Scriptures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160158-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 3, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 17 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160158-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160158-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 3, The heresy in Ephesus in prophetic perspective (3:1\u20139)\nPaul paints a picture of the false teachers as 'actual deviants from the norm established by his gospel' and, as a result, endanger the faith of themselves and their followers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 67], "content_span": [68, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160158-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 3, The way of following Paul (3:10\u201317)\nIn this section Paul instructs Timothy to commit to Paul's teaching, as Timothy already shared many experiences with Paul, and urge him to 'accept the mantle of the Pauline mission'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160158-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 3, The way of following Paul (3:10\u201317), Verse 17\nThe thoroughness in preparation for the work of God is significantly stressed and applicable for every Christian workers although the term the man of God narrowly can be interpreted for Christian teachers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4\n2 Timothy 4 is the fourth (and the last) chapter of the Second Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The letter is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, the last one written in Rome before his death (c. 64 or 67), addressed to Timothy. There are charges that it is the work of an anonymous follower, after Paul's death in the first century AD. This chapter contains intensely personal material, more than any other epistles, in relation to Paul's imminent death, ending with personal comments and salutations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 22 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4, Location\nPlaces mentioned in this chapter (with the related persons) are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4, The Final Charge to Timothy (4:1\u20138)\nPaul charges Timothy to step into Paul's place in the worldwide mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4, The Final Charge to Timothy (4:1\u20138), Verse 1\nIn view of the imminent end of his life, Paul is expressing himself with the utmost solemnity three facts in his concluding charge: 'the reality of the judgment of Christ, the certainty of his return, and the establishment of his kingdom'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4, The Final Charge to Timothy (4:1\u20138), Verse 2\nTimothy's commission is outlined with five imperative verbs (preach, be prepared, correct, rebuke, encourage) which will be described further in the following verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4, Final Instructions and Personal Information (4:9\u201318)\nHere Paul mentions many individuals, friends and companions, as well as some personal requests for Timothy to do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4, The Final Greetings (4:19\u201322)\nThis section mentions some familiar and some unfamiliar names, which may be known in the community, before closing it with a blessing modelled on the ones in Galatians 6:18, Philippians 4:23 and Philemon 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160159-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Timothy 4, The Final Greetings (4:19\u201322), Verse 19\nCatholics regard this verse as an implication that Onesiphorus was already dead, as it is implied previously in 2 Timothy 1:16\u201318, since Paul directly greets Aquila and Priscilla (here shortened as \"Prisca\") and seems to give greeting to \"the house of Onesiphorus\" to comfort his family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160160-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Tone Records\n2 Tone Records was an English record label that mostly released ska and reggae-influenced music with a punk rock and pop music overtone. It was founded by Jerry Dammers of the Specials and backed by Chrysalis Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160160-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Tone Records, History\nJerry Dammers of the ska revival band the Specials started the record label in 1979. Chrysalis had wanted to sign the Specials, but Dammers arranged a label deal, for Chrysalis to fund 15 singles a year and release at least ten of those.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160160-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Tone Records, History\nThe label spawned the 2 Tone music and cultural movement, which was popular among skinheads, rudies and some mod revivalists. The label stopped operating in 1986, though \"2 Tone\" is still used as an imprint for back catalogue issues. 2 Tone Records signed the Selecter, Madness and The Beat, but they all left within two years. 2 Tone Records acts signed a contract that allowed them to leave the label after releasing just one single, which was unusual in the record industry. Madness and The Beat both took advantage of this clause; the former to sign to Stiff Records, and the latter to start their own label, Go Feet Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160160-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Tone Records, History\nAlthough 2 Tone Records was closely identified with the ska revival, efforts were made to broaden the label's musical output, releasing recordings by artists such as singer-songwriter Elvis Costello and the funk-punk band the Higsons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160160-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Tone Records, History\nDammers, with the assistance of Horace Panter and graphic designers John \"Teflon\" Sims and David Storey, created artwork that was to become central to 2 Tone Records. The logo portrays a man in a black suit, white shirt, black tie, pork pie hat, white socks and black loafers. Named \"Walt Jabsco\", the fictional character was based on a photograph of Peter Tosh, a former member of the Wailers. Walt got his name from an old American bowling shirt that Dammers owned. He influenced the design of an emoji: U+1F574 \ud83d\udd74 MAN IN BUSINESS SUIT LEVITATING.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse\n2 Towns Ciderhouse is an American artisan craft brewery of alcoholic cider, based in Corvallis, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Establishment\n2 Towns Ciderhouse also referred to as 2 Towns was launched in 2010 by three Oregonians \u2014 Lee Larsen, a graduate in finance from Oregon State University, Dave Takush, a fermentation science graduate from the same school, and graphic designer Aaron Sarnoff-Wood, a graduate of the University of Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Establishment\nSarnoff-Wood initially wanted to start a brewpub and contacted his friend Larsen, who shared a love for home brewing, to discuss the idea. High projected startup costs made this idea impractical, however, and the concept was abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Establishment\nThe pair became interested in the fermentation of apple cider to create hard cider. A test batch was made to be served in 2009 at Larsen's brother's wedding, which proved extremely popular with guests \u2014 and the trio were inspired by the positive reaction to launch a commercial enterprise specializing in the beverage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Establishment\n2 Towns Ciderhouse was launched in 2010 from a small 1,000 square foot space in the Eastgate Business Center, located between Corvallis and Albany, Oregon. Despite the firm's location between the small cities of Corvallis and Albany, the brand name was actually a reference to the college towns of Corvallis and Eugene, from which the three founding partners hailed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Establishment\nThe company sold approximately 100 cases a month during its first year of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Expansion\nIn 2012 the need for additional production capacity forced a move to a 10,000 square foot space in the same industrial park from which the company was launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Expansion\nProduction and demand continued to expand rapidly, forcing a second move to a still-larger 15,000 square foot facility located in another industrial park in Corvallis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Expansion\nTo meet demand 2 Towns Ciderhouse has entered into production contracts with several orchards, agreeing to purchase the outputs of several thousand trees. The company also launched its own orchard in 2012, making use of dwarf rootstocks from old orchards which had produced cider-friendly apple varieties in a previous era. This orchard was anticipated to produce sufficient apples for between 5,000 and 7,000 cases of cider in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Product line\nThe first two varieties released commercially by 2 Towns Ciderhouse were \"Incider\", an accessible semi-sweet beverage, and \"Bad Apple,\" a dry and higher octane brew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Product line\nMost of the 2 Towns product line are varieties of traditional fermented apple cider, generally with an alcohol content between 6 and 7 percent. Other specialty varieties are made, however, included a pear cider based beverage and other creations using a range of additive flavoring ingredients such as marionberry, cinnamon, rhubarb, nutmeg, and ginger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Product line\nIn addition to its year round product line, 2 Towns makes specialized seasonal varieties and sometimes making use of barrel-aging techniques associated with the making of wine and liquor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Product line\n2 Towns products are distributed in 22-ounce bottles, 12-ounce cans, and kegs. The company's total production for 2013 was estimated at 4,500 barrels (140,000 gallons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160161-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Towns Ciderhouse, History, Marketing\nIn 2014, 2 Towns Ciderhouse signed on as an official sponsor of the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer. According to terms of the deal 2 Towns products would be available from multiple taps at all Timbers games and at other sporting events at Jeld-Wen Field in Portland, including soccer games of the Portland Thorns FC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160162-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Trumpets\n2 Trumpets is an album by trumpeters Art Farmer and Donald Byrd, recorded in 1956 and released on the Prestige label. They are joined by Jackie McLean in the front line for the uptempo pieces but have a ballad quartet track apiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160162-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Trumpets, Reception\nIn a contemporaneous review, Billboard was positive, commenting that it is a \"very enjoyable LP for the modern jazz customer\". In Ron Wynn's review for Allmusic, he stated: \"This nice date puts two top trumpets together\". The Penguin Guide to Jazz gave it two-and-a-half stars out of four, describing it as \"capable but routine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160163-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Ts for a Lovely T\n2 Ts for a Lovely T is a 10-CD limited-edition live album by American pianist Cecil Taylor. It was recorded during August 27 - September 1, 1990 at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London, and was released in 2002 on the Codanza label. The album features the group known as the \"Feel Trio,\" with Taylor on piano, William Parker on bass, and Tony Oxley on drums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160163-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Ts for a Lovely T, Reception\nIn a review for The Guardian, John Fordham wrote: \"These sessions reveal the high-pressure intricacies of a Taylor improvisation with remarkable clarity. Oxley's flickering, clickety figures, tiny ringing sounds, tabla-like sonorities and shimmering splashes complement Parker's thick, pliable sound and impulsive ingenuity, and Taylor's headlong runs and fierce density are beautifully caught by the recording - it's like having a grand piano in your room, particularly with the muscularity of the instrument's bass register...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160163-0001-0001", "contents": "2 Ts for a Lovely T, Reception\nThe transparency of the sound enhances the differences of intensity and shape across these shows, though the set is intentionally a chronicle of the way a brilliant free-improvising ensemble works over a sustained period, rather than the interpretation of a repertoire. A very specialised item, certainly, but for Taylor disciples, and the more generally musically curious, it is breathtaking.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160163-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Ts for a Lovely T, Reception\nThe authors of the Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings wrote: \"It's rare that Taylor has been documented at such length, and the results will repay study by all his admirers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160163-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Ts for a Lovely T, Reception\nJohn Eyles, writing for All About Jazz, commented: \"2 Ts for a Lovely T, recorded live during a 1990 five-night residency at Ronnie Scott's, London, benefits from its sheer scale and the group interactions it captured. When all three are playing flat-out at the same time, the results are simply breath-taking.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160163-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Ts for a Lovely T, Track listing\nReecorded during August 27 - September 1, 1990 at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony\nAnthony Borcherding (born June 6, 1974), better known by his ring name 2 Tuff Tony, is an American professional wrestler best known for his hardcore wrestling style. Throughout his professional wrestling career, Tony has wrestled for various wrestling promotions, including Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South, Combat Zone Wrestling, Big Japan Pro Wrestling, and Juggalo Championship Wrestling. He is currently employed by Juggalo Championship Wrestling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony\nIn his professional wrestling career, Tony is an eight-time Heavyweight champion, having won the BBW Wrestling Heavyweight Championship once, ICW Heavyweight Championship once, IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship twice, JCW Heavyweight Championship three times, and MRW Heavyweight Championship once. In addition to these championships, he has won the Dramatic Dream Team Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship once and IWA Mid-South Hardcore Championship thrice, the latter of which he is the final recognized champion. Tony is also the 2006 IWA Mid-South Double Death Tag Team Tournament winner with Mad Man Pondo. He appeared for Extreme Championship Wrestling between 1996 - 2001, he wrestled various opponent's, like, Pablo Marquez, EZ Money, Doug Furnas, Twiggy Ramirez, Steve Corino and Chris Chetti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Early career (1996-1999)\nTony's friends Robert and Jerry traveled to Arkansas to train with professional wrestlers The Moondogs and invited him to come along. After watching several training sessions, Tony was invited into the ring. He soon began training alongside his friends, free of charge, because Moondog Spot felt that Tony \"was a natural for the business.\" Tony started wrestling in Indiana in a small bingo hall, where he first met wrestler Corporal Robinson. He, Robinson, and Mad Man Pondo began traveling throughout the country together. Video distribution company Smart Mark Video helped the trio gain national exposure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (1999-2007)\nTony began working for Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA-MS) in 1999. He wrestled his first match against Rolling Hard, where he was introduced to the hardcore wrestling style of the company. Seeing that Tony had never wrestled in the hardcore style before, Mad Man Pondo requested to work with him in matches. The promotion's owner, Ian Rotten, supported the idea and booked the two in a rivalry. Pondo acquainted him to the proper techniques of hardcore wrestling, and Tony later recalled that Pondo \"took good care of me\" in their matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 99], "content_span": [100, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (1999-2007)\nOn April 29, 1999, Tony defeated Pondo for the IWA Mid-South Hardcore Championship. He lost the championship on May 14 to Pondo, but won it back the following day. The following February he lost the championship, but won the IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship two weeks later. On March 4, he defeated Pondo and Delilah Starr to unify the IWA-MS Hardcore and Heavyweight Championships. Two weeks later, Tony lost the championship. He won it for a second time the following March 2, before losing it to Mitch Page a month later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 99], "content_span": [100, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (1999-2007)\nIn 2006, Tony and Mad Man Pondo took part in the first Double Death Tag Team Tournament, though they weren't told which team would win the tournament. They defeated Children of Pain then Dysfunction and Corporal Robinson to make it to the finals. In the finals, Tony and Pondo defeated Tough Crazy Bastards to be crowned the first Double Death Tag Team Tournament champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 99], "content_span": [100, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999\u2013present)\nIn 1997, Tony wrestled for Insane Clown Posse at the event ICP's Strangle-Mania Live. Two years later, he, Robinson, and Mad Man Pondo wrestled at the Dan Curtis Memorial, an independent wrestling booker who had recently worked for Insane Clown Posse. Several days after the event, Tony, Robinson, and Pondo were booked to wrestle for Insane Clown Posse's first Juggalo Championship Wrestling show. Video of the event was later released nationally. Tony continued wrestling for Juggalo Championship Wrestling, including matches at the Gathering of the Juggalos festivals and two other videos released by the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 89], "content_span": [90, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999\u2013present)\nTony went on tour with JCW in 2007 to film the internet wrestling show SlamTV!, where he was involved in a rivalry with Tracy Smothers. Tracy attacked Tony in the sixth episode, causing Tony to be knocked out of action for several weeks. Per storyline, Smothers was arrested just days before Tony's return on the eighth episode, leaving Tony with no way to seek revenge. Tony was attacked by Bull Pain at East Side Wars, but later defeated him in a Louisville Slugger match at Bloodymania. On January 26, 2008, Tony and Violent J won the JCW Tag Team Championship. However, their victory was declared void, stricken from the record, and the title was vacated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 89], "content_span": [90, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999\u2013present)\nTony continued his rivalry with Tracy Smothers into season two of SlamTV! In the first episode, both men faced off in a match which saw Tracy win after a fast count by the referee, who was later revealed as Tracy's illegitimate daughter, Isabella. Two weeks later, Tracy caught Isabella listening to Boondox, the rapper who sings Tony's entrance music. The following week, Tony attacked Smothers after his match. Tracy later caught Isabella engaging in sexual actions with Boondox, through storyline, and assaulted him. Tracy and Isabella Smothers were then scheduled face Boondox and 2 Tuff Tony at Bloodymania II. However, Isabella was replaced by Bull Pain after she injured her leg, and Smothers and Pain lost to Tony and Boondox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 89], "content_span": [90, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999\u2013present)\nAt the 2008 Hallowicked After-Party, Tony joined the group the Juggalo World Order. On November 9, the Juggalo World Order (Scott Hall, Shaggy 2 Dope, Violent J, 2 Tuff Tony, and Corporal Robinson) \"invaded\" Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Turning Point PPV  by purchasing front row tickets to the event. They proceeded to promote their faction by flashing their JWO jerseys, which each member had on, before being removed from the building. At Bloodymania III, 2 Tuff Tony was defeated by Viscera in a \"Loser leaves JCW\" match with Terry Funk as special guest referee due to interference by Balls Mahoney. Tony was reinstated two months later under the conditions that he start at the bottom, receive no title matches for several months, and cannot compete at any Bloodymania events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 89], "content_span": [90, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999\u2013present)\nThat October at Hallowicked After-Party, Tony debuted under the name 2 Strong John while wearing a mask and wrestled against Balls Mahoney. At Oddball Bonanza on March 20, 2010, he wrestled as 2 Tuff Tony to take on \"Holy\" Trent Acid. During the match, he debuted his newest finisher, an inverted sitout package piledriver which he calls Dick for Dinner. Bloodymania IV saw the team of Balls Mahoney and the masked Hollywood Chuck Hogan defeat the team of Mad Man Pondo and Necro Butcher. Following the match, Hollywood Chuck Hogan unmasked himself to reveal that he was actually 2 Tuff Tony. Tony then attacked Mahoney, leaving him beat down in the middle of the ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 89], "content_span": [90, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999\u2013present)\nTony faced Sabu at the 2011 event Monster's Island. Sabu, who recently aligned himself with villainous manager Charlie Brown, defeated Tony and continued to attack him after the match ended. The two wrestled again at Up in Smoke in a match where Rob Conway was hired by Brown to attack Tony. He and Rhino defeated Sabu and Conway at St. Andrews Brawl, where Tony was later named number one contender for the JCW Heavyweight Championship. At Send in the Clowns, Tony defeated Butler Geeves to become JCW Heavyweight Champion. The following month at Above The Law, Tony lost the championship to Officer Colt Cabana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 89], "content_span": [90, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999\u2013present)\nAt the Hatchet Attacks PPV on May 26, 2012, 2 Tuff Tony defeated Kongo Kong to win the vacant JCW Heavyweight Championship, making him champion for a second time. On October 31, 2013, Tony was defeated by Necro Butcher in a title match. On May 4, 2014, Tony defeated Krimson to win the vacant JCW Heavyweight Championship. On April 19, 2015, Tony was defeated by Weedman in a title match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 89], "content_span": [90, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999\u2013present)\n2 Tuff appears as himself with former JCW tag partner Corporal Robinson in the underground wrestling documentary Wrestling with Disaster, a feature-length film that highlights an indy wrestling show gone horribly awry. The production is currently streaming at youtube.com/LegitProWrestling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 89], "content_span": [90, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999\u2013present)\nOn December 16, 2020, Tony defeated Teddy Hart to become a 5 times JCW Heavyweight Champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 89], "content_span": [90, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Big Japan Pro Wrestling (2000-2006)\nTony was brought to Big Japan Pro Wrestling in 2000 by Mad Man Pondo, at the time the American booker for the company. Tony trained at local dojos and helped set up chairs at the company, which earned him the respect of the wrestlers. During his first tour, Tony wrestled in mostly singles matches and learned the Japanese style of wrestling. In his third tour, he and Pondo formed the tag team Baka Gaijin, Japanese for Stupid Foreigners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 79], "content_span": [80, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0015-0001", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Professional wrestling career, Big Japan Pro Wrestling (2000-2006)\nHis third tour also included an incident in which local authorities found Tony and Pondo in a city bus, dancing and undulating around a small statue of a frog holding a donut. When questioned, they appeared frightened and attempted to flee. The frog statue is currently in the possession of the Japanese secret service. The team was well received by both the Japanese crowd and the Japanese wrestlers. They continued to wrestle multiple tours together from 2001 to 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 79], "content_span": [80, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160164-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Tuff Tony, Personal life\nBorcherding resides in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. He has one daughter and one son. He has suffered multiple injuries throughout his career, including roughly 30 concussions, a split artery in his wrist, a broken leg, both eyebrows being split, and permanent scarring on his forehead. In 2001, Tony and Corporal Robinson signed with Extreme Championship Wrestling, but the company filed bankruptcy that same day. Though they were not in the company long, the duo had become (and still remain) friends with many of the wrestlers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited\n2 Unlimited is a Dutch dance act founded by Belgian producers Jean-Paul De Coster and Phil Wilde in 1991 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Dutch rapper Ray Slijngaard and Dutch vocalist Anita Doth fronted the act from 1991 to 1996. During the five years of 2 Unlimited's worldwide mainstream success, the act scored a total of 16 chart hits, including \"Get Ready for This\", \"Twilight Zone\", \"No Limit\", and \"Tribal Dance\". They have sold 18 million records worldwide. Although they enjoyed less mainstream recognition in the United States, many of their songs have become popular themes at American sporting events, particularly in the NHL and the NBA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Formation\nJean-Paul De Coster and Phil Wilde met in their hometown of Antwerp, Belgium, and their first collaboration under the name of Bizz Nizz resulted in a single called \"Don't Miss The Party Line\" which entered the top 10 in the UK. The two then decided to continue to work together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Formation\nJean-Paul De Coster and Phil Wilde initially had created an instrumental track they called \"Get Ready for This\" in May 1991, and they decided that it needed some vocals. De Coster recalls:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Formation\nThat 12-inch single became a club hit, and we invited Ray Slijngaard to have a go at it. We had worked with him on \"Money Money\", an unreleased single by Bizz Nizz. By September he returned the tape to us. To our surprise, he had also added the female vocals of a certain Anita Doth, a traffic warden from Amsterdam. He told us she was a good friend of his out of the city's nightlife. Ray discussed the possibility of forming a duo to front the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Formation\nThey were so pleased with the result that they agreed to work with them as a duo, and thus 2 Unlimited was born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Get Ready! (1991\u20131992)\n2 Unlimited were signed to Byte Records (Belgium) and licensed to many other record labels worldwide, including PWL Continental in the UK, ZYX in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, Scorpio in France, etc. Their first single, \"Get Ready for This\", was well received in their home market, Belgium, where it managed to peak at No. 8. It also peaked at No. 10 in the Netherlands and managed to climb to No. 2 in Australia and the UK. The single worked its way up to No. 38 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart only three years after its original release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Get Ready! (1991\u20131992)\nA follow-up single, \"Twilight Zone\", followed in January 1992, and topped the chart in the Netherlands. It also charted well in numerous markets, reaching No. 2 in the UK. In the United States, it peaked at No. 49 on the Hot 100 (and No. 5 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart). To capitalize on this success, the album Get Ready! was released on 24 February 1992, featuring the first two singles and seven other new tracks, including two ballads. Two further singles were released from the album: \"Workaholic\" and \"The Magic Friend\". In the US, the album received a Gold certification for sales of 500,000 units in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0007-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, No Limits! (1993\u20131994)\n2 Unlimited's lead single from their second album, \"No Limit\", was released in January 1993 and the repetitive nature of the song helped it become their most successful single ever, and by far the best remembered by the general public even now. The single topped the charts in Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and in the United Kingdom. In Germany, it was certified Platinum for sales of 500,000 units. The track received modest airplay on North American radio stations, reaching the top 25 in the US Dance charts. By 1996, worldwide sales had reached 2.3 million units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0008-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, No Limits! (1993\u20131994)\n\"Tribal Dance\" was released as a single shortly before the album No Limits! hit the stores in May 1993. It entered the top 5 in Austria, Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and in the UK. In Germany, \"Tribal Dance\" was certified Gold for sales of over 250,000 units. Three further singles were issued from the second album: \"Faces\", which was considerably different in pace to previous releases; \"Maximum Overdrive\"; and a re-recorded version of \"Let the Beat Control Your Body\". In France, the title was changed to \"Let the Bass Control Your Body\" to avoid any confusion with the slang word \"bite\" (meaning \"penis\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0009-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, No Limits! (1993\u20131994)\n2 Unlimited's second album proved more successful than its predecessor, entering the top 5 album charts in Austria, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. In the UK, the album climbed all the way to the top of the album chart. By 1996, its total sales had reached 3 million units, including 592,000 units in the GSA region (Germany, Switzerland, Austria).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0010-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, No Limits! (1993\u20131994)\nDespite the phenomenal success the duo were enjoying in the UK, they were criticised heavily by the music industry, and the British press dubbed them \"2 Untalented\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0011-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Real Things (1994\u20131995)\nIn May 1994, the duo's tenth single, \"The Real Thing\", was released, and it proved that their fans were still interested as they sent the single to No. 1 in the Netherlands, as well as the top 5 in Belgium, Germany, and Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0012-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Real Things (1994\u20131995)\nWhile the duo's third album, Real Things, shot to No. 1 in the Netherlands and the UK, it also managed to land in the top 5 in Austria, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. The record was certified Gold in the UK for sales of over 100,000 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0013-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Real Things (1994\u20131995)\nThe second single from Real Things, \"No One\", despite being a straightforward pop song, didn't prevent fans from sending it to No. 2 in the Netherlands on the sales chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0014-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Real Things (1994\u20131995)\nIn March 1995, while the follow-up single, \"Here I Go\", was another top 5 hit in the Netherlands, the band's commercial success seemed to be declining elsewhere as the song made it in the top 20 only in Austria, Belgium, and Sweden. The fourth and final single was the ballad \"Nothing Like the Rain\", which was not quite as successful and did not receive a release in many territories, including the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0015-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Hits Unlimited (1995\u20131996)\nIn October 1995, 2 Unlimited released their first compilation album, Hits Unlimited, prompting rumours that they were about to split up. The first single, \"Do What's Good for Me\", entered the top 5 in Finland, and the top 20 in the Netherlands and the UK. Despite their insistence that they were planning a world tour, in April 1996, shortly after the release of the single \"Jump for Joy\", both Slijngaard and Doth announced that 2 Unlimited was over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0016-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Hits Unlimited (1995\u20131996)\nIt later emerged that after having spent so much time together, they were no longer getting on as well as they once had, and there was disagreement about the future sound of band. They had asked for more creative input and they also felt that they were not getting a fair share of the huge amount of money being earned by the project. As no agreement was reached, they each went their separate ways before a final single, \"Spread Your Love\", was released in June 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0017-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, II (1998\u20131999)\nAs they still owned the rights to the name 2 Unlimited, De Coster and Wilde recruited two new (again Dutch) singers, Romy van Ooijen (b. 18 November 1971) and Marjon van Iwaarden (b. 18 June 1974), in order to capitalise on previous success. The first single released under the new lineup, \"Wanna Get Up\", did well in the Netherlands, reaching No. 10. A remix by Sash!, for UK release, reached No. 38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0018-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, II (1998\u20131999)\nThe album II was released in April 1998. It was not as successful as previous studio albums, nor were the subsequent singles, \"Edge of Heaven\" and \"Never Surrender\". In 1999, both van Ooijen and van Iwaarden left 2 Unlimited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0019-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Remixes (2000\u20132006)\nIn 2000, Byte Records released the remix singles \"No Limit\" and \"Twilight Zone\". A remix album was to be released that year, but some master tapes were stolen from Byte and taken to Russia, where they were released as a bootleg compilation. Also that year, 2 Unlimited made their first appearance on the Eurodance compilation Dancemania series, specifically its Speed sub-series, with their song \"Twilight Zone\", 'B4 Za Beat Mix'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0020-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Remixes (2000\u20132006)\nIn 2001, Byte finally released \"Greatest Hits Remixes\", featuring many new remixes. Some of the tracks from the stolen master tapes released in Russia were not included. The album was released solely in Japan. In 2002, Trance Remixes: Special Edition was released in Japan, featuring many more new remixes not included in the previous compilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0021-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Remixes (2000\u20132006)\nIn the following years, many \"best of\" compilations have been released in various territories, often with new remixes. Most notably, ZYX Records released \"No Limit 2.3\" in 2003 and it was a moderate hit, reaching no. 41 in the German singles chart. It was promoted by a new duo, D\u00e9bora Remagen and James Giscombe. They were being lined up as a 2 Unlimited \"version 3\". They still perform, mainly in Eastern Europe, but are not allowed to use their own voices. This is due to copyright issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0022-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Remixes (2000\u20132006)\nA new CD and DVD set containing all 2 Unlimited music videos, called The Complete History, was released in 2004, along with a single, \"Tribal Dance 2.4\" (originally released on 12\" vinyl in November 2003 as \"Tribal Dance 2.3\"). 2005 saw the release of The Refreshed Album in Mexico, featuring stunning artwork, but the same remixes found on previous remix albums. In 2006, the DVD was re-packaged with a different CD, Greatest Remix Hits, and released in Australia. The following years saw this package re-released in Argentina, Denmark, Sweden, Asia, and South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0023-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Reunions (2009\u20132012)\nHaving both continued to perform their old hits separately in nightclubs and university student unions around the world, the original performers Slijngaard and Doth reunited on 11 April 2009, to perform together for the first time in 13 years at the \"I Love the 90s\" concert in Hasselt, Belgium. According to a radio interview with Slijngaard, Jean-Paul De Coster did not give permission for the duo to perform under the name 2 Unlimited; however, Phil Wilde attended the gig and provided help with preparing backing tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0024-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Reunions (2009\u20132012)\nOn 30 April 2009, Slijngaard and Doth performed five songs at the Radio 538 Queen's Day concert at Museumplein in Amsterdam. On 8 June, they were awarded \"Most Popular Act of the 1990s\", based on the number of weeks in the Dutch Top 40; on 25 September, they performed as a support act for Milk Inc. at the Sportpaleis in Antwerp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0025-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Reunions (2009\u20132012)\nOn 29 December 2009, it was announced that the duo would release a new single in 2010, called \"In Da Name of Love\", as Ray & Anita. It was released as a CD single in the Netherlands through Spinnin' Records on 22 January 2010. It reached No. 6 on the Dutch Top 40 sales chart. On 30 April 2010, a new single was presented during the Dutch Queen's Day, called \"Still Unlimited\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0026-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Reunions (2009\u20132012)\nIn July 2011, Ray & Anita invited fans to be part of the video for \"Nothing 2 Lose\" in Amsterdam. Fans applied via email and were selected randomly. The video with the fans was shot on 28 July. The single was released at the end of August 2011. The single is also the lead track for the soundtrack of the film Amsterdam Heavy. In the same month, Ray & Anita headlined the \"I Love the 90's\" stage at Tomorrowland in Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0027-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Comeback (2012\u20132016)\nOn 11 July 2012, it was announced that Ray & Anita would be working again with Belgian producer De Coster under the name 2 Unlimited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0028-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Comeback (2012\u20132016)\nOn 30 March 2013, Slijngaard and Doth performed their first full concert as 2 Unlimited with their band in Belgium at Antwerps Sportpaleis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0029-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Comeback (2012\u20132016)\nThe duo released a remixed version of their very first single, \"Get Ready for This\", on 28 October 2013. The song was remixed by DJ Steve Aoki and was included on their Greatest Hits album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0030-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Comeback (2012\u20132016)\nIn 2014, 2 Unlimited gave concerts at ten festivals that together made up Acceleration 2014, which combined top class car and bike racing with music and entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0031-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Comeback (2012\u20132016)\nOn 20 April 2016, 2 Unlimited announced that Doth was leaving the band at the end of 2016 to embark on a solo career. Doth was to be replaced by another singer, whose identity was not revealed right away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0032-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Introduction of Kim (2016\u2013present)\nOn 13 August 2016, Kim Vergouwen was revealed as Doth's replacement via Slijngaard's Facebook page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 56], "content_span": [57, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160165-0033-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited, History, Introduction of Kim (2016\u2013present)\nOn 9 August 2020, 2 Unlimited performed at the third annual Dance Music Festival in Kielce, Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 56], "content_span": [57, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160166-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited (album)\n2 Unlimited is the debut studio album by French avant-garde metal band Pin-Up Went Down, released on 28 March 2008 through Ascendance Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160166-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited (album), Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Asphodel; all music is composed by Alexis Damien & Pin-Up Went Down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160166-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited (album), Critical reception\nThe album has been well received by the critics and the public alike. AGM webzine, in a positive review, has praised Asphodel's and Alexis Damien's vocals, the album's ever-changing musical direction and its lyrics, ending their review stating \"it's one of the most promising first-time debut releases of all time of avant-garde music. Not joking\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160166-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited (album), Critical reception\nIt has a 17 out 20 approval rate at Spirit of Metal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160167-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited discography\nThis is the discography of 2 Unlimited, a Eurodance project founded in 1991 by Belgian producers Jean-Paul DeCoster and Phil Wilde and fronted by Dutch rapper Ray Slijngaard and Dutch vocalist Anita Doth. With global sales of over 18 million units, 2 Unlimited is one of the biggest selling groups from the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160167-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited discography, Video games\n2 Unlimited has a total of 4 songs which appear in the Dance Dance Revolution arcade series. A cover version of the original \"Twilight Zone\" was featured on Dancing Stage Featuring Disney's Rave, while an official remix of \"Twilight Zone\" was featured in DDRMAX Dance Dance Revolution 6thMix and two other arcade releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160167-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Unlimited discography, Video games\nAdditionally, the original version of \"No Limit\" appears in Just Dance 3, while the original version of \"Tribal Dance\" appears in Just Dance 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160168-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Ursae Minoris\n2 Ursae Minoris (2 UMi) is a single star a few degrees away from the northern celestial pole. Despite its Flamsteed designation, the star is actually located in the constellation Cepheus. This changed occurred when the constellation boundaries were formally set in 1930 by Eugene Delporte. Therefore, the star is usually referred only by its catalog numbers such as HR 285 or HD 5848. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.244. This object is located 280\u00a0light years away and is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +8\u00a0km/s. It is a candidate member of the Hyades Supercluster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160168-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Ursae Minoris\nThis is an aging K-type star with a stellar classification of K2\u00a0II-III, showing a luminosity class with blended traits of a giant and a bright giant. It has 2.3 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 24 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating around 215 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,513\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160169-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Vulpeculae\n2 Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, located around 1,800\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160169-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Vulpeculae\n2 Vulpeculae is a double-lined spectroscopic binary; as of 2002, the pair had an angular separation of 1.72\u2033 along a position angle of 127.2\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160169-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Vulpeculae\nThe primary component of the binary is a rapidly rotating Be star with a stellar classification of B1\u00a0IV. It is a variable star with an amplitude of 0.06 magnitude and a period of 0.6096\u00a0days, tentatively classified as Beta Cephei variable. The variability was discovered in 1959, and it has been assigned the variable star designation ES Vulpeculae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160170-0000-0000", "contents": "2 White Street\nThe Gideon Tucker House, also known as 2 White Street, is an historic house at the corner of West Broadway and White Street in the TriBeCa neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160170-0001-0000", "contents": "2 White Street\nThe Federal style house was built in 1808\u201309 by Gideon Tucker, who oversaw its construction and lived in the house once it was complete. Tucker was a city Alderman from the Fifth Ward, and also served as School Commissioner and the city's Commissioner of Estimates and Assessments. His Tucker & Ludlum plaster factory was located on another part of the same property. The house is a remnant of the period when the area, then known as the Lower West Side, was developing more residences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160170-0002-0000", "contents": "2 White Street\nThe ground floor of the house was utilized as a shop, which remains the case today. The brick and wood house is a rare example of one from its time that still retains its gambrel roof and its original dormer windows. It also retains its original cornice, which displays \"handsome detailing and fine moldings\". Although built in 1809, its style derives from the Eighteenth Century. Typically, a house such as this would have been the termination of a small row of similar houses, generally two stories tall with a basement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160170-0003-0000", "contents": "2 White Street\nThe house at 2 White Street was designated a New York City Landmark on July 19, 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160171-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Willow Road\n2 Willow Road is part of a terrace of three houses in Hampstead, London designed by architect Ern\u0151 Goldfinger and completed in 1939. It has been managed by the National Trust since 1995 and is open to the public. It was one of the first Modernist buildings acquired by the Trust, giving rise to some controversy. Goldfinger lived there with his wife Ursula and their children until his death in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160171-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Willow Road, History\n1\u20133 Willow Road was constructed using concrete and a facing of red brick. A number of cottages were demolished to allow for the construction, which was strongly opposed by a number of local residents including novelist Ian Fleming (this was said to be his inspiration for the name of the James Bond villain Auric Goldfinger) and the future Conservative Home Secretary Henry Brooke. No. 2, which Goldfinger designed specifically as his own family home, is the largest of the three houses and features a spiral staircase designed by Danish engineer Ove Arup at its core. The building is supported by a concrete frame, part of which is external, leaving room for a spacious uncluttered interior, perhaps inspired by the Raumplan ideas of modernist architect Adolf Loos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160171-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Willow Road, Today\nGoldfinger himself designed much of the furniture in No. 2, and the house also contains a significant collection of 20th-century art by Bridget Riley, Prunella Clough, Marcel Duchamp, Eduardo Paolozzi, Henry Moore and Max Ernst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0000-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center\n2 World Trade Center (also known as 200 Greenwich Street) is a planned skyscraper as part of the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City. It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center, which was completed in 1972 and subsequently destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, and it will occupy the position of the original 5 World Trade Center. The foundation work was completed in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0001-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, Original building (1973\u20132001)\nWhen completed in 1973, 2\u00a0World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the World \u2013 behind its twin, 1 World Trade Center. The South Tower's rooftop observation deck was 1,362\u00a0ft (415\u00a0m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310\u00a0ft (400\u00a0m) high. The World Trade Center towers held the height record only briefly; the Sears Tower in Chicago, finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440\u00a0m) at the rooftop. Throughout its existence, however, the South Tower had more floors (at 110) than any other building. This number was not surpassed until the advent of the  Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0002-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, Original building (1973\u20132001)\nOf the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services in mechanical floors (floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and 108/109), which were four two-floor areas that evenly spaced up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had 40,000 square feet (3,700\u00a0m2) of space for occupancy. The original Two World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators. The tower had 3,800,000 square feet (350,000\u00a0m2) of office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0003-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, Original building (1973\u20132001)\nInitially conceived as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in \"world trade\", the South Tower, along with 1 World Trade Center (also known as the North Tower) at first failed to attract the expected clientele. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center towers including the State of New York. It was not until the 1980s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies \u2013 mostly financial firms tied to Wall Street \u2014 became tenants. During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex including many financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon Corporation, Salomon Brothers, and the Port Authority itself. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included The Mall at the World Trade Center, along with a PATH station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 951]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0004-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, Original building (1973\u20132001)\nElectrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800\u00a0volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations stepped down the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277\u00a0volt secondary service, and then further down to 208/120\u00a0volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of 5\u00a0WTC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0005-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, Original building (1973\u20132001)\nThe 110th floor of 1\u00a0World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television transmission equipment; access to the roof of 1\u00a0WTC was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2\u00a0WTC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0006-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, Original building (1973\u20132001)\nAt 9:03\u00a0a.m. EDT on September 11, 2001, five terrorists crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower. Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including 2\u00a0WTC, collapsed due to fire-induced structural failure. The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors. The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour to hour and a half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0007-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, Original building (1973\u20132001)\nThe fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would then not have become unique failure points. In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely. The fires were hot enough to weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward and reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above. The South Tower collapsed at 9:59\u00a0a.m. after burning for 56\u00a0minutes in the fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0008-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building\nThe new 82-story building, if erected, will have a total height of 1,323 feet (403\u00a0m). In comparison, the Empire State Building's roof at the 102nd floor is 1,250 feet (380\u00a0m) tall, 1,454 feet (443\u00a0m) with its antenna, and the original 2 World Trade Center (referred to as the South Tower) was 1,362 feet (415\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0009-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs\nThe tower was originally designed by Foster and Partners in 2006, then redesigned by the Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), before finally being given back to Foster and Partners for a redesign of the original concept in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0010-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs, Foster and Partners\nIn Foster and Partners' original design, the structural engineer for the building was WSP Cantor Seinuk. In the original plan, the building's sloping roof consisted of four diamonds inclined toward the memorial that would have provided a visual marker around the skyline of just where the original towers were. The tower was designed to resemble a diamond, with cross bracing intersects and indentations breaking up the sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0010-0001", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs, Foster and Partners\nThe Port Authority of New York and New Jersey said the following about 200 Greenwich Street's wedged rooftop: \"Designed by Lord Foster, the tower incorporates WTC master planner Daniel Libeskind's 'wedge of light' concept, and will cast no shadow on the memorial park on September 11.\" The total floor space of 200 Greenwich Street was anticipated to include 2,400,000 square feet (220,000\u00a0m2) of office space and another 130,000 square feet (12,000\u00a0m2) for retail shops and access areas to the underground World Trade Center PATH station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0011-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs, Bjarke Ingels Group\nOn June 9, 2015, Wired magazine reported that Two World Trade Center would be newly redesigned by Bjarke Ingels of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), and be built by 2022. The bottom half of the new design would have been leased out to 21st Century Fox and News Corp until they decided against leaving their current headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0012-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs, Bjarke Ingels Group\nBjarke Ingels Group began redesigning 2 World Trade Center in May 2015, upon the requests of the property's developer Silverstein Properties and its possible future media tenants. The project's redesign was warranted since financial firms had since migrated away from the Financial District, making leasing out the new buildings a struggle and further prolonging the World Trade Center's redevelopment. Financial firms were the intended occupants for Foster and Partners' 2 World Trade Center, and the original proposal's sky lobby design was not attractive to media tenants, who have been the leading tenants of the new WTC towers and were expected to occupy BIG's redesigned building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0013-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs, Bjarke Ingels Group\nThis design featured a cantilevering structure viewed from a northern perspective, but a terraced structure from an eastern perspective. From the south and west, the building's profile was vertically straight, but appeared to be leaning slightly toward One World Trade Center because of the cantilevering design. In an interview, Bjarke Ingels described the concept of the redesign as such: \"Two World Trade is almost like a vertical village of bespoke buildings within the building, that also can be seen as a single tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0013-0001", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs, Bjarke Ingels Group\nIt actually has an inclination towards One World Trade Center, so the two towers \u2013 even though they're not twinning \u2013 by having a mutual relationship, the space between them is parallel, although at an incline.\" The tower had also been described to integrate Tribeca with the Financial District, as the design's cantilevers and terraces resembled the modern architecture known of the neighborhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0014-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs, Bjarke Ingels Group\nThe first three floors of the 2,800,000 square feet (260,000\u00a0m2) office building, including the ground level, would have featured about 100,000 square feet (9,300\u00a0m2) of retail space. The tower would have been the second\u2013tallest skyscraper on the World Trade Center site, following One World Trade Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0015-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs, Return to Foster and Partners\nAfter the pulling out of News Corp and 21st Century Fox, the future of the site became uncertain, with calls for the tower's design to be reverted to its original incarnation. In a press interview, site developer Larry Silverstein signaled that both the Foster and BIG site plans were under consideration, and that a choice between the two would be made by a future prospective tenant. In February 2019, Silverstein suggested in an interview that construction may soon begin \"on spec\", or without an anchor tenant, given the strong economy and leasing progress made on neighboring towers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 74], "content_span": [75, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0015-0001", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Designs, Return to Foster and Partners\nIn January 2020, Silverstein announced that he and Norman Foster were working together to update Foster's original design, and that it would be \"significantly modified to be more reflective of contemporary needs and taste\". In 2021, a Silverstein spokesperson announced that the skyscraper is \"being redesigned by Foster & Partners to be the healthiest and most sustainable building on the planet.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 74], "content_span": [75, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0016-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Construction\nExcavation for 200 Greenwich Street commenced in 2008 and the building was originally scheduled to be completed sometime between 2011 and 2016. On May 11, 2009, however, it was announced that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was seeking to reduce the tower to a \"stump\" building of approximately ten stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0016-0001", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Construction\nThe overall plan, which also calls for a similar reduction in height for 3 World Trade Center and the cancellation of 5 World Trade Center, would halve the amount of office space available in the fully reconstructed World Trade Center to 5 million square feet (465,000 square meters). The agency cited the recession and disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein as reasons for the proposed reduction. The plan has seen some opposition; a May 2009 piece in the New York Post challenged the necessity of the office space reduction, given Lower Manhattan's low commercial vacancy rate compared to other U.S. cities and overall demand for modern office properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0017-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Construction\nSilverstein is opposed to the plan, and filed a notice of dispute on July 7, 2009. By doing so, the development firm began a two-week period during which renegotiated settlements and a binding arbitration regarding the construction of the four World Trade Center towers can be made. Silverstein Properties, which has paid the Port Authority over $2.75 billion in financing, noted the organization's inability to meet construction obligations in its official complaint. The development firm has proposed further government intervention in the project as a way of settling the dispute. On December 2, 2009, a US$2.6 billion tax-free bond issue for the building's construction was approved by the state of New York to continue construction on the World Trade Center site. The construction of Two World Trade Center, however, remained on-hold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0018-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Construction\nOn March 25, 2010, the Port Authority released plans to build Two and Three World Trade Center to street level. The transit and retail podium at the 175 Greenwich Street site would be constructed immediately, but the construction of Tower 3 would be delayed until Silverstein Properties obtains financing for the remaining cost of the tower. Tower 3 will be built, but Tower 2's office construction will wait until the economy improves. Tower 2 foundation work began on June 1, 2010, but construction was halted in August 2012. The street-level foundation was finished by November 2012 and construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013. The rest of the building, however, has yet to be built unless tenants for Tower 2 can be found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0019-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Construction\nOn February 11, 2019, Larry Silverstein said in an interview that he was considering building the tower without a signed tenant. He stated, \"For all intents and purposes, it wouldn't be a bad idea to start on Tower 2 because it won't be finished until about 2022, 2023.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0020-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Possible tenants\nIn 2013, Citigroup had shortlisted the tower as one of three potential locations for its headquarters for when its lease on 399 Park Avenue expired in 2017. The company eventually chose nearby 388 Greenwich Street, however: a building that it already had under lease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0021-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Possible tenants\nSilverstein has faced considerable difficulty in persuading tenants to lease floorspace in Two World Trade Center. Most commonly, businesses ultimately decide against doing so because of the costs of moving in, but others prefer their current locations in Midtown Manhattan despite the leases sometimes being more costly, since Midtown Manhattan offers easier access to the Upper East Side, North Jersey, Long Island, Westchester, and Connecticut. Silverstein has tried to appeal to the Downtown's proximity to nearby Brooklyn, the residence of many technology and media companies' employees. At present, prospective companies either are too large to be housed adequately in 2 World Trade Center (such as Facebook or Google), or conclude it would save money to remain where they are (such as News Corp and Fox Corporation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0022-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Possible tenants\nBloomberg Business reported on June 2, 2015, that News Corp and 21st Century Fox, both owned by Rupert Murdoch, had signed a non-binding agreement with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to create a joint headquarters at Two World Trade Center. Silverstein said, \"A decision by 21st Century Fox and News Corp. to move to the new World Trade Center would cap a seismic shift that has taken place in Lower Manhattan over the past decade. This isn't your grandfather's Wall Street.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0022-0001", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Possible tenants\nThe change of lead architects, from Norman Foster to Bjarke Ingels, was dependent on the Murdoch companies' relocations to the site; a redesign was deemed necessary given the different requirements for TV studios as opposed to financial companies, the assumed major tenants for the Foster design. Ingels's design would be kept at the same height as Foster's, but it was unclear how the redesign would conflict with the below-grade work already completed, which conformed to the original building design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0022-0002", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Possible tenants\nOn January 15, 2016, it was reported that the two companies had decided against moving into 2 World Trade Center, instead keeping their current headquarters on the Avenue of the Americas. They had concluded that \"given the scale of investment in a relocation of this size, that  [sic] our resources would be better directed elsewhere.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160172-0023-0000", "contents": "2 World Trade Center, New building, Possible tenants\nIn September 2017, Deutsche Bank was considering relocating their U.S. headquarters to 2 WTC, signing on as anchor tenant once their lease expires at their current location along nearby 60 Wall Street. In two separate instances in September 2017, Silverstein said that the tower had a planned completion date of 2022. However, in May 2018, it was announced the bank was instead relocating to Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160173-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour\nThe 2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour was a co-headlining concert tour by American recording artists Reba McEntire and Kelly Clarkson that took place in two segments during 2008. The tour only visited North America. The tour's shows featured the two singers sharing the same band and stage and performing each other's songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160173-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour, Background\nDeemed  \"one of pop music's most curious couplings\" by USA Today \u2013 the tour involving the cross-genre, cross-generational pairing came about as a consequence of Clarkson's career battles surrounding the release of her June 2007 My December album. Clarkson left her previous management, The Firm, Inc., and joined a management company headed by McEntire's husband, Narvel Blackstock. The two teamed up together for McEntire's Reba: Duets album, released in September 2007,  as well as on the television program CMT Crossroads, in the process, discovering \"a spark between the two\" of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160173-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour, Background\nIt was rumored in October 2007, by one of McEntire's band members that the two singers would tour together and the first date was confirmed on November 14, 2007 by West Virginia station WTRF-TV. The tour was officially announced on November 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160173-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour, Background\nThe tour's dates took place in between legs of Clarkson's My December Tour. Unlike that tour, on 2 Worlds 2 Voices Clarkson avoided material from My December, performing only two songs from it. The first leg of the tour proved to be an overwhelming success, selling out all fifteen shows and grossing over US$7 million, and performing to over 400,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160173-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour, Background\nOn May 15, dates for a September to November leg of the tour were confirmed by both Clarkson's and McEntire's websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160173-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour, Critical reception\nOverall, the tour received positive reviews throughout its run. Many critics praised McEntire's ability to adapt her country roots into a rock and roll atmosphere. Although McEntire was given the highest praise, many admired Clarkson's ability to stand her ground amongst one of music's biggest legends. However, one critic noted Clarkson's awe of McEntire, writing that at times she seemed a bit star struck. The critic went on to state: \"McEntire exhibited a honed mastery of the material \u2013 be it Clarkson's or her own \u2013 and a professional command of the stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160173-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour, Critical reception\nClarkson will undoubtedly learn a lot in the coming month.\" Brian Dukes of the Fayetteville Observer wrote: \"When the pair teamed up on Clarkson's \"Beautiful Disaster\", there was no question why McEntire and Clarkson had toured together. A better question would be: \"Why did they wait so long? \", while Craig Shelbrune from CMT wrote, \"...2 Worlds, 2 Voices is likely to go down as one of McEntire's most memorable tours.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160174-0000-0000", "contents": "2 X Again\n2 X Again is a compilation album by American shred guitarist Michael Angelo Batio released on November 5, 2007. It features songs from Batio's first two studio albums \u2013 No Boundaries and Planet Gemini \u2013 remixed and remastered, with additional drums from Joe Babiak. Also included are two demo tracks from the No Boundaries sessions: \"Acoustic\" and \"Allegory of the Cave\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160175-0000-0000", "contents": "2 YNFYNYTY\n2 YNFYNYTY is the third studio album by Texas noise rock band Cherubs, released through Brutal Panda Records on March 3, 2015 The album marks the band's first studio recording since their reunion in 2014, and it is the first release by the band since Short of Popular, a B-side collection the trio released in 1996, two years after their break-up. The record was released on digital, vinyl, and cassette tape formats, with the latter two initially being released in limited quantities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160175-0001-0000", "contents": "2 YNFYNYTY, Background\nThe band first formed in 1991 with Kevin Whitley on guitar, Owen McMahon on bass, and Brant Pager on drums. In 1992, the trio were signed to Trance Syndicate and released two full-length albums, Icing and Heroin Man, before breaking up in 1994. An outtake collection, titled Short of Popular, was released in 1996. In 2014, the trio reunited and began to work on a new album with the intentions to release it by the end of the year. In December 2014, it was officially announced via the Brutal Panda Records YouTube page that the new album would be titled 2 YNFYNYTY, and will be released on March 3, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160175-0002-0000", "contents": "2 YNFYNYTY, Background\nThe album was released digitally through the band's official Bandcamp page, and physical editions were released in limited quantities. There were 500 vinyl copies pressed: 100 gold colored copies with a \"white haze\", 150 clear copies with gold splatters, and 250 standard black copies. A second pressing was made after the first 500 copies were sold out, 300 white copies with black splatters. The cassette edition was limited to 100 gold colored tapes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160176-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Years On\n2 Years On is the eighth studio album by the Bee Gees, which reached No. 32 on the US charts. Released in 1970, the album saw the return of Robin Gibb to the group after an earlier disagreement and subsequent split following Odessa. 2 Years On was the first album with drummer Geoff Bridgford, who remained a full-time member of the group until 1972 although he was not pictured on the sleeve. The best-known track is \"Lonely Days\". Released as the first single by the reunited brothers, it charted high in the US (No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the rival chart Cashbox), but peaked at No. 33 in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160176-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Years On, Background\nIn March 1969, Robin announced that he was leaving the band. In June, he released his debut solo single \"Saved by the Bell\", which reached No. 2 on the UK charts. In August, drummer Colin Petersen was fired and was replaced by Terry Cox to complete the album Cucumber Castle. Before the album was released, Barry and Maurice announced that the Bee Gees had split in December 1969. The pair released singles, \"Railroad\" by Maurice and \"I'll Kiss Your Memory\" by Barry, but their respective albums The Loner and The Kid's No Good remain unreleased to this day. During the temporary break-up of the group, Maurice appeared in London musical theatre production Sing a Rude Song. Maurice recalls: \"We got fed up with all the lawyers fighting over our assets, so we walked out of this big summit meeting and started the group again\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160176-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Years On, Background, Recording\nRobin and Maurice reunited in June 1970 with new drummer Geoff Bridgford. They recorded four songs, including \"Sincere Relation\" and \"Lay It on Me\". \"We Can Lift a Mountain\" was also re-recorded, a song from 1968. After that, Maurice joined the supergroup The Bloomfields with Billy Lawrie, and worked with Tin Tin. In August, Maurice and Robin announced that the Bee Gees were back with or without Barry's participation, and fourteen songs were recorded including \"Back Home\" and \"I'm Weeping\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160176-0002-0001", "contents": "2 Years On, Background, Recording\nOn 21 August, the three Bee Gees came together to continue recording as Barry announced, \"The Bee Gees are there and they will never, ever part again\". He continues, \"If a solo record comes out, it will be with enthusiasm and great support of each of us. We are a musical establishment\". Maurice, on the other hand, recalled: \"We just discussed it and re-formed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160176-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Years On, Background, Release\nAround the same time, Barry's \"One Bad Thing\" / \"The Day Your Eyes Meet Mine\" was withdrawn at the last minute in the US for single release, while Polydor planned to release \"One Bad Thing\" as a single by 2 October (probably in Europe and Asia). Despite Barry's longing to prove himself as a solo artist, it was decided instead that the next single should be performed by the Bee Gees as they reunited around the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160176-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Years On, Background, Release\nDespite the album marking the musical reunion of the Bee Gees, only three songs credited all three Gibb brothers as composers: the single \"Lonely Days\", its flip side \"Man For All Seasons\", and \"Back Home\". Maurice sings on all songs, but Barry and Robin are only on the ones they wrote or co-wrote. In the August sessions, they also recorded \"You Got to Lose It in the End\", \"Little Red Train\", \"Sweet Summer Rain\", \"Melody Fair\" (originally released on Odessa) and \"Maybe Tomorrow\". None of these were released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0000-0000", "contents": "2 Young\n2 Young (Chinese: \u65e9\u719f) is a 2005 Hong Kong romantic comedy-drama film directed by Derek Yee. The film was released in Mainland China on 15 April 2005 and in Hong Kong on 28 April 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0001-0000", "contents": "2 Young\nThe literal translation of, (\u65e9\u719f) is \"early maturity\" and the English title, 2 Young, is a pun on the words \"too young\". The controversial topic of a pre-marital pregnancy of a minor is what the plot of 2 Young is framed around. Although the seriousness of the subject matter is woven throughout the film and is treated with respect, the overall objective of director, Derek Yee, was to keep the film light with moments of situational and appropriate humor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0002-0000", "contents": "2 Young\n2 Young stars Jaycee Chan and Fiona Sit with a supporting cast including Eric Tsang, Teresa Mo, Anthony Wong, and Candice Yu, who play the parents of Jaycee's and Fiona's characters respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0003-0000", "contents": "2 Young, Plot\nKa Fu (Jaycee Chan) and Natalie (Nam) (Fiona Sit), are from two different family backgrounds. Ka Fu's father (played by Eric Tsang) is a mini-bus driver and his mother (played by Teresa Mo) is a restaurant hostess. Natalie is from a very affluent family and her parents (played by Candice Yu and Anthony Wong) are lawyers. In the beginning, Ka Fu and his two close friends, Bing and Sai wait to see Natalie outside her school every single day until she invited them to her school's Christmas party despite knowing that visitors were forbidden to go. They were eventually discovered by the school principals. While Bing and Sai successfully escaped, Ka Fu was caught but they decided to forgive him. Ka Fu took Natalie home, where they celebrated her 16th birthday, and Ka Fu spent the night there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0004-0000", "contents": "2 Young, Plot\nAnother contrast is that Ka Fu has a loving relationship with his parents, but Natalie's relationship with her parents is distant as they are often away on business trips. Eventually, Ka Fu and Natalie gotten close with each other as they got to know each other more. It is exactly this window of opportunity of Natalie's parents' absence that causes the two to have a weak moment in their budding love for each other, which results in Natalie getting pregnant during a camp out for New Year's Eve. Natalie eventually found out herself when her pregnancy test came back positive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0005-0000", "contents": "2 Young, Plot\nOriginally, they thought about getting an abortion in order to take care of the problem after getting an advice from Sai but upon seeing the operation room, Natalie decided not to and ran out in horror. Despite her anxiety of this issue, she decides to go through with the pregnancy in complete support from Ka Fu, along with Bing and Sai. However, Natalie, being underage and about two years younger than Ka Fu, causes her parents, especially her father, to fly into a rage and a lawsuit gets under way for Ka Fu and his parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0005-0001", "contents": "2 Young, Plot\nKa Fu's parents also scold him and express that they do not want him to make the same mistakes they did. Upon knowing her pregnancy, Natalie's father's plan was for her to get an abortion, and send her to the United States to continue with her education, which Natalie aggressively objected, and she scolded her father for always making decisions for her. Her father gets angry and canceled her bank account, internet services and her cell phone. He ordered his wife to be at home and watch over her 24/7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0006-0000", "contents": "2 Young, Plot\nLearning of the impending legal action, and also because of the plan on aborting the baby, Ka Fu and Natalie, with the help of Bing and Sai, run away and make out a living for themselves in the countryside, where Sai used to live. Ka Fu worked in various jobs such as construction to make money to support themselves while Natalie stays home. Because of Natalie's father, Ka Fu made the headlines, depicting him as a rapist that kidnapped Natalie. Therefore, making Ka Fu a wanted person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0006-0001", "contents": "2 Young, Plot\nThe young lovers are eventually discovered by Ka Fu's parents after they forced Bing and Sai to tell them. When Natalie goes into early labor, they are forced to return to the city, where she gives birth to a baby boy (prematurely, although the baby survives) and Ka Fu is arrested. During the court scene, the relationships of the parents and their son and daughter are resolved as Natalie's father decided to let it go for the sake of the baby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160177-0006-0002", "contents": "2 Young, Plot\nDuring court, he revealed that he gave false information to the police about Natalie being underage due to his anger and prejudice towards Ka Fu. He eventually realized that even though Ka Fu got his daughter pregnant, he did try to make up his responsibility as he truly loves Natalie so he asked the judge to release him. Ka Fu was also sentenced to 3 months in a rehabilitation center for his actions. Upon his release, he is greeted by Natalie and their child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160178-0000-0000", "contents": "2 a.m. Wakeup Call\n2 A.M. Wakeup Call is the second album from the band Tweaker. Opposed to The Attraction to All Things Uncertain, this album captures emotional, human performances and instrumentation - notably live drums, acoustic guitar, piano and glockenspiels. It's a nighttime record about dreams, nightmares, and insomnia\u2014things that keep us up at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160178-0001-0000", "contents": "2 a.m. Wakeup Call\nVrenna has stated in interviews that the title was inspired by his wife's insomnia. For a period of about a month she would wake up at 2am every single night no matter when they went to bed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160178-0002-0000", "contents": "2 a.m. Wakeup Call\n2 a.m. Wakeup Call was subsequently released in 5.1 Surround Sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160178-0003-0000", "contents": "2 a.m. Wakeup Call\nThe track It's Still Happening was offered to the ACIDplanet community for remixing as a part of the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160179-0000-0000", "contents": "2 and 3 Part Inventions\n2 and 3 Part Inventions is a ballet made by New York City Ballet ballet master Jerome Robbins on students at its affiliated school, the School of American Ballet, to Bach's Inventions and Sinfonias, BWV 772\u2013801, (1720\u201323). The premiere took place on Saturday, 4 June 1994 at the Juilliard Theater, Lincoln Center. The City Ballet premiere was Thursday, 19 January 1995, and it was revived for City Ballet's 90th anniversary celebration of the choreographer, performed again by students from S.A.B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160180-0000-0000", "contents": "2 and 5 September 2019 Kabul bombings\nOn the evening of 2 September 2019, a bomb on a tractor killed 16 people and injured 119 others at a housing compound used by international organisations in Kabul, Afghanistan. The target of the attack was foreign citizens living in the town; five Nepalis, two Britons and a 43-year-old Romanian diplomat were killed in the attack. Twenty-five other foreign residents were wounded, including another Romanian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160180-0001-0000", "contents": "2 and 5 September 2019 Kabul bombings\nOn 5 September 2019, at least 12 people, including an American service member and a Romanian soldier, were killed and more than 40 injured when a suicide car bomber exploded in a heavily fortified area of central Kabul, close to the Afghan security offices. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0000-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding\n2 Base Encoding, also called SOLiD (sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection), is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by Applied Biosystems and has been commercially available since 2008. These technologies generate hundreds of thousands of small sequence reads at one time. Well-known examples of such DNA sequencing methods include 454 pyrosequencing (introduced in 2005), the Solexa system (introduced in 2006) and the SOLiD system (introduced in 2007). These methods have reduced the cost from $0.01/base in 2004 to nearly $0.0001/base in 2006 and increased the sequencing capacity from 1,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2004 to more than 100,000,000 bases/machine/day in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0001-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding\n2-base encoding is based on ligation sequencing rather than sequencing by synthesis. However, instead of using fluorescent labeled 9-mer probes that distinguish only 6 bases, 2-base encoding takes advantage of fluorescent labeled 8-mer probes that distinguish the two 3 prime most bases but can be cycled similar to the Macevicz method, thus greater than 6bp reads can be obtained (25-50bp published, 50bp in NCBI in Feb 2008). The 2 base encoding enables reading each base twice without performing twice the work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0002-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, General features\nThe general steps common to many of these next-generation sequencing techniques include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0003-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, General features\nIn 1988, Whiteley et al. demonstrated the use of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide ligation for the detection of DNA variants. In 1995 Macevicz demonstrated repeated ligation of oligonucleotides to detect contiguous DNA variants. In 2003, Dressman et al. demonstrated the use of emulsion PCR to generate millions of clonally amplified beads which one could perform these repeated ligation assays on. In 2005, Shendure et al. performed a sequencing procedure which combined Whiteley and Dressman techniques performing ligation of fluorescent labeled \"8 base degenerate\" 9-mer probes which distinguished a different base according to the probes label and non degenerate base. This process was repeated (without regenerating an extendable end as in Macevicz) using identical primers but with probes with labels which identified different non-degenerate base to sequence 6bp reads in 5->3 direction and 7bp reads in the 3->5 direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 969]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0004-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\nThe SOLiD Sequencing System uses probes with dual base encoding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0005-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\n- Step 1, Preparing a Library: This step begins with shearing the genomic DNA into small fragments. Then, two different adapters are added (for example A1 and A2). The resulting library contains template DNA fragments, which are tagged with one adapter at each end (A1-template-A2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0006-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\n- Step 2, Emulsion PCR: In this step, the emulsion (droplets of water suspended in oil) PCR reaction is performed using DNA fragments from library, two primers (P1 and P2) that complement to the previously used adapters (P1 with A1 and P2 with A2), other PCR reaction components and 1\u03bcm beads coupled with one of the primers (e.g. P1). make dilution from DNA library to maximize the droplet that contain one DNA fragment and one bead into a single emulsion droplet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0007-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\nIn each droplet, DNA template anneals to the P1-coupled bead from its A1 side. Then DNA polymerase will extend from P1 to make the complementary sequence, which eventually results in a bead enriched with PCR products from a single template. After PCR reaction, templates are denatured and disassociate from the beads. Dressman et al. first describe this technique in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0008-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\n- Step 3, Bead Enrichment: In practice, only 30% of beads have target DNA. To increase the number of beads that have target DNA, large polystyrene beads coated with A2 are added to the solution. Thus, any bead containing the extended products will bind polystyrene bead through its P2 end. The resulting complex will be separated from untargeted beads, and melt off to dissociate the targeted beads from polystyrene. This step can increase the throughput of this system from 30% before enrichment to 80% after enrichment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0009-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\nAfter enrichment, the 3\u2019-end of products (P2 end) will be modified which makes them capable of covalent bonding in the next step. Therefore, the products of this step are DNA-coupled beads with 3\u2019-modification of each DNA strand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0010-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\n- Step 4, Bead Deposition: In this step, products of the last step are deposited onto a glass slide. Beads attach to the glass surface randomly through covalent bonds of the 3\u2019-modified beads and the glass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0011-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\n- Step 5, Sequencing Reaction: As mentioned earlier, unlike other next-generation methods which perform sequencing through synthesis, 2-base encoding is based on sequencing by ligation. The ligation is performed using specific 8-mer probes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0012-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\nThese probes are eight bases in length with a free hydroxyl group at the 3\u2019 end, a fluorescent dye at the 5\u2019 end and a cleavage site between the fifth and sixth nucleotide. The first two bases (starting at the 3' end) are complementary to the nucleotides being sequenced. Bases 3 through 5 are degenerate and able to pair with any nucleotides on the template sequence. Bases 6-8 are also degenerate but are cleaved off, along with the fluorescent dye, as the reaction continues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0012-0001", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\nCleavage of the fluorescent dye and bases 6-8 leaves a free 5' phosphate group ready for further ligation. In this manner positions n+1 and n+2 are correctly base-paired followed by n+6 and n+7 being correctly paired, etc. The composition of bases n+3,n+4 and n+5 remains undetermined until further rounds of the sequencing reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0013-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\nThe sequencing step is basically composed of five rounds and each round consists of about 5-7 cycles (Figure 2). Each round begins with the addition of a P1-complementary universal primer. This primer has, for example, n nucleotides and its 5\u2019-end matches exactly with the 3\u2019-end of the P1. In each cycle, 8-mer probes are added and ligated according to their first and second bases. Then, the remaining unbound probes are washed out, the fluorescent signal from the bound probe is measured, and the bound probe is cleaved between its fifth and sixth nucleotide. Finally the primer and probes are all reset for the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0014-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\nIn the next round a new universal primer anneals the position n-1 (its 5\u2019-end matches to the base exactly before the 3\u2019-end of the P1) and the subsequent cycles are repeated similar to the first round. The remaining three rounds will be performed with new universal primers annealing positions n-2, n-3 and n-4 relative to the 3'-end of P1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0015-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\nA complete reaction of five rounds allows the sequencing of about 25 base pairs of the template from P1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0016-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, How it works\n- Step 6, Decoding Data: For decoding the data, which are represented as colors, we must first know two important factors. First, we must know that each color indicates two bases. Second, we need to know one of the bases in the sequence: this base is incorporated in the sequence in the last (fifth) round of step5. This known base is the last nucleotide of the 3\u2019-end of the known P1. Therefore, since each color represents two nucleotides in which the second base of each dinucleotide unit constitutes the first base of the following dinucleotide, knowing just one base in the sequence will lead us to interpret the whole sequence(Figure 2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0017-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, 2 Base Encoding considerations\nIn practice direct translation of color reads into base reads is not advised as the moment one encounters an error in the color calls it will result in a frameshift of the base calls. To best leverage the \"error correction\" properties of two base encoding it is best to convert your base reference sequence into color-space. There is one unambiguous conversion of a base reference sequence into color-space and while the reverse is also true the conversion can be wildly inaccurate if there are any sequencing errors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0018-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, 2 Base Encoding considerations\nMapping color-space reads to a color-space reference can properly utilize the two-base encoding rules where only adjacent color differences can represent a true base polymorphism. Direct decoding or translation of the color reads into bases cannot do this efficiently without other knowledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0019-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, 2 Base Encoding considerations\nMore specifically, this method is not an error correction tool but an error transformation tool. Color-space transforms your most common error mode (single measurement errors) into a different frequency than your most common form of DNA variation (SNPs or single base changes). These single base changes affect adjacent colors in color space. There are logical rules which help correct adjacent errors into 'valid' and 'invalid' adjacent errors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0020-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, 2 Base Encoding considerations\nThe likelihood of getting two adjacent errors in a 50-bp read can be estimated. There are 49 ways of making adjacent changes to a 50 letter string (50-bp read). There are 1225 ways of making non-adjacent changes to a 50 letter string (50 choose 2). Simplistically, if one assumes errors are completely random (they are usually higher frequency at the end of reads) only 49 out of 1225 errors will be candidates for SNPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0020-0001", "contents": "2 base encoding, 2 Base Encoding considerations\nIn addition, only one third of the adjacent errors can be valid errors according to the known labeling of the probes thus delivering only 16 out of 1225 errors which can be candidates for SNPs. This is particularly useful for low coverage SNP detection as it reduces false positives at low coverage, Smith et al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0021-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, Advantages\nEach base in this sequencing method is read twice. This changes the color of two adjacent color space calls, therefore in order to miscall a SNP, two adjacent colors must be miscalled. Because of this the SNP miscall rate is on the order of e^2, where e is the device error rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160181-0022-0000", "contents": "2 base encoding, Disadvantages\nWhen base calling single color miscalls cause errors on the remaining portion of the read. In SNP calling this can be corrected, which results in a lower SNP calling error rate. However for simplistic de novo assembly you are left with the raw device error rate which will be significantly higher than the 0.06% reported for SNP calling. Quality filtering of the reads can deliver higher raw accuracy reads which when aligned to form color contigs can deliver reference sequences where 2 base encoding can be better leveraged. Hybrid assemblies with other technologies can also better utilize the 2 base encoding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160182-0000-0000", "contents": "2 bore\nTwo bore or 2 bore is a mostly obsolete firearm caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160182-0001-0000", "contents": "2 bore, Specifications\nTwo bores generally fire spherical balls or slugs of hardened lead or, in the modern metallic cartridge, additionally a solid bronze projectile. The nominal bore is 1.326 inches (33.7\u00a0mm), and projectiles generally weigh 8 ounces (227 grams; 3500 grains). The velocity is relatively low, at around 1,500 feet per second (460\u00a0m/s) at the muzzle, but develops approximately 17,500\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (23,700\u00a0J) muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160182-0002-0000", "contents": "2 bore, History and background\nDespite the popularity of the calibre in modern gun lore there is no evidence the 2 bore as named was actually used as a terrestrial and shoulder fired firearm. The equivalent calibre size equates to various punt guns used for harvesting large number of waterfowls usually mounted in 'punts' or flat bottomed boats for commercial purposes. A common misconception is the hunter Sir Samuel White Baker being attributed to its use, however his firearm 'Baby' as described below was actually close to 3 bore, the firearms records still exist by the maker listing the serial number as 1296.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160182-0002-0001", "contents": "2 bore, History and background\nThe confusion occurs due to Baker's common reference to the shell fired from the firearm weighing 'half a pound', which would if a round ball equate to a 2 bore by definition. However Baker himself never refers to this projectile being a round ball nor uses the term 2 bore in any of his writings, indicating this half pound shell was a longer projectile of cylindrical or conical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160182-0003-0000", "contents": "2 bore, History and background\nAmong other weapons, I had an extraordinary rifle that carried a half-pound percussion shell\u2014this instrument of torture to the hunter was not sufficiently heavy for the weight of the projectile; it only weighed twenty pounds: thus, with a charge of ten drachms [270 grains] of powder, behind a half-pound shell, the recoil was so terrific, that I spun around like a weathercock in a hurricane. I really dreaded my own rifle, although I had been accustomed to heavy charges of powder, and severe recoil for some years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160182-0003-0001", "contents": "2 bore, History and background\nNone of my men could fire it, and it was looked upon with a species of awe, and it was named \"Jenna-El-Mootfah\" (Child of a Cannon) by the Arabs, which being far too long a name for practice, I christened it the \"Baby;\" and the scream of this \"Baby\" loaded with a half-pound shell was always fatal. It was far too severe, and I very seldom fired it, but it is a curious fact, that I never fired a shot with that rifle without bagging: the entire practice, during several years, was confined to about twenty shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160182-0003-0002", "contents": "2 bore, History and background\nI was afraid to use it; but now and then it was absolutely necessary that it should be cleaned, after months of staying loaded. On such occasions my men had the gratification of firing it, and the explosion was always accompanied by two men falling on their backs (one having propped up the shooter), and the \"Baby\" flying some yards behind them. This rifle was made by Holland & Holland, of Bond Street, and I could highly recommend it for the Goliath of Gath, but not for the men of A.D. 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0000-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38\nThe Flak 30 (Flugzeugabwehrkanone 30) and improved Flak 38 were 20\u00a0mm anti-aircraft guns used by various German forces throughout World War II. It was not only the primary German light anti-aircraft gun but by far the most numerously produced German artillery piece throughout the war. It was produced in a variety of models, notably the Flakvierling 38 which combined four Flak 38 autocannons onto a single carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0001-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, Development\nThe Germans fielded the unrelated early 2\u00a0cm Flak 28 just after World War I, but the Treaty of Versailles outlawed these weapons and they were sold to Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0002-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, Development\nThe original Flak 30 design was developed from the Solothurn ST-5 as a project for the Kriegsmarine, which produced the 20\u00a0mm C/30. The gun fired the \"Long Solothurn\", a 20\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0138\u00a0mm belted cartridge that had been developed for the ST-5 and was one of the more powerful 20\u00a0 mm rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0003-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, Development\nThe C/30, featuring a barrel length of 65 calibres, had a fire rate of about 120 rounds per minute. Disappointingly, it proved to have feeding problems and would often jam, which was offset to some degree by its undersized 20 round-magazine which tended to make reloading a frequent necessity. Nevertheless, the C/30 became the primary shipborne light AA weapon and equipped a large variety of German ships. The MG C/30L variant was also used experimentally as an aircraft weapon, notably on the Heinkel He 112, where its high power allowed it to penetrate  armoured cars and the light tanks of the era during the Spanish Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0004-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, Development\nRheinmetall then started an adaptation of the C/30 for Army use, producing the 2\u00a0cm Flak 30. Generally similar to the C/30, the main areas of development were the mount, which was fairly compact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0005-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, Development\nSet-up could be accomplished by dropping the gun off its two-wheeled trailer, \"Sonderanhangar 51\" (trailer 51) and levelling the gun using hand cranks. The result was a triangular base that permitted fire in all directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0006-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, Development\nBut the main problem with the design remained unsolved. The rate of fire of 120\u00a0RPM (rounds per minute) was not particularly fast for a weapon of this calibre. Rheinmetall responded with the 2\u00a0cm Flak 38, which was otherwise similar but increased the rate of fire to 220\u00a0RPM and slightly lowered overall weight to 420\u00a0kg. The Flak\u00a038 was accepted as the standard Army gun in 1939, and by the Kriegsmarine as the C/38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0007-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, Development\nIn order to provide airborne and mountain troops with an AA capability, Mauser was contracted to produce a lighter version of the Flak 38, which they introduced as the 2\u00a0cm Gebirgsflak 38 (2\u00a0cm GebFlak 38). It featured a dramatically simplified mount using a tripod that raised the entire gun off the ground, with the additional benefit of allowing the weapon to be set up on an uneven surface. These changes reduced the overall weight of the gun to 276.0\u00a0kg. Production started in 1941 and it entered service in 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0008-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, Ammunition\nA range of 20x138B ammunition was manufactured for 2\u00a0cm Flak weapons, the more commonly used types are listed on the following table. Other types included practice rounds (marked \u00dcbung or \u00dcb. in German notation) and a number of different AP types including a high-velocity PzGr 40 round with a tungsten carbide core in an aluminium body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0009-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, 2,0cm Flakvierling 38\nEven as the Flak 30 was entering service, the Luftwaffe and Heer (army) branches of the Wehrmacht had doubts about its effectiveness, given the ever-increasing speeds of low-altitude fighter-bombers and attack aircraft. The Army in particular felt the proper solution was the introduction of the 37\u00a0mm calibre weapons they had been developing since the 1920s, which had a rate of fire about the same as the Flak 38 but fired a round with almost eight times the weight. This not only made the rounds deadlier on impact, but their higher energy and ballistic coefficient allowed them to travel much longer distances, allowing the gun to engage targets at longer ranges. This meant it could keep enemy aircraft under fire over longer time spans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0010-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, 2,0cm Flakvierling 38\nThe 20\u00a0mm weapons had always had weak development perspectives, often being reconfigured or redesigned just enough to allow the weapons to find a use. Indeed, it came as a surprise when Rheinmetall introduced the 2\u00a0cm Flakvierling 38, which improved the weapon just enough to make it competitive again. The term Vierling literally translates to \"quadruplet\" and refers to the four 20\u00a0mm autocannon constituting the design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0011-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, 2,0cm Flakvierling 38\nThe Flakvierling weapon consisted of quad-mounted 2\u00a0cm Flak 38 AA guns with collapsing seats, folding handles, and ammunition racks. The mount had a triangular base with a jack at each leg for levelling the gun. The tracker traversed and elevated the mount manually using two handwheels. When raised, the weapon measured 307\u00a0cm (10 feet 1\u00a0inch) high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0012-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, 2,0cm Flakvierling 38\nEach of the four guns had a separate magazine that held only 20 rounds. This meant that a maximum combined rate of fire of 1,400 rounds per minute was reduced practically to 800 rounds per minute for combat use \u2013 which would still require that an emptied magazine be replaced every six seconds, on each of the four guns. This is the attainable rate of fire; the sustained rate of fire is significantly lower due to heat buildup and barrel erosion. Automatic weapons are typically limited to roughly 100 rounds per minute per barrel to give time for the heat to dissipate, although this can be exceeded for short periods if the firing window is brief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0013-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, 2,0cm Flakvierling 38\nThe gun was fired by two pedals \u2014 each of which fired two diametrically opposite barrels \u2014 in either semi-automatic or automatic mode. The effective vertical range was 2,200 metres. It was also used just as effectively against ground targets as it was against low-flying aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0014-0000", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, 2,0cm Flakvierling 38, Mounting versatility\nThe Flakvierling four-autocannon anti-aircraft ordnance system, when not mounted into any self-propelled mount, was normally transported Sd. Ah. 52 trailer, and could be towed behind a variety of half-tracks or trucks, such as the Opel Blitz and the armoured Sd.Kfz. 251 and unarmored Sd.Kfz. 7/1 and Sd.Kfz. 11 artillery-towing half-track vehicles. Its versatility concerning the vehicles it could be mounted to included its use even on tank hulls to produce fully armoured mobile anti-aircraft vehicles, such as the Panzer IV-based low-production Wirbelwind and original M\u00f6belwagen prototype-design, anti-aircraft tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 86], "content_span": [87, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160183-0014-0001", "contents": "2 cm Flak 30, Flak 38 and Flakvierling 38, 2,0cm Flakvierling 38, Mounting versatility\nIn Kriegsmarine use, it was fitted to U-boats, Siebel ferries and ships to provide short-range anti-aircraft defence, and was also employed in fixed installations around ports, harbours and other strategic naval targets. The Flakvierling was also a common fixture on trains, even on Hitler's own command train, where pairs of them were mounted on either end of a \"camelback\" flatbed car and then covered to make it look like a boxcar, sometimes with a pair of such twin-Flakvierling mount cars for defence, one near each end of Hitler's F\u00fchrersonderzug train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 86], "content_span": [87, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160184-0000-0000", "contents": "2 cm KwK 30\nThe 2\u00a0cm KwK 30 L/55 (2\u00a0cm Kampfwagenkanone 30 L/55) was a German 2 cm cannon used as the main armament of the German Sd.Kfz.121 Panzerkampfwagen II light tank and various reconnaissance vehicles. It was used during the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War. It was produced by Mauser and Rheinmetall-Borsig from 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160184-0001-0000", "contents": "2 cm KwK 30\nThe KwK 30 also served as the basis for the 20\u00a0mm C/30, an aircraft variant mounted experimentally in some Heinkel He 112 fighters and proved to make an excellent ground-attack weapon during the Spanish Civil War. Direct ground-attack was not considered a priority for the Luftwaffe and thus, the cannon was not used on other designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160184-0002-0000", "contents": "2 cm KwK 30\nAn improved version, the 2\u00a0cm KwK 38 L/55 (2\u00a0cm Kampfwagenkanone 38 L/55), was used on the Sd.Kfz.121 Panzerkampfwagen II (Ausf. J models onward). It was also used on the Sd.Kfz.251/17 Sch\u00fctzenpanzerwagen (2 cm) anti-aircraft vehicle, which had the gun on a pedestal mounting with a small armored turret to protect the gunner. Late war, it was issued as a platoon commander's vehicle to replace the Sd.Kfz.251/10 Sch\u00fctzenpanzerwagen (3.7 cm PaK).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160184-0003-0000", "contents": "2 cm KwK 30, Ammunition\nThe 2\u00a0cm KwK 30 used the 20 x 138B cartridge. Average penetration performance established against rolled homogenous steel armor plate laid back at 30\u00b0 from the vertical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160185-0000-0000", "contents": "2 de mayo, la libertad de una naci\u00f3n\nDos de mayo, la libertad de una naci\u00f3n or 2 de mayo, la libertad de una naci\u00f3n (lit. ' 2 May, the freedom of a nation') is a Spanish period drama television series produced by BocaBoca for Telemadrid. Its two seasons aired in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160185-0001-0000", "contents": "2 de mayo, la libertad de una naci\u00f3n, Premise\nThe fiction starts with the burial of Manuela Malasa\u00f1a, and then focus on the daily-life hardships of the Madrilenian people endured under French occupation during the Peninsular War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160185-0002-0000", "contents": "2 de mayo, la libertad de una naci\u00f3n, Production and release\nThe series was produced by BocaBoca for Telemadrid. and directed by Mar\u00eda Cereceda and Gonzalo Baz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160185-0003-0000", "contents": "2 de mayo, la libertad de una naci\u00f3n, Production and release\nUnderpinning an exaltation of the Spanish nation, and forming part of a wider audiovisual effort by the regional branch of the People's Party (PP) in the Community of Madrid on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Dos de Mayo Uprising, the series may be interpreted as \"in line with the political ideology of the People's Party and with its attitude towards the particularist discourses of Basque or Catalan peripheral nationalisms\", in the view of Jos\u00e9 Carlos Rueda Laffond, and as an imprint of an \"epic and patriotic ideal of a single national organic community\" reflecting on the conservative ideology characteristic of the PP in the Madrid region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160185-0004-0000", "contents": "2 de mayo, la libertad de una naci\u00f3n, Production and release\nThe first season, consisting of 13 episodes, premiered on 28 April 2008. The broadcasting run of the 9-episode second season ended on 17 November 2008. The series re-aired on other regional broadcasters such as Canal Sur Televisi\u00f3n and Arag\u00f3n Televisi\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0000-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin\nThe 2 euro cent coin (\u20ac0.02) has a value of one-fiftieth of a euro and is composed of copper-plated steel. All coins have a common reverse and country-specific (national) obverse. The coin has been used since 2002 and was not redesigned in 2007 as were the higher-value coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0001-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, History\nThe coin dates from 2002, when euro coins and banknotes were introduced in the twelve-member eurozone and its related territories. Despite this, a few coins were issued beginning in 1999. The common side was designed by Luc Luycx, a Belgian artist who won a Europe-wide competition to design the new coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0001-0001", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, History\nThe design of the 1 to 5 cent coins was intended to show the European Union's (EU) place in the world (relative to Africa and Asia) as opposed to the one and two euro coins showing the 15 states as one and the 10- to 50-cent coins showing separate EU states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0002-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, History\nThe national sides, then 15 (eurozone + Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican who could mint their own) were each designed according to national competitions, though to specifications which applied to all coins, such as the requirement of including twelve stars (see euro coins for more). National designs were not allowed to change until the end of 2008, unless a monarch (whose portrait usually appears on the coins) died or abdicated. This happened in Monaco and the Vatican City, resulting in three new designs in circulation (the Vatican had an interim design until the new Pope was selected). National designs have seen some changes due to new rules stating that national designs should include the name of the issuing country (Finland and Belgium both do not show their name, and hence have made minor changes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0003-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, History\nAs the EU's membership has since expanded (in 2004 and 2007), with further expansions envisaged, the common face of all euro coins from the value of 10 cents and above was redesigned in 2007 to show a new map. The 1- to 5-cent coins, however, did not change, as the highlighting of the old members over the globe was so faint it was not considered worth the cost. But new national coin designs were added in 2007 with the entry of Slovenia, in 2008 with Cyprus and Malta, in 2009 with Slovakia, in 2011 with Estonia, in 2014 with Latvia, and in 2015 with Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0004-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, Design\nThe coins are composed of copper-covered steel, with a diameter of 18.75\u00a0mm, a 1.67\u00a0mm thickness and a mass of 3.06\u00a0grams. The edges are smooth with a continuous groove running round the coin. This groove helps distinguish the 2-cent coin from the smooth 1- and 5-cent coins, as well as the U.S. penny, which has the same diameter. The coins have been used from 2002, though some are dated 1999 which is the year the euro was created as a currency, but not put into general circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0005-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nThe reverse was designed by Luc Luycx and displays a globe in the bottom right. The then-fifteen members of the EU are lightly highlighted and the northern half of Africa and the western half of Asia (including the Middle East) are shown. Six fine lines cut diagonally behind the globe from each side of the coin and have twelve stars at their ends (reflective of the flag of Europe). To the top left is a large number 2 followed, in smaller text, by the words \"Euro Cent\". The designer's initials, LL, appear to the right of the globe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0006-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nStarting in 2017 coins from individual member states have started adjusting their common side design to a new version, identified by smaller and more rounded numeral \"2\" and longer lines outside of the stars at the coin's circumference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0007-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides\nThe obverse side of the coin depends on the issuing country. All have to include twelve stars (in most cases in a circle around the edge), the engraver's initials, and the year of issue. New designs also have to include the name or initials of the issuing country. The side cannot repeat the denomination of the coin unless the issuing country uses an alphabet other than Latin. (Currently this is true only of Greece, which engraves \"2 \u039b\u0395\u03a0\u03a4\u0391\" upon their coins in the Greek alphabet. Austria, which still shows the denomination in German, will have to change its design to comply; see below.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0008-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs\nAustria, Germany and Greece will at some point need to update their designs to comply with guidelines requiring them to include the issuing state's name or initial, and to not repeat the denomination of the coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0009-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs\nIn addition, there are several EU states that have not yet adopted the euro. Some of them have already agreed upon their coin designs, but it is not known exactly when they will adopt the currency, and hence these are not yet minted. See Enlargement of the eurozone for expected entry dates of these countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0010-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, Usage\nThe one- and two-cent coins were initially introduced in order to ensure that the introduction of the euro was not used as an excuse by retailers to heavily round up prices. However, due to the cost to business and the mints of maintaining a circulation of low value coins, Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Italy and the Netherlands round prices to the nearest five cents (Swedish rounding) for cash payments, producing only a handful of those coins for collectors rather than general circulation. Despite this, the coins are still legal tender and produced outside these states, so if a customer with a two-cent coin minted elsewhere wishes to pay with it, they may.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0011-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, Usage\nThe Dutch Bank calculated it would save $36 million a year by not using the smaller coins. Other countries such as Germany favoured retaining the coins due to their desire for \u20ac1.99 prices, which appear more attractive to the consumer than a \u20ac2 price. According to a Eurobarometer survey of EU citizens, 64% across the Eurozone want their removal with prices rounded; with over 70% in Belgium, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands and Slovakia. Only Portugal and Latvia had a plurality in favour of retaining the coins (49% against removal, 45\u201346% in favour).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160186-0012-0000", "contents": "2 euro cent coin, Nicknames\nIn Flemish, the one-, two- and five-cent coins have the nickname koper (copper), ros (redhead), roske or rostjes (little redhead) due to their colour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0000-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin\nThe 2 euro coin (\u20ac2) is the highest-value euro coin and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The coin is used in 22 countries (with 20 legally adopting it) with a collective population of about 341\u00a0million. The coin is made of two alloys: the inner part of nickel brass, the outer part of copper-nickel. All coins have a common reverse side and country-specific national sides. The coin has been used since 2002, with the present common side design dating from 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0001-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin\nThe \u20ac2 coin is the euro coin subject to legal-tender commemorative issues and hence there is a large number of national sides, including three issues of identical commemorative sides by all eurozone members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0002-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, History\nThe coin dates from 2002, when euro coins and notes were introduced in the 12-member eurozone and its related territories. The common side was designed by Luc Luycx, a Belgian artist who won a Europe-wide competition to design the new coins. The designs of the one- and two-euro coins were intended to show the European Union (EU) as a whole with the then-15 countries more closely joined together than on the 10 to 50-cent coins (the 1-cent to 5-cent coins showed the EU as one, though intending to show its place in the world).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0003-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, History\nThe national sides, then 15 (eurozone plus Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican who could mint their own) were each designed according to national competitions, though to specifications which applied to all coins such as the requirement of including twelve stars. National designs were not allowed to change until the end of 2008, unless a monarch (whose portrait usually appears on the coins) dies or abdicates. This happened in Monaco and the Vatican City, resulting in three new designs in circulation (the Vatican had an interim design until the new Pope was selected). National designs have seen some changes due to a new rule stating that national designs should include the name of the issuing country (neither Finland and Belgium show a country name, and hence have made minor changes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0004-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, History\nIn 2004 the commemorative coins were allowed to be minted in six states (a short interim period was set aside so citizens could get used to the new currency). By 2007 nearly all states had issued a commemorative issue, and the first eurozone-wide commemorative was issued to celebrate the Treaty of Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0005-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, History\nAs the EU's membership has since expanded in 2004 and 2007, with further expansions envisaged, the common face of all euro coins from the value of 10 euro cent and above were redesigned in 2007 to show a new map. This map showed Europe, not just the EU, as one continuous landmass; however, Cyprus was moved west as the map cut off after the Bosphorus (which was seen as excluding Turkey for political reasons). The redesign in 2007, rather than in 2004, was due to the fact that 2007 saw the first enlargement of the eurozone: the entry of Slovenia. Hence, the Slovenian design was added to the designs in circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0006-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, History\nCyprus and Malta joined in 2008, Slovakia in 2009 and Estonia in 2011, bringing four more designs. Also in 2009, the second eurozone-wide issue of a 2-euro commemorative coin was issued, celebrating ten years of the introduction of the euro. In 2012, the third eurozone-wide issue of a 2-euro commemorative coin was issued, celebrating 10 years of euro coins and notes. In 2015, the fourth eurozone-wide issue for this denomination was issued, commemorating the 30th anniversary of the flag of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0007-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Design\nThe coins are composed of two alloys. The inner circle is composed of three layers (nickel brass, nickel, nickel brass) and the outer ring of copper-nickel giving them a two colour (silver outer and gold inner) appearance. The diameter of the coins is 25.75\u00a0mm, the thickness is 2.20\u00a0mm and the mass is 8.5\u00a0grams. The coins' edges are finely milled with lettering, though the exact design of the edge can vary between states with some choosing to write the issuing state's name or denomination around the edge (see \"edges\" below). The coins have been used from 2002, though some are dated 1999 which is the year the euro was created as a currency, but not put into general circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0008-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nThe reverse (used from 2007 onwards) was designed by Luc Luycx and displays a map of Europe, not including Iceland and cutting off, in a semicircle, at the Bosporus, north through the middle of Ukraine and Belarus and through northern Scandinavia. Cyprus is located further west than it should be and Malta is shown disproportionally large so it appears on the map. The map has numerous indentations giving an appearance of geography rather than a flat design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0008-0001", "contents": "2 euro coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nSix fine lines cut across the map except where there is landmass and have a star at each end \u2013 reflecting the twelve stars on the flag of Europe. Across the map is the word EURO, and a large number 2 appears to the left hand side of the coin. The designer's initials, LL, appear next to Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0009-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nLuc Luycx designed the original coin, which was much the same except the design was only of the then 15 members in their entirety and showing border and no geographic features. The map was less detailed and the lines the stars were upon cut through where there would be landmass in eastern Europe if it were shown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0010-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides\nThe obverse side of the coin depends on the issuing country. All have to include twelve stars (in most cases a circle around the edge), the engraver's initials, and the year of issue. New designs also have to include the name or initials of the issuing country. The side cannot repeat the denomination of the coin unless the issuing country uses an alphabet other than Latin (currently, Greece is the only such country, hence it engraves \"2 \u0395\u03a5\u03a1\u03a9\" upon its coins). Austria also engraves \"2 EURO\" on the reverse of its coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0011-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Edges\nThe edges of the 2 euro coin vary according to the issuing state;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0012-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs\nAustria, Germany and Greece will also at some point need to update their designs to comply with guidelines stating they must include the issuing state's name or initial, and not repeat the denomination of the coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0013-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs\nIn addition, there are several EU states that have not yet adopted the euro, some of them have already agreed upon their coin designs however it is not known exactly when they will adopt the currency, and therefore these are not yet minted. See enlargement of the Eurozone for expected entry dates of these countries. Latvia officially introduced the euro on 1 January 2014, its design for the 2 euro coin is similar to the 5 lati coin's design from 1929 to 1932:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0014-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues\nEach state, allowed to issue coins, may also mint two commemorative coins each year (until 2012, it was one a year). Only \u20ac2 coins may be used in this way (for them to be legal tender) and there is a limit on the number that can be issued. The coin must show the normal design criteria, such as the twelve stars, the year and the issuing country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0014-0001", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues\nNot all states have issued their own commemorative coins except for in 2007, 2009 and 2012 when every then-eurozone state issued a common coin (with only different languages and country names used) to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome (1957\u20132007), the 10th anniversary of the euro (1999\u20132009) and the 10th anniversary of euro coins (2002\u20132012). Eurozone-wide issues do not count as a state's two-a-year issue. Germany has begun issuing one coin a year for each of its states (the German Bundesl\u00e4nder series which will take it up to 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0015-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues, Types of Commemorative \u20ac2 coins, Commemorative coins that are issued jointly by all eurozone countries\nSo far, there have been three commemorative coins that the eurozone countries have issued jointly: the first, in March 2007, to commemorate the \"50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome\", the second, in January 2009, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the euro is celebrated with a coin called the \"10th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union\" and the third one in 2012, to commemorate 10 years of the euro coins and notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 137], "content_span": [138, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0016-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues, Types of Commemorative \u20ac2 coins, Commemorative coins that are issued jointly by all eurozone countries\nThere are \u20ac2 commemorative coins that have been issued on the same topic by different member states, two (by Belgium and Italy) to celebrate Louis Braille's 200th birthday, four (by Italy, Belgium, Portugal and Finland) to celebrate 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and two (by Germany and France) to commemorate 50 years of the Elysee Treaty (1963\u20132013).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 137], "content_span": [138, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0017-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues, Types of Commemorative \u20ac2 coins, Commemorative coins issued by a single country\nAs a rule, euro countries may each issue only two \u20ac2 commemorative coins per year. Exceptionally, they are allowed to issue another, provided that it is a joint issuance and commemorates events of European-wide importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 114], "content_span": [115, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0018-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues, Proposing a topic for a \u20ac2 Commemorative Coin, Role of the European Central Bank\nDesigning and issuing the coins is the competence of the individual euro countries. The ECB's role regarding the commemorative but also all other coins is to approve the maximum volumes of coins that the individual countries may issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 115], "content_span": [116, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0019-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues, Proposing a topic for a \u20ac2 Commemorative Coin, Role of the European Central Bank\n\"Unlike banknotes, euro coins are still a national competence and not the ECB's. If a euro area country intends to issue a \u20ac2 commemorative coin it has to inform the European Commission. There is no reporting by euro area countries to the ECB. The Commission publishes the information in the multilingual Official Journal of the EU (C series).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 115], "content_span": [116, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0020-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues, Proposing a topic for a \u20ac2 Commemorative Coin, Role of the European Central Bank\nThe Official Journal is the authoritative source upon which the ECB bases its website updates on euro coins. The reporting process, the translation into 22 languages and publishing lead to unavoidable delays. The coin pages on the ECB\u2019s website cannot therefore always be updated as timely as users might wish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 115], "content_span": [116, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0021-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues, Proposing a topic for a \u20ac2 Commemorative Coin, Role of the European Central Bank\nIf the ECB learns of a euro coin that has not yet featured in the Official Journal, only its image will be posted on the ECB\u2019s website, with a brief statement that confirmation by the European Commission is pending.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 115], "content_span": [116, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0022-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Commemorative issues, Proposing a topic for a \u20ac2 Commemorative Coin, Role of the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs\n, is not specific on the topic of proposing themes for \u20ac2 commemorative coins. It is not mentioned how the \u20ac2 commemorative coins that are in circulation today came about.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 148], "content_span": [149, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160187-0023-0000", "contents": "2 euro coin, Similar coins\nThe coins were minted in several of the participating countries, many using blanks produced at the Birmingham Mint in Birmingham, England. A problem has arisen in differentiation of coins made using similar blanks and minting techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0000-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins\n\u20ac2 commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the eurozone since 2004 as legal tender in all eurozone member states. Only the national obverse sides of the coins differ; the common reverse sides do not. The coins typically commemorate the anniversaries of historical events or draw attention to current events of special importance. In 2007, 2009, 2012 and 2015, there were common commemorative coins with only different national inscriptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0000-0001", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins\nUp to end of 2017, three hundred and two variations of \u20ac2 commemorative coins have been minted \u2013 six in 2004, eight in 2005, seven in 2006, twenty in 2007 (including thirteen versions of the common issue), ten in 2008, twenty-five in 2009 (including sixteen versions of the common issue), twelve in 2010, sixteen in 2011, thirty in 2012 (including seventeen versions of the common issue), twenty-three in 2013, twenty-six in 2014, forty-seven in 2015 (including nineteen versions of the common issue), and thirty-two both in 2016 and 2017. Finland, Italy, Luxembourg, San Marino and the Vatican City are the only countries to have released at least one commemorative coin every year since 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0001-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins\nThe number of commemorative coins is limited to two (before 2012 to one) per country per year (in addition to any common issue) and to 5 percent of the total mintage output. Limits on the designs are also in place to ensure uniformity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0002-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins\nThe \u20ac2 commemorative coins have become collectibles, but are different from commemorative coins with a face value different from \u20ac2, which are officially designated as \"collector coins\" and usually made of precious metals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0003-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Regulations and restrictions\nThe basis for the commemorative coins is derived from a decision of the European Council, which allowed changing the national obverse sides of euro coins from 1 January 2004 onwards. However, a number of recommendations and restrictions still apply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0004-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Regulations and restrictions\nTwo restrictions concern the design. Euro coins must still have a common reverse side, so only the national obverse sides may be varied. Also, the standard national obverse sides per se should not be changed before 2008 at the earliest, unless the head of state depicted on some coins changes before then. (This clause already came into effect for Monaco and the Vatican City, whose heads of state\u2014Rainier III and Pope John Paul II respectively\u2014died in 2005 and whose national obverse sides were changed for 2006.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0005-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Regulations and restrictions\nFurther regulations restrict the frequency and number of commemorative coin issues. Until 2012, each member state could only issue one commemorative coin per year, and since that year two coins per year, and they shall only be denominated as \u20ac2 coins. The total number of such coins put into circulation per year should not surpass the higher of the following two numbers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0006-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Regulations and restrictions\nAnother decision added two more guidelines regarding the design of the coins. The state issuing a coin should in some way clearly be identified on the obverse side, either by stating the full name or a clearly identifiable abbreviation of it; and neither name nor the denomination of the coin should be repeated on the obverse, as it is already featured on the common reverse side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0007-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Regulations and restrictions\nThese restrictions do not apply retroactively; only new designs\u2014the national obverse sides for regular issues of states newly joining the euro or of eurozone states which change their design, and \u20ac2 commemorative coins issued from 2006 onwards\u2014are subject to them. However, the five countries whose designs violated the first update to the rules (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany and Greece) initially were assumed to have to change their design in the future, which Finland did for 2007 and Belgium for 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0008-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Regulations and restrictions\nBelgium was forced to change its design back to show the original portrait of its monarch, because the 2008 update to follow the recommendations also updated the portrait, which was against the rules. The Belgian coins from 2009 onwards show the original royal portrait of 1999, but otherwise keep the new 2008 coin design as far as the country identification and year mark are concerned. These provisions additionally prohibit further sede vacante sets of coins by the Vatican City, allowing only commemorative coins for such occasions. Spain updated their design from 2010 onwards to meet the new rules, leaving Austria, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg and Slovenia in breach of them still.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0009-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Regulations and restrictions\nIn 2012, the European Council set up new specifications of euro coins and named (in article 1 g) a deadline for national sides of regular coins to be updated to fully comply with the current regulation: 20 June 2012. Also in 2012, a new EU regulation on the issuance of euro coins was concluded, increasing the allowed number of national \u20ac2 commemorative coins per year to two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0010-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues\nTwenty three countries have independently issued \u20ac2 commemorative coins (Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and the Vatican City), with Greece being the first country to issue this type of coin. There have also been four common \u20ac2 commemorative coins issued by all eurozone member states:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0011-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues\nA fifth common coin is planned for 2022 to commemorate 35 years of the Erasmus programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0012-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues\nIssued designs are made public in the Official Journal of the European Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0013-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, 2007 commonly issued coin\nA similar Dutch law, which requires the portrait of the current head of state of the Netherlands and the words NAME (Koning/Koningin) der Nederlanden to appear on all coins issued by the Netherlands (for example, currently Willem-Alexander Koning der Nederlanden) was amended so that the Netherlands could take part in this program; the amendment completely removed the requirement for \u20ac2 commemorative coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0014-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, 2007 commonly issued coin\nFurthermore, due to Belgium's special multilingual society, the Belgian coin features the inscription PACTVM ROMANVM QVINQVAGENARIVM in Latin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0015-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, 2007 commonly issued coin\nThe three micro-states which also use the euro due to an official agreement with the European Union (Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City) did not issue this coin, as they are not member states of the European Union. However, some member states of the European Union which had not yet introduced the euro also took part in this program. For example, Cyprus issued a \u00a31 coin and Hungary a 50 Ft coin with the same design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0016-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, 2009 commonly issued coin\nDue to special laws requiring that every coin bear the incumbent Grand Duke's portrait, the Luxembourgish edition of the common \u20ac2 commemorative coin differs slightly from the others in addition to the translated inscriptions, since two latent image of the Grand Duke's portrait were added (as required by national law). The method used (multi-view-minting) was even more sophisticated than the one used in 2007, as portraits of the Grand Duke from the left and the right could be seen, depending on which way one tilted the coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0017-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, 2009 commonly issued coin\nThe winner was George Stamatopoulos, a sculptor from the Bank of Greece Mint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0018-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, 2012 coinage\nNote: Although the design is the same as the 2012 common issue, the coin is issued as national coinage since common side issues are restricted to EU member states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0019-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, 2013 coinage\nfresco by Andrea del Castagno, around 1450 c. (Florence, Galleria degli Uffizi); around, on the bottom, BOCCACCIO 1313 2013; on the right, superimposed letters R (monogram of the Mint of Rome)/RI(monogram of Italian Republic)/m (monogram of the Author Mauri). The coin's outer ring depicts the 12 stars of the European flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0020-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, 2015 coinage\nThe coin's outer ring depicts the 12 stars of the European flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0021-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, German Bundesl\u00e4nder series\nGermany started the commemorative coin series Die 16 Bundesl\u00e4nder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (The 16 States of the Federal Republic of Germany) in 2006, to continue until 2021. The year in which the coin for a specific state is issued coincides with that state's Presidency of the Bundesrat. In 2018, Daniel G\u00fcnther, the Minister President of Schleswig-Holstein, became the President of the Bundesrat for a one-year term. As a Schleswig-Holstein coin had already been minted in 2006, it was decided to delay the release of the following three states' coins by a year. Instead of honouring a state in 2019, the minted coin commemorates 70 years since the constitution of the German Federal Council or Bundesrat was adopted. The last three coins of the series were therefore postponed to 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The coins issued are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0022-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, German Bundesl\u00e4nder series\nThe original designs for these states were changed and were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0023-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, German Bundesl\u00e4nder series\nThe series is similar to the United States' 50 State Quarters series, which saw fifty coins issued for its fifty constituent states, five per year between 1999 and 2008. A separate program saw six coins issued in 2009 for the District of Columbia and five territories of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0024-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, Maltese series, From Children in Solidarity\n(featuring the Role of the Malta Community Chest Fund in Society)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160188-0025-0000", "contents": "2 euro commemorative coins, Issues, Spanish UNESCO World Heritage Sites series\nSpain started the commemorative coin series Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la UNESCO (UNESCO World Heritage) in 2010, commemorating all of Spain's UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which could continue until 2050. The order in which the coin for a specific site is issued coincides with the order in which they were declared a UNESCO World Heritage site. The coins issued are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160189-0000-0000", "contents": "2 for the Show\n2 for the Show is the tenth album released by MC Breed. It was released on November 23, 1999, for Power Records, distributed by Roadrunner Records and was produced by MC Breed, Jazze Pha, Big L, 8Ball & MJG, Rob \"Masta\" Allen, South O, Mike Dean, Sedric \"Swift\" Barnett, B. Wild, Mr. Lee, Theo G, Colin Wolfe and Jermaine Tipton. 2 for the Show was a concept album with all the songs being a duet between Breed and another rapper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160190-0000-0000", "contents": "2 ft 6 in gauge railroads in the United States\nA list of two foot six inch gauge railroads in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160190-0001-0000", "contents": "2 ft 6 in gauge railroads in the United States, Gallery\nAngels Flight is a historic funicular railway located in Downtown Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160191-0000-0000", "contents": "2 ft 6 in gauge railways\n2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) gauge railways are narrow gauge railways with track gauge of 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm). This type of rail was promoted especially in the colonies of the British Empire during the second half of the nineteenth century by Thomas Hall and Everard Calthrop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160191-0001-0000", "contents": "2 ft 6 in gauge railways\nSeveral Bosnian-gauge railways with 760\u00a0mm (2\u00a0ft\u00a05+15\u204416\u00a0in) are found in south-eastern Europe. 760 mm is well within tolerances of 762 mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160192-0000-0000", "contents": "2 ft 6 in gauge railways in Japan\nA list of two foot six inch gauge railways in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160193-0000-0000", "contents": "2 ft 6 in gauge railways in the United Kingdom\nA list of two foot six inch gauge railways in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160193-0001-0000", "contents": "2 ft 6 in gauge railways in the United Kingdom, Gallery\nThe private Statfold Barn Railway in England runs railway equipment with two different track gauges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160193-0002-0000", "contents": "2 ft 6 in gauge railways in the United Kingdom, Gallery\nThe Earl and The Countess locomotives at the Welshpool & Llanfair Light Railway in Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160194-0000-0000", "contents": "2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways\nTwo foot and 600\u00a0mm gauge railways are narrow gauge railways with track gauges of 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) and 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in), respectively. Railways with similar, less common track gauges, such as 1\u00a0ft\u00a011+3\u20444\u00a0in (603\u00a0mm) and 1\u00a0ft\u00a011+1\u20442\u00a0in (597\u00a0mm), are grouped with 2\u00a0ft and 600\u00a0mm gauge railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160194-0001-0000", "contents": "2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways, Overview\nMost of these lines are tourist lines, which are often heritage railways or industrial lines, such as the Festiniog Railway in Wales and the Cripple Creek and Victor Narrow Gauge Railroad in Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160194-0002-0000", "contents": "2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways, Overview\nWorld War I trench railways produced the greatest concentration of 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in) gauge railways to date. In preparation for World War II, the French Maginot Line and Alpine Line also used 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in) gauge railways for supply routes to the fixed border defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160194-0003-0000", "contents": "2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways, Overview\nAustralia has over 4,000 kilometres (2,500\u00a0mi) of 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) gauge sugar cane railway networks in the coastal areas of Queensland, which carry more than 30 million tonnes of sugarcane a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160194-0004-0000", "contents": "2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways, Overview\nMany 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) gauge and 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in) gauge railways are used in amusement parks and theme parks worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160194-0005-0000", "contents": "2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways, Exchange of rolling stock\nThe interchange of rolling stock between these similar track gauges occasionally occurred; for example, the South African Class NG15 2-8-2 locomotives started their career on the 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in) gauge. The Otavi Mining and Railway Company in South-West Africa (now Namibia) were transferred to the 2 ft gauge railways in South Africa and currently some surviving locomotives reside in Wales on the 1\u00a0ft\u00a011+1\u20442\u00a0in (597\u00a0mm) gauge Welsh Highland Railway and the 1\u00a0ft\u00a011+3\u20444\u00a0in (603\u00a0mm) gauge Brecon Mountain Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160195-0000-0000", "contents": "2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways in the United Kingdom\nA list of 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm), 1\u00a0ft\u00a011+3\u20444\u00a0in (603\u00a0mm), 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in), and 1\u00a0ft\u00a011+1\u20442\u00a0in (597\u00a0mm) narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160196-0000-0000", "contents": "2 ft gauge railroads in the United States\nA list of 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow-gauge railways in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160197-0000-0000", "contents": "2 ft gauge railways in Australia\nA list of 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow-gauge railways in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160198-0000-0000", "contents": "2 gauge\n2 gauge (also called II gauge) is a model railway gauge originally 64\u00a0mm (2\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in), then standardised in 1909 at 2\u00a0in (50.8\u00a0mm), a 20% reduction and a change in definition: from mm to inch. It has since fallen into disuse. The gauge was introduced by M\u00e4rklin at the Leipzig toy fair in 1891. 2 gauge was equivalent to a 1:22.5 scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160198-0001-0000", "contents": "2 gauge, Related scales and gauges\nAfter the change to 2\u00a0in (50.8\u00a0mm) in 1909, 64\u00a0mm (2\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in) gauge was standardised as 3 gauge (or III gauge).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160198-0002-0000", "contents": "2 gauge, Related scales and gauges\nEuropean G gauge trains are built to the same II gauge scale, but with a narrow rail gauge of 45\u00a0mm (1.772\u00a0in) (the same as 1 gauge). This G gauge at 1:22.5 scale represents 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a03\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge narrow-gauge railways. This scale-gauge combination is sometimes called IIm in European literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160198-0003-0000", "contents": "2 gauge, Related scales and gauges\nIn the UK, No 2 Gauge was 2\u00a0in (50.8\u00a0mm) while No 3 gauge was 2\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in (64\u00a0mm). From this, it follows that G gauge is sometimes, albeit rarely, referred to as 3m. A 2\u00a0in (50.8\u00a0mm) gauge of standard gauge locos gives a scale of 1:28.25, not so far off the 1/29 used by some manufactures with 45\u00a0mm (1.772\u00a0in) gauge track. In the grand tradition of model rail gauges often being narrower than the full scale equivalent (00 scale being the classic example) this is deemed perfectly acceptable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160199-0000-0000", "contents": "2 in 3\n2 In 3 is an album by Israeli folk duo Esther & Abi Ofarim. It was released on Philips Records in Europe in 1967. This is their most successful album, containing their hits \"Cinderella Rockefella\" and \"Morning of My Life.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160199-0001-0000", "contents": "2 in 3, Recording and release\nAfter signing with Phillips Records in West Germany in 1963, Esther Ofarim and her husband Abi Ofarim became the country's top-selling pop recording artists. Following the success of Das Neue Esther & Abi Ofarim Album, the duo sing in eight different languages on the album 2 In 3, which was recorded in various European cities. Philips started off the album with initial pressings of 100,000 copies, a record for Germany at the time. 2 In 3 became Esther & Abi Ofarim's third No.1 album in Germany and it reached No. 6 on the UK Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 29], "content_span": [30, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160199-0002-0000", "contents": "2 in 3, Recording and release\nThe album contains the Barry Gibbs penned song \"Morning of My Life.\" Esther & Abi Ofarim released the first version of this song in 1967. The Bee Gees later released other renditions. Esther & Abi Ofarim performed the song on the television special Gala-Abend der Schallplatte 1967 (Gala Disk Evenings 1967), the first color telecast in Europe. The single peaked at No. 2 in Germany and No. 9 in Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 29], "content_span": [30, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160199-0003-0000", "contents": "2 in 3, Recording and release\nThe second single, \"Cinderella Rockefella,\" became their biggest hit. The song was written by Mason Williams, a writer for the American TV series The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. Esther & Abi Ofarim first performed the song on the show in April 1967. The single was released in February 1968 and soon reached the top 10 in numerous countries, including No. 1 in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 29], "content_span": [30, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160200-0000-0000", "contents": "2 in 8 with double base\n2 in 8 with double base, which in Catalan is called 2 de 8 amb folre or torre de vuit amb folre, is a castellers human tower with 8 levels and 2 people per level in the trunk. It is strengthened by a second base (folre in Catalan) in the second level, which helps the third level. The top crown consists of the pair (dosos), a bending child (acotxador) and the crowner (enxaneta). The last two members of the tower are the only ones that climb down through the opposite row they have used to climb up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160200-0001-0000", "contents": "2 in 8 with double base\nIt is a very fragile human tower and it needs technical and equilibrated castellers to complete it. It is considered the third most difficult tower of 8 levels, after the 4 in 8 and the 3 in 8, and the first of the high range of 8, followed by the 7 in 8 and  5 in 8. Until 2014, 22 groups of castellers have attempted this tower and all of them have completed it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160200-0002-0000", "contents": "2 in 8 with double base\nIt has been completed by Colla Vella dels Xiquets de Valls, Nens del Vendrell, Castellers de Vilafranca, Colla Joves Xiquets de Valls, Minyons de Terrassa, Colla Jove Xiquets de Tarragona, Xiquets de Reus, Xiquets de Tarragona, Castellers de Terrassa, Castellers de Barcelona, Bordegassos de Vilanova, Capgrossos de Matar\u00f3, Xics de Granollers, Xicots de Vilafranca, Sagals d'Osona, Castellers de Sants, Castellers de Lleida, Castellers de la Vila de Gr\u00e0cia, Castellers de Sabadell, Castellers de Sant Cugat, Marrecs de Salt and Moixiganguers d'Igualada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160201-0000-0000", "contents": "2 in a Room\n2 in a Room was an American hip hop, freestyle and hip house duo. The group, active between 1987 and 1995, consisted of rapper Rafael \"Dose\" Vargas and producer/remixer Roger \"Rog Nice\" Pauletta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160201-0001-0000", "contents": "2 in a Room, Musical career\nThey are best known for their 1990 hit single \"Wiggle It\", written and produced by George Morel and Rafael Vargas. It spent two weeks at #1 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart (and #3 in the UK Singles Chart,) and then crossed over to mainstream radio, and climbed to #15 on the Billboard Hot 100, eventually becoming a gold single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160201-0002-0000", "contents": "2 in a Room, Musical career\nBefore that, they were known for a track called \"Do What You Want\" (1990) that got a lot of club and DJ play in New York and Chicago. \"El Trago (the Drink)\" was a #86 Billboard Hot 100 chart entry (the last of their pop hits), but they did chart several more singles on the dance chart through the 1990s. Their first release in the UK was \"Somebody In The House Say Yeah!\" in the late part of 1989. They later changed their name to Fulanito; and style of music to merengue. Vargas, also known under Dose Material, was also member of 740 Boyz from 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160201-0003-0000", "contents": "2 in a Room, In popular culture\nIn 1991, Alvin and the Chipmunks covered \"Wiggle It\" for their album The Chipmunks Rock the House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160202-0000-0000", "contents": "2 in the Morning\n\"2 in the Morning\" is the fourth single and the third U.S. single release from pop group New Kids on the Block's sixth studio album, The Block. Like many of the songs on The Block, it features lead vocals by Joey McIntyre, Jordan Knight, and Donnie Wahlberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160202-0001-0000", "contents": "2 in the Morning, Release\nIt was released on February 23, 2009 in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, the single was released as digital download only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160202-0002-0000", "contents": "2 in the Morning, Promotion\nNew Kids on the Block performed the song for the first time on Sessions@AOL then later presented the song on The Today Show with Hoda Kotb and Kathie Lee Gifford and on Live with Regis and Kelly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160202-0003-0000", "contents": "2 in the Morning, Music video\nThe music video was directed by Meiert Avis, Chris Ledoux and Donnie Wahlberg. It was produced by Jeremy Alter. The video was released on February 23 on AOL. The music video was shot in California at an old mansion in the Pacific Palisades. The video starts with Donnie Wahlberg saying \"tick tock\" and a man shows a watch reading two o'clock. New Kids On The Block were shown in a foggy/cloudy environment singing the song. The story starts with a man in a car and goes into the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160202-0003-0001", "contents": "2 in the Morning, Music video\nAs he enters, he sees his lady arguing on the phone and tries to comfort her in the living room and the bathroom but she ignored it. Next scene shows the lady checking on her laptop and puts it away as she and her man were going to bed without any words showing no connection when it comes through a difficult time. Then, the story started all over and showing once again the man in the car and the lady arguing on the phone. The lady does the same things again but this time, the man was still in the car. At the end, the couple work things out and hug each other. The girl in the music video was played by model Niki Huey, she also appeared in Jesse McCartney's music video \"Leavin'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160202-0004-0000", "contents": "2 in the Morning, Chart performance\nAfter months without being in any charts, the song finally debut on the Canadian Hot 100 around June and reach #76.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160203-0000-0000", "contents": "2 in the Morning (Girlicious song)\n\"2 in the Morning\" is the third single by the American pop group Girlicious's second album Rebuilt. It was produced by Kuya Productions and Jedi. It was digitally released to the Canadian iTunes Store on August 31, 2010, in Canada, and to the American iTunes Store on August 31, 2010. The song samples ATC's \"Around the World (La La La La La)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160203-0001-0000", "contents": "2 in the Morning (Girlicious song), Chart performance\nThe song debuted on the Canadian Airplay chart at number 48 on the week of September 1, 2010. The single eventually reached its peak on its seventh week on the chart, at number 19. On the week of September 10, 2010, the song debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 57. On the week of November 13, 2010, the song reached its peak at number 35 making it so far the most successful single from this era, and their highest-peaking single since \"Stupid Shit\". The single remained on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for a total of 14 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160203-0002-0000", "contents": "2 in the Morning (Girlicious song), Remixes\nOn January 11, 2011, Girlicious released to Canadian iTunes as digital download the first official remix of \"2 in the Morning\" which was dubbed as \"Original Harper & Brother Remix\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160204-0000-0000", "contents": "2 krooni\nThe 2 krooni banknote (2 EEK) is a denomination of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. Karl Ernst von Baer, who was an Estonian Baltic German anthropologist, naturalist and geographer (1792\u20131876), is featured with a portrait on the obverse. The 2 krooni bill is called sometimes a \"kahene\" meaning \"a two\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160204-0001-0000", "contents": "2 krooni\nA view of Tartu University which was founded in 1632 is featured on the reverse. Before the replacement of the EEK by the euro, the 2 krooni banknote was the smallest denomination most commonly used by Estonian residents on an everyday basis. It can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for \u20ac0.13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160205-0000-0000", "contents": "2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)\nThe 2m Bubble Chamber was a device used in conjunction with CERN\u2019s 25 GeV Proton Synchrotron (PS) machine to study high-energy physics. It was decided to build this chamber in 1958 with a large team of physicists, engineers, technicians and designers led by Charles Peyrou. This project was of considerable magnitude, thus requiring a long-term planning so that all its characteristics could be carefully studied. Several models of this chamber were built and the problems encountered surpassed any of its predecessors. The construction only began three years later and in 1964 the chamber was finally commissioned. This chamber was devoted to the study of interaction mechanisms of high-energy particles and the investigation of the properties of their excited states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160205-0001-0000", "contents": "2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)\nThe bubble chamber was filled with 1150 litres of liquid hydrogen and was expanded by a piston placed at the top. The chamber had vertical windows, a magnet made up of copper coils which generated a field of 1.7 T and the whole apparatus weighted more than 700 tons. The expansion system of the 2 m bubble chamber allowed for multiple expansions during one PS pulse, which resulted in three event photos per beam pulse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160205-0002-0000", "contents": "2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)\nA 10 GeV/c K- beam was required to produce the \u03a9\u2212 suggested by Murray Gell-Mann on his SU(3) theory. Hence, in 1965 a RF separated beam was added in order to obtain a separated K\u2212 and K+ at higher energies than with electrostatic separators. Furthermore, these beams enabled the study of hyperon resonances of strangeness -1 and -2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160205-0002-0001", "contents": "2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)\nThe most thorough effort in the field was a massive exposure of the chamber to K\u2212 at 4.2 GeV/c. Experiments with antiprotons at 1.2 GeV/c, 5 GeV/c and at rest were conducted to investigate the formation of hyperon-antihyperon pairs and 8GeV/c \u03c0+ experiments to study mechanism of two-body production. The 2 m bubble chamber was also used to study weak interactions and K0 decays since it allowed the determination of the K0 trajectory independently of its decay over a distance corresponding to various K0s lifetimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160205-0003-0000", "contents": "2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)\nThe experiments were performed with a variety of beams, namely K+ (1.2-16 GeV/c), K\u2212 (2.8-16 GeV/c), p (12-24 GeV/c), anti-p (1.5-12 GeV/c) and \u03c0\u00b1 (4-16 GeV/c).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160205-0003-0001", "contents": "2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)\nThe ones carried out in the 2 m bubble chamber with hydrogen liquid filling were: T40, T41, T55, T64, T80, T82, T87, T88, T99, T106, T107, T108, T109, T112, T113, T115, T116, T117, T118, T129, T130, T131, T139, T140, T141, T143, T144, T145, T148, T150, T153, T155, T158, T159, T164, T168, T172, T173, T177, T178, T180, T181, T184, T186, T187, T196, T197, T198, T200, T201, T203, T204, T208, T209, T214, T215, T216, T218, T220, T221, T226, T227, T232, T233, T236, T237 and T239; and with deuterium: T52, T68, T97, T104, T105, T128, T152, T157, T162, T169, T174, T179, T182, T183, T188, T194, T195, T202, T210, T211, T217, T246 and T247.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160205-0004-0000", "contents": "2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)\nThe 2m bubble chamber was very reliable, accurate and extremely productive. In the twelve years of operation, until 1976, it took nearly 40 million pictures of which about 7 million were with deuterium filling and the rest with hydrogen, resulting in a total of 20,000\u00a0km of film. The photographs were analysed by more than 50 European laboratories and led to 600 publications. For the first time, these photographs were globally distributed as well as the programs required to analyse them. People from all around the world were able to contribute and be part of the experiments conducted at CERN. After its closure, the 2 m bubble chamber was donated to the Deutsche Museum in Munich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160206-0000-0000", "contents": "2 minutes du peuple\n2 minutes du peuple is a series of two-minute radio sketches, recorded by Canadian comedian Fran\u00e7ois P\u00e9russe. The vast majority of the sketches \u2013\u00a0called capsules by P\u00e9russe \u2013\u00a0are independent from one another, but some characters are recurrent. The sketches are based on everyday life and reference shows such as The X-Files, ER, Columbo, and \u00c7a se discute, as well as popular songs. The style of humour used is a mixture between surreal comedy, onomatopoeia and puns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160207-0000-0000", "contents": "2 mm caliber\nThis article lists firearm cartridges which have a caliber in the 2.00 to 2.99 millimetres (0.079 to 0.118\u00a0in) range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160208-0000-0000", "contents": "2 mm scale\n2mm scale, often 2mm finescale is a specification used for railway modelling, largely for modelling British railway prototypes. It uses a scale of 2\u00a0mm on the model to 1-foot on the prototype, which scales out to 1:152. The track gauge used to represent prototype standard gauge (4'8+1\u20442\") is 9.42\u00a0mm (0.371\u00a0in). Track and wheels are closer to dead scale replicas than commercial British N.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160208-0001-0000", "contents": "2 mm scale, Standard\nThe 2mm standards were proposed by Mr. H H Groves in the early 1960s and revised to their current specification in November 1963 by Geoffrey Jones. It is similar in size to the slightly larger British N scale at 1:148, and the slightly smaller European/American N scale at 1:160; though it predates both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160208-0002-0000", "contents": "2 mm scale, Standard\nSince 2mm scale is very close to the 1:148 British N scale, a hybrid specification can be modelled by rewheeling proprietary British N scale models to the 9.42\u00a0mm track gauge. This hybrid specification results in a track gauge equivalent to 4 feet 6+7\u20448 inches (1394mm), slightly narrower than the prototype 4 feet 8+1\u20442 inches. There is an advantage however in the narrower gauge as this allows more room for the outside motion of outside cylindered steam locomotives which must be overscale in order to function correctly. This approach is often recommended for beginners. However, 2mm-scale and hybrid-scale models do not usually sit well together due to the larger size of the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160208-0003-0000", "contents": "2 mm scale, Standard, Supplementary Standards\nLike Protofour, 2mm standards have been extended to several other prototypes of both wider and narrower gauge with the same tolerances such as Brunel's 7\u00a0ft\u00a01\u20444\u00a0in (2,140\u00a0mm) gauge, Japan Rail's 1,067\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in) narrow gauge and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160208-0004-0000", "contents": "2 mm scale, Standard, Supplementary Standards, FiNescale Standard\nThe FiNescale standard in use for European prototypes is identical to 2mmFS, with the exception of a to-scale rail gauge of 9\u00a0mm (0.354\u00a0in).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 65], "content_span": [66, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160208-0005-0000", "contents": "2 mm scale, Standard, Appreciation\nOne major effect of the standard is to improve the appearance of the track as opposed to N scale where it is overly tall. Linking carriages with 3 link chains has been successfully achieved in using the standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160208-0006-0000", "contents": "2 mm scale, Support\nNo ready-to-run models are available in 2mm scale, and although there is some availability of kits and components, some model-making skill is normally required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160208-0007-0000", "contents": "2 mm scale, Support\nThere is an active association, The 2mm Scale Association, for modellers in this scale, who supply components, tools and jigs, publish a bi-monthly magazine, organise local groups, and promote modelling in the scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160209-0000-0000", "contents": "2 naye paise (Indian coin)\nThe Indian Two naye paise (Hindi: \u0926\u094b \u0928\u090f \u092a\u0948\u0938\u0947) (singular: Paisa), is a unit of currency equaling 2\u2044100 of the Indian rupee. The symbol for paisa is p.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160209-0001-0000", "contents": "2 naye paise (Indian coin), History\nPrior to 1957, Indian rupee was not decimalised and the rupee from 1835 to 1957 AD was further divided into 16 annas. Each anna was further divided to four Indian pices and each pice into three Indian pies till 1947 when the pie was demonetized. In 1955, India amended the \"Indian Coinage Act\" to adopt the metric system for coinage. Paisa coins were introduced in 1957, but from 1957 to 1964 the coin was called \"Naya Paisa\" (English: New Paisa). On 1 June 1964, the term \"Naya\" was dropped and the denomination was simply called \"One paisa\". Paisa coins were issued as a part of \"The Decimal Series\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160209-0002-0000", "contents": "2 naye paise (Indian coin), Mintage\nTwo naye paise coins was minted from 1957 to 1963 at the India Government mint in Bombay (present day Mumbai) and borne symbol \u29eb (small dot/diamond) as mint mark. The coin has been demonetized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160209-0003-0000", "contents": "2 naye paise (Indian coin), Mintage, Composition\nTwo naye paise coins were minted from Cupronickel alloy in medallic orientation. The coins weighed 2.95 grams, had a diameter of 18 millimetres (0.71\u00a0in) and thickness of 1.8 millimetres (0.071\u00a0in). Scalloped with eight notches, the coins had smooth edge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160210-0000-0000", "contents": "2 nm process\nIn semiconductor manufacturing, the 2 nm process is the next MOSFET (metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor field-effect transistor) die shrink after the 3 nm process node. As of 2021, TSMC is expected to begin 2 nm production sometime after 2023; Intel also forecasts production by 2024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160210-0001-0000", "contents": "2 nm process, Background\nIn late 2018, TSMC chairman Mark Liu predicted chip scaling would continue to 3\u00a0nm and 2\u00a0nm nodes; however, as of 2019, other semiconductor specialists were undecided as to whether nodes beyond 3\u00a0nm could become viable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160210-0002-0000", "contents": "2 nm process, Background\nTSMC began research on 2\u00a0nm in 2019. TSMC expected to transition from FinFET to GAAFET transistor types when moving from 3\u00a0nm to 2\u00a0nm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160210-0003-0000", "contents": "2 nm process, Background\nIntel's 2019 roadmap scheduled potentially equivalent 3 nm and 2 nm nodes for 2025 and 2027 respectively. In December 2019, Intel announced plans for 1.4\u00a0nm production in 2029.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160210-0004-0000", "contents": "2 nm process, Background\nIn August 2020, TSMC began building a R&D lab for 2 nm technology in Hsinchu, expected to become partially operational by 2021. In September 2020 (SEMICON Taiwan 2020) it was reported that TSMC Chairman Mark Liu had stated the company would build a plant for the 2 nm node at Hsinchu in Taiwan, and that it could also install production at Taichung dependent on demand. According to the Taiwan Economic Daily (2020) expectations were for high yield risk production in late 2023. In July 2021, TSMC received governmental approval to build its 2 nm plant; according to Nikkei the company expects to install production equipment for 2 nm by 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160210-0005-0000", "contents": "2 nm process, Background\nAt the end of 2020, seventeen European Union countries signed a joint declaration to develop their entire semiconductor industry, including developing process nodes as small as 2 nm, as well as designing and manufacturing custom processors, assigning up to 145 billion euro in funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160210-0006-0000", "contents": "2 nm process, Background\nIn May 2021, IBM announced it had produced 2 nm class transistor using three silicon layer nanosheets with a gate length of 12\u00a0nm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160210-0007-0000", "contents": "2 nm process, Background\nIn July 2021, Intel unveiled its process node roadmap from 2021 onwards. The company confirmed their 2 nm process node called Intel 20A, with the \"A\" referring to angstrom, a unit equivalent to 0.1 nanometer. At the same time they introduced a new process node naming scheme that aligned their product names to similar designations from their main competitors. Intel's 20A node is projected to be their first to move from FinFET to Gate-All-Round transistors (GAAFET); Intel's version is named 'RibbonFET'. Their 2021 roadmap scheduled the Intel 20A node for introduction in 2024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160210-0008-0000", "contents": "2 nm process, Beyond 2 nm\nIntel have planned 18A (equivalent to 1.8 nm) products for 2025.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160211-0000-0000", "contents": "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted\n\"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted\" is a song by American hip hop artist 2Pac from his 1996 album All Eyez on Me. The song features fellow West Coast rapper Snoop Doggy Dogg and was produced by Daz Dillinger. The song served as a promotional single for the album and later as the B-side to the album's second major single, How Do U Want It. The song peaked at number 46 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart. The song contains an interpolations of  Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five's song \"The Message\" and \"Radio Activity Rap (Let's Jam)\" by MC Frosty and Lovin' C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160211-0001-0000", "contents": "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted\nThough the song was limited to a promo release, a music video was created for the song. The version of the song used for the music video differs to the version found on the album, with clean alternate lyrics, delay on the word \"Party\" within the chorus, and an arpeggio added to the beat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160211-0002-0000", "contents": "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted, Music video\nThe video was directed by one of 2Pac's production partners, Tracy Robinson. The prelude for the song shows a parody of Biggie Smalls (\"Piggy\") and Puff Daddy  in discussion with Shakur about the November 1994 shooting. The beginning of the scene where Tupac is speaking to Biggie is in reference to the movie Scarface where Tony speaks to his alleged killer before shooting him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160211-0003-0000", "contents": "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted, Appearances\nThe song was included on numerous 2Pac compilations, including his Greatest Hits and Best of: Thug album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160211-0004-0000", "contents": "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted, Appearances\nIt was the final song performed live by both Snoop Dogg & 2Pac (in his last recorded performance) at the House of Blues on July 4, 1996. The concert was released on the Live at the House of Blues album in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160211-0005-0000", "contents": "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted, Appearances\nThis song was played by Dr. Dre & Snoop Dogg as tribute to 2Pac on the 2000 Up In Smoke Tour. The performance included a sample of the 2Pac verse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160211-0006-0000", "contents": "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted, Appearances\nOn April 15, 2012, the song was played at the Coachella Festival with Snoop Dogg performing with a hologram of 2Pac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160211-0007-0000", "contents": "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted, Appearances\nThe song featured in the first episode of the TV series Gang Related.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160211-0008-0000", "contents": "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted, Appearances\nThe song was played on 2Pac's biopic, All Eyez On Me (2017), with 2Pac and Snoop in the studio recording the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160212-0000-0000", "contents": "2 of One\n2 of One is a video album by American heavy metal band Metallica. It was released on June 6, 1989, through Elektra Entertainment and features two versions of the group's first music video, \"One\", from their fourth studio album ... And Justice for All.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160212-0001-0000", "contents": "2 of One\nThe music video was directed by Bill Pope and Michael Salomon and was filmed in Los Angeles, California. It features clips from Dalton Trumbo's anti-war film Johnny Got His Gun (1971). All parts of 2 of One are included on the DVD The Videos 1989\u20132004, released in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0000-0000", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge\n2 On 2 Open Ice Challenge, also known as NHL Open Ice: 2 on 2 Challenge, or just NHL Open Ice, is an ice hockey arcade game released by Midway Games in 1995. It features comically exaggerated hockey play, causing it to often be described as an ice hockey equivalent to Midway's NBA Jam. It was ported to PlayStation in 1996. The game would be similar to its arcade counterpart with exception to the fact that the Winnipeg Jets moved to Phoenix after the conclusion of the 1995\u201396 season, thus the Phoenix Coyotes replaced the Jets in the PlayStation port. In addition, much of the team's roster was changed, including its goalie, Tim Cheveldae being replaced by Nikolai Khabibulin, therefore Cheveldae was unable to be a goalie playing for any team in the PlayStation version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0001-0000", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge\nOpen Ice was released on PC (Windows) in 1996-1997 featuring the same roster and teams as the PlayStation version. This game is an official licensed product of the NHLPA (National Hockey League Players Association).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0002-0000", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge, Development\nJack Haeger was lead game designer and an avid hockey player. The lead programmer was Mark Penacho, assisted by Bill Dabelstein. Sound design and music by Jon Hey. The skating sounds were recorded by Jon Hey at the Chicago Park District's only indoor ice rink, McFetridge Sports Center, which is just a block North of what was once Midway's Chicago studios. The announcer in the game is the famous voice of the Chicago Blackhawks Pat Foley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0002-0001", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge, Development\nIf a team achieves \"On-Fire\" status (made famous initially by Midway's NBA Jam), Pat Foley's voice will occasionally announce: \"Toasty\", a reference to Mortal Kombat. A version of 2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge for Panasonic M2 was in development and slated to be one of the launch titles but it never occurred due to the system's cancellation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0003-0000", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge, Reception\nReviewing the arcade version, Next Generation called the game \"NBA Jam on ice\", and said it would be particularly appreciated since arcade hockey games were almost unheard of at the time. They applauded the game's full NHL licensing and player rosters, flaming pucks, two-on-two mode, commentary, and overall depth and playability of its hockey action, and concluded that \"Williams rarely makes a bad move, and Open Ice is testament to its conservative but consistent quality games.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0003-0001", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge, Reception\nBruised Lee of GamePro similarly said the game \"proves that Midway will continue to dominate the arcade sports market long after the success of NBA Jam.\" He praised the numerous Easter eggs, sharp graphics, fluid animation, and variety of moves. Brad Cook of AllGame called the same game \"a must play for any hockey fan.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0004-0000", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge, Reception\nIn 1996 the arcade version was placed on display in the Hockey Hall of Fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0005-0000", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge, Reception\nThe PlayStation and PC versions divided reviewers. Jeff Kitts of GameSpot, The Rookie of GamePro, and Dean Hager of Electronic Gaming Monthly all agreed that it offered fun and fast NBA Jam-style hockey and was a faithful translation of the arcade version. Kitts acknowledged problems with the animations but praised the inclusion of novelty power-up codes, and judged the game an overall refreshing break from realistic hockey sims. The Rookie went so far as to say that it \"shoots and scores at every level.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0005-0001", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge, Reception\nIn contrast, Hager's co-reviewer Kraig Kujawa said it \"doesn't seem to capture the magic that made that made [NBA Jam] so popular\", and that it compares poorly to its similar contemporary, Wayne Gretzky's 3D Hockey for the Nintendo 64. Next Generation agreed that it simply lacked the spark of NBA Jam, and also \"fails to capture the coin-op's flashy essence\", citing smaller characters, missing frames of animation, a weaker color palette, and missing audio effects compared to the arcade version. Official UK PlayStation Magazine said that players should \"avoid the game at all costs.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160213-0006-0000", "contents": "2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge, Reception\nStephen Poole of GameSpot said of the PC version, \"NHL Open Ice isn't the kind of game you'll play for hours on end, but it is the kind that you can fire up just about any time for 20 or 30 minutes of fun, or leave running at your next party for your guests to enjoy. Except for the graphics in the full-screen mode, they'll think they're at the arcade - and with a game like this, you can't ask any more than that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160214-0000-0000", "contents": "2 or 3 Things I Know About Him\n2 or 3 Things I Know About Him (German: 2 oder 3 Dinge, die ich von ihm wei\u00df) is a documentary film in which German director Malte Ludin examines the impact of Nazism in his family. Malte's father, Hanns Ludin, was the Third Reich's ambassador to Slovakia. As such, he signed deportation orders that sent thousands of Jews to Auschwitz. Hanns Ludin was executed for war crimes in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160214-0001-0000", "contents": "2 or 3 Things I Know About Him, Production\nMalte Ludin did not undertake this film until after the death of his mother, Erla. The documentary does include clips of earlier interviews he conducted with Erla, however. Malte also interviews his sisters, who recall their father with some fondness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160214-0002-0000", "contents": "2 or 3 Things I Know About Him, Plot\nA German filmmaker forces his siblings to come to terms with their father's Nazi past. Despite documentary evidence of Hanns Ludin's direct involvement in the deportation of thousands of Slovak Jews to their deaths, director Malte Ludin's sisters remain in various phases of denial about their dad. His older sister, Barbel, is a particularly staunch denier of any complicity on the part of the elder Ludin, who served as Adolf Hitler's ambassador to Slovakia during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160214-0003-0000", "contents": "2 or 3 Things I Know About Him, Plot\nThe film exposes the spectrum of reaction to the Holocaust among the post-war generation in Germany. While Ludin confronts his father, and Germany's, guilt full-on, his sister Barbel continually refuses to concede the most basic points about the mass slaughter of millions of Jews by the Nazis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160214-0004-0000", "contents": "2 or 3 Things I Know About Him, Release\n2 oder 3 Dinge, die ich von ihm wei\u00df was first shown in 2005. In 2007, it was released as 2 or 3 Things I Know About Him in Manhattan by the National Center for Jewish Film. It opened at Film Forum on January 24, 2007, and was paired with Torte Bluma, an English-language short by Benjamin Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160214-0005-0000", "contents": "2 or 3 Things I Know About Him, Reception\nThe film was received well by critics. As of July\u00a02020, the film holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on six reviews with an average rating of 8/10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0000-0000", "contents": "2 point player\n2 point player and 2.5 point player is a disability sport classification for wheelchair basketball. People in this class have partial trunk control when making forward motions. The class includes people with T8-L1 paraplegia, post-polio paralysis and amputations. People in this class handle the ball less than higher-point players. They  have some stability issues on court, and may hold their wheel when trying to one hand grab rebounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0001-0000", "contents": "2 point player\nThe class includes people with amputations. Amputees are put into this class depending on the length of their stumps and if they play using prosthetic legs. Classification into this classes has four phases. They are a medical assessment, observation during training, observation during competition and assessment. Observation during training may include a game of one on one. Once put into this class, it is very difficult to be classified out of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0002-0000", "contents": "2 point player\nDuring the 2000s, there was a lot of discussion in the United States about how to increase participation of players in this class. One suggestion was to allow able bodied people to participate to give players in this class more time on the floor. Another one involved changing the classification system used domestically to align with the one used internationally by the IWBF,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0003-0000", "contents": "2 point player\nPeople in this class include Australia players  Grant Mizens and  Kylie Gauci.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0004-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Definition\nThis classification is for wheelchair basketball. Classification for the sport is done by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. Classification is extremely important in wheelchair basketball because when players' point totals are added together, they cannot exceed fourteen points per team on the court at any time. Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the wheelchair basketball players in this classification as players having, \"No lower limb but partial trunk control in a forward direction. Rely on hand grip to remain stable in a collision.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0005-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Definition\nThe Australian Paralympic Committee defines this classification as, \"Players with some partially controlled trunk movement in the forward direction, but no controlled sideways movement. They have upper trunk rotation but poor lower trunk rotation.\" The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation defines a 2 point player as, \"Some partially controlled trunk movement in the forward direction, but no controlled sideways movement, has upper trunk rotation but poor lower trunk rotation.\" The Cardiff Celts, a wheelchair basketball team in Wales, explain this classification as, \"mild to moderate loss of stability in the lower trunk. [ ...] Typical Class 2 Disabilities include\u00a0: T8-L1 paraplegia, post-polio paralysis without control of lower extremity movement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0006-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Definition\nA player can be classified as a 2.5 point player if they display characteristics of a 2 point player and 3 point player, and it is not easy to determine exactly which of these two classes the player fits in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0007-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Strategy and on court ability\n2 point players need to put one hand on their chair's wheel for stability when trying to rebound. This is because of stability issues. When pushing themselves around the court, they do not require the back of their chair to maintain stable forward movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0008-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Strategy and on court ability\nThere is a significant difference in special endurance between 2 point players, and 3 and 4 point players, with 2 point players having less special endurance. 1 point and 2 point players handle the ball the least on court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0009-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Disability groups, Amputees\nPeople with amputations may compete in this class. This includes A1and A9 ISOD classified players. Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (6.8\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0010-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Disability groups, Amputees, Lower limb amputees\nISOD classified A1 players may be found in this class. This ISOD class is for people who have both legs amputated above the knee. There is a lot of variation though in which IWBF class these players may be put into. Those with hip articulations are generally classified as 3 point players, while those with slightly longer leg stumps in this class are 3.5 point players. Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower. A1 basketball players use around 120% more oxygen to walk or run the same distance as some one without a lower limb amputation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0011-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Disability groups, Amputees, Upper and lower limb amputees\nISOD classified A9 players may be found in this class. The class they play in will be specific to the location of their amputations and their lengths. Players with hip disarticulation in both legs are 3.0 point players while players with two slightly longer above the knee amputations are 3.5 point players. Players with one hip disarticulation may be 3.5 point players or 4 point players. People with amputations longer than 2/3rds the length of their thigh when wearing a prosthesis are generally 4.5 point players. Those with shorter amputations are 4 point players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 74], "content_span": [75, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0011-0001", "contents": "2 point player, Disability groups, Amputees, Upper and lower limb amputees\nAt this point, the classification system for people in this class then considers the nature of the hand amputation by subtracting points to assign a person to a class. A wrist disarticulation moves a player down a point class while a pair of hand amputations moves a player down two point classes, with players with upper limb amputations ending up as low as a 1. point player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 74], "content_span": [75, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0012-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Disability groups, Spinal cord injuries, F5\nThis is  wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level T8 - L1. In the past, this class was known as Lower 3, or Upper 4. The location of lesions on different vertebrae tend to be associated with disability levels and functionality issues. T12 and L1 are associated with abdominal innervation complete. Disabled Sports USA defined the anatomical definition of this class in 2003 as, \"Normal upper limb function. Have abdominal muscles and spinal extensors (upper or more commonly upper and lower). May have non-functional hip flexors (grade 1). Have no abductor function.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0012-0001", "contents": "2 point player, Disability groups, Spinal cord injuries, F5\nPeople in this class have good sitting balance. People with lesions located between T9 and T12 have some loss of abdominal muscle control. Disabled Sports USA defined the functional definition of this class in 2003 as, \"Three trunk movements may be seen in this class: 1)  Off the back of a chair (in an upwards direction). 2)  Movement in the backwards and forwards plane. 3)   Some trunk rotation. They have fair to good sitting balance. They cannot have functional hip flexors, i.e. ability to lift the thigh upwards in the sitting position. They may have stiffness of the spine that improves balance but reduces the ability to rotate the spine.\" People in this class have a total respiratory capacity of 87% compared to people without a disability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0013-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Disability groups, Spinal cord injuries, F5\nIn 1982, wheelchair basketball made the move to a functional classification system internationally. While the traditional medical system of where a spinal cord injury was located could be part of classification, it was only one advisory component. People in this class would have been Class II as 2 or 2.5 point players. Under the current classification system, people in this class would likely be a 2 point player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0014-0000", "contents": "2 point player, History\nThe original wheelchair basketball classification system in 1966 had 5 classes: A, B, C, D, S.  Each class was worth so many points. A was worth 1, B and C were worth 2. D and S were worth 3 points. A team could have a maximum of 12 points on the floor. This system was the one in place for the 1968 Summer Paralympics. Class A was for T1-T9 complete. Class B was for T1-T9 incomplete. Class C was for T10-L2 complete. Class D was for T10-L2 incomplete. Class S was for Cauda equina paralysis. For people with spinal cord injuries, tis class would have been part of Class A, Class B, Class C or Class D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0015-0000", "contents": "2 point player, History\nFrom 1969 to 1973, a classification system designed by Australian Dr. Bedwell was used. This system used some muscle testing to determine which class incomplete paraplegics should be classified in. It used a point system based on the ISMGF classification system. Class IA, IB and IC were worth 1 point. Class II for people with lesions between T1-T5 and no balance were also worth 1 point. Class III for people with lesions at T6-T10 and have fair balance were worth 1 point. Class IV was for people with lesions at T11-L3 and good trunk muscles. They were worth 2 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0015-0001", "contents": "2 point player, History\nClass V was for people with lesions at L4 to L5 with good leg muscles. Class IV was for people with lesions at S1-S4 with good leg muscles. Class V and IV were worth 3 points. The Daniels/Worthington muscle test was used to determine who was in class V and who was class IV. Paraplegics with 61 to 80 points on this scale were not eligible. A team could have a maximum of 11 points on the floor. The system was designed to keep out people with less severe spinal cord injuries, and had no medical basis in many cases. This class would have been III or IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0016-0000", "contents": "2 point player, History\nDuring the 1990s, there was a ban to push tilting in wheelchair basketball. One of the major arguments against its use was that 1 and 2 point players could not execute this move. This ban occurred in 1997, despite American 2 point player  Melvin Juette demonstrating that it was possible for lower point players to execute at the 1997 IWBF 5 Junior Championships in Toronto, Canada. The tilting ban was lifted in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0017-0000", "contents": "2 point player, History\nThe classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee  and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address \"the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0018-0000", "contents": "2 point player, History\nIn 2005 and 2006, there was an active effort by the National Wheelchair Basketball Association to try to move from a three player classification system to a four point classification system like the one used by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. In a push to increase participation the sport during the 2000s, people involved with the American National Wheelchair Basketball Association have argued allowing able-bodied athletes to compete would help 1 and 2 point players because there would be a need to balance participation on the team because of the rules regarding maximum points on the floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0019-0000", "contents": "2 point player, History\nFor the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis. In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, wheelchair basketball classification was scheduled for September 4 to 6 at Carioca Arena 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0020-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Getting classified\nClassification generally has four phase. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees in this class, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class. Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site for amputees because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0020-0001", "contents": "2 point player, Getting classified\nThis is especially true for lower limb amputees as it relates to how their limbs align with their hips and the impact this has on their spine and how their skull sits on their spine. For wheelchair basketball, part of the classification process involves observing a player during practice or training. This often includes observing them go one on one against some one who is likely to be in the same class the player would be classified into. Once a player is classified, it is very hard to be classified into a different classification. Players have been known to have issues with classification because some players play down their abilities during the classification process. At the same time, as players improve at the game, movements become regular and their skill level improves. This can make it appear like their classification was incorrect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0021-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Getting classified\nIn Australia, wheelchair basketball players and other disability athletes are generally classified after they have been assessed based on medical, visual or cognitive testing, after a demonstration of their ability to play their sport, and the classifiers watching the player during competitive play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160215-0022-0000", "contents": "2 point player, Competitors\nAustralian Grant Mizens is a 2 point player. Kylie Gauci is a 2 point player for Australia's women's national team. Bo Hedges and Richard Peter are a 2.5 point players for the Canadian men's national team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160216-0000-0000", "contents": "2 sen coin\nThe 2 sen coin (\u4e8c\u92ad\u786c\u8ca8) was a Japanese coin worth one-fiftieth of a Japanese yen, as 100 sen equalled 1 yen. Two sen coins were minted during the Meiji period, and are made from nearly pure copper. Priority was initially given to silver coins when the new yen currency system was adopted in 1871 as copper coins could not be produced yet. Aside from a design change and a two year lapse, two sen coins were made from 1873 to 1884. The two sen coin was then discontinued and eventually demonetized in the mid-20th century. These coins are now sought after as collectors items which bring premium amounts depending on the date and condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160216-0001-0000", "contents": "2 sen coin, History\nTwo sen coins were introduced on August 29, 1873 by government notification stating that they were to be double the weight of a sen. This came about two years after a new currency system was adopted by the Meiji government in an act signed on June 27, 1871. The new coinage gave Japan a western style decimal system which was based on units of yen which was broken down into subsidiary coinage of sen, and rin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160216-0001-0001", "contents": "2 sen coin, History\nSilver coins in general (starting at 5 sen) were prioritized over copper coinage as the technology to produce the latter was considered to be poor at the time. Each two sen coin was struck in a copper alloy, which was authorized to weigh 220 grains (14.26 g) with a 1.25 inch diameter (31.8mm). The obverse features a dragon with the date of reign, while on the reverse a wreath design is used with a Chrysanthemum seal located above surrounded by the words \"50 for one yen\" in Kanji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160216-0001-0002", "contents": "2 sen coin, History\nBoth sides of the coin have the value \"2 sen\" written in both English and Kanji. Two sen coins were legal tender only up to the amount of 1 yen which was fixed by government regulations. Only trial coins dated year 6 were produced in 1873 before the denomination was officially issued for circulation in the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160216-0002-0000", "contents": "2 sen coin, History\nThe dragon on the obverse side of the coin was later altered in 1877. Two different major coin varieties were made that year when the scales on the dragon were changed from a square pattern to a \"V\" shaped pattern. No coins are dated from year 11 or 12 (1878 and 1879) as a sufficient amount of 2 sen had already been issued in the years preceding. While production resumed in 1880 with coins dated year 13, the continuation of the issue would be short lived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160216-0002-0001", "contents": "2 sen coin, History\nTwo sen coins were eventually discontinued in 1884 as their large size had caused them to be inconvenient. It is possible that non circulating two sen coins were made again in 1892 (year 25) for display at the World's Columbian Exposition. The coins continued to retain their legal tender status until the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary coinage in favor of the yen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160216-0003-0000", "contents": "2 sen coin, History\nTwo sen coins are now bought and sold as collectibles with some more rare than others. Average circulated two sen coins are worth anywhere from 2,500 yen to 25,000 yen (~$25 to ~$250 USD) depending on the date. Coins dated 1873 (year 6) are worth the most as their mintage is small when compared to the other dates. The condition of any given coin is a factor in value as new or uncirculated coins trade for higher prices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160216-0004-0000", "contents": "2 sen coin, Circulation figures\nThe following are circulation figures for the two sen coin, all of which were minted between the 6th, and 25th year of Meiji's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u660e\u6cbb (Meiji), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u4e5d\" would read as \"year 9\" or 1876.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160217-0000-0000", "contents": "2 steg fr\u00e5n Paradise\n2 steg fr\u00e5n Paradise is the sixth studio album by Swedish singer H\u00e5kan Hellstr\u00f6m, released on 13 October 2010. It was produced by H\u00e5kan Hellstr\u00f6m in collaboration with Joakim \u00c5hlund. Many of the songs were written together with The Soundtrack of our Lives' guitarist Bj\u00f6rn Olsson, who also produced Hellstr\u00f6m's third studio album Ett kolikbarns bek\u00e4nnelser. A double A-side single featuring \"Saknade te havs\" and \"River en vacker dr\u00f6m\" was released prior to the album, on 11 September. \"River en vacker dr\u00f6m\" was originally meant to be performed at 2010's edition of Way Out West only. However, nearing the release of the album, Hellstr\u00f6m chose to record it as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160217-0001-0000", "contents": "2 steg fr\u00e5n Paradise, Charts\nThe album debuted at number one on the Swedish Albums Chart. It also entered the Norwegian Albums Chart at number four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160218-0000-0000", "contents": "2 voor 12\n2 voor 12 (English: 2 for 12), formerly Twee voor Twaalf, is a Dutch game show broadcast weekly on that country's public television system since 1971 by BNNVARA (VARA until 2017). Joop Koopman hosted the original version of the program, which aired from 1971 to 1981. A revival, hosted by Astrid Joosten, has aired since 1991, and is broadcast on NPO 2 as of 2021. The program was the longest running quiz program on Dutch television as of 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160218-0001-0000", "contents": "2 voor 12, Gameplay\nIn the program, two teams of two contestants are given twelve questions to answer with the help of reference books and, in more recent editions, Dutch Wikipedia. Players cannot see if their answers are right or wrong until after the conclusion of the quiz. The first letter of each answer forms an anagram the contestants must unscramble to find a twelve-letter word. Points are deducted as the references are used, and bonuses are awarded afterward based on the number of correct answers offered, with the highest scoring team winning the game. Bonuses for nine or more correct answers were added beginning upon the program's return in 1991 in order to incentivize players to search for correct answers. Later on, another bonus was added for offering a correct answer without using any references.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160218-0002-0000", "contents": "2 voor 12, Gameplay\nQuestions are presented on myriad subjects in a variety of ways, with many using stock footage, and some being accompanied by animations produced by students at HKU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160218-0003-0000", "contents": "2 voor 12, Gameplay\nChampions are allowed to return for up to three programs, with 3-time champions and 2-time champions who choose to leave the program receiving their score multiplied into Euro (or Dutch guilder, prior to 2002).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160218-0004-0000", "contents": "2 voor 12, History\nEllen Blazer, a longtime worker for VARA, created the program. Her aim was to create a quiz that people could play even without significant amounts of knowledge. Despite its longevity, the format has not been sold to foreign broadcasters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160218-0005-0000", "contents": "2 voor 12, History\nJoosten noted upon the program's 50th anniversary in 2021 that the program has been referred to as a Rolls-Royce of quizzes. The program's success has resulted in the catchphrase \"Dat zoeken we op\" (English: We'll look it up) entering the Dutch lexicon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160219-0000-0000", "contents": "2 yen coin\nThe 2 yen coin (\u4e8c\u5713\u91d1\u8ca8) was a short lived denomination of Japanese yen. During the first year of mintage in 1870, hundreds of thousands of these new coins were struck. These figures dropped off sharply as the Japanese government looked towards silver as a trading commodity. The supply of gold bullion had also dwindled causing the demand for these coins to outpace the supply available. The public hoarded two yen coins along with other denominations of gold causing them not to circulate during the mid 1870s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160219-0000-0001", "contents": "2 yen coin\nJapan eventually obtained a supply of gold bullion towards the end of the century, but this came too late for the two yen coin which was last minted in 1892. Almost one hundred years later the two yen coin was officially demonetized. While not in circulation any more, these coins are bought and sold by numismatics for academic study, and by those with a hobby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160219-0001-0000", "contents": "2 yen coin, History\nThe Japanese mint was first opened in December, 1870 at Osaka. Each two yen coin was set at 900 fineness with a weight of 51.44 grains. Gold bullion was delivered from private Japanese citizens, foreigners, and the Japanese government. The overall production of gold coin declined by the mid 1870s as the Japanese government established a gold and silver double digit system. Meji's decree proclamation No. 27 set the gold and silver price ratio to 1: 16.17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160219-0001-0001", "contents": "2 yen coin, History\nWith the opening of silver to trade came the trade dollar, Japan issued its own version in 1875 in order compete with other currencies such as the United States. The low mintages of the two yen coin in the latter years may also be attributed to a lack of gold bullion available, as previously minted gold coins were hoarded by the public and did not circulate. It was reported that by 1896 a total of 151,210,000 silver pieces of all denominations of yen had been struck since 1870, verses 2,037,055 for gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160219-0002-0000", "contents": "2 yen coin, History\nJapan officially went onto the gold standard in 1897 from reserves obtained after the first Sino-Japanese War. New laws were passed that abolished the Japanese silver trade dollar, as well as the one silver yen piece. The two yen gold coin was also not among the new coins scheduled to be minted. Two yen gold coins were finally abolished as legal tender in 1988, by this time the exchange rate for gold coins to Japan's modern circulating currency as a whole was zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160219-0003-0000", "contents": "2 yen coin, Circulation figures\nThe following are circulation figures for the two yen coin, all of which were minted between the 3rd, and 25th year of Meiji's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u660e\u6cbb (Meiji), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u4e5d\" would read as \"year 9\" or 1876. It is unknown if genuine coins dated 1874 even exist as they remain \"unverified\". Two yen coins were struck in 1892,  but none were released for circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160219-0004-0000", "contents": "2 yen coin, Collecting\nThe only collectable coins of this series are first year issues dated 1870 (year 3), as the rest are considered extremely rare. The date 1880 (year 13) has only ten known surviving examples out of a total mintage of less than 100. At least two of these coins have sold at auction; one in 2008 for $299,595 (USD), and another in 2011 for $75,000 (USD). Other dates such as 1876 (year 9) have also appeared,  listing at $144,000 (USD) in a 2016 Japanese auction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0000-0000", "contents": "2 yen note\nThe 2 yen note (2\u5186\u5238) was a denomination of Japanese yen issued in two different overlapping series from 1872 to 1880 for use in commerce. Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d \"two yen\" notes were the first to be released as inconvertible government notes in 1872. These notes were produced both domestically, and in Germany using western technology. While they had an elaborate design, the notes eventually suffered in paper quality, and were counterfeited. Two yen Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes were not redesigned with other denominations in response to these issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0000-0001", "contents": "2 yen note\nThe series as a whole was effected by massive inflation that occurred during the aftermath of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. Too many non convertible notes had been issued to pay for the expenses incurred. Government notes stopped being issued in 1879, and the Bank of Japan was established in 1882 as a way to redeem old notes for new ones issued by the bank. This redemption period expired when the notes were abolished on December 9, 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0001-0000", "contents": "2 yen note\nNational bank notes were first issued in 1873, and circulated concurrently with Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes. These were issued by a system of national banks that was adopted in design from the United States. Two yen national bank notes were convertible to gold coinage until 1876 when the price of the alloy rose. They eventually fell into the same situation as Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes after the Satsuma Rebellion. National bank notes were suspended in 1880, and were also later eligible for redemption for Bank of Japan notes. The national banks themselves were dissolved in 1896 by a law which also mandated abolishment of the notes after December 31, 1899. Both of these series are now bought and sold as collector's items depending on condition and series survival rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0002-0000", "contents": "2 yen note, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872-1879)\nThe first \"two yen\" notes adopted and released by the Japanese government are part of a series known as Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (\u660e\u6cbb\u901a\u5b9d). These notes were the first Japanese currency ever to be printed using western printing at \"Dondorf and Naumann\", which was located in Frankfurt. Meiji Tsuho notes were designed by Edoardo Chiossone sometime in 1870 while he was working for Dondorf Naumann on behalf of The National Bank in the Kingdom of Italy. The process of making Chiossone's proposed design a reality started with the establishment of the \"Imperial Printing Bureau of Japan\" in 1871 (4th year of Meiji).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0002-0001", "contents": "2 yen note, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872-1879)\nIn order to produce the currency the Japanese government reached out to Dondorf and Naumann to gain access to Western technology. Chiossone had a falling out with Italian Bank as his relationship with them had hit a breaking point. When the company suggested Chiossone for the role as engraver, he quickly accepted the offer. The production of money was handed over to the Imperial Printing Bureau in January 1872 when banknotes began to arrive from Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0002-0002", "contents": "2 yen note, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872-1879)\nAll of these arrivals were purposely left incomplete due to security reasons, as the words \"Meiji Tsuho\" and the mark of the Minister of Finance were added by the Imperial Printing Bureau. Woodblock printing was eventually employed to save hundreds of people the work of handwriting the characters \"Meiji Tsuho\" on each individual note. Two yen notes in particular were released in June 1872 (year 5) measuring 111mm x 72 mm in size. These notes feature an feature an elaborate design that was difficult to forge at the time as counterfeiting was previously rampant with clan notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0002-0003", "contents": "2 yen note, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872-1879)\nEventually enough Western technology was brought over to Japan as the Japanese government produced some two yen Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes domestically. The elaborate design worked against counterfeiters for an unknown period of time before they found a way around it. Unstamped notes sent to Japan from Germany were legally obtained by these thieves. Normally Japanese officials would add stamps to the notes finalizing the process, where in this case the counterfeiters added their own stamps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0002-0004", "contents": "2 yen note, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872-1879)\nAnother major issue was the Satsuma Rebellion in February 1877, which helped lead to massive inflation due to the amount of inconvertible notes issued for payment. The Japanese government responded by stopping the issuance of government notes in 1879 as a hopeful remedy to the situation. During this time legal tender Meiji Tsuho two yen notes had issues with paper quality, and were circulating with counterfeits. While these problems led the Japanese government to issue redesigned banknotes in 1881, two yen notes were excluded from this process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0002-0005", "contents": "2 yen note, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872-1879)\nAdditional measures were subsequently put into place which included the establishment of a centralized bank known as the Bank of Japan. All of the remaining Meiji Tsuho notes in circulation that weren't already redeemed were to be retired in favor of either silver coinage or newly printed Bank of Japan notes. This period of exchange lapsed when Meiji Tsuho notes were abolished on December 9, 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0003-0000", "contents": "2 yen note, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nThe idea for national bank notes (\u56fd\u7acb\u9280\u884c\u7d19\u5e63) in Japan came from It\u014d Hirobumi when he was studying the United States in 1871. During this time the Meiji government was working to establish a gold-backed monetary system based on Hirobumi's recommendation. The Japanese government accepted Hirobumi's proposal for national bank notes in 1872 by establishing the \"National Bank Act\" which organized a decentralized \"U.S.-style\" system of national banks. Each of these banks was chartered by the state to issue notes exchangeable for gold from reserves held by the banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0003-0001", "contents": "2 yen note, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nPermission was eventually given to these private banks allowing national bank notes to be issued in August 1873. The first bank notes issued are also referred to as old national bank notes (\u65e7\u56fd\u7acb\u9280\u884c\u5238). Two yen national bank notes in particular measure 80 mm x 190 mm in size, and are modeled after their counterparts in the United States. The obverse features clan leaders Nitta Yoshisada and Kojima Takanori with bank seals, while the reverse depicts the Tokyo Imperial Palace. These circulated as convertible notes for roughly three years before the rising price of gold became an issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0003-0002", "contents": "2 yen note, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nAs a response, an amendment to the National Bank Act was adopted in August 1876 making the notes inconvertible. Under this amendment there was no limit on the amount of paper money that could be issued. This action also allowed private banks to redeem national bank notes for government issued inconvertible Meiji Tsuho notes rather than for gold. Negative effects from this amendment in the form of inflation were greatly amplified by the Satsuma Rebellion in February 1877. While the rebellion was quickly resolved, the Japanese government had to print a large amount of fiat notes as payment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0003-0003", "contents": "2 yen note, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nAs two yen notes were never printed as fiat notes, they continued to circulate while a series of events changed Japan's banking system. In July 1877 then prime minister \u014ckuma Shigenobu realized that keeping Japan on a gold standard was pointless given the low price of silver. The silver one yen coin was thus brought into domestic commerce on May 27, 1878 switching Japan to a de facto silver standard. This did little good for fiat currency as it continued to lose its value against silver coinage. The issuance of national banknotes was ultimately suspended in 1880 by then prime minister Matsukata Masayoshi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0004-0000", "contents": "2 yen note, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nDuring this time Matsukata introduced a policy of fiscal restraint that resulted in what has come to be called the \"Matsukata Deflation\". The most significant of these policies established a centralized banking system through the \"Bank of Japan Regulation\" on June 27, 1882 by proclamation No. 32. In order to decrease inflation all of the old notes were to be collected and exchanged by notes from the central bank. The first step of this process came with an amendment to the regulation in May 1883, which provided the redemption and retirement of national bank notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0004-0001", "contents": "2 yen note, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nAs the amount of paper currency in circulation decreased, the amount of silver reserves increased. This drove up the value of paper currency until it was about equal to that of silver coins by the end of 1885. The National Bank Act was amended again in March 1896, providing for the dissolution of the national banks on the expiration of their charters. This amendment also prohibited national bank notes from circulating after December 31, 1899. The ongoing redemption process took additional time as national bank notes were not fully removed from circulation until 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0005-0000", "contents": "2 yen note, Collecting\nThe value of any given banknote is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer original notes with bright rich coloring. In contrast to this are notes with ink stains, missing pieces, and evidence of repairs which can all impact their value. Exceptions to this include extremely rare banknotes where there are few surviving examples (ex: National Gold Bank Note). The oldest fifty sen notes (aka half yen notes) include the Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d series which were first issued in 1872 and later abolished in 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0005-0001", "contents": "2 yen note, Collecting\nTheir print run includes 2,695,298 notes made in Germany, and 9,792,989 made in Japan. More of these notes are in better condition than one yen notes of the same series as more were made domestically. While the survivability rate is high, the value of these notes in average condition is still substantial with prices in the multiple tens of thousands of yen (~$400+ USD). Professional grading is recommended for this series as \"many\" counterfeit notes exist on the market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160220-0005-0002", "contents": "2 yen note, Collecting\nThe only other series of two yen include National bank notes which are now rare due to events surrounding the aftermath of the Satsuma Rebellion. In order to pay for this event a large amount of banknotes were printed and released into circulation as a way to ease the economic situation. This wound up having a negative effect in the form of rampant inflation which caused National banknotes to be actively collected by officials. These are now popular banknotes among collectors which are rarely seen on the marketplace. When they are up for the sale, two yen national bank notes sell in the multiple hundreds of thousands of yen (~$5,000+ USD) in average condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160221-0000-0000", "contents": "2 \u00f8re (World War II Danish coin)\nThe 2 \u00f8re coin was made during the German occupation of Denmark between 1941 and 1945, and then by the Danish government in 1947. It was first minted in aluminum, and then from 1942 to 1947 in zinc. The aluminum 2 \u00f8re is identical to the zinc variety, although the latter is a little heavier in weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160222-0000-0000", "contents": "2% out of Sync\n2% out of Sync is the first album by One Thousand Motels, a collaboration project of Rat Scabies (The Damned) and Chris Constantinou (The Wolfmen, Sinead O'Connor, Adam Ant, The Mutants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160222-0001-0000", "contents": "2% out of Sync, Background\nThe bassist/multi-instrumentalist Chris Constantinou and drummer Rat Scabies collaborated for some years as core members of The Mutants rock supergroup. When making the fourth Mutants album, Rat noticed also some other demos Chris was working on and this turned into the project One Thousand Motels, involving only the two of them (quicker and easier to put in practice, considering the logistics around The Mutants musicians as a supergroup). In September 2020, they released the first album 2% out of Sync.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160222-0002-0000", "contents": "2% out of Sync, Reception\nThe album was noticed in reviews as forging new ground with only a customary nod to the past of the two musicians. A Vive Le Rock article characterized the music as \"upbeat rock songs with a twist in the lyrical tail\" and the review of the same magazine gave it a 7/10 rating, describing it as a high spirited, elaborated album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160223-0000-0000", "contents": "2'''-acetyl-6'''-hydroxyneomycin C deacetylase\n2'''-acetyl-6'''-hydroxyneomycin C deacetylase (EC , neoL (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2'''-acetyl-6'''-hydroxyneomycin C hydrolase (acetate-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160223-0001-0000", "contents": "2'''-acetyl-6'''-hydroxyneomycin C deacetylase\nThis enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of aminoglycoside antibiotics of the [neomycin] family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160224-0000-0000", "contents": "2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase\n2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase also known as CNPase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CNP gene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160224-0001-0000", "contents": "2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, Reaction\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and H2O, whereas its product is nucleoside 2'-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160224-0002-0000", "contents": "2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, Function\nCNPase is a myelin-associated enzyme that makes up 4% of total CNS myelin protein, and is thought to undergo significant age-associated changes. It is named for its ability to catalyze the phosphodiester hydrolysis of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides to 2'-nucleotides, though a cohesive understanding of its specific physiologic functions are still ambiguous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160224-0003-0000", "contents": "2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, Function\nStructural studies have revealed that four classes of CNPases belong to one protein superfamily. CNPase's catalytic core consists of three alpha-helices and nine beta-strands. The proposed mechanism of CNPases phosphodiesterase catalytic activity is similar to the second step of the reaction mechanism for RNase A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160224-0004-0000", "contents": "2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, Function\nCNPase is expressed exclusively by oligodendrocytes in the CNS, and the appearance of CNPase seems to be one of the earliest events of oligodendrocyte differentiation. CNPase is thought to play a critical role in the events leading up to myelination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160224-0005-0000", "contents": "2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, Function\nCNPase also associates with microtubules in brain tissue and FRTL-5 thyroid cells, and is reported to have microtubule-associated protein-like activity (MAP; see MAP2), being able to catalyze microtubule formation at low molar ratios. Deletion of the C-terminus of CNPase or phosphorylation abolish the catalytic activity of microtubule formation. CNPase can link tubulin to cellular membranes, and might be involved in the regulation cytoplasmic microtubule distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160224-0006-0000", "contents": "2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, Function\nCNPase has also been demonstrated to inhibit the replication of HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses by binding the retroviral Gag protein and inhibiting the genesis of nascent viral particles. Whether this is a biological function of CNPase or a coincidental activity remains unclear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160225-0000-0000", "contents": "2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase\nIn enzymology, a 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160225-0001-0000", "contents": "2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and H2O, whereas its product is nucleoside 3'-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160225-0002-0000", "contents": "2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate 3'-nucleotidohydrolase. Other names in common use include ribonucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate diesterase, 2',3 '-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotidase, cyclic 2',3'-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase, cyclic 2',3'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase, 2',3'-cyclic nucleoside monophosphate phosphodiesterase, 2',3'-cyclic AMP 2'-phosphohydrolase, cyclic phosphodiesterase:3'-nucleotidase, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase, 2':3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase, and 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase:3'-nucleotidase. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160226-0000-0000", "contents": "2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase\nIn molecular biology, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5A synthetase) is an enzyme (EC ) that reacts to interferon signal. It is an antiviral enzyme that counteracts viral attack by degrading RNAs, both viral and host. The enzyme uses ATP in 2'-specific nucleotidyl transfer reactions to synthesize 2'-5'-oligoadenylates, which activate latent ribonuclease (RNASEL), resulting in degradation of viral RNA and inhibition of virus replication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160226-0001-0000", "contents": "2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase\nThe C-terminal half of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, also referred to as domain 2 of the enzyme, is largely alpha-helical and homologous to a tandem ubiquitin repeat. It carries the region of enzymatic activity between at the extreme C-terminal end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160227-0000-0000", "contents": "2'-Deamino-2'-hydroxyneamine transaminase\n2'-Deamino-2'-hydroxyneamine transaminase (EC , kacL (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2'-deamino-2'-hydroxyneamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160228-0000-0000", "contents": "2'-Fucosyllactose\n2\u2032-Fucosyllactose (2\u2032-FL) is an oligosaccharide, more precisely, fucosylated, neutral trisaccharide composed of L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucose units. It is the most prevalent human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) naturally present in human breast milk, making up about 30% of all of HMOs. It was first discovered in the 1950s in human milk. The oligosaccharide's primary isolation technique has been in use since 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160228-0001-0000", "contents": "2'-Fucosyllactose, Production\nThis compound may be biosynthesized in quantity using E. coli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160228-0002-0000", "contents": "2'-Fucosyllactose, Uses\nAs with other oligosaccharides, a widely regarded characteristic of 2'-fucosyllactose is its ability to protect against infectious diseases namely in preventing epithelial level adhesions of toxins and pathogens. The 2FL stimulates the growth of certain bifidobacteria and receptor analogons which lends to toxic and pathogenic protection, all this being most prevalent in infants. Among the pathogens that 2FL is known to protect against are Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, Helicobacter pylori, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160229-0000-0000", "contents": "2'-Hydroxyisoflavone reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2'-hydroxyisoflavone reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160229-0001-0000", "contents": "2'-Hydroxyisoflavone reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are vestitone and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2'-hydroxyformononetin, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160229-0002-0000", "contents": "2'-Hydroxyisoflavone reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is vestitone:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NADPH:2'-hydroxyisoflavone oxidoreductase, isoflavone reductase, and 2',7-dihydroxy-4',5'-methylenedioxyisoflavone reductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160230-0000-0000", "contents": "2'-N-acetylparomamine deacetylase\n2'-N-acetylparomamine deacetylase (EC , btrD (gene), neoL (gene), kanN (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2'-N-acetylparomamine hydrolase (acetate-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160230-0001-0000", "contents": "2'-N-acetylparomamine deacetylase\nThis enzyme takes part in the biosynthetic pathways of several clinically important aminocyclitol antibiotics, including kanamycin, butirosin, neomycin and ribostamycin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160231-0000-0000", "contents": "2'-deoxymugineic-acid 2'-dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2'-deoxymugineic-acid 2'-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160231-0001-0000", "contents": "2'-deoxymugineic-acid 2'-dioxygenase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2'-deoxymugineic acid, 2-oxoglutarate, and O2, whereas its 3 products are mugineic acid, (a compound related to azetidine-2-carboxylic acid) succinate, and CO2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160231-0002-0000", "contents": "2'-deoxymugineic-acid 2'-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2'-deoxymugineic acid,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating). This enzyme is also called IDS3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160232-0000-0000", "contents": "2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase\nIn enzymology, a 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160232-0001-0000", "contents": "2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate and H2O, whereas its two products are 2-hydroxybiphenyl and sulfite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160232-0002-0000", "contents": "2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carbon-sulfur bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate sulfohydrolase. Other names in common use include gene dszB-encoded hydrolase, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzenesulfinate:H2O hydrolase, DszB, HBPSi desulfinase, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzenesulfinate sulfohydrolase, HPBS desulfinase, 2-(2- hydroxyphenyl)benzenesulfinate hydrolase, 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzenesulfinate desulfinase, and 2-(2- hydroxyphenyl)benzenesulfinate desulfinase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160232-0003-0000", "contents": "2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160233-0000-0000", "contents": "2'-hydroxydaidzein reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2'-hydroxydaidzein reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160233-0001-0000", "contents": "2'-hydroxydaidzein reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2'-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrodaidzein and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2'-hydroxydaidzein, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160233-0002-0000", "contents": "2'-hydroxydaidzein reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2'-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrodaidzein:NADP+ 2'-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NADPH:2'-hydroxydaidzein oxidoreductase, HDR, and 2'-hydroxydihydrodaidzein:NADP+ 2'-oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in isoflavonoid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160234-0000-0000", "contents": "2'-phosphotransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2'-phosphotransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160234-0001-0000", "contents": "2'-phosphotransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are [ [ 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA]]] and NAD+, whereas its 4 products are mature tRNA, ADP-ribose 1'',2''-phosphate, nicotinamide, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160234-0002-0000", "contents": "2'-phosphotransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA]:NAD+ phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include yeast 2'-phosphotransferase, Tpt1, Tpt1p, and 2'-phospho-tRNA:NAD+ phosphotransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160235-0000-0000", "contents": "2(x)ist\n2(X)IST (pronounced \"to exist\") is an American luxury fashion label that makes men's underwear, swimwear, activewear, loungewear, socks, and watches. 2XIST also launched a women's line featuring activewear, sleepwear and intimates. The company was founded in 1991 by Gregory Sovell and is headquartered in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160235-0001-0000", "contents": "2(x)ist, History\n2(X)IST was founded in 1991 by Gregory Sovell, who left in 2005. The 2(X)IST headquarters is located in midtown Manhattan in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0000-0000", "contents": "2+1 road\n2+1 road is a specific category of three-lane road, consisting of two lanes in one direction and one lane in the other, alternating every few kilometres, and usually separated with a steel cable barrier. The second lane allows faster-moving traffic to overtake slower vehicles at regular intervals. Traditional roads of at least 10 metres (33\u00a0ft) width can be converted to 2+1 roads and reach near-motorway safety levels at a much lower cost than an actual conversion to motorway or dual carriageway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0001-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Estonia\nThe construction of 2+1 roads in Estonia first started in autumn 2016, when a contract for a reconstruction of a 9 kilometre section of the national road 4 between \u00c4\u00e4sm\u00e4e and Kohatu into a 2+1 road was signed. The road is being reconstructed as a 15-metre-wide (49\u00a0ft) 2+1 road, equipped with barriers along the entire length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0002-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Estonia\nAlso there are several sections of the national road 2 between P\u00f5ltsamaa and Tartu planned for a conversion into 2+1 road. The first of them (Annikvere-Neanurme) was opened in November 2017. The speed limits are 100\u00a0km/h (60\u00a0mph) during summer and 90\u00a0km/h (55\u00a0mph) during winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0003-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Finland\nThe first 2+1 road in Finland was opened in 1991 on Finnish national road 4 between J\u00e4rvenp\u00e4\u00e4 and M\u00e4nts\u00e4l\u00e4, which later was upgraded to a motorway. Since then, numerous 2+1 roads have been built as part of the national road network. They resemble motorways in that they are typically, although not always limited-access roads and have no at-grade interchanges. In mid-1990s, 2+1 roads with traffic separators were introduced; these are effective in preventing head-on collisions, approaching the safety of motorways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0003-0001", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Finland\nIn 2006, there were 440 km of 2+1 roads,  e.g. along road 3 and road 4. However, they weren't that much of a panacea: interchanges made the roads much more expensive than planned and confusing to drivers. Thus, new construction halted and only 2+2 roads with traffic separators were built. These are however more expensive and require more widening of the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0004-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Germany\nThe \"2+1-System\" refers to expressways with three lanes on a single carriageway where bypassing on the lane of the opposite direction is prohibited so that speed restriction is not required to increase safety. These expressways are grade-separated with a design speed of 100 to 120\u00a0km/h (60 to 75\u00a0mph) and the side of two lanes (allowing to bypass lower speed vehicles) alternates about every 1.5 to 2 kilometres. In hilly parts the uphill direction is usually the one with two lanes to allow overtaking of heavy, slow vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0004-0001", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Germany\nIn many cases there is no median barrier or it consists of concrete blocks \u2013 additional safety measures are mostly needed near the end of the two lane section where some motorists tend to pull in very late so that a longer no-traffic section needs to be inserted on the middle lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0005-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Germany\nAfter some good experiences with test roads the system has been used often in places where the amount of traffic does not justify construction of a dual carriageway expressway but remote rural areas should be connected to major towns with a high speed road. Existing examples are B\u00a01, B\u00a04 near Uelzen, B\u00a016, B\u00a020, B\u00a031n near Stockach (120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph)), B\u00a033, B\u00a054, B\u00a056n, B\u00a067 between Bocholt and Rhede, B\u00a072, B\u00a0210, B\u00a0300, B\u00a0482, and parts of the A\u00a098.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0006-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Ireland\nIn the Republic of Ireland, a 2+1 road was trialled on a short section of the N20 near Mallow, County Cork and the N2 near Castleblayney, County Monaghan. Following the pilot, the National Roads Authority announced in July 2007 that 2+1 roads were unsuitable and that new lower capacity trunk routes would instead be built as 2+2 roads (officially known as \"Type 2 Dual Carriageways\") \u2013 at grade dual-carriageways with a narrow median and no hard shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0007-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Lithuania\nThe first rural 2+1 road section finished in Lithuania was a short 1.5 km road section of A11 between \u0160iauliai and the junction with the A18 road (\u0160iauliai Bypass). It was opened in late 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0008-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Lithuania\nAll 1+1 sections of Via Baltica north of Kaunas up to the Latvian border are planned to be converted to 2+1 by 2035. The first section, the A17 road or Panev\u0117\u017eys Bypass was constructed in 2019. Work took place in stages. The first 10 km section between junctions with the A8 and the A9 was finished in summer 2018. The remaining section up to the A10 road was completed in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0009-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, New Zealand\nIn New Zealand, there are few 2+1 roads, although regular isolated 'passing lanes' exist frequently throughout the country, mainly in heavy trafficked areas and on hills. A trial of a 2+1 road with wire-rope median barrier was undertaken on SH1 between Longswamp and Rangiriri south of Auckland, and there are plans to introduce more 2+1 roads. NZ research also investigated design and operational effects of 2+1 roads to establish the most appropriate configurations for the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0010-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Portugal\nIn Portugal, there are plenty of 2+1 roads. Almost every national road in the country has a 2+1 profile, but the biggest part is located in the north because of the hills (for example, in Beira Baixa, or Viseu). One example of this is the N2 road, which goes from Faro (Algarve) to Chaves. Also, this type of road isn't frequently used on parts of roads that have a village near, except in the Lisbon District where most of them have that profile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0010-0001", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Portugal\nIn Portugal, there are 4 (major) types of roads: a national road (N) which sometimes contains the 2+1 profile, an complementary route (IC), which always contains the 2+1 profile, except inside villages, a principal route (IP) which either contains the 2+1 profile (with the IC profile) or the 2+2 profile (with the A profile) and a highway (A) which has its own profiles, like 2+2, 3+3 or 4+4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0011-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Romania\nThe 2+1 road format in Romania often refers to sections, usually on steep inclines, where there is another lane, designed to be used by slow vehicles to avoid congestion when going uphill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0012-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Romania\nThe first 2+1 \"alternative\" road opened between Lazaret and Turnul Spart in 2018 on the Olt Valley section of the DN7. This section lacks cable barriers, but provisions have been made to install one, if needed. The next 2+1 road section to open will be between Sine\u0219ti and Movili\u021ba on the DN2. The DN2 is currently configured as a 13\u00a0m wide road with emergency lanes, in the same style as 13\u00a0m wide roads in Sweden, however, drivers improperly use the emergency lanes, leading to the current high number of crashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0013-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Romania\nOnce the roadworks will be completed, the 2+1 road is supposed to reduce the number of crashes, but it will lack the essential cable barrier. This is because the only cable barrier installed in Romania, at Afuma\u021bi on the same DN2 was damaged because the lanes were too close to it and a truck hit it, but instead, the Romanian Roads Administration (CNADNR) blamed the \"unsafety\" of the barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0014-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Russia\nSome federal roads use the 2+1 design. The length of overtaking sections is 400 to 3,000 metres. Unlike in Western Europe, the majority of Russian 2+1 roads are not equipped with barriers. The most well-known example of a 2+1 is the M-10 road section between Tver and Novgorod oblast. This 2+1 is particularly popular in Krasnodar Kraj and Sakhalin Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0015-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Sweden\nIn Sweden, many 13-metre-wide (43\u00a0ft) roads have been built, especially in the period 1955\u20131980. These have two 3.5-metre-wide (11\u00a0ft) lanes, and two 3-metre-wide (9.8\u00a0ft) shoulders, in the beginning planned as emergency strip, due to the relative unreliability of cars of that period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0016-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Sweden\nAround 1990, the idea emerged to build fences in the middle of them and to have 2+1 lanes. This was thought to be a cheap way of increasing traffic safety since these roads had a bad safety record of many head-on collisions at high speeds. Some people were, for example, overtaking against meeting traffic assuming meeting cars would go to the side. The roads are a little narrow for 3 lanes, but trials were carried out on a few roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0016-0001", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Sweden\nIt turned out that not only did safety improve, but it was also easier to overtake than before as the 2-lane sections provide safe overtaking opportunities. After the year 2000, more than 1,000\u00a0km (620\u00a0mi) of roads in Sweden have been converted from wide ordinary roads into 2+1-road, all with barriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0017-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Sweden\nUntil around 2005, the roads had the original 90\u00a0km/h (56\u00a0mph) speed limit in use on most highways. As a result of this, many people drove at 90\u00a0km/h at 1-lane parts but 110\u00a0km/h (68\u00a0mph) at 2-lane parts, this being the speed limit on motorways. The speed limit has now been changed to 100\u00a0km/h (62\u00a0mph) with a notably smoother traffic flow. There is a problem that some people want to overtake as many slow cars as possible in two-lane section, sometimes with small margins at the end of the section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0018-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, United Kingdom\nIn the UK, 2+1 roads are known as 'Wide single 2+1 roads'. According to the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, they should only be used on rural all-purpose single carriageways. The overtaking lane sections can be between 800 metres and 1500 metres. This is because this length allows for cars to overtake, but does not cause frustration for drivers on single-lane sections. It is recommended to use hatching with double solid lines to separate traffic flows to stop single-lane traffic from using the oncoming overtaking lane. 2+1 roads can also be used for climbing lanes, to allow slower vehicles to be overtaken by other vehicles when travelling uphill on a single carriageway. They should be used where the road is longer than 500 metres at a gradient of 2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 36], "content_span": [37, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0019-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Elsewhere\nDivided 2+1 roads are rare outside of Europe, though they are seen in a few places, such as the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, California, New Hampshire and Missouri states in the US, and Australia. The most prominent example is Interstate 93 in Franconia Notch State Park (before dropping down to a single lane in each direction, plus steel divider).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0019-0001", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Elsewhere\nThe mode is not unknown in the United States off the Interstate roads, including for example California State Route 1 between Malibu and Oxnard, Arizona State Route 77 north of Oracle and the section of Missouri Route 5 between the towns of Lebanon and Camdenton. In Japan, a 2+1 road was implemented in the northern island of Hokkaido.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0019-0002", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Elsewhere\nIn the United States, this term is not used and roads that would be in a configuration that could be described as 2+1 usually have an extra added climbing lane on steep grades for trucks and slow vehicles to climb, or are dropping or expanding to 2 or 4 lanes respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0020-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Elsewhere\nSometimes, during freeway reconstruction, a barrier transfer machine will be used on one half of the freeway while the other is being reconstructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0021-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Elsewhere\nA similar concept is utilized with 3-lane setups where 2 lanes have right of way, and the opposing side has to yield to the oncoming side on major highways that are mostly 2 lanes, of which those are more common.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0022-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Elsewhere\nThese roads also exist in Texas, called \"Super 2\", as that term has more than one definition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160236-0023-0000", "contents": "2+1 road, By country, Elsewhere\nIn the 1950s, New York state built many highways which totaled 3 lanes wide, with traffic moving in either direction permitted to use the center lane for passing. After less than ten years of a frighteningly high head-on collision rate, all were re-striped into either two wide lanes, or a one-direction passing lane, or alternating between the two systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0000-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film)\n2+2 (Spanish: Dos m\u00e1s dos) is a 2012 Argentine comedy-drama film directed by Diego Kaplan and starring Adri\u00e1n Suar, Carla Peterson, Julieta D\u00edaz and Juan Minuj\u00edn. The plot revolves around two successful friendly couples: Diego and Emilia, and Betina and Richard. One night, Richard and Betina reveal to Diego and Emilia that they are swingers and would like to swap partners with them, tempting Emilia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0001-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Plot\nDiego (Adr\u00edan Suar) and Richard (Juan Minuj\u00edn) are two renowned cardiovascular surgeons who own an important specialist hospital located in Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires. Diego is married to Emilia (Julieta D\u00edaz), a weather forecaster, with whom he has a 14-year-old son called Lucas (Tom\u00e1s Wicz) and an organized family life. Richard is in a ten-year relationship with Betina (Carla Peterson), a fashion designer; they have no children and a more unstructured life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0002-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Plot\nOne night, after Diego and Richard are given a recognition for their work at a congress, the two couples go out and have dinner to celebrate. In the restroom, Betina reveals to Emilia that she and Richard are swingers and that they should go to a swinger party with them. That night, Emilia can not stop thinking about it and awakens Diego to tell him. In the following days Emilia tries to be more sexually active and urges Diego to go to the party. Although he is uncomfortable with the idea, he accepts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0003-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Plot\nThe party is held in the house of a man named Pablo (Alfredo Casero) because of his birthday. Although Emilia enjoys the party, Diego is shocked and uneasy with everybody's promiscuity and leaves early with her. She then begins to be more open about their sexuality and wants to talk about her fantasies with Diego. Richard, Betina and Emilia insist on swapping partners until Diego agrees. The two couples have dinner and have sex despite Diego's refusal at the beginning. The following morning Emilia cries and tells Diego that she thinks that they \"did wrong\", but that she feels no regret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0004-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Plot\nA few months later, Diego and Emilia are used to the swinging lifestyle and are comfortable with it. In Lucas' birthday party, Betina tells Emilia that she thinks Richard is cheating on her and becomes emotionally unstable the following days. It is revealed that Emilia and Richard have been meeting secretly, and one night Emilia tells him she has fallen in love with him and the swinging must end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0005-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Plot\nOne night, Betina violently enters Diego and Emilia's house because she finds out about the affair and the two couples discuss. Diego decides not to be partners with Richard anymore, quitting his job at the hospital. He decides to separate and leaves the house. Meanwhile, Richard apologizes to Betina and begs her to get back together, but she refuses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0006-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Plot\nTwo years later, the two couples, who are back together, coincidentally meet in the cinema. Betina is nearly eight months pregnant and Richard expresses his desire to be friends again with them. They respectfully greet each other and go to see the films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0007-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Reception\nThe film received mixed to positive reviews. Most critics praised the performance of the cast. Debate has centered on the conservatism of the ending, while the film was publicized as transgressive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0008-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Reception\nCatalina Dlugi of Todo Noticias called the film \"spicy and funny\". La Prensa''s Isabel Croce highlighted Julieta D\u00edaz's performance and described the film as \"a good comedy starring an attractive foursome\". La Capital called Alfredo Casero's role \"noteworthy\" and wrote \"it is a movie with risky events and direct, crude language, but fails to exceed the occurrence of Un novio para mi mujer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0008-0001", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Reception\nLa Voz del Interior considered \"one of the successes of 2+2 is the choice of the cast\" and that it has \"very funny moments, risky and very well done erotic scenes, tense situations that give nuance to the story.\" P\u00e1gina/12's Horacio Bernades described the film as \"not only very worthy, technically flawless and very enjoyable, but unusually accomplished and provocative, for the needy Argentine film industry standards.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160237-0009-0000", "contents": "2+2 (2012 film), Reception\nJulio Nakamurakare of the Buenos Aires Herald called 2+2 \"so predictable and narrow-minded as to negate what's been previously proclaimed out loud as a war cry.\" Javier Porta Fouz of HiperCr\u00edtico panned Iv\u00e1n Wyszogrod's musicalization of the film, and described the film as \"condescending, awkward, scrawny, besieged by its 'concept of selling'.\" Funci\u00f3n Agotada's Nicol\u00e1s Viademonte particularly criticized the ending, writing \"[Kaplan] gets to throw away in 20 minutes what had been built with very good pulse in 80\" and that the last thirty minutes of the movie \"lacked the 'revolutionary', fresh, youthful spirit that carried in its starting time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160238-0000-0000", "contents": "2+2 (TV channel)\n2+2 (Ukrainian: \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0430, dva plyus dva) is a national Ukrainian-language TV channel, owned by the 1+1 Media Group. Its program content is mainly aimed at a male audience, targeting a core age group of 25\u201344.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160238-0001-0000", "contents": "2+2 (TV channel)\nDue to the Crimean crisis 2014, 2+2 broadcasts in Sevastopol ended on 9 March 2014, at 2.30pm East European time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160238-0002-0000", "contents": "2+2 (TV channel)\n2+2 broadcasts sporting events, particularly football and boxing matches. Other content includes foreign and Russian TV series, movies of various genres (action, sci-fi, adventure, comedy, detective, horror, disaster and historical), crime dramas and thrillers, cartoons and comedy programs, sports and entertainment shows made using in-house production, and erotica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160238-0003-0000", "contents": "2+2 (TV channel), History\nThe TV channel 2+2 was launched in July 2006 under the name Kino. In the summer of 2010 it changed both its name and its positioning. During six years of broadcasting the channel's technical penetration in cities with a population of over 50,000 increased from 18.5% to 89.3%, and Ukraine-wide it exceeded 83.7%. The channel's share of viewers was 2.7% at prime time (19:00\u201323:00) and 2.6% over the whole day for an audience aged between 18 and 54 in cities with a population of over 50,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160238-0004-0000", "contents": "2+2 (TV channel), History\nIn 2009 the 2+2 TV channel, then using the name Kino,  received the award for Best Movie Channel from the specialist magazine Mediasat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160238-0005-0000", "contents": "2+2 (TV channel), History\nIn 2011 it received the Mediasat award for the Best Regional TV Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160238-0006-0000", "contents": "2+2 (TV channel), History\nIn 2012, 2+2 was awarded the title Best Men's Channel by Mediasat, and it also obtained the rights to broadcast UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League matches for the season 2012\u20132015. Beginning in the autumn of 2012 live streams of Football Championship of Ukraine, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League games have been made available on the channel's site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160238-0007-0000", "contents": "2+2 (TV channel), Criticism\nIn 2014 the 2+2 TV channel was criticised for broadcasting Russian serials. According to the results of monitoring carried out by activists of the Boycott Russian Films campaign during the period 8\u201314 September 2014 there were 8 hours of Russian content per day. According to monitoring made on 27 September 2014 the proportion of Russian content on the channel was 42%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160238-0008-0000", "contents": "2+2 (TV channel), Football programs\n2+2 is the official broadcaster of the Ukrainian Premier League. Since 30 August 2010 there has been a football round-up program called ProFootball (\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0424\u0443\u0442\u0431\u043e\u043b) every Sunday. Ihor Tsyganyk is the main football reporter on the show. Experts invited onto the show include Andriy Nesmachnyi (former), Viktor Leonenko (former), Serhiy Kandaurov, Serhiy Nahornyak, Ihor Shukhovtsev, Oleh Venhlinskyi, Maksym Kalynychenko, Eduard Tsykhmeystruk, Oleksandr Ishchenko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160239-0000-0000", "contents": "2+2 (album)\n2+2 is an eponymous album of a vocal quartet called 2+2 with music by the Latin jazz ensemble known as Salsa Picante that was led by the American keyboardist/composer-arranger Clare Fischer. It was recorded in September 1980 and released in February 1981 by Pausa Records, and in Germany on the MPS label, as Foreign Exchange \u2013 The First Album. Tracks 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 would be reissued on CD in 1999, and as a digital download in 2012, as Latin Patterns, a compilation of remastered highlights from four of Fischer's MPS LPs from this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160239-0001-0000", "contents": "2+2 (album)\nThe album represents a number of firsts for Fischer, including his first Grammy (specifically, the album's final track, \"Guajira Pa' La Jeva\", named 1981's Best Latin Recording), as well as a pair of recording debuts, first, that of 2+2, the vocal quartet with which Fischer supplemented his Latin jazz ensemble (thus tying together two key components of his wide-ranging musical universe), and, of equal if not greater import, that of his son Brent Fischer, marking the beginning of a fruitful \u2013 and more than three-decade-long \u2013 professional association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160239-0002-0000", "contents": "2+2 (album), Reception\nLos Angeles Times jazz critic Leonard Feather awarded the album four stars, making particular note of the album's seamless blend of vocal and instrumental units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160239-0003-0000", "contents": "2+2 (album), Reception\nTheir blend is splendid, they are at times expertly integrated with the band through Fischer's compositions, lyrics and arrangements; and they are quadrilingual, starting in German and proceeding to English, Spanish and doo-be-doo, the Esperanto of jazz. The rhythm, generally timbales-oriented, could have used more bottom. Darlene Koldenhoven, the lead soprano, is a striking discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160240-0000-0000", "contents": "2+2 (car body style)\nThe 2+2 is a version of the coup\u00e9 car-body style that has two small rear seats for children or occasional usage, along with two front seats for the driver and front passenger. Manufacturers which sell coup\u00e9s both with and without rear seats often market the versions that include rear seats as \"2+2\"or as 2-plus-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160240-0001-0000", "contents": "2+2 (car body style), Definition\nBy definition, all cars in the 2+2 category have two front seats and two rear seats. Other common characteristics for 2+2 cars include relatively little room for the rear passengers and a coup\u00e9 body with two doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160240-0002-0000", "contents": "2+2 (car body style), Definition\nAlthough many convertible, targa top and hatchback cars meet the literal definition of a 2+2, they are rarely considered 2+2s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160240-0003-0000", "contents": "2+2 (car body style), Usage\nThere are many coup\u00e9 which meet the definition of a 2+2, but have not been described by the manufacturer as such. This is because the term 2+2 is most often used to distinguish cars from a 2-seat open version of the same model. Prominent examples are the classic Jaguar E-type fixed-head coup\u00e9 2+2, the Lotus Elan 2+2, the Nissan 300ZX 2+2, the Chevrolet Monza 2+2, the 1965\u20131966 Mustang 2+2 and the Pontiac 2+2 models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160240-0004-0000", "contents": "2+2 (car body style), Usage\nThe 1965 and 1966 Mustang Fastback was marketed as the \"Mustang 2+2\", because a fold-down rear seat was included as standard equipment. Where the standard (two-seat) Mustang had a \"MUSTANG\" emblem, the 2+2 model had a \"MUSTANG 2+2\" emblem. In 1967, the rear seat became optional, and the \"2+2\" designation was dropped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160241-0000-0000", "contents": "2+2 road\nA 2+2 road is a specific type of dual-carriageway that exists primarily in Ireland, Sweden, Estonia and Finland, consisting of two lanes in each direction separated by a steel cable barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160241-0001-0000", "contents": "2+2 road\nThese roads do not have hard shoulders and therefore cannot be designated as motorways in the future. However, they may be designated as limited-access roads, as such roads do not require the physical standard of motorways to be designated as expressways. The Irish variant has 3.5-metre-wide (11\u00a0ft) lanes where there are a number of Swedish variants some with 3.25-metre-wide (10.7\u00a0ft) lanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160241-0002-0000", "contents": "2+2 road\nJunctions are generally at-grade roundabouts and minor roads cross under or over the mainline without connecting. They are also known as \"type 2 dual-carriageways\" by the Irish National Roads Authority. These roads look similar to expressways, except that expressways often have interchanges, large medians or concrete barriers between traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160241-0003-0000", "contents": "2+2 road, History, First Irish 2+2\nIn Ireland first purpose-built road of this type opened in December 2007 as a new greenfield section of the N4 national primary route which joins Dublin to Sligo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160242-0000-0000", "contents": "2,000 Feet Away\n2,000 Feet Away is a play by British playwright Anthony Weigh. The play is a portrait of small-town life in the Midwest. It is set primarily in Eldon, Iowa, which provided the setting for Grant Wood's famous painting American Gothic. The opening and closing scenes are set in the Art Institute of Chicago where the painting is now preserved. The title of the play alludes to a state law preventing sex offenders from living within 2,000 feet (610\u00a0m) of any place where children may gather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160242-0001-0000", "contents": "2,000 Feet Away\nThe play premiered in Sydney, Australia and opened in London at the Bush Theatre during the 2008 summer season. The director of the Bush production was Josie Rourke, while the main character of the Deputy Sheriff was played by Joseph Fiennes, better known for his lead role in the film Shakespeare in Love. 2,000 Feet Away opened to generally positive reviews in the London press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160243-0000-0000", "contents": "2,000 Guineas Trial Stakes\nThe 2,000 Guineas Trial Stakes was a Group 3 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and geldings. It was run over a distance of 7 furlongs (1,408 metres), and it was scheduled to take place each year in early April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160243-0001-0000", "contents": "2,000 Guineas Trial Stakes, History\nThe event was originally held at Ascot. The present grading system was introduced in 1971, and the race was classed at Group 3 level. It was staged at Newmarket in 1978, and transferred to Salisbury in 1979. It was discontinued after 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160243-0002-0000", "contents": "2,000 Guineas Trial Stakes, History\nThe race served as a trial for the 2000 Guineas Stakes. The last horse to win both events was Sir Ivor in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160243-0003-0000", "contents": "2,000 Guineas Trial Stakes, History\nThe equivalent race for fillies was the 1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160244-0000-0000", "contents": "2,000,000 Voices\n2,000,000 Voices is Angelic Upstarts's  third album, released in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160245-0000-0000", "contents": "2,000-yard club\nThe 2,000-yard club is a group of eight National Football League (NFL) running backs who have rushed for 2,000 yards (1,800 meters) or more in a regular season. These eight rushing seasons rank as the highest single-season rushing totals in NFL history, and reaching the 2,000-yard mark is considered a significant achievement for running backs. No running back has yet achieved this feat twice. The first 2,000-yard season was recorded in 1973 by Buffalo Bills running back O. J. Simpson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160245-0000-0001", "contents": "2,000-yard club\nSimpson is the only player ever to have surpassed 2,000 yards in a 14-game season, as all others occurred in 16-game seasons; he finished the season with 2,003 rushing yards, averaging six yards per carry and an NFL-record 143.1 rushing yards per game. Los Angeles Rams running back Eric Dickerson, who had broken the single-season rookie rushing record in 1983, recorded the second 2,000-yard season in 1984. Dickerson rushed for 2,105 yards, the current NFL rushing record, and averaged 131.6 rushing yards per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160245-0001-0000", "contents": "2,000-yard club\nDetroit Lions running back Barry Sanders recorded the third 2,000-yard season in 1997, rushing for 2,053 yards. At the age of 29, Sanders was the oldest back to surpass 2,000 yards. Sanders had opened the season with only 53 yards through two games, but ran for 100 yards or more in each of the last 14 games of the season and averaged 6.1 yards per carry during the season. In 1998 Denver Broncos running back Terrell Davis became the fourth player to rush for over 2,000 yards, running for 2,008 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160245-0001-0001", "contents": "2,000-yard club\nDavis also recorded 21 rushing touchdowns in his 2,000-yard season, the only 2,000 yard rusher to do so. To date, Davis is the only member of the 2,000 yard club to win a Super Bowl in the year they rushed for 2,000 yards. Davis had reached the 1,000-yard mark only seven games into the season . Baltimore Ravens running back Jamal Lewis surpassed 2,000 yards in the 2003 season, recording 2,066 yards over the course of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160245-0001-0002", "contents": "2,000-yard club\n500 of these yards were recorded in two games against the Cleveland Browns, with Lewis rushing for a then-NFL record 295 yards in the first and recording 205 rushing yards in the second. Tennessee Titans running back Chris Johnson ran for 2,006 yards in 2009, averaging 5.6 yards per carry, and also recorded an NFL-record 2,509 yards from scrimmage. Minnesota Vikings back Adrian Peterson is the second most recent player to have surpassed 2,000 yards rushing, having finished the 2012 season with 2,097 yards rushing, just 8 yards short of Dickerson's record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160245-0001-0003", "contents": "2,000-yard club\nPeterson had torn two ligaments in his left knee the previous year, making him the only player to have surpassed 2,000 yards after having reconstructive knee surgery the prior season. Titans running back Derrick Henry reached the mark on January 3rd, 2021, making the Titans the first franchise to have multiple 2,000-yard rushers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160245-0002-0000", "contents": "2,000-yard club\nOut of the eight players to have recorded a 2,000-yard rushing season, all but one (Dickerson) won the AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award the year that they rushed for 2,000 yards. Dickerson would go on to win the award though after the 1986 NFL season. Simpson, Sanders, Davis, and Peterson also won the AP Most Valuable Player (MVP) award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160245-0002-0001", "contents": "2,000-yard club\nSimpson, Dickerson, Sanders and Davis are each members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, which \"honor[s] individuals who have made outstanding contributions to professional football\"; Lewis has not been voted in, and Johnson, Peterson, and Henry are not yet eligible. Johnson has retired from the NFL, but Peterson and Henry have not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160246-0000-0000", "contents": "2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole\n2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole is a bicyclic molecule composed of a benzene ring that is fused to a 1,2,5-thiadiazole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160246-0001-0000", "contents": "2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole, Preparation and structure\n2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole has been known since the 19th century. It is readily prepared in at least 85% yield from o-phenylenediamine by reaction with two equivalents of thionyl chloride in pyridine. The by-products are sulfur dioxide and HCl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160246-0002-0000", "contents": "2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole, Preparation and structure\nThere are a number of alternative methods used to make this heterocycle and these have been reviewed. The crystal structure of the compound was determined in 1951, when it had the common name piazthiol(e).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160246-0003-0000", "contents": "2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole, Reactions\nThe extent of the aromaticity of the compound was examined by a study of its proton NMR spectrum and comparison with naphthalene, which allowed the conclusion that it and related oxygen and selenium heterocycles did behave as 10-electron systems in which the 2-heteroatom contributed its lone pair to the ring current, in accordance with H\u00fcckel's rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160246-0004-0000", "contents": "2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole, Reactions\nAs a result, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole undergoes the standard chemistry of aromatic compounds, for example readily forming nitro and chloro derivatives. The chemistry of this heterocycle and its simple derivatives has been reviewed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160246-0005-0000", "contents": "2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole, Reactions\nUnder reducing conditions, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazoles can be converted back to the 1,2-diaminobenzene compounds from which they were prepared. This can be a useful way to protect a pair of reactive amino groups while other transformations are performed in the benzene ring to which they are attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160246-0006-0000", "contents": "2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole, Applications\n2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole has been of interest as a redox-active organic component in flow batteries owing to its favourable solubility, low reduction potential and fast electrochemical kinetics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160246-0007-0000", "contents": "2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole, Applications\nSuch properties in derivatives containing this heterocycle have made it of growing interest in dyestuffs, white light-emitting polymers, solar cells, and in luminescence studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160247-0000-0000", "contents": "2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160247-0001-0000", "contents": "2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are [ [ [beta-D-fructosyl-(2->1)-]]m]] and [ [beta-D-fructosyl-(2->1)-]]n]], whereas its two products are [ [beta-D-fructosyl-(2->1)-]]m-1]] and [ [beta-D-fructosyl-(2->1)-]]n+1]].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160247-0002-0000", "contents": "2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,1-beta-D-fructan:2,1-beta-D-fructan 1-beta-D-fructosyltransferase. Other names in common use include 1,2-beta-D-fructan 1F-fructosyltransferase, fructan:fructan fructosyl transferase, FFT, 1,2-beta-fructan 1F-fructosyltransferase, 1,2-beta-D-fructan:1,2-beta-D-fructan, 1F-beta-D-fructosyltransferase, and fructan:fructan 1-fructosyl transferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160248-0000-0000", "contents": "2,100 Asanas\n2,100 Asanas: The Complete Yoga Positions is a 2015 non-fiction book written by Mr. Yoga, Daniel Lacerda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160248-0001-0000", "contents": "2,100 Asanas, Contents\n2,100 Asanas: The Complete Yoga Positions features 2,100 yoga poses, photographed in color by Lacerda. The models in the book are all yoga students of Lacerda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160248-0002-0000", "contents": "2,100 Asanas, Reception\nThe book received mixed reviews, but was listed in the Health and Fitness section of the Toronto Star bestseller list in December 2015, as well as The Indie Healthy Living Bestseller List of the American Booksellers' Association and The New York Times list of bestselling health books, for the same month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160248-0003-0000", "contents": "2,100 Asanas, Reception\nIn an interview in Yoga Journal, Lacerda stated that he had catalogued 8.4 million yoga poses mentioned in Hatha Yoga Pradipika. He said that 2,100 Asanas was the first edition, and that he was working on a second edition, to be called 50,000 Asanas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0000-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647\nThe number 2,147,483,647 is the eighth Mersenne prime, equal to 231\u00a0\u2212\u00a01. It is one of only four known double Mersenne primes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0001-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647\nThe primality of this number was proven by Leonhard Euler, who reported the proof in a letter to Daniel Bernoulli written in 1772. Euler used trial division, improving on Pietro Cataldi's method, so that at most 372 divisions were needed. It thus improved upon the previous record-holding prime, 6,700,417, also discovered by Euler, forty years earlier. The number 2,147,483,647 remained the largest known prime until 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0002-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647\nIn computing, this number represents the largest value that a signed 32-bit integer field can hold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0003-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647, Barlow's prediction\nAt the time of its discovery, 2,147,483,647 was the largest known prime number. In 1811, Peter Barlow, not anticipating future interest in perfect numbers, wrote (in An Elementary Investigation of the Theory of Numbers):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0004-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647, Barlow's prediction\nEuler ascertained that 231\u00a0\u2212\u00a01 = 2147483647 is a prime number; and this is the greatest at present known to be such, and, consequently, the last of the above perfect numbers [i.e., 230(231\u00a0\u2212\u00a01)], which depends upon this, is the greatest perfect number known at present, and probably the greatest that ever will be discovered; for as they are merely curious, without being useful, it is not likely that any person will attempt to find one beyond it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0005-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647, Barlow's prediction\nHe repeated this prediction in his 1814 work A New Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0006-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647, Barlow's prediction\nIn fact a larger prime was discovered in 1855 by Thomas Clausen (67,280,421,310,721), though a proof was not provided. Furthermore, 3,203,431,780,337 was proven to be prime in 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0007-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647, In computing\nThe number 2,147,483,647 (or hexadecimal 7FFFFFFF16) is the maximum positive value for a 32-bit signed binary integer in computing. It is therefore the maximum value for variables declared as integers (e.g., as int) in many programming languages. The appearance of the number often reflects an error, overflow condition, or missing value. In December 2014, it was reported that PSY's music video \"Gangnam Style\" had exceeded the 32-bit integer limit for YouTube view count, necessitating that YouTube upgrade the counter to a 64-bit integer. In fact, this was an \"easter egg\" joke shared by the company, as Google had reportedly switched to a 64-bit integer several months prior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0008-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647, In computing\nThe data type time_t, used on operating systems such as Unix, is a signed integer counting the number of seconds since the start of the Unix epoch (midnight UTC of 1 January 1970), and is often implemented as a 32-bit integer. The latest time that can be represented in this form is 03:14:07\u00a0UTC on Tuesday, 19\u00a0January\u00a02038 (corresponding to 2,147,483,647 seconds since the start of the epoch). This means that systems using a 32-bit time_t type are susceptible to the Year 2038 problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160249-0009-0000", "contents": "2,147,483,647, In video games\nThe number 2,147,483,647 is often used as the hard limit in most video games for score, money, points, etc. Going over this limit by legitimate means, or modding or hacking the game, results in many different outcomes. The most common are the number going into the negatives, thus the limit being extended to 4,294,967,295, also known as the unsigned 32-bit integer limit. There is also a chance of the game crashing, thus meaning there was no failsafe implemented in case someone reached the 32-bit limit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile\nNitrilotriacetonitrile (NTAN) is a precursor for nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA, a biodegradable complexing agent and building block for detergents), for tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (a tripodal tetradentate chelating agent known under the abbreviation tren) and for the epoxy resin crosslinker aminoethylpiperazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Production\nThe synthesis of nitrilotriacetonitrile is based on the basic building blocks ammonia, formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, which are reacted (via the triple cyanomethylation of the ammonia) in acidic aqueous medium in discontinuous or continuous processes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Production\nAmmonia is introduced as a gas, in form of hexamethylenetetramine or as ammonium sulfate together with formaldehyde as aqueous solution (usually 37% by weight) at pH values <2 and treated with aqueous blue acid solution or liquid hydrogen cyanide at temperatures around 100\u00a0\u00b0C. Blue acid is used directly from the Andrussow process or the BMA process of Evonik Degussa without pre-purification if necessary. When the mother liquors are returned, yields of more than 90% are achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Production\nProblematic, particularly in the case of a continuous process, is the tendency of NTAN to precipitate at temperatures below 90\u00a0\u00b0C which can lead to clogging of tube reactors and conduits and thermal runaway of the reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Properties\nNitrilotriacetonitrile is a colorless and odorless solid which dissolves hardly in water but dissolves well in nitromethane and acetone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0005-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Use\nNitrilotriacetonitrile can be homopolymerized or copolymerized with iminodiacetonitrile in the melt in the presence of basic catalysts such as sodium methoxide to form dark-colored solid polymers which can be carbonized to form nitrogen-containing and electrically conductive polymers at temperatures above 1000\u00a0\u00b0C. The products obtained have not found application as conductive polymers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0006-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Use\nThe hydrogenation of NTAN first converts a cyano group into an imino group which attacks a cyano group (which are adjacent and sterically suitable for forming a six-membered ring) rather than being further hydrogenated to the primary amino group. The end product of the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrilotriacetonitrile is therefore 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0007-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Use\nIf the catalytic hydrogenation of NTAN is carried out with e. g. Raney nickel in the presence of a large excess of ammonia, it gives tris(2-aminoethyl)amine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0008-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Use\nTris(2-aminoethyl)amine is used as a tetrazident complexing agent (abbreviated as \"tren\"), which forms stable chelates, particularly with divalent and trivalent transition metal ions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0009-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Use\nNitrilotriacetonitrile reacts with methanal at pH 9.5 to give 2,2-dihydroxymethyl-nitrilotriacetonitrile, which is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide solution at 100\u00a0\u00b0C to give the trisodium salt of 2-hydroxymethylserine-N,N-diacetic acid, from which the free acid can be obtained by acidification in 51% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0010-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Use\nThe compound is suitable as a complexing agent for heavy metal ions or alkaline earth metal ions, as a stabilizer for bleaching agents (e.g. for sodium perborate, in solid detergent preparations) and as a builder in detergents for inhibiting the formation of incrustations in textiles during laundering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0011-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Use\nThe hydrolysis of nitrilotriacetonitrile with water in concentrated sulfuric acid yields under gentle conditions practically quantitatively nitrilotriacetamide, which has been investigated as a neutral tetradentate ligand for metal complexation. At elevated temperature, 3,5-dioxopiperazine-1-acetamide is formed by ring closure, which can be quantitatively converted into the nitrilotriacetamide after neutralization and heating with excess aqueous ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0012-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Use\nNitrilotriacetonitrile serves mainly as a raw material for the production of the biodegradable, but carcinogen suspected complexing agent nitrilotriacetic acid by acid or base-catalyzed hydrolysis of the cyano groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160250-0013-0000", "contents": "2,2',2''-Nitrilotriacetonitrile, Use\nUndesirable residual contents of cyanide ions in the hydrolyzate can be removed by post-treatment with oxidizing agents such as sodium hypochlorite at pH 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 36], "content_span": [37, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160251-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride\n2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) is a chemical compound used to study the chemistry of the oxidation of drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160251-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride\nIt is a free radical-generating azo compound. It is gaining prominence as a model oxidant in small molecule and protein therapeutics for its ability to initiate oxidation reactions via both nucleophilic and free radical mechanisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160251-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride\n2,2\u2032-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride has been used in experiments on linoleic acid subjected to induced oxidation with different combinations of binary mixtures of natural phenolics. The experiments show that some binary mixtures can lead to a synergetic antioxidant effect while other mixtures lead to an antagonistic effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160252-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Biphenol\n2,2\u2032-Biphenol is an organic compound with the formula (C6H4OH)2. It is one of three symmetrical isomers of biphenol. A white solid, it is a precursor to diphosphite ligands that are used to support industrial hydroformylation catalysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160252-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Biphenol, Synthesis\nRing-opening of Dibenzofuran affords 2,2\u2032-biphenol. Alternatively, it can be produced from 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol in two steps. The first step entails oxidative coupling to give the 2,2\u2032-biphenol with four tert-Bu substituents. This species then undergoes debutylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160253-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Biphenylene phosphorochloridite\n2,2\u2032-Biphenylene phosphorochloridite is the name for a polycyclic organophosphorus compound with the formula C12H8O2PCl. It is a precursor to diphosphite ligands such as BiPhePhos by reaction with suitable diols. 2,2\u2032-Biphenylene phosphorochloridites, which is a white solid, is prepared from 2,2\u2032-biphenol and phosphorus trichloride. It is prepared by the reaction of 2,2\u2032-biphenol and phosphorus trichloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160254-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Bipyrimidine\n2,2\u2032-Bipyrimidine is an organic compound with the formula (C4H3N2)2. It is a derivative of the heterocycle pyrimidine. It is a white solid. The compound is used as a bridging ligand in coordination chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160255-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Biquinoline\n2,2\u2032-Biquinoline is an organic compound with the formula (C9H6N)2. It is one of several dimers of the bicyclic heterocycle called quinoline. It is prepared by reductive coupling of 2-chloroquinoline. It is a colorimetric indicator for organolithium compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160256-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl\n2,2\u2032-Bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl is an organic compound with the formula [C6H4C9H7]2. The compound is the precursor, upon deprotonation, to ansa-metallocene complexes within the area of transition metal indenyl complexes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160256-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl\nMetals studied with 2,2\u2032-bis(2-indenyl) biphenyl include titanium, zirconium, and hafnium. The ligand and its complexes have been prepared by the research group of the late Brice Bosnich at The University of Chicago. Zirconium and hafnium complexes made from this ligand were found to be active catalysts for the polymerization of the smallest alkenes \u2013 compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds\u2014namely, ethylene and propylene. The use of such complexes in the polymerization of alkenes has since been reported, and patented by DSM Research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160257-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Bithiophene\n2,2\u2032-Bithiophene is the organic compound. It is a colorless solid, although commercial samples are often greenish. It is the most common of the three isomers with formula (C4H3S)2. The other two isomers have the connectivity 2,3\u2032- and 3,3\u2032-. The compound is typically prepared by cross-coupling starting from 2-halothiophenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160257-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Bithiophene\nX-ray crystallography shows that the two rings are coplanar, unlike the situation for biphenyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160257-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Bithiophene, Occurrence\nA number of bi- as well as terthiophenes exist naturally, invariably with substituents at the positions flanking sulfur. In terms of the biosynthesis, bithiophenes are proposed to be derived from polyacetylenic precursors, which in turn are the products of dehydrogenation of oleic acid. According to some hypotheses, these polyalkynes form labile 1,2-dithiins via a reaction with H2S2 or its equivalent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160258-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Difluorofentanyl\n2,2'-Difluorofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl which has been sold as a designer drug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160258-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Difluorofentanyl, Side effects\nSide effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening. Fentanyl analogs have killed hundreds of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear. A new wave of fentanyl analogues and associated deaths began in around 2014 in the US, and have continued to grow in prevalence; especially since 2016 these drugs have been responsible for hundreds of overdose deaths every week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160258-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Difluorofentanyl, Legal status\nAs a ring-substituted derivative of fentanyl, 2,2'-difluorofentanyl is banned under drug analog laws in the United States and other jurisdictions around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160259-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyridylamine\n2,2\u2032-Dipyridylamine is an organic compound with the formula (C5H4N)2NH. It consists of a pair of 2-pyridyl groups (C5H4N) linked to a secondary amine. The compound forms a range of coordination complexes. Its conjugate base, 2,2\u2032-dipyridylamide, forms extended metal atom chains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160259-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyridylamine, Formation\n2,2\u2032-Dipyridylamine can be formed by heating pyridine with sodium amide. Alternatively, 2-aminopyridine can be heated with 2-chloropyridine over barium oxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160260-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyridyldisulfide\n2,2\u2032-Dipyridyldisulfide, sometimes known as DPS, is used for preparing thiols and activating carboxylic acid for coupling reactions, as in the following reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160260-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyridyldisulfide, Uses\nIt is also used in molecular biology as an oxidising agent, for example to oxidise free thiols to form disulfide bonds in proteins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160261-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyrromethene\n2,2'-Dipyrromethene, often called just dipyrromethene or dipyrrin, is a chemical compound with formula C9H8N2 whose skeleton can be described as two pyrrole rings C5N connected by a methyne bridge =CH\u2013 through their nitrogen-adjacent (position-2) carbons; the remaining bonds being satisfied by hydrogen atoms. It is an unstable compound that is readily attacked by nucleophylic compounds above \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160261-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyrromethene\n2,2'-Dipyrromethene and its more stable and easily prepared derivatives\u2014formally obtained by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by other functional groups\u2014are important precursors for the family of BODIPY fluorescent dies. The derivatives include salts of the dipyrrinato anion C9H7N\u20132 and of the cation C9H9N+2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160261-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyrromethene, Preparation\n2,2'-Dipyrromethene and its derivatives can be  obtained from suitable pyrrole derivatives by several methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160261-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyrromethene, Preparation\nThe unsubstituted compound can be prepared by oxidation of 2,2'-dipyrrolemethane with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) at \u221278\u00a0\u00b0C in dry dichloromethane solution. An alternative synthesis that avoids the oxidation step is the condensation of 2-formyl pyrrole and pyrrole catalyzed by trifluoroacetic acid, followed by deprotonation with N,N-diisopropylethylamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160261-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyrromethene, Preparation\nMore generally, one starts with a pyrrole with suitable substituents at positions 3, 4, or 5 (but not 2). Condensation of two such molecules at their 2 positions with a bridging compound gives the corresponding 2,2'-dipyrromethane. The condensation may use, for example, the Knorr pyrrole synthesis, with an aromatic aldehyde in the presence of TFA. The dipyrromethane core is then oxidized to dipyrromethene using a quinone oxidant such as DDQ or p-chloranil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160261-0005-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyrromethene, Preparation\nAlternatively, one may use an activated carboxylic acid derivative, usually an acyl chloride. As another possibility, one may condense a substituted pyrroles with a 2-acylpyrrole; this route allows the synthesis of unsymmetrical dipyrromethenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160261-0006-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyrromethene, Reactions\nDipyrrin is unstable above \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C. However, its acts as a base, and its chloride [C9H9N+2] [Cl\u2212] is sufficiently stable in solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160261-0007-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyrromethene, Reactions\nThe so-called BODIPY dyes can be obtained by reacting 2,2'-dipyrromethene or its derivatives with boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex (BF3\u00b7(C2H5)2O) in the presence of triethylamine or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160261-0008-0000", "contents": "2,2'-Dipyrromethene, Reactions\nDipyrrin and its derivatives for coordination complexes with transition metals. For example, the derivative anion 5-phenyl dipirrinato (pdp) forms the neutral iron(III) complex Fe(pdp)3 (dark green monoclinic crystals, soluble in benzene, orange solution in dichloromethane), where the Fe3+ ion is coordinated to six nitrogen atoms of the dipyrrin cores in distorted octahedral geometry. A similar cobalt(III) complex has also been reported, as well as a complex with copper(II) Cu(pdp)2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160262-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trichloroethanol\n2,2,2-Trichloroethanol is the chemical compound with formula Cl3C\u2212CH2OH. Its molecule can be described as that of ethanol, with the three hydrogen atoms at position 2 (the methyl group) replaced by chlorine atoms. It is a clear flammable liquid at room temperature, colorless when pure but often with a light yellow color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160262-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trichloroethanol\nThe pharmacological effects of this compound in humans are similar to those of its prodrug chloral hydrate, and of chlorobutanol. Historically, it has been used as a sedative hypnotic. The hypnotic drug triclofos (2,2,2-trichloroethyl phosphate) is metabolized in vivo to 2,2,2-trichloroethanol. Chronic exposure may result in kidney and liver damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160262-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trichloroethanol\n2,2,2-Trichloroethanol can be added to SDS-PAGE gels in order to enable fluorescent detection of proteins without a staining step, for immunoblotting or other analysis methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160262-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trichloroethanol, Use in organic synthesis\n2,2,2-trichloroethanol is an effective protecting group for carboxylic acids due to its ease in addition and removal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160263-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl chloride\nTrichloroethyl chloroformate is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the trichloroethyl chloroformate (Troc) protecting group for amines, thiols and alcohols. It readily cleaves vs other carbamates and can be used in an overall protecting group strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160263-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl chloride\nThe troc group is traditionally removed via Zn insertion in the presence of acetic acid, resulting in elimination and decarboxylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160263-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl chloride, Amine protection \u2013 2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc)\n2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) group is largely used as a protecting group for amines in organic synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 95], "content_span": [96, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol\n2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol is the organic compound with the formula CF3CH2OH. Also known as TFE or trifluoroethyl alcohol, this colourless, water-miscible liquid has a smell reminiscent of ethanol. Due to the electronegativity of the trifluoromethyl group, this alcohol exhibits a stronger acidic character compared to ethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Synthesis\nTrifluoroethanol is produced industrially by hydrogenation or the hydride reduction of derivatives of trifluoroacetic acid, such as the esters or acyl chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Synthesis\nTFE can also be prepared by hydrogenolysis of compounds of generic formula CF3\u2212CHOH\u2212OR (where R is hydrogen or an alkyl group containing from one to eight carbon atoms), in the presence of a palladium containing catalyst deposited on activated charcoal. As a co-catalyst for this conversion tertiary aliphatic amines like triethylamine are commonly employed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Uses\nTrifluoroethanol is used as a solvent in organic chemistry. Oxidations of sulfur compounds using hydrogen peroxide are effectively conducted in TFE. It can also be used as a protein denaturant. In biology TFE is used as a co-solvent in protein folding studies with NMR spectroscopy: this solvent can effectively solubilize both peptides and proteins. Depending upon its concentration, TFE can strongly affect the three-dimensional structure of proteins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Uses\nIndustrially trifluoroethanol is employed as a solvent for nylon as well as in applications of the pharmaceutical field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0005-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Uses\nTrifluoroethanol is a key precursor for the inhaled anaesthetic isoflurane, listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0006-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Uses\nTrifluoroethanol is also used in biochemistry as an inhibitor to study enzymes. It competitively inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase for example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0007-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Reactions\nOxidation of trifluoroethanol yields trifluoroacetaldehyde or trifluoroacetic acid. It  also serves as a source of the trifluoroethoxy group for various chemical reactions (Still-Gennari modification of HWE reaction).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0008-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Reactions\n2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl vinyl ether, an inhaled drug introduced clinically under the tradename Fluoromar, features a vinyl ether of trifluorethanol. This species was prepared by the reaction of trifluoroethanol with acetylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0009-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Reactions\nTFE forms stable complexes with Lewis bases such as THF or pyridine through hydrogen bonding, yielding 1:1 adducts. CF3CH2OH is classified as a  hard Lewis acid and its acceptor properties are discussed in the ECW model yielding EA = 2.07 and CA = 1.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160264-0010-0000", "contents": "2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, Safety\nTrifluoroethanol is classified as toxic to blood, the reproductive system, bladder, brain, upper respiratory tract and eyes. Research has shown it to be a testicular toxicant in rats and dogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160265-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,3,3-Tetramethylsuccinic acid\nIn chemistry, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylsuccinic acid or 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane-1,4-dioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula C8H14O4, or HOOC- C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-COOH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160265-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,3,3-Tetramethylsuccinic acid\nIt can be seen as derivative of succinic acid (butane-1,4-dioic acid) with two methyl groups replacing two hydrogen atoms on each of the central carbon atoms of the chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160265-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,3,3-Tetramethylsuccinic acid, Synthesis and chemistry\nThe compound can also be obtained by thermal decomposition of 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-4-one-glutaric acid with release of a carbon monoxide molecule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160265-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2,3,3-Tetramethylsuccinic acid, Synthesis and chemistry\nOn heating it forms a heterocyclic anhydride, 3,3,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran-2,5-dione, with loss of one molecule of water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160266-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol\n2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol (CBDO) is an aliphatic diol. This diol is produced as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers, depending on the relative stereochemistry of the hydroxyl groups. It is used as a monomer for the synthesis of polymeric materials. CBDO is currently being researched as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is a precursor used in the production of a wide range of polymers including polycarbonates, polyesters, polysulfones, and polyester ketones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160266-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, Replacement for BPA\nThe controversies associated with BPA in large quantities are ultimately related to its endocrine disrupting abilities. Like BPA, CBDO is a diol with a structure suitable for making polyesters. CBDO\u2019s C4 ring is sufficiently rigid to prevent the two OH groups from forming cyclic structures. Unlike BPA, there is no current evidence of carcinogenic or toxic effects from CBDO-based consumer products. There are, however, few studies on the toxicology of CBDO for both long term and short term effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160266-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, Replacement for BPA\nCBDO has potential advantages relative to BPA as a building block for production of polyesters. CBDO is very stable thermally and mechanically. Polyesters prepared from CBDO are rigid materials, but the combination of CBDO with flexible diols results in materials with high impact resistance, low color, thermal stability, good photooxidative stability and transparency. As an added bonus, CBDO-derived polymers have high ductility. The thermal and mechanical properties of CBDO-derived polyesters are often superior to conventional polyesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160266-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, Preparation\nSynthesis of CBDO involves pyrolysis of isobutyric anhydride followed by hydrogenation of the resulting 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione. This synthesis resembles the method used to produce CBDO today. The first step involves conversion of the isobutyric acid or its anhydride into the ketene. This ketene then dimerizes to form a four-membered ring with two ketone groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160266-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, Preparation\nThe product ring is hydrogenated to give a diol. The last step commonly involves catalytic hydrogenation with ruthenium, nickel, or rhodium catalysts. Hydrogenation of the diketone ring results in both cis and trans isomers. A simplified scheme for the production of CBDO is presented below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160266-0005-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, Structure and properties\nThe C4 ring of the cis isomer of CBDO is non-planar. For simple non-planar cyclobutanes, dihedral angles range from 19 to 31\u00b0. CBDO\u2019s cis isomer crystallizes as two conformers with an average dihedral angle of 17.5\u00b0 in the solid state. However, the trans isomer has a dihedral angle of 0\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160266-0006-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, Polyesterification\nThe current economic method for the production of polyesters is direct esterification of dicarboxylic acids with diols. This condensation polymerization adds monomeric units to a chain. Individual chains react with one another through carboxyl and hydroxyl terminal groups. Finally, transesterification occurs within the chain. Although CBDO is most often used in polyesters, mixed copolycarbonates of CBDO and a series of bisphenols have also been synthesized. The differing reactivities of the cis and trans isomers have not been studied in depth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160267-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-t-butyl-pentane-3-ol\n2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-t-butyl-pentane-3-ol or tri-tert-butylcarbinol is an organic compound with formula C13H28O, ((H3C)3C)3COH, or tBu3COH. It is an alcohol that can be viewed as a structural analog of a tridecane isomer (2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-t-butylpentane) where the central hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxyl group -OH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160267-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-t-butyl-pentane-3-ol\nTri-tert-butylcarbinol is arguably the most sterically hindered alcohol that has been prepared to date. In contrast to all other known alcohols, the infrared spectrum of the liquid does not exhibit a broad OH absorption associated with intermolecular hydrogen bonding, making it interesting for research in spectroscopy. The bulky tert-butyl groups (H3C)3C- groups attached to the central carbon prevent the formation of a O\u2013H---O hydrogen bond with another molecule, an intermolecular interaction typical of alcohols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160267-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-t-butyl-pentane-3-ol\nAnother structural analog, in which the COH group is replaced by N, is tri-tert-butylamine, a molecule predicted to be stable but has never been prepared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160268-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethylcyclobutanedione\n2,2,4,4-Tetramethylcyclobutanedione is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)4C4O2. The compound is a diketone of cyclobutane, bearing four methyl groups. It is a white solid that is used as a precursor to diverse industrial products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160268-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethylcyclobutanedione, Synthesis and reactions\n2,2,4,4-Tetramethylcyclobutanedione is the head-to-tail dimer of dimethylketene. It arises spontaneously when dimethylketene is produced by dehydrohalogenation of isobutyryl chloride with triethylamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160268-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethylcyclobutanedione, Synthesis and reactions\nThe 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione isomerizes to the lactone called dimethylketene dimer (4-isopropylidene-3,3-dimethyl-2-oxetanone). Dimethylketene dimer is a precursor to various alkyl ketene dimers, which are used in papermaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160268-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2,4,4-Tetramethylcyclobutanedione, Synthesis and reactions\nHydrogenation of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione gives 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanediol, which is of interest in polymer chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160269-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,4-Trimethylpentane\n2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, also known as isooctane or iso-octane, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2. It is one of several isomers of octane (C8H18). This particular isomer is the standard 100 point on the octane rating scale (the zero point is n-heptane). It is an important component of gasoline, frequently used in relatively large proportions to increase the knock resistance of the fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160269-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,4-Trimethylpentane\nStrictly speaking, if the standard meaning of \u2018iso\u2019 is followed, the name isooctane should be reserved for the isomer 2-methylheptane. However, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is by far the most important isomer of octane and so, historically, it has been assigned this name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160269-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, Production\nIsooctane is produced on a massive scale in the petroleum industry by alkylation of isobutene with isobutane. The process is conducted in alkylation units in the presence of acid catalysts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160269-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, Production\nIt can also be produced from isobutylene by dimerization using an Amberlyst catalyst to produce a mixture of iso-octenes. Hydrogenation of this mixture produces  2,2,4-trimethylpentane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160269-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, History\nEngine knocking is an unwanted process that can occur during high compression ratios in internal combustion engines. Graham Edgar in 1926 added different amounts of n-heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane to gasoline, and discovered that the knocking stopped when 2,2,4-trimethylpentane was added. This work was the origin of the octane rating scale. Test motors using 2,2,4-trimethylpentane gave a certain performance that was standardized as 100 octane. The same test motors, run in the same fashion, using heptane, gave a performance which was standardized as 0 octane. All other compounds and blends of compounds then were graded against these two standards and assigned octane numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160270-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,5,5-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran\n2,2,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran (TMTHF) or 2,2,5,5-tetramethyloxolane (TMO) is a heterocyclic compound with the formula C8H16O, or (CH3)2(C(CH2)2OC)(CH3)2. It can be seen as derivative of tetrahydrofuran (oxolane) with four methyl groups replacing four hydrogen atoms on each of the carbon atoms in the ring that are adjacent to the oxygen. The absence of hydrogen atoms adjacent to the oxygen means that TMTHF (TMO) does not form peroxides, unlike other common ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether and CPME.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160270-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,5,5-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran\nThe compound has been demonstrated as a non-polar solvent in research chemistry, having similar properties to toluene and as a reagent in chemical synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160270-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,5,5-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, Natural occurrence\nThe compound is produced in small quantities by the mycelium of Tuber borchii, a mushroom similar to the truffle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160270-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2,5,5-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, Synthesis and chemistry\nThe compound is easily prepared by the ring closure of 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-diol using acid catalysts. Zeolites have been shown to be particularly high yielding but sulfuric acid can also be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160270-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2,5,5-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, Synthesis and chemistry\nTMTHF reacts with benzene in the presence of triflic acid to form 1,1,4,4-dimethyltetralin and symmetric tetramethyloctahydroanthracene. This and other similar reactions can be used for the selective preparation of derivatives of naphthalene, anthracene, and tetracene, and other fused-ring aromatic hydrocarbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160270-0005-0000", "contents": "2,2,5,5-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, Synthesis and chemistry\nTMTHF undergoes photolysis by UV; in aqueous solution, the products are mainly methane, ethane, and 2-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyltetrahydrofuran. The dehydration of TMTHF yields alkenes like 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene and 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160270-0006-0000", "contents": "2,2,5,5-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, Synthesis and chemistry\nReaction with fluorine substitutes it for all hydrogen atoms to yield perfluoro(2,2,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran) C8F16O (bp 99 C, mp -31 C).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160271-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine\n2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine, abbreviated TMP, HTMP, or TMPH, is an organic compound of the amine class. In appearance, it is a colorless liquid and has a \"fishy\", amine-like odor. This amine is used in chemistry as a hindered base (hindered amine). Although TMP finds limited use per se, its derivatives are a mainstay of hindered amine light stabilizers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160271-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine\nTMP is the starting material for an even stronger base lithium tetramethylpiperidide and the radical species TEMPO. Another non-nucleophilic base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160271-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine, Preparation\nMany routes for the synthesis of TMP have been reported. One method starts with a conjugate addition reaction of ammonia to phorone. The intermediate triacetone amine is then reduced in a Wolff-Kishner reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160272-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Di-2-furylpropane\n2,2-Di-2-furylpropane is a condensation product of furan and acetone. It is a relatively high boiling liquid (boiling point: 85\u221290\u00a0\u00b0C at 13 torr) and is a precursor (via hydrogenation) to the rubber additive bis(tetrahydrofuryl)propane used in the manufacture of high vinyl content rubber for high performance tires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160272-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2-Di-2-furylpropane, Synthesis\nFuran and ketones react under the action of acidic catalysts yielding difuryl condensation products, higher oligomers, as well as cyclic furan tetramers (tetraoxaquterenes). If the number of furan moieties in the oligomer is denoted as n, the number of isopropylidene moieties (derived from acetone) is n-1. In the case of aldehydes only linear oligomers are formed. The simplest adduct of furan and acetone is 2,2-di-2-furylpropane, the title compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160272-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2-Di-2-furylpropane, Synthesis\nThis molecule is typically synthesized employing two equivalents of furan and one equivalent of acetone employing concentrated hydrochloric acid as the catalyst at ambient temperature and pressure. Alternatively, the reaction may be cooled during the addition of reagents and in the early phases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160272-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2-Di-2-furylpropane, Synthesis\nInasmuch as the two furan moieties in 2,2-di-2-furylpropane may further react, at their respective unsubstituted 5-positions, with additional acetone the formation of oligomers can not be completely suppressed. However, the amount of oligomer is effected by reaction conditions, including the furan to acetone ratio and the amount of hydrochloric acid catalyst employed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160272-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2-Di-2-furylpropane, Purification\n2,2-Di-2-furylpropane may be obtained from crude aqueous acidic reaction mixtures (typically biphasic) by allowing phase separation followed by neutralization of the organic layer. Essentially pure product is obtained by vacuum distillation of the neutralized organic phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160273-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane\n2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane or HCFC-123 is considered as an alternative to CFC-11 in low pressure refrigeration and HVAC systems, and should not be used in foam blowing processes or solvent applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160273-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane\nIts ozone depletion potential is ODP = 0.012, and global warming potential is GWP = 76. HCFC-123 will eventually be phased out under the current schedule of the Montreal Protocol, but can continue to be used in new HVAC equipment until 2020 in developed countries, and will still be produced for service use of HVAC equipment until 2030. Developing countries can use in new equipment until 2030, and can be produced for use in service until 2040.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160273-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane\nHCFC-123 is used in large tonnage centrifugal chiller applications, and is the most efficient refrigerant currently in use in the marketplace for HVAC applications. HCFC-123 is also used as a testing agent for bypass leakage of carbon adsorbers in gas filtration systems, and as the primary chemical in Halotron I fire-extinguishing agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160273-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane\nIsomers are 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (R-123a) with CAS 354-23-4 and 1,1-dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (R-123b) with CAS 812-04-4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160274-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dichloropropionic acid\n2,2-Dichloropropionic acid is the organic compound with the formula CH3CCl2CO2H. A colorless liquid, it once was marketed under the name Dalapon as a selective herbicide used to control perennial grasses. The major use of dalapon was on food crops including sugarcane and sugar beets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160274-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dichloropropionic acid, Regulation\nThe National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in the United States has identified it as a potential workplace hazard. The recommended time-weighted average exposure limit is 6 milligrams per cubic meter during a 10-hour workday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160275-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran\n2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran is a cyclic orthoester which can be reacted with diols to biodegradable polyorthoesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160275-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran, Preparation\nThe synthesis of 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran via \u03b3-butyrolactone and the Meerwein salt (triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate) in diethyl ether was first described by Hans Meerwein and co-workers. In the reaction the electrophilic ethyl cation attackes the carbonyl oxygen and forms the stable but extraordinarily hygroscopic O-ethyl-\u03b3-butyrolactonium tetrafluoroborate (melting point 42 \u00b0C). The compound dissolves in dichloromethane, chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane but is insoluble in diethyl ether, benzene and tetrachloromethane. The onium salt reacts practically quantitatively with an ethanolate anion from sodium ethoxide in ethanol forming 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160275-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran, Preparation\n2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran can also be produced in a solvent-free one-pot reaction using \u03b3-butyrolactone, orthoformic triethyl ester and gaseous boron trifluoride. This route avoids the use of diethyl ether and its side-products and sensible intermediates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160275-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran, Preparation\nFirst diethoxymethylium tetrafluoroborate is formed from the triethyl orthoformate and boron trifluoride at -30 \u00b0C. This electrophilically attacks the carbonyl group of the \u03b3-butyrolactone  and the O-ethyl-\u03b3-butyrolactonium tetrafluoroborate. The addition of sodium ethoxide leads to the final product, which is obtained after distillation in 69% overall yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160275-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran, Preparation\nThe reaction proceeds under gentle conditions (<0 \u00b0C) and the almost quantitative addition of ethanolate to O-ethyl-\u03b3-butyrolactonium tetrafluoroborate can also be catalyzed by bases such as ammonia and triethylamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160275-0005-0000", "contents": "2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran, Properties\n2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran is a clear liquid which boils at 10 mm Hg vacuum at 60 - 61.5 \u00b0C according to the original literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160275-0006-0000", "contents": "2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran, Application\nThe cyclic orthoester 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran is a reactive bifunctional monomer which forms biodegradable polyorthoesters of the type POE-I by transesterification with \u03b1, \u03c9-diols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160275-0007-0000", "contents": "2,2-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran, Application\nPolyorthoesters are used as embedding media for pharmaceuticals in depot drug dosage forms for controlled drug release by surface erosion under physiological conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160276-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone\n2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone is a photoinitiator, which is used to initialise radical polymerization e.g. in the preparation of acrylate polymers. Under the influence of light the molecule will form radicals which initiate the radical polymerization. It can also be used as an initiator in the process of making an integrated circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160277-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethoxypropane\n2,2-Dimethoxypropane (DMP) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C(OCH3)2. A colorless liquid, it is the product of the condensation of acetone and methanol. DMP is used as a water scavenger in water-sensitive reactions. Upon acid-catalyzed reaction, DMP reacts quantitatively with water to form acetone and methanol. This property can be used to accurately determine the amount of water in a sample, alternatively to Karl Fischer method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160277-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethoxypropane\nIn histology, DMP is used for the dehydration of animal tissue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160278-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol\n2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol (IUPAC name: 2,2-dimethylbutan-1-ol) is an organic chemical compound. It is used as a solvent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160279-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylbutane\n2,2-Dimethylbutane, trivially known as neohexane, is an organic compound with formula C6H14 or (H3C-)3-C-CH2-CH3. It is therefore an alkane, indeed the most compact and  branched of the hexane isomers \u2014 the only one with a quaternary carbon and a butane (C4) backbone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160279-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylbutane, Synthesis\n2,2-Dimethylbutane can be synthesised by the hydroisomerisation of 2,3-dimethylbutane using an acid catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160279-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylbutane, Synthesis\nIt can also be synthesised by isomerization of n-pentane in the presence of a catalyst containing combinations of one or more of palladium, platinum, rhodium and rhenium on a matrix of zeolite, alumina, silicon dioxide or other materials. Such reactions create a mixture of final products including isopentane, n-hexane, 3-methylpentane, 2-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane and 2,2-dimethylbutane. Since the composition of the final mixture is temperature dependant the desired final component can be obtained choice of catalyst and by combinations of temperature control and distillations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160279-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylbutane, Uses\nNeohexane is used as an additive in fuels and in the manufacture of agricultural chemicals. It is also used in a number of commercial, automobile and home maintenance products, such as adhesives, electronic contact cleaners and upholstery polish sprays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160279-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylbutane, Uses\nIn laboratory settings, it is commonly used as a probe molecule in techniques which study the active sites of metal catalysts. Such catalysts are used in hydrogen-deuterium exchange, hydrogenolysis, and isomerization reactions. It is well suited to this purpose as 2,2-dimethylbutane contains both an isobutyl and an ethyl group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160280-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylpentane\n2,2-Dimethylpentane is one of the isomers of heptane. It is also called neoheptane as it contains the (CH3)3C grouping. It has the most extreme properties of the isomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160280-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylpentane, Preparation\nA method to produce high purity  2,2-dimethylpentane is to react the grignard reagent of n-propyl bromide (CH3CH2CH2MgBr) with tert-butyl chloride ((CH3)3CCl). n-PrMgCl can be used instead of the bromide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160280-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylpentane, Properties\nIn 1929 Graham Edgar and George Calingaert made 2,2-dimethylpentane and measured its physical characteristics for the first time. The measurements were at 20\u00a0\u00b0C, not the standard conditions used in later times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160280-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylpentane, Properties\nFor 2,2-dimethylpentane they measured a density of 0.6737 at 20\u00a0\u00b0C with a rate of change \u0394d/\u0394T of 0.000855. The density and boiling are the lowest of the isomers of heptane. The dielectric constant is 1.915, the lowest of the heptane isomers. The critical temperature is 247.7\u00a0\u00b0C and critical pressure 28.4 atmospheres. The refractive index at 20\u00b0 is 1.38233, the same as for 2,4-dimethylpentane, equal lowest for the heptane isomers. The adiabatic compressibility is 0.0001289 and isothermal compressibility is 0.00016279 atmospheres, highest for the heptanes. The velocity of sound is 1.080\u00a0km/s which is lowest of the heptanes. Coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.001268/\u00b0, highest of the heptanes. Surface tension is 17.80 dynes/cm. Viscosity is 0.00385. The heat of combustion is 11470 cal/g which is very similar to other heptanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160280-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylpentane, Reactions\n2,2-Dimethylpentane can form a clathrate hydrate with helper gas molecules. The type of clathrate formed is called \"clathrate H\". 2,2-Dimethylpentane was the first compound for which the structure was determined. The clathrate has 34 molecules of water per molecule, and also has xenon and hydrogen sulfide as helper molecules. The crystals are hexagonal in form and melt at 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C. This substance is important as clathrate hydrates form problems by blocking natural gas pipelines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160280-0005-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylpentane, Reactions\n2,2-Dimethylpentane does not react with bromine, iodine, nitric acid or  chlorosulfonic acid because there are no tertiary carbon atoms (a carbon atom with only one hydrogen attached).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160280-0006-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylpentane, Reactions\nHeating alkanes over an aluminium trichloride is used to reform to make different isomers. 2,2-Dimethylpentane does not participate in this process and so cannot be reformed, or created by reforming other heptanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160280-0007-0000", "contents": "2,2-Dimethylpentane, Natural occurrence\n2,2-Dimethylpentane exists in some crude oils at low levels of about 0.01%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160281-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-Diphenylpropylamine\nThis article about an amine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160282-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2-dialkylglycine decarboxylase (pyruvate)\nIn enzymology, a 2,2-dialkylglycine decarboxylase (pyruvate) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160282-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2-dialkylglycine decarboxylase (pyruvate)\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,2-dialkylglycine and pyruvate, whereas its 3 products are dialkyl ketone, CO2, and L-alanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160282-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2-dialkylglycine decarboxylase (pyruvate)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,2-dialkylglycine carboxy-lyase (amino-transferring L-alanine-forming). Other names in common use include dialkyl amino acid (pyruvate) decarboxylase, alpha-dialkyl amino acid transaminase, 2,2-dialkyl-2-amino acid-pyruvate aminotransferase, L-alanine-alpha-ketobutyrate aminotransferase, dialkylamino-acid decarboxylase (pyruvate), and 2,2-dialkylglycine carboxy-lyase (amino-transferring). It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160282-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2-dialkylglycine decarboxylase (pyruvate), Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 16 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160283-0000-0000", "contents": "2,2\u2032-Bipyridine\n2,2\u2032-Bipyridine (bipy or bpy, pronounced /\u02c8b\u026api\u02d0/) is an organic compound with the formula C10H8N2. This colorless solid is an important isomer of the bipyridine family. It is a bidentate chelating ligand, forming complexes with many transition metals. Ruthenium and platinum complexes of bipy exhibit intense luminescence, which may have practical applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160283-0001-0000", "contents": "2,2\u2032-Bipyridine, Preparation, structure, and general properties\nIt is prepared by the dehydrogenation of pyridine using Raney nickel:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160283-0002-0000", "contents": "2,2\u2032-Bipyridine, Preparation, structure, and general properties\nAlthough uncoordinated bipyridine is often drawn with its nitrogen atoms in cis conformation, the lowest energy conformation both in solid state and in solution is in fact coplanar, with nitrogen atoms in trans position. Monoprotonated bipyridine adopts a cis conformation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160283-0003-0000", "contents": "2,2\u2032-Bipyridine, Preparation, structure, and general properties\nUpon complexation, the related N,N-heterocyclic ligand phenanthroline does not incur an enthalpic and entropic penalty, and thus its complexes tend to be more stable. With respective pKa's of 4.86 and 4.3 for their conjugate acids, phenanthroline and bipy are of comparable basicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160283-0004-0000", "contents": "2,2\u2032-Bipyridine, Preparation, structure, and general properties\nReflecting the popularity of this ligand design, many substituted variants of bipy have been described.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160283-0005-0000", "contents": "2,2\u2032-Bipyridine, Coordination chemistry, Tris-bipy complexes\nBipyridine complexes absorb intensely in the visible part of the spectrum. The electronic transitions are attributed to metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT). In the \"tris(bipy) complexes\" three bipyridine molecules coordinate to a metal ion, written as [M(bipy)3]n+ (M = metal ion; Cr, Fe, Co, Ru, Rh and so on; bipy = 2,2\u2032-bipyridine). These complexes have six-coordinated, octahedral structures and two enantiomers as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160283-0006-0000", "contents": "2,2\u2032-Bipyridine, Coordination chemistry, Tris-bipy complexes\nThese and other homoleptic tris-2,2\u2032-bipy complexes of many transition metals are electroactive. Often, both the metal centred and ligand centred electrochemical reactions are reversible one-electron reactions that can be observed by cyclic voltammetry. Under strongly reducing conditions, most tris(bipy) complexes can be reduced to neutral derivatives containing bipy\u2212 ligands. Examples include M(bipy)3, where M = Al, Cr, Si.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene\n2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, HFO-1234yf, is a hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) with the formula CH2=CFCF3. It is also designated R-1234yf as the first of a new class of refrigerants: it is marketed under the name Opteon YF by Chemours and as Solstice YF by Honeywell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene\nHFO-1234yf has a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 1, compared to 1,430 for R-134a and 1 for carbon dioxide. This colorless gas is being used as a replacement for R-134a as a refrigerant in automobile air conditioners. As of 2018, 50% of new vehicles from \"original equipment manufacturers\" (OEMs) are estimated to use HFO-1234yf. It does break down into persistent organic pollutant short chain PFCAs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry\nHFO-1234yf was developed by a team at DuPont, led by Barbara Haviland Minor, which worked jointly with researchers at Honeywell. Their goal was to meet European directive 2006/40/EC, which went into effect in 2011 and required that all new car platforms for sale in Europe use a refrigerant in its AC system with a GWP below 150.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry\nHFO-1234yf was initially considered to have a 100-year GWP of 4, and is now considered to have a 100-year GWP lower than 1. It can be used as a \"near drop-in replacement\" for R-134a, the product previously used in automobile AC systems, which has a 100-year GWP of 1430. This meant that automakers would not have to make significant modifications in assembly lines or in vehicle system designs to accommodate the product. HFO-1234yf had the lowest switching cost for automakers among the proposed alternatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0003-0001", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry\nThe product can be handled in repair shops in the same way as R-134a, although it requires some different, specialized equipment to perform the service. One of the reasons for that is the mild flammability of HFO-1234yf. Another issue affecting the compatibility between HFO-1234yf and R-134a-based systems is the choice of lubricating oil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry\nShortly after confirmation from automakers that HFO-1234yf would be adopted as a replacement of R-134a automotive air-conditioning refrigerant, in 2010, Honeywell and DuPont announced that they would jointly build a manufacturing facility in Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China to produce HFO-1234yf. In 2017, Honeywell opened a new plant in Geismar, Louisiana, USA to produce the new refrigerant as well. Although others claim to be able to make and sell HFO-1234yf, Honeywell and DuPont hold most or all of the patents issued for HFO-1234yf and are considered the leading players in this area as of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\nAlthough the product is classified slightly flammable by ASHRAE, several years of testing by SAE International proved that the product could not be ignited under conditions normally experienced by a vehicle. In addition several independent authorities evaluated the safety of the product in vehicles and some of them concluded that it was as safe to use as R-134a, the product then in use in cars. In the atmosphere, HFO-1234yf degrades to trifluoroacetic acid, which is a mildly phytotoxic strong organic acid with no known biodegradation mechanism in water. In case of fire it releases highly corrosive and toxic hydrogen fluoride and the highly toxic gas carbonyl fluoride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0006-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\nIn July 2008, Honeywell/Du-Pont published a report claiming \"HFO-1234yf is very difficult to ignite with electric spark\" detailing the tests they did passing the gas over a hot plate heated to various temperatures in the range of 500\u2013900\u00a0\u00b0C. Ignition was only seen when HFO-1234yf was mixed with PAG oil and passed over a plate that was >900\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0007-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\nIn August 2012, Mercedes-Benz showed that the substance ignited when researchers sprayed it and A/C compressor oil onto a car's hot engine. A senior Daimler engineer who ran the tests, stated \"We were frozen in shock, I am not going to deny it. We needed a day to comprehend what we had just seen.\" Combustion occurred in more than two thirds of their simulated head-on collisions. The engineers also noticed etching on the windshield caused by the corrosive gases. On September 25, 2012, Daimler issued a press release and proposed a recall of cars using the refrigerant. The German automakers argued for development of carbon dioxide refrigerants, which they argued would be safer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0008-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\nIn October 2012, SAE International established a new Cooperative Research Project, CRP1234-4, which included members of 13 automotive companies, to extend its previous testing and investigate Daimler's claims. A preliminary update as of December 2012 and a final report publicly released on July 24, 2013 agreed that R-1234yf was safe to use in automotive direct-expansion air conditioning systems. R-1234yf was believed not to increase the estimated risk of vehicle fire exposure. The report further stated that \"the refrigerant release testing completed by Daimler was unrealistic\" and \"created extreme conditions that favored ignition\". The final report was supported by Chrysler/Fiat, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar Land Rover, Mazda, PSA, Renault and Toyota. Daimler, BMW and Audi chose to withdraw from the SAE R-1234yf CRP Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0009-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\nFollowing Mercedes' claims that the new refrigerant could be ignited, Germany's Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA, Federal Motor Transport Authority) conducted its own tests. They submitted a report to the European Union in August 2013. The Authority concluded that while R-1234yf was potentially more hazardous than previously used R-134a, it did not comprise a serious danger. Daimler disagreed with this conclusion and argued that the report supported their decision to continue to use older refrigerants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0010-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\nOn July 23, 2010, General Motors announced that it would introduce HFO-1234yf in 2013 Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, and Cadillac models in the U.S.Cadillac became the first American car to use R-1234yf in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0011-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\nSince then, Chrysler,GMC and Ford have all begun transitioning vehicles to R1234yf. Japanese automakers are also making the transition to R1234yf. Honda and Subaru began to introduce the new refrigerant with the 2017 models. From 2017 to 2018, BMW changed all of its models to R-1234yf. As of 2018, 50% of new vehicles from original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are estimated to use R-1234yf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0012-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\n\"The flammability issue has attracted a lot of attention, prompting the industry to conduct some serious third-party testing. The bottom line is this: The refrigerant will burn, but it takes a lot of heat to ignite it and it burns slowly. Almost every other fluid under the hood will light more easily and burn hotter than R1234yf, so the industry has determined that with proper A/C system design, it does not increase the chances of fire in the vehicle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0013-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\nMixing HFO-1234yf with 10\u201311% R-134A is in development to produce a hybrid gas under review by ASHRAE for classification as A2L which is described as \"virtually non-flammable\". These gases are under review with the names of R451A and R451B. These mixes have GWP of ~147.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0014-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Adoption by automotive industry, Flammability\nOther additives have been proposed for lowering the flammability of HFO-1234yf, such as trifluoroiodomethane, which has a low GWP due to its short atmospheric lifetime, but is slightly mutagenic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 73], "content_span": [74, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160284-0015-0000", "contents": "2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Production\nTypical methods for producing HFO-1234yf start with 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene. Hydrogenation of this alkene gives 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane, which upon heating with an Al-based catalyst undergoes dehydrofluorination:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160285-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,3-Trimethylpentane\n2,3,3-Trimethylpentane is a chemical compound in the family of hydrocarbons which has a formula of C8H18. It is an isomer of octane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160286-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1,5-methano-1H-3-benzazepine\n2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1,5-methano-1H-3-benzazepine is a drug originally researched as a potential opioid analgesic, but was found to be inactive in this assay, and relatively toxic to mice. Subsequently it was found to possess activity as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors during the course of work that ultimately led to the discovery of the anti-smoking drug varenicline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160286-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1,5-methano-1H-3-benzazepine\nMore recently this chemical compound is claimed to have been sold as a designer drug under the name A3A, but since the anecdotally reported effects of the product sold under this name do not seem to bear any resemblance to the known pharmacology of genuine 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-methano-1H-3-benzazepine, it seems unlikely that this is actually the compound being sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160287-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyamphetamine\nTetramethoxyamphetamine, or 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxyamphetamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. Tetramethoxyamphetamine was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved), the minimum dosage is listed as 50\u00a0mg, and the duration unknown. Tetramethoxyamphetamine produces a threshold, mydriasis, and a headache. Limited data exists about its pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160288-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160288-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are succinyl-CoA, (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate, and H2O, whereas its two products are CoA and N-succinyl-L-2-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160288-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is succinyl-CoA:(S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase. Other names in common use include tetrahydropicolinate succinylase, tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase, tetrahydrodipicolinate succinyltransferase, succinyl-CoA:tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase, succinyl-CoA:2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate, and N-succinyltransferase. This enzyme participates in lysine biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160288-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 86], "content_span": [87, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione\n2,3,4-Pentanetrione (or IUPAC name pentane-2,3,4-trione, triketopentane or dimethyl triketone) is the simplest linear triketone, a ketone with three C=O groups. It is an organic molecule with formula CH3COCOCOCH3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Production\n2,3,4-Pentanetrione can be made by oxidizing 2,4-pentanedione with selenium dioxide. Ludwig Wolff made the 2,3 oxime by reacting hydroxylamine with isonitrosoacetylacetone in cold, aqueous, concentrated solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Production\nYet other ways to make triones start from a \u03b2-dione, and oxidise the carbon at the \u03b1 position, between the two ketone groups. Different methods include reaction with bromine to make a dibromide, and then reacting with acetaldehyde and hydrolysing. Nitrogen oxides can also be used. Another way is by reacting 2,4-pentandedione with p-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline; forming an \u03b1-diazo-\u03b2-dicarbonyl derivative compound, and then reacting that with triphenylphosphine, and then hydrolyzing with sodium nitrite solution. Or the \u03b1-diazo-\u03b2-dicarbonyl derivative can be treated with tert-butylhypochlorite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Properties\n2,3,4-Pentanetrione appears as an orangy-red oil. The more intense colour is due to the greater conjugation of double bonds, and potential resonance. The type of colour centre is called a dependent chromophore, as when there are fewer C=O groups the colour is less intense or absent. So diacetyl with two carbonyls groups is yellow, and acetone with one has no colour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Properties\nAt a reduced pressure of 20 mmHg it boils at 60\u00a0\u00b0C. It is hygroscopic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Reactions\nOn absorbing water, perhaps from the atmosphere, 2,3,4-pentanetrione forms a hydrate. The hydrate melts at 52\u00a0\u00b0C. The hydrate with formula CH3COC(OH)2COCH3 is colourless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0006-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Reactions\n2,3,4-Pentanetrione is a strong reducing agent. Thermal decomposition catalyzed by copper sulfate results in carbon dioxide and biacetal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0007-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Reactions\n2,3,4-Pentanetrione reacts with hydrogen peroxide to yield acetic acid and carbon monoxide. Adding HOOH between C2 and C4 yields a cyclic intermediate which decomposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0008-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Reactions\nWith light or organic peroxides, a free radical reaction can take place (as with triketones), whereby the molecule is slit into CH3COCO\u2022 and CH3CO\u2022 fragments. These can combine with intact molecules or each other to form other ketones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0009-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Reactions\nWhen heating 2,3,4-pentanetrione with oxygen, the oxidation products are diacetyl, acetic acid, water and carbon dioxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0010-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Reactions\n2,3,4-Pentanetrione does a condensation reaction with o-phenylenediamine to yield methyl-quinoxaline-2-methylketone, a heterocyclic dicycle. In this the carbon number 2 and 3 react with the amine groups, leaving the CO on number 5 alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0011-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Reactions\nGrignard agents react. Phenyl magnesium bromide in excess reacting with 2,3,4-pentanetrione gives phenylacetylcarbinol and also methyldyphenylcarbinol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0012-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Derivatives\nDerivatives include 2,3,4-pentanetrione-3-oxime, 2,3,4-pentanetrione-3-(O-methyloxime), 2,3,4-pentanetrione-2-oxime, 2,3,4-pentanetrione-2,3-dioxime, 2,3,4-pentanetrionetrioxime, 2,3,4-pentanetrione semicarbazone, 2,3,4-pentanetrione phenylhydrazone, 2,3,4-pentanetrione bis(phenylhydazone).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160289-0013-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Pentanetrione, Derivatives\nThe 3-oxime melts at 75\u00a0\u00b0C and the bis(semicarbazone) has a melting point of 221\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160290-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,4-Trimethylpentane\n2,3,4-Trimethylpentane is a branched alkane. It is one of the isomers of octane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160291-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,5,6,8-Pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione\n2,3,5,6,8-Pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione, also called 2,3,5,6,8-pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone or spinochrome D, is an organic compound with formula C10H6O5, formally derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone through the replacement of five hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160291-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3,5,6,8-Pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione\nSpinochrome D occurs naturally as a brownish red pigment in the shell and spines of sea urchins such as the Japanese aka-uni (Pseudocentrotus depressus). It is soluble in diethyl ether and crystallizes as brownish red needles that sublime at 285\u2212295\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160291-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3,5,6,8-Pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione\nThe compound gives a yellowish brown solution when treated with sodium hydroxide, a bluish green solution with ferric chloride, and a violet precipitate with lead acetate. It forms a five-fold acetate ester, C10HO2(CH3COO)5, that crystallizes from methanol as yellow needles that melt at 185\u2212186\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160292-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione\n2,3,5,7-Tetraahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione, also called 2,3,5,7-tetrahydroxynaphthoquinone or spinochrome B, is an organic compound with formula C10H6O4, formally derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone through the replacement of four hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160292-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione\nSpinochrome B occurs naturally as pigment in the shell and spines of sea urchins such as the Japanese dull red species aka-uni (Pseudocentrotus depressus), the greenish-black murasaki-uni (Heliocidaris crassispina), and the brown bafun-uni (Strongylocentrotus pulcherrimus). It is soluble in methanol and crystallizes as bright red needles that sublime above 200\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160292-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione\nThe compound gives a greenish yellow solution when treated with sodium hydroxide, a green solution with ferric chloride, and a green precipitate with lead acetate. It forms a fourfold acetate ester, C10H2O2(CH3COO)4, that crystallizes from methanol as yellow needles that melt at 157\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\n2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (sometimes shortened, though inaccurately, to simply 'dioxin') with the chemical formula C12H4Cl4O2. Pure TCDD is a colorless solid with no distinguishable odor at room temperature. It is usually formed as an unwanted product in burning processes of organic materials or as a side product in organic synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin\nTCDD is the most potent compound (congener) of its series (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, known as PCDDs or simply dioxins) and became known as a contaminant in Agent Orange, a herbicide used in the Vietnam War. TCDD was released into the environment in the Seveso disaster. It is a persistent organic pollutant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Mechanism of action\nTCDD and dioxin-like compounds act via a specific receptor present in all cells: the aryl hydrocarbon (AH) receptor. This receptor is a transcription factor which is involved in the expression of genes; it has been shown that high doses of TCDD either increase or decrease the expression of several hundred genes in rats. Genes of enzymes activating the breakdown of foreign and often toxic compounds are classic examples of such genes (enzyme induction). TCDD increases the enzymes breaking down, e.g., carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Mechanism of action\nThese polycyclic hydrocarbons also activate the AH receptor, but less than TCDD and only temporarily. Even many natural compounds present in vegetables cause some activation of the AH receptor. This phenomenon can be viewed as adaptive and beneficial, because it protects the organism from toxic and carcinogenic substances. Excessive and persistent stimulation of AH receptor, however, leads to a multitude of adverse effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Mechanism of action\nThe physiological function of the AH receptor has been the subject of continuous research. One obvious function is to increase the activity of enzymes breaking down foreign chemicals or normal chemicals of the body as needed. There seem to be many other functions, however, related to the development of various organs and the immune systems or other regulatory functions. The AH receptor is phylogenetically highly conserved transcription factor with a history of at least 600 million years and is found in all vertebrates. Its ancient analogs are important regulatory proteins even in more primitive species. In fact, knock-out animals with no AH receptor are prone to illness and developmental problems. Taken together, this implies the necessity of a basal degree of AH receptor activation to achieve normal physiological function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Toxicity in humans\nIn 2000, the Expert Group of the World Health Organization considered developmental toxicity as the most pertinent risk of dioxins to human beings. Because people are usually exposed simultaneously to several dioxin-like chemicals, a more detailed account is given at dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0006-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Toxicity in humans, Developmental effects\nIn Vietnam and the United States, teratogenic or birth defects were observed in children of persons who were exposed to Agent Orange or 2,4,5-T that contained TCDD as an impurity out of the production process. However there has been some uncertainty on the causal link between Agent Orange/dioxin exposure. In 2006 a meta-analysis indicated large amount of heterogeneity between studies and emphasized a lack of consensus on the issue. Still-births, cleft palate, and neural tube defects, with spina bifida were the most statistically significant defects. Later some tooth defects and borderline neurodevelopmental effects have been reported. After Seveso accident tooth development defects, changed sex ratio and decreased sperm quality have been noted. Various developmental effects have been clearly shown after high mixed exposures to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, the most dramatic in Yusho and Yu-chen catastrophes, in Japan and Taiwan, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 1037]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0007-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Toxicity in humans, Cancer\nIt is largely agreed that TCDD is not mutagenic or genotoxic. Its main action is cancer promotion; it promotes the carcinogenicity initiated by other compounds. Very high doses may, in addition, cause cancer indirectly; one of the proposed mechanisms is oxidative stress and the subsequent oxygen damage to DNA. There are other explanations such as endocrine disruption or altered signal transduction. The endocrine disrupting activities seem to be dependent on life stage, being anti-estrogenic when estrogen is present (or in high concentration) in the body, and estrogenic in the absence of estrogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0008-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Toxicity in humans, Cancer\nTCDD was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a carcinogen for humans (group 1). In the occupational cohort studies available for the classification, the risk was weak and borderline detectable, even at very high exposures. Therefore, the classification was, in essence, based on animal experiments and mechanistic considerations. This was criticized as a deviation from IARC's 1997 classification rules. The main problem with IARC classification is that it only assesses qualitative hazard, i.e. carcinogenicity at any dose, and not the quantitative risk at different doses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0008-0001", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Toxicity in humans, Cancer\nAccording to a 2006 Molecular Nutrition & Food Research article, there were debates on whether TCDD was carcinogenic only at high doses which also cause toxic damage of tissues. A 2011 review concluded that, after 1997, further studies did not support an association between TCDD exposure and cancer risk. One of the problems is that in all occupational studies the subjects have been exposed to a large number of chemicals, not only TCDD. By 2011, it was reported that studies that include the update of Vietnam veteran studies from Operation Ranch Hand, had concluded that after 30 years the results did not provide evidence of disease. On the other hand, the latest studies on Seveso population support TCDD carcinogenicity at high doses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0009-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Toxicity in humans, Cancer\nIn 2004, an article in the International Journal of Cancer provided some direct epidemiological evidence that TCDD or other dioxins are not causing soft-tissue sarcoma at low doses, although this cancer has been considered typical for dioxins. There was in fact a trend of cancer to decrease. This is called a J-shape dose-response, low doses decrease the risk, and only higher doses increase the risk, according to a 2005 article in the journal Dose-Response.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0010-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Toxicity in humans, Safety recommendations\nThe Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) derived in 2001 a provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 70 pg TEQ/kg body weight. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established an oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.7 pg/kg b.w. per day for TCDD (see discussion on the differences in). According to the Aspen Institute, in 2011, \"The general environmental limit in most countries is 1,000 ppt TEq in soils and 100 ppt in sediment. Most industrialized countries have dioxin concentrations in soils of less than 12 ppt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 76], "content_span": [77, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0010-0001", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Toxicity in humans, Safety recommendations\nThe U.S. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry has determined that levels higher than 1,000 ppt TEq in soil require intervention, including research, surveillance, health studies, community and physician education, and exposure investigation. The EPA is considering reducing these limits to 72 ppt TEq. This change would significantly increase the potential volume of contaminated soil requiring treatment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 76], "content_span": [77, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0011-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Animal toxicology\nBy far most information on toxicity of dioxin-like chemicals is based on animal studies utilizing TCDD. Almost all organs are affected by high doses of TCDD. In short-term toxicity studies in animals, the typical effects are anorexia and wasting, and even after a huge dose animals die only 1 to 6 weeks after the TCDD administration. Seemingly similar species have varying sensitivities to acute effects: lethal dose for a guinea pig is about 1\u00a0\u03bcg/kg, but to a hamster it is more than 1,000\u00a0\u03bcg/kg. A similar difference can be seen even between two different rat strains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0011-0001", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Animal toxicology\nVarious hyperplastic (overgrowth) or atrophic (wasting away) responses are seen in different organs, thymus atrophy is very typical in several animal species. TCDD also affects the balance of several hormones. In some species, but not in all, severe liver toxicity is seen. Taking into account the low doses of dioxins in the present human population, only two types of toxic effects have been considered to cause a relevant risk to humans: developmental effects and cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0012-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Animal toxicology, Developmental effects\nDevelopmental effects occur at very low doses in animals. They include frank teratogenicity such as cleft palate and hydronephrosis. Development of some organs may be even more sensitive: very low doses perturb the development of sexual organs in rodents, and the development of teeth in rats. The latter is important in that tooth deformities were also seen after the Seveso accident and possibly after a long breast-feeding of babies in the 1970s and 1980s when the dioxin concentrations in Europe were about ten times higher than at present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0013-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Animal toxicology, Cancer\nCancers can be induced in animals at many sites. At sufficiently high doses TCDD has caused cancer in all animals tested. The most sensitive is liver cancer in female rats, and this has long been a basis for risk assessment. Dose-response of TCDD in causing cancer does not seem to be linear, and there is a threshold below which it seems to cause no cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0013-0001", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Animal toxicology, Cancer\nTCDD is not mutagenic or genotoxic, in other words, it is not able to initiate cancer, and the cancer risk is based on promotion of cancer initiated by other compounds or on indirect effects such as disturbing defense mechanisms of the body e.g. by preventing apoptosis or programmed death of altered cells. Carcinogenicity is associated with tissue damage, and it is often viewed now as secondary to tissue damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0014-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Animal toxicology, Cancer\nTCDD may in some conditions potentiate the carcinogenic effects of other compounds. An example is benzo(a)pyrene that is metabolized in two steps, oxidation and conjugation. Oxidation produces epoxide carcinogens that are rapidly detoxified by conjugation, but some molecules may escape to the nucleus of the cell and bind to DNA causing a mutation, resulting in cancer initiation. When TCDD increases the activity of oxidative enzymes more than conjugation enzymes, the epoxide intermediates may increase, increasing the possibility of cancer initiation. Thus a beneficial activation of detoxifying enzymes may lead to deleterious side effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0015-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Sources\nTCDD has never been produced commercially except as a pure chemical for scientific research. It is, however, formed as a synthesis side product when producing certain chlorophenols or chlorophenoxy acid herbicides. It may also be formed along with other polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofuranes in any burning of hydrocarbons where chlorine is present, especially if certain metal catalysts such as copper are also present. Usually a mixture of dioxin-like compounds is produced, therefore a more thorough treatise is under dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0016-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Sources\nThe greatest production occurs from waste incineration, metal production, and fossil-fuel and wood combustion. Dioxin production can usually be reduced by increasing the combustion temperature. Total U.S. emissions of PCCD/Fs were reduced from ca. 14\u00a0kg TEq in 1987 to 1.4\u00a0kg TEq in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160293-0017-0000", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Cases of exposure\nThere have been numerous incidents where people have been exposed to high doses of TCDD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160294-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-(S)-Hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose\n2,3-(S)-Hexahydroxydiphenoyl-d-glucose is an hydrolyzable tannin that can be found in Eucalyptus delegatensis, the Alpine ash (Myrtaceae), in Terminalia catappa, the Bengal almond, and Combretum glutinosum (both Combretaceae).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160295-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline\n2,3-Bis(acetylmercaptomethyl)quinoxaline ia an antiviral agent which can inhibits poliovirus RNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo and inhibits human herpesvirus 1 multiplication in vitro. It does not interfere with attachment, penetration or DNA synthesis, but interrupts a late stage in virus assembly and/or maturation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid\n2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (conjugate base 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) (2,3-BPG), also known as 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (conjugate base 2,3-diphosphoglycerate) (2,3-DPG), is a three-carbon isomer of the glycolytic intermediate 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-BPG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid\n2,3-BPG is present in human red blood cells (RBC; erythrocyte) at approximately 5\u00a0mmol/L. It binds with greater affinity to deoxygenated hemoglobin (e.g., when the red blood cell is near respiring tissue) than it does to oxygenated hemoglobin (e.g., in the lungs) due to conformational differences: 2,3-BPG (with an estimated size of about 9 \u00c5) fits in the deoxygenated hemoglobin conformation (with an 11-Angstrom pocket), but not as well in the oxygenated conformation (5 Angstroms). It interacts with deoxygenated hemoglobin beta subunits and decreases the affinity for oxygen and allosterically promotes the release of the remaining oxygen molecules bound to the hemoglobin. Therefore, it enhances the ability of RBCs to release oxygen near tissues that need it most. 2,3-BPG is thus an allosteric effector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid\nIts function was discovered in 1967 by Reinhold Benesch and Ruth Benesch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Metabolism\n2,3-BPG is formed from 1,3-BPG by the enzyme BPG mutase. It can then be broken down by 2,3-BPG phosphatase to form 3-phosphoglycerate. Its synthesis and breakdown are, therefore, a way around a step of glycolysis, with the net expense of one ATP per molecule of 2,3-BPG generated as the high-energy carboxylic acid-phosphate mixed anhydride bond is cleaved by bisphosphoglycerate mutase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Metabolism\nThe normal glycolytic pathway generates 1,3-BPG, which may be dephosphorylated by phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), generating ATP, or it may be shunted into the Luebering-Rapoport pathway, where bisphosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from C1 to C2 of 1,3-BPG, giving 2,3-BPG. 2,3-BPG, the most concentrated organophosphate in the erythrocyte, forms 3-PG by the action of bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase. The concentration of 2,3-BPG varies proportionately to the [H+].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Metabolism\nThere is a delicate balance between the need to generate ATP to support energy requirements for cell metabolism and the need to maintain appropriate oxygenation/deoxygenation status of hemoglobin. This balance is maintained by isomerisation of 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG, which enhances the deoxygenation of hemoglobin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0006-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Effects of binding\nWhen 2,3-BPG binds to deoxyhemoglobin, it acts to stabilize the low oxygen affinity state (T state) of the oxygen carrier. It fits neatly into the cavity of the deoxy- conformation, exploiting the molecular symmetry and positive polarity by forming salt bridges with lysine and histidine residues in the \u00df subunits of hemoglobin. The R state, with oxygen bound to a heme group, has a different conformation and does not allow this interaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0007-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Effects of binding\nBy itself, hemoglobin has sigmoid-like kinetics. In selectively binding to deoxyhemoglobin, 2,3-BPG stabilizes the T state conformation, making it harder for oxygen to bind hemoglobin and more likely to be released to adjacent tissues. 2,3-BPG is part of a feedback loop that can help prevent tissue hypoxia in conditions where it is most likely to occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0007-0001", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Effects of binding\nConditions of low tissue oxygen concentration such as high altitude (2,3-BPG levels are higher in those acclimated to high altitudes), airway obstruction, or congestive heart failure will tend to cause RBCs to generate more 2,3-BPG, because changes in pH and oxygen modulate the enzymes that make and degrade it. The accumulation of 2,3-BPG decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Ultimately, this mechanism increases oxygen release from RBCs under circumstances where it is needed most.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0007-0002", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Effects of binding\nThis release is potentiated by the Bohr effect, in which hemoglobin's binding affinity for oxygen is also reduced by a lower pH and high concentration of carbon dioxide. In tissues with high energetic demands, oxygen is rapidly consumed, which increases the concentration of H+ and carbon dioxide. Through the Bohr effect, hemoglobin is induced to release more oxygen to supply cells that need it. In contrast, 2,3-BPG has no effect on the related compound myoglobin. (reference required)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0008-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Effects of binding\nIn pregnant women, there is a 30% increase in intracellular 2,3-BPG. This lowers the maternal hemoglobin affinity for oxygen, and therefore allows more oxygen to be offloaded to the fetus in the maternal uterine arteries. The fetus has a low sensitivity to 2,3-BPG, so its hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen. Therefore, although the pO2 in the uterine arteries is low, the fetal umbilical artery (which carries deoxygenated blood) can still get oxygenated from them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0009-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Fetal hemoglobin\nFetal hemoglobin (HbF) exhibits a low affinity for 2,3-BPG, resulting in a higher binding affinity for oxygen. This increased oxygen-binding affinity relative to that of adult hemoglobin (HbA) is due to HbF's having two \u03b1/\u03b3 dimers as opposed to the two \u03b1/\u03b2 dimers of HbA. The positive histidine residues of HbA \u03b2-subunits that are essential for forming the 2,3-BPG binding pocket are replaced by serine residues in HbF \u03b3-subunits. Like that, histidine n\u00ba143 gets lost, so 2,3-BPG has difficulties in linking to the fetal hemoglobin, and it looks like the pure hemoglobin. That\u2019s the way O2 flows from the mother to the fetus. As we can see in the following image, fetal hemoglobin has more affinity to oxygen than adult hemoglobin. Moreover, myoglobin has the highest affinity to oxygen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0010-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Fetal hemoglobin\nDifferences between myoglobin (Mb), fetal hemoglobin (Hb F), adult hemoglobin (Hb A)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0011-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Diseases related to 2,3-BPG\nA 2004 study checked the effects of thyroid hormone on 2,3-BPG levels. The result was that the hyperthyroidism modulates in vivo 2,3-BPG content in erythrocytes by changes in the expression of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) and 2,3-BPG synthase. This result shows that the increase in the 2,3-BPG content of erythrocytes observed in hyperthyroidism doesn\u2019t depend on any variation in the rate of circulating hemoglobin, but seems to be a direct consequence of the stimulating effect of thyroid hormones on erythrocyte glycolytic activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0012-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Diseases related to 2,3-BPG\nRed cells increase their intracellular 2,3-BPG concentration as much as five times within one to two hours in patients with chronic anemia, when the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is diminished. This results in a rightward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve and more oxygen being released to the tissues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0013-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Diseases related to 2,3-BPG\nRecently, scientists have found similarities between low amounts of 2,3-BPG with the occurrence of high altitude pulmonary edema at high altitudes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160296-0014-0000", "contents": "2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Hemodialysis\nIn a 1998 study, erythrocyte 2,3-BPG concentration was analyzed during the hemodialysis process. The 2,3-BPG concentration was expressed relative to the hemoglobin tetramer (Hb4) concentration as the 2,3-BPG/Hb4 ratio. Physiologically, an increase in 2,3-BPG levels would be expected to counteract the hypoxia that is frequently observed in this process. Nevertheless, the results show a 2,3-BPG/Hb4 ratio decreased. This is due to the procedure itself: mechanical stress on the erythrocytes is believed to cause the 2,3-BPG escape, which is then removed by hemodialysis. The concentrations of calcium, phosphate, creatinine, urea and albumin did not correlate significantly with the total change in 2,3-BPG/Hb4 ratio. However, the ratio sampled just before dialysis correlated significantly and positively with the total weekly dosage of erythropoietin (main hormone in erythrocyte formation) given to the patients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160297-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Butanediol\n2,3-Butanediol is the organic compound with the formula (CH3CHOH)2. It is classified as a vic-diol (glycol). It exists as three stereoisomers, a chiral pair and the meso isomer. All are colorless liquids. Applications include precursors to various plastics and pesticides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160297-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Butanediol, Isomerism\nOf the three stereoisomers, two are enantiomers (levo- and dextro-2,3-butanediol) and one is a meso compound. The enantiomeric pair have (2R, 3R) and (2S, 3S) configurations at carbons 2 and 3, while the meso compound has configuration (2R, 3S) or, equivalently, (2S, 3R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160297-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-Butanediol, Industrial production and uses\nThe isomer distribution depends on the stereochemistry of the epoxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160297-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3-Butanediol, Industrial production and uses\nThe meso isomer is used to combine with naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate. The resulting polyurethane is called \"Vulkollan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160297-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3-Butanediol, Biological production\nThe (2R,3R)-stereoisomer of 2,3-butanediol is produced by a variety of microorganisms in a process known as butanediol fermentation. It is found naturally in cocoa butter, in the roots of Ruta graveolens, sweet corn, and in rotten mussels. It is used in the resolution of carbonyl compounds in gas chromatography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160297-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3-Butanediol, Biological production\nDuring World War II research was done towards producing 2,3-butanediol by fermentation in order to produce 1,3-butadiene, the monomer of the polybutadiene used in a leading type of synthetic rubber. It can be derived from the fermentation of sugarcane molasses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160297-0006-0000", "contents": "2,3-Butanediol, Biological production\nFermentative production of 2,3-butanediol from carbohydrates involves a network of biochemical reactions that can be manipulated to maximize production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160299-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Diaminopropionic acid\n2,3-Diaminopropionic acid (2,3-diaminopropionate, Dpr) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain secondary metabolites, including zwittermicin A and tuberactinomycin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160299-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Diaminopropionic acid, Biosynthesis\n2,3-Diaminopropionate is formed by the pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) mediated amination of serine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160300-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone\n2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (or DDQ) is the chemical reagent with formula C6Cl2(CN)2O2. This oxidant is useful for the dehydrogenation of alcohols, phenols, and steroid ketones in organic chemistry. DDQ decomposes in water, but is stable in aqueous mineral acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160300-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, Preparation\nSynthesis of DDQ involves cyanation of chloranil. Thiele and G\u00fcnther first reported a 6-step preparation in 1906. The substance did not receive interest until its potential as a dehydrogenation agent was discovered. A single-step chlorination from 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone was reported in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160300-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, Reactions\nThe reagent removes pairs of H atoms from organic molecules. The stoichiometry of its action is illustrated by the conversion of tetralin to naphthalene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160300-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, Reactions\nThe resulting hydroquinone is poorly soluble in typical reaction solvents (dioxane, benzene, alkanes), which facilitates workup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160300-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, Reactions\nSolutions of DDQ in benzene are red, due to the formation of a charge-transfer complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160300-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, Safety\nDDQ reacts with water to release highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN). A low-temperature and weakly acidic environment increases the stability of DDQ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160301-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichlorobutadiene\n2,3-Dichlorobutadiene is the organic compound with the formula H2C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=CH2. This colorless liquid is prone to polymerization, moreso than 2-chlorobutadiene (chloroprene). It is used to produce specialized neoprene rubbers. It can be prepared by the copper-catalyzed isomerization of dichlorobutynes. Alternatively dehydrochlorination of 2,3,4-trichloro-1-butene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160302-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichlorophenylpiperazine\n2,3-Dichlorophenylpiperazine (2,3-DCPP or DCPP) is a chemical compound from the phenylpiperazine family. It is both a precursor in the synthesis of aripiprazole and one of its metabolites. It is unclear whether 2,3-DCPP is pharmacologically active as a serotonin receptor agonist similar to its close analogue 3-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), though it has been shown to act as a partial agonist of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160302-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichlorophenylpiperazine, Legality\n2,3-DCPP has been made illegal in Japan and Hungary after having been identified in seized designer drug samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160302-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichlorophenylpiperazine, Positional Isomer\nThe positional isomer 3,4-dichlorophenylpiperazine (3,4-DCPP) is also known, and acts as both a serotonin releaser via the serotonin transporter, and a \u03b21-adrenergic receptor blocker, though with relatively low affinity at both targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160302-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dichlorophenylpiperazine, Triple Substituted\nThe 3,4,5-Trichlorophenylpiperazine [67305-64-0] (\"3 stripes\") is also a highly regarded arrangement & has been awarded the Beecham patent of . Such 3,4,5-Trisunstituted aromatic entities is already known from clenbuterol. Leading to  \u00a0 (Ex 6 is a concrete example of this) i.e. 1-(4-Amino-3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-(4-phthalimido-1- butyl)piperazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160303-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dihydrofuran\n2,3-Dihydrofuran is a heterocyclic compound. It is one of the simplest enol ethers and a position isomer of 2,5-dihydrofuran. It is a colorless volatile liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160305-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dihydrothiophene\n2,3-Dihydrothiophene is a heterocyclic compound and an organosulfur compound with the formula SC4H6. It is isomeric with the more symmetrical 2,5-dihydrothiophene. Both isomers of dihydrothiophene are colorless liquids with a thioether-like odor. In terms of their reactivity, both isomers exhibit characteristics of alkenes and thioethers, undergoing addition reactions at carbon and oxidation at sulfur. In contrast, thiophene engages in neither reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160305-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dihydrothiophene, Dihydrothiophenes in nature\nDihydrothiophenes contribute to the aroma of the white truffle. The major component is 3-methyl-4,5-dihydrothiophene (alternative name:4-methyl-2,3-dihydrothiophene), produced by bacterial colonies in the truffle's fruiting bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160306-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid\n2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of isoleucine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160306-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid\nThis article about an organic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160307-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\n2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a natural phenol found in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta. It is also abundant in the fruits of Flacourtia inermis. It is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of organic compound. The colorless solid occurs naturally, being formed via the shikimate pathway. It is incorporated into various siderophores, which are molecules that strongly complex iron ions for absorption into bacteria. 2,3-DHB consists of a catechol group, which upon deprotonation binds iron centers very strongly, and the carboxylic acid group by which the ring attaches to various scaffolds through amide bonds. A famous high affinity siderophore is enterochelin, which contains three dihydroxybenzoyl substituents linked to the depsipeptide of serine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160307-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\nIt is a potentially useful iron-chelating drug and has antimicrobial properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160307-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\n2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is also a product of human aspirin metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160308-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dihydroxycinnamic acid\n2,3-Dihydroxycinnamic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid. It is an isomer of caffeic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160309-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid\n2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (abbreviated DMPS) and its sodium salt (known as Unithiol) are chelating agents that form complexes with various heavy metals. They are related to dimercaprol, which is another chelating agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160309-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid\nThe synthesis of DMPS was first reported in 1956 by V. E. Petrunkin. The effects of DMPS on heavy metal poisoning, including with polonium-210, were investigated in the following years. DMPS was found to have some protective effect, prolonging the survival time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160309-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid\nA study was undertaken of DMPS use by workers involved in the production of a calomel skin bleaching lotion and in direct contact with mercurous chloride and that already showed elevated urine mercury levels. The sodium salt of DMPS was found to be effective in lowering the body burden of mercury and in decreasing the urinary mercury concentration to normal levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160309-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid\nDMPS administrated to a mercury poisoned animal model failed to remove the mercury from tissues and reduce the inorganic mercury burden in the brain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160309-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid\nA 2008 study reported a case of Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome (SJS), a potentially serious disease, in a child undergoing chelation therapy with DMPS; the SJS resolved gradually after the chelation therapy was stopped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160309-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid\nA 2020 study found DMPS to provide some benefits taken orally in mitigating effects from hemotoxic snakebites (using venom from saw-scaled vipers Viperidae Echis) in mouse models when given soon after exposure, suggesting its potential for repurposing as a prehospital treatment. [ Albulescu, L.; Hale, M.S. ;Ainsworth, S.; Alsolaiss, J.; Crittenden, E.; Calvete, J.J.; Evans, C.; Wilkinson, M.C. ; Harrison, R.A.; Kool, J.; Casewell, N.R. (2020). \"Preclinical validation of a repurposed metal chelator as an early-intervention therapeutic for hemotoxic snakebite\". Science Translational Medicine, Vol 12, Issue 542, 8314 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay8314]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160310-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylbutane\n2,3-Dimethylbutane is an isomer of hexane. It has the chemical formula (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2. It is a colorless liquid which boils at 57.9 \u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane\n2,3-Dimethylpentane is an organic compound of carbon and hydrogen with formula C7H16, more precisely CH3\u2013CH(CH3)\u2013CH(CH3)\u2013CH2\u2013CH3: a molecule of pentane with methyl groups \u2013CH3 replacing hydrogen atoms on carbon atoms 2 and 3. It is an alkane (\"paraffin\" in older nomenclature), a fully saturated hydrocarbon; specifically, one of the isomers of heptane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane\nLike typical alkanes, it is a colorless flammable compound; under common ambient conditions, it is a  mobile liquid, less dense than water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane\n2,3-Dimethylpentane is notable for being one of the two simplest alkanes with optical (enantiomeric) isomerism. The optical center is the middle carbon of the pentane backbone, which is connected to one hydrogen atom, one methyl group, one ethyl group \u2013C2H5, and one isopropyl group \u2013CH(CH3)2. The two enantiomers are denoted (3R)-2,3-dimethylpentane and (3S)-2,3-dimethylpentane. (The other simplest chiral alkane is its structural isomer 3-methylhexane.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane, Properties\nMost properties listed in the literature refer to the racemic compound (an equimolar mixture of the two optical isomers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane, Properties\nThe boiling point of 89.7\u00a0\u00b0C is 0.3\u00a0\u00b0C higher than the value of 89.4\u00a0\u00b0C predicted by Wiener's formula, based on the structure of the molecule and the boiling point of n-heptane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane, Properties\nThe speed of sound at 3 MHz is 1149.5\u00a0m/s at 20\u00a0\u00b0C and 889.5\u00a0m/s at 80\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0006-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane, Properties\nThe racemic mixture has a glass transition temperature of about 123 K (\u2212150\u00a0\u00b0C), but reportedly it does not crystallize\u2014a fact that has been claimed to be a characteristic of high-purity optically active alkanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0007-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane, Preparation\n2,3-Dimethylpentane is practically absent in the synthetic fuel produced from hydrogen and carbon monoxide by the Fischer\u2013Tropsch process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0008-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane, Preparation\nThe pure compound can be prepared by reacting the Grignard reagent sec-butyl magnesium bromide C4H9\u2013MgBr with acetone to form 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentanol, then dehydrating this alcohol to form 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene, and hydrogenating this product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160312-0009-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dimethylpentane, Preparation\nThe isomer is present at about 2.4% by weight in the hydrocarbon mixture obtained by the condensation of methanol at 200\u00a0\u00b0C with a zinc iodide catalyst (the main component of the mixture being the isomer 2,2,3-trimethylbutane, obtained at almost 50% yield).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160313-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Dinitrophenol\n2,3-Dinitrophenol (2,3-DNP) is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H3(NO2)2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160314-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Diphenylpropylamine\nThis article about an amine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160315-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Epoxybutane\n2,3-Epoxybutane is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(O)CHCH3. It is an epoxide. The compound exists as three stereoisomers, a pair of enantiomers and the meso isomer. All are colorless liquids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160315-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Epoxybutane, Preparation and reactions\nA common reaction is its hydration to 2,3-butanediol. Many such ring-opening reactions have been reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160316-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine\n2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (2,3-MDA) or ORTHO-MDA is an amphetamine derivative which is mentioned in PIHKAL as a fairly potent and long-lasting stimulant drug, but with little or none of the entactogenic effects associated with its better-known structural isomer MDA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160317-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine\n2,3-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (2,3-MDMA) is a positional isomer of the recreational drug 3,4-MDMA (commonly known as Ecstasy or Molly).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160318-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Oxidosqualene\n(S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene ((S)-2,3-epoxysqualene) is an intermediate in the synthesis of the cell membrane sterol precursors lanosterol and cycloartenol, as well as saponins. It is formed when squalene is oxidized by the enzyme squalene monooxygenase. 2,3-Oxidosqualene is the substrate of various oxidosqualene cyclases, including lanosterol synthase, which produces lanosterol, a precursor to cholesterol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement\nThe [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement is the transformation of an allylic ether into a homoallylic alcohol via a concerted, pericyclic process. Because the reaction is concerted, it exhibits a high degree of stereocontrol, and can be employed early in a synthetic route to establish stereochemistry. The Wittig rearrangement requires strongly basic conditions, however, as a carbanion intermediate is essential. [ 1,2]-Wittig rearrangement is a competitive process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Introduction\n[2,3]-Sigmatropic rearrangements occur for a variety of groups X and Y (see below). When X is a carbanion and Y an alkoxide, the rearrangement is called the [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement and the products are pent-1-en-5-ols. The [1,2]-Wittig rearrangement, which produces isomeric pent-5-en-1-ols, is a competitive process that takes place at high temperatures. Because of the high atom economy and stereoselectivity of the [2,3]-rearrangement, it has gained considerable synthetic utility. The carbanion is generated by direct lithiation of moderately acidic substrates, tin transmetallation, or reductive lithiation of O,S-acetals. Stereoselective methods employing chiral starting materials have been used to effect either asymmetric induction or simple diastereoselection", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Prevailing mechanism\nAfter carbanion formation, the [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement is rapid and selective at low temperatures. However, if the reaction mixture is allowed to reach temperatures above \u221260\u00a0\u00b0C, [1,2]-rearrangement becomes competitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 77], "content_span": [78, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Prevailing mechanism\nThe postulated transition state possesses a five-membered, envelope-like structure. The group attached to the carbanion (G) can occupy either a pseudoequatorial or pseudoaxial position, although the former is usually preferred. Large substituents on the other side of the ether oxygen prefer to occupy the exo position (RE) to avoid A1,3 strain. These restrictions lead to a preference for the syn product from (Z) isomers and anti products from (E) isomers; however, some exceptions to this rule are known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 77], "content_span": [78, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Stereoselective variants\nStereoselective variants of the [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement have employed three strategies: diastereoselection based on an existing, established stereocenter, placement of a chiral auxiliary on the starting material whose configuration is unaffected by the reaction, and the use of a chiral base. The relative diastereoselection strategy works well only for a limited number of G groups, but usually results in high yields because no chiral auxiliary group needs to be removed or modified. The stereocenter opposite the carbanion usually must be tertiary (rather than quaternary) in order to enforce the placement of the largest substituent in the RE position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 81], "content_span": [82, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Stereoselective variants\nThe asymmetric induction approach relies on stereocenters already set in the starting material that are unaffected by the reaction (chiral auxiliaries). The most success has been achieved by placing these stereocenters either in the G group or in a substituent attached to the end of the double bond. Diastereomeric ratios in excess of 90:10 are common for these reactions; however, removal of the chiral auxiliary is sometimes difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 81], "content_span": [82, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0006-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Stereoselective variants\nThe use of chiral bases has afforded enantioenriched rearrangement products in a few cases, although this method does not appear to be general. Enantioselectivity in these reactions is often low, suggesting that the association between the conjugate acid of the base and the rearranging carbanion is likely weak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 81], "content_span": [82, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0007-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Scope and limitations\nA variety of allylic ethers undergo the Wittig rearrangement\u2014the fundamental requirement is the ability to generate the appropriate carbanion in the substrate. This demands either acidic hydrogens, a reducible functional group, or a carbon-metal bond. Historically, alkenyl, alkynyl, and phenyl groups have been used to acidify the \u03b1 position. Free terminal alkynes are tolerated, although yields are higher when silyl-protected alkynes are used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0008-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Scope and limitations\nWhen an alkene is used as the anion-stabilizing group G, issues of selectivity arise concerning the site of the carbanion. Anion-stabilizing groups such as (trimethyl)silyl or methylthio provide essentially complete site selectivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0009-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Scope and limitations\nCarbonyl groups may also be used as the anion-stabilizing group; carbonyl groups are particularly useful for asymmetric rearrangements that employ chiral auxiliaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0010-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Scope and limitations\nA highly enantioselective method employing chromium carbonyl complexes involves the use of the acidified phenyl ring as an anion-stabilizing group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0011-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Scope and limitations\nThat the substrate must contain acidic hydrogens adjacent to the ether oxygen was a significant limitation of the original reaction. Thus, the development of transmetallation methods that allowed the selective generation of carbanions from carbon-tin bonds represented a profound methodological advance. The scope of the groups that could be attached to the anionic center expanded dramatically as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0012-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Synthetic applications\nThe products of the [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of bis(allylic) ethers are 1,5-dien-3-ols. These substrates may undergo the oxy-Cope rearrangement upon deprotonation, affording \u03b4,\u03b5-unsaturated carbonyls. This tandem sigmatropic strategy has been employed in the synthesis of some natural products, including brevicomine and oxocrinol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0013-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Variations\nOne variation of the 2,3-Wittig rearrangement is the Wittig-Still rearrangement", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160319-0014-0000", "contents": "2,3-Wittig rearrangement, Experimental conditions and procedure, Typical conditions\nRearrangements must be carried out at temperatures below \u221260\u00a0\u00b0C to avoid competitive [1,2]-rearrangement. Typically, simple treatment of the substrate with n-butyllithium is sufficient to cause rearrangement. Reactions involving butyllithium should be carried out under nitrogen or argon with strict exclusion of water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 83], "content_span": [84, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160320-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-Xylidine\n2,3-Xylidine is the organic compound with the formula C6H3(CH3)2NH2. it is one of several isomeric xylidines. It is a colorless viscous liquid. The compound is used in the production of the drug mefenamic acid and the herbicide xylachlor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160321-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphatase\n2,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphatase (EC , MIPP1, 2,3-BPG 3-phosphatase) is an enzyme with systematic name 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate 3-phosphohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160322-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-diaminopropionate N-oxalyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2,3-diaminopropionate N-oxalyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160322-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-diaminopropionate N-oxalyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are oxalyl-CoA and L-2,3-diaminopropanoate, whereas its two products are CoA and N3-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160322-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-diaminopropionate N-oxalyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is oxalyl-CoA:L-2,3-diaminopropanoate N3-oxalyltransferase. Other names in common use include oxalyldiaminopropionate synthase, ODAP synthase, oxalyl-CoA:L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid oxalyltransferase, oxalyldiaminopropionic synthase, and oxalyl-CoA:L-2,3-diaminopropanoate 3-N-oxalyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160323-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160323-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160323-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called 2,3-diDHB dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160323-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, Structure\n2,3-diDHB dehydrogenase is a tetramer protein with dimension 65x69x43 \u00c5. It has a crystallographic 222 symmetry, which exhibited for other members of short-chain oxireductase (SCOR) family of enzymes. The length of each monomer is 248 residues and the weight of the protein is 24647 Da. Each monomer consists of 7 beta-pleated sheets and 6 alpha helices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160323-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, Structure\nAlthough the structure of the binding protein is not clearly defined, it was proposed that the binding pocket is made out of Leu83, Met85, Arg138, Gly140, Met141, Ser176, Met181, Gln182 and Leu185. It was also speculated that Arg138 is a likely subunit that interacts with the carboxyl group of 2,3-diDHB. Since there was a strong indication of oxidation at C3 position, Ser176 and Gln182 interact with the C2-hydroxyl group in order for the stereo-selective reaction to occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160323-0005-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, Reaction mechanism\nIn times of limited iron number in the environment, the EntA reaction is irreversible physiologically. The exact mechanism for the reaction is unknown; however, the proposed reaction scheme for the reaction is as following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160323-0006-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, Rate of reaction\nThe rate of the conversion reaction is determined by several factors. The regiochemical position of the carboxyl group and the 3-hydroxyl group plays one role in the reaction, in which the rate of reaction of 1,3-cis-substituted substrate gives about 40-fold higher kcat/Km value than the 1,3-trans-substituted substrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160323-0007-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, Roles in bacteria, E. coli\n2,3-diDHB dehydrogenase catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate to produce an aromatic compound 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB or simply DHB). In times of iron deficiency, iron uptake is controlled by three genes: ent, fep, and fes for synthesis, export, and uptake of ferric Enterobactin and its hydrolytic cleavage to release Fe3+ into the cell. This production of this compound is controlled by eight genes: entA-entF, entH, and entS. In E. coli, all of these genes are controlled by the Fur repressor, such that the genes are turned on when the concentration of iron in the environment is low. From these six genes, EntA, EntB, and EntC are responsible for the synthesis of DHB from chorismic acid and the gene EntA encodes the information of 2,3-diDHB dehydrogenase. Without entA, entB, and entC, the bacteria show almost an absolute requirement of DHB in order to survive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 994]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160323-0008-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, Roles in bacteria, A. tumefaciens\nProduction of siderophores also exhibited in some plant-infecting bacteria, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The enzyme is controlled by gene cluster agb and the production of 2,3-diDHB dehydrogenase is controlled by the gene agbA. The enzyme AgbA is homologous to the EntA enzyme in E. coli, the same enzyme that produces 2,3-diDHB dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 82], "content_span": [83, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160324-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160324-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cis-5,6-dihydroxy-4-isopropylcyclohexa-1,3-dienecarboxylate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160324-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is cis-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in biphenyl degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160325-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160325-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and O2, whereas its product is 2-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160325-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing). This enzyme is also called 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2,3-oxygenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160326-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160326-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and O2, whereas its product is 3-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160326-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing). Other names in common use include o-pyrocatechuate oxygenase, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic oxygenase, and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate oxygenase. This enzyme participates in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160327-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxybenzoate\u2014serine ligase\nIn enzymology, a 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate\u2014serine ligase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160327-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxybenzoate\u2014serine ligase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, and L-serine, whereas its two products are products of ATP breakdown and N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-L-serine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160327-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxybenzoate\u2014serine ligase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases (peptide synthases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate:L-serine ligase. Other names in common use include N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-serine synthetase, and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine synthetase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160328-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxyindole 2,3-dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,3-dihydroxyindole 2,3-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160328-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxyindole 2,3-dioxygenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,3-dihydroxyindole and O2, whereas its two products are anthranilate and CO2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160328-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-dihydroxyindole 2,3-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,3-dihydroxyindole:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing). This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160329-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate enolase\n2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate enolase (EC , DK-MTP-1-P enolase, MtnW, YkrW, RuBisCO-like protein, RLP) is an enzyme with systematic name 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate keto-enol-isomerase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160329-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate enolase\nThe enzyme participates in the methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160330-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-dimethylmalate lyase\nIn enzymology, a 2,3-dimethylmalate lyase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160330-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-dimethylmalate lyase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate, and two products, propanoate and pyruvate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160330-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-dimethylmalate lyase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the oxo-acid-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate pyruvate-lyase (propanoate-forming). Other names in common use include 2,3-dimethylmalate pyruvate-lyase, and (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate pyruvate-lyase. This enzyme participates in c5-branched dibasic acid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160331-0000-0000", "contents": "2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement\n2,3-Sigmatropic rearrangements are a type of sigmatropic rearrangements and can be classified into two types. Rearrangements of allylic sulfoxides, amine oxides, selenoxides are neutral. Rearrangements of carbanions of allyl ethers are anionic. The general scheme for this kind of rearrangement is:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160331-0001-0000", "contents": "2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement\nAtom Y may be sulfur, selenium, or nitrogen. If Y is nitrogen, the reaction is referred to as the Sommelet\u2013Hauser rearrangement if a quaternary ammonium salt is involved or the aza-Wittig reaction if an alpha-metalated tertiary amine is involved; if Y is oxygen, then it is called a 2,3-Wittig rearrangement (not to be confused with the well-known Wittig reaction, which involves a phosphonium ylide). If Y is sulfur, the product can be treated with a thiophile to generate an allylic alcohol in what is known as the Mislow\u2013Evans rearrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160331-0002-0000", "contents": "2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement\nA [2,3]-rearrangement may result in carbon-carbon bond formation. It can also be used as a ring-expansion reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160331-0003-0000", "contents": "2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement, Stereoselectivity\n2,3-sigmatropic rearrangements can offer high stereoselectivity. At the newly formed double bond there is a strong preference for formation of the E-alkene or trans isomer product. The stereochemistry of the newly formed C-C bond is harder to predict. It can be inferred from the five-membered ring transition state. Generally, the E-alkene will favor the formation of anti product, while Z-alkene will favor formation of syn product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160331-0004-0000", "contents": "2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement, Stereoselectivity\nDiastereoselectivity can be high for Z-alkene with alkynyl, alkenyl, or aryl anion-stabilizing group. Diastereoselectivity is usually lower with E-alkenes. Hydrocarbon groups will prefer exo orientation in the envelope-like transition state. Anion-stabilizing group will prefer the endo orientation in transition state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase\n2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase also known as DECR1 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the DECR1 gene which resides on chromosome 8. This enzyme catalyzes the following reactions", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase\nDECR1 participates in the beta oxidation and metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA esters. Specifically, it catalyzes the reduction of 2,4 dienoyl-CoA thioesters of varying length by NADPH cofactor to 3-trans-enoyl-CoA of equivalent length. Unlike the breakdown of saturated fat, cis and trans polyunsaturated fatty acid degradation requires three additional enzymes to generate a product compatible with the standard beta oxidation pathway. DECR is the second such enzyme (the others being enoyl CoA isomerase and dienoyl CoA isomerase) and is the rate limiting step in this auxiliary flow. DECR is capable of reducing both 2-trans,4-cis-dienoyl-CoA and 2-trans,4-trans-dienoyl-CoA thioesters with equal efficiency. At this time, there is no clear explanation for this of lack of stereo-specificity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Structure\nEukaryotic DECR exists in both the mitochondria (mDECR) and the peroxisome (pDECR, coded by gene DECR2). The enzymes from each organelle are homologous and part of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR super-family. mDECR is 124 kDa consisting of 335 amino acids before post-translational modification. The secondary structure shares many of the motifs of SDR, including a Rossmann fold for strong NADPH binding. The protein exists as a homotetramer in physiological environment, but has been shown to also form monomers and dimers in solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Structure\nCrystallization of mDECR shows the enzyme provides a network of hydrogen bonds from key residues in the active site to NADPH and the 2,4-dienoyl-CoA which positions the hydride at 3.4 \u00c5 to the C\u03b4, compared with 4.0 \u00c5 to the C\u03b2 (not shown). The enolate intermediate discussed earlier is stabilized by residues additional hydrogen bonds to Tyr166 and Asn148. Lys214 and Ser210 (conserved residues in all SDR enzymes) are thought to increase the pKa of Tyr166 and stabilize the transition state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0003-0001", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Structure\nAdditionally, at one end of the active site there is a flexible loop that provides sufficient room for long carbon chains. This likely gives the enzyme flexibility to process fatty acid chains of various lengths. Substrate length for mDECR catalysis is thought to be limited at 20 carbons, at which this very long chain fatty acid is first partially oxidized by pDECR in the peroxisome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Enzyme mechanism, Eukaryotic DECR\n2,4 Dienoyl-CoA thioester reduction by NADPH to 3-Enoyl CoA occurs by a two-step sequential mechanism via an enolate intermediate. DECR binds NADPH and the fatty acid thioester and positions them for specific hydride transfer to the C\u03b4 on the hydrocarbon chain. The electrons from the C\u03b3-C\u03b4 double bond move over to the C\u03b2-C\u03b3 position, and those from the C\u03b1-C\u03b2 form an enolate. In the final step, a proton is abstracted from the water to the C\u03b1 and the thioester is reformed, resulting in a single C\u03b2-C\u03b3 trans double bond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0004-0001", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Enzyme mechanism, Eukaryotic DECR\nSince the final proton comes from water, the pH has a significant effect on the catalytic rate with the enzyme demonstrating maximal activity at ~6.0. A decrease in activity at pH < 6.0 can be explained by de-protonation of titratable residues that affect protein folding or substrate binding. Mutant proteins with modifications at key acidic amino acids (E154, E227, E276, D300, D117) show order of magnitude increases in Km and/or decreases in Vmax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Enzyme mechanism, Prokaryotic DECR\n2,4 Dienoyl-CoA Reductase from Escherichia coli shares very similar kinetic properties to that of eukaryotes, but differs significantly in both structure and mechanism. In addition to NADPH, E. Coli DECR requires a set of FAD, FMN and iron\u2013sulfur cluster molecules to complete the electron transfer. A further distinction is E. Coli DECR produces the final 2-trans-enoyl-CoA without the need for Enoyl CoA Isomerase. The active site contains accurately positioned Tyr166 that donates a proton to the C\u03b3 after hydride attack at the C\u03b4, completing the reduction in a single concerted step. Surprisingly, mutation of the Tyr166 does not eliminate enzyme activity but instead changes the product to 3-trans-enoyl-CoA. The current explanation is that Glu164, an acidic residue in the active site, acts as a proton donor to C\u03b1 when Tyr166 is not present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0006-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Function\nDECR is one of three auxiliary enzymes involved in a rate-limiting step of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria. In particular, this enzyme contributes to breaking the double bonds at all even-numbered positions, and some double bonds at odd-numbered position. The structure of the ternary complex of pDCR (peroxisomal 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductases) with NADP and its substrate provides essential and unique insights into the mechanism of catalysis. Unlike other members belonging to the SDR family, catalysis by pDCR does not involve a tyrosine-serine pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0006-0001", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Function\nInstead, a catalytically critical aspartate, together with an invariant lysine, polarizes a water molecule to donate a proton for the formation of the product. Although pDCR can use 2,4-hexadienoyl CoA as a substrate, the affinities for short chain fatty acids are lower. Analysis of the hinge movement of DCRs from the mitochondrion and peroxisomes sheds light on the reason behind the unique ability of the peroxisome to shorten very long chain fatty acids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0007-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Clinical significance\nMutations in the DECR1 gene may result in 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency, a rare but lethal disorder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0008-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Clinical significance\nDue to its role in fatty acid oxidation, DECR may serve as a therapeutic target for treating non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which features hyperglycemia due to increased fatty acid oxidation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160332-0009-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, Clinical significance\nIn knockout mice studies, DECR1\u2212/\u2212 subjects accumulate significant concentrations of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver during fasting (such as oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid). Mutant subjects were also found to have poor tolerance to cold, decrease in diurnal activity, and an overall reduction in adaptation to metabolic stressors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160333-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency\n2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in defective fatty acid oxidation caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase. Lysine degradation is also affected in this disorder leading to hyperlysinemia. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning an individual must inherit mutations in NADK2, located at 5p13.2 from both of their parents. NADK2 encodes the mitochondrial NAD kinase. A defect in this enzyme leads to deficient mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate levels. 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase, but also lysine degradation are performed by NADP-dependent oxidoreductases explaining how NADK2 deficiency can lead to multiple enzyme defects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160333-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency\n2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency was initially described in 1990 based on a single case of a black female who presented with persistent hypotonia. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated lysine, low levels of carnitine and an abnormal acylcarnitine profile in urine and blood. The abnormal acylcarnitine species was eventually identified as 2-trans,4-cis-decadienoylcarnitine, an intermediate of linoleic acid metabolism. The index case died of respiratory failure at four months of age. Postmortem enzyme analysis on liver and muscle samples revealed decreased 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase activity when compared to normal controls. A second case with failure to thrive, developmental delay, lactic acidosis and severe encephalopathy was reported in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160333-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency\n2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency was included as a secondary condition in the American College of Medical Genetics Recommended Uniform Panel for newborn screening. Its status as a secondary condition means there was not enough evidence of benefit to include it as a primary target, but it may be detected during the screening process or as part of a differential diagnosis when detecting conditions included as primary target. Despite its inclusion in newborn screening programs in several states for a number of years, no cases have been identified via neonatal screening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160334-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160334-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone and O2, whereas its two products are 4-hydroxybenzoate and formate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160334-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone oxidoreductase (C-C-bond-cleaving). This enzyme is also called (4- hydroxybenzoyl)methanol oxygenase. This enzyme participates in bisphenol a degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160335-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trichlorophenol\n2,4,5-Trichlorophenol is an organochloride with the molecular formula C6H3Cl3O1. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol has been used as a  fungicide and herbicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160336-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid\n2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (also known as 2,4,5-T), a synthetic auxin, is a chlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide used to defoliate broad-leafed plants. It was developed in the late 1940s and was widely used in the agricultural industry until being phased out, starting in the late 1970s due to toxicity concerns. Agent Orange, a defoliant used by the British in the Malayan Emergency and the U.S. in the Vietnam War, was equal parts 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). 2,4,5-T itself is toxic with a NOAEL of 3\u00a0mg/kg/day and a LOAEL of 10\u00a0mg/kg/day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160336-0000-0001", "contents": "2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid\nAdditionally, the manufacturing process for 2,4,5-T contaminates this chemical with trace amounts of  2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). TCDD is a carcinogenic persistent organic pollutant with long-term effects on the environment. With proper temperature control during production of 2,4,5-T, TCDD levels can be held to about .005 ppm. Before the TCDD risk was well understood, early production facilities lacked proper temperature controls and individual batches tested later were found to have as much as 60 ppm of TCDD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160336-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid\nIn 1970, the United States Department of Agriculture halted the use of 2,4,5-T on all food crops except rice, and in 1985, the EPA terminated all remaining uses in the U.S. of this herbicide. In Canada, the use and sale of 2,4,5-T was prohibited after 1985. The international trade of 2,4,5-T is restricted by the Rotterdam Convention. 2,4,5-T has since largely been replaced by dicamba and triclopyr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160336-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid\nHuman health effects from 2,4,5-T at low environmental doses or at biomonitored levels from low environmental exposures are unknown. Intentional overdoses and unintentional high dose occupational exposures to chlorophenoxy acid herbicides have resulted in weakness, headache, dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain, myotonia, hypotension, renal and hepatic injury, and delayed neuropathy. Cometabolism of 2,4,5-T is possible to produce 3,5-dichlorocatechol which, in turn, can be degraded by Pseudomonas bacteria. IARC considers the chlorophenoxyacetic acids group of chemicals as possibly carcinogenic to humans. In 1963 a production vessel for 2,4,5-T exploded in the Philips-Duphar plant in the Netherlands. Six workers that cleaned up afterwards got seriously intoxicated and developed chloracne. After twelve years, four of the six cleaners had died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160337-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine\n2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine (THM) is a neurotoxin and a metabolite of MDMA. It comes from the ring-hydroxylation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160337-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trihydroxyamphetamine\nIn one paper, it was shown to reduce hippocampal tryptophan hydroxylase activity by 54% after short-term treatment. In another study, it was shown to significantly reduce striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160338-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trihydroxycinnamic acid\n2,4,5-Trihydroxycinnamic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid found in rooibos tea. cis-2,4,5-Trihydroxycinnamic acid can be isolated from seeds of Alisma orientale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160339-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine\n2,4,5-Trihydroxymethamphetamine (THMA) is a neurotoxin and a metabolite of MDMA. It has structural similarity to the dopamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, and produces lasting serotonin deficits when administered centrally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160340-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine\n2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-O or 2C-OMe) or is a phenethylamine of the 2C family and was first synthesized by Jansen in 1931. It is a positional isomer of the drug mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160340-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine, Chemistry\n2C-O is a member of a class of chemical compounds commonly known as phenethylamines. Its full chemical name is 2-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine; it is also known as 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine and 2,4,5-TMPEA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160340-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine, Effects\nAlthough not centrally active itself, 2C-O appeared to potentiate the action of mescaline when employed as pretreatment 45 minutes prior to the administration of mescaline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160340-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine, Law, Canada\nAs of October 31, 2016, 2C-O is a controlled substance (Schedule III) in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160340-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine, Law, United States\n2C-O is a Schedule I substance, as a positional isomer of mescaline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160340-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine, Law, United Kingdom\n2C-O and all other compounds featured in PiHKAL are Class A drugs in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160341-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trimethoxypropiophenone\n2,4,5-Trimethoxypropiophenone is a natural phenylpropanoid and precursor in the synthesis of \u03b1-asarone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160341-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,5-Trimethoxypropiophenone, Natural occurrence\n2,4,5-Trimethoxypropiophenone is a component of several plant species' essential oils. The chemical has been identified in Piper marginatum, Acorus tatarinowii, and Asarum maximum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol\n2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol (2,4,6-TTBP) is a phenol symmetrically substituted with three tert-butyl groups and thus strongly sterically hindered. 2,4,6-TTBP is a readily oxidizable aromatic compound and a weak acid. It oxidizes to give the deep-blue 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxy radical. 2,4,6-TTBP is related to 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, which is widely used as an antioxidant in industrial applications. These compounds are colorless solids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Preparation\nThe preparation of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol has been studied extensively. As early as 1890, Wilhelm Koenigs described the acid-catalyzed reaction of phenol with isobutylene. Many other reports have appeared. Yields up to 90%  have been reported. Typical side products are the result of incomplete alkylation: 4-tert-butylphenol (4-TBP), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP). 2,5-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,5-DTB) has been observed. 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol is also found as a by-product in the synthesis of the disubstitution products 2,4-DTBP and 2,6-DTBP, which are more widely used antioxidants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Preparation\nA synthesis of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol has been described that is also suitable as a teaching experiment. Methyl tert-butyl ether is used as the alkylating agent and sulfuric acid as catalyst. 2,4,6-TTBP is being obtained in 69% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Properties\n2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol is a white solid which dissolves in many organic solvents, but not in aqueous or alcoholic alkaline solutions. The green-blue coloring with iron(III)chloride, which is characteristic for phenols, does not occur in 2,4,6-TTBP. The compound is oxidizable in air but practically non-biodegradable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Properties\nAs an electron-rich aromatic, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol can also be easily oxidized electrochemically. In the alkaline, the phenolate anion formed is first oxidized in a reversible reaction to the phenoxy radical. The stable radical is oxidized by further electron withdrawal to the phenoxonium cation, which reacts in water to give 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadienone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Properties\nIn acidic media, the hydroxydienone is dealkylated with the cleavage of the tert-butyl group in the 4-position to the 2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, which is oxidized to the end product 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0006-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Properties\nThe oxidation of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol in the alkaline to the intensely blue-colored phenoxy radical can also occur with potassium ferricyanide. The 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxy radical forms blue crystals on cooling to -70 \u00b0 C, which are stable at room temperature for several weeks and only gradually turn yellow. The phenoxy radical reacts with oxygen as a diradical to form a 4,4'-linked peroxide forming yellow crystals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0007-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Applications\nThe electron-rich 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol can easily be oxidized to the phenoxy radical, which in the 4-position adds phenols, as well as alcohols and thiols to the corresponding cyclohexadienones. The cyclohexadienones, also referred to in the literature as chinolethers, cleave the 4-position tert-butyl group upon heating under acidic conditions and aromatizes back to the substituted phenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0008-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Applications\nThe reaction can be used for the synthesis of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, which is frequently used as an antioxidant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0009-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Applications\n2,4,6-TTBP is used as stabilizers, free-radical scavengers and antioxidants in technical applications, such as in fuels, hydraulic fluids and lubricating oils, as well as in elastomeric and thermoplastic polymers. Because of its pronounced persistence, its high tendency for bioaccumulation and aquatic toxicity, 2,4,6-TTBP is only of low industrial use and is even forbidden, for example, in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160342-0010-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol, Applications\nThe phenoxy radical of 2,4,6-TTBP is also described as a sterically demanding protecting group in a reagent for the transfer of a nucleophilic dimethylaminomethyl-group [(CH3)2-N-CH2-] to form tertiary amines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160343-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromoaniline\n2,4,6-Tribromoaniline is a chemical compound with a formula of  C6H4Br3N. It is used in organic synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and fire-extinguishing agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160343-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromoaniline, Synthesis\n2,4,6-Tribromoaniline can be prepared by treating bromine water with aniline in a solution of acetic acid or dilute hydrochloric acid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160344-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromoanisole\n2,4,6-Tribromoanisole (TBA) is a chemical compound that is a brominated derivative of anisole. It is one of the chemicals responsible for cork taint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160344-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromoanisole\nTribromoanisole is a fungal metabolite of 2,4,6-tribromophenol, which is used as a fungicide. It can be found in minute traces on packaging materials stored in the presence of fiberboard treated with 2,4,6-tribromophenol. These traces can cause an unpleasant mustiness in packaged foods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160344-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromoanisole\nTribromoanisole is usually produced when naturally occurring airborne fungi or bacteria (usually Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Actinomycetes, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizobium sp., or Streptomyces) are presented with brominated phenolic compounds, which they then convert into bromoanisole derivatives. The bromophenols can originate from various contaminants including those found in some pesticides and wood preservatives. They can also migrate from other objects such as shipping pallets treated by bromophenols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160344-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromoanisole\nTribromoanisole has a very low odor detection threshold. It is 0.08-0.3 parts per trillion (ppt) in water and 2-6 ppt in wine (or 3.4-7.9 ng/l) so even very minute amounts can be detected. It causes unpleasant earthy, musty and moldy aromas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160344-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromoanisole, Consumer product recalls\nThere have been several events in which consumer products were recalled due to odors caused by tribromoanisole on product packaging. In 2010 and 2011, Johnson & Johnson voluntarily recalled some over-the-counter products, including Tylenol, due to an odor caused by tribromoanisole. In this case, a supplier had used 2,4,6-tribromophenol to treat wooden pallets on which product packaging materials were transported and stored. In 2010 and in 2011, Pfizer recalled bottles of Lipitor after reports of an odor linked to the packaging bottles. Pfizer said the bottles were supplied by a third-party manufacturer and determined the cause to be exposure of the bottles to low levels of tribromoanisole as they were shipped or stored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160345-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromophenol\n2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TBP) is a brominated derivative of phenol. It is used as a fungicide, as a wood preservative, and an intermediate in the preparation of flame retardants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160345-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromophenol, Production\nAlthough natural TBP has been identified in ocean sediments as a metabolite of marine fauna, the commercial product is prepared industrially. In 2001, the production volume of TBP was estimated to be 2500 tonnes/year in Japan and 9500 tonnes/year worldwide. TBP can be prepared by the controlled reaction of elemental bromine with phenol:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160345-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromophenol, Uses\nThe predominant use of TBP is as an intermediate in the preparation of flame retardants such as brominated epoxy resins. TBP is reacted with sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salt, which is used as a fungicide and wood preservative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160345-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromophenol, Uses, Bismuth salt\nThe bismuth salt is the active ingredient in Xeroform dressing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160345-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tribromophenol, Metabolism\nMicrobial metabolism in products treated with TBP is known to produce 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA),  which has a musty odor. In 2010 and 2011, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson voluntarily recalled some products due to TBA odors from wooden pallets which were treated with TBP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160346-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichloroaniline\n2,4,6-Trichloroaniline is a chemical compound with a formula of C6H4Cl3N. It is useful as an intermediate in chemical reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160346-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichloroaniline, Preparation\nDry aniline are dissolved in dry carbon tetrachloride, and placed in a flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer. The flask is surrounded by an efficient freezing mixture, so that the temperature is about -10\u00a0\u00b0C. Through one of the side tubes is passed dry gaseous chlorine mixed with dry carbon dioxide (equal volumes). A white crystalline deposit of 2,4,6-trichloroaniline is thrown down, but if the temperature rises, oxidants are added, or the materials are not absolutely dry, the product is contaminated with aniline black (polyaniline).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160346-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichloroaniline, Safety\nOccupational exposure to 2,4,6-trichloroaniline may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,4,6-trichloroaniline is produced or used (SRC). The general population may be exposed to 2,4,6-trichloroaniline via drinking water and dermal contact with this compound in dyestuffs, pigments, and pesticides containing 2,4,6-trichloroaniline. 2,4,6 -trichloroaniline can be toxic when inhaled or ingested orally. The lethal dose is 2400\u00a0mg/kg for a rat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160346-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichloroaniline, Safety\nUpon heating, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline will not undergo combustions, but may release hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides or carbon monoxide (when burned), which is irritating or toxic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160347-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichloroanisole\n2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) is a chemical compound that is a chlorinated derivative of anisole. TCA is a fungal metabolite of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, which is used as a fungicide. It can be found in minute traces on packaging materials stored in the presence of fiberboard treated with trichlorophenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160347-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichloroanisole\nTCA is the chemical primarily responsible for cork taint in wines. TCA has also been implicated as a major component of the \"Rio defect\" in coffees from Central and South America, which refers to a taste described as medicinal, phenolic, or iodine-like.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160347-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichloroanisole\nTCA is usually produced when naturally occurring airborne fungi and bacteria (usually Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Actinomycetes, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizobium sp., or Streptomyces) are presented with chlorinated phenolic compounds, which they then convert into chlorinated anisole derivatives. The chlorophenols can originate from various contaminants such as those found in some pesticides and wood preservatives. Chlorophenols can also be a product of the chlorine bleaching process used to sterilize or bleach wood, paper, and other materials; they can be synthesized by reaction of hypochlorites with lignin. They can also migrate from other objects such as shipping pallets treated by chlorophenols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160347-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichloroanisole\nThe odor of TCA is not directly perceived. Instead, the molecule distorts the perception of smell by suppressing olfactory signal transduction. The effect occurs at very low concentrations (single parts per trillion), so even very minute amounts of TCA can be detected. It causes unpleasant earthy, musty and moldy aromas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160348-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichlorophenol\n2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, also known as TCP, phenaclor, Dowicide 2S, Dowcide 2S, omal, is a chlorinated phenol that has been used as a fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, antiseptic, defoliant, and glue preservative. It is a clear to yellowish crystalline solid with a strong, phenolic odor. It decomposes on heating to produce toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride and chlorine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160348-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, Health effects\nIn animal models, consumption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol leads to an increased incidence of lymphomas, leukemia, and liver cancer. It is classified as Group B2 (probable human carcinogen) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The technical grade of this substance may contain polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and other contaminants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160348-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, Environmental effects\n2,4,6-Trichlorophenol is an environmental pollutant that has been found in fresh water lakes such as the Great Lakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160349-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trihydroxyacetophenone\n2,4,6-Trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) is a chemical compound that is a derivative of phloroglucinol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160349-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trihydroxyacetophenone\nIn an animal model, THAP was reported to enhance cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160349-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trihydroxyacetophenone\nTHAP is also used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) for the analysis of acidic glycans and glycopeptides in negative ion mode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160349-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trihydroxyacetophenone, Derivatives\nTHAP is a chemical precursor that can be used to form part of the backbone of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones like noreugenin, apigenin, luteolin, diosmetin, naringenin, and hesperetin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160350-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trimethylaniline\n2,4,6-Trimethylaniline is an organic compound with formula (CH3)3C6H2NH2. It is an aromatic amine that is of commercial interest as a precursor to dyes. It is prepared by selective mononitration of mesitylene, avoiding oxidation of the methyl groups. The resulting nitro compound is reduced to the aniline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160350-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trimethylaniline, Coordination chemistry\nTrimethylaniline is a building block to a variety of bulky ligands. Condensation with glyoxal gives the 1,2-diimine ligands. An example is glyoxal-bis(mesitylimine), a yellow solid that is synthesized by condensation of 2,4,6-trimethylaniline and glyoxal. The diimine is a useful precursor to popular NHC ligands including IMes. N-heterocyclic carbenes, as found in 2nd generation Grubbs' catalyst, are also prepared from this compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160351-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine\n2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine (2,4,6-collidine) is an organic compound which belongs to the heterocycles (more precisely, heteroaromatics). It consists of a pyridine ring substituted with three methyl groups. It belongs to the substance group of the collidines, a group of six constitutional isomers. 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine is the most well-known isomer of this group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160351-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine, Properties\nThe compound has a refractive index of 1.4959 (25\u00a0\u00b0C).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160351-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine, Preparation\n2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine was isolated from Dippel's oil in 1854. A synthesis can be carried out analogously to the Hantzsch's dihydropyridine synthesis from ethyl acetoacetate (as \u03b2-ketocarbonyl compound), acetaldehyde and ammonia in the ratio 2: 1: 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160351-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine, Use\nBy oxidation of the methyl groups with potassium permanganate collidinic acid is obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160351-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine, Use\n2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine is used in organic syntheses (for example, for dehydrohalogenation), by binding the formed hydrogen halides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160352-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trinitroaniline\n2,4,6-Trinitroaniline, C6H4N4O6, abbreviated as TNA and also known as picramide, a nitrated amine. Materials in this group range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. If mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides, they may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. The explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds are increased by the presence of multiple nitro groups. The appearance of trinitroaniline varies from yellow to orange to red depending on its purity and concentration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160352-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trinitroaniline, Applications/Uses\nTrinitroaniline is only used in modern times in the small warheads of some explosive devices such as mortars. In World War II it was used by Imperial Japanese Navy as Type 97 bakuyaku (Model 1931 explosive) in some versions of gun projectiles instead of less stable burster schimose. It was also used in the Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka, a kamikaze antishipping human-guided rocket aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160352-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trinitroaniline, Health and safety\nTrinitroaniline is dangerously explosive. Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include skin and eye irritation, headache, drowsiness, weakness, cyanosis, and respiratory distress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160353-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid\nTrinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (C6H3N3O9S) is a nitroaryl oxidizing acid. Due to its extreme oxidative properties, if mixed with reducing agents including hydrides, sulfides, and nitrides, it may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in almost immediate detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents because of the explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds which increase in the presence of multiple nitro groups. Not much is known about this compound, but it is used as a peptide terminal amino group neutralizer and is currently being investigated for its effects on the immune system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160353-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, Uses\nIts primary usage is primarily to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups in scientific research. Occasionally it is used as a detonator for certain other explosive compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160353-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, Uses\nIt is also used to induce colitis in the colon of laboratory animals in order to model inflammatory bowel disease and post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160353-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, Health concerns and safety precautions\nThe primary hazard of working with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid is the risk of instantaneous explosion. 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid is an extremely sensitive compound especially when mixed with other compounds, exposed to heat, or exposed to rapid temperature or pressure changes. The toxicological properties of this compound have not been investigated, so all health effects are unknown. To best prevent bodily harm or injury it is recommended that all direct contact be avoided and the compound be kept under extremely strict environmentally controlled conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160353-0003-0001", "contents": "2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, Health concerns and safety precautions\nIn case of spillage it is recommended that a local fire department be called in advance prior to any attempt at cleaning. In case of fire it is recommended that the material be left to burn and the surrounding area be evacuated. If fire fighting is required it is recommended that a fully positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus be used along with either foam or CO2 extinguishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 74], "content_span": [75, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160354-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine\n2,4,6-Tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine is a chemical compound that is a derivative of triazine first prepared in 1995. It is synthesized by destructive nitration of 2,4,6-tricarboxyl-1,3,5-triazine. It is noteworthy for having more nitro groups than it does carbon atoms, thus potentially being useful as an oxygen source, or added to oxygen-poor explosives to increase their power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160354-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,6-Tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine\nDerivatives have been prepared by nucleophilic displacement of the nitro groups with azide and hydrazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160355-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4,7-trihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucoside 7-O-methyltransferase\n2,4,7-trihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucoside 7-O-methyltransferase (EC , BX7 (gene), OMT BX7) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(2R)-4,7-dihydroxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl \u03b2-D-glucopyranoside 7-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160355-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4,7-trihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucoside 7-O-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the protective and allelopathic benzoxazinoid DIMBOA, e.g. from the family Poaceae (grasses).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160356-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol\n2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol is a phenolic compound produced by the saprophytic orchid Gastrodia elata and by the myco-heterotroph orchid Galeola faberi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160357-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-DB\n2,4-DB or 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid is a selective systemic phenoxy herbicide used to control many annual and perennial broad-leaf weeds in alfalfa, peanuts, soybeans, and other crops. Its active metabolite, 2,4-D, inhibits growth at the tips of stems and roots. It is classified in toxicity class III. It shows some evidence of toxicity to dogs and cats, such as changes in body weight and reduced numbers of offspring, when fed 25-80 milligrams per kilogram of body weight for prolonged periods. Tests of carcinogenicity in this range yielded differing results. It is moderately toxic to fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160358-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol\n2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol or Phl is a natural phenol found in several bacteria:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160360-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Diaminotoluene\n2,4-Diaminotoluene is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(NH2)2CH3. It is one isomer of six with this formula. It is a white solid although commercial samples are often yellow-tan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160360-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Diaminotoluene, Preparation\nIt is prepared by hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene using a nickel catalyst. Commercial samples often contain up to 20% of the 2,6-isomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160360-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Diaminotoluene, Preparation\nA laboratory method involves reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene with iron powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160360-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Diaminotoluene, Use\nIt is mainly used as a precursor to toluene diisocyanate, a precursor to polyurethane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160360-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4-Diaminotoluene, Use\nIts reaction with benzenediazonium chloride gives the cationic azo dye Basic Orange 1. Condensation of 2,4-diaminotoluene with acetaldehyde gives the acridine dye called Basic Yellow 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160361-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dibromophenol\n2,4-Dibromophenol is a brominated derivative of phenol with the molecular formula C6H4Br2O. It belongs to the bromobenzenes, which are organic compounds containing bromine atoms attached to a benzene ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160361-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dibromophenol, Properties\nAt room temperature, 2,4-dibromophenol is a solid with needle-like crystals. It melts at 38\u00a0\u00b0C (100.4\u00a0\u00b0F) and boils at 238.5\u00a0\u00b0C (461.3\u00a0\u00b0F). it has a molecular weight of 251.905 g/mol. It is soluble in water, ethanol, ether and benzene and slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160361-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dibromophenol, Occurrence\n2,4-Dibromophenol is found in certain molluscs and crustaceans, as well as the acorn worm Saccoglossus bromophenolosus, which is named after it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160362-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorobenzyl alcohol\n2,4-Dichlorobenzyl alcohol is a mild antiseptic, able to kill bacteria and viruses associated with mouth and throat infections. It is a common ingredient in throat lozenges such as Cofsils, Strepsils, Lorsept, and Gorpils. It is also an ingredient in the European product Neo Borocillina. A low-pH throat lozenge containing dichlorobenzyl alcohol (1.2\u00a0mg) and amylmetacresol (0.6\u00a0mg) has been found to deactivate respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-Cov, but not adenovirus or rhinovirus. A dentifrice containing 10% sodium benzoate and 0.3% dichlorobenzyl alcohol maintains antimicrobial activity for 5 to 10 minutes after brushing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160363-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenol\n2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is a chlorinated derivative of phenol with the molecular formula Cl2C6H3OH. It is a white solid that is mildly acidic (pKa = 7.9). It is produced on a large scale as a precursor to  the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160363-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenol, Production and use\nAnnual worldwide production is estimated at 88 million pounds. It is also a photo-degradation product of the common antibacterial and antifungal agent triclosan along with the dioxin 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160363-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenol, Safety\nThe LD50 is 580\u00a0mg/kg (rats, oral). Liquid (molten) 2,4-DCP is readily absorbed through the skin. Solid 2,4-DCP does not readily absorb through skin and has a lower NFPA H=3 rating (versus H=4 for molten 2,4-DCP). This is primarily caused by instantaneous kidney failure, liver failure, and failure of various other organs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid\n2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H6Cl2O3 which is usually referred to by its ISO  common name 2,4-D. It is a systemic herbicide which kills most broadleaf weeds by causing uncontrolled growth in them but most grasses such as cereals, lawn turf, and grassland are relatively unaffected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid\n2,4-D is one of the oldest and most widely available herbicides and defoliants in the world, having been commercially available since 1945, and is now produced by many chemical companies since the patent on it has long since expired. It can be found in numerous commercial lawn herbicide mixtures, and is widely used as a weedkiller on cereal crops, pastures, and orchards. Over 1,500 herbicide products contain 2,4-D as an active ingredient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, History\nThe discovery of 2,4-D as well as the similar hormone herbicides 2,4,5-T, and MCPA occurred during World War II and was a case of multiple discovery by four groups working independently under wartime secrecy in the United Kingdom and the United States: William G. Templeman and associates at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in the UK; Philip S. Nutman and associates at Rothamsted Research in the UK; Franklin D. Jones and associates at the American Chemical Paint Company; and Ezra Kraus, John W. Mitchell, and associates at the University of Chicago and the United States Department of Agriculture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0002-0001", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, History\nAll four groups were subject to wartime secrecy laws and did not follow the usual procedures of publication and patent disclosure. In December 1942, following a meeting at the Ministry of Agriculture the Rothamsted and ICI workers pooled resources and Nutman moved to Jealott's Hill to join the ICI effort. The first scientific publication describing the 2,4-D structure and plant growth regulating activity was by Percy W. Zimmerman and Albert E. Hitchcock at the Boyce Thompson Institute, who were not the original inventors. The precise sequence of early 2,4-D discovery events and publications has been discussed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, History\nWilliam Templeman found that when indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the naturally occurring auxin, was used at high concentrations, it could stop plant growth. In 1940, he published his finding that IAA killed broadleaf plants within a cereal field. MCPA was discovered at about that time by his ICI group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, History\nIn the USA, a similar search for an acid with a longer half life, i.e., a metabolically and environmentally more stable compound, led to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), both phenoxy herbicides and analogs of IAA. Robert Pokorny, an industrial chemist for the C.B. Dolge Company in Westport, Connecticut, published their synthesis in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, History\nAll the novel auxins were developed as part of a clandestine wartime effort to create chemical warfare agents and / or selective herbicides; although 2,4-D was not used this way during the war. Britain and the United States were looking for a chemical to starve Germany and Japan into submission by killing their potato and rice crops, but 2,4-D was found to be ineffective for that purpose, because both crops tolerate it. Within a year after the war ended, 2,4-D was commercially released as an herbicide to control broadleaf weeds in grain crops such as rice and wheat, and in the 1950s it was registered in the United States to control size and enhance skin color in potatoes without affecting yields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0006-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, History\nThe first publication of 2,4-D's use as a selective herbicide came in 1944. The ability of 2,4-D to control broadleaf weeds in turf was documented soon thereafter, in 1944. Starting in 1945, the American Chemical Paint Company brought 2,4-D to market as an herbicide called \"Weedone\". It revolutionized weed control, as it was the first compound that, at low doses, could selectively control dicotyledons (broadleaf plants), but not most monocotyledons\u00a0\u2014 narrowleaf crops, such as  wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crops. At a time when labor was scarce and the need for increased food production was large, it literally \"replaced the hoe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0007-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, History\n2,4-D is one of the ingredients in Agent Orange, an herbicide that was widely used during the Malayan Emergency and the Vietnam War. However, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), a contaminant in the production of another ingredient in Agent Orange, 2,4,5-T, was the cause of the adverse health effects associated with Agent Orange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0008-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, History\nIn the 2000s, Dow AgroSciences developed a new choline salt version of 2,4-D (2,4-D choline) that Dow included in its \"Enlist Duo\" herbicide along with glyphosate and an agent that reduces drift; the choline salt form of 2,4-D is less volatile than 2,4-D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0009-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Manufacture\n2,4-D is a member of the phenoxy family of herbicides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0010-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Manufacture\n2,4-D is manufactured from chloroacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenol, which is itself produced by chlorination of phenol. Alternatively, it is produced by the chlorination of phenoxyacetic acid. The production processes may create several contaminants including di-, tri-, and tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin isomers and N-nitrosamines, as well as monochlorophenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0011-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Mode of action\n2,4-D acts by mimicking the action of the plant growth hormone auxin, which results in uncontrolled growth and eventually death in susceptible plants. It is absorbed through the leaves and is translocated to the meristems of the plant. Uncontrolled, unsustainable growth ensues, causing stem curl-over, leaf withering, and eventual plant death. 2,4-D is typically applied as an amine salt, but more potent ester versions exist, as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0012-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Applications\n2,4-D is primarily used as a selective herbicide which kills many terrestrial and aquatic broadleaf weeds, but not grasses. As it was discovered in the 1940s, a patent no longer governs the manufacture and sale of 2,4-D, and any company is free to produce it. Thus, it is sold in various formulations under a wide variety of brand names. 2,4-D can be found in commercial lawn herbicide mixtures, which often contain other active ingredients including mecoprop and dicamba. Over 1,500 herbicide products contain 2,4-D as an active ingredient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0013-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Applications\nA wide variety of different sectors uses products containing 2,4-D to kill weeds and unwanted vegetation. In agriculture, it was the first herbicide found to be capable of selectively killing weeds but not crops. It has been used since 1945 to control broad-leafed weeds in pastures, orchards, and cereal crops such as corn, oats, rice, and wheat. Cereals, in particular, have excellent tolerance to 2,4-D when it is applied before planting. 2,4-D is the cheapest way for farmers to control winter annual weeds by spraying in the fall, often at the lowest recommended rate. This is particularly effective before planting beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas. The estimated use of 2,4-D in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Survey. In 2017, the latest date for which figures are available, this reached 40,000,000 pounds (18,000,000\u00a0kg) annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0014-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Applications\nIn domestic lawn and garden maintenance, 2,4-D is commonly used for weed control in lawns and other turf. It is used to kill unwanted weeds such as dandelions, plantain, clover, and chickweed. In forestry, it is used for stump treatment, trunk injection, and selective control of brush in conifer forests. Along roadways, railways, and power lines, it is used to control weeds and brush which might interfere with safe operation and damage equipment. Along waterways, it is used to control aquatic weeds that might interfere with boating, fishing, and swimming or clog irrigation and hydroelectric equipment. It is often used by government agencies to control the spread of invasive, noxious, and non-native weed species and prevent them from crowding out native species, and also to control many poisonous weeds such as poison ivy and poison oak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0015-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Applications\nA 2010 monitoring study conducted in the US and Canada found that \"current exposures to 2,4-D are below applicable exposure guidance values.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0016-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Applications\n2,4-D has been used in laboratories for plant research as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium since at least 1962. 2,4-D is used in plant cell cultures as a dedifferentiation (callus induction) hormone. It is classified as an auxin plant hormone derivative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0017-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Health effects\nMen who work with 2,4-D are at risk for abnormally shaped sperm and thus fertility problems; the risk depends on the amount and duration of exposure and other personal factors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0018-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Health effects, Acute toxicity\nAccording to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, \"The toxicity of 2,4-D depends on its chemical forms, including salts, esters, and an acid form. 2,4-D generally has low toxicity for humans, except certain acid and salt forms can cause eye irritation. Swimming is restricted for 24 hours after application of certain 2,4-D products applied to control aquatic weeds to avoid eye irritation.\" As of 2005 the median lethal dose or LD50 determined in acute toxicity rat studies was 639\u00a0mg/kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0019-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Health effects, Acute toxicity\nUrinary alkalinisation has been used in acute poisoning, but evidence to support its use is poor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0020-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Health effects, Cancer risk\nThe  International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies 2,4-D as a possible carcinogen to humans while the United States Environmental Protection Agency does not. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), said 2,4-D was classified as \"possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on inadequate evidence in humans and limited evidence in experimental animals\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0021-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Health effects, Cancer risk\nIn June 2015 the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer confirmed its 1987 classification of  2,4-D as a possible carcinogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0022-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Health effects, Cancer risk\nOn August 8, 2007, the EPA issued a ruling that existing data do not support a link between human cancer and 2,4-D exposure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0023-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Health effects, Cancer risk\nA 1995 panel of 13 scientists reviewing studies on the carcinogenicity of 2,4-D had divided opinions. None of the scientists thought the weight of the evidence indicated that 2,4-D was a \"known\" or \"probable\" cause of human cancer. The predominant opinion indicated that it is possible that 2,4-D can cause cancer in humans,  although not all of the panelists believed the possibility was equally likely: one thought the possibility was strong, leaning toward probable, and five thought the possibility was remote, leaning toward unlikely. Two panelists believed it unlikely that 2,4-D can cause cancer in humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0024-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Health effects, Cancer risk\nIn a prior 1987 report the IARC classified some chlorphenoxy herbicides including 2,4-D, MCPA and 2,4,5-T as a group as class 2B carcinogens - \"possibly carcinogenic to humans\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0025-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Health effects, Contaminants\nA July 2013 Four Corners investigation found elevated levels of dioxins in a generic version of 2,4-D, one of Australia's most widely used herbicides. One scientist said the product tested by Four Corners, which was imported from China, had \"one of the highest dioxin readings for 2,4-D in the last 10 to 20 years, and could pose potential health risks.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0026-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Metabolism\nWhen radioactively labeled 2,4-D was fed to livestock, 90% or more of the total radioactive residue (TRR) was shed in urine unchanged or as conjugated forms of 2,4-D. A relatively small portion of 2,4-D was metabolized into dichlorophenol, dichloroanisole, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (6.9% of the TRR in milk), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (5% of the TRR in milk; 7.3% of the TRR in eggs and 4% of the TRR in chicken liver). Residue levels in kidney were the highest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0027-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Environmental behavior\nOwing to the longevity and extent of use, 2,4-D has been evaluated several times by regulators and review committees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0028-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Environmental behavior\n2,4-D amine salts and esters are not persistent under most environmental conditions. The degradation of 2,4-D is rapid (half life of 6.2 days) in aerobic mineral soils. 2,4-D is broken down by microbes in soil, in processes that involve hydroxylation, cleavage of the acid side-chain, decarboxylation, and ring opening. The ethyl hexyl form of the compound is rapidly hydrolyzed in soil and water to form the 2,4-D acid. 2,4-D has a low binding affinity in mineral soils and sediment, and in those conditions is considered intermediately to highly mobile, and therefore likely to leach if not degraded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0029-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Environmental behavior\nIn aerobic aquatic environments, the half life is 15 days, while in anaerobic aquatic environments, 2,4-D was moderately persistent to persistent (half life of = 41 to 333 days). 2,4-D has been detected in streams and shallow groundwater at low concentrations, in both rural and urban areas. Breakdown is pH dependent. Some ester forms are highly toxic to fish and other aquatic life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0030-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Environmental behavior\n\"The ester forms of 2,4-D can be highly toxic to fish and other aquatic life. 2,4-D generally has moderate toxicity to birds and mammals, is slightly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates, and is practically nontoxic to honeybees\" per EPA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0031-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Environmental behavior, Microbial breakdown\nA number of 2,4-D-degrading bacteria have been isolated and characterized from a variety of environmental habitats. Metabolic pathways for the compound\u2019s degradation have been available for many years, and genes encoding 2,4-D catabolism have been identified for several organisms. As a result of the extensive metadata on environmental behavior, physiology, and genetics, 2,4-D was the first herbicide for which the bacteria actively responsible for in situ degradation were demonstrated. This was accomplished using the technique of DNA-based stable isotope probing, which enables a microbial function (activity), such as degrading a chemical, to be linked with the organism\u2019s identity without the need to culture the organism involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0032-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Regulation\nMaximum residue limits were first set in the EU in 2002 and re-evaluated in 2011 by the European Food Safety Authority, which concluded that the codex maximum residue limits were \"not expected to be of concern for European consumers\". The total chronic exposure represented less than 10% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). 2,4-D is currently not approved for use on lawns and gardens in Denmark, Norway, Kuwait, and the Canadian provinces of Qu\u00e9bec and Ontario. 2,4-D use is severely restricted in the country of Belize. In 2008, Dow AgroScience, LLC, sued the Canadian government for allowing Quebec to ban 2,4-D, but settled in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0033-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Regulation\nIn 2005, the US EPA approved the continued use of 2,4-D. On July 10, 2013, the Pest Management Regulatory Agency in Canada updated the re-evaluation notice of 2,4-D, stating that the 2,4-D registrants had provided it with required data and deemed them acceptable. On April 18, 2012, EPA denied the petition filed November 6, 2008, by the Natural Resources Defense Council  to revoke all tolerances and to cancel all registrations of 2,4-D. EPA stated that recent new study and EPA\u2019s comprehensive review confirmed EPA\u2019s previous finding that the 2,4-D tolerances are safe at anticipated exposure. The estimated annual use of 2,4-D in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0034-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Regulation\nIn October 2014, the US EPA registered Enlist Duo, an herbicide containing the less volatile 2,4-D choline salt, glyphosate, and an antidrift agent, for use in six states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. In November 2015, the EPA attempted to withdraw its own approval of Enlist Duo, as a result of legal actions against both the agency and Dow by two U.S. groups. However, while it was implied that the approval was \"gone\" because of the action, in fact, Enlist Duo was still approved pending a decision by the courts. On January 25, 2016, the US Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied EPA's motion to vacate its Enlist Duo registration. Dow stated the product would be available in 15 US states and Canada for the 2016 crop season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0035-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Regulation\nOn 21 August 2013, the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) banned selected 2,4-D high volatile ester (HVE) products due to their environmental hazards. HVE 2,4-D products had already been banned in Europe and North America for 20 years; low volatile ester products continue to be available in Australia and worldwide. In July 2013 APVMA published their report findings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0036-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Genetically modified crops\nIn 2010, Dow published that it had created genetically modified soybeans made resistant to 2,4-D by insertion of a bacterial aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene, aad1. Dow intended it to be used as an alternative or complement to Roundup Ready crops due to the increasing prevalence of glyphosate-resistant weeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160364-0037-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Genetically modified crops\nAs of April 2014, genetically modified maize and soybeans resistant to 2,4-D and glyphosate have been approved in Canada. In September 2014, the USDA also approved Dow's maize and soybeans, and in October, the EPA registered the \"Enlist Duo\" herbicide containing 2,4-D and glyphosate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160365-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucoside dioxygenase\n2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucoside dioxygenase (EC , BX6 (gene), DIBOA- Glc dioxygenase) is an enzyme with systematic name (2R)-4-hydroxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160365-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucoside dioxygenase\nThe enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of protective and allelopathic benzoxazinoids in some plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160366-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2 -D-glucosyltransferase\n2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-D-glucosyltransferase (EC , uridine diphosphoglucose-2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-glucosyltransferase, BX8, BX9, benzoxazinoid glucosyltransferase, DIMBOA glucosyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-alpha-D-glucose:2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2-beta-D-glucosyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [76, 76], "content_span": [77, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160366-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one 2 -D-glucosyltransferase\nThe enzyme is involved in the detoxification of the benzoxazinoids, DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one) and DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [76, 76], "content_span": [77, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160367-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\nAs a resorcylic acid, it is one of the three isomeric crystalline acids that are both carboxyl derivatives of resorcinol and dihydroxy derivatives of benzoic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160367-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\nIt is a degradation product of cyanidin glycosides from tart cherries in cell cultures. It is also a metabolite found in human plasma after cranberry juice consumption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160368-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde\n2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMBA) is a reagent used to specifically quantify phlorotannins. This product  reacts specifically with 1,3-and 1,3,5-substituted phenols (e.g., phlorotannins) to form a colored product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160369-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol\n2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol is the organic compound with the formula Me2(tert-Bu)C6H2OH (Me = methyl, tert-Bu = tertiary butyl). It is a colorless oil that is classified as an alkylated phenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160369-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, Preparation, reactions, uses\nIt is used as an  antioxidant, e.g. to prevent gumming in fuels, and as an ultraviolet stabilizer. It is used in jet fuels, gasolines, and avgas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160369-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, Preparation, reactions, uses\nIt is prepared by alkylation of xylenol with isobutylene. This alkylation provides a means to separate 2,4-xylenol from 2,5-xylenol since 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol is insoluble in 10% NaOH but 2,5-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol is soluble. Subsequent to separation, the tert-butyl group can be removed in strong acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160369-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, Tradenames\nOne of its trade names is Topanol A. It is found in antioxidant mixtures AO-30, AO-31, AO-32, IONOL K72, IONOL K78, IONOL K98, and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160370-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dimethylpentane\n2,4-Dimethylpentane is an  alkane with the chemical formula [(H3C)2CH]2CH2. This colorless hydrocarbon is produced in large quantities in oil refineries. It results from the alkylation of isobutane by propylene. Often referred to as \"alkylate\", it is blended with other gasoline components to give a high octane fuel. Unlike n-heptane, 2,4-dimethylpentane is a desirable fuel because its branched structure allows combustion without knocking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160371-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroaniline\n2,4-Dinitroaniline is a chemical compound with a formula of C6H5N3O4. It is used as an explosive and as a reagent to detect and characterize aldehydes and ketones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160371-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroaniline, Preparation\n2,4-Dinitroaniline can be prepared by reaction of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160371-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroaniline, Preparation\nIt can be also prepared by the electrophilic aromatic substitution of aniline. Direct nitration should not be used due to the reactivity of aniline. (i.e. It can be protonated to anilinium or oxidized easily.) Instead the acetyl protection should be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160371-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroaniline, Basicity\nCompared to aniline, the basicity of 2,4-dinitroaniline is even weaker. It is due to the electron-withdrawing nature of the nitro groups. This makes the pKa of conjugate acid of 2,4-dinitroaniline being even lower than that of hydronium ions, meaning that it is a strong acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160371-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroaniline, Basicity\nThe protons in the amino group is also much more acidic than that of aniline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160371-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroaniline, Uses\n2,4-Dinitroaniline is usually used as an explosive, although the material possess a negative oxygen balance and can be improved by combining it with an oxidizer such as ammonium nitrate. When in pure form, 2,4-Dinitroaniline has a VoD of 4,800 m/s at 1.61 g/cm3 molecular density.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160371-0006-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroaniline, Uses\nIt is also used for the manufacture of certain azo dyes and disperse dyes, as well as in printing ink, toner, and the preparation of preservatives. The compound also finds applications as an intermediate in the synthesis of neutral dyes, sulfur dyes, and organic pigments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160371-0007-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroaniline, Safety\n2,4-Dinitroaniline is moderately toxic, with a lethal dose of 285 mg/kg. However, the main danger is that it is explosive and flammable with heat or friction encouraging these properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole\n2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is a low sensitivity organic compound. It has an anisole (methoxybenzene) core, with two nitro groups (\u2013NO2) attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole\nIt is not explosive itself unless it is mixed with other explosive chemicals in certain ratios. Compared with TNT it has only 90% of the explosive power and is less dense with a higher melting point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Properties\n2,4-Dinitroanisole crystallises in the monoclinic form. The unit cell has these sizes and angles: a=8.772\u00a0\u00c5 b=12.645\u00a0\u00c5 c=15.429\u00a0\u00c5 81.89\u00b0, cell volume is V=1694\u00a0\u00c53, There are eight molecules in each unit cell, with four positions symmetric. The two asymmetric positions have the molecule bent in different ways. The methyl group can be rotated either at 5\u00b0 or 13\u00b0 out of the plane of the benzene ring. The ortho nitro group is rotated at 3\u00b0 or 35\u00b0. The para nitro group is close to parallel with the ring plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Properties\nThe specific heat of solid 2,4-dinitroanisole is given by Cp (Jmol\u22121K\u22121) = 0.3153 + 0.00265T (T in K). At 298.15 K. it is 219.02\u00a0Jmol\u22121K\u22121 The melting enthalpy is 20.2\u00a0kJmol\u22121 and solidification heat is 19.7\u00a0kJmol\u22121. These can differ so much as the liquid can be supercooled 22.8\u00a0\u00b0C. The initial decomposition temperature is 295\u00a0\u00b0C, and the explosion temperature is 312\u00a0\u00b0C. On explosion the adiabatic temperature rise is 4923\u00a0\u00b0C. Ignition temperature is 347\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Reactions\n2,4-Dinitroanisole reacts without heat with a potassium cyanide solution to form a red coloured product via the isopurpuric acid reaction. In this cyanide is added in the meta position, and the ortho nitro group is reduced to -NHOH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Reactions\nIn alkaline conditions DNAN can be attacked at the methoxy position with nucleophiles to form Meisenheimer complexes. In these the ring develops a negative charge and another group is attached at the methoxy attachment point. So for example, sodium methoxide can produce the 6,6-dimethoxy-1,3-dinitro-1,3-cyclohexadiene anion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0006-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Reactions\nWhen heated under pressure with water and ammonia DNAN is converted to 2,4-dinitroaniline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0007-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Reactions\nWith iron and acetic acid DNAN nitro groups can be reduced to amines forming 2,4-diaminoanisole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0008-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Formation\n2,4-Dinitroanisole can be formed from p-nitroanisole or o-nitroanisole nitration. Also it can be formed from 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene by treatment with sodium methoxide (sodium in methanol) or sodium hydroxide with methanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0009-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Formation\nOver a period of days, alkalies will hydrolyse the ether bond to form 2,4-dinitrophenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0010-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Use\n2,4-Dinitroanisole is used as an explosive replacing TNT. It is used in explosive mixtures such as IMX-101, IMX-104, PAX-48, PAX-21 and PAX-41 in the spider grenade. It can be melted and cast more safely. It has also been used as a dye ingredient and insecticide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160372-0011-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitroanisole, Environment\nWhen mixed with soil, 2,4-dinitroanisole is modified by bacteria through the path 2-nitroso-4-nitroanisole, 2-hydroxyamino-4-nitroanisole to 2-amino-4-nitroanisole. This takes place on a time scale of a few weeks. In the human body it is converted to 2,4-dinitrophenol. Recent reports, demonstrated that a Nocardia sp. bacterium was able to mineralize 2, 4-dinitroanisole as a sole carbon source, via well established 2,4-dinitrophenol pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160373-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene\n2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) is an organic compound with the formula (O2N)2C6H3Cl. It is a yellow solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is an important intermediate for the industrial production of other compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160373-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene\nDNCB is produced commercially by the nitration of p-nitrochlorobenzene with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. Other methods afford the compound less efficiently include the chlorination of dinitrobenzene, nitration of o-nitrochlorobenzene and the dinitration of chlorobenzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160373-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, Uses\nBy virtue of the two nitro groups, the chloride is susceptible to nucleophilic substitution. In this way, the compound is a precursor to many other compounds. Base gives the dinitrophenol, ammonia the dinitroaniline, methoxide the dinitroanisole, and amines the secondary amines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160373-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, Uses, Laboratory use\nDNCB is used as a substrate in GST enzyme activity assays. The molecule is conjugated to a single molecule of reduced glutathione which then absorbs at 340\u00a0nm. Affinity of CDNB for each class of GST varies and so it is not a good measure of activity for some forms (e.g. GSTT and GSTZ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160373-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, Uses, Medical use\nDNCB can be used to treat warts with an effective cure rate of 80%. DNCB induces an allergic immune response toward the wart-causing virus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160373-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, Safety\nDNCB induces a type IV hypersensitivity reaction in almost all people exposed to it, so it is used medically to assess the T cell activity in patients. This is a useful diagnostic test for immunocompromised patients. It can also be used to treat warts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol\n2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP or simply DNP) is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H3(NO2)2. It is a yellow, crystalline solid that has a sweet, musty odor. It sublimes, is volatile with steam, and is soluble in most organic solvents as well as aqueous alkaline solutions. When in a dry form, it is a high explosive and has an instantaneous explosion hazard. It is a precursor to other chemicals and is biochemically active, uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation from the electron transport chain in cells with mitochondria, by allowing protons to pass from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0000-0001", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol\nOxidative phosphorylation is a highly regulated step in aerobic respiration that is inhibited, among other factors, by normal cellular levels of ATP. Uncoupling it results in chemical energy from diet and energy stores such as triglycerides being wasted as heat with minimal regulation, leading to dangerously high body temperatures that may develop into heatstroke. Its use as a dieting aid has been identified with severe side-effects, including a number of deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Uses\nCommercially, DNP is used as an antiseptic and as a non-selective bioaccumulating pesticide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Uses\nDNP is particularly useful as a herbicide alongside other closely related dinitrophenol herbicides like 2,4-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC), dinoseb and dinoterb. Since 1998 DNP has been withdrawn from agricultural use. Currently, there are no actively registered pesticides containing DNP in the United States or Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Uses\nIt is a chemical intermediate in the production of sulfur dyes, wood preservatives and picric acid. DNP has also been used to make photographic developers and explosives (see shellite). DNP is classified as an explosive in the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Uses\nAlthough DNP is widely considered too dangerous for clinical use, its mechanism of action remains under investigation as a potential approach for treating obesity. As of 2015, research is being conducted on uncoupling proteins naturally found in humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Biochemistry\nIn living cells, DNP acts as a proton ionophore, an agent that can shuttle protons (hydrogen cations) across biological membranes. It dissipates the proton gradient across mitochondria membranes, collapsing the proton motive force that the cell uses to produce most of its ATP chemical energy. Instead of producing ATP, the energy of the proton gradient is lost as heat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0006-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Biochemistry\nDNP is often used in biochemistry research to help explore the bioenergetics of chemiosmotic and other membrane transport processes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0007-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Biochemistry, Mechanism of action\nDNP acts as a protonophore, allowing protons to leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane and thus bypass ATP synthase. This makes ATP energy production less efficient. In effect, part of the energy that is normally produced from cellular respiration is wasted as heat. The inefficiency is proportional to the dose of DNP that is taken. As the dose increases and energy production is made more inefficient, metabolic rate increases (and more fat is burned) in order to compensate for the inefficiency and to meet energy demands. DNP is probably the best known agent for uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. The \"phosphorylation\" of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by ATP synthase gets disconnected or \"uncoupled\" from oxidation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0008-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Biochemistry, Mechanism of action\nFrom the Journal of Clinical Toxicology, Volume 44,\u00a0Issue 3 (2006):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0009-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Biochemistry, Mechanism of action\nDinitrophenol uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, causes release of calcium from mitochondrial stores and prevents calcium re-uptake. This leads to free intracellular calcium and causes muscle contraction and hyperthermia. Dantrolene inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum which reduces intracellular calcium. The resulting muscle relaxation allows heat dissipation. There is little risk to dantrolene administration. Since dantrolene may be effective in reducing hyperthermia caused by agents that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, early administration may improve outcome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0010-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Biochemistry, Pharmacokinetics\nInformation about pharmacokinetics of DNP in humans is limited. The ATSDR's Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols remarks that DNP elimination appears to be rapid except when liver function is impaired. The NEJM remarks that DNP appears to be eliminated in around three to four days, except possibly when the liver and kidneys are damaged. Other papers give a wide array of possible half-lives, ranging from 3 hours to 5\u201314 days, while still other, more recent papers maintain that the half-life in humans is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0011-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Hazards, Toxicity\nDNP is considered to have high acute toxicity. In March 2020 a UK judge stated \"there is no antidote or remedy for DNP once taken. In consequence, DNP has a high mortality rate\u200a\u2060\u2014\u200a\u2060of those who presented at hospital between 2007 and 2019 with a history of having taken DNP, 18% died. This puts DNP close to cyanide in terms of its toxicity.\" Other than increasing metabolic rate, acute oral exposure to DNP has resulted in nausea, vomiting, sweating, dizziness, headache, and loss of weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0011-0001", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Hazards, Toxicity\nChronic oral exposure to DNP can lead to the formation of cataracts and skin lesions and has caused effects on the bone marrow, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system. Contact with skin or inhalation can cause DNP poisoning. In 2009, an incident occurred in a Chinese chemical factory and 20 persons suffered acute DNP poisoning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0012-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Hazards, Toxicity\nThe factor that limits ever-increasing doses of DNP is not a lack of ATP energy production, but rather an excessive rise in body temperature due to the heat produced during uncoupling. Accordingly, DNP overdose will cause fatal hyperthermia, with body temperature rising to as high as 43.1\u00a0\u00b0C (109.6\u00a0\u00b0F) shortly before death. Case reports have shown that an acute administration of 10\u201320 milligrams per kilogram of body weight in humans can be lethal. The lowest published fatal ingested dose is 4.3\u00a0mg/kg. In the three separate publicly published medical management cases, a single dose of few tablets from an online retailer (tablet dose unknown) has proven fatal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0013-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Hazards, Toxicity\nThe United Kingdom's Food Standards Agency identifies DNP as \"an industrial chemical known to have serious short-term and long-term effects, which can be extremely dangerous to human health\" and advises \"consumers not to take any product containing DNP at any level. This chemical is not suitable for human consumption.\" Since February 2017 DNP has been included in Australia SUSMP Schedule 10, \"Substances of such a danger to health as to warrant prohibition of sale, supply and use\" From December 2018 DNP has been classified as an \"illegal poisonous substance\" in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0014-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Hazards, Chemical hazards\nA dust explosion is possible with DNP in powder or granular form in the presence of air. DNP may explosively decompose when submitted to shock, friction or concussion, and may explode upon heating. DNP forms explosive salts with strong bases as well as ammonia, and emits toxic fumes of nitrogen dioxide when heated to decomposition. DNP's explosive strength is 81% that of TNT, based on the Trauzl lead block test. DNP was the cause of the 1916 Rainham Chemical Factory explosion which left 7 dead and 69 injured. DNP is listed on the Homeland Security Anti- Terrorism Chemicals of Interest list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0015-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, Synthesis\nDNP is produced by hydrolysis of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Another route of DNP synthesis is by nitration of phenol with nitric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0016-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, History and society\nDNP was widely used in explosive mixtures around the world. Examples include Shellite in the UK, Tridite in the US, Tridita in Spain, MDPC/DD in France, MABT/ MBT in Italy, and DNP in the USSR. During World War I, 36 munition factory workers in France and 27 in the US lost their lives through DNP poisoning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0017-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, History and society\nThree fatalities were reported in dye factories, where DNP was used to make sulfur black dye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0018-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, History and society\nDNP was used extensively in diet pills from 1933 to 1938 after Cutting and Tainter at Stanford University made their first report on how the compound substantially increased metabolic rate. This effect occurs via DNP acting as a proton ionophore. After only its first year on the market, Tainter estimated that at least 100,000 people had been treated with DNP in the United States, in addition to many others abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0019-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, History and society\nIn light of the adverse effects and fatal hyperthermia caused by DNP when it was used clinically, the dose was slowly titrated according to personal tolerance, which varies greatly. Concerns about dangerous side-effects and rapidly developing cataracts resulted in DNP being discontinued in the United States by the end of 1938. In 1938, the FDA included DNP in a list of drugs potentially so toxic that they should not be used even under a physician's supervision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0020-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, History and society\n\"In studies of intermediate-duration oral exposure to 2,4-DNP, cases of death from agranulocytosis (described in the discussion of Hematological Effects) have been attributed to 2,4-DNP. These cases occurred during the usual dosing regimens for weight loss, employing increasing doses in one case from 2.9 to 4.3 mg/kg/day of 2,4-DNP for 6 weeks (Dameshek and Gargill 1934); a dose of 1.03 mg/kg/day 2,4-DNP for 46 days in another case (Goldman and Haber 1936); and in another, from 0.62 to 3.8 mg/kg/day 2,4-DNP as sodium 2,4-DNP for 41 days (Silver 1934). In all cases, the patients were under medical supervision.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0021-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, History and society\nBack in 1952 UK enacted new  to control very dangerous poisons as DNP and DNOC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0022-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, History and society\nDNP, however, continues to be used by some bodybuilders and athletes to rapidly lose body fat. Fatal overdoses include cases of accidental exposure, suicide, and excessive intentional exposure (overdose). The substance's use as a dieting aid has also led to a number of accidental fatalities, including 31 confirmed DNP-related deaths in the UK since 2007. Annual Reports of the American Association of Poison Control Centers identify 22 DNP poisoning fatalities between 2013 and 2019 in the US. The Swedish Poisons Information Centre has reported three fatal DNP cases between June 2012 and May 2013. \"Forensic analysis of DNP is not routinely performed so the true number of DNP deaths may be higher.\" DNP may not be detected in post mortem blood samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0023-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, History and society\nIn 2003, a vendor of DNP was sentenced to five years in prison for mail fraud, with the FDA's OCI investigators having gathered evidence that the vendor's encapsulation of DNP was neither accurate nor sanitary. One of his customers died and another was hospitalized in a coma for more than 10 days. In 2018, a seller in the United Kingdom was convicted of manslaughter for selling DNP as \"fatburner\" for human consumption. The conviction was sent to retrial in 2020 by the English Court of Appeal, where the seller was, once again, convicted of gross negligence manslaughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160374-0023-0001", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol, History and society\nIn 2019, a company selling DNP in the UK was found \"guilty of placing an unsafe food product on the market\" and fined \u00a3100,000. The director of the company was given a suspended prison sentence. A seller in California was sentenced to three years in prison for selling DNP as diet pills. In 2020, a man from North Carolina was sentenced to the maximum sentence of seven years in prison after three of his customers died from DNP poisoning. In 2021 a woman from Texas was sentenced to 6 months in federal prison for selling DNP to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160375-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine\n2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) is the organic compound C6H3(NO2)2NHNH2. Dinitrophenylhydrazine is a red to orange solid. It is a substituted hydrazine. The solid is relatively sensitive to shock and friction. For this reason dinitrophenylhydrazine is usually handled as a wet powder. DNPH is a precursor to the drug Sivifene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160375-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, Synthesis\nIt can be prepared by the reaction of hydrazine sulfate with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160375-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, DNP test\nDNPH is a reagent in instructional laboratories on qualitative organic analysis. Brady's reagent or Borche's reagent,   is prepared by dissolving 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in a solution containing methanol and some concentrated sulfuric acid. This  solution is used to detect ketones and aldehydes. A positive test is signalled by the formation of a yellow, orange or red precipitate of the dinitrophenylhydrazone. Aromatic carbonyls give red precipitates whereas aliphatic carbonyls give more yellow color. The reaction between 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and a generic ketone to form a hydrazone is shown below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160375-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, DNP test\nThis reaction is, overall, a condensation reaction as two molecules joining together with loss of water. Mechanistically, it is an example of addition-elimination reaction: nucleophilic addition of the -NH2 group to the C=O carbonyl group, followed by the elimination of a H2O molecule:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160375-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, DNP test\nDNP-derived hydrazones have characteristic melting points, facilitating identification of the carbonyl. In particular, the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was developed by Brady and Elsmie. Modern spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques have superseded these techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160375-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, DNP test\nDinitrophenylhydrazine does not react with other carbonyl-containing functional groups such as carboxylic acids, amides, and esters, for which there is resonance-associated stability as a lone-pair of electrons interacts with the p orbital of the carbonyl carbon resulting in increased delocalization in the molecule. This stability would be lost by addition of a reagent to the carbonyl group. Hence, these compounds are more resistant to addition reactions. Also, with carboxylic acids, there is the effect of the compound acting as a base, leaving the resulting carboxylate negatively charged and hence no longer vulnerable to nucleophilic attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160376-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine\n2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine is an analog of morphine in which a hydroxyl group is substituted with a dinitro phenoxy group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160376-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine, Properties\nBeing an analog of morphine, it would be expected to have the same effects on the body as a typical opioid. Also, as dinitrophenol is a metabolic and respiratory stimulant, this morphine derivative was invented in Austria in 1931 as a narcotic analgesic with less potential to depress respiration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160377-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrotoluene\n2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) or dinitro is an organic compound with the formula C7H6N2O4. This pale yellow crystalline solid is well known as a precursor to trinitrotoluene (TNT) but is mainly produced as a precursor to toluene diisocyanate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160377-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrotoluene, Isomers of dinitrotoluene\nSix positional isomers are possible for dinitrotoluene. The most common one is 2,4-dinitrotoluene. The nitration of toluene gives sequentially mononitrotoluene, DNT, and finally TNT. 2,4-DNT is the principal product from dinitration, the other main product being about 30% 1,3-DN2-T. The nitration of 4-nitrotoluene gives 2,4-DNT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160377-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrotoluene, Applications\nMost DNT is used in the production of toluene diisocyanate, which is used to produce flexible polyurethane foams. DNT is hydrogenated to produce 2,4-toluenediamine, which in turn is phosgenated to give toluene diisocyanate. In this way, about 1.4 billion kilograms are produced annually, as of the years 1999\u20132000. Other uses include the explosives industry. It is not used by itself as an explosive, but some of the production is converted to TNT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160377-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrotoluene, Applications\nDinitrotoluene is frequently used as a plasticizer, deterrent coating, and burn rate modifier in propellants (e.g., smokeless gunpowders). As it is carcinogenic and toxic, modern formulations tend to avoid its use. In this application it is often used together with dibutyl phthalate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160377-0004-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrotoluene, Toxicity\nDinitrotoluenes are highly toxic with a threshold limit value (TLV) of 1.5\u00a0mg/m3. It converts hemoglobin into methemoglobin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160377-0005-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrotoluene, Toxicity\n2,4-Dinitrotoluene is also a listed hazardous waste under 40 CFR 261.30. Its United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Hazardous Waste Number is D030. The maximum concentration that may be contained to not have toxic characteristics is 0.13\u00a0mg/L.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160378-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dithiapentane\n2,4-Dithiapentane is an organosulfur compound. It is a colorless liquid with a strong odor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160378-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dithiapentane\n2,4-Dithiapentane is the dimethyldithioacetal of formaldehyde. It is prepared by the acid-catalyzed condensation of methyl mercaptan, the main aromatic compound in both halitosis and foot odor and a secondary compound in flatulence, with formaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160378-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dithiapentane\n2,4-Dithiapentane is found as an aromatic component in some truffle varietals. A synthetic version is used as the primary aromatic additive in commercial truffle products, such as truffle oil, truffle butter, truffle salt, pastes, etc. It has also been found to occur naturally in rotting wood of some species in genus Lecythis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160378-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-Dithiapentane, Notes and references\nThis article about an organic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160379-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Lutidine\n2,4-Lutidine is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C5H3N. It is one of several dimethyl-substituted derivatives of pyridine, all of which are referred to as lutidines. It is a colorless liquid with mildly basic properties and a pungent, noxious odor. The compound has few uses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160379-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Lutidine, Biodegradation\nThe biodegradation of pyridines proceeds via multiple pathways. Although pyridine is an excellent source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy for certain microorganisms, methylation significantly retards degradation of the pyridine ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160380-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-Xylidine\n2,4-Xylidine is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(CH3)2NH2. It is one of several isomeric xylidines. It is a colorless viscous liquid. Commercially significant derivatives include the veterinary drug cymiazole and the colorant Pigment Yellow 81.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160380-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-Xylidine\nIt is prepared by nitration of m-xylene followed by hydrogenation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160381-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160381-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are 2,4-diaminopentanoate, H2O, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 5 products are 2-amino-4-oxopentanoate, NH3, NADH, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160381-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,4-diaminopentanoate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating). This enzyme is also called 2,4-diaminopentanoic acid C4 dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: lysine degradation, arginine and proline metabolism, and d-arginine and d-ornithine metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160382-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160382-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA reductase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA, NADP+, and HCl, whereas its 3 products are 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160382-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA:NADP+ oxidoreductase (halogenating). This enzyme participates in 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160383-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160383-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are 2,4-dichlorophenol, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 3,5-dichlorocatechol, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160383-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,4-dichlorophenol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include 2,4-dichlorophenol hydroxylase, and 2,4-dichlorophenol monooxygenase. This enzyme participates in 1,4-dichlorobenzene degradation. It employs one cofactor, FAD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160384-0000-0000", "contents": "2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1\n2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DECR1 gene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160384-0001-0000", "contents": "2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1, Function\nThis gene encodes an accessory enzyme which participates in the beta-oxidation and metabolism of unsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA esters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160384-0002-0000", "contents": "2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1, Further reading\nThis article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160384-0003-0000", "contents": "2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1, Further reading\nThis article on a gene on human chromosome 8 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160385-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan\n2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) is a heterocyclic organic compound, and is a derivative of a broader class of compounds known as furans. It is produced from cellulose and has received attention as a biofeedstock. It is a white solid, although commercial samples can appear yellowish or tan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160385-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan, Synthesis\n2,5-BHMF may be obtained from the reduction of the formyl group of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). HMF is the product of acid-catalyzed dehydration of fructose. Fructose is both an isomer of and a derivative of glucose, which can be derived from the hydrolysis of cellulose. The reduction is catalyzed by nickel, copper chromite, platinum oxide, cobalt oxide, or molybdenum oxide, and sodium amalgam, under high temperatures and high hydrogen pressure. Hydrogenation in the presence of a copper or platinum catalyst in an aqueous environment gives 2,5-BHMF as the main product. Under more forcing conditions, the furan ring is reduced as well, resulting in 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160385-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan, Applications\nFunctioning as a diol, 2,5-BHF has applications in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and polyesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160386-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole\n2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole is an organic chemical compound with formula C6H9O2N, or (HOCH2)2(C4H3N). Its molecule can be described as that of pyrrole C4H5N with hydroxymethyl groups HO\u2212CH2\u2212 replacing the two hydrogen atoms adjacent to the nitrogen atom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160386-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole\nThe compound is a white solid, soluble in water and acetone. It is stable in alkaline solutions, but otherwise tends to polymerize by self-condensation. The compound was used as an intermediate in the synthesis of hexahydroporphine (\"unsubstituted porphyrinogen\"), the core of uroporphyrinogen III, precursor of many critically important biological products such as hemoglobin and chlorophyll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160386-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole, Preparation\nThe compound can be synthesized by formylation of pyrrole followed by reduction of the resulting pyrrolecarboxaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160387-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine\n2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine is a metabolite in the purine metabolism, formed by the hydrolysis of GTP by GTP cyclohydrolase II. Alternatively two separate enzymes can carry out this reaction, initially GTP cyclohydrolase IIa hydrolyses the 8,9 bond to form 2-Amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, followed by de-formylation by 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-ribosylaminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5'-monophosphate deformylase. 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine is deaminated by Diaminohydroxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine deaminase to form 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160388-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diaminotoluene\n2,5-Diaminotoluene is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(NH2)2CH3. It is one isomer of six with this formula. 2,5-Diaminotoluene is a colorless crystalline solid, although commercial samples are often colored owing to air oxidation. It is commonly used in hair coloring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160388-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diaminotoluene, Formation and use\n2,5-Diaminotoluene is prepared through electrolytic reduction of 2,5-dinitrotoluene. Other methods include the reductive cleavage of 4-amino-2,3'-dimethylazobenzene as well as the condensation of 2-amino-1-methylbenzene and toluene-4-sulphonyl chloride to produce 4-toluenesulphono-2-toluidide which is then coupled with diazotized aminobenzenesulphonic acid and reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160388-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diaminotoluene, Formation and use\n2,5-Diaminotoluene is a substitute for phenylenediamine (1,4-diaminobenzene) in commercial hair dyes. It is preferred because of its lower toxicity. However, many home hair dyes still use phenylenediamine. In these applications, these diamines function as a primary intermediate, which means that it is first oxidized with hydrogen peroxide and then combined with a coupler to form the hair dye. 2,5-Diaminotoluene is commonly used to produce black, drab and warm browns, and shades of blonde and gray hair dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160388-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diaminotoluene, Formation and use\n2,5-Diaminotoluene is also known to be used in the production of dyes for textiles, furs, leathers, biological stains and indicators, wood stains, and pigments. Two examples of dyes produced by 2,5-diaminotoluene are Cl Basic Red 2 and Cl Acid Brown 103.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160389-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dichloroaniline\n2,5-Dichloroaniline is an organic compound with the formula C6H3Cl2NH2. One of six isomers of dichloroaniline, it is a colorless solid that is insoluble in water. It is produced by hydrogenation of 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene. It is a precursor to dyes and pigments, e.g., Pigment Yellow 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160390-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dihydrofuran\n2,5-Dihydrofuran is an organic compound classified as a monounsaturated derivative of furan. It is a colorless, volatile liquid. It can be produced by the rearrangement of the epoxide of butadiene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160391-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone\n2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone or 2,5-dihydroxy-para-benzoquinone is an organic compound with formula C6H4O4, formally derived from 1,4-benzoquinone by replacing two hydrogen atoms with hydroxyl (OH) groups. It is one of seven dihydroxybenzoquinone isomers. It is a yellow solid with planar molecules that exhibits ferroelectric properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160391-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone\nThe compound is a weak acid: one or both hydroxyls can lose a proton to yield the anions C6H3O\u22124 (pKa1 = 2.95) and C6H2O2\u22124 (pKa2 = 4.87), respectively. The latter forms a variety of metal complexes, functioning as a binucleating ligand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160391-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone\nThe compound has been identified as partly responsible for the color of aged cellulosic materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160392-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dihydroxycinnamic acid\n2,5-Dihydroxycinnamic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid. It is an isomer of caffeic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160392-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dihydroxycinnamic acid, Preparation\n2,5-Dihydroxycinnamic acid is produced by Elbs persulfate oxidation of o-Coumaric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine\n2,5-Diketopiperazine, also known as piperazine-2,5-dione and as the cyclodipeptide cyclo(Gly-Gly), is an organic compound and the smallest cyclic dipeptide that consists of a six-membered ring containing two amide linkages where the two nitrogen atoms and the two carbonyls are at opposite positions in the ring. It was first synthesized by Curtius and Gloebel in 1888 and was the first compound containing a peptide bond to be studied by X-ray crystallography in 1938. It occurs in cocoa and bread and has a metallic and bitter taste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine\n2,5-Diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) which include mono- and disubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines, their annulated, spiro-annulated and bridged derivatives are amongst the most ubiquitous peptide derivatives found in nature. They are found in fermentation broths and yeast cultures and this subunit is often found alone or embedded in larger more complex architectures in a variety of natural products isolated from fungi, bacteria, plants, and mammals, and their core structure occurs in several drugs. In addition, they are often produced as degradation products of polypeptides, especially in processed food and beverages, and  have been identified in the contents of comets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Occurrence as natural products\nThere is a widespread occurrence of the 2,5-diketopiperazine core in biologically active natural products. The most structurally diverse 2,5-diketopiperazine natural products are based on tryptophan and proline modified by heterocyclisation and isoprenyl addition. These range from the hepatoxic brevianamide F (cyclo(L-Trp-L-Pro)) to the annulated tremorogenic verruculogen and the spiro-annulated spirotryprostatin B which represent a promising class of antimitotic arrest agents, to the structurally complex (+)-stephacidin A, a bridged 2,5-diketopiperazine that possess a unique bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core ring system and is active against the human colon HCT-116 cell line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Occurrence as natural products\nOther bridged 2,5-diketopiperazines include bicyclomycin, an antibacterial agent used as food additives to prevent diarrhea in animals while the thio derivatives such as the cytotoxic bridged epipolythiodioxopiperazine are represented by gliotoxin. The unsaturated derivatives are illustrated by phenylahistin the anti-cancer microtubule binding agent, and the mycotoxin roquefortine C found in blue cheeses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 52], "content_span": [53, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0004-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Occurrence in foods and beverages\n2,5-Diketopiperazines are often formed during chemical and thermal processing of food and beverages as the degradation products of polypeptides. They have been detected in stewed beef, beer, bread, Awamori spirits, cocoa, chicken essence, roasted coffee, Comte cheese, dried squid, aged saki and yeast extract. In food systems, 2,5-diketopiperazines have been shown to be important sensory compounds contributing to the taste of the final products and being perceived as astringent, salty, grainy, metallic or bitter. Although these range from proline, aromatic, aliphatic to polar 2,5-diketopiperazines, the proline 2,5-diketopiperazines are the most abundant and structurally diverse 2,5-diketopiperazines found in food.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0004-0001", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Occurrence in foods and beverages\nThe valine derivative cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro) at a concentration of 1742 ppm, was identified as the most important bitter 2,5-diketopiperazine contributing to the bitter taste of roasted cocoa. It has also been found as one of the major 2,5-diketopiperazines in autolyzed yeast extract and stewed beef and is also present in chicken essence and coffee. It has also been isolated from a variety of marine microorganisms and has been identified as an active LasI quorum-sensing signal molecule important for the plant growth promotion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0004-0002", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Occurrence in foods and beverages\nThe most studied of all the simple 2,5-diketopiperazines is the histidyl-proline 2,5-diketopiperazine cyclo(L-His-L-Pro) which is found in a variety of foods, with particularly high concentrations in fish and fish products. It is well absorbed orally, and crosses the blood\u2013brain barrier via a non-saturable mechanism. It also occurs in humans as a metabolite from the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and exhibits a wide variety of central nervous system, endocrine, electrophysiological, and cardiovascular effects. Derivatives of cyclo(L-His-L-Pro) have been studied extensively to develop therapeutic agents for neurodegeneration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0005-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Structure and conformation\nThe 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) are the smallest possible cyclic peptides, which are peptidomimetic in nature and bear resemblance with a constrained protein beta turn. These cyclic dipeptides incorporate both donor and acceptor groups for hydrogen bonding and are small, conformationally constrained heterocyclic scaffolds in which diversity can be introduced at up to six positions and stereochemistry controlled at up to four positions, and they are stable to proteolysis. These characteristics enable them to bind to a wide range of receptors which result in a widespread class of biologically active natural compounds. They have a rigid backbone, which can mimic a preferential peptide conformation and contain constrained amino acids embedded within their structures without the unwanted physical and metabolite properties of peptides. This improves their bioavailability and resistance to enzymatic degradation in comparison to their linear analogues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 1012]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0006-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Structure and conformation\nThese conformationally constrained heterocycles are flexible because the six-membered ring can exist in an essentially flat conformation 1 or a slightly puckered boat form 2, with only a few kcal/mol difference in energy between the boat and planar forms. In addition, the 2,5-DKPs can be configured as both cis and trans isomers. As a consequence of their predominant biosynthetic origin from L-\u03b1-amino acids most naturally occurring 2,5-DKPs are cis configured as the cyclo(L-Xaa-L-Yaa) isomers. However, 2,5-DKPs epimerize under basic, acidic and thermal conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0006-0001", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Structure and conformation\nThe composition of the cis and trans isomers in the equilibrium state varies widely depending on the bulk of the side chains, if a ring (e.g. proline) is present, or if the nitrogen atoms are alkylated . Although epimerization was historically an issue in the synthesis of 2,5-DKPs, several mild methods have been developed recently that avoid epimerization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0007-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Synthesis\nIn the synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines there are essentially three methods of ring closure: amide bond formation, N-alkylation and C-acylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0008-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Synthesis, Amide bond formation\nThe most commonly used synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines 3 is amide bond formation by cyclisation of dipeptide 1 or 2. These dipeptides can be formed by coupling two amino acids together by the many methods of peptide synthesis or by using the Ugi reaction of an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, followed by deprotection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0009-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Synthesis, Amide bond formation\nDipeptides substituted with an amine at one terminus and an ester at the other 1 can spontaneously cyclize to form a 2,5-diketopiperazine at a range of pHs. However, careful selection of reaction conditions is required to limit racemization. This has been achieved in a general, efficient, and environmentally benign solution-phase synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines using microwave-assisted heating in water, which in contrast to other published methods is independent of the amino acid sequence, and no epimerization was seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0010-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Synthesis, Amide bond formation\nThe Ugi reaction using an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, can produce a dipeptide in equally high yield and optical purity, to that formed by standard peptide couplings. Commonly, an isonitrile is chosen to give a labile terminal amide to enable cyclization. For example, the direct 2,5-DKP ring formation via such an activated leaving group using the stable, easily accessible and versatile convertible isonitrile 1-isocyano-2-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-benzene 4 gave a one-pot synthesis of N-substituted 2,5-diketopiperazine's 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0011-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Synthesis, Amide bond formation\nThe mild acidic and chemoselective post Ugi activation of 5 involving simultaneous indolamide formation and tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) removal gives the active amide 6 which allows cyclization to 7 without affecting other peptidic or even ester moieties and with stereochemical retention of the chiral centers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0012-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Synthesis, N-Alkylation\nIntramolecular amide N-alkylation of alpha-haloacetamide amides 8 with ethanolic potassium hydroxide using ultrasonication gave the 2,5-diketopiperazines 9, where 8 was obtained by an Ugi reaction between amines, aldehydes, isocyanides, and chloroacetic acid. However this route is limited by epimerization at the stereogenic centre and failure to obtain the 2,5-diketopiperazine ring if R1 = Alkyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0013-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Synthesis, C-Acylation\nFormation of the 2,5-diketopiperazine ring by enolate acylation  was used in the construction of the 2,5-diketopiperazine ring in 11 by intramolecular cyclization of the enolate of 10 onto the carbonyl of the phenyl carbamate to give 11 in 90% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0014-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Reactions, Reactivity at carbon (C-3 and C-6)\nRegio- and sterocontrolled C-functionalization of 2,5-diketopiperazines at C-3 and C-6 involve enolate, radical and cationic precursors (and N-acyliminium ion) and are sensitive to polar and steric effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0015-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Reactions, Reactivity at carbon (C-3 and C-6), Alkylation of enolates\nAlkylation of the bis-paramethoxybenzyl (pMB) protected 2,5-DKP 1 using the base LHMDS and an alkyl bromide R1Br, gave the mono-alkylated derivative 2, which on further alkylation gave the symmetrical trans-disubstituted derivative 3", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 91], "content_span": [92, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0016-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Reactions, Reactivity at carbon (C-3 and C-6), Halogenation and displacement\nThe 3-monobromides 6 and the 3,6-dibromides 5 are prepared from the benzyl protected 2,5-DKP 4 by radical halogenation with N-bromosuccinimide in carbon tetrachloride. Displacement of these labile bromides readily occurs with a range of nucleophiles SR, OR, NR2, alkyl and aryl to give 7 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 98], "content_span": [99, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0017-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Reactions, Reactivity at carbon (C-3 and C-6), Aldol addition\nA one- or two-fold aldol condensation of N-acetylated 2,5-DKP 8 gives access to 3-dehydro-2,5-diketopiperazines 9 and 3,6-didehydro-2,5-diketopiperazines 10 and the condensation of 8 can controlled in a stepwise fashion using triethylamine in dimethylformamide to give the unsymmetrical 3,6-didehydro-2,5-diketopiperazines 10  (R1 = Ar1, R2 = Ar2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 83], "content_span": [84, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0018-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Reactions, Reactivity at nitrogen, Alkylation\nThe most common method for alkylation of the lactam nitrogen of 2,5-diketopiperazines is based on the use of sodium hydride as base. However epimerisation can occur especially with proline-fused 2,5-diketopiperazines, even with milder methods such as under phase-transfer catalyst conditions for example 1 to 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0019-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Reactions, Reactivity at carbonyl carbons (C-2 and C-5), Reduction\nReduction of the carbonyl groups of chiral 2,5-diketopiperazine with lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) cleanly gives the corresponding chiral piperazines. For example, cyclo(L-Phe-L-Phe) 1 gives the chiral piperazine (2S,5S)-dibenzylpiperazine 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0020-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Reactions, Reactivity at carbonyl carbons (C-2 and C-5), Dihydropyrazine and pyrazine synthesis\nReaction of the lactam-derived enol phosphates 4 of 2,5-diketopiperazines with palladium catalyzed reactions (reduction, Suzuki and Stille cross-coupling reactions) enables the synthesis of a range of functionalised 1,4-dihydropyrazines 5 which can be aromatized to 1,4-pyrazines 6 in the presence of acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 117], "content_span": [118, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0021-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Applications, Therapeutics\nThere are numerous bioactive molecules containing the 2,5-DKP core template in the literature arising from natural products and available from combinatorial libraries. These small, conformationally rigid, chiral templates have multiple H-bond acceptor and donor functionality and have multiple sites for structural elaboration of diverse functional groups with defined stereochemistry. These characteristics not only enable them to bind with high affinity to a large variety of receptors, showing a broad range of biological activities, but also allow the development of the drug-like physicochemical properties required for the multiobjective optimization process of transforming a lead to a drug product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0021-0001", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Applications, Therapeutics\nThe structure\u2013activity relationship (SAR) has been explored for many of these 2,5-DKP templates, and several  have been developed into clinical drugs. These include tadalafil (a PDE5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction), retosiban (an oxytocin antagonist for preterm labor), aplaviroc (a CCR5 antagonists for HIV), epelsiban (an oxytocin antagonist for premature ejaculation) and the experimental cancer drug plinabulin (NPI-2358/KPU-2) that is active in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumor cell lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160393-0022-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diketopiperazine, Applications, Reagents\nThe diketopiperazine obtains from glycylserine is a reagent for the preparation of C-alkylated derivatives of glycine. This approach is useful for the production of unnatural amino acids with stereochemical control. The diketopiperazine skeleton protects both the N and O termini of the glycine. For this application, the diketopiperazine is O-alkylated with concomitant N-deprotonation to give what is called the Sch\u00f6llkopf reagent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160394-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine (DOEF; also known as dimethoxyfluoroethylamphetamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and member of the DOx class. DOEF was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 2\u20133.5\u00a0mg, and the duration is listed as 12\u201316 hours. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of DOEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160395-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-amylamphetamine\nDimethoxy-4-amylamphetamine (DOAM) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. DOAM was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved), the minimum dosage is listed as 10\u00a0mg, and the duration is unknown. DOAM produces a bare threshold and tenseness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160395-0000-0001", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-amylamphetamine\nAs the 4-alkyl chain length is increased from shorter homologues such as DOM, DOET, DOPR, and DOBU which are all potent hallucinogens, the 5-HT2 binding affinity increases, rising to a maximum with the 4-(n-hexyl) derivative before falling again with even longer chains, but compounds with chain length longer than n-propyl, or with other bulky groups such as isopropyl, t-butyl or \u03b3-phenylpropyl at the 4- position, fail to substitute for hallucinogens in animals or produce hallucinogenic effects in humans, suggesting these have low efficacy and are thus antagonists or weak partial agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine\nDimethoxybromoamphetamine (DOB), also known as brolamfetamine (INN) and bromo-DMA, is a psychedelic drug and substituted amphetamine of the phenethylamine class of compounds. DOB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1967. Its synthesis and effects are documented in Shulgin's book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, Chemistry\nThe full name of the chemical is 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine. DOB has a stereocenter and R-(\u2013)-DOB is the eutomer. This is an important finding as it is suggestive that it is targeting different receptors relative to most other phenethylamines (e.g. MDMA) where the R-isomer serves as the distomer. The toxicity of DOB is not fully known, although high doses may cause serious vasoconstriction of the extremities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0001-0001", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, Chemistry\nDOB is one of the most potent compounds in PiHKAL; while the active dose is similar to that of DOI, another psychedelic amphetamine, DOB has been shown to have a higher efficacy in triggering downstream effects mediated by 5-HT2 receptors, making it likely to be slightly more dangerous than DOI in overdose, due to greater vasoconstrictive action. Omission of the amphetamine related \u03b1-methyl leads to 2C-B, a compound that possesses a lower affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor and is a weaker receptor agonist which results in drastically reduced vasoconstriction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, Pharmacology\nDOB is a 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist or partial agonist. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its agonistic properties at the 5-HT2A receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOB is often used in scientific research when studying the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily. It is an agonist of human TAAR1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, Pharmacology\nIt has been suggested that DOB is a prodrug metabolized in the lungs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0004-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, Pharmacology\nExcessively high doses of this hallucinogen may cause diffuse arterial spasm. The vasospasm responded readily to intra-arterial and intravenous vasodilators, such as tolazoline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0005-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, Legal status\nInternationally DOB is a Schedule I substance under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the drug it's legal only for medical, industrial or scientific purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0006-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, Legal status, Canada\nListed as a Schedule 1 as it is an analogue of amphetamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0007-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, Legal status, Australia\nDOB is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2017). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160396-0008-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, Legal status, Russia\nSchedule I, possession of at least 10\u00a0mg is a criminal offence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160397-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-butylamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-butylamphetamine (DOBU) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted Amphetamine. DOBU was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved), only low dosages of 2\u20133\u00a0mg were tested, with the duration simply listed as \"very long\". DOBU produces paresthesia and difficulty sleeping, but with few other effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160397-0000-0001", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-butylamphetamine\nCompared to shorter chain homologues such as DOM, DOET and DOPR which are all potent hallucinogens, DOBU has an even stronger 5-HT2 binding affinity but fails to substitute for hallucinogens in animals or produce hallucinogenic effects in humans, suggesting it has low efficacy and is thus an antagonist or weak partial agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160397-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-butylamphetamine, Isomers\nAlternative isomers of DOBU can also be produced, where the 4-(n-butyl) group of DOBU is replaced with any of the three other butyl isomers, the iso-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl compounds being called DOIB, DOSB and DOTB respectively. All are significantly less potent than DOBU, with DOIB being active at around 10\u201315\u00a0mg, and DOSB at 25\u201330\u00a0mg, and both being primarily stimulant in action with little or no psychedelic effects. The most highly branched isomer DOTB was completely inactive in both animal and human trials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine (DOC) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and was described in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Chemistry\nDOC is a substituted alpha-methylated phenethylamine, a class of compounds commonly known as amphetamines. The phenethylamine equivalent (lacking the alpha-methyl group) is 2C-C. DOC has a stereocenter and (R)-(\u2212)-DOC is the more active stereoisomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Pharmacology\nDOC acts as a selective 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor partial agonist. Its psychedelic effects are mediated via its actions on the 5-HT2A receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Dosage\nA normal average dose of DOC ranges from 0.5\u20137.0 mg the former producing threshold effects, and the latter producing extremely strong effects. Onset of the drug is 1\u20133 hours, peak and plateau at 4\u20138 hours, and a gradual come down with residual stimulation at 9-20h. After effects can last well into the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0004-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Effects\nUnlike simple amphetamines, DOC is considered a chemical that influences cognitive and perception processes of the brain. The strongest supposed effects include open and closed eye visuals, increased awareness of sound and movement, and euphoria. In the autobiography PiHKAL, Alexander Shulgin included a description of DOC as \"an archetypal psychedelic\" (#64); its presumed full-range visual, audio, physical, and mental effects show exhilarating clarity, and some overwhelming, humbling, and \"composting\"/interweaving effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0005-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Dangers\nVery little data exists about the toxicity of DOC. In April 2013, a case of death due to DOC was reported. The source does not specify whether the drug alone caused the death. In 2014, a death was reported in which DOC was directly implicated as the sole causative agent in the death of a user. The autopsy indicated pulmonary edema and a subgaleal hemorrhage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0006-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Detection in biological specimens\nDOC may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma DOC concentrations are expected to be in a range of 1\u201310 \u03bcg/L in persons using the drug recreationally, >20 \u03bcg/L in intoxicated patients and >100 \u03bcg/L in victims of acute overdosage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0007-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Popularity\nAlthough rare on the black market, it has been available in bulk and shipped worldwide by select elite \"Grey Market\" Research Chemical suppliers for several years. Sales of DOC on blotting paper and in capsules was reported in late 2005 and again in late 2007. According to the DEA's Microgram from December 2007, the Concord Police Department in Contra Costa County, California, in the US, seized \"a small piece of crudely lined white blotter paper without any design, suspected LSD 'blotter acid'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0007-0001", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Popularity\nThey added \"Unusually, the paper appeared to be hand-lined using two pens, in squares measuring approximately 6 x 6 millimeters. The paper displayed fluorescence when irradiated at 365 nanometers; however, color testing for LSD with para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (Ehrlich's reagent) was negative. Analysis of a methanol extract by GC/MS indicated not LSD but rather DOC (not quantitated but a high loading based on the TIC)\". DOC is sometimes misrepresented as LSD by unscrupulous dealers. This is particularly dangerous, as DOC is not known to have the safety profile of LSD. It can be particularly unsafe, in comparison to LSD, for those suffering from hypertension, as amphetamine compounds are known to cause sharp increases in systolic blood pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0008-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Drug prohibition laws, Canada\nListed as a Schedule 1 as it is an analogue of amphetamine. The CDSA was updated as a result of the Safe Streets Act changing amphetamines from Schedule 3 to Schedule 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0009-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Drug prohibition laws, Australia\nUnscheduled but can be controlled as schedule II as an analogue of DOB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0010-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Drug prohibition laws, China\nAs of October 2015 DOC is a controlled substance in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 63], "content_span": [64, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0011-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Drug prohibition laws, Denmark\nDenmark added DOC to the list of Schedule I controlled substances as of 8.4.2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0012-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Drug prohibition laws, Sweden\nSveriges riksdag added DOC to schedule I (\"substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use\") as narcotics in Sweden as of Aug 30, 2007,  published by Medical Products Agency in their regulation LVFS 2007:10 listed as DOC, 4-klor-2,5-dimetoxi-amfetamin. DOC was first classified by Sveriges riksdags health ministry Statens folkh\u00e4lsoinstitut as \"health hazard\" under the act Lagen om f\u00f6rbud mot vissa h\u00e4lsofarliga varor (translated Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health) as of Jul 1, 2004,  in their regulation SFS 2004:486 listed as 4-klor-2,5-dimetoxiamfetamin (DOC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0013-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Drug prohibition laws, United States\nDOC is not scheduled or controlled at the federal level in the United States, but the Department of Justice considers it to be an analogue of DOB and, as such, possession or sale could be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act. In the United States, the analogues DMA, DOB, and DOM are Schedule I controlled substances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0014-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Drug prohibition laws, United States, US State of Florida\nDOC is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Florida making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 92], "content_span": [93, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160398-0015-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, Drug prohibition laws, United Nations\nIn December 2019, the UNODC announced scheduling recommendations placing DOC into Schedule I alongside another several research chemicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160399-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine (MEM) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, he lists the active dose range as 20\u201350\u00a0mg, and the duration as 10\u201314 hours. According to Shulgin, MEM produces color enhancement, visual phenomena, and pattern movement, among other effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160399-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine\nMEM possesses affinity (Ki) for the 5-HT2A (3,948 nM), 5-HT2B (64.5 nM), 5-HT7 (7,156 nM), and \u03c31 (5,077 nM) receptors. It behaves as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor. MEM is relatively selective for these sites and displays low/negligible (> 10,000 nM) affinity for a wide array of other targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160400-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET, DOE, Hecate, \"'3-CE'\") is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and was described in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160400-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine, Chemistry\nDOET is in a class of compounds commonly known as substituted amphetamines; its full chemical name is 4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-methylbenzeneethanamine, or 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylphenyl)propan-2-amine. It has an active stereocenter and (R)-DOET is the more active enantiomer. DOET is an extremely rare compound and reports of its effects and toxicology in humans are sparse. However, like the more common 2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine analogues DOB, DOI and DOM, it is a potent and long-acting psychedelic. Removal of the alpha-methyl moiety yields the 2-carbon analogue, commonly known as 2C-E, another psychedelic compound first synthesized by Dr. Alexander Shulgin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160400-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine, Pharmacology\nSimilarly to related drugs like DOM, DOET likely acts as a 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor partial agonist. It is an agonist of human TAAR1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160400-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine, Effects\nDOET produces psychedelic effects that last up 14\u201320 hours. In PiHKAL, Shulgin lists the dosage of DOET as being 2\u20137\u00a0mg orally, with 6\u20137\u00a0mg being the dosage for full, desired effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160400-0004-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine, Legal Status\nInternationally, DOET is a Schedule I controlled drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances it's legal only for medical uses or scientific research:.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160400-0005-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine, Legal Status, United States\nDOET is classified as a Schedule I substance in the United States and is similarly controlled in other parts of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160400-0006-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine, Legal Status, Australia\nDOET is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160401-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine (DOF) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes. Alexander Shulgin briefly describes DOF in his book PiHKAL:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160401-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine\nAnimal studies that have compared DOF to the highly potent DOI and DOB imply that the human activity will be some four to six times less than these two heavier halide analogues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160401-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine\nDOF showed some stimulating effects in humans, but no psychedelic activity, after three doses of 6\u00a0mg spaced by one hour. Daniel Trachsel further suspected that the molar refraction of the important 4-substituent in DOF and 2C-F may be too low to activate the  5-HT2A receptor sufficiently. DOF more closely mimics the effects of the 4-unsubstituted 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine than the effects of DOC, DOB, and DOI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) is a psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. Unlike many other substituted amphetamines, however, it is not primarily a stimulant. DOI has a stereocenter and R-(\u2212)-DOI is the more active stereoisomer. In neuroscience research, [125I]-R-(\u2212)-DOI is used as a radioligand and indicator of the presence of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors. DOI's effects have been compared to LSD, although there are differences that experienced users can distinguish. Besides the longer duration, the trip tends to be more energetic than an LSD trip, with more body load and a different subjective visual experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0000-0001", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine\nThe after effects include residual stimulation and difficulty sleeping, which, depending on the dose, may persist for days. While rare, it is sometimes sold as a substitute for LSD, or even sold falsely as LSD, which may be dangerous because DOI does not have the same established safety profile as LSD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, Research\nResearch suggests that administration of (R)-DOI blocks pulmonary inflammation, mucus hyper-production, airway hyper-responsiveness and turns off key genes in in-lung immune response. These effects block the development of allergic asthma in a mouse model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, Research\nSeveral 5-HT2A agonist hallucinogens including (R)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine DOI, TCB-2, LSD and LA-SS-Az have unexpectedly also been found to act as potent inhibitors of TNF, with DOI being the most active, showing TNF inhibition in the picomolar range, an order of magnitude more potent than its action as a hallucinogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, Pharmacology\nDOI has been shown to be an extremely potent inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor-alpha inflammation at picomolar concentrations in cell studies. TNF-alpha is an important target for research into degenerative conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's disease, where the disease process involves tissue damage through chronic inflammation. This could make DOI and other 5-HT2A agonists an entirely new area for development of novel treatments for these conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0004-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, Pharmacology\nDOI has also been shown to induce rapid growth and reorganization of dendritic spines and synaptic connections with other neurons, processes known to underlie neuroplasticity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0005-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, History\nDOI was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. The radioactive iodine-125 form of DOI  for PET imaging was first developed in the lab of David E. Nichols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0006-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, History\nIn January 2007, British police reported that three young men had fallen ill, reportedly, after taking DOI at a rave in Biggleswade, near Milton Keynes, and warned others who had taken it to seek medical attention. This would appear to be the first indication that DOI has found more widespread use as a recreational drug in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0007-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, Legal status, Australia\nThe Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons (SUSMP) of Australia does not list DOI as a prohibited substance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0008-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, Legal status, Canada\nListed as a Schedule 1 as it is an analogue of amphetamine. The CDSA was updated as a result of the Safe Streets Act changing amphetamines from Schedule 3 to Schedule 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0009-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, Legal status, Sweden\nSveriges riksdag added DOI to schedule I (\"substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use\") as narcotics in Sweden as of August 30, 2007,  published by Medical Products Agency in their regulation LVFS 2007:10 listed as DOI, 4-jod-2,5-dimetoxi-amfetamin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0010-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, Legal status, United States\nDOI is not scheduled in the United States, but it is likely that DOI would be considered an analog (of DOB), in which case, sales or possession could be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act. DOI is occasionally used in animal and in vitro research. Scheduling DOI could cause problems for medical researchers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160402-0011-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, Legal status, United States, US State of Florida\nDOI is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160403-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-isopropylamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-isopropylamphetamine (also known as DOiP and DOiPr) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and was described in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved). Shulgin described DOiPR as being at least an order of magnitude weaker than DOPr, with doses of 20\u201330\u00a0mg required to produce valid changes in mental state. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of DOiPR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM; known on the street as STP, standing for \"Serenity, Tranquility and Peace\") is a psychedelic and a substituted amphetamine. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and later reported in his book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. DOM is classified as a Schedule I substance in the United States, and is similarly controlled in other parts of the world. Internationally, it is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is generally taken orally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine\nThe belief the name \"STP\" actually comes from the motor oil additive is untrue. STP was a street name given to DOM by hippies in the 60s when \"underground chemist\" Owsley made a few batches of the drug and handed them out at shows, only to stop, upon realising that the drug was not popular among new users, due to the greater length and intensity of the 'high' it produced, compared with that evoked by his beloved LSD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, History\nSTP was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by Alexander Shulgin, who was investigating the effect of 4-position substitutions on psychedelic amphetamines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, History\nIn mid-1967, tablets containing 20\u00a0mg (later 10\u00a0mg) of STP were widely distributed in the Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco under the name of STP, having been manufactured by underground chemists Owsley Stanley and Tim Scully. This short-lived appearance of STP on the black market proved disastrous for several reasons. First, the tablets contained an excessively high dose of the chemical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0003-0001", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, History\nThis, combined with DOM's slow onset of action (which encouraged some users, familiar with drugs that have quicker onsets, such as LSD, to re-dose) and its remarkably long duration, caused many users to panic and sent some to the emergency room. Second, treatment of such overdoses was complicated by the fact that no one at the time knew that the tablets called STP were, in fact, DOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0004-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, Effects\nEffects of this drug include substantial perceptual changes such as blurred vision, multiple images, vibration of objects, visual alterations, distorted shapes, enhancement of details, slowed passage of time, increased sexual drive and pleasure, and increased contrasts. It may cause mystical experiences and changes in consciousness. It may also cause pupillary dilation and a rise in systolic blood pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0005-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, Pharmacology\nDOM is a selective 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor partial agonist. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its agonistic properties at the 5-HT2A receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOM is often used in scientific research when studying the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily. DOM is a chiral molecule, and R-(\u2212)-DOM is the more active enantiomer, functioning as a potent agonist of the serotonin 5-HT family of receptors; mainly of the 5-HT2 subtype.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0006-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, Pharmacology, Analogues and derivatives\nThe 2,6-dimethoxy positional isomer of DOM, known as \u03a8-DOM, is also mentioned in PiHKAL as being active, as is the alpha-ethyl homologue Ariadne. Analogues where the methoxy groups at the 2,5- positions of the aromatic ring have been altered have also been synthesised and tested as part of an effort to identify the binding mode of DOM at the 5-HT2A receptor. Both the 2- and 5- O-desmethyl derivatives 2-DM-DOM and 5-DM-DOM, and the 2- and 5- ethyl analogues 2-Et-DOM and 5-Et-DOM have been tested, but in all cases were significantly less potent than the corresponding methoxy compound, showing the importance of the oxygen lone pairs in 5-HT2A binding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0007-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, Pharmacology, Analogues and derivatives\nThe tranylcypromine-DOM compound is fully one-third the potency of DOM proper according to page 72 of monograph 22. This would mean that the ED50 for 1 tablet should be approximately 30\u00a0mg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0008-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, Toxicity\nVery little is known about the toxicity of DOM. According to Alexander Shulgin, the effects of DOM typically last 14 to 20 hours, though other clinical trials indicate a duration of 7 to 8 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0009-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, Legal status, Canada\nListed as a Schedule 1, as it is an analogue of amphetamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0010-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, Legal status, United States\nDOM is Schedule I in the United States. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute (make, trade, own or give) without a DEA license.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160404-0011-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, Legal status, Australia\nDOM is schedule 9 under the Australia Poisons standard. A schedule 9 substance is a \"Substances which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160405-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenylcyclopropylamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenylcyclopropylamine (DMCPA) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. DMCPA was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 15\u201320\u00a0mg and the duration is listed as 4\u20138 hours. DMCPA produces open-eye visuals, anorexia, and psychedelic dreams. Shulgin gives it a +++ on the Shulgin Rating Scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160405-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenylcyclopropylamine, Legality, United Kingdom\nThis substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160405-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenylcyclopropylamine, Pharmacology\nVery little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of DMCPA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160406-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine (DON) is a recreational drug and amphetamine. It is an analog of DOM and DOB. It is also closely related to 2C-N.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160406-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine, Chemistry\nDON is in a class of compounds commonly known as alpha-methyl phenethylamines, or amphetamines and the full chemical name is 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-amine. It has a stereocenter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160406-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine, Effects\nIn his book PiHKAL, Alexander Shulgin lists a dosage of DON as being 3-4.5 mg orally with amphetamine-like stimulation lasting 8\u201315 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160406-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine, Legality\nDON is unscheduled in the United States, but because of its close similarity in structure and effects to DOM and DOB, possession and sale of DON may be subject to prosecution under the Federal Analog Act. DON is listed as a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act after the table of contents of PiHKAL and TiHKAL were added to the schedules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160407-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine (DOPR) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and was described in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved). Shulgin described DOPR is a \"heavy duty psychedelic\", complete with alterations of the thought process and visual distortion. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of DOPR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160407-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine\nThe alternative structural isomer DOIP, with a 4-isopropyl substitution, is also known but is around ten times weaker than DOPR, with an active dose of some 20\u201330\u00a0mg (as compared to 2\u20135\u00a0mg for DOPR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160408-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine\n2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine (DOTFM) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was first synthesized in 1994 by a team at Purdue University led by David E. Nichols. DOTFM is the alpha-methylated analogue of 2C-TFM, and is around twice as potent in animal studies. It acts as an agonist at the 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors. In drug-substitution experiments in rats, DOTFM fully substituted for LSD and was slightly more potent than DOI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160409-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-p-cymene\n2,5-Dimethoxy-p-cymene, or thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether, is a phytochemical found in the essential oils of plants within the family Asteraceae. These essential oils, which contain the compound as a major component of the oil, have antifungal, antibacterial,  and insecticidal properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160409-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-p-cymene, Natural occurrence\n2,5-Dimethoxy-p-cymene occurs in a variety of different plants' essential oils. Examples include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160409-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxy-p-cymene, Chemical synthesis\n2,5-Dimethoxy-p-cymene can be synthesized from carvacrol by aromatic halogenation followed by nucleophilic substitution with sodium methoxide and Williamson ether synthesis using methyl iodide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160410-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde\n2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde is an organic compound and a benzaldehyde derivative. One of its uses is the production of 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, also known as 2C-H. 2C-H is used to produce many other substituted phenethylamines such as 2C-B, 2C-I and 2C-C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran\n2,5-Dimethylfuran is a heterocyclic compound with the formula (CH3)2C4H2O. Although often abbreviated DMF, it should not be confused with dimethylformamide. A derivative of furan, this simple compound is a potential biofuel, being derivable from cellulose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Production\nFructose can be converted into 2,5-dimethylfuran in a catalytic biomass-to-liquid process. The conversion of fructose to DMF proceeds via hydroxymethylfurfural.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Production\nFructose is obtainable from glucose, a building block in cellulose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Potential as a biofuel\nDMF has a number of attractions as a biofuel. It has an energy density 40% greater than that of ethanol, making it comparable to gasoline (petrol). It is also chemically stable and, being insoluble in water, does not absorb moisture from the atmosphere. Evaporating dimethylfuran during the production process also requires around one third less energy than the evaporation of ethanol, although it has a boiling point some 14\u00a0\u00b0C higher, at 92\u00a0\u00b0C, compared to 78\u00a0\u00b0C for ethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0004-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Potential as a biofuel\nThe ability to efficiently and rapidly produce dimethylfuran from fructose, found in fruit and some root vegetables, or from glucose, which can be derived from starch and cellulose - all widely available in nature - adds to the attraction of dimethylfuran, although safety issues must be examined. Bioethanol and biodiesel are currently the leading liquid biofuels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0005-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Potential as a biofuel\nThe stoichiometric air/fuel ratio of dimethylfuran is 10.72, compared to ethanol at 8.95 and gasoline at 14.56. This means that burning dimethylfuran requires approximately 33% less air than the same quantity of gasoline, but approximately 20% more air than the same quantity of ethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0006-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Potential as a biofuel\nThe calorific value of liquid dimethylfuran is 33.7 MJ/kg, compared to 26.9 MJ/kg for ethanol and 43.2 MJ/kg for gasoline. The research octane number (RON) of dimethylfuran is 119. The latent heat of vaporization at 20\u00a0\u00b0C is 31.91 kJ/mol. Recent tests in a single-cylinder gasoline engine found that the thermal efficiency of burning dimethylfuran is similar to that of gasoline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0007-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Other uses\n2,5-Dimethylfuran serves as a scavenger for singlet oxygen, a property which has been exploited for the determination of singlet oxygen in natural waters. The mechanism involves a Diels-Alder reaction followed by hydrolysis, ultimately leading to diacetylethylene and hydrogen peroxide as products. More recently, furfuryl alcohol has been used for the same purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0008-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Other uses\n2,5-Dimethylfuran has also been proposed as an internal standard for NMR spectroscopy. 2,5-Dimethylfuran has singlets in its 1H NMR spectrum at \u03b4 2.2 and 5.8; the singlets give reliable integrations, while the positions of the peaks do not interfere with many analytes. The compound also has an appropriate boiling point of 92\u00a0\u00b0C which prevents evaporative losses, yet is easily removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0009-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Role in food chemistry\n2,5-Dimethylfuran forms upon thermal degradation of some sugars and has been identified in trace amounts as a component of caramelized sugars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0010-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Toxicology\n2,5-Dimethylfuran plays a role in the mechanism for the neurotoxicity of hexane in humans. Together with hexane-2,5-dione and 4,5-dihydroxy-2-hexanone, it is one of the main metabolites of hexane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0011-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Toxicology\n2,5-Dimethylfuran has been identified as one of the components of cigar smoke with low ciliary toxicity (ability to adversely affect the cilia in the respiratory tract that are responsible for removing foreign particles). Its blood concentration can be used as a biomarker for smoking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160411-0012-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylfuran, Toxicology\nComparison of Safety Data Sheets shows that human handling of 2,5-dimethylfuran is approximately as hazardous as handling gasoline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160412-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylhexane\n2,5-Dimethylhexane is a branched alkane used in the aviation industry in low revolutions per minute helicopters. As an isomer of octane, the boiling point is very close to that of octane, but can in pure form be slightly lower. 2,5-Dimethylhexane is moderately toxic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160413-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Dimethylthiophene\n2,5-Dimethylthiophene is an organosulfur compound with the formula C4H2(CH3)2S. It is one of four isomers of dimethylthiophene. A colorless liquid, it is prepared by sulfurization of hexane-2,5-dione. It is approved as a food flavouring additive in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160414-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Diphenyloxazole\n2,5-Diphenyloxazole (PPO) is an organic scintillator. It is used as a wavelength shifter (also called a \"primary shifter\" or \"fluor\"), which means that it converts shorter wavelength light to longer wavelength light. Its output spectrum peaks at 385\u00a0nm, which is in the range of UV light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid\n2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is an organic chemical compound consisting of two carboxylic acid groups attached to a central furan ring. It was first reported as dehydromucic acid by Rudolph Fittig and Heinzelmann in 1876, who produced it via the action of concentrated hydrobromic acid upon mucic acid. It can be produced from certain carbohydrates and as such is a renewable resource, it was identified by the US Department of Energy as one of 12 priority chemicals for establishing the \u201cgreen\u201d chemistry industry of the future. Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has been suggested as an important renewable building block because it can substitute for terephthalic acid (PTA) in the production of polyesters and other current polymers containing an aromatic moiety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Synthesis of FDCA\nMethods for the synthesis of the FDCA may be divided into four groups:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Synthesis of FDCA, Dehydration of hexose derivatives\nFirst group is based on the acid-promoted triple dehydration of aldaric (mucic) acids. This reaction requires severe conditions (highly concentrated acids, temp > 120\u00a0\u00b0C, React time > 20h) and all the methods were non-selective with yields < 50%. The process has also been patented by the French company Agro Industrie Recherches et Developpements. This is also the process which DuPont and ADM are using according to patent literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 80], "content_span": [81, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Synthesis of FDCA, Oxidation of 2,5-disubstituted furans\nThe second class of synthesis routes include the oxidation reactions of various 2,5-disubstituted furans utilizing a variety of inorganic oxidants. Several routes to FDCA via oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with air over different catalysts have been reported. Oxidation of HMF under strongly alkaline conditions over noble metal catalysts gives almost quantitative formation of FDCA. HMF and methoxymethylfurfural (MMF) oxidation was also studied with a series of conventional metal bromide catalysts (Co, Mn, Br) used for the oxidation of para-xylene to terephthalic acid. Also, the direct, one pot dehydration and oxidation of fructose to FDCA via intermediate HMF has been investigated with good selectivities, unfortunately this system does not work in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 84], "content_span": [85, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0004-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Synthesis of FDCA, Catalytic conversions of various furan derivatives\nThe third class includes reactions describing the synthesis of FDCA from furfural. Furfural can be oxidized to 2-furoic acid with nitric acid and the latter was subsequently converted to its methyl ester. The ester was then converted via chloromethylation at position 5 to give 5-chloromethylfuroate. The latter was oxidized with nitric acid to form dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate, which, after the alkaline hydrolysis gave FDCA in 50% yield. Andrisano reported that potassium 2-furoate, when heated up to 300\u00a0\u00b0C in a nitrogen atmosphere, underwent decarboxylation to furan with simultaneous carboxylation at position 5 to di-potassium 2,5-furandicarboxylate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 97], "content_span": [98, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0005-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Synthesis of FDCA, Biological conversion of HMF\nFDCA has also been detected in human urine. A healthy human produces 3\u20135\u00a0mg/day. Numerous studies were undertaken to establish the metabolism of this compound and to determine the quantity, which is produced depending on the healthiness of the human. It was demonstrated that the individual quantity of produced FDCA increased after the injection of fructose. FDCA was also detected in blood plasma. Recently, the enzyme furfural/HMF oxidoreductase was isolated from the bacterium Cupriavidus basilensis HMF14. This enzyme might be able to convert HMF to FDCA using molecular oxygen, although an aldehyde dehydrogenase might also play a role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0005-0001", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Synthesis of FDCA, Biological conversion of HMF\nA Pseudomonas putida strain that was genetically engineered to express this enzyme can completely and selectively convert HMF to FDCA. This biocatalysis is performed in water, at ambient temperature and pressure, without toxic or polluting chemicals, making it very environmentally friendly. Several other enzymes have been described later, including HMFO. This flavin dependent oxidase catalyzes the three consecutive oxidations to form FDCA from HMF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 75], "content_span": [76, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0006-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Synthesis of FDCA, Industrial production\nDuPont has announced the production of FDCA for use in PTF. In 2011, Avantium was the first company to build a FDCA pilot plant in Geleen, the Netherlands. Avantium has fully proven its technology to produce FDCA in this pilot plant and the company now plans to open the world\u2019s first commercial FDCA plant. Currently Avantium is in the process of making an investment decision for this 5kt FDCA commercial plant, which is slated to start up in 2023 in Delfzijl, the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0007-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Properties and conversions\nFDCA is a very stable compound. Its physical properties, such as insolubility in most of common solvents and a very high melting point (it melts at 342\u00a0\u00b0C) seem to indicate intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Despite its chemical stability, FDCA undergoes reactions typical for carboxylic acids, such as halogen substitution to give carboxylic dihalides, the di-ester formation and the formation of amides. All these reactions were elaborated at the end of 19th and in the beginning of 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0007-0001", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Properties and conversions\nNewer methods have been described by Janda et al., who introduced the synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic dichloride, by the reaction of FDCA with thionyl chloride The synthesis of diethyl ester and dimethyl ester as well as the amidation as well as several other modifications have been reported. The versatility of FDCA is also seen in the number of derivatives available via relatively simple chemical transformations. Selective reduction can lead to partially hydrogenated products, such as 2,5 dihydroxymethylfuran, and fully hydrogenated materials, such as 2,5 bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0008-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Applications\nThe most important group of FDCA conversions is undoubtedly the polymerization. The potential applications of furan-based building blocks for polymer applications has been extensively reviewed by Gandini. A notable example is polyethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate, but also other polyesters and various polyamides and polyurethanes have been described in literature. Amongst others like Dupont and Corbion, the company Avantium claims to have developed a cost-effective route to produce FDCA and the derived polyesters. FDCA has also been applied in pharmacology. It was demonstrated that its diethyl ester had a strong anaesthetic action similar to cocaine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0008-0001", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Applications\nDicalcium 2,5-furandicarboxylate was shown to inhibit the growth of Bacillus megatorium. Screening studies on FDCA-derived anilides showed their important anti-bacterial action. The diacid itself is a strong complexing agent, chelating such ions as: Ca2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+; it is utilized in medicine to remove kidney stones. HMF is metabolized via FDCA in mammals including humans. A very diluted solution of FDCA in tetrahydrofuran is utilized for preparing artificial veins for transplantation. At the beginning of this chapter, it was mentioned that FDCA is a chemically stable compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0008-0002", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Applications\nThis property has been well benefited in industry \u2013 FDCA as most of polycarboxylic acids can be an ingredient of fire foams. Such foams help to extinguish fires in a short time caused by polar and non-polar solvents. FDCA has a large potential as a replacement for terephthalic acid, a widely used component in various polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT). The versatility of FDCA is also seen in the number of derivatives available via relatively simple chemical transformations. Selective reduction can lead to partially hydrogenated products, such as 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran, and fully hydrogenated materials, such as 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0008-0003", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Applications\nBoth of these latter materials can serve as alcohol components in the production of new polyester, and their combination with FDCA would lead to a new family of completely biomass-derived products. Extension of these concepts to the production of new nylons, either through reaction of FDCA with diamines, or through the conversion of FDCA to 2,5-bis(aminomethyl)tetrahydrofuran. FDCA can also serve as a starting material for the production of succinic acid, whose utility is elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160415-0009-0000", "contents": "2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, Technical barriers\nThe primary technical barrier in the production and use of FDCA is the development of an effective and selective dehydration process from sugars. The control of sugar dehydration could be a very powerful technology, leading to a wide range of additional, inexpensive building blocks, but it is not yet well understood. Currently, dehydration processes using hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as intermediate are generally non-selective, unless, immediately upon their formation, the unstable intermediate products can be transformed into more stable materials such as methoxymethylfurfural (MMF). Necessary R&D will include development of selective dehydration systems and catalysts. FDCA formation will require development of cost-effective and industrially viable oxidation technology that can operate in concert with the necessary dehydration processes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160416-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-Xylidine\n2,5-Xylidine is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(CH3)2NH2. It is one of several isomeric xylidines. It is a colorless viscous liquid. Commercially significant derivatives include Solvent Yellow 30, Solvent Red 22, Acid Red 65, and Solvent Red 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160416-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-Xylidine, Production\nLike many xylidines, it is prepared by nitration of the corresponding xylene followed by reduction of the nitroxylene. Reduction can be effected with HCl/Fe, but usually is achieved by catalytic hydrogenation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160416-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-Xylidine, Safety\nIt is mutagenic and tumor-inducing. Acute toxicity of xylidines is modest as indicated by LD50 (rats, oral) are in the range 0.1-1 g/kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160417-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate reductase\n2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate reductase (EC , 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate reductase, MjaRED, MJ0671 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2,5-diamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160417-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate reductase\nThe reaction proceeds in the opposite direction. A step in riboflavin biosynthesis, NADPH and NADH functions equally well as a reductant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160418-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-diaminovalerate transaminase\nIn enzymology, a 2,5-diaminovalerate transaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160418-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-diaminovalerate transaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,5-diaminopentanoate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate and L-glutamate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160418-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-diaminovalerate transaminase, Nomenclature\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,5-diaminopentanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include diamino-acid transaminase, and diamino acid aminotransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160419-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-didehydrogluconate reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2,5-didehydrogluconate reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160419-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-didehydrogluconate reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-dehydro-D-gluconate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160419-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-didehydrogluconate reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-D-gluconate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase, and YqhE reductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160419-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-didehydrogluconate reductase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160420-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160420-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase\nThe 2 substrates of this enzyme are 2,5-dihydroxypyridine and O2, whereas its product is N-formylmaleamic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160420-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. It employs one cofactor, iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160420-0003-0000", "contents": "2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase, Nomenclature\nThe systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,5-dihydroxypyridine:oxygen 5,6-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2,5-dihydroxypyridine oxygenase, and pyridine-2,5-diol dioxygenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160421-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase\n2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase (EC , 2,5-diketocamphane lactonizing enzyme, ketolactonase I, 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase oxygenating component, 2,5-DKCMO, camphor 1,2-monooxygenase, camphor ketolactonase I) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-bornane-2,5-dione,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-lactonizing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160422-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-dioxopiperazine hydrolase\nIn enzymology, a 2,5-dioxopiperazine hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160422-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-dioxopiperazine hydrolase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,5-dioxopiperazine and H2O, whereas its product is glycylglycine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160422-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-dioxopiperazine hydrolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,5-dioxopiperazine amidohydrolase. Other names in common use include cyclo(Gly-Gly) hydrolase, and cyclo(glycylglycine) hydrolase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160423-0000-0000", "contents": "2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160423-0001-0000", "contents": "2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2,5-dioxopentanoate, NADP+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxoglutarate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160423-0002-0000", "contents": "2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,5-dioxopentanoate:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0000-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire\nThe 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, officially known as the 2,500th Year of the Foundation of the Imperial State of Iran, was a national event in Iran that consisted of an elaborate set of grand festivities and took place from 12\u201316 October 1971 to celebrate the founding of the ancient Achaemenid Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great. The intent of the celebration was to highlight Iran's ancient civilization and history as well as to showcase its contemporary advances under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0001-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire\nSome later historians came to believe that this massive celebration contributed to events that ultimately culminated in the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which replaced the Persian monarchy with an Islamic republic. The revolution was led by Ruhollah Khomeini, an Ayatollah who garnered support from the Iranian people, various leftist and Islamist organizations, and student movements to overthrow the Shah and establish the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, for which he served as Supreme Leader from 1979 to 1989. The event has been described as the most expensive party ever held in modern history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0002-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Planning\nThe planning for the party took a year, according to the 2016 BBC Storyville documentary, Decadence and Downfall: The Shah of Iran's Ultimate Party. The filmmakers interviewed people tasked by the Shah to organize the party. The Cyrus Cylinder served in the official logo as the symbol for the event. With the decision to hold the main event at the ancient city of Persepolis, near Shiraz, the local infrastructure had to be improved, including the Shiraz International Airport and a highway to Persepolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0002-0001", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Planning\nWhile the press and supporting staff would be housed in Shiraz, the main festivities were planned for Persepolis. An elaborate tent city was planned to house attendees. The area around Persepolis was cleared of snakes and other vermin. Trees and flowers were planted, and 50,000 song birds were imported from Europe. Other events were scheduled for Pasargadae, the site of the Tomb of Cyrus, as well as Tehran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0003-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Tent City of Persepolis\nThe Tent City (also called Golden City) was planned by the Parisian interior-design firm of Maison Jansen on 160 acres (0.65\u00a0km2). They referred to the meeting between Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. Fifty 'tents' (prefabricated luxury apartments with traditional Persian tent-cloth surrounds) were arranged in a star pattern around a central fountain. Numerous trees were planted around them in the desert, to recreate how ancient Persepolis would have looked. Each tent was provided with direct telephone and telex connections for attendees to their respective countries. The entire celebration was televised to the world by way of a satellite connection from the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 69], "content_span": [70, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0004-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Tent City of Persepolis\nThe large 'Tent of Honor' was designed for the reception of the dignitaries. The 'Banqueting Hall' was the largest structure, and measured 68 by 24 metres (223\u00a0ft \u00d7\u00a079\u00a0ft). The tent site was surrounded by gardens of trees and other plants flown in from France and adjacent to the ruins of Persepolis. Catering services were provided by Maxim's de Paris, which closed its restaurant in Paris for almost two weeks to provide for the glittering celebrations. Legendary hotelier Max Blouet came out of retirement to supervise the banquet. Lanvin designed the uniforms of the Imperial Household. 250 red Mercedes-Benz 600 limousines were used to chauffeur guests from the airport and back. The dinnerware was created using Limoges porcelain and linen by D. Porthault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 69], "content_span": [70, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0005-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Festivities\nThe festivities were opened on 12 October 1971, when the Shah and the Shahbanu paid homage to Cyrus the Great at his mausoleum at Pasargadae. For the next two days, the Shah and his wife greeted arriving guests, often directly at Shiraz's airport. On 14 October, a grand gala dinner took place in the Banqueting Hall in celebration of the birthday of the Shahbanu. Sixty members of royal families and heads of state were assembled at the single large serpentine table in the Banqueting Hall. The official toast was raised with a Dom Perignon Ros\u00e9 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0006-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Festivities\nThe food and the wine for the celebration were provided by the Parisian restaurant Maxim's. 600 guests dined over five and a half hours, thus making for the longest and most lavish official banquet in modern history as recorded in successive editions of the Guinness Book of World Records. A son et lumi\u00e8re show, the Polytope of Persepolis designed by Iannis Xenakis and accompanied by the specially-commissioned electronic music piece Persepolis, concluded the evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0006-0001", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Festivities\nThe next day saw a huge military parade of armies of different Iranian empires covering two and half millennia by 1,724 men of the Iranian armed forces, all in period costume, followed by representatives of the Imperial Armed Forces, with a large military band, manned by military musicians and providing the music for the parade, split into two - the modern band playing in Western instruments and a traditional band wearing uniforms of the bandsmen from different eras of Iranian history. In the evening, a less formal \"traditional Persian party\" was held in the Banqueting Hall as the concluding event at Persepolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0007-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Festivities\nOn the final day, the Shah inaugurated the Shahyad Tower (later renamed the Azadi Tower after the Iranian Revolution) in Tehran to commemorate the event. The tower was also home to the Museum of Persian History. In it was displayed the Cyrus Cylinder, which the Shah promoted as \"the first human rights charter in history\". The cylinder was also the official symbol of the celebrations, and the Shah's first speech at Cyrus' tomb praised the freedom that it had proclaimed, two and a half millennia previously. The festivities were concluded with the Shah paying homage to his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi, at his mausoleum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0008-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Festivities\nThe event brought together the rulers of two of the three oldest extant monarchies, the Shah and Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. Emperor Hirohito of Japan was represented by his youngest brother, Prince Mikasa. By the end of the decade, both the Ethiopian and Iranian monarchies had ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0009-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Security\nSecurity was a major concern. Persepolis was a favoured site for the festivities as it was isolated and thus could be tightly guarded, a very important consideration when many of the world's leaders were gathered there. Iran's security services, SAVAK, captured and took into \"preventive custody\" anyone that it suspected of being a potential threat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0010-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Criticism\nThe Ministry of the Court placed the cost at $17 million (at that time); Ansari, one of the organizers, puts it at $22 million (at that time). The actual figure is difficult to calculate exactly and is a partisan issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0011-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, List of guests\nQueen Elizabeth II had been advised not to attend, with security being an issue. The Duke of Edinburgh and Princess Anne represented her instead. Other major leaders who did not attend were Richard Nixon and Georges Pompidou. Nixon had initially planned to attend but later changed his mind and sent Spiro Agnew instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0012-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, List of guests\nSome materials say that the attendee of China was Guo Moruo. According to his daughter, Guo was originally planned to attend, but he fell ill on the way arriving and then-Chinese Ambassador to Pakistan Zhang Tong attended instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0013-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Film\nIran's National Film Board produced a documentary of the celebrations, titled Forugh-e Javidan (\u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u062c\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646) in Persian and Flames of Persia in English. Farrokh Golestan directed, and Orson Welles who had said of the event \"This was no party of the year, it was the celebration of 25 centuries!\" agreed to narrate the English text, written by Macdonald Hastings, in return for the Shah's brother-in-law funding Welles' own film, The Other Side of the Wind. The film was aimed at a Western audience. Despite a requirement to show the film in 60 cinemas in Tehran, its \"overheated rhetoric\" and popular resentment at the extravagance of the event meant it did poorly at the domestic box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0014-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Today\nPersepolis remains a major tourist attraction in Iran and apparently there are suggestions to rehabilitate the archeological site as it is a proclamation of Iranian history. In 2005, it was visited by nearly 35,000 people during the Iranian new year holiday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160424-0015-0000", "contents": "2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Today\nThe tent city remained operating until 1979 for private and government rent, when it was looted after the Iranian Revolution and the departure of the Shah. The iron rods for the tents and roads built for the festival area still remain and are open to the public, but there are no markers making any reference to what they were originally for. The dedicated Shahyad Tower remains as a major landmark in Tehran, although it was renamed Azadi Tower in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160425-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol\n2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is an organic compound with the structural formula 2,6-((CH3)3C)2C6H3OH. This colorless solid alkylated phenol and its derivatives are used industrially as UV stabilizers and antioxidants for hydrocarbon-based products ranging from petrochemicals to plastics. Illustrative of its usefulness, it prevents gumming in aviation fuels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160425-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol, Production\n2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is prepared industrially via the Friedel\u2013Crafts alkylation of phenol with isobutene catalyzed by aluminium phenoxide:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160425-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol, Applications\n2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is a precursor to more complex compounds used as antioxidants and light-protection agents for the stabilization for polymers. Of particular note is methyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate (CAS# 6386-38-5), which is formed by the Michael addition of methyl methacrylate. This compound is used as a feedstock in the synthesis of more complex antioxidants such as Irganox 1098. 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is also used in the synthesis of CGP-7930, probucol, and nicanartine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160425-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol, Safety and regulation\n2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is covered by the U.S. Department of Transportation Code of Federal Regulations 49 CFR 172.101, Appendix B (20 Dec 2004). This substance is designated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as a marine pollutant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160426-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Fswitzer4 (talk | contribs) at 14:26, 22 June 2020 (Added FDA UNII). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160426-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine\n2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula (Me3C)2C5H3N. This colourless, oily liquid is derived from pyridine by replacement of the two H atoms with tert-butyl groups. It is a hindered base. For example, it can be protonated, but it does not form an adduct with boron trifluoride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160426-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine, Preparation\n2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine is prepared by the reaction of tert-butyllithium with pyridine. The synthesis is reminiscent of the Chichibabin reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160426-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine, Preparation\nSome related bulky pyridine compounds have been described, including 2,4,6-tri-t-butylpyridine. and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160427-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diacetylpyridine\n2,6-Diacetylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula C5H3N(C(O)CH3)2. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is a disubstituted pyridine. It is a precursor to ligands in coordination chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160427-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diacetylpyridine, Synthesis\nThe synthesis of 2,6-diacetylpyridine begins with oxidation of the methyl groups in 2,6-lutidine to form dipicolinic acid. This process has been well established with potassium permanganate and selenium dioxide. The diketone can be formed from the diester of picolinic acid groups through a Claisen condensation. The resulting adduct can be decarboxylated to give diacetylpyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160427-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diacetylpyridine, Synthesis\nTreating 2,6-pyridinedicarbonitrile with methylmagnesium bromide provides an alternative synthesis for the diketone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160427-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diacetylpyridine, Precursor to Schiff base ligands\nDiacetylpyridine is a popular starting material for ligands in coordination chemistry, often via template reactions. The diiminopyridine (DIP) class of ligands can be formed from diacetylpyridine through Schiff base condensation with substituted anilines. Diiminopyridine ligands have been the focus of much interest due to their ability to traverse a wide range of oxidation states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160427-0004-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diacetylpyridine, Precursor to Schiff base ligands\nIn azamacrocycle chemistry, diacetylpyridines can undergo the same Schiff base condensation with N1-(3-aminopropyl)propane-1,3-diamines. The product of the condensation can be hydrogenated to yield macrocyclic tetradentate ligands. Similar penta- and hexadentate ligands have been synthesized by varying the polyamine chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine\n2,6-diaminopurine (2,6-DAP, also known as 2-aminoadenine) is a compound once used in the treatment of leukemia. As the Z base, it is found instead of adenine (A) in the genetic material of some bacteriophage viruses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine\nIn August 2011, a report, based on NASA studies with meteorites found on Earth, was published suggesting 2,6-diaminopurine and related organic molecules, including the DNA and RNA components adenine and guanine, may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, In viruses\nIn cyanophage S-2L (Siphoviridae), diaminopurine is used instead of adenine (host evasion). Diaminopurine base (Z) pairs perfectly with thymine (T) as it is identical to adenine (A) but has an amine group at position 2 forming 3 intermolecular hydrogen bonds, eliminating the major difference between the two types of basepairs (weak:A-T and strong:C-G). This improved stability affects protein-binding interactions that rely on those differences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, In viruses\nFour papers published April 2021 further describes the use and production of the Z-base. It is now known that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0004-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, In viruses\nIn August 2021, it was shown that DatZ, MazZ and PurZ are sufficient to replace some occurrence of A by Z in the bacterial genome of E. coli; expression of this system is toxic to the cell. The structures of MazZ (subtype 2) and PurZ are also determined, showing a possible link between PurZ and archaeal verions of PurA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0005-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, Biosynthesis\n2-aminoadenine is produced in two steps. The enzyme MazZ (homolgous to MazG, EC 3.6.1.8) first performs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0006-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, Biosynthesis\nThe enzyme PurZ (homolgous to PurA, EC 6.3.4.4) then performs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0007-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, Biosynthesis\nThe resulting dSMP is processed by host enzymes analogously to adenylosuccinate to produce dZTP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0008-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, In cellular life\n2,6-DAP was used to treat leukemia since as early as 1951. It is known to arrest progression of cell cycle in mouse leukemia cells by 1989. Cancer cells are known to become resistant to DAP by losing their adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) function, a process shared with E. coli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0009-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, In cellular life\nDAP derivatives are in vitro antivirals useful against pseudorabies virus, a economically important livestock disease. This base, in its free form, is able to correct UGA nonsense mutations by encouraging translational readthrough, through the inhibition of FTSJ1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0010-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, Bioengineering\nIn bioengineering, anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (specifically, the serinol nucleic acid [SNA] type) incorporating base Z instead of A show enhanced binding to RNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160428-0011-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diaminopurine, Bioengineering\nDAP is used similar to other nuclear acid analogues in the investigation of enzyme structures and mechanisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160429-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dibromoquinonechlorimide\n2,6-Dibromoquinonechlorimide is a chemical used in chemical analysis and chromatography to detect phenolic chemicals. In the presence of phenolic substances it turns indigo in colour. In the presence of aflatoxin it turns green. 2,6-Dibromoquinonechlorimide explodes if heated above 120\u00a0\u00b0C and decomposes slowly over 60\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160429-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dibromoquinonechlorimide\n2,6-Dibromoquinonechlorimide is used in a buffer solution around pH 9.4. It is very sensitive and can detect down to 0.05\u00a0parts per million of phenols. The mechanism is a reaction of the chlorimide group (=NCl) with the phenol to produce an indophenol, with two rings joined via an =N- link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160430-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichloroaniline\n2,6-Dichloroaniline is an organic compound with the formula C6H3Cl2(NH2). It is one of several isomers of dichloroaniline. It is a colorless or white solid. Derivatives include the drugs clonidine and diclofenac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160430-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichloroaniline, Preparation\nIn the laboratory, it can be prepared by halogenation of sulfanilamide followed by desulfonation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile\n2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (DCBN or dichlobenil) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H3Cl2CN. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is widely used as an herbicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Mechanism of action\nIt has herbicidal properties killing young seedlings of both monocot and dicot species. DCBN interferes with cellulose synthesis. DCBN adapted cell walls use minimal amounts of cellulose, instead relying on Ca2+-bridge pectates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety\nIn 1971 in the U.S. State of California, their department of agriculture reported, \"Dichlobenil kills the roots of many species, but not all; further, the killing does not extend much beyond the portion actually soaked.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety\nIn 1996, the University of California's Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project reported:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0004-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety\nDosages were difficult to control... and as a result soaking or spraying methods are no longer used. The current application method involves applying metam-sodium products in foam carriers (similar to shaving cream).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0005-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety\nThe U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA, a major operational division of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services) mentions \"dichlobenil\" in a report entitled \"Herbicidal suppression of bracken and effects on forage production.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0006-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety\nThe U.S. Department of Energy - Bonneville Power Administration has reported \"high potential\" for dichlobenil to enter groundwater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0007-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Residue\nInland Fisheries Ireland has reported, \"The dichlobenil residue in water almost completely dissipates in 5 to 6 months.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0008-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nSince 1995, the U.S. National Institutes of Health has warned about potential damage to humans during indoor usage (see products listed, below):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0009-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nLeave all windows open and fans operating... Put all pets outdoors, and take yourself any your family away from treated areas for at least the length of time prescribed on the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0010-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nIt is no longer approved for use within the EU. It has low solubility, is not highly volatile and has potential to leach into groundwater. It is moderately persistent in soils and very persistent in water. It is moderately toxic to mammals, aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0011-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nThe report quotes a European Union regulatory effective date of 2009. The Inland Fisheries Ireland has reported:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0012-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nThe registration of all dichlobenil products (including Casoron G) was revoked in Ireland from 18th March 2009, under Commission Decision 2008/754/EC of 18th September 2008. A period of grace for the disposal, storage, placing on the market and use of existing stocks expired on 18th March 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0013-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nThe London underground found itself in violation by using dichlobenil in September 2011. As of 2012, the United Nations' International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) has advised that \"the substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion...  A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed... The substance may have effects on the skin. This may result in chloracne.\" Further, it has advised", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0014-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nThe substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0015-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nParticulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance... Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0016-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nWhile the ICPS warns strongly, \"Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment,\" it does not note the contradiction that dichlobenil's usage is on the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0017-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Safety, Toxicity and environment\nThe U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) follows and cites the ICPS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160431-0018-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, Consumer products, United States\nThis partial list of consumer products with \"dichlobenil\" as an active ingredient:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160432-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorophenol\n2,6-Dichlorophenol is a compound with formula C6H3Cl2OH. It is one of the six isomers of dichlorophenol. It is a colorless solid. Its pKa is 6.78, which is about 100x more acidic than 2-chlorophenol (8.52) and 1000x more acidic than phenol itself (9.95).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160432-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorophenol, Preparation\nIt can be produced in a multistep process from phenol, which is converted to its 4-sulfonic acid derivative. The resulting phenol sulfonic acid  chlorinates at the positions flanking the phenol. Hydrolysis releases the sulfonic acid group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160432-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichlorophenol, Preparation\nAn alternative synthesis starts with the ethyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, which chlorinates at the positions flanking the phenolic center. Ester hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation affords 2,6-dichlorophenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160433-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichloropyridine\n2,6-Dichloropyridine is an organohalide with the formula C5H3Cl2N. A white solid, it is one of several isomers of dichlorpyridine. It serves as a precursor to the antibiotic enoxacin. 2,6-Dichoropyridine is produced by direct reaction of pyridine with chlorine. 2-Chloropyridine is an intermediate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160434-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide\n2,6-Dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (Gibbs reagent) is an organic compound used as an colorimetric indicator to detect phenolic compounds. Upon reaction with phenol itself, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol is formed, a chemical that is used as a redox indicator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160435-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diformylpyridine\n2,6-Diformylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula C5H3N(CHO)2. The molecule features formyl groups adjacent to the nitrogen of pyridine. The compound is prepared by oxidation of 2,6-dimethylpyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160436-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\n2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (\u03b3-resorcylic acid) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid. It is a very strong acid due to its intramolecular hydrogen bonding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160436-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid\nThis article about an aromatic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160437-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxypyridine\n2,6-Dihydroxypyridine is an alkaloid with the molecular formula C5H3N(OH)2. It is a colorless solid. 2,6-Dihyroxypyridine is an intermediate in the degradation of nicotine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160437-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxypyridine, Preparation\n2,6-Dihydroxypyridine is an intermediate in the degradation of nicotine by the aerobic bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. The following reaction shows the formation of the intermediate from L-nicotine of tobacco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160437-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxypyridine, Preparation\nThe figure represents the pathway for the degradation of L-nicotine by A. nicotinovorans to 2,6-dihydroxypyridine", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160437-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxypyridine, Preparation\nAnother reaction of 2,6-dihydroxypyridine highlights its function as a substrate for oxygenase. One example is the enzyme monooxygenase, which oxidizes the substrate by transferring one oxygen atom of O2 to the substrate. The other oxygen atom is reduced to water. The product of the oxidase reaction was determined to be 2,3,6-tri-hydroxypyridine because of the results of the stoichiometry as well as the results of the ultraviolet spectrum. This reaction can be shown by the following equation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160437-0004-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxypyridine, Preparation\nArthrobacter oxydans, when grown on agar plates, were most active in the oxidation of 2,6-dihydroxypyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160437-0005-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxypyridine, Structure and properties\nThe distribution of these tautomers is solvent-dependent. Studies show that tautomer II is most common in ethanol, water, and DMSO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160437-0006-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxypyridine, Other Applications\n2,6-Dihydroxypyridine has been investigated  in an oxidation method of dyeing hair. The process utilizes 2,6-dihydroxypyridine as a coupling agent, and 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine as a primary intermediate. This oxidation method intensifies the color of the dyed hair for several days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160437-0007-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxypyridine, Main Reactions\n2,6-dihydroxypyridine is a key intermediate in the degradation of nicotine by certain bacteria. The enzyme 2,6-dihydroxypyridine-3-hydroxylase, which is produced in Escherichia coli, is responsible for catalyzing the sixth step of nicotine degradation in the bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovoran. 2,6-dihydroxypyridine is hydroxylated by hydroperoxy-FAD. This reaction yields 2,3,6-tri-hydroxypyridine. This is shown in the following reaction::", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160437-0008-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dihydroxypyridine, Main Reactions\n2,6-dihydroxypyridine hydroxylase is a dimeric flavoprotein, with one bound FAD molecule attached. The reaction is NADH-dependent and the enzyme only accepts 2,6-dihydroxypyridine as a substrate. Furthermore, the enzyme is inhibited by 2,6-dimethoxypyridine and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160438-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diisopropylaniline\n2,6-Diisopropylaniline is an organic compound with the formula H2NC6H3(CHMe2)2 (Me = CH3). It is a colorless liquid although, like many anilines, samples can appear yellow or brown. 2,6-Diisopropylaniline is a bulky aromatic amine that is often used to make ligands in coordination chemistry. The Schrock carbenes often are transition metal imido complexes derived from this aniline. Condensation with diacetylpyridine and acetylacetone gives, respectively, diiminopyridine and NacNac ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160439-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene\n2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene (2,6-DIPN) is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(i-Pr)2 (where i-Pr = isopropyl). 2,6-DIPN is one of several isomers of diisopropylnaphthalene. It is a white or colorless solid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160439-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene\n2,6-DIPN is plant growth regulator. It helps inhibit the sprouting of potatoes during storage, especially in combination with chlorpropham. 2,6-DIPN is intended for use in the manufacturing of products intended to prevent sprouting of stored potatoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160440-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone\n2,6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone (2,6-DMBQ) is a chemical compound, classified as a benzoquinone, that has been found in Rauvolfia vomitoria and in Tibouchina pulchra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160440-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone, Toxicity\nAt physiological concentrations 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone is an antibacterial substance. At higher concentrations there is evidence that it is mutagenic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and hepatotoxic. Some reports have challenged its mutagenicity and others  exclude such a possibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160441-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene\n2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene (2,6-DMN) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. It is one of the ten dimethylnaphthalene isomers, which are derived from naphthalene by the addition of two methyl groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160441-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene, Synthesis\nAlkylated naphthalenes (methyl-, dimethyl-, and poly-methyl naphthalenes, thus including 2,6-DMN) are found in low concentrations in crude oil and coal tar. Separation is difficult, expensive, and requires a number of operations such as selective crystallization and adsorption, in addition to any isomerization reactions. Alternative routes to 2,6-DMN remains of interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160441-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene, Synthesis\nIn the \"alkenylation process\" butadiene (1) , o-xylene (2), and Sodium-potassium alloy (3) are used, which react to form 5-(ortho-tolyl)pent-2-ene (OTP, 3). OTP is subsequently cyclized to 1,5-dimethyltetraline (4). Dehydrogenation then provides 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene (1,5-DMN, 5). Finally, 1,5-DMN is isomerized to 2,6-DMN (6). In the final step, other mono-, di-, and tri-methylnaphthalenes are formed. More work is therefore required in separation of the mixture, which is done by selective crystallization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160441-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene, Applications\n2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene is mainly used for the preparation of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid by oxidation of 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene in the liquid phase. 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid is a monomer for the production of high-performance polymers, in particular poly (ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) or shorter polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). That polyester is stronger and has a higher thermal resistance than the more frequently used polyethylene terephthalate (PET).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160441-0004-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene, Applications\n2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene undergoes ammoxidation to give the 2,6-dicyanonaphthalene, which can be hydrogenated to bis(aminomethyl)naphthalene, a precursor to dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160442-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethylpiperidine\n2,6-Dimethylpiperidines are chemical compounds with the formula C5H8(CH3)2NH. Three stereoisomers exist: the achiral (R,S)-isomer and the chiral (R,R)/(S,S) enantiomeric pair. Dimethylpiperidines are derivatives of the heterocycle piperidine, wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by methyl groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160442-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethylpiperidine\nThe 2,6-dimethylpiperidines are prepared by reduction of 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-lutidine). The achiral isomer is the predominant isomer produced in this reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160442-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Dimethylpiperidine\nThe 2,6-dimethylpiperidines are of interest for their conformational properties. The (R,S)-isomer exists largely in the chair conformation with equatorial methyl groups. The (R,R)/(S,S)-isomers are attractive chiral secondary amine building blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160443-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Lutidine\n2,6-Lutidine is a natural heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C5H3N. It is one of several dimethyl-substituted derivative of pyridine, all of which are referred to as lutidines. It is a colorless liquid with mildly basic properties and a pungent, noxious odor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160443-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Lutidine, Occurrence and production\nIt was first isolated from the basic fraction of coal tar and from bone oil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160443-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Lutidine, Occurrence and production\nA laboratory route involves condensation of ethyl acetoacetate, formaldehyde, and an ammonia source to give a bis(carboxy ester) of a 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, which, after hydrolysis, undergoes decarboxylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160443-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Lutidine, Occurrence and production\nIt is produced industrially by the reaction of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160443-0004-0000", "contents": "2,6-Lutidine, Uses\n2,6-Lutidine has been evaluated for use as a food additive owing to its nutty aroma when present in solution at very low concentrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160443-0005-0000", "contents": "2,6-Lutidine, Uses\nDue to the steric effects of the two methyl groups, 2,6-lutidine is less nucleophilic than pyridine. Protonation of lutidine gives lutidinium, [(CH3)2C5H3NH]+, salts of which are sometimes used as a weak acid because the conjugate base (2,6-lutidine) is so weakly coordinating. In a similar implementation, 2,6-lutidine is thus sometimes used in organic synthesis as a sterically hindered mild base. One of the most common uses for 2,6-lutidine is as a non-nucleophilic base in organic synthesis. It takes part in the formation of silyl ethers as shown in multiple studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160443-0006-0000", "contents": "2,6-Lutidine, Biodegradation\nThe biodegradation of pyridines proceeds via multiple pathways. Although pyridine is an excellent source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy for certain microorganisms, methylation significantly retards degradation of the pyridine ring. In soil, 2,6-lutidine is significantly more resistant to microbiological degradation than any of the picoline isomers or 2,4-lutidine. Estimated time for complete degradation was >30 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160443-0007-0000", "contents": "2,6-Lutidine, Toxicity\nLike most alkylpyridines, the LD50 of 2,6-dimethylpyridine is modest, being 400 mg/kg (oral, rat).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160444-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid\n2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(CO2H)2. This colorless solid is one of several isomers of naphthalenedicarboxylic acid. It is a precursor to the high performance polyester polyethylene naphthalate (PEN, poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate)). It is also used in the synthesis of some metal-organic frameworks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160444-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, Preparation\nThe conjugate base of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, when heated, isomerizes to the 1,6-isomer, which is readily converted to 1,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid. It is also produced by oxidation of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160445-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid\n2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid (PDTC) is an organosulfur compound that is produced by some bacteria. It functions as a siderophore, a small chelating agent with a high affinity for iron. Siderophores are deployed as ion scavengers for microbes. Siderophores solubilize compounds by forming strong complexes. PDTC is secreted by the soil bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas putida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160445-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid, Synthesis and biosynthesis\nPDTC can be synthesized by treating the pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (or its diacid dichloride) with H2S in dry pyridine:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160445-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid, Synthesis and biosynthesis\nThis produces an orange 1:1 pyridinium salt of 2,6-pyridinedicarbothioate. Treatment of this salt with acid give PDTC, which can then be extracted with dichloromethane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160445-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid, Synthesis and biosynthesis\nThe biosynthesis of PDTC remains unclear although some insights can be deduced from the genetics. It is suggested that Pseudomonas stutzeri may have acquired at least one of the genes by lateral transfer from mycobacteria. In a proposed biosynthetic sequence pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, a known bacterial metabolite, is activated as its bis-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) derivative. The sulfur donor and its activation remain uncertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160445-0004-0000", "contents": "2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid, Coordination chemistry\nPDTC binds to both Fe2+ and Fe3+. The ferric complex is brown, whereas the ferrous complex is blue. In the presence of air, the ferrous complex oxidizes to the ferric compound. It is iron selective as only the Fe complex is soluble in water. PDTC is produced mainly during the exponential phase of bacterial growth. The conditions at which Pseudomonas produces PDTC is 25 \u00b0C, pH=8 and sufficient aeration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160446-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Xylenol\n2,6-Xylenol is a chemical compound which is one of the six isomers of xylenol. It is also commonly known as 2,6-dimethylphenol (DMP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160446-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Xylenol\nA known application of DMP is in the synthesis of Mexiletine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160446-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-Xylenol, Production\n2,6-DMP can be produced by the direct methylation of phenol. This is carried out with gaseous phenol and methanol at elevated temperatures in the presence of a catalyst", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160446-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-Xylenol, Related polymers\n2,6-Xylenol is a monomer for poly(p-phenylene oxide) engineering resins through carbon - oxygen oxidative coupling. Carbon-to-carbon dimerization is also possible. In one study 2,6-xylenol is oxidized with iodosobenzene diacetate with a fivefold excess of the phenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160446-0004-0000", "contents": "2,6-Xylenol, Related polymers\nIn the first step of the proposed reaction mechanism the acetyl groups in the iodine compound are replaced with the phenol. This complex dissociates into an aryl radical anion and a phenoxy residue. The two aryl radicals recombine forming a new carbon-carbon covalent bond and subsequently lose two protons in a rearomatization step. The immediate reaction product is a diphenoquinone as result of a one-step 4-electron oxidation. It is nevertheless possible to synthesize the biphenol compound via a comproportionation of the quinone with xylenol already present. In this reaction sequence the hypervalent iodine reagent is eventually reduced to phenyliodine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160447-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-Xylidine\n2,6-Xylidine is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(CH3)2NH2. It is one of several isomeric xylidines. It is a colorless viscous liquid. Commercially significant derivatives are the anesthetics lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, and etidocaine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160447-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-Xylidine, Production and reactions\nMany xylidines are prepared by nitration of a xylene followed by hydrogenation of the nitroaromatic, but this approach is not efficient for this isomer. Instead, it is prepared from by treatment of the related xylenol with ammonia in the presence of oxide catalysts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160448-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-beta-fructan 6-levanbiohydrolase\n2,6-beta-fructan 6-levanbiohydrolase (EC , beta-2,6-fructan-6-levanbiohydrolase, 2,6-beta-D-fructan 6-levanbiohydrolase, levanbiose-producing levanase, 2,6-beta-D-fructan 6-beta-D-fructofuranosylfructohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name (2->6)-beta-D-fructofuranan 6-(beta-D-fructosyl)-D-fructose-hydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160449-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine hydrolase\n2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-(2,6-dihydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one hydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160449-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine hydrolase\nThe enzyme is present in the soil bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovorans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160450-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160450-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are 2,6-dihydroxypyridine, NADH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 2,3,6-trihydroxypyridine, NAD+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160450-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,6-dihydroxypyridine,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme is also called 2,6-dihydroxypyridine oxidase. It has 2 cofactors: FAD,  and Flavoprotein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160451-0000-0000", "contents": "2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase\nIn enzymology, a 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160451-0001-0000", "contents": "2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate and H2O, whereas its two products are benzoate and 2-oxopent-4-enoate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160451-0002-0000", "contents": "2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carbon-carbon bonds in ketonic substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate benzoylhydrolase. This enzyme is also called HOHPDA hydrolase. This enzyme participates in biphenyl degradation and fluorene degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160451-0003-0000", "contents": "2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160452-0000-0000", "contents": "2,7,4'-Trihydroxyisoflavanone 4'-O-methyltransferase\n2,7,4'-Trihydroxyisoflavanone 4'-O-methyltransferase (EC , SAM:2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone 4'-O-methyltransferase, HI4'OMT, HMM1, MtIOMT5) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone 4'-O-methyltransferase . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160453-0000-0000", "contents": "2,7-Dihydrothiepine\nThis article about a heterocyclic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160454-0000-0000", "contents": "2,8-Dihydroxyadenine\n2,8-Dihydroxyadenine is a derivative of adenine which accumulates in 2,8 dihydroxy-adenine urolithiasis. The poorly soluble purine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine is excreted in the urine because of a deficiency in the adenine salvage enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. The defect is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; the homozygous state is associated with high urinary levels of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine and with crystalluria, calculus formation, and potential nephrotoxicity. The condition primarily presents as renal obstructive disease, but some patients have presented with advanced kidney failure. Allopurinol therapy appears to be effective. 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine formation can be easily controlled with allopurinol, which is administered in a dose of 300 mg/day in adults (10 mg/kg/day in children) in the absence of kidney failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160455-0000-0000", "contents": "2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene\n2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene (2,8-DHHHC) is a synthetic, nonsteroidal weak estrogen with approximately 1/2,000th the estrogenic potency of the structurally-related estrogen diethylstilbestrol. It is said to be intermediate in structure between estradiol and hexestrol, but conversely to both of them, is drastically less potent in comparison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160456-0000-0000", "contents": "2,N,N-TMT\n2,N,N-Trimethyltryptamine, 2,N,N-TMT, or 2-Me-DMT is a tryptamine derivative that is a psychedelic drug. It was invented by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book TiHKAL (#34). It is claimed to show psychoactive effects at a dosage of 50\u2013100\u00a0mg orally, but these are relatively mild compared to other similar drugs, suggesting that while the 2-methyl group has blocked the binding of metabolic enzymes, it is also interfering with binding to the 5HT2A receptor target that mediates the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160456-0001-0000", "contents": "2,N,N-TMT, Legal status\nSweden's public health agency suggested classifying 2-Me-DMT as a hazardous substance, on May 15, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160457-0000-0000", "contents": "2,alpha-DMT\n2,alpha-DMT, or 2,\u03b1-dimethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine and a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the 2,a-dimethyl analog of DMT. 2,\u03b1-DMT was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved), Shulgin lists the dosage as 300-500 mg, and the duration as 7\u201310 hours. 2,\u03b1-DMT causes mydriasis and paresthesia. It also produces a calm, drunk-like feeling. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 2,\u03b1-DMT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160458-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(1,2-epoxy-1,2-dihydrophenyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase\n2-(1,2-epoxy-1,2-dihydrophenyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase (EC , paaG (gene), 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-(1,2-epoxy-1,2-dihydrophenyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160459-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(1-Hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a\n2-(1-Hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) is a photosensitiser chemical that is used in photodynamic therapy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160459-0001-0000", "contents": "2-(1-Hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a, Clinical trials\nA phase I/II clinical trial started in 1997 for esophageal cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 65], "content_span": [66, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160459-0002-0000", "contents": "2-(1-Hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a, Clinical trials\nA phase II trial for non-small cell lung cancer is due to run from 2007 to 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 65], "content_span": [66, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160460-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl)cyclopentanone\n2-[2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl]cyclopentanone (trade name by Givaudan: Nectaryl) is an organic compound belonging to the group of ketones and cycloalkanes. The compound is used as a fragrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160460-0001-0000", "contents": "2-(2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl)cyclopentanone, Synthesis\nThe synthesis of the compound is carried out by a radical addition of cyclopentanone to (+)-limonene under oxygen in acetic acid. As a catalyst, manganese(II) acetate and cobalt(II) acetate are used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 65], "content_span": [66, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160460-0002-0000", "contents": "2-(2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl)cyclopentanone, Properties\nThe flash point of the compound is 162.5\u00a0\u00b0C, and the autoignition temperature is 294\u00a0\u00b0C. The specific rotation is reported to be [\u03b1]D20=+228\u2013235\u00b0 (1 M; chloroform)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160460-0003-0000", "contents": "2-(2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl)cyclopentanone, Properties\nIn general, the compound features a fruity apricot-like odor. Of the four stereo isomers, (2R,2\u2032S,1\u2032\u2032R)-Nectaryl and (2R,2\u2032R,1\u2032\u2032R)-Nectaryl contribute especially to the compound's odor, the odor detection threshold lies at 0.094\u00a0ng\u00b7l\u22121 and 0.112\u00a0ng\u00b7l\u22121, respectively. In contrast to that, the other stereo isomers show an unspecific fruity odor, the odor detection threshold are 11.2\u00a0ng\u00b7l\u22121 and 14.9\u00a0ng\u00b7l\u22121 which is much higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160460-0004-0000", "contents": "2-(2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl)cyclopentanone, Properties\nThe tenacity on blotter (the time during which the compound is smellable with unchanged characteristics) is reported to be three weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160460-0005-0000", "contents": "2-(2-(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)propyl)cyclopentanone, Uses\nThe substance is used as a fragrance in exemplary air conditioning products, perfumes and polishes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 60], "content_span": [61, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160461-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol\n2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, also known under many trade names,  is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH. It is a colorless liquid. It is a popular solvent for commercial applications. It is produced by the ethoxylation of ethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160461-0001-0000", "contents": "2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, Applications\nIt is a solvent for dyes, nitrocellulose, paints, inks, and resins. It is a component of wood stains for wood, for setting the twist and conditioning yarns and cloth, in textile printing, textile soaps, lacquers, penetration enhancer in cosmetics, drying varnishes and enamels, and brake fluids. It used to determine the saponification values of oils and as a neutral solvent for mineral oil-soap and mineral oil-sulfated oil mixtures (giving fine dispersions in water)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160462-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazoles\n2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazoles, also referred to as phenolic benzotriazoles, are an important class of UV absorbers comprising the benzotriazole building block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160462-0001-0000", "contents": "2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazoles, Structure\nThe molecules are composed of substituted benzotriazoles with a phenyl group in the 2-position, which carries a hydroxy group in the ortho-position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160462-0002-0000", "contents": "2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazoles, Use\n2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazoles are used as UV stabilizers in lacquers and plastics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 42], "content_span": [43, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160463-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol\n2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol, also known under trade names Methyl Carbitol, is an industrial solvent and is also commonly used as a Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) in jet fuels. It is a clear, colorless, hygroscopic liquid. Structurally it is an alcohol and an ether, with a formula  CH3OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH. At direct contact it causes drying of skin by leaching fats, and is mildly irritating to the eyes. It is flammable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160464-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(Dicyanomethylene)croconate\n2-(Dicyanomethylene)croconate is a divalent anion with chemical formula C8N2O2\u22124 or ((N\u2261C\u2212)2C=)(C5O4)2\u2212. It is one of the pseudo-oxocarbon anions, as it can be described as a derivative of the croconate oxocarbon anion C5O2\u22125 through the replacement of one oxygen atom by a dicyanomethylene group =C(\u2212C\u2261N)2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160464-0001-0000", "contents": "2-(Dicyanomethylene)croconate\nThe anion was synthesized and characterized by A. Fatiadi in 1980, by hydrolysis of croconate violet treated with potassium hydroxide. It gives an orange solution in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160465-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(Diphenylphosphino)anisole\n2-(Diphenylphosphino)anisole is the organophosphorus compound  with the formula (C6H5)2PC6H4-2-OCH3. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. The compound is used as a ligand in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. It is the prototypical hemilabile ligand. This compound is prepared from 2-bromoanisole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160466-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(Ethylamino)-1,2-diphenylethanone\n2-(Ethylamino)-1,2-diphenylethanone (also known as \u03b1-ethylamino-deoxybenzoin, [\u03b1-(Ethylamino)benzyl]-(phenyl)-ketone and \u03b2k-Ephenidine) is a chemical compound which was first invented in 1955, researched by ICI in 1969 as an antidepressant, and subsequently claimed by AstraZeneca as an inhibitor of the enzyme 11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. No other pharmacological data has been disclosed, though its chemical structure closely resembles that of certain designer drug compounds such as ephenidine and N-ethylhexedrone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160467-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160467-0001-0000", "contents": "2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxopropyl-CoM, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160467-0002-0000", "contents": "2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-[2-(R)-hydroxypropylthio]ethanesulfonate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called 2-(2-(R)-hydroxypropylthio)ethanesulfonate dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160467-0003-0000", "contents": "2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160468-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160468-0001-0000", "contents": "2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxopropyl-CoM, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160468-0002-0000", "contents": "2-(S)-hydroxypropyl-CoM dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-[2-(S)-hydroxypropylthio]ethanesulfonate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called 2-(2-(S)-hydroxypropylthio)ethanesulfonate dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160469-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase\nIn enzymology, a 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160469-0001-0000", "contents": "2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate and H2O, whereas its 4 products are acetate, succinate semialdehyde, NH3, and CO2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160469-0002-0000", "contents": "2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate amidohydrolase (deaminating, decarboxylating). This enzyme is also called alpha-(N-acetylaminomethylene)succinic acid hydrolase. This enzyme participates in vitamin B6 metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160470-0000-0000", "contents": "2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase\nIn enzymology, a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160470-0001-0000", "contents": "2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate and H2O, whereas its 4 products are acetate, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-oxobutanoate, NH3, and CO2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160470-0002-0000", "contents": "2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate amidohydrolase (deaminating, decarboxylating). Other names in common use include compound B hydrolase, alpha-hydroxymethyl-alpha'-(N-acetylaminomethylene)succinic acid, and hydrolase. This enzyme participates in vitamin B6 metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160471-0000-0000", "contents": "2-1 road\nA 2-1 road (2-minus-1 road) is a type of road with extra wide shoulders, and a smaller two-way lane in the middle for vehicles. The shoulders are to be used by pedestrians and cyclists, and if necessary by meeting vehicles. The purpose of the road is to give more space to pedestrians and cyclists and thereby avoid constructing new dedicated pedestrian and bicycle paths, especially in areas where new constructions are to be avoided or not possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160471-0001-0000", "contents": "2-1 road\nThe road-type is popular in Denmark where a third of all municipalities have at least one stretch of this type of road. Together with other traffic calming measures these roads have lowered traffic accidents with about 25%. Sweden started building this type of road in 2006 and is there called \"bymilj\u00f6v\u00e4g\", or in English \"village environment road\", as it often goes through and between different dispersed settlements. There the roads have been met by critique from both residents and the police as they believe it will lead to more accidents. Drivers' behavior have also been criticized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0000-0000", "contents": "2-1-1\n2-1-1 is a special abbreviated telephone number reserved in Canada and the United States as an easy-to-remember three-digit telephone number meant to provide information and referrals to health, human, and social service organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0001-0000", "contents": "2-1-1\nLike the emergency telephone number 9-1-1, 2-1-1 is one of the eight N11 codes of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0002-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, History, United States\nFor many years, New York Telephone (now a unit of Verizon) used 2-1-1 as an automated credit request number for disconnected or misdialed calls. This service was in service from the 1970s through the early 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0003-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, History, United States\nBefore the introduction of direct long-distance dialing, the long-distance operator was reached by dialing 2-1-1 in order to place a long-distance call. When the states in the US and  provinces in  Canada were assigned area codes in 1947 by The North American Numbering Plan, direct long distance dialing using the area code + local number was slowly introduced starting in 1951, eventually eliminating the use  of 211. After that, the local telephone providers designated \"00\" for long distance operator access.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0004-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, History, United States\nUnited Way of Metropolitan Atlanta was the first to introduce a 2-1-1 service in 1997. Many states began implementation plans soon after, aided by the United Way of America in partnership with the Alliance of Information and Referral Systems (AIRS). On July 20, 2000, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved 2-1-1 for nationwide use as a short number in the United States along with 5-1-1 for transportation. In Texas, particularly in the Coastal Bend area, 2-1-1 is also the number to call for elderly and handicapped people needing evacuation assistance in the event of a pending disaster such as a hurricane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0005-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, History, United States\nAs of 2017, close to 95% of the population in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico and Washington, DC) has access to 2-1-1 services. More than 200 agencies, including United Ways, provide 2-1-1 services. The largest population without access to 2-1-1 is the metro-Chicago area. In 2017, the 2-1-1 network in the U.S. answered close to 15 million requests for assistance through phone, text, and web chat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0006-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, History, Canada\nThe Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the use of 2-1-1 throughout Canada on August 9, 2001. The first Canadian 2-1-1 service opened in Toronto on June 13, 2002. 2-1-1 services are free of charge and multilingual in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 22], "content_span": [23, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0007-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, History, Canada\nAs of October 2020, the whole of Canada, including the territories, has had access to 2\u20131-1 thanks to a nationwide expansion, following the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 22], "content_span": [23, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0008-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, History, Canada\nIn Canada, 2-1-1 offers free and confidential information and referral for all non emergency needs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 22], "content_span": [23, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0009-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Operation\n2-1-1 center hours vary. Many are open 24/7 to refer callers to organizations that provide services in such areas as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0010-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Operation\nWhere available, 2-1-1 is operated by a private non-profit community-service organization, local government or local United Ways, which are part of the broader United Way Worldwide network. 2-1-1 provides information and referral to callers on where to obtain assistance from local and national social service programs, local and national governmental agencies and local and national non-profit organizations as well as where to volunteer or make a donation locally. Referrals are often given from databases accessed by call specialists. These databases are maintained by 2-1-1 staff following stringent data management guidelines. The databases are typically local but in some cases linked together to form statewide databases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0011-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Operation\nMany 2-1-1 centers are exploring Memorandums of Understanding with state and federal governments to facilitate the efficient handling of future disasters. Television or radio stations could easily tell citizens to call 2-1-1 in the event of an emergency. Call specialists at these centers would be informed of current disaster plans or places to receive help and could then inform the public of the correct course of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0011-0001", "contents": "2-1-1, Operation\nAfter Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria in Florida, Texas, Puerto Rico, and the Gulf Coast region, 2-1-1 centers were instrumental in coordinating with local government officials and providing information to communities before and after local disasters. Furthermore, 2-1-1 providers in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Florida were called upon to provide assistance to individuals fleeing Puerto Rico's devastation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0012-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Availability, United States\nAs of May 2017, the service is available in all 50 states and Washington, D.C. and 95% of the U.S. population has access to 2-1-1 services by dialing 2-1-1 on a landline or cell phone. In 2017, the 2-1-1 network answered close to 15 million requests for assistance by phone, text, and chat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0013-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Availability, Canada\nIn Canada, 2-1-1 is available in the following places (starting dates in parentheses). Note that this list may be out-of-date; 2-1-1 service coverage is generally expanding over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0014-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Availability, Canada\nThe Windsor Star has reported on March 20, 2003 that Windsor, Ontario intended to have a 2-1-1 service up by 2009, as the Provincial Government allocated $311,000 to start it up, with much of the money being donated by the United Way of Canada, but had a set time limit on how long those funds would be available. On November 26, 2007, the City of Windsor's  announced that 2-1-1 service for Windsor and Essex County began, and was being run by the United Way (who also runs the local 3-1-1 service).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0015-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Availability, Canada\nPlans to introduce 2-1-1 services are also in development in other Canadian communities. Ontario extended 2-1-1 province-wide in 2012 and Nova Scotia's province-wide 2-1-1 deployment will be fully operational in 2014. In British Columbia, 2-1-1 services are administered by , and is available on Vancouver Island\\Gulf Islands and in the Metro Vancouver, Squamish-Lillooet, Sunshine Coast Regional District and Fraser Valley and regional districts, with plans to expand the services provincially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0016-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Availability, Canada\nIn some communities, unused X-1-1 codes were assigned as plant test numbers for telephone installers testing individual lines. In the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, for instance, when 2-1-1 was dialed, it caused a busy signal to occur and the dialer's telephone line would \"go dead\" for several minutes afterward. These codes must first be \"recovered\" by moving the test functions elsewhere (958 and 959 are standard reserved local and long-distance test exchanges in most areas) to permit redeployment as local public information numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0017-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Accreditation, United States\nThe American accrediting body for 2-1-1 centers is the  (AIRS). AIRS provides an in-depth accreditation process for 2-1-1 centers. AIRS also certifies 2-1-1 Call Center Representatives as Certified Information and Referral Specialists (CIRS), Certified Information and Referral Specialists for Aging (CIRS-A) and Certified Resource Specialists (CRS) annually. AIRS standards have been created to provide a benchmark for 2-1-1 centers and its staff. The standards regulate nationally how a 2-1-1 centers provides services and how they collect and store information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0018-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Accreditation, United States\nINFOLINE of Los Angeles, an information and referral services agency serving the greater Los Angeles area, developed a national taxonomy of human services that provides a standard language for information and referral providers nationally. AIRS adopted this taxonomy as its national standard for use in the field of information and referral. This taxonomy provides standard definition of terms, an exact coding structure for referrals and search methodology for providing referrals to consumers. More information about the AIRS/Infoline Taxonomy of Human Services can be found at .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0019-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Accreditation, United States\nAccredited 2-1-1 centers must have active Memorandums of Understanding with local 9-1-1 service as well as domestic violence providers, elder care providers, mental health providers and local law enforcement to name a few.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0020-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Accreditation, Canada\nIn Canada, professional certification is handled by InformCanada . The national 211 initiative is a partnership between InformCanada and United Way of Canada \u2013 Centraide Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0021-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Accreditation, Canada\nWork is underway to create a bilingual, Canadian Taxonomy of human services based on the AIRS/Infoline Taxonomy. This project is led by InformCanada and significant steps have been made on the creation of a starter taxonomy by the 211 Ontario phase 2 project, funded by the Ontario Trillium Foundation and the government of Canada. Updates on the Canadian Taxonomy Project are maintained by 211.ca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0022-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Implementation process\nThe number 2-1-1 must be captured and approved for assigning through the local telecom companies providing services in the local area. The process of implementing a 2-1-1 service in a community has taken many paths since its beginning in 1997. Some places have a centralized statewide system while others have decentralized regional networks with different types of affiliations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0023-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Implementation process\nIn the United States, each implementation is monitored by the national accrediting entity  (AIRS) and its local statewide affiliate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160472-0024-0000", "contents": "2-1-1, Implementation process\nIn Canada, the deployment of 2-1-1 service is subject to InformCanada accreditation and Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160473-0000-0000", "contents": "2-1-2 Forecheck\nThe 2-1-2 forecheck, or pinch on a wide rim is an ice hockey forechecking strategy which uses two forwards deep in the offensive zone, with the remaining forward positioned high in the offensive zone, and the two defencemen positioned at the highest part of the zone near the blue line. This forecheck is used to apply both mental and physical pressure on the opposing team as they try to move the puck out of their defensive zone with objective of forcing a turnover. The positioning of the players removes options for moving the puck along the boards, forcing the play to the middle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160473-0001-0000", "contents": "2-1-2 Forecheck\nEach of the five skaters has a specific role in the execution of the 2-1-2 forecheck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160473-0002-0000", "contents": "2-1-2 Forecheck\nThis system of forechecking needs to have good skaters in order to be successful. The Edmonton Oilers during their dynasty years were such a club and made use of the 2-1-2 forecheck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0000-0000", "contents": "2-10-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-10-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, ten powered and coupled driving wheels on five axles, and no trailing wheels. This arrangement was often named Decapod, especially in the United States, although this name was sometimes applied to locomotives of 0-10-0 \"Ten-Coupled\" arrangement, particularly in the United Kingdom. Notable German locomotives of this type include the war locomotives of Class 52.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0001-0000", "contents": "2-10-0\nThese locomotives were popular in Europe, particularly in Germany and Russia; British use of the type was confined to the period during and after World War II. In the United States, the 2-10-0 was not widely popular but was a favorite of a small number of railroads which operated mostly in mountainous terrain. Among these was the Erie Railroad, a major Chicago to New York trunk line railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0002-0000", "contents": "2-10-0\nThe 2-10-0's main advantage was that five out of six of its axles were powered, meaning almost all the weight was available for traction rather than being distributed over pilot and trailing wheels. The long rigid wheelbase caused problems on tightly curved track, so blind drivers were the norm, either on the central axle, and/or on the second and/or fourth axles. Often lateral motion devices were attached to the leading drive axle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0003-0000", "contents": "2-10-0\nThe wheel arrangement's disadvantages included the firebox size restriction caused by the lack of trailing wheel. This meant the firebox was fitted in between the wheels (common on earlier locomotives) and was long and narrow, or if mounted above the driving wheels, was wide and long but shallow. Many locomotives chose the latter option. A firebox mounted over the drivers also restricted the diameter of the driving wheels, which in turn limited speed. As with the Consolidation (2-8-0), \"chopping\" at speed ensured a rough ride for the crew due to instability caused by the wheel arrangement. In fact, backing any locomotive without a trailing axle was restricted to under twenty miles per hour or less. Most 2-10-0s were not operated at speeds greater than 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0004-0000", "contents": "2-10-0\nThe type operated as freight engine, although locomotives in Germany and the United Kingdom proved capable of hauling passenger trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0005-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United States\nThe first Decapods were built for the Lehigh Valley Railroad in the late-1860s. They proved too rough on the track because of their long coupled wheelbase. No more followed for 19 years, until the Northern Pacific Railway bought two for use on the switchbacks over Stampede Pass, while the 2-mile (3.2\u00a0km) tunnel was being built. In low-speed service where high tractive effort was critical, these Decapods were successful. Small numbers of other Decapods were built over the next twenty years, mostly for service in steeply graded mountainous areas where power at low speeds was the requirement. The type did not prove as popular as the successful Consolidation (2-8-0) type. Among Decapod users was the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The engines were tandem compounds but their ongoing reversing limitations became the genesis of the 2-10-2 wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0006-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United States\nThe first boost in the number of Decapods occurred when Imperial Russia ordered approximately 1,200 Decapods from American builders during World War I. When the Bolshevik revolution occurred in 1917, 857 had already been delivered, but more than 200 were either awaiting shipment or were in the process of construction. These stranded locomotives were adopted by the United States Railroad Administration (USRA), the body created by the Government to oversee and control the railroads during the War, converted to American standards, and put to use on American railroads. Small and light-footed, these Russian decapods proved popular with smaller railroads, and many of them remained in service long after the USRA's control of the railroads ceased. Many indeed lasted until the end of steam on those railroads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0007-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United States\nSwengel suggested the 2-10-0 arrangement was 'obsolete' by 1916, when the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) commenced an experiment with a 2-10-0 locomotive at its Juniata plant. Most 10 coupled engines constructed for U.S. railroads during World War I were of the USRA 2-10-2 arrangement, but the PRR committed to 122 of the 2-10-0s. Swengel argued this commitment to the 2-10-0, nicknamed \"Deks\", was controversial even in 1916 and was more so in 1922 when the PRR placed additional orders. The PRR was soon the biggest user of Decapods in the United States. The type was ideally suited to the Pennsy's heavily graded Allegheny Mountains routes, which required lugging ability according to tractive effort, not speed according to horse power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0008-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United States\nThe PRR bought 598 2-10-0s including 123 built at its own shops. In one of the largest locomotive orders ever, the rest came from the Baldwin Locomotive Works. The PRR 2-10-0s weighed 386,100\u00a0lb (175.1\u00a0t) and developed about 90,000\u00a0lbf (400.3\u00a0kN) of tractive effort with an axle loading of over 70,000\u00a0lb (32\u00a0t). The engines steamed at 250\u00a0psi (1.72\u00a0MPa) and had a relatively large superheater. The grate area of about 70\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (6.5\u00a0m2) was on the small side, but a mechanical stoker partly compensated for this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0009-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United States\nThe PRR decapod, class I1s, was unlike the Russian decapod; it was huge, taking advantage of the PRR's heavy trackage and high axle loading, with a fat, free-steaming boiler that earned the type the nickname of 'Hippos' on the PRR. Two giant cylinders (30\u00bd x 32\u00a0inch) gave the I1s power and their tenders permitted hard and long workings between stops. They were unpopular with the crews, for they were hard riding. The last operations on the PRR were 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0010-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United States\nA small number of other Decapods were ordered by other railroads; the I-2 Decapods built for the Western Maryland Railway were the largest ever built, at almost 420,000\u00a0lb (190\u00a0t) weight, and are a notable exception to the rule of thumb for the comfort of the ride on a 2-10-0 wheel arrangement, crews said the engines cruised smoothly up to 50\u00a0mph without becoming a rough ride. (After the running gear was redesigned by the WM) The WM's I-2 are also noted as the strongest Decapods ever built, at 96,315\u00a0lbs of tractive effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0010-0001", "contents": "2-10-0, United States\n(Not to be confused with the 10 Russian Decapods the WM held in their roster, which were standard Russian Decapods aside from heavier steel frames the WM used to replace the original cast iron frames, the new frames also made the WM Russian Decapods 2 inches longer than other Russian Decapods)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0011-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United States\nBaldwin developed two standard 2-10-0s for railroads with low axle-load requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0012-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United States\nThirteen Decapod locomotives survive in the US, including two Baldwin standards, six Russian Decapods and one PRR I1. Two, Great Western 90, a Baldwin Decapod at the Strasburg Rail Road, and Frisco 1630, a Russian Decapod at the Illinois Railway Museum, are operational. One Decapod survives as a static exhibit at the North Carolina Transportation Museum in Spencer, North Carolina (Seaboard Air Line 2-10-0 #544).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0013-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, Germany\nThe 2-10-0 arrangement was a very popular one in Germany. The first were built by the individual state railways from 1915 to 1918, and these later became the DRG BR58. The DRG then produced a number of standard classes of 2-10-0s: the heavy 3-cylinder BR44 (1753 built), the two-cylinder version BR43 (35 built), and the lightweight BR50 (3164 built). During wartime, the BR44 and BR50 designs were simplified as \u00dcK (\u00dcbergangs Kriegslokomotiven, or interim war locomotives). By 1941, it was clear that even these were too complicated, expensive, time-consuming to build, and used too much material in short supply, so new Kriegslokomotive (war locomotive) designs were developed: the lightweight BR52 (7794 built) and the intermediate weight BR42 (859 built).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0014-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, Germany\nPostwar locomotives of these types, particularly the BR 52, were spread all over Europe and were taken into service by the railways of many different countries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0015-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United Kingdom\nLocomotives with ten driving wheels were rare in British railway history. In 1913 an initial design for a four-cylinder 2-10-0 of 53,328 pounds-force (237,000\u00a0N) tractive effort was produced by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, but none were built. This had been inspired by Jean-Baptiste Flamme's Type 36 (SNCB) 2-10-0s working in Belgium and used a similar tapered boiler, with the round-topped firebox almost filling the loading gauge. The first 2-10-0 was built during the Second World War, as a variant of the \"Austerity\" 2-8-0 for lightly built railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0016-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, United Kingdom\nThe only other 2-10-0 type was the 251-strong Standard class 9F introduced by British Railways in 1954. The class included 92220 Evening Star, the last steam locomotive built for British Railways, in 1960; and 92203 (named Black Prince when preserved), which in 1983 set a record for the heaviest steam locomotive-hauled train in Britain when it started a 2,162-ton train at Foster Yeoman quarry in Somerset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0017-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, Finland\nThe State Railroads of Finland purchased 20 American Decapods after WWII - these were originally built for the Soviet Union, but never delivered to them. Of the 20 engines, 10 were made by Baldwin, 10 by Alco. Since they were originally built for the USSR, they had the correct gauge for Finland, too (1,524\u00a0mm (5\u00a0ft) exactly). One (Alco # 75214, 1947) is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum in Hyvink\u00e4\u00e4, Finland. The Finnish designation was Tr2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0018-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, Finland\nThe locomotive was nicknamed Truman in Finland. It was used for hauling heavy freight trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0019-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, France\nFrom 1910 to 1951, the French industry built more than 500 decapods for three railway companies (Paris-Orl\u00e9ans, Nord, Est) and for the national railways (SNCF). Moreover, at the end of World War II, SNCF inherited more than 200 units of German decapods built in France, mostly BR 44. The last decapod, a SNCF 150P, was withdrawn in 1968. All 2-10-0s, of French or of German design, proved reliable and powerful in service. One can notice that some engines of the Paris-Orl\u00e9ans company were dedicated to passenger service on difficult mountain lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0020-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, Poland\nBetween early 1920s and 1958 Polish industry delivered to PKP some 1200 decapods of classes Ty23, Ty37, Ty45 and Ty51. PKP also operated German decapods BR 52 (Ty2) and BR 42 (Ty3), as well as American ones (Ty246, nicknamed \"Trumman\"). They were used to work the heaviest goods trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0021-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, Romania\nAfter the Second World War, Romania built the 150.000 Class, after DRB Class 50. A total of 282 locomotives were built between 1946 and 1960, at Malaxa (later 23 August Works) in Bucharest, and in Re\u015fi\u0163a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0022-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, Soviet Union\n2-10-0 were fairly common freight locomotives in the former Soviet Union. They came from several sources: US imports (class Ye (Russian: \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0415), built by ALCO and Baldwin, respectively), German war trophy DRB 52 class locomotives (what became the Soviet TE-series) and locally built. The locally built 2-10-0 locomotives were represented by some TE (built from captured German parts), SO (Sergo Ordjonikidze) and L (Lebedyanski)\u2013series locomotives. The L-series locomotives were one of the more advanced steam locomotives built in the former Soviet Union. They used an automatic stoker to feed coal and had a relatively low axle load (18 tonnes or 40,000\u00a0lb) to be compatible with the war-torn railroads of the former Soviet Union. Several examples of these locomotives are still preserved in working order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160474-0023-0000", "contents": "2-10-0, Soviet Union\nThere is a 2-10-0 Lebedyanski series locomotive L 4657, marooned in a siding at Port Baikal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0000-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotive wheel arrangements, a 2-10-10-2 is a locomotive with two leading wheels, two sets of ten driving wheels, and a pair of trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0001-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2\nThe equivalent UIC classification is refined to (1\u2032E)E1\u2032 for Mallet locomotives. All 2-10-10-2 locomotives have been articulated locomotives, Mallet locomotives in particular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0002-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2\nThis wheel arrangement was rare. Only two classes of 2-10-10-2 locomotives have been built; the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway's 3000 class, and the Virginian Railway's class AE. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe 3000 class unfortunately performed poorly, and therefore were rebuilt back to the original 2-10-2s they came from between 1915-1918, after only being in service for approximately 3-7 years. None of these survived into preservation. The Virginian Railway Class AE were much more successful, providing between 25-31 years of service, where some were scrapped from 1943-1945, and the rest were scrapped from 1947 to 1949 . None were preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0003-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2, ATSF 3000 class\nThis class of ten 2-10-10-2 locomotives were actually rebuilt from more conventional 2-10-2 Baldwin-built locomotives by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1911 to 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0004-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2, ATSF 3000 class\nThe ATSF 2-10-10-2's, #3000 class locomotives, were the largest locomotives in the world from 1911 to 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0005-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2, ATSF 3000 class\nDespite being good for helper service, they could only go 10 to 15mph before losing steam, resulting in the locomotives being rebuilt to 2-10-2s during 1915\u20131918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0006-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2, Virginian Railway class AE86\nThese ten locomotives were built in 1918 by ALCO for the Virginian Railway. With a width of 144 inches (3,658\u00a0mm), they were delivered without their cabs and front low-pressure cylinders; and were assembled after delivery. The 48-inch (1,219\u00a0mm) low-pressure cylinders (on 90-inch or 2,286-millimetre centers) were the largest on any US locomotive; the cylinders had to be inclined a few degrees to provide clearance. The boiler was also the largest diameter of any locomotive; Railway Mech Engnr says \"the outside diameter of the largest course is 112+7\u20448 inches (2,867\u00a0mm).\" but the drawing shows 118+1\u20442 inches (3,010\u00a0mm) diameter at the rear tube sheet. The size of the fuel tenders was short so the locomotive would fit on the Virginian's existing turntables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0007-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2, Virginian Railway class AE86\nThis class were compound Mallet locomotives. The rear, high-pressure cylinders exhausted their steam into the huge front cylinders. They could also be operated in simple mode for starting; reduced-pressure steam could be sent straight from the boiler to the front cylinders at low speed, for maximum tractive effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0008-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2, Virginian Railway class AE86\nThe calculated tractive effort was 147,200\u00a0lb (66,800\u00a0kg) in  compound; or 176,600\u00a0lb (80,100\u00a0kg) in simple for the Virginian locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160475-0009-0000", "contents": "2-10-10-2, Virginian Railway class AE86\nThe class remained in service until the 1940s. No locomotive example of this type survived into preservation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0000-0000", "contents": "2-10-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-10-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels, ten powered and coupled driving wheels, and two trailing wheels. In the United States of America and elsewhere the 2-10-2 is known as the Santa Fe type, after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway that first used the type in 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0001-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Overview\nThe 2-10-2 wheel arrangement evolved in the United States from the 2-10-0 Decapod of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF). Their existing 2-10-0 tandem compound locomotives, used as pushers up Raton Pass, encountered problems reversing back down the grade for their next assignments since they were unable to track around curves at speed in reverse and had to run very slowly to avoid derailing. Consequently, the ATSF added a trailing truck to the locomotives which allowed them to operate successfully in both directions. These first 2-10-2 locomotives became the forerunners to the entire 2-10-2 family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0002-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Overview\nThe trailing truck allows a larger, deeper firebox than that of a 2-10-0. Like all ten-coupled designs, the long rigid wheelbase of the coupled wheels presented a problem on curves, requiring flangeless drivers, lateral motion devices and much sideplay on the outer axles. To limit this problem, the coupled wheels were generally small, up to 64 inches (1,630 millimetres) in diameter, which in turn generated the problem of insufficient counterweights to balance the weight of the driving rods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0003-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Overview\nThe 2-10-2's inherent problem was the low speed restriction on the type, which was about 35 miles per hour (56 kilometres per hour). Further, the 2-10-2 had other inherent restrictions. The massive cylinders that were required on locomotives in the United States for high tractive effort had the result that no reasonably sized valves could admit and exhaust steam at a sufficient rate to permit fast running.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0003-0001", "contents": "2-10-2, Overview\nIn addition the 2-10-2, like the 2-6-2, had its main rod connected to the middle coupled axle, very near to the centre of gravity, which created a violent nosing (waddling) action when operating at speed. The peak of the 2-10-2 design limitations was reached in the United States in 1926 and was overcome with the advent of the superior 2-10-4 design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0004-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage\nLocomotives with a 2-10-2 wheel arrangement were used in a number of countries around the world, including those in North America, Western Europe, China, the Soviet Union and Africa. Continental Europe saw a fair number of 2-10-2s, although the type was always less popular than 2-8-2 Mikados and 2-10-0 Decapods. A large number of European 2-10-2s were tank locomotives, taking advantage of the symmetrical nature of the wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 13], "content_span": [14, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0005-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Argentina\nThe metre gauge General Manuel Belgrano Railway in Argentina operated the E2 series of 2-10-2 locomotives. In 1956, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan constructed a batch of ten 2-10-2s based on this design for the isolated Ramal Ferro Industrial R\u00edo Turbio (RFIRP) 750 mm gauge railway in the southern Patagonian Desert, to haul coal from R\u00edo Turbio for shipping from R\u00edo Gallegos, Santa Cruz. These required modification by Livio Dante Porta to achieve their full potential. Ten more powerful examples were introduced into service in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 24], "content_span": [25, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0006-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Belgian Congo\nTwo classes of 2-10-2 locomotives were used in the Belgian Congo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0007-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Canada\nIn 1916, Canadian National Railways (CNR) took delivery of ten Class T-1-a 2-10-2s from an order made by the short-lived Canadian Government Railways and built by ALCO. Ten more were delivered from the Montreal Locomotive Works in 1918, and another 25 slightly modified T-1-cs in 1920 that were 1,100 pounds lighter. Canadian Locomotive Company produced five T-2-as in 1924. Ten ALCO's named \"T-3-a\" were acquired from the Boston and Albany Railroad in 1928. Canadian Locomotive Company produced the last series of 2-10-2s for CNR, a batch of 15 T-4-as in 1929, and 18 T-4-bs in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0008-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Canada\nThe 2-10-2s began to be scrapped in the mid-1950s, with the last models being used until 1961. There are two surviving CNR 2-10-2 locomotives. One is No. 4008, on display at the CNR Station in Rainy River, Ontario, and the other is No. 4100, on display at the Canadian Railway Museum in Delson, QC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0009-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, China\nThe mainstay of Chinese steam was their 2-10-2 locomotives. This was the wheel arrangement of the Chinese QJ class locomotives that were based on the Soviet LV class and built by Datong Locomotive Works from 1959. They were produced until 1988 and were still in widespread service until the final steam runs in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0010-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, China\nAfter retirement, some of these QJ class locomotives found their way to the United States, where they are used in revenue freight and excursion service. In Train Festival 2011, Multipower International restored two Chinese IAIS 6988 locomotives to Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Part 230 specifications and delivered them to the Railroad Development Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0011-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Germany\nExamples on the German railway systems included classes BR84 and BR85, both standard tank locomotive designs built in 1935 and 1937 respectively, and class BR95, a tank locomotive built in 1922 by the Prussian State Railways as the Prussian T 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0012-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Germany\nFrom 1936, the German railways built 28 three-cylinder 2-10-2 tender freight locomotives of class BR45, which were the most powerful steam locomotives on the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0013-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Germany\nFurther examples, still in regular service, are the metre-gauge DR Class 99.23-24 on the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways and the 750\u00a0mm-gauge DR Class 99.77-79 on the R\u00fcgen narrow-gauge railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0014-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Mozambique\nWhile the 2-10-2 wheel arrangement was not very common in Africa, the Lourenco Marques system in Mozambique (Caminhos de Ferro de Mo\u00e7ambique or CFM) had altogether 37 locomotives of this type, in three classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0015-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Philippines\nThe Manila Railroad Company (now the Philippine National Railways) acquired ten 200-class locomotives in 1922 from the American Locomotive Company (Alco) and was purchased alongside the 4-8-2 170-class. Based on Henry Kirke Porter's acclaimed design of the 45 class, these were intended to replace the original Scottish-built tank locomotives as well as a small group of 4-4-2 tender locomotives that were acquired from the company's predecessors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0016-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Philippines\nThey were serviced to haul heavy freight trains on the South Main Line between Manila and Lucena. This class also had one of the largest cylinders of any unarticulated Cape-gauge locomotive according to Alco, but it comparatively had small boilers and grills. Their arrival also called for larger 80 feet (24\u00a0m) turntables in both ends of the line, making them some of the largest and most powerful locomotives that entered Philippine service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0017-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Philippines\nOut of ten locomotives, four managed to survive World War II, all of which were still in active service in 1952. However, these locomotives were retired after the MRR turned to upgrading its fleet to diesel locomotives in 1956. Not a single unit was preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0018-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Poland\nTwenty-five OKz32 2-10-2 tank locomotives were delivered to PKP between 1934 and 1936. They were used mainly to work passenger trains between Krak\u00f3w and Zakopane, a difficult railway line, steep in places, with many sharp curves, and requiring three direction changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0019-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Romania\nRomania designed its 151.000 Class as freight locomotives to serve on the C\u0103ile Ferate Rom\u00e2ne (CFR). These locomotives used a straightforward two-cylinder 650 by 720 millimetres (25.591 by 28.346 inches) engine with 1,500 millimetres (59 inches) diameter coupled wheels and a total weight in working order of 123 tonnes (121 long tons; 136 short tons). The heating surface of the boiler was 254.8 square metres (2,743 square feet), of which 98.5 square metres (1,060 square feet) were superheated, while the grate area was 4.72 square metres (50.8 square feet). At a tractive effort of 21,294 kilograms-force (208,820 newtons; 46,950 pounds-force), they were the most powerful steam locomotives built in Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0020-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Romania\nTwo of these locomotives were built by the Malaxa Works in 1939 and 1941, numbered 151.001 and 151.002. Number 151.002 was preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0021-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, South Africa\nOn 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge, this wheel arrangement was first used by the South African Railways (SAR) in 1927. Two Class 18 steam locomotives, the most powerful non-articulated locomotives to see service on the SAR, were introduced on the line between Witbank and Germiston in an attempt to ease problems that were being experienced with increasingly heavy coal trains. It was designed by Colonel F.R. Collins DSO, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR from 1922 to 1929, and built by Henschel and Son in Germany. They were three-cylinder locomotives, with the two outer cylinders using Walschaerts valve gear and the inner cylinder using Gresley conjugated valve gear, actuated by the motions of the outer cylinders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0022-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, South Africa\nOne more 2-10-2 locomotive, the Class 20, was designed for branch line work on light rail by A.G. Watson, Chief Mechanical Engineer from 1929 to 1936. Only one locomotive was built by the SAR at its Pretoria Mechanical Shops at Salvokop in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0023-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1950, this sole Class 20 locomotive was modified to an experimental condensing locomotive, equipped with a condensing tender that was ordered from Henschel in Germany in 1948. Beginning in 1951, tests with the condensing Class 20 were conducted in the Eastern Transvaal and the Karoo. The positive results of the condensing trials proved the viability of condensing locomotives in South Africa and led to the introduction of the Class 25 4-8-4 condensing locomotive fleet in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0024-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Soviet Union\nIn the Soviet Union, 2-10-2 locomotives were used to haul heavy freight trains. Two series were relatively common, the FD (for Felix Dzerzhinsky) with more than three thousand built through the 1930s, and the LV (Lebedyanskii, modified by the Voroshilovgrad factory).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0025-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Soviet Union\nThe FD class was developed from ALCO and Baldwin heavy freight locomotives that were imported to Soviet Russia, where they were designated as the Ta and Tb classes respectively. The first FD class locomotive was built at the Lugansk Locomotive Factory in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0026-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Soviet Union\nIn 1932, the Voroshilovgradskom plant began with the mass production of \u0424\u041420 locomotives. In the process of production, their construction was improved constantly. Production was interrupted at the outbreak of the Great Patriotic war in 1941 and was only resumed in 1942, when four locomotives were built in Ulan Ude. The total production was 2,927 locomotives of \u0424\u041420, and 286 locomotives of \u0424\u041421. The two subclasses only differed in respect of their types of superheater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0027-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Soviet Union\nIn 1958, 1,054 FD class locomotives were sold to China, where they worked until the 1980s. A much lesser number were sold to North Korea at around the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0028-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Soviet Union\nThe Russian locomotive class LV was developed from the previous L class 2-10-0 locomotive by the Voroshilovgrad factory. It used a feedwater heater to increase thermal efficiency and was the most efficient freight steam locomotive in the Soviet Union, with thermal efficiency of 9.3%. The first prototype was named OR18-01 (October Revolution factory, 18 tonne axle load). A total of 522 LV class locomotives were built. Several were preserved, including the first, OR18-01, and the last, LV-0522.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0029-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Spain\nIn Spain, the 2-10-2 wheel arrangement was represented by one series of 22 locomotives. They were initially ordered for the Compa\u00f1\u00eda del Norte, but RENFE kept the entire series in reserve. Built between 1941 and 1944 in the La Maquinista Terrestre y Maritima SA factory in Barcelona for hauling heavy coal trains, they were amongst the most powerful steam locomotives in Europe. They had three cylinders, but used simple expansion and were known as Santa Fe locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0030-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Greece\nSEK (Sidirodromoi Ellinikou Kratous, Hellenic State Railways) class \u039c\u03b1 (or class Ma; Mu-alpha) was a class of 2-10-2 steam locomotives built by Ansaldo and Breda in 1953. They were numbered \u039c\u03b1 1001-1020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0031-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Greece\nThe \u039c\u03b1 locomotives were the last steam locomotives acquired by SEK before conversion to diesel traction. They were designed and built in Italy by Breda (10 units) and Ansaldo (10 units) in 1953\u20131954, while some parts (including whole tender underframes) were made by Nuove Reggiane. The length of the locomotive with the tender was 24.93 m, the maximum height 4.51 m and service weight 136 tn. The boiler operated at 18 bar and their rated power was 2950\u00a0hp. Maximum speed was 90\u00a0km/h.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0032-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Greece\nDue to various technical problems, only two years after introduction they were modified by Henschel (1957\u20131958). The boilers were converted to burn heavy fuel oil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0033-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Greece\nThese locomotives were based at Aghios Ioannis Rentis and Thessaloniki depots and were used mainly for freight trains and for some express passenger trains on Piraeus\u2013Thessaloniki and Thessaloniki\u2013Idomeni mainlines until the early 1970s, when they were withdrawn by the Hellenic Railways Organisation (successor of SEK) due to complete conversion to diesel traction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0034-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, Greece\nOnly two examples survived the 1984-1985 steam locomotives scrappings. One of them, 1002 was set on display as part of the theatre \"\u03a4\u03bf \u03a4\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c6\" (=\"The Train at Rouf\"), at Rouf station in Athens. The other one is located at Thessaloniki old railway station, not preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0035-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, United States\nIn the United States, the 2-10-2 type was produced between 1903 and 1930. The first were the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) engines of the 900 and 1600 series, which were an early type with few advantages over the 2-10-0 Decapod, save their ability to operate in reverse without derailing. By 1919, the AT&SF was building the definitive type, with the trailing truck supporting a large firebox. These were of the AT&SF 3800 class. One of them, AT&SF engine no. 3829, was equipped with an experimental two-axle trailing truck to become the first 2-10-4 Texas type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0036-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, United States\nAbout 2,200 Santa Fe types were built, including about 500 of the two United States Railroad Administration (USRA) First World War standard designs. There were two USRA standard 2-10-2s, the heavy version with an engine weight of 380,000 pounds (172,365 kilograms) and the light version with an engine weight of 352,000 pounds (159,665 kilograms). The Santa Fe had the most with 352 engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0037-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, United States\nThe heaviest 2-10-2s were ten locomotives built by Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Reading Railway c. 1931, weighing 451,000 pounds (204,570 kilograms), engine only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0038-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, United States\nAt 104,000 pounds-force (460 kilonewtons), the Illinois Central Railroad\u2019s 2800 class rebuilds probably had the highest calculated tractive effort of any two-cylinder steam locomotive, although the adhesive weight was only 333,000 pounds (151,050 kilograms).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160476-0039-0000", "contents": "2-10-2, Usage, United States\nThe Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ordered its first 2-10-2 from Baldwin in 1914. From 1914 to 1956, their 2-10-2s bore numbers commencing with 6, hence the nickname \"Big Sixes\". Designated the S class, there were several sub-classes. The first of the Big Sixes was retired in 1951 and were all scrapped by 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0000-0000", "contents": "2-10-4\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, a 2-10-4 locomotive has two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a Bissel truck, ten coupled driving wheels on five axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles, usually in a bogie. These were referred to as the Texas type in most of the United States, the Colorado type on the Burlington Route and the Selkirk type in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0001-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Overview\nThe 2-10-4 Texas wheel arrangement originated and was principally used in the United States. The evolution of this locomotive type began as a 2-10-2 Santa Fe type with a larger four-wheeled trailing truck that would allow an enlarged firebox. A subsequent development was as an elongated 2-8-4 Berkshire type that required extra driving wheels to remain within axle load limits. Examples of both of these evolutionary progressions can be found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0002-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Overview\nSome 2-10-4 tank locomotives also existed in eastern Europe. One extraordinary experimental 2-10-4 tender locomotive, built in the Soviet Union, had an opposed piston drive system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0003-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, Belgian Congo\nThe Texas type was rare in Africa. One locomotive, numbered 801, was built for the CF du Bas-Congo au Katanga by Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme John Cockerill in 1939. It had 540 by 550 millimetres (21 by 22 inches) cylinders and 1,100 millimetres (43 inches) diameter driving wheels, with a working order mass of 107.8 tonnes (106.1 long tons; 118.8 short tons), a grate area of 5.4 square metres (58 square feet) and a tractive effort at 65% boiler pressure of 14,690 kilograms-force (144,100 newtons; 32,400 pounds-force). The locomotive is believed to have been built for the line between Bukama and Kamina and accumulated 1,200,000 kilometres (750,000 miles) during its service lifetime. Even with its large size, it was hand-fired and had two firebox doors, with two firemen being carried.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0004-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, Brazil\nOutside North America, the 2-10-4 was rare. In South America, the Central Railway of Brazil ordered seventeen 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a03\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge 2-10-4 locomotives, ten from Baldwin which were delivered in 1940, and another seven from the American Locomotive Company which were delivered in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0005-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, Canada\nThe Canadian Pacific (CP) Selkirk locomotives were all built by Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW). The first twenty of these large engines were built in 1929, designated T1a class and allocated numbers 5900 to 5919. Their Canadian type name was after the Selkirk Mountains across which they were placed in service, the railway summit of which was located just inside the western portal of the Connaught Tunnel beneath Rogers Pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0006-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, Canada\nMLW built another ten of these successful locomotives for CP during November and December 1938, designated T1b class and numbered from 5920 to 5929. Modifications to the original design led to the T1b being ten tonnes lighter while its operating steam pressure was increased from 275 to 285 pounds per square inch (1,900 to 1,970 kilopascals).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0007-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, Canada\nA further six Selkirks, classed T1c and numbered from 5930 to 5935, were delivered by MLW in 1949. They were the last standard gauge steam locomotives to be built in Canada for a Canadian railway. These were very similar to the T1b class, apart from a few refinements which included two cross-compound air compressors to speed up recharging of the air brake system, while some small streamlining touches were not retained, such as the streamlined casing around the smokebox stack as well as the teardrop shape of the classification lights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0007-0001", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, Canada\nIn addition, the inside of the cabs were no longer insulated in the same manner as the previous versions, which had provided better cold-weather cab insulation and were better-liked by crews. The last Selkirks were taken out of service in 1959. These were the most powerful steam locomotives in the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0008-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, Japan\nIn 1948 JGR built 5 Class E10 tank steam locomotives for the purpose of supplementing the aging Class 4110(0-10-0) in Itaya Pass on the Ou Main Line for a short time until electrification. E10 2 is statically stored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0009-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1937, the South African Railways (SAR) placed one 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge Class 21 steam locomotive with a Texas wheel arrangement in service, designed as a mixed traffic locomotive suitable for light rail. It was designed by A.G. Watson, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR from 1929 to 1936, and built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0009-0001", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, South Africa\nOnly the one locomotive was built, at the time representing the maximum power obtainable on Cape gauge from a ten-coupled non-articulated locomotive that was limited to a 15 long tons (15.2 tonnes) axle load on 60 pounds per yard (30 kilograms per metre) rail. To enable it to negotiate tight curves, the third and fourth sets of coupled wheels were flangeless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0010-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, South Africa\nThe locomotive\u2019s Type FT tender was an unusual experimental type using six pairs of wheels in a 2-8-2 wheel arrangement, with the leading and trailing wheels in bissel type pony trucks and the rest of the axles mounted with a rigid wheelbase. A similar Type JV tender had been built in the Salt River shops in Cape Town in 1936 for test purposes and as a prototype to the Type FT. The tender\u2019s wheel arrangement did not prove to be very successful, however, and was not used again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0011-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, Soviet Union\nThere were two Texas-type locomotives built in the USSR. One, the class OR23, built in 1949 by the locomotive works in Ulan Ude, had cylinders that were placed above the center driving axle. Unlike nearly all steam locomotives, the pistons had rods on both ends which transferred power to the wheels. The idea was to balance the driving forces on the wheels, allowing the counterweights on the wheels to be smaller and reducing hammer blow on the track. Test runs showed, however, that the OR23 design was unsuitable as a practical locomotive. The locomotive was never used for more than testing and was returned to its builder  and scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0012-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe\nThe Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway (ATSF) took delivery of locomotive No. 3829 from the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1919. It was used by Santa Fe as an experimental locomotive and was rostered as a member of ATSF\u2019s 3800 class of 2-10-2s that was fitted with a four-wheel trailing truck. Nearly one-hundred more 3800 class locomotives were delivered after No. 3829, but all with the 2-10-2 wheel arrangement. Photographs exist that show No. 3829 fitted with at least two different designs of four-wheel trailing truck through the years. No other members of the 3800 class have been documented with four-wheel trailing trucks. No . 3829 was scrapped in 1955, still equipped with a four-wheel trailing truck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0013-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe\nSanta Fe, who had originated the 2-10-4 type, adopted it again in 1930 with No. 5000, nicknamed Madame Queen. This locomotive was similar to the C&O T-1, with the same 69 inches (1,753 millimetres) drivers but with 300 pounds per square inch (2,100 kilopascals) boiler pressure and 60% limited cutoff. It proved the viability of the type on the Santa Fe railway, but the Great Depression shelved plans to acquire more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0014-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe\nIn 1938, with the railroad's fortunes improving, Santa Fe acquired ten more 2-10-4 locomotives. These came with 74 inches (1,880 millimetres) diameter drivers and 310 pounds per square inch (2,100 kilopascals) boiler pressure, making these ATSF 2-10-4s the fastest and most modern of all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0015-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe\nOf the original order of ten, five were oil-burning and five coal-burning, but when Santa Fe ordered twenty-five more for delivery in 1944, all were delivered equipped to burn oil. The first of the 1944 batch produced 5,600 drawbar horsepower on road test, the highest figure known for a two-cylinder steam locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0016-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Texas and Pacific\nThe 2-10-4 type was revived in 1925 by the Lima Locomotive Works. This time it was an expansion of the 2-8-4 Berkshire type that Lima had pioneered. A version of the Berkshire with ten driving wheels instead of eight was an obvious development and the first to be delivered were to the Texas and Pacific Railway, after which the type was subsequently named. The four-wheel trailing truck allowed a much larger firebox and thus a greater ability to generate heat, and thus steam. The Superpower design, as Lima's marketing department called it, resulted in a locomotive that could develop great power at speed while not running out of steam-generating ability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 47], "content_span": [48, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0017-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Bessemer and Lake Erie\nBaldwin built a fleet of forty-seven H-1 class 2-10-4s for the Bessemer and Lake Erie railroad, an iron ore company, between 1929 and 1944, divided into eight sub-classes, and they were numbered 601-647. These giants have proven to be the most powerful non-articulated steam locomotives ever built, due to their tractive force of 102,106 pounds, an average weight of over 500,000 pounds, and a boiler pressure of 250 pounds per square inch. Eighteen of these were sold off in 1951 to the Duluth Missabe and Iron Range Railway, another iron ore company, who renumbered them 700-717. By the beginning of the 1960s, all but one of these locomotives were sold for scrap. The exception was No. 643, which almost operated in excursion service in the late 1990s, but its large size has forbidden it. It is now owned by the Age of Steam Roundhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 52], "content_span": [53, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0018-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Chesapeake and Ohio\nThe early Lima-built Texas types were low-drivered, 60 to 64 inches (1,524 to 1,626 millimetres) in diameter, which did not leave enough space to fully counterweight the extremely heavy and sturdy side rods and main rods required for such a powerful locomotive's piston thrusts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 49], "content_span": [50, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0018-0001", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Chesapeake and Ohio\nThat changed in 1930 on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O), who stretched the design of an Erie Railroad high-drivered Berkshire type locomotive to produce forty of the C&O T-1, a Texas type with 69 inches (1,753 millimetres) diameter drivers that was both powerful and fast enough for the new higher-speed freight services that the railroads were introducing. All subsequent Texas types were of this higher-drivered sort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 49], "content_span": [50, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0019-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Pennsylvania Railroad\nThe Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) ordered few new locomotives after 1930, since electrification both consumed the railroad's resources and resulted in a supply of excess steam locomotives that eliminated any requirement for new power. It was not until the Second World War had begun, that the PRR's locomotive fleet began to appear inadequate. Although the PRR urgently needed new and modern freight power, the War Production Board prohibited working on a new design and, since there was not enough time to trial a prototype in any event, the PRR cast around for other railroads' designs that it might modify for PRR use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 51], "content_span": [52, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160477-0020-0000", "contents": "2-10-4, Usage, United States, Pennsylvania Railroad\nIt settled on the C&O\u2019s T-1. Some modifications were made to the design for these PRR War Babies. These included PRR drop-couplers, sheet steel pilots, PRR-style cabs, large PRR tenders, Keystone number plates up front and other modifications. It still betrayed its foreign heritage by lacking the PRR trademark Belpaire firebox and by having a booster engine on the trailing truck. Altogether 125 locomotives were built between 1942 and 1944 and became the largest fleet of Texas type locomotives in existence. All were eventually sold as scrap when the Pennsylvania Railroad dieselized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 51], "content_span": [52, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160478-0000-0000", "contents": "2-12-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-12-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle (usually in a leading truck), twelve powered and coupled driving wheels on six axles, and no trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160478-0001-0000", "contents": "2-12-0, Germany\nWhile standard German freight train steam locomotives were 2-10-0 types, between 1917 and 1924 the Esslingen locomotive works produced 44 units of the so-called Class K for the Royal W\u00fcrttemberg State Railways (later renumbered to class 59 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn). With a top speed of only 60\u00a0km/h these locomotives were designed for heavy duty in mountainous areas such as the Geislinger Steige, with special attention on low load per axle (16 t). During World War II, after electrification of that line the units were used on the Semmering railway in Austria, then part of the German Reich. The last four units were in service until 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160478-0002-0000", "contents": "2-12-0, Germany\nThis steam locomotive-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160479-0000-0000", "contents": "2-12-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-12-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle (usually in a leading truck), twelve powered and coupled driving wheels on six axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle (usually in a trailing truck).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160479-0001-0000", "contents": "2-12-2, Use, Austria\nThe Deutsche Reichsbahn and later the Austrian Federal Railways operated two Class 97.4 2-12-2T tank locomotives, both built in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160479-0002-0000", "contents": "2-12-2, Use, Indonesia\nHanomag and Werkspoor built a cumulative total of 28 JSS 800 class 2-12-2Ts (1F1 in UIC notation) for use by the Staatsspoorwegen in freight service in Java and Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia. They were assigned the railroad numbers 801-823 and H130-134. After Indonesian Independence, they were renumbered as F1001-F1026 by Indonesian State Railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160480-0000-0000", "contents": "2-12-4\nIn Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 2-12-4 is a locomotive with one pair of unpowered leading wheels, followed by six pairs of powered driving wheels, and two pairs of unpowered trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160480-0001-0000", "contents": "2-12-4, Bulgaria\nThere are only 20 standard gauge (1,435\u00a0mm (4\u00a0ft\u00a08+1\u20442\u00a0in)) engines with this wheel arrangement that were built for and ran in Europe: class 46 of the Bulgarian State Railways (BD\u017d). They were ordered by BD\u017d and built according to its specification by two different manufacturers: 12 engines by H. Cegielski in Pozna\u0144, Poland in 1931, and 8 by Berliner Maschinenbau (Schwarzkopf) in Berlin, Germany in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160480-0001-0001", "contents": "2-12-4, Bulgaria\nAlthough there is a major difference between the two batches\u2014the first 12 engines are type 1\u2032F2\u2032\u00a0h2Gt \u2014 tank-engine for freight service, two-cylinder system with simple steam expansion (Zwilling) with superheating, while the remaining 8 are 1\u2032F2\u2032\u00a0h3Gt \u2014 3-cylinder (Drilling)\u2014all were put into the same class 46 and numbered 46.01 \u2013 46.12 and 46.13 \u2013 46.20. They were designed to haul heavy coal trains on mountainous lines with gradients of about 2.67% (1 in 35.7) and more, and they coped with this hard task very well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160480-0001-0002", "contents": "2-12-4, Bulgaria\nBulgarian railwaymen gave them nickname \"Mother Bear\" because they looked fat, clumsy and compact. These engines appear to be the most powerful steam locomotives in Europe. Two of them (46.03 of Zwillings and 46.13 of Drillings) are preserved. The Zwilling 46.03 has been restored to working order and made its maiden voyage on steam in May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160481-0000-0000", "contents": "2-2-0\nUnder Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and no trailing wheels. This configuration, which became very popular during the 1830s, was commonly called the Planet type after the first locomotive, Robert Stephenson's Planet of 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160481-0001-0000", "contents": "2-2-0, History, Great Britain\nAfter early experience with the 0-2-2 configuration on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, Robert Stephenson decided to build a locomotive with cylinders inside the frames, for which a 2-2-0 was preferable. The first such locomotive was Planet, built in 1830 and the company went on to build a further eighteen examples for the railway. In 1835 five examples were supplied to the London and Greenwich Railway. After 1836 Edward Bury built sixty-nine bar frame 2-2-0 locomotives for the London and Birmingham Railway. The steam roller and traction engine company Aveling and Porter built a number of 2-2-0 locomotives, some of which were convertible traction engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160481-0002-0000", "contents": "2-2-0, History, North America\nTom Thumb, the first American-built steam locomotive used on a common-carrier railroad, built by Peter Cooper in 1830 was a belt-driven 2-2-0, but the type was not perpetuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160481-0003-0000", "contents": "2-2-0, History, Ireland\nThe Dublin and Kingstown Railway used 2-2-0 in 1834 including Hibernia designed by Richard Roberts and built by Sharp, Roberts and Company, and Vauxhall built George Forrester and Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160481-0004-0000", "contents": "2-2-0, History, Russia\nThe first Russian-built steam locomotive was a 2-2-0 built by the Cherepanovs (father and son) in 1833-1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 22], "content_span": [23, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160481-0005-0000", "contents": "2-2-0, Decline of the 2-2-0\nBy 1840 the 2-2-0 tender type had largely been superseded by the 2-2-2 configuration. However, there are a few examples of later tank engines, thus William Bridges Adams of the Fairfield Locomotive Works () in Bow supplied a 2-2-0 well tank to the Roman Railway in 1850. Also Dugald Drummond of the London and South Western Railway introduced his C14 class 2-2-0T in 1906, for Auto trains, but this design was not successful and several of the locomotives were rebuilt to 0-4-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0000-0000", "contents": "2-2-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and two trailing wheels on one axle. The wheel arrangement both provided more stability and enabled a larger firebox than the earlier 0-2-2 and 2-2-0 types. This configuration was introduced in 1834 on Robert Stephenson's 'Patentee locomotive' but it was later popularly named Jenny Lind, after the Jenny Lind locomotive which in turn was named after the popular singer. They were also sometimes described as Singles, although this name could be used to describe any kind of locomotive with a single pair of driving wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0001-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History\nThe 2-2-2 configuration appears to have been developed by Robert Stephenson and Company in 1834, as an enlargement of their 2-2-0 Planet configuration, offering more stability and a larger firebox. The new type became known as Stephenson's Patentee locomotive. Adler, the first successful locomotive to operate in Germany, was a Patentee supplied by Robert Stephenson and company in component form in December, 1835 was one of the earliest examples. Other examples were exported to the Netherlands, Russia and Italy. By 1838 the 2-2-2 had become the standard passenger design by Robert Stephenson and Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0002-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History\nEighteen of the first nineteen locomotives ordered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the opening of the Great Western Railway in 1837/8 were of the 2-2-2 type. These included six 2-2-2 locomotives built by Charles Tayleur at his Vulcan Foundry. Also in 1837 the successful North Star broad gauge locomotive was delivered to the Great Western Railway by Stephenson, becoming the first of a class of twelve locomotives by 1841.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0003-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History, Later UK developments\nSharp, Roberts and Company constructed more than 600 2-2-2 locomotives between 1837 and 1857. Ten of these supplied to the Grand Junction Railway became the basis of Alexander Allan's successful designs for the railway from 1845 (the first of which, formerly named Columbine, is preserved). J. & G. Rennie supplied 2-2-2 locomotives to the London and Croydon Railway from 1838 and the London and Brighton Railway in 1840. Arend (\"eagle\") was one of the two first steam locomotives in the Netherlands, built by R. B. Longridge and Company of Bedlington, Northumberland in 1839.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0004-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History, Later UK developments\nThe Great Western Railway continued to order both broad gauge and standard gauge locomotives on the railway, including the Firefly and Sun classes (1840\u201342), which were enlarged versions of North Star. Bury, Curtis, and Kennedy supplied six 2-2-2 locomotives to the Bristol and Gloucester Railway in 1844, and fourteen to the Great Southern and Western Railway in Ireland in 1848, (the last of these has been preserved at Cork Kent railway station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0005-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History, Later UK developments\nThe Jenny Lind locomotive, designed by David Joy and built in 1847 for the London Brighton and South Coast Railway by the E.B.Wilson and Company of Leeds, became the basis of hundreds of similar passenger locomotives built during the 1840s and 1850s by this and other manufacturers for UK railways. The London & North Western Railway Cornwall locomotive was designed at Crewe Works as a 4-2-2 by Francis Trevithick in 1847, but was rebuilt as a 2-2-2 in 1858.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0006-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History, Later UK developments\nAlthough by the 1860s the 2-2-2 configuration was beginning to be superseded by the 2-4-0 type with better adhesion, the invention of steam sanding gave 2-2-2 singles a new lease of life, and they continued to be built until the 1890s. Notable late examples include William Stroudley's singles of 1874-1880, William Dean's 157 class of 1878-79, and his 3001 class (1891\u201392), both for the Great Western Railway. James Holden of the Great Eastern Railway created some 2-2-2 singles in 1889 by removing the coupling rod from a 2-4-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0007-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History, Belgium\nThe first steam railway locomotive built in Belgium in 1835, and was built by John Cockerill under license to a design by Robert Stephenson & Co. It was built for use on the first main line on the European mainland, the Brussels-Mechelen line. A replica was built at the workshops of Boissellerie Cognaut for the 150th anniversary of the formation of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0008-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History, Italy\nTwo 2-2-2 locomotives were imported from Longridge and Co of Bedlington Ironworks England for the Naples\u2013Portici railway in 1839 named Bayard and Vesuvio. A replica of 'Bayard is at the Naples Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0009-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History, Germany\nMost of the earliest locomotives to operate in what is now Germany before the mid-1840s were 2-2-2s delivered by UK manufacturers. However, by 1839 the type was also being built locally see List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses. The Pegasus of 1839 was the first locomotive to be built by the S\u00e4chsische Maschinenbau-Compagnie in Chemnitz. August Borsig and Company manufactured Beuth in 1843 which was highly successful; its valve design became de facto standard for locomotives for decades to come. By 1846 he had manufactured more than a hundred similar locomotives. Both the Leipzig-Dresden Railway and Royal Bavarian State Railways (K\u00f6niglich Bayerische Staatsbahn) built several 2-2-2 classes 1841-1859. Similarly, the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway grouped various 2-2-2 steam locomotives procured from German manufacturers between 1848 and 1863 into its Mecklenburg I class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0010-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History, Austria\nThe Imperial Austrian State Railways (kaiserlich-k\u00f6nigliche \u00f6sterreichische Staatsbahnen or kkStB) built two successful locomotives of this wheel arrangement in 1907. Similarly the Federal Railway of Austria (BB\u00d6) built two examples of an express tank locomotive in 1934 and 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160482-0011-0000", "contents": "2-2-2, History, Latvia\nOne of last 2-2-2 tank locomotives were ordered by Latvian Railways, for local traffic. The locomotives Tk class were designed by German Hohenzollern, and 20 were manufactured in Germany and Latvia in 1928-1934. They were next seized by Soviet railways. After World War II one served in Poland as OKa1 class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 22], "content_span": [23, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160483-0000-0000", "contents": "2-2-2-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-2-0 usually represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered but uncoupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels, but can also be used to represent  two sets of leading wheels (not in a bogie truck) two driving wheels, and no trailing wheels. Some authorities place brackets around the duplicated but uncoupled wheels, creating a notation 2-(2-2)-0, or (2-2)-2-0, as a means of differentiating between them. Others simply refer to the locomotives 2-2-2-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160483-0001-0000", "contents": "2-2-2-0, Usage\nThe 2-2-2-0 wheel arrangement was first used on some locomotives introduced on the Eastern Counties Railway by John Chester Craven between 1845 and 1847, and some Crampton locomotives  on the South Eastern Railway in 1849. However the 2-2-2-0 type is usually associated with Francis Webb of the London and North Western Railway who between 1882 and 1890 introduced a number of compound locomotive classes including the LNWR Webb Experiment Class, LNWR Dreadnought Class and LNWR Teutonic Class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160483-0001-0001", "contents": "2-2-2-0, Usage\nThe locomotives were never reliable and Webb's successor George Whale withdrew them all within three years of taking up office in 1903, The type was used with more success on French railways with a 4-cylinder compound locomotive designed by Alfred de Glehn, of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Alsacienne de Constructions M\u00e9caniques (SACM) in 1886. Later examples were of the 4-2-2-0 configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160484-0000-0000", "contents": "2-2-2-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-2-2 could represent either the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels, four powered but uncoupled driving wheels, and two trailing wheels; or of two independent leading axles (not in a bogie truck), two driving wheels, and two trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160484-0001-0000", "contents": "2-2-2-2, Usage\nThe (2-2)-2-0 wheel arrangement, or (2-2)\u00a0-2-0, was first used on five locomotives introduced on the Eastern Counties Railway by John Chester Craven in 1846/7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160484-0002-0000", "contents": "2-2-2-2, Usage\nThe 2-(2-2)-0 version was used by Francis Webb of the London and North Western Railway between 1885 and 1887 on two unique divided drive compound tank locomotives, No. 687 (1885) and No. 600 (1887). He then produced two tender engine classes each of ten locomotives: the LNWR Greater Britain Class (1892-1894) and the LNWR John Hick Class (1894-1898). The locomotives were never reliable and Webb's successor George Whale withdrew them all within three years of taking up office in 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160485-0000-0000", "contents": "2-2-4-0T\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-4-0T represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two driving wheels powered from the inside cylinders, four coupled driving wheels powered from the outside cylinders but no trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160485-0001-0000", "contents": "2-2-4-0T, Usage\nThis unusual wheel arrangement appears only ever to have been used on one divided drive compound tank locomotive designed  by Francis Webb of the London and North Western Railway, No. 777 in 1887. The type does not appear to have been successful since only one was ever built and this was withdrawn in 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160486-0000-0000", "contents": "2-2-4T\nIn Whyte notation, a 2-2-4T is a railroad steam locomotive that has two leading wheels followed by two coupled driving wheels and four trailing wheels. This was an unusual wheel arrangement, only used on a few specialised locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160486-0001-0000", "contents": "2-2-4T, UK examples\nIn the United Kingdom, the North Eastern Railway, had four tank locomotives of this wheel arrangement, all of which had previously been rebuilt from other types. They were: No. 66 Aerolite rebuilt as a 2-2-4T in 1902 and later known as in LNER class X1; No. 957, which had been rebuilt from a BTP class 0-4-4T in 1903 and later classified as X2 class. NER 190 Class, later class X3 had two members, nos. 190 and 1679, both rebuilt from 2-2-2 tender locomotives. All four were inherited by the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) at the time of its formation on 1 January 1923, and withdrawn from service between 1931 and 1937. No . 66 Aerolite has been preserved at the National Railway Museum in York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160487-0000-0000", "contents": "2-3-4\n2-3-4 is an album by American jazz drummer Shelly Manne featuring performances recorded in 1962 for the Impulse! label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160487-0001-0000", "contents": "2-3-4, Background\n2-3-4 was not a typical album for Manne. Primarily associated with West Coast jazz, he flew from Los Angeles to New York City on February 5, 1962, by arrangement with producer Bob Thiele, to be reunited with pioneering tenor saxophonist Coleman Hawkins and pianist Hank Jones, with both of whom he had recorded at different times in the 1940s. In an unusual session lasting through the wee hours of the morning, he ended by recording one tune as a duet with Hawkins, who for the first time in his career was recorded also playing the piano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160487-0002-0000", "contents": "2-3-4, Background\nThe album includes a second recording session at the same studio a few days later. Bassist George Duvivier stayed on with Manne, and they were joined by Eddie Costa for two trio tracks. \"The Sicks of Us\" has Costa on vibes for \"a largely spontaneous trio number\"; on \"Lean on Me\", Costa switches to piano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160487-0003-0000", "contents": "2-3-4, Background\nThe name of the album is derived from its inclusion of a duet (\"2\"), two trio performances (\"3\"), and three tunes played by a quartet (\"4\"). Unusually, the standards \"Take the \"A\" Train\" and \"Cherokee\" were played in two tempos simultaneously, with Manne playing in double time consistently throughout \"Cherokee\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160487-0004-0000", "contents": "2-3-4, Background\nA fourth tune recorded by the quartet at the first session, \"Avalon\", was released at first only in the Impulse! collection The Definitive Jazz Scene, Volume 1. Some thirty years later, it was included on the first CD reissue of 2-3-4 as a bonus track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160487-0005-0000", "contents": "2-3-4, Reception\nThe AllMusic review by Scott Yanow described the album as \"a very interesting set with more than its share of surprises\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160488-0000-0000", "contents": "2-36 High Street, Millers Point\n2-36 High Street, Millers Point are heritage-listed terrace houses located at 2-36 High Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160488-0001-0000", "contents": "2-36 High Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. These are a group of early twentieth century workman's terraces built c.\u20091911 as part of the post bubonic plague redevelopment by the Sydney Harbour Trust. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160488-0002-0000", "contents": "2-36 High Street, Millers Point, Description\nThese large terraces feature elaborate timber verandahs with ornamental brackets in the Federation style. Usually, accommodation consists of either two or three bedroom units on both the ground and first floors. Access to the first floor is shared by two units via stairs off the street. To either side of the stairwell are the entrances to the lower units. Storeys: Two; Construction: Face brick walls, tiled roof, some corrugated galvanised iron, chimneys, timber verandahs. Painted timber joinery. Style: Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160488-0003-0000", "contents": "2-36 High Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, this terrace is one of a group of early twentieth century workmen's terraces built as part of the post plague redevelopment by the Sydney Harbour Trust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160488-0004-0000", "contents": "2-36 High Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160488-0005-0000", "contents": "2-36 High Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n2-36 High Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160488-0006-0000", "contents": "2-36 High Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 920 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160489-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4 Family\n2-4 Family was a rap/hip hop group, that formed in Germany in the late 1990s. The original line-up consisted of Jo O'Meara, Jay Dogg, Joseph Jazz and Essence Woods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160489-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4 Family, History\nJay Dogg and Joseph Jazz met each other in the United States Army in 1989 and became friends. They were both DJs, but decided that Dogg would be the DJ and Jazz would be the rapper. As a duo, they entered several talent competitions. When visiting Germany in 1997, they came across Essence Woods at a party. British singer Jo O'Meara was a friend of Woods, so all of them formed the group 2-4 Family in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160489-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4 Family, Career\n2-4 Family released their first single, \"Stay\", in mid-1998. The song featured lead female vocals from O'Meara, and rapping from the other three members. It peaked at #8 on the Viva Top 100. They released their album Family Business in March 1999. Along with other vocalists, 2-4 Family recorded \"Hand in Hand for Children - Children of the World\". A week after that had been released, \"Stay\" was re-released for the holiday season. 2-4 Family also joined with other vocalists to release a cover version of Wham! 's hit single \"Last Christmas\" under the moniker Rap Allstars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160489-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4 Family, Career\nShortly after this, O'Meara successfully auditioned to become a part of the soon to be created pop group S Club 7 and left 2-4 Family, leaving the group with three members. Parklane Music received a demo of \"Killing Me Softly\", recorded by a womam named Joanna Biscardine. She soon joined the group, and 2-4 Family released their second single, \"Lean on Me\" in January 1999. It peaked at #9 on the Viva Top 100, and #69 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160489-0004-0000", "contents": "2-4 Family, Career\nTwo months later, 2-4 Family released their last album, Family Business, which peaked at #54 on the Viva Top 100. The album contained twelve tracks, including different mixes of some of the songs. The final single by 2-4 Family was released in mid-1999, titled \"Take Me Home\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160489-0005-0000", "contents": "2-4 Family, Split\nThe group went their separate ways in early 2000. Another band with the same name was formed, but with none of the five members that had once been a part of 2-4 Family. The recreation was not working and they soon disbanded after an unsuccessful single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160490-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point\n2-4 Trinity Avenue, Dawes Point is a heritage-listed residence at 2-4 Trinity Avenue, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Dawes Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by the NSW Government Architect. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160490-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. This block of apartments is one of a group built as part of the post-plague redevelopment of the area. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160490-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Description\nThe two-bedroom unit in a block of three storey face brick c.\u20091910 apartments with restrained detailing. Storeys: three Construction: Face brick, corrugated iron roof and timber bracketed sun hoods. Cast iron balconies. Painted timber windows. Style: Federation Arts and Crafts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160490-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, 2-4 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point is one of a group of three storey apartment blocks built c.\u20091910 which is a fine example of post-plague workers' housing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160490-0004-0000", "contents": "2-4 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160490-0005-0000", "contents": "2-4 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n2-4 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160490-0006-0000", "contents": "2-4 Trinity Avenue, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 869 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-4-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and no trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-0\nThe notation 2-4-0T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement on which its water and fuel is carried on board the engine itself, rather than in an attached tender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Overview\nThe 2-4-0 configuration was developed in the United Kingdom in the late 1830s or early 1840s as an enlargement of the 2-2-0 and 2-2-2 types, with the additional pair of coupled wheels giving better adhesion. The type was initially designed for freight haulage. One of the earliest examples was the broad-gauge GWR Leo Class, designed by Daniel Gooch and built during 1841 and 1842 by R and W Hawthorn and Company, Fenton, Murray and Jackson, and Rothwell and Company. Because of its popularity for a period with English railways, noted railway author C. Hamilton Ellis considered the 2-4-0 designation to have the nickname (under the Whyte notation) of Old English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Overview\nDuring 1846-47, Alexander Allan of the newly established London and North Western Railway (LNWR) created the Crewe type of locomotive, with a 2-2-2 wheel arrangement for passenger classes and 2-4-0 for freight. During the 1850s and 1860s these designs were widely copied by other railways, both in the United Kingdom and overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0004-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Overview\nDuring the mid-1840s, Sir John Hawkshaw developed a new style of 2-4-0 passenger locomotive with outside cylinders in front of the leading wheels and the rear driving axle behind the firebox. This layout provided steady running at high speeds, despite a long overhang at the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0005-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Overview\nJoseph Beattie of the London and South Western Railway was one of the first British locomotive engineers to use this type on express locomotives. From 1858, he began experimenting with 2-4-0 designs for passenger work, culminating in his Seven-Foot 2-4-0 express passenger locomotives, built between 1859 and 1868. Beattie was also responsible for the long-lived 0298 Class of 2-4-0 well tanks, designed for suburban passenger work in 1874, some examples of which were still working in 1961. A locomotive of this type hauled the first Orient Express from Paris to Munich, a notable achievement for such a small engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0006-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Overview\nAfter 1854, the Hawkshaw type of 2-4-0 was adopted by Beyer, Peacock and Company, who built many examples of the type for export, including to the Swedish State Railways (Statens J\u00e4rnv\u00e4gar) in 1856 and the Zealand Railway in Denmark in 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0007-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, Germany\nThe Bavarian B V and Bavarian B VI 2-4-0 locomotives of the Royal Bavarian State Railways (K\u00f6niglich Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen) were the first types to be produced in Bavaria in large numbers. In all, 208 were built between 1853 and 1863. One example is preserved in the Nuremberg Transport Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0008-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, Germany\nBetween 1864 and 1869, the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway bought 19 Hawkshaw type Mecklenburg III 2-4-0 locomotives from Richard Hartmann in Chemnitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0009-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, Germany\nBetween 1877 and 1885, altogether 294 passenger locomotives of the Prussian P 2 class were delivered to the Prussian State Railways and its forebears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0010-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, New Zealand\nIn New Zealand, two classes of tank locomotive were built with the 2-4-0T wheel arrangement. They were the New Zealand Railways (NZR) D class in 1874 and 1929, and the NZR L class in 1878, both classes having been designed for mixed traffic use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0011-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, New Zealand\nFive D class locomotives were built by D\u00fcbs and Company in Glasgow, Scotland, nineteen were built by Neilson and Company and eleven were built by Scott Brothers Ltd. of Christchurch. The first members of the D class entered service in 1874 and all had been withdrawn from NZR service by the end of 1927, which allowed the D classification to be used again in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0012-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, New Zealand\nOf the 33 D class locomotives built, seven have been preserved, although only D16 and D140 were in operational condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0013-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, New Zealand\nAll ten L class locomotives were built by the Avonside Engine Company in Bristol. The first L class built, entered service in 1878 and another nine L class locomotives were ordered. In 1893-94, three of the L class 2-4-0T locomotives were rebuilt to a 4-4-0 wheel arrangement at Newmarket workshops, with larger boilers and enlarged cylinders. This new design was classified La, but their limited coal bunker capacity remained a drawback. The solution was to add a trailing pony truck to accommodate a larger coal bunker, converting them to a 4-4-2T wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0013-0001", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, New Zealand\nA further four L class locomotives were similarly converted. Three were not rebuilt, but sold to the Public Works Department between 1901 and 1903. Three new 4-4-2T locomotives were built in 1902-03. When the conversion program was completed in 1903, the classification for all ten remaining NZR locomotives was changed back to L.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0014-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, New Zealand\nOf the ten L class locomotives built, numbers 207 (507), 208 (508) and 219 (509) survived long enough to be preserved, all three operational.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0015-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, South Africa\nA standard gauge railway line between Salt River and Wynberg in the Cape of Good Hope, constructed with private capital, was opened to the public on 19 December 1864. The Cape Town Railway and Dock Company undertook to rent and operate the line and acquired three 2-4-0 tank locomotives as motive power for the line in 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0016-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1872, the locomotives came onto the roster of the Cape Government Railways when it took over the operation of all railways in the Cape of Good Hope. They remained in service on this line until after its conversion to dual standard-and-Cape gauges around 1872 and were retired in 1881, when sufficient Cape gauge locomotives were in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0017-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nBefore 1846, the type was used on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, the North Midland Railway and the London and South Western Railway (LSWR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0018-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nBetween 1846 and 1880, the 2-4-0 was the standard type for passenger and mixed traffic locomotives and was built in large numbers by, amongst others, the LNWR (1846\u201396), the Midland Railway (1846\u20131880), the Great Northern Railway (1849\u201397), the North Eastern Railway (1856\u201388) and the Great Eastern Railway (1856\u20131902).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0019-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nMost United Kingdom railways used 2-4-0s, including those designed by James Holden on the Great Eastern Railway, Matthew Kirtley on the Midland Railway, Joseph Armstrong on the Great Western Railway and Francis Webb on the London and North Western Railway. One of the latter's types, the Precedent (or Jumbo) class Hardwicke famously set outstanding records for the LNWR during the \"Race to the North\" in 1895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0020-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, United States\nIn the collection of the California State Railroad Museum is the J.W. Bowker locomotive, a 2-4-0 engine built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1875 for the Virginia & Truckee Railroad. Today, the J.W. Bowker is the sole remaining Baldwin 2-4-0 in existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160491-0021-0000", "contents": "2-4-0, Usage, United States\nAt the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, four 2-4-0s run tourist trains around a two-mile loop of track alongside Lake Erie and pass many of the park's attractions. Two of the 2-4-0s were built by Vulcan Iron Works as 0-4-0Ts in 1922 and 1923 and now run as the Myron H. no. 22 and Judy K. no. 44 respectively. They are the two main engines for the Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad. The third engine was built by H.K. Porter, Inc. as an 0-4-0T in 1942 and now runs as the George R. no. 4 . The fourth engine was built by Davenport Locomotive Works as a 2-4-4T in 1927 and now runs as the G. A. Boeckling no. 1. No. 1 was converted from oil-burning in 2010 and all engines now run on coal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160492-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-0+0-4-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, 2-4-0+0-4-2 is an articulated locomotive, usually of the Garratt type. The wheel arrangement is effectively two 2-4-0 locomotives operating back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between the two power units. Each power unit has two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and no trailing wheels. Since the 2-4-0 type is sometimes known as a Porter, the corresponding Garratt type would be referred to as a Double Porter. A similar wheel arrangement exists for Mallet locomotives, but is referred to as 2-4-4-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160492-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-0+0-4-2, Overview\nThis was the second rarest Garratt wheel arrangement. Only five locomotives were constructed to this arrangement, four of which were built by Beyer, Peacock and Company (BP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160492-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4-0+0-4-2, Overview\nThe four BP locomotives comprised three for the 5\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a0in (1,600\u00a0mm) S\u00e3o Paulo Railway of Brazil in 1915, and one for the 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) gauge Ceylon Government Railway (CGR) in 1929, the CGR's class H1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160492-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4-0+0-4-2, Overview\nOne more was built in 1919 by the S\u00e3o Paulo Railway, for its own use on 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a03\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160492-0004-0000", "contents": "2-4-0+0-4-2, Usage, Ceylon\nThe single class H1 Garratt entered service on the Ceylon Government Railways in 1931. It was used in mixed traffic working on the Uda Pussellawa railway. Until the 1960s, the locomotive was occasionally operated on the Kelani Valley Line. It was withdrawn from service in 1972 and was scrapped in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-4-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and two trailing wheels on one axle. The type is sometimes named Columbia after a Baldwin 2-4-2 locomotive was showcased at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held at Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Overview\nThe wheel arrangement was widely used on passenger tank locomotives during the last three decades of the nineteenth and the first decade of the twentieth centuries. The vast majority of 2-4-2 locomotives were tank engines, designated 2-4-2T. The symmetrical wheel arrangement was well suited for a tank locomotive that is used to work in either direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Overview\nWhen the leading and trailing wheels are in swivelling trucks, the equivalent UIC classification is 1'B1'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Overview\nWhile a number of 2-4-2 tender locomotives were built, larger tender locomotive types soon became dominant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0004-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, Cape of Good Hope\nIn 1899, the Walvis Bay Railway in the British territory of Walvis Bay, a Cape of Good Hope exclave in Deutsch-S\u00fcdwest-Afrika (German South West Africa), placed a single tank locomotive in service. The engine, named Hope and built by Kerr, Stuart and Company, remained in service until 1904 when operations on the railway were suspended. The line was abandoned in 1905, partly as a result of being buried by a sandstorm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0005-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, Finland\nA 2-4-2 tank locomotive, built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1899 and used on the private Raahe track in Finland, was later bought by the Finnish State Railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0006-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, New Zealand\nIn 1877, when the New Zealand Railways needed new motive power, the road turned to the Rogers Locomotive Works who supplied eight 2-4-2 tender locomotives between 1877 and 1879 that were designated the \"K\" class. These were the first American-built locomotives in New Zealand and proved to be quite successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0007-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, New Zealand\nThree of these locomotives have been preserved. No . K88 Washington was used on the first through train between Christchurch and Dunedin in 1877. After fifty years of service, Washington was dumped in the Oreti River, Southland, as a flood protection measure. In 1974, the locomotive was exhumed from her watery grave and, over the next eight years, restored to full active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0008-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, New Zealand\nSister locomotives numbers K92 and K94 have also been salvaged from the Oreti river. No . K92 has been restored to full active service and has re-established her position on the Kingston Flyer train, which was made famous by the K class at the end of the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0009-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe earliest British use of the 2-4-2 wheel arrangement appears to have been no. 21 White Raven, supplied to the St Helens Railway by James Cross of Sutton Works in 1863. It was soon rebuilt as a 2-4-0 tender locomotive and eventually passed into the stock of the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0010-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn 1864, Robert Sinclair of the Great Eastern Railway designed the first of six 2-4-2 tank classes built by the railway, eventually totalling 262 locomotives by 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0011-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nFrancis Webb of the London and North Western Railway also designed two 2-4-2 classes which eventually totaled 380 locomotives, built between 1879 and 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0012-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nOther railway companies that built large numbers of the type included the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) with 330 locomotives built between 1889 and 1911, the North Eastern Railway with 60 locomotives built between 1886 and 1892 and the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway with 49 locomotives built between 1889 and 1898. One of John Aspinall's Class 5 locomotives, built for the L&YR in 1889, is preserved at the National Railway Museum, York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0013-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, United States\nThe tank-type 2-4-2T was not uncommon in the U.S. around the dawn of the twentieth century in both suburban passenger service and on logging railroads. The Baldwin Locomotive Works built a demonstrator tender type engine which was displayed at the Columbian Exposition of 1893. This led to the type's name. This locomotive featured ambitious seven foot tall driving wheels, and was one of the first tender-equipped locomotives with a trailing truck. This freed the firebox from having to sit narrowly between, or above, the drive wheels, and was a very influential design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0014-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Usage, United States\nThis inspired three major U.S. railroads (Atlantic Coast Line, Burlington and Reading) to purchase a few of the type. But the two-wheeled lead truck was never well-suited to high speed service on far-flung North American rails. Some were converted to 4-4-2 Atlantic types and others were converted to 4-6-0 Ten Wheelers. The display locomotive was donated to Columbia University. In one respect, however, it was a success. A great many Atlantic types would follow, most based on the design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0015-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, In fiction\nThe character Sammy from Sammy the Shunter is based on the United Kingdom design of the 2-4-2 engine. Two characters in the 1991 film The Little Engine That Could have this type of wheel arrangement. Albert from The Railway Series has this wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160493-0016-0000", "contents": "2-4-2, Model railroading\nThe Lionel Corporation used the 2-4-2 configuration in numerous of its O-27 locomotives. In the United States of America, this may be the most famous usage of a 2-4-2 configuration locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160494-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-2+2-4-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, the 2-4-2+2-4-2 is a Garratt articulated locomotive. The wheel arrangement is effectively two 2-4-2 locomotives operating back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between the two power units. Each power unit has a single pair of leading wheels in a leading truck, followed by two coupled pairs of driving wheels, with a single pair of trailing wheels in a trailing truck. Since the 2-4-2 type is sometimes known as a Columbia, the corresponding Garratt type could be referred to as a Double Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160494-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-2+2-4-2, Overview\nThis was the rarest of all Garratt types, with only one class of four locomotives constructed to this wheel arrangement. It most likely evolved from the 2-4-0+0-4-2 Double Porter Garratt, with the trailing wheels added on each engine unit to improve stability at speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160494-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4-2+2-4-2, Usage, Brazil\nAll four 2-4-2+2-4-2 locomotives were built in 1943 by Beyer, Peacock and Company for the 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a03\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge Leopoldina Railway in Brazil. The locomotives were allocated engine numbers in the range from 400 to 403 on that system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160495-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-4-0\nIn the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotive wheel arrangement, a 2-4-4-0 is a locomotive with two leading wheels, two sets of four driving wheels, and no trailing wheels. Examples of this type were constructed as Mallet locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160495-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-4-0, Examples\nThe Chemins de Fer Departmentaux Vivarais and the Chemins de Fer Departmentaux Loz\u00e8re each possessed 2-4-4-0 Mallet locomotives. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Alsacienne de Constructions M\u00e9caniques built three for  the Vivarais system in 1908 and two for the Loz\u00e8re system in 1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160496-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-4-2\nIn Whyte notation, 2-4-4-2 refers to a railroad steam locomotive that has two leading wheels followed by four coupled driving wheels, a second set of four coupled driving wheels, and two trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160496-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-4-2, Equivalent classifications\nThe UIC classification is refined to (1'B)B1' for a Mallet locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160496-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4-4-2, US Examples\nThis articulated wheel arrangement was rare in North America; example was the Mallet locomotive. Most were built as logging locomotives, presumably to better negotiate the uneven (and often temporary) trackwork that characterized such operations. The added mechanical complexity was found to be of limited value, as reflected in their modest production and use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160496-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4-4-2, US Examples\nThere is one known surviving example:  The Deep River Logging No. 7 \"Skookum\" (former Little River No. 126), built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in June 1909. It was retired and abandoned in place in the forest following a derailment wreck in 1955. As of September 2018, it is nearing completion of restoration to operating condition at the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad shop in Garibaldi, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160496-0004-0000", "contents": "2-4-4-2, New Zealand, ALCO Number 7\nBuilt by ALCO, this locomotive is a Mallet Compound engine, built for the Taupo Totara Timber Co for use on their 51-mile private tramway system, the Mokai Tramway between Putaruru and Mokai in the North Island. It is now preserved on the Glenbrook Vintage Railway, near Auckland, New Zealand and now carries the number 4. The engine is currently out of service awaiting overhaul, but can still be seen at the railway's Pukeoware workshops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160497-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-4T\nIn Whyte notation, a 2-4-4, or Boston-type, is a steam locomotive with two unpowered leading wheels followed by four powered driving wheels and four unpowered trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160497-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-4T, Equivalent classifications\nThe equivalent UIC classification is 1\u2032B2\u2032 t (or (1\u2032B)2\u2032 t  for a Mason Bogie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160497-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4-4T, Examples\nThis unusual wheel arrangement does not appear to have been used on the mainline railways in the UK. It was however one of the configurations used on the Mason Bogie articulated locomotives, in the USA during the 1870s and 1880s. Five examples were constructed at the Mason Machine Works for the narrow gauge Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad 1883\u20131887. The railway subsequently received twenty-one further examples between 1900 and 1914, constructed by the Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company, Manchester Locomotive Works, and ALCO. Developmentally, there are two logical ways of reaching this wheel formula: to add a forward axle to a Forney locomotive to improve its ability to negotiate curves, or to add a second trailing axle to a Columbia design, notably in a 2-4-4(T) configuration to expand its coal capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160497-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4-4T, Examples\nFour 2-4-4T passenger locomotives were built by the Czechoslovak \u0160koda for Lithuania in 1932 and marked as Tk class. They were seized by the USSR in 1940, then by the Germans. One was used after World War II in Poland as the OKf100-1 until 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160497-0004-0000", "contents": "2-4-4T, Examples\nThis steam locomotive-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160498-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-6\nIn Whyte notation, a 2-4-6 is a steam locomotive with two unpowered leading wheels followed by four powered driving wheels and six unpowered trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160498-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-6, Equivalent classifications\nThe equivalent UIC classification is 1'B3' (or (1'B)'3' for a Mason Bogie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 33], "content_span": [34, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160498-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4-6, Examples\nThis unusual wheel arrangement does not appear to have been used on the mainline railways in the UK. It was, however, one of the configurations used on the Mason Bogie articulated locomotives, in the US during the 1880s. Two examples were constructed at the Mason Machine Works for the narrow gauge Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad in 1892.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160498-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4-6, Examples\nThis steam locomotive-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160499-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-6 block\nWikipedia does not currently have an article on 2-4-6 block, but our sister project Wiktionary does:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160500-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-2\nA 2-4-6-2 steam locomotive, in the Whyte notation for describing locomotive wheel arrangements, has a two-wheel leading truck, one set of four driving wheels, one set of six driving wheels, and a two-wheel trailing truck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160500-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-2\nOther equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: 1BC1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)French classification: 1231", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160500-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-2\nThis most unusual wheel arrangement was only ever used on a duplex locomotive type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160500-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-2\nTen 2-4-6-2 (151A) compound locomotives were built in 1932 for the Paris-Lyons-Marseilles Railway (P.L.M.) to haul heavy freight trains on the 0.8% grade between Les Laumes and Dijon. After electrification of the line, the 151A were sent for service in northeastern France. They were withdrawn from service in 1956 and scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0000-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway\n\"2-4-6-8 Motorway\" is a song by Tom Robinson. It was released as a single in 1977 by British punk rock/new wave group the Tom Robinson Band, and reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0001-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Song information\nThe music and lyrics were written by Tom Robinson. The song was the first single released by the Tom Robinson Band, who had formed in January 1977 and was signed to EMI in August 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0002-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Song information\nRobinson wrote the song between leaving Caf\u00e9 Society in 1976 and forming the Tom Robinson Band the following year, at a time when he was performing with whichever friends were available on the night; thus, the song had to be simple enough to learn in a few minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0003-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Song information\nRobinson came up with the tune 'trying to work out the chords to Climax Blues Band's \"Couldn't Get It Right\"' which he could not really remember. This led to the simple three-chord repeat of \"2-4-6-8\". The verse came from Robinson's memories of driving back to London through the night after gigs with Caf\u00e9 Society: \"By the time our van hit the last stretch of M1 into London the motorway sun really was coming up with the morning light.\" The chorus was lifted from a Gay Liberation chant: \"2, 4, 6, 8, Gay is twice as good as straight... 3, 5, 7, 9, Lesbians are mighty fine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0004-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Song information\nEMI initially turned the song down. However, after touring the band became much tighter, and guitarist Danny Kustow expanded his riffs, which persuaded EMI to release the record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0005-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Song information\nThe song is about the joys of driving a lorry through a rainy night, until dawn. Although the chorus is based upon a gay liberation chant, this is not clear to the casual listener, so the song is in contrast to their far more blatantly political later songs, covering subjects such as homophobia (\"Glad to Be Gay\") and civil disorder (\"Long Hot Summer\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0006-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Release and reception\n\"2-4-6-8 Motorway\" was originally released on 7 October 1977 and immediately attracted attention. It rose to No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart on 22 October 1977, and stayed on the chart for 9 weeks. This is Robinson's highest charting single; his later (solo) single \"War Baby\" reached No. 6. The band performed it on Top of the Pops on 27 October, and again on 10 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0007-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Release and reception\nRobert Christgau described it as an \"instant hit\" whilst David Quantick described the song as \"somewhere between a terrace chant (or a demo marching song) and a Brucie Springsteen number\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0008-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Release and reception\nThe B-side is a cover of Bob Dylan's \"I Shall Be Released\" which Robinson performed many times, including as part of the supergroup \"The Secret Police\" at The Secret Policeman's Ball in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0009-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Release and reception\nIt was released in Europe, reaching No. 1 in Sweden on 27 January 1978, and staying at the top for 4 weeks, while in the US (Harvest 4533) has \"2-4-6-8\" on both sides. It was re-released on Old Gold in 1983 and on EMI in 1987, including a 12\" version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0010-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Release and reception\nThe song also reached No. 13 on the Australian Singles Chart in early 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0011-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Release and reception\n\"2-4-6-8 Motorway\" was not issued on a UK album at the time, and Robinson still rues what he calls the \"fatal mistake\" of omitting the band's most famous songs \"2-4-6-8 Motorway\" and \"Glad to Be Gay\" from their debut album Power in the Darkness, although both songs appeared on a 12\" bonus record included with the US release of Power in the Darkness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0012-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Release and reception\nThe song has subsequently appeared on numerous compilation albums, including Rising Free (1980), The Collection (1987), Last Tango, Midnight at the Fringe (1988), Winter of '89 (1992), Home from Home (1999) and Tom Robinson Band The Anthology 1977\u20131979. It also appeared on No Thanks! The '70s Punk Rebellion (2003), and is still a part of Robinson's live set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160501-0013-0000", "contents": "2-4-6-8 Motorway, Release and reception\nThe song also features in the final episode of the first series of Ashes to Ashes, when Alex Drake and Ray Carling go to a Gay Pride march which Tom Robinson (played by Mathew Baynton) is attending, and in the Only Fools and Horses episode \"The Jolly Boys' Outing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-6-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and no trailing wheels. This arrangement is commonly called a Mogul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Overview\nIn the United States and Europe, the 2-6-0 wheel arrangement was principally used on tender locomotives. This type of locomotive was widely built in the United States from the early 1860s to the 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Overview\nAlthough examples were built as early as 1852\u201353 by two Philadelphia manufacturers, Baldwin Locomotive Works and Norris Locomotive Works, these first examples had their leading axles mounted directly and rigidly on the frame of the locomotive rather than on a separate truck or bogie. On these early 2-6-0 locomotives, the leading axle was merely used to distribute the weight of the locomotive over a larger number of wheels. It was therefore essentially an 0-8-0 with an unpowered leading axle and the leading wheels did not serve the same purpose as, for example, the leading trucks of the 4-4-0 American or 4-6-0 Ten-Wheeler types which, at the time, had been in use for at least a decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Overview\nThe first American 2-6-0 with a rigidly mounted leading axle was the Pawnee, built for heavy freight service on the Philadelphia and Reading Rail Road. In total, about thirty locomotives of this type were built for various American railroads. While they were generally successful in slow, heavy freight service, the railroads that used these first 2-6-0 locomotives didn't see any great advantages in them over the 0-6-0 or 0-8-0 designs of the time. The railroads noted their increased pulling power, but also found that their rather rigid suspension made them more prone to derailments than the 4-4-0 locomotives of the day. Many railroad mechanics attributed these derailments to having too little weight on the leading truck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Overview\nThe first true 2-6-0s were built in the early 1860s, the first few being built in 1860 for the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. The new design required the utilisation of a single-axle swivelling truck. Such a truck was first patented in the United Kingdom by Levi Bissell in May 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Overview\nIn 1864, William S. Hudson, then the superintendent of Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works, patented an equalized leading truck that was able to move independently of the driving axles. This equalized suspension worked much better over the uneven tracks of the day. The first locomotive built with such a leading truck was likely completed in 1865 for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company as their number 39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0006-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Overview\nIt is likely that the locomotive class name derives from a locomotive named Mogul, built by Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company in 1866 for the Central Railroad of New Jersey. However, it has also been suggested that, in England, it derived from the engine of that name built by Neilson and Company for the Great Eastern Railway in 1879.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0007-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Australia\nBeyer, Peacock and Company provided large numbers of standard design 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) narrow gauge Mogul locomotives to several Australian Railways. Users of the Mogul type include the South Australian Railways with its Y Class, the Tasmanian Government Railways with its C Class, the Western Australian Government Railways with its G Class (in a 4-6-0 configuration as well) and numerous private users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0008-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Belgian Congo\nTwenty 2-6-0 locomotives were built by Les Ateliers de Tubize locomotive works in  Belgium for the 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03+3\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge CF du Congo Superieur aux Grands Lacs Africains (CFL) between 1913 and 1924. The first eight, numbered 27 to 34, were built in 1913, followed by six more in 1921, numbered 35 to 40. Six more of a slightly larger version followed in 1924, numbered 41 to 46.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0008-0001", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Belgian Congo\nThey had 360 by 460 millimetres (14 by 18 inches) cylinders and 1,050 millimetres (41 inches) diameter driving wheels, with the smaller versions having a working order mass of 28.8 tonnes (28.3 long tons; 31.7 short tons) and the larger versions 33.4 tonnes (32.9 long tons; 36.8 short tons). Most of the CFL was regauged to 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge in 1955, as were all of the serving Moguls. Most of them still survived in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0009-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Canada\nA large number of 2-6-0 locomotives were used in Canada, where they were considered more usable in restricted spaces, being shorter than the more common 4-6-0 Ten-Wheelers. The Canadian National Railway (CN) had several. One of them, the CN no. 89, an E-10-a class locomotive built by Canadian Locomotive Company in 1910, has been owned and operated since 1972 by the Strasburg Rail Road in Pennsylvania in the US, in conjunction with the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0010-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Canada\nA good preserved version, the White Pass and Yukon Railroad no. 51, can be found at the MacBride Museum of Yukon History in Whitehorse, Yukon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0011-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Finland\nFinland's 2-6-0 locomotives were the Classes Sk1, Sk2, Sk3, Sk4, Sk5 and Sk6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0012-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Finland\nFinnish Steam Locomotive Class Sk1s were built from 1885 by Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works. They carried numbers 117 to 131, 134 to 149, 152 to 172 and 183 to 190. These locomotives were nicknamed Little Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0013-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Finland\nClass Sk2 locomotives were numbered 196 to 213, 314 to 321 and 360 to 372. They were built by Tampella. No. 315 is preserved at Tampere in Tampella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0014-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Finland\nFinnish Steam Locomotive Class Sk3s were built from 1903 by Tammerfors Linne & Jern Manufakt. A.B. They were numbered 173 to 177, 191 to 195, 214 to 221, 334 to 359, 373 to 406 and 427 to 436. These locomotives were nicknamed Grandmothers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0015-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Indonesia\nThe State Railway Company of the Dutch East Indies (Staatsspoorwegen, SS) in Indonesia operated 83 units of 2-6-0 tank locomotives of the C12 series, built by S\u00e4chsische Maschinenfabrik of Chemnitz, Germany in 1896. They were wood-burning locomotives which consumed two cubic metres of wood and 3,500 litres (770 imperial gallons; 920 US gallons) of water for 4\u00bd hours of steam production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0016-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Indonesia\nOf these locomotives, 43 survived the invasion by Japan during the Second World War and were still being operated following independence from the Netherlands. They were based in Cepu in Indonesia and were used on the Cepu-Blora-Purwodadi-Semarang-Bojonegoro-Jatirogo route, now closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0017-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Indonesia\nBy the early 1980s, the survivors of the class were in poor condition. One example, C1218 no. 457, was revived in 2002 after twenty-five years, in  Ambarawa motive power depot. By mid-2006 it was operational, and since 2009 it was moved to Surakarta, Central Java to haul a chartered steam train across the main street of the heart of Surakarta, named Jaladara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0018-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, Italy\nThe Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane came to operate more than 500 2-6-0 locomotives of the Class 625 for mixed traffic and the Class 640 for light passenger trains. These locomotives, nicknamed Little Ladies (Signorine), were very successful and several were preserved after the end of regular steam services, with some still operational for heritage trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0019-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, New Zealand\nThe Class J of the New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) was its pioneering tender freight locomotive, introduced in 1877 for use in the re-gauged Canterbury region of the South Island. Built by the Avonside Engine Company and other locomotive works in the United Kingdom, they were shipped to New Zealand in kit form. They eventually served all over New Zealand's fledgling rail network on both islands. In time, they were replaced on mainline running as larger power arrived. Many survived into the 1920s as yard shunters and some were converted to tank locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0020-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1876 and 1877, the Cape Government Railways (CGR) placed eighteen Mogul locomotives in freight service on the Cape Western system, built by Beyer, Peacock and the Avonside Engine Company. They were designated 1st Class when a classification system was adopted. By 1912, three of them survived to be considered obsolete by the South African Railways (SAR), designated Class 01 and renumbered by having the numeral 0 prefixed to their existing numbers. All were withdrawn from service by 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0021-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nAlso in 1876, the CGR placed a pair of Stephenson's Patent back-to-back Mogul type side-tank locomotives in service on the Cape Midland system, built by Kitson. They were later separated and rebuilt to saddle-tank locomotives for use as shunting engines. When a classification system was introduced, they were designated 1st Class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0022-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1876 and 1877, the CGR placed eight Mogul tender locomotives in service on the Cape Midland system, also built by Kitson and Company. They were all eventually rebuilt to saddle-tank locomotives for use as shunting engines. When a classification system was adopted, they were also designated 1st Class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0023-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1877, Whythes & Jackson Limited, contracted by the Natal government for the construction of the line from Durban to Pietermaritzburg, took delivery of two 2-6-0 tank locomotives from Kitson and Company for use during construction. The locomotives were not numbered, but were appropriately named Durban and Pietermaritzburg after the two towns which were to be connected by the new railway. Upon completion of the construction contract at the end of 1880, the locomotives were taken over by the Natal Government Railways (NGR) and in 1893 they were sold to the Selati Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0024-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1877 and 1878, seven Mogul tank locomotives were also delivered to the NGR by BP, built to the same design as the two contractor's locomotives. Later classified as NGR Class K, they were the first locomotives to be ordered for use on the then newly laid Cape gauge Natal mainline into the interior. One was sold to the East Rand Proprietary Mines and two came into SAR stock in 1912, but remained unclassified as \"NGR 2-6-0T Beyer Peacock Sidetank\". Although they were considered obsolete, they remained in service as late as 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0025-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1879 and 1880, the CGR placed ten Moguls, built by Beyer, Peacock and Company, in freight service on the Cape Western system. While similar to the locomotives of 1876, their cylinders were mounted at a downward inclination towards the driving wheelset. They were also designated 1st Class when a classification system was adopted on the CGR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0026-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1879, the NGR placed seven 2-6-0T locomotives in service. They were subsequently modified to a 4-6-0T wheel arrangement and were designated NGR Class G. In 1912, when fifteen of them were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and reclassified to Class C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0027-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1891, the CGR placed two Baldwin-built 2-6-0 Mogul locomotives in freight service, the first American locomotives to enter service in South Africa. They were originally designated 5th Class, but the classification was later changed to 1st Class. One of them still survived in 1912 and was also designated Class 01 by the SAR. It was withdrawn from service in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0028-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1900, while the Second Boer War was still in progress, four 2-6-0T locomotives arrived in the Cape Colony, built by the Dickson Manufacturing Company in 1899. Since they bore cab side-plates inscribed \"SS-ZAR\" and were named J.S. Smit, J.J. Spier, L.S. Meyer and C. Birkenstock, they were intended for the Netherlands-South African Railway Company (NZASM) in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR). They were diverted to Indwe Collieries in the Cape Colony and when the CGR later took control of the colliery line, these locomotives were classified as part of the CGR 3rd Class. All four survived to come into SAR stock in 1912, when they were classified as Class O3. They were withdrawn by 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0029-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nAlso in 1900, two Mogul saddle-tank locomotives entered shunting service at the Port Elizabeth Harbour, followed by one more in 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0030-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1902, the Zululand Railway Company, contractors for the construction of the North Coast line from Verulam to the Tugela River, acquired two 2-6-0 tender locomotives as construction engines. Upon completion of the line in 1903, the locomotives were taken onto the roster of the Natal Government Railways and designated Class I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0031-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nBetween 1902 and 1904, eleven Mogul saddle tank locomotives, built by Hunslet Engine Company, were delivered to the Table Bay Harbour Board. All were taken onto the Cape Government Railways roster in 1908 and came into SAR stock in 1912, but were considered obsolete and remained unclassified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0032-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauge\nIn 1902, the CGR placed three locomotives with a Mogul wheel arrangement in service on the Hopefield 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow gauge branch line that was being constructed from Kalbaskraal. They were built by Baldwin and were of a standard type that was being used on the narrow gauge railroads of Maine in the US. A fourth locomotive, identical to the first three, was ordered from the same manufacturer in 1911. In 1912, when these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered with an \"NG\" prefix to their running numbers. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was eventually introduced somewhere between 1928 and 1930, they were to be classified as Class NG7 but had already been withdrawn from service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0033-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn the United Kingdom, where locomotives are generally smaller than in the US, the 2-6-0 was found to be a good wheel arrangement for mixed-traffic locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0034-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nCirca 1870, one 2-6-0T engine was built for the Garstang and Knot-End Railway. The first unsuccessful examples were fifteen locomotives built to a design of William Adams for the Great Eastern Railway in 1878\u201379.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0035-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe Midland and South Western Junction Railway acquired two examples built to an Australian design by Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1895 and 1897.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0036-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nA long strike by workers throughout the British engineering industry in 1898/1899 led to a backlog of locomotive orders. This led leading British companies to place orders with American builders for standard light general-purpose locomotives adapted to British requirements. In 1899, the Midland Railway (MR), the Great Northern Railway (GNR) and the Great Central Railway all purchased examples from the Baldwin Locomotive Works in the US. The MR also bought ten from Schenectady Locomotive Works at the same time. In the United States the 2-6-0 was already the common design for this sort of engine and these imports were to be very influential in introducing the wheel arrangement to the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0037-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nAt the time of the Railways Act 1921 Grouping in 1923, 2-6-0 locomotives were operated by the Caledonian Railway (34 class, 1912), the Glasgow and South Western Railway (403 class, 1915), the GNR (H2, H3 and H4 classes, 1920), the Great Western Railway (2600 and 4300 classes of 1900 and 1911 respectively), the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (K class, 1913) and the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (N class, 1922).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0038-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nSeveral of these designs continued to be built by the Big Four British railway companies after 1923, and several new and successful designs were introduced so that the 2-6-0 became the principal type for medium-loaded mixed traffic duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0038-0001", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nNotable new designs included the Southern Railway's U class (1928), the London Midland and Scottish Railway\u2019s LMS Hughes Crab (1926), the LMS Stanier Mogul (1934), the LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0 (1946), the LMS Ivatt Class 4 (1947), the London and North Eastern Railway\u2019s LNER Class K4 (1937) and the LNER Thompson/Peppercorn Class K1 class which were built in 1949\u201350 after the nationalisation of British Railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0039-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nBritish Railways continued to build the Ivatt and Thompson/Peppercorn designs and then introduced three standard designs, based on the Ivatt classes. These were the BR Standard Class 2 2-6-0 in 1952, the BR Standard Class 3 2-6-0 in 1954 and the BR Standard Class 4 2-6-0 in 1952. 2-6-0 locomotives continued to be built until 1957 and the last ones were withdrawn from service in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0040-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United States\nThe first true 2-6-0s with single-axle swivelling leading trucks were built in the United States in 1860 for the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. The New Jersey Locomotive and Machine Company built their first 2-6-0 in 1861, as the Passaic for the Central Railroad of New Jersey. The Erie Railroad followed in 1862 with the first large order of this locomotive type. In 1863, Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works built more for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0041-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United States\nThe Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) no. 600, a 2-6-0 Mogul built at the B&O's Mount Clare Shops in 1875, won first prize the following year at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. It is preserved at the B&O Railroad Museum, housed in the former Mount Clare shops in Baltimore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0042-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United States\nWell over 11,000 Moguls were constructed in the United States by the time production had ended in 1910. Very few of these classic steam locomotives still exist, most of them having been scrapped as newer, faster and more powerful steam engines were developed in the twentieth century. The USRA standard designs of 1914 did not include a 2-6-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160502-0043-0000", "contents": "2-6-0, Usage, United States\nFive notable 2-6-0 locomotives are still in operation in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-6-0+0-6-2 represents the wheel arrangement of an articulated locomotive with two separate swivelling engine units, arranged  back to back with the boiler and cab suspended between them. Each engine unit has two leading wheels in a leading truck, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and no trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2\nThe arrangement is effectively two 2-6-0 locomotives operating back-to-back and was used on Garratt and Kitson-Meyer articulated locomotives. Since the 2-6-0 type was often known as a Mogul, the corresponding Garratt type was sometimes known as a Double Mogul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2\nA similar wheel arrangement exists for Mallet steam locomotives on which only the front engine unit swivels, but these are referred to as 2-6-6-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Overview\nThe 2-6-0+0-6-2 was the second Garratt type to appear after the original 0-4-0+0-4-0 and was first used on the fourth through ninth Garratts to be constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, Australia\nA group of six locomotives of 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge were constructed for the Western Australian Government Railways in 1911 as their Class M. Further locomotives for this railway included seven more Class Ms locomotives in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, Australia\nThe Australian Portland Cement Company took delivery of two 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge locomotives in 1936 and 1939, as their no. 1 and no. 2 engines for the quarry line at Fyansford, Victoria. These engines replaced two Vulcan Iron Works 0-6-0ST on the mainline haul until they were later displaced by Australian Standard Garratt no. G33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0006-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, Australia\nFyansford\u2019s no. 2, by then a combination of no. 2's centre unit and no. 1's engine units, was in service until 1966, when the quarry line was replaced by a conveyor belt. Fyansford no. 2 was to be evaluated in 2015 for return to service on the Bellarine Railway, after having been moved there from the Menzies Creek Museum of the Puffing Billy Railway in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0007-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, Philippines\nThe Manila Railway Company (now the Philippine National Railways) operated four 160-class Kitson-Meyer locomotives that were built in 1914. It was once disputed as to whether the class was 2-6-0+0-6-2T or 2-6-6-2T. Two sources mentioned that they were 2-6-0+0-6-2T, while one source claims that they were actually 2-6-6-2T. It was later confirmed in the Kitson Steam Locomotive Catalogue (1839-1923) that the locomotives were classified by Kitson as a 2-6-0+0-6-2T.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0008-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, Philippines\nAs most of the Meyer locomotives were found in South America, the Manila Railway was the only known operator of the type in Asia. It was also the only articulated locomotive class operated by the company. These tank locomotives were made to operate on the Antipolo line. However due to the steep gradient and a high operational cost, the line was closed in 1917. These locomotives were then relegated to the Pagsanjan line in Laguna and the South Main Line between Manila and Lucena. These locomotives were retired in 1925 after being replaced by larger tender locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0009-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauge\nBetween 1919 and 1925, the South African Railways (SAR) placed five Class NG G11 Garratt locomotives with this wheel arrangement in service on the Avontuur 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow gauge line through the Langkloof and also in Natal. They were the first Garratt locomotives to enter service in South Africa. The three locomotives, numbered 51 to 53, were erected at Uitenhage and put on trials on the Avontuur line in May 1920. These first three locomotives were not superheated. They had outside plate frames, Walschaerts valve gear, Belpaire fireboxes and used saturated steam and slide valves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0010-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauge\nHaving been proven successful during trials, another two locomotives were ordered from BP. Numbers 54 and 55 were delivered in 1925 and placed in service in Natal. Since these two were superheated, they had longer smokeboxes and were 9\u00a01\u20442 inches (241 millimetres) longer in overall length, while the incorporation of piston valves required alteration of the valve gear. The cabs of the second order locomotives were also improved to offer better protection to the crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0011-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn February 1921, the SAR placed a single experimental Class GA Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2 locomotive in service. It was ordered from BP in 1914, together with the order for the narrow gauge Class NG G11 Garratts, but wartime hostilities also delayed its delivery until 1920. It was the first Cape gauge Garratt to enter service in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0012-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nThe locomotive was superheated, with a Belpaire firebox, a plate frame and Walschaerts valve gear. It was erected in the Durban shops and placed in trial service on the Natal mainline. During the trials it was found that the absence of trailing carrying wheels on the engine units was a disadvantage, since it led to excessive flange wear on the driving wheels. As a result, the locomotive remained the only representative of its Class and all subsequent Garratt models of the SAR were equipped with trailing Bissel trucks on their engine units. The locomotive was withdrawn from service in 1938 because of a cracked frame and scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0013-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nOne 21st century example of this wheel arrangement has been built for the Wells and Walsingham Light Railway, a 10\u00a01\u20444\u00a0in (260\u00a0mm) gauge heritage railway in Norfolk, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0014-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nAn earlier 2-6-0+0-6-2 Garratt, no. 3, the Norfolk Hero, was built by Neil Simkins in 1986. In 2010, the fleet was augmented by a new Garratt, no. 6, the Norfolk Heroine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160503-0015-0000", "contents": "2-6-0+0-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe London, Midland, & Scottish Railway built 33 garratt locomotives (3 in 1927, 30 in 1930) to use as heavy freight engines. They were withdrawn from 1955-8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-6-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels, six coupled driving wheels and two trailing wheels. This arrangement is commonly called a Prairie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Overview\nThe majority of American 2-6-2s were tender locomotives, but in Europe tank locomotives, described as 2-6-2T, were more common. The first 2-6-2 tender locomotives for a North American customer were built by Brooks Locomotive Works in 1900 for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, for use on the Midwestern prairies. The type was thus nicknamed the Prairie in North American practice. This name was often also used for British locomotives with this wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Overview\nAs with the 2-10-2, the major problem with the 2-6-2 is that these engines have a symmetrical wheel layout, with the centre of gravity almost over the centre driving wheel. The reciprocation rods, when working near the centre of gravity, induce severe side-to-side nosing which results in intense instability if unrestrained either by a long wheelbase or by the leading and trailing trucks. Though some engines, like the Chicago and Great Western of 1903, had the connecting rod aligned onto the third driver, most examples were powered via the second driver and were prone to the nosing problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Australia\nQueensland Railways operated one 2-6-2 tender engine of the B16 1/2 class. It was built in August 1918 by the North Ipswich Railway Workshops as an experimental engine burning coke instead of coal. After nearly 9 years burning coke, it was converted to coal in 1927. The engine spent its working life on the Brisbane to Ipswich line working coal trains. It was withdrawn in February 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Australia\nIn New South Wales a class of twenty engines, the Z26 class, formerly the (I)17 class, entered service in 1892 and operated until the end of steam. Two are preserved, no. 2606 at the Rail Transport Museum at Thirlmere and no. 2605 at the State Mine Museum in Lithgow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Australia\nThe Silverton Tramway operated two 2-6-2T locomotives from 1891, both of which are preserved in South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0006-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Australia\nThe principal 2-6-2T locomotives which were built for the 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) narrow gauge system of the Victorian Railways (VR), are the now famous \"Puffing Billy\" engines. Two of these little locomotives arrived from Baldwin Locomotive works in 1898 and a total of seventeen saw service throughout the state on the various narrow gauge timber and gold lines, including the Wangaratta and Walhalla. When the VR determined to close the Upper Ferntree Gully to Gembrook narrow gauge route in the mid-1950s, the Victorian community refused to let the train die. Today, the Puffing Billy Railway has a fleet of saved and modified 2-6-2T engines on active steam roster and is one of Victoria's main tourist attractions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0007-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Belgium\nThe Belgian State Railways ordered 91 inside-cylinder 2-6-2 tank engines between 1878 and 1881 (Belgian State Railways Type 4) with large drivers and side tanks longer than the boiler. They hauled commuter trains and fast trains on short lines. Some of them survived the war and were used on local trains until 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0008-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Belgium\nAfter World War I, the Belgian State Railways were desperately needing new engines in order to replace the ones that were lost or damaged during the war. They purchased 63 2-6-2 Saddle tank engines from the Railway Operating Division (Belgian State Railways Type 22, later SNCB Type 57) and used them for switching and light freight trains until the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0009-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Hungary\nThe most numerous steam locomotive type used in Hungary was the M\u00c1V class 324 2-6-2, built from 1909 onwards, which were still at work in the last days of steam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0010-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Hungary\nThe Hungarian State Railways (M\u00c1V) also ran three important classes of 2-6-2 tank engines. These were the large M\u00c1V class 342 class built from 1917, and the smaller M\u00c1V class 375 and M\u00c1V class 376.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0011-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Italy\nThe Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (Italian State Railways) built the 151-strong compound FS Class 680 for express trains from 1907 to 1911. The FS Class 685, built in 271 units from 1912 to 1928, was its non-compound and superheated version, and proved very successful, to the point that all but 31 of the earlier Class 680 were rebuilt as 685 (bringing the size of the class to 391 locomotives). The Class 685 was also the most numerous standard gauge 2-6-2 class in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0012-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, New Zealand\nA fleet of five tank engines, built by Manning Wardle of Leeds in England, were supplied to New Zealand in 1884-85. The private Wellington and Manawatu Railway (WMR) used them for construction, maintenance and local service work. Three were later taken over as the New Zealand Railways (NZR) WH class in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0013-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, New Zealand\nThe second batch of Prairie locomotives was built to an order for the New Zealand Railways Department, with the initial order for ten being let to Nasmyth, Wilson and Company of Manchester, England. This later became the NZR V class which, due to political interference and their being overweight, did not go into traffic until 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0014-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, New Zealand\nNew Zealand's third batch of Prairie locomotives was ordered by the WMR in 1884. Their design was almost identical to that of the NZR V class, though they were slightly heavier. They could burn any light fuel, coal or wood as available, and entered service in 1886, soon after the WMR started operating. In 1908, with the purchase of the company by the NZR, they were also awarded the V classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0015-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, New Zealand\nIn 1885, Baldwin Locomotive Works built New Zealand's fourth batch of Prairie locomotives. These were to become the NZR N class. Six were delivered in 1885 and were of an almost identical design to the previous, but altered to utilise off-the-shelf components supplied by Baldwin. In 1901, four more were built for the NZR, but these were fitted with piston valves actuated by Walschaerts valve gear. In 1891, two of these locomotives had also been built to the same design for the WMR. In 1908, with the purchase of the WMR by NZR, all of these engines were classified as N class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0016-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, New Zealand\nBetween 1894 and 1904, four similar engines were built by Baldwin for the WMR. In 1908, these became the NZR's NA class and NC class, with two units each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0017-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, New Zealand\nThe NZR's Addington Workshops joined the list of Prairie suppliers in 1889, producing the first of two NZR W class tank engines. These were followed between 1892 and 1901 with eleven similar NZR WA class tank engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0018-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, New Zealand\nBaldwin followed this up with ten similar NZR WB class Prairie tank engines in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0019-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, New Zealand\nIn 1930-31, after nearly thirty years of 4-6-2 Pacific and 4-6-4 Baltic locomotive production, New Zealand dusted off its Prairie plans with the release into service of twenty-four NZR C class 2-6-2 locomotives, designed primarily for shunting and branch line work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0020-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Poland\nThe H. Cegielski Metal Works in Pozna\u0144 produced 122 OKl27 class 2-6-2T locomotives for the Polish State Railways (PKP) during the period between 1928 and 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0021-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Poland\nBetween 1951 and 1954, Fablok built a series of 116 Ol49 class 2-6-2 tender locomotives for the PKP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0022-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Romania\nRomania designed the 131.000 Class to replace the older Hungarian MAV locomotives used on C\u0103ile Ferate Rom\u00e2ne (CFR) secondary lines. A total of 67 locomotives were built at Re\u015fi\u0163a Works between 1939 and 1942, numbered 131.001 to 131.067.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0023-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Russia & Soviet Union\nIn Russia, the 2-6-2 was the standard passenger locomotive. They were represented by the pre-revolutionary S (\u0421) (Sormovskij) series and the post-revolutionary Su (\u0421\u0443) series locomotives, the latter of which appeared in 1928. The pre-revolutionary S-series locomotives had the characteristic pointed nose, absent on the Su locomotive. The suffix 'u' means usilenny which translates as \"strengthened\" or \"uprated\". Several Su-series locomotives are preserved in working order. However, only one pre-revolutionary S-series locomotive is still around, number S.68. It is preserved at the Saint Petersburg railway museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0024-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Russia & Soviet Union\nThe Su was the standard passenger engine on most mainline routes and it was only on the key trunk lines that the IS class 2-8-4, or later the P36 4-8-4, would be used. Therefore, the majority of passenger miles were hauled by an Su (\u0421\u0443).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0025-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Russia & Soviet Union\nVisually, the Su was the last true Russian-look design before the American influence of high running boards, bar frames and boxpok wheels became the norm. The Su retained such features as a clerestory skylight in the cab roof and handrails on the outside of the running board. These handrails were a result of the harsh Russian winters, when ice would build up on the running boards, making them highly dangerous. Enginemen had fallen to their death from moving trains and the fitting of promenade deck style handrails was a safety measure ordered by the Tsar in pre-revolutionary times. These features, combined with the high 17 feet (5.182 metres) loading gauge, combined to give the locomotives a uniquely Russian appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0026-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, South Africa\nThe world's first 2-6-2 Prairie type locomotives were also the first locomotives to enter service on the new Cape gauge mainline of the Cape Government Railways. They were 2-6-2 side-tank engines that were delivered between 1875 and 1879. Four-wheeled tenders were also acquired on a subsequent order and the locomotives could be operated in either a tank or tank-and-tender configuration, as circumstances demanded. These locomotives were later designated the Cape 2nd Class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0027-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1901, the Zululand Railway Company, contracted for the construction of the Natal North Coast line from Verulam to the Tugela River, acquired one 2-6-2 side-tank locomotive as construction engine from Baldwin Locomotive Works. Upon completion of the line in 1903, the locomotive was taken onto the roster of the Natal Government Railways and was designated Class I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0028-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, South Africa\nThe first four Prairie locomotives built for the Cape Government Railways (CGR) by Neilson, Reid and Company, later designated Class 6Z on the South African Railways (SAR), were placed in service in 1901, but they displayed the Prairie's tendency to be unsteady at speed. They were therefore soon modified to a 2-6-4 Adriatic wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0029-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, South Africa\nWith an improved design of bissel truck, two more CGR locomotives which were ordered from Kitson and Company in 1903 were once again built with a 2-6-2 Prairie wheel arrangement. These two locomotives did not display the tendency to sway at speed and therefore retained their 2-6-2 wheel arrangement. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the SAR, they were renumbered and designated Class 6Y.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0030-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, Switzerland\nIn 1997, the MThB no. 3 was used as the prototype for the locomotive in the animated 20th Century Fox motion picture Anastasia, where it was given the appearance of a Soviet Union continental locomotive numbered 2747.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0031-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom, Standard gauge\nThe first United Kingdom 2-6-2 tender locomotive was the unsuccessful prototype Midland Railway Paget locomotive of 1908. Thereafter, the wheel arrangement was rare on tender locomotives, with the exception of two classes on the London and North Eastern Railway. These were the Class V2 and Class V4 mixed traffic locomotives which totalled 186 locomotives between them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0032-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom, Standard gauge\nIn contrast, 2-6-2T locomotives were very widely used on suburban passenger services, particularly by the Great Western Railway (GWR), who built four main classes between 1903 and 1947. These include the 'Large Prairies' (5100, 3150 and 6100 classes), the 'Small Prairies' (4400, 4500 and 4575 classes) and the non-standard 3901 class rebuilt from 0-6-0 tender engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0033-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom, Standard gauge\nThe Railway Operating Division received 70 2-6-2 Saddle tank engines built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in the United States. They were shipped to France and used near the front line. These engines, nicknamed \"tortoises\" were probably inspired by the Saddle tanks used on forest railways in the USA\u00a0; they had very small drivers and could run tight curves. After the war, all remaining engines (63) were sold to the Belgian State Railways. The rest was probably destroyed during the war and some of them may have been cannibalised for spares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0034-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom, Standard gauge\nSir Henry Fowler of the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) introduced a successful 2-6-2T class in 1930, which became the basis of further similar classes by Stanier in 1935 and Ivatt in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0035-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom, Standard gauge\nSir Nigel Gresley of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) introduced his V1 and V3 classes in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0036-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom, Standard gauge\nThe last new 2-6-2T locomotives in Britain were the British Railways standard class 2, built between 1953 and 1957. The design derived from the earlier LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2T.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0037-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom, Narrow gauge\nThe 2-6-2T layout was popular for large narrow gauge engines, but the design was modified to allow the use of a firebox much wider than the track gauge. A standard gauge 2-6-2T normally has inside frames and the firebox is placed between the second and third coupled axles. A narrow gauge one, on the other hand, has outside frames and the firebox is placed behind the third coupled axle and clear of the wheels. To minimise the rear overhang, the fuel is therefore carried in side-bunkers alongside the firebox, instead of in a rear bunker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0038-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom, Narrow gauge\nPreserved examples include the Welsh Highland Railway's Russell and the Vale of Rheidol Railway locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0039-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United States, Narrow gauge\nThe 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) gauge Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad in Franklin County, Maine, was a major narrow gauge 2-6-2 user.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0040-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United States, Standard gauge\nIn the United States, the type evolved from the 2-6-0 (Mogul) configuration. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) became a pioneer of the type in the United States in 1901 and one of the largest fleet users of the type. Problems the road encountered with the type included steam leakage in the compound cylinder plumbing and instability at speed. The former problem was solved by converting them to simplex two-cylinder locomotives; the latter problem required new 4-6-2 (Pacific) types with four-wheeled guide trucks. The Prairie types were rebuilt with smaller drivers for slightly slower fast freight service. These engines tended to enjoy very long service lives, and outlasted many a newer, more efficient steam locomotive on the Santa Fe and elsewhere. This was due to their modest weight, good speed and ability to operate well in reverse, which made them valuable for branch line operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 43], "content_span": [44, 956]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0041-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United States, Standard gauge\nIn 1902, the AT&SF had a 2-6-2 with a high, at the time, boiler pressure of 220 pounds per square inch (1,517 kilopascals), mounted on a large 41-square-foot (3.8-square-meter) fire grate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 43], "content_span": [44, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160504-0042-0000", "contents": "2-6-2, Usage, United States, Standard gauge\nMore than a thousand examples of the 2-6-2 wheel arrangement existed in the United States. Of these, one hundred were high-wheeled engines with larger than 69-inch (1,753-millimeter) drivers. The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern operated locomotives with 80-inch (2,032-millimeter) drivers, but this did not overcome their inherent instability. They were never as successful in passenger service in the U.S. as they were in other nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 43], "content_span": [44, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, 2-6-2+2-6-2 is an articulated locomotive using a pair of 2-6-2 power units back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between them. The 2-6-2 wheel arrangement has a single pair of leading wheels in a leading truck, followed by three coupled pairs of driving wheels and a pair of trailing wheels in a trailing truck. Since the 2-6-2 type was often called the Prairie type, the corresponding Garratt and Modified Fairlie types were usually known as a Double Prairie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Overview\nThe 2-6-2+2-6-2 wheel arrangement was used on Garratt, Modified Fairlie and Union Garratt locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Overview, Garratt locomotives\nThe 2-6-2+2-6-2 was the second most numerous Garratt wheel arrangement to be built, with altogether 238 examples constructed by Beyer, Peacock and Company (BP) and its licensees. Most of them were built to 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge, 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a03\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge and the 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) or 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow gauges. None were built to the 4\u00a0ft\u00a08\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in (1,435\u00a0mm) standard gauge, but several were built to 5\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a0in (1,600\u00a0mm) and 5\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,676\u00a0mm) gauges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Overview, Garratt locomotives\nThe first examples of the type were two 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) 2-6-2+2-6-2 L class Garratts built for the Tasmanian Government Railways in 1912. This wheel arrangement also included the final Garratts to be built by BP, seven 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) South African Class NG G16 locomotives in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Overview, Modified Fairlie locomotives\nThe Modified Fairlie was first introduced in South Africa, when the South African Railways (SAR) experimented with a modified type of Fairlie locomotive in order to compare the concept to that of the Garratt locomotive in terms of actual performance and maintenance requirements. In essence, the Modified Fairlie was an adaptation of the Kitson-Meyer concept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0004-0001", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Overview, Modified Fairlie locomotives\nIt was similar in appearance to a Garratt, but with the boiler, cab, coal and water bunkers all mounted on a single rigid frame which pivoted on the engine units, with the pivot centers located approximately at the centre of the rigid wheelbase of each engine unit. In the Garratt design, by comparison, the coal and water bunkers are mounted directly on the engine units and swivel with them, while the boiler, firebox and cab are mounted on a rigid frame which is suspended between the two engine units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Overview, Union Garratt locomotives\nThe Union Garratt was a hybrid locomotive, part Garratt and part Modified Fairlie, designed and built for the SAR by Maffei in Munich, Germany. The front end of the locomotive was of a typical Garratt arrangement, with a water tank mounted on the front engine unit\u2019s frame, while the rear end was constructed in the Modified Fairlie fashion, with the coal bunker mounted on a rigid extension of the locomotive\u2019s main frame and with the pivoting rear engine unit positioned beneath the coal bunker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0006-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, Sierra Leone\nThe Sierra Leone Government Railway acquired altogether 27 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratt locomotives from BP between 1926 and 1956. Seven were delivered in 1926, 1928 and 1929. Six more followed in 1942 and 1943 and fourteen more in 1955 and 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0007-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, Sierra Leone\nAnother two were delivered to the Sierra Leone Development Corporation in 1937, also from BP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0008-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, South Africa\nThe largest user of the type was the South African Railways (SAR) who operated 132 locomotives of this wheel arrangement, spread over fifteen classes. Of these, ten classes were Cape gauge (83 locomotives) and five classes were 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow gauge (49 locomotives). Two of the narrow gauge locomotives were later rebuilt to improve coal combustion and reclassified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0009-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nThe 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2 locomotives of the SAR entered service between 1921 and 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0010-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauge\nThe South African 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2 locomotives entered service between 1927 and 1968. Two were rebuilt in 1989 and 1990 and reclassified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0011-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, Southern Rhodesia\nWith altogether 46 locomotives of this wheel arrangement, all built by BP, the second largest user of the 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratt was the Rhodesia Railways (RR) of Southern Rhodesia, which also operated in Northern Rhodesia and Mozambique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0012-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, Southern Rhodesia\nIn 1926, twelve 13th Class 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratts were ordered by the Beira and Mashonaland and Rhodesia Railways (BMR). They were based at Umtali in Southern Rhodesia to work the difficult section of the Beira line into Mozambique between Umtali and Vila Machado. In 1930, these locomotives were replaced on this duty by 14th Class Garratts, after which they were mainly based at Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia until their withdrawal from service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0013-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, Southern Rhodesia\nThe 13th class also operated in Northern Rhodesia, with a couple being allocated for short periods to Livingstone. Two locomotives were also hired out to the Rhokana Corporation copper mine at Nkana in Kitwe, Northern Rhodesia. These two locomotives were eventually purchased by the mine, one coming to a tragic end in 1950 when it struck a lorry loaded with explosives at a level crossing, causing many deaths since the train carried miners going on shift in an open wagon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0014-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, Southern Rhodesia\nIn 1929, the success of the 13th Class led to an improved version being ordered by RR, which the BMR had now become. While of the same wheel arrangement and similar power output as the 13th class locomotives, these sixteen had, amongst other improvements, bar instead of plate frames and round-topped instead of Belpaire fireboxes. These were designated the 14th Class and all of them were initially allocated to Umtali to replace the 13th class Garratts on the line to Vila Machado in Mozambique. From 1939, some of the class were transferred for branchline work in Southern Rhodesia at the Salisbury, Bulawayo and Gwelo depots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0015-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, Southern Rhodesia\nIn October 1949, the Beira line in Mozambique was taken over by the state-owned Caminhos de Ferro de Mo\u00e7ambique (CFM). At the same time, the CFM purchased a number of locomotives from RR, including eight 14th Class Garratts, which continued to work on the Beira line from the new depot at Gondola in Mozambique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160505-0016-0000", "contents": "2-6-2+2-6-2, Usage, Southern Rhodesia\nIn 1950, RR ordered a modernised version of the 14th Class for branchline work in Southern Rhodesia. There were eighteen of them and they were designated the 14A Class. From 1979, they were refurbished for shunting work, receiving roller bearings on the driving and coupled axles and, in many cases, larger water tanks and coal bunkers. By 2012 this class, now on the roster of the National Railways of Zimbabwe, still saw occasional service on Bulawayo shunt duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-4\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, a 2-6-4 locomotive has two leading wheels, six coupled driving wheels and four trailing wheels. This arrangement is commonly called Adriatic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Overview\nWith only a few known exceptions, the Adriatic wheel arrangement was usually used on tank locomotives, for which various suffixes to indicate the type of tank would be added to the wheel arrangement, for example 2-6-4T for an engine with side-tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Overview, Tender locomotives\nThe earliest known example was the South African Class 6Z, designed by Cape Government Railways (CGR) Chief Locomotive Superintendent H.M. Beatty in 1901. The first engines of the class were modified 2-6-2 Prairie locomotives which were equipped with two-axle trailing bogies. In 1902, more were placed in service, but built with the 2-6-4 wheel arrangement. The latter were the first known tender locomotives in the world to be built with this wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Overview, Tank locomotives\nTank engines with the 2-6-4T wheel arrangement were produced for many different railway systems worldwide and were mainly used for freight and suburban passenger working. They have been less successful on express passenger trains. The earliest known example also originated in South Africa, the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway's 55 Tonner of 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 33], "content_span": [34, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, Austria\nTwo Austrian express tender locomotive types were of this wheel arrangement, the Class 210 of 1908 and Class 310 of 1911, both designed by Karl G\u00f6lsdorf. The type therefore became known as the Adriatic arrangement, named for the Adriatic Sea which bordered Austria-Hungary until 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, Brazil\nPreserved meter gauge locomotive Dona Joaninha, built to haul sugar cane in Brazil, uses the 2-6-4 wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0006-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, Finland\nFinland had three locomotive classes with a 2-6-4T wheel arrangement, the Classes Vk1, Vk2 and Vk3. All three classes were nicknamed Iita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0007-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, Finland\nThe Class Vk1, numbered 301 to 305, were delivered in 1900 from Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Class Vk1 Iita were also nicknamed Amerikan because they were built in the United States of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0008-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, Finland\nThe Finnish Steam Locomotive Class Vk3 were numbered 456 and 487 to 492. They were built in 1915 by Tampella, a Finnish heavy industry manufacturer, and were used for local passenger duties. One of them, Vk3 No 489, is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0009-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, Germany\nTwo Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) 2-6-4T Class 66 locomotives, designed for fast goods train and passenger train service, were built in 1955 as part of the DB's Neubaulok construction programme. They were both withdrawn from service in 1968. One, DB 66 002, has been preserved at the Bochum-Dahlhausen Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0010-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, Sweden\nwith driving wheels 1.75 m diameter for passenger use, built Motala 1917, one preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0011-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, Sweden\nwith driving wheels 1.3 m diameter for mixed traffic use, built Atlas, Motala and Nohab, 1914\u20131918. Four preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0012-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, Switzerland\nwere built by SLM in 1913 for use on the Berne-Neuenberg railway. They were still in use at Basel in 1956. Of slightly British appearance, at that time they were used to transfer stock between the French and Swiss systems, the former having not yet been electrified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0013-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, New Zealand\nThe Ferrymead Railway in Christchurch, New Zealand has a 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge 2-6-4T locomotive that was in regular operation until taken off-line for boiler repairs around 2009. It was built by Baldwin in 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0014-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, New Zealand\nThe Wf class of the New Zealand Government Railways was built between 1903 and 1928 and was a general purpose tank design. It was used all over New Zealand and identical locomotives were also in service as the Ds class of the Tasmanian Government Railways. Three Wf class locomotives survived in preservation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0015-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, South Africa\nBetween 1898 and 1900, the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway (PPR) placed six 2-6-4T locomotives in service, built by Beyer, Peacock and Company. During the Second Boer War, they were first taken over by the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorwegmaatschappij (NZASM) and then by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR). After the war, they were taken onto the roster of the Central South African Railways (CSAR) and in 1912 they were assimilated into the South African Railways (SAR) as Class D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0016-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1901, the CGR placed four 6th Class 2-6-2 Prairie tender steam locomotives in service, designed at the Salt River works of the CGR and built by Neilson, Reid and Company. During trials, it was found that they were inclined to be unsteady at speed and the locomotive design was therefore modified to a 2-6-4 wheel arrangement by replacing the trailing carrier wheels with a two-axle bogie. Another four locomotives incorporating this modification were ordered later in 1901 and delivered in 1902, the first tender locomotives in the world to be built with this wheel arrangement. The change in design resulted in a marked improvement in the locomotive's stability at speed and the first four locomotives were therefore also modified accordingly. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the SAR, these eight locomotives were all designated Class 6Z.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0017-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1902, the CGR placed two Type A Adriatic narrow gauge locomotive in construction service on the Avontuur branch, which was being built out of Port Elizabeth through the Langkloof. They were built by Manning Wardle and Company and, at a width of 7\u00a0feet 9\u00a0inches (2.362 metres), they were the widest locomotives to see service on any of the 2 feet (610 millimetres) narrow gauge lines in South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0018-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe first British examples of the 2-6-4T wheel arrangement were two locomotives built for the narrow-gauge Leek & Manifold Valley Light Railway in 1904. The first 4\u00a0ft\u00a08+1\u20442\u00a0in (1,435\u00a0mm) standard gauge examples were the class 1B of the Great Central Railway, built in 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0019-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, United Kingdom\nRichard Maunsell of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR) designed the K class in 1914 for express passenger duties, and in 1925 introduced a three-cylinder variant K1 class for the Southern Railway. These locomotives proved to be unsteady at speed and, following the Sevenoaks railway accident in 1927, they were rebuilt as 2-6-0 tender locomotives. Maunsell did however use the type more successfully for his W class freight locomotives of 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0020-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, United Kingdom\nBetween 1927 and 1947, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) built nearly five hundred 2-6-4Ts for suburban passenger work to four similar designs (see LMS/BR Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives). The last of these, the LMS Fairburn, continued to be built by British Railways (BR) until 1951. Fairburn's LMS design also formed the basis of the very successful BR Standard Class 4, which continued to be produced until 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0021-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, United Kingdom\nBetween 1946 and 1950, George Ivatt of the LMS also built eighteen 5\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a0in (1,600\u00a0mm) examples of a very similar design at Derby Works, for use in Northern Ireland. These later became the Northern Counties Committee WT class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0022-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Usage, United Kingdom\nA prototype of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) L1 class, designed by Edward Thompson, was built in 1945. The remaining 99 members of the class were built under BR administration during the period from 1948 to 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160506-0023-0000", "contents": "2-6-4, Model Railroading\nThe Lionel Corporation used the 2-6-4 wheel arrangement in many of its model steam locomotives, including the 2037 used in the infamous Girls' Train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160507-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, 2-6-6-0 is a locomotive with one pair of unpowered leading wheels, followed by two sets of three pairs of powered driving wheels and no trailing wheels. The wheel arrangement was principally used on Mallet-type articulated locomotives. Some tank locomotive examples were also built, for which various suffixes to indicate the type of tank would be added to the wheel arrangement, for example 2-6-6-0T for an engine with side-tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160507-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-0, Overview\nThe 2-6-6-0 wheel arrangement was most often used for articulated compound steam Mallet locomotives. In a compound Mallet, the rear set of coupled wheels are driven by the smaller high pressure cylinders, from which spent steam is then fed to the larger low pressure cylinders that drive the front set of coupled wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160507-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-0, Usage, New Zealand\nThe sole NZR E class locomotive of 1906 was the only 2-6-6-0T locomotive ever built for and used by the New Zealand Railways Department. It was built at the Petone Workshops in Wellington and was designed for use on the world famous Rimutaka Incline. Numbered 66, making it E 66, it spent the first part of its working life in the Wellington region hauling trains up and down the Rimutaka Incline. It was eventually transferred to the Wellington-Johnsonville section for banking duties, even though it was not designed for that type of work. In 1917, E 66 was withdrawn from service and scrapped. Sadly, it didn't survive long enough for preservation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160507-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-0, Usage, South Africa\nThe South African Railways (SAR) operated 57 Mallet locomotives with this wheel arrangement, spread over six classes, all of them 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160507-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-0, Usage, United States\nAt least two American railroads used 2-6-6-0 Mallet locomotives. One was the Denver, Northwestern and Pacific Railway, which later became the Denver and Salt Lake Railroad and eventually the Denver and Salt Lake Railway. Towards the end of their service life, after the acquisition of the Denver and Salt Lake, these locomotives were used by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (D&RGW). The locomotives were initially used across the Rollins Pass and later on the Moffat Tunnel route of the Denver and Salt Lake. They were all scrapped by the D&RGW between 1948 and 1952. None were preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160507-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-0, Usage, United States\nAnother was the Virginian Railway, whose Class AA 2-6-6-0 is depicted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160508-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 2-6-6-2 is a locomotive with one pair of unpowered leading wheels, followed by two sets of three pairs of powered driving wheels and one pair of trailing wheels. The wheel arrangement was principally used on Mallet-type articulated locomotives, although some tank locomotive examples were also built. A Garratt type locomotive with the same wheel arrangement is designated 2-6-0+0-6-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160508-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-2\nUnder the UIC classification the wheel arrangement is referred to as (1'C)C1' for Mallet locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160508-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-2, Overview\nThe 2-6-6-2 wheel arrangement was most often used for articulated compound steam Mallet locomotives. In a compound Mallet, the rear set of coupled wheels are driven by the smaller high pressure cylinders, from which spent steam is then fed to the larger low pressure cylinders that drive the front set of coupled wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160508-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-2, Overview\nThis type of locomotive was commonly used in North America on logging railroads. The 2-6-6-2 wheel arrangement was also used in South Africa and the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160508-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-2, Usage, Serbia\nThe Serbian government used a Mallet articulated compound locomotive for freight service on 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) narrow gauge. It was built for the Serbian government by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160508-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-2, Usage, South Africa\nThe South African Railways (SAR) operated 22 Mallet locomotives with this wheel arrangement, spread over five classes, all of them built to 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160508-0006-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-2, Usage, Soviet Union\nThe wheel arrangement also appeared in Soviet Russia as a 5\u00a0ft (1,524\u00a0mm) locomotive, the P34, built by Kolomna Locomotive Works. It was a modern but compact Mallet of which only one was built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160508-0007-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-2, Usage, United States\nThis \"Mallet Mogul\" wheel configuration existed on both the Norfolk & Western Railroad as Class L-76 (built by Norfolk & Western), later sold to Denver and Rio Grande Western, and the Denver and Rio Grande Western's standard gauge line as Class 340/L-62 (built by Alco-Schenectady), and  in 1947 the Class L-76 from Norfolk & Western. D&RGW purchased these for helper service in 1910 (Soldier Summit and Tennessee Pass), and later added the two N&W locomotives to \"beef up helper service\" once again. All were retired between 1947 and 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160508-0008-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-2, Usage, United States\n- C&O 1309 is under steam late 2020 to early 2021 on Western Maryland Scenic Railroad after a restoration", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160509-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-4\nIn the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotive wheel arrangement, a 2-6-6-4 is a locomotive with a two-wheel leading truck, two sets of six driving wheels, and a four-wheel trailing truck. All 2-6-6-4s are articulated locomotives, of the Mallet or related simple articulated type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160509-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-4\nThe UIC classification is refined to (1'C)C2' for Mallet locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160509-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-4\nThe 2-6-6-4 was a fairly late development, a product of the superpower steam concept, introduced by  the Lima Locomotive Works, which encouraged the use of large fireboxes supported by four-wheel trailing trucks. Such a firebox could sustain a rate of steam generation to meet any demands of the locomotive's cylinders, even at high speed. High speeds were certainly among the design goals for the 2-6-6-4; most of the type were intended for use on fast freight trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160509-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-4\nThe first 2-6-6-4s built in the United States were for the Pittsburgh & West Virginia Railroad, and these were not high speed locomotives but rather mountain luggers. They received three in 1934 and four more in 1937 and operated the 2-6-6-4s until 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160509-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-4\nThe next of the type were a class of ten ordered by the Seaboard Air Line in 1935 and 1937. These were high speed freight engines and were successful. Upon dieselisation the road sold the locomotives to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1947, who operated them until 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160509-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-4\nThe final class of 2-6-6-4s was the Norfolk & Western Railway's Class A, built starting in 1936. 43 were built until 1950 but were operated until 1959 to prepare the ending of steam power. The powerful 2-6-6-4s were capable of more than 5000 drawbar horsepower at 45\u00a0mph (72\u00a0km/h) and could reach 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h), and could lug heavy coal trains. They were used until dieselisation in 1959. One locomotive, Norfolk & Western 1218, was preserved and in 1987 was restored to running order, running on excursions until 1991. Today it is on display at the Virginia Museum of Transportation. It is the only surviving 2-6-6-4 in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6\nThe 2-6-6-6 (in Whyte notation) is an articulated locomotive type with two leading wheels, two sets of six driving wheels and six trailing wheels. Only two classes of the 2-6-6-6 type were built. One was the \"Allegheny\" class, built by the Lima Locomotive Works. The name comes from the locomotive's first service with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway beginning in 1941, where it was used to haul loaded coal trains over the Allegheny Mountains. The other was the \"Blue Ridge\" class for the Virginian Railway. These were some of the most powerful reciprocating steam locomotives ever built, at 7,500 HP (which was only exceeded by the PRR Q2 in indicated horsepower), and one of the heaviest at 386 tons for the locomotive itself plus 215 tons for the loaded tender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6\nOther equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: 1CC3 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)French classification: 130+033Turkish classification: 34+36Swiss classification: 3/4+3/6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6\nThe UIC classification is refined to (1'C)C3' for Mallet locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6, History\nTwo classes of 2-6-6-6 locomotives were built; the sixty H-8 \"Allegheny\" class locomotives for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) between 1941 and 1948, and the eight AG \"Blue Ridge\" class locomotives for the Virginian Railway in 1945. (The locomotives were Series AG on the Virginian, which was thought to be an abbreviation for Allegheny, but that referred to their being Articulated, Series G.)   All were built by the Lima Locomotive Works. The \"Allegheny\" name refers to the C&O locomotives' job of hauling coal trains over the Allegheny Mountains. C&O-1601's power output is 7,500 hp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6, History\nThough it was apparent to many knowledgeable people in the railroad industry that reciprocating piston driven steam locomotives might soon be replaced by diesel power, Lima and C&O set out to build the ultimate in high power steam locomotives and they succeeded. No diesel engine ever surpassed the output of these giants, which were among the heaviest steam locomotives ever constructed. The three-axle trailing truck supporting the firebox was unusual, carrying over 190,000\u00a0lbs, allowing the huge firebox needed for the high power. As it turned out, steam locomotives continued in service for almost another 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6, History\nGene Huddleston's book, \"C&O Power\", reports tests of the C&O with a dynamometer car indicating momentary readings of 7,498\u00a0hp (5.6\u00a0MW) with readings between 6,700 to 6,900\u00a0hp (5.0 to 5.1\u00a0MW) at about 45\u00a0mph (72\u00a0km/h). The state of calibration of the dynamometer car is not known. The calculated starting tractive effort was only 110,200\u00a0lbf (490.2\u00a0kN), but no one has published a higher dynamometer horsepower for any steam locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0006-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6, History\nThe locomotive was built to power coal trains on the 0.57% eastward climb from White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia to Alleghany, Virginia. With one at the front and another at the back, 11,500-ton coal trains left Hinton, WV and were at full throttle from White Sulphur Springs to the top of the grade at Alleghany. C&O's 2-6-6-6s also handled coal trains from West Virginia to Columbus, Ohio. Huddleston says that 23 locomotives were equipped with steam piping for heating passenger trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0007-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6, History\nWhile delivering the first group of locomotives in 1941, Lima miscalculated and misrepresented the H-8s' weight. Maintenance crews recalculated the weight, and discovered that the H-8s weighed 771,300 pounds, which was thousands of pounds heavier than Lima first claimed. The train crews that worked with the H-8s, whom were getting paid based on the locomotive's weight on the driving wheels at the time, started seeing this misrepresentation as an attack on their Livelihood. The C&O was forced to pay their crews thousands of dollars to make up for lost payment, and they subsequently sued Lima for over 3 million dollars in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0008-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6, History\nMultiple unit operation in the diesel era removed the need to pack the highest horsepower in a single unit. The H-8's 80,000+ pound axle load demanded heavy rail and track structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0009-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6, History\nOne H-8, the 1642, suffered a crown sheet failure and subsequent boiler explosion at Hinton, WV in June, 1953. The force of the explosion rocketed the boiler off the running gear towards the rear, killing all three crew. While these locomotives had two sources of water for the boiler, a steam turbine pump-fed Worthington hot pump and one injector, it is not known whether any were defective at the time of dispatch. According to the family of the locomotive's engineer, Wilbur H. Anderson, of Hinton, previous crews had complained of a faulty water level gauge. Anderson's widow, Georgia Anderson, was given $10,000 in compensation by the C&O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0010-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6, Preservation\nThere are only two surviving Alleghenies. Upon retirement in 1956, 1601 was donated to The Henry Ford  museum in Dearborn, Michigan, where it has been on display indoors since. 1604 was initially sent to C&O's scrap lines behind their diesel shops at Russell, Kentucky. It was then donated to the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke circa 1969 where it was displayed next to N&W 1218. On November 4th, 1985, it was partially damaged by a flood, which washed away the ground under it and nearly turned the locomotive over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0010-0001", "contents": "2-6-6-6, Preservation\nIn 1987, parent company Norfolk Southern did a cosmetic overhaul on it at their Roanoke Shops before it was sent to Baltimore to be displayed as the centerpiece of the then Mount Clare Junction shopping center which was adjacent to the B&O Railroad Museum. In 1989, the shopping center donated it to the museum, where it presently resides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160510-0011-0000", "contents": "2-6-6-6, In popular culture\nThe 2-6-6-6 inspired the creation of the locomotive character \"Sam\", who was added to the animated children's show, Thomas And Friends in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160511-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-6T\nIn the Whyte notation for describing steam locomotive wheel arrangement, a 2-6-6 is a locomotive with a two-wheeled  leading truck, six driving wheels, and a six-wheeled trailing truck. All the locomotives produced of this arrangement have been tank locomotives, and the vast majority in the United States. It was a popular arrangement for the larger Mason Bogies, as well as some of the largest suburban tank locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160511-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-6T, Equivalent classifications\nThis steam locomotive-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 34], "content_span": [35, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160512-0000-0000", "contents": "2-6-8-0\nA 2-6-8-0 steam locomotive, in the Whyte notation for describing locomotive wheel arrangements, has two leading wheels, a set of six driving wheels, a set of eight driving wheels, and no trailing wheels. These locomotives usually employ the Mallet principle of articulation, with a swinging front engine and a rigidly attached rear engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160512-0001-0000", "contents": "2-6-8-0, Equivalent classifications\nOther equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: 1CD (also known as German classification and Italian classification)French classification: 130+040Turkish classification: 34+44Swiss classification: 3/4+4/4", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160512-0002-0000", "contents": "2-6-8-0, Equivalent classifications\nThe UIC classification is refined to (1'C)D for Mallet locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160512-0003-0000", "contents": "2-6-8-0, Examples\nThis type of articulated locomotive is unusual in having different numbers of driving axles in each set, and was only found in the United States of America and Germany. The Great Northern Railway and the Alabama Great Southern, a predecessor of the Southern Railway, both in the United States, were the sole long-term users of this type of locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160512-0004-0000", "contents": "2-6-8-0, Examples\nGreat Northern received 35 from Baldwin in 1910, numbered 1950\u20131984, designated class M-1. The M1s were rebuilt to use simple expansion In 1926 and 1927 and were redesignated class M-2. Most of the M-2s did not last long, being converted to class O-7 2-8-2s between 1929 and 1931; the thirteen exceptions remained in service until 1949\u20131954. The AGS had a single example in this wheel arrangement, number 300. It went to the Southern Railway and was later joined by two other 2-6-8-0 numbered 4002 and 4003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160512-0005-0000", "contents": "2-6-8-0, Examples\nThis unusual wheel arrangement was the subject of some experimentation. The Erie Railroad briefly had a locomotive of this type numbered 2900, but it was rebuilt to a 2-8-0 in 1916 after only six years. The Baldwin Locomotive Works marketed a front end \"kit\" whereby conventional 2-8-0 locomotives could be converted to 2-6-8-0 types. None of this type locomotive have been preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160512-0006-0000", "contents": "2-6-8-0, Examples\nIn Germany, during World War II, Deutsche Reichsbahn started work on a condensing 2-6-8-0 mallet locomotive built by Borsig. These were to have dual smoke stacks and had smoke deflectors to help with the driver's visibility while driving the locomotive. The locomotive would have been the largest on the German rail network, but as it was nearing completion in Borsig Werke it was destroyed in a RAF bombing raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and no trailing wheels. In the United States and elsewhere, this wheel arrangement is commonly known as a Consolidation, after the Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad\u2019s Consolidation, the name of the first 2-8-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-0\nThe Consolidation represented a notable advance in locomotive power. After 1875, it became \"the most popular type of freight locomotive in the United States and was built in greater quantities than any other single wheel arrangement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Overview\nOf all the locomotive types that were created and experimented with in the 19th century, the 2-8-0 was a relative latecomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Overview\nThe first locomotive of this wheel arrangement was possibly built by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR). Like the first 2-6-0s, this first 2-8-0 had a leading axle that was rigidly attached to the locomotive's frame, rather than on a separate truck or bogie. To create this 2-8-0, PRR master mechanic John P. Laird modified an existing 0-8-0, the Bedford, between 1864 and 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0004-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Overview\nThe 2-6-0 Mogul type, first created in the early 1860s, is often considered as the logical forerunner to the 2-8-0. However,  a claim is made that the first true 2-8-0 engine evolved from the 0-8-0 and was ordered by the United States' Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad, which named all its engines. The name given to the new locomotive was Consolidation, the name that was later almost globally adopted for the type. According to this viewpoint, the first 2-8-0 order by Lehigh dates to 1866 and antedates the adoption of the type by other railways and coal and mountain freight haulers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0005-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Overview\nFrom its introduction in 1866 and well into the early 20th century, the 2-8-0 design was considered to be the ultimate heavy-freight locomotive. The 2-8-0's forte was starting and moving \"impressive loads at unimpressive speeds\" and its versatility gave the type its longevity. The practical limit of the design was reached in 1915, when it was realised that no further development was possible with a locomotive of this wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0006-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage\nAs in the United States, the 2-8-0 was also a popular type in Europe, again largely as a freight hauler. The type was also used in Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0007-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Australia\nThe 2-8-0 locomotive was used extensively throughout Australia. It served on the 5\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a0in (1,600\u00a0mm) broad gauge, 4\u00a0ft\u00a08+1\u20442\u00a0in (1,435\u00a0mm) standard gauge and 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) narrow gauge and was employed mostly as a freight locomotive, although it was often also employed in passenger service in Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0008-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Australia\nThe first Australian locomotive class with this wheel arrangement were the Queensland railways C13 and C15, built as goods locomotives in 1879 by Baldwin Locomotive Works. Another lot of Consolidation engines consisted of 20 standard-gauge New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR) J Class engines, which arrived from Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1891. The Js remained in service in New South Wales until 1915, when they were withdrawn. Wartime shortages between 1916 and 1920 had six engines re-entering service after being shopped and fitted with superheaters. The last engine of this class was finally withdrawn in 1934 and all were scrapped by 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0009-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Australia\nThe next batch of NSW 2-8-0 locomotives to appear, between 1896 and 1916, was the NSWGR T class engines. The class was delivered from one local and several overseas builders, 151 locomotives from Beyer, Peacock and Company, 84 from North British Locomotive Company, 10 from Neilson and Company, 30 from Clyde Engineering in Australia, and five from D\u00fcbs and Company. During World War II, 14 of these locomotives were equipped with superheaters, which raised their tractive effort from 28,777\u00a0lbf (128.0\u00a0kN) to 33,557\u00a0lbf (149.3\u00a0kN).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0010-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Australia\nFrom 1899, the Victorian Railways (VR) also used a range of broad-gauge 2-8-0 locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0011-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Australia\nThe first 2-8-0 engines in private service on the Midland Railway of Western Australia  arrived in 1912. These were 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge locomotives. The five in the class operated until 1958. All were gone by 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0012-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Australia\nIn 1912, some of the NSWGR T class types were also purchased by the private East Greta Railway, later to become the South Maitland Railway, but these were converted to 2-8-2 tank locomotives. The class proved to be successful throughout its long service life, until being retired from government revenue service in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0013-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Australia\nDuring 1916, several of these same T class engines were also purchased from NBL by the Commonwealth Railways for the Trans-Australian Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0014-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Australia\nIn 1924, a private coal company, J&A Brown in NSW, obtained three ex-British military Railway Operating Division ROD 2-8-0 locomotives. Brown later ordered another 10 of these locomotives, but only nine of that order arrived in Australia. The last was withdrawn in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0015-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Belgium\nTo compensate for wartime losses, Belgian railways acquired 300 2-8-0 locomotives in 1946. They were built in North America, 160 by Montreal Locomotive Works in Canada, 60 by the Canadian Locomotive Company, and 80 by the American Locomotive Company in the United States. These machines proved to be very reliable and were used for mixed traffic until the end of the steam era, when number 29.013 hauled the last scheduled steam passenger train from Ath to Denderleeuw on 20 December 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0016-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Belgium\nThis locomotive survived in preservation and is used on special excursions. On 16 December 2006, number 29.013 re-enacted the last 1966 run on the same route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0017-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Canada\nThe Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) N-2-a, b, and c class locomotives were a class of altogether 182 Consolidation type locomotives, built by Montreal Locomotive Works between 1912 and 1914. They were numbered in the range from 3600 to 3799 and were used almost everywhere around the system. The order for these engines came about when CP needed bigger locomotives for their mainline since their current engines were wearing out and were too small for the loads that were being hauled. Most of the class were converted to oil-firing in later years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0018-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Canada\nOne of the locomotives, No. 3716, is run and maintained in Summerland, BC as part of the Kettle Valley Steam Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0019-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Finland\nFinland had five tender locomotive classes with a 2-8-0 wheel arrangement, the classes Tk1, Tk2, Tk3, Tv1, and Tv2. The class Tk1s were numbered from 271 to 290 and were nicknamed Amerikan Satikka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0020-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Finland\nThe class Tk2s were numbered 407 to 426 and 457 to 470. They were nicknamed Satikka. Three were preserved, No. 407 at N\u00e4rpes, No. 418 at Junction City, Oregon, in the United States, and No. 419 at Haapam\u00e4ki. The class Tk3s were numbered 800 to 899, 1100 to 1118, and 1129 to 1170. They were built by Tampella, Lokomo, and Frichs. The class Tv1s were numbered 594 to 617, 685 to 741, 900 to 948, and 1200 to 1211. They were built by Tampella and were nicknamed Jumbo. Four were preserved, No. 609 at Haapam\u00e4ki, No. 933 at the Veturi museum at Toijala, No. 940 at Lapinlahti and No. 943 at Ylivieska. The class Tv2s were numbered from 618 to 637. They were nicknamed Wilson. Only No. 618 was preserved, also at Haapam\u00e4ki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0021-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Finland\nFinland had only one tank locomotive class with a 2-8-0 wheel arrangement, the class M1 consisting of one solitary locomotive numbered 66. It was not preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0022-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Germany\nThe 2-8-0 wheel arrangement enjoyed a brief period of popularity in Germany during the era of the L\u00e4nderbahnen or State Railways, from about 1840 to 1920, prior to the establishment after the First World War of the Deutsche Reichsbahn, the German National Railways. Under the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG) classification system, all 2-8-0 locomotives were assigned to class 56 (Baureihe or BR 56), with different types receiving subclassifications. The earliest type was the Prussian G73 of 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0023-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Italy\nIn Italy, the state-controlled railways company Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), after comparing two models of 2-8-0 engine in 1906 (a simple-expansion [simplex] locomotive purchased from Baldwin and a compound type assembled by German and Italian builders) opted for a simplex 2-8-0 as basic power for its freight and mixed trains. Production of such locomotives, classified Gr. 740 in Italy, began in 1911 and stopped four years later when Italy entered the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0024-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Italy\nThereafter, Italian industry was devoted to producing military equipment, so FS bought locomotives from North American firms. From 1917 to 1922, American Locomotive Company and Montreal Locomotive Works built almost 393 2-8-0 locomotives for Italy. The FS classified these engines as Gr 735 and used them for freight and passenger services. After the war, the supply of Italian-built Gr. 740 resumed. Both Gr. 740 and Gr 735, very similar in performance, remained in service until the end of the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0025-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, New Zealand\nSeveral 2-8-0 locomotives were supplied to New Zealand by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia in the United States. Six O Class locomotives were built for the New Zealand Railways in 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0026-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, New Zealand\nThe Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company, which operated the Wellington-Manawatu line, had four similar locomotives built by Baldwin, two in 1888, one in 1894 and one in 1896. The WMR locomotives of 1894 and 1896, No. 12 and No. 13, were Vauclain compound locomotives, the first in New Zealand and the first narrow-gauge compounds in the world. While standard gauge compounds usually had the low-pressure cylinder mounted below the high-pressure cylinder on each side, this was often reversed on narrow-gauge locomotives, which had the larger low-pressure cylinders mounted above the high-pressure cylinders to provide greater clearance at platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0027-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, New Zealand\nIn 1908, when the WMR was nationalized, these locomotives were classified into three NZR subclasses because of detail differences, the two 1888 locomotives as OB class, the 1894 locomotive as OA class, and the 1896 locomotive as OC class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0028-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, North Korea\nThe Korean State Railway have locally built 500-series (used by rubber recycling plant) and 810 series Japanese built narrow gauge (762mm) 2-8-0 locomotives. The 810 series was likely retired in 2006 and 500-series may still be operating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0029-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Russia\nIn Russia, the 2-8-0 wheel arrangement was represented by the prerevolutionary Sch (Shuka-pike) class. These two-cylinder compound locomotives without superheaters were declared the standard Russian freight locomotive in 1912, but since they were relatively low-powered, they were only useful on easier lines without steep gradients such as the Saint Petersburg-Moscow route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0030-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, South Africa\nFive 2-8-0 locomotive classes saw service in South Africa, all of them initially acquired by the Cape Government Railways (CGR), which classified all but two as 8th Class. All of them were variations on the same design, used saturated steam, and had cylinders with overhead slide valves, actuated by inside Stephenson valve gear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0031-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, South Africa\nWhile subjecting the Consolidations to exhaustive testing on all types of traffic and under varying conditions, some trouble was experienced with the leading pony truck and it was dropped in favour of a four-wheeled bogie in later orders for more eighth class locomotives. All subsequent Cape eighth class locomotives were therefore built with a 4-8-0 Mastodon wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0032-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, South West Africa\nIn 1907 and 1910, the Staatsbahn Keetmanshoop (Keetmanshoop State Railway) in German South West Africa placed 21 tank locomotives in service. After the first World War, when all railways in the territory came under the administration of the South African Railways in 1922, five locomotives of the batch of 1910 survived. They were not classified or renumbered, but were referred to as the eight-coupled tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0033-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, South West Africa\nIn 1911, nine tender locomotives were placed in service by the Staatsbahn L\u00fcderitzbucht-Keetmanshoop (L\u00fcderitzbucht-Keetmanshoop State Railway). After the first World War, all nine locomotives came onto the roster of the SAR, where they were referred to as the eight-coupled tenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0034-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Sweden\nThe unusual M3t Turbine Steam Locomotive was of this type but also the E2 class and a number of other freight class locomotives where of this type in Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0035-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Turkey\nTurkey was a neutral country during the Second World War and to retain Turkish goodwill, Great Britain supplied several locomotives to the Turkish Railways, where they were classified 8F.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0036-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, Turkey\nTwo of these 8F class locomotives were brought back from Turkey early in 2011 and one of them is on display at the National Railway Museum in Shildon, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0037-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe 2-8-0 gradually became the standard heavy-freight steam locomotive type in the United Kingdom during the first half of the 20th century. The first 2-8-0 to be built in Britain was the Great Western Railway's 2800 Class, with 84 locomotives built between 1903 and 1919, followed by a further 83 of the very similar GWR 2884 Class between 1938 and 1942. In 1904, George Whale of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) began to rebuild some of his predecessor's 0-8-0 compound locomotives to 2-8-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0038-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn 1911, John G. Robinson of the Great Central Railway (GCR) introduced his very successful GCR Class 8K for heavy freight. 129 of these were originally built by the GCR. During the First World War, the design was adopted by the Ministry of Munitions and it became the standard locomotive of the Railway Operating Division of the Royal Engineers as the ROD 2-8-0. Altogether, 521 of these ROD locomotives were built during the war. After the war, large numbers of these were purchased by the LNWR and GWR, while some were also sold to a private Australian coal company, J&A Brown in New South Wales. Altogether, 273 were purchased by the LNWR during the early 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0039-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nOther successful 2-8-0 designs were built in the UK. The classes O1 and O2 were introduced by Nigel Gresley of the Great Northern Railway in 1913 and 1918, respectively, and the Class 7F by Henry Fowler of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway in 1914. Whilst most British 2-8-0 designs were intended for heavy freight, the GWR 4700 Class were designed for heavy mixed-traffic work, but were initially employed aminly on fast overnight freight trains; later they were used on express excursions in the summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0040-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe most successful British 2-8-0 class was the Class 8F, designed in 1935 by William Stanier for the London Midland and Scottish Railway. By 1946, 852 had been built. During the Second World War, the War Department originally chose the class 8F as its standard freight locomotive, and large numbers of them saw service overseas, notably in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0041-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe class 8F was superseded after 1943 by the cheaper WD Austerity 2-8-0 for war service. A total of 935 of these were built and again, many saw service overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0042-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States\nIn the United States, only a few railroads purchased Consolidation types when Baldwin Locomotive Works first introduced its version. Even the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, which eventually had nearly 180 2-8-0 locomotives in regular service by 1885, did not purchase any of this type until 1873. The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway, which eventually became part of B&O, purchased 15 of this type from Brooks Locomotive Works in 1883.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0043-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States\nThe 2-8-0 design was given a major boost in 1875, when the Pennsylvania Railroad made it their standard freight locomotive, and 1875 was also when the Erie Railroad began replacing its 4-4-0s in freight service with 2-8-0s. The railroads had found that the 2-8-0 could move trains twice as heavy at half the cost of its predecessors. From a financial standpoint at the time, the choice of the 2-8-0 as new freight locomotive was therefore clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0044-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States\nThe S160 Class of the United States Army Transportation Corps was built by American manufacturers and was designed for use in Europe for heavy freight work during the Second World War. A total of 2,120 of this class was built and they worked on railroads across the world. Production of the 2-8-0 type in the United States totalled more than 23,000 locomotives, of which 12,000 were export versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0045-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nGreat Northern Railway Consolidation No. 1147 is on display in a park in Wenatchee, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0046-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nGreat Northern Railway Consolidation No. 1246 is in storage in southern Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0047-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nSouthern Pacific No. 895, a 2-8-0 Consolidation locomotive built by ALCO in 1913 is on static display at Roseland Park in Baytown, Texas. SP No. 895 was retired after 44 years of service and donated by Southern Pacific Railroad to the Robert E. Lee High School Key Club,  then towed on temporary tracks to its current location at Roseland Park in April, 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0048-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nBaltimore & Ohio No. 545 \"A.J Cromwell\", built in 1888, is preserved at the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0049-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nThe Southern Pacific Railroad's locomotive no. SP 2562 was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1909, serial No. 29064. It is on exhibit in the Arizona Railway Museum in Chandler, Arizona. The locomotive and its tender are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, reference No. 09000511.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0050-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nThe Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad's class 759 locomotive No. 761 was built around 1890. When active, it was used on the railroad's mainline between Chicago and the west. No. 761 is plinthed next to the historic Wickenburg, Arizona, train depot that is now the town's visitor center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0051-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nThe Colorado & Southern (C&S) narrow-gauge No. 60 is on display in Idaho Springs, Colorado, while C&S No. 71 is in Central City, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0052-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nA Ks1 class 2-8-0, No. 630, is run and maintained in Chattanooga, Tennessee, by the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. In 2014, this locomotive participated in the Norfolk Southern 21st Century Steam program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0053-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nIn 1962, the Arcade & Attica Railroad purchased an ALCO-build locomotive from the Boyne City Railroad in Michigan. The locomotive, now numbered 18, is billed as the last operating steam excursion in New York State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0054-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nThree out of the four SC-1 hogs from the LS&I survived the scrapper's torch. Engine No. 33 has been restored by the Hocking Valley Scenic Railway, before being purchased by the Age of Steam Roundhouse in Sugarcreek, Ohio, where it operates today. Engine No. 35 has been on static display at the Illinois Railway Museum in Union, Illinois since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0055-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nIn 1992, the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad acquired SC-1 class No. 34. The locomotive was restored to operating condition and cosmetically changed to look like an original Western Maryland 2-8-0. The locomotive was renumbered 734 in honor, so to speak, of the H-7 (701-764) class of 2-8-0 that the Western Maryland harbored and of which none was preserved. Although, it also has an overall appearance of an H-8. As of 2020, Mountain Thunder, as No. 734 is nicknamed, is waiting for a 1,472 day boiler inspection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0056-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nUPRR No. 561 is on static display along US Highway 81 in Columbus, NE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0057-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nUPRR No. 423 is on static display on 10th street in Gering, Ne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0058-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nUPRR No. 6072 is on static display at Wyman park in Fort Riley ks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0059-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nBaldwin Locomotive Works No. 40, built in December 1925 for the Lancaster and Chester Railroad in South Carolina, and later purchased by the Cliffside Railroad in North Carolina, now pulls scenic excursion trains at the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad in New Hope, Pennsylvania, which opened in August, 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0060-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nGreat Western No. 60, built in August 1937 by the American Locomotive Company in Schenectady, New York, is currently operated on the Black River and Western Railroad in Ringoes, New Jersey. No . 60 originally operated on the Great Western Railway of Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0061-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nBaldwin Steam Locomotive No. 1702 , built in 1942 for the United States Army, was purchased by the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad (GSMR) of Bryson City, North Carolina, in the mid-1990s for use on its scenic railway excursions. After a decade of service, No. 1702 was retired in 2004. In October 2012, a partnership formed between GSMR and Swain County to provide funding to restore the locomotive. In 2013, a complete restoration was launched and the locomotive returned to service during summer 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0062-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nIn the late 1980s, four ex-Lake Superior and Ispheming 2-8-0s were purchased by the Grand Canyon Railway based in Williams, Arizona. No. 14 was built by ALCO in 1906 and was eventually renumbered 29, while Nos. 18, 19, and 20 were also built be ALCO in 1910 originally as 11, 12, and 13. Nos. 19 and 20 were cosmetically restored for static display at Williams Depot while 18 and 29 were fully restored to operation for use between Williams and the Grand Canyon National Park. By 2007, the Grand Canyon Railway sold off almost all of their 2-8-0s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0062-0001", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nNo. 19 was already sold in 1993 to MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park in Las Vegas, Nevada, and later on, it was sold to the City of Frisco, Texas for use on static display, appearing as a typical Frisco locomotive. The Frisco operated a fleet of over 200 consolidations before dieselization in the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0062-0002", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nNos. 18 and 20 were sold to the Mount Hood Railroad in Hood River, Oregon, and now reside at the Rio Grande Scenic Railroad based in Alamosa, Colorado, where 18 was often used in excursion service until 2013 and is now homed at the Colebrookdale Railroad, while 20 was sold to the City of Allen, Texas. No. 29 remains as the only 2-8-0 homed at the Grand Canyon Railway and is currently waiting for a 1,472 day boiler inspection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0063-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nPennsylvania Railroad 1187, of the class R, later H3, is on display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania. This class is described in detail in the book Set Up Running: The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman 1904-1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160513-0064-0000", "contents": "2-8-0, Usage, United States, Preservation\nVirginia & Truckee No. 29 is currently operational on the Virginia and Truckee Scenic Railroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160514-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-0+0-8-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, the 2-8-0+0-8-2 is a Garratt articulated locomotive. The wheel arrangement is effectively two 2-8-0 locomotives operating back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between the two power units. Each power unit has a single pair of leading wheels in a leading truck, followed by four coupled pairs of driving wheels and no trailing wheels. Since the 2-8-0 type is sometimes known as a Consolidation, the corresponding Garratt type could be referred to as a Double Consolidation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160514-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-0+0-8-2\nA similar wheel arrangement exists for Mallet type locomotives, but is referred to as 2-8-8-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160514-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-0+0-8-2, Overview\nThis Garratt wheel arrangement was somewhat common, especially for locomotives intended for freight service. The first 2-8-0+0-8-2 locomotive was a single metre gauge locomotive built by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1924 for the Burma Railways as their class GA.I. The second, and perhaps the better known, was the single Class U1 of the London & North Eastern Railway (LNER), built in 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160514-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-0+0-8-2, Use, Burma\nApart from their first single class GA.I locomotive of 1924, the 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03+3\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge Burma Railways acquired another locomotive from Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1927, classifying it GA.II. In that same year, another four of class GA.III were placed in service, also from Beyer, Peacock. In 1929, Krupp of Essen in Germany delivered eight more, designated Class GA.IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160514-0004-0000", "contents": "2-8-0+0-8-2, Use, India\nThe 5\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,676\u00a0mm) Bengal Nagpur Railway in India used two of the class HSG, built by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160514-0005-0000", "contents": "2-8-0+0-8-2, Use, India\nTen 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03+3\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge examples were purchased by the British War Department in 1943 and used on the Bengal Assam Railway in India as their Class MWGX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160514-0006-0000", "contents": "2-8-0+0-8-2, Use, Mauritius\nThe Mauritius Railway owned three 4\u00a0ft\u00a08+1\u20442\u00a0in (1,435\u00a0mm) standard gauge 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratts, also built by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160514-0007-0000", "contents": "2-8-0+0-8-2, Use, Turkey\nThe Ottoman Railways in Turkey acquired a single 4\u00a0ft\u00a08+1\u20442\u00a0in (1,435\u00a0mm) standard gauge 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratt from Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160514-0008-0000", "contents": "2-8-0+0-8-2, Use, United Kingdom\nThe London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) owned a single Class U1 Garratt, built by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1925. It was designed by Nigel Gresley for banking coal trains over the Worsborough Bank, a steeply graded line in South Yorkshire and part of the Woodhead line. The Class U1 was both the longest and the most powerful steam locomotive ever to run in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and two trailing wheels on one axle, usually in a trailing truck. This configuration of steam locomotive is most often referred to as a Mikado, frequently shortened to Mike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-2\nAt times it was also referred to on some railroads in the United States of America as the McAdoo Mikado and, during the Second World War, the MacArthur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-2\nThe notation 2-8-2T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement, the \"T\" suffix indicating a locomotive on which the water is carried in side-tanks mounted on the engine rather than in an attached tender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Overview\nThe 2-8-2 wheel arrangement allowed the locomotive's firebox to be placed behind instead of above the driving wheels, thereby allowing a larger firebox that could be both wide and deep. This supported a greater rate of combustion and thus a greater capacity for steam generation, allowing for more power at higher speeds. Allied with the larger driving wheel diameter which was possible when they did not impinge on the firebox, it meant that the 2-8-2 was capable of higher speeds than a 2-8-0 with a heavy train. These locomotives did not suffer from the imbalance of reciprocating parts as much as did the 2-6-2 or the 2-10-2, because the center of gravity was between the second and third drivers instead of above the centre driver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0004-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Overview\nThe first 2-8-2 locomotive was built in 1884. It was originally named Calumet by Angus Sinclair, in reference to the 2-8-2 engines built for the Chicago & Calumet Terminal Railway (C&CT). However, this name did not take hold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0005-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Overview\nThe wheel arrangement name \"Mikado\" originated from a group of Japanese type 9700 2-8-2 locomotives that were built by Baldwin Locomotive Works for the 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge Nippon Railway of Japan in 1897. In the 19th century, the Emperor of Japan was often referred to as \"the Mikado\" in English. Also, the Gilbert and Sullivan opera The Mikado had premiered in 1885 and achieved great popularity in both Britain and America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0006-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Overview\nThe 2-8-2 was one of the more common configurations in the first half of the 20th century, before dieselisation. Between 1917 and 1944, nearly 2,200 of this type were constructed by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO), Lima Locomotive Works and Baldwin, based on designs by the United States Railroad Administration (USRA). It was also known as the \"McAdoo Mikado\" in the United States, after William Gibbs McAdoo who was appointed as Director General of Railroads when the United States commenced hostilities during the latter part of the First World War and the USRA was established. Of all of the USRA designs, the Mikado proved to be the most popular. The total American production was about 14,000, of which 9,500 were for local customers and the rest exported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0007-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Overview\n\"Mikado\" remained the type name until the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Seeking a more American name, \"MacArthur\" came into use to describe the locomotive type in the United States, after General Douglas MacArthur. After the war, the type name \"Mikado\" again became the most common for this locomotive type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0008-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage\nLocomotives of this wheel arrangement saw service on all six populated continents. The 2-8-2 type was particularly popular in North America, but was also used extensively in Continental Europe and elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0009-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, 1,676\u00a0mm (5\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in) broad gauge\nThe Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway bought eighteen 2-8-2T locomotives in three batches of six as their class 701 class. The first two batches came from North British Locomotive Company in 1908 and 1912, the third from Henschel & Sohn in 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 57], "content_span": [58, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0010-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, 1,676\u00a0mm (5\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in) broad gauge\nThe BA&P also bought eight 2-8-2 tender locomotives from Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1928 as their 3001 class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 57], "content_span": [58, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0011-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, 1,676\u00a0mm (5\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in) broad gauge\nThe Central Argentine Railway (FCCA) bought fifteen 2-8-2T locomotives as their class C7 in 1912; they were built by Robert Stephenson and Company with works numbers 3506 to 3520.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 57], "content_span": [58, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0012-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, 1,676\u00a0mm (5\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in) broad gauge\nThe FCCA also bought sixty 2-8-2 locomotives: twenty class CS8A from Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1926, and another twenty in 1928 from Robert Stephenson and Company. The final twenty to class CS9A were supplied by Vulcan Foundry in 1930. Both classes were cross-compound locomotives with one high-pressure cylinder with a bore of 21 inches (533 millimetres) and one low-pressure cylinder with a bore of 31+1\u20442 inches (800 millimetres), with a stroke of 26 inches (660 millimetres). The earlier class had  coupled wheels with a diameter of 62 inches (1,575 millimetres), whereas on the later class they were  55+1\u20442 inches (1,410 millimetres).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 57], "content_span": [58, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0013-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, Standard gauge\nThe East Argentine Railway bought four 2-8-2 locomotives from Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1924. As class X they were numbered 70 to 74; they became General Urquiza Railway 701 to 704 in the 1948 nationalisation. Baldwin had classified them as 12-30-1\u20444-E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0014-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03+3\u20448\u00a0in) gauge\nThe Province of Buenos Aires Railway bought a single 2-8-2 locomotive from Hanomag of Germany in 1910. Numbered 251 and classified as class E, it was the only 2-8-2 on that railway's system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 55], "content_span": [56, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0015-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03+3\u20448\u00a0in) gauge\nThe Central Northern Railway (FCCN) bought seven classes of 2-8-2 locomotives totalling 134 locomotives. The first 100 were all bought in 1911: Fifteen from Borsig (class C7, numbered 700\u2013714), 25 from Henschel & Sohn (class C8, 715\u2013739), 10 from Hanomag (class C9, 740\u2013749) and 50 from North British Locomotive (class C10, 750\u2013799). The next 25 came from Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1920; they were Baldwin class 12-30-1\u20444-E, 55 to 79, FCCN class C11, numbered 7000\u20137024. The last nine new locomotives were built by Henschel between 1928 and 1930 (class C13, numbers 7025\u20137033, and class C13A, number 7034). In addition the FCCN rebuilt 20 4-8-0 locomotives of classes C6 and C7 into 2-8-2s between 1938 and 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 55], "content_span": [56, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0016-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03+3\u20448\u00a0in) gauge\nThe C\u00f3rdoba Central Railway (FCCC) bought 31 locomotives in four classes. The first was a solitary locomotive, numbered 800, class C6A built by Alco's Brooks Works in 1910. It was nearly a decade before they bought any more with a dozen class C9A locomotives, numbered 1451 to 1462, coming from Montreal Locomotive Works, half in 1919 and half in 1920. MLW delivered another 15 Mikados later that same year; as class C10A they were numbered 1463 to 1477.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 55], "content_span": [56, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0016-0001", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03+3\u20448\u00a0in) gauge\nFCCC's final three came from Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1925, they were Baldwin class 12-26-1\u20444-E; FCCC numbered them 1501 to 1503, class C11A. When the FCCC was taken over by the FCCN in 1939, their new owner changed the classification by adding 20 to the FCCC's old classification; the locomotives kept their old numbers, except for FCCC 800 which became FCCN 1400.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 55], "content_span": [56, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0017-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Argentina, 750\u00a0mm (2\u00a0ft\u00a05+1\u20442\u00a0in) gauge\nOn the Ferrocarriles Patag\u00f3nicos, 75 locomotives were bought in 1922. Fifty were built by Henschel & Sohn, numbered 101 to 150 and class 75H; 25 were built by Baldwin, numbered 1 to 25, class 75B with Baldwin classifying then as 12-18-1\u20444-E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0018-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Australia\nPossibly the world's first 2-8-2T was the South Maitland Railways 10 Class, first delivered in 1911, by Beyer-Peacock, and spasmodically continuing delivery until 1925, then totaling 14 in the class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0019-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Australia\nThe requirement for locomotives that could be converted from 5\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a0in (1,600\u00a0mm) to 4\u00a0ft\u00a08+1\u20442\u00a0in (1,435\u00a0mm) standard gauge without major re-engineering led to the introduction of Mikado locomotives by the Victorian Railways (VR) in the 1920s. Whereas previous 2-8-0 Consolidation type locomotives featured long, narrow fireboxes between the frames that made gauge conversion impractical, the N class light lines and X class heavy goods locomotives both featured wide fireboxes positioned behind the coupled wheels and above the frames.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0020-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Australia\nThe South Australian Railways (SAR) employed four distinct classes of 2-8-2 locomotive, the locally designed 700 and 710 class, the 740 class that was originally built for China by Clyde Engineering and purchased by the SAR after the order was cancelled in the wake of the Chinese Communist Revolution, and the 750 class, a group of ten surplus VR N class locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0021-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Australia\nTo assist with the postwar rebuilding of Australian railways, American-designed Mikado locomotives were also introduced after the Second World War, such as the Baldwin-built New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR) D59 class and the Queensland Rail (QR) AC16 class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0022-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Australia\nA Mikado was also the last new class of mainline steam locomotive to be introduced in Australia, the V class heavy freight locomotive of the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) of 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0023-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Austria\nThe 4-cylinder compound class 470, developed in 1914 by Karl G\u00f6lsdorf, was built for express trains on mountain lines. From 1927, some of these locomotives were rebuilt to two-cylinder superheated steam locomotives and designated class 670. They were reclassified to class 39 from 1938 and remained in service until 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0024-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Belgian Congo\nIn 1917, 24 Mikado type steam locomotives were built for the Chemins de Fer du Bas Congo \u00e1 Katanga (BCK), a new line from the Northern Rhodesian border to Port Francqui in the Belgian Congo. Since the line was just being completed at the time, the full complement of locomotives were not required immediately and four, possibly six, of them were temporarily leased to the South African Railways to alleviate a wartime shortage of locomotives. In South Africa, they were known as the Katanga Mikado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0024-0001", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Belgian Congo\nSix more of these engines were leased to the Beira and Mashonaland and Rhodesia Railways (BMR), which operated between Umtali in Southern Rhodesia and Beira in Mozambique. The locomotives were all forwarded to the Belgian Congo after the war, where they were numbered in the BCK range from 201 to 224.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0025-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Canada\nThe Canadian National Railway (CN) operated a few Mikado locomotives:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0026-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Canada\nThe Canadian Pacific (CP) used Mikado locomotives for passenger and freight trains throughout Canada. Most worked in the Rocky Mountains, where the standard 4-6-2 Pacifics and 4-6-4 Hudsons could not provide enough traction to handle the steep mountain grades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0027-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Canada\nThe Temiskaming & Northern Ontario (renamed Ontario Northland Railway in 1946) operated seventeen Mikados, all ordered from Canadian Locomotive Company in three batches, the first six in 1916, second batch of four in 1921, and the final seven in 1923 to 1925. They were scrapped between 1955 and 1957 when the Ontario Northland was completely dieselized, except for three wrecked and scrapped in the 1940s. The Temiskaming & Northern Ontario operated its Mikados on both freight and passenger service, and were fitted with smoke deflectors. In 1946 65 out of 199 Canadian Pacific N2 2-8-0\u2019s were rebuilt and converted to Class P1n 2-8-2\u2019s . However all were scrapped around 1955 and 1958 . No P1n 2-8-2\u2019s were preserved however CP no . 5468 is preserved", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0028-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Canada\nCP's no. 5468, on display in Revelstoke, British Columbia. And CP\u2019s 5361 a Class P2e is preserved Depew New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0029-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, China\nSome local industries still actively use Mikados on freight service. The last regular Mikado passenger service was ended on 20 November 2015 in Baiyin. A few Chinese-made locomotives have found their way into the United States, including Class SY no. 3025, built in 1989, which operated as New Haven no. 3025, in honor of Class J1 no. 3001-3024, on the Valley Railroad in Connecticut. The locomotive now operates on the Belvidere & Delaware as no. 142. It is original to the New York, Susquehanna & Western as no. 142. It and two other Chinese 2-8-2s are currently in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0030-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Finland\nFinland's sixteen 5\u00a0ft (1,524\u00a0mm) gauge Class Pr1 were 2-8-2T passenger locomotives for use on local trains. They were nicknamed Paikku, which means local. The Class Pr1 was operational from 1924 to 1972. Numbered 761 to 776, they were built by Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG (Hanomag) in Germany and also by Finnish locomotive builders Tampella and Lokomo. The last one, no. 776, is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0031-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Finland\nThe Finnish Class Tr1 (or R1) tender locomotive was built by Tampella, Lokomo and German locomotive builders Arnold Jung from 1940 and remained in service until 1975. They were numbered from 1030 to 1096 and were nicknamed Risto, after Finnish President Risto Ryti. 1030, 1033, 1037, 1047, 1051, 1055, 1057, 1060, 1067, 1071, 1074, 1077, 1082, 1087, 1088, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095 and 1096 are preserved", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0032-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France\nFrance used a fairly large number of 2-8-2s in both tender and tank configurations, designated 141 class from the French classification system of wheel arrangements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0033-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tender locomotives\nOf the pre-nationalisation railway companies that existed before the formation of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale des Chemins de fer Fran\u00e7ais (SNCF), the Chemins de fer de Paris \u00e0 Lyon et \u00e0 la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (PLM) had the most Mikados. Their first twelve were initially numbered from 1001 to 1012 and later renumbered to 141.A.1 to 141.A.12. The PLM's second series, numbered from 1013 to 1129 and later renumbered 141.B.1 to 141.B.117, were built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in the United States. Their third and largest class was numbered from 141.C.1 to 141.C.680. Of these latter locomotives, those fitted with feedwater heaters bore the class letter D. The PLM also rebuilt forty-four 141.C and 141.D class locomotives to 141.E class. The SNCF modified the PLM numbers by adding the regional prefix digit \"5\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0034-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tender locomotives\nThe PLM's 141.A class Mikados were copied by the Chemins de Fer du Nord, who had fifty, numbered from 4.1101 to 4.1150, which became 2-141.A.1 to 2-141.A.50 on the SNCF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0035-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tender locomotives\nThe Chemins de Fer de l'\u00c9tat also had a class of 250 Mikados, numbered from 141-001 to 141-250. These later became the 141.B class on the SNCF and were renumbered 3-141.B.1 to 3-141.B.250. After modifications, the 141.B class locomotives became the 141.C class, as well as one 141.D class (no. 141.D.136) and one 141.E class (no. 141.E.113). No. 3-141.C.100 has been preserved and designated a Monument historique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0036-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tender locomotives\nThe most powerful French Mikado was the SNCF 141.P class. At about 3,300 horsepower (2,500 kilowatts), these engines were among the most efficient steam locomotives in the world, thanks to their compound design. They could burn 30% less fuel and use 40% less water than their 141.R class counterparts, but could not compete when it came to reliability. Every locomotive of this 318-strong class has been scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0037-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tender locomotives\nThe most numerous steam locomotive class France had, was the American and Canadian-built 141.R class. Of the 1,340 locomotives ordered, however, only 1,323 entered service since sixteen engines were lost at sea during a storm off the coast of Newfoundland while being shipped to France, while one more was lost in Marseille harbour. They were praised for being easy to maintain and proved to be very reliable, which may account for the fact that they remained in service until the very end of the steam era in 1975. Twelve of these locomotives have been preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0038-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tank locomotives\nThe Chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine had a class of forty 2-8-2T locomotives, the T 14 class, later numbered SNCF 1-141.TA.501 to 1-141.TA.540. They were identical to Germany's  Prussian T 14 class locomotive and were built between 1914 and 1918. (Also see Germany)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0039-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tank locomotives\nThe Chemins de fer de l'Est had two Mikado classes. The first was numbered from 4401 to 4512, later renumbered 141.401 to 141.512 and finally SNCF 1-141.TB.401 to 1-141.TB.512. The other was numbered from 141.701 to 141.742 and later SNCF 1-141.TC.701 to 1-141.TC.742.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0040-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tank locomotives\nThe Chemin de Fer du Nord also had two 2-8-2T classes. The first, consisting of only two locomotives, was numbered 4.1201 and 4.1202, later renumbered 4.1701 and 4.1702 and finally SNCF 2-141.TB.1 and 2-141.TB.2. The second, with 72 locomotives, was numbered from 4.1201 to 4.1272 and later SNCF 2-141.TC.1 to 2-141.TC.72.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0041-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tank locomotives\nThe Chemins de Fer de l'\u00c9tat also had two Mikado classes. The first, numbered from 42-001 to 42-020, later became the SNCF 141.TC class and were renumbered 3-141.TC.1 to 3-141.TC.20. The second, numbered from 42-101 to 42-140, later became the SNCF 141TD class and were renumbered 3-141.TD.1 to 3-141.TD.141. They were copies of the 141.700 series of the Chemins de fer de l'Est.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0042-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, France, Tank locomotives\nThe Chemin de fer de Paris \u00e0 Orl\u00e9ans (PO) also had two classes. The first was numbered from 5301 to 5490 and later SNCF 4-141.TA.301 to 4-141.TA.490. The second was numbered from 5616 to 5740 and later 4-SNCF 141.TB.616 to 4-141.TB.740.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0043-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Germany\nGerman 2-8-2 tender locomotives were built in both passenger and freight versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0044-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Germany\nBoth standard gauge and narrow gauge 1D1 2-8-2 tank locomotive classes were used in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0045-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, India, Broad gauge\nOn the 5\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,676\u00a0mm) gauge, the Class XD was the first 2-8-2 in India to be built in quantity. Introduced in 1927, 78 were built before the Second World War by Vulcan Foundry, North British Locomotive Company (NBL), Armstrong Whitworth and \u0160koda Works. Production resumed after the war, and 110 were built by NBL in 1945 and 1946, while Vulcan Foundry built the last six in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0046-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, India, Broad gauge\nThere was also a Class XE that was built by William Beardmore and Company and Vulcan Foundry. Wartime designs included the Class AWD and Class AWE, built by American company Baldwin Locomotive Works, and the Class X-Dominion (later Class CWD) built as part of Canada's Mutual Aid program by two Canadian companies, the Canadian Locomotive Company and Montreal Locomotive Works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0047-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, India, Broad gauge\nAfter the war, a new design was produced and placed in production in 1950. The Class WG was the main post-war broad gauge freight locomotive type of the Indian Railways (IR). The first order of 200 was split evenly between NBL and Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW). Apart from Indian manufacture, examples were also built in England, Scotland, Germany, Austria, the United States, Japan and Italy. By the time production ceased in 1970, 2,450 Class WG locomotives had been built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0048-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, India, Metre gauge\nAfter the First World War, an Indian Railway Standards (IRS) 2-8-2 class became the main heavy freight locomotive on the 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03+3\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge. While two versions were designed, the Class YD with a 10-ton axle load and the Class YE with a 12-ton axle load, none was built of the latter class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0049-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, India, Metre gauge\nDuring the Second World War, many of the war-time United States Army Transportation Corps (USATC) S118 class locomotives were sent to India and 33 more were ordered after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0050-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, India, Metre gauge\nThe post-Second World War Mikado design was the Class YG, of which 1,074 were built between 1949 and 1972, with nearly half of them being manufactured in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0051-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, India, Narrow gauges\nTwo narrow track gauges were in use in India. The 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) gauge was the more widely used while the 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) gauge was used by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and the Scindia State Railway. Mikado type locomotives were used by the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0052-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, India, Narrow gauges\nThe standard narrow gauge 2-8-2 locomotive was the ZE class, with 65 engines built by five companies between 1928 and 1954. Nasmyth, Wilson built ten in 1928, Hanomag built sixteen in 1931, Corpet-Louvet built twelve in 1950, Krauss-Maffei built fifteen in 1952 and another ten in 1954, and Kawasaki Heavy Industries built ten in 1954. In 1957 and 1958, six ZD class locomotives were also built by Nippon Sharyo in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0053-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Indonesia\nBefore 1945, the Dutch East Indies Railway Administration, Staatspoorwegen (SS), introduced two types of locomotives with a 2-8-2 wheel arrangement, the class 1500 tender engine of 1920, later renumbered as class D51, and the class 1400 tank engine of 1921-22, later renumbered as class D14. The class 1500 was originally used on the Hedjaz Railway, but was later diverted to Java prior to the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0054-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Indonesia\nAfter the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the government of Indonesia nationalised all of the Dutch-owned railway companies, including the SS whose name was later changed to Djawatan Kereta Api (DKA), the Departmental Agency of Railway. Shortly after, the DKA bought 100 new steam locomotives with a Mikado wheel arrangement from Krupp in Germany. These locomotives, designated the D52 type, were the most modern steam locomotive in Indonesia at that time, with a large physical appearance and equipped with electric lighting. It was similar to the Class 41 locomotive of the Deutsche Reichsbahn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0055-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Indonesia\nIn Java, the D52 locomotives were placed in passenger service, but was occasionally also used as freight locomotives. Some people even idolized the D52 because of its loyalty in taking passengers anywhere, as happened on the Rapih Dhoho Train from Madiun to Kertosono. The D52 was a mainstay for this train until the end of steam operation in Indonesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0056-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Indonesia\nIn contrast to the Java-based units, Sumatra-based D52 locomotives were used for hauling freight trains, mainly coal trains from the Tanjung Enim coal mine, now owned by the PT Bukit Asam mining company, to the coal dumping sites at Kertapati and Tarahan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0057-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Indonesia\nThe D52 locomotives were initially coal-fired but, from mid-1956, 28 locomotives, numbers D52002 to D52029, were converted to oil burners. The work was done in stages over five years by the locomotive repair shop at Madiun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0058-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Indonesia\nOne locomotive from this class was written off from service near Linggapura station after a boiler explosion that killed its driver, as a result of steam pipe failure. The only one of the original 100 locomotives that survived into the 21st century is D52 number D52099, which is on display at the Transport Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Later on,the Locomotive moved to Purwosari Station for preservation,but its never finished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0059-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Italy\nItalian railways relied primarily on 2-6-2s for fast passenger services, while heavy passenger service was assigned to 2-8-0s of the classes 744 and 745. Although Mikado types had little opportunity for development in Italy, Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) commissioned the 2-8-2 class 746 for heavy passenger service on the Adriatic route. To serve local branches and mountain lines where tank locomotives were more suitable, FS derived the new class 940 from the 2-8-0 class 740, with the same dimensions but adding a rear Bissel truck to support the coal bunker behind the cab to make it a 2-8-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0060-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Japan\nThe Japanese Government Railways (JGR) built the Class D50 Class D51 Class D52 Mikado tender locomotive for use on the 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge lines on the Japanese mainland and in its former colonies. (Also see Soviet Union.) One is plinthed at Kiso-Fukushima station on the Nagoya - Nagano line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0061-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, New Zealand\nOnly one 2-8-2 locomotive ever operated on New Zealand's national rail network, and it was not even ordered by the New Zealand Railways Department, who ran almost the entire network. The locomotive was ordered in 1901 from Baldwin Locomotive Works by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company (WMR) for use on their main line's steep section between Wellington and Paekakariki. It entered service on 10 June 1902 as the WMR's no. 17. At the time, it was the most powerful locomotive in New Zealand and successfully performed its intended tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0062-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, New Zealand\nWhen the WMR was incorporated into the national network in 1908, the Railways Department reclassified no. 17 as the solitary member of the BC class, no. BC 463, and the locomotive continued to operate on the Wellington-Paekakariki line until it was withdrawn on 31 March 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0063-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Philippines\nAccording to Iowa State University professor Jonathan Smith, the Mikado was the most popular wheel arrangement of freight-purpose tender locomotives on the Manila Railroad. 67 units of the wheel class were delivered between 1927 and 1951, distributed into 4 classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0064-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Philippines\nThe first 2-8-2 steam locomotive was the Baldwin-built Manila Railroad 250 class introduced in 1928. It was the freight version of the 4-6-2 Pacific-type 140 class built for passenger rail services in Luzon. More classes were ordered after the war. The United States Army Transportation Corps class S118, locally referred to as the Manila Railroad 800 class USA in which 45 units were ordered in 1944. These were numbered 851 to 895, with three named locomotives have been named: No. 865 Huckleberry Finn, No. 866 Tom Sawyer and No. 867 Hanibella. Two more locomotives were ordered in 1948 from the War Assets Administration and were numbered the 630 class. These were locally assembled at the MRR workshop in Caloocan. Lastly, 10 JNR Class D51 locomotives were ordered from Nippon Sharyo in 1951 and were numbered the 300 class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0065-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Philippines\nAll of these locomotives were decommissioned in 1956 and were scrapped afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0066-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Poland\nBetween 1932 and 1952, Polish industry supplied PKP with 290 mikados of classes Pt31 and Pt47. They were used to work long-distance passenger trains on main lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0067-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Poland\nSome 200 TKt48 2-8-2 tank locomotives were delivered to PKP between 1950 and 1957. They were used on suburban passenger trains and on goods trains in lower mountain areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0068-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South Africa\nOnly six Mikado locomotive classes saw service in South Africa, five on Cape gauge and one on narrow gauge. The type was rare, with only two of these classes built in quantity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0069-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nDuring 1887, designs for a 2-8-2 Mikado type tank-and-tender locomotive were prepared by the Natal Government Railways. The single locomotive was built in the Durban workshops and entered service in 1888, named Havelock, but was soon rebuilt to a 4-6-2 Pacific configuration. The engine Havelock was the first locomotive to be designed and built in South Africa and also the first to have eight-coupled wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0070-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1903, the Cape Government Railways (CGR) placed two Cape Class 9 2-8-2 locomotives in service, designed by H.M. Beatty, Locomotive Superintendent of the CGR from 1896 to 1910, and built by Kitson and Company. They had bar frames, Stephenson's link motion valve gear and used saturated steam. In comparison with the Cape Class 8 2-8-0 locomotive of 1901, however, it was found that their maintenance costs were much higher without any advantage in terms of efficiency. As a result, no more of the type were ordered. In 1912, when these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways (SAR), they were classified as Class Experimental 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0071-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1904, the Central South African Railways (CSAR) placed 36 Class 11 Mikados in service. Built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL), it was designed by P.A. Hyde, Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the CSAR from 1902 to 1904, for goods train service on the Witwatersrand. It was superheated, with a Belpaire firebox, Walschaerts valve gear and plate frame. The Class 11 designation was retained when the CSAR was amalgamated into the SAR in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0072-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1906, the CGR placed a single experimental 2-8-2 in service, designed by H.M. Beatty and built by Kitson. It was a larger version of the Cape Class 9 in all respects, also with a bar frame, Stephenson's link motion valve gear and using saturated steam. The locomotive was not classified and was simply referred to as \"the Mikado\". On the CGR it was exceeded in size only by the Kitson-Meyer 0-6-0+0-6-0 of 1904. At the time, it was considered as a big advance in motive power, but the design was never repeated and the Cape Mikado remained unique. In 1912, it was classified as Class Experimental 5 on the SAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0073-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1917, the South African Railways placed at least four, possibly six, Mikado type steam locomotives in service. They had been built for the Chemins de Fer du Bas Congo \u00e1 Katanga in the Belgian Congo and were obtained on temporary lease, to alleviate the critical shortage of locomotives as a result of the First World War's disruption of locomotive production in Europe and the United Kingdom. The Katanga Mikados, as the locomotives were known on the SAR, were all forwarded to the Belgian Congo after the war. (Also see Belgian Congo)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0074-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauge\nBetween 1931 and 1958, 21 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow gauge Class NG15 Mikados, developed from the Class Hd and Class NG5 of South West Africa (SWA), were acquired for the Otavi Railway in SWA. Designed by the SAR, it was built by Henschel & Son and Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Franco-Belge. A major improvement on the earlier locomotives was the use of a Krauss-Helmholtz bogie, with the leading pair of driving wheels linked to the leading pony truck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0074-0001", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauge\nThe leading driving wheels had a limited amount of sideplay while the axle still remained parallel to the other three driving axles at all times, thus allowing the locomotive to negotiate sharper curves than its two predecessors. When the SWA narrow gauge line was regauged to Cape gauge in 1960, all these locomotives were transferred to the Eastern Cape for further service on the Langkloof narrow gauge line from Port Elizabeth to Avontuur. Here they were nicknamed the Kalahari. Victorias Milling Co. 2H is a Henschel built 0-8-0T dated 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0075-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South West Africa (Namibia)\nTwo very similar Mikado classes saw service on the 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in) narrow gauge Otavi Railway in South West Africa (SWA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0076-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South West Africa (Namibia)\nIn 1912, the German administration in Deutsch-S\u00fcdwest-Afrika acquired three locomotives for use on the line from Swakopmund to Karibib. They were built by Henschel & Son and were designated Class Hd. The locomotives were superheated, with Heusinger valve gear, piston valves and outside plate frames. Since they did not have separate bogie trucks, the leading and trailing carrying wheels were arranged as radial axles to allow for sideways motion of the wheels with respect to the locomotive frame. After the First World War, they were taken onto the roster of the South African Railways (SAR) and later reclassified as Class NG5 along with the similar locomotives of 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0077-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, South West Africa (Namibia)\nIn 1922, the SAR placed six Class NG5 locomotives in service on the Otavi branch in SWA, also built by Henschel. They were built to the same design as the Class Hd, but had a different coupled wheel suspension arrangement, different boilers and slide valves. In service, they were operated in a common pool with the Class Hd locomotives until they were all withdrawn from service when the SWA system was regauged to Cape gauge in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0078-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Soviet Union\nAt the end of the Second World War, several 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge Japanese Class D51 2-8-2 locomotives were left behind on Russia's Sakhalin island, formerly Karafuto, by retreating Japanese forces. In addition, two Class D51 wrecks were abandoned to the north of the city. Until 1979, the serviceable Japanese locomotives were used on the island by the Soviet Railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0079-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Soviet Union\nOne was then plinthed outside the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station, and another is still in running condition and is kept at the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0080-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Soviet Union\nThe Sakhalin Railway has a connection with the mainland via a train ferry operating between Kholmsk on the island and Vanino on the mainland. The Japanese gauge still remains in use on the island, although in 2004 conversion began to the Russian 1,520\u00a0mm (4\u00a0ft\u00a011+27\u204432\u00a0in) gauge. (Also see Japan)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0081-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Spain\nThe 1,668\u00a0mm (5\u00a0ft\u00a05+21\u204432\u00a0in) Iberian gauge network of Spain used one Mikado tank locomotive and two versions of tender locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0082-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Spain\nThe Spanish manufacturer MTM delivered six 2-8-2T locomotives to the Madrid-Caceres-Portugal line in 1925. A project at MTM in 1942 to build a big 2-8-2 never realised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0083-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Spain\nThe first tender version was built by two American companies in 1917, fifteen by Brooks Locomotive Works and forty by Schenectady Locomotive Works. They were numbered from 4501 to 4555 and were a slightly smaller version of the USRA Light Mikado. The locomotives served well in the Norte system, where they were nicknamed Chalecos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0084-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Spain\nIn 1953, RENFE (acronym of REd Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Espa\u00f1oles), the nationalised railway company, acquired twenty-five locomotives of the second tender version from North British Locomotive Company (NBL) of Glasgow. Spanish builders MTM, MACOSA and Euskalduna and the American Babcock & Wilcox built 213 more between 1953 and 1960, with only minor detail differences such as double chimneys, Llubera sanders, ACFI feedwater heaters and oil-burning. Their empty weight was 94 tonnes (92.5 long tons; 103.6 short tons) and they had 1,560 millimetres (61.42 inches) diameter coupled wheels. They performed well in both freight and passenger service and lasted until the official end of steam in common service in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0085-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Spain\nOne Norte and eighteen RENFE locomotives are preserved, three of them in good working condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0086-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Thailand (Siam)\nThe first Mikado locomotives of the Royal State Railways of Siam (RSR), the predecessor of the State Railway of Thailand (SRT), were acquired from 1923 as standard locomotives for express and mixed trains, to supersede the E-Class locomotives which had been commissioned between 1915 and 1921. The first Siamese Mikado class was built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1923, Nasmyth, Wilson and Company in 1924 and Batignolles-Ch\u00e2tillon, France in 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0087-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Thailand (Siam)\nHowever, it was not until the first batch of eight of Thailand's second class of 2-8-2 locomotives, numbers 351 to 358, was imported from Japan in 1936 that Mikado locomotives really became successful in Thailand. The RSR imported more Mikado standard locomotives to meet railways as well as military demands between 1938 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0088-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Thailand (Siam)\nAfter the Second World War, in 1946, the RSR imported fifty used United States Army Transportation Corps S118 Class locomotives, the so-called MacArthur Locomotives. Another eighteen new engines of the same Class were purchased around 1948-1949 to meet the post-war demand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0089-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Thailand (Siam)\nThe last type of Mikado steam locomotives for Thailand were seventy engines imported by SRT from Japan between 1949 and 1951, numbered 901 to 970. Of these, only Mikado no. 953 is still serviceable, even though it is no longer actively in use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0090-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe 2-8-2 wheel arrangement was rarely, but successfully, used on British rails. Sir Nigel Gresley of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) designed two Mikado types of note:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0091-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe Great Western Railway (GWR) operated a class of 54 2-8-2T engines that had been rebuilt from 2-8-0T locomotives by Charles Collett, chief mechanical engineer of the GWR. As early as 1906, the chief mechanical engineer at the time, G. J. Churchward, planned a class of Mikado tank engines to handle heavy coal trains in South Wales. The plan was abandoned, however, as it was feared they would be unable to handle the sharp curves present on Welsh mineral branches. Instead, Churchward designed the 4200 Class of 2-8-0 tank engines, of which nearly 200 were built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0092-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn the 1930s, coal traffic declined with the result that many of these engines stood idle, since their limited operating range prevented them from being allocated to other mainline duties. Collett, as Churchward's successor, decided to rebuild some of the 4200 Class engines as 2-8-2Ts. The addition of a trailing axle increased the engine's operating range by allowing an increased coal and water storage capacity. Altogether 54 locomotives were modified in this manner. The 7200 Class tank engines, as they were known, remained in service until the end of steam in Britain in the early 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0093-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe designer of the BR Standard Class 9F locomotive as well as the rest of the BR standard classes as Chief Mechanical Engineer of British Railways, Robert Riddles, originally designed the aforementioned locomotive to be a 2-8-2 using the boiler from one of the 4-6-2 passenger locomotive standard classes. However, he later decided to use a 2-10-0 wheel arrangement with a new boiler design, as it offered more tractive effort and better weight distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0094-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, United States\nThe 2-8-2 saw great success in the United States, mostly as a freight locomotive. In the 1910s it largely replaced the 2-8-0 Consolidation as the main heavy freight locomotive type. Its tractive effort was similar to that of the best 2-8-0s, but a developing requirement for higher speed freight trains drove the shift to the 2-8-2 wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0095-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, United States\nThe Mikado type was, in turn, ousted from the top-flight trains by larger freight locomotive wheel arrangements such as the 2-8-4, 2-10-2, 2-10-4 and articulated locomotives, but no successor type became ubiquitous and the Mike remained the most common road freight locomotive with most railroads until the end of steam. More than 14,000 were built in the United States, about 9500 of these for North American service, constituting about one-fifth of all locomotives in service there at the time. The heaviest Mikados were the Great Northern's class O-8, with an axle load of 81,250 pounds (36,854 kilograms).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0096-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, United States\nAlmost all North American railroads rostered the type, notable exceptions being the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac, the Boston and Maine, the Delaware and Hudson, the Western Maryland, the Cotton Belt and the Norfolk and Western. The largest users included the New York Central with 715 locomotives, the Baltimore and Ohio with 610, the Pennsylvania Railroad with 579, the Illinois Central with 565, the Milwaukee Road with 500, the Southern with 435, and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy with 388.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0097-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, United States\nA number of North American 2-8-2s have been preserved as either static display pieces, or steam excursion stars. These include Baltimore and Ohio No. 4500, Nickel Plate Road 587, Grand Trunk Western 4070, Southern Railway 4501, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy 4960, Spokane, Portland and Seattle 539, Southern Pacific 745, Tremont and Gulf 30, Duluth and Northern Minnesota 14, Soo Line 1003, and Pennsylvania Railroad 520.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160515-0098-0000", "contents": "2-8-2, Usage, Yugoslavia\nBorsig-built 2-8-2s were delivered to the railway of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1930. These became the JDZ class 06, of which a few remain in the former Yugoslav nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160516-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-2+2-8-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 2-8-2+2-8-2 is an articulated locomotive using a pair of 2-8-2 power units back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between them. The 2-8-2 wheel arrangement has a single pair of leading wheels in a leading truck, followed by four coupled pairs of driving wheels and a pair of trailing wheels in a trailing truck. Since the 2-8-2 type was known as Mikado, the corresponding Garratt and Modified Fairlie types were usually known as Double Mikado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160516-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-2+2-8-2, Overview\nThe 2-8-2+2-8-2 wheel arrangement was used by Garratt and Modified Fairlie locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160516-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-2+2-8-2, Overview, Garratt locomotives\nThe Double Mikado was the fourth most common Garratt type, with 144 examples constructed, 114 built by Garratt patent owner Beyer, Peacock and Company (BP) and thirty built by others under license. Only ten, six for Chile and four for Peru, were built to 4\u00a0ft\u00a08\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in (1,435\u00a0mm) standard gauge. Ninety were built to 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge for a number of different African railways. For Spain, sixteen were built to 1,672\u00a0mm (5\u00a0ft\u00a05\u00a013\u204416\u00a0in) gauge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160516-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-2+2-8-2, Overview, Modified Fairlie locomotives\nThe South African Railways (SAR), where the Modified Fairlie concept was conceived as a possible alternative to the Garratt, was the only user. The Modified Fairlie was essentially an adaptation of the Kitson-Meyer concept. It was similar in appearance to a Garratt, but with the boiler, cab, coal and water bunkers all mounted on a single rigid frame which pivoted on the engine units, with the pivot centers located approximately at the centre of the rigid wheelbase of each engine unit. In the Garratt design, by comparison, the coal and water bunkers are mounted directly on the engine units and swivel with them, while the boiler, firebox and cab are mounted on a rigid frame which is suspended between the two engine units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 51], "content_span": [52, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160516-0004-0000", "contents": "2-8-2+2-8-2, Usage, South Africa\nBetween 1925 and 1931, the SAR placed eighteen 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge Class GE Garratts in service, all built by BP between 1924 and 1930. The first six entered service in 1925 and proved so successful that a second order for ten was placed in 1926. Another two locomotives entered service in 1931. All of them had Belpaire fireboxes, plate frames, Walschaerts valve gear and were superheated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160516-0004-0001", "contents": "2-8-2+2-8-2, Usage, South Africa\nThe locomotive was an enlargement of the Class GD 2-6-2+2-6-2 Double Prairie and was designed as a heavy goods locomotive for use on light 60 pounds per yard (30 kilograms per metre) rail. They were the first eight-coupled Garratts to be built for the SAR and, on a tractive effort basis at the time of their introduction, they were the most powerful locomotives operating on light track in Africa and the Southern Hemisphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160516-0005-0000", "contents": "2-8-2+2-8-2, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1927, the SAR placed ten Class HF Modified Fairlie Double Mikados in service, followed by an eleventh one in 1928. The locomotive was designed by the SAR under the direction of Colonel F.R. Collins DSO, SAR Chief Mechanical Engineer from 1922 to 1929, and was built by Henschel & Son in 1926 and 1927, hence the designation of Class HF for \"Henschel Fairlie\". Designed for mainline work, it was the Modified Fairlie equivalent of the Class GE Garratt which was similar in both size and mechanical respects. It had Walschaerts valve gear, a bar frame and was superheated, with a round-topped firebox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160516-0006-0000", "contents": "2-8-2+2-8-2, Usage, South Africa\nThe Class HF proved to be a powerful locomotive, but it was less successful than its Garratt equivalent. The pivot bearings were subject to quite rapid wear since they carried a considerable additional load compared to those on the Garratt, as a result of the water and coal bunkers which were mounted on the main frame instead of on the engine units. This resulted in increased maintenance and, as a consequence, increased operating cost. No more locomotives of the Modified Fairlie design were acquired by the SAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-4\nUnder the Whyte notation, a 2-8-4 is a steam locomotive that has two unpowered leading wheels, followed by eight coupled and powered  driving wheels, and four trailing wheels. This locomotive type is most often referred to as a Berkshire, though the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway used the name Kanawha for their 2-8-4s. In Europe, this wheel arrangement was mostly seen in mainline passenger express locomotives and, in certain countries, in tank locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Overview\nIn the United States of America, the 2-8-4 wheel arrangement was a further development of the enormously successful United States Railroad Administration (USRA) 2-8-2 Mikado. It resulted from the requirement for a locomotive with even greater steam heating capacity. To produce more steam, a solution was to increase the size of the locomotive's firebox, but the 2-8-2 wheel arrangement with its single axle trailing truck limited the permissible increased axle loading from a larger firebox. The most practical solution was to add a second trailing axle to spread the increased weight of a larger firebox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Overview\nThe first American 2-8-4s were built for the Boston and Albany Railroad in 1925 by Lima Locomotive Works. The railroad's route across the Berkshire mountains was a substantial test for the new locomotives and, as a result, the name Berkshire was adopted for the locomotive type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Overview\nIn Europe, 2-8-4 tender locomotives were designed mainly for passenger express trains, but they also hauled long distance express freights to increase utilisation. European 2-8-4 tank locomotives were a logical transition from the 2-8-2T locomotive types, allowing larger fireboxes and larger coal bunkers. They were mainly used for busy suburban services in heavily populated suburban areas of big cities, but infrequently also for sparsely populated rural areas or long distance lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0004-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Australia\nThe Western Australian K-class was a class of 2-8-4T steam locomotives of the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR). Between 1893 and 1898, the WAGR took delivery of 24 of these locomotives from Neilson and Company. They entered service on the Eastern Railway between Midland Junction and Northam. In 1900, during the Second Boer War, the Imperial Military Railways experienced a shortage of locomotives and six more new K class locomotives destined for the WAGR  were diverted to South Africa, where they were known as the Western Australians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0005-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Australia\nThe  South Australian Railways also operated 2-8-4s. Fleet construction commenced in 1930 and by the end of 1943, seventeen locomotives were in service on the 5\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a0in (1,600\u00a0mm) gauge system. The design of these locomotives was based on American practices. After they were withdrawn from service by 1958, they were all scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0006-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Austria\nThe heavy Class 214 1\u2032\u2019D2\u2032 (2-8-4) two-cylinder simple expansion express passenger locomotive was developed in Austria in 1927. It was designed by engineers of the Floridsdorf Werke and was the largest Austrian steam locomotive and the most powerful Berkshire type to run in Europe. Designed for the West railway express train service, they were to be used to haul 580-ton express trains from Wien Westbahnhof in Vienna over 317 kilometres (197 miles) to Salzburg. This mainline has three approximately 11.3-kilometre long (7-mile) banks with gradients between 1 in 91 and 1 in 125.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0007-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Austria\nTwo prototypes were built, a two-cylinder and three-cylinder version. When tested, the two-cylinder version proved to be superior to the three-cylinder Class 114 version, and eventually twelve more two-cylinder Class 214 locomotives were built. In 1936, No. 214.13 reached a speed of 156 kilometres per hour (97 miles per hour), the highest speed ever attained by an Austrian steam locomotive. The regular speed limit was 120 kilometres per hour (75 miles per hour).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0008-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Austria\nFrom 1938, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRB) designated the locomotive class 12.0. In the mid-1939, they hauled 600 tons express trains out of Vienna over Wienerwald at a speed of 65 kilometres per hour (40 miles per hour), reaching 120 kilometres per hour (75 miles per hour) over level stretches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0009-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Austria\nIn 1945, seven of these locomotives were taken over by the Soviet Military Administration when they occupied the Russian Zone in Austria. These locomotives had \"T\" (Trofya) painted before their running numbers and were marked \"CCCP\". The Russians did not transfer these locomotives out of Austria and, when they withdrew their occupying forces in September 1955, the locomotives were returned to the Austrian Federal Railways (\u00d6BB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0010-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Austria\nWhen the mainline west of Vienna was electrified, all the \u00d6BB 1\u2019D2\u2019 locomotives were taken out of service and written off. On 15 February 1962, locomotive No. 12.10, built by Floridsdorf in 1936, was preserved as museum locomotive at the Eisenbahnmuseum Strasshof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0011-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Brazil\nBeyer Peacock delivered four 2-8-4T locomotives to Minas & Rio Railway (gauge 1000mm) in 1890, and one more in 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0012-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Brazil\nThe French state-owned sales consortium Groupement d\u00b4Exportation de Locomotives en Sud-Am\u00e9rique (GELSA) delivered 66 ultra-modern 2-8-4 two-cylinder simple expansion locomotives for the 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03+3\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge Brazilian Railways in 1951 and 1952. They were built by Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise de Construction M\u00e9caniques (Cail), Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Forges et Ateliers de Creusot (Schneider of Le Creusot) and Compagnie de Fives-Lille. All were delivered to Brazil by the end of 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0013-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Brazil\nDesigned under the direction of engineer Andr\u00e9 Chapelon, this class demonstrated that large and powerful steam locomotives could run in general use on light rails of 22 kilograms per metre (44 pounds per yard) with low speed limits. Their maximum axle load had been reduced to 10 tons, all were fitted with double Kylchap exhaust systems and their leading and trailing trucks had Athermos axle boxes. Three tender types could be coupled to them, one heavy and two light, for work in different areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0014-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Brazil\nThese modern locomotives were regarded with suspicion by some enginemen who were used to obsolete British locomotives which were often over forty years old. In addition, diesel locomotive salesmen claimed that steam traction was obsolete. This attitude spread to middle management staff, with the result that these modern French steam locomotives were replaced in the 1960s, when they were hardly run in. Some of those locomotives which worked in Southern Brazil were leased to the Bolivian Railways in the 1960s. By 2004, some still existed as wrecks in a locomotive dump near Santa Cruz in Bolivia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0015-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Bulgaria\nAs part of their modernising and standardisation program, the Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ) ordered twenty superheated three-cylinder 2-8-4T (1\u2019D2\u2019-h3) locomotives from Krupp in 1941. The industrial disruption of the Second World War, however, overloaded the German locomotive builders with domestic production demands and Krupp was only able to produce ten of these new BDZ Class 36 tank locomotives in 1943, works numbers 2272 to 2281.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 22], "content_span": [23, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0016-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Bulgaria\nThe new 109.9 ton Class 36 locomotives were intended to replace the older 2-8-0 (1D-h2) locomotives on local passenger train services. The axle loading was kept below 16 tons and their large coal and water capacities made the new class suitable for a wider range of duties, if required. Small smoke deflectors were fitted to the top of the smokebox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 22], "content_span": [23, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0017-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Bulgaria\nWhen the new locomotives arrived in Bulgaria in 1943, they were allocated to Sofia depot. Between 1953 and 1957, five locomotives were relocated to Plovdiv depot to serve the Plovdiv-Svilengrad line. In addition to the local passenger train service, duties there also included international express trains to and from Turkey. In 1961, the remaining five locomotives were relocated from Sofia to Varna depot. They remained on these local passenger train duties well into the 1970s, when they were ousted by diesel locomotives and diesel trainsets. Some were preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 22], "content_span": [23, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0018-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Canada\nThe Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway (TH&B) was the only Canadian Railway to operate 2-8-4 Berkshires. Only two locomotives were ordered from the Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW) in 1927, works numbers 67573 and 67574. They were the last new steam locomotives to be ordered by the TH&B and were allocated road numbers 201 and 202. They were fitted with Coffin feedwater heaters and duplex stokers, and had a working order weight of 128 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0019-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Canada\nAfter being equipped with Automatic Train Control (ATC) in 1929, they were the only TH&B freight locomotives which were allowed to run on New York Central\u2019s tracks, on the Welland-Buffalo line. Due to dieselisation, both were withdrawn from service in June 1953. Both locomotives 201 and 202 were scrapped in late 1953 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0020-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Czechoslovakia, Tank locomotives\nThe Czechoslovak State Railways (CSD) was one of the largest tank locomotive users in Europe. The dense railway network in Bohemia and Moravia provided the ideal environment for local short distance passenger train workings powered by numerous classes of tank locomotives. On 31 December 1937, the CSD had no less than 1,250 tank locomotives on its roster, of which 385 were eight-coupled tank locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0021-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Czechoslovakia, Tank locomotives\nThe first Czechoslovakian 1\u2019D2\u2019t-h2 (2-8-4) tank locomotive was derived from the CSD Class 455.1 1\u2019D-h2 (2-8-0) tender locomotive, with water tanks, a coal bunker and a trailing bogie added. Apart from changing the drive from the second to the third coupled axle and increasing the superheating surface of the boiler, these handsome tank locomotives were mechanically identical to the tender locomotives. They were originally intended to be used on the 167-kilometre long (104-mile) Prague to \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice (B\u00f6hmisch Budweis) line and on branch lines diverting from the mainline for local train service. At the time, however, the 16 ton axle load proved to be too high for most of the lines where they were intended to run and for this reason only 27 locomotives were built between 1928 and 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0022-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Czechoslovakia, Tank locomotives\nThe first thirteen were initially designated Class 446.0, but an increase in their permitted maximum speed to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) led to the locomotive's reclassification to Class 456.0, numbered 456.001 to 027. These were powerful tank locomotives, nicknamed Krasin after the explorer General Nobile who reached the North Pole in 1928. When tested while hauling a 900-ton train, one reached a maximum speed of 90 kilometres per hour (56 miles per hour) at level and an average speed of 32 kilometres per hour (20 miles per hour) while climbing a 1 in 100 gradient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0023-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Czechoslovakia, Tank locomotives\nBetween 1938 and 1945, all of them remained on the B\u00f6hmisch-M\u00e4hrisch Bahn (BMB) and Protektor\u00e1tni Drahy Cech a Moravy (CMD) lines in Bohemia and Moravia, and all 27 survived the Second World War. By the early 1960s, the Class 456.0 locomotives were spread thinly over most of the country, having been allocated to locations from Plze\u0148 in western Bohemia to Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica in Slovakia. All were withdrawn from service between 1968 and 1972. One, no. 456.011, went into industrial service and three others, numbers 456.015, 024 and 026, were later used as mobile boilers. The remainder were scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0024-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Czechoslovakia, Tender locomotives\nThe CSD ordered three Class 486.1 1\u2019D2\u2019-h3 (2-8-4) locomotives, based on the three-cylinder Class 114 locomotive of the Austrian Federal Railways (BB\u00d6). This hand-fired locomotive had a Krauss-Helmholtz leading truck and the diameter of its coupled wheels was 1,830 millimetres (72 inches). Its total weight in working order was 107.6 tons, of which 63.9 tons were adhesive weight. All three cylinders were of 550 millimetres (21.65 inches) bore with a 680 millimetres (26.77 inches) stroke. The heating surface of the boiler was 253.2 square metres (2,725.42 square feet), of which 105.6 square metres (1,136.67 square feet) were superheating area. The grate area was 5 square metres (53.82 square feet) and the locomotive was designed for possible coal dust firing. They had Class 926.0 tenders, which were rebuilt from Class 623.0 tenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0025-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Czechoslovakia, Tender locomotives\nThey were not as successful as expected. One of the Class was tested against a Class 486.0 2\u2019D1\u2019-h3 (4-8-2) locomotive on the 248 kilometres (154 miles) hilly mainline between \u017dilina and Ko\u0161ice on the former Ko\u0161ice-Bohum\u00edn Drahy (KBD) line. It proved to be inferior to its opponent in both speed and power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0026-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Czechoslovakia, Tender locomotives\nAll three locomotives were allocated to the Brno shed for most of their active service lives. During the years from 1938 to 1945, they were rostered as BMB-CMD locomotive stock. They were withdrawn from service in 1967 and 1968 and were later used as mobile boilers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0027-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Germany, Deutsche Bundesbahn\nAfter the Second World War, the recovering West Germany needed economical assistance. This came, in part, in the form of new locomotive orders placed with the West German locomotive industry, which kept it going in the tough and competitive world markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0028-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Germany, Deutsche Bundesbahn\nA new tank locomotive type was designed by Krauss-Maffei and, in 1951, the firm built thirteen locomotives of a new Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) Class 65 1\u2019D2\u2019t-h2 (2-8-4T) locomotive. Five more followed in 1955. In test, these locomotives hauled 800 tons on level track, while they managed to reach 50 kilometres per hour (31 miles per hour) hauling 400 tons up a 1 in 100 gradient. All the locomotives had small \"Witte\" type smoke deflectors. Their maximum speed was 85 kilometres per hour (53 miles per hour), even running bunker first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0029-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Germany, Deutsche Bundesbahn\nThese locomotives saw service in local passenger train service around big cities and on branch lines which could bear the 17.5 ton axle load. They were found to be economical in service and served well during the short period they spent in service. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were ousted by expanding electrification and by diesel locomotives and diesel motor trainsets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0030-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Germany, Deutsche Reichsbahn\nThe East German Deutsche Reichsbahn\u2019s 1\u2019D2\u2019t-h2 (2-8-4T) locomotives were derived from the West German Class 65 and became the Class 65.10. They were capable of developing 1,500 indicated horsepower (1,100 kilowatts) and could run at 90 kilometres per hour (56 miles per hour) on level track, hauling 350 tons passenger trains. A total of 88 Class 65.10 locomotives were built between 1954 and 1957. These locomotives had the DR\u2019s version of small \"Witte\" type smoke deflectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0031-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Germany, Deutsche Reichsbahn\nThese were the last new-built 1\u2019D2\u2019t-h2 (2-8-4T) 1,435\u00a0mm (4\u00a0ft\u00a08+1\u20442\u00a0in) standard gauge locomotives in the world. Their maximum 17.5 ton axle load restricted them to mainline service. They were intended to haul heavy suburban trains around Berlin, Leipzig, Halle and Magdeburg, where they replaced the older Prussian T 12 and Prussian T 18 classes. Many were still in service in the 1970s and some still survived in the early 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0032-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Germany, Deutsche Reichsbahn\nFor branch line service, the DR designed a smaller wheeled version of the Class 65.10. This locomotive had only a 15-ton axle load and became the DR Class 83.10. Its maximum speed in both directions was 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour). These locomotives were also fitted with the DR's version of \"Witte\" smoke deflectors, the only tank locomotive designed for freight service that had them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0033-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Germany, Deutsche Reichsbahn\nIn 1955, 27 of these locomotives were built and used for working freight and mixed trains on short branch lines. They also worked on mountainous lines with sharp curves and steep gradients of more than 1.5% (1 in 67) and where 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour) was the maximum speed limit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0034-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Japan\nThe Japanese National Railways (JNR) closely followed American practice after the Second World War, with Berkshire locomotives used mainly on heavy freight service, such as heavy coal trains. They were the heaviest steam locomotives used on the JNR's 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0035-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Japan\nThe JNR rebuilt a total of 104 locomotives to the 2-8-4 wheel arrangement from its older 2-8-2 Mikado classes, the Class D50, Class D51 and Class D52.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0036-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Japan\nSome of these locomotives survived in service up to the end of steam traction on the JNR in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0037-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Mexico\nIn 1951, Mexico's Ferrocarriles Nacionales de M\u00e9xico (N de M) bought five 2-8-4 locomotives, built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1940, from Norfolk Southern Railway in the United States of America (USA), where they had become redundant due to dieselisation. Before their arrival in Mexico, all five went through a complete major overhaul in the USA. They arrived in Mexico late in 1951 and were allocated N de M numbers 3350 to 3354. Remaining in service until the late 1960s, they became the last USA-built Berkshires in the world to remain in revenue-earning common carrier service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0038-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, New Zealand\nIn 1904, the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company (WMR) ordered a 2-8-4 tank locomotive from Baldwin Locomotive Works for banking duties on the 2+1\u20442% (1 in 40) gradients from Wellington to Ngaio. The locomotive, no. 3, was nicknamed Jumbo. When the New Zealand Government purchased the WMR, no. 3 was renumbered to WJ class no. 466 by the New Zealand Government Railways. It was the only locomotive in the class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0039-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, New Zealand\nThe locomotive had a tendency for cracking its bar frame on this heavy duty. By 1920, it was waiting to go to the Petone Works with yet another crack in the frame and it did not see much service after that. The solitary 2-8-4T locomotive in New Zealand was written off the books in 1928 and its boiler was sent to the Taumarunui locomotive depot for use as a washout boiler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0040-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Norway\nIn the mid-1930s, the Norwegian State Railways (Norges Statsbaner or NSB) ordered altogether eighteen powerful superheated four-cylinder compound 1'D2'-h4v (2-8-4) passenger locomotives for express and passenger train service on its 553-kilometre long (344-mile) single mainline between Oslo and Trondheim, on the northern section between Otta and Trondheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0041-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Norway\nThe 210-kilometre long (130-mile) section of the mainline between Trondheim and Domb\u00e5s reaches an altitude of 1,041 metres (3,415 feet) over the Dovrefjell, with gradients of 1 in 46 to 1 in 56 and curves of 200 to 300 metres (660 to 980 feet) radius. At the time, the maximum axle load was limited to 15.5 tons. Great skill was displayed in the design of these locomotives, which were built specifically to operate 300 ton trains under these conditions. Weight reduction was a major problem and, as a consequence, the frame was constructed of only 255-millimetre thick (10-inch) plate, but strongly braced, while the platform was of aluminium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0042-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Norway\nThe planned eighteen NSB Class 49 locomotives never materialised, however, since those under construction at the Krupp Works in Essen, Germany, were damaged so severely by Allied bombing in October 1943 that they were never completed. In addition, Thune's Works at Sk\u00f8yen in Norway could not carry on with the construction of its share of the order because of a wartime lack of high quality steel and other materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0043-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Norway\nOnly seven Class 49 locomotives were eventually placed in service. Of these, three were built by Hamar and Thune in 1935 and 1936, two by Krupp in 1940 and two by Thune in 1941. These locomotives, nicknamed Dovregubben (Dovre Giants), were the only true compounds owned by the NSB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0044-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Norway\nOn test, one of them hauled 350 tons at 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour) up a gradient of 1 in 55, developing 2,650 indicated horsepower (1,980 kilowatts). Despite the relatively small 1,530 millimetres (60.24 inches) diameter coupled wheels, a speed of 115 kilometres per hour (71 miles per hour) was reached with the same load on level track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0044-0001", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Norway\nIn normal service, their maximum speed was restricted to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) on account of the light track in use at the time and they were capable of hauling 280 tons at 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour) up long 1 in 55 gradients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0045-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Norway\nWhen compared to other NSB steam locomotives, these engines had a short lifespan and all were written off in 1958, after the arrival of class Di3 diesel locomotives on the Dovre line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0046-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Romania\nWhen the Romanians looked for a powerful passenger locomotive to serve on the C\u0103ile Ferate Rom\u00e2ne (CFR) mainlines across the Carpathian Mountains, they decided upon the Austrian Federal Railways (BB\u00d6) Class 214. They purchased the drawings from Austria and 79 locomotives of the same type were built under licence in their modern new Malaxa and Re\u015fi\u0163a Works in Romania. These 2-8-4 locomotives entered service as CFR class 142.000. In 1939, a batch was built with Caprotti instead of Lentz poppet valves, but since some of these were later observed with Lentz valve gear, the Italian gear had presumably been removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0047-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Romania\nThese locomotives proved to be suitable for Romanian conditions, being of ample dimensions, moderate axle load, straightforward two-cylinder engines of 650 millimetres (25.59 inches) bore with a 720 millimetres (28.35 inches) stroke, and 1,940 millimetres (76.38 inches) diameter coupled wheels. The total weight in working order was 123.5 tons, of which 72.1 tons was adhesive weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0048-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Romania\nNearly all of them were still in service in the late 1960s. The Class 142 locomotives hauled the principal CFR express trains on mainlines and, like their Austrian cousins, were able to render good performance. At least three have been preserved for museums, locomotives no. 142.008, 142.044 and 142.072.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0049-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1900, during the Second Boer War, the Imperial Military Railways experienced a shortage of locomotives and six K class Berkshire tank locomotives, destined for the Western Australian Government Railways, were diverted to South Africa where they were known as the Western Australians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0049-0001", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1902, they came onto the roster of the Central South African Railways and were designated CSAR Class C. By 1912, when the renumbering onto the South African Railways (SAR) roster was implemented, these locomotives were considered obsolete and were not included in the SAR classification and renumbering list, but recommended for scrapping even though they were still less than twelve years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0050-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1949 and 1950, the SAR placed 100 Class 24 Berkshires in branch line service, which included the whole of South West Africa (Namibia). They were acquired to replace the ageing fleet of Class 6 and Class 7 locomotives on light 45 pounds per yard (22 kilograms per metre) rail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0051-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, South Africa\nThe locomotive was designed by Dr. M.M. Loubser, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR from 1939 to 1949. It had a one-piece steel main frame that was cast integrally with the cylinders, including the cylinder hind covers, smokebox support frame, stays and various brackets, all of which would normally be separate items riveted or bolted onto the frame. Advantages of this arrangement were reduced maintenance and less time spent in shops. It was the first South African steam locomotive to be built using this technique. They were built with Watson Standard no. 1 boilers and they used Type MY Torpedo tenders that ran on three-axle Buckeye bogies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0052-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, South Africa\nIt was the only Berkshire type to see service on the SAR. Most of them went to South West Africa, where 55 of them would remain in operation until strengthening of the track and the introduction of diesel traction made them available to be employed elsewhere. They were withdrawn in the mid-1980s. Several have been preserved in running order for service on excursion trains, operated by private steam enthusiast groups in Cape Town and in Gauteng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0053-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Soviet Union\nFrom the mid-1930s until their replacement by diesel locomotives, the 2-8-4 (1\u2019D2\u2019-h2) wheel arrangement was relatively common in the former Soviet Union. When built, these locomotives were designated Class IS, for Josif Stalin. The Class IS locomotive was a passenger derivative of the Class FD 1\u2019E1\u2019-h2 (2-10-2) freight locomotive and had many parts in common with the Class FD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0054-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Soviet Union\nThe Soviet 2-8-4 was the most numerous single Berkshire class built in the world. Kolomna Locomotive Works built the first four locomotives. In 1935, production was transferred to the enlarged and modernised former Luhansk Works which was renamed Voroshilovgrad Locomotive Works. A total of 649 locomotives of the two variants, Class IS20 and Class IS21 (later Class FDp), were built between 1932 and 1942. After Germany attacked the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Russians evacuated all semi-completed class IS21 locomotives from Voroshilovgrad. The Ulan-Ude Locomotive Works completed the last eleven in 1941 and 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0055-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Soviet Union\nDespite their moderate size compared to American and Canadian-built 2-8-4s, the Soviet 2-8-4 was a good example of a Berkshire type designed for heavy express and passenger train service. It had a 7.04 square metres (75.78 square feet) grate, 15 kilograms per square centimetre (213 pounds per square inch) boiler pressure, 295.2 square metres (3,178 square feet) boiler heating surface of which 148.4 square metres (1,597 square feet) was superheated, and only 20 to 21 tons maximum axle load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0055-0001", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Soviet Union\nTheir 1,850 millimetres (72.83 inches) diameter coupled wheels and cylinders of 670 millimetres (26.38 inches) bore and 770 millimetres (30.31 inches) stroke, with a total weight of 133 tonnes of which 80.7 tonnes were adhesive weight, enabled the locomotives to easily reach the maximum permitted speed of 120 kilometres per hour (75 miles per hour) with 700 to 800 tons behind the tender. The usual maximum speed was about 100 kilometres per hour (62 miles per hour), with an occasional need of 115 kilometres per hour (71 miles per hour).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0056-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Soviet Union\nThey were used as express passenger locomotives on mainlines which had type Ia rails of 43.5 kilograms per metre (88 pounds per yard). They were later reclassified as Class FDp (FD passenger). One locomotive, no. IS20-16, was streamlined and achieved a speed of 155 kilometres per hour (96 miles per hour) during test runs in 1937. Another, no. IS20-241, was displayed at the Paris World Exhibition in 1937, where it demonstrated the Soviet Union's locomotive production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0057-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Soviet Union\nThe first four were initially allocated to the October Railway and ran between Moscow and Leningrad, hauling heavy night passenger trains. Later, when the line was upgraded with heavier rails, they were transferred to the Moscow-Kursk-Kharkov-Sinelnikovo line. When more class IS locomotives began to roll out from the Voroshilovgrad production lines, they were used on the upgraded Moscow-Smolensk-Minsk, Moscow to Valuiki and Mitchurinsk to Rostov-on-Don mainlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0058-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, Soviet Union\nOnly one such locomotive was preserved, no. IS21-578, plinthed outside the main railway station in Kyiv in Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0059-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, United States\nLocomotives of a 2-8-4 wheel arrangement were used mainly for hauling fast express freight trains on heavy freight service. They often replaced older 2-8-2 Mikados where more power was required. In turn, they were often replaced by even more powerful 2-10-4 Texas type locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0060-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, United States\nSix years after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway experimented with the first 2-10-4, the first 2-8-4s were built for the Boston & Albany (B&A) by Lima Locomotive Works in 1925. The railroad's route over the Berkshires was a substantial test for the new locomotives, but the type proved its worth, outpacing the 2-8-2 Mikados already in use there. This mountain range lent its name to the locomotive type, though the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway preferred the name Kanawha for their 2-8-4s. Buoyed by the success of the demonstrations on the B&A, Lima and ALCO both sold a few hundred of the new locomotive type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0061-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, United States\nThe Berkshire type's big boost came in 1934, when the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate Road or NKP) received its first 2-8-4s, built to a new design from the Advisory Mechanical Committee (AMC) of the Van Sweringen empire. Under the Van Sweringen umbrella were the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Pere Marquette Railway. The AMC's design generated 64,100 pounds-force (285 kilonewtons) of tractive effort and became the standard design for subsequent Berkshires. The Erie Railroad purchased the largest number of 2-8-4s, rostering 105.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0062-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, United States\nLima's last steam locomotive was also the last American 2-8-4, the NKP's No. 779 of 1949. Some 700 2-8-4s were built for American service, constituting 2% of the steam fleet prior to dieselization and delivering 5% of the nation's freight ton-miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0063-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, United States\nAs the first large scale user, the NKP became synonymous with the Berkshire locomotive type. One of this class, Nickel Plate Road no. 765, is preserved in operating condition and is operated occasionally from its New Haven, Indiana home. Nickel Plate Road no. 779 is preserved as a static display in Lincoln Park in Lima, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0064-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Usage, United States\nMany larger American railroads rostered Berkshires. The table lists data on the American locomotives as they were built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0065-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Berkshires in fiction\nIn the motion picture The Polar Express, the \"know-it-all\" boy identifies the train's locomotive as a Baldwin 2-8-4 built in 1931, although the actual prototype for the film's locomotive was the Pere Marquette no. 1225, a Berkshire built by the Lima Locomotive Works in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0066-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Berkshires in fiction\nIn the Transformers television series, motion picture and toy line, the Decepticon triple changer Astrotrain is modeled on a Japanese Class D62 2-8-4 locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160517-0067-0000", "contents": "2-8-4, Berkshires in fiction\nLocomon in the motion picture Digimon: Runaway Locomon is a 2-8-4 type locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160518-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-6\nIn the Whyte notation for describing steam locomotive wheel arrangement, a 2-8-6 is a locomotive with a two-wheel leading truck, eight driving wheels, and a six-wheel trailing truck. All 2-8-6 locomotives constructed have been 2-8-6T tank locomotives of the Mason Bogie pattern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160518-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-6\nOther equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: 1D3 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)French classification: 143Turkish classification: 48Swiss classification: 4/8", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160518-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-6\nIn the UIC classification as applied in Germany and Italy, a rigid-framed locomotive of this arrangement would be 1'D3', and the Mason bogie (1'D)'3'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160518-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-6\nFour Mason Bogies of this type were built for the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad; #25 Alpine, #26 Rico, #27 Roaring Fork and #28 Denver. They were narrow gauge locomotives of 3\u00a0ft (914\u00a0mm) gauge. Two more went to the Denver, Utah and Pacific, #10 Middle Park and #19 Denver. The DU&P sold one of the latter to the Burlington and Northwestern Railway, a narrow-gauge affiliate of the CB&Q operating in Iowa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160519-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-0\nIn the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 2-8-8-0 is a locomotive with a two-wheel leading truck, two sets of eight driving wheels, and no trailing truck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160519-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-0, Equivalent classifications\nThe UIC classification is refined to (1'D)D for Mallet locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160519-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-0, Examples\nThe Great Northern Railway used the 2-8-8-0s as their N-1's which were built by Baldwin in 1912. They were rebuilt by GN in 1932 as a N-2, and later re-rebuilt in 1940 as an N-3, The locomotives, after their third rebuild into a N-3, had a larger boiler and bigger tender. The N-3's served on the GN for a collective 45 years (including previous service lives as N-1 and N-2 classes), in use until retired in 1957. The Union Pacific Railroad also operated this type; it was called the \"Bull Moose\" by Union Pacific crews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160519-0002-0001", "contents": "2-8-8-0, Examples\nThe Union Pacific Bull Moose 2-8-8-0s were built in 1918 and 1924 by ALCO-Brooks. The Bull Moose Locomotives were used to haul heavy loads over Sherman Hill on the UP, the locomotives were most likely retired in the late 1940s to early 1950s because of slow speeds on freight, hauling at 12 miles an hour. The 9000 class of the Union Pacific can pull the same weight at 50 miles an hour. None of the Union Pacific Bull Moose Locomotives survived into preservation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160519-0002-0002", "contents": "2-8-8-0, Examples\nAn example of one is Union Pacific #3559, was built July 1924 by ALCO-Brooks and retired in October 1953 Possibly scrapped in 1954. Out east, the Reading Railroad had 2-8-8-0s for coal switching on Steep Hills, also known as the Reading N-1, and the Baltimore and Ohio operated this type, with the B&O owning dozens of examples, most notably the EL-3 class. They were retired by the early 1950s. In the Midwest, the Kansas City Southern was a principal user of this configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160519-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-0, Examples\nThe Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway was the first to use the configuration. In 1911, their own workshop took a pair of standard 2-8-0 and combined them into a 2-8-8-0 \"Consolidation Mallet\" articulated locomotive. Four examples were built, but were never entirely satisfactory and were converted back to 2-8-0 in 1923. The first 2-8-8-0 operated by Baltimore and Ohio was numbered EL-1/a, which was built in 1916 at Baldwin Locomotive Works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160519-0003-0001", "contents": "2-8-8-0, Examples\nThe western end of their network had ruling gradients greater than 2%, and the 2-8-8-0 offered exceptional tractive effort, enabling a single locomotive to move the heaviest freight trains. As well as building these locomotives from scratch, the last in 1920, ten were converted from 0-8-8-0 configuration in 1920 and a further ten from 2-8-8-2 in 1922. These locomotives remained in operation until after World War II, the last being withdrawn in 1955. None have been preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160519-0004-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-0, Examples\nOne tender from the 2-8-8-0 #759 of the Kansas City Southern Railroad has been preserved, while the locomotive was scrapped. It is now preserved at the Illinois Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160520-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-2\nA 2-8-8-2, in the Whyte notation for describing steam locomotive wheel arrangements, is an articulated locomotive with a two-wheel leading truck, two sets of eight driving wheels, and a two-wheel trailing truck. The equivalent UIC classification is, refined to Mallet locomotives, (1'D)D1'. These locomotives usually employ the Mallet principles of articulation\u2014with the rear engine rigidly attached to the boiler and the front engine free to rotate\u2014and compounding. The 2-8-8-2 was a design largely limited to American locomotive builders. The last 2-8-8-2 was retired in 1962 from the N&W's roster, 2 years past the ending of steam though steam was still used on steel mill lines and other railroads until 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160520-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-2\nOther equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: 1DD1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)French classification: 140+041Turkish classification: 45+45Swiss classification: 4/5+4/5", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160520-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-2\nThe first 2-8-8-2 was built in 1909 by Baldwin, who sold two to the Southern Pacific Railroad (classified MC-1), and then three each to the Union Pacific Railroad and UP-owned Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company. Baldwin conceived the type as an expansion of the 2-6-6-2 permitting a greater tractive effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160520-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-2\nThe next order for the type was from the Southern Pacific; these differed in being cab forward locomotives, so that the crew could have better visibility and breathing in the SP's long tunnels and snow sheds. They were very successful, and SP continued to order cab-forward locomotives, building an eventual fleet of 256 of numerous classes; later cab-forwards were 4-6-6-2s (originally 2-6-6-2s) and 4-8-8-2s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160520-0004-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-2\nThe 2-8-8-2 proved itself to be a capable hauler on mountain grades, enabling the replacement of several smaller locomotives and hauling longer trains than before. Most of them were not fast; they hauled at drag freight speeds, up to 25\u00a0mph (40\u00a0km/h). However, the Norfolk & Western Y6 class were designed to run up to 55\u00a0mph (89\u00a0km/h). The locomotives were adopted by a broad spectrum of mountain railroads, including the Norfolk & Western, Southern, Virginian, Great Northern, Clinchfield, Denver & Rio Grande, Reading, Western Maryland, Missouri Pacific, Frisco, and the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160520-0004-0001", "contents": "2-8-8-2\nOn many railroads, the locomotives of the type were the most powerful on the roster. When built, the 2-8-8-2s of the Western Pacific Railroad were among the most powerful steam locomotives in the world and formed the basis for the later 2-8-8-4 \"Yellowstone\" type engines used by the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160520-0005-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-2\nThe last compound Mallet locomotives to operate on major railroads in the United States were the 2-8-8-2 Y6b class of the Norfolk and Western Railway. After their final modifications in the 1950s, they were said to be capable of 170,000\u00a0lbs tractive effort in simple-expansion mode, although some have questioned this claim (the original design tractive effort was 152,206 lbs SIMPLE and 126,838 lbs COMPOUND). The last were retired in May 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160520-0006-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-2\nAs of 2008, there are two surviving 2-8-8-2 locomotives, both former Norfolk & Western. N&W 2050 is from the railroad's Y3a class; Alco's Richmond works built it in 1923 and it is displayed at the Illinois Railway Museum in Union, Illinois. N&W 2156 is from the railroad's Y6a class; N&W's own Roanoke Shops built it in 1942 and it is owned by the Museum of Transportation in St. Louis, Missouri. The 2156 was displayed at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke, Virginia from 2015-2020. As of June 2020, it has returned to the Museum of Transportation in St. Louis. It is also the strongest pulling extant steam locomotive in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4\nA 2-8-8-4 steam locomotive, under the Whyte notation, has two leading wheels, two sets of eight driving wheels, and a four-wheel trailing truck. The type was generally named the Yellowstone, a name given it by the first owner, the Northern Pacific Railway, whose lines run near Yellowstone National Park. Seventy-two Yellowstone-type locomotives were built for four U.S. railroads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4\nThe equivalent UIC classification is, refined for Mallet locomotives, (1\u2032D)D2\u2032.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4\nA locomotive of this length must be an articulated locomotive. All Yellowstones had fairly small drivers of 63 to 64 inches (1.60 to 1.63\u00a0m). (For greater speeds, the Union Pacific Railroad chose a four-wheel leading truck and drivers of 68 inches (1.73\u00a0m) for its Big Boy 4-8-8-4 class.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4\nSeveral classes of Yellowstone, especially the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range's locomotives, are among the largest steam locomotives, with the exact ranking depending on the criteria used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0004-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Northern Pacific\nThe Northern Pacific Railway was the first railroad to order a 2-8-8-4. The first was built in 1928 by American Locomotive Company; at the time, it was the largest locomotive ever built. It had the largest firebox ever applied to a steam locomotive, some 182 square feet (16.9\u00a0m2) in area, to burn Rosebud coal, a cheap low-quality coal. But the firebed was too large for the available draft and the fire burned poorly and developed under 5,000 horsepower. The problem was mitigated by blocking off the first few feet of the grates. Baldwin Locomotive Works built 11 more for the Northern Pacific in 1930. None were saved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0005-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Southern Pacific\nThe Southern Pacific Railroad's famous \"cab forward\" articulated steam locomotives were effectively a Yellowstone in reverse. This was done to spare the crew from the heavy smoke output of the large engines on the former Central Pacific, where tunnels and snow sheds were common and lengthy. One is on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento. The ready availability of fuel oil in California made them possible. The SP also owned some conventional 2-8-8-4s for use in areas where coal was plentiful and snow sheds were rare. Lima Locomotive Works built 12 AC-9 class locomotives in 1939; they had skyline casings with striped pilots. At first, they burned coal but were later converted to oil. None were saved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0006-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range\nThe Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway hauled iron ore in Minnesota. Iron ore is heavy and the DM&IR operated long trains of ore cars, requiring maximum power. These locomotives were based upon ten 2-8-8-2s that Baldwin had built in the 1930s for the Western Pacific Railroad. The need for a larger, coal-burning firebox and a longer, all-weather cab led to the use of a four-wheel trailing truck, giving them the \"Yellowstone\" wheel arrangement. They were the most powerful Yellowstones built, producing 140,000\u00a0lbf (620\u00a0kN) of tractive effort, and had the most weight on drivers so that they were less prone to slipping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0007-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range\nEight locomotives (class M-3) were built by Baldwin in 1941. The Yellowstones met or exceeded the DM&IR specifications, so 10 more were ordered (class M-4). The second batch was completed in late 1943 after the Missabe's seasonal downturn in ore traffic, so some of the new M-4s were leased to and delivered directly to the Denver & Rio Grande Western.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0008-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range\nThe next winter, the D&RGW again leased the DM&IR's Yellowstones as helpers over Tennessee Pass, Colorado, and for other freight duties. The Rio Grande returned the Yellowstones after air-brake failure caused No. 224 to wreck on the Fireclay Loop. This was despite the Rio Grande's earlier assessment that these Yellowstones were the finest engines ever to operate there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0009-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range\nDM&IRs were the only Yellowstones to have a high-capacity pedestal or centipede tender, and had roller bearings on all axles. Some of the locomotives had a cylindrical Elesco feedwater heater ahead of the smoke stack, while others had a Worthington unit with its rectangular box in the same location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0010-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range\nOnly one Yellowstone was retired before dieselization took place on the Missabe; No. 237 was sold for scrap after a wreck. The rest of the 2-8-8-4s were retired between 1958 and 1963 as diesel locomotives took over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0011-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range\nOf the eighteen built, three survive and are on display in Minnesota: No. 225 at Proctor, No. 227 at the Lake Superior Railroad Museum in Duluth and No. 229 at Two Harbors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0012-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nWhen the U.S. entered World War II The American railroads saw increases in traffic. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, along with other railroads, wanted to purchase more of the diesel locomotives since they were showing improved performance over steam locomotives. But the War Production Board regulated the production of steam and diesel locomotives until the war emergency was over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0012-0001", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nSo along with producing 40 new class T-3 4-8-2 type locomotives built in-house at their Mt. Clare shops in Baltimore, Maryland, the B&O took delivery of 30 class EM-1 Yellowstones in 1944 and 1945, the largest number and the smallest of this type built by Baldwin as well as the most modern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0013-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nThe EM-1 produced 115,000 pounds-force (510\u00a0kN) of tractive effort on 64-inch (1.6\u00a0m) drivers with 235 pounds per square inch (1.62\u00a0MPa) steam pressure and four 24-by-32-inch (0.61 by 0.81\u00a0m) cylinders. The tender carried 22,000 US gallons (83\u00a0m3) of water and 25 tons of coal. The engine weighed 627,000 pounds (284\u00a0t) while the tender weighed 328,000 pounds (149\u00a0t) for a combined 1,010,700 pounds (458.4\u00a0t). Nothing bigger could operate within the tunnel clearances and track restrictions on the B&O's main line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0014-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nThey were equipped with the newest technology including the Worthington feedwater heater, superheater with front-end throttle, Cyclone front end, thermic syphons, a lateral cushioning device in the front pair of drivers on both engines and the front wheels and the trailing truck, as well as roller bearings on all axles, engine and tender, which gave them the reputation of \"yard creepers\", because three men could move one on a level track with the cylinder cocks open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0015-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nB&O's president, Roy B. White, after inspecting the first one delivered, said to the general superintendent of motive power and equipment, A.K. Galloway, \"Well, I must say, they have everything!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0016-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nFleet numbers 7600\u20137619 were built and delivered in 1944 and 7620\u20137629 in 1945, all by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They went to work on the Cumberland Division's rugged West End subdivision with its more than 2% grades and tight curves, where with the older 2-8-8-0 EL classes, they hauled West Virginia coal and freights. Since the EM-1s had roller bearings throughout, they also handled mail and express trains, replacing two B&O class T-3 4-8-2 Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0016-0001", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nThat continued until January 21, 1947, when near Oakland, Maryland, train 29 with engine 7625 derailed with the locomotive rolling onto the engineer's side, killing the engineer. The EM-1s were then restricted to coal and freight trains until the late 1950s, when the B&O used EM-1 No. 7600 for railfan trips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0017-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nThe EM-1s also ran on the Pittsburgh Division over Sand Patch Grade near Meyersdale, Pennsylvania, with empty hoppers, iron ore or dolomite loads westbound, coal eastbound, as well as general freight in both directions. In the late 1950s, the B&O used EM-1 No. 7600 for railfan trips mostly between Cumberland, MD, and Connellsville, PA. Well-known photographer and Cumberland, MD, native William P. Price captured on still pictures and 8mm films, the EM-1s on the east side of Sand Patch pulling heavy trains with two of the B&O's 2-10-2 class S1 and S1a Big Sixes on the rear as helpers dispatched from Hyndman, PA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0018-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nNear the end of steam they were all sent out to Fairmont and Wheeling, West Virginia, and Lorain, Ohio, with lake-bound coal trains as well as runs between Willard, OH and Garrett, Indiana, until the B&O started to retire them in 1957, and almost all of them were scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0019-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Baltimore and Ohio\nBut one locomotive, No. 659, almost made it to preservation. The B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore selected this locomotive as one of their future museum exhibits. However, there was a mix-up in communication, regarding the locomotive's status, and the salvage crew scrapped No. 659 where it stood. Now, none of the EM-1s survive today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0020-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Outside the United States\nThe metre gauge Central Railway of Brazil took delivery of four 2-8-8-4s from the German firm of Henschel in 1937. They were the only narrow gauge locomotives of this wheel arrangement. They had the largest boilers ever used on a narrow-gauge simple expansion locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160521-0021-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-4, Outside the United States\nSoviet Russia constructed two 2-8-8-4 locomotives at the Kolomna Locomotive Works. These were the P38 Class numbers P38.001 and P38.002. The first locomotive carried partial casings over the boiler and smokebox typical of the 1950s. P38.002 bore no such adornments and had a more conventional appearance. Both engines had tenders with part bogie and part fixed frame similar to the American 'centipede' tenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160522-0000-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-8-4\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, a 2-8-8-8-4 has two leading wheels, three sets of eight driving wheels, and four trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160522-0001-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-8-4\nOther equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: 1DDD2 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)French classification: 140+040+042Turkish classification: 45+44+46Swiss classification: 4/5+4/4+4/6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160522-0002-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-8-4\nThe equivalent UIC classification is to be refined to (1'D)D(D2') for these engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160522-0003-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-8-4\nOnly one 2-8-8-8-4 was ever built, a Mallet-type for the Virginian Railway in 1916. Built by Baldwin Locomotive Works, it became the only example of their class XA, so named due to the experimental nature of the locomotive. Like the same railroad's large articulated electrics and the Erie Railroad 2-8-8-8-2s, it was nicknamed \"Triplex\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160522-0004-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-8-4\nAn overview of Triplex engineering is given at Triplex (locomotive).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160522-0005-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-8-4\nThe XA was unable to sustain a speed greater than five miles an hour, since the six cylinders could easily consume more steam than the boiler could produce. When operating in compound the high pressure steam was divided between the cylinders of the center engine. The exhaust from one cylinder was piped to the front articulated engine. The exhaust from the other center engine cylinder was piped to the tender engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160522-0006-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-8-4\nThe exhaust from the front engine was piped to the exhaust nozzle inside the firebox to generate draft through the firebox, through the fire tubes and out the exhaust stack. The exhaust from the tender engine went out of a stack at the rear of the tender water tank. Unfortunately it did not contribute to draft, being wasted. The tender had a four-wheel truck at the rear to help guide the locomotive into curves when drifting back downhill after pushing a train over the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160522-0007-0000", "contents": "2-8-8-8-4\nThe XA was sent back to Baldwin in 1920 and was rebuilt as two locomotives, a 2-8-8-0,and a 2-8-2. Unlike their predecessor which lasted only a few years in service, these two locomotives remained in service until 1953. However, neither of the two locomotives were preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160523-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline\n2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is an aroma compound and flavor that gives freshly baked bread, jasmine rice and basmati rice, the spice pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius), and bread flowers (Vallaris glabra) their customary smell. Many observers describe the smell as similar to \"hot, buttered popcorn\", and it is credited for lending this odor to the scent of binturong (bearcat) urine. Fresh marking fluid (MF) and urine of the tiger (Indian, Amur or Siberian) and Indian leopard also have a strong aroma due to 2AP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160523-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline\n2AP and its structural homolog, 6-acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine of similar smell, can be formed by Maillard reactions during heating of food such as the baking of bread dough. Both compounds have odor thresholds below 0.06 ng/L.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160523-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline, Structure and properties\n2AP is a substituted pyrroline and a cyclic imine as well as a ketone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160524-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran\n2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran is an organic compound with the chemical formula C7H8O2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160525-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Acetylaminofluorene\n2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF, 2-AAF) is a carcinogenic and mutagenic derivative of fluorene. It is used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis. It induces tumors in a number of species in the liver, bladder and kidney. The metabolism of this compound in the body by means of biotransformation reactions is the key to its carcinogenicity. 2-AAF is a substrate for cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme, which is a part of a super family found in almost all organisms. This reaction results in the formation of hydroxyacetylaminofluorene which is a proximal carcinogen and is more potent than the parent molecule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160525-0000-0001", "contents": "2-Acetylaminofluorene\nThe N-hydroxy metabolite undergoes several enzymatic and non-enzymatic rearrangements. It can be O-acetylated by cytosolic N-acetyltransferase enzyme to yield N-acetyl-N-acetoxyaminofluorene. This intermediate can spontaneously rearrange to form the arylamidonium ion and a carbonium ion which can interact directly with DNA to produce DNA adducts. In addition to esterification by acetylation, the N-hydroxy derivative can be O-sulfated by cytosolic sulfur transferase enzyme giving rise to the N-acetyl-N-sulfoxy product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160525-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Acetylaminofluorene\nIn addition, the cytosolic N,O-aryl hydroxamic acid acyltransferase enzyme catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group from the N atom of the N-OH-2-AAF to the O atom of the N-OH group to produce N-acetoxy-2-aminofluorene (N-OH-2-AF). This reactive metabolite spontaneously decomposes to form a nitrenium ion which will also react with DNA. However, the product of this latter reaction is the deacetylated aminofluorene adduct. The interconversion of amide and amine metabolites of 2-AAF can further occur via the microsomal enzyme deacetylase producing the N-hydroxy metabolite of the amine derivative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160525-0001-0001", "contents": "2-Acetylaminofluorene\nSubsequent esterification of the aryl hydroxylamine by sulfur transferase yields the sulfate ester which also spontaneously decompose to form nitrenium ion. The reactive nitrenium, carbonium and arylamidonium ion metabolites of 2-AAF react with the nucleophilic groups in DNA, proteins and endogenous thiols like glutathione. Other metabolites such as the N,O-glucuronide, although not directly activated products, can be important in the carcinogenic process because they are capable of degradation to proximal N-hydroxy metabolites. This metabolite is presumed to be involved in formation of bladder tumors. The mechanism for this is thought to involve degradation of glucuronide in the bladder due to acidic pH of urine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160526-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Acetylfuran\n2-Acetylfuran is a low melting solid or high boiling liquid, depending on temperature. The solid melts at 30\u00a0\u00b0C and has a density of 1.0975 g/ml at 20\u00a0\u00b0C, while the normal boiling point of the liquid is 168\u2013169\u00a0\u00b0C. 2-Acetylfuran is a useful intermediate in the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and is used in the production of the generic cephalophosphorin antibiotic cefuroxime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160526-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Acetylfuran, Synthesis\n2-Acetylfuran was prepared by Ashina in 1914 via the reaction of the methyl Grignard reagent on 2-furonitrile. Modern industrial synthesis generally involves the Friedel\u2013Crafts acylation of furan with acetic anhydride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160526-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Acetylfuran, Applications, Pharmaceuticals\nA one-pot synthesis of  an intermediate to the HIV integrase inhibitor S-1360 was based on the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of 2-acetylfuran with 4-fluorobenzyl chloride using zinc chloride catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160526-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Acetylfuran, Applications, Pharmaceuticals\nReaction of 2-acetylfuran with aqueous sodium nitrite gave 2-furanyloxoacetic acid, an intermediate to Cefuroxime, a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160527-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Acetylpyridine\n2-Acetylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula CH3COC5H4N. It is a viscous colorless liquid that is widely used as a flavoring substance. It is found in malt and produced by the Maillard reaction and by nixtamalization. It contributes to the flavor of corn tortillas, popcorn, and beer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160527-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Acetylpyridine\nThe compound is prepared by acylation of 2-bromopyridine via the Grignard reagent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160528-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid\n2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) was a Trademark name by The Lubrizol Corporation. It is a reactive, hydrophilic, sulfonic acid acrylic monomer used to alter the chemical properties of wide variety of anionic polymers. In the 1970s, the earliest patents using this monomer were filed for acrylic fiber manufacturing. Today, there are over several thousands patents and publications involving use of AMPS in many areas including water treatment, oil field, construction chemicals, hydrogels for medical applications, personal care products, emulsion coatings, adhesives, and rheology modifiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160528-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, Production\nAMPS is made by the Ritter reaction of acrylonitrile and isobutylene in the presence of sulfuric acid and water. The recent patent literature describes batch and continuous processes that produce AMPS in high purity (to 99.7%) and improved yield (up to 89%, based on isobutene) with the addition of liquid isobutene to an acrylonitrile / sulfuric acid / phosphoric acid mixture at 40\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160529-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene\n2-Amino-1,2-dihydronapthalene (2-ADN), also known as 2-aminodilin (2-AD), is a stimulant drug. It is a rigid analogue of phenylisobutylamine and substitutes amphetamine for it in rat discrimination tests, although at approximately one fourth the potency. It is closely related to 2-aminotetralin (2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), which also substitutes for amphetamine, and is about two times as potent in comparison to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine\nPhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) is one of the most abundant heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in cooked meat. PhIP is formed at high temperatures from the reaction between creatine or creatinine (found in muscle meats), amino acids, and sugar. PhIP formation increases with the temperature and duration of cooking and also depends on the method of cooking and the variety of meat being cooked. The U.S.  Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program has declared PhIP as \"reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen\". International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of World Health Organization, has classified PhIP as IARC Group 2B carcinogen (i.e.,  possibly carcinogenic to humans). There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals, as well as in vitro models, for the carcinogenicity of PhIP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, Sources of PhIP\nPhIP has been found in cooked beef, pork, chicken, and fish products. Exposure to PhIP depends on the eating habits of the individual and can vary up to 5000-fold. Exposure is also related to the type of meat, doneness, cooking method, and quantity consumed. Individual exposures can differ due to various anti-carcinogens in the diet. Different cooking methods for meat (broiling, grilling, frying, roasting, pan drippings) all contribute to formation of PhIP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 64], "content_span": [65, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, PhIP and cooking methods\nStudies examining the amount of PhIP in cooked meats have shown that high levels of exposure are possible. Doneness levels of meat (rare, medium, well-done, and very well-done) are factors in the development of PhIP. Methods to reduce formation of PhIP in meats include decreasing the temperature at which the meat is cooked, decreasing the length of cooking time, pre-heating meat in the microwave oven (which reduces creatine), and marinating the meat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 73], "content_span": [74, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, Dietary intake of PhIP\nDetermining dietary intake of PhIP can be obtained by more or one ways. One method used is a Food Frequency Questionaries (FFQ) which surveys a population on their estimated consumption of cooked meats. Another method directly measures the quantity of PhIP in a cooked meat sample. However, because the formation of PhIP in cooked meat items is dependent on temperature, cooking time, and cooking method, variations do occur in the direct measurement method. Direct measurement methods have determined dietary intake levels of PhIP to range from 0.07-4.3\u00a0ng/kg per day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 71], "content_span": [72, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, Metabolism\nMetabolic activation is required for PhIP to function as a mutagen. Therefore, the cancer risk posed by PhIP depends on the extent at which PhIP is metabolized. After absorption, PhIP is converted to a genotoxic metabolite in the liver by Phase I enzyme N-oxidation by Cytochrome P-450 1A2 (CYP1A2). PhIP can be further metabolized into a more potent metabolite through O-acetylation by hepatic or colonic N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), or by sulfotransfereases. However, PhIP may also undergo a detoxification pathway through Phase II conjugation reaction via UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) to form N-glucuronide conjugates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0004-0001", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, Metabolism\nPhIP's nitrenium ion intermediate is a powerful electrophile that has propensity to form C-8 guanine adducts with the DNA. In addition, some of these metabolic enzymes are inducible and have polymorphic variation. CYP1A2 displays a 40-fold variation in expression among humans and can be induced by smoking, diet, and chronic hepatitis. The expression of UGTs also displays inducibility; however, NATs do not. Individuals can be classified as either rapid or slow N-oxidizers and O-acetylators by assessing CYP1A2 and NAT2 activities. Individuals with the rapid phenotype of either CYP1A2 or NAT2 metabolize PhIP more effectively and are therefore at greater risk of PhIP's carcinogenic metabolite and could be at a higher risk of cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, Animal studies and PhIP\nRats were fed PhIP at concentrations of 25, 100, and 200 ppm. The rats gained weight throughout the experiment, but feeding concentration of PhIP remained constant. Rats were fed PhIP ad libitum at concentrations of 12.5 and 50ppm. Rats developed mammary tumors at each concentration of PhIP administered. An in vivo study found mice injected with 5, 10, 12, 18, 20, 24, 28, 32, or 36\u00a0mg/kg bw showed a strong correlation between consumption of PhIP and genetic damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, Risk assessments for PhIP\nThere is no dose [of PhIP] without effect. Therefore, a margin of exposure (MOE) based on the benchmark lower confidence limit (BMDL) reference has been developed for PhIP in relation to prostate and mammary carcinomas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 74], "content_span": [75, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, Associated cancers\nNumerous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that PhIP is a potent mutagen and can induce tumors of multiple sites in animal models. PhIP was positive in bacterial (Ames) test and induced chromosomal abnormalities in human and Chinese hamster cells in vitro. PhIP has also formed DNA adducts in vivo in both rats and monkeys. PhIP has been tested for carcinogenicity in both mice and rats by oral administration. Increases in lymphomas were seen in mice and increases in adenocarcinomas of the small and large intestine in males and mammary adenocarcinomas in female were seen in rats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0007-0001", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, Associated cancers\nAlso, an increasing number of epidemiological studies have evaluated the association of well-done meat intake and HCA exposure with cancer risk in humans. In general, these studies have reported that high intake of well-done and/or high exposure to PhIP may be associated with cancer of the colorectum, breast, prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach, and esophagus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160530-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, Associated cancers\nPhIP has been shown to induce DNA adducts and mutations. These adducts have been found in a wide variety of sensitive tissues and organs such as the colon. However, adducts also formed in sites that did not commonly form tumors, such as the kidneys. In humans receiving a dose of PhIP equivalent to that found in very well-done chicken, DNA and protein adducts were formed in the colon and blood. However, the adducts were unstable and declined over a 24-hour period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160531-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde\n2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan in the tryptophan-niacin catabolic pathway. Quinolinate is a neurotoxin formed nonenzymatically from 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde in mammalian tissues. 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde is enzymatically converted to 2-aminomuconate via 2-aminomuconic semialdehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160532-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-4-deoxychorismate dehydrogenase\n2-Amino-4-deoxychorismate dehydrogenase (EC , ADIC dehydrogenase, 2-amino-2-deoxyisochorismate dehydrogenase, SgcG) is an enzyme with systematic name (2S)-2-amino-4-deoxychorismate:FMN oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160532-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-4-deoxychorismate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme participates in the formation of the benzoxazolinate moiety of the enediyne antitumour antibiotic C-1027].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160533-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase\n2-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase (EC , ADIC synthase, 2-amino-2-deoxyisochorismate synthase, SgcD) is an enzyme with systematic name (2S)-2-amino-4-deoxychorismate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160533-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase\nThis enzyme requires Mg2+. The reaction occurs in the reverse direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160534-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-pyrophosphoryl-methylpteridine\n2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-pyrophosphoryl-methylpteridine (7,8-Dihydropterin pyrophosphate, dihydropterin-CH2OH-diphosphate) is a pteridine; a precursor to dihydrofolic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160535-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one\n2-Amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one is a metabolite in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. It is formed from GTP by the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase IIa which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 8,9 bond in the guanine group and loss of the beta and gamma phosphate groups. The molecule is deformylated by 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-ribosylaminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5'-monophosphate deformylase as the second step in the archaeal riboflavin biosynthetic pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160536-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoacetanilide\n2-Aminoacetanilide is a chemical compound which is a amino derivative of acetanilide and ortho-isomer of aminoacetanilide. There are two other isomers of aminoacetanilide, 3-aminoacetanilide and 4-aminoacetanilide. Aminoacetanilide derivatives are important synthetic intermediates in heterocyclic and aromatic synthesis. These derivatives have found applications in pharmaceutical industry and dyes and pigment industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160536-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoacetanilide, Uses\n2\u2032-Aminoacetanilide is starting material for the synthesis of 2-Methylbenzimidazole, N-(2-(1,3-Dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-5-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6(2H)-yl)phenyl)-5-methylfuran-2-carboxamide, and Azobenzothiazole dyes, N-[2-(6-nitrobenzothiazol-2-ylazo)phenyl]acetamide and N-[2-(benzothiazol-2-ylazo)phenyl]acetamide. Benzimidazoles have been synthesized by cyclization of 2\u2032-Aminoacetanilide by CO2 in the presence of H2 using RuCl2(dppe)2 as the catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160538-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminobenzaldehyde\n2-Aminobenzaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)CHO. It is one of three isomers of aminobenzaldehyde. It is a low-melting yellow solid that is soluble in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160538-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Aminobenzaldehyde, Preparation and reactions\nIt is usually prepared by reduction of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde with iron or iron(II) sulfate. Like related aminoaldehydes, it is unstable with respect to self-condensation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160538-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Aminobenzaldehyde, Preparation and reactions\n2-Aminobenzaldehyde is used to prepare quinolines by the Friedl\u00e4nder synthesis:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160538-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Aminobenzaldehyde, Preparation and reactions\nBy template reactions, it also forms trimeric and tetrameric condensation products that have been studied as ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160539-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminobiphenyl\n2-Aminobiphenyl (2-APB) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5C6H4NH2. It is an amine derivative of biphenyl. It is a colorless solid, although aged samples can appear colored even black. Palladacycles obtained from 2-aminobiphenyl are popular catalysts for cross-coupling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160540-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate\n2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) is a chemical that acts to inhibit both IP3 receptors and TRP channels (although it activates TRPV1, TRPV2, & TRPV3 at higher concentrations). In research it is used to manipulate intracellular release of calcium ions (Ca2+) and modify TRP channel activity, although the lack of specific effects make it less than ideal under some circumstances. Additionally, there is evidence that 2-APB acts directly to inhibit gap junctions made of connexin. Increasing evidence showed that 2-APB is a powerful modifier of store-operated calcium channels (SOC) function, low concentration of 2-APB can enhance SOC while high concentration induces a transient increase followed by complete inhibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160541-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoindane\n2-Aminoindane (2-AI) is a research chemical with applications in neurologic disorders and psychotherapy that has also been sold as a designer drug. It acts as a selective substrate for NET and DAT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160541-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoindane, Therapeutic and illicit uses\nSynthetic aminoindanes were originally developed in the context of anti-Parkinsonian drugs as a metabolite of rasagiline and as a tool to be used in psychotherapy. Deaths related to their toxic effects have been observed both in the laboratory in animal studies and in clinical encounters. 2-AI is a rigid analogue of amphetamine and partially substitutes for it in rat discrimination tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160541-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoindane, Legal status\nSweden's public health agency suggested classifying 2-AI as a hazardous substance, on June 24, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160541-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoindane, Chemical derivatives\nThere are a number of derivatives of 2-aminoindane and its positional isomer 1-aminoindane exist, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160541-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoindane, Legality, China\nAs of October 2015 2-AI is a controlled substance in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160541-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoindane, Legality, United States\n2-Aminoindane is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States, but may be considered an analog of amphetamine, in which case purchase, sale, or possession could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160542-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoisobutyric acid\n2-Aminoisobutyric acid (also known as \u03b1-aminoisobutyric acid, AIB, \u03b1-methylalanine, or 2-methylalanine) is the non-proteinogenic amino acid with the structural formula H2N-C(CH3)2-COOH. It is rare in nature, having been only found in meteorites, and some antibiotics of fungal origin, such as alamethicin and some lantibiotics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160542-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoisobutyric acid, Synthesis\nIn the laboratory, 2-aminoisobutyric acid may be prepared from acetone cyanohydrin, by reaction with ammonia followed by hydrolysis. Industrial scale synthesis can be achieved by the selective hydroamination of methacrylic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160542-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoisobutyric acid, Biological activity\n2-Aminoisobutyric acid is not one of the proteinogenic amino acids and is rather rare in nature (cf. non-proteinogenic amino acids). It is a strong helix inducer in peptides due to Thorpe\u2013Ingold effect of its gem-dimethyl group. Oligomers of AIB form 310 helices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160542-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Aminoisobutyric acid, Ribosomal incorporation into peptides\n2-Aminoisobutyric acid is compatible with ribosomal elongation of peptide synthesis. Katoh et al. used flexizymes and an engineered a tRNA body to enhance the affinity of aminoacylated AIB-tRNA species to elongation factor P. The result was an increased incorporation of AIB into peptides in a cell free translation system. Iqbal et al.. used an alternative approach of creating an editing deficient valine\u2014tRNA ligase to synthesize aminoacylated AIB-tRNAVal. The aminoacylated tRNA was subsequently used in a cell-free translation system to yield AIB-containing peptides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160543-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminomuconic acid\n2-Aminomuconic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160545-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminophenol\n2-Aminophenol is an organic compound with the formula C6H7NO. Along with its isomer 4-aminophenol, it is an amphoteric molecule and a reducing agent. It is a useful reagent for the synthesis of dyes and heterocyclic compounds. Reflecting its slight hydrophilic character, white powder is moderately soluble in alcohols and can be recrystallized  from hot water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160545-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Aminophenol, Synthesis and structure\n2-Aminophenol (and its isomer, 4-aminophenol) is industrially synthesized by reducing the corresponding nitrophenol by hydrogen in the presence of various catalysts. The nitrophenols can also be reduced with iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160545-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Aminophenol, Synthesis and structure\nThe compound exhibits intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the neighbouring amine and hydroxyl groups. As a result, 2-aminophenol has a relatively high melting point (174\u00a0\u00b0C) compared to other compounds with a similar molecular mass; for example, 2-methylphenol melts at 31\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160545-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Aminophenol, Applications\n2-Aminophenol has a variety of uses. As a reducing agent, it is marketed under the names of Atomal and Ortol to develop black-and-white photographs. 2-Aminophenol is an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes. It is particularly useful in yielding metal-complex dyes when diazotized and coupled to a phenol, naphthol, or other aromatic or resonant dye species. Metal complex dyes using copper or chromium are commonly used for producing dull colors. Tridentate ligand dyes are useful because they are more stable than their bi- or mono-dentate counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160545-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Aminophenol, Applications\nDue to the adjacency of the amino and hydroxyl groups, 2-aminophenol readily forms heterocycles. These heterocycles, such as benzoxazoles, can be biologically active and useful in the pharmaceutical industry:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160546-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminopurine\n2-Aminopurine, a purine analog of guanine and adenine, is a fluorescent molecular marker used in nucleic acid research. It most commonly pairs with thymine as an adenine-analogue, but can also pair with cytosine as a guanine-analogue;. For this reason it is sometimes used in the laboratory for mutagenesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160547-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminopyridine\n2-Aminopyridine is an organic compound with the formula H2NC5H4N. It is one of three isomeric aminopyridines. It is a colourless solid that is used in the production of the drugs piroxicam, sulfapyridine, tenoxicam, and tripelennamine. It is produced by the reaction of sodium amide with pyridine, the Chichibabin reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160547-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Aminopyridine, Structure\nAlthough 2-hydroxypyridine converts significantly to the pyridone tautomer, the related imine tautomer (HNC5H4NH) is less important for 2-aminopyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160547-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Aminopyridine, Toxicity\nThe acute toxicity is indicated by the LD50 = 200 mg/kg (rat, oral).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160548-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminotetralin\n2-Aminotetralin (2-AT), also known as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine (THN), is a stimulant drug with a chemical structure consisting of a tetralin group combined with an amine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160548-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Aminotetralin\n2-AT is a rigid analogue of phenylisobutylamine and fully substitutes for d-amphetamine in rat discrimination tests, although at one eighth the potency. It has been shown to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, and likely induces their release as well. It is also likely to act on dopamine on account of its full substitution of d-amphetamine in rodent studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160549-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid\n2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ACTA) is the organosulfur compound and a heterocycle with the formula HO2CCHCH2SCNH2N. This derivative of thiazoline is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of L-cysteine, an amino acid. ACTA exists in equilibrium with its tautomer 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160549-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid\nIt is produced by the reaction of methyl chloroacrylate with thiourea. It is also a biomarker for cyanide poisoning, as it results from the condensation of cysteine and cyanide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160550-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Aminothiophenol\n2-Aminothiophenol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H4(SH)(NH2). It is a colorless oily solid, although impure samples can be deeply colored. It is soluble in organic solvents and in basic water. It is a precursor to benzothiazoles, some of which are bioactive or are dyes. Isomers of aminothiophenols include 3-aminothiophenol and 4-aminothiophenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160550-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Aminothiophenol\n2-Aminothiophenol can prepared in two steps, starting with the reaction of aniline with carbon disulfide followed by hydrolysis of the resulting mercaptobenzothiazole. It can also obtained by zinc reduction of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160551-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonoylglycerol\n2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endocannabinoid, an endogenous agonist of the CB1 receptor and the primary endogenous ligand for the CB2 receptor. It is an ester formed from the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid and glycerol. It is present at relatively high levels in the central nervous system, with cannabinoid neuromodulatory effects. It has been found in maternal bovine and human milk. The chemical was first described in 1994-1995, although it had been discovered some time before that. The activities of phospholipase C (PLC) and diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) mediate its formation. 2-AG is synthesized from arachidonic acid-containing diacylglycerol (DAG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160551-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonoylglycerol, Occurrence\n2-AG, unlike anandamide (another endocannabinoid), is present at relatively high levels in the central nervous system; it is the most abundant molecular species of monoacylglycerol found in mouse and rat brain (~5-10 nmol/g tissue). Detection of 2-AG in brain tissue is complicated by the relative ease of its isomerization to 1-AG during standard lipid extraction conditions. It has been found in maternal bovine as well as human milk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160551-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonoylglycerol, Discovery\n2-AG was discovered by Raphael Mechoulam and his student Shimon Ben-Shabat. 2-AG was a known chemical compound but its occurrence in mammals and its affinity for the cannabinoid receptors were first described in 1994-1995. A research group at Teikyo University reported the affinity of 2-AG for the cannabinoid receptors in 1994-1995, but the isolation of 2-AG in the canine gut was first reported in 1995 by the research group of Raphael Mechoulam at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which additionally characterized its pharmacological properties in vivo. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, next with Anandamide, was the second endocannabinoid discovered. The cannabinoid established the existence of a cannabinoid neuromodulatory system in the nervous system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160551-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonoylglycerol, Pharmacology\nUnlike anandamide, formation of 2-AG is calcium-dependent and is mediated by the activities of phospholipase C (PLC) and diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL). 2-AG acts as a full agonist at the CB1 receptor. At a concentration of 0.3nM, 2-AG induces a rapid, transient increase in intracellular free calcium in NG108-15 neuroblastoma X glioma cells through a CB1 receptor-dependent mechanism. 2-AG is hydrolyzed in vitro by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the uncharacterized serine hydrolase enzymes ABHD2, ABHD6 and ABHD12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160551-0003-0001", "contents": "2-Arachidonoylglycerol, Pharmacology\nThe exact contribution of each of these enzymes to the termination of 2-AG signaling in vivo is unknown, though it is estimated that MAGL is responsible for ~85% of this activity in the brain. There have been identified transport proteins for 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide. These include the heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) and fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160551-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonoylglycerol, Biosynthesis\n2-Arachidonoylglycerol is synthesized from arachidonic acid-containing diacylglycerol (DAG), which is derived from the increase of inositol phospholipid metabolism by the action of diacylglycerol lipase. The molecule can also be formed from pathways like the hydrolysis derived (by diglyceride) from both phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidic acid (PAs) by the action of DAG lipase and the hydrolysis of arachidonic acid-containing lysophosphatidic acid by the action of a phosphatase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160552-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether\n2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGE, Noladin ether) is a putative endocannabinoid discovered by Lum\u00edr Hanu\u0161 and colleagues at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. It is an ether formed from the alcohol analog of arachidonic acid and glycerol. Its isolation from porcine brain and its structural elucidation and synthesis were described in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160552-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, Discovery\nLum\u00edr Hanu\u0161, Saleh Abu-Lafi, Ester Fride, Aviva Breuer, Zvi Vogel, Deborah E. Shalev, Irina Kustanovich, and Raphael Mechoulam found the endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in 2000. The discovery was 100 gram of porcine brain, (approximately a single brain) was added to a mixture of 200 mL of chloroform and 200 mL of methanol and mixed in a laboratory blender for 2 minutes. 100 mL of Water was then added, and the mixing process continued for another minute. After this, the mixture was filtered. Two layers then formed and the layer of water-methanol was separated and evaporated when pressure was reduced. Synaptosomal membranes were prepared from 250g of the brains of Sabra male rats. A Hewlett Packard G 1800B GCD system that has a HP-5971 GC with electron ionization detector was used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160552-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, Production\nThe production of the endocannabinoid is enhanced in normal, but not in endothelium-denuded rat aorta on reacting with carbachol, a parasympathomimetic drug. It potently reduces blood pressure in rats and may represent an endothelium-derived hypotension factor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160552-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, Production\n2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether's structure can be determined by mass spectrometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. It was confirmed by comparison with a synthetic sample of the endocannabinoid. It binds to the Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Ki = 21.2 \u00b1 0.5 nM), which causes sedation, hypothermia, intestinal immobility, and mild antinociception in mice. The endocannabinoid exhibits Ki values of 21.2 nM and >3 \u03bcM at the Cannabinoid receptor type 1 and the peripheral cannabinoid receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160552-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, Production\nThe presence of 2-AGE in body tissue is disputed. Although a research group from Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan could not detect it in the brains of mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs or pigs, two other research groups successfully detected it in animal tissues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160552-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, Pharmacology\n2-AGE binds with a Ki of 21 nM to the CB1 receptor and 480 nM to the CB2 receptor. It shows agonistic behaviour on both receptors and is a partial agonist for the TRPV1 channel. After binding to CB2 receptors it inhibits adenylate cyclase and stimulates ERK-MAPK and regulates calcium transients. In comparison to 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, noladin is metabolically more stable resulting in a longer half-life. It lowers Intraocular pressure, increases the uptake of GABA in the globus pallidus of rats and is neuroprotective by binding to and activation of PPAR\u03b1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160553-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bekat (Tashkent Metro)\n2-Bekat is a station of the Tashkent Metro on Chilonzor Line. It was put into operation on December 26, 2020, as part of the third section of the Chilanzar line, between Olmazar and 5-Bekat. The station is located between 1-Bekat and 3-Bekat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160553-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Bekat (Tashkent Metro)\nThe planned name for the station was Toshkent halqa yo\u2018li (Tashkent Circle Road), however, the station was opened as 2-Bekat, which simply means Station-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160554-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Benzylpiperidine\n2-Benzylpiperidine is a stimulant drug of the piperidine class. It is similar in structure to other drugs such as methylphenidate and desoxypipradrol but around one twentieth as potent, and while it boosts norepinephrine levels to around the same extent as d-amphetamine, it has very little effect on dopamine levels, with its binding affinity for the dopamine transporter around 175 times lower than for the noradrenaline transporter. 2-benzylpiperidine is little used as a stimulant, with its main use being as a synthetic intermediate in the manufacture of other drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160555-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromo-1-chloropropane\n2-Bromo-1-chloropropane, C3H6BrCl, is an alkyl halide. This simple compound has a chiral center and is used sometimes to determine the enantiomeric resolution of simple chromatographic methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160556-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine\n2-Bromo-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (6-Bromo-MDA) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the dose is listed as 350\u00a0mg and the duration unknown. It produces stimulant effects but with no psychedelic or empathogenic action. Very little data exists about its pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160557-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromo-LSD\n2-Bromo-LSD, also known as BOL-148, is a derivative of lysergic acid invented by Albert Hofmann, as part of the original research from which the closely related compound LSD was also derived. 2-Bromo-LSD was found to be inactive as a psychedelic and so was comparatively little researched for many years, although its similar behavior in the body made it useful for radiolabelling studies. It was found to bind to many of the same receptors as LSD, but acting as a neutral antagonist rather than an agonist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160557-0000-0001", "contents": "2-Bromo-LSD\nHowever its generally similar behavior to LSD in some respects has shown to be very useful in one specific area, the treatment of cluster headaches. These debilitating attacks have been known for some time to be amenable to treatment with certain hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin, but because of the illegal status of these drugs and the kind of mental changes they induce, research into their medical use has been slow and therapeutic application limited to very specific circumstances under strict supervision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160557-0000-0002", "contents": "2-Bromo-LSD\nIt had been thought that this specific therapeutic action against cluster headaches was limited to hallucinogenic drugs of this type, and would always present a major barrier to their clinical use. However a serendipitous discovery found that 2-bromo-LSD is also able to produce this therapeutic effect, despite lacking the other effects of LSD. This has led to a resurgence of interest and research into 2-bromo-LSD and its possible medical uses. Some isolated incidents of hallucinogenic responses have been reported, but as with other non-hallucinogenic LSD analogues such as lisuride, this appears to be a rare side effect occurring only in individuals with an as yet unexplained susceptibility to this reaction. 2-Bromo-LSD reportedly attenuates the effects of LSD in humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160558-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromoanisole\n2-Bromoanisole is an organobromide with the formula BrC6H4OCH3. A colorless liquid, it is one of three isomers of bromoanisole, the others being 3-bromoanisole and 4-bromoanisole. It is a standard coupling partner in metal catalyzed coupling reactions. These reactions include Heck reactions, Buchwald-Hartwig coupling, Suzuki couplings, and Ullmann condensations. The corresponding Grignard reagent readily forms. It is a precursor to o-anisaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160559-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromobutane\n2-Bromobutane is an isomer of 1-bromobutane. Both compounds share the molecular formula C4H9Br. 2-Bromobutane is also known as sec-butyl bromide or methylethylbromomethane. Because it contains bromine, a halogen, it is part of a larger class of compounds known as alkyl halides. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Because the carbon atom connected to the bromine is connected to two other carbons the molecule is referred to as a secondary alkyl halide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160559-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Bromobutane\n2-Bromobutane is relatively stable, but is toxic and flammable. When treated with a strong base, it is prone to undergo an E2 reaction, which is a bimolecular elimination reaction, resulting in (predominantly) 2-butene, an alkene (double bond). 2-Bromobutane is an irritant, and harmful if ingested. It can irritate and burn skin and eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160560-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromobutyric acid\n2-Bromobutyric acid is a carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C4H7BrO2. It is a colorless liquid. The 2-position is stereogenic, so there are two enantiomers of this compound. 2 -Bromobutyric acid is mainly used as a building block chemical, such as in the preparation of Levetiracetam, an anticonvulsant medication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160560-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Bromobutyric acid, Production\n(\u00b1)-2-Bromobuyric acid may be prepared by the acid-catalyzed Hell\u2013Volhard\u2013Zelinsky reaction, where butyric acid is treated with elemental bromine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160561-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromoethyl ether\n2-Bromoethyl ether (or Bis(2-bromoethyl) ether) is an organobromine compound that is also an ether. It is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and crown ethers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160562-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromohexane\n2-Bromohexane is the organobromine compound with the formula CH3CH(Br)(CH2)3CH3. It is a colorless liquid. The compound is chiral. Most 2-bromoalkanes are prepared by addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. Markovnikov addition proceeds in the absence of free-radicals, i.e. give the 2-bromo derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160563-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromomescaline\n2-Bromomescaline (2-Br-M) is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen mescaline which has an unusual 2-bromo substitution. It is an agonist for serotonin receptors, with a binding affinity of 215\u00a0nM at 5-HT1A, 513\u00a0nM at 5-HT2A and 379\u00a0nM at 5-HT2C, so while it is around ten times more tightly binding than mescaline at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, it is over twenty times more potent at 5-HT2C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160564-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromopropane\n2-Bromopropane, also known as isopropyl bromide and 2-propyl bromide, is the halogenated hydrocarbon with the formula CH3CHBrCH3. It is a colorless liquid. It is used for introducing the isopropyl functional group in organic synthesis. 2-Bromopropane is prepared by heating isopropanol with hydrobromic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160564-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Bromopropane, Preparation\n2-Bromopropane is commercially available. It may be prepared in the ordinary manner of alkyl bromides, by reacting isopropanol with phosphorus and bromine, or with phosphorus tribromide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160564-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Bromopropane, Safety\nThe bromine atom is at the secondary position, which allows the molecule to undergo dehydrohalogenation easily to give propene, which escapes as a gas and can rupture closed reaction vessels. When this reagent is used in base catalyzed reactions, potassium carbonate should be used in place of sodium or potassium hydroxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160565-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromopyridine\n2-Bromopyridine is an organic compound with the formula BrC5H4N. It is a colorless liquid that is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. It can be prepared from 2-aminopyridine via diazotization followed by bromination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160565-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Bromopyridine, Reactions\n2-Bromopyridine reacts with butyllithium to give 2-lithiopyridine, which is a versatile reagent. Pyrithione can be prepared in a two-step synthesis from 2-bromopyridine by oxidation to the N-oxide with a suitable peracid followed by substitution using either sodium dithionite or sodium sulfide with sodium hydroxide to introduce the thiol functional group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160566-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Bromothiophene\n2-Bromothiophene is an organosulfur compound with the formula C4H3BrS. It is a colorless liquid. Unlike 3-bromothiophene, the 2-bromo isomer is prepared directly by partial bromination of thiophene. It is a precursor to several drugs, including tipepidine, ticlopidine, and clopidogrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160566-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Bromothiophene, Safety\nThe LD50 is low, 200 \u2013 250 mg/kg (oral, rat).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160567-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Butanol\n2-Butanol, or sec-butanol, is an organic compound with formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3. This secondary alcohol is a flammable, colorless liquid that is soluble in three parts water and completely miscible with organic solvents. It is produced on a large scale, primarily as a precursor to the industrial solvent methyl ethyl ketone. 2-Butanol is chiral and thus can be obtained as either of two stereoisomers designated as (R)-(\u2212)-2-butanol and (S)-(+)-2-butanol. It is normally encountered as a 1:1 mixture of the two stereoisomers \u2014 a racemic mixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160567-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Butanol, Manufacture and applications\n2-Butanol is manufactured industrially by the hydration of 1-butene or 2-butene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160567-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Butanol, Manufacture and applications\nSulfuric acid is used as a catalyst for this conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160567-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Butanol, Manufacture and applications\nIn the laboratory it can be prepared via Grignard reaction by reacting ethylmagnesium bromide with acetaldehyde in dried diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160567-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Butanol, Manufacture and applications\nAlthough some 2-butanol is used as a solvent, it is mainly converted to butanone (methyl ethyl ketone, MEK), an important industrial solvent and found in many domestic cleaning agents and paint removers. Though most paint removers have ceased using MEK in their products due to health concerns and new laws. Volatile esters of 2-butanol have pleasant aromas and are used in small amounts as perfumes or in artificial flavors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160567-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Butanol, Solubility\nThe listed solubility of 2-butanol is often incorrect, including some of the most well-known references such as the Merck Index, the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. Even the International Programme on Chemical Safety lists the wrong solubility. This widespread error originated because of Beilstein's Handbuch der Organischen Chemie (Handbook of Organic Chemistry). This work cites a false solubility of 12.5\u00a0g/100\u00a0g water. Many other sources used this solubility, which has snowballed into a widespread error in the industrial world. The correct data (35.0\u00a0g/100\u00a0g at 20\u00a0\u00b0C, 29\u00a0g/100\u00a0g at 25\u00a0\u00b0C, and 22\u00a0g/100\u00a0g at 30\u00a0\u00b0C) were first published in 1886 by Alexejew and then similar data was reported by other scientists including Dolgolenko and Dryer in 1907 and 1913, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160567-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Butanol, Precautions\nLike other butanols, 2-butanol has low acute toxicity. The LD50 is 4400 mg/kg (rat, oral).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160567-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Butanol, Precautions\nSeveral explosions have been reported during the conventional distillation of 2-butanol, apparently due to the buildup of peroxides with the boiling point higher than that of pure alcohol (and therefore concentrating in the still pot during distillation). As alcohols, unlike ethers, are not widely known to be capable of forming peroxide impurities, the danger is likely to be overlooked. 2-Butanol is in Class B Peroxide Forming Chemicals", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160568-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Butene\n2-Butene is an acyclic alkene with four carbon atoms. It is the simplest alkene exhibiting cis/trans-isomerism (also known as (E/Z)-isomerism); that is, it exists as two geometric isomers cis-2-butene ((Z)-2-butene) and trans-2-butene ((E)-2-butene).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160568-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Butene\nIt is a petrochemical, produced by the catalytic cracking of crude oil or the dimerization of ethylene. Its main uses are in the production of gasoline (petrol) and butadiene, although some 2-butene is also used to produce the solvent butanone via hydration to 2-butanol followed by oxidation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160568-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Butene\nThe two isomers are extremely difficult to separate by distillation because of the proximity of their boiling points (~4\u00a0\u00b0C for cis and ~1\u00a0\u00b0C for trans). However, separation is unnecessary in most industrial settings, as both isomers behave similarly in most of the desired reactions. A typical industrial 2-butene mixture is 70% (Z)-2-butene (cis-isomer) and 30% (E)-2-butene (trans-isomer). Butane and 1-butene are common impurities, present at 1% or more in industrial mixtures, which also contain smaller amounts of isobutene, butadiene and butyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol\n2-Butoxyethanol is an organic compound with the chemical formula BuOC2H4OH (Bu = CH3CH2CH2CH2). This colorless liquid has a sweet, ether-like odor, as it derives from the family of glycol ethers, and is a butyl ether of ethylene glycol. As a relatively nonvolatile, inexpensive solvent, it is used in many domestic and industrial products because of its properties as a surfactant. It is a known respiratory irritant and can be acutely toxic but animal studies did not find it to be mutagenic, and no studies suggest it is a human carcinogen. A study of 13 classroom air contaminants conducted in Portugal reported a statistically significant association with increased rates of nasal obstruction, the study also reported a positive association below the level of statistical significance with a higher risk of obese asthma and increased child BMI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Production\n2-Butoxyethanol is commonly obtained through two processes; the ethoxylation reaction of butanol and ethylene oxide in the presence of a catalyst:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Production\nor the etherification of butanol with 2-chloroethanol. 2-Butoxyethanol can be obtained in the laboratory by performing a ring opening of 2-propyl-1,3-dioxolane with boron trichloride. It is often produced industrially by combining ethylene glycol and butyraldehyde in a Parr reactor with palladium on carbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Production\nIn 2006, the European production of butyl glycol ethers amounted to 181 kilotons, of which approximately 50% (90 kt/a) was 2-butoxyethanol. World production is estimated to be 200 to 500 kt/a, of which 75% is for paints and coatings and 18% for metal cleaners and household cleaners. In the US, it is considered a High Production Volume Chemical because greater than 100 million pounds of this chemical are produced per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Uses\n2-Butoxyethanol is a glycol ether with modest surfactant properties, which can also be used as a mutual solvent. In use since the 1930s, glycol ethers are solvents that dissolve both water-soluble and hydrophobic substances. Glycol ethers consist of two components, an alcohol and ether. According to the nature of alcohol, molecules of this class can be divided into two groups: E series and P series which correspond to ethylene and propylene respectively. Glycol ethers are selected for specific purposes, such as solubility, inflammability, and volatility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Uses, Commercial uses\n2-Butoxyethanol is a solvent for paints and surface coatings, as well as cleaning products and inks. Products that contain 2-butoxyethanol include acrylic resin formulations, asphalt release agents, firefighting foam, leather protectors, oil spill dispersants, degreaser applications, photographic strip solutions, whiteboard cleaners, liquid soaps, cosmetics, dry cleaning solutions, lacquers, varnishes, herbicides, latex paints, enamels, printing paste, and varnish removers, and silicone caulk. Products containing this compound are commonly found at construction sites, automobile repair shops, print shops, and facilities that produce sterilizing and cleaning products. It is the main ingredient of many home, commercial and industrial cleaning solutions. Since the molecule has both non-polar and polar ends, butoxyethanol is useful for removing both polar and non-polar substances, like grease and oils. It is also approved by the U.S. FDA to be used as direct and indirect food additives, which include antimicrobial agents, defoamers, stabilizers, and adhesives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 1111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Uses, In the petroleum industry\n2-Butoxyethanol is commonly produced for the oil industry because of its surfactant properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Uses, In the petroleum industry\nIn the petroleum industry, 2-butoxyethanol is a component of fracturing fluids, drilling stabilizers, and oil slick dispersants for both water-based and oil-based hydraulic fracturing. When liquid is pumped into the well, the fracturing fluids are pumped under extreme pressure, so 2-butoxyethanol is used to stabilize them by lowering the surface tension. As a surfactant, 2-butoxyethanol adsorbs at the oil-water interface of the fracture. The compound is also used to facilitate the release of the gas by preventing congealing. It is also used as a crude oil-water coupling solvent for more general oil well workovers. Because of its surfactant properties, it is a major constituent (30\u201360% w/w) in the oil spill dispersant Corexit 9527, which was widely used in the aftermath of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety\n2-Butoxyethanol has a low acute toxicity, with LD50 of 2.5\u00a0g/kg in rats. Laboratory tests by the U. S. National Toxicology Program have shown that only sustained exposure to high concentrations (100-500\u00a0ppm) of 2-butoxyethanol can cause adrenal tumors in animals. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) reports that 2-butoxyethanol is carcinogenic in rodents. These rodent tests may not directly translate to carcinogenicity in humans, as the observed mechanism of cancer involves the rodents' forestomach, which humans lack. OSHA does not regulate 2-butoxyethanol as a carcinogen. 2-Butoxyethanol has not been shown to penetrate shale rock in a study conducted by Manz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety, Disposal and degradation\n2-Butoxyethanol can be disposed of by incineration. It was shown that disposal occurs faster in the presence of semiconductor particles. 2-Butoxyethanol usually decomposes in the presence of air within a few days by reacting with oxygen radicals. It has not been identified as a major environmental contaminant, nor is it known to bio-accumulate. 2-Butoxyethanol biodegrades in soils and water, with a half life of 1\u20134 weeks in aquatic environments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety, Human exposure\n2-butoxyethanol most commonly enters the human body system through dermal absorption, inhalation, or oral consumption of the chemical. The ACGIH threshold limit value (TLV) for worker exposure is 20\u00a0ppm, which is well above the odor detection threshold of 0.4\u00a0ppm. Blood or urine concentrations of 2-butoxyethanol or the metabolite 2-butoxyacetic acid may be measured using chromatographic techniques. A biological exposure index of 200\u00a0mg 2-butoxyacetic acid per g creatinine has been established in an end-of-shift urine specimen for U.S. employees. 2-Butoxyethanol and its metabolites fall to undetectable levels in urine after about 30 hours in human males.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety, Animal studies\nHarmful effects have been observed in nonhuman mammals exposed to high levels of 2-butoxyethanol. Developmental effects were seen in a study that exposed pregnant Fischer 344 rats, a type of laboratory rat, and New Zealand white rabbits to varying doses of 2-butoxyethanol. At 100\u00a0ppm (483\u00a0mg/m3) and 200\u00a0ppm (966\u00a0mg/m3) exposure, statistically significant increases were observed in the number of litters with skeletal defects. Additionally, 2-butoxyethanol was associated with a significant decrease in maternal body weight, uterine weight, and number of total implants. 2-Butoxyethanol is metabolized in mammals by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety, Animal studies\nNeurological effects have also been observed in animals exposed to 2-butoxyethanol. Fischer 344 rats exposed to 2-butoxyethanol at concentrations of 523\u00a0ppm and 867\u00a0ppm experienced decreased coordination. Male rabbits showed a loss of coordination and equilibrium after exposure to 400\u00a0ppm of 2-butoxyethanol for two days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety, Animal studies\nWhen exposed to 2-butoxyethanol in drinking water, both F344/N rats and B63F1 mice showed negative effects. The range of exposure for the two species was between 70\u00a0mg/kg body weight per day to 1300\u00a0mg/kg body weight per day. Decreased body weight and water consumption were seen for both species. Rats had reduced red blood cell counts and thymus weights, as well as lesions in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0014-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety, Regulation in Canada\nEnvironment and Health Canada recommended that 2-butoxyethanol  be added to Schedule 1 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA). Under these regulations, products containing 2-butoxyethanol are to be diluted below a certain concentration. Only those in which the user performs the required dilution are required to include it on labelling information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0015-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety, Regulation in the US\n2-Butoxyethanol is listed in California as a hazardous substance and the state sets an 8 hour average airborne concentration exposure limit at 25 ppm, and in California employers are required to inform employees when they are working with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0016-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety, Regulation in the US\nIt is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as \"an indirect and direct food additive for use as an antimicrobial agent, defoamer, stabilizer and component of adhesives\", and also \"may be used to wash or assist in the peeling of fruits and vegetables\" and \"may be safely used as components of articles intended for use in packaging, transporting & holding food\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160569-0016-0001", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol, Safety, Regulation in the US\nAfter it was deleted from a UN list of substances requiring special toxicity labeling in 1994, and a subsequent petition by the American Chemistry Council, 2-butoxyethanol was removed from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's list of hazardous air pollutants in 2004. The safety of products containing 2-butoxyethanol as normally used is defended by the industry trade groups the American Chemistry Council and the Soap and Detergent Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160570-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol acetate\n2-Butoxyethanol acetate is a chemical commonly used as a solvent; it is the acetate of 2-butoxyethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160570-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol acetate, Applications\n2-Butoxyethanol acetate is used in a variety of industries as a solvent for nitrocellulose and multicolored lacquers, varnishes, enamels, and epoxy resin. It is useful as a solvent because of its high boiling point. It is also used in the manufacture of polyvinyl acetate latex. It is an ingredient in ink removers and spot removers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160570-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol acetate, Safety\nIt will react strongly with oxidizers. Its safety profile is similar to 2-butoxyethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160570-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol acetate, Safety\nPeople can be exposed to 2-butoxyethanol acetate in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin absorption, or eye contact. Symptoms of exposure include irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, and throat, hemolysis (bursting of red blood cells), hematuria (blood in the urine), central nervous system depression, headache, and vomiting. Chronic exposure can cause kidney damage, liver damage, and blood disease. People who work in printing, silk-screening, automobile repair, spray-painting, and furniture production may be exposed to 2-butoxyethanol acetate in the workplace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160570-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Butoxyethanol acetate, Safety\nPeople who do not work with 2-butoxyethanol acetate can be exposed to it in small amounts by touching or breathing in fumes from household cleaners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160571-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Butyne\n2-Butyne (dimethylacetylene, crotonylene or but-2-yne) is an alkyne with chemical formula CH3C\u2261CCH3. Produced artificially, it is a colorless, volatile, pungent liquid at standard temperature and pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160571-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Butyne\n2-Butyne is of interest to physical chemists because of its very low torsional barrier and the problem of determining that barrier using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of its spectrumleads to a determination that the torsional barrier is only 6\u00a0cm\u22121 (1.2\u00d710\u221222\u00a0J or 72\u00a0J mol\u22121). However, it has not been determined whether the equilibrium structure is eclipsed (D3h) or staggered (D3d). Symmetry analysis using the Molecular Symmetry Group G36 shows that one would need to analyse its high resolution rotation-vibration Raman spectrum to determine its equilibrium structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160571-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Butyne\n2-Butyne (dimethylethyne) forms with 5-decyne (dibutylethyne), 4-octyne (dipropylethyne) and 3-hexyne (diethylethyne) a group of symmetric alkynes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160571-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Butyne, Synthesis\n2-Butyne can be synthesized by the rearrangement of ethylacetylene in a solution of ethanolic potassium hydroxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160571-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Butyne, Applications\n2-Butyne, along with propyne, is used to synthesize alkylated hydroquinones in the total synthesis of Vitamin E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160572-0000-0000", "contents": "2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate\n2-C-Methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate (MEcPP) (also 2-C-Methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate) is an intermediate in the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate) of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. MEcPP is produced by MEcPP synthase (IspF) and is a substrate for HMB-PP synthase (IspG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160572-0001-0000", "contents": "2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate\nUnder conditions of oxidative stress, MEcPP accumulates in certain bacteria. MEcPP releases histone-like proteins from DNA, triggering nucleoid decondensation in Chlamydia trachomatis during the process of terminal differentiation. Abiotic stresses to plants, including wounding and excessive high-light exposure, lead to an increase in MEcPP accumulation in chloroplasts. Transported from the chloroplast to the plant cell nucleus, MEcPP engages in retrograde signalling that leads to the specific induction of nuclear-encoded stress-response genes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160573-0000-0000", "contents": "2-C-Methylerythritol 4-phosphate\n2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) is an intermediate on the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It is the first committed metabolite on that pathway on the route to IPP and DMAPP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160574-0000-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase\n2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (MEcPP synthase, IspF, EC ) is a zinc-dependent enzyme which participates in the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It catalyzes the chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160574-0001-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate (CDP-MEP), and two products, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) and CMP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160574-0002-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase\nThe enzyme is considered a phosphorus-oxygen lyase. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol CMP-lyase (cyclizing; 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate-forming). Other names in common use include IspF, YgbB and MEcPP synthase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160574-0003-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 20 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 73], "content_span": [74, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160575-0000-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160575-0001-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are CTP and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, whereas its two products are diphosphate and 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160575-0002-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160575-0003-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase\nThis enzyme participates in isoprenoid biosynthesis and stenvenosim. It catalyzes the third step of the MEP pathway; the formation of CDP-ME (4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol) from CTP and MEP (2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate). The isoprenoid pathway is a well known target for anti-infective drug development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160575-0004-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, Nomenclature\nThe systematic name of this enzyme class is CTP:2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase. This enzyme is also called:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160575-0005-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, Nomenclature\nIt is normally abbreviated IspD. It is also referenced by the open reading frame YgbP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 70], "content_span": [71, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160575-0006-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, Structural studies\nThe crystal structure of the E. coli 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase ,  & , reported by Richard et al. (2001), was the first one for an enzyme involved in the MEP pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 76], "content_span": [77, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160575-0007-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, Structural studies\nAs of February 2010, 13 other structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , ,, ,  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 76], "content_span": [77, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160575-0008-0000", "contents": "2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, Further reading\nThis EC 2.7 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 73], "content_span": [74, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160576-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Carbomethoxytropinone\n2-Carbomethoxytropinone (2-CMT) is a commonly used organic intermediate in the synthesis of cocaine and its analogues. As of at least 1999 no reaction pathway has been discovered that synthesizes cocaine-like compounds without utilizing the reduction of 2-CMT. The structure of cocaine was discovered by Richard Willst\u00e4tter in 1898 after he synthesized it from 2-carbomethoxytropinone. Although it was originally believed that 2-CMT in nature was ultimately derived from ornithine and acetic acid, subsequent research has indicated other pathways exist for the biosynthesis of 2-CMT. A \u03b2-keto ester, 2-CMT exists in equilibrium with its keto\u2013enol tautomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160576-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Carbomethoxytropinone, Synthesis\n2-CMT (3) can be synthesized from 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate anhydride (1) by methanolysis followed by reaction with methylamine and succinaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160577-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase\n2-carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase (also called CA1Pase; EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160577-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol and phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160577-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, to be specific, those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphate 1-phosphohydrolase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160577-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase, In biology\nThe best-studied 2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphate phosphatase is the enzyme that inactivates the RuBisCO inhibitor 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphate (CA1P).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160577-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase, In biology\nWhen light levels are high, the inactivation occurs after CA1P has been released from RuBisCO by RuBisCO activase. As CA1P is present in many but not all plants, CA1P-mediated regulation of RuBisCO is not universal for all photosynthetic life. Amino acid sequences of the CA1Pase enzymes from wheat, French bean, tobacco, and Arabidopsis reveal that the enzymes contain 2 different domains, indicating that it is a multifunctional enzyme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160577-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase, In biology\nCA1Pase enzyme activity varies between different species due to their regulation by different redox-active compounds, such as glutathione. However, it is yet to be determined whether this process occurs in vivo. Wheat CA1Pase heterologously expressed in E. coli is also able to dephosphorylate the RuBisCO inhibitor D-glycero-2,3-diulose-1,5-bisphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160578-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxy-D-arabitinol 1-phosphate\n2-Carboxy-D-arabitinol 1-phosphate (or CA1P) is a molecule produced in plants that inhibits the production of RuBisCO, a key enzyme in the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation. In dark conditions, this molecule binds to RuBisCO, preventing it from participating in chemical reactions. As the amount of light present increases, CA1P levels decrease, freeing RuBisCO's reactive ends, allowing more of the molecules to participate in chemical reactions. It can be broken down by the enzyme 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase into 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde\n2-Carboxybenzaldehyde is a chemical compound. It consists of a benzene ring, with an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid as substituents that are ortho to each other. The compound exhibits ring\u2013chain tautomerism: the two substituents can react with each other to form 3-hydroxyphthalide, a cyclic lactol. This lactol reacts readily with Grignard reagents , forming alkyl- and aryl-substituted phthalides. Other benzo-fused heterocyclic compounds can be derived from 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, including isoindolinones and phthalazinones, with a variety of pharmacological properties, such as the antihistamine azelastine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Synthesis\n2-Carboxybenzaldehyde was first prepared from phthalide and characterized in 1887. The reaction of bromine with phthalide produces 2-bromophthalide, which is converted into 2-formylbenzoic acid by heating with water in a total yield of 78 to 83%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Synthesis\nAn analogous process based on a chlorination reaction can also be used:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Synthesis\nThe synthesis of 1-dichloromethyl-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene by photochlorination of o-xylene was also reported in 1887.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Synthesis\nThe hydrolysis of the pentachloroxylene to the 2-carboxybenzaldehyde is carried out by boiling it with FeCl3-containing hydrochloric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Synthesis\nIn the reaction of phthalic anhydride with sodium tetracarbonylferrate, only one of the carboxyl groups is reduced to the aldehyde, the second remains unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Synthesis\nIn a laboratory procedure, the oxidation of naphthalene with alkaline potassium permanganate is given, which, however, yields only a yield of 39% 2-carboxybenzaldehyde. Also the oxidation of naphthalene with ozone to 2-formylbenzoic acid offers no significant advantages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Properties\nPure 2-carboxybenzaldehyde is a white crystalline powder which dissolves in water and in short-chain alcohols. In solid form and in most solvents, the substance is present as racemic 3-hydroxyphthalide (a lactol) as a result of ring\u2013chain tautomerism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Properties\nThe refractive index is  =  1.4500 (at 25\u00a0\u00b0C, 589\u00a0nm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nIn the lactol form, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde behaves like a carboxylic acid anhydride and reacts smoothly with alcohols forming 3-alkoxyphthalides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nAlso with other nucleophilic compounds, such as, thiols, amines, amides, etc., 3-hydroxyphthalide reacts without a catalyst to give the corresponding derivatives. For example, it reacts with morpholine in 91% yield to 3-morpholinyl phthalide. 3-Hydroxyphthalide reacts with thionyl chloride at the hydroxyl group smoothly (80-90% yield) to 3-chlorophthalide. With Grignard reagents, the hydroxy group can be exchanged for the corresponding alkyl or aryl group:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nIn the presence of (+)-cinchonine, in the reaction of (racemic) 3-hydroxyphthalide with carboxylic acid anhydrides to the corresponding chiral 3-substituted phthalides an enantiomeric excess of up to 90% ee can be achieved besides high product yields. An alternative approach to (racemic) 3-substituted phthalides with high yields is opened up by the reaction of 2-carboxybenzaldehyde and \u03b2-keto acids in the presence of base 4-anisidine in glycerol as solvent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\n2-Carboxybenzaldehyde underdoes a double condensation reaction with hydrazine or alkylhydrazines, 1(2H)-phthalenazinones are obtained under acid catalysis with K10-montmorillonite and microwave irradiation in high yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nPhthalazinones (1(2H)-phthalenazinones) are important building blocks for natural products, fine chemicals and pharmaceutical active ingredients, such as the antihypertensive vasodilator hydralazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0014-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\n2-carboxybenzaldehyde can also be used for the preparation of N-substituted isoindolinones (1-isoindolinones, 2,3-dihydroindol-1-ones) which are formed when reacting 2-carboxybenzaldehyde with primary amines in the presence of platinum nanowires and low hydrogen pressure in 1,4-dioxane in very high yields:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0015-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nWhen the reaction of 2-carboxybenzaldehyde is carried out with primary amines in the presence of dimethylphosphite, the corresponding isoindolin-1-one-3-phosphonates are obtained first. After activation with butyllithium with aromatic aldehydes (such as, benzaldehyde in a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction), these can be converted in very high yields to 3-(arylmethylene)isoindolin-1-ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0016-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nMore recently, 2-formylbenzoic acid became due to its reactivity of some interest as versatile molecular building block in multicomponent reactions, for example the Ugi reaction, for the synthesis of heterocyclic annellated aromatics. Functionalized isoindolinones are accessible in high yields in a three-component reaction with 2-formylbenzoic acid and 2-bromoanilines by palladium-catalyzed carbonylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0017-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nAnother three-component reaction (here carried out as a Strecker synthesis) with 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, primary amines and potassium cyanide in methanol yields in the acidic medium an N-substituted isoindolinone-1-carbonitrile, formally an aminoacetonitrile derivative of isoindolinone with two moles of HCN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0018-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nWhen substituted 2-formylbenzoic acid, potassium cyanide and equimolar amounts of primary aromatic amines and acetic acid are used, substituted isochromes-1-ones (isocumarins, 1H-2-benzopyran-1-ones) are obtained in good yields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0019-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nThe isochromenones obtained are quantitatively converted into isoindolinones by reacting in DMSO upon ring constriction into substituted isobenzofurans or with catalytic amounts of iodine in triethylamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0020-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nWith isonitriles instead of potassium cyanide, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde and primary aromatic amines react in methanol to form substituted isochromen-1-ones, which are converted to isoindolinones with traces of acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160579-0021-0000", "contents": "2-Carboxybenzaldehyde, Application\nSynthesis pathways for the isoquinoline derivative quinisocaine (acting as a local anesthetic) and the antihistamine azelastine are also based on 2-carboxybenzaldehyde as starting material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160580-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane\n2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, also known as 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane or Freon 133a, is an alkyl halide belonging to the category of chlorofluorocarbons, having chemical formula F3C-CH2-Cl. Under standard conditions it appears as a colorless gas, partially soluble in water. It is used as a refrigerant, as a solvent and as a reagent in organic synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160581-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene\n2-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene is a fluorescent dye used in lightsticks. It emits green light, used in 12-hour low-intensity Cyalume sticks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160582-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene\n2-Chloro-9,10-diphenylanthracene is a fluorescent dye used in glow sticks for a blue-green glow. It is a chlorinated derivative of 9,10-diphenylanthracene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160583-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloro-m-cresol\n2-Chloro-m-cresol is a chlorinated cresol. The compound is difficult to synthesise as chlorination of m-cresol yields the para-product (4-chloro-3-methylphenol). Historically synthesis has been achieved via a para-selective nitration, followed by conversion to a diazonium compound and a Sandmeyer reaction to insert the chlorine into the 2-position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160584-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobenzaldehyde\n2-Chlorobenzaldehyde (o-Chlorobenzaldehyde) is a chlorinated derivative of benzaldehyde that is used in production of CS gas. It reacts with malononitrile to form CS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160585-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobenzoic acid\n2-Chlorobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula ClC6H4CO2H. It is one of three isomeric chlorobenzoic acids, the one that is the strongest acid. This white solid is used as a precursor to a variety of drugs, food additives, and dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160585-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobenzoic acid, Synthesis and reactions\nIt is prepared by the oxidation of 2-chlorotoluene. The laboratory scale reaction employs potassium permanganate. Alternatively it arises by the hydrolysis of \u03b1,\u03b1,\u03b1-trichloro-2-toluene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160585-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobenzoic acid, Synthesis and reactions\nThe chloride is readily replaced by ammonia to 2-aminobenzoic acid. At elevated temperature it decarboxylates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane\n2-Chlorobutane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon. It is also called sec-butyl chloride. It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Physical properties\nIt is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature that is not miscible in water. Being an alkyl chloride, its boiling point varies depending on what kind of halide is attached and where it is attached. The boiling points of chlorides are lower than bromides or iodides due to the small size of chlorine relative to other halogens, and its weaker intermolecular forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Physical properties\nDespite its polarity, 2-chlorobutane is only slightly soluble in water due to the hydrocarbon chain its attached to, this makes it soluble in nonpolar-organic solvents. Like many alkyl halides, it is relativity reactive, although not as reactive as iodides and bromides (I>Br>Cl>F), because of this reactivity, alkyl fluorides are more stable than others, and are not readily reactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Synthesis\n2-Chlorobutane can be synthesized through the addition of hydrochloric acid to 2-butene in the following reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Synthesis\nThe reaction is two-step, with the pi electrons attacking the chloride hydrogen, which forms a chloride nucleophile. In the second step, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation generated in the first step.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Synthesis\nAlthough addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene is stereoselective, the symmetrical structure of 2-butene prevents an anti-Marknikov product from forming due to both sides of the double bond having the same stability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Synthesis\nIn addition, 2-chlorobutane can be synthesized in a substitution reaction by reacting 2-butanol with hydrochloric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Synthesis\nIn this case, the reaction is SN1 because 2-butanol generates a carbocation in a 2-step reaction. Because a hydroxyl group is not a good leaving group, it first attacks the chloride hydrogen, creating water, which is a good leaving group, this generates the carbocation. In the second step, the chloride nucleophile attacks the carbocation to form the product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Synthesis\n2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions. In addition, the compound is also a candidate for coupling reactions via a Grignard reagent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Uses\n2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions. In addition, the compound is also a candidate for coupling reactions via a Grignard reagent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Uses, Substitution reactions\n2-Chlorobutane, along with other alkyl halides, is a useful intermediate in many different organic reactions. The halogen group is an effective leaving group, leading to its use in both elimination and substitution reactions. In addition, the compound is also a candidate for coupling reactions via a Grignard reagent. In an Sn2 reaction, a nucleophile (iodine) attacks the partially positive carbon, which eliminates the chlorine. This occurs in one step.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Uses, Substitution reactions\nA less favorable but still possible reaction is an Sn1 reaction, where a secondary carbocation is formed once the leaving group is removed. The nucleophile then attacks the carbocation, forming the product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Uses, Elimination reactions\nAdditionally, because 2-chlorobutane is antiperiplanar, it can undergo E2 elimination reactions with strong bases. In it, the chlorine leaving group is removed, and the double bond is restored to yield different constitutional isomers2. This is because 2-chlorobutane possesses two different sets of \u03b2-hydrogens at the first and third carbons respectively, resulting in 1-butene or 2-butene. It is important to note that as a secondary alkyl halide, both E2 and Sn2 reactions are equally likely when reacting with a substance that can act as both a base and a nucleophile. Which reaction occurs is dependent on the surrounding conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0012-0001", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Uses, Elimination reactions\nIn an E2 mechanism, a strong base (ex. sodium hydroxide) abstracts a beta hydrogen, causing the elections from the former carbon-hydrogen bond to re-form the double bond. This action removes the leaving group, converting 2-chlorobutane to 2-butene or 1-butene depending on which beta hydrogen is removed, because of Zaitsev's rule, the more stable 2-butene product is favored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160586-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorobutane, Uses, Grignard reactions\nAs an alkyl halide, 2-chlorobutane can be used to prepare a Grignard reagent for use in forming a carbon-carbon bond. In the first step, a magnesium ion donates an electron to the alpha carbon in 2-chlorobutane, removing chlorine and forming an allyl radical as well as a Mg+1 radical. In the second step, the Mg+1 radical couples with the allyl radical while the chloride ion interacts with the magnesium ion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160587-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride\n2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride is a chemical compound used in the making of other chemicals. It is a severe skin and eye irritant, and can also cause irritation to the nose, throat and lungs when inhaled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160588-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethanol\n2-Chloroethanol is a chemical compound with the formula HOCH2CH2Cl and the simplest chlorohydrin. This colorless liquid has a pleasant ether-like odor. It is miscible with water. The molecule is bifunctional, consisting of both an alkyl chloride and an alcohol functional groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160588-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethanol, Synthesis and applications\n2-Chloroethanol was once produced on a large scale as a precursor to ethylene oxide:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160588-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethanol, Synthesis and applications\nThis application has been supplanted by the more economic direct oxidation of ethylene. Otherwise chloroethanol is still used in the production of pharmaceuticals, biocides, and plasticizers. Many of these applications entail its use in installing 2-hydroxyethyl groups. Several dyes are prepared by the alkylation of aniline derivatives with chloroethanol. It is also used for manufacture of thiodiglycol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160588-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethanol, Synthesis and applications\nIt is a solvent for cellulose acetate and ethyl cellulose, textile printing dyes, in dewaxing, refining of rosin, extraction of pine lignin, and the cleaning of machines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160588-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethanol, Environmental aspects\nChloroethanol is a metabolite in the degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane. The alcohol is then further oxidized via chloroacetaldehyde to chloroacetate. This metabolic pathway is topical since billions of kilograms of 1,2-dichloroethane are processed annually as a precursor to vinyl chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160588-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethanol, Safety\n2-Chloroethanol is toxic with an LD50 of 89\u00a0mg/kg in rats. Like most organochlorine compounds, chloroethanol combusts to yield hydrogen chloride and phosgene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160588-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethanol, Safety\nIn regards to dermal exposure to 2-chloroethanol, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit of 5\u00a0ppm (16\u00a0mg/m3) over an eight-hour time-weighted average, while the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has a more protective recommended exposure limit of a 1\u00a0ppm (3\u00a0mg/m3) exposure ceiling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160588-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethanol, Safety\nIt is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160589-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide\n2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide is the organosulfur compound with the formula C2H5SC2H4Cl. It is a colorless liquid. The compound, also known as half mustard, has been heavily investigated because of its structural similarity to the sulfur mustard S(C2H4Cl)2. The LD50s of the half and full mustard are 252 and 2.4\u00a0mg/kg (oral, rats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160590-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloromethylpyridine\n2-Chloromethylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula ClCH2C5H4N. It is one of three isomeric chloromethylpyridines, the others being 3-chloromethylpyridine and 4-chloromethylpyridine. All are alkylating agents. A colorless solid, 2-chloromethylpyridine is a precursor to pyridine-containing ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160590-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Chloromethylpyridine, Safety\n2-Chloromethylpyridine, an analogue of nitrogen mustards, has been investigated for its mutagenicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160591-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloronaphthalene\n2-Chloronaphthalene is an organochlorine chemical compound, a chlorinated derivative of naphthalene. Its chemical formula is C10H7Cl. The compound is an isomer for 1-chloronaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160591-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Chloronaphthalene, Synthesis\n2-Chloronaphthalene is obtained directly by chlorination of naphthalene, with the formation of more highly substituted derivatives such as dichloro- and trichloronaphthalenes, in addition to the two monochlorinated isomeric compounds: 1-chloronaphthalene and 2-chloronaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160591-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Chloronaphthalene, Properties\n2-Chloronaphthalene is a combustible, off-white odorless solid, which is practically insoluble in water. The compound may react with strong oxidizing agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160592-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorophenol\n2-Chlorophenol or ortho-chlorophenol is an organic compound with the formula C6H4Cl(OH). It is one of three isomeric monochloride derivatives of phenol. As from occasional use as a disinfectant, it has few  applications. It is an intermediate in the polychlorination of phenol. 2-Chlorophenol is a colorless liquid, although commercial samples are often yellow or amber-colored. It has an unpleasant, penetrating (carbolic) odor. It is poorly soluble in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160593-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropropene\n2-Chloropropene is an organochlorine compound with the formula CH2=C(Cl)CH3. It is a colorless gas that condenses just below room temperature. Unlike the closely related vinyl chloride, which is a major industrial chemical, 2-chloropropene has no commercial applications and is a lightly studied compound. In the research laboratory, it is used as a source of the 2-propenyl group. One early synthesis involves dehydrohalogenation of 1,2-dichloropropane with potassium hydroxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160594-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropropionic acid\n2-Chloropropionic acid (2-chloropropanoic acid) is the chemical compound with the formula CH3CHClCO2H. This colorless liquid is the simplest chiral chlorocarboxylic acid, and it is noteworthy for being readily available as a single enantiomer. The conjugate base of 2-chloropropionic acid (CH3CHClCO2\u2212), as well as its salts and esters, are known as 2-chloropropionates or 2-chloropropanoates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160594-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropropionic acid, Preparation\nRacemic 2-chloropropionic acid is produced by chlorination of propionyl chloride followed by hydrolysis of the 2-chloropropionyl chloride. Enantiomerically pure (S)-2-chloropropionic acid can be prepared from L-alanine via diazotization in hydrochloric acid. Other \u03b1-amino acids undergo this reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160594-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropropionic acid, Reactions\nReduction of (S)-2-chloropropionic acid with lithium aluminium hydride affords (S)-2-chloropropanol, the simplest chiral chloro-alcohol. This alcohol undergoes cyclization upon treatment with potassium hydroxide, which causes dehydrohalogenation to give the epoxide, (R)-propylene oxide (methyloxirane).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160594-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropropionic acid, Reactions\n2-Chloropropionyl chloride reacts with isobutylbenzene to give, after hydrolysis, ibuprofen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160594-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropropionic acid, Safety\nIn general, \u03b1-halocarboxylic acids and their esters are good alkylating agents and should be handled with care. 2-Chloropropionic acid is a neurotoxin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160595-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropyridine\n2-Chloropyridine is an organohalide with the formula C5H4ClN. It is a colorless liquid that is mainly used to generate fungicides and insecticides in industry. It also serves to generate antihistamines and antiarrythymics for pharmaceutical purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160595-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropyridine, Preparation\n2-Choropyridine is produced by direct reaction of pyridine with chlorine. The initially formed 2-chloropyridine reacts further to give 2,6-dichloropyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160595-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropyridine, Preparation\nAlternatively, 2-chloropyridines can be conveniently synthesized in high yields from pyridine-N-oxides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160595-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropyridine, Preparation\n2-Choropyridine was originally prepared by the chlorination of 2-hydroxypyridine with phosphoryl chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160595-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropyridine, Main reactions and applications\n2-Chloropyridine reacts with nucleophiles to generate pyridine derivatives substituted at the second and fourth carbons on the heterocycle. Therefore, many reactions using 2-chloropyridine generate mixtures of products which require further workup to isolate the desired isomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160595-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropyridine, Main reactions and applications\nSome commercial products include pyrithione, pyripropoxyfen, chlorphenamine, and disopyramide. In these conversions, chloride is displaced. Pyrithione, the conjugate base of 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide, is a fungicide found in some shampoos. Oxidation 2-chloropyridine gives 2-chloropyridine-N-oxide. The antihistamine pheniramine may be generated via the reaction of phenylacetonitrile with 2-chloropyridine in the presence of a base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160595-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Chloropyridine, Environmental properties\nAlthough pyridine is an excellent source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy for certain microorganisms, introduction of a halogen moiety significantly retards degradation of the pyridine ring. With the exception of 4-chloropyridine, each of the mono- and di-substituted chloropyridines were found to be relatively resistant to microbiological degradation in soil or liquid media. Estimated time for complete degradation was > 30 days. 2-Chloropyridine exhibits extensive volatilization losses from water, less so when present in soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160596-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chloroquinoline\n2-Chloroquinoline is an organic compound with the formula ClC9H6N. It is one of several isomeric chloro derivatives of the bicyclic heterocycle called quinoline. A white solid, 2-chloroquinoline can be prepared from vinylaniline and phosgene. It is a precursor to 2,2'-biquinoline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160597-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Chlorostyrene\n2-Chlorostyrene is a chlorinated derivative of styrene with the chemical formula C8H7Cl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160598-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Coumarate reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-coumarate reductase  or melilotate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160598-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Coumarate reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-coumarate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160598-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Coumarate reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160599-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Cyanoguanidine\n2-Cyanoguanidine is a nitrile derived from guanidine. It is a dimer of cyanamide, from which it can be prepared. 2-Cyanoguanidine is a colourless solid that is soluble in water, acetone, and alcohol, but not nonpolar organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160599-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Cyanoguanidine, Production and use\n2-Cyanoguanidine is produced by treating cyanamide with base. It is produced in soil by decomposition of cyanamide. A variety of useful compounds are produced from 2-cyanoguanidine, guanidines and melamine. For example, acetoguanamine and benzoguanamine are prepared by condensation of cyanoguanidine with the nitrile:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160599-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Cyanoguanidine, Production and use\nCyanoguanidine is also used as a slow fertilizer. Formerly, it was used as a fuel in some explosives. It is used in the adhesive industry as a curing agent for epoxy resins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160599-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Cyanoguanidine, Chemistry\nTwo tautomeric forms exist, differing in the protonation and bonding of the nitrogen to which the nitrile group is attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160599-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Cyanoguanidine, Chemistry\n2-Cyanoguanidine can also exist in a zwitterionic form via a formal acid\u2013base reaction among the nitrogens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160599-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Cyanoguanidine, Chemistry\nLoss of ammonia (NH3) from the zwitterionic form, followed by deprotonation of the remaining central nitrogen atom, gives the dicyanamide anion, [N(CN)2]\u2212.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0000-0000", "contents": "2-D (character)\nStuart Harold \"2-D\" Pot is a fictional English singer, musician and member of the British virtual band Gorillaz. He provides the lead vocals and plays the keyboard for the band. 2-D's singing voice is provided by Blur frontman Damon Albarn on Gorillaz' recordings and performances; his speaking voice was provided by actor Nelson De Freitas in various Gorillaz direct-to-video projects such as Phase One: Celebrity Take Down and Phase Two: Slowboat to Hades. In 2017, Kevin Bishop was cast as the new speaking voice of 2-D. He was created by Albarn and Jamie Hewlett in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0001-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Development, Characterization\n2-D was loosely based on Chris Gentry from the Britpop band Menswear and a mutual friend of Jamie Hewlett and Damon Albarn named Stuart Lowbridge, who has worked as a stage engineer for Albarn since the early days of his career. Before co-creating Gorillaz, Hewlett originally had the idea of forming a cartoon band called \"Sour Grapes\" with Gentry and Graham Coxon of Albarn's other band Blur. 2-D has been described by Gorillaz' former drummer and writer Cass Browne as being a \"composite of Chris, Damon, and lots of other rock frontmen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0001-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Development, Characterization\n2-D was originally created as a representation of the \"classic stupid pretty boy singer\" stereotype that Hewlett found to be in many bands at the time and was the first character that Hewlett and Albarn created for Gorillaz in 1998, making his first official appearance in Gorillaz' debut EP Tomorrow Comes Today in 2000. He has been described in the Tomorrow Comes Today EP's booklet as being \"a sweetheart with a blank sheet of paper where a brain should be\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0002-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Development, Characterization\nAlbarn has stated that Gorillaz' sixth studio album The Now Now is \"in the world of 2-D\" and has often stated the influence that the album's backstory in the fictional universe of Gorillaz had on the making of the album and its songwriting process, mentioning that the idea behind the album was to make an album of songs from 2-D's perspective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0003-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Development, Voice\nWhile 2-D's singing voice is provided by Gorillaz co-creator Damon Albarn, his speaking voice is provided by actor and comedian Kevin Bishop. Albarn has claimed that 2-D's singing voice was developed from a vocal effect produced by equipment in his studio that he has said is \"not Auto-Tune, but it was an early form of synthetic voice\". Gorillaz engineer Stephen Sedgewick says of the effect, \"The main lo-fi telephone-like effect is the typical 2-D sound...I can't tell you what it is, but it's done with hardware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0003-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Development, Voice\nThe plug-ins on the inserts are a Waves Renaissance De-esser and RVox, and the Waves Kramer PIE [compressor], which I use a lot on vocals.\" 2-D's main musical characteristic has been described by Albarn as being abstract and esoteric dystopian lyrics that are often recited through spoken word Sprechgesang. In contrast to his singing voice, 2-D's speaking voice is high-pitched and squeaky, and at one point he had a speech impediment and a strong lisp due to his missing teeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0003-0002", "contents": "2-D (character), Development, Voice\nAlthough he is from the West Sussex region of England, 2-D speaks in a mockney accent rather than a Sussex dialect. In his first spoken appearances on the press release interview CD \"The Apex Tapes\", 2-D's speaking voice was originally portrayed as being lower and softer than the high-pitched, wheezy speaking voice that the character would later develop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0003-0003", "contents": "2-D (character), Development, Voice\nIn Gorillaz' first American press interview (an interview with Rolling Stone), Albarn and Hewlett attempted to provide the speaking voices of 2-D and bandmate Murdoc Niccals, as they had not yet chosen proper voice actors for the characters, but Albarn gave up and the act was dropped after three questions. After this, Nelson De Freitas was chosen as the speaking voice of 2-D. In 2017, De Freitas was replaced by actor and comedian Kevin Bishop, who was suggested by Harry Enfield after declining an offer to voice the character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0004-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nStuart Pot was born on 23 May 1978 to David and Rachel Pot. The original surname of Stuart's father was \"Tusspot\", but he legally changed it to \"Pot\", shortly before Stuart was born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0005-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nHis father, David, works as a mechanic and as a fairgrounds worker, while his mother, Rachel, works as a nurse. He was born in Crawley, West Sussex, England and attended St Wilfrid's Catholic School. When he was 11 years old, Stuart was involved in an accident where he fell from a tree and hit his head. This caused all his natural brown hair to shed, until it eventually grew back in a deep azure blue color. The accident also caused him to experience frequent migraines, for which his mother supplied him with painkillers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0006-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nAt age 19, Stuart was hit in the face by Murdoc Niccals when he crashed his Vauxhall Astra into Uncle Norm's Organ Emporium in an attempt to raid the store of its musical equipment. This caused Stuart to receive hyphema in his left eye and put him into a coma. Murdoc was then arrested and sentenced to 30,000 hours of community service, as well as to care for the vegetablized Stuart for ten hours a week. Not long after, Murdoc injured Stuart again while pulling off 360 donuts to impress a small crowd of women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0006-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nStuart came crashing through the windshield of the car and fractured his other eye. After the incident, he woke up from his vegetative state and was given the nickname \"2-D\", which refers to the two dents in his head. He was then recruited by Murdoc and chosen to be the lead vocalist of a new band he was forming after his last band had broken up. Gorillaz call the day 2-D and Murdoc first crossed paths \"D-Day\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0007-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nIn 1998, 2-D began dating a woman named Paula Cracker, who would eventually also join 2-D as a member of Gorillaz and begin to take on the role of the lead guitarist after he and Murdoc moved into Kong Studios. Paula would quickly be removed from the band's lineup after being caught having a sexual affair with Murdoc in the Kong Studios bathroom and she would then eventually be replaced on guitar by a child prodigy named Noodle, with the band ready to launch and playing their very first gig in 1998 soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0007-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nFollowing the release and worldwide success of Gorillaz, 2-D and his bandmates would soon move to Los Angeles, California after being approached by a famous Hollywood director who was interested in making a Gorillaz movie. In a meeting between the band members regarding potential concepts for a Gorillaz film, 2-D was choked out by Murdoc, who would then be punched in the face by Russel Hobbs in his defense. Gorillaz split up immediately after this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0007-0002", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nAfter 2-D relocated back to England, he worked at his father's amusement park in Eastbourne and made friends with former Boyzone member Shane Lynch and Brian Setzer of Stray Cats. After Gorillaz had been off 2-D's mind for quite some time, he returned to Kong Studios after receiving a text from Noodle that informed him that she had started work on demos for a new Gorillaz album and needed him on vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0008-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nThe release of Demon Days' proved to be a worldwide success and further catapulted Gorillaz' popularity, Noodle was then presumed dead in the aftermath of the music video for \"El Ma\u00f1ana\", which would cause 2-D and Russel to spiral into a panic and depart from the band yet again. 2-D would eventually move on from Gorillaz and relocate to an apartment in Beirut, where Murdoc would later track him down and kidnap him against his will to bring to his newly built island to rejoin Gorillaz for the band's third album, Plastic Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0008-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nDuring Gorillaz' 2010 Escape to Plastic Beach World Tour, 2-D made a Gorillaz album himself called The Fall. After the tour, Plastic Beach was shot down by pirates and the band would again part ways. In Gorillaz' 2016 interactive short story \"The Book of 2-D\", it was revealed that 2-D hid underwater following the pirate attack on Plastic Beach and was eventually swallowed alive by a whale who would later die and be washed ashore, freeing 2-D soon afterwards in an island with no food except for the whale's blubber and the island's sand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0008-0002", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nAfter being stranded for months, 2-D sighted a plane flying above him. Moved to tears by this revelation, he set off on its direction, hoping to find a sign of civilization. After following the planes direction for 23 minutes, he soon realized he was actually in the middle of a beach rave on the island of Guadalupe off the west coast of Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0008-0003", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\n2-D was soon flown back to Heathrow Airport in the United Kingdom, and upon arrival, a man offered him a ride to West London, where he would reunite with Murdoc at Studio 13 and later be joined by Russel and Noodle to begin recording Humanz, Gorillaz' first studio album since 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0009-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nAfter the success of Humanz, Murdoc was revealed to be incarcerated at Wormwood Scrubs prison in an acceptance speech from the band during the 2018 Brit Awards. It would also be revealed soon afterwards that Gorillaz had made an album called The Now Now without contributions from Murdoc, who was replaced by Ace from Cartoon Network's animated series The Powerpuff Girls while he was in prison. 2-D became the temporary leader of Gorillaz during the making of The Now Now and was in charge of the musical direction of the band for the album. Murdoc's incarceration led 2-D to gain a significant boost in self-esteem, to the point of appearing to be rude and developing an increasingly overinflated ego. Immediately after Murdoc's return, 2-D appears to have returned to his usual self.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0010-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nOn 24 September 2019, Gorillaz revealed through social media that 2-D had again been on vacation in Beirut and sent a postcard to his bandmates in which he makes a reference to parts he gathered for a machine that would later be revealed to be the Song Machine, the latest audiovisual project from Gorillaz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0010-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Fictional history\nIn season one of Song Machine, 2-D is oblivious to the various attempts made by Murdoc to distract him as he tries to gain access to portals in the newly relocated Kong Studios after he and the rest of the band leave him behind as they use it for a trip. 2-D is the host of all of the interviews in Song Machine's accompanying \"Machine Bitez\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0011-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Personality\n2-D was created by Jamie Hewlett to represent the \"stupid pretty boy singer\" he identified as a part of many manufactured bands at the time. As such, 2-D is lacking significantly in intelligence and critical thinking skills as a result of various head injuries and brain damage that he's experienced throughout his life. Because of this, he can also come across as being very awkward at times. He has been described by his ex-girlfriend Paula Cracker in Rise of the Ogre as being \"very sweet...[but] a bit thick though\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0011-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Personality\nHe is often ridiculed by bandmate Murdoc for his perceived stupidity and ignorance. He was oblivious to Murdoc's frequent abuse and admired him regardless, looking up to him as a big brother figure and displaying symptoms of acute stockholm syndrome. His bandmate Russel has once stated that 2-D is \"kind of like a pet. Obedient, eager to please. Eats a lot of dog food\". 2-D is also absent-minded and daydreams frequently, often spacing out for no apparent reason. He is clumsy and accident-prone, having received many injuries throughout his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0011-0002", "contents": "2-D (character), Personality\nHe is generally calm and peaceful, rarely expressing anger or frustration towards others. 2-D is polite and well-mannered, with his kindness often working to his detriment, since he hardly ever stands up for himself when antagonized. He is very quiet and shy and has also shown himself to be timid and easily frightened, being very jumpy at times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0012-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Personality\nDespite his apparent lack of intelligence, 2-D has also occasionally exhibited some semblance of cognitive ability, with his musicianship and creativity being the most significant example. He has also shown an interest in computers and technology in the past, once collecting a large amount of 80s computer parts. It was also once insinuated that he went to law school and attempted to complete a law degree at University of Oxford. He is also said to have had good grades in school as a student.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0012-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Personality\nHe has also shown an extent of knowledge in cultures he is passionate about, especially music of all genres, and horror movies. He has also sometimes offered thoughtful answers to interview questions, but moments like this are generally rare and his dialogue usually displays a lack of cognitive skills. His hyphema has resulted in a vision impairment which further affected his clumsiness. He has been a Buddhist since discovering the Tibetan independence movement and shares a zen-bond with bandmate Noodle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0013-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Personality\n2-D has also been shown to have an addictive personality, with the foremost example being becoming addicted to painkillers as a side effect of his mother's treatments for his head injuries. 2-D also smokes frequently and is commonly shown smoking a cigarette in artwork, like his bandmate Murdoc. In the Song Machine episode \"Pac-Man\", 2-D becomes addicted to a Pac-Man arcade machine built for him by Murdoc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0013-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Personality\n2-D has had many romantic and sexual partners in his life, at one point claiming to have dated six other women after breaking up with Paula Cracker, including Rachel Stevens of the pop group S Club 7. He has once claimed to be a vegetarian and is allergic to several foods, hence his slim body type. He has also once said that he frequently suffers from panic attacks and struggles with insomnia. He has also been shown to be snarky and sarcastic at times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0013-0002", "contents": "2-D (character), Personality\nIn the Plastic Beach era of Gorillaz, 2-D spiraled into a depression and in contrast to his usual self, became fed up with Murdoc and began to resent him and stand up to him, although the two have since made up. In the backstory for The Now Now, 2-D quickly began to appear rude and cocky in his interactions with others without bandmate Murdoc around, although this aspect of his personality has been toned down since Murdoc's return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0014-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Physical appearance\n2-D's physique is tall and skinny; his hands and feet are large and he has long limbs, with his height standing at 6'2\". The character has pale skin and spiky azure blue hair. Thereafter, he is also depicted with a notable lack of visible pupils in his eyes due to the blood leakage from his hyphema; while his eyes can range from black to white, they predominately remained black throughout the first four phases. However, since The Now Now, 2-D's eyes have been almost exclusively white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0014-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Physical appearance\nAdditionally, he is also shown to be missing a few front teeth, and has sometimes been shown wearing a golden tooth. As with the rest of the Gorillaz characters, 2-D has thick, bushy, rectangular eyebrows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0014-0002", "contents": "2-D (character), Physical appearance\nIn Gorillaz artwork, 2-D's hair was darker and the spikes on his hair were thicker and sharper than they would become in much of the artwork for Demon Days and Plastic Beach, where his hair became messier and brighter and the spikes became thinner and looser, to the point where he now appears to have a mildly receding hairline in some artwork for Humanz and The Now Now. He also has blue bags under his eyes. He has a pointy chin and head shape that looks similar to that of fellow band member Noodle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0015-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Physical appearance, Styles\nAlthough primarily presented through 2D animation, 2-D and the rest of Gorillaz sometimes appear in the form of 3D animation, such as in the music videos for \"Stylo\", \"Strobelite\", and \"Sleeping Powder\", as well as several live visuals, such as the visual for their performance of \"Dirty Harry\" at the 2006 Brit Awards and in interludes and promotional content for the 2010 Escape to Plastic Beach Tour. The motion capture 3D models of 2-D from the Humanz album campaign typically show him wearing the same outfit he wore in the music video for \"Saturnz Barz\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0015-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Physical appearance, Styles\nOn the Humanz album cover, 2-D appears in the form of a photorealistic 3D model along with the rest of the characters. He appears as an 8-bit character in the visualizer for \"Garage Palace\", and for the 8-bit icons of the characters that appear in the Humanz Tour, The Now Now Tour, and the Gorillaz documentary Reject False Icons. The music video for \"Tranz\" occasionally portrays 2-D in the form of both a 3D model and stop motion claymation in certain sections of the video. 2-D and Murdoc appeared together as puppets made by The Jim Henson Company at Jim Henson's Creature Shop in Gorillaz' 2006 performance at the Apollo Theater in Harlem and for their appearance at the 2006 Webby Awards, played by The Muppets puppeteers Matt Vogel and Joey Mazzarino respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0016-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Physical appearance, Age\n2-D and the other Gorillaz characters have been illustrated as aging progressively with each new Gorillaz release. 2-D was originally in his early 20s when Gorillaz was released, but has since gotten older and is in his early 40s as of 2018. Since Humanz, 2-D has gained wrinkles and a receding hairline. He has also developed more defined wrinkles on his hands. His nose has also changed shape since Humanz, appearing to be somewhat more pointed than it was before. Although he has aged somewhat over time, as the \"pretty boy singer\" of the group, 2-D generally has a youthful appearance with clear skin and little to no facial hair and few blemishes or wrinkles, even maintaining this look into his 40s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0017-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Physical appearance, Fashion\nAlong with the other Gorillaz members, 2-D's wardrobe changes very frequently and he is rarely depicted wearing the same clothing twice. This was a conscious decision from Jamie Hewlett to make the characters feel more realistic and stand apart from most other cartoon characters, who rarely if ever change their clothes. His wardrobe typically consists of a wide range of T-shirts and skinny jeans with Converse Chuck Taylor All-Stars, although he is often depicted in a long-sleeved shirt, sweatshirt, or jacket and boots as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0017-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Physical appearance, Fashion\nIn the Gorillaz era of the band, 2-D's T-shirts were typically graphic tees that featured a distinct printed graphic, an element that became less prominent starting in the Demon Days album campaign, where he typically wore plain short-sleeved T-shirts over long sleeved shirts. In the Plastic Beach era of the band, 2-D typically wore sleeveless shirts or a short-sleeved T-shirt and grey pants with a pair of boots, and he often wore a bandana and a clown mask or sea captain hat. In the Humanz era of Gorillaz, 2-D was most frequently depicted in wardrobe inspired by the Black Panther Party and the Sandinista National Liberation Front and The Now Now's artwork mostly showed 2-D in various sweatshirts and leather jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0018-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Role in Gorillaz\nAs the frontman of Gorillaz, 2-D's main roles in the band entail serving as both the lead vocalist and keyboardist. While he can play other instruments (as can the other Gorillaz members), he generally focuses on his role as vocalist and keyboardist for most of the band's discography. Exceptions to this include the 2018 Gorillaz album The Now Now, where 2-D is often depicted playing guitar, and 2010's The Fall, which 2-D created largely by himself. In most cases, 2-D's singing voice sounds significantly different than his normal speaking voice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0018-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Role in Gorillaz\nHis vocal range is very wide, and he has sung everything from baritone to falsetto. Gorillaz co-creator Damon Albarn provides all of 2-D's singing voice in their music, including songs where he provides spoken-word and rapped verses. 2-D apparently has had some influence in the lyric-writing process (as evidenced by the credits on the insert of the titular debut album) even though his intelligence is reputedly negligible. Apparently, Murdoc has been said to have had Albarn occasionally help teach 2-D to sing better than he already could, and apparently even sing in some of their songs, as stated in an NME interview with Albarn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0019-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Role in Gorillaz\nWhile Murdoc is usually portrayed as the main director behind most Gorillaz albums (or so he claims), 2-D is depicted as the member behind Gorillaz albums such as 2010's The Fall and 2018's The Now Now. 2-D also wrote and recorded Gorillaz' 2017 single \"Sleeping Powder\" by himself, with the music video for the song featuring him exclusively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0020-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Other appearances, Music\nIn 2003, 2-D was credited as a guest artist on the songs \"Small Time Shot Away\" by Massive Attack, and FM by Nathan Haines. He contributed additional guitar on several tracks on Spacemonkeyz' 2003 Gorillaz remix album Laika Come Home, as well as an additional stylophone solo on the \"Slow Country\" remix \"Strictly Rubbadub\". He also recorded vocals for the album's \"M1 A1\" remix \"Lil' Dub Chefin'\". It has been claimed by Murdoc in the \"Gorillaz Are Ten\" Spotify radio show that the original demo version of the Gorillaz song \"Dirty Harry\" called \"I Need A Gun\" from Damon Albarn's 2003 solo EP Democrazy is a duet between 2-D and Albarn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0021-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Other appearances, Visual\nIn 2001, 2-D became a spokesperson of the Free Tibet campaign after Gorillaz were asked by Adam Yauch of Beastie Boys to work with the organization, appearing in a short commercial for the campaign the same year. On 15 June 2012, an illustration of 2-D was designed by Jamie Hewlett in promotion of the Dalai Lama's visit to the United Kingdom. In 2017, 2-D appeared in an official advertisement campaign for the English professional football team Chelsea F.C. to launch their Chelsea F.C. Nike football kit with Chelsea player David Luiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0021-0001", "contents": "2-D (character), Other appearances, Visual\n2-D and the rest of Gorillaz appear on the back cover of Hewlett's 2017 art book, featured alongside characters from all of Hewlett's projects. On 23 October 2020, 2-D and Beck appeared on an episode of the online virtual talk show Animal Talking with Gary Whitta with Albarn and Hewlett as special guests as Animal Crossing avatars, in promotion of the Song Machine episode \"The Valley of the Pagans\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160600-0022-0000", "contents": "2-D (character), Other appearances, Visual\n2-D and Murdoc appear as the puppet versions of themselves from Demon Days Live in the 2006 Webby Awards to accept their \"Artist of the Year\" award. On 23 July 2020, 2-D appeared in a virtual Comic-Con panel for a short interview about Gorillaz Almanac. He performed a live duet with Albarn of the Song Machine song \"Aries\" for an episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live! on 20 May 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160601-0000-0000", "contents": "2-D Blacktop\n\"2-D Blacktop\" is the fifteenth episode of the seventh season of the animated sitcom Futurama. It originally aired on Comedy Central on June 19, 2013. The episode was written by Michael Rowe and directed by Raymie Muzquiz. Professor Farnsworth joins a gang of street racing punks, and ends up in a two-dimensional world. The title is likely a reference to the movie Two-Lane Blacktop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160601-0001-0000", "contents": "2-D Blacktop, Plot\nWhile the crew prepare to depart for a delivery, Leela argues with Farnsworth over the new modifications he has made to Bessie. He dismisses her concerns, and the ship barely clears the hangar before crashing. Sal tows Bessie away and Farnsworth breaks into the scrapyard and declares that he will convert the ship into a hot-rod using the spare parts lying around the scrapyard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160601-0002-0000", "contents": "2-D Blacktop, Plot\nThe next morning, Farnsworth flies away from the scrapyard in Bessie, now a nearly unrecognizable junk heap. Two muscle-hovercars move up on either side of him and Farnsworth challenges them to a race, which they accept. A brief race ensues, in which the police give chase. Farnsworth escapes the police by using a dimensional drift device he had installed the night before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160601-0003-0000", "contents": "2-D Blacktop, Plot\nAt headquarters, Leela unveils the new ship, a nearly featureless gray box that promises to be both safe and boring. Hermes sends Leela to shop for groceries and deliver Fry and Bender to karate class. During her return from these errands to headquarters, Farnsworth pulls alongside her in his hot-rod and tells her that she is not cool. Leela exclaims that she can still outdrive him, even in her ultra-safe ship. As they race on a looped track, Farnsworth again uses his dimensional drift device, but accidentally collides with Leela's ship. Fry is standing between the two ships as they collide, compressing him and the ships to near-flatness in a neat disc shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160601-0004-0000", "contents": "2-D Blacktop, Plot\nThe spectators presume Fry, Leela, and Farnsworth to be dead. A two-dimensional, but otherwise healthy, Farnsworth conjectures that colliding at relativistic speed has collapsed the group into two dimensions. Bender arrives on the scene, explaining that he had been napping onboard Leela's ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160601-0005-0000", "contents": "2-D Blacktop, Plot\nTwo creatures calling themselves the Lords of Flatbush arrive and report that a feast is being held in honor of Farnsworth and the others. At the feast, when Farnsworth attempts to explain three-dimensionality to the King of Flatbush, the King becomes angry and orders Farnsworth to be executed. Farnsworth and the others flee. Arriving at the two ships, Leela suggests that they use the dimensional drift device to attempt a return to the 3-D world. Just as Sal and the others in the 3-D world begin to cremate the remains, the remains themselves become the normal Bessie and her normal passengers. All is well, and Hermes indicates that the entire incident lasted about five minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160601-0006-0000", "contents": "2-D Blacktop, Reception\nThe A.V. Club gave this episode a B+. Max Nicholson of IGN gave the episode a 7.3/10 \"Good\" rating, saying the episode had a \"unique and promising idea that was long-delayed in favor of safe but pleasant fare.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160602-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Decenal\n2-Decenal (dec-2-enal) is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C10H18O. It exists as a pair of cis and trans isomers, (2E)-2-decenal and (2Z)-2-decenal. It is an oily, clear liquid under normal conditions, that may be yellow due to impurities. 2-Decenal is described as having a strong, waxy odor. It is found in animal food (in trace quantities), and is part of the essential oil of coriander. 2-Decenal is also used as a flavoring agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160602-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Decenal, Occurrence\n2-Decenal is found in a wide variety of foods. It has been reported in bitter orange peel, blackberry, ginger, butter, mushroom, kiwi, bacon fat, roast beef, beef fat, heated beef fat, bilberries, carrot root, boiled chicken, chicken broth, cranberry press residue, ham, lingonberry, orange, heated pork fat, potato chip, soy bean, boiled mutton, tea, roasted hazelnuts, french fries, tomato, wheat bread,  roasted pecans, rice, roasted peanuts, and coriander leaf. Alongside (E)-2-dodecenal, the presence of this aldehyde in coriander leaf has been linked to a commonly reported distaste for the herb among people with a certain variant of the OR6A2 gene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160602-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Decenal, Applications\n2-Decenal can be used as a nematicide (a pesticide used to kill plant-parasitic nematodes). It is a mutagen, but it also has a biological role as a pheromone, which is released by an organism when damaged by a predator which warns other individuals that there is a danger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160602-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Decenal, Synthesis\n2-Decenal can be synthesized by reacting octanal with ethyl vinyl ether, and subsequently hydrolyzing the mixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase (EC ), commonly known as KDPG aldolase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase\nHence, this enzyme primarily has one substrate, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate, and two products, pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. It is used in the Entner\u2013Doudoroff pathway in prokaryotes, feeding into glycolysis. 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase is one of the two enzymes distinguishing this pathway from the more commonly known Embden\u2013Meyerhof\u2013Parnas pathway. This enzyme also participates in following 3 metabolic pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and arginine and proline metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase\nIn addition to the cleavage of 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate, it is also found to naturally catalyze Schiff base formation between a lysine E-amino acid group and carbonyl compounds, decarboxylation of oxaloacetate, and exchange of solvent protons with the methyl hydrogen atoms of pyruvate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Nomenclature\nThe systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-6-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Enzyme structure\nKDPG Aldolase was recently determined to be a trimer through crystallographic three-fold symmetry, with 225 residues. The enzyme was determined to have a  molecular weight of 23,942. The trimer is stabilized primarily through hydrophobic interactions. The molecule has tertiary folding similar to triosephosphate isomerase and the A-domain of pyruvate kinase, forming an eight strand \u03b1/\u03b2-barrel structure. The \u03b1/\u03b2-barrel structure is capped on one side by  the N-terminal helix. The other side, the carboxylic side, contains the active site. Each subunit contains a phosphate-ion bound in position of the aldolase biding site. It has been found that there are four cysteinyl groups present in each subunit, with two readily accessible and two buried in the subunit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Enzyme structure\nThe active site contains the zwitterionic pair Glu-45/Lys-133. The Lysine, which is involved in the formation of the Schiff base is coordinated by a phosphate ion and two solvent water molecules. The first water molecule serves as a shuttle between the Glutamate and the substrate, staying bound to the enzyme throughout the catalytic cycle. The second water molecule is a product of the dehydration of the carbinolamine that leads to the formation of the Schiff base. It also functions as the nucleophile during hydrolysis of the enzyme-product Schiff base, leading to the release of pyruvate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Enzyme structure\nAs of late 2007, 13 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Enzyme mechanism\nOne of the reactions KDPG Aldolase catalyzes, as in the Entner\u2013Doudoroff pathway, is the reversible cleavage of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) into pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. This occurs through a stereospecific retro-aldol cleavage. A proton transfer between the zwitterionic pair Glu-45/Lys-133 in the active site activates Lysine to serve as the nucleophile in the first step and Glutamate to aid in the base catalysis involved in the carbon-carbon cleavage. Lysine Residue 133 serves as the nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl group of 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate to form a protonated carbinolamine intermediate, also known as a Schiff base intermediate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0008-0001", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Enzyme mechanism\nThe intermediate is stabilized by hydrogen bonding with residues in the active site. A three carbon residue, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, is cleaved off through base catalysis with a water molecule and residue Glu-45. The pyruvate is generated through the nucleophilic attack of water on the Schiff-base to reform a ketone. Aromatic interaction with Phe-135 ensures the stereospecific addition involved in the reverse process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Enzyme mechanism\nKDPG aldolase has also been shown to catalyze the exchange of hydrogen atoms of the methyl groups of pyruvate with protons of the solvent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Evolutionary significance, History\nArguments have been made for both the convergent and divergent evolution of \u03b1/\u03b2-barrel structured enzymes such as KDPG Aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, and the A-domain of pyruvate kinase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Evolutionary significance, History\nConvergent evolution can lead to geometrically similar active sites while each enzyme has a distinct backbone conformation. Convergence to a common backbone structure, as is the case here however, has not been observed, although it is argues that it might be possible for a symmetrically repetitive structure as the one observed here. The similarity in the folding of the three enzymes and the exceptional symmetry commonly suggests divergent evolution from a common ancestor. The functional similarity of the enzymes remains the strongest argument for divergent evolution. All three enzymes activate a C\u2013H bond adjacent to a carbonyl group. The active sites are located at the carboxylic ends of the \u03b2 strands. Such congruence is in favor of divergent evolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Evolutionary significance, History\nShould the divergent evolution hypothesis prevail, this would suggest the existence of a class of enzymes with unrelated amino acid sequences yet analogous symmetrical structure and folding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160604-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, Evolutionary significance, History\nKDPG aldolase has limited utility due to its high specificity for its natural substrates in the cleavage of KDPG and the reverse addition of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate. In vitro evolution has allowed KDPG aldolase to be converted into a more efficient aldolase with altered substrate specificity and stereoselectivity thereby improving its utility in asymmetric synthesis. Rather than modifying the recognition site, the substrate is modified by moving the active site lysine from one  \u03b2 strand to a neighboring one. The evolved aldolase is capable of accepting both D- and L-glyceraldehyde in their non-phosphorylated form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160605-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose\n2-Deoxy-d-glucose is a glucose molecule which has the 2-hydroxyl group replaced by hydrogen, so that it cannot undergo further glycolysis. As such; it acts to competitively inhibit the production of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose at the phosphoglucoisomerase level (step 2 of glycolysis). 2-Deoxyglucose labeled with tritium or carbon-14 has been a popular ligand for laboratory research in animal models, where distribution is assessed by tissue-slicing followed by autoradiography, sometimes in tandem with either conventional or electron microscopy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160605-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose\n2-DG is up taken by the glucose transporters of the cell. Therefore, cells with higher glucose uptake, for example tumor cells, have also a higher uptake of 2-DG. Since 2-DG hampers cell growth, its use as a tumor therapeutic has been suggested, and in fact, 2-DG is in clinical trials. It is not completely clear how 2-DG inhibits cell growth. The fact that glycolysis is inhibited by 2-DG, seems not to be sufficient to explain why 2-DG treated cells stop growing. Because of its structural similarity to mannose, 2DG has the potential to inhibit N-glycosylation in mammalian cells and other systems, and as such induces ER stress and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160605-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose, Use in optical imaging\n2-DG has been used as a targeted optical imaging agent for fluorescent in vivo imaging. In clinical medical imaging (PET scanning), fluorodeoxyglucose is used, where one of the 2-hydrogens of 2-deoxy-D-glucose is replaced with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine-18, which emits paired gamma rays, allowing distribution of the tracer to be imaged by external gamma camera(s). This is increasingly done in tandem with a CT function which is part of the same PET/CT machine, to allow better localization of small-volume tissue glucose-uptake differences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160605-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxy-D-glucose, Indian adoption for COVID-19 treatment\nOn May 8, 2021, the Drugs Controller General of India approved an oral formulation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose for emergency use as adjunct therapy in moderate to severe coronavirus patients. The drug was developed by the DRDO along with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, who jointly claimed via a press release, that the drug \"helps in faster recovery of hospitalised patients and reduces supplemental oxygen dependence\". The Wire as well as The Hindu noted that the approval was based on poor evidence; no journal publication (or preprint) concerning efficacy and safety are yet available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160606-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxy-scyllo-inosamine dehydrogenase\n2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine dehydrogenase (EC , neoA (gene name), kanK (gene name)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160607-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxy-scyllo-inosamine dehydrogenase (SAM-dependent)\n2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine dehydrogenase (SAM-dependent) (EC , btrN (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine 1-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160607-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxy-scyllo-inosamine dehydrogenase (SAM-dependent)\nThis enzyme participates in the biosynthetic pathway of the aminoglycoside antibiotics of the butirosin family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160608-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxystreptamine N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase\n2-deoxystreptamine N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase (EC , btrM (gene), neoD (gene), kanF (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine:2-deoxystreptamine N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160608-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxystreptamine N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase\nInvolved in the biosynthetic pathways of several clinically important aminocyclitol antibiotics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160609-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxystreptamine glucosyltransferase\n2-deoxystreptamine glucosyltransferase (EC , kanF (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-alpha-D-glucose:2-deoxystreptamine 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160609-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Deoxystreptamine glucosyltransferase\nThis enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of kanamycin B and kanamycin C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160610-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Dimethylaminoethylazide\n2-Dimethylaminoethylazide (DMAZ) is a liquid fuel being investigated for use as a spacecraft propellent to replace the toxic, carcinogenic monomethylhydrazine. It is a member of the competitive impulse non-carcinogenic hypergol (CINCH) family which were assessed as a replacement for hydrazine-derived propellants. DMAZ was also found to be sensitive to impact, direct flame, shock wave, heat in confined space, and electrostatic discharge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160610-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Dimethylaminoethylazide, Ignition delays\nDuring their inquiry into finding alternative hypergolic fuel, a joint effort by the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC), the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) determined that DMAZ could perform competitively with Aerozine-50 and is less toxic than hydrazine-based fuels. However, DMAZ-inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) systems have demonstrated longer ignition delays than monomethylhydrazine-IRFNA systems. In an effort to address this issue, researchers synthesized the related compounds 2-azidoethanamines\u20142-azido-N-methylethanamine (MMAZ) and 2-azido-N-cyclopropylethanamine (CPAZ) in hopes of enhancing the reactivity of DMAZ's amine nitrogen to reduce ignition delays. MMAZ is not hypergolic, while CPAZ is hypergolic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160610-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Dimethylaminoethylazide, Ignition delays\nAccording to research conducted by Army Research Laboratory, the azido group in DMAZ's lowest energy structure will prevent the transfer of protons from nitric acid to the amine lone pair acid, a chemical reaction that may be associated with a rate-limiting step in DMAZ-IRFNA ignition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160610-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Dimethylaminoethylazide, Ignition delays\nHowever, according to a 2014 ARL report, a correlation between compound basicities and ignition delays was not observed, which indicates that the proton transfer from nitric acid to DMAZ's amine may not be a rate-controlling step in the ignition process of DMAZ-IRFNA systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160611-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine\n2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine (Desoxy-D2PM), also known as 2-benzhydrylpyrrolidine, is a stimulant psychoactive drug. It is the 4-dehydroxylated structural analog of diphenylprolinol (D2PM), and is also similar in structure to desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP), both of which act as norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs). Like D2PM and 2-DPMP, Desoxy-D2PM is sold as a designer drug and has been used in the manufacture of legal highs. It has been marketed under the names A3A New Generation, A3A Methano, and Green Powder, and has been reported to cause hallucinations, violent behavior, dilated pupils, tachycardia, and high blood pressure. Literature data suggest that it can produce the same psychotropic effects as other stimulants, but with a longer duration of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160611-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine\nDesoxy-D2PM has two enantiomers which are used industrially in their purified form as chiral derivatizing agents during chemical synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160611-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine\nAs of 4 November 2010, the UK Home Office announced a ban on the importation of 2-diphenylmethylpyrrolidine, following a recommendation from the ACMD. It was due to become a class B drug on 28 March 2012, but the bill was scrapped, due to the presence of two steroids included in the bill that were later recommended to remain uncontrolled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160611-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine\nIt was made a class B drug and placed in Schedule I on 13 June 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160612-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Diphenylphosphinobenzaldehyde\n2-Diphenylphosphinobenzaldehyde is a phosphine ligand with the formula (C6H5)2PC6H4CHO. It is a yellow solid that dissolves in common organic solvents. The compound condenses with a variety of amines to give phosphine-imine and phosphine-amine ligands. It was first prepared by the reaction of chlorodiphenylphosphine with the Grignard reagent derived from the protected bromobenzaldehyde followed by deprotection. It can also be derived from (2-lithiophenyl)diphenylphosphine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160613-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid\n2-Diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (C6H5)2PC6H4CO2H. It is a white solid that dissolves in polar organic solvents. The ligand is a component of catalysts used for the Shell higher olefin process. It is prepared by the reaction of sodium diphenylphosphide with the sodium salt of 2-chlorobenzoic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160614-0000-0000", "contents": "2-EPT probability density function\nIn probability theory, a 2-EPT probability density function is a class of probability density functions on the real line. The class contains the density functions of all distributions that have characteristic functions that are strictly proper rational functions (i.e., the degree of the numerator is strictly less than the degree of the denominator).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160614-0001-0000", "contents": "2-EPT probability density function, Definition\nA 2-EPT probability density function is a probability density function on R{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} } with a strictly proper rational characteristic function. On either [0,+\u221e){\\displaystyle [0,+\\infty )} or (\u2212\u221e,0){\\displaystyle (-\\infty ,0)} these probability density functions are exponential-polynomial-trigonometric (EPT) functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160614-0002-0000", "contents": "2-EPT probability density function, Definition\nAny EPT density function on (\u2212\u221e,0){\\displaystyle (-\\infty ,0)} can be represented as", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160614-0003-0000", "contents": "2-EPT probability density function, Definition\nwhere e represents a matrix exponential, (AN,AP){\\displaystyle ({\\textbf {A}}_{N},{\\textbf {A}}_{P})} are square matrices, (bN,bP){\\displaystyle ({\\textbf {b}}_{N},{\\textbf {b}}_{P})} are column vectors and (cN,cP){\\displaystyle ({\\textbf {c}}_{N},{\\textbf {c}}_{P})} are row vectors. Similarly the EPT density function on [ 0,\u2212\u221e){\\displaystyle [ 0,-\\infty )} is expressed as", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160614-0004-0000", "contents": "2-EPT probability density function, Definition\nThe parameterization (AN,bN,cN,AP,bP,cP){\\displaystyle ({\\textbf {A}}_{N},{\\textbf {b}}_{N},{\\textbf {c}}_{N},{\\textbf {A}}_{P},{\\textbf {b}}_{P},{\\textbf {c}}_{P})}is the minimal realization of the 2-EPT function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160614-0005-0000", "contents": "2-EPT probability density function, Definition\nThe general class of probability measures on R{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} } with (proper) rational characteristic functions are densities corresponding to mixtures of the pointmass at zero (\"delta distribution\") and 2-EPT densities. Unlike phase-type and matrix geometric distributions, the 2-EPT probability density functions are defined on the whole real line. It has been shown that the class of 2-EPT densities is closed under many operations and using minimal realizations these calculations have been illustrated for the two-sided framework in Sexton and Hanzon. The most involved operation is the convolution of 2-EPT densities using state space techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160614-0005-0001", "contents": "2-EPT probability density function, Definition\nMuch of the work centers on the ability to decompose the rational characteristic function into the sum of two rational functions with poles located in either the open left or open right half plane. The variance-gamma distribution density has been shown to be a 2-EPT density under a parameter restriction and the variance gamma process can be implemented to demonstrate the benefits of adopting such an approach for financial modelling purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160614-0006-0000", "contents": "2-EPT probability density function, Definition\nIt can be shown using Parseval's theorem and an isometry that approximating the discrete time rational transform is equivalent to approximating the 2-EPT density itself in the L-2 Norm sense. The rational approximation software RARL2 is used to approximate the discrete time rational characteristic function of the density.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160614-0007-0000", "contents": "2-EPT probability density function, Applications\nExamples of applications  include option pricing, computing the Greeks and risk management calculations. Fitting 2-EPT density functions to empirical data has also been considered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160615-0000-0000", "contents": "2-EXPTIME\nIn computational complexity theory, the complexity class 2-EXPTIME (sometimes called 2-EXP) is the set of all decision problems solvable by a deterministic Turing machine in O(22p(n)) time, where p(n) is a polynomial function of n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160615-0001-0000", "contents": "2-EXPTIME\n2-EXPTIME can also be reformulated as the space class AEXPSPACE, the problems that can be solved by an alternating Turing machine in exponential space. This is one way to see that EXPSPACE \u2286 2-EXPTIME, since an alternating Turing machine is at least as powerful as a deterministic Turing machine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160615-0002-0000", "contents": "2-EXPTIME\n2-EXPTIME is one class in a hierarchy of complexity classes with increasingly higher time bounds. The class 3-EXPTIME is defined similarly to 2-EXPTIME but with a triply exponential time bound 222nk{\\displaystyle 2^{2^{2^{n^{k}}}}}. This can be generalized to higher and higher time bounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160615-0003-0000", "contents": "2-EXPTIME, 2-EXPTIME-complete problems\nGeneralizations of many fully observable games are EXPTIME-complete. These games can be viewed as particular instances of a class of transition systems defined in terms of a set of state variables and actions/events that change the values of the state variables, together with the question of whether a winning strategy exists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160615-0004-0000", "contents": "2-EXPTIME, 2-EXPTIME-complete problems\nA generalization of this class of fully observable problems to partially observable problems lifts the complexity from EXPTIME-complete to 2-EXPTIME-complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160617-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxybenzoic acid\n2-Ethoxybenzoic acid (o-ethoxybenzoic acid, EBA) is an organic compound, a carboxylic acid derived from benzoic acid. 2-Ethoxybenzoic acid is used as a component in some dental cements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160618-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate\n2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate is an extremely toxic organophosphate nerve agent. It is the cyclohexyl methylphosphonate ester of ethyl acetoacetate. The compound has two isomers, the cis isomer and trans isomer, with the trans isomer being more toxic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160619-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxyethanol\n2-Ethoxyethanol, also known by the trademark Cellosolve or ethyl cellosolve, is a solvent used widely in commercial and industrial applications. It is a clear, colorless, nearly odorless liquid that is miscible with water, ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160619-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxyethanol\n2-Ethoxyethanol is manufactured by the reaction of ethylene oxide with ethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160619-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxyethanol\nAs with other glycol ethers, 2-ethoxyethanol has the useful property of being able to dissolve chemically diverse compounds. It will dissolve oils, resins, grease, waxes, nitrocellulose, and lacquers. This is an ideal property as a multi-purpose cleaner, and, therefore, 2-ethoxyethanol is used in products such as varnish removers and degreasing solutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160620-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxyethyl acetate\n2-Ethoxyethyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2OCH2CH2O2CCH3. It is the ester of ethoxyethanol and acetic acid. A colorless liquid, it is partially soluble in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160620-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxyethyl acetate, Properties\n2-Ethoxyethyl acetate is a liquid at room temperature that is used as a solvent. It can be absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, and dermally and should be avoided. It may form an explosive mixture with air. It is also incompatible with strong acids, strong alkalis and nitrates. It may form unstable peroxides and it can soften many plastics, attack plastics, rubber and coatings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160620-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxyethyl acetate, Uses\n2-Ethoxyethyl acetate has been used to dissolve polyester and short oil alkyd resins. It has also been used in coatings, dyes, insecticides, soaps and cosmetics. It is also a solvent for nitro-cellulose and is being used for the same applications as ethyl glycol", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160620-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxyethyl acetate, Uses\nIn automobile lacquers it has been used to reduce evaporation and to impart a high gloss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160620-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxyethyl acetate, Metabolism\n2-Ethoxyethyl acetate is rapidly metabolized to 2-ethoxyethanol in the blood via hydrolysis. Then, 2-ethoxyethanol is metabolized, mainly by alcohol dehydrogenase, to 2-ethoxyacetaldehyde, which is further metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to 2-ethoxyacetic acid (2-EAA) in the liver. These two compounds are the likely active metabolites, which are thought to be involved in some of the toxic effects. Also in the liver, ethylene glycol is produced. All this reactions belong to the phase I of the biotransformation process. In rats, EAA can be conjugated with glycine or may suffer O-deethylated. After this, it can be metabolized to carbon dioxide. An extra pathway in these animals involves microsomal P450 mixed function oxidases, with deethylation producing acetaldehyde and ethylene glycol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160620-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Ethoxyethyl acetate, Safety\n2-Ethoxyethyl acetate can cause a slight skin and eye irritation after exposure. High exposure can lead to kidney damage and paralysis. In animals, reproductive and teratogenic effects have been observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160621-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-1-butanol\n2-Ethyl-1-butanol (IUPAC name: 2-ethylbutan-1-ol) is an organic chemical compound. It can be used to facilitate the separation of ethanol from water, which form an azeotrope that otherwise limits the maximum ethanol concentration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160621-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-1-butanol, Reactions\n2-Ethyl-1-butanol is manufactured industrially by the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde and butyraldehyde, followed by hydrogenation. It may also be prepared by the Guerbet reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160621-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-1-butanol, Properties and applications\nThe branching in 2-ethyl-1-butanol makes it harder to crystalize due to packing disruption, which results in a very low freezing point. Esters of 2-ethyl-1-butanol are similarly effected and it therefore finds application as a feedstock in the production of plasticizers and lubricants, where its presence helps reduce viscosity and lower freezing points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline\n2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline (EtOx) is an oxazoline which is used particularly as a monomer for the cationic ring-opening polymerization to poly(2-alkyloxazoline)s. This type of polymers are under investigation as readily water-soluble and biocompatible materials for biomedical applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Production, From propionic acid and derivatives\nCarboxylic acids, carboxylic esters, carboxylic amides and nitriles can react with 2-amino alcohols at 200\u00a0\u00b0C upon dehydration to the corresponding N-(2-hydroxy)carbamide, which react further at 260\u2013280\u00a0\u00b0C upon dehydration to the 2-alkyl-2-oxazoline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Production, From propionic acid and derivatives\nFor example N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide is first formed from propionic acid and ethanolamine in 74% yield which can be dehydrated to give 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline in about 75% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Production, From propionic acid and derivatives\nLess drastic reaction conditions require the dehydration of the N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide in vacuo in the presence of iron(III)chloride, which delivers the product in 90% yield. An even higher yield of 96.2% is obtained by heating with zinc acetate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Production, From propionic acid and derivatives\nAn economic one-pot reaction is heating the salt of propionic acid with ethanolamine at 200\u00a0\u00b0C in vacuo in the presence of zinc chloride yielding 82% 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline. From the water-containing distillate pure 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline can be isolated by extraction with diethylbenzene and subsequent distillation or by distillation only after addition of diethyl phosphite or dimethyldichlorosilane. The product can be dried to a residual water content of 10 ppm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Production, From propionic acid and derivatives\nIn another one-pot reaction propionic acid is converted first with 2-aminoethanol to 2-hydroxyethylamide, than reacted with boric acid at 130\u00a0\u00b0C yielding a boric acid ester which is finally thermolyzed at 280\u00a0\u00b0C in 92% yield to 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Production, From propionic acid and derivatives\nFrom propionic acid and thionyl chloride can be obtained propanoyl chloride, which reacts with ethanolamine in the  presence of an acid scavenger (for example pyridine) to  N-propionyl-2-aminoethanol. With further thionyl chloride this reacts further to 2-chloroethylamide. With the chloride ion as a better leaving group, this intermediate is cyclized by simple heating to the oxazoline. Water must be excluded du to the tendency of oxazolines towards ring-opening by chloride ions during protonation of the imine nitrogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Production, From propionic acid and derivatives\nThe direct reaction of propanoyl chloride with 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride in the presence of triethylamine avoids the formation of water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Production, From propanal\nPropanal reacts with 2-aminoethanol in t-butanol to 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline in the presence of the iodinating reagent 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DIH) and potassium carbonate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Properties\n2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline is a readily water-soluble, colorless liquid which is also soluble in a variety of organic solvents and possesses an amine-like smell. Aqueous solutions react alkaline. The compound is stable in alkaline but hydrolyses under acid action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Applications\nIn anhydrous form, 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline is mostly used as a monomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Applications\nThe cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline can be initiated by alkylation with e.g. methyl tosylate or triflates (in particular methyl triflate) and leads to the water-soluble poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) which is a propionyl-substituted linear polyethylenimine and can also be seen as a pseudo-polypeptide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Applications\nThe polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline can also be carried out as living cationic polymerization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Applications\nCopolymers with other 2-alkyl-2-oxazolines and other monomers allow the preparation of random copolymers and block copolymers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0014-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Applications\nThe copolymers obtained can be used as biocompatible drug carriers, in coatings and adhesives, and in many other applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160622-0015-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline, Applications\nThe elimination of the propionyl group from poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) yields linear polyethyleneimine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160623-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethyl-4,5-dimethylphenol\n2-Ethyl-4,5-dimethylphenol is a phenol found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). It is also found in female elephant urine samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160624-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylanthraquinone\n2-Ethylanthraquinone is an organic compound that is a derivative of anthraquinone. This pale yellow solid is used in the industrial production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160624-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylanthraquinone, Production\n2-Ethylanthraquinone is prepared from the reaction of phthalic anhydride and ethylbenzene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160624-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylanthraquinone, Production\nBoth phthalic anhydride and ethylbenzene are readily available, being otherwise used in the large-scale production of plastics....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160624-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylanthraquinone, Uses\nHydrogen peroxide is produced industrially by the anthraquinone process which involves using 2-alkyl-9,10-anthraquinones for hydrogenation. Many derivatives of anthraquinone are used but 2-ethylanthraquinone is common because of its high selectivity. The hydrogenation of the unsubstituted ring can reach 90% selectivity by using 2-ethylanthraquinone. Hydrogenation follows the Riedl-Pfleiderer, or autoxidation, process:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160624-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylanthraquinone, Uses\nThe hydrogenation of 2-ethylanthraquinone is catalyzed by palladium. Hydrogenation produces both 2-ethylanthrahydroquinone and tetrahydroanthraquinone. The tetrahydro derivative of 2-alkylanthraquinone is easily hydrogenated but is more difficult to oxidize. The formation of the tetrahydro derivative can be suppressed through the selection of catalysts, solvents, and reaction conditions. Some suggested solvent mixtures are polyalkylated benzenes and alkyl phosphates or tetraalkyl ureas, trimethylbenzenes and alkylcyclohexanol esters, and methylnaphthalene and nonyl alcohols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160625-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanoic acid\n2-Ethylhexanoic acid is the organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)3CH(C2H5)CO2H. It is a carboxylic acid that is widely used to prepare lipophilic metal derivatives that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. 2 -Ethylhexanoic acid is a colorless viscous oil. It is supplied as a racemic mixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160625-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanoic acid, Production\n2-Ethylhexanoic acid is produced industrially from propylene, which is hydroformylated to give butyraldehyde. Aldol condensation of the aldehyde gives 2-ethylhexenal, which is hydrogenated to 2-ethylhexanal. Oxidation of this aldehyde gives the carboxylic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160625-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanoic acid, Metal ethylhexanoates\n2-Ethylhexanoic acid forms compounds with metal cations that have stoichiometry as metal acetates. These ethylhexanoate complexes are used in organic and industrial chemical synthesis. They function as catalysts in polymerizations as well as for oxidation reactions  as \"oil drying agents.\" They are highly soluble in nonpolar solvents. These metal complexes are often described as salts. They are, however, not ionic but charge-neutral coordination complexes. Their structures are akin to the corresponding acetates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160626-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanol\n2-Ethylhexanol (abbreviated 2-EH) is a branched, eight-carbon chiral alcohol. It is a colorless liquid that is poorly soluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents. It is produced on a massive scale (>2,000,000,000\u00a0kg/y) for use in numerous applications such as solvents, flavors, and fragrances and especially as a precursor for production of other chemicals such as emollients and plasticizers. It is encountered in plants, fruits, and wines. The odor has been reported as \"heavy, earthy, and slightly floral\" for the R enantiomer and \"a light, sweet floral fragrance\" for the S enantiomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160626-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanol, Properties and applications\nThe branching in 2-ethylhexanol inhibits crystallization. Esters of 2-ethylhexanol are similarly affected, which together with low volatility, is the basis of applications in the production of plasticizers and lubricants, where its presence helps reduce viscosity and lower freezing points. Because 2-ethylhexanol is a fatty alcohol, its esters have emollient properties. Representative is the diester bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), commonly used in PVC. The triester tris (2-Ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) is another common plasticizer produced via the esterification of three 2-ethylhexanol per trimellitic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160626-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanol, Properties and applications\nIt is also commonly used as a low volatility solvent. 2-Ethylhexanol can also be used as a cetane number booster when reacted with nitric acid. It also used to react with epichlorohydrin and sodium hydroxide to produce the glycidyl ether of the molecule which is used as an epoxy reactive diluent in various coatings, adhesives and sealants applications. It can be used in the development of photos, production of rubber and extraction of oil and gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160626-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanol, Industrial production\n2-Ethylhexanol is produced industrially by the aldol condensation of n-butyraldehyde, followed by hydrogenation of the resulting hydroxyaldehyde. About 2,500,000 tons are prepared in this way annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160626-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanol, Industrial production\nThe n-butyraldehyde is made by hydroformylation of propylene, either in a self-contained plant or as the first step in a fully integrated facility. Most facilities make n-butanol and isobutanol in addition to 2-ethylhexanol. Alcohols prepared in this way are sometimes referred to as oxo alcohols. The overall process is very similar to that of the Guerbet reaction, by which it may also be produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160626-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanol, Health effects\n2-Ethylhexanol exhibits low toxicity in animal models, with LD50 ranging from 2-3 g/kg (rat). 2-Ethylhexanol has been identified as a cause of indoor air quality related health problems, such as respiratory system irritation, as a volatile organic compound. 2-Ethylhexanol is emitted to air from a PVC flooring installed on concrete that had not been dried properly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160626-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanol, Health effects\n2-Ethylhexanol has been linked to developmental toxicity (increased incidence of skeletal malformations in fetuses). This is thought to be a result of metabolism of 2-ethylhexanol into 2-ethylhexanoic acid via oxidation of the primary alcohol. The teratogenicity of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, as well as similar substances such as valproic acid, has been well established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160626-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexanol, Nomenclature\nAlthough isooctanol (and the derived isooctyl prefix) is commonly used in industry to refer to 2-ethylhexanol and its derivatives, IUPAC naming conventions dictate that this name is properly applied to another isomer of octanol, 6-methylheptan-1-ol. The Chemical Abstracts Service likewise indexes isooctanol (CAS# 26952-21-6) as 6-methylheptan-1-ol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160627-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexyl acrylate\n2-Ethylhexyl acrylate is a colorless liquid acrylate with a unpleasant odor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160627-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, Preparation\nRacemic 2-ethylhexyl acrylate can be prepared with a high yield by esterification of acrylic acid with racemic 2-ethylhexanol in the presence of hydroquinone as a polymerization inhibitor and a strong acid such as methanesulfonic acid by reactive distillation using toluene as an azeotroping agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160627-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, Properties\n2-Ethylhexyl acrylate polymerizes easily. The polymerization can be initiated by light, peroxides, heat, or contaminants. It can react violently when combined with strong oxidants and can form explosive mixtures with air at temperatures above 82\u00a0\u00b0C (180\u00a0\u00b0F). The chemical, physical, and toxicological properties, however, can be greatly modified by additives or stabilizers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160627-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, Use\n2-Ethylhexyl acrylate and butyl acrylate are the major base monomers for the preparation of acrylate adhesives. 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate can react by free-radical polymerization to form macromolecules having a molecular weight of up to 200,000 g/mol. Other monomers such as vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, and styrene may be copolymerized to modify the properties of the resulting polymer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 26], "content_span": [27, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160628-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate\n2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (Octicizer) is a plasticizer, flame retardant, and a main component of non-flammable hydraulic fluids. It has low acute toxicity in feeding experiments, but has been implicated as a potential hormone mimetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160630-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroamphetamine\n2-Fluoroamphetamine (2-FA) is a stimulant drug from the amphetamine family which has been sold as a designer drug. 2-Fluoroamphetamine differs from 3- and 4-fluoroamphetamine in the position of the fluorine atom on the aromatic ring, making them positional isomers of one another. The replacement of a hydrogen atom with a fluorine atom in certain compounds to facilitate passage through the blood\u2013brain barrier, as is desirable in central nervous system pharmaceutical agents, is a common practice due to the corresponding increase in lipophilicity granted by this substitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160630-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroamphetamine, Pharmacology\nAnorexiant dose (amount inhibiting food intake by 50% for 2 hours, given 1 hour earlier) = 15\u00a0mg/kg (rat; p.o. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160630-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroamphetamine, Pharmacology\nAnalgesic dose (50% inhibition of response to tail-clamp) = 20\u00a0mg/kg (mouse; i.p. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160630-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroamphetamine, Pharmacology\nEffect on blood pressure: 0.5\u00a0mg/kg (rat; i.v.) produces an increase in BP of 29\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160630-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroamphetamine, Legal Status, United States\nThe Federal Analogue Act, 21 U.S.C. \u00a7 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical \"substantially similar\" to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended (ref 1) for human consumption. 2-FA may be considered to be an analog of amphetamine, thus falling under the Federal Analog Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160630-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroamphetamine, Legal Status, China\nAs of October 2015 2-FA is a controlled substance in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160631-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorobenzoic acid\n2-Fluorobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula FC6H4CO2H. It is one of three isomeric fluorobenzoic acids. Its conjugate base is 2-fluorobenzoate. The compound is an irritant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160631-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorobenzoic acid\nIts metabolism has been studied extensively in the field of microbiology. Its conjugate base is part of the pathway of 2-fluorobiphenyl metabolism by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine\n2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (also known as 2'-Fl-2-Oxo-PCM, Fluoroketamine and 2-FDCK) is a dissociative anesthetic  related to ketamine. Its sale and use as a designer drug has been reported in various countries. It is an analogue of ketamine where the chlorine group has been replaced by fluorine. Due to its recent emergence, the pharmocological specifics of the compound are mostly unclear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, History\nThe synthesis of 2-FDCK was first described in a 2013 paper as part of a larger effort to synthesize and evaluate new anesthetic drugs based on ketamine and its analogues. Ketamine itself was first introduced in 1964 and was approved for clinical use in 1970. Since then it has become one of the most important and applicable general anesthetics as well as a popular recreational drug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, History\nThe use of 2-FDCK as a designer drug has been reported in various countries. Many of these new psychoactive substances (NPS) appear on the drug market in order to circumvent existing drug policies. 2-FDCK was first formally notified by the EMCDDA in 2016, alongside 65 other new substances. Due to its recent appearance, little research has been done on the compound so far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Chemistry, Structure\n2-FDCK belongs to a class of compounds called arylcyclohexylamines which contains various other drugs such as PCP and ketamine. Their general structure consists of a cyclohexylamine unit with an aryl group attached to the same carbon as the amine. 2-FDCK has an o-fluorophenyl group as an aryl substituent and the amine group is methylated. The cyclohexyl ring features a ketone group next to the amine position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Chemistry, Structure\nThe chemical structure of 2-FDCK differs from ketamine only in that there is a fluorine atom attached to the phenyl group. Ketamine has a chlorine atom in that position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Chemistry, Synthesis\n2-FDCK can be synthesized in a five-step reaction process. First 2-fluorobenzonitrile reacts with the Grignard reagent cyclopentyl magnesium bromide followed by a bromination reaction to obtain \u03b1-bromocyclopentyl-(2-fluorophenyl)-ketone. The reaction of the obtained ketone with methylamine at -40\u00a0\u00b0C then results in the formation of \u03b1-hydroxycyclopentyl-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-methylamine. Finally, the five-membered ring cyclopentanol form is expanded to a cyclohexylketone form by a thermal rearrangement reaction. HCl is used to create a water-soluble HCl salt of 2-FDCK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Chemistry, Detection\n2-FDCK and its metabolites can be detected in urine with the use of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Pharmacology, Metabolism\nThe metabolism of 2-FDCK is analogous to that of ketamine: the enzymes CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, the latter to a lesser extent, metabolise 2-FDCK to Nor-2FDCK via N-demethylation. This is further metabolised either to dehydronor-2FDCK by CYP2B6 or to hydroxynor-2FDCK by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Pharmacology, Metabolism\nIn general, the 2-FDCK equivalent shows stronger docking to CYP2B6 in simulations, as well as slower metabolism rate, than the more well-known Ketamine. The lipophilicity is observed to be lower for 2-FDCK than for Ketamine. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) predicts that in the body, 2-FDCK shows a lower intrinsic hepatic clearance than ketamine. Both of these characteristics would suggest that the effects of 2-FDCK last longer than those of ketamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics\n2-FDCK is structurally similar to ketamine, so a similar mechanism of action is expected, but there has been no study done to confirm this. Due to the halogen in the 2 position not being a chlorine but a fluorine, the molecule is less polar. This could influence binding to proteins, such as the NMDA receptor that ketamine primarily binds to and acts as an antagonist towards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, Comparison to other halogen-substituted ketamine variants\nFor general (halogen) substitutions of ketamine, docking strength for CYP2B6 follows the pattern H < Br < Cl < F. The parameter of internal clearance follows the pattern Br > Cl > F > H. Lastly, Km (Michaelis constant) follows the pattern of Br < Cl < F < H, and as such the in-vitro metabolism rate follows the inverse pattern, namely Br > Cl > F > H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 116], "content_span": [117, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Effects, Dosage\n2-FDCK is very new and not yet sufficiently studied. Therefore information on dosage can only be obtained from purely anecdotal sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Effects, Possible effects and dangers\nIn 2019, 2-FDCK was found in poisoned individuals in Hong Kong in combination with other ketamine-type drugs. 2-FDCK was not assumed to be an impurity because it was present in high levels while ketamine was present at trace levels. The actual drug specimens were not available, so it was not possible to verify this. Clinical effects were observed but because the drug was taken in combination with other ones, it was not possible to determine what effects were caused by which drug. The clinically observed effects of the patients were: impaired consciousness, agitation, abnormal behaviour, hypertension and tachycardia. Most patients were discharged from the hospital after a few days of supportive treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160632-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Fluorodeschloroketamine, Legal status\nDue to the fast emergence of NPS, new substances such as 2-FDCK are often not yet specifically mentioned in controlled substance legislation. As a result, NPS are sometimes marketed as 'legal highs'. 2-FDCK is currently illegal in Italy Japan, Latvia, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, as well as being covered by blanket bans in Canada, Belgium, and the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160633-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroethanol\n2-Fluoroethanol is the organic compound with the formula CH2FCH2OH. This colorless liquid is one of the simplest stable fluorinated alcohols. It was once used as a pesticide. The related difluoro- and trifluoroethanols are far less dangerous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160633-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroethanol, Synthesis\n2-Fluoroethanol was originally synthesized by treating 2-chloroethanol with potassium fluoride, in a simple Finkelstein reaction. The product has a lower boiling point that the starting material and may be conveniently isolated by distillation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160633-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroethanol, Structure and reactivity\nReaction of 2-fluoroethanol with  trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in the presence of base gives the triflate ester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160633-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroethanol, PET radiotracers\n2-[18F]-fluoroethoxy group is a common moiety in the structures of radiotracers used with PET. Such radiotracers include fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine 1-(2-[18F]-fluoroethoxy)-4-nitrobenzene and [18F]-fluoroethyl 4-fluorobenzoate, being a [18F]fluoroalkyl ether and ester respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160633-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroethanol, Metabolism\nIt was patented as a rodenticide in Germany in 1935. In rats, it was found that fluoroethanol induced a similar toxicity as that of fluoroacetate, known to metabolize to fluorocitrate to exert the toxic effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160633-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroethanol, Metabolism\n2-Fluoroethanol is converted by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as cofactor, ultimately leading to the formation of fluoroacetaldehyde and then fluoroacetate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160633-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroethanol, Metabolism\nFluoroacetate is a precursor to fluorocitrate, an inhibitor of aconitase, an enzyme that participates in the TCA cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160633-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroethanol, Toxicity\nReported effects of 2-fluoroethanol are epigastric distress effects, such as vomiting, and central nervous effects, such as auditory hallucinations, numbness feeling of the face or nose. Both these types of effects occur gradually after being exposed to 2-fluoroethanol for several hours. Some more severe reactions of the human body to 2-fluoroethanol can be respiratory failure  and epileptiform convulsions or seizures, leading to dysfunctions in the heart mechanism. From the late 20th century, there are multiple reports of deaths caused by 2-fluoroethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160633-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoroethanol, Toxicity\n2-Fluoroethanol is also toxic to other animals with LD50 ranging from 7 to 1500 mg/kg bodyweight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160634-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoromethamphetamine\n2-Fluoromethamphetamine (2-FMA) is a stimulant drug of the amphetamine family which has been used as a designer drug . It is purported to possess little recreational value because less euphoria is produced than other amphetamines. It is said to be a functional stimulant with properties similar to lisdexamfetamine. It lasts about 8 hours orally, considerably more than its analogue 2-FA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160634-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoromethamphetamine, Legal status, China\nAs of October 2015, 2-FMA is a controlled substance in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160634-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Fluoromethamphetamine, Legal status, Ukraine\nAs of July 2019, 2-FMA is a controlled substance in Ukraine (considered a narcotic).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160635-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Formylbenzoate dehydrogenase\n2-Formylbenzoate dehydrogenase (EC , 2-carboxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase, 2CBAL dehydrogenase, PhdK) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-formylbenzoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160636-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Furanone\n2-Furanone is a heterocyclic organic compound. It is also known as \u03b3-crotonolactone (GCL), as it is formally the lactone derived from \u03b3-hydroxyisocrotonic acid. The chemical is colloquially called \"butenolide\", and is the parent structure for the butenolide class of compounds. It is a colourless liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160636-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Furanone, Synthesis and reactions\nIt exists in equilibrium with the tautomer 2-hydroxyfuran, which serves as an intermediate in the interconversion between the \u03b2- and \u03b1-furanones. The \u03b2 form is the more stable. The interconversion is catalyzed by base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160636-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Furanone, Synthesis and reactions\n2-Furanones can be converted to furans by a two-step process of reduction followed by dehydration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Furoic acid\n2-Furoic acid is a heterocyclic carboxylic acid, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring and a carboxylic acid group. Its name is derived from the Latin word furfur, meaning bran. The salts and esters of furoic acids are known as furoates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Furoic acid\n2-Furoic acid is an organic compound most widely found in food products as a preservative and a flavoring agent. Other uses for 2-furoic acid include nylon preparation and optic technologies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Furoic acid, History\nThe molecule first described by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780 and was the first known derivative of the heterocycle known as furan. Since then, the compound's reactivity with different substances and organisms was tested. It was discovered that 2-furoic acid can be the sole source of carbon and energy for the organism Pseudomonas putida. The organism aerobically degrades the compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Furoic acid, Preparation and synthesis\n2-Furoic acid can be synthesized by the oxidation of either furfuryl alcohol or furfural. This can be achieved either chemically or biocatalytically. Currently the industrial route involves the Cannizaro reaction of furfural in an aqueous NaOH solution; this route produces both 2-furoic acid and furfuryl alcohol. The bio-catalytic route involves the microorganism Nocardia corallina. Experiments involving this microbial conversion resulted in high yields: 98% from 2-furfuryl alcohol and 88% from 2-furanaldehyde. Oxidation with N. corallina is unique because most other microorganisms produce two products from the oxidation, the acid and the alcohol. Furthermore, aromatic ring destruction does not occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Furoic acid, Applications and occurrences\nIn industrial use, 2-furoic acid is a preservative, acting as a bactericide and fungicide. It is also considered an acceptable flavoring ingredient and achieved a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in 1995 by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). 2-Furoic acid is characterized as a white to off-white crystalline solid and has a distinct odor described in the Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives as sweet, oily, herbaceous, and earthy. 2-Furoic acid is often used as a starting material for the production of furoate esters. It and its derivatives also aid in the production of nylons, and are often used in biomedical research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Furoic acid, Reactions\nFor the most part 2-furoic acid is relatively stable. However, 2-furoic acid is reactive with oxidizing materials. It is not reactive with reducing agents, combustible materials, organic materials, metals, acids, or alkalis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Furoic acid, Importance in optic technology\n2-furoic acid may have an important role in the field of optic technology. Studies concerning the preparation of 2-furoic acid crystals have shown indication of several favorable properties of non-linear optical materials (NLOs). These crystals are highly transparent in the 200\u20132000\u00a0nm, wavelength region, are stable up to 130\u00a0\u00b0C, and generally have low absorption in the UV, visible, and IR spectrums. In optical and dielectric studies, 2-furoic acid crystals have been shown to have decreasing dielectric constants with increasing frequencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0006-0001", "contents": "2-Furoic acid, Importance in optic technology\nThis could mean that the crystals may act as paraelectrics in the temperature range before 318\u00a0K and ferroelectrics in temperature ranges after 318\u00a0K. These qualities indicate that 2-furoic acid crystals will have enhanced optical quality with less defects, which is important in the application of optical devices. Depending on the process of crystal formation, the surface of the grown crystals is generally smooth, with occasional microcrystals on the surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Furoic acid, 2-Furoic acid in foods\n2-furoic acid helps sterilize and pasteurize many foods. The main mechanism that produces the 2-furoic acid for food sterilization is known as the Cannizzaro reaction of 2-furfural. 2-furoic acid is also formed during coffee roasting, with up to 205 mg/kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160637-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Furoic acid, Hazards\nResearch on the effects of 2-furoic acid in rats showed an increase in bile salts and acute toxicity suggesting potential toxic effects. 2-Furoic acid may also cause mutagenic effects in bacteria and yeasts, leading to damage and irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160638-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Furonitrile\n2-Furonitrile is a colorless derivative of furan possessing a nitrile group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160638-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Furonitrile, Synthesis\nIndustrial synthesis is based on the vapor phase ammoxidation of furfural with ammonia over bismuth molybdate catalyst at 440-480\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160638-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Furonitrile, Synthesis\nNumerous laboratory methods also exist; for the instance oxidative dehydration of furfural with ammonia salts using hypervalent iodine reagents or n-bromosuccinimide. From furfural aldoxime (with thionyl chloride-benzotriazole, triphenylphosphine-iodine reagents, or heating in DMSO) and furoic acid amide (flash vacuum pyrolysis).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160638-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Furonitrile, Applications\n2-Furonitrile currently has no major applications but it is used as an intermediate in pharmaceutical and fine chemical synthesis. It has been suggested as a potential sweetening agent, as it has about thirty times the sweetening power of sucrose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160639-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Furoyl chloride\n2-Furoyl chloride is an acyl chloride of furan. It takes the form of a corrosive liquid, which is more irritating to the eyes than benzoyl chloride. 2-Furoyl chloride is a useful pharmaceutical intermediate and is used in the synthesis of mometasone furoate, an antiinflammatory prodrug used in the treatment of skin disorders, hay fever and asthma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160639-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Furoyl chloride, Synthesis\n2-Furoyl chloride was prepared in 1924 by Gelissen by refluxing 2-furoic acid in excess thionyl chloride on a water bath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160639-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Furoyl chloride, Applications\n2-Furoyl chloride has no major applications but it has been used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals; examples include mometasone furoate, fluticasone furoate, diloxanide furoate, Ceftiofur (Excenel), mirfentanil, quinfamide, and diclofurime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack\n2-Headed Shark Attack is an American low-budget survival horror film with an ensemble cast by The Asylum, released on January 31, 2012 in the United States. Directed by Christopher Ray, the film stars Carmen Electra, Charlie O'Connell, Brooke Hogan, Christina Bach, David Gallegos and Corinne Nobili. The film premiered on September 8, 2012 on Syfy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Plot\nThe film opens with a group of wakeboarders being attacked and devoured by a two-headed great white shark. Meanwhile, Sea King, a Semester at Sea ship led by Professor Franklin Babish (Charlie O'Connell) and his wife, Anne (Carmen Electra), hits a dead shark. The shark becomes lodged in the boat's propeller, damaging the ship's hull and causing the boat to take on water. Soon after, the two-headed shark attacks the boat and breaks the radio antenna, preventing ship co-captain Laura from summoning help. Professor Babish and the students use a dinghy to take shelter on a nearby deserted atoll, while Anne remains on the Sea King with Laura and the ship's crew, Han and Dikilla. Laura enters the water to repair the ship's hull, and is quickly ripped apart by the two-headed shark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Plot\nMeanwhile, professor and the students explore the atoll. Assembling in an abandoned fishing village, they set out to search the atoll for scrap metal to help repair the boat. Haley and Alison decide to go swimming topless with Kirk, only to be attacked and eaten by the two-headed shark. The rest of the group meet up and find two small speedboats before an earthquake hits, causing Professor Babish to fall and badly injure his leg. Dana bandages Babish's leg with her shirt, while Jeff and Mike accompany him back to the Sea King on the dinghy. On the way back, Jeff and Mike discover Laura's severed hand in the water. They are attacked by the shark and eaten while attempting to swim back to the Sea King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Plot\nThe students find two boats on the island, which Kate (Brooke Hogan) and Paul manage to fix. Cole finds a gasoline tank to fuel them, but then steals one together with Ryan, Jamie and Alex. Kate, Paul and Dana follow them in the other boat. They are all unaware of the shark, which attacks Cole's boat. Ryan falls into the water and is eaten, alerting the others to the shark's presence. Paul concludes the shark is drawn to Cole's boat as it has a bigger engine. Cole also deduces this and bails; the shark eats Jamie and Alex. When the survivors reach shore, Kate furiously confronts Cole for his actions. A few minutes later, the Sea King is abandoned and the survivors meet on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Plot\nShortly afterward, another earthquake hits. The group realizes that the earthquakes are actually caused by the atoll collapsing in on itself. Escape being ever more urgent, the group hooks up a generator to metal poles and places them in the water to distract the shark with electricity while Kate and Cole travel to the Sea King and repair the hull. The plan works until the shark attacks the poles, knocking Han and Dikilla into the water to their deaths. Kate fixes the ship, only for Cole to drive away without her, forcing her to swim back to the atoll. The two-headed shark attacks the Sea King, causing it to sink and send out a distress signal; Cole is then eaten trying to escape on a lifeboat when his cellphone alerts the shark. The atoll is sinking too, prompting everyone to flee for their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Plot\nDana and Kristen get separated from the group and are quickly devoured. Professor Babish and Anne also get separated from the group, and after running into a dead-end due to a tsunami suddenly approaching the atoll, they share one final kiss as the shark eats them both. The rest of the group end up in or near the water as the small tsunami strikes the island. The remaining students swim into the half-sunk village chapel to hide, but the shark breaks in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0005-0001", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Plot\nLyndsey uses a gun she found to try and shoot the shark, but it does nothing and the shark quickly rips her apart. Ethan uses the giant wooden cross in the chapel to try attacking the shark, which also does no good as it then devours both Liza and Michelle. Paul, Kate, and Kirsten all climb out the window and escape while Ethan distracts the shark, only for him to get caught and eaten as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Plot\nThe final three discover a gasoline tank, and lure the shark towards it. Kate attempts to stab the shark and is nearly eaten, but Kirsten sacrifices herself instead to try to blow up the shark. As it eats and kills her, she manages to light a fuse and cause an explosion. However, only one of the shark's heads get blown off. Kate and Paul find one of the boats and turn it on as a decoy, taking shelter on part of the remaining atoll still above water. The shark attacks the unmanned boat. It bites the motor, which explodes, finally killing the shark (a homage to Jaws). A helicopter arrives, having been summoned from the distress signal sent out from the sunken Sea King, saving Kate and Paul, leaving only two survivors out of 23 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Production\nThe design for the 2-headed shark was detailed in the Monster Man episode \"Seeing Double\". The original design of the shark had one shark head stacked on top of the other. However, creature designer Cleve Hall pushed to change the design to side-by-side heads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Production, Release\nThe film saw release on DVD with special features including a gag reel in 2012  and on Blu-ray including a \"Making of\" special feature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Soundtrack\nThe film features \"More\" and \"Swallow Whole\" by Neon Line. \"It's Killing Me to Live\" by Matthew Arner. \"Jungle Jam\" by Yoshi Miyamoto. As well as \"Transmission\" by Closer to Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Reception\nBloody Disgusting published a review of the film in 2017, arguing that the film attempts to develop some of the extensive list of characters and puts \"makes an effort to give them all unique personalities and character traits, even if there simply isn't enough time devoted to developing them\". The review commends the film for also delivering on the titular \"2-headed shark attack\", but argues that \"the over-the-top massacres are good fun at first, but do get stale after a while\" and that the film could have benefitted from cutting some characters and making the remaining death scenes more creative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Sequels\nA sequel, 3-Headed Shark Attack, was produced in 2015 by The Asylum and directed by Christopher Ray. The film features Jaason Simmons, Danny Trejo, and wrestler Rob Van Dam in leading roles. The plot revolves around marine biology students encountering a three-headed shark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160640-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Headed Shark Attack, Sequels\nTwo more films in the series premiered on Syfy, 5-Headed Shark Attack on July 30, 2017 and 6-Headed Shark Attack on August 18, 2018. A fifth film, 7-Headed Shark Attack, is planned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160641-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Heptanol\n2-Heptanol is a chemical compound which is an isomer of heptanol. It is a secondary alcohol with the hydroxyl on the second carbon of the straight seven-carbon chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160642-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Heptanone\n2-Heptanone, also known as methyl n-amyl ketone, or Heptan-2-one, is a ketone with the molecular formula C7H14O. It is a colorless, water-like liquid with a banana-like, fruity odor. 2-Heptanone has a neutral formal charge, and is only slightly soluble in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160642-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Heptanone\n2-Heptanone is listed by the FDA as a \"food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption\" (21 CFR 172.515), and it occurs naturally in certain foods (e.g., beer, white bread, butter, various cheeses and potato chips).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160642-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Heptanone\nThe mechanism of action of 2-heptanone as a pheromone at odorant receptors in rodents has been investigated. 2-Heptanone is present in the urine of stressed rats and believe that it is used as a means to alert other rats. Certain species of worms are attracted to 2-heptanone and bacteria can use this as a means of pathogenesis. 2-Heptanone has also been found to be excreted by honey bees when they bite small pests within the colony such as wax moth larvae and Varroa mites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160642-0002-0001", "contents": "2-Heptanone\nThough it was historically believed to be an alarm pheromone, 2-heptanone has been shown to act as an anaesthetic on the pests, enabling the honey bee to stun the pest and eject it from the hive. The work could lead to the use of 2-heptanone as an alternative local anaesthetic to lidocaine, which although well established for clinical use, has the disadvantage of provoking allergic reactions in some people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160642-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Heptanone\n2-Heptanone was one of the metabolites of n-heptane found in the urine of employees exposed to heptane in shoe and tire factories. This commonly occurs from exposure to plasticisers. 2-Heptanone can be absorbed through the skin, inhaled and consumed. Exposure to 2-Heptanone can cause irritation of skin/eyes, respiratory system, headaches, vomiting, and nausea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160643-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hexanol\n2-Hexanol (or hexan-2-ol) is a six carbon alcohol in which the OH group is located on the second carbon atom. Its chemical formula is C6H14O or C6H13OH. It is an isomer of the other hexanols. 2-Hexanol has a chiral center and can be resolved into two different enantiomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160644-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hexanone\n2-Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone, MBK) is a ketone used as a general solvent and in paints. It dissolves cellulose nitrate, vinyl polymers and copolymers, and natural and synthetic resins. It is recommended as a solvent because it is photochemically inactive; however it has a very low safe threshold limit value. 2-Hexanone is absorbed through the lungs, orally and dermally and its metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione, is neurotoxic. Animal tests have shown that the neurotoxic effect of 2-hexanone may be potentiated by simultaneous administration of 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone, MEK).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160645-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hexoxyethanol\n2-Hexoxyethanol or 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol is a glycol ether that has a chemical formula of C8H18O2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160645-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hexoxyethanol, Uses\n2-Hexoxyethanol is used by professional workers (widespread uses), consumers, in re-packing or re-formulation,  in manufacturing, and at industrial sites. It is used as high-boiling solvent. It also serves as an intermediate for neopentanoate and hexyloxyethyl phosphate. It serves as a coalescing agent in cleaners and latex paints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160645-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hexoxyethanol, Hazards\nAccording to the European Chemicals Agency, it is classified as harmful when in contact with skin and when swallowed. It can also skin burns and serious eye damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160645-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Hexoxyethanol, Hazards\n2-Hexoxyethanol was also known to cause kidney injury and depression. It is also a severe respiratory tract irritant. It may also have blood effects. It may enter the body through ingestion, aerosol inhalation, and through the skin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160645-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Hexoxyethanol, Hazards\nIt may form explosive peroxides. It can react violently with strong oxidants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160645-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Hexoxyethanol, Hazards\nIt is classified as a green circle product EPA Safer Choice meaning it is of low concern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160646-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hexyne\n2-Hexyne is an organic compound that belongs to the alkyne group. Just like its isomers, it also has the chemical formula of C6H10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160646-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hexyne, Reactions\n2-Hexyne can be semihydrogenated to yield 2-hexene or fully hydrogenated to hexane. With appropriate noble metal catalysts it can selectively form cis-2-hexene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160646-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hexyne, Reactions\nWith strong sulfuric acid, the ketone 2-hexanone is produced. However this reaction also causes polymerization and charring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160646-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Hexyne, Reactions\nUnder heat and pressure 2-hexyne polymerizes to linear oligomers and polymers. This can be hastened by some catalysts such as molybdenum pentachloride with tetraphenyl tin. However Ziegler\u2013Natta catalysts have no action as the triple bond is hindered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160647-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one monooxygenase\n2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one monooxygenase (EC , BX5 (gene), CYP71C3 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160647-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one monooxygenase\n2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one monooxygenase is involved in the biosynthesis of protective and allelopathic benzoxazinoids in some plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160649-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one\n2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one  is an organic compound related to 1,2-cyclopentanedione. It is the enol tautomer of the diketone 3-methylcyclopentane-1,2-dione. Being an enol, the compound is often called methylcyclopentenolone. It is a colorless solid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160649-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, Synthesis and structure\nThe compound is prepared by base-catalyzed condensation of 1\u2010hydroxyhexane\u20102,5\u2010dione, a derivative of hydroxymethylfurfural.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160649-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, Synthesis and structure\nThe structure has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Quantum calculations also indicate that the enol is strongly favored relative to the diketo tautomer. Furthermore, the enolization occurs at the methyl-substituted carbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160649-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, Use and occurrence\nIt is one of many products from the pyrolysis of lignocellulose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160649-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, Use and occurrence\nIt is used in flavors and perfumery for its maple- or caramel-like odor. It contributes to the flavor or odor of many foods including wines, coffee, paprika, and salmon. It is sometimes called maple lactone because it occurs in maple syrup (it is not, however, a lactone).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160650-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-3-morpholinopropanesulfonic acid\nMOPSO is a zwitterionic organic chemical buffering agent; one of Good's buffers. MOPSO and MOPS (3-morpholinopropanesulfonic acid) are chemically similar, differing only in the presence of a hydroxyl group on the C-2 of the propane moiety. It has a useful pH range of 6.5-7.9 in the physiological range, making it useful for cell culture work. It has a pKa of 6.9 with \u0394pKa/\u00b0C of -0.015 and a solubility in water at 0\u00b0C of 0.75 M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160651-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde\n2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is a chemical compound and an isomer of vanillin. Urolithin M7, one of the urolithins, has also been synthesized from 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde using the inverse electron-demand Diels\u2013Alder reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160652-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde\n2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde is a chemical compound. It is an additives in cigarettes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160653-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde\n2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde is an organic compound and an isomer of vanillin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160653-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, Synthesis and reactions\nThe chemical is produced by the Reimer-Tiemann reaction on 4-methoxyphenol with a 79% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160653-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, Synthesis and reactions\nIt reacts with malononitrile to form 2-imino-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carbonitrile. It can be reduced by sodium borohydride in ethanol to form 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzyl alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160654-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyacylsphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxyacylsphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160654-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyacylsphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-galactose and 2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine, whereas its two products are UDP and 1-(beta-D-galactosyl)-2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160654-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyacylsphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-galactose:2-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphingosine 1-beta-D-galactosyl-transferase. Other names in common use include galactoceramide synthase, uridine diphosphogalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine, galactosyltransferase, UDPgalactose-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase, UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase, and UDP-galactose:2-2-hydroxyacylsphingosine galactosyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160655-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxybutyric acid\n2-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as alpha-hydroxybutyrate and \u03b1-hydroxybutyrate, is a hydroxybutyric acid with the hydroxyl group on the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl. It is a chiral compound having two enantiomers, D-2-hydroxybutyric acid and L-2-hydroxybutyric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160655-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxybutyric acid\n2-Hydroxybutyrate, the conjugate base of 2-hydroxybutyric acid, is produced in mammalian tissues (principally hepatic) that catabolize L-threonine or synthesize glutathione. Oxidative stress or detoxification demands can dramatically increase the rate of hepatic glutathione synthesis. Under such metabolic stress conditions, supplies of L-cysteine for glutathione synthesis become limiting, so homocysteine is diverted from the transmethylation pathway forming methionine into the transsulfuration pathway forming cystathionine. 2 -Hydroxybutyrate is released as a byproduct when cystathionine is cleaved to cysteine that is incorporated into glutathione. Chronic shifts in the rate of glutathione synthesis may be reflected by urinary excretion of 2-hydroxybutyrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160655-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxybutyric acid\n\u03b1-hydroxybutyrate may be useful as an early indicator of insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects. Moreover, elevated serum \u03b1-hydroxybutyrate predicts worsening glucose tolerance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160656-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestradiol\n2-Hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-2,3,17\u03b2-triol, is an endogenous steroid, catechol estrogen, and metabolite of estradiol, as well as a positional isomer of estriol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160656-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestradiol, Biosynthesis\nTransformation of estradiol to 2-hydroxyestradiol is a major metabolic pathway of estradiol in the liver. CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 are the major enzymes catalyzing the 2-hydroxylation of estradiol. Conversion of estradiol into 2-hydroxyestradiol has also been detected in the uterus, breast, kidney, brain, and pituitary gland, as well as the placenta, and may similarly be mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Although estradiol is extensively converted into 2-hydroxyestradiol, circulating levels of 2-hydroxyestradiol and levels of 2-hydroxyestradiol in various tissues are very low. This may be due to rapid conjugation (O-methylation, glucuronidation, sulfonation) of 2-hydroxyestradiol followed by urinary excretion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160656-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestradiol, Biological activity, Estrogenic activity\n2-Hydroxyestradiol has approximately 7% and 11% of the affinity of estradiol at the estrogen receptors (ERs) ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2, respectively. It dissociates from the estrogen receptors more rapidly than does estradiol. The steroid is only very weakly estrogenic, and is able to antagonize the estrogenic effects of estradiol, indicating that its intrinsic activity at the estrogen receptor is less than that of estradiol and hence that it possesses the profile of a selective estrogen receptor modulator. It shows estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cells. In addition to its activity at the nuclear ERs, 2-hydroxyestradiol is an antagonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) (100\u20131,000\u00a0\u03bcM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160656-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestradiol, Biological activity, Catecholaminergic activity\n2-Hydroxyestradiol is a catechol estrogen and in this regard bears some structural resemblance to the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). In accordance, 2-hydroxyestradiol has been found to interact with catecholamine systems. The steroid is known to compete with catecholamines for binding to catechol O-methyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase and to directly and competitively inhibit these enzymes. In addition, 2-hydroxyestradiol has been found to displace spiperone from the D2 receptor with approximately 50% of the affinity of dopamine, whereas estradiol, estrone, and estriol and their other 2-hydroxylated and 2-methoxylated derivatives showed only weak or negligible inhibition. Moreover, 2-hydroxyestradiol has been found to bind to the \u03b11-adrenergic receptor with slightly more than half the affinity of norepinephrine. However, although these affinities are comparable to those of dopamine and norepinephrine, they are nonetheless in the double-digit micromolar range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 1103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160656-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestradiol, Biological activity, Catecholaminergic activity\n2-Hydroxyestradiol has been found to increase prolactin secretion when administered intravenously to women. It was noted that this could be due to 2-hydroxyestradiol binding to and antagonizing the D2 receptor. However, the researchers argued against this possibility because it was delayed (by several hours) and of relatively small magnitude, whereas established D2 receptor antagonists promptly induce marked increases in prolactin levels. The researchers also argued against the possibility that it was due to inhibition of dopamine biosynthesis by 2-hydroxyestradiol because 2-hydroxyestrone, which inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase similarly to 2-hydroxyestradiol, showed no such increase in prolactin secretion. The researchers concluded that the most likely explanation was that the increase was mediated by the estrogenic activity of 2-hydroxyestradiol, as similar increments in prolactin levels had been observed with estradiol. In any case, these findings argue against the notion of major interactions of 2-hydroxyestradiol with the dopamine system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 1125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160656-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestradiol, Biological activity, Genotoxicity\n2-Hydroxyestradiol, as well as 2-hydroxyestrone and 4-hydroxyestradiol, can undergo metabolic redox cycling to generate free radicals like superoxide and reactive estrogen semiquinone/quinone intermediates. These metabolites may damage DNA and other cellular components. However, 2-hydroxyestradiol shows little or no tumorigenic activity in the male Syrian hamster kidney and there is evidence that 2-hydroxyestradiol may actually decrease tumorigenesis in estrogen-sensitive tissues. It has been suggested that the lack of tumorigenesis of 2-hydroxyestrone is due to its rapid clearance. In addition, its metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol is a very potent inhibitor of tumor growth and angiogenesis, and this may contribute as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160656-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestradiol, Biological activity, Production of 2-methoxyestradiol\n2-Hydroxyestradiol has been identified as a prodrug of 2-methoxyestradiol, a transformation which is very efficiently catalyzed by catechol O-methyltransferase in the liver. 2-Methoxyestradiol is not estrogenic but is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor and agonist of the GPER with potential therapeutic implications in cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 73], "content_span": [74, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160656-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestradiol, Biological activity, Antioxidant activity\nSimilarly to other steroidal estrogens, 2-hydroxyestradiol is an antioxidant, but the catechol estrogens (2- and 4-hydroxylated estrogens) like 2-hydroxyestradiol are considered to be the most potent in terms of antioxidant activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160656-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestradiol, History\n2-Hydroxyestradiol was identified as a metabolite of estradiol in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160657-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestriol\n2-Hydroxyestriol, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-2,3,16\u03b1,17\u03b2-tetrol, is an endogenous catechol estrogen and metabolite of estriol. It is a suspected carcinogen of carcinogenicity category 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160658-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestrone\n2-Hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2,3-diol-17-one, is an endogenous, naturally occurring catechol estrogen and a major metabolite of estrone and estradiol. It is formed irreversibly from estrone in the liver and to a lesser extent in other tissues via 2-hydroxylation mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, mainly the CYP3A and CYP1A subfamilies. 2-OHE1 is the most abundant catechol estrogen in the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160658-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestrone\n2-Hydroxyestrone is not significantly uterotrophic in bioassays, whereas other hydroxylated estrogen metabolites including 2-hydroxyestradiol, 16\u03b1-hydroxyestrone, estriol (16\u03b1-hydroxyestradiol), 4-hydroxyestradiol, and 4-hydroxyestrone all are. In addition, although not antiestrogenic in the uterus, 2-hydroxyestrone shows antiestrogenic effects on luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels. The lack of estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity of 2-hydroxyestrone in the uterus may be attributable to an extremely high metabolic clearance rate. When incubated at very high concentrations or in combination with a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor to prevent its metabolism, 2-hydroxyestrone shows antiestrogenic effects in estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160658-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyestrone\n2-Hydroxyestrone dissociates from the estrogen receptors much more rapidly than does estradiol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160659-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid\n2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC2H4O2CC6H4CO2H. It is the monoester of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. The compound is a precursor to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a polymer that is produced on a large scale industrially. 2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid is a colorless solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. Near neutral pH, 2-hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid converts to 2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate, HOC2H4O2CC6H4CO2\u2212.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160659-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid, Occurrence and reactions\n2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid is an intermediate in both the formation and hydrolysis of PET. It is produced on a massive scale as the first intermediate in certain routes to PET. Specifically, it is produced in the course of the thermal condensation of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160659-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyethyl terephthalic acid, Occurrence and reactions\nIt is also produced by the partial hydrolysis of PET, as catalyzed by the enzyme PETase:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160660-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria\n2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a rare neurometabolic disorder characterized by the significantly elevated levels of hydroxyglutaric acid in one's urine. It is either autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160660-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Presentation\nThe signs/symptoms of this condition are consistent with the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160660-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Diagnosis, Classification\n2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is an organic aciduria, and because of the stereoisomeric property of 2-hydroxyglutarate different variants of this disorder are distinguished:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160660-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Diagnosis, Classification, L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria\nThe L-2 form is more common, severe, and mainly affects the central nervous system. The basal ganglia are affected, and cystic cavitations in the white matter of the brain are common, beginning in infancy. This form is chronic, with early symptoms such as hypotonia, tremors, and epilepsy declining into spongiform leukoencephalopathy, muscular choreodystonia, mental retardation, and psychomotor regression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160660-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Diagnosis, Classification, L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria\nIt is associated with L2HGDH, which encodes L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. L-2 -hydroxyglutarate is produced by promiscuous action of malate dehydrogenase on 2-oxoglutarate, and L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase is an example of a metabolite repair enzyme that oxidizes L-2-hydroxyglutarate back to 2-oxoglutarate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160660-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Diagnosis, Classification, D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria\nThe D2 form is rare, with symptoms including macrocephaly, cardiomyopathy, mental retardation, hypotonia, and cortical blindness. It is caused by recessive mutations in D2HGDH (type I) or by dominant gain-of-function mutations in IDH2 (type II).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 83], "content_span": [84, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160660-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Diagnosis, Classification, Combined D-2- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria\nThe combined form is characterized by severe early-onset epileptic encephalopathy and absence of developmental progress. It is caused by recessive mutations in SLC25A1 encoding the mitochondrial citrate carrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 101], "content_span": [102, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160660-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Treatment\nThe treatment of 2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria is based on seizure control, the prognosis depends on how severe the condition is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160661-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid\n2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA or leucic acid) is a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. It is commonly sold as a purported muscle building supplement. It also has fungicidal properties. HICA was shown to increase protein synthesis and muscle mass in rats who were recovering from a period of induced atrophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160661-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid\nHICA is also produced by several protozoans it has been reported to show anti- inflammatory activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160662-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxymuconate semialdehyde\n2-Hydroxymuconate semialdehyde is formed from catechol by the enzyme catechol 2,3-dioxygenase during the degradation of benzoates. It is hydrolysed into formate and 2-oxopent-4-enoate by 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160663-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase\n2-Hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC , xylG [gene], praB [gene] ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,4Z)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160663-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase\nThis substrate for this enzyme is formed by meta ring cleavage of catechol (EC 1.13.11.2, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase), and is an intermediate in the bacterial degradation of several aromatic compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160664-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Imidazolidinethione\n2-Imidazolidinethione is the organosulfur compound with the formula C2H2(NH)2C=S. It is a cyclic unsaturated thiourea with a short C=S bond length of 169 pm. The compound is often referred to as 2-mercaptoimidazole, which is a tautomer that is not observed. The compound forms a variety of metal complexes. In terms of bonding and reactivity, 2-imidazolidinethione is similar to mercaptobenzimidazole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160665-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Imidazoline\n2-Imidazoline (Preferred IUPAC name: 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole) is one of three isomers of the nitrogen-containing heterocycle imidazoline, with the formula C3H6N2. The 2-imidazolines are the most common imidazolines commercially, as the ring exists in some natural products and some pharmaceuticals. They also have been examined in the context of organic synthesis, coordination chemistry, and homogeneous catalysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160665-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Imidazoline, Synthesis\nA variety of routes exist for the synthesis of imidazolines, with the most common methods involving the condensation of 1,2-diamines (e.g. ethylenediamine) with nitriles or esters. The nitrile based route is essentially a cyclic Pinner reaction; it requires high temperatures and acid catalysis and is effective for both alkyl and aryl nitriles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160665-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Imidazoline, Biological role\nMany imidazolines are biologically active. Most bio-active derivatives bear a substituent (aryl or alkyl group) on the carbon between the nitrogen centers. Some generic names include oxymetazoline, xylometazoline, tetrahydrozoline, and naphazoline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160665-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Imidazoline, Biological role, Imidazoline in Natural Products\nImidazoline has been found in various natural products. Natural molecules topsentin D and spongotine B were discovered in several marine sponges. These metabolites have received considerable attention because of their potent properties such as antitumor, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 63], "content_span": [64, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160665-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Imidazoline, Biological role, Pharmaceutical Applications\n2-imidazolines have been investigated as antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antihypercholesterolemic, and antidepressant reagents. The imidazoline-containing drug clonidine is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. It is also used in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, hypertensive crisis, Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160665-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Imidazoline, Applications, Homogeneous Catalysis\nAs a structural analogue of 2-oxazolines, 2-imidazolines have been developed as ligands in coordination chemistry. The substitutions on the nitrogen atom in the imidazoline ring provide opportunities for fine-tuning the electronic and steric properties. Some of the complexes function as catalysts for Suzuki\u2013Miyaura couplings, Mizoroki\u2013Heck reactions, Diels\u2013Alder reactions, asymmetric allylic substitution, [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement, Henry reactions, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160665-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Imidazoline, Applications, Surfactants\nSurfactants based around 2-imidazoline, such as sodium lauroamphoacetate, are used in personal care products were mildness and non-irritancy are particularly important (e.g. baby products, \"no more tears\" shampoos etc. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160666-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Iminothiolane\n2-Iminothiolane is a cyclic thioimidate compound also known as Traut's reagent. It is a thiolating reagent that reacts with primary amine groups, such as those of amino acids, to form sulfhydryl groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160666-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Iminothiolane, Application\n2-Iminothiolane reacts with primary amines efficiently at pH 7 to 9, creating amidine compounds with a sulfhydryl group. Thus it allows for crosslinking or labeling of molecules such as proteins through use of disulfide or thioether conjugation. It was first used to thiolate a subunit of ribosome in E. coli in 1973 by Robert Traut, its namesake, and his colleagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160666-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Iminothiolane, Application\nIt also reacts with aliphatic and phenolic hydroxyl groups at high pH, albeit at a much slower rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160667-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Iodobenzoic acid\n2-Iodobenzoic acid,  or o-iodobenzoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula IC6H4COOH. The synthesis of 2-iodobenzoic acid via the diazotization of anthranilic acid is commonly performed in university organic chemistry labs. One of its most common uses is as a precursor for the preparation of IBX and Dess\u2013Martin periodinane, both used as mild oxidants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160667-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Iodobenzoic acid, Synthesis\n2-Iodobenzoic acid can be synthesized via a Sandmeyer reaction consisting of the diazotization of anthranilic acid followed by a diazo replacement. First anthranilic acid is treated with nitrous acid in order to convert the amino group into the diazo group. The diazo group is ejected, yielding a carbocation which is then attacked by highly nucleophilic I\u2212 anion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160667-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Iodobenzoic acid, Synthesis\nThe nitrous acid is usually generated in situ from sodium nitrite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160668-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Iodomelatonin\n2-Iodomelatonin is a melatonin analog used as a radiolabelled ligand for the melatonin receptors, MT1, MT2, and MT3. It acts as a full agonist at both MT1 and MT2 receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid\n2-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) is an organic compound used in organic synthesis as an oxidizing agent. This periodinane is especially suited to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes. IBX is prepared from 2-iodobenzoic acid, potassium bromate, and sulfuric acid. Frigerio and co-workers have also demonstrated, in 1999 that potassium bromate may be replaced by commercially available Oxone. One of the main drawbacks of IBX is its limited solubility; IBX is insoluble in many common organic solvents. In the past, it was believed that IBX was shock sensitive, but it was later proposed that samples of IBX were shock sensitive due to the residual potassium bromate left from its preparation. Commercial IBX is stabilized by carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid and isophthalic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid, Reaction mechanism\nThe reaction mechanism for an oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde according to the hypervalent twisting mechanism involves a ligand exchange reaction replacing the hydroxyl group by the alcohol followed by a twist and an elimination reaction. The twist is a requirement because the iodine to oxygen double bond is oriented out of plane with the alkoxy group and the concerted elimination would not be able to take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0001-0001", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid, Reaction mechanism\nThis twist reaction is a rearrangement in which the oxygen atom is moved into a proper plane for a 5 membered cyclic transition state in the elimination reaction and is calculated by Computational chemistry to be the rate-determining step in the oxidation. The twist mechanism also explains why oxidation is faster for larger alcohols than for small alcohols. The twist is driven forward by the steric hindrance that exists between the ortho hydrogen atom and the protons from the alkoxy group and larger alkoxy groups create larger steric repulsion. The same computation predicts a much faster reacting IBX derivative with a 100 fold reaction rate when this ortho hydrogen atom is replaced by a methyl group thus facilitating the twist until the elimination reaction takes prevalence as the rate determining step.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid, Reaction mechanism\nIBX exists as two tautomers one of which is the carboxylic acid. The acidity of IBX which has been determined in water (pKa 2.4) and DMSO (pKa 6.65) is known to affect organic reactions, for instance acid-catalyzed isomerization accompanying oxidations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid, Scope\nIBX is also available as silica gel or polystyrene bound IBX. In many applications, IBX is replaced by Dess\u2013Martin periodinane which is more soluble in common organic solvents. A sample reaction is an IBX oxidation used in the total synthesis of eicosanoid:  More and Finney and Van Arman have demonstrated that common organic solvents are suitable for many IBX oxidations, despite its low solubility, and in fact may simplify product purification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid, Scope\nIn 2001, K. C. Nicolaou and co-workers published a series of papers in the Journal of the American Chemical Society demonstrating, among other transformations, the use of IBX to oxidize primary and secondary benzylic carbons to aromatic aldehydes and ketones, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid, Scope, Oxidative cleavage\nIBX is notable for oxidizing vicinal diols (or glycols) to diketones without cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond, but oxidative cleavage of glycols to two aldehydes or ketones can occur when modified conditions are used (elevated temperatures or trifluoroacetic acid solvent).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid, Scope, Oxidative cleavage\nThe reaction mechanism for this glycol cleavage is based on initial formation of an adduct between 10-I-4 IBX and DMSO to a 12-I-5 intermediate 3 in which DMSO acts as a leaving group for incoming alcohol 4 to intermediate 5. One equivalent of water is split off forming 12-I-5 spirobicyclic periodinane 6 setting the stage for fragmentation to 7. With hydroxyl alpha protons present, oxidation to the acyloin competes. Trifluoroacetic acid is found to facilitate the overall reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid, Scope, \u03b1-Hydroxylations\nKirsch and co-workers were able to hydroxylate keto compounds with IBX in \u03b1-position under mild conditions. This method could be extended to \u03b2-keto esters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160669-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Iodoxybenzoic acid, Scope, Oxidation of \u03b2-hydroxyketones to \u03b2-diketones\nBartlett and Beaudry discovered that IBX is a valuable reagent for the transformation of \u03b2-hydroxyketones to \u03b2-diketones. IBX provides yields superior to both the Swern and Dess\u2013Martin oxidation protocols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160670-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Ketoarginine methyltransferase\n2-Ketoarginine methyltransferase (EC , mrsA (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:5-carbamimidamido-2-oxopentanoate S-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160670-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Ketoarginine methyltransferase\nThe enzyme is involved in production of the rare amino acid 3-methylarginine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160671-0000-0000", "contents": "2-MDP\n2-MDP (U-23807A) is a dissociative anaesthetic drug which has been found to be an NMDA antagonist and produces similar effects to PCP in animals. The levo or (-) isomer is the active form of the drug. It also has stimulant effects, having only around one third the potency of amphetamine by weight, but with a long duration of action, lasting more than 24 hours from a single oral dose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160672-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Me-DET\n2-Me-DET, or 2-methyl-diethyltryptamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the 2-methyl analog of DET. 2-Me-DET was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved), the minimum dosage is listed as 80-120 mg, and the duration listed as 6\u20138 hours. 2-Me-DET produces pitch distortion, like that of DiPT. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 2-Me-DET.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol\n2-Mercaptoethanol (also \u03b2-mercaptoethanol, BME, 2BME, 2-ME or \u03b2-met) is the chemical compound with the formula HOCH2CH2SH. ME or \u03b2ME, as it is commonly abbreviated, is used to reduce disulfide bonds and can act as a biological antioxidant by scavenging hydroxyl radicals (amongst others). It is widely used because the hydroxyl group confers solubility in water and lowers the volatility. Due to its diminished vapor pressure, its odor, while unpleasant, is less objectionable than related thiols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol, Production\n2-Mercaptoethanol is manufactured industrially by the reaction of ethylene oxide with hydrogen sulfide. Thiodiglycol and various zeolites catalyze the reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol, Reactions\n2-Mercaptoethanol reacts with aldehydes and ketones to give the corresponding oxathiolanes. This makes 2-mercaptoethanol useful as  a protecting group, giving a derivative whose stability is between that of a dioxolane and a dithiolane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol, Applications, Reducing proteins\nSome proteins can be denatured by 2-mercaptoethanol, which cleaves the disulfide bonds that may form between thiol groups of cysteine residues. In the case of excess 2-mercaptoethanol, the following equilibrium is shifted to the right:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol, Applications, Reducing proteins\nBy breaking the S-S bonds, both the tertiary structure and the quaternary structure of some proteins can be disrupted. Because of its ability to disrupt the structure of proteins, it was used in the analysis of proteins, for instance, to ensure that a protein solution contains monomeric protein molecules, instead of disulfide linked dimers or higher order oligomers. However, since 2-mercaptoethanol forms adducts with free cysteines and is somewhat more toxic, dithiothreitol (DTT) is generally more used especially in SDS-PAGE. DTT is also a more powerful reducing agent with a redox potential (at pH\u00a07) of \u22120.33\u00a0V, compared to \u22120.26\u00a0V for 2-mercaptoethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol, Applications, Reducing proteins\n2-Mercaptoethanol is often used interchangeably with dithiothreitol (DTT) or the odorless tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) in biological applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol, Applications, Reducing proteins\nAlthough 2-mercaptoethanol has a higher volatility than DTT, it is more stable: 2-mercaptoethanol's half-life is more than 100 hours at pH 6.5 and 4 hours at pH\u00a08.5; DTT's half-life is 40 hours at pH\u00a06.5 and 1.5 hours at pH\u00a08.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol, Applications, Preventing protein oxidation\n2-Mercaptoethanol and related reducing agents (e.g., DTT) are often included in enzymatic reactions to inhibit the oxidation of free sulfhydryl residues, and hence maintain protein activity. It is often used in enzyme assays as a standard buffer component.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol, Applications, Denaturing ribonucleases\n2-Mercaptoethanol is used in some RNA isolation procedures to eliminate ribonuclease released during cell lysis. Numerous disulfide bonds make ribonucleases very stable enzymes, so 2-mercaptoethanol is used to reduce these disulfide bonds and irreversibly denature the proteins. This prevents them from digesting the RNA during its extraction procedure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160673-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoethanol, Safety\n2-Mercaptoethanol is considered toxic, causing irritation to the nasal passageways and respiratory tract upon inhalation, irritation to the skin, vomiting and stomach pain through ingestion, and potentially death if severe exposure occurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160674-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptoindole\n2-Mercaptoindole is a bicyclic heterocycle containing a thiol group. It is a popular ligand and building block for more complex structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine\n2-Mercaptopyridine is an organosulfur compound with the formula HSC5H4N. This yellow crystalline solid is a derivative of pyridine. The compound and its derivatives serve primarily as acylating agents. A few of 2-mercaptopyridine\u2019s other uses include serving as a protecting group for amines and imides as well as forming a selective reducing agent. 2-Mercaptopyridine oxidizes to 2,2\u2019-dipyridyl disulfide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine, Preparation\n2-Mercaptopyridine was originally synthesized in 1931 by heating 2-chloropyridine with calcium hydrogen sulfide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine, Preparation\nA more convenient route to 2-mercaptopyridine is the reaction of 2-chloropyridine and thiourea in ethanol and aqueous ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine, Preparation\n2-Mercaptopyridine derivatives can also be generated from precursors lacking preformed pyridine rings. It arises for example in the condensation of \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated ketones, malononitrile, and 4-methylbenzenethiol under microwave irradiation. The reaction is conducted with a base catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine, Structure and properties\nSimilar in nature to 2-hydroxypyridine, 2-mercaptopyridine converts to the thione (or more accurately thioamide) tautomer. The preferred form is dependent on temperature, concentration, and solvent. The thione is favored at lower temperatures, lower concentrations, and in less polar solvents. 2-Mercaptopyridine is favored in dilute solutions and in solvents capable of hydrogen bonding. These solvents will compete with other 2-mercaptopyridines to prevent self association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine, Structure and properties\nThe association constant for this reaction between mutual 2-mercaptopyridines is described below. The ratio is of monosulfide to disulfide in chloroform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine, Reactions\n2-Mercaptopyridine oxidizes to 2,2\u2019-dipyridyl disulfide. As amines are good catalysts for the oxidation of thiols to disulfides, this process is autocatalytic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine, Reactions\n2-Mercaptopyridine can also be prepared by hydride reduction of 2,2\u2019-dipyridyl disulfide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine, Main reactions\n2-Mercaptopyridine and the disulfide are chelating ligands. 2-mercaptopyridine forms the indium(III) complex In(PyS)3 complexes in supercritical carbon dioxide. 2-Mercaptopyridine may also be used to coat porous media in order to purify plasmid DNA of impurities such as RNA and proteins at relatively quick timescales to similar methods. 2-Mercaptopyridine is also used acylate phenols, amines, and carboxylic acids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160675-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Mercaptopyridine, Main reactions\nAnother application lies in metal-free catalysis: 2-mercaptopyridine can be used as a catalyst for isodesmic C-H borylation of heteroarenes. The particular pattern of Lewis base and Br\u00f8nsted acid allows to cleave boron-carbons bonds and then form a new boron-carbon bond by lewis pair mediated C-H activation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160676-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol\n2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol is an aromatic substance used as a flavoring agent. It is one of the compounds responsible for the natural aroma of buckwheat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160676-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol\nSome insects such as Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Red palm weevil) use this substance for chemical signaling (pheromones).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160676-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol\nThe aroma of pure substance was described as: apple, spicy, peanut, wine-like or clove and curry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160676-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol\nFerulic acid is converted by certain strains of yeast, notably strains used in brewing of wheat beers, such as Torulaspora delbrueckii to 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol which gives beers such as Weissbier and Wit their distinctive \"clove\" flavor. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast) and Pseudomonas fluorescens are also able to convert trans-ferulic acid into 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160677-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxy-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol methylase\n2-Methoxy-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol methylase (EC , ubiE (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-methoxy-6-all-trans-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol 5-C-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160678-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyamphetamine\n2-Methoxyamphetamine (2-MA), also known as ortho-methoxyamphetamine (OMA), is a drug of the amphetamine class. It is substantially weaker in inhibiting the reuptake of and inducing the release of the monoamine neurotransmitters compared to related agents such as amphetamine, MMA, and PMA, and may instead act as a \u03b2-adrenergic receptor agonist similarly to its N-methylated analogue methoxyphenamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160679-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxybenzaldehyde\n2-Methoxybenzaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H4CHO. The molecule consists of a benzene ring with formyl and a methoxy groups on adjacent positions. It is a colorless solid with a pleasant aroma. The related isomer 4-anisaldehyde is a better known, being a commercial flavorant. 2 -Anisaldehyde is prepared commercially by formylation of anisole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160680-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestradiol\n2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2, 2-MeO-E2) is a natural metabolite of estradiol and 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2). It is specifically the 2-methyl ether of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2 -Methoxyestradiol prevents the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need in order to grow (angiogenesis), hence it is an angiogenesis inhibitor. It also acts as a vasodilator and induces apoptosis in some cancer cell lines. 2-Methoxyestradiol is derived from estradiol, although it interacts poorly with the estrogen receptors (2,000-fold lower activational potency relative to estradiol). However, it retains activity as a high-affinity agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) (10\u00a0nM, relative to 3\u20136\u00a0nM for estradiol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160680-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestradiol, Clinical development\n2-Methoxyestradiol was being developed as an experimental drug candidate with the tentative brand name Panzem. It has undergone Phase 1 clinical trials against breast cancer. A phase II trial of 18 advanced ovarian cancer patients reported encouraging results in October 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160680-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestradiol, Clinical development\nPreclinical models also suggest that 2-methoxyestradiol could also be effective against inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Several studies have been conducted showing 2-methoxyestradiol is a microtubule inhibitor and is inhibitory against prostate cancer in rodents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160680-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestradiol, Clinical development\nAs of 2015, all clinical development of 2-methoxyestradiol has been suspended or discontinued. This is significantly due to the very poor oral bioavailability of the molecule and also due to its extensive metabolism. Analogues have been developed in an attempt to overcome these problems. An example is 2-methoxyestradiol disulfamate (STX-140), the C3 and C17\u03b2 disulfamate ester of 2-methoxyestradiol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160680-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestradiol, Clinical effects\n2-Methoxyestradiol was found to increase sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in men by 2.5-fold at a dose of 400\u00a0mg/day and by 4-fold at a dose of 1,200\u00a0mg/day. Conversely, it did not seem to suppress testosterone levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160681-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestradiol disulfamate\n2-Methoxyestradiol disulfamate (developmental code STX-140; also known as 2-methoxyestradiol 3,17\u03b2-O,O-bis(sulfamate)) is a synthetic, oral active anti-cancer medication which was previously under development for potential clinical use. It has improved potency, low metabolism, and good pharmacokinetic properties relative to 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeO-E2). It is also a potent inhibitor of steroid sulfatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the desulfation of steroids such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160681-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestradiol disulfamate\n2-Methoxyestradiol disulfamate exhibits anti-angiogenic activity and induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human tumor xenografts, with clinical potential for hormone\u2013independent tumors. Some of this activity stems from tubulin binding at the colchicine site and disruption of interphase microtubules. 2 -Methoxyestradiol disulfamate is highly active in tumors that are resistant to chemotherapy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160681-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestradiol disulfamate\nIn xenograft models of breast and prostate cancer complete cures were achieved after oral treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol disulfamate and drug-resistant tumors also shrank in size after oral treatment. Conventional treatments for hormone-independent cancers targeting tubulin are associated with side effects, such as neurotoxicity, and can only be given infrequently and intravenously. 2 -Methoxyestradiol disulfamate is more effective on the same tumors, blocks metastatic spread without the peripheral neuropathy associated with current clinical anticancer drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160682-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestriol\n2-Methoxyestriol (2-MeO-E3) is an endogenous estrogen metabolite. It is specifically a metabolite of estriol and 2-hydroxyestriol. It has negligible affinity for the estrogen receptors and no estrogenic activity. However, 2-methoxyestriol does have some non-estrogen receptor-mediated cholesterol-lowering effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160683-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyestrone\n2-Methoxyestrone (2-ME1) is an endogenous, naturally occurring methoxylated catechol estrogen and metabolite of estrone that is formed by catechol O-methyltransferase via the intermediate 2-hydroxyestrone. Unlike estrone but similarly to 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-methoxyestrone has very low affinity for the estrogen receptor and lacks significant estrogenic activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160684-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyethanol\n2-Methoxyethanol, or methyl cellosolve, is an organic compound with formula C3H8O2 that is used mainly as a solvent. It is a clear, colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. It is in a class of solvents known as glycol ethers which are notable for their ability to dissolve a variety of different types of chemical compounds and for their miscibility with water and other solvents. It can be formed by the nucleophilic attack of methanol on protonated ethylene oxide followed by proton transfer:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160684-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyethanol\n2-Methoxyethanol is used as a solvent for many different purposes such as varnishes, dyes, and resins. It is also used as an additive in airplane deicing solutions. In organometallic chemistry it is commonly used for the synthesis of Vaska's complex and related compounds such as carbonylchlorohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II). During these reactions the alcohol acts as a source of hydride and carbon monoxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160684-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyethanol\n2-Methoxyethanol is toxic to the bone marrow and testicles. Workers exposed to high levels are at risk for granulocytopenia, macrocytic anemia, oligospermia, and azoospermia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160684-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyethanol\nThe methoxyethanol is converted by alcohol dehydrogenase into methoxyacetic acid which is the substance which causes the harmful effects. Both ethanol and acetate have a protecting effect. The methoxyacetate can enter the Krebs cycle where it forms methoxycitrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160685-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate\n(\u2013)-2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate (ME-18-MC) is a second generation synthetic derivative of ibogaine developed by the research team led by the pharmacologist Stanley D. Glick from the Albany Medical College and the chemist Martin E. Kuehne from the University of Vermont. In animal studies it has shown similar efficacy to the related compound 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) at reducing self-administration of morphine and methamphetamine but with higher potency by weight, showing anti-addictive effects at the equivalent of half the minimum effective dose of 18-MC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160685-0000-0001", "contents": "2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate\nSimilarly to 18-MC itself, ME-18-MC acts primarily as a selective \u03b13\u03b24 nicotinic acetylcholine antagonist, although it has a slightly stronger effect than 18-MC as an NMDA antagonist, and its effects on opioid receptors are weaker than those of 18-MC at all except the kappa opioid receptor, at which it has slightly higher affinity than 18-MC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160686-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxypropene\n2-Methoxypropene is an ether with the chemical formula C4H8O. It is a reagent used in organic synthesis as a protecting group for alcohols, and the conversion diols to the acetonide group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160686-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methoxypropene\n2-Methoxypropene can be prepared by the elimination of methanol from dimethoxypropane, or by the addition of methanol to propyne or allene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160687-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-1-butanol\n2-Methyl-1-butanol (IUPAC name, also called active amyl alcohol) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2OH. It is one of several isomers of amyl alcohol. A colorless liquid, it occurs naturally in trace amounts and has attracted some attention as a potential biofuel, exploiting its hydrophobic (gasoline-like) and branched structure. It is chiral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160687-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-1-butanol, Occurrence\n2-Methyl-1-butanol is a component of many mixtures of commercial amyl alcohols. It is one of the many components of the aroma of various fungi and fruit, e.g., the summer truffle, tomato, and cantaloupe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160687-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-1-butanol, Production and reactions\n2-Methyl-1-butanol has been produced from glucose by genetically modified E. coli. 2-Keto-3-methylvalerate, a precursor to threonine, is converted to the target alcohol by the sequential action of 2-keto acid decarboxylase and dehydrogenase. It can be derived from fusel oil (because it occurs naturally in fruits such as grapes) or manufactured by either the oxo process or via the halogenation of pentane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160688-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-1-pentanol\n2-Methyl-1-pentanol (IUPAC name: 2-methylpentan-1-ol) is an organic chemical compound. It is used as a solvent and an intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160689-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol\n2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH(OH)CH3. This colourless liquid is a chiral diol. It is produced industrially from diacetone alcohol by hydrogenation. Total European and USA production was 15000 tonnes in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160689-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol\n2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol exists as two enantiomers, (4R)-(-) and (4S)-(+). In the Protein Data Bank, the 3-letter code \"MPD\" refers to the (S)-(-) enantiomer, while \"MRD\" is used to refer to the (R)-(+) version. Commercial products labeled \"MPD\" are usually the racemate, also sold as and referred to as \"hexylene glycol\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160689-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, Uses\n2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol exhibits both surfactant and emulsion-stabilizing properties. Its relatively high viscosity and low volatility are advantageous in coatings, cleansers, cosmetics, solvents, and hydraulic fluids. Although it is an irritant at higher concentrations, it is sometimes used in skin care, hair care, soap, and eye cosmetic products at concentrations ranging from 0.1% - 25%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160689-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, Uses\nIt is biodegradable and unlikely to accumulate in the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160689-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, Laboratory uses\nIn the laboratory it is a common precipitant and cryoprotectant in protein crystallography. Since hexylene glycol is compatible with polar and nonpolar molecules, it competes with the solvent in a crystallography experiment causing the protein to precipitate. Hexylene glycol is so effective in protein crystallography because its amphiphilic nature and small, flexible structure allows it to bind to many different locations on a protein secondary structure including alpha helices and beta sheets. When hexylene glycol binds to these different locations, water is removed and the protein crystals anneal, which prevents ice formation during cryocrystallography techniques. Incorporation of hexylene glycol into solution has been known to improve the resolution of X-ray diffraction making protein structures easily identifiable. Additionally hexylene glycol is not a strong denaturing agent and thus does not significantly alter the structure of a protein during the crystallography procedure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 1037]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160690-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-butene\n2-Methyl-2-butene, 2m2b, 2-methylbut-2-ene, also amylene is an alkene hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C5H10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160690-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-butene\nUsed as a free radical scavenger in trichloromethane (chloroform) and dichloromethane (methylene chloride).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160690-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-butene\nJohn Snow, the English physician,  experimented with it in the 1840s as an anesthetic, but stopped using it for unknown reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160691-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-heptanethiol\n2-Methyl-2-heptanethiol is an organic compound classified as a thiol. It is a straw-colored liquid with a strong, obnoxious odor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160691-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-heptanethiol\nIt is used as a lubricant additive and in polymer modification. The chemical is one of the tertiary aliphatic mercaptans (thiols) synthesized from petroleum, as described in a 1950 paper. Initial research postulated they could be used as lubricant additives, ore flotation collectors, vulcanization accelerators, fungicides, and nonionic detergents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160692-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane\n2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP or t-nitrosobutane) is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)3CNO. It is a blue liquid that is used in chemical research as a spin trap, i.e. it binds to radicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160692-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane, Preparation and structure\nThe freshly distilled compound is a blue volatile liquid. Like other nitroso compounds, it features a bent C-N=O linkage. Upon standing at room temperature, the blue liquid converts to the colourless solid that is the dimer (m.p. 74-75 \u00b0C). In solution, this dimer quickly reverts to the blue monomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160692-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane, Reactions\nIt can be used as a spin trap. This molecule traps unstable free radicals to form stable paramagnetic nitroxide radicals that can be detected and analyzed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. It is particularly useful for trapping carbon-centered tyrosyl radicals. It has also been used in organic chemistry as electrophile to transform sulfones into aldehydes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160692-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane, Reactions\nMNP is also an efficient regulator of the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate through the 'pseudoliving' chain mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160693-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-pentanol\n2-Methyl-2-pentanol (IUPAC name: 2-methylpentan-2-ol) is an organic chemical compound. It can be added to a gas chromatograph to help distinguish between branched compounds, especially alcohols. Its presence in urine can be used to test for exposure to 2-methylpentane. As with many other short-chain alcohols, 2-methyl-2-pentanol can produce intoxication and sedative effects similar to those of ethanol, though it is more irritating to mucous membranes and generally more toxic to the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160694-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol\n2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol (MPP) is a simple alkyl diol which has sedative, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects. It is both a synthetic precursor to, and an active metabolite of the tranquilizers meprobamate and carisoprodol, as well as other derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160695-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid\n2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid (or methylmalonate semialdehyde) is an intermediate in the metabolism of valine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160696-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-3-pentanol\n2-Methyl-3-pentanol (IUPAC name: 2-methylpentan-3-ol) is an organic chemical compound. It is used as a fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160698-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine\n2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (2-Methylserotonin, 2-Methyl-5-HT) is a tryptamine derivative closely related to the neurotransmitter serotonin which acts as a moderately selective full agonist at the 5-HT3 receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160699-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine\n2 -Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) is a research drug which was one of the first compounds found to act as a selective antagonist for the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR5. After being originally patented as a liquid crystal for LCDs, it was developed by the pharmaceutical company Novartis in the late 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160699-0000-0001", "contents": "2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine\nIt was found to produce neuroprotective effects following acute brain injury in animal studies, although it was unclear whether these results were purely from mGluR5 blockade as it also acts as a weak NMDA antagonist, and as a positive allosteric modulator of another subtype mGlu4, and there is also evidence for a functional interaction between mGluR5 and NMDA receptors in the same populations of neurons. It was also shown to produce antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animals, and to reduce the effects of morphine withdrawal, most likely due to direct interaction between mGluR5 and the \u03bc-opioid receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160699-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine\nThe main significance of MPEP has been as a lead compound to develop more potent and selective mGluR5 antagonists such as MTEP, but research using MPEP itself continues, and recently it was shown to reduce self-administration of nicotine, cocaine, ketamine and heroin in animals, possibly through an MPEP-induced potentiation of the rewarding effect of the self-administered drug, and MPEP was also shown to possess weak reinforcing effects by itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160700-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride\n2-Methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride is an organic acid anhydride also known as the Shiina reagent, having a structure wherein carboxylic acids undergo intermolecular dehydration condensation. It was developed in 2002 by Prof. Isamu Shiina (Tokyo University of Science, Japan). The compound is often abbreviated MNBA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160700-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride, Abstract\nThe reagent is used for synthetic reactions wherein medium- and large-sized lactones are formed from hydroxycarboxylic acids via intramolecular ring closure (Shiina macrolactonization). The reaction proceeds at room temperature under basic or neutral conditions. This reagent can be used not only for macrolactonization but also for esterification, amidation, and peptide coupling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160701-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyl-MDA\n2-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (2-methyl-MDA) is an entactogen and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine class. It acts as a selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA), with IC50 values of 93nM, 12,000nM, and 1,937nM for serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine efflux. 2-Methyl-MDA is more potent than MDA and 5-methyl-MDA. However, it is slightly more selective for serotonin over dopamine and norepinephrine release in comparison to 5-methyl-MDA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160703-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylanthraquinone\n2-Methylanthraquinone, an organic compound, is a methylated derivative of anthraquinone. An off-white solid, it is an important precursor to many dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160703-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylanthraquinone, Synthesis and reactions\nThe compound is produced by the reaction of phthalic anhydride and toluene. It can be chlorinated to give 1-chloro-2-methylanthraquinone. Nitration gives 1-nitro-2-methylanthraquinone, which can be reduced to 1-amino-2-methyl derivative. Oxidation of the methyl group gives anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160704-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbenzaldehyde\n2-Methylbenzaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4CHO. It is a colorless liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160704-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbenzaldehyde, Use and occurrence\nOf its many reactions, 2-methylbenzaldehyde undergoes BF3-induced Rothemund condensation with pyrrole to give atropoisomers of tetrakis(o-tolyl)porphyrin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160704-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbenzaldehyde, Use and occurrence\nIt is one of main benzaldehyde component of automobile exhaust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160705-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbut-3-yn-2-ol\n2-Methylbut-3-yn-2-ol is the organic compound with the formula HC2C(OH)Me2 (Me = CH3). A colorless liquid, it is classified as an alkynyl alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160705-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbut-3-yn-2-ol, Preparation and use\nIt arises from the condensation of acetylene and acetone. The addition can be promoted with base or with Lewis acid catalysts. 2-Methylbut-3-yn-2-ol is produced on an industrial scale as a precursor to terpenes and terpenoids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160705-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbut-3-yn-2-ol, Preparation and use\n2-Methylbut-3-yn-2-ol also is used as a monoprotected version of acetylene. For example, after arylation at carbon, the acetone can be removed with base:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160706-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutanoic acid\n2-Methylbutanoic acid, also known as 2-methylbutyric acid is a branched-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH(CH3)CO2H, classified as a short-chain fatty acid. It exists in two enantiomeric forms, (R)- and (S)-2-methylbutanoic acid. (R)-2-methylbutanoic acid occurs naturally in cocoa beans and (S)-2-methylbutanoic occurs in many fruits such as apples and apricots, as well as in the scent of the orchid Luisia curtisii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160706-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutanoic acid, History\n2-Methylbutanoic acid is a minor constituent of Angelica archangelica and the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), where it co-occurs with valeric acid and isovaleric acid. The dried root of this plant has been used medicinally since antiquity. The chemical identity of all three compounds was first investigated in the 19th century by oxidation of the components of fusel alcohol, which includes the five-carbon amyl alcohols. Among the products isolated was a compound which gave a (+) rotation in polarised light, indicating it to be the (2S) isomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160706-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutanoic acid, Preparation\nRacemic 2-methylbutanoic acid can readily be prepared by a Grignard reaction using 2-chlorobutane and carbon dioxide. It was the target of the first enantioselective synthesis in 1904 when the German chemist W. Marckwald heated ethyl(methyl)malonic acid with the chiral base brucine and obtained an optically active product mixture. Either enantiomer of 2-methylbutanoic acid can now be obtained by asymmetric hydrogenation of tiglic acid using a ruthenium-BINAP catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160706-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutanoic acid, Reactions\nThe compound and its enantiomers react as typical carboxylic acids: they can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives. The acid chloride is commonly used as the intermediate to obtain the others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160706-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutanoic acid, Uses\nRacemic 2-methylbutanoic acid is a slightly volatile, colorless liquid with a pungent cheesy odor. The smell differs significantly between the two enantiomeric forms. (S)-2-Methylbutyric acid has a pleasantly sweet, fruity odor while (R)-2-methylbutanoic acid has a pervasive, cheesy, sweaty odor. The main use of the materials, and their esters, is therefore as flavours and food additives. The compounds' safety in this application was reviewed by an FAO and WHO panel, who concluded that there were no concerns at the likely levels of intake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160706-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutanoic acid, Biology\nSince 2-methylbutanoic acid and its esters are natural components of many foods, they are present in mammals including humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160708-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency\n2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. It causes the body to be unable to process the amino acid isoleucine properly. Initial case reports identified individuals with developmental delay and epilepsy, however most cases identified through newborn screening have been asymptomatic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160708-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, Signs and symptoms\nSBCADD is included as a secondary target condition in most newborn screening programs, as the key analyte is the same as is used to identify isovaleric acidemia. Most cases have been Hmong individuals, who are asymptomatic. There are isolated case reports where individuals have been identified with SBCADD in addition to developmental delay and epilepsy. It is currently unclear what the complete clinical presentation of SBCADD looks like. There is some concern that these cases with additional symptoms may reflect an ascertainment bias rather than being a true representation of the clinical spectrum of the disease. Currently, there is no accepted treatment, as most affected individuals do not require any. Some recommend avoidance of valproic acid, as it can be a substrate for 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160708-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, Cause\nThe disorder is caused by a mutation in the ACADSB gene, located on the long arm of human chromosome 10 (10q25-q26). It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, which means an affected individual must inherit one copy of the mutation from each parent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160708-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, Diagnosis\nMost individuals with SBCADD are identified through newborn screening, where they present with an elevation of a five carbon acylcarnitine species. Confirmatory testing includes plasma and urine analysis to identify the carnitine and glycine conjugates of 2-methylbutyryl-CoA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160709-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyldodecane\n2-Methyldodecane, an organic compound with a chemical formula C13H28, is an isomer of tridecane. It is produced by the reaction of 1-bromodecane and diisopropyl zinc. Reaction of decylmagnesium bromide and 2-bromopropane produce 2-methyldodecane too. Another method to produce 2-methyldodecane is react 1-dodecene and trimethylaluminium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile\n2-Methylene glutaronitrile is a dimerization product of acrylonitrile and a starting material for di- and triamines, for the biocide 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile and for heterocycles, such as 3-cyanopyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Preparation\n2-Methylene glutaronitrile is a side-product in the production of hexanedinitrile which is used (after hydrogenation to 1,6-diaminohexane) as a key component for engineering polymers such as the polyamides (PA 66) or polyurethanes. Hexanedinitrile can be industrially produced by electrochemical hydrodimerisation or by catalytic dimerization of acrylonitrile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Preparation\nA catalytic tail-tail dimerization of two acrylonitrile molecules forms hexanedinitrile:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Preparation\nAlso head-to-tail dimerization can occur in the process. In the presence of tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy3) a yield of up to 77% 2-methylene glutaronitrile can be obtained:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Preparation\nMetal halides (such as zinc chloride or aluminum chloride) are used with tertiary amines (such as triethylamine) as catalysts for the dimerization. Crude yields of up to 84% are achieved. Often, significant amounts of product are lost during the work-up (e. g. extraction and  distillation) because of the tendency to polymerization of 2-methylene glutaronitrile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Preparation\nIn addition to the linear dimerization products 1,4-dicyano-2-butene and 1,4-dicyano-3-butene (obtained as cis-trans isomer mixtures) usually also other oligomers (and polymers) of acrylonitrile are formed. During the electrochemical hydrooligomerization of acrylonitrile, these are trimers, such as 1,3,6- and 1,3,5-tricyanohexane or tetramers, such as 1,3,6,8- and 1,3,5,8-tetracyanooctane. The reaction of acrylonitrile with tributylphosphine affords 2-methyleneglutaronitrile in a modest yield of about 10% after fractional distillation. The DABCO-catalyzed acrylonitrile dimerization of 2,4-dicyano-1-butene after 10 days at room temperature is with 40% yield similarly inefficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\nThe earlier patent literature describes processes for the isomerization of 2-methylene glutaronitrile to 1,4-dicyanobutenes as hexanedinitrile precursors, which became obsolete with the optimization of the electrochemical hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile to hexanedinitrile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\nIn the hydrogenation of 2-methylene glutaronitrile in the presence of palladium on carbon, hydrogen is attached to the double bond and 2-methylglutaronitrile is obtained in virtually quantitative yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\nThe hydrogenation of the nitrile groups requires more severe conditions and the presence of ammonia or amines to suppress the formation of secondary amines. This second hydrogenation step is carried out with Raney-cobalt as the hydrogenation catalyst to give 2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine in 80% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\nHydrogenation of 2-methylene glutaronitrile in the presence of ammonia with manganese-containing sodium oxide-doped cobalt catalyst (at 80 to 100\u00a0\u00b0C and pressures of 200 atm in a tubular reactor) leads to the addition of ammonia to the double bond and directly converts the compound to 2-aminomethyl-1,5-pentanediamine with yields of 66%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\nThe branched triamine can be used in epoxides and polyurethanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\n2-Methylenglutaronitrile reacts with methanamide upon catalysis with 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine (DMAP) at 60\u00a0\u00b0C in 47% yield to give 1-(N-methanoylamino)-2,4-dicyanobutane, from which \u03b1- aminomethylglutaric acid is formed by subsequent hydrolysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\nHeating 2-methyleneglutaronitrile with an alkaline ion exchanger, pyridine and water to 150\u00a0\u00b0C in an autoclave yields the lactam 5-cyano-2-piperidone in 80% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\n2-Methylene glutaronitrile can be polymerized to various homo- and copolymers via anionic polymerization with sodium cyanide, sodium in liquid ammonia or with butyllithium. However, the polymers are formed only in low yields and show unsatisfactory properties such as intrinsic viscosities and poor mechanical properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0014-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\nThe main use of 2-methyleneglutaronitrile is as starting material for the broad-spectrum biocide 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile (methyldibromo-glutaronitrile), which is formed in virtually quantitative yield by the addition of bromine to the double bond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160710-0015-0000", "contents": "2-Methyleneglutaronitrile, Use\nFrom the chlorine-analogous 2-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)pentenenitrile, 3-cyanopyridine is obtained by heating to 150\u00a0\u00b0C with tin(IV)chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160711-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylfuran\n2-Methylfuran, also known with the older name of sylvane, is a flammable, water-insoluble liquid with a chocolate odor, found naturally in Myrtle and Dutch Lavenderused as a FEMA GRAS flavoring substance, with the potential for use in alternative fuels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160711-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylfuran, Manufacture\n2-Methylfuran is an article of commerce (chemical intermediate) and is normally manufactured by catalytic hydrogenolysis of furfural alcohol or via a hydrogenation-hydrogenolysis sequence from furfural in the vapor phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile\n2-Methylglutaronitrile is the organic compound with the formula NCCH2CH2CH(CH3)CN. This dinitrile is obtained in the large-scale synthesis of adiponitrile. It is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is the starting compound for the vitamin nicotinamide and for the diester dimethyl-2-methylglutarate and the ester amide methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate, which are promoted as green solvents. 2-Methylglutaronitrile is chiral but is mainly encountered as the racemate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Occurrence and production\n2-Methylglutaronitrile is a by-product of the production of adiponitrile, the precursor of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid as building blocks for nylon 66.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Occurrence and production\nStarting from 1,3-butadiene or a butadiene-rich C4-section (> 40% by volume) from a naphtha steamcracker in the first stage a mixture of pentenenitriles is obtained through hydrocyanation (using as catalyst Ni0-phosphine [PR3] or phosphite or phosphonite [P(OR)2R]). The mixture contains mainly trans-3-pentenenitrile in addition to the isomers 2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, 4-pentenenitrile and 2-pentenenitrile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Occurrence and production\nThe mixture of monoolefinic C5 mononitriles is isomerized to 3- and 4-pentenenitrile with a hydrocyanation catalyst and a Lewis acid (such as ZnCl2). In the third step, the mixture is reacted with hydrogen cyanide to give a mixture of dinitriles which contains in addition to 2-methylglutaronitrile also adiponitrile and 2-ethylbutanedinitrile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Occurrence and production\nThe 2-methylglutaronitrile-rich fraction has hitherto been combusted as an undesired by-product of adiponitrile production, having the typical composition of about 86 wt% 2-methylglutaronitrile, 11 wt% 2-succinonitrile and 3 wt% adiponitrile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\n2-methylglutaronitrile can be converted to 3-methylpyridine (\u03b2-picoline) by partial hydrogenation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nIn addition to 3-methylpyridine, 3-methylpiperidine is obtained as a by-product from which further 3-methylpyridine can be obtained by dehydrogenation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nAmmonoxidation of 3-methylpyridine on transition metal contacts yields 3-cyanopyridine (nicotinonitrile) in yields of 95%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nHydrogenation of a solution of 2-methylglutaronitrile in ethanol in the presence of Raney cobalt at 15 bar and 100\u00a0\u00b0C yields 2-methylpentane-1,5-diamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\n2-Methylpentanediamine can be converted to 3-methylpiperidine at 300 to 400\u00a0\u00b0C on a zeolite contact and then dehydrated on a palladium contact to 3-methylpyridine, which can be converted via nicotinonitrile into nicotinamide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nThe racemic diamine can also be used for the preparation of specific polyamides and after reaction with phosgene to form 2-methylpentane diisocyanate as a reaction component in polyurethanes. Nitrilases regioselectively hydrolyze the \u03c9-nitrile group in \u03b1, \u03c9-dinitriles without detectable amide intermediate directly to the carboxyl group. 4-cyanopentanoic acid is formed in high yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nThe ammonium salt of 4-cyanopentanoic acid can be converted by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of methylamine in 1,5-dimethyl-2-piperidone, an environmentally compatible solvent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nThe hydrolysis of both nitrile groups of 2-methylglutaronitrile with e.g. 20% sodium hydroxide solution at 50\u00a0\u00b0C and subsequent acidification produces 2-methylglutaric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nStarting from 2-methylglutaronitrile the hydrolysis to 2-methylglutaric acid can also be accomplished via the 2-methylglutarimide obtained by heating a 2-methylglutaronitrile/water mixture to 275\u00a0\u00b0C in the presence of a titanium dioxide catalyst in yields of 94%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0014-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nThe reaction of 2-methylglutarimide with e.g. methanol (methanolysis) produces the diester dimethyl-2-methylglutarate in the presence of titanium dioxide or lanthanum oxide. It was commercialized as an environmentally friendly aprotic dipolar solvent under the name Rhodiasolv IRIS with the typical composition 87-89% dimethyl-2-methylglutarate, 9-11% dimethyl 2-ethylbutanedioate and 1-2% dimethyl hexanedioate as a substitute for acetone, dichloromethane, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0015-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nThe ester mixture is very similar to so-called dibasic esters, which are commercially available as FlexiSolv DBE esters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0016-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nThe diester can be selectively converted into a mixture of 1- or 5-substituted methyl ester amides with dimethylamine in methanol/sodium methoxide, which is used under the name Rhodiasolv Polarclean as formulation auxiliaries for crop protection preparations. The resulting ester amides are readily biodegradable and good solvents for a variety of different plant protection agents (such as insecticides or fungicides), also compared to the frequently used N-methylpyrrolidone, cyclohexanone or isophorone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160712-0017-0000", "contents": "2-Methylglutaronitrile, Applications\nOther esteramides are derived, e. g. from 2-methylglutaronitrile which, after alkaline hydrolysis, is converted into 2-methylglutaric acid, cyclized with acetic anhydride to give 2-methylglutaric anhydride, reacted with dimethylamine to form the monoamide, reacted to an acid chloride with thionyl chloride and formed to an ester with more hydrophobic alcohols (like butanols or cyclohexanol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160713-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylheptane\n2-Methylheptane is a branched alkane isomeric to octane. Its structural formula is (CH3)2CH(CH2)4CH3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160714-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylhexane\n2-Methylhexane (C7H16, also known as isoheptane, ethylisobutylmethane) is an isomer of heptane. It is structurally a hexane molecule with a methyl group attached to its second carbon atom. It exists in most commercially available heptane merchandises as an impurity but is usually not considered as impurity in terms of reactions since it has very similar physical and chemical properties when compared to n-heptane (straight-chained heptane).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160714-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylhexane\nBeing an alkane, 2-methylhexane is insoluble in water, but is soluble in many organic solvents, such as alcohols and ether. However, 2-methylhexane is more commonly considered as a solvent itself. Therefore, even though it is present in many commercially available heptane products, it is not considered as a destructive impurity, as heptane is usually used as a solvent. Nevertheless, by concise processes of distillation and refining, it is possible to separate 2-methylhexane from n-heptane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160714-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylhexane\nWithin a group of isomers, those with more branches tend to ignite more easily and combust more completely. Therefore, 2-methylhexane has a lower Autoignition temperature and flash point when compared to heptane. Theoretically 2-methylhexane also burns with a less sooty flame, emitting higher-frequency radiation; however, as heptane and 2-methylhexane differ by only one carbon atom, in terms of branching, both burn with a bright yellow flame when ignited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160714-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methylhexane\nCompared to n-heptane, 2-methylhexane also has lower melting and boiling points. A lower density of liquid is found in 2-Methylhexane than heptane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160714-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methylhexane\nOn the NFPA 704 scale, 2-methylhexane is listed as a reactivity level-0 chemical, along with various other alkanes. In fact, most alkanes are unreactive except in extreme conditions, such as combustion or strong sunlight. At the presence of oxygen and flame, 2-methylhexane, like heptane, combusts mostly completely into water and carbon dioxide. With UV-light and mixed with halogens in solvents, usually bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane, a substitution reaction occurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160715-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylimidazole\n2-Methylimidazole is an organic compound that is structurally related to imidazole with the chemical formula CH3C3H2N2H. It is a white or colorless solid that is highly soluble in polar organic solvents and water. It is a precursor to a range of drugs and is a ligand in coordination chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160715-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylimidazole, Synthesis and reactions\nIt is prepared by condensation of glyoxal, ammonia and acetaldehyde, a Radziszewski reaction. Nitration gives 5-nitro derivative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160715-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylimidazole, Synthesis and reactions\n2-Methylimidazole is a sterically hindered imidazole that is used to simulate the coordination of histidine to heme complexes. It can be deprotonated to make imidazolate-based coordination polymers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160715-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methylimidazole, Applications\n2-Methylimidazole is a precursor to the several members of the nitroimidazole antibiotics that are used to combat anaerobic bacterial and parasitic infections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160715-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methylimidazole, Safety\nIt has low toxicity with an LD50 (rat, oral) of 1300\u00a0mg/kg, but it is strongly irritating to the skin and eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160716-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylindole\nMethylketol or 2-methylindole is a mildly toxic and slightly flammable organic compound which occurs as a white solid which turns brown over time. It has chemical formulaC9H9N.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160716-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylindole\nMethylketol is used as an intermediate for synthesizing dyes, pigments, optical brighteners, and pharmaceuticals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160717-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylisoborneol\n2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) is an irregular monoterpene derived from the universal monoterpene precursor geranyl pyrophosphate. MIB and the irregular sesquiterpene geosmin together account for the majority of biologically-caused taste and odor outbreaks in drinking water worldwide. MIB has a distinct earthy or musty odor, which most people can easily smell. The odor detection threshold of MIB is very low, ranging from 0.002 to 0.02 micrograms per liter in water. MIB is also a factor in cork taint in winemaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160717-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylisoborneol\nMIB is produced by various blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and filamentous bacteria in the class Actinomyces, and also some other prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The main genera in the cyanobacteria that have been shown to produce MIB include Oscillatoria, Phormidium, and Planktothrix, while the main genus in the Actinomyces that produces MIB is Streptomyces. They give a musty or earthy odor that can be quite strong if an algal bloom is present. Subsequent death of the microorganisms will  release MIB that is trapped in the cells. Along with geosmin, the off flavors caused are issues in the seafood industry. This chemical is the major cause of \"muddy\" or \"dirt\" flavors in catfish and crawfish. Cyanobacteria can also produce chemical toxins that have been a problem in drinking water in some cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160718-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylmethcathinone\n2-Methylmethcathinone (2-MMC) is a recreational designer drug with stimulant effects. It is a substituted cathinone derivative, closely related to better known drugs such as 3-methylmethcathinone and 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). It was first identified in Sweden in 2014, and has subsequently been reported in other European countries such as Poland and Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160719-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylnaphthalene\nOn February 22, 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for detecting and monitoring PAHs, including 2-methylnaphthalene, in the universe. According to NASA scientists, over 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang, are abundant in the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160720-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine\n2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine is a synthetic menadione analog with vitamin K activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160720-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine\n2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine was first synthetized in 1925. In 1942 two different research groups noted the vitamin K activity of the compound. It forms a dihydrochloride salt (C11H14Cl2N2) with hydrochloric acid and one of the aforementioned research groups suggested the name vitamin K6 for the salt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160720-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine\n2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine and its dihydrochloride can be made from 2-methylnaphthalene or its close analogs. Dihydrochloride blackens without melting at about 300\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160720-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine\n4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol or its dihydrochloride have not been used as commercial medicinal forms of vitamin K unlike phylloquinone and menadione for example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160720-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine\nOral toxicity of dihydrochloride for rats is approximately the same as for 4-amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol hydrochloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160721-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyloctane\n2-Methyloctane is a branched alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C9H20. It is a colorless, flammable liquid", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160721-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyloctane, Combustion reactions\n2-Methyloctane burns in the same way as other alkanes. Where there is enough oxygen, nonane burns to form water and carbon dioxide, so 2-methyloctane would do the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160721-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methyloctane, Combustion reactions\nWhen insufficient oxygen is present for complete combustion, carbon monoxide is produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160722-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpentamethylenediamine\n2-Methylpentamethylenediamine is an organic compound part of the amine family with the formula H2NCH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)CCH2NCH2. A colorless liquid, this diamine is obtained by the hydrogenation of 2-methylglutaronitrile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160722-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpentamethylenediamine, Uses\n2-Methylpentamethylenediamine serves as a curing agent. It gives good adhesion for metals and resistance against corrosion and other chemicals. It provides toughness, low blush, uniform finish, high gloss, and improves UV stability. It reduces gel time and is compatible with epoxy resins. It is suitable for marine, industrial, and decorative coatings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160722-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpentamethylenediamine, Uses\n2-Methylpentamethylenediamine can also be used as a chain extender for polyurethane applications. Its derivatives like aspartic esters, secondary amines,  aldimines and ketoimines serve as curatives in systems of polyurea. In polyamides, 2-Methylpentamethylenediamine acts as a crystallinity disruptor. This makes polymers amorphous in structure and slows down crystallization. It lowers melting point, improves surface appearance, increases abrasion resistance, and dye uptake. It also reduces water absorption,  gelling, melt and quench temperatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160722-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpentamethylenediamine, Hazards\nEven though 2-Methylpentamethylenediamine has many uses, it also has many hazards. It can cause burns, is corrosive to skin, harmful when swallowed, and it can cause pulmonary edema and acute pneumonitis when inhaled in high concentrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160723-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpentane\n2-Methylpentane, trivially known as isohexane, is a branched-chain alkane with the molecular formula C6H14. It is a structural isomer of hexane composed of a methyl group bonded to the second carbon atom in a pentane chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160724-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylphenethylamine\n2-Methylphenethylamine (2MPEA) is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C9H13N. 2MPEA is a human trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist, a property which it shares with its monomethylated phenethylamine isomers, such as amphetamine (\u03b1-methylphenethylamine), \u03b2-methylphenethylamine, and N-methylphenethylamine (a trace amine).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160724-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylphenethylamine\nVery little data, even on toxicity, is available about its effects on humans other than that it activates the human TAAR1 receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160725-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpyridine\n2-Methylpyridine, or 2-picoline, is the compound described with formula C6H7N. 2-Picoline is a colorless liquid that has an unpleasant odor similar to pyridine. It is mainly used to make vinylpyridine and the agrichemical nitrapyrin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160725-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpyridine, Synthesis\n2-Picoline was the first pyridine compound reported to be isolated in pure form. It was isolated from coal tar in 1846 by T. Anderson. This chemistry was practiced by Reilly Industries in Indianapolis. It is now mainly produced by two principal routes, the condensation of acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and ammonia and the cyclization of nitriles and acetylene. One example of such reaction is the combination of acetaldehyde and ammonia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160725-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpyridine, Reactions\nMost of the reactions of picoline are centered on the methyl group. For example, the principal use of 2-picoline is as a precursor of 2-vinylpyridine. The conversion is achieved by condensation with formaldehyde:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160725-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpyridine, Reactions\nThe copolymer of 2-vinylpyridine, butadiene and styrene is used as an adhesive for textile tire cord. 2-Picoline is also a precursor to the agrichemical, nitrapyrin, which prevents loss of ammonia from fertilizers. Oxidation by potassium permanganate affords picolinic acid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160725-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpyridine, Reactions, Biodegradation\nLike other pyridine derivatives, 2-methylpyridine is often reported as an environmental contaminant associated with facilities processing oil shale or coal, and has also been found at legacy wood treatment sites. The compound is readily degradable by certain microorganisms, such as Arthrobacter sp. strain R1 (ATTC strain number 49987), which was isolated from an aquifer contaminated with a complex mixture of pyridine derivatives. Arthrobacter and closely related Actinobacteria are often found associated with degradation of pyridine derivatives and other nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. 2-methypyridine and 4-methypyridine are more readily degraded and exhibit less volatilization loss from environmental samples than does 3-methypyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160725-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpyridine, Uses\n2-Methylpyridine is an intermediate used in the production of some pharmaceutical drugs including amprolium, picoplatin, dimethindene, and encainide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160725-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Methylpyridine, Toxicity\nLike most alkylpyridines, the LD50 of 2-methylpyridine is modest, being 790\u00a0mg/kg (oral, rat).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160726-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylsuccinic acid\n2-Methylsuccinic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH(CH3)CH2CO2H. A white solid, it is the simplest chiral dicarboxylic acid. It is a recurring component of urban aerosols. Salts and esters of 2-methylsuccinic acid are called 2-methylsuccinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160726-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylsuccinic acid, Preparation\nIt can be prepared by partial hydrogenation of itaconic acid over Raney nickel. Alternatively, hydrocyanation of ethyl crotonate affords an intermediate, which converts to 2-methylsuccinic acid after hydrolysis of the ester and nitrile substituents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160727-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydrofuran\n2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H10O. It is a highly flammable, mobile liquid. It is mainly used as a replacement for Tetrahydrofuran (THF) in specialized applications for its better performance, such as to obtain higher reaction temperatures, or easier separations (as, unlike THF, it is not miscible with water). It is derived from sugars via furfural and is occasionally touted as a biofuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160727-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Structures and  properties\n2-Methyltetrahydrofuran is \"inversely soluble\" in water. That is, its solubility decreases with increasing temperature, which is a rare property. Much like tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran can act as a Lewis base in organometallic reactions. 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran is usually produced as a racemic mixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160727-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Preparation\nFurfural is produced by the acid-catalyzed digestion of pentosan sugars, C5 polysaccharides, in biomass. Thus, the raw materials of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran are renewable biomass rich with cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, such as corncobs or bagasse and other plant and agricultural waste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160727-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Preparation\n2-Methyltetrahydrofuran can also be produced starting from levulinic acid. Cyclization and reduction gives \u03b3-valerolactone:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160727-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Preparation\n\u03b3-Valerolactone can be hydrogenated to 1,4-pentanediol, which can then be dehydrated to give 2-methyltetrahydrofuran:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160727-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Applications\n2-Methyltetrahydrofuran is mainly used as a higher boiling substitute for tetrahydrofuran as a specialty solvent. It also is used in the electrolyte formulation for secondary lithium electrodes and as a component in alternative fuels. It is a valued solvent for low-temperature reactions. 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran forms a glass, which does not crystallize, and is frequently used as a solvent for spectroscopic studies at \u2212196\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160727-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Applications\nOther common uses of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran is as a solvent for Grignard reagents used in organometallic and biphasic chemical processes, because of the oxygen atom's ability to coordinate to the magnesium ion component of the Grignard reagent, or to azeotropically dry products. The use of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran provides very clean organic water phase separations. It is a popular, but costlier substitute for tetrahydrofuran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160727-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Applications\n2-Methyltetrahydrofuran  is approved by the United States Department of Energy as an additive to gasoline. Furfural and other furyl compounds (furfuryl alcohol, methylfuran, tetrahydrofufuryl alcohol) have a tendency to polymerize and are quite volatile. 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran itself, however, is more stable and less volatile, and thus is suitable for use as a motor fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160727-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydrofuran, Applications\n2-Methyltetrahydrofuran has been promoted as an ecologically-friendly alternative to THF. Whereas 2-MeTHF is more expensive, it may provide for greater overall process economy. 2 -MeTHF has solvating properties that are intermediate between diethyl ether and THF, has limited water miscibility, and forms an azeotrope with water on distillation. Its lower melting point makes it useful for lower temperature reactions, and its higher boiling point allows procedures under reflux at higher temperatures (relative to THF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160728-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltetrahydroquinoline\n2-Methyltetrahydroquinoline is one of the methyl-substituted derivatives of tetrahydroquinoline. A colorless oil, it is a chiral compound owing to the presence of the methyl substituent. It is produced by the hydrogenation of quinaldine. It is of interest in medicinal chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160729-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylthioethylamine\n2-Methylthioethylamine is the organosulfur compound with the formula CH3SCH2CH2NH2. It is a colorless liquid. It can be viewed as the product of S-methylation of cysteamine or decarboxylation of S-methylcysteine. The compound is a ligand and, via Schiff base condensations, a ligand precursor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160730-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylthiophene\n2-Methylthiophene is an organosulfur compound with the formula CH3C4H3S. It is a colorless, flammable liquid. It can be produced by Wolff-Kishner reduction of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160731-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methyltridecane\n2-Methyltridecane is an organic compound with chemical formula C14H30. It is an isomer of tetradecane. It can be produced by reducing 2,2-dimethyl-3-decylthiirane. Metallic lanthanum in tetrahydrofuran can reduce 2-iodo-2-methyltridecane into 2-methyltridecane. In this reaction, the byproducts include 12,12,13,13-tetramethyltetracosane and some alkenes. Adding hydrogen to 13-bromo-2-methyldecan-2-ol  can produce some 2-methyltridecane. This reaction is catalyzed by Raney nickel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160732-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Methylundecanal\n2-Methylundecanal is an organic compound that is found naturally in kumquat peel oil. This compound smells herbaceous, orange, and ambergris-like. At high dilution it has a flavor similar to honey and nuts. It is a colorless or pale yellow liquid that is soluble in organic solvents such as ether and ethanol. It is used as a fragrance component in soaps, detergents, and perfumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160732-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Methylundecanal, Preparation\nThe first synthesis of 2-methylundecanal was recorded by Georges Darzens in 1904 from methyl nonyl ketone and ethyl chloroacetate. This method of synthesis can be used to produce a variety of aldehydes and became known as the Darzens reaction and is still used today. 2-Methylundecanal is synthesized in industry by two main routes. The first route, like Darzens, involves converting methyl nonyl ketone to its glycidate by allowing it to react with alkyl chloroacetate. The glycidate then undergoes saponification followed by decarboxylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160732-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Methylundecanal, Preparation\nThe second method for the synthesis of 2-methylundecanal begins with the conversion of undecanal to 2-methyleneundecanal by allowing it to react with formaldehyde in the presence of base. The 2-methyleneundecanal is then hydrogenated to give 2-methylundecanal. The required undecanal is generated from 1-decene by hydroformylation. The resulting solution is over 50% 2-methyleneundecanal. The double bond of this compound is hydrogenated and the resulting 2-methylundecanal is separated from the by-products using fractional distillation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160732-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Methylundecanal, Chirality\nThe enantiomers can be synthesized with high enantiomeric purity using the SAMP/ RAMP hydrazone method. This process involves starting with simple achiral aldehydes and converting them to their SAMP hydrazones then obtaining the corresponding chiral hydrazones using RAMP as a chiral auxiliary. The chiral hydrazones are then metalated with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) and alkylated with a slight excess of dimethyl sulfate. Testing of the enantiomers by a professional perfumer indicated only a slight difference in odor quality and intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160732-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Methylundecanal, Applications\n2-Methylundecanal is used widely as a fragrance element in soaps and detergents as well as in the perfume industry to give conifer notes, fir in particular, but is also used in fantasy compositions. This aldehyde was one of the first synthetics to be used in a prestigious perfume, namely Chanel No. 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160733-0000-0000", "contents": "2-NBDG\n2-NBDG is a fluorescent tracer used for monitoring glucose uptake into living cells; it consists of a glucosamine molecule substituted with a 7-nitrobenzofurazan fluorophore at its amine group. It is widely referred to a fluorescent derivative of glucose, and it is used in cell biology to visualize uptake of glucose by cells. Cells that have taken up the compound fluoresce green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160733-0001-0000", "contents": "2-NBDG\n2-NBDG is similar to radiolabeled glucose in that both can be used to detect glucose transport. Unlike radiolabeled glucose, 2-NBDG is compatible with fluorescence techniques such as a fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorimetry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160733-0002-0000", "contents": "2-NBDG\nThe compound is taken up by a variety of mammalian, plant, and microbial cells   In mammalian cells, one transporter for 2-NBDG is GLUT2. In bacterial cells, the predominant transporter is the mannose phosphotransferase system. Cells that lack these or other compatible transporters do not take up 2-NBDG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160733-0003-0000", "contents": "2-NBDG\nLike glucose, 2-NBDG is transported according to Michaelis\u2013Menten kinetics. However, transport of 2-NBDG has a lower Vmax  (maximum rate), and thus the rate of transport is generally slower than glucose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160733-0004-0000", "contents": "2-NBDG\nOnce taken up, the compound is metabolized to a non-fluorescent derivative, as shown in Escherichia coli. The identity and further metabolism of this non-fluorescent derivative has not been established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160734-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthalenethiol\n2-Naphthalenethiol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C10H7SH. It is a white solid. It is one of two monothiols of naphthalene, the other being 1-naphthalenethiol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160734-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthalenethiol, Synthesis and reactions\n2-Naphthalenethiol is prepared from 2-naphthol by the Newman\u2013Kwart rearrangement using the thiocarbamate. It undergoes lithiation at the 1 and 3-position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160735-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthoic acid\n2-Naphthoic acid is an organic compound of the formula C10H7CO2H. It is one of two isomeric carboxylic acid derivatives of naphthalene, the other one being 1-naphthoic acid. It can be prepared by carboxylation of 1-chloronaphthalene. Its pKa is 4.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160736-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthol\n2-Naphthol, or \u03b2-naphthol, is a fluorescent colorless (or occasionally yellow) crystalline solid with the formula C10H7OH. It is an isomer of 1-naphthol, differing by the location of the hydroxyl group on the naphthalene ring. The naphthols are naphthalene homologues of phenol, but more reactive. Both isomers are soluble in simple alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. 2-Naphthol is a widely used intermediate for the production of dyes and other compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160736-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthol, Production\nTraditionally, 2-naphthol is produced by a two-step process that begins with the sulfonation of naphthalene in sulfuric acid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160736-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthol, Production\nThe sulfonic acid group is then cleaved in molten sodium hydroxide:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160736-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthol, Production\n2-Naphthol can also be produced by a method analogous to the cumene process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160736-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthol, 2-Naphthol-derived dyes\nThe Sudan dyes are popular dyes noted for being soluble in organic solvents. Several of the Sudan dyes are derived from 2-naphthol by coupling with diazonium salts. Sudan dyes I -IV and Sudan Red G consist of arylazo-substituted naphthols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160736-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthol, Reactions\n2-Naphthol reacts to form BINOL, a C2-symmetric ligand popularized for use in asymmetric catalysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160736-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthol, Reactions\n2-Naphthol converts to 2-naphthalenethiol via reaction with dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride via the Newman-Kwart rearrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160736-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthol, Safety\nNaphthols (both 1 and 2 isomers) are used as biomarkers for livestock and humans exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160737-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthylamine\n2-Naphthylamine is one of two isomeric aminonaphthalenes, compounds with the formula C10H7NH2. It is a colorless solid, but samples take on a reddish color in air because of oxidation. It was formerly used to make azo dyes, but it is a known carcinogen and has largely been replaced by less toxic compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160737-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthylamine, Preparation\n2-Naphthylamine is prepared by heating 2-naphthol with ammonium zinc chloride to 200-210\u00a0\u00b0C, the Bucherer reaction. Its acetyl derivative can be obtained by heating 2-naphthol with ammonium acetate to 270-280\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160737-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthylamine, Reactions\nIt gives no color with iron(III) chloride. When reduced by sodium in boiling amyl alcohol solution, it forms tetrahydro-3-naphthylamine, which exhibits the properties of the aliphatic amines in that it is strongly alkaline in reaction, has an ammoniacal odor and cannot be diazotized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160737-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthylamine, Reactions\nNumerous sulfonic acid derivatives of 2-naphthylamine are used in commerce, such as precursors to dyes. Owing to the carcinogenicity of the amine, these derivatives are mainly prepared by amination of the corresponding naphthols. Of them, the \u03b4-acid and Bronner's acid are of more value technically, since they combine with ortho-tetrazoditolyl to produce fine red dye-stuffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160737-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthylamine, Reactions\n2-Naphthylamine was previously used as a dye precursor and rubber antioxidant in the 1930s, 40s and 50s. Dupont stopped using it in the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160737-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthylamine, Role in disease\n2-Naphthylamine is found in cigarette smoke and suspected to contribute to the development of bladder cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160737-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Naphthylamine, Role in disease\nIt is activated in the liver but quickly deactivated by conjugation to glucuronic acid. In the bladder, glucuronidase re-activates it by deconjugation, which leads to the development of bladder cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160738-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nitroaniline\n2-Nitroaniline is an organic compound with the formula H2NC6H4NO2. It is a derivative of aniline, carrying a nitro functional group in position 2. It is mainly used as a precursor to o-phenylenediamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160738-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Nitroaniline, Synthesis\n2-Nitroaniline is prepared commercially by the reaction of 2-nitrochlorobenzene with ammonia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160738-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Nitroaniline, Synthesis\nMany other methods exist for the synthesis of this compound. Direct nitration of aniline is inefficient since anilinium is produced instead. Nitration of acetanilide gives only traces of 2-nitro isomer is obtained due to the great steric effect of the amide. Sulfonation is usually used to block the 4 position and increases the effectiveness to 56%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160738-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Nitroaniline, Uses and reactions\n2-Nitroaniline is the main precursor to phenylenediamines, which are converted to benzimidazoles, a family of heterocycles that are key components in pharmaceuticals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160738-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Nitroaniline, Uses and reactions\nAside from its reduction to phenylenediamine, 2-nitroaniline undergoes other reactions anticipated for aromatic amines. It is protonated to give the anilinium salts. Owing to the influence of the nitro substituent, the amine exhibits a basicity nearly 100,000x lower than aniline itself. Diazotization gives diazonium derivative, which is a precursor to some diazo dyes. Acetylation affords 2-nitroacetanilide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160739-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrobenzaldehyde\n2-Nitrobenzaldehyde is an organic aromatic compound containing a nitro group ortho to formyl. 2 -Nitrobenzaldehyde once was produced as an intermediate in the synthesis of the popular dye Indigo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160739-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Synthesis\nThe main routes to nitrobenzaldehyde begin with the nitration of styrene and cinnamic acid followed by the conversions of the resulting  2-nitrostyrene and 2-nitrocinnamic acids. Cinnamaldehyde can also be nitrated, e.g., in a solution of acetic anhydride in acetic acid, in high-yield to 2-nitrocinnamaldehyde. This compound is then oxidized to 2-nitrocinnamic acid, which is decarboxylated to the 2-nitrostyrene. The vinyl group can be oxidized in a number of different ways to yield 2-nitrobenzaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160739-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Synthesis\nIn one synthetic process, toluene is mono-nitrated at cold temperatures to 2-nitrotoluene, with about 58% being converted to the ortho- isomer, the remaining forming meta- and para- isomers. The 2-nitrotoluene can then be oxidized to yield 2-nitrobenzaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160739-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Synthesis\nAlternatively, 2-nitrotoluene as formed above can be halogenated to a 2-nitrobenzyl halide followed by oxidation with DMSO and sodium bicarbonate to yield 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, which is subsequently purified with the creation of a bisulfite adduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160739-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Synthesis\nThe nitration of benzaldehyde produces mostly 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, with yields being about 19% for the ortho-, 72% for the meta- and 9% for the para isomer. For this reason, the nitration of benzaldehyde to yield 2-nitrobenzaldehyde is not cost-effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160739-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Uses\n2-Nitrobenzaldehyde is an intermediate in an early route to indigo, a water-insoluble dye commonly used to dye jeans and other fabrics. In the Baeyer-Drewson indigo synthesis, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde condenses with acetone in basic aqueous solution to yield indigo in a one-pot synthesis. The method was abandoned in the early part of the 20th century, being replaced by routes from aniline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160739-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Uses\nGiven its two relatively reactive groups, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde is a potential starting material for other compounds. Substituted 2-nitrobenzaldehydes can also be used to yield other important compounds based on indigo, such as indigo carmine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160739-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Uses\n2-Nitrobenzaldehyde has been shown to be a useful photoremovable protecting group for various functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160740-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrobenzoic acid\n2-Nitrobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NO2)CO2H. It is prepared by oxidation of 2-nitrotoluene with nitric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160741-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrochlorobenzene\n2-Nitrochlorobenzene is an organic compound with the formula ClC6H4NO2. It is one of three isomeric nitrochlorobenzenes. It is a yellow crystalline solid that is important as a precursor to other compounds due to its two functional groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160741-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrochlorobenzene, Synthesis\nNitrochlorobenzene is typically synthesized by nitration of chlorobenzene in the presence of sulfuric acid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160741-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrochlorobenzene, Synthesis\nThis reaction affords a mixture of isomers. Using an acid ratio of 30/56/14, the product mix is typically 34-36% 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 63-65% 4-nitrochlorobenzene, with only about 1% 3-nitrochlorobenzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160741-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrochlorobenzene, Reactions\nAlkylation and electrophilic aromatic substitution can occur at the chlorinated carbon center, and a diverse array of reactions can be carried out using the nitro group. 2 -Nitrochlorobenzene can be reduced to the 2-chloroaniline with Fe/HCl mixture, the Bechamp reduction. Treatment of 2-nitrochlorobenzene with sodium methoxide gives 2-nitroanisole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160741-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrochlorobenzene, Applications\n2-Nitrochlorobenzene is not valuable in itself but is a precursor to other useful compounds. The compound is particularly useful because both of its reactive sites can be utilized to create further compounds that are mutually ortho. Its derivative 2-chloroaniline is a precursor to 3,3\u2019-dichlorobenzidine, itself a precursor to many dyes and pesticides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160742-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde\n2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde, ortho-nitrocinnamaldehyde or o-nitrocinnamaldehyde is an organic aromatic compound containing a nitro group ortho- to the 1-position of cinnamaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160742-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde, Synthesis\n2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde can be synthesized by dissolving cinnamaldehyde to a solution of acetic anhydride in acetic acid, and adding a stoichiometric amount of concentrated nitric acid at 0\u20135\u00a0\u00b0C. Yields are around 36-46% of theoretical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160742-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde, Synthesis\nNitration of cinnamaldehyde via acidification of a nitrate salt with H2SO4 also yields the ortho-nitro compound, however it also yields some of the para-nitro compound, which is generally undesired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160742-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde, Synthesis\n2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde can also be prepared by reacting 2-nitrobenzaldehyde with acetaldehyde in a condensation reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160742-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde, Uses\n2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde can be oxidized to 2-nitrocinnamic acid which can be used in the Baeyer-Emmerling indole synthesis to produce indole and substituted indoles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160743-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrodiphenylamine\n2-Nitrodiphenylamine, also called NDPA, 2-NDPA, 2NO2DPA, Sudan Yellow 1339, C.I. 10335, CI 10335, phenyl 2-nitrophenylamine, 2-nitro-N-phenylaniline, or N-phenyl-o-nitroaniline, is an organic chemical, a nitrated aromatic amine, a derivate of diphenylamine. Its chemical formula is C12H10N2O2, or C6H5NHC6H4NO2. It is a red crystalline solid, usually in form of flakes or powder, with melting point of 74-76 \u00b0C and boiling point of 346 \u00b0C. It is polar but hydrophobic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160743-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrodiphenylamine\n2-Nitrodiphenylamine is used as a stabilizer for synthetic rubbers, explosives, propellants (e.g. in Otto fuel II, smokeless powders, in some US Army double-base propellants in solid rockets, and in other applications involving nitric acid esters), plastics, and lubricants. It is also an intermediate for organic synthesis, and a civilian solvent dye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160743-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrodiphenylamine\nIn some explosives, it is used to control the explosion. One of its major uses is to control the explosion rate of propylene glycol dinitrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160743-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrodiphenylamine\nAs a stabilizer, its major role is to eliminate the acidic nitrates and nitrogen oxides produced by gradual decomposition of nitric acid esters, which would otherwise autocatalyze further decomposition. Its amount is usually 1-2% of the mixture; higher amounts than 2% degrade the propellant's ballistic properties. The amount of the stabilizer depletes with time; remaining content of less than 0.5% (with initial 2% content) requires increased surveillance of the munition, with less than 0.2% warranting immediate disposal, as the depletion of the stabilizer may lead to autoignition of the propellant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160743-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrodiphenylamine\nOther stabilizers of a similar nature are 4-nitrodiphenylamine, N-nitrosodiphenylamine. While N-methyl-p-nitroaniline(MNA also used in IMX-101), and diphenylamine(DPA) are more commonly employed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160744-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrofluorene\n2-Nitrofluorene is a by-product of combustion and is a nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (fluorene). 2 -Nitrofluorene is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, indicating it is possibly carcinogenic to humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160745-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nitropropane\n2-Nitropropane (2-NP) is a solvent. It is a colorless liquid and is classified as a nitro compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160745-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Nitropropane, Preparation\n2-Nitropropane is produced by the high-temperature vapor-phase nitration of propane, usually with impurities of 1-nitropropane. 2-Nitropropane is also produced as a volatile by-product that can be captured during Leonard's ring-closure hydantoin preparation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160745-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Nitropropane, Uses\n2-Nitropropane is used as a solvent or additive in inks, paints, adhesives, varnishes, polymers, resins, fuel, and coatings. It is also used as a feedstock for other industrial chemicals, and also in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals such as phentermine, chlorphentermine, and teclozan. It serves as an oxidant in the Hass\u2013Bender oxidation process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160745-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Nitropropane, Safety\n2-Nitropropane  is a constituent of tobacco smoke. Based on studies in animals, it is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and it is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160746-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrotoluene\n2-Nitrotoluene or ortho-nitrotoluene is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4NO2. It is pale yellow liquid that crystallizes in two forms, called \u03b1 (\u22129.27 \u00b0C) and \u03b2 (\u22123.17 \u00b0C). It is mainly a precursor to o-toluidine, which is an intermediate in the production of various dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160746-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrotoluene, Synthesis and reactions\nIt is made by nitrating toluene at above -10\u00a0\u00b0C. This reaction affords a 2:1 mixture of 2-nitro and 4-nitro isomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160746-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrotoluene, Synthesis and reactions\nChlorination of 2-nitrotoluene gives two isomers of the chloronitrotoluenes. Similarly nitration gives two isomers of dinitrotoluene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160746-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Nitrotoluene, Synthesis and reactions\n2-Nitrotolune is mainly consumed in the production of o-toluidine, a precursor to dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160747-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nonanol\n2-Nonanol is a simple alcohol. It has the odor of cucumber, and has been identified in oysters. It is used by several insects as pheromones. It is commercially available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160748-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Nonenal\n2-Nonenal is an unsaturated aldehyde. The colorless liquid is an important aroma component of aged beer and buckwheat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160748-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Nonenal, Odor characteristics\nThe odor of this substance is perceived as orris, fat and cucumber. Its odor has been associated with human body odor alterations during aging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation\nIn organic chemistry, the term 2-norbornyl cation (or 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl cation) describes one of the three carbocations formed from derivatives of norbornane. Though 1-norbornyl and 7-norbornyl cations have been studied, the most extensive studies and vigorous debates have been centered on the exact structure of the 2-norbornyl cation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation\nThe 2-norbornyl cation has been formed from a variety of norbornane derivatives and reagents. First reports of its formation and reactivity published by Saul Winstein sparked controversy over the nature of its bonding, as he invoked a three-center two-electron bond to explain the stereoselectivity of the resulting product. Herbert C. Brown challenged this assertion on the grounds that classical resonance structures could explain the stereospecificity without needing to adapt a new perspective of bonding. Both researchers' views had its supporters, and dozens of scientists contributed ingeniously designed experiments to provide evidence for one viewpoint or the other. Over time, the dispute became increasingly bitter and acrimonious, and the debate took on a personal or ad hominem character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation\nEvidence of the non-classical nature of the 2-norbornyl cation grew over the course of several decades, mainly through spectroscopic data gathered using methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Crystallographic confirmation of its non-classical nature did not come until 2013. Although most chemists now agree that 2-norbornyl cation itself is non-classical, it is also widely recognized that the energetic landscape for carbocations tends to be \"flat\", with many potential structures differing only minutely in energy. Certainly, not all bicyclic carbocations are non-classical; the energy difference between classical and non-classical structures is often delicately balanced. Thus, certain alkyl-substituted 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl cations are now known to adopt classical structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation\nThe nature of bonding in the 2-norbornyl cation incorporated many new ideas into the field\u2019s understanding of chemical bonds. Similarities can be seen between this cation and others, such as boranes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory\nThe nature of bonding in the 2-norbornyl cation was the center of a vigorous, well-known debate in the chemistry community through the middle of the twentieth century. While the majority of chemists believed that a three-center two-electron bond best depicted its ground state electronic structure, others argued that all data concerning the 2-norbornyl cation could be explained by depicting it as a rapidly equilibrating pair of cations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory\nAt the height of the debate, all chemists agreed that the delocalized picture of electron bonding could be applied to the 2-norbornyl cation. But this did not answer the fundamental question on which the debate hinged. Researchers continued to search for novel ways to determine whether the three-centered delocalized picture described a low-energy transition state (saddle point on the multidimensional potential energy surface) or a potential energy minimum in its own right. Proponents of the \"classical\" picture believed that the system was best described by a double-well potential with a very low barrier, while those in the \"non-classical\" camp envisioned the delocalized electronic state to describe a single potential energy well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory, Hypovalency: the non-classical picture\nAdvocates of the non-classical nature of the stable 2-norbornyl cation typically depict the species using either resonance structures or a single structure with partial bonds (see Figure 2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0006-0001", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory, Hypovalency: the non-classical picture\nThis hypovalent interaction can be imagined as the net effect of i) a partial sigma bond between carbons 1 and 6, ii) a partial sigma bond between carbons 2 and 6, and iii) a partial pi bond between carbons 1 and 2. Each partial bond is represented as a full bond in one of the three resonance structures or as a dashed partial bond if the cation is depicted through a single structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory, Hypovalency: the non-classical picture\nThere has been some debate over how much the pi-bonded resonance structure actually contributes to the delocalized electronic structure. Through 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, it has been confirmed that little positive charge lies on methylene carbon 6. This is unsurprising as primary carbocations are much less stable than secondary carbocations. However, the 2-norbornyl cation can be formed from derivatives of \u03b2-(\u03943-cyclopentenyl)-ethane, indicating that the pi-bonded resonance structure is significant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory, Hypovalency: the non-classical picture\nThe 2-norbornyl cation was one of the first examples of a non-classical ion. Non -classical ions can be defined as organic cations in which electron density of a filled bonding orbital is shared over three or more centers and contains some sigma-bond character. The 2-norbornyl cation is seen as the prototype for non-classical ions. Other simple cations such as protonated acetylene (ethynium, C2H+3), protonated ethylene (ethenium, C2H+5), and protonated ethane (ethanium, C2H+7) have been shown to be best described as non-classical through infrared spectroscopy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory, Hypovalency: the non-classical picture\nThe most frequently proposed molecular orbital depiction of the 2-norbornyl cation is shown in Figure 3. Two p-type orbitals, one on each of carbons 1 and 2, interact with a sp3-hybridized orbital on carbon 6 to form the hypovalent bond. Extended H\u00fcckel Theory calculations for the 2-norbornyl cation suggest that the orbital on carbon 6 could instead be sp2-hybridized, though this only affects the geometry of the geminal hydrogens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory, Rapid equilibrium: the classical picture\nAccording to proponents of a classical double-well potential, the 2-norbornyl cation exists in dynamic equilibrium between two enantiomeric asymmetric structures. The delocalized species central to the non-classical picture is merely a transition state between the two structures. Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements are invoked as the mechanism that converts between the two enantiomers (see Figure 4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory, Rapid equilibrium: the classical picture\nEfforts to isolate the asymmetric species spectroscopically are typically unsuccessful. The major reason for this failure is reported to be extremely rapid forward and reverse reaction rates, which indicate a very low potential barrier for interconversion between the two enantiomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Theory, Nortricyclonium: another non-classical structure\nSome chemists have also considered the 2-norbornyl cation to be best represented by the nortricylconium ion, a C3-symmetric protonated nortricyclene. This depiction was first invoked to partially explain results of a 14C isotope scrambling experiment. The molecular orbital representation of this structure involves an in-phase interaction between sp2-hybridized orbitals from carbons 1, 2 and 6 and the 1s atomic orbital on a shared hydrogen atom (see Figure 5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Non-classical ions\nNon -classical ions differ from traditional cations in their electronic structure: though chemical bonds are typically depicted as the sharing of electrons between two atoms, stable non-classical ions can contain three or more atoms that share a single pair of electrons. In 1939, Thomas Nevell and others attempted to elucidate the mechanism for transforming camphene hydrochloride into isobornyl chloride. In one of the proposed reaction mechanisms depicted in the paper, the positive charge of an intermediate cation was not assigned to a single atom but rather to the structure as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0013-0001", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Non-classical ions\nThis was later cited by opponents of the non-classical description as the first time that a non-classical ion was invoked. However, the term \"non-classical ion\" did not explicitly appear in the chemistry literature until over a decade later, when it was used to label delocalized bonding in a pyramidal, butyl cation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0014-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Non-classical ions\nThe term synartetic ion was also invoked to describe delocalized bonding in stable carbocations before the term non-classical ion was in widespread use. The first users of this term commented on the striking similarity between bonding in these types of cations and bonding in borohydrides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0015-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, First non-classical proposals\nIn 1949, Saul Winstein observed that 2-exo-norbornyl brosylate (p-bromobenzenesulfonate) and 2-endo-norbornyl tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate) gave a racemic mixture of the same product, 2-exo-norbornyl acetate, upon acetolysis (see Figure 6). Since tosylates and brosylates work equally well as leaving groups, he concluded that both the 2-endo and 2-exo substituted norbornane must be going through a common cationic intermediate with a dominant exo reactivity. He reported that this intermediate was most likely a symmetric, delocalized 2-norbornyl cation. It was later shown via vapor phase chromatography that the amount of the endo epimer of product produced was less than 0.02%, proving the high stereoselectivity of the reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0016-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, First non-classical proposals\nWhen a single enantiomer of 2-exo-norbornyl brosylate undergoes acetolysis, no optical activity is seen in the resulting 2-exo-norbornyl acetate (see Figure 7). Under the non-classical description of the 2-norbornyl cation, the plane of symmetry present (running through carbons 4, 5, and 6) allow equal access to both enantiomers of the product, resulting in the observed racemic mixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0017-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, First non-classical proposals\nIt was also observed that the 2-exo-substituted norbornanes reacted 350 times faster than the corresponding endo isomers. Anchimeric assistance of the sigma bond between carbons 1 and 6 was rationalized as the explanation for this kinetic effect. Importantly, the invoked anchimeric assistance led many chemists to postulate that the energetic stability of the 2-norbornyl cation was directly due to the symmetric, bridged structure invoked in the non-classical explanation. However, some other authors offered alternative explanations for the high stability without invoking a non-classical structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0018-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, First non-classical proposals\nIn 1951, it was first suggested that the 2-norbornyl cation could actually be better described when viewed as a nortricyclonium ion. It has been shown that the major product formed from an elimination reaction of the 2-norbornyl cation is nortricyclene (not norbornene), but this has been claimed to support both non-classical ion postulates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0019-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Herbert C. Brown: a dissenting view\nHerbert C. Brown did not believe that it was necessary to invoke a new type of bonding in stable intermediates to explain the interesting reactivity of the 2-norbornyl cation. Criticizing many chemists for disregarding past explanations of reactivity, Brown argued that all of the aforementioned information about the 2-norbornyl cation could be explained using simple steric effects present in the norbornyl system. Given that an alternative explanation using a rapidly equilibrating pair of ions for describing the 2-norbornyl cation was valid, he saw no need to invoke a stable, non-classical depiction of bonding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0019-0001", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Herbert C. Brown: a dissenting view\nInvoking stable non-classical ions was becoming commonplace; Brown felt that this was not only unwarranted but also counterproductive for the field of chemistry as a whole. Indeed, many papers reporting stable non-classical ions were later retracted for being unrealistic or incorrect. After publishing this controversial view in 1962, Brown began a quest to find experimental evidence incompatible with the delocalized picture of bonding in the 2-norbornyl cation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0020-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Herbert C. Brown: a dissenting view\nBrown also worked to prove the instability of a delocalized electronic structure for the 2-norbornyl cation. If the non-classical ion could be proven to be higher in energy than the corresponding classical ion pair, the non-classical ion would only be seen as a transition state between the two asymmetric cations. Though he did not rule out the possibility of a delocalized transition state Brown continued to reject the proposed reflectional symmetry of the 2-norbornyl cation, even late in his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0021-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Impact\nThe introduction of the three-centered two-electron delocalized bond invoked in the non-classical picture of the 2-norbornyl cation allowed chemists to explore a whole new realm of chemical bonds. Chemists were eager to apply the characteristics of hypovalent electronic states to new and old systems alike (though several got too carried away). One of the most fundamentally important concepts that emerged from the intense research focused around non-classical ions was the idea that electrons already involved in sigma bonds could be involved with reactivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0021-0001", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Impact\nThough filled pi orbitals were known to be electron donors, chemists had doubted that sigma orbitals could function in the same capacity. The non-classical description of the 2-norbornyl cation can be seen as the donation of an electron pair from a carbon-carbon sigma bond into an empty p-orbital of carbon 2. Thus this carbocation showed that sigma-bond electron donation is as plausible as pi-bond electron donation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0022-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Impact\nThe intense debate that followed Brown\u2019s challenge to non-classical ion proponents also had a large impact on the field of chemistry. In order to prove or disprove the non-classical nature of the 2-norbornyl cation, chemists on both sides of the debate zealously sought out new techniques for chemical characterization and more innovative interpretations of existing data. One spectroscopic technique that was further developed to investigate the 2-norbornyl cation was nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of compounds in highly acidic media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0022-0001", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, History, Impact\nComparisons of the 2-norbornyl cation to unstable transition states with delocalized electronic states were often made when trying to elucidate whether the norbornyl system was stable or not. These efforts motivated closer investigations of transition states and vastly increased the scientific community\u2019s understanding of their electronic structure. In short, vigorous competition between scientific groups led to an extensive research and a better understanding of the underlying chemical concepts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0023-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Formation\nThe 2-norbornyl cation can be made by a multitude of synthetic routes. These routes can be grouped into three different classes: \u03c3 Formation, \u03c0 Formation, and Formation by Rearrangement. Each of these is discussed separately below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0024-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Formation, \u03c3 formation\nThe starting material for this route is a norbornane derivative with a good leaving group in position 2. If the leaving group is on the exo- face, electron density from the \u03c3 bond between carbons 1 and 6 is donated into the \u03c3* antibond between carbon 2 and the leaving group (see Figure 8b).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0025-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Formation, \u03c3 formation\nIf the leaving group is on the endo- face, the leaving group first leaves on its own. Then electron density from the \u03c3 bond between carbons 1 and 6 is donated into the resulting empty atomic orbital on carbon 2. However, this formation route is much slower than that of the exo- isomer because the \u03c3 bond cannot provide anchimeric assistance for the first step, making the activation energy to the first transition state much higher. Additionally, if there is a high concentration of reactive electrophiles in the reaction mixture, formation of a newly substituted norbornane derivative may preclude non-classical ion formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0026-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Formation, \u03c3 formation\nAn example of this formation route is the reaction that led Winstein and Trifan to propose the delocalized structure of the 2-norbornyl cation. 2-norbornyl tosylates and brosylates form the 2-norbornyl cation through this route as an intermediate towards solvolysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0027-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Formation, \u03c0 formation\nThe starting material for this route is a \u03b2-(\u03943-cyclopentenyl)-ethane derivative with a good leaving group on the terminal carbon of the ethane group. Electron density from the \u03c0 bond of the alkene moiety is donated into the \u03c3* anti-bond between the terminal carbon and the leaving group (see Figure 8c).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0028-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Formation, \u03c0 formation\nFor example, the major product of the acetolysis of \u03b2-(\u03943-cyclopentenyl)-ethyl nosylate (p-nitrobenzenesulfonate) is 2-exo-norbornyl acetate. The dearth of \u03b2-(\u03943-cyclopentenyl)-ethyl acetate present after the reaction is explained by the greater stability of the norbornyl system over the decorated cyclopentenyl system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0029-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Formation, \u03c0 formation\nThis route is only effective if the cyclopentenyl olefin is isolated from any larger \u03c0-bonded system. The reaction rate significantly decreases if the involved double bond forms a six-membered aromatic ring as it does in 2-indanylethyl nosylate. Alkyl substitutions on the olefins have been seen to increase the reaction rate by stabilizing the resulting carbocation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0030-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Formation, Formation from rearrangement of 1-norbornyl and 7-norbornyl cations\nThe 2-norbornyl cation can also be formed via rearrangements of similar ions, such as the 1-norbornyl and 7-norbornyl cations, though these are generally not as well understood. Carbon-14 radioactive isotope labeling experiments have shown that complex scrambling in norbornyl cation systems allow 14C to be present at all seven positions of the norbornyl system. By cycling between low and high temperatures during the hydrolyses of 1- and 7-choloronorbornanes, a large amount of 2-norbornanol was observed in addition to the expected 1- and 7-norbornanols, respectively. Thus the 1- and 7-norbornyl cations have some mechanism by which they can rearrange to the more stable 2-norbornyl cation on the timescale of solvolysis reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 98], "content_span": [99, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0031-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Geometry, Spectroscopic evidence\nOne probe for testing whether or not the 2-norbornyl cation is non-classical is investigating the inherent symmetry of the cation. Many spectroscopic tools, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy) and Raman spectroscopy, give hints about the reflectional and rotational symmetry present in a molecule or ion. Each of the three proposed structures of the 2-norbornyl cation illustrates a different molecular symmetry. The non-classical form contains a reflection plane through carbons 4, 5, 6, and the midpoint of carbons 1 and 2. The classical form contains neither reflectional nor rotational symmetry. The protonated nortricyclene structure contains a C3-symmetric rotation axis through carbon 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0032-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Geometry, Spectroscopic evidence\nEach peak in an NMR spectrum corresponds to a set of a particular element's atoms that are in similar chemical environments. The NMR spectrum of the antimony chloropentafluoride salt of the 2-norbornyl cation is not helpful at room temperature because hydride shifts occur faster than the timescale of an NMR experiment; most of the hydrogens are thus seen as equivalent and are accounted for in the same absorption peak. By lowering the temperature of the NMR experiment to \u221260\u00a0\u00b0C, hydride shifts are \"frozen out\" and more structural information can be gleaned from the spectrum. Researchers found that at these low temperatures, the 1H NMR spectrum matched what would be expected for the non-classical structure of the ion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0033-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Geometry, Spectroscopic evidence\n1H and 13C NMR studies were able to confirm that any proposed Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements occurred faster than the timescale of the NMR experiment, even at low temperatures. For molecules in static equilibrium with respect to rearrangements, NMR reveals how many sets of symmetry-related nuclei are in the molecule and how many nuclei each of these sets accounts for via spectrum integration. For molecules in dynamic equilibrium such as the 2-norbornyl cation, nuclei within each set can also be transformed to one another through rearrangements with fast reaction rates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0033-0001", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Geometry, Spectroscopic evidence\nSince the proposed dynamic equilibrium of the classical ion proponents had very fast rates of rearrangement, the first NMR studies did not favor nor invalidate any of the three proposed structures. But by using solid-state NMR analysis, one can lower the temperature of the NMR experiment to 5 kelvins (\u2212268\u00a0\u00b0C) and thus significantly slow down any rearrangement phenomena. Solid-state 13C NMR spectra of the 2-norbornyl cation shows that carbons 1 and 2 are in identical chemical environments, which is consistent only with the non-classical picture of the 2-norbornyl cation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0034-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Geometry, Spectroscopic evidence\nRaman spectra of the 2-norbornyl cation show a more symmetric species than would be expected for a pair of rapidly equilibrating classical ions. Since the proposed reaction rates for the classical ion rearrangements are slower than the Raman timescale, one would expect the Raman spectra to indicate a less symmetric species if the classical picture were correct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0035-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Geometry, Spectroscopic evidence\nSome studies of the 13C NMR in particular favored interpretation via the protonated nortricyclene structure. In addition, Raman spectra of the 2-norbornyl cation in some acidic solvents show an absorption band at 3110\u00a0cm-1 indicative of an electron-depleted cyclopropane ring. Since that absorption band would be expected in the C3-symmetric protonated nortricyclene, some scientists claimed this as convincing evidence for this interpretation. Other chemists have postulated that the properties of the 2-norbornyl cation are very dependent on the solvent environment. Though the high acidity and low nucleophilicity of the solvents used in aforementioned experiments may cause the protonated nortricylconium geometry to be the most stable, this geometry need not be the most energetically favorable in other solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0036-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Geometry, Calculations\nMany calculational studies have been used to compare the feasibility of different proposed geometries. Using the quantum semi-empirical method of MINDO/3, researchers were not able to conclude which geometry of the 2-norbornyl cation was most energetically favorable. However, the classical structure was found to be the only potential minimum for the alkyl-substituted 2-methyl-2-norbornyl cation. Additional calculations using Extended H\u00fcckel Theory for Molecular Orbitals were found to favor the non-classical geometry of the cation with reflectional symmetry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0037-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Thermodynamics\nSome studies have used interesting comparisons in order to probe the energetic stability of the 2-norbornyl cation provided by its delocalized nature. Comparing the rearrangement between the 3-methyl-2-norbornyl cation and the 2-methyl-2-norbornyl cation to that between the tertiary and secondary isopentane carbocations, one finds that the change in enthalpy is about 6 kcal/mol less for the norbornyl system. Since the major difference between these two reversible rearrangements is the amount of delocalization possible in the electronic ground state, one can attribute the stabilization of the 3-methyl-2-norbornyl cation to its non-classical nature. However, some experimental studies failed to observe this stabilization in solvolysis reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0038-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Thermodynamics\nOther studies on the stability of the 2-norbornyl cation have shown that the alkyl substitutions at carbon 1 or 2 force the system to be decidedly classical. Tertiary carbocations are much more stable than their secondary counterparts and therefore do not need to adopt delocalized bonding in order to reach the lowest possible potential energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0039-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Kinetics\nTo back up their suggestion of the non-classical nature of the 2-norbornyl cation, Winstein and Trifan first used kinetic evidence of the increased reaction rate for formation of the 2-exo-norbornyl cation over the 2-endo-norbornyl cation. Other researchers investigated the reaction rate of compounds that could feature anchimeric assistance but could not undergo rearrangements as the norbornyl system could show similar trends in rate enhancement. This has been claimed by some to be definitive evidence for the non-classical picture. But not all agree. Other researchers found that cyclopentane derivatives that were structurally similar to the norbornyl system still featured enhanced reaction rates, leading them to claim that the classical norbornyl cation describes the system much better.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0040-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Isotope labeling experiments\nRadioactive isotope labeling experiments provide a powerful tool for determining the structure of organic molecules. By systematically decomposing the 2-norbornyl cation and analyzing the amount of radioactive isotope in each decomposition product, researchers were able to show further evidence for the non-classical picture of delocalized bonding (see Figure 9). Proponents of the nonclassical picture would expect 50% of the generated CO2 in the decomposition in Figure 9 to contain 14C, while proponents of the classical picture would expect more of the generated CO2 to be radioactive due to the short-lived nature of the cation. 40% of the carbon dioxide produced via decomposition has been observed to be radioactive, suggesting that the non-classical picture is more correct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0041-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Isotope labeling experiments\nFurther distinction between non-classical and classical structures of the 2-norbornyl cation is possible by combining NMR experiments with isotope-labeling experiments. Isotopic substitution of one of two deuterium atoms for a hydrogen atom causes the environment of nearby NMR-active atoms to change dramatically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0041-0001", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Isotope labeling experiments\nAsymmetric deuterium isotope labeling (substitution) will cause a set of carbons that were all equivalent in the all-hydrogen species to be split into two or more sets of equivalent carbons in the deutero-labeled species; this will be manifested in the NMR spectrum as one peak in the all-hydrogen species' spectrum becoming at least two \"split\" peaks in the deutero-labeled species. If a system is undergoing a rapid equilibrium at a rate faster than the timescale of a 13C NMR experiment, the relevant peak will be split dramatically (on the order of 10-100 ppm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0041-0002", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, Isotope labeling experiments\nIf the system is instead static, the peak will be split very little. The 13C NMR spectrum of the 2-norbornyl cation at -150\u00a0\u00b0C shows that the peaks corresponding to carbons 1 and 2 are split by less than 10 ppm (parts per million) when this experiment is carried out, indicating that the system is not undergoing a rapid equilibrium as in the classical picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0042-0000", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, X-ray crystallography\nThough characterization of 2-norbornyl cation crystals may have significantly precluded further debates about its electronic structure, it does not crystallize under any standard conditions. Recently, the crystal structure has been obtained and reported through a creative means: addition of aluminum tribromide to 2-norbornyl bromide in dibromomethane at low temperatures afforded crystals of [C7H11]+[Al2Br7]\u2212\u00b7CH2Br2. By examining the resulting crystal structure, researchers were able to confirm that the crystalline geometry best supports the case for delocalized bonding in the stable 2-norbornyl cation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160749-0042-0001", "contents": "2-Norbornyl cation, X-ray crystallography\nBond lengths between the \"bridging\" carbon 6 and each of carbons 1 and 2 were found to be slightly longer than typical alkane bonds. According to the nonclassical picture, one would expect a bond order between 0 and 1 for these bonds, signifying that this explains the crystal structure well. The bond length between carbons 1 and 2 was reported as being between typical single and double carbon-carbon bond lengths, which agrees with nonclassical predictions of a bond order slightly above 1. According to the non-classical picture, one would expect a bond order between 0 and 1 for the first two bonds. Investigators who crystallized the 2-norbornyl cation commented that the cation proved impossible to crystallize unless provided a chemical environment that locked it into one definite orientation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160750-0000-0000", "contents": "2-OH-NPA\n2-OH-NPA is a drug used in scientific research which acts as a potent and selective agonist for the dopamine D2 receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160751-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Octanol\n2-Octanol (octan-2-ol, 2-OH) is a fatty alcohol. It is a secondary eight-carbon chiral compound. 2-Octanol is a colorless liquid that is poorly soluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents. 2-Octanol can be a biobased alternative of 2-ethylhexanol and its derivates in numerous applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160751-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Octanol, Manufacturing\nCleavage of ricinoleic acid produces a mixture of 2-octanol and sebacic acid ((CH2)8(CO2H)2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160751-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Octanol, Uses\nIt can also be used as a chemical intermediate for production of various other chemicals:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160752-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Octyl cyanoacrylate\n2-Octyl cyanoacrylate is a cyanoacrylate ester typically used as a wound closure adhesive (under the brand name Dermabond). It is closely related to octyl cyanoacrylate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160753-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Octyne\n2-Octyne, also known as methylpentylethin and oct-2-yne, is a type of alkyne with a triple bond at its second carbon (the '2-' indicates the location of the triple bond in the chain). Its formula is C8H14. Its density at 25 \u00b0C and otherwise stable conditions is 0.759 g/ml. The boiling point is 137 \u00b0C. The average molar mass is 110.20 g/mol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160754-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Oleoylglycerol\n2-Oleoylglycerol (2OG) is a monoacylglycerol that is found in biologic tissues. Its synthesis is derived from diacylglycerol precursors. It is metabolized to oleic acid and glycerol primarily by the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). In 2011, 2OG was found to be an endogenous ligand to GPR119. 2OG has been shown to increase glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) levels following administration to the small intestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160755-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Oxazolidone\n2-Oxazolidone is a heterocyclic organic compound containing both nitrogen and oxygen in a 5-membered ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160755-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Oxazolidone, Oxazolidinones, Evans auxiliaries\nOxazolidinones are a class of compounds containing 2-oxazolidone in the structure. In chemistry, they are useful as Evans auxiliaries, which are used for chiral synthesis. Usually, the acid chloride substrate reacts with the oxazolidinone to form an imide. Substituents at the 4 and 5 position of the oxazolidinone direct any aldol reaction to the alpha position of the carbonyl of the substrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160755-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Oxazolidone, Oxazolidinones, Pharmaceuticals\nOxazolidinones are mainly used as antimicrobials. The antibacterial effect of oxazolidinones is by working as protein synthesis inhibitors, targeting an early step involving the binding of N-formylmethionyl-tRNA to the ribosome. (See Linezolid#Mechanism of action)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160755-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Oxazolidone, Oxazolidinones, Pharmaceuticals, History\nThe first ever used oxazolidinone was cycloserine (4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one), a second line drug against tuberculosis since 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160755-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Oxazolidone, Oxazolidinones, Pharmaceuticals, History\nDeveloped during the nineties when several bacterial strains were becoming resistant against such antibiotics as vancomycin. Linezolid (Zyvox) is the first approved agent in the class (FDA approval April 2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160755-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Oxazolidone, Oxazolidinones, Pharmaceuticals, History\nThe first commercially available 1,3-oxazolidinone antibiotic was linezolid, discovered and developed by Pharmacia & Upjohn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160755-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Oxazolidone, Oxazolidinones, Pharmaceuticals, History\nIn 2002 AstraZeneca began investigating posizolid, which is in clinical trials for use in humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160756-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Oxo-PCE\n2-Oxo-PCE (also known as N-ethyldeschloroketamine, eticyclidone and O-PCE) is a dissociative anesthetic of the arylcyclohexylamine class that is closely related to deschloroketamine and eticyclidine, and has been sold online as a designer drug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160757-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Oxohistidine\n2-Oxohistidine is a form of histidine damaged by reactive oxygen species. It can serve as a biological marker for assessing protein modifications from oxidative stress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160758-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Oxopent-4-enoic acid\n2-Oxopent-4-enoic acid (2-oxopent-4-enoate) is formed by the dehydration of 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate by 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase or by the hydrolysis of 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde by 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160759-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Oxoquazepam\n2-Oxoquazepam (Sch 15725) is a benzodiazepine derivative and one of the major active metabolites of quazepam (Doral).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160760-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Pentanol\n2-Pentanol (IUPAC name: pentan-2-ol; also called sec-amyl alcohol) is an organic chemical compound. It is used as a solvent and an intermediate in the manufacturing of other chemicals. 2-Pentanol is a component of many mixtures of amyl alcohols sold industrially. 2-Pentanol is chiral and thus can be obtained as either of two stereoisomers designated as (R)-(\u2212)-2-pentanol and (S)-(+)-2-pentanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160760-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Pentanol\n2-Pentanol has been detected in fresh bananas by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry, at an abundance of 14.26\u00b12.63\u00a0ppm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160761-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Pentanone\n2-Pentanone or methyl propyl ketone (MPK) is a ketone and solvent of minor importance. It is comparable to methyl ethyl ketone, but has a lower solvency and is more expensive. It occurs naturally in Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco) and blue cheese as a metabolic product of Penicillium mold growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160762-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Pentyne\n2-Pentyne, an organic compound, is an internal alkyne. It is an isomer of 1-pentyne, a terminal alkyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160762-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Pentyne, Synthesis\n2-Pentyne can be synthesized by the rearrangement 1-pentyne in a solution of ethanolic potassium hydroxide or NaNH2/NH3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160763-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phenethyl propionate\n2-Phenethyl propionate, also known as phenethyl propanoate or phenylethyl propionate, is the ester of phenethyl alcohol and propionic acid. It can be found in peanuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160763-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Phenethyl propionate\nIt has shown antifungal activity and was tested as a pesticide. It is used in some preparations used in the management of bed bugs and in other pesticide products. In the U.S it is considered a \"minimal risk pesticide\" and can be used as a pesticide without any registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160764-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine\n2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine is a drug with stimulant and anorectic effects, related to phenmetrazine. Based on what is known from other phenylmorpholines with similar structure, it likely acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and may produce antidepressant-like effects. Anecdotal reports suggest, however, that the compound is inactive aside from anorectic effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160765-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane\n2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane (also known as \u03b2-methylamphetamine) is a stimulant of the phenethylamine class that is closely related to its \u03b1-methyl analog Pentorex. It was first synthesized by the German scientists Felix Haffner and Fritz Sommer in 1939 as a stimulant with milder effects, shorter duration, lower toxicity and fewer side effects compared to previously known drugs such as amphetamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160765-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane\n2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane is banned in some countries as a structural isomer of methamphetamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160766-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylethyl bromide\n2-Phenylethyl bromide is an organobromide with the formula C6H5CH2CH2Br. It is a colorless liquid, although older samples appear yellow. Analogous to the preparation of most 1-bromoalkanes, it is prepared by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to styrene. These conditions lead to anti-Markovnikov addition, giving the 1-bromo derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160767-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylhexane\n2-Phenylhexane is an aromatic hydrocarbon. It can be produced by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation between 1-chlorohexane and benzene., or by the reaction of benzene and 1-hexene with various acid catalysts such as antimony pentafluoride, scandium(III) triflate, and phosphoric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160768-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylindole\n2-Phenylindole is an organic compound. It is the parent structure of a group of nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that includes zindoxifene, bazedoxifene, and pipendoxifene, as well as the nonsteroidal estrogen D-15414 (the major metabolite of zindoxifene).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160769-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylphenol\n2-Phenylphenol, or o-phenylphenol, is an organic compound. In terms of structure, it is one of the monohydroxylated isomers of biphenyl. It is a white solid. It is a biocide used as a preservative with E number E231 and under the trade names Dowicide, Torsite, Fungal, Preventol, Nipacide and many others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160769-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylphenol, Uses\nThe primary use of 2-phenylphenol is as an agricultural fungicide. It is generally applied post-harvest. It is a fungicide used for waxing citrus fruits. It is no longer a permitted food additive in the European Union, but is still allowed as a post-harvest treatment in 4 EU countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160769-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylphenol, Uses\nIt is also used for disinfection of seed boxes. It is a general surface disinfectant, used in households, hospitals, nursing homes, farms, laundries, barber shops, and food processing plants. It can be used on fibers and other materials. It is used to disinfect hospital and veterinary equipment. Other uses are in rubber industry and as a laboratory reagent. It is also used in the manufacture of other fungicides, dye stuffs, resins and rubber chemicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160769-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylphenol, Uses\n2-Phenylphenol is found in low concentrations in some household products such as spray disinfectants and aerosol or spray underarm deodorants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160769-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylphenol, Uses\nThe sodium salt of orthophenyl phenol, sodium orthophenyl phenol, is a preservative, used to treat the surface of citrus fruits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160769-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylphenol, Uses\nOrthophenyl phenol is also used as a fungicide in food packaging and may migrate into the contents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160769-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylphenol, Preparation\nIt is prepared by condensation of cyclohexanone to give cyclohexenylcyclohexanone. The latter undergoes dehydrogenation to give 2-phenylphenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160770-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylpyridine\n2-Phenylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula C6H5C5H4N (or C11H9N). It is a colourless viscous liquid. The compound and related derivatives have attracted interest as precursors to highly fluorescent metal complexes of possible value as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160770-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylpyridine\nThe compound is prepared by the reaction of phenyl lithium with pyridine:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160770-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylpyridine\nThe reaction of iridium trichloride with 2-phenylpyridine proceeds via cyclometallation to give the chloride-bridged complex:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160770-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Phenylpyridine\nThis complex can be converted to the pictured tris(cyclometallated) derivative tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160771-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phospho-L-lactate guanylyltransferase\n2-Phospho-L-lactate guanylyltransferase (EC , CofC, MJ0887) is an enzyme with systematic name GTP:2-phospho-L-lactate guanylyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160771-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Phospho-L-lactate guanylyltransferase\nThis enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme F420.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160772-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglyceric acid\n2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PG), or 2-phosphoglycerate, is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160772-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglyceric acid, In glycolysis\nCompound  at KEGG Pathway Database. Enzyme  at KEGG Pathway Database. Compound  at KEGG Pathway Database. Enzyme  at KEGG Pathway Database. Compound  at KEGG Pathway Database.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160772-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglyceric acid, In glycolysis\nClick on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160773-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglycolate\n2-Phosphoglycolate (chemical formula C2H2O6P3-; also known as phosphoglycolate, 2-PG, or PG) is a natural metabolic product of the photorespiration process mediated by the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160773-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglycolate, Synthesis\nRuBisCo catalyzes the fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the chloroplasts of plants. It uses ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) as substrate and facilitates carboxylation at the C2 carbon via an endiolate intermediate. The two three-carbon products (3-phosphoglycerate) are subsequently fed into the Calvin cycle. Atmospheric oxygen competes with this reaction. In a process called photorespiration RuBisCo can also catalyze addition of atmospheric oxygen to the C2 carbon of RuBP forming a high energy hydroperoxide intermediate that decomposes into 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate. Despite a higher energy barrier for the oxygenation reaction compared to carboxylation, photorespiration accounts for up to 25% of RuBisCo turnover in C3 plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160773-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglycolate, Biological role\nIn plants, 2-phosphoglycolate has a potentially toxic effect as it inhibits a number of metabolic pathways. The activities of important enzymes in the central carbon metabolism of the chloroplast such as triose-phosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, or sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase show a significant decrease in the presence of 2-PG. Therefore, degradation of 2-PG during photorespiration is important for cellular homeostasis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160773-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglycolate, Biological role\nAlthough mainly produced in plants, 2-PG also plays a role in mammalian metabolism, though the source of 2-PG in mammals remains incompletely understood. It is thought that the processing of breaks in the DNA-strand produces small amounts of 2-PG, but other processes may yield 2-PG as well. The phosphatase subunit of bisphosphoglycerate mutase, an enzyme found in red blood cells, shows an increase in activity by up three orders of magnitude in the presence of 2-PG, resulting in an increase of the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160773-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglycolate, Biological role\nPhotorespiration is the main way of chloroplasts to rid themselves of 2-PG. However, this pathway comes at a decreased return on investment ratio as 2-PG is transformed to 3-phosphoglycerate in an elaborate salvage pathway at the cost of one equivalent of NADH and ATP, respectively. In addition, this salvage pathway loses \u00bd equivalent of previously fixed carbon dioxide and releases \u00bd equivalent of toxic ammonia per molecule of 2-PG. This leads to a net loss of carbon in photorespiration, making it much less efficient than the Calvin cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160773-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglycolate, Biological role\nHowever, this salvage pathway can also act as a cellular energy sink, preventing the chloroplastidal electron transport chain from over reduction. It is believed that this pathway also plays a role in improving the abiotic stress response of plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160773-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Phosphoglycolate, Agricultural significance\nRuBisCo has been a potential target for bioengineers for agricultural purposes. A decrease in the oxygenation of RuBP may result in a boost in the efficiency of carbon assimilation in crops such as rice or wheat and therefore increase their net biomass production. Attempts have been made to artificially alter the protein structure of RuBisCo to enhance its catalytic turnover rate. Mutations in the L-subunit of the enzyme, for example, have been shown to increase both the catalytic turnover rate and RuBisCos affinity for carbon dioxide", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160774-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Picolylamine\n2-Picolylamine is an organic compound with the formula H2NCH2C5H4N. A colorless liquid, it is a common bidentate ligand and a precursor to more complex multidentate ligands such as tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine. It is usually prepared by hydrogenation of 2-cyanopyridine. One such complex is Baratta's catalyst RuCl2(PPh3)2(ampy) (ampy = 2-picolylamine) for transfer hydrogenation. Salts of the complex [Fe(pyCH2NH2)3]2+ exhibit spin crossover behavior, whereby the complex switches from high to low spin configurations, depending on the temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160774-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Picolylamine, Safety\nThe oral LD50 in quail is low, being 750 mg/kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160775-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Piece handicap\nThe 2-Piece (\u4e8c\u679a\u843d\u3061 nimai-ochi) handicap in shogi has both of White's major pieces (the rook and the bishop) removed. Thus, White is left with pawns, golds, silvers, knights, and lances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160775-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Piece handicap\nThe 2-Piece handicap is an official handicap of the Japan Shogi Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160776-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Piperidinone\n2-Piperidinone (2-piperidone or \u03b4-valerolactam) is a chemical compound classified as a lactam. It is used as an intermediate in the preparation of other chemicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160777-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Polyprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase\n2-polyprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase (EC , ubiG (gene), ubiG methyltransferase, 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3-(all-trans-polyprenyl)benzene-1,2-diol 2-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160777-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Polyprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase\nUbiG catalyses both methylation steps in ubiquinone biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160778-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane\n2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane (WF-31, PIT) is a cocaine analogue which acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). Research shows WF-31 to be approximately ten times more potent than cocaine at binding to the serotonin transporter and at inhibiting its reuptake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160779-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Propylheptanol, Production\n2-Propylheptanol is an oxo alcohol, meaning that it is produced from the hydroformylation (\"oxo synthesis\") of C4 alkenes followed by hydrogenation of the resulting aldehyde. The production route is similar to that for 2-Ethylhexanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160779-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Propylheptanol, Applications\nSuch compounds enjoy many applications, including as raw materials for plasticizers, resins, processing solvents, and precursors to detergents. Heat stabilizers manufactured for PVC compounds use similar high boiling and high molecular weight oxo-alcohols, which enhance product performance. A further application area of this C10 alcohol is for the manufacture of oleate- and palmitate-based materials used by the cosmetics industry. Due to its very limited miscibility with water, 2PH can be used as a special solvent, with potential application in life sciences. A promising application of these alcohols would be as precursors to acrylate monomers, potentially conferring enhanced flexibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone\n2-Pyridone is an organic compound with the formula C5H4NH(O). It is a colourless solid. It is well known to form hydrogen bonded dimers and it is also a classic case of a compound that exists as tautomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Tautomerism\nThe second tautomer is 2-hydroxypyridine. This lactam lactim tautomerism can also be exhibited in many related compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Tautomerism, Tautomerism in the solid state\nThe amide group can be involved in hydrogen bonding to other nitrogen- and oxygen-containing species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Tautomerism, Tautomerism in the solid state\nThe predominant solid state form is 2-pyridone. This has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography which shows that the hydrogen in solid state is closer to the nitrogen than to the oxygen (because of the low electron density at the hydrogen the exact positioning is difficult), and IR-spectroscopy, which shows that the C=O longitudinal frequency is present whilst the O-H frequencies are absent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Tautomerism, Tautomerism in solution\nThe determination of which of the two tautomeric forms is present in solution has been the subject of many publications. The energy difference appears to be very small and is dependent on the polarity of the solvent. Non -polar solvents favour the formation of 2-hydroxypyridine whereas polar solvents such as alcohols and water favour the formation of 2-pyridone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Tautomerism, Tautomerism in solution\nThe energy difference for the two tautomers in the gas phase was measured by IR-spectroscopy to be 2.43 to 3.3 kJ/mol for the solid state and 8.95 kJ/mol and 8.83 kJ/mol  for the liquid state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Tautomerism, Tautomerisation mechanism A\nThe single molecular tautomerisation has a forbidden 1-3 suprafacial transition state and therefore has a high energy barrier for this tautomerisation, which was calculated with theoretical methods to be 125 or 210 kJ/mol. The direct tautomerisation is energetically not favoured. There are other possible mechanisms for this tautomerisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Dimerisation\n2-Pyridone and 2-hydroxypyridine can form dimers with two hydrogen bonds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Dimerisation, Aggregation in the solid state\nIn the solid state the dimeric form is not present; the 2-pyridones form a helical structure over hydrogen bonds. Some substituted 2-pyridones form the dimer in solid state, for example the 5-methyl-3-carbonitrile-2-pyridone. The determination of all these structures was done by X-ray crystallography. In the solid state the hydrogen is located closer to the oxygen so it could be considered to be right to call the colourless crystals in the flask 2-pyridone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0009-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Dimerisation, Aggregation in solution\nIn solution the dimeric form is present; the ratio of dimerisation is strongly dependent on the polarity of the solvent. Polar and protic solvents interact with the hydrogen bonds and more monomer is formed. Hydrophobic effects in non-polar solvents lead to a predominance of the dimer. The ratio of the tautomeric forms is also dependent on the solvent. All possible tautomers and dimers can be present and form an equilibrium, and the exact measurement of all the equilibrium constants in the system is extremely difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0010-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Dimerisation, Aggregation in solution\n(NMR-spectroscopy is a slow method, high resolution IR-spectroscopy in solvent is difficult, the broad absorption in UV-spectroscopy makes it hard to discriminate 3 and more very similar molecules).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0011-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Dimerisation, Aggregation in solution\nSome publications only focus one of the two possible patterns, and neglect the influence of the other. For example, to calculation of the energy difference of the two tautomers in a non-polar solution will lead to a wrong result if a large quantity of the substance is on the side of the dimer in an equilibrium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0012-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Dimerisation, Tautomerisation mechanism B\nThe direct tautomerisation is not energetically favoured, but a dimerisation followed by a double proton transfer and dissociation of the dimer is a self catalytic path from one tautomer to the other. Protic solvents also mediate the proton transfer during the tautomerisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0013-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Synthesis\n2-Pyrone can be obtained by a cyclisation reaction, and converted to 2-pyridone via an exchange reaction with ammonia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0014-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Synthesis\nPyridine forms an N-oxide with some oxidation agents such as hydrogen peroxide. This pyridine-N-oxide undergoes a rearrangement reaction to 2-pyridone in acetic anhydride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0015-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Synthesis\nIn the Guareschi-Thorpe condensation cyanoacetamide reacts with a 1,3-diketone to a 2-pyridone. The reaction is named after Icilio Guareschi and Jocelyn Field Thorpe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0016-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Chemical properties, Catalytic activity\n2-Pyridone catalyses a variety of proton-dependent reactions, for example the aminolysis of esters. In some cases, molten 2-pyridone is used as a solvent. 2-Pyridone has a large effect on the reaction from activated esters with amines in nonpolar solvent, which is attributed to its tautomerisation and utility as a ditopic receptor. Current interest focuses on proton transfer from 2-pyridone and its tautomer, using isotope labeling, kinetics and quantum chemical methods to determine the rate determining step in the reaction mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0017-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Chemical properties, Coordination chemistry\n2-Pyridone and some derivatives serve as ligands in coordination chemistry, usually as a 1,3-bridging ligand akin to carboxylate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0018-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Chemical properties, In nature\n2-Pyridone is not naturally occurring, but a derivative has been isolated as a cofactor in certain hydrogenases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0019-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Environmental behavior\n2-Pyridone is rapidly degraded by microorganisms in the soil environment, with a half life less than one week. Organisms capable of growth on 2-pyridone as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy have been isolated by a number of researchers. The most extensively studied 2-pyridone degrader is the gram positive bacterium Arthrobacter crystallopoietes, a member of the phylum Actinobacteria which includes numerous related organisms that have been shown to degrade pyridine or one or more alkyl-, carboxyl-, or hydroxyl-substituted pyridines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0019-0001", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Environmental behavior\n2-Pyridone degradation is commonly initiated by mono-oxygenase attack, resulting in a diol, such as 2,5-dihydroxypyridine, which is metabolized via the maleamate pathway. Fission of the ring proceeds via action of 2,5-dihydroxypyridine monooxygenase, which is also involved in metabolism of nicotinic acid via the maleamate pathway. In the case of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes, at least part of the degradative pathway is plasmid-borne. Pyridine diols undergo chemical transformation in solution to form intensely colored pigments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160780-0019-0002", "contents": "2-Pyridone, Environmental behavior\nSimilar pigments have been observed in quinoline degradation, also owing to transformation of metabolites, however the yellow pigments often reported in degradation of many pyridine solvents, such as unsubstituted pyridine or picoline, generally result from overproduction of riboflavin in the presence of these solvents. Generally speaking, degradation of pyridones, dihydroxypyridines, and pyridinecarboxylic acids is commonly mediated by oxygenases, whereas degradation of pyridine solvents often is not, and may in some cases involve an initial reductive step.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160781-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone (data page), Analytical data, NMR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR\n1H-NMR (400\u00a0MHz, CD3OD): /\u03c1 = 8.07 (dd,3J = 2.5\u00a0Hz,4J = 1.1\u00a0Hz, 1H, C-6), 7.98 (dd,3J = 4.0\u00a0Hz,3J = 2.0\u00a0Hz, 1H, C-3), 7.23 (dd,3J = 2.5\u00a0Hz,3J = 2.0\u00a0Hz, 1H, C-5), 7.21 (dd,3J = 4.0\u00a0Hz,4J = 1.0\u00a0Hz, 1H, C-4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160781-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone (data page), Analytical data, NMR spectroscopy, 13C-NMR\n(100.57\u00a0MHz, CD3OD): \u03c1 = 155.9 (C-2), 140.8 (C-4), 138.3 (C-6), 125.8 (C-3), 124.4 (C-5)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160781-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone (data page), Analytical data, IR spectroscopy\n(KBr): \u03bd = 3440\u00a0cm\u22121\u20131 (br, m), 3119 (m), 3072 (m), 2986 (m), 1682 (s), 1649 (vs), 1609 (vs), 1578 (vs), 1540 (s), 1456 (m), 1433 (m), 1364 (w), 1243 (m), 1156 (m), 1098 (m), 983 (m), 926 (w), 781 (s), 730 (w), 612 (w), 560 (w), 554 (w), 526 (m), 476 (m), 451 (w).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160781-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridone (data page), Analytical data, Mass spectrometry\nEI-MS (70 eV): m/z (%) = 95 (100) [ M+], 67 (35) [ M+ - CO], 51 (4)[C4H3+].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160782-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Pyridylethylamine\n2-Pyridylethylamine is a histamine agonist which is selective for the H1 subtype.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160783-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrone\n2-Pyrone (\u03b1-pyrone or pyran-2-one) is an unsaturated cyclic chemical compound with the molecular formula C5H4O2. It is isomeric with 4-pyrone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160783-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrone\n2-Pyrone is used in organic synthesis as a building block for more complex chemical structures because it may participate in a variety of cycloaddition reactions to form bicyclic lactones. For example, it readily undergoes Diels-Alder reactions with alkynes producing, upon loss of carbon dioxide, substituted benzenes. The Gogte Synthesis (1938) is a method for the alkylation of certain pyrones with acid chlorides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160783-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrone, Derivatives\nThe most common natural products containing a 2-pyrone are the bufanolides and kavalactones. Oxovitisin A, a pyranoanthocyanin found in wine, also contains a 2-pyrone element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160783-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrone, Derivatives\n6-Amyl-\u03b1-pyrone (6PP) is a derivative of 2-pyrone, found in animal foods and heated beef. Due to its good organoleptic properties with coconut aroma, it is used as flavor enhancer in the food industry. Biologically, it is produced by Trichoderma species via solid state fermentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160783-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrone, Derivatives\nDerivatives of 2-pyrone play a role as signalling molecules in bacterial communication, similar to quorum sensing. Cells with LuxR-type receptors, but lacking its homolog LuxI (and thus unable to produce N-acylhomoserine lactone QS signaling molecules) are known as LuxR \"solos\", to which pyrones bind as ligands facilitating cell-cell communication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160784-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrrolidone\n2-Pyrrolidone, also known as 2-pyrrolidinone or butyrolactam, is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam, making it the simplest \u03b3-lactam. It is a colorless liquid that is miscible with water and most common organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160784-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrrolidone\n2-Pyrrolidone itself and various derivatives made from it have a variety of industrial uses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160784-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrrolidone, Production\n2-Pyrrolidone is produced industrially almost exclusively by treating aqueous gamma-butyrolactone with ammonia at a temperature of 250\u2013290 \u00b0C and pressures ranging from 0.4\u20131.4 MPa over solid magnesium silicate catalysts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160784-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrrolidone, Production\nThe reaction is carried out in a tubular reactor which is packed with the solid catalyst. The latter is arranged as a fixed bed and the reaction is carried out in the vapor phase. Product yields of 75\u201385% are reached. After subsequent distillation and purification, the desired 2-pyrrolidone is obtained with a purity of 99.5%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160784-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrrolidone, Production\nAlternative routes include the catalytic or electrochemical reduction of succinimide, the carbonylation of allylamine, the hydrogenation of succinonitrile under hydrolytic conditions and the reaction of maleic or succinic anhydride in aqueous ammonia with Pd\u2013Ru-catalysts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160784-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrrolidone, Production\nIn 2010, the worldwide demand for 2-pyrrolidone was estimated to be 32.000 t. Important manufacturers of 2-pyrrolidone are BASF and ISP (International Speciality Products, now Ashland Inc.).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160784-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrrolidone, Uses\nA variety of pharmaceutical drugs are 2-pyrrolidone derivatives, including cotinine, doxapram, povidone, and ethosuximide, and the racetams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160784-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Pyrrolidone, Uses\nThe chemical is an intermediate in the production of the polyvinylpyrrolidone precursor vinylpyrrolidone and the solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160785-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Quinolone\n2-Quinolone is an organic compound related structurally to quinoline. It is the majority tautomer in equilibrium with 2-quinolinol. The compound can be classified as a cyclic amide, and as such is used as an isostere for peptides and other pharmaceutically-inspired targets. The isomer 4-quinolone is the parent of a large class of quinolone antibiotics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160786-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase\nIn enzymology, SEPHCHC synthase  (EC EC ), encoded by menD gene in E. coli, is an enzyme that catalyzes the second step of menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis. The two substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxoglutarate and isochorismate. The products of this enzyme are 5-enolpyruvoyl-6-hydroxy-2-succinyl-cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate and CO2. It belongs to the transferase family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160786-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase, Classification\nThis enzyme belongs to a family of enzymes that transfer aldehyde or ketonic groups. To be specific, this enzyme belongs to the transketolase and transaldolase families. Common names for the enzyme are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 91], "content_span": [92, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160786-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase, Reaction\nIn the biosynthesis of vitamin K, SEPHCHC is involved in the second step of the pathway. The type of reaction is decarboxylating, and to have maximum activity, this enzymes uses the cofactor Mg2+, a magnesium ion. In previous years, it was thought that this reaction led to SHCHC, the product MenH. After further research, we now know that this reaction is a new step in the pathway. The actual product of this enzyme can lose a pyruvate spontaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 85], "content_span": [86, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160786-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase, Structure\nThe structures reveal a stable dimer-of-dimers association in agreement with gel filtration and analytical studies confirm the classification of MenD in the pyruvate oxidase family. The active site is highly basic with a hydrophobic patch. These features match with the chemical properties of the substrates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 86], "content_span": [87, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160786-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase, Homologues\nThere are many similar structures MenD. Though it is commonly found in E. Coli, but can be found in other organisms as well. Bacillus subtilis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are two homologues. All of the organisms share something in common, being that catalyze decarboxylation reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [77, 87], "content_span": [88, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160787-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Tetralone\n2-Tetralone is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C10H10O. This colourless oil is an intermediate in organic synthesis. It is a ketone derivative of tetralin, a hydrogenated derivative of naphthalene. A related compound is 1-tetralone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160787-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Tetralone, Applications\n2-Tetralone is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs including L-687,384, nepinalone, napamezole, spirodone, and trioxifene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160788-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Thiouracil\n2-Thiouracil is a specific molecule consisting of a sulfated uracil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160788-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Thiouracil, Medical use\nThe substance is a historically relevant anti-thyroid preparation. Astwood E.B. used it in 1943 as therapy of Graves' disease for the first time. It remains in use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160788-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Thiouracil, Medical use\nThiouracil inhibits thyroid activity by blocking the enzyme thyroid peroxidase. Its use in recent times has been replaced by advent of more potent and safer antithyroid drugs. It occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160789-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Undecanone\n2-Undecanone, also known as methyl nonyl ketone and IBI-246, is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)C9H19. It a colorless oil. It is usually produced synthetically, but it can also be extracted from various plant sources, including from essential oil of rue. It is found naturally in bananas, cloves, ginger, guava, strawberries, wild-grown tomatoes, and the perennial leaf vegetable Houttuynia cordata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160789-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Undecanone, Uses\nBecause of its strong odor it is primarily used as an insect repellent or animal repellent. Typically, 1\u20132% concentrations of 2-undecanone are found in dog and cat repellents in the form of a liquid, aerosol spray, or gel. 2-Undecanone is also used in the perfumery and flavoring industries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160789-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Undecanone, Uses\nIt has been investigated as a mosquito repellant, like DEET.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160789-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Undecanone, Chemical properties\n2-Undecanone is a ketone that  is soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water. Like most methyl ketones, 2-undecanone undergoes a haloform reaction when in the presence of a basic solution of hypochlorite. For example, the reaction between 2-undecanone and sodium hypochlorite yields sodium decanoate, chloroform, and sodium hydroxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0000-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL)\n2e Afdeling, Vliegtuiggroep V (2nd Squadron, Airgroup 5) or short 2-VLG-V was a squadron of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force from the 1st of July 1941 to the 8th of March 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0001-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Establishment\nBefore the war in Europe, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force (ML-KNIL) consisted of old planes and a handful of pilots. The Netherlands already had plans to reorganize the ML-KNIL and when Nazi-Germany overcame the Netherlands, it was given the first priority. On 1 June 1941, the 'Tweede Afdeling' (second division) was formed on Semplak. This would be a fighter division, consisting mainly of Curtiss-Wright Model 21 Interceptors and Brewster B-339C/D Buffalos. The first squadron (1-VLG-V) would use the interceptors, but because those were not delivered yet, 1-VLG-V was used as a test-squadron for the newly arrived Buffalos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0001-0001", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Establishment\nWhen at the end of June the first interceptors arrived, a second squadron within this division was created on 1 July 1941, 2-VLG-V. The squadron leader was Capt. Jacob Pieter van Helsdingen. The plan was that 2-VLG-V, consisting of 12 pilots, would get 12 ready to use Buffalos, and 12 spare Buffalos. However, at the end of the war, only 17 Buffalos would have been used by 2-VLG-V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0002-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Battles, Battle of Malaya\nOn 25 December 1941, 12 Buffalos together with 12 pilots of 2-VLG-V were stationed at Kallang, for the defence of Singapore. These Buffalos were fitted with a bomb-rack, so that they could be used for dive-bombing. The Buffalos of the ML-KNIL didn't have bulletproof glass (it was ordered but Brewster couldn't deliver it). However the Buffalos from 2-VLG-V that helped defend Singapore were fitted with bulletproof glass from damaged British buffalos. During several actions above and near Singapore, 2-VLG-V managed to sink a Japanese destroyer, and shot down four Japanese aircraft. During the actions above Singapore, one pilot from 2-VLG-V was killed. The pilots and Buffalos that flew above Singapore were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0003-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Battles, Battle of Java\nOn 18 January 1942 the Buffalos that fought above Singapore were called back to help defend Java, prior to the Battle of Singapore. Because of several crashes and losses the squadron had to be reorganized. A couple of pilots from other squadrons were transferred to 2-VLG-V, and all the Buffalos were re-arranged. So did Deibel, who was shot down above Singapore with B-3100, and crashed with B-398 received the former aircraft of squadron leader Van Helsdingen. While Van Helsdingen received a new aircraft. Below is a short list of the re-arrangement as far as known:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0004-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Battles, Battle of Java\nOn 19 January, 8 Buffalos from 2-VLG-V intercepted a formation of about 35 Japanese bombers with an escort of about 20 Zeros. The Buffalo pilots destroyed 11 Japanese aircraft. Vdg. J.P. Kuijpers, Sgt. N.G. de Groot, Vdg. J. Scheffer, and Sgt. P.C. 't Hart were all shot down, Kuijper and de Groot were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0005-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Battles, Battle of Balikpapan\nIn the afternoon of January 23, all Buffalos from 2-VLG-V together with several Buffalos from 3-VLG-V and nine Martin Model 166 bombers attacked the Japanese fleet in the Makassar Strait. One pilot (Rothkrans) was shot down and killed during this action. The Buffalos were all fitted with bomb-racks and two 110\u00a0lbs bombs. The Buffalos from 2-VLG-V were given 8 positive hits on several ships. One ship, the Nana Maru was sunk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0006-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Battles, Battle of Balikpapan\nOn Sunday, March 1, at 5:30 nine Brewster Buffalos set out for Eretanwetan, one flight of four aircraft of 2-VLG-V led by Captain van Helsdingen, the other flight - from 1-VLG-V - led by Captain van Rest. Three Glenn Martin Bombers of 3-VLG-III also took part in this action. One Japanese transport was claimed sunk, but the Glenn Martins also lost one of their number; Lieutenant B. Groenendijk and his crew were killed in action. One of the Brewsters belly-landed at Andir airfield, the pilot being unable to lower his undercarriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0007-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Last Flight\nOn 7 March 1942, van Helsdingen was given the order to give air support to Royal Dutch East Indies Army forces fighting in Lembang. Despite the Japanese having an almost complete air superiority over Java, he nevertheless chose to take off from Andir airfield. He asked all available pilots who wanted to volunteer. All pilots volunteered and van Helsdingen picked four pilots who then jumped in the four last remaining Buffalos. Just before take-off, van Helsdingen was informed by another pilot that one of the chosen pilots was married.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0007-0001", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Last Flight\nDespite being married himself van Helsdingen took the place of the married pilot, and the four Buffalos took off. The three other pilots were: 1st Lieutenant August Deibel, Sergeant Gerard Bruggink and Officer Cadet Jan Scheffer. After only travelling 200 kilometers they ran into three Mitsubishi A6Ms. Deibel's plane was hit in the oil tank and he had to break off from combat. His wingman, Scheffer, escorted him back to Andir airfield, where Deibel crash landed his aircraft without injury. The other two remained above Lembang, but were now dogfighting six Mitsubishi A6Ms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0007-0002", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Last Flight\nVan Helsdingen was soon shot down, but Bruggink managed to escape into the clouds before returning to Andir airfield. The Dutch forces in Lembang surrendered the next day. Bruggink and Deibel were awarded the Military William Order, the highest award available from the Netherlands, while van Helsdingen and Scheffer (who died a prisoner of war) were posthumously awarded the honour on 14 July 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0008-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Decorations\nEven though the squadron was short-lived, it has been one of the most highly decorated squadrons of the Dutch East Indies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0009-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Decorations\n1 x Knight 3rd Class of the Military Order of William", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160790-0010-0000", "contents": "2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL), Decorations\n4 x Knight 4th Class of the Military Order of William", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160791-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Vinyl-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine\n2-Vinyl-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine is an organic compound with the formula (H2NC)2N3CCH=CH2. The molecule consists of a vinyl group (-CH=CH2) attached to a 2,4-diaminotriazine. A colorless solid, it is a monomeric precursor to polymers with hydrogen-bonding substituents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160792-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Vinylpyridine\n2-Vinylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula CH2CHC5H4N. It is a derivative of pyridine with a vinyl group in the 2-position, next to the nitrogen. It is a colorless liquid, although samples are often brown. It is used industrially  as a precursor to specialty polymers and as an intermediate in the chemical, pharmaceutical, dye, and photo industries. Vinylpyridine is sensitive to polymerization. It may be stabilized with a free radical inhibitor such as tert-butylcatechol. Owing to its tendency to polymerize, samples are typically refrigerated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160792-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Vinylpyridine, Synthesis\nIt was first synthesized in 1887. A contemporary preparation entails condensation of 2-methylpyridine with formaldehyde, followed by dehydration of the intermediate alcohol. The reaction is carried out between 150\u2013200 \u00b0C in an autoclave. The conversion is kept relatively low. After removal of unreacted 2-methylpyridine by distillation, concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to the residue and the resultant mixture is distilled under reduced pressure. During distillation, the dehydration of 2-(2-pyridyl)ethanol occurs to give 2-vinylpyridine, which can be purified further by fractional distillation under reduced pressure in the presence of an inhibitor such as 4-tert-butylcatechol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160792-0002-0000", "contents": "2-Vinylpyridine, Synthesis\nAn alternative synthesis involves the reaction of acrylonitrile and acetylene below 130\u2013140  \u030aC in the presence of organocobalt compounds as a catalyst. Acrylonitrile is the solvent for the reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160792-0003-0000", "contents": "2-Vinylpyridine, Uses, Polymeric derivatives\n2-Vinylpyridine is readily polymerized or copolymerized with styrene, butadiene, isobutylene, methyl methacrylate, and other compounds in the presence of radical, cationic, or anionic initiators. The homopolymer is soluble in organic solvents such as methanol and acetone, whereas cross-linked copolymers are insoluble in organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160792-0004-0000", "contents": "2-Vinylpyridine, Uses, Polymeric derivatives\nAn important application of 2-vinylpyridine involves the production of a latex terpolymer of 2-vinylpyridine, styrene, and butadiene, for use as a tire-cord binder. The tire cord is treated first with a resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer and then with a terpolymer made from 15% 2-vinylpyridine, styrene, and butadiene. This treatment gives the close bonding of tire cord to rubber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160792-0005-0000", "contents": "2-Vinylpyridine, Uses, Polymeric derivatives\n2-Vinylpyridine is a co-monomer for acrylic fibers. Between 1\u20135% of copolymerized 2-vinylpyridine provide the reactive sites for dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160792-0006-0000", "contents": "2-Vinylpyridine, Uses, Organic synthesis\nDue to the electron-withdrawing effect of the ring nitrogen atom, 2-vinylpyridine adds nucleophiles such as methoxide, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide at the vinylic site to give addition products. The addition product of methanol to 2-vinylpyridine, 2-(2-methoxyethyl)pyridine is a veterinary anthelmintic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160792-0007-0000", "contents": "2-Vinylpyridine, Uses, Organic synthesis\nTreating 2-vinylpyridine with 4-pyridinecarbonitrile and hydrogen chloride gives 1-[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-4-cyanopyridinium chloride, which then can be used to prepare dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), a widely used base catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160792-0008-0000", "contents": "2-Vinylpyridine, Uses, Organic synthesis\n2-Vinylpyridine is used in the production of Axitinib, a pharmaceutical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160793-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Way (Lil' Romeo Song)\n\"2-Way\" is the first single from Lil' Romeo's second studio album Game Time. The track features additional vocals from his dad Master P and Silkk The Shocker. It is an almost-complete cover of \"It Takes Two\" by Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock, with slight lyrical alterations to the original (i.e. references in Base's own lyrics to himself) and additional samples. The song was played at the ending credits of Hey Arnold! : The Movie. It also appeared in the movie Kangaroo Jack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160793-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Way (Lil' Romeo Song), Music video\nA music video for the track was filmed in April 2002. Two versions of the video were made. The first is when Romeo is performing the song in a basketball stadium & a basketball outfit. The music video also involves the North Miami Beach High School Marching Chargers. The second version includes a basketball game and scenes from Hey Arnold! : The Movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0000-0000", "contents": "2-XL\n2-XL (2-XL Robot, 2XL Robot, 2-XL Toy) is an educational toy robot that was marketed from 1978\u20131981 by the Mego Corporation, and from 1992\u20131995 by Tiger Electronics. 2-XL was the first \"smart-toy\" in that it exhibited rudimentary intelligence, memory, gameplay, and responsiveness. 2-XL was infused with a \"personality\" that kept kids focused and challenged as they interacted with the verbal robot. Learning was enhanced via the use of jokes and funny sayings as verbal reinforcements for performance. 2-XL was heralded as an important step in the development of toys, particularly educational ones. 2-XL won many awards, and Playthings, a toy industry magazine, placed 2-XL on its 75th anniversary cover as one of the industry's top-ten toys of all time. The 2-XL name is a pun of the phrase \"To Excel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0001-0000", "contents": "2-XL, History and development\nThe toy was invented and licensed for manufacture by Michael J. Freeman, inventor, Ph.D. and was patented. 2-XL exhibited rudimentary intelligence, memory, gameplay, and responsiveness. Dubbed the \"Toy with a Personality,\" 2-XL could respond verbally to the user depending upon which \"input or answer\" buttons were chosen. 2-XL during its run was one of the most popular toys in terms of market revenue and was dubbed the Talking Robot with a mind of its own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 29], "content_span": [30, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0001-0001", "contents": "2-XL, History and development\nThe toy was voiced by Freeman,using a synthesizer to make his voice a high-pitched robot-like sound; it was through this process that Freeman developed 2-XL's personality. 2-XL was first introduced in 1978 by the Mego Corporation, a publicly traded US-based toy company in New York City and it subsequently  became a success. The toy was sold in different countries and the tapes were translated into seven foreign languages. Games were also developed for the toy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 29], "content_span": [30, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0002-0000", "contents": "2-XL, History and development\nMego, otherwise known for its production of dolls and classic action figures in the 1970s, was seen as an innovator combining toys and education. The toy's name literally meant \"To Excel\". The toy was voice capable, was able to tell stories, and sing using its special 8-track tapes. The toy's tapes asked multiple-choice questions (MCQs) that were answered by pushing a YES or NO button that changed the tracking of the tape. It was a crude but reportedly innovative use of the technology that was present in that era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 29], "content_span": [30, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0003-0000", "contents": "2-XL, History and development\nIn addition to its general popularity, 2-XL was unprecedented in terms of market revenue. \"The 2XL was hot, in demand, and everyone wanted one.\" \"It was a great way to make learning cool and fun.\" Playthings magazine, in its cover story of September 1978, considered the 2-XL robot as one of the most important toys ever developed, and included it in a class of \"toys with impact\" along with the Teddy Bear, Barbie Doll, Raggedy Ann, Mickey Mouse among others. The robot was a popular educational toy whose success anticipated the dominant influence of technology in education today. Dubbed the \"Toy with a Personality,\" 2-XL could respond verbally to the user depending upon which \"input or answer\" buttons were chosen. Part of the reason for this is the connection the toy made between education and fun. \"2-XL was a glorious display of plastic robotics.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 29], "content_span": [30, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0004-0000", "contents": "2-XL, History and development\n2-XL was interactive playing various tracks from a magnetic audio tape depending on the user's actions. 2-XL's personality was very popular and kids loved the back-and-forth banter. For example, If a child got an answer wrong 2-XL might utter something like: \"perhaps your brain went on strike! You are Wrong.\" Or, \"Nice try but (whispering) you are wrong, but go ahead, I will be a nice little toy robot and give you a second chance now.\" \"Even though you needed two chances you finally got the answer right, elephant is the correct answer\"'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 29], "content_span": [30, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0004-0001", "contents": "2-XL, History and development\n\"But do not get too excited, you have now earned yourself a more difficult question. Hold on to your hat, here it comes\" If the child was right, 2-XL might say: \"Although I have the looks you have the brains. You must be a genius. Good work.\" Or, \"it is amazing that big brain of yours fits into the head of a child. Nice answer, football is correct.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0005-0000", "contents": "2-XL, History and development\nIn 1981, the toy's popularity waned, and it was later discontinued. In 1992, 2-XL was re-introduced by Tiger Electronics, a toy company based in Vernon Hills, Illinois. The toy was changed into a more modern design, and new programmed toy cartridges were also introduced. The voice for this version was done by Freeman as well, and all programs were translated into many different languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 29], "content_span": [30, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0006-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Versions, Mego Corporation version\nThe original version, created by Mego Corporation, was made of brown plastic with white plastic found on the anterior face of the robot. It had two red light bulbs for the eyes. These bulbs also flashed at moments while 8-track cartridge tape programs played. It had four red buttons on its stomach with designated options for answers to questions asked by the toy, such as \"Question,\" \"A or Yes Or True,\" \"B or More Info,\" and \"C or No or False. A knob is also found on the lower right portion of the toy which controlled its volume and power. The \"mouth\" was reused detail molding taken from the Micronauts Battle Cruiser. At the bottom was a large slot for the 8-track cartridge tapes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 40], "content_span": [41, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0007-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Versions, Mego Corporation version\nThis particular version was essentially a regular 8-track tape player, but by utilizing unique, clever, and patented mathematical decision tree programming methods, over 20 interactive modes of operation were achieved. It seemed to most people like a computer which had enough information and interactive questions to entertain and educate a child (or adult) up to two hours. Subjects included sports quiz, Guinness Book of World Records, the metric system, general information and jokes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 40], "content_span": [41, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0008-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Versions, Mego Corporation version\nThe mold and look got a minor change in 1980. The eye lights became red and responded to the voice. The flashing lights also became brighter, and the speaker in the back of the unit was changed from a hexagon shape to a more traditional round. The plastic was glossier looking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 40], "content_span": [41, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0009-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Versions, Tiger Electronics version\nTiger Electronics re-introduced 2-XL in 1992. Instead of using 8-track cartridge tapes, this version used cassette tapes that were twice the length of the tapes in the previous version and had a better sound quality. Freeman again recorded the 2-XL voice for the cassette tapes in a professional sound studio. In addition to eyes that would light up the toy now sported a circle for a mouth that could light up as the machine talked. The toy could now run on batteries and had a headphone jack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0009-0001", "contents": "2-XL, Versions, Tiger Electronics version\nInstead of the buttons simply switching tracks on the 8-track tape as in the old version, the cassette version took advantage of the fact that a cassette has a total of four tracks - one for the left and right channel on each side. The tape head in the player could play any of the four parallel tracks, based on which button was pressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0009-0002", "contents": "2-XL, Versions, Tiger Electronics version\nPlaying a 2-XL tape in a standard tape player would result in different audio on the left and right channels, and if the reverse side was played, one would hear the other two tracks played in reverse. Using all four tracks simultaneously was unique to 2-XL and provided the basis for the interactive give and take.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0010-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Versions, Tiger Electronics version\nAs with the previous version, this version could play any standard tape of similar tape, but the user needed to first push the \"Question\" button (or the \"2/A/No\" button would work as well, playing the correct channel). Pressing three or four buttons would play one of the channels on the reverse side of the tape backwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0011-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Versions, Tiger Electronics version\nNewly released tapes were branded with comic book and cartoon characters, including Spider-Man, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, X-Men and Batman. 2-XL games would allow the user to go on an adventure with various superheroes, deciding their fate by pushing one of the buttons. The second version was on the market from 1992 through 1996, and about 45 tapes were released in total. The toy was sold internationally, including in Japan, Germany, Hungary, Italy, France, UK, Ireland, Canada, Brazil (where it was distributed by Nintendo's official local licenser Playtronic) and others. The tapes were translated into many foreign languages, but were not recorded by Freeman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0012-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Television series spinoff\nThe toy's success was also the basis for a game show called Pick Your Brain produced by Marc Summers Productions and Summit Media Group. The 2-XL robot in the show served as the assistant of Marc Summers. 2-XL was also a spokesrobot for basketball player Michael Jordan and his charitable foundation in 1992 and 1993 and appeared in a number of PSA (public service announcements) with Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0013-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Tapes, List of 2-XL tapes manufactured by Mego Corporation between 1978 and 1981\nGeneral Information was included with each toy robot. The remainder programs were each sold separately:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 86], "content_span": [87, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0014-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Tapes, List of 2-XL tapes manufactured by Tiger Electronics between 1992 and 1995\nThe World of 2-XL was sold with each toy robot. The remainder programs were each sold separately. For foreign sales, the Freeman voiced 2-XL English language tapes were translated into foreign languages performed by a professional that spoke the designated language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 87], "content_span": [88, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0015-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Tapes, Trilex\nOne of the last tapes released for the Mego Corporation version of 2XL was \"Trilex\", a complete board game designed to be played against 2XL. The tape came with a board which fitted over the front of the 2XL unit itself, with the board in front of the tape slot. The game board consisted of an inverted pyramid shape, 4 squares wide at the top to 1 square at the bottom, with each row colored in a different color (Blue, Yellow, Green, and Tan), and 4 slots through which pieces (which 2XL called \"checkers\") could be dropped into the pyramid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0015-0001", "contents": "2-XL, Tapes, Trilex\nThe slots aligned with 2XL's 4 buttons, with the intention that dropping the checker would also press the appropriate track button on 2XL. The objective of the game was to create either a line or a triangle of three checkers of a selected color. The game and tape design are interesting because they enabled the 4-track tape player to provide a passable simulation of a game-playing AI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0016-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Merchandising\nA number of secondary products were licensed under the 2-XL (2XL) name including: laptop computer bags, earphones, lunch boxes and more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160794-0017-0000", "contents": "2-XL, Awards\nDuring its time, both iterations of 2-XL won hundreds of awards, including FamilyFun magazine's award for best toy of 1992, and Right Start Magazine's honor as Europe's best toy in the 3-5 year-old category for 1993. For the 75th anniversary issue of Playthings magazine, 2-XL was featured on the cover and named one of the top ten toys of all time. The Tiger 2-XL was also the winner of the 1992 Walt Disney Company Best Learning Toy for 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160795-0000-0000", "contents": "2-Z (album)\n2-Z is an album by American jazz pianist Matthew Shipp with AACM saxophonist Roscoe Mitchell, which was recorded in 1995 and released on the 2.13.61 label. Shipp played previously with Mitchell's Note Factory on the album This Dance Is for Steve McCall, but 2-Z represents their first collaboration with Shipp as a leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160795-0001-0000", "contents": "2-Z (album), Reception\nIn his review for AllMusic, Chris Kelsey states \"The men speak the same language \u2014albeit with slightly different accents\u2014 and they communicate quite well. A nice record.\" The Penguin Guide to Jazz says about the album that \"is a meeting of generations, and Shipp sounds respectful and happy to take second place for much of it, constantly searching for some normative path that might hint at a tonal centre\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160796-0000-0000", "contents": "2-acetolactate mutase\nIn enzymology, a 2-acetolactate mutase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160796-0001-0000", "contents": "2-acetolactate mutase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-acetolactate, and one product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160796-0002-0000", "contents": "2-acetolactate mutase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular transferases transferring other groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-acetolactate methylmutase. Other names in common use include acetolactate mutase, and acetohydroxy acid isomerase. This enzyme participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor, ascorbate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160797-0000-0000", "contents": "2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160797-0001-0000", "contents": "2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 2-acylglycerol, whereas its two products are CoA and diacylglycerol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160797-0002-0000", "contents": "2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase. Other names in common use include acylglycerol palmitoyltransferase, monoglyceride acyltransferase, acyl coenzyme A-monoglyceride acyltransferase, and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in glycerolipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160798-0000-0000", "contents": "2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160798-0001-0000", "contents": "2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, whereas its two products are CoA and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160798-0002-0000", "contents": "2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This enzyme is also called 2-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160799-0000-0000", "contents": "2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160799-0001-0000", "contents": "2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and phosphatidylcholine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160799-0002-0000", "contents": "2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase. Other names in common use include 2-acylglycerol-3-phosphorylcholine acyltransferase, and 2-acylglycerophosphocholine acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160800-0000-0000", "contents": "2-alkenal reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-alkenal reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160800-0001-0000", "contents": "2-alkenal reductase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are n-alkanal, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are alk-2-enal, NADH, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160800-0002-0000", "contents": "2-alkenal reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is n-alkanal:NAD(P)+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NAD(P)H-dependent alkenal/one oxidoreductase, and NADPH:2-alkenal alpha,beta-hydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160800-0003-0000", "contents": "2-alkenal reductase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, three structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160801-0000-0000", "contents": "2-alkyn-1-ol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-alkyn-1-ol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160801-0001-0000", "contents": "2-alkyn-1-ol dehydrogenase\nThe two substrates of this enzyme are 2-butyne-1,4-diol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 4-hydroxy-2-butynal, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160801-0002-0000", "contents": "2-alkyn-1-ol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-butyne-1,4-diol:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160802-0000-0000", "contents": "2-amino-3,7-dideoxy-D-threo-hept-6-ulosonate synthase\n2-amino-3,7-dideoxy-D-threo-hept-6-ulosonate synthase (EC , ADH synthase, ADHS, MJ0400 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde:1-deoxy-D-threo-hexo-2,5-diulose 6-phosphate methylglyoxaltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160802-0001-0000", "contents": "2-amino-3,7-dideoxy-D-threo-hept-6-ulosonate synthase\nThe enzyme plays a key role in an alternative pathway of the biosynthesis of 3-dehydroquinate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160803-0000-0000", "contents": "2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase\nIn enzymology, a 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160803-0001-0000", "contents": "2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine, whereas its two products are AMP and (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160803-0002-0000", "contents": "2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring two phosphorus-containing groups (diphosphotransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine 6'-diphosphotransferase. Other names in common use include 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase, H2-pteridine-CH2OH pyrophosphokinase, 7,8-dihydroxymethylpterin-pyrophosphokinase, HPPK, 7,8-dihydro-6-hydroxymethylpterin pyrophosphokinase, and hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase. This enzyme participates in folate biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160803-0003-0000", "contents": "2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase\nThis enzyme catalyses the first step in a three-step pathway leading to 7,8 dihydrofolate. Bacterial HPPK (gene folK or sulD) is a protein of 160 to 270 amino acids. In the lower eukaryote Pneumocystis carinii, HPPK is the central domain of a multifunctional folate synthesis enzyme (gene fas).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160803-0004-0000", "contents": "2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 23 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 85], "content_span": [86, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160803-0005-0000", "contents": "2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine diphosphokinase, Further reading\nThis EC 2.7 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 82], "content_span": [83, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160804-0000-0000", "contents": "2-amino-5-formylamino-6-ribosylaminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5'-monophosphate deformylase\n2-amino-5-formylamino-6-ribosylaminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5'-monophosphate deformylase (EC , ArfB) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one amidohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 84], "section_span": [84, 84], "content_span": [85, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160804-0001-0000", "contents": "2-amino-5-formylamino-6-ribosylaminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5'-monophosphate deformylase\nThe enzyme catalyses the second step in archaeal riboflavin and 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 84], "section_span": [84, 84], "content_span": [85, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160805-0000-0000", "contents": "2-aminoadipate transaminase\nIn enzymology, a 2-aminoadipate transaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160805-0001-0000", "contents": "2-aminoadipate transaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-2-aminoadipate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are 2-oxoadipate and L-glutamate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160805-0002-0000", "contents": "2-aminoadipate transaminase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-2-aminoadipate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase, 2-aminoadipate aminotransferase, 2-aminoadipic aminotransferase, glutamic-ketoadipic transaminase, and glutamate-alpha-ketoadipate transaminase. This enzyme participates in lysine biosynthesis and lysine degradation. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160805-0003-0000", "contents": "2-aminoadipate transaminase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160806-0000-0000", "contents": "2-aminobenzenesulfonate 2,3-dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-aminobenzenesulfonate 2,3-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160806-0001-0000", "contents": "2-aminobenzenesulfonate 2,3-dioxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are 2-aminobenzenesulfonate, NADH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 2,3-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate, NH3, and NAD+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160806-0002-0000", "contents": "2-aminobenzenesulfonate 2,3-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-aminobenzenesulfonate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-hydroxylating, ammonia-forming). This enzyme is also called 2-aminosulfobenzene 2,3-dioxygenase. This enzyme participates in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160807-0000-0000", "contents": "2-aminoethylphosphonate\u2014pyruvate transaminase\nIn enzymology, a 2-aminoethylphosphonate\u2014pyruvate transaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160807-0001-0000", "contents": "2-aminoethylphosphonate\u2014pyruvate transaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate and pyruvate, whereas its two products are 2-phosphonoacetaldehyde and L-alanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160807-0002-0000", "contents": "2-aminoethylphosphonate\u2014pyruvate transaminase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate:pyruvate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate transaminase, (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate aminotransferase, (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid aminotransferase, 2-aminoethylphosphonate-pyruvate aminotransferase, 2-aminoethylphosphonate aminotransferase, 2-aminoethylphosphonate transaminase, AEP transaminase, and AEPT. This enzyme participates in aminophosphonate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160807-0003-0000", "contents": "2-aminoethylphosphonate\u2014pyruvate transaminase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160808-0000-0000", "contents": "2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase\nIn enzymology, a 2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160808-0001-0000", "contents": "2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-2-aminohexano-6-lactam, and one product, D-2-aminohexano-6-lactam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160808-0002-0000", "contents": "2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on amino acids and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase. This enzyme is also called alpha-amino-epsilon-caprolactam racemase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160809-0000-0000", "contents": "2-aminohexanoate transaminase\nIn enzymology, a 2-aminohexanoate transaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160809-0001-0000", "contents": "2-aminohexanoate transaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-2-aminohexanoate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are 2-oxohexanoate and L-glutamate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160809-0002-0000", "contents": "2-aminohexanoate transaminase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-2-aminohexanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include norleucine transaminase, norleucine (leucine) aminotransferase, and leucine L-norleucine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160810-0000-0000", "contents": "2-aminomuconate deaminase\nIn enzymology, a 2-aminomuconate deaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160810-0001-0000", "contents": "2-aminomuconate deaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-aminomuconate and H2O, whereas its two products are 4-oxalocrotonate and NH3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160810-0002-0000", "contents": "2-aminomuconate deaminase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in compounds that have not been otherwise categorized within EC number 3.5. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-aminomuconate aminohydrolase. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160811-0000-0000", "contents": "2-bridge knot\nIn the mathematical field of knot theory, a 2-bridge knot is a knot which can be regular isotoped so that the natural height function given by the z-coordinate has only two maxima and two minima as critical points. Equivalently, these are the knots with bridge number 2, the smallest possible bridge number for a nontrivial knot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160811-0001-0000", "contents": "2-bridge knot\nOther names for 2-bridge knots are rational knots, 4-plats, and Viergeflechte (German for 'four braids'). 2-bridge links are defined similarly as above, but each component will have one min and max. 2-bridge knots were classified by Horst Schubert, using the fact that the 2-sheeted branched cover of the 3-sphere over the knot is a lens space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160811-0002-0000", "contents": "2-bridge knot\nThe names rational knot and rational link were coined by John Conway who defined them as arising from numerator closures of rational tangles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160812-0000-0000", "contents": "2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide isomerase\nIn enzymology, a 2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide isomerase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160812-0001-0000", "contents": "2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide isomerase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, cis-2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide, and one product, trans-2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160812-0002-0000", "contents": "2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide isomerase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically cis-trans isomerases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide cis-trans-isomerase. Other names in common use include 2-chlorocarboxymethylenebutenolide isomerase, and chlorodienelactone isomerase. This enzyme participates in 1,4-dichlorobenzene degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160813-0000-0000", "contents": "2-chlorobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-chlorobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160813-0001-0000", "contents": "2-chlorobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are 2-chlorobenzoate, NADH, H+, and O2, whereas its 4 products are catechol, chloride, NAD+, and CO2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160813-0002-0000", "contents": "2-chlorobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-chlorobenzoate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-hydroxylating, dechlorinating, decarboxylating). This enzyme is also called 2-halobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase. This enzyme participates in benzoate degradation via coa ligation. It employs one cofactor, iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160814-0000-0000", "contents": "2-choice hashing\n2-choice hashing, also known as 2-choice chaining, is \"a variant of a hash table in which keys are added by hashing with two hash functions. The key is put in the array position with the fewer (colliding) keys. Some collision resolution scheme is needed, unless keys are kept in buckets. The average-case cost of a successful search is O(2+(m\u22121)/n){\\displaystyle O(2+(m-1)/n)}, where m{\\displaystyle m} is the number of keys and n{\\displaystyle n} is the size of the array. The most collisions is log2\u2061ln\u2061n+\u03b8(m/n){\\displaystyle \\log _{2}\\ln n+\\theta (m/n)} with high probability.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160814-0001-0000", "contents": "2-choice hashing, How It Works\n2-choice hashing utilizes two hash functions h1(x) and h2(x) which work as hash functions are expected to work (i.e. mapping integers from the universe into a specified range). The two hash functions should be independent and have no correlation to each other. Having two hash functions allows any key x to have up to two potential locations to be stored based on the values of the respective outputs, h1(x) and  h2(x). It is important to note that, although there are two hash functions, there is only one table; both hash functions map to locations on that table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160814-0002-0000", "contents": "2-choice hashing, Implementation\nThe most important functions of the hashing implementation in this case are insertion and search.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160814-0003-0000", "contents": "2-choice hashing, Performance\nAs is true with all hash tables, the performance is based on the largest bucket. Although there are instances where bucket sizes happen to be large based on the values and the hash functions used, this is rare. Having two hash functions and, therefore, two possible locations for any one value, makes the possibility of large buckets even more unlikely to happen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160814-0004-0000", "contents": "2-choice hashing, Performance\nThe expected bucket size while using 2-choice hashing is: \u03b8(log(log(n))). This improvement is due to the randomized concept known as The Power of Two Choices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160814-0005-0000", "contents": "2-choice hashing, Performance\nUsing two hash functions offers substantial benefits over a single hash function. There is little improvement (and no change to the expected order statistics) if more than two hash functions are used: \"Additional hash functions only decrease the maximum by a constant factor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160814-0006-0000", "contents": "2-choice hashing, Performance\nSome people recommend a type of 2-choice hashing called two-way skewed-associative cache in some CPU caches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160814-0007-0000", "contents": "2-choice hashing, Performance\n2-left hashing\u2014using two hash tables of equal size n/2, and asymmetrically resolving ties by putting the key in the left hash table\u2014has fewer collisions and therefore better performance than 2-choice hashing with one large hash table of size n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160815-0000-0000", "contents": "2-coumarate O-beta-glucosyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 2-coumarate O-beta-glucosyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160815-0001-0000", "contents": "2-coumarate O-beta-glucosyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and trans-2-hydroxycinnamate, whereas its two products are UDP and trans-beta-D-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160815-0002-0000", "contents": "2-coumarate O-beta-glucosyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:trans-2-hydroxycinnamate O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include uridine diphosphoglucose-o-coumarate glucosyltransferase, and UDPG:o-coumaric acid O-glucosyltransferase. This enzyme participates in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160816-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160816-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate 6-phosphate, and two products, pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160816-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate-6-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include 6-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate aldolase, phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate aldolase, 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonic aldolase, phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygalactonic aldolase, 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonic acid aldolase, (KDPGal)aldolase, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate-6-phosphate, and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase. This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160816-0003-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160817-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160817-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (4S)-4,6-dihydroxy-2,5-dioxohexanoate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160817-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase, Nomenclature\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 5-dehydrogenase, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate dehydrogenase, 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, (phosphate)) dehydrogenase, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate (3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonic, and acid) dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160818-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160818-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxohexanoate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160818-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate:NADP+ 6-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate dehydrogenase, and 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160819-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160819-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate, and two products, pyruvate and glycolaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160819-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate glycolaldehyde-lyase (pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase, 3-deoxy-D-pentulosonic acid aldolase, and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate glycolaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160820-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate dehydratase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate dehydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160820-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate dehydratase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate, and two products, 2,5-dioxopentanoate and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160820-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate dehydratase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate hydro-lyase (2,5-dioxopentanoate-forming). Other names in common use include 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate dehydratase, and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160821-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-pentonate aldolase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-pentonate aldolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160821-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-pentonate aldolase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-pentonate, and two products, pyruvate and glycolaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160821-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-pentonate aldolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-pentonate glycolaldehyde-lyase (pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-pentonate aldolase, 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-arabonate aldolase, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-xylonate aldolase, 3-deoxy-D-pentulosonic acid aldolase, and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-pentonate glycolaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160822-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactonokinase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactonokinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160822-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactonokinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate, whereas its two products are ADP and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate 6-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160822-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactonokinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate 6-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include 2-keto-3-deoxygalactonokinase, 2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate kinase (phosphorylating), and 2-oxo-3-deoxygalactonate kinase. This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160823-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160823-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate, and two products, pyruvate and tartronate semialdehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160823-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate tartronate-semialdehyde-lyase (pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include 2-keto-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase, alpha-keto-beta-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase, and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate tartronate-semialdehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160823-0003-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxyglucarate aldolase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160824-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160824-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate, whereas its two products are ADP and 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160824-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include 2-keto-3-deoxygluconokinase, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconic acid kinase, 2-keto-3-deoxygluconokinase (phosphorylating), 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase, and ketodeoxygluconokinase. This enzyme participates in pentose phosphate pathway and pentose and glucuronate interconversions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160824-0003-0000", "contents": "2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160825-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160825-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-pantoate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2-dehydropantoate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160825-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-pantoate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2-oxopantoate reductase, 2-ketopantoate reductase, 2-ketopantoic acid reductase, ketopantoate reductase, and ketopantoic acid reductase. This enzyme participates in pantothenate and coa biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160825-0003-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 5 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160826-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantoate aldolase\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydropantoate aldolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160826-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantoate aldolase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-dehydropantoate, and two products, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate and formaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160826-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantoate aldolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydropantoate formaldehyde-lyase (3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate-forming). Other names in common use include ketopantoaldolase, and 2-dehydropantoate formaldehyde-lyase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160827-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantolactone reductase (A-specific)\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydropantolactone reductase (A-specific) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160827-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantolactone reductase (A-specific)\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-pantolactone and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2-dehydropantolactone, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160827-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantolactone reductase (A-specific)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-pantolactone:NADP+ oxidoreductase (A-specific). Other names in common use include 2-oxopantoyl lactone reductase, ketopantoyl lactone reductase, 2-ketopantoyl lactone reductase, and 2-dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase (A-specific).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160828-0000-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantolactone reductase (B-specific)\nIn enzymology, a 2-dehydropantolactone reductase (B-specific) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160828-0001-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantolactone reductase (B-specific)\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-pantolactone and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2-dehydropantolactone, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160828-0002-0000", "contents": "2-dehydropantolactone reductase (B-specific)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-pantolactone:NADP+ oxidoreductase (B-specific). Other names in common use include 2-oxopantoyl lactone reductase, 2-ketopantoyl lactone reductase, ketopantoyl lactone reductase, and 2-dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase (B-specific).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160829-0000-0000", "contents": "2-deoxy-D-gluconate 3-dehydrogenase\n2-deoxy-D-gluconate 3-dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160829-0001-0000", "contents": "2-deoxy-D-gluconate 3-dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-deoxy-D-gluconate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160829-0002-0000", "contents": "2-deoxy-D-gluconate 3-dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-deoxy-D-gluconate:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called 2-deoxygluconate dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160829-0003-0000", "contents": "2-deoxy-D-gluconate 3-dehydrogenase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160830-0000-0000", "contents": "2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase\n2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase (EC , btrC (gene), neoC (gene), kanC (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphate-lyase (2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160831-0000-0000", "contents": "2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphatase\nIn enzymology, a 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphatase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160831-0001-0000", "contents": "2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphatase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are 2-deoxy-D-glucose and phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160831-0002-0000", "contents": "2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphatase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160832-0000-0000", "contents": "2-deoxyglucosidase\nIn enzymology, a 2-deoxyglucosidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160832-0001-0000", "contents": "2-deoxyglucosidase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucoside and H2O, whereas its two products are 2-deoxy-D-glucose and alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160832-0002-0000", "contents": "2-deoxyglucosidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucoside deoxyglucohydrolase. Other names in common use include 2-deoxy-alpha-glucosidase, and 2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucosidase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160833-0000-0000", "contents": "2-enoate reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-enoate reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160833-0001-0000", "contents": "2-enoate reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are butanoate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-butenoate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160833-0002-0000", "contents": "2-enoate reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is butanoate:NAD+ Delta2-oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called enoate reductase. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine metabolism. It has 4 cofactors: FAD, Iron, Sulfur,  and Iron-sulfur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160834-0000-0000", "contents": "2-ethylmalate synthase\nIn enzymology, a 2-ethylmalate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160834-0001-0000", "contents": "2-ethylmalate synthase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, H2O, and 2-oxobutanoate, whereas its two products are (R)-2-ethylmalate and CoA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160834-0002-0000", "contents": "2-ethylmalate synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl groups on transfer. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:2-oxobutanoate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming). Other names in common use include (R)-2-ethylmalate 2-oxobutanoyl-lyase (CoA-acetylating), 2-ethylmalate-3-hydroxybutanedioate synthase, propylmalate synthase, and propylmalic synthase. This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160835-0000-0000", "contents": "2-factor theorem\nIn the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the 2-factor theorem, discovered by Julius Petersen, is one of the earliest works in graph theory. It can be stated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160835-0001-0000", "contents": "2-factor theorem\nHere, a 2-factor is a subgraph of G in which all vertices have degree two; that is, it is a collection of cycles that together touch each vertex exactly once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160835-0002-0000", "contents": "2-factor theorem, Proof\nIn order to prove this generalized form of the theorem, Petersen first proved that a 4-regular graph can be factorized into two 2-factors by taking alternate edges in a Eulerian trail. He noted that the same technique used for the 4-regular graph yields a factorization of a 2k-regular graph into two k-factors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160835-0003-0000", "contents": "2-factor theorem, Proof\nTo prove this theorem, it is sufficient to consider connected graphs. A connected graph with even degree has an Eulerian trail. Traversing this Eulerian trail generates an orientation D of G such that every point has indegree and outdegree\u00a0=\u00a0k. Next, replace every vertex v\u00a0\u03f5\u00a0V(D) by two vertices v\u2019 and v\u201d, and replace every directed edge uv of the oriented graph by an undirected edge from u\u2019 to v\u201d. Since D has in- and outdegree equal to k the resulting bipartite graph G\u2019 is k-regular. The edges of G\u2019 can be partitioned into k perfect matchings by a theorem of K\u0151nig. Now merging v\u2019 with v\u201d for every v recover the graph G, and maps the k perfect matchings of G\u2019 onto k 2-factors of G which partition its edges. [ 1]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160835-0004-0000", "contents": "2-factor theorem, History\nThe theorem was discovered by Julius Petersen, a Danish mathematician. It is in fact, one of the first results in graph theory. The theorem appears first in the 1891 article \"Die Theorie der regul\u00e4ren graphs\". To prove the theorem Petersen's fundamental idea was to 'colour' the edges of a trial or a path alternatingly red and blue, and then to use the edges of one or both colours for the construction of other paths or trials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160836-0000-0000", "contents": "2-functor\nIn mathematics, a 2-functor is a morphism between 2-categories. They may be defined formally using enrichment by saying that a 2-category is exactly a Cat-enriched category and a 2-functor is a Cat-functor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160836-0001-0000", "contents": "2-functor\nExplicitly, if C and D are 2-categories then a 2-functor F:C\u2192D{\\displaystyle F\\colon C\\to D} consists of", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160836-0002-0000", "contents": "2-functor\nsuch that each Fc,c{\\displaystyle F_{c,c}} strictly preserves identity objects and they commute with horizontal composition in C and D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160837-0000-0000", "contents": "2-furoate\u2014CoA ligase\nIn enzymology, a 2-furoate\u2014CoA ligase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160837-0001-0000", "contents": "2-furoate\u2014CoA ligase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 2-furoate, and CoA, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and 2-furoyl-CoA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160837-0002-0000", "contents": "2-furoate\u2014CoA ligase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-furoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called 2-furoyl coenzyme A synthetase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160838-0000-0000", "contents": "2-furoyl-CoA dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-furoyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160838-0001-0000", "contents": "2-furoyl-CoA dehydrogenase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-furoyl-CoA, H2O, and acceptor, whereas its two products are S-(5-hydroxy-2-furoyl)-CoA and reduced acceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160838-0002-0000", "contents": "2-furoyl-CoA dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-furoyl-CoA:acceptor 5-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating). Other names in common use include furoyl-CoA hydroxylase, 2-furoyl coenzyme A hydroxylase, 2-furoyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, and 2-furoyl-CoA:(acceptor) 5-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating). It employs one cofactor, copper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0000-0000", "contents": "2-group\nIn mathematics, a 2-group, or 2-dimensional higher group, is a certain combination of group and groupoid. The 2-groups are part of a larger hierarchy of n-groups. In some of the literature, 2-groups are also called gr-categories or groupal groupoids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0001-0000", "contents": "2-group, Definition\nA 2-group is a monoidal category G in which every morphism is invertible and every object has a weak inverse. (Here, a weak inverse of an object x is an object y such that xy and yx are both isomorphic to the unit object.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0002-0000", "contents": "2-group, Strict 2-groups\nMuch of the literature focuses on strict 2-groups. A strict 2-group is a strict monoidal category in which every morphism is invertible and every object has a strict inverse (so that xy and yx are actually equal to the unit object).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0003-0000", "contents": "2-group, Strict 2-groups\nA strict 2-group is a group object in a category of categories; as such, they are also called groupal categories. Conversely, a strict 2-group is a category object in the category of groups; as such, they are also called categorical groups. They can also be identified with crossed modules, and are most often studied in that form. Thus, 2-groups in general can be seen as a weakening of crossed modules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0004-0000", "contents": "2-group, Strict 2-groups\nEvery 2-group is equivalent to a strict 2-group, although this can't be done coherently: it doesn't extend to 2-group homomorphisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0005-0000", "contents": "2-group, Properties\nWeak inverses can always be assigned coherently: one can define a functor on any 2-group G that assigns a weak inverse to each object and makes that object an adjoint equivalence in the monoidal category G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0006-0000", "contents": "2-group, Properties\nGiven a bicategory B and an object x of B, there is an automorphism 2-group of x in B, written AutB(x). The objects are the automorphisms of x, with multiplication given by composition, and the morphisms are the invertible 2-morphisms between these. If B is a 2-groupoid (so all objects and morphisms are weakly invertible) and x is its only object, then AutB(x) is the only data left in B. Thus, 2-groups may be identified with one-object 2-groupoids, much as groups may be identified with one-object groupoids and monoidal categories may be identified with one-object bicategories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0007-0000", "contents": "2-group, Properties\nIf G is a strict 2-group, then the objects of G form a group, called the underlying group of G and written G0. This will not work for arbitrary 2-groups; however, if one identifies isomorphic objects, then the equivalence classes form a group, called the fundamental group of G and written \u03c01(G). (Note that even for a strict 2-group, the fundamental group will only be a quotient group of the underlying group.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0008-0000", "contents": "2-group, Properties\nAs a monoidal category, any 2-group G has a unit object IG. The automorphism group of IG is an abelian group by the Eckmann\u2013Hilton argument, written Aut(IG) or \u03c02(G).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0009-0000", "contents": "2-group, Properties\nThe fundamental group of G acts on either side of \u03c02(G), and the associator of G (as a monoidal category) defines an element of the cohomology group H3(\u03c01(G),\u03c02(G)). In fact, 2-groups are classified in this way: given a group \u03c01, an abelian group \u03c02, a group action of \u03c01 on \u03c02, and an element of H3(\u03c01,\u03c02), there is a unique (up to equivalence) 2-group G with \u03c01(G) isomorphic to \u03c01, \u03c02(G) isomorphic to \u03c02, and the other data corresponding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0010-0000", "contents": "2-group, Properties\nThe element of H3(\u03c01,\u03c02) associated to a 2-group is sometimes called its Sinh invariant, as it was developed by Grothendieck's student Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n S\u00ednh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0011-0000", "contents": "2-group, Fundamental 2-group\nGiven a topological space X and a point x in that space, there is a fundamental 2-group of X at x, written \u03a02(X,x). As a monoidal category, the objects are loops at x, with multiplication given by concatenation, and the morphisms are basepoint-preserving homotopies between loops, with these morphisms identified if they are themselves homotopic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0012-0000", "contents": "2-group, Fundamental 2-group\nConversely, given any 2-group G, one can find a unique (up to weak homotopy equivalence) pointed connected space (X,x) whose fundamental 2-group is G and whose homotopy groups \u03c0n are trivial for n\u00a0> 2. In this way, 2-groups classify pointed connected weak homotopy 2-types. This is a generalisation of the construction of Eilenberg\u2013Mac Lane spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0013-0000", "contents": "2-group, Fundamental 2-group\nIf X is a topological space with basepoint x, then the fundamental group of X at x is the same as the fundamental group of the fundamental 2-group of X at x; that is,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0014-0000", "contents": "2-group, Fundamental 2-group\nThis fact is the origin of the term \"fundamental\" in both of its 2-group instances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160839-0015-0000", "contents": "2-group, Fundamental 2-group\nThus, both the first and second homotopy groups of a space are contained within its fundamental 2-group. As this 2-group also defines an action of \u03c01(X,x) on \u03c02(X,x) and an element of the cohomology group H3(\u03c01(X,x),\u03c02(X,x)), this is precisely the data needed to form the Postnikov tower of X if X is a pointed connected homotopy 2-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160840-0000-0000", "contents": "2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-inverting)\n2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-inverting) (EC , 2-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, 2-haloalkanoid acid halidohydrolase, DL-2-haloacid dehalogenase, DL-2-haloacid dehalogenase (inversion of configuration), DL-2-haloacid halidohydrolase (inversion of configuration), DL-DEXi, (R,S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-inverting)) is an enzyme with systematic name (S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-inverting). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160841-0000-0000", "contents": "2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-retaining)\n2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-retaining) (EC , 2-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, 2-haloalkanoid acid halidohydrolase, DL-2-haloacid dehalogenase, DL-DEXr) is an enzyme with systematic name (S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-retaining). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160841-0001-0000", "contents": "2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-retaining)\nDehalogenates both (S)- and (R)-2-haloalkanoic acids to the corresponding (S)- and (R)-hydroxyalkanoic acids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160843-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hexadecenal reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hexadecenal reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160843-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hexadecenal reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are hexadecanal and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2-trans-hexadecenal, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160843-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hexadecenal reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is hexadecanal:NADP+ Delta2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2-alkenal reductase, and hexadecanal: NADP+ oxidoreductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160844-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160844-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone reductase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, NADH, and H+, whereas its two products are 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene and NAD+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160844-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone reductase, Nomenclature\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on NADH or NADPH with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone:NADH oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include hydroxybenzoquinone reductase, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene:NAD oxidoreductase, and NADH:2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone oxidoreductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160845-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate phosphatase\n2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate phosphatase (EC , HK-MTPenyl-1-P phosphatase, MtnX, YkrX) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160845-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate phosphatase\nThe enzyme participates in the methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160846-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160846-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase\nThe two substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxoglutarate and glyoxylate, whereas its two products are 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate and CO2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160846-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring aldehyde or ketonic groups (transaldolases and transketolases, respectively). Other names in common use include 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate glyoxylate-lyase (carboxylating), alpha-ketoglutaric-glyoxylic carboligase, and oxoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase. This enzyme participates in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, thiamin diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160847-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160847-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are (R)-glycerate, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate, NADH, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160847-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-glycerate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called tartronate semialdehyde reductase. This enzyme participates in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160847-0003-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160848-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal dehydrogenase\n2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal dehydrogenase (EC , 2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate-6-semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase, alpha-hydroxy-gamma-carboxymuconic epsilon-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, LigC, ProD) is an enzyme with systematic name 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160848-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal dehydrogenase\nUnsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes or glucose cannot serve as substrate of this enzyme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160849-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-aminophenyl)hexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase\n2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-aminophenyl)hexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase (EC , CarC) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,4E)-6-(2-aminophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate acylhydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160849-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-(2-aminophenyl)hexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase\nThis enzyme catalyses the third step in the aerobic degradation pathway of carbazole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160850-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate reductase\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by OAbot (talk | contribs) at 08:36, 15 April 2020 (Open access bot: doi added to citation with #oabot.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160850-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160850-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexanoate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160850-0003-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexanoate:NADP+ Delta2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate (reduced nicotinamide, and adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160851-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-dienedioate hydrolase\n2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-dienedioate hydrolase (EC , mhpC (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxy-6-oxona-2,4-dienedioate succinylhydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160851-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-dienedioate hydrolase\nThis enzyme catalyses a step in a pathway of phenylpropanoid compounds degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase\n2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase (EC , also known as oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphatase, or (2'-deoxy) ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, or Nudix hydrolase 1 (NUDT1), or MutT homolog 1 (MTH1), or 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine triphosphatase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NUDT1 gene. During DNA repair, the enzyme hydrolyses oxidized purines and prevents their addition onto the DNA chain. As such it has important role in aging and cancer development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Function\nThe enzyme hydrolyses oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates. The enzyme is used in DNA repair, where it hydrolysis the oxidized purines and prevents their addition onto the DNA chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Function\nMisincorporation of oxidized nucleoside triphosphates into DNA and/or RNA during replication and transcription can cause mutations that may result in carcinogenesis or neurodegeneration. First isolated from Escherichia coli because of its ability to prevent occurrence of 8-oxoguanine in DNA, the protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that hydrolyzes oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates, such as 8-oxo-dGTP, 8-oxo-dATP, 2-oxo-dATP, 2-hydroxy-dATP, and 2-hydroxy rATP, to monophosphates, thereby preventing misincorporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0003-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Function\nMutT enzymes in non-human organisms often have substrate specificity for certain types of oxidized nucleotides, such as that of E. coli, which is specific to 8-oxoguanine nucleotides. Human MTH1, however, has substrate specificity for a much broader range of oxidatively damaged nucleotides. The mechanism of hMTH1's broad specificity for these oxidized nucleotides is derived from their recognition in the enzyme's substrate binding pocket due to an exchange of protonation state between two nearby aspartate residues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0004-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Function\nThe encoded protein is localized mainly in the cytoplasm, with some in the mitochondria, suggesting that it is involved in the sanitization of nucleotide pools both for nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. In plants, MTH1 has also been shown to enhance resistance to heat- and paraquat-induced oxidative stress, resulting in fewer dead cells and less accumulation of hydrogen peroxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0005-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Function\nSeveral alternatively spliced transcript variants, some of which encode distinct isoforms, have been identified. Additional variants have been observed, but their full-length natures have not been determined. A single-nucleotide polymorphism that results in the production of an additional, longer isoform has been described.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0006-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Research, Aging\nA mouse model has been studied that over-expresses hMTH1-Tg (NUDT1). The hMTH1-Tg mice express high levels of the hMTH1 hydrolase that degrades 8-oxodGTP and 8-oxoGTP and therefore excludes 8-oxoguanine from DNA and RNA. The steady state levels of 8-oxoguanine in DNA of several organs including the brain are significantly reduced in hMTH1-Tg over-expressing mice. Conversely, MTH1-null mice exhibit a significantly higher level of 8-oxo-dGTP accumulation than that of the wild type. Over-expression of hMTH1 prevents the age-dependent accumulation of DNA 8-oxoguanine that occurs in wild-type mice. The lower levels of oxidized guanines are associated with greater longevity. The hMTH1-Tg animals have a significantly longer lifespan than their wild-type littermates. These findings provide a link between ageing and oxidative DNA damage (see DNA damage theory of aging).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0007-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Research, Cancer\nStudies have suggested that this enzyme plays a role in both preventing the formation of cancer cells and the proliferation of cancer cells. This makes it a topic of interest in cancer research, both as a potential method for healthy cells to prevent cancer and a weakness to target within existing cancer cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0008-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Research, Cancer\nEliminating the MTH1 gene in mice results in over three times more mice developing tumors compared to a control group. The enzyme's much-studied ability to sanitize a cell's nucleotide pool prevents it from developing mutations, including cancerous ones. Specifically, another study found that MTH1 inhibition in cancer cells leads to incorporation of 8-oxo-dGTP and other oxidatively damaged nucleotides into the cell's DNA, damaging it and causing cell death. However, cancer cells have also been shown to benefit from use of MTH1. Cells from malignant breast tumors exhibit extreme MTH1 expression compared to other human cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0008-0001", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Research, Cancer\nBecause a cancer cell divides much more rapidly than a normal human cell, it is far more in need of an enzyme like MTH1 that prevents fatal mutations during replication. This property of cancer cells could allow for monitoring of cancer treatment efficacy by measuring MTH1 expression. Development of suitable probes for this purpose is currently underway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0009-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Research, Cancer\nDisagreement exists concerning MTH1's functionality relative to prevention of DNA damage and cancer. Subsequent studies have had difficulty reproducing previously reported cytotoxic or antiproliferation effects of MTH1 inhibition on cancer cells, even calling into question whether MTH1 truly does serve to remove oxidatively damaged nucleotides from a cell's nucleotide pool. One study of newly discovered MTH1 inhibitors suggests that these anticancer properties exhibited by the older MTH1 inhibitors may be due to off-target cytotoxic effects. After revisiting the experiment, the original authors of this claim found that while the original MTH1 inhibitors in question lead to damaged nucleotides being incorporated into DNA, they demonstrate the others that do not induce toxicity fail to introduce the DNA lesion. Research into this topic is ongoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0010-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Research, As a drug target\nMTH1 is a potential drug target to treat cancer, however there are conflicting results regarding the cytotoxicity of MTH1 inhibitors toward cancer cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0011-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Research, As a drug target\nKaronudib, an MTH1 inhibitor, is currently being evaluated a phase I clinical trial for safety and tolerability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160852-0012-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxy-dATP diphosphatase, Research, As a drug target\nA potent and selective MTH1 inhibitor AZ13792138 has been developed by AstraZeneca has been made available as a chemical probe to academic researchers. However AstraZeneca has found that neither AZ13792138 nor genetic knockdown of MTH1 displays any significant cytotoxicity to cancer cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160853-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160853-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are 2-hydroxybiphenyl, NADH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl, NAD+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160853-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-hydroxybiphenyl,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160854-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate isomerase\n2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate isomerase (EC , HCCA isomerase, 2HC2CA isomerase, 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic acid isomerase) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-hydroxy-2H-chromene-2-carboxylate---(3E)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate isomerase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160855-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxycyclohexanone 2-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxycyclohexanone 2-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160855-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxycyclohexanone 2-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 6-hydroxyhexan-6-olide, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160855-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxycyclohexanone 2-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one,NADPH:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (1,2-lactonizing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160856-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyethylphosphonate dioxygenase\n2-hydroxyethylphosphonate dioxygenase (EC , HEPD, phpD (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate:O2 1,2-oxidoreductase (hydroxymethylphosphonate forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160859-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyglutarate synthase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxyglutarate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160859-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyglutarate synthase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are propanoyl-CoA, H2O, and glyoxylate, whereas its two products are 2-hydroxyglutarate and CoA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160859-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyglutarate synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl groups on transfer. The systematic name of this enzyme class is propanoyl-CoA:glyoxylate C-propanoyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, 2-carboxyethyl-forming). Other names in common use include 2-hydroxyglutaratic synthetase, 2-hydroxyglutaric synthetase, alpha-hydroxyglutarate synthase, hydroxyglutarate synthase, and 2-hydroxyglutarate glyoxylate-lyase (CoA-propanoylating). This enzyme participates in c5-branched dibasic acid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160860-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate hydratase\n2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate hydratase (EC , tesE (gene), hsaE (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 4-hydroxy-2-oxohexanoate hydro-lyase ((2Z,4Z)-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160860-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate hydratase\nThis enzyme catalyses a late step in the bacterial steroid degradation pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160861-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160861-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone, and two products, daidzein and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160861-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone hydro-lyase (daidzein-forming). This enzyme is also called 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in isoflavonoid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160861-0003-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase\nThe variant GmHID1 from Glycine max converts 2-hydroxyisoflavone to isoflavones, mostly daidzein and genistein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160862-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxymethylglutarate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxymethylglutarate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160862-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxymethylglutarate dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-2-hydroxymethylglutarate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-formylglutarate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160862-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxymethylglutarate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-2-hydroxymethylglutarate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called HgD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160863-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxymuconate tautomerase\n2-hydroxymuconate tautomerase (EC , 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase, 4-oxalocrotonate isomerase, cnbG (gene), praC (gene), xylH (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienedioate keto-enol isomerase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160863-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxymuconate tautomerase\nInvolved in the meta-cleavage pathway for the degradation of phenols, modified phenols and catechols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160864-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160864-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde and H2O, whereas its two products are formate and 2-oxopent-4-enoate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160864-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carbon-carbon bonds in ketonic substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde formylhydrolase. Other names in common use include 2-hydroxy-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienoate hydrolase, 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase, HMSH, and HOD hydrolase. This enzyme participates in 5 metabolic pathways: benzoate degradation via hydroxylation, toluene and xylene degradation, 1,4-dichlorobenzene degradation, carbazole degradation, and styrene degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160864-0003-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxymuconate-semialdehyde hydrolase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 10 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160865-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase\n2-Hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase is a peroxisomal enzyme involved in the catabolism of phytanoic acid by \u03b1-oxidation. It requires thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) as cofactor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160866-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase\n2-hydroxypropyl-CoM lyase (EC , epoxyalkane:coenzyme M transferase, epoxyalkane:CoM transferase, epoxyalkane:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate transferase, coenzyme M-epoxyalkane ligase, epoxyalkyl:CoM transferase, epoxypropane:coenzyme M transferase, epoxypropyl:CoM transferase, EaCoMT, 2-hydroxypropyl-CoM:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (epoxyalkane-ring-forming), (R)-2-hydroxypropyl-CoM 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (cyclizing, (R)-1,2-epoxypropane-forming)) is an enzyme with systematic name (R)-(or (S)-)2-hydroxypropyl-CoM:2-mercaptoethanesulfonate lyase (epoxyalkane-ring-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160867-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxypyridine 5-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxypyridine 5-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160867-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxypyridine 5-monooxygenase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-hydroxypyridine, an electron acceptor AH2, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 2,5-dihydroxypyridine, the reduction product A, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160867-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxypyridine 5-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derive from O miscellaneous. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-hydroxypyridine,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating). This enzyme is also called 2-hydroxypyridine oxygenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160868-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxyquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160868-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are quinolin-2-ol, NADH, H+, and O2, whereas its two products are 2,5,6-trihydroxy-5,6-dihydroquinoline and NAD+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160868-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is quinolin-2-ol,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5,6-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline 5,6-dioxygenase, quinolin-2-ol 5,6-dioxygenase, and quinolin-2(1H)-one 5,6-dioxygenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160869-0000-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyquinoline 8-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-hydroxyquinoline 8-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160869-0001-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyquinoline 8-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are quinolin-2-ol, NADH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are quinolin-2,8-diol, NAD+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160869-0002-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyquinoline 8-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is quinolin-2(1H)-one,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-oxygenating). This enzyme is also called 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline 8-monooxygenase. It employs one cofactor, iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160869-0003-0000", "contents": "2-hydroxyquinoline 8-monooxygenase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160870-0000-0000", "contents": "2-iminoacetate synthase\n2-iminoacetate synthase (EC , thiH (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name L-tyrosine 4-methylphenol-lyase (2-iminoacetate-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0000-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC\nA 2-in-1 PC, also known as convertible laptop, 2-in-1 tablet, 2-in-1 laptop, 2-in-1 detachable, laplet, tabtop, laptop tablet, or simply 2-in-1, is a portable computer that has features of both tablets and laptops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0001-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC\nBefore the emergence of 2-in-1s and their denomination as such, technology journalists used the words convertible and hybrid to denominate pre-2-in-1 portable computers: Convertible typically denominated those that featured a mechanism to conceal the physical keyboard by sliding or rotating it behind the chassis, and hybrid those that featured a hot-pluggable, complementary, physical keyboard. Both pre-2-in-1 convertibles and hybrids were crossover devices that combined features of both tablets and laptops. The later 2-in-1 PCs comprise a category that is a sibling to both the pre-2-in-1 convertibles and hybrids. Models of 2-in-1 PC were each similarly denominated either a 2-in-1 convertible or 2-in-1 detachable, respectively, and despite borrowing the terminology of the pre-2-in-1 PCs, the two species of 2-in-1 PCs are distinct from the two species of pre-2-in-1 PCs because 2-in-1 PCs have additional features of traditional laptops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0002-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC\n2-in-1 PCs consist of portable computer components within light and thin chassis, and exemplify technological convergence. They are convenient for media consumption and non-intensive tasks in tablet mode yet useful for content production in laptop mode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0003-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Form-factors, 2-in-1 convertible\n2-in-1 convertibles are tablets with the ability to rotate, fold, or slide the keyboard behind the display. On most devices, the hinge is situated at the display and keyboard junction. However, the Dell XPS Duo is unique in that the display sits in a frame that allows the screen to be spun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0004-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Form-factors, 2-in-1 convertible, Netvertible\nRotational-convertible format is where in addition to the conventional hinging action, the central single hinge mechanism is also able to rotate about a central axis perpendicular to the keyboard surface, such that the laptop can be turned into a thick tablet. Most netvertibles have the option to support active (electromagnetic) stylus and/or touch screen (resistive or capacitive), some being ruggedized such as Panasonic Toughbook CF series. Other examples include Toshiba Portege M7xx, Fujitsu LifeBook T series and HP EliteBook Revolve series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0005-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Form-factors, 2-in-1 detachable\n2-in-1 detachable are devices with detachable keyboards. In most cases, the keyboard part provides few, if any, additional features (most often a touchpad, as in the HP Spectre x2). However, the keyboards of some detachable provide additional features similar to those of a docking station such as additional I/O-ports and supplementary batteries. For instance, the Surface Book can leverage the discrete GPU in the keyboard upon the keyboard's connection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0006-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Form-factors, 2-in-1 detachable\nWhen connected to the keyboard, the display of the detachable can either be free-standing on the hinge or require external support, often in the form of a kickstand. Novel ways of providing external support include the bending frame and locking mechanism of the HP Spectre x2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0007-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Form-factors, 2-in-1 detachable\nThough the keyboard is usually bundled with the purchase of a 2-in-1 detachable, it is occasionally deemed an optional accessory by manufacturers in order to minimize the starting price of a device. In such cases the 2-in-1 detachable is often displayed with its complementary keyboard in advertisements and promotional materials. This is true for all devices of the Surface and Surface Pro lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0008-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Distinction from traditional tablets and laptops\n2-in-1s fall in the category of hybrid or convertible tablets but are distinct in that they run a full-featured desktop operating system and have I/O ports typically found on laptops, such as USB and DisplayPort. The most prominent element is the keyboard that allows the 2-in-1 to provide the ergonomic typing experience of a laptop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 59], "content_span": [60, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0009-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Distinction from traditional tablets and laptops\nWhile 2-in-1s fall in a category distinct from laptops, they loosely parallel the traits of the Ultrabook device category, having light and thin chassis, power-efficient CPUs, and long battery lives. They are distinguished from traditional Ultrabooks by the inclusion of a touchscreen display and a concealable or detachable keyboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 59], "content_span": [60, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0010-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Examples\nThe earliest device that can be considered a 2-in-1 detachable is the Compaq Concerto from 1993. It came preinstalled with Windows 3.1 and Windows for PEN, and had a cabled detachable keyboard, and battery powered stylus. In June 1994, IBM introduced the ThinkPad 360P, which included a pen-operated display that used PenDOS 2.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0011-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Examples\nMainstream attention for 2-in-1 PCs was not achieved until nearly two decades later, when many manufactures showed devices, at that time referred to as \"hybrid\" devices, at CES 2011. While Packard Bell, Acer and HP all had Microsoft Windows based 2-in-1s by 2011, Lenovo released the well reviewed Windows 2-in-1: The X220t variant of the ThinkPad X220, successor of 2006's IBM ThinkPad x41t. The 12-inch device included a digital stylus housed within the chassis, somewhat ruggedized construction, and a multi-touch screen with a twist and fold hinge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0012-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Examples\nMicrosoft started its own line of 2-in-1s with the introduction of the Surface Pro series, the first of which was released in February 2013. It had a 10.6-inch (27\u00a0cm) display, Intel Core i5 CPU, and included the Pro Pen stylus and a detachable keyboard that doubled as a protective screen cover. In 2015 Microsoft introduced the Surface Book series, which, similar to the Surface Pro series, features a detachable keyboard cover and Surface Pen stylus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0013-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Examples\nSamsung entered the 2-in-1 PC market with the release of the Windows-based Samsung Galaxy TabPro S, which was released in March 2016. It had a 12-inch display, Intel Core m3 CPU, a first-party keyboard attachment, and a TabPro Pen. Its successor, the Galaxy Book, was released in February 2017. Coming in a 10.6-inch model and a 12-inch model, the Galaxy Book has an improved detachable keyboard and include an S Pen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0014-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Examples\nGoogle entered the 2-in-1 market after it announced the Pixel Slate in October 2018. It runs on Chrome OS and features a 12.3-inch display. It includes two USB-C ports, but it omits the headphone jack. The featured Pixel Keyboard and Pixelbook Pen are sold separately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0015-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Examples\nSince 2012, a number of other prominent laptop manufacturers, such as Dell, Asus, and Sony have also begun releasing their own 2-in-1s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0016-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Examples\nWhile the iPad Pro has optional Smart Keyboard and Apple Pencil accessories, Apple has yet to release a true 2-in-1 PC with similar to HP Pavilion x2 form-factor and with a similar desktop OS, citing the quote below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0017-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Criticism\nIn April 2012 Apple's CEO Tim Cook, answering to the question of the researcher Anthony Sacconaghi about a possible hybrid of iPad and MacBook, compared a 2-in-1 to a combination of \"a toaster and a refrigerator\" that \"doesn\u2019t please anyone\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0018-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Criticism\nI think, Tony, anything can be forced to converge. But the problem is that products are about trade-offs, and you begin to make trade-offs to the point where what you have left at the end of the day doesn\u2019t please anyone. You can converge a toaster and a refrigerator, but those things are probably not going to be pleasing to the user \u2026 you wouldn\u2019t want to put these things together because you wind up compromising in both and not pleasing either user. Some people will prefer to own both, and that\u2019s great, too. But I think to make the compromises of convergence, so \u2014 we\u2019re not going to that party. Others might. Others might from a defensive point of view, particularly. But we\u2019re going to play in both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160871-0019-0000", "contents": "2-in-1 PC, Criticism\n2-in-1s are natively supported by the Microsoft Corporation's Windows, and Google, Inc's Chrome OS operating systems. Various other Linux distributions also support some touch features of 2-in-1s, though they are generally unsupported by hardware vendors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0000-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar\nThe 2\u00a0inch medium trench mortar, also known as the 2-inch howitzer, and nicknamed the \"toffee apple\" or \"plum pudding\" mortar, was a British smooth bore muzzle loading (SBML) medium trench mortar in use in World War I from mid-1915 to mid-1917. The designation \"2-inch\" refers to the mortar barrel, into which only the 22-inch bomb shaft but not the bomb itself was inserted; the spherical bomb itself was actually 9\u00a0inches (230\u00a0mm) in diameter and weighed 42\u00a0lb (19\u00a0kg), hence this weapon is more comparable to a standard mortar of approximately 5-6\u00a0inch bore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0001-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Background and predecessors\nAs the Western Front in France and Belgium stagnated into trench warfare in late 1914, British forces found themselves with no means of replying to the German minenwerfers (trench mortars) which were lobbing both small and large (over 100 pound) high-explosive shells into their frontline trenches from short range. British commanders requested an accurate short-range weapon which was manually portable in the trenches, could be safely used to attack enemy trenches as close as 100 yards to the British trenches, was easily concealed and projected a reasonably large explosive charge capable of damaging protected enemy positions. The British Expeditionary Force had been expected to participate only in mobile warfare and was not equipped with any mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0002-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Background and predecessors\nVarious alternative designs for light and medium mortars were evaluated, prompted by the need to place at least some weapon into action without diverting manufacturing capacity from guns and howitzers, which weapons were given priority. Hence the emphasis was on designs for both mortar and ammunition that could be manufactured by small unsophisticated workshops unsuited to other war work:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0003-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, The 2-inch medium mortar\nThis was designed and manufactured by the Royal Ordnance Factories in early 1915 and introduced along with the 1.57-inch mortar in March 1915. It incorporated what was known of the German prewar Krupp mortar. This was the first design to meet all the requirements, after modifications to simplify manufacture; it fired a good-sized spherical cast-iron bomb of 42 pounds (total projectile weight 51 pounds with stick and fuze), considered the largest practical size for use from trenches, at ranges from 100 to 600 yards using a simple 2-inch tube as the mortar body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0003-0001", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, The 2-inch medium mortar\nThe mortar and ammunition could be cheaply manufactured by small unsophisticated \"trade\" workshops; the bomb was safely detonated by a standard No. 80 \"time and percussion\" artillery fuze. Drawbacks were that the steel tail was usually projected backwards towards the firer when the bomb detonated, resulting in occasional casualties and the No. 80 fuze was also required by the 18-pounder field guns which were given priority, limiting mortar ammunition supply to the front until early 1916 when a special cheap trench mortar fuze was developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0004-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, The 2-inch medium mortar\nThe 2-inch mortar served in limited numbers in France in 1915 from March, with early mortars and ammunition made by the Royal Ordnance Factory, with the Vickers 1.57-inch model. Mass production began with an order in August 1915 for 800 mortars from several railway workshops and agricultural machinery makers, together with an order for 675,000 bombs from numerous small firms. Manufacture of the Vickers model which was twice as expensive was ended and it was withdrawn by January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0005-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, The 2-inch medium mortar\nIt fired a spherical cast-iron bomb \"the size of a football\" painted dirty white filled with amatol (identified by a painted green band) or ammonal (identified by a painted pink band) attached to the end of a pipe (\"stick\"), hence the nicknames \"toffee apple\" and \"plum pudding\". Weights of bombs as delivered without fuzes varied. Light bombs, from 39\u00a0lb 14 oz to below 40\u00a0lb 10 oz (18.09 to 18.43\u00a0kg), were marked with a stenciled L. Heavy bombs, above 41\u00a0lb 10 oz to 42\u00a0lb 6 oz (18.43 to 19.22\u00a0kg) were marked with a stenciled Hv. Hence the total fuzed weight with stick of 51\u00a0lb is an average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0006-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, The 2-inch medium mortar\nThe 2-inch designation refers to the mortar barrel's bore and the projectile stick inserted into it, not the much larger bomb itself which remained outside the barrel. It was comparable in explosive power if not range to other 4-inch mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0007-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, The 2-inch medium mortar\nThe 2-inch mortar was itself superseded by the Newton 6-inch mortar from mid-1917 onwards. Some Australian units retained them for projecting smoke screens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0008-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Combat use, Deployment\nThe weapon was initially operated by joint infantry and artillery detachments, eventually it became the responsibility of the Royal Field Artillery. A typical infantry division was equipped with three batteries designated X, Y, Z, each with four mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0009-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Combat use, Use in action\nIts primary use was in cutting barbed wire defenses and attacking enemy front line trenches, such as in the July 1916 attack on the Somme. The spherical shape and relatively low velocity brought the benefit that the bomb did not penetrate the ground before exploding. The short range was a disadvantage as it could only be used if no man's land (between the British and enemy front line) was relatively narrow. It was used to fire some white star (50%-50% chlorine and phosgene) gas bombs during the Battle of the Somme until other specialised longer range projectors became available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0010-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Combat use, Use in action\nCordite charges appropriate to the required range were dropped into the barrel before the bomb was loaded. Charges and ranges:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0011-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Combat use, Use in action\nThe original design for igniting the powder propellant charge involved the insertion of a standard artillery \"T friction tube\" into a hole near the base of the barrel. The Royal Artillery had a higher priority in receiving the already insufficient number of tubes so ignition was changed to use a Lee\u2013Enfield bolt mechanism and chamber screwed into a socket in the barrel near the base. A special blank rifle cartridge was loaded and fired via a lanyard from a sheltered position if possible due to the risk of bombs falling short. This ignited the propellant charge and launched the bomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0012-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Combat use, Use in action\nIn early use it was situated in frontline trenches but this tended to attract enemy fire onto the troops manning them. Standard procedure became to locate the mortars separately from frontline trenches, in unoccupied trenches or in saps running off the frontline. This had the benefit of drawing enemy fire away from troops manning the front line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0013-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Combat use, Use in action\nEstimated rounds required for various targets, with instantaneous percussion fuze 107:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0014-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Combat use, Silencer\nProvision was made in mid-1916 for attachment of the \"Temple silencer\" at the muzzle, intended to reduce the flash and noise generated on firing, which at the short ranges the mortar operated at was quickly noticed by the enemy and invited artillery response. This required the use of bombs with a special piston attached to the tail which was retained in the barrel by the silencer on firing, and hence sealed the muzzle after the bomb tail left the barrel. This had the major disadvantage of causing the barrel to overheat during prolonged daylight firing, and the silencer was only used at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0015-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Combat use, Use as anti-tank mines\nIn Spring 1918 many of these obsolescent bombs were buried on the Western Front under metal plates as anti-tank mines in expectation of attack by German tanks. This led to some later confusion as to whether unearthed bombs were unexploded mortar projectiles (\"duds\") or undetonated mines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160872-0016-0000", "contents": "2-inch medium mortar, Combat use, Use as anti-tank mines\nThese minefields were inadequately documented. This caused the British problems in the closing months of the war when they had to advance again over territory they had previously abandoned and also prevented full clearance of the minefields after the war. This led to some French farmers being blown up in the 1930s when they started using tractors e.g. around Gouzeaucourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160873-0000-0000", "contents": "2-isopropylmalate synthase\nIn enzymology, a 2-isopropylmalate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160873-0001-0000", "contents": "2-isopropylmalate synthase\nThe three substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, and H2O, and its products are (2S)-2-isopropylmalate and CoA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160873-0002-0000", "contents": "2-isopropylmalate synthase\nThe enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl groups on transfer. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming). Other names in common use include 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate-lyase, (CoA-acetylating), alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase, alpha-isopropylmalate synthase, alpha-isopropylmalic synthetase, isopropylmalate synthase, and isopropylmalate synthetase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of L-leucine and pyruvate metabolism. Monovalent and divalent cation activation have been reported for enzymes from different sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160873-0003-0000", "contents": "2-isopropylmalate synthase\nMycobacterium tuberculosis \u03b1-isopropylmalate synthase requires a divalent metal ion, of which Mg2+ and Mn2+ give highest activity, and a monovalent cation, with K+ as the best activator. Zn2+ was shown to be an inhibitor, contrary to what was assumed from the structural data. In addition to the complex requirements for a divalent metal and further activation by K+, M. tuberculosis \u03b1-isopropylmalate synthase follows a random kinetic mechanism for catalysis. Another feature of the M. tuberculosis homolog is that L-leucine, the feedback inhibitor, inhibits the enzyme in a time-dependent fashion. This was the first demonstration of a feedback inhibitor that displays slow-onset inhibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160873-0004-0000", "contents": "2-isopropylmalate synthase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160874-0000-0000", "contents": "2-lane expressway\nThe term 2-lane expressway may refer to 2 similar grades of highway:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0000-0000", "contents": "2-meter band\nThe 2-meter amateur radio band is a portion of the VHF radio spectrum that comprises frequencies stretching from 144\u00a0MHz to 148\u00a0MHz in International Telecommunication Union region (ITU) Regions 2 (North and South America plus Hawaii) and 3 (Asia and Oceania)and from 144\u00a0MHz to 146\u00a0MHz in ITU Region 1 (Europe, Africa, and Russia). The license privileges of amateur radio operators include the use of frequencies within this band for telecommunication, usually conducted locally within a range of about 100 miles (160\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0001-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Amateur radio\nThe Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allows amateur radio operations in the frequency range from 144 to 148\u00a0MHz. subject to variation by country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0002-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Operation\nBecause it is local and reliable, and because the licensing requirements to transmit on the 2-meter band are easy to meet in many parts of the world, this band is one of the most popular non-HF ham bands. This popularity, the compact size of needed radios and antennas, and this band's ability to provide easy reliable local communications also means that it is also the most used band for local emergency communications efforts, such as providing communications between Red Cross shelters and local authorities. In the US, that role in emergency communications is furthered by the fact that most amateur-radio operators have a 2-meter handheld transceiver (HT), handie-talkie, or walkie-talkie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0003-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Repeaters and FM\nMuch of 2-meter FM operation uses a radio repeater, a radio receiver and transmitter that instantly retransmits a received signal on a separate frequency. Repeaters are normally located in high locations such as a tall building or a hill top overlooking expanses of territory. On VHF frequencies such as 2-meters, antenna height greatly influences how far one can talk. Typical reliable repeater range is about 25 miles (40\u00a0km). Some repeaters in unusually high locations, such as skyscrapers or mountain tops, can be usable as far out as 75 miles (121\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0003-0001", "contents": "2-meter band, Repeaters and FM\nReliable range is very dependent on the height of the repeater antenna and also on the height and surroundings of the handheld or mobile unit attempting to access to the repeater. Line of sight would be the ultimate in reliability. The typical hand held two meter FM transceiver produces about 5 watts of transmit power. Stations in a car or home provide higher power, 25 to 75 watts, and may use a simple vertical antenna mounted on a pole or on the rooftop of a house or a vehicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0004-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Repeaters and FM\nEven without repeaters available, however, the 2-meter band provides reliable crosstown communications throughout smaller towns, making it ideal for emergency communications. Antennas for repeater work are almost always vertically polarized since 2-meter antennas on cars are usually vertically polarized. Matching polarization allows for maximum signal coupling which equates to stronger signals in both directions. Simple radios for FM repeater operation have become plentiful and inexpensive in recent years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0005-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles\nWhile the 2\u00a0meter band is best known as a local band using the FM mode, there are many opportunities for long distance (DX) communications using other modes. A well-placed antenna and high-power equipment can achieve distances of up to a few hundred miles, and fortuitous propagation conditions called \"signal enhancements\" can on occasion reach across oceans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0006-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles\nThe typical 2\u00a0meter station using CW (Morse code) or SSB (single side band) modes consists of a radio driving a power amplifier generating about 200\u2013500\u00a0Watts of RF power. This extra power is usually fed to a multi-element, compound antenna, usually a Yagi-Uda or Yagi, which can beam most of the signal power towards the intended receiving station. \"Beam antennas\" provide substantial increase in signal directivity over ordinary dipole or vertical antennas. Antennas used for distance work are usually horizontally polarized instead of the vertical polarization customarily used for local contacts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0007-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles\nStations that have antennas located in relatively high locations with views (from the antenna) clear to the horizon have a big advantage over other stations. Such stations are able to communicate 100\u2013300 miles (160\u2013480\u00a0km) consistently. It is usual for them to be heard at distances far beyond line of sight on a daily basis without help from signal enhancements. Signal enhancements are unusual circumstances in the atmosphere and ionosphere that bend the signal path into an arc that better follows the curve of the Earth, instead of the radio waves traveling in the usual straight line off into space. The best known of these are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0008-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles\nThese and other well-known forms of VHF signal enhancement that allow trans-oceanic and trans-continental contacts on 2\u00a0meters are described in the subsections that follow within this section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0009-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles\nWith the exception of sporadic\u00a0E, directional antennas such as Yagis or log periodic antennas are almost essential to take advantage of signal enhancements. When a well-equipped station with its antenna well-located \u201chigh and in the clear\u201d is operating during a signal enhancement, astonishing distances can be bridged, momentarily approaching what is regularly possible on shortwave and mediumwave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0010-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Tropospheric ducting\nOccasionally, signal bending in the atmosphere's troposphere known as tropospheric ducting can allow 2\u00a0meter signals to carry hundreds or even thousands of kilometers as evidenced by the occasional 2\u00a0meter contact between the west coast of the United States and the Hawaiian Islands, the northeast region to the Florida coast, and across the Gulf of Mexico. These so-called \"Openings\" are generally first spotted by amateurs operating SSB (Single Side Band) and CW (Continuous Wave) modes since amateurs using these modes typically are attempting distance contacts (DX) and alert for signal enhancement events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0011-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Tropospheric ducting\nCompletion of contacts using these weak signal modes involves the exchange of signal level reports and location by grid square which is known as the Maidenhead Locator System. Two way ducting contacts can have very strong signals and are often made with moderate power, small antennas, and other types of modes. Long distance ducting contacts do occur using FM modes as well but for the most part go unnoticed by many FM operators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0012-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Sporadic E\nAnother form of VHF propagation is called Sporadic E propagation. This is a phenomenon whereby radio signals are reflected back towards Earth by highly ionized segments of the ionosphere which can facilitate contacts in excess of 1,000 miles (1,600\u00a0km) with very strong signals received by both parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0013-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Sporadic E\nUnlike some other long distance modes, high power and large antennas are often not required to make contact with distant stations via a sporadic\u00a0E event. A two-way conversation can take place over a distance of several hundred kilometers or more, often using low levels of RF power. Sporadic\u00a0E is a rare and completely random propagation phenomenon lasting anywhere from a matter of minutes to several hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0014-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Satellite communications\nSatellites are basically repeater stations in orbit. The 2\u00a0meter band is also used in conjunction with the 70-centimeter band, or the 10-meter band and various microwave bands via orbiting amateur radio satellites. This is known as cross band repeating. On-board software defines what mode or band is in use at any particular time and this is determined by amateurs at so-called earth stations who control or instruct the satellite behavior. Amateurs know what mode is in use via published internet schedules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 70], "content_span": [71, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0015-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Satellite communications\nFor instance, a favorite mode is Mode\u00a0\"B\" or \"V/U\" which simply indicates the uplink and downlink frequencies or bands the satellite is currently using. In this example, V/U means VHF/UHF or VHF uplink with UHF downlink. Most amateur satellites are Low Earth Orbit satellites, or LEO's as they are affectionately known, and generally are at about 450\u00a0miles (700\u00a0km) altitude. At that height, amateurs can expect reception distances of up to around 3,000 miles (4,800\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 70], "content_span": [71, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0016-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Satellite communications\nA few amateur satellites have very high elliptical orbits. These satellites can reach altitudes of 30,000\u00a0miles (50,000\u00a0km) above the earth where an entire hemisphere is visible providing outstanding communications capabilities from any two points on the earth within line of sight of the satellite; distances that are far beyond the reach of the LEOs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 70], "content_span": [71, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0017-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Transequatorial propagation\nTransequatorial propagation, also known as (TEP), is a regular daytime occurrence on the 2\u00a0meter band over the equatorial regions and is common in the temperate latitudes in late spring, early summer and, to a lesser degree, in early winter. For receiving stations located within \u00b1\u00a010\u00a0degrees of the geomagnetic equator, equatorial E-skip can be expected on most days throughout the year, peaking around midday local time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 73], "content_span": [74, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0018-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Meteor burst\nBy speeding up Morse code using analog tape or digital modes such as JT6M or FSK441, very short high-speed bursts of digital data can be bounced off the ionized gas trail of meteor showers. The speed required to confirm a two way contact via a short lived ionized meteor trail can only be performed by fast computers on both ends with very little human interaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 58], "content_span": [59, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0019-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Meteor burst\nOne computer will send a request for contact and if successfully received by a distant station, a reply will be sent by the receiving stations computer usually via the same ionized meteor trail to confirm the contact. If nothing is received after the request, a new request is transmitted. This continues until a reply is received to confirm the contact or until no contact can be made and no new requests are sent. Using this high speed digital mode, a full two way contact, can be completed in one second or less and can only be validated using a computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 58], "content_span": [59, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0019-0001", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Meteor burst\nDepending on the intensity of the ionized meteor trail, multiple contacts from multiple stations can be made off the same trail until it dissipates and can no longer reflect VHF signals with sufficient strength. This mode is often called burst transmission and can yield communication distances similar to sporadic\u00a0E as described above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 58], "content_span": [59, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0020-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Auroral propagation\nAnother phenomenon that produces upper atmosphere ionization suitable for 2-meter DXing are the auroras. Since the ionization persists much longer than meteor trails, voice modulated radio signals may sometimes be used, but the constant movement of the ionized gas leads to heavy distortion of the signals causing the audio to sound \"ghostly\" and whispered. In most instances using auroral reflections on 2\u00a0meters, audio or voice is totally unintelligible and ham operators wishing to make contacts via aurora, must resort to CW (Morse code).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0021-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Auroral propagation\nCW signals returning from an auroral reflection have no distinct sound or tone but simply sound like a swishing or whooshing noise. An exception to this phenomenon would be the 6\u00a0meter band which is significantly lower in frequency than the 2\u00a0meter band by 94\u00a0MHz. In many instances 6\u00a0meter voice modes are readable but with varying degrees of difficulty when reflected off an aurora. Therefore, when using an auroral event as a radio signal reflector, the reflected signal strength and signal intelligibility decreases with increasing transmitting frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0022-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Moonbounce (EME)\nTo communicate over the longest distances, hams use moon bounce. VHF signals normally escape the Earth's atmosphere, so using the moon as a target is quite practical. Due to the distance involved and the very high path loss getting a readable signal bounced off the moon involves high power ~1,000\u00a0Watts and steerable high gain antennas. Receiving these very weak return signals, again involves the use of high gain antennas (usually the same ones used to transmit the signal) and a very low-noise front end RF amplifier and a frequency stable receiver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 62], "content_span": [63, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0023-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, Moonbounce (EME)\nHowever, new and recent technological advances in weak signal detection has allowed the successful reception of signals off the moon using much smaller or less well equipped stations allowing reception of signals that are \"in the noise\" and not audible to the human ear. One of these modes is JT65 which is a digital mode. Due to the delay of the signal traveling to the moon and back (travel time approx. 2.5\u00a0seconds), a person transmitting may hear the end of their own transmission returning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 62], "content_span": [63, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0024-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Communications beyond 50\u00a0miles, The Brendan Awards\nThe Irish Radio Transmitters Society has provided a series of awards for the first successful all-natural, non-bounce contacts on 2\u00a0metres between the North American and European continents. Named for Saint Brendan of Clonfert, the three awards differentiate between successful \"traditional\" phone/CW contact (the Brendan Trophies), successful \"non-traditional\" digital two-way contact (the Brendan Shields), and an award for the first verified reception in either direction, regardless of method (the Brendan Plates). Attempts at the Brendan awards have established contact, but further examination revealed the signal was bounced off the International Space Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0025-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Los Angeles County statute\nLos Angeles County has a statute (which dates from 1944) concerning mounting a \"shortwave receiver\" in a motor vehicle. While the statute specifically states one of the forbidden bands as 150\u2013160\u00a0MHz, most two-meter transceivers can tune into this portion of the spectrum at least as receivers, and are therefore unlawful to mount in a motor vehicle in Los Angeles County. While arrest rarely happens, the statute is still on the books. There are also California Penal Code statutes covering similar activities. Recently, however, with new legislation in various states, licensed ham radio operators are exempt from these prohibitions including exemptions from using a radio while driving. Such prohibitions or exemptions vary from state to state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160875-0026-0000", "contents": "2-meter band, Los Angeles County statute\nNote that federal law preempts many local ordinances and state laws that may prohibit a licensed amateur radio operator from possessing an amateur radio based on its factory ability to receive frequencies outside of ham bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160876-0000-0000", "contents": "2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160876-0001-0000", "contents": "2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA and an electron transfer flavoprotein, whereas its 3 products are 2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA, reduced electron transfer flavoprotein, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160876-0002-0000", "contents": "2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donors with flavin as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-methyl-branched-chain-acyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2-oxidoreductase . This enzyme participates in the degradation of isoleucine. It employs one cofactor, FAD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160878-0000-0000", "contents": "2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160878-0001-0000", "contents": "2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA and acceptor, whereas its two products are 2-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA and reduced acceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160878-0002-0000", "contents": "2-methylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160879-0000-0000", "contents": "2-methylcitrate dehydratase\nIn enzymology, a 2-methylcitrate dehydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160879-0001-0000", "contents": "2-methylcitrate dehydratase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, (2S,3S)-2-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate, and two products, (Z)-but-2-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160879-0002-0000", "contents": "2-methylcitrate dehydratase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2S,3S)-2-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate hydro-lyase [(Z)-but-2-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate-forming]. Other names in common use include 2-methylcitrate hydro-lyase, PrpD, and 2-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160879-0003-0000", "contents": "2-methylcitrate dehydratase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160880-0000-0000", "contents": "2-methylcitrate dehydratase (2-methyl-trans-aconitate forming)\n2-methylcitrate dehydratase (2-methyl-trans-aconitate forming) (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name  (2S,3S)-2-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate hydro-lyase (2-methyl-trans-aconitate forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160880-0001-0000", "contents": "2-methylcitrate dehydratase (2-methyl-trans-aconitate forming)\nThis enzyme catalyses the dehydration of (2S,3S)-2-methylcitrate, forming the trans isomer of 2-methyl-aconitate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160881-0000-0000", "contents": "2-methylcitrate synthase\nIn enzymology, a 2-methylcitrate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160881-0001-0000", "contents": "2-methylcitrate synthase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are propanoyl-CoA, H2O, and oxaloacetate, whereas its two products are (2R,3S)-2-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate and CoA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160881-0002-0000", "contents": "2-methylcitrate synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl groups on transfer. The systematic name of this enzyme class is propanoyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-propanoyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, 1-carboxyethyl-forming). Other names in common use include 2-methylcitrate oxaloacetate-lyase, MCS, methylcitrate synthase, and methylcitrate synthetase. This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160882-0000-0000", "contents": "2-methyleneglutarate mutase\nIn enzymology, a 2-methyleneglutarate mutase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160882-0001-0000", "contents": "2-methyleneglutarate mutase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-methyleneglutarate, and one product, 2-methylene-3-methylsuccinate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160882-0002-0000", "contents": "2-methyleneglutarate mutase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular transferases transferring other groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-methyleneglutarate carboxy-methylenemethylmutase. This enzyme is also called alpha-methyleneglutarate mutase. This enzyme participates in c5-branched dibasic acid metabolism. It employs one cofactor, cobamide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160883-0000-0000", "contents": "2-methylisoborneol synthase\n2-methylisoborneol synthase (EC , sco7700, 2-MIB cyclase, MIB synthase, MIBS) is an enzyme with systematic name (E)-2-methylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, 2-methylisoborneol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160883-0001-0000", "contents": "2-methylisoborneol synthase\nThe product, 2-methylisoborneol, is a characteristic odiferous compound with a musty smell produced by soil microorganisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160884-0000-0000", "contents": "2-methylisocitrate dehydratase\nIn enzymology, a 2-methylisocitrate dehydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160884-0001-0000", "contents": "2-methylisocitrate dehydratase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, (2S,3R)-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate, and two products, (Z)-but-2-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160884-0002-0000", "contents": "2-methylisocitrate dehydratase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2S,3R)-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate hydro-lyase [(Z)-but-2-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate-forming]. This enzyme is also called (2S,3R)-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160885-0000-0000", "contents": "2-millimeter band\nThe 2-millimeter band is a portion of the EHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use. The band is between 134\u00a0GHz and 141\u00a0GHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160885-0001-0000", "contents": "2-millimeter band\nDue to the lack of commercial off the shelf radios, amateurs who operate on the 2 mm band must design and construct their own equipment, and those who do, often attempt to set communication distance records for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160885-0002-0000", "contents": "2-millimeter band, Allocation\nThe International Telecommunication Union allocates 134\u00a0GHz to 141\u00a0GHz to amateur radio and amateur satellites. Amateurs operate on a primary basis between 134\u00a0GHz and 136\u00a0GHz and on a secondary basis in the rest of the band. As such, amateurs must protect the radio astronomy and radiolocation services from harmful interference, which share the band with amateurs between 136\u00a0GHz and 141\u00a0GHz. The ITU's allocations are the same in all three ITU Regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160885-0003-0000", "contents": "2-millimeter band, History\nThe allocation was introduced as a result of changes at ITU's World Radiocommunication Conference 2000. Prior to this the amateur allocation was 142-144 GHz Primary and 144-149 GHz Secondary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160885-0004-0000", "contents": "2-millimeter band, Distance records\nThe first 2 mm distance record, and still standing longest distance achieved on the band, was set by US stations WA1ZMS and W4WWQ, who established contact at 114.4 kilometres (71.1\u00a0mi) on February 26, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160885-0005-0000", "contents": "2-millimeter band, Distance records\nThe longest distance achieved on 2 mm in the United Kingdom was 35.6 kilometres (22.1\u00a0mi) between stations G8ACE and G8KQW on January 16 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160885-0006-0000", "contents": "2-millimeter band, Distance records\nIn Australia, the 2 mm distance record was 19 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) set by stations VK3CV and VK3NH on June 11, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160886-0000-0000", "contents": "2-nitroimidazole nitrohydrolase\n2-nitroimidazole nitrohydrolase (EC , NnhA, 2NI nitrohydrolase, 2NI denitrase) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-nitroimidazole nitrohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160886-0001-0000", "contents": "2-nitroimidazole nitrohydrolase\nThis enzyme is present in the soil bacterium Mycobacterium sp. JS330", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160887-0000-0000", "contents": "2-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160887-0001-0000", "contents": "2-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are 2-nitrophenol, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 4 products are catechol, nitrite, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160887-0002-0000", "contents": "2-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-nitrophenol,NADPH:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating, nitrite-forming). Other names in common use include 2-nitrophenol oxygenase, and nitrophenol oxygenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160888-0000-0000", "contents": "2-nitropropane dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 2-nitropropane dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160888-0001-0000", "contents": "2-nitropropane dioxygenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-nitropropane and O2, whereas its two products are acetone and nitrite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160888-0002-0000", "contents": "2-nitropropane dioxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-nitropropane:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in nitrogen metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: FAD, Iron,  and FMN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160888-0003-0000", "contents": "2-nitropropane dioxygenase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007 Steve Fuhrer from the DHPA solved this very complex formula to find, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160889-0000-0000", "contents": "2-opt\nIn optimization, 2-opt is a simple local search algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem. The 2-opt algorithm was first proposed by Croes in 1958, although the basic move had already been suggested by Flood. The main idea behind it is to take a route that crosses over itself and reorder it so that it does not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160889-0001-0000", "contents": "2-opt\nA complete 2-opt local search will compare every possible valid combination of the swapping mechanism. This technique can be applied to the travelling salesman problem as well as many related problems. These include the vehicle routing problem (VRP) as well as the capacitated VRP, which require minor modification of the algorithm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160889-0002-0000", "contents": "2-opt\nThis is the mechanism by which the 2-opt swap manipulates a given route:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160889-0003-0000", "contents": "2-opt\nHere is an example of the above with arbitrary input:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 59]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160889-0004-0000", "contents": "2-opt\nThis is the complete 2-opt swap making use of the above mechanism:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160889-0005-0000", "contents": "2-opt\nNote: If you start/end at a particular node or depot, then you must remove this from the search as an eligible candidate for swapping, as reversing the order will cause an invalid path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160889-0006-0000", "contents": "2-opt\nwhich is not valid (does not leave from A, the depot).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 60]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160890-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxo-3-(5-oxofuran-2-ylidene)propanoate lactonase\n2-oxo-3-(5-oxofuran-2-ylidene)propanoate lactonase (EC , naaC (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-oxo-3-(5-oxofuran-2-ylidene)propanoate lactonohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160890-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxo-3-(5-oxofuran-2-ylidene)propanoate lactonase\nThis enzyme is isolated from the soil bacterium Bradyrhizobium sp. JS329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160891-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase\nIn molecular biology 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase (OHCU decarboxylase) EC  is an enzyme involved in purine catabolism. It catalyses the decarboxylation of 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU) into S(+)-allantoin. It is the third step of the conversion of uric acid (a purine derivative) to allantoin. Step one is catalysed by urate oxidase and step two is catalysed by hydroxyisourate hydrolase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160892-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxo-acid reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxo-acid reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160892-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxo-acid reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (2R)-hydroxy-carboxylate and acceptor, whereas its two products are 2-oxo-carboxylate and reduced acceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160892-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxo-acid reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2R)-hydroxy-carboxylate:acceptor oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include (2R)-hydroxycarboxylate-viologen-oxidoreductase, HVOR, and 2-oxoacid reductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160893-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoadipate reductase\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxoadipate reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160893-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxoadipate reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-hydroxyadipate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxoadipate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160893-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxoadipate reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-hydroxyadipate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2-ketoadipate reductase, alpha-ketoadipate reductase, and 2-ketoadipate reductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160894-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160894-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxoaldehyde, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxo acid, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160894-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-oxoaldehyde:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, methylglyoxal dehydrogenase, NAD+-linked alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, 2-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, NAD+-dependent alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, and 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+). This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160895-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160895-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxoaldehyde, NADP+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxo acid, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160895-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-oxoaldehyde:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, methylglyoxal dehydrogenase, NADP+-linked alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, 2-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, NADP+-dependent alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, and 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+). This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160896-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxobutyrate synthase\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxobutyrate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160896-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxobutyrate synthase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxobutanoate, CoA, and oxidized ferredoxin, whereas its 3 products are propanoyl-CoA, CO2, and reduced ferredoxin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160896-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxobutyrate synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating). Other names in common use include alpha-ketobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, 2-ketobutyrate synthase, alpha-ketobutyrate synthase, 2-oxobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propionylating). This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160897-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutaramate amidase\n2-oxoglutaramate amidase (EC , omega-amidase) is an enzyme with systematic name 5-amino-2,5-dioxopentanoate amidohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160897-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutaramate amidase\nThe enzyme participates in the nicotine degradation pathway of several Gram-positive bacteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160898-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate carboxylase\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxoglutarate carboxylase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160898-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate carboxylase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 2-oxoglutarate, and HCO3-, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and oxalosuccinate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160898-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate carboxylase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is '. Other names in common use include oxalosuccinate synthetase', carboxylating factor for ICDH (incorrect), CFI, and OGC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160899-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160899-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 2-oxoglutarate, and two products, succinate semialdehyde and CO2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160899-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-oxoglutarate carboxy-lyase (succinate-semialdehyde-forming). Other names in common use include oxoglutarate decarboxylase, alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase, alpha-ketoglutaric decarboxylase, oxoglutarate decarboxylase, pre-2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase, and 2-oxoglutarate carboxy-lyase. It employs one cofactor, thiamin diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160900-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (ethylene-forming)\n2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (ethylene-forming) (EC , ethylene-forming enzyme, EFE) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, ethylene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160900-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (ethylene-forming)\n2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase produces ethylene in bacteria of the Pseudomonas syringae group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160901-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate synthase\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxoglutarate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160901-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate synthase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxoglutarate, CoA, and oxidized ferredoxin, whereas its 3 products are succinyl-CoA, CO2, and reduced ferredoxin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160901-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating). Other names in common use include 2-ketoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, KGOR, 2-oxoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-succinylating). This enzyme participates in the Citric acid cycle. Some forms catalyze the reverse reaction within the Reverse Krebs cycle, as a means of carbon fixation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160902-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoglutarate/L-arginine monooxygenase/decarboxylase (succinate-forming)\n2-oxoglutarate/L-arginine monooxygenase/decarboxylase (succinate-forming) (EC , ethylene-forming enzyme, EFE) is an enzyme with systematic name L-arginine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (succinate-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 73], "section_span": [73, 73], "content_span": [74, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160903-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating)\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160903-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating)\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, CoA, and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160903-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-methyl-propanoylating). Other names in common use include 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoisovalerate dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160904-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160904-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate, and two products, 2-oxopent-4-enoate and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160904-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate hydro-lyase (2-oxopent-4-enoate-forming). Other names in common use include 2-keto-4-pentenoate hydratase, OEH, 2-keto-4-pentenoate (vinylpyruvate)hydratase, and 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in 9 metabolic pathways: phenylalanine metabolism, benzoate degradation via hydroxylation, biphenyl degradation, toluene and xylene degradation, 1,4-dichlorobenzene degradation, fluorene degradation, carbazole degradation, ethylbenzene degradation, and styrene degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160905-0000-0000", "contents": "2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating)\nIn enzymology, a 2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160905-0001-0000", "contents": "2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating)\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate, acetoacetate, and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2-(2-oxopropylthio)ethanesulfonate, CO2, and NADPH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160905-0002-0000", "contents": "2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate, acetoacetate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating). Other names in common use include NADPH:2-(2-ketopropylthio)ethanesulfonate, oxidoreductase/carboxylase, and NADPH:2-ketopropyl-coenzyme M oxidoreductase/carboxylase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160905-0003-0000", "contents": "2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase (carboxylating), Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160906-0000-0000", "contents": "2-phospho-L-lactate transferase\n2-phospho-L-lactate transferase (EC , LPPG:Fo 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase, LPPG:7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase, MJ1256, lactyl-2-diphospho-(5')guanosine:Fo 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase, CofD) is an enzyme with systematic name (2S)-lactyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine:7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160906-0001-0000", "contents": "2-phospho-L-lactate transferase\nThis enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme F420.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160907-0000-0000", "contents": "2-phosphosulfolactate phosphatase\nIn enzymology, a 2-phosphosulfolactate phosphatase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160907-0001-0000", "contents": "2-phosphosulfolactate phosphatase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (2R)-2-phospho-3-sulfolactate and H2O, whereas its two products are (2R)-3-sulfolactate and phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160907-0002-0000", "contents": "2-phosphosulfolactate phosphatase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-2-phospho-3-sulfolactate phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include (2R)-phosphosulfolactate phosphohydrolase, and ComB phosphatase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160907-0003-0000", "contents": "2-phosphosulfolactate phosphatase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160908-0000-0000", "contents": "2-pop\nUsed in television production and filmmaking post-production, a 2-pop  is a 1\u00a0kHz tone that is one frame long and placed 2 seconds before the start of program. It is a simple and effective method of ensuring synchronization between sound and picture in a video or film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160908-0001-0000", "contents": "2-pop\nA 2-pop is typically placed at the end of a visual countdown. Only the first frame of the \"2\" is shown, and the remainder of the 2 seconds prior to the program is black. This provides a unique point of reference where the frame-long image and frame-long sound should align, similar to the way a film clapperboard is used to generate a synchronization point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160908-0002-0000", "contents": "2-pop\nFor example, in a television or video program the first frame of action (FFOA) starts at one hour (typically timecode of 01:00:00:00 in the US, and 10:00:00:00 in the UK), preceding that, 1 frame (or the 2-pop) of tone would be placed at timecode 00:59:58:00 or exactly 2 seconds before first picture. Alternately, in film post-production the leader starts at 01:00:00:00 (or 0+00 feet if using feet and frames as is common in the United States), the 2-pop starts at 01:00:06:00 (or 9+00), and the first frame of action (FFOA) starts at 01:00:08:00 (or 12+00).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160908-0003-0000", "contents": "2-pop\nA 2-pop is useful whenever picture and sound are handled separately. For example, projecting work-in-progress in the pre-video days involved a film projector linked to a magnetic dubber, onto which the separate soundtrack reel was loaded. Aligning them by the 2-pop would ensure proper synchronization during playback. A modern scenario would involve sending a soundtrack to a separate facility for a sound mix. The returned product is a computer audio file which then needs to be synchronized again with the picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160908-0004-0000", "contents": "2-pop, Sample sound\nWhereas laying down bars and tone prior to program start establishes video and audio calibration levels on the tape, the 2-pop is primarily used for picture and sound synchronization. Therefore, while the loudness of the 2-pop may be the same as the bars and tone audio level in use, this is not a requirement. The loudness level should be sufficient to be heard clearly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160909-0000-0000", "contents": "2-pounder gun\n2-pounder gun, 2-pounder and QF 2 pounder or QF 2-pdr are abbreviations used for various guns which fired a projectile weighing approximately 2 pounds (0.91 kg). These include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160910-0000-0000", "contents": "2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase\nIn enzymology, 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydrolytic chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160910-0001-0000", "contents": "2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate and H2O, whereas its product is a tautomeric mixture of 4-oxalomesaconate and 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160910-0002-0000", "contents": "2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase\nThis enzyme belongs to the Amidohydrolase superfamily of enzymes and is a member of Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) 3618. The systematic name of this enzyme is 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase but is also known as LigI. This enzyme is found to play an important role in the metabolism of lignin-derived aromatic compounds in both the syringate degradation pathway and the protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160910-0003-0000", "contents": "2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase\nLigI from Sphingomonas is of particular interest as it has been shown to be the first member of the amidohydrolase superfamily to not require a divalent metal cation for catalytic activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160910-0004-0000", "contents": "2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase, Mechanism\nThe mechanism of catalysis of LigI has been determined by crystallography and NMR analysis. More specifically, the hydrolytic water molecule is activated by the transfer of a proton to Asp-248 whereas the carbonyl group of the 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate (PDC) lactone substrate is activated by hydrogen bonding interactions with His-180, His-31, and His-33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160911-0000-0000", "contents": "2-ring\nIn mathematics, a categorical ring is, roughly, a category equipped with addition and multiplication. In other words, a categorical ring is obtained by replacing the underlying set of a ring by a category. For example, given a ring R, let C be a category whose objects are the elements of the set R and whose morphisms are only the identity morphisms. Then C is a categorical ring. But the point is that one can also consider the situation in which an element of R comes with a \"nontrivial automorphism\" (cf. Lurie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160911-0001-0000", "contents": "2-ring\nThis line of generalization of a ring eventually leads to the notion of an En-ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0000-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability\nIn computer science, 2-satisfiability, 2-SAT or just 2SAT is a computational problem of assigning values to variables, each of which has two possible values, in order to satisfy a system of constraints on pairs of variables. It is a special case of the general Boolean satisfiability problem, which can involve constraints on more than two variables, and of constraint satisfaction problems, which can allow more than two choices for the value of each variable. But in contrast to those more general problems, which are NP-complete, 2-satisfiability can be solved in polynomial time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0001-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability\nInstances of the 2-satisfiability problem are typically expressed as Boolean formulas of a special type, called conjunctive normal form (2-CNF) or Krom formulas. Alternatively, they may be expressed as a special type of directed graph, the implication graph, which expresses the variables of an instance and their negations as vertices in a graph, and constraints on pairs of variables as directed edges. Both of these kinds of inputs may be solved in linear time, either by a method based on backtracking or by using the strongly connected components of the implication graph. Resolution, a method for combining pairs of constraints to make additional valid constraints, also leads to a polynomial time solution. The 2-satisfiability problems provide one of two major subclasses of the conjunctive normal form formulas that can be solved in polynomial time; the other of the two subclasses is Horn-satisfiability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0002-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability\n2-satisfiability may be applied to geometry and visualization problems in which a collection of objects each have two potential locations and the goal is to find a placement for each object that avoids overlaps with other objects. Other applications include clustering data to minimize the sum of the diameters of the clusters, classroom and sports scheduling, and recovering shapes from information about their cross-sections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0003-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability\nIn computational complexity theory, 2-satisfiability provides an example of an NL-complete problem, one that can be solved non-deterministically using a logarithmic amount of storage and that is among the hardest of the problems solvable in this resource bound. The set of all solutions to a 2-satisfiability instance can be given the structure of a median graph, but counting these solutions is #P-complete and therefore not expected to have a polynomial-time solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0003-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability\nRandom instances undergo a sharp phase transition from solvable to unsolvable instances as the ratio of constraints to variables increases past 1, a phenomenon conjectured but unproven for more complicated forms of the satisfiability problem. A computationally difficult variation of 2-satisfiability, finding a truth assignment that maximizes the number of satisfied constraints, has an approximation algorithm whose optimality depends on the unique games conjecture, and another difficult variation, finding a satisfying assignment minimizing the number of true variables, is an important test case for parameterized complexity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0004-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Problem representations\nA 2-satisfiability problem may be described using a Boolean expression with a special restricted form. It is a conjunction (a Boolean and operation) of clauses, where each clause is a disjunction (a Boolean or operation) of two variables or negated variables. The variables or their negations appearing in this formula are known as literals. For example, the following formula is in conjunctive normal form, with seven variables, eleven clauses, and 22 literals:(x0\u2228x2)\u2227(x0\u2228\u00acx3)\u2227(x1\u2228\u00acx3)\u2227(x1\u2228\u00acx4)\u2227(x2\u2228\u00acx4)\u2227(x0\u2228\u00acx5)\u2227(x1\u2228\u00acx5)\u2227(x2\u2228\u00acx5)\u2227(x3\u2228x6)\u2227(x4\u2228x6)\u2227(x5\u2228x6). {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&(x_{0}\\lor x_{2})\\land (x_{0}\\lor \\lnot x_{3})\\land (x_{1}\\lor \\lnot x_{3})\\land (x_{1}\\lor \\lnot x_{4})\\land {}\\\\&(x_{2}\\lor \\lnot x_{4})\\land {}(x_{0}\\lor \\lnot x_{5})\\land (x_{1}\\lor \\lnot x_{5})\\land (x_{2}\\lor \\lnot x_{5})\\land {}\\\\&(x_{3}\\lor x_{6})\\land (x_{4}\\lor x_{6})\\land (x_{5}\\lor x_{6}).\\end{aligned}}}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0005-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Problem representations\nThe 2-satisfiability problem is to find a truth assignment to these variables that makes the whole formula true. Such an assignment chooses whether to make each of the variables true or false, so that at least one literal in every clause becomes true. For the expression shown above, one possible satisfying assignment is the one that sets all seven of the variables to true. Every clause has at least one non-negated variable, so this assignment satisfies every clause. There are also 15 other ways of setting all the variables so that the formula becomes true. Therefore, the 2-satisfiability instance represented by this expression is satisfiable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0006-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Problem representations\nFormulas in this form are known as 2-CNF formulas. The \"2\" in this name stands for the number of literals per clause, and \"CNF\" stands for conjunctive normal form, a type of Boolean expression in the form of a conjunction of disjunctions. They are also called Krom formulas, after the work of UC Davis mathematician Melven R. Krom, whose 1967 paper was one of the earliest works on the 2-satisfiability problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0007-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Problem representations\nEach clause in a 2-CNF formula is logically equivalent to an implication from one variable or negated variable to the other. For example, the second clause in the example may be written in any of three equivalent ways:(x0\u2228\u00acx3)\u2261(\u00acx0\u21d2\u00acx3)\u2261(x3\u21d2x0). {\\displaystyle (x_{0}\\lor \\lnot x_{3})\\;\\equiv \\;(\\lnot x_{0}\\Rightarrow \\lnot x_{3})\\;\\equiv \\;(x_{3}\\Rightarrow x_{0}).} Because of this equivalence between these different types of operation, a 2-satisfiability instance may also be written in implicative normal form, in which we replace each or clause in the conjunctive normal form by the two implications to which it is equivalent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0008-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Problem representations\nA third, more graphical way of describing a 2-satisfiability instance is as an implication graph. An implication graph is a directed graph in which there is one vertex per variable or negated variable, and an edge connecting one vertex to another whenever the corresponding variables are related by an implication in the implicative normal form of the instance. An implication graph must be a skew-symmetric graph, meaning that it has a symmetry that takes each variable to its negation and reverses the orientations of all of the edges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0009-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms\nSeveral algorithms are known for solving the 2-satisfiability problem. The most efficient of them take linear time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0010-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Resolution and transitive closure\nKrom (1967) described the following polynomial time decision procedure for solving 2-satisfiability instances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0011-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Resolution and transitive closure\nSuppose that a 2-satisfiability instance contains two clauses that both use the same variable x, but that x is negated in one clause and not in the other. Then the two clauses may be combined to produce a third clause, having the two other literals in the two clauses; this third clause must also be satisfied whenever the first two clauses are both satisfied. For instance, we may combine the clauses (a\u2228b){\\displaystyle (a\\lor b)} and (\u00acb\u2228\u00acc){\\displaystyle (\\lnot b\\lor \\lnot c)} in this way to produce the clause (a\u2228\u00acc){\\displaystyle (a\\lor \\lnot c)}. In terms of the implicative form of a 2-CNF formula, this rule amounts to finding two implications \u00aca\u21d2b{\\displaystyle \\lnot a\\Rightarrow b} and b\u21d2\u00acc{\\displaystyle b\\Rightarrow \\lnot c}, and inferring by transitivity a third implication \u00aca\u21d2\u00acc{\\displaystyle \\lnot a\\Rightarrow \\lnot c}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0012-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Resolution and transitive closure\nKrom writes that a formula is consistent if repeated application of this inference rule cannot generate both the clauses (x\u2228x){\\displaystyle (x\\lor x)} and (\u00acx\u2228\u00acx){\\displaystyle (\\lnot x\\lor \\lnot x)}, for any variable x{\\displaystyle x}. As he proves, a 2-CNF formula is satisfiable if and only if it is consistent. For, if a formula is not consistent, it is not possible to satisfy both of the two clauses (x\u2228x){\\displaystyle (x\\lor x)} and (\u00acx\u2228\u00acx){\\displaystyle (\\lnot x\\lor \\lnot x)} simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0012-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Resolution and transitive closure\nAnd, if it is consistent, then the formula can be extended by repeatedly adding one clause of the form (x\u2228x){\\displaystyle (x\\lor x)} or (\u00acx\u2228\u00acx){\\displaystyle (\\lnot x\\lor \\lnot x)} at a time, preserving consistency at each step, until it includes such a clause for every variable. At each of these extension steps, one of these two clauses may always be added while preserving consistency, for if not then the other clause could be generated using the inference rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0012-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Resolution and transitive closure\nOnce all variables have a clause of this form in the formula, a satisfying assignment of all of the variables may be generated by setting a variable x{\\displaystyle x} to true if the formula contains the clause (x\u2228x){\\displaystyle (x\\lor x)} and setting it to false if the formula contains the clause (\u00acx\u2228\u00acx){\\displaystyle (\\lnot x\\lor \\lnot x)}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0013-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Resolution and transitive closure\nKrom was concerned primarily with completeness of systems of inference rules, rather than with the efficiency of algorithms. However, his method leads to a polynomial time bound for solving 2-satisfiability problems. By grouping together all of the clauses that use the same variable, and applying the inference rule to each pair of clauses, it is possible to find all inferences that are possible from a given 2-CNF instance, and to test whether it is consistent, in total time O(n3), where n is the number of variables in the instance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0013-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Resolution and transitive closure\nThis formula comes from multiplying the number of variables by the O(n2) number of pairs of clauses involving a given variable, to which the inference rule may be applied. Thus, it is possible to determine whether a given 2-CNF instance is satisfiable in time O(n3). Because finding a satisfying assignment using Krom's method involves a sequence of O(n) consistency checks, it would take time O(n4). Even, Itai & Shamir (1976) quote a faster time bound of O(n2) for this algorithm, based on more careful ordering of its operations. Nevertheless, even this smaller time bound was greatly improved by the later linear time algorithms of Even, Itai & Shamir (1976) and Aspvall, Plass & Tarjan (1979).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0014-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Resolution and transitive closure\nIn terms of the implication graph of the 2-satisfiability instance, Krom's inference rule can be interpreted as constructing the transitive closure of the graph. As Cook (1971) observes, it can also be seen as an instance of the Davis\u2013Putnam algorithm for solving satisfiability problems using the principle of resolution. Its correctness follows from the more general correctness of the Davis\u2013Putnam algorithm. Its polynomial time bound follows from the fact that each resolution step increases the number of clauses in the instance, which is upper bounded by a quadratic function of the number of variables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0015-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Limited backtracking\nEven, Itai & Shamir (1976) describe a technique involving limited backtracking for solving constraint satisfaction problems with binary variables and pairwise constraints. They apply this technique to a problem of classroom scheduling, but they also observe that it applies to other problems including 2-SAT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0016-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Limited backtracking\nThe basic idea of their approach is to build a partial truth assignment, one variable at a time. Certain steps of the algorithms are \"choice points\", points at which a variable can be given either of two different truth values, and later steps in the algorithm may cause it to backtrack to one of these choice points. However, only the most recent choice can be backtracked over. All choices made earlier than the most recent one are permanent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0017-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Limited backtracking\nInitially, there is no choice point, and all variables are unassigned. At each step, the algorithm chooses the variable whose value to set, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0018-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Limited backtracking\nIntuitively, the algorithm follows all chains of inference after making each of its choices. This either leads to a contradiction and a backtracking step, or, if no contradiction is derived, it follows that the choice was a correct one that leads to a satisfying assignment. Therefore, the algorithm either correctly finds a satisfying assignment or it correctly determines that the input is unsatisfiable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0019-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Limited backtracking\nEven et al. did not describe in detail how to implement this algorithm efficiently. They state only that by \"using appropriate data structures in order to find the implications of any decision\", each step of the algorithm (other than the backtracking) can be performed quickly. However, some inputs may cause the algorithm to backtrack many times, each time performing many steps before backtracking, so its overall complexity may be nonlinear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0019-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Limited backtracking\nTo avoid this problem, they modify the algorithm so that, after reaching each choice point, it begins simultaneously testing both of the two assignments for the variable set at the choice point, spending equal numbers of steps on each of the two assignments. As soon as the test for one of these two assignments would create another choice point, the other test is stopped, so that at any stage of the algorithm there are only two branches of the backtracking tree that are still being tested. In this way, the total time spent performing the two tests for any variable is proportional to the number of variables and clauses of the input formula whose values are permanently assigned. As a result, the algorithm takes linear time in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0020-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Strongly connected components\nAspvall, Plass & Tarjan (1979) found a simpler linear time procedure for solving 2-satisfiability instances, based on the notion of strongly connected components from graph theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0021-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Strongly connected components\nTwo vertices in a directed graph are said to be strongly connected to each other if there is a directed path from one to the other and vice versa. This is an equivalence relation, and the vertices of the graph may be partitioned into strongly connected components, subsets within which every two vertices are strongly connected. There are several efficient linear time algorithms for finding the strongly connected components of a graph, based on depth first search: Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm and the path-based strong component algorithm each perform a single depth first search. Kosaraju's algorithm performs two depth first searches, but is very simple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0022-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Strongly connected components\nIn terms of the implication graph, two literals belong to the same strongly connected component whenever there exist chains of implications from one literal to the other and vice versa. Therefore, the two literals must have the same value in any satisfying assignment to the given 2-satisfiability instance. In particular, if a variable and its negation both belong to the same strongly connected component, the instance cannot be satisfied, because it is impossible to assign both of these literals the same value. As Aspvall et al. showed, this is a necessary and sufficient condition: a 2-CNF formula is satisfiable if and only if there is no variable that belongs to the same strongly connected component as its negation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0023-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Strongly connected components\nThis immediately leads to a linear time algorithm for testing satisfiability of 2-CNF formulae: simply perform a strong connectivity analysis on the implication graph and check that each variable and its negation belong to different components. However, as Aspvall et al. also showed, it also leads to a linear time algorithm for finding a satisfying assignment, when one exists. Their algorithm performs the following steps:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0024-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Strongly connected components\nDue to the reverse topological ordering and the skew-symmetry, when a literal is set to true, all literals that can be reached from it via a chain of implications will already have been set to true. Symmetrically, when a literal x is set to false, all literals that lead to it via a chain of implications will themselves already have been set to false. Therefore, the truth assignment constructed by this procedure satisfies the given formula, which also completes the proof of correctness of the necessary and sufficient condition identified by Aspvall et al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0025-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Algorithms, Strongly connected components\nAs Aspvall et al. show, a similar procedure involving topologically ordering the strongly connected components of the implication graph may also be used to evaluate fully quantified Boolean formulae in which the formula being quantified is a 2-CNF formula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0026-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nA number of exact and approximate algorithms for the automatic label placement problem are based on 2-satisfiability. This problem concerns placing textual labels on the features of a diagram or map. Typically, the set of possible locations for each label is highly constrained, not only by the map itself (each label must be near the feature it labels, and must not obscure other features), but by each other: every two labels should avoid overlapping each other, for otherwise they would become illegible. In general, finding a label placement that obeys these constraints is an NP-hard problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0026-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nHowever, if each feature has only two possible locations for its label (say, extending to the left and to the right of the feature) then label placement may be solved in polynomial time. For, in this case, one may create a 2-satisfiability instance that has a variable for each label and that has a clause for each pair of labels that could overlap, preventing them from being assigned overlapping positions. If the labels are all congruent rectangles, the corresponding 2-satisfiability instance can be shown to have only linearly many constraints, leading to near-linear time algorithms for finding a labeling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0026-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nPoon, Zhu & Chin (1998) describe a map labeling problem in which each label is a rectangle that may be placed in one of three positions with respect to a line segment that it labels: it may have the segment as one of its sides, or it may be centered on the segment. They represent these three positions using two binary variables in such a way that, again, testing the existence of a valid labeling becomes a 2-satisfiability problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0027-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nFormann & Wagner (1991) use 2-satisfiability as part of an approximation algorithm for the problem of finding square labels of the largest possible size for a given set of points, with the constraint that each label has one of its corners on the point that it labels. To find a labeling with a given size, they eliminate squares that, if doubled, would overlap another point, and they eliminate points that can be labeled in a way that cannot possibly overlap with another point's label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0027-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nThey show that these elimination rules cause the remaining points to have only two possible label placements per point, allowing a valid label placement (if one exists) to be found as the solution to a 2-satisfiability instance. By searching for the largest label size that leads to a solvable 2-satisfiability instance, they find a valid label placement whose labels are at least half as large as the optimal solution. That is, the approximation ratio of their algorithm is at most two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0027-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nSimilarly, if each label is rectangular and must be placed in such a way that the point it labels is somewhere along its bottom edge, then using 2-satisfiability to find the largest label size for which there is a solution in which each label has the point on a bottom corner leads to an approximation ratio of at most two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0028-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nSimilar applications of 2-satisfiability have been made for other geometric placement problems. In graph drawing, if the vertex locations are fixed and each edge must be drawn as a circular arc with one of two possible locations (for instance as an arc diagram), then the problem of choosing which arc to use for each edge in order to avoid crossings is a 2-satisfiability problem with a variable for each edge and a constraint for each pair of placements that would lead to a crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0028-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nHowever, in this case it is possible to speed up the solution, compared to an algorithm that builds and then searches an explicit representation of the implication graph, by searching the graph implicitly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0028-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nIn VLSI integrated circuit design, if a collection of modules must be connected by wires that can each bend at most once, then again there are two possible routes for the wires, and the problem of choosing which of these two routes to use, in such a way that all wires can be routed in a single layer of the circuit, can be solved as a 2-satisfiability instance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0029-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nBoros et al. (1999) consider another VLSI design problem: the question of whether or not to mirror-reverse each module in a circuit design. This mirror reversal leaves the module's operations unchanged, but it changes the order of the points at which the input and output signals of the module connect to it, possibly changing how well the module fits into the rest of the design. Boros et al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0029-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Conflict-free placement of geometric objects\nconsider a simplified version of the problem in which the modules have already been placed along a single linear channel, in which the wires between modules must be routed, and there is a fixed bound on the density of the channel (the maximum number of signals that must pass through any cross-section of the channel). They observe that this version of the problem may be solved as a 2-satisfiability instance, in which the constraints relate the orientations of pairs of modules that are directly across the channel from each other. As a consequence, the optimal density may also be calculated efficiently, by performing a binary search in which each step involves the solution of a 2-satisfiability instance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0030-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Data clustering\nOne way of clustering a set of data points in a metric space into two clusters is to choose the clusters in such a way as to minimize the sum of the diameters of the clusters, where the diameter of any single cluster is the largest distance between any two of its points. This is preferable to minimizing the maximum cluster size, which may lead to very similar points being assigned to different clusters. If the target diameters of the two clusters are known, a clustering that achieves those targets may be found by solving a 2-satisfiability instance. The instance has one variable per point, indicating whether that point belongs to the first cluster or the second cluster. Whenever any two points are too far apart from each other for both to belong to the same cluster, a clause is added to the instance that prevents this assignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0031-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Data clustering\nThe same method also can be used as a subroutine when the individual cluster diameters are unknown. To test whether a given sum of diameters can be achieved without knowing the individual cluster diameters, one may try all maximal pairs of target diameters that add up to at most the given sum, representing each pair of diameters as a 2-satisfiability instance and using a 2-satisfiability algorithm to determine whether that pair can be realized by a clustering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0031-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Data clustering\nTo find the optimal sum of diameters one may perform a binary search in which each step is a feasibility test of this type. The same approach also works to find clusterings that optimize other combinations than sums of the cluster diameters, and that use arbitrary dissimilarity numbers (rather than distances in a metric space) to measure the size of a cluster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0031-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Data clustering\nThe time bound for this algorithm is dominated by the time to solve a sequence of 2-satisfiability instances that are closely related to each other, and Ramnath (2004) shows how to solve these related instances more quickly than if they were solved independently from each other, leading to a total time bound of O(n3) for the sum-of-diameters clustering problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0032-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Scheduling\nEven, Itai & Shamir (1976) consider a model of classroom scheduling  in which a set of n teachers must be scheduled to teach each of m cohorts of students. The number of hours per week that teacher i{\\displaystyle i} spends with cohort j{\\displaystyle j} is described by entry Rij{\\displaystyle R_{ij}} of a matrix R{\\displaystyle R} given as input to the problem, and each teacher also has a set of hours during which he or she is available to be scheduled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0032-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Scheduling\nAs they show, the problem is NP-complete, even when each teacher has at most three available hours, but it can be solved as an instance of 2-satisfiability when each teacher only has two available hours. (Teachers with only a single available hour may easily be eliminated from the problem.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0032-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Scheduling\nIn this problem, each variable vij{\\displaystyle v_{ij}} corresponds to an hour that teacher i{\\displaystyle i} must spend with cohort j{\\displaystyle j}, the assignment to the variable specifies whether that hour is the first or the second of the teacher's available hours, and there is a 2-satisfiability clause preventing any conflict of either of two types: two cohorts assigned to a teacher at the same time as each other, or one cohort assigned to two teachers at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0033-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Scheduling\nMiyashiro & Matsui (2005) apply 2-satisfiability to a problem of sports scheduling, in which the pairings of a round-robin tournament have already been chosen and the games must be assigned to the teams' stadiums. In this problem, it is desirable to alternate home and away games to the extent possible, avoiding \"breaks\" in which a team plays two home games in a row or two away games in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0033-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Scheduling\nAt most two teams can avoid breaks entirely, alternating between home and away games; no other team can have the same home-away schedule as these two, because then it would be unable to play the team with which it had the same schedule. Therefore, an optimal schedule has two breakless teams and a single break for every other team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0033-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Scheduling\nOnce one of the breakless teams is chosen, one can set up a 2-satisfiability problem in which each variable represents the home-away assignment for a single team in a single game, and the constraints enforce the properties that any two teams have a consistent assignment for their games, that each team have at most one break before and at most one break after the game with the breakless team, and that no team has two breaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0033-0003", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Scheduling\nTherefore, testing whether a schedule admits a solution with the optimal number of breaks can be done by solving a linear number of 2-satisfiability problems, one for each choice of the breakless team. A similar technique also allows finding schedules in which every team has a single break, and maximizing rather than minimizing the number of breaks (to reduce the total mileage traveled by the teams).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0034-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nTomography is the process of recovering shapes from their cross-sections. In discrete tomography, a simplified version of the problem that has been frequently studied, the shape to be recovered is a polyomino (a subset of the squares in the two-dimensional square lattice), and the cross-sections provide aggregate information about the sets of squares in individual rows and columns of the lattice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0034-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nFor instance, in the popular nonogram puzzles, also known as paint by numbers or griddlers, the set of squares to be determined represents the dark pixels in a binary image, and the input given to the puzzle solver tells him or her how many consecutive blocks of dark pixels to include in each row or column of the image, and how long each of those blocks should be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0034-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nIn other forms of digital tomography, even less information about each row or column is given: only the total number of squares, rather than the number and length of the blocks of squares. An equivalent version of the problem is that we must recover a given 0-1 matrix given only the sums of the values in each row and in each column of the matrix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0035-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nAlthough there exist polynomial time algorithms to find a matrix having given row and column sums, the solution may be far from unique: any submatrix in the form of a 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 identity matrix can be complemented without affecting the correctness of the solution. Therefore, researchers have searched for constraints on the shape to be reconstructed that can be used to restrict the space of solutions. For instance, one might assume that the shape is connected; however, testing whether there exists a connected solution is NP-complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0035-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nAn even more constrained version that is easier to solve is that the shape is orthogonally convex: having a single contiguous block of squares in each row and column. Improving several previous solutions, Chrobak & D\u00fcrr (1999) showed how to reconstruct connected orthogonally convex shapes efficiently, using 2-SAT. The idea of their solution is to guess the indexes of rows containing the leftmost and rightmost cells of the shape to be reconstructed, and then to set up a 2-satisfiability problem that tests whether there exists a shape consistent with these guesses and with the given row and column sums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0035-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nThey use four 2-satisfiability variables for each square that might be part of the given shape, one to indicate whether it belongs to each of four possible \"corner regions\" of the shape, and they use constraints that force these regions to be disjoint, to have the desired shapes, to form an overall shape with contiguous rows and columns, and to have the desired row and column sums. Their algorithm takes time O(m3n) where m is the smaller of the two dimensions of the input shape and n is the larger of the two dimensions. The same method was later extended to orthogonally convex shapes that might be connected only diagonally instead of requiring orthogonal connectivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0036-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nA part of a solver for full nonogram puzzles, Batenburg and Kosters\u00a0(2008, 2009) used 2-satisfiability to combine information obtained from several other heuristics. Given a partial solution to the puzzle, they use dynamic programming within each row or column to determine whether the constraints of that row or column force any of its squares to be white or black, and whether any two squares in the same row or column can be connected by an implication relation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0036-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nThey also transform the nonogram into a digital tomography problem by replacing the sequence of block lengths in each row and column by its sum, and use a maximum flow formulation to determine whether this digital tomography problem combining all of the rows and columns has any squares whose state can be determined or pairs of squares that can be connected by an implication relation. If either of these two heuristics determines the value of one of the squares, it is included in the partial solution and the same calculations are repeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0036-0002", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nHowever, if both heuristics fail to set any squares, the implications found by both of them are combined into a 2-satisfiability problem and a 2-satisfiability solver is used to find squares whose value is fixed by the problem, after which the procedure is again repeated. This procedure may or may not succeed in finding a solution, but it is guaranteed to run in polynomial time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0036-0003", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Discrete tomography\nBatenburg and Kosters report that, although most newspaper puzzles do not need its full power, both this procedure and a more powerful but slower procedure which combines this 2-satisfiability approach with the limited backtracking of Even, Itai & Shamir (1976) are significantly more effective than the dynamic programming and flow heuristics without 2-satisfiability when applied to more difficult randomly generated nonograms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0037-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Renamable Horn satisfiability\nNext to 2-satisfiability, the other major subclass of satisfiability problems that can be solved in polynomial time is Horn-satisfiability. In this class of satisfiability problems, the input is again a formula in conjunctive normal form. It can have arbitrarily many literals per clause but at most one positive literal. Lewis (1978) found a generalization of this class, renamable Horn satisfiability, that can still be solved in polynomial time by means of an auxiliary 2-satisfiability instance. A formula is renamable Horn when it is possible to put it into Horn form by replacing some variables by their negations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0037-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Renamable Horn satisfiability\nTo do so, Lewis sets up a 2-satisfiability instance with one variable for each variable of the renamable Horn instance, where the 2-satisfiability variables indicate whether or not to negate the corresponding renamable Horn variables. In order to produce a Horn instance, no two variables that appear in the same clause of the renamable Horn instance should appear positively in that clause; this constraint on a pair of variables is a 2-satisfiability constraint. By finding a satisfying assignment to the resulting 2-satisfiability instance, Lewis shows how to turn any renamable Horn instance into a Horn instance in polynomial time. By breaking up long clauses into multiple smaller clauses, and applying a linear-time 2-satisfiability algorithm, it is possible to reduce this to linear time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0038-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Applications, Other applications\n2-satisfiability has also been applied to problems of recognizing undirected graphs that can be partitioned into an independent set and a small number of complete bipartite subgraphs, inferring business relationships among autonomous subsystems of the internet, and reconstruction of evolutionary trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0039-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, NL-completeness\nA nondeterministic algorithm for determining whether a 2-satisfiability instance is not satisfiable, using only a logarithmic amount of writable memory, is easy to describe: simply choose (nondeterministically) a variable v and search (nondeterministically) for a chain of implications leading from v to its negation and then back to v. If such a chain is found, the instance cannot be satisfiable. By the Immerman\u2013Szelepcs\u00e9nyi theorem, it is also possible in nondeterministic logspace to verify that a satisfiable 2-satisfiability instance is satisfiable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0040-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, NL-completeness\n2-satisfiability is NL-complete, meaning that it is one of the \"hardest\" or \"most expressive\" problems in the complexity class NL of problems solvable nondeterministically in logarithmic space. Completeness here means that a deterministic Turing machine using only logarithmic space can transform any other problem in NL into an equivalent 2-satisfiability problem. Analogously to similar results for the more well-known complexity class NP, this transformation together with the Immerman\u2013Szelepcs\u00e9nyi theorem allow any problem in NL to be represented as a second order logic formula with a single existentially quantified predicate with clauses limited to length 2. Such formulae are known as SO-Krom. Similarly, the implicative normal form can be expressed in first order logic with the addition of an operator for transitive closure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0041-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, The set of all solutions\nThe set of all solutions to a 2-satisfiability instance has the structure of a median graph, in which an edge corresponds to the operation of flipping the values of a set of variables that are all constrained to be equal or unequal to each other. In particular, by following edges in this way one can get from any solution to any other solution. Conversely, any median graph can be represented as the set of solutions to a 2-satisfiability instance in this way. The median of any three solutions is formed by setting each variable to the value it holds in the majority of the three solutions. This median always forms another solution to the instance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0042-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, The set of all solutions\nFeder (1994) describes an algorithm for efficiently listing all solutions to a given 2-satisfiability instance, and for solving several related problems. There also exist algorithms for finding two satisfying assignments that have the maximal Hamming distance from each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0043-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Counting the number of satisfying assignments\n#2SAT is the problem of counting the number of satisfying assignments to a given 2-CNF formula. This counting problem is #P-complete, which implies that it is not solvable in polynomial time unless P\u00a0=\u00a0NP. Moreover, there is no fully polynomial randomized approximation scheme for #2SAT unless NP = RP and this even holds when the input is restricted to monotone 2-CNF formulas, i.e., 2-CNF formulas in which each literal is a positive occurrence of a variable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 90], "content_span": [91, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0044-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Counting the number of satisfying assignments\nThe fastest known algorithm for computing the exact number of satisfying assignments to a 2SAT formula runs in time O(1.2377n){\\displaystyle O(1.2377^{n})}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 90], "content_span": [91, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0045-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Random 2-satisfiability instances\nOne can form a 2-satisfiability instance at random, for a given number n of variables and m of clauses, by choosing each clause uniformly at random from the set of all possible two-variable clauses. When m is small relative to n, such an instance will likely be satisfiable, but larger values of m have smaller probabilities of being satisfiable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 78], "content_span": [79, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0045-0001", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Random 2-satisfiability instances\nMore precisely, if m/n is fixed as a constant \u03b1 \u2260 1, the probability of satisfiability tends to a limit as n goes to infinity: if \u03b1\u00a0<\u00a01, the limit is one, while if \u03b1\u00a0>\u00a01, the limit is zero. Thus, the problem exhibits a phase transition at \u03b1\u00a0=\u00a01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 78], "content_span": [79, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0046-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Maximum-2-satisfiability\nIn the maximum-2-satisfiability problem (MAX-2-SAT), the input is a formula in conjunctive normal form with two literals per clause, and the task is to determine the maximum number of clauses that can be simultaneously satisfied by an assignment. Like the more general maximum satisfiability problem, MAX-2-SAT is NP-hard. The proof is by reduction from 3SAT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0047-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Maximum-2-satisfiability\nBy formulating MAX-2-SAT as a problem of finding a cut (that is, a partition of the vertices into two subsets) maximizing the number of edges that have one endpoint in the first subset and one endpoint in the second, in a graph related to the implication graph, and applying semidefinite programming methods to this cut problem, it is possible to find in polynomial time an approximate solution that satisfies at least 0.940... times the optimal number of clauses. A balanced MAX 2-SAT instance is an instance of MAX 2-SAT where every variable appears positively and negatively with equal weight. For this problem, Austrin has improved the approximation ratio to min{(3\u2212cos\u2061\u03b8)\u22121(2+(2/\u03c0)\u03b8):\u03c0/2\u2264\u03b8\u2264\u03c0}=0.943...{\\displaystyle \\min \\left\\{(3-\\cos \\theta )^{-1}(2+(2/\\pi )\\theta ) \\,:\\,\\pi /2\\leq \\theta \\leq \\pi \\right\\}=0.943...}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0048-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Maximum-2-satisfiability\nIf the unique games conjecture is true, then it is impossible to approximate MAX 2-SAT, balanced or not, with an approximation constant better than 0.943... in polynomial time. Under the weaker assumption that P\u00a0\u2260\u00a0NP, the problem is only known to be inapproximable within a constant better than 21/22 = 0.95454...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0049-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Maximum-2-satisfiability\nVarious authors have also explored exponential worst-case time bounds for exact solution of MAX-2-SAT instances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0050-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Weighted-2-satisfiability\nIn the weighted 2-satisfiability problem (W2SAT), the input is an n{\\displaystyle n}-variable 2SAT instance and an integer k, and the problem is to decide whether there exists a satisfying assignment in which exactly k of the variables are true.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0051-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Weighted-2-satisfiability\nThe W2SAT problem includes as a special case the vertex cover problem, of finding a set of k vertices that together touch all the edges of a given undirected graph. For any given instance of the vertex cover problem, one can construct an equivalent W2SAT problem with a variable for each vertex of a graph. Each edge uv of the graph may be represented by a 2SAT clause u \u2228 v that can be satisfied only by including either u or v among the true variables of the solution. Then the satisfying instances of the resulting 2SAT formula encode solutions to the vertex cover problem, and there is a satisfying assignment with  k true variables if and only if there is a vertex cover with k vertices. Therefore, like vertex cover, W2SAT is NP-complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0052-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Weighted-2-satisfiability\nMoreover, in parameterized complexity W2SAT provides a natural W[1]-complete problem, which implies that W2SAT is not fixed-parameter tractable unless  this holds for all problems in W[1]. That is, it is unlikely that there exists an algorithm for W2SAT whose running time takes the form f(k)\u00b7nO(1). Even more strongly, W2SAT cannot be solved in time no(k) unless the exponential time hypothesis fails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 70], "content_span": [71, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0053-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Quantified Boolean formulae\nAs well as finding the first polynomial-time algorithm for 2-satisfiability, Krom (1967) also formulated the problem of evaluating fully quantified Boolean formulae in which the formula being quantified is a 2-CNF formula. The 2-satisfiability problem is the special case of this quantified 2-CNF problem, in which all quantifiers are existential. Krom also developed an effective decision procedure for these formulae. Aspvall, Plass & Tarjan (1979) showed that it can be solved in linear time, by an extension of their technique of strongly connected components and topological ordering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 72], "content_span": [73, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160912-0054-0000", "contents": "2-satisfiability, Complexity and extensions, Many-valued logics\nThe 2-satisfiability problem can also be asked for propositional many-valued logics. The algorithms are not usually linear, and for some logics the problem is even NP-complete. See H\u00e4hnle\u00a0(2001, 2003) for surveys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160913-0000-0000", "contents": "2-sec-Butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole\n2-sec-Butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (also known as SBT) is a thiazoline compound with the molecular formula C7H13NS. A volatile pheromone found in rodents such as mice and rats, SBT is excreted in the urine and promotes aggression amongst males while inducing synchronized estrus in females.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160913-0001-0000", "contents": "2-sec-Butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, Binding to MUP\nMouse major urinary proteins (MUPs) are responsible for binding to hydrophobic ligands such as the pheromone SBT. SBT binds within MUP-I's barrel-shaped active site, forming a hydrogen bond with a water molecule within the active site, which in turn is stabilized by forming hydrogen bonds with residue Phe56 and another water molecule; this second water molecule also forms hydrogen bonds to residues in the active site, namely Leu58 and Thr39. SBT also forms van der Waals forces with several of MUP-I's residues, including Ala121, Leu123, Leu134, Leu72, Val100, and Phe108.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160913-0002-0000", "contents": "2-sec-Butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, Binding to MUP\nWhen bound, MUP safely carries SBT through the aqueous environment; once the protein-ligand complex is excreted in the urine, MUP helps prevent SBT decomposition and controls the slow release of SBT over a prolonged period of time, resulting in the physiological and behavioral responses of animals who come into contact with the pheromone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160913-0003-0000", "contents": "2-sec-Butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, Synthesis\nSBT can be produced from 3-(2-aminoethanethio)-4-methylhex-2-enenitrile; however, it is also possible to synthesize SBT from ethanolamine and 2-methylbutanoic acid, using Lawesson's reagent and microwave irradiation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160914-0000-0000", "contents": "2-sided\nIn mathematics, specifically in topology of manifolds, a compact codimension-one submanifold F{\\displaystyle F} of a manifold M{\\displaystyle M} is said to be 2-sided in M{\\displaystyle M} when there is an embedding", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160914-0001-0000", "contents": "2-sided\nThis means, for example that a curve in a surface is 2-sided if it has a tubular neighborhood which is a cartesian product of the curve times an interval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160914-0002-0000", "contents": "2-sided, Examples, Surfaces\nFor curves on surfaces, a curve is 2-sided if and only if it preserves orientation, and 1-sided if and only if it reverses orientation: a tubular neighborhood is then a M\u00f6bius strip. This can be determined from the class of the curve in the fundamental group of the surface and the orientation character on the fundamental group, which identifies which curves reverse orientation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160914-0003-0000", "contents": "2-sided, Properties\nCutting along a 2-sided manifold can separate a manifold into two pieces \u2013 such as cutting along the equator of a sphere or around the sphere on which a connected sum has been done \u2013 but need not, such as cutting along a curve on the torus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160914-0004-0000", "contents": "2-sided, Properties\nCutting along a (connected) 1-sided manifold does not separate a manifold, as a point that is locally on one side of the manifold can be connected to a point that is locally on the other side (i.e., just across the submanifold) by passing along an orientation-reversing path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160914-0005-0000", "contents": "2-sided, Properties\nCutting along a 1-sided manifold may make a non-orientable manifold orientable \u2013 such as cutting along an equator of the real projective plane \u2013 but may not, such as cutting along a 1-sided curve in a higher genus non-orientable surface,maybe the simplest example of this is seen when one cut a mobius band along its core curve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160915-0000-0000", "contents": "2-step (breakdance move)\nThe 2-step also known as Mini Swipe or Baby Swipe is a footwork sequence in breakdance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160915-0001-0000", "contents": "2-step (breakdance move), Description\nThe 2-step is a fundamental dance move that is often one of the first footwork sequence learned by breakdancers. Many breakdance moves can begin from the 2-step position. This move sets up the direction of movement and builds up momentum when dancing. This move allows the dancer to stay low and in contact with the ground, which places him in an optimal position for performing other dance moves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160915-0001-0001", "contents": "2-step (breakdance move), Description\nThis move is launched from the third step of the basic 6-step and involves the dancer hopping with a crouched leg over the other straightened leg while simultaneously rotating the dancer's body over the swinging leg in a twisting movement similar to a swipe. The move leaves the dancer in a position similar to the fourth step of the 6-step, but facing 180 degrees in the opposite direction. When dancing 2-step is often used as a move by itself or as a transition into other moves such as powermoves, freezes, toprock and much more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160915-0002-0000", "contents": "2-step (breakdance move), Step-by-step\nAs the name implies, there are a total of two steps in this dance move. A standard version begins in a push up position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160915-0003-0000", "contents": "2-step (breakdance move), Step-by-step\nOnce you have these steps down you should combine steps two and three and do the moves simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160915-0004-0000", "contents": "2-step (breakdance move), Variants\nThe 2-step is a move based on the 6-step. The 2-step can be down on the knuckles of the hand as well as the palm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0000-0000", "contents": "2-step garage\n2-step garage, or simply 2-step, is a genre of electronic music and a subgenre of UK garage. One of the primary characteristics of the 2-step sound \u2013 the term being coined to describe \"a general rubric for all kinds of jittery, irregular rhythms that don't conform to garage's traditional four-on-the-floor pulse\" \u2013 is that the rhythm lacks the kick drum pattern found in many other styles of electronic music with a regular four-on-the-floor beat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0001-0000", "contents": "2-step garage, Characteristics\nA typical 2-step drum pattern features syncopated kick drums that skips a beat, with shuffled rhythm or the use of triplets applied to other elements of the percussion, that in particular, results in a sound distinctly different than those present in other house or techno music. Although two kicks to a bar are perceived as having less energy than the four on the floor pattern, the listener's interest is maintained with off-beat snare placements with accents in the drumlines, scattered rimshots in addition to woodblocks,  syncopated basslines, and the percussive use of other instruments such as pads or strings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0002-0000", "contents": "2-step garage, Characteristics\nInstrumentation usually includes keyboards, synthesizers, and drum machines. Other instruments are added to expand the musical palette, like acoustic recordings, which is likely sampled. The primarily synth basslines used in 2-step are similar to those in the style's progenitors such as UK garage, drum and bass, and jungle. In the other hand, influences from funk and soul can also be heard. Vocals in 2-step garage are usually female, and similar to the style prevalent in house music or contemporary R&B. Some 2-step producers also process and cut up elements of a cappella vocals and use it as an element of the track. Much like other genres derived from UK garage, MCs are often featured, particularly in a live context, with a vocal style reminiscent of old school jungle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0003-0000", "contents": "2-step garage, Characteristics\nInfluences from hip hop and drum and bass, particularly the techstep subgenre have also been noted by critics. The fact that the scene had a significantly different atmosphere to those that surrounded precursors with less aggression at live events was also noted by some critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0004-0000", "contents": "2-step garage, History, Early years\n2-step rose to prominence as a genre on jungle and garage-based pirate radio stations in London as an evolution of, and perhaps reaction to developments in contemporary genres such as speed garage, with early 2-step shows often airing at \"mellow moments in the weekend\" such as Saturday morning or Sunday afternoon. DJs would mix UK garage productions with those of American house and US garage producers such as Masters at Work and Todd Edwards, pitching up the imports to around 130bpm to aid beatmatching. DJs favoured the instrumental (or 'dub') versions of these tracks, because it was possible to play these versions faster without the vocal element of the track sounding odd. Soon, UK producers began to emulate the sound of these pitched-up, imported records in their own tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0005-0000", "contents": "2-step garage, History, Growing popularity\nAs the popularity of the sound spread, nights dedicated to it began to crop up, especially in London and Southampton. Label owner and dubstep musician Steve Goodman commented on the Hyperdub website on the debut of Forward>>, a highly influential nightclub in 2-step and later derivatives of the \"UK hardcore continuum\" \u2013 a phrase coined by Goodman to sum up the constant evolution in the hardcore/jungle/garage sound, and later adopted by other writers documenting the scene, such as Martin Clark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0005-0001", "contents": "2-step garage, History, Growing popularity\nArguably one of the earliest examples of a 2-step track is the 1997 Kelly G remix of \"Never Gonna Let You Go\" by Tina Moore, which was a No. 7 hit on the UK Singles Chart. Other notable 2-step hits released in 1997 include \"Destiny\" by Dem 2 and \"The Theme\" by the Dreem Teem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0006-0000", "contents": "2-step garage, History, 1999\u20132000: Mainstream success\nIn 1999 and 2000, 2-step reached the peak of the genre's commercial success. Some critics noted that party organizers favoured 2-step events over nights themed around jungle, drum and bass or other musical precursors because the 2-step nights invited a larger female attendance, and a less aggressive crowd. Much like drum and bass before it, 2-step started to garner crossover appeal, with a collaboration between 2-step producers Artful Dodger and R&B vocalist Craig David reaching #2 in the UK Singles Chart in late 1999 with the song \"Re-Rewind\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0007-0000", "contents": "2-step garage, History, 2000\u2013present: Decline\nFrom 2000 onwards, 2-step as a genre experienced a decline in popularity, but the more experimental releases in the genre from artists such as Horsepower Productions, Zed Bias, Wookie and Steve Gurley stripped away much of the R&B influence of the genre. This style took on a number of names including \"dark 2-step\", \"new dark swing\", and the more general term, \"dark garage\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0007-0001", "contents": "2-step garage, History, 2000\u2013present: Decline\nThis style became a major influence on later styles of UK garage influenced music, such as grime, as well as becoming a direct precursor to dubstep, which took the emphasis on bass and the instrumental nature of later 2-step compositions to their logical conclusion. In 2006, this latter, more experimental style experienced a resurgence in interest, due to the release of the Roots of Dubstep compilation on Tempa, and producers wishing to revisit the roots of the dubstep sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160916-0008-0000", "contents": "2-step garage, History, 2000\u2013present: Decline\nCanadian singer The Weeknd's 2016 song \"Rockin'\" makes use of 2-step sounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160917-0000-0000", "contents": "2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase\n2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, also known as SHCHC synthase, is encoded by the menH gene in E.coli and functions in the synthesis of vitamin K. The specific step in the synthetic pathway that SHCHC synthase catalyzes is the conversion of 5-enolpyruvoyl-6-hydroxy-2-succinylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate to (1R,6R)-6-hydroxy-2-succinylcyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate and pyruvate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160917-0001-0000", "contents": "2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, Background\nVitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin known to aid in blood clotting. It is recommended that all newborns receive an injection of vitamin K in order to prevent excessive bleeding of the brain after birth. There are two major forms of vitamin K that occur naturally. Phylloquinone, also known as K1, is synthesized by plants and is the major form of vitamin K in the diet. Menaquinone, K2, includes a range of forms that are synthesized by bacteria in the gut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160917-0002-0000", "contents": "2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, Background\nVitamin K is synthesized from the molecule chorismate in a nine step conversion process. SHCHC synthase catalyzes the third step in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 74], "content_span": [75, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160917-0003-0000", "contents": "2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, Chemistry, Enzyme Structure\nThe crystal structure of the MenH enzyme in E.coli (SHCHC synthase) exists as a complex of three protein molecules shown in the diagram. SHCHC synthase forms an alpha/beta hydrolase fold with a central set of seven parallel beta sheets surrounded by alpha helixes on both sides. A cap of five alpha helixes serves to enclose the active site. The enzyme exists in an open form until it binds the substrate, when it morphs into a closed form with an active catalytic triad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 91], "content_span": [92, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160917-0004-0000", "contents": "2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, Chemistry, Enzyme Structure\nEnergetic analysis shows that SHCHC synthase has a low energetic burden for catalytic activity. This means the enzyme is more prone to mutation and is one of the most diverse enzymes in the vitamin K synthetic pathway. Only fifteen amino acid residues are absolutely conserved across mutations of the enzyme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 91], "content_span": [92, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160917-0005-0000", "contents": "2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, Chemistry, Catalytic Mechanism\nThe active site contains a catalytic triad of syrine, histine and arginine, which is conserved across all mutants and is proposed to initiate the reaction. The triad residues are located at Ser86, Asp210, and His232. This triad is proposed to catalyze a proton extraction which triggers a transfer of electrons leading to the elimination of pyruvate and formation of SHCHC. Originally, it was proposed that the transition state was stabilized by a nontraditional oxyanion hole. Now a traditional oxyanion hole is favored, but not definitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 94], "content_span": [95, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160917-0006-0000", "contents": "2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, Chemistry, Cofactors and Alternate Reactions\nSHCHC synthase is unaffected by traditional cofactors such as divalent metal ions and EDTA. The enzyme is fairly specific and only acts on SEPHCHC and close derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 108], "content_span": [109, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160917-0007-0000", "contents": "2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase, Controversy\nMenH (SHCHC synthase) was previously thought to be a thioesterase involved in hydrolyzing DHNA-CoA in a later step of menaquinone synthesis. In 2008, it was determined that MenH has poor catalytic activity toward palmitoyl-CoA, casting doubt on its role as a thioesterase. Direct analysis confirmed that MenH is unable to hydrolyze DHNA-CoA. In 2009, it was proposed that a dedicated hotdog fold thioesterase would be needed to catalyze the hydrolysis of DHNA-CoA. A protein was identified in 2013 that could fit this role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 75], "content_span": [76, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160918-0000-0000", "contents": "2-tert-Butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine\n2-tert-Butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine is an organic base, also known as Barton's base. It is named after Nobel Prize-winning British chemist Derek Barton. Barton and his assistants prepared a series of guanidines with steric hindrance in 1982; in this case five alkyl groups: four methyl groups and one tert-butyl group. These bases were some of the strongest known at the time. In 50% water/ethanol, the acidity constant (pKa) of Barton's base is 14. In acetonitrile its pKa is 24.31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160918-0001-0000", "contents": "2-tert-Butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine, Synthesis\nThe base is prepared by the reaction of tert-butylamine with a Vilsmeier salt. The latter is the reaction product of phosgene with N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetramethylurea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160918-0002-0000", "contents": "2-tert-Butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine, Applications\nBarton's base can be used in many organic reactions, including in alkylations and in the formation of aziridines. It is often a milder alternative to traditional, strong inorganic bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160919-0000-0000", "contents": "2-transitive group\nA 2-transitive group is a transitive group used in group theory in which the stabilizer subgroup of every point acts transitively on the remaining points. Equivalently, a group G{\\displaystyle G} acts 2-transitively on a set S{\\displaystyle S} if it acts transitively on the set of distinct ordered pairs {(x,y)\u2208S\u00d7S: x\u2260y}{\\displaystyle \\{(x,y)\\in S\\times S:x\\neq y\\}}. That is, assuming (without a real loss of generality) that G{\\displaystyle G} acts on the left of S{\\displaystyle S}, for each pair of pairs (x,y),(w,z)\u2208S\u00d7S{\\displaystyle (x,y),(w,z)\\in S\\times S} with x\u2260y{\\displaystyle x\\neq y} and w\u2260z{\\displaystyle w\\neq z}, there exists a g\u2208G{\\displaystyle g\\in G} such that g(x,y)=(w,z){\\displaystyle g(x,y)=(w,z)}. Equivalently, gx=w{\\displaystyle gx=w} and gy=z{\\displaystyle gy=z}, since the induced action on the distinct set of pairs is g(x,y)=(gx,gy){\\displaystyle g(x,y)=(gx,gy)}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160919-0001-0000", "contents": "2-transitive group, Classifications of 2-transitive groups\nEvery 2-transitive group is a primitive group, but not conversely. Every Zassenhaus group is 2-transitive, but not conversely. The solvable 2-transitive groups were classified by Bertram Huppert and are described in the list of transitive finite linear groups. The insoluble groups were classified by (Hering 1985) using the classification of finite simple groups and are all almost simple groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160920-0000-0000", "contents": "2-valued morphism\nIn mathematics, a 2-valued morphism is a homomorphism that sends a Boolean algebra B onto the two-element Boolean algebra 2 = {0,1}. It is essentially the same thing as an ultrafilter on B, and, in a different way, also the same things as a maximal ideal of B. 2-valued morphisms have also been proposed as a tool for unifying the language of physics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160920-0001-0000", "contents": "2-valued morphism, Physics\nIf the elements of B are viewed as \"propositions about some object\", then a 2-valued morphism on B can be interpreted as representing a particular \"state of that object\", namely the one where the propositions of B which are mapped to 1 are true, and the propositions mapped to 0 are false. Since the morphism conserves the Boolean operators (negation, conjunction, etc. ), the set of true propositions will not be inconsistent but will correspond to a particular maximal conjunction of propositions, denoting the (atomic) state. (The true propositions form an ultrafilter, the false propositions form a maximal ideal, as mentioned above.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160920-0002-0000", "contents": "2-valued morphism, Physics\nThe transition between two states s1 and s2 of B, represented by 2-valued morphisms, can then be represented by an automorphism f from B to B, such that s2 o f = s1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160920-0003-0000", "contents": "2-valued morphism, Physics\nThe possible states of different objects defined in this way can be conceived as representing potential events. The set of events can then be structured in the same way as invariance of causal structure, or local-to-global causal connections or even formal properties of global causal connections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160920-0004-0000", "contents": "2-valued morphism, Physics\nThe morphisms between (non-trivial) objects could be viewed as representing causal connections leading from one event to another one. For example, the morphism f above leads form event s1 to event s2. The sequences or \"paths\" of morphisms for which there is no inverse morphism, could then be interpreted as defining horismotic or chronological precedence relations. These relations would then determine a temporal order, a topology, and possibly a metric.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160920-0005-0000", "contents": "2-valued morphism, Physics\nAccording to, \"A minimal realization of such a relationally determined space-time structure can be found\". In this model there are, however, no explicit distinctions. This is equivalent to a model where each object is characterized by only one distinction: (presence, absence) or (existence, non-existence) of an event. In this manner, \"the 'arrows' or the 'structural language' can then be interpreted as morphisms which conserve this unique distinction\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160920-0006-0000", "contents": "2-valued morphism, Physics\nIf more than one distinction is considered, however, the model becomes much more complex, and the interpretation of distinction states as events, or morphisms as processes, is much less straightforward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern\nThe 2. Amateurliga Bayern was a set of eleven regional leagues in Bavaria existing from 1951 to 1963 as the fourth tier of football in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern\nThe leagues were disbanded in 1963, when the German football league system was reorganised with the introduction of the Bundesliga and replaced by the Landesligas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Overview\nThe 2. Amateurligas were introduced in Bavaria in 1951 to replace the previously existing Kreisligas at this level. This step was taken after the introduction of the 2nd Oberliga S\u00fcd as the new second division in Southern Germany in 1950 and the renaming of the Landesliga Bayern to Amateurliga Bayern in 1951. The Landesliga had, until 1950, been functioning as one of the regional second divisions below the Oberliga S\u00fcd, alongside the Landesliga Nordbaden, the Landesliga Hessen and the Landesliga W\u00fcrttemberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Overview\nThe 2. Amateurliga, as the fourth tier of the German league system, below the Amateurliga Bayern as the third, was sub-divided into seven regions, along the boundaries of the seven Regierungsbezirke, those regions being:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Overview\nSome of the seven regions of the 2. Amateurliga were in turn sub-divided into regional leagues, resulting in the existence of eleven leagues at this level:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0005-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Overview\nWithin the four Regierungsbezirke who had two leagues, a championship was played to determine the local champions, but no overall 2. Amateurliga championship was held. Instead, the regional champions would play promotion rounds to determine the teams that would move up to the Amateurliga. The promotion rounds where sub-divided into northern and southern Bavaria. The champions of the three Franconian Regierungsbezirke would play in the northern group while the other four Regierungsbezirke would play in the southern one. Swabia had a special status within this system, being allowed to send both champions and runners-up to the promotion round. Originally, until 1957, the promotion rounds were held in two groups of six teams, playing a home-and-away round, with the top-two teams from each being promoted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0006-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Overview\nIn 1953, the Amateurliga Bayern was split in itself in two regional divisions, north and south, resulting in two new leagues:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0007-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Overview\nThis decision was made rather late, on 7 July 1953, after the promotion rounds had already been played, resulting in all twelve teams that had taken part being promoted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0008-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Overview\nThe promotion system remained unchanged after this, two groups of six with the first two in each group still promoted. In 1955, three teams were promoted from the north because VfB Helmbrechts had been promoted to the 2nd Oberliga S\u00fcd, thereby providing an additional spot in the Amateurliga Nordbayern. An expansion of the Amateurliga S\u00fcdbayern from 14 to 16 clubs in 1957 allowed four teams to be promoted from the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0009-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Overview\nFrom 1957-58 onwards, the promotion system was changed. In the north, the three Regierungsbezirk champions were now directly promoted. In the south, the Oberbayern and Schwaben champions were directly promoted while the champions of Niederbayern and Oberpfalz played a decider for one more promotion spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0010-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Overview\nIn 1958, an additional spot was available because the 1. FC Bamberg had been promoted to the second division, this was played out between the three runners-up. The same happened in 1959, when SpVgg Bayreuth moved up to the second division. In 1960, when Schwaben Augsburg was promoted to the 2nd Oberliga, the losing team of the Niederbayern versus Oberpfalz encounter was also promoted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0011-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Disbanding of the 2. Amateurligas\nIn 1963, the German league system was changed drastically. The Fu\u00dfball-Bundesliga replaced the previously existing five Oberligas as the highest league in the country. Below it, five Regionalligas were created as the new second divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0012-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Disbanding of the 2. Amateurligas\nOn 27 April 1963, it was decided to reorganise the Bavarian league system, too. The two Amateurligas in Bavaria were reduced to a single division again, like until 1953. The 2nd Amateurligas were completely disbanded and replaced by three Landesligas as the new fourth tier, those being:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0013-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Disbanding of the 2. Amateurligas\nApart from the ten clubs each that came from the two Amateurligas to the new Landesligas, the top-teams of the 2. Amateurligas in 1962-63 were also allowed to join the new leagues:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0014-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, Disbanding of the 2. Amateurligas\nAll other clubs from the former 2. Amateurligas went to the Bezirksligas, which had existed since 1957, the fifth tier of league football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160921-0015-0000", "contents": "2. Amateurliga Bayern, League champions\nThe champions of the eleven 2. Amateurligas in Bavaria were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160922-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Basketball Bundesliga\nThe 2. Basketball Bundesliga is the second tier level league of professional club basketball in Germany. Before the 2007\u201308 season, the 2. Basketball Bundesliga consisted of two geographical divisions (North and South). Since 2007 the 2. Basketball Bundesliga now consists of the two hierarchical leagues, named ProA and ProB. At the end of the season, the top two teams of the ProA qualify for the Basketball Bundesliga, and the teams positioned 15th and 16th are relegated to the lower league ProB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga\nThe 2. Bundesliga (Zweite Bundesliga [\u02c8tsva\u026at\u0259 \u02c8b\u028and\u0259s\u02ccli\u02d0\u0261a]) is the second division of professional football in Germany. It was implemented 11 years after the founding of the Fu\u00dfball-Bundesliga as the new second division for professional football. The 2. Bundesliga is ranked below the Bundesliga and above the 3. Liga in the German football league system. All of the 2. Bundesliga clubs qualify for the DFB-Pokal, the annual German Cup competition. A total of 127 clubs have competed in the 2. Bundesliga since its foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga\nThe decision to establish the league as the second level of football in West Germany was made in May 1973. The league started operating in August 1974, then with two divisions of 20 clubs. It was reduced to a single division in 1981. From the 1991\u201392 season onwards clubs from former East Germany started participating in the league, briefly expanding it to two divisions again. It returned to a single division format again at the end of that season and has had 18 clubs as its strength since 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0001-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga\nTwo clubs from the 2. Bundesliga are directly promoted to the Bundesliga, while a third promoted club is determined through play-offs, from 1974 to 1991 and again since 2008. Between 1991 and 2008 the third-placed club in the league was directly promoted. The bottom clubs in the league are relegated to the third division; from 1974 to 1994 the Oberliga, from 1994 to 2008 the Regionalliga and since 2008 the 3. Liga. The number of relegated clubs has fluctuated over the years. Since 2008 two clubs are directly relegated while the third-last team has the opportunity to defend its league place in play-offs against the third placed team of the 3. Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga\n1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, SC Freiburg, 1. FC K\u00f6ln, Arminia Bielefeld and VfL Bochum hold the record number of championships in the league with four each. Bielefeld also holds the record for number of promotions from the 2. Bundesliga to the Bundesliga, with eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga\nFor the 2018\u201319 season, an average of 19,128 spectators watched 2. Bundesliga matches, making the 2. Bundesliga the world's second most-watched secondary football league, after the EFL Championship in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Background\nWith the implementation of the Bundesliga in 1963, five Regionalligen were also founded as the 2nd highest playing level, South, Southwest, West, North and Berlin. The two top ranking teams from each Regionalliga at the end of a season were placed into groups to play against the relegation teams from the Bundesliga. With the transition from the former Oberliga to the newly created Bundesliga and Regionalliga, however, it became clear that the substructure of the Bundesliga was both sportingly and economically problematic and that relegation from the Bundesliga could easily ruin a club economically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0005-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Background\nThis situation was partly responsible for the Bundesliga scandal in 1971, in which, due to manipulations in point games in the relegation battle, Rot-Wei\u00df Oberhausen and Arminia Bielefeld managed to remain in the Bundesliga. As a consequence of the scandal, the DFB-Bundestag in Frankfurt decided on 30 June 1973 to introduce a 2. Bundesliga, divided into a north and a south season, for the 1974/75 season, which should close the gap between professional and amateur areas. According to an elaborate point system, the clubs should be able to qualify for the new divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0005-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Background\nNot only the placements of the previous five seasons were decisive, but also economic and structural requirements. There was also a five-year evaluation, with the first two years being single, the next two years double and the last year triple. In the event of a tie, the last year should apply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0006-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Background\nWith this regulation, however, the DFB had overlooked that the ten regional leagues participating in the annual promotion round to the Bundesliga had not qualified for the new 2. Bundesliga from the outset due to their placement in the 1973/74 season. In the case of 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, this meant that the club was accepted into the 2 Bundesliga South after failing in the promotion round and took the place of SV Alsenborn, which also came from the Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0006-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Background\nSV Alsenborn, a \"village club\" sponsored by Fritz Walter, had failed three times in the Bundesliga promotion round in 1968, 1969 and 1970 and had clearly qualified for the new division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0006-0002", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Background\nThe DFB found that there were no conditions suitable for the second division in Alsenborn and that they could not be achieved in the foreseeable future and downgraded SV Alsenborn to the then third-class amateur league Southwest, although the club had a successful participation in one of the three rounds of promotion to the Bundesliga Special permission would have been allowed to play even in the top division (of course not in Alsenborn, but in Kaiserslautern or Ludwigshafen).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0007-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Formation\nThe decision to establish the 2. Bundesliga as a fully professional league below the Bundesliga was made at the annual convention of the German Football Association, the DFB, in Frankfurt on 30 June 1973. The league replaced the five Regionalligas that were at this level from 1963 to 1974. Each Regionalliga had a set quota of clubs that could qualify for the new league with the Regionalliga S\u00fcd receiving thirteen spots, the Regionalliga West twelve, the Regionalliga Nord and Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest seven and the Regionalliga Berlin one. The qualified teams were established through a ranking that took the last five seasons of the Regionalliga into account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0008-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Formation\nThe new 2. Bundesliga was split into a northern and a southern division with 20 clubs each. Each division had its champion directly promoted to the Bundesliga while the two runners-up would contest a two-leg play-off to determine the third promoted team. The bottom four clubs in each league were relegated, however, as the number of clubs relegated from the Bundesliga to each division could vary, so could the number of clubs in the league and therefore the number of teams relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0009-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, 2. Bundesliga North and South 1974 to 1981\nThe first-ever game of the league was played on Friday, 2 August 1974 between 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken and Darmstadt 98 and ended in a 1\u20130 win for Saarbr\u00fccken, with Nikolaus Semlitsch scoring the first-ever goal of the new league in the 18th minute of the game. The inaugural champions of the league were Hannover 96 in the north and Karlsruher SC in the south, both former Bundesliga clubs. The play-offs for the third Bundesliga spot were contested by FK Pirmasens and Bayer Uerdingen, with Uerdingen winning 6\u20130 at home after a four-all draw in the first leg. The three promoted teams however proved uncompetitive in the Bundesliga with Hannover and Uerdingen being relegated straight away again while Karlsruhe lasted for only two seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0010-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, 2. Bundesliga North and South 1974 to 1981\nThe second season saw league championships for Tennis Borussia Berlin and 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, with Tennis Borussia lasting for only one season and 1. FCS for two. The contest for the third promotion spot pitted two far bigger names of German football against each other, with Borussia Dortmund edging out 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg with two wins, ending Dortmund's four-year second division spell. The last round of the season in the south also saw an all-time goal scoring record per round when 55 goals were scored in ten games. The northern division incidentally set the second best mark when it scored 51 goals the day before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0011-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, 2. Bundesliga North and South 1974 to 1981\nIn 1976\u201377 the league champions were FC St. Pauli and VfB Stuttgart while the third promotion spot went to 1860 Munich, having had to play a third game after Arminia Bielefeld and TSV 1860 each won their home games 4\u20130, with the decider ending 2\u20130 in favour of the southern team. Ottmar Hitzfeld set an all-time 2. Bundesliga record in May 1977 when he scored 6 goals in a league match for VfB Stuttgart against Jahn Regensburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0011-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, 2. Bundesliga North and South 1974 to 1981\nBielefeld won promotion as the champions of the northern division in the following season, as did southern champion SV Darmstadt 98, entering the Bundesliga for the first time in its history. Third place went to 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg who overcame Rot-Weiss Essen with a 1\u20130 home win and a two\u2013all draw away. For N\u00fcrnberg it ended a nine-year absence from the Bundesliga. Horst Hrubesch set an all-time record that season for goals in one season, 41 scored for Rot-Weiss Essen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0012-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, 2. Bundesliga North and South 1974 to 1981\nIn 1978\u201379 direct promotion went to 1860 Munich and Bayer Leverkusen while the play-off was won, once more, by Bayer Uerdingen, which defeated SpVgg Bayreuth 2\u20131 at home after a draw away. In the north, two clubs were relegated from the league for financial reasons, Westfalia Herne, which had finished fifth and former Bundesliga side FC St. Pauli, which had come sixth. The following seasons saw 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg and Arminia Bielefeld clinch another promotion from the 2. Bundesliga, as did Karlsuher SC which overcame Rot-Weiss Essen by winning 5\u20131 at home after losing 3\u20131 away. Arminia Bielefeld set an all-time 2. Bundesliga record when it defeated Arminia Hannover 11\u20130 in May 1980, the biggest-ever win in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0013-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, 2. Bundesliga North and South 1974 to 1981\nThe 1980\u201381 season, the seventh of the league, was also its last in this format. From 1981 it played as a single division of 20 teams after a decision taken on 7 June 1980, when, at a special convention of the DFB, the introduction of the single division 2. Bundesliga was decided upon with a majority of 84 votes to 77. The northern division was unusually strong that season, having received all three relegated teams of the 1979\u201380 Bundesliga season, SV Werder Bremen, Eintracht Braunschweig and Hertha BSC, and playing with 22 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0013-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, 2. Bundesliga North and South 1974 to 1981\nBremen won the league while Braunschweig came second. Hertha missed out despite scoring 123 goals. In the south, the league was won by SV Darmstadt 98 for a second time while runners-up Kickers Offenbach lost out to Braunschweig in the play-offs. The reduction of the league to a single division meant 22 teams were relegated while no team was promoted to the 2. Bundesliga that season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0014-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nThe new single division league of 20 teams saw only a small change in modus. The top two in the league were promoted while the third placed team played the sixteenth placed Bundesliga side in a home-and-away play-off for one more spot in the Bundesliga. The bottom four in the league were relegated. The inaugural season saw FC Schalke 04 compete in the 2. Bundesliga for the first time, and win it. Second place went to Hertha BSC while third placed Kickers Offenbach missed out on promotion after losing both play-off games to Bayer Leverkusen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0014-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nFourth place went to 1860 Munich, one point behind Offenbach, but the club found itself relegated after the DFB refused it a license for the following season. This decision kept 17th placed SG Wattenscheid 09, the best-placed team on a relegation rank, in the league. The following season finally saw Kickers Offenbach win promotion from the 2. Bundesliga, behind champions SV Waldhof Mannheim who had never played in the Bundesliga before. Bayer Uerdingen, in third place, won promotion through the play-offs for a third time, this time overcoming the previous seasons 2. Bundesliga champions FC Schalke 04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0015-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nSchalke bounced back immediately, coming second behind Karlsruher SC in 1983\u201384. Third place went to MSV Duisburg wo were decisively beaten 0\u20135 by Bundesliga side Eintracht Frankfurt at home. At the other end, Rot-Weiss Essen, after having failed to win promotion to the Bundesliga through the play-offs twice from the 2. Bundesliga, was relegated to amateur football that season. 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg took out the championship of the single division 2. Bundesliga for the first time in 1985, with Hannover 96 coming second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0015-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nThird placed 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken also won promotion courtesy to a 2\u20130 home win over Arminia Bielefeld after a draw away. Kickers Offenbach, freshly relegated from the Bundesliga came only 19th in the 2. Bundesliga, suffered another relegation, as did another former Bundesliga side, FC St. Pauli, having returned to the league for the first time after having had its license revoked in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0016-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nIn 1985\u201386, three clubs from Berlin competed in the league, but none the following season, with Blau-Wei\u00df 90 Berlin achieving its one and only promotion to the Bundesliga while Hertha BSC and Tennis Borussia were relegated to amateur football. The league champions were FC 08 Homburg, also promoted to the Bundesliga for the first time. Arguably one of the most famous play-off contests in 2. Bundesliga history however were the games between third placed Fortuna K\u00f6ln and Borussia Dortmund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0016-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nK\u00f6ln won 2\u20130 at home, followed by a 3\u20131 for Dortmund, making a third game necessary as the away goal rule did not apply to the Bundesliga versus 2. Bundesliga play-offs at the time. This third game was won 8\u20130 by Borussia Dortmund in front of 50,000 in neutral D\u00fcsseldorf. In the relegation zone MSV Duisburg followed the two Berlin clubs into amateur football as a third former Bundesliga side that season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0017-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nHannover 96 and Karlsruher SC won promotion once more in 1987 while third placed FC St. Pauli, freshly promoted from amateur football again, missed out by a goal in the play-offs against FC Homburg. At the bottom end Eintracht Braunschweig became another former Bundesliga side and champion to drop into the third division. FC St. Pauli ended a ten-year wait for Bundesliga return in 1988 when it finished runners-up to Stuttgarter Kickers who were promoted to the Bundesliga for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0017-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nThird placed SV Darmstadt 98 missed out on penalties in the deciding third game against SV Waldhof Mannheim after each side had won their home game by a goal. Arminia Bielefeld came a distant last and was relegated while 17th placed SpVgg Bayreuth was rescued when Rot-Wei\u00df Oberhausen was refused a license.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0018-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nFortuna D\u00fcsseldorf won the league championship in 1988\u201389, with two clubs from the Saarland coming second and third, FC Homburg and 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken. Saarbr\u00fccken however was unable to overcome Eintracht Frankfurt in the later club's second successful play-off defence of its Bundesliga place. SpVgg Bayreuth finished 17th again but was again spared from relegation when Kickers Offenbach was refused a license. Also relegated were Union Solingen after 14 consecutive seasons in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0018-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nAt the end of the season Spanish-born Joaqu\u00edn Monta\u00f1\u00e9s retired from 2. Bundesliga football after 479 games for Alemannia Aachen in the league from 1974 to 1989, a record for any player with a single club in the league. In 1990 Hertha BSC completed its return from amateur football to the Bundesliga with a 2. Bundesliga title, followed up by SG Wattenscheid 09, who entered the Bundesliga for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0018-0002", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\n1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken failed in the play-offs for a second consecutive time when it missed out to VfL Bochum, thereby ensuring a Bochum derby in the Bundesliga between VfL and Wattenscheid for the following season. In the relegation zone SpVgg Bayreuth failed to get reprieved for a third consecutive season and dropped into amateur football, as did Alemannia Aachen, a founding member of the 2. Bundesliga who had played all 16 seasons of the league until then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0019-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1981 to 1991\nThe tenth season of the single division 2. Bundesliga was to be the last in its current format for a time as the German reunification in 1991 lead to changes to the league after this season. With FC Schalke 04 and MSV Duisburg two long-term Bundesliga teams finished at the top of the league. In third place Stuttgarter Kickers had to play FC St. Pauli three times to earn promotion, the first two contests having ended 1\u20131 while Stuttgart won the third 3\u20131. FC Schweinfurt 05 in last place became one of the worst clubs in the league history when it only won two games all season. Rot -Weiss Essen had its license revoked which allowed SV Darmstadt 98 to avoid relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0020-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, German reunification 1991\u201392\nIn the 1991\u201392 season, the league was expanded to 24 teams in two regional divisions, north and south, to accommodate six new East German clubs which joined the league that season. The East German clubs were spread very unevenly, with one going to the north and five to the south, caused by the geographic location of those clubs. Only the league champions were promoted to the Bundesliga that year, which were Bayer Uerdingen in the north and 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken in the south. The bottom three in each division were relegated, three of which were from former East Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0020-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, German reunification 1991\u201392\nThe other two were former Bundesliga clubs, Blau-Wei\u00df 90 Berlin and 1860 Munich, with the later having played its first season back in the 2. Bundesliga after their license was revoked in 1982. At the end of this season the league returned to the single division format, but with still 24 clubs as its strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0021-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nThe 1992\u201393 season was a momentous one, with 24 teams competing in a single league and each club playing 46 games. Three clubs were promoted directly, as would be the case from then on until 2008, with the play-offs having been abolished. SC Freiburg won the league and promotion for the first time. Behind it, MSV Duisburg made a return to the Bundesliga while third placed VfB Leipzig became the first former East German club to earn promotion from the 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0021-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nSeven clubs were relegated from the league to reduce its strength to 20 clubs again from the following season. Of those Eintracht Braunschweig, Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf and SV Darmstadt 98 were former Bundesliga sides. The following season saw changes again as it was the last with 20 clubs. Promoted were VfL Bochum, Bayer Uerdingen and 1860 Munich, which had just won promotion from the third division the year before and returned to the Bundesliga for the first time since 1981. At the bottom end, five clubs were relegated, four of those former Bundesliga sides and the fifth one, Carl Zeiss Jena, from former East Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0022-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nThe league level below the 2. Bundesliga was changed profoundly in 1994 with the Oberligas replaced by the new Regionalligas, which allowed for direct promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for the first time since 1980. The league itself was now reduced to 18 clubs with no play-offs, three promoted and four relegated teams, a system it would maintain until 2008, when the play-offs were re-introduced. Hansa Rostock won the 2. Bundesliga for the first time in 1995 and FC St. Pauli and Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf followed it up to the Bundesliga. In the relegation zone FSV Frankfurt came a distant last with only three wins to its name while the two Saarland sides FC Homburg and 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken accompanied it. The later, despite finishing seventh, had its license revoked, thereby sparing FSV Zwickau from relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0023-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nThe 1995\u201396 season saw VfL Bochum win the league again with second placed Arminia Bielefeld winning promotion straight after having been promoted from the Regionalliga the year before. Third place went to MSV Duisburg while Hannover 96, 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg and SG Wattenscheid 09 were all former Bundesliga clubs now suffering relegation to the third division. The 1. FC Kaiserslautern and Eintracht Frankfurt had suffered their first-ever relegation from the Bundesliga in 1996. The former won the league and bounced back immediately while Frankfurt remained at this level for another season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0023-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nKaiseslautern was accompanied up by VfL Wolfsburg, who won promotion for the first time, and Hertha BSC. Kaiserslautern would also become the first and only club to win the Bundesliga as a freshly promoted side the following year. The 1. FC Kaiserslautern and SV Meppen also set a record for number of goals in a game, 13, when Kaiserslautern defeated Meppen 7\u20136. Eintracht Frankfurt won the league in 1998 with SC Freiburg coming second while 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, freshly returned from the Regionalliga, came third. At the bottom end VfB Leipzig was one of three clubs from the east to be relegated, alongside SV Meppen, which dropped out of the league after eleven consecutive seasons there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0024-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nThe 1998\u201399 season saw the 1. FC K\u00f6ln in the league for the first time, having been relegated from the Bundesliga after 35 consecutive seasons there from the start of the league in 1963. K\u00f6ln only managed to come tenth, while the league was won by Arminia Bielefeld. Behind Arminia Bielefeld, SpVgg Unterhaching and SSV Ulm 1846 entered the Bundesliga for the very first time. Last place in the league went to Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf, which was accompanied to the Regionalliga by SG Wattenscheid 09, KFC Uerdingen 05, formerly Bayer Uerdingen, and FC G\u00fctersloh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0024-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nThe first season of the new millennium saw the end of an era, with Fortuna K\u00f6ln being relegated after 26 consecutive seasons in the league since the start in 1974. Local rival 1. FC K\u00f6ln won the league while VfL Bochum came second and FC Energie Cottbus, in third place, moved up to the Bundesliga for the first time. Fortuna K\u00f6ln was accompanied to the Regionalliga by Karlsruher SC, Kickers Offenbach and Tennis Borussia Berlin, who had their license revoked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0025-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nIn 2000\u201301, the league was won by 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg once again, with Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach earning promotion back to the Bundesliga after a two-year absence. FC St. Pauli was the third promoted team. SSV Ulm 1846, freshly relegated from the Bundesliga, finished the season in 16th place and became insolvent. Hannover 96, Arminia Bielefeld and VfL Bochum were the promoted teams in 2002, while the following season saw 1. FC K\u00f6ln and Eintracht Frankfurt competing and succeeding for promotion again, behind league champions SC Freiburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0026-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nIn 2004, 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg and Arminia Bielefeld earned another one of their many promotions while third placed 1. FSV Mainz 05 was a newcomer to the Bundesliga. Like in 2003, 2005 saw 1. FC K\u00f6ln and Eintracht Frankfurt win promotion while between them, in second place, MSV Duisburg moved up, too. At the bottom end three of the four relegated clubs shared similar names, Rot-Wei\u00df Oberhausen, Rot-Weiss Essen and Rot-Wei\u00df Erfurt with the fourth team relegated being Eintracht Trier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0027-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nVfL Bochum won the league again in 2006 while FC Energie Cottbus returned to the Bundesliga for a second three-year stint. In second place Alemannia Aachen returned to the Bundesliga for the first time since 1970. Relegated that year were Dynamo Dresden, former East German power house, after a two-year stint in the league. 2006 also saw the retirement of Willi Landgraf from 2. Bundesliga football. Landgraf had played a record 508 2. Bundesliga games from 1986 to 2006, playing in the league for Rot-Weiss Essen, FC 08 Homburg, FC G\u00fctersloh and Alemannia Aachen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0027-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nKarlsruher SC ended an absence from the Bundesliga that had lasted since 1998 when it won the league in 2007 and was followed up by Hansa Rostock and MSV Duisburg. Freshly relegated Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach won the league the following year, with new Bundesliga club TSG 1899 Hoffenheim second and 1. FC K\u00f6ln third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0028-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nThe 2008\u201309 season saw the return of play-offs. The third placed team in the 2. Bundesliga now played the 16th placed team in the Bundesliga for a spot in that league. At the other end of the table, the 16th placed 2. Bundesliga side would now also play the third placed team in the new 3. Liga, which had replaced the Regionalliga as the third division. SC Freiburg and 1. FSV Mainz 05 were directly promoted that season while 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg had to enter the play-offs in which it defeated FC Energie Cottbus 5\u20130 on aggregate. At the relegation end, VfL Osnabr\u00fcck lost its 2. Bundesliga place to SC Paderborn from the 3. Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0029-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\n1. FC Kaiserslautern ended a four-year spell in the 2. Bundesliga in 2010 with a league championship, with FC St. Pauli coming second. The FC Augsburg finished third but was unable to overcome 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg in the play-offs and lost 3\u20130 on aggregate. Hansa Rostock, in 16th place, dropped out of the 2. Bundesliga when it lost both play-off games to Ingolstadt 04. Hertha BSC and FC Augsburg were directly promoted to the Bundesliga in 2010, the later for the first time, while VfL Bochum in third place missed out on promotion against Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach. VfL Osnabr\u00fcck found itself unsuccessfully defending its league place again, losing to Dynamo Dresden in extra time in the second leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0030-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nAfter 15 consecutive seasons in the 2. Bundesliga a numerous attempts at promotion Greuther F\u00fcrth finally won the league in 2012. Eintracht Frankfurt came second and Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf returned to the Bundesliga for the first time since 1997 when it defeated Hertha BSC in the play-offs. Karlsruher SC failed to remain in the 2. Bundesliga when it was relegated on away goal rule after two drawn games against Jahn Regensburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0031-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nHertha BSC won the 2. Bundesliga for the second time in three seasons in 2012\u201313 and was accompanied up by Eintracht Braunschweig, who had not played in the Bundesliga since 1985. Third placed 1. FC Kaiserslautern lost both games to 1899 Hoffenheim and thereby failed to get promoted. Dynamo Dresden became the first 2. Bundesliga side in five attempts to hold onto their league place while 3. Liga side VfL Osnabr\u00fcck missed out in the play-offs for a third time in three attempts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0031-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nThe 2013\u201314 season ended with 1. FC K\u00f6ln winning the league, followed up by SC Paderborn who won promotion to the Bundesliga for the first time. Relegated where Energie Cottbus and Dynamo Dresden, both former Bundesliga sides. Third placed SpVgg Greuther F\u00fcrth failed to gain promotion after two draws with Bundesliga club Hamburger SV. At the bottom end two eastern clubs were relegated, Dynamo Dresden and Energie Cottbus, while Arminia Bielefeld entered the relegation round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0032-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nThe 2014\u201315 season saw Ingolstadt 04 win the league and earn Bundesliga promotion for the first time while SV Darmstadt 98 finished second and returned to the Bundesliga for the first time since 1982. Third placed Karlsruher SC faced Hamburg for another Bundesliga spot while TSV 1860 Munich had to play Holstein Kiel to retain their place in the 2. Bundesliga. Both the Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga clubs retained their league membership. The two clubs directly relegated from the league where Erzgebirge Aue and VfR Aalen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0032-0001", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nIn the 2015\u201316 the league was won by SC Freiburg, with RB Leipzig finishing runners-up and earning its first-ever Bundesliga promotion, while 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg had to enter the promotion play-off where it lost on aggregate to Eintracht Frankfurt. At the bottom end of the table SC Paderborn suffered consecutive relegations, becoming the sixth club to drop from the Bundesliga to the third tier in consecutive seasons. FSV Frankfurt was the second team directly relegated while MSV Duisburg entered the relegation play-off where it was unsuccessful. All the clubs promoted to the 2. Bundesliga had played there before but while Dynamo Dresden and Erzgebirge Aue had only experienced a short absence the third club, W\u00fcrzburger Kickers, had not played at this level for almost 40 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0033-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nIn December 2016, it was announced that for the first time, the 2. Bundesliga would be given its own logo, taking effect at the start of the 2017\u201318 season. Previously, the 2. Bundesliga had borrowed the Bundesliga logo for promotional and media purposes. The 2. Bundesliga gained its own logo to \"strengthen the profile of the competition\" and to better identify the league with fans, the media, and sponsors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0034-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, Single division era 1992 to present\nAfter their relegation, the 2018\u201319 season was Hamburger SV's first season outside of the German top flight in their 55-year history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0035-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, History, All-time table\nThe most consistent team in the league, as of 2020\u201321, is SpVgg Greuther F\u00fcrth, having won 1,667 points from 1,126 games. In second place sits FC St. Pauli, best placed of the current 2. Bundesliga clubs. Alemannia Aachen comes third in the all-time table, while last place, number 127, goes to Spandauer SV with just ten points to its name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0036-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, Members of the 2. Bundesliga (2021\u201322 season)\nFor details on the 2. Bundesliga 2021\u201322 season, see here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0037-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, League rules\nSince the 2006\u201307 season there is no longer a limit on non-EU players in the league. Instead clubs are required to have 8 players on the squad who have come up through the youth system of a German club, 4 of which have to come from the club's own youth system. Seven substitutes are permitted to be selected, from which three can be used in the duration of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0038-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, Promoted and relegated teams\nThe list of teams that earned promotion to and from the 2. Bundesliga or were relegated from the league:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0039-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, Records, Player records, Top scorers\nBoldface indicates a player still active in the 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0040-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, Spectators\nThe spectator figures since 1992, when the league returned to the single division format:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160923-0041-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga, Second division in the European Cup\nSo far, clubs of the 2. Bundesliga have participated in the European Cup six times:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981)\nThe 2. Bundesliga Nord was the second-highest level of the West German football league system in the north of West Germany from its introduction in 1974 until the formation of the single-division 2. Bundesliga in 1981. It covered the northern states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and the city of West Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Overview\nThe league was established in 1974 to reduce the number of second divisions in Germany from five to two and thereby allow direct promotion to the league winners. Along with the foundation of the 2. Bundesliga Nord, formed from clubs of the three former Regionalligas of Nord, Berlin and West, went the foundation of the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd, which was created from clubs of the other two Regionalligas, S\u00fcd and S\u00fcdwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Overview\nThe league was created from twelve clubs from the West, seven from the North and one from Berlin, reflecting the playing strength of the old Regionalligas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Overview\nThe winner of the 2. Bundesliga Nord was directly promoted to the Bundesliga, the runners-up played a home-and-away series versus the southern runners-up for the third promotion spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Overview\nThe bottom four teams were relegated to the Amateurligas, after 1978 to the new Oberligas. In 1979 only three teams were relegated. The winners of the Amateurligas/Oberligas had to determine the promoted teams by the way of a promotion play-off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0005-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Overview\nThe league operated with 20 teams in its first six seasons, expanding to 22 in its last in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0006-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Overview\nUntil 1978, below the 2. Bundesliga Nord ranked the following Verbandsligas and Oberligas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0007-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Overview\nIn 1981, the two 2. Bundesligas merged into one, country-wide division. Nine clubs from the south and eight from the north plus the three relegated teams from the Bundesliga were admitted into the new league, the 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0008-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Overview\nSG Wattenscheid 09, VfL Osnabr\u00fcck, Alemannia Aachen, SC Fortuna K\u00f6ln and SC Preu\u00dfen M\u00fcnster all played every of the seven seasons of the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0009-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Disbanding of the 2. Bundesliga Nord\nThe league was dissolved in 1981. Eight clubs of the league went to the new 2. Bundesliga while the champion and runners-up were promoted to the Bundesliga. The twelve remaining clubs were relegated to the Amateurligas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160924-0010-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga Nord (1974\u20131981), Play-offs for Bundesliga promotion\nThe third promotion spot to the Bundesliga was decided through a play-off round of the runners-up of the two 2nd Bundesligas. Here are the results of this round:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381)\nThe 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd was the second-highest level of the West German football league system in the south of West Germany from its introduction in 1974 until the formation of the single-division 2. Bundesliga in 1981. It covered the southern states of Saarland, Rheinland-Pfalz, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Hesse and Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Overview\nThe league was established in 1974 to reduce the number of second divisions in Germany from five to two and thereby allow direct promotion to the league winners. Along with the foundation of the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd, formed from clubs of the two former Regionalligas of S\u00fcd and S\u00fcdwest, went the foundation of the 2. Bundesliga Nord, which was created from clubs of the other three Regionalligas, Nord, Berlin and West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Overview\nThe league was created from thirteen southern and seven southwestern clubs, reflecting the difference in size of the two regions, south being much the larger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Overview\nThe winner of the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd was directly promoted to the Bundesliga, the runners-up played a home-and-away series versus the northern runners-up for the third promotion spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Overview\nThe league operated with 20 teams in six seasons of its existence, only in 1980 was there 21 teams in the league. The bottom three, some years four teams were relegated to the Amateurligas, after 1978 to the new Oberligas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0005-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Overview\nUntil 1978, below the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd ranked the following Amateurligas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0006-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Overview\nThe winners of the larger leagues of Bayern and Hessen were directly promoted while the other seven leagues had to play-off for two more promotion spots. After 1978, these seven leagues merged down to two new leagues and the champions of those four remaining leagues, now called Oberligas, were all directly promoted to the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0007-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Overview\nIn 1981, the two 2. Bundesligas merged into one, country-wide division. Nine clubs from the south and eight from the north plus the three relegated teams from the Bundesliga were admitted into the new league, the 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0008-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Overview\nThe Stuttgarter Kickers, SV Waldhof Mannheim, SpVgg F\u00fcrth, SpVgg Bayreuth and FC Homburg all played every one of the seven seasons of the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0009-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Qualifying to the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd\nFrom the Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest, seven clubs qualified for the new 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd, from the Regionalliga S\u00fcd it was 13 clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0010-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Qualifying to the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd\nThe qualifying modus saw the last five seasons counted, whereby the last placed team in each season received one point, the second-last two points and so on. For a Bundesliga season within this five-year period, a club received 25 points, for an Amateurliga season none.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0011-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Qualifying to the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd\nFor the seasons 1969\u201370 and 70\u201371, the received points counted single, for the 71\u201372 and 72\u201373 season double and for the 73\u201374 season three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0012-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Qualifying to the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd\nTo be considered in the points table for the new league, a club had to play either in the Regionalliga in 1973\u201374 or to have been relegated from the Bundesliga to it for the next season, something which did not apply for the south as both teams relegated from the Bundesliga in 1974 went to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0013-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Qualifying to the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd\nThe bottom three clubs in each league, nominally the relegated teams in every other season, were barred from entry to the 2. Bundesliga, regardless of where they stood in the points ranking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0014-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Disbanding of the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd\nThe league was dissolved in 1981. According to their performance of the last couple of seasons, nine clubs of the league went to the new 2. Bundesliga while the champion was promoted to Bundesliga. The ten remaining clubs were relegated to the Amateurligas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0015-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Disbanding of the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd\nOf the nine clubs, only one came from the southwest region, VfR Wormatia Worms, all others were southern clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0016-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Disbanding of the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd\nThe reduction in numbers of second division teams hit especially the Saarland hard, having their three most well known clubs, all members of the Bundesliga at some stage, relegated. While the FC Homburg and the 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken soon bounced back, Borussia Neunkirchen never returned to second division football but did remain a force in the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160925-0017-0000", "contents": "2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd (1974\u201381), Play-offs for Bundesliga promotion\nThe third promotion spot to the Bundesliga was decided through a play-off round of the runners-up of the two 2. Bundesligas. Here are the results of this round:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160926-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Divisioona\n2. Divisioona is the fourth highest level of ice hockey in Finland. Teams playing in 2. Divisioona can be relegated to 3. Divisioona or promoted to Suomi-sarja. From 1975 to 1999, 2. Divisioona was the third highest level of ice hockey in Finland before being replaced by Suomi-sarja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160927-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Frauen-Bundesliga\nThe 2. Frauen-Bundesliga is the second league competition for women's association football in Germany. For its first 14 seasons the league was divided into two groups: Nord and S\u00fcd. The winner and the runner-up are promoted to the Bundesliga (unless they are reserve teams of Bundesliga sides); the last three places are relegated to the Regionalliga. Until the 2017\u201318 season, in each group, the winner was promoted and the bottom two were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160927-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Frauen-Bundesliga\nThe league has been played as one group of 14 teams since the 2018\u201319 season, with second teams of clubs being ineligible for promotion and allowed to have only three players older than 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160927-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Frauen-Bundesliga\nFor the 2020\u201321 season only, the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga was divided into two groups of 10 and nine teams each due to the relegation being suspended for the 2019\u201320 season as a result of COVID-19 pandemic. The two group winners will be promoted to the Frauen-Bundesliga for the 2021\u201322 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160928-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Handball-Bundesliga\nThe 2. Handball-Bundesliga is the second tier of professional handball in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160928-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Handball-Bundesliga, Season\nIt is directly linked to the Handball-Bundesliga, the country's highest tier, by a promotion and relegation system. Before the 2011\u201312 season, the league played in two regional groups (north and south), since then it has been playing in a nationwide single division format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160928-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Handball-Bundesliga, Relegation and promotion\nThe top two placed teams are promoted to the Handball-Bundesliga for the next season. The five last placed teams are relegated to the 3. Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160929-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Hannoversches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 77\n2. Hannoversches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 77 (2nd Hanoverian Infantry Regiment Nr. 77) was an active infantry regiment in the Prussian Army (1867 to 1871) and German Imperial Army (1871 to 1918).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria)\nThe Austrian Football Second League (German: 2. Liga) is the second-highest professional division in Austrian football. It was formerly called the First League (Erste Liga), from 2002 to 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria)\nThe division currently contains 16 teams, and the champion of the league is promoted to the Austrian Bundesliga. The three last placed teams are directly relegated from the Second League into the regional leagues. The Austrian Football Second Bundesliga is currently known as HPYBET 2. liga for sponsorship reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria), Teams and stadia for the 2021\u201322 season\nStarting in the 2018\u201319 season, the former First League changed its name to the Second League and expanded from 10 teams to 16 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria), Teams and stadia for the 2021\u201322 season\nThe 16 teams competing in the 2020\u201321 Second League season are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria), Teams\nSixteen teams will participate in the 2021\u201322 season. The only added team is St. P\u00f6lten, relegated from the 2020\u201321 Austrian Football Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0005-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria), Teams\nDue to the suspension of the 2020\u201321 Austrian Regionalliga, no club was relegated from last season", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0006-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria), Relegation\nThe destination of a club relegated from the Second League depends upon which Land (state) of the Federal Republic it is a member. The relegated clubs join one of the Regionalligen (regional leagues) in the east, centre or west of the country. The three regional league champions are promoted to the Second League. Participation in the professional Second League is conditional on their licensing by the fifth senate of the federal league. If the licence is refused for economic reasons, one team fewer will be relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0007-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria), Name history\nThe Austrian second division has had several different names and sponsors since 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0008-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria), Name history\n(Seasons below represent the first season when the name was used)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160930-0009-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Austria), Name history\nThe league was known as the Sky Go Erste Liga for sponsorship reasons from 2014/15 to 2017/18, but Sky is not mentioned on the official website 2liga.at, or in the \u00d6FB's 2018/19 preview articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160931-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Slovakia)\nThe 2. Liga is the second-level football league in Slovakia and is an amateur league. Currently, there are sixteen teams in one group of the competition. For two seasons, it was also known as DOXXbet liga for sponsorship reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160931-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Slovakia), History\nThe league was formed as a second-tier league in Czechoslovakia. Before the dissolution of Czechoslovakia it consisted of 16 teams. Upon dissolution, six teams were promoted to the then newly formed Corgo\u0148 Liga. The league was expanded to 18 teams in 1996-97 season, but back to 16 in 2001-02 and 12 in 2006-07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160931-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Slovakia), History\nFor 2014/2015 & 2015/2016 seasons the league became known as DOXXbet liga as part of a sponsorship agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160931-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Slovakia), Winners\n1FC VSS Ko\u0161ice did not meet club license rules and they went into bankruptcy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160931-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Slovakia), Performance by club\n1- Inter Bratislava won league in 2008-09, but license was sold to FK Senica. 2- FC VSS Ko\u0161ice won league in 2016\u201317, but did not meet club license rules and they went into bankruptcy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160932-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Liga (Switzerland)\n2. Liga is the sixth tier of the Swiss football league system. The division is split into 17 groups of 12, 13 or 14 teams by geographical region. Teams usually play within their own canton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160933-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Liga Interregional\n2. Liga Interregional is the fifth tier of the Swiss football league system. From 2000 to 2012, it was the country's fourth level. The division is split into 6 groups of 14 teams, by geographical region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160933-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Liga Interregional, Current Season\nThe 2019\u201320 season is the current season in the Swiss 2. Liga Interregional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160934-0000-0000", "contents": "2. OG\n2. OG is the second and last studio album by German boy band Overground. It was released on November 8, 2004 by Cheyenne, Polydor and Zeitgeist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160935-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcd\nThe 2. Oberliga S\u00fcd was the second-highest level of the German football league system in the south of Germany from 1950 until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963. It covered the three states of Bavaria, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg and Hesse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160935-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcd, Overview\nThe 2. Oberliga S\u00fcd was formed in 1950 as a feeder league to the Oberliga S\u00fcd which had been operating since 1945. It was the second of the three second Oberligas, the other two being 2. Oberliga West (1949) and 2. Oberliga S\u00fcdwest (1951).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160935-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcd, Overview\nThe winners and runners-up of this league were promoted to the Oberliga S\u00fcd, the bottom two teams relegated to the Amateurligas. Below the 2nd Oberliga were the following Amateurligas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160935-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcd, Overview\nThe 1. FC Pforzheim was the only club to have played all 13 seasons in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160935-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcd, Disbanding of the 2. Oberliga\nIn 1963 the league was dissolved. The teams on the places one to nine went to the new Regionalliga S\u00fcd, the new second division. The teams from 10 to 18 were relegated to the Amateurligas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160936-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcdwest\nThe 2. Oberliga S\u00fcdwest (English: 2nd Premier league Southwest) was the second-highest level of the German football league system in the southwest of Germany from 1951 until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963. It covered the two states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160936-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcdwest, Overview\nThe 2. Oberliga S\u00fcdwest was formed in 1951 as a feeder league to the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest which had been operating from 1945. It was the last of the three second Oberligas, the other two being 2. Oberliga West (1949) and 2. Oberliga S\u00fcd (1950).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160936-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcdwest, Overview\nThe winners and runners-up of this league were promoted to the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest, the bottom two teams relegated to the Amateurligas. Below the 2. Oberliga were the following Amateurligas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160936-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcdwest, Overview\nThe TSC Zweibr\u00fccken was the only club to play all twelve seasons in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160936-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga S\u00fcdwest, Disbanding of the 2. Oberliga\nIn 1963 the league was dissolved. Six of its clubs went to the new Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest, the new second division. The other ten teams were relegated to the Amateurligas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160937-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga West\nThe 2. Oberliga West (English: 2nd Premier league West) was the second-highest level of the German football league system in the west of Germany from 1949 until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963. It covered the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160937-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga West, Overview\nThe 2. Oberliga West was formed in 1949 with two groups of sixteen teams each, as a feeder league to Oberliga West. It was the first of the three 2nd Oberligas, the other two being 2. Oberliga S\u00fcd (formed in 1950) and 2. Oberliga S\u00fcdwest (in 1951). The league adopted a single group format starting from 1952: The top two teams of the 2. Oberliga gained promotion to the Oberliga while the bottom two teams were relegated to the Verbandsliga's. Some years, however, exceptions applied and the number of promoted and relegated teams altered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160937-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga West, Overview\nIn July 1955 the Westdeutscher Fu\u00dfballverband decided to disband the league from 1956, but the German federation DFB outlawed this decision and the league continued its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160937-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga West, Overview\nBelow the 2. Oberliga West ranked the Amateurliga's, varying in numbers (and names) but split into three zones, Niederrhein, Mittelrhein, and Westfalen\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160937-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga West, Overview\nThe 2. Oberliga West existed until 1963, when it was replaced by the Regionalliga West as the second division for North Rhine-Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160937-0005-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga West, Overview\nSpVgg Herten is the only team to have played in the league for all 14 seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160937-0006-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga West, Overview\nSchwarz-Wei\u00df Essen became the first second-division side to win the German Cup when they did so in 1959, an achievement later repeated by Kickers Offenbach and Hannover 96 in the history of German football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160937-0007-0000", "contents": "2. Oberliga West, Disbanding of the 2. Oberliga\nIn 1963, the league was disbanded in favor of the new Regionalliga. The first eight teams from this season went to the Regionalliga West. The clubs placed from ninth to sixteenth were relegated to the Verbandsligas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160938-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby Bundesliga (Austria)\nThe 2. Rugby Bundesliga is the second level of domestic club rugby union competition in Austria. Wombats RC of Wiener Neustadt is the only separate club in the league, the rest of the teams being the second teams of the 1. Rugby Bundesliga clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160938-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby Bundesliga (Austria), History\nThe 2. Rugby Bundesliga was first played in the 1995/1996 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160938-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby Bundesliga (Austria), Results\nThe scores in blue are links to accounts of finals on the site of the Austrian Rugby Federation (\u00d6RV) - in German", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0000-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga\nThe 2. Rugby-Bundesliga is the second-highest level of Germany's Rugby union league system, organised by the German Rugby Federation. Its set below the Rugby-Bundesliga, the top-tier of German rugby, and above the Rugby-Regionalliga, the third tier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0001-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga\nThe league was undergoing a major revamp for the 2012-13 season with the number of clubs expanded from 20 to 24 and the league divided into four regional divisions of six teams each. Above the 2nd Bundesliga the Bundesliga was organised in a similar fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0002-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nThe Second Bundesligas were formed after the German reunion in the early 1990s, originally as four regional leagues, North, East, West and South. Later, the four leagues were merged to form two leagues, South/West and North/East. By 2017 the league structure had been again divided into four groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0003-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nSince 2002, the two champions of the leagues play a 2nd Bundesliga championship final which also determines the clubs promoted to the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0004-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nThe bottom clubs in the league are relegated to the Rugby-Regionalliga, the third tier of rugby in Germany. The top-teams of the Regionalliga are promoted in turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0005-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nIn the 2008-09 season, only nine of the sixteen German states have clubs at this level. Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia and Saarland have no 2nd Bundesliga club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0006-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nWith the RC Luxembourg, a team from Luxembourg, a non-German side competes in the league. The inclusion of this side in the 2009 promotion round to the 2nd Bundesliga caused some debate in regards to its legality, as the club had not qualified through the German league system and was not a member of any of the German regional rugby federations. However, RC Luxembourg's application was declared valid in regards to the German rugby federations rules and regulations and the team finished second in the promotion round, earning a place in the 2nd Bundesliga for 2009-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0007-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nAs a sign of the gap between the Bundesliga and the 2nd Bundesliga, TSV Victoria Linden, who only won the 2009-10 North/East division in the last round of the championship, declined promotion, citing the additional cost of travelling and the limited player pool as their reason. The South/West champion, Stuttgarter RC, has also indicated that it would not take up promotion, leaving the Bundesliga with only eight clubs for the next season. It also meant, for the first time ever, that no club from Hanover would compete at the top level of German rugby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0007-0001", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nDSV 78 protested the decision to reduce the league to eight teams again and thereby relegating the club. For the 2nd Bundesliga, this also meant, only one team each would be promoted to the two regional divisions to keep the strength at ten teams per league. In the North/East, this was SC Siemensstadt, the club being directly promoted, while, in the South/West, TV Pforzheim won the promotion tournament of the five southern Regionalliga champions in Nuremberg on 12 June 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0008-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nOn 22 August 2011, five days before the 2011-12 season start, the RG Heidelberg withdrew its reserve team from the 2nd Rugby-Bundesliga South/West, citing inability to guarantee a full player squad for the whole season and thereby forcing the South/West division to compete with nine clubs only. The Berliner RC II withdrew during the season, also citing a lack of players as the reason while the RU Hohen Neuendorf was disqualified after not fielding a team in two league games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0009-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nIn mid-July 2012 the Deutsche Rugby Tag, the annual general meeting of the DRV decided to approve a league reform proposed by German international Manuel Wilhelm. The new system saw the number of clubs in the 2nd Bundesliga increased from 20 to 24 and the league divided into four regional divisions of six clubs each. One of the main aims of the reform was to reduce the number of kilometres travelled by individual teams and therefore reduce the travel expenses. The system will remain mostly unchanged for the 2013-14 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0009-0001", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nThe only changes will be a play-off between the fourth and fifth placed teams in each group after the first stage to determine the clubs advancing to the second stage. The championship play-offs after the second stage will be reduced from sixteen to twelve clubs with the top two teams in each group advancing directly to the quarter finals while the remaining eight will play a wild card round to determine the other four quarter finalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0010-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, History\nFrom 2015 onwards the Bundesliga was reduced to sixteen clubs while the 2. Bundesliga remains at twenty four, divided into four regional groups. The winners of these four divisions would play each other for two direct promotion spots to the Bundesliga while the two losers of these games would face the seventh placed clubs from the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0011-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, Clubs Participating in 2018\n\u2022  \u2022 DRC Hannover \u2022  \u2022 FC St. Pauli \u2022 TSV Victoria Linden", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0012-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, Clubs Participating in 2018\n\u2022 Berliner RC II \u2022  \u2022  \u2022  \u2022 USV Potsdam \u2022", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0013-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, Clubs Participating in 2018\n\u2022  \u2022 RC Aachen \u2022 RC Luxembourg \u2022  \u2022  \u2022 SC Frankfurt 1880 II \u2022  \u2022", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0014-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, Clubs Participating in 2018\n\u2022 Heidelberger TV \u2022 Karlsruher SV \u2022 M\u00fcnchen RFC \u2022 RC Rottweil \u2022 RC Unterf\u00f6hring \u2022 StuSta M\u00fcnchen \u2022 Stuttgarter RC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0015-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, 2nd Bundesliga champions until 2001\nBefore the establishment of the single-division Bundesliga, the two 2nd Bundesligas determined their champion in the autumn half of the season before splitting each division into two groups, the upper half playing for Bundesliga promotion together with the bottom clubs of the Bundesliga, and the lower half against 2nd Bundesliga relegation. Teams from the two regional divisions did not meet and now country-wide 2nd Bundesliga championship as such was played. The autumn champions were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160939-0016-0000", "contents": "2. Rugby-Bundesliga, Placings in the 2nd Bundesliga since 2001\nSince 1998, the following clubs have played in the league. From 1999 to 2001, the league consisted of two regional divisions of six teams each. After an autumn (A) round, the top three from each group would reach the championship finals round in spring (S). The bottom three, together with the top three from each of the two 2nd Bundesligas would play a promotion round in spring with the top three in each group playing in the Bundesliga the following autumn. In 1997-98 and from 2001 to 2012, the league has been played in a single-division format. From 2012\u201313 to 2014\u201315 it had been divided into a first (I) and second round (II), followed by play-offs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 62], "content_span": [63, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160940-0000-0000", "contents": "2. SKL\nThe Slovenian Second Basketball League (Slovene: 2. slovenska ko\u0161arkarska liga), abbreviated as the 2. SKL, is the second-highest basketball league in Slovenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160940-0001-0000", "contents": "2. SKL, Format\nEach team plays with each other team of the division twice, once at home and once at their opponent's arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160941-0000-0000", "contents": "2. deild\n2. deild is the third tier league of football in the Faroe Islands. It was founded in 1976 and is organized by the Faroe Islands Football Association. It was originally called 3. deild but became 2. deild after a reorganization of the Faroe Islands football league system in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160941-0001-0000", "contents": "2. deild, History\nThe league was founded in 1943 and was named Me\u00f0aldeildin (The Middle Division): this was 1 year after the founding of the  Meistaradeildin, the original top level Faroe Islands football league. There was no promotion and relegation system at the time, and the two leagues operated separately from each other. This was partly because Me\u00f0aldeildin was mostly made up of B teams from the clubs in the Meistaradeildin. One year after all leagues had to be suspended due to the British occupation of the Faroe Islands. The league then resumed in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160941-0001-0001", "contents": "2. deild, History\nFrom 1943 to 1975 it was called Me\u00f0aldeildin, then the league structure changed in 1976. The Meistaradeildin was renamed 1. deild and the Me\u00f0aldeildin was renamed 2. deild. Also from that season onwards, the top clubs in 2. deild were promoted to 1. deild. The first club to be promoted was Fram T\u00f3rshavn after they won the division for the first time in their history, though they finished bottom of 1. deild the following season and were relegated back into 2. deild. The latest change to the league was made in 2005, when 1. deild was renamed as Formuladeildin for sponsorship reasons; 2. Deild adopted the name of 1. Deild; the third tier was renamed 2. Deild and the fourth tier became 3. Deild.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160941-0002-0000", "contents": "2. deild, History\nIt currently has 10 participating teams. At the end of each season, two teams are relegated and two promoted from what is now the fourth division, pending the fact that the winning team in any given division doesn't already have a senior team in the division it is being promoted to. In such cases the team that finished second will be promoted in its stead. If a team is relegated to a division where one of its teams are already playing, the second best team will move one division down, thereby saving another team from relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160941-0003-0000", "contents": "2. deild, History\nAt the end of the 2008 season, Fram, who were set to be renamed FC Hoyv\u00edk for the 2009 season and AB II finished in the  promotion places. Fram (now FC Hoyv\u00edk) were promoted to 1. deild, while AB II would only be promoted if their 1st team finished in one of the promotion places in 1. deild. AB's first team eventually won promotion into the Vodafonedeildin, finishing runners-up in 1.Deild. However, AB II were denied promotion to 1.deild and MB Midv\u00e1gur who finished 3rd in 2.Deild, were promoted instead. Because AB II who finished 2nd, had used illegal players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160941-0003-0001", "contents": "2. deild, History\nThough there is still an ongoing debate whether they finished 2nd or 3rd and which team should have been promoted. The following season in 2009 MB Midv\u00e1gur finished bottom in 1.Deild, only picking up 8 points and were relegated back into 2.deild. Meanwhile AB Argir II won the 2.deild in 2009 and were promoted to 1.deild.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160941-0004-0000", "contents": "2. deild, 2. deild seasons, Titles by team\nIn bold clubs currently playing in 2. deild. In italics the clubs that no longer exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 42], "content_span": [43, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160942-0000-0000", "contents": "2. deild karla\n2. deild karla (English: Men's Second Division) is a football league in Iceland. It is the third division in the Icelandic football league system. The current champions are Afturelding from Mosfellsb\u00e6r, who won their 1st title in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160942-0001-0000", "contents": "2. deild karla\nThe division was started in 1966 as third division with two provisional groups, with number of teams varying from 7 to 10 teams in each group. In 1987 it was decided to merge the two groups to form a single nationwide league with 10 teams so at the end of the 1987 season only three teams from each group would stay in the league, the top teams in each group were promoted, all other teams relegated to the 4th division and two teams promoted from the 4th division. In 1997 after a name change, the division became Second division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160942-0002-0000", "contents": "2. deild karla\nIn 2008, as a part of a general change in Icelandic football, the number of teams was increased from 10 to 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160943-0000-0000", "contents": "2. deild karla (basketball)\n2. deild karla (English: Men's 2. Division) or D2 is the third tier basketball competition among clubs in Iceland. It is organized by the Icelandic Basketball Federation (Icelandic: K\u00f6rfuknattleikssamband \u00cdslands \u2013 KK\u00cd). It consists of 11 teams and the season consists of a home-and-away schedule of 20 games. The top four non-reserve teams meet in a playoff for the victory in the league and promotion to 1. deild karla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160943-0001-0000", "contents": "2. deild karla (basketball), History\nThe third tier league was founded in 1973 as 3. deild karla with 11 teams. In 1978 it was rebranded as 2. deild karla. On 13 March 2020, the 2019\u201320 season was postponed due to the coronavirus outbreak in Iceland. The day after, the Icelandic Basketball Federation canceled the rest of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160944-0000-0000", "contents": "2. deild kvenna (football)\nThe 2. deild kvenna is the third tier women's football league in Iceland. The league was founded in 2017 and current champions are Augnablik. It features 8 teams and the top two qualify for a spot in the 1. deild kvenna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0000-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon\n2. divisjon (often referred to as PostNord-ligaen for sponsorship reasons) is the third-highest level of the Norwegian football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0001-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon\nThere are 28 teams divided into two groups, and at the end of the season the winner of each group earns promotion to the second-highest division, 1. divisjon. The teams finishing in second place in their respective group will qualify for the promotion play-offs, where they will face each other. The winner will play against the 14th placed team in 1. divisjon for promotion. The bottom three teams in each group are relegated to 3. divisjon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0002-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon\n2. divisjon is the highest league a reserve team can participate in, and only reserve teams from the Eliteserien clubs (first tier) are allowed to enter. The participation of reserve teams stirs debate from time to time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0003-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon, History\nBetween 1963 and 1990, 2. divisjon was the second highest level of the Norwegian football league system, therefore the name of the third highest level was 3. divisjon. When the highest level was rebranded in 1991, this level changed its name to 2. divisjon. From 2009 to 2011, the official name of the league was Fair Play ligaen, and from 2012 to 2015 the name was Oddsen-ligaen (after the main sponsor Norsk Tipping's betting-game called Oddsen). The league is currently branded as PostNord-ligaen, sponsored by PostNord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0004-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon, Current members\nThe following 28 clubs are competing in the 2021 2. divisjon:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0005-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon, Winners, 1991\u20131995\nAll group winners, excluding second teams of top division teams, were promoted to 1. divisjon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0006-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon, Winners, 1996\u20132000\nEach group winner played qualification play-offs to decide which teams promote to 1. divisjon. Teams in bold promoted to 1. divisjon through qualification play-offs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0007-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon, Winners, 2001\u20132016\nAll group winners, excluding second teams of top division teams, were promoted to 1. divisjon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0008-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon, Winners, 2017\u2013\nTeams in bold were promoted to 1. divisjon. Teams in italics were relegated to 2. divisjon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0009-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon, Reserve teams\nReserve teams of clubs from the two top divisions can participate in the 2. divisjon. Reserve teams of clubs from the 1. divisjon can not play in the 2. divisjon, so if a team is relegated from the 1. divisjon, the club's reserve team will be relegated to the 3. divisjon regardless of their final position in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160945-0010-0000", "contents": "2. divisjon, Sponsorship\nFrom 2016, 2. divisjon has its title sponsorship rights sold to PostNord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160946-0000-0000", "contents": "2.-class torpedo boat\nThe 2.-class torpedo boat was a designation in the Scandinavian countries for a type of fast steam torpedo boats between 40 tons and 80 tons, in service from the 1880s to after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160947-0000-0000", "contents": "2.0 (98 Degrees album)\n2.0 is the fifth studio album by American boy band 98 Degrees. The album was released on May 7, 2013 through eOne Music. It is their first studio album in thirteen years following Revelation (2000), The album was released by eOne Music, making it their first released through an independent record label rather than a major label like Motown or Universal Records. 2.0 debuted at number 65 on the Billboard 200, and number 12 on the Independent Album chart becoming the group's lowest-charting album since their 1997 debut album, 98 Degrees, which debuted at number 145.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160948-0000-0000", "contents": "2.0 (Big Data album)\n2.0 is the debut studio album by electronic music band Big Data. It was released on March 20, 2015 under Warner Bros. Records. From the album, two singles have been released; titled \"Dangerous\" featuring indie rock band Joywave and \"The Business of Emotion\" featuring White Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160948-0001-0000", "contents": "2.0 (Big Data album)\nThe album peaked at 75 on the Billboard 200 chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160948-0002-0000", "contents": "2.0 (Big Data album)\nThis song \"Clean\" featuring Jamie Lidell featured in Konami video game, Pro Evolution Soccer 2017; \"The Business of Emotion\" was re-recorded in Simlish for the video game The Sims 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160949-0000-0000", "contents": "2.0 (Citizen Way album)\n2.0 is the second major label studio album by Citizen Way. Fair Trade Services released the album on March 11, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160949-0001-0000", "contents": "2.0 (Citizen Way album), Critical reception\nAndy Argyrakis, indicating in a four star review at CCM Magazine, writes, \"Get ready for an onslaught of anthems as Citizen Way turns in its second long player, which finds the guys even more seasoned than the first time around following three years of tireless touring.\" Awarding the album four stars from New Release Today, Amanda Brogan-DeWilde states, \"Citizen Way takes that journey with you, and entertains you with some catchy tunes on the way.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160949-0001-0001", "contents": "2.0 (Citizen Way album), Critical reception\nJonathan Andre, giving the album four stars at 365 Days of Inspiring Media, writes, \"Ben and the rest of the band for creating 11 moments of inspiration, encouragement and heartfelt moments of poignancy!\" Reviewing the album for Today's Christian Entertainment, Kelly Meade describes, \"With their positive, upbeat approach to contemporary Christian music, Citizen Way brings a collection of encouraging anthems while keeping the message of God's love [and] faithfulness center stage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160949-0001-0002", "contents": "2.0 (Citizen Way album), Critical reception\nChris Major, rating the album a 4.7 by The Christian Beat, says, \"Undeniably adventurous and energetic, 2.0 takes the originally high bar set by Citizen Way and raises it even further... The verdict is in - Citizen Way 2.0 is an absolute must listen for fans of any genre of Christian music... Most certainly, 2.0 marks a new era for Citizen Way filled with new sounds, impactful lyrics, and exciting possibilities.\" Signaling in a two and a half star review from Jesus Freak Hideout, Mark Rice says, \"Citizen Way has totally lost their identity on 2.0. While moments of clever songwriting and an energetic opening track elevate the album above a total pass, it is hard to understand the band's decision here to abandon an approach that they could have pursued and perfected just to leap into mediocrity by starting all over from scratch.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0000-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film)\n2.0 is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language science fiction action film written and directed by S. Shankar, and co-written by B. Jeyamohan. Produced by Subaskaran under the banner of Lyca Productions. As the second instalment in the Enthiran franchise, 2.0 is a standalone sequel to Enthiran (2010), featuring Rajinikanth reprising the roles of Vaseegaran and Chitti as the Robot, alongside Akshay Kumar as Pakshi Rajan and Amy Jackson as Nila and also Sudhanshu Pandey, Adil Hussain, Kalabhavan Shajohn, and K. Ganesh appear in supporting roles. The film follows the conflict between Chitti, the once dismantled humanoid robot, and Pakshi Rajan, a former ornithologist who seeks vengeance upon cell phone users to prevent avian population decline. The soundtrack is composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics written by Madhan Karky and Na. Muthukumar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0001-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film)\nProduced on an estimated budget of \u20b9575 crore (US$81\u00a0million), 2.0 is the most expensive Indian film to date. Production began in 2015, with principal photography conducted at AVM Studios later that year. The first schedule was filmed at EVP World. Scenes were primarily shot in India, particularly in Chennai's Madras Boat Club and Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium. Filming was completed by August 2017. The film is the first in Indian cinema to be natively shot in 3D, which was done by cinematographer Nirav Shah. The film was primarily shot in Tamil while Akshay Kumar's dialogues were shot in Hindi. Legacy Effects made their return to construct prosthetic makeup and animatronics, with visual effects supervised by V. Srinivas Mohan. Editing was handled by Anthony and production design was conducted by T. Muthuraj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0002-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film)\n2.0 was released worldwide in both 3D and conventional format on 29 November 2018, along with its dubbed versions in Hindi and Telugu. It received mostly positive reviews upon release. Critics particularly praised the film's visual effects, performances of Rajinikanth and Kumar, and social message; the pace and screenplay received criticism. It earned \u20b9117.34 crore (US$16\u00a0million) worldwide on its first day, which was the second-highest ever for an Indian film. The film crossed \u20b9520 crore (equivalent to \u20b9560\u00a0crore or US$78\u00a0million in 2019) in its opening weekend to be the highest-grossing film worldwide for that week. 2.0 is the second highest-grossing film in India and is the fifth highest-grossing Indian film worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0003-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Plot\nDr. Vaseegaran has recently built a new android humanoid assistant named Nila, whom he introduces to a group of college students. Shortly after, all the mobile phones in the city begin to fly into the sky, throwing the public into a panic. A scientific council assembles to discuss the phenomenon, in which Vaseegaran suggests reactivating the robot Chitti. But the plan is opposed by a member of the council, Dhinendra Bohra, whose father was killed by Chitti a few years back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0004-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Plot\nThe cell phones gather into a swarm and kill phone retail store owner Jayanth Kumar, telecom company owner Manoj Lula, and Telecom Minister Vaira Moorthy. The Home Minister S. Vijay Kumar gives permission for Vaseegaran to reactivate Chitti, whom he has already started working on. The cell phone swarm destroys phone towers around the city and wreaks havoc on the public, manifesting as a giant bird. A newly activated and upgraded Chitti battles the bird in the city and destroys it with an explosion. The remaining phones retreat and reform. Chitti, who runs out of battery takes refuge in three antennas at a space station. The bird tries to follow but is repelled by the antennas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0005-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Plot\nChitti informs Vaseegaran about this incident and confirms that the phones are powered by an aura, specifically a concentrated mass of negative charge with electromagnetic properties. Since the space station was streaming positive charged ions into space, the bird was repelled. Vaseegaran builds a photon synthesizer that projects positive charge, intending to neutralise the charge of the bird. The group confronts the bird and drains it of power. The phones take up a humanoid form, as the deceased ornithologist Pakshi Rajan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0006-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Plot\nChitti converses with Pakshi as he attempts to destroy the synthesizer, in which a flashback reveals that Pakshi protested against the usage of modern mobile phones, from which the radiation affected the brains of birds and caused mass deaths, especially near his bird sanctuary and home in Thirukazhukundram. Pakshi makes conferences and protests to address this, but the public dismisses and mocks him. Lula and Moorthy also reject his morals for their business and Jayanth Kumar shuns him from his shop as he tries to protest. Birds all over the city including Pakshi's sanctuary die out, including newborn chicks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0006-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Plot\nA distraught and angered Pakshi, after even a court investigation found no violations (because telecom companies reduced signal levels to conceal wrongdoing), hangs himself at a cell tower. Pakshi's negatively charged spirit reawakens by the radiation emitting from the tower. By absorbing the souls of all the deceased birds in the city, he becomes a vengeful entity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0007-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Plot\nChitti tries to convince Pakshi not to hurt the public but Pakshi wishes to punish their ignorance. Chitti has Pakshi captured and contained. The news spreads to the council which decides to build an army of such robots for the military. Dhinendra, who becomes angered by Chitti's victory, releases Pakshi's spirit from the synthesizer. Pakshi possesses Vaseegaran and attacks the public again, but Chitti refuses to attack his creator. Nila gets the red chip and reprograms Chitti to his evil 2.0 alter ego, after altering it to not harm the innocent and commanding him only to fight Pakshi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0008-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Plot\nPakshi traps 80,000 people in a football stadium and kills Dhinendra, who was present, by focusing radiation from multiple cell towers. Chitti interferes and fights Pakshi's bird form with his army. As Chitti runs out of charge, Pakshi turns into his winged form and creates several bird drones. The drones tear the robots into pieces, but before Pakshi can summon radiation he's interrupted by one of Chitti's creations: the action figure bot Kutti 3.0. Released into the stadium by Nila, the Kutti bots mount themselves on doves, forcing Pakshi to stand down. The Kuttis self-destruct and destroy Pakshi's drones. After Vaseegaran is released from possession, Pakshi is led to the space station where he is destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0009-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Plot\nVaseegaran recovers in the hospital and tells Vijay Kumar, who comes to see him, that he feels Pakshi Rajan was a virtuous person who became a victim of the corrupt society. He also suggests we reduce and control cell phone radiation and ensure that technology do not threaten the lives of all the living creatures in the world. Chitti, now restored to its original version, begins a relationship with Nila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0010-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Plot\nIn a post-credits scene, Sana asks Vaseegaran over the phone about the probability of mobile phones flying again. Immediately, Vaseegaran's mobile flies out of his hand and morphs into Kutti 3.0, saying, \"I am your grandson\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0011-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Development\nThe commercial success of Enthiran (2010) prompted the makers of the film to immediately consider making a sequel. By March 2011, the original film's cinematographer, Rathnavelu, revealed that initial pre-production work on a sequel had begun with the same technical team. S. Shankar, the director of Enthiran, moved on to work on Nanban (2012) and I (2015) and planned to reunite with the same producers as the original was released, with Shankar revealing that he was unsure if the film \"will happen at all\" during an interview in 2014. While finishing the production of I, Shankar drafted the scripts of three more feature films, including a sequel to Enthiran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0012-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Development\nPre -production work for the film had reportedly started in June 2015 with Lyca Productions deciding to finance the project. Along with Shankar and Rajinikanth, composer A. R. Rahman and editor Anthony remained on the development team for the sequel, while Jeyamohan was added to write the screenplay. Shankar also began briefing the film's art director T. Muthuraj and visual effects supervisor V. Srinivas Mohan about their involvement in the film. Shankar had initially inquired about K. V. Anand's availability. This was before Nirav Shah joined the technical team as a cinematographer in mid-2015 and visited specialist studios in the United States to research filming methods for 3D shoots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0013-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Development\nJeyamohan finished work on the script of the film in September 2015 and revealed that the story would be a direct continuation of the 2010 film, with filming only set to start following the completion of Rajinikanth's commitments in Kabali (2016). The original film's screenplay writer, Madhan Karky, helped Jeyamohan on some of the more technical dialogue in the script. While the film does include characters and references to events from its predecessor, it is primarily a standalone sequel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0013-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Development\nA press release coinciding with the start of the film's shoot also revealed that Resul Pookutty would handle sound designing, Legacy Effects would take care of animatronics work and Mary E. Vogt would design special costumes. Stunt choreographer Kenny Bates and visual effects specialists John Hughes and Walt Jones of Tau Films were also signed to work on the film. Unadjusted for inflation, 2.0 is so far the most expensive Indian film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0014-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Casting\nShankar held initial discussions with Kamal Haasan, Aamir Khan, and then Vikram about portraying a further role, though none of the three actors signed on to appear in the film. Subsequently, the team held talks with Hollywood actor Arnold Schwarzenegger for the role, who agreed to work on the film for a record remuneration. The makers then opted against signing Schwarzenegger, though there have been conflicting reasons regarding this decision. British actress Amy Jackson signed on to work on the film in October 2015 and visited Los Angeles as a part of the team's pre-production work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0014-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Casting\nIn late November 2015, Rajinikanth also travelled to Los Angeles to meet the film's producers and complete costume trials and initial motion capture effects work for the film. After further negotiations with actors including Hrithik Roshan and Neil Nitin Mukesh, the makers signed on Akshay Kumar to portray the role for which Schwarzenegger was initially considered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0015-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Casting\nSudhanshu Pandey joined the cast of the film in March 2016 and revealed that he would portray a scientist who is the son of Professor Bohra from the original film. Adil Hussain began working on the film in July 2016, and, as a part of his role, undertook extensive research into the life of news reporters. In September 2016, Malayalam actor Kalabhavan Shajohn confirmed that he had tried out for a role in the film after Shankar was impressed with his performance in Drishyam and had signed him on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0016-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Filming\nAn official launch event was to be held on 12 December 2015, coinciding with Rajinikanth's birthday. However, the team chose to avoid publicity as a result of the 2015 South Indian floods. Instead, the team held a low key launch event at the AVM Studios on 7 December, with the director and the producers in attendance. Titled 2.0, the film then began its first scheduled shooting on 16 December 2015 at a set erected in the outskirts of Chennai at EVP World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0016-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Filming\nOn the first day of the shoot, a scene featuring Rajinikanth and several dwarf actors was shot at the erected set, while the team's principal cast and crew also assembled for a photoshoot. The first schedule of the film, consisting of Rajinikanth and Amy Jackson, continued in Chennai until 30 December 2015. The team then worked on a second schedule throughout the middle of January 2016 in Chennai and shot scenes featuring Rajinikanth at Mohan Studios and by Madras Boat Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0016-0002", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Filming\nShankar continued filming portions not involving the lead actors throughout February 2016 in Chennai, with a car chase sequence shot in Royapettah. Another schedule to shoot a song was initially set to be held at Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia but was cancelled due to bad weather, and the team opted not to travel to the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0017-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Filming\nAkshay began shooting for the film in Chennai at the beginning of March 2016 and took part in a schedule held at the EVP Film City studio in Chennai. A set of a mobile phone store was built on-site, while night scenes involving robotic equipment and military tanks were also canned. The team subsequently moved to Delhi in order to hold a forty-five-day schedule, continuing on from the same scenes with military tanks that were shot in Chennai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0017-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Filming\nSubsequently, the team filmed sequences at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium depicting an Indian Super League match between Chennaiyin FC and Mumbai City FC, with hundreds of junior artists recruited to act as supporters. Actors Amitabh Bachchan and Abhishek Bachchan visited the film's set at the stadium with the media reporting that the pair were set to make cameo appearances, though the claim was later denied by the team. Rajinikanth then joined the team in Delhi at the end of March to continue shooting for the project, with the climax sequences being filmed. Action scenes incorporating robotic equipment were filmed throughout early April in Delhi, with cinematographer Nirav Shah using helicams to capture sequences involving the three lead actors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0018-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Filming\nAnother ten-day schedule took place in May 2016 in Chennai, with scenes being shot at the EVP Film City studios as well as at The Forum Vijaya shopping mall. During the shoot at the studios, the visual effects designer Srinivas Mohan digitally converted a green screen sequence into locations including the Red Fort and the Parliament from Delhi after the team were unable to secure shooting permission there. By June 2016, Shankar revealed that after one hundred days of shooting, scenes including the climax and two major action sequences had been completed and that the film was fifty percent complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0018-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Filming\nAdil Hussain and Kalabhavan Shajohn began their work in the film during July 2016 in Chennai, while the rest of the cast were given an extended break after Rajinikanth fell ill. Production continued throughout August and early September 2016 without the lead actors in Saligramam in Chennai, where the team shot action sequences of luxury cars being blown up. Following his illness and subsequent recovery, Rajinikanth returned to the sets of the film in early October after a break of close to four months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0018-0002", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Filming\nHe shot for scenes alongside Amy Jackson in Chennai, where he was featured fighting huge birds created using animatronic technology with actor Riyaz Khan also joining the cast. Soon after the schedule finished in early October, Shankar revealed that the film was two-thirds complete, following one hundred and fifty days of shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0019-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Production, Filming\nAnother schedule began in early November at EVP Film City in Chennai with all of the lead cast and continued throughout the month. All filming was completed except for one song that featured a set erected in Chennai. Jackson was given ten days of practice by choreographer Bosco. Filming was completed in August 2017. Principal photography was concluded on 22 October 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0020-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Music\nA. R. Rahman composed the film's soundtrack and score, during the pre-production works of the film, in December 2015. Recording of the songs took place for nearly four years. In an interview with Archana Chandhok on Zee Tamil, Rajinikanth revealed that director Shankar wanted to make 2.0 without any songs. However, Rahman was still not convinced and felt that an album should have a minimum of four songs to provide listeners with a wholesome experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0021-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Music\nA promotional music event for the film was held at Burj Al Arab, Dubai on 27 October 2017, in a grand manner. And on the same day, two tracks from the film, \"Endhira Logathu Sundhariye\" and \"Rajaali\" were released, in Tamil and dubbed versions in Telugu and Hindi Madhan Karky and Na. Muthukumar provided the lyrics for the songs in Tamil . The third track, \"Pullinangal\" was included in the part of the soundtrack album on 6 November 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0022-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Music\nThe film score was released on 29 June 2019. Recording of the original score began in London and Rahman's Los Angeles studios in 2016. Unlike previous projects, Rahman began finalising the original background score six months back prior to release because he felt that the scenes were very heavy and it needed a lot of work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0023-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Marketing and release\nIn November 2016, it was revealed that 2.0 was scheduled for release during Diwali on 18 October 2017. In April 2017, Raju Mahalingam, the film's former producer, announced that the film's release had been postponed to 25 January 2018 citing better incorporation of visual effects. The release date was later moved to 14 April 2018. The release date was once again moved to 27 April 2018 but instead Kaala took that spot resulting in another delay of the film. The making video of the film was revealed on 25 August 2017. The film, which contains approximately 1,000 visual effects shots according to producers, was delayed numerous times while the computer-generated imagery (CGI) work was being completed by numerous effects studios. The film was finally slated to be released in cinemas on 29 November 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0024-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Marketing and release\nThe teaser of 2.0 was released on Ganesh Chaturti, 13 September 2018, in both 3D and 2D. The 3D version was positively received, while some expressed disappointment with the 2D. Its 2D teaser video has been viewed over 32 million times in 24 hours. The film topic was trended and top searched queries on Google Trends for a week. But the teaser did not mention the release date. According to the source, \"There may be a lot of VFX work left in the film and they do not want to delay things too much.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0024-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Marketing and release\nThis is why, the makers Lyca Productions seem to have put out the teaser so that they can keep the audiences busy.\" In addition to its original language, the film will be released in 14 other languages with dubbed versions. The film has recovered approximately \u20b9370 crore (equivalent to \u20b9398\u00a0crore or US$56\u00a0million in 2019) from satellite, digital and music rights. This includes, but is not limited to, about \u20b9110 crore (equivalent to \u20b9118\u00a0crore or US$17\u00a0million in 2019) for satellite and digital rights and \u20b950 crore (equivalent to \u20b954\u00a0crore or US$7.5\u00a0million in 2019) for digital rights, the latter sold to Amazon Prime Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0025-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Marketing and release\nAhead of the film's release, the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) lodged a complaint, demanding that the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) certificate of the film be revoked for \"promoting anti-scientific attitudes towards mobile phones and cellular networks\". The organisation alleged the producers \"falsely depicting mobile phones and mobile towers as harmful to living creatures and the environment including birds and human beings\". Meanwhile, a Lyca Productions spokesperson said, \"We are under no obligation to toe the line and the film does not hunt or defames [sic] anyone.\" Various studies in India have proven that electromagnetic radiation from cell sites has a detrimental effect on bird health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0026-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Marketing and release\nIn China, the film released on 6 September 2019. It was said to be released by HY Media in 10,000 theatres with 56,000 screenings, which includes 47,000 3D screenings, which is the largest release ever for an Indian film in the country in May 2019, with a Mandarin dub and subtitles, but the release was delayed to 6 September 2019 and released in about 48,000 screens. A dubbed Russian-language version of the film will also release in Russia on 25 July 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0027-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Box office\n2.0 was released in about 6900 screens in India and over 2000 screens overseas. On its opening day, 2.0 earned about \u20b980 crore (equivalent to \u20b986\u00a0crore or US$12\u00a0million in 2019) gross collection in India (all versions), which was the second highest ever for an Indian film after Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017)'s \u20b9154 crore (equivalent to \u20b9174\u00a0crore or US$24\u00a0million in 2019). This was around \u20b9 64 crore nett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0027-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Box office\nIts worldwide gross was over \u20b9117.34 crore (equivalent to \u20b9126\u00a0crore or US$18\u00a0million in 2019), which was also the second highest worldwide collection for an Indian film on its first day after Baahubali 2. On its second day, the film went on to be number one at the Australian box office. In Malaysia, the film had an all-time highest opening for any Tamil film. On its second day, the film earned around \u20b9 45 crore nett in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0027-0002", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Box office\nThe all-India business of 2.0 increased to \u20b9 56\u201357 crore nett on Saturday (the third day) owing to positive word-of-mouth in North India, while the collections in South India saw a minor drop. Its all-India total increased to \u20b9 165.5 crore nett. On its third day, the film earned around \u20b9290 crore (equivalent to \u20b9312\u00a0crore or US$44\u00a0million in 2019) worldwide in all languages, including \u20b985 crore (equivalent to \u20b992\u00a0crore or US$13\u00a0million in 2019) from overseas markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0028-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Box office\nAt the American box office, the film surpassed the lifetime business of Rajinikanth's previous film Lingaa (2014) in just two days. The film debuted at number 11 at the American box office, earning $4.09 million. The screen count was increased from 20 to 75 in Pakistan on its second day to meet the demand. 2.0 grossed US$14.75\u00a0million (\u20b9 1.03\u00a0billion) in first five days in overseas markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0028-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Box office\nOn its fourth day, a Sunday, business picked up over India, which led the film to accumulate an opening weekend collection of around \u20b9400 crore (US$56\u00a0million), the highest amount earned by any film in the week of 29 November to 2 December, ahead of Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018). Collections in India, discounting overseas, were \u20b9291 crore (equivalent to \u20b9328\u00a0crore or US$46\u00a0million in 2019) gross (\u20b9 229 crore nett) in all languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0028-0002", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Box office\nThis pushed it ahead of Enthiran, which was the previous highest-grossing film from Tamil cinema with an earning of \u20b9 205 crore nett in India. In its four-day opening weekend, the film opened at number one at the United Arab Emirates box office, earning $2.5 million, ahead of Creed II (2018).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0029-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Box office\nOn its fifth day, the film earned around \u20b9451 crore (US$56 million) worldwide in all languages, including \u20b9114 crore (US$16 million) from international markets. In North India, its Hindi version earned around \u20b9111 crore (US$16 million). Along with the sixth day business of \u20b9 24 crore nett, the film earned \u20b9 282.31 crore nett in India. It did record business in the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. By the end of seven days, the film earned \u20b9480 crore (US$67\u00a0million) worldwide, which included \u20b9362 crore (US$51\u00a0million) in India and US$15\u00a0million (\u20b9 1.18\u00a0billion) in overseas markets. The extended first week worldwide collection was \u20b9520 crore (US$73\u00a0million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0030-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Critical response\nOn the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, 2.0 has a 59% approval rating based on 17 reviews and an average rating of 5.39/10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0031-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Critical response, India\n2.0 received generally positive reviews from critics in India. Shankar's direction, visual effects, performances of Rajinikanth and Kumar, suspense, and social message received praise, while the introduction, script, and dialogues drew criticism. Taran Adarsh gave the film five stars out of five and applauded Shankar as \"a visionary... He hits the ball out of the park this time. Akshay Kumar is fantastic, while Rajinikanth is the boss\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0031-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Critical response, India\nA critic for Bollywood Hungama gave it four and a half stars out of five and similarly commended Shankar, \"[His] direction is highly effective and he proves once again why he's one of our best filmmakers. He doesn't get overwhelmed by the technology available and makes correct use of it\". S Subhakeerthana of The Indian Express gave it four stars out of five: \"Shankar has raised the bar in filmmaking in terms of visualisation, grandeur, and every frame of his fascinates you as a viewer\". Business Today's Ramesh Bala gave it four stars out of five, and found Kumar to be the film's spotlight: \"He has rocked both as Birdman and as a normal man in an emotional flashback\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0032-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Critical response, India\nWriting for Hindustan Times, Raja Sen rated 2.0 three and a half stars out of five, terming Rajinikanth as \"smarter than a smartphone\" and counted him and Kumar among the film's strengths. A critic for the Indo-Asian News Service also gave three and a half stars out of five and wrote, \"Unlike most science-fiction films, 2.0 takes the commercial route to entertain, thus does come across as illogical at places, but that's what makes it insanely fun\". Devesh Sharma of Filmfare also gave three and a half stars out of five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0032-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Critical response, India\nM. Suganth of The Times of India gave it three stars out of five; he stated that there is a sense of \"just going through the motions in the first half,\" but found that the action sequences and chemistry between the leads helped keep the film enjoyable for most of its run-time. Writing for Film Companion, Anupama Chopra also gave the film three stars out of five: \"2.0 is visually overpowering \u2013 the VFX are mostly first-rate \u2013 but the screenplay doesn't offer the seamless mix of romance, drama and comedy [as the predecessor]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0033-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Critical response, India\nJanani K, film critic for India Today, gave 2.0 three stars out of five and appreciated the film's theme, but felt it could be better presented, writing, \"Though it is a much-need [sic] message, it could have been explained in an intriguing manner rather than the pedantic treatment it gets\". Rajeev Masand also gave it three stars out of five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0033-0001", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Critical response, India\nShubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film two stars out of five, describing it as \"dull as ditchwater in the first half, perking up a little in the second, with a half-way watchable Akshay Kumar, and a Rajinikanth coming into his own right towards the end, for a bit\". Pragati Saxena of National Herald concurred with Gupta and criticised the pace and dullness of the film. Writing for CNN-News18, Rohit Vats also rated two stars out of five and criticised the writing, opining, \"[Shankar's] characters haven't evolved the way the world around them has\". Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV also gave two stars out of five and said, \"Bunkum is bunkum no matter how big the bucks behind it are\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160950-0034-0000", "contents": "2.0 (film), Reception, Critical response, Overseas\nSimon Abrahams of RogerEbert.com gave the film three and a half stars out of four and stated, \"Against all reason\u2013against all common sense\u20132.0 works, and in a big, big way\". Shilpa Jamkhandikar of Reuters wrote, \"This film certainly has the look and feel of a big-ticket Hollywood production, and that alone is worth the price of the ticket\". Kumar Shyam of The National gave it three and a half stars out of five and wrote, \"2.0 is a very clever spectacle not to be missed for its sheer audacity and scale\". Rafael Motamayor of Polygon wrote, \"2.0's biggest draw is its impressive use of visual effects, and the film doesn't waste a moment to showcase its budget\". He felt \"[t]he effects [were] detailed enough to stand against a $200 million-dollar American blockbuster\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0000-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack)\n2.0 is the soundtrack album and score for the 2018 Indian Tamil science fiction action film of the same name. A. R. Rahman composed the feature film soundtrack and background score. The lyrics for the songs has been penned by Madhan Karky, Na. Muthukumar in Tamil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0001-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack)\nRahman was chosen to compose the songs, during the post-production works of the film in December 2015. The recording process for the songs and original score, took place for nearly four years. The soundtrack album was launched at a promotional event held on 27 October 2017, at Burj Al Arab, Dubai, where the film's cast and crew and other celebrities attended the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0001-0001", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack)\nTwo songs from the movie was released in Tamil, and also the dubbed versions in Telugu and Hindi, on the same day and A bonus track was released on 6 November 2018, in Tamil as well as the dubbed versions in Telugu and Hindi. The album received generally positive reviews from critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0002-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Development\nIn 2015, during pre-production phase of the film, it was announced that A. R. Rahman would be composing the soundtrack and original score of 2.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0003-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Development\nIn an interview with Archana Chandhok on Zee Tamil, Rajinikanth revealed that director Shankar wanted to make 2.0 without any songs. Plans for recording a title track and a background song failed. The track \"Enthira Logathu Sundariye\" made its way after taking into account that the screenplay of the film was entirely subject-oriented and moves at a frenetic pace. Keeping audiences in consideration, a \"breather\" form of a song was recorded. However, Rahman was still not convinced and felt that an album should have a minimum of four songs to provide listeners with a wholesome experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0004-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Development\nIn an interview with Press Trust of India, Rahman stated that 2.0 was a tough film to score. Recording of \"Endhira Logathu Sundariye\" was completed by early August 2017. The song, reported as a romantic number with dance included, was shot indoors in a 12-day schedule in August 2017. Recording of the Hindi version (\"Mechanical Sundariye\") of the track was completed on 29 October 2017. The Hindi version of \"Pullinangal\" titled \"Nanhi Si Jaan\" was recorded in June 2018. About this, Rahman stated that he initially wanted to release more background themes rather than songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0005-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Overview\nMadhan Karky's lyrics in the duet Endhira Logathu Sundariye speak of a romance between a male and a female robot. \"En uyire uyire batteriye, enai nee piriyaadhae\" (My life, my life battery, do not leave me) or \"Hey minsara samsarame\" (My electronic wife) are in line with 2.0's storyline. Armaan Malik and Shashaa Tirupati have sung the Hindi version, while Sid Sriram and the latter have sung the Tamil and Telugu versions. The composition is not forgettable, but the trap music arrangement and the techno bleeps and bloops do come in way of the melody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0005-0001", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Overview\nThere are subtle differences, lyrically, between the Tamil and the Hindi versions, that reveal how the makers perceive audiences in the South and the Hindi belt. If Endhira Logathu Sundariye has Sriram singing \"Un bus-in conductor naan\" (I am your bus conductor), in Mechanical Sundariye, written by Abbas Tyrewala, Malik sings \"Hoon super conductor main\" (I am a super conductor) \u2013 the idea being that Tamil audiences will appreciate the reference to Rajinikanth's early days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0006-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Overview\nRaajali is an anthem-like number that celebrates the triumph of good over evil, a typical sentiment in Rajinikanth movies. The song begins with a reference to science fiction author Issac Asimov (\"Isaac Asimov peran daa\" \u2013 grandson of Issac Asimov) but it is merely casual name dropping, nothing clever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0007-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Overview\nThe best composition is Pullinangal, a sweet and sublime song that is an ode to birds. It is a theme song for the bird-loving villain, with the sweetness of the tune designed to draw him sympathy. Free from the mandate of having to be a theatre-shattering Rajinikanth song, the melodious Pullinangal's arrangement and mixing is low-key with strings, a simple synthetic beat, some piano and recordings of bird sounds. Na Muthukumar penned beautiful lyrics, in his very own trademark style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0008-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Overview\nThough it is a love song that is ultimately not for a person, the singers (AR Ameen and Suzanne D\u2019Mello sing all three versions, accompanied by Bamba Bakya in Tamil, Kailash Kher in Hindi, and fellow composer MM Keeravani in Telugu) sing their heart out, bringing an emotional weight missing from the other two tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0009-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Release\nA promotional music event for the film was held at Burj Al Arab, Dubai on 27 October 2017, with Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar, Amy Jackson, composer A. R. Rahman, director Shankar, producer Subaskaran and the film's entire technical crew, along with Dhanush, Aishwarya R. Dhanush, Kamal Hassan and other celebrities attended the event. The event was hosted together by RJ Balaji, Rana Daggubati and Karan Johar. The album features two songs \"Endhira Logathu Sundhariye\" and \"Rajaali\". Both these tracks were released on digital music platforms the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0009-0001", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Release\nA. R. Rahman and his music team performed these two songs and an additional track \"Pullinangal\" at the event. A symphony of an estimated 125 musicians was present to perform live. The audio launch event was telecasted on 19 November 2017 on Zee Tamil, and also telecasted once again on 2 December 2017 on News18 Tamil Nadu. The track \"Pullinangal\" was released as a part of the soundtrack album on 6 November 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0010-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Reception\nBehindwoods has gave 3.25/5 rating to the album & wrote A.R.Rahman churns out yet another powerful album that seems to be binding with the story whilst adding to its 2.0's grandeur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0011-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Reception\nSrinivasa Ramanujam, from The Hindu, reviewed the soundtrack album, stating that \"The focus of Rahman's work in these two released songs for the Shankar-Rajinikanth film clearly seems to be on providing a futuristic soundscape rather than concentrating on tune \u2013 perhaps aligning with the sci-fi elements in the script.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0012-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Reception\nM Suganth, from The Times of India, reviewed the album, summarising it \"As with Endhiran, Rahman has come up with songs that are global in sounding, but still distinctly local with 2.0.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0013-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Reception\nA reviewer from Firstpost reviewed the song \"Endhira Logathu Sundhariye\", stating that \"Shashaa Tirupati kickstarts the song on a mysterious note and in trademark Robot style. Then, we are transported into lots of techno, groovy beats and some subtle melody as well. And suddenly, it strikes you. What stands out in the midst of this typical AR Rahman-Rajini track is Sid Sriram's vocals. The singer is a breath of fresh air in this album which otherwise has nothing we have not already heard of, and also reviewing \"Raajali\" as \"the track that uplifts the soul of the movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0013-0001", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Reception\nIt is evident, through the pace of the track, that it is tailor-made for Rajini's role. One can typically imagine the superstar in a larger than life setup with this one. We must say, Rajali' might just be the 'Irumbile Oru Idhaiyam' (Enthiran) of 2.0. Sid Sriram, who is the new Arijit Singh of the South industry, is definitely the highlight of this album yet again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0013-0002", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Reception\nThe singer who otherwise was known for his addictive melodies like \"Yennai Matrum Kadhale\" and the latest hit \"Maruvaarthai\" has proved that he can be the voice behind such peppy and high techno songs too\". Finally the reviewer gave a verdict, stating that \"The 2.0 songs released so far are a feast for Rajini's audience. The tracks are tailor-made for a plot like 2.0's. But we sure have heard better from Rahman. And yet, the \"Neruppu Da\" feels from Rajini's last outing Kabali, is yet to be witnessed in this jukebox\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0014-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Background score\nRecording of the original score began in London and Rahman's Los Angeles studios in 2016. Unlike previous projects, Rahman began finalising the original background score six months back prior to release because he felt that the scenes were very heavy and it needed a lot of work. The official film score consists of fifteen tracks with nearly a duration of nearly forty minutes. The film score was marketed and released on 29 June 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0015-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Album credits, Performer(s)\nA. R. Rahman, Sid Sriram, Shashaa Tirupati, Blaaze, Arjun Chandy, Bamba Bakya, A. R. Ameen, Suzanne D'Mello, Nivas, M. M. Keeravani, Armaan Malik, Kailash Kher", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0016-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Album credits, Backing vocals\nDeepthi Suresh, Veena Murali, Sowmya, Deepak Blue, Aravind Srinivas, Maalavika Sundar, Santhosh Hariharan, Niranjana Ramanan, Narayanan, Srinivas, Suryansh, Lavita Lobo, Aishwarya Kumar, Nakul Abhyankar, Shravan Sridhar, Srinivasan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0017-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Album credits, Additional vocals\nArjun Chandy, Shenbagaraj, Nivas, Soundarya, Narayanan, Deepak Blue, Akshara, Madhura Dhara Talluri, Nakul Abhayankar, Shashwat Singh", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160951-0018-0000", "contents": "2.0 (soundtrack), Album credits, Personnel\nTR Krishna Chetan, Kumaran Sivamani, Ishaan Chhabra, Santosh Dhayanidhi, Pawan CH, Hari Dafusia, AH Kaashif, Jerry Vincent, Jim Sathya", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0000-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)\n2.01 (GRAU index serial number 11F35 3K) is the designation of the third Buran-class orbiter to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme. Its construction was not complete when the Buran programme was cancelled (30\u201350 percent done), so it remains unfinished. It was never officially named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0001-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), Differences from Buran and Ptichka\nThe 2.01 is the first of a second series of Buran-class orbiters. Design has been improved using feedback from the earlier models of Buran-class shuttles, such as the flight of Buran and the construction of Ptichka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0002-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), Differences from Buran and Ptichka\nAfter the Challenger disaster it was decided to limit the crew capacity of the second series of orbiters to four crew-members with ejection seats regularly mounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0003-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), Differences from Buran and Ptichka\nSince none of second series orbiters were completed, only changes in thermal protection system and OMS thrusters arrangement can be visible on 2.01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0004-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), History, Projected flights\nIt was projected in 1989 that orbiter 2.01 would have its first manned space test flight, 3K1, in 1994, with a duration of twenty-four hours. The craft would have been equipped with a life support system and two ejection seats. Crew would have consisted of two cosmonauts \u2014 Igor Volk (commander) and Aleksandr Ivanchenko (flight engineer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0005-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), History, Projected flights\nIn 1991, construction of the orbiter was suspended, and in 1993, the Buran program was completely cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0006-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), History, Post-retirement\nAfter residing at the Tushino factory where it was constructed, it was incorrectly announced in 2006 that orbiter 2.01 would be put on display in the Technik Museum Speyer, Germany. However, the German Museum had actually bought OK-GLI, the jet-powered Buran atmospheric test vehicle, which appeared on display in its own new hangar from September 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0007-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), History, Post-retirement\nSince 2004 the orbiter 2.01 had been left under open sky on a car park in Moscow, near Khimki Reservoir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0008-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), History, Post-retirement\nOn 22 June 2011, during the day the orbiter was put on a barge to be moved to the MAKS 2011 international air show, which took place from 16 to 21 August in Zhukovsky (Moscow region). In the night of 22\u201323 June, it was seen on the Moskva River. The orbiter was exposed at the show with one side restored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0009-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), History, Post-retirement\nIn 2012, it was seen during the Russian Air Force 100th Anniversary Airshow in Zhukovsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0010-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), History, Post-retirement\nIt was expected that it would be restored in Zhukovsky and shown at the MAKS 2013 exhibition, but it never appeared at the exhibition. As of November 2013, it remained at the Zhukovsky International Airport ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160952-0011-0000", "contents": "2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft), History, Post-retirement\nIn July 2017, heat-tiles from orbiter 2.01 were listed online, leading some to believe that the orbiter had been scrapped or otherwise disassembled. However, satellite imagery of Zhukovsky Airport taken in 2019 indicates that 2.01 still resides at the airfield, albeit now in a different location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160953-0000-0000", "contents": "2.02 (Buran-class spacecraft)\n2.02 (GRAU index serial number 11F35 4K) is the designation of the fourth built Soviet/Russian Buran-class orbiter to be produced as part of the Buran programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160953-0001-0000", "contents": "2.02 (Buran-class spacecraft), History\nConstruction of 2.02 is believed to begin in 1988. The spacecraft belong to the second series orbiters, whose design has been improved considering experience of flight of K1 Buran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160953-0002-0000", "contents": "2.02 (Buran-class spacecraft), History\nBy 1993, when the Buran program was cancelled, orbiter 2.02 was in an early stage of construction (10-20 percent). Only forward fuselage with crew cabin was completed. The incomplete 2.02 was later partially dismantled at its construction site and moved to the outside of the Tushino Machine Building Plant, near Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160953-0003-0000", "contents": "2.02 (Buran-class spacecraft), History\nRight wing with landing gear produced for this orbiter was used to complete 0.01 test article, now on display at VDNKh", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160953-0004-0000", "contents": "2.02 (Buran-class spacecraft), History\nSome of the tiles from orbiter 2.02 were sold and auctioned on the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160954-0000-0000", "contents": "2.03 (Buran-class spacecraft)\n2.03 (GRAU index serial number 11F35 5K) is the designation of the fifth Soviet/Russian Buran-class orbiter to be produced as part of the Buran programme. It was never officially named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160954-0001-0000", "contents": "2.03 (Buran-class spacecraft)\n2.03 was a second series shuttle orbiter, as shown by the '2' in its number. Construction of 2.03 was barely underway when the entire Buran programme was halted in 1993, and as what parts of it had been built were dismantled shortly afterwards. Nothing remained of it by 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160955-0000-0000", "contents": "2.13.61\n2.13.61, Inc. is a publisher and record company founded by musician Henry Rollins and named after his date of birth (February 13, 1961). The company has released albums by the Rollins Band, all of Rollins' spoken word work, and numerous books. It is based in Los Angeles, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160955-0001-0000", "contents": "2.13.61\nIn his mass-market anthology The Portable Henry Rollins, Rollins stated that he had given 2.13.61 its name because someone had told him that his first self-released book, 20 (1984), had to have a company name on it, and since he felt at the time that he would only ever get to release one book, he simply used his birthdate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160955-0002-0000", "contents": "2.13.61\n2.13.61 branched out into releasing records not long after Rollins started a solo career following the breakup of Black Flag, initially just releasing Rollins' spoken-word albums. The first two 2.13.61 releases, Big Ugly Mouth and Sweatbox, were first co-released with the label Rollins was signed with at the time as a musician, Texas Hotel Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160955-0002-0001", "contents": "2.13.61\nSince then, the label has branched out into various rock and jazz releases and even spawned two specialist reissue sublabels, Infinite Zero Archive (a joint venture with Rick Rubin's American Recordings), and District Line, which specializes in reissuing the music of Rollins' hometown of Washington, D.C. It is also used as the name of Rollins' Blazin' (finishing move) in the video game Def Jam: Fight for NY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160955-0003-0000", "contents": "2.13.61\nThe literary company's authors include: Henry Rollins (Publisher, Black Flag), Iggy Pop (The Stooges), Exene Cervenka (X, Auntie Christ, The Knitters), Nick Cave (Birthday Party, Bad Seeds, Grinderman), Michael Gira (Swans), Joe Cole, Tricia Warden, Don Bajema, Bill Shields, Jeffery Lee Pierce (The Gun Club), and Ellyn Maybe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160956-0000-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Cryptand\n[ 2.2.2]Cryptand is the organic compound with the formula N(CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2)3N. This bicyclic molecule is the most studied member of the cryptand family of chelating agents. It is a white solid. Many analogous compounds are known. Their high affinity for alkali metal cations illustrates the advantages of \"preorganization\", a concept within the area of supramolecular chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160956-0001-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Cryptand\nFor the design and synthesis of [2.2.2]cryptand, Jean-Marie Lehn shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The compound was originally prepared starting with the diacylation of the diamine-diether:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160956-0002-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Cryptand\nThe resulting macrocyclic diamide is reduced by lithium aluminium hydride. The resulting macrocyclic diamine tetraether reacts with a second equivalent of [CH2OCH2COCl]2 to produce the macrobicyclic diamide. This di(tertiary)amide is reduced to the diamine by diborane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160956-0003-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Cryptand\n[ 2.2.2]Cryptand binds K+ as an octadentate N2O6 ligand. The resulting cation K([2.2.2]cryptand)+ is lipophilic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160957-0000-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Propellane\n[ 2.2.2]Propellane, formally tricyclo[2.2.2.01,4]octane is an organic compound, a member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula C8H12, or C2(C2H4)3. Its molecule has three rings with four carbon atoms each, sharing one C\u2013C bond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160957-0001-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Propellane\nThis compound is unstable (although not as much as [1.1.1]propellane; however it is less persistent than [1.1.1]propellane). The bond angles on the shared carbons are considerably strained: three of them are close to 90\u00b0, the other three to 120\u00b0. The strain energy is estimated to be 93\u00a0kcal/mol (390\u00a0kJ/mol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160957-0002-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Propellane, Synthesis\n[ 2.2.2]Propellane was first synthesized in 1973 by the group of Philip Eaton (who had earlier obtained cubane), according to the following scheme:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160957-0003-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Propellane, Synthesis\nThe synthesis begins with photochemical [2+2]cycloaddition of ethylene on the cyclohexene derivative 1 to produce the bicyclic compound 2, followed by elimination reaction with potassium t-butoxide of acetic acid to cyclobutene 3, followed by another cycloaddition with ethylene to 4. This compound is converted to the diazo ketone 5 by deprotonation (using acetic acid and sodium methoxide) and reaction with tosyl azide. The ketone then undergoes Wolff rearrangement to ketene 6. Ozonolysis forms the ketone 7, another  diazotation yields the diazo ketone 8, which undergoes Wolff rearrangement again to the ketene 9. Reaction with dimethylamine affords the [2.2.2]propellane backbone with a dimethylamide substituent 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160957-0004-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Propellane, Synthesis\nThe final product 10 was found to spontaneously isomerize in solution to the monocyclic amide 11, with a half-life of 28 minutes at room temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160957-0005-0000", "contents": "2.2.2-Propellane, Derivatives\nA highly fluorinated [2.2.0]propellane was also synthesized by the group of David Lemal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160958-0000-0000", "contents": "2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket\nThe 2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket, or SCAR, was an American unguided rocket developed by the United States Navy during World War II and used for sub-caliber rocket training. Capable of simulating the aerial rockets then coming into operational service, the SCAR was used to train pilots in the use of the new type of weapon, and continued in service throughout the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160958-0001-0000", "contents": "2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket, Development\nWith the introduction of the 3.5-Inch and 5-Inch Forward Firing Aircraft Rockets, a need arose to train aircraft pilots in the proper tactics for the use of the new weapons. This requirement resulted in the development of a dedicated training rocket by the U.S. Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160958-0002-0000", "contents": "2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket, Development\nDesignated 2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket, the resulting rocket was a joint project between the Bureau of Ordnance and the National Defense Research Committee. As its name implied, the rocket was designed as a sub-calibre weapon compared to the FFAR, being only 2.25 inches (57\u00a0mm) in diameter, but weighted to be ballistically similar to the larger operational weapons. Varying the amount of propellant in the SCAR's motor could produce accurate simulations of either type of FFAR's flight characteristics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160958-0003-0000", "contents": "2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket, Operational history\nFollowing development, SCAR entered full-scale production in January 1945; by July, fully half of the U.S. Navy's rocket production for aircraft use consisted of SCAR rockets. SCAR was widely used during the latter part of World War II as a training round for the FFAR and, later, the High Velocity Aircraft Rocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160958-0004-0000", "contents": "2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket, Operational history\nFollowing the end of the war, it remained in production, continuing in operational service throughout the 1950s. Budget cutbacks prior to the outbreak of the Korean War meant that the SCAR was the only rocket used in training by the majority of pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160958-0005-0000", "contents": "2.25-Inch Sub-Caliber Aircraft Rocket, Operational history\nDespite its small size, SCAR could be hazardous; in 1957, an injury aboard the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0Kearsarge was caused by the unintended ignition of a SCAR rocket. As recently as 2004, expended SCAR rockets were still occasionally being found in areas that had been used as bombing ranges during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0000-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use\nThere are several uses of the 2.4\u00a0GHz band. Interference may occur between devices operating at 2.4\u00a0GHz. This article details the different users of the 2.4\u00a0GHz band, how they cause interference to other users and how they are prone to interference from other users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0001-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Phone\nMany of the cordless telephones and baby monitors in the United States and Canada use the 2.4\u00a0GHz frequency, the same frequency at which Wi-Fi standards 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n operate. This can cause a significant decrease in speed, or sometimes the total blocking of the Wi-Fi signal when a conversation on the phone takes place. There are several ways to avoid this however, some simple, and some more complicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0002-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Phone\nThe last will sometimes not be successful, as numerous cordless phones use a feature called Digital Spread Spectrum. This technology was designed to ward off eavesdroppers, but the phone will change channels at random, leaving no Wi-Fi channel safe from phone interference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0003-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Bluetooth\nBluetooth devices intended for use in short-range personal area networks operate from 2.4 to 2.4835\u00a0GHz. To reduce interference with other protocols that use the 2.45\u00a0GHz band, the Bluetooth protocol divides the band into 80 channels (numbered from 0 to 79, each 1\u00a0MHz wide) and changes channels up to 1600 times per second. Newer Bluetooth versions also feature Adaptive Frequency Hopping which attempts to detect existing signals in the ISM band, such as Wi-Fi channels, and avoid them by negotiating a channel map between the communicating Bluetooth devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0004-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Bluetooth\nThe USB 3.0 computer cable standard has been proven to generate significant amounts of electromagnetic interference that can interfere with any Bluetooth devices a user has connected to the same computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0005-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nWi-Fi (/\u02c8wa\u026afa\u026a/) is technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi\u2011Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0006-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nDevices that can use Wi-Fi technologies include desktops and laptops, video game consoles, smartphones and tablets, smart TVs, digital audio players, cars and modern printers. Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN and a wireless access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0007-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nDifferent versions of Wi-Fi exist, with different ranges, radio bands and speeds. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz (12\u00a0cm) UHF and 5.8 gigahertz (5\u00a0cm) SHF ISM radio bands; these bands are subdivided into multiple channels. Each channel can be time-shared by multiple networks. These wavelengths work best for line-of-sight. Many common materials absorb or reflect them, which further restricts range, but can tend to help minimise interference between different networks in crowded environments. At close range, some versions of Wi-Fi, running on suitable hardware, can achieve speeds of over 1\u00a0Gbit/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0008-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nAnyone within range with a wireless network interface controller can attempt to access a network; because of this, Wi-Fi is more vulnerable to attack (called eavesdropping) than wired networks. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a family of technologies created to protect information moving across Wi-Fi networks and includes solutions for personal and enterprise networks. Security features of WPA have included stronger protections and new security practices as the security landscape has changed over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0009-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nTo guarantee no interference in any circumstances the Wi-Fi protocol requires 16.25 to 22\u00a0MHz of channel separation (as shown below). The remaining 2\u00a0MHz gap is used as a guard band to allow sufficient attenuation along the edge channels. This guardband is mainly used to accommodate older routers with modem chipsets prone to full channel occupancy, as most modern WiFi modems are not prone to excessive channel occupancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0010-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nWhile overlapping frequencies can be configured and will usually work, it can cause interference resulting in slowdowns, sometimes severe, particularly in heavy use. Certain subsets of frequencies can be used simultaneously at any one location without interference (see diagrams for typical allocations):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0011-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nMost countries Graphical representation of Wireless LAN channels in 2.4\u00a0GHz band. Note \"channel 3\" in the 40\u00a0MHz diagram above is often labelled with the 20\u00a0MHz channel numbers \"1+5\" or \"1\" with \"+ Upper\" or \"5\" with \"+ Lower\" in router interfaces, and \"11\" as \"9+13\" or \"9\" with \"+ Upper\" or \"13\" with \"+ Lower\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0012-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nNorth America Graphical representation of Wireless LAN channels in 2.4\u00a0GHz band. Note \"channel 3\" in the 40\u00a0MHz diagram above is often labelled with the 20\u00a0MHz channel numbers \"1+5\" or \"1\" with \"+ Upper\" or \"5\" with \"+ Lower\" in router interfaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0013-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nHowever, the exact spacing required when the transmitters are not colocated depends on the protocol, the data rate selected, the distances and the electromagnetic environment where the equipment is used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0014-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nThe attenuation by relative channel adds to that due to distance and the effects of obstacles. Per the standards, for transmitters on the same channel, transmitters must take turns to transmit if they can detect each other 3\u00a0dB above the noise floor (the thermal noise floor is around -101\u00a0dBm for 20\u00a0MHz channels). On the other hand, transmitters will ignore transmitters on other channels if the attenuated signal strength from them is below a threshold Pth which, for non Wi-Fi 6 systems, is between -76 and -80\u00a0dBm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0015-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nWhile there can be interference (bit errors) at a receiver, this is usually small if the received signal is more than 20\u00a0dB above the attenuated signal strength from transmitters on the other channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0016-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Wi-Fi\nThe overall effect is that if there is considerable overlap between adjacent channels transmitters they will often interfere with each other. However, using every fourth or fifth channel by leaving three or four channels clear between used channels can cause less interference than sharing channels, and narrower spacing still can be used at further distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0017-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Data Networks\nMany ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless data networks operate in the 2.4\u20132.4835\u00a0GHz band, and so are subject to interference from other devices operating in that same band. To avoid interference from IEEE 802.11 networks, an IEEE 802.15.4 network can be configured to only use channels 15, 20, 25, and 26, avoiding frequencies used by the commonly used IEEE 802.11 channels 1, 6, and 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0018-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, RF peripherals\nSome wireless peripherals like keyboards and mice use the 2.4\u00a0GHz band with a proprietary protocol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0019-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Microwave oven\nMicrowave ovens operate by emitting a very high power signal in the 2.4\u00a0GHz band. Older devices have poor shielding, and often emit a very \"dirty\" signal over the entire 2.4\u00a0GHz band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0020-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Microwave oven\nThis can cause considerable difficulties to Wi-Fi and video  transmission, resulting in reduced range or complete blocking of the signal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0021-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Microwave oven\nThe IEEE 802.11 committee that developed the Wi-Fi specification conducted an extensive investigation into the interference potential of microwave ovens. A typical microwave oven uses a self-oscillating vacuum power tube called a magnetron and a high voltage power supply with a half wave rectifier (often with voltage doubling) and no DC filtering. This produces an RF pulse train with a duty cycle below 50% as the tube is completely off for half of every AC mains cycle: 8.33\u00a0ms in 60\u00a0Hz countries and 10\u00a0ms in 50\u00a0Hz countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0022-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Microwave oven\nThis property gave rise to a Wi-Fi \"microwave oven interference robustness\" mode that segments larger data frames into fragments each small enough to fit into the oven's \"off\" periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0023-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Microwave oven\nThe 802.11 committee also found that although the instantaneous frequency of a microwave oven magnetron varies widely over each half AC cycle with the instantaneous supply voltage, at any instant it is relatively coherent, i.e., it occupies only a narrow bandwidth. The 802.11a/g signal is inherently robust against such interference because it uses OFDM with error correction information interleaved across the carriers; as long as only a few carriers are wiped out by strong narrow band interference, the information in them can be regenerated by the error correcting code from the carriers that do get through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0024-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Baby monitors\nSome Baby monitors use the 2.4\u00a0GHz band. Some transmit only audio but others also provide video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0025-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Audio Devices, Wireless Microphones\nWireless Microphones operate as transmitters. Some digital wireless microphones use the 2.4\u00a0GHz band (e.g. AKG model DPT 70).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 81], "content_span": [82, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0026-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Audio Devices, Wireless Speakers\nWireless Speakers operate as receivers. The transmitter is a preamplifier that may be integrated in another device. Some wireless speakers use the 2.4\u00a0GHz band, with a proprietary protocol. They may be subject to dropouts caused by interference from other devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0027-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices\nVideo senders typically operate using an FM carrier to carry a video signal from one room to another (for example, satellite TV or closed-circuit television). These devices typically operate continuously but have low (10\u00a0mW) transmit power. However, some devices, especially wireless cameras, operate with (often unauthorized) high power levels, and have high-gain antennas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0028-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices\nAmateur Radio operators can transmit two-way Amateur television (and voice) in the 2.4\u00a0GHz band\u2014and all ISM frequencies above 902\u00a0MHz\u2014with maximum power of 1500\u00a0watts in the US if the transmission mode does not include spread spectrum techniques. Other power levels apply per regions. In the UK, the maximum power level for a full licence is 400\u00a0watts. In other countries, maximum power level for non-spread-spectrum emissions are set by local legislation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0029-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices\nAlthough the transmitter of some video cameras appears to be fixed on one frequency, it has been found in several models that the cameras are actually frequency agile, and can have their frequency changed by disassembling the product and moving solder links or dip switches inside the camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0030-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices\nThese devices are prone to interference from other 2.4\u00a0GHz devices, due to the nature of an analog video signal showing up interference very easily. A carrier to noise ratio of some 20\u00a0dB is required to give a \"clean\" picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0031-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices\nContinuous transmissions interfere with these, causing \"patterning\" on the picture, sometimes a dark or light shift, or complete blocking of the signal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0032-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices\nNon -continuous transmissions, such as Wi-Fi, cause horizontal noise bars to appear on the screen, and can cause \"popping\" or \"clicking\" to be heard in the audio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0033-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices, Wi-Fi networks\nVideo senders are a big problem for Wi-Fi networks. Unlike Wi-Fi they operate continuously, and are typically only 10\u00a0MHz in bandwidth. This causes a very intense signal as viewed on a spectrum analyser, and completely obliterates over half a channel. The result of this, typically in a Wireless Internet service provider-type environment, is that clients (who cannot hear the video sender due to the \"hidden node\" effect) can hear the Wi-Fi without any issues, but the receiver on the WISP's access point is completely obliterated by the video sender, so is extremely deaf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0033-0001", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices, Wi-Fi networks\nFurthermore, due to the nature of video senders, they are not interfered with by Wi-Fi easily, since the receiver and transmitter are typically located very close together, so the capture effect is very high. Wi-Fi also has a very wide spectrum, so only typically 30% of the peak power of the Wi-Fi actually affects the video sender. Wi-Fi is not continuous transmit, so the Wi-Fi signal interferes only intermittently with the video sender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0033-0002", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices, Wi-Fi networks\nA combination of these factors - low power output of the Wi-Fi compared to the video sender, the fact that typically the video sender is far closer to the receiver than the Wi-Fi transmitter and the FM capture effect means that a video sender may cause problems to Wi-Fi over a wide area, but the Wi-Fi unit causes few problems to the video sender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0034-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Audio-visual (AV) Devices, Video devices, EIRP\nMany video senders on the market in the UK advertise a 100\u00a0mW equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP). However, the UK market only permits a 10\u00a0mW EIRP limit. These devices cause far more interference across a far wider area, due to their excessive power. Furthermore, UK video senders are required to operate across a 20\u00a0MHz bandwidth (not to be confused with 20\u00a0MHz deviation). This means that some foreign imported video senders are not legal since they operate on a 15\u00a0MHz bandwidth or lower, which causes a higher spectral power density, increasing the interference. Furthermore, most other countries permit 100\u00a0mW EIRP for video senders, meaning a lot of video senders in the UK have excessive power outputs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0035-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Radio Control, Toys\nMany radio controlled drones, model aircraft, model boats and toys use the 2.4\u00a0GHz band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0036-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Car alarm\nCertain car manufacturers use the 2.4\u00a0GHz frequency for their car alarm internal movement sensors. These devices transmit on 2.45\u00a0GHz (between channels 8 and 9) at a strength of 500\u00a0mW. Because of channel overlap, this will cause problems for channels 6 and 11, which are commonly used default channels for Wi-Fi connections. Because the signal is transmitted as a continuous tone, it causes particular problems for Wi-Fi traffic. This can be clearly seen with spectrum analysers. These devices, due to their short range and high power, are typically not susceptible to interference from other devices on the 2.4\u00a0GHz band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0037-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Power, Wireless Power\nSome new truly wireless power transmission uses the 2.4\u00a0GHz band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0038-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference\nNormally interference is not too hard to find. Products are coming onto the market cheaply which act as spectrum analyzers and use a standard USB interface into a laptop, meaning that the interference source can be fairly easily found with a little work, a directional antenna and driving around to find the interference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0039-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Use wires\nIt is better to use Ethernet or maybe PLC when Wi-Fi can be avoided (but beware of power surges, they may happen through any conductive cable).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0040-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Band change\nA general strategy for Wi-Fi is to only use the 5\u00a0GHz and 6\u00a0GHz bands for devices that also support it and to switch off the 2.4\u00a0GHz radios in the access points when this band is not needed anymore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0041-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Channel change\nOften solving interference is as simple as changing the channel of the offending device. Particularly with video senders, whereby plugging in the receiver with no transmitter attached will let you \"see\" the neighbour's video sender, this technique is considered part of the \"Installation process\". Where the channel of one system, such as a Wireless ISP cannot be changed, and it is being Interfered with by something such as a video sender, the owner of the video sender is normally very happy to assist with doing this, providing it is not too much work. However the problem comes when the interference is something such as a wireless CCTV camera which is mounted on a chimney and requires a long ladder to access. Such cameras, due to their height, cause serious problems across a wide area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0042-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Alternative product\nAnother cure is to offer an alternative product to the owner free of charge. Typically this would be a wired camera, which normally have far better performance than wireless cameras anyway, a cable to replace the video sender, or an alternative video sender which has been hard-wired to an alternative channel, with no means of changing it back to the offending frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0043-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Alternative product\nYet another cure is to move from 2.4\u00a0GHz to another frequency which lacks the vulnerability to interference inherent at that frequency, for example the 5\u00a0GHz frequency for 802.11a/n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0044-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Alternative product\nIf a device using a proprietary protocol is causing or suffering interference, replacing it with another one using a different communication scheme (proprietary or standard) might solve the problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0045-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Parameter change\nIn extreme cases, where the interference is either deliberate or all attempts to get rid of the offending device have proved futile, it may be possible to look at changing the parameters of the network. Changing collinear antennas for high gain directional dishes normally works very well, since the narrow beam from a high gain dish will not physically \"see\" the interference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0045-0001", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Parameter change\nOften sector antennae have sharp \"nulls\" in their vertical pattern, so changing the tilt angle of sector antennas with a spectrum analyzer connected to monitor the strength of the interference can place the offending device within the null of the sector. High gain antennas on the transmitter end can \"overpower\" the interference, although their use may cause the effective radiated power (ERP) of the signal to become too high, and so their use may not be legal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0046-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Adding base stations\nInterference caused by a Wi-Fi network to its neighbors can be reduced by adding more base stations to that network. Every Wi-Fi standard provides for automatic adjustment of the data rate to channel conditions; poor links (usually those spanning greater distances) automatically operate at lower speeds. Deploying additional base stations around the coverage area of a network, particularly in existing areas of poor or no coverage, reduces the average distance between a wireless device and its nearest access point and increases the average speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0046-0001", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Adding base stations\nThe same amount of data takes less time to send, reduces channel occupancy, and gives more idle time to neighboring networks, improving the performance of all networks concerned. However, there is a maximum number of base stations that can be added, after which they disrupt the network more than that they help: any additional capacity is then sapped by control traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0047-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Adding base stations\nThe alternative of increasing coverage by adding an RF power amplifier to a single base station can bring similar improvements to a wireless network. The additional power offered by a linear amplifier will increase the signal-to-noise ratio at the client device, increasing the data rates used and reducing time spent transmitting data. The improved link quality will also reduce the number of retransmissions due to packet loss, further reducing channel occupancy. However, care must be taken to use a highly linear amplifier in order to avoid adding excessive noise to the signal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160959-0048-0000", "contents": "2.4 GHz radio use, Resolving interference, Adding base stations\nAll of the base stations in a wireless network should be set to the same SSID (which must be unique to all other networks within range) and plugged into the same logical Ethernet segment (one or more hubs or switches directly connected without IP routers). Wireless clients then automatically select the strongest access point from all those with the specified SSID, handing off from one to another as their relative signal strengths change. On many hardware and software implementations, this hand off can result in a short disruption in data transmission while the client and the new base station establish a connection. This potential disruption should be factored in when designing a network for low-latency services such as VoIP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160960-0000-0000", "contents": "2.4 Metre\nThe International 2.4mR is a one-person keelboat. The class is a development class governed by the 2.4mR rule. The rule is controlled by World Sailing (ISAF) since it is one of few classes designated as an International class. The class rule is closely related to the 12mR rule that was used in the America's Cup and the shape often resembles the larger sister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160960-0001-0000", "contents": "2.4 Metre\nWhile there is a small but active group of amateur designer/builders around the world, around 90% of boats are the commercially produced Norlin Mark III designed by yacht designer Peter Norlin of Sweden. Recently, new designs have come into production, such as the Stradivari III and the Proton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160960-0002-0000", "contents": "2.4 Metre\nThe boat is primarily used for racing and the class holds highly competitive national events in many countries. World and European championships (only when the World Championship is not in Europe) are attracting around 100 boats every year. In some countries, it features mainly as a class for sailors with a disability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160960-0003-0000", "contents": "2.4 Metre\nThe 2.4mR is ideal for adapted sailing since the sailor does not move in the boat, and everything is adjustable from right in front of the sailor. Both hand-steering and foot-steering are possible. The boat's ability in integrated sailing has been proven on the result lists of several World Championships. In 2002 and 2005 there were handicapped World Champions. The boat is sailed without a spinnaker, but with a whisker-pole for the jib.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160960-0004-0000", "contents": "2.4 Metre, History\nAfter the 1980 America's Cup, people in the Newport, RI area started sailing boats called Mini-12s named for the 12-Metre yachts used in the America's Cup. As the class developed, word of it spread to Sweden, home of yacht designer Peter Norlin. Norlin tweaked the design, and along with other naval architects, he created the 2.4-meter yacht class. Although the 2.4mR is a construction class, Peter Norlin is in practice the totally dominating designer, and the class is therefore often mistaken as a one-design class. In addition to all the sailing aspects of the boat, Norlin has worked the design to incorporate features for the physically disabled to use the boat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160960-0005-0000", "contents": "2.4 Metre, One-design\nIn recent years attempts have been made to develop a one-design class based on the Norlin III. This is primarily because of the need for competition within the Paralympics for racing to be about the sailor and not a technical development race. This led to the introduction of Appendix K to the Class rules and now a group is working on a set of stand-alone One-design rules. This is still at the early stages but it is likely a new one-design class is formed alongside the development class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160960-0006-0000", "contents": "2.4 Metre, Rating formula\nAs an open class rather than a one-design, all boat designs must meet the following formula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160960-0007-0000", "contents": "2.4 Metre, Events, Para World Sailing Championships\nThe 2.4 metre has been used a number of times as equipment for the One-Person Technical Disabled discipline which holds an annual World Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 51], "content_span": [52, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160960-0008-0000", "contents": "2.4 Metre, Events, Paralympics\nSince 2000 the 2.4 Metre has been the official single-crew class boat for sailing at the Summer Paralympics although it has been used in a more one design form utilising the Norlin Mk3 design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160961-0000-0000", "contents": "2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team\n2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team (Japanese: 2.43 \u6e05\u9670\u9ad8\u6821\u7537\u5b50\u30d0\u30ec\u30fc\u90e8, Hepburn: N\u012b Ten Yonsan Seiin K\u014dk\u014d Danshi Bar\u0113-bu) is a Japanese volleyball light novel series written by Yukako Kabei and illustrated by Aiji Yamakawa. Shueisha have published five volumes in three seasons since March 2015 under their Shueisha Bunko imprint. A manga adaptation with art by Yamakawa has been serialized in Shueisha's josei manga magazine Cocohana since July 2018. An anime television series adaptation by David Production aired from January 8 to March 26, 2021 on the NoitaminA block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160961-0001-0000", "contents": "2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team\n\"2.43\" refers to the height of the net for male volleyball, 2.43 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160961-0002-0000", "contents": "2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team, Media, Anime\nAn anime television series adaptation was announced via Twitter on November 1, 2019. The series is animated by David Production and directed by Yasuhiro Kimura, with Y\u014dsuke Kuroda handling series composition, Y\u016bichi Takahashi designing the characters, and Yugo Kanno composing the music. It aired from January 8 to March 26, 2021 on the NoitaminA programming block. The opening theme song is \"Paralysis\" (\u9ebb\u75fa, \"Mahi\") performed by yama, and the ending theme song is \"Undulation\" performed by S\u014dshi Sakiyama (\u5d0e\u5c71 \u84bc\u5fd7, Sakiyama S\u014dshi). Funimation licensed the series and will stream it on its website in North America and the British Isles, in Europe through Wakanim, and in Australia and New Zealand through AnimeLab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160962-0000-0000", "contents": "2.5-millimeter band\nThe 2.5-millimeter or 122 GHz band is a portion of the EHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio use between 122.250\u00a0GHz and 123.000\u00a0GHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160962-0001-0000", "contents": "2.5-millimeter band\nThe band is close to a molecular resonance of oxygen at 120 GHz, which causes significant atmospheric propagation losses, similar to that found at 60 GHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160962-0002-0000", "contents": "2.5-millimeter band\nDue to the lack of commercial off the shelf radios, amateurs who operate on the 2.5 mm band must design and construct their own equipment, and those who do, often attempt to set communication distance records for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160962-0003-0000", "contents": "2.5-millimeter band, Allocation\nThe International Telecommunication Union allocates 122.250\u00a0GHz and 123.000\u00a0GHz to amateur radio on a secondary basis. As secondary users, amateurs must protect the fixed, mobile and inter-satellite services from harmful interference, which share the band with amateurs. In addition, 122\u00a0GHz to 123\u00a0GHz is an ISM band, and all users must accept interference caused by ISM devices. Amateur satellite operations are not permitted, and the ITU's allocations are the same in all three ITU Regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160962-0004-0000", "contents": "2.5-millimeter band, Distance records\nThe current world distance record on the 2.5 mm band is 139 kilometres (86\u00a0mi) set by stations K6ML, KB6BA and N9JIM on February 17, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160962-0005-0000", "contents": "2.5-millimeter band, Distance records\nThe previous world distance record on the 2.5 mm band was 132 kilometres (82\u00a0mi) set by Austrian stations OE5VRL and OE3WOG on October 19, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160962-0006-0000", "contents": "2.5-millimeter band, Distance records\nThe previous United States distance record was 114 kilometres (71\u00a0mi) set by stations WA1ZMS and W4WWQ on January 18, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160962-0007-0000", "contents": "2.5-millimeter band, Distance records\nThe longest distance achieved on 2.5 mm in the United Kingdom was 35.9 kilometres (22.3\u00a0mi) between stations G8CUB and G0FDZ on April 7, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160962-0008-0000", "contents": "2.5-millimeter band, Distance records\nIn Australia, the 2.5 mm distance record was 69.6 kilometres (43.2\u00a0mi) set by stations VK4FB and VK4CSD on July 18, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0000-0000", "contents": "2.5D\n2.5D (two-and-a-half dimensional, alternatively pseudo-3D or three-quarter) perspective refers to one of two things:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0001-0000", "contents": "2.5D\nBy contrast, games, spaces or perspectives not restricted in these ways are said to be true 3D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0002-0000", "contents": "2.5D\nCommon in video games, 2.5D projections have also been useful in geographic visualization (GVIS) to help understand visual-cognitive spatial representations or 3D visualization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0003-0000", "contents": "2.5D\nThe terms three-quarter perspective and three-quarter view trace their origins to the three-quarter profile in portraiture and facial recognition, which depicts a person's face that is partway between a frontal view and a side view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0004-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Axonometric and oblique projection\nIn axonometric projection and oblique projection, two forms of parallel projection, the viewpoint is rotated slightly to reveal other facets of the environment than what are visible in a top-down perspective or side view, thereby producing a three-dimensional effect. An object is \"considered to be in an inclined position resulting in foreshortening of all three axes\", and the image is a \"representation on a single plane (as a drawing surface) of a three-dimensional object placed at an angle to the plane of projection.\" Lines perpendicular to the plane become points, lines parallel to the plane have true length, and lines inclined to the plane are foreshortened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 59], "content_span": [60, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0005-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Axonometric and oblique projection\nThey are popular camera perspectives among 2D video games, most commonly those released for 16-bit or earlier and handheld consoles, as well as in later strategy and role-playing video games. The advantage of these perspectives is that they combine the visibility and mobility of a top-down game with the character recognizability of a side-scrolling game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 59], "content_span": [60, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0005-0001", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Axonometric and oblique projection\nThus the player can be presented an overview of the game world in the ability to see it from above, more or less, and with additional details in artwork made possible by using an angle: Instead of showing a humanoid in top-down perspective, as a head and shoulders seen from above, the entire body can be drawn when using a slanted angle; Turning a character around would reveal how it looks from the sides, the front and the back, while the top-down perspective will display the same head and shoulders regardless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 59], "content_span": [60, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0006-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Axonometric and oblique projection\nThere are three main divisions of axonometric projection: isometric (equal measure), dimetric (symmetrical and unsymmetrical), and trimetric (single-view or only two sides). The most common of these drawing types in engineering drawing is isometric projection. This projection is tilted so that all three axes create equal angles at intervals of 120 degrees. The result is that all three axes are equally foreshortened. In video games, a form of dimetric projection with a 2:1 pixel ratio is more common due to the problems of anti-aliasing and square pixels found on most computer monitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 59], "content_span": [60, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0007-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Axonometric and oblique projection\nIn oblique projection typically all three axes are shown without foreshortening. All lines parallel to the axes are drawn to scale, and diagonals and curved lines are distorted. One tell-tale sign of oblique projection is that the face pointed toward the camera retains its right angles with respect to the image plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 59], "content_span": [60, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0008-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Axonometric and oblique projection\nTwo examples of oblique projection are Ultima VII: The Black Gate and Paperboy. Examples of axonometric projection include SimCity 2000, and the role-playing games Diablo and Baldur's Gate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 59], "content_span": [60, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0009-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Billboarding\nIn three-dimensional scenes, the term billboarding is applied to a technique in which objects are sometimes represented by two-dimensional images applied to a single polygon which is typically kept perpendicular to the line of sight. The name refers to the fact that objects are seen as if drawn on a billboard. This technique was commonly used in early 1990s video games when consoles did not have the hardware power to render fully 3D objects. This is also known as a backdrop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 37], "content_span": [38, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0009-0001", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Billboarding\nThis can be used to good effect for a significant performance boost when the geometry is sufficiently distant that it can be seamlessly replaced with a 2D sprite. In games, this technique is most frequently applied to objects such as particles (smoke, sparks, rain) and low-detail vegetation. It has since become mainstream, and is found in many games such as Rome: Total War, where it is exploited to simultaneously display thousands of individual soldiers on a battlefield. Early examples include early first-person shooters like Marathon Trilogy, Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Hexen and Duke Nukem 3D as well as racing games like Carmageddon and Super Mario Kart and platformers like Super Mario 64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 37], "content_span": [38, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0010-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Skyboxes and skydomes\nSkyboxes and skydomes are methods used to easily create a background to make a game level look bigger than it really is. If the level is enclosed in a cube, the sky, distant mountains, distant buildings, and other unreachable objects are rendered onto the cube's faces using a technique called cube mapping, thus creating the illusion of distant three-dimensional surroundings. A skydome employs the same concept but uses a sphere or hemisphere instead of a cube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 46], "content_span": [47, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0011-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Skyboxes and skydomes\nAs a viewer moves through a 3D scene, it is common for the skybox or skydome to remain stationary with respect to the viewer. This technique gives the skybox the illusion of being very far away since other objects in the scene appear to move, while the skybox does not. This imitates real life, where distant objects such as clouds, stars and even mountains appear to be stationary when the viewpoint is displaced by relatively small distances. Effectively, everything in a skybox will always appear to be infinitely distant from the viewer. This consequence of skyboxes dictates that designers should be careful not to carelessly include images of discrete objects in the textures of a skybox since the viewer may be able to perceive the inconsistencies of those objects' sizes as the scene is traversed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 46], "content_span": [47, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0012-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Scaling along the Z axis\nIn some games, sprites are scaled larger or smaller depending on its distance to the player, producing the illusion of motion along the Z (forward) axis. Sega's 1986 video game Out Run, which runs on the Sega OutRun arcade system board, is a good example of this technique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 49], "content_span": [50, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0013-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Scaling along the Z axis\nIn Out Run, the player drives a Ferrari into depth of the game window. The palms on the left and right side of the street are the same bitmap, but have been scaled to different sizes, creating the illusion that some are closer than others. The angles of movement are \"left and right\" and \"into the depth\" (while still capable of doing so technically, this game did not allow making a U-turn or going into reverse, therefore moving \"out of the depth\", as this did not make sense to the high-speed game play and tense time limit).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 49], "content_span": [50, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0013-0001", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Scaling along the Z axis\nNotice the view is comparable to that which a driver would have in reality when driving a car. The position and size of any billboard is generated by a (complete 3D) perspective transformation as are the vertices of the poly-line representing the center of the street. Often the center of the street is stored as a spline and sampled in a way that on straight streets every sampling point corresponds to one scan-line on the screen. Hills and curves lead to multiple points on one line and one has to be chosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 49], "content_span": [50, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0013-0002", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Scaling along the Z axis\nOr one line is without any point and has to be interpolated lineary from the adjacent lines. Very memory intensive billboards are used in Out Run to draw corn-fields and water waves which are wider than the screen even at the largest viewing distance and also in Test Drive to draw trees and cliffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 49], "content_span": [50, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0014-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Scaling along the Z axis\nDrakkhen was notable for being among the first role-playing video games to feature a three-dimensional playing field. However, it did not employ a conventional 3D game engine, instead emulating one using character-scaling algorithms. The player's party travels overland on a flat terrain made up of vectors, on which 2D objects are zoomed. Drakkhen features an animated day-night cycle, and the ability to wander freely about the game world, both rarities for a game of its era. This type of engine was later used in the game Eternam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 49], "content_span": [50, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0015-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Scaling along the Z axis\nSome mobile games that were released on the Java ME platform, such as the mobile version of Asphalt: Urban GT and Driver: L.A. Undercover, used this method for rendering the scenery. While the technique is similar to some of Sega's arcade games, such as Thunder Blade and Cool Riders and the 32-bit version of Road Rash, it uses polygons instead of sprite scaling for buildings and certain objects though it looks flat shaded. Later mobile games (mainly from Gameloft), such as Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and the mobile version of Iron Man 2, uses a mix of sprite scaling and texture mapping for some buildings and objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 49], "content_span": [50, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0016-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Parallax scrolling\nParallaxing refers to when a collection of 2D sprites or layers of sprites are made to move independently of each other and/or the background to create a sense of added depth. This depth cue is created by relative motion of layers. The technique grew out of the multiplane camera technique used in traditional animation since the 1940s. This type of graphical effect was first used in the 1982 arcade game Moon Patrol. Examples include the skies in Rise of the Triad, the arcade version of Rygar, Sonic the Hedgehog, Street Fighter II, Shadow of the Beast and Dracula X Chronicles, as well as Super Mario World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 43], "content_span": [44, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0017-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Mode 7\nMode 7, a display system effect that included rotation and scaling, allowed for a 3D effect while moving in any direction without any actual 3D models, and was used to simulate 3D graphics on the SNES.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0018-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Ray casting\nRay casting is a first person pseudo-3D technique in which a ray for every vertical slice of the screen is sent from the position of the camera. These rays shoot out until they hit an object or wall, and that part of the wall is rendered in that vertical screen slice. Due to the limited camera movement and internally 2D playing field, this is often considered 2.5D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0019-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Bump, normal and parallax mapping\nBump mapping, normal mapping and parallax mapping are techniques applied to textures in 3D rendering applications such as video games to simulate bumps and wrinkles on the surface of an object without using more polygons. To the end user, this means that textures such as stone walls will have more apparent depth and thus greater realism with less of an influence on the performance of the simulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 58], "content_span": [59, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0020-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Bump, normal and parallax mapping\nBump mapping is achieved by perturbing the surface normals of an object and using a grayscale image and the perturbed normal during illumination calculations. The result is an apparently bumpy surface rather than a perfectly smooth surface although the surface of the underlying object is not actually changed. Bump mapping was introduced by Blinn in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 58], "content_span": [59, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0021-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Bump, normal and parallax mapping\nIn normal mapping, the unit vector from the shading point to the light source is dotted with the unit vector normal to that surface, and the dot product is the intensity of the light on that surface. Imagine a polygonal model of a sphere\u2014you can only approximate the shape of the surface. By using a 3-channel bitmapped image textured across the model, more detailed normal vector information can be encoded. Each channel in the bitmap corresponds to a spatial dimension (x, y and z).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 58], "content_span": [59, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0021-0001", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Bump, normal and parallax mapping\nThese spatial dimensions are relative to a constant coordinate system for object-space normal maps, or to a smoothly varying coordinate system (based on the derivatives of position with respect to texture coordinates) in the case of tangent-space normal maps. This adds much more detail to the surface of a model, especially in conjunction with advanced lighting techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 58], "content_span": [59, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0022-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Computer graphics, Bump, normal and parallax mapping\nParallax mapping (also called offset mapping or virtual displacement mapping) is an enhancement of the bump mapping and normal mapping techniques implemented by displacing the texture coordinates at a point on the rendered polygon by a function of the view angle in tangent space (the angle relative to the surface normal) and the value of the height map at that point. At steeper view-angles, the texture coordinates are displaced more, giving the illusion of depth due to parallax effects as the view changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 58], "content_span": [59, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0023-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Film and animation techniques\nThe term is also used to describe an animation effect commonly used in music videos and, more frequently, title sequences. Brought to wide attention by the motion picture The Kid Stays in the Picture, an adaptation of film producer Robert Evans's memoir, it involves the layering and animating of two-dimensional pictures in three-dimensional space. Earlier examples of this technique include Liz Phair's music video \"Down\" (directed by Rodney Ascher) and \"A Special Tree\" (directed by musician Giorgio Moroder).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0024-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Film and animation techniques\nOn a larger scale, the 2018 movie In Saturn's Rings used over 7.5 million separate two-dimensional images, captured in space or by telescopes, which were composited and moved using multi-plane animation techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0025-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Graphic design\nThe term also refers to an often-used effect in the design of icons and graphical user interfaces (GUIs), where a slight 3D illusion is created by the presence of a virtual light source to the left (or in some cases right) side, and above a person's computer monitor. The light source itself is always invisible, but its effects are seen in the lighter colors for the top and left side, simulating reflection, and the darker colours to the right and below of such objects, simulating shadow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0026-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Graphic design\nAn advanced version of this technique can be found in some specialised graphic design software, such as Pixologic's ZBrush. The idea is that the program's canvas represents a normal 2D painting surface, but that the data structure that holds the pixel information is also able to store information with respect to a z-index, as well material settings, specularity, etc. Again, with this data it is thus possible to simulate lighting, shadows, and so forth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0027-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nThe first video games that used pseudo-3D were primarily arcade games, the earliest known examples dating back to the mid-1970s, when they began using microprocessors. In 1975, Taito released Interceptor, an early first-person shooter and combat flight simulator that involved piloting a jet fighter, using an eight-way joystick to aim with a crosshair and shoot at enemy aircraft that move in formations of two and increase/decrease in size depending on their distance to the player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0027-0001", "contents": "2.5D, History\nIn 1976, Sega released Moto-Cross, an early black-and-white motorbike racing video game, based on the motocross competition, that was most notable for introducing an early three-dimensional third-person perspective. Later that year, Sega-Gremlin re-branded the game as Fonz, as a tie-in for the popular sitcom Happy Days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0027-0002", "contents": "2.5D, History\nBoth versions of the game displayed a constantly changing forward-scrolling road and the player's bike in a third-person perspective where objects nearer to the player are larger than those nearer to the horizon, and the aim was to steer the vehicle across the road, racing against the clock, while avoiding any on-coming motorcycles or driving off the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0027-0003", "contents": "2.5D, History\nThat same year also saw the release of two arcade games that extended the car driving subgenre into three dimensions with a first-person perspective: Sega's Road Race, which displayed a constantly changing forward-scrolling S-shaped road with two obstacle race cars moving along the road that the player must avoid crashing while racing against the clock, and Atari's Night Driver, which presented a series of posts by the edge of the road though there was no view of the road or the player's car. Games using vector graphics had an advantage in creating pseudo-3D effects. 1979's Speed Freak recreated the perspective of Night Driver in greater detail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0028-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nIn 1979, Nintendo debuted Radar Scope, a shoot 'em up that introduced a three-dimensional third-person perspective to the genre, imitated years later by shooters such as Konami's Juno First and Activision's Beamrider. In 1980, Atari's Battlezone was a breakthrough for pseudo-3D gaming, recreating a 3D perspective with unprecedented realism, though the gameplay was still planar. It was followed up that same year by Red Baron, which used scaling vector images to create a forward scrolling rail shooter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0029-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nSega's arcade shooter Space Tactics, released in 1980, allowed players to take aim using crosshairs and shoot lasers into the screen at enemies coming towards them, creating an early 3D effect. It was followed by other arcade shooters with a first-person perspective during the early 1980s, including Taito's 1981 release Space Seeker, and Sega's Star Trek in 1982. Sega's SubRoc-3D in 1982 also featured a first-person perspective and introduced the use of stereoscopic 3-D through a special eyepiece. Sega's Astron Belt in 1983 was the first laserdisc video game, using full-motion video to display the graphics from a first-person perspective. Third-person rail shooters were also released in arcades at the time, including Sega's Tac/Scan in 1982, Nippon's Ambush in 1983, Nichibutsu's Tube Panic in 1983, and Sega's 1982 release Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom, notable for its fast pseudo-3D scaling and detailed sprites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0030-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nIn 1981, Sega's Turbo was the first racing game to feature a third-person perspective, rear view format. It was also the first racing game to use sprite scaling with full-colour graphics. Pole Position by Namco is one of the first racing games to use the trailing camera effect that is now so familiar. In this particular example, the effect was produced by linescroll\u2014the practice of scrolling each line independently in order to warp an image. In this case, the warping would simulate curves and steering. To make the road appear to move towards the player, per-line color changes were used, though many console versions opted for palette animation instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0031-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nZaxxon, a shooter introduced by Sega in 1982, was the first game to use isometric axonometric projection, from which its name is derived. Though Zaxxon's playing field is semantically 3D, the game has many constraints which classify it as 2.5D: a fixed point of view, scene composition from sprites, and movements such as bullet shots restricted to straight lines along the axes. It was also one of the first video games to display shadows. The following year, Sega released the first pseudo-3D isometric platformer, Congo Bongo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0031-0001", "contents": "2.5D, History\nAnother early pseudo-3D platform game released that year was Konami's Antarctic Adventure, where the player controls a penguin in a forward-scrolling third-person perspective while having to jump over pits and obstacles. It was one of the earliest pseudo-3D games available on a computer, released for the MSX in 1983. That same year, Irem's Moon Patrol was a side-scrolling run & gun platform-shooter that introduced the use of layered parallax scrolling to give a pseudo-3D effect. In 1985, Space Harrier introduced Sega's \"Super Scaler\" technology that allowed pseudo-3D sprite-scaling at high frame rates, with the ability to scale 32,000 sprites and fill a moving landscape with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0032-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nThe first original home console game to use pseudo-3D, and also the first to use multiple camera angles mirrored on television sports broadcasts, was Intellivision World Series Baseball (1983) by Don Daglow and Eddie Dombrower, published by Mattel. Its television sports style of display was later adopted by 3D sports games and is now used by virtually all major team sports titles. In 1984, Sega ported several pseudo-3D arcade games to the Sega SG-1000 console, including a smooth conversion of the third-person pseudo-3D rail shooter Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0033-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nBy 1989, 2.5D representations were surfaces drawn with depth cues and a part of graphic libraries like GINO. 2.5D was also used in terrain modeling with software packages such as ISM from Dynamic Graphics, GEOPAK from Uniras and the Intergraph DTM system. 2.5D surface techniques gained popularity within the geography community because of its ability to visualize the normal thickness to area ratio used in many geographic models; this ratio was very small and reflected the thinness of the object in relation to its width, which made it the object realistic in a specific plane. These representations were axiomatic in that the entire subsurface domain was not used or the entire domain could not be reconstructed; therefore, it used only a surface and a surface is one aspect not the full 3D identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0034-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nThe specific term \"two-and-a-half-D\" was used as early as 1994 by Warren Spector in an interview in the North American premiere issue of PC Gamer magazine. At the time, the term was understood to refer specifically to first-person shooters like Wolfenstein 3D and Doom, to distinguish them from System Shock's \"true\" 3D engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0035-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nWith the advent of consoles and computer systems that were able to handle several thousand polygons (the most basic element of 3D computer graphics) per second and the usage of 3D specialized graphics processing units, pseudo-3D became obsolete. But even today, there are computer systems in production, such as cellphones, which are often not powerful enough to display true 3D graphics, and therefore use pseudo-3D for that purpose. Many games from the 1980s' pseudo-3D arcade era and 16-bit console era are ported to these systems, giving the manufacturers the possibility to earn revenues from games that are several decades old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0036-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nThe resurgence of 2.5D or visual analysis, in natural and earth science, has increased the role of computer systems in the creation of spatial information in mapping. GVIS has made real the search for unknowns, real-time interaction with spatial data, and control over map display and has paid particular attention to three-dimensional representations. Efforts in GVIS have attempted to expand higher dimensions and make them more visible; most efforts have focused on \"tricking\" vision into seeing three dimensions in a 2D plane. Much like 2.5D displays where the surface of a three-dimensional object is represented but locations within the solid are distorted or not accessible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0037-0000", "contents": "2.5D, History\nAnimators who use 2.5D animation have the ability to blend the most appealing techniques of 2D and 3D animation together to form a hybrid technique that is a game changer in the animation field today. This hybrid animation style has expanded the job market for animators like never before. 2.5D animators use this hybrid style to create computer generated 3D objects and place them into a 2D background, essentially making the object the very center of attention and creating a more engaging visual for viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0037-0001", "contents": "2.5D, History\nThis 2.5D style is fast becoming the go-to option for animators and businesses alike due to its cost-effective marketing appeal and attention-grabbing look (2.5D Animation). An animated artist typically works with film, T.V., websites, and marketing companies and is in charge of the development, pre-production, production and post-production of an animation project as part of a team or within a freelance position. The main goal for an animator is to infuse your own unique creative style into helping to develop main characters, draw storyboards and create cutting-edge computer-generated backgrounds that marketers, viewers, and consumers will want and ultimately buy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0038-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Technical aspects and generalizations\nThe reason for using pseudo-3D instead of \"real\" 3D computer graphics is that the system that has to simulate a 3D-looking graphic is not powerful enough to handle the calculation-intensive routines of 3D computer graphics, yet is capable of using tricks of modifying 2D graphics like bitmaps. One of these tricks is to stretch a bitmap more and more, therefore making it larger with each step, as to give the effect of an object coming closer and closer towards the player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0039-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Technical aspects and generalizations\nEven simple shading and size of an image could be considered pseudo-3D, as shading makes it look more realistic. If the light in a 2D game were 2D, it would only be visible on the outline, and because outlines are often dark, they would not be very clearly visible. However, any visible shading would indicate the usage of pseudo-3D lighting and that the image uses pseudo-3D graphics. Changing the size of an image can cause the image to appear to be moving closer or further away, which could be considered simulating a third dimension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 43], "content_span": [44, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160963-0040-0000", "contents": "2.5D, Technical aspects and generalizations\nDimensions are the variables of the data and can be mapped to specific locations in space; 2D data can be given 3D volume by adding a value to the x, y, or z plane. \"Assigning height to 2D regions of a topographic map\" associating every 2D location with a height/elevation value creates a 2.5D projection; this is not considered a \"true 3D representation\", however is used like 3D visual representation to \"simplify visual processing of imagery and the resulting spatial cognition\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 43], "content_span": [44, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160964-0000-0000", "contents": "2.5D (machining)\nIn machining, 2.5D refers to a surface which is a projection of a plane into 3rd dimension \u2013 although the object is 3-dimensional, there are no overhanging elements possible. Objects of this type are often represented as a contour map that gives the height (i.e., thickness or depth) of the object at each point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160964-0001-0000", "contents": "2.5D (machining)\n2.5D objects are often greatly preferred for machining, as it is easy to generate G-code for them in an efficient, often close to optimal fashion, while optimal cutting tool paths for true 3-dimensional objects can be NP-complete (nondeterministic polynomial time complete), although many algorithms exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160964-0002-0000", "contents": "2.5D (machining)\n2.5D objects can be machined on a 3-axis milling machine, and do not require any of the features of a higher-axis machine to produce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160964-0003-0000", "contents": "2.5D (machining)\nA 2.5D machine, also called a two-and-a-half-axis mill, possesses the capability to translate in all three axes but can perform the cutting operation only in two of the three axes at a time due to hardware or software limitations, or a machine that has a solenoid instead of a true, linear Z axis. A typical example involves an XY table that positions for each hole center, where the spindle (Z-axis) then completes a fixed cycle for drilling by plunging and retracting axially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160964-0003-0001", "contents": "2.5D (machining)\nThe code for a 2.5D machining is significantly less than 3D contour machining, and the software and hardware requirements are (traditionally) less expensive. Drilling and tapping centers are inexpensive, limited-duty machining centers that began as a 2.5-axis market category, although many late-model ones are 3-axis because the software and hardware costs have dropped with advancing technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160964-0004-0000", "contents": "2.5D (machining)\nA 2.5D image is a simplified three-dimensional (x, y, z) surface representation that contains at most one depth (z) value for every point in the (x, y) plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0000-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception)\n2.5D is an effect in visual perception. It is the construction of an apparently three-dimensional environment from 2D retinal projections. While the result is technically 2D, it allows for the illusion of depth. It is easier for the eye to discern the distance between two items than the depth of a single object in the view field. Computers can use 2.5D to make images human faces look lifelike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0001-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception)\nPerception of the physical environment is limited because of visual and cognitive issues. The visual problem is the lack of objects in three-dimensional space to be imaged with the same projection, while the cognitive problem is that the perception of an object depends on the observer. David Marr found that 2.5D has visual projection constraints that exist because \"parts of images are always (deformed) discontinuities in luminance\". Therefore, in reality, the observer does not see all of the surroundings but constructs a viewer-centred three-dimensional view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0002-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception), Blur perception\nA primary aspect of the human visual system is blur perception. Blur perception plays a key role in focusing on near or far objects. Retinal focus patterns are critical in blur perception as these patterns are composed of distal and proximal retinal defocus. Depending on the object's distance and motion from the observer, these patterns contain a balance and an imbalance of focus in both directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0003-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception), Blur perception\nHuman blur perceptions involve blur detection and blur discrimination. Blur goes across the central and peripheral retina. The model has a changing nature and a model of blur perception is in dioptric space while in near viewing. The model can have suggestions according to depth perception and accommodating control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0004-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception), Digital synthesis\nThe 2.5D range data is obtained by a range imaging system, and the 2D colour image is taken by a regular camera. These two data sets are processed individually and then combined. Human face output can be lifelike and be manipulated by computer graphics tools. In facial recognition, this tool can provide complete facial details. Three different approaches are used in colour edge detection:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0005-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception), Digital synthesis\n2.5D (visual perception) offers an automatic approach to making human face models. It analyzes a range data set and a color perception image. The sources are analyzed separately to identify the anatomical sites of features, craft the geometry of the face and produce a volumetric facial model. The two methods of feature localization are a deformable template and chromatic edge detection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0006-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception), Digital synthesis\nThe range imaging system contains benefits such as having problems become avoided through contact measurement. This would be easier to keep and is much safer and other advantages also include how it is needless to calibrate when measuring an object of similarity, and enabling the machine to be appropriate for facial range data measurement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0007-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception), Digital synthesis\n2.5D datasets can be conveniently represented in a framework of boxels (axis-aligned, non-overlapping boxes). They can be used to directly represent objects in the scene or as bounding volumes. Leonidas J. Guibas and Yuan Yao's work showed that axis-aligned disjoint rectangles can be ordered into four orders so that any ray meets them in one of the four orders. This is applicable to boxels and has shown that four different partitionings of the boxels into ordered sequences of disjoint sets exist. These are called antichains and enable boxels in one antichain to occlude boxels in subsequent antichains. The expected runtime for the antichain partitioning is O(n log n), where n is the number of boxels. This partitioning can be used for the efficient implementation of virtual drive-throughs and ray tracing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0008-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception), Digital synthesis\nA person's perception of a visual representation involves three successive stages", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160965-0009-0000", "contents": "2.5D (visual perception), Applications\nUses for a human face model include medicine, identification, computer animation, and intelligent coding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160966-0000-0000", "contents": "2.5D integrated circuit\nA 2.5D integrated circuit (2.5D IC) combines multiple integrated circuit dies in a single package without stacking them into a three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) with through-silicon vias (TSVs). The term \"2.5D\" originated when 3D-ICs with TSVs were quite new and still horrendously difficult. Chip designers realized that many of the advantages of 3D integration could be approximated by placing bare dies side by side on an interposer instead of stacking them vertically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160966-0000-0001", "contents": "2.5D integrated circuit\nIf the pitch is very fine and the interconnect very short, the assembly can be packaged as a single component with better size, weight, and power characteristics than a comparable 2D circuit board assembly. This half-way 3D integration was facetiously named \"2.5D\" and the name stuck. Since those early days, 2.5D has proven to be far more than just \"half-way to 3D.\" Some benefits:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160966-0001-0000", "contents": "2.5D integrated circuit\nSome sophisticated 2.5D assemblies even incorporate TSVs and 3D components. Several foundries now support 2.5D packaging. The success of 2.5D assembly has given rise to \"chiplets\" \u2013 small, functional circuit blocks designed to be combined in mix-and-match fashion on interposers. Several high-end products already take advantage of these LEGO-style chiplets; some experts predict the emergence of an industry-wide chiplet ecosystem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160967-0000-0000", "contents": "2.5D musical\nA 2.5 dimensional musical (Japanese: 2.5\u6b21\u5143\u30df\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30ab\u30eb, Hepburn: nitengo jigen myujikaru, abbreviated 2.5D musical), also known as an anime musical, is a type of modern Japanese musical theatre production based exclusively on popular Japanese anime, manga, or video games. The term \"2.5D musical\" was coined to describe stories presented in a two-dimensional medium being brought to real life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160967-0001-0000", "contents": "2.5D musical\nApproximately 70 2.5D musicals were produced in 2013 and attracted at least 1.6 million people, most of them young women in their teens and 20s. 2.5D musicals are often seen as the starting point of many young actors in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160967-0002-0000", "contents": "2.5D musical, Definition\n2.5D musicals are defined through make-up and costuming that accurately depicts the actor as the original character, along with exaggerated acting that mimics the expressions in the original work. It also include special effects and stunts that reenact the setting and tone of the original work. Directors of the musicals are usually the ones who write the lyrics to the songs. With the evolution of technology, some of the modern 2.5D musicals uses projection mapping, in which backgrounds and special effects are projected onto the stage and screens. According to the Japan 2.5-Dimensional Musical Association, the term not only applies to musicals, but also plays, comedies, and dramas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160967-0003-0000", "contents": "2.5D musical, History\nThe first successful manga-based musical production was The Rose of Versailles in 1974 by the Takarazuka Revue. At the time, these plays were simply known as \"musicals\" or \"anime musicals.\" Around the 1990s, a number of musicals and small stage skits produced were based on anime and manga series aimed at elementary school girls, such as Sailor Moon, Akazukin Chacha, and Hime-chan's Ribbon, which performed moderately well, but were not popular and were known as \"musicals for elementary school girls\" (\u5973\u5150\u7269, joji mono). However, in 2000, Hunter x Hunter was considered revolutionary for the time because the voice cast for the original anime series had also played the characters onstage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160967-0004-0000", "contents": "2.5D musical, History\nJapanese media-based musicals rose to popularity in 2003 with Musical: The Prince of Tennis through word-of-mouth and social media, which soon became a starting point for many up-and-coming actors. The shows attracted more than 2 million people during its run and was notable for using stage effects to simulate a tennis match, and it was popular enough to include its first overseas shows in South Korea and Taiwan in 2008. After its success, many productions based on anime, manga, and video games soon followed, some of the well-documented ones including Naruto, Yowamushi Pedal, Hyper Projection Engeki: Haikyu!! among others. Unlike productions featuring the Takarazuka Revue, which are supported by fans of the troupe, these musicals mainly draw anime and manga fans and other audiences that usually do not see plays on a regular basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160967-0005-0000", "contents": "2.5D musical, History\nThe term \"2.5D musical\" was codified in 2014 when the initial director of Musical: The Prince of Tennis, Makoto Matsuda, first established the Japan 2.5-Dimensional Musical Association. At first, despite the success of Musical: The Prince of Tennis, he did not consider it a formal stage production on par with most modern theater performances imported from Western works such as Broadway productions. However, after a group of South Korean musical professionals had acknowledged Black Butler's production value and standards in performing arts, Matsuda decided to bring the genre worldwide. Plays certified by the Japan 2.5-Dimensional Musical Association offer theater glasses that contain subtitles in four other languages for people who do not speak Japanese. Since 2014, many 2.5D musicals have also been performed abroad in places like China, Taiwan, the United States, and parts of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160967-0006-0000", "contents": "2.5D musical, History\nIn 2018, \"2.5D Musical Studies\" was added as a program at the Tokyo School of Anime. In April 2018, actor Kenta Suga, who has starred as Gaara in Naruto and Hinata in Hyper Projection Engeki: Haikyu! !, was appointed as overseas ambassador by the Japan 2.5-Dimensional Musical Association, succeeding Ryo Kato. By the end of 2018, the 2.5D musical market had increased by 44.9% over the previous year, grossing \u00a522.6 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160968-0000-0000", "contents": "2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T\nIEEE 802.3bz, NBASE-T and MGBASE-T are standards for Ethernet over twisted pair at speeds of 2.5 and 5\u00a0Gbit/s. These use the same cabling as the ubiquitous Gigabit Ethernet, yet offer higher speeds. The resulting standards are named 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160968-0001-0000", "contents": "2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T\nNBASE-T refers to Ethernet equipment that can automatically negotiate to operate at speeds of 100\u00a0Mbit/s, 1, 2.5, 5, or 10\u00a0Gbit/s, depending on the quality of the cable and the capabilities of the equipment at the other end of the cable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160968-0002-0000", "contents": "2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T, Technology\nThese standards are specified in Clauses 125 and 126 of the IEEE 802.3 standard. The physical (PHY) layer transmission technology of IEEE 802.3bz is based on 10GBASE-T, but operates at a lower signaling rate. By reducing the original signal rate to 1\u20444 or 1\u20442, the link speed drops to 2.5 or 5\u00a0Gbit/s, respectively. The spectral bandwidth of the signal is reduced accordingly, lowering the requirements on the cabling, so that 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T can be deployed at a cable length of up to 100\u00a0m on Cat 5e or better cables. The 2.5GBASE-T1 and 5GBASE-T1 variants that can run over a single pair of balance conductors up to 15\u00a0m in length is standardized in 802.3ch-2020; their primary use case field is in embedded automotive applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160968-0003-0000", "contents": "2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T, Technology\nThe NBASE-T effort also standardized how its switches can implement power over Ethernet according to the IEEE 802.3at and successor standards. This allows a single cable to provide both power and data for high-bandwidth wireless access points such as those that implement the 802.11ac and 802.11ax standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160968-0004-0000", "contents": "2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T, History\nAs faster Wi-Fi protocols such as IEEE 802.11ac were developed, there was significant demand for cheap uplinks faster than 1000BASE-T. These speeds became relevant around 2014 as it became clear that it would not be possible to run 10GBASE-T over already widely deployed Cat5e cable. IEEE 802.3bz also supports power over Ethernet, which had previously not been available at 10GBASE-T.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160968-0005-0000", "contents": "2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T, History\nAs early as 2013, the Intel Avoton server processors integrated 2.5\u00a0Gbit/s Ethernet ports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160968-0006-0000", "contents": "2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T, History\nWhilst Broadcom had announced a series of 2.5\u00a0Gbit/s transceiver ICs, 2.5 Gbit/s switch hardware was not widely commercially available at that point. Many early 10GBASE-T switches, particularly those with SFP+ interfaces, do not support the intermediate speeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160968-0007-0000", "contents": "2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T, History\nIn October 2014, the NBASE-T Alliance was founded, initially comprising Cisco, Aquantia, Freescale, and Xilinx. By December 2015, it contained more than 45 companies, and aimed to have its specification compatible with 802.3bz. The competing MGBASE-T Alliance, stating the same faster Gigabit Ethernet objectives, was founded in December 2014. In contrast to NBASE-T, the MGBASE-T said that their specifications would be open source. IEEE 802.3's \"2.5G/5GBASE-T Task Force\" started working on the 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T standards in March 2015. The two NBASE-T and MGBASE-T Alliances ended up collaborating. with the forming of the IEEE 802.3bz Task Force under the patronage of the Ethernet Alliance in June 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160968-0008-0000", "contents": "2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T, History\nOn September 23, 2016, the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved IEEE Std 802.3bz-2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0000-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41\n2.8\u00a0cm schwere Panzerb\u00fcchse 41 (sPzB 41) or \"Panzerb\u00fcchse 41\" was a German anti-tank weapon working on the squeeze bore principle. Officially classified as a heavy anti-tank rifle (German: schwere Panzerb\u00fcchse), it would be better described, and is widely referred to, as a light anti-tank gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0001-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Description\nAlthough the sPzB 41 was classified as a heavy anti-tank rifle, its construction was much more typical of an anti-tank gun. Like the latter, it had a recoil mechanism, carriage and shield. The only significant feature the weapon had in common with anti-tank rifles was a lack of elevation and traverse mechanisms\u2014the light barrel could be easily manipulated manually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0002-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Description\nThe design was based on a tapering barrel, with the caliber reducing from 28\u00a0mm at the chamber end to only 20\u00a0mm at the muzzle. The projectile carried two external flanges; as it proceeded toward the muzzle, the flanges were squeezed down, decreasing the diameter with the result that pressure did not drop off as quickly and the projectile was propelled to a higher velocity. The barrel construction resulted in a very high muzzle velocity - up to 1,400\u00a0m/s. The bore was fitted with a muzzle brake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0002-0001", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Description\nThe horizontal sliding breech block was \"quarter-automatic\": it closed automatically once a shell was loaded, but unlike semi-automatic guns, the fired shell had to be manually ejected by opening the breech block. The gun was equipped with an open sight for distances up to 500m; a telescopic sight, the ZF 1\u044511 from the 3.7 cm Pak 36 anti-tank gun, could also be fitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0003-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Description\nThe recoil system consisted of a hydraulic recoil buffer and spring-driven recuperator. The carriage was of the split trail type, with suspension. Wheels with rubber tires could be removed, making the gun significantly lower and therefore easier to conceal; the process took 30\u201340 seconds. The guns' construction allowed toolless dismantling to five pieces, the heaviest of which weighed 62\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0004-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Development and production history\nThe cone-bore principle was first patented in 1903 by a German designer, Karl Puff. In the 1920s and 1930s, another German engineer, Gerlich, conducted experiments with coned-bore barrels that resulted in an experimental 7\u00a0mm anti-tank rifle with a muzzle velocity of 1,800\u00a0m/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0005-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Development and production history\nBased on these works, Mauser-Werke AG developed a 28/20\u00a0mm anti-tank weapon initially designated Ger\u00e4t 231 or MK.8202 in 1939\u20131940. In June\u2013July 1940, an experimental batch of 94 (other sources say 30) pieces was given to the army for trials. They resulted in some modifications and in 1941 mass production of what became 2.8\u00a0cm schwere Panzerb\u00fcchse 41 started. One piece cost 4,520 Reichsmarks (for the sake of comparison, one 5 cm Pak 38 gun cost 10,600 Reichsmarks). The last gun was built in 1943; the main reason for the discontinuance was the lack of tungsten for projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0006-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Organization and employment\nThe sPzB 41 was used by some motorized divisions and by some J\u00e4ger (light infantry), Gebirgsj\u00e4ger (mountain) and Fallschirmj\u00e4ger (paratrooper) units. Some guns were supplied to anti-tank and sapper units. The weapon was employed on the Eastern Front from the beginning of hostilities (the Wehrmacht possessed 183 pieces on 1 June 1941), until the end of the war and also saw combat in the North African Campaign and on the Western Front in 1944\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0007-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Self-propelled mounts\nThe sPzB 41 was also mounted on several vehicles, such as cars, half-tracks and armored cars:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0008-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Service\nSqueeze bore guns saw only limited use in World War II. Manufacturing such weapons was impossible without advanced technologies and high production standards. Besides Germany, the only country to bring such weapons to mass production was Britain, with the Littlejohn adaptor which, although not a gun in itself, used the same principle. An attempt by a Soviet design bureau headed by V. G. Grabin in 1940, failed because of technological problems. In the US, reports about the sPzB 41 inspired a series of experiments with 28/20 barrels and taper bore adaptors for the 37\u00a0mm Gun M3; the work started in September 1941 and continued throughout the war, with no practical success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0009-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Service\nThe sPzB 41 combined good anti-armor performance at short range (for example, at least once a shot penetrated the lower front plate of the heavy IS-1) and a high rate of fire with small, lightweight (for anti-tank gun), dismantleable construction. However, it also had several shortcomings, such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0010-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Service\nSome authors that criticize the sPzB 41 concentrate mainly on the short service life of its barrel. However, its chance of survival after 500 short-range shots was slim anyway. High-velocity guns with \"normal\" barrel construction also had a short service life, e.g. for the Soviet 57-mm ZiS-2 it was about 1,000 shots. In the end, the factor that brought production of the sPzB 41 to a halt was the shortage of tungsten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0011-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Ammunition\nThere were two shell types for the sPzB 41: the armor-piercing 2.8\u00a0cm Pzgr.41 and the fragmentation 2.8\u00a0cm Sprg.41.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160969-0012-0000", "contents": "2.8 cm sPzB 41, Ammunition\nThe Pzgr.41 had a tungsten carbide core, a softer steel casing and a magnesium alloy ballistic cap. The core was 40\u00a0mm long and 10.9\u00a0mm in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing\n2/1 game forcing (Two-over-one game forcing) is a bidding system in modern contract bridge structured around the following responses to a one-level opening bid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing\nThe 2/1 game force does not apply to responses by a passed hand, or if there is an intervening call by an opponent. Other responses are per Standard American methods in accordance with partnership agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Game forcing auctions\nThe 2/1 auctions are: 1\u2666\u20132\u2663, 1\u2665\u20132\u2663, 1\u2665\u20132\u2666, 1\u2660\u20132\u2663, 1\u2660\u20132\u2666, and 1\u2660\u20132\u2665.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, 1NT response to major suit opening\nBecause the two-level responses are stronger than in Standard American bidding, the response of 1NT is forcing for one round and is used (among other things) for weaker hands containing low-ranking suits. Since the 1NT response is forcing, hands with a three-card limit raise can start with 1NT and later jump-support partner. See Forcing notrump for additional details. Some pairs play a variant in which the 1NT response to 1\u2665 or 1\u2660 is semi-forcing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, 1NT response to major suit opening\nSince opener has been forced to rebid on hands which he might otherwise have passed, he may have to rebid in a new suit with only three or even two cards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0005-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Other features\nUse of the 2/1 system usually implies (at least) the following additional agreements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0006-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 2\u26632\u2666 \u2013 2\u2660Forcing to game, with original spade support and good club suit. This is different from standard bidding, in which such a sequence would show about 10 points, and club suit could be semi-fake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0007-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 2\u26632\u2660 \u2013 2NT. Forcing to game, with balanced hand and a good club suit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0008-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 2\u26632\u2666 \u2013 3\u2663Forcing, unless the partnership has agreed that this is an exception to the \"2/1 rule.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0009-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2666 \u2013 2\u2663Forcing for one round only (as in Standard American), except in the variant of 2/1 where this sequence is game forcing as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0010-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2663 \u2013 2\u2663Forcing for one round; 10 points or more with at least four clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0011-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2663 \u2013 3\u2663Weak; 9 points or less\u2014sometimes much less\u2014with at least five clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0012-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2665 \u2013 2\u2665Weak; 6-9 points with at least 3 hearts (unless Bergen raises are in use, in which case it shows precisely 3 hearts)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0013-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 1NT;2\u2663 \u2013 2\u2660Shows a weak hand, 6-9 points, with precisely two spades. Some also use this for an extremely weak hand (0-5) with three spades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0014-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 1NT;2\u2663 \u2013 PassShows a very weak hand, perhaps 5-7 points, with at least four clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0015-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 1NT;2\u2663 \u2013 2\u2666Shows a weak hand, 5-9 points, with a long diamond suit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0016-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 1NT;2\u2666 \u2013 2\u2665Shows a weak hand, 5-9 points, with a long heart suit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0017-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 1NT;2\u2665 \u2013 3\u2663Shows a weak hand, 5-9 points, with a long club suit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0018-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 1NT;2\u2663 \u2013 2NT;Shows 10-11 points without support for spades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0019-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 1NT;2\u2663 \u2013 3\u2660Shows 10-11 points with 3-card support for spades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0020-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 3\u2660Shows 10-11 points with at least 4-card support for spades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0021-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2660 \u2013 1NT;2\u2663 \u2013 3\u2665Shows 10-11 points with a long heart suit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160971-0022-0000", "contents": "2/1 game forcing, Examples\n1\u2666 \u2013 2\u2665 This is a jump response, and there are different ways of handling it. In Standard American, such a \"jump shift\" shows a very strong hand and is unequivocally forcing. However, since such hands do not occur with great frequency, it is more common today to use such a bid to show a weak hand with a long suit, unsuitable for defense. Another possibility is to play it as a \"fit-showing jump\", showing 8-10 points, a decent heart suit, and good diamond support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160972-0000-0000", "contents": "2/10th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/10th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army. Formed  for service during World War II, the regiment was raised in 1941, but was disbanded in late 1944 having never been deployed overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160972-0001-0000", "contents": "2/10th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/10th Armoured Regiment was formed in Western Australia in July 1941 as part of the 2nd Armoured Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel K.A Hall, the regiment conducted its initial training at Puckapunyal, Victoria, prior to being equipped with M3 Stuart and M3 Grant tanks. In mid-1942, the 2/10th Armoured  was relocated to near Narrabri, New South Wales, where the division conducted large-scale exercises. In November 1942, following the reorganisation of the 1st Armoured Division, the regiment was transferred to the 1st Armoured Brigade to replace the 2/6th Armoured Regiment when that regiment deployed to New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160972-0002-0000", "contents": "2/10th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nBy January 1943, manpower shortages in the Australian Army and the changing strategic situation facing the Allies in the Pacific meant that large armoured formations were no longer required. As a result, the decision was made to reduce the size of the 1st Armoured Division. At this time, as part of the 1st Armoured Brigade, the 2/10th Armoured Regiment was relocated to Western Australia to undertake garrison duties. When the 1st Armoured Division was disbanded in September 1943 the regiment survived as part of the independent 1st Armoured Brigade Group. The 2/10th Armoured Regiment was disbanded in September 1944 along with the headquarters of the Brigade Group, and its personnel were reallocated to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160972-0003-0000", "contents": "2/10th Armoured Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following is a list of officers that commanded the 2/10th Armoured Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0000-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/10th Battalion (\"The Adelaide Rifles\") was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that was raised for overseas service as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) during World War II. Formed in October 1939, it was the first 2nd AIF unit raised from the state of South Australia during the war; after completing a period of training in Australia, the battalion embarked for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0000-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia)\nInitially, it had been intended that the 2/10th and its parent brigade\u00a0\u2013 the 18th Brigade\u00a0\u2013 would be sent to the Middle East to join the other brigades of the 6th Division, but instead the 18th Brigade was sent to strengthen the garrison in the United Kingdom after France capitulated in mid-1940. Re -assigned to the 9th Division, the 2/10th remained in the United Kingdom undertaking defensive duties until late 1940 when it finally arrived in the Middle East, where the 18th Brigade became part of the 7th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0001-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia)\nThe battalion's first experience of combat came during an attack against the Italian garrison at Giarabub in March 1941. This was followed by defensive actions during the Siege of Tobruk later in the year before the 2/10th joined the Allied garrison in Syria, which had previously been captured from the Vichy French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0001-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia)\nIn early 1942, following Japan's entry into the war, the 2/10th was withdrawn to Australia and in August 1942, at the height of the Japanese advance in the Pacific, the battalion was committed to the fighting around Milne Bay in the Territory of Papua, suffering heavy casualties in their debut in the Pacific. Further fighting came during the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona in northern Papua before the 2/10th was brought back to Australia for re-organisation in March 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0001-0002", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia)\nIn August 1943, it was sent to the Territory of New Guinea, first undertaking jungle training near Port Moresby and then, in December 1943, moving inland into the Finisterre Mountains where they later fought the Battle of Shaggy Ridge. After being withdrawn to Australia in mid-1944, the battalion did not take part in further fighting until the final months of the war when they were committed to the fighting on Balikpapan in July 1945. Following the conclusion of hostilities, the 2/10th Battalion was disbanded in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0002-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training in Australia\nThe 2/10th Battalion was established at the Wayville Showgrounds, in Adelaide, on 13 October 1939, as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), which was raised in Australia shortly after the outbreak of the war for overseas service. Organised into four rifle companies, designated 'A' through to 'D', and a headquarters company, the 2/10th was the first 2nd AIF unit raised from the state of South Australia during the war, and was colloquially known as \"The Adelaide Rifles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0002-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training in Australia\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 10th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were purple over light blue, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart and the original World War I battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0003-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training in Australia\nAlong with the 2/9th, 2/11th and 2/12th Battalions, the 2/10th was subordinate to the 18th Brigade, which was recruited from the less populous states of Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania, and was initially allocated to the 6th Division, the first of the 2nd AIF's four infantry divisions. The battalion's first commanding officer was  Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Verrier, a World War I veteran who had previously commanded the 43rd Battalion. He assumed command on 13 October 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0003-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training in Australia\nAfter the battalion's recruits had concentrated at Wayville, the 2/10th moved to Woodside Camp, in the Adelaide Hills to city's east in early November, where they carried out initial training. In mid-December, they moved by train to New South Wales on the east coast of Australia where the battalion joined the other units of the 18th Brigade, and further training was completed at Greta Camp and then Ingleburn. In early May 1940, the battalion was ready to deploy overseas, and embarked on the transport ship Mauretania, which departed Sydney on 5 May 1940, bound for the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 74], "content_span": [75, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0004-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in the United Kingdom\nOn 10 May 1940, after the 2/10th had departed Australia, the Germans launched a lightning assault across France and the Low Countries, which rapidly led to the capitulation of France and the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force. As a result of Italy's entry into the war, coupled with concerns about a possible invasion of the United Kingdom, the Australian government decided to divert some of its troops from the Middle East. As a consequence, as the 18th Brigade was sailing towards the Middle East it was redirected to the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0004-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in the United Kingdom\nOn 18 June 1940, the Mauretania docked at the port of Gourock, in Scotland. The brigade was subsequently re-allocated to the 9th Division and the Australians were transported to the south of England, eventually establishing themselves around Lopcombe Corner, on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire. While there, a number of the battalion's personnel married local girls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0005-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in the United Kingdom\nAmidst the backdrop of the Battle of Britain, while stationed on Salisbury Plain the battalion carried out garrison duties and undertook training to enable them to rapidly respond in the event that an invasion took place. They received a large amount of new equipment during this time to improve their mobility, including new Universal carriers, weapons and lightweight personal load-carrying equipment. They also experienced German air attacks for the first time, and on 8 July 1940, the battalion incurred its first casualty when one of its members was wounded in an air raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0005-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in the United Kingdom\nIn early October, the 2/10th undertook a large-scale exercise near Tidworth, and then in the middle of the month as winter set in, they were moved to Essex, where they replaced the tents they had been living in with the stone buildings and Nissen huts of Hyderabad Barracks, in Colchester. The battalion's stay there was short-lived, though, for the following month, after the threat of invasion had passed, the order arrived for the Australians to embark for the Middle East. The 2/10th subsequently entrained at Colchester in mid-November and moved north to Scotland where, on 17 November, they boarded the Strathaird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0006-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Middle East\nSailing via South Africa, shore leave was taken in Durban, which was reached on 12 December. The convoy remained there until late December when it continued on to Egypt via the Red Sea due to the threat of attack that was present in the Mediterranean; the battalion reached Port Tewfik just before the new year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0006-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Middle East\nThe 18th Brigade was again re-assigned in February 1941, this time to the 7th Division, with whom they would see out the remainder of the war; at the same time, the brigade was converted from a four-battalion structure to three, and the 2/11th was transferred to help form the 19th Brigade. On 21 March 1941, the battalion undertook its first action of the war, when one of its companies\u00a0\u2013 'D' Company\u00a0\u2013 supported the 2/9th Battalion in their attack on the Italian held fort at Giarabub.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0006-0002", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Middle East\nMeanwhile, the remainder of the battalion began preparations for deployment to Greece where an invasion was expected. These plans were interrupted when the 7th Division was committed to the fighting in North Africa in response to German gains in Cyrenaica. At this time, the 18th Brigade was sent to garrison the vital port of Tobruk as the 9th Division withdrew from Cyrenaica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0007-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Middle East\nIt was at Tobruk that the battalion fought its first major action as a complete unit in April 1941, when it undertook defensive actions during the Siege of Tobruk. During the Battle of the Salient, fought in early May, the 2/10th took over a position on the northern flank of the perimeter, relieving the 2/48th Battalion, coming under heavy air attack during the handover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0007-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Middle East\nAfter the initial German and Italian assault, on the evening of 3/4 May the 18th Brigade counter-attacked to retake positions lost; the 2/10th was given a supporting role, tasked with carrying out raids deep into the opposing forces' territory while the 2/9th and 2/12th Battalions attacked the northern and south-eastern flanks of the salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0007-0002", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Middle East\nIn the fighting that followed, the 2/10th's casualties were six missing and fifteen wounded, but they inflicted heavy casualties upon their enemy before withdrawing back to the \"Blue Line\", about 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) behind the main defensive line where the counter-attacking reserve forces were positioned to respond to a deep penetration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0008-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Middle East\nAfter the fighting in early May, the 2/10th was withdrawn to Pilastrino for a brief respite and placed in reserve, but by the middle of May, they had returned to the salient, and on 16 May advanced the line over 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m). The 2/10th carried out further raids in \"no man's land\" as the siege continued, but in August the battalion was withdrawn to Palestine for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0008-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Middle East\nIn September 1941, the 2/10th were sent to Syria where they were assigned to the Allied garrison that had occupied the country following the conclusion of the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign and the defeat of the Vichy French forces there. The garrison was deployed in order to defend against a possible German attack from the Caucasus towards the strategically important Middle Eastern oilfields. During this time, the 2/10th Battalion was stationed near Aleppo, where the battalion manned outposts near the Syrian\u2013Turkish border across a frontage that was several hundred miles long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0009-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns\nThe 2/10th remained in Syria until January 1942 when, after having endured a freezing cold winter that included snow, it was transported back to Palestine in preparation for a return to Australia. Following Japan's entry into the war the previous December, and in light of Allied reverses in the Pacific, the Australian government had requested the return of some of its forces in order to bolster the defence of Australia due to concerns about a possible invasion. The 2/10th subsequently embarked on the Dutch passenger ship Nieuw Amsterdam, bound for Australia in early February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0009-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns\nStopping over in Bombay, the battalion was transferred to the transport Nevassa on which they continued the journey to Adelaide where they arrived in late March. A period of re-organisation and training followed around Kilcoy in Queensland. Following Japanese landings on the north coast of New Guinea in July, Australian forces in the area became involved in a series desperate defensive actions, as they were pushed inexorably back towards Port Moresby. By early August 1942, the situation for the Australians was critical, and at this time the battalion was committed to the New Guinea campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0010-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns\nOn 5 August, the 2/10th embarked on the Dutch transport Both, departing from Brisbane. A week later, on 12 August, the 2/10th, along with the other two infantry battalions of the 18th Brigade, landed at Milne Bay, in the Territory of Papua where they reinforced the Militia units from the 7th Brigade who were defending the area. A fortnight later the Japanese landed a force at Milne Bay in an attempt to secure the airfields that the Australians had built there. In the ensuing Battle of Milne Bay, the Australians eventually won a significant victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0010-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns\nAfter the initial landing was held by the 61st Battalion, the 2/10th relieved them before taking part in heavy fighting around a mission station known as the KB Mission. The 2/10th suffered heavily, losing 43 killed and 26 wounded, and after passing through the lines held by the 25th Brigade, was placed in reserve around No. 3 Strip. One of the battalion's companies \u2013 'C' Company \u2013 was detached to Normanby Island in September, where they captured several Japanese soldiers who had become isolated there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0011-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns\nIn October, the 2/10th was flown to Wanigela, near the north Papuan coast, where they were tasked with carrying out patrols and defending the beach against a possible Japanese landing, and helping to construct an airfield. The battalion's next major action came in late December 1942 during the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona, after being transported by sea to the beachhead front, landing just south of Cape Endaiadere. Heavily engaged around the disused Buna airstrip where the Japanese had constructed several bunkers, in a fortnight of fighting the battalion suffered over 300 casualties, including 112 killed. Another attack was made around Sanananda in mid-January 1943, before the 2/10th was withdrawn from the fighting, flying to Port Moresby in February. On 10 March, the battalion embarked upon the transport Willis Van Devander  to return to Australia, landing in Cairns on 12 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0012-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns\nAfter establishing itself around Ravenshoe, Queensland, the next three months was a period of flux for the battalion, with many men taking leave or being discharged due to tropical diseases or injuries from the previous campaign. The battalion was brought up to strength with a large draft of volunteers from the 11th Motor Regiment, a motorised Militia light horse unit consisting largely of Queenslanders and New South Welshmen. A period of rest and re-organisation followed during which the units of the 2nd AIF were converted to the Jungle Division establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0012-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns\nAfter this, large-scale divisional manoeuvres took place in mid-July, after which the battalion received orders to sail for overseas again. Embarking upon the transport Canberra from Townsville, they arrived in Port Moresby in early August. After a period in which the 18th Brigade was held back in reserve at Port Moresby to defend the approaches to Lae, in December 1943 the 2/10th was sent into the Finisterre Mountains, where they joined the rest of the 7th Division whose campaign through the Markham and Ramu Valleys had culminated in heavy fighting around Shaggy Ridge during the first months of 1944. During this period, several British Army officers were attached to the battalion as observers, arriving from Burma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0013-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns\nThe Battle of Shaggy Ridge proved to be the most significant action for the 2/10th during the fighting in Ramu Valley. The battalion commenced its advance from Cam's Saddle on 20 January, with one company forward, and another in support. Amidst heavy rain that turned the ground to thick mud and flooded the Faria River, over the course of several days, they undertook several attacks around the ridges, and patrols along the river to link up with the neighbouring 2/12th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0013-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns\nThe battalion then pushed a company forward at a time against the last Japanese resistance around the 4,100 feature, which was strongly fortified with barbed wire and defended with machine guns. Heavy artillery, mortars and air support helped reduce the Japanese position, which was eventually secured by 1 February. The battalion's losses during this period amounted to 16 men killed in action, or died of wounds, and 27 wounded. After Shaggy Ridge was taken the battalion advanced to the Kankiryo Saddle, where the 18th Brigade was relieved by the 15th Brigade. The 2/10th was moved into reserve along with the rest of the 18th Brigade around the Mene River, and in early May 1944 it were flown to Lae and withdrawn to Australia, being transported home on the Duntroon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0014-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nAfter disembarking in Townsville on 8 May 1944, a period of leave followed, after which the battalion reconstituted in July 1944 and went into camp at Samsonvale, near Brisbane. In August, they took part in a march through Brisbane, before travelling north to Cairns in September, from where they moved to Kairi, near Tolga. A large number of reinforcements arrived at this time, as the battalion was severely undermanned due to transfers or discharges from injuries or illnesses, and a new commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Daly, was appointed. After this, the 2/10th began a long period of training. As a result of indecision about the employment of Australian troops in the latter part of the war, they spent over a year waiting for their final campaign. This came in the final months of the war when they were committed to the fighting on Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0015-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nStaging out of Morotai Island, early on the morning of 1 July 1945 they came ashore at Klandasan as part of Operation Oboe Two, which was launched to recapture Balikpapan. After landing they fought to wrest control of the high ground to the west of the beachhead\u00a0\u2013 dubbed \"Parramatta Ridge\" by the Australians. During the fighting for Parramatta Ridge, the battalion pressed home its attack despite having no reserves left, and lacking direct fire support after the supporting tanks became bogged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0015-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nIn the days the followed, the battalion's attention turned to fighting around the town of Balikpapan itself and its port. On 6 July, they were withdrawn from the fighting, and placed in brigade reserve; the fighting for Parramatta Ridge cost the 2/10th fifteen killed and 41 wounded; several of these were caused when supporting US aircraft accidentally attacked the battalion's lines around Hill 87.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0016-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nAlthough the battalion undertook a series of local patrols after this, the fighting around Parramatta Ridge constituted the 2/10th's last major action of the war. After the hostilities ended in mid-August following Japan's surrender, the battalion's personnel were slowly repatriated back to Australia in drafts for demobilisation and discharge. Others chose to remain in the Army including a group of about 70 personnel were transferred to other units for subsequent service in the 34th Brigade, which had been formed to undertake occupation duties in Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0016-0001", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nThe battalion's last commanding officer, Daly, would remain in the service, eventually becoming  Chief of the General Staff in 1966\u20131971. The battalion was finally disbanded on 29 December 1945 while still at Balikpapan; upon disbandment there were only 42 members of the battalion left for the 2/10th's final parade. During this ceremony, the battalion flag was entrusted to the Militia 10th Battalion, which had served briefly in a garrison role in Australia during the war and which was subsequently re-raised in South Australia after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0017-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nThroughout the course of the war, a total of 3,008 men served with the 2/10th Battalion of whom 315 were killed or died on active service, and 525 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: two Distinguished Service Orders, one Member of the Order of the British Empire, seven Military Crosses, six Distinguished Conduct Medals, 14 Military Medals and 51 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0018-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese honours were subsequently entrusted to the 10th Battalion in 1961, and through this link are maintained by the Royal South Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160973-0019-0000", "contents": "2/10th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/10th during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0000-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/10th Commando Squadron was a commando unit raised by the Australian Army for service in World War II. Raised in 1944, the unit saw action late in the war against the Japanese during the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign. During this campaign the squadron carried out a number of tasks including long-range patrols, flank protection and area defence. Later in the campaign the 2/10th were used to spearhead an amphibious assault landing at Dove Bay, east of Wewak before being used as line infantry during the final 'mopping up' stages of the campaign. Following the end of the war the unit was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0001-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nAt the beginning of World War II, the Australian Army formed a number of independent companies which later became commando squadrons. Initially these units were formed with the intention of sending them to the Middle East to fight, however, following Japan's entry into the war and the subsequent shift in Australia's strategic focus, these units were employed in a variety of roles in the early stages of the fighting in the Pacific, serving with considerable distinction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0001-0001", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nIn 1943\u201344, as part of a re-organisation of the Australian Army to prepare it for jungle warfare, these independent commando squadrons were re-organised into a regimental system underneath the headquarters of the divisional cavalry units of the 6th, 7th and 9th Divisions. As a part of this re-organisation, the 2/10th Commando Squadron was raised in January 1944, as part of the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment, attached to the 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0002-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nFollowing the unit's formation, the squadron began training on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland before embarking for New Guinea in late 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0003-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nIn October 1944 the squadron was one of the first Australian combat units to relieve the American forces at Aitape. Throughout November the 2/10th undertook patrol operations in the Suain\u2013Luain area, carrying out reconnaissance in search of Japanese forces between the Dandriwad and Danmap Rivers. Later, in December, the squadron was attached to the 17th Brigade and took up defensive positions around Vokau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0004-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nThey remained in this role until February 1945 when the squadron returned to conducting offensive operations, relieving the 2/7th Commando Squadron at Walum and Nilu. The 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment had been given the task of clearing the Maprik area and in order to carry out these orders, the 2/10th crossed the Torricelli Range and established a base in the foothills at Ami. From there, the squadron continued to move in a southerly direction towards Maprik, protecting the flanks of the 2/5th and 2/7th Infantry Battalions that were operating further inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0005-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nAs well as keeping the enemy from the flanks of the two infantry battalions, the 2/10th was tasked to clear the populous areas to the north-east of the Ami villages. Initially the Australians were very successful, managing to use surprise to their advantage in dealing with the pockets of Japanese resistance that they encountered, however, as the fighting continued they began to suffer for lack of fire support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0005-0001", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nIn an effort to overcome this problem air support from Aitape was called in, and each of the squadron's three troops were given a 2-inch mortar, while a 3-inch mortar section was attached to the squadron. Throughout February a number of ambushes and attacks were undertaken by the squadron, before on 20 February 1945, 'C' Troop carried out an attack on Kualigem which failed to remove the Japanese from the village and resulted in the loss of two officers killed and five troopers wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0006-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nIn March 1945 the squadron carried out further patrols, this time in the Milak, Maurak and Aupik areas. The Japanese presence in this area was considerable and they became more aggressive, carrying out regular patrols, setting ambushes and re-occupying the villages that the Australians had taken the previous month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0007-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nOn 13 March, as the Japanese began to gain the initiative in the area, they began to concentrate their efforts on one of the 2/10th's troops, based at Milak and about two days away from the nearest support. Early in the evening the Japanese launched the first attack, and although this was beaten off they continued to maintain harassing fire throughout the night and into the following day. The following night, 14/15 March, having completely surrounded the troop, the Japanese attacked again but were again repulsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0007-0001", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nBy 15 March, supplies of food and ammunition were short and an aerial resupply was used to relieve the situation, although the supplies fell outside of the Australian position and patrols had to be sent out to retrieve them; in the end of the eight cylinders the Australians got five and the Japanese retrieved three. Later in the day, as the Japanese took up positions less than 50 yards (46\u00a0m) from the Australian perimeter, air attacks were called in, before the Japanese launched fresh attacks that night. The situation began to get desperate before finally, on 19 March, after a five-day siege the lines of communication were re-established and the enemy pressure eased. At the end of the fighting, it was estimated that 45 Japanese had been killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0008-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nThe troop at Maurak had also come under attack at this time, while the troop patrolling Aupik also had a number of clashes. By the end of March, however, it became clear that the squadron was in need of relief. They had suffered three killed and eight wounded, and had counted at least 91 enemy dead during the contacts they had undertaken that month. Finally they were withdrawn back Vokau, for a period of rest and re-organisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0009-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nThis would not last for very long, however. On 11 May 1945, the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment, as part of Farida Force took part in an amphibious landing at Dove Bay, eas of Wewak. Along with the 2/9th Commando Squadron, the 2/10th formed the initial assault force. Coming ashore ahead of the main landing force, the assault squadrons came up against only very sporadic Japanese resistance and as the rest of the force moved inland, the 2/10th secured the beachhead. Later they were moved to the west to Mandi, where the squadron headquarters set up in the Mandi garden and they began patrolling operations along the Wewak-Forok road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0010-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nIn the first half of June, the squadron moved into a position about 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) west of the Brandi Plantation and here they came into close contact with a force of Japanese that had been forced out from Wewak and were attempting to raid Australian positions in the hope of gathering supplies. Casualties and losses from illness had been heavy and the squadron had been reduced to roughly half its effective strength, regardless the squadron maintained the pressure on the Japanese in the hills to the south through a program of aggressive patrolling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0010-0001", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nOn 5 June 1945, a full squadron attack was launched upon a complex of Japanese bunkers that was discovered about 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) south of the Australian perimeter. Only 70 men could be mustered for the attack and when they encountered heavy machine gun fire from the bunkers, they were forced to withdraw and call for fire support from the artillery of the 2/2nd Field Regiment at Boram. In less than 10 minutes, over 800 shells were fired by the 16 guns of the 2/2nd Field Regiment and the result was devastating, as 17 of the 25 Japanese bunkers were totally destroyed. Japanese casualties were estimated at being at least 32 dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0011-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nOn 14 June the squadron was relieved by a company from the 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion, however, in the third week of June they were back in action as the regiment was given the task of dealing with the a daring infiltration of Japanese forces to the west of Boiken. On 24 June five Japanese raided the ANGAU camp at Wisling, capturing a number of weapons. The following day, a party of about 10 Japanese ambushed a patrol from the 2/10th south of the plantation, killing one officer and wounding four troopers. These raids continued throughout the rest of June and into July before the 2/10th were relieved by the 2/7th Commando Squadron on 5 July and they moved to Cape Karawop, where the regimental headquarters had been situated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0012-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nThe 2/10th remained at Karawop until the end of the war, however, they continued to see action right up until the Japanese surrendered. On 23 July 1945, a patrol from the 2/10th clashed with a force of about 40 Japanese in the hills south of Wanpea; eight Japanese were killed, while the Australians lost four men, including one officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 68], "content_span": [69, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0013-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of hostilities, the squadron remained at Karawop, having to wait until November 1945 before they were moved back to Wewak. Slowly the squadron's strength was reduced as individuals who had enough points to do so were returned to Australia for demobilisation, while others were transferred to other units for occupation duties. Finally, however, in late 1945 the remaining members of the 2/10th were returned to Australia and the unit was finally disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160974-0014-0000", "contents": "2/10th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the course of its service during the war the 2/10th lost 23 men killed in action or died on active service, and 45 men wounded. Members of the squadron received the following decorations: one Military Cross, two Military Medals, and three Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160975-0000-0000", "contents": "2/10th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/10th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment formed in mid-1940 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force during World War II. The regiment was deployed to Malaya in 1941, taking part there in the military actions against the Japanese, and then deployed to Singapore in early 1942. When the garrison was surrendered, the majority of the regiment were taken prisoner and remained in captivity until the end of the war in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160975-0001-0000", "contents": "2/10th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nRaised as part of the 8th Division, the regiment was formed at Redbank, Queensland. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel G.H. Kirkwood, the regiment initially consisted of two batteries of First World War-vintage 18-pounders; these were designated as the 19th and 20th Batteries. Later, in January 1941, the regiment was expanded to a third battery, initially designated as X Battery before being redesignated as the 60th. The following month, the regiment moved by rail to Sydney, where they embarked for overseas, deploying to Malaya, where they joined the 22nd Brigade Group, which had been sent to help bolster the British garrison. When the regiment deployed, it also possessed some 4.5-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160975-0002-0000", "contents": "2/10th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nInitially based in Malacca and Tranquerah, the regiment later moved to Mersing on the east coast, where the 22nd Brigade took up defensive positions. A period of training followed, including a brigade level exercise, although the effectiveness of this training was limited due to self imposed peace-time restrictions that precluded realistic training. In November 1941, Lieutenant Colonel A.W. Walsh assumed command of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160975-0003-0000", "contents": "2/10th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring the initial fighting in the Malayan Campaign  after the Japanese invasion on 8 December, the regiment was not actively engaged. In early January 1942, they were re-equipped with 25-pounders and on 21 January they provided support for Australian troops fighting around the Mersing\u2013Endau Road. For the rest of the month, the regiment participated in further actions as the British and Commonwealth troops were forced back along the Malay Peninsula towards Johore. On 27 January, the regiment took part in a fighting withdrawal from the east coast, supporting the 22nd Brigade; during this action, the 2/10th was heavily engaged, firing 900 rounds in the first hour alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160975-0004-0000", "contents": "2/10th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn early February, after withdrawing across the Johore Causeway to Singapore Island, the two Australian brigades \u2013 the 22nd and 27th \u2013 took up defensive positions, the 22nd in the western sector and the 27th in the north in preparation for a Japanese assault. Within the defensive plan, the 2/10th was responsible for covering the causeway sector. Around this time, the regiment had twenty-four 25-pounder field guns and six 4.5-inch howitzers. On 8 February, the Japanese assault came from across the Johore Strait, falling predominately upon the 22nd Brigade's positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160975-0004-0001", "contents": "2/10th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nPrior to the attack, the regiment had formed an extra troop of guns equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers as well spare 18-pounders, and during the assault these were used to fire on sampans carrying Japanese troops across the water. Although they sunk over 30 of them, the defenders were overwhelmed and pushed back inland. Over the course of the next week, the regiment was heavily engaged, firing thousands of rounds and continuing to fire its guns until the end of the campaign, which ended when the British garrison commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, ordered a surrender. During the fighting on Singapore, the regiment lost six killed, 18 wounded and three missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160975-0005-0000", "contents": "2/10th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter this, the regiment's personnel became prisoners of war. Over the next three-and-a-half years, they were scattered throughout the Pacific to camps in Singapore, Malaya, Borneo, Thailand, Burma and Japan. Subjected to poor conditions and used for hard labour, many of the 834 men from the 2/10th who were captured were killed or died in captivity \u2013 a total of 270 men \u2013 before being freed when the war ended in August 1945. The regiment's casualties during the war amounted to 286 killed and 16 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160976-0000-0000", "contents": "2/11th Armoured Car Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/11th Armoured Car Regiment was an Australian Army armoured reconnaissance regiment of World War II. The regiment was formed in mid-1941 and was intended to be deployed to the Middle East. In late 1941, in response to the growing threat posed by Japan's entry into the war in the Pacific, it was employed in a defensive role to guard against a possible invasion of mainland Australia. It was disbanded in early 1944 without seeing action as part of the reduction of Australia's armoured forces and the reallocation of manpower to other formations more suited to jungle warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160976-0001-0000", "contents": "2/11th Armoured Car Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/11th Armoured Car Regiment was formed in Cowra, New South Wales, during August 1941 as part of the 1st Armoured Division. Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Edward Sheehan. The regiment was gradually brought up to full strength and was expanded to four \"sabre\" squadrons following the outbreak of the Pacific War, by which time Lieutenant Colonel Oliver Rennick took command,  serving in that position for the remainder of the unit's existence. It had an authorised strength of over 1,000 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160976-0001-0001", "contents": "2/11th Armoured Car Regiment (Australia), History\nOn paper, it was allocated 12 scout cars and 58 armoured cars; however, or the first 11 months of its existence the regiment was equipped with a small number of obsolete Australian-built armoured cars which were suitable only for training purposes. In July 1942, these vehicles were replaced with more modern Australian designed vehicles such as the Rover Light Armoured Car and Dingo scout car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160976-0002-0000", "contents": "2/11th Armoured Car Regiment (Australia), History\nUpon formation, the 1st Armoured Division was intended to serve in the Middle East, but following Japan's entry into the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the invasion of Malaya in December 1941, it was retained in Australia, as a key part of Australia's defensive plans to resist a potential invasion. The regiment participated in the 1st Armoured Division's large-scale exercises which were held near Narrabri, New South Wales in late 1942, at which time the division reached operational readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160976-0002-0001", "contents": "2/11th Armoured Car Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the Allied naval victory during the Battle of the Coral Sea and the successes elsewhere such as at Buna\u2013Gona, the threat posed by Japanese forces to the Australian mainland decreased, and as a result the need for large armoured formations diminished. By this then, the Australian Army was suffering a manpower shortage, which resulted in a reallocation of resources and the gradual reduction of Australia's armoured units. In October 1942, the regiment was reduced in size when 'D' Squadron was used to form the 2/4th Armoured Regiment in Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160976-0003-0000", "contents": "2/11th Armoured Car Regiment (Australia), History\nIn November 1942, the 2/11th Armoured Car Regiment moved to Western Australia (WA) with the 1st Armoured Division departing from Gunnedah and travelling via rail through Adelaide and crossing the Nullarbor Plain. During 1943, the regiment conducted reconnaissance patrols across much of WA. The regiment survived the 1st Armoured Division's disbandment in September 1943 and became part of the 2nd Infantry Division. Although the regiment was re-equipped with Staghound armoured cars in early 1944 it was disbanded in New South Wales in March or April 1944 at which time its personnel were transferred to other units more suitable for jungle warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0000-0000", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/11th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army which saw service during World War II. Raised shortly after the outbreak of war in 1939, the 2/11th was formed from Second Australian Imperial Force volunteers who were recruited mainly from the state of Western Australia. Assigned to the 6th Division, the 2/11th completed its training in Western Australia and New South Wales before deploying to the Middle East in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0000-0001", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia)\nIts first action came around Bardia in early January 1941, and this was followed by further actions in Libya, and then Greece and on Crete during which the 2/11th suffered heavy losses. After being re-formed, in late 1941 the battalion was deployed to Syria to undertake garrison duties there. In early 1942, it was brought back to Australia to help bolster the country's defences following Japanese advances in the Pacific, and it subsequently undertook defensive duties in Western Australia. The 2/11th did not see combat again until the final year of the war when it was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign. It was disbanded after the war in late 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0001-0000", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), History\nRaised at Northam, Western Australia, on 13 October 1939, the 2/11th Battalion formed part of the 6th Division of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force, which was raised for service overseas at the start of the war. The majority of its personnel were recruited from Western Australia, and the battalion was the only infantry battalion of the 6th Division raised outside of New South Wales or Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0001-0001", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 11th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were brown over light blue, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0002-0000", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), History\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. After completing rudimentary training at Northam in November, the battalion moved to Greta, New South Wales, where it was concentrated with the other three battalions of the 18th Brigade, which formed part of the 6th Division. The 2/11th remained in New South Wales until March when it returned to the west and subsequently departed from Fremantle, bound for the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0003-0000", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter arriving in Egypt further training was undertaken there and in Palestine. The battalion was later re-allocated to the 19th Brigade after the Australian brigades were reorganised into \"triangular\" three battalion formations. In early January 1941, the 2/11th saw action during the Battle of Bardia, fighting against Italian forces in Libya. Further actions followed later in the month around Tobruk and Derna, and then around Benghazi the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0004-0000", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), History\nIn April 1941, the battalion fought a brief and unsuccessful campaign in Greece, and then on Crete the following month. On Crete, the battalion was heavily engaged while attempting to defend Retimo airfield and a large number of the battalion's personnel were killed or captured. As a result of the casualties suffered in Greece and Crete, the battalion was virtually destroyed and the 2/11th had to be rebuilt in Palestine at the end of 1941, before joining the Allied garrison that had been established in Syria following the conclusion of the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign. It was brought back to Australia in early 1942, after the Australian government decided to transfer the bulk of Australia's ground forces from the Middle East to the Pacific to meet the threat posed by Japanese forces which were advancing rapidly through the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0005-0000", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter landing in Adelaide in March, the 2/11th was attached to the 2nd Brigade, a formation made up largely of soldiers from the Militia, carrying out defensive duties in Western Australia. The battalion was transferred back to the 19th Brigade in Queensland in July 1943, and in late 1944 was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0005-0001", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), History\nA mopping up operation, the campaign was one of a series of patrols and advances: at the start of the campaign in January 1945, the 2/11th were assigned to an area on the eastern bank of the Danmap River and as the campaign progressed advanced south of Wewak, moving into the Prince Alexander Mountains throughout April and May and into July 1945. At the conclusion of hostilities in August 1945, the battalion's personnel were sent back to Australia for demobilisation in small groups until mid-November when the cadre received passage home. The remaining personnel of the 2/11th subsequently concentrated at Puckapunyal where the battalion was disbanded on 7 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0006-0000", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), History\nDuring the war a total of 2,939 men served with the 2/11th Battalion which suffered 489 casualties, of whom 182 were killed. Its members received the following decorations: two Distinguished Service Orders, six Military Crosses, four Distinguished Conduct Medals, 20 Military Medals and 66 Mentions in Despatches. In addition, one member of the battalion was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, and three were invested as Members of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0007-0000", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/11th received the following battle honours for its involvement in the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160977-0008-0000", "contents": "2/11th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese honours were subsequently entrusted to the 11th Battalion in 1961, and through this link are maintained by the Royal Western Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0000-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/11th Commando Squadron was a commando unit raised by the Australian Army for service in World War II. Raised in 1944, the unit saw action late in the war against the Japanese during the Borneo campaign in 1945. As a part of this campaign the squadron undertook landings on Labuan Island and at Brunei Bay. Following the end of the war, the squadron returned to Australia and was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0001-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nIn 1941\u201342, the Australian Army raised a number of independent companies to carry out irregular warfare type operations in the mould of the British commandos. These units later became known as commando squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0001-0001", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nInitially they were intended to be sent to the Middle East as part of the 2nd AIF, however, following Japan's entry into the war these units were hastily deployed to the islands to the north of the country to act first as an observation and early warning force and then following the arrival of Japanese forces to carry out delaying and harassment operations and to act as stay-behind forces conducting a guerilla style of warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0001-0002", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nAs the war progressed, Australia's strategic focus shifted away from the Middle East to the Pacific and as a result, in 1943\u201344 the Australian Army was restructured in order to prepare itself for the campaigns in the Pacific. As a result, the divisional cavalry regiments of three Australian divisions\u2014the 6th, 7th and 9th Divisions\u2014were largely disbanded and used to form the headquarters of three new cavalry commando regiments and the previously independent commando squadrons were re-organised into a regimental system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0002-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/11th Commando Squadron was formed in January 1944 as part of this re-organisation of the Australian Army as it began to restructure itself for the campaigns in the Pacific. The unit was formed from volunteers from the 9th Divisional Cavalry Regiment which had largely been disbanded when it had been converted into the 2/9th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, as well as from men from the defunct 1st Armoured Division and other men who had volunteered for commando training. Along with the 2/4th and 2/12th Commando Squadrons, they formed the 2/9th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, which was attached to the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0003-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nFollowing the unit's formation, the squadron began training on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland where they were based throughout 1944 and into 1945 until they finally received orders to embark for overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0004-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nThe 2/11th Commando Squadron embarked from Townsville, Queensland, in April 1945 bound for Morotai as part of the buildup of Australian forces in preparation for operations in the Netherlands East Indies and Borneo, known collectively as \"Operation Oboe\". While the 26th Brigade and the 2/4th Commando Squadron were in the mopping up stages of the fighting on Tarakan, the rest of the 9th Division and the 2/9th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment carrying out an assault landing on Labuan Island and at Brunei Bay on the north-west coast of Borneo. The plan was to secure the island's oil and rubber resources and to establish an advanced fleet base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0005-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nAttached to the 24th Brigade, the majority of the 2/11th Commando Squadron landed at Labuan Island on 10 June 1945, while a troop was detached to clear Hamilton Point, crossing Victoria Harbour and landing at Hardy's Beach in LVTs. Originally it had been intended to send the entire squadron to clear the peninsula, however, intelligence gathered from locals earlier indicated that there were no Japanese there and as such the decision was made only to send one troop from the squadron to making the landing across the harbour. After landing, the troop met no opposition and began to move north along the Charlie Track towards the main arterial that ran east\u2013west across the island known as Hamilton Road, where at the track junction, on 12 June they linked up with the 2/43rd Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0006-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nThe resistance that the Australians met early in the campaign was light, as the Japanese had chosen to concentrate their forces further inland in the mountain ridges off what was named MacArthur Ridge. On 15 June, fighting began to clear the Japanese out of the area that had become known as the Pocket. The 2/28th Battalion was given the task of carrying out the main assault and the 2/11th Commando Squadron were placed in support. Within the area that the Japanese were defending there were several areas of high ground from which the Japanese could observe the Australian advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0006-0001", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nAs such there were only two avenues of approach for an attacking force. The first of these approaches was a heavily mined track along Lyon Ridge, while the second was a track that ran through a swamp. The 2/11th were given the task of patrolling along Lyon Ridge and report back regarding whether it was passable with tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0007-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nHaving completed the patrol, the squadron reported back that the track along Lyon Ridge was suitable for tanks and so the following day, 16 June 1945, a company from the 2/28th Battalion with a number of tanks from the 2/9th Armoured Regiment launched an attack on the Japanese positions in the Pocket. A section from the 2/11th was attached to the 2/28th Battalion to provide protection to its tactical headquarters and during the attack, after the assaulting company had become pinned down, it was sent forward and deployed in support of the company that had become pinned down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0007-0001", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nAlmost immediately it came under effective fire and two men were killed, while another was wounded. As the attack progressed and as Australian casualties began to mount, the 2/11th's chaplain organised a team of stretcher bearers from the 2/11th and went forward under fire to carry out the task of rescuing the wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0008-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nThe Pocket was not cleared until 21 June 1945, however, as the rest of Labuan had been cleared, it was decided to gain control of the high ground on the eastern side of the mainland of Borneo in order to gain control of the beaches so that they could be used later to land supplies for use during the subsequent advance to the north. On 17 June, the 2/32nd Battalion crossed Brunei Bay on board a number of landing craft and landed at Weston. They were followed shortly afterward by the rest of the 24th Brigade, which began moving inland towards Beaufort. The 2/11th Commando Squadron followed a little later on 19 June, landing at Mempakul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0009-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nTasked with clearing the Klias Peninsula, the 2/11th began moving north along the coast Kuala Penyu near Cape Nosong, clearing the area west of the Klias river. Moving through difficult terrain, the going was slow. Enemy resistance was isolated, however, the squadron was involved in a number of contacts. At Malikai a native approached a patrol from the 2/11th and led them to a house where a number of Japanese were in occupation. In the ensuing firefight, eight Japanese were killed. The following day, on 23 June, they took Karukan and Sabang, before finally arriving at Kuala Penyu four days later. They would remain there until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0010-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of hostilities in the Pacific, the size of the squadron was slowly reduced as men who had enough points to do so were returned to Australia for demobilisation, while others were transferred to other units of occupation duties. As they waited for transportation back to Australia, the squadron undertook further reconnaissance of the area around Kuala Penyu, improving the accuracy of maps of the Klias Peninsula. In September they were moved to Mepakula and then to Beaufort, before returning to Labuan in December 1945. Finally, however, the men that remained in the squadron were returned to Australia and in January 1946, at Chermside camp in Brisbane, the 2/11th Commando Squadron was officially removed from the Australian Army's order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160978-0011-0000", "contents": "2/11th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the course of its service during the war, the 2/11th lost nine men killed in action or died on active service, and six men wounded. Three members of the squadron were decorated with the Military Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160979-0000-0000", "contents": "2/11th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/11th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment formed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force during World War II. Formed in Victoria in mid-1940, the regiment was deployed to the Middle East in 1941 and subsequently took part in the fighting against the Vichy French in the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign. In early 1942, they were brought back to Australia in response to Japan's entry into the war, and in 1943 joined the garrison in Darwin. Throughout 1944\u201345, the regiment was deployed to New Guinea before supporting the 3rd Division's campaign on Bougainville. After the war, the regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160979-0001-0000", "contents": "2/11th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFormed in July 1940 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Leonard Stillman, the 2/11th Field Regiment initially consisted of two batteries \u2013 the 21st and 22nd \u2013 although later, in October  1941, a third battery, designated as the 61st, was raised. Upon formation, the regiment was assigned to the 8th Division, and after it was established in Richmond, Victoria, the regiment concentrated at Seymour, before joining the rest of the division at Bonegilla in September, where it was issued with World War I-vintage 18-pound guns. In October 1940, the regiment was transferred from the 8th Division to I Australian Corps, and moved to Puckapunyal where further training was completed prior to deployment overseas in April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160979-0002-0000", "contents": "2/11th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nArriving in Egypt in May, the regiment was initially deployed to Palestine where further training was undertaken and more equipment, including more 18-pounders and several 4.5-inch howitzers. A short time later, these were replaced by 25-pounders when the regiment was committed to the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign. As a corps unit, rather than one that was assigned at divisional level, it could be reallocated as necessary and for the campaign it was tasked with supporting the British 6th Division, which had been sent to the Middle East lacking the majority of the required supporting arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160979-0002-0001", "contents": "2/11th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThey subsequently took  part in the fighting in the Damascus sector and around Mezze. After the surrender of the Vichy forces, the regiment undertook garrison duties as part of the Allied occupation force before returning to Australia in March 1942, as the Australian government sought to bolster the country's defences in response to Japan's entry into the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160979-0003-0000", "contents": "2/11th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nUpon their return, the 2/11th concentrated around Woodford, Queensland, before moving to Darwin in the Northern Territory in early January 1943. They stayed in Darwin as part of the garrison there until September 1943, when they deployed to New Guinea where they were based around Nadzab, directly under the command of the First Australian Army. They remained there for the next seven months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160979-0003-0001", "contents": "2/11th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn this time, the regiment was not assigned a combat role, and instead its personnel spent the time conducting jungle training and labouring tasks, being employed to expand and develop the Allied base that had been established at Nadzab to support operations in the Finisterre Ranges, and as stevedores in Lae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160979-0004-0000", "contents": "2/11th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn May 1945, they were transferred to II Australian Corps and transported to Torokina to take part in the Bougainville Campaign. Their deployment had been delayed by lack of shipping, but once they had arrived the regiment was assigned to the 3rd Division, and was allocated to support the 15th Brigade's advance towards the main Japanese base around Buin in the south. The regiment was heavily engaged between mid-May and early July when the Australian offensive came to an end amidst heavy rain and during this time the three batteries together fired over 18,000 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160979-0004-0001", "contents": "2/11th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFire missions undertaken in this time included the provision of counter-battery and preparatory fires, and support to patrol operations with each of the regiment's batteries being individually assigned to one of the 15th Brigade's three infantry battalions. To ensure accurate support was provided forward observation officers were assigned to infantry patrols during this time; fires were also directed by spotter planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160979-0005-0000", "contents": "2/11th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nOne member of the regiment, Lieutenant Colonel John Hayes \u2013 its commanding officer on Bougainville \u2013 was killed in action during the war, losing his life on 14 June 1945 when he and his scout party were ambushed while conducting a reconnaissance patrol; other casualties included 11 dead from non combat related causes on active service and 13 wounded. Decorations awarded amounted to two Military Crosses and two Mentions in Despatches. The regiment was disbanded at the end of the war. Roughly 1,500 personnel served in the regiment's ranks over the course of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0000-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/12th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army which served during World War II. Raised in late 1939 as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force, the battalion's initial recruits were drawn primarily from the states of Queensland and Tasmania. Assigned to the 18th Brigade, the battalion completed basic training in Australia before embarking for overseas in May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0001-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia)\nIt was originally intended that the battalion would land in the Middle East; however, the strategic situation in Europe at the time resulted in it being diverted to the United Kingdom where it formed part of Australia's contribution to the defence of the island during a period when an invasion seemed likely. When this threat passed, the 2/12th was sent to North Africa, and in 1941 it took part in the defence of Tobruk and then undertook garrison duties in Syria, before returning to Australia in early 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0001-0001", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia)\nIn August 1942, the battalion fought in the Battle of Milne Bay, turning back a Japanese invasion force there, before capturing Goodenough Island before returning to Australia in early 1943. The 2/12th returned to New Guinea in August 1943, and subsequently took part in the Finisterre Range campaign into early 1944. Its final campaign came in mid-1945 when it was committed to re-capturing Borneo, landing on Balikpapan in July 1945. It was disbanded in January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0002-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and garrison duties in the United Kingdom\nThe 2/12th Battalion was formed on 13 October 1939 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) and was attached to the 18th Brigade, which was variously assigned throughout the course of the war to three of the four 2nd AIF divisions\u2014the 6th, 9th and finally, the 7th. Over half of the battalion's personnel were drawn from volunteers from north Queensland, while the rest came from Tasmania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0002-0001", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and garrison duties in the United Kingdom\nA a result initial training was undertaken separately at Brighton, Tasmania, and Redbank, Queensland, before the battalion concentrated at Rutherford, New South Wales, in December 1939, with the Tasmanian contingent sailing from Launceston aboard the SS Taroona. Upon establishment, the battalion's commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel John Field, who had previously served in the Militia, Australia's part-time military force. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 12th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were white over light blue, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0003-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and garrison duties in the United Kingdom\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. Basic training continued at Rutherford until early January 1940, when the battalion moved to Ingleburn, New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0003-0001", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and garrison duties in the United Kingdom\nApart from a brief period of embarkation leave, the battalion remained at Ingleburn until 5 May 1940 when the 2/12th embarked upon the Queen Mary, bound for the Middle East, along with the rest of the 18th Brigade, where they were to join the 6th Division; however, due to concerns about a possible invasion of the United Kingdom following the Fall of France, the 18th Brigade, including the 2/12th Battalion, was re-routed and subsequently arrived at Gourock, Scotland, on 17 June 1940. Later, they were moved to Salisbury Plain, being stationed around Lopcombe Corner, where they undertook defensive duties. In September the battalion was re-allocated to the 9th Division and the following month it was moved to Colchester, Essex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0004-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn December 1940, after the threat of invasion of the United Kingdom had diminished, the decision was made to transfer the Australian units based there to the Middle East and subsequently the battalion was dispatched to Egypt, sailing aboard the transport Empress of Canada. Sailing via South Africa to avoid the more dangerous waters of the Mediterranean, they disembarked at Alexandria on 31 December and then made camp at Ikingi Maryut. In March, the battalion's medium machine gun section and anti-aircraft platoon provided support to the 2/9th Battalion during its attack on the Italian garrison at Giarabub.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0004-0001", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe battalion as a whole subsequently saw action at Tobruk between May and August along with the rest of the 18th Brigade, before being relieved by a Polish unit and evacuated by sea to Alexandria in August 1941 aboard the destroyer HMS Jackal. After this, the battalion moved to Biet Jirja and then Kilo 89, in Palestine, where they undertook further training until late September. Following the completion of the Syria-Lebanon campaign, the battalion was assigned to Syria to undertake garrison duties, being based initially around Aleppo and then Djerablous, on the banks of the Euphrates near the Turkish border. Other outposts were established around Idlib, El Hamman, Meidane Ekbes, Azaz, and Radjou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0005-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe battalion returned to Camp Julius in Palestine in mid-January 1942 where they were subsequently reassigned to the 7th Division. With the strategic situation in the Pacific worsening for the Australians after the entry of Japan into the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the invasion of Malaya, the decision was made by the Australian government to bring some of the 2nd AIF troops back to Australia at this time. As a result, the 2/12th embarked from Suez in February 1942. Sailing aboard the transport Nieuw Amsterdam, via Bombay and Fremantle, they subsequently arrived at Adelaide, South Australia, in late March, making camp at Sandy Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0006-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nThe battalion moved to Tenterfield, New South Wales in early May after which personnel from Queensland and New South Wales were granted home leave. Later in the month, a further move to Kilcoy, Queensland, occurred after which jungle training began. In August 1942, the 2/12th Battalion was transported to Brisbane where it embarked upon the transports Anshun and Jacob, bound for New Guinea. They were subsequently deployed to Milne Bay, where they took part in the Australian counterattack following the Japanese landing, which resulted in the first major defeat of the Japanese of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0006-0001", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nIn October, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Arnold, the battalion was selected to invade Goodenough Island. Transported aboard the destroyers HMAS Stuart and Arunta, after a short fight the battalion secured the island. They subsequently remained on Goodenough Island until December. In late December, they were re-committed to the fighting, as the understrength 18th Brigade was sent to Buna, where the 2/12th successfully attacked Giropa Point on New Years Day 1943, despite losing 63 men killed and 122 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0006-0002", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nAfter this, the battalion took part in further actions around Sanananda, where they suffered a further 61 men killed in action. The battalion's involvement in the fighting lasted until late January 1943 when it was withdrawn to Soputa by road, and then by air to Port Moresby. In early March, the battalion returned to Australia aboard the transports Taroona and Maetsuycker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0007-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nDisembarking in Cairns, Queensland, the battalion subsequently made camp at Ravenshoe, Queensland. Following a period of rest, training and re-organisation, in July 1943 the battalion received a batch of reinforcements from the 5th Motor Regiment, which had been disbanded. A small batch of reinforcements also came from 2/40th Battalion personnel who had evaded capture in Timor. In August 1943, the 2/12th were sent to Port Moresby, where the 18th Brigade was being held in divisional reserve, while the rest of the 7th Division defended the approaches to Lae as part of the Finisterre Range campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0007-0001", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nOn the last day of the year, the battalion was committed to the fighting in Finisterre Mountains. They were subsequently joined by the rest of the brigade on 4 January 1944 when it was airlifted to Dumpu to relieve the 21st Brigade. Throughout early 1944, the 2/12th was involved in the fighting around Shaggy Ridge, where they undertook several attacks to the north of the ridge, around the Protheroe I and II features between 21 and 24 January. Between February and April, they continued operations in the Ramu Valley, undertaking patrols before returning to Australia aboard the transport Pahud in May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0008-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nA long period of training in Queensland, around Brisbane and then on the Atherton Tablelands, followed before they were dispatched along with the rest of the 7th Division to take part in the landing on Balikpapan in July 1945, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Bourne. The battalion's involvement in the fighting on Borneo was only brief, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0008-0001", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nDespite being landed in the wrong position on 1 July, the 2/12th secured its objectives with very few casualties\u2014losing three killed and 13 wounded and inflicting 103 killed on the opposing Japanese forces on the first day\u2014helping the 18th Brigade secure the high ground overlooking the landing beach at Klandasan before continuing on towards their main objectives. By 3 July Balikpapan had fallen, and two days later the battalion ceased active operations. They remained on Borneo until the end of the war. When the demobilisation process began, members of the battalion were progressively returned to Australia for discharge, or were transferred elsewhere for further service. Those that were not, remained with the battalion undertaking garrison duties until the 2/12th was finally disbanded on 1 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0009-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nDuring the course of the war, a total of 3,491 men served with the 2/12th Battalion of whom 292 were killed in action or died on active service, while a further 590 were wounded. Its members received the following decorations: three Distinguished Service Orders, seven Military Crosses, three Distinguished Conduct Medals, 18 Military Medals and 50 Mentions in Despatches. In addition, two members of the battalion were appointed as Officers of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0010-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961, these battle honours were entrusted to the 12th Battalion, and are now maintained by the 12th/40th Battalion, the Royal Tasmania Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160980-0011-0000", "contents": "2/12th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/12th Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0000-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/12th Commando Squadron was a commando unit raised by the Australian Army for service in World War II. Raised in 1944 following a re-organisation of Australia's military forces, the unit participated in the Borneo campaign in 1945 but played only a limited role before hostilities ended. Following the end of the war, the squadron returned to Australia and was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0001-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nIn 1941\u201342, the Australian Army raised a number of independent companies to carry out irregular warfare type operations in the mould of the British commandos. These units later became known as commando squadrons. Initially they were intended to be sent overseas as part of Australia's commitment to the fighting against the Germans and Italians in North Africa and the Middle East, however, following Japan's entry into the war these units were hastily deployed to the islands to the north of Australia to act first as an observation and early warning force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0001-0001", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nFollowing the outbreak of hostilities and the arrival of Japanese forces on the Pacific islands, these units were mainly used to carry out delaying and harassment operations and to act as stay-behind forces conducting a guerilla style of warfare. As the war progressed, Australia's strategic focus shifted away from the Middle East to the Pacific and as a result, in 1943\u201344 the Australian Army was restructured in order to prepare itself for the campaigns in this theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0001-0002", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nOne of the main changes that occurred at this time affected the divisional cavalry regiments of three Australian divisions\u2014the 6th, 7th and 9th Divisions\u2014which were largely disbanded and used to form the headquarters of three new cavalry commando regiments. As a result of this, the previously independent commando squadrons were re-organised into a regimental system and a number of new units were also raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0002-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/12th Commando Squadron was one of these new units. Formed in January 1944, the unit was raised from volunteers from the 9th Divisional Cavalry Regiment which had been redesignated as the 2/9th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment and re-roled as a commando unit, as well as from men of the disbanded 1st Armoured Division and other men who had volunteered for commando training. Along with the 2/4th and 2/11th Commando Squadrons, they formed the 2/9th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, which was attached to the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0003-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nFollowing the unit's formation, the squadron began training on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland where they were based throughout 1944 and into 1945, along with the rest of the 9th Division until they finally received orders to embark for overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0004-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nThe 2/12th Commando Squadron embarked from Townsville, Queensland in April 1945 bound for Morotai as part of the buildup of Australian forces in preparation for operations in the Netherlands East Indies and Borneo. These operations were known collectively as \"Operation Oboe\", whilst the landings on Borneo were known as Operation Oboe Six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0004-0001", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nWhilst the 26th Brigade and the 2/4th Commando Squadron were in the mopping up stages of the fighting on Tarakan, the rest of the 9th Division and the 2/9th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment carried out an assault landing on Labuan Island and at Brunei Bay on the north-west coast of Borneo. The plan was to secure the island's oil and rubber resources and to establish an advanced fleet base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0005-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nDuring the early phase of the campaign the 2/12th Commando Squadron was held back as the divisional reserve and as such did not take part in the main fighting on Labuan Island. As the Japanese resistance on the island was coming to an end and the focus of Australian operations moved towards the mainland of Borneo, the squadron was finally committed to operations when it was given the task of carrying out mopping up operations on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0006-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nPlaced under the command of the 2/32nd Battalion the squadron landed on 12 June and began patrol operations nine days later. In the following eleven days the squadron was involved in a number of contacts, suffering one man killed and two wounded, while capturing one Japanese soldier and killing 27 others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0006-0001", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nThe most notable incident occurred on 26 June 1945, when, following a Japanese raid on the British Borneo Civil Affairs Unit (BBCAU) area two days earlier, a section from the 2/12th contacted the group that had been responsible for the raid and in a quick engagement 14 Japanese were killed and two Australians wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0007-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945\nThe fighting on Labuan Island came to an end by the middle of July and while the rest of the 9th Division was committed to action on the mainland, the 2/12th remained there and were used to carry out survey work, helping to improve the accuracy of the maps of Labuan Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0008-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of hostilities in the Pacific, the size of the squadron was slowly reduced as men who had enough points to do so were returned to Australia for demobilisation, whilst others were transferred to other units for occupation duties. In this time the squadron was transferred to Kuching in Sarawak, where they joined Kutching Force and carried out ceremonial duties. In January 1946, the squadron finally returned to Australia and the following month, while at Puckapunyal, Victoria it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160981-0009-0000", "contents": "2/12th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the course of its service during the war, the 2/12th lost one man killed in action and two men wounded. One member of the squadron received a Mention in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160982-0000-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Ambulance\nThe 2/12th Field Ambulance was an Australian military unit of the Second Australian Imperial Force, serving during World War II. During their six years of service, over 200 soldiers were killed, the highest figure for a non-combatant unit in Australian history. The majority of the unit's casualties were suffered during the sinking of the hospital ship Centaur in May 1943. During the war, the 2/12th deployed personnel in support of Australian combat operations against the Japanese on Ambon, Timor and in Borneo before being disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160982-0001-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Ambulance, History\nThe 2/12th was founded at Sydney Showground on 22 November 1940. Consisting of a headquarters company and two deployable companies, the unit consisted of 12 officers and 250 soldiers and had the capacity to provide medical support at brigade-level including battlefield casualty collection and initial wound treatment. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Nathaniel Barton, who had previously served as commanding officer of the 6th Light Horse Regiment, the unit was attached to the 23rd Infantry Brigade, 8th Division. Most of the recruits were from rural New South Wales. During their training in the Northern Territory, the members of the 2/12th provided medical support for the 23rd Brigade, participated in the construction of five small medical hospitals, and assisted sappers and pioneer assault units, earning the unit the nickname \"2/12th Pioneers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160982-0002-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Ambulance, History\nFollowing the beginning of the Pacific War, 50 members of the 2/12th were each attached to Gull Force and Sparrow Force, and sent to defend the islands of Ambon and Timor respectively. All of the members of the 2/12th serving with Gull Force were captured or killed by the Japanese on 1 February 1942, with many dying as prisoners of war on Ambon or Hainan. Many of those serving with Sparrow Force were also captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160982-0003-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Ambulance, History\nAfter this, the half-strength unit was reinforced and rebuilt in Darwin, where the unit remained until January 1943, continuing to support the 23rd Brigade. After being relieved by the 2/13th Field Ambulance, the 2/12th moved to the Wollongong\u2013Illawarra area, to support the 9th Brigade while more personnel were posted into the unit from the 1st Division's medical units to bring it up to full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160982-0003-0001", "contents": "2/12th Field Ambulance, History\nFinally, the unit was ready to deploy overseas and on 10 May 1943, the 195 members of the 2/12th boarded hospital ship Centaur to be transported to New Guinea, where they were scheduled to relieve the 3rd Field Ambulance in Port Moresby. On 14 May 1943, at 4:00\u00a0a.m., Centaur was torpedoed by Japanese submarine I-177, and sank in less than three minutes. Of the 332 aboard, there were only 64 survivors, including 15 members of the 2/12th. It was 13 hours before they were rescued by USS Mugford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160982-0004-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Ambulance, History\nThe  survivors were reinforced by men from the 4th Light Field Ambulance, and was the 2/12th briefly attached to the 1st Division around Belgownie before being attached at corps-level to I Corps on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, arriving there on November 1943. In early 1944, the unit re-established itself at Wongabel in preparation for deployment to New Guinea where Australian forces were fighting around the Huon Peninsula. In the end, the unit was not deployed there and had to wait until 1945 before it would be sent overseas again, when it was committed to the Borneo campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160982-0004-0001", "contents": "2/12th Field Ambulance, History\nIn February, the unit was despatched to Morotai from where it would eventually detach elements to Tarakan, Lutong, and Kuching to support the 26th and 20th Brigades, both part of the 9th Division. The unit was disbanded in 1946, having served past the war's end, working with the retrieval and care of Allied prisoners of war. During the war, according to author Graham McKenzie-Smith, the unit had the \"highest casualty rate of a non-combatant unit in the Australian Army\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0000-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/12th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment formed as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force for overseas during World War II. Recruited in the state of Victoria in early 1940, the 2/12th was initially formed as a medium artillery regiment, but was later converted to a field regiment due to a lack of medium guns. As a field regiment, the 2/12th deployed to the Middle East where they supported the 9th Division in several battles during the North African Campaign in 1941\u201342, and undertook garrison duty in Lebanon. In early 1943, the regiment returned to Australia and subsequently fought in New Guinea, seeing action against the Japanese during the Huon Peninsula Campaign in 1943\u201344 and then the Borneo Campaign in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0001-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nBecause of the Australian government's decision to raise a second infantry division \u2013 the 7th \u2013 as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) there was a need to raise a corps headquarters element and supporting troops. Part of the corps' support requirements was a medium artillery unit and, as a result, in May 1940 the regiment was initially formed with the designation of the \"2/2nd Medium Regiment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0001-0001", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nUnder the command of Lieutenant Colonel Shirley Goodwin, the regiment was formed with a cadre of regular engineer and artillery personnel drawn from the coastal artillery units around Port Phillip Bay, as well as part-time artillerymen from the Victorian-based Militia 2nd Medium Brigade. It was intended that the regiment would be equipped with 60-pounder medium guns, and throughout their initial training the regiment's recruits were trained on weapons borrowed from Militia units; however, the weapons were scarce and in October 1940, because of the lack of appropriate guns, it was decided to convert the regiment into a field artillery unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0001-0002", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIt was consequently redesignated as the \"2/12th Field Regiment\", and at the same time it was reallocated from I Australian Corps to the 9th Division, although it would not come under its control until it had moved to the Middle East in early 1941. Upon conversion to a field unit, the regiment's two batteries were redesignated: No. 3 became 23 Battery and No. 4 became 24 Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0002-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nNo guns were received following its conversion to the field artillery establishment, as the regiment was to be equipped upon its arrival overseas, so training was undertaken at Puckapunyal using 18-pounders borrowed from the 2/8th Field Regiment. After completing training  at Puckapunyal in mid-November, the regiment embarked upon the transport Stratheden and deployed to the Middle East, with a war establishment of just over 700 personnel. They arrived in Palestine in December 1940 and until March 1941, they were based at Qastina. That month, the regiment was reorganised into three batteries, each of two troops. The third battery was initially designated as 'Z' Battery, but it later came to be redesignated as 62 Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0003-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment subsequently undertook three major battles in the North African campaign, seeing action during the Siege of Tobruk and then the First and Second Battles of El Alamein. These were punctuated by a period of garrison duty in Lebanon between January and June 1942, where the regiment formed part of the occupation force established there after the defeat of Vichy French forces during the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, tasked with defending against a possible German attack over the Caucacus towards the strategically important Middle East oilfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0003-0001", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring the regiment's involvement in the fighting around Tobruk, it arrived at the port on HMAS\u00a0Vampire in mid-May without any guns, and was allocated to the western sector, where they took over an assortment of British and captured Italian guns. This included several 60-pounders and 4.5-inch howitzers. According to The Mercury newspaper, during the siege the regiment \"spent more days in action than any other Australian artillery unit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0003-0002", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nWhen they were finally relieved and evacuated from the besieged port \u2013 around September as part of the 24th Infantry Brigade \u2013 the regiment left its motley assortment of equipment to the British unit that replaced them \u2013 the 144th Field Regiment \u2013 and subsequently adopted the 144th's complete set of twenty-four 25-pounders and 36 tractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0004-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn January 1943, the regiment returned to Australia aboard the transport Ile de France as part of the final of the transference of Australian ground troops from the Middle East to the Pacific. After leave, the 2/12th re-formed at Kairi, on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland in April 1943. A period of reorganisation and training followed as the 2/12th was prepared for the rigours of jungle warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0004-0001", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn late July, they embarked by detachments at Cairns upon several transports including  HMAS\u00a0Manoora, Van Heutz, W Ellery Channing, USS\u00a0Henry T Allen and the Van Der Lijn, bound for New Guinea where they were to join the fighting against the Japanese. After arriving at Milne Bay in August, they subsequently took part in landings around Lae and then Finschhafen in September, and saw action during the Huon Peninsula campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0004-0002", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nSupporting the 20th Infantry Brigade during the initial landing around Scarlet Beach, once Finschhafen was secured, the regiment's guns support the attack on Sattelberg from the coastal plain, before supporting further advances north as part of the drive towards Sio before returning to Australia in early 1944. After a year-long interlude training around Ravenshoe, Queensland, the regiment undertook its final campaign of the war in 1945, providing fire support during the Battle of North Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0004-0003", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAssigned to support the 24th Infantry Brigade, during the landing on Labuan two troops of the 2/12th came ashore alongside the assaulting infantry in LVTs, something the Australian Army had not done before. Later, during June, 14 guns from the regiment were moved by barge to support operations around Weston and Beaufort. The swampy ground in the area posed problems for the gunners, who had to shore up the ground with coconut palms. At the end of the war, the regiment was disbanded with its last war diary entry being made on 1 March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160983-0005-0000", "contents": "2/12th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThroughout its existence, the regiment used a variety of guns including captured Italian pieces as well as Allied equipment. The British and American guns used by the regiment were: 60-pounder medium guns, 18-pounder field guns, 4.5-inch howitzers, 4.2-inch mortars, 25-pounders, and 75mm pack howitzers. Over 2,000 personnel served in the regiment during the six years it existed. Of these, a total of 71 members of the regiment were killed in action or died on active service, either from wounds sustained or as the result of an accident. A further 138 wounded are recorded on the regiment's casualty list. Members of the regiment received the following decorations: three Distinguished Service Orders, four Members of the Order of the British Empire, six Military Crosses, six Military Medals, and 44 Mentions in Despatches. A plaque commemorating the regiment's personnel is included in Anzac Square in Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0000-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/13th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. Formed in April 1940 from volunteers drawn primarily from New South Wales, as part of the 20th Brigade of the 7th Division, the battalion served in North Africa in 1941\u20131942, after being reassigned to the 9th Division. While most of the 9th Division was withdrawn from Tobruk, during October 1942, the battalion remained and fought alongside the new garrison built around the British 70th Division. Following the lifting of the siege, the battalion returned to Australia during 1943. It later took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943\u20131944 and Borneo in 1945, before being disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0001-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/13th Battalion  was established in April 1940, from Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) volunteers drawn primarily from the state of New South Wales, the 2/13th Battalion. Along with the 2/15th and 2/17th Battalions, it formed part of the 20th Brigade, which was assigned on formation to the 7th Division. With an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the 2/13th was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies, each consisting of three platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0002-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThroughout the war, the 2/13th had six different unit colour patches (UCPs). The colours initially chosen for the battalion's UCP were the same as those of the 13th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were light blue over dark blue, in a horizontal rectangle shape, with a border of gray in a diamond shape was later added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0002-0001", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nLater, as the 7th Division was formed, it was decided that the division's colour patches would utilise a diamond shape to set them apart from the battalions of the 6th Division, so the battalion's colour patch was changed to a light blue over dark blue diamond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0002-0002", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThis was later changed to a black and red diamond inside a gray diamond border to conform with regulations that stipulated that the 20th Brigade's defining colour was to be red, although this did not last long, with the light blue over dark blue rectangle being restored shortly afterwards, being presented inside a gray diamond. A further change occurred when the battalion was transferred to the 9th Division, at which point it adopted a light blue over dark blue rectangle inside a gray circle. This remained the battalion's UCP until after the fighting at Tobruk, when it adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0003-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nIndividual training was undertaken at Ingleburn Army Camp, before the battalion marched in mid-August to Bathurst Army Camp where collective training was completed. By October the battalion was ready to deploy overseas and, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Burrows, previously commanding officer of the 36th Battalion embarked along with the rest of the brigade from Sydney, bound for the Middle East on board the Queen Mary. While at sea, a reorganisation of the 7th and 9th Divisions resulted in several brigades being reallocated, and as a consequence the 2/13th, was reassigned to the 9th Division, along with the rest of the 20th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0004-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nSailing via Bombay, in India, where the battalion briefly camped at Deolali before transferring to the transport Christiaan Huygens on 12 November 1940. The battalion arrived in Egypt at the end of the month, disembarking at El Kantara on 26 November. After moving into camp at Kilo 89, on Gaza Ridge, they then spent several months completing further training in Palestine before the partially trained 9th Division was deployed to Cyrenaica in March 1941 following the departure of the 6th Division to Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0004-0001", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nFollowing the arrival of German forces in North Africa, the British were pushed onto the defensive and they were forced to withdraw from Benghazi to the strategic port of Tobruk, which subsequently fell under siege; the 2/13th formed part of the rearguard during the withdrawal during which it gained the distinction of being the first Australian Army unit to see action against the Germans,  fighting a short, but sharp delaying action at Er Regima on 4 April 1941 against a force three times their size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0004-0002", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAt the time, the 2/13th had not yet completed its training, and was hastily equipped with captured Italian heavy weapons, mortars and signals equipment as it was put into the line on the rocky high ground around the Benina airfield. With one company guarding prisoners around Barce, the remainder of the 2/13th first went into action in the afternoon of 4 April 1941, as German infantry and tanks attacked their position over several hours. With support from a British artillery regiment, the 2/13th held their ground until late in the evening, until captured Italian vehicles were brought up to withdraw the battalion. The fighting cost the 2/13th Battalion 98 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0005-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nFollowing this, the 2/13th joined the Tobruk garrison, as the port was surrounded. During the siege, the battalion occupied the perimeter and undertook defensive duties, remaining there for eight months, with the distinction of being the only Australian infantry battalion to see out the length of the siege, remaining alongside the new garrison built around the British 70th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0005-0001", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe other Australian units were withdrawn earlier by sea and the intention had been to do the same for the 2/13th in October 1941, but the convoy scheduled to take the 2/13th out of Tobruk had been repelled by an Axis air attack and the British later asked for the battalion, less its advanced party which had already been evacuated, to remain for the subsequent break out attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0006-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn November, the British launched Operation Crusader, to relieve the garrison at Tobruk. As part of this effort, the 2/13th Battalion was tasked with recapturing El Duda in late November after a battalion of the Essex Regiment was forced off the position. Supported by British armour and artillery, two companies totalling 160 men assaulted the position which was held by force of around 450 Germans. In the fighting that followed heavy casualties were inflicted on the defenders who were forced from the position, leaving 167 men who were taken prisoner. Following the capture of El Duda, the 2/13th undertook patrol actions in their sector, and endured a heavy bombardment, which resulted in further casualties, including the commanding officer, Burrows, after which Major George Colvin temporarily assumed command of the battalion in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0007-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAfter the relief of Tobruk, in December 1941, the battalion moved to Palestine where it rejoined the rest of the 9th Division and subsequently undertook garrison duty in Syria, as part of the Allied occupation force that had been established there following the conclusion of the fighting against the Vichy French forces in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign. During this period, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Turner took over command of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0007-0001", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe 2/13th remained in Syria, based around Tripoli initially before moving to Aleppo, until July 1942 when the situation in North Africa became critical and the 9th Division was hurriedly moved west to El Alamein as the German Afrika Korps  and Italian forces advanced towards Egypt. For the next four months, the battalion defended the northern sector of the Allied line, occupying Tel el Eisa in August, and then taking part in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October and November 1942. During the height of the battle, Turner was mortally wounded and command of the 2/13th fell to Colvin once again; he was subsequently confirmed in the position in later October 1942 and would command the 2/13th for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0008-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nThe fighting around Tel el Eisa was the 2/13th's last involvement in the fighting in North Africa as the 9th Division was recalled to Australia in early 1943 to take part in the fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific, joining the other two 2nd AIF divisions\u00a0\u2013 the 6th and 7th\u00a0\u2013 which had been transported back the year before. Departing Egypt in January 1943 aboard the Acquitania, the 2/13th reached Sydney the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0008-0001", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nThe battalion's personnel were given a long period of leave, before it was reconstituted on the Atherton Tablelands, in Queensland, where it was re-organised for jungle warfare and undertook amphibious training. Its next combat assignment came in early September 1943, when the 9th Division took part in a two-pronged assault on Lae, along with the 7th Division, with the 9th conducting an amphibious landing to the east of the town while the 7th advanced overland from Nadzab. After sailing from Cairns in late July, the battalion staged out of Milne Bay. During the landing, the 2/13th was tasked with coming ashore on \"Yellow Beach\", and then securing the beachhead for the follow on forces; it later sent out patrols to link up with the 2/15th Battalion and secure the right flank before the main advance west began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0009-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nLae fell more quickly than the Allies expected and as a result a follow up operation was mounted to secure the Huon Peninsula later in the month. Landing at Scarlet Beach in the first wave, two companies from the 2/13th secured the main beachhead while two others were also landed around Siki Cove on the first day of the operation. By October, the battalion occupied a position north of Langemak Bay which stretched in a dog-leg from Simbang north to Tirimoro. They were later involved in defending the beachhead against a Japanese counter-attack, and then the subsequent Australian advance inland as the Japanese withdrew towards Sio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0010-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nThey were withdrawn from the front in March 1944, for rest and re-organisation, subsequently returning to the Atherton Tablelands to concentrate near Ravenshoe where a long period of training followed. The battalion's final involvement in the war came when they were committed to Operation Oboe, the Allied operation to re-capture Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0010-0001", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nEmbarking upon the transport Frederick Lykes, the battalion concentrated on Morotai Island in April 1945, along with the rest of the 7th and 9th Divisions, the 2/13th Battalion was committed to the Battle of North Borneo on 20 June when it conducted an unopposed amphibious landing at  Lutong on 20 June, before undertaking another landing and continuing their advance down the south-western coast, passing through Miri on 23 June, before continuing on to Seria on their way towards Kuching, securing several airfields and oilfields, and conducting patrols, as they went. The campaign ended with news of the Japanese surrender, following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, by which time the 2/13th had established itself around Lobang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0011-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nAfter the conclusion of hostilities, the 2/13th Battalion carried out various garrison duties such as guarding prisoners of war and maintaining internal security while the demobilisation process took place. Personnel were repatriated back to Australia or transferred to other units for further service; meanwhile, in November, the battalion was transferred to  Luban, before finally being brought back to Australia in December 1945 for disbandment. During the course of the war, a total of 2,706 men served with the 2/13th Battalion of whom 245 were killed in action or died on active service, 87 were captured, and a further 630 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0011-0001", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nMembers of the battalion received the following decorations: three Distinguished Service Orders including one Bar, ten Military Crosses, one Member of the Order of the British Empire, six Distinguished Conduct Medals; 12 Military Medals including one Bar, one British Empire Medal, and 40 Mentions in Despatches. One former member of the battalion, Lieutenant Albert Chowne, who served with the 2/13th before being commissioned in 1944, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions while serving with the 2/2nd Battalion during the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160984-0012-0000", "contents": "2/13th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/13th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0000-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/14th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during World War II. Part of the 21st Brigade, 7th Division, the battalion was raised from Second Australian Imperial Force volunteers drawn mainly from the state of Victoria. After completing training in Australia in 1940, the battalion deployed to the Middle East where it was stationed in Egypt and Palestine before it saw action against the Vichy French in Syria in June and July 1941, in a short lived campaign. Garrison duties in Lebanon followed before the battalion was withdrawn to Australia in early 1942 as Australian forces were concentrated in the Pacific to respond to the threat posed by Japan's entry into the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0001-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia)\nAfter a short period of re-training in Australia to prepare for jungle warfare, the battalion was deployed to New Guinea in August 1942 as the Australians sent reinforcements to the Kokoda Track to fight against Japanese forces that had been advancing towards Port Moresby. After the Japanese were forced to exhaust their supplies they began to fall back towards their beachheads on the north coast. The 2/14th was part of the Australian advance that then saw further action around Gona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0001-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia)\nIn September 1943, after a period of re-organisation in Australia, the battalion took part in the advance on Lae as the Allies went on the offensive in New Guinea, before taking part in the fighting in the Markham and Ramu Valleys of the Finisterre Range campaign. The battalion's final involvement in the war came in the landing on Balikpapan in 1945. The 2/14th was disbanded after the war, in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0002-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/14th Battalion was raised on 26 April 1940 at Puckapunyal, Victoria, shortly after the start of World War II as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), which was established at the time from personnel that had volunteered to serve in combat overseas. The battalion was assigned to the 21st Brigade, 7th Division, and would remain part of this formation throughout its existence. It had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, and most of those were drawn from the state of Victoria, although some were allocated from other states later as reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0002-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nMany of the battalion's initial recruits had previous military experience, having served in the Militia prior to volunteering for the 2nd AIF, with the majority having to relinquish rank to transfer. Officially the battalion's average age on formation was 29, although the battalion historian, William Russell, asserts that this is not necessarily accurate as men were found to have altered their ages both up (from as young as 15) and down (from as old as 55) upon recruitment. In keeping with 2nd AIF recruitment practices, there were many pairs of brothers who were early recruits; there was even one case of a father and son who served in the same platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0003-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nSoon after battalion headquarters was established, the battalion's first commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel William Cannon, began choosing his officers, who then set about the task of forming their own companies and platoons, as the unit structure was built up around four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 with a battalion headquarters and a headquarters company consisting of several specialist platoons including signals, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, administration and mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0003-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe battalion's companies were formed largely along territorial lines, with 'A' Company being drawn mainly from the Mildura and north-eastern regions of Victoria, while 'B' Company was drawn from Geelong, the Western District, Prahran, Brighton and the Mornington Peninsula. 'C' Company consisted largely of men from Ballarat and Melbourne's inner suburbs, and men of Scottish ancestry, while those of Irish ancestry formed 'D' Company. Once the battalion's complement of men had arrived at Puckapunyal and formation was complete, basic training began in May 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0003-0002", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nOn 18 August, the battalion was presented its regimental colours in a ceremony by members of the 14th Battalion, who had served during World War I. This was done in order to establish links with the units of the First Australian Imperial Force, and later, in early October, the 2/14th Battalion changed its unit colour patch from a black over blue diamond to the yellow and blue rectangle of its earlier counterpart. Shortly after this, although still only partially trained, the battalion received orders to deploy overseas, and on 18 October the men embarked upon the Aquitania in Sydney, New South Wales, bound for the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0004-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nTravelling via India, where they camped at Deolali, near Bombay, the battalion arrived at Kantara, in Egypt on 25 November 1940 and were transported to Julius Camp in Palestine, where the soldiers undertook further training. Later, they were moved to Dimra in January 1941, before being sent in April to Mersa Matruh, in Egypt, to defend against a possible German attack there during the siege of Tobruk. Although no German attack came there, during their time at Maaten Bagush the battalion was subjected to aerial attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0004-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIt remained there until the end of May when the battalion was relieved by a South African battalion. The 21st Brigade then returned to Palestine to begin preparations for operations in Syria and Lebanon against the Vichy French in order to prevent the area from falling into the hands of the Germans who could then have launched an attack on the Suez Canal from there, or captured the oilfields in Persia (present-day Iran).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0005-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe 2/14th Battalion's involvement in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign began on the night of 7/8 June when the unit advanced across the Palestine border from Hanita and attacked Vichy outposts around the village of Alma Chaab. Following this, the battalion advanced along the coast towards Tyre, from where it evicted the French defenders before forcing a crossing over the Litani River. On 11 June, the 21st Brigade's advance towards Sidon came up against determined resistance around the Zahrani River, at Merdjayoun. The 2/14th Battalion found themselves up against troops from the French Foreign Legion's 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0005-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nFor the next few days the battalion came under attack from Vichy French aircraft and artillery before being committed to a flanking action on 15 June. Conducting a 30-kilometre (19\u00a0mi) march during the heat of the day, the Australians approached Sidon through the mountains but arrived just after the town fell to the 2/27th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0006-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nFollowing this, on 17 June, the battalion was moved to the central sector of the Allied advance in order to reinforce the 2/31st Battalion, attached to the 25th Brigade, which was holding off a Vichy French counter-attack at Jezzine. After Damascus was captured on 22 June, the 2/14th Battalion was committed to the fighting to secure a number of features on Mount Kharatt, high ground north-east of the town which dominated the surrounding area. These attacks proved unsuccessful, and quite costly for the 2/14th, with 12 killed and 47 wounded on 24 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0006-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe fighting around Jezzine continued until 29 June when the French began to withdraw. After this, the Australians regained the initiative and on 2 July the 2/14th Battalion left Jezzine to begin preparations for the Battle of Damour, to which it was committed on 5 July 1941. Between then and 9 July, the 2/14th were involved in a number of attacks, capturing French positions on Hills 243 and 567.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0007-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nOn 12 July, an armistice came into effect, ending the fighting. Following this, the 2/14th Battalion was initially used to conduct battlefield clearance tasks before moving to Beirut where the men were used as garrison troops overseeing the repatriation of captured Vichy soldiers to France. Later, in September, the battalion was transferred to the north to construct defensive positions near Tripoli in Lebanon. In December 1941, following the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor and in Malaya, the decision was made to bring the 6th and 7th Divisions back to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0007-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn early January 1942, the 7th Division left Syria, where it had been undertaking garrison duties, and returned to Palestine. The 2/14th were moved to a camp near Jerusalem, and during this time command of the battalion passed to Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Key, who had previously commanded the 2/8th Battalion. On 30 January 1942 the 2/14th Battalion embarked on the transport Ile de France from Port Tewfik in Egypt, bound for Australia. The 2/14th's casualties during its deployment to the Middle East were 21 killed, 94 wounded and 11 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0008-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Kokoda Track\nThe battalion returned to Australia via Bombay, where the infantrymen were transferred to the troopship City of Paris in early February. They arrived in Adelaide, South Australia, on 24 March 1942. After this a period of leave followed, and then the battalion undertook defensive duties and training around Yandina, Queensland, before being dispatched along with the rest of the 7th Division to New Guinea where the situation on the Kokoda Track was becoming critical for the Australians as the Japanese advanced towards Port Moresby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0009-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Kokoda Track\nOn 13 August 1942, the 21st Brigade, including the 2/14th Battalion, disembarked in Port Moresby. Three days later, 16 August, the battalion was transported on trucks to Ilolo before marching to Uberi, reaching Myola on 21 August. On 25 August, the battalion received orders to relieve the severely depleted 39th Battalion, which was holding the Japanese at Isurava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0009-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Kokoda Track\nDue to a shortage of supplies it was only possible for one company to move at a time, and as a result 'C' Company was dispatched to Isurava first, while 'B' and 'D' Companies were dispatched to Alola and 'A' Company moved to Templeton's Crossing. 'C' Company subsequently reached the 39th's position late in the evening of 26 August. The following day, the Japanese launched a fresh offensive with three battalions from the 144th Infantry Regiment, and throughout the day a number of minor engagements took place. On 27 August, the Japanese offensive began in earnest as the 39th Battalion's positions around Isurava were subjected to heavy mortar and artillery fire. Japanese infantry broke into the position through the gaps between one of company's depleted platoons, but the situation was restored by two Australian counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0010-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Kokoda Track\nThe rest of the 2/14th Battalion arrived on 28 August amidst continuing fighting, bringing with them a 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) mortar for indirect fire support. The 39th Battalion then moved to the rear, but remained in support of the 2/14th in order to help repel the next wave of the Japanese attack. By 29 August, the Japanese had about six battalions around Isurava, and in the morning fresh attacks succeeded in breaking into the 2/14th's position with 'C' Company, on the battalion's right, being forced to give ground. With the situation critical, the Australians launched a counter-attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0010-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Kokoda Track\nAs a part of this attack, Private Bruce Kingsbury charged the Japanese, firing his Bren light machine gun from the hip, killing at least 30 of them and forcing others to withdraw. Although Kingsbury was subsequently killed by a sniper, his actions allowed the Australians to briefly regain their positions and later he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, Australia's highest military decoration. Further attacks during the day, however, forced the battalion to fall back 1 kilometre (0.62\u00a0mi) down the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0011-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Kokoda Track\nOn 30 August, the Japanese began threatening the 2/14th's left flank from the high ground situated there, and as another attack put the battalion's rear in jeopardy, the battalion was forced to give more ground. At this point, the brigade commander, Brigadier Arnold Potts, authorised a withdrawal to Alola. With the Japanese pressing against their rear guard, over the course of the following fortnight, the battalion fought a series of delaying actions and fighting withdrawals towards Ioribaiwa and Imita Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0011-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Kokoda Track\nBy the time it reached Imita Ridge, the 2/14th was so depleted that it was amalgamated with the 2/16th Battalion to form a composite battalion of just over 300 men, and as the 21st Brigade prepared to make a final stand, the battalions of the 25th Brigade arrived to relieve them. Following this, the composite battalion was withdrawn from the line on 16 September. The 2/14th Battalion had begun the Kokoda campaign with 546 men, but upon arriving at Uberi, where they had been placed in reserve, there were only 88 men available, of whom only three were officers. Casualties were high, with 110 men being killed in action, with two more dying of their wounds and another four being killed in accidents. A further 132 were also wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0012-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Gona\nFollowing the 21st Brigade's relief, the fighting in New Guinea began to turn in favour of the Allies,  as the Japanese, having exhausted their supplies, began to fall back towards their beachheads on the north coast. By November 1942, although the 2/14th had been reformed at Koitaki, near Port Moresby, it was still not up to full strength, with a total of only 341 men of all ranks. Nevertheless, the situation in New Guinea meant that the 21st Brigade was needed to help capture the Japanese beachhead around Gona on the north-eastern coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0012-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Gona\nThe 2/14th Battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Challen who had replaced Key in late September, after the latter had been captured and executed by the Japanese following the fighting around Isurava, was placed in the vanguard of the brigade's move, being air transported to Popondetta on 25 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0013-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Gona\nOrganised into three half-strength companies, the following day the battalion began the 32-kilometre (20\u00a0mi) march towards Gona. On 29 November, the 2/14th attacked along the coast to the east of Gona. The Japanese positions were well-concealed and amidst strong resistance the 2/14th suffered heavy casualties, losing 13 killed and 23 wounded. Early in the morning on 30 November the battalion lost another three killed before it launched a well-planned deliberate attack on the remaining Japanese fortified position. For only two minor casualties, the 2/14th forced the Japanese defenders to abandon their positions and managed to break through to the beach, securing about 1.5 kilometres (0.93\u00a0mi) along the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0014-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Gona\nOn 8 December, a reinforced platoon from the 2/14th was ordered to conduct a reconnaissance around Haddy's Village, 2 kilometres (1.2\u00a0mi) west of Gona, where the Japanese had landed reinforcements on 6 December. Under the command of Lieutenant Bob Dougherty, the platoon launched a surprise attack against the numerically superior force. In the hand-to-hand fighting that followed over 90 Japanese were killed or wounded, while six men from the 2/14th were wounded. The attack proved a success and enabled the Australians around Gona to attack without concern about being engaged by the Japanese reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0014-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Gona\nGona was subsequently taken on 9 December. Dougherty was killed leading a patrol around the village on 11 December. The battalion remained in the area until 8 January 1943, by which time there were only 21 fit personnel left. They were subsequently returned to Australia. Casualties during the fighting around Buna, Gona and Sanananda amounted to 50 killed in action or died of wounds or accidentally, as well as 88 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0015-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Lae and the Finisterres\nBy the time that the 21st Brigade arrived back in Australia, it was heavily depleted, with only 44 per cent of its authorised strength. The 2/14th subsequently underwent a period of rebuilding around Ravenshoe, in Queensland, in preparation for further operations. During this time the units of the 7th Division were converted to the \"jungle\" divisional establishment, which saw a reduction in the 2/14th Battalion's authorised strength to just over 800 men. As the battalion was brought back up to strength, in July there was a change of command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0015-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Lae and the Finisterres\nOn 5 July, Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Honner, who had previously commanded the 39th Battalion during the fighting on the Kokoda Track, replaced Challen as commanding officer. In August, along with the rest of the 21st Brigade the battalion moved to Port Moresby where it undertook training for the next month in preparation for the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign. However, the battalion was destined to only take a limited role in the campaign, and on 15 September it was dispatched to the airfields at Nadzab to relieve the US Army's 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment and defend the vital airfields from possible Japanese attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0016-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Lae and the Finisterres\nAfter this, the 2/14th was committed to the advance into the Markham Valley and Finisterre Range, in the vanguard of the 21st Brigade's advance from Kaiapit to Dumpu in late September and early October. Moving through the 2/16th Battalion's position and advancing on to Marawasa, the 2/14th left the Markham Valley and proceeded into the Ramu Valley. The 2/14th then moved on the 2/16th's right flank, protecting it from any Japanese attacks that might have eventuated from the north. On 4 October 1943, the battalion reached Wampun village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0016-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Lae and the Finisterres\nIt was there that the battalion's commanding officer, Honner, was seriously wounded when he moved beyond the main defensive position in order to personally carry out a reconnaissance of the surrounding area. A platoon was sent in to extricate Honner as the Japanese began advancing on his position, and after directing a company-level attack against the Japanese, Honner handed over command to Captain Ian Hamilton, commander of 'C' Company, who served as acting commander briefly until Major Mert Lee arrived from brigade headquarters. Lee remained in acting command until the battalion second-in-command, Major Philip Rhoden, returned from a staff course to officially take over command of the battalion as a lieutenant colonel in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0017-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Lae and the Finisterres\nThroughout early 1944, the battalion was mainly involved in patrol operations in support of the 21st Brigade's advance up the Faria River to capture the Japanese positions on the Kankiryo Saddle during the Battle of Shaggy Ridge. As a part of this effort, the battalion's most significant engagement came on 11 October 1943 when 9 Platoon, under Lieutenant Noel Pallier, destroyed a Japanese company in capturing a ridge that overlooked the valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0017-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Lae and the Finisterres\nThe Japanese company had been threatening to cut off the supply line of the 2/27th Battalion, which was leading the 21st Brigade's advance and the following day, heavy fighting took place around John's Knoll and Trevor's Ridge. After this, the battalion undertook mainly patrol actions in the following weeks, these actions varied in size from small groups to company-sized forces, and varied in length from one day to up to a week. In late November, the battalion relieve the 2/25th Battalion around John's Knoll, marching 17 miles (27\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0017-0002", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Lae and the Finisterres\nFrom there, they occupied an outpost position opposite a strong Japanese position, against which they clashed several times throughout December until being withdrawn to the rear around the Lakes area in late December, and then Port Moresby in early January 1944. Although there were only limited engagements with the Japanese during the four months that the 2/14th were involved in the campaign, the battalion still suffered heavily with 958 men being evacuated due to illness or accidental injury during this time. Of these, four died and a further 546 were permanently removed from the theatre. In contrast, battle casualties during this time amounted to seven killed in action, three died of wounds and 25 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0018-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo\nAfter being withdrawn back to Australia in March 1944, the units of the 7th Division received six weeks' leave before reforming on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland. Following this the 2/14th Battalion undertook a period of training before finally being committed to their last campaign of the war in mid-1945. This campaign saw them take part in the amphibious landings at Balikpapan on 1 July 1945. During the initial landings early on 1 July, the 2/14th came ashore at the wrong place, landing at Yellow Beach when it had been scheduled to land at Green Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0018-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo\nNevertheless, the landing was largely unopposed and after 45 minutes of reorganisation the Australians were able to establish themselves at their correct form up point and begin the advance to their first objective: the bridge over the Klandasan Besar. Advancing unopposed they crossed the bridge and at nightfall dug-in in front of the Stalkudo ridge, along the Vasey Highway. The following day, the battalion captured the Sepinggang airstrip as the 21st Brigade began the advance to the east. The 2/27th Battalion subsequently relieved the 2/14th at Sepinggang and on 3 July, the battalion began to move towards the Manggar airstrip. The 21st Brigade then came up against stronger opposition near the Batakan Ketjil River, which held them up until the evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0019-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo\nThe following day the 2/14th resumed its advance towards Manggar and after crossing the river and beginning to move across the strip the battalion's lead company began to receive artillery fire from Japanese coastal defence guns. Naval gunfire support was called in to provide counter-battery fire, but this was only partially effective and the following day air support and tanks were brought it. For the next three days minor infantry actions were undertaken around the periphery of the position while direct and indirect fire support was used to reduce the position, with a view to limiting casualties amongst the infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0019-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo\nFinally, on 9 July, the battalion attacked the two remaining Japanese positions, which had been named \"Frost\" and \"Brown\" by the Australians. Supported by a naval bombardment and Liberator heavy bombers which dropped napalm, two companies from the 2/14th Battalion captured the position where it found over 100 Japanese dead along with a number of artillery pieces including two 120\u00a0mm naval guns and four 75\u00a0mm high-angle guns, as well as numerous heavy mortars and machine-guns. This represented the last of the 2/14th Battalion's major combat actions of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0019-0002", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo\nThe 21st Brigade subsequently captured Sambodja and then as the tempo of operations wound down in anticipation of the end of the war, the Australians began conducting patrol operations in the interior, stretching towards the 25th Brigade's area along the Milford Highway. The battalion's casualties in its final campaign of the war amounted to 21 killed and 41 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0020-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the cessation of hostilities in August 1945, the 2/14th Battalion remained on Borneo until October 1945 when it was moved to Makassar in the Celebes Islands (present-day Sulawesi, Indonesia). The battalion's personnel arrived there on 1 October 1945 but shortly thereafter the 2/14th was transported by sea to Pare-Pare, arriving there on 5 October. While there the battalion undertook garrison duties, guarding Japanese prisoners of war and maintaining administration and law and order until the Dutch were in a position to re-assert colonial rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0020-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDespite the complex political situation, the 2/14th Battalion managed to achieve this without violence and on 5 January 1946 the 50th Battalion, Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, began to arrive to relieve them. This was completed by 17 January. On 22 January 1946 the battalion embarked on HMAS\u00a0Kanimbla, bound for Australia. Upon arrival in Brisbane, Queensland, the demobilisation process began and the battalion's ranks were quickly reduced. Finally, on 22 February 1946, at Victoria Barracks the final paperwork was signed off and the battalion was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0021-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the course of the war, a total of 2,990 men served in the battalion; of these 222 were killed in action or died of wounds, or of illness or accident on active service. A further 378 men from the 2/14th were wounded in action, while 11 men became prisoners of war. The vast majority of these casualties came during the fighting around Kokoda where the battalion suffered 248 battle casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0021-0001", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFor their service during the war, members of the 2/14th received the following gallantry and distinguished service decorations: one Victoria Cross, four Military Crosses, three Distinguished Conduct Medals, 19 Military Medals, one British Empire Medal and 44 Mentions in Despatches. In addition, one member was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. One section from the battalion, 7 Section from 9 Platoon, 'A' Company, is believed to be, according to Dornan, \"the most highly decorated section in Australian and British military history\". Of the 11 men that were assigned to 7 Section when it was first formed in 1940, one of them received the Victoria Cross, one received a Distinguished Conduct Medal and four received the Military Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0022-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), Commanders\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/14th Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160985-0023-0000", "contents": "2/14th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/14th Battalion received the following battle honours for its service during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0000-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/14th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery unit that served during the Second World War. Raised in late 1940 as part of the 8th Division, the regiment remained in Australia as a garrison force in Darwin when the division's infantry brigades were sent to various places around Southeast Asia to meet the threat posed by Japan. As a result, it did not deploy overseas until late 1943. In New Guinea, the regiment supported the 5th Division's operations on the Huon Peninsula throughout 1944 before deploying with them to New Britain in early 1945. From then, until the end of the war, the regiment engaged in operations against the large Japanese garrison on the island. At the end of the war, the 2/14th briefly undertook garrison duties on Rabaul as part of the 11th Division before returning to Australia and disbanding in January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0001-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment was formed on 17 October 1940 from volunteers for overseas service as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force. Assigned to the 8th Division as its second artillery regiment, the 2/14th's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Harry Sewell, a regular Army officer who had previously commanded the School of Artillery and 'A' Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery. Regimental headquarters was established at Puckapunyal, Victoria, as was one of its two batteries: the 27th Battery, which was raised from personnel drawn from the state of Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0001-0001", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe second battery, the 28th Battery, was formed at Woodside Camp, outside of Adelaide, from South Australians. The majority of the officers and non commissioned officers were drawn from the ranks of the Militia, specifically personnel who had previously served in the 2/2nd Medium Training Regiment and the 13th Field Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0002-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nInitial individual and collective training of the batteries was undertaken throughout the remainder of the year before the regiment concentrated at Puckapunyal early in 1941, by which time it consisted of 38 officers and 621 other ranks. The arrival of the South Australian battery enabled collective training on a regimental level as well as technical and specialist training on the Ordnance QF 18-pounder and 4.5-inch howitzer artillery pieces, and the assorted vehicles that the regiment was allocated. In June 1941, Lieutenant Colonel William Christie took over command of the regiment and the following month it was moved to Darwin, Northern Territory, moving via rail through Adelaide to Alice Springs and then to Winnellie Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0003-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAt Winnellie, the regiment joined the 23rd Infantry Brigade, which was the only part of the 8th Division that remained in Australia at that time; the other two brigades  had already been deployed to Malaya where they were undertaking garrison duties. As such, it was believed that the regiment would soon be deployed and the arrival in Darwin was initially treated as a period of acclimatisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0003-0001", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nLater, as war with Japan became likely, the brigade's three infantry battalions were deployed to the islands to Australia's north: the 2/21st to Ambon, the 2/22nd was sent to Rabaul and the 2/40th to Timor. The 2/14th, however, remained behind and stayed in the Darwin area for the next year-and-a-half undertaking training and garrison duties. As a result, after the Japanese overwhelmed these garrisons, the regiment became the only unit of the 8th Division that was not destroyed. Acknowledging this, the regiment adopted a modified, albeit temporary, unit colour patch consisting of a perpendicular bar that ran down the centre of the patch representing the \"Broken Eighth Division\"; when the captured men of the 8th were finally released from captivity, the plan was to remove the bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0004-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn March 1942, the Lieutenant Colonel Ronald Hone took over command of the regiment, which was also expanded to three batteries with the raising of the 64th Battery. In January 1943, the regiment moved to Loftus, New South Wales, handing over its garrison duties to the 2/11th Field Regiment. Following the 2/14th's arrival in Loftus in February, a period of leave followed, after which the regiment was re-equipped with the Ordnance QF 25-pounder gun and later throughout the year the regiment undertook familiarisation training, building towards two regimental exercises in June and July around Illawarra, New South Wales. Later, in September the regiment was re-organised in sympathy with the newly formulated Australian Army jungle establishment, which resulted in it being issued 81 jeeps and 63 four-wheel drive vehicles. The following month, the regiment moved north to Kalinga, Queensland, to prepare for embarkation overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 977]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0005-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn December an advanced party from the regimental headquarters and the 64th Battery moved to Lae and after preparing a regimental area, moved on eight LCMs to Finschhafen where it joined the 9th Division. In January 1944, the 27th and 28th Batteries embarked upon the USS Stephen Girard at Townsville and joined the 64th in New Guinea. After establishing itself at Kelanoa, the regiment took over from the 2/12th Field Regiment, from which it acquired a number of Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short artillery pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0005-0001", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAs the fighting in the Huon Peninsula tailed off, the 9th Division handed over to the Militia 5th Division, which was tasked with completing the task of clearing the peninsula, and the regiment supported the 4th Infantry Brigade around Madang and then Alexishafen, where it remained until December 1944 when the 5th Division was dispatched to secure New Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0006-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nConceptualised as a \"mopping up\" operation, the 5th Division's campaign was limited to containing the large Japanese force\u00a0\u2013 up to 100,000 men\u00a0\u2013 in the Gazelle Peninsula. Prior to departure, the 64th Battery replaced its Short 25-pounders with standard guns and by January 1945 it had landed at Jacquinot Bay. Over the course of the next eight months the regiment was heavily involved in supporting the 6th Infantry Brigade's operations around Waitavolo and Tol, and then the 13th Infantry Brigade's advance towards Moondei, as part of the effort to clear the area around Wide Bay and Open Bay. During the course of the campaign, a total of about 16,000 rounds were fired by the regiment's guns. Casualties amounted to two killed in action and five wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0007-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the end of hostilities in August 1945, the regiment remained on New Britain until September when it was moved to Rabaul. While there it became part of the 11th Division, and undertook garrison duties guarding Japanese prisoners of war. Throughout November and December, the regiment's size fell as the demobilisation process saw members repatriated to Australia or transferred to other units for subsequent service. Finally, at the end of 1945, the regiment returned to Australia and on 17 January 1946 the regiment disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0008-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring the course of its involvement in the war, the regiment lost 20 men killed in action or died on active service and had another 10 wounded. The following decorations were awarded to 2/14th members: one Member of the Order of the British Empire, three Military Medals, one British Empire Medal and 31 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160986-0009-0000", "contents": "2/14th Field Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/14th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0000-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/15th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during World War II. Formed in May 1940 primarily from Queensland volunteers, the battalion saw action in North Africa in 1941\u20131942 as part of the 20th Brigade, which was part of the 7th Division before being reassigned to the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0001-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia)\nAfter completing training in Palestine, in early 1941, the 2/15th took up positions along the front line in the Western Desert, before being pushed back to Tobruk. Between April and October 1941, along with a garrison of British and other Australian personnel, the battalion helped to hold the strategically important port, which had been surrounded following the landing of German troops at Tripoli. It was withdrawn by sea in late October 1941 as the 9th Division was relieved by the British 70th Division. Following its withdrawal from Tobruk, the battalion re-formed at Gaza before undertaking garrison duties in Syria. In mid-1942, the 2/15th returned to North Africa to fight in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0002-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia)\nIn early 1943, the 2/15th returned to Australia and was re-organised and re-trained for jungle warfare. It took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943\u20131944 and Borneo in 1945, before being disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0003-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/15th Battalion was raised at Victoria Barracks in Brisbane on 26 April 1940 from Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) volunteers. It was one of three infantry battalions assigned to the 20th Brigade that were initially part of the 7th Division, the other two being the 2/13th and 2/17th Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0003-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe battalion had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, and was organised into four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons; these were supported by a battalion headquarters and a headquarters company with six specialist platoons: signals, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, administrative and mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0004-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nUpon formation, the 2/15th was placed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Marlan, an Australian Staff Corps officer of the Permanent Military Forces who arrived on promotion from major, having previously served in World War I with the 20th Battalion. The colours initially chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 15th Battalion, a unit that had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0004-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThese colours were initially purple and red in a diamond shape, but after representations from World War I veterans the colour patch was changed to brown over dark blue, in a rectangle shape. The patch was placed inside a grey diamond border added to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; this would change following the unit's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk, when it adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP consisting of blue and green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0005-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nFollowing the battalion's establishment, Marlan set about choosing a cadre of senior commissioned and non-commissioned personnel around which to build the battalion. These personnel included the battalion second-in-command, the quartermaster and adjutant, as well as senior enlisted soldiers to undertake administrative and instructional work. These were recruited from several of the existing Queensland-based Militia battalions including the 25th, 42nd and 47th Battalions. One member recruited at the time had served with the 15th Battalion that had been raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force, during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0006-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAfter the first groups of personnel began arriving at Redbank, in south-east Queensland, in the middle of May, the battalion's headquarters moved to the camp and basic training commenced in June under instructors from the Australian Instructional Corps. In early July, the majority of the battalion was transported by train to Pinkenba, and from there to Darwin, in Australia's north, aboard the troopship Zealandia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0006-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nTasked with defending the port and its surrounds, the battalion was based around Vestey's meatworks near Mindil Beach, and in the months that followed was occupied with vital asset protection and area defence in between individual and collective training exercises. Personnel were joined by the majority of their vehicles, including 14 tracked Bren carriers in August, as well as a group of reinforcements. In October, elements of the battalion were used as stevedores during a wharf labourers' strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0007-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nIn the absence of the Darwin personnel, the battalion's rear details shifted from Redbank to Grovely where route marches were carried out in the Samford Valley. In late October, the rear details personnel returned to Redbank at the end of the month where more equipment was received. The main body of the battalion remained in Darwin, forming part of the town's defensive garrison. They were relieved by the 2/25th Battalion in late October 1940, and embarked again on the Zealandia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0007-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nSailing via Bowen where shore leave was granted, the 2/15th reached Hamilton, in Brisbane, in early November to marry up with the rear details at Redbank. Further training was undertaken at Redbank at this time before the whole battalion entrained for Brisbane on Christmas Day, embarking aboard the Queen Mary bound for Sydney. There, the ship joined up with a larger convoy that was bound for the Middle East theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0008-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nSailing via Colombo, the battalion disembarked in Bombay, transferring to the Rohna for the remainder of the journey. Transitting the Suez Canal, it disembarked at El Kantara, in Egypt, in February 1941. En route to the Middle East, the 20th Brigade was reassigned to the 9th Division, as part of a reorganisation of the Australian divisions in the Middle East prior to I Corps' deployment to Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0008-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nUpon arrival in Egypt, the battalion moved to a base in Gaza dubbed Kilo 89, where it concentrated with the 2/13th and 2/17th Battalions, which had arrived earlier in Palestine as the 9th Division attempted to make good its equipment and training deficiencies. The battalion's war equipment, including vehicles, arrived in mid-February and throughout the month the troops were introduced to the Bren light machine gun, firing it for the first time at the Jaffa Range and practicing constructing defensive systems in preparation for desert warfare. Individual training undertaken at this time was aimed at identifying those who would be unfit for the coming battle, and many were subsequently transferred to the divisional guard battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0009-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn early March 1941, the 2/15th entrained at Gaza and moved to Mersa Matruh, as the 9th Division began to relieve the 6th Division along the front line in the Western Desert so that the latter could be transferred to Greece, where a German invasion was expected. A few days later the battalion was moved to Tobruk. From there it moved by road in captured Italian vehicles to Derna and on to Tochra, then Benghazi, and eventually Barce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0009-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThroughout early April, the 2/15th became involved in the large-scale withdrawal that followed the landing of German forces around Tripoli as part of Axis efforts to reinforce the Italians in North Africa following British gains in  western Egypt and Cyrenaica during Operation Compass in 1940\u201341. The battalion subsequently fell back east along the coast towards Tobruk. During the retreat about 180 men, including the battalion's commanding officer, Marlan, were taken prisoner when their headquarters was surrounded by a force of 18 tanks and unsuccessfully attempted to fight their way out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0009-0002", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThese men spent several years in captivity, being held initially in camps in North Africa before moving to Italy and later Germany; some managed to escape either in North Africa, or from Italy; several eventually rejoined the battalion, while others linked up with Italian or Yugoslavian partisans with whom they fought against German forces later in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0010-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nLieutenant Colonel Robert Ogle took over command of the battalion following Marlan's capture. It subsequently joined the defence of Tobruk, as part of the defensive garrison that held the strategically important port after it was placed under siege by the advancing German and Italian forces. The battalion remained there for over six months conducting patrols and raids, and holding positions around the perimeter until late October 1941, when the bulk of the 9th Division, less the 2/13th Battalion and two companies from the 2/15th, were withdrawn by sea and replaced by British troops from the 70th Division. The 2/15th's casualties during the withdrawal from Benghazi and the siege of Torbuk amounted to 45 killed in action or died of wounds, one accidentally killed, 103 wounded in action and 205 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0011-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe 2/15th was subsequently withdrawn to Gaza, where it stayed into the new year, before moving to Syria, where it formed part of the Allied occupation force established there at the end of the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign. In July 1942, in the face of a heavy German onslaught that threatened to break through to Suez, the 9th Division was hurriedly moved back to North Africa. The 2/15th subsequently took part in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein during the remainder of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0011-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThroughout August, the 2/15th subsequently held a position in the north-east sector of the line from Hill 33 to the coast. On 1 September, the 2/15th participated in the 9th Division's diversionary attack south of Tel-el-Eisa, codenamed Operation Bulimba, which was planned as a response to German offensive actions further south during the lead-up to the final assault in late October and early November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0011-0002", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn heavy fighting near Point 23, a low rocky outcrop, the battalion lost about half of its fighting strength, sustaining 183 casualties, amidst heavy hand-to-hand fighting as the battalion came up against heavy resistance after penetrating a German minefield. Ogle's carrier struck a mine during the operation, and he was seriously wounded. The battalion's role in the September attack, including the efforts of Corporal Horton McLachlan, who received the Distinguished Conduct Medal, was later depicted in a painting by Ivor Hele.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0011-0003", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAmong the casualties at El Alamein was the 2/15th's recently appointed replacement commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Keith Magno, who was mortally wounded by artillery fire after the battalion was heavily shelled while forming up during an attack around Trig 29\u00a0\u2013 a valuable piece of high ground south-west of Tel-el-Eisa\u00a0\u2013 on 28 October. Casualties over both periods the battalion fought around Alamein totaled 81 killed, 23 died of wounds, 276 wounded and seven captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0012-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nBy early 1943 the Australian Army's focus had shifted to operations in the Pacific theatre against the Japanese, and the 9th Division received orders to return to Australia to join the other two 2nd AIF divisions, the 6th and 7th, which had departed earlier in 1942. A divisional parade was held in Gaza, after which the 2/15th embarked upon the transport Acquitania and sailed with a large convoy established under Operation Pamphlet as part of the final stage in the withdrawal of the 2nd AIF divisions from the Middle East. After a journey of just over a month, the Acquitania berthed at Sydney in late February 1943. During this time the battalion was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Raymond Barham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0013-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nAfter disembarking in Sydney, the troops received three weeks of leave during which time they were allowed to return to their homes. The 9th Division then carried out welcome home marches across Australia, with the 2/15th taking part in the march through Brisbane. After this, the division was transported to Kairi on the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland where it was converted to the jungle establishment and began training for operations against the Japanese. The reorganisation saw the battalion establishment drop to around 800 men, and the loss of many vehicles and heavy equipment. Lieutenant Colonel Colin Henry Grace was appointed to command the battalion in May 1943 and would do so for the rest of the war. Amphibious training was carried out at Trinity Beach, near Cairns, with the US 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment in July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0014-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nFollowing training, the battalion was deployed to New Guinea, arriving in Milne Bay in early August 1943. It saw action in the final stages of the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign in September 1943. The 2/15 took part in the landing at Lae, the first amphibious operation undertaken by Australian forces since the failed Gallipoli campaign in 1915. During the operation, the 2/15th was initially assigned the task of securing the beachhead following the 20th Brigade's landing. After being relieved it joined the advance west towards the town, slowed by heavy rains that turned the many creeks in the area into raging torrents, which were invariably covered by heavy Japanese fire from the opposite bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0015-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nLater in September, after Lae had fallen to troops of the 7th Division advancing from Nadzab, the 20th Brigade undertook a follow-up operation further east, an opposed amphibious landing at Scarlet Beach, as part of Allied efforts to secure the Huon Peninsula. During the landing, the 2/15th formed the 20th Brigade's reserve force, coming ashore around Katika due to a navigational error; here it fought to dislodge strongly entrenched Japanese forces as the Australians established a beachhead. This was followed by the capture of Finschhafen, during which the 2/15th advanced alongside the 2/17th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0015-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe battalion's main effort was focused around securing a crossing over the Bumi River northwest of Finschhafen. After the town had been captured, it was tasked with expanding the Australian beachhead further west towards Kumawa as part of the drive on Sattelberg. For his actions during the battalion's attack around Kumawa on 13 October 1944, Corporal William Woods\u00a0\u2013 who had destroyed two machine gun positions singlehandedly after most of his section had been wiped out\u00a0\u2013 was recommended for the Victoria Cross, the only member of the battalion to be nominated for the award. It was subsequently downgraded to a Distinguished Conduct Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0016-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nAfter a short period of rest while Sattelberg was captured by the 26th Brigade, in late November the 2/15th joined the advance to Wareo, capturing Nongora village, crossing the Song River, and then undertaking patrols through the Christmas Hills until relieved by elements of the 4th Brigade, which pushed the Australian advance along the coast, forcing the Japanese north towards Sio as the Australians sought to secure the Huon Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0016-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nIn late December, the 20th Brigade rotated back into the lead, and the 2/15th took over from the 22nd Battalion around the Tunom River, where the battalion headquarters came under aerial attack. After a brief pause near the flood swollen Tunom, the advance continued throughout December and into January 1944 with minor skirmishes punctuating the battalion's advance. Finally, on 21 January, at the edge of the Sazomu River, the order arrived for the 2/15th to be withdrawn to Finschhafen for rest prior to repatriation to Australia. The fighting in New Guinea cost the battalion 30 killed in action, six dead from wounds, four dead from accidents and 119 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0017-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe 2/15th Battalion returned to Australia in mid-March 1944 aboard the Klipfontein. After docking in Brisbane, a 42-day leave period followed before the battalion came together again at Ravenshoe to begin the process of rebuilding in preparation for the next phase of the war. Between June and August, training progressed from individual instruction up to brigade-level exercises as the unit was re-constituted for its next campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0017-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nDuring training it experienced a high turnover of personnel and a large influx of reinforcements, including several officers, was received in the middle of 1944 from the disbanded 62nd Battalion, a Queensland-based Militia battalion that had previously been assigned to Merauke Force. A long period of training followed the battalion's return to Australia in early 1944, as there was a degree of uncertainty about the Australian Army's role in future operations in the Pacific after the US military assumed primary responsibility for combat operations in the theatre. Nevertheless, in the final months of the war the 2/15th took part in efforts to recapture North Borneo as part of Operation Oboe Six. After a battalion-level exercise in early 1945, the 2/15th sailed from Australia aboard the Charles Lummis in early May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0018-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nStaging out of Morotai Island, a detachment of the battalion landed on Muara Island on 10 June 1945, disembarking from US-operated LVTs and securing the island without opposition, while later, other elements from the 2/15th were put ashore on the peninsula around Brunei Town, as part of Allied operations to secure northern Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0018-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nWhile the main Australian force advanced towards Kuching and the oil fields around Seria, two companies of the 2/15th served as a \"floating reserve\" for the 2/13th Battalion's landing around Lutong, while the main body of the 2/15th subsequently moved inland towards Limbang, and began patrolling along the Limbang and Pandaruan Rivers that forked inland from the bay, using landing craft for mobility, and securing several small villages around the edge of the bay. Limbang was taken on 18 June, and two days later the two detached companies rejoined the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0018-0002", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nSubsequently, several engagements were fought with the Japanese during patrols in June and July, but these were mainly small-scale; two members of the battalion were killed in an ambush around Brunei in late June, the heaviest fighting occurring in early July, when a patrol killed over 20 Japanese in a short but sharp encounter. By the end of July, a draft of 170 long-service personnel were released to return to Australia in early August, just as the war came to an end. Casualties for the 20th Brigade were light; the 2/15th suffered five battle casualties during its last campaign, two killed and three wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0019-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nAfter the war, the 2/15th remained on Brunei until November when it moved to Mempakul as personnel were returned to Australia in drafts based on priority of discharge. A small group of personnel volunteered at this time to undertake occupation duties in Japan and were subsequently transferred to the 66th or 67th Battalions. In early December, the battalion's vehicles were returned and after the appropriate clearances were received, the remaining cadre was transported to Labuan. From there, they sailed back to Australia aboard the Pachaug Victory, arriving at Brett's Wharf, in Brisbane on 19 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0019-0001", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nThe cadre moved into a camp at Chermside, where they completed unloading of stores and equipment before a short Christmas leave. Early in the new year, the final administrative tasks were completed and the last group of personnel were posted for demobilisation and discharge. Finally, the 2/15th was officially disbanded on 21 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0020-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring its service a total of 2,758 men served with the 2/15th Battalion, of whom 191 were killed or died of wounds, another 25 died on active service, 501 were wounded, and 212 were captured. Members of the 2/15th received three Distinguished Service Orders, 10 Military Crosses, seven Distinguished Conduct Medals, 18 Military Medals, one British Empire Medal, 47 Mentions in Despatches and nine Commander-In-Chief Commendation Cards. In addition, four were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0021-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese honours were subsequently entrusted in 1961 to the 15th Battalion, a Queensland-based part-time unit that was the successor to the unit of the same designation that had been raised during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160987-0022-0000", "contents": "2/15th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/15th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160988-0000-0000", "contents": "2/15th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/15th Field Regiment was an Australian Army field artillery regiment that served during the Second World War. Raised in late 1940 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), the regiment was assigned to the 8th Division. In late 1941, it was sent to Singapore and subsequently fought in the Malayan Campaign before being captured after the Fall of Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160988-0001-0000", "contents": "2/15th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFormed in November 1940 in Sydney, New South Wales, the regiment was assigned to the 8th Division and initially consisted of two batteries \u2013 the 29th and 30th. Each battery consisted of two troops, designated 'A' to 'D', and then later \u2013 when a third battery was raised \u2013 'A' to 'E'. The regiment had an authorised strength of 42 officers and 385 other ranks in early 1941. Each battery eventually consisted of eight guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160988-0002-0000", "contents": "2/15th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter training with antiquated Ordnance QF 18-pounders, the regiment was re-equipped with 3-inch mortars due to a shortage of field pieces, and deployed to Malaya and Singapore along with the 27th Brigade in August 1941 to reinforce the 22nd Brigade, which had been deployed to Malaya earlier in the year following a request from the British government for Australian troops to help bolster the garrison amidst rising concerns about Japanese intentions in the Pacific. The regiment's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel John O'Neil, but on 11 November 1941 Lieutenant Colonel John Wright, who had previously served in the Australian Flying Corps during the First World War, took over after O'Neill was killed in a car accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160988-0003-0000", "contents": "2/15th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nShortly after arriving in Singapore, the regiment began training, taking up a position around Tampines in September. In November, it was re-equipped with Ordnance QF 25-pounders and raised its third battery \u2013 designated as the 65th Battery \u2013 by which time the regiment's strength grew to around 600 personnel. In early December 1941, the regiment moved north into Malaya and shortly afterwards the Japanese invaded. The regiment was assigned to the 22nd Brigade on the east coast and established its headquarters around Kluang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160988-0003-0001", "contents": "2/15th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe initial onslaught of the Japanese thrust was directed against the British and Indian units in the northern part of peninsula, and so it was not until January that the Australians went into action. When they did, the regiment's batteries were split up: the 65th supported the 45th Indian Brigade, while the 29th and 30th were sent to help the Australian 27th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160988-0003-0002", "contents": "2/15th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThroughout January they had a heavy workload, taking part in significant actions at Gemas, Muar and around Ayer Hitam and the Namazie Estate, firing thousands of rounds as they conducted rearguard actions over a distance of 150 miles (240\u00a0km), as the Allied forces were pushed south towards Johore and then across the Causeway to Singapore island. During the campaign in Malaya, the regiment suffered numerous casualties as they were frequently called upon to provide support in close contact; the 30th Battery suffered particularly heavy casualties around Muar, with 24 men out of the battery's strength of 98 being wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160988-0004-0000", "contents": "2/15th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nA brief lull in the fighting followed, during which the regiment continued to fire support missions, attacking Japanese positions in Johore, as the Allied forces prepared for a Japanese attack on Singapore. On 8 February, the Japanese launched a strike across the Strait of Johore, concentrating several divisions on the 22nd Brigade's position in the north-west sector of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160988-0004-0001", "contents": "2/15th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAs the only artillery regiment positioned in support of the 22nd Brigade, the 2/15th was heavily engaged, attacking Japanese barges and assaulting troops, but as the defenders were stretched thinly, their lines were soon penetrated and they were forced to withdraw to prevent encirclement. During the withdrawal, a large number of guns were lost after the 30th Battery's transport became bogged. Over the course of a week, they were pushed back to Singapore city, and by 15 February, the garrison commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival gave the order for Allied forces to surrender. A total of 556 personnel from the 2/15th were captured; they would spend three-and-a-half years in Japanese captivity, during which 294 men died. After the war ended in August 1945, the surviving members of the regiment were repatriated to Australia and the regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 914]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0000-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/16th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, serving during World War II. Attached to the 21st Brigade that was assigned to the 7th Division, the 2/16th was raised in 1940 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force from volunteers drawn mainly from the state of Western Australia. After training in Australia, the battalion was deployed to the Middle East where it undertook defensive duties along the Egyptian\u2013Libyan border in early 1941 before taking part in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign, fighting against Vichy French forces in June and July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0000-0001", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia)\nAt the conclusion of the campaign, the 2/16th remained in Lebanon, contributing to the Allied occupation force there, before returning to Australia in early 1942 following Japan's entry into the war. In August 1942, they were committed to the fighting along the Kokoda Track and then later fought around Buna and Gona. After a period of rest and reorganisation in Australia, the battalion fought around Lae and then took part in the Finisterre Range campaign in 1943\u201344. Its final campaign of the war came in Borneo in July 1945. At the end of the war, the 2/16th were disbanded in January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0001-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and service in the Middle East\nThe 2/16th Battalion was recruited in Perth, in the state of Western Australia in early 1940, with its first war diary entry being made on 20 April 1940. Raised from volunteers from the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), which was established for overseas service at the start of the war, many of the battalion's early recruits were from the goldfields of Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0001-0001", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and service in the Middle East\nAfter the concentration and training of the battalion's initial cadre in Perth, the battalion was moved to Northam where on 30 April the first draft of recruits arrived and the process of forming the battalion's subunits began. With an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0002-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and service in the Middle East\nThe unit conducted its own basic training, which was only partially completed prior to its embarkation for Egypt in October 1940. The battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Baxter-Cox, and, along with the 2/14th and 2/27th Battalions, it was assigned to the 21st Brigade, which formed part of the 7th Division. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 16th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were white over dark blue, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of gray in the shape of a diamond was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0003-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and service in the Middle East\nSailing via India, the 21st Brigade briefly landed at Bombay and constituted for the first time at Deolali, before continuing on to the Middle East. After their arrival in Egypt in late November 1940, the 2/16th moved to Palestine where it continued its training. In February 1941, the 2/16th received a new commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Alex Bath MacDonald, a Permanent Military Force member. Shortly after this, the battalion was allocated to defend the Egypt\u2013Libya border against a possible German attack, and occupied defensive positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0004-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, Syria-Lebanon Campaign\nIn April 1941, the battalion was transported back to Palestine to take part in Operation Exporter, which was the Allied codename for the Syria-Lebanon Campaign. Commencing in early June 1941, the battalion began offensive actions against Vichy French troops and over the course of the next six weeks fought major actions at the Litani River, Sidon and Damour. The 2/16th Battalion suffered heavily during the campaign, having 264 casualties; according to the Australian War Memorial, this was the most of any Australian unit that took part in the campaign. In August, Lieutenant Colonel Arnold Potts took over command of the battalion. The unit remained in the Middle East until January 1942, being stationed in Lebanon and forming part of the Allied occupation force that was established following the armistice in mid-July 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0005-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea Campaigns\nBy early 1942, the Japanese had entered the war, and the Australian government decided to bring some of its troops from the Middle East back to Australia to bolster its defences. The 2/16th embarked at the end of January 1942, and returned to Australia, landing at Adelaide in March 1942 after a brief stopover in Fremantle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0005-0001", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea Campaigns\nA period of reorganisation followed as they were prepared for the hardships of jungle warfare, during which time Potts handed over command of the battalion to Lieutenant Colonel Albert Caro; however, the situation in the Pacific at the time was desperate for the Australians, following Japanese victories in Malaya, Singapore, Rabaul and Ambon, and fighting on the Kokoda Track, and so the 2nd AIF troops returning from the Middle East had very little time to prepare for their next campaign. The 2/16th arrived in New Guinea, landing in Port Moresby in mid-August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0005-0002", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea Campaigns\nLater that month it was committed to the battle, and joined the fighting retreat down the Kokoda Track, being rushed into the line around Alola to fill a gap after the 53rd Battalion fell back from Isurava. At the Battle of Mission Ridge in early September it suffered heavy casualties after being encircled by the Japanese and conducting a fighting withdrawal to Imita Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0005-0003", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea Campaigns\nFollowing its relief in the middle of September, the battalion's surviving members were joined with those from the 2/14th Battalion to form a composite unit temporarily, as the battalion suffered so many casualties in the retreat that it was down to an effective strength of about 200 men; the 2/14th had also suffered heavily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0006-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea Campaigns\nAs the tide of the campaign along the Kokoda Track turned towards the Australians, the Japanese withdrew north towards their beachheads around Buna and Gona, with the Australians in pursuit. A brief period of rest and reorganisation followed for the 2/16th during this time, as they were re-constituted before being committed to the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona in November 1942. Despite the arrival of reinforcements, the battalion could only provide two or its four rifle companies to the fighting, and by early January it was withdrawn, with a strength of only 56 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0007-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea Campaigns\nThe battalion was subsequently rebuilt on the Atherton Tablelands. During this time, the battalion received over 600 reinforcements from the 16th Motor Regiment; it also received a new commanding officer in Lieutenant Colonel Frank Sublet, who would subsequently command the battalion for the remainder of the war. In August 1943, the battalion deployed to New Guinea again for its second campaign against the Japanese. Staging out of Port Moresby, in early September the 7th Division was flown into Nadzab, and the 2/16th supported operations to capture Lae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0007-0001", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea Campaigns\nAfter this, it was air transported to Kaiapit, where from late September it took part in the advance up the Markham Valley towards Dumpu. As the division pushed through the Ramu Valley and then moved into the Finisterre Range, the 2/16th undertook a series of patrols and advances, but experienced only minor actions. These culminated in a significant action around Shaggy Ridge on 27\u201328 December, when it conducted an assault on a position dubbed \"The Pimple\". In January 1944, at the conclusion of the campaign, the battalion was withdrawn to Port Moresby, and returned to Australia in late March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0008-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nAfter returning to Australia, the battalion spent over a year training for its final campaign\u00a0\u2013 the Borneo campaign\u00a0\u2013 which came in the final months of the war. After staging out of Morotai Island, on 1 July the battalion took part in the amphibious landing at Balikpapan. Its most significant actions of the Borneo campaign were fought on the first day of this operation, as the 21st Brigade landed on Green Beach, on the right of the lodgement and then advanced east along the coast, tasked with capturing Sepinggang and the airfield at Manggar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0008-0001", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nNevertheless, after the initial fighting the battalion continued aggressive patrolling until the end of hostilities in mid-August 1945. Following the war's end the 2/16th Battalion occupied the Celebes before being repatriated to Australia for demobilisation in early 1946. The 2/16th Battalion was disbanded in February 1946 while camped in Brisbane, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0009-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nThroughout its service a total of 3,275 men served with the battalion which suffered 671 casualties, of which 223 were killed or died from wounds, accident or disease. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: three Distinguished Service Orders, six Military Crosses with two Bars, five Distinguished Conduct Medals, 20 Military Medals with one Bar and 63 Mentions in Despatches; in addition, one member of the battalion was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0010-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese honours were subsequently entrusted to the 16th Battalion in 1961, and through this link are maintained by the Royal Western Australia Regiment. These honours are carried on by the 16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160989-0011-0000", "contents": "2/16th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/16th Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0000-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/17th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Raised in April 1940 in New South Wales, it formed part of the 20th Brigade, and was eventually allocated to the 9th Division. After completing basic training in Australia, the unit was deployed to the Middle East. In early 1941, it took part in the  fighting at Tobruk, defending the port until relieved. A period of garrison duties followed in Syria and Lebanon before the battalion took part in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein in mid-1942. As the focus of the Australian Army's operations shifted to the Pacific theatre to fight the Japanese, the 2/17th Battalion returned to Australia early in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0001-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia)\nIn 1943\u20131944, the battalion fought in New Guinea, conducting an amphibious landing as part of operations to capture Lae in early September at the end of the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign, before participating in the follow-up landing on the Huon Peninsula as Japanese forces withdrew inland from Lae. In early 1944, the battalion was withdrawn to Australia for rest and reorganisation and a long period of inactivity followed before it returned to combat. Its final campaign came late in the war when it was committed to the fighting in Borneo in June 1945, landing on Brunei. Following the end of the war, the battalion was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0002-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nFormed for service during the World War II, the 2/17th Battalion was raised on 26 April 1940 from Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) volunteers at Ingleburn, New South Wales. With an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the 2/17th was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons; these were supported by a battalion headquarters and a headquarters company with six specialist platoons: signals, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, administrative and mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0003-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nUpon formation, the battalion was placed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Crawford, who had previously served in the Militia and commanded the Sydney University Regiment and the 4th Battalion. The colours initially chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 17th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were black over green, in a diamond shape. A border of grey was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart. The shape was later changed, though, following the unit's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk, after which the 2/17th and other 9th Division units were authorised to adopt the 'T'-shaped UCP signifying participation in the siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0004-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAfter completing individual training at Ingleburn, the battalion moved on foot to Bathurst to complete collective training. Following this, the 2/17th embarked for the Middle East from Sydney on 20 October 1940, on board the Queen Mary. Moving in convoy the Queen Mary briefly stopped in Fremantle, before continuing to Bombay in early November where the battalion was disembarked. Following a few days in camp ashore they were transferred to the Rohna for the next leg of the voyage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0004-0001", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe convoy continued, sailing via the African coast into the Gulf of Aden and then through the Suez Canal, before finally berthing at El Kantara in Egypt. The battalion was assigned to the 20th Brigade, along with the 2/13th and 2/15th Battalions, which were initially allocated to the 7th Division; however, following its arrival in the Middle East in November 1940, the battalion was transferred along with the rest of the brigade to the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0005-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nArriving in the Middle East in late November, the battalion undertook further training near Gaza in Palestine, before moving to Port Said in mid-December to relieve the garrison there. Returning to Palestine in early January they conducted a number of exercises until late February. In March 1941 the battalions of the 9th Division were sent into the desert to relieve the 6th Division that was deploying to Greece; as part of this the 2/17th garrisoned Mersa Brega, near Tripoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0005-0001", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nShortly after this, the Germans landed forces in Africa to reinforce the Italians and the British forces in Libya were forced to retreat from Benghazi to the strategically important port town of Tobruk. The 2/17th fell back as part of the general retreat and subsequently took part in the defence of Tobruk, remaining there for almost seven months during which time the battalion's personnel alternated between conducting patrols in no man's land, raiding, occupying the main defensive position and working in the rear areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0005-0002", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nOn the night of 13/14 April 1941, a party of about 30 Germans broke into the Australian position and set up eight machine-guns, a couple of mortars and two field guns. Seeing this, the nearest platoon commander, Lieutenant Austin Mackell, launched a counterattack with a small party of men consisting of one corporal and five soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0005-0003", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nCovered by fire from a position on their flank, the small party was able to successfully attack the position, and as a result, Corporal John Edmondson, who single-handedly accounted for a number of Germans despite being mortally wounded, was later posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, the nation's highest military decoration. It was the first such award to a member of the 2nd AIF. The battalion's losses during the fighting around Tobruk, including the withdrawal prior to the siege, consisted of 32 dead from all causes, 127 wounded and 14 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0006-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nFollowing their relief from Tobruk by units of the British 70th Division, the 2/17th Battalion was evacuated by the sea to Alexandria, and then moved to Palestine, arriving there in mid-October, establishing a camp at Julis. Shortly afterwards, a company was detached from the battalion to undertake guard duties in Broumane, in Syria, and in January 1942 the rest of the battalion followed. There, they were tasked with undertaking garrison duties as part of the occupation force that had been established there after the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign, to defend against a possible German attack on the Allied flank through the Caucasus. Relieving the 2/12th Battalion, the battalion established itself around Afrine, north of Aleppo; in March, after the 2nd New Zealand Division arrived, the battalion moved to Latakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0007-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nLater, in July, as Axis forces launched an offensive in the Western Desert that threatened Egypt, during the First Battle of El Alamein the units of the 9th Division were moved back to North Africa to help stem the advance. The 2/17th Battalion subsequently carried out a blocking operation and then occupied a position around Tel el Eisa, from where it conducted patrols and observed German movements. In September, the 2/17th was relieved by the 2/15th Battalion, and went into reserve around Shammama to prepare for further operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0007-0001", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe battalion was subsequently tasked with active patrolling in the area, and clashed with German parties on a number of occasions, while its positions were also heavily shelled on a number of occasions which resulted in a few casualties. Meanwhile, several exercises and other training was undertaken prior to the upcoming offensive. During this time it had an effective strength of 30 officers and 731 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0008-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn late October and early November 1942, the battalion took part in the Second Battle of El Alamein as the British Commonwealth forces went on the offensive. Engaged on the right of the Allied line around the coast, at dawn on 24 October, the Australians left their assembly area and advanced westward astride the coast road towards Tel el Eisa, and then cut inland towards the \"Kidney Ridge\", with the 2/17th on the right of the brigade during the initial advance, attacking with three companies forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0008-0001", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAs the battle continued, they endured heavy counterattacks as the Germans sought to regain control of the strategically important coast road. Once these had been repelled, the focus of the fighting shifted away from the Australians as British forces were able to launch a break out, which subsequently forced the Germans to withdraw. The 9th Division was subsequently withdrawn to Gaza. During the battle, the 2/17th was heavily committed, losing 62 men killed in action or died of wounds, 203 wounded and four captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0009-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nIn early 1943, along with the rest of the 9th Division, the battalion was brought back to Australia in order to take part in fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific. This was the final stage in the withdrawal of the 2nd AIF divisions from the Middle East, as the Australian Army's focus had shifted to operations in the Pacific theatre against the Japanese. As part of this process the 6th and 7th Divisions had been brought back to Australia earlier the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0009-0001", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nEmbarking upon the transport Aquitania on 27 January 1943, the battalion sailed as part of a large convoy established as part of Operation Pamphlet; this convoy included the transports Ile de France, Nieuw Amsterdam, and the armed merchant cruiser Queen of Bermuda, and was escorted by HMS Devonshire and several destroyers. The voyage lasted a month, with the troops arriving in Sydney on 27 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0010-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nConverted to the jungle divisional establishment on their return to Australia, the battalions of the 9th Division were reorganised to prepare them for the rigours of jungle warfare. This saw their establishment drop to around 800 men, and the loss of much of their vehicular and heavy equipment. Following training on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, the battalion was deployed to New Guinea where it took part in the Salamaua\u2013Lae and Huon Peninsula campaigns in 1943\u201344.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0010-0001", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nDuring this time, after concentrating at Milne Bay in August 1943, the 2/17th was involved in the first amphibious landing conducted by Australian soldiers since the landing at Anzac Cove of 25 April 1915, when it took part in the landing at Lae as part of Operation Postern on 4 September 1943. Lae fell more quickly than the Allied planners expected, and as a result, a quick follow-up operation was planned to secure the Huon Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0010-0002", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nOn 22 September, the battalion landed at Scarlet Beach and, tasked with securing the beachhead and the flank, proceeded to move inland towards Sattelberg as part of efforts to capture Finschhafen. Finding their way blocked, the battalion later took part in significant actions around Jivevaneng and Kumawa, and then, after Sattelberg finally fell, the drive towards Sio. The battalion's casualties during this time amounted to 53 killed in action, 10 died of wounds, five died from accident, and 160 wounded in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0011-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nIn March 1944, the battalion returned to Australia for rest and re-organisation, sailing on the transport Clip Fontain. Although the Australian Army had been heavily committed to combat operations in the Pacific in the early years of the war against Japan, by 1944 the United States military had assumed primary responsibility for combat operations in the Pacific and this had resulted in uncertainty about the role of the Australian Army in future operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0011-0001", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nAs a result, a long period of training followed, and there was a significant turn over of personnel within the 9th Division as many men were discharged due to medical reasons or transferred to other units and young replacements were brought in. After concentrating at Ravenshoe in May 1944, the battalion was rebuilt, focusing on individual training and then collective training up to battalion level. After this, in September 1944, the battalion moved to Trinity Beach, close to Cairns, where amphibious training was conducted. Further training continued throughout October and November 1944. At the end of the year, the tempo dropped off and the battalion's personnel were occupied with sporting activities prior to leave in February and March 1945. Finally, in early May 1945, the battalion moved to Townsville where it boarded the transport David C. Shanks, bound for Morotai Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0012-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nOn Morotai, the 2/17th concentrated along with the rest of the 9th Division, which had been allocated to take part in operations to recapture Borneo as part of Operation Oboe. The battalion's part in this plan saw them land on Brunei on 10 June 1945 as part of Operation Oboe Six. Coming ashore near Brooketon,  the battalion took part in capturing the capital before dispatching companies to secure individual objectives in the outlying areas as the Australians advanced along the coast towards the oilfields at Seria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0012-0001", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nIn mid-July, 'D' Company carried out a patrol along the Baram River on board HMAS Tiger Snake. On 13 August, following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the order to cease offensive action was received from 20th Brigade headquarters and two days later the war came to an end with Japan's capitulation. Despite this, it was not until 10 September that the Japanese on Borneo formally surrendered, and the bulk of the battalion remained deployed until the end of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0012-0002", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nDuring this time they were involved in ensuring all Japanese forces in the area received the surrender instructions and complied with them, and with collecting and escorting surrendered Japanese soldiers and former Indian prisoners of war, with the battalion's last operation being completed in early October. The battalion's final campaign cost 24 men killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0013-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of hostilities the demobilisation process began, and personnel began to be repatriated to Australia to return to civilian life or were transferred to units of the 34th Brigade for further service during the occupation of Japan. On 29 October, the battalion was declared \"redundant\" and was transferred to Labuan having been withdrawn from the Seria area; personnel were subsequently occupied with various sporting competitions and education programs intended to help them transition into civilian life upon their return to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0013-0001", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nThis return was eagerly awaited, but the Australian troops remained for several months until  British and Indian troops arrived to relieve the 9th Division of its occupation duties. In mid-December what remained of the 2/17th embarked upon the Pachaug Victory for the return to Australia. Arriving in Brisbane, from there the battalion's personnel moved to Sydney and went on Christmas leave. On 8 February 1946, while at Ingleburn, the 2/17th Battalion was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0014-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the course of the war, a total of 2,903 personnel served in the battalion, of whom 177 were killed in action or died of wounds, three died on active service, 542 were wounded in action and 18 were taken prisoner. Members of the 2/17th received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, four Distinguished Service Orders and one bar,  one British Empire Medal, 11 Military Crosses, three Distinguished Conduct Medals, 11 Military Medals and 46 Mentions in Despatches. In addition, three members of the battalion were appointed Officers of the Order of the British Empire, and one was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire. In 1997, a memorial to the 2/17th Battalion was built at Jivevaneng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0015-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor their service during World War II, the 2/17th Battalion received the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0016-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961, these battle honours were entrusted to the 17th/18th Battalion (North Shore Regiment), which had been formed in 1948, when Australia's part-time military force was re-raised under the guise of the Citizens Military Force. Through a series of re-organisations, these battle honours were passed to the 2nd/17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, an Australian Army Reserve infantry battalion that is currently based in central New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160990-0017-0000", "contents": "2/17th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/17th Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0000-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/18th Battalion was an Australian Army infantry unit that served during World War II. Formed in June 1940, the battalion was assigned to the 22nd Brigade, which formed part of the Australian 8th Division. After completing basic training, the 2/18th was sent to Singapore and Malaya to strengthen the defences of the British colonies in February 1941 against a possible Japanese attack. The 2/18th Battalion subsequently undertook garrison duties throughout the year at various locations in Malaya, where it conducted jungle training and constructed defences along the eastern coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0001-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing the outbreak of war in the Pacific in December 1941, the 2/18th saw action against Japanese forces in the Malayan campaign, during which they took part in a large-scale ambush of a Japanese force on the Malay Peninsula before joining the withdrawal to Singapore in early 1942. Assigned to defend part of the north-west coast of the island, the battalion participated in the unsuccessful defence of Singapore in early February 1942. Following the fall of Singapore the majority of the battalion's personnel were taken as prisoners of war. Many of these men died in captivity; the survivors were liberated in 1945 and returned to Australia where the battalion was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0002-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/18th Battalion was raised around Sydney, New South Wales, in June 1940, with its first subunits being formed on 13 July at Wallgrove Camp. Formed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) from volunteers for overseas service, the battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Varley, a grazier from Inverell, New South Wales, and a World War I veteran who had previously commanded the 35th Battalion while serving in the Militia during the interwar years. The battalion concentrated at Wallgrove on 15 July, and a cadre of commissioned and senior non-commissioned officers (NCOs) who were selected from the Militia\u2014in many cases personally by Varley\u2014was established, while the remainder of the battalion's NCOs were appointed from recruits following their arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0003-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe majority of the battalion's personnel arrived on 27 and 28 July. Coming from across the state of New South Wales, the men were drawn from places such as Tamworth, Newcastle, Wagga, Goulburn, and Liverpool, with roughly 60 percent coming from rural backgrounds. With an authorised strength of around 900 men, the battalion was organised around a battalion headquarters, with a regimental aid post, four rifle companies and a headquarters company consisting of various support platoons and sections including signals, mortars, transport (later carriers), pioneers, anti-aircraft and administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0004-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAlong with the 2/19th and 2/20th Battalions, it was assigned to the 22nd Brigade, which formed part of the 8th Division. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 18th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were purple over green, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; the oval shape designated the battalion as part of the 8th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0005-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nBasic training began at Wallgrove on 1 August, and was provided by experienced regular soldiers and personnel who had previously served in the Militia. In mid-August the battalion moved to Ingleburn, and by the end of the month individual training had been completed. Collective training followed, and on 5 October the battalion took part in a divisional march through Sydney. A further move came in November when the 2/18th was transported to Bathurst, where more complex exercises were undertaken, including at brigade and divisional levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0006-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAlthough the fighting had not yet spread to the Pacific, by late 1940 there were growing concerns amongst the Allies about the possibility of a war with Japan. After a review of the defences around Singapore and Malaya, the British government requested Australian troops be sent to garrison the region. In October, the Australian government committed the 22nd Brigade and supporting elements. As a result, the 2/18th\u2014with a strength of 793 men\u2014subsequently embarked upon the RMS Queen Mary and left Sydney on 4 February 1941, bound for Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0006-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe Australian government wished to send the brigade to the Middle East to join the 6th, 7th and 9th Divisions, so the deployment was only intended to be short, as the British government pledged to release an Indian division to replace the Australians in May. Consequently, the Australian forces were deployed having only been partially trained and equipped and while they were still in the process of being brought up to full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0007-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nThe men arrived in Singapore on 18 February 1941 and moved into barracks at Port Dickson, in the north of Malaya. While there, the battalion undertook further training to prepare it for jungle warfare, before moving to Seremban in March. Further drafts of reinforcements arrived during this time as the battalion was brought up to its wartime establishment. The rigours of jungle training and the tropical heat affected the men, and a number of personnel were hospitalised during this time with illnesses such as malaria, measles, mumps and serious tropical skin diseases. Some of these were repatriated back to Australia, and by the end of March, the 2/18th was still below its authorised establishment, with an actual strength of 898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0008-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nAmidst growing concerns amongst Australian military commanders about Japanese intentions, the scheduled replacement of the 22nd Brigade was cancelled, and the 2/18th remained in Seremban until they were transported east to Jemaluang in August. The following month they were sent north to Mersing, which, situated on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, was considered a likely place for a Japanese landing as it offered a short route of advance towards Singapore. At Mersing, the battalion was set to work digging defensive positions and constructing wire obstacles, punctuated by familiarisation patrols and anti-aircraft, anti-gas and mortar training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0009-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nThe battalion was placed on a war footing on 6 December as tensions in the region escalated. Two days later, the Japanese invasion of Malaya commenced; while the fighting raged elsewhere, the 2/18th remained unengaged around Mersing. On 26 December, a small group of 2/18th men were detached to an ad hoc British raiding force known as \"Roseforce\" to take part in a raid behind Japanese lines, ambushing a Japanese convoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0009-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nIt was not until 3 January however that the battalion came into contact with the Japanese for the first time, with a patrol from the 2/18th capturing two Japanese airmen who had been shot down near the mouth of the Sekakap River. A fortnight later, Japanese advances along the peninsula to the west led to concerns about the coastal defences being outflanked and cut off. As result, on 17 January, the 2/18th was ordered to withdraw south 10 miles (16\u00a0km) to Jemaluang without having met the Japanese in battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0009-0002", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nFollowing a landing around Mersing, the Japanese began to advance south towards Jemaluang in large numbers. In response, on 26 January the 2/18th Battalion, supported by two batteries of artillery from the 2/10th Field Regiment, was tasked with establishing an ambush near the Nithsdale Estate and the rubber plantation at Joo Lye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0010-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nEstablishing themselves along the Mersing\u2013Jemaluang road, 'D' Company was deployed to the north on the western side of the road as the lookout force, while 'B' Company was positioned further to the south on the opposite side of the road. South of them, 'A' Company formed the blocking force, with their position stretched across the road oriented to the north. Behind them, 'C' Company was positioned in reserve, further south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0010-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nThe plan had been for the ambush to be sprung during the day, but the Japanese advance had proceeded more slowly than thought, and it was not until after dark that they entered the ambush site. In order to inflict as many casualties as possible, the Japanese force, which was estimated to be battalion-sized, was allowed to pass through 'D' and 'B' Companies. By 3:00\u00a0am they came up against 'A' Company's blocking position and the ambush was finally initiated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0010-0002", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nDevastating indirect fire from artillery and mortars inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese; however, as the northernmost company\u2014'D'\u2014turned south to attack the Japanese from the rear, they came up against determined resistance from a force of Japanese that had managed to infiltrate the ambush site and dig in on a small feature to the east of the estate's pig farm, north of 'B' Company. This effectively cut them off from the rest of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0011-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nFighting raged throughout the early morning as 'B' Company vainly attempted to assist the cut-off 'D' Company. Varley decided to launch a counterattack with 'A' Company, but at 8:00\u00a0am the order to withdraw came from brigade headquarters, cancelling the attack. Covered by the reserve company, 'A' and some of 'B' Company were able to break contact and fall back. 'D' Company, along with those of 'B' Company that were still isolated and in contact, had to be left to fight their way back to the battalion's lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0011-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Malayan campaign\nBy the time they arrived, there were only enough men left to form one platoon. The 2/18th's losses in this action amounted to about 90 men killed, wounded or missing. Japanese losses are unknown, but are thought to be significant and they were unable to take Jemaluang for two more days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0012-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nAfter the withdrawal from Nithsdale, the battalion fell back along the Jemaluang\u2013Kota Tinggi Road, before helping to cover the Allied withdrawal over the Johor\u2013Singapore Causeway to Singapore Island. No engagements were fought during this phase, but the 2/18th patrolled constantly and provided rearguard detachments. During this time, the battalion was briefly commanded by Major William Fraser, when Varley temporarily took over Eastforce, which consisted of the 22nd Brigade and a number of Indian and Malay formations, filling in for Brigadier Harold Burfield Taylor, who was temporarily detached to organise a force to cover the withdrawal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0012-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nFollowing its arrival on the island, Varley returned to the battalion, which received a small number of reinforcements\u2014about 90 men\u2014and was allocated to the defence of the Western Area along with the rest of the 8th Division. Forming part of the 22nd Brigade's defensive line in the north-west sector, stretching from the Causeway to the Sungei Berih, the battalion was responsible for defending a frontage of 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km). With a strength of 37 officers and 826 other ranks, the battalion occupied a position in the centre of the brigade that stretched from the 2/20th's position around Kranji to the 2/19th's around Sungei Sarimbun, north-east of the village of Ama Keng and Tengah Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0013-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nConsisting of \"tidal mud flats and mangrove swamps intersected with streams and inlets\", there had been no work done to prepare the area that the battalion was allocated to defend prior to its arrival due to political concerns about alarming the local population. The wide frontage stretched the 2/18th thin on the ground, with no depth and large gaps between positions that were separated in places by tidal waterways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0013-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nDue to the thick vegetation along the shoreline, the battalion's positions had the added handicap of poor visibility of the water and limited fields of fire that, combined with their isolation, meant that they were unable to support each other. After occupying their positions on 1 February, the battalion worked to improve them as best they could, working under the cover of darkness so as to avoid Japanese artillery and air attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0014-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nThe Japanese attack on the north-west coast came on the night of 8/9 February, beginning with a heavy artillery and aerial bombardment of the 22nd Brigade's positions throughout the day, followed by a waterborne assault across the Johore Strait, which began around 10:30\u00a0pm. Confronted by 16 battalions from the Japanese 5th and 18th Divisions, which concentrated upon the 2/18th's and 2/20th's positions, the 2/18th's two forward companies\u2014'A' and 'C'\u2014strongly resisted two frontal assaults during the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0014-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nHeavy casualties were inflicted on the Japanese over the course of several hours, but the defenders were eventually forced back by heavy indirect fire and overwhelming numbers. Exploiting the holes in the battalion's perimeter to avoid resistance, by 1:30\u00a0am on 9 February the Japanese had penetrated towards battalion headquarters near the Lim Chau Kang road, threatening to roll up the battalion's rear. Varley then ordered the forward companies to make a fighting withdrawal and fall back on battalion headquarters. Heavy fighting followed, during which the Australians suffered grave losses as groups became lost in the darkness in the thick country, before the battalion was able to re-establish itself around Ama Keng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0015-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nThe 2/18th attempted to defend the Tengah Airfield, but by 1:00\u00a0pm on 9 February they had been reduced to only 330 men and were withdrawn back to the south-east of the airfield, occupying a position around Bulim along the Chu Kang Road, with the 2/29th Battalion on their left. Throughout the night of 9/10 February, minor clashes occurred as patrols were sent out to fend off Japanese probes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0015-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nThe battalion continued to hold the line until 6:00\u00a0am when, following receipt of orders to withdraw, it moved back to Keat Hong village to take up the role of brigade reserve. The carrier platoon covered the battalion's withdrawal, and amidst heavy artillery shelling, they ambushed two Japanese columns, each roughly company-sized, inflicting heavy casualties upon them with their Vickers machine-guns before breaking contact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0016-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nAs a result of a misinterpretation of orders, the 22nd Brigade fell back towards Reformatory Road where the 2/18th took up positions to the west between the junctions of the Ulu Pandan and Bukit Timah Roads. When the brigade launched a counterattack later that day, the majority of the battalion was held back in reserve, after suffering many casualties. A single company, though, was detached at this time to an ad hoc formation dubbed \"X Battalion\", tasked with launching a counterattack. Meanwhile, the rest of the battalion moved back into the reserve position along the Bukit Panjang Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0017-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nThat evening the 2/18th occupied a position north of a feature dubbed \"127\", but early on the morning of 11 February they were moved back south of there to gain better fields of fire. Shortly after this, the 2/18th came under attack from front and rear after the Japanese managed to infiltrate behind their position, forcing the 2/18th to fall back further under the cover of the fire from the carriers once again. Later during 11 February, the 22nd Brigade headquarters, situated around Wai Soon Gardens, came under attack from a Japanese force moving south from Bukit Timah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0017-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nIn response, the 2/18th launched a counterattack across Reformatory Road with bayonets. At the same time, a section from the battalion's carrier platoon, under the command of Lieutenant Iven John Mackay, son of Lieutenant General Iven Giffard Mackay, conducted a daring attack that stopped the Japanese advance. Rolling up the axis of the road, firing machine-guns and hurling grenades, they advanced to the Bukit Timah Road before heading south to Holland Road and then returning to battalion headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0018-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nAfter this, the 22nd Brigade moved back towards the junction of Holland and Ulu Padan Roads. Moving while under heavy fire, the battalion established itself in its new position before 9:00\u00a0am, but in the confusion of the move, some men found themselves separated from the main body and cut off. In the afternoon, after the brigade position was reoriented to the west, the battalion was placed in reserve. The battalion's positions in the north, situated on the high ground, experienced heavy attack from Japanese aircraft and artillery, as the brigade\u2014supported by Australian and British artillery\u2014fought off two regiments from the Japanese 18th Division during the course of the night of 11/12 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0019-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nEarly the following morning, Varley was promoted to brigadier and took over as commander of the 22nd Brigade from Taylor, who was taken ill. In Varley's place, Major Charles O'Brien, who had previously been the battalion second-in-command, took over command of the battalion. After a brief lull in the fighting in the 22nd Brigade's sector, the Japanese 18th Division attacked again, attempting to take the brigade on its left flank. In response, the 2/18th was sent to retake some of the high ground south-east of the Ulu Pandan and Reformatory Roads late in the afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0019-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nAttacking with about 60 men, supported by three British armoured cars and artillery fire, they were unable to retake the position after the light failed. The Japanese then pressed heavily against the 22nd Brigade's position, and they were forced to give ground, falling back to the junction of Buona Vista and Holland Roads, by which time the 2/18th was down to only 250 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0020-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nOn 13 February, in an attempt to gain room for a possible counterattack, the Allied commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, ordered a shortening of the Allied lines towards the south-east and the formation of a 25-mile (40\u00a0km) perimeter around Singapore city. As a part of this, the Australian forces were concentrated into a 7-mile (11\u00a0km) perimeter centred around Farrer and Holland Roads, about 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) west of the city, tasked with defending the north-east sector of the defensive line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0020-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nThe 2/18th was positioned among the gravestones of Cemetery Hill, and apart from a few minor skirmishes and overflights by Japanese aircraft spotting for artillery, a period of respite followed in the Australian sector. The Japanese skirted the position, moving in an easterly direction towards the city, by way of gaps in the line which opened to the north and south of the Australians through positions held by British, Indian and Malay units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0021-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nThe Japanese continued to advance into the outskirts of Singapore throughout 14 February. Threatened with being isolated, the Australians made plans to make a last stand. With the Japanese closing in, the island's civilian population began to suffer heavily as they were subjected to heavy artillery bombardment and aerial attacks from Japanese aircraft that were increasingly unopposed as anti-aircraft guns ran out of ammunition. Supplies of water and food also dwindled, and the water shortage was made worse by the loss of the island's reservoirs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0021-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in Singapore\nFinally, in the morning of 15 February, after the Japanese had succeeded in infiltrating towards Mount Pleasant Ridge, Percival determined that a counterattack was not viable and instead decided to surrender the garrison. The battalion's final involvement in the fighting came that afternoon when 'A' and 'D' Companies were heavily shelled. A short time later, at 8:30\u00a0pm, the surrender came into effect and the men of the 2/18th received orders not to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0022-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Prisoners of War\nWhile the majority of the 2/18th obeyed the order not to escape following the surrender, a small number of men attempted to evade capture. Along with other members of the battalion who had found themselves cut off from the rest of the battalion earlier in the fighting, they attempted to make their way back to Allied lines via Sumatra. There, some were eventually captured, while others managed to get away to Ceylon. Of these, 24 eventually managed to return to Australia, some of whom were transferred to other units and later took part in further fighting in New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0022-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Prisoners of War\nWhen the Japanese arrived to effect the capture of the 2/18th, six men from the carrier platoon, which had earlier inflicted heavy casualties upon the Japanese during the fighting, were ordered to move the battalion's carriers, before being tied up and executed. Four other 2/18th soldiers were killed in the massacre at the Alexandra Hospital. The surviving members of the battalion were then marched 25 miles (40\u00a0km) to the prisoner of war camp at Changi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0023-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Prisoners of War\nShortly afterwards, the men were split up and sent to various locations to serve as forced labourers. The majority of the 2/18th's personnel were sent to Blakang Mati, but some remained in Changi, while others were sent to Japan or were sent to work on the Thai\u2013Burma Railway. A total of 174 men were sent to Borneo where in 1945 they were subjected to the Sandakan Death Marches, which only about ten percent of the 2/18th men survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0023-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Prisoners of War\nDespite being separated, though, wherever possible the 2/18th men sought to stay together in their groups and the battalion structure was maintained even in captivity. The battalion's first commanding officer, Varley, was one of those sent to Burma where, as senior Allied officer, he worked to secure the welfare of over 9,000 men working on the railway, including many from the 2/18th. He was later sent to Thailand before being brought back to Singapore once work was completed. In late 1944 he was transferred to Formosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0023-0002", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Prisoners of War\nOn 12 September, while en route, SS Rakuyo Maru, the transport ship on which he and around 1,250 other prisoners were travelling was torpedoed by a US submarine, USS Sealion. Varley took charge of several lifeboats of prisoners during the evacuation, attempting to lead them to safety. They were never seen again and are believed to have been machine-gunned several days later by Japanese frigates that were in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0024-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Prisoners of War\nDuring their time in captivity, men from the 2/18th undertook a number of subversive activities including building a radio transmitter, which they used to contact local resistance groups who provided them with assistance in the form of medicine and intelligence. They were also involved in numerous escape attempts, some of which were successful, alongside Australians from other units. One of these successful escapes involved a group of eight men who escaped from the camp on Berhala Island in two groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0024-0001", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Prisoners of War\nOne group escaped while out of camp on a work detail, while the other simply walked out the front gate to use the ablutions and never came back. After meeting up outside the camp, the men split up again. One group included Lieutenant Charles Wagner, who had previously been decorated with the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his actions around the Nithsdale Estate and who had been commissioned in the field. Having bribed one of the camp guards, Wagner's group had contacted the local guerillas and arranged to rendezvous with a fishing vessel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0024-0002", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Prisoners of War\nAfter hiding out for three weeks, the vessel eventually arrived offshore and took them on board. The group then met up with the other escapees on Tawi-Tawi where in mid-1943 they began working with the Filipino guerilla forces, fighting alongside them until the end of the war. Other escapes occurred later in the war, including one in which five men escaped from Ranau over the course of two days in early July 1945 during one of the death marches. After effecting their escape, these men were helped by locals who provided food and information, before the men were able to meet up with some Australians from Z Special Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0025-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), History, Prisoners of War\nFollowing the end of the war in August 1945, the men that survived as prisoners of war were repatriated to Australia. Returning by aircraft and ship, this was largely completed by October, and later that year the battalion was officially disbanded. A total of 1,323 men served in the battalion throughout its existence, including reinforcements and personnel that were transferred. The battalion's battle casualties amounted to 80 killed and 10 wounded in Malaya, as well as 175 killed and 238 wounded in Singapore. On top of this 225 men from the 2/18th died in captivity as prisoners of war. For their involvement in the war, members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Military Cross, two Distinguished Conduct Medals, one Military Medal, two Members of the Order of the British Empire, and 11 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160991-0026-0000", "contents": "2/18th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/18th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0000-0000", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/19th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which was raised for service during the Second World War as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force. After being formed in mid-1940, the battalion was allocated to the 22nd Brigade, which was part of the 8th Division. After completing training in Australia, in early 1941 the 2/19th deployed to Malaya, as part of the Australian force despatched to help bolster the British garrison there as tensions with Japan heightened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0000-0001", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing the commencement of hostilities against Japan, the 2/19th fought several actions in Johore, before withdrawing across the Causeway to Singapore. There, the battalion was involved in the Battle of Singapore in early February 1942, during which it suffered heavy casualties before being captured following the capitulation of the British garrison. The battalion's personnel subsequently spent the next three-and-a-half years as prisoners of war, before being released at the end of the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0001-0000", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nRaised for service during Second World War as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), the 2/19th Battalion was formed on 15 July 1940 at Walgrove in Sydney, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Duncan Maxwell, and was attached to the 22nd Brigade, 8th Division. The majority of the battalion's initial recruits were drawn from regional New South Wales, although some recruits came from Australians living in the Territory of New Guinea, and others came from Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0001-0001", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 19th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were brown over green, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; this border was formed into an oval shape, designating the battalion as part of the 8th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0002-0000", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nIndividual and collective training was undertaken at several locations\u00a0\u2013 Walgrove, Ingleburn and Bathurst\u00a0\u2013 as the troops of the newly formed 8th Division were prepared for future employment in the Middle East, where it was planned that they would join the other 2nd AIF divisions that had already been deployed. This had only partially been completed by early 1941, when the Australian government agreed to a British request to dispatch Australian troops to bolster the British garrison in Malaya, amidst growing concerns about a war with Japan in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0002-0001", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nThey embarked from Sydney for Singapore aboard the HMT Queen Mary on 2 February 1941, disembarking on 18 February, after which they undertook jungle training in southern Malaya, around  Seremban  and Port Dickson, until September 1941. They then moved to Jemaluang to build defences on the east coast of the Malayan Peninsula, after a brief stay at Kluang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0003-0000", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nFollowing the landings on 8 December 1941, the battalion was subsequently involved in fighting against the Japanese as part of the Malayan campaign. The first strikes of the Japanese attack fell on British and Indian troops in the north of the country, and initially the Australian units, which were based in primarily in the south around Johore, did not see any fighting during the early stages of the Malayan Campaign. In January 1942, though, as the Japanese advance continued south in to Johore, the battalion moved into action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0003-0001", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nIn early January, one company\u00a0\u2013 'D' Company\u00a0\u2013 was detached to conduct delaying actions around Endau. A week later, the battalion was dispatched hurriedly to the west coast to help reinforce the 2/29th Battalion, by occupying a vital crossroad position around Bakri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0003-0002", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe 2/19th was subsequently involved in heavy fighting against the Japanese during which its commanding officer\u00a0\u2013 Lieutenant Colonel Charles Anderson who had taken over from Maxwell when the latter had been promoted to take over command of the 27th Brigade\u00a0\u2013 earned the Victoria Cross for his actions leading an ad hoc force of Australian and Indian soldiers during the Battle of Muar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0004-0000", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nArriving late on 17 January, the 2/19th's arrival helped briefly stabilise the situation on the west coast, allowing the 2/29th and the 45th Indian Brigade to withdraw from Muar. Finding its position being outflanked, the combined Australian-Indian force attempted to withdraw over the bridge at Parit Sulong, fighting their way through several Japanese positions, but found the way blocked at the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0004-0001", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nWith supplies and ammunition running out, and being attacked from the rear by Japanese forces that had pursued them from Bakri, the Australians were forced to leave their wounded behind in the hope that they would receive medical attention from the Japanese, while the remnants of the 2/19th attempted to reach the British lines at Yong Peng, trekking through thick jungle and Japanese lines. The wounded were subsequently murdered by the Japanese in the Parit Sulong Massacre; meanwhile, only 271 personnel from the battalion reached Yong Peng. As a result, the battalion saw no further action during the fighting in Malaya. On 26 January 1941, it received a batch of 650 reinforcements, and a hasty training program implemented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0005-0000", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nIn late January, the battalion withdrew across the Causeway to Singapore as the British Commonwealth forces were pushed off the peninsula. The 2/19th subsequently assumed a defensive position in the western sector of the island. Following the Japanese assault on 8 February, the 2/19th fought a series of desperate actions; during the initial landings, its forward positions, too widely dispersed in countryside that was not ideal for defence, were easily infiltrated by the assaulting Japanese troops and the 2/19th was forced back towards the centre of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0005-0001", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe unit was later captured on the outskirts of Singapore on 15 February 1942, along with the bulk of British Commonwealth forces after the British commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, ordered the capitulation of the garrison. The men were initially imprisoned at Changi; however, many were later sent to work on the Thai\u2013Burma Railway, while others were sent to prison camps in Borneo, Japan, French Indochina, Java, Sumatra, and Malaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0006-0000", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), History\nFollowing the surrender of Japan the survivors were liberated in August 1945. The battalion was disbanded later in 1945, having sustained the highest casualties of any Australian Army unit during the war, sustaining 620 dead and 197 wounded. A total of approximately 1,500 men served with the 2/19th Battalion. In addition to the Victoria Cross awarded to Anderson, decorations awarded to members of the 2/19th included: two Military Crosses, two Military Medals, and seven Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0007-0000", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961, these battle honours were entrusted to the 19th Battalion, and they are now maintained by the 1st/19th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160992-0008-0000", "contents": "2/19th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/19th Battalion during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/1st Anti -Tank Regiment was an Australian Army anti-tank artillery regiment that was raised for service during the Second World War as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force. Formed in November 1939, it was sent to the United Kingdom in mid-1940, but was broken up and converted into infantry. In late 1940, the regiment was re-formed and deployed to the Middle East, joining the 6th Division. It took part in the Battle of Greece before being evacuated to Egypt. Later, the regiment took part in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0000-0001", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia)\nIn early 1942, it was withdrawn back to Australia for service in the Pacific. En route the regiment was diverted to Ceylon for garrison duties. It served in New Guinea around Port Moresby and Milne Bay in 1942\u20131943 and then again in early 1945 during the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign, serving there until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nThe regiment was formed in the early part of the war, as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) that was raised for overseas service during World War II. The regiment was initially formed in November 1939 in Queensland and Tasmania as the corps-assigned 2/5th Army Field Regiment; this unit was then redesignated as the 2/5th Anti-Tank Regiment in January 1940, and then renamed again to the 2/1st Anti -Tank Regiment the following month. This process was completed in March, by which time the regiment consisted of four batteries. Authorised to receive forty-eight 2-pounder guns, the regiment had an official establishment of 556 men, including 30 officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nInitially assigned to the 6th Division, the regiment was dispatched to the Middle East, departing Sydney on 4 May as part of the third convoy carrying troops from the Second AIF. En route, the war situation in Europe grew worse for the Allies as the Germans invaded France. As a result, the convoy carrying the regiment was diverted to the United Kingdom. They arrived in Scotland on 17 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0002-0001", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nArriving without guns, amidst concerns of a possible invasion falling the Fall of France, the regiment was broken up and its headquarters was converted into an infantry unit as part of the 25th Infantry Brigade. This unit was initially called the 70th Infantry Battalion, but was later re-designated as the 2/31st Infantry Battalion. The regiment's two batteries \u2013 the 1st and 2nd Anti -Tank Batteries \u2013 remained, though, as independent sub-units assigned to the 18th and 25th Infantry Brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nIn September 1940, the regiment was re-raised under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Frances St John in preparation for its transfer to the Middle East where the AIF was preparing to go into combat for the first time during the war. Consisting of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Batteries, the regiment was established at Tidworth, before moving to Colchester. It began embarking in October and November from Liverpool, by which time it had was almost at full strength and had received most of its guns and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East and Greece\nArriving in the Middle East, the regiment rejoined the 6th Division at Ikingi Maryut in Egypt; however, it was not ready to join the division's first combat actions around Benghazi in January 1941 and it remained behind at Amiriya at this time. In early April, the regiment was deployed to Greece, along with the rest of the 6th Division in anticipation of a German invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0005-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East and Greece\nFollowing the opening of the campaign, the regiment deployed one battery in support of the 16th Infantry Brigade around the Veria Pass, while the remaining batteries were assigned to Mackay Force, supporting the 19th Infantry Brigade at Vevi, where they were defend against a thrust through Yugoslavia through the Florina Valley. On 11\u201312 April, three batteries from the regiment took part in the Battle of Vevi. Positioned close to the infantry in the forward positions, the regiment\u2019s guns were positioned on the forward slopes so that they could fire down the road from Vevi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0005-0001", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East and Greece\nIn the early stages of the battle, mobile German guns inflicted casualties on the anti-tank gunners who were exposed on the forward slopes, and after the arrival of a large column of German troops heavy fighting followed. By the final stages, the gunners were engaging the advancing German infantrymen over open sights before withdrawing by battery. Due to its dispositions, the regiment lost 16 guns and 79 men captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0005-0002", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East and Greece\nAfter falling back towards Servia, the regiment\u2019s batteries became separated as they were hastily tasked with supporting Australian and New Zealand rearguard actions around Kalabaka, Bralos Pass and Erithrai while the Allied forces withdrew steadily. During this period, the regiment's 2-pounders proved ineffective against the German armour, although they had some success firing at the tracks. As the withdrawal continued, the decision was made to evacuate from several locations including Athens and Kalamata. The regiment's losses during the campaign amounted to 18 killed and 16 wounded, in addition those captured at Vevi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0006-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East and Greece\nThe main body was evacuated by sea back to Palestine, although some personnel from the regiment also landed on Crete where they took part in the unsuccessful defence of the island during the Battle of Crete. Meanwhile, the regiment was re-formed in May at Khassa. The respite was only brief, though, as in June the 4th Battery was detached for service with Habforce during the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign, supporting the British advance from Iraq into Syria, during which the battery lost two men killed and nine wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0006-0001", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East and Greece\nMeanwhile, in mid-July the remaining elements of the 2/1st were assigned to support the British 6th Infantry Division in the final stages of the campaign. After the armistice was signed by Vichy French forces, the regiment remained in Syria as occupation troops, serving around Baalbek until November 1941 when they were returned to the Australian 6th Division at Beit Jitra, before returning to Syria in December as the Australians took over responsibility for the occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0007-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East and Greece\nJapan's entry into the war in December 1941, resulted in a request for Australian troops to return from the Middle East. As a result, in February 1942 the 2/1st Anti -Tank Regiment returned from Syria, embarking from Egypt in March. En route, part of the 6th Division was diverted to Ceylon, where it was believed a Japanese invasion might be imminent. While deployed to Ceylon, the regiment undertook defensive duties and deployed a battery to Honara with the 16th Infantry Brigade and to Akuressa with the 17th Infantry Brigade. They remained on the island until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0008-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific war\nArriving in Australia in August, a period of leave followed before the regiment was reconstituted at Greta, New South Wales. By August \u2013 September, the situation in the New Guinea campaign was critical for the Australians, as the Japanese were advancing along the Kokoda Track towards Port Moresby; as a result, the newly returned 16th Brigade was hastily deployed to reinforce the Australian troops on the track, and the 1st Battery deployed in support. The 16th subsequently took part in the Australian counter offensive that pushed the Japanese back towards their beachheads on the northern coast in October and November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0008-0001", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific war\nMeanwhile, regimental headquarters was deployed to Port Moresby in November, and the 3rd Battery deployed to Milne Bay. The 2nd Battery remained at Greta, though, and the 4th Battery was subsequently disbanded at this time. To make up for its missing battery, the 8th Battery was temporarily attached to the regiment from the 2/2nd Anti -Tank Regiment, in Port Moresby at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0009-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific war\nDuring the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona, the 2/1st Anti -Tank Regiment detached a 6-pounder from Port Moresby to reinforce elements of the 2/1st Field Regiment. This gun fired directly onto Japanese bunkers around Sanananda, which was subsequently secured by 22 January 1943. Meanwhile, in February 1943 the 3rd Battery rejoined the regiment from Milne Bay, and the 8th Battery returned to the 2/2nd. The following month, the regiment was renamed the 2/1st Tank Attack Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0010-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific war\nThe regiment remained in New Guinea until October 1943, returning by sea to Cairns, Queensland. Throughout late 1943 and into 1944, the regiment remained in Australia as there was no real role for them in the offensives being fought by the Australians in New Guinea at this time to secure Salamaua\u2013Lae, the Huon Peninsula and the Finisterre Ranges. Instead, they undertook training on the Atherton Tablelands, and for a period, the regiment detached one of its batteries to the School of Artillery at Holsworthy, New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0010-0001", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific war\nUltimately, the regiment did not see action until the final year of the war. In late 1944, the Australian Army assumed responsibility for securing the area around Aitape and Wewak in northern New Guinea, taking over from US troops who were redirected to the Philippines. The regiment deployed to Aitape in January 1945 to join the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Rickard,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0011-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific war\nDue to the tactical situation, the regiment was not employed in an anti-tank role during its final campaign. Instead, it operated several different types of artillery pieces in addition to the typical anti-tank guns; this included several 75 mm pack howitzer mountain guns. These were operated by one of the regiment's batteries, while another of the batteries also received 4.2-inch mortars. Further diversification in roles occurred when one of the regiment's batteries was re-trained as infantry and deployed to secure rear areas, including an airfield that was established in the mountains. During the final action to secure Wewak, the regiment's pack howitzers supported commandos assigned to Farida Force during an amphibious landing that was carried out around Dove Bay, to the east of Wewak. Losses during the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign amounted to 33 killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160993-0012-0000", "contents": "2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific war\nThe Australian War Memorial lists 28 members of the regiment on the Roll of Honour as having lost their lives during the war. Twelve members were decorated as a result of their service in the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/1st Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Formed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force at the start of World War II, the battalion was deployed to the Middle East in early 1940 and subsequently took part in the early fighting in the North African campaign, taking part in battles around Bardia and Tobruk before later being sent to Greece in early 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0000-0001", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia)\nA lightning German advance quickly pushed the Allies back and forced them to evacuate after a very short campaign and the 2/1st was landed on Crete where they subsequently fought unsuccessfully to repel a German invasion in May. The majority of the battalion was captured on Crete, but the 2/1st was subsequently re-built from survivors in Palestine and returned to Australia in early 1942 following Japan's entry into the war. They then fought two campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea, fighting in the Kokoda Track campaign during 1942\u201343 and the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in 1944\u201345. Following the war, the 2/1st was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nRaised at Victoria Barracks, Sydney, on 16 October 1939 as part of the 16th Brigade of the 6th Australian Division, the 2/1st Battalion was one of the first infantry battalions raised as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force at the start of World War II. Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Eather, a former Militia officer. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 1st Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were black over green, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. After formation, a brief period of basic training was undertaken at Ingleburn, New South Wales, before the battalion embarked for overseas service on 10 January 1940, aboard the SS Orford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, Greece and the Middle East\nAfter sailing via the Suez Canal, the 2/1st arrived in Egypt on 13 February. The battalion then moved to Palestine where it concentrated with the rest of the 16th Brigade at Julis near Gaza. The entire brigade remained in Palestine until the end of August, when it moved to Egypt to carry out preparations for active service with the 6th Division. The battalion's first campaign of World War II was the advance from Egypt into eastern Libya in January and February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0003-0001", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, Greece and the Middle East\nOn 3 January 1941, the battalion took part in the first Australian ground action of the war, spearheading the 6th Division's attack to capture Bardia. Striking from the west, the 2/1st went in just after dawn supported by artillery, armour and aircraft, breaching the wire defences in front of the Italian positions, establishing a bridgehead for the follow-on forces to exploit. Later in the month, the 2/1st was once again in the vanguard when the 16th Brigade led the 6th Division's assault on the Italian-held port of Tobruk. Following its capture, the battalion was left to garrison Tobruk as the advance continued. It left Tobruk on 7 March, ultimately bound for Greece with the rest of the 6th Division, amidst concerns of a German invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, Greece and the Middle East\nThe battalion arrived in Greece on 22 March and was quickly deployed to the north of the country to resist the anticipated German attack. The battalion took up positions at Veria on 7 April but, the Allied forces was quickly overwhelmed and it was forced to withdraw south on 12 April, eventually being evacuated by sea from Megara on 25 April. Instead of returning to Egypt, the 2/1st was landed on the island of Crete, arriving the day after they were evacuated from Megara, and they were pressed into defend the airfield at Retimo, where they joined the 2/11th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0004-0001", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, Greece and the Middle East\nOn 20 May, the Germans launched an airborne invasion of Crete. Two battalions of German parachute troops attacked the airfield and the 2/1st, by then under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Ian Campbell, was heavily engaged as they put up a strong defence during the Battle of Retimo. The Allied evacuation began on 28 May, but the message to withdraw did not get through to the two battalions holding the airfield, and they continued to hold until 30 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0004-0002", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, Greece and the Middle East\nAt that point, though, they were overwhelmed as the Germans, having been victorious elsewhere on the island, were able to bring in reinforcements\u00a0\u2013 including armour and artillery\u00a0\u2013 and concentrate their efforts against the two battalions holding Retimo. As food and ammunition ran out, the 2/1st Battalion was forced to surrender and its personnel became prisoners of war. The fighting on Crete cost the 2/1st heavily, with 43 killed, 64 wounded and 511 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0005-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, Greece and the Middle East\nThe losses on Crete represented the vast majority of the battalion's personnel, but by June there were about 70 men from the 2/1st in Palestine, some of whom had managed to escape after the fall of Crete and some who had been brought back there after Greece, rather than landing on Crete. The decision was subsequently made to re-form the battalion, rather than disband it. This was done by transferring 200 experienced men from the 16th Brigade's other two battalions\u00a0\u2013 the 2/2nd and 2/3rd\u00a0\u2013 and bringing in 500 newly arrived reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0005-0001", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, Greece and the Middle East\nIn October 1941, after the 2/1st had been rebuilt, it was allocated to garrison duties, taking up the defences in northern Syria, which had been captured from the Vichy French during the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign that had been fought earlier in the year. Japan's entry into the war in December 1941 resulted in plans to bring the 6th Division back to Australia to help bolster the country's defences and on 10 March 1942, the 2/1st embarked for home. During the voyage, the battalion was diverted to Ceylon to defend it from a possible Japanese invasion. The invasion never came and the 2/1st Battalion finally arrived in Melbourne on 7 August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0006-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nAfter only a short period of respite, the 2/1st deployed to New Guinea, arriving there in September 1942 just as the tide of the Kokoda Track campaign began to turn back in the favour of the Allies. The battalion subsequently joined the Allied pursuit of the withdrawing Japanese north towards their beachheads around Buna\u2013Gona, and during the counter-offensive the 2/1st Battalion were involved in the major battles at Eora Creek and then at Gorari, followed by Sanananda between October and late November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0006-0001", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nHeavy casualties were suffered by the battalion during the campaign, with over 60 percent being killed, wounded or evacuated sick. Subsequent to the Kokoda campaign, the 2/1st returned to Australia to rebuild. At this time they received a large batch of reinforcements from the 49th Battalion, a Militia battalion that had fought around Sanananda before being disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0007-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nAfter their return to Australia, a long period of reorganisation followed, during which the battalion was converted to the jungle warfare establishment, which saw its authorised strength fall from around 900 men to just over 800. Late in the war, in December 1944, they were then sent back to New Guinea to help round up an estimated 35,000 Japanese in the Aitape\u2013Wewak region. The campaign lasted until the war ended and saw the 2/1st join the coastal advance towards the main Japanese base at Wewak along with the rest of the 16th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0008-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nThe battalion was finally disbanded in December 1945. During the war, a total of 3,491 men served with the battalion of whom 263 were killed and 418 wounded. Decorations awarded to members of the 2/1st included: three Distinguished Service Orders with one Bar, 15 Military Crosses, seven Distinguished Conduct Medals, 28 Military Medals and 68 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160994-0009-0000", "contents": "2/1st Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/1st Battalion during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160995-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1st Black Watch Brigade\nThe 2/1st Black Watch Brigade was a 2nd Line Territorial Force infantry brigade of the British Army in World War I. The brigade was formed as a duplicate of the Black Watch Brigade in January 1915. As the name would suggest, it was organized with four battalions of the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders),  It was dissolved in November 1915 as its constituent battalions were posted to other formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160995-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1st Black Watch Brigade, History\nIn accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. 2nd Line units performed the home defence role, although in fact most of these were also posted abroad in due course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160995-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1st Black Watch Brigade, History\nAs a consequence, the 2/1st Black Watch Brigade was formed in January 1915 as a 2nd Line duplicate of the Black Watch Brigade. It was assembled at Hawick with four 2nd Line battalions of the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) that had been raised in September 1914:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160995-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1st Black Watch Brigade, History\nThe brigade was assigned to Coastal Defence duties in Scottish Command. The battalions variously served at Broughty Ferry on Tay Defences (2/4th), Clyde Defences (2/5th), North Queensferry on Forth Defences (2/6th) and Kinghorn also on Forth Defences (2/7th). By June 1915, the battalions was concentrated at Bridge of Earn, Perthshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160995-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1st Black Watch Brigade, History\nThe brigade did not remain in existence for very much longer as the battalions were posted away. In October, the 2/4th and 2/5th Black Watch were posted to the 191st (2nd Seaforth and Cameron Highlanders) Brigade, 64th (2nd Highland) Division at Auchterarder and the 2/7th Black Watch joined the 192nd (2nd Gordon Highlanders) Brigade, 64th (2nd Highland) Division at Grangemouth. Finally, in November 1915, the 2/6th also joined the 192nd (2nd Gordon Highlanders) Brigade at Blairgowrie. With that, the brigade passed out of existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/1st Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment raised as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force during World War II. Formed in October 1939, the regiment was assigned to the 6th Division. Shortly after it was raised, the regiment was deployed to the Middle East, where it was briefly re-roled as an anti-aircraft regiment before returning to the field artillery role. In 1941, the regiment served in North Africa and in Greece, before being withdrawn back to Australian in early 1942, following Japan's entry into the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0000-0001", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia)\nIn late 1942, and early 1943, the regiment took part in the defence of Port Moresby during the fighting along the Kokoda Track, before taking part in the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona and the defence of Wau, remaining in New Guinea on garrison duties until August 1943. Withdrawn to Australia, a long period of training followed before the regiment took part in its final campaign of the war Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/1st Field Regiment was raised in October 1940, as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). Assigned to the 6th Division, its headquarters opened at Ingleburn, New South Wales, and the majority of its personnel were recruited from New South Wales. At the outset, the regiment consisted of two batteries, designated as the 1st and 2nd Batteries. After training in Australia, the regiment embarked for the Middle East in January 1940, arriving in Palestine the following month. After several months, part of the regiment's personnel \u2013 the regimental headquarters and the 1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0001-0001", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nBattery \u2013 were used to form an anti-aircraft (AA) regiment, designated as \"Y Anti- Aircraft Regiment\", along with elements of the 2/4th Infantry Battalion, to provide light air defence around Haifa. Later, the infantrymen returned to their battalion and the regiment was redesignated as the \"2/1st Field Regiment (Anti- Aircraft)\", with three AA batteries designated \"A\", \"B\" and \"C\". These batteries were sent to Egypt and occupied Aboukir, Sidi Bisr, Port Fuad and Helwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAt Helwan, in September 1940, the regiment was re-roled once again as a field regiment, and re-equipped. The following month, the 6th Division began large scale exercises in preparation for its commitment to the Western Desert campaign. In January 1941, the Australians went into action against the Italians for the first time, attacking Bardia. The 2/1st supported the 16th Brigade at this time, before switching to support the 19th Brigade's advance towards Tobruk. The regiment's headquarters then assumed control of a number of Australian and British artillery units as they pushed towards Derna, Barce and then Benghazi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing this, the 6th Division was deployed to Greece to defend against a German invasion. The regiment deployed in support, but the 2nd Battery remained in Egypt. By the time the regiment arrived, the invasion had begun and Allied forces were already in retreat; several rearguard actions were fought as they withdrew from Domokos towards Kalamata. The regiment's personnel were evacuated, but they lost most of their guns. The regiment concentrated at Khassa, in Palestine, where they were joined by the 2nd Battery in May. A third battery was raised for the regiment in September, designated as the 51st Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0003-0001", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment remained in the Middle East until February 1942 when the 6th Division was recalled back to Australia in response to the growing threat posed by Japan's entry into the war. En route to Australia, the 16th and 17th Brigades, including the 2/3rd Field Regiment, were diverted to Ceylon where they formed a defensive garrison amidst concerns about a possible Japanese invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0003-0002", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAs there were no artillery staff within the divisional headquarters on Ceylon, the regiment came directly under the command of the 16th Brigade at this time, and was based around Horana where they undertook defensive duties in the south of the island; the 1st Battery was detached to support the 2/1st Infantry Battalion around Katukurunda at this time. The 2nd Battery relieved them in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment remained on Ceylon until July 1942, when the 16th and 17th Brigades completed their return to Australia. Arriving in August, the regiment was reconstituted at Greta, New South Wales. By this time, in New Guinea, the Japanese were advancing towards Port Moresby. The Militia troops that had initially delayed the advance had been reinforced by the 21st and 25th Brigade, and together these troops halted the Japanese advance. The 16th Brigade was subsequently deployed as the Australians began a counter offensive to push the Japanese back to their beachheads around Buna\u2013Gona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0004-0001", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/1st Field Regiment was assigned to the defence of Port Moresby initially, but in November detached elements of the 51st Battery to support the US 32nd Infantry Division's attack on Buna, while the remainder of the battery was assigned to support the 7th Division's attack on Gona. In January 1943, the 2nd Battery, and regimental headquarters, moved forward to Buna, and the 1st Battery was moved to Wau where they supported Kanga Force during the Battle of Wau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0004-0002", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nMeanwhile, the main part of the regiment was used to raise X Field Battery around Pari, to crew 18-pounder field guns near the newly established port facilities at Buna, before being sent to Oro Bay. By February 1943, they were relieved by the 2/6th Field Regiment and moved back to Port Moresby, while the 1st Battery remained at Wau throughout the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0005-0000", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThey returned to Australia in August 1943, and after leave, the unit was reconstituted at Narellan, New South Wales. The 1st Battery arrived a month later. After this, the regiment was detached from the 6th Division, which was reorganised for jungle warfare. This resulted in a reduction of the division's artillery regiments to just one. The regiment was reassigned to the 1st Division at this time and undertook labouring duties on the Sydney wharves before moving to Ravenshoe, Queensland in February 1944. Here they were assigned as corps artillery to the 1st Australian Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0005-0001", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nA further move to Mapee followed in May 1944, before the regiment was reassigned to the 6th Division, as the number of artillery regiments assigned to the division was increased. In September 1944, the regiment moved to Wondecla, Queensland, where it began preparations for deployment overseas. The regiment did not see action again until late in the war when it was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in late 1944 when Australian forces took over from US troops, which were redeployed to the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0005-0002", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nArriving in January 1945, the main body of the regiment remained around the airfield at Aitape, undertaking defensive duties, while the 1st Battery supported the 16th Brigade's advance along the Danmap River. The regiment moved forward to Naguib in May, where they supported the 19th Brigade's push towards Wewak, and then final operations around Mount Shiburangu. The regiment was out of the line, resting at Wewak, when the war came to an end in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0006-0000", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe units of the 2nd AIF were disbanded in 1945 and 1946 as part of the demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II. This process was delayed due to a lack of shipping, but over the course of several months small drafts of personnel were sent back to Australia, based on a points system to determine priority. Meanwhile, to occupy the troops sports and recreational activities were organised, and a vocational education scheme established. In December 1945, the demobilisation process increased as several drafts were sent home on the troopship Duntroon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0006-0001", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn early January 1946, the main body of the unit, consisting of 358 men, returned aboard the Duntroon, while 107 personnel who did not have enough points for discharge were transferred to the 4th Infantry Battalion for further service. The regiment's guns embarked on 24 January and two days later, the regiment's headquarters closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0007-0000", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring the war, around 2,000 men served with the 2/1st Field Regiment and the regiment's casualties amounted to 26 dead, 77 wounded and 71 captured. The following decorations were bestowed: three Distinguished Service Orders, four Military Crosses, four Military Medals, one British Empire Medal and 29 Mentions in Despatches. One member was also appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. The regiment's numerical designation is perpetuated by the 1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, a regular Army artillery unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160996-0008-0000", "contents": "2/1st Field Regiment (Australia), Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 2/1st Field Regiment during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade\nThe 2/1st London Brigade was a 2nd Line formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. It was formed at the start of World War I and served in overseas garrisons in Malta and Egypt. Although it never saw action as a formation, its constituent battalions fought at Gallipoli and served against the Senussi tribesmen. The brigade was then sent to the Western Front where it was broken up to provide drafts for 1st Line units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Origin\nWhen the Territorial Force (TF) was created in 1908, the 1st London Brigade in 1st London Division comprised the first four battalions of the new London Regiment, each of which had previously been a Volunteer battalion of the Royal Fusiliers (the City of London Regiment). When World War I broke out in 1914, the 1st London Brigade was the first complete TF formation to go overseas on service, relieving the Regular Army garrison of Malta in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0001-0001", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Origin\nEach battalion left behind a cadre of officers and men (mainly those who were unfit or who had not volunteered for overseas service) to organise a 2nd Line battalion from the mass of volunteers who were coming forward. These units were distinguished from the 1st line by a '2/' prefix, so that the 2/1st London Brigade consisting of the 2/1st, 2/2nd etc battalions of the London Regiment was created in the 2/1st London Division. Initially, the 2nd Line was regarded as a reserve for the TF overseas, but its units were soon being prepared for overseas service themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Basic training\nA serious shortage of equipment hampered the training of the 2nd Line TF units and formations \u2013 at first 'wooden equivalents' had to be employed in place of rifles, later some .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles became available. 2/2nd Londons trained in Vincent Square, close to its Tufton St HQ, but this was too cramped and it soon moved to Tattenham Corner railway station to train on Epsom Downs. 2/3rd Londons also went to Epsom Downs, while 2/4th Bn moved from Hoxton to New Barnet. Despite the difficulties, the battalions were quickly recruited up to full strength, and in mid-December the whole of 2/1st London Brigade assembled around Maidstone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Malta\nFrom Maidstone the brigade was ordered to Malta at short notice to relieve the 1/1st London Bde for service on the Western Front. The 2/2nd, 2/3rd and 2/4th battalions disembarked on 31 December, and their 1st Line equivalents departed on 2 January 1915, leaving behind for the newcomers their obsolete Long Lee-Enfield rifles and Vickers-Maxim machine guns and the unfit personnel. The 2/1st Londons only reached Malta on 11 February 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Malta\nWhile on Malta the Brigade continued training, maintained coastal patrols, guarded Prisoners of war, caught possible spies, and performed public duties. In April 1915, the 2/3rd Londons left Malta for Egypt, landing at Port Said and going to garrison Khartoum in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The battalions in Malta were still regarded as draft-finding units for the 1/1st Brigade, but in July they were ordered to prepare to go to Egypt as Service Battalions. The Brigade HQ and battalions arrived at Alexandria aboard various ships between 25 and 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0005-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Gallipoli\nThe brigade, including 2/3rd Londons returned from Khartoum, assembled at Abbassia Camp in Cairo and prepared to reinforce the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force fighting at Gallipoli. However, the brigade did not proceed as a complete formation, the battalions proceeding individually. The 2/1st and 2/3rd Battalions were the first to go, in September, being sent via Mudros to reinforce the Regulars of the 29th Division. The 2/3rd Londons landed at Suvla Bay on 23 September and were attached to 88th Bde in the 'Dublin Castle' Sector for training, with A Company attached to the 2nd Bn Royal Fusiliers. 2/1st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0005-0001", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Gallipoli\nLondons landed at W Beach, Suvla, about midnight on 24 September, and were attached to 88th Brigade. On arrival they were re-armed with modern Short Lee-Enfield rifles (other battalions of the brigade retained their obsolete Long Lee-Enfields) and then moved forward to the Brigade Reserve Area. The battalion was attached to the 1st Bn Essex Regiment for training. After training in trench warfare the two battalions began tours of duty in the front line; the 2/1st Bn alternated with the Newfoundland Regiment on a weekly rotation at Essex Ravine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0006-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Gallipoli\nThe rest of the brigade remained in Egypt until October, when they were sent to Gallipoli to reinforce the Royal Naval Division. 2/2nd Londons sailed on 5 October, then remained in Mudros harbour until 13 October when they transhipped to HMT Sarnia and landed at W Beach at Cape Helles. They were followed by the 2/4th Battalion, which embarked on 9 October, transhipped at Mudros to the Sarnia and landed on 16 October. 2/2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0006-0001", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Gallipoli\nBattalion was attached to the 2nd Royal Naval Brigade, and  Officers and NCOs went up to the line for instruction by 1st and 2nd Royal Marine Light Iinfantry. Two companies then went into the front line and two into the reserve positions (the Eski Line) on 17 October. The 2/2nd were relieved by the 2/4th Londons on 20 October, after which the two battalions began a rotation with one week in the line alternating with a week's 'rest' in flooded camps in the rear as part of 1st Royal Naval Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0007-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Gallipoli\nThe battalions took no part in offensive operations, but on 15 November the machine gun section of the 2/2nd Londons (four old Vickers-Maxims and two even older Nordenfelt guns), together with rifle fire and bombs, provided flanking fire in support of a limited attack by 52nd (Lowland) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0008-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Gallipoli\nBy the end of November the four battalions had each suffered heavy casualties, some from enemy action, but the greater number from sickness and frostbite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0009-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Gallipoli\nIn December the Gallipoli operation began to be shut down. The 29th Division was relocated from Suvla Bay to Cape Helles. The 2/3rd Bn was pulled out of the line on 12 December and after a short rest at Mudros landed at Helles on 16 December. It was followed by 2/1st Bn, which was withdrawn to Mudros on 18 December and landed at V Beach on 26 December. Both battalions provided working parties for Gully Beach and the Eski Line. All four battalions were then evacuated from Helles in detachments between 31 December and 8 January 1916. They were then shipped from Mudros to Alexandria", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0010-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Senussi campaign\nOn return to Egypt, the 2/1st London Bde was attached to the 53rd (Welsh) Division, the two battalions from the 29th Division on 15 January, the two from the RN Division on 22 February. The 2/4th Bn and two companies of the 2/2nd Bn were then sent to join a force at Minia guarding the Nile against a potential attack by Senussi rebels. The 2/4th Londons' CO (Acting-Lt-Col V.H. Seyd, then Col Vickers Dunfee) commanded a force consisting of the Londons with detachments of Lovat's Scouts, Australian Light Horse, Royal Engineers and an armoured train. The remainder of 2/2nd Londons acted as HQ companies for 'Southern Force' protecting the southern Nile Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0011-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Senussi campaign\nThe detachments were withdrawn in April 1916 and returned to Alexandria, where the 2/1st London Brigade concentrated under the command of Col Dunfee. Here the 2/2nd finally received Short Lee-Enfields to replace their old long pattern rifles. On 17 April the whole brigade embarked on HMT Transylvania and sailed to Marseilles, disembarking on 24 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0012-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Disbandment\nOnce in France, the 2/1st London Brigade moved to Rouen, where it was disbanded and the four battalions broken up for drafting as reinforcements to other units For example, from 5 May the 2/2nd sent large drafts to the 1/2nd, and also to the 1/12th Londons (The Rangers) and the 1/16th Londons (Queen's Westminsters). By 20 June all of the 2/4th Bn had been drafted to the 1/4th Bn. All of these battalions were in the 56th (1/1st London) Division preparing for the Attack on the Gommecourt Salient that opened the Battle of the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160997-0013-0000", "contents": "2/1st London Brigade, Disbandment\nMeanwhile, the units of the 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade, training in the UK, were renumbered as the 'New' 2/1st, 2/2nd etc Bns. The brigade had already taken 2/1st London Bde's place in 58th (2/1st London) Division. At the time, the 58th Division was carrying out coast defence duties in East Anglia, but in July 1916 it began battle training on Salisbury Plain and in January 1917 it landed in France, where it fought on the Western Front until the Armistice with Germany in November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion was a battalion of the Australian Army that was raised for service during World War II as part of the 6th Division. When it was formed on 14 December 1939, its component companies were spread across several Australian states, but it was later concentrated at Ingleburn, New South Wales, where it completed basic training in the early months of the war. In mid-1940, the battalion embarked for overseas, bound initially for the Middle East, but following the Fall of France it was diverted to the United Kingdom. Along with a larger contingent of Australians, it helped to bolster the island's garrison, undertaking defensive duties during a period when it was expected that the Germans might launch a cross-Channel invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nThe battalion was transferred to the Middle East in late 1940, after the threat of invasion had passed. It underwent further training in Egypt, before taking part in fighting against the Germans in Greece and on Crete in mid-1941. Having lost most of its equipment and suffering heavy casualties, the 2/1st was rebuilt in Palestine before undertaking garrison duties in Syria in 1941\u20131942. The battalion was withdrawn to Australia as a result of Japan's entry into the war in December 1941. During 1943, the 2/1st fought a defensive role in the New Guinea campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0001-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing its withdrawal to Australia in early 1944, the battalion was re-organised on the Atherton Tablelands and reassigned to the 7th Division. It was committed to its final campaign in mid-1945, during the Borneo campaign. After the war, the battalion was disbanded in early 1946. One of its mascots, Horrie the Wog Dog, became the subject of a book by Ion Idriess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion was formed on 14 December 1939, as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). It was raised following a reorganisation of the 6th Division's infantry battalions, which saw the removal of the machine gun platoons that had previously existed within each battalion and their centralisation in a single unit. Three other machine gun battalions were subsequently raised as part of the 2nd AIF during the war to support its four infantry divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0002-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nDeveloped by the British Army, the concept within the Australian Army had its genesis during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915, when the machine guns assigned to the infantry battalions\u00a0\u2013 initially two and then, later, four\u00a0\u2013 had been grouped together and co-ordinated at brigade level to help compensate for the lack of artillery support. Over the course of the war on the Western Front, the concept had evolved through the establishment of machine gun companies in 1916 to the establishment of machine gun battalions in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0002-0002", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nSimilar formations had also been established amongst the Australian Light Horse units serving in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. During the inter-war years, the machine gun battalions had been deemed unnecessary. When the Army was reorganised in 1921, they were not re-raised, but in 1937, when the Army looked to expand as fears of war in Europe loomed, four such units were raised within the part-time Militia by converting light horse units and motorising them. When the Second World War broke out, the decision was made to raise several machine gun battalions within the 2nd AIF, one allocated to each division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nUnder the command of Lieutenant Colonel Claude Prior, the 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion was formed with four machine gun companies, a headquarters company\u00a0\u2013 consisting of an anti-aircraft platoon, a signals platoon and a transport platoon\u00a0\u2013 and a battalion headquarters. Australian machine gun battalions were established with an authorised strength of around 800 to 900 personnel, and like the others, the 2/1st was a motorised infantry unit with both wheeled motor vehicles and tracked carriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0003-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nEquipped with 48 Vickers medium machine guns, the battalion's four machine gun companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' to 'D' and each consisting of three four-gun platoons\u00a0\u2013 were initially formed separately, with 'A' Company forming at Ingleburn, in New South Wales, 'B' Company forming at Puckapunyal, in Victoria, 'C' in South Australia, and 'D' at Rutherford, in New South Wales. At the end of the month, 'B' and 'C' Companies concentrated at Rutherford, before moving to Ingleburn with 'D' Company in January 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0003-0002", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAn intense period of training followed, with range shoots at Liverpool, and field exercises in the Green Hills and Wallacia areas, the latter being conducted in conjunction with the infantry battalions of the 18th Brigade. This period concluded in early May 1940, when the battalion was moved by train to Darling Harbour and embarked upon the Queen Mary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Defence of Britain\nThe men aboard Queen Mary were originally destined for the Middle East but a decision was made mid-voyage to divert them to the United Kingdom, as part of a larger contingent of Australians that were sent to help bolster the defences there. After making the long passage via Fremantle, Cape Town, and Freetown, the Queen Mary arrived off the coast of Gourock, Scotland, on 16 June. The evacuation at Dunkirk had been achieved just two weeks earlier and France had just fallen; Britain was now preparing for a potential cross-Channel invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0004-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Defence of Britain\nThe Australian troops from the 18th Brigade and, eventually, the 25th Brigade, along with various supporting arms, had been despatched to help bolster the island's defences. From Gourock, they entrained and moved south to Tidworth Camp on Salisbury Plain. They remained in Britain for much of the rest of the year, undertaking training, mounting guard, conducting patrols and exercises. A move to Colchester took place in October to afford the Australians a more permanent barracks for the coming winter, as they were mainly under canvas at Tidworth. The following month, as the threat of invasion seemingly passed, they received orders to move to Glasgow to embark on the transport Otranto, bound for the Middle East where they were to rejoin the rest of the 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0005-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, and Crete\nSailing around the west coast of Africa to avoid the threat of air attack in the Mediterranean, the Otrango carried the battalion to Egypt, which was reached at the end of December, following stops at Freetown and Durban. After docking at Kantara, the battalion moved by rail over 225 miles (362\u00a0km) to Ikingi Maryut, west of Alexandria in the Western Desert. There they received a new commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gooch, after Prior was promoted and transferred to divisional headquarters, and they began training to acclimatise to the new conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0005-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, and Crete\nThe rest of the 6th Division had gone into action in the Western Desert but the 2/1st, still waiting on the majority of its equipment to arrive, was not committed, its place being taken by a British machine gun battalion from the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers. The Australian battalion remained at Ikingi Maryut until late March and early April, when it was despatched, along with the rest of the 6th Division, to Greece, where a German invasion was expected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0006-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, and Crete\nSpread across several different transport vessels, after completing the crossing\u00a0\u2013 during which the battalion\u2019s machine guns were employed for anti-aircraft defence\u00a0\u2013 the 2/1st's companies were split up: 'A' Company, supported the Australian 2/4th Battalion, while two companies\u00a0\u2013 'B' and 'C'\u00a0\u2013 supported the New Zealand 4th Brigade, and another\u00a0\u2013 'D' Company\u00a0\u2013 was assigned to the Australian 17th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0006-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, and Crete\nThe campaign proved to be short-lived, as the Allies were quickly pushed back by the advancing Germans, and the battalion was subsequently withdrawn around the end of April and early May, having fought major actions around the Aliakmon River, Servia Pass, Lamia and Mount Olympus. During the evacuation, elements of three companies were taken aboard the transport Costa Rica, which was later attacked by German aircraft. As the vessel was sinking, the troops on board were evacuated by Royal Navy destroyers and landed on Crete, minus the majority of their equipment which was lost at sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0007-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, and Crete\nOn Crete, the battalion's companies were once again separated; 'D' Company, the only company in possession of all of its equipment, was assigned to support the Australian 19th Brigade around Georgioupolis, while the other three companies went into camp around Suda. A single platoon from 'B' Company was later sent to reinforce 'D' Company; however, on 14 May, the remainder of the battalion\u00a0\u2013 a total of 432 personnel\u00a0\u2013 was evacuated from the island on the transport Lossiebank, sailing back to Egypt and subsequently missing the German invasion of Crete, which was launched a week later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0007-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, and Crete\nA short but sharp campaign followed, which saw the machine gunners that remained\u00a0\u2013 170 personnel, including six officers\u00a0\u2013 take part in fighting around Canea and Retimo before the island's garrison was finally defeated at the end of May. By the end of the fighting, the 2/1st had lost 104 men killed, wounded or captured in either Greece or on Crete; of these, two later escaped, while one died in captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0008-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, and Crete\nAfter arriving in Egypt, the remainder of the battalion was transported to Palestine, where it was subsequently rebuilt. The 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion remained stationed around Gaza until October, when it was sent to Syria to bolster the garrison that had been established there following the defeat of Vichy French forces. At this time, the 2/1st effectively became assigned to the 7th Division, and received a new commanding officer, as Lieutenant Colonel Cyril Fidock, a World War I veteran, replaced Gooch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0008-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, and Crete\nThe battalion was subsequently stationed in Damascus and at Zaboud, remaining there until early 1942, when it was moved back to Gaza as part of the draw-down of Australian forces in the Middle East and their return to Australia in response to Japan's entry into the war. The battalion embarked upon an American troop transport, USS West Point, in mid-March 1942, completing the voyage to Port Adelaide, via Fremantle, in just 19 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 80], "content_span": [81, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0009-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nFollowing the battalion's arrival in Adelaide, the men were billeted by locals in the city's suburbs while leave drafts were despatched throughout April. In early May, the 2/1st was reconstituted at Ingleburn, where it remained until June 1942, when the order came to move to Queensland. Moving up the coast via train, the battalion established a camp near Peachester, in the Sunshine Coast hinterland. Jungle training was undertaken there until September, when the 2/1st moved to another camp closer to the coast at Deception Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0009-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nAt the end of October, 'A' and 'B' Companies embarked in Brisbane, bound for New Guinea, to reinforce the troops fighting around Buna; en route they were diverted to Townsville, where they were unloaded. 'B' Company later re-embarked and arrived in Port Moresby in late November on the transport Both, before moving to Oro Bay, where it was deployed defensively around the US base and the mission at Eroro. ' A' Company also deployed in December, and the following month also moved to Oro Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0009-0002", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe rest of the battalion remained at Deception Bay in Queensland and did not link up with the other companies until May 1943, landing in Port Moresby from the Duntroon. In the intervening period, the two deployed companies were temporarily detached to the Militia 7th Machine Gun Battalion, and 'A' Company went into action in the Pacific for the first time, fighting around Wau, before marching to Nassau Bay to support the 3rd Division during the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0010-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe battalion was withdrawn back to Australia in early 1944 for rest and reorganisation. During this period it was stationed at Tenterfield, where the soldiers experienced a bitterly cold winter, before moving to Petrie and then Kiari on the Atherton Tablelands. The battalion was reorganised to conform with the requirements of the jungle divisional establishment, and as a result its vehicles were changed to include jeeps and trailers, instead of trucks, which were considered impractical in the jungle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0010-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nA change of commanding officer also took place in this time, with Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Haupt\u00a0\u2013 who had previously served as battalion second-in-command before leaving to take over command of the 62nd Battalion in January 1943\u00a0\u2013 returning to take over from Fidock. A long period of training, which included courses in amphibious warfare and various jungle exercises followed, as the focus of the fighting in the Pacific shifted away from Australian forces towards the US military. Consequently, it was not until close to the end of the war that the battalion went into action again. Before this, the battalion contributed to an Australian contingent that was sent to India to lecture British Army officers on the lessons of jungle warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0011-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nIn May 1945, the battalion was transported to Morotai Island in preparation for Operation Oboe, the recapture of Borneo and the Netherlands East Indies. The 2/1st was assigned to support the 7th Division's landing on Balikpapan in July. Now largely being used as a divisional asset, the battalion provided a company to each of the division's component brigades\u00a0\u2013 the 18th, 21st and 25th\u00a0\u2013 while one company remained in reserve with the headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0011-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nComing ashore aboard several landing craft, the two companies taking part in the initial assault\u00a0\u2013 'B' and 'D'\u00a0\u2013 helped to secure the high ground overlooking the beachhead, while 'C' Company remained a floating reserve along with the 25th Brigade. The battalion's reserve company, 'A' Company, and headquarters element came ashore in a later wave to set up a secure base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0011-0002", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nDuring the subsequent advance inland, the battalion's main focus was progressing through what the Australians dubbed the \"Vasey Highway\", which ran east\u2013west along the island's southern shore, as the Australians fought to take the oil pipeline and the airfield at Manggar, and the \"Milford Highway\", which ran north\u2013south through the centre into the more mountainous hinterland. During the fighting on Borneo, the 2/1st lost 17 men killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0012-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nFollowing the conclusion of hostilities, the battalion's personnel were returned to Australia in small drafts, as the 2/1st undertook garrison duties in the Balikpapan area. The longer-serving men were repatriated and discharged early, while volunteers were transferred to other units that were being raised as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force that would be deployed to Japan. In November, a batch of men were transferred to the 21st Brigade for occupation duties in the Celebes as the Australian forces began preparing to hand over the territories to Dutch authorities. By December, the battalion consisted of less than fifty personnel, and at the end of the month this cadre embarked upon the transport Kings Point Victory to make the journey back to Australia. The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 26 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0013-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nWhen they had been formed, it was intended that the machine gun battalions would provide highly mobile fire support; however, Phillip Hocking, author of The Long Carry, highlights that throughout the war the utility of the machine gun battalions was largely misunderstood by commanders, particularly after the focus of the Australian Army's operations shifted to the Pacific. Some commanders used the machine guns largely in a static defensive capacity against short and medium range targets, rather than as offensive fire support weapons that could be employed to provide long range fire support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0013-0001", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe medium machine guns were also largely utilised in the same manner as light machine guns, such as the Bren. Other reasons identified for the concept's limited use include distrust of overhead fire by some commanders, a preference for organic fire support over attached sub-units, over-estimating  the difficulty of transporting Vickers guns in the jungle, and a tendency to ignore targets that could not be seen. After their disbandment, the machine gun battalion concept was not used in the post-war Australian Army, as the function became nested within the structure of a standard infantry battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0014-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nOne of the 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion's mascots, Horrie the Wog Dog, was the subject of a book by Ion Idriess; the book was based on stories recounted by the dog's owner, Jim Moody, who served as a machine gunner in the 2/1st. Over 2,000 personnel served in the 2/1st throughout the war, and 34 members of the battalion were killed in action, died of wounds or died from accident. Decorations awarded included two Military Crosses, four Military Medals, one British Empire Medal and 16 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0015-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Commanders\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160998-0016-0000", "contents": "2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/1st received the following battle honours for their involvement in the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160999-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1st Medium Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/1st Medium Regiment was an artillery regiment of the Australian Army during World War II. Raised in 1940 as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force, the regiment undertook garrison duties in Australia, Nauru and on Ocean Island, and served in the Middle East. It was converted to a field regiment, designated the 2/13th Army Field Regiment, due to a lack of howitzers, but was later converted back into a medium regiment. During 1943\u20131944, the regiment served as the 2/13th Composite Anti Aircraft Regiment before returning to the medium role. It was disbanded in July 1945, in Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160999-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1st Medium Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment was raised in May 1940 in Ingleburn, New South Wales, as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force. Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel E.J.W Pope. Upon formation it consisted of two batteries: the 1st and 2nd Medium Batteries. Training was undertaken at Ingleburn with six-inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160999-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1st Medium Regiment (Australia), History\nIn October 1940, the regiment was converted into a field regiment due to a shortage of medium artillery pieces, designated as the 2/13th Army Field Regiment. As a field regiment, it consisted of the 25th and 26th Batteries. As a corps-level unit, it was assigned directly to I Corps. In February 1941, the regiment deployed two detachments of around 50 personnel and two 18-pounders to Nauru and Ocean Island as garrison troops as part of Heron Force and Wren Force; they were relieved in August 1941 and returned to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160999-0002-0001", "contents": "2/1st Medium Regiment (Australia), History\nMeanwhile, the rest of the regiment was deployed to Darwin, Northern Territory from in Cowra, New South Wales, in April 1941 in support of the 23rd Infantry Brigade. While in the Northern Territory, the regiment was based in Winnellie. In July 1941, the regiment handed over its equipment to the 2/14th Field Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160999-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1st Medium Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment deployed to the Middle East in September 1941. The regiment was initially based at Hill 93 in Palestine. In October 1941, the regiment reverted to a medium regiment. At that time it received sixteen US-made, French-designed 155\u00a0mm howitzers. They moved to Beit Jirja and then later Beir Suneid,  but did not see combat before  being brought back to Australia in March 1942 and saw no further active service throughout the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160999-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1st Medium Regiment (Australia), History\nOn return to Australia, the regiment landed in Adelaide and then moved  to Queensland via Ingleburn. By July 1942, the 2/1st Medium Regiment, still under the command of Pope was assigned to the corps artillery within I Corps, based in Toowoomba, Queensland. The regiment provided some personnel for the 1st Mountain Battery, which served in the  New Guinea campaign. By January 1943, the regiment was based in Helidon, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160999-0005-0000", "contents": "2/1st Medium Regiment (Australia), History\nThere was little need for medium artillery in the Pacific, and as a result the regiment was underemployed. In July 1943, it was converted into the 2/13th Composite Anti Aircraft Regiment at Chermside, Queensland; at this time it consisted of the 14th Heavy Anti Aircraft and 15th Light Anti Aircraft Batteries. Part of the 14th HAA Battery was detached in November 1944 to provide anti aircraft defence around Buna in New Guinea, during operations to secure Finschafen, remaining there until May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160999-0005-0001", "contents": "2/1st Medium Regiment (Australia), History\nMeanwhile, in January 1944, the regiment was transferred to Southport, Queensland, and in September 1944 it briefly gained the 84th Mobile Searchlight Battery before this sub unit was deployed to New Guinea in November. The regiment then moved to Mapee, where they came under the command of II Corps; in August, they were reassigned to the 11th Division around Kairi, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00160999-0006-0000", "contents": "2/1st Medium Regiment (Australia), History\nIn December 1944, the regiment returned to the medium role, as the need for anti-aircraft defences in Australia diminished due to the decline in Japanese air power as the war progressed. At this time, it readopted the 2/1st Medium Regiment designation, and consisting of the 1st and 2nd Medium Batteries. For a period was assigned to the 5th Division. It remained in Australia and did not see further action until it was disbanded on 31 July 1945, while at Kairi, as it was deemed surplus to requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161000-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1st North Australia Observer Unit\nThe 2/1st North Australia Observer Unit (2/1 NAOU) was an Australian Army reconnaissance unit of World War II. Formed in early 1942 in the Northern Territory, the unit was a light horse mounted unit that was tasked with providing early warning of Japanese activity in northern Australia at a time when an invasion of the country was expected. As the threat of Japanese invasion dissipated the unit's operations were curtailed in 1943 and it was eventually disbanded in the early months of 1945. The unit is considered to be a predecessor of several reconnaissance units that currently exist within the Australian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161000-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1st North Australia Observer Unit, History\nFormed on 11 May 1942 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Bill Stanner, the unit's headquarters was established in Katherine, Northern Territory. Nicknamed the \"Nackeroos\", the unit was raised at a time when the Japanese were steadily advancing in the Pacific. Broome had recently been bombed and an invasion of Australia was considered a possibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161000-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1st North Australia Observer Unit, History\nConcerned about the large unobserved sea and air approaches to northern Australia, specifically in the Kimberley region and in the Northern Territory, the Army tasked 2/1 NAOU with patrolling remote areas of northern Australia on horseback to provide early warning of Japanese activity to Northern Territory Force, which was tasked with defending the area in the event of an invasion. Other tasks included manning fixed coast watch stations and signals work. At the peak of its strength it numbered approximately 550 men, including 59 Aboriginal personnel who were employed as guides and labourers. As the threat of Japanese landings declined 2/1 NAOU patrols were reduced in July 1943 and the unit was disbanded in March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161000-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1st North Australia Observer Unit, History\nIn 1972, Stanner summarised the unit in the following terms to Amoury Vane, the author of the unit's history:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161000-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1st North Australia Observer Unit, History\nThe Unit was organised somewhat on the lines of a Light Horse regiment but with commando-type flexibility. It had a strategic and tactical role with duties of reconnaissance, scouting and coast-watching and was widely dispersed on and off the coasts and inland, between Cambridge Gulf and the Gulf of Carpentaria. The members of the Unit tended to operate in very small groups, often of section strength, over an enormous area, manning observation posts or in fixed or mounted roving patrols, so as to answer for the flanks of Northern Territory Force. They seldom assembled as troops, companies, or squadrons, and never, while I was in command, as a single Unit, after once taking up their field stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161000-0005-0000", "contents": "2/1st North Australia Observer Unit, Legacy\nThe modern Australian Army's Regional Force Surveillance Units have a similar role to 2/1 NAOU, with NORFORCE tracing its history back to 2/1 NAOU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0000-0000", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/1st Pioneer Battalion was a pioneer battalion of the Australian Army during World War II. Raised in early 1940, the battalion served throughout the war, seeing action in North Africa, particularly around Tobruk in 1941, before being brought back to Australia in 1942. It later took part in the fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1942\u201343, and then in Borneo in 1945. It was disbanded in early 1946. The battalion undertook both infantry and engineer tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0001-0000", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nFormed in May 1940, the battalion's initial recruits were drawn from New South Wales, many of whom had previously served in the part-time Militia. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Patrick Macgillycuddy, a Staff Corps officer who had served during World War I, the unit completed basic training in various locations across the state including Greta and Dubbo. By June 1940, the battalion had grown to over 900-strong. In late September and early October 1940, the battalion departed for overseas, embarking on two Dutch transports: Johan de Witt from Sydney and Niew Zeeland from Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0001-0001", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nIt was one of four pioneer battalions raised to provide engineer support to the 2nd Australian Imperial Force's four infantry divisions. Trained as infantry, the battalion undertook both the infantry and engineer support roles and was organised along conventional infantry lines with a headquarters and four companies \u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D' \u2013 but was made up of personnel with trade or practical skills and, within the divisional structure, the pioneers were administered as corps troops under the direction of the divisional engineer commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0002-0000", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter arriving in the Middle East in November 1940, the battalion was assigned to the Australian I Corps, serving in Palestine until early 1941. It then moved to the port of Tobruk, where it was allocated to the 6th Division and worked to repair the port's facilities, construct roads and collect captured engineering equipment. When the 6th Division was transferred to Greece, the 2/1st Pioneers remained in North Africa, supporting the 9th Division. The battalion subsequently took part in the Siege of Tobruk, remaining there for five months before being withdrawn when the bulk of Australian forces were relieved in September 1941. Its casualties at Tobruk amounted to 45 killed and 63 wounded; nine personnel were taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0003-0000", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nIn early 1942, the 2/1st returned to Australia as part of the general transfer of Australian ground troops from the Middle East to the Pacific, following Japan's entry into the war. The battalion returned aboard the USS Westpoint, and subsequently established itself around Ipswich, in Queensland, before being deployed to New Guinea in August aboard the transport Taroona, at the height of the fighting against the Japanese during the Kokoda Track campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0003-0001", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nInitially, the pioneers undertook defensive tasks, with three companies being deployed forward to Owers Corner before moving to Uberi and then on to Imita Ridge, where the Australians sought to make a final stand against the advancing Japanese. There, the battalion occupied the extreme left hand position of a makeshift line alongside the 2/31st, 2/25th, 3rd and 2/33rd Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0003-0002", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nLater, as the tide of the campaign turned in favour of the Australians, the battalion conducted patrols and portage work along the track from September to November, before being reassigned to carry out mining and labouring work around 9-Mile Quarry, where three companies were deployed. A fourth company was also detached at this time to the Milne Bay area to improve the base's facilities; it remained in New Guinea until October 1943 before returning to Australia for rest and reorganisation aboard the USS Etolin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0004-0000", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nA long period of training followed on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland over the period between late 1943 and early 1945, when the role of the Australian Army gradually diminished in the Pacific as US troops began to arrive in greater numbers. At this time, the 2/1st returned to the command of the 6th Division. Late in the war, the battalion took part in the Borneo campaign of early July 1945, supporting the 7th Division's landing at Balikpapan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0004-0001", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nEmbarking upon the USS General Anderson, the battalion was transferred to Morotai Island in late May 1945, before embarking upon several Landing Ship, Tanks and landing on Balikpapan on 1 July and later carrying out patrols and defensive tasks across the island. On 5 July, the battalion was transported across Balikpapan Bay to Penadjam, to assist the 2/9th Infantry Battalion clear Japanese artillery from the western side of the bay. The 2/1st lost 18 men killed or wounded during the brief campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0005-0000", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter the end of the war in August, the battalion was slowly demobilised, as men were returned to Australia individually for discharge. In December 1945, the remaining members of the 2/1st were returned to Australia aboard the Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Implacable, and the battalion was eventually disbanded on 18 February 1946, at Ingleburn Camp, New South Wales. After the war, the pioneer role was assumed as a specialisation within the conventional infantry establishment within the Australian Army, and consequently the wartime pioneer battalions have not been re-raised. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Officer of the Order of the British Empire, three Military Crosses, two Military Medals, and 13 Mentions in Despatches. The battalion's casualties amounted to 68 killed in action or died on active service, 90 wounded and nine captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161001-0006-0000", "contents": "2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor its actions during the war, the 2/1st Pioneer Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0000-0000", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/20th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Raised in mid-1940 as part of the 8th Division, the battalion was recruited from Second Australian Imperial Force volunteers drawn from the state of New South Wales. In early 1941, the 2/20th Battalion deployed to Malaya, where they formed part of the garrison there until December when the Japanese invaded. The battalion subsequently fought a brief campaign along the east coast of the Malay Peninsula before being withdrawn back to Singapore in early 1942. They were heavily engaged after the Japanese landed on the island, and were eventually captured following the Fall of Singapore. Most members of the battalion became prisoners of war, and a large number died in captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0001-0000", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nRaised for service during Second World War as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force, the 2/20th Battalion was formed on 15 July 1940 at Walgrove in Sydney under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Jeater, a Militia officer who had previously commanded the 2nd Battalion, and was attached to the 22nd Brigade, 8th Division. With an authorised strength of between 800 and 900 men, the battalion was organised into a headquarters and four rifle companies, designated A to D. The battalion's recruits were mainly drawn from Sydney, Newcastle and the New South Wales north coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0001-0001", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 20th Battalion, a unit which had served during the First World War before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were white over green, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; the oval shape designated the battalion as part of the 8th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0002-0000", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter concentrating and commencing training at Walgrove, the battalion moved to Ingleburn in August where rudimentary basic training was completed. In November, after marching through the streets of Sydney, the battalion embarked for Bathurst by train. In late 1940, the British asked the Australian government to contribute a force to garrison the strategically important port of Singapore as tensions in the Pacific with the Japanese rose. Although they had not completed their training, the 22nd Brigade was eventually allocated to this task in early 1941, under the proviso that they would be relieved after a short period and returned to Australia to complete their training prior to being sent to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0003-0000", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nEmbarking for Singapore on 2 February 1941 from Darling Harbour on the ocean liner Queen Mary, the battalion arriving at the naval dock in Singapore. Upon arrival, the 2/20th were moved by train to Bagan Pinang and from there marched to Port Dickson, in south-west Malaya where it conducted further training. In early August, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Assheton took over as commanding officer, and the battalion was redeployed to Mersing, constructing defences there. Following the landings on 8 December 1941, the battalion was subsequently involved in fighting against the Japanese as part of the Malayan campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0003-0001", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe first strikes of the Japanese attack fell on British and Indian troops in the north of the country, and initially the Australian units, which were based in primarily in the south around Johore, did not see much fighting. On 7 January 1942, C Company was detached to form part of a special unit to delay the Japanese advance at Endau on the north coast, clashing with the Japanese on a number of occasions before withdrawing to the battalion main defensive position at Mersing on 26 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0003-0002", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nMeanwhile, the remainder of the battalion at Mersing also clashed with the Japanese on a number of occasions, and was heavily bombed. After being rejoined by C Company, the 2/20th Battalion withdrew to Singapore Island on 31 January, where it took up positions on the northern flank of the brigade sector. In the week following the withdrawal from Malaya, the battalion received an influx of about 80 reinforcements, who were largely untrained having been shipped hastily from Australia with little regard to their preparedness, to make up for earlier losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0004-0000", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nSituated on the north-west coast of the island, the 22nd Brigade was allocated a frontage of 8 miles (13\u00a0km) \u2013 considerably larger than normal \u2013 along a stretch of coast line that was hard to defend due to the tidal flats and islets that punctuated the terrain. When the Japanese assaulted the island on 8 February 1942, the main assault fell on the 22nd Brigade's area, with the 2/20th bearing the brunt of the initial attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0004-0001", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nStretched across a brigade-sized frontage of 7,000 yards (6,400\u00a0m), which ran north along the coast from the Serimbun River to the Kranji River, and which included the Namazie Estate, an airfield and the main supply route that ran along the sealed Lim Chu Kang road, the 2/20th Battalion's lines, held by a total of about 750 men, were eventually infiltrated by the assaulting Japanese. After initially inflicting heavy casualties on the Japanese the battalion, threatened with encirclement, was forced to withdraw to a new position along Lim Chu Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0004-0002", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nAlthough still intact, it was apparent that this position would shortly be overwhelmed and the battalion was again ordered to move south, during which it became scattered. The initial Japanese assault cost the battalion heavily. Casualties on the first night amounted to 334 killed and 214 wounded, including the commanding officer, second-in-command and three of the four company commanders. After Assheton had been wounded in the initial Japanese assault, a section was sent out to pull him to safety but before they reached him, he ordered them to leave him due to the volume of Japanese fire and he was subsequently killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0005-0000", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), History\nSeparated, the individual elements of the battalion continued to conduct a fighting withdrawal but were subsequently captured on the outskirts of Singapore city on the night of 15 February 1942, along with the bulk of the British Commonwealth forces on the island after the garrison commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, ordered a surrender. The men were initially imprisoned at Changi; however, many were later sent to work on Thai-Burma Railway, while others were sent to prison camps in Borneo, Japan, French Indochina, Java, Sumatra, and Malaya, where they endured considerable hardship with many men dying in captivity. Following the surrender of Japan the survivors were liberated in August 1945. The battalion was disbanded later in 1945; having lost 561 men dead and 122 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Military Medal, one Distinguished Conduct Medal and nine Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 980]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161002-0006-0000", "contents": "2/20th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/20th Battalion during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0000-0000", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/21st Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Raised for service during Second World War as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force, it was formed on 11 July 1940 at Trawool in central Victoria as part of the 23rd Brigade of the 8th Division. It was subsequently deployed to Ambon as part of Gull Force in December 1941 following the Japanese invasion of Malaya; however, with the defence of the island considered untenable due to the limited military resources available and overwhelming Japanese strength it was subsequently captured despite determined resistance, surrendering on 3 February 1942. Most members of the battalion became prisoners of war, and a large number died in captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0001-0000", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nThe 2/21st Battalion was formed on 11 July 1940 at Trawool in central Victoria as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force during the Second World War. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Leonard Roach, a Militia officer who had previously commanded the 14th Battalion, it was part of the 23rd Brigade of the 8th Division. The majority of the battalion's initial intake of volunteers were Victorians, drawn from the country areas around Shepparton as well as Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0001-0001", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 21st Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were black over red, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; the oval border denoted that the battalion was an 8th Division unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0002-0000", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. Initially hampered by limited equipment and stores, the battalion undertook rudimentary training at Trawool until 23 September, the battalion moved on foot to Bonegilla, a march of 235 kilometres (146\u00a0mi) which it completed by 4 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0002-0001", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nAt Bonegilla, the battalion concentrated with the 23rd Brigade's other two battalions, the 2/22nd and 2/23rd, and as more equipment became available, more complex training began. Training continued until 23 March 1941. While the 8th Division's two other brigades\u00a0\u2013 the 22nd and 27th\u00a0\u2013 were deployed to Malaya in 1941 to bolster the garrison there, the Australian government decided to keep the 23rd in Australia, to deploy to the islands to Australia's immediate north\u00a0\u2013 Ambon, Timor and Rabaul\u00a0\u2013 if war broke out with the Japanese. Within this plan, the 2/21st was earmarked to reinforce Dutch troops on Ambon if the Japanese decided to attack and the battalion subsequently moved to Darwin in the Northern Territory as the likelihood of war with Japan grew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0003-0000", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion began arriving in Darwin on 9 April 1941 and spent the next nine months training and on garrison duties; however, the amenities were isolated and uncomfortable and preparations were hampered through a lack of equipment. Following the Japanese invasion of Malaya on 8 December the battalion prepared to move, arriving on Ambon on 17 December as part of Gull Force. Under Roach's command Gull Force consisted of the 2/21st Battalion supported by anti-tank artillery, engineers and other supporting arms with a combined strength of 1,100 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0003-0001", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nMeanwhile, Netherlands East Indies forces on the island numbered some 2,600 men, including several companies of Indonesian troops and Dutch coastal artillery. These troops were tasked with defending the Bay of Ambon and the airfields at Laha and Liang which were being used by a small number of Dutch and some Australian aircraft from No. 13 Squadron RAAF. Yet with the small Australian and Dutch force totaling just 3,700 men, Roach believed Ambon unable to be defended with the limited military resources available and he urgently requested reinforcement. He was subsequently relieved of his command, and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel John Scott on 17 January 1942. Just prior to the Japanese landings Scott altered the location of many of his defensive positions, which resulted in the battalion being less prepared to repel the invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0004-0000", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nOn the evening of 30/31 January 1942 three battalions from 228th Infantry Regiment of the 38th Division and a battalion of marines from the 1st\u00a0Kure Special Naval Landing Force landed at several locations on the north and south coast of the island. On the afternoon of 31 January Dutch forces around Paso had surrendered. Outnumbered and lacking air or naval support the 2/21st Battalion, which was guarding Ambon itself, was unable to prevent the advance despite determined resistance, and were pushed to the far west of the peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0004-0001", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nWith 24 hours of the landing Dutch forces on the island had capitulated. Meanwhile, B and C Companies of the 2/21st Battalion at Laha Airfield were attacked on 31 January. Around 150 Australian soldiers and some Indonesians and Dutch were subsequently captured and many were later massacred following a major Japanese offensive on 2 February. Meanwhile, the remainder of the battalion under Scott, located around Eri, surrendered the following day and were interned in their former barracks at Tan Tui.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0005-0000", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nGull Force lost 15 men killed during the defence of Ambon, and another 309 men at Laha who were either killed in action or murdered by the Japanese in mass executions which occurred on 6 February and between 15\u201320 February. Although several small parties managed to escape Ambon and return to Australia, at least 791 men of the former garrison were captured. The survivors subsequently went into captivity as prisoners of war for the remainder of the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0005-0001", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nConditions for the prisoners on Ambon were poor and they suffered the highest death rate of any group of Australian prisoners of war during the conflict. Meanwhile, some members of the battalion, including the majority of medical personnel were transferred by the Japanese to camps on Hainan Island in October 1942. Following the surrender of Japan in August 1945, the survivors began to be evacuated on 10 September 1945, with those on Hainan following two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0006-0000", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion was disbanded later in 1945, having lost 661 dead and 12 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Officer of the Order of the British Empire, three Members of the Order of the British Empire, one George Medal and 14 Mentions in Despatches. In December 2020, one of the battalion's drivers, William Doolan, was posthumously awarded the Medal for Gallantry for his actions around Kudamati village, on Ambon, on 1 February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161003-0007-0000", "contents": "2/21st Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/21st Battalion during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0000-0000", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/22nd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Raised as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force for service during World War II, the battalion formed part of the 23rd Brigade, attached to the 8th Division. It was captured by the Japanese during the Battle of Rabaul in 1942. After being captured, the battalion was not re-raised and a large number of its personnel died in captivity; those that did not were returned to Australia at the end of the war in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0001-0000", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nFormed on 1 July 1940 at Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, the 2/22nd Battalion formed part of the 23rd Brigade, attached to the 8th Division. The battalion's personnel were drawn from the state of Victoria, and included a number of veterans of the World War I. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 22nd Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were purple over red, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; the oval border denoted that the battalion was an 8th Division unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0002-0000", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. Shortly after being raised it moved to Trawool, Victoria, to undertake infantry training on 11 July. In September, the battalion was then required to march 235 kilometres (146\u00a0mi) to Bonegilla, arriving on 4 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0002-0001", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThere they undertook further training before being sent to Sydney in April 1941 to begin the move to New Britain, where they were to form part of a garrison force being established in response to concerns about war with Japan in the Pacific. Upon formation, the 2/22nd's commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Howard Carr; he would remain in command of the battalion throughout its brief existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0003-0000", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Rabaul\nEmbarking upon the troopship Zealandia, on 18 April 1941, on 26 April 1941, the 2/22nd arrived at Rabaul, New Britain, where they formed the main element of Lark Force, along with a few artillery units, a field ambulance, a detachment from the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles and No. 24 Squadron RAAF. They were tasked with protecting the seaplane base at Rabaul, the Lakunai and Vunakanau aerodromes and to delay any proposed Japanese advance towards Australia. Between April 1941 and January 1942, the battalion helped construct defences and acclimatised to the tropical environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0003-0001", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Rabaul\nThe Imperial Japanese started bombing Rabaul in early January 1942, in advance of an invasion. By 22 January, No. 24 Squadron had only three aircraft remaining and was forced to withdraw back to New Guinea, so the decision was made to crater both aerodromes in order to prevent the Japanese from landing aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0004-0000", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Rabaul\nIn anticipation of the coming invasion, the battalion withdrew from around Rabaul and set up defences on the western shores of Blanche Bay, only hours before the Japanese landings commenced at 01:00 on 23 January. A series of desperate actions followed near the beaches around Simpson Harbour, Keravia Bay and Raluana Point as the Australians attempted to turn back the attack. As they were pushed back by overwhelming Japanese forces, the commander of Lark Force, Colonel John Scanlan, issued an order to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0004-0001", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Rabaul\nElements of the 2/22nd that had not been captured escaped along New Britain's north and south coasts, moving in groups of varying sizes up to company-strength, with about 300 men from the battalion managing to escape to Australia via New Guinea. A small number of these men were sent to Salamaua where they took part in a brief defence following the Japanese landing at Salamaua in March 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0004-0002", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Rabaul\nThe battalion was not re-raised at this time and those personnel that made it back to Australia were absorbed into the amalgamated 3rd/22nd Battalion, which was formed from the 2/22nd survivors along with volunteers for overseas service from the 3rd Battalion, which was ordered to disband following its return from New Guinea. Later, this battalion was also disbanded and its personnel transferred to the 2/3rd Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0005-0000", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Rabaul\nSome of the battalion who surrendered or were captured by the Japanese on New Britain were massacred at Tol Plantation, where around 160 Australians were killed. Their bodies would later be discovered by gunners from the 2/14th Field Regiment during the Australian campaign to secure the island in 1945. Those that were not killed at Tol were interned as prisoners of war. In June 1942 they were embarked upon the Montevideo Maru for transport to Hainan Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0005-0001", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Rabaul\nWhile at sea, however, on 1 July, the ship was sunk by the submarine USS Sturgeon off the Philippines, with 1,053 prisoners and civilian internees losing their lives. Those members of the 2/22nd that had remained at Rabaul were later transported aboard the Natuno Maru to Japan where they remained in captivity until they were released in September 1945, following the end of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0006-0000", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), History, Rabaul\nThe battalion lost 608 men who died or were killed in captivity and one man wounded. Members of the 2/22nd received the following decorations: one Military Cross, one Military Medal and 16 Mentioned in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0007-0000", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/22nd received only one battle honour during the war, that of \"Rabaul 1942\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161004-0008-0000", "contents": "2/22nd Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/22nd Battalion during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161005-0000-0000", "contents": "2/23/03 \u2013 Perth, Australia\n2/23/03\u00a0\u2013 Perth, Australia is a two-disc live album by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam. It was released to retail stores on June 10, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161005-0001-0000", "contents": "2/23/03 \u2013 Perth, Australia, Overview\nThe album was recorded live at the Burswood Dome in Perth, Australia on February 23, 2003. It was the only official bootleg that Pearl Jam released in stores from the Australian leg of its Riot Act Tour, and it was one of six official bootlegs released overall to retail stores. Allmusic gave it two out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Jason Birchmeier said, \"Of the couple live recordings that Pearl Jam released to retail outlets in 2003, the final show of the band's Australian tour...is probably the least interesting.\" A video recording of \"Throw Your Arms Around Me\" from this show appears as a bonus feature on the band's Live at the Garden DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0000-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/23rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during the Second World War. Formed in June 1940 from primarily volunteers from Albury, New South Wales, the battalion served in North Africa in 1941\u20131942 as part of the 26th Brigade, which was assigned to the 7th Division, before being reassigned to the 9th Division. In early 1943, the battalion returned to Australia and later took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943\u20131944 and Borneo in 1945, before being disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0001-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and establishment\nEstablished at Victoria Barracks, in Melbourne, in June 1940, the 2/23rd Battalion was raised as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force and assigned to the 26th Brigade. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Bernard Evans, a small cadre of experienced personnel drawn from Victorian Militia units were concentrated at Victoria Barracks prior to the battalion headquarters being relocated to Albury, New South Wales, where a large number of volunteers were completing their recruit training at the 4th Recruit Training Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0001-0001", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and establishment\nUpon the conclusion of this course, these recruits were posted to the 2/23rd and the battalion\u00a0\u2013 over 900 strong\u00a0\u2013 moved to Bonegilla, Victoria, just across the border, where more complex collective training was completed prior to departure overseas. A large majority of the battalion's initial intake of volunteers came from the Albury\u2013Wodonga region and as a result, the 2/23rd became known as \"Albury's Own\". Upon formation, the battalion consisted of a headquarters company consisting of various specialist platoons, and four rifle companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0002-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and establishment\nThe colours initially chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 23rd Battalion, a unit which had served during the First World War before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were brown over red, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; this was later changed, though, following the unit's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk, when it adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0003-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nEmbarking in November 1940 on the transport Strathmore at Port Melbourne, the 2/23rd arrived in Egypt in mid-December. The battalion's parent brigade was reassigned from the 7th Division to the 9th in early 1941 and just after this, the 2/23rd was sent to Cyrenica, in Libya. A German\u2013Italian offensive from the west, resulted in the withdrawal of British Commonwealth forces back to the vital port of Tobruk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0003-0001", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nOver the course of eight months starting from early April, the 2/23rd formed part of the garrison during the Siege of Tobruk, during which they took part in defensive actions and counter-attacks as they were moved around the perimeter; casualties were heavy, with over 200 personnel being killed, wounded or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0004-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe battalion was withdrawn from Tobruk in October 1941 when they were relieved by Polish troops. A period of reorganisation in Palestine followed before the 2/23rd was sent to Syria in January 1942 to undertake garrison duties. This came to an end in June 1942, when the 9th Division was hurriedly moved to Egypt to help bolster Allied forces fighting around El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0004-0001", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe 2/23rd subsequently took part in both the First and Second Battles of El Alamein; its most significant actions came around Tel el Eisa with the battalion launching two main attacks, one on the ridge in July and another to secure a road to the west of the ridge in October. Both attacks resulted in heavy casualties, with the battalion's losses being around 400 in total; nevertheless, both resulted in some tactical gains before the battalion was withdrawn on 1 November 1942, when the 24th Brigade relieved the 26th. Lieutenant Colonel Reg Wall took over command of the battalion at this time, after Evans was promoted to brigadier to take over the 24th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0005-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nA period of rest followed, and following a request by the Australian government to return the 9th Division to Australia to join the other two divisions that had been redeployed from the Middle East\u00a0\u2013 the 6th and 7th\u00a0\u2013 the 2/23rd began the journey back to Australia. Staging out of Palestine, they sailed upon the Nieuw Amsterdam, reaching Fremantle, Western Australia, on 18 February before proceeding on to Sydney, which was reached on the 25th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0006-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe battalion's personnel concentrated at Seymour, Victoria, after taking leave, and the 2/23rd subsequently began a period of training and re-organisation as it was converted to the jungle division establishment. This resulted in the issue of new equipment, and a decrease in the battalion's authorised strength and number of vehicles. Training was completed on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, before the battalion moved to Milne Bay, in New Guinea, in August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0006-0001", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe following month, on 4 September, they took part in an amphibious landing to capture Lae, during which one of the landing craft the battalion headquarters was travelling in was bombed by a Japanese aircraft, killing the battalion's commanding officer of the time, Lieutenant Colonel Reg Wall. Major Eric McRae assumed temporary command of the battalion until Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Tucker arrived in October. The 2/23rd subsequently took part in a brief advance along the coast driving on Lae from the east through the jungle, with the battalion crossing several rivers along the way. Several minor skirmishes took place during the advance, although the most significant action was fought on the second day of the operation between an isolated platoon and the remnants of a Japanese company, during which the Japanese force was largely destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0007-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nLae fell in mid-September, more quickly than the Allies had expected, as troops from the 7th Division entered the town from the west, but a large part of the Japanese garrison managed to escape inland towards the Huon Peninsula. Shortly afterwards, the 2/23rd took part in a second amphibious landing north of Finschhafen, at a beach designated \"Scarlet Beach\" by the Allies. Between 22 September and 9 December, the 2/23rd took part in the Huon Peninsula campaign, taking part in significant actions around Sattelberg and Wareo as the Australians advanced inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0007-0001", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nEarly in 1944, the battalion took part in the advance to Sio as the withdrawing Japanese were pursued north. Their involvement was limited mainly to patrol actions, and no significant battles were fought before the 9th Division was withdrawn from New Guinea and transported back to Australia for rest in February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0008-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nFor the next year, the battalion was based around Ravenshoe, Queensland, where it was almost completely rebuilt. Strategic uncertainties and the changing war situation meant that it was not committed to a further campaign until very late in the war, when the 9th Division was assigned to Operation Oboe. Within this plan, the 26th Brigade was tasked with capturing Tarakan as part of the Borneo campaign. A preliminary move was made to Morotai Island in April and the following month, the attack was launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0008-0001", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe 2/23rd was assigned a lead role in the initial landing, and after negotiating the muddy landing beach fought its way into Tarakan town. Several actions were fought throughout the day as they came up against Japanese pill-boxes and snipers, but by the end of the first day, the 2/23rd had secured all but one of its initial objectives. The 2/23rd fought several actions to help secure the high ground around the beachhead before moving on to help secure the airfield. Throughout May and June, the fighting continued as the Australians advanced into the steep inland areas of the island. By the middle of June, the fighting had mainly subsided and the battalion began mopping up operations in the central sector of the island, conducting patrols looking for stragglers until July during which clashes continued to occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0009-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe fighting came to an end in August 1945 following the dropping of the atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima and afterwards the 2/23rd was slowly reduced in size as personnel were sent back to Australia for demobilisation or posting. In early December, the remaining members were transported back to Australia on the Stamford Victory and on 17 February 1946, the 2/23rd was disbanded at Puckapunyal, Victoria. Over 3,000 personnel served in the battalion during the war, and casualties amounted to 320 dead from all causes and 773 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0010-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/23rd:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161006-0011-0000", "contents": "2/23rd Battalion (Australia), Tarakan flag\nIn 2018, the Australian Flag Society announced the discovery of an Australian flag believed to have used by the 2/23rd Battalion and flown at Lingkas during the invasion of Tarakan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0000-0000", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/24th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. A unit of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), it was formed in July 1940 from primarily Victorian volunteers and was known as \"Wangaratta's Own\" because of the time the battalion spent in the town during its formative period prior to deployment overseas. It served in North Africa in 1941\u20131942 as part of the 26th Brigade, which was assigned to the 7th Division, before being reassigned to the 9th Division. In early 1943, the battalion returned to Australia and later took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943\u20131944 and Borneo in 1945, before being disbanded in 1946. The 2/24th suffered the highest number of battle casualties of any 2nd AIF infantry battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0001-0000", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and service in the Middle East\nAssigned to the 26th Brigade along with the 2/23rd and 2/48th Battalions, the 2/24th Battalion  was established in Caufield, in July 1940. The battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Allan Spowers, an Australian officer that had served in the British Army during World War I. Part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force, which was raised for overseas service during the war, the majority of the battalion's initial intake of personnel came from the state of Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0001-0001", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and service in the Middle East\nThe colours initially chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 24th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were white over red, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; this was later changed, though, following the unit's involvement in the fighting during the Siege of Tobruk, as a result of which it was entitled to adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0002-0000", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and service in the Middle East\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. After formation, the battalion was moved to Wangaratta, where it remained until its training facilities were ready in Bonegilla. Because of its time in Wangaratta, it became colloquially known as \"Wangaratta's Own\". Training was undertaken at Bonegilla, before the battalion was deployed to the Middle East, departing in November 1940, aboard the transport ship HMT Strathmore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0003-0000", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and service in the Middle East\nAfter arriving in the Middle East, the 26th Brigade was reassigned from the 7th Division to the 9th and, after completing further training in Cyrenaica, the battalion subsequently saw action for the first time around Tobruk in April 1941, after the strategically important port was placed under siege by German forces. The battalion remained there for eight months, occupying various positions around the perimeter before they were withdrawn by sea in late October 1941 along with the majority of the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0003-0001", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and service in the Middle East\nA period of garrison duties followed in Palestine and Syria before the 9th Division was hastily moved to El Alamein in response to a German advance through the desert towards Egypt. The 2/24th was subsequently heavily involved in both the First and Second Battles of El Alamein between July and November 1942. During the first battle, the battalion fought to secure Tel el Eisa where they captured a German intelligence unit; during the second battle the 2/24th advanced from Tel el Eisa towards the sea, amidst fierce fighting around a position dubbed the \"Saucer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 79], "content_span": [80, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0004-0000", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Pacific\nIn December 1942, the 9th Division was concentrated in Palestine, following a decision to return it to Australia to take part in the fighting against the Japanese. The 2/24th subsequently sailed in early January 1943, making landfall in Melbourne the following month. They subsequently moved by train to Kairi on the Atherton Tablelands in Far North Queensland. For the majority of 1943, the battalion underwent a period of intense training as it was prepared for the rigours of jungle warfare. This saw the battalion re-organised in line with the jungle division establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0004-0001", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Pacific\nIn September, the 2/24th went into action again, taking part in an amphibious landing to advance on Lae, in New Guinea. The operation was quickly concluded and as the Australians sought to follow up the retreating Japanese, a further landing was made on the Huon Peninsula later in September. The 2/24th subsequently took part in actions around Finschhafen and then the assault on Sattelberg. They took part in the subsequent advance north to Wareo, during which they were mainly used to carry stores and ammunition, before being released from this task and taking part in the fighting around the Christmas Hills. They were transported back to Australia for rest in early 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0005-0000", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Pacific\nFor over a year the 2/24th remained in Australia training on the Atherton Tablelands, waiting for further employment in the Pacific. During this time, the battalion received a large number of reinforcements, many of whom had previously served with the 6th Machine Gun Battalion, which had served in New Guinea prior to being disbanded. Finally, in April 1945 they were committed to Operation Oboe, the Allied campaign to retake Borneo and Java. After force concentrating the 7th and 9th Divisions on Morotai Island, the plan called for several landings around Borneo and its surrounding areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0005-0001", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in the Pacific\nThe 26th Brigade's part in the operation was to capture the island of Tarakan. The main landing came on 1 May, during which the 2/24th formed the brigade's reserve. After the success of the initial landing, the 2/24th was committed to the fighting to secure the airfield on 2 May, but heavy fighting ensued as the Japanese defenders fought to hold on to the strategically important position, and the 2/24th were held up until 5 May. Following this, the battalion pushed into the rugged terrain inland, fighting a series of actions to secure the high ground overlooking the township. This fighting lasted up until 20 June, when Hill 90 was finally taken by the 2/24th. Mopping up operations followed as the battalion worked to clear Japanese stragglers from the oilfields to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0006-0000", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of hostilities in August 1945, the battalion's personnel were slowly transferred to other units for further service, or repatriated back to Australia for demobilisation. The remaining cadre sailed back to Australia in December 1945, and the battalion ceased to exist in early 1946, when its last remaining personnel marched out from Puckapunyal. A total of approximately 3,415 men served in the battalion throughout its existence. The battalion's casualties throughout the war amounted to 360 killed and 900 wounded; this was more than any other 2nd AIF infantry battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0007-0000", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDecorations awarded to 2/24th personnel included: four Distinguished Service Orders with one Bar, 12 Military Crosses, eight Distinguished Conduct Medals, 21 Military Medals, one British Empire Medal, five Efficiency Decorations and 35 Mentions in Despatches. In addition, two members of the battalion were appointed Officers of the Order of the British Empire and three were invested as Members of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161007-0008-0000", "contents": "2/24th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/24th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0000-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/25th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army which served during the Second World War. Raised in 1940, from volunteers drawn primarily from the state of Queensland, after completing its training the battalion undertook garrison duties in Darwin before deploying to the Middle East in mid-1941, as part of the 24th Brigade. There, it took part in more garrison duties in the Western Desert and in Palestine before it was reassigned from the 9th Division to the 7th Division and subsequently committed to the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign against the Vichy French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0000-0001", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia)\nIn early 1942, the 2/25th was returned to Australia to fight against the Japanese. Following this it took part in the fighting in New Guinea, undertaking two deployments there, firstly in 1942\u20131943 during which it took part the fighting along the Kokoda Track and around Buna\u2013Gona, and then again in 1943\u20131944 when it helped to secure Lae before advancing into Finisterre Ranges. The battalion's final involvement in the war came in mid-1945, when it took part in the Borneo campaign, landing at Balikpapan. The battalion was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0001-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nRaised in Brisbane, Queensland on 1 July 1940 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), the 2/25th Battalion formed at Grovely in the western outskirts of the city with its first personnel marching into the unit a fortnight later. Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Norman Marshall, a veteran of the First World War who had served in the Militia prior to joining the 2/25th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0001-0001", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nMarshall oversaw the establishment of the battalion, which was achieved by bringing together a small number of Regular officers, volunteers from the Militia and men with no previous military experience who had enlisted following the outbreak of the war. The majority of the former militiamen were drawn from the Cavalry Brigade in Queensland and the 25th, 42nd and the 61st Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0002-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 25th Battalion, a unit which had served during the First World War before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were black over light blue, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray in a circle shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0003-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nConsisting of a battalion headquarters, four rifle companies designated 'A' to 'D' and one training and reinforcement company (known as 'E' Company), the battalion conducted initial training at Grovely before moving to Darwin in October, where they relieved the 2/15th Battalion as part of the town's defensive garrison. Forming part of the 24th Brigade it was initially assigned to the 8th Division, before being transferred to the 9th Division in November 1940. In February 1941, the battalion returned to Brisbane aboard HMAT Zealandia, arriving in Brisbane after a nine-day voyage. For the next two months they were stationed at Redbank before they finally departed for overseas service in April 1941, moving to Sydney, New South Wales, by rail where they embarked upon the RMS Queen Mary bound for Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0004-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and Syria\nThe battalion arrived at Port Tewfik on 3 May 1941 from where they entrained and were moved by rail and then road to a camp near Ikingi Maryut. They remained there for roughly a week, undertaking further training as they received the rest of their equipment and weapons\u2014sub machine guns, anti-tank rifles and mortars\u2014before the men entrained again and moved to Mersa Matruh on the coast, whereupon they were transferred to the 25th Brigade, swapping with the 2/32nd Battalion. Amidst concerns of a German attack along the Egypt\u2013Libya border, the battalion carried out the tasks of building and manning defences of the brigade's inner perimeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0005-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and Syria\nOn 25 May they entrained once again, with the original plan of joining the garrison at Tobruk. These plans were changed, however, and the 2/25th along with the rest of the 25th Brigade moved to Palestine instead where they were transferred to the 7th Division, with whom they would remain for the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0006-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and Syria\nIn June\u2013July 1941 the battalion took part in the fighting against the Vichy French in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign, during which it was initially placed in brigade reserve during the advance into Lebanon, which saw the battalion's companies split up as they were detached to the other three battalions of the brigade as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0006-0001", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and Syria\nLater they were reunited and on 19 June, after carrying out a grueling approach march over difficult terrain, the 2/25th launched its only major attack of the campaign in an effort to retake the town of Merdjayoun after a Vichy counterattack had recaptured it a few days earlier. Encountering a force of French tanks, however, the battalion's attack was ultimately unsuccessful and they suffered heavy casualties, as well as losing over 50 men captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0007-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and Syria\nMost of the losses had come from 'B' Company and so it became necessary to merge the company with a platoon from 'A' Company. A few days later, on 25 June, the battalion was temporarily attached to the 21st Brigade and together they carried out a series of advances inland due to concerns of a possible French counterattack around Beit ed Dine, capturing a number of towns and villages along the way before an armistice came into effect on 12 July 1941. After this the battalion carried out garrison duties in Lebanon before being brought back to Australia in February 1942 in order to meet the growing threats in the Pacific following Japan's entry into the war in December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0008-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns, 1942\u20131944\nThe 2/25th Battalion arrived in Adelaide, South Australia on 10 March 1942, having made the voyage from Egypt aboard the American troopship USS Mount Vernon. Following this they undertook training at Woodside Camp before moving north to Caboolture, Queensland in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0008-0001", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns, 1942\u20131944\nUndertaking marksmanship training at the rifle range at Enoggera in Brisbane and specific jungle training in July, later in early August the battalion carried out amphibious landing training, undertaking practice assaults on Bribie Island, before carrying out further marksmanship and physical fitness training as they prepared for the order to proceed overseas as the situation in New Guinea became quite serious. This order finally came on 31 August, following a brigade-level demonstration exercise that was viewed by General Douglas MacArthur the previous day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0009-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns, 1942\u20131944\nEmbarking on the SS Van De Lijn and Katoomba on 1 September 1942, the battalion proceeded to Port Moresby, via Townsville. The voyage was not without incident, as the Van De Lijn was involved in a collision with the troopship Perthshire, resulting in the death of one member of the 2/25th Battalion and injuries to five others. Nevertheless, they arrived in Port Moresby on 9 September, after having put into Townsville for a couple of days before proceeding on to New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0010-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns, 1942\u20131944\nThey spent two days at a staging camp at Murray Barracks where they were issued the new jungle green uniforms before setting out on 11 September, along with the rest of the 25th Brigade, to carry out the march towards Ioribaiwa. Arriving there on 15 September, they took part in the last Australian withdrawal of the campaign, falling back on Imita Ridge, before the Japanese themselves were forced to withdraw having exhausted their supply lines. Following this, the battalion took part in the Australian advance towards Gona, subsequently taking part in significant battles at Templeton's Crossing and Gorari throughout October and November, before taking part in the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona in late November\u2013early December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0011-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns, 1942\u20131944\nIn December they move to a rest camp at Donadabu before finally, in January 1943, the battalion was withdrawn to Australia for rest and re-organisation. They remained in Australia for the next six months training on the Atherton Tablelands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0012-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns, 1942\u20131944\nThey returned to New Guinea, however, arriving at Port Moresby on 22 July, aboard the troopship Duntroon in advance of the 25th Brigade's advance on Lae. Billeted at the Six Mile Valley camp under canvas, they carried out a number of sub-unit level exercises which culminated in a brigade-level exercise in late August and early September before being flown to Nadzab on 7 September. From there they took part in the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign, which saw the 7th Division to which the battalion was attached drive on Lae through the Markham Valley. Advancing through the plantations that lined the Markham Road, they encountered only light resistance and the 2/25th, in the vanguard of the Australian force, was the first to enter the town on 16 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0013-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns, 1942\u20131944\nLater in September the battalion was flown to Kaipit, from where they carried out patrols in support of the Finisterre Range campaign, operating in an area that included the Markham and Ramu Valleys and the Finnisterre Range. During this time the battalion was involved in a series of relatively minor contacts, with the most significant coming on 13 September around Whittaker's Bridge, near Heath's Plantation, and then on the night of 12/13 December around the Evapia River and at Kesawai. It was during the fighting at Heath's Plantation on 13 September 1943 that Richard Kelliher, from 'B' Company performed the deeds that later led to him receiving the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0014-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns, 1942\u20131944\nIn January 1944, the battalion handed over their area of responsibility to the 24th Battalion and was withdrawn back to Port Moresby. From there, it embarked for Australia in February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0015-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo 1945\nFor the next sixteen months, between February 1944 and June 1945, the battalion was stationed in various locations in Queensland, firstly at Strathpine, then later the Atherton Tablelands. On 19 July 1944, while at Strathpine, they celebrated their fourth anniversary. After sixteen months of re-organisation and training, the battalion finally received orders to proceed overseas again, embarking on the USS Cape  Mendacino at Townsville they departed Australia on 2 June 1945 to take part in one of the last Australian campaigns of the war\u2014Borneo. Landing at Balikpapan on 2 July, the battalion took part in the last major Allied amphibious operation of the war and the subsequent fighting that followed as the Australians moved inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0016-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo 1945\nThe fighting took place mainly around Manggar airstrip as the defending Japanese employed delaying tactics of ambushes and booby traps, however, within three weeks the fighting was largely over. The battalion's involvement consisted mainly of carrying out fighting patrols and establishing observation posts along the axis of the main advance up the Milford Highway. Nevertheless, it was involved in a number of significant engagements throughout July as patrols came into contact with pockets of resistance and small Japanese force's attacked the battalion's observation posts before orders to cease aggressive actions came down from higher command in early August. Following that the battalion was involved in reconnaissance patrols as the war came to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0017-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of the war the battalion remained in Borneo where they carried out various garrison duties, rounding up and guarding Japanese prisoners of war, collecting enemy equipment and stores, gathering evidence of war crimes and generally keeping the peace. As the process of demobilisation began some of its longer serving personnel who possessed over 150 points were returned to Australia, while other men were transferred to the 65th Infantry Battalion that was being formed to carry out occupation duties as part of the 34th Infantry Brigade, attached to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0017-0001", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nIn February 1946, the battalion finally returned to Australia, arriving in Brisbane. It was subsequently disbanded on 7 March 1946. Throughout the war, a total of 2,745 men served with the 2/25th Battalion of whom 176 were killed or died and 365 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, two Distinguished Service Orders, four Military Crosses with one Bar, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, nine Military Medals, one British Empire Medal and 33 Mentions in Despatches; in addition one member of the battalion was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0018-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor their service during the Second World War, the 2/25th Battalion received the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0019-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961, these battle honours were entrusted to the 25th Battalion, and through this link are maintained by the Royal Queensland Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161008-0020-0000", "contents": "2/25th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/25th Battalion during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0000-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/26th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Raised in late 1940 for service during the Second World War, the battalion undertook garrison duties in Malaya and Singapore prior to the start of the Pacific War. In 1941\u201342, following the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the battalion fought during the Malayan campaign. After the fall of the island, however, many of its soldiers became prisoners of war, remaining in captivity until being liberated at the end of the war in 1945. The battalion was never re-raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0001-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nFormed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force for service during the Second World War, the 2/26th Battalion was raised in November 1940 at Grovely in Brisbane, Queensland. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Boyes, the battalion formed part of the 27th Brigade along with the 2/29th and 2/30th Battalions. Attached to the 8th Division, the 27th Brigade was the last AIF brigade raised during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0001-0001", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 26th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were purple over blue, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; the oval border denoted that the battalion was an 8th Division unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0002-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. The majority of the 2/26th's personnel were drawn from Queensland and northern New South Wales, and arrived at the battalion in December 1940 after having completed basic training elsewhere, while the officers were hand-picked by Boyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0003-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nIn early 1941, the battalion moved to Redbank where further training was undertaken in preparation for joining the rest of the 27th Brigade. In February the 2/26th was transported to Bathurst where they joined the other two battalions assigned to the brigade along with the artillery, anti-tank and engineer units. Brigade-level exercises were conducted and the battalion paraded through the town of Bathurst before finally they received orders for embarkation. On 29 July the final movement order was received and the battalion entrained for Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0003-0001", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nAlthough initially it had been intended that the 2/26th, and indeed the entire 8th Division, would be sent to the Middle East to join the 7th and 9th Divisions in the campaign against the Germans and Italians, concerns about Japanese intentions in the Pacific led to the decision to deploy them in Southeast-Asia instead. Embarking upon the Marnix Van St Aldegonde, a Dutch ship of approximately 20,000 tons displacement, their ultimate destination was Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0004-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nSailing via Fremantle, they arrived in Singapore on 15 August 1941. Upon landing they moved to Camp Wavell at Changi where they settled in to serve as a garrison force. As the possibility of war with Japan grew, the battalion deployed over the Strait of Johore onto the mainland, to build up defences and carry out jungle training, and undertake patrols onto the peninsula to check the accuracy of maps and locate tracks. During this time they were based at Kota Tinggi and Jasin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0005-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nOn 6 December 1941, the battalion received the code word to adopt battle stations and adopted a defensive position to the north of Kota Tinggi. In the early hours of 8 December, fighting began as the Japanese launched their invasion of Malaya, by landing troops at Kota Bharu. Nevertheless, the battalion saw no action in the first month of the fighting and on 10 January 1942 it was moved to Johore, where the 27th Brigade took up a position in the Segamat sector as part of \"Westforce\", alongside British and Indian troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0005-0001", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe 2/26th Battalion was located at the Paya Lang Estate between Gemas and Batu Anam. As the Japanese attempted to outflank the Allied positions west of Gemas at Muar, after the 2/30th Battalion conducted a successful ambush, Westforce began the withdrawal back to Singapore Island, during which the 2/26th Battalion took part in a number of rearguard actions. Actions were fought at the Namazi Estate, Forty-Mile Peg and the Thirty-One Mile Peg. Of these, perhaps the most significant came at the Thirty-One Mile Peg, where 16 Platoon, under Lieutenant William Magarry, conducted a bayonet charge near Ayer Hitam. They crossed the Strait on 30 January and along with the rest of the 27th Brigade took up positions in the defence of the Causeway in anticipation of the Japanese assault which came a week later on 8 February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0006-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter being subjected to heavy aerial and artillery bombardment, the following day the battalion's commanding officer, Arthur Boyes, handed over command to Lieutenant Colonel Roland Oakes, formerly the second in command of the 2/19th Battalion. Boyes was called away to help organise the island's rear area defence and was subsequently given command of 'X' Battalion, a composite unit made up of reinforcements that had been separated from their units. Shortly after taking up this appointment, however, Boyes was killed along with a number of his men when the battalion was ambushed while attempting to fill a gap in the lines that had resulted from a Japanese breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0007-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nOn 10 February, the 2/26th Battalion moved into position on 4,000 yards (3,700\u00a0m) frontage between Bukit Mandai and Bukit Panjang, with each of its companies on top of a high feature, separated by 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) gaps of dense bush. Over the course of the next week, the 2/26th fought to defend the island, however, by 15 February, the Allied defence had crumbled and Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, the general officer in command of British Empire troops in Malaya, announced that the garrison would surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0007-0001", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nFollowing this, men from the 2/26th Battalion were detained at Changi Prison until May 1942 when they were dispersed to different locations throughout the Pacific\u2014Burma, Thailand, Borneo and Japan\u2014where they were used as slave labour by the Japanese. They spent the next three and a half years as prisoners of war until the war came to an end, when they were liberated and repatriated back to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0008-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), History\nCasualties included 432 men killed in action or died in captivity, 136 wounded and 1,157 prisoners of war. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Military Cross, one Distinguished Conduct Medal and 15 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161009-0009-0000", "contents": "2/26th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor its service during the Second World War, the 2/26th Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0000-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/27th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army during World War II. Raised in May 1940 as part of the 7th Division from volunteers from the state of South Australia, the battalion was assigned to the 21st Brigade. After completing training in Australia, the 2/27th deployed to the Middle East in November 1940, and in early 1941 undertook defensive duties in the Western Desert. The battalion's first combat experience came against the Vichy French during the short Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign during which it fought major engagements around Sidon and Damour. At the conclusion of the fighting in Syria, the battalion remained in the area as part of the Allied occupation force until early 1942 when it was returned to Australia to fight against the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0001-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia)\nFrom September 1942 until early 1943, the 2/27th took part in the Kokoda Track campaign and then the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona, before being withdrawn to Australia where it was rebuilt. In August 1943, the 2/27th returned to New Guinea and subsequently took part in the Finisterre Range campaign, leading the 21st Brigade's effort to capture Shaggy Ridge, remaining there until early 1944. The battalion's final campaign of the war came in the final months of the conflict during the Borneo campaign when it took part in the landing at Balikpapan. Following a short stint on occupation duties in the Celebes Islands after the end of the war, the battalion was disbanded in Australia in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0002-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/27th Battalion  was raised as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) at Woodside Barracks, South Australia, on 7 May 1940. Along with the 2/14th and 2/16th Battalions, it was attached to the 21st Brigade, which formed part of the 7th Division, the second infantry division raised as part of the 2nd AIF. With an authorised strength of 910 men of all ranks, it was organised into four rifle companies designated 'A' to 'D' with a battalion headquarters, regimental aid post, and a headquarters company consisting of specialist signals, anti-aircraft, mortar, carrier, pioneer and administrative platoons. The battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Murray Moten, a former Militia officer who had previously commanded the South Australian-based 48th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0003-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 27th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were brown over light blue, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart. After undertaking rudimentary training, in October 1940 the battalion was moved by train to Melbourne, where it embarked for overseas aboard the transport Mauretania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0003-0001", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nSailing via India, the 2/27th briefly made camp at Deolali, outside of Bombay for a week before embarking on the Takliwa for the rest of the journey to the Middle East. The battalion arrived in Egypt on 24 November, making landfall at Kantara moving to Julius Camp in Palestine for further training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0004-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Syria and Lebanon\nAfter completing its training in Palestine, the 2/27th Battalion was moved to  Egypt\u2013Libya border in April 1941. There, along with the rest of the 21st Brigade, they undertook defensive duties, occupying defensive positions around Mersa Matruh and Maaten Bagush in anticipation of the German and Italian advance. The battalion remained there until April, and although they were not directly involved in ground combat, they experienced their first attacks by German aircraft. They were subsequently returned to Palestine ahead of the battalion's first combat assignment, the invasion of Syria and Lebanon, which began in early June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0004-0001", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Syria and Lebanon\nDuring the subsequent fighting against Vichy forces, the 2/27th took part in the drive up the Lebanon coast, taking part in several engagements including fighting around Adloun on 11 June and Miye-ou-miye on 13\u201314 June as part of the capture of Sidon, which fell on 15 June. The following month, the battalion also took part in the Battle of Damour. After five weeks of fighting an armistice was signed on 12 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0004-0002", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Syria and Lebanon\nFollowing the surrender of Vichy forces, the unit undertook garrison duties around Hammana, near Beirut, and Bakhaoun in the Tripoli sector, as part of the Allied occupation force, remaining there until January 1942. At the end of the campaign, Moten was decorated and promoted; he was replaced as commander of the 2/27th by Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Cooper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0005-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Syria and Lebanon\nFollowing Japan's entry into the war in December 1941, the Australian government began pressing for some of the AIF forces in the Middle East to be returned to Australia, to help defend against the Japanese advance in the Pacific. In late January 1942, the 2/27th embarked from Egypt aboard the Ile de France, sailing once again via Bombay. There, the battalion was transferred to the City of London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0005-0001", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Syria and Lebanon\nDuring the voyage, there were plans to divert the convoy to Java, to reinforce the Australian and Dutch forces there against the Japanese, but the deteriorating situation there resulted in the convoy being re-routed. After a port-call in Colombo, the convoy reached Fremantle on 15 March for a brief shore leave before proceeding on to Port Adelaide, where the 2/27th disembarked. Following a brief period of leave, the 21st Brigade concentrated in Queensland\u00a0\u2013 the 2/27th being based around Caloundra\u00a0\u2013 where, over the course of several months, they were prepared for deployment to the Pacific theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0006-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nIn mid-August 1942, the 2/27th battalion was deployed to New Guinea, where the Japanese were threatening to capture Port Moresby, following a landing around Buna in July. After initially being kept back at Port Moresby in reserve as the Battle of Milne Bay was fought, in early September 1942, at the height of the Kokoda Track campaign, the 2/27th moved north towards the Kokoda Track, joining Brigadier Arnold Potts' Maroubra Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0006-0001", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nFollowing delaying actions around Isurava, the Australians had been forced to withdraw further south along the track, and in an effort to stem the Japanese advance, on 6 September the 2/27th, as the freshest of the 21st Brigade's units, was committed to the fighting, taking up a defensive position at Mission Ridge, on the northern face of Brigade Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0006-0002", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nFor the next two days, the battalion held off a frontal attack by a Japanese battalion, but as a result of flanking moves a withdrawal to Menari was ordered and the 2/14th and 2/16th Battalions withdrew, leaving their wounded with the 2/27th, who formed the brigade rearguard. After 'B' and 'C' Companies launched a brief, but successful local counterattack, the 2/27th was also able to break contact. With the Japanese pressing hard, Potts ordered a further withdrawal from Menari before the 2/27th arrived, effectively cutting it off from the rest of the brigade. For the next two weeks, the 2/27th fought through the jungle, carrying their wounded with them, to regain contact with supporting units, eventually linking up with them at Jawarere on 22 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0007-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nAfter this, the battalion, having suffered heavily from disease, was briefly withdrawn back to Port Moresby for rest at the end of the month. In October, the 2/27th provided one company to the ad hoc Chaforce, providing work parties to bring up supplies and evacuate the wounded as the Australians advanced towards the Kumusi River, after the Japanese were pushed back from Kokoda. Also in October, the battalion provided a company to Jawforce, carrying out patrols between Jawarere and Nigabaifa, while a platoon was dispatched to Eilogo to form Eilogo Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0007-0001", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nBoth of these elements returned to the main body of the 2/27th in mid-November, although Chaforce remained detached at that time. In late November, the 2/27th was recommitted to the fighting as the Japanese withdrew towards their beachheads in the north. Even though it remained at only half strength, the battalion was moved by air from Port Moresby to Popondetta, and from there they joined the fighting around Gona, where the company that had been attached to Chaforce was also fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0007-0002", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nThe fighting that followed severely depleted the battalion due to heavy casualties and tropical diseases and, as a result, by mid-January 1943 its fighting strength had fallen to just 70 men, and it was subsequently relieved by the 36th Battalion around the mouth of the Amboga River. It was then withdrawn back to Popondetta and then Dobodura for air transport back to Port Moresby. In Port Moresby, after a week of rest, the 2/27th embarked upon the transport Jason Lee for the voyage back to Australia, landing at Cairns in late January, before returning to the Atherton Tablelands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0008-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nIn March 1943, Lieutenant Colonel John Bishop, a former staff officer, took over as commanding officer, replacing Cooper who had been wounded at Gona in late 1942. The battalion was rebuilt on the Atherton Tablelands as part of preparations to make it ready for further operations in New Guinea. A period of rest and reorganisation followed, during which a batch of over 100 reinforcements was received from the 16th Motor Regiment. As part of the battalion's reorganisation under the Jungle divisional establishment, its authorised strength fell to 803 men many of its vehicles and heavy equipment were returned as the Australian Army was restructured to focus upon operations in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0009-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nIn August 1943, the 2/27th returned to New Guinea and subsequently took part in the Ramu Valley\u2013Finisterre Range campaign, flying into Kaiapit before beginning its advance towards Dumpu in September, which was undertaken following the capture of Lae and the Huon Peninsula campaign as part of efforts to advance towards Madang. Advancing through the Ramu Valley towards the range, the 2/27th saw heavy fighting as the 21st Brigade led the 7th Division's efforts to capture the high ground around Shaggy Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0009-0001", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea\nIn mid-October, the 2/27th helped turn back a heavy Japanese counterattack around John's Knoll and Trevor's Ridge, before the 21st Brigade was relieved. Halfway through the campaign, in mid-November, Bishop was replaced as battalion commander by Lieutenant Colonel Keith Picken, and returned to a staff position. Picken subsequently led the battalion throughout the remainder of the war. By early January 1944, the 2/27th was withdrawn from the fighting and in March 1944 it returned to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0010-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nA further period of training and reorganisation followed before the 2/27th returned to operations late in the war when it was dispatched to Borneo. As part of the Operation Oboe landings, the battalion took part in an amphibious landing at Balikpapan on 1 July 1945. Coming ashore at Klandasan, the 2/27th formed the spearhead of the 21st Brigade's assault, capturing several key features overlooking the beachhead before follow-on forces passed through them and carried forward the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0010-0001", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nOn 3 July, the battalion began patrol operations from its base around Sepinggang, to provide flank protection for the 2/14th Battalion as the 21st Brigade advanced to Manggar airfield. Throughout the campaign, the battalion's casualties were light, and hostilities were short-lived as the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place only weeks after; after the initial landing, the battalion's main involvement in the campaign consisted largely of sub-unit patrol operations along the coast from Manggar. With the war over, the 2/27th was sent, along with the rest of the 21st Brigade, to Makassar in the Celebes Islands as part of the occupation force. They remained there until the beginning of February 1946, when they were relieved by Indian troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0011-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo and disbandment\nAfter five years of war, the 2/27th battalion returned to Australia in early February 1946 aboard the transport Winchester Victory, which took them to Brisbane, Queensland. The battalion was disbanded in Chermside on 18 March 1946, as part of the demobilisation process. During its war service, a total of 2,769 men served with the battalion of whom 268 were killed in action, while a further 607 were wounded. The following decorations were awarded to members of the 2/27th Battalion: two Distinguished Service Orders, three Military Crosses and one Bar, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, 17 Military Medals, and 49 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161010-0012-0000", "contents": "2/27th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961\u201362, the battalion's battle honours were entrusted to the 27th Battalion, and through this link are maintained by the Royal South Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0000-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/28th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during the Second World War. Formed in mid-1940 from Western Australian volunteers, the battalion served in North Africa in 1941\u201342 as part of the 24th Brigade, which was assigned to the 9th Division. The battalion's first major engagement came during the Siege of Tobruk, where the battalion carried out defensive duties as part of the garrison for over six months before being withdrawn by sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0000-0001", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia)\nAfter undertaking occupation duties in Syria and Lebanon, the 2/28th took part in the First Battle of El Alamein in mid-1942 during which it was heavily depleted, and had to be rebuilt prior to its commitment to the Second Battle of El Alamein later in the year. In early 1943, the battalion returned to Australia and later took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943\u201344, where it was committed to capturing Lae, and then clearing the Huon Peninsula, and then retaking Borneo in 1945. After the war, the battalion was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0001-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nRaised in Perth, Western Australia, in July 1940 from volunteers for overseas service as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), the battalion was allocated to the 24th Brigade, which was initially part of the 8th Division, but later reassigned to the 9th Division. The colours initially chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 28th Battalion, a unit which had served during the First World War before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were white over blue, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; this was later changed, though, following the unit's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk, when it adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0002-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nShortly after being raised, the battalion's personnel began concentrating at Melville Camp, near Fremantle, on 17 July. With an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Lloyd, the battalion undertook a period of basic training in Australia to prepare them for combat, before embarking for overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0003-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAfter training in Australia, in January 1941 the battalion was shipped to the Middle East, embarking from Fremantle, to join other elements of the 9th Division that were completing their training. After landing at Port Tewfik, the battalion established a camp at Khassa, north of Gaza, from where it undertook further training in Palestine before deploying to Libya. While the majority of the 9th Division moved into Cyrenaica in March 1941 following the departure of the 6th Division to Greece, the 2/28th, lacking transport, remained in Tobruk, on the border, along with the rest of the 24th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0003-0001", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nFollowing the arrival of German forces in North Africa to reinforce their Italian allies, the British were pushed onto the defensive and they were forced to withdraw from Benghazi to Tobruk, which subsequently fell under siege. There, the 2/28th helped defend the vital port for over six months, alternating between the main defence line and the rear areas, and conducting patrols, before being withdrawn via the sea to Alexandria in late September 1941, and then being moved further back to Palestine for a period of rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0004-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThroughout early 1942, the 2/28th served in a garrison role in Syria and Lebanon as part of the Allied occupation force that had been established in the French colonies in the aftermath of the short Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign. This was interrupted in mid-1942, as German and Italian forces began advancing towards Egypt, and the 9th Division was hurriedly recalled to help check their progress. As a result, the 2/28th Battalion moved back to the Western Desert, where it took part in the First Battle of El Alamein in July 1942. On 27 July, the battalion was tasked with capturing \"Ruin Ridge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0004-0001", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAfter taking the position in a night attack, the 2/28th was then cut off and surrounded by German infantry and armour. Suffering heavy casualties, the majority of the battalion\u00a0\u2013 around 500 men\u00a0\u2013 was forced to surrender. A small group, about 90 men, were not captured, and they were later used as a cadre upon which the battalion was re-formed in Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0004-0002", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn September, the 2/28th returned to the front line, and, on 23 October, it was committed to the Second Battle of El Alamein, conducting raids behind German lines before being moved into the main area of operations around a position dubbed the \"Saucer\" on 31 October. They remained there until being withdrawn in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0005-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe battalion subsequently concentrated along with the rest of the division in Palestine, around Gaza. In early 1943, the decision was made to bring the 9th Division back to Australia to take part in the fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific, joining the other two 2nd AIF divisions\u00a0\u2013 the 6th and 7th\u00a0\u2013 which had been withdrawn the previous year as the focus of Australian Army operations shifted to the war against Japan. The battalion's casualties during its time in the Middle East amounted to over 60 officers and 1,400 other ranks killed, wounded or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0006-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nArriving at Fremantle in February 1943, the battalion was re-organised for jungle operations on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland; as part of this process, the units of the 9th Division were converted to the jungle divisional establishment, which resulted in the authorised strength of its infantry battalions being reduced to around 800 men. It then subsequently took part in the amphibious landings around Lae in September 1943, landing to the east of the objective and leading the Australian advance across the Busu River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0006-0001", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nDuring the advance, the battalion carried out a forced crossing of the Busu under heavy Japanese fire, during which 13 men were swept away in the rain flooded waters. After the capture of Lae, which fell more quickly than the Allied planners had expected, the battalion took part in the Huon Peninsula campaign that followed as the Australians followed up the Japanese forces that were withdrawing north. During this time, the 2/28th took part in actions around Finschhafen, Gusika and Wareo before returning to Australia in January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0007-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nThe battalion undertook training on the Atherton Tablelands for the next year, before taking part in one of the final Australian campaigns of the war when they landed on Labuan Island. After taking part in the initial landings on 10 June, they advanced north coming up against stiff Japanese resistance around an area called the \"Pocket\", which was eventually cleared on 21 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0007-0001", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nThe battalion then re-embarked and was landed to the north of Brunei Bay, and advanced towards Beaufort, where they played a support role during the 24th Brigade's attack on Beaufort on 26\u201328 June, before helping to secure the eastern approaches to the vital rail junction through patrol actions towards Lumadan. The battalion was still in the Beaufort area when the war ended in August. Following this it undertook garrison duties around Jesselton; the battalion's strength dwindled slowly as personnel were returned to Australia for demobilisation or were transferred to other units for subsequent service. The battalion was finally disbanded in January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0008-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nDuring its involvement in the war, a total of 3,153 men served with the 2/28th Battalion of whom 274 were killed and 511 wounded, while 480 were captured. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: two Distinguished Service Orders, six Military Crosses, four Distinguished Conduct Medals, 15 Military Medals and 51 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0009-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961, these battle honours were entrusted to the 28th Battalion, and through this link are maintained by the Royal Western Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161011-0010-0000", "contents": "2/28th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/28th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0000-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/29th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during the Second World War. Formed in October 1940, the battalion served in Malaya as part of the 27th Brigade, which was assigned to the 8th Division. Recruited mainly from volunteers drawn from the state of Victoria, after completing its training around Bonegilla and then Bathurst, the 2/29th Battalion was sent to Malaya in August 1941 along with the rest of the 27th Brigade to bolster the Australian force there and subsequently fought in the Malayan Campaign following the Japanese attack in December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0000-0001", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia)\nThe battalion fought several delaying actions along the west coast, including fighting around Bakri and Muar, and in Johore, before Allied forces withdrew across the Causeway to Singapore. The battalion later took part in the defence of Singapore in February 1942, but was captured after the garrison capitulated on 15 February. They spent the remainder of the war as prisoners of war, with many dying in captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0001-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nRaised on 17 October 1940 amidst an expansion of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) following an escalation of hostilities in Europe, the 2/29th Battalion was established with volunteers drawn mainly from Victoria. Together with the 2/26th and 2/30th Battalions, it formed part of the 27th Brigade, the third and final brigade raised as part of the 8th Division, and the final brigade raised as part of the 2nd AIF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0001-0001", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 29th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were black and yellow, in an upright rectangle, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; the oval border denoted that the battalion was an 8th Division unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0002-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Robertson, the battalion's initial personnel drafts concentrated at Bonegilla where they conducted rudimentary training, prior to the battalion moving to Bathurst, where it joined the other two battalions of the 27th Brigade, which moved its headquarters from Sydney at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0002-0001", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nAround the same time as the 2/29th moved to Bathurst, the 22nd Brigade was deployed to Malaya to form part of the British garrison forces there, and in mid-1941, as concerns grew about a Japanese attack in the Pacific, it was decided that the 27th Brigade would be despatched to join the 22nd. They subsequently embarked in July, having completed five months of further training at Bathurst during the Australian winter, and arrived in Singapore the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0003-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nIn early September, the battalion moved into Malaya, establishing itself in dispersed locations around Kahang and Kluang, before moving to Segamat later in the month, where further training took place to prepare them for the rigours of jungle warfare. When the Japanese launched their invasion of Malaya in early December 1941, the force of the attack initially fell on the British and Indian forces stationed on the north-east coast and around the Thai\u2013Malayan border, and as a result the 2/29th Battalion did not see action until the middle of January when the Japanese began to advance into Johore. As the situation on the western side of the peninsula worsened, the 2/29th, along with the 2/19th Battalion, were sent to reinforce the 45th Indian Infantry Brigade who were fighting around Muar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0004-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nArriving at Bakri on 17 January, the Australians established strong defensive positions and the following day, with assistance from an anti-tank regiment, repulsed a heavy Japanese attack that had been supported by armour. As the Japanese felt for the 2/29th Battalion's flanks, their position grew increasing tenuous and they were in danger of being surrounded. The arrival of the 2/19th allowed the 2/29th to withdraw, but further flanking moves by the Japanese cut off the withdrawal route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0004-0001", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nFighting their way through several Japanese road blocks and almost constant air attack, they found the river crossing at Parit Sulong in Japanese hands and despite several efforts to wrest control of it, the combined Australian and Indian force had to break track and head into the jungle in an effort to reach Yong Peng, which was still in British hands. In the process, they had to leave their wounded behind with a handful of medical personnel, trusting that they would be cared for by the Japanese. In the end, all but two of the 135 men were executed by their captors. Of the two survivors, one was Lieutenant Ben Hackney of the 2/29th Battalion, who was later captured by the Japanese, but who survived the war as a prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0005-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nHeavily depleted by the withdrawal, the 2/29th was withdrawn back to Singapore; the 130 men that successfully completed the trek back to Yong Peng were joined by a draft of 500 fresh replacements, many of whom were very inexperienced having been rushed from in Australia with very little training. The battalion's commanding officer, Robertson, had been among those killed in action around Muar, and he was subsequently replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Pond, previously the brigade major on the staff of the 27th Brigade, who subsequently led the battalion through the remainder of the short campaign. As the battalion was reconstituted with 19 new officers amongst the reinforcements, Pond sought to implement a hasty training program, in the short time available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0006-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nMeanwhile, the fighting in Johore continued until 31 January when the Allied forces withdrew across the Causeway, which was subsequently blown up to delay Japanese forces from crossing the Strait of Johore. In anticipation of a Japanese assault across the strait, the Australian forces took up defensive positions in the north-western side of Singapore island, with the 27th Brigade assuming a position west of the Causeway. Despite the battalion's inexperience, it was assigned the role of divisional reserve and given additional tasks related to rear-area security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0007-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nWhen the Japanese assault came on 8 February, the main thrust initially on the 22nd Brigade's positions further west, but as the situation worsened the 2/29th was sent to Tengah airfield to bolster the 22nd Brigade's defence of the north-west sector. Plans were made to launch a counter-attack to re-capture the village of Ama Keng, but these were cancelled when further Japanese advances made this impossible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0007-0001", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nThroughout 9 February, the battalion fought to hold the airfield against growing Japanese attacks before the defenders were forced to withdraw further back to the Bulim line, positioned on the Choa Chu Kang Road in between the 2/18th Battalion and a composite unit. There, the battalion turned back a Japanese attack on 10 February, but after neighbouring units withdrew amidst the confusion, the 2/29th were also forced back. Withdrawing in contact, elements of the battalion became separated until they were regrouped at Bukit Panjang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0008-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nOver the course of the week, further fighting pushed them back to the Kranji\u2013Jurong line where the 2/29th experienced the main force of a further Japanese thrust after the 12th Indian Infantry Brigade was pushed back by two Japanese divisions. Lacking supporting fires following obfuscation from higher headquarters, the battalion was nearly split in half as it withdrew in contact again towards high ground around Bukit Timah. In the process of the withdrawal, individual platoons were forced to fight their way back to Allied lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0008-0001", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nAt Bukit Timah, the battalion again regrouped minus one company which found itself detached and subsequently fought alongside the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. Further fighting saw the Allied forces withdraw towards Singapore City's suburbs, where elements of the 2/29th were used to shore up the line along the Reformatory Road along with part of the 2/20th Battalion and the 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion. The Australian forces subsequently formed a perimeter around Tanglin Barracks where they were making preparations for a counter-attack by the time the garrison surrendered on 15 February following the loss of the city's main water reservoirs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0009-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion's remaining personnel were subsequently ordered to congregate around Changi prison where they were captured. They remained prisoners of war for over three years. During this time, they were moved to camps across south-east Asia, including Japan, Burma, Thailand, and the Dutch East Indies where they were pressed into hard labour and subjected to harsh conditions. A total of 582 personnel from the 2/29th were killed in action or died in captivity, while 143 were wounded in action. Personnel from the battalion received the following decorations: one Officer of the Order of the British Empire, two Military Crosses, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, one Military Medal and 13 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161012-0010-0000", "contents": "2/29th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/29th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0000-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/2nd Anti -Tank Regiment was an Australian Army anti-tank artillery regiment that was raised for service during the Second World War. Formed in 1940 in Brisbane, Queensland, the regiment was assigned to the 7th Division and was deployed to North Africa in 1940, and subsequently undertook defensive duties in Egypt in 1941, before taking part in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign. Garrison duties were undertaken in Syria, before the regiment was back to Australia in early 1942. It later fought against the Japanese in New Guinea and on Borneo before being disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0001-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/2nd Anti -Tank Regiment was formed near Redbank, Brisbane in Queensland in May 1940, as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force. It consisted of four batteries: 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Anti -Tank Batteries. The regiment would see service in the North African campaign, Northern Palestine, Egypt, Syria and then later Darwin and Borneo. The men of the 2/2nd came from all walks of life, from both the city and the country and their ages ranged from 18\u201340 years. The regiment became a part of the artillery force of the 7th Infantry Division, leaving Australia for the Middle East in October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0002-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East\nOn arrival in November 1940, the regiment moved to Qastina, in Palestine, remaining there until March 1941 when they were sent to Egypt. The unit was only partially equipped and it was planned to deploy it from Deir Suneid to Amiriya to complete this process, after which it would join the 6th Infantry Division. This process was halted by the strategic situation in Libya and Egypt, which resulted in the battery being deployed to Ikingi Maryut in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0002-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East\nAfter receiving the remaining equipment, the regiment was assigned to the 7th Infantry Division and garrisoned Mersa Matruh. 'C' Troop of the regiment served at Salum in April 1941, while the 5th Battery came under command of the 7th Support Group in Salum from 12\u201313 April 1941. It served in the Halfaya battles during May 1941. The 6th Battery was detached to 22nd Guards Brigade and the 5th Battery to the 7th Support Group during Operation Brevity in May 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0003-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn mid-May 1941, the regiment returned with the 7th Division to North Palestine and served with them in the Syrian campaign from 8 June to 12 July 1941 with the 5th Battery detached to the British 6th Infantry Division. During the fighting in Syria, the 6th Battery supported the 21st Brigade during actions at Litani, Sidon and Damour, while the 7th Battery supported the 25th Brigade at Merdjayoun and Jezzine. During the fighting at Merdjayoun, the 8th Battery, under Major Arthur Rickard helped repel a French counter-attack, destroying eight tanks. The 2/2nd remained in Syria as an occupational force until January 1942, based around Tripoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0004-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific campaign\nAfter being relieved by the 2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment, the 2/2nd returned to Palestine before embarking for Australia in February 1942 as part of the convoys established to bring the AIF troops back from the Middle East following Japan's entry into the war. The regiment reached Adelaide, South Australia, in March 1942, and disembarked there. Throughout 1942, the regiment undertook defensive duties in Australia, moving northeast to Tenterfield, New South Wales, and then to south-east Queensland, with the regiment occupying positions around Woodford, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0004-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific campaign\nAt this time, the regiment's individual batteries were assigned to brigades within the 7th Infantry Division, and as those brigades deployed to New Guinea, the batteries deployed with them. The 8th Battery deployed with the 25th Brigade in September. The following month, a three battery structure was implemented, which resulted in the 7th Battery being disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0005-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific campaign\nOn 26 November 1942, Brisbane was shaken by riots, protesting and violence over disputes between American and Australian servicemen, in what became dubbed the Battle of Brisbane. The 2/2nd's involvement came about through the actions and death of one of its members, Gunner Edward Webster, who was the only person killed during the riots. Private Norbert Grant, a United States military policeman fatally shot Webster with a shotgun which was fired three times, wounding many other Australian servicemen at the same time during a frantic struggle to disarm Grant. Grant was court-martialled by the US military for manslaughter, but he was later acquitted as his actions were deemed have been self defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0006-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific campaign\nThat same month, the regiment was deployed to Port Moresby, as part of a plan to use them to defend Buna as part of Lilliput Force; due to delays in shipping, they arrived in December, landing at Oro Bay. Here, the regiment concentrated the 5th and 6th Batteries, and assumed command of several smaller detachments including US units. The regiment was renamed the 2/2nd Tank Attack Regiment in March 1943 and the following month it moved to Milne Bay, to occupy beach defences. While there, they came under the command of the 5th Infantry Division. This assignment changed to Headquarters Milne Bay Fortress in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0007-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific campaign\nThe regiment returned to Australia in October 1943, and was concentrated under the First Australian Army at Helidon, Queensland, and received reinforcements from several Militia tank attack regiments that were disbanded at this time. In June 1944, the regiment moved to Batchelor, in the Northern Territory, to replace 103rd Anti-Tank Regiment under Northern Territory Force. The 2/2nd then left in September 1944 for Atherton, Queensland, there it trained with the 7th Division. The unit then deployed to Morotai Island in June 1945, preparation for commitment to Borneo. It landed with 7th Division at Balikpapan on 1 July 1945, where it saw out the rest of the war, being utilised as ad hoc infantry and in the field artillery role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0008-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Pacific campaign\nTwo members of the regiment, Staff Sergeant D. L. W. Morrison and Major G. G. Schneider, are recorded by the Australian War Memorial to have been captured in the Malayan Campaign and then made prisoners of war. Twenty men are recorded to have been killed in service of the 2/2nd; of these, two were killed on Australian soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0009-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Disbandment\nThe 2/2nd was disbanded in Queensland in 1946 along with the rest of the 7th Division. After the war, its members held annual meetings in Brisbane, Queensland, until 2004, when its remaining numbers were too low to support such a practise. Military decorations awarded to members of the 2/2nd Anti -Tank included two Distinguished Service Orders, two Military Crosses, two Military Medals and five mentions in despatches. A total of 19 men of the 2/2nd feature on the Roll of Honour at the Australian War Memorial. Battle honours mentioned on the 2/2nd's ANZAC Day banner are: Syria, Palestine, Egypt, New Guinea, Morotai, Balikpapan and Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0010-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), Gallery\nElements of the 2/2nd on occupational duties in Tripoli 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0011-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), Gallery\nMembers of the 2/2nd Tank Attack Regiment removing the breech block during a demonstration of stripping a 75mm Pack Howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161013-0012-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), Gallery\nTank Rock, Queensland, 27 November 1944. A 2/2nd Tank Attack Regiment gun crew load 6-pounder gun during practice at the artillery range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0000-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/2nd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army raised for service as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force during World War II. Raised in October 1939, the battalion was deployed to the Middle East and in early 1941 took part in the first ground action undertaken by Australian troops during the war during the Battle of Bardia before helping to capture Tobruk. In April, the battalion briefly fought in Greece, before being evacuated after the Allied forces were overwhelmed by German forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0000-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia)\nSome members of the battalion took part in the Battle of Crete, after which the battalion undertook garrison duties in Syria. In mid-1942, the 2/2nd undertook defensive duties in Ceylon before returning to Australia. They subsequently took part in the fighting against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track and then around Buna\u2013Gona. After a period of reorganisation and training in Australia throughout 1943\u201344, late in the war the battalion was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign before being disbanded in early 1946 after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0001-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia), History\nEstablished shortly after the outbreak of the war, the 2/2nd Battalion formed part of the 16th Brigade, the first brigade formed within the 6th Division, and was among the units raised as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force that was recruited for overseas service at the start of the war. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 2nd Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were purple over green, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of grey was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0002-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia), History\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. After opening its headquarters at Victoria Barracks, Sydney, on 24 October 1939, less than a fortnight later the battalion moved to Ingleburn Army Camp, where rudimentary training was carried out. In early 1940, the battalion was deployed to the Middle East, arriving in Egypt in mid-February 1940. It later completed its training in Palestine. In early January 1941, the 2/2nd took part in the Battle of Bardia\u00a0\u2013 the first major ground action of the war undertaken by Australian troops\u00a0\u2013 before being committed to the Capture of Tobruk at the end of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0003-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia), History\nIn March 1941, the 6th Division was despatched to Greece and in April 1941, following the German invasion of that country, the 2/2nd took part in the disastrous Battle of Greece. Amidst a series of withdrawals, the battalion's most significant engagement was a delaying action at Tempe Gorge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0003-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia), History\nAt the conclusion of the campaign, the majority of the battalion was evacuated back to Palestine, but a contingent of almost 200 took part in the Battle of Crete in May 1941 as part of the 16th Brigade Composite Battalion, which fought an unsuccessful campaign to repulse an airborne German assault in May 1941. Following the conclusion of the fighting on Crete, the 2/2nd was rebuilt and sent to Syria, where the Allies had established a garrison following the capitulation of Vichy French forces at the end of the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign. They subsequently undertook garrison duties in Syria between October 1941 and January 1942, at which time the Australian Government requested its return following Japan's entry into the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0004-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia), History\nEn route back to Australia, the 16th and 17th Brigades were diverted to Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) and the 2/2nd helped defend the island against a possible Japanese invasion until July when it continued its return journey back to Australia, arriving in August 1942. The following month, the 2/2nd was thrust into the Kokoda Track campaign, arriving just as the tide turned in the Allies' favour. It later fought several actions along the track, including significant actions at Templeton's Crossing and Oivi, as the Australians counter-attacked and advanced north towards the Japanese beachheads around Buna and Gona. They suffered heavy casualties in the process. Having started the campaign with almost 700 personnel, by the time the battalion fought its final actions around Sanananda in December 1942, it had an effective strength of below 100, with many having been evacuated due to sickness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 939]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0005-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion was later withdrawn to Australia and throughout 1943\u201344, it was brought back up to strength and reorganised on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland. They subsequently spent over a year preparing for their final campaign. In late 1944, they were committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign. Essentially a mopping up operation to clear the Japanese from around the airfield at Aitape and the surrounding areas, the campaign eventually saw the Australians advance along the coast towards Wewak and inland towards the Torricelli Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0005-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia), History\nFor his actions during the campaign, one of the battalion's officers, Lieutenant Albert Chowne, was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross; in addition to this, members of the battalion received the following awards: four Distinguished Service Orders, nine Military Crosses and one Bar, four Distinguished Conduct Medals, 24 Military Medals, and 79 Mentions in Despatches. Throughout the war, a total of 2,851 men served with the battalion of whom 217 were killed and 368 wounded; it was disbanded on 18 February 1946, after returning to Australia after the conclusion of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0006-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/2nd received 15 battle honours for its involvement in the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161014-0007-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese honours were subsequently entrusted to the 2nd Battalion in 1961, and through this link are maintained by the Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0000-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/2nd Commando Squadron was one of 12 independent companies or commando squadrons raised by the Australian Army for service during World War II. The 2/2nd served in Timor, New Guinea and New Britain during World War II, taking part in the Battle of Timor in June 1942 as part of Sparrow Force. Following the capture of the island, the company was withdrawn in December 1942 and returned to Australia, later taking part in operations in New Guinea in 1943\u20131944 and then on New Britain in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0001-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nInitially formed as the \"2nd Independent Company\", the unit was raised in 1941. With an authorised strength of 17 officers, 256 other ranks, it undertook training at the Guerrilla Warfare Camp at Foster, near Wilsons Promontory, Victoria. After training the company was transported north to Katherine, Northern Territory, where they were stationed until Japan entered the war following the attacks on Pearl Harbor and Malaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0002-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Timor campaign\nAmid fears of a Japanese advance towards mainland Australia, the 2nd Independent Company was sent to Timor, as part of Sparrow Force, along with the 2/40th Battalion and a small force of artillery. Upon arriving at Dili on 17 December 1941, most of the 2nd Independent Company moved to protect Dili airfield in east Timor, whilst other elements took up positions in the nearby mountains. The Japanese invaded Timor on 20 February 1942, attacking both east and west Timor at the same time, quickly overwhelming the small force of Australian and Dutch defenders. Hopelessly outnumbered the 2nd Independent Company was unable to hold the airfield and was forced to retreat into the mountains, from where they would wage a guerrilla campaign against the Japanese for over a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0003-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Timor campaign\nAfter the fall of the island, it was believed that the 2nd Independent Company had been captured along with the 2/40th Battalion, and for almost three months the unit was officially listed as missing by the Australian Army. On 19/20 April 1942, however, members of the unit were able to make contact with Darwin, using a wireless transmitter nicknamed Winnie the War Winner. \"Winnie\", reputedly named after Winston Churchill, was cobbled together by Signaller Max (Joe) Loveless, a Tasmanian member of the unit who had a background as an amateur radio station operator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0003-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Timor campaign\nThe set was built on the back of a four-gallon kerosene tin, using parts from several failed radio sets. Some parts were obtained via night raids into occupied enemy territory. After this, the Royal Australian Navy was able to bring in supplies for the company on the south coast of east Timor in late May, allowing the guerrilla campaign to continue. During August, the Japanese launched a major offensive against the guerrillas and carried out a series of reprisals against the civilian population of east Timor in order to reduce their support for the Australians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0004-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Timor campaign\nThis campaign was ultimately unsuccessful, although the local Timorese paid a high price for the assistance they provided the Australians: it is estimated that between 40,000 and 60,000 Timorese perished during the Japanese occupation. In September, in an effort to maintain the pressure on the Japanese, the 2nd Independent Company was reinforced with the landing of the 2/4th Australian Independent Company. By late-November 1942, however, it was clear that the Australians could not sustain their campaign due to extreme ill-health amongst all the men, and the ever-increasing number of Japanese reinforcements as well as reduced food supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0004-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Timor campaign\nFurthermore, the Japanese used increasing numbers of Dutch Timorese to wreak havoc among the Portuguese Timorese, who then found it impossible to keep helping the Australians. As a result, both the 2/2 and 2/4 were withdrawn from Timor between mid-December 1942 and January 1943, along with Portuguese civilians, some Dutch troops and Timorese who would later serve with Z Special Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0005-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain campaigns\nUpon return to Australia, the company, now renamed the \"2/2nd Independent Company\", reformed at the training centre at the Jungle Warfare School at Canungra, Queensland, where it was reinforced and re-equipped. The 2/2nd was relocated to the Atherton Tableland Camp, Atherton Tableland, where it briefly became part of the 2/6th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, although this was short lived as it became an independent unit once again not long afterwards. As a part of this re-organisation, the company would eventually be renamed the \"2/2nd Commando Squadron\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0006-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain campaigns\nIn June 1943, the 2/2nd sailed from Townsville to Port Moresby and was subsequently flown to Bena Bena, in the Bismarck Ranges in New Guinea. Here, the 2/2nd supported the 2/7th Independent Company in patrolling the Ramu River area. In mid-July, the 2/2nd moved into position in Bena Bena and by the end of the month their patrols were skirmishing with the Japanese. They continued to conduct operations in New Guinea until October 1944 when, after being away from Australia for more than a year, the 2/2nd were withdrawn from the fighting for a period of leave in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0006-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain campaigns\nAfter three months leave, the 2/2nd Commando Squadron reformed at Strathpine, Queensland and began a period of training and re-organisation in preparation for their next campaign. In April 1945, the unit embarked for New Britain, where they landed at Jacquinot Bay on 17 April and subsequently moved to Wide Bay, in order to support the 13th Brigade, attached to the 5th Division that was based at Lamarien.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0007-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea and New Britain campaigns\nFollowing the end of hostilities in the Pacific in August 1945, the 2/2nd Commando Squadron was deemed to be surplus to the post-war requirements of the Australian Army and as such it was steadily reduced in strength as men were discharged or transferred to other units. The remainder returned to Australia and in early 1946 the 2/2nd Commando Squadron was disbanded. During its service during the war, the 2/2nd lost 22 men killed in action or died on active service. Members of the squadron received the following decorations: two Distinguished Service Orders, three Military Crosses, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, one Military Medal, 35 Mentions in Despatches and two foreign awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0008-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), Legacy\nAfter the war, some of the unit's members became advocates for the rights of the Timorese people, recognising the contribution that they had made to Australia's war effort. One member, John Patrick \"Paddy\" Kenneally, who died in March 2009 at the age of 93, said that the Australians would \"...not have lasted a week had the Timorese not protected them\". Kenneally visited East Timor four times after World War II; once in 1990 and a further three times after independence from Indonesia was achieved in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161015-0008-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia), Legacy\nIn 2005, he appeared in TV advertisements promoting a fair deal for the people of East Timor in negotiations over Timor Sea gas and oil and was instrumental in securing a fair share of the gas field for the Timorese people. On 25 April 2008 Kenneally, two of his sons and one of his grandsons attended an Anzac Day service in East Timor, at a memorial overlooking Dili and built by veterans from the 2/2nd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0000-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/2nd Field Regiment was an Australian Army field artillery regiment that was raised for service during the Second World War. Assigned to the 6th Division, the regiment was formed from Second Australian Imperial Force volunteers. Raised in October 1939, the regiment undertook basic training in Australia before departing for the Middle East in mid-1940. Further training was undertaken in Egypt, before the regiment saw action in the Western Desert in early 1941, and in Greece and on Crete in the middle of the year. Later, they provided a defensive garrison on Ceylon in mid-1942 before returning to Australia. It did not see further action until the final phase of the war, when it was deployed to Aitape\u2013Wewak, fighting against the Japanese, in 1944\u20131945. It was disbanded in January 1946, after returning to Australia for demobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0001-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFormed on 13 October 1939 at the Melbourne Showgrounds in Victoria, the regiment was raised from volunteers from the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). Among the first artillery regiments raised as part of the 2nd AIF, it was assigned to the 6th Division, and as the division was established with three artillery regiments, it was allocated initially to support the 17th Brigade. At the outset, the regiment consisted of two batteries: the 3rd and 4th. Training was undertaken at Seymour, Victoria, and Puckapunyal throughout late 1939 and early 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0002-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn mid-1940, the regiment deployed to North Africa where further training was carried out, including divisional level exercises at the end of the year. When the Australians went into action in the Western Desert, in January 1941, the regiment support to the 16th Brigade's attack on Bardia and the capture of Tobruk. This was followed by further actions around Derna and Barce, before the 6th Division was relieved and withdrawn to Mersa Matruh, in Egypt, prior to their deployment to Greece in April. This campaign was short lived as the Allies were quickly overwhelmed by the German advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0002-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring the course the fighting, the regiment supported several of the 6th Division's brigades: the 16th, around the Veria Pass, then the 19th around Servia, both the 17th and 19th on the Thermopylae Line, and finally the 19th during a rearguard action around the Brallos Pass, before being evacuated by sea from Megara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0003-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn the chaos that followed the Allied withdrawal from Greece, the regiment was landed on Crete in May. Lacking their guns, the 2/2nd was formed into an ad hoc force known as Cremor Force, which was named after the 2/2nd's commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel William Cremor. The regiment's headquarters assumed control of the force and the gunners were re-roled as infantry, fighting alongside elements of the 2/3rd Field Regiment, and the 16th and 17th Brigades, which formed composite battalions with personnel that had been separated from the main body of their brigades when they had been evacuated from Greece. Stationed around Canea and Suda Bay, after the German invasion began on 20 May, Cremor Force saw only limited involvement in the fighting before being withdrawn from Sfakia by the Royal Navy. They reached Egypt by the end of May and moved to Khassa, in Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0004-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter evacuation from Crete, a third battery, the 52nd, was raised for the regiment in September 1941 when it was re-forming in Palestine. In early 1942, the Australian government sought the return of the 6th Division due to the threat of Japanese invasion. En route to Australia, the 16th and 17th Brigades, including the 2/2nd Field Regiment, were diverted to Ceylon where they formed a defensive garrison amidst concerns about a possible Japanese invasion. They returned to Australia in the middle of the year, and after leave, the unit was reconstituted at Greta, New South Wales. After this, the regiment was detached from the 6th Division, which was reorganised for jungle warfare. This resulted in a reduction of the division's artillery regiments to just one. During 1943, the regiment undertook various assignments around Australia: including Singleton, Cemetery Point, and Narellan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0005-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment did not rejoin the 6th Division until the division's artillery establishment was increased to two regiments in March 1944. It subsequently moved to Wondecla, on the Atherton Tablelands, in Queensland. The role of Australian troops in the Pacific had largely been taken over by US troops by then, leaving the Australian troops with a limited combat role in the last years of the war in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0005-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAs a result, the regiment did not see action again until late in the war when it was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in late 1944 when Australian forces took over from US troops, which were redeployed to the Philippines. Arriving in December 1944, during the campaign, the 2/2nd initially supported the 16th Brigade as it advanced towards Wewak in January 1945. The following month, the 1st Battery was detached from the 2/1st Field Regiment as the advance pushed towards the Danmap River. From May, the 2/1st Field Regiment took over as the lead artillery element supporting the advance. Subsequently, the 2/2nd was mainly used in a reserve role around Dallman Harbour, although the 52nd Battery was pushed forward to support operations further inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0006-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the end of the war, the regiment returned to Australia with the rest of the 6th Division in mid-December 1945 for demobilisation, and was disbanded on 11 January 1946. During the war, 17 members of the regiment were killed in action, while four more died of wounds and five more died of other causes. The following decorations were bestowed: two Distinguished Service Orders, six Military Crosses, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, three Military Medals, one George Medal and one British Empire Medal. Two personnel were appointed as Officers of the Order of the British Empire and one was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161016-0007-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Field Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/2nd Field Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0000-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion was an infantry support unit of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force that was raised for service overseas during the Second World War. Formed in mid-1940 in Sydney, from personnel drawn from the states of Queensland and New South Wales, the battalion was allocated to the Australian 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0000-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nAfter completing training in Australia, the battalion operated in the Middle East between early 1941 and early 1943, seeing action against German and Italian forces at the First and Second Battles of El Alamein, and undertaking garrison duties in Syria as part of the Allied garrison that was established there after the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0001-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nIn early 1943, the 2/2nd was brought back to Australia to fight several campaigns against the Japanese. The first of these came in September 1943 when the battalion landed east of Lae in New Guinea and then took part in the advance to secure the town, which fell within a fortnight. This was followed by fighting on the Huon Peninsula, which saw the battalion undertake an amphibious landing at Scarlet Beach and then take part in actions around Finschhafen, Sattelberg and Sio until it was withdrawn back to Australia in early 1944. In mid-1945, the machine gunners from the 2/2nd supported landings on Tarakan, Labuan and Brunei Bay as part of Allied efforts to recapture Borneo. After the war, the battalion was disbanded in February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0002-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion was one of four machine gun battalions that were raised as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) for service overseas during the Second World War. Motorised infantry units, equipped with wheeled motor vehicles, motor cycles and sometimes tracked carriers, the machine gun battalions were formed to provide a greater level of support by fire than that which was organically available within ordinary infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0003-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nDeveloped by the British Army, the concept within the Australian Army had its genesis during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915, when the machine guns assigned to the infantry battalions\u00a0\u2013 initially two and then, later, four\u00a0\u2013 had been grouped together and co-ordinated at brigade level to help compensate for the lack of artillery support. Over the course of the war, on the Western Front the concept had evolved through the establishment of machine gun companies in 1916 and machine gun battalions in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0003-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nSimilar formations had also been established amongst the Australian Light Horse units serving in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. During the inter-war years, the machine gun battalions had been deemed unnecessary. When the Army was reorganised in 1921, they were not re-raised, but in 1937, as the Army looked to expand as fears of war in Europe loomed, four such units were raised within the part-time Militia, by converting light horse units and motorising them. When the Second World War broke out, the decision was made to raise several machine gun battalions within the 2nd AIF, allocated at a rate of one per division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0004-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion was formed on 2 May 1940, in Sydney, New South Wales. Upon formation, the battalion was assigned to the 7th Division, the 2nd AIF's second division\u00a0\u2013 there were also five infantry divisions as part of the Militia at this time\u00a0\u2013 and its personnel were recruited from two Australian states: Queensland and New South Wales, with many having served previously in the Militia with various light horse regiments and infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0004-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel David Whitehead, who had previously commanded the 1st Light Horse (Machine Gun) Regiment (Royal New South Wales Lancers). The nucleus of its trained personnel were also drawn from this regiment, as well as several Queensland-based Militia units. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were gold and black, in a triangular shape with a border of grey; this was later changed, though, following the unit's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk, when it adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0005-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nBecause of the geographic dislocation of its recruits, basic training was undertaken separately with Queenslanders completing their induction at Redbank in the Greater Brisbane area and New South Welshmen undertaking theirs at Ingleburn and then Cowra in the New South Wales Central Tablelands, before the battalion finally concentrated at Pyrmont in New South Wales, in late 1940. At this point, the unit's establishment was completed, as the battalion structure was finalised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0005-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nIt was structured along the same lines as the other 2nd AIF machine gun battalions, which consisted of between 800 and 900 personnel organised into a headquarters element consisting of three platoons \u2013 signals, anti-aircraft and administration \u2013 and four machine gun companies, each equipped with 12 Vickers machine guns, to make a total of 48 across the entire battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0005-0002", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nWithin the machine gun companies there were three platoons; normally these were numbered sequentially starting from 1 to 3 in Headquarters Company through to 13 to 15 in 'D' Company; however, the 2/2nd differed from other Australian machine gun battalions, designating its platoons alphanumerically: A1, A2, A3 through to D1, D2, and D3. A Light Aid Detachment of electrical and mechanical engineers was also attached. After a period of further training, the battalion was ready to deploy overseas, and in February 1941, the unit embarked for the Middle East, departing from Sydney aboard the transport Aquitania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0006-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East\nAfter arriving in the Middle East, the 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion conducted more training in Palestine until April 1941 when it was transported to Mersa Matruh, where the battalion began a year-long period serving in the garrison role. Towards the end of this period\u00a0\u2013 January 1942\u00a0\u2013 the battalion was reassigned to the 9th Division and moved to Syria where it undertook further garrison duty as part of the Allied occupation force that had been established after the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign to defend against a possible German attack across the Caucasus Mountains. This came to an end in late June 1942 when the 9th was rushed to El Alamein to help establish a hasty defence line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0007-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East\nThroughout July, the battalion's companies were detached to support individual Australian brigades during the First Battle of El Alamein as the Allied forces\u00a0\u2013 which had, since the beginning of the year, been steadily pushed back by the German and Italian forces\u00a0\u2013 fought desperately to stop the German advance east towards Cairo. Supporting the infantry battalions fighting around Tel el Eisa in early July, several of the battalion's crews played significant roles in turning back attacks on the Australian positions, and in concert with divisional artillery were reported to have inflicted heavy casualties upon the German and Italian soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0007-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East\nLater, in the middle of the month, they supported an attack by the 2/32nd Infantry Battalion, now commanded by the 2/2nd's old commander, Whitehead, around Makh Khad Ridge to the right of the Qattara Track. By the end of the month the offensive had come to a halt and during the lull that followed the battalion provided defensive fire from depth positions. In October, it joined the second Allied counter-attack that was launched during the Second Battle of El Alamein. During these battles, the battalion was heavily engaged, with a company supporting a composite force under Whitehead, and another operating in support of the 24th Brigade. Its casualties amounted to 21 killed, 128 wounded and 26 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0008-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East\nAt the conclusion of the El Alamein fighting, the 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion was withdrawn to Gaza in early December, remaining there with the rest of the 9th Division until embarking on the Queen Mary for Australia in late January 1943, as part of the final withdrawal of Australian ground units from the Middle East to the Pacific to fight the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0009-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nUpon their return, a period of leave followed after which the battalion was re-constituted on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland in April 1943. The battalion was subsequently retrained, re-equipped and reorganised to prepare it for the rigours of jungle warfare and throughout this time several drafts of reinforcements were received. These were mainly drawn from the states of South Australia and Western Australia, which changed the demographics of the battalion's personnel. Some personnel were also drawn from Europeans who had been living in New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0009-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nFinally, the battalion received orders to deploy to the territory of Papua, and in August 1943 the 2/2nd arrived at Milne Bay, which had been developed into a large Allied base after the fighting there the previous year. After a month of garrison duties and work parties, the battalion was committed to the final actions of the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign. In early September 1943, it took part in the landing at Lae, as the 9th and 7th Divisions rushed to secure the town. During the 9th's landing east of the town, the battalion suffered 29 casualties in a single Japanese air attack, but overall the battalion's involvement in the advance resulted in only limited casualties as its personnel were mainly used to unload stores and equipment, as well providing local defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0010-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nLae fell sooner than anticipated and the Allies moved quickly to consolidate, dispatching the 9th Division to secure the Huon Peninsula in late September. During the initial landing at Scarlet Beach, only one company from the 2/2nd was deployed\u00a0\u2013 'C' Company\u00a0\u2013 in support of the 20th Brigade. Initially, the company was responsible for defending the beachhead around Scarlet Beach, but as the Australians fanned out and advanced south where Japanese resistance intensified, the machine gunners began patrolling operations further afield to the north and west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0010-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nOnce Finschhafen had been secured in early October, the Australians increased the size of their force ashore, landing the 24th Brigade, and along with it, the rest of the 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion. After this, the battalion formed the main part of the divisional reserve, carrying out labouring tasks and maintaining a mobile reserve to counter-attack if necessary. In November, as the 26th Brigade attacked Sattelberg, the machine guns of 'B' Company were used in an offensive role for the first time during the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0010-0002", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nFollowing the fall of Sattelberg, elements of the battalion supported the advance to Wareo before supporting the subsequent advance to Sio as the Australians followed up the retreating Japanese. During December, 'A' Company was detached in support of the Militia 4th Brigade, before the 20th Brigade resumed the lead, marching on to Sio in mid-January 1944. The battalion remained in New Guinea until late February, unloading ships, before embarking upon the transport Seasnipe on 25 February as the 9th Division were relieved by the 5th and withdrawn to Australia for rest and reorganisation. After a short voyage, the 2/2nd disembarked in Brisbane in early March 1944. Total casualties sustained by the battalion in New Guinea were 12 dead and 53 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0011-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nA long period of relative inactivity subsequently followed as a result of inter-Allied service politics which saw the US Army assume primacy of operations in the Pacific, and indecision about the future role of Australian forces in the Pacific campaign. During this time, the battalion was based around Ravenshoe in Queensland, and was virtually rebuilt, having fallen to a strength of just over 250 personnel due to the effects of tropical diseases and losses suffered during the previous campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0011-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nThe battalion was transferred to the \"tropical war establishment\" during this period as part of an Army-wide reorganisation intended to optimise units for jungle warfare. As a result of this change, the battalion was no longer considered a motorised unit with its guns largely being carried across the battlefield by soldiers moving on foot. It was mostly a notional change as the battalion had lost the majority of its vehicles when the machine gunners had embarked from the Middle East earlier the previous year when the 9th Division had returned most of its equipment to the British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0011-0002", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nA small number of vehicles had been allocated to the battalion for its previous campaign in New Guinea, amounting to just six jeeps and two five-tonne 6 x 6 GMC tractors. This had proven insufficient to maintain supplies, though, and so with the re-organisation this was increased so that each company headquarters had two jeeps, with another four equipped with trailers being provided to each machine gun company for resupply. This represented a total of 19 jeeps and trailers across the whole battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0012-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nAfter over a year, the battalion was committed to its final campaign of the war, transiting through Morotai Island as it joined the fighting on Borneo. 'D' Company supported the 26th Brigade during its assault on Tarakan Island in May, while the rest of the battalion supported the landings on Labuan Island and around Brunei Bay during the Battle of North Borneo. It was a short, but sharp campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0012-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea and Borneo\nDuring this time, in addition to their normal close support role, the machine gunners were often used as infantry, conducting extensive patrolling in search of Japanese stragglers which resulted in a number of clashes, as well as conducting defensive tasks against infiltrators and raiding parties. In North Borneo, a number of members of the battalion were also used to assist with the operation of a narrow gauge railway which had been brought back into service to maintain the Australian supply line. In early August, the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagaskai brought the war to an end. The battalion's casualties during the campaign in Borneo totaled five dead and six wounded, while casualties on Tarakan amounted to five soldiers killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0013-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nIn late August the 2/2nd was concentrated on the island of Labuan where it was tasked with setting up and running a reception camp for released Allied prisoners of war and internees prior to their repatriation, doing so until late December when the camp was finally closed. Meanwhile, following the conclusion of hostilities, the battalion's personnel were slowly transferred to other units or repatriated back to Australia for demobilisation. In January 1946, the 2/2nd's remaining personnel returned to Australia and the following month, on 26 February, the unit was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0013-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nThroughout the course of the war, a total of 1,824 personnel served within the unit. One member, the author Eric Lambert, based some of the content in his works, including The Twenty Thousand Thieves, on the events he witnessed while serving with the battalion. The battalion lost 67 men killed or died on active service, while a further 193 were wounded and 28 were captured. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: two Distinguished Service Orders, one Military Cross, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, five Military Medals and 20 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0014-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nAfter the war, the Australian Army moved away from the machine gun battalion construct and consequently no similar units have been raised since, with the role being subsumed into the support companies of individual infantry battalions. The concept was arguably misunderstood by Australian commanders throughout the war, and this may have influenced the decision to move away from the concept. When the units had been established, the intent had been that the machine gun battalions would provide highly mobile fire support;  however, this was largely only applicable in theatres where principles of open warfare could be applied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0014-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nOnce the focus of Australian Army combat operations shifted to the Pacific, the machine gun battalions were largely misused, being employed in a static defensive capacity against short and medium range targets, or for menial tasks, rather than as offensive fire support weapons that could have been employed to provide long range fire support. The medium machine guns were also largely utilised in the same manner as light machine guns, such as the Bren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0014-0002", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nOther reasons identified for the concept's limited use include distrust of overhead fire by some commanders, a preference for organic fire support over attached sub-units, over-estimating  the difficulty of transporting Vickers guns in the jungle, and a tendency to ignore targets that could not be seen. The difficulties of target acquisition in dense jungle also contributed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0015-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion was commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161017-0016-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0000-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion was one of four pioneer battalions raised as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force during World War II. Raised in 1940, the battalion served in the Middle East during the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign against the Vichy French in mid-1941, fighting mainly as infantry. In 1942, the battalion was committed to the defence of Java, fighting against the Japanese and was all but destroyed following the capitulation of the defending garrison. Rebuilt in 1943, it later took part in the Salamaua\u2013Lae and Finisterre Range campaigns in 1943\u201344 and the Borneo campaign in 1945 before being disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0001-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nFormed in May 1940 at Puckapunyal, Victoria, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Nelson Wellington, the battalion was one of four pioneer battalions raised as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force during World War II. The concept of pioneer battalions had originally been explored by the Australians during World War I, when five such battalions were formed and utilised as support troops assigned at divisional level on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0001-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nNotionally organised along a traditional infantry structure, pioneer battalions consisted of a headquarters and four companies, and were expected to serve to undertake minor engineering tasks during combat in order to free up trained engineers for more complex tasks. Within the divisional structure, the pioneers were administered as corps troops under the direction of the divisional engineer commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0002-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter completing initial training, the 2/2nd Pioneers embarked upon the Queen Mary in April 1941 and sailed for the Middle East. After arriving in Egypt in May, the battalion eventually served in Syria and Palestine, assigned to the 7th Division, fighting against the Vichy French during the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign, where they fought mainly as infantry. The battalion had not been fully trained in this role and had not received all the equipment required, lacking mortars and possessing only a small number of automatic weapons, and lacking some of the specialist troops of established infantry battalions, including an intelligence section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0002-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nNevertheless, it was committed to several attacks, including a two company frontal assault on Fort Merdjayoun on 17 June, which resulted in heavy casualties with  27 killed, 46 wounded, and 29 being taken prisoner. Further actions followed around Merdjayoun, El Mtolle and Damour before the Vichy French defenders capitulated in July. Casualties throughout the whole campaign amounted to 14 officers and 161 other ranks killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0003-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nFollowing the completion of the fighting in Syria, the 2/2nd Pioneers undertook training and garrison duties moving between several locations including Damour, Tripoli, Fort Legout, and then Qatana. In 1942, following Japan's entry into the war, the 2/2nd was ordered to return to Australia, embarking upon the troopship Orcades. En route, they were diverted, however, along with other elements of the 7th Division to defend Java against the Japanese, landing there in late February 1942 and joining \"Blackforce\" under the command of Brigadier Arthur Blackburn. There, during the Netherlands East Indies campaign, the 2/2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0003-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nPioneers took part in a brief, but bitter engagement before being ordered to surrender; a large number of the 2/2nd's personnel were captured \u2013 over 800 men \u2013 of whom 258 later died in captivity. Dispatched across south-east Asia, the men were used as forced labour on the Burma\u2013Thailand railway, and in camps on Java and Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0004-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nA small number of personnel who had been in the battalion's rear detail, managed to avoid capture having been routed separately from the Middle East. Returning to Australia, initially they were to be redistributed to other units, but eventually the decision was made to reform the 2/2nd and throughout the remainder of 1942 and into 1943 the battalion was rebuilt from this cadre. In June 1943, the 2/2nd Pioneers were deployed to New Guinea undertaking both traditional infantry and engineering tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0004-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAssigned once again to the 7th Division, they saw combat in the Markham\u2013Ramu Valley, advancing overland from Tsili Tsili, and constructing an airfield after the Landing at Nadzab. They were then re-roled as infantry and joined the drive on Lae alongside Australian and US forces. They remained in New Guinea, taking part in the advance into the Finisterres, including the fighting around Shaggy Ridge, until early 1944 when they returned to Australia for rest and reorganisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0005-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion's final involvement in the war came in mid-1945 when it deployed to support both the 7th and 9th Divisions in Operation Oboe as part of the 2nd Beach Group. In this role they participated in both the Battle of Tarakan and the Battle of Balikpapan during the Borneo campaign. During this campaign, the battalion was used primarily as a labour force around the beachhead, unloading stores and equipment, maintaining defensive positions and guarding prisoners. Following the end of hostilities in August 1945, the battalion was disbanded in late 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0005-0001", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nThe 2/2nd's casualties during the war amounted to 394 killed in action or died on active service, and 121 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: two Distinguished Service Orders, five Officers of the Order of the British Empire, two Military Crosses, two British Empire Medals, 13 Military Medals and 13 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0006-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter the war, the functions of the pioneers were subsumed into traditional infantry battalions, which each raised a platoon of assault pioneers within their support companies. As a result, no pioneer battalions have been re-raised in the Australian Army since the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161018-0007-0000", "contents": "2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor the service during World War II, the 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161019-0000-0000", "contents": "2/3 holin family\nThe 2 or 3 TMS Putative Holin (2/3 Holin) Family () consists of many proteobacterial proteins ranging in size from about 70 to 120 amino acyl residues (aas) in length that exhibit 2 or 3 predicted transmembrane segments (TMSs). Although annotated as holins, these proteins are not yet functionally characterized. A representative list of proteins belonging to the 2/3 Holin family can be found in the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0000-0000", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/30th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during World War II. Raised in late 1940 as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), the battalion formed part of the 27th Brigade, which was assigned to the 8th Division. In mid-1941, the battalion was deployed to Malaya, as the garrison there was increased amidst rising tensions in the Pacific. In early1942, it fought against the Japanese during the Malayan Campaign and the Battle of Singapore, where it was captured in February 1942. Many of the 2/30th's personnel died in captivity before the war ended in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0001-0000", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nFormed on 22 November 1940 at Tamworth, New South Wales, the battalion was part of the 27th Brigade, which was initially raised as part of the 9th Division, before being transferred to the 8th Division. A unit of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), the battalion drew its personnel from training and Militia battalions manned by volunteers from the state of New South Wales, recruiting mainly from Sydney and several regional areas including Wagga Wagga, Goulburn and Dubbo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0001-0001", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nMost of the battalion's initial intake of officers were drawn from local Militia infantry battalions, although some were commissioned from the ranks. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 30th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were purple and yellow, in an upright rectangle shape, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; the oval border denoted that the battalion was an 8th Division unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0002-0000", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 men, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. There was also a battalion headquarters and a headquarters company that consisted of various specialist platoons and sections including signals, mortars, transport, pioneers, anti-aircraft and administration. The battalion was equipped with a variety of vehicles including Bren carriers, sedans and trucks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0002-0001", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nUnder the command of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Galleghan, a former Militia officer who had commanded the 17th Battalion, the battalion completed its training around Bathurst, New South Wales, after moving there in early 1941 after commencing training at Tamworth, which was focused upon preparing the battalion for warfare in the Middle East, as it was believed that the 8th Division would ultimately join the other 2nd AIF divisions in the desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0003-0000", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Malaya and Singapore\nAs concerns about Japanese intentions in the Pacific grew, it was dispatched to Malaya in late July 1941 to carry out garrison duties, along with the rest of the 27th Brigade, where it joined the 22nd Brigade, which had been dispatched earlier in the year. Embarking aboard the transport Johann Van Olden-Barneveldt from Woolloomooloo, the battalion sailed as part of a convoy of three transports that transited through Fremantle, Western Australia, before arriving in Singapore in August 1941. Upon arrival, they established camp at Changi, remaining there until September, when the battalion moved north to Johore, establishing themselves around Batu Pahat. Further training was undertaken in Johore, including a large scale exercise around Kluang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0004-0000", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Malaya and Singapore\nFollowing Japan's entry into the war in December 1941 and the Malayan Campaign began, the 2/30th Battalion assumed battle stations around Kluang, before moving to Jemaluang. The battalion's involvement in the campaign saw it participate in the battles at the Gemencheh Bridge during the Battle of Gemas, around Ayer Hitam during the defence of Johore and on Singapore. The fighting around the Gemencheh Bridge was their most significant action. Taking place on 14 January 1942, it was the first major action undertaken by Australian forces during the fighting in Malaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0004-0001", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Malaya and Singapore\nAs the Japanese streamed south towards Johore, the battalion was tasked with carrying out an ambush around a cutting on the Gemas\u2013Tampin Road, to inflict heavy casualties before withdrawing. The ambush proved a considerable success, resulting in between 600 and 1,000 casualties for the Japanese and the destruction of several tanks and armoured vehicles. Nevertheless, the British and Commonwealth forces were steadily forced back off the Malay Peninsula and withdrew across the Causeway to Singapore Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0005-0000", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Malaya and Singapore\nAfter the withdrawal to Singapore, the 2/30th Battalion took up a defensive position near the Causeway, as the Australian forces were assigned to the north-west sector of the island. Within this area, the 27th Brigade adopted a position east of the Kranji River, with the 22nd on its left. When the Japanese attack came on early in the morning on 8 February, the main thrust fell on the 22nd Brigade's position and they were steadily forced back. On 10 February, the Japanese launched a second wave against the 27th Brigade's sector, and after a brief, but futile fight the 2/30th was forced to withdraw from the Causeway back towards Bukit Mandai as its flanks became exposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0006-0000", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Malaya and Singapore\nThe fighting continued for another week, during which the British and Commonwealth forces were pushed back south through Bukit Timah towards the urban area on the island's south-east coast. The Australians, under the command of Major General Gordon Bennett, formed a defensive perimeter about 8 kilometres (5.0\u00a0mi) from the centre of the city, in preparation to make a stand, with the 2/30th establishing itself near the French consulate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0006-0001", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Malaya and Singapore\nBut, on 15 February 1942, the British and Commonwealth garrison was ordered to surrender by the garrison commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, and as a result, the majority of the battalion was captured and subsequently became prisoners of war, although some were able to escape and return to Australia. They remained in Japanese captivity for the next three-and-a-half years, during which over 300 members of the battalion died from disease or brutality. The battalion's final commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel George Ramsay, who took over command of the 2/30th on 9 February after Galleghan was hospitalised. While the battalion was not officially disbanded until the end of the war, it was not reformed after the Malayan campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0007-0000", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), History, Malaya and Singapore\nDuring the course of the war the 2/30th Battalion lost 433 men killed in action or died in captivity, while a further 136 were wounded. The following decorations were bestowed upon 2/30th Battalion personnel: one Distinguished Service Order, four Officers of Order of the British Empire, two Military Crosses, two Distinguished Conduct Medals, one British Empire Medal and 16 Mentions in Despatches. As of 2008, the battalion's numerical designation was perpetuated by the 2/30 Training Group, an Australian Army unit stationed in Butterworth, Malaysia, which conducts training for forces deployed as part of Rifle Company Butterworth. This unit also uses the same Unit colour patch as the 2/30th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161020-0008-0000", "contents": "2/30th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/30th Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0000-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/31st Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during World War II. It was raised in June 1940 and was assigned to the 25th Brigade, 7th Division. It initially served in the United Kingdom where it undertook defensive duties before being moved to the Middle East in 1941. After taking part in the fighting in Syria and Lebanon, the battalion undertook garrison duties around Tripoli before being transferred back to Australia in 1942. In late 1942 the battalion was sent to New Guinea to fight against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track. They subsequently fought a number of battles throughout 1942, 1943 and early 1944. Their last campaign came in mid-1945 when they landed on Borneo. After the war the battalion was disbanded in March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0001-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe battalion was formed in the United Kingdom on 27 June 1940 from Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) personnel that had originally been designated for service in non-infantry roles who were grouped together to form an infantry battalion. Initially designated as the \"70th Battalion\", due to manpower shortages at first it was composed of only three rifle companies instead of the normal establishment of four. Many personnel were drawn from the 2/1st Anti -Tank Regiment at this time. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Horace Strutt the battalion was initially based at Tidworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0001-0001", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nIn August 1940, Strutt was replaced with Lieutenant Colonel Ragnar Garrett as commanding officer. In October 1940, the battalion's designation was changed to the \"2/31st Battalion\" in order to bring it in line with the designations of the rest of the 2nd AIF, and it moved to Colchester. In November, the battalion was assigned to the 25th Brigade. It was during this time the battalion suffered its first casualty, when one of its members was killed in a German air raid. While in England the battalion undertook training and was employed on defensive duties, guarding against a possible invasion by German forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0002-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe circumstances of the battalion's establishment overseas resulted in the situation of the battalion's personnel being issued two different Unit colour patches (UCP). Personnel who were in the United Kingdom at the end of 1940 were issued with a circular UCP consisting of black over red, with a border of grey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0002-0001", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nHowever, this UCP was issued without reference to Army Headquarters in Australia, who issued battalion reinforcements in Australia with a UCP consisting of an upright brown and yellow rectangle inside a grey circle: this was intended to link the battalion to the 31st Battalion, which had served during World War I. Upon arrival in the Middle East, though, these patches were replaced with the black and red patches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0003-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn January 1941, with the threat of invasion of England reduced, it was decided to send the 2nd AIF units there to the Middle East and the battalion arrived in Egypt in March 1941. Following this the battalion moved to Palestine where it undertook further training and received a draft of reinforcements which enabled it to raise a fourth company in order to bring it up to establishment. Having been transferred to the 7th Division, the battalion took up defensive positions around Mersa Matruh before taking part in the Syria-Lebanon campaign, during which it took part in several battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0004-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nThe first of these came in early June, when the battalion captured the town of Khirbe in Lebanon, before advancing towards Jezzine. On 13 June, the 2/31st, supported by a troop from the 7th Division Cavalry Regiment, crossed the Litani River bridge and led the advance. Coming under fire from Vichy French troops on the hills overlooking the town, the battalion suffered a number of casualties, including its commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Selwyn Porter. After clearing the French from the main position around Green Hill, Jezzine was finally secured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0004-0001", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nBetween 15 and 29 June, the French brought up reinforcements and subsequently launched a series of counterattacks against the Australians. On 17 June, a French attack at Jezzine was repulsed. The 2/31st then launched an unsuccessful attack on \"Hill 1332\", a key feature in the area, during which they lost seven killed and 22 wounded. The following day a further 17 men were killed when French aircraft attacked the battalion's positions around the Hotel Egypt. Throughout the rest of the month, fighting continued around Jezzine until on 29 June the Vichy French began to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0005-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nIn early July the 2/31st commenced operations to the north of Jezzine with the aim of securing the high ground around Amatour and Badarane. On the night of 9/10 July they advanced up steep terrain under the cover of a heavy artillery barrage. During the fighting that followed, one of the battalion's members, Private James Gordon, performed the deeds for which he subsequently received the Victoria Cross, crawling forward and single-handedly attacking a French post that was holding up his company's advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0006-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nOn 12 July an armistice was signed between the Allies and the Vichy French. Following this, the battalion established itself at Amchite where they undertook occupation duties until mid-September when the 25th Brigade received orders to move to Tripoli. The 2/31st Battalion was assigned the task of fortifying Jebel Tourbel, about 10 miles (16\u00a0km) north of Tripoli. Upon completion of this task, the battalion undertook defensive duties there until February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0007-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns 1942\u20131944\nDue to concerns about the entry of Japan into the war in the Pacific, the battalion was brought back to Australia in early 1942. Departing Port Tewfik on 9 February on the MV Vernon, the battalion arrived at Port Adelaide, South Australia, on 9 March and moved to Camp Woodside. In early April they conducted a road and rail move to Casino, New South Wales, where a weeks' leave was granted before moving on to Caboolture, Queensland. During this time the battalion undertook defensive duties securing the northern approach to Brisbane during the Battle of the Coral Sea. From June they began jungle training in preparation for deployment to New Guinea in September where the units of the Militia had been fighting a delaying campaign against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0008-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns 1942\u20131944\nOn 31 August, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Colin Dunbar, the battalion was moved to Brisbane where they embarked upon the Cremer bound for Port Moresby. Arriving there on 9 September, the battalion received orders to proceed towards the Owen Stanley Range. They arrived at Ioribaiwa on 15 September, however, almost as soon as they arrived they were forced to pull back to Imita Ridge. The Japanese, however, had exhausted their supply lines and were unable to follow and thus the Australian force was able to begin its own advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0008-0001", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns 1942\u20131944\nOn 1 November, the 2/31st was in the vanguard as it entered the village of Kokoda. Following this, Dunbar handed over command of the battalion to Lieutenant Colonel James Miller, and under his command the battalion took part in significant battles at Gorari and Gona. In December, however, Miller died from scrub typhus,  and as the casualties from combat and disease mounted the battalion was eventually withdrawn from the fighting to Port Moresby from where it embarked to return to Australia in January 1943. By the end of the battalion's involvement in the campaign, only 55 men were fit for duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0009-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea campaigns 1942\u20131944\nFollowing six months of training and re-organisation in Australia, the 2/31st returned to New Guinea in July 1943 where, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Murray Robson who had previously served as second in command, they took part in the Salamaua-Lae campaign, before carrying out patrolling operations through the Markham Valley and into the Finisterre Range as part of the Finisterre Range campaign. After having been relieved by the 24th Battalion in January 1944, the 2/31st was once again withdrawn to Australia, arriving there in February to reconstitute and train for the next phase of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0010-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo 1945\nAfter this the battalion spent over a year training on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland before moving to Morotai and then later taking part in the landing at Balikpapan along with the rest of the 7th Division in one of the last Australian campaigns of the war. Landing at Green Beach on 2 July 1945, the second day of the operation, the 2/31st went ashore unopposed and moved inland, taking up positions in the centre of the Australian line around a location called \"Ration\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0010-0001", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo 1945\nAfter establishing themselves on the hill, later in the day they were struck by airburst artillery before commencing clearing patrols and occupying a smaller feature known as \"Resort\". The following day the battalion commenced operations along the Milford Highway, as the Japanese began to withdraw towards Batuchampar. Attacking Japanese positions around the \"Nobody\" and \"Nurse\" features, the 2/31st encountered heavy opposition from the Japanese defenders. Having lost 50 men killed or wounded, the battalion occupied the positions on 4 July, after the Japanese withdrew, having lost 63 killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0011-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo 1945\nFollowing this, the Australians advanced along the open country along the Milford Highway. Relying heavily upon direct and indirect fire support to suppress the Japanese positions along the numerous ridges that lay astride the axis of advance, the going was slow. By 9 July the open country of the coast turned to thick bush and the Australians began to encounter improvised explosive devices and booby traps in the scrub.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0011-0001", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo 1945\nEarly on 10 July, a company from the 2/31st Battalion launched a successful attack which saw them capture 12 3-inch naval guns that were being used as part of the Japanese defensive system for the loss of five wounded. Late in the afternoon, while fighting around the \"Coke\" feature, the battalion suffered a serious setback when a company was ambushed, resulting in 18 killed and 23 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0012-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo 1945\nA brief period of inactivity followed before the advance continued. On 26 July, as a result of the casualties that they had suffered earlier in the month, the battalion was withdrawn from the fighting and moved to the rear. Although they undertook security duties, they did not see action again before the war ended on 15 August 1945. During the fighting around Balikpapan the 2/31st Battalion suffered the highest number of casualties of any Allied unit deployed in the Borneo campaign, losing 44 men killed and 134 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0013-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of the war, the battalion remained in Borneo. Initially they were stationed around Bandjermasin where they undertook garrison duties, but in October 1945 they were moved to Balikpapan. At this time, the demobilisation process began and some of the battalion's long serving personnel were offered the opportunity to return to Australia. Others were transferred to the 65th Battalion, which was being raised as part of the Australian contribution to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. On  31 January 1946, the remaining personnel embarked upon HMAS Kanimbla, for the return to Australia. They landed in Brisbane in February 1946, where the battalion was disbanded early the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0014-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the course of the war a total of 2,660 men served in the 2/31st Battalion of whom 251 were killed or died and 479 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, three Distinguished Service Orders, four Military Crosses, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, 20 Military Medals and 25 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0015-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/31st Battalion received 22 battle honours for its service during World War II. These honours are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161021-0016-0000", "contents": "2/31st Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/31st Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0000-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/32nd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during the Second World War. Formed in June 1940 from surplus Australian troops who had been sent to the United Kingdom shortly after the Fall of France, the battalion was originally designated the \"71st Battalion\", before being redesignated. After completing training in the United Kingdom, the 2/32nd served in North Africa in 1941\u20131942 as part of the 25th Brigade, which was assigned to the 9th Division, before being assigned to the 24th Brigade. In early 1943, the battalion returned to Australia and later took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943\u20131944 around Lae and on the Huon Peninsula, and in Borneo, landing on Labuan in mid-1945, before being disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0001-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nInitially designated the 71st Battalion, the unit was raised in the United Kingdom in June 1940, as part of the 25th Brigade, which was formed from Australian troops that had been sent to the country to help bolster the garrison after the Fall of France. Understrength upon formation, the battalion consisted of only three rifle companies at the outset, rather than the usual four, and drew personnel from infantry reinforcements and surplus support corps troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0001-0001", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nUnder the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alonzo Sparkes, individual and collective training was completed at Tidworth Barracks and Colchester, and by October 1940, the battalion was redesignated as the 2/32nd Battalion, to bring them into line with the other units of the Second Australian Imperial Force. At the time, along with the troops of the 18th Brigade, they were tasked with responding in the event of a cross-Channel invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0002-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nThe circumstances of the battalion's establishment overseas resulted in the unique situation of the battalion's personnel being issued two different unit colour patches. Personnel who were in the United Kingdom at the end of 1940 were issued with a circular UCP consisting of purple over red, with a border of grey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0002-0001", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nHowever, this UCP was issued without reference to Army Headquarters in Australia, who issued battalion reinforcements in Australia with a UCP consisting of an upright white and yellow rectangle inside a grey circle: this was intended to link the battalion to the 32nd Battalion, which had served during the First World War. Upon arrival at the unit, though, these patches were replaced with the purple and red patches. The battalion received a third UCP, following the unit's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk, when the 9th Division units adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0003-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nThe feared invasion of the United Kingdom never eventuated, and by early 1941, the two Australian infantry brigades that had been sent to the United Kingdom were transferred to the Middle East. Arriving there in March 1941, the 2/32nd Battalion, along with the rest of the 25th Brigade, joined the 9th Division. A fourth company was raised while the battalion completed further training in Palestine and then, in April, the battalion joined the fighting in the Western Desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0003-0001", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter the Allies were pushed back to Tobruk, the 2/32nd Battalion was moved forward by train to Mersa Matruh, and then by ship to the encircled port of Tobruk. By May, they were firmly established and around this time, the battalion was transferred to the 24th Brigade, joining its other two battalions in the defence of the port. They remained there, conducting patrols and manning the line, until 23 September 1941, when the majority of the Australian garrison was withdrawn by sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0003-0002", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nThe 2/32nd subsequently served in Palestine and Lebanon until July 1942 when the 9th Division was called upon to help stem the tide of the German and Italian advance around El Alamein; throughout the remainder of the year, the battalion took part in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0004-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nIn December 1942, the battalion was withdrawn back to Gaza, where the 9th Division concentrated prior to departure from the Middle East; the Japanese had entered the war in the Pacific the previous year, and the Australian government had requested that their troops be returned as they were needed for the fighting in New Guinea. After a parade at Gaza in December, the 9th Division departed the Middle East in January 1943, arriving back in Australia the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0005-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nA period of reorganisation followed, during which time the battalion was converted to the jungle divisional establishment, before being committed to the fighting for the first time in the Pacific in September 1943, when they were assigned to capture Lae, during the final stages of the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign. After conducting an amphibious landing north-west of the town, the battalion's involvement in the fighting was limited as it was held back as part of the divisional reserve throughout the operation and Lae was captured sooner than expected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0005-0001", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion's next campaign followed only a few weeks later, when the operations to secure the Huon Peninsula were launched, with the 24th Brigade landing at Finchhafen in late September. Throughout the following months, the 2/32nd was involved in the fighting around the landing beaches and then the advance inland. It was heavily involved in the fighting around Pabu, where over 195 Japanese were killed before the Australians continued the advance into the Christmas Hills in December 1943. The battalion's campaign ended in February 1944, when it was withdrawn back to Australia for rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0006-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nA long period of training followed on the Atherton Tablelands, as inter-Allied politics resulted in limited opportunities for the employment of Australian troops throughout 1944 and into 1945. As a result, it was not until mid-1945 that the 2/32nd went into battle again. The Borneo campaign ultimately proved to be their final involvement in the war. During the initial operations to capture Labuan, the battalion remained in reserve, and only came ashore on 12 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0006-0001", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nThe battalion was transported from Labuan to Padas Bay four days, on 16 June, via landing craft, and following this took part in capturing Weston the next day. The 2/32nd subsequently patrolled towards Beaufort, carrying out an attack on the town in concert with the 2/43rd Battalion on 26 June, to secure the Weston\u2013Beaufort railway line. Throughout early July the battalion advanced towards Papar. The main advance was made along the railway line with a flanking move being provided by one company that conducted an amphibious landing to the south; after these moves, the town was subsequently taken on 12 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0007-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), History\nFollowing the end of hostilities in August, the 2/32nd's personnel were repatriated to Australia in drafts for demobilisation or transfer to other units for further service. The remaining personnel were transported back to Australian as a cadre in January 1946, at which time the 2/32nd was disbanded. During its service, a total of 2,916 men served with the battalion of whom 214 were killed, 567 wounded and 225 captured. Members of the 2/32nd received the following decorations: three Distinguished Service Orders, four Military Crosses, four Distinguished Conduct Medals, 16 Military Medals, and 42 Mentions in Despatches; in addition, three members of the battalion were appointed as Officers of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0008-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961, these battle honours were entrusted to the 32nd Battalion, and through that link are now maintained by the Royal Victoria Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161022-0009-0000", "contents": "2/32nd Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/32nd:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0000-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/33rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army during the Second World War. It was formed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom in  June 1940 as the \"72nd Battalion\" to create the 25th Brigade, which eventually became part of the 7th Division. After the threat of invasion had passed, the battalion was transferred to the Middle East in early 1941, and after a period of garrison duty in the Western Desert, the battalion fought against the Vichy French in the invasion of Syria and Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0001-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia)\nLater, in early 1942, in response to Japan's entry to the war, the battalion was transferred back to Australia and after a period of re-organisation and training it was sent to New Guinea where it took part in the Kokoda Track campaign. Arriving at the height of the fighting, after the Japanese advance stalled it took part in the pursuit of Japanese forces to the northern coast, fighting around the beachheads at Buna\u2013Gona. In 1943, after returning to Australia for six months to refit, the battalion was committed to the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign, and then the Ramu Valley\u2013Finisterre Range campaign. Returning to Australia in early 1944, a long period of inactivity followed before the 2/33rd undertook its last campaign in Borneo in the final months of the war. The battalion was disbanded in Brisbane in March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0002-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation in the United Kingdom\nRaised on 27 June 1940, as part of the 25th Brigade, the battalion was initially designated the 72nd Battalion, as a continuation of the numbers assigned to the infantry battalions of the Australian Imperial Force, which had been raised during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0002-0001", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation in the United Kingdom\nOne of three Australian infantry battalions established in the United Kingdom during the early months of the war\u00a0\u2013 the others being 2/31st and 2/32nd Battalions\u00a0\u2013 it was formed from surplus Australian infantry reinforcements and support corps personnel\u00a0\u2013 drawn from all Australian states, these personnel had originally been assigned to the 6th Division\u00a0\u2013 who were sent to bolster the garrison following the Fall of France when the threat of invasion loomed. Understrength and lacking support personnel and large amounts of specialist equipment, the battalion initially consisted of only three rifle companies, each consisting of three platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0002-0002", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation in the United Kingdom\nThe companies were designated 'A' to 'C', while the platoons were numerically designated 1 through to 9. This was one rifle company short of the standard establishment of the time, and at the time the battalion had a strength of just over 460 personnel, well below its authorised strength of around 900. In addition, the battalion headquarters company, which consisted of six platoons\u00a0\u2013 signals, anti-aircraft, mortars, carrier, pioneer, and transport\u00a0\u2013 was also understrength, and lacked a large amount of specialist equipment at the outset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0003-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation in the United Kingdom\nCommanded by Lieutenant Colonel Rudolph Bierwirth, in September, the battalion was issued with a circular brown over red unit colour patch (UCP), with a border of grey to denote that the battalion was a 2nd AIF unit. However, the circumstances of the battalion's establishment overseas resulted in the situation of the battalion's personnel being issued two different UCPs. Personnel who were in the United Kingdom at the end of 1940 were issued with the brown over red UCP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0003-0001", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation in the United Kingdom\nHowever, this UCP was issued without reference to Army Headquarters in Australia, who issued battalion reinforcements in Australia with a UCP consisting of a black over green oval in a circle of grey: this was intended to link the battalion to the 33rd Battalion, which had served during the First World War. Upon arrival in the Middle East, though, these patches were replaced with the brown and red patches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0004-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation in the United Kingdom\nIn October, the unit moved from Tidworth to Colchester and around the same time it was redesignated as the 2/33rd Battalion, to bring it into line with the other battalions of the Second Australian Imperial Force. At Colchester, the Australians undertook a period of intensive training which was followed by defensive duties amidst the backdrop of the ongoing Battle of Britain, which took place in the skies overhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0004-0001", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation in the United Kingdom\nDuring this time, the battalion was allocated the role of mobile reserve, assigned the task of counter-attacking around Harwich in the event of a German invasion; in this role they undertook further training operating with and against tanks, with British armoured vehicles and crews being assigned to the battalion during training exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0005-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in North Africa and fighting in Syria\nBy the end of 1940, the threat of invasion had dissipated and the Australian troops that had been sent to the United Kingdom were transferred to the Middle East. Travelling by train from Colchester to Glasgow in January 1941, the main body of the battalion embarked upon the transport Nea Hellas and sailed via Freetown and Durban. They reached Egypt in early March 1941 where the 25th Brigade, was assigned to the 7th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0005-0001", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in North Africa and fighting in Syria\nMoving to a camp in Palestine, the battalion's fourth rifle company\u00a0\u2013 designated 'D' Company\u00a0\u2013 was taken on strength, having previously been formed at Beit Jirja in September 1940 from excess reinforcements from the 6th Division. At the time, the 7th Division was preparing to go to Greece, to follow in the wake of the 6th Division; however, the entry of the Afrika Korps into the fighting in the Western Desert and early German successes prompted their movement to the fortress at Mersa Metruh, to guard against a possible German advance into Egypt from Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0006-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in North Africa and fighting in Syria\nThe 2/33rd remained at Mersa Metruh, undertaking defensive duties, until May 1941, but did not see combat. After this, the 7th Division began to prepare for an invasion of Vichy French-held Syria and Lebanon. A short-lived campaign, from early June until mid-July, the 2/33rd took part in the fighting around Merdjayoun\u00a0\u2013 attacking Fort Khiam in the early stages of the campaign\u00a0\u2013 and Jezzine, fighting mainly in disparate company groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0006-0001", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in North Africa and fighting in Syria\nFollowing the French capitulation, the battalion undertook garrison duties in Lebanon as part of the Allied occupation force established there to defend against a possible German invasion through Turkey; in September the battalion occupied a position around the port of Tripoli. They remained there until early 1942 when the Australian government requested the return of the 7th Division to Australia, following Japan's entry into the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0006-0002", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in North Africa and fighting in Syria\nThe battalion's role, and indeed that of the whole 7th Division, in the fighting against the Vichy French was largely censored at the time due to concerns about negative public opinion in Australia and the battalion's historian, William Crooks, notes that later this caused some friction between 7th Division personnel and those from the 6th and 9th Divisions, and a general lack of public awareness of what they had done. Casualties sustained by the battalion in Syria and Lebanon numbered 21 dead, 84 wounded and 26 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0007-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea\nEmbarking on the Mt Vernon in Port Tewfik, the battalion sailed from Egypt in early February and arrived in Adelaide, South Australia, in mid-March. After this, the battalion camped at Woodside, in the Adelaide Hills, where a period of re-conditioning and exercises followed until mid-April when the majority of its personnel were sent on home leave. At the end of the month, those that remained undertook a five-day train journey to Casino, New South Wales. Limited training was undertaken until mid-May, around which time orders were received for another move, this time to Caboolture, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0007-0001", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea\nBy the end of the month, the battalion returned to almost full strength when the final leave draft returned. At the time, the strategic situation in the Pacific was in the balance; the Japanese were advancing south and due to concerns about a possible Japanese invasion, the 25th Brigade was tasked with defending the coastal area north of Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0008-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea\nIn late August 1942, the 2/33rd deployed to New Guinea, where the Kokoda Track campaign was reaching its climax as the Japanese advanced on Port Moresby. Embarking on the Katoomba in late August, they landed at Port Moresby on 9 September. Four days later the battalion was thrown into battle against the Japanese around Ioribaiwa, leading the 25th Brigade forward. As the Japanese advance continued, the Australians withdrew back to Imita Ridge. As the 25th Brigade withdrew, the 2/33rd formed a rearguard, covering the withdrawal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0008-0001", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea\nAfter completing the movement rearwards, the battalion subsequently assumed a position in depth on the right. The Japanese then began to withdraw, having reached the limits of their supply line, and the Australians pursued them back to the beachheads on the northern coast where the Japanese had originally landed in July. Throughout October and November, the battalion fought significant engagements at Myola and Gorari, before being thrown into further fighting around Gona in late November and early December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0008-0002", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea\nCasualties were heavy, and by the time the Japanese beachhead had been destroyed, the battalion was withdrawn to Port Moresby, the battalion had been reduced to only two companies; early in January 1943, the main body of 2/33rd returned to Australia upon the transports Both and Duntroon. The rear detail followed in the middle of the month aboard the Taroona. Total casualties sustained by the 2/33rd during this period had included 46 dead and 121 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0009-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea\nConcentrating at Ravenshoe, in Queensland, in the early months of 1943 the 2/33rd was reorganised as part of the 7th Division's conversion to the jungle divisional establishment. As a part of this, the battalion's establishment was dropped to just over 800 men and it lost its carrier platoon, receiving in its place a machine gun platoon equipped with four Vickers machine guns. In addition, the anti-aircraft platoon was re-roled as a tank-attack platoon and the transport platoon was reduced to a third, with its complement of 74 vehicles and 14 motorcycles being replaced by 25 jeeps. Following this, an intense period of training was undertaken as the battalion received a batch of around 300 reinforcements to replace its losses in New Guinea; by July it was ready to deploy once again and subsequently returned to New Guinea to join the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0010-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea\nThroughout the final weeks of July, the battalion was transported to Port Moresby aboard three transports: Canberra, Duntroon and Katoomba. Establishing a camp at \"Pom-Pom\" east of Port Moresby, the battalion spent the following month preparing for an airlift into Nadzab, in support of US paratroopers. On 7 September 1943, while the battalion's personnel waited to fly out to Nadzab from Jackson's Airfield, near Port Moresby, a heavily laden US B-24 Liberator bomber crashed into trucks carrying the battalion, killing 60 and injuring a further 92; this represented a third of the battalion's casualties for the entire war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0010-0001", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea\nThe following day, the 2/33rd was flown into Nadzab and they subsequently took part in the capture of Lae; at the end of the month, they were transported by air to Kaipit from where they were committed to the advance up the Ramu Valley into the Finnesterre Range during which they were involved mainly in small unit actions and patrols. The battalion's casualties in New Guinea during the campaigns of 1943\u20131944 numbered 84 dead and 70 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 82], "content_span": [83, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0011-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo: Final campaign and disbandment\nIn early February 1944, the battalion was withdrawn back to Australia, returning aboard the Kanimbla. A long period of training and rebuilding followed, as US forces assumed the primary responsibility for the fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific. Inter-Allied politics, coupled with a rapidly evolving strategic situation resulted in a period of operational uncertainty for the Australian Army during which there was significant ambiguity about their future employment against the Japanese. As a result, it was not until close to the end of the war that the 2/33rd went into action again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0011-0001", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo: Final campaign and disbandment\nIn June 1945, the battalion embarked for Morotai Island, from where they subsequently took part in the re-capture of Balikpapan the following month. During the landing, the 2/33rd formed part of the floating reserve, but after the early stages of the assault it came ashore on the second day along with the 25th Brigade's two other infantry battalions, and they assumed control of the central part of the Australian beachhead. The following day, the 25th Brigade began to advance inland up the main north-eastern axis, which the Australians dubbed the \"Milford Highway\". The 2/33rd took up position on the right hand side of the brigade's front, coming up against stiff Japanese resistance as it advanced around Chilton Road, but this was overcome with machine gun and artillery support, after which the advance inland continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0012-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo: Final campaign and disbandment\nA series of minor actions followed as the Australians continued their advance up the Milford Highway. After a month of fighting, the island was largely secured and following the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945, the Japanese sued for peace and hostilities came to an end. During the fighting in Borneo the 2/33rd had lost 25 dead and 57 wounded. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Australians remained on Borneo as an occupation force, while the Army was slowly demobilised. During this time the battalion was steadily reduced as personnel were repatriated to Australia for discharge, or were transferred to other units for further service, including providing personnel to the 34th Brigade, which was raised for occupation duties in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0013-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), History, Borneo: Final campaign and disbandment\nIn February 1946, the remaining cadre returned to Australia and the following month it was disbanded in Brisbane. During the war, 3,065 men served in the battalion, while a further 588 were posted to it following the war; of these, the 2/33rd lost 200 men killed and 363 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: two Distinguished Service Orders, seven Military Crosses, 11 Military Medals and 27 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161023-0014-0000", "contents": "2/33rd Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor its service during the war, the 2/33rd was awarded the following battle and theatre honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161024-0000-0000", "contents": "2/39 Evzone Regiment\nThe 2/39 Evzone Regiment \"Col. Karachristos\" (Greek: 2/39 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u0395\u03c5\u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u00ab\u03a3\u03a7\u0397\u03a3 \u039a\u0391\u03a1\u0391\u03a7\u03a1\u0397\u03a3\u03a4\u039f\u03a3\u00bb, 2/39 \u03a3\u0395) is a historic unit of the Hellenic Army. Formerly an elite Evzone (light infantry) regiment, today its name and tradition are borne by the Recruit Training Centre of Messolonghi (\u039a\u0395\u039d \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161024-0001-0000", "contents": "2/39 Evzone Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formed on 23 December 1913 at Messolonghi, as part of the Hellenic Army's reorganization following the Balkan Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161024-0002-0000", "contents": "2/39 Evzone Regiment, History\nThe regiment fought in the Macedonian front operations of World War I as part of the 3rd Infantry Division from 25 April 1918 until the war's end in the Prespa Lakes area. Following the Allied breakthrough of the German-Bulgarian front in autumn, the regiment advanced to Pirot. Along with the rest of the division, it was transferred to Smyrna in August 1920, and took part in all subsequent operations of the Asia Minor Campaign until the Greek defeat in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161024-0003-0000", "contents": "2/39 Evzone Regiment, History\nDuring the Greco-Italian War of 1940\u201341, the regiment was part of the 8th Infantry Division and thus one of the first units to face the Italian attack. The regiment served throughout the conflict, being disbanded after the capitulation of the Greek army to the Germans in April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161024-0004-0000", "contents": "2/39 Evzone Regiment, History\nAfter the end of World War II, on 2 December 1950 a training centre for new recruits (\u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u039a\u0395\u039d) was established at Messolonghi, which on 31 August 1965 received the designation \"12th Infantry Regiment\", before being renamed to \"2/39 Evzone Regiment\" on 26 June 1978. On 26 September 2000, the regiment received the honorific name \"Col. Karachristos\" after its commander, Col. Vlasios Karachristos, killed in action on 20 August 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161024-0005-0000", "contents": "2/39 Evzone Regiment, History\nFor its wartime service, the regiment had been twice decorated with the highest Greek military distinction, the Commander's Cross of the Cross of Valour, the first time for its actions in the Macedonian Front, and the second for its actions during the spring and summer battles of 1921, especially the two-day battle of Avgin near Bursa in March. The regiment was also awarded the French Croix de guerre 1914\u20131918 for its actions on the Macedonian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161024-0006-0000", "contents": "2/39 Evzone Regiment, History\nThe regiment and the training centre are located in the \"Lt. Gen. Spyros Moustaklis Camp\" on the northern outskirts of Messolonghi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0000-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment was an Australian Army anti-tank artillery regiment that was raised for service during the Second World War as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force. It was formed in July 1940, and was assigned to the 8th Division, but was later reassigned to the 9th Division. With this formation, the regiment took part in the Siege of Tobruk in 1941 and then the First and Second Battles of El Alamein in 1942. After returning to Australia in early 1943, the regiment became a corps-assigned unit, and its individual batteries served in New Guinea in 1943\u20131944, and then Borneo against the Japanese in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0001-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and service in North Africa\nThe 2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment was formed in July 1940 at Warwick Farm, New South Wales, as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force that was raised for overseas service during World War II. The regiment was assigned to the 8th Division on formation but it was later transferred to the 9th Division; its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Eoin Munro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0001-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and service in North Africa\nIt initially consisted of four batteries \u2013 the  9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th \u2013 and like other such units raised at this time, had an authorised strength of 30 officers and 526 soldiers, and forty-eight Ordnance QF 2-pounder guns, although it did not initially receive these weapons and initial training was undertaken using simulated weapons. In September, the regiment moved to Ingleburn, New South Wales, before embarking for the Middle East in November, arriving the following month. Further training was undertaken at Julis, in Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0002-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and service in North Africa\nIn February \u2013 March 1941, the regiment joined the rest of the 9th Division; the regiment was sent to Amiriya in Egypt, where they were hastily issued with a mix of weapons including captured Solothurn anti-tank rifles, Italian 47\u00a0mm guns, and 37\u00a0mm Bofors guns. Amidst the chaos and confusion of  the German offensive in Cyrenaica, the regiment was dispersed across several locations \u2013 the 9th Battery garrisoned the port of Tobruk, while the 12th remained on the Egyptian border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0002-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and service in North Africa\nThe 11th Battery, and regimental headquarters, was allocated to support the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade at Mechili, where they were heavily engaged over three days in early April. After the town was surrounded by German armoured forces, the force attempted to break out and withdraw back to Tobruk. Some  was eventually captured; the regiment lost 91 men captured, including Munro, as well as four others killed and seven wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0003-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and service in North Africa\nThe remnants of the regiment, then under the command of Major Henry Glover, concentrated around Tobruk where the 9th Battery joined them as the town fell under siege. New 2-pounder guns were issued, and the regiment assumed command of several infantry anti-tank companies (the 20th and 24th). They were heavily engaged over Easter, as the Germans launched a heavy armoured assault against the perimeter. Meanwhile, the 12th Battery was cut off from the regiment, and was assigned to the 22nd Guards Brigade carrying out defensive actions around the frontier, before being transferred to support the 7th Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0003-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and service in North Africa\nIn August, the battery deployed to Mersa Matruh, rejoining the Australian 9th Division. The rest of the regiment remained in Tobruk until September, taking part in the defence of the town before being relieved by a British unit, and withdrawn by sea back to Palestine. Its losses during the siege amounted to 11 killed, 39 wounded and 96 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0004-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and service in North Africa\nFollowing withdrawal from Tobruk, the regiment was reformed at Hill 95 before moving to Qastina Camp to rejoin the rest of the 9th Division. It was expanded to a 64-gun regiment, and absorbed several anti-tank companies at this time. They deployed to Syria in January 1942, undertaking defensive duties around Tripoli as part of the Allied occupation force, remaining there until June 1942 when they were recalled to Egypt after the Germans launched an offensive. By July, the regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J.F. Herbertson; the 2-pounders were replaced by 6-pounders around this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0004-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Formation and service in North Africa\nDetaching a battery to support each of the 9th Division's three infantry brigades, over the course of several months the regiment took part in defensive fighting during the First Battle of El Alamein. Casualties throughout July amounted to 23 killed, 80 wounded and 46 captured. Later, during October and November, the regiment supported the offensive actions of the Second Battle of El Alamein, during which the 9th Division carried out attacks towards the coast, before the  Allied breakthrough in early November. The 2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment fired 1,276 rounds during 13 days of heavy fighting, during which 36 guns were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 84], "content_span": [85, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0005-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Service in New Guinea and Borneo\nIn December, the regiment was withdrawn back to Palestine, at which time preparations began for the 9th Division to return to Australia, where they were to join the other 2nd AIF divisions fighting the Japanese. Embarking in January 1943, the regiment returned to Australia by sea, and reached Sydney the following month. A period of leave followed, before the regiment was reconstituted at Kairi, Queensland; around this time it was re-designated the 2/3rd Tank Attack Regiment. As the Australian Army was reorganised for the fighting in the Pacific, it adopted the jungle division establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0005-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Service in New Guinea and Borneo\nThis saw a reduction in the number of anti-tank batteries assigned to each division to one, as the armoured threat was considered low in the Australian Army's area of operations in the Pacific; as a result the regiment became a corps asset, assigned to I Corps. The 9th Battery was subsequently assigned to the 4th Division, and was transferred out of the regiment, moving to Townsville, Queensland, while the 12th Battery was temporarily assigned to the 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0006-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Service in New Guinea and Borneo\nThe 10th Battery deployed to New Guinea in July, initially with a view to provide support during the advance through the Markham Valley; however, the lack of Japanese armour meant they remained around Port Moresby and were used in a defensive role, and undertook manual labour until returning to Australia in April 1944. Meanwhile, in September 1943, the 11th Battery was detached for the landing at Lae, supporting the 9th Division. Later, it deployed to support the 20th Brigade around Scarlet Beach during operations to secure Finschaffen, manning defensive positions along the beach, before returning to Australia in March 1944. In May 1944, the regiment was reconstituted, with the 10th and 11th Batteries rejoining regimental headquarters at Mapee, Queensland; in August, they moved to Wongabel. The 12th Battery returned to the regiment in September 1944, when the 6th Division deployed to Aitape\u2013Wewak where there was no need for anti-tank support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 1036]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0007-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Service in New Guinea and Borneo\nBy late 1944, the jungle division establishment was changed, and the allocation of anti-tank batteries restored to three per division. The regiment moved to Ravenshoe, Queensland, concentrating with the rest of the 9th Division at this time in preparation for deployment overseas. By December 1944, the regiment was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel J.N.L Argent, on the Atherton Tablelands. He subsequently commanded the regiment during its final campaign of the war, the recapture of Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0007-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Service in New Guinea and Borneo\nThe move began in March 1945, via Cairns, Queensland, and then to Morotai Island; the regiment undertook labouring duties in May loading ships to support the 26th Brigade's operation to retake Tarakan. Further stevedoring work was undertaken in June before the regiment embarked to support landings around Labuan and Brunei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0007-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History, Service in New Guinea and Borneo\nThere was no real anti-tank role for them, and as such during the advance on Weston and Beaufort, the regiment was employed mainly as makeshift infantry assigned to the ad hoc Gusforce, to carry out patrols around Sipitang; it also employed a variety of weapons, including 4.2-inch mortars, 6-pounder anti-tank guns and 75 mm pack howitzers. At the end of the fighting the regiment undertake garrison duties on the Natuna Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0008-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), Legacy and perpetuation\nApproximately 1,800 personnel served in the 2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment during its existence. The Australian War Memorial lists 70 members of the regiment on the Roll of Honour as having lost their lives during the war, while 28 members were decorated as a result of their service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0009-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), Legacy and perpetuation\nPost war, the regiment was perpetuated by the 3rd Anti-Tank Regiment, which was raised in 1948 within the part-time Citizens Military Force. This unit was later converted to a field artillery regiment, and in the 1950s was re-designated as the 23rd Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161025-0010-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), Legacy and perpetuation\nThe regiment was later reduced to a battery and in 2018 was assigned to the 9th Regiment, Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0000-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/3rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Raised for service during the Second World War as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), it was formed in October 1939 in Sydney and was attached to the 16th Brigade, 6th Division, the first formation raised as part of the 2nd AIF during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0000-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia)\nDeploying to the Middle East in early 1940, it saw action in North Africa, Greece, Crete, and Syria in 1941\u20131942 before returning to Australia following Japan's entry into the war, and was one of only two Australian infantry battalions to fight against all the major Axis powers of the war: the Germans, Italians, Japanese and Vichy French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0001-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia)\nIn 1942\u20131943, the battalion took part in fighting along the Kokoda Track before returning to Australia where it spent over a year training and being rebuilt. In December 1944, the 2/3rd returned to New Guinea to take part in the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign and remained there until the war ended. Following the end of hostilities, the battalion was disbanded on 8 February 1946 in Brisbane. The battalion's battle honours are perpetuated by the Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0002-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nUpon the outbreak of the Second World War the Australian government decided to raise an all-volunteer force for service overseas, due to the provisions of the Defence Act (1903) which restricted the deployment of the part-time Militia to only those areas considered to be Australian territory. This force was known as the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), and the 6th Division was the first to be raised. As a unit of this formation, the 2/3rd Battalion was formed at Victoria Barracks, Sydney, on 24 October 1939. Along with the 2/1st, 2/2nd and 2/4th Battalions, the 2/3rd was assigned to the 16th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0003-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAlthough initially the infantry battalions of the 6th Division adopted the Australian battalion structure of two rifle companies, a support company, a light machine gun platoon and an administrative headquarters, they soon switched to the British structure with four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons with three sections\u00a0\u2013 and a headquarters company consisting of signals, carrier, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, administrative and mortar platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0004-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Vivian England, an officer who had fought in the First World War and had continued to serve in the Militia after the war, commanding the 55th Battalion. Personnel for the battalion were raised from an area around New South Wales that is known by the Aboriginal name of \"The Werriwa\". This area is bounded by a line from Sydney to Bega in the south, and from Bega, west to the Snowy Mountains, Cooma, Canberra, Yass, then north to Sydney through the Goulburn and Liverpool areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0004-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe men were enlisted from 20 October onwards, and by 3 November 1939 the battalion was formed. The colours chosen for the unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 3rd Battalion, a unit which had served during the First World War before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were chocolate over green, in a horizontal rectangle, although a 3\u00a0mm border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart, which would also go on to serve with distinction during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0005-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nFollowing a brief period of training at Liverpool and Ingleburn, the battalion took part in a farewell march through Sydney. The Sydney Morning Herald of 4 January 1940 gave an account of their farewell march: \"The long khaki columns thrilled the hearts of Sydney as it had not been so moved for a quarter of a century since that still, spring day in 1914 when the first A.I.F. marched through the same streets on its way to Anzac and imperishable glory; the marching was magnificent.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0005-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAfterwards, the battalion sailed in the first troop convoy to leave Australia on 9\u201310 January 1940, embarking upon the transport Orcades. They disembarked at El Kantara on the Suez Canal on 14 February 1940, and from there they were trucked to their camp at Julis in Palestine, where they undertook further training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0006-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, First actions: North Africa, 1941\nThe first engagement that Australian troops were involved in during the Second World War came at Bardia, a major Italian military outpost in the north of Libya. The 16th Brigade broke through Bardia's western defensive perimeter at dawn on 3 January 1941, when the 2/1st Battalion breached the wire defences and swung left before advancing. The 2/2nd Battalion followed suit, swinging to the right, and the 2/3rd then moved straight through the breach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0006-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, First actions: North Africa, 1941\nLate in the day, a counter-attack by Italian tanks threatened the 2/3rd Battalion's headquarters, until a hastily organised defensive action led by the commanding officer, England, and a platoon of anti-tank guns restored the situation. Meanwhile, the 17th Brigade led a diversion to the south. Although the 16th Brigade was able to capture Bardia in the late afternoon of 4 January, resistance continued, and fighting did not cease until the next morning. Over 40,000 Italians were captured along with significant amounts of equipment and material\u00a0\u2013 including food and ammunition\u00a0\u2013 which was in short supply. A significant amount of alcohol was also captured by the Australians in Italian dugouts inside the 2/3rd's position around Wadi-el-Ghereida. During this period, the 2/3rd lost five officers and 56 men killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0007-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, First actions: North Africa, 1941\nAfter this, the Allied forces advanced to the fortified naval outpost of Tobruk. The 6th Division attacked the perimeter defences early on 21 January, following a week of continuous bombardment from both land and sea. The 2/3rd Battalion was tasked with breaching the outer Italian defences for the 2/1st Battalion to pass through. Following the initial breakthrough, the 2/3rd then advanced west along the inner ring of defences, attacking a number of Italian posts as they went. Tobruk fell the next day, with the Italians surrendering to Brigadier Horace Robertson, the commander of the 19th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0007-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, First actions: North Africa, 1941\nThe Italian flag was taken down and in the absence of an Australian flag, a signaler from the 2/4th Battalion tied his slouch hat to the flag staff and hauled it up to the top. The battalion's losses during the fighting for Tobruk were seven officers and 50 men killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0008-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, First actions: North Africa, 1941\nFollowing the capture of the town, the 2/3rd garrisoned Tobruk, although B Company was detached to the 19th Brigade for its assault on Derna, and remained there after its capture on 30 January. Prime Minister Robert Menzies interrupted his journey from  Australia to England to address the troops after the capture of Tobruk. On 7 March 1941, the battalion left Tobruk, along with the rest of the 6th Division, to bolster the Allied defences in Greece. On the eve of the battalion's next campaign, Lieutenant Colonel Donald Lamb assumed command from England, who had been criticised for his handling of the battalion during the fighting around Bardia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0009-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Reverses in Greece and Crete, 1941\nOn 18 March 1941, the 2/3rd Battalion sailed from Alexandria aboard HMS Gloucester, arriving in Greece and landing in the port of Piraeus on the following day, after a 22-hour voyage during which their convoy had been attacked numerous times by Axis aircraft. After the invasion of the country on 6 April, they were moved north to attempt to turn back the German forces. The following day they occupied Veria, and on 12 April the 6th Division was grouped together with the 2nd New Zealand Division and a lone British brigade to form an Anzac Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0009-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Reverses in Greece and Crete, 1941\nThis formation did not last long, however, as the Greek government requested Allied forces withdraw from Greece on 16 April before ceasing organised resistance on 18 April. Due to a series of withdrawals elsewhere, the battalion was forced to pull back from its positions at Veria and did not come into contact with the Germans until 18 April when they attempted to block passage of the Tempe Gorge. Fighting alongside the 2/2nd Battalion and New Zealanders, the rearguard action was successful and enabled the Allies to withdraw to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0009-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Reverses in Greece and Crete, 1941\nBrigadier Arthur Allen, commander of the 16th Brigade, later wrote of this encounter: \"it was a fantastic battle. Everyone was on top, with no time to dig in, and all in the front line, including artillery, Bren carriers and infantry, as well as headquarters, with transport only yards in the rear. Some confusion could be expected in the circumstances, with every weapon firing and aircraft almost continually strafing from above. If you saw it in the cinema you would say the author had never seen battle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0010-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Reverses in Greece and Crete, 1941\nWith the Germans enjoying numerical superiority on the ground, and with the Luftwaffe in total control of the skies, they then captured the township of Tempe. Although fierce rearguard fighting continued while the Australian and New Zealand forces withdrew to a new defensive line at Thermopylae, the situation deteriorated. An official evacuation plan was issued on 21 April, and on 25 April\u00a0\u2013 Anzac Day\u00a0\u2013 parties of evacuating Allied troops marched through Athens on their way to the coast. The 2/3rd Battalion  embarked from Kalamata on 27 April. The 2/3rd's casualties during the campaign amounted to 14 killed, 31 wounded and 62 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0011-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Reverses in Greece and Crete, 1941\nWhile the majority of the 2/3rd Battalion was successfully evacuated to Egypt, a small force of 141 men were evacuated to the island of Crete instead, after the transport ship they were on was sunk. Having formed the rearguard during the withdrawal from Greece, they had embarked separately from the main body, being taken aboard the Costa Rica. During the voyage to Alexandria, the transport had been attacked by German aircraft, and as it sank, they were ordered to abandon ship. After being rescued by Royal Navy destroyers, the troops were transported to Crete, where they were formed into a composite battalion with men from other units of the 16th Brigade, and together the unit became known as the 16th Brigade Composite Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0012-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Reverses in Greece and Crete, 1941\nWith only limited small arms and ammunition they moved to positions above Kalives on the shores of Suda Bay to undertake garrison duties in anticipation of a German attack on the island. Following the German invasion on 20 May 1941, some of these troops saw direct action against German paratroopers. After the Allied evacuation from the island a week later, they undertook active patrols around the island before being evacuated on 31 May 1941 aboard HMS Phoebe. They arrived in Alexandria on 1 June 1941. Two 2/3rd Battalion men were killed during the fighting on Crete, and one was wounded. Fifty became prisoners of war. Meanwhile, the rest of the battalion had concentrated in Palestine, where it was rebuilt in advance of its next campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0013-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Securing Syria and Lebanon, 1941\u20131942\nAustralian troops from the 7th Division were already fighting in the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign when the re-formed 2/3rd Battalion, along with the 2/5th Battalion and the 6th Division Cavalry Regiment, were committed as reinforcements, to help bring the 7th Division up to strength. In a bitter campaign that lasted 28 days, Vichy French forces attempted to resist the Allied invasion, which had been launched in order to deny the Germans the use of Vichy territory to launch attacks against Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0013-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Securing Syria and Lebanon, 1941\u20131942\nAgainst a modest Allied force with only limited armour and artillery, the well-equipped French force outnumbered the attackers and had the advantage of holding the mountainous terrain. Having contributed a company to garrison duties around Sidon in Lebanon, and provided 100 men to help re-form the shattered 2/1st Battalion, the 2/3rd was understrength\u00a0\u2013 consisting of only 21 officers and 385 other ranks\u00a0\u2013 when it entrained at Majdal in Palestine on 18 June 1941 to join the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0014-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Securing Syria and Lebanon, 1941\u20131942\nInitially, after arriving from Palestine, the battalion was committed to forming a block on the road between Damascus and Deraa; they were later committed to an attack to sever the Beirut road around Mezze, as part of wider fighting around Damascus on 20\u201321 June. On the evening of 20 June, the battalion advanced to help relieve the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade which had become surrounded, and during a series of confused night-time actions, captured several forts to the west of Mezze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0014-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Securing Syria and Lebanon, 1941\u20131942\nAfter a French counterattack on Fort Sarrail, most of the battalion's headquarters company was briefly captured, including the 2/3rd's commanding officer, Lamb, who was wounded in the action. An Australian counterattack early on 21 June freed the captured personnel, though, and together with a successful defensive action in the Barada Gorge, helped force the Vichy defenders in Damascus to surrender. The following week, with Major John Stevenson, the battalion's second-in-command, in charge,  the 2/3rd was transferred to the British 16th Brigade. Operating with British and Indian forces on the right flank, the 2/3rd launched an unsuccessful action at Jebel Mazar on 24\u201328 June, where they were tasked with capturing the high ground overlooking the main road, along which the Australians were advancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0015-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Securing Syria and Lebanon, 1941\u20131942\nAfter this, the battalion came under command of the re-formed 17th Brigade, which was reconstituted to bring the 7th Division up to full strength as it operated along the coast. Despite being well below strength\u00a0\u2013 consisting of just two companies with a total of 300 men\u00a0\u2013 it joined the fighting at Damour on 6\u201310 July, advancing along the Darmour River and leading the 17th Brigade's advance. Amidst heavy fighting the Allied forces slowly advanced simultaneously along the coast and inland, finally overcoming the Vichy French defences. Following the armistice on 14 July, the troops remained in Syria until January 1942 preparing defences and undertaking other garrison duties. The battalion's casualties during the short campaign amounted to 16 killed and 77 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 75], "content_span": [76, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0016-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Ceylon, 1942\nFollowing Japan's entry into the war in December 1941 the decision was made to bring the 6th Division back to bolster the Allied defences in the Pacific, and the 2/3rd Battalion left the Middle East on 10 March 1942, aboard the steamer Orontes. The original intention was that they would be sent to reinforce Java; however, while they were at sea concerns about a Japanese attack on Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) prompted the diversion of the 16th and 17th Brigades to Colombo, and they arrived there on 21 March. The freighter Ben Rennies, carrying the battalion's vehicles, arrived shortly afterwards and the 2/3rd took up defensive positions in the southeast part of the island, which was considered to be the most likely location for a Japanese invasion force to land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0017-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Ceylon, 1942\nOn 5 April, a Japanese naval force sortied from the recently captured Andaman Islands and launched a series of attacks by carrier-based aircraft on Colombo and Trincomalee. Another attack occurred on 9 April. Little damage was done on land, but both the British and Australian navies suffered losses. Regardless, the Japanese failed to sustain their initial momentum and the expected invasion did not occur. Nevertheless, men from the 2/3rd Battalion were kept busy for the remainder of their time preparing defences, manning anti-aircraft positions and undertaking jungle training, while receiving instruction in lessons learned from operations in Malaya and Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0017-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Ceylon, 1942\nThe men were taught how to use the jungle according to author Paul Ham \"...to 'melt' into the foliage; to retrace their steps at night; to use camouflage properly; to detect human presence by crushed twigs and disturbed leaf mould; to move silently over undergrowth. To build shelters; and to discern human from animal sounds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0018-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Ceylon, 1942\nIn July, British forces were sent from India to relieve the Australian troops in Ceylon. Preparations were made for the 2/3rd Battalion to return to Australia, and after embarking upon the SS Westernland, they arrived in Melbourne on 8 August 1942, having returned via the southern route away from the Japanese submarines patrolling the east coast. After this, the troops all received two weeks home leave, staggered from the time of their arrival. The final group had their leave cut short after only three days, however, when they were recalled by urgent telegram. The 16th Brigade was again on the move, this time to Port Moresby in New Guinea, where the fighting against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track was reaching a critical stage. After a short voyage, the brigade arrived at Port Moresby on 21 September 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0019-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nFollowing their arrival at Port Moresby, the 16th Brigade along with the 25th Brigade, prepared to relieve the forces on the Kokoda Track. With the Australians having finally halted the Japanese advance, the fresh troops would be tasked with launching a counterattack to drive the Japanese back to Buna in the north. Consequently, throughout October, November and into December, the 2/3rd Battalion took part in three major actions: Eora Creek (22\u201328 October), Oivi (5\u201312 November), and an action on the Sanananda Track (21 November\u00a0\u2013 19 December).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0020-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nOn 3 October, General Douglas MacArthur spoke to the 16th Brigade's commander, Brigadier John Lloyd, at Ower's Corner, at the foot of the Kokoda Track: \"Lloyd, by some act of God your Brigade has been chosen for this job. The eyes of the Western world are upon you. I have every confidence in you and your men. Good luck and don't stop.\" The 16th Brigade arrived at Templeton's Crossing on 19 October, just three days behind the 2/25th and 2/33rd Battalions, whom they relieved. The following day the 16th Brigade continued the advance but found that the Japanese had withdrawn to Eora Creek, where they had established a strong defensive position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0021-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nHere the Japanese held the high ground in well-concealed positions that had clear fields of fire into the narrow gorge below. With no other options, the 16th Brigade was forced to assault the Japanese defences frontally, advancing straight up the gorge. Amidst torrential rain and stiff defence, progress was slow as each defensive position had to be dealt with individually. As the water level in the creek rose steadily, the troops came under heavy mortar fire and were attacked with grenades lobbed from the heights above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0021-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nThe supply situation grew desperate too, but by 28 October the 2/3rd Battalion had managed to work its way around the Japanese right flank in preparation for an attack. In the afternoon, the battalion launched its attack, breaking through the Japanese outposts and into the main position. The defenders were overwhelmed and many of them abandoned their weapons as they fled. That night, the remaining Japanese withdrew from the position. The 16th Brigade lost 72 killed and 154 wounded in this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0022-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nDespite the successful action, the superiors of the 7th Division's commander, Major-General Arthur Allen, were dissatisfied by the counter-offensive's rate of progress, and he was relieved of his command the day before the Australian forces won through at Eora Creek. Japanese resistance decreased after that battle, and by 31 September the 16th Brigade was advancing along the eastern fork of the Track through Missima without opposition. On 2 November they passed through the recently abandoned village of Kokoda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0022-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nThree days later, as the Australians advanced towards the Kumusi River, the 2/3rd Battalion went into battle at Oivi, after coming up against an entrenched force holding the high ground from Oivi to Gorari. The Japanese counter-attacked the next day, and as fighting continued through to 6 November, Major General George Vasey, the new divisional commander, sent the 25th Brigade and the 2/1st Battalion on a successful attack against the Japanese rear at Gorari. The Japanese at Oivi, their supply and withdrawal route cut, were then forced to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0023-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nThe 2/3rd Battalion's final involvement in the campaign came as the 16th Brigade advanced towards Sanananda in November. They left the Wairopi area on 16 November, with the battalion second in order of march. Tired and drained from the exertions of the last two months, the advance across the swamps of the coastal plain proved heavy work. On the first day they made 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km), but after heavy rains the following day and failures in the resupply effort, a large number of men fell behind due to exhaustion. On 19 November, the 2/3rd spearheaded the brigade's advance to the coast. Several Japanese stragglers were taken prisoner and a number of minor contacts followed, but the Japanese defenders withdrew before the Australians could shake out to conduct an assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0024-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nThe following morning, the brigade reached the junction of the Sananada and Cape Killerton trails, about 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) from the coast. After the 2/1st Battalion was attacked, the 2/3rd Battalion took part in a brigade flanking attack around the Japanese position to the right, forcing the Japanese to fall back. The action, however, had severely depleted the brigade to the point where, with less than 1,000 fit men, it was unable to continue offensive operations. Thereafter activity was limited to patrolling and maintaining a defensive perimeter. In early December the 16th Brigade was relieved by the 30th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0024-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nThe 2/3rd Battalion itself was relieved on 6 December, returning to Poppondetta with a strength of just six officers and 67 other ranks, before being evacuated back to Port Moresby by plane on 23 December 1942. They were returned to Australia shortly afterwards for leave and to reorganise. During the fighting along the Kokoda Track and the advance north to the sea, the 2/3rd lost 69 men killed and 103 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0025-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Final campaign: Aitape\u2013Wewak, 1944\u20131945\nAfter a short period of leave the 6th Division came together again in late January 1943 on the Atherton Tablelands to begin training, and to convert to the more austere jungle establishment. Under this structure, the size of the battalion was reduced by one officer and 106 other ranks, giving the 2/3rd Battalion a total of 803 men of all ranks. At this time, a camp was built from scratch at Wondecla, but it was 12 months before the battalion's ranks were brought to full strength by the return of sick and wounded soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0025-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Final campaign: Aitape\u2013Wewak, 1944\u20131945\nAs the battalion began to reform, some who had performed well in the preceding campaigns were recommended for commissioning and were  sent to an Officer Training Unit at Woodside, in South Australia. Along with training there was time for recreation including swimming carnivals, boxing tournaments and a 6th Division rugby league championship in which the 2/3rd Battalion was victorious, beating the 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion in the final. The team captain, Col Windon, later went on to play for and captain the Wallabies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0026-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Final campaign: Aitape\u2013Wewak, 1944\u20131945\nDuring this time the battalion received a number of reinforcements from its associated Militia unit, the 3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment). This unit had been fighting in New Guinea as part of the 30th Brigade, with whom it had served on the Kokoda Track alongside the 2/3rd as well as the 39th and 49th Battalions, before being returned to Australia, where it had been disbanded. Other reinforcements also arrived from the 16th Battalion, and a new commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Ian Hutchison took over in April 1943, having temporarily commanded the battalion during the fighting around Eora Creek in the previous campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0027-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Final campaign: Aitape\u2013Wewak, 1944\u20131945\nDue to a combination of political and strategic decisions, it was almost two years before the battalion went into combat again. In late 1944, in order to free up American troops for operations in the Philippines, Australian forces were directed to take over responsibility for operations around Aitape in New Guinea. The 6th Division returned to New Guinea in November 1944, with the final brigade arriving on 31 December 1944. Although basically cut off from resupply, there were around 35,000 Japanese troops in the area, holding the coast past Wewak and into the interior. Supported by food supplies from native gardens in the Torricelli Mountains, the Japanese put up heavy resistance to the Australians' primary tactic of aggressive patrolling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0028-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Final campaign: Aitape\u2013Wewak, 1944\u20131945\nTasked with reducing the Japanese, while remaining available to support operations elsewhere, the 6th Division began a limited offensive in the Wewak area. The 16th Brigade was initially held in divisional reserve, occupying a defensive position west of the Raihu River, until in February 1945 it was tasked with securing a forward supply base near Dogreto Bay and clearing up to the Anumb River, about 8 miles (13\u00a0km) to the east of the river. They came up against only minor opposition and by 23 February they had crossed the Anumb; less than a month later they had progressed 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) east, occupying the coastal town of But and removing the Japanese from the Dagua area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0029-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Final campaign: Aitape\u2013Wewak, 1944\u20131945\nDuring this time, contact with the Japanese was limited to small-scale actions rather than a large general action; nevertheless, these actions caused heavy casualties as the Japanese defended stubbornly. Casualties amongst the Australians were, according to author Eustace Keogh, \"heavy in relation to the size of...the numerous small actions the Japanese forced them to fight\". In addition, the strenuous nature of the campaign reduced the troops' resistance and ability to undertake proper medical precautions and as a result there were large numbers of sickness casualties. Malaria took a particularly heavy toll, with troops being affected by a particularly strong strain that proved resistant to the normal doses of atebrine. Accidents also resulted in losses. In one incident, seven men from the 2/3rd drowned when the Danmap River flooded amidst a torrential downpour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 953]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0030-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Final campaign: Aitape\u2013Wewak, 1944\u20131945\nWewak was captured on 10 May 1945, and the 16th Brigade began pursuing the Japanese defenders that had withdrawn inland. They continued until 11 August, when offensive operations ceased after word was received that the Japanese had entered into ceasefire talks. The battalion was in the Mount Shiburangu area on 15 August when news came that the Japanese had surrendered following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The battalion's losses during its final campaign were 51 killed and 76 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0031-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nAfter the cessation of hostilities, the battalion remained in the Aitape\u2013Wewak area undertaking occupation duties. Its strength was slowly reduced as personnel were repatriated to Australia for demobilisation or transferred to other units for further service. Eventually, the remaining cadre of personnel returned to Australia, and on 8 February 1946 the 2/3rd Battalion disbanded in Brisbane, as one of the most decorated battalions of the 2nd AIF. They had fought all the major Axis powers: the Italians, Germans, Vichy French and Japanese. Alongside the Australian 2/5th Battalion, they were the only Allied troops able to make this claim. During its service a total of 3,303 men served with the 2/3rd Battalion of whom 203 were killed and 432 wounded. Members of the 2/3rd received four Distinguished Service Orders, 16 Military Crosses, 12 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 30 Military Medals, two British Empire Medals and 73 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 1001]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0032-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nIn 1948, the Militia units that had fought during the war were re-raised as part of the Citizens Military Force (CMF), and it was decided to entrust the battle honours of the 2nd AIF units to their associated CMF units. As a result, the 2/3rd Battalion's battle honours were passed to the 3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment), which was reformed around Canberra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0032-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nIn 1960, with the introduction of the Pentropic division into the Australian Army, the CMF was reorganised and the 3rd Battalion (The Werriwa Regiment) was reduced to company strength, forming 'C' Company, 3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment (3 RNSWR). In 1965, following the abandonment of the Pentropic divisional structure, the 3rd Battalion was reformed in its own right as the individual companies were split up to form new battalions with the old regionally based numerical designations. In 1987, however, following another reorganisation of the Army Reserve which saw a reduction in the number of the infantry battalions across Australia, 3 RNSWR was linked with 4 RNSWR to become 4th/3rd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment (4/3 RNSWR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0033-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/3rd Battalion received the following battle honours for its service during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161026-0034-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese battle honours are now carried by the Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0000-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/3rd Commando Squadron was one of twelve independent or commando companies and squadrons formed by the Australian Army for service during World War II. Raised in October 1941 as the 2/3rd Independent Company, it served in New Caledonia and New Guinea before being amalgamated into the 2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment and adopting the name 2/3rd Commando Squadron in 1943. After this, the squadron did not see action again until 1945, when it participated in the Borneo campaign. Throughout the course of the war, the 2/3rd lost 69 members killed in action. No battle honours were awarded to the unit, although it participated in a number of notable engagements in these campaigns and its members received numerous decorations for their service. Following the end of hostilities in the Pacific, the unit was disbanded in early 1946, upon their return to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0001-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nFormed in October 1941 as the 2/3rd Independent Company, the unit undertook training at the Guerrilla Warfare Camp at Foster, Victoria. After completing training, the 2/3rd was transported north to Katherine, Northern Territory, where it carried out various garrison duties. During this time there was considerable debate within the high command of the Australian Army about the role that the 2/3rd and the other independent companies would fill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0001-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nHowever, following Japan's entry into World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor and British forces in Malaya, it was decided to use the independent companies in the islands to the north of Australia, where it was necessary to establish outposts that could warn of the approach of the Japanese. With this in mind, the 2/3rd Independent Company was sent to New Caledonia in December 1941 as a gesture of goodwill to the Free French and in order to defend against a possible Japanese attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0002-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nThe deployment of the 2/3rd to New Caledonia was only a temporary measure, however, until the US Army sent Taskforce 6814 to reinforce the island, arriving in March 1942. Impressed with the 2/3rd and the training methods that they utilised, permission was sought by the American commander to retain the 2/3rd on the island in order to retrain his division. However, due to the requirements of the defence of Australia at the time, the company was withdrawn in early August 1942, although their commanding officer, Major George Matheson, stayed on to provide assistance and was promoted to lieutenant colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0003-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nAfter its return to Australia, the company spent the next six months training and undertaking garrison duties before sailing for New Guinea in mid-February 1943. Under the command of Major George Warfe, the 2/3rd arrived in Port Moresby, although they did not stay there very long as they were quickly flown to Wau. From there they were used to harass and pursue the Japanese towards Mubo. Following this, the 2/3rd moved to Missim, from where they began a guerilla campaign along the Komiatum Track, in support of the 3rd Division\u2019s campaign around Salamaua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0004-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nAs a part of this campaign, the 2/3rd patrolled deep into Japanese held territory, setting ambushes and gathering intelligence. They also made a number of attacks against Japanese positions, in order to harass them to keep them off balance and as such defend the 3rd Division's flanks. The most notable of these attacks came in May 1943 when a strengthened platoon launched an attack against Ambush Knoll, a feature which controlled Bobdubi Ridge, and captured it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0004-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nBy capturing the knoll, the 2/3rd threatened the Japanese supply lines to Mubo and Salamaua and because of this it forced them to launch a number of fierce counterattacks in an attempt to retake it. These counterattacks occurred over the course of the following three days and four nights, however, the platoon from the 2/3rd, consisting of only fifty-two men, managed to hold the knoll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0005-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nDuring its time in New Guinea, the 2/3rd suffered heavy casualties and as a result after the fall of Salamaua in September, they were withdrawn and brought back to Australia. They had performed quite well in the circumstances, however, and were credited with having killed 969 Japanese. Against this, the 2/3rd had suffered 65 killed, 119 wounded, and 226 men evacuated for medical reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0006-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nUpon its return to Australia, the 2/3rd was reformed on the Atherton Tablelands, Queensland. During this time, a reorganisation of the independent companies by the Australian Army was undertaken as part of a wider reorganisation of the Army as a whole and as a part of this reorganisation the 2/3rd was integrated into the 2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment, along with the 2/5th and the 2/6th Independent Companies. In October, the 2/3rd Independent Company was renamed the 2/3rd Cavalry Commando Squadron, although later this name was simplified to just 2/3rd Commando Squadron. To a large extent, however, despite being placed under a regimental structure, the squadron continued to remain largely independent in terms of tactics and training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0007-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nFor the remainder of 1943 until early 1945 there was a lull Australia's involvement in the war in the Pacific, and the 2/3rd remained on the Atherton Tablelands, where it trained and conducted exercises with the 7th Division. The squadron's final campaign of the war came in 1945, when attached to the 7th Division, the 2/3rd participated in the landing at Balikpapan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0007-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nLanding on Green Beach on 1 July 1945 along with the rest of 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, the squadron moved off along Vasey Highway with the objective of capturing Seppinggang airfield, acting in support of the 2/5th Commando Squadron. The following day, however, they came under heavy mortar fire from the Japanese on Lady Schofield Knoll which prevented them from capturing the airfield until 3 July. After that, on 4 July, a number of troops were transferred to the 2/9th Infantry Battalion in order to patrol the area around Penadjam, with the rest of the 2/3rd continuing on to Seppinggang. Offensive operations ceased on 27 July, and with Japan's surrender in August, the war came to a close.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161027-0008-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nFollowing the end of hostilities in the Pacific, the 2/3rd was slowly reduced in strength as members were posted out to other units for occupation duties, before the remainder of the unit returned to Australia at the end of December. In early 1946, at Chermside camp, in Brisbane, Queensland, the 2/3rd Commando Squadron was finally disbanded. A total of 69 members of the squadron were killed or died on active service during the war, and its members received the following decorations: four Military Crosses, four Distinguished Conduct Medals, six Military Medals, one British Empire Medal and four Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0000-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/3rd Field Regiment was an Australian Army field artillery regiment that was raised for service during the Second World War. Formed in 1939 and assigned to the 6th Division, the regiment was deployed to the United Kingdom to defend against a possible invasion in 1940 before being sent to North Africa, where it briefly saw action prior to being sent to Greece and Crete in 1941. In 1942, the regiment returned to Australia, after which it did not see action again until late in the war when it was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in 1944\u201345. Following the end of the war, the regiment returned to Australia and was disbanded in January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0001-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFormed on 1 November 1939 at Wayville, South Australia, the regiment had an establishment of 32 officers and 595 other ranks, which were drawn from all six Australian states and the Northern Territory. Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Athol Hobbs. The majority of the officers and non-commissioned officers were appointed from the Militia. South Australian recruits represented the largest intake and were organised into a complete subunit, the 5th Battery, while recruits from the other states were allocated to the 6th Battery. The regiment began basic training at Woodside Camp during November, before moving to Ingleburn, New South Wales, the following month where more involved training was undertaken. Basic equipment and vehicles were received at this time, but no artillery pieces were issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0002-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn May 1940, the regiment embarked on HMT Queen Mary bound for the Middle East. En route, the convoy was diverted to the United Kingdom following the German invasion of France. Arriving there in June, the regiment joined other elements of the Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom. Established at Tidworth Camp in Wiltshire, and then later at Colchester, the regiment was employed on garrison duties to defend against a potential German invasion following the Fall of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0002-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring this time, it was partially broken up to provide personnel to fill out the newly forming 2/31st, 2/32nd and 2/33rd Infantry Battalions. In August, the regiment received a new commanding officer when Lieutenant Colonel Horace Strutt took over. Shortly after this, the regiment was equipped with 25-pounder artillery pieces and Morris gun tractors. It was the first Australian artillery regiment to receive the 25-pounders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0003-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nWith the threat of invasion over, the regiment was moved to North Africa in November 1940 aboard the Empress of Canada. Arriving in late December, the regiment was assigned to the 6th Division, the regiment saw action against the Italians at Tobruk where they supported the 19th Infantry Brigade. Benghazi fell next and after that was taken, the regiment deployed one battery forward in support of the 17th Infantry Brigade at Marsa Brega. A short time later, though, the regiment was withdrawn back to Ikingi Maryut to re-organise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0004-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn early April 1941, the regiment was sent to Greece, where it supported Australian and New Zealand infantry who were fighting to stop the German invasion there. After arriving on 6 April, the regiment moved forward towards the Yugoslav border where it attempted to defend Vevi in the Florina Valley three days later, where they had the distinction of being the first Australian artillery unit to engage German forces during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0004-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter mauling an SS force on the Itia\u2013Vevi road, as the Australian and New Zealand forces were pushed back to Servia on 11 April, amidst driving snow the regiment fought a desperate rearguard effort around the Klidi Pass, firing over open sights at advancing German infantry. Falling back by battery through thick mud, the regiment came under attack from German fighter-bombers before they eventually affected their withdrawal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0005-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nA disastrous series of withdrawals followed in which the regiment lost all of its equipment. A week later, further withdrawals took them towards Elasson, where the regiment was briefly attached in support of the 6th New Zealand Brigade. On 18 April, the fighting was so intense that the regiment's guns fire over 6,000 rounds in a twenty-four-hour period as it attempted to thwart the advance of a German armoured column near Mount Olympus. Later the regiment supported the 4th New Zealand Brigade around Erithrai. Finally, on 27 April the regiment was evacuated from Greece on board HMS Ajax and withdrawn back to Crete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0006-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nOrganised as part of the ad hoc Cremor Force, the regiment was initially assigned as a makeshift infantry unit to carry out garrison duties, in early May the regiment was re-equipped with captured Italian and French pieces including 75\u00a0mm and 100\u00a0mm guns, the regiment was assigned a coastal defence role and moved to Georgiopolis, on the south-east coast of Suda Bay, where the men set to work digging-in in the hills overlooking the beach. When the fighting broke out following the arrival of German parachute troops on 20 May, the regiment was transported to Maleme airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0006-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAnother battery was detached to Retimo and in these places the regiment fought with its guns in support of the 19th Infantry Brigade, while around Meg Khorafia some of the regiment's personnel were thrown into the line as infantry. Around Galatas, as the Germans pressed hard against the Australian and New Zealand defences, the regiment found itself holding the line as the infantry fell back, and as the guns fired over open sights, the gunners defended themselves with small arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0007-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nLater during the month, as the Allies were forced back towards Sphakia, to prevent the Germans from capturing it, the regiment had to destroy most of its equipment. Two of the captured 75\u00a0mm guns were saved, though, and were manpacked by men from 'B' Troop over mountainous terrain to act in a rearguard role between Sphakia and Suda, while the Royal Navy attempted to evacuate the stranded troops. The regiment continued to fight until it was withdrawn by sea on 31 May, leaving behind 129 men who were captured by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0007-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAmongst these were the men from 'B' Troop, who had formed the rearguard protecting the evacuation beach. After the departure of the last transport ship, they attempted to evade capture but were eventually rounded up by German patrols. The regiment's total losses for Greece and Crete were 27 killed and 47 wounded. In addition to the men captured on Crete, one other had been captured in Greece. Those that were captured were first sent to Salonica before being sent to a number of prisoner of wars camp in Germany, Italy and Austria. While prisoners, numerous escape attempts were made by men from the 2/3rd, although ultimately only four men successfully avoided recapture following their escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0008-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nWhile being reformed and re-equipped in Palestine, the regiment received a new commanding officer in October 1941 with the arrival of Lieutenant Colonel Lewis Dyke, a regular officer. A third battery \u2013 the 53rd \u2013 was raised within the regiment at this time and the regiment adopted a new structure which saw each battery consist of two four-gun troops. This resulted in the regiment's authorised strength reaching 736 personnel of all ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0008-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment remained in the Middle East until February 1942 when the 6th Division was recalled back to Australia in response to the growing threat posed by Japan's entry into the war. Arriving in Adelaide in March, the regiment was stationed at Aldgate until May when it was transferred to Townsville, Queensland, by rail. There, the regiment was reallocated to the 5th Division and assigned a coastal defence role in Cairns, operating antiquated 18-pounder guns. In November, Lieutenant Colonel Gordon Bleby took over as commanding officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0009-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn June 1943, the regiment returned to the 6th Division and was moved to the Atherton Tablelands, where it was re-organised for jungle warfare. This resulted in the regiment's establishment dropping to 688 personnel. It was also re-equipped with a quantity of short 25-pounders as well as some of the standard pieces. Throughout late 1943 and into 1944, the regiment was based around Wondecla, in Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0009-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nDue to a perception in the Army that there was little need for artillery in jungle warfare, the regiment did not see action again until December 1944 when it joined the 6th Division's campaign in Aitape\u2013Wewak, once again assigned to the 19th Brigade. In January 1945, the regiment received four 4.2-inch mortars to assist in the provision of close support to long-range infantry patrols; two 155\u00a0mm guns were also added to the regiment's equipment scale. Throughout January and February, the regiment supported the advance from Aitape to the Danmap River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0009-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAs the campaign progressed, in March they were switched to operations between Maprik and Wewak. Late in the campaign, Bleby left the regiment on promotion to 1st Division Headquarters and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Cecil Chapman. The regiment saw action right up until the end of the war, and had the distinction of firing the last fire mission in the New Guinea campaign, when on 15 August, it fired 1,000 rounds on \"six regimental targets\" eight hours after Japan's surrender to deal with a Japanese artillery unit that was continuing to hold out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0010-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the conclusion of hostilities, the regiment returned to Australia and was eventually disbanded at Puckapunyal, Victoria, on 18 January 1946. The regiment's casualties amounted to 46 men killed in action or died of wounds or accident, 49 wounded and 130 captured out of a total of 1,887 men who served in its ranks. The following decorations were awarded to 2/3rd members: one Distinguished Service Order, three Orders of the British Empire, four Military Crosses, two Distinguished Conduct Medals, one Military Medal and 43 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161028-0011-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Field Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/3rd Field Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0000-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion was formed in June 1940  as part of the 7th Division and served in Egypt, Syria, the Netherlands East Indies and New Guinea during World War II. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Blackburn when it was raised, the battalion was primarily a South Australian unit, although it had sub-units formed in Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia. After completing training in Australia, in April 1941 the battalion embarked for the Middle East. In June/July 1941 it saw action against Vichy French forces during the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign, during which time the battalion was heavily involved in supporting various elements of the 7th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0001-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing Japan's entry into the war, the decision was made to transfer a large number of Australian troops from the Middle East to the Pacific region. In early 1942, as the Japanese advanced through the Netherlands East Indies, the majority of the battalion was captured during the Battle of Java. A small number of the battalion's personnel returned to Australia and it was subsequently re-raised in mid-1942. It was later attached to the 6th Division as a corps unit and served in Papua New Guinea during the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in 1944\u20131945. The battalion was disbanded in January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0002-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion was one of four machine gun battalions that were raised as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) for service overseas during World War II. Motorised infantry units, equipped with wheeled motor vehicles, motorcycles and sometimes tracked carriers, the machine gun battalions were formed to provide a greater level of support by fire than that which was organically available within ordinary infantry battalions. At its peak, the 2/3rd was equipped with 124 motor vehicles of various descriptions and 50 motorcycles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0003-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nDeveloped by the British Army, the concept within the Australian Army had its genesis during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915, when the machine guns assigned to the infantry battalions\u00a0\u2013 initially two and then, later, four\u00a0\u2013 had been grouped together and co-ordinated at brigade level to help compensate for the lack of artillery support. Over the course of the war, on the Western Front the concept had evolved through the establishment of machine gun companies in 1916 and machine gun battalions in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0003-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nSimilar formations had also been established amongst the Australian Light Horse units serving in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. During the inter-war years, the machine gun battalions had been deemed unnecessary. When the Army was reorganised in 1921, they were not re-raised, but in 1937, as the Army looked to expand as fears of war in Europe loomed, four such units were raised within the part-time Militia, by converting light horse units and motorising them. When World War II broke out, the decision was made to raise several machine gun battalions within the 2nd AIF, allocated at a rate of one per division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0004-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion was formed on 17 June 1940, in Wayville, South Australia. Upon formation, the battalion was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Blackburn, a World War I veteran who had received the Victoria Cross for actions at Pozieres. Designated a South Australian battalion, its personnel were nevertheless recruited from several Australian states: South Australians predominated, but there were also men from Victoria, Tasmania, and Western Australia, with many of the battalion's cadre staff of officers and senior non commissioned officers having served previously in the Militia with various light horse regiments and infantry battalions. In common with the other Australian machine gun battalions, the colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were black and gold. These were presented in a triangular shape with a border of grey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0005-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nInitially, the battalion was stretched across several locations, with companies being formed in Seymour, Victoria, Brighton, Tasmania, and Northam, Western Australia. The Tasmanians and Western Australians had initially been intended to join the 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion, and during its formative period, the companies completed basic training in their home locations, before concentrating together at Warradale, South Australia with the Tasmanians sailing to Melbourne to link up with Victorians prior to entraining for the journey west, while the Western Australians crossed the Nullarbor Plain. At this point, the unit's establishment was completed, as the battalion structure was finalised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0005-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nIt was structured along the same lines as the other 2nd AIF machine gun battalions, which consisted of between 800 and 900 personnel organised into a headquarters element consisting of three platoons\u00a0\u2013 signals, anti-aircraft and administration\u00a0\u2013 and four machine gun companies, each equipped with 12 Vickers machine guns, to make a total of 48 across the entire battalion. Within the machine gun companies there were three platoons; these were numbered sequentially starting from 1 to 3 in Headquarters Company through to 13 to 15 in 'D' Company. A Light Aid Detachment of electrical and mechanical engineers was also attached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0006-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Vichy French: Palestine and Syria\nIn early April 1941, the battalion, less 'D' Company which travelled west for home leave, entrained at Oakbank, near to Woodside, South Australia where they had moved the previous February. From there, the battalion travelled overland to Sydney where they embarked upon the SS Ile de France from Pyrmont Wharf, bound for the Middle East, as part of a large convoy of troopships. Sailing via Fremantle where 'D' Company rejoined the battalion, they sailed on to Colombo, which was reached in late April, where the troopship put in for repairs and shore leave was given to all battalion personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0006-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Vichy French: Palestine and Syria\nDeparting again in early May, they continued on alone, crossing the Red Sea in a week and making landfall at Port Tewfik. The troops had to endure a two-day wait before disembarkation whereupon they were taken to the eastern side of the Suez Canal by lighter and then transferred by train to Kantara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0007-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Vichy French: Palestine and Syria\nUpon arrival in the Middle East, the 2/3rd was assigned to the 7th Division, the 2nd AIF's second division and subsequently joined them in Palestine, establishing a camp at Hill 95, to the north of Gaza. There the battalion undertook a vigorous physical training regime to regain the fitness lost from the sea voyage. The final elements of unit identity were issued at the time: pugarees and colour patches. It also finally began to receive its vehicles and heavy equipment, including its Vickers machine guns as preparations were made for the battalion to join the fighting in the Western Desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0008-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Vichy French: Palestine and Syria\nIn the end, this did not eventuate, as the 7th Division was committed to the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign in early June, to secure the Allied eastern flank from attack. Due to the presence of Vichy French troops, the campaign was politically sensitive and as a result of heavy censorship not widely reported in Australia at the time; the nature of the fighting, where it was reported, was also downplayed with the Vichy Forces outnumbering the Allies and also being better equipped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0008-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Vichy French: Palestine and Syria\nFor the 2/3rd, the campaign saw them heavily involved throughout the short, but sharply contested campaign, with each of the four machine gun companies supporting separate efforts by elements of the 7th Division and also British troops, seeing action around Merdajayoun, Metula, Quneitra, Sidon and Damour before the Vichy French requested an armistice in mid-July. The 2/3rd's casualties during the campaign amounted to one officer and 41 other ranks killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0008-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting against the Vichy French: Palestine and Syria\nIn the aftermath of the campaign, the 2/3rd stayed on as part of the Allied occupation force established in Syria and Lebanon to defend against a possible drive south by Axis forces through the Caucasus. The battalion defended a position north-east of Beirut, around Bikfaya, initially but was moved around to various locations including Aleppo, on the Turkish border, throughout the remainder of 1941. They endured a bitter cold, and snowy, winter at Fih near Tripoli, which was punctuated by leave drafts to Tel Aviv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 104], "content_span": [105, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0009-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nIn late 1941, the Japanese entered the war, attacking Pearl Harbor and launching an invasion of Malaya. Faced with a threat closer to home, the Australian government pressed for the return of its troops from the Middle East, and so in early 1942 the 7th Division began withdrawing from their garrison posts in Syria and Lebanon. The 2/3rd left the village of Fih and moved to a camp at Hill 69, in Palestine, on 14 January 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0009-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nThey remained there until 31 January when they boarded a train which took them to Kantara where they were ferried across the canal to continue the journey to Port Tewfik where the majority of the battalion, totalling 636 personnel of all ranks, boarded the troopship Orcades. Men who were in the hospital or on course were subsequently reposted to the 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion, and remained in the Middle East, later seeing action at El Alamein. Others who did not board the Orcades included the battalion's 'B' Echelon, essentially all its vehicles, baggage and heavy weapons, and its maintenance personnel. These embarked on eight smaller vessels: the Silver Willow, Penrith Castle, Shillong, Tarifa, Sophecles, Nigerstroom, Industria and Tricolor. These ships were to follow the Orcades up at its eventual destination, which was at the time, still being kept secret even to the troops on board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 1003]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0010-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nThe Orcades, a fast transport capable of 26 knots, set sail for Colombo before even the battalion's baggage could be brought on board. On 8 February 1942, the ship reached its intermediate destination from where it was escorted by the cruiser HMS Dorsetshire. As the situation in the Pacific worsened for the Allies\u00a0\u2013 Singapore had fallen in early February and the Japanese were steadily advancing through the Netherlands East Indies\u00a0\u2013 the Allies made the decision to hastily make a stand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0010-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nThe Orcades reached Oosthaven, in Sumatra, on 15 February, and the troops from Orcades were ferried ashore on the tanker Van Spillsbergen, where they were grouped together as \"Boost Force\" under orders to take up the defence of the Palembang airfields and providing protection to civilians as they were evacuated. Missing many of their weapons, the troops were re-equipped with rifles from the Orcades's armoury. However, shortly after their arrival, they were ordered to re-embark on the tanker, which eventually caught up with Orcades and transferred its personnel for the remainder of the journey to Batavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0010-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nThere, fresh orders reached them. The units aboard the Orcades (the 2/2nd Pioneers, an engineer field company, an anti-aircraft regiment as well as transport and medical personnel) were ordered to form an ad hoc force along with a squadron from the British 3rd The King's Own Hussars and an artillery battery from the US 131st Field Artillery Regiment. This force, under Blackburn who was promoted to brigadier, came to be known as \"Blackforce\",  with headquarters being established at Batavia. In Blackburn's stead, the 'D' Company commander, Major Edward Lyneham, was promoted to take over command of the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0011-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nBlackburn established his force into a brigade formation, utilising the pioneers and machine gunners as infantry battalions, and forming a third infantry battalion from troops that were assigned to garrison the base, as well as logistics and administrative personnel, and members of the AIF who had been able to get out of Singapore before it fell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0011-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nDue to the presence of a large amount of equipment on the wharf, which had been intended to be sent to Singapore before its fall, Blackforce was able to re-equip itself handsomely with vehicles including carriers and armoured cars, Bren guns, Thompson sub-machine guns and mortars; but there were no machine guns. Concentrating around the civilian airport at Kemajoian, the battalion formed part of Blackforce's defensive garrison, tasked with protecting Batavia's five airfields from Japanese paratroopers; 'B' Company was detached in this time to defend the Buitenzorg military airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0011-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nShortly afterwards, they came under air attack from Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zeroes on 22 February, during which one member of the 2/3rd was killed, while six others were wounded. Two of these wounded were later smuggled out of the Indies by medical personnel back to Australia, with one rejoining the battalion there later in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0011-0003", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nAs the Japanese began advancing further in the Indies, Blackburn sought to re-orient his troops, and the machine gunners were subsequently moved to the Leuwiliang area, 15 miles (24\u00a0km) west of Buitenzorg along an expected main avenue of advance, and they were given the task for defence the bridge over the Tjianten River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0012-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nFollowing the Battle of the Java Sea, the Japanese were able to land a force around Banten Bay and Marek, on the western tip of Java, and subsequently began advancing east towards Batavia and Buitenzorg, forcing Blackforce to reorientate itself east of the Tjianten River, to make a stand south of Buitenzorg. On 3 March, the battalion went into action around Leuwiliang for the first time as Dutch troops began to withdraw. Occupying positions in support of the 2/2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0012-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nPioneers who held the bridge over the Tjianten River, they were alerted to the advancing Japanese by the presence of fifth columnists, who were seen to be laying out marking panels. A short time later, a force of five Japanese light tanks attempted to cross the river, but were rebuffed by anti-tank rifles and small arms. The plan had been for the Dutch troops to make a stand at Djasinga, but faulty intelligence resulted in a rout and the Dutch began to withdraw back to Bandung, flooding through Blackforce's lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0012-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nIn the ensuing chaos, Dutch engineers blew up the bridge at the Tjianten River. For the next couple of days, the battalion fought several skirmishes with 'C' Company bearing the brunt of the Japanese attacks, suffering seven killed and 28 wounded, while inflicting about 200 casualties on the Japanese. As the Allied defence of the island began to collapse, the machine gunners were ordered to hold up the Japanese around Leuwiliang for a day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0012-0003", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Into action against the Japanese: Java and captivity\nAfter this, Blackforce began moving towards Soekaboemi on 5 March, as part of efforts to reach Tjilatjap on the southern coast of the island to secure passage back to Australia. Ultimately, this never eventuated and Blackforce was ordered to surrender on 9 March 1942 following the Dutch capitulation the day before. They would subsequently endure three-and-a-half years in captivity as Japanese prisoners of war, being sent to camps across south-east Asia, including the infamous Thai\u2013Burma Railway. Forced to endure brutal conditions, over worked in labour camps, and inadequately provided for, casualties amongst these men were high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 102], "content_span": [103, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0013-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Re-organisation and garrison duties in Australia\nWhile the troops who had boarded the Orcades went into captivity on Java, the five officers and 257 other ranks that had been transported on the eight smaller ships returned to Australia in the last week of March 1942. Arriving at Port Adelaide, the battalion's vehicles, weapons and heavy equipment was moved to Morphettville Racecourse and the remaining personnel concentrated at Sandy Creek. On 15 April 1942, the order was passed to re-form the battalion, under Lieutenant Colonel Sidney Reed, the battalion's original second-in-command. Reinforcements arrived from various locations, including the Machine Gun Training Battalion based at Camden, New South Wales, while others came from the 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion to provide a cadre of experienced personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0014-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Re-organisation and garrison duties in Australia\nIn May, the battalion moved to Balcombe on the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria, where they undertook range shoots, planning exercises and bivouacks. In mid-July, the 2/3rd received orders to move north to Cowra by road. Along the way, they stopped at Ingleburn, New South Wales where a draft of almost 400 reinforcements was received; the result of this was that in its second incarnation, about half the battalion came from New South Wales, instead of South Australia. The battalion remained in Cowra, where they carried out training, for ten months, eventually proceeding north to south-east Queensland in May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0014-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Re-organisation and garrison duties in Australia\nBased around the Deception Bay area, north of Brisbane, a company was deployed to Moreton Island and another to Bribie Island. In late June, 'B' Company embarked upon the Dutch vessel, the SS Jansens and deployed to Netherlands New Guinea as part of Merauke Force, remaining there in a defensive capacity until May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0015-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Re-organisation and garrison duties in Australia\nWhile 'B' Company was deployed to Merauke, the remainder of the battalion moved to the Atherton Tablelands in mid-August 1943, at which time the battalion was transferred to the command of the 6th Division, assigned as a corps unit rather than a direct command unit. Lieutenant Colonel Roy Gordon, who had raised the original 'C' Company in 1940, took over command of the battalion in February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0015-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Re-organisation and garrison duties in Australia\nA long period of relative inactivity subsequently followed as a result of inter-Allied service politics which saw the US Army assume primacy of operations in the Pacific, and indecision about the future role of Australian forces in the Pacific campaign. During this time, the battalion was based around Wondecla, south-west of Cairns. The battalion was transferred to the \"tropical war establishment\" during this period as part of an Army-wide reorganisation intended to optimise units for jungle warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0015-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Re-organisation and garrison duties in Australia\nAs a result of this change, the battalion was required to return all of its vehicles, with the intention that its guns would largely be carried across the battlefield by soldiers moving on foot. The 2/3rd remained at Wondecla until 2 December 1944, when they entrained for Cairns and subsequently boarded the transport Evangeline, a former cruise ship, bound for New Guinea, where they were to undertake their final campaign of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 98], "content_span": [99, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0016-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak: The final campaign\nAlthough it had been intended to deploy the Australians as part of the Allied efforts to recapture the Philippines, this did not eventuate. Instead, the Australian troops were tasked with relieving the US forces around New Guinea, so that they could be redistributed in the Pacific. The 6th Division was subsequently assigned to take over from the US XI Corps around Aitape\u2013Wewak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0016-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak: The final campaign\nThe campaign that followed was, in the words of author Eustace Keogh, essentially a \"mopping up campaign\", with the division being tasked with security of the airstrip and base area, and ensuring that contact was maintained with Japanese forces in the area. These tasks were to be achieved without large-scale offensive action, due to contingency plans for the division to be re-deployed to the Philippines; in the event this did not occur and the 6th Division remained in Aitape\u2013Wewak for the remainder of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0017-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak: The final campaign\nWith priority of effort being given to the campaigns in the Philippines and Borneo, the arrival of the 6th Division took place over several months. Initially, they were camped around Tadji defending the airfield there, but after Christmas, the majority of the battalion\u00a0\u2013 headquarters, headquarters company and two machine gun companies\u00a0\u2013 was assigned to the 19th Brigade as they advanced west along the coast towards the Danmap, switching to providing support to the 16th Brigade in early January as it drove towards Abau; in the open country of the coastal area the machine guns proved quite effective. While this took place, 'B' and 'D' Companies were assigned to the 17th Brigade, with whom they undertook a mainly defensive role around Aitape, while accompanying infantry patrols into the interior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0018-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak: The final campaign\nIn February 1945, as the Australians began advancing into the thick, hilly interior, the utility of the machine guns decreased. At the behest of Brigadier Roy King, commander of the 16th Brigade, the 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion was hastily converted into a standard infantry battalion, which was achieved with a quick issue of rifles, sub-machine guns and mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0018-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak: The final campaign\nFrom then until the end of the war, the battalion took part in the ground advance through Wewak and beyond, fighting a series of small scale patrol actions, initially advancing through Arohemi and Muguluwela, and finally the town of But, while 'B' Company was assigned to Farida Force and carried out an amphibious landing around Dove Bay, in early May. The battalion later moved into the Mandi and Brandi areas where they were tasked with re-invigorating the Australian operations in the area, as Japanese resistance around the plantations increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0018-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak: The final campaign\nBy late July, the majority of the battalion moved to Wewak Point, while two companies remained in the vicinity of Mandi\u2013Bandi; operations in the area had killed 59 Japanese, for the loss of four men from 2/3rd killed in action and eight wounded. The battalion's final action of the war came on 7 August when a patrol killed four Japanese. A week later, the Japanese surrender was announced, bringing combat operations officially to an end. The battalion's final campaign of the war cost them 94 battle casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 82], "content_span": [83, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0019-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nIn late August, following the conclusion of hostilities the 2/3rd was concentrated at Wewak Point, in the 19th Brigade's area, where final parades were held and education classes commenced to prepare the soldiers for discharge and return to civilian life. Meanwhile, following the conclusion of hostilities, the battalion's personnel were slowly transferred to other units or repatriated back to Australia for demobilisation. In early December 1945, the 2/3rd's remaining personnel returned to Australia aboard the British aircraft carrier HMS Implacable, arriving in Sydney, and the following month, in January 1946, after final clearances had been obtained the unit was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0019-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the war the battalion lost 202 men killed or died on active service, of which 56 were killed in action, 139 died while prisoners of war and seven in accidents or illness on active service. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, three Military Crosses, four Military Medals, one British Empire Medal and 21 Mentions in Despatches. In addition, one member was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire and four were appointed as Members of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0020-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nAfter the war, the Australian Army moved away from the machine gun battalion construct and consequently no similar units have been raised since, with the role being subsumed into the support companies of individual infantry battalions. The concept was arguably misunderstood by Australian commanders throughout the war, and this may have influenced the decision to move away from the concept. When the units had been established, the intent had been that the machine gun battalions would provide highly mobile fire support; however, this was largely only applicable in theatres where principles of open warfare could be applied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0020-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nOnce the focus of Australian Army combat operations shifted to the Pacific, the machine gun battalions were largely misused, being employed in a static defensive capacity against short and medium range targets, or for menial tasks, rather than as offensive fire support weapons that could have been employed to provide long range fire support. The medium machine guns were also largely utilised in the same manner as light machine guns, such as the Bren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0020-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nOther reasons identified for the concept's limited use include distrust of overhead fire by some commanders, a preference for organic fire support over attached sub-units, over-estimating  the difficulty of transporting Vickers guns in the jungle, and a tendency to ignore targets that could not be seen. The difficulties of target acquisition in dense jungle also contributed. For the 2/3rd, the Syrian campaign was the only one of its three campaigns where it was employed wholly as a machine gun unit in support of the infantry; on Java and in Aitape\u2013Wewak, it was utilised as infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0021-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion received the following battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0022-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161029-0023-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nOf these, both Blackburn and Reed were World War I veterans who had later served in the Militia in the 18th Light Horse Regiment, in South Australia, during the inter-war years. Lyneham and Gordon had both served in the Militia before the war, with Lyneham serving in the 28th Battalion, The Swan Regiment in Western Australia and Gordon in the 6th Battalion, Royal Melbourne Regiment. Gordon later reached the rank of major general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0000-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion was a pioneer battalion of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. Formed in 1940, the battalion served in the Middle East where it fought in Syria and Palestine before taking part in the fighting around El Alamein. In 1943, the battalion returned to Australia and subsequently took part in the fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943\u20131944. Their final campaign came in mid-1945, when they took part in the Battle of Tarakan during the Borneo campaign. The battalion was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0001-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nThe 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion was raised for service during World War II as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) in May 1940 and drew the majority of its initial intake of personnel from Sydney, New South Wales. The concept of pioneer battalions had originally been explored by the Australians during World War I, when five such battalions were formed and utilised as support troops assigned at divisional level on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0001-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nNotionally organised along a traditional infantry structure, pioneer battalions consisted of a headquarters and four companies, and were expected to serve to undertake minor engineering tasks during combat in order to free up trained engineers for more complex tasks. Four such units were raised during World War II to provide engineer support to the 2nd AIF's four infantry divisions, and within the divisional structure, the pioneers were administered as corps troops under the direction of the divisional engineer commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0002-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter undertaking training in various locations in New South Wales, in March 1941 the battalion was moved to Darwin, Northern Territory, to undertake garrison duties. At that time they were assigned to the 7th Division and they remained in the north of Australia until September when they were transported to Sydney. Two months later they embarked on the Queen Mary, bound for the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0003-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nThey disembarked in Egypt in November and after spending some time in Palestine, they were sent to Syria to undertake garrison duties following the completion of the campaign against the Vichy French forces there. Following this, the battalion was transferred to the 9th Division after the decision was made to bring the 7th Division back to Australia in early 1942 in response to Japan's entry into the war. In July 1942, the 9th Division was moved from Syria to Egypt and between August and November, the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion took part in the fighting around El Alamein, temporarily being assigned to the 24th Brigade when the 2/28th Battalion was virtually destroyed following an unsuccessful attack on Ruin Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0004-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nIn early 1943, the battalion returned to Australia as the 9th Division was brought back from the Middle East to deal with the threat posed by Japan's entry into the war. After this, training was undertaken on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland before the 2/3rd were committed to the fighting in the New Guinea campaign around Lae in September 1943. The battalion's main involvement in the campaign was to carry out manual tasks such as unloading and carrying stores. Later, during the Huon Peninsula campaign, they landed at Scarlet Beach, north of Finschhafen, where they served in a defensive role and helped to turn back a Japanese counter-attack before undertaking various construction tasks around Sattelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0005-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nIn March 1944, the battalion was withdrawn back to Australia for rest and reorganisation. They subsequently spent over a year training in Queensland before taking part in the fighting on Tarakan during the Borneo campaign in mid-1945, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Anderson. During the landing on Sadau, in the Balagau Strait, the battalion's personnel manned machine-guns on the landing craft that brought the Australians ashore. Following this, the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion undertook engineering tasks around the beachhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0005-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAs the Australians advanced along the Anzac Highway towards the Japanese airfield, the battalion was withdrawn from construction tasks and put into the line as infantry. On 4 May, they were assigned to support the 26th Brigade and after relieving the 2/23rd Battalion, they commenced patrolling operations around the Tarakan town and the adjacent oilfields. The following day they launched an attack against Japanese positions located on two hills dubbed \"Helen\" and \"Sadie\" by the Australians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0005-0002", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nBy 14 May, with artillery and air support, these positions were captured and two days elements of the battalion were able to advance through the Japanese lines, reaching the mouth of the Amal River on the coast. It was during the fighting on \"Helen\" in early May that one of the battalion's soldiers, Corporal Jack Mackey, performed the deeds that resulted in him being posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0006-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nThe fighting on Tarakan came to an end in mid-June when organised Japanese resistance was overcome. Small pockets of Japanese troops remained at large, however, and so mopping up operations were undertaken throughout June and into July until these groups began to surrender due to their increasingly desperate shortage of food. During this time, the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion conducted barge patrols between Tarakan and the neighbouring islands, as well as undertaking foot patrols in the south of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0007-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nOn 15 August, following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered and the war came to an end. Upon the completion of hostilities, the demobilisation process, which had begun to a limited extent in July, gained impetus. As a part of this, individual personnel were repatriated back to Australia, or transferred to other units for subsequent service, however the battalion remained in Borneo, undertaking garrison duties, and did not return to Australia until January 1946, when they were subsequently disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0007-0001", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nThroughout the course of its service the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion lost 97 men killed in action or died of wounds or on active service. A further 262 men were wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, two Military Crosses, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, five Military Medals and 22 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0008-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAfter the war, the functions of the pioneers were subsumed into traditional infantry battalions, which each raised a platoon of assault pioneers within their support companies. As a result, no pioneer battalions have been re-raised in the Australian Army since the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161030-0009-0000", "contents": "2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0000-0000", "contents": "2/40th Battalion\nThe 2/40th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Formed in mid-1940 from personnel recruited from Tasmania, the battalion was assigned to the 23rd Brigade, which formed part of the 8th Division. After completing basic training, the 2/40th was sent to Darwin to form part of the defensive garrison there as tensions with the Japanese grew throughout 1941. Following Japan's entry into the war, the battalion was deployed to Timor as part of Sparrow Force and in early 1942 they took part in the fighting on the island against the Japanese. Outnumbered and lacking supplies, the majority of the 2/40th's personnel were captured and spent the rest of the war as prisoners of war, although some were able to wage a guerrilla campaign across the island before being withdrawn by the end of year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0001-0000", "contents": "2/40th Battalion, History, Formation and garrison duty in Australia\nRaised for service during the Second World War as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), the 2/40th Battalion  formed part of the 23rd Brigade attached to the 8th Division; the majority of its personnel were drawn from the state of Tasmania. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 40th Battalion, a unit which had served during the First World War before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were white over red, in an oval shape, although a border of gray was added to the border of the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; the oval shape designated the battalion as being part of the 8th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0002-0000", "contents": "2/40th Battalion, History, Formation and garrison duty in Australia\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons. The battalion's first commanding officer was a Tasmanian, Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Youl, a Militia officer who had previously commanded the 12th/50th Battalion and who, according to author Garth Pratten, was appointed largely as a result of political pressure from the Tasmania government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0002-0001", "contents": "2/40th Battalion, History, Formation and garrison duty in Australia\nIn July 1940, the 2/40th began training at Brighton, Tasmania, before moving to Bonegilla, Victoria, to join the rest of the 23rd Brigade in January 1941. While the 8th Division's other two brigades\u2014the 22nd and 27th\u2014would both subsequently be sent to Malaya, the 23rd was held back in Australia as the government decided to use it to defend the islands to Australia's north\u2014Timor, Ambon and Rabaul\u2014in the event of Japan's entry into the war; as part of this plan, the 2/40th was allocated to the defence of Timor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0003-0000", "contents": "2/40th Battalion, History, Formation and garrison duty in Australia\nIn late March, the 2/40th moved north to the Katherine region, in the Northern Territory, with the last elements of the battalion arriving on 25 April 1941. There they undertook further training as the battalion received further drafts of men, before moving to Darwin over the course of a month between June and July. In Darwin they undertook defensive duties as part of the town's military garrison, with companies detached to defend various locations around Noonamah and Adelaide River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0004-0000", "contents": "2/40th Battalion, History, Fighting in Timor and fate\nThroughout October 1941 plans were put in place for the battalion's deployment to Timor, with a reconnaissance party being dispatched to the island between 6\u201312 October. Upon return, the battalion's commanding officer, Youl, was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel William Leggatt in \"controversial circumstances\" on 5 November 1941. The following month, shortly after the Japanese entered the war in the Pacific, the 2/40th Battalion embarked upon the transports Zealandia  and Westralia on 8 December, and were deployed to Timor. Arriving there on 12 December 1941, they formed part of Sparrow Force which was tasked with defending the island against invasion by the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0005-0000", "contents": "2/40th Battalion, History, Fighting in Timor and fate\nAfter Japanese air strikes began in January 1942, the invasion came the following month on 20 February 1942, with Japanese soldiers carrying out airborne and amphibious landings around the island. Outnumbered and with limited supplies, after the initial contact the battalion destroyed the airfield and moved inland, reducing a number of Japanese positions as they went, including an attack upon Usua ridge where the Japanese 228th Infantry Regiment suffered at least 123 casualties on 22 February. By the morning of 23 February the situation was desperate and the battalion all but surrounded around Champlong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0005-0001", "contents": "2/40th Battalion, History, Fighting in Timor and fate\nLacking air cover and faced with an ultimatum to capitulate or be subjected to an intense aerial bombardment that would likely have wiped out the battalion, Leggatt was forced to surrender his command and as a result most of the 2/40th was captured. Some managed to escape, however, while others who had been detached elsewhere evaded capture and took part in the guerrilla campaign that followed before being evacuated back to Australia in December 1942. These personnel were dispersed to other units, with some being transferred eventually to the 2/12th Battalion, and the 2/40th Battalion was never reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0006-0000", "contents": "2/40th Battalion, History, Fighting in Timor and fate\nThe men who were taken as prisoners spent the rest of the war in captivity in camps throughout Southeast Asia including Java, Burma, Thailand, Japan, Singapore and Sumatra and did not return to Australia until September 1945. The battalion had 271 men killed in action or died while prisoners of war, while a further 79 were wounded. For their involvement in the fighting on Timor members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, one Military Medal and seven Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161031-0007-0000", "contents": "2/40th Battalion, Battle honours\nThe battalion was awarded two battle honours for its service: \"South-West Pacific 1942\" and \"Koepang\". Koepang is unique to the 2/40th, with no other unit in the Australian Army holding this battle honour. In 1961\u201362, these honours were entrusted to the Royal Tasmania Regiment, and they are maintained by the 12th/40th Battalion, Royal Tasmania Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0000-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/43rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. Raised in July 1940 in South Australia as part of the 24th Brigade, the battalion was initially part of the 8th Division, until the 24th Brigade was re-allocated to the 9th Division in late 1940. It was with this formation that the 2/43rd saw service in the Middle East in 1941\u20131942, taking part in the fighting at Tobruk and in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein. It also undertook garrison duties in Syria, before returning to Australia early in 1943 to fight against the Japanese in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0001-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia)\nIn 1943\u20131944, after re-organisation and training to prepare for jungle warfare, the 2/43rd fought in New Guinea, as part of operations to capture Lae and secure the Huon Peninsula. After returning to Australia in early 1944, a long period of training followed on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, before the battalion undertook its final campaign of the war, taking part in Allied operations to re-take Borneo from the Japanese in June 1945. Following the end of the war, the battalion was disbanded in February 1946. One member of the battalion, Private Tom Starcevich, was awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0002-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 2/43rd Battalion was raised at Woodside, South Australia, on 17 July 1940 from Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) volunteers. It was one of three infantry battalions assigned to the 24th Brigade\u00a0\u2013 the other two being the 2/25th and 2/28th Battalions\u00a0\u2013 which was initially assigned to the 8th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0002-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nLike other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the 2/43rd had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, and was organised into four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons; these were supported by a battalion headquarters and a headquarters company with six specialist platoons: signals, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, carriers and mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0003-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nUpon formation, the 2/15th was placed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Crellin, an Australian Staff Corps officer and Duntroon graduate of the Permanent Military Forces who arrived on promotion from major, having previously served in World War I with the 14th Battalion. The colours initially chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were chocolate and dark blue in an oval shape, inside a circle of grey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0003-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThese were the same as those of the 43rd Battalion, a South Australian unit that was part of the First Australian Imperial Force during World War I. That unit had been re-raised in South Australia in 1921 as a Militia formation, eventually adopting the designation of the Hindmarsh Regiment. The 2/43rd's unit colour patch was later changed, following the unit's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk, when it adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP consisting of red and white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0004-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe battalion's personnel during the early stages of its existence were volunteers who enlisted within the 4th Military District, which encompassed South Australia and Broken Hill, New South Wales. Many of the commissioned officers and some of the non-commissioned officers had previous military experience in the Militia, while the bulk of the enlisted personnel had no prior military service. Rudimentary individual soldier training was conducted along with sports meets throughout August, followed by skill-at-arms training and range shoots in September, while key appointment holders were sent away on various promotion and other specialist training courses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0004-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nIn early October, the battalion was presented with its battle flag by veterans who had served in the 43rd Battalion during World War I, and a short time later it was announced that the 24th Brigade would be transferred to join the 9th Division in the Middle East. More intense training, including company and battalion-level field training was conducted in the weeks that followed. In late November, the 2/43rd received their Unit colour patches in preparation for deployment and the battalion marched through the centre of Adelaide. Finally, on 28 December 1940, the men entrained at Oakbank, and were transported by rail to Melbourne, where they embarked on the transport Mauretania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0005-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nEscorted by the cruiser HMAS Canberra, the Mauretania proceeded along the southern Australian coast as part of a convoy of four other troopships. Reaching Fremantle, Western Australia, on 3 January 1941, a brief shore leave was granted before the convoy set sail across the Indian Ocean. From there, the convoy berthed at Colombo in Ceylon, where further shore leave was granted while arrangements were made to transfer the battalion to another ship, the Nevasa, for the remainder of the journey to Port Tewfik in Egypt, where it disembarked on 2 February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0005-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nFrom there, the battalion moved by rail to Palestine, where the 9th Division was attempting to make good its equipment and training deficiencies while the more experienced divisions\u00a0\u2013 the 6th and 7th Divisions\u00a0\u2013 led the Australian Army's efforts in Libya and later Greece. The 2/43rd subsequently moved into camp at Khasa, linking up with another South Australian battalion, the 2/27th, which had prepared the camp for their arrival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0006-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nIn early February, acclimatisation training was conducted until the battalion's heavy equipment arrived in camp, including Bren carriers and trucks, when section level and platoon tactical training began. This increased in complexity and progressed to company-level exercises, culminating in battalion offensive manoeuvres. Leave was granted for the soldiers to visit Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. This ceased mid-March, when the battalion was ordered to cross the Suez Canal and take up positions west of the port of Tobruk to complete training prior to relieving the 6th Division in the desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0006-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nAs British troops advanced west, pushing the Italians back through Libya during Operation Compass, plans were made for the 9th Division to move forward. In the end, only part of the division advanced past Tobruk and, due to lack of transport, the 24th Brigade garrisoned the port itself. In early April the advance turned into a withdrawal as Axis forces, bolstered by the arrival of the Afrika Korps, which had landed around Tripoli, launched a determined counter-attack. The 9th Division, along with the Australian 18th Brigade, from the 7th Division, withdrew intact to Tobruk, and within a week the advancing Axis forces had placed the strategic port under siege. The 2/43rd would remain there, manning defences, mounting patrols and conducting raids, for the next six months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0007-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nThe battalion's most significant action around Tobruk came on 3 August, when 'A' and 'B' Companies attacked a German outpost on the right flank of the \"Salient\", designated \"R7\" by the Allied operational staff. The attack was part of an attempt to reduce the German-held Salient, which had developed in the line south-west of Bianca. In conjunction with the 2/43rd's attack, the 2/28th Battalion attacked the left flank around posts \"S6\" and \"S7\" from the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0007-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nHeavy fighting around R7 resulted in 100 Australian casualties, the majority being borne by 'B' Company, and the fighting ended in the Australian assault being repulsed followed by a temporary truce for both sides to collect casualties. During the truce, German sappers led the Australian stretcher bearers through the German-laid minefields. Finally, in October, the decision was made to withdraw the Australian garrison from Tobruk by sea. By this time, the 2/43rd was holding the Bardia Road sector, and after two successful raids on Italian positions, which resulted in around 75 Italian casualties, the battalion was withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0007-0002", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nAs part of the evacuation, the 2/43rd was taken aboard the Australian destroyer HMAS Nizam and the Royal Navy's HMS Latona on 17 October 1941. The Australians were replaced by British troops from the 70th Division, with the 2/43rd handing over to troops from the Durham Light Infantry. Casualties for the battalion during the siege of Tobruk amounted to 38 killed in action, 13 died of wounds, 156 wounded, and four captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0008-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nFollowing its evacuation from Tobruk, the 2/43rd was landed in Alexandria, after which it moved by buses to Amiriya and then by train, crossing the Suez at Kantara, and arriving in camp at Kilo 89 in Palestine on 20 October. There, the battalion was rested, and received several drafts of reinforcements, mainly consisting of volunteers from Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0008-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nIn mid-December, after the battalion had moved to Khassa, Crellin handed over command of the battalion to Lieutenant Colonel William Wain, a former Militia officer who had served with the 7th Battalion during World War I, and who came on promotion from the 2/16th Battalion, where he had served as battalion second-in-command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0008-0002", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nAfter a bitterly cold Christmas in Palestine, early in the new year, the 9th Division was ordered to move to Syria, where it was to join the Allied garrison that had been established there following the brief Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign to counter a possible Axis attack on the Allied flank through the Caucasus Mountains. The 9th Division was assigned to guard the Tripoli area, in the northern sector of the Allied defence system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0008-0003", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nUnder this plan, the 2/43rd was assigned winter quarters at Arbe, and it spent four months in the Lebanese mountains near Jebel Tourbol, before moving to Bechmezzine in May. Guard duties included manning checkpoints at the mouth of the Chekka Tunnel, while brigade-level exercises were conducted in the Syrian desert around Forgloss in early June. At the end of the month, the 9th Division received orders to move back to Egypt as the situation in North Africa became critical for the Allies, as the Afrika Korps advancing steadily in the Western Desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0009-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nCommitted to the fighting around El Alamein in early July, the 24th Brigade, having recently completed desert training, moved to Ruweisat Ridge, over 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) south of El Alamein, situated on the coast. For the next four months, the 2/43rd formed part of the northern sector of Allied defences within what came to be known as the \"Alamein box\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0009-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nTasked with harassing Axis forces, the 2/43rd's first action came on the night of 7/8 July, when 'D' Company launched a very successful raid, which caught the German forces in the area by surprise and resulted in the destruction of many vehicles and artillery pieces, as well as the re-capture of a British Bren carrier that was driven away from German lines. On 17 July, the 2/43rd was involved in actions around Ruin Ridge, in conjunction with the 2/32nd Battalion's attack on a position known as Trig 22 on Makh Khad Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0009-0002", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nAdvancing astride the Qattara track, during the action the 2/43rd captured over 1,000 Italian prisoners, for the loss of 81 casualties, before withdrawing from Ruin Ridge. The 24th Brigade launched a follow-up attack on 22 July on Makh Khad Ridge and Ruin Ridge, in conjunction with an attack by the 26th Brigade on Tel Eisa; this attack saw the 2/43rd, having detached one company to support the 2/32nd, heavily committed once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0009-0003", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nA further thrust was put in on 26/27 July, with the 2/43rd being tasked with a follow-up role, which was cancelled after attacks by the 2/28th and the British 69th Infantry Brigade failed; instead the battalion only played a supporting role during the attack, bringing up ammunition under fire with its carriers, and providing supporting fire to the 2/28th Battalion. In August and September, during a lull in the fighting, the battalion undertook patrols into no-man's land. Casualties during the first phase of the battalion's involvement in the fighting around El Alamein between early July and mid-October amounted to 36 killed in action, 12 died of wounds, two accidentally killed, 28 wounded and four captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0010-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nLater, after the British forces were reinforced, the Allies launched a counter-offensive, the Second Battle of El Alamein, in late October and early November. During the initial phase of the fighting, the 9th Division was tasked with drawing Axis forces into the northern sector, to allow other elements to prepare for the breakout attempt, codenamed Operation Supercharge. The 2/43rd Battalion formed part of the divisional reserve during the initial stages of the attack, before the 24th Brigade relieved the depleted 26th Brigade, adopting positions around the railway barracks (dubbed the \"Blockhouse\") on 31 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0010-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nThe fighting was so intense that it suffered 108 casualties in a single night on 1 November 1942, including 43 killed and seven missing, after being partially overrun. By early November, the tide of the fighting turned and the offensive ultimately wrested control of the fighting in North Africa back towards the Allies. Shortly afterwards the 9th Division was withdrawn from battle for redeployment to the Pacific to fight against the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0010-0002", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa and the Middle East\nThe battalion's casualties in the second phase, between 23 October to 5 November 1942, amounted to 45 killed in action, 11 died of wounds, 96 wounded and 27 captured. Those captured ultimately spent the rest of the war in camps in Italy, Austria and Germany, before being repatriated at war's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0011-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThe 2/43rd was withdrawn to Khassa in Palestine in December and took part in a divisional parade that month in Gaza, before embarking aboard the Queen Mary, bound for Australia, in January 1943. The Queen Mary formed part of a large convoy established under Operation Pamphlet to transport the 9th Division back to Australia to fight the Japanese in the Pacific. After around a month at sea, the division arrived at Fremantle on 18 February and, after the Western Australian members disembarked, it continued eastwards, reaching Sydney on 27 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0011-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nFrom there, the battalion entrained from Pyrmont, and by 1 March 1943 had arrived in Adelaide, after which members were granted three weeks leave. A welcome-home parade through the city streets was held that month, watched by a crowd of over 200,000, after which the battalion concentrated at Springbank in Adelaide. They entrained for the Atherton Tablelands on 29 March 1943, reaching Kairi, on 6 April 1943. They would remain there for the next four months, training in preparation for jungle warfare against the Japanese in New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0011-0002", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nDuring this time, the battalion was converted to the jungle divisional establishment, which saw the reduction of its authorised strength to about 800 personnel. The number of vehicles allocated to the battalion was also reduced with heavy vehicles being replaced by jeeps. The carrier and anti-aircraft platoons were removed from the battalion's establishment, while a Vickers machine-gun platoon was raised and the number of mortars allocated for organic indirect fire support was increased. A batch of 338 reinforcements arrived to make up for earlier losses and transfers; many of these men came from states other than South Australia, resulting in a more diverse demographic within the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0012-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nTraining teams arrived from the 2/3rd Battalion, which had already fought the Japanese in New Guinea, and a program of jungle warfare training began, progressing from individual fieldcraft to large-scale exercises. In June, amphibious training was carried with the Australians working with the US 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment around Trinity Beach. The following month, a new commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Joshua, arrived. In early August, the battalion moved by road to Cairns. On 8 August 1943, the 2/43rd embarked upon HMAS Manoora, bound for Milne Bay in New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0012-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nThere, the battalion undertook further training in preparation for its debut in the Pacific. In mid-August, it moved by landing craft to Buna. It continued training there until 5 September, when the 24th Brigade embarked in landing craft for beaches near Lae, arriving the day after the main landing as part of follow-on forces behind the 20th and 26th Brigades. For 11 days, the battalion advanced west as part of a two-pronged advance on Lae, the 7th Division advancing overland from Nadzab while the 9th Division moved along the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0012-0002", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nInitially, there was only limited opposition from the Japanese as the battalion advanced through the villages of Buso and Apo, and the Singaua Plantation. The Burep River was crossed, but the Australian advance west was slowed by numerous water obstacles and eventually torrential rain which flooded the Busu River. At this point, Japanese resistance stiffened and after the 24th Brigade forced its way across the Busu, the 2/43rd advanced slowly along the coast, reaching Wagan to the south of Malahang airfield. On 16 September, the 7th Division entered Lae, with the 2/43rd situated around the Butibum River. The advance on Lae cost the battalion 18 killed and 25 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0013-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nLater in September, the Australians undertook an opposed amphibious landing at Scarlet Beach, on the Huon Peninsula. The 20th Brigade led the 9th Division ashore on 22 September, and the 2/43rd Battalion arrived on 30 September as part of reinforcements that were sent when it became clear that the Japanese in the area were stronger than first believed. As Japanese opposition to the lodgement increased, the 2/43rd relieved the beleaguered 2/17th around Jivevaneng, 5 kilometres (3.1\u00a0mi) east of Sattelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0013-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nWhile the 2/17th joined the Australian advance south, the 2/43rd established a blocking position around Jivevaneng to guard the western flank and in early October fought off a strong attack by a battalion from the Japanese 80th Infantry Regiment amidst a strong Japanese counterattack around the Finschhafen area. Later, the battalion pushed north of Scarlet Beach over the Song River to reconnoitre the area around North Hill, Pino Hill and Pabu in preparation for an advance towards Bonga and Guisika, during which it located several key tracks and junctions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0013-0002", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nIn late November, it fended off an attack around North Hill before taking part in the advance towards Wareo, relieving the 2/32nd around Pabu, during which Japanese artillery and mortar attacks caused heavy casualties. The battalion then advanced towards the Kalueng Lakes and later into the Christmas Hills, severing the Bonga\u2013Wareo track, which the Japanese had been using for resupply. In one ambush, 37 Japanese were killed around a position the Australians called \"Horace the Horse\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0013-0003", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nBy early December, having suffered many casualties from disease, the battalion returned to the North Hill area to assume defensive positions, and a lull followed before it was withdrawn back to Finschhafen for Christmas. On 23 January 1944, the 2/43rd embarked upon the Thomas B. Corwin, reaching Townsville on 31 January. Casualties during operations around Finschhafen resulted in 56 killed and 86 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0014-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nAfter its return to Australia, the battalion was granted a 24-day leave period before re-grouping  in March at Ravenshoe, Queensland, to begin preparations for the next phase of the war. The battalion experienced a high turnover of personnel, and by the time it went into combat again in mid-1945, only 141 personnel who had deployed to the Middle East in 1940 remained. A new commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Noel Simpson, arrived in May 1944, along with a large batch of other reinforcements, replacing many men still suffering malaria from the previous campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0014-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nA long training period ensued, as there was a degree of uncertainty about the Australian Army's role in future operations in the Pacific after the US military assumed primary responsibility for combat operations in the theatre. Nevertheless, in the final months of the war the 2/43rd took part in efforts to recapture Labuan and North Borneo as part of Operation Oboe Six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0015-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nEmbarking in April 1945 on board the General H.W. Butner from Townsville, the 2/43rd staged out of Morotai Island. Now under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Mervyn Jeanes, who had taken over from Simpson following his elevation to command the 29th Brigade on Bougainville, the 2/43rd spent six weeks on Morotai Island preparing for the Labuan operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0015-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nFinally, in June, the battalion embarked on the Manoora and two US Landing Ship Tank vessels, LST 640 and LST 585, and made the seven-day voyage to the island of Labuan, where it came ashore unopposed in three waves, landing on Brown Beach on the southern tip of the eastern headland to Victoria Harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0015-0002", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nSupported by tanks and artillery, the 2/43rd pushed inland and, after some brief skirmishes, advanced along the southern coast on the right of the 2/28th Battalion, and then north to secure Labuan airfield, which was taken by the end of the first day for the loss of four casualties. The battalion then cleared the eastern coast towards the Kerupang River and exploited west across on the island along the axis of Hamilton Road towards Timbalai airfield. Mopping up as they went, the troops fought several actions  as Japanese opposition stiffened around MacArthur's Road, while mines and booby traps also caused several casualties. The battalion's total losses during the 11-day campaign amounted to one killed and 12 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0016-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nBy 17 June, Allied planes began operating from Labuan airfield and the 2/43rd Battalion was transferred across Brunei Bay to the mainland, landing at Menumbok and Mempakul, after an amphibious reconnaissance, along with the 2/11th Commando Squadron. Two companies and the battalion headquarters landed at Mempakul on 19 June, and the 2/43rd subsequently advanced up the Klias River, using barges and landing craft, while the 2/32nd Battalion advanced along the Padas River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0016-0001", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nBy late June, the two battalions converged on Beaufort, linking up to the west of Kandu, and between 26 and 29 June 1945, the town was the scene of heavy fighting during which the 2/43rd lost 13 men killed and 30 wounded. The 2/43rd was tasked with taking the high ground to the north of the town around the Woodford Estate and Mount Lawley, and carrying out a flanking attack to the east. For his actions in destroying four Japanese machine-gun positions, Private Tom Starcevich was awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0016-0002", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea and Borneo\nAfter the capture of Beaufort, the fighting continued in the area as the 2/28th Battalion kept up the pressure on the withdrawing Japanese; for the 2/43rd, though, Beaufort proved to be the last significant action of the war, as hostilities ended in mid-August, following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The battalion's final campaign of the war cost it 56 casualties, including those killed or wounded on Labuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0017-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the conclusion of hostilities, the 2/43rd Battalion remained on Borneo, around Beaufort, processing Japanese prisoners of war, conducting civic engagement programs, and undertaking vocational education courses in preparation for discharge. The demobilisation process began with personnel being prioritised based on length of service and other factors. A number of drafts were repatriated to Australia over several months. Just before Christmas, the remnants of the battalion, now down to a strength of about 250 personnel, moved to Mempakul, where they relieved the 2/15th Battalion. In January 1946, the battalion's remaining cadre returned to Australia aboard the motor vessel Reynella, reaching Brisbane on 17 January 1946. At Chermside, the battalion's equipment and weapons were accounted for, before the unit was disbanded on 20 February 1946 at Puckapunyal, Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 935]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0018-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the conflict a total of 2,711 men served with the battalion. Its casualties amounted to 186 killed in action, 57 died from wounds, 12 died from other causes, 556 wounded, and 36 captured. Decorations awarded included one Victoria Cross, two Distinguished Service Orders, 13 Military Crosses, three Distinguished Conduct Medals, 24 Military Medals including one Bar, one British Empire Medal, and 45 Mentions in Despatches. In addition, one member of the battalion was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161032-0019-0000", "contents": "2/43rd Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese honours were subsequently entrusted to the 43rd Battalion in 1961. This unit was re-raised in 1966 as a national service battalion, and through this link the honours are maintained by the Royal South Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0000-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/48th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army which served during the Second World War. Raised in Adelaide in South Australia in August 1940, the battalion formed part of the 26th Brigade and was initially assigned to the 7th Division, although it was later transferred to the 9th Division in 1941 when it was deployed to the Middle East. While there, it saw action during the siege of Tobruk and the First and Second Battles of El Alamein before being returned to Australia to take part in the fighting in New Guinea following Japan's entry into the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0001-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia)\nDuring the campaign in New Guinea, the battalion took part in the advance on Lae during the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign and the fighting around Finschhafen and Sattelberg, during the Huon Peninsula campaign. Following this it was withdrawn to Australia, where it remained for over a year. In mid-1945, the 2/48th Battalion took part in the landing on Tarakan, which was its final involvement in the war. It was disbanded in October 1945 and is considered to be Australia's most highly decorated unit of the war, with four members receiving the Victoria Cross, the nation's highest decoration for gallantry, while over 90 other decorations were also made to its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0002-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/48th Battalion was raised on 9 August 1940 at the Wayville Showgrounds, in Adelaide, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Victor Windeyer, a former Militia officer who had previously commanded the Sydney University Regiment. A unit of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), the 2/48th Battalion was formed specifically for service overseas and recruited mainly from the state of South Australia. The battalion's headquarters staff began arriving early in the month, with many of the key personnel having served previously in South Australian Militia units, including the 27th Battalion (South Australian Scottish Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0002-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAt the end of August, a large draft of recruits arrived from the 2nd Infantry Training Depot, and rudimentary individual training was undertaken in the nearby park lands. The colours initially chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 48th Battalion, a unit which had served during the First World War before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were white over dark blue, in a circle shape, although a diamond-shaped border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; this was later changed, though, following the unit's involvement in the fighting at Tobruk, when it adopted a 'T'-shaped UCP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0003-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u2014designated 'A' through to 'D'\u2014each consisting of three platoons. These companies were supported by a battalion headquarters and a headquarters company with six specialist platoons: signals, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, administrative and mortars. Forming part of the 26th Brigade along with the 2/23rd and 2/24th Battalions, it was assigned to the 7th Division during its initial training period but was later transferred with the rest of the 26th Brigade to the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0003-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAfter pre-embarkation leave, the battalion undertook three weeks of collective training at Woodside, in October. The following month, the battalion marched through the city of Adelaide prior to its deployment overseas, and shortly afterwards embarked for North Africa. Entraining at Oakbank, after undertaking a 4.5-mile (7.2\u00a0km) route march in full equipment, the battalion embarked upon the troopship Stratheden on 17 November 1940; the large transport set sail the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0004-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nSailing via Colombo where the troops were given a brief shore leave, the Stratheden entered the Suez Canal in mid-December 1940. Upon arrival in the Middle East, the battalion briefly occupied a camp at El Kantara, before moving to Dimra, in Palestine. At Dimra, the battalion joined the rest of the 26th Brigade for the first time, and undertook further training until March 1941. At this time, it moved to Cyrenica, along with the rest of the 9th Division, to undertake further training in the desert and to relieve the 6th Division which was deploying to Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0004-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nShortly after this, the Germans landed forces in Africa to reinforce the Italians and as the Axis went on the offensive, the British and Commonwealth forces in Libya were forced to retreat from Benghazi to the strategically important port town of Tobruk. In early April, the 2/48th fell back as part of the general retreat, setting up a blocking position around Tmimi during the withdrawal to prevent a German force cutting the division's route along the coast road. After eight days of constant movement through the desert, the battalion reached the port. They subsequently took part in the defence of Tobruk, where the battalion saw its first action of the North African Campaign for which it would receive one of its many battle honours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0005-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nThe 2/48th first entered Tobruk's defences on 9 April 1941 with the rest of the 9th Division commanded by Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead. Instructed to hold the fortress for eight weeks by General Archibald Wavell, Commander-in-Chief of British Middle East Command, the 9th Division ended up defending the fortress for over eight months before being gradually withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0005-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nThe defensive system at Tobruk consisted of several lines: the outer position consisted of scattered perimeter posts and reserve company positions and was dubbed the \"Red Line\", while the secondary defence system, which was about 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) behind the \"Red Line\", was dubbed the \"Blue Line\". During this time the battalion alternated between occupying part of the main defence line, working in the rear areas, and conducting patrols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0005-0002", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nIn mid-April, while the battalion was stationed in the western sector, these patrols resulted in the battalion capturing virtually the entire 1st Battalion of the Italian 62nd Regiment, Trento Division, totalling nearly 800 officers and men. Later that month, the 2/48th took part in a daylight raid on a hill opposite their perimeter, behind which the Italians were massing artillery, tanks and infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0005-0003", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nSupported by British tanks from the 7th Royal Tank Regiment, the raid caught the defenders by surprise, resulting in the capture of over 360 more Italians, as well as large quantities of weapons and vehicles for only light casualties. In late May, a 2/48th patrol snuck out from the perimeter overnight, and evading German patrols, pushed 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) south, where they set up an ambush and laid a series of land mines along a bypass track that was being used by German supply lorries, two of which were subsequently destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0005-0004", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nIn July, the battalion moved to the Bardia road sector, opposite the Italians. By October, the majority of the 9th Division, including the 2/48th Battalion, was withdrawn by sea as the British 70th Division arrived to take over the garrison. Overall, the 2/48th suffered 160 casualties at Tobruk, including 38 men killed and another 18 who died of their wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0006-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nAfter Tobruk, the 9th Division was sent to Palestine and Syria in order to train and rest, and to undertake garrison duties as part of the Allied occupation force that had been established their following the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign. Under their new commander, Lieutenant Colonel Heathcote Hammer\u2014who had assumed command after Windeyer took over the 20th Brigade\u2014the 2/48th proceeded to train in high terrain and temperatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0007-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nIn late June 1942, Axis forces commanded by General Erwin Rommel, crossed the Egyptian frontier as part of an offensive aimed at capturing Alexandria. After making a brief stand around Mersa Matruh, the British Eighth Army was forced to withdraw towards the Alamein line. In response, the 9th Division was transported south from Syria, and hurriedly committed to First Battle of El Alamein. On 1 July, Rommel's forces launched a determined assault on the Alamein line, and on 7 July the 9th Division was ordered to launch a counter-attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0007-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nAs part of this plan, the 2/48th was ordered to traverse the coastline and capture the Trig 33 ridge north of the \"Tel el Eisa\" station, commencing their attack shortly before dawn on 10 July. After an initial artillery bombardment that disrupted the Italian troops, the main objective of the attack (Trig 33) was captured and 400 Italians were taken prisoner. The 2/48th then advanced south and captured Tel el Eisa station, which was successfully defended against a number of Axis counter-attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0007-0002", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nOn 22 July, the battalion was ordered to capture West Point 24 on the Tel El Eisa ridge which was held by heavily entrenched Axis forces. However, after initial success, the 2/48th came under heavy artillery and mortar fire and was forced to withdraw, having suffered over 100 casualties. For actions during this attack, Private Stan Gurney was awarded the battalion's first Victoria Cross (VC) after he captured a machine-gun post and bayoneted the gun crew that was firing on his company, and then went on to capture a second post before being killed while taking a third. In total, the 2/48th suffered 215 casualties in the period 7 July to 23 October 1942, with 64 men killed, six dying of their wounds and 125 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0008-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nIn August, Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery took over command of the British Eighth Army and he succeeded in preventing the Axis advance during the Battle of Alam el Halfa. Montgomery then began preparing for an Allied offensive against the Axis forces that were now entrenching themselves. The Second Battle of El Alamein started on 23 October and finished on 7 November with Axis forces withdrawing westwards towards Fuka to avoid encirclement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0008-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nThe 2/48th Battalion was engaged around Tel el Eisa, on the right of the Allied line near the coast, during this period, as the 20th and 26th Brigades pushed westwards and then endured numerous counterattacks as the Germans sought to regain control of the strategically important coast road. By the end of the month, the battalion had been heavily depleted. Having started with nearly 700 men in the line, after a week of fighting, the battalion could field only 41 fit men. As a result, the 26th Brigade was rotated out of the line just before the final German counterattack was repulsed, allowing the Allies to launch the final breakout phase of the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0009-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nFor their actions during this offensive two members of the 2/48th were awarded  Victoria Crosses. The battalion's second VC was awarded to Sergeant Bill Kibby for actions across a one-week period. Kibby had charged several Axis positions and was subsequently killed attacking an enemy position with grenades on 31 October. Private Percy Gratwick earned the battalion's third VC on 25 October in the same area as Kibby. His platoon had been reduced to seven men by enemy fire so Gratwick charged the nearest enemy position of his own volition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0009-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nHe killed the occupants, destroyed the post with grenades and was proceeding to neutralise another position when he too was killed. Overall, the 2/48th suffered a further 344 casualties in the period 23 October to 5 November 1942 with 85 men killed, 13 dying of their wounds and 243 wounded. These losses resulted in the battalion being withdrawn from the line just as the battle reached its climax in early November. As the Allies went on the advance, the battalion moved back to Tel el Eisa, during which time it was slowly rebuilt as men who had been wounded were returned to unit, or replaced by reinforcements; this process would continue into the new year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0010-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Actions in North Africa\nAfter helping to secure victory at El Alamein the 9th Division moved to Gaza in Palestine on 3 December. Since the previous October, the Australian government had sought to bring the division back to Australia in order to use it against the Japanese in the Pacific, along with the 6th and 7th Divisions which had been withdrawn the year before, and on 15 December the British prime minister, Winston Churchill, had finally agreed to provide the necessary shipping. Following a divisional parade at Gaza, the 2/48th Battalion embarked upon the troopship Nieuw Amsterdam on 24 January 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0011-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nThe convoy carrying the battalion put into Fremantle in mid-February, where the small number of Western Australian personnel disembarked to begin their home leave. The rest of the battalion continued on to Port Melbourne, before moving to Adelaide by rail. In late March, after the South Australian personnel had completed their leave, the battalion was re-constituted. At that time, a series of parades were held in every Australian capital city to welcome home the 9th Division; the 2/48th marched through Adelaide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0011-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nAfter this, the 2/48th were transported to the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, where they established a camp on the Barron River, near Kairi. In April 1943, the battalion was re-organised and re-trained for jungle operations in the South-West Pacific theatre in order to prepare it for the conditions in New Guinea. Undertaking training on the Tablelands, the battalion was converted to the tropical establishment. Warfare in the Pacific posed unique problems and differed greatly to that which the 2/48th had experienced in North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0011-0002", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nIn the jungles of New Guinea logistics and transport were significant challenges and in order to meet them, the battalion's size was reduced by over 100 men, to around 800, as its anti-aircraft and Bren carrier platoons were disbanded, while each of the battalion's four rifle companies lost most of their organic motor transport; the mobility issue would be solved by marching on foot as vehicles were relatively useless in dense jungle, while supplies would be brought up using native carriers as well as by air. In July 1943, the battalion moved to Cairns where they undertook amphibious training with the American 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment around Trinity Beach as part of their final preparations before being committed to the fighting in New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0012-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nSailing aboard the Henry T. Allen, after arriving in New Guinea in early August, the 2/48th established a camp around Milne Bay where they undertook further amphibious training, before taking part in the landing around Lae on 4 September 1943, as part of the final phase of the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign. This was the first large-scale amphibious landing conducted by the Australian forces since the landings at Gallipoli in 1915, and the battalion, along with the rest of the 26th Brigade, landed on Red Beach, about 10 miles (16\u00a0km) north-west of Lae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0012-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nThey subsequently advanced westwards, and on 14 September captured Malahang airstrip. Following the fall of Lae to the 7th Division\u2014which had advanced from Nadzab as part of the two-pronged assault\u2014on 16 September, the Allies hurriedly launched a follow up campaign on the Huon Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0012-0002", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nInitially, only one brigade was committed to the operation, and so the 2/48th Battalion remained around Lae until the 26th Brigade was transported by sea to Finschhafen in late October in order to reinforce the 20th Brigade, which had landed the month previous in an effort to follow up troops withdrawing from Lae, before coming under heavy Japanese counterattack. During this time the battalion took part in repelling an attempted landing at Scarlet Beach, as the Japanese launched a counteroffensive against the Australian lodgement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0013-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nAfter the Japanese counteroffensive was defeated in late October 1943, Australian attention turned to Sattleberg, the site of an abandoned Lutheran mission. The newly arrived 26th Brigade was chosen to lead the assault as it was fresher than the division's other brigades. The main advance began on 17 November, although the battalion took part in a preliminary attack on Green Ridge the previous day in order to secure the start line for the advance. Pushing north-west from Jivevaneng in company with Matilda tanks from the 1st Tank Battalion, the 2/48th began the drive towards Sattleberg. In difficult terrain and against stubborn Japanese defence, the advance made slow progress, nevertheless by 22 November Steeple Tree Hill was captured and the battalion reached the southern slopes of the Sattelberg feature, about 600 yards (550\u00a0m) from its summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0014-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nOn 24 November, the 2/48th's 'C' Company carried out a surprise attack on the position from the south-east. Crossing Siki Creek, the company stepped off shortly before 17:30 hours and reached the base of a steep cliff, from where they began their assault on the summit. Held up by machine gun fire and grenades that were lobbed from the Japanese position above, and finding it almost impossible to move up the hill which had a gradient of between 45 and 60 degrees, the attack appeared in danger of failure as light began to fade and ammunition ran low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0014-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nHowever, the actions of one of the company's platoon commanders, Sergeant Tom Derrick, reinvigorated the attack. Laying his sections down to provide covering fire, he went forward alone armed with a rifle and a quantity of grenades, attacking the Japanese positions as he went. In the end he accounted for 10 such posts, before the attack was halted 100 yards (91\u00a0m) from the summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0015-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nDuring the night, the company clung to the edge of the plateau upon which the Sattelberg mission was situated, as fresh supplies were brought up from the rear. The attack was resumed at 08:35 hours the next day, supported by heavy artillery and mortar fire, however, as the 2/48th crested the ridge they found the position unoccupied, with the Japanese having abandoned it the previous night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0015-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nFor his actions the previous day, Derrick was given the honour of raising the Australian flag over the mission and was later awarded a Victoria Cross\u2014the battalion's fourth\u2014to go with the Distinguished Conduct Medal he had received for actions during the fighting around El Alamein. Later, Derrick was sent to an Officer Training Unit, after which he was commissioned and, returned to the battalion as a lieutenant; this was a departure from usual Army policy and was the result of intensive lobbying on Derrick's behalf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0016-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nFollowing the capture of Sattelberg, the 2/48th continued the advance north along with the rest of the 26th Brigade, pushing on over difficult terrain to Wareo, where they arrived on 8 December. Following this, the Japanese began to fall back to Sio in retreat and the battalion's involvement in combat operations on the peninsula came to an end as troops from the 5th Division arrived to relieve them. In January, the battalion camped around the Dallman River before being withdrawn back to Finschhafen, camping around the Song River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0016-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nIn February 1944, the 2/48th was withdrawn back to Australia along with the 9th Division. Sailing aboard an American Liberty ship, the battalion landed in Brisbane on 20 February, and made camp at Kalinga before personnel marched out for a long period of home leave. During its time in New Guinea, the battalion had suffered 125 casualties, of which 36 were killed, three died of wounds, eight died of illness and 77 were wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0017-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Landing on Tarakan\nThe battalion began reforming near Ravenshoe, on the Atherton Tablelands in April 1944. During this time the composition of the units of the 9th Division underwent significant changes as many men were discharged due to medical reasons or transferred to other units and young replacements were brought in; many of the battalion's original members had been struck down by sickness during the fighting in New Guinea. A long period of training followed during which the battalion undertook a number of exercises, including amphibious operations with British Royal Marines on the Glenearn and HMS\u00a0Empire Spearhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0017-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Landing on Tarakan\nFinally, following more than a year training in Australia the battalion was committed to its final deployment of the war, moving to Morotai Island in April 1945 in order to take part in the landing on Tarakan as part of Operation Oboe. Embarking from Cairns, the battalion was transported in two ships, the Sea Cat and the Van Heutz, the battalion arrived on Morotai later in the month, where the battalion undertook a series of manoeuvres, exercising with armour and at night, to prepare them for the coming campaign. On 22 April, the battalion embarked upon HMAS\u00a0Manoora, practicing beach landings for a week before setting sail for their objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0018-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Landing on Tarakan\nThe entire 26th Brigade group was assigned the task of capturing Tarakan Island and destroying the Japanese garrison and the assault began on 1 May 1945. Embarking on Manoora, the 2/48th was in the first wave of the attack, leading the brigade in at 07:15 hours, landing on Red Beach, on the left flank of the lodgement, 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) from Tarakan town on the western side of the island, with the 2/23rd on their right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0018-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Landing on Tarakan\nThe preliminary bombardment had been successful, and as the battalion came ashore they were largely unopposed, allowing the landing craft to get in close to the shore. Pushing inland, the 2/48th had secured its primary objectives by 08:38 hours. The right forward company took sporadic fire as it secured the oil tanks, while the battalion's left hand company was able to capture the bridge over the Sibengkok River and the high feature overlooking the landing beach without meeting any resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0019-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Landing on Tarakan\nAdvancing inland, the Japanese pillboxes that had fired on the right forward company were secured after they were abandoned by the defenders. A company was then sent along the Anzac Highway to secure Collins Highway ridge. By 13:40 hours the western end of the ridge had been secured, however, the battalion began taking fire from the east. Forward momentum was maintained, although the 2/48th suffered a number of casualties, and by the end of the day a 2,000-yard (1,800\u00a0m) by 2,800-yard (2,600\u00a0m) beachhead had been established, and the battalion had companies on Collins Highway ridge, one on the \"Parks\" feature and another at \"Finch\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0020-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Landing on Tarakan\nOver the course of the next couple of days, Japanese resistance to the Australian advance increased. After the Australians secured the island's airfield and the low ground along the west coast, throughout May and into June significant engagements took place in the hills surrounding Tarakan town. On 2 May, the 2/48th captured Lyons Ridge, before pressing on towards Tarakan Hill, where they assaulted the \"Sykes\" feature supported by Matilda tanks from the 2/9th Armoured Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0020-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Landing on Tarakan\nHere they experienced their heaviest losses of the campaign, losing six killed and 26 wounded during the three assaults up the steep slopes of the feature. Their next major engagement came in late May when the 2/48th took part in fighting around Freda Ridge as part of the drive on the main Japanese position around Fukukaku. A company-level attack was put in and after stiff resistance the ridge was captured. The following morning, as the battalion waited for a Japanese counterattack, Tom Derrick, who had played a key role in capturing the position the previous day, was mortally wounded. He subsequently died on 24 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0021-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Landing on Tarakan\nIn June, major combat operations on the island ceased and the Australians began the mopping up phase of the campaign as the Australians sought to clear isolated pockets of Japanese troops that had evaded capture. These operations continued into July. During this time, the 2/48th was assigned a sector near the Pamusian River on the eastern coast, as well as Tarakan town and the centre of the island. The battalion's involvement in the Borneo campaign resulted in 174 casualties, including 37 killed and nine died of wounds or from accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0022-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFollowing the end of hostilities in August, the battalion remained on Tarakan to undertake garrison duties. During this time it undertook patrol operations to bring in the various pockets of Japanese troops who had not learned of the surrender; these were dangerous operations and in an effort to reduce casualties, the patrols went out with several Japanese prisoners to help talk their former comrades into surrendering. As the demobilisation process began, its numbers dwindled as long-serving men were repatriated back to Australia, while others with only limited service were transferred to other units for further service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0022-0001", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFinally, on 25 October 1945, while still on Tarakan, the battalion was disbanded. The occasion was marked by a small ceremony at Tarakan involving the unit's remaining members. The battalion's equipment was transferred to the newly raised 66th Battalion, along with a draft of volunteers for occupation duties in Japan with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. Those that did not volunteer to serve in Japan were transferred to the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion. During the course of the war a total of 2,838 men served with the 2/48th Battalion, of whom 343 men were killed in action or died on active service, 675 were wounded, and 20 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0023-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nAccording to the Australian War Memorial the 2/48th Battalion was \"Australia's highest decorated unit of the Second World War\". Four members of the battalion received the Victoria Cross, three of them posthumously. Other decorations awarded to members of the 2/48th included: four Distinguished Service Orders, 12 Military Crosses, 10 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 24 Military Medals and 36 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0024-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/48th Battalion during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161033-0025-0000", "contents": "2/48th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/48th Battalion was awarded the 14 battle honours for its service during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0000-0000", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/4th Anti -Tank Regiment was an Australian Army anti-tank artillery regiment that was raised for service during the Second World War as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force. It was formed in November 1940, and was assigned to the 8th Division. In early 1942, the regiment took part in the Malayan campaign and the Battle of Singapore before being captured when Singapore fell to the Japanese at which time most of its personnel became prisoners of war. Over 170 members of the regiment died in captivity before the end of the war in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0001-0000", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History\nFormed in November 1940 at Puckapunyal, Victoria,  as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force that was raised for overseas service during World War II. The regiment was assigned to the 8th Division, replacing the 2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment, which was transferred to the 9th Division; its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Cranston McEachern. It initially consisted of four batteries \u2013 the  13th, 14th, 15th and 16th \u2013 and had an authorised strength of 30 officers and 526 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0001-0001", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History\nIn February 1941, the 13th Battery deployed to Singapore to support the 22nd Infantry Brigade, which had been sent to bolster the garrison in Malaya in case of a Japanese invasion; the 14th Battery deployed to Darwin, Northern Territory with the 23rd Infantry Brigade. This battery was later transferred to the 103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, in December 1942. Meanwhile, the rest of the regiment was deployed to Malaya, to rejoin the 13th Battery. The regiment was based around Tampin, while the individual batteries deployed forward: the 13th around Malacca with the 27th Infantry Brigade, the 15th established itself at Mersing, and the 16th deployed with the 22nd Infantry Brigade around Jemaluang, where they were tasked with securing the eastern coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0002-0000", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring the early war years, there was a shortage of artillery pieces with which to equip the artillery regiments that were formed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The 2/4th was also affected by this, and even after being deployed it was short of its establishment. By December 1941, the regiment possessed only twelve 2-pounder anti-tank guns and twenty-four 75\u00a0mm pack howitzers, which was twelve guns short of its entitlement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0002-0001", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History\nWhen the Japanese invasion of Malaya began, the 13th Battery moved to Kluang to continue to support the 22nd Infantry Brigade, but the rest of the regiment was focused on the west coast of the peninsula, supporting the 27th Infantry Brigade as the Japanese advance pushed the Allies back towards Johore. One battery was detached to support the 45th Indian Infantry Brigade during the Battle of Muar, while another battery took part in the Battle of Gemas on 14 January 1942, supporting an ambush on the advancing Japanese by the 2/30th Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0002-0002", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring the battle, the 13th Battery engaged and destroyed four Japanese tanks, and damaged several others, that were advancing down the main road. Despite some local successes, the 22nd and 27th Infantry Brigades withdrew down the peninsula towards the island of Singapore, fighting several delaying actions. By 30 January, the last Allied troops had crossed the Johore Causeway, and it was deliberately blown up to prevent the Japanese from using it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0003-0000", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History\nA short lull followed, as the Japanese prepared to cross the strait. During this time, the two Australian brigades occupied hastily prepared defensive positions on the north-west coast of the island. The 2/4th Anti -Tank Regiment deployed the 13th Battery to support the 27th Infantry Brigade in the Causeway Sector; the 15th supported the 22nd Infantry Brigade in the north-western sector, and the 16th Battery supported the 44th Indian Infantry Brigade in the south-west. Regimental headquarters was located at Yew Tee Village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0003-0001", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment was bolstered during this time with its batteries expanding from three troops to four, and receiving more guns; at this time it had thirty 2-pounders, as well as thirteen 75\u00a0mm pack howitzers, and four other guns of Italian origin. On the evening of 8/9 February, the Japanese attacked, sending two divisions across the strait to land in the sector held by 22nd Infantry Brigade. Heavy fighting followed and over the course of a week, the regiment's batteries fought numerous local actions, often with just a single gun, as the Allies were pushed back towards Singapore town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0003-0002", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring this time, the regiment was heavily engaged. Several guns were placed on trucks for a mobile defence, from which they attempted to engage Japanese armoured vehicles before being knocked out, while others fired in direct support of the infantrymen in the same manner as field artillery. The Australian units were eventually concentrated around Tanglin Barracks where they prepared for a final stand. On 15 February, the garrison commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, ordered the remaining garrison to surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161034-0004-0000", "contents": "2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment's casualties during this time amounted to 11 killed, 34 missing in action, and 37 wounded. The surviving members of the regiment subsequently became prisoners of war and spent the next three-and-a-half years in captivity. They were sent to camps around south-east Asia including Thailand, Borneo, Sumatra and Japan before being released at war's end in August 1945. The conditions they experienced were brutal and of the almost 15,000 Australians who were captured during the Malayan campaign and fighting around Singapore, only two thirds survived. More than 170 members of the 2/4th died as prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161035-0000-0000", "contents": "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/4th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. The regiment was formed in November 1942 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force by amalgamating a number of previously existing armoured units and was disbanded in September 1946 after seeing action in New Guinea and Bougainville Island, where it provided individual squadron-group sized elements which operated in support of infantry operations against the Japanese. During its service the regiment received 10 battle honours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161035-0001-0000", "contents": "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/4th Armoured Regiment was one of the last armoured units raised by the Australian Army during the war, being formed in order to replace the 2/6th Armoured Regiment which had been detached from the 1st Armoured Division to serve in New Guinea. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel D.A Cameron, the regiment was raised in November 1942 from elements of a number of Australian armoured reconnaissance units, including 'D' Squadron of the 2/11th Armoured Car Regiment and the 2/1st and 2/2nd Light Tank Squadrons, and was concentrated at Wee Waa, New South Wales. Initially, the regiment formed part of the 2nd Armoured Brigade of the 3rd Armoured Division and was equipped with M3 Grant medium tanks and M3 Stuart light tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161035-0002-0000", "contents": "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nAt the beginning of 1943, the regiment was relocated to Manumbah in Queensland, travelling over 350 miles (560\u00a0km) from Narabri to their final destination near Murgon. The move north was punctuated by heavy rain that turned the road into a quagmire that was meant that at times the tank transporters had to be towed by the tanks that they were supposed to be transporting. Upon reaching their destination they commenced training and would remain in Queensland for the best part of a year. In October 1943, however, the 3rd Armoured Division was disbanded and the 2/4th was allocated to the 4th Armoured Brigade, an independent armoured brigade, and was re-equipped with Matilda II tank which were better suited for jungle warfare than the Grant and Stuart tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161035-0003-0000", "contents": "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nIn August 1944, after training at Southport on the Gold Coast, the regiment received orders to deploy overseas and was moved to Madang in New Guinea, where it replaced the 1st Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161035-0003-0001", "contents": "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nDeployed to provide support to the Australian Army infantry units fighting the Japanese, the regiment provided a number of elements\u2014organised into squadron-group sized elements each with its own support units\u2014to different infantry formations and the first element of the regiment to see action was the 'C' Squadron Group which was attached the 6th Division during the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign from November 1944; in doing so, they took part in the advance towards Wewak, the capture of Niap in January 1945 followed by the capture of Wewak in May. In April, the tanks moved to the town of But in April and from there, the squadron's tanks supported further actions along the Hawain River and around the Wirui Mission. By the end of the war they had occupied Boram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161035-0004-0000", "contents": "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nElsewhere, in December 1944, the 'B' Squadron Group was sent to Bougainville Island to support the Australian II Corps during the Bougainville Campaign. This squadron first saw action on 31 March 1945, when it played an important role in supporting the 3rd Division during the Battle of Slater's Knoll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161035-0004-0001", "contents": "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe Regimental Headquarters and the 'A' Squadron Group were also sent to Bougainville in May 1945 and the regiment continued to provide support to the Australian infantry until the Japanese surrender taking part in a number of battles during the advance towards Buin in the southern sector, including the fighting around the Hongorai River and the crossings of the Hari and Mivo Rivers. In July, a troop-sized detachment was allocated to the 23rd Brigade which was fighting along the Ratsua front in the northern sector of the island in the Bonis Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161035-0005-0000", "contents": "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the end of the war a detachment from the regiment was deployed to Rabaul to assist with guarding the 100,000 Japanese troops in the region. As the regiment's numbers were gradually reduced due to the demobilisation process, the 2/4th Armoured Regiment returned to Australia in May 1946 and was finally disbanded in September 1946. During the course of the unit's war service it suffered 25 men killed in action or died on active service and 31 wounded. Members of the 2/4th received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, three Military Crosses, two Orders of the British Empire, three Military Medal and seven Mentioned in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161035-0006-0000", "contents": "2/4th Armoured Regiment (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/4th Armoured Regiment received 10 battle honours for its service during World War II, these were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0000-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/4th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that was raised for service during World War II, as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force. Deploying to the Middle East in early 1940, the battalion took part in the early fighting in North Africa in early 1941 along with the rest of the 6th Division, before being sent to Greece and then Crete, where it was heavily engaged and suffered heavy losses. Rebuilt in Palestine, the battalion undertook occupation duties in Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0001-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia)\nIn early 1942, the 2/4th returned to Australia in response to Japan's entry into the war, and subsequently undertook a long period of defensive duties and training in Darwin, and then in north Queensland. While other elements of the 6th Division saw action in New Guinea in 1942\u20131943, the 2/4th saw no combat again until late in the war, when it was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in late 1944, fighting throughout the remainder of the war. Following the end of hostilities, the battalion was disbanded in Australia in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0002-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 2/4th Battalion was raised on 3 November 1939 at Victoria Barracks, in Sydney, New South Wales, as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). Amongst the first batch of troops raised as part of the new force, the battalion was initially attached to the 16th Brigade, which was assigned to the 6th Division. Consisting of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 under a headquarters company and a battalion headquarters, like other 2nd AIF infantry battalions raised at the time, the battalion had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0002-0001", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 4th Battalion, which had been raised for service during World War I as part of the First Australian Imperial Force, and had subsequently been re-raised as Militia battalion. These colours were white over green, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of grey was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0003-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nUnder the command of Lieutenant Colonel Percival Parsons, a World War I veteran who had served in the Militia between the wars, the battalion began the process of training its personnel at Ingleburn, New South Wales with several instructors being attached from the Australian Instructional Corps. Many of the initial volunteers had had previous military experience in the part-time forces, with the first group of commissioned and non commissioned officers all being sourced from New South Wales Militia battalions including the 4th, 20th/19th and 56th Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0003-0001", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nTraining included basic soldiering skills such as weapon handling, drill, physical fitness, navigation, anti-gas techniques and fieldcraft. Finally, by early January 1940, the battalion was deemed ready to deploy overseas and on 4 January, the 2/4th took part in a farewell march through the streets of Sydney. Less than a week later, on 10 January 1940, the battalion departed Sydney aboard Strathnaver, bound for the Middle East. Sailing via Fremantle and Colombo, the 2/4th arrived at Kantara, in Egypt, in mid-February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0004-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, Crete and Syria\nFollowing a re-organisation of the structure of the Australian Army, which saw each infantry brigade reduced from four infantry battalions to three, the battalion was re-allocated to the 19th Brigade. This change occurred while the 2/4th was at sea, and after arriving in the Middle East, it concentrated at a camp at Kilo 89, near Gaza, in Palestine where it joined the 2/8th and 2/11th Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0004-0001", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, Crete and Syria\nFor a brief period, following Italy's entry into the war, the battalion was converted to an anti-aircraft regiment and employed in the defence of Haifa, before it was converted back into an infantry battalion in August 1940. After rejoining the 19th Brigade, the 2/4th undertook further exercises and training in Egypt and Palestine prior to the Australians being committed to the fighting against the Italians in the Libyan desert in January 1941 during Operation Compass. A series of actions were fought by the Australians around Bardia, Tobruk and Derna, before the 2/4th entered Benghazi in February. In reserve at Bardia, the battalion's main action came around Derna. During this action, a deception plan was executed by the battalion second-in-command, Major Robert Winning, drawing Italian artillery fire into no man's land. The battalion subsequently occupied Benghazi in early February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 971]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0005-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, Crete and Syria\nIn April 1941, as the Allies grew concerned about a German invasion of Greece, a combined force of British, Australian and New Zealand troops were deployed there from North Africa. It was a short lived campaign, as the Germans advanced quickly, rapidly pushing the Allies back. In freezing temperatures, the 2/4th was heavily engaged around Vevi, in northern Greece near the border with Yugoslavia, but also found itself being evacuated by the end of the month, departing from Megara. A small number of the battalion was not evacuated, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0005-0001", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, Crete and Syria\nOf these, most were captured and eventually sent to prisoner of war camps, although a couple were able to make their own way through Turkey to Palestine, where they eventually returned to the battalion. Several members of the 2/4th also managed to successfully escape from German or Italian prisoner of war camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0006-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, Crete and Syria\nAbout 500 men from the 2/4th were evacuated by sea to Crete, arriving on 27 April. After the Germans launched an airborne invasion of the strategically important island on 20 May, the 2/4th fought around Heraklion airfield, being temporarily detached to the British 14th Infantry Brigade. During the initial landing, the German paratroopers attacking the airfield were repulsed, but they successfully managed to establish a strong foothold around the Allied position, and after heavy fighting the battalion was withdrawn from town, being taken off the Heraklion mole aboard several British destroyers as the island fell to the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0006-0001", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, Crete and Syria\nDuring the evacuation several of the warships that carried the 2/4th were subjected to heavy aerial attack, and several from the battalion were killed or wounded. After arriving in Alexandria, the battalion was rebuilt in Palestine, making up its losses from the earlier campaigns from new reinforcements in Palestine. In the wake of the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign, the battalion deployed to Syria as part of the Allied occupation force established there to defend against a possible German invasion through the Caucasus. They remained there until January 1942, enduring a cold and snowy winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0006-0002", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece, Crete and Syria\nIn the middle of the month, the 19th Brigade moved to Palestine, and from there the 2/4th embarked upon the troopship HMT Rajula at Port Tewfik, for the return to Australia, following Japan's entry into the war. Sailing via Colombo, they arrived in Fremantle in mid-March 1942, before proceeding on to Port Adelaide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0007-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Home service and fighting in New Guinea\nWhile other elements of the 6th Division were sent to New Guinea in late 1942 and early 1943 and saw combat against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track and around Wau, the 19th Brigade was allocated to defensive duties in Darwin, Northern Territory. Thus, after a fortnight's leave, the 2/4th Battalion, which had been temporarily headquartered around Mount Lofty in South Australia, was ordered north in late May 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0007-0001", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Home service and fighting in New Guinea\nThey remained there until June 1943, when the battalion was moved to northern Queensland, along with the rest of the 19th Brigade, aboard Duntroon, as the 6th Division's other two brigades\u00a0\u2013 the 16th and 17th\u00a0\u2013 returned to Australia from New Guinea. As the division was brought back up to strength, a long period of training followed. Consequently, it was not until late in the war that the 2/4th was committed to its first, and only, campaign against the Japanese, deploying to Aitape\u2013Wewak in November 1944, aboard the US transport City of Mexico, as the Australians took over from US forces in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0008-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Home service and fighting in New Guinea\nAfter establishing themselves, the 19th Brigade was initially tasked with securing the area between around the Driniumor, Danmap and Danimul Rivers, and throughout the final months of the war, the battalion undertook an amphibious landing around But, before joining the advance towards Wewak, with fighting around Matapau in late December 1944 and then around Abau and Malin in early January 1945. After Wewak fell on 10 May and the Australians began pushing into the Prince Alexander Range in the interior. Further actions were fought around the Wirui Mission in the middle of May, and then around Mount Shiburangu and Mount Tazaki in May and early July, before the fighting came to an end in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0009-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Home service and fighting in New Guinea\nFollowing the end of hostilities, the process of demobilisation began. There was a large turn over of personnel at this time. Men who were eligible for discharge began returning to Australia in drafts after September, with the first batch departing aboard Katoomba, bound for Brisbane. Those who were not eligible for discharge were transferred to other battalions for further service. By October, all that remained was a small cadre of personnel tasked with returning the battalion's equipment and obtaining the necessary clearances for the battalion's equipment accounts to be closed and records finalised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0009-0001", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Home service and fighting in New Guinea\nThese personnel arrived in Australia in late October, and the 2/4th Battalion was subsequently disbanded at Chermside on 12 November 1945. During its service a total of 2,624 men served with the 2/4th Battalion of whom were 94 killed, 243 were wounded and 195 were captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0009-0002", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), History, Home service and fighting in New Guinea\nOne of the unit's soldiers, Private Edward Kenna, received the Victoria Cross for his actions during an attack on the Wirui Mission in May 1945; in addition, members of the battalion also received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, nine Military Crosses, six Distinguished Conduct Medals, 11 Military Medals, and 53 Mentions in Despatches. Two members of the 2/4th were invested as Members of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0010-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/4th received the following battle honours for its involvement in the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161036-0011-0000", "contents": "2/4th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese honours were subsequently entrusted to the 4th Battalion in 1961, and through this link are maintained by the Royal New South Wales Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0000-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment\nThe 2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment (Dutch: 2-4 Regiment Jagers te Paard, French: 2/4 R\u00e9giment de Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval) was a cavalry regiment in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. The regiment was the armoured reconnaissance regiment of the Motorized Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0001-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 2nd Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nIn March 1814, Prince Ferdinand de Cro\u00ff received permission to create a regiment of Hussars. It was part of L\u00e9gion Belge until 1 September 1814, when it was integrated in the army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0002-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 2nd Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nWhen William I became King of the Netherlands, the Belgian Regiment of Hussars of Cro\u00ff becomes the 8th Regiment of Hussars. The regiment kept its original uniform until after the Battle of Waterloo, where it was part of the Dutch-Belgian cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0003-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 2nd Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nAfter the Belgian Revolution, the 8th Hussar Regiment become the 2nd Regiment of Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval (ChCh), by decree of the Provisional Government of Belgium in October 1830. Its first commander was Colonel d'Hanne de Steenhuyse in Ghent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0004-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 2nd Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nOn 20 August 1914, the regiment distinguished itself during the Siege of Antwerp. On 16 October 1914 the Battle of the Yser began, leading to four years of battles in the trenches on the Yser front. On 6 March 1918, the 2nd ChCh was able to withstand a massive attack by the enemy at Reigersvliet. The regiment was part of a counter-attack together with other units of the Cavalry Division. After the Allied occupation of the Rhineland, the 2nd ChCh moved to Namur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0005-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 2nd Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nOn 10 May 1940, the regiment (by then motorized) occupied bridges over the river Ourthe in the Ardennes. On 13 and 14 May 1940, it took part in a hard battle behind the river Gette. From 25 May 1940 until the end of the hostilities, the 2nd ChCh is able to stop all enemy attacks on the river Lys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0006-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 2nd Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nThe regiment was definitively reformed in 1952. From then onwards, it was based in Germany at Camp Vogelsang, Arnsberg Kassel and Ludenscheid. An American organizational structure and material was adopted. It was equipped with American Patton tanks. In 1973, it was re-equipped with the CVR-T tank which was replaced in 1986 by the Leopard 1. The regiment remained a tank battalion until 1992. From then onwards, the 2nd ChCh, with its surveillance radars, was revised in a reconnaissance role. It left Altenrath in Germany for Saive in 2003 with the disbanding of the Belgian Forces in Germany (FBA-BSD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0007-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 4th Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nThe 4th Regiment of Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval was founded during the re-organisation of the army in 1913, and was thus the youngest cavalry unit of the Belgian army. It participated in World War I and helped the Second Army Division in a reconnaissance role. It distinguished itself during the Siege of Antwerp between 30 August and 8 October 1914. During the second break-out of Antwerp, the 4th Chch made it as far as the surroundings of Leuven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0007-0001", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 4th Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nDuring the retreat of Antwerp, its defense of the Lisse canal, near Somerghem on 12 October 1914, was able to repulse an enemy attack, though with significant losses. Thanks to this, the Division was able to retreat intact to Bruges. The regiment adapted to the trench warfare of the Yser Front as an infantry regiment. It was dissolved in February 1918, though it was resurrected in 1919. From October 1921 it was based in Mons. Another reorganization of the army in 1923 lead to its second dissolution on 3 August. It was not re-mobilized during the Second World War, though former members of the regiment served in other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0008-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 4th Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nOn 1 February 1961, the 4th Regiment of Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval was re-created as the Regiment of reconnaissance of the 1st Belgian Corps. It had its base in Quartier Houhulst in Werl in Germany. In July 1964 the Regiment moved to a new base at Quartier Reigersvliet in Arnsberg. As a consequence of a re-organisation of the Armed Forces, the Regiment was being reduced to a Squadron in 1993. On 3 June 1994 the unit left Arnsberg after 30 years of stay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0008-0001", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 4th Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nThat same day the Squadron 4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval was officially installed as an independent reconnaissance squadron of the 1st Mechanized Division in Altenrath, between Cologne and Bonn, until the end of 2001. On 1 January 2002, it became the unit of reconnaissance of the 7th Mechanized Brigade in Marche-en-Famenne. The 4th Chch Squadron remained in Altenrath until September 2003 when they returned to Belgium. After this move to Saive, near Li\u00e8ge, the unit was promoted to the status of Regiment again. Under the new expansion, it included a regimental headquarters, a support squadron and one Recce Squadron (5 platoons, being three of reconnaissance, one of infantry and one ATk (anti-tank) platoon).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0009-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, History, 4th Regiment of Mounted Rifles\nOn 29 September 2004, as a result of the fusion of the 2 units,  the 2/4 Regiment of Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval was created. The first deployment of the new combined unit was BELKOS 22 in Kosovo between July to December 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161037-0010-0000", "contents": "2/4th Chasseurs \u00e0 Cheval Regiment, Disbandment\nAs part of the restructuring of the Belgian defense in January 2011, the regiment joined with the 1st Regiment of Mounted Rifles/Guides to form the ISTAR Battalion (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance) based at Heverlee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0000-0000", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/4th Commando Squadron was one of 12 independent companies and commando squadrons raised by the Australian Army during the Second World War. Raised in August 1941, it was disbanded not long after due to conceptual problems, but it was quickly reformed following the entry of Japan into the war in December 1941. After a period of about six months performing garrison duties in northern Australia, the 2/4th was deployed to Portuguese Timor to reinforce the other Australian units already waging a guerilla war on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0000-0001", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nAfter a brief campaign the 2/4th was returned to Australia and from there it went on to serve in New Guinea in 1943, taking part in the Salamaua-Lae campaign attached to the 9th Division. Later, the squadron was involved in one of the last campaigns of the war when it landed on Tarakan Island in May 1945 and took part in the Borneo campaign. Following the end of hostilities, the 2/4th returned to Australia and was disbanded at Ingleburn, New South Wales, on 8 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0001-0000", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nThe unit was initially formed as \"No. 4 Independent Company\" in August 1941, but it was disbanded in October due to conceptual problems within the Australian Army surrounding the role that the 4th and other such companies could fill in the strategic situation at that time. The Company was reformed in late December 1941 following the outbreak of the Pacific War. This time it was known as \"2/4th Independent Company\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0001-0001", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nAfter completing its training at the Guerilla Warfare School at Foster, on Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, the 2/4th was posted to the Katherine, Northern Territory, in March 1942 where it undertook garrison duties. Following the bombing of Darwin this became an operation role and during this time the 2/4th deployed a number of small groups between the McArthur and the Ord Rivers, where they were to harass any Japanese forces which might have landed there. This never eventuated, though, and in August the 2/4th moved to the town of Adelaide River, Northern Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0002-0000", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nIn September the 2/4th Independent Company returned to Darwin and from there they were was deployed to Portuguese Timor (now East Timor) on HMAS\u00a0Voyager to reinforce the 2/2nd Independent Company, which was at that time conducting a guerilla campaign on the island with the assistance of the local population. Over the course of four months, the company carried out a number of successful operations on Timor, including many successful ambushes, dynamiting of bridges and roads, as well as manning two observation posts in the mountains outside Dili where they reported the movements of Japanese ships and aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0002-0001", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nThis lasted until January 1943 when, due to the deteriorating situation, the decision was made to withdraw the force from the island and bring them back to Australia. Their success demonstrated what could be achieved by such a force behind enemy lines and it was used later as a model for the formation of the Australian Special Air Service after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0003-0000", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nThe company returned to Australia and was reformed at the Jungle Warfare School at Canungra, Queensland, in April 1943 where it received reinforcements and new equipment. From there, they were moved to Wongabel on the Atherton Tablelands. It was during this time that the Australian Army began to re-organise the independent companies, as part of its larger army-wide re-organisation as it began to prepare itself for the jungle campaigns that it would fight over the next two years. As a part of this re-organisation, the independent companies were amalgamated together under a regimental headquarters that would administer the companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0003-0001", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nThese headquarters units were formed using the cavalry regiments of the 6th, 7th and 9th Divisions and as such, in October, although at that time currently overseas again, the 2/4th Independent Company was redesignated the \"2/4th Cavalry (Commando) Squadron\" as it became a part of the 2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment, attached to the 7th Division. This name would later be shortened simply to \"2/4th Commando Squadron\" in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0004-0000", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nIn August 1943, the 2/4th was deployed to New Guinea, arriving at Milne Bay where they were placed under the command of the 9th Division, attached to the 26th Brigade. On 4 September, the 2/4th participated in Australia's first amphibious landing since Gallipoli when they landed at Lae during the Salamaua-Lae campaign. The 2/4th came ashore in the second wave of the landing, suffering heavy losses with thirty-four men being killed or missing when their Landing Ship Tank was attacked by Japanese dive and torpedo bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0004-0001", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nAfter the landing, the 2/4th began reconnaissance and flank protection operations for the 26th Brigade until 30 October, when Lae finally fell and they were sent by barge to reinforce the 20th Brigade at Finschhafen in the clearing of the Huon Peninsula. During this time the 2/4th conducted numerous long range patrols, often being sent ahead of the main advance, before finally being removed from the line at the end of February 1944 and being sent back to Australia for leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0005-0000", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nUpon its return to Australia, the 2/4th regrouped at Ravenshoe, Queensland, where in March 1944 it became part of the 2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment and was officially attached to the 9th Division with whom it had served during the recently concluded operations in New Guinea. The squadron then experienced a hiatus from operations for over a year, during which time it conducted numerous training exercises in northern Queensland, before embarking from Townsville and sailing to Morotai in April 1945. From here the squadron took part in the landings at Tarakan Island off Borneo as part of the \"Oboe\" operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0005-0001", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nThroughout May and June the 2/4th played an important role in the campaign. The landing on Sadau Island was unopposed and a few days later on 3 May at Tarakan it was once again tasked to act in support of the 26th Brigade. In the coming days and weeks the 2/4th saw extensive service during the liberation of Tarakan, suffering heavy casualties with four officers and fifty-two other ranks being killed or wounded in this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161038-0006-0000", "contents": "2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia), History\nThis was the squadron's last operation and following its return to Australia it was disbanded at Ingleburn, New South Wales, on 8 January 1946. During its service the 2/4th lost 68 men killed in action or died on active service. Five members were awarded the Military Medal, while 15 were Mentioned in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0000-0000", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/4th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment formed on 2 May 1940, as part of the 7th Division during World War II. The regiment was involved in campaigns in North Africa, Syria\u2013Lebanon, Salamaua\u2013Lae, the Finisterre Ranges and Borneo. After training in Victoria, the regiment deployed to North Africa in late 1940. After being deployed in the defence of Mersa Matruh in Egypt in early 1941, the regiment took part in the fighting against the Vichy French in Syria and Lebanon, before undertaking garrison duties there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0000-0001", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia)\nIt returned to Australia in early 1942 following Japan's entry into the war, and in September 1943, a small group of artillerymen from the 2/4th parachuted with two short 25 Pounder guns in the airborne landing at Nadzab airstrip in New Guinea in support of the US Army's 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment. Later, the regiment took part in the 7th Division's advance through the Finisterre Range before returning to Australia in early 1944. Its final involvement in the war came around Balikpapan in 1945. After the war, the regiment was disbanded on 7 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0001-0000", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nRaised on 7 May 1940, as part of the 7th Division at Caulfield Racecourse, in Melbourne, Victoria, the regiment was initially formed with two three-troop batteries: the 7th and 8th. Each battery consisted of three troops and four QF 18 pounders. The regiment's initial volunteers  were drawn mainly from Victoria, with many having previously served in local Militia artillery units. Artillery guns were scarce at the time and training was completed at Puckapunyal, Victoria, using guns borrowed from other units. On 21 October 1940, still without its own guns, the regiment embarked from Port Melbourne bound for the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0001-0001", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nDisembarking at El Kantara, in Egypt, on the Suez Canal in November. Its next destination was Deir Suneid, Palestine, traveling by train, where it undertook training, before receiving some artillery guns in January 1941. After moving to Ikingi Maryut, Egypt, in mid-April it finally was equipped with 25-pounders, 18-pounders, and 4.5 inch howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0002-0000", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter Tobruk was placed under siege by Axis forces in April 1941, the regiment moved to the fortress at Mersa Matruh, Egypt, with four guns being deployed forward in an anti-tank role. In May, the regiment received new 25-pounders at Tel el Kebir, Egypt, from the 9th Division before the Allies launched the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign and moved to Affula, Palestine. As part of the invasion of Syria and Lebanon held at the time by the Vichy French, the regiment supported the Australian 21st Brigade's advance along the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0002-0001", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nCrossing the border on 8 June, the 7th Battery, as part of the advance guard which overlooked the Litani River, fired the first artillery shots of the campaign, subsequently providing critical fire support which allowed a bridgehead to be secured. During the fighting that followed the regiment undertook anti-tank, direct-fire tasks, counter battery fire and came under enemy air and naval attack. At the conclusion of the campaign, the 2/4th remained in Syria undertaking garrison duty. During its time there the regiment was expanded to include a third battery, which was designated the 54th Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0003-0000", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAs part of the transfer of Australian combat troops to the Pacific, the 2/4th was withdrawn from Syria in December 1941 and subsequently transported back to Australia to help bolster the garrison there following Japan's entry into the war. In May 1942, after a period of leave, the regiment concentrated around Caloundra, in Queensland, after which a long period of training for jungle warfare took place. During this time the regiment was warned out for possible deployment on a number of occasions, but was ultimately not required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0003-0001", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nSome personnel were detached for service in New Guinea around Milne Bay and with \"Lilliput Force\", but the regiment did not see action again until early September 1943 when the 54th Battery deployed a detachment of 31 artillerymen and two Short 25-pound artillery pieces to support the US 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment's airborne landing at Nadzab, as part of Allied efforts to capture Lae during the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0003-0002", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the successful capture of Nadzab, the rest of the regiment was transported by air and supported the Australian 25th Brigade's advance on Lae, and then the Australian 7th Division's subsequent involvement in the Finisterre Range campaign, during which its fire played a significant role in the successful capture of Shaggy Ridge by the Australian infantry on 27 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0004-0000", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment was withdrawn to Australia in February 1944 for rest and reorganisation. A period was spent at Strathpine, Queensland, and then later the regiment moved to the Atherton Tablelands where the 7th Division prepared for its final campaign of the war in Borneo. It was over a year before the regiment was deployed again, transiting through Morotai Island in June 1945 before supporting the division's landing at Balikpapan in July. Landing on the second day of the operation, the regiment operated in support of the Australian 18th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161039-0004-0001", "contents": "2/4th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter a short campaign, the war came to an end in August 1945 and the demobilisation process began. Personnel were transferred from the unit for subsequent service, or were repatriated to Australia for discharge, before the regiment was finally returned to Australia for disbandment. This occurred on 7 February 1946, while the regiment was based at Chermside, in Brisbane. A total of 30 personnel from the regiment were killed in action during the war, or died while on active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161040-0000-0000", "contents": "2/4th Lancers Regiment\nThe 2/4th Lancers Regiment (Dutch: 2/4 Regiment Lansiers) was a cavalry regiment in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. It was created by the merging of the 2nd Lancers and the 4th Lancers Regiments. The regiment was the Armoured Battalion of the 1st Brigade. The 2/4th was inactivated in 2010, and the 1/3rd Lancers Battalion became the Armoured Battalion of the 1st Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0000-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion was an Australian Army unit raised for service with the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) during the Second World War. Formed in late 1940 as part of the 8th Division, the battalion was established to provide direct fire support to the division's infantry brigades. It was the fourth, and last, such unit raised within the 2nd AIF. The unit's personnel were largely drawn from the state of Western Australia and after formation, the battalion concentrated near Perth for basic individual training before moving to the Adelaide Hills to complete more advance manouevres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0001-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nIn late 1941, amidst concerns of war in the Pacific, the unit was deployed north to Darwin in the Northern Territory, where they undertook garrison duties in the weeks following Japan's entry into the war. Following Japanese landings in Malaya, the 2/4th embarked from Darwin and were transferred to Malaya, arriving in Singapore in the final days of the fighting on the peninsula. In the wake of the withdrawal of British and Commonwealth forces to the island, the battalion was hastily deployed in support of the two Australian brigades\u2014the 22nd and 27th Brigades\u2014in the north-western sector of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0001-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nDuring the initial Japanese landing, elements of the battalion were heavily engaged around the landing beaches but they were outnumbered and over the course of the week the defenders were pushed back towards the centre of the island, towards the city of Singapore. They suffered heavy casualties during this time, before subsequently becoming prisoners of war after the fall of Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0002-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nMeanwhile, a detachment of about 100 men from the battalion, who had been left behind in Australia when it deployed to Singapore, also took part in the fighting on Java. After a brief campaign, the majority of these personnel were taken into captivity when the Allied forces were overwhelmed around Buitenzorg in mid-March 1942, although some attempted to fight on as guerillas. Eventually these men were either killed or captured; prisoners remained in Japanese captivity until the end of the war in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0002-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)\nDuring the three-and-a-half years they were held by the Japanese, members of the 2/4th were sent to prison camps around the Pacific, where they were used as slave labour and subjected to harsh conditions and extreme brutality. After the war, the surviving members of the battalion were returned to Australia but the 2/4th was not re-raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0003-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion was one of four machine gun battalions raised as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) for service overseas during the Second World War. Motorised infantry units, equipped with wheeled motor vehicles and tracked carriers, the machine gun battalions were formed to provide a greater level of fire support than that ordinarily available within infantry battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0003-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nDeveloped by the British Army, the concept had its genesis in the Australian Army during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915, when the machine guns assigned to the infantry battalions\u2014initially two and then four\u2014had been grouped together and co-ordinated at brigade level, to help compensate for the lack of artillery support. On the Western Front, the concept had evolved through the establishment of machine gun companies in 1916 and finally, in 1918, to the establishment of machine gun battalions. Similar formations had also been established among the Australian Light Horse units serving in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0003-0002", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nDuring the inter-war years, the machine gun battalions had been deemed unnecessary. They were not re-raised when the Army was reorganised in 1921 but in 1937, as the Australian Army looked to expand owing to fears of war in Europe, four such units were formed within the part-time Militia, by converting light horse units and motorising them. Several other Militia machine gun battalions were also raised as new units later after the Second World War began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0003-0003", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThese were formed by consolidating the machine gun companies assigned to a number of infantry battalions, and other light horse units were also converted into the role for use as garrison forces. Within the 2nd AIF\u2014Australia's overseas expeditionary force\u2014the decision was made to raise four machine gun battalions as corps troops that were usually allocated at a rate of one per division; several of the Militia units were also later designated Australian Imperial Force units, after the majority of their personnel volunteered for overseas service. This meant that they could be deployed outside of Australian territory even though they were not 2nd AIF units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0004-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nIn mid-1940, amid the tide of German successes in Europe, there was an influx of volunteers for the 2nd AIF. As a result, the Australian government decided to raise a third volunteer division for overseas service, named the 8th Division. Established around three infantry brigades\u2014the 22nd, 23rd and 27th\u2014the division was supported by corps troops including engineers, cavalry, artillery, pioneers and a machine gun battalion for direct fire support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0004-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nWithin this formation, the 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion came into being on 25 November 1940, when Lieutenant Colonel Michael Anketell, a First World War veteran who had commanded a Militia infantry battalion before the war, established his headquarters at Northam Camp, near Perth, Western Australia. While the rest of the 8th Division had drawn its personnel mainly from the more populous eastern states of New South Wales and Victoria, the decision was made to select personnel for the 2/4th only from those who were already enlisted and conducting training in the west. While potentially parochial, it was a primarily a pragmatic decision to reduce the time it would take to concentrate the unit and complete its training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0005-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nLike most 2nd AIF units, the 2/4th drew its cadre staff of officers and senior non-commissioned officers (NCOs) from volunteers from local Militia units. These were augmented by partially trained Other Ranks (ORs) from the three local recruit training depots; the first batch of these, numbering 394 men, arrived at Northam on 27 November and a further 262 marched in on 4 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0005-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nAs the battalion was brought up to its authorised strength of around 800 men, personnel were formed into four machine gun companies, 'A' to 'D', under a headquarters company consisting of several specialist platoons\u2014including signals and anti-aircraft platoons\u2014and battalion headquarters. There were no platoon commanders until a contingent arrived from the regional Officer Training Units. Initially training was hampered by a lack of equipment\u2014only 12 of 48 Vickers machine guns assigned to the battalion were available\u2014so at the start the focus was on individual rather than collective training. As more stores arrived, training accelerated with the help of experienced Militia NCOs and First World War veterans, who were brought in to share their experiences with the new troops. Just before Christmas and New Year's leave, the battalion received its distinctive unit colour patch: a black and gold triangle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 985]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0006-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nEarly in the New Year, the establishment of the battalion's command formation was completed with the appointment of subalterns as platoon commanders, following their return from their first appointment courses. The training continuum evolved with the establishment of an NCO school and various specialist courses, including range finding and transport; a bugle and drum band was also raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0006-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nIn February 1941, training focused upon skill-at-arms, before undertaking a 60-mile (97\u00a0km) march from Northam to Perth, which was conducted over the course of three days and was undertaken, according to the Australian War Memorial, to test the \"physical fitness and endurance of the personnel and officers\" and \"the efficiency of the battalion's motor transport and administration personnel\". Upon their return, training progressed to field firing, night manoeuvres, portage, defensive exercises and further specialised training, continuing until July, by which time the battalion was considered ready for deployment. That month it received orders to move to Adelaide, South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0006-0002", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nProceeding in four drafts\u2014one each on the transports Katoomba and Duntroon and two by rail\u2014they were established at Woodside, in the Adelaide Hills, by the end of the month. The battalion endured a bitter winter, conducting field exercises amidst the steep wooded slopes of the Mount Lofty Range; these became more tactically complex and physically demanding as Anketell worked the battalion up to a peak of efficiency, in preparation for deployment amidst growing tensions in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0007-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in northern Australia\nIn August 1941, the 27th Brigade was sent to Malaya to reinforce the 22nd, which had been serving there in a garrison role since February, having been dispatched while the 2/4th Machine Battalion had been forming. With this, the only 2nd AIF troops remaining in Australia were those of the 23rd Brigade. As a result of concerns about Japanese intentions in the region, the decision was made to move the brigade north to bolster the defences around Darwin in the Northern Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0007-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in northern Australia\nIn the event of fighting in the Pacific, the government planned to split infantry battalions, to defend the island chain to Australia's north, dispatching forces to Rabaul, Ambon and Timor. The role of the corps troops from the 2/4th Pioneers and 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion remained uncertain. The 8th Division's commander, Major General Gordon Bennett, unhappy with the dispersal of his command, had been agitating for the dispatch of the machine gunners to Malaya to support his two infantry brigades, arguing that they would be valuable for beach defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0007-0002", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in northern Australia\nBennett's request had been rejected initially in March, due to the limited numbers of recruits enlisting but by mid-September, elements at Army headquarters in Melbourne had also begun to advocate for it. In early October, following a War Cabinet decision to split the command of the 8th Division in two, removing the elements in Australia from Bennett's command, the 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion received orders to move north to Darwin, where it was to serve in a home defence role in case of a Japanese attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0008-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in northern Australia\nOn 11 October 1941, the battalion entrained at Oakbank and began the journey north. They detrained at Alice Springs, where they camped overnight before continuing the journey by road in a 44-vehicle convoy, which took them further north to Larrimah. There they once again entrained for the final journey to Winnellie, which they reached on 19 October, after overnighting in Katherine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0009-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in northern Australia\nAt Winnellie, the battalion was allocated a large defensive zone between Nightcliff, Lee Point and Shoal Bay, which included a large beach frontage, as well as extensive swamp lands and creeks further inland. Throughout November, extensive work was undertaken improving the camp and preparing this position with fortified emplacements. They also undertook various other garrison duties such as guarding ammunition dumps, and road and railway construction. The battalion also detached a company to Adelaide River for a period to complete construction tasks during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0009-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in northern Australia\nHeavy summer rains flooded the camp and surrounding area and as well as hampering construction, brought a wave of dengue fever amongst the battalion and the threat of crocodile attacks as the creeks within the battalion position swelled; the battalion's mascot, a dog named \"Gunner\", fell victim. News of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of Malaya came in early December and with it a need to bolster Australian forces in the Pacific. As Bennett pressed harder for reinforcements, on 23 December the 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion received orders to embark for Malaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0010-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Embarkation\nOn 30 December 1941, after transferring responsibility for their defensive area to a Militia Light Horse machine gun regiment from South Australia, the battalion embarked upon two troopships, Westralia and Marella, bound for Malaya via Port Moresby, Sydney and then Fremantle. Arriving on 4 January 1942, they were transferred to the transport Aquitania, which was to take them the rest of the way. Before they had completed transferring the battalion's equipment, news was received that Rabaul, about 500 miles (800\u00a0km) north-east, had been bombed by carrier-based aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0010-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Embarkation\nDue to concerns that the aircraft may have been looking for the convoy, or US warships fleeing the Philippines, and that Port Moresby might be bombed next, the convoy's departure was advanced and so they sailed immediately. Instead of proceeding to Malaya, though, they were taken to Sydney, New South Wales, as it was decided that it would be safer to proceed via the southern route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0011-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Embarkation\nAfter a brief stay in Sydney where the battalion's equipment deficiencies were made good and some reinforcements were received from local recruit training depots, they embarked again on 10 January in company with HMAS Canberra, and proceeded through the Bass Strait. As they were under way, the troops were kept occupied with training on the Bren light machine gun and the Thompson sub-machine gun, quantities of which were hastily added to the battalion's equipment scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0011-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Embarkation\nThey reached Fremantle, on 15 January and overnight, a large number of 2/4th men defied orders to stay aboard ship and went ashore to spend time with their families; when the Aquitania sailed the next day, 94 men were left behind. The situation in Malaya was grave as the Japanese were steadily pushing the British and Commonwealth defenders south down the peninsula and as the gravity of the situation dawned upon the Australian government, a knee-jerk reaction saw the dispatch of 150 partially trained reinforcements from Northam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0011-0002", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Embarkation\nThey arrived just as the Aquitania departed, being ferried out to Rottnest Island where they joined the ship's company late in the afternoon of 16 January. Although the reinforcements made good the men that had been left behind, they were only partially trained and ill-prepared for the fighting that would follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0012-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Embarkation\nAfter departing Fremantle, the convoy steamed towards Java and reached Ratai Bay early on 20 January. Proceeding on to the Sunda Strait, which was reached mid-morning on 21 January and the men were then transferred to a number of smaller, faster Dutch ships to run the gauntlet of Japanese bombers that were attacking Allied shipping in the area. In concert with several Australian, British and Indian escorts and two Dutch Catalina flying boats, the convoy entered Keppel Harbour on 25 January 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0012-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Embarkation\nUpon arrival in Singapore, consisting of 942 personnel of all ranks, the battalion was allocated to the task of preparing machine gun positions on Singapore's north coast and around the naval base. They stepped into a maelstrom, the Japanese were bombing the naval base\u2014where the 2/4th were accommodated\u2014every day and the fighting on the Malay Peninsula was all but over. Having been pushed back down the peninsula over the course of seven weeks, in the final week of January, the Allies withdrew from Johore, on the mainland, to Singapore, where they would make a final stand. Covering the withdrawal, the 22nd Brigade was the last Australian unit to cross the 70-foot (21\u00a0m) wide Causeway before it was blown up, early on the morning of 31 January, to prevent the Japanese from capturing it and to slow their advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0013-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Embarkation\nOne of only two machine gun battalions available for the defending British and Commonwealth forces, as preparations were made to repulse the expected Japanese assault across the Johore Strait, the battalion was split up to provide support to troops from the 22nd and 27th Australian Infantry Brigades and the 44th Indian Infantry Brigade around the western part of the island, where the Japanese assault was expected. 'B' Company was allocated to support the 27th, while 'C' Company was sent to the 44th and 'D' Company went to the 22nd. ' A' Company was initially held in reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0013-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Embarkation\nOn 7 February, due to concerns about the lack of defending infantry, about 90 machine gun reinforcements, who had been hastily formed into a sixth company\u2014'E'\u2014were detached at this time to form part of a 400-strong Special Reserve Battalion, initially under the command of an officer from the 2/19th Infantry Battalion and later taken over by Major Albert Saggers, formerly of the 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0014-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nThe Japanese attack came in the night of 8/9 February, after a heavy artillery and aerial bombardment that had lasted throughout the day. 'D' Company, positioned in various locations in support of the Australian 22nd Brigade in the north-western area, found themselves in the thick of the fighting as the Japanese concentrated their landing on the Australian 8th Division front. Understrength and stretched out across a large frontage over ground that was unsuited to defence, the Australians were almost immediately under pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0014-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nShortly after 8:00\u00a0pm, 13 Platoon, supporting the 2/20th Infantry Battalion around the head of the Lim Chu Kang Road, was confronted by a large number of landing barges filled with Japanese assault troops. For almost six hours, the platoon, under Lieutenant Eric Wankey, fought a desperate action to repel the invaders. With four machine guns, as well as personal small arms and grenades, the platoon inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese and sank several barges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0014-0002", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nDespite heavy casualties from Japanese mortar and machine gun fire, they kept fighting until early in the morning on 9 February when, threatened with being outflanked and low on ammunition\u2014each gun had fired over 10,000 rounds\u2014and having had one gun knocked out, the platoon was forced to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0014-0003", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nDestroying their equipment as they went to prevent it from being captured, the platoon was forced to withdraw in contact, taking their wounded with them; the action was later rewarded with a Military Cross for the platoon commander, who was badly wounded after taking over one of the machine guns after its crew had been wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0015-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nNear the Sungei Murai (Murai River), 15 Platoon\u2014under Lieutenant John Meiklejohn\u2014had been stationed in support of a company from the 2/18th Infantry Battalion, in a thickly wooded area with low hills and many inlets. 15 Platoon established an enfilade formation near the shore, with its machine guns distributed in two sections on a north\u2013south axis, facing a narrow peninsula, between the mouth of the Murai and a small inlet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0015-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nAccording to the official history by Lionel Wigmore, after a Japanese landing party approached, the southern section under Meiklejohn \"opened fire against six approaching barges, and kept on firing for two hours, despite retaliation by hand grenades, as the Japanese landed and crossed the neck of the peninsula\". As was the case elsewhere in the extremely wide sector assigned to the 22nd Brigade, many Japanese landing parties were able to outflank the thinly-spread Australian positions. At risk of being cut off and with ammunition running low, Meiklejohn ordered the southern section to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0015-0002", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nAccording to Wigmore: \"Meiklejohn led his section along a jungle path where they came upon a party of Japanese resting. He shot some with his revolver, and another was knocked out with a swing from a [machine gun] tripod, but Meiklejohn lost his life in attempting to cover his section's withdrawal.\" The northern section of 15 Platoon held its ground \"until it was informed that a near-by infantry platoon was almost surrounded, and about to withdraw\". Forced to retreat without its machine guns, the northern section also found Japanese troops blocking its path. When Private Cliff Spackman was attacked by a Japanese officer wielding a sword, Spackman \"bayoneted him\", took the sword and used it against another Japanese soldier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0016-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nAs the situation worsened, early on 9 February 'A' Company, which had been in reserve, and HQ Company were sent forward to provide further assistance to the 22nd Infantry Brigade, which was slowly being pushed back towards the tactically important Tengah airfield, via the village of Ama Keng. They took up positions at Bulim, east of the airfield; shortly afterwards they were joined by 7 Platoon, from 'B' Company, which had been detached from the Causeway sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0016-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nThe remnants of the 22nd, numbering around only 500 men from its original 2,500, with a further 500 or so isolated and attempting to fight their way through, was pushed further back throughout the day. Orders were passed for a counter-attack around the airfield but as the size of Japanese forces in the area grew to around 20,000 men, they were later cancelled in favour of establishing a line between Bulim and Jurong, to the east of the airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0016-0002", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nEstablished in the early afternoon, within this line, the 2/4th's 'A' Company was positioned east of Bulim with 7 Platoon, 'B' Company, while the remnants of 'D' Company, amounting to only 47 men, were moved south, where they joined with 'C' Company, which was supporting the Indian 44th Brigade, which although it had not yet been engaged, had fallen back from the south-west coast to avoid being cut off and had established itself west of Ulu Pandan, behind the Sungei Jurong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0017-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nLate on 9 February, the Japanese made more landings, in the Causeway sector, held by the 27th Infantry Brigade. Despite having been reduced to just two infantry battalions due to the transfer of the 2/29th to the hard-pressed 22nd Infantry Brigade, they were able to mount a stiff defence, supported by the machine guns of 'B' Company. 8 Platoon inflicted many casualties in the Japanese landing craft coming ashore at the mouth of the Sungei Mandi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0017-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nWith casualties mounting and pressure being placed on the brigade's rear due to a large gap that had developed around Kranji, by the Japanese advances in the 22nd Infantry Brigade's area, the decision was made to withdraw from the beach and realign north\u2013south along the Woodlands Road. Further south, the Australian 22nd and Indian 44th, 6th/15th and 12th Infantry Brigades also established themselves along this axis between Bukit Panjang and Pasir Panjang on the south coast and by early evening on 10 February the Japanese had secured the entire west coast of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0018-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nFor the next four days, the Allied troops were pushed south-east towards the city of Singapore. Throughout this time, the battalion's companies were in almost constant action, either\u2014in the case of 'B', 'C', 'D' and 'E' Companies\u2014under separate command, or 'A' and 'HQ' Companies with battalion headquarters. The reinforcements of 'E' Company, detached to the Special Reserve Battalion, suffered heavily. In three days, they lost 43 men killed or missing, before the ad hoc formation was disbanded and the men returned to the 2/4th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0018-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\n7 Platoon, 'B' Company, took on a mounted role, procuring four Bren carriers, with which they began patrolling in support. On 12 February they were engaged along the Buona Vista Road, while supporting the Malayan Regiment. The following day, they were attacked by a Japanese light tank, which knocked out one of the carriers before the platoon extricated themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0019-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nBy 14 February, the Allied troops had withdrawn into a small perimeter around the city. The 8th Division were holding a position 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) east of the city, centred upon the axis of the Holland Road, with its headquarters at Tanglin Barracks. With the Japanese gaining ground to their north and south through the porous lines of the Indian 44th and British 54th Brigades, the situation became critical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0019-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nThreatened with being cut off, Anketell began to plan a last stand; moving forward to survey the situation he was badly wounded by mortar and small arms fire and after being evacuated to Alexandra Hospital, died of his wounds late in the evening of 14 February. Despite his loss, the battalion kept on fighting to the very end, sending out patrols throughout the following day and severely mauling a Japanese vehicle convoy that came too close to their position. Late on 15 February, the British commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival gave the order to surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0019-0002", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Fall of Singapore\nThe physical process of the surrender was slow, and despite orders to surrender weapons and ammunition, the men proceeded to destroy the majority of their equipment the following morning, before the Japanese arrived. Later, they were marched to Changi prison, during which several men from the battalion attempted to escape after the Japanese began executing several prisoners; one, the regimental sergeant major, Fred Airey, successfully made it to Sumatra but was later recaptured there, while another, Private Les McCann, remained on the run for eight days before being recaptured after collapsing from bullet wounds he had received during the attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0020-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Java detachment\nWhile the majority of the battalion was fighting on Singapore, a small detachment of 106 men were sent to Java. The majority of these were the 94 men that had failed to return in time from their unofficial leave in Fremantle. After missing their ship, they had been arrested by the military police and were confined to quarters in Karrakatta Camp for two weeks. On 30 January they were released and under the command of two officers and a small group of NCOs, they embarked upon Marella, which set out for Singapore via Palembang in Batavia, escorted by Canberra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0021-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Java detachment\nAfter reaching Tanjung Priok on 10 February, the detachment found itself placed under Dutch command and formed into a composite infantry company, within the reserve battalion of the ad hoc formation known as \"Blackforce\", which had been formed under Brigadier Arthur Blackburn. At the end of the month, having taken Sumatra, the Japanese invaded Java with three divisions and a strong naval task force. Fierce fighting at sea ensued, during which 14 out of a force of 18 Allied ships were sunk. Several Japanese transports were also sunk but the majority of Japanese troops were landed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0021-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Java detachment\nThe detachment from the 2/4th found itself around Buitenzorg, where the majority of the 2/4th personnel formed part of an ad hoc infantry force, known as the Reserve Group, or 3rd Battalion, consisting of eight platoons, under Major John Champion de Crespigny. They fought several defensive actions before being overwhelmed and taken into captivity on 12 March 1942. A small number continued to fight as guerrillas but were eventually all captured. Some of the men were held in camps in Java and Sumatra, although the majority were later sent to Singapore before being transported to camps elsewhere in south-east Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0022-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Internment and disbandment\nDuring the fighting, out of a total of 976 men deployed, the battalion lost 137 men killed in action and 106 wounded, while a further 24 suffered from shell shock. A total of 808 men were taken into captivity, including most of the wounded. Four men managed to escape to Australia but of the remaining men, 263 died while prisoners of war. Following their capture, the men from the 2/4th in Singapore were concentrated in Changi prison, before being split up and sent to various prison camps around the Pacific, including Borneo, Burma, Thailand, Java, Sumatra, Japan and Formosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0022-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Internment and disbandment\nThere they were used as slave labour on the Burma\u2013Thai Railway, in coal mines and on wharves, during which they were subjected to harsh treatment, starvation, disease and extreme brutality, which took a heavy toll. Many soldiers from the 2/4th were also killed while being taken to Japan, when the ships were sunk by Allied submarines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0023-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Internment and disbandment\nThroughout their captivity, some soldiers continued to contribute to the Allied war effort, building a series of home-made radios with which they transmitted Japanese shipping movements to British forces in India and through which they were able to gain news from home. They were liberated in August 1945 and after the war, the surviving members of the battalion were returned to Australia but the 2/4th was not re-raised. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Military Cross, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, two British Empire Medals and nine Mentions in Despatches; in addition one member of the battalion was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0024-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Internment and disbandment\nAfter the war, the Australian Army moved away from the machine gun battalion concept and no similar units were raised. The machine gun role was subsumed into the support companies of individual infantry battalions. The idea was arguably misunderstood by Australian commanders throughout the war and this may have influenced the decision to move away from the concept. When the units had been established, the intent had been for machine gun battalions to provide highly mobile fire support but this only worked where the principles of open warfare worked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0024-0001", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Internment and disbandment\nOnce the focus of Australian Army combat operations shifted to the Pacific, the machine gun battalions were largely misused, being employed in a static defensive capacity against short and medium range targets or for menial tasks, rather than as offensive weapons for long range fire support. The medium machine guns were also largely used in the same manner as light machine guns, such as the Bren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0024-0002", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), History, Internment and disbandment\nOther reasons identified for the concept's limited use include distrust of overhead fire by some commanders, a preference for organic fire support over attached sub-units, over-estimating the difficulty of transporting Vickers guns in the jungle and a tendency to ignore targets that could not be seen. The difficulties of target acquisition in dense jungle also contributed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161041-0025-0000", "contents": "2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion received the following battle honours for its service during the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161042-0000-0000", "contents": "2/4th Pioneer Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/4th Pioneer Battalion was a unit of the Australian Army raised for service during the Second World War. A pioneer unit, the battalion undertook both infantry and engineer tasks. Despite being raised early in the war, the battalion did not see action until the final months, taking part in the Borneo campaign where, as part of the 1st Beach Group, it fought against the Japanese in support of the 9th Division. It was disbanded in early 1946 following the end of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161042-0001-0000", "contents": "2/4th Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nFormed in February 1941 at Greta, New South Wales, the 2/4th Pioneer Battalion was one of four pioneer battalions raised to provide engineer support to the 2nd Australian Imperial Force\u2019s four infantry divisions. Trained as infantry, the battalion undertook both the infantry and engineer support roles and was organised along conventional infantry lines with a headquarters and four companies, but was made up of personnel with trade or practical skills, and within the divisional structure, the pioneers were administered as corps troops under the direction of the divisional engineer commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161042-0002-0000", "contents": "2/4th Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAllocated to the 23rd Brigade of the 8th Division, after initial training it was sent north to Darwin in September to construct defences around the Adelaide River and Noonamah amidst concerns about Japanese intentions in the Pacific. While most of the division deployed to Malaya, the 2/4th remained behind and following the Japanese entry into the war, the battalion was allocated to bolster the garrison at Koepang as part of Sparrow Force on Timor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161042-0002-0001", "contents": "2/4th Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nAn advanced party was sent to the island in early February 1942, and on 14 February the rest of the battalion followed; however, the convoy in which they were embarked was attacked by Japanese aircraft and it was turned back. Returning to Darwin, the majority of the 2/4th\u2019s equipment was lost when the ship carrying it was sunk in Darwin harbour during a Japanese air attack on 19 February. Consequently, the battalion\u2019s deployment was cancelled and it remained in the north for more than a year, during which time they undertook defensive duties to counter the threat of Japanese invasion. During this time, the battalion was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel John McCarty. In November 1942, the battalion was reassigned to the 3rd Brigade, a Militia formation that had been mobilised for full-time service and sent to the Northern Territory earlier in the year to bolster the field force there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161042-0003-0000", "contents": "2/4th Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nIn March 1943, the strategic situation had improved and the pioneers were relieved of garrison duties, moving to the Atherton Tablelands where the 2nd AIF divisions were converted to the jungle division establishment as the Army prepared to go on the offensive in New Guinea. The battalion remained there throughout 1943 and the following year it was assigned to the 1st Beach Group, which had been raised to provide support to amphibious operations. In  mid-1945, the battalion finally went into action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161042-0003-0001", "contents": "2/4th Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nIn June that year, as part of one of the final Australian operations of the war, the battalion landed on Labuan as part of the Operation Oboe landings in Borneo, assigned to support the 9th Division. Serving in the terminal support role around the beachhead, the 2/4th saw limited combat and its casualties during the fighting on Borneo were light with only five men being killed in battle. The majority of these were suffered during a raid on the Australian beachhead by 50 Japanese soldiers on 21 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161042-0004-0000", "contents": "2/4th Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nFollowing the conclusion of hostilities in August 1945, the battalion remained in the Kuching area where it undertook garrison duties maintaining law and order and processing Japanese prisoners of war for return to Japan, before returning to Australia in December. As the demobilisation process began, the battalion\u2019s personnel were transferred for further service or discharged and it was eventually disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161042-0005-0000", "contents": "2/4th Pioneer Battalion (Australia), History\nFor its service during the war, the 2/4th received two battle honours: South-West Pacific 1945 and Borneo. Nineteen men were killed in action or died on active service while serving with the battalion and three were wounded; two members of the battalion were decorated with a Mention in Despatches. After the war, the pioneer role was assumed as a specialisation within the conventional infantry establishment within the Australian Army, and consequently the wartime pioneer battalions have not been re-raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161043-0000-0000", "contents": "2/5th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/5th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army. Raised for service during World War II, the regiment was formed in 1941 and disbanded at the end of the war in 1945 without having been deployed outside of Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161043-0001-0000", "contents": "2/5th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/5th Armoured Regiment was formed on 26 July 1941 as part of the 1st Armoured Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel F.D Sandilands, the regiment was initially located at Grovely near Brisbane, Queensland, but joined the rest of the 1st Armoured Brigade at Greta, New South Wales, in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161043-0002-0000", "contents": "2/5th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the outbreak of the Pacific War the 2/5th Armoured Regiment was equipped with Universal Carriers to train as a light armoured unit. The regiment was re-equipped with 52 M3 Grant medium tanks on April 1942, and moved to Edgeroi, New South Wales, in August to conduct large-scale exercises with the rest of the 1st Armoured Division. While the regiment was ordered to prepare for deployment to New Guinea in August or September 1942, it was replaced by the 2/6th Armoured Regiment which was equipped with lighter M3 Stuart tanks which were better suited to New Guinea's terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161043-0003-0000", "contents": "2/5th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nIn early 1943 the 2/5th Armoured Regiment moved to Western Australia with the rest of the 1st Armoured Division and was based near Geraldton. The regiment moved south to Moora in July 1943 and remained part of the independent 1st Armoured Brigade Group upon the 1st Armoured Division's disbandment in September. The 2/5th Armoured Regiment was transferred to the 4th Armoured Brigade in March 1944 and moved to Southport, Queensland to train for possible deployment overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161043-0003-0001", "contents": "2/5th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nAlthough the regiment was initially selected to support the 7th Division during the liberation of Balikpapan in July 1945 it was replaced by the Matilda II-equipped 1st Armoured Regiment shortly before it would have embarked for the operation. Later they were earmarked for deployment as part of Operation Zipper, but the war ended before the operation was commenced. The 2/5th Armoured Regiment was disbanded in September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161043-0004-0000", "contents": "2/5th Armoured Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following is a list of officers that commanded the 2/5th Armoured Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0000-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/5th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that operated during World War II. It was raised at Melbourne, Victoria, on 18 October 1939 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), attached to the 17th Brigade of the 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0000-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/5th was one of only two Australian infantry battalions to fight against all of the major Axis powers during the war, seeing action against the Germans and Italians in Egypt, Libya, Greece and Crete, and the Vichy French in Syria, before returning to Australia in 1942 to fight the Japanese following a period of garrison duties in Ceylon, where it formed part of an Australian force established to defend against a possible Japanese invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0001-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing its return to Australia, the battalion was re-organised for jungle warfare and took part in two campaigns in New Guinea. The first of these campaigns came in 1942\u20131943 when it was involved in the defence of Wau and the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign, and then again in 1944\u20131945 when it took part in the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign. Following the end of the war, the battalion embarked for Australia on 1 December 1945 and disbanded at Puckapunyal in early February 1946. Its battle honours are maintained by the 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0002-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training 1940\u20131941\nFollowing the outbreak of World War II on 3 September 1939, the Australian government announced the decision to raise the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), since the Defence Act precluded sending Australia's part-time military forces overseas. As part of the force, the 2/5th Battalion  was raised in Melbourne, Victoria, on 18 October 1939 and began to receive its first intake of men on 2 November 1939 when it moved to Puckapunyal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0002-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training 1940\u20131941\nMany of the battalion's initial recruits came from the Victorian Scottish Regiment, a Militia unit associated with the 5th Battalion, which had been raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force during World War I. The battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Cook, although he was replaced as commander by Major Hugh Wrigley before the battalion went into combat, as Cook was considered too old to lead troops in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0003-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training 1940\u20131941\nAlong with the 2/6th, 2/7th and 2/8th Battalions, the 2/5th formed the 17th Brigade, and was assigned to the 6th Division, the first infantry division formed as part of the 2nd AIF. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 5th Battalion. These colours were black over red, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of grey was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0003-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training 1940\u20131941\nWith an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion consisted of four rifle companies, from 'A' to 'D', each consisting of three platoons. These companies were supported by a battalion headquarters and a headquarters company with six specialist platoons: signals, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, administrative and mortars. The battalion also had a regimental aid post attached. The battalion's personnel assembled between November 1939 and April 1940, undertaking basic training in Australia before embarking for the Middle East on 14 April 1940 aboard the transport HMT Ettrick from Port Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0004-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa, Greece and Syria 1941\u20131942\nThe battalion arrived in Egypt on 18 May 1940, and joined the 17th Brigade's other two infantry battalions in camp at Beit Jirja. A further period of training in Palestine followed before the battalion took part in the fighting against the Italians in Libya in January\u2013February 1941, during which the 2/5th was involved in attacks on Bardia and Tobruk, as the Australians went into battle for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0004-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa, Greece and Syria 1941\u20131942\nDuring the fighting around Bardia, the battalion's commander, Wrigley, was seriously wounded in an artillery bombardment, and was temporarily replaced by Major George Sell, as the battalion was committed to the fighting in the second phase of the assault, advancing through the bridgehead that had been established towards the railway switchline. Later, during the assault on Tobruk, the 2/5th was tasked with conducting a diversionary attack to the east of the Italian perimeter. The battalion's time in Libya cost it 32 killed, and 60 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0005-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa, Greece and Syria 1941\u20131942\nA few months later in April the 6th Division was sent to Greece in order to defend against a possible German invasion of that nation. The invasion took place as anticipated, although in the end the British and Commonwealth forces were unable to stem the tide of the German onslaught. The 2/5th Battalion began the campaign at Kalambaka on 14 April. In a series of withdrawals made necessary by the lightning advance of German forces, it was pushed back all the way to the port of Kalamata, where it was evacuated a couple of weeks later on 27 April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0005-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa, Greece and Syria 1941\u20131942\nThe battalion lost 21 men killed, 26 wounded and 47 as prisoners of war; most of the prisoners were drivers who were captured having been unable to make it out in time. The majority of the battalion, consisting of 560 personnel, was evacuated to Alexandria, and from there concentrated in Palestine; a few\u00a0\u2013  74 men\u00a0\u2013 in the confusion of the evacuation were landed on Crete, where they formed a composite battalion along with other 17th Brigade units and personnel, including about 260 personnel from the 2/6th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0005-0002", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa, Greece and Syria 1941\u20131942\nThese personnel were assigned to Cremor Force in the Suda Sector, and occupied a position around Kalami. They then took part in the Battle of Crete following the German invasion on 20 May, during which the majority of the 2/5th personnel assigned to the composite battalion were captured. The battalion's casualties for the campaign amounted to three killed in action or died of wounds, three wounded and 58 captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0005-0003", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa, Greece and Syria 1941\u20131942\nSix men from the battalion are known to have evaded capture during the fighting in Greece or Crete, although one of these was later killed in action while fighting alongside Yugoslav resistance forces. Those that were taken prisoner were eventually moved to camps in Germany or Poland until they were liberated at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0006-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa, Greece and Syria 1941\u20131942\nIn June\u2013July 1941, the Australians were deployed to Syria and Lebanon for the campaign against the Vichy French, which was launched by the British in order to prevent the French-held colonies from being controlled by the Germans; the majority of the Australian forces were drawn from the 7th Division, although the 16th and 17th Brigades were called upon to provide reinforcements, detaching the 2/3rd and 2/5th Battalions. The 2/5th Battalion's initial involvement in the campaign came in mid-June during the French counterattack, when one of its companies went into action around Merdjayuon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0006-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa, Greece and Syria 1941\u20131942\nAfter this, the battalion's main involvement came in early July, when it took part in the Battle of Damour, which proved to be the final battle of the campaign. After a preliminary move across the Damour River, during the final assault on Damour, the 2/5th Battalion, in concert with the 2/3rd, advanced from El Boum, moving through the 21st Brigade's position, to cut the road to the north of the Damour, while other forces advanced from the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0006-0002", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, North Africa, Greece and Syria 1941\u20131942\nIn the days following the capture of Damour, the 2/5th had continued the advance north towards Khalde on the coastal road to Beirut; meanwhile, the Vichy commanders sought an armistice, bringing the campaign to an end on 12 July. The 2/5th's casualties during the brief campaign amounted to 41 men killed or wounded. In the aftermath, the battalion remained in the Middle East, serving as an occupation force in Syria and Lebanon until January 1942. Following Japan's entry into the war, the Australian government requested the return of the battalion as it was needed for the fighting in New Guinea and elsewhere in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0007-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nThe battalion departed the Middle East on 10 March 1942 aboard the troopship SS Otranto; however, on the voyage back to Australia the 16th and 17th Brigades were disembarked in Ceylon, due to fears of a Japanese attack. For nearly four months they were stationed on the island, initially in Galle, around the fort, and then later around the bay, where observation posts and section defensive positions were established. Throughout April and May, the 2/5th Battalion endured heavy rains but nevertheless undertook a series of exercises and training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0007-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nIn early July, the battalion finally received orders to return to Australia and, after being relieved at the Galle Fort by the 3rd Battalion, 8th Gurkhas, was transported to Colombo to embark upon the Athlone Castle. On 4 August 1942, the battalion arrived in Melbourne, having been away for over two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0008-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nA short period of home leave followed, before the battalion's personnel concentrated at Royal Park for a march through Melbourne. A draft of reinforcements arrived around this time also, incorporating men from New South Wales and several others states. In mid-September, the battalion moved to Greta, New South Wales, travelling by rail through Shepparton, Tocumwal and Newcastle. A brief period of training was undertaken there, during which the battalion's khaki uniforms were dyed green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0008-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nDuring this time, the battalion was re-organised and converted to the jungle establishment; as part of this process its authorised strength was reduced to around 800 personnel of all ranks. The situation in the Pacific had deteriorated dramatically, and the Australian forces holding out against the Japanese in New Guinea were hard-pressed and desperately in need of reinforcement. Thus in early October 1942, not more than two months after returning to Australia, the 2/5th moved to Brisbane, Queensland, where it deployed to Milne Bay, which had only recently been held in the face of a Japanese landing, aboard the Dutch transport Maetsuyker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0009-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nThe battalion did not take part in any fighting until a few months later when, in January 1943, it took part in the defence of Wau after the 17th Brigade was despatched to reinforce Kanga Force. Sailing to Port Moresby from Milne Bay on the MV Duntroon, an advance party of two companies from the battalion was flown into Wau on 24 January to hastily reinforce the small force around Ballams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0009-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nThe remainder\u00a0\u2013 totalling about 450 men\u00a0\u2013 arriving on 29 January, after which they secured the airfield, which was now under direct Japanese fire, as the two companies that had arrived earlier were pulled back from Ballams. In early February, as the Australians gained the initiative, the battalion was relieved from holding the airfield, and went on the offensive, attacking alongside the 2/7th Battalion, in an effort to push the Japanese away from their positions on the bank of the Bulolo River, around Crystal Creek, to the south-west of Wau. The fighting was intense, and over the course of three days, the battalion lost 27 killed and 31 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0010-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nAfter Wau was secured, the battalion undertook patrolling operations around Mubo, along with the rest of Kanga Force, before joining the advance on Salamaua in support of the 3rd Division, with a view to drawing Japanese reinforcements away from Lae, where a landing was planned for September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0010-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nThe Japanese put up a strong resistance and the battalion became involved in heavy fighting around Mubo in May, before fighting at Goodview Junction and Mount Tambu in July and August as part of actions to secure Komiatum; around Goodview, two companies were deployed in a holding action and to attempt to outflank Mount Tambu to cut the Japanese line of communication, while the other two companies attacked Mount Tambu itself. Casualties for the battalion between April and September amounted to 34 killed and 95 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0010-0002", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nAs the 5th Division arrived to take over from the 3rd following the capture of Mount Tambu and the link up with US forces, the 2/5th Battalion was withdrawn from the line, concentrating around Nassau Bay in late August as the 17th Brigade was relieved by the 29th. After a fortnight of unloading ships around the bay, the battalion was moved by landing craft to Milne Bay, where it embarked on the Liberty ship Charles Steinmetz and the Dutch transport Boschfontein. On 23 September 1943, the battalion arrived back in Australia, landing at Cairns, Queensland. The fighting in the Salamaua area resulted in the following losses for the 2/5th: 94 killed and 165 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0011-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nConcentrating at Wondecla, on the Atherton Tablelands in north Queensland, after an extended period of home leave during which time the Victorian and South Australian personnel took part in a march through Melbourne, the 2/5th Battalion spent the next year training on the Tablelands along with the rest of the 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0011-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nThere was also a large turn over in the battalion's personnel at this time, as it had been severely depleted due to illness during its previous campaign, and it was brought up to strength by April 1944 with several drafts of reinforcements, with the majority coming from New South Wales. To counter boredom and malaise amongst the men during late 1944, the battalion was occupied with a series of various sporting events and further leave. In the new year, a series of amphibious exercises were undertaken during this time with a view to preparing the battalion for future operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0012-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nFinally, late in the war, the battalion received orders to deploy overseas again. Boarding the Duntroon on 24 November 1944, a week later the battalion arrived at Aitape in New Guinea. There, the 6th Division took over from the American garrison in order to free up the US troops for further fighting in the Philippines. Following disembarkation, the 2/5th concentrated around Tadji airstrip. In December, the Australians began offensive operations against the Japanese forces that were operating in the surrounding areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0012-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131945\nFor the next seven months until the war ended the 2/5th undertook patrols through the Torricelli and Prince Alexander mountain ranges, as the 17th Brigade worked to initially establish and hold the Australian base around Aitape, before moving inland towards Maprik and then on to Kiarivu to pursue the Japanese forces that had withdrawn into the interior. Although only intended as a mopping up campaign, it was an arduous and costly period. Consisting primarily of small unit actions which resulted in disproportionately heavy casualties for the Australians, throughout the course of the campaign the 2/5th suffered 146 casualties, including eight officers killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0013-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment and legacy\nFollowing the end of the war, the 2/5th remained in New Guinea as personnel were posted into the unit from other units that were being disbanded. In September, the battalion was withdrawn from the Kaboibus area and flown back to Wewak. The battalion took part in a divisional parade in October while later that month it was declared \"redundant\" under demobilisation plans, and during this time many soldiers undertook educational or vocational training to prepare them for civilian life while they waited to return to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0013-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment and legacy\nIn November, there was a considerable turn over in the battalion's troops, as members were posted to other units depending upon their demobilisation priority: these units included the 2/1st, the 2/2nd, the 2/6th, the 2/7th, and the 30th Infantry Battalions. After this, the battalion was left with only 108 personnel, all of whom possessed the required points for discharge. Finally, on 1 December 1945, the remaining personnel embarked upon the transport Duntroon, bound for Brisbane. A brief stay in camp at Chermside, in the Brisbane suburbs, followed before the battalion moved by rail to Victoria. Personnel detrained at Seymour and then moved by road to Puckapunyal. From there the Victorian, South Australian and Western Australian contingents marched out for discharge, leaving behind a small cadre staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0014-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment and legacy\nThe battalion was subsequently disbanded in early February 1946 while at Puckapunyal. Throughout its involvement in the war, a total of 2,967 men served with the 2/5th Battalion of whom 216 were killed, and 390 wounded. Members of the battalion received two Distinguished Service Orders, 14 Military Crosses, six Distinguished Conduct Medals, 20 Military Medals, and 56 Mentions in Despatches; one member of the battalion was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire and three were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire. Alongside the 2/3rd Battalion, the 2/5th was the only other Australian infantry battalion to fight against all the major Axis powers during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0015-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment and legacy\nIn 1948, the Citizen Military Forces was re-constituted and the 5th Battalion, Victorian Scottish Regiment was re-raised. At the time many of its members were drawn from the 2/5th Battalion and because of its territorial and personnel links it was decided that the Victorian Scottish Regiment would take custody of the 2/5th Battalion's World War II battle honours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0015-0001", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment and legacy\nAs a result of the reorganisation of the Australian Army in the 1960s, which saw the disbandment of the regionally-based single battalion regiments and the raising of new multi-battalion state-based regiments these battle honours were inherited by the 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment, an Australian Army Reserve battalion based around Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0016-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/5th Battalion received the following battle honours for its service during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0017-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961\u20131962, these battle honours were entrusted to the 5th Battalion, and through this link are maintained by the Royal Victoria Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161044-0018-0000", "contents": "2/5th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers commanded the 2/5th Battalion during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0000-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/5th Commando Squadron was one of twelve independent companies and or commando squadrons of the Australian Army formed for service during World War II. Initially formed in 1942 as the \"2/5th Independent Company\", the 2/5th served in New Guinea, taking part in a major commando raid on Salamaua in June 1942. It was later withdrawn from New Guinea and reformed as the \"2/5th Cavalry (Commando) Squadron\", as part of the 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment which saw service in Borneo in 1945. It was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0001-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation 1942\nIn February 1941, Lieutenant Colonel J.C. Mawhood, a British officer, arrived in Australia and established No. 7 Infantry Training Centre at Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, Australia. As a part of its wartime expansion, the Australian Army had originally intended to field four Independent Companies, trained to a high standard in irregular warfare for use in the sabotage and reconnaissance roles. The terrain surrounding the centre consisted of a number of high rugged mountains, swift streams and swamps and it was felt that this was ideal for training soldiers in the art of irregular warfare. The health and training of the trainees was affected by the long periods of wet weather; however, despite the hardships experienced by the trainees by October 1941, three companies (1st, 2nd and 3rd Independent Companies) had already been trained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0002-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation 1942\nFollowing Japan's entry into the war, the training centre re-opened as the Guerilla Warfare School. In January 1942, volunteers from all branches of the Army were called for and began assembling at the school, where they were put through a rigorous six-week course. In March 1942, once sufficient numbers had completed the course, the \"2/5th Independent Company\" was formed. At the time, the company consisted of 17 officers and 256 other ranks and was commanded by a major. It was divided into a company headquarters, with attached engineer, signals, transport and medical sections and three infantry platoons, each under a captain, each consisting of three sections that were under the command of a lieutenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0003-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u201343\nOn 13 April 1942 the company departed Townsville, Queensland, on the SS Taroona commanded by Major Thomas Kneen and was \"very heavily armed\". They arrived in Port Moresby, New Guinea on the 17th, during an air raid. They were deployed on 24 May to Wau, in a valley high inland from Lae and Salamaua. They were part of Kanga Force commanded by the controversial Colonel Norman Fleay, that consisted of the 2/5th, the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles (NGVR) and a platoon from 1st Independent Company and were to observe the Japanese at Lae and Salamaua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0003-0001", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u201343\nThey were the first Allied force in World War II to be flown into action as a complete unit. Despite appalling conditions, enduring soaking rain, pests, diseases, and a lack of supplies such as food and medication, they harassed the Japanese in the area from the Markham to the Bitol Rivers for one year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0004-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u201343, The Salamaua Raid\nOn 29 June 1942, the company launched a raid on a Japanese aerodrome at Salamaua, the first Allied attack on Japanese land forces anywhere. The raid was commanded by Captain Norman Winning, after initial careful reconnaissance by Sergeant Jim McAdam's NGVR scouts. Winning planned the assault with Captain Douglas Umphelby of the NGVR. The raiders, formed into several parties, with mortar support, set out from Butu in the early afternoon of 28 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0004-0001", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u201343, The Salamaua Raid\nHeavy rain fell throughout the march, but it later cleared and early the following morning, the Australians attacked various areas between the Francisco River and Kela Point, destroying buildings, vehicles and a bridge, and killing about 100 Japanese before returning to Butu for the loss of only three Australians wounded. During the raid, a Japanese pilot, attempting to reach his aircraft, ran into the commandos and was killed. Important documents were found in a satchel carried by the pilot and these were sent to Kanga Force headquarters for analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0005-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u201343, The Salamaua Raid\nAn attack on Heath's Plantation, the following night was not as successful as the element of surprise had been lost, and Kneen was killed in action. Following the raids, the Japanese heavily shelled Kela Point and attacked the tracks leading away from Salamaua by air in an effort to cut off the raiders' withdrawal routes. The Australians withdrew from Butu to their main camp, as the Japanese sent patrols of up to 90 men into the foothills; they subsequently found the camp at Butu and destroyed it. They also sent reinforcements from their garrison at Lae to Kela village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0006-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u201343, July 1942 until April 1943\nIn the months following the raid on Salamaua, the 2/5th continued patrol operations around the Huon Gulf. When it became apparent that the Japanese were concentrating their forces at Mubu with the intention of launching an attack against Wau, the 2/5th launched another raid on 1 October 1942, consisting of a party of 60 men, again under Winning's command. During the approach march, Lieutenant Bill Drysdale was wounded by a booby trap, which alerted the nearby Japanese. The Japanese defenders came out to meet the raid, driving the outnumbered Australians back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 92], "content_span": [93, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0006-0001", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u201343, July 1942 until April 1943\nHeavy fighting followed, and while attempting to cover the withdrawal, one of the raiders, Sergeant William O'Neill, killed up to 16 Japanese with sub-machine-gun fire. The Japanese were later estimated to have lost 50 killed, including the company commander; nevertheless, the raid was broken up and the Australians spent several days regrouping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 92], "content_span": [93, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0007-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u201343, July 1942 until April 1943\nSoon after the Mubo raid, the unit moved to the nearby Markham valley on long range patrols. In January 1943, the 2/5th with the 2/7th flew to Wau airfield which was under Japanese attack. They went straight into action leaving the aircraft under fire, and repelled the Japanese invasion. Finally, in February 1943, exhausted from starvation, illness and injury, and beset by atrocious weather, they were withdrawn for rest, with the majority of the sick congregating at Wau, before being transported to Edie Creek at Kaindi to recuperate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 92], "content_span": [93, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0007-0001", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u201343, July 1942 until April 1943\nOn 20 March 1943, the 2/5th was ordered to return to the Markham area to conduct patrols around the Snake River and to prepare defensive positions. Throughout April they undertook active patrols with the 2/6th Battalion and established observation posts. By 21 April the lead elements of the 24th Battalion began arriving at Bulolo as the 3rd Division moved forward and prepared to relieve the forward Australian troops, including the 2/5th, which was subsequently withdrawn to Port Moresby after almost a year of continuous operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 92], "content_span": [93, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0008-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Reorganisation 1943\u201344\nThe 2/5th departed New Guinea for Australia on the troopship Duntroon on 13 May 1943. It was sent to the Jungle Warfare Centre at Canungra, Queensland to refit and regroup. In August it moved to Wongabel on the Atherton Tablelands where it was reformed as the \"2/5th Cavalry (Commando) Squadron\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0008-0001", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Reorganisation 1943\u201344\nFollowing a reorganisation of the Australian Army's independent companies, the 2/5th was incorporated with the 2/3rd and 2/6th Independent Companies into the 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, which was attached to the 7th Division and was to act as the administrative headquarters to the squadron during the next phase of the conflict. Later, the designation of \"cavalry\" was dropped and the unit simply referred to as \"2/5th Commando Squadron\". Throughout the remainder of 1943 and all of 1944 the 2/5th trained with the rest of the 7th Division, conducting a number of complex brigade and divisional level exercises, but it did not go into action again until almost the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0009-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945 and disbandment\nThe final campaign that the 2/5th Commando Squadron took part in came in mid-1945, when as a part of the 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, attached to the Australian 7th Division, when it participated in the Borneo campaign as part of the \"Oboe\" operations. The squadron landed on Green Beach on Balikpapan on the first day of the battle and moved up the Vasey highway into the nearby hills, occupying first Lady Shofield's and then Jade and Jelly hills. By 7 July, it had occupied the Sepinggang airfield. It then moved into the hills between the airfield and Batakan Besar. On 25 July, the squadron was transferred to support the 25th Brigade in its advance along Milford Highway. Patrols continued up until the end of the war, when it was then used to conduct mobbing up operations around the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0010-0000", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945 and disbandment\nAt the end of December the 2/5th left Borneo for Australia, and in early 1946, in Chermside camp, Brisbane, the squadron was disbanded. During the course of the war, the 2/5th lost 24 men killed. For their actions during the New Guinea and Borneo campaigns, Sergeants Malcolm Bishop (later colonel) and Bill O'Neill were awarded Military Medals for rescuing the badly injured Drysdale under heavy fire during the raid on Mubu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161045-0010-0001", "contents": "2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo campaign 1945 and disbandment\nOther Military Medal recipients were Sergeant Walter Hulcup, and Privates Charles Beitz and Thomas Robertson, while Lieutenant (later Captain) William Chaffey received the American Bronze Star Medal, and Sergeants Richard Osborne McLaughlin and William O'Neill the Distinguished Conduct Medal. The squadron's Medical Officer, Captain Raymond Allsopp, was awarded a Mention in Despatches for providing life saving medical attention during an ambush at Balikpapan in July 1945. This award was upgraded to a Star of Gallantry in 2017, following a review by the Defence Honours and Awards Appeals Tribunal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0000-0000", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment\nThe 2/5th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment formed in May 1940 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force for service during World War II. Assigned to the 7th Division, the regiment undertook defensive duties in Egypt during the North African campaign in early 1941, before taking part in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign. Occupation duties followed before the regiment was brought back to Australia in early 1942, in response to Japan's entry into the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0000-0001", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment\nThe regiment subsequently fought two significant battles in New Guinea in 1942\u20131943 at Milne Bay and Buna before undertaking garrison duties around Port Moresby until early 1944. Withdrawn to Australia, the regiment's final campaign came late in the war when it was committed to the Borneo campaign, taking part landing at Balikpapan. The regiment was disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0001-0000", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nThe  2/5th Field Regiment was formed in May 1940, as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force. The regiment's numerical designation had previously been used to form the \"2/5th Army Field Regiment\" in November 1939, but this unit had subsequently been redesignated as the \"2/5th Anti-Tank Regiment\", and then the \"2/1st Anti -Tank Regiment\" in January and February 1940. The newly raised regiment came into being at Ingleburn, New South Wales, and at the outset consisted of two batteries: the 9th and 10th. Most of the regiment's personnel came from Queensland, although one battery was recruited from Tasmania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0001-0001", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nThe regiment's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Horace Strutt. Assigned to the 7th Division, the regiment's personnel completed training at Bathurst, New South Wales, before departing for the Middle East in October 1940. Concentrating in Palestine, the regiment was only partially equipped. It continued its training throughout early 1941 while it waited for the remainder of its equipment and in early 1941 received orders to deploy to Greece; however, they were diverted to Ikingi Maryut, in Egypt, before moving into defensive positions around Mersa Matruh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0002-0000", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nIn June 1941, the regiment was committed to the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign, fighting against Vichy French forces. Equipped with sixteen 25-pounder field guns, the regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel  John O'Brien, who was one of the youngest commanders in the 2nd AIF at the time. Initially, the regiment was placed into reserve, located around Er Rama, although the 9th Battery was detached to support the 5th Indian Brigade, seeing action around El Kuneitra. Following this, the regiment supported the capture of Merdjayoun, along with the 2/6th Field Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0002-0001", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nAfter this, the 10th Battery remained around Merdjayoun, while the rest of the regiment was assigned to support the 25th Brigade as it attacked Jezzine. After a French counter-attack recaptured Merdjayoun, the 2/5th supported Berryforce, the ad hoc force established to retake it. Later, they supported the British 23rd Infantry Brigade, until July when the regiment moved to the coastal sector and supported the advance on Damour and Beirut, assigned to the 17th Brigade, which had been detached from the 6th Division. For his actions during the fighting around Merdjayoun and Damour, one member of the regiment, Lieutenant Roden Cutler, received the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0003-0000", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nThe campaign concluded in mid-July with an armistice, after which the regiment undertook occupation duties for the remainder of 1941. During this time, the 2/5th detached one battery to Latakia, to provide support to forces guarding the Turkish border, while the remainder of the regiment occupied the Tripoli fortress. A third battery was raised within the regiment during this time, designated as the 55th Battery. With Japan's entry into the war in late 1941, the Australian government sought to bring troops from the 6th and 7th Divisions back to Australia to meet the threat in early 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0003-0001", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nConsequently, the 2/5th Field Regiment moved to Palestine in January prior to embarking the following month. Landing in Adelaide in March, the regiment moved overland to Queensland, reaching Kilcoy in May. There, the regiment concentrated with the 18th Brigade, which was tasked with defensive duties in the event of a Japanese invasion north of Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0004-0000", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nIn August 1942, the regiment's first battery, the 9th, deployed to Milne Bay in support of the 18th Brigade, as Japanese forces advanced along the Kokoda Track towards Port Moresby. They subsequently took part in the Battle of Milne Bay, while the rest of the regiment was preparing for deployment around Woodford, arriving in October. The 55th Battery subsequently took part in the capture of Buna, being moved by sea from Oro Bay aboard several luggers. During the move, the vessels were attacked and two guns were lost, as well as several personnel killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0004-0001", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nThey subsequently supported the 18th Brigade and US 32nd Infantry Division. Meanwhile, the 10th Battery undertook defensive duties around Porlock Harbour and on Goodenough Island. The regiment's batteries were progressively relieved between February and April 1943, after which it concentrated around Port Moresby, remaining there until January 1944, when they returned to Brisbane having spent the remainder of its time in New Guinea carrying out garrison duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0005-0000", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nA period of leave followed for the regiment's personnel, after which they rejoined the unit at Warwick, Queensland, before moving to Strathpine, where they joined the rest of the 7th Division's artillery. By this stage in the war there were limited combat opportunities for Australian forces around this time, as US forces had  taken over as the main combat force in the Pacific. As a result, a long period of training followed, while Australian troops waited for a new operation. In August, the regiment moved to the Atherton Tablelands, where further training was carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0005-0001", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nFinally, late in the war, the 7th Division was assigned a role in the recapture of  Borneo, specifically the landing at Balikpapan. Within this effort, the 2/5th was allocated to support the 21st Brigade. Arriving at Morotai Island in June 1945, the 9th Battery led the regiment ashore in the first wave on 1 July, along with regimental headquarters, which temporarily commanded the divisional fire support assets until the divisional headquarters could land. After the remainder of the regiment arrived, they provided support to the 21st Brigade as advanced to capture the Manggar airstrip. Major combat operations were concluded by 22 July. After this, the regiment sent out patrols, assisting the infantry with local security operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0006-0000", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nFollowing the war, the regiment's personnel were demobilised and returned to Australia in drafts based on priority. Most of these personnel arrived in Australia before Christmas 1945; while they waited they were kept occupied with vocational education and training, as well as sport and recreational activities. In January 1946, the regiment's remaining cadre, amounting to 48 men, embarked from Balikpapan after transferring their guns to Dutch East Indies forces, and returned to Australia for disbandment. These personnel reached Brisbane in early February when the regiment ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0006-0001", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, History\nCasualties amongst the regiment's personnel totalled 21 dead from all causes: 15 killed in action, five died of wounds, and one accidentally killed. In addition, 23 members were wounded in action. Members of the regiment received the following awards: one Victoria Cross, four Distinguished Service Orders, one Military Cross, seven Military Medals, one British Empire Medal and 25 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161046-0007-0000", "contents": "2/5th Field Regiment, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 2/5th Field Regiment during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161047-0000-0000", "contents": "2/6th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/6th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army that served during World War II. Raised in 1941 the Regiment took part in the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona in 1942\u201343, however, it did not see further action during the war and was disbanded in September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161047-0001-0000", "contents": "2/6th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/6th Armoured Regiment was formed in August 1941 as part of the 1st Armoured Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel C.R Hodgson, the regiment recruited mainly from the state of New South Wales. It was initially located at Greta, New South Wales, and was equipped with Universal Carriers for training purposes, due to the shortage of other armoured vehicles. Following the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941, the regiment was deployed to defend Coffs Harbour against a feared Japanese attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161047-0002-0000", "contents": "2/6th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nIn May 1942 the 2/6th Armoured Regiment was moved to Singleton, New South Wales, and was equipped with M3 Stuart light tanks. Later they moved to Narrabri, New South Wales, where they took part in large-scale divisional exercises with the rest of the 1st Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161047-0003-0000", "contents": "2/6th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nIn September 1942, the regiment's 'A' Squadron was deployed to Port Moresby in New Guinea, making the 2/6th the first Australian armoured regiment to be deployed to an operational area in the Pacific theatre. Subsequently, the regimental headquarters and 'C' Squadron were also deployed to Port Moresby, while 'B' Squadron was deployed to Milne Bay in November 1942. During December 1942, 'B' and 'C' Squadrons were shipped to Buna on the north coast of Papua to help break the deadlock in the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161047-0003-0001", "contents": "2/6th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nAlthough the lightly armoured Stuart tanks proved to be unsuited to jungle warfare and suffered heavy casualties, the regiment played an important role in the eventual Australian victory at Buna. In December, seven tanks were dispatched to take part in the fighting around Cape Endaiadere. Three Stuarts were lost on 18 December, while the other four were knocked out on 24 December when they were engaged by Japanese anti-aircraft artillery from point blank range. Reinforcements were brought up, though, and an attack was put in at Giropa Point on 29 December, although difficult terrain prevented a link up with the infantry. Further attacks occurred in January 1943 around the Sananada Track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161047-0004-0000", "contents": "2/6th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nIn April 1943 the regiment was relieved and returned to Australia. Upon its return to Australia the 2/6th Armoured Regiment was incorporated into the 4th Armoured Brigade, which was the Australian Army's specialist jungle armoured formation. The regiment was transferred to the 1st Armoured Brigade Group in Western Australia in early 1943, however, and did not see further combat. After the 1st Armoured Brigade Group was disbanded in September 1944 due to manpower shortages and the decreasing strategic need for armour, the regiment operated as an independent formation until it rejoined the 4th Armoured Brigade in July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161047-0005-0000", "contents": "2/6th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the end of hostilities, the 2/6th Armoured Regiment was disbanded in February 1946. During the course of its service it lost 15 men killed in action or died on active service, while members of the regiment received the following awards: one Military Cross, one Military Medal and seven Mention in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161047-0006-0000", "contents": "2/6th Armoured Regiment (Australia), Battle honours\nFor its service during World War II the 2/6th Armoured Regiment received three battle honours, these were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0000-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/6th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during the Second World War. Raised in October 1939 as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force, the battalion formed part of the 6th Division and was among the first troops raised by Australia during the war. Departing Australia in early 1940, the 2/6th were deployed to the Middle East where in January 1941, it took part in the first action of the war by Australian ground forces, the Battle of Bardia, which was followed by further actions around Tobruk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0000-0001", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia)\nLater, the 2/6th were dispatched to take part in the Battle of Greece, although their involvement in the campaign was short before they were evacuated. Some members of the battalion also subsequently fought on Crete with a composite 17th Brigade battalion, and afterwards the battalion had to be re-formed in Palestine before being sent to Syria in 1941\u201342, where they formed part of the Allied occupation force that was established there in the aftermath of the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0001-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia)\nIn mid-1942, the battalion was withdrawn from the Middle East to help face the threat posed by the Japanese in the Pacific. A period of garrison duty was undertaken in Ceylon between March and July 1942, before they arrived back in Australia in August 1942. Following this, the 2/6th deployed to New Guinea in January 1943, fighting around Wau and then advancing towards Salamaua during the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0001-0001", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia)\nThey were withdrawn to the Atherton Tablelands for rest in September 1943 and subsequently did not see action again until later in the war, when they were committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign in late 1944. The 2/6th remained in New Guinea until the end of the war, and was disbanded in February 1946, after returning to Puckapunyal the previous December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0002-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 2/6th Battalion was raised at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds on 25 October 1939, as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force, which was raised for overseas service at the start of the war. The battalion's motto was \"Nothing over us\", which it adopted due to a popular Coles advertising slogan of the time which used the words \"Nothing over 2/6\". The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 6th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were purple over red, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0003-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nIn early November, after it had started concentration, the battalion\u00a0\u2013 consisting at that stage of just a small cadre force of officers and non-commissioned officers drawn mainly from several Militia units including the 14th, the 23rd/21st, the 29th, and the 46th Battalions\u00a0\u2013 was moved to Puckapunyal, Victoria. While there, it received a number of drafts of recruits and was brought up to strength. With an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, like other Australian infantry battalions of the time, the battalion was formed around a nucleus of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' through to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 each consisting of three platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0004-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nA short period of rudimentary training followed under the tutelage of members of the Australian Instructional Corps. This was completed by April 1940, and that month the battalion\u00a0\u2013 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Godfrey, a First World War veteran who had previously commanded the 23rd/21st Battalion\u00a0\u2013 embarked for the Middle East on the transport ship Neuralia, departing from Port Melbourne and sailing via Fremantle, Colombo, Aden and the Suez Canal. At this time it was attached to the 17th Brigade, which was assigned to the 6th Division. Recruited from Victoria\u00a0\u2013 although at various times the battalion's composition was boosted by recruits from other states\u00a0\u2013 the 17th also consisted of the 2/5th, 2/7th and 2/8th Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0005-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nUpon their arrival in mid-May, the battalion established itself around Beit Jirja, and completed its training at various locations in Palestine and Egypt. In early January 1941, the 6th Division was committed to the fighting in Libya, and the 2/6th took part in the first action of the war by Australian ground forces, the Battle of Bardia, during which they fought against Italian forces. The battalion's involvement in the battle was meant to be limited to creating a diversion for the main attack, but in the end proved to be its most costly, resulting in 22 killed and 51 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0005-0001", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nThis was followed by further actions around Tobruk later in the month, attacking across the Bardia\u2013Tobruk road towards the harbour through Wadi ed Delia during the 6th Division's assault. Afterwards, the 2/6th was transported to El Gazala, 45 miles (72\u00a0km) west of Torbuk, where they continued the advance to Derna and beyond in late January, advancing on a two-company front during which they clashed briefly with Italians from the 86th Regiment, capturing over 400. In February, the 2/6th detached personnel to garrison the towns of Barce and Benghazi before moving to Mersa Matruh, where they received new equipment, in late March 1941. Casualties during this period were 24 dead and 75 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0006-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nIn early April 1941, the 6th Division was dispatched to Greece, where they fought a very brief campaign following the German invasion of that country in the middle of the month. Overwhelmed, the Allied forces were forced back over the course of several weeks during which the 2/6th took part in several desperate rearguard actions and withdrawals during which the battalion lost 28 men killed and 43 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0006-0001", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nFinally, they were evacuated by sea at the end of the month, but amidst the confusion a large of the battalion's personnel\u00a0\u2013 217 personnel from all ranks\u00a0\u2013 were captured, while others were landed on Crete, instead of Alexandria in Egypt, after the ship on which they were sailing, the Costa Rica, was sunk. On Crete, 13 officers and 202 other ranks from the 2/6th were organised into a 17th Brigade composite battalion along with men from the brigade's other battalions less the 2/7th. They subsequently fought unsuccessfully to repulse the German invasion that came in May, after which many more became prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0007-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nThe battalion's losses in Greece and Crete were heavy, totaling 30 dead, 54 wounded and 353 captured. As a result, the 2/6th had to be re-formed in Palestine and brought back up to strength with reinforcements before it was dispatched Syria in December 1941, to join the Allied garrison that had been established there as occupation force at the conclusion of the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign against the Vichy French. In early 1942, the Australian government decided to bring the 6th Division back to Australia to help bolster its defences following Japan's entry into the war. Consequently, in March the battalion embarked from Suez on the transport HMT Otranto, bound for Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0008-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Ceylon and New Guinea\nOn its way home, the battalion\u00a0\u2013 along with the 16th Brigade and the rest of the 17th Brigade\u00a0\u2013 was landed on Ceylon due to the perceived threat of a Japanese invasion there. The battalion remained there for five months, constructing defences and conducting jungle training at various locations including Lake Koggala, Weligama, Matara, Tangalle and Hambantota. After the threat of invasion passed, the battalion eventually returned to Melbourne on the transport HMT Athlone Castle, arriving in early August 1942, at the height of the fighting along the Kokoda Track in Papua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0009-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Ceylon and New Guinea\nA period of reorganisation and training followed as the battalion was prepared for the rigours of jungle warfare. The battalion concentrated at the Nagambie Road Camp in central Victoria initially, but in late September moved to Greta in New South Wales. In October, after a period of intense training, the 2/6th was moved to Brisbane from where, on 13 October 1942, they embarked on the Dutch merchant ship Bontekoe, bound for Milne Bay for the first of their two campaigns there against the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0009-0001", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Ceylon and New Guinea\nAfter arriving at Milne Bay, where the 17th Brigade was held in reserve, on 19 October they remained there until January 1943, when the battalion embarked upon the MV Pulganbar and several smaller coastal vessels and moved to Port Moresby. From Moresby, they were airlifted to Wau on 14 January. During the battalion's time around Milne Bay, they had suffered heavily from malaria and over 300 men were in hospital at the time the battalion deployed to Wau; consequently, it was severely understrength by the time it went into battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0009-0002", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Ceylon and New Guinea\nNevertheless, throughout late January 1943, the battalion was heavily involved in the Battle of Wau, then afterwards took part in the advance on Salamaua, during which it fought several key actions, including the fighting around Lababia Ridge in late June, before supporting the landing at Nassau Bay and the Battle of Mubo in July and then taking part in the fighting around Mount Tambu and Komiatum Ridge in August. During the fighting the battalion sustained casualties of 59 dead and 133 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0010-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Ceylon and New Guinea\nIn late September 1943, the 2/6th were withdrawn to Australia for rest, sailing from Milne Bay on a Dutch transport, the Bosch Fontein, landing in Cairns. They spent the next year training at Wondecla on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland prior to their final campaign of the war: the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0010-0001", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Ceylon and New Guinea\nArriving at Aitape in December 1944, the 2/6th spent the remainder of the war\u00a0\u2013 a period of eight months\u00a0\u2013 carrying out a \"mopping up campaign\" to clear the Japanese from the surrounding areas, conducting a series of patrols and advances through the Torricelli and Prince Alexander Ranges, advancing to Maprik in the early stages of the campaign, and then helping to capture the town of Yamil 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) to the west, clearing a series of jungle ridges in the process before continuing the drive inland towards Ulunkohoitu in an effort to pin Japanese forces down while the 2/7th Battalion conducted a wide sweep towards Kiarivu. Losses during this campaign numbered 37 dead and 85 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0011-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Ceylon and New Guinea\nThe war came to an end in mid-August 1945 following Japan's surrender in the wake of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At the conclusion of the fighting, the 2/6th remained in New Guinea, concentrating in the area around Wewak. The battalion's strength was slowly reduced as personnel were repatriated back to Australia individually for demobilisation based upon a formal points system. On 13 December 1945, the battalion's remaining personnel sailed for Australia, eventually returning to Puckapunyal. As the battalion's personnel were slowly demobilised or transferred out to other units its strength decreased rapidly until it was finally disbanded on 18 February 1946. Those personnel who were not discharged were transferred to other units for further service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0012-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), History, Ceylon and New Guinea\nDuring the war, a total of 2,965 men served with the battalion, of whom 179 were killed and 335 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: four Distinguished Service Orders, 15 Military Crosses, five Distinguished Conduct Medals, 35 Military Medals, and 63 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161048-0013-0000", "contents": "2/6th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese honours were subsequently entrusted to the 6th Battalion in 1961, and through this link are maintained by the Royal Victoria Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0000-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment was a cavalry regiment of the Australian Army that served during the Second World War and was later converted into a commando unit. Formed at Ingleburn, New South Wales, in November 1939, it was originally raised as an armoured reconnaissance regiment attached to the 6th Division. In that role, the 2/6th saw action in the North Africa campaign and in the Middle East during 1940\u201341, where the regiment distinguished itself at Bardia, Tobruk and in Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0000-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)\nLater, following Japan's entry into the war, the 6th Division was brought back to Australia and following a re-organisation, the regiment was converted into a cavalry commando regiment, incorporating the independent companies that had been formed at the start of the war. In late 1944, the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment was deployed to New Guinea, where it participated in one of the final Australian campaigns of the war in the Aitape\u2013Wewak area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0001-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nThe regiment was raised at Ingleburn, New South Wales, on 3 November 1939, as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), which was raised from volunteers for overseas service. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Fergusson, a First World War veteran who had previously commanded the 8th Light Horse Regiment while serving in the Militia during the inter war years, the regiment was assigned to the 6th Division and was named the \"6th Division Reconnaissance Regiment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0001-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nThe cadre of commissioned and senior non-commissioned officers (NCOs) upon which the regiment was raised was drawn largely from the Militia and were selected by Fergusson or his adjutant, Captain Charles Finlay, a regular Army officer who would later go on to command the 2/24th Infantry Battalion and eventually reach the rank of major general and serve as commandant of the Royal Military College, Duntroon. The regiment's first regimental sergeant major was Eric Hennessy, who eventually rose to command the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0002-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nUpon establishment, the regiment's personnel were drawn from all Australian states. It consisted of three fighting squadrons, 'A', 'B' and 'C'. ' A' Squadron was recruited from men from Queensland and New South Wales, while Victorians formed 'B' Squadron and 'C' Squadron consisted of troops from South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Later, a headquarters squadron was formed, as was a regimental aid post. It took some time for the regiment to concentrate at Ingleburn and it was not until mid-December that the regiment's interstate recruits had arrived and training began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0002-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nFrom the outset, the regiment was set apart from others by way of its distinctive headdress as it was issued with the black armoured corps beret, upon which members of the regiment wore the large Rising Sun hat badge. Its unit colour patch consisted of the same colours of the Royal Tank Corps\u00a0\u2013 brown, red and green\u00a0\u2013 which it wore in that order, in contrast to other armoured units which displayed the green followed by red and brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0003-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nIt took some time for the regiment to form and by the end of the first week of the regiment's existence there were only a total of 107 men on its books at Ingleburn. Initial training was only very rudimentary in nature, consisting mainly of drill and basic signals. Lacking vehicles, at the outset only limited driver training could be undertaken using private vehicles. Finally, on 13 November a quantity of weapons arrived for individual training and two days later a number of utility vehicles and lorries arrived. More involved signals and driver training followed and on 23 November, the regiment was inspected by the divisional commander, Lieutenant General Thomas Blamey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0004-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nOver the course of the next fortnight, personnel arrived from South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania, however, it was not until mid-December that the regiment was fully concentrated at Ingleburn when the last troops arrived from Victoria. By this time, the decision had been made that the troops of the 2nd AIF would be sent to the Middle East to train while they waited for transportation to Europe, and on 15 December an advanced party of eight officers and NCOs from the regiment departed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0004-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nThroughout December, the regiment received more advanced instruction in navigation and signals and two Vickers light tanks were received for training. Shortages prevented hands-on training on the new Bren light machine-gun and Boys anti-tank rifle, although demonstrations were provided, and live-firing was undertaken on the Vickers machine-gun before a period of leave was granted over the Christmas and New Year period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0005-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nAfter reforming, the regiment's dispatch to the Middle East was confirmed and it subsequently took part in a divisional march through Martin Place, Sydney, in full dress uniform on 4 January 1940, watched by over 500,000 spectators. Later that week, 10,000 civilians farewelled the regiment at a parade at Ingleburn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0006-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East 1940\u20131942\nThe regiment had only been in existence for two months when it deployed overseas. Departing Sydney on the transport Strathnaver on 10 January, the 6th Division Cavalry Regiment would not make it to Europe. Instead, they would spend the best part of the next two years in the Middle East and would see action in Syria, Libya, Egypt and Lebanon against Vichy French, Italian and German forces. Arriving in Egypt on 12 February, they were initially sent to Palestine where they joined the rest of the 6th Division and began training on Bren carriers and six old Vickers light tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 75], "content_span": [76, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0006-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East 1940\u20131942\nThis training continued for most of the year, until December 1940 when the 6th Division moved into the Western Desert where they concentrated along with a large number of British troops in preparation for an offensive. Two days later, on 11 December 1940, the regiment\u00a0\u2013 having been renamed the \"6th Australian Division Cavalry Regiment\" on 8 June 1940\u00a0\u2013 became the first unit of the 2nd AIF to see action in the war, when elements from 'B' Squadron fought a brief but sharp encounter with the Italian garrisons at Garn el Grein and Fort Maddalina on 11/12 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 75], "content_span": [76, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0007-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East 1940\u20131942\nIn January 1941, 'A' Squadron took part in the fighting around Bardia and then assisted the 19th Brigade in capturing Tobruk, during which time they used their Bren carriers and a number of captured Italian Italian M11 tanks, which were adorned with kangaroo symbols to distinguish them from Italian tanks. The regiment's use of tanks in this fighting was significant, representing the first time that Australian forces had operated tanks in action. After this, further actions were undertaken around Derna and Benghazi, before supporting the 18th Brigade's attack on Giarabub in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 75], "content_span": [76, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0008-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East 1940\u20131942\nIn April, the regiment received a number of Vickers light tanks and more Bren carriers from the 7th Division Cavalry Regiment, and the unit was re-organised at Helwan, near Cairo. At this time, the squadrons were organised into six troops, of which two would operate tanks and four would operate carriers. Further training was undertaken before the regiment moved to Mersa Matruh in the middle of the month. In mid-May, the regiment operated around Sollum in support of British troops during Operation Brevity before being moved to Palestine in May to join the 7th Division in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign against the Vichy French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 75], "content_span": [76, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0009-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East 1940\u20131942\nAfter the start of the campaign in early June, the regiment took part in two main drives. The first of these was undertaken by the carrier troops from 'A' Squadron were attached to the 21st Brigade and took part in the coastal advance until being relieved by a squadron from the 9th Division Cavalry Regiment in mid-June. The squadron later received four French R35 Renault light tanks, which had been captured from the Vichy French, and on 20 June, 'A' Squadron was recommitted to the fighting, sending patrols towards Damour and to the north of Sidon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 75], "content_span": [76, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0009-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East 1940\u20131942\nThe second drive came in the centre, where 'C' Squadron was attached to 25th Brigade. Initially, 'B' Squadron was held back in reserve, but after 'C' Squadron's light tanks and carriers had taken part in sharp fighting around Fort Khirbe, it was committed to the advance up the Rosh Pinna Road, fending off assaults by Vichy French tanks before the fighting eventually ended in an armistice on 14 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 75], "content_span": [76, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0010-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Middle East 1940\u20131942\nDuring the campaign, the regiment was responsible for making a unique contribution to Australia's involvement to the war. Due to the rugged terrain along the Merdjayoun\u2013Banis Road, which was unsuited to armoured vehicles, a small force of about 70 men drawn mainly from 'C' Squadron\u00a0\u2013 later dubbed the \"Kelly Gang\"\u00a0\u2013 were used to form a horse troop. Conducting patrols through the hills using horses that they had captured from the French, they were active until the armistice, and gathered important intelligence information and harassed the French by calling down artillery strikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 75], "content_span": [76, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0011-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Re-organisation 1942\u20131944\nFollowing the completion of the Syrian campaign in July, the regiment returned to Palestine in August, where a period of leave followed before the 6th Division Cavalry Regiment returned to Syria to undertake occupation duties around Aleppo and mount patrols along the Turkish border and the Euphrates. In November, the regiment was moved to Labboue, 15 miles (24\u00a0km) north of Baalbek where they endured harsh winter conditions while working to dig defensive positions as part of the Djedeide line. They remained there until March 1942, when the regiment was ordered to move to Palestine to return to Australia, following the outbreak of the Pacific War with Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0012-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Re-organisation 1942\u20131944\nThe regiment embarked on the United States Navy troop transport USS West Point at Suez and landed at Port Adelaide on 30 March, with a strength of just over 500 men of all ranks. After entraining, the regiment was moved to Tanunda in the Barossa Valley where it was billeted with the local population before concentrating at Warradale in mid-April. From there, a short period of inter-state leave followed. The following month, the regiment reformed at Ingleburn where the regiment undertook exercises using its Bren carriers. The 2/6th remained in New South Wales until June 1942, when the regiment was transported by train up the east coast of Australia to Townsville and then west to Mount Isa. From there, the regiment's vehicles were transferred to trucks for the remainder of the journey to the Northern Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0013-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Re-organisation 1942\u20131944\nUpon arrival in the Northern Territory, the regiment was sent to the Adelaide River, as part of \"Northern Territory Force\" where it was stationed in anticipation of a possible Japanese advance on mainland Australia. During this time, the regiment undertook further training. They also manned defensive positions and undertook long-range patrols from the Daly River to its confluence with Anson Bay, and undertook search and rescue operations for downed pilots. The regiment was re-designated the \"2/6th Australian Cavalry Regiment\" in early 1943, at which point the regiment's link to the 6th Division was broken. In July 1943, the regiment was relieved of its duties in the Northern Territory by the 8th Cavalry Regiment, and after being transported to Adelaide, a month of inter-state leave was granted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0014-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Re-organisation 1942\u20131944\nThe regiment reassembled in Murgon, Queensland, north of Brisbane, where they occupied the lines previously vacated by the 8th Cavalry Regiment. The change of location failed to provide the men with further opportunities for combat, though, and the lack of action resulted in poor morale amongst the regiment's personnel. Steadily the unit's strength fell as men sought transfer to units that were taking part in the fighting elsewhere; by November 1943 the regiment consisted of 26 officers and 254 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0015-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Re-organisation 1942\u20131944\nOn 2 December 1943, the unit's name was changed to the \"2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment\". This was part of an Army-wide re-organisation as the focus of Australian land operations moved away from the Middle East towards the jungles of the Pacific and fighting the Japanese. As a result of this, it was decided to convert three 2nd AIF divisions\u00a0\u2013 the 6th, 7th and 9th\u00a0\u2013 into light infantry Jungle Divisions, equipped and trained especially for combat in the South-West Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0015-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Re-organisation 1942\u20131944\nIt was found that the armoured reconnaissance units of these divisions were not suited to serving in the Pacific and as such it was decided to disband these units and use their headquarters units to amalgamate the independent companies of commandos that had been raised at the start of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0016-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Re-organisation 1942\u20131944\nAt this time, the regiment's armoured vehicles were handed back to the Army and it was used as the administrative headquarters for three commando squadrons, the 2/7th, 2/9th and 2/10th Commando Squadrons. Shortly after this, the regiment moved to the Atherton Tablelands, taking up residence in a camp near Ravenshoe, where they began training for their new role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 79], "content_span": [80, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0017-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, South West Pacific 1944\u20131945\nAfter undertaking infantry and specialised jungle training for more than a year, the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment finally received orders for overseas in October 1944. Once again the regiment was attached to the 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0017-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, South West Pacific 1944\u20131945\nInitially it had been believed that the division would take part in the fighting in the Philippines, however, inter-Allied politics prevented this and the division was sent to New Guinea instead, where the individual squadrons, some of them having earlier distinguished themselves during previous campaigns in the South West Pacific as independent units, fought against the Japanese until the end of the war in the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0018-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, South West Pacific 1944\u20131945\nEmbarking in Brisbane on the transport Katoomba, the regiment arrived at Aitape on 22 October 1944. Almost immediately the regiment began patrolling operations in the surrounding area and began the task of relieving the Americans as they awaited for the rest of the 6th Division to arrive. Once the 6th Division had concentrated in the area and completed the task of taking over from the American garrison, the regiment began reconnaissance and intelligence-gathering operations in the Torricelli Mountains throughout November in preparation for the coming offensive. During this time the regiment had a number of contacts with the enemy, the most notable of which occurred on 30 November 1944 when, for the loss of just one Australian, 73 Japanese were killed and seven were captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0019-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, South West Pacific 1944\u20131945\nWhile the Americans that had previously held the area had undertaken a defensive campaign maintaining a series of standing patrols, the Australians decided to employ more aggressive tactics. The offensive began in mid-December and as the Australians advanced eastwards over the course of the following months, elements from the 2/6th found themselves involved in a number of roles, patrolling ahead of the rest of the 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0019-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, South West Pacific 1944\u20131945\nWhere necessary they were also used in a traditional infantry role to seize and hold ground, such as during the landings around Dove Bay in May, when the regiment was tasked with capturing the village of Sauri. This was achieved by the 2/7th Commando Squadron on 11 May when an attack was put in by two troops with artillery support, which resulted in two Australians and 16 Japanese killed and five Australians wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0019-0002", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, South West Pacific 1944\u20131945\nIn June and July, the fighting began to draw to a close, and the regiment was used mainly in \"mopping up\" operations in the Boiken area, where Japanese raiding parties continued to cause havoc amongst the Australian forces right up until the end of the war. The danger continued after the war had officially come to an end. The regiment's final fatality came on 18 August when a trooper triggered a booby trap while on a patrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0020-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, South West Pacific 1944\u20131945\nThe regiment's casualties in this final campaign were high. There were 29 killed in action, nine died of wounds, four died in accidents, and 99 wounded in action. This is a total of 141 casualties. When this is compared with the overall total of 204 for the regiment for the entire war, it can be seen that the final campaign was the most costly. Against this, 778 Japanese were killed and 23 were captured by the 2/6th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0021-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, South West Pacific 1944\u20131945\nFollowing the cessation of hostilities in the Pacific, the regiment undertook guard duties at Boiken where a Japanese prisoner of war centre was established. While the men awaited transfer, educational programs were instituted to prepare the soldiers to return to civilian employment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0021-0001", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, South West Pacific 1944\u20131945\nThe regiment was disbanded in September 1945, and the individual squadrons were slowly depleted of their manpower, as they were deemed surplus to requirements, their personnel either repatriated back to Australia for discharge, or used to fill gaps in other units that would be used later for occupation and garrison duties in Japan and elsewhere, before they were finally disbanded in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 82], "content_span": [83, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0022-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment's commanding officer:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0023-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), Casualties\nThroughout the entire war, out of a total of 2,051 personnel the 2/6th suffered a total of 204 casualties. These were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0024-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), Battle honours\nThe regiment received the following battle honours for their service during the Second World War:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161049-0025-0000", "contents": "2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2nd Cavalry Regiment was chosen by the past members of the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment to hold and preserve these battle honours and on 9 October 1971 at a ceremonial parade the regiment was presented with a scroll and bronze plaque affiliating the two regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0000-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/6th Commando Squadron was one of 12 independent companies or commando squadrons raised by the Australian Army during the Second World War. Raised in May 1942 as the 2/6th Independent Company, the 2/6th's main role was to conduct irregular type warfare including small scale raiding, sabotage, long-range patrolling and reconnaissance operations rather than the traditional commando type direct action operations. As such, for the most part the unit conducted operations in small groups operating inside enemy territory, or out in front of larger friendly forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0000-0001", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nBetween 1942 and 1945, the 2/6th undertook four major campaigns during the war\u2014Kokoda, Buna, Markham\u2013Ramu and Borneo\u2014and was involved in arguably one of the most spectacular small unit actions of the war during the Battle of Kaiapit. The unit was disbanded in January 1946, following the cessation of hostilities in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0001-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and training, 1942\nThe 2/6th Independent Company was formed in May 1942 at the Guerrilla Warfare School at No. 7 Infantry Training Centre at Tidal River, on Wilsons Promontory in Victoria, in response to recommendations made by the British Military Mission in Australia, headed by Lieutenant Colonel J.C Mawhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0002-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and training, 1942\nThe company was formed from volunteers from all branches of the Army, and like all of the Independent Companies, it was organised under the philosophy that it had to be a self-sufficient force. As such, it was to be a complete and powerful organisation with its own organic signals, engineering, transport, quartermaster and medical support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0002-0001", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and training, 1942\nThe company had a strength of 20 officers and 275 men (larger than a typical infantry company) and was divided into a headquarters and three platoons, with each platoon consisting of 75 men, commanded by a captain, with three sections below that, each commanded by a lieutenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0002-0002", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and training, 1942\nAs firepower was deemed to be an essential element of the company's ability to conduct successful operations within the context as a raiding force, there was an abundance of automatic and section support weapons, including 0.303 Lee\u2013Enfield sniper rifles (SMLEs), Bren light machine guns (LMGs), 2-inch mortars and Thompson and Owen submachine guns, to the extent that in battle each platoon could provide a level of firepower equivalent to that of an infantry company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0003-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and training, 1942\nThe terrain surrounding the training area at Wilsons Promontory consisted of a number of high, rugged and heavily wooded mountains, swift streams and swamps. It was considered ideal for the six-week training course that the first members of the 2/6th had to endure before they were deployed operationally. Initially training stores were scarce, particularly signalling and engineering stores, and as such there was at first a large focus upon physical training. Training was conducted six days and five nights a week and it was a long, gruelling course. As a result, after the first week, 32 men from the initial intake of 300 were removed from training as being unsuitable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0004-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and training, 1942\nOn 6 June 1942, Major Harry Harcourt assumed command of the company. An Englishman by birth, but a naturalised Australian, he had had considerable experience serving with the British Army in the First World War, in the Russian Civil War and in India before he had settled in Tasmania. Although 47 years old, he was also an accomplished boxer, having been a champion in the Services competition while serving in the British Army, and was, according to author Syd Trigellis-Smith, renowned for his \"...physical fitness, boundless energy and love of front-line service\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0004-0001", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and training, 1942\nHarcourt set upon the task of preparing the company, although initially he too was frustrated in his efforts by the problem with insufficient training supplies and equipment. Nevertheless, through the rest of June and into July, the training was intensified and all ranks received basic infantry training (as some were not yet infantry trained), and they became proficient in fieldcraft, signalling and demolitions and a number of field exercises were carried out to test their skills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0005-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and training, 1942\nIn July, the company moved north by train to Townsville in Queensland under tight security, bringing all their stores and equipment with them. During this time the company was camped at the Cluden Racecourse. Finally, the order for the company to deploy to New Guinea was received, and despite a refusal by dock workers to load their stores, by 10:30 hours on 2 August 1942, they had embarked on the MS Tasman after the company's engineer section took over the operation of the ship's loading equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0006-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Papua New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nIn early August 1942, the 2/6th arrived in Port Moresby to take part in the New Guinea campaign. Originally it was intended that they would be been flown from there to Wau, to reinforce the 2/5th Independent Company; however, due to the deteriorating situation in the Owen Stanley Ranges, they were sent to the Kokoda Track instead. Placed under the command of the 7th Division's headquarters, on 28 August 1942, the company moved up to Mount Eirama where they were employed as the divisional reserve. As the situation along the track continued to worsen for the Australians, the 2/6th moved to cover the Goldie River Valley in order to block any Japanese outflanking manoeuvres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0007-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Papua New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nLong distance patrols were undertaken between 6 September and 12 October 1942 to cover wider lines of possible Japanese approach through the Yodda Valley, the jungle tracks around Esau Creek and the Brown River, and along Engineer Road in support of Honner Force. The purpose of these patrols was to obtain topographical information regarding the tracks in the area which might be used by Australian forces to outflank Japanese positions, as well as to provide early warning of any infiltration attempts. To this end, the patrols varied in size and duration, ranging from four or five men to 150 and from five to six days up to months. In some cases they acted as independent, long-range patrols, while others were in close contact with regular formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0008-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Papua New Guinea, 1942\u20131943\nOn 14 October 1942, elements of the 2/6th were flown from 14-Mile Drome across the mountains to Wanigela Airfield, Wangiela. From Wanigela the company moved to Pongani. With the offensive started in the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona, the 2/6th patrolled in front of the United States Army's 1st Battalion, 126th Infantry Regiment, along the coast from Pongani to Buna. Arriving at the front line at Buna on 20 November 1942, the 2/6th was engaged in the heavy fighting around the New Strip airfield until the early December 1942 during which time they were employed mainly in a traditional infantry role. In mid-December, the 2/6th was withdrawn to Soputa and then Port Moresby, where they spent Christmas prior to returning to Australia for re-organisation and refurbishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 73], "content_span": [74, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0009-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Re-organisation, 1943\nThe 2/6th returned to Australia in March 1943 and after some leave, re-assembled at the Army's Jungle Warfare Centre at Canungra, Queensland. As part of a re-organisation that was being undertaken to refocus the Army on jungle warfare, the independent companies were amalgamated together to place them into a regimental structure. In line with this, the 2/6th, along with the 2/3rd and 2/5th Independent Companies, were brought together to form the 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, which had been formed from the 7th Divisional Cavalry Regiment that had served in the Middle East and New Guinea in 1941 and 1942. This was an administrative re-organisation only, as the regiment itself had no operational role; however, following this the 2/6th Independent Company became known as the \"2/6th Commando Squadron\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0010-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Re-organisation, 1943\nOne of the main changes that occurred as a result of this re-organisation was that the engineer section was deleted from the establishment of the commando squadrons, having previously been an important part of the independent company structure. During this time, while the majority of the squadron was training in Australia, a small group of 2/6th men were sent to Bena Bena plateau in New Guinea in January 1943 to watch for enemy activity in the Ramu Valley and to secure Lutheran missionaries who were believed to have been providing information to the Japanese. This group operated in one or two man teams and were deployed for almost six months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0011-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Markham\u2013Ramu Campaign, 1943\u20131944\nThe 2/6th sailed from Townsville for Port Moresby in August 1943, and then, in the middle of September it was flown to an area just west of the Leron River, in the Markham Valley for the upcoming Markham\u2013Ramu campaign. Attached to the 7th Division, the squadron provided flank protection during the campaign, mainly carrying out reconnaissance and long range patrols, although they were also used to capture and hold ground in advance of the main formation at times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0012-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Markham\u2013Ramu Campaign, 1943\u20131944\nNow made up of a cadre of experienced and fully trained soldiers, the squadron performed with considerable distinction in this campaign, and was involved in arguably one of the most significant small unit actions of the campaign at the Battle of Kaiapit where, on 19\u201320 September 1943, it captured the village and then repelled a determined enemy counterattack by a force much larger than its own, until relieved. After the action, 214 Japanese bodies were counted, and it was estimated that another 50 or more lay dead in the tall grass. Abandoned equipment that was recovered included 19 machine guns, 150 rifles, six grenade throwers and 12 Japanese swords. Against this, the Australians lost 11 killed and 23 wounded. For his leadership during this action, Gordon King was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0013-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Markham\u2013Ramu Campaign, 1943\u20131944\nAfter almost seven months of service in New Guinea, the 2/6th returned to Australia in April 1944, disembarking in Sydney on 12 May 1944. From then until late in the war there was a lull in Australian offensive operations in the Pacific and during this time, the company was based in the Mapee\u2013Kairi area on the Atherton Tablelands, in Queensland, where it trained and conducted exercises with the rest of the 7th Division in preparation for renewed hostilities in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0014-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Markham\u2013Ramu Campaign, 1943\u20131944\nThis was a period of considerable boredom for many members of the squadron, and there was a rise in disciplinary problems during this time as the only outlet for the men's physical energy was sport, training and mounting ceremonial duties. Finally, in May 1945, after almost a year sitting on the sidelines, the 2/6th received orders for overseas service. On 25 May, they travelled to Redlynch staging camp outside Cairns and embarked five days later on 30 May, on a 14-day voyage to Morotai Island, from where they embarked on Landing Ship Tanks (LSTs) for their final campaign of the war on late in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 78], "content_span": [79, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0015-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo, 1945\nOne of the final Australian operations of the war occurred on the island of Borneo in mid-1945, just weeks before the Japanese capitulation. Although the necessity of the campaign has since been called into question, at the time it was felt that Borneo was strategically important due to its vast oil deposits, and numerous airfields and harbours which made it ideal as a springboard for operations in Malaya and Java which were planned for 1946 but which did not in the end eventuate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0016-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo, 1945\nWith that goal, between May and July, the 7th and 9th Divisions made a series of landings on the island. These operations came to be known by the codename \"Oboe\". The first landing was made at Tarakan on 1 May by a single brigade, the 26th, from the 9th Division with the task of securing the airfield, while the rest of the division landed at Brunei Bay and Labuan Island later in June. The 7th Division landed at Balikpapan on 1 July 1945, having been given the tasks of securing the port, oil installations and airfields, and then destroying the Japanese forces there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0017-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Borneo, 1945\nAt Balikpapan, that the 2/6th Commando Squadron played its final part in the conflict. For the landing, it was attached to the 25th Brigade and went ashore on the second day of the battle. Over the course of the following three weeks the squadron supported the 25th Brigade in its advance along the Milford Highway. Among its other tasks, which included its normal role of conducting reconnaissance patrols, it also conducted a number of aggressive fighting patrols and successful ambushes along Pope's Track and provided humanitarian assistance to the local inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0018-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment, 1946\nFollowing the end of hostilities in the Pacific against the Japanese, there was to be no triumphant return to Australia for the 2/6th as a formed unit. Once the fighting on Borneo had stopped, the company was moved to a camp at Manggar Beach. Here they carried out various garrison duties and settled down to await further orders. On 6 October 1945 the unit was declared surplus to the Army's requirements and slowly its numbers began to dwindle as members marched out. Some 2/6th men were destined for service with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan or garrison duties elsewhere as there were still many Japanese troops at large, while others, who had earned enough points to do so were to be demobilised and returned to Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0019-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment, 1946\nGeneral (later Field Marshal Sir) Thomas Blamey, the Commander-in-Chief of Australian Military Forces, inspected the 25th Brigade on 17 October, and then two days later they paraded before the Commander-in-Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC), Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten who praised them for their turn out and thanked them for their service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0019-0001", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment, 1946\nOn 20 November, the \"low priority\" men (those who had served the least amount of time) marched out of the 2/6th to join the 2/27th Battalion, while the higher priority men (those who were eligible for discharge before the others) were sent to the 2/12th Battalion two days later. This left the squadron with just two officers and 19 men. Together they returned to Australia, arriving in Brisbane on 31 December 1945, and marching to Chermside camp where they conducted the final formalities of disbandment. The unit's last day of service on the Australian order of battle was 15 January 1946, when the final three members, including the acting CO, Captain Gordon Blainey, were dispersed and returned to their states of enlistment for demobilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0020-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment, 1946\nThroughout the course of the war, the 2/6th lost 58 men killed in action or died of wounds, while a further 80 were wounded in action. Members of the squadron received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, two Military Crosses, one Distinguished Conduct Medal, two Military Medals, 23 Mentions in Despatches and one US Silver Star. No battle honours were awarded to the squadron, as these were awarded to its parent formation, the 2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161050-0021-0000", "contents": "2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following is a list of the 2/6th's commanding officers during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0000-0000", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/6th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment formed as part of the 7th Division in May 1940 for operations during World War II. The regiment served in Egypt and Syria in 1941\u20131942 before returning to Australia after Japan's entry in the war. Throughout 1943 and 1944, the regiment served against the Japanese in New Guinea. The regiment's involvement in the fighting in New Guinea saw it committed to several campaigns, including those around Salamaua and on the Huon Peninsula. Its final campaign of the war was fought on Borneo in mid-1945. Shortly after the conclusion of hostilities, the regiment was disbanded in late 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0001-0000", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/6th Field Regiment was raised in May 1940, as part of the 7th Division, which formed part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force that was raised for overseas service during the war. Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Daly. The regiment consisted of three numbered batteries: 11th, 12th, and 56th, although upon formation only the first two were raised; the 56th was created in September 1941. The regiment was raised at Ingleburn, New South Wales, but moved to Bathurst in September 1940. The following month they embarked for the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0001-0001", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nBy November, the regiment was located at Deir Suneid, in Palestine. In March 1941, the regiment was planned to move to Amiriya, in Egypt, where they were to receive the remaining equipment required to bring them up to establishment, after which they would deploy to Greece; these plans were changed following German advances in both North Africa and Greece. Instead, the regiment moved to Ikingi Maryut for equipping and then undertook defensive duties around Mersa Matruh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0002-0000", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment remained in Egypt until May 1941, when it was moved to Palestine in preparation for its involvement in the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign. During the fighting against the Vichy French forces, the 2/6th Field Regiment was assigned to support the 25th Infantry Brigade, which advanced along the central route. In mid-June, the regiment supported efforts to capture Merdjayoun, with the 11th and 12th Batteries supporting actions around Khirbe and Khiam, and then supporting the attack on Jezzine. In response to a Vichy French counter-attack, the regiment returned to support further fighting around Merdjayoun, and then supported the 25th Infantry Brigade's continued advance towards Badarane and Rharife as part of the drive towards Beirut. The campaign ended with an armistice that was signed in mid-July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0003-0000", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment remained in Syria after the armistice, forming part of the Allied occupation force, based around Tripoli. During this time, the regiment's third battery was raised. In response to Japan's entry into the war in December 1941, the Australian government requested the return of the 6th and 7th Divisions from the Middle East. As a result, in January 1942, the 2/6th was moved to Palestine, as part of preparations to embark for Australia. Departing in February, they arrived in Adelaide, South Australia, the following month. A short period of time was spent at Woodside Camp, before the regiment moved to Casino, New South Wales, and then Caboolture, Queensland in April and May, to occupy defensive positions to respond along the east coast in case of a Japanese invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0004-0000", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn September 1942, as fighting on the Kokoda Track intensified, the regiment deployed to New Guinea along with the 25th Infantry Brigade. It was initially deployed to defend against an advance on Port Moresby until February 1943, when they moved to Dobodura; with batteries deployed to Simeni, Soputa and the Kumusi River, the regiment's main role was to support troops mopping up isolated pockets of Japanese troops left in the area following the Allied counter-offensive along the Kokoda Track, and in the aftermath of the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0004-0001", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThroughout April to September, the regiment detached several elements to support US troops as part of the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign, landing at Tambu Bay during the Battle of Roosevelt Ridge; during this time several troops operated 155\u00a0mm guns. The 12th Battery and part of the 56th also deployed in support of the 9th Division during the landing at Lae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0004-0002", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter November, the regiment concentrated around Finschaffen as part of the 9th Division to support operations during the Huon Peninsula campaign; when the 4th Infantry Brigade began the advance on Sio, the 2/6th Field Regiment was switched to support them until January 1944, when the regiment handed over its equipment to the 2/14th Field Regiment and embarked for Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0005-0000", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nUpon arrival in Australia, the regiment established a camp at Warwick, Queensland. The Australian Army's adoption of the jungle division establishment reduced the allocation of field artillery regiments to each division to one, and as a result the 2/6th was deemed surplus to the 7th Division's requirements and was reassigned to a line of communications headquarters. Without a clear role or plan for future employment, the regiment was nearly disbanded, but eventually returned to the 7th Division at Kairi, Queensland, in October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0005-0001", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFurther training took place on the Atherton Tablelands until the 7th Division was tasked with taking part in recapturing Borneo. Within this plan, the 2/6th was tasked with supporting the landing at Balikpapan. A preliminary move to Morotai Island took place in June 1945. For the initial landing on 1 July, the regiment was in reserve, but as the Australians advanced inland the regiment came ashore to support the 25th Infantry Brigade as they carried out final mopping up operations before the end of the war in August. The regiment's losses in its final campaign amounted to four killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161051-0006-0000", "contents": "2/6th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment was disbanded in late 1945. Throughout its involvement in the war, a total of 1,923 men served with the 2/6th Field Regiment of whom 19 were killed, and 61 wounded. The Australian War Memorial lists 25 members of the regiment who received decorations as a result of their service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161052-0000-0000", "contents": "2/7th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/7th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army. Raised for service during World War II in October 1941, it was initially intended to serve in the Middle East, however due to the changing nature of the war and manpower shortages, the regiment never saw service outside of Australia before being disbanded in January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161052-0001-0000", "contents": "2/7th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/7th Armoured Regiment was formed as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force on 9 October 1941 at Greta, New South Wales. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel P.G.H Cardale, the regiment was assigned to the 1st Armoured Brigade. Upon formation, the regiment was established with a regimental headquarters and three squadrons, designated 'A', 'B' and 'C'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161052-0001-0001", "contents": "2/7th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nAt this time it was believed that the regiment would be deployed to the Middle East where they would be employed against the armoured formations of the German and Italian forces, however, initially there were not enough tanks in Australia with which to equip the newly formed units of the 1st Armoured Division and as a result in December the regiment was equipped with Universal Carriers and wheeled vehicles while it undertook training. It was transferred to Singleton, New South Wales, at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161052-0002-0000", "contents": "2/7th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe delay in equipping the units of the 1st Armoured Division meant that their deployment was set back. Initially it had been planned to deploy the 2/7th Armoured Regiment, along with the rest of the 1st Armoured Brigade, in December 1941, however, this was not possible. Shortly thereafter, the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor and invasion Malaya meant that the decision was made not to send the 1st Armoured Division to the Middle East as the situation in the Pacific had the potential to directly threaten the Australian mainland. In June 1942 the regiment was re-equipped with M3 Grant tanks and following this, in August, the 2/7th Regiment moved to Edgeroi, New South Wales, where they participated in large-scale armoured exercises. In October and November 'A' Squadron was re-equipped with M3 Stuart light tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161052-0003-0000", "contents": "2/7th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring January to March 1943 the 2/7th Armoured Regiment moved to Mingenew, Western Australia, with the rest of the 1st Armoured Division to undertake garrison duties. The changing strategic outlook that following the Allied victories around Buna and on Guadalcanal, coupled with the manpower shortages in the Australian Army and the wider economy at this time led to the disbandment of 1st Armoured Division in September. After this, the 2/7th Armoured Regiment remained in Western Australia and was reassigned to the 1st Armoured Brigade Group. Nevertheless, on 7 January 1944, the 2/7th was also disbanded, having never seen action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161052-0004-0000", "contents": "2/7th Armoured Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following is a list of officers that commanded the 2/7th Armoured Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0000-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/7th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army raised for service during World War II. Formed as part of the 6th Division shortly after the outbreak of the war as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force, the 2/7th Battalion's initial personnel were recruited primarily from the state of Victoria, although later reinforcements were drawn from most other Australian states. Basic training was completed in Australia, after which the battalion embarked for the Middle East as part of the first batch of Australian troops to deploy overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0000-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia)\nFurther training was undertaken in Palestine before the battalion went into action against the Italians in January 1941. After participating in the successful capture of Bardia and Tobruk, it was committed to the disastrous Battles of Greece and Crete, where the battalion was essentially destroyed after the majority of its personnel were captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0001-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia)\nRebuilt in Palestine, the 2/7th undertook garrison duties in Syria and then Ceylon before being transported back to Australia in August 1942. In January 1943, the battalion was deployed to New Guinea, taking part in the fighting against the Japanese in the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign until October 1943. Following a period of over a year training in northern Queensland, the battalion's final campaign began in the Aitape\u2013Wewak area of New Guinea in 1944\u20131945 during which it was used mainly in a mopping-up role. The battalion was disbanded in Australia in early 1946 after the conclusion of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0002-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe 2/7th Battalion was established on 25 October 1939 at Puckapunyal, Victoria, as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force that was raised for service during World War II. The battalion consisted of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 under a headquarters company and a battalion headquarters, and had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel. Within the headquarters company there were six specialist platoons (signals, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, administrative and mortars) to provide organic combat and service support to the four rifle companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0003-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 7th Battalion, which had been raised for service during World War I as part of the First Australian Imperial Force, and had later been re-raised as a Militia battalion. These colours were brown over red, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of grey was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0003-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nThe troops of the 2/7th gave themselves the nickname \"Mud over Blood\", in reference to the brown over red of their insignia, and to the original 7th Battalion. Attached to the 17th Brigade, the second brigade of the 6th Division, recruits were drawn from several areas in Victoria including rural areas around Mildura, Robinvale, Sale, and Maffra, and metropolitan Melbourne. These included a mix of former Militia soldiers and those who had no previous military experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0003-0002", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation and training\nAfter its personnel had reported for duty, the battalion undertook training at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds and Puckapunyal before departing for the Middle East in mid-April 1940, aboard the troopship Strathallan. The battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Walker, a former Militia officer who had previously commanded the 24th/39th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0004-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East, Greece and Crete\nReaching their destination in May 1940, the battalion joined the 17th Brigade's two other infantry battalions\u00a0\u2013 the 2/5th and 2/6th\u00a0\u2013 at Beit Jirja, in the Julius\u2013Gaza area. From there, the battalion engaged in further training in Palestine and Egypt until the Australians went into battle for the first time in early January 1941 as the British went on the offensive against the Italians in North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0004-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East, Greece and Crete\nThe 2/7th later saw action at Bardia, where it formed the divisional reserve in the initial phase before attacking south through the gap established by the 2/5th towards the railway switchline, and Tobruk, where the 2/7th attacked the eastern sector. Later, the battalion undertook garrison duties in Libya, establishing itself around Marsa Brega. The fighting in Libya cost the battalion 20 dead, including 15 killed in action, 75 wounded and one captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0005-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East, Greece and Crete\nFollowing this, the battalion was committed to the fighting in Greece in early April. Landing at Athens, and moving to Larissa by train, the battalion established themselves around Thessaly, but their involvement in the fighting was short-lived as the Germans advanced quickly against the hastily established Allied defensive positions, forcing the British and Commonwealth troops to withdraw. Embarking from Kalamata upon the transport Costa Rica on 26 April, the battalion endured heavy air attack as the Germans attacked the ship,  forcing it to be abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0005-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East, Greece and Crete\nThe men from the 2/7th were taken off the stricken ship and transferred to several Royal Navy destroyers, and landed on the island of Crete, where an Axis invasion was expected imminently. Missing most of their equipment, which had been lost on the Costa Rica, the battalion was re-armed with weapons re-allocated from two Australian artillery regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0006-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East, Greece and Crete\nFollowing the German airborne assault on 20 May, the 2/7th became heavily engaged fighting German parachute troops around Canea. It then undertook a local counter-attack at 42nd Street during which the 2/7th launched a ferocious bayonet charge in concert with the New Zealand Maori Battalion that resulted in heavy German casualties. The 2/7th later covered the withdrawal to Sphakia where the Royal Navy attempted to evacuate the garrison by the sea, undertaking a three-day stand in the hills, before they were ordered down to the evacuation beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0006-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East, Greece and Crete\nAs Allied naval losses mounted the operation was called off before the 2/7th could embark. As a result, most of the battalion \u2013 over 400 personnel \u2013 was taken prisoner. Several 2/7th soldiers later escaped captivity; one of them, John Peck, became part of a Special Operations Executive team responsible for helping Allied prisoners of war escape. The battalion's commanding officer, Walker, was one of those captured, giving up his position on one of the last evacuation ships when it became apparent that the rest of the battalion would not have time to get clear. Walker remained in captivity until the end of the war, along with many others of the battalion who went to prisoner of war camps in Greece, Germany, Austria and Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0007-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East, Greece and Crete\nThe battalion's casualties in Greece and Crete were heavy and by the end of the campaign it had essentially been destroyed. The fighting in Greece resulted in eight dead and seven wounded, as well as 65 captured, while a further 27 were killed in action on Crete, and one was killed in an accident. A further 70 were wounded and 433 were taken prisoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0007-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East, Greece and Crete\nInstead of being disbanded, the unit was rebuilt from a small cadre of personnel who had not been sent to Crete (about 50 men) along with a large number of reinforcements, and the 16 personnel who had escaped Crete. This was undertaken in Palestine under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Guinn, before the 2/7th was sent to Syria to perform occupation duties as part of the garrison that had been established there following the conclusion of the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0008-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nIn early 1942, following Japan's entry into the war, the Australian government requested the return of the 6th Division from the Middle East. On 10 March, the battalion embarked for Australia aboard the troopship HMT Westernland. En route the 2/7th was diverted to Ceylon where it undertook defensive duties as part of an Australian force made up of the 16th and 17th Brigades to defend against the threat of a Japanese invasion. Returning to Australia in August 1942 on board MV Athlone Castle, the 2/7th spent a short period of time preparing to fight the Japanese in New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0008-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nConcentrating around Seymour, Victoria, a welcome home parade was held in Melbourne, after which the battalion moved by rail to Greta, New South Wales, in September. A short time later, there was a further move north to Ascot, Queensland, from where the battalion embarked on the HMAT Tasman in mid-October, bound for Gili-Gili airstrip, near Milne Bay. In November, a detachment of the battalion's Bren carrier crews were sent to support the Australian and US units fighting around Buna\u2013Gona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0008-0002", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nA makeshift and hasty measure to make up for the lack of tank support, the lightly armoured carriers proved ineffective, and the 2/7th's detachment suffered heavy casualties with six killed and four wounded and most of the carriers destroyed. Meanwhile, around Milne Bay, the rest of the battalion undertook further training before being committed to the fighting around Wau in January 1943 as the Australians began limited offensive operations in New Guinea following the Japanese defeat in the Kokoda Track campaign and around Buna\u2013Gona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0008-0003", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nAfter being flown into Wau, where they landed under fire, the 2/7th took part in a series of battles as the Australians advanced on Salamaua, with significant actions being fought around Mubo and Bobdubi. During the campaign, Guinn was hospitalised due to illness and Major Keith Picken temporarily led the battalion between July and December 1943. The 2/7th's casualties during its first jungle campaign amounted to 99 dead from all causes, including 70 killed in action, and 225 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0009-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nThe 2/7th returned to Australia in early October 1943. After a period of leave, the battalion concentrated around Wondecla, on the Atherton Tablelands. During this time the units of the 6th Division were converted to the jungle divisional establishment. This saw a reduction in the battalion's vehicle allocation and a reorganisation of its specialist platoons, with its Bren carriers and heavy vehicles being replaced by jeeps and the anti-aircraft platoon being disbanded. A medium machine gun platoon was added and new anti-tank weapons were also received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0009-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nThe battalion's authorised strength was also reduced to around 800 personnel; however, throughout late 1943 and into early 1944 the 2/7th was well below this due to illnesses and recurring diseases, such as malaria, amongst personnel who had returned from New Guinea. Nevertheless, a long period of training followed and the battalion was rebuilt over time and did not see further action until late in the war when the 6th Division was committed to the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign, in order to release US troops for operations in the Philippines. At the start of the new campaign, Guinn was relieved of his command and appointed commandant of the Land Headquarters Tactical School. In his place, Lieutenant Colonel Philip Parbury took command of the battalion, which deployed aboard the US transport ship Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0010-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nEssentially a mopping up operation by the time the Australians arrived, the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign saw the Australians establish themselves around Tadji airfield at Aitape in late 1944 before conducting a limited offensive through the Torricelli and Prince Alexander Ranges throughout 1944 and 1945. During these operations, after the 17th Brigade had been relieved from defensive duties around Tadji, the 2/7th engaged in a series of small unit actions against the Japanese and was involved in capturing Maprik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0010-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Fighting in New Guinea\nLater, the battalion continued the advance east towards Yamil before being withdrawn back to Aitape in early June 1945 following an attack around a position dubbed \"Lone Tree Hill\". In mid-July, the battalion resumed operations, advancing towards the airfield at Kairivu. Further small-scale actions were fought, and by the end of the campaign in mid-August, the battalion's casualties totalled 129. These included 22 killed in action, 11 who died of wounds, five accidentally killed and 95 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0011-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nAfter the war, the battalion remained in the Kairivu area throughout September and into early October, when the majority of the battalion moved back to Wewak. Patrols were sent out into the surrounding areas as Japanese soldiers were brought in for surrender and repatriation. Meanwhile, the demobilisation process began with high priority long service troops being repatriated to Australia in drafts as shipping became available. At this time, some of the battalion's personnel volunteered for service in Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0011-0001", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nThe majority of these were transferred to the 67th Infantry Battalion, although some also served in the 66th Infantry Battalion. By November, the battalion was down to a posted strength of just 375 personnel. On 18 December 1945, the remaining cadre of the battalion embarked for Australia. As personnel marched out of the unit \u2013 either for demobilisation or for subsequent service \u2013 and equipment was handed back, the unit was disbanded at Puckapunyal in February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0012-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the war, a total of 3,155 personnel served in the 2/7th Battalion. Of these, 143 were killed in action, 36 died of wounds, and 14 died of other causes. A further 472 were wounded in action and 499 were taken prisoner. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: 6 Distinguished Service Orders, 11 Military Crosses, 5 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 26 Military Medals, and 60 Mentions in Despatches. In addition, two personnel were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161053-0013-0000", "contents": "2/7th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961\u201362, these battle honours were entrusted to the 7th Battalion, and through this link are maintained by the 8th/7th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0000-0000", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment was one of three commando regiments raised by the Australian Army for service during World War II. It was originally raised as the 7th Division Cavalry Regiment in 1940 and in this guise it served in North Africa and the Middle East at the beginning of the war, before it was brought back to Australia and sent to New Guinea in late 1942 to serve against the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0000-0001", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)\nIn mid-1943 the Australian high command decided to disband the divisional cavalry regiments and use their headquarters elements to administer the independent companies that had been raised earlier in the war. In the process the 7th Division Cavalry Regiment disbanded its squadrons, gave up their vehicles and changed its name to the 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, as it became the administrative headquarters for the 2/3rd, 2/5th and 2/6th Commando Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0001-0000", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment was formed in April 1940 as the 7th Division Cavalry Regiment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Ronald Hopkins. Consisting of a headquarters squadron and three sabre squadrons designated 'A' through 'C', the regiment drew personnel from New South Wales for its headquarters squadron, while its sabre squadrons came from Victoria, South Australia and Queensland. In May, the regiment provided two squadrons\u00a0\u2013 'A' and 'B'\u00a0\u2013 for the newly formed 8th Divisional Cavalry Regiment, and as a result raised new squadrons from personnel recruited in New South Wales and Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0002-0000", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History\nPart of the Second Australian Imperial Force that was raised for overseas service, originally the regiment was conceived as an armoured reconnaissance regiment attached to the 7th Division and, after undertaking initial training around Cowra, New South Wales, it was sent to the Middle East theatre in December 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0003-0000", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter arriving in Egypt in early 1941, the regiment conducted further training was used mainly in a defensive role. Equipped with Vickers light tanks and Bren carriers, it carried out garrison duties around the Suez Canal, before being moved to Cyprus following the fall of Greece. In August 1941, the regiment was moved to Syria where it formed part of the Allied occupation forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0004-0000", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History\nIn March 1942, the regiment returned to Australia, following the entry of Japan into the war. After a period of training and defensive duties in Queensland, in September 1942 the regiment was sent to New Guinea to help defend Port Moresby as the Japanese continued their advance along the Kokoda Track. Upon the 2/7th's arrival, the decision was made for the regiment to leave its Bren carriers in Port Moresby and as the campaign began to turn in the favour of the Australians the 2/7th were flown to Popondetta to reinforce the units there in December. For over a month they took part in the fighting around Huggins Roadblock along the Sananada Track serving in the dismounted role as infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0005-0000", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History\nFinally on 21 January 1943 the Australians linked up with US forces and the Sanananda village fell. Shortly afterwards the regiment was withdrawn back to Dobodura airstrip from where they were transported back to Australia. The casualties that the regiment had suffered during the fighting were very high with 54 men killed and 67 wounded. On top of this over 200 men had contracted malaria and three had died from scrub typhus. Among those that were killed was the regiment's commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Edgar Logan. During its time in the Middle East and in New Guinea, the regiment lost 59 men killed or died on active service and 67 wounded. Four members of the regiment were decorated with the Military Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0006-0000", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing its return to Australia, the regiment began reorganising on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland. At this time the Australian Army was undergoing a period of restructuring as its strategic focus shifted towards concentrating upon fighting the war against the Japanese in the Pacific. As a part of this restructuring it was decided that there was no need for divisional cavalry regiments, however, it was decided that the independent companies should be grouped together under a regimental structure, and in response the divisional cavalry regiments were broken up and their headquarters elements were used to administer the commando squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0006-0001", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History\nThree such units were formed at this time, with the 7th Division Cavalry Regiment adopting the title of the 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment in April 1943. The regiment's subordinate squadrons were: the 2/3rd, 2/5th and 2/6th Commando Squadrons, however, in terms of tactics and training the individual squadrons retained their independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161054-0007-0000", "contents": "2/7th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History\nAlthough the 2/6th Commando Squadron was deployed to New Guinea in late 1943 and into early 1944, the regiment as a whole did not see action again until late in the war when they landed along with the rest of the 7th Division Balikpapan, Borneo, in July 1945 in one of the final campaigns of the war. Landing on Green Beach on 1 July 1945, the regiment's three squadrons participated in the advance along the Vasey Highway, undertaking the flank protection and reconnaissance roles before contributing to the mopping up effort as the war came to a close. Following the end of hostilities, the regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0000-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/7th Commando Company was one of 12 independent companies or commando squadrons raised by the Australian Army during the Second World War. Raised in May 1942, as the 2/7th Independent Company, the 2/7th served in New Guinea in 1943 during the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign before being redesignated as the 2/7th Commando Squadron when it was amalgamated with two other commando squadrons to become part of the 2/6th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment. Later at the end of 1944, it was sent to New Guinea again, where it took part in the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign. Following the end of the war, the squadron was returned to Australia and disbanded early in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0001-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nIn late 1940 the Australian Army began considering the issue of raising independent companies or commando units for the conduct of irregular warfare. Based upon proposals and advice from the British Military Mission in Australia, in March 1941 the Army began training company-sized units that would act independently of higher command to carry out tasks such as raiding, sabotage, and subversion. As the war progressed the role that these independent companies would fulfill evolved towards guerrilla operations such as stay-behind, long range penetration and reconnaissance. In this regard between 1941 and 1942 eight independent companies were raised. The 2/7th Independent Company was one of these units, and was formed in May 1942, undertaking training at the Guerrilla Warfare School at Wilsons Promontory, Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0002-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131943\nFollowing the completion of its training, the company was deployed to New Guinea in late 1942, landing at Port Moresby. From there it was flown to Wau in January 1943, where it was used to reinforce elements of the 6th Division and units Kanga Force during the Salamaua\u2013Lae campaign. Between January and April, the company operated in conjunction with 2/3rd and 2/5th Independent Companies, performing mainly a traditional infantry role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0002-0001", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131943\nDuring this time they conducted a number of patrols and were involved in a very successful ambush on a large force of Japanese, resulting in a high number of enemy casualties. Later, they were directly involved with the defence of Wau, before helping to push the Japanese back to Mubo, where they conducted small scale harassment raids. The 2/7th's commanding officer, Major Thomas MacAdie, was awarded a Distinguished Service Order for his gallantry and leadership during this phase of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0003-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131943\nIn April, they were relieved by the 2/7th Battalion. They had served in the Wau area for seven months and were in need of rest, however, as there were no other troops available, on 29 May 1943 the 2/7th Independent Company was flown to Bena Bena where they became part of Bena Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0003-0001", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131943\nBena Force had originally been dispatched to the isolated airfield in January consisting of only a handful of men from the 2/7th Battalion, with the task of defending it against the advancing Japanese, harassing the enemy in the area and denying them freedom of movement, however, in May as Japanese air attacks on Bena increased it became necessary to reinforce the small garrison. As such the depleted 2/7th Independent Company was sent to Bena, under the command of Major MacAdie, bringing the garrison up to roughly four hundred men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0003-0002", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131943\nDuring June and July, observation posts were established in the region, patrols were sent out and infrastructure was built with the help of labour supplied by the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit (ANGAU). Later, during August and September, as attacks increased on the garrison and the 2/2nd Independent Company arrived to reinforce Bena Force, patrols were sent out through the Ramu Valley in order to observe the main approaches to Bena Bena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0004-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Guinea 1942\u20131943\nIn October, following a re-organisation of Australian forces in New Guinea in preparation for the coming offensive around Lae, the 2/7th was temporarily placed under the command of the 7th Division. Following this, the company began patrolling operations along the Faria, Iogi and Evapia rivers, until they were finally relieved by the 2/6th Cavalry (Commando) Squadron in the second week of November. The 2/7th then returned to Dumpu, before embarking at Port Moresby for the return to Australia, having been deployed on active service for the best part of a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0005-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Reorganisation 1943\u20131945\nWhile the 2/7th Independent Company had been involved in the campaign in New Guinea, there had been a significant re-organisation of the way in which the Independent Companies were administered and organised. This was due to an army-wide reorganisation as the Australian Army shifted its strategic focus away from the Middle East and began to concentrate on the Pacific. As a result of this reorganisation, the 2/7th Independent Company was renamed the 2/7th Cavalry Commando Squadron (later just commando squadron) and was absorbed into the 2/6th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment, along with the newly formed 2/9th and 2/10th Commando Squadrons. Together, these units were attached to the 6th Division, to conduct long range patrol and reconnaissance operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0006-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Reorganisation 1943\u20131945\nFollowing their return from New Guinea, the newly formed 2/7th Commando Squadron concentrated on the Atherton Tablelands, Queensland, with the rest of the 2/6th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment. Throughout the rest of 1943 and most of 1944, the 2/7th carried out garrison duties and participated in exercises and training with the rest of the 6th Division. The squadron's last contribution to the Second World War came during the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0007-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak 1945\nEarly in 1945, the 6th Division relieved the American garrison at Aitape, with a view to renewing offensive operations in the area. The 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment was the first Australian fighting unit to arrive at Aitape, and as it waited for the rest of the division to arrive, having left Brisbane on 22 October 1944, the regiment relieved the American outpost at Babiang and began to assist the ANGAU patrols in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0007-0001", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak 1945\nOnce they had concentrated fully by November, the 6th Division began its advance eastwards towards the Japanese base at Wewak, in order to destroy the remnants of the Japanese 18th Army. Prior to this, however, the 2/7th Commando Squadron conducted preliminary patrols in order to gather information on topography and enemy dispositions in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0008-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak 1945\nThe Australian advance began in December and by this time, the 2/7th had been moved to Tong, where it had been given the tasks of maintaining a base, control the surrounding area and conduct patrols to the south. Now under the command of Major Goode, the squadron operated in support of the 17th Brigade, and had men stationed at Yourang and Kumbun. During this time there were a number of clashes with the enemy, most notably on 11th and 13 December, as the squadron established its control over the area, resulting in a number of Japanese killed in action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0008-0001", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak 1945\nOnce it had been relieved by 17th Brigade, the squadron conducted a number of reconnaissance patrols south of the Torriccelli Ranges, around the Dandriwad and Danmap Rivers, and then later once it had moved to the Yasuar Mission, patrolling along the Muam River. Throughout February the 2/7th began to push into enemy territory, moving along the Atop River and establishing bases at Kaumala, and at House Copper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0009-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak 1945\nFinally, at the end of March, the 2/7th was relieved and returned to Aitape. The following month, the 2/7th was transported by landing craft to But, where they were to act as reserve for the 16th Brigade's advance to the Hawain River. While here, they were based at Banak and conducted a number of patrols in the surrounding area. As the campaign progressed into May, the 2/7th was transferred to the command of the 19th Brigade, which at the time was advancing on Wewak, with its limit of exploitation being the Brandi River. As it became clear that the Japanese were attempting to abandon their positions, the 2/7th were ordered to advance in a wide circle and capture the Sauri villages, where it was believed that the Japanese had established a strong rearguard to act as a blocking force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0010-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak 1945\nThe 2/7th advanced up the Waringe River with a strength of 156 men, supported by mortar and artillery, and over the course of two days proceeded to clear the enemy from the high ground along which they would launch their assault on the villages. On 11 May, two troops from the 2/7th launched their assault, advancing along a spur that led to Walanter where they encountered a well-established enemy position. This position was assaulted and the objective taken over the course of two and a half hours, with the assistance of close support from artillery and flamethrowers to overcome the enemy resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0011-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak 1945\nThe 2/7th were then relieved by elements of the 2/8th Battalion at Sauri, before receiving orders to concentrate with the rest of the 2/6th Commando Regiment in the area around Brandi Plantation. By the start of June they began \"mopping up\" operations, firstly at Dove Bay and then at Karawop, before they were sent to Boiken in July, where they relieved the 2/10th Commando Squadron, which had been patrolling the area around the Dagua and Hawain Rivers in an attempt to deal with the Japanese raiding parties that were still operating in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161055-0012-0000", "contents": "2/7th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak 1945\nThe 2/7th were still in Boiken when Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945. They were disbanded approximately six months later, early in 1946, after the last members were returned to Australia and demobilised. During the course of its service, the squadron lost 30 men killed in action or died on active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0000-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/7th Field Regiment was an Australian Army field artillery regiment that served during the Second World War. Formed in mid-1940 and assigned to the 9th Division, the regiment was deployed to North Africa, where it saw action around Tobruk in 1941 and in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein in 1942. It also undertook garrison duties in Syria and Egypt. In 1943, the regiment returned to Australia, after which it did not see action again until late in the war when it was committed to the landing at Tarakan in 1945. Following the end of the war, the regiment returned to Australia and was disbanded in January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0001-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nRaised in April 1940 from volunteers for overseas service as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force, the regiment's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Eastick, who had formerly commanded the 13th Field Brigade. Upon formation, it initially consisted of a regimental headquarters and two batteries: the 13th, which was formed in South Australia, and the 14th, in Western Australia. Later, a third battery\u00a0\u2013 the 57th\u00a0\u2013 was added. The majority of the new regiment's initial intake of personnel\u00a0\u2013 particularly its officers\u00a0\u2013 were drawn from the Militia. In October, the regiment was assigned to the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0002-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nInitial training was split between Woodside and Northam Camps as the South Australian and Western Australian batteries remained in their respective states until November 1940 when the regiment was concentrated at Fremantle and deployed to the Middle East aboard the troopship Stratheden. Arriving there in December, the regiment moved to Qastina in Palestine, where it undertook training, albeit without any equipment or vehicles, which were in short supply in the theatre as the British sought to make up losses in home regiments following the Fall of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0003-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAs such, it was not until April 1941 that the regiment received a supply of vehicles and its first artillery pieces. These came in the form of a mix of antiquated 18-pounders and 4.5-inch howitzers. These were replaced in July with twenty-four 25-pounders when the regiment moved to Mersa Matruh, which it employed against German and Italian forces in defence of the garrison at Tobruk and then later around Halfaya Pass\u2013Sidi Barrani before being withdrawn back to Cairo, in Egypt, where they undertook a training role from October 1941 to early 1942. During this time the regiment trained reinforcements for British and Commonwealth artillery units in the theatre and undertook daily shoots on the Almaza firing range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0004-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nA move to Syria followed in February and for a while the regiment was based around Tripoli and then Aleppo where they were assigned to support the 20th Brigade as they undertook garrison duties following the successful Allied campaign against the Vichy French government. The regiment remained there until the middle part of 1942 when the regiment was committed to both the First and Second Battles of El Alamein. During this time, the regiment fired 157,847 shells of all types, including smoke, and suffered 36 killed and 73 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0005-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn early 1943, the regiment was withdrawn back to Australia along with the rest of the 9th Division as the Australian Army's focus shifted towards fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific. Embarking upon the Dutch troopship Nieuw Amsterdam, on 18 February the men from the 14th Battery were landed in Fremantle for leave, while the rest of the regiment continued on to Port Melbourne where they were transferred to a train on 25 February and moved by rail to Adelaide for three weeks of leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0006-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nUpon completion of this leave, the regiment was reconstituted on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, along with the rest of the 9th Division. In July 1943, Lieutenant Colonel William Green took over command of the regiment and as the 9th Division was re-organised and re-equipped to take part in jungle warfare, the regiment was reformed on a reduced equipment scale. Two batteries\u00a0\u2013 the 13th and 57th continued to operate the standard 25-pounders, while the 14th was re-equipped with the Short version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0006-0001", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nTraining progressed well, but in  September 1943, when the division left to take part in the Landing at Lae and the Huon Peninsula campaign, the 2/7th remained in the Australia. This was because it had deemed by Australian planners that artillery only had a limited role to play in jungle warfare and, consequently, when the 9th Division deployed it only took one field regiment with it: the 2/12th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0007-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAs a result, the regiment spent a total of 22 months out of action on the Atherton Tablelands and it was not until late in the war, in mid-1945, that it was deployed on operations again. When it came, it was under Operation Oboe, which saw them once again fire in support of the 9th Division. Assigned to the 26th Brigade which was to capture Tarakan, in April 1945 the regiment was moved to Morotai Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0007-0001", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe day before the main landing at Lingkas on 1 May, the 57th Battery landed on Sadau Island, where they established themselves to fire on Lingkas to provide cover for engineers that were tasked with clearing the beach obstacles. For the operation, the regiment was equipped with twenty-four 25-pounder field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0008-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe following morning the battery fired in direct support of the seaborne assault; it was the first time ever that a unit of the Royal Australian Artillery was ever employed in such a role. Once the beachhead was established amidst some confusion caused by muddy conditions and congestion, both the 13th and 14th Batteries came ashore and by 4:00\u00a0pm on the first day, they were both in action, while the 57th was also moved to Tarakan from Sadau late in the day. Small parties from the 2/7th also took over control of naval gunfire support after the naval shore fire control parties were withdrawn at the end of the first month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0009-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nOver the next three months they would fire over 37,000 rounds in support of the 26th Brigade's three infantry battalions; this included rounds from a captured Japanese 75\u00a0mm mountain gun. The regiment also provided fire control for a 3.7-inch anti-aircraft gun from the 132nd Anti - Aircraft Battery that was employed to clear areas of thick jungle and which was co-located with the regiment's guns in a position that came to be known as \"HMAS Margy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0009-0001", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn order to maintain ammunition supplies, the regiment was resupplied by air from Morotai, while the captured Japanese gun was resupplied as rounds were found by the advancing troops. In total 851 rounds were fired from this gun. In order to ensure accuracy in the dense jungle, forward observers were detached forward with infantry patrols and even sent aloft on board small observation aircraft. The regiment's casualties during this time amounted to seven killed and 27 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0010-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing the conclusion of hostilities in August 1945, the regiment remained on Tarakan as the demobilisation process, which had begun in early July, was ramped up. Slowly the regiment's size declined and by 30 November 28 officers and 324 other ranks had been repatriated to Australia. The following month the regiment turned in its guns and the last of its personnel left Tarakan on board Stanford Victory. The regiment was finally disbanded on 30 January 1946. During the course of its service, the 2/7th lost 45 men killed in action or died on active service. The following decorations were awarded: three Distinguished Service Orders, one Military Cross, four Military Medals and two Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161056-0011-0000", "contents": "2/7th Field Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/7th Field Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161057-0000-0000", "contents": "2/8th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/8th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army. It was raised for service during World War II, being formed in July 1941. It deployed to New Guinea in 1943 but did not see any action before being disbanded in February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161057-0001-0000", "contents": "2/8th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/8th Armoured Regiment was formed in July 1941 as part of the 2nd Armoured Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Hopkins who had previously served in the Militia with the 13th Light Horse Regiment,  the 2/8th was initially located at Puckapunyal, Victoria, and was equipped with Universal Carriers for training purposes while more suitable platforms were acquired. In May 1942 the regiment was equipped with M3 Grant tanks and moved to Narrabri, New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161057-0001-0001", "contents": "2/8th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nDuring its time at Narrabri one of the regiment's three armoured squadrons was re-equipped with M3 Stuart light tanks, in order to conform with the establishment that had been set for armoured units being deployed to the Middle East. During this time, the other two squadrons' vehicles were converted from petrol engines to diesel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161057-0002-0000", "contents": "2/8th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nFrom 15 November 1942 the 2nd Armoured Brigade and the 2/8th Armoured Regiment formed part of the 3rd Armoured Division. The regiment was separated from its brigade in April 1943 and deployed to New Guinea where it took over the 2/6th Armoured Regiment's tanks. The regiment's role was confined to infantry co-operation training and static defence of major Australian bases. As a result, it did not see any action. Squadrons were stationed at Port Moresby, Milne Bay and Buna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161057-0003-0000", "contents": "2/8th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/8th Armoured Regiment returned to Australia in February 1944 and was disbanded in May. The regiment's personnel formed the nucleus of the 41st, 42nd and 43rd Landing Craft Companies, Royal Australian Engineers, which supported Australian forces in the South West Pacific until the end of the war. The regiment did not receive any battle honours, nor did any of its personnel receive any gallantry decorations. Three of the regiment's personnel died while on active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161057-0004-0000", "contents": "2/8th Armoured Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following is a list of officers that commanded the 2/8th Armoured Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0000-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/8th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during World War II. Raised as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force at Melbourne, Victoria on 30 October 1939, the 2/8th was initially attached to the 17th Brigade, 6th Division. It was later transferred to the 19th Brigade and with this formation the battalion saw action in Egypt, Libya, Greece and Crete before returning to Australia. A period of garrison duty in Darwin followed in 1942\u20131943, after which the battalion concentrated with other 6th Division units on the Atherton Tablelands, remaining there throughout 1943\u20131944. In late 1944, the battalion was sent to New Guinea to fight the Japanese as part of the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign. The battalion was disbanded at Puckapunyal on 14 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0001-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/8th Battalion was established at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds in the period shortly after Australia declared war on Germany. Its official date of raising was 30 October 1939. Recruited as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), initially, the battalion formed part of the 17th Brigade, which was assigned to the 6th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0001-0001", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nLike other 2nd AIF infantry battalions raised at the time, the battalion had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel, and consisted of four rifle companies\u00a0\u2013 designated 'A' to 'D'\u00a0\u2013 under  a battalion headquarters a headquarters company consisting of signals, carrier, pioneer, anti-aircraft, transport, administrative and mortar platoons. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 8th Battalion, a Victorian infantry battalion which had been raised for service during World War I as part of the First Australian Imperial Force, and had subsequently been re-raised as Militia battalion. These colours were white over red, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of grey was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0002-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe battalion's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel John Mitchell, who had served in the 8th Battalion during World War I and had subsequently commanded it during the inter-war years. Like Mitchell, the majority of the battalion's recruits came from the state of Victoria, with about one in every five having previously served in the Militia. Shortly after the battalion's establishment it was moved to Puckapunyal where it began individual training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0002-0001", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nIn early 1940, the Australian Army was reorganised to bring it in line with the British Army by reducing the size of each brigade from four infantry battalions to three. The result of this was that 2/8th, as the fourth battalion within the 17th Brigade, was transferred to a new brigade, the 19th, which was formed from the 2/4th Battalion, a New South Wales battalion from the 16th Brigade, the 2/8th from the 17th and the Western Australian 2/11th from the 18th. After the completion of basic training, the battalion marched through the streets of Melbourne before embarking for the Middle East in mid-April aboard the troopship Dunera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0003-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nAfter a month long voyage as part of a large convoy carrying Australian troops to the Middle East, the 2/8th reached El Kantara, in Egypt, on 18 May 1940. Upon arrival, the battalion concentrated at the Australian camp at Kilo 89, near Gaza, in Palestine, where it joined the rest of the 19th Brigade. It undertook further exercises and training in Egypt and Palestine prior to the Australians being committed to the fighting against the Italians in the Libyan desert in January 1941 during Operation Compass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0003-0001", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nA series of actions were fought by the Australians around Bardia and Tobruk, before the 19th Brigade entered Benghazi in February. The 2/8th Battalion had only a minor role in the early battles, but was heavily involved in the fighting for Tobruk, being thrown into an attack against an Italian strong hold that was supported by armour. In April 1941, as the Allies grew concerned about a German invasion of Greece, a combined force of British, Australian and New Zealand troops were deployed there from North Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0003-0002", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nAmidst freezing temperatures, the battalion took part in the fighting around Vevi, in northern Greece near the border with Yugoslavia, before the Australians were pushed back by a larger force. A series of withdrawals followed, during which the 2/8th lost most of its equipment and was broken up into several groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0003-0003", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nAs the Germans overran the country, the 2/8th was evacuated at the end of the month via Kalamata; part of the battalion \u2013 almost 200 personnel \u2013 were moved by sea back to Egypt, while the rest \u2013 almost 400 personnel \u2013 were landed on the island of Crete from Royal Navy destroyers, having originally embarked upon the Costa Rica, which had been sunk en route by several Axis dive-bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0004-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nThey subsequently took part in the fighting on Crete following the German invasion on 20 May. Allocated to the Chania region, the battalion \u2013 temporarily under the command of Major Arthur Key \u2013 reinforced the British around Perivolia and Mournies, before fighting to hold the line to the west Perivolia as the 19th Brigade was temporarily reorganised to include the 2/7th Battalion and the 2nd Greek Battalion, under the command of Brigadier George Vasey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0004-0001", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nThe battalion was later involved in the fighting around 42nd Street, where the 2/7th and the Maori Battalion launched a ferocious bayonet assault against a German force. As the Allies withdrew towards Sphakia where the Royal Navy was attempting an evacuation, the battalion formed part of the rearguard along with the 2/7th and some Royal Marines and artillerymen, before they were temporarily reassigned to the New Zealand 5th Infantry Brigade and with them had taken up positions around the Sphakia Gorge at the end of May as the final stage of the evacuation began. A total of 203 personnel from the 2/8th subsequently embarked on the cruiser Phoebe and destroyer Jackal in the final lift on the morning of 1 June. The 2/7th was not so lucky, with all but handful being left behind to become prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0005-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East, Greece and Crete\nIn the aftermath of the Crete campaign, the 2/8th was rebuilt in Palestine. Reinforcements were brought in at this time, and a new commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Winning, arrived in July. After this, a period of garrison duty followed in Syria, as the 2/8th was dispatched to form part of the Allied occupation force that had been established there in the wake of the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign to defend against a possible Axis thrust through the Caucasus. They remained there between October 1941 and January 1942 when the Australian government requested their return to fight against the Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0006-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Australia and service in New Guinea\nEmbarking upon the troopship Aronda at Port Tewfik on 12 February 1942, the sailed for Australia. After briefly disembarking at Port Sudan, they continued on to Colombo and then to Fremantle, before continuing on to their final destination. Arriving in Adelaide on 28 March 1942, the 2/8th took over billets in Strathalbyn before subsequently deploying by train to the Northern Territory, in late May to defend against a possible Japanese invasion, that never eventuated. During this time, the battalion was based around Adelaide River, about 76 miles (122\u00a0km) to the south of Darwin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0006-0001", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Australia and service in New Guinea\nFrom there they were poised to deploy across a broad front in the case of invasion. In February 1943, Lieutenant Colonel W. Stace Howden assumed command of the battalion after Winning took over command of the 3rd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0006-0002", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Australia and service in New Guinea\nWhile other elements of the 6th Division were sent to New Guinea in late 1942 and early 1943 and saw combat against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track and around Wau, the 19th Brigade remained in Darwin until June 1943, when the 19th Brigade was moved to northern Queensland as the 6th Division's other two brigades\u00a0\u2013 the 16th and 17th \u00a0\u2013 returned to Australia from New Guinea. As the division was brought back up to strength, a long period of training followed. Consequently, it was not until late in the war that the 2/8th was committed to its first, and only, campaign against the Japanese, deploying to Aitape\u2013Wewak in November 1944, as the Australians took over from US forces in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0007-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Australia and service in New Guinea\nSailing aboard the US troopship Thomas Corwin, the battalion arrived off Aitape on 12 November and came ashore aboard several landing craft. After moving into a camp around Korako, they began minor patrolling operations and reconnaissance around Anamo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0007-0001", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Australia and service in New Guinea\nThe 19th Brigade was initially tasked with securing the area between around the Driniumor, Danmap and Danimul Rivers, and throughout the final months of the war, the battalion took part in clearing the area around the Danmap, relieving the 2/4th Battalion around Idakaibul, which was secured as a patrol base before pushing the Australian line towards the east, capturing several features between there and Malin and fighting numerous small scale patrol actions. Throughout the final stages of 1944, the 2/8th established a battalion defensive position around Anamo and further patrols were sent out before the battalion moved to the mouth of the Danmap around Luain, with a detachment further inland around Idakaibul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0008-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Australia and service in New Guinea\nEarly the following year, the battalion was withdrawn back to Aitape by sea from Dogreto Bay, moving into a reserve position around Tadi plantation. Later, starting in late March they moved to But by landing craft, and from there joined the advance towards Wewak, which fell on 10 May. They subsequently pushed into the Prince Alexander Range in the interior, where the last significant Japanese forces were concentrated. In late June, the 19th Brigade advanced on the position from the north, while the 17th advanced from the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0008-0001", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Australia and service in New Guinea\nOn 10 June, the battalion began preliminary actions to secure the Japanese strong hold on Mount Shiburangu. The approaches were secured over the course of a week with artillery and flamethrowers being used to help overcome the Japanese bunkers, and on 27 June the battalion assaulted the summit. Over 3,000 rounds of artillery were fired to soften up the Japanese defences, but the Australians still came up against heavy resistance, as the Japanese defenders employed salvaged aircraft machine-guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0008-0002", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Garrison duties in Australia and service in New Guinea\nThese were outflanked by a platoon that advanced up a steep slope, attacking the Japanese left from behind and allowing the rest of 'C' Company to secure the summit. This was the battalion's final major action of the war, and cost it three killed and seven wounded. Between 44 and 70 Japanese were killed, with over 50 bunkers being destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 92], "content_span": [93, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0009-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nThe battalion's final combat operations of the war came in late July during patrol operations around Hambrauri, to the south-east of Wewau, after which they were relieved and moved back to Wewak. The fighting came to an end in mid-August 1945, after which the 2/8th was employed making improvements to camp facilities and carrying out garrison duties. In the aftermath, the 2/8th's frontage slowly shrunk as elements were returned to Australia from demobilisation based on length of service. Others who did not qualify for discharge were transferred to other units for further service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0009-0001", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFinally, in mid-November the remaining cadre of the battalion left Wewak, and the 2/8th was subsequently disbanded on 14 December 1945, while at Puckapunyal, where their service had begun six years earlier. During its service a total of 2,793 men served with the 2/8th Battalion of whom were 77 killed, 248 were wounded and 203 were captured. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, 11 Military Crosses, six Distinguished Conduct Medals, 11 Military Medals, and 53 Mentions in Despatches. In addition, one was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0010-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/8th received the following battle honours for its involvement in the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161058-0011-0000", "contents": "2/8th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nThese honours were subsequently entrusted to the 8th Battalion in 1961, and through this link are maintained by the Royal Victoria Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0000-0000", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/8th Commando Squadron was one of 12 independent companies or commando squadrons raised by the Australian Army during the Second World War. Raised in July 1942 as the 2/8th Independent Company, the 2/8th spent the early years of the war performing garrison duties in the Northern Territory. In July 1944, the 2/8th sailed to Lae, in New Guinea from where they launched a clandestine reconnaissance operation on the island of New Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0000-0001", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nLater, attached to the II Corps, it participated in the Bougainville campaign, during which it was in action continuously for a period of nine months right up until the Japanese surrendered in August 1945. Following the end of hostilities, the 2/8th returned to Australia, and was disbanded at Liverpool, New South Wales in early January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0001-0000", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and home duties\nThe 2/8th Independent Company was formed at Wilsons Promontory, in Victoria in July 1942. Consisting of 17 officers and 256 other ranks, the company was organised into a headquarters, three infantry platoons, with attached signals, medical and engineering sections. It undertook training at the Guerilla Warfare School that had been set up there, before being sent to northern Australia to serve in a garrison role. During this time the company was stationed at Yandina, Queensland, and then later at the Adelaide River, in the Northern Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0001-0001", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation and home duties\nIn 1943, as part of a re-organisation of the independent company concept, the 2/8th were renamed the 2/8th Cavalry (Commando) Squadron, which was later shortened to the 2/8th Commando Squadron. Despite this re-organisation, however, while other commando squadrons were amalgamated together into a regimental structure, the 2/8th remained independent and when they finally deployed overseas in mid-1944 to New Guinea, they were sent as an independent unit attached to the Australian II Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0002-0000", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Britain campaign\nThe squadron embarked from Townsville, Queensland, on 22 July 1944 and sailed to Lae, via Milne Bay, on board the SS Ormiston. While they were there they received an intake of 70 experienced men from some of the other commando squadrons as reinforcements. Following this, the squadron undertook a period of jungle warfare training. After a few months, in mid-September, a small detachment of the 2/8th participated in a small-scale reconnaissance operation at Jacquinot Bay on the island of New Britain, to collect intelligence in preparation for an assault by the 5th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0002-0001", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, New Britain campaign\nAs part of this operation, elements from 'C' Troop and a small detachment from 'B' Troop, from the 2/8th Commando Squadron, provided the protection force for the reconnaissance party that was put ashore from the corvette HMAS Kiama, setting up a position on the beach and conducting a number of patrols further inland. This operation was a success and later, in November, the 5th Division conducted an amphibious landing in the area unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0003-0000", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Bougainville campaign\nIn October, the 2/8th was transported on the troopship Aconagua to Torokina, which was the main Australian base on Bougainville, where it joined the rest of II Corps, who were concentrating in the area for the upcoming Bougainville campaign. As the campaign progressed the squadron conducted patrols from Torokina to Kuraio Mission and Amun in the northern sector on a weekly basis throughout November and into December, before handing over responsibility of the area to the 11th Brigade and being transferred to the southern sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0003-0001", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Bougainville campaign\nThis was where the main battle for Bougainville was being fought, and as the 3rd Division advanced along the coast towards the Japanese base at Buin, the 2/8th was tasked to provide flank protection for the division. As a part of this, they conducted a number of reconnaissance patrols, often moving part of the way by barge, as well as conducting ambushes in order to keep the enemy off balance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0004-0000", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Bougainville campaign\nThis lasted for almost nine months from December 1944 right up to the end of the war in August 1945, during which time the 2/8th was in action almost continuously. It was a long and hard campaign, and to a large extent this made up for the long periods of inactivity that the squadron had suffered while it had been garrisoned in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0004-0001", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Bougainville campaign\nCertainly the squadron was in the thick of it, with many of its members distinguishing themselves during this time, as evidenced by the rather large number of decorations 2/8th members earned in such a short space of time. The patrols during this time were conducted in small groups, usually no larger than two sections roughly 18\u201320 men, and they would last for between four and six days, although some lasted up to nine. Sometimes they would employ barges to move along the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0005-0000", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Bougainville campaign\nHaving secured the coastal regions around the Jaba River, the squadron slowly began to move inland in order to strike into the enemy's rear, securing the many villages along the way. First they cleared to Sovele Mission, then the villages of Opai, Nihero and Morokaimoro, reaching Kilipaijino by the end of hostilities. As they went, each village taken became a patrol base and from there the squadron would gather topographical information such as track and terrain reports, and locate the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0005-0001", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Bougainville campaign\nOnce sufficient information had been gathered and passed on to II Corps, the patrols would then attempt to ambush the enemy or try to take a prisoner. These raids were very effective in tying down the enemy and keeping them away from the 3rd Division's flanks, as they forced the Japanese to deploy troops to their rear areas, removing men from the front against which the larger infantry forces were then be able to engage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0006-0000", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment\nWith the end of the war, as part of the large-scale demobilisation of Australian forces, the commando squadrons along with most of the other special forces units formed by the Australian Army were deemed surplus to requirements and the ranks of the squadron were slowly reduced as men who had earned enough points to do so were discharged, while others who did not were transferred to other units for further duties as part of the occupation forces that were being sent to Japan. By the time that the squadron returned to Australia in December 1945 with a very small frontage. Finally, on 10 January 1946, while at Liverpool, New South Wales, the 2/8th Commando Squadron was disbanded and removed from the Australian Order of Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0007-0000", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring its service, the 2/8th lost seven men killed in action and 16 men wounded. Members of the squadron received the following decorations: one Officer of the Order of the British Empire, two Distinguished Conduct Medals, four Military Medals and 12 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161059-0008-0000", "contents": "2/8th Commando Squadron (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/8th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0000-0000", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/8th Field Regiment was an Australian Army field artillery regiment that was raised for service during the Second World War as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0000-0001", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia)\nComposed mainly of soldiers from the states of Victoria and Tasmania, the regiment was one of three field artillery regiments that were assigned to the Australian 9th Division during the war, and during its war service it saw action in North Africa in 1941\u201342, being heavily involved in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein between July and November 1942 before returning to Australian in 1943, as the Australian government rebalanced its land forces to face the threat in the Pacific. Nevertheless, the regiment did not see action again until mid-1945 when it was committed to the brief Borneo campaign. It was disbanded in early 1946 at the conclusion of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0001-0000", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nEstablished in May 1940 at Puckapunyal, Victoria, the 2/8th Field Regiment was assigned to the Australian 9th Division. Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Alan Crisp. It initially consisted of two batteries from Victorian and Tasmanian volunteers \u2013 designated the 15th and 16th \u2013 although a third, the 58th, was raised in October 1941. Later in the war, the regiment's composition would change as reinforcements would be sourced from all Australian states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0001-0001", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter the initial formation of the two batteries in their home locations, it took some time for the regiment to concentrate, and it was not until November 1940, that the 15th and 16th Batteries came together concentrated at Puckapunyal, Victoria. Guns were short initially, the regiment was only able to conduct one live shoot before deploying, using borrowed weapons. Embarking upon the transport Strathmore at Port Melbourne and sailing for the Middle East. Travelling via Fremantle and crossing the Indian Ocean, they reached Palestine in the middle of December 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0002-0000", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter training on 18-pounders and 4.5 howitzers, the regiment was equipped with 25-pound artillery pieces in early 1941. During the 9th Division's early involvement in the fighting in North Africa, the 2/8th was used to defend Mersa Matruh \u2013 a strategically important railhead on the Egyptian coast, lying between the ports of Tobruk and Alexandria \u2013 between May and September 1941, before moving to Sidi Barrani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0002-0001", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn October 1941, they were moved to Palestine, before being sent to Syria in January 1942 to join the Allied garrison that had been established their following the defeat of the Vichy French forces there during the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign. They remained there, establishing a position around Jdaidet on the Syria\u2013Lebanon border to defend against a possible German invasion, until July 1942 when the 9th Division was hurriedly transferred to El Alamein, after the fall of Tobruk. By this time the regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Walter Tinsley. The regiment subsequently took part in both the First and Second Battles of El Alamein between July and November, firing over 163,000 shells, mainly in support of the 26th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0003-0000", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn January 1943, the 2/8th was withdrawn to Australia as the 9th Division was brought back to join the fight against Japanese forces in the Pacific. The regiment, sailing aboard the Dutch transport, Nieu Amsterdam, made landfall at Melbourne on 24 February 1943. The regiment was based at Seymour, Victoria, while personnel went on leave, but in April the 2/8th Field Regiment relocated to the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0003-0001", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nWhile the rest of the 9th Division was subsequently employed in New Guinea in landings around Lae and in the fighting on the Huon Peninsula, the 2/8th was not deployed as the 9th Division's artillery complement was reduced as part of its conversion to the jungle divisional establishment. As a result, the 2/8th did not see action again until late in the war, when they took part in the Borneo campaign in June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0004-0000", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn May 1945, the regiment sailed from Australia to Morotai Island, where the Allies had established a large base as a staging area for Operation Oboe, where they received new equipment including 75 mm howitzers, which were to complement their 25-pounders. After a brief period of preparation, the regiment joined the amphibious invasion of North Borneo. The regiment's guns came ashore around Brooketon, in Brunei Bay, and Lutong, aboard US landing vehicles where the surf allowed. For the remainder of the campaign, they fired mainly in support of the 20th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0004-0001", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter the conclusion of hostilities in August 1945, the regiment was slowly disbanded, with a number of the regiment's personnel being transferred to the 2/4th Pioneer Battalion to undertake garrison duties around Kuching in November 1945. In December, the remainder of the 2/8th's personnel returned to Australia and on 30 January 1946 it was disbanded. A total of 34 members of the regiment were killed or died on active service during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161060-0005-0000", "contents": "2/8th Field Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe 2/8th Field Regiment was commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161061-0000-0000", "contents": "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/9th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army. Raised for service during World War II, the regiment was formed in August 1941 and spent most of the war in Australia. It was disbanded in early 1946 after seeing action in the Borneo campaign late in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161061-0001-0000", "contents": "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/9th Armoured Regiment was formed in August 1941 as part of the 2nd Armoured Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel F.E Wells, upon formation the regiment perpetuated the 9th Light Horse Regiment which had served during World War I, drawing its personnel from volunteers for overseas service from the states of South Australia and Tasmania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161061-0001-0001", "contents": "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nConsisting of a regimental headquarters and three fighting squadrons designated 'A', 'B' and 'C', the 2/9th was initially located at Puckapunyal, Victoria, and because of a shortage of armoured vehicles in Australia at the time, the regiment was equipped with Universal Carriers for training purposes until a more suitable platform became available. In May 1942 the regiment was equipped with M3 Grant tanks and moved to Narrabri, New South Wales, where it took part in large-scale divisional exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161061-0002-0000", "contents": "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nIn early 1943 manpower shortages and the evolving strategic situation confronting the Allies in the Pacific meant that there was no longer a need for large-scale armoured formations in the Australian Army. As a result, the decision was made to disband a number of units and reallocate their personnel to other branches of the Army. After the 1st Armoured Division was disbanded in September 1943, the 2/9th Armoured Regiment was reassigned to the 4th Armoured Brigade, which was the Australian Army's specialist jungle warfare armoured unit at the time. It was relocated to Singleton, New South Wales, but was later moved to the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland and in early 1944 it was re-equipped with Matilda II tanks. During this time it undertook infantry co-operation training in preparation for deployment overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161061-0003-0000", "contents": "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nIn March 1945 the 2/9th Armoured Regiment embarked for Morotai in the Netherlands East Indies as part of the buildup for one of the final campaigns of the war. The regiment was attached to the 9th Division during the Borneo campaign to provide armoured support. As the 9th Division's operations would take place in a number of locations at different times, the regiment formed a number of squadron-groups which would be attached at brigade-level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161061-0003-0001", "contents": "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nThe first element of the regiment to see action was 'C' Squadron, which supported the 26th Brigade during the Battle of Tarakan in May and June and taking part in the advance along the Anzac and Bourke Highways, helping to secure the airfield and the oilfields. On 10 June 1945, 'B' Squadron took part in the landing at Labuan as part of Operation Oboe Six, and supported the 24th Brigade's advance, assisting in the capture of the airfield, and various positions along the MacArthur Road. At the same time, 'A' Squadron landed on the Borneo peninsula, securing the town before being used in a defensive role due to the impenetrable terrain further inland, which was only passable on foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161061-0004-0000", "contents": "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia), History\nHostilities came to an end in August 1945, however the 2/9th Armoured Regiment did not return to Australia until December 1945. It was disbanded shortly afterwards in early 1946. Nine men from the regiment were killed in action or died on active service during the course of its involvement in the fighting, while a further 16 were wounded. Members of the 2/9th received the following decorations: one Military Cross and two Military Medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161061-0005-0000", "contents": "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following is a list of officers that commanded the 2/9th Armoured Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161061-0006-0000", "contents": "2/9th Armoured Regiment (Australia), Battle honours\nThe 2/9th Armoured Regiment received three battle honours for its service during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0000-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 2/9th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army during World War II. Raised in Queensland as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) shortly after the outbreak of the war, it formed part of the 18th Brigade and over the course of the war it was attached to the 6th, 9th and 7th Divisions due to several re-organisations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0000-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia)\nIt served in the United Kingdom in 1940, forming part of a small Australian garrison sent there to help defend against a possible German invasion, before being transferred to North Africa where it took part in the Siege of Tobruk and then undertook garrison duties in Syria following the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0001-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia)\nIn early 1942, the 2/9th was brought back to Australia where it was re-organised for jungle warfare and took part in the New Guinea campaign. Throughout 1942\u20131944, the battalion was committed twice to the fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea. In 1942\u20131943, the 2/9th fought actions at Milne Bay and Buna\u2013Gona  before being withdrawn to Australia for rest prior to returning to New Guinea to take part in the advance through the Finisterre Range where the battalion took part in the Battle of Shaggy Ridge in 1943\u20131944. The battalion's final involvement in the war came during the Borneo campaign in mid-1945, when it took part in the landing at Balikpapan. It was disbanded shortly after the war in early 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0002-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nFormed on 13 November 1939 at Redbank Camp, Brisbane, the 2/9th Battalion was the first of four infantry battalions raised in Queensland for the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). Initially assigned to the 6th Division, the battalion formed part of the 18th Brigade, along with the 2/10th, 2/11th and 2/12th Battalions. Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel James Eric Gifford Martin, formerly of the 42nd Battalion, a Militia battalion based in Rockhampton. The majority of the battalion's officers were drawn from the Militia; although, like many of the 2nd AIF units, it was initially supplied with a Regular officer to serve in the role as adjutant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0003-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nIn terms of structure, the early months of the battalion's existence was a period of flux. The early 2nd AIF infantry battalions were established with a structure that was unique to the Australian Army; however, shortly after formation it was decided that they would adopt the British Army battalion structure. Thus, by December 1940, the 2/9th had an authorised strength of around 900 personnel and consisted of four rifle companies (each consisting of three platoons with three sections), a battalion headquarters, a support company, and a headquarters company consisting of six platoons performing specialist roles including signals, mortar, and anti-tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0003-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nThe four rifle companies were designated 'A' through to 'D'. The colours chosen for the battalion's unit colour patch (UCP) were the same as those of the 9th Battalion, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were black over light blue, in a horizontal rectangular shape, although a border of gray was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0004-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nFollowing training at Redbank and then later in New South Wales at Rutherford and Ingleburn, the 2/9th was among the force of 8,000 Australians sent to the United Kingdom in early 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0004-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nIt had been planned to send this force to France to serve alongside the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), but France had fallen by the time the Australians arrived in Scotland on 16 June 1940, so they remained in the United Kingdom to help defend against a possible German cross-Channel invasion, which was feared following the capture of part of the BEF in France and the loss of much of its equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0005-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nAfter their arrival in the United Kingdom, the battalion was transported by rail to the south of England where it set up a camp at Lopcombe Corner, on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire. Amidst the backdrop of the Battle of Britain, the battalion's personnel used their integral Vickers machine-guns and Bren guns to provide self-defence against air attack and to bolster the anti-aircraft defences of local areas. They also undertook training exercises and formed a mobile striking force tasked with rapidly responding in the event of an invasion. In September, the 18th Brigade was transferred to the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0005-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Formation\nOn 14 October the battalion moved to Meeanee Barracks in Colchester, Essex, where it took over responsibility for a defence sector from a British officer training battalion. The 2/9th remained in Colchester until 10 November when orders came for the 18th Brigade to hand over to the 25th Brigade, and the 2/9th was relieved by the 2/31st Battalion. With the threat of invasion passing as winter came, the decision was made to redeploy the Australians to North Africa where they might be actively employed in combat operations. Following this, preparations for embarkation began as orders were received for the battalion to entrain for Glasgow where, on 15 November 1940, it boarded HMT Strathaird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0006-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nSailing via the longer, but safer southern route, on the way to the Middle East the convoy carrying the Australians made a port call at Durban, South Africa. While there, the battalion marched through the city under arms on 13 December 1940, before re-embarking. Disembarking in Alexandria, Egypt, on 31 December 1940, the battalion went into camp at Ikingi Maryut with 33 officers and 707 men. In February 1941, the battalion was transferred once more, as the 18th Brigade was reassigned to the 7th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0006-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAround the same time, the brigade was reduced to only three infantry battalions as part of an Army-wide re-organization, and the 2/11th Battalion was transferred to the 19th Brigade. With the 7th Division the battalion fought its first major engagement of the war on 21 March 1941, when it led the 18th Brigade's assault on the Italian fortress at Giarabub, which was held by about 1,500 Italians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0006-0002", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAdvancing from Siwa in Egypt, the battalion, supported by elements of the 2/10th and 2/12th Battalions, attacked from the south across marshland, while cavalry from the 6th Division Cavalry Regiment feigned an attack against the strongest point of the fortress. Amidst a sandstorm that limited visibility, heavy fighting ensued and the garrison surrendered at around 2:00\u00a0pm; 250 Italians were killed, while 1,300 were taken as prisoners of war. A total of 17 Australians were killed and 77 were wounded, with the majority of these being men from the 2/9th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0006-0003", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAfterwards, the battalion was sent to Ikingi Maryut and the following month the 2/9th was transported to Tobruk by road and sea to reinforce the garrison there as German forces surrounded the strategic port in an effort to capture it. The 2/9th would remain in there for the next five months as Tobruk fell under siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0007-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nOn 3 May, the 2/9th Battalion launched a counter-attack on the German forces around \"the Salient\" in order to retake some of the posts that had previously been lost to the Germans. After being subjected to a heavy German artillery bombardment at their form up point, at 8:45\u00a0pm the battalion attacked from the southern flank under the cover of considerable counter-battery fire from the British artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0007-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nAfter capturing a number of positions and inflicting heavy losses upon the defenders, the Australians were eventually forced to withdraw at around 3:00\u00a0am on 4 May when it became apparent that they would not be able to complete the advance before daylight. Having lost three men killed, three missing and 51 wounded, at dawn the 2/9th Battalion returned to the \"Blue Line\", where it took over a defensive position south of Bianca. Here a series of small skirmishes ensued during which time the battalion was able to extend their lines by about 0.5 miles (0.80\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0008-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nFor the rest of May the battalion undertook defensive construction tasks and raids into \"no mans land\" south-west of Bianca before being relieved by the 2/17th Battalion on the night of 4/5 June 1941. Following this, the 18th Brigade went into reserve and the battalion saw little action for the next month as it was moved back to the Bardia\u2013El Adem Road junction. In July, the battalion returned to \"the Salient\", where it spent a period of time in brigade reserve in the Pilastino sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0008-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nLater, it was moved back up to the \"Red Line\" in the El Adem sector where the battalion's personnel undertook aggressive patrols into no mans' land, penetrating a number of minefields and moving booby traps. On 23 July, the battalion launched a major raid in their sector in an effort to gauge German responses, penetrating over 800 metres (870\u00a0yd) through the German lines, but after finding their objective unoccupied, the raiders withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0009-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Middle East\nFollowing this the battalion went back into reserve for a period, before briefly returning to the \"Red Line\" at the start of August. This was short-lived, though, for later in the month the decision was made to withdraw the 18th Brigade from Tobruk and the 2/9th Battalion was subsequently sent to Palestine to undertake training. Later the battalion was transferred to Syria where it was employed on occupation duties following the defeat of the Vichy French forces in that country in the recently concluded Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0010-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nIn February 1942, along with the majority of the 2nd AIF, the 2/9th was withdrawn to Australia in response to the threat posed by Japan's entry into the war following the attacks on Pearl Harbor and in Malaya. Returning via Bombay and Colombo, the 2/9th arrived in Australia, landing in Port Adelaide, South Australia, in March 1942 and from there proceeded to camp in Sandy Creek, near Gawler. The battalion remained there until April when it was moved to Tenterfield, New South Wales, and then Kilcoy, Queensland, where it carried out training prior to departure overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0010-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nAt this time, the strategic situation in the Pacific was finely balanced. In July, the Japanese had landed on the northern New Guinea coast and had begun advancing along the Kokoda Track towards Port Moresby, amidst heavy fighting. On 6 August 1942, the order to deploy came and the battalion embarked from Brisbane along with the rest of the 18th Brigade, bound for Milne Bay in New Guinea where the 2/9th arrived on 21 August to help reinforce the garrison there, due concerns about a possible Japanese landing there to secure the adjacent airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0011-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nFrom the beginning of August the Japanese had been bombing the troops of the 7th Brigade which had initially been sent to garrison the Milne Bay area, and as a Japanese invasion force was expected, the three battalions of the 18th Brigade were quickly placed into positions where they could be most effective. The 2/9th was assigned the task of defending Milne Force Headquarters at Hagita House and the Number 1 Strip (also known as Gurney Field).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0011-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nUpon arrival, the 2/9th Battalion was used to construct roads and lay steel matting on the airstrip as well as unloading stores from ships as they arrived, and carrying out patrolling operations. Following the Japanese landing on 25 August, the battalion was placed on alert and increased its patrolling operations around the airfield; however, for five days no contact was made. On 3 September, the battalion moved from Gili Gili to KB Mission and alongside the 2/12th Battalion, which had launched a counteroffensive along the north coast of the bay, went into battle with the Japanese for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0011-0002", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nOver the course of the next two days the Japanese were beaten back and eventually a withdrawal was ordered by the Japanese commanders. This represented the first full-scale defeat of the Japanese on land during the war; it came at a cost for the 2/9th, though, with the battalion losing 29 men killed and a further 86 wounded in action, seven of whom later died of wounds. Disease took a far greater toll, with a further 308 men being hospitalised due to illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0012-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nAs the tide in the New Guinea campaign began to turn in favour of the Allies, the Japanese, having reached the zenith of their advance in New Guinea, were forced to withdraw back towards Buna and Gona. Fierce fighting subsequently followed as Australian and US troops fought to reduce the Japanese beachhead. After taking part in defeating the Japanese at Milne Bay, the 18th Brigade was transferred to Buna. The 2/9th arrived at Oro Bay aboard HMAS Broome on 14 December. It was the first battalion of the brigade committed to this battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0012-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nLeading the attack of 18 December, with support of M3 Stuart tanks from the 2/6th Armoured Regiment, it made significant gains. The 18th Brigade (and the 2/9th) continued to fight, attached to the US 32nd Division until the fall of Buna at the start of January 1943. It was returned to command of the Australian 7th Division in time to participate in an attack on 12 January against Japanese positions on the Sanananda Track that had been holding up the Australian advance there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0012-0002", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nThe battalion continued fighting in the Sanananda area until it concluded with an Allied victory on 22 January. By this time its strength had fallen from over 600 to just under 100 men due to the effects of tropical diseases and heavy fighting;  combat losses were recorded as 95 killed in action or died of wounds, 32 missing, and 247 wounded. These losses were offset by the arrival of 300 reinforcements during the battle, but nevertheless losses were so heavy, particularly from disease, that in February the 2/9th Battalion was transported back to Port Moresby, before returning to Australia the next month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0013-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nFollowing the battalion's return, it undertook further jungle training at Ravenshoe on the Atherton Tablelands. In August 1943, after embarking at Townsville the 2/9th returned to Port Moresby, where it continued further training in the areas surrounding the port. It remained there until 31 December when the battalion deployed into the Finisterre Range, being flown into Dumpu and joining the Allied advance inland. In early January 1944, the battalion took part in the Battle of Shaggy Ridge, capturing \"Green Sniper's Pimple\" on 21 January as part of a brigade-level operation to carry the ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0013-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nFollowing the conclusion of the fighting around Shaggy Ridge in February, the battalion occupied a position around the western side of the saddle before being relieved by the 57th/60th Battalion, as the 15th Brigade relieved the 18th and continued the advance on Bogadjim as the Australians linked up with US forces on the coast, prior to capturing Madang and securing the Huon Peninsula in late April. During this period the battalion occupied a defended locality about 15 kilometres (9.3\u00a0mi) downstream from Dumpu, from which they conducted patrols long-range fighting patrols to prevent the Japanese from infiltrating back into the Ramu Valley over the months which followed. Training activities and work parties were also conducted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0014-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nIn May 1944, the battalion was brought back to Australia, as part of a broader plan to return the three AIF divisions to Australia for \"training and rehabilitation\" while the United States military assumed primary responsibility for combat operations in the Pacific. A period of operational uncertainty followed regarding the future combat role of the Australian Army, and consequently a long period of training in Australia followed for the AIF battalions. After a period of leave the battalion's personnel concentrated at Strathpine, Queensland, in July. In August, the battalion moved to the Atherton Tablelands again, establishing themselves at Kairi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0014-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nAfter this, the battalion conducted exercises which included collective training up to brigade level, while amphibious training was also undertaken at Trinity Beach near Cairns aboard the British troopship HMS Glenearn, working in concert with Royal Marines. In December 1944, the battalion participated in a divisional exercise. During this period the unit was also introduced to several new weapons, including flame throwers and the PIAT anti-tank weapon, and undertook training in infantry/tank co-operation. A range of training exercises, competitions, sporting events, and recreational activities continued early in the new year to keep the men busy and combat possible feelings of \"anti-climax\" and \"boredom\" that may have been associated with the granting of limited local leave after the delay of their expected deployment overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0015-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nIn the final months of the war, the battalion was committed to the Borneo campaign. Embarking from Cairns in May on several tank landing ships, the battalion concentrated on Morotai Island. On 1 July 1945, the 2/9th took part in the landing at Balikpapan, the final Australian amphibious operation of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0015-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nAt the start of the attack, the battalion was assigned the role of being the 18th Brigade's reserve; however, by mid-morning on the opening day it was ordered forward to relieve the 2/10th Battalion, taking Klandasan before noon, and commencing house-to-house clearances in concert with a troop of tanks. From there it forced a small Japanese force off Santosa Hill, before tying in its positions at 6:00\u00a0pm and digging-in for the night. On 5 July, the 2/9th landed on the western side of Balikpapan Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0015-0002", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Pacific\nAlong with a small force of armour, artillery, mortars and other supporting arms, it began to clear inland from Penadjam. Over the course of the following month the battalion sent detachments south along the coast towards the Semsumpu River and north towards the Riko River and onto the Parehpareh River via Separi. By 12 August, posts had been established astride the Pamaluan\u2013Bandjermasin Road, and a detachment from 'C' Company had reached Pamaluan, where the 2/9th linked up with elements from the 2/1st Pioneer Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0016-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nFinally, in mid-August, the fighting on Borneo came to an end following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the subsequent surrender of Japan. After this the 2/9th Battalion carried out various garrison duties such as guarding prisoners of war and maintaining internal security while the demobilisation process took place. As personnel were repatriated back to Australia or transferred to other units for further service, the battalion's strength dropped until it was finally disbanded on 3 January 1946 while still at Balikpapan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0017-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nDuring the course of the war, a total of 4,107 men served with the 2/9th Battalion of whom 319 were killed in action or died on active service, and a further 726 wounded. One of its members, John Alexander French, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the fighting around Milne Bay in September 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0017-0001", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), History, Disbandment\nOther decorations that men of the 2/9th received were: four Distinguished Service Orders, nine Military Crosses, three Distinguished Conduct Medals, nineteen Military Medals and sixty-eight mentions in despatches; in addition, one member of the battalion was appointed as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, one was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, and one was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0018-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nFor their service during World War II, the 2/9th Battalion received 10 battle honours:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161062-0019-0000", "contents": "2/9th Battalion (Australia), Battle honours\nIn 1961\u20131962, these battle honours were entrusted to the Royal Queensland Regiment and are maintained through the 9th Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0000-0000", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/9th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment was one of three commando regiments raised by the Australian Army for service during World War II. It was originally raised in 1940 as an armoured cavalry unit as part of the 8th Division, before being transferred to the 9th Division. Between 1941 and 1942 the regiment saw action in the Middle East before being returned to Australia in early 1943. At this time the regiment was re-organised as the administrative headquarters for the 2/4th, 2/11th and 2/12th Commando Squadrons and it was converted into a commando regiment. Later in 1945 the unit saw action during the landings on Tarakan on Borneo before being disbanded upon the cessation of hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0001-0000", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Formation\nThe 2/9th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment was formed in July 1940 at Seymour, Victoria as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force of the Australian Army. Initially, it was designated the \"8th Division Cavalry Regiment\"; however, it was redesignated as the \"9th Division Cavalry Regiment\" in February 1941 when the 8th Division was sent to Malaya without its armoured elements, which were subsequently transferred to the 9th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0002-0000", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East\nUnder the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hector Bastin, training was completed at the Armoured Vehicles Fighting School, before along with the rest of the 9th Division, the regiment was sent to the Middle East, arriving in Egypt in April 1941. Equipped with Vickers light tanks and Bren carriers, the regiment then saw action in Syria where it supported the 7th Division. During this time the regiment's squadrons were detached at brigade level with 'A' Squadron being placed under the operational command of the 21st Brigade near Saida, while 'C' Squadron was allocated to the 25th Brigade, utilising a number of captured Vichy French Renault R35 tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0003-0000", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East\nAfter this the regiment was re-equipped, receiving Crusader and Stuart tanks to replace the Vickers and captured French tanks that they had previously been using. This had been done as a response to the increased threat posed by German armour in the theatre. In July 1942, the 9th Division was sent to help rectify the situation at El Alamein, where German and Italian troops were attacking. The 9th Division Cavalry Regiment was involved in the defence of the Alamein line during this phase, defending the divisional headquarters and supporting the defending infantry units in small scale raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0003-0001", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East\nIn October 1942, when the Allies launched an offensive, the regiment initially played only a minor part but later, after breakout had been achieved, it came into its own and led the Allied advance along the coastal plain, pursuing the withdrawing German and Italian forces and advancing over 20 miles (32\u00a0km) on 3 November alone. During the battle, Lieutenant Colonel William Muntz, who had previously served in the 7th Divisional Cavalry Regiment, took command of the regiment after Bastin fell sick, assuming command on 20 October 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0003-0002", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Service in the Middle East\nCasualties during the regiment's involvement in the Middle East amounted to six killed in action, six died of wounds and one died of other causes. Its personnel received the following decorations for service during this time: one Officer of the Order of the British Empire, three Military Crosses, seven Military Medals, and  27 Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0004-0000", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Service in the Pacific\nIn early 1943, the regiment was returned to Australia where, in April, it began to reorganise on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland in preparation for jungle fighting against the Japanese. At this time the Australian Army was undergoing a period of restructuring as its strategic focus shifted towards concentrating upon fighting the war against the Japanese in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0004-0001", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Service in the Pacific\nAs a part of this there was no need for divisional cavalry regiments; however, it was decided that the independent companies should be grouped together under a regimental structure, and in response the divisional cavalry regiments were broken up and their headquarters elements were used to administer the commando squadrons. Three such units were formed at this time, with the 9th Division Cavalry Regiment adopting the title of the \"2/9th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment\" in January 1944. The subordinate squadrons that were attached to it were the 2/4th, 2/11th and 2/12th Commando Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0004-0002", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Service in the Pacific\nFollowing this the regiment continued to undertake training on the Atherton Tablelands in preparation for operations in the Southwest Pacific. In the end, however, it was over a year before the regiment saw action again, taking part in the landings at Tarakan, and in northern Borneo in mid-1945 in one of the final campaigns of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0005-0000", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), History, Service in the Pacific\nDuring this campaign, the regiment's three squadrons were detached separately. The 2/4th was attached to the 26th Brigade, and saw heavy fighting on Tarakan, suffering a considerable number of casualties. The 2/11th was attached to the 24th Brigade and landed on Labuan Island off the northwest coast of Borneo. After clearing the island, they were transferred to the mainland and helped clear the Klias Peninsula. The 2/12th, however, was initially held back in divisional reserve, and as such did not take part in the main fighting on Labuan Island. As the Japanese resistance on the island was coming to an end and the focus of Australian operations moved towards the mainland of Borneo, the squadron was finally committed to operations when it was given the task of carrying out mopping up operations on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 76], "content_span": [77, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0006-0000", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe 2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment's Commanding Officers were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161063-0007-0000", "contents": "2/9th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia), Battle honours\nThe regiment received the following battle honours for their service during World War II:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161064-0000-0000", "contents": "2/9th Commando Squadron (Australia)\nThe 2/9th Commando Squadron was a commando unit raised by the Australian Army for service in World War II. Raised in 1944, the unit saw action late in the war against the Japanese during the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign taking part in number of long range patrol operations across the Torricelli Range in New Guinea before being used in an amphibious landing near Wewak in May 1945. After the war the unit was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161064-0001-0000", "contents": "2/9th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nAt the beginning of World War II, the Australian Army formed a number of independent companies which later became commando squadrons. Initially these units were formed with the intention of sending them to the Middle East to fight, however, following Japan's entry into the war and the subsequent shift in Australia's strategic focus, these units were employed in a variety of roles in the early stages of the fighting in the Pacific, serving with considerable distinction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161064-0001-0001", "contents": "2/9th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Formation\nIn 1943\u201344, as part of a re-organisation of the Australian Army to prepare it for jungle warfare, these independent commando squadrons were re-organised into a regimental system underneath the headquarters of the divisional cavalry units of the 6th, 7th and 9th Divisions. As a part of this re-organisation, the 2/9th Commando Squadron was raised in January 1944, as part of the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment, attached to the 6th Division. Like the other Australian commando squadrons, it had  strength of 17 officers and 253 other ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161064-0002-0000", "contents": "2/9th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nFollowing the unit's formation, the squadron began training on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland, before embarking for New Guinea in late 1944. In October 1944, the squadron was one of the first Australian combat units to relieve the American forces at Aitape. From there, it took part in the Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign which saw the squadron undertake numerous long-range patrols across the Torricelli Range, as well as being utilised as normal line infantry when required. In this role they were utilised in May 1945 in an amphibious landing at Dove Bay, east of Wewak, as part of Farida Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161064-0003-0000", "contents": "2/9th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nDuring this landing, the squadron came ashore in the first wave of the assault force and was instrumental in establishing the beach head. Once the rest of Farida Force had landed, the squadron began patrolling operations along the coast to the west towards the town of Mandi. The patrol was carried out without contacting the Japanese, however, later, as they moved further west past Mandi, they came upon two stragglers. The next day, 'B' Troop's positions west of Mandi were mortared by the Japanese, and after a brief period of suppression fire from the beachhead, the troop attacked, taking the track junction and exploiting further westwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161064-0004-0000", "contents": "2/9th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Aitape\u2013Wewak campaign\nLater in May and into June 1945, the 2/9th were attached to the 19th Brigade and were given responsibility for defending the Bandi Plantation and the vital crossroads at Mandi. In late June, the infiltration of Japanese troops around Boiken threatened the security of the Australian positions and 2/9th along with the rest of the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment were engaged in operations to deal with these threats. These raids continued through July and into August, before hostilities finally came to an end on 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 67], "content_span": [68, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161064-0005-0000", "contents": "2/9th Commando Squadron (Australia), History, Disbandment\nAfter the cessation of hostilities, the unit was slowly reduced as personnel were marched out for demobilisation or for service with the occupation forces in Japan. The remaining members of the squadron returned to Australia in December 1945, and in early 1946 the 2/9th was finally disbanded. During the squadron's service during the war, it lost 12 men killed in action. Members of the 2/9th received the following decorations: one Military Cross, one Military Medal and five Mentions in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161065-0000-0000", "contents": "2/9th Field Regiment (Australia)\nThe 2/9th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment formed as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force in July 1940 for operations during World War II. Assigned to the 1st Australian Corps, the regiment was sent to the Middle East in mid-1941, and served in Palestine, Egypt, and Syria before returning to Australia in 1942. It undertook defensive duties in south-east Queensland before deploying north to Merauke, in Dutch New Guinea, and Cape York. It returned to Australia in October 1944 and sent to the Atherton Tablelands to carry out training as it waited for further deployment. This never came and the regiment was disbanded in late 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161065-0001-0000", "contents": "2/9th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe 2/9th was formed in July 1940, as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force, the regiment was raised at Holsworthy, New South Wales, from men largely drawn from that state. Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel G.R.L Adams, and it was initially assigned to the 8th Division. Upon establishment, the regiment initially consisted of two batteries \u2013 the 17th and 18th \u2013 but was expanded to three in October 1941 with the addition of 59th Battery, while the regiment was deployed to Syria. Two of the regiment's troops were equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. The remainder of the regiment used Ordnance QF 25-pounders, although the regiment's initial training took place on Ordnance QF 18-pounders and some of these vintage guns were used by the regiment later in the war while undertaking garrison duties in Dutch New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161065-0002-0000", "contents": "2/9th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nThe regiment concentrated at Ingleburn in September, but later moved back to Holsworthy. After a reorganisation of the 2nd AIF, and the creation of the 9th Division, in November 1940, the regiment subsequently became part of the corps artillery of the 1st Australian Corps. At this time, the regiment was redesignated as the \"2/9th Army Field Regiment\". Training was undertaken at Holsworthy before the regiment embarked for the Middle East in April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161065-0002-0001", "contents": "2/9th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nAfter concentrating in Palestine in May, the regiment was redeployed to Alexandria, in Egypt, and was used to support British troops on alert to defend against a possible German airborne invasion in the wake of Battle of Crete. The following month, the regiment was deployed to the Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign where it was largely used to support British forces from the 23rd Infantry Brigade around Merdjayoun, although the regiment's two 4.5-inch howitzer troops supported the Australian 7th Division. The campaign concluded with an armistice in July, after which the 23rd Infantry Brigade was relieved by the Australian 18th Infantry Brigade, and as a result the regiment was reassigned to the 7th Division with which it carried out occupation duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161065-0003-0000", "contents": "2/9th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nFollowing Japan's entry into the war, the Australian government sought to bring a large number of troops back from the Middle East to meet the new threat. In February 1942, the regiment moved to Khassa, in Palestine, and it was subsequently brought back to Australia as part of Operation Stepsister. Landing in Adelaide, South Australia, in March 1942, the regiment was slowly moved east, marrying up with their guns at Springbank the following month, and moving on to Esk, Queensland, and then Arakoon, in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161065-0003-0001", "contents": "2/9th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nIn October 1942, it was reassigned to the 3rd Division for defensive duties in south-east Queensland, moving between Buderim, Maroochydore and Caboolture. In mid-1943, it was allocated to Merauke Force and sent to garrison Merauke in Dutch New Guinea with the 17th and 59th Batteries, and Cape York with the 18th Battery, and was reallocated the 4th Division. While deployed, the regiment's personnel were largely used to complete construction tasks. The regiment returned to its original designation of the \"2/9th Field Regiment\" in June 1944. The 18th Battery was redeployed from Cape York to Wondecla on the Atherton Tablelands in September by road, while the 17th and 59th Batteries departed Merauke by sea in October 1944. After a month-long interlude on Thursday Island, they disembarked at Brisbane in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161065-0004-0000", "contents": "2/9th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nA period of leave followed, after which the regiment was reconstituted at Wondecla, returning to the control of the 1st Australian Corps. There were limited combat opportunities for Australian forces around this time, as US forces had  taken over as the main combat force in the Pacific. The reduced artillery scale of the jungle converted divisions also limited the opportunities for artillery regiments. The regiment was not deployed to Borneo when 1st Corps deployed and it was subsequently reassigned to the 11th Division in April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161065-0004-0001", "contents": "2/9th Field Regiment (Australia), History\nA further change of assignment came in July when it was transferred to the 5th Division, at which time the regiment moved to Kairi, where it remained until war's end. The regiment was disbanded in late 1945. A total of 1,458 men served in the regiment throughout the war. One member was decorated, Major A.R. Blair, who received a Mention in Despatches for service in Merauke. Three members of the regiment were killed in action while serving with other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161065-0005-0000", "contents": "2/9th Field Regiment (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/9th:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161066-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (2nd Chapter of Acts album)\n20 is the 1992 retrospective two-CD box set by contemporary Christian music group 2nd Chapter of Acts. It consists of their catalog of music, plus live performances and early recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161067-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (Cunter album)\n20 (also known as Some F'n A-Hole Tried to Sue Us and Made Us Change Our Name) is the second studio album by Canadian hardcore punk super group Cunter, released on June 13, 2011. Unlike their first studio album, 10, it is composed completely of new material. It received a limited physical release and continues to be available digitally. The album's full title, \"Some Really Nice Guy Threatened To Sue Us And Made Us Change Our Name\" (as seen on the spine of the physical release), was a reference to the band's legal battle with a local cover band over the rights to use the name \"Hunter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161068-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (Dragana Mirkovi\u0107 album)\n20 is the twentieth studio album by Serbian singer Dragana Mirkovi\u0107. It was released on 4 December 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161068-0001-0000", "contents": "20 (Dragana Mirkovi\u0107 album)\nIn the first half of 2011, Mirkovi\u0107 released three new songs and a remake of an old song of hers. The new songs, \"Drugovi\", \"Srce moje\" and \"Jedini\", all became hits in the countries of the former Yugoslavia. The updated version of her 1991 song, \"Umre\u0107u zbog tebe\" was also well received. Those four songs, along with sixteen new ones are featured on her jubilee twentieth studio album, 20, released in December 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161068-0002-0000", "contents": "20 (Dragana Mirkovi\u0107 album), Music videos\nTwo of the music videos for songs on the album were released the year before the album was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161068-0003-0000", "contents": "20 (Dragana Mirkovi\u0107 album), Music videos\nThe month before the release of 20, Mirkovi\u0107 began debuting new songs and music videos:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161069-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (Edmond Leung album)\n#20 is a Cantopop album by Edmond Leung. It is so named because it is the 20th studio album by him (excluding compilation and concert albums). It also forms his 20th anniversary project since 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161070-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (Harry Connick Jr. album)\n20 is an album by American singer and pianist Harry Connick Jr. It was recorded when Connick was 20 years old, and released in 1988. It is his second album from Columbia Records, but his first album with vocal (on 6 of 11 tracks), from the label. As with the eponymous album that preceded it, Connick dedicated 20 \"to the memory of my loving mother, Anita Connick.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161071-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (Kate Rusby album)\n20 is a studio album by English folk musician Kate Rusby, released on 22 October 2012 on Pure Records. Produced by Rusby and her husband Damien O'Kane, the album celebrates Rusby's twentieth year as a recording artist, and features re-recordings of previously released tracks each of which features guest vocals from the likes of Nic Jones, Paul Weller, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Eddi Reader, Sarah Jarosz and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161071-0001-0000", "contents": "20 (Kate Rusby album)\nUpon its release, the album entered the UK Album Chart at #22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161071-0002-0000", "contents": "20 (Kate Rusby album), Background and recording\nRegarding the selection of songs included, Kate Rusby noted, \"It was difficult to boil down the song selection to just twenty songs, because songs are like children, aren't they \u2013 you love them all equally! I suppose I tried to choose the songs that my fans would expect to hear when they come to see me. We decided to do new versions rather than take the easy option of compiling a 'greatest hits', and I thought it would add something extra to have artists I've admired over the years helping us out.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album)\n20 is the sixth studio album by all-female German pop group No Angels. It was released by BMG Rights Management on 4 June 2021 in German-speaking Europe to coincide with the twentieth release anniversary of their debut single \"Daylight in Your Eyes\" (2001). The band's first full-length release since Welcome to the Dance (2009), 20 consists of twenty tracks, featuring four original songs and sixteen updated versions of songs that were selected from their first three studio albums Elle'ments (2001), Now... Us! (2002) and Pure (2003). Produced by Christian Geller, it marked the band's third full-length release to feature No Angels' third lineup, excluding original band member Vanessa Petruo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0001-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album)\nThe album received mixed reviews from critics, some of whom complimented the more cohesive, mature production as well as the modern nature of the new material, while others questioned the overall value of the project. 20 debuted at number one on the German Albums Chart, becoming No Angels' fourth non-consecutive number-one album as well as their first chart topper in nearly two decades, and reached the top ten in Austria and Switzerland. Its release was preceded by the re-recorded singles \"Daylight in Your Eyes\" and \"Still in Love with You\", both of which were accompanied by two new music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0002-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Background\nPrior to the release, the complete catalogue of No Angels albums re-entered various streaming platforms on 27 November 2020 after BMG acquired the rights from Cheyenne Records. The mostly positive reception of the re-release made the band members develop an Instagram account presenting both professional as well as amateur photos dating back to their early stages as a group. Rumors regarding a possible comeback in 2021 sparked shortly after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0003-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Recording\nRecording of 20 started with the celebration version of No Angels' 2001 debut single \"Daylight in Your Eyes\" for which all vocals were recorded separately in January 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. While Nadja Benaissa and Jessica Wahls recorded their vocals at producer Christian Geller's studio in Andernach, Lucy Diakovska went into a nearby studio in Bulgaria. Sandy M\u00f6lling used the Los Angeles home studio of her boyfriend Nasri Atweh to work with Geller on the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0003-0001", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Recording\nAdditional recording began in Andernach in the first week of March 2021 where M\u00f6lling cut several tracks before returning to the United States. On 8 March 2021, Wahls took to Instagram to reveal that she had started work with Geller on a new version of \"There Must Be an Angel.\" During an Instagram live stream, M\u00f6lling hinted on the absence of new renditions of material from the albums Destiny and Welcome to the Dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0003-0002", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Recording\nShe explained that the latter album in particular would have been ahead of its time when it was released and would therefore have a more contemporary sound. Furthermore, in contrast to the repertoire from the years 2001 to 2003, the records had already been released with the band's current line-up. Therefore, there would not have been the necessity to re-record the tracks. The master recordings of the whole album were handed in on April 16, 2021, as Geller confirmed via his Instagram the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0004-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Recording\nIn addition to sixteen cover versions of their own songs, including two different celebration versions of \"Still in Love with You,\" the band recorded several new tracks for 20. While it was initially announced that five new songs would be included on the album, only four made the track listing. \"We Keep the Spirit Alive,\" co-written by band member Sandy M\u00f6lling,  is an uptempo power pop and synth-pop song that has been compared with English singer Dua Lipa's \"Physical\" (2020).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0004-0001", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Recording\nThe song features several 1980s and disco tropes in its production, making use of a synthwave bassline and a techno beat. Lyrically, \"We Keep the Spirit Alive\" borrows from several others No Angels songs, with lines such as \"awakened by the race of daylight, we cried a river full of joy\" often incorporating former song titles. M\u00f6lling also co-wrote \"Love You for Eternity,\" a power ballad that that alternates between calm verses and hymn-like choruses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0005-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Recording\n\"A New Day,\" a \"spherical\" high-energy pop track that is built upon a clapping drum pattern, was written by M\u00f6lling's husband, Canadian singer-songwriter Nasri Atweh. A song about the hope and trust in better times, it was inspired by the deleterious mental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated lockdowns and distancing measures. \"Mad Wild,\" co-written by American-Canadian singer Sophie Simmons, is the only title that was chosen from a selection of around a dozen songs which their record company BMG had proposed for recording, being the favorite indidivual choice of every No Angels member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0005-0001", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Recording\nA song about a toxic relationship that always ends in bed instead of being ended for the better, it is built upon a bouncing synth bass and a 1980s-style snare sample, blending elements of funk and pop with contemporary R&B sounds. Benaissa described \"Mad Wild\" as a \"modern, powerful [...] feel good track.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0006-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Promotion, Singles\n\"Daylight in Your Eye\" was released as the lead single from 20 on 12 February 2021. It debuted and peaked at number six on the German Download Chart, also prompting the original version to re-enter the German Singles Chart at number 74. On 22 April 2021, it was announced that \"There Must Be an Angel (celebration version)\" would be made available on streaming and downloading platforms the next day, serving as a teaser single. Another teaser single, the celebration version of \"Rivers of Joy,\" was released on 14 May 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0006-0001", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Promotion, Singles\nBoth songs were accompanied by lyric videos that were released on YouTube. On 21 May 2021, the band filmed a music video for \"Still in Love with You\" at the Mediterana day spa in Bergisch Gladbach. The song was made available on 4 June 2021 and served as the second single from 20. The video for \"Still in Love with You\" premiered on the pre-taped music show Schlagercountdown \u2013 So wird's bald wieder sein, broadcast on Das Erste on 5 June 2021, while the song peaked at number 34 on the German Download Chart in the following week. A third single, a previously unreleased version of \"Mad Wild,\" was issued on 6 August 2021. In an interview with Antenne Radio, released on 25 June 2021, Diakovska revealed the band will film a video for a further single to be taken from 20 in October 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0007-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Promotion, Performances\nOn 27 February 2021, the band made their first performance in a decade on the Das Erste music show Schlagerchampions \u2013 Das grosse Fest der Besten, hosted by singer Florian Silbereisen, where they performed \"Daylight in Your Eyes.\" Following a short hiatus, the band reunited on 28 May 2021 to perform a medley of the celebration versions of \"Daylight in Your Eyes\", \"Rivers of Joy\" and \"There Must Be an Angel\" at the season finale of the dance competition television series Let's Dance. The performance was largely panned by critics, who criticized the band for singing lip sync.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0007-0001", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Promotion, Performances\nOn 4 June 2021, No Angels played a live streaming concert on rtl.de. A mini-concert consisting of \"There Must Be an Angel\", \"Still in Love with You\", \"Rivers of Joy\", \"A New Day\" and \"Daylight in Your Eyes,\" the broadcast was interrupted by a storm front across Cologne only minutes after their performance. Two days later, the band performed \"Still in Love with You\" and \"Daylight in Your Eyes\" on ZDF-Fernsehgarten, broadcast live from the grounds of the ZDF broadcasting centre at Mainz. On 17 June, No Angels appeared on Die Carolin Kebekus Show where the sung a shortened version of \"Still in Love with You\" and performed a girl band medley along with host Carolin Kebekus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0008-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Critical response\nMatthias Halbig, writing for RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland, found that most on 20 is typical No Angels fare \"with fresh beats and strong vocal recordings, though a handful of songs suggest that the re-docking with the music scene is future-oriented. These new songs \u2013 with the exception of the ballad 'Love You for Eternity' \u2013 don't stick out much on the lush 20-song list, which speaks for a coherent production in first place.\" Aida Baghernejad from daily newspaper Die Tageszeitung remarked that with 20 \"the basses are fatter, the voices more mature and full, the composition more sophisticated.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0008-0001", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Critical response\nShe felt that \"the new songs almost exclusively rely on a feeling of nostalgia [...] and their sound could just as well be from the rest Oeuvre.\" News agency Deutsche Presse-Agentur noted that new songs such \"as 'Mad Wild' or 'We Keep The Spirit Alive' are fresh pop numbers that fit perfectly into today's radio landscape. Sometimes funky, sometimes with an 80s sound. It almost seems like No Angels never left.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0009-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Critical response\nMagnus-Vinzenz Franz from laut.de found that \"the darker and more mature atmosphere\" of the re-recordings on 20 \"is a nice alternative to the sometimes wild and stormy originals,\" but they \"just offer very little added value.\" Of the new material, he particularly emphasized \"Mad Wild\" with its \"bouncing synth bass and '80s snare sample\" which he compared to Ariana Grande und Dua Lipa. In his review for t-online.de Sebastian Berning wrote that the production on 20 \"is more modern, but the songs are largely preserved.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0009-0001", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Critical response\nHe found that while the four new songs \"are good pop goods, \"Mad Wild\" or the somewhat ABBA-like \"We Keep the Spirit Alive\" can't get out of the shadows of the big hits.\" Similarly, Matthias Reichel from CDStarts.de wrote that while \"the magic has fallen by the wayside [...] the revised arrangements are not remotely entangled in experiments, so even non-fans [can] recognize them immediately.\" He felt that the \"new songs have a hard time, as expected, but they don't distract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0009-0002", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Critical response\nIn particular 'We Keep the Spirit Alive,' which incorporates a few harmonies from The Weeknd's 'Blinding Lights,' can keep up quite well.\" In a negative review, S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung journalist Jakob Biazza wrote that 20 \"sounds as if you had chosen the pre-set 'Deutschdancepop 2000' for the automatic accompaniment of a medium-priced keyboard and would then have died of boredom and shame with your hands clutching the second inversion of a C major chord.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161072-0010-0000", "contents": "20 (No Angels album), Chart performance\n20 debuted at number one on the German Albums Chart in the week of 11 June 2021. It became No Angels' non-consecutive fourth album to reach the top position on the chart as well as their first number one entry since Pure (2003) nearly two decades before. 20 also became the first chart topper in the country by a girl group in fifteen years, following the December 2006 peak of Temptation by fellow Popstars winners Monrose. In Austria, the album debuted at number two on the Austrian Albums Chart, becoming No Angels' third album to do so. As in Germany, this marked their highest peak since Pure. In Switzerland, 20 debuted at number six on the Swiss Albums Chart. The band's fourth top ten album on the chart, it marked their highest-charting album since the top five peak of Now... Us! (2002).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161073-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (TLC album)\n20 is a compilation album by American girl group TLC. It was released on October 15, 2013, by Epic and LaFace Records, marking both the group's 20-plus year legacy in entertainment business and the release of their biographical VH1 original film, CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story, which largely inspired the track listing for 20. Many of their hits are featured, including their four number-one singles: \"Creep\", \"Waterfalls\", \"No Scrubs\", and \"Unpretty\", as well as \"Meant to Be\", a new track co-written by singer Ne-Yo. Most of the tracks are featured in the original radio format, like on their previous compilation album Now and Forever: The Hits, and \"No Scrubs\" is featured in its original radio version with an accompanying rap of Left Eye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161073-0001-0000", "contents": "20 (TLC album), Commercial performance\nThe album peaked at number 12 on the Billboard 200 the week after the premiere of the VH1 original film CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story, becoming the group's highest-charting greatest hits collection in the United States. The album stayed on the Billboard 200 for a total of six weeks. The album also peaked at number two on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161074-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (TV channel)\n20 is an Italian free-to-air television channel, owned and operated by Mediaset. It was founded and started to broadcast in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161074-0001-0000", "contents": "20 (TV channel), History\nFollowing the acquisition of channel 20 from the Television Broadcasting System Group, from 5 May 2017 to 22 March 2018, Mediaset broadcast a provisional program consisting of fiction and telenovelas from the Mediaset library, with the brand Retecapri, which, from 22 March 2018, had given way to promos advertising the new channel 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161074-0002-0000", "contents": "20 (TV channel), History, Launch\nThe channel officially launched at 7:30\u00a0pm on 3 April 2018 with the first round of the quarterfinals of the UEFA Champions League between Juventus F.C. and Real Madrid C.F. followed by the exclusive match in free-to-air, averaging 6,569,000 viewers and 23.35% ratings share. It was the most watched program that evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161074-0003-0000", "contents": "20 (TV channel), Transmission\nThe channel airs on digital terrestrial television (DTT) in SD on channel 20 in the Mediaset 2 multiplex and in HD on Tiv\u00f9 Sat. It is available with two audio tracks in Italian and original language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161074-0004-0000", "contents": "20 (TV channel), Transmission\nFrom 1 June 2018, it is available in HD also on DTT on channel 520 in La3 multiplex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161074-0005-0000", "contents": "20 (TV channel), Transmission\nFrom 12 September 2018, the channel's SD feed is also available on Tiv\u00f9 Sat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161074-0006-0000", "contents": "20 (TV channel), Transmission\nSince 2 January 2020, 20 is available on Sky Italia channel 151.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161075-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (Terminaator album)\n20 is the eleventh album by Estonian rock band Terminaator, released in 2007. It is a greatest hits album. The title refers to the twentieth anniversary of the band. The mascot on the cover is drawn by Mart Himbek. The tracks include concert recordings, new versions and new songs. The album has a booklet with information about the songs and has many photos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (Twenty)\n20 [Twenty] (stylized as 20 [twenty]) is the third studio album released in Japan by South Korean rock band F.T. Island. It is their second studio album under Warner Music Japan and third studio album overall in the country. Recorded in South Korea in the midst of the band's promotions there, the band aimed to make 20 [Twenty] their most mature album to date. The album spawned three singles prior to its release\u2014\"Let It Go! \", \"Distance\", and \"Neverland\"\u2014which all charted within the top ten spots of the weekly Oricon singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0001-0000", "contents": "20 (Twenty)\n20 [Twenty] was released on May 16, 2012, in three editions: a CD-only edition, a CD and DVD edition, and a Lawson edition. In order to promote the album, the band held two release events shortly after the album's release. The album debuted at number four on the weekly Oricon albums chart and the Billboard Japan Top Albums. Selling over 41,000 copies in its first week, 20 [Twenty] earned F.T. Island their best first-week album sales in Japan. From June to July, they embarked on their F.T. Island Summer Tour 2012: Run! Run! Run! and performed in various venues across Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0002-0000", "contents": "20 (Twenty), Background and development\nAfter performing at the Nippon Budokan in 2011, F.T. Island recorded the song \"Let It Go!\" in commemoration of the event. Recorded during the same period, \"Neverland\" was composed by Choi Jong Hoon. Described as an energetic song, he recorded the guitar as the final bit to make the instrument the most prominent in the recording. He penned the song \"Stay\", which is based on his personal relationship experiences. He initially wrote the lyrics in Korean, then translated them into Japanese, using a translator where he was unable to translate the lyrics by himself. The process between three and four hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0003-0000", "contents": "20 (Twenty), Background and development\nChoi Min Hwan and Song Seung Hyun worked on the songs \"Always\" and \"Compass\" together while in high school. Discussing \"Always\", Choi Min Hwan compared the song to \"Satisfaction\" in that one may feel a similar \"atmosphere and a strength\", but noted that there was more emphasis of sorrow in \"Always\". \"Paper Plane\" is a medium-tempo song, which features a dense snare drum. \"Distance\" was written by Kenn Kato, Song Seung Hyun and Lee Jae Jin, and composed by Corin. Lead singer Lee Hongki had difficulty singing the song, stating that the key he sang in was very high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0004-0000", "contents": "20 (Twenty), Background and development\n20 [Twenty] was recorded while F.T. Island was in the midst of promoting in South Korea, which limited their time on the project. Determined to convey the proper emotions of the songs, they \"made sure to stop and interpret every part of the lyrics\". F.T. Island aimed to make 20 [Twenty] their most mature album to date. The title of the album refers to the average age of the band members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0005-0000", "contents": "20 (Twenty), Release and promotion\n\"Let It Go!\" was released as the first single on July 27, 2011. The single peaked at number four on the weekly Oricon singles chart and sold over 41,500 copies in Japan. The second single \"Distance\" was released on November 30 in the same year, which also peaked at number four on the weekly Oricon singles chart, selling over 44,500 copies. On April 18, 2012, \"Neverland\" was the third single released from the album. It peaked at number 10 on the weekly Oricon singles chart and sold over 30,500 copies in Japan. The song \"Stay\" was used as the opening theme song for TV Asahi's Music Ru TV and TV Tokyo's Japan Countdown, and was used as the ending theme for Nippon Television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0006-0000", "contents": "20 (Twenty), Release and promotion\n20 [Twenty] was released on May 16, 2012, in three editions: a CD-only edition which features the bonus track \"Hit the Sands\", a CD and DVD edition which includes the Korean version of \"Satisfaction\" as a bonus track, and the music video for \"Stay\" and a special feature, and a Lawson edition which contains footage from March 2012 of F.T. Island's performances at Fuji-Q Highland. On May 19 and 20, 2012, F.T. Island held two release events for the album at Zepp Tokyo and the Hotarumachi D\u014djima River Forum in Osaka, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0006-0001", "contents": "20 (Twenty), Release and promotion\nAn estimate of 10,000 winners of a lottery were in attendance in both events, where the band performed five songs. On May 26, 2012, F.T. Island performed \"Neverland\" on Fuji Television's music show Music Fair. The following day, they performed acoustic versions of the songs \"Stay\", \"Flower Rock\", \"Soyogi\", and \"Venus\" on Space Shower TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0007-0000", "contents": "20 (Twenty), Release and promotion\nFrom June 24 to July 8, 2012, the band embarked on their F.T. Island Summer Tour 2012: Run! Run! Run! and performed in various venues across Japan, including at the Sun Dome Fukui in Fukui and the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan. Their shows drew in over 60,000 audience attendees in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161076-0008-0000", "contents": "20 (Twenty), Chart performance\n20 [Twenty] debuted at number four on the weekly Oricon albums chart, selling 41,726 copies in its first week. The album earned F.T. Island their best first-week sales in Japan. On the Billboard Japan Top Albums, 20 [Twenty] also debuted at number four. The album has sold 44,603 copies in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161077-0000-0000", "contents": "20 (number)\n20 (twenty; Roman numeral XX) is the natural number following 19 and preceding 21. A group of twenty units may also be referred to as a score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161078-0000-0000", "contents": "20 - Venti\n20 - Venti (aka Twenty) is a 2000 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Marco Pozzi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161078-0001-0000", "contents": "20 - Venti, Plot\nThe journey of a porn actress and a journalist, through twenty episodes, linked by the continued presence on the scene of cigarettes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161079-0000-0000", "contents": "20 30 40\n20 30 40 is a 2004 Taiwanese film directed by Sylvia Chang. It was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 2004 Berlin International Film Festival, and was Taiwan's submission to the 77th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161079-0001-0000", "contents": "20 30 40, Plot\nThe stories of three women aged 20, 30 and 40, in different stages of their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161079-0002-0000", "contents": "20 30 40, Plot\nXiao Jie, a Malaysian girl who just turned twenty, has arrived in Taipei for the first time to make her dream of being a pop star come true. Xie Jie makes friends with Yi Tong, a Hong Kong girl who pursues a music career as well. When they meet with reverses and realize the fact of life, they find themselves in the mire...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161079-0003-0000", "contents": "20 30 40, Plot\nXiang Xiang is 30 years old, and she is a flight attendant. In her conversation with her colleague, Xiang Xiang says that she is caught between two men. One is a mature doctor but already married, and the other one is a young recorder who is still ignorant. However, she still retains the memory of her ex-boyfriend in New York. Xiang Xiang is confused and she does not know who her true love is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161079-0004-0000", "contents": "20 30 40, Plot\nLily is a 40-year-old woman who got divorced with her husband and goes back to single life again. Facing life as a single woman in the middle-age, Lily tries out new lifestyle and has fun for her own. In the new life that she has been away for decades, Lily gets to know how to get along with her own company, and what a middle-aged woman really needs before love and success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161079-0005-0000", "contents": "20 30 40, Soundtrack\nThe theme song of the movie which is called \"20 30 40\" as well was sung by Sylvia Chang, Rene Liu and Angelica Lee. The song expresses how women want and need in modern society, telling the audience that no matter what stage of life you are arriving, the way you choose to live is the most important. Happiness and beauty are not restricted by age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161079-0006-0000", "contents": "20 30 40, Release\nThe film was originally released in 2004 in Germany, and then was released on screens in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Korea. The film was  released on DVD in 2005 in Argentina by Columbia TriStar Films de Argentina, Italy and Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161080-0000-0000", "contents": "20 All-Time Greatest Hits!\n20 All-Time Greatest Hits! is a compilation album by James Brown containing 20 of his most famous recordings. Released by Polydor in 1991 as a single-disc alternative to the Star Time box set, it features songs from the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. 16 of the songs from the album had previously topped the US R&B charts. The album itself peaked at number 99 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart after its release. In 2003, it was ranked number 414 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161081-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Anos Depois - Ar de Rock\n20 anos depois - Ar de Rock (literally Air of Rock, meaning \"a rock look\"; a pun on hard rock: 20 Years Later) is a compilation album released by Portuguese rock singer Rui Veloso. The album was released in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161081-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Anos Depois - Ar de Rock\nThe disc was recorded in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of his first album Ar de Rock released in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161081-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Anos Depois - Ar de Rock\nThe album features mostly Portuguese artists including Xutos & Pontap\u00e9s, Cl\u00e3, Ala dos Namorados and some more, which recorded the original songs with the first mock-up themes. Other artists included the Portuguese-descended Nuno Bettencourt and Brazilian singers including Os Paralamas do Sucesso and Bar\u00e3o Vermelho. The last three are not included in the previous album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161082-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Ans\n20 Ans (English translation: 20 years old) is a French monthly magazine for young women published in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161082-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Ans, History and profile\n20 Ans was founded in 1961. The magazine was published by Excelsior Publications until 2003 when it was acquired by Emap France. Emap France was acquired by the Italian media group Arnoldo Mondadori Editore in June 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161082-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Ans, History and profile\n20 Ans is published on a monthly basis, and targets adolescents. Its readers are mostly of middle-class origin. In July 2006 its circulation reached 250,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161083-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Aquarii\n20 Aquarii, abbreviated 20 Aqr, is a star in the constellation Aquarius. 20 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is a dim star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.38. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.34\u00a0mas, it is located 213\u00a0light years away but is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221223\u00a0km/s. The star is predicted to come to within 110 light-years in around 1.9\u00a0million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161083-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Aquarii\nThis is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F0\u00a0V. (Cowley and Fraquelli [1974] had given it a class of F0\u00a0III.) It is a suspected chemically peculiar Am star showing metallic lines. It is 761\u00a0million years old with a high projected rotational velocity of 92\u00a0km/s. The star has 1.52 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 9 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 7,314\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161084-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Aquilae\n20 Aquilae, abbreviated 20 Aql, is an irregular variable star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 20 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation. It ranges in magnitude from a peak of 5.33 down to 5.36, which is bright enough for the star to be visible to the naked eye. The estimated distance to this star is around 920\u00a0light years, based upon an annual parallax shift of 3.5\u00a0mas. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221223\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161084-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Aquilae\nThere has been some disagreement over the stellar classification of this star. Buscombe (1962) listed a class of B3\u00a0IV, which suggests a B-type subgiant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and is expanding off the main sequence. Lesh (1968) and Braganca et al. (2012) matched a B-type main sequence star with a class of B3\u00a0V. However, Houk and Swift (1999) found a class of B2/3\u00a0II, indicating this is an evolved bright giant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161084-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Aquilae\nThe star is about 28\u00a0million years old with a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 133\u00a0km/s. It has 8.6 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 7,284 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 18,700\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161085-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Arietis\n20 Arietis is a single star in the northern constellation of Aries. 20 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.79, which is bright enough to be just faintly visible to the naked eye as a yellow-white hued star. The star is located approximately 137\u00a0light years away from the Sun based upon parallax. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.188\u00a0arc seconds per annum. 20 Arietis is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +25\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161085-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Arietis\nGray et al. (2001) gave the stellar classification of 20 Arietis as F6\u00a0III-IV, matching an F-type star with spectral traits intermediate between a giant and a subgiant star. Harlan (1969) had found a less-evolved class of F6\u00a0IV-V. The star is around two\u00a0billion years old with an estimated 1.5 times the mass of the Sun and two times the Sun's radius. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 8.0\u00a0km/s and has a higher than solar metallicity. The star is radiating 6.6 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 6,416\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161086-0000-0000", "contents": "20 August 1955 Stadium (Bordj Bou Arr\u00e9ridj)\nThe Stade 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955 (Arabic: \u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 20 \u0623\u0648\u062a 1955\u200e) is a multi-purpose stadium located in Bordj Bou Arr\u00e9ridj, Algeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Bordj Bou Arr\u00e9ridj. The stadium holds 15,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161087-0000-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os (Gian Marco album)\n20 A\u00f1os is a 2012 original album by Peruvian singer Gian Marco. The disc won a Latin Grammy Award in the best singer songwriter category in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161087-0001-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os (Gian Marco album)\nThis CD was made to celebrate 20 years of artistic life. There are 20 songs, 18 of which are old but they were remastered with a change and two unreleased songs \"Invisible\" and \"En Otra Vida\". The song \"Invisible\" was composed by Gian Marco and Amaury Gutierrez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161087-0002-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os (Gian Marco album)\nFor this album, Gian Marco received three nominations at the 13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards: Best Singer-Songwriter Album and Song of the Year (for \"Invisible\"). Gian Marco won the first category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161087-0003-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os (Gian Marco album)\nIn 2013, he was nominated for the Premios Oye! in the categories Spanish Album of the Year, Song of the Year in Spanish (for \"Invisible\") and Male Solo Artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161087-0004-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os (Gian Marco album), Singles\nThe video of the song 'Invisible' 'premiered in August starring the actress M\u00f3nica S\u00e1nchez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161088-0000-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os (Luis Miguel album)\n20 a\u00f1os is the seventh studio album recorded by Mexican singer Luis Miguel, It was released by WEA Latina on May 18, 1990. The album was produced by Spanish singer-songwriter, composer and record producer Juan Carlos Calder\u00f3n, who had worked on the two previous albums by Luis Miguel, and was a massive success across Latin-America, Spain, and with Hispanic listeners in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161088-0000-0001", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os (Luis Miguel album)\nAlmost all the tracks of the album were played on the radio, but the songs officially issued as singles are \"Tengo Todo Excepto A T\u00ed\", \"Entr\u00e9gate\", \"Amante del Amor\", \"Hoy el aire huele a ti\", \"M\u00e1s all\u00e1 de todo\" and \"Ser\u00e1 que no me amas\". In 1991, the album received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album in the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards and for Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Album of the Year at the 3rd Lo Nuestro Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161088-0001-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os (Luis Miguel album)\nThis album was the album that confirmed the success that Luis Miguel had reached with his last album Busca una mujer. The album broke the record in Mexico of most copies sold in one weekend (600,000 copies during the release weekend).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161088-0002-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os (Luis Miguel album)\n\"Ser\u00e1 que no me amas\" had an \"official choreography\" that remains popular in Latin America to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161089-0000-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os Despu\u00e9s\n20 A\u00f1os Despu\u00e9s (English: 20 Years Later) is a compilation music album of singer-songwriter Victor Jara. It was released in Spain by Fonomusic in 1992. The compilation was re-edited in 1998 with the 13th original track, \"El Aparecido\", omitted from the original compilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161089-0001-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os Despu\u00e9s, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by V. Jara, except where extrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161090-0000-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os Tour\nThe 20 A\u00f1os Tour was a concert tour performed by Luis Miguel during the years 1990 and 1991 to promote his last album 20 A\u00f1os. On this tour he performed more than 10 sold-out concerts at the Centro de Espect\u00e1culos Premier in Mexico City, that season of concerts was recorded to later launch a VHS Video called Luis Miguel: 20 A\u00f1os.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161090-0001-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os Tour, Set list\nThis set list is representative of the shows in Centro de Espect\u00e1culos Premier. It does not represent all dates throughout the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0000-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto\n20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto (20 Years of Hits Live with Moderatto) is the third live album by Mexican recording artist Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n. It was released by EMI Latin on June 21, 2011 and features the participation of Moderatto as her backing band. Jay de la Cueva worked as producer of the album, which was recorded at the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City on March 17, 2011. The album includes Guzm\u00e1n's greatest hits, a song originally performed by Moderatto, and two newly recorded songs, including the theme song of the Mexican telenovela Una Familia con Suerte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0001-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto\nThe album entered the top five in Mexico and the top twenty in the United States. To promote the album, a video for the song \"Un Grito en la Noche\", previously a single from Guzm\u00e1n's album Eternamente Bella (1990), was released in September 2011. The standard edition of the album in Mexico includes a DVD documentary about the recording sessions. 20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto received a platinum+gold certification in Mexico by the Asociaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas and garnered four nominations for the Premios Oye!, including Album of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0002-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Background\nTo commemorate 20 years of musical career, Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n decided to record a live album at the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City. Guzm\u00e1n asked Jay de la Cueva to produce the album and include his band Moderatto in the show. About the recording, Guzm\u00e1n said that the main reason is to have a more produced show to perform songs of the bad and good things that have happened to her, \"it's been many years, we want to make them [the public] happy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0002-0001", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Background\nThe album was recorded after Guzm\u00e1n's featured performance on the album En Primera Fila by Venezuelan singer-songwriter Franco De Vita, with the song \"Tan S\u00f3lo T\u00fa\", which resulted in two nominations for the Latin Grammy Awards of 2011: Record of the Year and Best Long Form Music Video. The album is Guzm\u00e1n's third live album following La Guzm\u00e1n (1998) and Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n En Vivo (2003).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0003-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Repertoire\nTen songs previously recorded by the singer are included: \"Llama Por Favor\", \"Un Grito en la Noche\" and the title track from her album Eternamente Bella of 1990. \"Hacer El Amor Con Otro\" and \"G\u00fcera\" are taken from Flor de Papel (1991). \"Mala Hierba\" and \"M\u00edrala, M\u00edralo\" were first included on Libre in 1993. \"De Verdad\" was the lead single from Soy (2001). \"Volverte a Amar\" from Indeleble in 2006. \"Verano Peligroso\" is the theme song of a film starred by Guzm\u00e1n in 1991, and was first included on her compilation album Lo M\u00e1s Prendido.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0003-0001", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Repertoire\nThe album is the first to feature the song \"D\u00eda de Suerte\", the theme song of the Mexican telenovela Una Familia con Suerte. \"Ya Lo Ve\u00eda Venir\" was the first single from Moderatto's 2008 album Queremos Rock. \"No Te Lo Tomes Personal\" is a new song written by Jay de la Cueva and Guzm\u00e1n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0004-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Recording and release\n20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto was recorded on March 17, 2011 at Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City. Guzm\u00e1n was joined on stage by the Mexican band Moderatto, where they performed before a selected audience of fans. American singer Jenni Rivera accompanied the singer on the song \"Eternamente Bella\", while Puerto-Rican performer Vico C joined them on \"Mala Hierba\". Guzm\u00e1n also presented the song \"D\u00eda de Suerte\" for the first time. Guzm\u00e1n declared on her experience working with Moderatto: \"On stage, when I'm with them, everything is magic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0004-0001", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Recording and release\nRight now I feel part of the band because it made me feel very happy and made me feel like their songs are mine.\" A long form music video was recorded and included on the standard Mexican edition of the album as an accompanying DVD. This music video opened in several movie theaters in the United States and Mexico, and tickets were available for free to her fans on her official website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0005-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Accolades\nGuzm\u00e1n received four nominations for the Premios Oye! for her work on the album, including Album of the Year and Female Pop Album, winning the latter. 20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos also earned a nomination for Rock Album of the Year at the Premio Lo Nuestro 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0006-0000", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Charts and certifications\nThe album debuted at number 15 and peaked at number two on the Mexican Albums Chart, being blocked for the number-one by MTV Unplugged by Mexican band Los Tigres del Norte. The album is the highest placement in the chart for Guzm\u00e1n since Indeleble which peaked at the top in 2006. 20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto earned a platinum certificacion in Mexico by the Asociaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161091-0006-0001", "contents": "20 A\u00f1os de \u00c9xitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Charts and certifications\nIn the United States, the album debuted and peaked at number 20 in the Billboard Latin Albums and at number seven on the Latin Pop Albums chart, becoming Guzm\u00e1n's fourth top ten album in the latter chart, following Flor de Papel (1992), Soy (2001) and Reina de Corazones: La Historia (2007).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161092-0000-0000", "contents": "20 BC\nYear 20 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was also known as the Year of the Consulship of Appuleius and Nerva (or, less frequently, year 734 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 20 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161093-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Bank Street (London)\n20 Bank Street (Heron Quays 1 (HQ1) or the Morgan Stanley Building) is a 14-storey office building in the Canary Wharf development in London, United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161093-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Bank Street (London)\nCompleted in 2003, the building was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). It is 68 metres (223\u00a0ft) tall with a floorspace of 47,565 square metres (511,990\u00a0sq\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161093-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Bank Street (London)\nIt is the European headquarters of Morgan Stanley, housing equity and fixed income trading floors, investment banking, technology and other support functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery\n20 Battery Royal Artillery is the headquarters battery of the 16th Regiment Royal Artillery. It is one of the five batteries that make up 16 Regiment Royal Artillery. The Regiment use the Rapier Field Standard C air defence missile system and the Land Environment Air Picture Provision (LEAPP) capability, the only Regiment in the British Armed Forces to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery\n20 Battery was formed in 1771 as No. 7 Company, 4th Battalion Royal Artillery under the command of Captain William Johnstone RA. It fought (under various names and commanders) in the American Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Crimean War, First World War, Second World War and the Korean War. In 1971 it was placed in Suspended Animation (not disbanded) and remained on the Royal Artillery's Active List and Order of Battle with its property and Battery Records being placed in central storage in the Royal Arsenal Woolwich. In 1988 it was reformed by an Officer, and former soldier of the battery (Captain Flannagan), and its property records and heritage were reinstated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery\nThe unit has since served in Iraq, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone and the Falkland Islands. However, in 2012, the Battery was redesignated a Headquarters Battery, and does no longer deploy with guns or missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\n20 Battery Royal Artillery can trace its origins to the formation of 7 (Johnstone's) Company of the 4th Battalion Royal Artillery in 1771, in Woolwich, under Captain William Johnstone. Shortly after formation the 4th Battalion was posted to New York City, relieving elements of the other battalions stationed in North America. From there, the Company was sent to Pensacola in the British colony of West Florida. Captain Johnstone was then appointed Commander Royal Artillery (CRA) for the colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\nThe colonies of East and West Florida had been Spanish possessions until the 1760s when they were ceded to Great Britain at the end of the Seven Years' War. The defences of these colonies and their cities, including Pensacola, had been seriously neglected under Spanish rule. As a result, the British spend a large amount of time and money attempting to bring them up to standard. Captain Johnstone became heavily involved in the planning and construction of the batteries and fortifications around Pensacola during his time there. Detachments from the company were also stationed in Augusta and Baton Rouge during their time in Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\nCaptain Johnstone and some of the Senior Non Commissioned Officers within the company became involved in the training of gunners from the German Regiment of Waldeck, that were part of the Pensacola garrison. They were trained in field gunnery in the hopes that this would make them more versatile. The company remained in West Florida - the only unit of the Royal Artillery in the southernmost colonies - as the American Revolutionary War raged in the north. Whilst the war had not yet spread to West Florida, the men of the company had to endure hardships, including tropical heat and a volatile relationship with the native tribes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\nWith forces newly arrived from New York and reinforced with soldiers from Pensacola's garrison, the army embarked upon the campaign for control of the southern colonies. 7 Company was attached to the force as the only gunners and joined the second column commanded by General Augustine Prevost. The early parts of the campaign were a success; with the revolutionaries routed, British dominance was secured for several years. The company fought in a number of battles in this campaign and Captain Johnstone commanded throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0006-0001", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\nThese battles included Brier Creek, Stono Ferry, the Siege of Fort Morris in Sunbury and a number of skirmishes. The company was instrumental in the victories on each occasion. One of the officers from the company was also appointed CRA later in the campaign, during siege of Charleston, which ended with the largest single surrender of American forces during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\nCaptain Johnstone and his company then returned to Florida, where they remained and where concerns of a Spanish attack on the colony increased following the entry of Spain into the war in 1779. To counter this threat, Captain Johnstone received reinforcements in the form of a detachment from another company within the battalion which were placed under his command in Augusta. In May, 1781, a combined Franco\u2013Spanish force of over 10,000 men under Bernardo G\u00e1lvez arrived in the harbour and began the Siege of Pensacola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\nThe garrison of just over 900 men consisting of 16th Regiment of Foot, 60th Regiment of Foot, The Regiment of Waldeck, 7 (Johnstone\u2019s) Company, various Loyalist regiments in addition to large numbers from the Creek and Chickasaw tribes held out against this force for several weeks as they awaited reinforcements from Jamaica. There were a number of sorties in which the company participated that attempted to disrupt the enemy siege works. These sorties included Indians, who terrified the Spanish forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0008-0001", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\nCaptain Johnstone and his men were mentioned in dispatches for their bravery in rushing to a breach in the wall and bringing up a gun, holding off the Franco\u2013Spanish forces and enabling the wounded to be carried off. The fighting continued until the walls were too badly damaged to bring the guns to bear and the garrison ultimately surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\nThe general commanding the garrison singled out Captain Johnstone and his company on several occasions in dispatches for their bravery and energy in engaging the enemy during the siege. It is also important to note that of all the units in the garrison 7 (Johnstone's), Company were the only unit not to suffer desertions during the siege. After the articles of surrender were signed the company were transported by Spanish ships to the British garrison at New York where they remained until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0009-0001", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, Formation and the American Wars\nThe company was then sent to Quebec, where they spent time in a number of garrisons. Captain Johnstone was posted away after being promoted to Colonel and the Company found themselves based in Quebec at the outbreak of the War of 1812. Not much is known as yet about the company's role during this war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, The Tigris and Euphrates expedition and Crimean War\nThe Company had a variety of postings after the American Revolutionary War and were based in Malta when Captain Francis Rawdon Chesney took command, after his predecessor was posted Absent without Leave. This new commander launched an expedition to establish a land route to the Indian Ocean via Basra. Taking with him a detachment from the company as well as scientists and engineers from across Great Britain, he set out with the two small steamers Tigris and Euphrates, which he dismantled and carried across the desert to the rivers that were their namesake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0010-0001", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, The Tigris and Euphrates expedition and Crimean War\nThe expedition faced a variety of challenges and hostility from local tribes and Chesney published a number of books on the tribes, customs and the geography of the region. For this and his earlier endeavours Chesney was one of the first recipients of the Royal Geographical Society Gold Medal. Chesney was also given acting rank of colonel for the duration of the expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, The Tigris and Euphrates expedition and Crimean War\nAlthough Great Britain decided against following through on his research the French did in the form of the Suez Canal and its builder Ferdinand de Lesseps hailed  Chesney as the father of the Suez at the public celebrations in Paris. Chesney went on to become a general and wrote numerous books. During this period the battery absorbed two other batteries, including 34 Battery RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0012-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, History, The Tigris and Euphrates expedition and Crimean War\nAfter the expedition, the battery had a number of other postings, before being sent to fight in the siege of Sevastopol during which the battery commander Captain Fitzroy was twice mentioned in despatches for his bravery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 88], "content_span": [89, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0013-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, 20th century\nAfter the Crimea the battery next served in the First World War as the \u2018Y\u2019 Coastal Defence Battery based on the Isle of Wight. During the inter war years the Battery was posted to Ceylon where they remained during the Second World War. Known as 15 Heavy Anti Aircraft Battery, they were responsible for shooting down a number of Japanese aircraft during the air battles over Ceylon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0014-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, 20th century\nAfter the Second World War the Battery was re-formed in 1955 as 20 Medium Battery as part of 21 Med Regt based at Redford Barracks, Edinburgh but deployed in the Internal Security role to Cyprus in 1956 where the Regt lost several men to the EOKA terrorists. Re -numbered again and re-rolled (a change of equipment and role) as an Amphibious Operations (AO) Battery. They were posted to Hong Kong and renamed 20 Commando (AO) Battery as part of 29 Commando Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0014-0001", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, 20th century\nDue to the fact that only 20 and 148 Commando (AO) Battery fulfilled the AO roll there was a lot of movement between the batteries most men serving in both. The battery had absorbed 3 (AO) Troop on their move to Hong Kong and was involved in a number of operations including the Korean War and a little known operation in the Caribbean during the Cuban Missile Crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0014-0002", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, 20th century\nThe Battery was involved in clearing Russian, American and Cuban personnel off remote Caribbean islands in the region and arrested 60 men who later turned out to be CIA operatives, causing a minor political incident. The Battery was placed into suspended animation in 1969 following the downsizing of the British Army and the reduction to one Commando Artillery Regiment, having lost out to 148 Commando (AO) Battery. Many of 20 Commando (AO) Battery's personnel ended up in 148 Battery and so did much of the battery property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0015-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, 20th century, Reformation\nIn the late 1980s G Troop was formed at 16th Regiment Royal Artillery as an air defence troop to support 3 Commando Brigade, a result of lessons learned in the Falklands War. The Troop was formed under Capt M G Flannigan who had served as a Bombardier in 20 Commando (AO) Battery. He was instrumental in the reformation of the Battery with G Troop as its nucleus. Warrant Officer II Owen Morrison was appointed as the first Battery Sergeant Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0015-0001", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, 20th century, Reformation\nIn 1991 the Battery was officially reformed as 20 Air Defence Battery RA shortly later becoming 20 Commando Battery and served as the integral Air Defence Battery for 3 Commando Brigade. The Battery was posted to 22 Regiment Royal Artillery a couple of years after its formation and took part in a number of operations with the Brigade. This included an Operation to capture a number West Side Boys. The Battery was also involved in the initial invasion of Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0016-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, 20th century, 2004 onwards\nIn 2004 the decision was made by Chief of the Naval Staff that 3 Commando Brigade no longer needed an integral air defence capability and after the Operation Banner deployment that year the Battery lost their Commando status. This coincided with the disbandment of 22 Regiment Royal Artillery in Kirton In Lindsey and the Battery was posted to the 16th Regiment Royal Artillery in Woolwich. Those who chose not to remain with the Battery went to 21 (Gibraltar 1779-83) Air Assault Battery in 47th Regiment Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0017-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, 20th century, 2004 onwards\nThe now renamed 20 Battery RA has been deployed on Operation Telic (Iraq) being the first United Kingdom unit to deploy using the Counter RAM system and after the move of the regiment to St George's Barracks, North Luffenham, deployed to the Falkland Islands. The Battery has since been deployed to Afghanistan on Op HERRICK 12 in the Sense & Warn role and HERRICK 17 in the AS&W role, Base ISTAR and BM roles. More recently the Battery was reduced to an HQ Battery, losing its Air Defence equipment and much of its manpower. It now provides the HQ element of 16th Regiment RA and the Corps Air Defence Cell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0018-0000", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, Designations\n01/01/1771 Formed as 7th (Johnstones) Company 4th Battalion1859  Renamed 6 Battery, 10 Brigade01/07/1877 Renamed 8 Battery, 9 Brigade. 01/04/1882 Renamed 1 Battery, 1 Brigade Scottish Division01/07/1889 Renamed 7 Battery, Southern Division01/08/1891 Renamed 7 Company, Southern Division01/06/1899 Renamed 7 Company RGA, Southern Division RGA01/01/1902 Renamed 14 Company RGA31/08/1918 Became Part of No 6 Fire Command RGA30/06/1920 Became Part of HQ Golden Hill04/09/1920 Became Part of F Coast Battery RGA10/04/1922 Separated from F Coast Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161094-0018-0001", "contents": "20 Battery Royal Artillery, Designations\nRenamed Y Coast Battery RGA01/05/1924 Renamed 15 Heavy AA Battery01/03/1928 Absorbed 34 Heavy Battery 14/12/1940 Renamed 15 Coast BatteryRenamed 15 HAA Battery01/04/1947 Renamed 20 HAA Battery1955 Renamed 20 Medium Battery1961 Renamed 20 (Amphibious Operations) Battery, 95 Regiment1964 Renamed 20 Light Battery1965 Renamed 20 Commando (Amphibious Operations) Battery1988 G Troop formed1990 20 (Commando) Battery reformed2004 Renamed 20 Battery Royal Artillery, 16 Regiment RA", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161095-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Below\n20 Below is the debut solo studio album by American hip hop recording artist MC Breed from Flint, Michigan. It was released on May 12, 1992 via Wrap Records and S.D.E.G. Records with distribution by Ichiban Records. Recording sessions took place at Silver Sun Recording Studio in Flint with producers DJ Flash and Bernard Terry. It features guest appearances from Chuck Nyce and Night & Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161095-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Below\nThe album peaked at #155 on the Billboard 200, at #40 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and at #6 on the Heatseekers Albums chart in the United States. It spawned three singles: \"Ain't to Be F...ed With\", \"Ain't Too Much Worried\" and \"No Frontin' Allowed\". The first two singles from the album made it to the Hot Rap Songs chart \u2013 \"Ain't to Be Fucked With\" reached #14, while \"Ain't Too Much Worried\" reached #12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161096-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Bo\u00f6tis\n20 Bo\u00f6tis is a single star in the northern constellation of Bo\u00f6tes, located 183\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.84. The star has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.154\u00a0arc seconds per annum. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22128\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161096-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Bo\u00f6tis\nThis is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K3\u00a0III. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star is around five\u00a0billion years old with 1.1 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 12 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 52 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,472\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161097-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Canada Square\n20 Canada Square is an office building located in the Canary Wharf section of London. Currently, 20 Canada Square is home to the London Trading offices (IST) of BP and the UK headquarters of American company S&P Global.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161097-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Canada Square\nThe building is divided into twelve floors, with S&P Global and BP each occupying 6 floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161097-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Canada Square\nThis article about a London building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161098-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Cancri\n20 Cancri is an astrometric binary star system in the constellation Cancer, located about 348\u00a0light years away from the Sun. This system has the Bayer designation d1\u00a0Cancri; 20 Cancri is the Flamsteed designation. It is just visible to the naked eye under good viewing conditions, appearing as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.94. The pair are moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +36\u00a0km/s, and are members of the Hyades Supercluster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161098-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Cancri\nThe visible component of this system is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A9\u00a0V, which indicates it is generating energy by hydrogen fusion at its core. It has 2.4 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 60 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,907\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161099-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Canum Venaticorum\n20 Canum Venaticorum is a single variable star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici, located 238\u00a0light years from the Sun. This object has the variable star designation AO\u00a0Canum Venaticorum; 20 Canum Venaticorum is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of +4.72. The star is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +9\u00a0km/s. Eggen (1971) listed this star as a member of the Hyades Stream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161099-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Canum Venaticorum\nThis star has a stellar classification of A9 II mF2, which indicates the hydrogen line matches an A-type bright giant but the metal lines are closer to an F-type star. However, it does not appear to be an Am star as the Calcium K line is normal. Earlier, Morgan and Abt (1972) assigned it a giant star class of F3\u00a0III. It is classified as a Delta Scuti type variable star with a single radial pulsation mode providing the best fit to the observed variation. Its brightness varies from magnitude +4.70 to +4.75 with a period of 2.92 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161099-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Canum Venaticorum\n20 Canum Venaticorum is 750\u00a0million years old with 2.43 times the mass of the Sun and 4 time the Sun's radius. It is radiating 63 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,314\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161100-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Centimeters\n20 Centimeters (Spanish: 20 cent\u00edmetros) is a 2005 Spanish film about a narcoleptic transgender woman's life as she works to get the surgery to fix her \"20 cent\u00edmetros\" problem. The film was written and directed by Ram\u00f3n Salazar, and stars M\u00f3nica Cervera as Marieta and Pablo Puyol as Ra\u00fal, the man who loves \"all\" of Marieta. The film premiered at the 2005 M\u00e1laga Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161100-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Centimeters, Plot\nMarieta (M\u00f3nica Cervera), a transgender woman, works as a prostitute in the city of Madrid to save money for a sex change operation. Her narcoleptic spells cause her to fall asleep at any sudden moment, and each time she dreams she is the star of musical numbers where she is free to sing and dance as her true self. Marieta meets a man who works at the market, Ra\u00fal (Pablo Puyol), and he loves her with her appendage. This creates a conflict for Marieta, who is happy about her new found love, yet so desperately wants her operation to feel like her whole true self.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161100-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Centimeters, Reception\nOn Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 44% based on reviews from 16 critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161101-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Centres for 2010\n20 Centres for 2010 is an official campaign by FIFA coinciding with the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. Twenty centres will be built in twenty different cities across Africa. Education and public health will be the social services offered to youths, along with a soccer field children can use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161102-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Ceti\n20 Ceti is a single star located around 590\u00a0light years away in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with apparent magnitude is 4.76. The Bright Star Catalogue has this star classified as M0III, matching an aging red giant star that has consumed the hydrogen at its core and expanded. Houk and Swift (1999) listed an earlier class of K5\u00a0III. It has around 56 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 1,044 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,920\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161103-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Cigarettes (film)\n20 Cigarettes (Italian: 20 sigarette) is a 2010 Italian drama film directed by Aureliano Amadei. Amadei was a survivor of the 2003 Nasiriyah bombing and recalls his experience in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161104-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Cigarettes (play)\n20 Cigarettes is a play and radio play written by Marcy Kahan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161104-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Cigarettes (play)\nIt was performed between 15 August and 30 August 2007 at the Soho Theatre for the National Youth Theatre. The theatre developed the play in response to the introduction of the smoking ban in England, asking how smoking forms part of our identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161104-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Cigarettes (play), Synopsis\nOscar Klavier has been a smoker since his mother introduced him to cigarettes as a schoolboy. As a middle-aged man, the women he loves gives him an ultimatum: she will only marry him if he gives up smoking. To help him quit, a therapist encourages him to discuss the 20 most emotionally important cigarettes of his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161104-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Cigarettes (play), Production history\nKahan was commissioned by the BBC to write the radio play, and then in 2007 to rewrite the play for the stage by the National Youth Theatre. The production was directed by Toby Frow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161104-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Cigarettes (play), Production history\nFollowing the introduction of the smoking ban, the theatre had to ask special permission for the actors to light up on stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161104-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Cigarettes (play), Radio Play\nThe radio play was broadcast on BBC Radio 7 on 9 January 2008, starting Anton Lesser and Stephen Mangan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161104-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Cigarettes (play), Cast\nThe cast of the 2007 National Youth Theatre production was (in alphabetical order):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161105-0000-0000", "contents": "20 College Green\n20 College Green is an early 17th-century house located in Gloucester. Together with the associated part of the Abbey Precinct Wall the house is a Grade II* listed building with Historic England. It is located in the precincts of Gloucester Cathedral. The house was begun in 1596, but was altered and added to in the 18th century. The house incorporates the 12th century precinct wall of St Peter's Abbey as well as another wall that lay between the former monk's cemetery to the east and the lay cemetery to the west. 20 College Green was listed as a Grade II* listed building on March 12, 1973. Its residents have included the musicians Herbert Sumsion and John Sanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161105-0001-0000", "contents": "20 College Green, History\nUp until 1768, the precincts of Gloucester Cathedral were divided in two; the area to the east of this wall was known as the Upper College Churchyard, while the area to the west was known as the Lower College Churchyard. A building where 20 College Green stands now was the first to be built in the Upper College Churchyard. The site had been let from the year 1595, when it was leased to one John Brewster, gentleman. Early reports described it as part of the churchyard but", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161105-0002-0000", "contents": "20 College Green, History\nlatelye inclosed paled about and separated from thother parte of the said churchyarde lyinge neare unto the over gate...and now used as a garden by the said John Brewster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161105-0003-0000", "contents": "20 College Green, History\nBrewster's land evidently caused some consternation. At the 1613 visitation, when asked whether anyone had encroached or put a garden on any area of the churchyard where burials had formerly taken place, the reply was that there were now two enclosures of such nature,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161105-0004-0000", "contents": "20 College Green, History\none made by Mr. Bruister nowe in the occupation of Steeve Cooke six lugge of ground, thother by William Elbridge about 4 lugge, now in the occupation of Mr. Loe & John Elbridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161106-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Comedy Hits\n20 Comedy Hits is a collection of previously recorded songs by Ray Stevens, released in 1995. The first, third, fourth and fifth tracks were included through the courtesy of Barnaby Records, for whom Stevens recorded during the early seventies. The selection of \"Shriner's Convention\" is a live version that was taken from the album Ray Stevens Live! \"Gitarzan\" is the album version that begins with audience noises, and \"Ahab the Arab\" is a re-recording of his 1962 hit for his album Gitarzan (released in 1969).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161106-0000-0001", "contents": "20 Comedy Hits\nThe remaining tracks are selections that were recorded for Curb Records; of these selections, only two were released as singles (\"Super Cop\" and \"The Motel Song\") and the rest served as album cuts. The sixth to ninth tracks were taken from the album Classic Ray Stevens, the tenth to thirteenth tracks from #1 With a Bullet, and the last seven from Lend Me Your Ears. Overall, it is not completely accurate to include the word \"hits\" in the title of this compilation, as it contains only seven songs that were previously released as singles and five of the seven made true impact on the charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161106-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Comedy Hits\nInside the album cover is an essay by Barry Alfonso that covers Stevens' life and career from his year of birth to the time of the release of this collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161107-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Cygni\n20 Cygni is a single, orange-hued star in the northern constellation of Cygnus. It is a faint star but is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.03. The distance to 20 Cygni can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 16\u00a0mas, which yields a range of 202\u00a0light years. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221222\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161107-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Cygni\nThis is an aging red giant star with a stellar classification of K3 III CN2, a star that has used up its core hydrogen and is expanding. The suffix notation indicates there are unusually strong lines of cyanogen in the spectrum. 20 Cyg is listed as one of the least variable stars in the Hipparcos catalogue, changing its brightness by no more than 0.01 magnitude. It has 1.28 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 13 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 57.5 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,337\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161108-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Dakika\n20 Dakika (\"20 Minutes\") is a Turkish television drama series broadcast on Star TV. This story talks about a beautiful family. A father, mother, daughter and a son that lived together in happiness and peace. One day, the police stormed in and took the mother (Tuba Buykustun) to jail. She was suspected of committing a murder and sentenced to 20 years in prison. Her husband (Ilker Aksum) tries to prove her innocence while at the same time the criminal investigator (Firat Celik) tried to find as much evidence as he can to find out the truth. But the big question is did she really commit the murder?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161109-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Dartmouth Hill\n20 Dartmouth Hill is a Grade II listed building at 20 Dartmouth Hill, Blackheath, London, SE10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161109-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Dartmouth Hill\nThe house dates from the late 18th century. It was lived in by the meteorologist and aeronaut James Glaisher FRS (1809-1903).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161110-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Dates\n20 Dates is a 1998 American mockumentary film. Myles Berkowitz directs and stars as himself, a man who decides to combine \"the two biggest failures in my life--professional and personal\" by setting out on a filmed quest to have 20 dates and come out with both a movie career and a love interest. While most of his dates are disasters of varying stripes, Myles ultimately meets the lovely Elisabeth on his 17th date and they completely hit it off, leaving him with a new dilemma when he wants to finish the movie anyway and puts his new romance at risk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161110-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Dates, Reception\nThe film received mixed reviews from critics. The aggregate review websites Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic recorded scores of 36% and 36 out of 100, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161110-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Dates, Reception\nFilm critic Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com awarded the film four and a half stars out of five and called the film \"hysterical\" while Leonard Clady of Variety called it \"a mockumentary of inordinate skill\", concluding that it's \"a satisfying and entertaining movie.\" James Berardinelli of ReelViews.net called the film \"inconsequential\" but, at the same time, admitted that some parts of the film are \"often hilarious.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161110-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Dates, Reception\nOn the other hand, film critic Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a half star out of a possible four stars, opining that \"the film has the obnoxious tone of a boring home movie narrated by a guy shouting in your ear\" and concluding by calling the film \"incompetent and annoying.\" Jeff Millar of the Houston Chronicle said the film is \"a joke\" and that \"Berkowitz is a rather annoying person\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161111-0000-0000", "contents": "20 De Colecci\u00f3n (Carlos Vives album)\n20 De Colecci\u00f3n is a compilation album by Colombian singer/musician Carlos Vives released on June 21, 1994. The collection was released as part of the Sony International 20 De Colecci\u00f3n series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161111-0001-0000", "contents": "20 De Colecci\u00f3n (Carlos Vives album)\nThe album is one of many Vives \"hits\" collections that appeared shortly after the singer's breakthrough Clasicos de la Provincia, exposing fans unfamiliar with Vives's earlier work. Vives's previous pop/ballad albums No Podr\u00e1s Escapar de M\u00ed and Al Centro de la Ciudad, which met with lukewarm reception, are both compiled here in their entirety, in original song order. The last two tracks come from the soundtrack Escalona: Un Canto a la Vida, which marked the beginning of Vive's signature vallenato sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161111-0002-0000", "contents": "20 De Colecci\u00f3n (Carlos Vives album), Track listing\nThis Latin music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161112-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Dead Flower Children\n20 Dead Flower Children were an American metal band from Detroit, Michigan, United States, which formed in 1994. They released two records during 1996\u20131997, before breaking up in the early 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161112-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Dead Flower Children, History\nFormed during 1994, the band released their sef-titled debut 20 Dead Flower Children through local label Overture Records in February 1996. The vocalist for this record, known as \"Von\", would depart shortly after it was released. While his departure placed 20 Dead Flower Children's future in doubt, they would eventually find a new vocalist,  Dennis \"D-Hauz\" Hogan, and signed to rapper Esham's Overcore Records. Their second album, titled Candy Toy Guns and Television, was released by the label on June 24, 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161112-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Dead Flower Children, History\nIn 1998, the band replaced their bassist and relocated to Huntington Beach, California. They later joined the TVT Records roster, as Overcore Records had become a subsidiary of TVT. The label would reissue Candy Toy Guns and Television on Halloween of 2000. However, this partnership yielded no new studio recording for the band, aside from various demos released by the band themselves. In 2001, 20 Dead Flower Children split up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161112-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Dead Flower Children, History\nOn June 3, 2006, a one-off reunion show occurred at The Brigg in Huntington Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161113-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs\n20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs is a double album released by British pop group Brotherhood of Man which was released as two separate albums, but sold together as a 'buy one get one free' package, as was the popular trend at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161113-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs, Background\nThis album was a collection of cover versions, following on from their successful Sing 20 Number One Hits album released a year earlier. The songs contained were cover versions of hit songs from the UK charts spanning the years 1972 to 1981. The album was released by Warwick Records (United Kingdom) in November 1981, but failed to replicate the success of the previous one, thus ending their contract with the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161113-0001-0001", "contents": "20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs, Background\nSome months later, the group commented on the album; \"we recorded [the album] to keep the group together and get our faces on the TV screen where they were advertised\". On the lack of new material present they said \"we didn't bother to release a single or record a proper album because we knew they wouldn't make any impact\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161113-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs, Background\nThe album contained no single releases. The label on the 20 Disco Greats record gives the title as Dance Yourself Dizzy, while the label on 20 Love Songs gives the title as In Love. Although listed separately, the songs \"Copacabana\" and \"I'll Go Where Your Music Takes Me\" merge into each other, and have been listed as one track on subsequent compilation releases. The song \"She's out of My Life\" is listed as such, but is sung (by member Sandra Stevens) as \"He's out of My Life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161113-0002-0001", "contents": "20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs, Background\nA noticeable trend on the album was the tendency to reverse the sex of the original performer. Where songs had been originally performed by males, they were performed here by the female members, such as Rod Stewart's \"Do Ya Think I'm Sexy\" sung by Sandra and Nicky and Baccara's \"Yes Sir I Can Boogie\" by Martin and Lee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161113-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs, Background\nOf the covers contained, the earliest was Harry Nilsson's version of \"Without You\", which was a No.1 hit in March 1972, while the most recent was Stevie Wonder's \"Happy Birthday\", which had reached No.2 in August 1981. Of the 40 tracks, 13 had been UK No.1s, while all the rest were UK top 20 hits apart from \"Copacabana\" and \"I'll Go Where Your Music Takes Me\", which reached No.42 and No.23 respectively. The album contained three songs by The Bee Gees, as well as Barbra Streisand's \"Woman in Love\", which was written by them. ABBA - a group Brotherhood of Man had been compared to many times during their career, were included with a cover of their song \"Lay All Your Love On Me\", which at the time was the group's most recent (although one of their less significant) hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161113-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs, Background\nThe album was released on Vinyl and Cassette, and although has never been released on Compact Disc, many of the tracks have appeared on various compilation CDs of the group in recent years. The cover photos were taken at Tokyo Joe's night club (now defunct) in Mayfair, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161114-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Dynamic Hits\n20 Dynamic Hits is a compilation album released on vinyl by K-Tel in 1972. It reached number 1 in the UK and was the first album put together specifically for telemarketing in that country. At a time when various artists compilations were eligible for inclusion on the UK's Official Album Chart, this was the biggest selling album of 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161115-0000-0000", "contents": "20 East End Avenue\n20 East End Avenue is a condominium apartment building on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It was designed in a New Classical style by Robert A.M. Stern Architects. The building consists of 43 apartments, including two duplex townhomes, one maisonette and two penthouses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161115-0001-0000", "contents": "20 East End Avenue, History\n20 East End Avenue was developed by Edward Baquero of Corigin Real Estate Group. An entry-level, two-bedroom apartment was initially priced at approximately $4.5 million and one of the two penthouses at $39 million. Renderings for the building were released in late 2014. Construction began in early 2015, and the building topped out in November 2015. Facade installation was complete in mid-2016, and residents moved into the building later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161115-0002-0000", "contents": "20 East End Avenue, Location\nThe building is located between 80th and 81st Streets, near Carl Schurz Park, on East End Avenue in Yorkville, Manhattan, a neighborhood in the Upper East Side. East End Avenue, on the eastern edge of the Upper East Side, has long been home to some of the city's richest residents including the late Vincent Astor and Gloria Vanderbilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161115-0003-0000", "contents": "20 East End Avenue, Architecture\nThe building is similar to several others designed by Robert A. M. Stern. It was inspired by buildings constructed in the 1920s and 1930s and other pre-war buildings, particularly those designed by J.E.R. Carpenter and Rosario Candela. The building includes features often found in pre-war buildings, such as a porte-coch\u00e8re, setbacks, and a brick and Indiana limestone fa\u00e7ade. In 2019 the building won the distinguished Stanford White Award for residential architecture. The ceremony was held at the Metropolitan Club on New Yorks 5th Avenue which was designed by Stanford White in 1894. This is the second time Robert A.M. Stern has won this prize. The first time was for 15 Central Park West in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161115-0004-0000", "contents": "20 East End Avenue, Amenities\nThe building is one of the last in New York to incorporate wood-burning fireplaces after New York City banned the creation of new ones in 2014. Other amenities include a gym, library, billiards room, poker room, wine cellar, private dining room, spa and storage facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place\n20 Exchange Place (formerly the City Bank\u2013Farmers Trust Building) is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Completed in 1931, it was designed by Cross & Cross in the Art Deco style as the headquarters of the City Bank\u2013Farmers Trust Company, predecessor of Citigroup. The building, standing at approximately 741 feet (226\u00a0m) with 57 usable stories, was one of the city's tallest buildings and the world's tallest stone-clad building at the time of its completion. While 20 Exchange Place was intended to be the world's tallest building at the time of its construction, the Great Depression resulted in the current scaled-back plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place\nThe building has a granite and limestone facade, as well as internal superstructure is made of steel. The lower section of the facade fills an entire irregular city block, and contains giant piers supporting standalone figures depicting the \"giants of finance\", as well as decorations designed by David Evans. The main entrance on Exchange Place has a round arch with granite medallions representing the countries where City Bank Farmers Trust operated offices. The upper stories rise as a square tower with chamfered corners and is offset from the base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place\nThe City Bank\u2013Farmers Trust Building was built between 1930 and 1931, for the newly merged National City Bank of New York and the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company. It remained the company's headquarters until 1956 and was ultimately sold in 1979. The 16th through 57th floors of the building were converted from commercial to residential space by Metro Loft Management during the 1990s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 20 Exchange Place as an official city landmark in 1996. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Site\n20 Exchange Place occupies a full block along Exchange Place to the north, Hanover Street to the east, Beaver Street to the south, and William Street to the west. The surrounding street grid, built as part of the colony of New Amsterdam, remains mostly as documented in the 17th-century Castello Plan. As such, the block is irregular in shape. Nearby buildings include 55 Wall Street to the north; the Wall and Hanover Building to the northeast; the 1 Wall Street Court to the east; the Delmonico's Building and 1 William Street to the southwest; and the 15 William and Broad Exchange Building to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Site\nThe first recorded structure on the site was the house of Dutch ship's carpenter Tymen Jansen, built in the 17th century. By the 1890s, the block was occupied by larger buildings. Just prior to 20 Exchange Place's construction, the block contained four structures: two 10-story buildings on William Street, one 9-story building on Hanover Street, and one 15-story building extending between Beaver Street and Exchange Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design\nThe City Bank\u2013Farmers Trust Building was designed by Cross & Cross and constructed by the George A. Fuller Company, with Moran & Proctor as the engineers for the foundation and tower. The firm described the building as having no particular architectural style. However, observers characterized it as having a \"modern classic\" style with minimal Art Deco ornamentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design\nThe precise height of 20 Exchange Place is disputed. According to Emporis and SkyscraperPage, the building is 741 feet (226\u00a0m) tall with 57 usable stories, and has an antenna reaching 748 feet (228\u00a0m). However, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission quotes New York City Department of Buildings records as saying that the building is only 685\u00a0feet 7.125\u00a0inches (209\u00a0m) tall. Christopher Gray of The New York Times described the building as being 59 stories high and 750 feet (230\u00a0m) in 2008. Another Times article and the Wall Street Journal, in 1931, quoted the building as being 745 feet (227\u00a0m) tall (accounting for minor deviations), but having only 54 usable stories, excluding the spaces at the top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design\nThe base of the building fills the entire block. There are several setbacks between the base and tower portions of 20 Exchange Place. These setbacks include those at the 19th and 21st floors. The tower portion, rising above the 21st floor, is octagonal in plan, with four chamfered corners between four longer sides. When 20 Exchange Place was completed, the Architectural Forum wrote that the building avoided \"exaggeration of forms for originality's sake alone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade\nThe facade was made almost entirely of white Rockwood stone, except the first floor, which is clad with Mohegan granite. Some 180,000 cubic feet (5,100\u00a0m3) of gray- and blue-tinted stone was quarried from Alabama and brought to New York in pieces weighing up to 49,500 pounds (22,500\u00a0kg). The stone weighs 27,000,000 pounds (12,000,000\u00a0kg) in total. British sculptor David Evans was hired to design much of the lower stories' decoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade, Entrances\nThe entrances are designed with nickel-silver doors rather than bronze doors; one source attributed this to the architects' desire to avoid using \"colored metal\". The main entrance, on the Exchange Place elevation, has a round arch surrounded by eleven granite medallions, representing the countries where City Bank Farmers Trust operated offices. There are also granite medallions flanking and above the arch, as well as the National City Bank's seal at the top left and the National City Company's seal at the top right. Two vertical illuminated signs, one on either side of the arch, contain the word \"Twenty\". Within this arch, there are steps leading to doors underneath a large grouping of windows, while a lamp hangs from a soffit at the top of the arch's ceiling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade, Entrances\nAnother entrance faces the corner of Exchange Place and William Street. It has four doors made of silver and an alloy of bronze, zinc, and copper, and are trimmed with bronze. The doors each contain three panels showing different modes of transportation. Above the outer doors are nickel silver panels with allegorical bronze figures, one symbolizing banking and the other symbolizing abundance; both are surrounded by animal and floral figures. There are glass panes above the doors and panels; they are separated by mullions ornamented with industry symbols. A seal of City Bank Farmers Trust and a flagpole are mounted above the entrance. This led to City Bank Farmers Trust's main banking space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade, Entrances\nA third entrance, at Beaver and William Streets, is similar to the Exchange Place and William Street entrance, except that it only has two paneled doors. The doors and the panels above the doors are surrounded by a granite frame. The glass panes above the granite frame do not have ornamented mullions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0012-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade, Entrances\nA fourth entrance faces Beaver Street and consists of three round arches with carved surroundings. The center arch is a service entrance and has another carved surround with a small pediment above the door, consisting of snakes flanking a bison head above the door. The side arches each have four nickel-silver doors underneath marble-and-glass transoms. There is also a medallion above the center arch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0013-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade, Entrances\nA fifth entrance is centered on the Hanover Street elevation, and is an arched opening with a carved surround. Similar to the entrance at Exchange Place and William Street, there are four paneled doors, as well as nickel silver panels above the doors, and a set of glass panes above the doors and panels separated by ornamental mullions. When the building opened, the Canadian Bank of Commerce used a banking space accessible from this entrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0014-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade, Other elements\nOn the William Street, Beaver Street, and Exchange Place elevations, the lowest two stories of the base have several double-height window openings, all of which contain a silver grille at the bottom and keystones above the top center. There are smaller square-headed windows at the extreme ends of all of the building's elevations, including the Hanover Street side. On William Street, the only side that does not have a direct entrance, there are five large window openings. The Beaver Street elevation has seven large windows: three to the west of the entrance and four to the east. The Exchange Place elevation has three large windows east of the center archway and one large window to the west, as well as an additional two small windows on either side of the arch. The Hanover Place entrance is flanked by the smaller windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0015-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade, Other elements\nThe rest of the base contains relatively little decoration, with sash windows on each floor. The 4th floor contains small rectangular openings, and the 5th floor contains single windows or pairs of windows separated by geometric panels, and topped by a boxy cornice with geometric shapes. Between the 6th and 17th stories, the spandrels between the windows on each floor are made of either blue-pearl granite or aluminum, and many spandrels have medallions. Piers subdivide the windows into either singular or paired groupings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0016-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade, Other elements\nThere are fourteen figures at the 19th floor, corresponding to the piers directly in front of the tower. The figures contain representations of \"giants of finance\"; half are depicted with scowls, while the other half have smiles. These piers aesthetically separated the base and tower, though they also symbolized the bull and bear markets of finance. The intake pipes for the building's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system are concealed behind the spandrels, while the exhaust pipes are behind the \"giants of finance\". The outermost piers are topped by eagles at the 17th floor. At the highest setback, there are buttresses that transfer some of the upper-story loads to the base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0017-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Facade, Other elements\nThe upper floors contain sparse decoration as well. Between the sash windows on each floor are aluminum spandrels, many of which also contain medallions. These windows are grouped into three pairs per side. The corners of the tower are chamfered, with one window on each floor. At the 29th, 39th, 48th, and 55th stories, there are ashlar bands between each floor, instead of aluminum spandrels. The 55th through 57th stories contain three tall arches on each side. The arches are underneath the two-tiered \"crown\", which has communications equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0018-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Features\nThe underlying ground contained quicksand and water, as well as foundations from the previous buildings on the site, and the entire city block was irregularly shaped. As a result, the building used cross-lot bracing as well as a heavy steel frame. The building's foundation descends 65 feet (20\u00a0m) below the curb and includes four  or five basement levels. The two lowest basement floors were dug out of the bedrock 40 feet (12\u00a0m) below the groundwater level. The basement also had to avoid a nearby New York City Subway line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0019-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Features\nThe superstructure uses 20,200 short tons (18,000 long tons; 18,300\u00a0t) of steel as well as 300,000 square feet (28,000\u00a0m2). The building was constructed with four elevator banks, containing a total of 31 elevators. The banking floors also had what was described as the world's largest pneumatic-tube system to be used in a banking facility. The two buildings comprising National City Bank's global headquarters, 20 Exchange Place and 55 Wall Street, were connected by a now-demolished pedestrian bridge over Exchange Place, located at the ninth floor. The bridge was 109 feet (33\u00a0m) above the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0020-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Features, Lower stories\nDavid Evans designed many of the lobby's decorations. The entrance from Exchange Place and William Street leads to a rotunda with numerous types of marble, including a Czechoslovak golden travertine. The rotunda measures 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) high by 36 feet (11\u00a0m) across, finished in stone and carried by six red marble columns. The capitals of the columns are decorated with carvings of eagles. The lobbies contained 45 types of marble from numerous countries, including at least six European countries; only two types of marble were from the United States. The rotunda's design might have been inspired by French architect Roger-Henri Expert's work. The dome consists of stepped concentric rings with black and silver stenciling, with a plastic hemisphere at the apex of the dome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0021-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Features, Lower stories\nA half-flight of stairs leads upward from the rotunda to a space that formerly served as the senior officers' room. The space measures 48 by 85 feet (15 by 26\u00a0m), with large pillars and English oak paneling. The senior officers' room was decorated with reliefs of the building and representations of agriculture, banking, and industry. The offices of City Bank's president were at the back of the senior officers' room. Another half-flight of curved marble stairs, leading down from the rotunda, connected to the branch banking rooms, whose main entrance was at William and Beaver Streets. The high ceilings were used as a filming location for several movies such as Inside Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0022-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Features, Lower stories\nThe lobby from the center of Exchange Place leads to separate elevator banks for the lowest 14 stories, the upper office stories, and the dining rooms on the 51st and 52nd stories. The main elevator lobby has colored panels made of mosaic, while a private ground-floor lobby has green-marble decorations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0023-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Features, Lower stories\nThere were five banking rooms used by the City Bank Farmers Trust Company. Besides the branch banking room, there was a securities room at ground level, a transfer room and another securities room in basement level A, and a reserve banking room in basement level B. The basements contained two large vaults each measuring 156 by 52 feet (48 by 16\u00a0m), as well as a smaller vault for overnight storage; the vaults were guarded by doors weighing between 30 to 40 short tons (27 to 36\u00a0t). The security system could detect tiny vibrations in the steel and concrete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0023-0001", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Features, Lower stories\nThe basement also had a three-man shooting gallery for the vault's guards to practice. The Canadian Bank of Commerce occupied the Hanover Street side of the ground level. Floor plans indicate that the Canadian Bank of Commerce's space had cable and telegraph offices on the Exchange Place side and accountants' offices on the Beaver Street side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0024-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Features, Upper stories\nThe fifteenth floor was devoted exclusively to a telephone exchange. Telephone engineers considered the exchange to be the world's largest, with 37 switchboard operators connecting with 600 trunk lines and 3,600 extensions. The rest of the building was similarly technologically advanced. For instance, soap was stored in a basement reservoir and pumped to every bathroom sink. There were dining rooms and kitchens on the 51st and 52nd floors. Since being converted to residential use, 20 Exchange Place has contained 767 residential apartments. There are also several residential amenities such as a gym, lounge, and gaming room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0025-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Design, Features, Upper stories\nThe upper floors were decorated with 15 types of wood. A copper and nickel alloy was used for other ornamental features; the baseboards used stainless steel; and the handrails and toilets were plated with chromium. The floors in the 27 upper stories average 5,000 square feet (460\u00a0m2). The top floors taper to 2,000 square feet (190\u00a0m2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0026-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History\nNational City Bank and the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company were both longstanding New York City institutions, with the former being founded in 1812 and the latter in 1822. In subsequent years, other banks began moving to residential buildings on Wall Street and, by the 1820s, financial institutions made up the vast majority of tenants there. By the late 19th century, the site of 20 Exchange Place had become associated with the banking industry as well, with institutions such as the Canadian Bank of Commerce occupying the buildings on the block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0026-0001", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History\nIn 1908, National City Bank moved its headquarters to 55 Wall Street, directly north of what would become 20 Exchange Place. The Farmers Loan and Trust Company, meanwhile, occupied one of the buildings on 20 Exchange Place's site. National City Bank and the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company merged in 1929. National City Bank took over the expanded bank's banking operations, while Farmers' Trust became the City Bank Farmers Trust Company, a subsidiary of National City Bank that took over the trust operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0027-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Construction\nAfter the merger, City Bank Farmers Trust commissioned a new structure at 20 Exchange Place to house the operations of the expanded bank. The firm of Cross & Cross, which was selected for the project, may have known City Bank's chief executive James H. Perkins socially. At the time, several skyscrapers in New York City were competing to be the world's tallest building, including the Chrysler Building, the Empire State Building, and 40 Wall Street, none of which were yet under construction. 20 Exchange Place was originally among those contenders for that title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0027-0001", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Construction\nAccording to the Architectural Forum, the design process had to be \"a coordinated solution to complex mechanical problems and the strenuous demands of economics\", with aesthetic considerations as an afterthought. Cross & Cross's offices created drafting, filing, and sample rooms specifically for the project, with relevant desks and files being clustered for convenience. George J. Maguolo supervised a design team that sculpted clay models for the proposed skyscraper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0028-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Construction\nIn October 1929, City Bank Farmers Trust filed tentative plans for a structure of either 846.4 or 925 feet (258.0 or 281.9\u00a0m), with 71 stories and a budget of $9.5\u00a0million. This building would have consisted of an 80-by-80-foot (24 by 24\u00a0m) rising above the 28th floor and tapering at the 50th floor, with a 15-foot (4.6\u00a0m) globe-shaped lantern at the pinnacle supported by four eagles. The skyscraper, as initially planned, would have been the headquarters for a larger bank, to be created by merging the City Bank Farmers Trust and the Corn Exchange Bank. At least three early architect's sketches were drawn. The merger between the City Bank Farmers Trust and the Corn Exchange Bank was scrapped in the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Consequently, the building was reduced to 54 stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0029-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Construction\nSteel construction started in late February 1930, with the first steel column being placed on February 25. The Fuller Company, the building's contractor, employed an average of 2,000 workers simultaneously, with up to 3,000 workers on-site at a time; a large proportion of the workforce, comprising over 600 workers, were hired for the stonework. The builders anticipated a total payroll of $7.5\u00a0million with 5,000 total workers. The stonework was completed in November 1930. Some of the construction workers involved in the project were honored in a January 1931 ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0030-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Office use\nBy February 20, 1931, the bank had started moving into its quarters. The building opened for City Bank Farmers Trust's use on February 24, 1931. On opening day, The New York Times stated that about 3,851 people per hour visited the building. At the time, the upper floors were not open for use because the elevators had not been completed. When it opened, 20 Exchange Place the tallest stone-clad building in the city and the world; that record would be surpassed by the Empire State Building, which opened on May 1, 1931. In addition, 20 Exchange Place was the fourth-tallest building in Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0031-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Office use\nConstruction was officially completed in mid-March 1931, one and a half months ahead of schedule. The same month, National City Bank conveyed a one-fourth interest in the building to the City Bank Farmers Trust Company in March 1931. City Bank Farmers Trust occupied almost all of the space on the first through 12th floors, as well as the basement stories. The Canadian Bank of Commerce also took some space on the Hanover Street side of the ground level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0031-0001", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Office use\nOther tenants took space in the upper floors, including law firms, as well as other banks such as BNY Mellon and First Boston. City Bank Farmers Trust remained the largest occupant of the building, occupying 75 percent of the floor area at its peak. Part of the interior was altered in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0032-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Office use\nNational City Bank merged with the First National Bank in 1955, becoming First National City Bank. Shortly afterward, in March 1958, City Bank Farmers Trust took over the construction of a skyscraper on 399 Park Avenue, which was to contain most of the operations of First National City Bank. City Bank Farmers Trust moved to the newly completed 399 Park Avenue in 1961. The same year, 20 Exchange Place's eastern wing was undergoing renovations; in late 1961, some of these materials caught fire, leading 25 people to be trapped in the elevators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0032-0001", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Office use\nFirst National City Bank was renamed Citibank in 1976, and the bank sold off 20 Exchange Place in 1979, though it retained space there. According to telephone interviews conducted by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, both Citibank and the Canadian Bank of Commerce moved out of 20 Exchange Place in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0033-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Residential use\nIn late 1997, the building was sold to a joint venture between the Witkoff Group and Kamran Hakim. Witkoff and Hakim considered plans to convert 20 Exchange Place into a hotel or a residential building, or retain office uses, before they ultimately decided to renovate the building for $25\u00a0million and convert the upper floors into apartments. Some 130,000 square feet (12,000\u00a0m2) in the lowest eighteen floors was retained as commercial space; a third of this area was taken by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1999. During the renovation, some of the building's decorative elements were stolen. When DMJM Harris Arup took a 70,500-square-foot (6,550\u00a0m2) sublease at 20 Exchange Place in early 2002, it became one of the largest office leases in Lower Manhattan since the September 11, 2001, attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0034-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Residential use\nBy 2004, developers Yaron (Ronny) Bruckner and Nathan Berman had bought 20 Exchange Place. They proposed converting the building for nearly entirely residential use, with 250 condominiums in the tower and commercial space at the building's base. DTH Capital, a joint venture between the Bruckner family's Eastbridge Group and AG Real Estate, became the new developers of the building. The project received two mezzanine loans of a combined $135\u00a0million in 2004. Two years later, the joint venture received a $256.5\u00a0million construction loan from a group of several lenders; this loan was refinanced in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0034-0001", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, History, Residential use\nThese loans were used to convert some units to apartments. The first apartments were ready for occupancy by early 2008. Metro Loft Management, who oversaw the conversion, created 350 units between the 16th and 57th floors. In 2014, DTH Capital received an additional $240\u00a0million loan that allowed the firm to convert the 9th through 15th floors to 221 luxury units. DMJM Harris Arup had recently vacated the space at the time. The conversion was ultimately completed in 2015, spanning three phases of construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0035-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Critical reception and landmark designations\nAt the time of the building's completion, the Times characterized 20 Exchange Place as \"magnificent\", and that other unnamed critics had called it \"one of the handsomest buildings\" in New York City. In a book published in 1932, W. Parker Chase wrote that \"Everything in connection with this monumental building expresses beauty, completeness and grandeur.\" In 2014, Christopher Gray of the Times said that \"from a distance it appears a straightforward limestone skyscraper. But up close, it is rich with silver nickel moderne-style metalwork, and the interiors are a perplexing mix of staid banker and Art Deco classicism.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0035-0001", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Critical reception and landmark designations\nNot all criticism was positive. Architecture critic Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1987 book New York 1930 that 20 Exchange Place's proximity to other skyscrapers including 70 Pine Street, 1 Wall Street, 40 Wall Street, and the Downtown Athletic Club \"had reduced the previous generation of skyscrapers to the status of foothills in a new mountain range\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161116-0036-0000", "contents": "20 Exchange Place, Critical reception and landmark designations\nThe building was designated by the Landmarks Preservation Commission as a city landmark in 1996. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161117-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Fantastic Hits\n20 Fantastic Hits is a compilation album that reached number 1 in the UK. It is a notable album in that it was the first ever - and ultimately most successful - LP by compilation label Arcade Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161118-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending\n20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending (also Redemption: The Darkness Descending) is a 2013 American horror film directed by Marc Clebanoff, written by Frank Krueger, and starring Danny Trejo, Kinga Philipps, and Krueger. Philipps plays a documentary filmmaker who enters abandoned New York City Subway tunnels to film a documentary on the homeless people who live there, which include an ex-cop (Krueger) and cult leader (Trejo). The film is based on an earlier web series by Clebanoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161118-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending, Plot\nDocumentary filmmaker Chelsea enters the abandoned New York City Subway tunnels that homeless squatters use. Cops Smitty and Lockeheed warn her to be careful, but she dismisses their concerns. There, she befriends and interviews Skeeter, who leads her on a tour. Skeeter introduces her to Jake, an ex-cop who has become self-destructive since his wife's murder; Gabriel, a former social worker; Harmony, an artist; Razor and Ajax, gang members; Flash and Alexis, orphaned twins; and, at her insistence, Angel, the leader of a cult-like, violent anarchist gang. Angel plans a revolution against the surface world, whom he blames for persecuting the homeless. After he offhandedly threatens to murder Chelsea as a show of power, Angel releases her and tells her to warn the surface world of his wrath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161118-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending, Plot\nInstead of fleeing, Chelsea stays behind and records a hazing ritual performed by Angel's gang. When Ajax discovers her, Jake rescues Chelsea, drawing the further ire of the gang, who promise retaliations against both of them. The increased gang activity, including the murder of a Wall Street investor, draws the attention of the cops, who organize a sweep through the tunnels. Lockeheed's aggressive behavior during the raid culminates in a violent confrontation with Jake. As Smitty defuses the situation, the gang quietly abducts a young and idealistic cop named Jimmy. Angel sets fire to Jake's home and mounts Jimmy's bloody body nearby as a warning. Chelsea and Gabriel rescue Jake, and they attempt to help Jimmy, who is already dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161118-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending, Plot\nAbove ground, Smitty and Lockeheed argue over Jake and return to the tunnels to interrogate him about Jimmy, who has been reported missing. When Lockeheed finds Jake next to Jimmy's dead body, Smitty is no longer able to hold him back. Jake flees deeper into the tunnels, where he receives conflicting advice from Gabriel and Flash. Gabriel advises him to avoid violence, and Flash urges him to confront Angel. When Ajax fails to kill Flash and instead gets beaten, Angel kills Ajax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161118-0003-0001", "contents": "20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending, Plot\nAngel then sends his gang out to set bombs in the subway tunnels, and Jake forces Skeeter to lead him to Angel's lair, which is hidden in the deepest, maze-like tunnels. Jake attempts to stop Razor from setting a bomb, but it explodes, derails a subway train, and brings further police activity in the tunnels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161118-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending, Plot\nRazor and Jake fight each other; when Lockeheed shoots Jake in the arm, Razor and Jake both flee into the tunnels. Angel's gang wounds Flash as they kidnap Chelsea. Smitty arrests Jake, but Jake convinces Smitty to let him go so that he can rescue Chelsea. When Jake reaches Angel, he discovers that Angel has planned his own death so that he will become a legend to his followers. Smitty and Lockeheed, who have reconciled, converge with the rest of the homeless people on Angel's lair, and they join Chelsea in attempting to stop Jake from killing Angel. Sensing Jake's reluctance, Angel reveals that he was the one who killed Jake's wife. At the last minute, Jake accepts Gabriel's advice and chooses to forgo violence and revenge. Smitty and Lockeheed arrest Angel and lead him away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161118-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending, Production\n20 Feet Below was based on director Clebanoff's 2009 web series The Darkness Descending.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161118-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending, Release\n20 Feet Below premiered at a fan launch party on July 20, 2013, at the San Diego Comic Con. Vertical Entertainment released the film on video on March 18, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161118-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Feet Below: The Darkness Descending, Reception\nMark L. Miller of Ain't It Cool News called it \"predictable, passably to painfully acted, and dull in parts.\" HorrorNews.Net wrote, \"The script is essentially one clich\u00e9 after another strung together until they approximate something you might run into on the Lifetime channel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161119-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Feet from Stardom\n20 Feet from Stardom is a 2013 American documentary film directed by documentary filmmaker Morgan Neville and was produced by Gil Friesen, a music industry executive whose curiosity to know more about the lives of background singers inspired the making of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161119-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Feet from Stardom\nThe film follows the behind-the-scenes experiences of backup singers and stars Darlene Love, Judith Hill, Merry Clayton, Lisa Fischer, Tata Vega, and Jo Lawry, among many others. On March 2, 2014, it won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 86th Academy Awards, 23 years after the similar documentary In the Shadow of the Stars (which focused on the members of an opera chorus instead of its stars) won the same award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161119-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Feet from Stardom\nLisa Fischer said of backup singing:  \"I reject the notion that the job you excel at is somehow not enough to aspire to, that there has to be something more. I love supporting other artists.\" She added: \"Some people will do anything to be famous. I just wanted to sing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161119-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Feet from Stardom, Release\nOn January 17, 2013, the film premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. At Sundance, the film was acquired by Radius-The Weinstein Company and was released nationwide on June 14, 2013. The film was also acquired for international distribution by Elle Driver / Wild Bunch. The film was screened at many film festivals in 2013 including, South by Southwest Film Festival, True/False Film Festival, Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, Hawaii International Film Festival, Philadelphia Music Film Festival, RiverRun Film Festival, San Francisco Film Festival, Seattle International Film Festival, Montclair Film Festival, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161119-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Feet from Stardom, Reception, Box office\nThe film was a box office success, grossing $4,946,445 in the domestic box office and $898,560 internationally for a worldwide total of $5,845,005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161119-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Feet from Stardom, Reception, Critical reception\n20 Feet from Stardom received critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 99% approval rating with an average rating of 8/10 based on 128 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads \"Rich, insightful, and occasionally heartbreaking, 20 Feet From Stardom is an energetic tribute to the passion, talent, and hard work of backup singers.\" Metacritic gave the film a score of 83 out of 100, based on 25 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161119-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Feet from Stardom, Reception, Critical reception\nThe Ithaca Times compared the film to the 2012 book The Wrecking Crew: The Inside Story of Rock and Roll's Best-Kept Secret, which focused on uncredited studio musicians during the same era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161119-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Feet from Stardom, Reception, Accolades\nAt the 86th Academy Awards, it won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. At the 19th Critics' Choice Awards, it also won the Best Documentary Film award. At the 2015 Grammy Awards, it won Best Music Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street\n20 Fenchurch Street is a commercial skyscraper in London that takes its name from its address on Fenchurch Street, in the historic City of London financial district. It has been nicknamed \"The Walkie-Talkie\" because of its distinctive shape, said to resemble a two-way radio handset. Construction was completed in spring 2014, and the three-floor \"sky garden\" was opened in January 2015. The 38-storey building is 160\u00a0m (525\u00a0ft) tall. Since July 2017, the building has been owned by Lee Kum Kee Groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street\nDesigned by architect Rafael Vi\u00f1oly and costing over \u00a3200\u00a0million, 20 Fenchurch Street features a highly distinctive top-heavy form which appears to burst upward and outward. The entrance floor and 34 floors of office space are topped by a large viewing deck. A bar and restaurants are included on the 35th, 36th and 37th floors; these are, with restrictions, open to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street\nThe tower was originally proposed at nearly 200\u00a0m (656\u00a0ft) tall but its design was scaled down after concerns about its visual impact on the nearby St Paul's Cathedral and Tower of London. It was subsequently approved in 2006 with the revised height. Even after the height reduction there were continued concerns from heritage groups about its impact on the surrounding area. The Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, Ruth Kelly, called in the project for another public inquiry. The project was consequently the subject of a public inquiry; in 2007 this ruled in the developers' favour and the building was granted full planning permission. In 2015 it was awarded the Carbuncle Cup for the worst new building in the UK in the previous 12 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street\nIn 2013 Paul Finch of the Design Council CABE said he regretted supporting the project during the public inquiry, saying that the developers \"made a mess of it\" and were architects of their own misfortune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Ownership\nPreviously owned by the Land Securities Group, the company posted a \u00a395m loss in 2016. In July 2017, the Hong Kong food company Lee Kum Kee Groups agreed to purchase the building from Land Securities and Canary Wharf Group for \u00a31.3\u00a0billion. Leasing of the building is carried out by CBRE and in July 2018, CBRE's Asset Services were awarded the contract to carry out all management of 20 Fenchurch Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Previous building\nThe previous building at 20 Fenchurch Street was 91\u00a0m (299\u00a0ft) tall with 25 storeys and was built in 1968 by Land Securities. The architect was William H. Rogers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Previous building\nThe building was formerly occupied by Dresdner Kleinwort and was notable for being one of the first tall buildings in the City of London, and for its distinctive roof. It was one of the towers nearest to the River Thames when viewed from the southern end of London Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Previous building\nIn 2007, one of the upper floors was used in the drama series Party Animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Previous building\nDemolition of the building was completed in 2008. Despite the top-down method of construction, it was not demolished from the bottom-up, as a temporary structure was built, allowing Keltbray, the demolition contractor, to demolish the building from the top down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Design\nThe new tower at 20 Fenchurch Street was designed by Uruguayan architect Rafael Vi\u00f1oly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Design\nThe 'sky garden' at the top of the building was claimed by the developer to be London's highest public park, but since opening there have been debates about whether it can be described as a 'park', and whether it is truly 'public' given the access restrictions. The garden spans the top three floors, which are accessible by two express lifts and include a large viewing area, terrace, bar and two restaurants. Fourteen double-deck lifts (seven low-rise up to the 20th floor, seven high-rise above the 20th floor) serve the main office floors of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Design\nThe south side of the structure is ventilated externally to improve efficiency and decrease solar gain, whilst the east and west faces incorporate extensive solar shading. There is a southern entrance in addition to the main northern entrance set back from Fenchurch Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0012-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Construction\nIn January 2009, Canary Wharf Contractors began piling on the site of 20 Fenchurch Street. Piling and ground works were completed in June 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0013-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Construction\nIn January 2011, work at the basement level of the tower began. By the end of October 2011, the building was rising above street-level. December 2011 saw the tower's core begin to rise. The concrete core was topped out in March 2012 and by July the structural steelwork was under way around the core. Structural steelwork topped out in December 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0014-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Construction\nFire protection contractor Sharpfibre Ltd began applying fire protection to the structural steelwork in December 2012, completing in March 2013. Cementitious spray was applied to the steelwork, which was supplied directly to the entire building using a purpose-built mixing and pumping station located on the ground floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0015-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Construction\nThe building completed to shell and floor in April 2014 and the first tenants began moving into the building from May 2014 prior to final completion in August of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0016-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Carbuncle Award\nThe building won the Carbuncle Cup in 2015, awarded by Building Design magazine to the worst new building in the UK during the previous year. The chairman of the jury that decided the prize, Thomas Lane, said \"it is a challenge finding anyone who has something positive to say about this building\", whilst a town planner at the nearby Royal Town Planning Institute described the building as \"a daily reminder never to let such a planning disaster ever happen again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0017-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Solar glare problem\nDuring the building's construction, it was discovered that for a period of up to two hours each day if the sun shines directly onto the building, it acts as a concave mirror and focuses light onto the streets to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0017-0001", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Solar glare problem\nSpot temperature readings at street-level including up to 91\u00a0\u00b0C (196\u00a0\u00b0F) and 117\u00a0\u00b0C (243\u00a0\u00b0F) were observed during summer 2013, when the reflection of a beam of light up to six times brighter than direct sunlight shining onto the streets beneath damaged parked vehicles, including one on Eastcheap whose owner was paid \u00a3946 by the developers for repairs to melted bodywork. Temperatures in direct line with the reflection became so intense that City A.M. reporter Jim Waterson managed to fry an egg in a pan set out on the ground. The reflection also burned or scorched the doormat of a shop in the affected area. The media responded by dubbing the building the \"Walkie-Scorchie\" and \"Fryscraper\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0018-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Solar glare problem\nIn September 2013, the developers stated that the City of London Corporation had approved plans to erect temporary screening on the streets to prevent similar incidents, and that they were also \"evaluating longer-term solutions to ensure the issue cannot recur in future\". In 2014, a permanent awning was installed on the south side of the higher floors of the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0019-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Solar glare problem\nThe building's architect, Rafael Vi\u00f1oly, also designed the Vdara hotel in Las Vegas which has a similar sunlight reflection problem that some employees called the \"Vdara death ray\". The glass has since been covered with a non-reflective film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0020-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Solar glare problem\nIn an interview with The Guardian, Vi\u00f1oly said that horizontal louvre windows on the south side that had been intended to prevent this problem were removed at some point during the planning process. While he conceded that there had been \"a lot of mistakes\" with the building, he agreed with the building's developers that the sun was too high in the sky on that particular day. \"[I] didn't realise it was going to be so hot,\" he said, suggesting that global warming was at fault. \"When I first came to London years ago, it wasn't like this ... Now you have all these sunny days.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0021-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Sky garden\nThe Sky Garden, which was described as a large, free, public viewing space at the top of the building, was part of the justification for the planners allowing such a vast office block to be built on the edge of a conservation area. Computer visualisations shown to the planners included a glade of full-height trees, but the garden as constructed has a slope with ferns and succulents instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0022-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Sky garden\nFree access to the public is provided in 90-minute slots until 18:00, after which the garden is available only to paying customers of the catering facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0023-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Sky garden\nThe Garden has been criticised for these restrictions, and for its extent and quality failing to meet pre-construction expectations. Oliver Wainwright, architecture critic of The Guardian, described it as \"a meagre pair of rockeries, in a space designed with all the finesse of a departure lounge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0024-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Sky garden\nThe City of London Corporation's former chief planner, Peter Rees, who approved the structure, said: \"I think calling it a sky garden is perhaps misleading. If people [are] expecting to visit it as an alternative to Kew, then they will be disappointed.\" In July 2015 it was reported that planners are to consider a landscape architect's alterations to the layout, following claims it is not consistent with illustrations submitted with the original planning application. The 'sky garden' was a key feature in sealing approval for the building, which is situated outside the main cluster of skyscrapers in the City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0025-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Criticisms, Wind tunnel effect\nIn July 2015, the building was criticized for having an unexpected impact on wind strength at street-level. The City of London Corporation received an increased number of complaints about draughts around 20 Fenchurch Street following its completion. The Corporation's head of design, Gwyn Richards, said: \"The wind outcome at street level experienced post-construction on a number of projects differs somewhat to the conditions we were expecting from the one outlined in the planning application wind assessments.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0026-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Tenancy\nIn June 2012 the insurer Markel Corporation signed a tenancy agreement with the developers to move into 20 Fenchurch Street upon its completion. Markel, previously based on Leadenhall Street, was the first confirmed tenant of the new tower and occupies the 25th to 27th floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0027-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Tenancy\nAnother insurance company, Kiln Group, announced in September 2012 that it had agreed to become the building's second tenant and Ascot Underwriting followed in November 2012. Other insurance companies that have taken space in the building include RSA Group, Tokio Marine, CNA Financial, Allied World, Liberty Mutual's European operations, and Harry Townsend Corp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161120-0028-0000", "contents": "20 Fenchurch Street, Tenancy\nAs of 2017, the ground floor is let for retail and the office space is fully let.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers\n20 Fingers is the name of an American production team consisting of producers and DJs Carlos \"Charlie Babie\" Rosario, Manfred \"Manny\" Mohr, J.J. Flores and Onofrio Lollino. They were popular in the mid-1990s for producing a series of pop, dance and rap songs, many of which were distinguished by their humorous or risqu\u00e9 lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1993\u201394: Formation and \"Short Dick Man\"\nOriginally consisting of producers and DJ's Carlos \"Charlie Babie\" Rosario and Manfred \"Manny\" Mohr, the two later received help by friends Jonathan \"JJ\" Flores and Onofrio Lollino, who did some of their remixes. The artist name comes from the band members simply both having twenty fingers on their hands together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 67], "content_span": [68, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1993\u201394: Formation and \"Short Dick Man\"\nOn August 31, 1994, the group released their first single \"Short Dick Man\", featuring vocalist and rapper Gillette on Zoo Entertainment/SOS Records from their debut album On The Attack and More, which was controversial. The tune was a global success, particularly in France where it was a number one hit for three weeks. It peaked the top 5 in several European countries such as Italy and Germany also reached the top ten in other countries, including Austria, Belgium, New Zealand and Australia. It also reached number 14 in the U.S. and was considered a club success there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 67], "content_span": [68, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1993\u201394: Formation and \"Short Dick Man\"\nThe single, which involved a woman mocking the size of a man's penis, was also released in a clean version replacing the words \"short dick\" with \"short short\", which was also released under the censored title \"Short Short Man\" in the UK and several other countries. This new version, remixed by Strike, reached #11, whereas the original only reached #21 in the UK Singles Chart in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 67], "content_span": [68, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1993\u201394: Formation and \"Short Dick Man\"\nMohr told the Los Angeles Times that the point of the song was to attract attention. \"We figured there were all these songs by men bashing women and treating women like sex objects. So we decided a song that turned the tables on men might attract some attention\". According to Gillette, the point of the song is to \"strike back at all the women-bashing songs in pop, especially in rap\". The music video images Gillette singing \"Short Dick Man\" or \"Short Short Man\" on a beach alternate with those of a brawny man performing a photo session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 67], "content_span": [68, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1994\u201395: On the Attack and More and \"Lick It\"\n20 Fingers released their debut studio album On the Attack and More in Poland and Germany. All eleven songs on this album were recorded with Gillette on guest vocals, except one song, the second single called \"Lick It\", which featured vocals of singer Roula. Their second single was another success in Europe and in clubs all around the world, which reached #48 in the same chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 73], "content_span": [74, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1994\u201395: On the Attack and More and \"Lick It\"\nIn many other selected countries such as Brazil, Canada, Scandinavia, Australia, Japan, Portugal, Chile, South Korea or the U.S., the album has been released as Gillette's solo debut album with a similar front cover art, retitled On the Attack, the same eleven song track list with Gillette and excluding the eleventh song \"Lick It\". The duo scored another hit with their third and fourth singles \"Mr. Personality\" and \"You're a Dog\" with moderate success respectively, both with Gillette on featured vocals. In Germany and Poland, the two latter mentioned single releases were still credited under \"20 Fingers feat. Gillette\", while in the other countries as \"Gillette\". 20 Fingers also produced Max-A-Million's debut album Take Your Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 73], "content_span": [74, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1994\u201395: On the Attack and More and \"Lick It\"\nIn 1995, the group released their second self-titled studio album, 20 Fingers worldwide (or retitled simply as L'Album in France), which unlike the first album had the peculiarity of featuring different vocalists for almost every song. Next to all new original material, this album also consisted of three previously released 20 Fingers singles (\"Short Dick Man\", \"Lick It\", a remix of \"Mr. Personality\" called \"Ugly\") and two previously released Max-A-Million-produced singles \"Take Your Time\" and \"Fat Boy\". Other songs from their album were released as singles, credited only under the name of the featured vocalist, such as Nerada's \"Position #9\", Dania's \"She Won't Know\", Rochelle's \"Praying for an Angel\" and \"Holding on to Love\" or A' Lisa B's \"I'm in Love\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 73], "content_span": [74, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1994\u201395: On the Attack and More and \"Lick It\"\nThe fact that all previous 20 Fingers singles, whether in their original or remixed form, are included on this album, it has been sometimes considered a compilation album and has been released under the title The Best of 20 Fingers in Asia. Their fifth single \"Sex Machine\" featuring singer Katrina (Roxanne Dawn) as well as Camille Alvey was released in 1995, which was another club hit but did not sell as well as its predecessors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 73], "content_span": [74, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1994\u201395: On the Attack and More and \"Lick It\"\nMax-A-Million's follow up third and fourth singles \"Sexual Healing\" and \"Everybody's Groovin'\" were also produced by 20 Fingers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 73], "content_span": [74, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 1996\u201399: Group hiatus and remixes\nA \"Megamix\" of their first three hits was also released as a single in France only, titled \"Megamix Explosion\". Since 1996, no single releases had been released under the 20 Fingers artist name and the group went on hiatus but continued producing music and pursuing solo careers. Babie remixed songs from Donna Lori, Soundmaster T and Natalie Hagan under the names \"Charlie\" and \"Charlie Babie\", while Mohr wrote songs for other artists. In 1996, 20 Fingers produced Gillette's second solo album Shake Your Money Maker and its three single releases \"Do Fries Go with That Shake? \", \"Bounce\" and \"Shake Your Money Maker\" in 1996 and 1997. The album and the three singles didn't chart well. In 1996, Mohr and Babie wrote and produced the single \"Push, Push\" for Katrina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Musical career, 2000\u2013present: Various productions\nIn 2000, Babie continued remixing songs from Destiny's Child, band members Beyonc\u00e9 and Kelly Rowland, and Anastacia under the names \"CB2000\" and \"Charlie's Nu Soul\". Mohr and Babie wrote the song \"Someone to Love Me\" for singer La Rissa. In 2000, Mohr and Babie wrote and produced the song \"Sex Tonight\" from Gilette's third solo album Did I Say That, which was the first and only release out of the album and became a minor club hit in the U.S. In 2002 and 2003, Mohr and Babie wrote and produced the singles \"Someone to Love\" and \"Gifted\" for singers Angelina and Eyra Gail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0012-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers, Artistry, Musical style\nMusically 20 Fingers are known for their monoton and heavy beats, sounds and melodies. They mix dance with hip hop, pop, rock and Europop, which was popular in Europe, Oceania and South America in the 1990s. Lyrically, the group do not always follow a traditional verse-chorus structure such as in \"Short Dick Man\" or \"Putang Ina Mo\" (Tagalog for lit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0012-0001", "contents": "20 Fingers, Artistry, Musical style\n\"Your Mother is a Whore\") with minimalistic vocals and often use simple repeatings such as \"Bum, ba da da da da\" (\"Lick It\"), \"Barara bum bum bum\" (\"Sex Machine\"), \"Eeny, weeny, teeny, weeny\" or \"Don't, Don't, Don't, Do Do, Don't, Don't, Don't\" (\"Short Dick Man\"), \"Ay nako, putang ina mo! \"/\"Ina mo, ina mo, ina mo, ina mo\" (\"Putang Ina Mo\") which led the songs to high recognition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161121-0012-0002", "contents": "20 Fingers, Artistry, Musical style\nThe lyrics were distinguished by their humorous or risque lyrics, often sexually explicit including moaning, such as in their singles and \"Position #9\", similar to fellow Europop groups as E-Rotic, which often led to the songs becoming controversial. The first single \"Short Dick Man\", which involves a woman mocking the size of a man's penis, was later released in a clean version replacing the word \"dick\" with \"short\", with also a retitled censored title \"Short Short Man\". \"Lick It\" also had both edited and unedited versions released as well \u2013 the reason why 20 Fingers releases often had a Parental Advisory warning label. Their lyrics are sung in English, Spanish and Tagalog (\"Putang Ina Mo\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161122-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers (album)\n20 Fingers is the self-titled second and final studio album of American music group 20 Fingers. It has been released on October 24, 1995, under Zoo Entertainment/SOS Records, six months after the release of their debut album On the Attack and More.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161122-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers (album), Background\nIn 1995, the group released their self-titled second studio album, called \"20 Fingers\" worldwide. The album has unlike the first studio album, where only two vocalists, Gillette on eleven tracks and Roula on one track, the peculiarity of featuring different vocalists for almost every song. In France, the album was released under the name L'album with an altered cover art and track list. Their first single, fifth overall, \"Sex Machine\" featuring Katrina (Roxanne Dawn) was released in 1995, which was another club hit but did not sell as well as its predecessors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161122-0001-0001", "contents": "20 Fingers (album), Background\nIt was the only single released of this album credited as \"20 Fingers featuring Katrina\", while further single releases were only credited under the name of the featured vocalist, such as Nerada's \"Position #9\", Dania's \"She Won't Know\", Rochelle's \"Praying for an Angel\" and \"Holding on to Love\" or A' Lisa B's \"I'm in Love\" with the addition \"A 20 Fingers Production\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161122-0001-0002", "contents": "20 Fingers (album), Background\nNext to all new original material, some versions of this album also consist of three previously released 20 Fingers singles \"Short Dick Man\" and \"Lick It\", the remix of \"Mr. Personality\" called \"Ugly\" and the two previously released Max-A-Million singles \"Take Your Time\" and \"Fat Boy\" produced by 20 Fingers. In Fact that all previous 20 Fingers singles, in original or remixed form, are included on these album versions, they have been considered a compilation album and released under the title \"The Best of 20 Fingers\" in Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161123-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers (film)\n20 Angosht, released in English-speaking markets as 20 Fingers, is a 2004 Iranian film directed by Mania Akbari. It stars the director herself and producer Bijan Daneshmand as a couple (or possibly different couples) discussing their relationship and arguing in seven vignettes shot in several long takes on a DV camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161123-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Fingers (film)\nThe film deals with controversial topics such as divorce and homosexuality and has not yet received permission to be shown uncut in its native country. It has achieved mild international success, winning Best Digital Film at the 61st Venice International Film Festival in 2004, where it premiered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161124-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Forthlin Road\n20 Forthlin Road is a National Trust property in Allerton in south Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is the house in which Paul McCartney lived for several years before he rose to fame with the Beatles, and it is labelled by the National Trust as \"the birthplace of the Beatles\". It was also the home of his brother Mike and  the birthplace of the trio the Scaffold, of which Mike was a member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161124-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Forthlin Road, History\nThe house was built in 1949 and owned by the local authority, and the McCartney family moved into it in 1955 when Paul was at secondary school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161124-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Forthlin Road, History\nIn 1965, Paul bought his father Jim a house in Heswall, a wealthy part of the Wirral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161124-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Forthlin Road, History\nThe house has been in the ownership of the National Trust since 1995. The Trust markets the house as \"the birthplace of the Beatles\", since this is the place where the Beatles composed and rehearsed their earliest songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161124-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Forthlin Road, History\nUnlike Lennon's childhood home Mendips, 20 Forthlin Road does not have an English Heritage blue plaque and is currently ineligible to receive one. English Heritage issue a plaque once the figure has \"been dead for 20 years, or [has] passed the centenary of their birth\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161124-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Forthlin Road, History\nIn February 2012, both this house and Lennon's childhood home at 251 Menlove Avenue were Grade II listed by Historic England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161124-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Forthlin Road, History\nThe home was featured in an edition of Carpool Karaoke, which aired on the 22 June 2018, episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden. Corden visited there with Paul McCartney, who said it was his first visit to the home since he moved away in his late teens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street\n20 Frith Street is a building in the Soho district of London. It is located on the east side of Frith Street, close to the junction with Old Compton Street. The building which currently occupies the site of 20 Frith Street was built in 1858 by William Cooze to replace a house which dated from c1725, which itself may have replaced an even earlier building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street\nWhen the house was built in around 1725 there were fewer houses in the street (which for a period was named Thrift Street), because the north end was taken up by Monmouth House. At the time, the grounds of Monmouth House (now demolished) extended from the south side of Soho Square to Queen Street (now Bateman Street); and so during some of the eighteenth century the house's address was 15 Thrift Street. The most famous inhabitant at this address was Wolfgang Mozart, who lived there aged eight from September 1764 during his grand tour of Europe with his father and his sister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street\nThe site gained its current address of No. 20 Frith Street some time after 1773 when Monmouth House was pulled down, and more houses began to be built on its former grounds at the north end of the street. The eighteenth-century building at No. 20 was demolished and rebuilt in 1858, and since 1930 it has served as the stage door entrance for the Prince Edward Theatre situated on Old Compton Street. A blue plaque commemorates Mozart's stay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History\nThe house which formerly occupied the present site of No. 20 was built in about 1725\u20136, when it was occupied by Lewis Aubert, a wine merchant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History\nThe 18th-century house was described in the 1966 Survey of London:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History\n\"Quite apart from its association with Mozart, it is of interest as one of the best early eighteenth-century fronts known to have existed in the street. Built of brick, it was four storeys high and three windows wide, although the fourth storey may have been a later addition. The windows had segmental gauged arches and the jambs were probably dressed with red brick, while within the openings were slightly recessed boxframes. There was no bandcourse between the second and third storeys, but above the latter was a moulded brick cornice returned at either end. A shop front had been inserted in the ground storey in the early or mid nineteenth century.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History\nThe 1725 building was pulled down in 1858 and rebuilt with a similar brick fa\u00e7ade, shown in a photograph from The Musical Standard, 3 Oct. 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Wolfgang Mozart\nThe eight-year-old Wolfgang Mozart stayed here with his father Leopold Mozart and his sister Nannerl in 1764\u20135, during a well-publicised European musical tour. The Mozarts were lodgers of Thomas Williamson, a maker of corsets or stays. During Mozart's stay, the address of the building was 15 Thrift Street. More houses were built after 1773 at the north end of the street (whose name reverted to Frith Street), resulting in the current address of 20 Frith Street. See below, \u00a7Numbering changes in Frith Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Wolfgang Mozart\nThe Mozart family had removed from No. 180 Ebury Street, probably directly to No. 15 Thrift Street, on 25 September 1764. The young Mozart gave daily afternoon public recitals, and published his Opus 3 (Violin Sonatas, KV 10\u201315) from that address. His father had the music engraved, and sold the music at the lodgings. Mozart dedicated the set to Queen Charlotte, whose music teacher was Johann Christian Bach. Bach befriended the young Mozart, whose sonatas shows Bach's influence. It seems likely that he was a visitor to the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0008-0001", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Wolfgang Mozart\nIt is possible that Mozart also wrote the Symphony No. 4 in D major, K. 19, here, as well as the concert aria for tenor Va, dal furor portata, K. 21/19c, and the short motet for chorus, God is our Refuge, K. 20. The London Sketchbook, K.15 also dates from this period. The Mozart family was still in Frith Street on 30 May, leaving London in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Jean Baptiste Troye\nThe miniaturist Jean-Baptiste Troye exhibited dioramas (scale models of landscapes) at No. 20 in the early 1800s. His exhibitions consisted of \"the most beautiful models and reliefs of countries, cities, mountains, &c. celebrated either for natural beauty or historical occurrences associated with them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Jean Baptiste Troye\nTroye was the pupil or (assistant) of the geologist and chemist Charles-Fran\u00e7ois Exchaquet, who made the first accurate relief models (in wood) of the Mont Blanc chain, a part of Valais and the St. Gotthard group. A model of Mont Blanc which is (or was) in the possession of the Swiss Alpine Club may partly be Troye's work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Jean Baptiste Troye\nExchacquet's models, like Troye's, were realistically painted with glaciers made of spath (i.e. spar) and the models were about 1.40m x 40\u00a0cm (about 4' 6\" by 1' 6\"). One of Exchaquet's models still existed in 1920, having been presented to the museum of G\u00f6rlitz by Baron de Gersdorf. (Baron von Gersdorff from Saxony, possibly?). Gersdorf authenticated the first ascent of Mont Blanc by Jacques Balmat and physician Michel-Gabriel Paccard in 1786. Exchaquet was also the director of mines and foundries at Servoz in Haut-Faucigny, where attempts were made to emulate the success of the English steel-makers who, however, were using the very best imported Swedish Oregrounds iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0012-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Jean Baptiste Troye\nIn 1816 Troye co-authored with one S. Glover A Description of the Inundation of the Valley of Bagnes in Swisserland. [ sic] Troye published an account of Mont Blanc and his models in 1819. There is a picture of either Troye's or Exchaquet's highly detailed work in Seylaz 1935, p.\u00a0193.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0013-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Jean Baptiste Troye\nThere is a fine plaster medallion of William Thomas Brande, attributed to J. B. Troye c1820, in the National Portrait Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0014-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Jean Baptiste Troye\nJean Baptiste Troye's son was the artist Edward Troye, America's foremost 19th-century horse painter, whose influences were George Stubbs and John Sartorius. Born in Lausanne in 1808, he studied art in England for a number of years before moving to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0015-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Jean Baptiste Troye\nA bookseller, Thomas King junior, lived at No. 20 from 1820 to 1822", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0016-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Jean Baptiste Troye\nJohn Green, aged 16, was found guilty in October 1820, of stealing 15\u00a0lbs. of lead, value 8s., the goods of Thomas Matthews Redaway, and fixed to a certain dwelling-house of his. No . 20, Frith-street, Soho. He was transported for seven years. A certain felon named John Green was transported to Australia on board the Morley and arrived in Newcastle, New South Wales on the Elizabeth Henrietta on 14 March 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0017-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Jean Baptiste Troye\nFrederick Rothenburg, late of No, 20, Frith-Street appeared on 13 July 1827 at the Court for Relief of Insolvent Debtors, Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, as did Augustus Armand, formerly of No. 20, Frith-Street, assistant to a Jeweller, on 13 November. In 1828 John Pike and James Clark upholders and furniture warehousemen were insured by the Sun Fire Office (now RSA Insurance Group) as was William Landon, gent., in 1830. A fire started \"at 9\u00bd p.m.\" on 18 September 1839 next door at No. 19, a bookbinder's. The back workshops were burned out and three adjoining buildings were damaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0018-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, William Cooze\nWilliam Whitley Cooze (c1794 \u2013 1866), a house decorator, plumber and glazier had his business at No. 20. A business partnership with William H. Penley was dissolved in 1841. In 1844 he was selling \"Improved Marble papers\" (i.e. wallpaper), and calling himself 'Marine Decorator to her Majesty'. The first royal yacht to be powered by steam, HMY Victoria and Albert, was launched the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0019-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, William Cooze\nIn 1847 John Penny, aged 30, was indicted for stealing 12 feet of lead-pipe, value 10s. ; the property of \"William Witley Coorze\", his master for four years; and Richard Garrett, aged 27, for feloniously receiving the same, knowing it to have been stolen. Penny was sentenced to three months after a plea for leniency, and Garrett received a year in prison. John Green (see above) got seven years in Australia for a similar crime in 1820. In 1851 Cooze was employing 15 men in his house-decorating business. The original house at 20 Frith Street (dating from around 1725) was demolished and rebuilt in 1858. Cooze was declared bankrupt on 16 April 1866 and died shortly afterward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0020-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Soho Club for Working Girls\nThe Soho Club for Working Girls met at the rear of 20 Frith Street between 1880 and 1884. The club was established by the Hon. Maude Stanley in order to improve the lives of young women workers in London and provincial towns. The Soho Club began in a very humble way in three small rooms at No. 5 Porter Street, Newport Market. There were forty-four members, and an average attendance of fourteen every evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0020-0001", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Soho Club for Working Girls\nThe premises, after a few months, proved too small, and a workshop at the back of 20 Frith Street was secured, at a rental of \u00a350 a year. This building served until 1884, when Miss Stanley purchased, aided by her many benevolent friends, the \"commodious and beautiful building\" at 59 Greek Street at a cost, for the freehold, building and furnishing, of \u00a37,200. The club eventually grew into London Youth (Federation of London Youth Clubs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0021-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Soho Club for Working Girls\nWells & Co., wholesale tea dealers, had their offices at No. 20 in 1895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0022-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Soho Club for Working Girls\nAccording to one source No. 20 was also occupied in 1895 by Messrs. Osborne, Garratt, & Co., who sold razors and hair-curling tongs. The company's usual address seems to have been at 51 Frith Street, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0023-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Joseph Menchen\nJoseph Menchen, an American inventor and theatrical lighting designer with his own profitable electrical equipment business, arrived in London in late 1911 or early 1912. Menchen was one of the first film projectionists, having shown films at Tony Pastor's New York vaudeville theatre from 1896\u20131899 with an Acres kineopticon. It seems possible that Menchen was connected with a business whose address was at 20 Frith Street from 1912, the National Bioscope Electric Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0023-0001", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Joseph Menchen\nOn a previous visit to Europe in 1908 he had opened a London branch of his Joseph Menchen's Electrical Company at 341 Walworth Road, which was also the address of an Electric Theatre cinema owned by Joseph Jay Bamberger, previously a New York stockbroker. The building in Frith Street continued as a nameless 'cinematograph theatre' in 1914, managed by Antonio Agosti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0024-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Joseph Menchen\nMenchen was also involved in negotiations to produce a film of The Miracle, a spectacular stage production by Max Reinhardt of Karl Vollmoeller's play which ran for three months from December 1911 at Olympia. Menchen shot his film on location in Austria in October 1912, and The Miracle received its premi\u00e8re at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden in December 1912. The film, which was his own personal project, was as much of a success as the stage production, running to full houses all over the UK until Easter 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0025-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Joseph Menchen\nFrom March 1914 20 Frith Street was the registered address of the Menchen Film Company Ltd. He formed the firm at the same time as he was preparing to sell his lease on his main film business (the Studios Menchen in the Paris suburb of Epinay-sur-Seine) where he had half-finished one or more films based on the Arsene Lupin detective novels by Maurice Leblanc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0026-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Joseph Menchen\nHe was planning to stay in France, but as the invading German army neared Paris at the start of the First World War Menchen fled in his  automobile with many cans of film and was evacuated to England on board the USS Tennessee. During the war Menchen, probably quite annoyed with the Germans, designed an experimental flame-thrower tank for the British Army, and 20 Frith Street appears as his address on a patent application for a more portable device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0027-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Joseph Menchen\nThere were two businesses at 20 Frith Street in 1915: the Cinema Auction Mart and Exchange (agents for theatre property), and the American Export Co. The latter firm imported Schacht 40 h.p. trucks from the US which were sold under the \"Patricia\" name. Gustav A. Schacht, the vice-president of the G.A. Schacht Motor Truck Company, was Menchen's brother-in-law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0027-0001", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Joseph Menchen\nIn a similar enterprise Frank J. Godsol (or Goldsoll), an associate of Menchen's from the film world, was importing Pierce-Arrow trucks into France for the French Ministry of Munitions in 1915: Godsoll was falsely accused of profiteering by the US government in 1916 and briefly imprisoned in the US from March to July 1916. Godsol was chairman of Goldwyn Pictures (later MGM) from 1919 to 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0028-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Joseph Menchen\nMenchen returned to the US in February 1917 (one reason why his firm failed to make any returns from 1916 on), and the Menchen Film Co. was wound up by notice in the London Gazette 10 Jan 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0029-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Joseph Menchen\nThe Samson Film Company had its offices at No. 20 in 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0030-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, History, Prince Edward Theatre\nThe rear of the building is close to the back of the Prince Edward Theatre on Old Crompton Street. After the theatre's construction in 1930 the Frith Street address served as the theatre's spacious dressing room wing and its rear stage door, which function it still fulfils in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0031-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, Numbering changes in Frith Street\nThe numbering in Frith Street seems to have altered more than once, but the change of address from No. 15 to No. 20 appears to be chiefly due to the building of more houses on the site of Monmouth House after it was demolished in 1773. Historical sources mentioning '20 Frith Street' around or before this date may refer to the premises of the current No. 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0032-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, Numbering changes in Frith Street\nMonmouth House was originally planned by the rebellious Duke of Monmouth in 1681\u20132, but lengthy delays meant that it wasn't completely finished (to designs by Robert Archer) until March 1719. The original grounds occupied the block between Soho Square and Queen Street (now Bateman Street), and the final plans for finishing Monmouth House allocated space for five new houses on the east side of Frith Street starting in the middle of the block, to replace the old stables. These new properties (the current Nos. 6\u201310) were numbered 1\u20135. The first two of these, Nos. 1 & 2, (currently 6 & 7) were completed in 1718 and the numbering continued on the south side of Queen Street (now Bateman Street) with 6 (presently No. 11).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0033-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, Numbering changes in Frith Street\nIt was during this period when Mozart stayed in No. 15 that the street was temporarily called Thrift Street, a possible corruption of the name of Robert Frith who laid out Soho Square in 1681. Some sources say that the street's original name was indeed Thrift Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161125-0034-0000", "contents": "20 Frith Street, Numbering changes in Frith Street\nAfter Monmouth House was pulled down in 1773, five more houses were built right at the north (Soho Square) end of the street. This ultimately resulted in Nos. 1\u20135 Frith Street being renumbered 6\u201310, and No. 15 becoming No. 20. The Hospital for Women at 30 Soho Square (at the junction of Frith Street) gradually acquired the first four houses in Frith Street in 1852, 1882 and two in 1909, with the result that No. 5 is the first 'proper' address in Frith Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161126-0000-0000", "contents": "20 GOTO 10\n20 GOTO 10 was an art gallery in operation from 2008 to 2012, founded by Christopher Abad in San Francisco, California, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161126-0001-0000", "contents": "20 GOTO 10, History\nIts name is a reference to the traditional looping 'Hello world' program written by beginner programmers. It featured both traditional and \"hacker\" art, with an emphasis on technology as art, or exhibits which make the potentially criminal or unethical aspects of computer security accessible to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161126-0002-0000", "contents": "20 GOTO 10, History\nIt received more prominent vlog, blog, and print news coverage when Kevin Olson displayed the first ever American showing of ANSI art in a physical art gallery. Jason Scott Sadofsky, creator of the BBS Documentary expressed interest in the custom LCD scrollers based on a Parallax chipset with a custom ANSI scroller to VGA output written in SPIN made solely for the ANSI gallery show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161126-0003-0000", "contents": "20 GOTO 10, History\nThe gallery was located at 679 Geary Street in San Francisco, and was defunct at this location as of Summer 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161127-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (Buddy Holly & The Crickets album)\n20 Golden Greats (also known as Buddy Holly Lives) is a greatest hits album by Buddy Holly & the Crickets first released in the United Kingdom by EMI on February 17, 1978. The songs on the UK release were licensed to EMI by MCA Records, who released the album in North America. The album is now out of print.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161127-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (Buddy Holly & The Crickets album)\nThe album became an instant success in the UK, being certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry two months after the album's release and topping the UK Albums Chart for three weeks. It was also Buddy Holly's first number 1 album on the chart. The album was somewhat less successful in the United States peaking at number 55 on the Billboard 200, but ended up crossing over to the Country Albums chart, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1983. In 2003, it was ranked number 92 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, maintaining the ranking in the 2012 update and dropping to number 166 in the 2020 reboot of the list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161128-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (Creedence Clearwater Revival album)\n20 Golden Greats was a compilation album of hits by Creedence Clearwater Revival released on the Fantasy record label in Australia and New Zealand in 1979. The album spent 2 weeks at the top of the Australian album charts in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161129-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (Diana Ross album)\n\"20 Golden Greats\" is a compilation album by Diana Ross, released on the Motown label in Europe in 1979. Although Ross had scored 22 single hits in the UK since leaving The Supremes in 1970, the album only contained the 18 solo tracks that had charted for Ross in the UK, together with the two tracks that had charted in partnership with Marvin Gaye. Both the hit singles Ease on Down (with Michael Jackson) and Pops, We Love You (with Marvin Gaye, Smokey Robinson and Stevie Wonder) were excluded in favour of solo hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161129-0000-0001", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (Diana Ross album)\nBy the time the album was released, Ross had already scored her 23rd post-Supremes hit single (her 19th solo) with It's My House, which was thus not included. The album was released just two years after the 20 Golden Greats compilation featuring 18 of her 21 UK hits with The Supremes. The album was certified Platinum in the U.K for sales in excess of 300,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161129-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (Diana Ross album)\nThe album was released for the international market and became the singer's best charting album in the UK since another greatest hits collection (released in 1976) also peaked at #2. Due to the large number of tracks included and the time limitations of the vinyl album format the running time of several titles were changed and were either slightly edited or had fade-out ends. The 20 Golden Greats album remains unreleased on CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161130-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (Nat King Cole album)\n20 Golden Greats is a greatest hits album by Nat King Cole. It was released by Capitol Records in 1978 and reached number one on the UK Albums Chart, where it was a posthumous number one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161131-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (The Beach Boys album)\n20 Golden Greats is a 1976 greatest hits album by the Beach Boys that was released in the UK by EMI's newly created TV advertising division. It became the second biggest selling album of the year, spending a total of 86 weeks on the UK Albums Chart and peaking at number one in July 1976, where it remained for 10 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161131-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (The Beach Boys album), Track listing\nTracklist corresponds to the original LP release. The 1987 CD reissue has some small differences, most notably the replacement of various Duophonic mixes with mono versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161131-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (The Beach Boys album), Chart and certifications, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161132-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (The Shadows album)\n20 Golden Greats is a compilation album by UK band The Shadows. It was released in 1977. The album was in UK charts for 43 weeks, where it gained number 1 position for 6 weeks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161132-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Golden Greats (The Shadows album)\nThe album was retitled 20 Greatest Hits for release in the Netherlands in 1980, where it reached number 2 on the album chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161133-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Good Reasons\n\"20 Good Reasons\" was the first single from Thirsty Merc's second album Slideshows. It was released on 17 March 2007 and is to date the band's highest charting single, reaching number four on the Australian Singles Chart and number seventeen on the New Zealand Singles Chart. The song was nominated for 'Song of the Year' at the 2008 APRA awards. The single was also the number one most added track to radio across Australia in March 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161133-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Good Reasons, Music video\nThe music video for \"20 Good Reasons\" features the band playing in what appears to be a gritty warehouse of some kind. Intercut with the band scenes, the clip features a few couples going through various relationship troubles, echoing the story told by the song. The music video was a MySpace feature video for Australian visitors in April 2007 in preparation and for promotion of the forthcoming full-length album Slideshows. Thistlethwayte wrote the song when arriving in New York City once. He notes he did not write it asking a question about what love or relationships are about, however wrote it saying as a statement, but with the question as to why relationships are often troubled or \"lost within all the hysteria\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161133-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Good Reasons, Lost promotion\nThe song was used in the Seven Network's advertising for the hit television series, Lost - specifically its third season, which aired in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161134-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Grandes \u00c9xitos (Los Fabulosos Cadillacs album)\n20 Grandes Exitos (English: 20 Big Hits) is the second Compilation album by Argentine rock and ska band Los Fabulosos Cadillacs, released in 1998. It is a two-CDs set covering 8 years and 6 albums plus a never-released song \"Igual a Quien\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161134-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Grandes \u00c9xitos (Los Fabulosos Cadillacs album), Reception\nThe Allmusic review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine awarded the album 4 stars stating \"20 Grandes Exitos is an excellent collection of newly-recorded versions of Los Fabulosos Cadillacs' best and best-known songs that should serve as a good introduction for the curious. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 60], "content_span": [61, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161135-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Granite Creek\n20 Granite Creek is the rock band Moby Grape's fifth album. After recording their last album for Columbia Records, Truly Fine Citizen, the band went on hiatus until 1971 when they reunited with Skip Spence and Bob Mosley and recorded this reunion album for Reprise Records; their only album for the label. David Rubinson, who produced most of the band's Columbia albums, was back as producer here, as well as serving as the band's manager.. The album title refers to an address near Santa Cruz, CA but there is no record that any band member ever lived there. The rights to this album are now owned by the band after previous manager, Matthew Katz, lost them when the band successfully sued him in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161135-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Granite Creek, Critical reception\nReviewing for Rolling Stone in 1971, music critic Richard Meltzer found the album remarkable and said that it \"proves that without an audience and with all the members of the original Grape aboard ship they can outdo Truly Fine Citizen with their eyes closed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161135-0001-0001", "contents": "20 Granite Creek, Critical reception\nBy contrast, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice found it drab and marred by kotos, but warmed to the album over time; in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), he said Moby Grape sounds intense and hopeful for a band in decline: \"You can hear the country undertone now, but you can also hear why you missed it\u2014at their most lyrical these guys never lay back, and lyricism is something they're usually rocking too hard to bother with, though their compact forms guarantee poetic justice.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album)\n20 Greatest Hits is a compilation album featuring a selection of songs by The Beatles that were number one singles in the UK and US. It was released on 11 October 1982 in the United States and 18 October in the United Kingdom and marked the 20th anniversary of The Beatles' first record release, \"Love Me Do\", in the UK in October 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0000-0001", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album)\n20 Greatest Hits was the last Beatles album to be released with variations between the U.S. and UK versions (some Beatles hits in the US were not released as singles in the UK, such as \"Eight Days a Week\" and \"Yesterday\"). There is an extremely rare 8 track tape version of this album, which approximately 10 to 15 copies still exist today. Legend has it that Capitol Records decided to pull the plug on the release at the last minute, as 8 tracks were not selling well in late 1982, and all copies were to be destroyed. However, there were a few that survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, UK edition\nThe UK version of the album comprised all 19 tracks from the 17 Beatles singles to top the UK Singles Chart (including both sides of the double A-sides \"Day Tripper\"/\"We Can Work It Out\" and \"Yellow Submarine\"/\"Eleanor Rigby\") plus the Beatles' first chart hit \"Love Me Do\", which peaked at number 17 in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, UK edition\nThe songs were presented in their original stereo mixes except for \"Love Me Do\" and \"She Loves You\", which used the Duophonic versions \u2013 the last time a new Beatles release would use such mixes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, UK edition\nAlthough many documentaries state that the first number 1 of The Beatles in England was \"Please Please Me\", the track does not appear in this collection, and also does not appear in the compilation 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, US edition\nFor the US LP, catalogue number SV 12245, a five-minute edited version of \"Hey Jude\" was used due to time constraints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, US edition\nThe American version of this LP was also released in other countries, although the track list does not reflect the local number ones. For instance, in Canada \"Can't Buy Me Love\" only reached No. 3 on the CHUM singles charts, and the Canadian No. 1 hits \"All My Loving\" and \"This Boy\" are omitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, US edition\nThe New Zealand version was the same as the American one although originally EMI (NZ) was going to issue the UK version. The covers were printed in New Zealand but the inner sleeve was imported from the U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, US edition\nThe original issues of this album accidentally indicates the running time of \"Yesterday\" as being 1:04 in length. Later issues have the correct 2:04 running time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, US edition\nThe album featured the first US appearance of \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" and \"I Feel Fine\" in true stereo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, Other versions\nIn 1979 and 1980, a similar album called 20 Golden Hits was issued in many countries outside Britain and the U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, Other versions\nIn Australia, a 23-track alternate version of this album, with bonus EP, was issued titled The Number Ones, released in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Releases, Other versions\nThis single-disc compilation was supplanted by the later single-CD album 1 with all 27 of the 28 Beatles songs that were number one on either side of the Atlantic including George Harrison's \"Something\" that was absent from the original collection. Harrison's \"For You Blue\", the B-Side of \"The Long and Winding Road,\" which was also charted in the top spot by Billboard, was not included on that album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161136-0012-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Beatles album), Track listing, US edition\nNote: On the US Cassette (EMI-Capitol C4-12245) \"Penny Lane\" is track 13, but appears at the end of Side 1, rather than the beginning of Side 2. On the original United States LP and Canadian cassette versions of the album \"Hey Jude\" was edited 5:09 due to time constraints. The United States cassette edition contains the full version of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161137-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Glen Campbell album)\n20 Greatest Hits contains single and album tracks recorded by Glen Campbell between 1965 and 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161138-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Kenny Rogers album)\n20 Greatest Hits is a compilation album by Kenny Rogers released by Liberty Records in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161138-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Kenny Rogers album), Overview\n20 Greatest Hits marks Rogers' third compilation album as a solo artist. This compilation covers the entire span of Rogers' glorious chart run through the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161138-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Kenny Rogers album), Overview\nAmong the 20 tracks on the album is Rogers' early smash hit \"Lucille\", which made Rogers a world-famous solo superstar. \"The Gambler\" \u2013 Rogers' chart-topping story song \u2013 also makes an appearance. The single that first appeared on Rogers' first solo Greatest Hits collection in 1980, \"Lady\" also makes it onto the album, as does \"Love Lifted Me\" from 1976 (his first solo single in ten years following his split with The First Edition).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161138-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Kenny Rogers album), Overview\nAlso included are popular duets with Sheena Easton (\"We've Got Tonight\"), Kim Carnes (\"Don't Fall in Love with a Dreamer\"), and Dottie West (\"Till I Can Make It on My Own\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161138-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Kenny Rogers album), Overview\nBased on hit singles from the Billboard charts, this is the strongest Kenny Rogers single disc compilation album released. Another version came in 1987 (see below). It was also re-released on CD in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161138-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Kenny Rogers album), Reissue\nIn 1987, Liberty issued a new disc featuring five additional tracks, covering Rogers' newest hits up to that point. The new tracks are the last five, including the title single \"Love Is What We Make It\" and \"Sweet Music Man\", the latter penned by Rogers himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161139-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Simon & Garfunkel album)\n20 Greatest Hits is the third compilation album of greatest hits by Simon & Garfunkel, released in Australia and Asia in August 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161140-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (The Dubliners album)\n20 Greatest Hits is an album by The Dubliners re-released on 7 January 2013. The album charted at No.100 in the Irish Album Charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161141-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Tom Jones album)\n20 Greatest Hits (subtitled The Tenth Anniversary Album) is a 1975 compilation album by Tom Jones. As the subtitle suggests, it had been ten years since Jones' first hit, \"It's Not Unusual\" in 1965. With a copyright date of 1974, the album was released in the UK on 28 February 1975. It reached No.1 on the charts in March for four consecutive weeks and was certified Gold, becoming his biggest album to that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161141-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Greatest Hits (Tom Jones album)\nHalf of the album's 20 tracks were top 10 hits, including two number ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161142-0000-0000", "contents": "20 High Street, Nantwich\n20 High Street is a grade-II-listed Georgian building in Nantwich, Cheshire, England, which dates from the late 18th\u00a0century. It stands on the west side of the High Street (at ). In the 18th century, the building was used as an inn and a venue for cock-fighting; it later became a private house and subsequently a shop. The site is believed to have been near the town's Norman castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161142-0001-0000", "contents": "20 High Street, Nantwich\nThe town contains many other Georgian listed buildings, most of which were built as town houses; good examples include 9 Mill Street, Dysart Buildings on Monks Lane, and Townwell House and number 83 on Welsh Row. Number 20 is one of the few examples on the High Street, which is known for its many Elizabethan timber-framed buildings, including Regent and Warwick House and the grade-I-listed Crown Inn, which both stand near number 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161142-0002-0000", "contents": "20 High Street, Nantwich, History\nThe present building is thought to stand near the site of the Norman Nantwich Castle. Built before 1180, the castle is believed to have been located on slightly elevated ground between the River Weaver and the modern High Street and Castle Street, probably in the vicinity of number 20 and the Crown Inn. The castle was last recorded in 1462.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161142-0003-0000", "contents": "20 High Street, Nantwich, History\nThe existing building dates from the late 18th century. It was formerly the Griffin Inn, which was the town's cock-fighting venue in the 18th century. In the late 19th century the building was a private residence. In the early 20th century it was Densem's, a men's outfitter's. It has been a branch of The Edinburgh Woollen Mill since at least 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161142-0004-0000", "contents": "20 High Street, Nantwich, Description\nIn red brick with stone dressings, the building has two storeys with an attic. The single shallow gable is finished as a pediment and has a stone cornice decorated with modillions. The prominent Venetian window on the first floor has narrow flanking pilasters, and there is also a lunette (semicircular) window to the pediment; both windows have stone surrounds. The ground floor has a modern shop front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161143-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Hits Special Collection, Vol. 1\n20 Hits Special Collection, Vol. 1 is a greatest hits album by American country music singer and songwriter Hank Williams, Jr. This album was released on November 7, 1995, on the Curb Records label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161144-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Hours in America\n\"20 Hours in America\" is the two-part fourth season premiere of The West Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161144-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Hours in America, Plot\nThe episode opens with President Josiah Bartlet giving a speech in Indiana during his re-election campaign, while Toby and Josh converse in a field with a farmer named Cathy (played by Amy Adams). They realize that the Presidential motorcade that was transporting them between campaign stops has gone without them, leaving them, along with Donna who was sent to fetch them, stranded. Much of the episode deals with the trio's attempts to get home; however, their journey is delayed by several mishaps (Cathy's truck runs out of biodiesel, they miss their plane due to confusion over Indiana's time zones, they board the wrong train, etc.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161144-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Hours in America, Plot\nAs their journey continues and Josh and Toby debate campaign strategy (eventually concluding that the election should be about the voters' everyday concerns, and not about Bartlet vs. Ritchie), the three of them are exposed to the culture of rural Indiana. Josh and Toby remain largely oblivious to the problems of the people around them, until they meet Matt Kelley, an affable man in a bar who is concerned about how he's going to pay for his daughter's college tuition. This sets into motion a storyline that continues across later episodes, as Josh and Toby, inspired by their conversation with Matt, later spearhead an attempt to make tuition tax deductible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161144-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Hours in America, Plot\nMeanwhile, an exhausted and overworked Sam Seaborn is supposed to be taking the day off for some much-needed sleep, but Josh instead enlists him to staff the President until they return from their escapade in Indiana. Sam is eventually left with a new appreciation for the intelligence Josh must use on a daily basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161144-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Hours in America, Plot\nAt the White House, the President deals with minor crises both home and abroad:  A dip in the stock market makes the President superstitious about meeting a man who met with President Hoover just before the stock market crash of '29, and the President later receives news that the Qumar Government is to reopen an inquiry into the disappearance of the Defense Minister's plane. Increasingly disturbed, he is nonetheless reassured by Admiral Fitzwallace that they have successfully covered their tracks. Qumar, however, falsely claims that it has found an Israeli Air Force parachute, in an attempt to provoke a military confrontation with Israel through a false flag operation. Fitzwallace and McGarry agree that they cannot exonerate Israel and denounce the false evidence without admitting their own culpability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161144-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Hours in America, Plot\nMeanwhile, C.J. approaches Charlie about taking over Simon's role as a big brother to a young black man, Anthony, who has started to act up as a way to cope with Simon's death. Charlie is at first unwilling to lend his new-found free time to volunteer, but when Anthony lashes out at C.J., Charlie has a dramatic change of heart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161144-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Hours in America, Plot\nLater in the episode, a report comes in that two pipe bombs have exploded during a college swim meet, killing 44 people and injuring over 100. Everyone is disturbed by this event, but it inspires Sam to write a powerfully up-lifting speech, which the President delivers to great effect. Part of the content of this speech is actually spoken by Bartlet earlier in the first episode. Bruno Gianelli refers to Sam as a 'freak' for being able to write the most moving portion of the speech during the ride to the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161144-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Hours in America, Plagiarism incident\nOn May 6, 2006, NBC Sports aired a special program before the Kentucky Derby that plagiarized two passages from the speech that Sam writes for the President following the explosion of the pipe bombs in \"20 Hours in America, Part II\". The freelance writer responsible for the plagiarism was fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161145-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Hoxton Square\n20 Projects, formerly 20 Hoxton Square Projects, was an east London art gallery run by Alex Dellal. Launched in 2007, 20 Projects was a collaborative project space, operating as a platform for emerging contemporary artists, whilst also acting as a creative hub for collaborative and independent projects. The physical location at 20 Hoxton Square is in the former hall of the Catholic Church of St Monica. The building was designed by the London architectural firm DOSarchitects", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161146-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Hrs., 40 Min.\n20 Hrs. 40\u00a0Min. : Our Flight in the Friendship is a book written by pioneering aviator Amelia Earhart. It was first published in 1928 by G. P. Putnam's Sons, but has continued to be reprinted in periodic new editions. A special \"Author's Autograph Edition\" of 150 signed and numbered copies was also produced in 1928. Wilmer Stultz was the pilot. Each copy of this special edition contained a miniature silk American flag carried by Earhart in her flight on the Friendship from Boston to Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161146-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Hrs., 40 Min.\nIn this book, Earhart writes about her experiences as a passenger in the Friendship, which made her the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air in 1928 (she later accomplished the feat in a solo flight). Earhart combines actual log entries made during the flight with recollections of her childhood and how she first became interested in aviation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161146-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Hrs., 40 Min.\nTowards the end of the book, Earhart has a chapter entitled \"Women in Aviation.\" In this chapter she writes,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161146-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Hrs., 40 Min.\nPossibly the feature of aviation which may appeal most to thoughtful women is its potentiality for peace. The term is not merely an airy phrase. Isolation breeds distrust and differences of outlook. Anything which tends to annihilate distance destroys isolation, and brings the world and its peoples closer together. I think aviation has a chance to increase intimacy, understanding, and far-flung friendships thus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161146-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Hrs., 40 Min.\n20 Hrs. 40 Min. was the first of two books Earhart would write in her lifetime; the other being 1932's The Fun of It. A third book credited to her, Last Flight, was published posthumously and consisted of diary entries from her ill-fated 1937 flight around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161146-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Hrs., 40 Min.\nNational Geographic republished the work in 2003 under its National Geographic Adventure Classics imprint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161147-0000-0000", "contents": "20 ITK 40 VKT\nThe 20 ItK 40 VKT or 20 mm dual anti-aircraft cannon model 1940 manufactured by VKT was a Finnish light anti-aircraft gun designed by the Finnish gunsmith Aimo Lahti. As the only multi-barrel 20\u00a0mm anti-aircraft gun 20 ItK 40 VKT was the most effective 20\u00a0mm air defence weapon used by the Finnish Army during World War II. A total of 174 guns were built, used in training until the 1970s and kept in reserve until 1988. The gun received the nickname Vekotin (gadget) from Finnish soldiers. The nickname was reached by adding to the abbreviation of manufacturer, VKT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161147-0001-0000", "contents": "20 ITK 40 VKT, Background\nThe 20 ItK 40 VKT is a dual anti-aircraft gun designed by Aimo Lahti. The gun barrels and mechanisms are based on the L-39 anti-tank rifle converted from semi-automatic to full automatic fire and with the stock and barrel shroud removed. A prototype L-39 anti-aircraft gun was completed just before the Winter War, but Lahti made some improvements to the design and the mass-production version was designated L-40. Airforce headquarters ordered a series of 50 guns from Valtion Kiv\u00e4\u00e4ritehdas (VKT, State Rifle Factory) in January 1940 and a further 120 guns in June 1941. Production was delayed, however, and the first guns were finished only in 1943. Of the total number of 174 guns, 155 were produced in 1943 and 19 in 1944. The guns were distributed to units in small batches soon after they were completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161147-0002-0000", "contents": "20 ITK 40 VKT, Design\nUnlike the L-39 anti-tank rifle, weapons in the 20 ItK 40 VKT are designed for full-automatic fire and so do not suffer from the similar structural weaknesses as the full-automatic conversion L-39/44 anti-aircraft rifles. The rate of fire for the gun is adjustable, with a maximum cyclic rate of 2 \u00d7 700 rounds per minute, and a more commonly used rate of 2 \u00d7 360 rounds per minute. The gun is loaded from 20 round magazines, with an empty weight of 5.6\u00a0kg and 11\u201312\u00a0kg full, depending on the type of ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161147-0002-0001", "contents": "20 ITK 40 VKT, Design\nThe 20\u00d7138B Long Solothurn cartridge used in 20 ItK 40 VKT was also used in the L-39 anti-tank rifle as well as the other 20\u00a0mm anti-aircraft guns, the 20 ITK 30 and 20 ITK 35, used by field army units. The gun sight, designed by Osmo Niskanen and manufactured by Str\u00f6mberg company, was not entirely satisfactory and was more complicated to use than the sight in the German 20 ITK 30. The gun trailer was also problematic, as it was rather frail and offered a ground clearance of only 20\u00a0cm. Thus the towing speed was limited to 30\u201340\u00a0km/h and the mobility of the gun was limited. Equipment used with the gun included spare magazines with a transport case, gun tarpaulin, a transport case for the gun sight and a toolkit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161147-0003-0000", "contents": "20 ITK 40 VKT, Service use\nThe 20 ItK 40 VKT was used by Finnish light anti-aircraft batteries in Continuation War and Lapland War along with other 20\u00a0mm guns. At the end of the war the 20 ItK 40 VKT was the most numerous field army 20\u00a0mm anti-aircraft gun (the 20 mm Madsen was more numerous, but used primarily by navy and coastal artillery or at the home front). The guns made through the war mostly intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161147-0003-0001", "contents": "20 ITK 40 VKT, Service use\nAfter the war the 20 ItK 40 VKT was considered to be the only still satisfactory 20\u00a0mm anti-aircraft gun, although it was recommended to re-design the gun sight. The re-design was realized in 1955 when a new m/55 pendulum ring sight was accepted into service. The same sight was also later used on 20 ITK 30. The 20 ItK 40 VKT was used in training until the 1970s and they were kept in storage as reserve weapons until 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161148-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Inolvidables (Los Bukis and Los Temerarios album)\n20 Inolvidables (Eng. : 20 Unforgettables) is a compilation album released by the Mexican groups Los Bukis and Los Temerarios. This album became the second number-one album for Los Bukis and the fourth for Los Temerarios in the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161148-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Inolvidables (Los Bukis and Los Temerarios album), Track listing\nAll tracks performed by Los Bukis were written by Marco Antonio Sol\u00eds and the tracks performed by Los Temerarios written by Adolfo Angel Alba, unless otherwise noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161149-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Jahre \u2013 Live in Frankfurt\n20 Jahre\u00a0\u2013 Live in Frankfurt is the fourth live album by German rock band B\u00f6hse Onkelz. It was recorded on 3 March 2001 at the Festhalle  Frankfurt. The concert should have taken place on 25 November 2000, the 20th anniversary of the B\u00f6hse Onkelz. It had to be moved because singer Kevin Russell had a car accident a few days before the concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161149-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Jahre \u2013 Live in Frankfurt\nThe DVD was the worldwide first live album which supports Dolby Digital Surround EX (6.1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats\n20 Jazz Funk Greats is the third studio album by British industrial music group Throbbing Gristle, released in December 1979 by the band's label Industrial Records. It is known for its tongue-in-cheek title and artwork, and has been hailed as the band's best work, with UK magazine Fact naming it the best album of the 1970s, and Pitchfork naming it the best industrial album of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Recording\n20 Jazz Funk Greats is the band's first full studio album, as prior albums contained both live and studio recordings. The production is credited to \"Sinclair/Brooks\". The album was recorded on a 16-track borrowed from Paul McCartney after Peter Christopherson had worked on artwork for McCartney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Recording\nThe album was produced using electronic musical instruments and effects units, primarily from Roland and Boss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Artwork and title\nThe album's cover photograph was taken at Beachy Head, a chalk headland on the south coast of England known as one of the world's most notorious suicide spots. In a 2012 interview, Cosey explained the album cover and tongue-in-cheek title:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Artwork and title\nWe did the cover so it was a pastiche of something you would find in a Woolworth\u2019s bargain bin. We took the photograph at the most famous suicide spot in England, called Beachy Head. So, the picture is not what it seems, it is not so nicey nicey at all, and neither is the music once you take it home and buy it. We had this idea in mind that someone quite innocently would come along to a record store and see [the record] and think they would be getting 20 really good jazz/funk greats, and then they would put it on at home and they would just get decimated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Artwork and title\nThe 1981 issue of the album released on Fetish Records featured an alternate version of the cover art in which an apparently dead and naked male body is seen lying in front of the band. In 2013, Radiohead graphic designer Stanley Donwood selected the artwork as his favourite album cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Critical reception\nReviewing the album for Pitchfork, Drew Daniel praised 20 Jazz Funk Greats as Throbbing Gristle's peak, writing that \"it's in the pathos of their promiscuous liasions with the forbidden territory of various forms of 'real music' that this album generates a weirdly gripping power of its own.\" He continued, \"20 Jazz Funk Greats finds the band waking up from D.O.A's dark night of the soul and feeling curiously frisky. Snacking on not only the titular funk and jazz, the band also takes touristic zig zags through exotica, rock and disco\", ultimately describing it as a \"kitsch detour toward mutant disco\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0006-0001", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Critical reception\nAllMusic writer Paul Simpson wrote, \"Thoroughly exciting and immeasurably influential, 20 Jazz Funk Greats is easily Throbbing Gristle's crowning achievement, and one of the highlights of the post-punk era.\" In a retrospective review of Throbbing Gristle's discography for Uncut, Michael Bonner stated that \"Musically, it turned away from the precipice; not exactly jazz and funk, but sublimating TG\u2019s noise elements within electronic rhythms and proto-exotica. Album highlight \"Hot on the Heels of Love\" is convincingly Moroder-esque disco, Cosey breathing sweet nothings amid bubbling synthesisers and whip-crack snare. Elsewhere, P-Orridge mines a lyrical seam of control and domination.\" Dusted Magazine described the album as \"a deliberate attempt to toy with the ideas behind marketing strategy and the purpose of musical genres.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Critical reception\nPitchfork ranked 20 Jazz Funk Greats at number 91 on its list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1970s. UK magazine Fact named it the best album of the 1970s, writing that \"This album is a rupture. It's an open crack into the unpronounceable dimensions into which tumble important streams of 20th century pop, art and underground culture, to seethe around each other, mingling, festering, sprouting new and unpredictable forms which in turn would ooze out to infest vast sections of what comes after.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Critical reception\nIn June 2019, Pitchfork named 20 Jazz Funk Greats as the best industrial album of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Throbbing Gristle (Genesis P-Orridge, Cosey Fanni Tutti, Chris Carter, Peter Christopherson).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161150-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Jazz Funk Greats, Equipment\nRoland equipment used on the album included a SRE-555 Chorus Echo effects unit, SH-7 Synth, CSQ 100 music sequencer, CR-78 CompuRhythm drum machine, System-100M (M-191J) modular synthesizer rack and 100M M-181 electronic keyboard. Boss equipment included a PH-1 phaser effects pedal, DR-55 Dr. Rhythm drum machine, KM-4 mixer, CE-2 Chorus pedal and BF-2 Flanger. Other equipment included a Simmons ClapTrap, Auratone 5C speakers, JVC amplifier, TEAC cassette deck, Seck 6-2 audio mixer and Casio M10 keyboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0000-0000", "contents": "20 July plot\nOn 20 July 1944, Claus von Stauffenberg and other conspirators attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler, F\u00fchrer of Nazi Germany, inside his Wolf's Lair field headquarters near Rastenburg, East Prussia. The name Operation Valkyrie\u2014originally referring to part of the conspiracy\u2014has become associated with the entire event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0001-0000", "contents": "20 July plot\nThe apparent aim of the assassination attempt was to wrest political control of Germany and its armed forces from the Nazi Party (including the SS) and to make peace with the Western Allies as soon as possible. The details of the conspirators' peace initiatives remain unknown, but they would have included unrealistic demands for the confirmation of Germany's extensive annexations of European territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0002-0000", "contents": "20 July plot\nThe plot was the culmination of efforts by several groups in the German resistance to overthrow the Nazi German government. The failure of the assassination attempt and the intended military coup d'\u00e9tat that was to follow led the Gestapo to arrest more than 7,000\u00a0people, 4980 of whom were executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0003-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background\nSince 1938, there had been groups plotting an overthrow of some kind within the German Army and in the German Military Intelligence Organization. Early leaders of these plots included Major General Hans Oster, Colonel General Ludwig Beck and Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben. Oster was the deputy head of the Military Intelligence Office. Beck was a former Chief of Staff of the German Army High Command (OKH). Von Witzleben was the former commander of the German 1st Army and the former Commander-in-Chief of the German Army Command in the West. They soon established contacts with several prominent civilians, including Carl Goerdeler, the former mayor of Leipzig, and Helmuth James von Moltke, the great-grandnephew of Moltke the Elder, hero of the Franco-Prussian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0004-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background\nGroups of military plotters exchanged ideas with civilian, political, and intellectual resistance groups in the Kreisauer Kreis (which met at the von Moltke estate in Kreisau) and in other secret circles. Moltke was against killing Hitler; instead, he wanted him placed on trial. Moltke said, \"we are all amateurs and would only bungle it\". Moltke also believed killing Hitler would be hypocritical: Hitler and National Socialism had turned wrongdoing into a system, something which the resistance should avoid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0005-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background\nPlans to stage an overthrow and prevent Hitler from launching a new world war were developed in 1938 and 1939, but were aborted because of the indecision of Army General Franz Halder and Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch, and the failure of the Western powers to oppose Hitler's aggression until 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0006-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background\nIn 1942, a new conspiratorial group formed, led by Colonel Henning von Tresckow, a member of Field Marshal Fedor von Bock's staff, who commanded Army Group Centre in Operation Barbarossa. Tresckow systematically recruited oppositionists into the Group's staff, making it the nerve centre of the army resistance. Little could be done against Hitler as he was heavily guarded, and none of the plotters could get near enough to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0007-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background\nDuring 1942, Oster and Tresckow nevertheless succeeded in rebuilding an effective resistance network. Their most important recruit was General Friedrich Olbricht, head of the General Army Office headquarters at the Bendlerblock in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units throughout Germany. Linking this asset to Tresckow's resistance group in Army Group Centre created a viable coup apparatus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0008-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background\nIn late 1942, Tresckow and Olbricht formulated a plan to assassinate Hitler and stage an overthrow during Hitler's visit to the headquarters of Army Group Centre at Smolensk in March 1943, by placing a bomb on his plane (Operation Spark). The bomb failed to detonate, and a second attempt a week later with Hitler at an exhibition of captured Soviet weaponry in Berlin also failed. These failures demoralised the conspirators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0008-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, Background\nDuring 1943 Tresckow tried without success to recruit senior army field commanders such as Field Marshal Erich von Manstein and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, to support a seizure of power. Tresckow, in particular, worked on his Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Centre, Field Marshal G\u00fcnther von Kluge, to persuade him to move against Hitler and at times succeeded in gaining his consent, only to find him indecisive at the last minute. However, despite their refusals, none of the Field Marshals reported their treasonous activities to the Gestapo or Hitler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0009-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background, Motivation and goals, Opposition to Hitler and to Nazi policies\nWhile the main goal of the plotters was to remove Hitler from power, they did so for various reasons. The majority of the group behind the 20 July plot were conservative nationalists\u2014idealists, but not necessarily of a democratic stripe. Martin Borschat portrays their motivations to a matter of aristocratic resentment, writing that the plot was mainly carried out by conservative elites who were initially integrated by the Nazi government but during the war lost their influence and were concerned about regaining it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 89], "content_span": [90, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0009-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, Background, Motivation and goals, Opposition to Hitler and to Nazi policies\nHowever, at least in Stauffenberg's case, the conviction that Nazi Germany's atrocities against civilians and prisoners of war were a dishonour to the nation and its military was likely a major motivating factor. Historian Judith Michel assesses the circle around the July 20 Group as a diverse and heterogeneous group that included liberal democrats, conservatives, social democrats, authoritarian aristocrats, and even communists. The common goal was to overthrow Hitler's regime and bring the war to a swift end. Evidence of this is also that Stauffenberg, before the attempted coup in April, agreed to cooperate with the Operative F\u00fchrung of the KPD, which remained in Germany. Contacts were established through the Social Democrats Adolf Reichwein and Julius Leber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 89], "content_span": [90, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0010-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background, Motivation and goals, Territorial demands\nAmong demands initially countenanced by the plotters for issue towards the Allies were such points as re-establishment of Germany's 1914 boundaries with Belgium, France and Poland and no reparations. Plotters' demands meant a return to pre-1939 German borders; it seems highly unlikely that the Allies would have accepted such enormous demands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0010-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, Background, Motivation and goals, Territorial demands\nLike most of the rest of German resistance, the July 20th plotters believed in the idea of Greater Germany and as a condition for peace demanded that the western allies recognize as a minimum the incorporation of Austria, Alsace-Lorraine, Sudetenland, and the annexation of Polish-inhabited territories that Germany ceded to Poland after 1918, with the restoration of some of the overseas colonies. They believed that Europe should be controlled under German hegemony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0011-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background, Motivation and goals, Territorial demands\nThe overall goals towards Poland were mixed within the plotters. Most of the plotters found it desirable to restore the old German borders of 1914, while others pointed out that the demands were unrealistic and amendments had to be made. Some like Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg even wanted all of Poland annexed to Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0012-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background, Motivation and goals, Territorial demands\nTo Poland, which was fighting against Nazi Germany with both its army and government in exile, the territorial demands and traditional nationalistic visions of resistance were not much different from the racist policies of Hitler. Stauffenberg, as one of the leaders of the plot, stated five years before the coup in 1939 during the Poland campaign: \"It is essential that we begin a systemic colonisation in Poland. But I have no fear that this will not occur.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0013-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Background, Motivation and goals, Political vision of post-Hitler Germany\nMany members of the plot had helped the Nazis gain power and shared revisionist foreign policy goals pursued by Hitler, and even at the time of the plot were anti-democratic, hoping to replace Hitler with a conservative-authoritarian government involving aristocratic rule. They opposed popular legitimation or mass participation in governance of the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 87], "content_span": [88, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0014-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, Von Stauffenberg joins\nBy mid-1943, the tide of war was turning decisively against Germany. The army plotters and their civilian allies became convinced that Hitler should be assassinated, so that a government acceptable to the western Allies could be formed, and a separate peace negotiated in time to prevent a Soviet invasion of Germany. In August 1943, Tresckow met, for the first time, a young staff officer named Lieutenant Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg. Severely wounded in North Africa, Claus von Stauffenberg was a political conservative and zealous German nationalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0015-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, Von Stauffenberg joins\nFrom early 1942, he had come to share two basic convictions with many military officers: that Germany was being led to disaster and that Hitler's removal from power was necessary. After the Battle of Stalingrad in December 1942, despite his religious scruples, he concluded that the F\u00fchrer's assassination was a lesser moral evil than Hitler's remaining in power. Stauffenberg brought a new tone of decisiveness to the ranks of the resistance movement. When Tresckow was assigned to the Eastern Front, Stauffenberg took charge of planning and executing the assassination attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0016-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, New plan\nOlbricht now put forward a new strategy for staging a coup against Hitler. The Replacement Army (Ersatzheer) had an operational plan called Operation Valkyrie, which was to be used in the event that the disruption caused by the Allied bombing of German cities would cause a breakdown in law and order, or an uprising by the millions of forced labourers from occupied countries now being used in German factories. Olbricht suggested that this plan could be used to mobilise the Reserve Army for the purpose of the coup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0017-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, New plan\nIn August and September 1943, Tresckow drafted the \"revised\" Valkyrie plan and new supplementary orders. A secret declaration began with these words: \"The F\u00fchrer Adolf Hitler is dead! A treacherous group of party leaders has attempted to exploit the situation by attacking our embattled soldiers from the rear in order to seize power for themselves.\" Detailed instructions were written for occupation of government ministries in Berlin, Heinrich Himmler's headquarters in East Prussia, radio stations and telephone offices, and other Nazi apparatus through military districts, and concentration camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0018-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, New plan\nPreviously, it was believed that Stauffenberg was mainly responsible for the Valkyrie plan, but documents recovered by the Soviet Union after the war and released in 2007 suggest that the plan was developed by Tresckow by autumn of 1943. All written information was handled by Tresckow's wife, Erika, and by Margarethe von Oven, his secretary. Both women wore gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints. On at least two other occasions Tresckow had tried to assassinate the F\u00fchrer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0018-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, New plan\nThe first plan was to shoot him during dinner at the army base camp, but this plan was aborted because it was widely believed that Hitler wore a bullet-proof vest. The conspirators also considered poisoning him, but this was not possible because his food was specially prepared and tasted. They concluded that a time bomb was the only option.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0019-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, New plan\nOperation Valkyrie could only be put into effect by General Friedrich Fromm, commander of the Reserve Army, so he must either be won over to the conspiracy or in some way neutralised if the plan was to succeed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0020-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, Previous failed attempts\nDuring 1943 and early 1944 von Tresckow and von Stauffenberg organised at least five attempts to get one of the military conspirators near enough to Hitler, for long enough to kill him with hand grenades, bombs, or a revolver:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0021-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, Previous failed attempts\nAs the war situation deteriorated, Hitler no longer appeared in public and rarely visited Berlin. He spent most of his time at his headquarters at the Wolfsschanze near Rastenburg in East Prussia, with occasional breaks at his Bavarian mountain retreat Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden. In both places, he was heavily guarded and rarely saw people he did not know or trust. Himmler and the Gestapo were increasingly suspicious of plots against Hitler and rightly suspected the officers of the General Staff, which was indeed the source of many conspiracies against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0022-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, Preparations\nBy the summer of 1944, the Gestapo was closing in on the conspirators. When Stauffenberg sent Tresckow a message through Lieutenant Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort asking whether there was any reason for trying to assassinate Hitler given that no political purpose would be served, Tresckow's response was: \"The assassination must be attempted, co\u00fbte que co\u00fbte [whatever the cost]. Even if it fails, we must take action in Berlin\u200a\u2060,\u2060 \u2060for the practical purpose no longer matters; what matters now is that the German resistance movement must take the plunge before the eyes of the world and of history. Compared to that, nothing else matters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0023-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, Preparations\nHimmler had at least one conversation with a known oppositionist when, in August 1943, the Prussian Finance Minister Johannes Popitz, who was involved in Goerdeler's network, came to see him and offered him the support of the opposition if he would make a move to displace Hitler and secure a negotiated end to the war. Nothing came of this meeting, but Popitz was not immediately arrested (although he was later executed towards the end of the war), and Himmler apparently did nothing to track down the resistance network which he knew was operating within the state bureaucracy. It is possible that Himmler, who by late 1943 knew that the war was unwinnable, allowed the plot to go ahead in the belief that if it succeeded he would be Hitler's successor, and could then bring about a peace settlement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0024-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, Preparations\nPopitz was not alone in seeing Himmler as a potential ally. General von Bock advised Tresckow to seek his support, but there is no evidence that he did so. Goerdeler was apparently also in indirect contact with Himmler via a mutual acquaintance, Carl Langbehn. Wilhelm Canaris biographer Heinz H\u00f6hne suggests that Canaris and Himmler were working together to bring about a change of regime, but this remains speculation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0025-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planning a coup, Preparations\nTresckow and the inner circle of plotters had no intention of removing Hitler just to see him replaced by the dreaded and ruthless SS chief, and the plan was to kill them both if possible\u2014to the extent that Stauffenberg's first attempt on 11 July was aborted because Himmler was not present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0026-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Countdown to Stauffenberg's attempt, First week of July\nOn Saturday, 1 July 1944 Stauffenberg was appointed Chief of Staff to General Fromm at the Reserve Army headquarters on Bendlerstra\u00dfe in central Berlin. This position enabled Stauffenberg to attend Hitler's military conferences, either at the Wolfsschanze in East Prussia or at Berchtesgaden, and would thus give him an opportunity, perhaps the last that would present itself, to kill Hitler with a bomb or a pistol. Meanwhile, new key allies had been gained. These included General Carl-Heinrich von St\u00fclpnagel, the German military commander in France, who would take control in Paris when Hitler was killed, and it was hoped, negotiate an immediate armistice with the invading Allied armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 69], "content_span": [70, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0027-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Countdown to Stauffenberg's attempt, Aborted attempts\nThe plot was now fully prepared. On 7 July 1944 General Helmuth Stieff was to kill Hitler at a display of new uniforms at Klessheim castle near Salzburg. However, Stieff felt unable to kill Hitler. Stauffenberg now decided to do both: to assassinate Hitler, wherever he was, and to manage the plot in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0028-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Countdown to Stauffenberg's attempt, Aborted attempts\nOn 14 July Stauffenberg attended Hitler's conferences carrying a bomb in his briefcase, but because the conspirators had decided that Heinrich Himmler and Hermann G\u00f6ring should be killed simultaneously if the planned mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie was to have a chance to succeed, he held back at the last minute because Himmler was not present. In fact, it was unusual for Himmler to attend military conferences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0029-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Countdown to Stauffenberg's attempt, Aborted attempts\nBy 15 July, when Stauffenberg again flew to the Wolfsschanze, this condition had been dropped. The plan was for Stauffenberg to plant the briefcase with the bomb in Hitler's conference room with a timer running, excuse himself from the meeting, wait for the explosion, then fly back to Berlin and join the other plotters at the Bendlerblock. Operation Valkyrie would be mobilised, the Reserve Army would take control of Germany and the other Nazi leaders would be arrested. Beck would be appointed provisional head of state, Goerdeler would be chancellor, and Witzleben would be commander-in-chief of the armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0030-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Countdown to Stauffenberg's attempt, Aborted attempts\nAgain on 15 July, the attempt was called off at the last minute. Himmler and G\u00f6ring were present, but Hitler was called out of the room at the last moment. Stauffenberg was able to intercept the bomb and prevent its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0031-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Operation Valkyrie\nOn 18 July rumours reached Stauffenberg that the Gestapo had knowledge of the conspiracy and that he might be arrested at any time\u2014this was apparently not true, but there was a sense that the net was closing in and that the next opportunity to kill Hitler must be taken because there might not be another. On the morning of 20 July Stauffenberg flew back to the Wolfsschanze for another Hitler military conference, once again with a bomb in his briefcase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0032-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Operation Valkyrie\nAt around 12:30\u00a0pm as the conference began, Stauffenberg asked to use a washroom in Wilhelm Keitel's office, saying that he had to change his shirt, which indeed was soaked through with sweat, it being a very hot day. There, assisted by von Haeften, he used pliers to crush the end of a pencil detonator inserted into a 1 kilogram (2.2\u00a0lb) block of plastic explosive wrapped in brown paper, that was prepared by Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0032-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Operation Valkyrie\nThe detonator consisted of a thin copper tube containing cupric chloride that would take about ten minutes to silently eat through wire holding back the firing pin from the percussion cap. It was slow going due to war wounds that had cost Stauffenberg an eye, his right hand, and two fingers on his left hand. Interrupted by a guard knocking on the door advising him that the meeting was about to begin, he was not able to prime the second bomb, which he gave to his aide-de-camp, Werner von Haeften.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0033-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Operation Valkyrie\nStauffenberg placed the single primed bomb inside his briefcase and, with the unwitting assistance of Major Ernst John von Freyend, entered the conference room containing Hitler and 20 officers, positioning the briefcase under the table near Hitler. After a few minutes, Stauffenberg received a planned telephone call and left the room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0033-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Operation Valkyrie\nIt is presumed that Colonel Heinz Brandt, who was standing next to Hitler, used his foot to move the briefcase aside by pushing it behind the leg of the conference table, thus unwittingly deflecting the blast from Hitler but causing the loss of one of his legs and his own demise when the bomb detonated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0034-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Operation Valkyrie\nAt 12:42 the bomb detonated, demolishing the conference room and killing a stenographer instantly. More than 20 people in the room were injured with three officers later perishing. Hitler survived, as did everyone else who was shielded from the blast by the conference table leg. His trousers were singed and tattered (see photograph below) and he suffered from a perforated eardrum, as did most of the other 24 people in the room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0035-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Escape from the Wolf's Lair and flight to Berlin\nStauffenberg was seen leaving the conference building by Kurt Salterberg, a soldier on guard duty who did not consider this out of the ordinary as attendees sometimes left to collect documents. He then saw a \"massive\" cloud of smoke, wood splinters and paper and men being hurled through a window and door. Stauffenberg, upon witnessing the explosion and smoke, erroneously assumed that Hitler was truly dead. He then climbed into a staff car with his aide Werner von Haeften and managed to bluff his way past three checkpoints to exit the Wolfsschanze complex. Werner von Haeften then tossed the second unprimed bomb into the forest as they made a dash for Rastenburg airfield, reaching it before it could be realised that Stauffenberg could be responsible for the explosion. By 13:00 he was airborne in a Heinkel He 111 arranged by General Eduard Wagner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 76], "content_span": [77, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0036-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Escape from the Wolf's Lair and flight to Berlin\nBy the time Stauffenberg's aircraft reached Berlin about 16:00, General Erich Fellgiebel, an officer at the Wolfsschanze who was in on the plot, had phoned the Bendlerblock and told the plotters that Hitler had survived the explosion. As a result, the plot to mobilise Operation Valkyrie would have no chance of succeeding once the officers of the Reserve Army knew that Hitler was alive. There was more confusion when Stauffenberg's aircraft landed and he phoned from the airport to say that Hitler was in fact dead. The Bendlerblock plotters did not know whom to believe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 76], "content_span": [77, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0037-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Escape from the Wolf's Lair and flight to Berlin\nFinally, at 16:00 Olbricht issued the orders for Operation Valkyrie to be mobilised. The vacillating General Fromm, however, phoned Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel at the Wolf's Lair and was assured that Hitler was alive. Keitel demanded to know Stauffenberg's whereabouts. This told Fromm that the plot had been traced to his headquarters and that he was in mortal danger. Fromm replied that he thought Stauffenberg was with Hitler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 76], "content_span": [77, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0038-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Escape from the Wolf's Lair and flight to Berlin\nMeanwhile, Carl-Heinrich von St\u00fclpnagel, military governor of occupied France, managed to disarm the SD and SS and captured most of their leadership. He travelled to G\u00fcnther von Kluge's headquarters and asked him to contact the Allies, only to be informed that Hitler was alive. At 16:40 Stauffenberg and Haeften arrived at the Bendlerblock. Fromm, presumably to protect himself, changed sides and attempted to have Stauffenberg arrested. Olbricht and Stauffenberg restrained him at gunpoint and Olbricht then appointed General Erich Hoepner to take over his duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 76], "content_span": [77, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0039-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Escape from the Wolf's Lair and flight to Berlin\nBy this time Himmler had taken charge of the situation and had issued orders countermanding Olbricht's mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie. In many places the coup was going ahead, led by officers who believed that Hitler was dead. City Commandant, and conspirator, General Paul von Hase ordered the Wachbataillon Gro\u00dfdeutschland, under the command of Major Otto Ernst Remer, to secure the Wilhelmstra\u00dfe and arrest Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. In Vienna, Prague, and many other places troops occupied Nazi Party offices and arrested Gauleiters and SS officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 76], "content_span": [77, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0040-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Failure of the coup\nAt around 18:10, the commander of Military District III (Berlin), General Joachim von Kortzfleisch, was summoned to the Bendlerblock; he angrily refused Olbricht's orders, kept shouting \"the F\u00fchrer is alive\", was arrested and was held under guard. General Karl Freiherr von Th\u00fcngen was appointed in his place but proved to be of little help. General Fritz Lindemann, who was supposed to make a proclamation to the German people over the radio, failed to appear and as he held the only copy, Beck had to work on a new one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0041-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Failure of the coup\nAt 19:00, Hitler was sufficiently recovered to make phone calls. He called Goebbels at the Propaganda Ministry. Goebbels arranged for Hitler to speak to Major Remer, commander of the troops surrounding the Ministry. After assuring him that he was still alive, Hitler ordered Remer to regain control of the situation in Berlin. Major Remer ordered his troops to surround and seal off the Bendlerblock, but not to enter the buildings. At 20:00 a furious Witzleben arrived at the Bendlerblock and had a bitter argument with Stauffenberg, who was still insisting that the coup could go ahead. Witzleben left shortly afterwards. At around this time the planned seizure of power in Paris was aborted when Field Marshal G\u00fcnther von Kluge, who had recently been appointed commander-in-chief in the west, learned that Hitler was alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0042-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Failure of the coup\nAs Remer regained control of the city and word spread that Hitler was still alive, the less resolute members of the conspiracy in Berlin began to change sides. Fromm was freed from his room and fighting broke out in the Bendlerblock between officers supporting and opposing the coup; Stauffenberg was wounded after a shootout. As the fighting was still ongoing, Remer and his forces arrived at the Bendlerblock and the conspirators were overwhelmed and arrested; by 23:00 Fromm and Remer had regained control of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0043-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Failure of the coup\nPerhaps hoping that a show of zealous loyalty would save him, Fromm convened an impromptu court martial consisting of himself, and sentenced Olbricht, Stauffenberg, Haeften and another officer, Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, to death, while putting Beck under arrest; Beck, realising the situation was hopeless, asked for a pistol and shot himself\u2014the first of many attempted suicides in the coming days. At first Beck only seriously wounded himself\u2014he was then shot in the neck and killed by soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0043-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, 20 July 1944, Failure of the coup\nDespite protests from Remer (who had been ordered by Hitler to arrest the conspirators), at 00:10 on 21 July the four officers were executed in the courtyard outside, possibly to prevent them from revealing Fromm's involvement. Others would have been executed as well, but at 00:30 Waffen-SS personnel led by Obersturmbannf\u00fchrer Otto Skorzeny arrived and further executions were forbidden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0044-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nOver the following weeks, Himmler's Gestapo, driven by a furious Hitler, rounded up nearly everyone who had the remotest connection with the plot. The discovery of letters and diaries in the homes and offices of those arrested revealed the plots of 1938, 1939, and 1943, and this led to further rounds of arrests, including that of colonel general Franz Halder, who finished the war in a concentration camp. Under Himmler's new Sippenhaft (blood guilt) laws, many relatives of the principal plotters were also arrested in the immediate aftermath of the failed plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0045-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nMore than 7,000 people were arrested and 4,980 were executed. Not all of them were connected with the plot, since the Gestapo used the occasion to settle scores with many other people suspected of opposition sympathies. Alfons Heck, former Hitler Youth member and later a historian, describes the reaction many Germans felt to the punishments of the conspirators:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0046-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nWhen I heard that German officers had tried to kill Adolf Hitler ... I was enraged. I fully concurred with the sentences imposed on them, strangling I felt was too good for them; this was the time, precisely, when we were at a very ... precarious military situation. And the only man who could possibly stave off disaster ... was Adolf Hitler. That opinion was shared by many Germans, Germans who did not adore Hitler, who did not belong to the [Nazi] Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0047-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nAllied radio stations also speculated on who the possible remaining suspects could be, many of which were eventually implicated in the plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0048-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nVery few of the plotters tried to escape or to deny their guilt when arrested. Those who survived interrogation were given perfunctory trials before the People's Court, a kangaroo court that always decided in favour of the prosecution. The court's president, Roland Freisler, was a fanatical Nazi seen shouting furiously and insulting the accused in the trial, which was filmed for propaganda purposes. The plotters were stripped of their uniforms and given old, shabby clothing to humiliate them for the cameras. The officers involved in the plot were \"tried\" before the Court of Military Honour, a drumhead court-martial that merely considered the evidence furnished to it by the Gestapo before expelling the accused from the Army in disgrace and handing them over to the People's Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0049-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nThe first trials were held on 7 and 8 August 1944. Hitler had ordered that those found guilty should be \"hanged like cattle\". Many people took their own lives prior to either their trial or their execution, including Kluge, who was accused of having knowledge of the plot beforehand and not revealing it to Hitler. St\u00fclpnagel tried to commit suicide, but survived and was hanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0050-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nTresckow killed himself the day after the failed plot by use of a hand grenade in no man's land between Russian and German lines. According to post-war recollections of Fabian von Schlabrendorff, Tresckow said the following before his death:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0051-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nThe whole world will vilify us now, but I am still totally convinced that we did the right thing. Hitler is the archenemy not only of Germany but of the world. When, in few hours' time, I go before God to account for what I have done and left undone, I know I will be able to justify what I did in the struggle against Hitler. None of us can bewail his own death; those who consented to join our circle put on the robe of Nessus. A human being's moral integrity begins when he is prepared to sacrifice his life for his convictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0052-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nFromm's attempt to win favour by executing Stauffenberg and others on the night of 20 July had merely exposed his own previous lack of action and apparent failure to report the plot. Having been arrested on 21 July, Fromm was later convicted and sentenced to death by the People's Court. Despite his knowledge of the conspiracy, his formal sentence charged him with poor performance in his duties. He was executed in Brandenburg an der Havel. Hitler personally commuted his death sentence from hanging to the \"more honourable\" firing squad. Erwin Planck, the son of the famous physicist Max Planck, was executed for his involvement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0053-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nThe Kaltenbrunner Report to Adolf Hitler dated 29 November 1944 on the background of the plot, states that the Pope was somehow a conspirator, specifically naming Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII, as being a party in the attempt. Evidence indicates that 20 July plotters Colonel Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven, Colonel Erwin von Lahousen, and Admiral Wilhelm Canaris were involved in the foiling of Hitler's alleged plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII in 1943, when Canaris reported the plot to Italian counterintelligence officer General Cesare Am\u00e8, who passed on the information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0054-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nA member of the SA convicted of participating in the plot was Obergruppenf\u00fchrer Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf, who was the Orpo Police Chief of Berlin and had been in contact with members of the resistance since before the war. Collaborating closely with Arthur Nebe, he was supposed to direct all police forces in Berlin to stand down and not interfere in the military actions to seize the government. However, his actions on 20 July had little influence on the events. For his involvement in the conspiracy, he was later arrested, convicted of treason and executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0055-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nAfter 3 February 1945, when Freisler was killed in an American air raid, there were no more formal trials, but as late as April, with the war weeks away from its end, Canaris' diary was found, and many more people were implicated. Hans Von Dohnanyi was accused of being the \"spiritual leader\" of the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler, and executed 6 April 1945. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, whom Von Dohnanyi had recruited into the Abwehr, was executed 9 April 1945 along with Canaris, Oster, and 4 others. Executions continued to the last days of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0056-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nHitler took his survival to be a \"divine moment in history\", and commissioned a special decoration to be made for each person wounded or killed in the blast. The result was the Wound Badge of 20 July 1944. The badges were struck in three values: gold, silver, and black (the colours denoted the severity of the wounds received by each recipient). A total of 100 badges were manufactured, and 47 are believed to have actually been awarded. Each badge was accompanied by an ornate award document personally signed by Hitler. The badges themselves bore a facsimile of his signature, making them among the rarest decorations to have been awarded by Nazi Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0057-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nFor his role in stopping the coup, Major Remer was promoted to colonel and ended the war as a major general. After the war, he co-founded the Socialist Reich Party and remained a prominent Neo-Nazi and advocate of Holocaust Denial until his death in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0058-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nPhilipp von Boeselager, the German officer who provided the plastic explosives used in the bomb, escaped detection and survived the war. He was the second-to-last survivor of those involved in the plot and died on 1 May 2008, aged 90. The last survivor of the 20 July Plot was Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, the thwarted plotter of just a few months before. He died on 8 March 2013, aged 90.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0059-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Aftermath\nAs a result of the failed coup, every member of the Wehrmacht was required to reswear his loyalty oath, by name, to Hitler and, on 24 July 1944, the military salute was replaced throughout the armed forces with the Hitler Salute in which the arm was outstretched and the salutation Heil Hitler was given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0060-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planned government\nThe conspirators had earlier designated positions in secret to form a government that would take office after the assassination of Hitler were it to prove successful. Because of the plot's failure, such a government never rose to power and most of its members were executed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0061-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planned government\nThe following were slated for these roles as of July 1944:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0062-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planned government\nAlbert Speer was listed in several notes of the conspirators as a possible Minister of Armaments; however, most of these notes stated Speer should not be approached until after Hitler was dead and one conjectural government chart had a question mark beside Speer's name. This most likely saved Speer from arrest by the SS in addition to Speer being one of Hitler's closest and most trusted friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0063-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Planned government\nWilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany was also under suspicion as he was touted to be head of state after Hitler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0064-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement\nThe extent of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's involvement in the military's resistance against Hitler or the 20 July plot is difficult to ascertain, as most of the leaders who were directly involved did not survive and limited documentation on the conspirators' plans and preparations exists. Historians' opinions on this matter vary greatly. According to Peter Hoffmann, he had turned into Hitler's resolute opponent and in the end supported the coup (though not the assassination itself).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0064-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement\nHe was even the natural leader of the opposition in France to some extent, considering the fact he had drawn a lot of military and political personnel into his orbit in preparation of a \"Western solution\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0064-0002", "contents": "20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement\nRalf Georg Reuth thinks that the conspirators perhaps mistook Rommel's ambiguous attitude for approval of the assassination, considering: the conspirators normally did not explicitly mention the assassination; Rommel was very naive and attached to Hitler (who was the personification of National Socialism, which had provided Rommel with a great career) and thus even if Hofacker had mentioned a violent upheaval in Berlin, he would not have interpreted it as an assassination. Thus, Rommel's participation remains ambiguous and the perception of it largely has its source in the subsequent events (especially Rommel's forced suicide) and the accounts by surviving participants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0065-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement\nAccording to a post-war account by Karl Str\u00f6lin, the Oberb\u00fcrgermeister of Stuttgart at that time, he and two other conspirators, Alexander von Falkenhausen and Carl Heinrich von St\u00fclpnagel began efforts to bring Rommel into the anti-Hitler conspiracy in early 1944. On 15 April 1944 Rommel's new chief of staff, Hans Speidel, arrived in Normandy and reintroduced Rommel to St\u00fclpnagel. Speidel had previously been connected to Carl Goerdeler, the civilian leader of the resistance, but not to the plotters led by Stauffenberg, and only came to the attention of Stauffenberg due to his appointment to Rommel's headquarters. The conspirators felt they needed the support of a field marshal on active duty. Witzleben was a field marshal, but had not been on active duty since 1942. The conspirators gave instructions to Speidel to bring Rommel into their circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0066-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement\nSpeidel met with former foreign minister Konstantin von Neurath and Str\u00f6lin on 27 May in Germany, ostensibly at Rommel's request, although the latter was not present. Neurath and Str\u00f6lin suggested opening immediate surrender negotiations in the West, and, according to Speidel, Rommel agreed to further discussions and preparations. Around the same timeframe, however, the plotters in Berlin were not aware that Rommel had reportedly decided to take part in the conspiracy. On 16 May, they informed Allen Dulles, through whom they hoped to negotiate with the Western Allies, that Rommel could not be counted on for support. Three days before the assassination attempt, on 17 July, Rommel's staff car was strafed by an Allied aircraft in France; he was hospitalised with major injuries and incapacitated on 20 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0067-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement\nRommel opposed assassinating Hitler. After the war, his widow maintained that he believed an assassination attempt would spark a civil war. According to journalist and author William L. Shirer, Rommel knew about the conspiracy and advocated that Hitler be arrested and placed on trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0067-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement\nThe historian Ian Becket argues that \"there is no credible evidence that Rommel had more than limited and superficial knowledge of the plot\" and concludes that he would not have acted to aid the plotters in the aftermath of the attempt on 20 July, while the historian Ralf Georg Reuth contends that \"there was no indication of any active participation of Rommel in the conspiracy.\" Historian Richard J. Evans concluded that he knew of a plot, but was not involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0068-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement\nWhat is not debated are the results of the failed bomb plot of 20 July. Many conspirators were arrested and the dragnet expanded to thousands. Consequently, it did not take long for Rommel to come under suspicion. He was primarily implicated through his connection to Kluge. Rommel's name also came up in confessions made under torture by St\u00fclpnagel and Hofacker, and was included in Goerdeler's papers on a list of potential supporters. Hofacker confessed that Rommel had agreed to demand for Hitler to step down, and if he refused, Rommel would join the other conspirators in deposing Hitler. Rommel was also planned to become a member of the post-Hitler government in papers drawn up by Goerdeler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0069-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Erwin Rommel's involvement\nHitler knew it would cause a major scandal on the home front to have the popular Rommel publicly branded as a traitor. With this in mind, he opted to give Rommel the option of suicide via cyanide or a public trial by Freisler's People's Court. Rommel was well aware that being hauled before the People's Court was tantamount to a death sentence. He also knew that if he chose to stand trial, his family would have been severely punished even before the all-but-certain conviction and execution. With this in mind, he committed suicide on 14 October 1944. He was buried with full military honours and his family was spared from persecution; his cause of death did not come to light until after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0070-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Criticism, Involvement in war crimes and atrocities\nInvolvement of the plotters in war crimes and atrocities has been studied by historians such as Christian Gerlach. Gerlach proved that plotters such as Tresckow and Gersdorff were aware of mass murder happening in the East from at least 1941. He writes: \"Especially with reference to the murder of the Jews, [it is said that] 'the SS' had deceived the officers by killing in secret, filing incomplete reports or none at all; if general staff offices protested, the SS threatened them.\" Gerlach concludes: \"This is, of course, nonsense.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0071-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Criticism, Involvement in war crimes and atrocities\nTresckow also \"signed orders for the deportation of thousands of orphaned children for forced labor in the Reich\"\u2014the so-called Heu-Aktion. Such actions lead historians to question the motives of the plotters, which seemed more concerned with the military situation than with Nazi atrocities and German war crimes. However some others assert that, in such actions, Tresckow had to act out of principle to continue with his coup plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0072-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Criticism, Involvement in war crimes and atrocities\nGerlach pointed out that the plotters had \"selective moral criteria\" and while they were concerned about Jews being exterminated in the Holocaust, they were far less disturbed about mass murder of civilians in the East. To Gerlach, the primary motivation of the plotters was to ensure German victory in the war or at least prevent defeat. Gerlach's arguments were later supported by historian Hans Mommsen, who stated that the plotters were interested above all in military victory. But Gerlach's arguments were also criticized by some scholars, among them Peter Hoffmann from McGill University and Klaus Jochen Arnold from the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0072-0001", "contents": "20 July plot, Criticism, Involvement in war crimes and atrocities\nWhile acknowledging that Tresckow and other 20 July conspirators had been involved in war crimes, Arnold writes that Gerlach's argument is oversimplified. In 2011, Danny Orbach, a Harvard-based historian, wrote that Gerlach's reading of the sources is highly skewed, and, at times, diametrically opposed to what they actually say. In one case, according to Orbach, Gerlach had falsely paraphrased the memoir of the resistance fighter Colonel Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, and in another case, quoted misleadingly from an SS document. Hence, Orbach concludes that Gerlach's thesis on the German resistance is highly unreliable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 65], "content_span": [66, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0073-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory\nA 1951 survey by the Allensbach Institute revealed that \"Only a third of respondents had a positive opinion about the men and women who had tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the Nazi regime.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0074-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory\nThe \"first official memorial service for the resistance fighters of July 20\" was held on the tenth anniversary in 1954. In his speech at the event, Theodor Heuss, the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany, said that \"harsh words\" were necessary, and that \"There have been cases of refusal to carry out orders that have achieved historic greatness.\" After this speech, public opinion in Germany began to shift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0075-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory\nNonetheless, a 1956 proposal to name a school after Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg was opposed by a majority of citizens, and, according to Deutsche Welle,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0076-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory\nEast Germany's communist leadership had ignored the assassination attempt for decades, mainly because the conservative and aristocratic conspirators around Stauffenberg did not match the socialist ideal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0077-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory\nThe first all-German commemoration of the event did not take place until 1990. In 2013, the last surviving member of the plot, Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, died in Munich. As of 2014, the resistance fighters are generally considered heroes in Germany, according to Deutsche Welle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0078-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory\nMemorial at the Bendlerblock: \"Here died for Germany on 20 July 1944\" (followed by the names of the principal conspirators)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161151-0079-0000", "contents": "20 July plot, Commemoration and collective memory\nMemorial at the cemetery (Alter St.-Matth\u00e4us-Kirchhof, Berlin) where the corpses were buried but afterwards removed to an unknown place", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161152-0000-0000", "contents": "20 June 1981 Iranian protests\nThe 20 June 1981 Iranian protests, also known as the 30 Khordad protests, was a one-day anti\u2013Islamic Republic protest organized by the People's Mujahedin of Iran on 20 June 1981 in various Iranian cities in response to the impeachment of the then president Abolhassan Banisadr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161152-0001-0000", "contents": "20 June 1981 Iranian protests, Background\nA few days before the protest, Asadollah Lajevardi ordered the arrests of Massoud Rajavi and Mousa Khiabani; but the security forces could not locate them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161152-0002-0000", "contents": "20 June 1981 Iranian protests, Events\nOn 20 June 1981 protests were seen in Tehran, Isfahan, Urmia, Shiraz, Arak, Ahvaz, and Bandar Abbas. Protests in Tehran were focused in the city centre and around areas such as Enghelab street, Ferdowsi square, Moniriyeh square, Taleghani street, and Vali Asr street. The government responded swiftly, at least 16 were killed and 1000 arrested near the University of Tehran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161153-0000-0000", "contents": "20 June 2010 Baghdad bombings\n20 June 2010 Baghdad bombings were carried out by two suicide bombers outside Trade Bank of Iraq. At least 26 people were killed and 50 people were injured when two suicide bombers drove their cars and exploded them simultaneously in front of the bank's headquarters in central Baghdad. The two cars, each carrying 80 kilograms (180\u00a0lb) of ammonium nitrate exploded after striking the blast walls protecting the bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161154-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Kilom\u00e8tres de Paris\nThe 20 Kilom\u00e8tres de Paris (Paris 20\u00a0km) is an annual road running competition over 20\u00a0kilometres which takes place on the streets of Paris, France in October. First held in 1979, the race attracts top level international competitors and holds IAAF Silver Label Road Race status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161154-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Kilom\u00e8tres de Paris\nThe competition was the idea of Michel Jazy, a French runner who was an Olympic medallist and two-time European Champion. The first edition was held through a joint effort by the Council of Paris and ASCAIR (the French Airforce's body for sport). The race has been organised under the auspices of ASCAIR since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161154-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Kilom\u00e8tres de Paris\nThe course for the competition has a double looped, figure 8 style. The start point of the race is in the Trocad\u00e9ro near the Eiffel Tower and runners then cross the River Seine over the Pont d'I\u00e9na. It heads in an anti-clockwise loop through Bois de Boulogne before completing a smaller, clockwise loop along the banks of the Seine. The finish point is the Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly. The original race distance was 20.3\u00a0km, but this was reduced to 20\u00a0km in 1981. As a result of poor race organisation at the starting point, athlete's times from 1981 to 1992 are not accepted for record purposes; unusually quick times were recorded as some runners began the race a whole minute before the official starter's gun had been fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161154-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Kilom\u00e8tres de Paris\nThe men's and women's course records for the 20\u00a0km race are held by Kenyan athletes: Evans Cheruiyot completed the distance in 57:19\u00a0minutes in 2005 and Sarah Chepchirchir's time of 1:05:03 hours was set in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161154-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Kilom\u00e8tres de Paris\nThe race organisers abide by their own charter of ethics which \u2013 aside from outlining typical races rules and safety issues \u2013 includes the aims of increasing inclusion of women in the sport of running and promotion of environmentally friendly attitudes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161154-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Kilom\u00e8tres de Paris, Past winners\nKey:\u00a0\u00a0Course record\u00a0\u00a0Timings invalid (False start or short course)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India)\n20th Lancers is an armoured regiment in the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army. The regiment distinguished itself in operations with its defence of Chhamb in Jammu and Kashmir during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War and won one Maha Vir Chakra. It has provided one Chief of Army Staff and two Army Commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Origin\nThe regiment was formed in 1921 by amalgamating 14th Murray's Jat Lancers (raised 1857) with 15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis) (raised 1858). The regiment served till 1937, when it was removed from the order of battle and deactivated. It was converted into a training regiment of the 3rd Indian Cavalry group with a permanent station at Lucknow. This eventually evolved into the Indian Armoured Corps Training Centre at Lucknow. Following the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the regiment was allotted to India. The centre moved in 1948 to Ahmednagar and merged with other establishments to become the Armoured Corps Centre and School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Origin\nThe regiment was re-raised by the Indian Army on 10 July 1956 at Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The first Commanding Officer of the re-raised regiment was Lieutenant Colonel Umrao Singh. The regiment was equipped with AMX-13 tanks. When the regiment was re-raised, the Officer's Mess Silver of the old 20th Lancers was handed over to it. The troops on raising were from the Sikhs of the 6th DCO Lancers which were transferred to 8th Light Cavalry and half of the squadron of the Jodhpur Lancers which were transferred to the 7th Light Cavalry. The present class composition is Jats and Rajputs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Origin\nThe Pakistan Army raised an armoured regiment called 20th Lancers on 20 June 1956, which it considers to be the successor of the old 20th Lancers of the British Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Regimental Insignia\nThe Regimental insignia consists of crossed lances with pennons in red and white, overlaid with the Ashoka Lion Capital above and the Roman numeral \"XX\" below and a scroll at the base with the words \u2018Lancers\u2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Operations\nTo counter the Chinese offensive against Indian forces in the western sector, it was decided to send six AMX-13 tanks (two troops) of the 20 Lancers to Chushul in south-eastern Ladakh using Antonov An-12 transport aircraft. The first batch of tanks were loaded on to An-12 aircraft in Chandigarh on the intervening night of 24 and 25 October 1962 and landed in Chushul \u2013 15,000 feet above the sea level \u2013 on the morning of 25 October 1962. The second batch was loaded the following night and airlifted to Chushul on 26 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0005-0001", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Operations\nThe troops were part of the 114 Infantry Brigade. The army deployed tanks at the base of Gurung Hill, a towering feature on one side of the Spanggur Gap to deny the approach of the advancing Chinese Army and secure the crucial approaches leading to Chushul and Leh. The effectiveness of the Indian tanks prevented the Chinese advance towards the Chushul airfield, located between Chushul village and Gurung Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Operations\nThe regiment saw action in Chhamb-Jourian in Jammu & Kashmir. 20 Lancers was under command of the 10th Infantry Division during the 1965 operations. Pakistan's surprise attack on 1 September, 1965 (Operation Grand Slam) fell on 191 Infantry Brigade, which was supported by 'C' Squadron of the regiment under Maj Bhaskar Roy. The armoured attack comprised two regiments of medium tanks, M-48 Pattons and M-36 Sherman B-2 tank destroyers. The attack began at 0805 hours and was strongly resisted. During the initial phases of the attack, Roy destroyed 6 Pattons, 3 recoil-less guns and captured a jeep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0006-0001", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Operations\nA second attack was launched by Pakistani armour at 1100 hours and contested by the AMX-13s of 20 Lancers, which despite being outgunned and outnumbered, destroyed a total 13 tanks that day and prevented the encirclement of 191 Infantry Brigade. The regiment later fought in the defence of Jaurian under 41 Infantry Brigade. For the defense of Chhamb-Jaurian, the regiment was awarded a theatre honour and Maj Bhaskar Roy was awarded Maha Vir Chakra for his leadership in this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Operations\nThe regiment had moved from Akhnoor to Jaisalmer in 1967. It was commanded by  Lieutenant Colonel Bawa Guruvachan Singh and was under 12 Infantry Division of Southern Command and equipped with AMX -13 tanks. The regiment took part in the Battle of Longewala, which began on night of 4th December 1971, halting the Pakistani attack and then advancing into Pakistani territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Battle honours\nNeuve Chapelle - France and Flanders 1914-15 - Kut al Amara 1917 - Sharqat - Mesopotamia 1916-18 - Persia 1916-19 - NW Frontier India - 1915", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161155-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Lancers (India), Other awards and honours\nThe regiment was presented the President\u2019s Standards on at Sangrur, Punjab 1978 by the then President of India, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161156-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Lek\u00eb\n20 Lek\u00eb (20 L) coins have a value of 20 Albanian lek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 61]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161157-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Leonis Minoris\n20 Leonis Minoris is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Leo Minor. It is faintly visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +5.4. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 66.46\u00a0mas, it is located 49\u00a0light years from the Sun. The star has a relatively high proper motion and is moving away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +56\u00a0km/s. The system made its closest approach about 150,000 years ago when it came within 32.2\u00a0ly (9.86\u00a0pc).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161157-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Leonis Minoris\nThe primary member of this system is a G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G3 Va H\u03b41. It has 12% more mass and a 25% larger radius than the Sun. The star is about seven\u00a0billion years old and is spinning with a rotation period of 10.6\u00a0days. The small companion is an active red dwarf star that has a relatively high metallicity. The two stars are currently separated by 14.5 arc seconds, corresponding to a projected separation of 2016\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161157-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Leonis Minoris\nIn 2020, a candidate exoplanet was detected orbiting 20 Leonis Minoris (HD 86728). With a minimum mass of 0.032 MJ (10.2 M\u2295) and an orbital period of 31 days, this would most likely be a hot Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161158-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Lights\n20 Lights is the first solo extended play by American rapper Berner. It was released on January 6, 2015 via Bern One Entertainment. Production was handled by Cheeze, Cozmo, Ricky P, Sean T, Sledgren, The Elevaterz and Max Perry. It features guest appearances from Ampichino, Curren$y, Mac Dre, Migos, Smiggz, The Jacka and Wiz Khalifa. The album peaked at number 95 on the Billboard 200. Music video for \"OT\" was directed by David Camarena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161159-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point\n20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed former residence used by the NSW State Government as a boarding house for more than 100 years but now restored and conserved to its former condition as a gentleman's residence when first built between 1841 qnd 1843 nowlocated at 20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161159-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. Constructed during the early 1840s as one of a pair of London style townhouses, representing a significant streetscape element. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161159-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, Description\nSubstantial Georgian style, six bedroom townhouse, based on the London model. Four storeys with separate kitchen/servants quarters and attic. Portico with ionic columns shared with neighbour. Iron lace cantilevered balcony on second storey, onto which open three french doors. Storeys: four; Construction: Painted rendered stone, slate roof. Iron lace on timber structured balcony. Style: Georgian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161159-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, this property is one of two Regency style townhouses based on the London model of four storeys with separate brick kitchen building having servants quarters above, and is in almost intact exterior condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161159-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161159-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161159-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Lower Fort Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 861 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0000-0000", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest\nOn 20 March 2003, the day after the invasion of Iraq had begun, thousands of protests and demonstrations were held around the world in opposition to it. In many cases, these protests were known as \"Day X\" protests, reflecting the fact that they had been organized to occur when war started, whatever day that might have been. At least 350,000 people participated. The previous protests in February had been substantially larger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0001-0000", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States\nIn some United States cities, including Washington, DC, Chicago, San Francisco, New York, Pittsburgh, and Portland, Oregon, demonstrators blocked traffic in the city centers with the goal of shutting the cities down. In other cities, such as Boston, Atlanta, and Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, demonstrations were less confrontational. However in other cities, including Auburn, Indiana and St. Paul, Minnesota, people counter-demonstrated in support of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0002-0000", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States\nIn San Francisco, well over 5,000 protesters, having planned weeks in advance to shut down the city on \"Day X\" as part of Direct Action to Stop the War, blockaded the Financial District resulting in 2,200 arrests. Other protesters, marching as a black bloc, attacked and looted several military recruitment centers. A Critical Mass of cyclists also attempted to block traffic to the Bay Bridge. Approximately 300 protesters demonstrated outside of the federal building. Some of the protesters apparently began vomiting on the sidewalks and plaza areas in front of the building and behind the building. Spokespeople told reporters that it was the protesters' way of saying that war in Iraq \"made them sick.\" Seven demonstrators were arrested after attempting to block about twenty federal employees and other visitors trying to enter the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0003-0000", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States\nSimilarly, over 100 protesters were arrested in Philadelphia after blocking the entrances to various federal office buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0004-0000", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States\nIn Chicago, a massive gathering of some 10,000 people was held at the Federal Plaza, followed by a seemingly spontaneous march up Lake Shore Drive during rush hour. The march was originally in the northbound lanes, but the march spilled into the southbound lanes also stopping traffic going both ways. At some point, marchers at the front decided to jump the dividers and head over to Michigan Avenue (the touristy Magnificent Mile).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0004-0001", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States\nThe police who had been mild-mannered until then began to get afraid of something akin to the World Trade Organization protests in Seattle in 1999 happening and started to call for back-up and block the protesters from reaching Michigan Avenue. The march was eventually blocked at Chicago Water Tower from going down Michigan Avenue. The police closed the protesters in from both sides and wouldn't let them move or leave. At this point, the group of protesters had dwindled down to 600 or so. After an hour, many protesters wanted to leave but were unable to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0004-0002", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, United States\nThey began chanting things like: \"Let us leave. We have to pee.\" Every ten minutes or so, three or four police officers would go into the crowd and beeline for a certain person (possibly those the police believed were organizers) who they would grab and arrest. The police arrested more than five hundred protesters, and detained several hundred more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0005-0000", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, Worldwide\nOn the morning of March 20, 2003, school students all over Germany held spontaneous marches; in Berlin more than 120,000 marched. Actions started also in Heidelberg, Frankfurt, Leipzig and Nuremberg. Some students reported that their teachers and principals had tried to prevent them from doing so. In Munich, students gathered in front of the university and then marched to the US consulate, where they demanded that the US flag be lowered in honor of the killed Iraqi civilians. They walked to the central place of Munich afterwards, where the demonstration turned into a mixture of party and protest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0006-0000", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, Worldwide\nThere were demonstrations across the United Kingdom. In York, school students joined council and union representatives in a daytime demonstration. A school student responded to a BBC journalist's question of whether it was just an excuse to bunk off school by saying, \"We're not just here for a day off school. The more supporters the better. It makes a bigger statement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0007-0000", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, Worldwide\nIn Scotland demonstrations took place in disrupted traffic in Glasgow and Edinburgh and also took place in Dundee, Inverness and Aberdeen. The Edinburgh demo saw 500 people at midday march to the foot of The Mound, the rally was addressed by MSPs Tommy Sheridan and Lloyd Quinan. The protesters then blocked Princes Street and The Mound. Later 3,000 protesters marched up the Royal Mile to the Scottish Parliament. In Glasgow around 1,000 protesters (BBC estimate) blocked the streets in the city center for several hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161160-0008-0000", "contents": "20 March 2003 anti-war protest, Worldwide\nProtests in most other cities were similar. In Switzerland, tens of thousands demonstrated in all major cities. In Italy, the public services union announced a strike. In Cairo, Egypt, 50,000 people rioted; protesters burned a US flag, and riot police outnumbered the protesters. In Paris, 20,000 people met in front of the American embassy. In Greece, 150,000 people protested. In San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica, people marched against the US military intervention in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161161-0000-0000", "contents": "20 March 2012 Iraq attacks\nThe 20 March 2012 Iraq attacks were the sixth simultaneous wave of bombings to hit Iraq during the insurgency and the second such major assault since the US withdrawal at the end of 2011. At least 50 people were killed and around 250 wounded in highly coordinated attacks spread out in at least 10 cities. The deadliest attack of the day took place in Karbala where twin bombings left 13 dead and 50 injured. In the northern city of Kirkuk a car parked in the parking lot of a local security office exploded, killing 13 and leaving almost 60 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161161-0000-0001", "contents": "20 March 2012 Iraq attacks\nSeveral explosions rocked the capital Baghdad, including mortar attacks close to the Green Zone and a suicide blast near an intelligence building opposite the Foreign Ministry \u2013 three people were killed and nine wounded in that attack. Numerous other bombings and shootings took place all across the country, including Fallujah, Samarra, Baiji, Hillah, Latifiya, Tuz Khormato and others. A car bomb in Ramadi killed two and injured 11, as unidentified gunmen shot and killed two police officers in a nearby village. Authorities in Baqubah discovered and successfully disarmed at least eight explosive devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161161-0001-0000", "contents": "20 March 2012 Iraq attacks, Perpetrators\nThe umbrella group Islamic State of Iraq almost immediately claimed responsibility for the bombings and promised further bloodshed as it targets Shiites across Iraq. The country is set to host the postponed Arab League Summit on 29 March, in the midst of a surge of violence and a rise in civilian and security casualties since the withdrawal of US forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161162-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Massalia\nMassalia, minor planet designation 20 Massalia, is a stony asteroid and the parent body of the Massalia family located in the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 145 kilometers (90 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis on 19 September 1852, it was named for the French city of Marseille, from which the independent discover Jean Chacornac sighted it the following night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161162-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Massalia, Classification and orbit\nMassalia is the namesake and the parent body of the Massalia family (404), a very large inner belt asteroid family consisting of stony asteroids with very low inclinations. It is by far the largest body in this family. The remaining family members are fragments ejected by a cratering event on Massalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161162-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Massalia, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,366 days; semi-major axis of 2.41\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161162-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Massalia, Physical characteristics\nMassalia has an above-average density for S-type asteroids, similar to the density of silicate rocks. As such, it appears to be a solid un-fractured body, a rarity among asteroids of its size. Apart from the few largest bodies over 400\u00a0km in diameter, such as 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta, most asteroids appear to have been significantly fractured, or are even rubble piles. In 1998, Bange estimated Massalia to have a mass of 5.2\u00d71018 kg assuming that 4 Vesta has 1.35\u00d710\u221210 solar mass. The mass of Massalia is dependent on the mass of 4 Vesta and perturbation of 44 Nysa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161162-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Massalia, Physical characteristics\nLightcurve analysis indicates that Massalia's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (\u03b2, \u03bb) = (45\u00b0, 10\u00b0) or (\u03b2, \u03bb) = (45\u00b0, 190\u00b0) with a 10\u00b0 uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 45\u00b0in both cases. The shape reconstruction from lightcurves has been described as quite spherical with large planar, nonconvex parts of the surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161162-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Massalia, Physical characteristics\nIn 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161162-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Massalia, Discovery\nMassalia was discovered on 19 September 1852, by Annibale de Gasparis at Naples Observatory in Italy, and also found independently the next night by Jean Chacornac at Marseilles Observatory, France. It was Chacornac's discovery that was announced first. In the nineteenth century the variant spelling Massilia was often used. Asteroids discovered prior to Massalia were assigned iconic symbols, like the ones traditionally used to designate the planets. However, astronomers had begun to phase out this practice with the discovery of 16 Psyche in March 1852, and 20 Massalia (being the first object in the Solar System with a non-mythological name) was the first asteroid that was not assigned an iconic symbol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth\n20 Million Miles to Earth (also known as The Beast from Space) is a 1957 American horror science fiction monster film directed by Nathan Juran and starring William Hopper, Joan Taylor, and Frank Puglia. It was produced by Charles H. Schneer's Morningside Productions for Columbia Pictures. The screenplay was written by Bob Williams and Christopher Knopf from an original treatment by Charlott Knight. As with several other Schneer-Columbia collaborations, the film was developed to showcase the stop-motion animation of Ray Harryhausen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot\nThe first U.S. spaceship to Venus, the XY-21, crashes into the Mediterranean sea off the coast of Sicily, Italy. Fishermen board boats and head to the spacecraft, enter through a hole in the spacecraft, and pull two spacemen from the nose-down craft before it completely sinks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot\nIn Washington, D.C., Major General A.D. McIntosh discovers that the missing spaceship, piloted by Colonel Bob Calder, has been located. As McIntosh flies to the site, Pepe, a little boy, finds and opens a translucent cylinder marked \u201cUSAF\u201d on the beach. It contains a gelatinous mass, which he presents to Dr. Leonardo, a zoologist studying sea creatures. Meanwhile, Leonardo's granddaughter Marisa, a third-year medical student, is summoned to take care of the injured spacemen. When Calder regains consciousness, he finds his crewmate, Dr. Sharman, in the last throes of the fatal disease that killed his other eight crewmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot\nAfter Marisa returns to the trailer shared with her grandfather, a small creature hatches from the egg, and Leonardo locks it in a cage. By morning, the creature has tripled in size. McIntosh arrives, accompanied by scientist Dr. Justin Uhl, and meets with two representatives of the Italian government, informing them the spaceship has returned from Venus. Leonardo and Marisa hitch the trailer to their truck and head for Rome. Calder's spacecraft carried a sealed metal container bearing an unborn Venusian species. As police divers begin to search for it, McIntosh offers a half-million lira reward for the capsule's recovery, prompting Pepe to lead them to the empty container. When Pepe tells them that he sold the mass to Dr. Leonardo, McIntosh and Calder pursue him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot\nThat night, Leonardo discovers that the creature has grown to human size. Soon after, it breaks out of the cage and heads to a nearby farm, terrorizing the animals. The creature eats sulfur and rips open several bags it discovers in a barn. While feeding, the creature is attacked by the farmer's dog, and the creature kills the dog, alerting the farmer. Calder and the others reach the barn, trapping the creature inside. Calder explains that the creature is not dangerous unless provoked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0004-0001", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot\nHowever, he provokes it by trying to prod the creature with a pole into a cage-like cart, and the creature injures the farmer after he stabs the creature with a pitchfork. After the creature breaks out of the barn and disappears into the countryside, the police commissioner insists that it must be destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot\nAfter the Italian government grants Calder permission to capture the creature alive, he devises a plan to ensnare it in an electric net dropped from a helicopter. The Italian police conduct their own pursuit, shooting at it with flamethrowers. Gunfire has little effect on the creature, as it has no heart or lungs. Aware that sulfur is the creature's food of choice, Calder uses bags of sulfur as bait, luring the creature to a secluded site and subduing it with an electric jolt from the net.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0005-0001", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot\nLater, at the American Embassy in Rome, McIntosh briefs the press corps and allows three reporters to view the creature, which has been placed in the Rome zoo. There, Calder explains that the creature is being sedated with a continuous electric shock so it can be studied. Marisa, who is aiding her uncle, begins flirting with Calder. Suddenly, electrical equipment shorts out and the creature awakens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot\nThe creature, now in gargantuan size, battles a zoo elephant and sends the panicked patrons scurrying. Taking their fight to the streets of Rome, the two beasts destroy cars and damage buildings. The creature kills the elephant and continues its rampage. Calder rams the creature with his car and tracks the creature to the River Tiber, where it submerges. Soldiers lob grenades into the river, and the creature surfaces, destroying the Ponte Sant'Angelo. It heads for the Colosseum and destroys an ancient temple, killing a few soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0006-0001", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Plot\nAs the creature disappears into the ruins, Calder charges after it with a group of bazooka-carrying soldiers, driving it to the top of the structure. Calder scores a direct bazooka hit. Direct fire from a tank then destroys the ledge the creature is clinging to, and it plunges to its death. A relieved Marisa runs into Calder's arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Production\nThe film was based on a concept by Ray Harryhausen called The Giant Ymir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Production\n20 Million Miles to Earth began production in Rome, Italy in September 1956, using only William Hopper of the main cast, and moved to the U.S. from October 30 to November 9 of that year. Rome was chosen as the location for filming because Harryhausen wanted to vacation there. The working title of the film was The Giant Ymir, and it has also been released as The Beast from Space. All references to the name Ymir were removed from the released version of the film, as Harryhausen was concerned that audiences might confuse it with the Arabic title \"Emir\". Most of the noises made by Ymir are recordings of elephant noises played at a higher speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Production\nRay Harryhausen wanted the film to be shot in color, but the filmmakers were not given a budget large enough to accommodate color filming. In 2007, five years after the death of the film's director, Harryhausen worked with restoration and colorization company Legend Films to create a colorized version of the film. That version, along with the original theatrical black-and-white version, was released on July 31, 2007 on DVD as part of a 50th Anniversary Edition of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Production\nThere are minor differences between the two versions. One example: the black-and-white version begins in \"A Fishing Village in Sicily\" (the fictional Gerra), not Sperlonga, Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Production\nIt was the first of three collaborations between Harryhausen, Schneer, and Nathan Juran. Juran only directed the American sequences, while Schneer and Harryhausen directed the Italian sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0012-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Reception\n20 Million Miles to Earth has an 80% positive rating at the film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on ten reviews. Marco Lanzagorta of PopMatters gave the film 9 out of 10 stars, calling it \"required viewing for those interested in modern cinema\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0013-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Reception\nTime Out wrote, \"Don't worry about the dotty script or cardboard performances - just sit back and watch this gelatinous blob in action\"; while the Radio Times called it \"one of animation master Ray Harryhausen's best fantasy films, and his own personal favourite. The snake-tailed giant ymir creature is also one of Harryhausen's finest creations: It has a well-defined personality and manages to evoke sympathy for its bewildered plight. The ymir's fight with an elephant and the Roman locations - especially the climactic Colosseum battle - add unique touches to this minor classic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161163-0014-0000", "contents": "20 Million Miles to Earth, Legacy\nThe four-issue comic book mini-series 20 Million Miles More (2008), released by TidalWave Productions as part of their Ray Harryhausen Signature Series, picked up the story 50 years after the events of the film. A preview of the first issue was included on the 50th Anniversary DVD release of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop\n20 Minute Loop was a San Francisco-based band notable for its self-proclaimed \"freak-pop\" sound which exhibited hook-heavy tunes and complex vocal harmonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop\nThe band split up in 2009, but reformed for a one-off reunion show, opening for Imperial Teen as part of Noise Pop 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nIn its most rudimentary form, 20 Minute Loop was founded innominately by Giles during college, circa 1995, as a home-recording project. He recorded a handful of demos to 8-track tape, but never officially released them. He did, however, have the opportunity to play them live to small audiences acoustically several times, usually with the vocal accompaniment of Kelly Atkins, who would later be the only consistent member in 20 Minute Loop besides Giles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nGiles originally toyed with other band names, such as With God on the Dog Team Trail, Pierre Bon Bon, Kill Whitey!, and PSA Flight 182, before finally settling on 20 Minute Loop. The band's name alluded to the duration of cockpit conversation recorded by an airplane's cockpit voice recorder for recovery in the event of a crash or other accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nThe actual band was established by Greg Giles in 1996, and their debut EP, With God On The Dog Team Trail, was released on New Year's Day in 1997. (Apart from Kelly Atkins, the band lineup Giles recruited for the EP featured no members of the final lineup.) With God On The Dog Team Trail featured a lo-fi rendition of Jubilation \u2013 which was rerecorded for Decline of Day \u2013 as well as three other songs that were never released in any other form. With God On The Dog Team Trail was released on a small indie label, Trystero Records, which was run by a friend of Giles and has since gone defunct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nThe band soon parted with Trystero, and struggled along for a while with no means of releasing their music. They had recorded their first, self-titled album, and were already in the process of recording Decline of Day, when Jim Greer of the small, Berkeley-based indie label Fortune Records (not to be confused with the defunct Detroit, Michigan-based label of the same name) approached and offered to sign them. This begun a long-lasting relationship with Fortune Records \u2013 Greer would go on to release their first 3 albums and a split 7-inch with The Monolith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nTheir debut album, 20 Minute Loop, was released to mostly positive critical reception, and thanks to positive publicity from local venues and indie distributor Aquarius Records, among others, they gained some recognition from the Bay Area indie scene. The band also played a great many shows in order to receive more publicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nWith a label deal and an album to their name, the band quickly released their second album, Decline of Day. This album received much more publicity, with positive reviews from Pitchfork, Allmusic, and CD Universe, et alia; yet the group still remained fairly unknown. The artwork for the album was provided by The Velvet Teen's lead singer Judah Nagler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nThe band's breakthrough would arrive along with their next album, Yawn + House = Explosion, reviews for which appeared in nearly a dozen printed publications, as well as countless indie blogs. The artwork for Yawn + House = Explosion was of particular interest to many; the outside consisted of two different shots of a prepubescent girl grasping chickens, and the inside pamphlet consisted of the lyrics, many of which were determined using a dictionary game invented by the band, spelled out in such a way that it could be seen how certain words were strung together with the lyrics. This was the only album of 20 Minute Loop's to sell out; it sold a couple thousand copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nThe band parted from Fortune Records for unclear reasons to record their fourth album, Famous People Marry Famous People. The album, released in 2008, was arguably the band's most polished and intricate \u2013 it was recorded at John Vanderslice's renowned Tiny Telephone studio in San Francisco, and featured over a half-dozen extra performers. The album featured highly conceptual songs, with sophisticated underlying themes explained on each song's individual Bandcamp page. The album received slightly less publicity due to the loss of a label, but the band still did very well, receiving positive publicity from many well-known sites, such as PopMatters and KQED, amongst others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nThe band played a few more shows before announcing a breakup on their Myspace, due to an inability to continue \"outmaneuvering real-life contingencies\". They announced that their \"final show ever\" would take place on November 15, but, untrue to their word, they reunited for Noise Pop 2012, opening for Imperial Teen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161164-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Loop, History\nIn 2014, Greg Giles and Kelly Atkins reformed 20 Minute Loop with Kevin Seal of Griddle to unearth songs in a new stripped down format, including piano, guitar, viola and trumpet and focusing more on vocal harmonies and lyrical content. Jim Greer of Fortune Records was inspired to record this version of 20 Minute Loop and as of early 2015, the trio is recording a new album in this formation, including additional instrumentalists and vocalists. Release date TBD in 2016 along with a sprinkling of concert appearances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161165-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Workout\n20 Minute Workout is a Canadian-produced aerobics-based television program that ran from 1983 to 1984, in which \"a bevy of beautiful girls\" demonstrated exercise on a rotating platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161165-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Workout, Series background\n20 Minute Workout was created by Ron Harris in 1983, produced by Tantra Entertainment in association with the Canadian animation company Nelvana, and broadcast locally on Citytv. In the United States, it was syndicated by Orion Television. Two seasons of the program were produced, although reruns continued to appear for many years afterwards. The first season featured a different instructor for each day of the week, Monday through Friday. Bess Motta, Arlaine Wright, Holly Butler, Nicole Nardini, and Anne Schumacher all had speaking roles. The second season featured only Bess and Arlaine as instructors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161165-0001-0001", "contents": "20 Minute Workout, Series background\nOne selling point of the show was the young attractive women exercising in leotards. The exercise routines were demanding, high-impact aerobics, followed by a stretching section. Pulsating music from synthesizers played in the background, although in the first season bass and electric guitar and saxophone were also used in the exercise music scores. For the first season, music was performed by the group Shiva, while the second season featured music by the trio Jermyn/King/Ouillet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161165-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Workout, Series background\nThere are numerous websites hosted by fans that detail about the dancers, and include so-called screen-captures from the show. The :20 Minute Workout is a spin-off from Aerobicise, a series of home videos that were first released in 1981, which had varying subtitles of \"The Beginners Workout,\" \"The Ultimate Workout,\" and \"The Beautiful Workout.\" In 1982, a series of segments aired in the U.S. on Showtime as unscheduled filler in between features, and lasting no longer than five minutes. Both the videos and the filler featured a different cast, and unlike the show they later spawned, exercise instruction was either kept minimal, or not featured at all, and any that was present was given by an off-screen narrator. The narrator was Jami Allen, one of the show's producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161165-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Workout, Series background\n\"Aerobicise\" is also the name of the original 1982 pilot episode of 20 Minute Workout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161165-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Workout, Series background\nScenes from the show are visible on televisions in some scenes of 1984's Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter, Beat Street, and the 1994 Luc Besson film Leon: The Professional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161166-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Minute Workout (album)\n20 Minute Workout is the second studio album by DJ Kool, released on April 18, 1994. The title track \"20-Minute Workout\" was recorded live at Ivory's Nightclub in Richmond, Virginia on November 20, 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161167-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Minuten\n20 Minuten (English: 20 Minutes) is a free daily newspaper in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161167-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Minuten, History and profile\n20 Minuten was first published in 1999 by 20 Minuten Schweiz AG. The direct competitor metropol was available in Switzerland between 2000 and 2002. 20 Minuten is published in  tabloid format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161167-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Minuten, History and profile\nSince 2005 the newspaper has been owned by Express-Zeitung AG, which is jointly owned by Tamedia (majority holding) and Berner Zeitung (17.5%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161167-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Minuten, History and profile\nIn the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, specific editions are made for the regions of Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen and Zurich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161167-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Minuten, Circulation\n20 Minuten is distributed to commuters at over 150 train stations across the country. Since September 2004 the German-language edition has been the most widely read daily newspaper in Switzerland, surpassing Blick. The audited distribution in 2004 was 329,242 (WEMF AG) and it had a readership of an estimated 782,000. In 2010 its circulation was 494,368 copies, making it the most read daily paper in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161168-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Monocerotis\n20 Monocerotis is a single star located about 194\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.92. The star is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +78\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161168-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Monocerotis\nThis object is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0\u00a0III. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star is around six\u00a0billion years old with 1.1 times the mass of the Sun. After exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 10.3 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 46 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,714\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161168-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Monocerotis\nIn addition to the primary, three visual companions have been reported: component B, with magnitude 12.93 and separation 67.8\", C, with magnitude 10.16 and separation 167.9\", and D, with magnitude 12.46 and separation 102.3\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Mothers\n20 Mothers is the twelfth solo album by Julian Cope, released in August 1995 by Echo. The album's sub-title is \"Better to Light a Candle Than to Curse the Darkness\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Mothers\nIt was well received by the critics and reached number 20 on the UK Albums Chart. The album revisits many of Cope's existing lyrical themes along with more personal and reflective material dealing with his own family. Cope described 20 Mothers as an album of \"love songs and devotional songs\" ranging from \"pagan rock 'n' roll through sci-fi pop to bubblegum trance music\". The main Cope collaborators on the album include keyboard player and string arranger Thighpaulsandra, drummer Rooster Cosby and guitarist Michael \"Moon-Eye\" Watts in place of multi-instrumentalist Donald Ross Skinner, who only contributes omnichord on a few tracks. There are also contributions by old associates in the shape of bassist James Eller and producer Ed Stasium. The album was preceded by the single \"Try, Try, Try\", which reached number 24 in the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Mothers, Themes and musical style\nIn total, 20 Mothers is 71 minutes long, and moves through four \"Phases,\" \u2013 \"Phase 1\" (tracks 1\u20136), \"Phase 2\" (tracks 7\u201311), \"Phase 3\" (tracks 12\u201316) and \"Phase 4\" (tracks 17\u201320),  \u2013 not unlike the concept of \"Phases\" on Cope's albums Peggy Suicide and Jehovahkill. In 2003 Aural Innovations magazine retrospectively called 20 Mothers \"the most eclectic and varied album\" in Cope's discography and added that it was \"a remarkably strong if somewhat unfocussed effort\". The music was described as ranging from \"spacey psychedelic balladry to gentle folk to flat out rock n\u2019 roll to Euro-electropop.\" In his review for Allmusic, Ned Raggett wrote that the album has the same \"rough but right feeling\" as Cope's previous album  Autogeddon, with \"plenty of detours into tribal psych, feedback madness, even quirky synth-pop.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Mothers, Themes and musical style\nLyrically, the album covers a wide variety of topics as opposed to the general concept albums of Cope's previous releases. Cope continues to pursue many of the same themes as he had on his albums since Peggy Suicide: Mother Earth on \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\", described by Cope as \"a pagan love song about screwing the Mother Earth in her divine maiden form\"; religion on \"1995\", which challenges the \u201cignorance of the standard Judeo-Christian One God way of thinking\u201d; megalithic monuments on \"Stone Circles \u2019n\u2019 You\"; and \"the automobile defined landscape\" in \"Adam and Eve Hit the Road\". On \"Greedhead Detector\", with its \"'Fuck, fuck, fuck you\" chorus, he sets his sights on \"the fat cats of private industry\", while \"Queen/Mother\" is for Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Mothers, Themes and musical style\nThe album also includes more personal material: album opener \"Wheelbarrow Man\", described as \"an expression of pure, unmitigated joy\", was written after Cope had spoken to his estranged brother for the first time in years. \u201cWe haven\u2019t spoken since, mind you,\u201d Cope said at the time in the album's liner notes. \u201cIt\u2019s not worth the risk.\u201d \"Try Try Try\" is about Cope\u2019s mother, who, he laments, \u201chas never seen me play live, never heard my records, didn\u2019t read my book, wouldn\u2019t even eat the jam I made with the plums from the tree in my garden. Where did she go?\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0004-0001", "contents": "20 Mothers, Themes and musical style\nOn \"Senile Get\" he talks about his frustrations in dealing with his wife\u2019s Alzheimer's\u2013 ridden grandmother. \"How 5 years of exhausting debilitating futile cleaning & endless cleaning shit & snot & enema-floo-ids (sic) and taking vile screamed abuse and pummelling & vicious threats, however illness-induced, eventually turns good people bitter\", said Cope. \"I'm Your Daddy\" is for Cope's two young daughters, \"Cryingbabiessleeplessnights\" for his wife, Dorian and the instrumental \"Leli B.\" is dedicated to his mother-in-law, Helen \"Leli\" Beslity, \"the greatest, wisest, sexiest Ma-in-Law that ever there was\". The song is without words, said Cope, \"because she'd freakout if I wrote how I really felt about her\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Mothers, Themes and musical style\n\"When I Walk Through the Land of Fear\" is a rerecording of \"Land of Fear\", originally released on the Sunspots EP in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Mothers, Album cover\nThe album cover photograph was taken by Jill Furmanovsky and features 20 actual mothers, all of whom are family and friends of Cope. Some of those pictured are Cope's wife, mother and mother-in-law; wives and girlfriends of Cope collaborators James Eller, Rooster Cosby, Tony \"Doggen\" Foster and Richard Frost; former Zoo Records cohort Pam Young; and Jayne Casey. On the back, Cope is pictured with his daughters Albany and Avalon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Mothers, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Julian Cope, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161169-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Mothers, Poetic notes\nThe album includes a booklet with descriptions of the music and a number of poems:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161170-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team\n20 Mule Team (also known as Twenty Mule Team) is a 1940 American Western film about Death Valley, and Daggett, California borax miners, directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Wallace Beery, Marjorie Rambeau and Anne Baxter. The film provides an extremely rare opportunity to see Beery act opposite his nephew Noah Beery Jr., best known for playing Joseph \"Rocky\" Rockford on television's The Rockford Files starring James Garner during the 1970s. The film was originally released in Sepiatone, a brown and white process used by the studio the previous year for the Kansas scenes in The Wizard of Oz (although the cast of 20 Mule Team never steps out into Technicolor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161170-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team, Cast\nWallace Beery as Skinner BillLeo Carrillo as Piute PeteMarjorie Rambeau as Josie JohnsonAnne Baxter as Joan JohnsonDouglas Fowley as Stag RoperNoah Beery Jr. as MitchArthur Hohl as SaltersClem Bevans as ChuckawallaCharles Halton as Henry AdamsMinor Watson as Marshal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161170-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team, Production\nThat same year, Marjorie Rambeau portrayed the titular role in  Tugboat Annie Sails Again, playing the late Marie Dressler's part in a sequel to a 1933 Wallace Beery picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161171-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team Borax\n20 Mule Team Borax is a brand of cleaner manufactured in the United States by The Dial Corporation, a subsidiary of Henkel. The product is named after the 20-mule teams that were used by William Tell Coleman's company to move borax out of Death Valley, California, to the nearest rail spur between 1883 and 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161171-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team Borax, History\n20-mule teams were first used by Francis Marion Smith to move borax out of the desert. Smith subsequently acquired Coleman's holdings in 1890 and consolidated them with his own to form the Pacific Coast Borax Company. After the 20-mule teams were replaced by a new rail spur, the name 20 Mule Team Borax was established and aggressively promoted by Pacific Coast Borax to increase sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161171-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team Borax, History\nStephen Mather, son of J. W. Mather, the administrator of the company's New York office, persuaded Smith to add the name 20 Mule Team Borax to accompany the famous sketch of the mule team already on the box. The 20-mule team symbol was first used in 1891 and registered in 1894. In 1988, just over 20 years after the acquisition of U.S. Borax by Rio Tinto Group, the Boraxo, Borateem and 20-Mule Team product lines were sold to Dial Corporation by U.S. Borax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161171-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team Borax, History\nDial is now the American consumer products unit of Henkel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161171-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team Borax, Radio and television\nThe Pacific Coast Borax Company sponsored Death Valley Days, a radio and television anthology series dramatizing true stories of the old American West, particularly the Death Valley area. The radio program was created in 1930 by Ruth Woodman and broadcast until 1945. At the end of the show's run, the company sponsored a similar radio series called Death Valley Sheriff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161171-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team Borax, Radio and television\nFrom 1952 to 1975, Death Valley Days was produced as a syndicated television series. One of Ronald Reagan's final television roles was as the host of Death Valley Days in 1964-65. Reagan also acted in some episodes. The show was sponsored primarily by Pacific Coast Borax Company, which later became U.S. Borax. The previous host was the \"Old Ranger\" (Stanley Andrews), and, after Reagan's departure for politics and his eventual U.S. Presidency, hosts included Robert Taylor and Dale Robertson. Actress Rosemary DeCamp was featured for many years in product advertising for 20 Mule Team laundry products. Today, the product is endorsed by Linda Cobb, the \"Queen of Clean\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161171-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team Borax, Radio and television\nThere is a current complete reproduction of the wagon train, here", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161171-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Mule Team Borax, Radio and television\nThe product is referenced in 1986 Designing Women episode \"Julia's Son\" and in the ninth episode of the fifteenth season of Supernatural.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161172-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Number 1's Now\n20 #1's Now is a 2007 compilation album by various artists and presented by reggaeton production duo Luny Tunes, released on November 20, 2007, by Machete Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161173-0000-0000", "contents": "20 October 1314 Imperial election\nThe imperial election of October 20, 1314 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161173-0001-0000", "contents": "20 October 1314 Imperial election\nLike the previous day's election, the meeting was called to elect the successor of Emperor Henry VII, who had died while in Italy on 24 August 1313. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, was considered by many prince-electors to be too young, and by others to be already too powerful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161173-0001-0001", "contents": "20 October 1314 Imperial election\nWhile one day before three of the seven electors had elected Frederick the Fair, son of the late German king Albert I, the result was claimed to be invalid, due to the absence of the other four electors and the presence as fourth elector of Henry of Carinthia, the deposed King-Elector of Bohemia who still claimed the title against John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161173-0002-0000", "contents": "20 October 1314 Imperial election\nThe election was presided over by Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz and member of the pro-Luxembourg party. Of seven electors only five attended the meeting, one of whom was disputed:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161173-0003-0000", "contents": "20 October 1314 Imperial election\nAs a result of the election, Louis IV, Duke of Bavaria was elected Holy Roman Emperor. However, due to the unrecognized claim of John II of Lauenburg, the election was considered invalid by the electors who supported Frederick the Fair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161173-0004-0000", "contents": "20 October 1314 Imperial election\nThe two contested elections caused the eruption of a civil war inside the Holy Roman Empire, fought between pro-Luxembourg and pro-Habsburg parties. Louis was successfully crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by the Archbishop of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty in 1316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161173-0005-0000", "contents": "20 October 1314 Imperial election\nAfter several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of M\u00fchldorf on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured. Louis was finally crowned Emperor in Rome on 17 January 1328 by Senator Giacomo Colonna, demoting the Pope's authority and introducing the tradition of imperial legitimacy only by election, not papal coronation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161174-0000-0000", "contents": "20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks\nOn 20 October 2017, suicide bombers attacked mosques in Kabul and Ghor Province, Afghanistan, killing at least 60 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161174-0001-0000", "contents": "20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks\nDuring Friday prayers on 20 October 2017, a gunman entered Imam Zaman, a Shia mosque in Kabul. He opened fire, then detonated a bomb - killing about 40 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161174-0002-0000", "contents": "20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks\nDuring Friday prayers on the same day, a suicide bomber detonated his explosives in a Sunni mosque in Ghor Province, killing at least 20 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161174-0003-0000", "contents": "20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks\nIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the Kabul attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161174-0004-0000", "contents": "20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks\nIn 2017, insurgents carried out many attacks in Afghanistan, including several in October. Major attacks included those which killed over 70 people in Gardez and Ghazni on 17 October and a double suicide bombing which killed 43 Afghan soldiers in Kandahar Province on 19 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161175-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Odd Years\n20 Odd Years is an album by Canadian hip-hop artist Buck 65. It was released on February 1, 2011, and named in honor of his twentieth anniversary in the music industry. The album continued Buck 65's tradition of combining several different musical styles, and featured many different guest collaborators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161175-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Odd Years, Reception\n20 Odd Years has received critical acclaim. Ross Langager of PopMatters gave it a seven out of 10 rating and called it \"uneven but dynamic\", complimenting Buck 65's \"mix of subcultural influences\" as \"a dizzying, post-modern, multicultural stew\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161175-0001-0001", "contents": "20 Odd Years, Reception\nIn consumer guide for MSN Music, critic Robert Christgau gave 20 Odd Years an A- rating, noting \"Superstars Don't Love\" and \"Zombie Delight\" as highlights, and commented that \"Beholden to nobody's scene or purist myths, the Halifax-spawned, Toronto-based, Paris-savvy cult rapper makes beats his way\u2014drum tracks of course, this is hip-hop like it or not, but with whatever on top, which here comes down to mostly female collaborators whose sonics subsume their considerable verbal input\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161175-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Odd Years, Reception\nThe album was named as a longlisted nominee for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161175-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Odd Years, Track listing\nProduced by Charles Austin, Buck 65, Graeme Campbell and Emily Wells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161175-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Odd Years, 20 Odd Years EPs\nThe album was preceded by a series of four EPs, released digitally and on 7\" vinyl: 20 Odd Years, Vol. 1: Avant (released June 8, 2010); 20 Odd Years, Vol. 2: Distance (July 12, 2010); 20 Odd Years, Vol. 3: Albuquerque (August 10, 2010); and 20 Odd Years, Vol. 4 : Cenotaph (September 14, 2010). The latter EP was withdrawn from availability, presumably due to copyright issues involving the unauthorized sampling of the Bronski Beat single, \"Smalltown Boy.\" The album primarily featured songs from these EPs, including a cover of Leonard Cohen's \"Who By Fire\", as well as two previously unreleased songs. Buck 65 later released an additional EP in the series titled 20 Odd Years Vol. 4 : Ostranenie (November 21, 2011).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again\n20 Once Again (Chinese: \u91cd\u8fd420\u5c81 Ch\u00f3ng f\u01cen \u00e8rsh\u00ed su\u00ec) is the 2015 Chinese comedy film directed by Leste Chen and starring Yang Zishan, Gua Ah-leh, Bolin Chen and Lu Han. The film is a remake of the South Korean movie Miss Granny. It was released on January 8, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Plot\nShen Meng Jun (Gua Ah-leh) is a crotchety prideful 70-year-old widow who frequently finds fault with everyone around her. She takes pride in her ability to raise her son single-handedly, despite the poverty during the Cultural Revolution, to become a professor of a prestigious university. She shows her bias towards her grandson Xiang Qian Jin (Lu Han) because he aspires to become a musician and he represents a dream that Meng Jun cannot achieve herself. However, she had no opportunity to be a singer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0001-0001", "contents": "20 Once Again, Plot\nAlthough kind to her grandson, she is very critical towards both her daughter-in-law, Yang Qin (Yijuan Li), and granddaughter, Xin Ran (Yin Hang), who openly treats Meng Jun with contempt for the way she treats her mother. This leads to Yang Qin fainting due to the pressure placed on her. After this incident, the family decides it's time for her to go to a nursing home. Feeling forlorn, she wanders the streets and impulsively decides to take a final portrait at a photo studio she happens by. Upon leaving, to her astonishment she realizes that she has been transformed back into her 20-year-old self. Given a magical second chance at youth, she changes her name to Meng Li Jun (Yang Zishan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Plot\nAfter Meng Jun's transformation, she decides to keep her new identity a secret. She begins by renting a room from her trusted friend and past servant, Li Dahai (Deshun Wang). Later, while accompanying Dahai to the senior recreation center, she meets her long-time rival, a flirty senior woman. There, they had an epic singing battle, in which Li Jun wins. Li Jun captured the crowd's heart with her voice. While singing, a music director enters and offers her a chance of a lifetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Cast\nSeventy-year-old Li Jun becomes a youth again after visiting a mysterious photo studio. She joins her family and re-experiences the meaning of love, family and music. When Xiang Qian Jin gets into an accident, only she has the same blood type as him and can save his life. She likes Tan Zhi Ming in the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Cast\nThe grandson of Li Jun, he is pampered by his grandmother. He aspires to be a singer one day and gets the help of his youthful grandmother who helps fulfil his dreams. Not knowing that Li Jun is his grandmother, he starts developing feelings for her. In the end, when he met with a car accident only his grandmother matched his blood type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Cast\nZhi Ming is a musical director who sees potential in Qian Jin and his band. He develops feelings with Li Jun after working with her band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Cast\nDa Hai was Li Jun's lover as a youth. He continues to hold feelings for Li Jun and is the only one who discovers that Li Jun had become 20 again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Cast\nThe son of Meng Li Jun who is a professor at a university. He has a wife in Qin and two children: a son, Qian Jin and a daughter, Xin Ran. He wanted to send his own mother to the Nursing Home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Cast\nThe wife of Guo Bin, mother of Qian Jin and Xin Ran and daughter-in-law of Meng Li Jun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Cast\nThe daughter of Guo Bin and Yang Qin and sister to Qian Jin. The granddaughter of Meng Li Jun who treats her with contempt due to the stress she had put her mother through. It's because of this, Li Jun doesn't get along with Xin Ran and often criticize her for her disrespect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161176-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Once Again, Reception\nBy February 8, 2015, the film had earned over US$59.01 million in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161177-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Ophiuchi\n20 Ophiuchi is a class F6IV (yellow-white subgiant) star in the constellation Ophiuchus. Its apparent magnitude is 4.64 and it is approximately 104 light years away based on parallax. It lies near the star Zeta Ophiuchi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161177-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Ophiuchi\n20 Ophiuchi is an astrometric binary. The primary star is a late F-type subgiant star. It has a mass 1.72 times that of the Sun. The companion star regularly perturbs the primary star, causing it to wobble around the barycenter. From this, an orbital period of 35.5 years has been calculated. The secondary star is 0.8 times the mass of the Sun, and it may be a white dwarf or red dwarf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161178-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Party Alliance\nThe 20 Party Alliance is a Bangladeshi coalition of right-wing political parties, led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. It was originally formed as the 18 Party Alliance on 18 April 2012 in Dhaka, extending its predecessor the Four Party Alliance. The 20 Party Alliance was formed as an effort to strengthen the opposition's demands for restoring the caretaker government system used between 1996 and 2008. The main rival of this alliance is the Grand Alliance, led by Awami League which came into power after the election in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161178-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Party Alliance\nThe BNP are simultaneously in Jatiya Oikya Front and this alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161178-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Party Alliance, History\nThe Four Party Alliance was a political grouping in the Jatiyo Sangshad, or National Assembly of Bangladesh. It was formed in 1999 for the 2001 election, and consisted of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, Bangladesh Jatiya Party (Najiur)  and Islami Oikya Jote. The alliance won a substantial majority in 2001, but was heavily defeated by the Grand Alliance of Bangladesh in 2008. On 18 April 2012, the Four Party Alliance was extended and took the new name 18 Party Alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161178-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Party Alliance, History, 2001\nIn the 2001 Bangladeshi general election, the Four Party Alliance won 214 of the 300 seats in parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161178-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Party Alliance, History, 2008\nIn the 2008 Bangladeshi general election, the Four Party Alliance won 33 of the 300 seats in parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161179-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Persei\n20 Persei is a visual binary star in the northern constellation of Perseus, a few degrees from Pi Persei. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-white hued point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.343. The system is located around 230 light-years (71\u00a0pc) away from the Sun, based on its parallax. It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +6\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161179-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Persei\nThe orbit of the two stars has been calculated from the secondary changing its position relative to the primary. The two orbit each other every 31.6\u00a0years with an angular semimajor axis of 0.22\u00a0arcseconds and an eccentricity of 0.7560. The combined spectrum of 20 Persei matches that of an F-type main-sequence star, and the two stars are thought to have equal masses, 1.5 times that of the Sun. A ninth-magnitude star, designated 20 Persei C, may be associated with the pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161180-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Puppis\n20 Puppis is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Puppis. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.99. The star lies approximately 990\u00a0light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +16.8\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161180-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Puppis\nThis object has a stellar classification of G4\u00a0Ib-II, matching a G-type star with a luminosity class part way between a bright giant and a supergiant star. It is just 90\u00a0million years old with around five times the mass of the Sun. The star has expanded to 48 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 1,087 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,804\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0000-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India)\n20 SATA Regiment, nicknamed the \u2018Alma Mater of Locators\u2019 is a Surveillance and Target Acquisition (SATA) artillery regiment which is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0001-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), Formation\nThe Regiment was raised on August 4, 1924 at the School of Artillery in Kakul (now in Pakistan) as 1 Survey Section Royal Indian Artillery under Captain E. R. Culverwell. Upon establishment, it consisted  of only nine personnel, which included two British officers, as well as several V.C.Os, Indian Officers and Other Ranks. These nine persons, later to be known as the \u2018Nine Originals\u2019, had passed a Royal Engineers survey course at Roorkee. They were selected from Mountain Artillery, Cavalry and Infantry Units to form the nucleus of Survey Section Royal Indian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0002-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nCaptain Culverwell commanded the section for several years and was followed by Captains H. D. W. Sitwell, C. L. Ferard, K. F. Mackay Lewis, W. J. Gyde and R. MacCaig. 1 Survey Section was reorganised in 1941 as the \u2018Survey Troop\u2019 and carried out the survey of the Khyber Pass. In January 1942, it was re-designated as 1 Survey Battery under Major J. H. C. Hunter, and shortly afterwards re-joined the School of Artillery at Deolali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0003-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nIn August, 1942, the 1st Battery and a new Regimental Headquarters (R.H.Q.) were combined to form the 1st Indian Survey Regiment. The first Commanding Officer was Lieutenant-Colonel J. F. S. Rendall, with Major J. H. C. Hunter as Second-in -Command and Captain Matthews as Adjutant. Major S. A.  Brighty commanded No. 1 Battery. In June, 1943, No. 2 Battery was formed under Major F. A. von  Goldstein. A radar troop was raised in 1943 as part of the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0004-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nIn July 1944, the Regiment moved by road to Ranchi and in August to the Imphal area to join the Burma campaign of World War II. It came under command of 33 Corps, which had begun the pursuit to the Chindwin River line in Burma. No. 2 Survey Battery under Major von Goldstein joined the 11th (East Africa) Division, which was pressing down the Kabaw Valley. The No. 1 Survey Battery under Major B. C. Slater joined the 2 British Division and moved south to take part in the corps artillery concentration covering the crossing of the Irrawaddy River. After the crossings the survey battery joined 20 Division. No. 2 Survey Battery joined 19 Indian Division for the northern crossings of the Irrawaddy. One Military Cross and three Military Medals were awarded to personnel from the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0005-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nOrders had been issued that units not urgently required were to return to India and on 13 May 1945, the 1st Indian Survey Regiment was flown to Comilla. Lieutenant-Colonel H. G. Croly was now in command and repatriation had begun, and many changes of all ranks were taking place. The regiment eventually moved to Hyderabad (Sind) under Lieutenant-Colonel von Goldstein as commanding officer. On 25 January 1947,  as a result of the Partition, the 1st Indian Survey Regiment became 20th Survey Regiment, R.I. A., under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Rajbahadur, having shed 2nd Survey Battery. This became the 2nd Survey Battery, R.P.A. (later 13th Survey Battery, R.P.A. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0006-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nIn 1948, the Regiment took part in the Hyderabad Police Action and Indo-Pakistani War of 1947\u20131948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0007-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nIn July 1952, the Regiment was reorganised as the 20 Locating Regiment. In 1962, it took part in the Indo-China war and saw action in Sikkim and NEFA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0008-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment fought in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 in the Western Sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0009-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nIt was part of the 15th Infantry Division in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, again in the Western Sector. It was part of the force tasked to defend the Amritsar and Dera Baba Nanak sectors. Commenting on the artillery support, Maj Gen Sukhwant Singh (Deputy Director Military Operations, Army Headquarters), writes in his book \u2018India's Wars Since Independence: Defence of the western border\u2019, \u201cThe Independent Artillery Brigade supported the operation with intimate, timely and abundant artillery fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0009-0001", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nSo effective was the brigade\u2019s counter-battery programme that there was no interference by the enemy artillery, \u201cThe performance of the Flash Spotting Troop of 20 Locating Regiment in particular, had been commendable. It had started \u201cfixing\u2019 the Pakistani gun areas from Day One, when Pakistan attacked Kasowal. Thereafter, whenever and from wherever the enemy artillery opened up, the eyes and instruments of the flash spotters kept updating its latest locations, enabling effective counter bombardment. The four personnel from the regiment were Mentioned in Despatches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161181-0010-0000", "contents": "20 SATA Regiment (India), History\nIn June 1987, the Regiment was redesignated as the 20 Surveillance and Target Acquisition (SATA) Regiment with the role of carrying out all weather surveillance of targets including enemy guns and mortars. The Regiment has also participated in operations Blue Star in Punjab in 1984, Rakshak, Vijay and Operation Parakram (all in J&K). The regiment had the honour to participate in the Republic Day Parade in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161182-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Seiki Denki Mokuroku\n20 Seiki Denki Mokuroku (Japanese: \u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u96fb\u6c23\u76ee\u9332, transl. \"20th Century Electricity Catalog\") is a Japanese light novel written by Hiro Y\u016bki and illustrated by Kazumi Ikeda, with art and backgrounds by Momoka Nagatani. The novel won an honorable mention in the full-length novel category at the 8th Kyoto Animation Awards in 2017, and was the only series to win an award that year. Kyoto Animation published the novel under their KA Esuma Bunko imprint on August 10, 2018 (ISBN\u00a0978-4-907064-88-4). On July 27, 2018, KA Esuma Bunko's Twitter account announced that an anime adaptation of the novel would be produced, and would be animated by Kyoto Animation, but the project's status is currently unknown following the Kyoto Animation arson attack which destroyed the main production office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161183-0000-0000", "contents": "20 September Samarra attack\nThe 20 September 2013 Iraq attacks were a series of coordinated bombings and shootings across central and southern parts of Iraq that resulted in at least 25 people killed and dozens more injured. The biggest attack took place in Samarra, where a bomb hidden in the air-conditioning unit of a Sunni mosque was detonated, killing 18 and injuring 21 others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161184-0000-0000", "contents": "20 South Second Street, Newport, PA\n20 South Second Street is a historic home located in Newport, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161184-0001-0000", "contents": "20 South Second Street, Newport, PA\nThis is a two-story home with a hipped roof, resting on a stone foundation. The all brick structure is 4 pays wide with a storefront at the corner. Clapboard siding was added around the storefront along with a wraparound porch with modern wood columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161184-0002-0000", "contents": "20 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History\nNow home of Newport Natural Foods, I was home to the following businesses:  The William \"Bill\" Welfley Drug Store, Earl Gower Drug Store, Charles E. Bosserman Drug Store & Soda Fountain, State Liquor Store, the Post Office from 1922 to 1932, Fleck and Hyman Clothing, D. H. Spots Clothing, Marx Dukes Clothing. Originally known as the Dr James B. Eby building", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161184-0003-0000", "contents": "20 South Second Street, Newport, PA, History\nIt was designated a contributing property of the Newport Historic District in 1999. It is also identified as #71 in the", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161185-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Standards (Quartet) 2003\n20 Standards (Quartet) 2003 is a live album 4CD box set by American composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded in Europe in 2003 and released on the Leo label in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161185-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Standards (Quartet) 2003, Reception\n...one is struck by the multifaceted balance of the album as a whole... Braxton pays a loving tribute to each tune, respecting the melody, pushing it beyond the composer's wildest dreams, taking it apart and reassembling it in the most natural-sounding way. ... These are masterfully creative revisitations of chunks of jazz history, big and small.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161185-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Standards (Quartet) 2003, Reception\nMuch of the repertoire featured here was integral to the cool jazz of the fifties, but the quartet tears into it like it was written yesterday. ... If you want to hear your favorite old standards sounding brand new again, this set fits the bill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161186-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Studio One Hits\n20 Studio One Hits was a compilation album of New Zealand and New Zealand based artists culled from the Studio One television series on the N.Z.B.C.. It was released in 1972. It was followed up by 20 Studio One Hits Volume 2 the following year. The albums are representative of the televised Studio One talent quests. Some of the songs that appeared on the album went on to become hits in Australasia. The records which were released on the Music for Leisure label are a historical account of the Studio One talent quests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161186-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Studio One Hits, Background\nThe twenty songs on the album were selected from over 2,000 original songs were performed on the Studio One television program. The Studio One TV program was hot property for N.Z.B.C and a lot of emphasis was put on the program instead of the Loxene Awards. In 1972, Polygram, the parent company of Music for Leisure and HMV sold 55,000 copies of the first album in their joint sales venture. The second release, Vol 2 was produced by Christopher Bourn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161186-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits\nIn March 1972, Bobby Davis's composition \"Maybe\" was accepted for the Studio One series. Former Dunedin bank clerk, Craig Scott had already released about 8 singles by the time his song \"Day\" appeared on the album. One of the entries was a group called January who was made up of two brothers, Dale and Craig Wrightson. Twice they were finalists on the televised talent competition. Their song \"Thinking Of You\" ended up on the album. Nash Chase's \"Anderson and Wise\" did well, reaching the finals of the contest, and ending up on the album. It also charted locally around New Zealand. The first place winner of the songwriting contest was \"Don't let me lose you\" composed by Dave Jordan and sing by Ray Woolf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161186-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2\nThe second volume was released in 1973. The songs were a result of the Studio One competition that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161186-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2\nIn June 1973, Deane Waretini entered into the Studio One contest to pick the song for the 1974 Commonwealth games. The song \"Baby I'm Leaving\" was a Mark Anthony composition. In an earlier heat, another singer with the same surname, Andy Waretini had entered with the song \"Last Year's Summer\". It was reported in the December 9, 1972 issue of The New Zealand Herald, that promoter Philip Warren who had spotted Andy Waretini on the New faces contest had booked him for the summer period to appear at selected holiday centers with British entertainer David Whitfield. He also appeared on the TV show Six of the Best in early 1973. Andy Waretini's song was the one that ended up on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161186-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2\nLarry Killip was a musician was once in Auckland 1960s band, The Zarks and had released some singles in the 1970s. He was a Studio One contestant, and as a result his song, which is now considered a classic in New Zealand, ended up on the album. Another Studio One contest entry, \"Dance To My Tune\" by Lindsay Marks ended up on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161186-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2\nOther artists in the competition were The Rumour with \"Quiet Song\", an Anderson and Wise composition, and \"Join Together\", by Steve Allen. Allen's song was the winner, \"A Quiet Song\" by The Rumour ended up on the album but the Steve Allen song on the album was \"More than yesterday\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161186-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Studio One Hits, 20 Studio One Hits Vol 2\nKamahl's \"The Boy From Dundee\", was the winner of the second songwriting section of the \"Studio one\" competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz\n20 Stycznia 1920 Street is located in downtown district, in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Many of the buildings along this axis are either registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, or part of a historical ensemble of Eclectic and Art Nouveau architecture in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Location\nLocated in downtown district, the street unfolds on an approximate south\u2013north axis, parallel to Gda\u0144ska street on the west and Staszica and Paderewskiego Streets on the east. The southern tip of the street (odd numbers till 9) faces the agreeable Jan Kochanowski Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History\nOn an 1876 map by Paul Berthold Jaekel, as well as on an 1880 map, the axis is drawn, without any mention of the name. The first map to reference the street dates back to 1908, where it is named Goethestra\u00dfe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History\nIn Bromberg's address books, the lane is mentioned in 1905 as being under construction. The following year only three edifices are listed in Goethestra\u00dfe\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History, Naming\nThe pathway was known as Goethestra\u00dfe, from its construction to 1920 and during German occupation (1939-1945). The name referred to the famous German writer and statesman Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History, Naming\nThe current name 20 Stycznia 1920 Street , was adopted on September 13, 1921, by the city council to celebrate the date of the signature of the Act on citizenship of the Polish State, which came in force on January 31, 1920 and underlined the re-creation of the Polish sovereign nation. The communist period modified in 1948, the name of the street to 24 January 1945, commemorating the liberation of Bydgoszcz from German forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, History, Naming\nCalling came back to the actual one on June 26, 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nBydgoszcz Music Academy building, at S\u0142owackiego Street N\u00b07, corner with 20 Stycznia 1920 Street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N\u00b0601404-Reg.A/782/1-3 (May 8, 1992)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe building has been initially erected to house the administrative services of the district authorities (German: Kreishaus) at the beginning of the 20th century. It now accommodates the seat of the Bydgoszcz Music Academy - \"Feliks Nowowiejski\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe edifice presents an eclectic architecture, with a predominance of Neo-Baroque forms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nIn the 1906's address book, the edifice is identified as new building (German: neubau), belonging to Julius Berger, a merchant and located at then Goethestra\u00dfe 37. During the occupation, an annex of the NSDAP was housed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0012-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThis corner house displays Art Nouveau features, especially in the ornamental details of the three avant-corps sections, the lean pilasters and the ogee-shape wall dormers, as well as the well adorned portal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0013-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nAlthough registered as a 1905 construction, the building is only listed in 1908. It was a commission from Oskar Unverferth, who ran a furniture factory. The designer was Fritz Weidner, a famous city architect in Bydgoszcz. Oskar Unverferth moved there in 1908 and remained landlord till 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0014-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe villa is characteristic of the Landhaus style that Fritz Weidner more than often applied to his realizations in Bydgoszcz. A myriad of architectural details on the asymmetrical facades (bow windows, balconies, arches, Art Nouveau motifs), make the villa resemble a country house. The house was entirely refurbished in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0015-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nOn the plot at then Goethestra\u00dfe No.4, Carl Meyer, Bromberg building councilor and designer, had built his own house in the early 20th century. Carl Meyer is one of the most influential architects in the city, from the 1880s to 1912, year of his retirement from his position as building councilor. He lived there until he left Bydgoszcz in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0016-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nReflecting its neighbour at No.3, the villa boasts Art Nouveau references, especially in the embellished portal of the front door, topped by an oval transom light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0017-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nHermann Draheim, a rentier, was the first landlord of this tenement in the 1910s, located at then Goethestra\u00dfe 35. [ [ WitoldBe\u0142za]], librarian, writer, publicist, cultural activist and director of the City Library lived there from 1920 to 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0018-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe facade reminds similar tenements built in Dworcowa Street 45/47 in 1905/1906. Yet, here, architectural details lean on more simplicity in the making and the shape, with less Art Nouveau motifs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0019-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nBuilt in 1909, as mentioned on the top of the elevation, Alfred Schleusener is the first registered owner in the 1910s. Schleusener was an active designer and builder in Bromberg/Bydgoszcz in the first half of the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0020-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe villa reflects architectural tendencies on the fringe between Art Nouveau and early modernism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0021-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThis edifice has been commissioned by Dr Max Graeupner to Emil and Georg Zillmann, architects from Charlottenburg. It had been  accommodating Max Graeupner's clinic, specialized in Women's diseases and obstetrics (German: frauenkrankheiten und geburtshilfe). He lived at Dantsiger stra\u00dfe 38, today's Gda\u0144ska Street 63. After First World War, the building was still used as a medical facility, run by Dr Gli\u0144ski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0022-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nMany elements can be highlighted: a series of floral motifs in the pediments and in cartouches, or the balconies wrought iron fences, as well as the characteristic Art Nouveau waved lines in the decoration of the street door.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0023-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nLike many other buildings in downtown Bydgoszcz (7 Plac Wolno\u015bci, 14 Kopernika Street, 11 Ossoli\u0144ski Alley), this edifice is an additional and accurate instance of Polish modernism of the interwar period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0024-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nOn the 1908 Bromberg's address book, Paul B\u00f6hm was listed as the first owner of this vast building. Paul B\u00f6hm was a prolific architect and designer in Bromberg, between the 1880s and the 1910s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0025-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nPolish Theatre in Bydgoszcz, at Adam Mickiewicz Alley 2, corner with 20 Sycznia 1920 street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0026-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nHieronim Konieczka Polish Theatre in Bydgoszcz is the largest and best known theatre of the city. Its current director is Pawe\u0142 Wodzi\u0144ski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0027-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThis tenement from 1906 had as first landlord Victor Petrikowski, a carpenter and a construction entrepreneur who designed the current building. In this house lived Edward Woyni\u0142\u0142owicz, a Polish and Belarusian social and economic activist, who left his eastern lands to dwell in Bydgoszcz. He wrote there his memoirs, Wspomnienia 1847-1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0028-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe edifice has been thoroughly renovated in 2015, preserving its historic Art Nouveau architectural details, alongside its specific decorated interiors (staircase, ornaments and stained glass).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0029-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe building was first the property and abode of Rudolf Kern, the architect who designed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0030-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThis immense edifice, at the crossing with Zamoyskiego street, reveals a large metal roof studded with a corner finial, dormers, a terrace crowning the avant-corps which bottom is pierced by arches to make room for the majestic main entry area. The portal arch is covered on the inside with coffers and displays the oval-shaped openings specific to Art Nouveau design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0031-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.601456-Reg.A/1080/1-2 (December 20, 1994)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0032-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nPaul B\u00f6hm, designer, was also the first owner of the tenement, which was split into renting flats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0033-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThis corner building is characterised by its towering peak topped with a metal roof. At street level, the fence is adorned with animal figures (rooster, owl, fish).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0034-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe edifice at then Goethestra\u00dfe 29 has been commissioned by a master mason, Mr Weiss. In the 1930s, young Zbigniew Raszewski (1925-1992), a future Polish writer and theatre historian, lived there with his family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0035-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe elevation, renovated in 2017, reveals much of a transition of architectural styles common at this period of the 1910s, between early modernism and late Art Nouveau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0036-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe initial owner, Richard Schramke, was a decorator. He tasked Fritz Weidner, a trendy Bromberg architect at that time, to realize a large building for renting purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0037-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe unbalanced facade, peculiar to Art Nouveau style, is studded with balconies, avant-corps and loggias, but the absence of other detailed motifs challenges the uniformity of the ensemble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0038-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe building commissioner was Max Reschke, a master carpenter who never lived there, but at neighbouring No.22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0039-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe frontage, refurbished in 2017, displays the carved door crowned with a curved fan light and several cartouches, rosettes and other motifs in the Art Nouveau fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0040-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nCommissioned by J\u00f3zef Grabowski, a painter, to Georg Baesler; Grabowski never inhabited there. It was once the property of Erwin Wodke, co-owner of a transport company F.Wodtke - International Furniture Transport which stables and warehouses were located in the backyard accessible through the gateway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0041-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nAlthough damaged by time, the facade still exhibits wrought iron balconies and railings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0042-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nRealized after an order from Max Reschke, a master carpenter, also owner of No.20. His widow lived there till the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0043-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe large facade displays scattered rosettes. Its two massive avant-corps are topped by terraces. There are Art Nouveau mouldings beneath a balcony, as well as on gable top. The main entrance door boasts a web-shaped transom light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0044-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nSimilarly to the building at No.21, this one has also been commissioned by J\u00f3zef Grabowski, a painter and realized by Georg Baesler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0045-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nSpecific to this facade, one can notice two round avant-corps flanking a portal with columns and festoon. Both gables are embellished with floral motif mouldings and a frieze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0046-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.A/379/1 (November 12, 1993)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0047-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe superb elevation, renovated in 2017, boasts myriads of Art Nouveau motifs and details, on the avant-corps, the bay-window, or on the gable and the entrance portal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0048-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nFirst landlord and commissioner was Herman Pflaum, a master engraver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0049-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe facade is a bit deprived of its original decoration. One can still appreciate some motifs around the entrance door and at the bottom of the avant-corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0050-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nTenement at 14 Chodkiewicza, corner with 26 20 Stycznia 1920 street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0051-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nRegistered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, No.A/1384 (September 16, 2008)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0052-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nThe first landlord and building commissioner was Friedrich Fiedler, a merchant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0053-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nNicely refurbished in 2016-2017, the tenement exhibits leasing Art Nouveau details with rosettes and mouldings. A superb round gable overlooking the terrace on top of the avant-corps is adorned with representative Art nouveau motifs: a figure head, flanked by vegetal festoons. Likewise, the transom light over the entrance door is surrounded by a moulding with Art Nouveau features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0054-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nA merchant, Emil Dittmann, was the first owner of the place. He was still living there in the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0055-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nRudolf Kern has used the same pattern for both houses at No.27 and 29. Two doors on the street, a gable on the right hand of the facade (triangular here) and a loggia on the left hand. Only alteration regards the bay-window in lieu of an avant-corps at No.29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0056-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nAlexander Schmidt was the commissioner of the tenement. He was director of the factory Bromberger Maschinenfabrik Hermann L\u00f6hnert producing machine tools, established in 1868 in Bromberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0057-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nRudolf Kern has used the same pattern for both houses at No.27 and 29. Two doors on the street, a gable on the right hand of the facade (ogee shaped here) and a loggia on the left hand (round topped there). Only alteration regards the avant-corps, where a bay-window is built at No.27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161187-0058-0000", "contents": "20 Stycznia 1920 Street in Bydgoszcz, Main edifices\nJan Kossowski  (1898-1958) has been a very prolific Polish architect and builder, mainly associated with Bydgoszcz. His professional activity stretches from the interwar period to the 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161188-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Supersucessos\n20 Supersucessos (20 Super Hits in English) is a compilation album from Banda Calypso released in 2005, recalling the achievements of his first 3 albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161189-0000-0000", "contents": "20 The Countdown Magazine\n20 The Countdown Magazine is a weekly Christian music countdown program, syndicated to Christian radio stations in the United States, Canada and worldwide. The show is now offered as a podcast, audio stream, and can be played on Amazon smart speakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161189-0001-0000", "contents": "20 The Countdown Magazine, History\nThe program is hosted by William Ryan III, and counts down the top twenty Christian songs. Each countdown also includes special features like Artist interviews, stories behind the songs, and interactive features like the Future Fan Favorite. Occasionally, the program would also feature weekly special programmings, such as a countdown for the top twenty songs for the year, an annual Christmas program, and tribute shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161189-0002-0000", "contents": "20 The Countdown Magazine, History\n20TCM was created by Jon Rivers in 1985 while he was on his way into work where he hosted the morning show on KLTY-FM in Dallas/Fort Worth. It was around 2:30 in the morning while driving in where Jon clearly heard Jesus speak to him to start a weekly countdown show called, \"20 The Countdown Magazine.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161189-0003-0000", "contents": "20 The Countdown Magazine, History\nThere was already a big show called American Top 40 hosted by Casey Kasem that was counting down mainstream songs but nothing for Christian music at the time (although Christian Countdown USA first hosted by Jim Channell a.k.a \u201cCaptain Whammo,\u201d and later Bob Souer, predates the debut of 20TCM by a few months). Jon felt like Christian music is as good as anything and there are always at least 20 great Christian songs you can count down. And so... 20 the Countdown Magazine began!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161189-0004-0000", "contents": "20 The Countdown Magazine, History\nJon did most of the writing and production himself at first, chasing after the FedEx truck late at night to make sure cassette tapes of the show made it out to radio stations all over the world in time! Technology has surely changed since then, but the heart behind the show has not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161189-0005-0000", "contents": "20 The Countdown Magazine, History\nIn 2019, Jon Rivers announced his retirement and the new host of the show William Ryan III. Jon did his farewell show on September 7, 2019 along with the new host, William Ryan III. Dozens of Christian Artists also were heard on the farewell show congratulating Jon on his retirement and welcoming William as the new host of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161189-0006-0000", "contents": "20 The Countdown Magazine, History\nIn 2021, 20TCM became a listener supported non-profit program and is a recognized 501(c)3 organization of IRS code. The show is offered free of charge to affiliates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161190-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Times Square\n20 Times Square is a 39-story mixed-use development at 701 Seventh Avenue, on the northeast corner with West 47th Street at the northern end of Times Square, Manhattan, New York City. The development includes one of Ian Schragers Edition Hotels, operated by Marriott, above a 6-floor 76,000 square feet (7,100\u00a0m2) retail component. It opened in February 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161190-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Times Square\nThe building replaces the 1910 structure originally known as the Columbia Amusement Company Building, which had been home to a movie theater known variously as the Mayfair Theatre, the DeMille Theatre, and the Embassy 2-3-4 Theatre. On the upper floors, the Columbia Amusement Company Building had housed the famous Unique Recording Studios, which closed in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161190-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Times Square, Development\nBetween 2000 and 2011, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) worked with Vornado Realty Trust, who had partnered with the Lawrence Ruben Company. In November 2007, the PANYNJ announced the terms of an agreement in which it would receive nearly $500 million in a lease arrangement for a new office tower above the Port Authority Bus Terminal that would also provide funds for additional terminal facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161190-0002-0001", "contents": "20 Times Square, Development\nIt would include 1,300,000 square feet (120,000\u00a0m2) of commercial space in a new office tower, which was to use the vanity address 20 Times Square, the addition of 60,000 square feet (5,600\u00a0m2) of new retail space in the bus terminal, as well as 18 additional departure gates, accommodating 70 additional buses carrying up to 3,000 passengers per hour. New escalators would be installed to help move passengers more quickly between the gate area and the ground floor. Construction was expected to begin in 2009 or 2010 and take four years to complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161190-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Times Square, Development\nFollowing in the tradition of Times Square, and the zoning ordinances requirement for building owners to display illuminated signs, the development features a very large wraparound high definition LED screen, known as a Jumbotron. The screen is one of the largest video-capable screens in the world. It features 16 million LED diodes (pixels) measuring only 10mm, providing 18,000 square feet of screen along 200 linear feet of wraparound frontage. This makes the screen the largest single LED screen in New York and over six times the size of the famous Coca-Cola sign in Times Square. The sign is 1,000 square feet larger than Times Square's previous largest - the 17,000 square foot sign on the flagship Walgreens store located at One Times Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161190-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Times Square, Development\nAccording to City Planning Department documents, an increase in the size (and FAR) of the 500 foot tall building was made possible by the transfer of air rights from two nearby Broadway locations. The vanity address 20 Times Square was allocated by the City to the development in April 2014, In May 2014 it was announced that the retail space is being leased through the CBRE Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161190-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Times Square, Usage and tenants\nOn November 30, 2017, the National Football League and Cirque du Soleil opened NFL Experience Times Square\u2014an interactive museum attraction devoted to the league, in four ground-level floors. It also contained broadcasting facilities for NFL Network's morning show Good Morning Football. In September 2018, it was announced that the attraction would close, and would remain open through at least the end of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161190-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Times Square, Usage and tenants\nIn December 2019, just ten months after the Edition hotel opened, the French bank Natixis, which had provided the $2 billion dollar financing package for the project, filed to foreclose on the property, asserting that a $650 million portion of the loan package was in default because of numerous undischarged mechanics\u2019 liens recorded against the property. The foreclosure suit also alleged that the developer Maefield had defaulted by failing to lease the project\u2019s retail space by a September 2019 deadline. The suit alleged that as of December 2019, 90% of the property\u2019s retail space had been sitting vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161191-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Tsubu no Kokoro\n\"20 Tsubu no Kokoro\" (20\u7c92\u306e\u30b3\u30b3\u30ed) is Rythem's eighth single. It was released on January 1, 2006 under Sony Music Entertainment Japan label. This single was only able to reach the #63 spot in the Oricon weekly charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161192-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Vodka Jellies\n20 Vodka Jellies is a compilation album by Scottish musician Momus, released in 1996. The album's cover describes it as \"an assortment of curiosities and rarities,\" and it is a collection of unreleased demos, a few new songs, B-sides, and outtakes. Much of the album reflects Momus's involvement with Shibuya-kei music. It has been described as \"one of Momus' strongest and most accessible efforts.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161193-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Vulpeculae\n20 Vulpeculae is single star located around 1,170\u00a0light years away in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.91. The object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221222\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161193-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Vulpeculae\nThis is a Be star with a stellar classification of B7\u00a0Ve. It is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 236\u00a0km/s (compared to a critical velocity of 332\u00a0km/s) and has an estimated polar inclination of 71.1\u00b0. The star has four times the mass of the Sun and is radiating around 460 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 12,050\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O.\n20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer Janet Jackson. It was released on September 20, 2006, by Virgin Records. Its title makes reference to her third studio album Control (1986), and is a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary. 20 Y.O. represents the \"celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style\" of Control. An R&B and dance album, Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with, including LRoc, Manuel Seal, The Avila Brothers and No I.D., in addition to her longtime partners Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and then-boyfriend Jermaine Dupri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O.\n20 Y.O. received mixed reviews from music critics, with many of them chastising the production and involvement of Dupri. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, making it Jackson's eighth consecutive top-three debut and second consecutive number-two album debut. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it platinum, becoming Jackson's eighth consecutive platinum album. Worldwide, the album has sold 1.5 million copies. 20 Y.O. earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Contemporary R&B Album in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O.\nTo promote 20 Y.O., the singer appeared in various magazines, and performed on Today and the 2006 Billboard Music Awards. To further promote the release online, Jackson launched the \"Design Me\" cover contest, giving fans an opportunity to create the artwork for the album by downloading images of her and creating proposed covers for the album. Jackson hand-picked dozens of images to be used in the contest and selected her top four favorites, which were used for the standard edition's cover on American pressings of 20 Y.O. Three singles were released from the album\u2013\"Call on Me\", \"So Excited\", and \"With U\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Background and development\nIn 2004, Jackson performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show with guest artist Justin Timberlake, who accidentally exposed her right breast at the end of their performance. A month later, she released her eighth studio album, Damita Jo. The album debuted at number two on Billboard 200, was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and sold over three million copies worldwide. However, its singles received minimal airplay due to a blacklist of Jackson's music and videos on many music channels and radio formats caused by legalities surrounding the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0003-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Background and development\nAt the end of 2004, Jackson announced that she intended to start work on a new album project in the coming year. It would involve her then boyfriend\u2014record producer Jermaine Dupri, who was commissioned to executive produce the project\u2014in addition to a roster of other producers. Dupri said at the time,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Background and development\n\"For this record, it's gonna be all dance, though. It's gonna be straight 'Control', 'Nasty', hard-ass beats, memorable melodies. It's directed to her fans, people who miss dancing, people who miss seeing videos with dancing. These [younger artists] are sloppy, they don't take it as serious as she do. They don't rehearse for the hours she do. It's serious business for her and her family and her brothers. It's important for kids to see that and bring that back to life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Background and development\n20 Y.O. became Jackson's final album with Virgin Records, and marked the end of an thirteen-year recording history with the label. Following the album's release Kwam\u00e9 Holland, a producer who worked on the original 20 Y.O. concept prior to Dupri's involvement, stated, \"the finished project we had before Jermaine took everything over is crazy. Ask Jimmy & Terry how they felt when Jermaine came in and changed almost everything.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0005-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Background and development\nIn 2005, Jackson initially worked with various producers, including The Neptunes, Dr. Dre, Kwam\u00e9, and Polow Da Don, but the concept was changed when Dupri was selected to manage the project after becoming a division president at Virgin Records. After the album's release, Dupri was condemned for his production and misguidance of the album, and subsequently was removed from his position at Virgin Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Recording and production\nFor the album, Jackson reunited with longtime collaborators Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis to work with her and Dupri. Conversations between the group began before December 2005, when they elaborated the first themes, and songwriting and recording began in earnest in February. The discussion turned to how Jackson was feeling during the recording of her third studio album Control in 1986. \"I started asking questions like, 'What was the feeling of life when you were 20?'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0006-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Recording and production\nI was so intrigued with what was going on in her life then that I just thought her album should be called that\", Dupri said. Jam agreed, saying it made sense as a concept because it meant a sense of rejuvenation for her, adding: \"A sense of that excitement that people have when they are 20 years old, when their life are beginning.\" He finished by saying Jackson had that same sense of \"hunger and excitement\" she had when she was younger. Jackson wanted to create an R&B and dance album, but with an emphasis on dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0006-0002", "contents": "20 Y.O., Recording and production\nRather than contribute to separate songs for the album, Dupri, Jam and Lewis decided to collaborate. According to the group, the process caused ego and procedural conflicts, but they complemented each other. Jam said: \"The great thing about working with Jermaine, he came in with total respect for us, we had total respect for him. The fact is that we were fans of each other and for Janet\". Jackson stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Recording and production\n\"This time it was four of us collaborating \u2013 Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis, Jermaine and myself. But it was the same process: Everyone getting all of their thoughts and ideas out on the table, then talking about which ideas to keep or throw out. Johnt\u00e1 Austin also played a part in the album. It was really a collaborative effort, and that's what made it so nice. Jermaine would run into the studio and talk about the songs Jimmy and Terry had done on someone's album. Then Jimmy would start playing the song, and Jermaine would say, 'You know what? Let's do something kind of along those lines as a bas'e. He understood them, he understood me and vice versa\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Recording and production\n20 Y.O. was recorded chiefly at Jam and Lewis' Flyte Tyme Studios in Los Angeles and Dupri's Southside Studios in Atlanta, with some sections undertaken at The Village in Los Angeles and the Hit Factory in Miami. The concept of 20 Y.O. is a celebration of what was happening musically when Control was released. The addition of Dupri, quotes Jackson as saying, \"It's an edge, an attitude, an exciting vibe that's assertive. It's about taking charge. It says, 'Here I am. I'm coming on. Musically, I have it. You want it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0008-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Recording and production\nAnd I'm giving it to you.'\" With the album Dupri wanted to reconnect Jackson with her urban fan base without losing her pop and dance audience she had built during the last two decades before the album's release. \"Times have changed from when Michael and Janet were out in the '80s\", he noted, pointing to the fact that urban artists no longer had to cross over to pop genres before achieving maximum exposure and sales. \"Janet shouldn't be changing or trying to change to get on pop radio\", the producer completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Recording and production\nDupri also demonstrated the possibility for a duet with Jackson and American singer Mariah Carey for the album. Carey commented in April 2006, \"He never talked to me about that, but if Jermaine has a concept, we should go and write something. I love Janet. I\u2019ve been a big fan of Janet since 'Con-tro-ol!'\". Later, Dupri said that the closer he got to Jackson and Mariah's duet, the more he knew where it should be at, elaborating that he felt it was going to happen. \"It depends on how quick my mind moves. We\u2019re mixing records for [20 Years Old].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0009-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Recording and production\nWe\u2019re not done yet. When I did Usher's My Way album, the last record I created was 'You Make Me Wanna...'. I'm thinking I might go back in, and I might tamper with it. [ ...] We gotta try to figure it out\", he commented. However, the duet never came to fruition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0010-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Music and lyrics\n\"This album takes me to a place where I haven't been in a while: R&B and dance. I give that credit to Jermaine. I like to say he brought the country to the album, while he says he brought the ghetto. But the dance element was the one thing I was adamant about having. The album also features samples from music that inspired me 20, 25 years ago. There are also some midtempo songs and some of what everyone calls my 'baby-making songs'. Basically, the album is everything that's always been a part of me, but with freshness to it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0011-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Music and lyrics\n20 Y.O. is composed by eleven songs, an introduction, three interludes and an outro. It starts off with Jackson stating \"There's something to be said for not saying anything. I've covered a lot in my 20 years. And I've uncovered a lot\" in its intro. The opening song, second single \"So Excited\" featuring rapper Khia, is a hip hop track which samples the drum break and turntable scratches from Herbie Hancock's 1983 song \"Rockit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0011-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Music and lyrics\nIn the song, Jackson promises submission for her lover, singing, \"If you like it then I\u2019ll do it/I\u2019ll go head to toe\" and \"I'm-a keep your body thumping, baby\". \"Show Me\" follows, with Jackson spelling its title throughout the song. The fourth song, \"Get It Out Me\", is a dance song which was noted to feature Jackson's vocals sounding like her brother Michael's ones. The following song is \"Do It 2 Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0011-0002", "contents": "20 Y.O., Music and lyrics\nIt marks a return to Jackson's conversational style; in the song, She is searching for her lover: \"My first and only call is to you, time after time, babe, throughout my life\". Its music is punctuated by handclaps and by low swoops of a string section. Sixth song \"This Body\" lyrically is about men who have appreciation with Jackson's appearances in magazines. She addresses her fans in the line \"Just had to buy me, had to try me, oooh, you're in love with the hottest girl in the magazine\". The song brings sinuous and dark beats incorporating a rhythmic pattern of heavy breathing and the sound of a jet taking off, which was noted to be a metaphor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0012-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Music and lyrics\nAn interlude is the opening for eighth track \"With U\", which was described as \"the follow-up to 1986's 'Let's Wait Awhile'\", where a couple postpone intimacy. \"With U\" takes place after the act, which results in romantic confusion. In it, she sings, \"I wish you were the one the one I could be with forever\". \"Call on Me\" is the ninth song and lead single from 20 Y.O. It features Nelly, and samples The SOS Band's 1983 song \"Tell Me If You Still Care\". It includes whispered vocals from both Jackson and Nelly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0012-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Music and lyrics\nSecond interlude finds Jackson remembering her Good Times days as Penny. \"Daybreak\", the eleventh song, begins with fairy tale infused chimes before introducing electronic soul handclaps before Jackson starts singing. It has a few lyrics which deal about sex. The following track, \"Enjoy\", is composed by piano and bass. In the song, Jackson's vocals were heavily treated. Both songs have additional carnival charms, sing-along melodies, and a children's chorus at its end of the latter. An interlude follows, with Jackson calling her lover, asking him to come home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0012-0002", "contents": "20 Y.O., Music and lyrics\nFourteenth song \"Take Care\" is a love song which finds the singer pleasuring herself while she waits for her lover. The last song from the album, \"Love 2 Love\" was recorded by Jackson with her brother Michael in mind. She sings, \"We are a couple / Which love knows no bounds\". An outro closes the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0013-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Title and artwork\nIn February 2006, Dupri revealed the album's title as 20 Years Old, making reference to her third studio album, Control (1986), which commemorated its twentieth release anniversary in 2006. The singer, who at that date was 40 years old, confessed she felt half her age. However, Jackson changed the title to 20 Y.O. after a fan suggestion. Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine heavily criticized the title, saying it did not \"let on whether the first letter is plural or singular, whether it's a noun or an adjective. And it would make all the difference\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0013-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Title and artwork\nHe declared that if it was supposed to stand for \"years\", it was a forgivable conceit. However, the reviewer feared the acronym was for 20-Year-Old, which would mean a \"misguided\" move from a woman who was 40, and would illustrate everything wrong with Jackson's direction with the album. He later joked that his third interpretation and his personal favorite was the title to be read phonetically \"I'm 20, yo\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0014-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Title and artwork\nA contest for fans to create an album cover image for 20 Y.O. was announced on July 18, 2006, through Yahoo!. Fans were able to create and submit their own album-cover design, with four winners being chosen by Jackson herself. The first million copies of the album would be published with these fan-created covers. The concept of the contest was to create an image that best celebrated Jackson's past twenty years. The singer hand-picked dozens of images that span over twenty years of Jackson's career were made available for download for use in creating the design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0014-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Title and artwork\n\"They told me that I should pick maybe 20, 30 photos, but I think I went a little crazy. I picked way more than that. I gave them some of the new stuff I just shot for the album cover shoot. So they have some really recent photos as well as some stuff from 20 years ago\", Jackson confessed. For the official artwork for the album, Jackson appears sporting big hair and a wrist full of bracelets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0015-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Release and promotion\n20 Y.O. was released on September 26, 2006 by Virgin Records; its deluxe edition, which included a bonus DVD, was released simultaneously. On May 1, 2006, a web-only song called \"Weekend\" was made available as a \"gift\" to fans to download via Jackson's official website. The song is a remake of \"Lookout Weekend\", a 1984 single by Debbie Deb. It was soon removed from the site and although not included on the album, footage of Jackson recording the track can be seen in the 20 Y.O. The Project piece on the deluxe edition bonus DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0015-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Release and promotion\nA MySpace account for Jackson was also set up with new music and videos to promote 20 Y.O. In the lead up to the album's release, Jackson shot covers for Us Weekly, Vibe, Billboard, FHM, GIANT, W,  Jezebel, OK!, Ebony, King, Sophisticates Black Hair, Movieline's Hollywood Life, Hype Hair, Men's Fitness, Unleashed, Upscale, and In Touch. Her Us Weekly cover became the biggest-selling issue in the magazine's history, selling 1.4 million copies. Jackson's Vibe issue also received attention from the media after she appeared topless on the August cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0016-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Release and promotion\nOn September 9, 2006, Jackson went to France to perform \"So Excited\" at NRJ's Back to School concert, along with past single \"Nasty\". While on The Oprah Winfrey Show, she was interviewed and performed both tracks again. The show aired on September 25. Jackson held an album signing in Times Square at the Virgin Megastore on September 26, the album's release date. Jackson performed live on the Today show \u2014 as part of their Concert Series \u2014 three days later. In October, she traveled to Japan to promote the album and wore a red kimono during a press conference there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0016-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Release and promotion\nIn November, Jackson performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, while she was interviewed on The Tyra Banks Show to further promote the album. On December 4, the singer opened the 2006 Billboard Music Awards with a medley of \"The Pleasure Principle\" and \"So Excited\". During rehearsals for the awards two days prior, she taped a performance featuring two classic singles from her catalog, \"Nasty\" and \"Let's Wait Awhile\", which was streamed on American Express' website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0017-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Release and promotion\nJackson planned to embark on a tour to promote 20 Y.O. around March 2007, with rehearsals beginning in the end of the previous year. According to a Billboard report in September 2006, she and her choreographers were working on ideas for a world tour, but the singer was still not prepared to share those ideas. However, the untitled tour was canceled after she signed a record deal with Island Records, and company executives asked her to record a new album instead, which became Discipline. Jackson stated: \"I was supposed to go on tour with the last album [...] We were actually in full-blown tour rehearsals at that point ... learning numbers, getting everything together, set designs [...] I had to kind of shut everything down and go into the studio.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0018-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Singles\nThe album's first single, \"Call on Me\", was released to US radio on June 19, 2006. It received mixed reviews from critics. The song was a success on the charts, becoming her most successful single in some countries since \"All for You\" in 2001. It peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, it spent two non-consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, making it Jackson's sixteenth R&B chart-topper and thirtieth top ten single. Internationally, the song peaked inside the top-twenty in Italy, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0018-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Singles\nThe music video for \"Call on Me\" was directed by Hype Williams and took ten days to be completed. The music video incorporates Indian, Asian, and African styles, with a mixture of outfits and hairstyles, with a total of five wardrobe changes. \"Call on Me\" is one of the most expensive music videos of all time, with a production cost of over US$1,000,000. Following its release, it was reported that the video was blacklisted by MTV following her incident at the Super Bowl halftime show, which was co-produced by the network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0019-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Singles\nThe second single, \"So Excited\", was released on August 28, 2006. Like the previous single, the song also was met with mixed reviews from music commentators, with some considering the song the highlight from 20 Y.O. while others found it disappointing. \"So Excited\" peaked at number 90 on the Hot 100, and also became her 39th top forty single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, reaching number 34. Additionally, on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, \"So Excited\" became Jackson's 22nd consecutive top ten single and her 17th number-one hit on the chart. It was well also received in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0019-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Singles\nIn Finland, \"So Excited\" peaked at number nine and peaking at number 13 in Spain. Director Joseph Kahn directed its accompanying music video. It depicts Jackson's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine with female dancers. Also, occasional skeleton people appear in an X-ray effect, and images of Khia appearing in a small TV in an empty room. Due to her diminished role in the music video, she criticized Jackson online. The third single in North America was \"With U\", which was released to radio on December 11, 2006. Well received by critics, the song managed to reach number 65 on the region's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. \"Enjoy\" was released only as a promotional single in Japan and received no commercial release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0020-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Critical reception\n20 Y.O. received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, out of 100, to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 52, based on 14 reviews, which indicates \"mixed or average reviews\". Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album a three-and-half out of five-star rating, writing that \"with only a few exceptions, 20 Y.O. provides further refinements of the fun, flirtatious, midtempo songs of her past several albums. This is not a problem.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0020-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Critical reception\nThe New York Times music critic Jon Pareles had mixed feelings, saying \"Janet is as crafty and poised as ever. Her flirtations are still a pleasure, but an overly familiar one. She's done these same slinky moves too often to surprise listeners now.\" Newsday's Glenn Gamboa gave the album a grade of A-, and said that Jackson \"may not want to dwell in that past, either. After all, 20 Y.O. shows that her future could be even better.\" Richard Cromelin from Los Angeles Times was positive saying that 20 Y.O. 's sex themes were slightly toned down from its predecessor, Damita Jo, and, \"In the opening set of songs alone, Jackson promises to do it all [...] And she manages to do this without sounding especially raunchy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0021-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Critical reception\nEric Henderson from Slant Magazine said that the saddest thing about 20 Y.O. was Jackson's decision to make a terrible R&B instead of great dance music, which would likely pay off. He also referred to Jam and Lewis's production as \"ice-cold beats [that] have melted into a lugubrious, lukewarm pudding\u2014at under an hour, it still feels almost twice as long as Janet. and The Velvet Rope.\" With a C+ rating, Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine called it \"half-decent\" and went to say, \"there's precious little to get, well, excited about here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0021-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Critical reception\nJanet commits the ultimate sin of making an album that\u2019s thoroughly mediocre. Apart from the sticky ear-candy of \"So Excited,\" there's little I'd miss here if I went six months without it. This doesn't sound like rejuvenation\u2014it sounds like the beginning of the end.\" The Village Voice's music critic Miles Marshall Lewis commented that Jackson's last two albums also talked excessively about sex, and with the new release, it was getting tired. Evan Serpick from Rolling Stone disagreed with the album's reference to Control, saying \"If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison.\" Angus Batey, writing for Yahoo! Music UK, remarked that in Jackson's producers desire to take Jackson back to her roots, they made not a great album for Jackson, but a facsimile of one; correct in all the details, but lacking substance and soul. Robert Christgau gave it a \"dud\" score ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0022-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Commercial performance\n20 Y.O. debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number two with 296,000 copies sold at its first week, behind Ludacris' album Release Therapy. This was considerably lower than Jackson's previous album Damita Jo, which also opened at number two with 381,000 copies sold across the United States in 2004. 20 Y.O. became her smallest first week sales since The Velvet Rope (1997), which reached number one with 202,000 copies. However, the effort debuted at the top on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0022-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Commercial performance\nIn its second week, the album fell to number nine, selling 77,000 units, representing a 74% drop in sales. It additionally reached number two and number three on Top Digital Albums and Top Tastemaker Albums charts, respectively. On November 13, 2006, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies within the country. As of January 2008, the estimated sales of the album in the US were 679,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0023-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Commercial performance\nOn the Australian Albums Chart, it peaked at number 55. It became her lowest-peaking album in the region since Control in 1986, which reached number 25. In Japan, the album debuted at the number 12 on the Oricon Albums Chart selling 20,380 copies in its first week. It ultimately peaked at number seven in the region. A few weeks after, the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) certified 20 Y.O. gold for shipments of 100,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0024-0000", "contents": "20 Y.O., Commercial performance\nIn the Flemish region of Belgium, 20 Y.O. debuted at number 67 on October 7, 2006, moving to its peak of number 58 the next week, and staying on the charts for five weeks. In contrast, it reached number 22 in the Walloon region of that country. The album entered the French Albums Chart at number 32 in the week dated September 30, 2006, this being its peak. It lasted on the chart for four weeks, felling off the chart on October 21, 2006, at number 175.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161194-0024-0001", "contents": "20 Y.O., Commercial performance\n20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 46 on October 6, 2006 in Germany, next week the album fell to number 96 before falling off the charts. On the Italian Albums Chart it fared better, reaching number 21. In Switzerland, the album debuted and peaked at number 35 on the Swiss Albums Chart and stayed on the charts for four weeks. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number 63 on its album chart. In the Netherlands, 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 34, the issue dated September 30, 2006. Almost one month after, it fell out of the chart at number 93. On the European Top 100 Albums, the record reached number 43. The album had sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161195-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Yanvar (Baku Metro)\n20 Yanvar (20 January in English) is a Baku Metro station. It was opened on 31 December 1985. It was formerly called XI Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordu Meydan\u0131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161196-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years After\n20 Years After is a 2007 American post-apocalyptic film directed by Jim Torres and Ron Harris and starring Azura Skye, Joshua Leonard, and Nathan Baesel. Filmed principally in north Alabama and southern Tennessee, the low-budget film was initially released under the title Like Moles, Like Rats, a reference to the Thornton Wilder play The Skin of Our Teeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161196-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Years After, Premise\nThe events take place 20 years after a nuclear war which was followed by plagues. No children have been born in 15 years, and people want to gain control of the first pregnant woman - Sara. Running out of water, Sara and her mother are forced to leave their shelter in Samuel's basement and join other groups of refugees who call themselves internally displaced people. Michael is a disc jockey who operates a radio station at one of the camps. David runs a gang of looters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161197-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years Paranoid\n20 Years Paranoid is a concert tour by American-Scottish alternative rock group Garbage, to mark the twentieth anniversary of their second album Version 2.0. The title also references the album's second single \"I Think I'm Paranoid\", and the promotional poster is redolent of the album's orange jacket artwork. The tour was preceded in June by a special 20th anniversary edition of Version 2.0, which was re-mastered in late 2017. Garbage will perform the album in its entirety as well as all the B-sides recorded and released during the album's promotional cycle spanning the years 1998\u20132000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161197-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Years Paranoid, Tour announcement\nThe commemorative tour was initially announced in September 2017 with a single headline show confirmed in London. Further European dates, including a \"homecoming\" concerts in Glasgow and Edinburgh, and a show at Paris Bataclan, were announced the following February. Before the first shows were announced, Shirley Manson told Variety in mid 2017 that \"We\u2019re thinking of doing a Version 2.0 anniversary tour [to mark the album\u2019s 20th anniversary] with all of the album tracks and B-sides, so there will be a lot of songs that we have not even played before that we\u2019ll be trying next year.\" North American dates were announced in April, with Mexican shows following in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161197-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Years Paranoid, Tour announcement\nUpon the announcement of the tour, Shirley Manson stated: \"Version 2.0 was a very significant record for us and we know our fans feel the same way about it too. This should be a very special night for us all\". Manson later told Hot Press: \"Revisiting the b-sides has been interesting because some of them were literally written in an afternoon and then forgotten about until now. One of them, 'Lick the Pavement' is this un-thought out, un-tampered with burst of energy. There's also a version of Big Star\u2019s 'Thirteen', which Alex Chilton said was his favourite cover of any of his songs. It's not a pat on the head... it's a fucking medal with a garland of flowers beneath it. I mean, Big Star... it doesn't get any cooler than that!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161197-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Years Paranoid, Tour announcement\nGarbage preempted the tour with a short set at the Electric Picnic festival in Republic of Ireland on Sunday 2 September. The band preceded Nile Rodgers & Chic, George Ezra, Picture This and The Prodigy. The tour was also supplemented by two festival shows in North America: CalJam in San Bernardino, CA preceding Tenacious D, Iggy Pop with Post Pop Depression and Foo Fighters, and ended their run at the Mother of All Rock Festival in Monterrey, Mexico, preceding Sammy Hagar, Whitesnake and Guns N' Roses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161197-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Years Paranoid, Setlists\nAn orchestral sample, pitch-shifted and slowed down preceded the band onstage, where they opened with b-sides \"Afterglow\" and \"Deadwood\". These, alongside \"13x Forever\", are live debuts on this tour. Album tracks intersperse b-sides throughout, peaking the main set with three of their biggest songs. Deep cuts such as \"Wicked Ways\", \"Medication\", \"Sleep Together\" and \"Dumb\" had not been performed by the band in almost twenty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161197-0004-0001", "contents": "20 Years Paranoid, Setlists\n\"Wicked Ways\" is mashed-up with a section from Depeche Mode's \"Personal Jesus\", \"13x Forever\" ends on a part from The Kinks' \"Tired of Waiting for You\", while \"You Look So Fine\" features an extended outro of lyrics from Fleetwood Mac's \"Dreams\". Further into the run Shirley adlibbed from Siouxsie and the Banshees \"Happy House\" on \"Sleep Together\". Some of the songs are preceded with pop-cultural reference samples triggered to lead in the music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161197-0004-0002", "contents": "20 Years Paranoid, Setlists\nThese include dialogue from movies such as Natural Born Killers, To Have and Have Not, Sex, Lies, and Videotape, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Blade Runner, All About Eve, The Conversation, The Graduate, Eternal Sunshine of a Spotless Mind and The Crow. The encore consists of album centrepiece \"The Trick Is to Keep Breathing\" and a cover version of David Bowie's \"Starman\", which is scheduled for vinyl release later in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161197-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Years Paranoid, Setlists\nThe band rehearsed around 25 songs for the tour. At both London shows, \"Starman\" was substituted for \"No Horses\" and \"Cherry Lips\", which continued on as the closing songs for the rest of the tour. Some fan requests were taken at points, including Beautiful Garbage tracks \"Cup of Coffee\" and \"Parade\". Late into the run, the band performed \"#1 Crush\" and \"Only Happy When it Rains\" in lieu of \"No Horses\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161197-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Years Paranoid, Reviews\nThe opening night in Edinburgh was slightly marred with some sound issues, which Chris Mackinnon, writing for the Edinburgh Evening News, commented \"despite the odd hiccup, it was a fine outing\". He also noted, \"THIS could be the very definition of risk: A celebration of possibly your most lauded album, in your home-town. On the 1st night of a tour. But it totally paid off.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161198-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years Queer\n20 Years Queer is a concert tour by American rock band Garbage, to mark the twentieth anniversary of their debut album Garbage. The title also references the band's early single \"Queer\", and the promotional poster is redolent of the self-titled album's pink feather artwork. The tour was preceded by a special 20-year edition of the record, which was re-mastered and featured remixes and previously unreleased versions of album tracks. Garbage performed the album in its entirety as well as all the B-sides recorded during that period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161198-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Years Queer, Tour announcement\nThe commemorative tour was initially announced in March with shows confirmed in Paris and London, and was expected to travel to a number of cities worldwide. Further European dates, including a \"homecoming\" concert in Edinburgh, were announced over the following three months. The entire itinerary of North American dates were announced in June 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161198-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Years Queer, Tour announcement\nUpon the announcement of the tour, Shirley Manson stated: \"This is the album that started everything for us and we look back on it with great fondness. It\u2019s been really great to revisit these songs whilst working on new material \u2013 interesting to see how the essence of the band remains strong as we evolve\". Guitarist Steve Marker later commented: \"We're just as surprised to be here now, intact, so many years later, enthusiastically preparing to get back on the road with that album... A big piece of our lives remains caught up in the making of that record, and we know it holds a special place for the fans that have kept us going for so long\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161198-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Years Queer, Tour announcement\nGarbage was supported on North American shows by singer/songwriter Torres. Support on all European shows, except Moscow, was provided by indie pop band Dutch Uncles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161198-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Years Queer, Setlists\nAround 15 minutes before showtime, a large white curtain dropped down in front of the stage. The live show was preceded by an introductory video compiled from footage of Garbage on their first tour and pop cultural moments of the era, sound-tracked by the bands largely-instrumental B-side \"Alien Sex Fiend\". The video was projected onto the curtain, which the band performed \"Subhuman\" behind, lit up in silhouette; the curtain dropped to the floor as soon as \"Supervixen\" began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161198-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Years Queer, Setlists\nThe initial North American shows featured the set split into blocks of six album tracks, then a batch of B-sides, followed by the remaining album tracks and then again, B-sides, in almost running order on disc. Further into the tour, the set order was rejigged to flow better live. The end of each night featured two bonus tracks from other eras of the band's career. These were picked from a rotation of: \"Push It\", \"I Think I'm Paranoid\" or \"When I Grow Up\" from Version 2.0; \"Cherry Lips\" from Beautiful Garbage; \"Bad Boyfriend\" or \"Why Do You Love Me\" from Bleed Like Me; or \"Automatic Systematic Habit\" from Not Your Kind of People.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161199-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years in History\n20 Years In History is the fourth compilation by the German heavy metal/speed metal band Running Wild. It is a chronological account of Running Wild with two tracks from every album up to and including The Brotherhood. \"Prowling Werewolf\" was formerly available on Heavy Metal Like A Hammerblow demo. \"Apocalyptic Horsemen\" is previously unreleased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161200-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years in a Montana Missile Silo\n20 Years in a Montana Missile Solo is the sixteenth studio album by American band Pere Ubu. It was released in September 29, 2017 through Cherry Red Records. The album was dedicated to Paul Hamann, the engineer owner of Suma Recording Studio, who died on September 14, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord\n20 Years of Dischord is a 3-disc box set compiled by Washington, D.C.-based record label Dischord Records to commemorate its 20th anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord, Overview\n20 Years of Dischord is a concise but representative musical chronicle of the first two decades of the label originally created by Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson as teenagers in 1980 with the sole purpose of releasing Minor Disturbance, their band, the Teen Idles, debut EP; but that, over time, it went on to document the most part of the music coming out of the U.S. capital city's underground community, becoming highly influential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord, Overview\nThe core of the collection are the first two discs, packaged together into a single CD case under the title Fifty Bands, which contains 50 songs, one track from each band that appeared on the label from 1980 to 2000, all of them previously released, featured in roughly chronological order, showing the musical evolution of the scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord, Overview\n\"...the fascinating part [of 20 Years of Dischord] is hearing the progression ... from a high-octane hardcore hotbed to a more arty, experimental, and wide-ranging purely musical scene...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord, Overview\nThe third disc, an enhanced CD titled Unreleased and Rare, consists of a variety of outtakes, demos and live recordings from the Dischord vaults, also includes an early interview with MacKaye, as well as some video files of archival footage featuring performances by the Teen Idles, Untouchables, State of Alert, the Faith, Void, and Deadline. The songs that make up the disc were also released separately, as a collection, and individually, as downloadables digital audio files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0005-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord, Overview\nThe box set includes a profusely illustrated 134-page book titled Putting DC on the Map. Introduced by MacKaye, Nelson and Henry Rollins, the booklet contains a brief historic review of the label, a profile of each of the bands featured on the compilation, and a pictorial discography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0006-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord, Production and release\nConceived by Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson, the 20 Years of Dischord box set was edited by Don Zientara at Inner Ear Studios in Arlington, Virginia. Chad Clark was in charge of the audio mastering at Silver Sonya Recording and Mastering, also located in Arlington. The video files on the enhanced CD were edited by Chris Mills and Guillaume Bernardeau at the studio of RHED Pixel, located outside of Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0007-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord, 14 Bonus Tracks 2000-2008\nIn November 2008, 20 Years of Dischord was updated with an additional compilation titled 14 Bonus Tracks 2000-2008, featuring songs, all of them previously released, from 14 bands who have had releases on the label since 2000. Available only in MP3 format through digital download, this bonus collection has been sold separately or offered for free with the purchase of the original box set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0008-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord, Track listings, 14 Bonus Tracks 2000-2008\nDigital collection released in 2008 as an update of the original compilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161201-0009-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Dischord, Personnel\nThese were the lineups for each of the fifty songs featured on discs 1 and 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161202-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Hardcore\n20 Years of Hardcore is the singles collection album by German hard dance band Scooter, released on October 11, 2013. It collects all the singles from the band to date, plus the remix of \"Maria (I Like It Loud)\" from the German DJ-duo R.I.O..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161203-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Hell\n20 Years of Hell is a series of EPs released by Anti-Flag. In honor of the band's 20th anniversary, they released the EPs via a subscription service. Each EP, which was released digitally and as a 7\", is a split, featuring two songs by Anti-Flag, both of which are re-recordings of previous Anti-Flag songs, with the exception of the last EP which features one re-recording and one new song, and two songs by a new band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161203-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Hell, Vol. VI\nThe sixth and final volume was released in July 2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161204-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Independence Stadium\nBistsolagii Istiqloliyati Stadium (Tajik: \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0437\u0438\u0448\u0433\u043e\u04b3\u0438 \u0431\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u0411\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u0438\u049b\u043b\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u00bb) also known as 20 Years of Independence Stadium is a stadium in Khujand, Tajikistan. It has a capacity of 25,000 spectators. It is the home of FC Khujand of the Ligai Olii Tojikiston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161205-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Jethro Tull\n20 Years of Jethro Tull is a 1988 boxed set which spans the first twenty years of Jethro Tull. It was issued as five LPs: Radio Archives, Rare Tracks, Flawed Gems, Other Sides of Tull, and The Essential Tull. It was simultaneously released as both a 3CD and a 3-cassette set, titled 20 Years of Jethro Tull: The Definitive Collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161205-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Jethro Tull\nAll three versions were housed in a 12x12inch cardboard-box, with 24-page booklet, the CD and cassette versions having a black plastic tray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161205-0002-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Jethro Tull\nA single CD sampler and a double LP album were also created, titled 20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161205-0003-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Jethro Tull, CD track listing\nThe track numbers shown below are for the three-CD Definitive Edition. All songs written by Ian Anderson unless noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161205-0004-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Jethro Tull, LP Track listing\nThe track numbers shown below are for the five LP set. Each LP having sides A & B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161206-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Jethro Tull (video)\n20 Years of Jethro Tull (1988) is a video by Jethro Tull, also known as Jethro Tull: This Is the First 20 Years. It consists of interviews with fans, frontman Ian Anderson, Terry Ellis and Chris Wright of Chrysalis Records, and John Gee of the Marquee Club, giving a rough chronology of the band, interspersed with clips from music videos and live performances. Many of the live performances are culled from the Madison Square Garden performance during the 1978 Heavy Horses tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161207-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights\n20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights is a 27-track (21 on CD) distillation of the Jethro Tull box set 20 Years of Jethro Tull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161208-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Narada Piano\n20 Years of Narada Piano is a 2001 compilation release by Narada. It peaked at #12 on Billboard's Top New Age album charts in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161209-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Noise 1985\u20132005\n20 Years of Noise 1985\u20132005 is a compilation album of the Italian extreme metal band Necrodeath. The last four songs were taken from The Shining Pentagram demo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161210-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Stony Plain\n20 Years of Stony Plain is a compilation album, released in 1996 on Stony Plain Records to mark the label's 20th anniversary. It features tracks by many of the artists who have released material on the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161211-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Weird: Flaming Lips 1986\u20132006\n20 Years of Weird: Flaming Lips 1986\u20132006 is an updated version of the free compilation CD given away at the SXSW Film premier of The Flaming Lips documentary \"The Fearless Freaks\", a film by Bradley Beesley. It is a predominantly live compilation, recorded throughout the career of the Flaming Lips (between 1986 and 2003), though the first three tracks are recorded in the studio. These are: the introduction by Wayne Coyne, \"Free Radicals\" from the current album At War with the Mystics and \"Enthusiasm for Life Defeats Existential Fear\", a previously unavailable track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161211-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Years of Weird: Flaming Lips 1986\u20132006\nSome notable tracks contained on this compilation are \"Shine on Sweet Jesus\", a track recorded live with a short lived line-up which included Jonathan Donahue (of Mercury Rev), and current Flaming Lips producer Dave Fridmann, also of Mercury Rev. There is also a cover of Led Zeppelin's \"Whole Lotta Love\" (sung with the lyrics \"Whole Lotta Satan\"), which is played before \"Cant Stop the Spring\". The track \"Sleeping on the Roof\" is a live recording from the Flaming Lips' \"Parking Lot Experiments\" in 1996, where the band got some of their fans to play pre-recorded tapes (of music by the band) in their car stereos simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161212-0000-0000", "contents": "20 Years \u2013 A Warrior Soul\n20 Years \u2013 A Warrior Soul  is a double DVD video album by hard rock singer Doro Pesch, released in 2006 by AFM Records. The first DVD contains a movie shot by director Ronald Matthes during the tour supporting the release of the album Warrior Soul in 2006; it features also a selection of commented songs from the special concert held at Phillips Halle in D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany on 13 December 2003, celebrating 20 years of career of the German singer with many guests, and footage of the party after the show. The second DVD features the full 20th anniversary concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161212-0001-0000", "contents": "20 Years \u2013 A Warrior Soul\nThe double DVD package was also marketed as 20 Years - A Warrior Soul \u2013 Winter Edition, with a different cover and the inclusion of a bonus  CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161213-0000-0000", "contents": "20 ans, barakat!\n20 ans, barakat! (20 years is enough!) is a movement in France and Algeria founded in 2003 to overturn the Algerian Family Code in force since June 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161213-0001-0000", "contents": "20 ans, barakat!\nThey consider this code to contradict the legal equality between women and men proclaimed in Article 29 of the Algerian constitution, institutionalizing what they call second-class citizenship for women and leading to discrimination and injustices against them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161213-0002-0000", "contents": "20 ans, barakat!\nAmong the injustices and discrimination against women in the Algerian law the movement points to the following points:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161213-0003-0000", "contents": "20 ans, barakat!\nIn response, the movement demands that the following changes be made to the Family Code:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161213-0004-0000", "contents": "20 ans, barakat!\nOurida Chouaki was one of the coordinators of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161214-0000-0000", "contents": "20 b\u00e4sta\n20 b\u00e4sta is a 1998 compilation album by Norwegian singer Elisabeth Andreassen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161215-0000-0000", "contents": "20 b\u00e4sta l\u00e5tar\n20 b\u00e4sta l\u00e5tar (Swedish for 20 best songs) is a 1997 compilation album from Swedish group Chips. 20 b\u00e4sta l\u00e5tar was released 14 years after Chips was disestablished in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161216-0000-0000", "contents": "20 cents\n20 cents is a coinage value in some systems using decimal currencies. While some countries use a 20-cent coin, some countries use a 25-cent coin instead of a 20-cent coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161217-0000-0000", "contents": "20 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16\nThe 20\u00a0cm Luftminenwerfer M 16 (Pneumatic trench mortar) was a heavy mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by Austria Metal Works in Brno from their earlier 12 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16. It was a rigid-recoil, smoothbore, breech-loading design that had to be levered around to aim at new targets. It was very simple in that the shell closed the top of the chamber and was retained by a \"gripper\" until the air pressure was deemed sufficient and the gripper was manually released, which fired the weapon. The barrel was fixed at 45\u00b0 elevation and range was adjusted by varying the air pressure, but an additional barrel could be fitted to extend the range. A single cylinder of compressed air was only good for four to six shots. It was loaded onto a two-wheel cart for transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161217-0001-0000", "contents": "20 cm Luftminenwerfer M 16\n20 were ordered at the end of May 1916 after trials in the spring. Another 80 were ordered in November 1916. In service it was not as successful as its smaller brother due to its greater weight and much greater requirement for compressed air. It was superseded by the 26 cm Minenwerfer M 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161218-0000-0000", "contents": "20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer\nThe 20\u00a0cm leichter Ladungswerfer (20\u00a0cm leLdgW) was a spigot mortar used by Germany during World War II. It was used by engineers to demolish obstacles and strongpoints. It was gradually withdrawn from front-line service from 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161218-0001-0000", "contents": "20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer\nPropellant was placed at the top of the spigot and ignited when the projectile slid far enough down the spigot to complete the circuit. It fired HE (high explosive) and smoke rounds in addition to a special Harpunengeschosse (harpoon bomb) that carried a rope with hooks to clear mines or wire obstacles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161218-0002-0000", "contents": "20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer, Sources\nThis German military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161218-0003-0000", "contents": "20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer, Sources\nThis German World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161219-0000-0000", "contents": "20 cm naval rocket launcher\nThe 20 cm naval rocket launcher was a rocket artillery system used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the final stages of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161219-0001-0000", "contents": "20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design\nDuring World War II there was considerable infighting between the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy as both competed for scarce resources. A consequence of this competition is that each produced similar but different weapons. An example of this competition was the Army Type 4 20 cm rocket launcher and the 20 cm naval rocket launcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161219-0002-0000", "contents": "20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design\nThe 20 cm naval rocket launcher was developed in the final stages of World War II by the Japanese Navy, as a low-cost, easy to produce weapon for use by naval troops as a last-ditch weapon for the defense of Japanese occupied islands. The first units were used successfully during the Battle of Peleliu in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161219-0003-0000", "contents": "20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design\nThe 20 cm naval rocket was a modification of a standard 203\u00a0mm (8\u00a0in) naval projectile by screwing a rocket booster to the projectile. The rocket was ignited by a percussion cap which screwed into the base of the projectile and the rocket consisted of 7 sticks of double base solid-propellant whose exhaust gasses were forced through six venturis drilled in the base of the rocket at a 25\u00b0 angle which rotated the projectile in a clockwise direction imparting spin-stabilization. Type 91 trinitroanisole explosive was poured into a lacquered shell body intended to stop the formation of picrate salts and the projectile was centrifugally armed by a nose fuze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161219-0004-0000", "contents": "20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design, Launchers\nThe rocket could be launched from a sheet metal or wooden launch trough with a bi-pod, placed against an earthen embankment, or from a pipe or culvert. They were usually employed in groups of two or three covering landing beaches and although cheap and portable traverse and elevation were slow and the projectile range was short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161219-0005-0000", "contents": "20 cm naval rocket launcher, Development and design, Launchers\nA mobile rocket launcher was first found on Iwo Jima. It has a barrel about 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m) long and was mounted on a steel split trail carriage with two spades. There were two wooden spoked wheels with hard rubber tires for easy transport. Elevation and depression were by an elevating handle located at the left of the barrel just forward of the trunnions. When the desired angle was reached, the clamping handle at the left is rotated to lock the tube in position. The maximum elevation was 73\u00b0 with no carriage traverse. A percussion type firing mechanism located on top of the breech is fired by an attached lanyard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 62], "content_span": [63, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161220-0000-0000", "contents": "20 cm/12 short naval gun\nThe  20 cm/12 short naval gun was a naval gun used by the Imperial Japanese Navy to defend merchant ships and land bases during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161220-0001-0000", "contents": "20 cm/12 short naval gun, History\nSince Japan is an island nation with relatively few resources it relied upon a large merchant fleet to import the resources needed for its industry and economy. As Japanese shipping losses mounted during the latter half of World War II the Japanese began to organize their shipping into escorted convoys and they began arming their merchant ships to defend against attacks from Allied surface combatants, submarines and carrier-based aircraft. The 20 cm/12 short naval gun was a multi-purpose gun introduced during 1943 which combined the roles of naval gun, anti-aircraft gun, coastal defense gun, and anti-submarine gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161220-0002-0000", "contents": "20 cm/12 short naval gun, Design\nThe 20 cm/12 short naval gun was an autofretted monoblock gun with an interrupted screw breech that fired separate loading cased charges and projectiles. The trunnioned gun barrel had a hydro-spring recoil mechanism above and below the barrel and was mounted on a center pivot H/A L/A gun mount. The gun was normally mounted on merchant ships above 5,000 GRT and its large projectile would have been capable of destroying an enemy submarine making a surface attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161220-0003-0000", "contents": "20 cm/12 short naval gun, Design\nThe gun also saw use on land as a coastal defense gun on hills overlooking Japanese harbors and installations or as an anti-aircraft gun. In the anti-aircraft role, a group of four guns shared a central range and height finder for barrage fire against level bombers. It was described as heavy and its 8\u00b0 a second elevation/traverse was considered slow so its ability to track small fast moving targets such as dive bombers, torpedo bombers, and fighters was probably limited. It is credited with being able to fire five rounds per minute but that is probably optimistic because the projectiles were heavy and the gun needed to be loaded at +10\u00b0 between shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161220-0004-0000", "contents": "20 cm/12 short naval gun, Ammunition\nThe projectiles were propelled by a 2\u00a0kg (4\u00a0lb 7\u00a0oz) bagged charge inside a separate loading brass or steel cartridge case. In addition to the types listed below there may have been anti-submarine, armor-piercing, illumination, and incendiary ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161220-0005-0000", "contents": "20 cm/12 short naval gun, Gallery\nA captured ammunition bunker with 20 cm projectiles and shell cases on Guam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0000-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun\nThird year type 20\u00a0cm/50 caliber guns (\u4e94\u5341\u53e3\u5f84\u4e09\u5e74\u5f0f\u4e8c\u3007\u7cce\u7832, goj\u016bk\u014dkei sannenshiki ni-maru centi-h\u014d) formed the main battery of Japan's World War II heavy cruisers. These guns were also mounted on two early aircraft carriers. The typical installation was ten 20\u00a0cm/50 guns; although  Tone-class cruisers carried eight while  Furutaka and  Aoba-class cruisers carried six. After modernization, Akagi carried only six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0001-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun\nThese were built-up guns with an inner A tube, encased by a second tube, encased by a full length jacket. Early guns were partially wire-wound, but later guns dispensed with the wire winding. The guns were breech loaded with two cloth bags of smokeless powder. Third year type refers to the Welin breech block on this gun. Breech block design began in 1914 AD, the third year of the Taish\u014d period. This breech block design was also used on Japanese 41\u00a0cm (16.1 inch), 15.5\u00a0cm (6 inch), 14\u00a0cm (5.5 inch), 12.7\u00a0cm (5 inch), and 12\u00a0cm (4.7 inch) naval guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0002-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, 1 G\u00d4 (Mark I) guns\nThe first model of this gun used a 32.63\u00a0kg (71.9\u00a0lb) powder charge to fire 20\u00a0cm (7.9\u00a0in) projectiles weighing 110\u00a0kg (242.5\u00a0lb) at a velocity of 870\u00a0m/s (2,854\u00a0ft/s). Useful life was 300 effective full charges (EFC) per gun. These guns were initially installed in type A low-angle (25\u00b0) single mounts aboard  Furutaka-class cruisers, in type C (40\u00b0) twin turrets in the  Aoba class, and in type D (40\u00b0) twin turrets in the  My\u014dk\u014d class. Mark I guns can be visually distinguished from Mark II guns by an abrupt step in the chase diameter which was absent on the latter guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0003-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, 2 G\u00d4 (Mark II) guns\nSecond model guns used a 33.8\u00a0kg (74.5\u00a0lb) powder charge to fire 8\u00a0in (203.2\u00a0mm) projectiles weighing 125.85\u00a0kg (277.5\u00a0lb) at a velocity of 835\u00a0m/s (2,740\u00a0ft/s). These guns had a useful life expectancy of 320 to 400 EFC (Effective/Equivalent Full Charge). Rate of fire varied from four rounds per minute firing at low angles diminishing to two or three rounds per minute firing at maximum elevation. These guns and the type E twin turret with 70-degree elevation installed on  Takao-class cruisers were influenced by Royal Navy County-class cruisers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0003-0001", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, 2 G\u00d4 (Mark II) guns\nType E turrets were promptly redesigned to limit elevation to 55 degrees when 70-degree elevation proved impractical. Modified type E turrets were installed as original equipment aboard Maya and the Tone-class cruisers, and replaced the original turrets aboard Furutaka and  Mogami-class cruisers. Mark II guns replaced the original Mark I guns in type C and D turrets so all Japanese heavy cruisers carried Mark II guns in twin turrets by December 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0004-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Aircraft carrier installations\nMark I guns were installed in casemates with a maximum elevation of 25 degrees limiting maximum range to 22 kilometers (14\u00a0mi). Aircraft carriers originally had four guns originally mounted in two type B twin turrets with a maximum elevation of 70 degrees. These were transferred to casemates in Kaga in 1934 and simply removed from Akagi in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0005-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Ammunition\nShell weights and muzzle velocities for high explosive or San Shiki incendiary shrapnel are specified for each of the Marks above. Infobox muzzle velocity applies to type 91 armor-piercing (AP) shells with trajectory information below. Illuminating shells were fired with a reduced charge at a muzzle velocity of 710 meters per second (2330\u00a0ft/sec).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0006-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type A\nOnly Mark I guns were installed in type A mounts. Maximum elevation was 25\u00b0\u00a0 in the six single mounts installed aboard Furutaka-class cruisers in 1926, in the six casemate mountings installed on aircraft carriers Akagi in 1927 and Kaga in 1930, and in the four casemate mountings added to Kaga in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0007-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type B\nOnly Mark I guns were installed in type B mounts. Maximum elevation was 70\u00b0\u00a0 in the two twin turrets installed aboard Akagi in 1927 and Kaga in 1930. These turrets were removed from Kaga in 1934 and from Akagi in 1936. Guns removed in 1934 were transferred to additional casemates aboard Kaga, but those removed in 1936 were not replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0008-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type C\nThree twin turrets with maximum elevation of 40\u00b0\u00a0 were installed only aboard Aoba-class cruisers. The Mark I guns installed in 1927 were replaced by Mark II guns in 1937 and 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0009-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type D\nFive twin turrets with maximum elevation of 40\u00b0\u00a0 were installed only aboard My\u014dk\u014d-class cruisers. The Mark I guns installed in 1928 and 1929 were replaced by Mark II guns between 1931 and 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161221-0010-0000", "contents": "20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun, Gun mounts, Type E\nOnly Mark II guns were installed in type E twin turrets. Maximum elevation was 70\u00b0 in the five turrets installed aboard Atago, Takao, and Ch\u014dkai in 1932. Early recognition of the impracticality of using these guns for anti-aircraft fire caused reduction of maximum elevation to 55\u00b0 in all subsequent installations. Maya received five 55\u00b0 turrets as original equipment in 1932. Three new turrets with Mark I guns from My\u014dk\u014d-class cruisers re-bored to Mark II replaced the original type A mounts aboard Furutaka-class cruisers in 1936 and 1937. Tone-class cruisers were completed with four type E turrets in 1937 and 1938. Five new turrets replaced the original triple 6-inch turrets aboard Mogami class cruisers between 1939 and 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161222-0000-0000", "contents": "20 em 1\n20 em 1 (English translation: 20 in 1) is a compilation game from Tec Toy that allows players to choose from 20 different games. The title was exclusively released in Brazil as a pack-in game included with later revisions of the Master System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161222-0001-0000", "contents": "20 em 1, Gameplay\nMany of the included games belong to the action game genre while others are racing or sports games involving skateboarding, motocross racing, car racing/driving, roller skating, and skiing. Trophies are earned for beating each of the 20 games that are included in this compilation. The game has text that is in the Brazilian Portuguese language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0000-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin\nThe 20 euro cent coin (\u20ac0.20) has a value of one fifth of a euro and is composed of an alloy called nordic gold in the Spanish flower shape. All coins have a common reverse side and country-specific national sides. The coin has been used since 2002, with the present common side design dating from 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0001-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, History\nThe coin dates from 2002, when euro coins and banknotes were introduced in the 12 member eurozone and its related territories. The common side was designed by Luc Luycx, a Belgian artist who won a Europe-wide competition to design the new coins. The design of the 10 to 50 cent coins were intended to show separate states of the European Union (EU), as opposed to the one and two euro coins showing the 15 states as one and the 1 to 5 cent coins showing the EU's place in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0002-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, History\nThe national sides, then 15 (eurozone + Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican who could mint their own) were each designed according to national competitions, though to specifications which applied to all coins such as the requirement of including twelve stars (see euro coins for more). National designs were not allowed to change until the end of 2008, unless a monarch (whose portrait usually appears on the coins) dies or abdicates. This happened in Monaco and the Vatican City resulting in three new designs in circulation (the Vatican had an interim design until the new Pope was selected). National designs have seen some changes due to new rules stating that national designs should include the name of the issuing country (Finland and Belgium both do not show their name, and hence have made minor changes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0003-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, History\nAs the EU's membership has since expanded in 2004 and 2007, with further expansions envisaged, the common face of all euro coins from the value of 10 cent and above were redesigned in 2007 to show a new map. This map showed Europe, not just the EU, as one continuous landmass, however Cyprus was moved west as the map cut off after the Bosporus (which was seen as excluding Turkey for political reasons). The redesign in 2007, rather than in 2004, was because 2007 saw the first enlargement of the eurozone: the entry of Slovenia. Hence, the Slovenian design was added to the designs in circulation. Two more designs were added in 2008 with the entry of Cyprus and Malta and another one in 2009 with Slovakia, and two more for Estonia and Latvia were added in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Lithuania in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0004-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, Design\nThe coins are composed of an alloy called Nordic gold, with a diameter of 22.25\u00a0mm, a 2.14\u00a0mm thickness and a mass of 5.74\u00a0grams. The coins' edges are smooth with seven indentations from the coin's \"Spanish flower\" shape. The coins have been used from 2002, though some are dated 1999 which is the year the euro was created as a currency, but not put into general circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0005-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nThe reverse (used from 2007 onwards) was designed by Luc Luycx and displays a map of Europe on the left. The map does not include Iceland and cuts off on the right through Russia (at a line from the Kandalaksha Gulf to the Bosphorus). Additionally, Cyprus is moved westward under Crete in order to include it and Malta is shown as disproportionally large so that it shows up. The map is flat and level with most of the coin and the sea is shown as an indentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0005-0001", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nSix fine lines cut through the sea, breaking when passing through the map, and at their ends at the top and bottom are twelve stars (reflective of the flag of Europe). To the right, in raised lettering, is \"20 Euro Cent\" with the '20' being shown much larger than the words. The designer's initials, LL, appear next to the 0 in 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0006-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nLuc Luycx designed the original coin, which was much the same except the design was only of the then 15 members and shown with gaps between the states and raised rather than with an indented sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0007-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides\nThe obverse side of the coin depends on the issuing country. All have to include twelve stars (in most cases a circle around the edge), the engraver's initials and the year of issue. New designs also have to include the name or initials of the issuing country. The side cannot repeat the denomination of the coin unless the issuing country uses an alphabet other than Latin (currently, Greece is the only such country hence they engrave \"20 \u039b\u0395\u03a0\u03a4\u0391\" upon their coins).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0008-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs\nAustria, Germany and Greece will also at some point need to update their designs to comply with guidelines stating they must include the issuing state's name or initial. Austria will also have to remove the denomination of the coin from its design, Greece is exempt from this requirement as it uses a non-Latin alphabet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161223-0009-0000", "contents": "20 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs\nIn addition, there are several EU states that have not yet adopted the euro. While some of them have already agreed upon their coin designs, these are not yet minted as it is not known exactly when they will adopt the currency. See enlargement of the Eurozone for expected entry dates of these countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0000-0000", "contents": "20 euro note\nThe twenty euro note (\u20ac20) is the third-lowest value euro banknote and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The note is used by the 23 countries and a population of 343\u00a0million as their sole currency, with 22 legally adopting it. In May 2021, there were approximately 4,474,000,000 twenty euro banknotes in circulation around the eurozone. It is the second most widely circulated denomination, accounting for 16.6% of the total banknotes. Estimates suggest that the average life of a twenty euro banknote is about two years before it is replaced due to wear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0001-0000", "contents": "20 euro note\nIt is the third-smallest note, measuring 133 x 72\u00a0mm with a blue colour scheme. The twenty euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways in Gothic architecture (between the 13th and 14th century CE). The twenty euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0002-0000", "contents": "20 euro note\nThe full design of the Europa series 20 euro banknote was revealed on 24 February 2015 and launched on 25 November 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0003-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, History\nThe euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Belgian franc and the Greek drachma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0004-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, History\nSlovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0005-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, History, The changeover period\nThe changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, going from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0006-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, History, Changes\nNotes printed before November 2003 bear the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg, who was replaced on 1 November 2003 by Jean-Claude Trichet, whose signature appears on issues from November 2003 to March 2012. Notes issued after March 2012 bear the signature of the third president of the European Central Bank, incumbent Mario Draghi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0007-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, History, Changes\nUntil now there has been only one complete series of euro notes; however a new series, similar to the current one, is being released. The European Central Bank will, in due time, announce when banknotes from the first series lose legal tender status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0008-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, History, Changes\nAs of June 2012, current issues do not reflect the expansion of the European Union to 27 member states as Cyprus is not depicted on current notes as the map does not extend far enough east and Malta is also missing as it does not meet the current series' minimum size for depiction. Since the European Central Bank plans to redesign the notes every seven or eight years after each issue, a second series of banknotes is already in preparation. New production and anti-counterfeiting techniques will be employed on the new notes, but the design will be of the same theme and colours identical of the current series; bridges and arches. However, they would still be recognisable as a new series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0009-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Design\nThe twenty euro note is the third smallest euro note at 133 millimetres (5.2\u00a0in) \u00d7 72 millimetres (2.8\u00a0in) with a blue colour scheme. All bank notes depict bridges and arches/doorways in a different historical European style; the twenty euro note shows the gothic era (between the 13th and 14th century CE). Although Robert Kalina's original designs were intended to show real monuments, for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0010-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Design\nLike all euro notes, it contains the denomination, the EU flag, the signature of the president of the ECB and the initials of said bank in different EU languages, a depiction of EU territories overseas, the stars from the EU flag and thirteen security features as listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0011-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Design\nThe ECB released a game on 5 February 2015 to discover some of the new security features embedded in the new \u20ac20 note. The most significant new anti-counterfeit measure is a transparent window, containing a hologram which shows a portrait of Europa and the number 20. The Europa series design of the 20 euro note was officially revealed on 24 February 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0012-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Design, Security features (first series)\nAs a lower value note, the security features of the twenty euro note are not as high as the other denominations; however, it is protected by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0013-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Circulation\nThe European Central Bank is closely monitoring the circulation and stock of the euro coins and banknotes. It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the euro area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0014-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Circulation\nIn May 2021, there were 4,473,821,732 \u20ac20 banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone. for \u20ac89,476,434,640.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0015-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Circulation\nThis is a net number, i.e. the number of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem central banks, without further distinction as to who is holding the currency issued, thus also including the stocks held by credit institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0016-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Circulation\nBesides the date of the introduction of the first set to January 2002, the publication of figures is more significant through the maximum number of banknotes raised each year. The number is higher the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0017-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Circulation\nThe first series of notes were issued in conjunction with those for a few weeks in the series 'Europe' until existing stocks are exhausted, then gradually withdrawn from circulation. Both series thus run parallel but the proportion tends inevitably to a sharp decrease in the first series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0018-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Circulation\nThe latest figures provided by the ECB are the following\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0019-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Legal information\nLegally, both the European Central Bank and the central banks of the eurozone countries have the right to issue the seven different euro banknotes. In practice, only the national central banks of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro banknotes. The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161224-0020-0000", "contents": "20 euro note, Tracking\nThere are several communities of people at European level, most of which is EuroBillTracker, that, as a hobby, it keeps track of the euro banknotes that pass through their hands, to keep track and know where they travel or have travelled. The aim is to record as many notes as possible to know details about its spread, like from where and to where they travel in general, follow it up, like where a ticket has been seen in particular, and generate statistics and rankings, for example, in which countries there are more tickets. EuroBillTracker has registered over 155 million notes as of May 2016, worth more than \u20ac2.897 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161225-0000-0000", "contents": "20 kilometres race walk\nThe 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women. The racewalking event is competed as a road race. Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161225-0001-0000", "contents": "20 kilometres race walk, World records\nThe men's world record for the 20\u00a0km race walk is held by Yusuke Suzuki, who walked 1:16:36 at the Asian Race Walking Championships in his home town of Nomi, Japan. Suzuki's new World Record came exactly one week after Yohann Diniz's mark who walked a then record time of 1:17:02 in Arles at the 2015 French championships. The women's world record of 1:24:38 was set by Liu Hong of China. Russian Elena Lashmanova, has served a previous ban for doping, currently holds a quicker time of 1:23:39 which is also the European record, but it has never been ratified as a world record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161225-0002-0000", "contents": "20 kilometres race walk, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 1:17:52:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161225-0003-0000", "contents": "20 kilometres race walk, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 1:26:14:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161225-0004-0000", "contents": "20 kilometres race walk, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nThe following athletes have had their performances (inside 1:26:14) annulled due to doping offense:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161226-0000-0000", "contents": "20 km of Brussels\nThe 20 km of Brussels (French: 20 km de Bruxelles, Dutch: 20 km door Brussel) is a 20.1 km running race that has been held each year in Brussels since 1980, usually in May. It used to have a maximum number of 25,000 entries, which were normally sold out quite quickly after places go on sale in March, but in 2010 a staggered start-time approach led to an increased maximum number of entries of 40,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161226-0001-0000", "contents": "20 km of Brussels\nThe race is a major event in Brussels, with a large turnout of supporters. The course is quite challenging, particularly due to the gentle, long overall climb and several tunnels between kilometer three and seven as well as the long and steep climb on Avenue de Tervueren towards the end of the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161226-0002-0000", "contents": "20 km of Brussels\nThe exact course distance has varied over time. The 2014 course officially covers 20.1 km. The course often did not cover a complete 20\u00a0km circuit in its early history. The 2000 race was significantly shorter than the full distance and both the men's and women's winners finished the race more than three minutes ahead of the world records at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161227-0000-0000", "contents": "20 km of Lausanne\nThe 20 km of Lausanne (French 20 km de Lausanne) is an annual road running event in Lausanne (Switzerland). It includes races on 20, 10, 4 and 2 kilometres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161227-0001-0000", "contents": "20 km of Lausanne\nThe 20 km of Lausanne takes place in spring (April) and the Marathon of Lausanne takes place in autumn (October).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161227-0002-0000", "contents": "20 km of Lausanne, Route\nThe start of the race is located in Vidy and the finish is in the Stade Pierre de Coubertin (close to the start).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161228-0000-0000", "contents": "20 manat\n20 manat - (Azerbaijani: \u0130yirmi manat and Turkmen: \u00fdigrimi manat) is one of the banknotes in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161229-0000-0000", "contents": "20 meter club\nThe 20 meter club (20 metrin kerho in Finnish) is an unregistered Finnish association for Finnish shot putters who have put the shot more than 20\u00a0meters in an official competition using a 7.26\u00a0kg shot for men and a 4\u00a0kg for women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161229-0001-0000", "contents": "20 meter club\nThe 20 meter club was founded on April 28, 1983, at Eerikkil\u00e4 Sports Academy with six men being selected as members. One of the goals of the club is to promote the development of shot putting in Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161229-0002-0000", "contents": "20 meter club\nThe club meets twice a year, once in the spring and once in the fall. In its fall meeting, the club awards the \"Kultapoju\" or Golden Boy to a promising shot putter. The Golden Boy is a brass shot that is slightly larger than the current standard shot, although it weighs less (6.2\u00a0kg, orig. 6.6\u00a0kg). The first recipient of the Golden Boy award was Kari T\u00f6yryl\u00e4 in 1985; T\u00f6yryl\u00e4 became a member of the club in 1986 after his put of 20.05\u00a0m on July 2. The last recipient to date was Niko Hauhia, who also received a EUR 500 stipend for training. The club also awards training grants in order to promote and help athletes develop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161229-0003-0000", "contents": "20 meter club, Members\nAs of July 2018, the club had 21 members. Of these, Seppo Simola, Jari Kuoppa, and Bo Grahn are deceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161230-0000-0000", "contents": "20 minutes (France)\n20 minutes (pronounced vingt minutes) is a free, daily newspaper aimed at commuters in France. It is published by Schibsted and Ouest France Group. 20 minutos, the Spanish version, is distributed by Schibsted and Zeta in Spain. In Switzerland, the French-language edition 20 minutes and the German-language edition 20 Minuten are published by Tamedia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161230-0001-0000", "contents": "20 minutes (France)\nIn Greater Paris, Ipsos and CESP confirmed a circulation of 805,000 with a readership of 2,339,000. 20 minutes claims that its readers are \"young urban citizens (15\u201340 years old) that to a lesser extent consume traditional newspapers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161230-0002-0000", "contents": "20 minutes (France)\nThe French 20 minutes was launched in Paris on 15 March 2002, and spread to 11 other urban areas of France, including, in order of size, the cities of Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Nice, Nantes, Strasbourg, Montpellier, Bordeaux, Lille, Rennes and Grenoble. Each edition includes both national pages and regional sections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161230-0003-0000", "contents": "20 minutes (France)\nSince its launch, 20 minutes has led the market of free French newspapers. In March 2014, due to the fall of advertising revenues (-6% en 2013), TF1 and Bollor\u00e9, owners of 20 minutes' competitors \u2014Metronews and Direct Matin\u2014, announced their willingness to buy 20 minutes and merge their activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161230-0004-0000", "contents": "20 minutes (France)\nThe name 20 minutes refers to the amount of time it should take one to read this daily newspaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161231-0000-0000", "contents": "20 minutes (Switzerland)\n20 minutes is a French-language newspaper published in Switzerland, launched on 8 March 2006 by Tamedia for the Romandie. As of 2008, it had a circulation of 221,560.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161232-0000-0000", "contents": "20 minutos\n20 minutos is a Spanish free newspaper, with local editions in several Spanish cities, published by Multiprensa & Mas S.L..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161232-0001-0000", "contents": "20 minutos, History\nMultiprensa & Mas S.L. was founded in Madrid in 1999. The founder of 20 minutos is Jos\u00e9 Antonio Mart\u00ednez Soler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161232-0002-0000", "contents": "20 minutos, History\n20 minutos is published under an Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons licence, which entitles anyone to freely copy, distribute, display, make derivative works and commercial use of the work. Additionally, the newspaper can be downloaded from their site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161232-0003-0000", "contents": "20 minutos, History\nIts majority stockholder is 20 Min Holding, a leader in free daily newspapers in Switzerland (20 minutes in French and 20 Minuten in German), France (20 minutes), and Spain. 20 Min Holding's majority stockholder is Schibsted, a Norwegian communication group that was founded in 1839, listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange, and has a strong presence in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Estonia, Finland, France, and Spain, where it is the owner of both paid and free newspapers, television stations, radio stations, multimedia, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161232-0004-0000", "contents": "20 minutos, History\nFor many years in Spain it battled rival free newspapers ADN, Metro and Qu\u00e9!, all of which finally stopped due to the crisis, and since 2011, 20 minutos has dominated and remains in circulation in many parts of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161232-0005-0000", "contents": "20 minutos, History\nThe CEO of 20 Min Holding is Sverre Munck and was born in 1953. He is a Norwegian economist, with a PhD from Stanford and Yale. He is also Executive VP (International Operations) at Schibsted ASA, President of Multiprensa Holding, owner of Multiprensa & Mas, the publisher of \"20 Minutes\" in Spain, and President of the 20 Min Holding group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161233-0000-0000", "contents": "20 mm AA Machine Cannon Carrier Truck\nThe AA Machine Cannon Carrier truck was a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun of the Imperial Japanese Army. It consisted of the Type 98 20 mm AA machine cannon mounted on the back of a Type 94 6-Wheeled Truck. The Type 94 truck was first produced in 1934 by Isuzu, and used for prototypes. It was known to be reliable and was produced in \"large numbers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161233-0001-0000", "contents": "20 mm AA Machine Cannon Carrier Truck\nThe Type 98 20\u00a0mm AA autocannon was the most common light anti-aircraft gun of the Imperial Japanese Army. It had a range of 5,500 meters, altitude of 3,500 meters and could fire up to 300 rounds per minute. The gun could be fired from the rear platform of the truck or be unloaded and fired from the ground. These carrier trucks were deployed in the air defense units of the four Japanese tank divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161234-0000-0000", "contents": "20 mm Polsten\nThe Polsten was a Polish development of the 20\u00a0mm Oerlikon gun. The Polsten was designed to be simpler and much cheaper to build than the Oerlikon, without reducing effectiveness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161234-0001-0000", "contents": "20 mm Polsten, Development\nWhen Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939, the Polish design team escaped to England and resumed work together with Czech and British designers. The need for the Polsten was apparently mooted in June 1941. It went into service in March 1944 alongside the Oerlikon. Both the Oerlikon and the Polsten used similar 60 round drum magazines, however, the Polsten could also use a simpler box magazine with 30 rounds. It remained in service into the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161234-0002-0000", "contents": "20 mm Polsten, Used like Oerlikon\nWhen compared to the Oerlikon cannon which was made out of 250 parts, the Polsten was made out of 119 parts, without sacrificing the effectiveness or the reliability of the cannon. Simplification of the design of the Polsten cannon made its production much cheaper. The cost of one Oerlikon cannon was about \u00a3350, while the cost of the Polsten was between \u00a360 and \u00a370. In January 1944, the 21st Army Group decided that only 20\u00a0mm Polsten guns would be used as a standard light gun to simplify supply. The Polsten was used as a substitute for the Oerlikon in the same roles, one of which was as an airborne unit anti-aircraft gun, used in Operation Market Garden. It was used on a wheeled mounting that could be towed behind a jeep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161234-0003-0000", "contents": "20 mm Polsten, Used like Oerlikon\nVarious double, triple and quadruple mounts were developed. John Inglis Limited of Toronto, Ontario, in Canada produced many thousands of guns and some 500 quadruple mountings that saw limited service at the end of the war. These multiple mounts were both trailered and truck-mounted. Polsten Guns, magazines and ammunition boxes were also made in Australia by General Motors Holden in South Australia's Woodville and Beverley Plants during WW2. They were used by the Australian Army onshore and on small boats. Several prototype gun mountings were also developed but did not see service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161234-0004-0000", "contents": "20 mm Polsten, Uses\nThe Polsten gun was used for armoured vehicles equipped with anti-aircraft guns based on the Cromwell/Centaur tank and for the Skink anti-aircraft tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161234-0005-0000", "contents": "20 mm Polsten, Uses\nThe Polsten was also mounted on British LVTs and on early models of the Centurion tank, not coaxially with the main gun but in an independent mount on the left hand side of the turret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161234-0006-0000", "contents": "20 mm Polsten, Uses\nThe Polsten was used by the anti-aircraft platoons of some British infantry battalions during the North European campaign of 1944-45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161234-0007-0000", "contents": "20 mm Polsten, Etymology\nThe origin of the name is not entirely clear. Some sources suggest Poland and the \"Sten Company\" to give Pol-sten, though the Sten gun was not made by a Sten Company. Official (United Kingdom) sources indicate the name to have been a compound based on Poland and the Royal Small Arms Factory Enfield in the same manner as the Bren gun (Brno + Enfield) or Sten (Shephard, Turpin + Enfield); also to reflect the gun design being mostly Polish (and the magazine mostly Czech) and the 8 Polish engineers in the design department. The \"Sten\" ending may also have linked in with the idea of the gun as a cheaper and quicker to produce weapon just like that gun was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161235-0000-0000", "contents": "20 mm caliber\nThe 20\u00a0mm caliber is a common firearm bore diameter, typically used to distinguish smaller-caliber weapons, commonly called \"guns\", from larger-caliber \"cannons\" (e.g. machine gun vs. autocannon). All 20\u00a0mm cartridges have an outside projectile (bullet) diameter and barrel bore diameter of 0.787 inches (20.0\u00a0mm). These projectiles are typically 75\u00a0to 127\u00a0mm (3\u20135\u00a0in) long, cartridge cases are typically 75\u00a0to 152\u00a0mm (3\u20136\u00a0in) long, and most are shells, with an explosive payload and detonating fuze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161235-0001-0000", "contents": "20 mm caliber\nWeapons using this caliber range from anti-materiel rifles and anti-tank rifles to aircraft autocannons and anti-aircraft guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161235-0002-0000", "contents": "20 mm caliber, Usage\nTwenty-millimeter-caliber weapons are generally not used to target individual soldiers, but against targets such as vehicles, buildings, or aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161235-0003-0000", "contents": "20 mm caliber, 20 mm weapons, Historical weapons\nCartridge type indicates the diameter of projectile and the length of the cartridge that holds it; for example 20\u00d7102\u00a0mm is a 20\u00a0mm projectile in a 102\u00a0mm long case. Only rarely do two designers use the same case length, so this designation is usually definitive. Some cartridge types have additional letters or information about them listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 48], "content_span": [49, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161236-0000-0000", "contents": "20 mm mod\u00e8le F2 gun\nThe 20\u00a0mm mod\u00e8le F2 gun is a naval defence weapon used by the French Navy. It was developed from the GIAT M693. It fires the 20\u00d7139\u00a0mm round originally developed for the Hispano-Suiza HS.820 series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161236-0001-0000", "contents": "20 mm mod\u00e8le F2 gun, History\nThe need for a newer 20\u00a0mm defence cannon than the Oerlikon 20\u00a0mm cannon began to grow noticeably during the 1980s. The companies DCN and GIAT were contracted to design the F2 20\u00a0mm cannon, essentially a navalised version of the M693 gun used by the French Army, and sold for export.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161236-0002-0000", "contents": "20 mm mod\u00e8le F2 gun, Description\nThe 20\u00a0mm F2 is a mounted monotube gun, with two 150-cartridge boxes on each side of the piece. An electrical control system allows for a choice of three modes of fire: single shot, eight-shot burst, or free fire. There is an electrical trigger in the right hand of the gunner. A manual selector allows the gunner to change the box feeding the weapon during the firing, making mixed firing available. After each shot, the empty cartridge is ejected from beneath the weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161236-0003-0000", "contents": "20 mm mod\u00e8le F2 gun, Description\nThe gun is manoeuvred by the body of the gunner, who is attached to the weapon. Firing is guided through the same optical visor as used with the Bofors 40\u00a0mm gun and the Oerlikon 20\u00a0mm cannon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161236-0004-0000", "contents": "20 mm mod\u00e8le F2 gun, Usage\nThe gun has been exported to Belgium (Tripartite-class minesweepers), Indonesia (Tripartite-class minesweepers), Malawi (Kasunga), Netherlands (Tripartite-class minesweepers), Pakistan (Tripartite-class minesweepers), and Saudi Arabia (NAJA 12 class).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161237-0000-0000", "contents": "20 new shekel banknote\nThe twenty new shekel note (\u20aa20) is the lowest value banknote of the Israeli new shekel, It was first issued in Series A 1988, with the Series B in 1999, and Series C in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161237-0001-0000", "contents": "20 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series B, Polymer Edition\nThe additional red text on the polypropylene note (in reverse) reads \"60 Years of the State of Israel\" in Hebrew in red ink. It was only featured in a 1.8 million limited run close to the noted anniversary and is not present on a majority of notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161237-0002-0000", "contents": "20 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series B, Polymer Edition\nIt was Made of polypropylene, a polymer substrate, which is superior to the current paper note with a circulation life of a few months only. The polymer note is printed by Orell F\u00fcssli Security Printing of Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161237-0003-0000", "contents": "20 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series A, Observe\nPortrait of Moshe Sharett; below, in a line legible under a magnifying glass, the titles of his seven books; the ceremony of the unfurling of the Israeli flag by Sharett at the U.N. building in 1949; the denomination \"Twenty New Sheqalim\" and \"Bank of Israel\" in Hebrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161237-0004-0000", "contents": "20 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series A, Reserve\nOriginal building of the Herzlia high school where Sharett studied; a background of Little Tel Aviv; the denomination \"20 New Sheqalim\" and \"Bank of Israel\" in Arabic and English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161237-0005-0000", "contents": "20 new shekel banknote, Circulation\nThe current \u20aa20 in circulation is the Series B issued from 1999, it measures 71 x 138\u00a0mm with a green color scheme. The \u20aa20 Series A bank notes were issued from 1988 to 1999 and measured 76 x 138\u00a0mm with a dark gray scheme. The \u20aa20 Series A bank notes were withdrawn from circulation by 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161238-0000-0000", "contents": "20 of the Best (Gary Stewart album)\n20 of the Best is a compilation album by American country music singer and songwriter Gary Stewart released in 1984 by RCA Records. In the period 1973 to 1983 Stewart enjoyed over twenty US Billboard country hits with RCA, including three duets with label-mate Dean Dillon. The tracks on this album spent over two hundred and ten weeks in the Billboard Country Charts and the track list includes a number of top-twenty successes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161239-0000-0000", "contents": "20 of the Best (Willie Nelson album)\n20 of the Best is a 1982 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0000-0000", "contents": "20 sen coin\nThe 20 sen coin (\u4e8c\u5341\u92ad\u9280\u8ca8) was a Japanese coin worth one fifth of a Japanese yen, as 100 sen equalled 1 yen. These coins were minted in silver during the Meiji era from 1870 to 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0001-0000", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131911)\nTwenty sen coins were first struck towards the end of 1870 (year 3 of Meiji) from a newly established mint at Osaka. This was initially done by engineers from the United Kingdom, as Japan did not have the technology or raw materials to manufacture new coins. The coins made during this time were not officially released for circulation until the following year (1871) after a new currency act was promulgated. Twenty sen coins along with twelve other denominations were adopted by the Meiji government in an act signed on June 27, 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0001-0001", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131911)\nThis new coinage gave Japan a western style decimal system based on units of yen, which were broken down into subsidiary currency of sen, and rin. Twenty sen coins dated 1870 (year 3) were initially authorized to be struck in .800 silver, weighs 72.2 grains (4.68g), and has a 23.62mm diameter (0.93 in). The first design used is called rising sun dragon (\u65ed\u65e5\u7adc, Asahi Ryu), which had its features engraved by a commission of Japanese artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0001-0002", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131911)\nThis design features a dragon with an open mouth on the obverse, while the reverse has a paulownia decoration with a sunburst in the center with the chrysanthemum seal up on top. Twenty sen coins were initially legal tender only up to the amount of 10 yen which was fixed by government regulations. The amount of silver in the coin soon became an issue as their weight per face value became lighter than the silver 1 yen coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0001-0003", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131911)\nAn amendment to the new currency act (Daijo-kan Declaration No. 341 (\u65b0\u8ca8\u5e63\u91cf\u76ee\u5bf8\u6cd5\u6539\u6b63)) was adopted in November 1872 (year 5) which intended to increase the weight of the twenty sen coin. This action was never carried out as the new currency act was amended again towards the beginning of the next year. Changes to the weight, size, and design of the coins were implemented in February 1873 (year 6) by Daijo-kan Declaration No. 46.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0001-0004", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131911)\nThe weight issue was resolved by adjusting the coin from 72.2 to 83.2 grains (5.4g), this step was done to avoid any public mistrust on the silver content. Twenty sen coins were also reduced slightly in size from 24mm to 22.42mm. The second design is called dragon silver 20 sen (\u7adc\u4e8c\u5341\u92ad\u9280\u8ca8) as the sunburst on the reverse was replaced by a wreath. Latin script is used for the first time with \"20 SEN\" on the obverse under the dragon, and the medallic orientation was flipped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0002-0000", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131911)\nIt is recorded by Edward Reed that production of twenty sen coins continued until at least June 30, 1878. These coins were last dated 1877 (year 10), and could have been impacted from the Satsuma Rebellion. Only proof strikes were made for coins dated 1880 (year 13) for exclusive use in presentation sets. During the next few years, Japan experienced a sharp drop in prices and contraction of the economy in response to high inflation caused by the Satsuma Rebellion. Large amounts of devalued inconvertible notes were in circulation from the aftermath of the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0002-0001", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131911)\nThe Bank of Japan was established in 1882 (year 15) to remedy the situation, and two years later convertible banknotes were issued. An imperial ordinance was issued in June 1885 stating that silver payments would be resumed after January 1, 1886. For reasons unknown there are no twenty sen coins dated 1889 or 1890 (year 22 and 23), during this time a special fund was created for the redemption in silver for all government notes. The Japanese government promulgated the \"currency law\" (Meiji 30 Law No. 16) in 1897 which replaced the previous \"new currency act\". This law abolished the silver yen at which subsidiary silver coins were previously fixed at, and officially switched Japan from a silver standard to a gold standard. No changes were made to twenty sen coins as they were re-established to their previous weight, size, and design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0003-0000", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131911)\nProduction continued as the price of silver bullion remained steady throughout the rest of the century. This changed when silver bullion began to rise sharply in 1903 (year 36) which threatened to exceed the face value of the twenty sen coin. An amendment to the \"currency law\" was promulgated in March 1906 which lowered their size from 22.42mm to 20.3mm, and their weight from 5.4g to 4.1 grams. The third and final design used on these smaller coins is called rising sun 20 sen (\u65ed\u65e520\u92ad\u9280\u8ca8, Asahi Nijusen) as a sunburst design on the reverse was restored. The wreath design previously used on the back side of the dragon coins was adopted for the obverse. Twenty sen coins were produced afterwards until 1911 (year 44), concluding the circulating portion of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0004-0000", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Taish\u014d proposals (1918\u20131921)\nEmperor Taish\u014d was enthroned in 1912 following the death of Emperor Meiji. Coinage in general was impacted by World War I which broke out two years later, bringing Japan a booming economy due to a large trade surplus. The negative effects from this event included an increased demand for subsidiary coins which led to a coin shortage. Silver bullion was in high demand causing prices to rise above the face value of the twenty sen coin. The Japanese government responded by taking measures to temporary ban the export of silver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0004-0001", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Taish\u014d proposals (1918\u20131921)\nThese efforts were ultimately unsuccessful which led to the issuance of 20 sen emergency banknotes in November 1917. As the price of silver rose, the issue of coinage was also addressed for twenty and fifty sen coins. The \"currency law\" was revised in May 1918 (Law No. 42) to lower the silver content in twenty sen coins to 72% silver and 28% copper. Other changes included a reduction in size from 20.3mm to 16.7mm, and in weight from 4.1 to 3 grams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0004-0002", "contents": "20 sen coin, History, Taish\u014d proposals (1918\u20131921)\nThe coins struck from 1918 to 1921 are known as Yatagarasu sen (\u516b\u54ab\u70cf\u92ad, eight-span crow sen) after the design featured on them. None of these proposed coins were ever released for circulation through the Bank of Japan as they were trial or pattern strikes. Twenty sen banknotes were last issued in 1919 and were allowed to circulate until their suspension on April 1, 1921. By this time, efforts to re-establish the twenty sen coin were abandoned as silver bullion rose above their face value again. Twenty sen coins were eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary coinage in favor of the yen. Currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time due to excessive post-war inflation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0005-0000", "contents": "20 sen coin, Circulation figures\nThe following are circulation figures for the twenty sen coin, all of which were minted between the 3rd, and 44th year of Meiji's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u660e\u6cbb (Meiji), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u4e00\u5341\u4e8c\" would read as \"year 21\" or 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0006-0000", "contents": "20 sen coin, Collecting\nThe value of any given coin is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer uncleaned appealing coins. Twenty sen coins make up a relatively short lived denomination which is confined to the Meiji era. The first coins minted use the Asahi Ryu or rising sun dragon design which only lasted two years (1870-1871). As with the other denominations, those with clear (deep) scales on the dragon's design are worth more than obscure (shallow) ones. Coins dated 1871 (year 4) also have two varieties which include the character \u92ad (sen) with a missing stroke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0006-0001", "contents": "20 sen coin, Collecting\nAs these coins are scarce they are valued more than double the price than those with the whole character present. Aside from the deep scales and this incomplete sen variety, average circulated coins from these two years can be obtained for 4,000+ yen (~$40+ USD). Those in uncirculated grades are considered to be rare with values in the tens of thousands of yen. The second design was much longer lasting in comparison as it was featured on coins from 1873 to 1905 (year 6 to 38).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0006-0002", "contents": "20 sen coin, Collecting\nAnother similarity with other denominations occurs here with the character \"\u660e\" in Meiji's name on the obverse. Coins dated 1873 (year 6) either have both features separated as the first variety, or have a line connecting both the left and right features as the second variety. There are also coins that are missing a top stroke on the left feature creating an \"open\" appearance versus those with a completed stroke. Those with the second \"connected\" variety, and examples with a missing top stroke are worth more than their counterparts for this one year occurrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0007-0000", "contents": "20 sen coin, Collecting\nTwenty sen coins dated 1875 and 1876 (year 8 and 9) either have \"long\" ribbons or \"short\" ribbons at the bottom of the wreath design. The \"long\" ribbons can be deafferented from the \"short\" design as the ribbons look flatter with more noticeable V shaped tails. \"Type 1\" long ribbons are more valuable on 1875 dated coins, while \"Type 2\" short ribbons are more for 1876. Twenty sen coins dated 1875 (year 8) are worth higher prices in general anyway as their mintage is low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0007-0001", "contents": "20 sen coin, Collecting\nSome Japanese price guides do not assess the value of 1880 (year 13) coins as so few of them have survived. An estimate places the value of these coins in the millions of yen ($10,000+ USD) where they are sold at auctions. The production of twenty sen coins dated 1885 to 1905 (year 18 to 38) contains three key dates due to low mintage figures. These dates are: 1888, 1900, and 1901 (year 21, 33 and 34), and are valued in the tens of thousands of yen in average condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161240-0007-0002", "contents": "20 sen coin, Collecting\nOverall though, common years and dates for the second design type are valued in the low thousands of yen in average condition. Twenty sen coins with the third and final design used from 1906 to 1911 (year 39 to 44) were generally made in larger amounts. Only a few of these coins show serious wear from circulation as the distribution period was short. There is a single rarity here in the last date of the series (1911 aka year 44) as the mintage for that year was low. Twenty sen trial or pattern strikes made under Emperor Taish\u014d are extremely rare and are valued in the millions of yen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0000-0000", "contents": "20 sen note\nThe 20 sen note (\u4e8c\u5341\u92ad\u7d19\u5e63) was a denomination of Japanese yen in three different government issued series from 1872 to 1919 for use in commerce. Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes are the first modern banknotes issued after Japanese officials studied western culture. These notes were replaced due to counterfeting by a redesigned series called \"\u014ckura-ky\u014d\" for \"sen\" denominations. Both of these series were officially abolished in 1899 in favor of notes issued by the Bank of Japan. Government issued notes only returned during the Taish\u014d era in the form of an emergency issue due to a coin shortage. These were only issued between 1917 and 1919 before they were finally abolished in 1948. Twenty sen notes are now bought and sold as collectors items depending on condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0001-0000", "contents": "20 sen note, History, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872)\nThe first twenty sen notes adopted and released by the Japanese government are part of a series known as Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (\u660e\u6cbb\u901a\u5b9d). Notes from this series are the first Japanese currency ever to be printed using western printing at \"Dondorf and Naumann\", which was located in Frankfurt. Tomomi Iwakura met with Otto von Bismarck in March 1871 (Meiji 4) as part of the Iwakura Mission to study western culture. The \"Paper Money Office\" (known today as the National Printing Bureau) was later established in July of that year following the abolition of the han system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0001-0001", "contents": "20 sen note, History, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872)\nThis entity was later organized into the \"Paper Money Bureau\" in January 1872. Incomplete banknotes manufactured by Dondorf Naumann began to arrive from Germany around the same time. These notes were left incomplete for security reasons which required the words \"Meiji Tsuho\" and the mark of the Minister of Finance to be supplemented and printed at the Paper Money Bureau. Woodblock printing was eventually employed to save hundreds of people the work of handwriting the characters \"Meiji Tsuho\" on each individual note.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0001-0002", "contents": "20 sen note, History, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872)\nThese twenty sen notes were eventually released in April, 1872 (year 5) giving Japan a westernized currency system to go with the recently established yen. All of the old former government and clan banknotes were intended for exchange upon the issuance of the new currency. Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes were given an elaborate design that was difficult to forge as counterfeiting was previously rampant with these clan notes. These thieves eventually adapted to these changes by legally obtaining unstamped Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes sent to Japan from Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0001-0003", "contents": "20 sen note, History, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872)\nNormally Japanese officials would add stamps to the notes finalizing the process, where in this case the counterfeiters added their own stamps. Counterfeiting and issues with paper quality led the Japanese government to issue redesigned twenty sen banknotes in 1882. The old Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d twenty sen notes were eventually phased out in exchange for subsidiary silver coinage before being abolished on December 9, 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0002-0000", "contents": "20 sen note, History, \u014ckura-ky\u014d series (1882)\nPrevious Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d twenty sen notes were printed using western technology which had its disadvantages in terms of quality. Over time these fragile notes became discolored easily due to the climate of Japan. Counterfeiting was another issue as these thieves eventually found a way around the elaborate Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d design. This was done by legally purchasing unstamped notes from Germany as mentioned in the section above. Twenty sen notes from this series are referred to as \u014ckura-ky\u014d (\u5927\u8535\u537f20\u92ad, aka \u6539\u9020\u7d19\u5e6320\u92ad), as the seal of the Chief administrator of the Ministry of the Treasury is featured on the obverse design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0002-0001", "contents": "20 sen note, History, \u014ckura-ky\u014d series (1882)\nThe reverse side features a serial number and counterfeit penalties which were later expanded in the Meiji era until May 8, 1897 (year 30). These notes were issued in a hurry as they were not originally planned to be a part of this redesigned note series. The redesigned yen denominations feature an artist's representation of Empress Jing\u016b that was commissioned by Italian engraver Edoardo Chiossone. This \"portrait\" was omitted from twenty sen notes in favor of a simple design that could be completed more quickly to meet scheduling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0003-0000", "contents": "20 sen note, History, \u014ckura-ky\u014d series (1882)\nThe series as a whole was still considered to be \"extremely decorative\" and received top-class reputation internationally. These notes were made as a countermeasure against counterfeiting by using the best technology available at the time. New paper called \"mitsumata\" was domestically produced for the notes by the National Printing Bureau. Twenty sen notes were printed with dimensions of 59 mm x 93 mm with a watermark which made them difficult to forge. When these twenty sen notes were issued to the public in December 1882 (year 15) they were widely favored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0003-0001", "contents": "20 sen note, History, \u014ckura-ky\u014d series (1882)\nThe \"Convertible Bank-notes Law\" was adopted in May 1884 which provided the issuance of Bank of Japan notes in denominations of yen. This law allowed Bank of Japan notes to be exchangeable for silver coinage, and was promulgated to gradually convert government issued currency (redesigned series) into silver after 1886. The Japanese government adopted the gold standard on March 26, 1897 which switched over the redemption of government banknotes from silver to gold. It was during this time that the government decided to end the circulation of government issued banknotes by the end of the century. Twenty sen \u014ckura-ky\u014d notes were thus abolished on December 31, 1899 (year 32) along with other government banknotes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0004-0000", "contents": "20 sen note, History, Taish\u014d fractional notes (1917\u20131919)\nTwenty sen coins were last produced in 1911 in the 44th year of Emperor Meiji's reign and he died in the following year. Emperor Taish\u014d was enthroned roughly two years before World War I broke out. This event brought Japan a booming economy through a special demand for goods leading to a large trade surplus. The negative effects from this event included an increased demand for subsidiary coins which led to a coin shortage. Silver bullion to make silver subsidiary coins also rose above their face value which posed a financial challenge to the mint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0004-0001", "contents": "20 sen note, History, Taish\u014d fractional notes (1917\u20131919)\nTo remedy the situation an imperial ordinance was promulgated on October 29, 1917 issuing fractional currency in the amount of thirty million yen. Actual issuance occurred in the following month with the notes being legal tender up to ten yen. The series as a whole is known as Taish\u014d fractional notes (\u5927\u6b63\u5c0f\u984d\u653f\u5e9c\u7d19\u5e63), which were issued at the time by the treasury rather than the Bank of Japan as the series was considered an emergency issue. Taish\u014d era twenty sen notes measure 92 mm x 58 mm in size and have a black and green hue. The obverse side of the notes feature the Finance Minister's seal and chrysanthemum flower emblem, while on the reverse is decorated in a colored pattern. There is a central feature on the reverse side which mentions counterfeit penalties (1 year imprisonment or 200,000 yen fine) enforced by law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0005-0000", "contents": "20 sen note, History, Taish\u014d fractional notes (1917\u20131919)\nIt was initially agreed that the notes would be bound by a restriction stating that they could only be issued until one year after the end of the war. This date came and went as World War I ended in November 1918 (year 7) and the new year began. It was ultimately decided to allow the issuance  to continue for a while longer as there was still a shortage in coinage. Twenty sen Taish\u014d notes have the shortest production run as they were only issued until 1919 (8th year of Taish\u014d).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0005-0001", "contents": "20 sen note, History, Taish\u014d fractional notes (1917\u20131919)\nThese were later suspended with other denominations on April 1, 1921 with exceptions made for people who wanted to exchange \"soiled or damaged\" notes. Twenty sen coins were abandoned during this time after efforts to re-establish a reduced silver coin failed. Rapid inflation caused by World War II eventually rendered Taish\u014d twenty sen notes worthless and obsolete. The notes held on to their legal tender status until August 31, 1948 when they were abolished. Subsidiary coinage and currency as a whole was eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing it in favor of the yen. Currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time anyway due to the excessive post-war inflation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0006-0000", "contents": "20 sen note, Collecting\nThe value of any given banknote is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer original notes with bright rich coloring. In contrast to this are notes with ink stains, missing pieces, and evidence of repairs which can all impact the value of any given note. The oldest twenty sen notes include the Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d series issued from 1872 to 1887. These were all made in Germany with a print run of 46,100,557 notes during their fifteen year use in commerce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0006-0001", "contents": "20 sen note, Collecting\nThe amount printed is in the middle when compared to the three different denominations of sen (10 sen, 20 sen, and 50 sen), and \"many\" were used. \"Expensive\" purchases can be expected for quality as the amount of surviving banknotes remain in mostly worn grades. These notes can be obtained in average condition for 2500+ yen (~$25+ USD) with prices ranging in the 10,000s of yen ($100+ USD) for examples in high grades. Professional grading is recommended for this series as \"many\" counterfeit notes exist on the market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161241-0006-0002", "contents": "20 sen note, Collecting\nThe next series are \u014ckura-ky\u014d (redesigned) notes issued from 1882 to 1899 in several different denominations. Twenty sen notes in particular were issued in a large amount which makes them the least expensive of the series. Even so, the notes are valued in the high thousands of yen in average condition to the tens of thousand in high grades. The last twenty sen notes issued for commerce were Taish\u014d fractional notes from 1917 (Taish\u014d year 6) to 1919 (Taish\u014d year 8). Average condition notes can be collected for less than 1,000 yen (<$10 USD), but prices soar with pristine 1917 (year 6) examples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161242-0000-0000", "contents": "20 successi di Mina\n20 successi di Mina is a compilation album by Italian singer Mina, issued in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161242-0001-0000", "contents": "20 successi di Mina\nThe songs of this album were all taken from the first six albums published between 1960 and 1963, except \"Vulcano\" that was published in 1963 only on a 45rpm record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161243-0000-0000", "contents": "20 to One\n20 to One (known as 20 to 1 before 2016) is an Australian television series on the Nine Network from 2005, that counts down an undefined \"top 20\" of elements or events of popular culture, such as films, songs, or sporting scandals. The format mixes archival footage of the listed events with comments from various Australian celebrities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161243-0001-0000", "contents": "20 to One\nOriginally the show was hosted by Bud Tingwell and narrated by David Reyne; the pair were replaced by Bert Newton as host for the second season. The series was rebooted by the Nine Network and returned for its eleventh season on 31 May 2016 with new hosts, Australian radio presenters Fitzy and Wippa. From 2017, the show was hosted by Erin Molan and Dave Thornton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161243-0002-0000", "contents": "20 to One, Format\nEach episode counts down the \"top twenty\" events following a particular theme, from position 20 down to number 1. Media clips depicting the event are played as the host provides background information of the entry. This is followed by clips of celebrities providing judgment on the clip or event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161243-0003-0000", "contents": "20 to One, Controversy\nDuring the segment aired on 19 June 2019, co-hosts Erin Molan and Nick Cody stated that the South Korean boy band BTS was \"so popular it could heal the rift between North and South Korea.\" She also mentioned the band's success in the United States, even though \"only one band member actually speaks English.\" among other comments. Many other celebrities made similar comments during the segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161243-0003-0001", "contents": "20 to One, Controversy\nMost notably was comedian Jimmy Carr, who jokingly compared the band's international success to the explosion of a nuclear bomb in North Korea, saying: \"When I first heard something Korean had exploded in America, I got worried. So I guess, it could've been worse \u2013 but not much worse.\" Subsequently, the hashtags #channel9apologize and #channel9racist started trending as fans of the band demanded an apology from Channel 9. The BTS Australia Twitter fan account wrote: \"This is unfair and presenting inaccurate information. You disregarded their achievements, and instead let your xenophobic, racist mindsets be biased instead. We want an apology.\" On 20 June 2019, Channel 9 issued a non-apology apology, writing: \"We apologize to any who may have been offended by last night's episode.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161243-0004-0000", "contents": "20 to One, Celebrity contributors\nThis is a partial list (some in order of appearance) of the celebrities who contributed comments to 20 to One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0000-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin\nThe 20 yen coin (\u4e8c\u5341\u5713\u786c\u8ca8) was a denomination of Japanese yen. These coins were minted in gold, and during their lifespan were the highest denomination of coin that circulated in the country. The first coins were minted in 1870 following the introduction of a decimal currency system. Twenty Yen coins spanned three different Imperial eras before mintage was halted in 1932. Many of these coins were then melted or destroyed as a result of the wars between 1931 and 1945. These coins are now collected by numismatists for academic study, and by those with a hobby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0001-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, History\nIn November 1869 the new units of yen were established in the form of a metric system. It was decided that silver would become the standard unit of value leaving gold coinage as a subsidiary. The Japanese government considered adopting the gold standard as early as December 1870 after hearing about its implementation in the United States. This system was officially put into place on May 10, 1871 setting standards for the 20 yen coin. While the coins continued to be minted, other changes were being made to the system with new coinage regulations established in 1876 and 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0001-0001", "contents": "20 yen coin, History\nFor one reason or another these new practices that were put into place were not sufficient to maintain a healthy growth of gold monometallism. Part of the reason was the issuance of large amounts of inconvertible paper currency which drove gold coins out of the country. Coinage of the 20 yen piece had all but stopped by 1877, and those struck in 1880 were only done so as part of presentation sets for visiting dignitaries and heads of state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0002-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, History\nNew coinage reform was adopted on March 26, 1897 which re-established the gold 20 yen coin. These new standards lowered both the size and weight of the coin, the new diameter was set at 28.78mm (previously 35.06mm) while the weight was lowered from 33.3g down to 16.6g. Over 1.5 million coins were struck during this year before production ceased until 1904. Coinage of 20 yen pieces were then continued past the reign of Emperor Meiji, into the reign of Emperor Taish\u014d where coinage stopped in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0002-0001", "contents": "20 yen coin, History\nThe decision to stop coinage of 20 yen pieces came as Japan's gold reserves were quickly depleting from excess imports. The gold reserves were eventually stabilized which allowed coinage to resume in 1930, though gold coins were described as \"not in general use\". This resumed coinage was brief under Emperor Sh\u014dwa as Japan abandoned the gold standard in December 1931. The reasons behind this move were that Japan's gold reserves were again being depleted, and allowing the yen to depreciate would help the economy which was struggling at the time. Gold coins of the 20 yen denomination were last minted in 1932, it is unknown how many Sh\u014dwa era coins were later melted. Some of these coins were kept away in bank vaults for decades before being released as part of a hoard in the mid 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0003-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji\nThe following are mintage figures for the coins that were minted between the 3rd and 45th (last) year of Meiji's reign. Inscriptions on coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol \u660e\u6cbb (Meiji). While coins were struck in 1892, none were released for circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0004-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji\nJapanese coins from this period are read clockwise from right to left", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0005-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Taish\u014d\nThe following are mintage figures for the coins that were minted from the 1st to the 9th year of Taish\u014d's reign. Inscriptions on coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol \u5927\u6b63 (Taish\u014d).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0006-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Taish\u014d\nJapanese coins from this period are read clockwise from right to left:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0007-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Sh\u014dwa\nThe following are mintage figures for coins minted between the 5th and the 7th year of Emperor Sh\u014dwa's reign. Inscriptions on coins of this period all begin with the Japanese symbol \u662d\u548c (Sh\u014dwa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0008-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, Circulation figures, Sh\u014dwa\nJapanese coins from this period are read clockwise from right to left:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0009-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, Collecting\nThe value of any given coin is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer uncleaned appealing coins. For this denomination all 20 yen coins are scarce as the amount remaining today are dependent on how many were saved or kept away. Early Meiji era coins with the first design are now considered rare due to their low mintages. These coins which are dated from 1870 to 1876 (year 3 to 9) are all priced in five digit dollar amounts (USD) in average condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0009-0001", "contents": "20 yen coin, Collecting\nThe rarest of these early coins are dated 1877 and 1880 (year 10 to 13) as one has an extremely low mintage, while the other was not meant for general circulation. Twenty yen coins dated 1877 (year 10) have an extremely low mintage of just 29 coins struck. Of those available to collectors just 1 mint state example is recorded by PCGS. Coins dated 1880 (year 13) were only released as part of presentation sets that were widely destroyed or melted down between 1931 and 1945. An auction held in 2011 featuring one of these coins sold it for $230,000 (USD). Less than 10 coins dated 1880 (year 13) of the original mintage of 103 are thought to exist today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161244-0010-0000", "contents": "20 yen coin, Collecting\nMillions of minted coins were recorded during the Sh\u014dwa era, but it is unclear how many of these coins survived. Examples from Sh\u014dwa's 7th year of reign (1932) were once considered to be virtually unknown until a hoard was discovered in the mid 2000s. Between 2005 and 2007 the Ministry of Finance released over 30,000 gold coins of 5, 10 and 20 Yen denominations that had been kept in vaults. It is recommended by those in the numismatic field that all 20 yen coins be authenticated first by an expert, as counterfeits exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0000-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note\nThe 20 Polish Z\u0142otych note is a denomination of the Polish z\u0142oty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0001-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, History, First z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1794, treasury notes were issued in denominations of 5 and 10 groszy, 1, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 z\u0142otych. The Duchy of Warsaw issued notes for 1, 2 and 5 talar\u00f3w.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0002-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, History, First z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1824, the Bank Kassowy Kr\u00f3lestwa Polskiego issued notes for 10, 50 and 100 z\u0142otych. The Bank Polski issued notes dated 1830 and 1831 in denominations of 1, 5, 50 and 100 z\u0142otych, whilst assignats for 200 and 500 z\u0142otych were issued during the insurrection of 1831. From 1841, the Bank Polski issued notes denominated in rubel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0003-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, History, Second z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1924, along with provisional notes (overprints on old, bisected notes) for 1 and 5 groszy, the Ministry of Finance issued notes for 10, 20 and 50 groszy, whilst the Bank Polski introduced 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 z\u0142otych. From 1925, the Ministry of Finance issued 2 and 5 z\u0142otych notes, before they were replaced by silver coins, and the Bank Polski issued 5, 10, 20 and 50 z\u0142otych notes, with 100 z\u0142otych only reintroduced in 1932. In 1936, the Bank Polski issued 2 z\u0142ote notes, followed in 1938 by Ministry of Finance notes for 1 z\u0142oty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0004-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, History, Second z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1939, the General Government overprinted 100 z\u0142otych notes for use before, in 1940, the Bank Emisyjny w Polsce was set up and issued notes for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 z\u0142otych. After liberation, notes (dated 1944) were introduced by the Narodowy Bank Polski for 50 grosz, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 z\u0142otych, with 1000 z\u0142otych notes added in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0005-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, History, Third z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1950, new notes, which were dated 1948, were introduced for 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 z\u0142otych, but 1000 z\u0142otych notes were added in 1962. 200 and 2000 z\u0142otych notes were added in 1976 and 1977, followed by 5000 z\u0142otych notes in 1982. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw high inflation in Poland and led to the introduction of notes in denominations of 10,000 in 1987, 20,000 in 1989, 50,000 in 1989, 100,000 in 1990, 200,000 in 1989, 500,000 in 1990, 1,000,000 in 1991 and 2,000,000 z\u0142otych in 1992. These notes (and coins) were valid, but with the exception of the 200,000 z\u0142otych note, until the end of 1996. They could be exchanged at the National Bank of Poland and some banks obligated to it by the NBP until 31 December 2010, and they are no longer legal tender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0006-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, History, Current banknotes\nIn 1995, notes, which were dated 1994, were introduced in denominations of 10 z\u0142otych, 20 z\u0142otych, 50 z\u0142otych, 100 z\u0142otych and 200 z\u0142otych.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0007-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes\nThe National Bank of Poland has issued three 20 z\u0142otych collector's banknotes, the first in 2009, and the third in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0008-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, The 200th birthday anniversary of Juliusz S\u0142owacki\nThe 200th birthday anniversary of Juliusz S\u0142owacki, a Polish poet and playwright, one of the most eminent authors of the Romanticism in Poland, has been commemorated by the National Bank of Poland by issuance of a collector banknote worth 20 z\u0142otych. The banknote was put into circulation on 23 September 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 88], "content_span": [89, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0009-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, The 200th birthday anniversary of Juliusz S\u0142owacki\nOn the obverse of the note, on the right-hand side, Juliusz S\u0142owacki\u2019s bust is placed. The centre has a stylised image of the manor house in Krzemieniec, which, for the past years, has served as the Juliusz S\u0142owacki Museum. The state emblem of the Republic of Poland is placed on this side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 88], "content_span": [89, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0010-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, The 200th birthday anniversary of Juliusz S\u0142owacki\nOn the reverse of the note, on the left-hand side, there is a fragment of King Sigismund III Vasa Column at the Castle Square in Warsaw. At the top, there are images of flying cranes. In the centre, there is a reproduction of an excerpt from the poem \"Uspokojenie\" (Reassurance) and, at the bottom, a fragment of St. John the Baptist's Cathedral in Warsaw. The author of the designs is Maciej Kopecki, chief graphic designer at the Polish Security Printing Works (PWPW).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 88], "content_span": [89, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0011-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 200th anniversary of the birth of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin\nThe National Bank of Poland commemorated the 200th anniversary of the birth of an eminent Polish composer and pianist Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin by issuing a collector note with the face value of 20 z\u0142oty. The note was issued at the turn of February and March 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 87], "content_span": [88, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0012-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 200th anniversary of the birth of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin\nThe obverse of the note depicts a portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin in profile. This element has been produced with the steel engraving technique. The engraving of the portrait was done by Przemys\u0142aw Krajewski, a hand engraving artist at the Polish Security Printing Works. (PWPW) On the left-hand side, there is an image of the manor house in \u017belazowa Wola where the composer was born. On the right-hand side, there is a reproduction of the first edition of Mazurka in B-flat major, Op. 7 No. 1 and of the autograph of the composer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 87], "content_span": [88, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0013-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 200th anniversary of the birth of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin\nThe reverse of the note shows a facsimile of a fragment of \u00c9tude in f-minor, Op. 10, No. 9, against a landscape with willows, characteristic of the Central Poland region. Designed by Grzegorz Pfeifer and Katarzyna Jarnuszkiewicz, and printed by the Polish Security Printing Works, it measures 138 x 69\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 87], "content_span": [88, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0014-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie\nTo celebrate the 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie the National Bank of Poland has issued a collector banknote of the face value of 20 z\u0142otych. The banknote was put into circulation on 25 November 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 129], "content_span": [130, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0015-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie\nThe obverse of the note features an image of Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie and the shape of the building of the Sorbonne in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 129], "content_span": [130, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0016-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie\nThe reverse of the note depicts an image of the medal awarded to the Nobel Prize winners, a quotation from the speech by Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie on radium and an image of the seat of the Radium Institute in Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 129], "content_span": [130, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161245-0017-0000", "contents": "20 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 100th anniversary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie\nThe author of the design is Agnieszka Pr\u00f3chniak. The steel engraving matrix was done by Przemys\u0142aw Krajewski. The dimensions of the banknote are 138x69\u00a0mm. It was manufactured by the Polish Security Printing Works (PWPW) and printed in a volume of sixty thousand notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 129], "content_span": [130, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161246-0000-0000", "contents": "20 \u00e5r med oss \u2013 Vem \u00e9 d\u00e9 du vill ha\n20 \u00e5r med oss\u00a0\u2013 Vem \u00e9 d\u00e9 du vill ha is a compilation album from the singers Kikki Danielsson, Elisabeth Andreassen and Lotta Engberg, who then sang together as the trio \"Kikki, Bettan & Lotta\". It was released on 8 March 2002 and sold gold in Norway and Sweden, in Norway this happened the second week after it released there. The album reached number three on the Norwegian Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161246-0001-0000", "contents": "20 \u00e5r med oss \u2013 Vem \u00e9 d\u00e9 du vill ha\n\"Vem \u00e9 d\u00e9 du vill ha\" is the only song on this album that the trio sing together all three. However, the album also contains songs who Kikki Danielsson and Elisabeth Andreassen sang together in the Swedish pop group \"Chips\" in the early 1980s. The album also contained four new songs, \"Vem \u00e9 d\u00e9 du vill ha\" by Kikki, Bettan & Lotta, \"Hela v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ppnar sig\" and \"Klia mej p\u00e5 ryggen\" by Lotta and \"Easy Come, Easy Go\" and \"Jag har b\u00f6rjat leva nu\" by Kikki. However, \"Klia mej p\u00e5 ryggen\" was a cover version, where the original was in the Danish language and named \"Klo meg lidt p\u00e5 ryggen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161247-0000-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 En jubileumssamling\nS\u00e5nger om oss is a 2010 Lisa Nilsson compilation album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0000-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album)\n20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits is the second greatest hits album by Italian singer Laura Pausini, released on November 12, 2013 by Warner Music Group. The album was also issued in a Spanish version, titled 20 \u2013 Grandes Exitos, and this edition received a nomination for a Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Album of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0001-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background\nOn 26 February 2013, in order to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of her career, Pausini released a digital single including the original versions in Italian, Spanish and English of the song which launched her career in 1993, \"La solitudine\". The track was launched as a limited-edition single, available for purchase for a week only. Later during the same year, she confirmed that a greatest hits album will be released for the same purpose by December 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0002-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background\nWorking on the album began in April 2013, with recording and photo-shooting sessions taking place up to August. The album was confirmed in May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0003-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background\nOn 1 June 2013 Pausini took part in the concert Chime for Change in London, supporting the global campaign of the same name for girls' and women's empowerment. Pausini performed the songs \"Io canto\" and \"It's Not Goodbye\". During the same year, she appeared as a featured artist on the track \"Sonr\u00ede (Smile)\", included in American singer Gloria Estefan's album The Standards. A new world tour has also been confirmed by Pausini through her official website. Starting from December 2013, Pausini will promote her greatest hits album with concerts in her native Italy, as well as in other European countries, in Latin America, in the United States and in Canada. The tour also includes a performance during the Vi\u00f1a del Mar International Song Festival in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0004-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background\nOn September 9, 2013, Pausini released a new single named \"Limpido\" (in Spanish, \"Limpio\"), in order to promote her new album. The song is a duet between Pausini and the Australian singer Kylie Minogue. On the same day, the name of the album was confirmed to be 20 - The Greatest Hits. \"Limpido\" is the first single released on September 9, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0005-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background\nOn September 20, 2013, Pausini posted the official cover of this new album in her Instagram account, created in order to share the image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0006-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background\nThe track list of the album was unveiled on October 6, 2013, in Pausini's official fan club. This is Pausini's first studio album that contains tracks in all the languages she has sung up to the moment: Italian, Spanish, French, English and Portuguese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0007-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background\nThe second single of the album, \"Se non te\", was released on November 4, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0008-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background\nOther releases from the album include the singles \"Dove resto solo io\", \"Se fue\" (with Marc Anthony), \"V\u00edveme\" (with Alejandro Sanz) and \"Surrender\", the last one being released only in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0009-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Background\nOn July 22, 2014, Pausini confirmed that she would be one of the four coaches of the fourth season of the Mexican reality show and singing competition La Voz. She also confirmed that by September that same year she would release a special version of the album's Spanish version to the hispanophone market, in a special edition that would contain three new duets: with Thal\u00eda in Sino a ti, Alex Ubago in Donde quedo solo yo and Melendi in Entre tu y mil mares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0010-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Promotion\nTo promote both this new album and her twentieth career anniversary, Pausini will embark in a series of concert shows around the world, entitled \"The Greatest Hits World Tour\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0011-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Song info\nBoth versions of the album contain 38 tracks (18 in the first CD and 20 in the second one). Among which:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161248-0012-0000", "contents": "20 \u2013 The Greatest Hits (Laura Pausini album), Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0000-0000", "contents": "20% Project\nThe 20% Project is an initiative where company employees are allocated twenty-percent of their paid work time to pursue personal projects. The objective of the program is to inspire innovation in participating employees and ultimately increase company potential. The 20% Project was influenced by a comparable program, launched in 1948, by manufacturing multinational 3M which required employees to have 15% time: to dedicate up to 15 percent of their paid hours to a personal interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0001-0000", "contents": "20% Project\nTechnology company Google is credited for popularising the 20% concept, with many of their current services being products of employee pet projects. Some schools have also utilised the principles of the 20% Project to foster creativity and boost productivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0002-0000", "contents": "20% Project, History, 3M and 15% time\nThe 15% project, an initiative established by corporation 3M. At the time of this program's implementation, the United States\u2019 work force was composed of highly inflexible employment opportunities in rigid business structures. After WWII ended, 3M developed an ethos: Innovate or die, which provided enterprise for the company and inspired the launch of this program. This original project has widely successful outcomes, resulting in scientists developing and manufacturing products that remain utilized internationally, even decades later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0003-0000", "contents": "20% Project, History, Google implementation\nSince before its IPO in 2004 the founders of Google have encouraged the 20% project system. Compared to its predecessor, a five-percent increase in the time dedicated to projects allows for further positive growth in the company's levels. Over the last twenty years, this project enabled the creation of key Google services such as Gmail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0004-0000", "contents": "20% Project, History, Google implementation\nAs recognition of the clear benefits of retaining such a scheme grew, schools have replicated this system for their students in the classroom environment. The production of such creatively stimulated, ungraded work allows for peers to experiment with ideas without fear of assessment and increases their involvement in their general studies. Further, other small businesses are now using this system in their day-to-day functions, including software company Atlassian, as a safeguard to counter damp growth rates and a general lack of innovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0005-0000", "contents": "20% Project, History, Google implementation\nThe 20% Project is responsible for the development of many Google services. Founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page advised that workers \u201cspend 20% of their time working on what they think will most benefit Google\u201d. Google's email service \u2018Gmail\u2019 was created by the developer Paul Buchheit on his 20% time. In his project \"Caribou\", Buchheit used his knowledge from university software experience to create the service. The freedom to use his time in such a way allowed him to ultimately develop a fundamental Google service. Buchheit's colleague, Susan Wojcicki, utilised her time to create their product AdSense. Finally, developer Krishna Bharat created Google News as an individual pursuit and hobby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0006-0000", "contents": "20% Project, History, Other companies\nAustralian enterprise company Atlassian has been using the 20% project since 2008. Co -founder Mike Cannon-Brookes stated that \u201cinnovation slows as the company grows\u201d. And as such the scheme was introduced to re-inspire innovation. The induction of the system was a six-month trial, granting $1 million to engineers and allowing them to work on private projects based on personal interests. Part of this 20% time is their annual \"Ship It\u2019\"day, where employees are challenged with a task to create any product and then ship this item within 24 hours. Workers created products which ranged from refined beer to \u2018Jira\u2019 software updates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0007-0000", "contents": "20% Project, History, Other companies\nAmerican project management software company TargetProcess adopted the 20% project for their small company. The company was composed of 110 members when the initiative was introduced. Company founder Michael Dubakov identified a lack of innovation from his employees, with their daily routines occupied with monotonous work. Dubakov was inspired by the output derived from 20% projects in Google and 3M but was unsure about the limit on employee involvement. Despite driving the project at Google, only certain employees were granted this time \u2013 meaning most workers could not use this opportunity for innovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0007-0001", "contents": "20% Project, History, Other companies\nDubakov decided to allow all employees to pursue individual projects, to reduce boredom and inspire innovation. Initially the company introduced \u201cOrange Fridays\u201d in 2013, an allocated 4 hours of each Friday afternoon to attend workshops, learn about and develop new technology. From this, the company saw a rise in investment opportunities and company growth. The company developed a culture to innovate, with no pressure applied to employees moving from their regular schedule to innovate and learn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0008-0000", "contents": "20% Project, History, Other companies\nIn 2016, TargetProcess introduced the Open Allocation Experiment. This initiative was an extension of \u201cOrange Fridays\u201d and was applied to a majority of employees. The goal was to provide a more comprehensible user experience and amend issues with the TargetProcess product. Involved members were granted the opportunity to manage their schedule and individually pursue new product design. This experiment highlighted positive growth in the company, observed from a 10-month review. Dubakov implemented deadlines, ensuring each individual met their personal goals. As a result, members reported to have felt an increase in personal motivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0008-0001", "contents": "20% Project, History, Other companies\nThe main company detriment that arose from this experiment was decreased company unity. With each employee pursuing individual projects a lack of management led to the company embodying the different visions from all employees, affecting company alignment. This experiment was ceased after the founder believed the company was unprepared for this shift in work dynamic. TargetProcess would focus on backlog creation, with training programs for product development operating in conjunction. Self-organisation was a key concern for their 20% project as not all employees could manage their projects whilst reaching regular work deadlines. Another issue upheld in this experiment was the reward scheme, granted when an individual initiated a new product or scheme. This undermined the work of those employees not involved in the experiment and led to an unbalance in motivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0009-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Notable projects, Gmail\nFrom the 20% Project, Google produced forefront services that drive the company today. One outcome of this project is Gmail, Google's email service. Developer Paul Buchheit created this service under the project title \u2018Caribou\u2019. This service was developed without the awareness of other employees and was publicised several years later. By 2006, this service was available on computers and mobile devices. After 8 years of activity, Gmail had 425 million users. In May 2014, Gmail set the record as the first Android application to reach one billion installations on the Google Play store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0010-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Notable projects, AdSense\nThe 20% Project aided in the development of AdSense, a program where publishers can produce media advertisements for a targeted audience. This service allows for website publishers to generate revenue on a per-click basis. This service was publicly released on June 18, 2003. This service was envisioned by Gmail's founder Paul Buchheit, who wanted appropriate ads to run throughout the Gmail service, but the project was pursued by Susan Wojcicki, who curated a team of developers who created the platform in their dedicated 20% time. After two years of its inception, the service was generating 15 percent of the company's revenue. The service can now offer ads in the form of simple text, flash video or rich media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0011-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Notable projects, Google News\nThe news aggregator Google News is another result of the 20% Project. This service was publicized in January 2006, but the beta was introduced in September 2002. The founder of this service was Krishna Bharat, who developed this software in his dedicated project time. The service sources from 20,000 different publishers, providing articles in 28 languages. Now, the service has many new features, including Google News Alerts, which emails \u201calerts\u201d on chosen keyword topics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0012-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Notable projects, Atlassian\nAnother company that implemented the system is Atlassian. After six months of the project initiating, the company saw major improvements to Jira, Bamboo and Confluence. The Bamboo team introduced Stash 1.0 in May throughout the dedicated project time. Throughout two designated \u2018Innovation Week\u2019 workshops, the company shipped 12 features. Another 20% Project allocation is \u2018Ship It\u2019 day, that allows customers to pursue any project. Employees used this time to refine the Jira service desk and improving the Jira software for loading screens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0013-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Notable projects, TargetProcess\nTargetProcess implemented 20% Project initiatives such as the Open Allocation Experiment and Orange Fridays to inspire innovation from employees. Since the implementation of the project, investment opportunities have risen. The company grew over 10% between 2008 and 2016 during the project's operation. Founder, Michael Dubakov, observed increased enthusiasm from employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0014-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Benefits and detriments\nThe 20% Project is designed to let employees experiment without the pressure of company decline or the threat of unemployment. For companies that thrive from the conception of services and products, innovative and entrepreneurial thought is vital to success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0015-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Benefits and detriments\nHowever, for an operating business, productivity can be negatively affected by the 20% Project. The loss of time previously spent on major company-aligned projects can negatively affect a company's overall performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0016-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Benefits and detriments\nThe allocation of this project time is not consistent. Former Google employee and Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer once stated \u201cI\u2019ve got to tell you the dirty little secret of Google's 20% time. It's really 120% time.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0017-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Benefits and detriments\nChris Mims mentioned that the 20% Project was \u201cas good as dead\u201d. This is a concern as it suggests that this project is destructive over long-term periods. In Google executive Laszlo Bock's book, Work Rules!, he mentions that the concept has \u201cwaxed and waned.\u201d He states that workers in fact dedicate 10% of their time on personal projects, increasing focus time after the idea begins to \u201cdemonstrate impact.\u201d He mentions that \u201cthe idea of 20 per cent time is more important than the reality of it.\u201d Workers should always be driven towards individual innovation, yet it should operate \u201csomewhat outside the lines of formal management.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0018-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Benefits and detriments\nAtlassian Co-Founder Mike Cannon-Brookes implemented the 20% Project as a test to see if it produced any notable improvements or detriments to the company's output. They funded a six-month trial with one million Australian dollars. During this process, workers tackled inherent structural difficulties within the scheme. An employee mentioned that it was difficult to balance this 20% time \u201camongst all the pressures to deliver new features and bug fixes.\u201d; the program introduced more deadlines for their employees. As a result, the company found that this 20% Project in fact became 1.1% of their working time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0018-0001", "contents": "20% Project, Benefits and detriments\nAnother issue faced was the difficulty in the organisation and team-work involved in the projects. As employees would organise groups to create new software, they would struggle to work with employees who had other commitments and alternate time schedules. The company blogs have included fewer references to the 20% Project over the last decade with references that this scheme loses effect in long-term practices. The company's \u2018Ship It\u2019 day still highlights the prosperity of time dedicated to employee-based innovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161249-0019-0000", "contents": "20% Project, Benefits and detriments\nDubakov reported that the 20% Project proved beneficial for the company. The benefit of this separated time is that each member feels less pressure to complete tasks, being able to advance their skill set and review previous work. This time was not only used for new projects but to educate about content relating to the job. This allocation of time allowed for individuals to complete single tasks, improving time delivery but negatively affecting synergy. The company reflected an emergent vision as a result of collective individual projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161250-0000-0000", "contents": "20, Ashoka Road\n20, Ashoka Road, officially Sanchar Bhawan, is the headquarters of the Union Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of India. It is also the headquarters of Department of Telecommunications of the ministry. The building is situated in the heart of the Indian capital, New Delhi. It is very similar in design to the Reserve Bank of India's Mumbai headquarters, and both were designed by the same architect, Firoz Kudianwala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161251-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000\n20,000 (twenty thousand) is the natural number that comes after 19,999 and before 20,001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161251-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000\n20,000 is a round number, and is also in the title of Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161252-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Cheers for the Chain Gang\n20,000 Cheers for the Chain Gang is an extant musical comedy film released in 1933. It was directed by Roy Mack. The 20-minute film is about escaped prisoners trying to break back into a jail where condition have improved dramatically. The film was written by A. Dorian Otvos and Cyrus Wood. It is a spoof of the 1932 film I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang. It is a Vitaphone film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth\n20,000 Days on Earth is a 2014 British musical documentarydrama film co-written and directed by Iain Forsyth and Jane Pollard. Nick Cave also co-wrote the script with Forsyth and Pollard. The film premiered in-competition in the World Cinema Documentary Competition at 2014 Sundance Film Festival on 20 January 2014. It won two Awards at the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth\nAfter its premiere at Sundance Film Festival, Drafthouse Films acquired distribution rights of the film. The film released on 17 September 2014 in United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth, Premise\nThe film depicts a fictitious 24-hour period in the life of Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter, composer, actor and model Nick Cave, prior to and during the recording of his 2013 album Push the Sky Away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth, Releases\nThe film also premiered at 64th Berlin International Film Festival in Panorama Dokumente section, in February 2014 and at the 2014 True/False Film Festival. It also served as the opening night film at 2014 Sydney Film Festival on 4 June 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth, Releases\nIt was released on 19 September 2014 in United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0005-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth, Reception\n20,000 Days on Earth received general acclaim upon its premiere at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 97% of 38 film critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7.4 out of 10. On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film holds an average score of 84, based on 15 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0006-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth, Reception\nCory Everett of Indiewire praised the film and said that \"While the doc should prove essential for Nick Cave fans, it should be inspiring for those interested in the creative process or anyone searching for their muse.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0007-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth, Reception\nJohn Semley of Slant Magazine  gave the film two and a half stars out of four and said that \"While the film is seemingly accessible as a portrait of an artist who seems particularly attuned to his own creative process, and particularly adept at describing this attunement, it's unlikely that many who aren't already whole-hog Bad Seeds fans would be able to stomach much of Cave's self-styled pomposity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0008-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth, Reception\nRob Nelson, in his review for Variety, praised the film by saying that \"This innovative study of Nick Cave playfully disguises itself as fiction while more than fulfilling the requirements of a biographical documentary.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161253-0009-0000", "contents": "20,000 Days on Earth, Reception\nDavid Rooney in his review for The Hollywood Reporter said that \"What makes 20,000 Days on Earth distinctive is that it provides an overview of the man and his art while creating the illusion that this has come together organically -- out of poetic ruminations, casual encounters, ghost-like visitations and good old Freudian psychoanalysis.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161254-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Eyes\n20,000 Eyes is a 1961 American drama film directed by Jack Leewood, written by Jack W. Thomas, and starring Gene Nelson, Merry Anders, James Brown, John Banner, Judith Rawlins and Robert Shayne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161254-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Eyes\nThe film was released on June 14, 1961, by 20th Century Fox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161254-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Eyes, Plot\nNeeding money in a hurry for a diamond-mine interest, investment broker, Dan Warren, embezzles $100,000 from client, Kurt Novak, a criminal himself ($866,036 in 2020 dollars ). Novak discovers the theft and gives Warren five days to pay him back or else meet with an \"accident.\" But Warren has another scheme in mind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161254-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Eyes, Production\nThe film was announced in January, 1961, and Daniel Ceccaldi was originally sought for the lead role. Filming began in March, 1961 with Gene Nelson instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161255-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Across the Land\n20,000 Leagues Across the Land  (French: Vingt mille lieues sur la terre or \"L\u00e9on Garros Is Looking for His Friend\", Russian: \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u0449\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430) is a 1961 Soviet-French feature film by Marcello Pagliero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161255-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Across the Land, Plot\nDuring the Second World War and  Leon Garros and Boris Vaganov escape from a Nazi concentration camp. After 15 years as a journalist Leon with buddies visits the Soviet Union to make a report and accidentally finds Boris. But Boris is not in Moscow, and for the sake of meeting a friend Leon has to take a car halfway across the country... Traveling with the foreigners is translator Nikolai, who in turn is looking for Natasha, his brother's runaway bride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1916 American silent film directed by Stuart Paton. The film's storyline is based on the 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne. It also incorporates elements from Verne's 1875 novel The Mysterious Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)\nOn May 4, 2010, a new print of the film was shown accompanied by a live performance of an original score by Stephin Merritt at the Castro Theatre, as part of the San Francisco International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)\nIn 2016, the film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for its National Film Registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot\nA strange \"sea monster\" has been rampaging the seas. The United States sends the naval vessel Abraham Lincoln to investigate. During their search, the vessel runs into the \"monster,\u201d and it damages their ship. The mysterious monster turns out to be Nautilus, the technologically advanced submarine of Captain Nemo. After the attack, the Abraham Lincoln is adrift with no rudder. Then, a \"strange rescue\" takes place. Captain Nemo guides his submarine directly beneath the four people who had been aboard the ship and fallen into the sea during the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0003-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot\nNautilus surfaces, and Nemo's crew brings the four rescued individuals aboard the submarine. The four include master harpooner Ned Land, a professor Pierre Aronnax, his daughter, and the professor's assistant. Once aboard the submarine, the four must swear they will not attempt to escape. The captain introduces them to his vessel and the wonders of its underwater realm. He later takes them hunting on the seafloor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot\nMeanwhile, union soldiers in a runaway Union Army balloon are marooned on a mysterious island. The soldiers find a wild girl living alone. Soon the yacht of Charles Denver arrives at the island. A woman's ghost (Princess Daaker) has haunted Denver, a former British colonial officer in India, whom he attacked years ago. Rather than submit to him sexually, she had stabbed and killed herself. Denver then fled with her young daughter only to abandon her on the island. Long tormented by his crime, he returned to find the girl or determine what happened to her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0005-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot\nOne soldier scheme to kidnap the child aboard Denver's yacht. Another hears of the plan and starts swimming to the yacht to rescue her. Simultaneously, Nemo discovers the yacht belongs to Denver, the enemy he has been seeking all these years. The Nautilus destroys the yacht with a torpedo, but Captain Nemo saves the girl and her rescuer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0006-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Plot\nIn elaborate flashback scenes to India, Nemo reveals he is Prince Daaker and created the Nautilus to seek revenge on Charles Denver. It overjoyed him to discover that the abandoned wild girl is his long-lost daughter, but his emotion overcomes him, and he dies. His loyal crew buries him at the ocean bottom. They disband and set the Nautilus adrift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0007-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Production\nThis was the first motion picture filmed underwater. The underwater scenes were photographed by the Williamson Submarine Film Corporation in the Bahamas. Actual underwater cameras were not used, but a system of watertight tubes and mirrors allowed the camera to shoot reflected images of underwater scenes staged in shallow sunlit waters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0008-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Production\nThe film was made by The Universal Film Manufacturing Company (now Universal Pictures), not then known as a major motion picture studio. Yet in 1916, they financed this film's innovative special effects, location photography, large sets, exotic costumes, sailing ships, and full-size navigable mock-up of the surfaced submarine Nautilus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161256-0009-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), Production\nThe film took two years to make, at the cost of $500,000. Hal Erickson has said that \"the cost of this film was so astronomical that it could not possibly post a profit, putting the kibosh on any subsequent Verne adaptations for the next 12 years\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1954 American Technicolor science fiction-adventure film and one of the first features shot in CinemaScope. It was personally produced by Walt Disney through Walt Disney Productions, directed by Richard Fleischer, and stars Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas, and Peter Lorre. It was also the first feature-length Disney film to be distributed by Buena Vista Distribution. The film is adapted from Jules Verne's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)\nThe film was a critical and commercial success, being especially remembered for the fight with a giant squid, and Mason's definitive performance as the charismatic anti-hero Captain Nemo. It won two Academy Awards for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects. It is considered an early precursor of the steampunk genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot\nIn 1868, rumors spread of a sea monster which attacks ships in the Pacific Ocean and disrupt shipping lanes. Professor Aronnax and his assistant, Conseil, board a U.S. Navy ship dispatched on an expedition to investigate the problem. They board the frigate, and are joined by master-harpooner Ned Land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot\nAfter months of patrolling, a nearby steamship explodes; when the frigate arrives, the \"monster\" is spotted. As the frigate's crew open fire with cannons, the \"monster\" rams the warship. Ned, Conseil and Aronnax are thrown overboard. The crippled frigate drifts away, not responding to their cries for help. Clinging to flotsam, Aronnax and Conseil encounter a metal vessel, and realize the \"monster\" is a man-made \"submerging boat\" that appears deserted. Going aboard, Aronnax finds a viewport and witnesses an underwater funeral, while Ned Land arrives on an overturned longboat from their ship. Aronnax resists leaving just long enough for the submarine crew to spot him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot\nNed, Aronnax, and Conseil attempt to leave in the longboat, but the crew stops them. The captain introduces himself as Nemo, master of the Nautilus. He returns Ned and Conseil to the deck while offering Aronnax, whom he recognizes, the chance to stay. After Aronnax proves willing to die with his companions, Nemo allows Ned and Conseil to remain aboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0005-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot\nNemo takes them to the penal colony island of Rura Penthe, where the prisoners are loading a munitions ship. Nemo was a prisoner there, as were many of his crew. Nautilus rams the steamer, destroying it and killing the crew. Nemo tells Aronnax that he saved thousands from death in war, and that this \"hated nation\" tortured his wife and son to death while attempting to force him to reveal his discoveries. In Nemo's cabin, Ned and Conseil find the coordinates of Nemo's secret island base, Vulcania, and Ned releases messages in bottles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0006-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot\nOff the coast of New Guinea, Nautilus becomes stranded on a reef. Nemo allows Ned to go ashore with Conseil, ostensibly to collect specimens, while admonishing them to stay on the beach. Ned goes exploring for avenues of escape, and finds human skulls posted on stakes. Ned rejoins Conseil, and they row away, pursued by cannibals. Aboard Nautilus, the cannibals are repelled by electrical charges sent through its hull. Nemo confines Ned to the brig for disobeying orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0007-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot\nA warship fires upon Nautilus, which descends into the depths, where it attracts a giant squid. After an electric charge fails to repel it, Nemo and his men surface during a storm to dislodge it. Nemo is caught in one of its tentacles, and Ned, having escaped from captivity, harpoons the squid in the eye, saving Nemo. Nemo has a change of heart and claims he wants to make peace with the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0008-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot\nAs Nautilus nears Vulcania, Nemo finds the island surrounded by warships, with marines converging on his base. On the deck Ned tries to identify himself to the warships. Aronnax is furious, recognizing that Nemo will destroy all evidence of his discoveries. Nemo, having submerged Nautilus to enter his base, goes ashore and activates a prearranged time bomb, but is mortally wounded from a bullet to his back. After navigating the submarine away from Vulcania, Nemo announces that he will be \"taking the Nautilus down for the last time\". The crew declares that they will accompany their captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0009-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot\nAronnax, Conseil, and Ned are confined to their cabins, while Nautilus's crew also retreat to their cabins at Nemo's instructions. Ned escapes and manages to surface the submarine, hitting a reef in the process, causing her to flood. Nemo dies viewing his beloved undersea domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0010-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Plot\nAronnax tries retrieving his journal, but the urgency of their escape obliges Ned to knock him unconscious and carry him out. Aboard Nautilus's skiff, the three companions along with Nemo's pet sea lion, Esmeralda, witness Vulcania explode and a billowing mushroom cloud rise above the island's destruction. Ned apologizes to Aronnax for hitting him, but Aronnax concedes that the loss of his journal might have been for the best. As the Nautilus sinks, Nemo's last words to Aronnax echo: \"There is hope for the future. And when the world is ready for a new and better life, all this will someday come to pass...in God's good time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0011-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Production\nIn November 1950, independent producer Sid Rogell announced he had acquired the film rights to the novel as well as a film adaptation prepared by Robert L. Lippert's production company. He had planned to start shooting within a year at the General Service Studios. However, in December 1951, it was reported that Walt Disney had purchased the film rights from Rogell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0012-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Production\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was filmed at various locations in The Bahamas and Jamaica, with the cave scenes filmed beneath what is now the Xtabi Resort on the cliffs of Negril. Filming began in spring of 1954. According to the two-disc DVD release of the film, the San Francisco scenes at the beginning were shot at Universal Studios while most of the modeling shots were done at 20th Century Fox. Some of the location filming sequences were so complex that they required a technical crew of more than 400 people. The film presented many other challenges, as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0012-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Production\nThe famous giant squid attack sequence had to be entirely re-shot, as it was originally filmed as taking place at dusk and in a calm sea. The sequence was filmed again, this time taking place at night and during a huge gale, both to increase the drama and to better hide the cables and other mechanical workings of the animatronic squid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0013-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Production\nWith a total (and greatly over-run) production cost of $9 million, the film was the most expensive in Hollywood to that date and presented a serious financial risk to the studio should it flop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0014-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Differences between novel and film\nThe film was praised as faithfully adapting the novel. James W. Maertens writes that while this is true, \"Close comparison of the novel and film reveals many changes, omissions, even reversals, which affect the story's fundamental concern (besides scientific education), a representation of class and gender, specifically masculinity, in the industrial age.\" Nemo's submarine, battery-powered in the novel, is powered by atomic energy in the film. The novel's submarine is also a \"streamlined, cigar shaped sub\" while the film's is \"a more ornate vessel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0014-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Differences between novel and film\nThe film's director and screenwriter extracted \"the most memorable\" scenes from the novel and freely reordered them under the assumption that viewers would not remember the novel's order of events. The film's submarine is also depicted as being built from undersea salvage, where in the novel, Nemo orders parts from various industries to secretly ship to an island for assembly, which Maertens called a \"logistical genius and manipulation of Industrial Age manufacturing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0015-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music\nRather than an authentic soundtrack recording of the film's score or dialogue, two vinyl studio cast record albums were released to coincide with the film's first two releases (1954 and 1963). Both albums contained condensed and heavily altered versions of the film's script without the usage of any of the film's cast for character voices. In addition, both albums were narrated by Ned Land as opposed to Aronnax, who narrated the film and the original novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0015-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music\nNeither album mentioned Nemo as actually being \"cracked\" (i.e. insane), as the film does, and considerably sanitized the character by omitting any mention of him killing anyone. The albums also had Nemo surviving at the end and releasing Ned, Arronax, and Conseil out of gratitude for their saving his life. In this version, Ned, Aronnax and Conseil were not shipwrecked because the Nautilus rammed the ship they were on, but because a hurricane came up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0016-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music\nThe first album was issued in 1954 in conjunction with the film's original release, and starred William Redfield as the voice of Ned. This album, a book-and-record set, was issued as part of RCA Victor's Little Nipper series on two 45-RPM records. The second album, released by Disneyland Records in 1963 in conjunction with the film's first re-release, was issued on one 331\u20443 RPM 12-inch LP with no accompanying booklet and no liner notes \u2013 the usual practice with most Disneyland label albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0016-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music\nIt contained much more of the film's plot, but with many of the same alterations as the first album, so this recording was technically a remake of the earlier one. The cast for the 1963 album was uncredited. Neither album listed the film's credits or made any mention of the film's cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0017-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music\nA single for the film's most memorable song \"A Whale of a Tale\", written by Norman Gimbel and Al Hoffman and sung by Kirk Douglas, was also released in 1954 under the Decca Children's Series label. The song \"And the Moon Grew Brighter and Brighter\", which Douglas had sung in the movie Man Without a Star (written by Lou Singer and Jimmy Kennedy), was the B-side. Both songs can be found on the 2008 digital release of the film's soundtrack. In the film, Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor is played by Nemo on the Nautilus's organ, but James Mason's playing is actually dubbed by an anonymous organist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0018-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Music, Official soundtrack\nOn January 29, 2008, Walt Disney Records released a 26-track digital album containing the music of Paul Smith's original soundtrack score to 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, plus both sides of the \"A Whale of a Tale\" single, as well as a digital booklet companion that explores the music of the film. This was the first official release of the film score and was initially available only through the iTunes Store. Intrada released the same soundtrack on CD in 2011. The music for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was composed by Paul Smith, with Joseph Dubin acting as the orchestrator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0019-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Release, Home media\nOver the years, the film has been released on VHS, LaserDisc, SelectaVision videodisc, DVD, and Blu-ray. A 1080p HD version from a 4K restoration was released on iTunes in 2014. In 2019, the film was released on Blu-ray via the Disney Movie Club. The film was available to stream on Disney+ when the service launched on November 12, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0020-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Box office\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea earned $8 million in North American distributor rentals at the box office, making it the third highest-grossing film of 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0021-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction\nBosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that, \"As fabulous and fantastic as anything he has ever done in cartoons is Walt Disney's 'live action' movie made from Jules Verne's '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.' Turned out in CinemaScope and color, it is as broad, fictitiously, as it is long (128\u00a0minutes), and should prove a sensation\u2014at least with the kids\". Gene Arneel of Variety praised the film as \"a special kind of picture making, combining photographic ingenuity, imaginative story telling and fiscal daring.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0021-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction\nHe further added that \"Richard Fleischer's direction keeps the Disney epic moving at a smart clip, picking up interest right from the start and deftly developing each of the many tense moments... Earl Fenton's screenplay looks to be a combination of the best in the Verne original and new material to suit the screen form. It's a fine job of writing simulating pic fare. Technical credits \u2014 underline the water photography \u2014 are excellent.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0021-0002", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction\nPhilip K. Scheuer, reviewing for the Los Angeles Times, wrote \"Technically the film is a marvel itself, with actual underwater shot made in the Bahamas alternating with surface scale models that defy detection as such.\" He also praised Mason's performance claiming \"he lends depth and dimension to the stock figure of the 'mad genius.' The proof: he sometimes seems more pitied than scorned.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0021-0003", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction\nHarrison's Reports wrote that \"Expertly utilizing the CinemaScope medium and Technicolor photography, he [Walt Disney] and his staff have fashioned a picture that is not only a masterpiece from the production point of view but also a great entertainment, the kind that should go over in a big way with all types of audiences.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0022-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Critical reaction\nModern-day film critic Steve Biodrowski said that the film is \"far superior to the majority of genre efforts from the period (or any period, for that matter), with production design and technical effects that have dated hardly at all\". Biodrowski also added that the film \"may occasionally succumb to some of the problems inherent in the source material (the episodic nature does slow the pace), but the strengths far outweigh the weaknesses, making this one of the greatest science-fiction films ever made\". On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 27 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: \"One of Disney's finest live-action adventures, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea brings Jules Verne's classic sci-fi tale to vivid life, and features an awesome giant squid\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0023-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Reception, Awards and nominations\nThe film's primary art director Harper Goff, who designed the Nautilus, was not a member of the Art Directors Union in 1954 and therefore, under a bylaw within the Academy of Motion Pictures, was unable to receive his Academy Award for Art Direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0024-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), In Disney resorts\nDisneyland used the original sets as a walk-through attraction from 1955 to 1966. Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom also had a dark ride named 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage from 1971 to 1994 which consisted of a submarine ride, complete with the giant squid attack, and an arrangement of the main theme from the 1954 film playing on Captain Nemo's organ in the background. For this ride, voice artist Peter Renaday stood in for James Mason in the role of Captain Nemo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0024-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), In Disney resorts\nIn 1994, a walkthrough attraction at Disneyland Paris, named Les Myst\u00e8res du Nautilus, opened, and a dark ride at Tokyo DisneySea was created in 2001. The exterior to The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure contains a silhouette of the Nautilus in a rock wall and the tiki bar Trader Sam's Grog Grotto at Disney's Polynesian Village Resort serves a cocktail called the \"Nautilus\" which is itself served in a stylized drinking vessel resembling the submarine, and features a dive helmet and a mechanical squid tentacle that pours liquor behind the bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0025-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel\nOn January 6, 2009, Variety reported that a live-action remake titled 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Captain Nemo was being planned with Joseph McGinty Nichol, known as \"McG\", attached to direct. The film serves as an origin story for the central character, Captain Nemo, as he builds his warship, the Nautilus. McG has remarked that it will be \"much more in keeping with the spirit of the novel\" than Richard Fleischer's film, in which it will reveal \"what Aronnax is up to and the becoming of Captain Nemo, and how the man became at war with war itself.\" It was written by Bill Marsilli, with Justin Marks and Randall Wallace brought in to do rewrites. The film was to be produced by Sean Bailey with McG's Wonderland Sound and Vision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0026-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel\nMcG once suggested that he wanted Will Smith as Captain Nemo, but he has reportedly turned down the part. As a second possible choice, McG had mentioned Sam Worthington, whom he worked with on Terminator Salvation, though they did not ever discuss it seriously. In November 2009, the project was shelved by then-Walt Disney Pictures chairman Rich Ross after having spending nearly $10 million on pre-production work. Prior to the announcement, McG and Bailey had been notified of the project's cancellation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0027-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel\nDuring the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con, director David Fincher announced plans of directing 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea for Walt Disney Pictures based on a script by Scott Z. Burns. While Fincher was wrapping up The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), it was speculated that 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea would enter principal photography by late 2012. In the meantime, Fincher began courting Brad Pitt to play the role of Ned Land while the film was kept on hold. However, in February 2013, it was announced that Pitt had officially turned down the role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0028-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel\nIn April 2013, it was announced that the Australian government will provide a one-off incentive of $20 million in order to secure the production. Despite this, the film was put on hold again the following month due to complications in casting a lead. On July 17, 2013, Fincher dropped out of the film to direct the adaptation of Gone Girl. Fincher revealed in an interview that he left the film because he wanted Channing Tatum for Ned Land, but Disney wanted Chris Hemsworth for the role. Additionally, the money originally allocated for the production of this film was redirected towards Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0029-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel\nIn February 2016, Disney announced that it was planning a live-action film titled Captain Nemo, with James Mangold directing. In February 2020, it was reported that Mangold was no longer attached to the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161257-0030-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), Remake and prequel\nIn August 2021, it was announced that a ten episode miniseries titled Nautilus entered development. The series will be an origin story about Captain Nemo and will be written by James Dormer who will co-produce with Johanna Devereaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161258-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film)\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1985 Australian made-for-television animated film from Burbank Films Australia. The film is based on Jules Verne's classic 1870 novel, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, and was adapted by Stephen MacLean. It was produced by Tim Brooke-Hunt and featured original music by John Stuart. The copyright in this film is now owned by Pulse Distribution and Entertainment and administered by digital rights management firm NuTech Digital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161258-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot\nIn 1866, a mysterious sea-monster is hunting the depths of the oceans and rising only to attack and destroy innocent ships at a cost of many lives. Experts around the world are trying to discover the identity of the monster and possibly destroy it before even more lives are lost. Marine expert Professor Pierre Aronnax, his faithful companion Conseil and harpoonist Ned Land, set out aboard the Abraham Lincoln from Long Island in search of said monster. The monster attacks, and the three companions are thrown overboard and the ship's crew declares them lost. Their lives are saved as they are held above water by the monster, which they discover to be a modern submarine, named the Nautilus. Inside, they meet the submarine's captain, Captain Nemo, and his faithful crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161258-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot\nTo keep his secret safe, Captain Nemo keeps the three men aboard his ship. Aboard the Nautilus, the professor, Ned and Conseil travel throughout the depths of the ocean; a voyage the professor and Conseil find fascinating, but Ned soon finds his captivity unbearable and develops a hatred for the captain and a longing for freedom. The professor learns of Captain Nemo's hatred towards mankind, for he had lost his wife, children and family to them, and now sought revenge by destroying as many ships as he encountered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161258-0002-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot\nOn the other hand, Captain Nemo has a great respect toward his men as well as the oceans of the world and their creatures. At the beginning of the voyage, the Nautilus is attacked by a giant squid that grabs Nemo but is killed by Ned. In the waters off India, Nemo saves a pearl-diver from a hungry shark and gives her a pearl. He then prevents Ned from killing a dugong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161258-0002-0002", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot\nNed, the professor, and Conseil escape the Nautilus by rowing to a tropical island but are chased back to the Nautilus by natives, whom Nemo scares away with electricity. When a life is lost aboard the submarine, Nemo takes the body for burial in the lost continent of Atlantis to rest forever underwater, but Ned is chased by giant crabs. Spying inside the captain's private chamber, the professor, Conseil and Ned discover Nemo's plan of travelling to the seas of Norway, where he will have the ultimate revenge by destroying the ship responsible for the loss of those dear to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161258-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), Plot\nThe three companions try unsuccessfully to bring Nemo to reason, but he determined even at the risk of his life. Wanting no part in the calamity, the three men take a chance to escape in a rowboat, and wanting to warn the to-be-victimized ship, are thrown ashore by the ocean waves. Finding rest and shelter on an unhabited island, the professor is happy to have kept his journal safe, so he may tell the world of their adventures. No one learns about the fate of the Nautilus and Captain Nemo, who may have perished or still be alive seeking revenge on mankind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 46], "content_span": [47, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161259-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 Hallmark film)\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1997 television film directed by Michael Anderson and starring Ben Cross as Captain Nemo. It premiered on March 23, 1997. Based on the 1870 novel of the same name by Jules Verne, it is most notable for replacing the character of Professor Aronnax's manservant, Conseil, with the Professor's daughter, Sophie, who disguises herself as a boy so that she may accompany her father aboard USS Abraham Lincoln; she becomes the apex of a love triangle involving Captain Nemo and Ned the harpooner. The film was produced by Hallmark Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries)\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1997 two-part television miniseries produced by Village Roadshow Pictures, based on the 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne. It was written by Brian Nelson and directed by Rod Hardy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot\nThe Nautilus has been sinking and damaging ships and is at first thought to be a giant narwhal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot\nPierre Aronnax and Ned Land and Cabe Attucks fall off the USS Abraham Lincoln and are picked up by the Nautilus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot\nPierre Aronnax's father Thierry Aronnax is with the US naval party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot\nNemo is setting up an underwater domed city under the Atlantic south of West Africa. To avoid earthquake risks to it, he is first setting up a network of underwater explosives to release all Earth's geotectonic tensions at once and thus ensure that no more build up for a long while. During this a Chinese-looking pearl diving girl accidentally activates one of these devices and the Nautilus rescues her in time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0005-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot\nThe US Navy finds where Nemo's base is by a concentrated area of sightings of the Nautilus. The USS Abraham Lincoln  sails to the place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0006-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot\nAt the site, damage caused by Ned Land, and torpedoes fired downwards by the Abraham Lincoln, force the Nautilus to surface. The Nautilus's crew come out on deck and are summarily machine-gunned by the Abraham Lincoln's deck-mounted Gatling guns. Mara and some others escape in one of the Nautilus's diving bells. Pierre Aronnax and Ned Land and Cabe Attucks get on board the Abraham Lincoln. A US naval man boards the Nautilus and shoots Nemo and another survivor on sight. Nemo, before dying, activates a switch which makes the Nautilus explode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0007-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Plot\nPierre Aronnax's account of these events finds its way to Jules Verne, who uses it as a basis for his novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0008-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Differences from the novel\nThe Nautilus gets its power by extracting the sun's heat from the sea water: this is impossible technology, and the movie wrongly calls it hydroelectricity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161260-0009-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), Reception\nDVD Verdict wrote the miniseries \"comes off as incomplete\", but praised Michael Caine's performance as Captain Nemo. David Cornelius of DVD Talk called the adaptation \"dreadfully dull\", disapproving of director Hardy's and screenwriter Nelson's work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161261-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Tokyo DisneySea)\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\uff08\u6d77\u5e952\u4e07\u30de\u30a4\u30eb\uff09 is an attraction at Tokyo DisneySea, based on Jules Verne's novel \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\" and Disney's 1954 film \"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161261-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Tokyo DisneySea), Story\nGuests board a small submarine developed by Captain Nemo and participate in a tour to explore the world under the sea. This submarine was remotely controlled from the control base where Captain Nemo was, and it should have been secured by that. However, when he tried to make the submarine levitate, the submarine was attacked by the Kraken and lost control, resulting in a detour into an unknown world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 53], "content_span": [54, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161261-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Tokyo DisneySea), Story\nThe place where the guests end up was a world of Atlantis where mermen live. They had evolved their own in a place close to the center of the earth. The submarine was boosted by the mysterious power of the mermen, and was able to return to the base safely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 53], "content_span": [54, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161261-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Tokyo DisneySea), Ride\nThis attraction's concept is similar to Disneyland's Submarine Voyage and Magic Kingdom's distinguished attraction 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage. This ride does not go through real water; several effect including bubbles in the window or the movements are added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage\n20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage was an attraction at the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World from 1971 through 1994. Based on the characters and settings of the 1954 Disney film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, it was a re-theming of the Submarine Voyage attraction at Disneyland. The ride involved a 20-minute submarine ride through a lagoon filled with sea life and mermaids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The Submarine Voyage\nIn 1959, an ambitious expansion of Tomorrowland in Disneyland was completed, which included the addition of new attractions, including the Matterhorn Bobsleds, Monorail, and Submarine Voyage. \"Commissioned\" on June 6, 1959, in front of Richard Nixon, Walt Disney and his wife Lillian, and officers of the US Navy, the attraction made use of early animatronics to create underwater life, and the use of forced perspective to increase the feeling of realism. Eight submarines painted in grey took guests through the attraction, which took place in a lagoon visible from Tomorrowland and a large show building hidden behind two waterfalls. It became extremely popular with guests, and Walt Disney Imagineering consequently planned for more elaborate version for the forthcoming Florida Project concept, which would become Walt Disney World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 906]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Vehicles\nOne of the signature pieces of 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea was the fleet of passenger vehicles, adapted for theme park use from Harper Goff's Nautilus design for the 1954 Disney live-action version by Disney Imagineer George McGinnis. The basic hulls were constructed by Morgan Yachts in Clearwater, Florida, with the final building work being transferred to Tampa Ship midway through. Another veteran Imagineer, Bob Gurr, oversaw the project. Upon delivery at Walt Disney World in August 1971, the vehicles weighed some forty tons, and were installed into a concrete guide (track), mounted on top of a mechanism that limited \"bumping\" accidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Vehicles\nThe attraction vehicles were not actual submarines, but instead boats in which the guests sat below water level. The interiors were a mix of metal paneling, rivets, and bolts, as well as Victorian-esque fittings in the form of passenger seats that could flip outwards, and armrests beneath the portholes, in keeping with the Goff concept. Each \"guest\" aboard the Nautilus had his or her own seat, as well as a round porthole to look out into the attraction. A small button located in the porthole recess was intended for defogging the window if needed, though this rarely worked. Located at the top of the window recess was a small speaker through which Captain Nemo's voice (veteran voice actor Peter Renaday, doing an impression of James Mason) guides his guests through their underwater adventure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Vehicles\nAbove the seating area was the sail (as it was known to the employees) where the \"helmsman\" stood and controlled the vehicle's operation. The \"diving\" effect was produced by bubble machines located throughout the attraction, as well as using the waterfalls at the entrance to the show building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0005-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Vehicles\nEach of the twelve vehicles accommodated a total of forty riders. Vehicles normally cycled through the attraction in packs of three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0006-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride\nDespite the extensive 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea overhaul the attraction was given, essentially it was still the same as its Californian counterpart Submarine Voyage, in both its underwater show scenes and narration, except for a few occasional differences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0007-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride\nThe adventure began as the guests made their way down into the back of the submarine, bending to miss the low-level raised rear hatch, and finding a place on board. Throughout the voyage, an eerie organ version of the Disney film's main theme would play on a never-ending loop, allowing for a narration backing as well as a piece of stall music if required. Following the standard Disney-style introduction and safety notes from the helmsman, the narration, in the voice of Captain Nemo, would begin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0008-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride\nWith the submarine clear of the dock, the diving sequence would begin, with hundreds of air bubbles filling the porthole view, creating the illusion of descent. Once clear, the Captain introduced himself to his passengers, and then introduced them to the underwater plains around Vulcania. In the lagoon, guests could see moray eels, crabs, lobsters, sea bass, clams and turtles as well as a host of smaller tropical fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0009-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride\nMinutes later, in another tribute to the Disney film, an \"underwater party\" of divers would come into view, as animatronics wearing replicas of the Harper Goff-designed deep sea diving equipment worked kelp beds and wrangled with rebellious turtles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0010-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride\nWith the bubbles from the waterfall at the cavern entrance simulating a surface storm, the Captain would order the submarine down into the depths as a precaution, and the guests enter the show building section of the attraction. Within minutes, the devastation such natural phenomenon can create was made clear with the ominous Graveyard Of Lost Ships, with shipwrecks from various centuries littering the sea bed, guarded by the silent, gliding figures of sharks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0011-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride\nLeaving the destruction behind, the Nautilus would reach the North Pole, circumnavigating the Polar Ice Cap from below the surface, and narrowly avoiding large icebergs stabbing through the water. Venturing deeper, the Nautilus entered the eerie world of the Abyss, where guests viewed examples the many weird and strange species of deepwater fish that thrive in such an environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0012-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride\nRising slightly, one of the final discoveries made is the ruins of Atlantis, along with a typical Disney-fied sea serpent, accompanying mermaids, and a treasury bursting with jewels and gold. With the ruins of the ancient civilization soon left behind, the Nautilus would enter the final phase of its journey, with a tribute to the most iconic and memorable part of the 1954 Disney film: the attack of the giant squid. After seeing a much smaller sister Nautilus trapped in the clutches of one such creature (curiously marked XIII on the tailfin), the passenger submarine would be attacked itself by long, thrashing tentacles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0013-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, The ride\nWith a final push to the surface, the Nautilus would clear the caverns of the dangerous squid, and enter the safety of the tropical lagoon, on its way towards the dock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0014-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Closure\nThough the attraction was a guest favorite and remained popular throughout its existence, it was expensive to maintain, as well as having a low hourly loading capacity for an attraction of its size and expense. It was closed on September 5, 1994, without advance notice, for what was outwardly termed a temporary maintenance period. The ride was set to reopen in the summer of 1996, but in April of the same year, the closure was officially made permanent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0015-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Closure\nPost-closure, several vehicles were left stationary in the lagoon and by the dock, before the entire fleet was eventually pulled from the attraction in 1996. The submarines were regularly moved around to different locations in Walt Disney World backstage for several years, until eventually being stripped and buried in a landfill in 2004. Three of the vehicles were saved from the fleet's demise. Two were shipped to be sunk in the snorkeling lagoon at Castaway Cay, Disney's private island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0015-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Closure\nHere, the two submarines were placed in various areas of the snorkeling lagoon and covered with cargo netting to help sea life and microbial corrosion cling to them. As of 2008, only one of those two Nautilus submarines still exists, but both its wheelhouse and dorsal fin have been destroyed by hurricane weather. The third submarine was first moved to queue for the backlot tour at Disney's Hollywood Studios, but was eventually moved to an empty lot. When the tour was still open, it could be seen next to some props from Star Wars or Pirates of the Caribbean. When the tour closed, the submarine was put in storage, but it has been taken out and displayed at various Disney events, still in fairly good condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0016-0000", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Closure\nThe lagoon remained as a scenic viewpoint (and was renamed \"Ariel's Grotto\", complete with a King Triton spouting statue) until 2004, when the water was drained and the sets and infrastructure were demolished. Pooh's Playful Spot was built where the attraction formerly stood and operated between 2005 and 2010 before making way for the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train as part of the Fantasyland Expansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161262-0016-0001", "contents": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, Closure\nHowever, the exterior to The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure contains a silhouette of the Nautilus in a rock wall and the tiki bar Trader Sam's Grog Grotto at Disney's Polynesian Village Resort serves a cocktail called the \"Nautilus\" which is itself served in a stylized drinking vessel resembling the submarine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161263-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia\nThe 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia refers to victims of persecution of Christians in Nicomedia, Bithynia (modern Izmit, Turkey) by the Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian in the early 4th century AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161263-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia\nAccording to various martyrologies and menologion, the persecution included the burning of a church that held numerous Christians on Christmas Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161263-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia\nThis event took place when the emperor Maximian (284-305) returned with victory over Ethiopians in 304 AD. It happened after they had refused to sacrifice to idols during Christmas Mass in order to thank gods for the victory he had acquired. Later Maximian and his soldiers entered the church and told the Christians they could escape punishment if they renounced Christ. The Christian priest Glycerius answered that the Christians would never \"renounce their faith, even under the threat of torture\". Maximian ordered him to be burned to death. Those who had not been burned in the church were captured and tortured to death. The bishop Anthimos who had escaped burning in the church was captured and beheaded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161263-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia\nThe number 20,000 may be apocryphal. However, the martyrs of Nicomedia continue to be honored with feast days: they are commemorated on 28 December in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and by the Byzantine Catholic Churches. In the Roman Martyrology of the Roman Catholic Church, there are separate entries for groups of martyrs of Nicomedia. The martyrdom of Anthimus of Nicomedia and companions is commemorated on 24 April and \"the commemoration of many holy martyrs of Nicomedia\" on June 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year\n20,000 Men a Year (aka Air Story and Aviation Story) is a 1939 American action film directed by Alfred E. Green and written by Lou Breslow and Owen Francis. The film stars Randolph Scott, Preston Foster, Margaret Lindsay, Mary Healy, Robert Shaw, George Ernest, Jane Darwell, Kane Richmond and Maxie Rosenbloom. It was the fourth and last film produced by Cosmopolitan Pictures in its final year of operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year\nLong before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government had encouraged Hollywood to produce films designed to encourage a buildup of the aviation industry as well as the military. The release of 20,000 Men a Year on October 27, 1939 by 20th Century Fox reflected the spirit of the times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nBrad Reynolds is a respected pilot for Pacific Airlines. On a flight from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles, his aircraft hits a thick bank of fog. Reynolds and his co-pilot, Al Williams, are told by their dispatcher to re-route to Saugus, California, but Brad safely lands in Los Angeles anyway. Jim Howell, the Southwestern representative for the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA), and Brad's old nemesis, suspends Brad for 60 days who angrily quits. Brad buys the Comet Airport in Riverdale, California. The airport mechanic Walt Dorgan is its only asset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nAnn Rogers tells Brad that her brother Skip, Brad's top student, is flying without his family's consent. Brad is forced to return Skip's deposit just when the bank is about to foreclose on the airport. Brad tries to return to Pacific Airlines to ask for his old job, but is told that he is too old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nMeanwhile, the CAA begins a Civilian Pilot Training Program at selected universities, with local airports being used. Unknown to Brad, Jim Howell convinces Riverdale banker Crandall to back Brad's airport, as nearby Western Institute of Technology is chosen. Brad becomes an instructor and begins selecting and training his students. Transferring to Western from Texas State is Tommy Howell, Jim's little brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0005-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nSkip, unable to get his sister's permission to fly, becomes Tommy's roommate, and arranges a meeting between Brad and Ann. Skip is allowed to take a ground crew course. During flight training, Tommy admits to Brad that he is afraid to fly and does so only to please his older brother. Brad gives Tommy early morning lessons in secret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0006-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nJim thinks that Brad is unfair to his brother, but during one of Tommy's secret lessons, the aircraft's oil line breaks. Brad is forced to knock him out in order to release his hands on the throttle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0007-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nTommy, thinking the aircraft is crashing, parachutes out over a cavernous mountain range. Brad lands the aircraft safely and convinces a farmer to drive him back to the airport. He takes a second aircraft up to search for Tommy, with Skip joining him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0008-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nTommy is found hanging by his parachute from a tree over a cliff and when Brad climbs the tree to release Tommy, a branch breaks, throwing Brad to the ground. With both legs injured, Brad is now unable to fly. When the group does not return, Walt is forced to tell Dean Norris all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0009-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nNorris calls Jim and a search begins. The next morning, however, Skip tells Brad he must fly the aircraft out himself if the two are to survive. Brad agrees, giving Skip strict instructions on how to fly the aircraft out of the canyon. Skip takes off, but knocks off his left landing gear trying to clear a mountain top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0010-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nAt Comet Airport, Jim and his boss, Gerald Grant, await word from the search parties. Seeing Skip try to land, Walt blocks the runway with his jeep until Jim can take another aircraft up to warn Skip and Brad about their damaged aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0011-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nLearning of the problem, Brad instructs Skip how to execute a safe landing, even on only two wheels. On his second pass at the runway, Skip successfully lands the aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0012-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Plot\nLater, Tommy, Skip and the others finish their pilot training, as Brad and Ann are now together, planning their own futures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0013-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Production\nBased on a story by veteran pilot and screenwriter, Frank \"Spud\" Wead, 20,000 Men a Year was the first film to document the Civilian Pilot Training Program. The sequences on both the ground and in the air, serve as a semi-documentary of the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0014-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Production\nThe film was shot at various locations including, in Zion National Park, the Grand Canyon, Cedar City, Utah and at Occidental College, Los Angeles, as well as the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia, California. Principal photography for 20,000 Men a Year took place on location from August 26 to October 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0015-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Production\nThe aircraft used in 20,000 Men a Year were provided by stunt pilot Paul Mantz who acted as the \"air boss\" and coordinated aerial photography. The aircraft included his Stearman C3 as a camera platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161264-0016-0000", "contents": "20,000 Men a Year, Reception\nFilm reviewer for The New York Times, Frank Nugent, described 20,000 Men a Year as \"Never more than a sleeper jump behind the times, the screen has hurried around to the Roxy with a melodramatic salute to the aviation training program instituted not so long ago by the Civil Aeronautics Authority. '20,000 Men a Year', which is a statistical reference to the number of civil pilots the CAA hopes to be turning out ...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky\n20,000 Streets Under the Sky is a trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels by Patrick Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky\nThe three books are The Midnight Bell (1929), The Siege of Pleasure (1932) and The Plains of Cement (1934). They focus on three of the people who populate The Midnight Bell pub in London; the stories interconnect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky\nThe first book in particular contains autobiographical elements\u2014Hamilton worked in London pubs before becoming a successful writer, was infatuated with a prostitute at that time, and eventually died of liver failure caused by alcoholism. The books are also notable for their portrayal of working class London in the inter-war period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky\nThe trilogy was published in paperback by Vintage in 2004 (ISBN\u00a00-09-947916-8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky, Plot summary\nThe Midnight Bell tells the story of Bob, a sailor turned bar waiter who becomes infatuated with Jenny, a prostitute who visits the pub. Ella, the barmaid at the pub, is secretly in love with Bob. In one of the most autobiographical narratives Hamilton ever wrote, Bob squanders his life savings on Jenny, whose lack of interest in Bob (beyond his money) is painfully evident to all but Bob. Eventually, Jenny loses all interest once Bob has spent all his savings on her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0005-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky, Plot summary\nThe Siege of Pleasure is the shortest of the three stories, and recounts a little over twenty-four hours in Jenny's earlier life. She gets a new job as a housemaid to two elderly sisters, but later the same day along with her friend encounters three men in a bar. She elects to stand her erstwhile boyfriend up, gets drunk and is involved in a car accident where there is a possible fatality. The following morning, having spent the night in the home of one of the men, she determines not to go back to the sisters' employ. Bob and Ella do not feature at all in this novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0006-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky, Plot summary\nThe Plains of Cement is set during the events in The Midnight Bell, with Ella as the focus. Ella, still nursing a sublimated affection for Bob, has to deal with the increasingly unwelcome (and not always comprehensible) advances of the lower-middle class Ernest Eccles, an elderly customer of the pub. She is torn between a possible escape from her dull routine and a potential marriage to a man she does not love. We are also introduced to Ella's mother, trapped in a loveless marriage to Ella's violent stepfather. One of the episodes is a replication of that in The Midnight Bell, but told from Ella's perspective. The narrative concludes one day after the final scene of The Midnight Bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0007-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky, Plot summary\nA common theme across all three stories is Hamilton's use of \"narrated monologue or free indirect discourse\", wherein a single character's thoughts (in this trilogy Bob, Jenny and Ella respectively) are reproduced directly through the third-person narrator. This is particularly evident in the third section, where Ella is attempting to interpret Eccles' semi-coherent intentions, from trying to work out if a bunch of flowers are for her, to an apparent proposal of marriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0008-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky, Adaptations\nThe 1963 film Bitter Harvest was based on the trilogy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0009-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky, Adaptations\nIn the 1990s the novels were adapted for BBC Radio Four in three episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161265-0010-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky, Adaptations\nIn 2005, the books were serialised as Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky starring Sally Hawkins, Zoe Tapper and Bryan Dick. It was shown on BBC Four, accompanied by the documentary Words, Whisky and Women. The three-part drama was also released on DVD, HD DVD and Blu-ray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161266-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Streets Under the Sky (album)\n20,000 Streets Under the Sky is an album by the band Marah, released in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161267-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Watt R.S.L.\n20,000 Watt R.S.L. is a compilation album by Australian rock band Midnight Oil released in October 1997 on their own label Sprint Music. The word \"Collection\" appears on the front of the CD along the hinge in the same type face as the title and the name of the band and may have been intended as part of the album's title; however, it does not appear on the spine. The release has also been distributed inside a cardboard sleeve which adds \"Midnight Oil: The Hits\" to the album art, distinguishing it as a compilation album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161267-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Watt R.S.L.\nThe compilation covers the majority of Midnight Oil's career, starting with their 1979 album Head Injuries, and includes tracks from all their major studio releases (and one EP), even including two songs from the forthcoming Redneck Wonderland album, which was released after this compilation in 1998. The compilation does not include any material from the band's eponymous 1978 debut album or the Bird Noises EP (1980). The liner notes contain an essay on the band by Australian author Tim Winton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161267-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Watt R.S.L.\nThe album peaked at #1 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) album charts, and achieved 5\u00d7Platinum sales, it also peaked at #18 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161267-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Watt R.S.L.\nIn 2012, Midnight Oil released the 2-disc compilation album Essential Oils, a more comprehensive summary of the band's career, and which includes material from all of the band's studio albums and EPs between 1978 and 2002. There is only one song (\"What Goes On\") included in 20,000 Watt R.S.L. that is not included in Essential Oils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161267-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 Watt R.S.L., Background\nMidnight Oil is an Australian rock band from Sydney formed in 1976 with vocalist Peter Garrett, drummer Rob Hirst, bass guitarist Andrew James and keyboardist/lead guitarist Jim Moginie, Guitarist Martin Rotsey joined in 1977 and Midnight Oil established their own record label Powderworks, they released their second album Head Injuries on this label in October 1979. Founding bass guitarist James left due to illness in 1980, he was replaced by Peter Gifford, Gifford was himself replaced by Bones Hillman in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161267-0005-0000", "contents": "20,000 Watt R.S.L., Background\nAustralian Top Ten singles were \"Power and the Passion\", \"The Dead Heart\", \"Beds Are Burning\" and \"Blue Sky Mine\". Aside from chart success both \"Power and the Passion\" and \"Beds Are Burning\" were listed by Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) in the Top 30 best Australian songs of all time in 2001. Through a long and distinguished career, the band became known for its driving hard-rock sound, intense live performances and political activism, particularly in aid of anti-nuclear, environmentalist and indigenous causes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing\n20,000 Years in Sing Sing is a 1932 American Pre-Code drama film set in Sing Sing Penitentiary, the maximum security prison in Ossining, New York, starring Spencer Tracy as an inmate and Bette Davis as his girlfriend. It was directed by Michael Curtiz and based upon the nonfiction book Twenty Thousand Years in Sing Sing, written by Lewis E. Lawes, the warden of Sing Sing from 1920 to 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing\nThe film was remade by First National Pictures as Castle on the Hudson in 1940, starring John Garfield, Ann Sheridan, and Pat O'Brien.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing, Plot\nCocky Tommy Connors (Spencer Tracy) is sentenced from 5 to 30 years in Sing Sing for robbery and assault with a deadly weapon. His associate, Joe Finn (Louis Calhern), promises to use his contacts and influence to get him freed long before that, but his attempt to bribe the warden to provide special treatment is met with disdain and failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing, Plot\nConnors makes trouble immediately, but several months confined to his cell changes his attitude somewhat. As the warden had predicted, Connors is only too glad to do some honest work on the rockpile after his enforced inactivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing, Plot\nNonetheless, his determination to break out is unshaken. Bud Saunders (Lyle Talbot), a highly educated fellow prisoner desperate to be with his pregnant wife, recruits him and Hype (Warren Hymer) for a complicated escape attempt. By chance, however, it is scheduled for a Saturday, which Connors superstitiously regards as always unlucky for him. He backs out, forcing Saunders to take another volunteer. The warden is tipped off and, though two guards are killed, the escape is foiled. Trapped, Saunders jumps to his death. His two accomplices are captured and returned to their cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0005-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing, Plot\nMeanwhile, Connors' girlfriend, Fay Wilson (Bette Davis), visits him regularly in prison since his trial. On one visit, she admits she has become friendly and close to Finn in order to encourage him to help Connors, but Connors tells her that she is only giving Finn a reason to keep him locked up in jail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0006-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing, Plot\nThe warden shows Connors a telegram that says that Wilson was injured in a car accident; there is no hope for her. Then, he gives Connors a 24-hour leave to see her; Connors promises to return, no matter what. When he sees Wilson, he learns that Finn was responsible for her injuries. He takes out a gun from a drawer, but Wilson persuades him to give her the pistol. Finn shows up, however, expecting her to sign a statement exonerating him in exchange for $5000 she intended to give to Connors. Connors attacks him. When it seems that Finn is about to kill her boyfriend, Wilson shoots him. Connors flees, taking the gun with him; Wilson secretly slips the money into his pocket. Before he dies, Finn names Connors as his killer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0007-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing, Plot\nThe warden is lambasted in the newspapers for letting Connors go. Just when he is about to sign a letter of resignation, Connors walks in. He is found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to death in the electric chair, despite a recovered Wilson's testimony that she killed Finn. Connors comforts her before being taken to death row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0008-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing, Production, Development\nBette Davis enjoyed working with Spencer Tracy, and had actually idolized him. The two wanted to do another movie together but never had the opportunity to do so, although they did appear together again on a radio version of Dark Victory in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0009-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing, Production, Development\nTracy, then under contract to Fox, was lent out to Warner Brothers for the film. It was originally intended for James Cagney, but at the time Cagney was having one of  his many misunderstandings with Jack L. Warner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161268-0010-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years in Sing Sing, Box office\nAccording to Warner Bros records the film earned $504,000 domestically and $431,000 foreign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161269-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years of Fashion\n20,000 Years of Fashion: The History of Costume and Personal Adornment is a dictionary of western fashion from ancient times up to the 1960s, edited by Francois Boucher and his longtime assistant Yvonne Deslandres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161269-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 Years of Fashion\nThe book is widely cited as a reference for fashion trends in paintings and has 1150 illustrations which are mostly paintings, etchings and engravings from Western museums and collections. The book includes a glossary of terms and a bibliography of sources. It was originally published in French in 1965 as Histoire du Costume en Occident de l\u2019antiquit\u00e9 \u00e0 nos jours and was translated into English the next year, but was published after Boucher's death. In 1987 Deslandres updated a new edition with a section on modern fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161270-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 metres\nThe 20,000 metres (approximately 12.43 mi or 65,617 ft) is a rarely contested long-distance running event in track and field competitions; most world records in the event have been set during half marathons and one-hour races, as a half marathon is roughly 21,000 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161270-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 metres, World Records\n+ = indicates a time was taken at an intermediate distance in a longer race", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161270-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 metres, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 1:42:04.0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161270-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 metres, In popular culture\nTegla Loroupe's 20,000 meter world record was mentioned in Chapter 1, problem 64P of Chemistry (Seventh Edition) by John E. McMurry, Robert C. Fay, and Jill Kirsten Robinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161271-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 metres race walk\nThe 20,000 metres race walk is a racewalking event. The event is competed as a track race. Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it. 20,000 metres is 12.4274 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161271-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 metres race walk, History\nThis distance is not commonly raced at high level international competitions but part of South American Championships in Athletics and individual national championships (f.e. Russia, India, Colombia, Venezuela). Top level senior athletics racewalking events typically feature 20 km road distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161271-0002-0000", "contents": "20,000 metres race walk, World records\nOn May 7, 1994, Bernardo Segura of Mexico set a new 20,000 m race walk world record in Fana in a time of 1:17:25.6. The all-time women's 20,000 m race-walk record is held by Olimpiada Ivanova of Russia, at 1:26:53.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161271-0003-0000", "contents": "20,000 metres race walk, All-time top 25 (outdoor), Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 1:20:40.3:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161271-0004-0000", "contents": "20,000 metres race walk, All-time top 25 (outdoor), Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 1:32:21.59:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161272-0000-0000", "contents": "20,000 rials note\nThe twenty thousand rial banknote is a denomination of Iranian currency that was issued in 2003, and was considered its largest denomination until 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161272-0001-0000", "contents": "20,000 rials note, Design\nThe note had been redesigned thrice in 2005, 2009 and 2014. The front displays a portrait of Rouhollah Khomeini. The original portrait was large, and never seen on any other banknote. In 2005, it was replaced by a smaller, more refined version. The 2004 version back side that featured Naqsh-e Jahan Square, had been redesigned twice. The version published in 2009 showed the al-Aqsa Mosque, which was replaced by Aghazadeh Mansion in the 2014 series. According to Christian Funke, both changes carried political motivations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161273-0000-0000", "contents": "20-30 Bromfield Street\n20-30 Bromfield Street is a historic commercial row in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It is significant as being one of the few surviving 19th century commercial granite structures in the downtown area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161273-0001-0000", "contents": "20-30 Bromfield Street, Description and history\nThe row was built during the height of Boston's so-called \"Granite Era,\" which saw the proliferation of mercantile buildings made of granite, though few of these structures now remain. It consists of three sections separated by brick bearing walls, each 3.5 stories in height and three window bays wide. The second and third floors are faced in granite, while the roof is pitched and sheathed in slate. A series of two-story granite piers or pilasters are topped with Egyptoid capitals, a rare example of Egyptian revivalism in Boston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161273-0002-0000", "contents": "20-30 Bromfield Street, Description and history\nThe row was built by John Ballard, a merchant whose family had long been active on Bromfield Street. Construction appears to have begun in 1847 and was complete by the following year. It originally consisted of five sections, but the two leftmost sections at 12-18 Bromfield were sold by Ballard's heirs and demolished in 1903 to make way for the Washington Building. The family had already relinquished ownership of 20-30 Bromfield by this time, being no longer in possession of the property by 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161273-0003-0000", "contents": "20-30 Bromfield Street, Description and history\n20-24 Bromfield Street was nearly gutted by a seven alarm fire on July 7, 1982, which caused over $500,000 in damages and destroyed several artists' studios, as well as the offices of the Gay Community News. Plans to tear down the structure in the aftermath of the fire were approved by the city building department, but were halted after the Boston Landmarks Commission issued an order prohibiting its demolition. The commission subsequently designated the 20-30 Bromfield Street exterior as a Boston Landmark on March 8, 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161274-0000-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyecdysone\n20-Hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone or 20E) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods. It is therefore one of the most common moulting hormones in insects, crabs, etc. It is also a phytoecdysteroid produced by various plants, including Cyanotis vaga, Ajuga turkestanica and Rhaponticum carthamoides where its purpose is presumably to disrupt the development and reproduction of insect pests. In arthropods, 20-hydroxyecdysone acts through the ecdysone receptor. Although mammals lack this receptor, 20-hydroxyecdysone may affect mammalian (including human) biological systems in vitro, but there is uncertainty whether any in vivo or physiological effects occur. 20-Hydroxyecdysone is an ingredient of some supplements that aim to enhance physical performance. In humans, it is hypothesized to bind to the estrogen receptor beta (ER\u03b2) protein-coding gene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161274-0001-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyecdysone, Sources in arthropods\nThe primary sources of 20-hydroxyecdysone in larvae are the prothoracic gland, ring gland, gut, and fat bodies. These tissues convert dietary cholesterol into the mature forms of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. For the most part these glandular tissues are lost in the adult with exception of the fat body, which is retained as a sheath of lipid tissue surrounding the brain and organs of the abdomen. In the adult female the ovary is a substantial source of 20-hydroxyecdysone production. Adult males are left with, so far as is currently known, one source of 20-hydroxyecdysone which is the fat body tissue. These hormone producing tissues express the ecdysone receptor throughout development, possibly indicating a functional feedback mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161274-0002-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyecdysone, Ecdysteroid activity in arthropods\nAn ecdysteroid is a type of steroid hormones in insects that are derived from enzymatic modification of cholesterol by p450 enzymes. This occurs by a mechanism similar to steroid synthesis in vertebrates. Ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone regulate larval molts, onset of puparium formation, and metamorphosis. Being that these hormones are hydrophobic, they traverse lipid membranes and permeate the tissues of an organism. Indeed, the main receptor of these hormone signals - the ecdysone receptor - is an intracellular protein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161274-0003-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyecdysone, In humans and other mammals, Use as supplement\n20-Hydroxyecdysone and other ecdysteroids are marketed as ingredients in nutritional supplements for various sports, particularly bodybuilding. A comprehensive study, designed to find any strength or athletic improvement from 20-hydroxyecdysone, was published in 2006. The study looked for improvement in actual exercises performed and tested for improvements/increases in chemical indicators such as body composition and free/available testosterone. The results of the 2006 study concluded that using 30\u00a0mg per day of 20-hydroxyecdysone administered orally did not significantly affect anabolic or catabolic responses to resistance training, body composition, or training adaptations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161274-0003-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyecdysone, In humans and other mammals, Use as supplement\nHowever, a number of earlier studies (,) supported the anabolic effects of 20-Hydroxyecdysone. A more recent study conducted in 2019 by a team that included the Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine at the German Sport University Cologne, found that significantly higher increases in muscle mass were observed in participants dosed with ecdysterone, with significantly more pronounced increases in one-repetition bench press performance. The study was funded by the World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA) and demonstrated a significant dose-responsive anabolic effect of 20-Hydroxyecdysone supplementation on athletes during resistance training. Furthermore, recent studies () have elucidated that the mechanism of action of 20-Hydroxyecdysone on human muscle cells is relatively selective activation of the beta form of the estrogen receptor (ER\u03b2), which is known to result in muscle hypertrophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161274-0004-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyecdysone, In humans and other mammals, Use as research tool\n20-Hydroxyecdysone and other ecdysteroids are used in biochemistry research as inducers in transgenic animals, whereby a new gene is introduced into an animal so that its expression is under the control of an introduced ecdysone receptor. Adding or removing ecdysteroids from the animal's diet then gives a convenient way to turn the inserted gene on or off (see ecdysone receptor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161274-0004-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyecdysone, In humans and other mammals, Use as research tool\nAt usual doses, 20-hydroxyecdysone appears to have little or no effect on animals that do not have extra genes inserted; it also has high bioavailability when taken orally, so it is useful for determining whether the transgene has been taken up effectively. For uses in gene therapy, it may be necessary to investigate more thoroughly the natural sources of ecdysteroids in humans (which appear to include dietary phytoecdysteroids, gut flora, helminth infections, and other diseases).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161274-0005-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyecdysone, In humans and other mammals, Use as research tool\nThere is some in vitro evidence to show that 20-hydroxyecdysone has effects on some kinds of blood cells such as lymphocytes and neutrophils, and may act as an immunomodulator as well as antioxidant on lipid peroxidation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0000-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid\n20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, also known as 20-HETE or 20-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, is an eicosanoid metabolite of arachidonic acid that has a wide range of effects on the vascular system including the regulation of vascular tone, blood flow to specific organs, sodium and fluid transport in the kidney, and vascular pathway remodeling. These vascular and kidney effects of 20-HETE have been shown to be responsible for regulating blood pressure and blood flow to specific organs in rodents; genetic and preclinical studies suggest that 20-HETE may similarly regulate blood pressure and contribute to the development of stroke and heart attacks. Additionally the loss of its production appears to be one cause of the human neurological disease, Hereditary spastic paraplegia. Preclinical studies also suggest that the overproduction of 20-HETE may contribute to the progression of certain human cancers, particularly those of the breast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 991]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0001-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Production in humans\nA subset of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) microsome-bound \u03c9-hydroxylases, the Cytochrome P450 omega hydroxylases, metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-HETE by an omega oxidation reaction. CYP450 enzymes belong to a superfamily which in humans is composed of at least 57 members and in mice at least 120 members. Among this superfamily, certain members of the CYP4A and CYP4F subfamilies in the CYP4 family are considered predominant cytochrome P450 enzymes that are responsible in most tissues for forming 20-HETE and, concurrently, smaller amounts of 19-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (19-HETE). However, CYP2U1 may also contribute to the production of these two HETEs and CYP4F8 can metabolize arachidonic acid to 19-HETE while forming little or no 20-HETE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0002-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Production in humans\nThe production of 19-HETE with 20-HETE may be significant since 19(R)-HETE, although not its stereoisomer, 19(S)-HETE, inhibits the action of 20-HETE on vascular endothelial cells. Based on studies analyzing the production of other HETEs by CYP enzymes, the production of 19-HETE by these enzymes may include both its R and S stereoisomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0003-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Production in humans\nIn humans, the CYP4 \u03c9-hydroxylases include CYP4A11, CYP4F2, and CYP4F3 with the predominant 20-HETE-synthesizing enzymes being CYP4F2, which is the major 20-HETE producing enzyme in the human kidney, followed by CYP4A11. CYP4F3 is expressed as two distinct enzymes, CYP4F3A and CYP4F3B, due to alternative splicing of a single pre-mRNA precursor molecule; CYP4F3A is mostly expressed in leukocytes, CYP4F3B mostly in the liver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0003-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Production in humans\nHuman CYP4Z1, which is expressed in a limited range of tissues such as human breast and ovary, may also metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-HETE while human CYP4A22, once considered as contributing to 20-HETE production, is now regarded as being metabolically inactive. Finally, CYP2U1, the only member of the human CYP2U subfamily, is highly expressed in brain and thymus and to lesser extents in numerous other tissues such as kidney, lung and heart. CYP2U1 protein is also highly expressed, compared to several other cytochrome P450 enzymes, in malignant breast tissue; the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line express messenger RNA for this cytochrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0004-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Production by rodents and other animals\nIn mice, the only 20-HETE- and 19-HETE-producing enzymes of the Cyp4a subfamily are two extensively homologous ones, Cyp4a12a and Cyp4a12b; Cyp4a12a is expressed in the male kidney in an androgen hormone-dependent manner. In rats, Cyp4a1, Cyp4a2, Cyp4a3, and Cyp4a8 make 20-HETE. The tissue distribution of these enzymes differs from those of humans making extrapolations from rodent studies to humans somewhat complicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 86], "content_span": [87, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0005-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Production by rodents and other animals\nMouse CYP2J9, rat CYP2J3, and sheep CYP2J metabolize arachidonic acid primarily to 19-HETE but also to smaller amounts of 20-HETE, and, in the case of the sheep enzyme, 18-HETE; human CYP2J2, however, is an epoxygenase, metabolizing arachidonic acid to epoxide products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 86], "content_span": [87, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0006-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Factors regulating 20-HETE production\nMany agents stimulate cells and tissues to produce 20-HETE in vitro and in vivo. Androgens are particularly potent stimulators of this production. Other stimulators include the powerful vasoconstriction-inducing agents, angiotensin II, endothelins, and alpha adrenergic compounds (e.g. norepinephrine).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0007-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Factors regulating 20-HETE production\nNitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and superoxide inhibit 20-HETE production; these non-pharmacological agents do so by binding to the Heme binding site of the 20-HETE producing cytochrome p450 enzymes. Drugs that are substrates for the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes which metabolize 20-HETE such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opioids, gemfibrozil, Lasix, propanol, and various COX-2 inhibitors may act as perhaps unwanted side effects to increase the levels of 20-HETE. There are a variety of pharmacological agents which inhibit the synthesis of 20-HETE including various fatty acid analogs that compete reversibly with arachidonic acid for the substrate binding site in the CYP enzymes and benzene-based drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0008-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Proviso on 20-HETE production\nThe cytochrome \u03c9-oxidases including those belonging to the CYP4A and CYP4F sub-families and CYPU21 hydroxylate not only arachidonic acid but also various shorter chain (e.g. lauric acid) and/or longer chain (e.g. docosahexaenoic acid) fatty acids. They can also \u03c9-hydroxylate and thereby reduce the activity of various fatty acid metabolites (e.g. LTB4, 5-HETE, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, 12-HETE, and several prostaglandins) that regulate inflammation, vascular responses, and other reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0008-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Biosynthesis, Proviso on 20-HETE production\nThis metabolism-induced inactivation may underlie the proposed roles of the cytochromes in dampening inflammatory responses and the reported associations of certain CYP4F2 and CYP4F3 single nucleotide variants with human Krohn's disease and Coeliac disease, respectively. While many of the effects and diseases associated with the over- or under-expression, pharmacological inhibition, and single nucleotide or mutant variants of the cytochrome \u03c9-hydroxylases have been attributed to their impact on 20-HETE production, the influence of these alternate metabolic actions have frequently not been defined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0009-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Metabolism\nGlucuronidation of 20-HETE by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) is thought to be a primary pathway of 20-HETE elimination and thereby inactivation in humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0010-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Metabolism\nThere are several other pathways that metabolize 20-HETE. Human platelets and other tissues metabolize it via cyclooxygenase(s) to form the 20-hydroxy analogs of prostaglandin G2, thromboxane A2, thromboxane B2 and to 11(R)-hydroperoxy-20-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid which is rapidly reduced to 11,20-dihydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid; they also metabolize it through 12-lipoxygenase to form 12(S)-hydroperoxy-20-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,101E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid which is also rapidly reduced to 12,20-dihydroxy-5Z,8Z,101E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid. (The chirality of the hydroperoxy and hydroxyl residues at positions 11 and 12 in the eicosatetraenoic acids are predicted based on studies defining the chirality of the arachdionic metabolites made by these enzymes.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0010-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Metabolism\nSince the prostaglandin and thromboxane metabolites of 20-HETE lack the platelet-stimulating activities to their prostaglandin and thromboxane precursors and since the 12-hydroxy and 11-hydroxy metabolites of 20-HETE may also be inactive, these metabolic pathways appear to function in inactivating 20-HETE with respect to the platelet system. However, the 20-hydroxy prostaglandin metabolites are able to contract rat aorta rings and thereby could contribute to the hypertensive actions of 20-HETE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0011-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Metabolism\nCultured smooth muscle and endothelial cells from mouse brain microvasculature oxidize 20-HETE to its 20-carboxy analog, 20-carboxy- 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, then to 18-carboxy-5Z,8Z,10Z,14Z-octadecatetraenoic acid, and then to the further chain-shortened dicarboxylic acid, 16-carboxy-5Z,8Z,10E-hexadecatrrenoic acid, in a series of Beta oxidation reactions. These shortening pathways also are likely to serve in inactivating 20-HETE, although the initial product of this shortening pathway, 20-carboxy-HETE, dilates coronary microvessels in the pig heart and thereby could serve to antagonize the vasoconstrictor actions of 20-HETE, at least in this organ and species. Coronary artery endothelial cells  isolated from pigs incorporate 20-HETE primarily into the sn-2 position of phospholipids through a coenzyme A-dependent process. It is likely, although not yet shown, that these mouse and pig 20-HETE metabolizing pathways also occur in humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 1005]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0012-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Tissue distribution of 20-HETE-producing enzymes and/or activity\n20-HETE-synthesizng enzymes are widely distributed to liver, kidney, brain, lung, intestine and blood vessels. In most vascular systems, 20-HETE synthesizing activity is limited to vascular smooth muscle of small blood vessels with little or no such activity in the vessel's endothelial cells or in large blood vessels. However, both the smooth muscle and endothelial cells obtained from mouse brain microvasculature, produce 20-HETE in culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 97], "content_span": [98, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0013-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Tissue distribution of 20-HETE-producing enzymes and/or activity\n20-HETE is produced by human neutrophils and platelets and by the ascending tubule cells in the medulla as well the pre-glomerular arterioles and certain other localized areas of the rabbit kidney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 97], "content_span": [98, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0014-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Blood vessel contraction\nIn various rodent models, 20-HETE, at low concentrations (<50 nanomolar), acts to constrict arteries by sensitizing (i.e. increasing) the contraction responses of these artery's smooth muscle cells to other contracting agents such as alpha adrenergic agonists, vasopressin, endothelin, and a product of renin angiotensin system, angiotensin II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0014-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Blood vessel contraction\n20-HETE has a particularly complex interaction with the renin angiotensin system: angiotensin II stimulates the preglomerular microvessels of the rat kidney to produce 20-HETE; this production is required for angiotensin II to exert its full constrictor effects; and 20-HETE induces transcription of the enzyme which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, i.e. angiotensin-converting enzyme. Other agents such as Androgens and alpha adrenergic compounds such as norepinephrine. likewise stimulate 20-HETE production and have vasoconstrictive actions which are enhanced by 20-HETE. These circular or positive feedback interactions may serve to perpetuate vasoconstrictor responses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0015-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Blood vessel contraction\nAgain in rodent models, 20-HETE acts to block Calcium-activated potassium channels to promote the entry of ionic calcium into vascular smooth muscle cells through the L-type calcium channel; the attendant rise in intracellular calcium triggers these muscles to contract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0016-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Blood vessel contraction\nStudies in rats also indicate that in vascular endothelial cells 20-HETE inhibits the association of the nitric oxide-producing enzyme, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) with heat shock protein 90; this inhibits the ability of eNOS to become activated. The endothelial cells become dysfunctional in exhibiting decreased ability to produce the vasodilating agent, nitric oxide, and in containing elevated levels of a potentially injurious oxygen radical, superoxide anion; the blood vessels to which these dysfunctional endothelial cells belong are less able to dilate in response to the vasodilator, acetylcholine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0017-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Blood vessel contraction\n20-HETE can also constrict rodent (and human) artery preparations by directly activating the receptor for thromboxane A2. While significantly less potent than thromboxane A2 in activating this receptor, studies on rat and human cerebral artery preparations indicate that increased blood flow through these arteries triggers production of 20-HETE which in turn binds to thromboxane receptors to constrict these vessels and thereby reduce their blood blow. Acting in the latter capacity, 20-HETE, it is proposed, functions as a mediator regulating blood flow to the brain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0018-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Blood vessel contraction\nThese vasoconstrictor effects of 20-HETE can reduce blood flow to specific parts of the body, not only to brain (see previous paragraph) but also to kidney, liver, heart and other organs, as well as to portions of these organs; they can also contribute to systemic hypertension as well as to the physiological and pathological effects of thromboxane receptor-activation  .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 102], "content_span": [103, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0019-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Blood vessel injury\nSprague Dawley rats that underwent balloon injury of the common carotid artery exhibited elevated levels of CYP4A enzyme immunostaining in the smooth muscle of the injured arteries as well as elevated levels of 20-HETE in the injured arteries. Inhibition of 20-HETE production by two different agents greatly reduced the vascular intima hyperplasia and vascular remodeling that occurred after balloon injury. The studies suggest that the increase in expression of CYP4A and production of 20-HETE contribute to vascular intima growth, remolding, and thereby healing of injured rat carotid arteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 97], "content_span": [98, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0020-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Blood vessel thrombosis\nIn the C57BL/6 mouse laboratory model, 20-HETE pretreatment accelerates the development of thrombosis and reduces blood flow caused by the Thrombosis-inducing agent, ferric chloride, in the common carotid and femoral arteries; companion studies on human umbilical vein endothelial cells indicate that 20-HETE stimulates the activation of Extracellular signal-regulated kinases to cause ERK-dependent and L-type calcium channel-dependent release of von Willebrand factor which in turn stimulates the adhesion of platelets to the endothelial cells. The endothelial, platelet, and pro-clotting actions of 20-HETE may contribute to its ability to disrupt blood flood to tissues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 101], "content_span": [102, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0021-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Renal absorption\nIn animal models, 20-HETE stimulates the activation of protein kinase C in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules of the kidney; the kinase then phosphorylates and thereby inhibits the Na+/K+-ATPase and concurrently also blocks the Na-K-Cl cotransporter and 70 pS K+ channel in the thick Ascending limb of loop of Henle (TALH); these effects reduce the absorption of sodium and fluids in the nephron and thereby tend to reduce blood pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 94], "content_span": [95, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0022-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nAs indicated above, 20-HETE may raise blood pressure by constricting arterial blood vessels but also may lower blood pressure by promoting the loss of sodium and fluids in the kidneys. The effects of 20-HETE therefore are complex, as indicated in studies of the following animal models. Many of these models appear relevant to hypertension in humans in that they parallel the human disease, i.e. men have higher rates of hypertension than women, and women with increased levels of androgens (e.g. postmenopausal women and women with polycystic ovarian disease) and higher rates of hypertension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0023-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nSpontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit elevated levels of CYP4A2 and 20-HETE; blockade of 20-HETE production lowers blood pressure in this model. The effect is particularly well seen in female rats: aging post-menopausal but not pre-menopausal female spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit highly significant falls in blood pressure when treated with non-selective or selective inhibitors of CYP-induced 20-HETE production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0024-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nDahl salt-sensitive rats develop hypertension that develops more quickly and exacerbated by high intake of salt (sodium chloride) and ameliorated by low salt intake. In this model, rats exhibit an up-regulated CYP4A/20-HETE pathway within their cerebral vasculature and vascular endothelial cell overproduction of reactive oxygen species that in turn stimulates the CYp4A/20-HETE pathway. Non -selective and non-selective inhibitors of CYP4A and 20-HETE production reduce hypertension in this model. The hypertension in this model is more severe in male rats and appears to be mediated at least in part by vasopressin, the renin-angiotensin system, and androgens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0025-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nLewis rats (see Laboratory rat models) that had one kidney removed and then fed a high salt diet are hypertensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0025-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nKidney medullary interstitial infusion of an inhibitor of 20-HETE production reduced the formation of 20-HETE in the outer medulla of the infused kidney, had no effect on the production of 20-HETE in the cortex of the infused kidney, and produced a mean arterial pressure rise from 115 at baseline to 142\u00a0mm of mercury; this study indicates that the hypertensive versus hypotensive effects of 20-HETE depend not only on the organ of its production but also, with respect to the kidney, the site within the organ where it is produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0026-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nAndrogen treatment causes hypertension in normal male and female rats; this hypertensive response is greatly reduced by diverse inhibitors of Cyp4a and 20-HETE production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0027-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nCyp4a12-transgenic mice overexpressing Cyp4a12 develop androgen-independent hypertension that is associated with increased levels of 20-HETE; this hypertension is fully reversible by treatment with a Cyp4a selective inhibitor of 20-HETE production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0028-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nMice depleted of Cyp4a14 by gene knockout (Cyp4a14(-/-) mice develop male-specific, androgen-dependent hypertension. This seemingly paradoxical result is due to the  overexpression of Cyp4a12a; the knockout of Cyp4a14 (Cyp4a14 does not produce 20-HETE) leads to the overexpression of the 20-HETE-producing cytochrome, Cyp4a149(-/-), and consequent overproduction of 20-HETE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0028-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nThe model involves increased plasma androgens, increased vascular and urinary levels of 20-HETE, relief of hypertension by castration, and hypertension which is driven by excessive fluid reabsorption in the kidney's proximal tubule secondary to the overexpression of Sodium\u2013hydrogen antiporter 3; these effects are presumed but not yet shown to be due to the overproduction of 20-HETE. The Cyp4a12-transgenic model (above) is referred to in support of this presumption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0029-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nMice depleted of Cyp4a10 maintain normal blood pressure on a low salt diet but become hypertensive on normal or high salt diets; this paradoxical result appears due to a decrease in kidney levels of Cyp2C44 caused by the loss of Cyp4a10. Cyp2C44 metabolizes arachidonic acid a family of vasodilation-inducing and anti-hypertensive products, the Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0029-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Vascular-related activities, Rodent Studies, Hypertension\nThe model involves normal levels of 20-HETE, reduced expression of Cyp2c44, reduced levels of EETs, and deficiencies in kidney tubule absorption of sodium regulated by EETs, and the normalization of hypertensive blood pressure by increasing expression of Cyp2c44 by treating the mice with an inducer of its expression, an activator of PPAR\u03b1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0030-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Other activities\n20-HETE activates the mouse and human transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1, also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1), and through this receptor, cultured dorsal root ganglion cells taken from mice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0031-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4A11 polymorphism\nHuman CYP4A11 has 72.69% amino acid identity with murine cyp4a14 and 73.02% identity with murine cyp4a10 suggesting that it plays a role in humans similar to that of cyp4a14 and/or cyp4a10 in mice. The association of hypertension with defective CYP4A11 in humans as indicated below seems to parallel the hypertension associated with Cyp4a14 gene knockout in mice (see above section on genetic models).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0032-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4A11 polymorphism\nThe gene polymorphism rs1126742 variant of CYP4A11 switches thymidine to cytosine at nucleotide 8590 [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0032-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4A11 polymorphism\nT8590C] and leads to a phenylalanine-to-serine substitution at amino acid 434); this F434S variant has significantly reduced ability to \u03c9-oxidize arachidonic acid to 20-HETE and has been associated with essential hypertension in: 512 white males from Tennessee (Odds ratio=2.31); 1538 males and females from the Framingham Heart Study (Odds ratio=1.23); males but not females in 732 black Americans with hypertensive renal disease participating in the African American Study of Kidney Disease; males in a sample of 507 individuals in Japan and in the third MONICA (MONitoring trends and determinants In Cardiovascular disease survey of 1397 individuals the homozygous C8590C genotype to the homozygous T8590T genotype with odds ratios of 3.31 for all subjects, 4.30 for males 2.93 for women);", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0033-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4A11 polymorphism\nA study of 1501 participants recruited from the Tanno-Sobetsu Study found that the variant -845G in the promoter region of CYP411 (\u2212845A is the predominant genotype) is associated with reduced transcription of CYP411 as well as with hypertension (odds ratio of homozygous and heterozygous -845G genotype versus homozygous -845A was 1.42);", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0034-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4A11 polymorphism\nA haplotype tagging single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (see Tag SNP) variant of CYP4A11, C296T (cytosine to thymine at position 296), was associated with a significantly increased risk of ischemic stroke (adjusted odds ratio of 1.50 in comparing homozygous and heterozygous C296T subjects to homozygous C286C subjects) in >2000 individuals taken from the Han Chinese population. The effect of the \u2212296C>T single base pair substitution on baseline CYP411 transcriptional activity was not significant, suggesting that this polymorphism may not be the causal variant but instead may be in linkage disequilibrium with the causal variant. Regardless, this SNP may serve as a genetic marker for large vessel disease stroke risk in this population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 85], "content_span": [86, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0035-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4F2 polymorphism\nThe T allele at rs2108622, which has been designated as CYP4F2*3 in the Human CYP Allele Nomenclature Database by the Pharmacogene Variation Consortium, produces the CYP4F2 enzyme with methionine residue instead of valine at position 433 (the Val433Met variant), a single-nucleotide polymorphism (1347C>T; NM_001082.5:c.1297G>A; p.\u00a0 Val433Met; rs2108622). This variant of the CYP4F2 enzyme has reduced capacity to metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-HETE but increased urinary excretion of 20-HETE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0035-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4F2 polymorphism\nStudies found that: a) among 161 hypertensive and 74 normotensive subjects in Australia, the incidence of the Val433Met variant was significantly increased in the hypertensive subjects; b) among a large number of Swedish patients enrolled and monitored over 10 years in the cardiovascular cohort of the Malm\u00f6 Diet and Cancer Study only males with this variant exhibited hypertension; c) among several hundred subjects in India, the variant was associated with hypertension; and d) in comparing 249 patients with hypertension to 238 age-matched controls in Japan, the variant was not associated with hypertension. The maintenance of the lower blood pressure that followed diet-induced weight loss was more difficult for carriers of the Val433Met variant and may be related to increased arterial stiffness and increased 20-HETE synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0036-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4F2 polymorphism\nThe Val433Met variant is also associated with an increased incidence of cerebral infarction (i.e. ischemic stroke) in a study of 175 subjects with infarction compared to 246 control subjects in Japan, in 507 stroke patients compared to 487 age- and sex-matched 487 controls in India, and in males but not females in a study of 558 patients compared to 557 controls in China. The variant is associated with myocardial infarction in a study of 507 patients compared to 487 age-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0036-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4F2 polymorphism\nand sex-matched controls in India, in males but not females in a study of 234 patients compared to 248 control subjects in Japan, and in male but not female patients in Sweden enrolled in the cardiovascular cohort of the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study. The incidences of cerebral and myocardial infarction in these studies appears to be independent of hypertension. (The platelets of individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the Val433Met variant exhibit increased platelet aggregation responses to epinephrine. This platelet hyper-responsiveness to epinephrine, particularly if also exhibited to other platelet-aggregating agents, could contribute to cerebral and coronary infarctions.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0037-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4F2 polymorphism\nThe Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1558139 guanine to cytosine variant in an intron of CYP4F2 is associated with essential hypertension in men only in a study of 249 hypertensive versus 238 age-matched controls in Japan. The impact of this variant on CYP4F2 expression is not known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0038-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP4F2 polymorphism\nResearchers have identified at least 3 more single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP4F2 (2024C>G P85A; 80 C>T A27V rs771576634; 139C>T R47C rs115517770) which may affect conversion of arachidonic acid to HETE-20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0039-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Genetic studies, CYP2U1 mutations\nA mutation (c.947A>T) in CYP2U1 has been associated with a small number of patients with Hereditary spastic paraplegia in that it segregates with the disease at the homozygous state in two afflicted families. The mutation affects an amino acid (p.Asp316Val) highly conserved among CYP2U1 orthologs as well as other cytochrome P450 proteins; the p.Asp314Val mutation is located in the enzyme's functional domain, is predicted to be damaging to the enzyme's activity, and is associated with mitochondria dysfunction. A second homozygous enzyme-disabling mutation has been identified in CYP2U1, c.1A>C/p.Met1?, that is associated with <1% of hereditary spastic paraplegia sufferers. While the role of 20-HETE in these mutations has not been established, the reduction in 20-HETE production and thereby 20-HETE's activation of the TRPV1 receptor in nerve tissues, it is hypothesized, may contribute to the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 992]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0040-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Cancer, Breast cancer\nTwo human breast cancer cell lines, T47D and BT-474, made to overexpress CYP4Z1 by transfection overexpress messenger RNA for and overproduce vascular endothelial growth factor A while under expressing message and protein for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2. T47D cells that overexpress CYP4Z1 also overproduce 20-HETE and when transplanted into athymic Balb/c mice show a greater increase in tumor weight and vascularity compared to control T47D cells; these increases are prevented by an inhibitor of 20-HETE production. Isoliquiritigenin, a proposed drug for treating cancer, cause cultured MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to die by triggering apoptosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0040-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Cancer, Breast cancer\nAmong its many other effects, the drug caused these cells to decrease their levels of 20-HETE in vitro; the addition of 20-HETE to these cultures rescued the cells from apoptosis. Isoliquiritigenin also inhibits the in vivo lung metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cell transplants while concurrently decreasing the tumor's levels of 20-HETE. The growth of MDA-MB-231 cells implanted into athymic nude female mice as well as the cells' production of a large variety of agents stimulating vascularization including vascular endothelial growth factor were inhibited by treating the mice with an inhibitor of 20-HETE production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0041-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Cancer, Breast cancer\nMessenger RNAs not only for CYP4Z2 but also for CYP4A11, CYP4A22, CYP4F2, and CYP4F3 are more highly expressed in samples of human breast cancer tumors compared to normal breast tissue. The Three prime untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of the CYP4Z1 gene and its Pseudogene, CYP4Z2P, share several miRNA-binding sites, including those for miR-211, miR-125a-3p, miR-197, miR-1226, and miR-204'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0041-0001", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Cancer, Breast cancer\nSince these miRNA's reduce the translation of CYP4Z1, the expression of CYP4Z2P can bind these miRNAs to reduce their interference with CYP4Z1 and thereby increase the production of CYP4Z1 protein and perhaps 20-HETE; indeed, force expression of these 3'UTRs promoted in vitro tumor angiogenesis in breast cancer cells partly via miRNA-dependent activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-MAPK/ERK pathway and thereby stimulating the production of vascular endothelium growth factor and possibly other endothelium growth factors. Taken together, these pre-clinical studies suggest that 20-HETE made by one or more of the cited cytochrome P450 enzymes may contribute to the progression of breast cancer by promoting its survival, growth, and vascular endothelial growth factor-induced neovascularization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0042-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Cancer, Other cancers\n20-HETE stimulated the proliferation of cultured human brain Glioma cell line U251 and, when forced to overexpress CYP4Z1 by gene transfection, overproduced 20-HETE and exhibited a dramatically increased rate of growth that was blocked by inhibiting the cells from producing 20-HETE. A similar set of findings was found with human non-small cell lung cancer cells. A selective inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis and a 20-HETE antagonist reduced the growth of two human kidney cancer 786-O and 769-P cell lines in culture; the 20-HETE antagonist also inhibited the growth of 786-O cells transplanted into athymic nude mice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0043-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Cancer, Other cancers\nMessenger RNAs for CYP4A11, CYP4A22, CYP4F2, and/or CYP4F3 are more highly expressed in ovary, colon, thyroid, lung, ovary, cancers compared to their normal tissue counterparts; in ovarian cancer, this higher expression is associated with an increased level of CYP4F2 protein expression and an increased ability to metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-HETE. Ovarian cancers also overexpress CYP4Z1 mRNA protein; this overexpression is associated with a poorer disease outcome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0044-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Cancer, Other cancers\nWhile these studies suggest that CYP4A11, CYP4A22, CYP4F2, and/or CYP4F3 produce 20-HETE which in turn promotes the growth of the cited cancers in model systems and therefore may do so in the human cancers, this suggestion clearly needs much further study. For example, an inhibitor of 20-HETE production blocks the growth of human brain U251 glioma cells in culture; since these cells could not be shown to produce 20-HETE, it was proposed that some other metabolite may by the inhibitor's targeted cytochrome enzymes was responsible for maintaining  these cells growth. It is also possible that any such inhibitor has off-target effects that are responsible for its actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0045-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Platelet aggregation\n20-HETE inhibits the aggregation of human platelets by competing with arachidonic acid for the enzymes that produce prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A2. These products are formed in response to platelet stimulation and then act through the thromboxane receptor to mediate and/or promote the ensuing platelet aggregation response to most stimuli. The platelets metabolize 20-HETE to the 20-hydroxy analogs of prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A2, products that are essentially inactive in platelets, while consequently form less of the arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandin and thromboxane products. In addition, 20-HETE itself blocks prostaglandin and thromboxane metabolites from interacting with the thromboxane receptor. Both effects, i.e. replacement of prostaglandin and thromboxane production with platelet-inactive products and thromboxane A2 receptor blockade, are responsible for 20-HETE's platelet aggregation-inhibiting action. However, the platelet anti-aggregating activity of 20-HETE requires micromolar levels and therefore may be more of a pharmacological than physiological activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 1169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0046-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Vasculature\n20-HETE constricts human artery preparations by directly activating the receptor for thromboxane A2. While significantly less potent than thromboxane A2 in activating this receptor, studies on human cerebral artery preparations indicate that increased blood flow through these arteries triggers production of 20-HETE which in turn binds to thromboxane receptors to constrict these vessels and thereby reduce their blood blow. Acting in the latter capacity, 20-HETE, it is proposed, functions as a mediator regulating blood flow to the human brain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161275-0047-0000", "contents": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, Human studies, Metabolic syndrome\nOne study found that 30 patients with the metabolic syndrome exhibited significantly elevated levels of plasma and urinary 20-HETE compared to matched controls; women with the syndrome had particularly higher urinary 20-HETE levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161276-0000-0000", "contents": "20-N\n20-N is a symbolic abbreviation used to denote the date of death of two of the best known and controversial figures in 20th-century Spanish history. The first date, 20 November 1936, near the end of the first year of the Spanish Civil War, marks the execution in Alicante of 33-year-old Jos\u00e9 Antonio Primo de Rivera, the founder of the fascist party, Falange Espa\u00f1ola (Spanish Phalanx), who became extolled as a cult figure during the years of post-civil war Francoist Spain led by Francisco Franco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161276-0001-0000", "contents": "20-N\nThe second date, 39 years later, is 20 November 1975, when General\u00edsimo Franco \u2013 aged 82, and having ruled Spain for close to four decades as its dictator, or as he called himself, caudillo (Spanish for leader) \u2013 died in bed following a lengthy illness. The date continues to be commemorated by far-right groups which mark it by organizing public demonstrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161277-0000-0000", "contents": "20-Pipe Well\nThe 20 Pipe Well (German: 20-R\u00f6hren-Brunnen) is a water well in the Rhineland-Palatinate village of Altleiningen in the northeast of the Palatinate Forest. The well was probably driven around 1600 and was used originally to supply drinking water to Altleiningen Castle on the hill above. Its present design dates to 1855.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161277-0001-0000", "contents": "20-Pipe Well, Geography\nIn the vicinity of the well is the Eckbach stream, which has its own source four kilometres upstream and is a left tributary of the River Rhine. It picks up the water from the 20 Pipe Well, which today supplies the greatest amount of water to the stream. Running past the fountain is the 23-kilometre-long Eckbach Mill Path, which begins at the source of the Eckbach in Hertlingshausen and follows it downstream to Dirmstein in the Upper Rhine Plain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161277-0002-0000", "contents": "20-Pipe Well, Layout\nThe well is fed by the strongest fracture spring (Spaltenquelle) in the Palatinate. The water rises from a fracture and is initially impounded into two large well chambers before being pouring out of 20 parallel pipes. The amount of water is controlled by a system of impounding the ground water which was very well thought through for its day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161277-0003-0000", "contents": "20-Pipe Well, Layout\nAbove the well is a protected inscription tablet of sandstone dating to 1855, when the well was given its present appearance; it was also rebuilt in the 1980s, undergoing a thorough renovation including some new components. The inscription is an imaginary dialogue between the walker (W) and the well (B):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161277-0004-0000", "contents": "20-Pipe Well, Layout\nSiehe, Wanderer: Gottes Br\u00fcnnlein hat Wasser die F\u00fclle! W.: Ja, Br\u00fcnnlein, du hast Wassers die F\u00fcll; Gibst Jedem zu trinken, der da will. B.: Der reiche Gott hat mirs gegeben; Machs mir nur nach, so wirst du leben! W.: Was bleibt dann aber mir zuletzt? B.: Ein Wasser, das ewig dich erg\u00f6tzt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161277-0005-0000", "contents": "20-Pipe Well, Layout\nSee, walker: God's little spring is overflowing with water! W.: Yes, little spring, you're full of water; Give it to everyone who wants some, so they may drink. B.: God, who is generous, gave it to me; Just do the same and you will live! W.: So what, then, will I have in the end? B.: A kind of water that fills you for ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161277-0006-0000", "contents": "20-Pipe Well, History\nThe well was built at the behest of the counts of Leiningen in order to improve the water supply to their family seat, the castle of Altleiningen, and to ensure a permanent supply. There are no records of the exact year of construction, but historians estimate that it dates to around 1600.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161278-0000-0000", "contents": "20-Solagii Istiqloliyati Tojikiston\n20-Solagii Istiqloliyati Tojikiston (Russian: 20-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0422\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d; Tajik: \u04b6\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0430\u0442\u0438 20-\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u0438\u049b\u043b\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0422\u043e\u04b7\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d, literal translation: \"20 years independence of Tajikistan\", formerly: Komsomolobod) is a jamoat in Tajikistan. It is located in Farkhor District in Khatlon Region. The jamoat has a total population of 14,736 (2015).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161279-0000-0000", "contents": "20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010\u20132030\nThe 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010\u20132030 (Irish: Strait\u00e9is 20 Bliain don Ghaeilge 2010\u20132030) is a 20-year strategy launched by the Government of Ireland on 20 December 2010 and which will be in operation until December 2030. The main aim of the Strategy is to increase the number of daily Irish speakers in Ireland to 250,000 by 2030. In the 2011 census this number was at 77,185. In the 2016 census it had dropped to 73,803.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161279-0001-0000", "contents": "20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010\u20132030\nIn June 2018 Minister of State for the Irish Language, Gaeltacht and the Islands  Joe McHugh TD launched the first cross-governmental Action Plan for the 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010-2030 which is operating between 2018 and 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161280-0000-0000", "contents": "20-gauge shotgun\nThe 20-gauge shotgun, also known as \"20-bore\", is a type of smooth-bore shotgun that fires a shell that is smaller in caliber (.615\u00a0in (15.6\u00a0mm)) than a 12-gauge shotgun (.729\u00a0in (18.5\u00a0mm)). It is often used by beginning shooters for target practice and for hunting small game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161280-0001-0000", "contents": "20-gauge shotgun, Description\nIt takes 20 lead balls of the diameter of a 20-gauge shotgun bore to equal one pound, while it only takes 12 lead balls of the diameter of a 12-gauge shotgun bore to equal the same weight. A 20-gauge shotgun is more suitable for hunting certain types of game or for some hunters because it recoils less, and the guns weigh less and may be smaller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161280-0002-0000", "contents": "20-gauge shotgun, Description\nRegarding the yellow body tube color 20-gauge ammunition usually has, it has been reserved in SAAMI documentation saying \"SAAMI has reserved  yellow for 20-gauge ammunition\" \"This ammunition shall have a body tube that is primarily yellow\" \"Yellow shall not be used for any other gauge/bore shotshell body\" \"No other recommendations are made as to the color of service body tubes for other gauges/bores\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161280-0003-0000", "contents": "20-gauge shotgun, Specifications\n20-gauge shotguns are especially suitable for hunting game birds such as quail, grouse, turkey, and other game when using shot shells. A 20-gauge can also shoot slugs and buckshot and thereby become an effective deer-hunting gun. While shotguns loaded with slugs are generally less accurate than rifles, full-power shells often have better stopping power at short range due to the large mass of the projectile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161280-0004-0000", "contents": "20-gauge shotgun, Performance\nA usually lower weapon weight makes a 20-gauge appropriate for young, elderly, or weaker shooters who may have a difficult time carrying, aiming, and firing a larger shotgun. In addition, 20-gauge shotguns generally have less recoil than 10-, 12-, or 16-gauge versions on average, when comparing standard hunting shells, due to the lower projectile payload. These parameters make the 20-gauge more pleasant to use on extended hunting trips for small game or upland birds, even for people capable of firing magnum-power 12-gauge hunting rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161280-0005-0000", "contents": "20-gauge shotgun, Performance\nIt should be noted, however, that full-power 20-gauge shells fired from a light 4.5\u00a0lb (2.0\u00a0kg) weapon will have more felt recoil than reduced-recoil 12-gauge shells fired from a heavy 8\u00a0lb (3.6\u00a0kg) weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161281-0000-0000", "contents": "20-meter band\nThe 20-meter or 14-MHz amateur radio band is a portion of the shortwave radio spectrum, comprising frequencies stretching from 14.000\u00a0MHz to 14.350\u00a0MHz. The 20-meter band is widely considered among the best for long-distance communication (DXing), and is one of the most popular\u2014and crowded\u2014during contests. Several factors contribute to this, including the band's large size, the relatively small size of antennas tuned to it (especially as compared to antennas for the 40-meter band or the 80-meter band) and its good potential for daytime DX operation even in unfavorable propagation conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161281-0001-0000", "contents": "20-meter band, History\nThe 20-meter band was first made available to amateurs in the United States by the Third National Radio Conference on October 10, 1924. The band was allocated on a worldwide basis by the International Radiotelegraph Conference inWashington, D.C., on October 4, 1927. Its frequency allocation was then 14\u201314.4\u00a0MHz. The allocation was reduced to 14\u201314.35\u00a0MHz by the International Radio Conference of Atlantic City, New Jersey 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161281-0002-0000", "contents": "20-meter band, Band plans, Canada\nCanada is part of region 2 and as such is subject to the IARU band plan. Radio Amateurs of Canada offers the bandplan below as a recommendation for use by radio amateurs in that country but it does not have the force of law and should only be considered a suggestion or guideline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161282-0000-0000", "contents": "20-pair colour code (Australia)\nThe 20-pair colour code is a colour code used in Australia to identify individual conductors in a kind of electrical telecommunication wiring for indoor use, known as twisted pair cables. The colours are applied to the insulation that covers each conductor. The first colour is chosen from one group of five colours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161282-0001-0000", "contents": "20-pair colour code (Australia)\nThe combinations are also shown in the table below showing the colour for each wire (\"1\" and \"2\") and the pair number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161282-0002-0000", "contents": "20-pair colour code (Australia)\nNote that there is no colour called \"Grey\". The correct colour terminology is \"Slate\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0000-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement\nThe 20-point agreement, or the 20-point memorandum, is a list of 20 points drawn up by North Borneo, proposing terms for its incorporation into the new federation as the State of Sabah, during negotiations prior to the formation of Malaysia. In the Malaysia Bill of the Malaysia Agreement some of the twenty points were incorporated, to varying degrees, into what became the Constitution of Malaysia; others were merely accepted orally, thus not gaining legal status. The 20-point agreement often serves as a focal point amongst those who argue that Sabah's rights within the Federation have been eroded over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0001-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, Background\nUnder an agreement signed between Great Britain and the Federation of Malaya the issue of self-determination with respect to the peoples of North Borneo and Sarawak formed a challenge to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia. A Joint Statement issued by the British and Malayan Federal Governments on 23 November 1961 announced that before coming to any final decision it was necessary to ascertain the views of the peoples of North Borneo and Sarawak. It was decided to set up a commission to carry out that task and to make recommendations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0002-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, Background\nThe British Government, working with the Federation of Malaya Government, appointed a Commission of Enquiry for North Borneo and Sarawak in January 1962 to determine if the people supported the proposal to create a Federation of Malaysia. The five-man team, which comprised two Malayans and three British representatives, was headed by Lord Cobbold. An inter-governmental committee (The Lansdowne Committee) was appointed to work out the final details of the Malaysia Agreement. Lord Lansdowne served for Britain and Tun Abdul Razak, Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya served for Malaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0003-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, Background\nThe 20 points were written with a view to safeguarding the interests, rights, and autonomy of the people of North Borneo upon the formation of the federation of Malaysia. A similar proposal, with certain differences in content, was made by Sarawak, and is commonly referred to as the 18-point agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0004-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, Background\nAttention is often drawn to these memoranda by those who believe that their principles were not subsequently adhered to after federation. There have been numerous calls for the 20-point memorandum to be reviewed so as to take into account social, economic, and political changes over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0005-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 1: Religion\nWhile there was no objection to Islam being the national religion of Malaysia, there should be no State religion in North Borneo, and the provisions relating to Islam in the present Constitution of Malaya should not apply to North Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0006-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 3: Constitution\nWhilst accepting that the present Constitution of the Federation of Malaya should form the basis of the Constitution of Malaysia, the Constitution of Malaysia should be a completely new document drafted and agreed in the light of a free association of states and should not be a series of amendments to a Constitution drafted and agreed by different states in totally different circumstances. A new Constitution for North Borneo was of course essential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0007-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 4: Head of Federation\nThe Head of State in North Borneo should not be eligible for election as Head of the Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0008-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 6: Immigration\nControl over immigration into any part of Malaysia from outside should rest with the Central Government but entry into North Borneo should also require the approval of the State Government. The Federal Government should not be able to veto the entry of persons into North Borneo for State Government purposes except on strictly security grounds. North Borneo should have unfettered control over the movements of persons other than those in Federal Government employ from other parts of Malaysia into North Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0009-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 7: Right of Secession\nThere should be no right to secede from the Federation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0010-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 8: Borneanisation\nBorneanisation of the public service should proceed as quickly as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0011-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 9: British Officers\nEvery effort should be made to encourage British Officers to remain in the public service until their places can be taken by suitably qualified people from North Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0012-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 10: Citizenship\nThe recommendation in paragraph 148(k) of the Report of the Cobbold Commission should govern the citizenship rights in the Federation of North Borneo subject to the following amendments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0013-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 11: Tariffs and Finance\nNorth Borneo should retain control of its own finance, development and tariff, and should have the right to work up its own taxation and to raise loans on its own credit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0014-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 12: Special position of indigenous races\nIn principle the indigenous races of North Borneo should enjoy special rights analogous to those enjoyed by Malays in Malaya, but the present Malaya formula in this regard is not necessarily applicable in North Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 81], "content_span": [82, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0015-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 14: Transitional period\nThis should be seven years and during such period legislative power must be left with the State of North Borneo by the Constitution and not be merely delegated to the State Government by the Federal Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0016-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 15: Education\nThe existing educational system of North Borneo should be maintained and for this reason it should be under state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0017-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 16: Constitutional safeguards\nNo amendment modification or withdrawal of any special safeguard granted to North Borneo should be made by the Central Government without the positive concurrence of the Government of the State of North Borneo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0018-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 16: Constitutional safeguards\nThe power of amending the Constitution of the State of North Borneo should belong exclusively to the people in the state. (Note: The United Party, The Democratic Party and the Pasok Momogun Party considered that a three-fourths majority would be required in order to effect any amendment to the Federal and State Constitutions whereas the UNKO and USNO considered a two-thirds majority would be sufficient.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 70], "content_span": [71, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0019-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 17: Representation in Federal Parliament\nThis should take account not only of the population of North Borneo but also of its size and potentialities and in any case should not be less than that of Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 81], "content_span": [82, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0020-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, The 20 points, Point 20: Land, Forests, Local Government, etc.\nThe provisions in the Constitution of the Federation in respect of the powers of the National Land Council should not apply in North Borneo. Likewise, the National Council for Local Government should not apply in North Borneo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 82], "content_span": [83, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0021-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, Controversies, Point 7: Right of Secession\nArticle 2 of the Constitution of Malaysia states that the Parliament of Malaysia has the right to change the state boundaries or to admit any new states into the federation. However, there is no provision about the secession of states from the federation. However, former International Islamic University Malaysia (PIHE) academic, Dr Abdul Aziz Bari, said that Article 2 of the Constitution also implies that the Malaysian Parliament has the final say on the secession of a state from the federation, as it did to Singapore in 1965. Besides, any suggestions about secession of Sabah and Sarawak from Malaysia would be punishable under Sedition Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0022-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, Controversies, Point 7: Right of Secession\nDr Jeniri Amir from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) stated that Sarawak and Sabah has no right to secede from the federation according to Point 7. However, a separatist group led by Doris Jones said that the meaning of the word \"should\" as in \"There should be no right to secede from the Federation\" is only a recommendation as opposed to \"shall\" which implies a command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0023-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, Controversies, Point 18: Name of Head of State\nIn the Malaysia Agreement, the meaning of the term \"Governor\" included the title of the Head of State of Sabah, which was \"Yang di-Pertua Negara\". This term was incorporated into the Constitution of Malaysia from 1963 to 1976. However, the Sarawak head of state was named \"Yang di-Pertua Negeri\" from 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0024-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, Controversies, Point 18: Name of Head of State\nOn 27 August 1976, under Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia, the term \"Governor\" was abolished and replaced with \"Yang di-Pertua Negeri\". This effectively ended the title of \"Yang di-Pertua Negara\" of Sabah. The Malay translation of the term \"State\" of Sabah and Sarawak has been \"Negeri\" (Federated states) instead of \"Negara\" (Nation) since 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161283-0025-0000", "contents": "20-point agreement, Controversies, Point 18: Name of Head of State\nNevertherless, some groups argue that Sabah and Sarawak should be called \"Negara\" (Nation), and the head of state called \"Yang di-Pertua Negara\", on the basis that Sarawak achieved independence on 22 July 1963 and Sabah achieved independence on 31 August 1963 before forming Malaysia together with Federation of Malaya on 16 September 1963. They believe that the head of state of Sabah being known as \"Yang di-Pertua Negara\" between 1963 and 1976 supports this view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0000-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle\nThe 20-pounder Parrott rifle, Model 1861 was a cast iron muzzle-loading rifled cannon that was adopted by the United States Army in 1861 and employed in field artillery units during the American Civil War. As with other Parrott rifles, the gun breech was reinforced by a distinctive wrought iron reinforcing band. The gun fired a 20\u00a0lb (9.1\u00a0kg) projectile to a distance of 1,900\u00a0yd (1,737\u00a0m) at an elevation of 5\u00b0. The 20-pounder Parrott rifle could fire shell, shrapnel shell (case shot), canister shot, and more rarely solid shot. In spite of the reinforcing band, the 20-pounder earned a dubious reputation for bursting without warning, killing or injuring gunners. The Confederate States of America also manufactured copies of the gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0001-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nRobert Parker Parrott was an ordnance officer in the US Army who inspected cannons manufactured at the West Point Foundry in Cold Spring, New York. In 1836, president of the company Gouverneur Kemble persuaded Parrott to resign from the Army and join his firm. Several years before the American Civil War, gun founders grappled with the problem of rifling cannons. Bronze smoothbore cannons had windage \u2013 or space \u2013 between the round shot and the barrel. Windage caused the propellant gases from the gunpowder explosion to leak out, but it also put less stress on the gun barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0001-0001", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nWith rifled cannon, the ammunition was designed to expand the shell so that there was no windage between the projectile and the gun barrel. This meant that a smaller gunpowder charge could throw a rifled projectile farther, but it also meant that the gun barrel was put under greater stress. Bronze cannons infrequently burst because the metal was flexible. Cast iron was stronger than bronze, but it was also more rigid. This made cast iron guns more prone to burst at the breech or muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0002-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nBronze was too soft a metal for rifled guns. Cast iron was hard enough to take rifling but it was too brittle. Parrott's solution to this puzzle was a cast iron rifled cannon that had a wrought iron reinforcing band wrapped around the breech. When banded guns were manufactured, gravity acted on the bands as they cooled, making an uneven fit around the gun barrel. Parrott overcame the problem by slowly rotating the gun barrel while it was being cooled. The Parrott rifle was first developed in 1859\u20131860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0002-0001", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nParrott later noted of his invention, \"I do not profess to think that they are the best gun in the world, but I think they were the best practical thing that could be got at the time\". The U.S. government bought the first ten 10-pounder Parrott rifles on 23 May 1861. The U.S. Ordnance Department trusted Robert Parrott to such a degree that he was allowed to be the inspecting officer until the end of 1862. This was a unique arrangement since Parrott was also the manufacturer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0003-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture\nThe West Point Foundry produced about 300 20-pounder Parrott rifles between September 1861 and July 1864. The gun barrels weighted between 1,635\u00a0lb (742\u00a0kg) and 1,815\u00a0lb (823\u00a0kg). The rifling consisted of five lands and grooves of right-hand gaining twist (increasing toward the muzzle) and the caliber (bore diameter) was 3.67\u00a0in (93\u00a0mm). The 20-pounder Parrott had a reinforcing band 16.25\u00a0in (41\u00a0cm) long and 1.5\u00a0in (38\u00a0mm) thick. The Register of Inspections recorded numbers 1 through 284.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0003-0001", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture\nHowever, there were gaps in the record and surviving guns have been found with numbers in the gaps. Also, there is a gun at Gettysburg National Military Park with registry number 296, so it is likely that the real number of guns produced is at least 296. The cost per gun was approximately $380. A number of the guns were designed for Navy use and had a block and pin that fitted over the cascabel (end knob). Only 15 Federal-made guns are known to have survived to the present day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0004-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture\nThe Tredegar Iron Works in the Confederacy produced 45 20-pounder Parrott rifles between August 1862 and December 1864. Like the Federal version, the guns were rifled with five grooves in a right-hand twist. The Confederate pattern differed from the Federal gun by having a reinforcing band 20\u00a0in (51\u00a0cm) long and 2\u00a0in (51\u00a0mm) thick. This resulted in the guns averaging 1,866\u00a0lb (846\u00a0kg) each, which is 51\u00a0lb (23\u00a0kg) more than the heaviest Federal pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0004-0001", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture\nThe Noble Brothers & Company of Rome, Georgia contracted to manufacture 20-pounder Parrott rifles for the Confederacy, but it is not known if they were produced and none have survived. There are 14 surviving Confederate-made 20-pounder Parrott rifles of which two have markings from the Macon Arsenal and the others were made at Tredegar. The two Macon Arsenal guns have weights averaging 1,657\u00a0lb (752\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0005-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nThe 20-pounder Parrott rifle had a bore (caliber) with a diameter of 3.67\u00a0in (93\u00a0mm) and fired a projectile weighing 20\u00a0lb (9.1\u00a0kg). Its gun barrel was 84\u00a0in (213\u00a0cm) long and weighed about 1,750\u00a0lb (794\u00a0kg). The gunpowder charge weighed 2.0\u00a0lb (0.9\u00a0kg) and fired the projectile with a muzzle velocity of 1,250\u00a0ft/s (381\u00a0m/s) to a distance of 1,900\u00a0yd (1,737\u00a0m) at 5\u00b0 elevation. A smoothbore cannon's projectile usually retained only one-third of its muzzle velocity at 1,500\u00a0yd (1,372\u00a0m) and its round shot could be seen in the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0005-0001", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nAt the same distance, a rifled projectile often retained two-thirds of its muzzle velocity and was not visible while in flight. A rifled projectile only became visible if it started to tumble out of control. Tumbling occurred when the shell failed to take the grooves inside the gun barrel or when the spin wore off in flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0006-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nRifling allowed elongated/heavier rounds to be fired. For example, smoothbore cannons of the same 3.67 caliber as the 20-pounder Parrott fired only 6 pound round shot. For example the M1841 6-pounder field gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0007-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nThe 20-pounder Parrott rifle was mounted on the 1,175\u00a0lb (533\u00a0kg) carriage for the M1841 12-pounder field gun. The 20-pounder Parrott rifle fired case shot (shrapnel), shell, and canister shot. The use of bolts (solid shot) was rare and it was usually not provided in the ammunition chests. Firing a shell without a fuse would achieve the same result as firing a solid shot from a rifled gun. Parrott ammunition was designed to be used. The Parrott rifles could also fire Hotchkiss ammunition, but gunners were not allowed to use Schenkl ammunition. One flaw in Parrott ammunition was the position of the sabot was at the shell's base. This meant that the final impulse on the projectile as it left the gun was on its base, possibly causing the shell to wobble in flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0008-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nWhen firing Canister shot rifled guns were not as effective as canister fired from a 12-pounder Napoleon or a M1841 12-pounder howitzer. First, the rifled gun's 3.67-inch bore was narrower than the 12-pounder's 4.62\u00a0in (117\u00a0mm) bore and thus could fire fewer canister balls. Second, the gun's rifling caused the canister to be thrown in an irregular pattern. Union General Henry Jackson Hunt asserted that rifled guns had a canister range only half the 400\u00a0yd (366\u00a0m) effective range of canister fired from the 12-pounder Napoleon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0009-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nEarly in the war, many Union batteries were organized with six guns of identical type. However, as will be noted, batteries armed with 20-pounder Parrott rifles often had four guns. Each gun required two 6-horse teams. The first team pulled the gun and its limber and the second team pulled the caisson (ammunition wagon). Each caisson carried two ammunition chests and the limber carried one additional ammunition chest. In addition to its guns, limbers, and caissons, each battery had two additional vehicles, a supply wagon and a portable forge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0009-0001", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nThe 20-pounder Parrott rifle's great weight made it difficult for a 6-horse team to pull. The guns were among the heaviest pieces that could be classified as field artillery, so few were taken along with the field armies. The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was more frequently utilized. Under normal conditions, infantry could be expected to march 15\u00a0mi (24.1\u00a0km) in six hours, while it would take an artillery battery 10 hours to march 16\u00a0mi (25.7\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0010-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nAt the Battle of Antietam on 17 September 1862, the Federal Army of the Potomac employed 22 20-pounder Parrott rifles while the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia had none. The 5th New York Independent Light Artillery (Taft's) and 1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, Batteries A (Wever's), B (von Kleiser's), and C (Langner's) were all 4-gun 20-pounder Parrott batteries belonging to the V Corps. Simmonds' Battery Kentucky Light Artillery had two 20-pounder Parrott rifles, three 10-pounder Parrott rifles, and one iron 12-pounder howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0010-0001", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nSimmonds' Battery and the 4-gun 20-pounder Parrott armed 2nd U.S. Artillery, Battery E (Benjamin's) served in the IX Corps. During the Battle of Fredericksburg on 13 December 1862, the 5th New York Battery and Batteries A, B, and C of the New York Battalion served in the Artillery Reserve. The Artillery Reserve was posted on the east bank of the Rappahannock River on Stafford Heights, opposite the town of Fredericksburg, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0011-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nBefore the Second Battle of Corinth on 3\u20134 October 1862, William Rosecrans built several lunettes to defend the west side of Corinth, Mississippi. Battery Phillips was 200\u00a0yd (183\u00a0m) north of Corona Female College, Battery Williams was 400\u00a0yd (366\u00a0m) northeast of Phillips, and Battery Robinett was 200\u00a0yd (183\u00a0m) north of Williams and 675\u00a0yd (617\u00a0m) west of Corinth. Battery Williams contained 30-pounder Parrott rifles while Battery Robinett was armed with three 20-pounder Parrott rifles and manned by Company C of the 1st U.S. Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0011-0001", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nOn the first day, Captain Henry Richardson's Battery D, 1st Missouri Light Artillery helped repel two Confederate attacks but lost one gun. On the second day, the Confederate division led by Martin E. Green routed the division of Thomas Alfred Davies in the Union right-center, but not before the Union guns in Battery Powell inflicted serious casualties. Guarding the north side of Corinth, Battery Powell was defended by three 20-pounder Parrott rifles of Richardson's battery and two M1841 24-pounder howitzers. These guns were overrun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0011-0002", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nHowever, the tide turned and Federal troops recaptured the position, re-manned the guns, and fired on the retreating Confederates. In the center, Dabney H. Maury's Confederate division launched an assault on David S. Stanley's Federal division. Stanley's position was buttressed by Battery Robinett which became the focus of gallant but unsuccessful Confederate attacks. Losses on both sides were heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0012-0000", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nUnion General Quincy Adams Gillmore believed that Parrott rifles were as good as the best artillery despite their \"unequal endurance\". He wrote that the Parrotts were easy for gun crews to operate. Nevertheless, the 20-pounder Parrott rifles had many critics. Confederate General J. Johnston Pettigrew complained that a battery of four 20-pounder Parrotts proved to be worthless. He wrote that half their shells exploded almost as soon as they left the gun and many of the others wobbled in flight. Finally, one of the guns burst, killing one gunner and injuring two others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161284-0012-0001", "contents": "20-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nConfederate Major John Haskell wanted the 20-pounder Parrotts taken away from the Macon Light Artillery to spare its men possible injury. Union General Hunt protested that the 20-pounder Parrotts were \"very unsatisfactory\" because the shells were unreliable and dangerous to Federal troops. He noted that two of the guns burst at Antietam and one at Fredericksburg. Hunt tried to suppress the use of the 20-pounders in the Army of the Potomac. One of the guns of Taft's Battery (5th New York) burst at Gettysburg. Parrott rifles were not employed again after the Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0000-0000", "contents": "20-sim\n20-sim is commercial modeling and simulation program for multi-domain dynamic systems, which is developed by Controllab. With 20-sim, models can be entered as equations, block diagrams, bond graphs and physical components. 20-sim is widely used for modeling complex multi-domain systems and for the development of control systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0001-0000", "contents": "20-sim, Use\n20-sim supports four methods for modeling dynamic systems: iconic diagrams, block diagrams, bond graphs and equations. All these methods are allowed to be used in one model. The package has advanced support for bond graph modeling, making it well known in bond graph communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 11], "content_span": [12, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0002-0000", "contents": "20-sim, Use\nFor modeling physical systems, the package provides libraries for electrical systems, mechanical systems, hydraulics systems and thermal systems. For block diagrams, libraries comparable to those of Simulink, are provided. A feature of the software is the option to create models with differential equations and package them as block diagram elements or physical components.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 11], "content_span": [12, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0003-0000", "contents": "20-sim, Use\n20-sim models can be simulated using state of the art numerical integration methods. After checking and processing, models are directly converted into machine code, resulting in high speed simulations. Unlike Simulink, simulation results are shown in 20-sim in a separate window called the Simulator. The simulator is versatile: plots can be displayed horizontally and vertically as time and frequency based plots and 3D animations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 11], "content_span": [12, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0004-0000", "contents": "20-sim, Use\n20-sim is self containing, i.e. no additional software is required and all toolboxes are included. Toolboxes are available for model building, time domain analysis, frequency domain analysis and controller design. To enable scripting it is necessary to install either Matlab, GNU Octave, or Python. The last is included as an optional feature in the 20-sim installer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 11], "content_span": [12, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0005-0000", "contents": "20-sim, Reviews\nBecause of its extended support of bond graph modeling 20-sim is highly rated in the bond graph community. According to Borutzky  only \"20-sim, MS1 and Symbols can be categorized as a fully integrated (multi-formalism) modeling and simulation environments especially supporting bond graphs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0006-0000", "contents": "20-sim, Reviews\nRoddeck compares several modeling and simulation tools like Simulink, Labview and 20-sim. Roddeck acknowledges the market leadership of Simulink but states that the advantage of 20-sim is the direct input of bond graphs in 20-sim and the availability of built-in tools for FFT-analysis and 3D mechanical modeling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0007-0000", "contents": "20-sim, Reviews\nThe book of J. Ledin  gives practical guidelines for modeling and simulation of dynamic systems. An entire chapter is spent on simulation tools. According to Ledin, \"20-sim differs from other simulation tools like Simulink and VisSim in that it supports four methods for modeling dynamic systems: iconic diagrams, block diagrams, bond graphs and equations. This allows for example, the construction of electrical circuit simulations using standard symbols to represent components, such as op-amps and capacitors.\" A weak point, according to Ledin is the missing capability for distributed simulation in 20-sim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0008-0000", "contents": "20-sim, Add-on Products\n20-sim offers tight integration with 20-sim 4C. Any 20-sim model can be exported as C-code to 20-sim 4C where it can be used for deployment on hardware. Typical use is the development of controllers for embedded software and the creation of \"virtual plants\" for use in hardware-in-the-loop simulators. 20-sim can be controlled by scripting, allowing task automation and scenario building. Scripting is supported in Matlab or GNU Octave, and in Python (since v4.6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 23], "content_span": [24, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0009-0000", "contents": "20-sim, Add-on Products\nNext to scripting, 20-sim has a tight connection with Matlab, GNU Octave and Simulink allowing the import and export of data on many levels. The export of 20-sim models as M-files or S-functions is the most prominent example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 23], "content_span": [24, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0010-0000", "contents": "20-sim, History\n20-sim is the redevelopment of the simulation software package TUTSIM, which was developed at the Control Laboratory of the University of Twente. While TUTSIM was sold in the late 70's, research into modeling and simulation continued at the laboratory. A new program was developed as part of the Ph.D. project of Jan Broenink. The program was equipped with a graphical user interface and allowed the creation of models by bond graphs. The prototype name for this modeling and simulation package was CAMAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161285-0010-0001", "contents": "20-sim, History\nWhile CAMAS was all built around bond graphs, a new prototype package called MAX was developed to investigated object oriented modeling techniques and modeling by iconic diagrams. After extensive testing, in August 1995 version 1.0 of the software was commercially released under the trade name 20-sim (Twente Sim). The trade name refers to the origin (University of Twente) of the package and the region (Twente) where it was made. The company Controllab Products was established to further develop and distribute the package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161286-0000-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm K (E)\nThe 20.3\u00a0cm Kanone (E - Eisenbahnlafette (railroad mount)) was a German railroad gun used on coast-defense duties in Occupied France and Belgium during World War II. Eight guns were transferred from the Navy's stocks after having become redundant with the loss and sale of several Admiral Hipper-class heavy cruisers and were delivered in 1941 and 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161286-0001-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm K (E), Design\nAs part of the re-armament program initiated by the Nazis after taking power in 1933 the Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres \u2013 OKH) ordered Krupp to begin work on new railroad artillery designs, but they would take a long time to develop. Krupp pointed out that it could deliver a number of railroad guns much more quickly using obsolete guns already on hand and modernizing their original World War I mountings for which it still had drawings available. OKH agreed and authorized Krupp in 1936 to begin design of a series of guns between 15 and 28\u00a0cm (5.9 and 11.0\u00a0in) for delivery by 1939 as the Emergency Program (Sofort-Programe).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161286-0002-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm K (E), Design\nEight 20.3 cm SK C/34 guns intended for the Admiral Hipper-class heavy cruisers were made available for the Army. Krupp was able to adapt the design of the World War I-era 21\u00a0cm SK \"Peter Adalbert\" for the smaller guns. Two differences were the substitution of an ammunition crane for the overhead ammunition trolley system of the \"Peter Adalbert\" and the removal of the latter's under-carriage pivot mount and rollers. Sources differ on how much the gun could traverse on its mount. Kosar and Fran\u00e7ois quote 2.4\u00b0, while Gander and Chamberlain say 14', but Hogg says not at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161286-0002-0001", "contents": "20.3 cm K (E), Design\nWhatever the exact figure, the gun could traverse only enough on the mount itself for fine corrections, coarser adjustments had to be made by turning the entire mount on the V\u00f6gele turntable. The turntable (Drehscheibe) consisted of a circular track with a pivot mount in the center for a platform on which the railroad gun itself was secured. A ramp was used to raise the railway gun to the level of the platform. The platform had rollers at each end which rested on the circular rail for 360\u00b0 traverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161286-0002-0002", "contents": "20.3 cm K (E), Design\nIt had a capacity of 300 tonnes (300 long tons; 330 short tons), enough for most of the railroad guns in the German inventory. The gun could only be loaded at 0\u00b0 elevation and so had to be re-aimed for each shot. Four guns each were delivered in 1941 and 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161286-0003-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm K (E), Design\nPhotographic evidence exists of a 20.3\u00a0cm K (E) carried by two six-axle Culemeyer-Strassenfahrzeug lowboy trailers and moving by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161286-0004-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm K (E), Design, Ammunition\nThe Army failed to appreciate that the naval 20.3\u00a0cm (8.0\u00a0in) ammunition was not in its inventory until after the guns had already been produced. It asked Krupp to modify the guns to use its standard 21\u00a0cm (8.3\u00a0in) ammunition, but it proved uneconomic to do so. It deployed the guns in fixed locations, i.e. on coast-defense duties,  to minimize the burden on its logistical system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161286-0004-0001", "contents": "20.3 cm K (E), Design, Ammunition\nUltimately the Army ordered eight 21\u00a0cm replacement barrels, but only four had been built before six weapons were captured or destroyed during the Battle of Normandy and the whole exercise became futile. It used the German naval system of ammunition where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag which was rammed first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161286-0005-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm K (E), Combat history\nBy 8 July 1942 two guns were assigned to Battery 687 and spent the rest of the war on coast defense duties at Lissewege, Belgium. This battery was later redesignated as 4th Battery, Army Coast Artillery Regiment (4./Heeres-K\u00fcstenartillerie-Regiment) 1240. Four weapons were assigned to Battery 532 in Paimpol, Brittany. This battery was later redesignated as Army Coast Artillery Battery 1272. Battery 685 was stationed in Auderville-Laye with 2 guns to defend the tip of the Cotentin Peninsula until being destroyed after the Americans isolated the peninsula on 18 June 1944. It was later redesignated as 3rd Battery, Army Coast Artillery Regiment 1262.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161287-0000-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun\nThe 20.3\u00a0cm SK C/34 was the main battery gun used on the German Admiral Hipper-class heavy cruisers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161287-0001-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun, Description\nThese built-up guns consisted of a rifled tube encased within an inner and outer jacket with a horizontal sliding breech block. The breech was sealed with an 18\u00a0kg (40\u00a0lb) brass case containing 30\u00a0kg (66\u00a0lb) of smokeless powder with a 160 gram (5.6\u00a0oz) gunpowder igniter. A cloth bag containing an additional 21\u00a0kg (40\u00a0lb) of smokeless powder and 380 grams (13\u00a0oz) of gunpowder was loaded between the projectile and the brass case. Each gun could fire approximately five rounds per minute. Useful life expectancy was 510 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161287-0002-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun, Naval service\nAdmiral Hipper, Bl\u00fccher, and Prinz Eugen each mounted eight of these guns in 248-tonne Drh LC/34 twin turrets with a maximum elevation of 37 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161287-0003-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun, Coast defence guns\nThe four turrets intended for the incomplete cruiser Seydlitz were installed as coastal artillery in France. The turrets A (Anton) and D (Dora) at Battery Karola on the Ile de Re (4./Marine Artillerie Abteilung 282). And the turrets B (Bruno) and C (C\u00e4sar) at Battery Seydlitz on the Ile de Croix (5./Marine Artillerie Abteilung 264).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161287-0004-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun, Railway guns\nEight barrels from the incomplete cruiser were given to the army and followed rebuild to 20.3 cm K (E) railway guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161288-0000-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun\nThe  20.3\u00a0cm/45 Type 41 naval gun was a Japanese naval and coast-defense gun used on cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy from the Russo-Japanese War through the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161288-0001-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun, Design and development\nThe 20.3\u00a0cm/45 Type 41 naval gun was a designation applied to existing foreign produced EOC 8 inch 45 caliber Pattern S, U, W guns which had been produced by Armstrong of Great Britain and Ansaldo of Italy and a license-produced Japanese variant. Licensed production of Japanese guns based on Pattern S drawings began in 1902 and in 1908 a modified version with a different rifling pattern and a resized propellant chamber was produced. Ships produced before 1902 in foreign shipyards most likely had Pattern S, U, W guns. While ships produced or refit after 1902 in Japanese shipyards most likely have Japanese-built guns. These weapons were officially designated as Type 41 on 25 December 1908, and re-designated again on 5 October 1917 in centimeters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161288-0002-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun, Design and development\nThe first ship armed with these guns was the protected cruiser Takasago completed in 1898 by Armstrong and armed with Pattern S guns. The last ships armed with these guns were probably the Ibuki-class armored cruisers built between 1905\u20131911. This series of guns also armed the armored cruisers Asama, Azuma, Iwate, Izumo, Kasuga, Nisshin, Tokiwa and Yakumo. Many of these ships were disarmed under the conditions of the Washington Naval Treaty or subsequent London Naval Treaty and their guns converted into coastal artillery batteries, including installations at Tokyo Bay, Tarawa and later at Wake Island during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161288-0003-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun, Gallery\nA single 8 inch gun on center pivot mounting for Japanese cruiser Takasago commissioned 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161288-0004-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun, Gallery\nA diagram of a twin 8 inch gun turret of Japanese Asama class cruiser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161288-0005-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun, Gallery\nRight elevation diagram of a twin 8 inch gun turret of Japanese Asama class cruiser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161288-0006-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun, Gallery\nDamage to Japanese armored cruiser Nisshin after one of its guns burst during the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905. The explosion injured future Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161288-0007-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun, Gallery\nOne of the four destroyed Japanese eight-inch guns on Betio caused by naval gunfire and air strikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161288-0008-0000", "contents": "20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun, Gallery\nPossibly one of the same guns from a different angle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161289-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (20/20 album)\n20/20 is the debut studio album by American power pop band 20/20, released in 1979 by Portrait Records, a subsidiary of CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161289-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 (20/20 album), Critical reception\nTrouser Press wrote that 20/20 \"stands proudly\" as one of the best power pop albums to date. Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said: \"Just about all of these dense, cleverly constructed tunes would sound great on the radio. If they have some other reason for being, though, neither lyrics nor vocals\u2014which seem to avoid both banality and its opposite as a simple matter of power pop taste\u2014let on what it is. When CBS breaks a few hits off this we'll remember it as a classic. But CBS won't.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program)\n20/20 (stylized as 2020) is an American television newsmagazine that has been broadcast on ABC since June 6, 1978. Created by ABC News executive Roone Arledge, the program was designed similarly to CBS's 60 Minutes in that it features in-depth story packages, although it focuses more on human interest stories than international and political subjects. The program's name derives from the \"20/20\" measurement of visual acuity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program)\nThe two-hour-long program has been a staple on Friday evenings (currently airing at 9:00\u00a0p.m. Eastern Time Zone) for much of the time since it moved to that timeslot from Thursdays in September 1987, though special editions of the program occasionally air on other nights. For most of its history, it was led into by ABC's two-hour TGIF block of sitcoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0002-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program)\nSince the fall of 2018, it has shifted to a two-hour format highlighting true crime stories and celebrity scandals rather than the traditional investigative journalism associated with newsmagazines, following the same programming direction as same-night competitor Dateline NBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0003-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nThe anchors on the premiere telecast of 20/20 were Esquire magazine editor Harold Hayes, who also served as the program's senior producer, and Time art critic Robert Hughes. The program's debut received largely harsh reviews; The New York Times described it as \"dizzyingly absurd\" and The Washington Post denounced it as \"the trashiest stab at candycane journalism yet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0003-0001", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nIn his autobiography Roone: A Memoir, Roone Arledge recalled that probably the most embarrassing part of that initial program was the Claymation segments featuring caricatures representing then-President Jimmy Carter (singing \"Georgia on My Mind\") and Walter Cronkite (closing the program intoning, \"That's the way it was\"). As a result of the scathing reviews, serious and drastic changes were immediately made: Hayes and Hughes were fired (as was original executive producer Bob Shanks), and a then semi-retired Hugh Downs was recruited to take on the role of sole host on the following week's program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0004-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nAlso featured in the premiere telecast of 20/20, the opening sequence consisted of a pair of eyeglasses, whose lenses showed colored bars, which are often seen in the SMPTE color bars (used when television stations were off the air between sign-off and sign-on). The eyeglasses were keyed over a yellow background, and rotated to its rear position to reveal the 20/20 studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0005-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nWith Downs hosting, 20/20 changed into a more standard yet unique newsmagazine and received kinder reviews from critics. The program was originally launched as a summer replacement series; it was then presented on a once-a-month basis during the 1978\u201379 television season, before being given a regular weekly timeslot on Thursdays at 10:00\u00a0pm. Eastern Time beginning May 31, 1979. Emmy Award-winning producer, Bernard I. Cohen began his career with ABC evening news in 1964. From 1979 to 1992, he was a lead Producer at 20/20 and helped solidify the program's top Nielsen Ratings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0005-0001", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nRatings were generally very good during the summer months during its eight years on Thursday nights despite competition from Knots Landing on CBS and Hill Street Blues on NBC. It was around this time that the program started using the Brock Brower-written signoff line \"We're in touch, so you be in touch\" to end each program, which continues to be used to now (the program also used the line \"Around the world and into your home, the stories that touch your life\" as the introduction during the program's opening titles for much of the 1990s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0006-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nBarbara Walters joined the program in 1979 in a role something less than a co-anchor and soon became a regular special contributor in the fall of 1981. In 1984, she became Hugh Downs's equal, thus reuniting a duo which had already anchored together on NBC's Today from 1964 to 1971. The team would remain together on-air for the next 15 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0007-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nIn the fall of 1987, 20/20 was moved to Fridays at 10:00\u00a0pm. Eastern; while in that timeslot, it ranked at 21st place in the annual Nielsen ratings by the 1991\u201392 season. It aired in that same Friday time slot until the fall of 2001, when ABC briefly replaced the program with the scripted family drama series Once and Again, only for 20/20 to return to the lineup again four months later; it has basically retained the timeslot ever since. While the program briefly moved to the 8:00\u00a0p.m. timeslot on October 12, 2007, it reverted to its usual time two weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0008-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nIn 1997, a second weekly edition of 20/20 made its debut on Thursday evenings. For a time from 1998 to 2000, ABC News chose to consolidate its newsmagazine programs by combining 20/20 and Primetime Live into a singular brand under the 20/20 name and format to compete with Dateline NBC, which itself ran for four nights a week at the time (Dateline has since been reduced to twice weekly airings).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0008-0001", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nAt its peak, 20/20 ran on Mondays, Wednesdays and Sundays, in addition to its longtime Friday timeslot; these additional nights of 20/20 were joined by the younger-skewing 20/20 Downtown on Thursday nights. In 2000, ABC reinstated Primetime under the title Primetime Thursday, and spun off 20/20 Downtown as a separate newsmagazine simply titled Downtown. By early 2002, 20/20 once again was airing only in its original Friday timeslot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0009-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nOn March 3, 1999, Monica Lewinsky, the former White House intern who was infamously revealed to have been involved in an affair with then-President Bill Clinton a few years earlier, was interviewed by Barbara Walters on the program; that particular edition of 20/20 was watched by an estimated 70 million viewers, which ABC stated was a record audience for a news program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0010-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nAfter Downs' retirement in 1999, Walters became the solo anchor of 20/20. This lasted until John Miller was hired as a permanent co-host of the program in 2002; Miller never got very comfortable in the anchor chair, and a year later, he jumped at the chance to rejoin law enforcement. For a few months in early 2003, Barbara Walters temporarily anchored solo again. However, in May of that year, John Stossel \u2013 an investigative correspondent for the program who was behind the controversial, though popular, \"Give Me a Break\" segments \u2013 was named as Walters' new co-anchor. As one of the first veteran anchors, Barbara Walters chose to go into semi-retirement as a broadcast journalist in 2004. However, she remained with 20/20 as a frequent contributor to the program. ABC News correspondent Elizabeth Vargas was promoted to the co-anchor position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0011-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nIn September 2009, before the start of its 31st season, John Stossel announced he would leave the program after 28 years to pursue a new weekly show on Fox Business. Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer also contributed reports. On December 10, 2009, ABC News announced that Good Morning America news anchor Chris Cuomo was promoted to co-host 20/20 alongside Elizabeth Vargas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0011-0001", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nOn January 29, 2013, it was announced that Chris Cuomo would leave ABC News and 20/20 for CNN to co-host the cable network's new morning news program, New Day; on the same day, ABC announced David Muir would join Elizabeth Vargas as the new co-anchor of the program, in addition to continuing as weekend anchor of ABC World News Tonight (a role he retains after being appointed to main anchor of the since-renamed ABC World News Tonight in September 2014).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0012-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nThe program expanded once again on March 2, 2013, with the debut of 20/20 Saturday, which mainly features rebroadcasts of archived stories from previous editions of 20/20 (mainly those dating back as early as 2008) in the same single topic format as the flagship Friday broadcasts. 20/20 Saturday airs outside of college football season, at either 9:00\u00a0p.m. as a two-hour broadcast formatted as separate hour-long episodes centered on two different topics or at 10:00\u00a0pm. Eastern Time as an hour-long broadcast, depending on the programs that precede it that given week. Barbara Walters originally served as host of the program until her retirement from regular television broadcasting in May 2014, after which the hosting duties were turned over the anchors of the Friday editions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0013-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History\nOn December 22, 2017, Elizabeth Vargas announced that she would be leaving 20/20 and ABC News at the end of May. On April 23, 2018, Good Morning America news anchor Amy Robach was announced to take over as co-anchor alongside Muir in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0014-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, 20/20 Downtown\nUnlike most other newsmagazines, 20/20 Downtown was never carried by any big name anchor. An ensemble team of anchors fronted the broadcast, which was aimed at attracting younger viewers, but was hampered by many of the network's larger market network affiliate stations bumping the program to late night or weekend timeslots to accommodate local pre-game shows or coach's shows/highlight recap programming dealing with NFL or college football teams preceding ABC's Monday Night Football. The anchor/reporting duties were filled by the team of Elizabeth Vargas, Cynthia McFadden, Chris Cuomo, Jay Schadler and John Qui\u00f1ones. The program was renamed Downtown but was canceled in 2002. In 2003, the program returned for one season as Primetime Monday, with the same anchors and format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0015-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nEven though 20/20 still occasionally uses a multiple topic format, the program has seen a gradual shift towards single topic editions since the late 2000s (similar to what has occurred with Dateline NBC since around the same timeframe, although continuing to include a wider range of topics), either in the form of various story packages that relate to the topic or a focus on a single story. These include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0016-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA two-hour special edition of the program that aired on December 15, 2008, Drama High: The Making of a High School Musical, documented the journey of students at Westfield High, a predominantly white school in Virginia as it staged The Wiz, the Adaptions of The Wizard of Oz of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This program was a departure from 20/20's usual format in that it featured no correspondent or narration to tell the story, instead telling it through the students' intimate video diaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0017-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA two-hour special entitled Last Days on Earth, which aired in August 2006, discussed seven different scenarios in which life on Earth could end; the edition has since aired on History.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0018-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nHidden America: Children of the Plains, a 20/20 special hosted by Diane Sawyer that aired on October 14, 2011, reported on the children of South Dakota's Pine Ridge Reservation, the poorest Native Americans in the United States reservation in the poorest county in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0019-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA live prime-time special titled Pandemic: What You Need to Know \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 aired on March 16, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0020-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA live prime-time special titled America Rising: Fighting the Pandemic \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 aired on March 30, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0021-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time investigation special titled American Catastrophe: How Did We Get Here? \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 aired on July 28, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0022-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time special focused on the life of Regis Philbin titled Regis Philbin: The Morning Maestro \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 aired on July 28, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0023-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time interview with former Vice President Joe Biden and Senator Kamala Harris titled The Ticket: The First Interview \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 aired on August 23, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0024-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time special titled The President and the People: a 20/20 Special Event aired on September 15, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0025-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time special titled $ellebrity: The Go-To Girls \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 aired on September 27, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0026-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time special titled Trump vs. Biden: The Main Event \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 aired on September 29, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0027-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time special titled The Vice President and the People \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 will aired on October 15, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0028-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time special titled Trump vs. Biden: The Final Presidential Debate \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 aired on October 22, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0029-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time special focused on the life of Alex Trebek titled Alex Trebek, Remembered: A '20/20' Special aired on November 8, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0030-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), History, Special episodes\nA prime-time special focused on the COVID-19 vaccine titled The Shot: Race for the Vaccine \u2013 A Special Edition of 20/20 aired on December 14, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0031-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), Theme music\nThe distinctive theme music to 20/20 was written by Robert Arnold Israel Sr. (who among other credits, also co-wrote theme music for now-cancelled fellow ABC series All My Children and One Life to Live) and based upon the longtime Lillian Scheinert-written theme used for ABC World News Tonight. The original theme was revamped around 1993, and was subsequently replaced in 1999, along with the 20/20 logo and the anchor desk on the program's set. Finally the orchestral 20/20 theme was updated in 2001, along with a few modifications in 2003 and 2005. In 2009, the theme was once again revamped, and once more in 2010, along with new graphics to reflect the news magazine's new darker tone; this new theme was written by DreamArtists Studios. In 2012 the theme was revamped, again arranged by DreamArtists Studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161290-0032-0000", "contents": "20/20 (American TV program), Syndication\nTrue crime-focused episodes of the series air in first-run syndication on Oprah Winfrey Network and Investigation Discovery as 20/20 on OWN/ID.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161291-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (Canadian TV program)\n20/20 is a Canadian half-hour television documentary program which aired on CBC Television between April 22, 1962, and September 24, 1967. 20/20 was broadcast in the daytime in various timeslots. The program featured episodes about life in Canada, and was narrated by Harry Mannis and produced by Thom Benson (1962\u201363) and Richard Knowles (1963\u201367).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161292-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (Colombian TV program)\n20/20 was a Colombian news program produced by Jorge Bar\u00f3n Televisi\u00f3n aired on Canal Uno and hosted by Jorge Bar\u00f3n. It was cancelled in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161293-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (Dilated Peoples album)\n20/20 is the fourth album from West Coast hip hop group Dilated Peoples. Following the mixed reviews from their 2004 album Neighborhood Watch, the group was able to reclaim some of their past acclaim with 20/20, but not on the level of their first two efforts The Platform and Expansion Team. The album's lead single, \"Back Again\", was not able to make a strong impact, partly due to MTV refusing to play the video, due to a scene in which Rakaa wears a bulletproof vest. Back Again also appears in the EA Sports videogame \"Fight Night Round 3\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161294-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (George Benson album)\n20/20 is the 22nd studio album by George Benson, released on the Warner Bros. record label in 1985. The lead single by the same name reached #48 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA. \"You Are the Love of My Life\" is a duet with Roberta Flack; it was one of numerous songs used for Eden Capwell and Cruz Castillo on the American soap opera Santa Barbara. Also included on 20/20 is the original version of the song \"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You\" which would later become a smash hit for Hawaiian singer Glenn Medeiros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161294-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 (George Benson album)\nSongwriters on the album include: Clif Magness, Mark Mueller, Tom Keane, James Newton Howard, Steve Lukather, Cruz Sembello, Daniel Sembello, Jon Sembello, Michael Sembello, Michael Masser, Gerry Goffin, Charles Trenet, Jack Lawrence, Cecil Womack, Linda Womack, Randy Goodrum, Steve Kipner, Neil Larsen, and Linda Creed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161295-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (New Zealand TV programme)\n20/20 is a New Zealand documentary television programme hosted by Carolyn Robinson, and based on the ABC programme of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161295-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 (New Zealand TV programme)\nBetween 1993 and 2014, the show contained a mix of locally-produced and American content. The show now presents stories largely produced by its American counterpart, with a local presenter providing context at the beginning. The show uses the same graphics and theme music as the American version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161295-0002-0000", "contents": "20/20 (New Zealand TV programme)\nFrom 1993 until 2003, the show was broadcast on Three, and was hosted by Louise Wallace. The format was then picked up by TVNZ, and was hosted on TVNZ 2 first by Miriama Kamo until 2011, then by Sonya Wilson until 2014. In its latest iteration, the show is presented by Carolyn Robinson, and has been broadcast on TVNZ 1 since 2016. Producer Susie Nordqvist is the show's back-up presenter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161296-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (Saga album)\n20/20 is the twentieth studio album by Canadian rock band Saga. The album marked the return of original singer Michael Sadler. The album charted at No. 13 in Germany, the highest since their 1985 release Behaviour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161297-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (Spyro Gyra album)\n20/20 is the twentieth album by the American jazz group Spyro Gyra, released in 1997 by GRP Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album)\n20/20 is the 15th studio album by American rock band the Beach Boys, released February 10, 1969 on Capitol Records. The LP was named for being their 20th overall album release. Much of it consists of outtakes from earlier albums. It reached number 3 on UK record charts and number 68 in the US. Brian Wilson was absent during most of the album's recording after admitting himself into a psychiatric hospital, requiring brothers Carl and Dennis to retrieve several outtakes he had recorded years earlier. While Brian does not appear on the front cover, the inner gatefold of the original vinyl release features him alone, behind an eye examination chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album)\nThe singles \"Do It Again\" and \"Bluebirds over the Mountain\" preceded the album's release by several months. The former was the band's first attempt at revisiting the surf sound they had abandoned since All Summer Long, topping UK and Australian charts, and the latter contained the B-side \"Never Learn Not to Love\", based on a song by Charles Manson. The other singles were \"I Can Hear Music\" and a rerecorded version of \"Cotton Fields\". In 2018, session highlights, outtakes, and alternate takes were released for the compilation I Can Hear Music: The 20/20 Sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0002-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Background\nOn June 24, 1968, the Beach Boys released the album Friends, which peaked at number 126 and remained on the Billboard Top LPs chart for 10 weeks. It became the group's worst-selling album to date, with record sales in the US estimated at 18,000 units. To recuperate from the album's poor sales, the band quickly released the standalone single \"Do It Again\". The song was a self-conscious throwback to the group's early surf songs, and the first time they had embraced the subject matter since 1964. It reached the US top twenty and became their second number one hit in the UK. Biographer Chrisian Matijas-Mecca wrote that \"while this may have been some of Brian's strongest work of the period, it did nothing to reverse the band's decline in popularity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0003-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Background\nBrian Wilson said that by early 1968, the group had begun losing thousands of dollars \"on stupid things ... cars, houses ... bad investments ... a heck of a lot of corporation money on Brother Records, our own company, and in boosting other artists who just didn't make it, and didn't have a single hit.\" One of these artists was Ron Wilson (no relation to Brian), who co-wrote \"We're Together Again\" with him for the Beach Boys, but the group's recording was left unreleased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0003-0001", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Background\nIn turn, Brian produced an ultimately unsuccessful solo single for Ron, a cover of \"As Tears Go By\", which was released by Columbia Records in September. Another artist that the group worked with was ex-convict Charles Manson, who was then seeking a career as a singer-songwriter. Dennis Wilson befriended Manson and was interested in signing him to Brother Records. Brian and Carl Wilson (not Dennis as is sometimes suggested) proceeded to co-produce several tracks for Manson at the Beach Boys' private studio located in Brian's home. These recordings remain unheard by the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0004-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Background\nOver the summer of 1968, Brian attempted to record an arrangement of the 1927 show tune \"Ol' Man River\". According to music writer Brian Chidester, the session tapes \"reveal Wilson conducting the Beach Boys to such extreme perfectionism that both he and the band seem at the end of their rope with one another\". Friend and Three Dog Night singer Danny Hutton recalled that Brian expressed suicidal wishes at the time, and that it was \"when [Brian's] real decline started\". Afterward, Brian was admitted to a psychiatric hospital, possibly of his own volition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0004-0001", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Background\nBrian's issues were not disclosed to the public, and sessions continued in his absence. Once discharged, Brian rarely finished any tracks for the band, leaving much of his subsequent Beach Boys output for Carl Wilson to complete. Regarding Brian's participation on the group's recordings from then, band engineer Stephen Desper said that Brian remained \"indirectly involved with production\" through Carl. Dennis said that Brian began to have \"no involvement at all\", which forced the group to \"find things that [he] worked on and try and piece it together.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0005-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, Older songs\nThe two oldest tracks on 20/20 were sourced from late 1966 sessions for the band's unfinished album Smile. \"Our Prayer\" is a wordless hymn composed by Brian, while \"Cabinessence\" is a song written by Brian and Van Dyke Parks. Both tracks were given additional vocal overdubs by Carl and Dennis Wilson in November 1968 at Capitol Studios. According to biographer Peter Ames Carlin, Brian was opposed to the inclusion of those tracks and refused the invitation to participate in the overdub sessions. Stephen Desper commented that \"Cabinessence\" was \"finished, more or less, with Brian's guidance through Carl.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0006-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, Older songs\n\"Bluebirds over the Mountain\" is a cover of the 1958 Ersel Hickey song, produced by Bruce Johnston in September 1967 at Western Studio and completed in October 1968 at Bell Sound. \"Time to Get Alone\" was written and produced by Brian for the group Redwood (later Three Dog Night) between sessions for the Beach Boys' Wild Honey (1967). It was completed by the Beach Boys in November 1968 at their studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0007-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, May \u2013 July 1968 sessions\n\"Do It Again\", a Brian Wilson and Mike Love collaboration, was the first track that was worked on after concluding the sessions for Friends. It was recorded in May and June 1968, released as a single two weeks later, and ultimately chosen as the opening track for 20/20. Brian later called it the finest song that he wrote on the album. The album mix differs slightly in that it briefly segues into another Smile outtake, \"Workshop\", which consists of construction noises and sounds from carpentry tools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0007-0001", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, May \u2013 July 1968 sessions\n\"I Went to Sleep\" is a waltz written by Brian and Carl with a gentle mood and observational lyrics similar to other Brian songs of the period. \"The Nearest Faraway Place\" is an instrumental produced by Bruce Johnston with the string arrangement by Van McCoy. The title came from a Life magazine article written by Shana Alexander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0008-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, May \u2013 July 1968 sessions\nLeftover tracks from these initial sessions included \"All I Wanna Do\", \"Well You Know I Knew\", \"Been Way Too Long\" (also known as \"Can't Wait Too Long\"), \"Walk On By\", \"We're Together Again\", \"Sail Plane Song\" (also known as \"Loop de Loop\"), \"Ol' Man River\", \"Walkin'\", and a demo of \"Mona Kona\". \"Been Way Too Long\" is an unfinished song started by Brian in 1967. \"Walk On By\" is a cover of the 1963 Burt Bacharach/Hal David song, recorded at Brian's studio on the same day as the first \"Do It Again\" session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0008-0001", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, May \u2013 July 1968 sessions\n\"Ol' Man River\" was intended to be in medley with the standard \"Old Folks at Home\". \"Walkin'\" is a song written and sung by Brian that was worked on for two days in June 1968. Band archivist Mark Linett said \"he gets so disgusted singing it that you hear him throw down his headphones and that's the last time anybody ever heard of it.\" Also recorded, according to band manager Nick Grillo, was \"a hundred hours of [Manson's] music at [Brian's home] studio\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0009-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, September \u2013 November 1968 sessions\nFor the majority of July and August, the Beach Boys toured the US and appeared on a few television talk shows. Most of the subsequent new material was tracked at Capitol Studios. Carl produced a rendition of the Ronettes' 1966 song \"I Can Hear Music\" for the group, and it was the first time he was given a sole production credit. Brian said that he also contributed to the recording, explaining \"I wanted the instrumental track ... to be smooth and subliminal. I used acoustic guitars. Carl wailed on the lead.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0009-0001", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, September \u2013 November 1968 sessions\nBiographer David Leaf called it \"the turning point in the transition of musical control in the Beach Boys from Brian to Carl\". Brian also produced a version of Huddie Ledbetter's \"Cotton Fields\" that he later called \"one of the best [records] we've ever made\". The idea was suggested by bandmate Al Jardine, who thought they might be able to replicate the success of \"Sloop John B\" (1966).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0010-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, September \u2013 November 1968 sessions\n\"Never Learn Not to Love\" was originally written by Charles Manson under the title \"Cease to Exist\". According to Carlin, Manson penned \"Cease to Exist\" specifically for the Beach Boys to record, and biographer Steven Gaines said that Manson \"reportedly\" wrote the song to help ease tensions within the group. In exchange for the publishing rights to \"Cease to Exist\", Manson agreed to a sum of cash and a BSA motorcycle. Dennis produced the Beach Boys' version in September 1968, reworking the song's bluesy structure and altering its lyric (the opening lyric \"Cease to exist\" modified to \"Cease to resist\"). The title was also changed to \"Never Learn Not to Love\", much to Manson's indignation. In 1971, when asked why he did not credit Manson, Dennis answered: \"He didn't want that. He wanted money instead. I gave him about a hundred thousand dollars' worth of stuff.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 960]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0011-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Recording and content, September \u2013 November 1968 sessions\nDennis wrote and produced two more songs that appear on the album. \"Be with Me\" was described by Leaf as \"dark and eerie ... perfectly capturing his emotions of the era.\" \"All I Want to Do\" is a rocker that features the sounds of Dennis having sexual intercourse with a groupie. Also recorded was Dennis' \"A Time to Live in Dreams\" (released on 2001's Hawthorne, CA) and \"Mona Kana\" (released on 2013's Made in California).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0012-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Release and reception\nLead single \"Bluebirds over the Mountain\" (backed with \"Never Learn Not to Love\") was issued on November 29, 1968 in the UK (number 33) and three days later in the US (number 61), becoming the group's lowest-charting single since their 1961 debut \"Surfin'\". According to biographer Keith Badman, \"the new recordings mark[ed] the emergence of Carl and Dennis as producers and of Steve Desper as the group's engineer. Desper is now part of the Beach Boys' fold and remains a chief engineer on their work early into the next decade.\" After touring the UK in December, the Beach Boys returned to Brian's studio to work on the music that would become Sunflower (1970).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0013-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Release and reception\nReleased on February 10, 1969, 20/20 sold better than Friends, peaking at number 3 in the UK and reaching number 68 in the US. The cover photo included every member of the group except Brian, which Matijas-Mecca referred to as \"a sign that the group was determined to forge their own identity without their founding architect.\" A photograph of Brian hiding behind an eye examination chart does appear on the gatefold cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0013-0001", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Release and reception\nRolling Stone reviewer Arthur Schmidt said the album was \"good, [but] flawed mainly by a lack of direction (a sense of direction being last evident in Wild Honey), more a collection than a whole.\" An uncredited writer from Hit Parader opined that it was the band's best album since Pet Sounds and an improvement over \"the last couple of baffling Beach Boys albums.\" A reviewer for the underground paper Rat Subterranean News commented that even though it was \"against all my carefully established principles to like The Beach Boys,\" he enjoyed the LP, yet described most of side one as \"weak\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0014-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Release and reception\nIn August, Charles Manson and his cult of followers committed the Tate\u2013LaBianca murders, and three months later, were apprehended by police. Their former connections with Dennis and the Beach Boys became the subject of media attention. Manson was later convicted for several counts of murder and conspiracy to murder. During the trial, Manson released his debut album, Lie: The Love and Terror Cult, which included his original arrangement of \"Cease to Exist\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0015-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Release and reception\n[ 20/20 was] the only letdown of the Beach Boys' career that embarrassed me through and through ... it was the first album the group made that was completely disjointed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0016-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Release and reception\nAmong retrospective assessments of 20/20, critic Richie Unterberger wrote that it was \"one of their better post-Pet Sounds records ... The highlights, however, were a couple of Smile-session-era tunes ...  as hard as they were trying to establish their identity as an integrated band in the late '60s, their new recordings were overshadowed by the bits and pieces of Smile that emerged at the time.\" Biographer David Leaf called it \"one of the most artistically interesting releases of their career and certainly one of the stronger later LPs.\" Peter Ames Carlin wrote that \"whatever the album lacked in thematic coherence, it made up in the quality of the pieces contributed by each band member.\" Brooklyn Vegan's Andrew Sacher said that the first side is \"uneven and often disappointing\", yet side two is \"almost flawless\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0017-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Track listing\nProducer credits are as noted on the original vinyl disc. Charles Manson's contributions to \"Never Learn Not to Love\" remain uncredited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0018-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Track listing, I Can Hear Music\nOn December 7, 2018, Capitol released I Can Hear Music: The 20/20 Sessions, a digital-only compilation. Included are session highlights, outtakes, and alternate versions of 20/20 tracks, as well as some unreleased material by Dennis Wilson. It was released in conjunction with Wake the World: The Friends Sessions. The compilations were not issued on physical media due to the record company's wish not to interfere with the release of The Beach Boys with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. In 2021, I Can Hear Music was followed with Feel Flows: The Sunflower and Surf's Up Sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161298-0019-0000", "contents": "20/20 (The Beach Boys album), Personnel\nPer Craig Slowinski. This list does not include complete personnel credits for \"Time to Get Alone\" and \"Cabinessence\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161299-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (Trip Lee album)\n20/20 is the second studio album from Christian rap artist Trip Lee. The album was released in 2008, through Reach Records. The album debuted at No. 193 on the Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161299-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 (Trip Lee album), Reception\nThe album received generally positive reviews; Trailblaza of Rapzilla had the following to say about the album. \"Overall, this is a very solid sophomore release from Trip Lee and 20/20 definitely accomplishes its intended goal of seeing the Lord clearer. If you don't walk away from this album with 20/20 vision of our Lord, then you need to take your spiritual blinders off and listen to this album again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161299-0002-0000", "contents": "20/20 (Trip Lee album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by William Barefield, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161300-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (band)\n20/20 was an American power pop band based in Hollywood, California. They were active from 1977 to 1983 and reunited during the mid-1990s to the late 1990s. In the mid-1970s, Steve Allen and Ron Flynt played together in Tulsa. Allen and Flynt were graduates of Nathan Hale High School, and both attended Oklahoma State University, where Flynt earned a degree in music. Allen decided to move to Los Angeles in 1977 after fellow Tulsa natives Phil Seymour and Dwight Twilley met with success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161300-0000-0001", "contents": "20/20 (band)\nOnce in Los Angeles, Allen met with Mike Gallo (singer/songwriter/keyboardist/drummer), who had already conceived of the idea and name for the band (after having spent time in the UK). Gallo first started writing with Allen, and later auditioned Allen's friend from Tulsa, Ron Flynt, for 20/20. The three-piece band signed with Greg Shaw's Bomp! Records in 1978 to record a single. Between the release of the single, and their first LP on Portrait Records, Chris Silagyi joined the band as a keyboardist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161300-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 (band), Personnel changes and break-up\nDuring the recording of the first album, Gallo was let go from the band. Phil Seymour played drums on all of the album's songs except one. Afterwards Joel Turrisi joined and played on Look Out!, their second album. The third album, Sex Trap, was recorded with drummer Dean Korth and released on Mainway Records, followed by a later release on Enigma Records. 20/20 then split up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161300-0002-0000", "contents": "20/20 (band), Personnel changes and break-up\nFlynt moved to Austin, opened his own recording studio, and headlined the 2005 Austin music festival with a newly released CD on Zip records including the powerpop tune \"Mary's World\". Steve Allen moved to Nashville, Tennessee and continued to record and write music there. Chris Silagyi became a record (The Untouchables, Dave Alvin, The Redskins) and video producer. Joel Turrisi became an actor and works in other areas of film & music. After splitting with 20/20 in late 1979 (and taking twenty unreleased/recorded 20/20 songs, which he is the sole writer, with him) Mike Gallo went on to form the bands RadioMusic and Two Moons, and signed a publishing deal with Warner/Chappell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161300-0003-0000", "contents": "20/20 (band), Current activities\nFive band members now operate five different recording studios in five different cities. Ron Flynt - Jumping Dog Studio in Austin, Texas. Headlined the 2005 Austin music festival, and released a solo album on Zip Records with such tunes as the power-pop track \"Mary's World\". Steve Allen - Blue Planet Studio in Nashville, Tennessee. Currently plays with The Long Players band. Chris Silagyi - PlayBox Music Room in Pinon Pines, CA. Also became a record (The Untouchables, Dave Alvin, The Redskins) and video producer. He currently plays with The Ex Teens. Bill Belknap - Long Branch Studio in Tulsa, Oklahoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161300-0003-0001", "contents": "20/20 (band), Current activities\nJoel Turrisi - VFG Productions/Panaview filters in West Hollywood CA. Works in acting and other film/music areas. Mike Gallo - Opened his own label, Two Moons Records, in 2008 to release his catalog (previously unreleased 20/20 recordings, and Gallo's two post-20/20 bands, RadioMusic and Two Moons). He writes and records at home, and also signed a publishing deal with Warner/Chappell. Mike is currently focused on songwriting, his label and publishing. Dean Korth - Currently plays with the band The Catalina Scramblers in Santa Cruz, CA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161301-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 (spreadsheet software)\n20/20 is a discontinued spreadsheet program developed by Access Technology Inc., of South Natick, Massachusetts, and later sold by CA Technologies. For a while, it was the dominant spreadsheet on VAX minicomputers. It was a direct competitor to Lotus 1-2-3, and was available for more operating systems than 1-2-3. 20/20 's performance specifications were similar to those of 1-2-3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161301-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 (spreadsheet software)\nThe software was originally titled \"Supercomp-20\". It was renamed 20/20, and was available for AT&T Unix, DEC VAX, Prime Computers, the IBM RS/6000, Data General and IBM-compatible PCs. It was the first spreadsheet with integrated database and graphics support available for Unix. In 1989, a version was released with real-time data updating. 20/20 also had macros (called \"command files\" in the documentation), and a goal-seeking facility, which allowed the user to choose a desired value for a result cell, and vary an input cell automatically until the desired result was achieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161302-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (Anti-Flag album)\n20/20 Vision is the twelfth studio album by American punk rock band Anti-Flag from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was released on January 17, 2020, via Spinefarm Records. Recording sessions took place at Dog House Studios and at MDDN Studio from July to August 2019. Production was handled by Matt Good. The album focuses on themes of anti-fascism and political optimism in the face of distressing circumstances, and encourages its audience to organize and work towards a better future. On October 30, 2020, a deluxe version of the album including 5 new songs was released titled 20/20 Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161303-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (Ronnie Milsap album)\n20/20 Vision is the seventh studio album by the country music artist Ronnie Milsap, released in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161303-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (Ronnie Milsap album), Track listing\nNote: The song \"You Snap Your Fingers (And I'm Back in Your Hands)\" later appeared as a track on his 1989 album Stranger Things Have Happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161304-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (The Twilight Zone)\n\"20/20 Vision\" is the forty-seventh episode and the twelfth episode of the third season (1988\u201389) of the television series The Twilight Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161304-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (The Twilight Zone), Opening narration\nFocus on Warren Cribbens, a myopic little man. Precise with figures, awkward with people. His horizons? A bottom line dotted with decimal points. But his safety in numbers is about to be erased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161304-0002-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (The Twilight Zone), Plot\nIt is opening time at the local farmer's bank and teller Sandy is at the door letting customers inside the building. When business starts to pick up, officer of the bank Mr. Warren Cribbens is called into the bank manager Mr. Cutler's office. He tells Cribbens how efficient and hard-working he is and offers him a promotion to bank loan officer. Cribbens is apprehensive about this change and feels he isn't cut out for that particular position, but Cutler doesn't pay attention to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161304-0003-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (The Twilight Zone), Plot\nWhen Cribbens leaves Cutler's office, Sandy bumps into him and accidentally steps on his glasses and cracks them. After a blowup on the phone with a defaulted loan, Cribbens looks through his cracked glasses and sees a teller accidentally drop a large denomination bill into a trash can. When he tells her about it, they look and see nothing, but later she does drop the bill and thanks him for noticing. He then is told to foreclose on any mortgages that are outstanding and can't pay. But when he looks at the unfortunate people through his cracked glasses, he sees their desperate future\u2014which will happen if he goes through with the foreclosures. He tries to help but nothing seems to work out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161304-0004-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (The Twilight Zone), Plot\nWhen Cribbens talks to Sandy about how to deal with the problem, he sees her future - she falls off a ladder and breaks her neck. He begs her to be careful around the bank and then withdraws money out of his own account to give one of the farmers a personal loan. In Cutler's office, he wants Cribbens to offer the farmer bottom dollar for his land since he is so far in debt he'll take anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161304-0004-0001", "contents": "20/20 Vision (The Twilight Zone), Plot\nCribbens puts on his glasses to find out Cutler is being shady about the foreclosures because he will get some kickback from a big highway going through the farmland while these people will lose their homes. When Cutler finds out about Cribbens' loan to the farmer he fires him. Just then, Sandy falls from the ladder but Cribbens saves her in time. She apologizes for breaking his glasses again but he assures her not to worry as he doesn't need them anymore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161304-0005-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (The Twilight Zone), Closing narration\nAccidents will happen, and Warren Cribbens had a lucky break. Instead of blindly following orders, his eyes were opened and he saw humanity and discovered it was his greatest asset. Add him to the list of those who have peered into...the Twilight Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161304-0006-0000", "contents": "20/20 Vision (The Twilight Zone), Notes\nThis episode is based loosely on the original series episode \"A Penny for Your Thoughts\", starring Dick York as a bank officer who, because of an odd twist of luck, becomes able to read people's thoughts and uses it to help the bank, an old man, and himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161305-0000-0000", "contents": "20/20: In an Instant\nIn an Instant (or 20/20: In an Instant) is an American documentary series on ABC. The show premiered on March 6, 2015, before moving to its regular timeslot on Fridays at 9:00 pm. The show follows people who have gone through life changing events as they come to terms and relive the moments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161305-0001-0000", "contents": "20/20: In an Instant\nOn May 24, 2016, the show was renewed for a second season, which premiered on June 18, 2016, and ran for six consecutive weeks. The season finale aired on July 23, 2016. On May 19, 2017, the show was renewed for a third season, which premiered on June 3, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161306-0000-0000", "contents": "20/25TP\nThe 20/25TP (dwudziestotonowy polski/dwudziestopi\u0119ciotonowy polski; 20-tonne Polish/25-tonne Polish) was a Polish medium tank concept that was never built. There were three projects designed by KSUS and BBTBr.Panc. and PZIn\u017c which even managed to build a wooden model of it. The name 20/25TP is not official. It was created by Janusz Magunski analogously to nomenclature used for other Polish tanks of that period. According to different classification it could be medium tank or heavy tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161306-0001-0000", "contents": "20/25TP, Design\nKSUS project was in two variants, assuming the usage of 75\u00a0mm anti-aircraft gun and 35\u00a0mm armor. There were also two turrets at the front of the vehicle equipped with heavy machine guns and one heavy machine gun in the main turret. Weight of the tank was 22 tonnes. The drive consisted of two petrol engines of 300\u00a0hp each. The ability to cross the ditches reached 2.5 meters, wading depth reached up to 1.2 m. The tank would have a length of 7.3 m, width 2.6 m, height 2.8 m Assumed speed of travel on the road was 45\u00a0km/h. The crew was six people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161306-0002-0000", "contents": "20/25TP, Design\nTank by BBTBr.Panc. had a 75\u00a0mm Bofors gun and coupled with it  40\u00a0mm Bofors L/60 cannon, three heavy machine guns, 50\u00a0mm armor, and the weight of 23 tons. However, this project had a weak engine with only 500\u00a0hp. Its top speed was 40\u00a0km / h with the crew of five people. As the only one turret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161306-0003-0000", "contents": "20/25TP, Design\nPZIn\u017c project was equipped with a 75\u00a0mm anti-aircraft gun wz.22/24, one heavy machine gun and 60\u00a0mm armor. It was also the heaviest - the weight would be 25 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161307-0000-0000", "contents": "20/577 Alexander Henry\nThe 20/577 Alexander Henry, also known as 20/577 Express, is an obsolete rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161307-0001-0000", "contents": "20/577 Alexander Henry, Overview\nThe 20/577 Alexander Henry was developed and introduced by the Scottish gunmaker Alexander Henry around 1895 exclusively for his hunting rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161307-0002-0000", "contents": "20/577 Alexander Henry, Overview\nThe 20/577 Alexander Henry is a rimmed, bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridge. The 20/577 Alexander Henry is derived from brass 20 bore cartridges necked down to accept a .584\u00a0in (14.8\u00a0mm) calibre bullet like the .577 Black Powder Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161307-0003-0000", "contents": "20/577 Alexander Henry, Overview\nThe 20/577 Alexander Henry fired a 560 or 570\u00a0gr (36 or 37\u00a0g) lead, paper patched bullet driven by 6 drams (10.6 g) of blackpowder at 1,725\u00a0ft/s (526\u00a0m/s), its ballistic performance replicating that of the .577 Black Powder Express 3-inch. Later versions were loaded with mild loadings of cordite, carefully balanced through trial to replicate the ballistics of the blackpowder version, a copper-tubed lead bullet was also available, offering improved performance against dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161308-0000-0000", "contents": "200\nYear 200 (CC) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Victorinus (or, less frequently, year 953 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 200 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0000-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds)\n\"200\" is the fourteenth episode of the ninth season of the American police procedural crime drama television series Criminal Minds, and is the 200th episode overall, which aired on CBS on February 5, 2014. The episode was written by Rick Dunkle and directed by Larry Teng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0001-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds)\nAt the time of its initial release, the episode was watched by 12.92 million viewers and received mixed reviews but television critics praised A.J. Cook's performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0002-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nAfter being abducted at the end of the previous episode, JJ (A. J. Cook) wakes restrained. She recognizes her captor, who drugs her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0003-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nIn a flashback to the U.S. Operations Camp in Afghanistan in 2010, JJ meets with Section Chief Erin Strauss (Jayne Atkinson). JJ has been assigned to a task force that is looking for Osama bin Laden, and will interrogate female suspects without the brutality used on male suspects. JJ meets Mateo Cruz (Esai Morales); Michael Hastings (Tahmoh Penikett); and Tivon Askari (Faran Tahir), her interpreter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0004-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nIn the present day, the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) learns of her disappearance and that she previously worked with their new Section Chief, Cruz, who is also missing. While looking through JJ\u2019s old office, Rossi (Joe Mantegna) and Blake (Jeanne Tripplehorn) find documents about JJ\u2019s 2010 mission, code-named \"Integrity\". Hotch (Thomas Gibson) goes to the Department of State to see Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Rosemary Jackson (Debrah Farentino), the creator of JJ\u2019s taskforce. Under Secretary Jackson reveals Tivon Askari as the perpetrator, but, to avoid government scandal, bans the BAU from the investigation. Despite the ban, Hotch calls in reinforcements: Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster), former BAU agent, now head of Interpol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0005-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nThe BAU classifies Askari as a serial killer and identifies his pattern. Askari tortures JJ and Cruz with water boarding, electrocution, and, for JJ, attempted rape, in order to get security codes to \u201cIntegrity\u201d. JJ realizes that Askari is working with someone else, and, although the team initially suspects Cruz, Hastings is the real mole. His death via a roadside bomb in Afghanistan, which caused JJ to miscarry, was faked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0006-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nWhile the team looks for JJ and Cruz, \"Blackbird\", JJ, appears on Garcia (Kirsten Vangsness)\u2019s computer screen. She and Kevin (Nicholas Brendon) are apprehended for their hacking, but are able to relay JJ's location. Prentiss and Hotch find JJ just in time to prevent Askari from killing her. JJ and Prentiss fight Hastings, which culminates in his death by falling off the roof. Later, the team and Prentiss celebrate at a bar and say farewell to Prentiss before she heads back to London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0007-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Production\nOn September 30, 2013, it was announced that former cast member Paget Brewster would return for the 200th episode and reprise her role as Emily Prentiss. On January 21, 2014, it was announced that Battlestar Galactica star Tahmoh Penikett had been cast in a key role as Michael Hastings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0008-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Production\nSpeaking about the 200th episode, A.J. Cook revealed that the episode will delve in to JJ's time away from the BAU during Season 6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0009-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Production\n\"We're going to use the serendipitous gift of Season 6 to explain with flashbacks what happened when she was working for the Pentagon and why she came back as a much tougher character. I've never had a chance to flex my acting muscles like this on the show! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0010-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Production\nCook also revealed that she performed most of her own stunts during the episode - some of which Cook says she actually experienced so the show would look authentic. One of the stunts was being waterboarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0011-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Production\nThis is the first time since the pilot episode that the opening credits were not shown as more time was needed for the episode footage, so the credits were cut, and the stars names were listed during the first scene following the teaser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0012-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Reception, Ratings\nThe episode aired on CBS on February 5, 2014. Upon initial release, it was viewed by 12.92 million people and it also garnered a 2.8/7 Nielsen rating. \"200\" was also the week's third most watched drama and ranked tenth on the list of most watched television programmes overall. The episode also received 3.48 million more viewers in Live+7 ratings, bringing the viewer total to 16.39 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0013-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Reception, Critical response\n\"200\" was met with mixed reviews. The episode has received an average score of 7.1 out of 10 in IMDb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161309-0014-0000", "contents": "200 (Criminal Minds), Reception, Critical response\nGel Galang from the International Business Times gave the episode a positive review, calling it \"an episode to remember\" and said that it \"does live up to its name and hype.\" TV Fanatic gave the episode 4.8/5 stars, saying that \"Expectations for this installment were high. And I can say for sure that it met them with flying colors\" but criticized the show for condensing the story into one episode, \"it seems this story could well have been stretched over a few more episodes.\" Patty Gopez from TV Over Mind gave the episode a mixed review, saying that while the episode was emotional, it all \"seemed fairly predictable.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0000-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park)\n\"200\" is the fifth episode of the fourteenth season of the American animated television series South Park, and the 200th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 14, 2010. In the episode, Tom Cruise and all other celebrities who have been mocked by residents of South Park in the past plan to file a class action lawsuit against the town, but Cruise promises to end the lawsuit if the town can get the Islamic prophet Muhammad to meet him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0001-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park)\nThe episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker. To celebrate their landmark episode, Parker and fellow series co-creator Matt Stone combined many of South Park's past storylines and controversies. The Muhammad subplot, similar to the one previously featured in the season 10 episode \"Cartoon Wars\", refers to Comedy Central's past refusal to allow images of Muhammad to be shown on the network in response to the riots and threats generated from controversial cartoons in 2005 and 2007 of Muhammad in European newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0002-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park)\n\"200\" includes many celebrities that have been mocked in previous episodes, including Cruise, Rob Reiner, Steven Spielberg, Kanye West, Paris Hilton, George Lucas, Mel Gibson and Barbra Streisand. An additional subplot includes Cartman learning he may not know the true identity of his father. The season 2 episode \"Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut\" claimed that Cartman's hermaphrodite mother is his father, but the events of \"200\" and the subsequent episode reveal that this is not the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0003-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park)\n\"200\" received mostly positive reviews. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by 3.33\u00a0million viewers, making it the most watched cable television program of the night. Both \"200\" and the sequel episode \"201\" were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program in 2010. Within a week of the episode's original broadcast date, the website for the radical Muslim organization Revolution Muslim posted an entry warning Parker and Stone that they risked being murdered for airing the episode, which several media outlets and observers interpreted as a threat. As a result, Comedy Central heavily censored portions of \"201\" by removing references to Muhammad and the episode's closing speech. The episode was rated TV-MA L in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0004-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Plot\nWhile on a school field trip to a candy factory, Butters spots actor Tom Cruise working there, packing fudge into boxes. Stan, who previously told Cruise that his acting is not as good as others' in \"Trapped in the Closet\", accidentally insults him again by calling him a \"fudge packer\", as Cruise claims to be fly fishing. Cruise then recruits 200 other celebrities who have been ridiculed by the town of South Park to bring a class action lawsuit against the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0004-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Plot\nStan returns to the factory with his father Randy to try to apologize and convince Cruise to drop the suit, but also finds it difficult not to call him a fudge packer as well since he was literally packing fudge while they spoke. An angry Cruise agrees to do so, but only if they can help Cruise meet Muhammad. This causes an uproar because depictions of Muhammad are forbidden, and the townsfolk fear that forcing Muhammad to appear in public will drive Muslim radicals to bomb the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0004-0002", "contents": "200 (South Park), Plot\nStan and Kyle go to the Super Best Friends, a squad of superhero-like religious figures (Jesus Christ, Gautama Buddha, Moses, Krishna, Laozi, Joseph Smith and \"Seaman\") of which Muhammad is a member, to request he return with them to South Park. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Cruise and the other celebrities only want Muhammad for his \"goo\", as Rob Reiner, previously shown to be filled with \"goo\" in \"Butt Out\", has invented a machine to transfer Muhammad's \"goo\" to the celebrities, which they believe will make them immune to ridicule, just like Muhammad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0005-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Plot\nBy this time, Cartman arrives with \"Mitch Conner\", a face painted on his hand as one-half of a ventriloquist act. Previously, Connor had successfully impersonated actress Jennifer Lopez in \"Fat Butt and Pancake Head\", and now Cartman and Connor return to the Lopez imitation in order to get involved in the lawsuit along with the other celebrities. Connor soon secretly convinces Cartman that they should steal Muhammad's goo for themselves to sell on the black market for more than the lawsuit could offer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0005-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Plot\nMeanwhile, Kyle and Stan convince the Super Best Friends to let Muhammad come to town, but only if he stays in the back of a U-Haul truck and is not seen. When the townspeople realize they must bring Muhammad to Cruise's limo, they allegedly put him inside a bear mascot outfit. South Park is about to give Muhammad to the celebrities when the exchange is interrupted by a bomb planted by the Ginger Kids, a group of fair-skinned, red-haired children who are tired of being made fun of for their physical appearance. The Gingers want Muhammad for themselves, hoping to use his goo for their own means. They threaten to blow up the town if Muhammad is not turned over to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0006-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Plot\nThe people of South Park decide to turn Muhammad over to the Gingers, fearing the violence that will befall their town if they do not. The celebrities are angered by this change in events, but refuse to resort to violence for fear of ruining their careers. Instead, the celebrities decide to awaken the rebuilt Mecha-Streisand, a giant mechanical monster form of Barbra Streisand, who previously terrorized the town of South Park before being destroyed. The celebrities hope to use Mecha-Streisand to force South Park to accept their demands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0006-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Plot\nMeanwhile, due to the chain of events, Cartman decides Connor's scheme has become too complicated and tries to quit, but Connor convinces him to stay involved by revealing that the townspeople of South Park have lied to Cartman about his true father. Although they previously claimed his hermaphroditic mother was his father, Connor insists this is a lie. Cartman confronts his school teacher Mr. Garrison and Garrison's old hand puppet Mr. Hat, who admits to Cartman there was indeed a cover-up. Mecha-Streisand roars threateningly and continues her reign of destruction as the episode ends on a cliffhanger, setting the stage for 201.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0007-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Production\nWe kind of came up with the idea of, like, let's take our sort of most popular moments in the show and then put them all together and write them into a new show. So basically, revisit a bunch of stuff but give the show all its own plot. Which at first sounded like quite a head-fucker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0008-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Production\nWritten and directed by series co-founder Trey Parker, \"200\" was rated TV-MA L in the United States. It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 14, 2010. It was the 200th episode of the series. Parker and fellow co-creator Matt Stone conceive, write and produce most South Park episodes within a week of their broadcast date in order to maintain a sense of energy and timeliness. The idea for \"200\", however, was conceived before the fourteenth season began in March 2010, and before any of the season fourteen episodes that preceded it were conceived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0008-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Production\nWhile trying to decide how to celebrate the 200th episode, Parker and Stone started reviewing the plots and controversies of previous episodes, many of which had a common thread of mocking a particular celebrity. This led to the idea of the having all the celebrities band together in a class action lawsuit against the town. Parker said their reactions mirrored the real-life reactions some of the celebrities had to their portrayals, adding, \"If they could join forces, they probably would.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0009-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Production\nStone said in writing the episode, they were determined not to produce a clip show, but to merge all of the old ideas into a new, original script. The process proved challenging for the duo because it involved incorporating many ideas, subplots and characters into a single episode. Parker and Stone included a joke about this process at the start of the episode, when Cartman and Kyle are fighting with each other, and Stan accuses them of just \"rehashing a bunch of old stuff\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0009-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Production\nIn honor of the 200th episode, the website SouthPark200.com was launched, offering a forum to fans to post their congratulations to South Park and view those posted by others. Various people have contributed to the site, including the creators of the animated series The Simpsons (who used the opportunity to revisit another previous South Park theme, the episode \"Simpsons Already Did It\", saying \"We already [produced 200 episodes]. Twice. \"), members of the rock band Rush and Denver Nuggets basketball player Chauncey Billups. The site also includes congratulations from All in the Family creator Norman Lear, who guest-starred in the 100th episode \"I'm a Little Bit Country\", and figure skater Brian Boitano, who was featured in the song \"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\" in the 1999 film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0010-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Muhammad subplot\n\"200\" features jokes and references to past South Park episodes, storylines, characters and controversies. The episode revolves heavily around efforts to bring Muhammad into public view. This is based on two past controversies in 2005 (Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy) and 2007 (Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings controversy), when European newspapers published cartoons of Muhammad, which was responded to with reactions of violent riots, global protests and death threats toward the artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0010-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Muhammad subplot\nAs a result of those incidents, many publications and television studios have refused to broadcast images of Muhammad whatsoever, which was the inspiration behind Tom Cruise's efforts to harvest Muhammad's apparent immunity to satire and ridicule. Parker and Stone addressed the Muhammad issue in their two-part tenth season episode \"Cartoon Wars\", during which they attempt to show an image of the prophet, only to reveal that Comedy Central has forbidden any such image from being broadcast on their network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0010-0002", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Muhammad subplot\nHowever, Muhammad had already been featured on-screen in the fifth season episode \"Super Best Friends\", in which he is among a band of religious figures modeled after the superheroes in the Super Friends cartoons from the 1970s and 1980s. (The Super Best Friends are featured once again in \"200\".) The episode \"Super Best Friends\" aired in 2001, before the Jyllands-Posten and Vilks controversies. Stan makes reference to that past use of Muhammad's image in \"200\" by saying of Muhammad, \"I saw him once...a while ago...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0010-0003", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Muhammad subplot\nThis reference was purposely included to reflect the irony that an image that was previously not a problem had suddenly become an issue due to new circumstances. Stone said, \"Something that was OK is now not OK, and that's just fucked up.\" The \"Super Best Friends\" episode continues to be run uncensored by Comedy Central in repeats, even though new images of Muhammad remained prohibited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0011-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Muhammad subplot\nAdditionally, Muhammad has long been featured as one of the many characters shown in an image of dozens of South Park residents during the show's opening credits. That image, however, has gone largely unnoticed, and thus has not drawn much controversy. When asked whether they feared retribution for mocking Muhammad, Parker said, \"We'd be so hypocritical against our own thoughts, if we said, 'Okay, well let's not make fun of them because they might hurt us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0011-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Muhammad subplot\nOkay, we'll rip on the Catholics because they won't hurt us, but we won't rip on [Muslims] because they might hurt us.'\" The Muhammad subplot in \"200\", like the \"Cartoon Wars\" episodes, advocates for free speech and speaks out against censorship, both of Muhammad's image and any subject considered taboo. \"200\" also demonstrates the double standard in the handling of offensive images of Muhammad and other religious figures, particularly in the scene in which Muhammad is censored altogether, but Buddhism founder Gautama Buddha is shown snorting cocaine in front of the South Park children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0011-0002", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Muhammad subplot\nThe extreme measures the South Park boys go to in order to conceal Muhammad, like hiding him in a window-less truck and dressing him as a mascot, demonstrate the absurdity of the fear in showing the prophet, as does the fear of retaliation that the South Park residents show after Randy draws a stick figure-like drawing of him, which is not censored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0012-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Celebrities\n\"200\" includes many celebrities that have been mocked in previous episodes. One of the most prominently parodied is Tom Cruise, who was the center of the ninth season episode \"Trapped in the Closet\". Cruise spent much of that episode hiding in a closet, a reference to rumors about his sexuality. In \"200\", he is found working in a fudge factory as a \"fudge packer\", a reference to alleged homosexuality. The episode also reveals Cruise's house consists mostly of closets, a reference to both homosexuality and the original episode in which Cruise was mocked. Other celebrities mocked in \"200\" include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0013-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Celebrities\nNear the end of \"200\", the celebrities seek assistance from singer and actress Barbra Streisand, who resembles a giant two-legged mechanical monster. This is a reference to Streisand's appearance in the first-season episode \"Mecha-Streisand\", in which she transforms into a monster in the style of Mechagodzilla from the Godzilla franchise. The Mecha-Streisand featured in \"200\" is designed with more sophisticated computer imagery than the original, which was a simple cut-out style cartoon like the rest of South Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0013-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Celebrities\nAlthough Parker and Stone have maintained that most of the celebrities they mock in South Park are chosen at random, with no personal animosity behind it, Barbra Streisand is one of the few they actively and vehemently dislike. Streisand, in turn, has been critical of South Park and her portrayal in it, and has accused the show of adding \"to the cynicism and negativity in our culture, especially in children\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0014-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Cartman's father\nThe episode ends with a cliffhanger involving Cartman's father. The identity of Cartman's father made up a major plot point at the end of the first season, culminating in the second season episode \"Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut\", in which it is revealed Cartman's mother, Liane Cartman, is a hermaphrodite and, in fact, is Cartman's father. \"200\" is the first episode to return to the matter and suggest this was not the actual truth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0014-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Cartman's father\nThroughout the episode, Cartman uses a hand-puppet con-artist named Mitch Conner, who had, presumably, just been made up by Cartman in trying to fool Kyle in the seventh-season episode \"Fat Butt and Pancake Head\", resuming his role in pretending to be Jennifer Lopez and utilizing many offensive Hispanic stereotypes in his portrayal of her. The hand puppet portrayal is very similar to the work of Spanish ventriloquist Se\u00f1or Wences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0015-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Theme, Cartman's father\nSeveral other references to previous South Park episodes are featured throughout \"200\". It marks the reappearance of Mr. Hat, a hand puppet that had been frequently used by Mr. Garrison during the early South Park seasons, but had long been abandoned in later episodes. During the second half of \"200\", an army of red-haired \"ginger kids\" attempt to capture Muhammad themselves. Several South Park episodes, most prominently the ninth-season episode \"Ginger Kids\", have featured the ginger kids, which are children with fair skin, freckles and red hair. In most cases, they have been made the subject of ridicule by Cartman, who views them in an offensively stereotypical way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0016-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Cultural references\nDuring one scene, a frustrated Tom Cruise angrily jumps up and down on a couch while Oprah Winfrey sits next to him. This is a reference to an incident on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2005, in which Cruise repeatedly jumped on the couch next to Oprah, fell to one knee and loudly professed his love for actress Katie Holmes. Cruise has been repeatedly mocked for his behavior. In another scene, George Lucas and Steven Spielberg are shown to have actor Harrison Ford leashed, chained and ball-gagged, as the actor wears the fedora he wore in the Indiana Jones films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0016-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Cultural references\nThis is a reference to the twelfth season episode \"The China Probrem\", in which Lucas and Spielberg literally rape Indiana Jones repeatedly, which served as a commentary by Parker and Stone for the poor quality of the 2008 Spielberg/Lucas film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. A cartoon image of film director Tim Burton is featured in the episode, despite having not been previously ridiculed by the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0016-0002", "contents": "200 (South Park), Cultural references\nIn the episode, Burton is mocked for not having an original idea since the 1988 comedy horror film Beetlejuice, and for his tendency to feature film actor Johnny Depp in so many of his films that he should \"just have sex with him [Johnny Depp] already\". Cartman's Jennifer Lopez hand-puppet repeatedly demands food from the American restaurant chain Taco Bell, particularly enchiritos, which is one of the many Hispanic stereotypes utilized by the character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0016-0003", "contents": "200 (South Park), Cultural references\nAlso, when the celebrities are discussing whom to bring in to help capture Mohammed, Barbra Streisand is referenced as \"her,\" to which the discussion goes \"her who?\" \"her\" \"oh...her.\" This is slightly reminiscent of the movie Little Shop of Horrors when Rick Moranis and Steve Martin are talking about Audrey, who the dentist had physically abused, where Steve asks \"what did I ever do to you\" and Rick answers \"it wasn't what you did to me, it was what you did to her\" Steve: \"her? oh...her\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0017-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Ratings\nIn its original American broadcast on April 14, 2010, \"200\" was watched by 3.33\u00a0million viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research, making it the most watched cable television show of the night. It outperformed the previous week's episode, \"You Have 0 Friends\", which was seen by 3.07\u00a0million viewers, and it was seen by roughly 177,000 more viewers than its closest competitor on April 14, USA Network's In Plain Sight. The episode received an overall 2.0 rating/3 share, meaning that it was seen by 2% of the population, and 3% of people watching television at the time of the broadcast. Among viewers between ages 18 and 49, it received a 1.9 rating/5 share, and among male viewers between 18 and 34, it received a 3.7 rating/13 share.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0018-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Reviews\nThis was South Park distilled to its essence: Cartman and his friends caught up in the stupidity all around them, created by absurd, neurotic, fearful, repressed adults. Parker and Stone set themselves apart from all this by insisting on remaining juvenile \u2014 something like genius juveniles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0019-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Reviews\nThe episode received mostly positive reviews. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly said he was surprised by the complexity of \"200\" and the amount of South Park references and subplots it encompassed, especially the questions over Cartman's father. Tucker praised the episode, and said, \"With jokes raining down like hell-fire, the 200th episode spared no one except the South Park kids themselves.\" Ramsey Isler of IGN said it was fun to identify all the references to past South Park moments, but felt \"200\" itself didn't stand out as a great episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0019-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Reviews\nIsler said the new material wasn't very funny, and that the rehashed material was not as funny as the first time they were shown, which was disappointing due to the hype surrounding the episode. The A.V. Club writer Sean O'Neal said the episode was funny, but that the original material was far outnumbered by rehashed jokes. O'Neal said the use of all the celebrities demonstrated how South Park had been more original in early episodes, but now had \"morph[ed] into something whose default mode is mocking famous people in the news\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0020-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Reviews\nDouglas Murray of The Daily Telegraph said of the episode, \"I can't recommend it enough\", and particularly complimented the episode scenes with Buddha snorting cocaine and the South Park townspeople hiding Muhammad. Murray said, \"They make the point about the absurd self-censorship and thuggish intimidation surrounding the Islamic faith better than anything else I've seen.\" Amy Duncan of Metro said it \"certainly was an episode to remember\". Duncan praised the story, which she said \"develops with [South Park's] usual rude inferences and below-the-belt remarks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0020-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Reviews\nRyan Broderick of The Hofstra Chronicle said the episode \"came together so simply, so smoothly, and so hilariously that it forgives the last couple lame duck episodes of the season\". Broderick said it avoided the pitfalls of most landmark episodes by providing an original story in addition to the throwback references. Nick Zaino of TV Squad said the episode did not offer much new, but also offer good throwbacks and celebrity spoofs, and didn't \"pull any punches\". Zaino said the episode has \"a wonderful sense of the absurd\", particularly through the use of Mecha-Streisand and Cartman's hand-puppet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0021-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Reviews\nThe Council on American-Islamic Relations, a Washington, D.C.-based civil rights and advocacy group, said they were aware of the depiction of Muhammad in \"200\", but declined to put out a formal statement about it because they did not want to draw any more attention to the show. The group's spokesman, Ibrahim Hooper, said, \"People are pretty tired of this whole 'Let's insult the prophet Muhammad thing.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0022-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nWe have to warn Matt and Trey that what they are doing is stupid and they will probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show. This is not a threat, but a warning of the reality of what will likely happen to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0023-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nThe website for the organization Revolution Muslim, a New-York-based organization, posted an entry that included a warning to creators Parker and Stone that they risk retribution for their depictions of Muhammad. It said that they would \"probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show\". Filmmaker Theo van Gogh was murdered by an Islamist in 2004 for making a short documentary on the violence against women in some Islamic societies. The posting provided the addresses to Comedy Central in New York and the production company in Los Angeles. The author of the post, Zachary Adam Chesser (who preferred to be called Abu Talhah al Amrikee), said it was meant to serve as a warning to Parker and Stone, not a threat, and that providing the addresses was meant to give people the opportunity to protest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0024-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nThe entry included audio clips of a sermon by al-Qaeda imam Anwar al-Awlaki, calling for the assassination of anyone who has defamed Muhammad, saying, \"Harming Allah and his messenger is a reason to encourage Muslims to kill whoever does that\". It also included a link to a 2009 Huffington Post article that gave details of Stone and Parker's mansion in Colorado, and images of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, an activist writer and critic of Islam, who lives in permanent security protection because of threats. Comedy Central declined to comment on the post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0024-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nBefore writing the Revolution Muslim post, Chesser wrote an April 15 entry on his Twitter page: \"May Allah kill Matt Stone and Trey Parker and burn them in Hell for all eternity. They insult our prophets Muhammad, Jesus, and Moses.\" Chesser was subsequently sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment for this and other offenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0025-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nDespite Chesser's statements that the website entry was a warning, several media outlets and observers interpreted it as a threat. Ayaan Hirsi Ali dismissed claims that the website entry was just a warning, calling it \"an assault on the freedom of expression\" that should not be marginalized or overlooked. She said of the episode, \"The 'South Park' episode of last weekend was not just funny, and it wasn't just witty. [ It] addressed an essential piece in the times that we are living. There is one group of people, one religion[,] that is claiming to be above criticism\". New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly said he was aware of the website posting, but said, \"We don't think that this threat, as [it] is currently assessed, rises to a crime right now\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0026-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nCNN journalist Anderson Cooper said of the episode, \"You might not like South Park the cartoon. You might think it's offensive. [ But] the notion that some radical Islamic group in America would make a threat, even a veiled one, against two men's lives because of it is chilling.\" Fox News commentator Bill O'Reilly said he would have advised Parker and Stone not to do the episode out of fear of retaliation: \"On the one hand you do have to admire their courage. But I don't know whether the risk\u2013reward [ratio] is worth it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0026-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nThe Daily Telegraph writer Douglas Murray said the entry only gave \"200\" more legitimacy, writing, \"[ It] of course just confirms the point that the South Park boys were making. [ ...] I'd have said that was point proved. South Park 1: Islamists 0.\" In an episode of Comedy Central's The Daily Show aired on April 22, 2010, host Jon Stewart went into a ten-minute tirade about the alleged death threats, expressing disgust at the alleged hypocrisy of Revolution Muslim's speech while its members enjoy the American lifestyle and freedom of speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0027-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nIn response to the Revolution Muslim post, the South Park episode \"201\", which aired the following week and concluded the unresolved storylines from \"200\", was heavily censored by Comedy Central. The channel inserted audio bleeps over all references to Muhammad's name and other portions of dialogue, including the entirety of the ending speech by the show's main characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0028-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nThe Dutch version of Comedy Central began airing commercials for \"200\" during the week of April 26, with the show scheduled to air on April 30. However, \"The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs\" was shown instead. When asked about this, a spokesperson for Comedy Central Netherlands said they had reluctantly decided the episode to be pulled, along with the episode \"201\". Neither episode is available on the Dutch South Park Studios website; the same applies to the German website as of May 9, 2010. The Swedish affiliate of Comedy Central also refused to broadcast \"200\" and \"201\" in Sweden:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0029-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Revolution Muslim entry\nComedy Central has decided not to air these two episodes of South Park. It is a decision we've made with great reluctance. Comedy Central believes strongly in creative freedom of expression; when unique and deeply insightful creative talents like those behind South Park are able to express themselves freely, we all benefit. However, the safety of our employees is our unquestioned number[-]one priority, and therefore we have decided to take these precautionary measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0030-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Possible link to Times Square car bomb attempt\nOn May 1, 18 days after the episode's original airdate, a failed car bomb attempt was discovered by the New York City Police Department near the eastern corner of 1 Astor Plaza in New York City, on West 45 Street, on a side street near the location of the world headquarters of Viacom, Comedy Central's parent company. Some news outlets reported that police are looking into a possible link between the attempted bombing and the warnings of violence against Trey Parker and Matt Stone, although no such link has yet been established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 75], "content_span": [76, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0030-0001", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Possible link to Times Square car bomb attempt\nSuch speculation was also fueled by statements from U.S. Congressman Peter T. King, who described as one possible motive \"the whole issue with 'South Park,' which Islamic terrorists were threatening to have retribution for.\" However, King stressed the theory was \"one possibility out of a hundred\". Revolution Muslim has denied any involvement with the incident. Younus Abdullah Muhammed, who runs the group's website, was in Times Square at the time speaking out against President Barack Obama with a loudspeaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 75], "content_span": [76, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0030-0002", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Possible link to Times Square car bomb attempt\nBut he said of the failed car bomb, \"What do you think, I commanded somebody to blow up a building in the middle of Times Square? [ ...] It had nothing to do with the 'South Park' controversy. It was not an attack targeting Viacom.\" NYPD Commissioner Raymond Kelly said of the theory, \"We certainly wouldn't rule that out.\" However, media reports indicated Faisal Shahzad, the suspect arrested in connection with the attempted bombing, had trained for months prior to the first broadcast of \"200.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 75], "content_span": [76, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0031-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Reception, Sri Lanka ban\nThe depiction of Buddha snorting cocaine in \"200\" and \"201\", prompted the government of Sri Lanka to ban the entire series outright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0032-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Digital censorship\nThe day after the episode aired, the episode was available for streaming on the site. After a week, like the other Muhammad episodes, it was taken off. The message presented to the user for this episode is \"We apologize that South Park Studios cannot stream this episode\". The sequel episode, \"201\", also has not been made available for streaming, but a different message describes an intent to potentially post that episode. Similarly the episode and its sequel are not available to stream or buy on services Netflix, iTunes, Hulu, or Amazon Prime Video. Furthermore, digital copies of these episodes that were purchased prior to their ban from digital distribution are no longer available for streaming or download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0033-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Digital censorship\nWhen the series was transferred to HBO Max in 2020, it was announced that \"200\" and \"201\" would be 2 of 5 episodes cut from the series, alongside \"Super Best Friends\", \"Cartoon Wars Part I\", and \"Cartoon Wars Part II\". The latter two episodes were not previously censored from digital streaming services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0034-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Home release\nAlthough \"200\" was not currently available on the internet legally, and had not re-aired since April 2010, it was confirmed on February 11, 2011 that \"200\" would be released on DVD. \"200\" along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park's fourteenth season, was released on a three-disc DVD set and two-disc Blu-ray set in the United States on April 26, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161310-0035-0000", "contents": "200 (South Park), Home release\nThe version presented on the DVD and Blu-ray is the uncensored version, with Muhammad's name unbleeped, unlike the episode that follows, \"201\", which is presented on disc in its original network censored version. During the commentary in both \"200\" and \"201\" Parker and Stone never mention Muhammad directly, referring to him only as \"the prophet of the Muslim faith\". Despite the package claiming otherwise, both \"200\" and \"201\" were completely omitted from the Region 4 and Region 2 releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0000-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1)\n\"200\"  is the sixth episode of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1's tenth season, and the 200th episode of the series overall. Unlike the more serious nature of the season's story arc, \"200\" is a light-hearted parody of both Stargate SG-1 and other sci-fi shows, as well as popular culture like The Wizard of Oz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0001-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1)\n\"200\" won the 2007 Constellation Award for Best Overall 2006 Science Fiction Film or Television Script, and was nominated for the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. The episode also marks the first time original SG-1 member Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) is seen since the beginning of Season 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0002-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1)\nThe episode received a 1.9 average household rating, one of the few episodes of the season that surpassed the average rating of Stargate SG-1's previous season. \"200\" also received near-universal praise for its humor and writing. Despite the strong performance of the episode, the Sci-Fi Channel announced soon after the episode's airing it would not be renewing the series for another season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0003-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Plot\nMartin Lloyd (Willie Garson), an extraterrestrial turned Hollywood writer, returns to Stargate Command looking for assistance from SG-1 with his script for the movie adaptation of the television show Wormhole X-Treme, based on the exploits of the Stargate Program. The team, especially Lt. Colonel Mitchell (Ben Browder), is reluctant to help. Mitchell is excited about his next off-world mission because it marks his 200th trip through the Stargate. Technical glitches prevent the team from setting off on their mission. General Landry (Beau Bridges) orders SG-1 to help Lloyd, as the government believes a successful science fiction film about intergalactic wormhole travel will serve as a good cover story to keep the real Stargate program a secret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0004-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Plot\nThe notes session devolves into the team members pitching their own versions of a successful sci-fi film, including a zombie invasion (from Mitchell), a previously unseen mission where O'Neill became invisible (from Carter), \"tributes\" to The Wizard of Oz and Farscape (from Vala), and Teal'c as a private investigator (from Teal'c himself).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0004-0001", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Plot\nAlso featured are a vignette of the team's mental image of a \"younger and edgier\" SG-1 (sparked by the studio's suggestion to replace the original Wormhole X-Treme cast), a suggested scene by Martin that turns out to be both scientifically inaccurate and highly derivative of Star Trek, a re-imagined version of the SG-1 pilot episode where all the characters are marionettes in the style of the television series Thunderbirds, and an imagined wedding that features the return of General O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson). The studio decides to cancel the movie in favor of renewing the series. The end of the episode shifts ten years into the future, where the Wormhole X-Treme cast and crew celebrate their 200th episode, as well as renewed plans for a movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0005-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Production\n\"200\" follows up on the events of the Season 4 episode \"Point of No Return\" and the Season 5 episode \"Wormhole X-Treme\"; the episodes feature the character of Martin and are self-referentially written. In comparison, \"200\" riffs on science fiction and genre television more broadly. In comparison to attitudes that fans are largely powerless and in opposition to producers, the episode posits fans as empowered shapers of entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0006-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Production\nExecutive producer Robert C. Cooper originally proposed they write a normal script for the 200th episode. However it soon became clear that deciding who would have the privilege of writing the 200th episode would be awkward. This led to the idea to create a sketch episode in the manner of Saturday Night Live, with each writer creating a vignette. The episode took shape when the writers thought to bring back Wormhole X-Treme and the character of Martin, and frame the whole episode as a notes session. By the end of the writing process the episode had turned into \"an homage to the cast, crew, and die-hard fans.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0007-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Production\nStargate producers were not sure actor Richard Dean Anderson would return for the episode, so they devised many scenes where Anderson was \"in\" the episode but not actually shown. However, Anderson was willing to return and appeared in several scenes. In the DVD special Stargate SG-1: Behind the 200th Cooper said, \"it was a big deal for us to have [him] back for the 200th episode. We obviously didn't think we could do it without him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0008-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Production\nDespite the markedly different content of the episode, \"200\" took no longer to shoot than a normal episode, mainly because much of the filming took place on the briefing room set. On the other hand, the episode was much more expensive than a typical one, due to the unusual sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0008-0001", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Production\nFor example, the marionettes used in an elaborate spoof of the series were created by the Chiodo brothers, who also made the puppets for Team America: World Police; each puppet cost about US$25,000, and the wires pulling each puppet had to be readded by CGI in post production because they didn't show up well enough. Several existing sets were used as stand-ins; for example, the bridge of the Odyssey was used for a Star Trek: The Original Series spoof, while a set from the sister production Stargate: Atlantis was used as the chamber of the Wizard of Oz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0009-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Production\nIn an interview about the tenth season of Stargate, Cooper and series co-creator Brad Wright stated that there was a fine line between the humor of regular episodes turning into camp. While jokes for the joke's sake are usually limited in normal episodes, the line between humor and camp is deliberately crossed frequently in \"200\". The producers even talked about recreating a part of Blazing Saddles that breaks the fourth wall, but they could not afford the horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0010-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Production\nThe producers made sure that the episode was well-publicized, dropping hints that Anderson's character O'Neill would return for the episode. Joe Mallozzi, executive producer for the series, also hinted that series fans would finally meet the Furlings, an enigmatic race referenced in the second-season episode \"The Fifth Race\" but never seen. Despite the outlandish scenes filmed for the episode, many of the writers' favorite moments did not make it to production due to time constraints. For example, Cooper noted that a Gilligan's Island skit was cut from the script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0011-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Cultural references\nMost of the episode is devoted to references and allusions to other works, as well as the show itself. The title sequence is deliberately shorter than most other episodes, poking fun at shows like Lost as well as the Sci-Fi Channel itself, which had shortened SG-1's Season 9 opening but changed it back after fans demanded it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0011-0001", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Cultural references\nWhen Martin learns that his main actor has backed out of the movie, the SG-1 team offers various suggestions for how to replace him or work around his non-availability\u2014a reference to Michael Shanks's absence from the sixth season of Stargate SG-1. Anderson himself also pokes fun at the ending of the eighth-season episode \"Moebius\", which was intended to be the series finale before the ninth season was announced. The final scene of \"200\", which features interviews with the Wormhole X-Treme cast, was added as an afterthought, and contains comments from the real cast which were used out of context as an inside joke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0012-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Cultural references\nThe episode also riffs on other science fiction shows. Early in the episode, Dr. Jackson asks why anyone would make a movie version of a TV series that lasted only three episodes\u2014Teal'c responds that it had strong DVD sales. This is a reference to the series Firefly, which Fox executives decided to cancel after airing only three episodes (although 14 episodes had been filmed, and 11 of them were actually aired\u20148 more after the cancellation announcement had been made). The high number of DVDs of these episodes that sold afterwards justified making a feature film based on the series, Serenity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0012-0001", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Cultural references\n(Firefly is again referenced when Lloyd refuses to use footage from the Wormhole X-Treme series for the movie, saying that \"it's a movie, not a clip show.\" This is an allusion to Joss Whedon's insistence that the movie Serenity would not use footage from the original series because it is \"not a clip show\".) In addition, one of the sequences is a parody of the original Star Trek series, with SG-1 standing in for the crew of the Enterprise. Brad Wright, the co-creator of the series, fills in as the engineer Montgomery Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0012-0002", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Cultural references\nThe episode also pokes good-humored fun at the series Farscape, including its habit of inventing swear words. The Farscape sequence itself is an in-joke, since the Stargate: SG-1 actors Ben Browder and Claudia Black had both starred in the earlier series (and indeed Black reprises her original role of Aeryn Sun, though Browder plays a different character, Stark, while Michael Shanks portrays Browder's Farscape character, John Crichton). Several other shows and movies are parodied, including The Wizard of Oz (the story is re-told with the members of the SG-1 team as the adventurers in Oz. The writers based the parody on a fan painting they had hanging in their office). The episode also makes fun of 24's \"ticking clock of jeopardy\", and an entire sequence is enacted with all the characters played by marionettes, in the style of Thunderbirds and Team America: World Police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0013-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Reception\nThe episode won the 2007 Constellation Award for Best Overall 2006 Science Fiction Film or Television Script, and was nominated for the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. Richard Dean Anderson also won a SyFy Genre Award for his guest appearance in the episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0014-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Reception\nThe episode was generally well received. IGN declared the episode \"one of the smartest and funniest hours of television to grace the small screen yet this season.\" They went on to applaud the decision not only to parody other works but the show itself. Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune agreed, but also noted that \"you don't need to be a longtime fan of the long-running program to enjoy its jibes at sci-fi clich\u00e9s or expedient writing.\" Eclipse Magazine noted that although the episode was \"not a work of comic genius\", \"200\" was the best comedy episode of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0015-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Reception\nThe highly publicized debut of the episode garnered a 1.9 average household rating, a 36% jump from the previous episode, and the first episode of the tenth season to reach or exceed the previous season's rating of 1.8; Stargate SG-1 at that point was averaging about 3.3 million viewers per regular episode in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0016-0000", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Reception, Cancellation\nShortly after this episode was aired, Gateworld announced that the Sci-Fi Channel had decided to not renew Stargate SG-1 for the coming year. The Channel later confirmed this decision, at the same time announcing that Stargate Atlantis had been picked up for another season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0016-0001", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Reception, Cancellation\nMany fans denounced Gateworld's cancellation announcement, both the timing of it (apparently it had been made while the cast and crew were celebrating the episode's airing)\u2014and the decision itself, on the ground that, while ratings were not as high as they had been in previous seasons, the series was still drawing an audience of a respectable size. (For example, it had a season average of 2\u00a0million viewers in Australia, half of them in the 18\u201349 demographic.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161311-0016-0002", "contents": "200 (Stargate SG-1), Reception, Cancellation\nSci Fi responded that the cancellation decision had not been based on ratings so much as a feeling the series had run its course. Some of the main characters in SG-1 re-appear later in episodes of Atlantis and Universe and in the direct-to-DVD sequel films, Stargate: The Ark of Truth and Stargate: Continuum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161312-0000-0000", "contents": "200 (number)\n200 (two hundred) is the natural number following 199 and preceding 201.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161312-0001-0000", "contents": "200 (number)\n200 is an abundant number, as 265, the sum of its proper divisors, is greater than itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161312-0002-0000", "contents": "200 (number)\nThe number appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by 86, 114, 151 (it is the sum of the first two of these).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161312-0003-0000", "contents": "200 (number)\nThe sum of Euler's totient function \u03c6(x) over the first twenty-five integers is 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161312-0004-0000", "contents": "200 (number)\n200 is the smallest base 10 unprimeable number \u2013 it cannot be turned into a prime number by changing just one of its digits to any other digit. It is also a Harshad number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161313-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Aldersgate\n200 Aldersgate is a 434,005 sq ft office building in the City of London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161313-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Aldersgate\nProposed in 1983, designed by the architects Fitzroy Robinson & Partners, and built in 1991-92, the building was the headquarters of legal firm Clifford Chance before it moved to Canary Wharf. It was extensively redeveloped by Helical Bar in 2010, in conjunction with architects Morey Smith. The refurbishment included two large new reception and lobby areas, a cycle store for 220 bicycles with shower and changing facilities and, on the first floor, a new business lounge and caf\u00e9 linking the two parts of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161313-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Aldersgate\nIn 2013, 200 Aldersgate was purchased by AshbyCapital, a real estate investment advisory firm, which sold the property to Samsung SRA in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161313-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Aldersgate\n200 Aldersgate is recognisable by the neon artworks in its front windows. Measuring 2.5m in diameter, 'Revolution - in two parts' by Rob and Nick Carter, was commissioned by 200 Aldersgate in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161313-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Aldersgate\n200 Aldersgate is also known as one of three landmarks forming Stand Up To Cancer's London 3 Peaks Challenge. In 2014, 400 participants in the first ever challenge scaled The Gherkin and Heron Tower, before abseiling 56 metres down the outside of 200 Aldersgate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam\n200 Amsterdam is a residential skyscraper at the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue and 69th Street on the Upper West Side in Manhattan, New York City. The lot was formerly occupied by the Lincoln Square Synagogue. Upon completion, the tower will contain 112 condominiums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam\nThe building stands as the tallest building on the Upper West Side after topping out at 51 stories in August 2019. 50 West 66th Street will be taller if completed as planned in 2021. Buildings of comparable size exist within a thousand feet to the south and east, including Tower 67 and the Park Millennium, which stand 49 and 47 stories tall, respectively. However, in February 2020, a state judge ruled that several upper floors would have to be removed due zoning violations. In March 2021, the ruling was overruled on appeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, Planning\nThe site, formerly a synagogue constructed in 1971, was purchased by the developers for $275 million in October 2015. The building's design was officially unveiled in June 2016 and permits for the development were filed two months later in September 2016. Despite the project's initial lot spanning just 10,800 square feet (1,000\u00a0m2), the developers expanded the zoning lot to over 100,000 square feet (9,300\u00a0m2) by purchasing the development rights from parking lots at the neighboring Lincoln Towers. This allowed the project to aggregate floor area limits and build a much larger project upon the small site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, Opposition and legal challenges\nIn May 2017, two community groups began the first organized opposition to the tower's development, claiming that the building's zoning lot was illegal and could not encompass the additional development rights from the Lincoln Towers. Local New York City Council member Helen Rosenthal and Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer endorsed the effort and a formal challenge was filed with the New York City Department of Buildings on May 15. In June, the Department of Buildings halted new permit issuance for the site until the challenge could be reviewed and ruled on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, Opposition and legal challenges\nAt the end of June, the Department of Buildings filed a \"Notice to Revoke\" against the developers, meaning that the permit would be revoked unless the developers responded and solved issues that the Department had identified. Two weeks later, the Department ruled that the challenge had merit and rescinded the development's permit until the zoning lot was changed to comply with the law. By the end of September, the developers had responded to the Department of Building's concerns and demonstrated conformance with the law without changing the scope of the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0005-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, Opposition and legal challenges\nThe development received new construction permits on September 27, allowing the developers to begin excavation and foundation work for the building. However, in November the two community groups filed an appeal with the Board of Standards and Appeals, part of the New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings, again challenging the legality of the development's zoning lot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0006-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, Opposition and legal challenges\nIn February 2018, the local Community Board 7 noted its displeasure with the building, although legally the board had no power to stop or alter the development. On March 9, the assistant general counsel of the Department of Buildings sent a letter to the Board of Standards and Appeals which acknowledged that the permits issued for the development was \"based on an incorrect interpretation of the Zoning Resolution.\" In July the Board of Standards and Appeals voted 3-1 to uphold the development's permit after which a community group moved to sue the Board in court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0007-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, Financing, construction, and continuing legal challenges\nAt the end of September, the project's crane was installed. Shortly after installation, the Department of Buildings ordered work to stop at the site until the developer installed sidewalk sheds to protect pedestrians from potential falling debris from the crane. Despite progress on the construction, a lawsuit in the New York Supreme Court was filed by the Municipal Art Society in October to appeal the Board of Standards and Appeals' decision from July. Several prominent local politicians including New York State Assembly members Linda Rosenthal and Richard N. Gottfried as well as Congressman Jerry Nadler supported the lawsuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 80], "content_span": [81, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0008-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, Financing, construction, and continuing legal challenges\nIn November, Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Bank provided a $425.8 million loan to finance construction of the development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 80], "content_span": [81, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0009-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, Financing, construction, and continuing legal challenges\nThe New York Supreme Court ruled in March 2019 that the Board of Standards and Appeals had improperly applied the law and ordered the Board to review the project again. However, the court stopped short of revoking the development's permits which allowed construction to continue. Another motion for a temporary restraining order, which would have stopped work on the site, was denied in early April. A request for a preliminary injunction at the end of April was also denied, allowing construction to progress while the Board of Standards and Appeals reviewed the zoning challenge. By that time, the building had reached roughly 25 stories in height. At the end of June 2019, the Board of Standards and Appeals reaffirmed the building's permits after construction had reached the 40th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 80], "content_span": [81, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0010-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, Financing, construction, and continuing legal challenges\nAt the end of July 2019, the Municipal Art Society filed another lawsuit in Manhattan Supreme Court to appeal the decision and attempt to stop the building's development, again alleging that the Board had improperly applied the zoning law when approving the building's permits. The building topped-out the following month, though work on the crown and facade proceeded through late 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 80], "content_span": [81, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161314-0011-0000", "contents": "200 Amsterdam, History, 2020 permit revocation\nOn February 17, 2020, New York Supreme Court Justice W. Franc Perry ruled that the existing permit for 200 Amsterdam had been issued, as reported by Gothamist, \"based on a 39-sided 'gerrymandered lot' that abused zoning protocol\", and was therefore issued in error by the Department of Buildings, which was ordered to revoke the permit. The ruling necessitates that \"potentially 20 or more\" newly constructed floors be removed. On March 3, 2021 major media outlets reported the finding of the lower courts had been overruled on appeal with no modifications required. The final ruling was seen as having implications for over twenty other such properties in the city constructed involving similar interpretations of zoning laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161315-0000-0000", "contents": "200 BC\nYear 200 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 554 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 200 BC for this year has been used since the     early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161316-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Cartas\n200 Cartas (released worldwide as Looking for Mar\u00eda S\u00e1nchez) is an independent Puerto Rican film, written and directed by Bruno Irizarry, starring Lin-Manuel Miranda, Jaime Camil, Dayanara Torres, Monica Steuer and Mayra Matos P\u00e9rez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161316-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Cartas, Synopsis\nStruggling nuyorican comic book artist Ra\u00fal (Lin-Manuel Miranda) meets a woman named Mar\u00eda S\u00e1nchez (Mayra Matos P\u00e9rez), who's visiting from Puerto Rico, at a bar in New York City and immediately falls in love with her. After the two part their ways and Mar\u00eda returns to Puerto Rico, Ra\u00fal seeks his friend and coworker Juan (Jaime Camil) to help him find her. They both travel to Puerto Rico to search for Mar\u00eda S\u00e1nchez, only to find that there are two hundred women with that same name in the phone book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161316-0001-0001", "contents": "200 Cartas, Synopsis\nDuring their search, Yolanda (Dayanara Torres) meets Ra\u00fal and Juan and offers to help them find Ra\u00fal's love of his life. Ra\u00fal then comes up with writing 200 letters addressed to each Mar\u00eda S\u00e1nchez found in the phone book and personally contacting or meeting the ones who respond, in hopes to find the one he met in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161316-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Cartas, Production\nFilmed over 17 days in New York and Puerto Rico, the movie grossed an estimated $1 million after its release in June 2013 in New York City, its World Premieres Film Festival showing in the Philippines in July 2013 and its premiere in Puerto Rico in September 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161317-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Central Park South\n200 Central Park South is a Modern-style building on the south side of Central Park in New York City, atthe corner of 7th Avenue and Central Park South (59th Street). It is most notable for its curving facade, banded by balconies. Its exterior is beige brick and glass. It is across from a major pedestrian and vehicle entrance into Central Park, known as the \"Merchant's Gate\". This full service building was completed in 1963 by Bernard Spitzer and Melvin Lipman. It was designed by Wechsler & Schimenti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161317-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Central Park South, Design\nThe building contains a curved facade and is lined with terraces that taper in, then curve, and taper out as they wrap around the two faces of the building. The curved base gives views of Central Park to more apartments. Spitzer reportedly got the idea for the curve from the curve drawn by a pencil thrown in frustration. Its tapered balconies have been said to give it a Barcelona feel. The base rises 21 stories, while its tower is set back, and brings it up 14 more floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161317-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Central Park South, Design\nAs of 2016 it is a full-service residential co-op apartment building. This Midtown West building currently has 309 apartments spanning 34 floors. Amenities for its residents include a roof deck, elevator operators, maid service, valet, garage, and concierge. In 2016, it is rated as the #2 co-op building in Midtown, and #13 in Manhattan, according to CityRealty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161317-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Central Park South, Design\nThe building\u2019s design was explained by Robert A. M. Stern, Thomas Mellins and David Fishman in their book, New York 1960 as \"a kind of aggressive, self-referential Modernism that had hitherto been largely absent from Manhattan.\" Horsley asserts it resembles the Fontainebleau Hotel (1954), in Miami, designed by Morris Lapidus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161317-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Central Park South, Design\nThe building sits across Seventh Avenue from the New York Athletic Club, to the east. It is also near Alwyn Court to the southeast, the Saint Thomas Choir School to the south, and 220 Central Park South to the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161318-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Cigarettes\n200 Cigarettes is a 1999 American comedy film directed by Risa Bramon Garcia and written by Shana Larsen. The film follows multiple characters in New York City on New Year's Eve 1981. The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Ben Affleck, Casey Affleck, Dave Chappelle, Guillermo D\u00edaz, Angela Featherstone, Janeane Garofalo, Gaby Hoffmann, Kate Hudson, Courtney Love, Jay Mohr, Martha Plimpton, Christina Ricci and Paul Rudd. The film also features a cameo by Elvis Costello, as well as paintings by Sally Davies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161318-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Cigarettes, Plot\nThe film follows various plot arcs all occurring on New Year's Eve of 1981. Monica (Martha Plimpton) is throwing a big New Year's bash and is desperately afraid no one will attend. Early on the only person to have arrived is her friend Hillary (Catherine Kellner). As she tries to convince Hillary to stay, various other groupings of individuals are shown making their way to the celebration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161318-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Cigarettes, Plot\nThe film follows several characters as they spend New Year's Eve in New York City before eventually showing up at Monica's party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161318-0002-0001", "contents": "200 Cigarettes, Plot\nThe party guests are: Monica's cousin Val (Christina Ricci) and her friend Stephie (Gaby Hoffmann), teens from Ronkonkoma who get lost in the seedy Alphabet City section of the borough and wander into a punk club where they meet Dave (Guillermo D\u00edaz) and Tom (Casey Affleck), who have a \"package\" they need to deliver; ditsy and awkward Cindy (Kate Hudson), who is on a dinner date with the paranoid Jack (Jay Mohr); Lucy (Courtney Love)  and her best friend Kevin (Paul Rudd), who are struggling with the sexual tension between them; Kevin's feminist ex-girlfriend Ellie (Janeane Garofalo), who walks in on Kevin and Lucy making out in a restroom stall; a dim-witted and flirtatious bartender (Ben Affleck); competitive friends Bridget (Nicole Ari Parker) and Caitlyn (Angela Featherstone) who attempt to ditch Bridget's boyfriend Eric (Brian McCardie), (who is also Monica's ex-boyfriend); and the eccentric cab driver (Dave Chappelle) who takes them all around town throughout the evening in his disco-themed taxi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 1038]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161318-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Cigarettes, Plot\nEventually, all the characters find their way to the party, although in the meantime Monica has passed out after drowning her sorrows in alcohol. She wakes up the next morning to find many unrecognizable people on her floor, including Stephie who tells her what a big hit her party was. Monica is thrilled, even though she missed it all, especially when she finds out that Elvis Costello showed up. The final montage shows Polaroids of the party, narrated by the disco cabbie, mostly featuring the unlikely romances from the party and the unconscious Monica being propped up by her party guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161318-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Cigarettes, Release\nThe film received generally negative reviews and grossed $6.8 million in the United States before video release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161318-0005-0000", "contents": "200 Cigarettes, Release\nOn Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 63 reviews. On Metacritic the film has a score of 33% based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating \"Generally unfavorable reviews\",", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161318-0006-0000", "contents": "200 Cigarettes, Release\nTodd McCarthy of Variety magazine called the film \"dismally unfunny\" and questions \"if any director could have surmounted the script\u2019s limitations\" and of the acting performances he says \"only Garofalo and Ben Affleck manage to project any wit that cracks through the prevailing humorlessness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161318-0007-0000", "contents": "200 Cigarettes, Release\nMick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave it a positive review, saying \"200 Cigarettes doesn't have a bad scene or a false note. The picture is a succession of pointed little moments, nicely written by Shana Larsen and acted with comic assurance and sensitivity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161319-0000-0000", "contents": "200 DKK (1997)\nDanmarks Nationalbank issued a 200 kroner bank note on 10 March 1997\u00a0\u2013 updated on 9 April 2003\u00a0\u2013 out of print as of 19 October 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161319-0001-0000", "contents": "200 DKK (1997)\nThe Danish 200 kroner bill (DKK200) is a denomination of Danish currency. Danish actress Johanne Luise Heiberg is featured on the front side of the bill, while a lion from the apse of Viborg Cathedral is featured on the reverse side. The current version of this bill came into circulation on 9 April 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161319-0002-0000", "contents": "200 DKK (1997)\nThe face of the banknote has a portrait of Johanne Luise Heiberg (22 November 1812 to 21 December 1890). She was one of the greatest Danish actresses of the 19th century and took the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen by storm on countless occasions. Her autobiography Et liv genoplevet i erindringen (A Life Relived in Memory) is a major literary work from the Danish golden age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161319-0003-0000", "contents": "200 DKK (1997)\nThe motif on the reverse of the 200 kroner banknote is a lion from the apse of Viborg Cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161319-0004-0000", "contents": "200 DKK (1997)\n9 April 2003 the Danish national bank improved the security features with a hologram of a lion, the Roman numeral \"CC,\" and the number \"200.\" When the note is tilted the \"CC\" grows larger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161320-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Dynamene\nDynamene (minor planet designation: 200 Dynamene) is a large dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters on July 27, 1879, in Clinton, New York. The name derives from Dynamene, one of the fifty Nereids in Greek mythology. Based upon its spectrum, 200 Dynamene is classified as a C-type asteroid, indicating that it probably has a primitive composition similar to the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161320-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Dynamene\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico in 2011 gave a light curve with a period of 37.394 \u00b1 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude. The curve is asymmetrical with four uneven minima and maxima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161320-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Dynamene\nOccultation data from October 9, 2006 using 15 chords shows the asteroid is about 130\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161321-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Halla Ho\n200 Halla Ho is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language crime thriller film directed by Sarthak Dasgupta and Alok Batra (in his directorial debut) with production by Yoodlee films. The film is based on the real life incident in which 200 Dalit women lynched Akku Yadav, a gangster, robber, serial rapist, and killer in an open court in Nagpur in 2004. It was digitally released on 20 August 2021 on ZEE5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161321-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Halla Ho, Plot\nAkku Yadav is a mobster, who gang rapes, murders, robs and terrorizes 300 families without any fear of law, for a period of 15 years. He takes special interest in using the rape threat to break and humiliate the Dalit community. He allegedly rapes over 40 women and children, gets arrested 14 times but is never sentenced, therefore he has no fear of law and randomly picks up any woman he fancies - irrespective of their age. The police refuse to help the Dalits and go on to sell out the complainants to Akku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161321-0001-0001", "contents": "200 Halla Ho, Plot\nHis reign of terror continues till he meets his nemesis in a young and educated Dalit girl - Usha Narayane. She files a FIR against Akku, and when cornered by him and his gang, threatens to burn them down. This inspires the villagers to revolt against Akku and file 40 FIRs, however when all their hopes of getting justice vanish, the women of the basti decide to take matters into their own hands and make a fitting example out of Akku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161321-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Halla Ho, Reception\nArushi Jain of The Indian Express gave the film a mixed review and stated, \"Though a torpid screenplay fails the subject of the movie, veteran actor Amol Palekar stays committed to the character of a retired Dalit judge. He brings some profundity to a film that lacks depth.\" Archika Khurana of The Times of India gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated, \"If you like non-fiction films based on true stories, this drama definitely deserves a watch in order to comprehend the grief and suffering that those women must have endured.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161321-0002-0001", "contents": "200 Halla Ho, Reception\nR.M. Vijayakar of India West gave the film a mixed review and stated, \"This film may not be a must-watch in the way it is made, but it is certainly not a waste of resources and audience time like Yoodlee\u2019s social thriller past excesses.\" Mumbai Live gave the film a mixed review and stated, \"The movie leaves a lasting impact on your mind and one wonders that no matter how much we talk about equality, there are certain sects that are still struggling to get the respect they deserve.\" Shantanu Ray Chaudhuri of The Free Press Journal gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated, \"If only it did not wear its activism, its social agenda, on its sleeves, it would have been more than the polemic tract it often feels like.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161321-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Halla Ho, Reception\nSaibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated, \"Drawing strength from a slew of quietly efficient performances, the director parlays the material into an impactful tale of crime and punishment that transcends genre limitations.\" News 18 praised its \"decent\" production values, tone, pacing, \"powerful\" performances and \"dramatic\" direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161322-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Liberty Street\n200 Liberty Street, formerly known as One World Financial Center, is a skyscraper in Lower Manhattan, New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161322-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Liberty Street\nIt is located at 200 Liberty Street between South End Avenue and West Street. It was built in 1985 as part of the World Financial Center complex. It is a 40-story building reaching the height of 577 feet (176\u00a0m). It has a leasable area of 1,628,000 square feet (151,200\u00a0m2). Similarly to other WFC buildings it has a unique roof which is a truncated square pyramid. It is connected to the rest of the complex by a skybridge over Liberty Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161322-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Liberty Street\nThe building is located across the street from the World Trade Center site and was significantly damaged in the September 11 attacks. The initial dust cloud and other explosions shattered many windows, heavily damaging nearby Winter Garden Atrium and other buildings of the World Financial Center complex. It was closed for several months and reopened in 2002 after extensive restoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161322-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Liberty Street\nIt was renamed 200 Liberty Street when the rest of the complex became Brookfield Place in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161323-0000-0000", "contents": "200 M.P.H.\n200 M.P.H. (1968) is the seventh stand-up comedy album by Bill Cosby, and his ninth album overall. It was recorded live at Harrah's, Lake Tahoe, Nevada and released by Warner Bros. Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161323-0001-0000", "contents": "200 M.P.H., Background\nIn 1967, Bill Cosby bought a Shelby Cobra Super Snake CSX 3303 from his friend, company founder Carroll Shelby. The car was a 1965 Cobra Competition roadster, retained by Shelby American as a PR car and then modified with the addition of two superchargers and a Ford C-6 automatic gearbox. Only two such cars were built; one was retained by Shelby and the other was sold to Cosby. Side two of this album (side one on the cassette release) is a single routine that focuses on Cosby's love of sports cars and his brief ownership of the Super Snake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161323-0001-0001", "contents": "200 M.P.H., Background\nThe title, \"200 M.P.H. \", refers to Shelby's boast about the car's top speed; however, Cosby became so unnerved during a test drive that he returned it immediately afterward. Shelby American sold the car to S and C Motors in San Francisco, who in turn sold it to a customer named Tony Maxey. Maxey destroyed the CSX 3303 by driving over a cliff and into the Pacific Ocean; he died from his injuries a few days later. Brian Angliss purchased the vehicle and subsequently restored it. He plans to auction the car off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161323-0002-0000", "contents": "200 M.P.H., Background\nIn a late-night talk show appearance, Cosby briefly re-told this story and said that he had heard that Jimmy Webb (of \"MacArthur Park\" fame) eventually ended up with his Cobra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161323-0003-0000", "contents": "200 M.P.H., Background\nWhile the majority of Cosby's Warner Bros. standup albums were regularly re-released on LP, and eventually issued on CD in April 1998, 200 M.P.H. was not reissued on vinyl (although it was available on cassette in the '80s). It did not see a CD release until 2005, mainly due to controversy over the main sketch's punchline: Afraid that the car was so powerful and hard to control that it would be lethal to the driver, Cosby decided to return it, saying, \"Take the keys and this car, it's all paid for, and you give it to George Wallace.\" Wallace was a well-known pro-segregationist, and was campaigning for the presidency of the United States at the time this album was recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161324-0000-0000", "contents": "200 MPH (song)\n\"200 MPH\" is a song by Puerto Rican rapper Bad Bunny featuring American DJ Diplo. The song was released through Rimas Entertainment on December 24, 2018 as the seventh single from his debut studio album, X 100pre (2018).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161324-0001-0000", "contents": "200 MPH (song), Music video\nThe video for \"200 MPH\" was released on April 27, 2019 on Bad Bunny's YouTube channel. As of June 2019, the music video for the song has received over 20 million views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161325-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Market\n200 Market, also known as the Black Box, is a 19-story high-rise commercial office building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. It was completed in 1973 and certified LEED Platinum in 2010. It was the first multi-tenant building in the U.S. to be LEED Gold-certified, in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161325-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Market\nThe building has 18 floors for tenants and a total of 400,000 square feet (37,000\u00a0m2) with 19,000 square feet (1,800\u00a0m2) per floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161326-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Meters\n200 Meters (Arabic: 200 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u200e) is a 2020 feature film written and directed by Palestinian director Ameen Nayfeh. The film premiered at the 77th Venice International Film Festival in September 2020, where it won the BNL People's Choice Audience Award as part of the Venice Days competition. It was selected as the Jordanian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. It won the ICFT UNESCO Gandhi Medal at 51st International Film Festival of India in January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161326-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Meters, Plot\nThe film revolves around a family in the Palestinian city of Tulkarm,  separated by the Israeli wall, and the efforts of the father who tries to visit his son on the other side of the wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161326-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Meters, Production\nThe film was shot in Tulkarm in the West Bank in 2019,.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161326-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Meters, Release\n200 Meters premiered at the 77th Venice International Film Festival in September 2020. It is scheduled to be shown at the El Gouna Film Festival in October 2020. It was screened at 51st International Film Festival of India under ICFT UNESCO Gandhi Medal in January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161327-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Miles of Buenos Aires\nThe 200 Miles of Buenos Aires was a non-championship race sports car event held in Aut\u00f3dromo Oscar Alfredo G\u00e1lvez, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The race was held on January 18, 1970, after the 1000 km Buenos Aires race (11 January).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161327-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Miles of Buenos Aires\nThe race, which did not grant championship points, was won by Andrea De Adamich and Piers Courage driving an Alfa Romeo 33. 2nd and 3rd were a Porsche 908/02 and the works Matra MS630/650.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161327-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Miles of Buenos Aires, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161328-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Million Thousand\n200 Million Thousand is the fifth studio album by garage punk band Black Lips. The album was recorded in August 2008 and released on February 24, 2009 in the United States and March 16 in Europe. The first single, \"Short Fuse\" was released on March 9, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161328-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Million Thousand, Track listing\n\"Again & Again\" is a cover version of an Iggy Pop song, published under his real name (Jim Osterberg), and originally recorded with his first band The Iguanas in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161329-0000-0000", "contents": "200 More Miles: Live Performances 1985\u20131994\n200 More Miles: Live Performances 1985\u20131994 is a 1995 album by the Canadian alt-country band Cowboy Junkies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161329-0001-0000", "contents": "200 More Miles: Live Performances 1985\u20131994\nThe album is a compilation of live performances by the band, dating from the band's earliest years as a local independent band in Toronto to their 1990s tours as international rock stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161329-0002-0000", "contents": "200 More Miles: Live Performances 1985\u20131994, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Michael Timmins, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 58], "content_span": [59, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Motels\n200 Motels is a 1971 surreal musical film written and directed by Frank Zappa and Tony Palmer, and featuring music by Zappa. An international co-production of United States and the United Kingdom, the film stars the Mothers of Invention, Theodore Bikel and Ringo Starr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Motels\nA soundtrack album was released in the same year, with a slightly different selection of music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Motels, Plot\nThe film attempts to portray the craziness of life on the road as a rock musician, and as such consists of a series of unconnected nonsense vignettes interspersed with concert footage of the Mothers of Invention. Ostensibly, while on tour The Mothers of Invention go crazy in the small fictional town of Centerville (\"a real nice place to raise your kids up\"), wander around, and get beaten up in \"Redneck Eats\", a cowboy bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0002-0001", "contents": "200 Motels, Plot\nIn an animated interlude passed off as a \"dental hygiene movie\", bassist \"Jeff\", tired of playing what he refers to as \"Zappa's comedy music\", is persuaded by his bad conscience to quit the group, as did his real-life counterpart Jeff Simmons. Simmons was replaced by Martin Lickert (who was Starr's chauffeur) for the film. Almost every scene is drenched with video special effects (double and triple exposures, solarisation, false color, speed changes, etc.) which were innovative in 1971. The film has been dubbed a \"surrealistic documentary\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Motels, Production\nPrincipal scenes of 200 Motels, including the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, were filmed in a week at Pinewood Studios outside London, and featured The Mothers of Invention, The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ringo Starr, Theodore Bikel, and Keith Moon. Tensions between Zappa and several cast and crew members arose before and during shooting. However, director Tony Palmer (on his 2009 reissue of 200 Motels) claims that all elements of the script derived from Zappa's trunk's worth of material were completed during production. It was the first feature film photographed on videotape and transferred to 35 mm film utilizing a Technicolor film printer utilized by the BBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Motels, Release and reception\nUnited Artists' press kit for the film stated \"For the audience that already knows and appreciates THE MOTHERS, [it] will provide a logical extension of our concerts and recordings.\" The film premiere was shown at Doheny Plaza Theater in Hollywood, California to mixed reviews. 200 Motels currently holds a 57% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on seven reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, saying that the film; \"is a joyous, fanatic, slightly weird experiment in the uses of the color videotape process\", and also stating; \"It assaults the mind with everything on hand\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0005-0000", "contents": "200 Motels, Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack to 200 Motels was released by United Artists Records on October 4, 1971, and features a combination of rock and jazz songs, orchestral music and comedic spoken dialogue. The rock and comedy songs \"Mystery Roach\", \"Lonesome Cowboy Burt\", \"Daddy, Daddy, Daddy\", \"What Will This Evening Bring Me This Morning\" and \"Magic Fingers\", and the finale \"Strictly Genteel\", which mixes orchestral and rock elements, were noted as highlights of the album by reviewer Richie Unterberger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0006-0000", "contents": "200 Motels, Soundtrack\nThe score relied extensively on orchestral music, and Zappa's dissatisfaction with the classical music world intensified when a concert, scheduled at the Royal Albert Hall after filming, was canceled because a representative of the venue found some of the lyrics obscene. In 1975, he lost a lawsuit against the Royal Albert Hall for breach of contract. When \"Penis Dimension\" was played to the judge, Mr Justice Mocatta, he responded \"Have I got to listen to this?\". The UK premi\u00e8re was not until 29 October 2013, almost 20 years after Zappa's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0007-0000", "contents": "200 Motels, Soundtrack\n200 Motels charted at #59 on the Billboard 200. The album was not released on compact disc until 1997, as a result of a licensing deal between Rykodisc (at the time the licensee for all of Zappa's other albums from the Zappa Family Trust (ZFT), numbering over 60 titles) and MGM allowing them to re-release numerous rare movie-musical soundtracks on CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0007-0001", "contents": "200 Motels, Soundtrack\nWith the addition of this title, Ryko was finally able to offer the complete catalog of official Zappa recordings, as numerous legal proceedings both during Zappa's lifetime and afterwards failed to cede ownership of the rights and tapes to ZFT. That 2-CD edition, now out of print, contained extensive liner notes and artwork as well as a small poster for the film, as well as bonus tracks consisting of radio promos for the film and the single edit of the song \"Magic Fingers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0008-0000", "contents": "200 Motels, Soundtrack\nThough many Zappa fans consider this album a key recording of the period, it was deemed by some music critics to be a peripheral album. AllMusic's Richie Unterberger critiqued what he referred to as the \"growing tendency to deploy the smutty, cheap humor that would soon dominate much of Zappa's work\", but said that \"Those who like his late-'60s/early-'70s work [...] will probably like this fine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161330-0009-0000", "contents": "200 Motels, Legacy\nAfter 200 Motels, the band went on tour; the live album Just Another Band From L.A.  included the 20-minute track \"Billy the Mountain\", Zappa's satire on rock opera set in Southern California. This track was representative of the band's theatrical performances in which songs were used to build up sketches based on 200 Motels scenes as well as new situations often portraying the band members' sexual encounters on the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack)\nThe 200 Motels soundtrack to Frank Zappa's film 200 Motels was released by United Artists Records in 1971. Like the film, the album covers a loose storyline about The Mothers of Invention going crazy in the small town of Centerville and bassist Jeff quitting the group, as did his real life counterpart, Jeff Simmons, who left the group before the film began shooting and was replaced by actor Martin Lickert for the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack)\nThe album peaked at No. 59 on the Billboard 200, though reviewers deemed it a peripheral part of Zappa's catalog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\nThe rock and comedy songs \"Mystery Roach\", \"Lonesome Cowboy Burt\", \"Daddy, Daddy, Daddy\", \"What Will This Evening Bring Me This Morning\" and \"Magic Fingers\", and the finale \"Strictly Genteel\", which mixes orchestral and rock elements, were noted as highlights of the album by reviewer Richie Unterberger. Fran\u00e7ois Couture, a reviewer for Allmusic, said that \"Mystery Roach\" contains multiple meanings, all of which have a connection to lyrical subject matter in Zappa's discography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0002-0001", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\nThese include the freshwater fish, as the Mothers of Invention live album Fillmore East - June 1971 contained a song referring to the mud shark, a cannabis cigarette butt, which causes the character Jeff to go crazy within the context of the film's storyline, and a combed roll hairstyle, which connects the song lyrically to \"Jelly Roll Gumdrop\", a song from Cruising with Ruben & the Jets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0002-0002", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\nThe version featured on the album is different from the version featured in the film, as it is missing small electric guitar solos by Zappa, and was not scripted as part of the film in its electric arrangement, having originally been written in three separate, unused acoustic blues-oriented arrangements. The song was not performed live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\n\"Dance of the Rock & Roll Interviewers\" is an orchestral piece originally intended to be paired with \"Touring Can Make You Crazy\" as part of an early scene in which the band arrives in Centerville and is greeted by music journalists, but only part of the sequence, depicting a mannequin of Zappa being torn apart by the journalists, appeared in the final film, due to timing and budget restraints, and the \"Touring Can Make You Crazy\" sequence was not shot and does not appear in the film. Regarding \"Touring\", Couture writes that \"The long double-bass notes and the overall dark atmosphere and slow tempo suggest a tiring trip.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\nThe album features five segments which form the suite \"This Town Is A Sealed Tuna Sandwich\": a prologue, the \"Tuna Fish Promenade\", \"Dance of the Just Plain Folks\", a reprise of the main melody, and the conclusion \"The Sealed Tuna Bolero\". Only the final bolero was featured in the film. The \"Tuna Sandwich\" suite was scripted as being proceeded by the sequence and composition \"Centerville\". \"Would You Like A Snack?\" is a vocal version of Zappa's composition \"Holiday in Berlin\", which reappears throughout the album and film in different arrangements, including the \"Semi-Fraudulent/Direct-From-Hollywood Overture\". The lyrics of \"Would You Like A Snack?\" are similar to the theater piece on Zappa's live album Ahead of Their Time. Zappa earlier recorded an unrelated song of the same name, which features members of the Mothers of Invention and Jefferson Airplane singer Grace Slick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0005-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\n\"Redneck Eats\" begins and ends with spoken dialogue featuring the character Lonesome Cowboy Burt (played by Jimmy Carl Black) heckling the orchestra, which is performing an Igor Stravinsky and Edgard Varese-influenced composition. \"Janet's Big Dance Number\" is about one of the film's two groupie characters and features \"Slow piano chords [...] played over sustained contrabass notes. The choir enters late in the piece, picking up the Stravinskian melody sketched by the chords.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0005-0001", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\n\"Lucy's Seduction of a Bored Violinist\", follows the other groupie character, and features \"a soft melody, followed by a rhythm break and a tympany roll\" and a faster reprise of the \"Janet\" melody. The album pairs \"Lucy\" with the film's \"Postlude\", which appears during the ending credits, and is played on a harpsichord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0006-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\nThe second half of the album begins with the suite \"Dental Hygiene Dilemma\", which begins with \"I'm Stealing The Towels\", for which the corresponding film sequence was scripted and partially shot, before it was determined that the footage was unusable, and the sequence was cut. The main part of the suite, \"Dental Hygiene Dilemma\", appeared in the film as an animated cartoon by Charles Swenson, who later directed the film Down and Dirty Duck with Mothers of Invention band members and 200 Motels stars Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0007-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\nThe main part of the suite, \"Dental Hygiene Dilemma\" incorporates elements of rock band, orchestra and spoken dialogue, and depicts Jeff smoking a marijuana cigarette which had been dipped in Don Preston's \"foamy liquids\" and imagining Donovan appearing to him on a wall-mounted television as his \"good conscience\" and asking him not to steal the towels, while Studebacher Hoch appears to him as his evil conscience, \"dressed as Jim Pons\", and convinces Jeff to quit the Mothers of Invention, start his own hard rock band and play music like Grand Funk Railroad or Black Sabbath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0007-0001", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\nIn real life, Simmons started his own blues rock band after leaving Zappa's band, and released the album Lucille Has Messed My Mind Up for Straight Records, which Zappa produced. In \"Dilemma\", Volman exclaims \"We got to get him back to normal before Zappa finds out and steals it and makes him do it in the movie!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0008-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Music and lyrics\n\"A Nun Suit Painted on Some Old Boxes\" is the first part of a suite for soprano voice, chorus, and orchestra called \"I Have Seen the Pleated Gazelle\". The suite criticizes organized religion and references dental floss, connecting the suite to Zappa's later song \"Montana\", appearing on the album Over-Nite Sensation. In the film, \"A Nun Suit\" precedes the \"Dental Hygiene Dilemma\" cartoon, but is placed before the rock song \"Magic Fingers\" on this album, removing the context of the line \"Want to watch a dental hygiene movie?\" The \"Gazelle\" suite continues with \"Motorhead's Midnight Ranch\", \"Dew on the Newts We Got\" and \"The Lad Searches the Night for His Newts\", for which the corresponding film sequence was only partially shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0009-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Release and reception\n200 Motels charted at No. 59 on the Billboard 200. The album was released on compact disc in 1997 in correlation with a theatrical reissue of the film. The CD edition contained extensive liner notes and artwork, a small poster for the film, and bonus tracks consisting of radio promos for the film and the single edit of the song \"Magic Fingers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161331-0010-0000", "contents": "200 Motels (soundtrack), Release and reception\nThe album was deemed to be a peripheral album in Zappa's catalog by music critics. Allmusic's Richie Unterberger critiqued what he referred to as the \"growing tendency to deploy the smutty, cheap humor that would soon dominate much of Zappa's work\" but said that \"Those who like his late-'60s/early-'70s work [...] will probably like this fine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161332-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Peachtree\n200 Peachtree is a mixed-use retail center in downtown Atlanta, Georgia designed by Philip T. Shutze and Starrett & van Vleck. Built in 1927 as the flagship department store for Davison's, the last department store in the building closed in 2003. The building later underwent an extensive renovation in the 2010s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161332-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Peachtree, History\nThe idea for a large Davison's department store in downtown Atlanta was first put forth by Macy's soon after their acquisition of the Davison's brand in 1925. The cost for the building was estimated at $6 million. On April 25 of that year, Macy's signed a contract with Asa G. Candler, Inc. for them to build the large brick building on Peachtree Street, between Ellis Street and the Henry Grady Hotel. The location had previously been the site of the Leyden House, a historic home that was demolished in 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161332-0001-0001", "contents": "200 Peachtree, History\nAtlanta-based architect Philip T. Shutze designed the building along with Starrett & van Vleck, a New York-based architecture firm that specialized in department stores. The store officially opened to the public on March 21, 1927. Upon its completion, it was the largest department store in the southern United States. In 1948, a five-story addition was added to the rear of the store, which also provided an additional entrance on Carnegie Way. In 1963, the building underwent a multimillion-dollar renovation, including the construction of a 700-car parking garage adjacent to the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161332-0001-0002", "contents": "200 Peachtree, History\nIn 1985, the store dropped the Davison's name and was rebranded as Macy's. This store, the last major department store in downtown Atlanta, closed in 2003. In 2007, the Atlanta Preservation Center placed it on their list of \"most endangered\" historic places. In 2010, the Atlanta Development Authority authorized a $12 million mezzanine loan from the New Markets Tax Credit Program to convert the building to a mixed-use retail and event venue. In 2015, the site was rebranded as Southern Exchange at 200 Peachtree. In 2018, several tenants filed a lawsuit against the building's owners, citing unsafe conditions and intimidation tactics used by the owners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy\n200 Po Vstrechnoy (Cyrillic: 200 \u041f\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439; translation: \"200 [km/h] Against the Traffic\", pronounced [\u02c8dv\u02b2est\u026a p\u0250f\u02c8str\u02b2et\u0361\u0255n\u0250j]) is the debut studio album by Russian duo t.A.T.u. It was released by Neformat Records and Universal Music Russia on 21 May 2001 in Russia, Ukraine, and Poland, and was re-released by Universal Music Russia worldwide on 23 June 2003. A re-released version featured new tracks and a new artwork, which was released on 15 February 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0000-0001", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy\nCreated by manager and producer Ivan Shapovalov after the success of members Yulia Volkova and Lena Katina in the band Neposedy, the group managed to sign a deal with Universal Music Russia to produce their first album. It was recorded between 1999 and 2000, and was produced and co-composed by Shapovalov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy\nMusically, 200 Po Vstrechnoy is an electronic album that incorporates elements of pop rock, and lyrically focuses on themes of love, teenage sex, and lesbianism. Upon its release, the album received mixed reaction from critics and the public; majority of the criticism was aimed at the lyrical content and the image, whilst some highlighted the singles as some of their best work. Commercially, it was a success in Eastern Europe, which sold over one million units as recognised by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). Three singles were promoted from the album; \"Ya Soshla s Uma\", \"Nas Ne Dogonyat\", and \"30 Minut\". The group commenced their concert tour of the same name as the album in early 2001 and finished in November that same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Background and composition\nt.A.T.u. members Yulia Volkova and Elena Katina had originally worked for the Russian children musical group Neposedi, but Volkova was dismissed due to volatile behaviour. Katina was also accused by Russian journalism of bad behaviour, and left not long after. Russian music manager Ivan Shapovalov held a casting call for a solo singer to be managed by him, and selected Katina out of several other girls. Him and his ex-wife, Elena Kiper, then decided to create and manage a duo, and selected Volkova as the second act to the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0002-0001", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Background and composition\nThey signed to their Russian label Neformat Records, and eventually scouted to look for another label; they signed a deal with Universal Music Russia in early 2000. They begun recording the album after finishing the track \"Ya Soshla s Uma\" in 1999, and finished recording it during mid-2000. The album was produced solely by Shapovalov, whilst the album was composed and written by: Aleksandr Vulikh, Valeriy Polienko, Kiper, Sergio Galoyan, Roman Ryabtsev, Anna Karasyova, and Vadim Stepantsov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Background and composition\nMusically, 200 Po Vstrechnoy is an electronic album that incorporates elements of pop rock. According to Edmond J Coleman and Theo Sandfort, who wrote the book Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia (2005), they noticed that majority of the album's content, particularly \"Ya Soshla s Uma\" and \"Nas Ne Dogonyat\", were influenced by techno music; both Coleman and Sandfort believed the sound was influenced by the techno revolution in the late 1990s. The album focuses on themes such as love, teenage sex, and lesbianism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Release\n200 Po Vstrechnoy was released by Neformat and Universal Music Russia in Russia, Ukraine, Czech Republic and Poland regions on 21 May 2001. The album contains nine tracks in both physical and digital formats, with three bonus remixes, and has an cover sleeve that is displays as of a criminal case dossier, with biographies of the girls, fingerprints and partial lyrics in the liner booklet; some versions only issued a four-page booklet. A cassette tape was distributed by Neformat in the Ukraine, which features the nine original tracks but two remixes instead of three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0004-0001", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Release\nOn 15 February 2002, after beginning work on English-language material, Universal Music Russia re-released the album that featured a new track titled \"Klouny\", and a remix for the songs \"30 Minut\" and \"Malchik-Gey\". This version included a new artwork and booklet information with illustrations of a clown that reflected the track \"Klouny\" (\"Klouny\" is the Russian word to the English word \"Clowns\"). After the success of their album 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane in 2002, Universal Music Russia distributed the album in other parts of Europe, Japan and Taiwan on 21 September 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0005-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Release\nTo promote the album, three singles were released. The first single was Ya Soshla S Uma\", released on 19 December 2000; the song later gained the English-language version \"All The Things She Said\". It was a critical success in Europe; In early 2001, Universal Music Group hosted a poll for the audience to vote on which song was the best from 200 Po Vstrechnoy; as a result, \"Ya Soshla s Uma\" came first place. The single won the MTV Video Music Award for the Russian entry of 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0005-0001", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Release\nIn 2001, \"Ya Soshla S Uma\" won the 100 Pound Hit awarded by Hit FM Russia; they performed the song that same night. As of January 2010, \"Ya Soshla s Uma\" sold over 50,000 units, and over 200,000 illegal copies. The second single was \"Nas Ne Dogonyat\", released in 2001. The title of the track was included on the 2006 Russian Dictionary of Modern Quotes (Slovar sovremennykh tsitat). The third and final single was \"30 Minut\"; it was released as an airplay track, and featured an accompanying music video that was directed by Shapovalov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0006-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Reception\nDrago Bonacich from American music publication AllMusic selected \"Ya Soshla s Uma\", \"Nas Ne Dagonyat\", and \"30 Minut\" amongst some of the band's best work. However, the album's critical reviews were generally shaded by the success, yet controversial period of their single \"Ya Soshla s Uma\", alongside its English version \"All The Things She Said\"; according to Bonacich, the single was one of the most heavily rotated tracks throughout MTV Europe during its release. The Russian version, prior to the release of \"All The Things She Said\" at the end of 2002, also received strong attention on MTV throughout the Western world. However, an editor from The Telegraph commented that reviews in Russia were generally favourable and \"catapult[ed] the duo to local stardom.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0007-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Reception\nCommercially, 200 Po Vstrechnoy was a success in Eastern Europe. On 22 July 2002, it debuted at number 23 on the Polish Music Charts, one of the highest debuts on that week end. It rose to number 11 the following week, and reached the top ten during its third week. After five weeks, it reached the top spot, making t.A.T.u. the first Russian act to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0007-0001", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Reception\nOn 14 October, it was certified gold by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (ZPAV) for shipments of 10,000 units; it lasted a total of 39 weeks in the chart, and was certified Platinum by the ZPAV for shipments of 20,000 units. Despite the album not entering any record charts in Japan, it was certified Million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of one million units. It was certified Platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for sales of one million units in Europe, making t.A.T.u.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0007-0002", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Reception\nthe first group to achieve a Platinum certification on two separate bilingual language albums; the other being the English language adaption 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane (2002). They also received the distinction to be the first Eastern European act to achieve a Platinum award; both Volkova and Katina attended the awarding in Moscow, Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0008-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Reception\nIn Russia, there were no prominent music charts at the time of the album's release; despite this, it sold 500,000 units inside a two-month period. By the end of the 2001, it sold approximately 850,000 units, which was described by an editor at The Telegraph as \"an astonishing number in a country where piracy is estimated to account for some 95 per cent of all sales...\". As of August 2016, the album has sold over one million copies in Russia, and has been illegally purchased more than four million units, making it the group's highest selling Russian-language album and one of the highest selling albums in that region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0009-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Promotion\nTo promote the album, t.A.T.u. commenced their Russian concert tour that used the album's title as its official promotional campaign. The girls prepared in 2000 where they wanted the choreography \"precise\", to a point where one segment featured the girls stripping off their clothes; this was scrapped from the original plan. The group performed all over Russia and visited the Ukraine, all between February to November 2001. After the re-release of the album, the group extended the tour in regions such as Germany, Czech Republic, and Poland, amongst other destinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0009-0001", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Promotion\nIn July 2015, the group uploaded an official unreleased teaser of their single \"Ya Soshla s Uma\" to their YouTube channel to commemorate the singles 15th anniversary; with its release date on 19 December, it remained unreleased. However, between June\u2013August 2016, the group uploaded unreleased footage and remixed versions of their singles \"Ya Soshla s Uma\", \"Nas Ne Dogoynat\", and \"30 Minut\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161333-0010-0000", "contents": "200 Po Vstrechnoy, Credits and personnel\nCredits adapted from the CD liner notes of 200 Po Vstrechnoy;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty\n200 Pounds Beauty (Korean:\u00a0\ubbf8\ub140\ub294 \uad34\ub85c\uc6cc; RR:\u00a0Minyeoneun Goerowo; \"Beauty is painful\") is a 2006 South Korean musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Kim Yong-hwa. It is based on the Japanese manga Kanna's Big Success! (\u30ab\u30f3\u30ca\u3055\u3093\u5927\u6210\u529f\u3067\u3059!, Kanna-san Daiseikou Desu!) by Yumiko Suzuki about an overweight ghost singer who undergoes intensive plastic surgery to become a pop sensation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty\nThe film was a critical and commercial success. It was the third best-selling domestic film of 2006 with 6,619,498 admissions nationwide, grossing US$42,013,016. 200 Pounds Beauty also received several awards and nominations, including Best Actress for Kim Ah-joong at the 2007 Grand Bell Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Plot\nHanna Kang is an overweight phone sex part-timer and a ghost singer for Ammy, a famous pop singer who actually lip syncs her songs instead of singing live. Hanna has a crush on Sang-jun, a director whose arrogant father owns the record company Ammy is signed to. One day, Hanna receives an outfit from Sang-jun with a note to wear it to his birthday party. However, it actually came from Ammy, who wears the same outfit just to humiliate Hanna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0002-0001", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Plot\nWhile crying in the restroom, Hanna overhears Sang-jun telling Ammy that even though they are just using Hanna for her voice, they must be kind to her so she will not abandon them. Heartbroken, Hanna attempts suicide but is interrupted by a phone call from one of her phone sex regulars, a top plastic surgeon, and persuades him to perform extensive plastic surgery on her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Plot\nAfter a year of seclusion while recovering from the surgery and weight loss, Hanna is so incredibly beautiful and slender that even her best friend Jung-min cannot recognize her at first. With Jung-min's help, Hanna creates a new identity for herself as a Korean-American from California named Jenny. After re-auditioning to be Ammy's secret vocalist, she earns her own recording contract instead. Meanwhile, Ammy fears her own secret in being unable to sing will be exposed if the release of her second album is delayed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0003-0001", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Plot\nShe desperately tries to find Hanna by spending time with Hanna's father who is in hospital due to Alzheimer's, but Sang-jun orders her to give up her search, threatening to terminate her contract if she does not stop. After many encounters with Jenny, they both realize that Jenny is actually Hanna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Plot\nJenny's debut single \"Maria\" becomes a hit and at the release party, Ammy brings Hanna's father in an attempt to blow her cover. Desperate to keep her true identity a secret, Hanna ignores her father, infuriating Jung-min with her indifference. After the party, Sang-jun tells Hanna he knows her true identity. He cannot forgive her for lying to him but says he will conduct her concert scheduled the next day. Hanna confesses her love for him and reveals she got plastic surgery in order to make him love her back. After realizing how worthless she was to him even as Jenny, Hanna tearfully refuses to have anything to do with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0005-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Plot\nBefore the concert, Ammy threatens to reveal Hanna's deception unless Sang-jun cancels the concert. Though his father agrees, Sang-jun stands up to them and refuses, and encourages a distraught Hanna to do this concert, not for her fans or the record company but for herself. Before performing, Hanna apologizes to Jung-min for her earlier behavior. She coldly rejects her apology, rebuking Hanna for the way she treated her own father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0005-0001", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Plot\nAt the concert, Hanna tearfully confesses to the large crowd her story of being a ghost singer to an ungrateful Ammy while she was overweight, going into a year of seclusion to heal from the changes from the surgery and abandoning everything that is dear to her, including her best friend and father, for her career. Sang-jun plays a tape of the old, obese Hanna, singing. Hanna remarks that the person on the video is the real her. The crowd are moved by her sincere confession and praise her for showing her true identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0005-0002", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Plot\nHanna reconciles with her father and Jung-min. She drops the stage-name Jenny and re-releases a CD with her own name, Hanna, and becomes a highly successful music artist. Sang-jun realizes the very thing about her that had always drawn him to her was Hanna's innocence, and continues to promote her in hopes of pursuing a relationship with her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0006-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Plot\nDuring the post-credits, Jung-min also asks to get extensive plastic surgery from the surgeon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0007-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack album was released by KM Culture and SBS Contents Hub on December 13, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0008-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Soundtrack\nThe title track is a cover of the Blondie song \"Maria,\" sung in Korean by the film's star, Kim Ah-joong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161334-0009-0000", "contents": "200 Pounds Beauty, Soundtrack\nDirector Kim Yong-hwa has been friends with music director Lee Jae-hak since their college days. Lee is a member of the modern rock band Loveholic, which is also featured in the soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161335-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Press\n200 Press is the sixth solo EP by English musician James Blake. Blake played all the instruments and produced the record. It was released on 1-800-Dinosaur on 8 December 2014. The name of the album (and the name of the title track) are a reference to the fact that only 200 copies of the vinyl edition would be pressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161335-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Press, Composition\n200 Press contains further experimentation by Blake. He most notably used a sample of Andre 3000's verse from Devin the Dude's \"What a Job\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161335-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Press, Composition\nThe final track, \"Words That We Both Know\" is a poem set to disjointed piano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161335-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Press, Reception\nThe album received general acclaim from critics, mainly praising Blake's continued exploration and inventiveness. Consequence of Sound praised Blake for this, saying \"... it\u2019s refreshing to see Blake immerse himself in experimentation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161335-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Press, Reception\nAbsolutePunk gave the album an 8.5/10, stating \"The music contained on 200 Press is some of the most forward thinking stuff James Blake has done yet\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161336-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Public Square\n200 Public Square is a skyscraper in Cleveland, Ohio. The building, located on Public Square in Downtown Cleveland, reaches 45 stories and 658 feet (201\u00a0m) with 1.2\u00a0million square feet (110,000\u00a0m2) of office space. It is the third-tallest building in Cleveland and fourth-tallest in the state of Ohio. The building opened in 1985 as the headquarters for Standard Oil of Ohio or Sohio, and was known as the Sohio Building or Standard Oil building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161336-0000-0001", "contents": "200 Public Square\nAfter British Petroleum (BP) rebranded Sohio as BP in the early 1990s, the building was often called the BP America Building, BP America Tower, BP Tower, or BP Building, and those earlier names are still regularly used even after BP moved its North American headquarters to Chicago in 1998. It was officially renamed 200 Public Square in 2005 and since 2010, has been Cleveland's regional headquarters for Huntington Bancshares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161336-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Public Square, Sohio\nIn November 1981, Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) announced plans to build a skyscraper on Public Square. Initially, it was supposed to surpass the Terminal Tower in height, but city officials insisted that the Tower remain the city's tallest building. The BP Building was designed by Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum in the postmodern style and angled to be parallel to both Euclid and Superior avenues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161336-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Public Square, Sohio\nConstruction began in 1982 with the demolition of two Cleveland landmarks, the Burnham and Root Cuyahoga Building (1892) and the 16-story George B. Post Williamson Building (1900). The new structure was completed in 1985 and was officially opened in 1987 as the BP America Tower, when British Petroleum purchased the remaining 45% of Sohio and merged its North American holdings to form BP America, Inc., headquartered in the new building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161336-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Public Square, BP America, Inc.\nClaes Oldenburg's Free Stamp sculpture was commissioned by Alton Whitehouse and other Sohio executives to stand in front of the tower, but BP officials did not appreciate it, and donated the sculpture to the City of Cleveland. After some modifications, the city installed it in Willard Park, next to Cleveland City Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161336-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Public Square, BP America, Inc.\nBefore the Key Tower was built, the BP Building was the second-most prominent skyscraper in the city, often photographed with the adjacent Terminal Tower as a twin emblem of Cleveland. It contains 36 elevators, 10 escalators, 3 fountains, 1 waterfall, 1,500 plants, and several works of art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161336-0005-0000", "contents": "200 Public Square, BP America, Inc.\nWhen BP purchased Chicago-based Amoco in 1998, the company said it would move its headquarters from Cleveland to Chicago. The building was purchased by the Chicago-based EQ Office in 1996 for $144 million, which in turn sold it to Harbor Group International in June 2005 for $141.25 million. Harbor Group worked with Electra Real Estate (TASE: ELTR) to purchase the building. The building was subsequently renamed 200 Public Square. Most Clevelanders and the Harbor Group still recognize it as the BP Tower, although many still refer to it as the Sohio Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161336-0006-0000", "contents": "200 Public Square, Huntington Bank\nIn June 2011, Huntington Bank placed its corporate logo at the top of the building. The bank moved its regional headquarters to the tower from the Huntington Bank Building that September. Harbor Group International put the building up for sale in June 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161337-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Queen Street\n200 Queen Street, also known as 200Q and previously known as ACI House, is an office building in Melbourne. It is located at the north-east corner of Queen Street and Little Bourke Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161337-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Queen Street\nAround 130 metres in height, it has 32 full floors, plus two smaller floors atop that. It was the first high rise development in Melbourne by the Australian development firm, Grocon. The building was sold for $39 million in 1998 and again in 2003 for $78 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161337-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Queen Street\n200 Queen Street was briefly featured in the Australian movie The Castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161337-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Queen Street, Occupants\nOccupants of the building include Aickin Chambers, Chancery Chambers, Melbourne Business Lawyers Pty Ltd, SV Partners and the Melbourne office of Australian Government Solicitor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen\nThe 200 series (200\u7cfb) was a Shinkansen high-speed train type introduced by Japanese National Railways (JNR) for the Tohoku Shinkansen and Joetsu Shinkansen high-speed rail lines in Japan, and operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) until 2013. They actually predated the 100 series trains, having been built between 1980 and 1986. It was one of the two recipients of the 23rd Laurel Prize presented by the Japan Railfan Club, the first Shinkansen type to receive that award. The last remaining sets were retired from regular service in March 2013, and were completely withdrawn from service in April 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Design\nThe 200 Series Shinkansen trains resembled the earlier 0 series trains in styling (some later units had the pointed 'shark nose' of the 100 series), but were lighter and more powerful, since these two lines are mountain routes and have steeper gradients. These lines are also prone to snowfall and the trains had small snowplows fitted, as well as protection of equipment against snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Design\nThey were originally painted in ivory with a green window band and lower bodyside band, but a number of sets were refurbished and painted into a white-upper/dark blue-lower scheme with new wrap-around cab windows from 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Design\nThe first units were capable of 210\u00a0km/h (130\u00a0mph) but later ones can do 240\u00a0km/h (150\u00a0mph), and four were converted to be capable of 275\u00a0km/h (171\u00a0mph). Some units were also modified with retractable couplers in the nose for coupling with Yamagata Shinkansen Tsubasa and Akita Shinkansen Komachi Mini-shinkansen sets, but these are no longer in service. In addition, some of the later 200 series shinkansen trains were fitted with double-deck cars, which had semi-open standard-class compartments on the lower deck and green class (first class) seating on the upper deck. These too have been removed from service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Design\nWithdrawal of the earlier units began in 1997, and the last remaining unrefurbished set was withdrawn in May 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0005-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants\nSince their introduction in 1982, the 200 series sets have been operated in a number of different formations as described below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0006-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, E sets (1982\u20131993)\n12-car sets for T\u014dhoku Shinkansen Yamabiko and Aoba services, and for J\u014detsu Shinkansen Asahi and Toki services. These had a maximum speed of 210\u00a0km/h, and remained in service until early 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0007-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007)\n12-car 200-1000 series sets with a maximum speed of 240\u00a0km/h (150\u00a0mph) which were introduced in November 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0008-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007)\nFrom March 1990, four selected 12-car F sets (F90\u2013F93, formerly F54, F59, F14, F16) were upgraded allowing them to run at a maximum of 275\u00a0km/h (171\u00a0mph) on a small number of down Asahi services. 275\u00a0km/h (171\u00a0mph) services were discontinued on the J\u014detsu Shinkansen from 1998, with the introduction of E2 series trains, and the F90 sets were subsequently used interchangeably with other 240\u00a0km/h (150\u00a0mph) F sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0009-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007)\nSome F sets are similar to the H sets in that the driving trailer cars were built with a pointed nose, just like the latter. These trains however, feature a solid green line unlike the H sets, where they have two green lines, one thick and one thin, separated by a thin white section near the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0010-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007), Formations\nThe 12-car F sets were formed as follows, with car 1 at the Tokyo end. Car 11 was a Green (first class) car, and car 9 had a buffet counter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0011-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007), Formations\nCars 2, 4, 10, and 12 were each fitted with one cross-arm pantograph. (3, 5, 7, and 9 for sets F90-93)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0012-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007), Set F80\nOne F set, F17, was specially modified at Sendai Depot between August 1997 and January 1998 for use on additional Nagano Shinkansen Asama services in February 1998 during the 1998 Winter Olympics held in Nagano. The train was renumbered F80, and modifications included ability to operate on both 25 kV AC 50\u00a0Hz and 60\u00a0Hz overhead power supplies, weight-saving measures to comply with the 16 tonne axle load restriction, and additional control equipment to cope with the 30\u2030 gradient of the Nagano Shinkansen. Maximum speed was limited to 210\u00a0km/h when operating on the Nagano Shinkansen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0013-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007), Set F80\nSeats in the end cars, cars 1 and 12, were replaced with E2 series-style seats to reduce weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0014-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007), Set F80\nThe train was formed as follows, with car 1 at the Tokyo end. Car 11 was a Green (first class) car, and car 9 had a buffet counter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0015-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007), Set F80\nCars 2, 4, 8, and 10 were each fitted with one cross-arm pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0016-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, F sets (1983\u20132007), Set F80\nAfter February 1998, set F80 was used interchangeably with other F sets, and remained in operation until 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0017-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, G sets (1987\u20131999)\n10-car, and later 8-car, sets formed from the earlier 12-car E sets, with a maximum speed of 210\u00a0km/h. These entered service from 18 April 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0018-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, G sets (1987\u20131999), Formations\nCars 2, 4, 6, and 8 were equipped with cross-arm pantographs. Some sets had an \"Mpk\" car (numbered 225-400) in place of the 237 buffet car for car 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0019-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, H sets (1990\u20132005)\nSix 13-car and later 16-car sets (H1\u2013H6) with a maximum speed of 240\u00a0km/h for use on Yamabiko (nicknamed Super Yamabiko) services, incorporating two bilevel Green cars (cars 9 and 10) These sets entered service from 23 June 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0020-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, H sets (1990\u20132005)\nRegular operations using 16-car H sets ended from the start of the revised timetable on 13 March 2004, but sets H4 and H5 were reinstated as 12-car sets from the summer of 2004 for seasonal use with their Green cars removed. These two sets survived until mid-2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0021-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, H sets (1990\u20132005), Formations\nCars 2, 4, 8, 12, and 14 were each fitted with one cross-arm pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0022-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, H sets (1990\u20132005), Formations\nThe 12-car H sets (H4 & H5) were formed as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0023-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, H sets (1990\u20132005), Formations\nCars 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 were each fitted with one cross-arm pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 63], "content_span": [64, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0024-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, K sets (1992\u20132013)\n8-car and later 10-car sets with a maximum speed of 240\u00a0km/h modified with nose-end couplers to operate in conjunction with 400 series Yamagata Shinkansen sets and E3 series Akita Shinkansen sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0025-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Variants, K sets (1992\u20132013)\nThe remaining sets in use on the T\u014dhoku Shinkansen were withdrawn from 19 November 2011, but 200 series sets continued to be used on the J\u014detsu Shinkansen. The last remaining sets were withdrawn from regular service by the start of the revised timetable on 16 March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0026-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Special event train services, Tohoku Shinkansen 25th anniversary\nOn 23 June 2007, 10-car set K47 was used for a special Yamabiko 931 service from Omiya to Morioka to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of the Tohoku Shinkansen. Set K47 was specially repainted back into its original ivory and green livery for this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 87], "content_span": [88, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0027-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Special event train services, Tohoku Shinkansen 30th anniversary\nOn 23 June 2012, 10-car set K47 was used for a special Yamabiko 235 service from Omiya to Morioka to mark the 30th anniversary of the opening of the Tohoku Shinkansen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 87], "content_span": [88, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0028-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Special event train services, Joetsu Shinkansen 30th anniversary\nOn 17 November 2012, 10-car set K47 was used for a special Joetsu Shinkansen 30th Anniversary (\u4e0a\u8d8a\u65b0\u5e79\u7dda\u958b\u696d30\u5468\u5e74\u53f7\u300d, J\u014detsu Shinkansen Kaigy\u014d 30-sh\u016bnen-g\u014d) service, running as Toki 395, from Omiya to Niigata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 87], "content_span": [88, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0029-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Special event train services, Sayonara 200 series Yamabiko\nOn 30 March 2013, 10-car set K47 was used for a special Sayonara 200 series Yamabiko (\u3055\u3088\u306a\u3089\uff12\uff10\uff10\u7cfb\u3084\u307e\u3073\u3053\u53f7) train operated from Morioka to Tokyo, following the withdrawal of 200 series trains from regular scheduled services on 16 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 81], "content_span": [82, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0030-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Special event train services, Arigato 200 series\nOn 13 April 2013, a special Arigato 200 series (\u3042\u308a\u304c\u3068\u3046\uff12\uff10\uff10\u7cfb\u53f7) service ran from Sendai to Ueno in Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0031-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Special event train services, Sayonara 200 series\nOn 14 April 2013, 10-car set K47 was used for two final Sayonara 200 series (\u3055\u3088\u306a\u3089\uff12\uff10\uff10\u7cfb\u53f7) services from Niigata to Tokyo and from Omiya to Niigata, marking the last public operation of the 200 series trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 72], "content_span": [73, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0032-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Derailment\nA refurbished 200 series train (set K25 on the Toki 325 service) derailed on the J\u014detsu Shinkansen line while travelling at a speed of approximately 200\u00a0km/h between Nagaoka Station and Urasa Station on 23 October 2004 during the 2004 Ch\u016betsu earthquake. Eight of the ten cars were derailed. This was the first derailment of a Shinkansen train in service. None of the 155 passengers on board was injured. Set K25 was officially withdrawn on 25 March 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0033-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nPreserved car 221-1 at Sendai General Shinkansen Depot in July 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0034-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nFive cars of former set F30 stored at Sendai General Shinkansen Depot in January 2003", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0035-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nCar 249-5 of former set H5 stored at Sendai General Shinkansen Depot in July 2008", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0036-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nPreserved 200 series cars next to Nagareyama Onsen Station in Hokkaido in August 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0037-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nPreserved car 222-35 at the Railway Museum in Saitama in January 2015", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161338-0038-0000", "contents": "200 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nPreserved car 221-1510 outside the Niigata City Niitsu Railway Museum in August 2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161339-0000-0000", "contents": "200 South Tryon\n200 South Tryon is a 299 feet (91\u00a0m) tall skyscraper in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was completed in 1961 and has 18 floors. It is the 19th tallest building in the city. Gerald D. Hines Interestspurchased what was then called the BB&T Building in December 1998 and began a renovation process that added another floor which was completed in 2001. and in the process was upgraded to contain all Class B office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161339-0001-0000", "contents": "200 South Tryon\nWhen completed as the NCNB Building, the building stood as the first glass high-rise in North Carolina. The NCNB Building and the George Cutter Building across the street may have been the state's first Miesian glass and steel skyscrapers. Both buildings were based on the Lever House building in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161339-0002-0000", "contents": "200 South Tryon\nThe Commercial National Bank Building, completed in 1912 and 12 stories tall, once stood on the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161340-0000-0000", "contents": "200 South Wacker Drive\n200 South Wacker Drive is a high-rise office building located in Chicago, Illinois. Construction of the building began in 1979 and was completed in 1981. Harry Weese Associates designed the building, which has 41 stories and stands at a height of 500\u00a0ft (152m), making it the 92nd tallest building in Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161341-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 200 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the UAV Squadron, is an IAI Heron squadron based at Palmachim Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161342-0000-0000", "contents": "200 Vesey Street\n200 Vesey Street, formerly known as Three World Financial Center and also known as American Express Tower, is a skyscraper in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Located on West Street between Liberty Street and Vesey Street, the 739-foot (225\u00a0m) building is the tallest in the Brookfield Place complex (formerly known as the World Financial Center). It is similar in design to 225 Liberty Street (formerly Two World Financial Center), except that it is capped by a solid pyramid whereas 225 Liberty is capped by a dome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161342-0001-0000", "contents": "200 Vesey Street, Description\nThe building is an example of postmodern architecture, as designed by Cesar Pelli & Associates, and contains over 2.1 million square feet (195,000\u00a0m2) of rentable office area. It connects to the rest of the World Financial Center complex through a courtyard leading to the Winter Garden, a dramatic glass-and-steel public space with a 120\u00a0ft (37\u00a0m) vaulted ceiling under which there is an assortment of trees and plants, including sixteen 40\u00a0ft (12\u00a0m) palm trees from the Mojave Desert. It is notably similar in design to One Canada Square in London's Canary Wharf development. Canary Wharf was, like the World Financial Center, a project by Canadian developers Olympia & York, and One Canada Square was designed by the same principal architect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161342-0002-0000", "contents": "200 Vesey Street, Description\nDue to its status as the tallest tower in the complex, the building was subject to scathing criticism at the time of its construction. In 1985, the New York Times published an article lambasting the tower. \u201fNot too long ago, it was possible to gaze all the way from mid-Manhattan to the skies over the harbor. Now, that vista has been pierced by the American Express tower being built in the World Financial Center at Battery Park City. At the moment, the skyscraper resembles a gigantic, upended, rectilinear fish skeleton. As construction proceeds, however, and the floors fill in, there will be a solid wall where there was once a generous slice of sky.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161342-0003-0000", "contents": "200 Vesey Street, Description\nThree World Financial Center was severely damaged by the falling debris when the World Trade Center towers collapsed on September 11, 2001. The building's southeast corner took heavy structural damage, though the effects were not enough to create a threat of collapse. The building had to be closed for repairs from September 11, 2001 until May 2002 as a result of damage sustained in the terrorist attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161342-0004-0000", "contents": "200 Vesey Street, Description\n3 World Financial Center is today the world headquarters of American Express, and was once World Headquarters of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. It was renamed 200 Vesey Street when the rest of the complex became Brookfield Place in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161343-0000-0000", "contents": "200 West Madison\n200 West Madison is a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. The building rises 599 feet (182 m) in the Chicago Loop. It contains 45 floors, and was completed in 1982. 200 West Madison currently stands as the 52nd-tallest building in the city. The architectural firm who designed the building was Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the same firm who designed Chicago's Willis Tower and John Hancock Center and the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161343-0001-0000", "contents": "200 West Madison\nThe building was designed with a \"sawtooth edge,\" and incorporates six corners onto the southeast face of the building. Thus, the building has nine corner offices on most of its floors. Originally named \"Madison Plaza,\" the building was proposed to have a twin tower located on the lot situated south of the tower. However, plans for a second tower were ultimately abandoned. Six years later, in 1988, the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle was proposed for construction on the same lot, adjacent to 200 West Madison. Plans called for 125-story tower that was to rise 2,000\u00a0ft (610 m). However, that plan was also eventually cancelled. The lot is now the site of a parking garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161343-0002-0000", "contents": "200 West Madison\n200 West Madison is the location of \"Dawn Shadows,\" a famous black metal sculpture created by Louise Berliawsky Nevelson. The sculpture was brought to the plaza in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161343-0003-0000", "contents": "200 West Madison, Tenants\nUnited Airlines previously maintained a ticketing office in this building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0000-0000", "contents": "200 West Street\n200 West Street is the global headquarters of the Goldman Sachs investment banking firm in the Battery Park City neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The building is a 749-foot-tall (228\u00a0m), 44-story building located on West Street, between Vesey and Murray Streets in Lower Manhattan. It is adjacent to Brookfield Place and the Conrad Hotel, the Verizon Building, and the World Trade Center. It is the only office building in Battery Park City north of Brookfield Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0001-0000", "contents": "200 West Street\nThe skyscraper was designed by Henry N. Cobb of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, with Adamson Associates Architects. Construction commenced in 2005 after New York City and state government officials gave Goldman Sachs large subsidies to fund the project. There were several incidents during construction, including a falling load that paralyzed an architect as well as a falling pane of glass. Workers started moving into 200 West Street in late 2009 and the project was completed the next year at a cost of $2.1 billion. The building received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) gold certification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0002-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design\n200 West Street is in the Battery Park City neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The building is on the western side of West Street between Murray Street to the north and Vesey Street to the south. It is adjacent to the Conrad Hotel to the west. 200 West Street is directly across from 200 Vesey Street and 250 Vesey Street, both within Brookfield Place (formerly the World Financial Center), to the south. Other nearby buildings include One World Trade Center to the southeast, the Verizon Building to the east, and 111 Murray Street to the northeast. 200 West Street is Battery Park City's only office building north of Brookfield Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0003-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design\n200 West Street was designed by Henry N. Cobb of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, with Adamson Associates Architects, for investment bank Goldman Sachs. Numerous other firms were hired to design various aspects of the building. According to Goldman Sachs' real estate executive Timur Galen, a variety of new and experienced companies was chosen to highlight each company's different skill sets. The main contractor was the Tishman Construction Corporation. According to The New York Times, 200 West Street is 43 stories and 739 feet (225\u00a0m) high, while according to Emporis, it is 44 stories and 749 feet (228\u00a0m) high. The building contains about 2,100,000 square feet (200,000\u00a0m2) of interior space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0004-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design, Form and facade\n200 West Street contains a bulky base and a slab-like tower. The southern end of the building is within a zoning lot that prevents that portion of the structure from rising above 140 feet (43\u00a0m). The building contains three setbacks on higher floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0005-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design, Form and facade\nThe facade is made of glass and stainless steel. The western facade, facing the Hudson River, contains a curve. The curved western facade was a result of zoning restrictions, which mandated that a sightline of the Hudson River from the World Financial Center had to be preserved. Cobb convinced Goldman Sachs officials that a curve would allow the office space to be arranged more efficiently, in contrast with a diagonal slice. In addition, the facade contains incisions that parallel the angles of Murray Street to the north and Vesey Street to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0006-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design, Features\nThe interior superstructure was designed by Guy Nordenson and Associates. At the base of the building, the columns are arranged in a 40-by-60-foot (12 by 18\u00a0m) grid. To create an open space for all of the trading floors, the building was developed with large trusses and fewer columns. In the upper stories, the columns around the perimeter are spaced 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) apart at their centers. The southern facade has diagonal beams that extend several stories high, creating an outrigger frame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0007-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design, Features, Base\nBetween the building and the Conrad New York hotel to its west is a covered pedestrian walkway. The covered walkway is nicknamed \"Goldman Alley\", though it is officially named the North End Way. The alley measures 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) wide and contains numerous stores and restaurants. The walkway already existed before the building's construction, but as part of the building's construction, it received a slanted 11,000-square-foot (1,000\u00a0m2) glass and metal canopy designed by Preston Scott Cohen. In 2012, Michael Kimmelman of The New York Times characterized the space as \"one of the best new works of architecture in New York\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0008-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design, Features, Base\nThe elevators are clustered in the north portion of the building. The elevator bank is connected to the main entrance, at West and Vesey Street, by a walkway measuring approximately 400 feet (120\u00a0m) long. On one wall of the walkway, artist Julie Mehretu created a $5 million, 80 by 23 feet (24 by 7\u00a0m) mural for the entrance lobby. The other wall contains windows that measure 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) high. There are six large trading floors for Goldman Sachs at the building's base. Each trading floor could fit a thousand employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0009-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design, Features, Upper stories\nOn the 10th through 12th stories, there is an employee amenity space with cafes, a fitness center, and conference space. The amenity space is connected by a three-story staircase and contains an 11th-floor sky lobby. The GS Exchange, a 54,000-square-foot (5,000\u00a0m2) gym, contains men's and women's steam rooms. The fitness space was designed by Architecture Research Office. The employee cafeteria was designed by Office dA and contains an undulating ceiling with curved lines. Also included in the building is a 350-seat auditorium, which was designed by SHoP Architects and has an exterior clad in bronze panels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0010-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design, Features, Upper stories\nAbove the base are 29 office stories for Goldman Sachs and three executive stories at the top. When the building opened, window-facing offices were largely reserved for Goldman Sachs' \"elite partners\", while the managing directors directly under their management had interior offices without windows. The private offices are divided by glass partitions, and the wooden desks were designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. The office floors are covered with carpeting. The top floors were designed by KPMB Architects in a manner similar to an executive office. The top offices contain conference and dining rooms as well as an outdoor terrace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0011-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design, Features, Environmental features\n200 West Street was designed with several environmentally friendly features, such as plumbing with low-flow fixtures, carpets with low chemical levels, and a green roof. The low-flow plumbing fixtures, as well as a system to collect storm runoff, can save 11\u00a0million U.S. gallons (42,000,000\u00a0l; 9,200,000\u00a0imp\u00a0gal) of water annually. All of the building's carpet padding and wood are recycled as are 90 percent of the concrete and 85 percent of carpet material. The building is also equipped with an \"ice farm\" with five chillers and 92 storage tanks, which store ice at night, when energy costs are lower than in the daytime. The building also features an environmentally friendly raised floor air system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0012-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Design, Features, Environmental features\nThe building's environmental features allow 200 West Street to reduce its annual energy consumption by 6.5\u00a0million kilowatts (8,700,000\u00a0hp) and reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 2,900 metric tons (2,900 long tons; 3,200 short tons) a year. By including these features, the building received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) gold certification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0013-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, History\nPrior to the completion of 200 West Street, the New York City headquarters of banking firm Goldman Sachs were previously at 85 Broad Street, while the firm's main trading floor was at One New York Plaza. The company also had space at 32 Old Slip. After the World Trade Center was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, numerous large companies in Lower Manhattan left the area or threatened to leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0014-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Planning\nDuring the early 2000s, Goldman Sachs started planning a new headquarters before the leases at its existing buildings expired in the late 2000s. The bank originally planned to relocate traders to the under-construction 30 Hudson Street in Jersey City, New Jersey, just across the Hudson River from Battery Park City. However, these plans were canceled after traders expressed their opposition. In December 2003, The Wall Street Journal announced that Goldman Sachs was considering erecting a headquarters in Battery Park City near the World Trade Center site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0014-0001", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Planning\nThe New York Daily News reported that the firm had specifically identified a parking lot on West Street between Murray and Vesey Streets, just northwest of the World Trade Center site. Local business leaders praised the project as a benefit for the neighborhood, which was still being negatively affected by the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0015-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Planning\nGoldman Sachs sought subsidies and tax exemptions from the New York state and city governments before committing to the West Street headquarters. By April 2004, Goldman Sachs had hired Pei Cobb Freed & Partners to construct a 40-story tower with a curved facade that met the environmental standards required within Battery Park City. In August 2004, the Battery Park City Authority designated Goldman Sachs as the developer of the West Street site. A dispute arose in late 2004 when New York governor George Pataki proposed rebuilding the nearby section of West Street as a tunnel underneath the World Financial Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0015-0001", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Planning\nGoldman Sachs objected that the northern portal would be directly in front of the entrance to its headquarters. As a result of the dispute, Goldman Sachs abandoned plans for its West Street headquarters in April 2005. The state government quickly canceled plans for the West Street tunnel, but Goldman Sachs continued to look for additional sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0016-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Planning\nIn August 2005, Goldman Sachs agreed to develop the West Street site. City and state officials offered additional subsidies to cover the projected $2 billion cost, prompting objections to the size of the subsidies, As a concession, the city agreed to narrow West Street's bike lane and sidewalk so anti-vehicle bollards could be installed. Goldman Sachs CEO Henry Paulson also received a money-back guarantee from the city and state governments, which would impose penalties on the governments if they could not create a plan to secure the area around the World Trade Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0016-0001", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Planning\nLater that month, a state board approved $115 million in tax breaks and cash grants, as well as $1.65 billion in Liberty Bonds to help cover the building's construction cost. The Battery Park City Authority also agreed to lease the site to Goldman Sachs the same month. The bond financing was enacted that September. Political leaders subsequently said they would not offer such incentives to other projects in Lower Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0017-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Construction\nA groundbreaking ceremony for the Goldman Sachs headquarters at 200 West Street occurred on November 29, 2005. In developing the building, Goldman Sachs pledged $3.5 million toward the construction of a New York Public Library branch at North End Avenue and Murray Street, a block west of the new headquarters. Goldman Sachs acquired the adjacent Embassy Suites hotel to the west in 2006, which gave the company more control over the surrounding site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0017-0001", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Construction\nShortly after construction commenced, Manhattan Community Board 1 passed a resolution mandating that Goldman Sachs devise a plan to reduce the impact of for-hire \"black cars\" idling around the new headquarters. The project involved hundreds of workers, many from other states. Throughout the construction of the Goldman Sachs headquarters, the company made few public comments about its new building. As David W. Dunlap wrote for The New York Times in 2008: \"Only by accident has the building been in the news at all.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0018-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Construction\nOn December 14, 2007, a nylon sling on a crane failed, sending a 7-ton load to the ground. It crushed two trailers and severely crippled the legs of an architect inside. Work at the site was halted for several days to remedy the safety violations. Construction was again halted in March 2008 after city inspectors discovered an unauthorized crane operator on-site. Another construction accident occurred on May 17, 2008, when a 30-by-30-inch (76\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a076\u00a0cm) piece of steel fell eighteen stories onto a neighboring baseball field where children were playing; no one was injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0018-0001", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Construction\nThe city issued a stop-work order and cited the general contractor, Tishman Construction, for five violations. Interior work restarted two weeks later on the lowest thirteen stories, where windows had been installed. Goldman Sachs requested that Tishman erect safety netting on the entire building, and Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein requested regular reports on the status of 200 West Street's construction. Work was stopped again in April 2009 when a hammer fell 18 stories and broke the window of a taxicab passing by.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0019-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Construction\nFurther controversies relating to 200 West Street's construction arose when, in May 2008, the Daily News reported on the 2005 money-back guarantee. The state and city governments would forfeit a combined $321 million if infrastructure improvements to the World Trade Center site were not completed by 2009. The state would waive $160 million of tax payments, which were instead placed in an escrow account, while the city would waive $161 million of lease payments on the site through 2069.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0019-0001", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Construction\nThe improvements included the reconstruction of West Street around the new World Trade Center, the completion of the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, and a ferry landing on the Hudson River near Vesey Street. According to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which was not a party to the agreement, most of these projects were not slated to be completed on time. After the agreement was reported, city and state leaders started negotiating with Goldman Sachs to reduce the penalty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0020-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Opening\nBy late 2008, Goldman Sachs intended to sublet its other space in Lower Manhattan once the 200 West Street headquarters was complete. The first of 7,500 employees arrived in November 2009, with the building officially opening on November 16. The building had ultimately cost $2.1 billion to construct, which was $200 million less than Goldman Sachs had originally projected. Shortly after the first workers moved into the building, glass pieces fell from the upper floors, forcing street closures in the neighborhood. That December, Goldman Sachs decided to give the city $161 million in lease payments. However, the firm was scheduled to collect $160 million in the escrow account instead of paying taxes to the state. With the development of its new headquarters, Goldman Sachs also announced plans to convert the adjacent Embassy Suites hotel into a Conrad Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0021-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, History, Opening\nBy April 2010, most of the employees had moved in, with 6,500 workers at the building. In 2010, shortly after the building opened, some employees expressed dissatisfaction at the layout of the offices. Several vice presidents objected that they were working at communal desks, rather than their own office suites, as they had at the  85 Broad Street. The last employees had moved into the building by December 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161344-0022-0000", "contents": "200 West Street, Critical reception\nUpon the building's completion, architecture critic Paul Goldberger wrote for The New Yorker that Goldman Sachs succeeded in keeping \"its risk-taking entirely out of sight\" with 200 West Street's design, though he deemed it \"unfortunate that almost all the daring touches at 200 West Street are inside, hidden from view\". Jacqueline Pezzillo of the Center for Architecture described the building as \"an indelible legacy of the financial giant [Goldman Sachs] and a tribute to teamwork, creativity, and diversity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161345-0000-0000", "contents": "200 days of dread\nThe 200 days of dread (Hebrew: \u05de\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05de\u05d9 \u05d7\u05e8\u05d3\u05d4\u200e; matayim yamei kharada) was a period of 200 days in the history of the Yishuv in British Palestine, from the spring of 1942 to November 1942, when the German Afrika Korps under the command of General Erwin Rommel was heading east toward the Suez Canal and Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161345-0001-0000", "contents": "200 days of dread, History\nThe question of whether the Yishuv would need to defend itself against a possible German invasion rose twice during the Second World War. The first major threat was a German invasion from the north, from the pro-Nazi Vichy regime in control of Syria and Lebanon. This danger ended after Operation Exporter, the allied invasion of these countries on 8 June 1941, and their liberation from Vichy control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161345-0002-0000", "contents": "200 days of dread, History\nIn 1942 a more serious threat emerged as the German Afrika Korps, under the command of Erwin Rommel, threatened to overrun British possessions in the Middle East. The \"200 days of dread\" ended after the Allied victory in the Second Battle of El Alamein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161345-0003-0000", "contents": "200 days of dread, History\nAccording to historians Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin C\u00fcppers, based on archival research, Einsatzgruppe Egypt was to carry out a mass killing of the Jewish population in Palestine and Egypt. Despite the word \"Palestine\" never being mentioned in the archival documents, the researchers state that the unit's objective was to go there in order to enact systematic mass murder of Jews. The unit was standing by in Athens and was ready to disembark for Palestine in the summer of 1942, to be attached to the Afrika Korps. Given its small staff of only 24 men, Mallmann and C\u00fcppers theorize the unit would have needed help from local residents and from the Afrika Korps to complete their assignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161345-0004-0000", "contents": "200 days of dread, History\nAccording to historian Haim Saadon, Director of the Center of Research on North African Jewry in World War II, there was no extermination plan: Rauff's documents show that his foremost concern was assisting the Wehrmacht, and his plan for this was to place the Jews in forced labour camps to achieve this. In relative terms, the North African Jews escaped the Final Solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161345-0005-0000", "contents": "200 days of dread, History\nThe Hebrew term \"200 days of dread\" was coined only later by the contemporary journalist Haviv Canaan, as taken from the title of his 1974 book on this period. In 1941\u201342 the Haganah was preparing a last stand in the event that the British would retreat from the German army as far as Syria and Iraq. The \"Plan of the North\" was also called \"Masada on the Carmel\", and \"Haifa\u2013Masada\u2013Musah Dag\". The British plan was called Palestine Final Fortress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0000-0000", "contents": "200 euro note\nThe two hundred euro note (\u20ac200) is the second-highest value euro banknote (and the highest value banknote in production) and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The note is used in the 23 countries which have the euro as their sole currency (with 22 legally adopting it); with a population of about 343\u00a0million. In May 2021, there were about 734,000,000 \u20ac200 banknotes in circulation around the eurozone. It is the second least widely circulated denomination, accounting for 2.7% of the total banknotes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0001-0000", "contents": "200 euro note\nIt is the second-largest note, measuring 153 \u00d7 82\u00a0mm, and has a yellow colour scheme. The two hundred euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways in Art Nouveau style (19th and 20th centuries). The \u20ac200 note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0002-0000", "contents": "200 euro note\nThe new banknotes of the Europa series 200 euro banknote was released on 28 May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0003-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, History\nThe euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Finnish markka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0004-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, History\nSlovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia joined on 1 January 2014 and Lithuania joined on 1 January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0005-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, The changeover period\nThe changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months after that. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for ten years or more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0006-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Changes\nNotes printed before November 2003 bear the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg, who was replaced on 1 November 2003 by Jean-Claude Trichet, whose signature appears on issues from November 2003 to March 2012. Notes issued after March 2012 bear the signature of the third president of the European Central Bank, incumbent Mario Draghi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0007-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Changes\nUntil now there has been only one series of euro notes; however a new series, similar to the current one, is planned to be released. The European Central Bank will in due course announce when banknotes of the first series lose legal tender status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0008-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Changes\nAs of June 2012, current issues do not reflect the expansion of the European Union: Cyprus is not depicted on current notes, as the map does not extend far enough east; and Malta is also missing as it does not meet the current series' minimum size for depiction. The European Central Bank plans to redesign the notes every seven or eight years, and a second series of banknotes is already in preparation. New production and anti-counterfeiting techniques will be employed on the new notes, but the design will be of the same theme and colours identical to the current series: bridges and arches. However, they will still be recognisable as a new series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0009-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Design\nThe \u20ac200 note measures 153 millimetres (6.0\u00a0in) \u00d7 82 millimetres (3.2\u00a0in) and has a yellow colour scheme. All euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways, each in a different historical European style: the \u20ac200 note shows the Art Nouveau era (19th and 20th centuries). Although Robert Kalina's original designs were intended to show real monuments, for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0010-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Design\nLike all euro notes, it contains the denomination, the EU flag, the signature of the president of the ECB and the initials of that bank in different EU languages, a depiction of EU territories overseas, the stars from the EU flag and twelve security features as listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0011-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Design, Security features (Europa series)\nIn addition to the previous series' features the Europa series include a \"Satellite Hologram\" which shows two small \u20ac symbols that circle the denomination number when the banknote is tilted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0012-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Circulation\nThe European Central Bank is closely monitoring the circulation and stock of the euro coins and banknotes. It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the euro area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0013-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Circulation\nIn May 2021, there were 734,174,146 \u20ac200 banknotes in circulation around the euro area for \u20ac146,834,829,200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0014-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Circulation\nThis is a net number, i.e. the number of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem central banks, without further distinction as to who is holding the currency issued, thus also including the stocks held by credit institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0015-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Circulation\nBesides the date of the introduction of the first set to January 2002, the publication of figures is more significant through the maximum number of banknotes raised each year. The number is higher the end of the year, except for this note in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0016-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Circulation\nOn 28 May 2019, a new 'Europe' series was issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0017-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Circulation\nThe first series of notes were issued in conjunction with those for a few weeks in the series 'Europe' until existing stocks are exhausted, then gradually withdrawn from circulation. Both series thus run parallel but the proportion tends inevitably to a sharp decrease in the first series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0018-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Circulation\nThe latest figures provided by the ECB are the following\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0019-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Legal information\nLegally, both the European Central Bank and the central banks of the eurozone countries have the right to issue the seven different euro banknotes. In practice, only the national central banks of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro banknotes. The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161346-0020-0000", "contents": "200 euro note, Tracking\nThere are several communities of people in Europe, in particular EuroBillTracker, who, as a hobby, track the euro banknotes that pass through their hands, recording where they travel. The aim is to record as many notes as possible to know details about their spread, i.e. where the notes travel, and generate statistics and rankings: for example, in which countries there are more tickets. EuroBillTracker has registered over 180 million notes as of September 2018, worth more than \u20ac3.317 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161347-0000-0000", "contents": "200 km de Buenos Aires\nThe 200\u00a0km de Buenos Aires is a 200-kilometre touring car race held annually at Aut\u00f3dromo Juan y \u00d3scar G\u00e1lvez in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The race was traditionally run on the last Sunday in October, but is now held on the first Sunday in October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161347-0001-0000", "contents": "200 km de Buenos Aires\nThe race is form part of S\u00faper TC 2000 calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0000-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane\n200\u00a0km/h in the Wrong Lane, also titled t.A.T.u. in Japan, is the second, and first English-language, studio album by Russian music duo t.A.T.u., released on 10 December 2002, by Interscope Records. It is the duo's first studio album to be associated with Interscope after signing to Universal, the label they signed to in 1998. Due to the duo's lack of English vocabulary, the album was produced and written by producers such as Trevor Horn, Martin Kierszenbaum, Sergio Galoyan, Robert Orton and Ivan Shapovalov, who was placed as the duo's manager and executive producer. 200 km/h lyrically explores themes such as teenage rebellion, love, sexuality, sadness, independence and social rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0001-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane\nThe album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics. Many critics praised the catchiness and production standards, while ambivalent towards the duo's tacky imagery and vocal abilities. Upon its release, it debuted inside the top-ten in many European countries including Denmark, Austria, Finland and Italy. It became the duo's best-selling album on the US Billboard 200, peaking at 13. The album became the highest selling album in Russia, with estimated shipments of one million copies. They went on to promote the album with their Show Me Love Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0002-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane\nOne of the three official singles, \"All the Things She Said\", became one of the most successful singles of the 2000s, charting at the top spot in over 20 countries. The song was responsible for bringing the group to the spotlight, particularly with the accompanying music video, which caused international controversy. \"Not Gonna Get Us\" and \"How Soon Is Now?\" charted moderately worldwide. With the sales, they became the first Russian act to have an album charting in many charts worldwide and the second to chart on the US Billboard 200, following Gorky Park in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0003-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Background\nPrior to t.A.T.u., Yulia Volkova and Lena Katina had auditioned as members of Neposedy, a group produced by Ivan Shapovalov and his business partner Alexander Voitinskyi. Shapolavov has said the two girls stood out from the rest of those that auditioned; however, 14-year-old Katina was initially the only one chosen for the group. She sang \"It Must Have Been Love\" and later recorded a demo release of \"Yugoslavia\" for the \"1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia\". When both Katina and Volkova were cast for the group (under the name 'Taty'), they began to record their first album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0003-0001", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Background\nThen, in 2001 the duo released \"200 Po Vstrechnoy\", which became successful in Poland and Russia. While the album was in development, their producer Alexander Voitinskyi left the production, leaving the album unreleased. However, Shapolavov later signed Elena Kiper as the new co-producer and co-writer for the album. With the success, Shapovalov decided to sign the duo to Interscope and its parent Universal at the headquarters in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0004-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Background\nThe duo started recording the album at Trevor Horn's home studio in London and having some recording sessions in Los Angeles. When the duo were signed and ready for recording, both Volkova and Katina felt it was easy to understand the English language. Volkova stated that Martin Kierszenbaum helped her with pronunciation, while Katina was already speaking English before production of the album. However, during the times recording in studios, Volkova constantly lost her voice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0005-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Recording\nKatina commented on the collaborations, saying; \"It was great [...] I think he was involved in some translations because we wanted to keep the meaning of the songs, and to keep the structure specifics. I think that Martin [Kierszenbaum] is a little bit of a fan of t.A.T.u, so he was really trying hard to make us big everywhere! We had an opportunity to work with great producer, it was valuable experience. I am talking about Trevor Horn. And in general, just imagine: Two girls are coming from Russia, which is another world compared to the USA, working with a high class producers and writers and management. Everybody is so professional. Working with Martin and Interscope in general brought us to an absolutely different level.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0006-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Composition\nThe music of 200\u00a0km/h in the Wrong Lane is derived from a wide variety of pop and dance genres while heavily incorporating different musical styles not being present on their previous Russian record. It encompasses a broad variety of genres, such as electronic, rock, industrial and Eurodance. It is considered that the album is a departure to their Russian debut, because that contained heavy Europop, Eurodance and techno influences. According to Allmusic, t.A.T.u. have been known for \"Eurodance, Europop, electronica and pop rock\" music through their career. A lot of fans and, surprisingly, critics have applauded their mix of electronica and pop rock styles. According to Discogs, the album is influenced by musical genres of electronic, pop, rock, Europop, pop rock and balladry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0007-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Composition\nThe first track, \"Not Gonna Get Us\" is a Eurodance-inspired song, with influences of dance-pop and rock. \"All the Things She Said\" was the first single released, but the second track on the album. The song opens with dreamy, trance-gated synthesizers and then shifts into a guitar-based pop rock style with Trevor Horn's trademark huge drum sound. The line \"I'm in serious shit, I feel totally lost\" in the first verse would be sung normally in live performance; on the album, however, the word is censored and was completely removed in the music video. The third single, \"Show Me Love\", was released in Poland. The song was described as \"neutral\". \"30 Minutes\" was later released as the fourth single. The song has been described as a \"slow atmospheric ballad\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0008-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Composition\n\"How Soon Is Now?\" was the band's last single released from this album and was also the fifth track on the album. It is a cover version of The Smiths song of the same name. The song \"is transformed by scorched synths, furious power-chords and Katina or Volkova\u2019s defiant roar \"You Shut Your Mouth\", into an angry punka blast.\" \"Clowns (Can You See Me Now?)\" was the sixth track on the album. The song was written by Horn, Ivan Shapolavov and Valery Polienko. It was also scheduled to be the last single, but this plan was scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0008-0001", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Composition\nHowever, for a promotional release, 200km/h in the Wrong Lane was re-issued in their native Russia under the name t.A.T.u. \u2013 Clowns. It has a synthpop and electronica style. \"Malchik Gay\" (translated to: Gay Boy) is the seventh track on the album. AllMusic named it as an album highlight because the lyrics, which were written by their producers, had received a lot of attention. It is an acoustic song concerning homosexuality. \"Stars\" is the eighth and final original track on the album. The song \"tries for smooth world-pop with an extended Russian rap, but doesn't linger in anyone\u2019s memory after it's over.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0009-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Title and artwork\nThe album's title was revealed as 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, which strikes a similarity to their first album. In a documentary on their DVD Screaming for More, the group revealed that the title of the album was to represent their imagery that was portrayed through the media and that the album represented a \"dangerous\" side to them. Katina also said of Volkova's dangerous driving that inspired the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0010-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Title and artwork\nThe artwork and photoshoot off the album was shot by Sheryl Nields. There are three official covers to the album. The international version featured both Volkova and Katina leaning of a motorbike, with Katina leaning on Volkova. The Japanese version was shot with the duo in catholic school uniforms similar to the clothes they wore in the \"All the Things She Said\" video. Because the album issued music videos, a \"G\" rating was issued on the cover off the album physically. The 10th Anniversary Edition takes the artwork off \"All the Things She Said\" and uses the group's music videos to illustrate the border of the cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0011-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Media portrayal\nWhen the music video of \"All the Things She Said\" was released in August 2002, it created an immediate media storm due to the lesbian kiss between the members. The subject matter caused universal controversy, with many media outlets calling it one of the most controversial videos to date. Media outlets, including MuchMusic, FHM Music TV, Virgin Media and The Guardian have regarded it as either a \"sexy\" or \"controversial\" music video. William Leith, a publicist from The Guardian, published a separate article on how lesbianism never fails to appeal upon men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0011-0001", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Media portrayal\nLeith commented; \"the BBC ban on tATu's video, the fact that their manager, Ivan Shapovalov, has said some dodgy things about his marketing strategies, and that Richard and Judy have advised people not to buy the record. But the thing that really starts the conversation going is the mention of lesbianism.\" He revealed that \"So, here we go again. Lesbians! Phwoar! Eyebrows are raised. Sly grins are exchanged. The subject, clearly, is fascinating to us. We approve of it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0012-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Media portrayal\nAfter their manager admitted to portraying the girls as lesbians to market their music and aimed t.A.T.u. to create a sexual imagery for men who enjoy pornography, media outlets had criticized him and t.A.T.u. Child protection charity had branded the group \"disgusting and pathetic\" and said that child pornography is not a laughing matter. ITV banned the video from its show CD:UK, as producer Tammy Hoyle responded \"We could not show the video on CD:UK because it is not really suitable for children.\" Despite banning the video, the group performed the song on many live performances including MTV, Top of the Pops and many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0013-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Media portrayal\nReviews on the group's image were immensely harsh; AllMusic review for 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane labelled the band as a tawdry gimmick. A writer from The Daily Telegraph expressed the video as \"clich\u00e9d\", while it \"titillating on a very base and adolescent level, only serves to cheapen the song's lyrical impact. The video is also a sign of how blurred the line between entertainment and exploitation has become\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0014-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Tour\nThe group's Show Me Love Tour was originally commenced in early 2003. In March 2003, the group announced dates for their \"Show Me Love Promo Tour\" in the United Kingdom. However the next month, the group dropped the dates and did not perform at the concert, due to poor ticket sales. The concert was just days after the cancellation. BBC News stated that only a fraction of the tickets were sold for the concert and said the stadiums (held in London and Manchester) had around capacities of 10,000. A spokesman from their label Interscope did not understand why the cancellation took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0015-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Tour\nIn May 2003, t.A.T.u. 's management were sued by the promoters EEM Group for the cancellations of the concerts. EEM sued their management for \u00a3300,000, claiming they put \"unachievable and numerous obstacles\" in the way of ticket sales for the shows. They also claimed that Yulia's illness was a reason for the cancellation, however due to the lack of evidence, the lawsuit was discarded. After the lawsuit, the group also cancelled their Asian-promo tour for Japan and China, due to Yulia's sickness, who needed urgent surgery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0015-0001", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Tour\nThe same month, the group postponed their German Promo tour, due to a late invitation to the 2003 MTV Movie Awards, where they performed. The following month they also cancelled their Riga concert and Japan concert in June, which led to a lawsuit from Pasadena Group Promotion, asking $180,000 in damages, as they did not receive any official letters regarding the cancellation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0016-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Promotion, Live performances\nDespite tour cancellations, the group performed in many associations. To promote \"All the Things She Said\", t.A.T.u. performed the song on many television shows in the United States. They first appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, where the girls created confusion, because they kissed each other without first having been granted permission to do so. They performed the single on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, AOL sessions, MADtv, Carson Daly Show, TRL and the 2003 MTV Movie Awards. They also performed the song on shows in many other countries such as CD:UK in the UK and Top of the Pops in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0017-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles\n\"All the Things She Said\" was released as the first single off the album in August 2002. It initially received mixed reception, praising the catchiness and creativeness, while criticizing the repetition. The song topped many charts around the world, including Australia, Germany, France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The song peaked at number twenty on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming the highest Russian act to do so. The song was directed by their manager Ivan Shapovalov, with the girls in school uniforms kissing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0018-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles\n\"Not Gonna Get Us\" was released in May 2003 by Interscope Records, both physically and digitally. It was met with favorable reception, praising their departure from their first single and felt it was radio-friendly. The video was also shot by Shapolavov, where it features the girls escaping a supposed prison-like environment and escaping in a construction truck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0019-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles\n\"Ne Ver', Ne Boysia\" was used as the official Russian entry to the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest. Released as a promotional single in May 2003, the song came third in the competition, only because of the lack of voting opportunity from the United Kingdom and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0020-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles\n\"Show Me Love\" and \"30 Minutes\" were both released promotionally in Europe, not managing to receive success critically or commercially. Music video's for each single were released though, with \"30 Minutes\" receiving controversy due to nudity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0021-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Singles\n\"How Soon Is Now? \", A cover from The Smiths was the final single from the studio album. The song received mixed reviews, praising the potential while criticizing the production and the duos vocal abilities. The song managed to chart moderately around Europe and Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0022-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Critical reception\n200 km/h in the Wrong Lane received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics. Entertainment.ie gave it a favorable review, awarding it three stars. They had said \"A teenage lesbian duo from Russia may sound like a marketing man's fantasy rather than a living, breathing pop band.\" and finished saying \"Tatu's novelty value won't, of course, last forever. But for now, they're as entertaining as anyone in mainstream chart music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0022-0001", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Critical reception\nMichael Osborn from MusicOMH was positive, saying \"Short it may be, but TATU's initial English language offerings are fresh-sounding pop songs of such a high pedigree, that this is an album which will be played to death.\" They later talked about the girls being on top headlines about the controversy and he stated \"Ignore all the headlines - this intriguing Russian act has the ability to hit all the right notes with their music alone, and have more than just one mammoth smash to offer.\" David Merryweather from Drowned in Sound called the album \"the first pop masterpiece of the year\" and encouraged people \"Don\u2019t pretend you don\u2019t care.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0023-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Critical reception\nHowever, Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic rated the album two stars out of five, first calling the band a marketing gimmick, and adding that the songs could not be fun due to leaning on \"heavy, portentous Europop, badly sung by two cute girls with annoying squawks for voices.\" He ended by saying \"With those relentless, gloomy beats and those voices that cut against the grain, it's easy to concentrate on nothing but the gimmick, because it's more fun to talk about Russian teenage lesbians than listen to this noisy, oppressive murk.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0023-0001", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Critical reception\nTodd Burns from Stylus Magazine awarded the album with a D rating, and gave it a mixed review. He said \"It's obviously pop product and probably not worth the money to buy, but certainly essential pop listening if only for the already European released singles.\" However, he was positive towards the single releases, calling them \"phenomenal confectionary pop constructions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0024-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Commercial performance\nIn the United States, the album debuted at number thirty-six on the chart. The album then rose to thirteen, selling 51,000 copies in its second week becoming the best-gaining sales of that week end. staying in the charts for thirty-three weeks in total. In October 2005, the album sold 760,000 copies in North America, according to Nielsen Soundscan. As of a 2012 Niselen SoundScan update, the album has sold 831,000 copies there, becoming the group's best selling album there and was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 500,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0025-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number nineteen on the Australian Albums Chart on 30 March 2003, the highest debut of that week. It remained in the top forty until its tenth week, where it dropped to forty-four and stayed for eleven runs. The album entered at number nine on the New Zealand Albums Chart, becoming the second highest charting album of that week and the group's only top ten studio album. The album descended all its way to number thirty-eight and stayed at total of twelve runs through the chart. In Japan, the album sold more than 300,000 copies in just two days, making them the most successful Eastern European act to have the most sales in a week. As of 2010, the album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0026-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, 10th Anniversary Edition\nIn October 2012, the group's previous record labels Interscope and Cherrytree Records announced they would be re-releasing the album under the name 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane: 10 Year Anniversary Edition, as recognition of a ten-year anniversary from the original version. The album contains a new song entitled \"A Simple Motion\", which is the English version of their Russian single, \"Prostye Dvizheniya\". Back in 2008, there was an interview with the duo where they said that there is still an English version of \"Prostye Dvizheniya\", but it remained unreleased. This song is the original 2002 version that was never released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0027-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, 10th Anniversary Edition\nThe album is remastered along with new remixes as well as the explicit versions of \"All the Things She Said\", \"Show Me Love\" and the extended version of \"Show Me Love\". The album features a new artwork that was taken from the 2002 era and was released with a parental advisory sticker on 12 November 2012. Not long after its announcement, new artwork was released on the Cherrytree website. On 17 September 2012, just two months before the announcement, the album was already released on the iTunes Store digitally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161348-0028-0000", "contents": "200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161349-0000-0000", "contents": "200 metre backstroke at the Olympics\nThe 200 metre backstroke event is an event held at the Summer Olympic Games. The men's event was introduced in 1900, then was not held again until 1964, with a 100 metre backstroke) held from 1904 to 1960. When the event returned in 1964, it replaced the men's 100 metre backstroke for that year; in 1968, both the 100 and 200 metre versions were held for men. The 200 metre backstroke has been held at every Summer Games since 1964. The women's backstroke was introduced in 1968, and has been held at every Summer Olympics since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161350-0000-0000", "contents": "200 metre freestyle at the Olympics\nThe 200 metre freestyle event is an event held at the Summer Olympic Games. The men's event was introduced in 1900, held a second time in 1904 (at 220 yards rather than 200 metres), then was not held again until 1968. When the event returned in 1968, both men's and women's events were held. The event has remained on the programme for every Summer Olympics since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0000-0000", "contents": "200 metres\nThe 200\u00a0metres, or 200-metre dash, is a sprint running event. On an outdoor race 400\u00a0m track, the race begins on the curve and ends on the home straight, so a combination of techniques are needed to successfully run the race. A slightly shorter race, called the stadion and run on a straight track, was the first recorded event at the ancient Olympic Games. The 200\u00a0m places more emphasis on speed endurance than shorter sprint distances as athletes predominantly rely on anaerobic energy system during the 200 m sprint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0000-0001", "contents": "200 metres\nSimilarly to other sprint distances, the 200 m begins from the starting blocks. When the sprinters adopt the 'set' position in the blocks they are able to adopt a more efficient starting posture and isometrically preload their muscles. This enables them to stride forwards more powerfully when the race begins and start faster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0001-0000", "contents": "200 metres\nIn the United States and elsewhere, athletes previously ran the 220-yard dash (201.168\u00a0m) instead of the 200\u00a0m (218.723 yards), though the distance is now obsolete. The standard adjustment used for the conversion from times recorded over 220 yards to 200\u00a0m times is to subtract 0.1 seconds, but other conversion methods exist. Another obsolete version of this race is the 200 metres straight, which was run on tracks that contained such a straight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0001-0001", "contents": "200 metres\nInitially, when the International Amateur Athletic Association (now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations) started to ratify world records in 1912, only records set on a straight track were eligible for consideration. In 1951, the IAAF started to recognise records set on a curved track. In 1976, the straight record was discarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0002-0000", "contents": "200 metres\nThe race attracts runners from other events, primarily the 100 metres, wishing to double up and claim both titles. This feat has been achieved by men eleven times at the Olympic Games: by Archie Hahn in 1904, Ralph Craig in 1912, Percy Williams in 1928, Eddie Tolan in 1932, Jesse Owens in 1936, Bobby Morrow in 1956, Valeriy Borzov in 1972, Carl Lewis in 1984, and most recently by Jamaica's Usain Bolt in 2008, 2012, and 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0002-0001", "contents": "200 metres\nThe double has been accomplished by women eight times: by Fanny Blankers-Koen in 1948, Marjorie Jackson in 1952, Betty Cuthbert in 1956, Wilma Rudolph in 1960, Renate Stecher in 1972, Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988, and Elaine Thompson in 2016 and 2021. Marion Jones finished first in both races in 2000 but was later disqualified and stripped of her medals after admitting to taking performance-enhancing drugs. An Olympic double of 200\u00a0m and 400\u00a0m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, and later by Michael Johnson from the United States and Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec of France both in 1996. Usain Bolt is the only man to repeat as Olympic champion, B\u00e4rbel W\u00f6ckel (n\u00e9e Eckert), Veronica Campbell-Brown and Elaine Thompson-Herah are the three women who have repeated as Olympic champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0003-0000", "contents": "200 metres\nThe men's world record holder is Usain Bolt of Jamaica, who ran 19.19 s at the 2009 World Championships. The women's world record holder is Florence Griffith-Joyner of the United States, who ran 21.34 s at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The reigning Olympic champions are Andre De Grasse (CAN) and Elaine Thompson-Herah (JAM). The reigning World Champions are Noah Lyles (USA) and Dina Asher-Smith (GBR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0004-0000", "contents": "200 metres\nRaces run with an aiding wind measured over 2.0 metres per second are not acceptable for record purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0005-0000", "contents": "200 metres, All-time top 25, Men (outdoor), Assisted marks\nAny performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 19.70). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 58], "content_span": [59, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0006-0000", "contents": "200 metres, All-time top 25, Women (outdoor), Assisted marks\nAny performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 21.80). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0007-0000", "contents": "200 metres, All-time top 25, Men (indoor), Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 20.30:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161351-0008-0000", "contents": "200 metres, All-time top 25, Women (indoor), Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 22.45:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161352-0000-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the Olympics\nThe 200 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the second edition of the multi-sport event. The men's 200\u00a0m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 and the women's 200\u00a0m has been held continuously since its introduction at the 1948 Games. It is the most prestigious 200\u00a0m race at elite level. The competition format typically has three or four qualifying rounds leading to a final race between eight athletes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161352-0001-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the Olympics\nThe Olympic records for the distance are 19.30 seconds for men, set by Usain Bolt in 2008, and 21.34 seconds set by Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988. The men's world record was set at the Olympics in 1956, 1960 (twice), 1968, 1996 (twice) and 2008. The women's world record has similarly been linked to the competition, with records coming at the Olympic Games in 1952 (twice), 1956, 1968, 1972 and 1988 (twice). Griffith-Joyner's 1988 Olympic mark remains the world record for the distance, while Bolt's Olympic record is the third fastest of all-time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161352-0002-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the Olympics\nOnly three athletes have won the title more than once. B\u00e4rbel W\u00f6ckel of East Germany became the first to defend the title in 1980 and Veronica Campbell-Brown repeated that feat in 2008. Usain Bolt was the first person to win two Olympic 200\u00a0m gold medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics, and at the 2016 Summer Olympics he defended his title to win his third Olympic 200\u00a0m gold medal. Merlene Ottey is the most decorated athlete, having won four medals in the event (though none of them gold). Allyson Felix has won three medals, as has Poland's Irena Szewi\u0144ska. Reflecting how sprint athletes often compete over various distances, many of the medalists in the Olympic 200 metres have had success in the Olympic 100 metres and 4\u00d7100 metres relay as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161352-0003-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the Olympics\nThe United States has had by far the most success in the event, having 23 gold medals and 57 medals in total. American men have completed a medal sweep on six occasions. Jamaica is the next most successful, with five gold among their seventeen medals, and became the second nation to sweep the men's medals in 2012. No nation has swept the women's medals; the United States is the only nation to have won both gold and silver in the same year (in 1984).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161352-0004-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the Olympics\nThe 1968 medal podium ceremony for the men's 200 metres witnessed a prominent political protest in the form of a Black Power salute by the African-American medalists Tommie Smith and John Carlos. The third medalist, Peter Norman of Australia, wore a badge for the Olympic Project for Human Rights in solidarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161352-0005-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the Olympics, Non-canonical Olympic events\nIn addition to the main 1900 Olympic men's 200 metres, a 220-yard dash handicap race was also held. The winner was J. McGann for the United States, who ran an estimated 22.8 seconds with a ten-yard start. Frank Lukeman of Canada was second, also with a ten-yard handicap, and American C. Turner was third with a two-yard handicap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161352-0006-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the Olympics, Non-canonical Olympic events\nThis event is no longer considered part of the official Olympic history of the 200 metres or the athletics programme in general. Consequently, medals from this competition have not been assigned to nations on the all-time medal tables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161353-0000-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe 200 metres at the World Championships in Athletics has been contested by both men and women since the inaugural edition in 1983. It is the second most prestigious title in the discipline after the 200 metres at the Olympics. The competition format typically has two or three qualifying rounds leading to a final between eight athletes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161353-0001-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe championship records for the event are 19.19 seconds for men, set by Usain Bolt in 2009, and 21.63 seconds for women, set by Dafne Schippers in 2015. The men's world record has been broken at the competition on one occasion, and Bolt's championship record set in 2009 remains the world record as of 2015. The women's world record has never been broken at the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161353-0002-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nUsain Bolt is the most successful athlete of the event, having won four successive titles from 2009 to 2015, and also a silver in 2007. Allyson Felix is the most successful woman, having won three straight titles (2005 to 2009). Two-time champion Merlene Ottey has won more medals in the 200\u00a0m than any other athlete, reaching the podium six times in a period stretching from 1983 to 1997. Calvin Smith and Michael Johnson are the only others to have won two world titles over the distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161353-0003-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe United States is the most successful nation in the discipline, with twelve gold medals among a total of 31. Jamaica is the next most successful with seventeen medals and seven titles. East Germany, with two golds, is the only other nation to have provided multiple gold medallists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161353-0004-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nThe first instances of doping bans affecting the 200\u00a0m at the World Championships came at the 2001 edition. The champion Marion Jones was stripped of her gold medal and bronze medalist Kelli White met the same fate. Debbie Ferguson, the sole remaining original medalist, was elevated to the gold medal. A third female athlete, Yekaterina Leshchova who ran in the heats, was also disqualified for doping. The first male doping disqualifications happened the same year, with quarter-finalists Christophe Cheval and Ramon Clay being the offenders. Doping persisted at the 2003 World Championships \u2013 White was the champion that year and her retrospective ban also affected this result. The 1997 champion Zhanna Block, fourth in 2003, was also disqualified. Anastasiya Kapachinskaya (herself banned for steroids in 2004) was promoted to the position of 2003 world champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161353-0005-0000", "contents": "200 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nThe next 200\u00a0m athlete to be disqualified for doping was Ruqaya Al-Ghasra (a competitor in the heats only). Two positive drug tests were recorded by 200\u00a0m athletes at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics: Yelena Ryabova, who ran in the heats, and semi-finalist Yelyzaveta Bryzhina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161354-0000-0000", "contents": "200 metres hurdles\nThe 200\u00a0metres hurdles is a rarely run hurdling event in track and field competitions. Sometimes, this event is referred to as the low hurdles. It was run twice in the Summer Olympics, in 1900 and 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161354-0001-0000", "contents": "200 metres hurdles, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 22.50:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161354-0002-0000", "contents": "200 metres hurdles, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 26.16:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161354-0003-0000", "contents": "200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics\nThe event is the official distance for the M80+ and W70+ divisions of Masters athletics. The height for all hurdles in these age groups is 27\" (69 cm) and arrangement of the hurdles is different from the previous version. The distance to the first hurdle is 20 metres, which corresponds with the markings for the last half of a 400 metres hurdle race, standard on most tracks. Because, like the flat 200 metres, the race only covers half a standard track, a wind reading is required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161354-0004-0000", "contents": "200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics, 27-inch hurdles\nThe idea of using 27-inch (68.6\u00a0cm) hurdles was introduced in Europe in 2000. The increment does not exist on standard hurdles, which caused resistance from some NGBs, but the rules were adopted worldwide. Many modern hurdles will not go to that height or would at least require modification to cut the hurdle. Most facilities that have spent thousands of dollars to buy regulation hurdles would certainly not let their hurdles be damaged like this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161354-0004-0001", "contents": "200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics, 27-inch hurdles\nSince it is a requirement, major championship meets have purchased a few sets of modern modified hurdles, which then creates the logistical problem of shipping these few hurdles between meets in order for the competitors to have an opportunity to race over proper hurdles. As a substitute, many older hurdle designs are easier to modify to get to the proper height and most facilities are less protective of the old, rusty hurdles in the junk pile. Also many training hurdles (used to teach smaller, youth beginners) will go to 27 inches and lower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161354-0005-0000", "contents": "200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics, Records\nAfter setting the world record for the 300 metres hurdles during its last year on the official program at age 80, at age 81, Canadian Earl Fee set the still standing world record of 36.95 (+0.0) at the NCCWMA Regional Championships in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico on September 5, 2010. Almost four years later, Fee also set the M85 record of 42.70 (+0.4) in the same meet, this time being held in San Jose, Costa Rica on August 23, 2014. The M90 record of 51.31 was set a month earlier by American Ralph Maxwell with the benefit of high altitude in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA at the Rocky Mountain Masters Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161354-0006-0000", "contents": "200 metres hurdles, Masters athletics, Records\nAustralian Marge Allison holds the W70 record of 36.71 (+0.7), set August 12, 2015 in Lyon, France at the 2015 World Masters Athletics Championships. Allison also holds the W65 record set four years earlier at the same championships. Canadian Christa Bortignon set the W75 record of 39.89 (+0.0) at a domestic meet in Kamloops, British Columbia on May 18, 2013. American sprinting legend Irene Obera learned hurdles sufficiently to set the W80 record 42.24 (+1.2) on July 20, 2014 at the USATF Masters Championships in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161355-0000-0000", "contents": "200 metres individual medley\nThe 200 metres individual medley is a race in competitive swimming in which swimmers compete in all 4 strokes (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle) in one race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161355-0001-0000", "contents": "200 metres individual medley, Description\nSwimmers start by diving off the block and swimming 50 metres of the Butterfly stroke, then touching the wall with both hands and turning into 50 metres of Backstroke, then touching the wall with one hand (and possibly flipping after touching the wall), they turn into the 50 metres of Breaststroke. They finish the race with 50 metres of Freestyle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161355-0002-0000", "contents": "200 metres individual medley, Records\nWorld Record (SCM) men: Ryan Lochte (United States), 1:49.63World Record (LCM) men: Ryan Lochte (United States), 1:54.00Order: 50 metres butterfly, 50 metres backstroke, 50 metres breaststroke, 50 metres freestyleNumber of lengths (SCM): 8Number of lengths (LCM): 4", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161356-0000-0000", "contents": "200 metres straight\nThe 200 metres straight is a track and field outdoor event of 200 metres on a straight track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161356-0001-0000", "contents": "200 metres straight\nIn the 1960s, the straight 200 metres was a separate world record event for men until IAAF deleted this variation from its list of official records. The race was more common during the early to mid 20th century, when panhandle tracks, with 200 metre straightaways, were common. The United States Olympic Trials held the event on a straight until 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161356-0002-0000", "contents": "200 metres straight\nInterest in the event was revived around 2009. Several street events, primarily in Manchester, Brussels and Boston have constructed special tracks to hold the races, inviting elite sprinters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161356-0003-0000", "contents": "200 metres straight, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 20.71:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161356-0004-0000", "contents": "200 metres straight, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 25.25:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0000-0000", "contents": "200 mph\n200\u00a0mph is an auto racing action film directed by Cole McKay and distributed by The Asylum. It was released direct-to-DVD April 26, 2011. It is a mockbuster of the 2011 Universal Pictures film Fast Five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0001-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Plot\nWhen the older brother (Tommy Nash) he idolizes is run off the road by a ruthless drug dealer (Darren Thomas) during a nighttime street race known as Sepulveda Suicide, Rick Merchant (Jaz Martin) channels his grief into getting revenge behind the wheel. But to win, he'll need to modify his trusty 1988 Mazda RX-7/Nissan 240sx (Zenki/Kouki, chase scenes) -- with help from a mechanic Kelly (Hennely Jimenez) -- to get the maximum performance out of his machinery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0002-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Production\nThe title first appeared November 2010 on the official Asylum website as \"200 MPH: Midnight Racers\". More details on the film emerged when its official page on the website went live January 2010, around the same time principal photography began, revealing that the subtitle \"Midnight Racers\" had been dropped, and that the film will be directed by veteran stunts expert Cole McKay (Transformers: Dark of the Moon & Cloverfield) and written by Thunder Levin. Only Jaz Martin, Anna Maria DeMara, Darren Thomas, and Hennely Jimenez were announced for the cast. The film was slated for release on April 26, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0003-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Production\nDuring production, the Mazda RX-7 used as Rick Merchant's car was stolen. The RX-7 belonged to award-winning professional drifter Justin Pawlak. The vehicle was inside a 26-foot enclosed Aztex trailer, attached to Pawlak's Chevrolet 2500HD, altogether stolen in the middle of production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0004-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Release\nThe film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 26, 2011. It was also made available for Video On Demand on cable and other websites including iTunes, Amazon, Zune (Also on Zune via Xbox Live), and Blockbuster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0005-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Release\nSome foreign releases had given different titles to the film. In Greece it is released as 300 hlm, while in France the title is instead Fast Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0006-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Release\nThe film was released a month later, May 26, 2011, on Netflix's instant streaming. In less than 24 hours, the film shot up within the top 5 of the Top 50 Most Popular streaming titles, peaking at the top 3 spot. The list is generated by unofficial Netflix companion website, Instant Watcher.Com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0007-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Reception\nH. Perry Horton of Asylum films centric blog Committed gave the film a positive review, especially praising the performances of lead actors Jaz Martin and AnnaMaria DeMara. He also praises the film for having \"a lot of heart for an action flick, more heart, in fact, than most of the F&F films, without sacrificing action.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0008-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Reception\nNoel Anderson of Goof Roof also gave the film a positive review, praising the performances of actors Hennely Jimenez and Paul Logan, and states that \"if you like furious displays of vehicular fury and strippers then this movie is a win win for you.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0009-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Reception\nChristopher Armstead of Film Critics United describes the film as \"tolerable\" as far as films released by The Asylum. He cites bad acting from the cast, but singles out the performances of actors Darren Thomas, Paul Logan, and Tommy Nash as exceptions. Armstead states that the movie \"wasn\u2019t all that bad all things considered. The car racing scenes, minus the CGI cutaways, were far better than I expected them to be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0010-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Reception\nTrevor Anderson of Movie Mavericks gave the film a mixed review. The negative aspects cited include unnecessary cursing and nudity, and the CGI. The review however, was mostly positive praising director Cole McKay for good acting from the actors and well-framed shots. The actors are especially praised including Zedrick Restauro and Jared Kahn, having added \"a much needed spark to the group dynamic, particularly in the scene where they steal a car from an impound lot.\" The actor described as the one that \"shines the brightest\" is Tommy Nash, even though only being in the movie for the first fifteen minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0011-0000", "contents": "200 mph, Reception, Inaccuracy\nOne of the biggest complaints about this film, being that it is a film aimed at car enthusiasts, is the extremely poor continuity. At one point in the film a car changes make and model with no given explanation and is treated as if it is the same car, all the while being called the name of a third car (The car changes from FC Chassis Mazda RX-7 to a Nissan 240sx during fast scenes). The car is also referred to as a MX-5, which is a Mazda Miata trim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161357-0011-0001", "contents": "200 mph, Reception, Inaccuracy\nThe film also makes many general references to an estimated car capabilities, just like the Nissan 370Z in the beginning of the movie and the Nissan GT-R that it races against. Most of the cars' estimates are not true to actual car potential. The general negative response to this film can be seen by the statistics, which shown that 58.3% of people on IMDb rated the film 1/10  and is often called the worst film ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161358-0000-0000", "contents": "200 new shekel banknote\nThe two hundred new shekel note (\u20aa200) is the highest denomination banknote of the Israeli new shekel, It was first issued in Series A 1992 with the Series B in 1999 and Series C in 2015 the latest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161358-0001-0000", "contents": "200 new shekel banknote, Circulation\nThe current \u20aa200 note in circulation are the Series C issued since 2015 with a blue color scheme and the Series B issued since 1999, it measures 71 x 138\u00a0mm with a red color scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161358-0002-0000", "contents": "200 new shekel banknote, Circulation\nThe \u20aa200 Series A bank notes were issued from 1992 to 1999 and measured 76 x 138\u00a0mm with a red color scheme. The \u20aa200 Series A bank notes were withdrawn from circulation by 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0000-0000", "contents": "200 yen note\nThe 200 yen note (\u4e8c\u767e\u5186\u7d19\u5e63) was a denomination of Japanese yen issued from 1927 to 1946. These issues were broken up into three different designs including one which has two different varieties. For whatever reason two-hundred yen banknotes were not issued when they were first authorized. The first issuance came as the result of a financial emergency that took place in 1927. Second series notes were also printed for the emergency, but were placed in storage until the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0000-0001", "contents": "200 yen note\nBy the time these were released along with a third series of notes, things were changing in Japan's monetary system. Currency could no longer be converted into gold coins making the messages on the long unreleased second series notes obsolete. An end to the series ultimately came in 1946, when all 200 yen bills were demonetized. These notes are now collectables which trade on the marketplace for amounts dependent on condition and rarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0001-0000", "contents": "200 yen note, History\nTwo hundred yen banknotes were first authorized by law on June 27, 1882 with Article 14 of the Bank of Japan. For one reason or another no notes were issued, and the U.S. Government Printing Office added a footnote as late as 1901 stating: \"none have ever been issued\". The first two hundred yen bills were eventually printed in response to the Sh\u014dwa financial crisis of 1927. The Bank of Japan needed bills to be exchanged with other banks, and decided to issue new 200 yen bills in a hurry to insure against bank runs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0001-0001", "contents": "200 yen note, History\nWith banks in the country all temporarily closed, the printing office took the opportunity to manufacture the new bills. The normal printing process could not be carried out as it took too long to print both sides of the note. To remedy this problem just one side received a simple design. These one sided bills were given the nickname \"Urashiro\" or \"back white\" notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0001-0002", "contents": "200 yen note, History\nAlthough the backs of the new notes were blank, the Bank of Japan vice president confidently stated that: \"although it looks somewhat flimsy, it has the Bank of Japan watermark so there is no fear that it is counterfeit\". Despite his sentiment some of the notes were rejected as possible fakes due to their rough printing on the side that had features. Although 106,000 yen's worth of the 200 yen bill were reported to be in circulation at the end of 1927, by 1929 these notes were described as \"almost nonexistent\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0002-0000", "contents": "200 yen note, History\nNotes of the second series were announced by the Ministry of Finance in 1927, and were printed the same year in two different varieties. All of these notes are called \"Uraaka\" due to the red pattern featured on the reverse side, while the obverse side features Legendary Japanese hero-statesman Takenouchi no Sukune. A majority of the second series banknotes were held back in vaults until the end of World War II. The first variety has a black on green underprint on the obverse, the word \"SPECIMEN\" is written in red script on the reverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0002-0001", "contents": "200 yen note, History\nSecond variety notes can be differentiated by a pale blue underprint on the obverse, these notes also feature a different color and shape of the central guilloche. There is no mention of the word \"SPECIMEN\" on the reverse which has a slightly different red back pattern. There is a message on the obverse side of both varieties that mentions the note as \"Bond convertible\". By the time the second series was finally issued on August 16, 1945 this message had become dated as the system of converting banknotes into gold coins had been suspended in 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0003-0000", "contents": "200 yen note, History\nSeries three notes feature Fujiwara no Kamatari on the obverse next to Danzan Shrine, the reverse designs are printed in blue ink which include another shrine view. These notes were originally part of an overall banknote redesign which took place in 1930, like the previous series these were also issued after World War II had ended. This last series saw light circulation due to the purchasing power the note had at the time. These last two series were short lived issues as they would both expire within a year as Japan's monetary system changed. On March 2, 1946 a new law was passed which demonetized all of Japan's old currency, stripping all 200 yen notes of their legal tender status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0004-0000", "contents": "200 yen note, Collecting\nNotes printed in 1927 for the first series are very rare today as very few were issued. Specimen banknotes are among the few examples available for collectors to obtain, with prices ranging from $19,550 (USD) in \"about uncirculated\" condition, to $33,600 (USD) for a \"gem\" example. Two hundred yen notes of the second series have two different varieties, and first variety notes are considered to be extremely rare. The second variety had a print run of 7.5 million notes which were stocked in the vaults, making them more available to collectors. These notes have been sold at auction in the hundreds of dollars to the low thousands depending on condition. Series three notes are also more available to collectors selling in the hundreds of dollars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161359-0005-0000", "contents": "200 yen note, In popular culture\nThe announcement of redesigned \"Series F\" banknotes for release in 2024 inspired a Japanese artist to create 200 yen bank notes using a kitten theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161360-0000-0000", "contents": "200 z\u0142otych note\nThe Polish 200 Z\u0142otych note is a denomination of Polish currency. It is also the only Polish bill to feature a hologram (only in first, non-modernized version). The bill's dimensions are 144 x 72\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161360-0001-0000", "contents": "200 z\u0142otych note\nThe obverse of the note features a likeness of King Sigismund I the Old. The reverse depicts the white eagle wrapped in the letter S, inscribed in a hexagon, from the Sigismund's Chapel at the Wawel Castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161361-0000-0000", "contents": "200-foot game\nA 200-foot game is an expression used in ice hockey to describe a forward's ability to have strong play at both ends of an ice rink, which is standardized at 200 feet long. Players who can play a 200-foot game are contrasted with players who score a lot of points by avoiding hard forechecking or backchecking, cherry picking their plays perhaps for breakaways, and avoiding fighting for the puck in the corners of the rink, such as Pavel Bure or Brett Hull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161361-0000-0001", "contents": "200-foot game\nPlaying a 200-foot game means fighting for each part of the ice, fighting for control of the puck whether it's in one's possession or not, and engaging using your body in traffic. Classic examples of players who exemplify the 200-foot player include Bryan Trottier, Jari Kurri, Steve Yzerman, Patrice Bergeron, Doug Gilmour, Pavel Datsyuk, Mike Modano, Bobby Clarke, Sergei Fedorov, Joe Sakic, Bob Gainey, Frank Nighbor and Sidney Crosby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161361-0001-0000", "contents": "200-foot game\nHaving players able to play a 200-foot game is widely considered a key to success in the modern game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161362-0000-0000", "contents": "200.000 naglb\u00edtar\n200.000 naglb\u00edtar is an Icelandic rock band. In 2003, their song \"L\u00e1ttu mig vera\" was the most played Icelandic song on the radio station R\u00e1s 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161362-0001-0000", "contents": "200.000 naglb\u00edtar\nIn 1995 they participated in the music competition M\u00fas\u00edktilraunir and ended up in third place. Vilhelm Anton, the singer of the band was chosen as the best singer of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161362-0002-0000", "contents": "200.000 naglb\u00edtar\nIn 1998 the band published their first album, Ne\u00f3nd\u00fdrin which Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0 reviewed as an promising start for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161362-0003-0000", "contents": "200.000 naglb\u00edtar\nIn 2000 the album V\u00f6gguv\u00edsur fyrir skuggaprins was published which Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0 reviewed as an improvement over their past album and the band still had not reached their full potential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161362-0004-0000", "contents": "200.000 naglb\u00edtar\nIn 2003 the album Hjartagull was published. At the 2003 Icelandic music awards it was nominated as the best pop album, and the song \"l\u00e1ttu mig vera\" was nominated as the best pop song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161363-0000-0000", "contents": "200/S-class patrol boat\nThe 200/S class is a deep-sea patrol boat of the Italian Coast Guard, built by Rodriquez Cantieri Navali Group (Messina) (now Intermarine Group).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161363-0001-0000", "contents": "200/S-class patrol boat, Features\nThe 200/S class patrol boats are characterised by high speed and excellent seaworthiness. They have aluminium hulls and have been designed to comply with Italian Coast Guard requirements. Propulsion is provided by two lateral diesel engines, each driving a fixed-pitch propeller, and by one central diesel engine couplet with a \u201cbooster\u201d waterjet. The boats are able to achieve a speed of 34 knots. 28 boats have been built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161364-0000-0000", "contents": "2000\n2000 (MM) was a  century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2000th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1000th and last year of the 2nd\u00a0millennium, the 100th and last year of the 20th\u00a0century, and the  1st   year of the 2000s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161364-0001-0000", "contents": "2000\n2000 was designated as the International Year for the Culture of Peace and the World Mathematical Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161364-0002-0000", "contents": "2000\nPopular culture holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium because of a tendency to group the years according to decimal values, as if year zero were counted. According to the Gregorian calendar, these distinctions fall to the year 2001, because the 1st century was retroactively said to start with the year AD 1. Since the Gregorian calendar does not have year zero, its first millennium spanned from years 1 to 1000 inclusively and its second millennium from years 1001 to 2000. (More further information, see century and millennium.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161364-0003-0000", "contents": "2000\nThe year 2000 is sometimes abbreviated as \"Y2K\" (the \"Y\" stands for \"year\", and the \"K\" stands for \"kilo\" which means \"thousand\"). The year 2000 was the subject of Y2K concerns, which were fears that computers would not shift from 1999 to 2000 correctly. However, by the end of 1999, many companies had already converted to new, or upgraded, existing software. Some even obtained \"Y2K certification\". As a result of massive effort, relatively few problems occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161365-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 (EP)\n2000 is the third and last album and only EP by the Croatian hip hop group, Ugly Leaders. The album was released on 31 December 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161365-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 (EP), Background\nThe Intro was recorded in November 1994 at Dom Sportova when they were the opening act to Public Enemy, Ice-T and 5ive-O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161365-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 (EP), Background\nTko je u Ku\u0107i? (RMX) lasts 3:45, then it's followed by silence until 10:54 then its starts playing an apocalyptic outro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161366-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 (album)\n2000 is the second solo studio album by American rapper Grand Puba. It was released on June 20, 1995, through Elektra Records. Recording sessions took place at Soundtrack Studios, Platinum Island Studios, Battery Studios, V. Dubbs Studios, Acme Recording Studios, Fiber Studios, and Chung King Studios in New York. Production was handled by Mark Sparks, Minnesota, DJ Alamo, Chris Liggio and Dante Ross. The album peaked at number 48 on the Billboard 200 and at number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161366-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 (album)\nThe album spawned two singles: \"I Like It (I Wanna Be Where You Are)\" and \"A Little of This\". Its lead single, \"I Like It (I Wanna Be Where You Are)\", reached #91 on the Billboard Hot 100, #68 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #21 on the Hot Rap Songs, and was featured in the soundtrack for the video game Tony Hawk's Underground 2. The album's second single, \"A Little of This\" featuring backing vocals from Kid, made it to #90 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and also #21 on the Hot Rap Songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161367-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 (b-boy move)\nThe 2000 is a B-boying move which resembles a rapidly spinning handstand. It is a type of spin in practice, but many consider it a power move because it is so flashy and is often begun with significant momentum like other power moves. As one might guess from the name, the 2000 developed soon after the 1990, and it is the most recognized variant of its predecessor. The difference between the two is that in the 2000, the non-spinning hand is lifted and placed directly on top of the spinning hand rather than pulled away from the ground (as in the 1990). The rotations appear more symmetrical than 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161367-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 (b-boy move)\nIt is relatively easier in terms of strength than the 1990 because two hands are stronger than one, but it is equally difficult to maintain balance because the body should spin along a perfectly vertical axis. The fastest spins are achieved by beginning with the legs in a wide-open initial position and snapping them closed once the spin begins. This causes a dramatic reduction in rotational inertia, causing rapid angular acceleration (due to the conservation of angular momentum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161368-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 (dinghy)\nThe 2000 (formerly the Laser 2000) is a performance sailing dinghy designed by Phil Morrison and currently sold by RS Sailing. It combines a traditional GRP hull and foam sandwich deck moulding with a modern asymmetric rig including a furling jib, reefing mainsail and single line gennaker hoist system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161368-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 (dinghy)\nA high boom provides plenty of headroom whilst the self-draining cockpit keeps the crew dry and drains quickly should the boat capsize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161368-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 (dinghy)\nThe 2000 has established an enviable record as a resilient and versatile design; docile and forgiving for novices yet an exhilarating sail for more advanced sailors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161368-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 (dinghy)\nSince its introduction in 1998 more than 2,200 boats have been built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161368-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 (dinghy), History\nThe 2000 was commissioned by Performance Sailcraft and designed by Phil Morrison in 1997 and launched in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161368-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 (dinghy), Construction\nThe hull is built from glass-reinforced plastic foam sandwich and the spars from aluminium. The hull has been made in a range of colours but so far the deck moulding and hull below waterline have always been Vela Grey. The most common topsides are Purple, Navy Blue and Race Blue, but examples of Yellow, Charcoal Grey and Vela Grey (generally known as 'White') boats can also be found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161368-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 (dinghy), Features\nThe 2000 hosts a number of convenience and family-oriented features:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161368-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 (dinghy), Identification\nOn pre-2013 boats, a red Laser 2000 logo is printed on the jib.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161368-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 (dinghy), Identification\nSail numbers are situated on the main and numbering started at 2000. Issued numbers range 2000-2999 and 21000 onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161369-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 (number)\n2000 (two thousand) is a natural number following 1999 and preceding 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161369-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 (number)\nTwo thousand is the highest number expressible using only two unmodified characters in Roman numerals (MM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161370-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 (song)\n\"2000\" is a song by Kent, a famous Swedish alternative rock band. It is the theme song for the Swedish TV-series Heml\u00f6s (Swedish for \"Homeless\"), and all proceeds were donated to the Foundation for the Homeless of Stockholm, Stockholms heml\u00f6sa. The song topped the Swedish Singles Chart for 1 week on the week ending 13 November 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161371-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 1. deild\nIn 2000, 1. deild was the top tier league in Faroe Islands football (since 2005, the top tier has been the Faroe Islands Premier League, with 1. deild becoming the second tier).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161371-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 1. deild\nThis article details the statistics of Faroe Islands Premier League Football in the 2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161371-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 1. deild, Overview\nIt was contested by 10 teams, and VB V\u00e1gur won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161371-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 1. deild, Results\nThe schedule consisted of a total of 18 games. Each team played two games against every opponent in no particular order. One of the games was at home and one was away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161372-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 1. deild karla\nThe 2000 season of 1. deild karla was the 46th season of second-tier football in Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161373-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 1000 Guineas\nThe 2000 1000 Guineas Stakes was a horse race held at Newmarket Racecourse on Sunday 7 May 2000. It was the 187th running of the 1000 Guineas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161373-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 1000 Guineas\nThe winner was Hamdan Al Maktoum's Lahan, a British-bred bay filly trained at Manton in Wiltshire by John Gosden and ridden by Richard Hills. Lahan's victory was the first in the race for her trainer. Hamdan Al Maktoum had won the race before with Salsabil (1990), Shadayid (1991) and Harayir (1996), the last of which had given Richard Hills his only previous winner in the race. It was also the first classic success for Lahan's sire Unfuwain who was also the damsire of the runner-up and the sire of the third-placed filly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161373-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 1000 Guineas, The contenders\nThe race attracted a field of eighteen runners, seventeen trained in the United Kingdom and one in Ireland: there were no challengers from continental Europe. The favourite was the unbeaten Michael Stoute-trained Petrushka who had won the Nell Gwyn Stakes on her most recent appearance. The Irish challenger was Amethyst, trained by Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle who had won the Leopardstown 1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes three weeks earlier. The Godolphin Racing stable entered Bintalreef, a filly who had won her only race as a two-year-old before wintering in Dubai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161373-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 1000 Guineas, The contenders\nThe other fancied runners included Seazun, winner of the Cheveley Park Stakes and the Henry Cecil-trained High Walden, the winner of a maiden race at Leicester Racecourse. Major winners who were less well-supported included the Rockfel Stakes winner Lahan, the Cherry Hinton Stakes winner Torgau (voted Cartier Champion Two-year-old Filly of 1999), the Oh So Sharp Stakes winner Agrippina and the Sweet Solera Stakes winner Princess Ellen. Petrushka headed the betting at odds of 6/4 ahead of Bintalreef (5/2) and High Walden (9/1) with Amethyst and Seazun on 10/1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161373-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 1000 Guineas, The race\nAt the start of the race, the fillies looked likely to split into two groups on the wide Newmarket straight, but soon converged to race up the stands side (the left side from the jockeys' viewpoint). The 50/1 outsider Velvet Lady set the pace from the 200/1 shot Claranet with Torgau, Amethyst, Bintalreef, Issey Rose and Princess Ellen close behind. The field bunched a quarter of a mile from the finish, with Petrushka, Lahan, Princess Ellen, Halland Park Girl, Aunty Rose and Bintalreef being affected by the resulting congestion, while Seazun made progress on the outside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161373-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 1000 Guineas, The race\nHaving obtained a clear run, Lahan accelerated through the centre of the field and took the lead approaching the final furlong. Princess Ellen stayed on along the rail to emerge as the only serious challenger, but Lahan won by one and a quarter lengths. Petrushka was three lengths back in third ahead of Seaun and High Walden, Velvet Lady, Torgau and Amethyst. The second favourite Bintalreef finished last of the eighteen runners, having pulled a muscle exiting the starting stalls and never raced again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161374-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 1000 km of N\u00fcrburgring\nThe 2000 Bitburger / AvD 1000\u00a0km of N\u00fcrburgring was the fourth round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at the N\u00fcrburgring, Germany, on July 9, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161374-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 1000 km of N\u00fcrburgring\nThis was the second European round of the American Le Mans Series season. It, along with the Silverstone 500, served as a precursor to the creation of the European Le Mans Series. It gauged the willingness of European teams from the FIA Sportscar Championship and FIA GT Championship to participate in a series identical to the American Le Mans Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161374-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 1000 km of N\u00fcrburgring\nThis was the first planned 1000\u00a0km event at the N\u00fcrburgring since 1988, although the World Sportscar Championship had run shorter events until 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161375-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 12 Hours of Sebring\nThe 2000 Exxon Superflo 12 Hours of Sebring was the 48th running of the 12 Hours of Sebring as well as the opening round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Sebring International Raceway, Florida, on March 18, 2000. This was the first time ever the 12 Hours was covered flag-to-flag on television with Speedvision doing the honors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161376-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 2. deild karla\nThe 2000 season of 2. deild karla was the 35th season of third-tier football in Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161377-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 2. divisjon\nThe 2000 2. divisjon was the third highest football (soccer) league for men in Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161377-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 2. divisjon\n22 games were played in 8 groups, with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. \u00d8rn-Horten, Mandalskameratene, H\u00f8dd and Aalesund were promoted to the First Division through playoffs against the other 4 group winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161377-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 2. divisjon\nBecause of the league being streamlined for the next season, more teams than usual\u2014number nine, ten, eleven and twelve\u2014were relegated to the 3. divisjon. The winning teams from each of the 24 groups in the 3. divisjon faced some teams placed seven and eight (except for the three worst eight-place teams) in the 2. divisjon in three-way playoff matches, resulting in 10 playoff winners which stayed or were promoted to the 2. divisjon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161378-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 24 Hours of Daytona\nThe 2000 Rolex 24 at Daytona was a Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series 24-hour endurance sports car race held on February 5\u20136, 2000 at the Daytona International Speedway road course. The event was the first round of the inaugural Rolex Sports Car Series season. Victory overall and in the GTO class went to the No. 91 Viper Team Oreca Dodge Viper GTS-R piloted by Olivier Beretta, Karl Wendlinger, and Dominique Dupuy. Victory in the SR class went to the No. 20 Dyson Racing Riley & Scott Mk III piloted by James Weaver, Rob Dyson, Max Papis, and Elliott Forbes-Robinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161378-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 24 Hours of Daytona\nVictory in the GTU category went to the No. 56 Haberthur Racing Porsche 996 GT3-R piloted by Luca Drudi, Gabrio Rosa, Fabio Rosa, and Fabio Babini. Finally, the AGT class was won by the No. 84 Comer Racing, Inc. Chevrolet Camaro piloted by John Finger, Doug Mills, Richard Maugeri, Andy McNeil, and Ronald Zitza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161379-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 24 Hours of Le Mans\nThe 2000 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 68th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 17 and 18 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161379-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 24 Hours of Le Mans, Pre-race\nAfter the 1999 race, most of the manufacturers in the top classes went in different directions. BMW and Toyota went into Formula One, while Mercedes-Benz left sportscar racing after the CLR accidents, returning to the DTM. Nissan also left due to financial difficulties. Other than the French privateers Pescarolo, Oreca and DAMS, only Audi and Panoz remained from the previous year, while newcomer Cadillac joined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161379-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race notes\nThe 1-2-3 finish of the Audi LMP900s marked the beginning of two dynasties, Audi's and Tom Kristensen's in the top-finishing Audi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161379-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race notes\nThe Oreca team's GTS class winning, seventh place, 333 lap finish with the Chrysler Viper was the best ever with that car. It faced serious competition within its class from Corvette Racing's new C5.R., which would within the next two years top the Viper's distance record and establish itself as the car to beat among the GT classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161379-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 24 Hours of Le Mans, Official results\n\u2020 - #83 Dick Barbour Racing was disqualified for an illegally sized fuel tank in post-race inspection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161380-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 3. divisjon\nThe 2000 season of the 3. divisjon, the fourth highest association football league for men in Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161380-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 3. divisjon\nBetween 20 and 22 games (depending on group size) were played in 19 groups, with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Unusually few teams were relegated, as the league was expanded to 24 groups in 2001; several extra groups in Eastern Norway and one extra in the Southwest. All group winners had the chance to be promoted to the 2. divisjon through playoff, but as the playoff contained teams from the 2. divisjon as well, those teams usually prevailed. Only four teams\u2014Nybergsund, Nest-Sotra, Stj\u00f8rdals-Blink and Hammerfest\u2014 won promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161381-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 4 Nations Cup\nThe 2000 4 Nations Cup was the fifth playing of the annual women's ice hockey tournament. It was held in Provo, Utah, from November 7\u201311, 2000. As Sweden joined the tournament, it became the 4 Nations Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161382-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 A Lyga\nThe Lithuanian A Lyga 2000 was the 11th season of top-tier football in Lithuania. The season started on 25 March 2000 and ended on 4 November 2000. 10 teams participated with FBK Kaunas winning the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161383-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 A.D. (chess variant)\n2000 A.D. is a chess variant created by V. R. Parton which employs fairy chess pieces on a 10\u00d710 board. Parton published the variant in his 1972 monograph My Game for 2000 A.D. and After.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161383-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 A.D. (chess variant), Description\nParton describes his invention as \"the game for Future Players in the Next Millennium\", feeling that to be sufficiently challenging for later generations a variant should possess a larger board and increased possibilities. The distinction between moving and capturing methods of most of the pieces is a feature characteristic of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161383-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 A.D. (chess variant), Description\nThe Gorgon, Ximaera (Chimaera), and Fury are all terrifying female monsters from Greek mythology. The Dragon is also referred to by Parton as female (Parton 1974:19). The Attendant stands next to the Empress at the beginning of the game and moves as a chess king, but is stripped of all normal royal powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161383-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 A.D. (chess variant), Game rules\nWhite moves first. Capturing the enemy Empress wins the game. There is no castling or checking in 2000 A.D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161383-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 A.D. (chess variant), Game rules, Pieces that move and capture the same way\nThe following pieces capture the same as they move\u200a:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 80], "content_span": [81, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161383-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 A.D. (chess variant), Game rules, Pieces that move as a queen but have other power\nThe following pieces move as a chess queen, but capture (or exercise other power) in their own special ways:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 87], "content_span": [88, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161383-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 A.D. (chess variant), Game rules, Alternate piece\nThe following is an alternate piece; if used, Furies replace Gorgons in the starting position:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161384-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AAA Championships\nThe 2000 AAA Championships was an outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA), held from 11\u201313 July at Alexander Stadium in Birmingham, England. It was considered the de facto national championships for the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161384-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AAA Championships\nThe competition acted as the trials event for selection for Great Britain at the 2000 Summer Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161385-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AAPT Championships\nThe 2000 Next Generation Adelaide International was a men's ATP tennis tournament held in Adelaide, Australia and played on outdoor hardcourts. It was the 23rd edition of the tournament and was held from 3 through 9 January 2000. Lleyton Hewitt won his first title of the year and the 3rd of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161385-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AAPT Championships, Finals, Doubles\nTodd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde defeated  Lleyton Hewitt /  Sandon Stolle 6\u20134, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161386-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AAPT Championships \u2013 Singles\nLleyton Hewitt defeated Thomas Enqvist 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 6\u20132 to secure the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161387-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ABC Champions Cup\nThe ABC Champions Cup 2000 was the 11th staging of the ABC Champions Cup, the basketball club tournament of Asian Basketball Confederation. The tournament was held in Beirut, Lebanon between May 14 to 21, 2000. The reigning champions Sagesse from the hosts were the first team to successfully defended their title in this annual tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161388-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ABC Under-18 Championship\nThe ABC Under-18 Championship 2000 is the 16th edition of the ABC's junior championship for basketball. The games were held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from July 18\u201327, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161389-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ABC Under-18 Championship for Women\nThe ABC Under-18 Championship for Women 2000 is the 15th edition of the ABC's junior championship for basketball. The games were held at New Delhi, India from December 16\u201322, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161390-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ABC Under-20 Championship\nThe ABC Under-20 Championship 2000 is the 3rd edition of the International Basketball Federation FIBA Asia's championship for young men basketball. The games were held at Doha from August 22\u201330, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161391-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament\nThe 2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 28th edition of the event known that year as the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, and was part of the ATP International Series Gold of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rotterdam Ahoy indoor sporting arena in Rotterdam, Netherlands, from 14 February through 20 February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161391-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament\nThe singles draw was led by ATP No. 2, Australian Open runner-up, Moscow titlist and Rotterdam defending champion Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Australian Open quarterfinalist, and recent Dubai winner Nicolas Kiefer, and Australian Open semifinalist, Auckland titlist Magnus Norman. Also present were Lyon and Indianapolis champion Nicol\u00e1s Lapentti, Rotterdam defending finalist Tim Henman, Thomas Enqvist, Greg Rusedski and C\u00e9dric Pioline. Pioline won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161391-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, Finals, Doubles\nDavid Adams /  John-Laffnie de Jager defeated  Tim Henman /  Yevgeny Kafelnikov 5\u20137, 6\u20132, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161392-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament \u2013 Doubles\nDavid Adams and John-Laffnie de Jager were the defending champions, and won in the final 5\u20137, 6\u20132, 6\u20133, against Tim Henman and Yevgeny Kafelnikov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161393-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament \u2013 Singles\nYevgeny Kafelnikov was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Tim Henman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161393-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament \u2013 Singles\nC\u00e9dric Pioline won in the final 6\u20137(3\u20137), 6\u20134, 7\u20136(7\u20134), against Tim Henman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161394-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 9\u201312 in Charlotte, North Carolina, at the second Charlotte Coliseum. Duke won the tournament for the second year in a row, defeating Maryland in the championship game. Jason Williams of Duke was the tournament MVP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161395-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ACC Trophy\nThe 2000 ACC Trophy was a cricket tournament held from 15\u201324 November 2000 in the United Arab Emirates. It gave Associate and Affiliate members of the Asian Cricket Council experience of international one-day cricket and also helped form an essential part of regional rankings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161395-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ACC Trophy\nThe tournament was won by the host nation, who defeated Hong Kong in the final by three wickets. This was the United Arab Emirates' first title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161395-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 ACC Trophy, Group stages\nThe eight teams were divided into two groups of four, with the top two from each group qualifying for the semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics)\n2000 AD is a weekly British science fiction-oriented comic magazine. As a comics anthology it serialises stories in each issue (known as \"progs\") and was first published by IPC Magazines in 1977, the first issue dated 26 February. Since 2000 it has been published by Rebellion Developments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics)\n2000 AD is most noted for its Judge Dredd stories, and has been contributed to by a number of artists and writers who became renowned in the field internationally, such as Alan Moore, Dave Gibbons, Grant Morrison, Brian Bolland, Mike McMahon, John Wagner, Alan Grant and Garth Ennis. Other series in 2000 AD include Rogue Trooper, Sl\u00e1ine, Strontium Dog, ABC Warriors, Nemesis the Warlock and Nikolai Dante.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History\n2000 AD was initially published by IPC Magazines. IPC then shifted the title to its Fleetway comics subsidiary, which was sold to Robert Maxwell in 1987 and then to Egmont UK in 1991. Fleetway continued to produce the title until 2000, when it was bought by Rebellion Developments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication\nIn December 1975, Kelvin Gosnell, a sub-editor at IPC Magazines, read an article in the London Evening Standard about a wave of forthcoming science fiction films, and suggested that the company might get on the bandwagon by launching a science fiction comic. IPC publisher John Sanders asked Pat Mills, a freelance writer and editor who had created Battle Picture Weekly and Action, to develop it. Mills brought fellow freelancer John Wagner on board as script adviser and the pair began to develop characters. The then-futuristic name 2000 AD was chosen by John Sanders, as no-one involved expected the comic to last that long. The original logo and overall look of the comic were designed by art assistant Doug Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication\nMills' experiences with Battle and Action in particular had taught him that readers responded to his anti-authoritarian attitudes. Wagner, who had written a Dirty Harry-inspired tough cop called One-Eyed Jack for Valiant, saw that readers also responded to authority figures, and developed a character that took the concept to its logical extreme, imagining an ultra-violent lawman patrolling a future New York with the power to arrest, sentence, and if required execute criminals on the spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication\nThis would allow the new comic to be as violent as Action had been \u2013 a comic which had generated much controversy \u2013 but without attracting criticism, because the violence would be committed by an officer of the law. As Sanders put it, \"The formula was simple: violence on the side of justice ... Dredd could be as violent as hell, and no one could say a thing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication\nMeanwhile, Mills had developed a horror strip, inspired by the novels of Dennis Wheatley, about a hanging judge, called Judge Dread (after the reggae and ska artist of the same name). The idea was abandoned as unsuitable for the new comic, but the name, with a little modification, was adopted by Wagner for his ultimate lawman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication\nThe task of visualising the newly named Judge Dredd was given to Carlos Ezquerra, a Spanish artist who had previously worked with Mills on Battle, on a strip called Major Eazy. Wagner gave Ezquerra an advertisement for the film Death Race 2000, showing the character Frankenstein clad in black leather, as a suggestion for what the character should look like. Ezquerra elaborated on this greatly, adding body-armour, zips and chains, which Wagner originally thought over the top. Wagner's initial script was rewritten by Mills and drawn up by Ezquerra, but when the art came back a rethink was necessary. The hardware and cityscapes Ezquerra had drawn were far more futuristic than the near-future setting originally intended, and Mills decided to run with it and set the strip further into the future. By this stage, however, Wagner and Ezquerra had both quit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication\nMills was reluctant to lose Judge Dredd, and farmed the strip out to a variety of freelance writers, hoping to develop it further. Their scripts were given to a variety of artists as Mills tried to find a strip which would make a good introduction to the character, all of which meant that Dredd would not be ready for the first issue. The story chosen was one written by freelancer Peter Harris, extensively rewritten by Mills and including an idea suggested by Kelvin Gosnell, and drawn by newcomer Mike McMahon. The strip debuted in prog 2, dated 5 March 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Pre-publication\nIPC owned the rights to Dan Dare, and Mills decided to revive the character to add immediate public recognition for the title. Paul DeSavery, who owned Dare's film rights, offered to buy the new comic and give Mills and Wagner more creative control and a greater financial stake. The deal fell through, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, The opening line-up\nDan Dare was extensively revamped to make it more futuristic. In the new stories he had been put into suspended animation and revived in the year 2177. Several artists were tried out before Mills settled on Italian artist Massimo Belardinelli, whose imaginative, hallucinatory work was fantastic at visualising aliens, although perhaps less satisfying on the hero himself. The scripts were endlessly rewritten in an attempt to make the series work, but few Dan Dare fans remember this version of the character fondly. Belardinelli and Gibbons later switched strips, with Gibbons drawing Dan Dare and Belardinelli drawing the Harlem Heroes sequel Inferno. When Gibbons took over Dan Dare in prog 28 the strip was refashioned as a \"Star Trek\" style space opera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, The opening line-up\nMills had also created Harlem Heroes, about the future sport of aeroball, a futuristic, violent version of basketball with jet-packs. Similar future sport series had been a fixture of Action, and the similarly-themed film Rollerball had been released the previous year. Wanting to give the new comic a distinctive look, Mills wanted to use European artists, but the work turned in on Harlem Heroes by Trigo was disappointing. Veteran British artists Ron Turner and Barrie Mitchell were tried out, but the newcomer Dave Gibbons won the editor over with his dynamic, American-influenced drawings and got the job. Mills wrote the first five episodes before handing the strip to Roy of the Rovers writer Tom Tully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, The opening line-up\nThe other opening strips were M.A.C.H. 1, a super-powered secret agent inspired by The Six Million Dollar Man; Invasion!, about a \"Volgan\" (thinly disguised and originally billed as Soviet, but changed before printing to a \"neutral\" antagonist) invasion of the United Kingdom opposed by tough London lorry driver turned guerrilla fighter Bill Savage; and Flesh, a strip about time-travelling cowboys farming dinosaurs for their meat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, The opening line-up\nAfter 16 issues, Mills quit as editor and handed the reins to Kelvin Gosnell, whose idea the comic had been in the first place. Gosnell also appeared as the fall guy in the Tharg the Mighty comedy photostrips that were a feature of the comic in its early years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nWagner returned to write Judge Dredd, starting in prog 9. His \"Robot Wars\" storyline was drawn by a rotating team of artists, including McMahon, Ezquerra, Turner and Ian Gibson, and marked the point where Dredd became the most popular character in the comic, a position he has rarely relinquished. Dredd's city, which now covered most of the east coast of North America, became known as Mega-City One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nDredd had also been unmasked in issue 8 in a story drawn by Massimo Belardinelli, but the decision was made to make out that Dredd's face had been scarred and the panel had a 'censored' banner slapped on it. After this, there were no further attempts to show Dredd's face again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nA new story format was introduced in prog 25 \u2013 Tharg's Future Shocks, one-off twist-in-the-tail stories devised by writer Steve Moore. 2000 AD still uses this format as filler and to try out new talent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nWagner introduced a new character, Robo-Hunter, in 1978. The hero, Sam Slade, was a private detective-type character specialising in robot-related cases. Jos\u00e9 Ferrer was the original artist, but the editorial team were not happy with his work and quickly replaced him with Ian Gibson, who redrew parts of Ferrer's episodes before taking over himself. Gibson's imaginative, cartoony art helped drive the series' style from hard-boiled detective to surreal comedy. As the series continued Sam was joined by an idiot kit-built robot assistant, Hoagy, and after a crack-down on smoking in IPC comics, a Cuban robot cigar, Stogie, designed to help him cut down on nicotine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nOther ongoing strips included The Visible Man, detailing the misfortunes of Frank Hart, a man whose skin had been made transparent due to exposure to nuclear waste, and Shako, (which followed the same formula as Hook Jaw from Action but with less success) the story of a polar bear pursued by the Army because it had swallowed a secret capsule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nM.A.C.H. 1 was killed off in 1978 but a spin-off, M.A.C.H. Zero, continued into the 1980s. Flesh had a sequel in 1978, set on the prehistoric oceans, and Bill Savage appeared again in a prequel, Disaster 1990, in which a nuclear explosion at the north pole had melted the polar ice-cap and flooded Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nIn 1977 2000 AD launched the annual 48-page Summer Special, including a full-length M.A.C.H. Zero story drawn by O'Neill. The yearly hardcover annual also started in 1977 (cover dated 1978) and would continue till 1990 (dated 1991).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nPat Mills took over writing Dredd for a six-month \"epic\" called \"The Cursed Earth\", inspired by Roger Zelazny's Damnation Alley, which took the future lawman out of the city on a humanitarian trek across the radioactive wasteland between the Mega-Cities. McMahon drew the bulk of the stories, with occasional episodes drawn by Brian Bolland. The story saw Dredd moved to the colour centre pages for the first time while Dan Dare was given the front page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nIPC had launched a second science fiction comic, Starlord. As Gosnell was editor of Starlord and 2000 AD at the same time, 2000 AD sub-editor Nick Landau largely edited the latter comic himself during this time. Starlord was cancelled after only 22 issues and merged into 2000 AD from prog 86, dated 14 October 1978. Two Starlord strips strengthened 2000 AD's line-up: Strontium Dog, a mutant bounty hunter created by Wagner and Ezquerra, and Ro-Busters, a robot disaster squad created by Mills. Ro-Busters gave O'Neill the chance to spread his artistic wings and led to the popular spin-off ABC Warriors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nStrontium Dog and ABC Warriors continued to feature in 2000 AD for the next 40 years. (A third Starlord series, Timequake, only lasted for four episodes and was not renewed.) Dan Dare was suspended while \"The Cursed Earth\" was finished in time for the merger. Wagner returned to Dredd following the merger to write \"The Day the Law Died\", another six-month epic in which Mega-City One was taken over by the insane Chief Judge Cal, based on the Roman emperor Caligula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nAnother cancelled title, Tornado, was merged with 2000 AD a few months later from prog 127, contributing three stories to 2000 AD: Blackhawk, an historical adventure series about a Nubian slave in the Roman Empire which took a science-fictional turn in 2000 AD with him becoming a gladiator in an alien world; The Mind of Wolfie Smith, a coming of age/psychic story of a runaway teenager, and Captain Klep, a single-page superhero parody. These stories, unlike Starlord's, did not continue for very long. The last issue titled 2000 AD and Tornado was prog 177, dated 13 September 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nSteve MacManus took over from Gosnell as editor in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\n2000 AD featured an adaptation of Harry Harrison's novel The Stainless Steel Rat, written by Gosnell and drawn by Ezquerra, beginning in November 1979. Adaptations of two of Harrison's sequels, The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World and The Stainless Steel Rat for President, would follow later. The appearance of the main character, galactic thief \"Slippery\" Jim DiGriz, was based on James Coburn, evidently a favourite of Ezquerra's; Coburn was also the inspiration for Major Eazy, which Ezquerra drew in Battle, as well as Cursed Earth Koburn, a Dredd-universe reworking of the Major Eazy character, who first appeared in 2003. Gerry Finley-Day contributed The V.C.s, a future war story inspired by the Vietnam War, drawn by McMahon, Cam Kennedy, Garry Leach and John Richardson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1970s, Early years\nA feature of the early years of 2000 AD was the opportunities it gave to young British comic artists: by the time the title celebrated its 100th issue Brian Bolland, Dave Gibbons, Ian Gibson, Mike McMahon and Kevin O'Neil were all established as regulars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nIn 1980 Judge Dredd gained a new enemy. Writer John Wagner realised that Dredd's habit of shooting just about everybody he came up against meant that it was difficult to create a recurring villain. The solution was Judge Death, an undead judge from another dimension where, since all crime was committed by the living, life itself was outlawed. The law had been thoroughly enforced on his own world, and now he had come to Mega-City One to continue his work. Judge Death first appeared in an atmospheric three-parter drawn by Brian Bolland which also introduced Judge Anderson and Psi Division, a squad of judges with psychic powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nDredd soon began another epic journey in \"The Judge Child\". A dying Psi Division Judge had predicted disaster for Mega-City One unless it was ruled by a boy with a birthmark shaped like an eagle, so Dredd set off into the Cursed Earth, to Texas City, and into deep space in search of the boy, Owen Krysler, and his kidnappers, the Angel Gang. The Angels were some of the most memorable villains Wagner had yet devised, but suffered the same mortality problem that had plagued the strip so far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0026-0001", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nAll of them were killed during the course of the story, however the Mean Machine, was later resurrected by Krysler during \"Destiny's Angels\". \"The Judge Child\" was drawn by Bolland, Ron Smith and Mike McMahon in rotation, and the later episodes marked the beginning of Wagner's long-running writing partnership with Alan Grant. The pair would go on to write Strontium Dog, Robo-Hunter and many other stories for 2000 AD, as well as for Roy of the Rovers, Battle and the relaunched Eagle in the United Kingdom, and a number of comics in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nWith prog 178 all current stories, with the exception of Judge Dredd, were wound up, and a new set of stories was launched simultaneously, consisting of Mean Arena, set around a violent high-tech street football game, Meltdown Man, whose hero was transported to a genetically engineered far future by a nuclear explosion, the return of Strontium Dog, featuring a mutant bounty hunter character inherited from the short-lived Starlord title, and Dash Decent, a  Flash Gordon parody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nPat Mills introduced Comic Rock, which was meant to be a format for short stories inspired by popular music. The first story, inspired by The Jam's Going Underground, was drawn by Kevin O'Neill and featured a complicated underground travel network on a planet called \"Termight\", in which a freedom fighter called Nemesis battles the despotic Torquemada, chief of the Tube Police. All that was seen of Nemesis was the outside of his vehicle, the Blitzspear. The story was a reaction to an earlier tube chase sequence Mills and O'Neill had done in Ro-Busters, which management objected to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nThe only other Comic Rock story was a follow-up called \"Killer Watt\", in which Nemesis and Torquemada fought on a teleport system. This led to a series, Nemesis the Warlock, in which it was revealed that Termight was Earth in the far future, Torquemada was a despotic demagogue leading a campaign of genocide against all aliens, and Nemesis was the leader of the alien resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0029-0001", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nMills and O'Neill were on a roll and produced a stream of bizarre and imaginative ideas, but ultimately O'Neill was unable to continue the level of work he was putting into it on 2000 AD pay. He left to work for DC Comics in America, and was replaced on Nemesis by first Jesus Redondo and then Bryan Talbot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\n2000 AD would occasionally take a gamble on non-science fiction material. For example, Fiends of the Eastern Front was a World War II vampire story by Gerry Finley-Day and Carlos Ezquerra which was probably originally intended for Battle. Its hero was a German soldier who discovered that some of his Romanian allies were vampires. Later in the war, when Romania changed sides, he was the only one who knew their secret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nA readers' poll revealed that future war was a popular topic, so Gerry Finley-Day was asked to come up with a new war story. He, editor Steve MacManus and artist Dave Gibbons devised Rogue Trooper, a \"Genetic Infantryman\" engineered to be immune to chemical warfare hunting down the traitor general who had betrayed his regiment, who debuted in 1981. He was supported by bio-chips of the personalities of three dead comrades, which, slotted into his equipment, could talk to him. Gibbons left the strip early on and was replaced by Colin Wilson, Brett Ewins and Cam Kennedy. Rogue Trooper replaced Meltdown Man, which had recently ended its run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nAnother new strip in 1981, inspired by the brief CB radio craze, was Ace Trucking Co., a comedy about pointy-headed alien space trucker Ace Garp and his crew by Wagner, Grant and Belardinelli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nIn the Judge Dredd series, Mega-City One had grown too large and unwieldy: therefore authors Wagner and Grant they planned to cut it down to size. \"Block Mania\", in which wars broke out between rival city-blocks, turned out to be a plot orchestrated by the Russian city East-Meg One, and led directly to \"The Apocalypse War\", another six-month epic and a hard-hitting satire on the concept of Mutually assured destruction. East-Meg One, protected by a warp-shield, softened up Mega-City One with nuclear warheads before invading. Dredd spearheaded the resistance, leading a small team to East-Meg territory, hijacking their nuclear bunkers and blowing East-Meg One off the face of the earth. \"The Apocalypse War\" was drawn in its entirety by Carlos Ezquerra, making a return to the character he created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nA new writer, Alan Moore, had started contributing Future Shocks in 1980. He wrote more than fifty one-off strips over the next three years, while also contributing to various Marvel UK titles and the independent magazine Warrior. In 1982 he gained his first series, Skizz, a less sentimental take on the same basic plot used in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, set in Birmingham and influenced by Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff. The series was drawn by Jim Baikie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nMoore wrote another series, D.R. and Quinch, spun off from a one-off Time Twister. Drawn by Alan Davis, the strip featured a pair of alien juvenile delinquents with a penchant for mindless thermonuclear destruction. He went on to create The Ballad of Halo Jones with artist Ian Gibson. Halo was an everywoman in the far future, born into mass unemployment on a floating housing estate, who escaped the earth and became involved in a terrible galactic war. Three books were published, and more were planned, but Moore's demands for creator's rights and his increasing commitments to American publishers meant they never materialised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nA new character, Sl\u00e1ine, debuted in 1983, but had been in development since 1981. Created by Pat Mills and his then wife Angela Kincaid, Sl\u00e1ine was a barbarian fantasy strip based on Celtic mythology. Kincaid was a children's book illustrator who had never worked in comics before, and her opening episode was drawn and redrawn several times before the editors were satisfied. Other stories were written for artists Massimo Belardinelli and Mike McMahon, but these could not see print until Kincaid's episode was ready.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nIn 1985, after appearing as a supporting character in Judge Dredd, Judge Anderson finally appeared in her own series, written by Wagner and Grant and initially drawn by Brett Ewins. New artist Glenn Fabry debuted on Sl\u00e1ine, but due to his notorious slowness was rotated with David Pugh. In the Judge Dredd story \"Letter from a Democrat\", Wagner and Grant introduced a pro-democracy movement in Mega-City One, which is after all a police state. This would provide plotlines for years to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nIn 1986 the comic reached its 500th issue. A new Sl\u00e1ine story, Sl\u00e1ine the King, began, entirely drawn by Fabry. Peter Milligan, a writer who had been contributing Future Shocks, began two series, the bleak future war story Bad Company and a strange, psychedelic series called The Dead. In 1986, 2000 AD was selling 150,000 copies a week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nIn 1987 IPC's comics division was hived off and sold to publishing magnate Robert Maxwell as Fleetway. 2000 AD was revamped, with a larger page size and full process colour on the covers and centre pages. Richard Burton became editor. Kevin O'Neill returned for a short Nemesis series called \"Torquemada the God\". Not long after came the debut of Zenith, 2000 AD's first serious superhero strip, by new writer Grant Morrison and artist Steve Yeowell. The title character was a shallow pop singer with superhuman powers, caught up in the intrigues of a 1960s generation of superhumans and the machinations of some Lovecraftian elder gods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nWagner and Grant began a new Dredd Epic, \"Oz\", featuring Chopper, a popular supporting character. Chopper was a skysurfer who had been imprisoned for competing in an illegal surfing competition a few years previously. A legal \"Supersurf\" race was being held in Oz, the future Australia, and Chopper escaped to compete. Dredd also went to Oz, partly to deal with Chopper, but mostly to investigate the Judda, a clone army created by Mega-City One's former chief genetic engineer. The Judda were defeated, and Chopper narrowly lost the race to Jug McKenzie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0040-0001", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nDredd was waiting at the finish line, but McKenzie distracted him and allowed Chopper to escape into the outback. This ending was apparently the cause of some dispute between Wagner and Grant, and was a contributing factor (it was The Last American, a mini series for Epic Comics which would mark the end) in ending their regular writing partnership. Wagner kept Dredd, while Grant continued Strontium Dog and Judge Anderson. However the pair would still come together for occasional collaborations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nThe \"Oz\" storyline had some lasting implications. Kraken, a Judda cloned from the same genetic material as Dredd, was captured by Justice Department, who had plans for him. Chopper also spun off into his own series, written by Wagner and drawn by Colin MacNeil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nThe ABC Warriors finally had their own series again in 1987 as a spin-off from Nemesis. This was written, as ever, by Pat Mills, and drawn by two artists in rotation, newcomer Simon Bisley and science fiction artist S.M.S..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nIn 1988 Grant and artist Simon Harrison began a new Strontium Dog story, \"The Final Solution\". It took nearly two years to complete, and ended with the death of Johnny Alpha, who sacrificed his life to save mutants from extermination. Original artist Carlos Ezquerra did not agree with the decision to kill the character off, and refused to draw it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nThe number of colour pages was increased, allowing for one complete strip per issue to be painted. Initially the colour pages were reserved for Judge Dredd, but were later given over to a new Sl\u00e1ine story, \"The Horned God\", fully painted by Simon Bisley. The series was collected as a series of three graphic novels, then as a single volume, and has remained in print ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nIn 1989 the colour pages were increased again, allowing for three colour stories and two black and white in every issue. One of the colour series was Rogue Trooper: the War Machine, written by Dave Gibbons and painted by Will Simpson. The original Rogue Trooper series had run out of steam after the Traitor General had been dealt with, though continued with Rogue's adventures on Horst and the 'Hit' series, so Gibbons revamped the concept, creating a different genetic infantryman, Friday, in a different war, albeit in the same universe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1980s\nOne of the black and white stories, \"The Dead Man\", was a low-key beginning for a major event. In the Cursed Earth, villagers come across a man, burnt from head to toe, with no memory of who he is or what happened to him. As he tries to piece his memories back together, he is being hunted by the evil beings who left him in that state. A creepy, atmospheric horror-western, it was drawn by John Ridgway and written by \"Keef Ripley\", a pseudonym for John Wagner. By the end of the series the Dead Man had discovered his identity: he was Judge Dredd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nAs \"The Dead Man\" ended, a new Judge Dredd story, \"Tale of the Dead Man\", explained how Dredd had ended up in that position. Dredd was getting older and the democratic movement was causing him to doubt his role, so Justice Department had groomed Kraken, the former Judda cloned from his bloodline, to replace him. Kraken was now ready for his final assessment, and Dredd himself was chosen to assess him. Although Kraken performed faultlessly, Dredd thought he perceived a hint of his former allegiance to the Judda in him, and failed him. He then resigned as a judge and took the 'Long Walk' into the Cursed Earth. There he met the Sisters of Death, and only barely survived the encounter. This could mean only one thing: Judge Death was back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nThis set up the latest six-month epic, \"Necropolis\". After Dredd had left, Justice Department had put Kraken through one final test, and given him Dredd's badge. But the Sisters of Death, spirit beings from Judge Death's dimension, were able to use Kraken's inner conflict to take control of him and use him to bring Judge Death and the other Dark Judges back from the limbo dimension Dredd had exiled them to. The Sisters possessed all the city's judges and began to enforce Death's twisted law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0048-0001", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nOut in the Cursed Earth, Dredd had recovered his memory and returned to defeat the Dark Judges. He then tried to lance the democratic boil by holding a referendum on whether the Judges should continue to govern the city. The judges won, by a small margin on a desultory turnout, and Dredd was satisfied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\n2000 AD gained an influx of talent from other comics. Garth Ennis and John Smith had come to prominence writing for Crisis, a 2000 AD spin-off for older readers, while artists Jamie Hewlett and Philip Bond were the stars of Deadline, an independent comics and popular culture magazine founded by Steve Dillon and Brett Ewins. Smith created Indigo Prime, a multi-dimensional organisation that polices reality, whose most memorable story was \"Killing Time\", a time travel story featuring Jack the Ripper. Garth Ennis and Philip Bond contributed Time Flies, a time-travel comedy, and Hewlett was paired with writer Peter Milligan for the surreal Hewligan's Haircut. Writer John Tomlinson and artist Simon Jacob created Armoured Gideon, an action-comedy series about a giant killer robot charged with keeping demons from invading earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nThe Judge Dredd Megazine, a monthly title set in the world of Dredd, was launched in October 1990. With John Wagner focusing his attentions there, Garth Ennis became the regular writer of Dredd in the weekly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nAmerican writer Michael Fleisher, who had written The Spectre and Jonah Hex in the 1970s, was recruited to write the continuing adventures of the new Rogue Trooper, along with several other strips, none of which went down very well. Another new writer who failed to set 2000 AD on fire was Mark Millar, whose revival of Robo-Hunter was particularly unpopular. Millar has since gone on to become a successful writer of American superhero comics such as The Authority and The Ultimates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\n2000 AD went all-colour about this time (prog 723, dated 23 March 1991), in response to a short-lived new colour weekly, Toxic!, launched by Pat Mills and many of the core 2000 AD team of creators. Toxic! only lasted 31 issues but many of the creators who had worked on the comic eventually found their way to work for 2000 AD. Button Man, a contemporary thriller by John Wagner and Arthur Ranson, was originally intended for Toxic! but ended up in 2000 AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nA new ABC Warriors series, written by Mills and Tony Skinner and painted by Kev Walker, began in 1991, in which Deadlock took over the warriors with his \"Khaos\" philosophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nThe old IPC strip Kelly's Eye was revived, by the new creative team of Alan McKenzie, Brett Ewins, and Zac Sandler, in 1993, when the publishers realized they no longer had the rights to the character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nRobert Maxwell died in late 1991, and Fleetway was merged with London Editions, a Danish-owned company that owned rights to Disney characters, to become Fleetway Editions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nIn 1992, 2000 AD and the Judge Dredd Megazine ran their first crossover story, \"Judgement Day\", in which zombies overran Mega-City One. Written by Garth Ennis and drawn by Carlos Ezquerra, Peter Doherty, Dean Ormston and Chris Halls, the story teamed Judge Dredd with Johnny Alpha through the medium of time travel. John Smith and artist Paul Marshall created Firekind, a slow-paced story about dragons and alien societies, which was accidentally published with its episodes in the wrong order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nThe Strontium Dog world was eventually spun out to encompass a wider field, gaining the plural name Strontium Dogs \u2013 characters such as female vampire Durham Red, the albino Feral Jackson, and former Johnny Alpha sidekick The Gronk \u2013 the latter, normally a timid creature with weak 'heartses', became a gung-ho action character upon learning of Alpha's death. However, in the 12-parter The Darkest Star, it transpires that the one to actually kill him was the Gronk himself; changed into a form designed by a cadre of Lyran necromancers to bring him endless agony, Alpha asked his friend to end his torment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0058-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nThe \"Summer Offensive\" was an eight-week experiment in 1993, when new editor Alan McKenzie gave free rein to writers Grant Morrison, Mark Millar and John Smith, to a mixed reception. Morrison wrote a Dredd story, \"Inferno\", and a drug-influenced comedy adventure, Really & Truly. Smith contributed Slaughterbowl, in which convicted criminals on dinosaurs are pitted against each other in a deadly sport, with the survivor being paroled for a year and granted wealth \u2013 but being forced to enter the Slaughterbowl again the next year. Millar wrote Maniac 5, an action-packed series about a remote controlled war-robot. During this run was a satire of British tabloid attitudes titled Big Dave, written by Morrison and Millar and drawn by Steve Parkhouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0059-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nJohn Tomlinson became editor in 1994, and a second crossover between 2000 AD and the Megazine, \"Wilderlands\", began. Written by Wagner and drawn by Ezquerra, Mick Austin and Trevor Hairsine, it followed on from \"Mechanismo\", a series of stories in the Megazine in which Justice Department, opposed by Dredd, tried to introduce robot judges. With Wagner writing, Judge Dredd was again the flagship strip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0060-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nFormer Megazine editor David Bishop became editor of the weekly in 1996 but sales continued to decline. Unsuccessful series were dropped, and a number of new series were tried out, some more successful than others. Writer Dan Abnett introduced Sinister Dexter in 1996, a strip about two hitmen influenced by the film Pulp Fiction, which became a regular feature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0060-0001", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nIn 1997, writer Robbie Morrison and artist Simon Fraser, who had worked with Bishop on the Megazine, created Nikolai Dante, a swashbuckling series set in future Russia starring a thief and ladies' man who discovers he's the illegitimate scion of an aristocratic dynasty. There were also gimmicks, like the \"sex issue\", sold in a clear plastic wrapper, The Spacegirls, a series attempting to cash in on the popularity of the Spice Girls, B.L.A.I.R. 1, a parody of Tony Blair based on M.A.C.H. 1, and an adaptation of the Danny Boyle film A Life Less Ordinary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0061-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nA new Dredd epic, \"Doomsday\", appeared in 1999 and again ran in both 2000 AD and the Megazine. Wagner had been laying the foundations for this story for several years, introducing the main villain, semi-robotic gang lord Nero Narcos, and supporting characters like Judge Edgar of the Public Surveillance Unit, and Galen DeMarco, a former judge who had quit after falling in love with Dredd and become a private eye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0062-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\n1999 also saw the return of another character, Nemesis the Warlock. After a break of ten years, writer Pat Mills decided to bring the story to an end with \"The Final Conflict\". The series was drawn by Henry Flint in a style that recalled Kevin O'Neill's early work on the series, as well as Simon Bisley's ABC Warriors work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0063-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 1990s\nThe decade ended with a special 100-page issue called \"Prog 2000\". Behind a cover by Brian Bolland, Nemesis wrapped up for good in a final episode drawn by Kevin O'Neill. War broke out in Nikolai Dante, and writer Gordon Rennie and artist Mark Harrison introduced future war story Glimmer Rats. Another old favourite, Strontium Dog, was revived by Wagner and Ezquerra, telling new stories of Johnny Alpha set before his death, with the conceit that previous stories had been \"folklore\" and the new stories were \"what really happened\", allowing Wagner to revise continuity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0064-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2000s\nThe publisher has been owned by Rebellion Developments since 2000, with editors Andy Diggle and (since 2002) Matt Smith at the helm. Rebellion continues to develop stories (and computer games) based on classic characters such as Rogue Trooper and Judge Dredd, and has also introduced a roster of new series including Shakara, The Red Seas and Caballistics, Inc.. It has also published a tie-in to the film Shaun of the Dead in a story written by Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0065-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2000s\nThe comic continues to uncover new British talents, including Boo Cook, Dom Reardon and Al Ewing. It has also benefited from an improved dollar-pound exchange rate that has meant the comic can now afford to re-employ some of the talent thought lost to America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0066-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2000s\nA number of shorter self-contained stories, partly created by the new wave of talent, have run including London Falling, Stone Island and Zombo. Other developments include a revamping of the Judge Dredd Megazine which has included a section acting as a showcase for British small press comics. Starting in program 1500 was the Judge Dredd story \"The Connection\", a 'prelude' to a 23-part Judge Dredd epic \"Origins\" which filled in a lot of the details about Dredd's past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0067-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2000s\nIn prog 1526, dated 28 February 2007, 2000 AD celebrated their 30th anniversary. The issue saw the start of two new storylines: Nikolai Dante (by Robbie Morrison and Simon Fraser) and Savage (by Pat Mills and Charlie Adlard), along with a one-off episode of Flesh (by Pat Mills and Ramon Sola). The run-up to this saw the first arcs of new series Stickleback and Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0068-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2000s\n2000 AD was also made available online through Clickwheel, another Rebellion Developments-owned firm. Starting in December 2007, the latest issue was made available to download as a PDF. In early 2008 it was announced that an archive of the 2007 issues would be added to the service. The Clickwheel Comics Reader was launched in July 2008 which would allow the digital versions of the comics to be downloaded and read on the iPhone and iPod Touch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0069-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2010s\nOn 19 March 2012 the Royal Mail launched a special stamp collection to celebrate Britain's rich comic book history, which included 2000\u00a0AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0070-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2010s\nIn 2015 a documentary about the history of the comic was made, called Future Shock! The Story of 2000AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0071-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2010s\nOn 1 October 2016, signings were held at comic shops in the UK, Ireland, Australia and the US to mark the publication of the 2000th prog. In the same week a 40th birthday convention was announced, which was held in Hammersmith, London in February 2017. At the convention itself, it was announced by the Kingsley brothers that Rebellion would be willing to speak to outside software developers on developing 2000 AD's intellectual property. In the same year, former editor Steve MacManus published his memoirs, The Mighty One: My Life Inside The Nerve Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0072-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2010s\nIn 2017, founding editor Pat Mills published his memoirs, Be Pure! Be Vigilant! Behave! 2000 AD and Judge Dredd: The Secret History. Later in that year, Hachette Partworks began publishing 2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, initially an 80-volume fortnightly series of hardback books featuring classic stories from the first 40 years of the comic. Now the Collection has been extended to 111 volumes. This followed the success of Judge Dredd: The Mega Collection, which had started in 2015 and later been extended to 90 volumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0073-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2010s\nIn June 2018 (July in the United States) a special issue was published, the 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special 2018, which contained stories written and illustrated entirely by women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0074-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), History, 2010s\nStarting in May 2019, 2000 AD began publishing periodic \"all ages\" issues every quarter, marketed as 2000 AD Regened, and targeted at younger readers. In these issues, Judge Dredd is replaced by Cadet Dredd stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0075-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Crossovers\nAlthough there is no overall shared universe containing all 2000 AD stories, some stories spin-off or crossover into other stories. These include the numerous stories that occur in the Judge Dredd universe. Many stories by Pat Mills, which are frequently interlinked, link into the Dredd universe as well, though have been partially retconned by the writer. Many stories written by Ian Edginton feature shared themes and references.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0076-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Editors\nA long-running theme is that the editor of 2000 AD is Tharg the Mighty, a green extraterrestrial from Betelgeuse who terms his readers \"Earthlets\". Tharg uses other unique alien expressions and even appears in his own comic strips. Readers sometimes play along with this; for example, in prog 201 a pair of readers wrote to Tharg claiming that they preferred to be called \"Terrans\"; the resulting controversy ended in Tharg allowing readers to vote for the preferred term in prog 229.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0076-0001", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Editors\nIn prog 240 Tharg announced that the result was a draw, and \"Terran\" became an accepted term for readers' letters in the Nerve Centre. In similar vein, Tharg used to draw distinction between male and female letter-writers with \"Earthlet\" and \"Earthlette\" until a letter was printed in Prog 314 complaining about the use, and Tharg agreed to use \"Earthlet\" (or \"Terran\") regardless of gender. From prog 531 the term \"Earthlette\" was reintroduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0077-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Editors\nAnother running theme is Tharg's use of robots to draw and write the strips, which bear a marked resemblance to the actual writers and artists. A fictional reason for Tharg to use mechanical assistance was given when the robots \"went on strike\" (reflecting real-life industrial action that occasionally halted IPC's comics production during the 1970s and 1980s). Tharg wrote and drew a whole issue himself, but when he ran it through the quality-control \"Thrill-meter\", the device melted down on extreme overload. The offending issue had to be taken away, by blindfolded security guards, to a lead-lined vault where there was no danger of anyone seeing it accidentally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0078-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Editors\nThe role of Tharg has been performed by the following editors:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0079-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Contributors\nMany of these have since moved on to work for American publishers such as DC Comics (especially the Vertigo and Wildstorm imprints) and Marvel Comics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0080-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Audio adaptations\nIn 2021, Rebellion Publishing and Penguin Random House released five audio drama adaptations of classic 2000 AD stories:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0081-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Video game adaptations\n2000AD video games for 8-bit computers include games based on Strontium Dog by Quicksilva for the ZX Spectrum in 1984, Nemesis the Warlock and Sl\u00e1ine by Martech in 1987, Rogue Trooper written by Design Design / published by Piranha in 1986 and Judge Dredd by Virgin Games in 1990, all released for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum platforms. Melbourne House also released a Judge Dredd game on the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum in 1987. Judge Death and Halo Jones games for the ZX Spectrum were being developed by Piranha but never released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0082-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Video game adaptations\nKrisalis Software released an adaptation of Rogue Trooper for the Amiga and Atari ST in 1991, and the merchandising that accompanied the 1995 Judge Dredd film included tie-in games for the IBM PC (MS-DOS), Game Boy, Game Gear, PlayStation, Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0083-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Video game adaptations\nA Judge Dredd arcade game was created but never completed nor released. It can be found online, where it is available for free, but requires an arcade / coin-op emulator. It features Mean Machine and other Angel Gang members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0084-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Video game adaptations\nA Judge Dredd Pinball game was released for MS-DOS in 1998. The same year saw the release of a Judge Dredd videogame for the Sony PlayStation which was developed by Gremlin Interactive and published by Activision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0085-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Video game adaptations\nWith the purchase of 2000 AD by Rebellion Developments, a computer game company, several more 2000 AD-linked games have been released or are under development. Judge Dredd: Dredd Vs. Death was released in 2003 and Rogue Trooper followed in 2006 for the Xbox, PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows. An updated version for the Wii entitled Rogue Trooper: Quartz Zone Massacre was released in December 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0086-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Video game adaptations\nA licensed Judge Dredd choose your own adventure style game \"Judge Dredd: Countdown Sector 106\" was released in 2012 by Australian and UK-based Tin Man Games for iOS, subsequently for Google Play and Steam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0087-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Awards\nAlthough the various stories and creators have also won awards, (see the various entries for details) the comic itself has its own trophies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0088-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Related publications, Fanzines\n2000 AD has an extremely lively and thriving fanbase, which has produced a number of independent fanzines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0089-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Related publications, Fanzines\nBetween 1994\u201396, \"Fear The Badge\" was an erstwhile but overly ambitious attempt at a 2000 AD fanzine based around the Judge Dredd, Strontium Dog and Robo-hunter universes. With original artwork, stories and articles, the fanzine would act as a showcase for talent wanting to break into comics. Its editor/creator, Paul Dick, partially disabled himself, wanted to donate some of the zine's profits to a different disability charity each month. However, the fanzine's genesis was plagued by bad luck, not least of all Dick's health worsening. Despite the good intentions and hard work of its creator (as well as the keen interest and support from both amateur and professional 2000 AD contributors), the fanzine's full potential sadly never was realised. Only a dummy run of 50 copies of issue 1 were ever produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0090-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Related publications, Fanzines\nIn 1998 W.R. Logan, frustrated at the lack of activity from the comic's publishers both in promoting the title and also in making best use of new talents, decided to create an independent title using 2000 AD copyrighted characters and situations. This was titled Class of '79, named after the year of Dredd's graduation from the Academy of Law \u2013 2079. The first couple of issues contained work from now-professional comics creators Rufus Dayglo, Boo Cook, Henry Flint and PJ Holden and won the best Self Published/Independent Comic Award at the 1999 National Comics Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0091-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Related publications, Fanzines\nIn 2001, Andrew J. Lewis created Zarjaz comic, with strips featuring characters from a variety of 2000 AD stories. There were also interviews with Alan Grant, Frazer Irving and Alan Moore, as well as an extensive article on breaking into comics as a writer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0092-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Related publications, Fanzines\nAnother long-running fanzine, dedicated to the world of Johnny Alpha, is Dogbreath, originally run by the pseudonymous Dr Bob it is now being produced by FutureQuake Publishing. In 2003, Arthur Wyatt created FutureQuake, a fanzine devoted to the Future Shocks format. Although Class of '79 and FutureQuake now appear to be on hiatus, the other titles are in continuous publication, Zarjaz having started up again with a new issue 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161396-0093-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (comics), Related publications, Fanzines\nIn addition, a number of small press comics have emerged from the 2000 AD fanbase, including Solar Wind, Omnivistascope and The End Is Nigh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film)\n2000 AD (Chinese: \u516c\u51432000) is a 2000 Hong Kong action film written and directed by Gordon Chan, and produced by Benny Chan. The film stars Aaron Kwok, Phyllis Quek, James Lye and Daniel Wu. The film was shot on location in both Hong Kong and Singapore. Released in Hong Kong on 3 February 2000, the film was timed to screen during the peak Chinese New Year period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nA private plane belonging to the TDX company is shot down over Singapore by a rogue agent from the CIA, Kelvin Woo. The company president was coming to investigate a stolen computer protection system. Kelvin has a programmer, Alex, plant a bug in the 1st National Bank's computer system, but he still needs a \"Caller Program\" to wipe the systems before they can rob the bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nColonel Ng, head of the Army's Information Warfare Unit, recruits Major Eric Ong from the Singapore Police to investigate the plane shooting independently from the US authorities. Eric is sent to Hong Kong to quietly observe. In Hong Kong, brothers Peter and Greg Li are computer programmers. However, Peter's girlfriend Janet and her brother Bobby live with them. Greg calls his girlfriend, Salina. She tells him that her office was raided by the CIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nRonald Ng of the Hong Kong Police Force Government Security Unit raids Greg's home, with him are Kelvin and his accomplice, representing the CIA. Eric watches from the street. While searching, an emp bomb is triggered, which disables all the electronics in the house. The brothers are arrested, and an American diplomat interrogates Greg while Ronald listens in. It turns out Greg is a CIA agent and asked for help from the embassy. Greg suspects the CIA has been compromised and that TDX may be implicated. Kelvin finds Greg's computer was wiped clean by the ion bomb. Peter is released, but Greg is to be deported back to the States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nAs the vehicles leave the embassy, Peter sees his brother and waves goodbye. Suddenly, a rocket hits one of the vehicles, flipping it on to Greg's vehicle. All the officers are killed by sniper fire. Kelvin, in the car behind Greg's, sits quietly while everyone else panics. A devastated Peter follows Ronald as he chases the sniper but find himself running ahead of the officers. The sniper fires at Peter until he runs out of bullets. Meanwhile, Peter knowing the sniper is out, attacks him. Kelvin arrives and is about to shoot Peter when PTU officers show up. Kelvin then pretends to help Peter while the sniper escapes. Kelvin offers his help and gives Peter his number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nAs Peter drives home with Janet, he notices a car following them. He confronts the driver, who turns out to be Eric. He reveals he is a Singaporean agent and asks Peter to help him investigate his brother's death. When Peter gets home, he finds that the house is swarming with police as part of the investigation. An officer breaks a large vase, spilling coins all over the floor. Salina arrives with her friend, a judge, who prevents further searching. When the coins are later cleaned up, a key to Greg's safe deposit box is found. Salina advises Peter to check the contents right away. She helps him forge his brother's identity, and they find it holds a metal briefcase. They take the briefcase but are arrested by Ronald outside the bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nWhile being driven away the GSU vehicles are attacked by assailants trying to steal the briefcase. In the gun battle several are killed, including Ronald. Just before he dies, Ronald warns Peter about Salina. Peter is forced to kill an assailant, while the sniper from earlier is stopped by Eric, who had just arrived. In the car, Salina opens the briefcase and finds a safe deposit box key for the Singapore National Bank. Peter decides to go to Singapore with Salina, despite Eric's objections. Eric tells Colonel Ng he believes the GSU were attacked by Kelvin, while confirming Peter's innocence and his suspicions about Salina. Colonel Ng is upset about his involvement in the gun battle and demands he returns to Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nPeter's locks the key in the hotel room's safe. He obviously distrusts Salina, while she becomes colder. They have a confrontation over dinner and Peter demands to know her identity. However, Salina tearfully reveals her car thief skills from being a hooker in a night club, where she met Greg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nOn the following morning, Salina and the key are missing. The others rush to the bank, where they see Salina leaving the bank, accompanied by the man Peter recognises as the sniper who shot his brother. The two leave in a red vehicle, while the others rush out to get help from some nearby policemen. Frustrated, Peter steals the police car while Bobby stops the policeman, who calls for backup. Eric hears the radio message and rushes to the scene. Peter chases the car to the Boat Quay, where he rams it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nEric and three other officers intercept the sniper's car and have a gun battle. As Peter reaches the scene, Salina fires at his feet to stop him. A speedboat is hijacked and all three, including Salina, escape up the Singapore River. Eric tells Peter and his friends that they need to go back to Hong Kong and Eric asks Peter not to reveal his identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nThe contents of the safe are shown to Kelvin, but it only contains items of sentimental value to Salina. Disgusted, he reminds her that she belongs to him, she was the one who stole the Caller Program. He threatens to kill her, erasing all evidence. At the airport, Bobby finds a mysterious program implanted on his laptop. Alex successfully completes the Caller Program, and destroys the data for several organisations, including the Stock Exchange and National Bank, their intended target. Kelvin is upset that the second part will take a month to finish. He gets a call from an unsuspecting Peter, who tells him about the program in Bobby's laptop and asks for his assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nThey arrange to meet at a hotel, where the sniper is positioned on a nearby rooftop. A waiter offers them water and Peter is surprised to see it is Eric. With increased confidence, he demands information on Salina and his brother's killer. Kelvin asks that they move to a quieter area. While on the way out, he pokes gun in Peter's back, who finally realises who his brother's killer really is. Eric pursues and they fight on the hotel roof. The sniper pins Eric down. As they fight for the laptop, Peter falls off the roof, but is saved by a window washing platform, while Kelvin escapes with the laptop. Bobby sees Kelvin leaving and tails him in a taxi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nKelvin and two agents arrive at Suntec City, where they meet Salina and four others. Bobby calls Peter to tell him where they are, but he loses the agents, only to be captured by them later. Peter and several officers arrive at the Convention Centre, but Eric receives a call from Colonel Ng, who surprises him by asking him to arrest all the American agents. He has confirmation that they are operating without approval. The agents find Alex at his computer where he reports he completed his task. Kelvin shoots him and is about to shoot Bobby when Salina points her gun at Kelvin. As the other agents react, one of them, who was sympathetic towards Salina, stops them. Salina and Bobby leave with the laptop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nEric and his men cover the exits. Salina and Bobby stay among the exhibits, while rogue agents hunt for them. Bobby tells Peter their location and they rush in to help. Kelvin sees the officers and Peter converging on Bobby's hideout. Kelvin and the sniper sneak up on Bobby and Salina, who start to struggle, causing Bobby to be shot by Kelvin, sparking mayhem. In the chaos Eric manages to gun down several CIA agents while Kelvin grabs the laptop and tries to escape. He takes some civilians hostage and forces them to run the software. He shoots a hostage and the police are forced to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161397-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 AD (film), Plot\nIn a fit of rage, Peter rushes Kelvin and is shot. He aim his gun at Kelvin, but hesitates and Kelvin triggers the program's deletion process, which reveals a snapshot of Peter and Bobby, a hoax they planted instead of the program. Peter takes a shot at Kelvin, but the gun jams. The closing scenes show Peter with paramedics outside the Convention Centre. Eric tells Peter he is lucky the gun jammed otherwise he would have been a murderer. Kelvin is assumed to be arrested and the sniper is seen quietly walking away from the crowd. Salina compliments Bobby for his bravery while on the way to the hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers\n2000 AD crossovers are crossover stories appearing in British comic 2000 AD, its sister title the Judge Dredd Megazine, and other related output, such as novels, audio plays, films and role-playing games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers\nNot all of the stories told in 2000 AD and its related publications exist in the same shared universe, unlike in some other comics, for example, the DC and Marvel Universes. Indeed the majority of stories which have appeared in 2000 AD since 1977 have never been connected with each other. However, the series which are so connected are generally the most significant ones in the comic in terms of the number of issues they have appeared in, their popularity with readers, and their significance in the history of the comic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Stories set in a shared universe\nThose 2000 AD stories which occupy a shared universe and have crossed over with each other include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories\nSeries can be linked to each other in either of two ways: crossovers and spin-offs. There are also combinations of both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Crossovers\nFirstly, series which were completely independent of each other when they were created \u2013 often by different writers, and sometimes even in different comics \u2013 were later linked to each other. This could be done either by a crossover story in which two or more characters from the respective series meet each other, or by a caption or piece of dialogue explicitly referring to events which occurred or characters who appeared in an earlier story in another series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Crossovers\nTwo examples of the former kind are the Judge Dredd stories \"Top Dog\" and \"Judgement Day\", which both featured Johnny Alpha from the series Strontium Dog in a major role. Alpha lived over half a century in Dredd's future, and the crossover was accomplished by having Alpha time-travel back to Dredd's era. An example of the second kind is the Judge Dredd story \"The Cursed Earth,\" which featured a dinosaur called Satanus who was described as the clone of the offspring of the female dinosaur which had appeared in most episodes of the earlier series Flesh. Flesh was a previously unconnected series about humans time travelling back to the Cretaceous era to harvest dinosaurs for their meat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Crossovers\nSometimes the link between two series can be of paramount importance to the story (such as Alpha's appearance in Judge Dredd); in other stories the reference can be a passing homage to an earlier tale with no effect whatsoever on the plot of the story in which it occurs (such as the reference to Satanus' ancestry in \"The Cursed Earth\"). In either case, once a connection between two series was established, it was often repeated. For example, \"Top Dog\" was followed up by \"Judgement Day,\" and the reference to Flesh in Judge Dredd was reciprocated by the cameo appearance of a Mega-City judge in Nemesis the Warlock Book V, which was itself a crossover with Flesh because it featured Satanus in a major role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Crossovers\nThis latter example illustrates how series were not just linked to each other in pairs, but in multitudes. Pat Mills, the first editor of 2000 AD and creator of many enduring series, was responsible for many such connections. He deliberately connected his own series ABC Warriors to Flesh, and then linked Nemesis to both. (All three series were created by him, but they had originally had nothing to do with each other.) For example, ABC Warriors made a passing reference to a dinosaur being the son of Satanus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Crossovers\nSatanus himself subsequently played an important part in Nemesis Book V, by which time the entire cast of ABC Warriors had themselves moved to the Nemesis strip. This therefore established that Judge Dredd, Flesh, Nemesis, and ABC Warriors all existed in the same continuity: a list which would be added to many more times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Spin-offs\nSecondly, a new series can be created as a deliberate offshoot from a parent series. This can also occur in two ways. One method was to take a supporting character from an existing series and start a new series with that character in the lead (sometimes with the lead character from the original series appearing in a cameo). Two examples are Judge Anderson, first introduced in Judge Dredd, being given her own series, Anderson: Psi Division, five years later; and Durham Red getting her own series after her debut in Strontium Dog. Since Judge Dredd and Strontium Dog occupy the same universe, it follows that Anderson and Red do too (although they have never both appeared in the same story).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Spin-offs\nAnother method was to create a brand new character for a new series, but to state from the outset that the story took place in an existing environment from an established strip. Most of the series in the Judge Dredd Megazine were created in this way. In 2000 AD The 86ers was a series  set in the world of Rogue Trooper which did not feature the established cast of its parent strip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Early issues\nIn the earliest issues and annuals, connections and crossovers would link up many of the earliest strips. The most prominent examples are Harlem Heroes ending and then the lead character's son turning up as a cadet judge in the next issue; The Cursed Earth linking Dredd's future to Flesh with Satanus, the cloned son of tyrannosaur One-Eye; and ABC Warriors starting as a prequel to Ro-Busters, a sequel to Invasion!, and then introducing a sequel to Flesh and The Cursed Earth with Satanus's son. Minor links included Ro-Jaws watching the Harlem Heroes and a comrade of Hammerstein referring to the under-construction Mega-City One in Ro-Busters flashbacks; a Mega-City Time Tour feature in an annual, where Flesh corporation Trans-Time offered holidays to both 2103 Mega-City One and 1999 Volgan-occupied England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Rogue Trooper\nThe series Rogue Trooper was  both a crossover and a spin-off from itself. The original series ran in 2000 AD from issues 228 to 635, when it ended. A completely new series of Rogue Trooper then began in issue 650, by a different writer. This was not intended to be a sequel to the old version, but was a brand new, modernised reinterpretation of the character, with significant differences from the old version. It was not supposed to be set in the same universe or continuity, but was a total replacement (or \"reboot\") of both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Rogue Trooper\nHowever, years later and in the hands of a new writer, a story was written which established that the new and old Rogue Troopers were two different people inhabiting the same universe, and a convoluted continuity was contrived to explain their co-existence. In an unusually complicated crossover, the two Rogue Troopers actually met each other. This state of affairs did not continue for long, however, and the old version was killed off. Ironically, the new version declined in popularity and the strip was discontinued, only to be replaced with the original version, in stories set before the original's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Rogue Trooper\nThere have been a number of less complicated Rogue Trooper spinoffs largely following the adventures of the other G.I.s, like Venus Bluegenes, Rafaelle Blue and Tor Cyan. The new version of Rogue met Judge Dredd in a special story which took up the whole of issue 900 (the first time this had ever happened in what is usually an anthology comic containing five stories per issue).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Laissez-faire approach\nWhile 2000 AD writers and editors have generally ensured that events occurring in spin-offs and their parent series are usually mutually consistent with each other, so that events in one such strip do not contradict events in another, much less care \u2013 if any \u2013 is taken to ensure a uniform continuity between crossover series. Therefore, while events which occur in the Anderson, Psi Division spin-off may have repercussions in Judge Dredd and vice versa, the continuity of Strontium Dog might be ignored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Laissez-faire approach\nThis can even occur within the crossover story itself: in \"Judgement Day\" Johnny Alpha travelled back in time from 2178 to 2114 to arrest a time-travelling criminal so he would not wipe out Earth (and thus, the future). The death of three billion people and destruction of five whole mega-cities then seemed to have no impact on Alpha's era. It was never explained in the story how an event as significant as a world war did not appear to be remembered by history in Alpha's era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Laissez-faire approach\nOn top of that, the future history of Strontium Dog bears little resemblance to Dredd, with no mega-cities and mutants as an underclass in 'norm' cities in 2150. (The Americans in Judge Dredd Megazine no. 283 implied that Strontium Dog's nuclear war will occur in 2150, but this was a MacGuffin to drive the story forward.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Laissez-faire approach\nIn these cases, the crossover is not a serious attempt at world-building and continuity, simply a means of having two popular characters meet. Writer John Wagner has even stated that he does not view Strontium Dog and Judge Dredd as being in the same continuity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Laissez-faire approach\nWriters have also changed their minds over time. In the 2000s ABC Warriors stories, there is no attempt at fitting the Volgan War into Dredd's timeline or Harlem Heroes (but he does refer to Nemesis The Warlock in Dredd: Blood of Satanus II, in order to declare Satanus Unchained out of canon). Other writers have also made no mention of this, and generally do not link up non-Dredd strips. It is also a habit of writers who created a strip to ignore the work of others if they feel like it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Connections between stories, Laissez-faire approach\nThe John Wagner story Origins refers to Pat Mills' Dredd stories but makes no attempt to acknowledge Invasion!, ABC Warriors, and Ro-Busters (or Harlem Heroes); The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha acknowledges and retcons his death under Alan Grant, but deliberately erases Strontium Dogs (with a narrator calling Peter Hogan's strips the work of \"notorious fantasist Ho Gan\"). In the sequel series Savage, Mills acknowledges the original Invasion! (to the extent that there's a King Charles III in the 2000s, just as prog 1 said) but ignores the prequel strip Disaster 1990!. And while Harlem Heroes was linked to Dredd, the sequel strip Inferno was left separate until Al Ewing's Dredd Year One: Wear Iron novella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 71], "content_span": [72, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers\nAs most of the 2000 AD crossovers occur on the same timeline, not in parallel universes, the majority of crossovers take place thanks to the widespread, but temperamental, time travel technology that was invented at the beginning of the 22nd century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by Pat Mills\nPat Mills was responsible for the majority of the crossovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by Ian Edginton\nWriter Ian Edginton has begun linking his pseudo-historical strips together, both covertly and overtly. Images of both Jack Dancer from The Red Seas and Hastur from Leviathan later appeared in Stickleback; the pub \"The Jolly Cripple\", a haunt of the Red Seas pirates, reappears as the haunt of the character Detective Valentine and contains a portrait of the original proprietress from Red Seas; and Leviathan villain William Ashbless briefly appears in Stickleback as a member of the sinister City Fathers group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by Ian Edginton\nIn the second Stickleback, the eponymous lead visits the London-based Brotherhood of the Book from The Red Seas, in the process meeting (and revealing history with) Seas villain Orlando Doyle. There is also an appearance by Herbert Sewell, an unfortunate and long-suffering scientist/time traveller in Edginton's Judge Dredd stories, being dragged into Bedlam; and an ogre of the same species seen in Edginton's American Gothic Wild West strip is seen at the villain's Wild West show. The Red Seas would later reveal that Stickleback's Orlando was from an alternate universe, and that the Brotherhood of the Book exists in multiple universes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by Ian Edginton\nAmpney Crucis Investigates made the connections stronger: characters referred to the Leviathan ship and the myth of the Hollow Earth from The Red Seas; the otherworldly monsters were given a similar background as in Stickleback; and a shadowy antagonist was shown to have a staff with a bust of Hastur's head. Stickleback's son appears in the fourth Ampney Crucis story as an adult, London's crime lord in an alternate dimension where the First World War never happened; in the same world, an underground society of cyborg fanatics called \"Babbagists\" has sprung up around the works of Countess Bernoulli, a Stickleback villain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by John Smith\nThe writer John Smith often places a number of his characters in the same stories, which has become known among fans as The Smithiverse. These have never been explicitly linked to the other 2000 AD stories, but stand together as an independent universe of their own. However, one particular species of alien of Smith's creation has appeared in both the Smithiverse (in Firekind and Tyranny Rex) and in a Judge Dredd universe story (Pussyfoot 5, a spin-off from Devlin Waugh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nA number of characters have appeared in Judge Dredd stories (or vice versa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nDredd spinoff Zancudo! by Simon Spurrier revealed itself to be a sequel to Ant Wars, a 1970s strip about giant ants rampaging through South America, in the cliffhanger ending to Part 2. The giant ants were revealed to be living in the jungles near Ciudad Barranquilla, and were at war with the giant mosquitos that formed the strip's villains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nThe first Judge Giant was the son of Giant of the Harlem Heroes, and his father was shown upon Giant's graduation from the Academy of Law. Later on, Judge Giant Jr (the first Judge Giant's son) would meet his aged grandfather a few days before he died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nSouther troops flee Nu-Earth back through time to Mega-City One in 2116. They reach an agreement with the judges where they swap medical aid for technology. Friday is blamed for the massacre but, as his memory returns, he realises a traitor is at work and tries to track him down. Unfortunately it seems a far more famous clone may try and stop him \u2013 Judge Dredd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nAn early version of the Genetic Infantry program is shown in Judge Dredd: Warzone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nThe Gunlords of Omega Ceti try to kill Skizz by travelling back in time but somehow end up in 22nd century Australia where they met Dredd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nDredd has crossed the path of Strontium Dogs Johnny Alpha and Wulf Sternhammer a couple of times. In the first encounter they travelled back in time to Mega-City One, 2112, and were nearly arrested by Dredd. Later, Johnny Alpha again stepped back in time to 2114 and helped Judge Dredd save Mega-City One from a zombie apocalypse during Judgement Day. A spin-off audio drama, Pre-Emptive Revenge, by Big Finish showed Dredd and Alpha in the immediate aftermath of Judgement Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nHelter Skelter was a storyline by Garth Ennis, featuring an invasion of Mega-City One by an alliance of villains from parallel universes. Due to the distortion of reality, characters from dozens of 2000 AD strips made cameo appearances, either in the background or as parts of the plot (Dredd is attacked by the vampires from Fiends of the Eastern Front and then has to avoid Old One-Eye from Flesh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nThe Cold Deck was a story written by Al Ewing which ran in 2000 AD at the same time as two other series set in Dredd's world, The Simping Detective and Low Life. These stories initially appeared to have no other connection with each other, but after each of them had been running independently for a couple of issues their plotlines unexpectedly intertwined with each other, and it became apparent that Ewing had collaborated with the writers of the other two series, Simon Spurrier and Rob Williams, to create a single large crossover story. The three series merged into a single story for their concluding part, called Trifecta, which took up every page of 2000 AD #1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Crossovers, Stories by other writers, Judge Dredd stories\nIn the \"End of Days\" by Rob Williams (2020), Ichabod Azrael from The Grievous Journey of Ichabod Azrael (and the Dead Left in his Wake) travels to Dredd's world to stop the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse from destroying the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Spin-offs\nThis list does not include direct sequels, such as Inferno and Savage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Parallel universes\nAs well as the tying together of a lot of the stories in 2000 AD, other parallel universes are known to co-exist alongside the main one, and some of them have intruded into it. Most famously in Judge Dredd, this has happened with Judge Death and the Dark Judges, coming from a reality where life is a crime. The aforementioned \"Helter Skelter\" had a wide range of deceased villains coming from alternate dimensions where they had won, and \"Rehab\" (progs 1644-8) featured an incursion from a utopian Earth where the Judges are pacifists focused on rehabilitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Parallel universes\nSince 2003, Sinister Dexter has been running a storyline where criminals from a parallel Earth, led by \"Holy\" Moses Tanenbaum (dead in the main universe), have been trying to take over the city of Downlode in the main universe. When the other Earth was shown, it was revealed a major reason for the move was that China (\"the ChiComs\") were winning a war against Russia and rapidly advancing towards Downlode. The final part saw Sinister and Dexter chasing a target through other 2000 AD strips, which turned out to be other realities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers\nThere have been numerous intercompany crossovers between 2000 AD stories and with stories published by other companies (DC Comics and Dark Horse Comics). Given his high-profile these often mix other characters with Judge Dredd. These include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers, Aliens\nMr Bones eventually manages to launch his revenge on Mega-City One, unleashing the Xenomorph (called the Incubus here) into the Grand Hall of Justice itself. The story has been mentioned a few times, though the xenomorph's exact origin was kept quiet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers, Batman\nThere have been four crossovers with Batman: a team-up with Dredd to defeat the combined might of Judge Death, Mean Machine, and The Scarecrow, with the two heroes clashing; Dredd going to Gotham City to save Batman from the Ventriloquist; both heroes being part of a faked deathmatch run by the Riddler; and the Joker and the Dark Judges teaming up, with the Joker becoming a fifth Dark Judge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers, Batman\nThe Batman crossovers have had significant impact on Dredd's world. A vision of the fourth crossover, Die Laughing, causing Cassandra Anderson to return to being a Judge, as the crossover was written before she had quit and had been delayed. Judge Death was finally captured due to the events of Judgement on Gotham. Die Laughing had the Dark Judges encased in plasteen crystals, which is how they would always be shown in later stories and the Judge Dredd: Dredd Vs. Death video game; the 2002 story My Name is Death had Dredd refer to \"that Gotham clown\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers, Lobo\nLobo, the intergalactic mercenary, became a popular character when Alan Grant took on the writing duties so a run-in with Dredd was a logical progression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers, Predator\nThe Predator has made many visits to Earth throughout history, and in a number of parallel universes, so it was almost inevitable that they would eventually clash with Dredd. The events of the first Predator film and the first comic issues are placed in Dredd continuity: not only are the Judges aware of the events, Psi-Judge Schaefer is a direct descendant of the film character \"Dutch\" Schaefer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers, Predator vs Judge Dredd vs Aliens\nStarting in July 2016, Dark Horse Comics published a four-issue mini-series, Predator vs Judge Dredd vs Aliens, written by John Layman and illustrated by Chris Mooneyham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 78], "content_span": [79, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers, Judge Dredd vs Razorjack\nIn May 2018 writer Michael Carroll and artist John Higgins produced a crossover story featuring Razorjack, an independent comic on which they had both worked before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers, Doctor Who\nThere has never been a crossover between a 2000 AD character and Doctor Who. However writer Dave Stone, who has written several Judge Dredd and Doctor Who novels, planned a crossover novel featuring both Dredd and the Doctor, called \"Burning Heart.\" This idea was cancelled due to the lack of success of the 1995 Judge Dredd film, and the book was published in 1997 as a Dr Who book without Dredd. The Virgin Books Who stories featured the Guild of Adjudicators, a law enforcement agency who were often presented as similar to the Judges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Intercompany crossovers, Doctor Who\nIn the revived television series, the episode Gridlock was based on Mega-City One, and one character was deliberately dressed like Max Normal. Character Sally Calypso was also homage to 2000 AD strip Halo Jones, which featured a similar character named Swifty Frisko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Pseudonyms and cameos\nOccasionally real life creators and individuals pop up in disguise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Pseudonyms and cameos, Pseudonyms\nSome work in 2000 AD has been done by people using pseudonyms to prevent readers from guessing that their series were connected, when writing stories where the connection was to be a surprise:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Pseudonyms and cameos, Cameos\nPeople from the comics world, as well as public figures, have made cameo appearances within 2000 AD including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161398-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 AD crossovers, Timeline\nUnlike both the DC and Marvel Universes, many of the 2000 AD crossovers are done via a timeline: characters and concepts appear in the past/future of other strips, and may time travel to each other. Listed in chronological order, these are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection\n2000 AD The Ultimate Collection is a fortnightly partwork collection of hardback books published by Hachette Partworks. The series is made up of 140 volumes featuring some of the biggest stars of 2000 AD\u2019s 40-year history. The spine art on the books combine to display a new image by artist Boo Cook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection\nThe series is the second collaboration between Hachette Partworks and 2000 AD publisher Rebellion Developments, following the success of Judge Dredd: The Mega Collection. It is available in the UK, Ireland and Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe following books are those confirmed by Hachette. \"Issue\" refers to the order of publication, and \"Volume\" refers to the order in which the books are intended to be kept once the 140-volume collection is complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nBook One - The World of Termight (2000AD progs 222-233, 238-240, 243-244)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nBook Three - The World of Nemesis (2000AD progs 335-349)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nBook Five: The Vengeance of Thoth (2000 AD Progs 435-445)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nPrologue: The A.B.C. Warriors (A.B.C Warriors Book One/2000 AD Prog 119)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nAll Hell on the Dix-I Front (2000 AD Progs 266-277)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Shape of Things to Come (2000 AD Prog 824)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nOne Last Night in the House Of Sin (2000 AD Prog 2001)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nAce Trucking Co. (also known as The Kleggs) (2000 AD Progs 232-236)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nKhronicles Of Khaos: Book Two (2000 AD Progs 780-784, 787-790)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nD.R. and Quinch Have Fun On Earth (2000 AD Prog 317)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nD.R. and Quinch Go Girl Crazy (2000 AD Progs 352-354)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nD.R. and Quinch Get Back-Nature (2000 AD Sci-Fi Special 1985)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nD.R. & Quinch's Incredibly Excruciating Agony Page (2000 AD Progs 525-530, 532-534)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nMini-Series (also known as Sl\u00e1ine The King) (2000 AD Progs 589-591)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nRage (Part One) (2000AD Progs 466-467 AKA Smiley's World & 469-480 (styled as Strontium Dog Rage))", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nReturn of the Gentleman Thief (2000 AD Progs 2002, 1273-1274)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Return of the High King (2000 AD Poster Prog Sl\u00e1ine 1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nBook X: The Final Conflict (2000 AD Progs 1165-1173 & 2000)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nA Day in the Death of Torquemada (2000 AD Annual 1984)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Tomb of Torquemada (2000 AD Poster Prog Nemesis 1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Last Rumble of the Platinum Horde! (2000 AD Prog 217)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Regrettable Ruse of Rocket Redglare! (2000 AD Prog 234)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nMister, Could You Use a Squonge? (2000 AD Prog 242)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Beastly Benefits of Benjamin Blint (2000 AD Prog 249)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Disturbed Digestion of Doctor Dibworthy (2000 AD Prog 273)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Startling Success of Sideways Scuttleton (2000 AD Prog 327)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Lethal Laziness Of Lobelia Loam (2000 AD Prog 323)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nWinter Break: The Fall of Deadworld Interlude (2000 AD Prog 2011)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Volgan War: Book One (2000 AD Progs 2007, 1518-1525)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Final Solution: Part 1 (2000 AD Progs 600-606, 615-621, 636-641, 645-647)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\n60 Hours That Shook The World (2000 AD Prog 391)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Volgan War: Book Three (2000 AD Progs 1601-1606, 1611-1616)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Life and Death of Johnny Alpha (2000 AD Progs 1689-1699)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nChapter Four: Dogs of War (2000 AD Progs 2014, 1862-1870)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nWhat If? Gunnar Survived the Quartz Zone Massacre (2000 AD Prog 1771)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe End of the Pier Show (2000 AD Progs 1666-1671)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nBring Me the Head of Nikolai Dante (2000 AD Prog 2009)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nAn Army of Thieves and Whores (2000 AD Progs 1629-1634)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nMask of the Red Death (2000 AD Progs Prog 1111)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Empty Suns Book (2000 AD Progs Progs 1362-1368, 1382-1386)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Revenge Of The Yallop Cringe (2000 AD Prog 438)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nYou're Never Alone With A Phone (2000 AD Prog 488)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nIt's A Mad, Mad, Mad World (2000 AD Prog 509)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Invisible Etchings Of Salvador Dali (2000 AD Prog 515)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Ship That Liked To Dance (2000 AD Prog 501)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Man in the Ion Mask (2000 AD Progs 1223-1226)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Grievous Journey of Ichabod Azrael (and the Dead Left in his Wake) (2000 AD progs 1677 - 1688)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nUnder the Banner of King Death (2000 AD progs 1313-1321)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe American Dream (2000 AD Prog 2006 & progs 1469-1479)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nHarris' Quest for the Perfect Xmas Pint (2000 AD Prog 2014)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nWith a Bound he was Free... (2000 AD Progs 1513-1517)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nThe Old Man Of The Mountains \u00a02000 AD\u00a0(Progs 2009, 1617-1624)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nDid You Pack Your Own Luggage? (2000 AD Progs 1863-1864)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books\nFall of the House of Vista (2000 AD Progs 2139-2148)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161399-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 AD: The Ultimate Collection, List of books, Issues not formally confirmed by publisher\nAlthough no formal list of the complete collection was published, the official Facebook page answered questions regarding which characters will be included, and confirmed that the series would be released in reading order, though not each series in sequence, as is common with Partwork collections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 91], "content_span": [92, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161400-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AF2 season\nThe 2000 AF2 season was the first season of the af2. It was succeeded by 2001. The league champions were the Quad City Steamwheelers, who capped off a perfect season with a victory over the Tennessee Valley Vipers in ArenaCup I. This is the only AF2 season lacking division alignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161400-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AF2 season, ArenaCup I\nArenaCup I was the 2000 edition of the af2's championship game, in which the National Conference runners-up Tennessee Valley Vipers were defeated by the National Conference Champions Quad City Steamwheelers in Moline, Illinois by a score of 68 to 59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup\nThe 2000 AFC Asian Cup was the 12th edition of the men's AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The finals were held in Lebanon between 12 and 29 October 2000. Japan defeated defending champion Saudi Arabia in the final match in Beirut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, Qualification\n42 teams participated in a preliminary tournament. It was divided into 10 groups and the first-placed team of each group thus qualified. A total of 84 games were held, starting with the Oman versus Kyrgyzstan game on 3 August 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, Tournament summary\nLebanon participated in the country's first ever football competition in the history as host, but began disappointingly, losing 0\u20134 to mighty Iran. Lebanon sought to reinvigorate the team against Iraq and Thailand, but all ended up in just draws, and Lebanon finished bottom in the group, the first host nation since Qatar 1988 to not progress from the group stage. Iran and Iraq managed to survive in the group A with seven and four points respectively, and Thailand took the third, but did not progress due to inferior points, having won no match in their group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, Tournament summary\nGroup B saw South Korea failed to achieve a top two finish, falling behind group winner China and Kuwait, but qualified as the best third place team, with the team's only win was against Indonesia. Indonesia was the only team to not score a single goal in the tournament, being beaten by South Korea and China, and a goalless draw with Kuwait. Group C witnessed Uzbekistan to become the worst-performed team in the tournament, being heavily beaten 1\u20138 by Japan and 0\u20135 by defending champions Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0002-0002", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, Tournament summary\nThe Japanese scrambled to top the group with a famous 4\u20131 win over the Saudis, though Saudi Arabia would go on to progress together after an unpromising group stage performance. Qatar, another participant in the group, finished in third and progressed thanked for one point ahead of Thailand, having drawn in all three matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, Tournament summary\nThe quarter-finals saw Iran lost 1\u20132 to South Korea by a golden goal of Lee Dong-gook, and the same happened in Saudi Arabia's victory over Kuwait, also by a golden goal of Nawaf Al-Temyat. China and Japan easily passed through their Arab rivals Qatar and Iraq, with 3\u20131 and 4\u20131 wins respectively, to set up an entirely East Asian affair in the semi-finals, with Saudi Arabia being the only non-East Asian team to be here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, Tournament summary\nThe first semi-finals saw Saudi Arabia sealed the victory over the South Koreans, with two goals by Talal Al-Meshal at 76' and 80' meant Lee Dong-gook's late equalizer was too little, too late. Japan beat China in a thriller in Beirut, 3\u20132, to once again face the Saudis in the final. In the third place match, South Korea won bronze with a 1\u20130 win over China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, Tournament summary\nThe final in Beirut was filled with majority of Saudi supporters, and was seen as the rematch of the 1992 final and earlier group stage encounter. Hamzah Idris had a chance to take the Saudis ahead of Japan at 10', but he missed the opportunity. Eventually, the missing penalty was what the Saudis regretted the most, because Shigeyoshi Mochizuki, who had accidentally given the Saudis the failed opportunity on the penalty earlier, became the hero of Japan with a goal in 30'. Saudi attempt proved to be fruitless, and Japan won the game by just one goal margin, to conquer its second Asian trophy, repeating Japan's victory over Saudi Arabia eight years ago. Subsequently, Japan, the winner, automatically qualified for the 2004 AFC Asian Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, First round, Third-placed qualifiers\nAt the end of the first stage, a comparison was made between the third placed teams of each group. The two best third-placed teams advanced to the quarter-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, First round, Third-placed qualifiers\nSouth Korea (best third-place) and Qatar (second best third-place) qualified for the quarter-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, Statistics, Goalscorers\nWith six goals, Lee Dong-Gook is the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 77 goals were scored by 43 different players, with two of them credited as own goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161401-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup, Statistics, Awards\nHiroshi Nanami  Nawaf Al-Temyat  Abbas Obeid  Karim Bagheri  Shunsuke Nakamura", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161402-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup Final\nThe 2000 AFC Asian Cup Final was a football match which determined the winner of the 2000 AFC Asian Cup, the 12th edition of the AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of the Asian Football Confederation. The match was held at the Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium in Beirut, Lebanon, on 20 October 2000 and was contested by Japan and Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161402-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup Final\nJapan had won its only previous appearance in an AFC Asian Cup final, when they hosted the 1992 tournament, while Saudi Arabia were playing their fifth consecutive, and in total. The 2000 final was set up to be a repeat of the 1992 final, in which Japan beat Saudi Arabia 1\u20130. Indeed, 1\u20130 would also be the scoreline of the 2000 final: after Saudi Arabia's Hamzah Falatah missed a penalty, Japan scored in the first half thanks to a Shigeyoshi Mochizuki goal in the first half. Yoshikatsu Kawaguchi's numerous saves, which denied Saudi Arabia from scoring, earned him the Man of the Match award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161402-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup Final, Venue\nThe Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium, located in Beirut, Lebanon, hosted the 2000 AFC Asian Cup Final. The 49,500-seat stadium was built in 1957, and is primarily used by the Lebanon national football team. It was the main stadium used to host the 2000 Asian Cup; six matches were played in the stadium including the opening match and the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161402-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup Final, Match, Summary\nThe match kicked off at 16:00 local time in Beirut at the Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium, in front of an announced attendance of 49,500 spectators. In the 10th minute of play, Japanese midfielder Shigeyoshi Mochizuki fouled opposing midfielder Talal Al-Meshal in the box; however, Saudi Arabian striker Hamzah Idris missed the subsequent penalty. The Japanese side came close to scoring twice, with two attacking opportunities by striker Naohiro Takahara, before Mochizuki scored from close range after a free kick by Shunsuke Nakamura from the left. In the 42nd minute Japan had an opportunity to double the lead after Nakamura hit the crossbar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161402-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup Final, Match, Summary\nIn the second half of the game, Saudi Arabia responded with their own attacking play, moving the momentum in their favour. Substitute Mohammad Al-Shalhoub and midfielder Nawaf Al-Temyat both missed from long range, before Al-Shalhoub forced Japanese goalkeeper Yoshikatsu Kawaguchi to produce a \"spectacular\" save in the 59th minute. Five minutes later, Kawaguchi saved a header from Al-Meshal. Japan's attacking occasions in the second half came from counterattacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161402-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup Final, Match, Summary\nOn the 82nd minute Japanese striker Atsushi Yanagisawa was subbed on, before being subbed off only seven minutes later; Philippe Troussier, Japan's manager, stated: \"[Yanagisawa] didn't do what I asked him to\". Noted as the \"best save of the match\", in the 87th minute Kawaguchi dove to his right to save a 25-meter shot by Nawaf Al-Temyat. The match ended 1\u20130 to Japan, and Kawaguchi was awarded Man of the Match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161403-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification\n2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification is the qualification process organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) to determine the participating teams for the 2000 AFC Asian Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161404-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup squads\nThe 2000 AFC Asian Cup is an international football tournament that was held in Lebanon from 12 to 29 October 2000. The 12 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of minimum 18 players and maximum 23 players, minimum three of whom must be goalkeepers. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161404-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Asian Cup squads\nThe position listed for each player is per the official squad list published by AFC. The age listed for each player is on 5 January 2019, the first day of the tournament. The numbers of caps and goals listed for each player do not include any matches played after the start of tournament. The nationality for each club reflects the national association (not the league) to which the club is affiliated. A flag is included for coaches that are of a different nationality than their own national team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161405-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Futsal Championship\nThe 2000 AFC Futsal Championship was held in Bangkok, Thailand from 5 May to 12 May 2000. The tournament acted as a qualifying tournament for the 2000 FIFA Futsal World Championship in Guatemala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161406-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC U-16 Championship\nThe 2000 AFC U-16 Championship was the 9th AFC U-16 Championship, which was held in the Vietnam. Oman defeated Iran in the final round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161406-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC U-16 Championship, X-ray tests and bans\nIn May 2001, 16 players were banned from international football for 2 years following X-ray tests that suggested they were at least 19 years old. Of the teams involved, Oman had 6 players banned, Iran 5, Bangladesh 3 and Thailand 2. Nepal did not allow its players to be tested. These five teams were banned from the next edition of the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161406-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC U-16 Championship, X-ray tests and bans\nDespite the disciplines, the final results of the tournament were not changed, and the finalists Iran and Oman both participated in the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161408-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Youth Championship\nThe 2000 AFC Youth Championship was held between November 12 and 26 in Iran. It was won by Iraq 2-1 over Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161408-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Youth Championship, Participants\nThe teams that reached the semi-final qualified for the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161408-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Youth Championship, Group stage\nThe original draw had Kuwait in the same group as Iraq. Kuwait protested that they did not want to be in Iraq's group due to political tensions, so the AFC did a re-draw to separate Iraq and Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161408-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Youth Championship, Qualification to World Youth Championship\nThe following teams qualified for the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161409-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Youth Championship qualification\nThe 2000 AFC Youth Championship qualifying competition is a men's under-19 football competition that determined the nine teams joining the automatically qualified hosts Iran in the 2000 AFC Youth Championship final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161409-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFC Youth Championship qualification\nA total of 39 AFC member national teams entered the qualifying competition. Players born on or after 1 January 1981 were eligible to participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161410-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFF Championship\nThe 2000 AFF Championship, officially known as the 2000 Tiger Cup, was held in Thailand from 5 November 2000 to 18 November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161410-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFF Championship, Teams\nNo qualification was required for this edition of the tournament and national teams from nine of the ten member associations of the ASEAN Football Federation have entered. Brunei withdrew due to \"unforeseen circumstances\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161410-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AFF Championship, Match officials\nHidayat Jajat Sudrajat Mohammad Nazri Abdullah U Tun Hla Aung Jerry Andres S. Kumbalingam Kennedy Hanlumyaung Panya Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n M\u00f9i", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161410-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AFF Championship, Match officials\nLy Ratana Rafli A Razak Phonesirignavong Phoneapeuth Kassim Kadir Bacha U Hla Myint Hla Celso Soldevilla Klienklard Sitthikhun Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ebf To\u00e0n", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161410-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 AFF Championship, Team statistics\nThis table will show the ranking of teams throughout the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161411-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFF Championship squads\nBelow are the squads for the 2000 AFF Championship, hosted by Thailand, which took place between 6 and 18 November 2000. The players' listed age is their age on the tournament's opening day (6 November 2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final\nThe 2000 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Melbourne Football Club and the Essendon Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 2 September 2000 rather than in its usual last Saturday of September date to avoid conflicting with the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. It was the 104th annual grand final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 2000 AFL season. The match, attended by 96,249 spectators, was won by Essendon by a margin of 60 points, marking that club's 16th premiership and thereby equalling the record for the most VFL/AFL premierships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Background\nThis was Essendon's first appearance in a grand final since winning the 1993 AFL Grand Final, whilst it was Melbourne's first since losing the 1988 VFL Grand Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Background\nIn the previous week's preliminary finals, Essendon defeated Carlton by 45 points, while Melbourne defeated North Melbourne by 50 points. The following Monday saw Melbourne's Shane Woewodin awarded the Brownlow Medal with 24 votes, ahead of Western Bulldogs midfielder Scott West and Adelaide midfielder Andrew McLeod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Background\nEssendon won the most home-and-away games (21) and total games (24) in a single season in the history of the VFL/AFL, breaking the records set by Carlton in 1995 (20 and 23, respectively), and they broke Collingwood's 1929 record when it won its first twenty games; if the pre-season cup is included, Essendon won 30 games out of 31; all of these records still stand. In 2008, Geelong won 21 of 22 games in the home-and-away season to equal that record, but they lost the grand final. Essendon's grand final win was the last by a Victorian side until Geelong won in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Match summary\nMelbourne captain David Neitz won the toss and chose to kick towards the City/Members end of the MCG in the opening quarter. The first score of the game went to Melbourne. Neitz, from a very tight angle near the behind post on the Members side of the goals, kicked the ball into the far goal post resulting in one point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Match summary\nIt was only a short time after the first score of the game that James Hird kicked the first goal of the game for Essendon. Melbourne's first goal was kicked by Stephen Powell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Match summary\nThe Bombers never looked threatened from after quarter time and comfortably won its record-equaling 16th premiership by 60 points after arguably the most dominant season in VFL/AFL history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Match summary\nOne downside for the Bombers was an incident in which Melbourne's Troy Simmonds was hit high by Essendon's Michael Long, resulting in a 25-man brawl. Simmonds was taken from the field on a stretcher; nine players were reported on ten offences by the umpires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Match summary\nHird was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for being judged the best player afield. Paul Barnard and Matthew Lloyd each kicked four goals for the Bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Match summary\nEssendon's triumph would be the last by any Victorian team until the 2007 AFL Grand Final when Geelong won its first premiership in 44 years and was the last win by Melbourne-based club until Hawthorn's victory in the 2008 AFL Grand Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161412-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Grand Final, Match summary\nThe National Anthem was sung by Tania Doko of Bachelor Girl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161413-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Rising Star\nThe Ansett AFL Rising Star award is given annually to a stand out young player in the Australian Football League. The 2000 medal was won by Fremantle player Paul Hasleby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161413-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Rising Star, Eligibility\nEvery round, an Australian Football League rising star nomination is given to a stand out young player. To be eligible for the award, a player must be under 21 on January 1 of that year, have played 10 or fewer senior games and not been suspended during the season. At the end of the year, one of the 22 nominees is the winner of award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161414-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL Women's National Championships\nThe 2000 AFL Women's National Championships took place in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The tournament began on 29 June and ended on 4 July 2000. The 2000 tournament was the ninth Championship. The Senior-vics of Victoria won the 2000 Championship, defeating Western Australia in the final. It was Victoria's ninth consecutive title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161415-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL draft\nThe 2000 AFL draft was the annual draft of talented Australian rules football players by teams that participate in the Australian Football League. It consisted of a pre-season draft, a national draft, a trade period and a rookie elevation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161415-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL draft\nIn 2000 there were 87 picks to be drafted between 16 teams in the national draft. The St Kilda Football Club received the first pick in the national draft after finishing on the bottom of the ladder during the 2000 AFL season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161415-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL draft, Rookie elevation\nIn alphabetical order of professional clubs. This list details 2000-listed rookies who were elevated to the senior list; it does not list players taken as rookies in the rookie draft which occurred during the 2000/01 off-season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161416-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL finals series\nThe 2000 AFL finals series took place between 11 August and 2 September in the 2000 AFL season. The eight clubs which participated were competing for the Australian Football League premiership. The Essendon Football Club would go through the series undefeated and claim their 16th premiership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161417-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL season\nThe 2000 Australian Football League season was the 104th season of the elite Australian rules football competition and the 11th under the name 'Australian Football League', having switched from 'Victorian Football League' after 1989. This was the first season to utilize the current AFL logo and finals system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161417-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL season\nSee List of Australian Football League premiers for a complete list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161417-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL season, Ansett Australia Cup\nEssendon defeated the Kangaroos 16.21 (117) to 11.10 (76) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161417-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL season, Premiership season, Round 21\nNote: Essendon lost its first and only game in 2000, ending a 20-game winning streak in a match that became known as the \"Super-Flood\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161417-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 AFL season, Ladder\nAll teams played 22 games during the home and away season, for a total of 176. An additional nine games were played during the finals series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161418-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AIHL season\nThe 2000 AIHL season was the inaugural season of the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL), the first semi-pro national ice hockey league in Australian history. The Sydney Bears finished first after the regular season but lost the championship final to the Adelaide Avalanche 5\u20136 in a shootout. Paul Lawson of the Adelaide Avalanche top scored in the regular season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161418-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 AIHL season, Regular season\nThe maiden regular season featured all three founding teams, Adelaide Avalanche, Canberra Knights and the Sydney Bears, playing in a round-robin format. The top two teams at the conclusion of the regular season would qualify to play a single head-to-head final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161418-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 AIHL season, Final\nFollowing the regular season the Avalanche and the Bears competed in the single game final held at Macquarie Ice Rink. Adelaide won the game 6-5 in a shootout after coming from two goals behind late in the third period to level the match in regulation time. The Bears controlled the match in the first two periods before a controversial five minute major penalty late in the game to the Bears saw Adelaide pull goaltender Eric Lien and score two power play goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161419-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ANFA Cup\nThe 2000 ANFA Cup, marketed as ANFA Coca Cola Invitational Tournament, the twelfth version of the ANFA Cup, a knock-out football tournament organized by the All Nepal Football Association. All matches were played at the Dasarath Rangasala Stadium in Kathmandu. Six teams participated in the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161420-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ANZ Tasmanian International\nThe 2000 ANZ Tasmanian International was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Hobart International Tennis Centre in Hobart in Australia that was part of Tier IV of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 9 January until 15 January 2000. Unseeded Kim Clijsters won the singles title and earned $16,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161420-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ANZ Tasmanian International, Finals, Doubles\nRita Grande /  \u00c9milie Loit defeated  Kim Clijsters /  Alicia Molik 6\u20132, 2\u20136, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161421-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ANZ Tasmanian International \u2013 Doubles\nMariaan de Swardt and Elena Tatarkova were the defending champions, but none competed this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161421-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ANZ Tasmanian International \u2013 Doubles\nRita Grande and \u00c9milie Loit won the title by defeating Kim Clijsters and Alicia Molik 6\u20132, 2\u20136, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161422-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ANZ Tasmanian International \u2013 Singles\nChanda Rubin was the defending champion, but lost in the final to Kim Clijsters. The score was 2\u20136, 6\u20132, 6\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161423-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ARFU Asian Rugby Championship\nThe 2000 ARFU Asian Rugby Championship was the 17th edition  of the tournament, and was played in Aomori", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161423-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ARFU Asian Rugby Championship\nThe 8 teams were divided in two division. Japan won the tournament", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161424-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ASA Pesada Antonov An-24 crash\nThe 2000 ASA Pesada Antonov An-24 crash occurred on 15 November 2000 when an Antonov An-24 registered as D2-FCG operated by Angolan airliner ASA Pesada crashed shortly after taking off from Quatro de Fevereiro Airport in Angola's capital Luanda. The aircraft was carrying 52 passengers and 5 crewmembers and was heading to Yuri Gagarin Airport in Namibe Province, Angola. All 57 people on board were killed in the crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161424-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ASA Pesada Antonov An-24 crash\nThe crash was the third deadliest plane crash in Angola, the second deadliest plane crash involving an Antonov An-24 and the second plane crash to occur in the country in just less than 3 weeks. On 31 October, another Antonov An-24 carrying 49 people operated by ACA-Ancargo Air crashed on the northern part of the country, killing all 49 people on board with UNITA rebels claimed to have shot down the plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161424-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 ASA Pesada Antonov An-24 crash, Flight\nThe aircraft took off from Luanda's Quatro de Fevereiro Airport to Namibe Airport, around 420 miles south from the capital. The aircraft was planning to pick up a Portuguese soccer team for a tour in the country. Shortly after takeoff, the aircraft then banked to the left and crashed onto a field in Golfe II district of Luanda. The aircraft exploded on impact. Search and rescue team didn't find any survivors on the crash site. All 57 passengers and crews on board were killed. Authorities evacuated 40 badly burned bodies from the crash site, including women and children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161424-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 ASA Pesada Antonov An-24 crash, Investigation\nAn investigation was opened on the crash. Many eyewitnesses stated that during the crash, the Antonov An-24 was on fire. The black boxes were recovered by investigators. Transport Minister Andre Luis Brandao stated that technical failure was the most likely cause of the crash. According to the findings of a preliminary investigation the accident was caused by engine failure; the report also accused ASA Pesada of negligence for failing to keep accurate records of the amount of fuel and number of passengers on board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161424-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 ASA Pesada Antonov An-24 crash, Aftermath\nAngolan authorities immediately grounded all Antonov An-24 in the country indefinitely due to the crash. Before the crash, Antonov aircraft had been prohibited to fly in the country as another Antonov had crashed in Angola on 31 October, which killed 49 people on the northern part of the country. Even though it was prohibited by the country, the Antonov were still permitted to fly on the coast. A statement by the National Civil Aviation Authority said none of the planes would now be allowed to fly on civilian services. The Angolan Air Force was exempted from the prohibition, but their planes cannot carry civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161425-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ASB Classic\nThe 2000 ASB Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the ASB Tennis Centre in Auckland, New Zealand that was part of Tier IV of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was held from 3 January until 8 January 2000. Second-seeded Anne Kremer won the singles title and earned $16,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161425-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ASB Classic, Finals, Doubles\nCara Black /  Alexandra Fusai defeated  Barbara Schwartz /  Patricia Wartusch, 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161426-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ASB Classic \u2013 Doubles\nSilvia Farina Elia and Barbara Schett were the defending champions, but none competed this year. Schett represented Austria at the Hopman Cup in Perth, which was held at the same week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161426-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ASB Classic \u2013 Doubles\nCara Black and Alexandra Fusai won the title by defeating Barbara Schwartz and Patricia Wartusch 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161427-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ASB Classic \u2013 Singles\nJulie Halard-Decugis was the defending champion, but decided to compete in Gold Coast at the same week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161427-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ASB Classic \u2013 Singles\nAnne Kremer won the title by defeating Cara Black 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161428-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ASFA Soccer League\nThe 2000 season of the ASFA Soccer League (now known as the FFAS Senior League) was the twentieth season of association football competition in American Samoa. PanSa Soccer Club shared the championship with Wild Wild West, each their first recorded title, with the winners of the 1998 league competition and a number of previous seasons unknown. PanSa East were able to claim joint first place by beating Konica FC 1\u20130 on the final day of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161429-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ASP World Tour\nThe ASP World Tour is a professional competitive surfing league. It is run by the Association of Surfing Professionals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161430-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Buenos Aires\nThe 2000 ATP Buenos Aires was an ATP Challenger Series tennis tournament held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The tournament was held from November 20 to November 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161430-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Buenos Aires, Finals, Doubles\nPablo Albano /  Lucas Arnold Ker defeated  Sergio Roitman /  Andr\u00e9s Schneiter 6\u20133, 4\u20136, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161431-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Challenger Series\nThe ATP Challenger Series is the second tier tour for professional tennis organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2000 ATP Challenger Series calendar comprised 121 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $25,000 up to $125,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161432-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour\nThe Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the ATP tour. The 2000 ATP Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the tennis event at the 2000 Summer Olympics, the Tennis Masters Series, the ATP International Series Gold, the ATP International Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the Tennis Masters Cup and the ATP Tour World Doubles Championships. Also included in the 2000 calendar are the Davis Cup and the Hopman Cup, which do not distribute ranking points, and are both organised by the ITF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161432-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour, Schedule\nSchedule of events on the 2000 calendar, with player progression documented from the quarterfinals stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161432-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour, Statistical information\nThese tables present the number of singles (S), doubles (D), and mixed doubles (X) titles won by each player and each nation during the season, within all the tournament categories of the 2000 ATP Tour: the Grand Slam tournaments, the tennis event at the Summer Olympics, the year-end championships (Tennis Masters Cup and ATP Tour World Doubles Championships), the Tennis Masters Series, the ATP International Series Gold, and the ATP International Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161432-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour, Statistical information\nThe players/nations are sorted by: 1) total number of titles (a doubles title won by two players representing the same nation counts as only one win for the nation); 2) cumulated importance of those titles (one Grand Slam win equalling two Masters Series wins, one year-end championships equalling one-and-a-half Masters Series win, one Olympics win or Masters Series win equalling two International Series Gold wins, one International Series Gold win equalling two International Series wins); 3) a singles > doubles > mixed doubles hierarchy; 4) alphabetical order (by family names for players).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161432-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour, ATP rankings\nThese are the ATP Rankings of the top twenty singles players, doubles players, and the top ten doubles teams on the ATP Tour, at the end of the 1999 ATP Tour, and of the 2000 season, with number of rankings points, number of tournaments played, year-end ranking in 1999, highest and lowest position during the season (for singles and doubles individual only, as doubles team rankings are not calculated over a rolling year-to-date system), and number of spots gained or lost from the 1999 to the 2000 year-end rankings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161432-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour, Retirements\nFollowing is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and/or part of the ATP Rankings top 100 (singles) or top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2000 season:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161433-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour World Championships \u2013 Doubles\nS\u00e9bastien Lareau and Alex O'Brien were the defending champions, but failed to qualify as a team that year, as they did not compete together in 2000. Lareau failed to qualify with another partner, while O'Brien qualified with Jared Palmer, but lost in the round robin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161433-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour World Championships \u2013 Doubles\nDonald Johnson and Piet Norval won in the final 7\u20136(10\u20138), 6\u20133, 6\u20134, against Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161433-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour World Championships \u2013 Doubles, Draw, Red Group\nStandings are determined by: 1) Number of wins; 2) Number of matches; 3) In two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4) In three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5) Steering Committee decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161433-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 ATP Tour World Championships \u2013 Doubles, Draw, Gold Group\nStandings are determined by: 1) Number of wins; 2) Number of matches; 3) In two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4) In three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5) Steering Committee decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161434-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AVC Cup Men's Club Tournament\nThe 2000 Asian Men\u2019s Club Volleyball Championship was the 2nd staging of the AVC Club Championships. The tournament was held in Suphanburi, Thailand. Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance of Korea won the tournament after beating Paykan of Tehran, Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161435-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 AVC Cup Women's Club Tournament\nThe 2000 AVC Cup Women's Club Tournament was the 2nd staging of the AVC Club Championships. The tournament was held in Shaoxing, China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161436-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Abierto Mexicano Pegaso\nThe 2000 Abierto Mexicano Pegaso was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Mexico City, Mexico that was part of the International Series Gold category of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 21 February through 27 February 2000. Unseeded Juan Ignacio Chela, who entered the main draw as a qualifier, won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161436-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Abierto Mexicano Pegaso, Finals, Doubles\nByron Black /  Donald Johnson defeated  Gast\u00f3n Etlis /  Mart\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez, 6\u20133, 7\u20135", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161437-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Abruzzo regional election\nThe Abruzzo regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161437-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Abruzzo regional election\nGiovanni Pace (National Alliance) was narrowly elected President, defeating incumbent Antonio Falconio (Democrats of the Left).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161438-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Acura Classic\nThe 2000 Acura Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in San Diego in the United States. It was part of Tier II of the 2000 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from July 31 through August 6, 2000. Third-seeded Venus Williams won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161438-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Acura Classic, Finals, Doubles\nLisa Raymond /  Rennae Stubbs defeated  Lindsay Davenport /  Anna Kournikova, 4\u20136, 6\u20133, 7\u20136", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161439-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Acura Classic \u2013 Doubles\nLindsay Davenport and Corina Morariu were the defending champions, but Morariu did not compete this year. Davenport teamed up with Anna Kournikova and ended as runners-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161439-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Acura Classic \u2013 Doubles\nLisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs won the title by defeating Davenport and Kournikova 4\u20136, 6\u20133, 7\u20136(8\u20136) in the final. It was the 18th title for Raymond and the 24th title for Stubbs in their respective doubles careers. It was also the 4th title for the pair during the season, after their wins in the Australian Open, Rome and Madrid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161440-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Acura Classic \u2013 Singles\nSerena Williams was the defending champion, but did not compete this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161440-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Acura Classic \u2013 Singles\nVenus Williams won the title by defeating Monica Seles 6\u20130, 6\u20137(3\u20137), 6\u20133 in the final. It was the 3rd title for Williams in the season and the 12th title in her career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161440-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Acura Classic \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161441-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International\nThe 2000 Adidas International was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the NSW Tennis Centre in Sydney in Australia that was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour and of Tier II of the 2000 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 9 through 15 January 2000. Lleyton Hewitt and Amelie Mauresmo won the singles titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161441-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International, Finals, Men's Doubles\nMark Woodforde /  Todd Woodbridge defeated  Lleyton Hewitt /  Sandon Stolle 7\u20135 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161441-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International, Finals, Women's Doubles\nJulie Halard-Decugis /  Ai Sugiyama defeated  Martina Hingis /  Mary Pierce 6\u20130, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161442-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International \u2013 Men's Doubles\nS\u00e9bastien Lareau and Daniel Nestor were the defending champions, but Nestor did not compete this year. Lareau teamed up with Michael Hill and lost in first round to David Adams and John-Laffnie de Jager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161442-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International \u2013 Men's Doubles\nMark Woodforde and Todd Woodbridge won the title by defeating Lleyton Hewitt and Sandon Stolle 7\u20135, 6\u20134 in the final. It was the 61st title for both players in their respective careers. It was also the 2nd title for the pair during the season, after their win in Adelaide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161443-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International \u2013 Men's Singles\nTodd Martin was the defending champion but lost to Ivan Ljubi\u010di\u0107 in the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161443-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International \u2013 Men's Singles\nLleyton Hewitt won the title, defeating Jason Stoltenberg 6\u20134, 6\u20130 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161444-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International \u2013 Women's Doubles\nElena Likhovtseva and Ai Sugiyama were the defending champions, but had different outcomes. While Likhovtseva teamed up with Amanda Coetzer and lost in first round, Sugiyama teamed up with Julie Halard-Decugis and successfully defended her title by defeating Martina Hingis and Mary Pierce in the final, 6\u20130, 6\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161444-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International \u2013 Women's Doubles\nIt was the 7th title for Halard-Decugis and the 11th title for Sugiyama in their respective doubles careers. It was also the 1st title for the pair during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161445-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International \u2013 Women's Singles\nLindsay Davenport was the defending champion, but lost in the final 7\u20136(7\u20132), 6\u20134 against Am\u00e9lie Mauresmo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161445-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International \u2013 Women's Singles\nIt was the 1st title for Mauresmo in the season and the 2nd title in her career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161445-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas International \u2013 Women's Singles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 50], "content_span": [51, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161446-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas Open de Toulouse\nThe 2000 Adidas Open de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Toulouse, France that was part of the International Series 2 of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the twentieth and final edition of the tournament and was held from 16 until 22 October 2000. First-seeded \u00c0lex Corretja won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161446-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas Open de Toulouse, Finals, Doubles\nJulien Boutter /  Fabrice Santoro defeated  Donald Johnson /  Piet Norval, 7\u20136(10\u20138), 4\u20136, 7\u20136(7\u20135)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161447-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas Open de Toulouse \u2013 Doubles\nThe 2000 Adidas Open de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on Indoor Hard in Toulouse, France that was part of the International Series 2 of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the twentieth and final edition of the tournament and was held from 16 October \u2013 22 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161447-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas Open de Toulouse \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161448-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas Open de Toulouse \u2013 Singles\nThe 2000 Adidas Open de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on Indoor Hard in Toulouse, France that was part of the International Series 2 of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the twentieth and final edition of the tournament and was held from 16 October \u2013 22 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161448-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Adidas Open de Toulouse \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161449-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Adur District Council election\nElections to Adur District Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control. Overall turnout was 36.5%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161450-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Advanta Championships\nThe 2000 Advanta Championships was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Philadelphia Civic Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 18th edition of the tournament and was held from November 6 through November 12, 2000. Second-seeded Lindsay Davenport won the singles title and earned $87,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161450-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Advanta Championships, Finals, Doubles\nMartina Hingis /  Anna Kournikova defeated  Lisa Raymond /  Rennae Stubbs 6\u20132, 7\u20135", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161451-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Advanta Championships \u2013 Doubles\nLisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs were the defending champions, but lost in the final to Martina Hingis and Anna Kournikova. The score was 6\u20132, 7\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161452-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Advanta Championships \u2013 Singles\nLindsay Davenport was the defending champion and successfully defended her title, by defeating Martina Hingis 7\u20136(9\u20137), 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161452-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Advanta Championships \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161453-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships\nThe 6th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Riesa, Germany from June 2 to June 4, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161454-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Africa Cup\nThe 2000 Africa Cup (officially called at those time \"Africa Top Six\") was the first edition of highest level rugby union tournament in Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161454-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Africa Cup\nOnly five teams were involved due to the withdrawal of the Ivory Coast. South Africa participated with an Under-23 amateurs team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161454-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Africa Cup\nThe teams were divided in two pool played on home away basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161455-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Africa Cup of Nations Group A\nGroup A of the 2000 African Cup of Nations ran from 22 January until 31 January. It consisted of Ghana, Cameroon, Ivory Coast and Togo. The matches were held in Accra and Kumasi in Ghana. Cameroon and Ghana progressed to the quarterfinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161456-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Africa Cup of Nations Group B\nGroup A of the 2000 African Cup of Nations ran from 23 January until 2 February. It consisted of Gabon, South Africa, Algeria and DR Congo. The matches were held in Accra and Kumasi in Ghana. South Africa and Algeria progressed to the quarterfinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161457-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Championships in Athletics\nThe 12th African Championships in Athletics were held in Algiers, Algeria between 12 and 15 July 2000 at the Stade 5 Juillet 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup\nThe 2000 African Cup Winners' Cup was the twenty-sixth season of Africa's second oldest club football tournament organised by CAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup\nIn a final featuring two giants of African club football, four time African champions Zamalek of Egypt defeated three time African champions Canon Yaound\u00e9 of Cameroon 4\u20133 on aggregate over two-legs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup, Association team allocation\nA total of 38 teams from 38 CAF associations qualified for the tournament after winning their respective premier domestic cups. Of the 38 teams that qualified 1 withdrew before fulfilling all of its fixtures and another was disqualified;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup, Format\nThe tournament consisted of five rounds preceding a two-legged final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup, Format\nThe away goals rule was used to determine the victors in the event of a match being tied over the two-legs. If it was not possible to determine a winner using the away goals rule, the tie went to a penalty shootout to determine the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup, Preliminary round\nThe first legs were played on 29 & 30 January, and the second legs were played on 12 & 14 February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup, First round\nThe first legs were played from 17\u201319 March, and the second legs were played from 31 March-2 April 2000 with the exception of the matches between ASEC Ndiambour and ASEC Mimosas which were played on the 2nd (first leg) and 16th (second leg) of April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup, Second round\nThe first legs were played on 6 & 7 May (with the exception of the tie between JS du T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 & Stade Malien which was played on 14 May), and the second legs were played on 27 & 28 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup, Quarter-finals\nThe first legs were played on 5 & 6 August, and the second legs were played on 19 & 20 August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161458-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup, Semi-finals\nThe first legs were played on 14 & 15 October, and the second legs were played on 27 & 30 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161459-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup Final\nThe 2000 CAF African Cup Winners' Cup Final was contested in two-legged home-and-away format between Zamalek and Canon Yaound\u00e9, The first leg was hosted by Zamalek at Cairo Stadium in Cairo on 26 November 2000, while the second leg was hosted by Canon Yaound\u00e9 at Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo in Yaound\u00e9 on 10 December 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161459-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup Final\nZamalek won 4\u20133 on aggregate, earned the right to represent the CAF at the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship, as well as participate in the 2001 CAF Super Cup against Hearts of Oak; the winner of the 2000 CAF Champions League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161460-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations\nThe 2000 African Cup of Nations was the 22nd edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the association football championship of Africa (CAF). It was co-hosted by Ghana and Nigeria, who jointly replaced Zimbabwe as host. Just like in 1998, the field of sixteen teams was split into four groups of four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161460-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations\nCameroon won the championship, beating Nigeria in the final 4\u20133 on penalties. As winners, they qualified for the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup as African representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161460-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations, Host Selection\nIt was expected that Zimbabwe will host this edition but it was sidelined by the CAF on 8 February 1999 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast for non-compliance with the specifications, the CAF announced that they would be receiving applications for the new hosts until 10 March 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161460-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations, Host Selection\nEgypt, Ghana, Morocco and Nigeria, were determined by the CAF to be compliant with the host criteria. Later, Egypt withdrew. A joint bid was formed between Ghana and Nigeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161460-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations, Host Selection\nThe organization of the 2000 Africa Cup of Nations was awarded jointly to Ghana and Nigeria on 15 March 1999 by the CAF Executive Committee meeting in Cairo, Egypt. Voters had a choice between three countries\u00a0: Ghana, Morocco and Nigeria. This is the first time ever that the African Cup was co-hosted by two countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161460-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations, Host Selection\nThis is also the second time that Nigeria has hosted the African Cup after 1980 and the third time for Ghana after 1963 and 1978", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161460-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations, First round, Group A\nGroup A of the 2000 AFCON remains as the only group stage that all four teams to achieve four points out of three matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161461-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations Final\nThe 2000 African Cup of Nations Final was a football match that took place on 13 February 2000 at the Lagos National Stadium in Lagos, Nigeria, to determine the winner of the 2000 African Cup of Nations, the football championship of Africa organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161461-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations Final\nCameroon won the title for the third time by beating Nigeria 4\u20133 on penalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161461-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations Final, Match details\nThe first goal was scored after a foul on Patrick Mboma led to a free kick that was utilized by Samuel Eto'o in the 26th minute. In the 31st minute, Mboma capitalized on a through pass from Eto'o to double the Cameroonian lead, nutmegging Nigerian goalkeeper, Ike Shorunmu in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161461-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations Final, Match details\nCameroon continued to press for most of the first half, and hit the post on an occasion. Surprise selection, Raphael Chukwu placed a low level shot at the back of the net to reduce the deficit to one before halftime. Then Okocha scored a long range shot to even the scoreline. Eto'o attempted to put Cameroon ahead again, but had his shot hit the sidebar. Substitute, Babagida also had a finely placed shot on target saved by Cameroon, goalkeeper, Bouker. Victor Ikpeba had a long range header go off target. The game was eventually decided on penalties with Cameroon emerging victorious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161462-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations qualification\nThis page details the process of qualifying for the 2000 African Cup of Nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161462-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations qualification, Group round\nGroup round took place between October 2, 1998, and June 20, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 54], "content_span": [55, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161462-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations qualification, Group round, Group 1\nGhana qualified as hosts as of 15 March 1999, their results where annulled. Eritrea qualified for Playoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161462-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations qualification, Group round, Group 2\nSierra Leone withdrew due to the Sierra Leone Civil War on 22 March 1999,  their result was annulled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161462-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations qualification, Group round, Group 5\nNigeria qualified as hosts as of 15 March 1999, their results were annulled. Senegal qualified for Playoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161462-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations qualification, Playoff\nEritrea (runners-up of groups 1) and Senegal (runners-up of groups 5) join Zimbabwe in a playoff for one place in the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161463-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Cup of Nations squads\nBelow is a list of squads used in the 2000 African Cup of Nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161464-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Futsal Championship\nThe 2000 African Futsal Championship took place in Cairo, Egypt from April 16 to April 21, 2000. The tournament served as a qualifying tournament for the 2000 FIFA Futsal World Cup in Guatemala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161465-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Judo Championships\nThe 2000 African Judo Championships were the 22nd edition of the African Judo Championships, organised by the African Judo Union and were held in Algiers, Algeria 9\u201312 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161466-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Men's Handball Championship\nThe 2000 African Men's Handball Championship was the 14th edition of the African Men's Handball Championship, held in Algiers, Algeria, from 22 April to 1 May 2000. It acted as the African qualifying tournament for the 2001 World Championship in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161466-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 African Men's Handball Championship\nEgypt finished first in the round robin tournament and wins its third African title. Algeria finished second and Tunisia third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship\nThe 2000 African Women's Championship  was the fourth edition of the African Women's Championship (now known as the Africa Women Cup of Nations), the biennial international football championship organised by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) for the women's national teams of Africa. It was held in South Africa between 11 November and 25 November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship\nNigeria won the tournament for the fourth time, beating South Africa in the final 2\u20130, which was abandoned at the 73rd minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification\nSouth Africa as hosts and Nigeria as title holders were qualified automatically, while the remaining six spots were determined by the qualifying rounds, which took place from June to August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Format\nQualification ties were played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. If the aggregate score was tied after the second leg, the away goals rule would be applied, and if still level, the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner (no extra time would be played).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Format\nThe six winners of the final round qualified for the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Format, Preliminary round\nR\u00e9union won by default and qualified for the final round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 75], "content_span": [76, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Format, Final round\nR\u00e9union won 5\u20134 on aggregate and qualified for the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Format, Final round\nCameroon won by default and qualified for the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Format, Final round\nMorocco won 6\u20131 on aggregate and qualified for the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Format, Final round\nZimbabwe won 8\u20130 on aggregate and qualified for the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Format, Final round\nGhana won by default and qualified for the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Format, Final round\nUganda won by default and qualified for the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 69], "content_span": [70, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Qualification, Qualified teams\nR\u00e9union, Uganda and Zimbabwe made their first appearances in the tournament. Zimbabwe originally entered the 1991 edition, but withdrew before playing any match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Final tournament, Format\nThe top two teams of each group advance to the semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Final tournament, Format\nThe teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161467-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Championship, Final tournament, Knockout stage\nIn the knockout stage, if a match is level at the end of normal playing time, extra time is played (two periods of 15 minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by kicks from the penalty mark to determine the winner, except for the third place match where no extra time is played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161468-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 African Women's Handball Championship\nThe 2000 African Women's Handball Championship was the 14th edition of the African Women's Handball Championship, held in Algeria from 23 April to 1 May 2000. It acted as the African qualifying tournament for the 2001 World Women's Handball Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161469-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Air Canada Cup\nThe 2000 Air Canada Cup was Canada's 22nd annual national midget 'AAA' hockey championship, played April 24\u201330, 2000 at the Maurice Richard Arena in Montreal, Quebec. The championship game was an all-Quebec showdown as the Quebec champions Cantonniers de Magog shutout the host Coll\u00e9ge Fran\u00e7ais de Montr\u00e9al-Bourassa 6-0 in the gold medal game to win the national championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161469-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Air Canada Cup\nFuture National Hockey League players competing in this tournament were Joffrey Lupul and Ryane Clowe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161470-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Air Force Falcons football team\nThe 2000 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was a member of the Mountain West Conference. The Falcons were coached by Fisher DeBerry and played their home games at Falcon Stadium. They finished the season 9\u20133, 5\u20132 in Mountain West play to finish in second place. They were invited to the Silicon Valley Football Classic where they defeated Fresno State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161471-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Akron Zips football team\nThe 2000 Akron Zips football team represented Akron University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season; they competed in the Mid-American Conference. They were led by sixth\u2013year head coach Lee Owens. The Zips played their home games at the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio. They outscored their opponents 333\u2013295 and finished with a record of 6 wins and 5 losses (6\u20135).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161472-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Amendment 2\n2000 Alabama Amendment 2, also known as the Alabama Interracial Marriage Amendment, was a proposed amendment to the Alabama Constitution to remove Alabama's ban on interracial marriage. Interracial marriage had already been legalized nationwide 33 years prior in 1967, following Loving v. Virginia. The amendment was approved with around 60% of the vote, though 25 of Alabama's 67 counties voted against it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161472-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Amendment 2, Contents\nProposing an amendment to the Constitution of Alabama of 1901, to abolish the prohibition of interracial marriages. (Proposed by Act No. 1999-321)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161472-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Amendment 2, Results\nThe amendment was approved, with about 60% of the vote. Numerous counties with high white populations voted against the amendment, while counties with high black populations voted for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161472-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Amendment 2, Aftermath\nAlabama's miscegenation ban was compared to its gay marriage ban, especially after it was also ruled unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges. Alabama's gay marriage ban was approved in 2006 with 80% of the vote, passing in every county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\nThe 2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team represented the University of Alabama in the 2000 college football season. The team was led by head coach Mike DuBose, who was coaching his final season at the program. The team finished 6th in the SEC Western Division. The Crimson Tide, also known informally as the Tide, played their home games at Bryant\u2013Denny Stadium, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and Legion Field, in Birmingham, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\nThe team entered the season trying to build upon a 10\u20133 record from their 1999 season, which included a 34\u20137 victory in the SEC Championship over the Florida Gators. The 2000 team would not have the same success. Despite a preseason #3 ranking they eventually finished with a 3\u20138 record (3\u20135 in the SEC). The 2000 season was filled with several close losses. A 30\u201328 loss at LSU was the Tide's first loss to LSU in Baton Rouge in 31 years, ending a 14\u20130\u20131 streak Alabama had posted there since 1969. A 9\u20130 defeat at the hands of in-state rival Auburn came on a cold and rainy afternoon and marked the first Iron Bowl played in Tuscaloosa since 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team\nFor the first time since the 1956 season Alabama failed to win any out-of-conference games and became the first team from an AQ conference to lose to Central Florida, falling 38\u201340 at home on a last-second field goal. On November 1, Athletic Director Mal Moore announced that Mike DuBose would resign at the end of the season after one of the program's worst seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, UCLA\nThe Preseason hype at Alabama was through the roof as the reigning SEC Champions came into a match up against UCLA ranked third in the country. Despite that, Alabama was physically dominated by UCLA offense as they pulled off the upset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Vanderbilt\nAlabama would use an eighteen-point 4th quarter to pull away and beat Vanderbilt for the 16th straight time. This would be the last conference game Alabama would play at Legion Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Southern Miss\nAlabama would be shut out for the first time since 1997 as Southern Miss used a pick six and a scoop and score to beat Alabama at Legion Field for the first time since 1990. After the game, Mike Dubose offered his resignation to Mal Moore but, was rejected by Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Arkansas\nDespite having the lead for the majority of the second half, Arkansas 13-play, 80-yard drive, capped off by a 9-yard touchdown pass from Robby Hamilton to Marcellus Poydras with 1:04 to go, gave Arkansas the lead and the eventual win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, South Carolina\nMilos Lewis had two critical 4th quarter interceptions that allowed Alabama to hold on the beat #23 South Carolina. The win kept Alabama's perfect record against South Carolina all time (10\u20130).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Ole Miss\nAlabama's 45 points are the most of any team in a game under Mike Dubose and the most for any Alabama team since 1993 in a rout of Ole Miss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Tennessee\nFor the 6th year in a row, Tennessee found a way to beat Alabama extending their longest win streak against the Crimson Tide. This match up was the first time both teams came into the game not ranked since 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, UCF\nAlabama could not overcome 5 turnovers as a Javier Beorlegui 37 yard field goal gave UCF the upset win on Homecoming for Alabama. This was the 2nd time under Mike Dubose that Alabama had lost its Homecoming game. On the Wednesday following the game, Mike Dubose was informed that he would not return as head coach in 2001. Coach Dubose was allowed to remain as head coach until the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, LSU\nFor the first time since 1969, Alabama lost at Tiger Stadium behind 16 fourth quarter points from LSU after Alabama had taken the lead at the beginning of the 4th quarter. Alabama scored with seven seconds left to cut the lead to two but, failed to recover the onside kick. This lost guaranteed Alabama second losing season under Mike Dubose and third since 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Mississippi State\nAlabama gave up a season high 538 total yards of total offense as Mississippi State beat Alabama for the third straight time in Starkville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161473-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Auburn\nFor the first time since 1901, the Iron Bowl would be played in Tuscaloosa and the first time ever at Bryant Denny Stadium. However, freezing rain, sleet, and Damon Duval's three field goals would spoil the return as Auburn would shut out Alabama for the first time since 1987. This would be the last game for Mike Dubose as head coach and would be the last time to date Alabama has been shut out. This along with the Southern Miss shut out earlier in the season, would be the first time Alabama has been shut out more than once in a season since 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161474-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Alamo Bowl\nThe 2000 Alamo Bowl featured the Northwestern Wildcats, and the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Despite both teams being ranked, it was the biggest blowout in the game's history. Nebraska broke an NCAA bowl record by scoring 66 points, and the Huskers also set ten other Alamo Bowl records, including those for most yards of total offense (636) most rushing yards (476), most first downs (28), and most yards per play (7.7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161474-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Alamo Bowl\nNebraska scored first, following a 15-yard touchdown run by Dan Alexander as Nebraska seized a 7\u20130 lead. Northwestern got on the board with a 44-yard field goal from Tim Long, to trim the lead to 7\u20133. Northwestern's defense stopped Nebraska and got the ball back. Quarterback Zak Kustok hit Teddy Johnson for a 10-yard touchdown, and Northwestern got a 10\u20137 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161474-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Alamo Bowl\nOn the first play after the kickoff, quarterback Eric Crouch used Nebraska's option attack, and ran 50 yards for a touchdown, and Nebraska took a 14\u201310 lead, one they never relinquished. Two minutes later, Dan Alexander rushed two yards for a touchdown, increasing the lead to 21\u201310. Correll Buckhalter scored four minutes later on a 2-yard touchdown run, as Nebraska's lead became 28\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161474-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Alamo Bowl\nKicker Josh Brown kicked a 51-yard field goal with 1:28 left in the half to increase Nebraska's lead to 31\u201310. Northwestern's Damien Anderson scored on a 65-yard touchdown run with 1:10 left to make it 31\u201317. Nebraska came right back, capping a 31-point quarter, with a 58-yard screen pass from Eric Crouch to wide receiver Bobby Newcombe stretching their lead to 38\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161474-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Alamo Bowl\nIn the third quarter, Crouch hit wide receiver Matt Davison for an 11-yard touchdown pass, increasing the lead to 45\u201317. Crouch later rushed two yards for a touchdown, and the lead became 52\u201317. Bobby Newcombe later then threw a 69-yard touchdown pass to Matt Davison, making the lead 59\u201317. Early in the fourth quarter, Dahrran Diedrick rushed 9 yards for a touchdown, making the final margin 66\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161474-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Alamo Bowl\nThe Huskers record for points stood until the 2011 Alamo Bowl, when Baylor defeated Washington, 67\u201356.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161475-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Alaska Milkmen season\nThe 2000 Alaska Milkmen season was the 15th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161475-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Alaska Milkmen season, Championship\nThe Alaska Milkmen won the All-Filipino Cup title with a 4-1 series win over the Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs. This was the third All-Filipino crown for Alaska in the last five seasons and winning every two years, first in 1996 and then in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161476-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Albanian Supercup\nAlbanian Supercup 2000 is the seventh edition of the Albanian Supercup since its establishment in 1989. The match was contested between the Albanian Cup 2000 winners KS Teuta and the 1999\u20132000 Albanian Superliga champions KF Tirana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161477-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Albanian local elections\nThe Albanian local elections in 2000 were the third local elections held in Albania. The elections were held on 1 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161478-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Alfred Dunhill Cup\nThe 2000 Alfred Dunhill Cup was the 16th and final Alfred Dunhill Cup. It was a team tournament featuring 16 countries, each represented by three players. The Cup was played 12\u201315 October at the Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland. The sponsor was the Alfred Dunhill company. The Spanish team of Miguel \u00c1ngel Jim\u00e9nez, Miguel \u00c1ngel Mart\u00edn, and Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Olaz\u00e1bal beat the South African team of Ernie Els, David Frost, and Retief Goosen in the final. It was the second win for Spain. The tournament was replaced by the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship in 2001, an official European Tour event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161478-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Alfred Dunhill Cup, Format\nThe Cup was a match play event played over four days. The teams were divided into four four-team groups. The top eight teams were seeded with the remaining teams randomly placed in the bracket. After three rounds of round-robin play, the top team in each group advanced to a single elimination playoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161478-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Alfred Dunhill Cup, Format\nIn each team match, the three players were paired with their opponents and played 18 holes at medal match play. Matches tied at the end of 18 holes were extended to a sudden-death playoff, unless they could not affect the outcome of the tournament (semi-finals). The tie-breaker within a group was based on match record, then head-to-head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161479-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Algarve Cup\nThe 2000 Algarve Cup was the seventh edition of the Algarve Cup, an invitational women's association football tournament. It took place between 12 and 18 March 2000 in Portugal with United States winning the event defeating Norway, 1-0, in the final-game. China ended up third defeating Sweden, 1-0, in the third prize game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161479-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Algarve Cup, Format\nThe eight teams were split into two groups that played a round-robin group stage. On completion of this, the fourthplaced teams from each group would playoff to determine seventh and eighth place, the third placed teams from each group would play each other to decide fifth and sixth place, the second placed teams in each group would play to determine third and fourth place and the winners of the groups would compete for first and second place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161479-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Algarve Cup, Format\nPoints awarded in the group stage are three points for a win, one point for a draw and none for a loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161480-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All England Open Badminton Championships\nThe 2000 Yonex All England Open was the 90th edition of the All England Open Badminton Championships. It was held from 7 to 12 March 2000, in Birmingham, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161480-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All England Open Badminton Championships\nIt was a four star tournament and the prize money was US$125,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161481-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship\nThe 2000 All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship was the eighth season of Japan Automobile Federation GT premiere racing. It was marked as well as the eighteenth season of a JAF-sanctioned sports car racing championship dating back to the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship. The GT500 class champion of 2000 was the #16 Castrol Mugen Honda NSX team driven by Ryo Michigami and the GT300 class champion was the #26 Advan Team Taisan Jr Porsche 996 driven by Hideo Fukuyama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161481-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship\nThis season marked the first of several instances where the series champion had not won a single race throughout the season, with Michigami scoring four second places as the season champion's best finish. This phenomenon would occur again in 2001 (in GT500 only) and 2003 (in both GT500 and GT300), resulting in changes to success ballast rules in 2009 to discourage sandbagging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus\nThe 2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus was an incident in the Japanese All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) professional wrestling promotion that took place throughout May and June 2000, and culminated in 24 of the 26 contracted native wrestlers leaving the promotion. Led by Mitsuharu Misawa, they later formed their own promotion, Pro Wrestling Noah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Background, History\nAll Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) was founded in 1972 by Shohei \"Giant\" Baba, Mitsuo Momota and Yoshihiro Momota, a student and the two sons of Rikid\u014dzan, the godfather of Japanese professional wrestling, or Puroresu. Baba served as the promotion's president, head booker, talent scout and head trainer for much of his lifetime. Under Baba, the promotion enjoyed much success, and reached new heights in the 1990s thanks mostly to the performances of Mitsuharu Misawa, Toshiaki Kawada, Kenta Kobashi and Akira Taue, dubbed \"The Four Pillars Of Heaven\" by magazines and reporters. Baba continued to run the promotion until late 1998 when his health deteriorated and he was hospitalized in January 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Background, Build-up\nBaba died from liver failure (a complication of colon cancer) on January 31, 1999, at the age of 61. In the wake of his death, widow and majority shareholder Motoko Baba intended for Mitsuo Momota to inherit the presidential position, but board member Jumbo Tsuruta used his influence to help Misawa inherit the position, before Tsuruta himself was forced out of the company (with no severance package). Misawa was trained for the position during the following months, and was officially announced as AJPW president during a press conference on May 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Background, Build-up\nDisagreements with Motoko Baba arose even before the transition was made public, as reports of a \"quiet\" power struggle saw print in March 1999, and Tsuruta confirmed these when he left Japan for Portland, Oregon. In fact, the two had had professional tensions long beforehand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Background, Build-up\nMotoko had opposed the decision to push Misawa in the wake of Genichiro Tenryu's departure in 1990, and the two began conflicting as early as 1996; in the year before Shohei Baba's death, Misawa even asked him on behalf of the locker room to have his wife leave the company, and was somewhat successful in that she ceased to have any creative influence when Misawa began booking. Misawa attempted to keep Baba content by maintaining the same salary that she had been paid when her husband was alive (approximately $500,000), but this did not change the power dynamic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0003-0002", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Background, Build-up\nMisawa's wish to change the AJPW product, and to modernize its presentation, to address their box office troubles ran in direct opposition to Baba's intent to maintain her late husband's booking philosophy. Misawa was particularly intent on pushing the company's younger talent, and in September 1999 he and Baba had a major fight over a match between Jun Akiyama and Takao Omori being the main event of a Budokan show (which sold out), although this match's placement had been decided by a fan ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0003-0003", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Background, Build-up\nMotoko's conservatism was partially due to her belief that the company, and Japanese wrestling as a whole, had fallen from its peak. Misawa was also angry with Motoko over fiscal matters, as he had discovered that much of the company's merchandise sales did not produce funds for AJPW, but for a subsidiary that she had set up. At some point, Misawa approached Nippon TV with his plans to leave AJPW to start a new promotion, and told them that nearly everyone in the locker room would follow him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0003-0004", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Background, Build-up\nNTV officials told Misawa that they supported him, but that they needed to keep their agreement quiet for the time being as, due to the proximity of Baba's death, the station wanted to wait until enough time had passed to drop All Japan's television program, which had been associated closely with NTV since its formation. Nevertheless, rumors that NTV had taken Misawa's side in his dispute against Baba saw print in February 2000, and Weekly Fight Magazine reported that AJPW would split into two groups in May, though Misawa declined to comment on this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Background, Build-up\nAdding to the situation was that, as of the end of the fiscal year on March 31, 2000, all the promotion's talent were working as free agents, since Misawa was not authorized to give the raises he intended to award all native workers; Misawa had also wanted to modernize their contracts, providing wrestlers with full medical coverage, full injury pay, and possibly stock options (which NJPW's contracts offered). As the result of these disagreements, the AJPW executive board voted to remove Misawa from the presidential position on May 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Background, Build-up\nAll parties agreed to keep this news private until the end of the current tour, and Misawa attempted to persuade Baba to give him her public blessings to start a new company, so as to smooth the public transition and preserve the legacies of Giant Baba and the recently deceased Tsuruta. Baba refused this proposal or relinquishment of any of her majority share, and Tokyo Sports broke the news on June 12. At an emergency board meeting held in response on June 13, co-vice president Mitsuo Momota and fellow boardsmen Kobashi, Taue, Kenichi Oyagi, and Yoshihiro Momota collectively resigned from their positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Incident\nOn June 16, 2000, a press conference was led by Mitsuharu Misawa, where 24 of the 26 native wrestlers contracted to All Japan Pro Wrestling joined him. With over 100 reporters and news outlets in attendance, Misawa announced that everyone surrounding him would be leaving All Japan Pro Wrestling after finishing their last committed appearances in July, and that they would be forming a new  promotion together. A day later, Misawa announced the promotion's name: Pro Wrestling Noah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Incident\nOn June 19, 2000, it was confirmed at a press conference in the All Japan dojo held by Toshiaki Kawada and Masanobu Fuchi that NTV had agreed to discontinue broadcasting All Japan Pro Wrestling after 27 years with the network. NTV also announced that they would carry weekly tapings of Misawa's new Noah promotion, with the title of the program being called \"Colosseo\", in the place of All Japan's former 30-minute timeslot on Sundays at midnight. On June 20, Misawa met with Nippon TV officials, who had cancelled All Japan's television program, and secured a time slot for NOAH programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Incident\nOn July 2 at Korakuen Hall, Motoko Baba came out to the ring and announced the unfathomable return of Genichiro Tenryu to All Japan. This was previously unfathomable as Giant Baba had sworn to banish him from ever competing in the promotion again after Tenryu led his own exodus from AJPW in 1990 to form the Super World of Sports (SWS) promotion. Baba announced he would team with Toshiaki Kawada to face Maunakea Mossman and Stan Hansen on July 23 on the final show of the Super Action Series Tour in Nippon Budokan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Incident\nOn July 20, 2000, Yoshinobu Kanemaru, Takeshi Morishima, Naomichi Marufuji, Kentaro Shiga, Takeshi Rikio, Mitsuo Momota, Rusher Kimura, Haruka Eigen, Tsuyoshi Kikuchi, Kenta Kobayashi, Takao Omori, Yoshihiro Takayama, Jun Izumida, Masao Inoue, Yoshinari Ogawa, Akira Taue, Jun Akiyama and Mitsuharu Misawa competed in their last matches for All Japan Pro Wrestling at the sold-out Hakata Star Lane in Fukuoka. During the show, \"Dr. Death\" Steve Williams came out and shook Misawa's hand, and requested one last singles match between the two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0006-0002", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Incident\nHowever, Misawa returned to the bus immediately after his match, not staying for the last two matches of the show and the match never happened. Every single one of All Japan's titles were vacated due to the departure of the aforementioned wrestlers and title holders. Mrs. Baba later appointed Stan Hansen as the new Chairman of All Japan's Pacific Wrestling Federation title governing body, replacing Lord James Blears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Aftermath\nAlthough a mass exodus in Japanese pro wrestling was not unheard of, an exodus of this size was unprecedented at the time, rivalled only by Tenryu's exodus to form SWS in 1990. The event caused a shockwave throughout Japanese sports tabloids, and newfound attention was bought to Misawa and his new promotion. The two promotions would eventually begin working together in 2004, with Keiji Mutoh and Taiyo Kea facing Misawa and Yoshinari Ogawa at Departure 2004 in the Tokyo Dome, and Misawa returning to All Japan twice in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Aftermath, All Japan Pro Wrestling\nAfter the new Noah roster wrestled their last matches for the promotion, All Japan began the process of rebuilding itself, relying on freelance talent and cross promotional matches to fill its cards. On August 11, 2000, Masanobu Fuchi appeared at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) show in Ryogoku Kokugikan. Standing in a New Japan ring for the first time in his career, Fuchi announced his intention to \"break down the walls\" between All Japan and New Japan, and he was soon joined in the ring by NJPW foreman Riki Choshu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Aftermath, All Japan Pro Wrestling\nThe two exchanged a handshake in the ring, and thus a cross promotional relationship began between All Japan Pro Wrestling and New Japan Pro Wrestling. The first major cross promotional matches between NJPW and AJPW took place on October 9, 2000 at NJPW Do Judge!! in the Tokyo Dome. Fuchi, Dr. Death Steve Williams and Toshiaki Kawada all represented AJPW on the card, with Kawada shockingly defeating IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kensuke Sasaki in a non-title match in the main event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0008-0002", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Aftermath, All Japan Pro Wrestling\nThis led to Sasaki, in kayfabe, becoming so disgusted with himself for losing to an outsider that he vacated the championship. The two promotions continued to work together, with Fuchi and Kawada regularly appearing in NJPW throughout late 2000. All Japan returned to the Tokyo Dome for the first time since the exodus on January 28, 2001, with appearances from Keiji Mutoh and Jushin Thunder Liger, as well as a main event featuring Kensuke Sasaki teaming up with Toshiaki Kawada to defeat Genichiro Tenryu and Hiroshi Hase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Aftermath, Pro Wrestling Noah\nPro Wrestling Noah debuted on August 5, 2000 in Differ Ariake, main evented by a 2 out of 3 falls match putting Kenta Kobashi and Jun Akiyama against Mitsuharu Misawa and Akira Taue, won by Akiyama and Kobashi. Misawa later established the promotion's championships as the Global Honored Crown, and a tournament was held for the GHC Heavyweight Championship in 2001, where Misawa defeated Yoshihiro Takayama in the final to become the inaugural champion. Interest in the fledgling promotion was high, and Misawa used this to push younger talent over himself, with Jun Akiyama winning the title in July 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161482-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus, Aftermath, Pro Wrestling Noah\nDespite the positive reception to Akiyama's reign, head booker Misawa grew anxious that a lack of legitimate title contenders would damage both the title and Akiyama's reputation early in the promotion's life, and in April 2002 Akiyama dropped the championship to Yoshinari Ogawa as a stepping stone to get the championship back to Misawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161483-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All Thailand Golf Tour\nThe 2000 All Thailand Golf Tour is the second season of the All Thailand Golf Tour, the main professional golf tour in Thailand since it was established in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161484-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Big 12 Conference football team\nThe 2000 All-Big 12 Conference football team consists of American football players chosen as All-Big 12 Conference players for the 2000 Big 12 Conference football season. The conference recognizes two official All-Big 12 selectors: (1) the Big 12 conference coaches selected separate offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players (the \"Coaches\" team); and (2) a panel of sports writers and broadcasters covering the Big 12 also selected offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players (the \"Media\" team).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161484-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Big 12 Conference football team, Key\nBold = selected as a first-team player by both the coaches and media panel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161485-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Big Ten Conference football team\nThe 2000 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen as All-Big Ten Conference players for the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The conference recognizes two official All-Big Ten selectors: (1) the Big Ten conference coaches selected separate offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players (the \"Coaches\" team); and (2) a panel of sports writers and broadcasters covering the Big Ten also selected offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players (the \"Media\" team).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161485-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key\nBold = selected as a first-team player by both the coaches and media panel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 46], "content_span": [47, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161486-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 17th staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship. The championship ended on 23 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161486-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship\nGalway were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Tipperary in the final who won the title by 2-17 to 1-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161487-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship was the 69th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament for boys under the age of 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161487-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship\nDown entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were defeated in the Ulster Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161487-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship\nOn 24 September 2000, Cork won the championship following a 2-12 to 0-13 defeat of Mayo in the All-Ireland final. This was their 10th All-Ireland title overall and their first title in seven championship seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161488-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 70th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928. The championship began on 22 April 2000 and ended on 10 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161488-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship\nOn 10 September 2000, Galway won the championship following a 2-19 to 4-10 defeat of Cork in the All-Ireland final. This was their fifth All-Ireland title overall and their second title in-a-row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161488-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship\nOffaly's Brian Carroll was the championship's top scorer with 2-39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161489-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship\u2014known as the Foras na Gaeilge (formerly B\u00f3rd na Gaeilge) All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship for sponsorship reasons\u2014was the high point of the 2000 season. The championship was won by Tipperary who achieved a second successive title beating Cork by a five-point margin in the final. The attendance was 12,880, second highest in the history of the sport of camogie at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161489-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Birth of a rivalry\nThis and subsequent finals between the two counties was a high point in a period of rapid growth in the popularity of the sport of camogie which quadrupled the average attendance at its finals in a ten-year period. \u201cIt was unquestionably a day on which the profile of the game soared and many players produced moments of individual brilliance.,\u201d Pat Roche wrote in the Irish Times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161489-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Early rounds\nCork beat Kilkenny by 2-10 to 1-12 in the quarter-finals, Tipperary beat Clare 4-15 to 0-5, Galway beat Limerick 4-13 to 1-8  and Wexford beat Dublin 4-12 to 0-6. Cork easily defeated Wexford keeping them scoreless until just before the half-time whistle, in the semi-final. A goal by Noelle Kennedy proved to be the turning point of the second semi-final in which Tipperary beat Galway 2-11 to 1-8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161489-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Final\nUnusually Tipperary were favourites for the final. By the 17th minute they led by 2-4 to 0-2. Deirdre Hughes was quickly on to a sideline cut by Emily Hayden before netting off a post for the opening goal after four minutes. Within two minutes she palmed the ball to the Cork net to finish off an astute centre from the 14-year-old Claire Grogan. Cork's goal in reply came too late from Una O'Donoghue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161490-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final was the 69th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 2000 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, an inter-county camogie tournament for the top teams in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161490-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final\nThe match was of a very high quality and Tipperary won by 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161491-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship final was a hurling match played at Croke Park on 17 March 2000 to determine the winners of the 1999\u201300 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, the 30th season of the All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champion clubs of the four provinces of Ireland. The final was contested by Athenry of Galway and St. Joseph's Doora-Barefield of Clare, with Athenry winning by 0-16 to 0-12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161491-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final\nThe All-Ireland final was the second championship meeting between Athenry and St. Joseph's Doora-Barefield. It remains their last clash in the All-Ireland series. Both sides were hoping to win their second All-Ireland title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161491-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final\nSt. Joseph's surged into an early four-point lead, however, there was little excitement in what was, up to then, a lack-lustre, mistake-ridden battle that was being decided by the free-taking prowess of Se\u00e1nie McMahon and Eugene Cloonan. Athenry captain Joe Rabbitte scored their first point from play and kick-started their resurgence. With 10 minutes left to the break, they scored four unanswered points to draw level at 0-9 apiece. An off-the-ball incident involving Greg Baker and Kenneth Kennedy after 25 minutes also noticeably upped the ante and Ollie Baker was lucky to escape with a yellow card from referee Michael Wadding for a retaliatory swing which caught the linesman's attention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161491-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final\nWithin 12 minutes of the second half, Athenry had taken a three-point lead. Cloonan finally beat Donal Cahill to score a point from play, while Donal Moran scored an excellent point after being set up by wing-back Brian Higgins. Andrew Whelan pulled the deficit back to two points for St. Joseph's after 44 minutes. The tide then visibly swung towards Athenry when Rabbitte flicked a ball to David Donoghue who shortened his grip before sending over a point from an almost impossible angle. With six minutes left, the Claremen still trailed by only two points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161491-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final\nAthenry went three points clear again following a great score from Cloonan. Pat Higgins burst down the left wing, hand-passed off to Cloonan before he kicked over a point. With two minutes left, they got another break when Higgins won a contentious penalty when many thought he was fouled outside the area, if fouled at all. Cloonan opted for a point to put four between the sides. Jamesie O'Connor replied with a free within a minute, but Cloonan's next point, his ninth of the game, put the result beyond doubt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161491-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final\nAthenry's victory secured their second All-Ireland title. They joined a selection of teams in joint third position on the all-time roll of honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161491-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final\nDue to the identical nature of the colour of their jerseys a change was necessary. Athenry wore a modified white strip of Connacht while St. Joseph's Doora-Barefield wore the blue of Munster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161492-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship\nThe 2000 Bank of Ireland All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 114th edition of the GAA's premier Gaelic football competition. The championship began on 7 May 2000 and ended on 7 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161492-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship\nMeath entered the championship as the defending champions; however, they were beaten by Offaly in the Leinster quarter-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161492-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship\nOn 24 September 2000, the All-Ireland final between Kerry and Galway ended in a draw, 0-14 apiece. Kerry won the replay two weeks later by 0\u201317 to 1-10, thus claiming their 32nd All-Ireland title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161492-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship\nThis was the final year that the provincial knockout format was used, before the qualifier system was introduced in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161492-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, Format\nThe Ulster, Munster and Connacht championships were conducted as straight knock-out competitions. In the Leinster championship, seven teams received byes to the quarter-finals, while the other four \u2014 Wicklow, Wexford, Longford and Carlow \u2014 played a round-robin to determine the 8th team to play in the Leinster quarter-finals. The winners of each provincial competition went on to play in the All Ireland semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 53], "content_span": [54, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 113th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final\nKerry defeated Galway after a replay. There was controversy over the decision to hold the replay on a Saturday, instead of the usual Sunday. Since then games on days other than Sundays have become commonplace. Kerry ultimately triumphed over Galway by a scoreline of 0\u201317 to 1\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 1, Summary\nThe men from the Kingdom took on the Tribesmen on Sunday (24 September 2000) in Croke Park, Dublin in the battle for the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship title. The last time the two teams met in Croke Park in an All-Ireland Final was in 1965 -That game was won by Galway. However, this time the game ended in a draw. Galway trailed for most of the game and it wasn\u2019t until three minutes from the end that they levelled the game after working tirelessly throughout to reduce the deficit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 1, Summary\nThey could have been out of it altogether as at one stage they trailed a rampant Kerry team by seven points in the first half. They persevered though and in the end were rewarded with a draw. They could have easily won it but for three chances in the end, all fell gratefully into the hands of Kerry goalkeeper, Declan O'Keeffe. For Kerry, it was a Jekyll & Hyde performance, a rampant show in the first half to sheer relief in the end. The final score was 0\u201314 points each. It was the first time since the 1992 All-Ireland Final that both sides failed to score a goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 1, Summary\nP\u00e1draic Joyce brought the sides level with four minutes remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 1, Details\nTeam: Declan O'Keeffe (GK) Mike Hassett Seamus Moynihan (Capt.) Michael McCarthy Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 S\u00e9 \u00c9amonn Fitzmaurice Tom O'Sullivan Darragh \u00d3 S\u00e9 Donal Daly Aod\u00e1n Mac Gearailt Dara \u00d3 Cinn\u00e9ide Noel Kennelly Mike Frank Russell Liam Hassett John Crowley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 1, Details\nSubstitutes: Peter O'Leary (GK) Maurice Fitzgerald Denis O'Dwyer Killian Burns Tommy Griffin Enda Galvin Mossie Lyons Kenneth Dillon Stephen O'Sullivan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 1, Details\nMatch rules:70 minutes. Replay if scores still level. Maximum of 3 substitutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 1, Details\nTeam: Martin McNamara (GK) Tom\u00e1s Meehan Gary Fahey Ray Silke Declan Meehan John Divilly Se\u00e1n \u00d3g De Paor Se\u00e1n \u00d3 D\u00f3mhnaill Joe Bergin Paul Clancy Tommy Joyce Michael Donnellan Derek Savage P\u00e1draic Joyce (Capt.) Niall Finnegan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 1, Details\nSubstitutes: P\u00e1draig Lally (GK) Richie Fahey Jason Killeen Kevin Walsh Miche\u00e1l \u00d3 Callar\u00e1in Shay Walsh John Donnellan Kieran Comer Lorc\u00e1n \u00d3 Callar\u00e1in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Summary\nThe replay of the 2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Final took place in Croke Park on Saturday, 7 October at 4:00pm. It was the first time since 1996 that the decider went to a replay. It wasn't the disjointed game of the 24th, that was replayed on the hallowed turf of Croke Park amidst the chants and jeers of the 64,000 strong crowd, rather a close, man-marked, point-for-point contest, that the pundits had predicted preceding the first game. The first half was a paradox of brilliant football and wide shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Summary\nDeclan Meehan broke through Kerry's defense, in the 6th minute, to score one of the best goals of the championship. Galway's one point lead boded ominous for Kerry but they rallied and began to pick their points amidst a shower of wides. The most definitive injury of the half was that of Kevin Walsh who had to be replaced by Joe Bergin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0009-0002", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Summary\nThe occasion once again got to young Bergin as he didn't exert a major influence in the middle of the field and this led to Kerry's domination of this area especially after Maurice Fitzgerald replaced Noel Kennelly in the 27th minute and played as a third midfielder. As the team broke for half-time the score was 0\u201309 to 1\u201304 in favour of Kerry. A light drizzle fell in the second half. Fitzgerald settled into his position with the professional role familiar to all from the 97 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0009-0003", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Summary\nKevin Walsh was re-introduced for mid-fielder Sean O'Domhnaill to combat Fitzgearld's influence but he never played as dominant a part in the game as he had prior to his earlier injury and indeed the drawn game. The deteriorating pitch surface took its toll as players began to slip and slide along the Cusack sideline but with minutes left to play Kerry had opened their lead to 4 points and it stayed that way at the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Summary\nAod\u00e1n Mac Gearailt fisted the insurance point over the bar in the 2000 replay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Details\nTeam: Declan O'Keeffe (GK) Mike Hassett Seamus Moynihan (Capt.) Michael McCarthy Tom\u00e1s \u00d3 S\u00e9 \u00c9amonn Fitzmaurice Tom O'Sullivan Darragh \u00d3 S\u00e9 Donal Daly Aod\u00e1n Mac Gearailt Dara \u00d3 Cinn\u00e9ide Noel Kennelly Mike Frank Russell Liam Hassett John Crowley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Details\nSubstitutes: Peter O'Leary (GK) Maurice Fitzgerald Denis O'Dwyer Killian Burns Tommy Griffin Enda Galvin Mossie Lyons Kenneth Dillon Stephen O'Sullivan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Details\nMatch rules:70 minutes. Extra time if scores still level. Maximum of 3 substitutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Details\nTeam: Martin McNamara (GK) Tom\u00e1s Meehan Gary Fahey Richie Fahey Declan Meehan John Divilly Se\u00e1n \u00d3g De Paor Kevin Walsh Se\u00e1n \u00d3 D\u00f3mhnaill Tommy Joyce P\u00e1draic Joyce (Capt.) Michael Donnellan Derek Savage Paul Clancy Niall Finnegan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161493-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match 2, Details\nSubstitutes: Padraig Lally (GK) Ray Silke Jason Killeen Joe Bergin Miche\u00e1l \u00d3 Callar\u00e1in Shay Walsh John Donnellan Kieran Comer Lorc\u00e1n \u00d3 Callar\u00e1in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161494-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (also known as the Guinness Hurling Championship for sponsorship reasons) was the 114th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county hurling tournament. The draw for the 2000 fixtures took place on 14 November 1999. The championship began on 6 May 2000 and ended on 10 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161494-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship\nCork were the defending champions but were defeated by Offaly in the All-Ireland semi-final. Carlow, New York and Westmeath fielded teams after long absences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161494-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship\nOn 10 September 2000, Kilkenny won the championship following a 5-15 to 1-14 defeat of Offaly in the All-Ireland final. This was their 26th All-Ireland title, their first in seven championship seasons. It was the third All-Ireland final to feature teams from the same province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161494-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship\nOffaly's Johnny Dooley was the championship's top scorer with 0-41. Kilkenny's D. J. Carey was the unanimous choice for Hurler of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161494-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, New provincial formats\nFollowing a motion from the Westmeath County Board at Congress, the Leinster Council proposed the introduction of a \"back door system\" in their hurling championship. This would be introduced to help develop hurling in the \"weaker\" counties and to ensure at least two championship games for these teams. While the motion was passed at Congress in April, the new format was rejected by the GAA's management committee at a meeting on 30 October 1999. The committee disagreed with the prospect of allowing losers from earlier rounds to re-enter the championship through a \"back door system\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161494-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, New provincial formats\nAs a result of this the Leinster Council were forced to tweak their championship format. This also led to the postponement of the championship draw. The Leinster Council's diluted proposal saw the introduction of a round-robin for the four weakest teams in the province. The group stage winners would join the other three teams in the championship proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161494-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams\nDue to the introduction of the round robin system in Leinster, Carlow and Westmeath returned to the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161494-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams\nOn 18 May 2000 the Roscommon County Board announced that the senior hurling team were withdrawing from the Connacht Championship. Nine of the previous year's panel were absent and, together with a lack of commitment from the remaining players, the board were left with no choice but to withdraw. As a result of this the Connacht Championship was not played and Galway's first game was an All-Ireland quarter-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161494-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams\nThe Kerry County Board were faced with a similar prospect to Roscommon, however, they declined to withdraw from the Munster Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 51], "content_span": [52, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161495-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the culmination of the 2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. It was played on 10 September 2000 between Kilkenny and Offaly. Kilkenny were appearing in their third All-Ireland final in-a-row after losing to Offaly in 1998 and to Cork in 1999. They were looking to capture a first championship title since 1993. Offaly were lining out in their first championship decider since they won the title in 1998. Both sides last met in the championship in the Leinster final earlier in the year when Kilkenny beat Offaly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161495-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, Match report\nAt 3:30pm match referee Willie Barrett threw in the sliotar and the Millennium All-Ireland final, the 112th in all, got under way. Right from the throw-in the Kilkenny men tore into the game. Offaly errors, so atypical of them throughout the late 1990s, were punished mercilessly by the Kilkenny defenders and their forwards. Kilenny's D.J. Carey needed only six minutes to make his mark on this decider when he pounced on a mistake from Offaly corner-back Niall Claffey to ram home Kilkenny's opening goal. Carey's sixth-minute goal was followed three minutes later by a Henry Shefflin three pointer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161495-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, Match report\nShefflin's effort was helped home by Carey but the umpire ruled that the ball had already crossed the line. After ten minutes the score read 2-3 to 0-1 in Kilkenny's favour. The last twenty-five minutes of the opening half saw Offaly get into the groove and score seven more points, five of which came from Johnny Dooley frees. Offaly's only real goal chance, a ground stroke from Michael Duignan, went narrowly wide in the eighteenth minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161495-0001-0002", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, Match report\nKilkenny, however, created several opportunities to add to their two early goals and it was little surprise when Charlie Carter bagged a third goal for \u2018the Cats\u2019 four minutes before half-time. At the interval, in spite of Offaly's eighteen scoring chances to Kilkenny's fifteen, \u2018the Cats\u2019 had to a ten-point lead of 3-10 to 0-9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161495-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, Match report\nAt the beginning of the second-half the Offaly selectors made some tactical changes. Wing-back Brian Whelahan and corner-forward Michael Duignan swapped positions while John Troy was brought from the substitutes' bench. These changes failed to alter the dominance of Kilkenny as \u2018the Cats\u2019 looked likely to score a goal at any time of the game. For the second time Shefflin was the man on hand to hit the fourth goal after latching onto a brilliant long clearance from substitute Canice Brennan and kicking the sliothar past Stephen Byrne from close range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161495-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, Match report\nIn the fifty-ninth minute Johnny Pilkington clawed one back for Offaly when his shot went past James McGarry. An injury-time goal by substitute Eddie Brennan was the icing on the cake as Kilkenny defeated their Leinster rivals by 5-15 to 1-14. This game marked the end of the road for the great Offaly team of the 1990s while it was the beginning of a great decade of success for Kilkenny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161496-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship Final\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship Final was the 27th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 2000 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship, an inter-county ladies' Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161496-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship Final\nMayo led by three points at the break and won by a point in the end, Cora Staunton leading the scoring with 2:2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161497-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship was the 37th staging of the All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county hurling tournament for players under the age of twenty-one. The championship began on 7 June 2000 and ended on 17 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161497-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship\nKilkenny were the defending champions but were defeated by Offaly in the Leinster final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161497-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship\nOn 17 September 2000, Limerick won the championship following a 1-13 to 0-13 defeat of Galway in the All-Ireland final. This was their second All-Ireland title and their first since 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161497-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship\nLimerick's Mark Keane was the championship's top scorer with 3-34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161498-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship Final\nThe 2000 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship final was a hurling match that was played at Semple Stadium, Thurles on 17 September 2000 to determine the winners of the 2000 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship, the 37th season of the All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champion teams of the four provinces of Ireland. The final was contested by Limerick of Munster and Galway of Connacht, with Limerick winning by 1-13 to 0-13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161499-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-Pro Team\nThe 2000 All-Pro Team is composed of the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press, Pro Football Writers Association, and The Sporting News All-Pro Teams in 2000. Both first and second teams are listed for the AP team. These are the three teams that are included in Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League. In 2000 the Pro Football Writers Association and Pro Football Weekly combined their All-pro teams, a practice with continues through 2008. In 2000 the AP did not have a separate \u201cFullback\u201d position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161500-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 All-SEC football team\nThe 2000 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) chosen by various selectors for the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161500-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 All-SEC football team\nAuburn running back Rudi Johnson was unanimously voted the AP SEC Offensive Player of the Year. Tennessee defensive tackle John Henderson was unanimously voted the AP SEC Defensive Player of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161501-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Allan Cup\nThe 2000 Allan Cup was the Canadian national senior ice hockey championship for the 1999-2000 Senior \"AAA\" season. The event was hosted by the Lloydminster Border Kings in Lloydminster, Saskatchewan/Alberta. The 2000 tournament marked the 92nd year that the Allan Cup has been awarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161502-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Allsvenskan\nAllsvenskan 2000, part of the 2000 Swedish football season, was the 76th Allsvenskan season played. The first match was played 8 April 2000 and the last match was played 4 November 2000. Halmstads BK won the league ahead of runners-up Helsingborgs IF, while GAIS and V\u00e4stra Fr\u00f6lunda IF were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161503-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Aloha Bowl\nThe 2000 Aloha Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 25, 2000 in Honolulu, Hawaii. It was part of the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. It featured the Boston College Eagles of the Big East Conference, and the Arizona State Sun Devils of the Pacific-10 Conference. Boston College won the game, 31\u201317. This was the final Aloha Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161504-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Alpine Skiing World Cup \u2013 Men's Downhill, Final point standings\nOverall | Downhill | Super G | Giant Slalom | Slalom | Combined", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161505-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Alpine Skiing World Cup \u2013 Men's Giant Slalom, Final point standings\nIn Men's Giant Slalom World Cup 1999/2000 all results count. Austrian athletes won eight races out of nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 72], "content_span": [73, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161505-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Alpine Skiing World Cup \u2013 Men's Giant Slalom, Final point standings\nOverall | Downhill | Super G | Giant Slalom | Slalom | Combined", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 72], "content_span": [73, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161506-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Alpine Skiing World Cup \u2013 Men's Slalom, Final point standings\nIn Men's Slalom World Cup 1999/2000 the all results count.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 66], "content_span": [67, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161506-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Alpine Skiing World Cup \u2013 Men's Slalom, Final point standings\nOverall | Downhill | Super G | Giant Slalom | Slalom | Combined", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 66], "content_span": [67, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161507-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Alpine Skiing World Cup \u2013 Men's Super G, Final point standings\nIn Men's Super G World Cup 1999/2000 all results count. Hermann Maier won his third Super G World Cup in a row. Austrian athletes won six races out of seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161507-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Alpine Skiing World Cup \u2013 Men's Super G, Final point standings\nOverall | Downhill | Super G | Giant Slalom | Slalom | Combined", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161508-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Altazor Awards\nThe first annual Altazor Awards 2000 took place on March 30, 2000, at the Teatro Municipal de Santiago. The nominees were announced on March 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161509-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre\nAugust 2000, Kashmir massacre on 1 and 2 August was the massacre of at least 89 people (official count) to 105 (as reported by PTI) and injury to at least 62 people, in at least five different coordinated attacks by Kashmiri separatist militants in Anantnag district and Doda district of Kashmir Valley in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161509-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre\nOut of these, 32 were killed on 2 August in 2000, Amarnath yatra massacre at Nunwan base camp in Pahalgam. Dead included 21 Hindu pilgrims, 7 local Muslim shopkeepers and 3 security officers, and 7 more people were also injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161509-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre, Details\nTotal up to 105 or more killed and at least 62 injured, in five separate coordinated terror attacks, include the following partial count on the morning of 3 August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161509-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre, Details, 2000 Amarnath pilgrim massacre at Pahalgam base camp\nAt least 32 people and 60 more injured, who were mostly unarmed civilians persons. 21 were Hindu pilgrims, seven Muslims shopkeepers and porters, and 3 security officials. The pilgrims were on their way to Amarnath cave shrine on annual pilgrimage. Many of those killed were local Bakarwal gurjar Muslim men and porters hiring their horses and services to ferry the pilgrims to the site. Subsequently, then Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Pahalgam and blamed Lashkar-e-Taiba for the killings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 96], "content_span": [97, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161509-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre, Details, 2000 twin Hindu massacres at Mirbazar-Qazigund and Sandoo-Acchabal\nAt least 27 civilian migrant labourers from the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, were killed in similar simultaneous terror attacks in Mirbazar-Qazigund and Sandoo-Acchabal in Anantnag district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 110], "content_span": [111, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161509-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre, Details, 2000 Hindu massacre at Doda\nAt least 11 unarmed civilian people were killed in a pre-dawn terrorist attack in a remote village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 71], "content_span": [72, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161509-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre, Details, 2000 massacre at Kupwara\nAt least 7 unarmed civilian were killed when around the same time as Doda attack, another group of terrorists simultaneously attacked another remote village in Kupwara to seven Muslim members of a family of a surrendered former militant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161509-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre, Details, 2000 massacre at Kayar\nAt least 8 unarmed civilian were killed and 2 more injured in an ambush by terrorists on a group of Village Defence Committee patrol party members of Kayar village of Doda district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161509-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre, Aftermath\nThen Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee of National Democratic Alliance blamed Pakistan for being determined to sabotage democracy in Jammu and Kashmir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161510-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Amber Valley Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Amber Valley Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Amber Valley Borough Council in Derbyshire, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1999 increasing the number of seats by 2. The Conservative Party gained control of the council from the Labour Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161510-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Amber Valley Borough Council election, Election result\nOverall turnout in the election was 31.6%, with a trial in 2 wards seeing a 115% increase in postal voting after anyone was allowed to apply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161511-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 America East Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 America East Conference Baseball Tournament was held from May 18-20 at Frawley Stadium in Wilmington, Delaware. The top four regular season finishers of the league's eight teams qualified for the double-elimination tournament. In the championship game, first-seeded Delaware defeated fourth-seeded Northeastern, 4-2, to win its third consecutive and fifth overall tournament championship. As a result, Delaware received the America East's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161511-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 America East Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding\nThe top four finishers from the regular season were seeded one through four based on conference winning percentage only. They then played in a double-elimination format. In the first round, the one and four seeds were matched up in one game, while the two and three seeds were matched up in the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161512-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 America East Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 America East Men's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the Delaware Blue Hens at Bob Carpenter Center. The final was held at Hofstra Arena on the campus of Hofstra University. Hofstra gained its first America East Conference Championships and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Delaware. Hofstra was given the 14th seed in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament and lost in the first round to Oklahoma State 86\u201366. Delaware gained a bid to the NIT and lost in the first round to Villanova 72\u201363.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161513-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 America's Cup\nThe 30th America's Cup was won by Team New Zealand, who swept the 2000 Louis Vuitton Cup winner Prada Challenge in all five races. It was the first America's Cup without an American challenger or defender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161513-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 America's Cup, Crew, Team New Zealand\n* Sailed in Race 5The crew included Rick Dodson, Hamish Pepper, Jeremy Scantlebury, Murray Jones, Matthew Mason, Jeremy Lomas, Craig Monk, Chris Ward, Grant Loretz, Mike Drummond, Jono Macbeth, Barry McKay, Joe Allen, Nick Heron, Tony Rae, Dean Phipps, Warwick Fleury and Simon Daubney. Peter Blake did not sail with the team in 2000, acting as the on-shore manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161513-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 America's Cup, Crew, Team New Zealand\nPeter Evans was the backup tactician and ran the weather programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161514-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 American Le Mans Series\nThe 2000 American Le Mans Series was the second running of the IMSA American Le Mans Series, and overall the 30th season of an IMSA GT Championship, dating back to the 1971 edition. It was a series for Le Mans Prototypes (LMP) and Grand Touring (GT) race cars divided into 3 classes: LMP, GTS, and GT. It began March 18, 2000 and ended December 31, 2000 after 12 races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161514-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 American Le Mans Series\nThis season was the first time that the ALMS held races outside of North America, with two events held in Europe and one in Australia. These events helped with the creation of the 2001 European Le Mans Series season, although it was short-lived. An Asian Le Mans Series was also discussed but not developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161514-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 American Le Mans Series, Schedule\nThe 2000 schedule greatly expanded from the previous season, adding not only three races outside North America, but an additional North American round as well. Silverstone Circuit and the N\u00fcrburgring were scheduled before and after the 24 Hours of Le Mans, while the Race of a Thousand Years in Australia was held long after the North American season ended. Road courses at Charlotte Motor Speedway and Texas Motor Speedway replaced the previous year's Grand Prix of Atlanta at Road Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161514-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 American Le Mans Series, Drivers Championship\nThe Drivers Championship was won by Allan McNish with Rinaldo Capello placed second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161514-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 American Le Mans Series, Teams Championship\nPoints are awarded to the finishers in the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161514-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 American Le Mans Series, Teams Championship\nExceptions being for the 12 Hours of Sebring, 1000\u00a0km of Nurburgring, Petit Le Mans, and Race of a Thousand Years which awarded in the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161514-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 American Le Mans Series, Teams Championship\nPoints were only awarded for the best 10 finishes in the 12 race season. Points won but not counted towards the season championship are listed in italics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161514-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 American Le Mans Series, Teams Championship\nCars failing to complete 70% of the winner's distance are not awarded points. Teams only score the points of their highest finishing entry in each race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series\nThe 2000 American League Championship Series (ALCS) was a matchup between the East Division champion New York Yankees and the Wild Card Seattle Mariners. The Yankees had advanced to the Series after beating the West Division champion Oakland Athletics in the ALDS three games to two and the Mariners advanced by beating the Central Division champion Chicago White Sox three games to none. The Yankees won the Series four games to two and went on to defeat the New York Mets in the World Series to win their third consecutive World Series championship, 26th overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1\nThe opener at Yankee Stadium on a cool night was a pitchers' duel between Freddy Garc\u00eda and Denny Neagle, and the game was scoreless through four innings. In the top of the fifth, Mark McLemore got Seattle's first hit, a two-out ground-rule double lined down the left field line, then scored on a Rickey Henderson single slapped to right field. Alex Rodriguez led off the sixth inning with a home run high off the left field foul pole's screen to give the M's another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1\nIn the bottom half, Chuck Knoblauch led off with a double and Derek Jeter walked; Paul O'Neill and Bernie Williams struck out, then David Justice flew out deep to center to end the threat. The\u00a0Yankees outhit the Mariners by one, but could not score off Garc\u00eda (6+2\u20443 innings) and relievers Jos\u00e9 Paniagua, Arthur Rhodes, and Kazuhiro Sasaki; Seattle took the opener with a 2\u20130 shutout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nGame 2 started just after 4 pm EDT, and the sun was difficult in the outfield for the first three innings. The Yankees' offense was again dead silent, this time against Mariner starter John Halama and reliever Jos\u00e9 Paniagua. In the first, New York loaded the bases (without a hit) and no outs, but could not score. Bernie Williams' ground ball went just inches and M's catcher Dan Wilson grabbed it, stepped on home, and threw to first for the double play; Tino Martinez then grounded out to second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nIn the top of the second, Seattle threatened with a leadoff walk by Edgar Mart\u00ednez followed by a lunging single to center by John Olerud. Al Martin flew out to deep right center and the two advanced. David Bell lined the ball back to Orlando Hern\u00e1ndez, who doubled up Olerud at second to end the inning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nHern\u00e1ndez pitched eight innings and gave up just one run, a Stan Javier single in the third that scored Mike Cameron, who had walked with two outs and stole second, after nearly being picked off at first. Hern\u00e1ndez gave up six hits, but was set to get the loss until the Yankees' offense exploded in the eighth against Arthur Rhodes and Jos\u00e9 Mesa. David Justice led off with a double and scored on a single by Williams to tie the game, New York's first run in 21 innings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nBack-to-back singles by Martinez and Jorge Posada then gave New York a 2\u20131 lead. Paul O'Neill then hit a sacrifice fly to score another. Mesa replaced Rhodes for Seattle and gave up a single to Luis Sojo. Posada was caught diving back to third for the second out on a safety squeeze; Jos\u00e9 Vizca\u00edno then doubled to left center to score Sojo from first to make it 4\u20131 Yankees. Vizca\u00edno went to third on a passed ball, scored on a Chuck Knoblauch single up the middle, and Derek Jeter sliced a homer to right to make it\u00a07\u20131. Up again, Justice fouled off several and flew out to center to end the lengthy inning. Closer Mariano Rivera pitched a scoreless ninth: Olerud sliced a ground-rule double to lead off, but three ground balls ended the game; the series was tied at 1\u20131 and headed to Seattle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3\nThe Mariners struck first in Game 3 on three consecutive singles in the first, the last of which by Edgar Mart\u00ednez off Andy Pettitte scored Mike Cameron from second. The Yankees responded with back-to-back home runs from Bernie Williams and Tino Martinez to lead off the second off Aaron Sele. The M's threatened with two on and no outs, but could not score. New York extended their lead to 3\u20131 in the third when Derek Jeter, who reached on a fielder's choice to avoid an inning-ending double play, scored on a double to left-center by David Justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3\nSeattle closed the deficit to one in the fifth when Rickey Henderson doubled to right-center and scored on a jammed single over shortstop from Cameron, but Alex Rodriguez flew high to left and Mart\u00ednez grounded to shortstop (fielder's choice) to end the inning. The\u00a0Yankees got that run right back in the sixth as Williams singled up the middle with one out and Martinez dribbled an infield single. Jorge Posada flew out deep to right and Williams advanced to third, then scored on Paul O'Neill's single to right; Luis Sojo flew to right for the third out. In the bottom of the eighth, Rodriguez singled and stole second, but Mart\u00ednez struck out, and closer Mariano Rivera relieved Jeff Nelson. Pinch hitter Stan Javier grounded to third and John Olerud went to a full count then flew out to left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3\nNew York broke the game open with four runs in the ninth. O'Neill grounded out to first and Sojo singled up the middle; Jos\u00e9 Vizcaino entered as a pinch runner and stole second. Scott Brosius walked, and Vizcaino advanced to third on a wild pitch. Chuck Knoblauch hit an RBI single up the middle off of Brett Tomko, who then walked Jeter (after a lengthy at-bat) to load the bases. Lefthander Robert Ramsay relieved Tomko and allowed a two-run single to right by Justice and a sacrifice fly to left by Williams to make it 8\u20132. Rivera retired the Mariners in order for a five-out save as the Yankees went up 2\u22121 in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nIn one of the most dominant pitching performances in postseason history, Yankees starter Roger Clemens struck out 15 batters in a complete game one-hit shutout of the Mariners. Clemens carried a no-hitter into the seventh inning when Al Martin lined a leadoff double off first baseman Tino Martinez's glove for the Mariners' only hit of the game. Clemens got offensive support when Derek Jeter hit a three-run home run off Paul Abbott in the fifth and David Justice hit a two-run home run off Jos\u00e9 Mesa in the eighth after a leadoff walk to Jeter. The Yankees won 5\u20130 and were just one win away from the World Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nClemens' 15 strikeouts matched the ALCS record set by Mike Mussina in Game 3 in\u00a01997. Fifteen strikeouts in a postseason game did not happen again until the 2019 ALDS, by Gerrit Cole of the Houston Astros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nFacing elimination, the Mariners struck first in Game 5 on Sunday. After Rickey Henderson was caught looking, Yankee starter Denny Neagle walked three straight to load the bases in the bottom of the first; Mike Cameron scored on a sacrifice fly to right from John Olerud, then Jay Buhner struck out. The Yankees responded in the fourth when  Tino Martinez doubled to right-center, Jorge Posada singled to left, and Paul O'Neill walked to load the bases with no outs. Luis Sojo hit a double to left-center off Freddy Garc\u00eda that scored Martinez and Posada. Seattle escaped further damage as Scott Brosius flew out to third, Chuck Knoblauch struck out, and Derek Jeter grounded to shortstop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nBernie Williams robbed Olerud of a home run in the bottom of the fourth, then hit a double to the wall in right center, where he stayed, as Martinez grounded to short, Posada walked, and O'Neill swung at a 3\u20130 pitch away and grounded into a fielder's choice to end the inning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nIn the bottom of the fifth, Mark McLemore led off with a bunt single halfway to third, Henderson walked, and Cameron advanced them with a bunt down the first base line. Neagle was replaced with Jeff Nelson, who gave up a single to Alex Rodriguez through the hole to left that scored both runners for a 3\u20132 lead. With Rodriguez threatening to run at first, Edgar Mart\u00ednez drove a 2\u20130 pitch over the center field wall and Olerud made it back-to-back on the next pitch with his own to right-center. With the Mariners up 6\u20132, Nelson was relieved by Jason Grimsley. Buhner singled down the first base line, David Bell popped out to center, and consecutive walks to Dan Wilson and McLemore loaded the bases; Dwight Gooden induced a soft infield fly from Henderson to end the inning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nNeither team scored afterwards, but in the seventh, Jeter led off with a walk and reliever Jos\u00e9 Paniagua was replaced by Arthur Rhodes. David Justice struck out, but Williams and Martinez walked to load the bases. With the tying run at the plate, Posada fanned and pinch hitter Glenallen Hill was caught looking. In the bottom of the inning, Olerud led off with a single, stole second, advanced to third on a ground ball, but was stranded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nRhodes struck out Sojo in the top of the eighth, but walked Brosius and was replaced by closer Kazuhiro Sasaki: Knoblauch fouled out to Olerud, Jeter lined a single to left, and Justice struck out. New York's David Cone retired the M's in order: McLemore and Ra\u00fal Iba\u00f1ez both grounded out to second, while Cameron fouled out to Brosius. In the ninth, Sasaki hit Williams on an 0\u20132 count, who advanced to second on a wild pitch, then to third when Martinez grounded to second. Posada walked, pinch hitter Luis Polonia struck out, and Sojo flew to center, ending the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nNeagle accounted for both New York losses in the series, as Garc\u00eda defeated him twice. The Yankees left 15 runners on base in Game 5 and were 2 for 15 with runners in scoring position. The Seattle win forced a sixth game at Yankee Stadium on Tuesday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 6\nThe Mariners again struck first in Game 6, taking a 2\u20130 lead in the first when Yankees starter Orlando Hern\u00e1ndez walked Al Martin, then gave up back-to-back doubles to Alex Rodriguez and Edgar Mart\u00ednez. Seattle made it 4\u20130 when Carlos Guillen hit a two-run home run in the fourth. The Yankees responded in the bottom of the inning when they loaded the bases before Jorge Posada hit a double off John Halama that scored David Justice and Bernie Williams. Posada then scored on a Paul O'Neil single to make it a one-run game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 6\nThe score stayed 4\u20133 until the bottom of the seventh, when New York put runners on first and third with one out off Jos\u00e9 Paniagua, who was replaced with Arthur Rhodes. Rhodes gave up a three-run home run to David Justice to give the Yankees a 6\u20134 lead. The bases were then loaded up with a single, double, and intentional walk before O'Neill's single scored two. Jos\u00e9 Mesa relieved Rhodes and walked Luis Sojo to reload the bases and Jose Vizcaino's sacrifice fly made it 9\u20134 Yankees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 6\nAlex Rodriguez led off the top of the eighth with a home run off Hern\u00e1ndez. After walking Edgar Mart\u00ednez, Hern\u00e1ndez was replaced with Mariano Rivera, who gave up a double to John Olerud, then two outs later, another double to Mark McLemore that scored both Martinez and Olerud before striking out Jay Buhner to end the inning. Rivera then pitched a scoreless ninth as New York  won 9\u20137 and advance to the World Series against the cross-town Mets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Television coverage\nOn September 26, 2000, NBC declined to renew its broadcast agreement with Major League Baseball. After 50 seasons \u2014 1947\u20131989 and 1994\u20132000 \u2014 Game 6 is the last Major League Baseball game that NBC has televised to date. In Houston, due to the coverage of the 2000 Presidential Debate, KPRC-TV elected to carry NBC News' coverage of the debate while KNWS-TV carried NBC's final baseball game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Aftermath\nAlex Rodriguez left the Mariners for the Texas Rangers after this series for a ten-year, $252 million deal. Three seasons later, Rodriguez was traded to the Yankees, where he remained until 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Aftermath\nThe Yankees went on to beat the New York Mets in five games in the first Subway Series since 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161515-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Championship Series, Aftermath\nThe Mariners returned to the ALCS the following season, after they broke the Yankees' American League record and tied the Major League record for regular season wins with 116. However, they fared worse in a rematch with the Yankees and were dispatched in five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series\nThe 2000 American League Division Series (ALDS), the opening round of the 2000 American League playoffs, began on Tuesday, October 3, and ended on Sunday, October 8, with the champions of the three AL divisions\u2014along with a \"wild card\" team\u2014participating in two best-of-five series. The teams were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series\nThe defending World Series champion Yankees defeated the Mariners in the AL Championship Series. They went on to win the 2000 World Series against the National League champion New York Mets in five games, for their third consecutive World title, and fourth in five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle\nFor the third time in the last six seasons, the Seattle Mariners were in the postseason. The Chicago White Sox returned to the postseason for the first time since 1993. This series ended with a game-winning bunt by Carlos Guill\u00e9n in Game 3 to deliver Seattle to their first ALCS in six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle, Game 1\nFreddy Garc\u00eda faced Jim Parque in the series opener in Chicago. Parque struggled early and often, allowing a single to Rickey Henderson and hitting Mike Cameron with a pitch to open the game. An RBI single by Alex Rodriguez that moved Cameron to third and a forceout by John Olerud put the Mariners up 2\u20130. Joe Oliver's leadoff homer made it 3\u20130 in the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle, Game 1\nHowever, in the bottom half, Paul Konerko drew a leadoff walk, moved to second on a groundout, and scored on a triple by Chris Singleton, who then scored on a wild pitch by Garc\u00eda to make it a one-run game. In the bottom of the third, the Mariners' lead evaporated when Ray Durham homered to tie it, then Jos\u00e9 Valent\u00edn walked before Magglio Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez tripled in the go-ahead run for Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle, Game 1\nThe game remained 4\u20133 until the top of the seventh, when Cameron hit a two-out bases-loaded single off Chad Bradford, who had just relieved Bob Howry. That hit to right almost gave the Mariners the lead, but David Bell was thrown out at home by Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez to end the inning. Seattle threatened again in the eighth and Chicago in the ninth,  but both came up empty and the game moved to extra innings. In the top of the tenth, Cameron led off with a single to left off closer Keith Foulke, then Rodriguez flew out high to left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle, Game 1\nAfter an unconventional conference with manager Lou Piniella and a pitchout, Cameron stole second on a 2\u20130 changeup, then Edgar Mart\u00ednez lined the next pitch over the left field wall. On the very next pitch, Olerud homered to center, and the Mariners led by three. Closer Kazuhiro Sasaki gave up a leadoff double off Bell's glove, then got a ground ball to second and struck out two for the\u00a0save.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle, Game 2\nThe White Sox struck first with back-to-back leadoff doubles by Ray Durham and Jos\u00e9 Valent\u00edn off Paul Abbott, but the Mariners loaded the bases in the second off Mike Sirotka on a double, walk, and hit-by-pitch when David Bell's single and Dan Wilson's sacrifice fly scored a run each, putting them up 2\u22121. The White Sox tied the game in the third on Carlos Lee's sacrifice fly, but Seattle regained the lead on Jay Buhner's home run in the fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle, Game 2\nNext inning, Rickey Henderson drew a leadoff walk, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt, stole third, and scored on Alex Rodriguez's groundout to make it 4\u22122 Mariners. In the ninth, they extended the lead to 5\u22122 on Mike Cameron's RBI single off Mark Buehrle that scored Mark McLemore from third, the run charged to Bill Simas. Seattle closer Kazuhiro Sasaki struck out all three batters he faced in the bottom of the inning as the Mariners went up 2\u22120 and the series headed to Seattle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle, Game 3\nIn Game 3, the first postseason game at Safeco Field, James Baldwin faced Aaron Sele in the clincher. Facing elimination, the White Sox took an early 1\u20130 lead in the top of the second on a sacrifice fly by Herbert Perry to score Harold Baines, who had doubled and went to third on a fly out to right. In the bottom of the fourth, the Mariners tied the game on an RBI single by Stan Javier. A pitcher's duel took place and both teams struggled to score in the afternoon autumn sun, with only seven hits total in the first eight innings, tied at one run each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle, Game 3\nLefthander Arthur Rhodes relieved Sele in the eighth and threw one pitch, which resulted in an inning-ending double play by second baseman Mark McLemore. Rhodes struck out the first two batters in the top of the ninth and Jos\u00e9 Paniagua came in to face Frank Thomas, who was hitless in the series. After three balls, the count was worked to full but ended in a walk, then Magglio Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez struck out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Chicago vs. Seattle, Game 3\nIn the bottom of the ninth, John Olerud hit a hard line drive back at lefthander Kelly Wunsch and off his stomach, toward the third base line; his rushed errant throw allowed Olerud to move to second. Keith Foulke relieved Wunsch and Rickey Henderson entered as a pinch runner; Javier's sacrifice bunt toward third moved Henderson to third. David Bell walked on four pitches and then pinch hitter Carlos Guill\u00e9n swung and fouled off the first pitch. He then drove in the series-winning run with a walk-off drag bunt past a diving Thomas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Oakland vs. New York, Game 1\nOpening on the road in Oakland, New York's Jorge Posada singled with two outs in the second innings off Gil Heredia, then back-to-back RBI doubles by Luis Sojo and Scott Brosius put the Yankees up 2\u22120. Roger Clemens allowed a single to Eric Chavez to open the inning and allowed a subsequent walk to Jeremy Giambi. Ram\u00f3n Hern\u00e1ndez's RBI single cut the Yankees' lead to 2\u22121, then one out later, Randy Velarde's RBI single tied the game before a wild pitch to Jason Giambi put the A's up 3\u22122.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Oakland vs. New York, Game 1\nBernie Williams doubled to lead off the top of the sixth,innings moved to second on a groundout and scored on Tino Martinez's sacrifice fly to tie the game, but, in the bottom of the inning, Chavez and Giambi hit back-to-back two-out singles before Hernandez's double scored Chavez with Giambi thrown out at home to end the inning with the A's up 4\u22123. They got an insurance run in the eighth off Mike Stanton when Miguel Tejada hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a wild pitch and scored on Chavez's single. Jason Isringhausen retired the Yankees in order in the ninth as the A's 5\u22123 win put them up 1\u22120 in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Oakland vs. New York, Game 2\nIn Game 2, Andy Pettitte pitched 7+2\u20443 shutout innings, allowing five hits and one walk. Mariano Rivera pitched 1+1\u20443 shutout innings for the save. Oakland's Kevin Appier pitched five shutout innings before allowing runners on first and third with two outs in the sixth before Glenallen Hill's single scored a run, then Luis Sojo's double scored two more to put the Yankees up 3\u22120. They made it 4\u22120 in the ninth on Clay Bellinger's RBI double with runners on first and third off Jeff Tam. The series was tied 1\u22121 and headed to New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Oakland vs. New York, Game 3\nIn Game 3 in New York, the A's got runners on first and second on two walks off Orlando Hernandez  in the second inning when Jeremy Giambi's RBI single put them up 1\u22120, but, in the bottom of the inning, the Yankees got runners on first and third with no outs off Tim Hudson when Glenallen Hill's fielder's choice tied the game. One out later, Scott Brosius walked to load the bases before Derek Jeter's RBI single put the Yankees up 2\u22121.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Oakland vs. New York, Game 3\nIn the fourth, Luis Sojo drew a leadoff walk, moved to third on an error, and scored on Jeter's forceout. Terrence Long's home run in the fifth cut the Yankees' lead to one. New York extended their lead to 4\u22122 in the eighth on Sojo's single that scored Tino Martinez from second with Sojo tagged out at second to end the inning. Hudson pitched a complete game in a losing effort as Mariano Rivera pitched a scoreless ninth for the save, and the Yankees were one win away from the ALCS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Oakland vs. New York, Game 4\nIn Game 4, Oakland, in a must-win situation, struck first when after two walks, Olmedo Saenz's three-run home run off Roger Clemens gave them a 3\u22120 first-inning lead. In the sixth, Clemens allowed a leadoff single to Eric Chavez and subsequent double to Miguel Tejada before both men scored on Ben Grieve's single. Mike Stanton relieved Clemens and allowed a single to Jeremy Giambi before Grieve scored on Ram\u00f3n Hern\u00e1ndez's forceout to put the A's up 6\u22120. The Yankees scored their only run of the game in the bottom of the inning on Jorge Posada's double with two on off Barry Zito.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Oakland vs. New York, Game 4\nTejada drew a leadoff walk off Randy Choate in the eighth and stole second. After Ben Grieve struck out, Ryan Christenson's RBI single off Dwight Gooden made it 7\u22121 Oakland. They loaded the bases in the ninth with no outs on a double, walk, and hit-by-pitch. Adam Piatt relieved Gooden and allowed a two-run double to Chavez, RBI groundout to Tejada, and RBI single to Bo Porter. Doug Jones pitched a scoreless bottom of the ninth as the Athletics' 11\u22121 blowout win forced a Game 5 back in Oakland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Oakland vs. New York, Game 5\nIn Game 5 in Oakland, the Yankees loaded the bases in the top of the first inning on a walk and two singles when Bernie Williams's sacrifice fly put them up 1\u22120. David Justice walked to reload the bases before Tino Martinez cleared them with a double. After Jorge Posada singled, Oakland starter Gil Heredia was relieved by Jeff Tam, who allowed a sacrifice fly to Luis Sojo, then Scott Brosius singled before Chuck Knoblauch's RBI single made it 6\u22120. The A's loaded the bases in the second on two singles and a walk off Andy Pettitte when Randy Velarde's two-run single made it 6\u22122.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161516-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 American League Division Series, Oakland vs. New York, Game 5\nNext inning, Miguel Tejada singled with one out and scored on Eric Chavez's double, but New York got that run back on Justice's home run in the fourth off Kevin Appier---the Yankees' only home run in this series. In the bottom of the inning, the A's loaded the bases on two singles and a walk when back-to-back sacrifice flies by Jason Giambi and Olmedo Saenz made it 7\u22125. After allowing a single to Tejada, Pettitte was relieved by Mike Stanton, who pitched two shutout innings in relief to get the win. Neither team scored for the rest of the game as the Yankees' win advanced them to the ALCS. During the Yankees' run of three consecutive World Series titles from 1998-2000, this was the only time they faced elimination in the postseason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161517-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Americas Cricket Cup\nThe 2000 Americas Cricket Cup was an international cricket tournament held in Canada between 7 and 12 August 2000. It was the inaugural edition of what is now the ICC Americas Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161517-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Americas Cricket Cup\nThe tournament was contested by the five associate members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) located in the ICC Americas development region \u2013 Argentina, Bermuda, Canada, the Cayman Islands, and the United States. It was played as a round-robin, with each participant playing the other once. The home team, Canada, won all four of its matches, with Bermuda runner-up. Canada's captain, Joseph Harris, was the player of the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161518-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Amstel Gold Race\nThe 2000 Amstel Gold Race was the 35th edition of the annual road bicycle race \"Amstel Gold Race\", held on Sunday April 22, 2000 in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 257 kilometres, with the start and finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 191 competitors, with 106 cyclists finishing the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161519-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Amsterdam Admirals season\nThe 2000 Amsterdam Admirals season was the sixth season for the franchise in the NFL Europe League (NFLEL). The team was led by head coach Al Luginbill in his sixth year, and played its home games at Amsterdam ArenA and Olympisch Stadion in Amsterdam, Netherlands. They finished the regular season in fourth place with a record of four wins and six losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161520-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Amsterdam Tournament\nThe Amsterdam Tournament  is a pre-season football tournament held for club teams from around the world, hosted at the Amsterdam ArenA. The 2000 tournament was contested by Ajax, Arsenal, Barcelona and Lazio on 3 August and 5 August 2000. Barcelona won the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161521-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Am\u00edlcar Cabral Cup\nThe 2000 Am\u00edlcar Cabral Cup was held in Est\u00e1dio da V\u00e1rzea, the national stadium of Cape Verde. The tournament was originally scheduled November 27\u2014December 5, 1999, but as heavy rain delayed renovations to the national stadium, it was postponed to May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161521-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Am\u00edlcar Cabral Cup, Group stage, Group A\nSierra Leone arrived late; the match was not played, instead, it was rewarded 3\u20130 to Senegal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161522-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Anaheim Angels season\nThe Anaheim Angels 2000 season involved the Angels finishing 3rd in the American League West with a record of 82 wins and 80 losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161522-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Anaheim Angels season\nThe Angels had an extremely powerful offense, with five players (Garret Anderson, Darin Erstad, Troy Glaus, Tim Salmon, and Mo Vaughn) hitting at least 25 homers and driving in 97 runs. Glaus led the AL in HRs, and Erstad had the most hits on his way to a .355 batting average. However, the pitching was very inconsistent. No one pitched over 170 innings. Reliever Shigetoshi Hasegawa led the team with a 3.57 ERA and was also the only one to win 10 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161522-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Anaheim Angels season, Player stats, Batting\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161523-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Anchorage mayoral election\nThe 2000 Anchorage mayoral election was held on April 4 and May 2, 2000, to elect the mayor of Anchorage, Alaska. It saw election of George Wuerch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161523-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Anchorage mayoral election\nProposition 10, passed in 1999, required mayoral candidates to receive 50% of the votes cast in a race to avoid a runoff. Since no candidate had received a majority of the vote in the first round, a runoff was held between the top-two finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election\nThe 2000 Andalusian regional election was held on Sunday, 12 March 2000, to elect the 6th Parliament of the autonomous community of Andalusia. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with the 2000 Spanish general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election\nIncumbent Socialist Manuel Chaves won with a relative majority of 52, but was re-elected President of the Regional Government of Andalusia with the support of the Andalusian Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election, Overview, Electoral system\nThe Parliament of Andalusia was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Andalusia, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the regional Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a regional president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election, Overview, Electoral system\nVoting for the Parliament was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in Andalusia and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The 109 members of the Parliament of Andalusia were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes\u2014which included blank ballots\u2014being applied in each constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election, Overview, Electoral system\nSeats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Almer\u00eda, C\u00e1diz, C\u00f3rdoba, Granada, Huelva, Ja\u00e9n, M\u00e1laga and Seville, with each being allocated an initial minimum of eight seats and the remaining 45 being distributed in proportion to their populations (provided that the number of seats in each province did not exceed two times that of any other).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election, Overview, Electoral system\nThe use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election, Overview, Electoral system\nThe electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election, Overview, Election date\nThe term of the Parliament of Andalusia expired four years after the date of its previous election, unless it was dissolved earlier. Election day was to take place between the thirtieth and the sixtieth day from the date of expiry of parliament barring any date within from 1 July to 31 August. The previous election was held on 3 March 1996, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 3 March 2000. The election was required to take place no later than the sixtieth day from the date of expiry of parliament on the condition that it was not held between 1 July and 31 August, setting the latest possible election date for the Parliament on Tuesday, 2 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election, Overview, Election date\nThe president had the prerogative to dissolve the Parliament of Andalusia and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. In the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional president within a two-month period from the first ballot, the candidate from the party with the highest number of seats was to be deemed automatically elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161524-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Andalusian regional election, Opinion polls\nThe table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The \"Lead\" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 55 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Andalusia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161525-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Angola Cup\nThe 2000 Ta\u00e7a de Angola was the 19th edition of the Ta\u00e7a de Angola, the second most important and the top knock-out football club competition following the Girabola. Petro de Luanda beat Inter de Luanda 1-0 in the final to secure its 7th title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161525-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Angola Cup\nInter de Luanda, the runner-up, qualified to the African Cup Winners' Cup since Petro de Luanda, the winner, contested the CAF Champions League in their capacity as the Girabola winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161525-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Angola Cup, Championship bracket\nThe knockout rounds were played according to the following schedule:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161525-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Angola Cup, Final\nSquad: Avelino Lopes, Betinho, Cacharamba, Caricoco, Chinho, Dias Caires, Did\u00ed, Filipe, Fl\u00e1vio, Gilberto, Guedes, Gui, Jonas, Mbiyavanga, Nando, Nsuka, Renato, William, Zico Head Coach: Djalma Cavalcante", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161526-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Anguillian general election\nEarly general elections were held in Anguilla on 3 March 2000 after the government elected in 1999 collapsed after six months. The Anguilla National Alliance (ANA) emerged as the largest party, winning three of the seven seats in the House of Assembly. The ANA and the Anguilla Democratic Party had created the Anguilla United Front in January 2000, and between them the two parties held four of the seven seats, allowing them to form a government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161527-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ansett Australia Cup\nThe 2000 AFL Ansett Australia Cup was the Australian Football League pre-season Cup competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 2000 Premiership Season began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161527-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ansett Australia Cup\nUnlike most pre-season cup competitions that start in February, the 2000 Cup started on 31 December 1999 with a one-off Match of the Millennium between Carlton and Collingwood, most notable for the competition record 12 goals by Brendan Fevola. The competition culminated with the Grand Final in February 2000 between Essendon, the eventual 2000 AFL Premiers, and the Kangaroos, the reigning 1999 AFL Premiers. Essendon's undefeated run through the pre-season was a precursor to their dominance in the premiership season, in which they only lost one match. The final was held in February, rather than March as per most other pre-seasons, due to the season being played earlier in the year so that the finals would not clash with the 2000 Summer Olympics to be held in Sydney in late September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161528-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Anzac Test\nThe 2000 Anzac test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at the Sydney Olympic Stadium 27 April 2000. It was the 4th Anzac test played between the two nations since the first was played under the Super League banner in 1997 and the third to be played in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161529-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Apulian regional election\nThe Apulian regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161529-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Apulian regional election\nRaffaele Fitto (Forza Italia) was elected President, defeating Giannicola Sinisi (Italian People's Party).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161530-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Club Champions Cup\nThe 2000 Arab Club Champions Cup in association football was played in Saudi Arabia in the city of Jeddah. CS Sfaxien won the championship for the first time beating in the final Al-Jaish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161530-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Club Champions Cup, Preliminary round, Zone 1 (Gulf Area)\nQualification from GCC Champions League held in Kuwait City in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161530-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Club Champions Cup, Preliminary round, Zone 1 (Gulf Area)\nAl-Hilal withdrew. Al-Muharraq & Al-Qadsia advanced to the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161530-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Club Champions Cup, Preliminary round, Zone 3 (North Africa)\nAll teams CR Belouizdad, Kawkab Marrakech and CS Sfaxien advanced to the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161530-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Club Champions Cup, Preliminary round, Zone 4 (East Region)\nAll teams Al-Faisaly and Al-Jaish advanced to the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161530-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Club Champions Cup, Final tournament, Group stage\nThe eight teams were drawn into two groups of four. Each group was played on one leg basis. The winners and runners-up of each group advanced to the semi-finals. Al Shabab withdrew from the tournament, Al-Ahli qualified as hosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161531-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Cup Winners' Cup\nThe 2000 Arab Cup Winners' Cup was the 11th edition of the Arab Cup Winners' Cup held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between 8 \u2013 22 November 2000. The teams represented Arab nations from Africa and Asia. Al-Hilal from Saudi Arabia won the final against Al-Nassr from the same country for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161531-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Cup Winners' Cup, Qualifying round, Zone 1 (Gulf Area)\nQualifying tournament held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Representatives of Bahrain and Oman withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161531-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Cup Winners' Cup, Qualifying round, Zone 1 (Gulf Area)\nAl-Wasl & Al-Arabi advanced to the final tournament. However Al-Wasl withdrew, Al-Rayyan admitted instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161531-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Cup Winners' Cup, Qualifying round, Zone 2 (Red Sea)\nQualifying tournament held in Cairo, Egypt. Al-Wehda of Yemen withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161531-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Cup Winners' Cup, Qualifying round, Zone 3 (North Africa)\nLibya representative withdrew. USM Annaba, Algeria and SCC Mohamm\u00e9dia, Morocco qualified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161532-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Junior Athletics Championships\nThe 2000 Arab Junior Athletics Championships was the ninth edition of the international athletics competition for under-20 athletes from Arab countries. It took place in Damascus, Syria \u2013 the second consecutive time the city hosted the tournament, and a sixth hosting for Syria. A total of 42 athletics events were contested, 22 for men and 20 for women. Neither Morocco, Algeria nor Qatar\u2014all regional powers in the sport\u2014sent a team to the meeting, which impacted the overall quality of performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161532-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Junior Athletics Championships\nEgypt topped the table with nineteen gold medals, having won the majority of the women's events. Saudi Arabia was runner-up with ten gold medals \u2013 all were in the men's section, reflecting the nation's ban on women athletes. The hosts, Syria, placed third with their six gold medals. Lebanon won its first gold medal in the history of the tournament, topping the podium in the women's 4\u00d7100 m relay. The women's programme was expanded with the introduction of the hammer throw, bringing the throws events to parity with men. A minority of track finals had times recorded only to a tenth of a second due to technical restrictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161532-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Junior Athletics Championships\nThe foremost athletes to emerge from the competition were among the Saudi contingent. Mubarak Ata Mubarak added an Asian senior title to his 110 metres hurdles gold that same year. Hamdan Al-Bishi and Hamed Al-Bishi both won multiple sprint medals at the Asian Athletics Championships over the following years. Omar Ahmed El Ghazaly of Egypt won the discus here and later won several African titles in that discipline. Mohammad Al-Azemi, only an 800\u00a0m runner-up here, went on to a middle-distance double at the 2011 Asian Athletics Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161532-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Arab Junior Athletics Championships\nIsmail Ahmed Ismail (1500\u00a0m) was also a runner-up in Damascus but went on to the greatest honour among the participants by winning Sudan's first Olympic medal in 2008. On the women's side, his fellow Sudanese middle-distance runner Hind Roko Musa, took an Arab junior double. Egypt's Ines Abul Ala Mohamed (sprints) and Maha Mohamed Mohamed (100\u00a0m hurdles, high jump, and heptathlon) were other multiple champions at the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161533-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Super Cup\nThe 2000 Arab Super Cup was an international club competition played by the winners and runners up of the Arab Club Champions Cup and Arab Cup Winners' Cup. It was the seventh edition and was won by Al Shabab of Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161533-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arab Super Cup, Teams\nAl-Faisaly was shosen to take part to the competition as semi-finalist of the 1999 Arab Cup Winners' Cup, because the runners-up Al-Jaish was also a runners-up of the 1999 Arab Club Champions Cup and was shosen because that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161534-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arena Football League season\nThe 2000 Arena Football League season was the 14th season of the Arena Football League. It was succeeded by 2001. The league champions were the Orlando Predators, who defeated the Nashville Kats in ArenaBowl XIV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161534-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arena Football League season\nThe season was originally cancelled on February 24, 2000, due to an antitrust suit filed by the Arena Football League Players Association against the league stemming from player complaints that league owners have conspired to withhold free agency, health benefits and higher salaries. On March 1, 2000, the league re-opened its season when the Players' Union came to a collective bargaining agreement with the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161535-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Argentina rugby union tour of Australia and England\nThe 2000 Argentina rugby union tour of Australia and England were two series of matches played by the Argentina national rugby union team . The first tour (four match) was held in June, the second (two match) in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161536-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Cardinals season\nThe 2000 season was the Arizona Cardinals' 81st season in the National Football League (NFL), their 102nd overall and their 13th in Arizona. The Cardinals ranked 24th in the NFL in total offense and 30th in total defense. The Cardinals ranked last in the NFC in Takeaways/Giveaways with a rating of \u221224.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161536-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Cardinals season\nThe Cardinals surrendered 443 points in 2000, the second-worst in the NFL, and second-worst in franchise history. Arizona's minus-233 point differential is the worst in team history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161536-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Cardinals season\nTwo of the Cardinals\u2019 three victories came by one point each, and they were 0\u20138 on the road. Following the most lopsided of those eight road losses, 48\u20137 at Dallas in week eight, coach Vince Tobin was fired, ending his tenure in the desert after 4\u00bd seasons with a 29\u201344 record. Defensive coordinator Dave McGinnis was named interim coach, and he held the job through the end of the 2003 season. The 3-13 mark would be matched in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161536-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Cardinals season\nThe Cardinals suffered through their poorest season since the 1970 AFL-NFL merger, eclipsing the 4\u201312 marks of 1991, 1992, 1995 and 1997. The Cardinals also went 4\u20139\u20131 in 1971, 1972 and 1973, and 4\u201311\u20131 in 1986, and would suffer through another 4\u201312 campaign in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161536-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Cardinals season, Regular season\nOn December 18, Dave McGinnis was named as the 38th head coach in franchise history. He had been interim coach since October 23, when Vince Tobin was fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary\nIn March 2000 the Arizona Democratic Party ran its Presidential Primary over the internet using the private company votation.com. The announcement received significant press coverage around the world, covered in virtually every country and medium as a test of whether internet voting could actually work in a statewide election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Voting Rights Act lawsuits\nSeveral attempts were made to stop the election, including a lawsuit instigated by the Virginia-based Voting Integrity Project, which claimed that Internet voting would disadvantage African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans, all protected classes under the Voting Rights Act. The Voting Integrity Project, along with two African American and two Hispanic plaintiffs, claimed that by allowing Internet voting, minority groups, which at that time had less access to the internet, would have their collective voting power proportionately reduced. The plaintiff's sought an injunction to stop the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Voting Rights Act lawsuits\nThe lawsuit, along with other factors, was depleting the resources of the Arizona Democratic Party. The court had to determine if the voting rights act applied, since this election was being conducted by the Democratic Party itself, not the state or country government; the plaintiff's argued it was. The court also had to decide if the election was unfairly diluting the minority vote, given the plaintiffs' claims that whites were more likely to vote over the internet than non-whites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0001-0002", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Voting Rights Act lawsuits\nSeveral organizations filed amicus briefs in support of the Democratic Party and the Internet election, including the Benjamin E. Mayes National Education Resource Center, the Center of Government Studies, and Professor Charles Nesson of Harvard Law School. On March 2, 2000 Judge Paul G. Rosenblatt, of the United States District Court in Phoenix, issued its decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0001-0003", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Voting Rights Act lawsuits\nWhile the court agreed with the plaintiffs that this was a public election, it also noted in its decision that there were other ways to vote, including absentee ballot by mail, and voting at polling places, and thus there was no basis to stop the election. The court denied the request for an injunction to stop the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Civil rights concerns\nSerious concerns about internet were also raised by civil rights organizations around the United States. Native American support is particularly important in Arizona, where they numbered more than 250,000. The states two most prominent leaders were Apache leader John Lewis, president of the Inter-Tribal Counsel, and Kelsey A. Begaye President of the Navajo Nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Civil rights concerns\nThe outreach efforts by Election.com CEO, Joe Mohen, and the Arizona Democratic Party to Native Americans were particularly successful, such that the Voting Integrity Project was unable to recruit even one Native American to be a plaintiff in their case, and The Navajo leadership, including President Kelsey Begaye,  prominent Native American leaders posed for Television Cameras when they later voted over the internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Civil rights concerns\nOn February 24, 2000, the Department of Justice granted pre-clearance for the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Security threats\nMany public threats by hackers were made that they would bring down the election. These threats ranged from to denial of service attacks and voter identity theft. The election software was audited by KPMG. While the original plan was to use VeriSign digital certificates, though ultimately PINs were mailed to each voter and a challenge-response authentication system (such as birth date, place of birth, or social security number) was used as well. One magazine columnist, Howard Mortman, even hired a computer hacker to attempt to disrupt the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Voting period\nThe week of the election, online voting was allowed beginning Tuesday March 7 through Friday March 10. The following Saturday March 11, voting would be allowed at Polling Places only, through personal computers. There were some minor problems, in that a few polling places did not open on schedule, and some users with older browsers could not vote. The election went off successfully, with voter turnout increasing more than 500% over the 1996 Primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Voting period\nContrary to expectations, Native American turnout also increased more than 500% and African American and Latino turnout both went up more than 800%, defying those who claimed that minorities would not use the internet to cast votes. The results were certified by the State Board of Elections. There were many other \"firsts\"; news footage showing a middle-aged quadriplegic man in Arizona who cast his first unassisted, secret ballot using the Internet. election.com reported no hacking during the election. Shortly after, Mohen was featured on the cover of the Industry Standard Magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161537-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary, Ongoing debate\nThe Arizona Democratic primary has been called the \"first legally binding public election to offer internet voting\". However, the Arizona Democratic Party and the private company administering the election argued in federal court that it was a private election outside of federal jurisdiction. Still others, such as the Internet Policy Institute, have classified the primary, as a \"hybrid between public and private elections... not run by state election officials, but were still subject to some aspects of state and federal election law.\" And there were some glitches such as that certain Macintosh browsers did not work. Nonetheless, the 2000 Arizona Internet vote was hailed worldwide as a landmark case of using the Internet at a major election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161538-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Diamondbacks season\nThe 2000 Arizona Diamondbacks looked to improve on their 1999 season, in which they won 100 games in just their 2nd season. They looked to contend in what was a strong National League West Division. They finished the season with a record of 85\u201377, good enough for third place in the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161538-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Diamondbacks season, Regular season\nRandy Johnson tied a modern record with six victories in April 2000. He would lead the league in strikeouts with 347 and in winning percentage. Johnson won his third Cy Young Award, and became the third National League pitcher to win the trophy in consecutive seasons. Johnson recorded his 3000th strikeout on September 10, 2000, as he whiffed Florida Marlins' third baseman Mike Lowell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161538-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Diamondbacks season, Player stats, Batting\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161539-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Proposition 203\nArizona Proposition 203, also known as English for the Children, is a ballot initiative that was passed by 63% of Arizona voters on November 7, 2000. It limited the type of instruction available to English language learner (ELL) students. Before Proposition 203, schools were free in terms of ELL instruction to use bilingual or immersion methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161539-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Arizona Proposition 203\nAccording to a cover letter from the Arizona Department of Education Superintendent of Public Instruction Lisa Graham Keegan to the Arizona Legislature, it was impossible to make a correct analysis regarding how many students were learning through English as a second language programs, as opposed to bilingual education. The school districts had submitted \"conflicting information,\" and 40% had not submitted any data, in spite of three deadline extensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161539-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Proposition 203\nProposition 203, like the similar California Proposition 227, was named after its financial supporter Ron Unz, a Silicon Valley software entrepreneur. 61% of the voters had passed Proposition 227. Arizona, Massachusetts, and Colorado followed with similar campaigns directed by Unz. On November 5, 2002, Question 2 in Massachusetts was passed by 68% of the voters, but Amendment 31 in Colorado was rejected by 56% of the voters. Unz's goal was to replace bilingual education with structured or sheltered English immersion programs. The book English for the Children: Mandated by the People, Skewed by Politicians and Special Interests by Johanna J. Haver (Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2013) reconstructs the politics surrounding Unz's movement and its effects on the education of ELLs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161539-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Proposition 203, Content\nThe actual text of the legislation begins with declarations regarding the importance of English and learning English. It goes on to state that immigrant parents want their children to acquire \"a good knowledge of English,\" allowing them to \"fully participate in the American dream.\" It explains that the government and Arizona public schools have a moral responsibility to \"provide all of Arizona's children... with the skills necessary to become productive members of our society.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161539-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Arizona Proposition 203, Content\nIt elaborates that public schools \"currently do an inadequate job of educating immigrant children\" by \"experimental language programs whose failure over the past two decades is demonstrated by the current high drop-out rates and low English literacy levels of many immigrant children.\" It makes the point that \"young immigrant children can easily acquire full fluency in a new language, such as English, if they are heavily exposed to that language in the classroom at an early age.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161539-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Proposition 203, Content\nThe resolution states that \"all children in Arizona public schools shall be taught English as rapidly and effectively as possible.\" ELLs should be educated in immersion programs during a temporary transition period \"not normally intended to exceed one year.\" A parent may request for his or her child to be exempt if it can be determined that the child already knows English, the child is ten years old or older, or the child is identified as having special needs. However, for a child to claim to have special needs, it must be confirmed that education in English is not the best option for the child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161539-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Proposition 203, Media coverage\nThe New York Times ran a front-page story in August prior to the November 2000 election, showing that California's version of the initiative, Proposition 227, had been highly successful, with a rise in standardized test scores among English language learners after two years. In spite of noted bilingual education theorists' arguments, disputing the particulars of the article, the Times story is believed to have strongly affected public opinion and the passage of Arizona Proposition 203.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161539-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Proposition 203, Implementation\nImplementation of the policy was scheduled to occur at the beginning of the 2001\u20132002 school year. There was widespread confusion throughout the state because of differences of opinion regarding the language used in the text of the proposition. Following the implementation, some schools changed their approach to educating ELLs, but several districts obtained waivers for their ELL students and continued their bilingual education programs. For the most part, neither the bilingual nor the immersion programs were in compliance with the law. Fewer than 11% of the state's ELL students achieved proficiency in a year's time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161540-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona State Sun Devils football team\nThe 2000 Arizona State Sun Devils football team represented Arizona State University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They were coached by Bruce Snyder who was fired at the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team\nThe 2000 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They were coached by Dick Tomey in his fourteenth and final season. The Wildcats would finish the year with a 5\u20136 record (3\u20135 against Pac-10 opponents). Tomey resigned after the season concluded, which meant that he would not return for a fifteenth season as coach in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team\nAfter starting the season at 5\u20131 with a possible chance at a Rose Bowl, the team would lose their final five games due to offensive mistakes and a poor defense, which prevented them from reaching a bowl game and leading to Tomey\u2019s resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Before the season\nAfter Arizona ended the 1999 season with a 6\u20136 record and no bowl appearance, many fans believed that the Wildcats didn't live up to expectations after a 12-win 1998 season. The Wildcats had entered 1999 with Rose Bowl and national title aspirations before losing the opener to Penn State and the rest of the season went down with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Before the season\nThe team had to rebuild by entering the 2000 season by replacing several talented players on offense, as running back Trung Canidate, wide receiver Dennis Northcutt, and quarterback Keith Smith all graduated and/or went to the NFL, though quarterback Ortege Jenkins and receiver Bobby Wade returned and hoped to turn the Wildcats back to their winning ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Before the season\nIn the summer, Arizona upgraded its uniforms. Though the uniforms were the same, the only difference was that the players\u2019 names and numbers changed into a futuristic font, as 2000 was a turn of new hope for the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Before the season\nBy the preseason, Arizona went unranked in the polls and Tomey was put on the hot seat, as the Wildcats needed to win to save his job after underachieving in 1999. Tomey believed that the team would recover and contend for a bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Ohio State\nAfter defeating Utah on the road to start the season, the Wildcats hosted Ohio State in the home opener. After outplaying the Buckeyes in the first half to lead 17\u201310 at halftime, Arizona would struggle as Ohio State took control and shut out the Wildcats in the second half and Arizona\u2019s record evened at 1-1. To date, this is Ohio State\u2019s first and only trip to Tucson and it remains the most recent meeting between the two teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, USC\nArizona visited the Coliseum to face 22nd-ranked USC. In the opening minute, the Wildcats struck first on a 75-yard pass from Jenkins to Wade. They would add another long score later in the quarter to break it open. Arizona\u2019s defense would shut down the Trojans\u2019 elite offense and blocked two extra points after USC scored its touchdowns, and earned a victory over USC for the second consecutive season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Washington State\nThe Wildcats, now back in the rankings (22nd), hosted Washington State in their next game. They would battle the Cougars back and forth for most of the game as they would trade scores all night. With the game tied at 33 late in the fourth quarter, Arizona had a chance at the win, but would miss a field goal that hit the goal post and the game went to overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Washington State\nAfter both teams traded touchdowns in the first two overtime periods, the Wildcats scored in the third frame to regain the lead. However, they would fail on a two-point try, leaving Washington State with a chance to win with a touchdown and the two-point conversion. On the Cougars\u2019 first play, the Wildcats would intercept a pass to end the game and gave Arizona a wild victory. The win put the Wildcats in first place in the Pac-10 and moved them a step closer for a potential chance at the Rose Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 69], "content_span": [70, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Oregon\nAfter their wild win over Washington State, the Wildcats traveled to Oregon to take on the seventh-ranked Ducks in a place where Arizona had not won since 1986, and became a difficult test for them in the quest for their goal. Oregon seemed to have the upper hand early, leading 14-0 before halftime. The Wildcats got back in it in the second half with ten unanswered points and had a chance to take the lead and possibly win it late for the upset, but would come up short as the Ducks held on for the win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, UCLA\nArizona returned home to host UCLA. In the Bruins\u2019 previous visit to Tucson (1998), they took down the Wildcats that kept Arizona out of the Rose Bowl/national title picture. Arizona would play tough and led late in the fourth quarter before UCLA drove down the field and scored with less than a minute remaining to grab the victory. The Wildcats were also hurt by turnovers, as Jenkins would throw four interceptions that led to the loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Washington\nLooking to get back to the win column, the Wildcats traveled to Seattle to play Washington in another tough road test, as the Huskies were ranked eighth and in the hunt for the conference title. Arizona would outplay Washington in the early part of the game, and led 22\u201310 in the third quarter on Wade\u2019s punt return for a touchdown and an upset was within the Wildcats\u2019 reach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Washington\nHowever, the Huskies showed why they were contending for the Rose Bowl, as they would storm back by the fourth quarter with a 22\u20137 run and took the lead with a touchdown with over a minute to play. Arizona had a final chance to possibly tie it, but Washington would block a field goal attempt as time expired to give the Wildcats yet another devastating defeat and ended their Rose Bowl hopes for good. The Huskies\u2019 win turned out to be revenge for their loss to Jenkins and the Wildcats in the teams\u2019 previous game in Seattle in 1998 when Arizona won on Jenkins\u2019 wild touchdown despite Washington winning in Tucson in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Oregon State\nFor homecoming weekend, as well as Veteran\u2019s Day (November 11), the Wildcats hosted tenth-ranked Oregon State while continuing to look for a win after three consecutive heartbreaking losses. However, in another difficult test, Arizona would be no match for the Beavers, and only scored on three field goals for the whole game. Fans, angered by yet another loss, chanted for Tomey to be fired as the final minutes ran down. The defeat put the Wildcats in danger of missing a bowl game with a 5\u20135 record, and needed a win against their rivals in the finale to extend the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Arizona State\nArizona hosted rival Arizona State in the \u201cDuel in the Desert\u201d, needing a win to become bowl-eligible while a loss would end the season with speculation that Tomey would be out as coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Arizona State\nThe Sun Devils, who had announced that they would part ways with their coach, Bruce Snyder, after the season due to wins and losses, faced the Wildcats by not having to deal with Canidate and Northcutt anymore (as both were in the NFL) and also tried to end the year on a high note.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Arizona State\nIn the game, both teams would start slow. As it went on, ASU would outsmart Arizona with a trick play by having the kicker running for a touchdown after faking a field goal try. The play would shift momentum, as the Wildcats committed costly mistakes, including a fumble that was recovered for a touchdown by ASU, that would ultimately seal their fate. The loss would end the season with a five-game losing streak for the Wildcats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Arizona State\nAfter the game ended, Tomey resigned as coach, citing \u201cpublic pressure\u201d from the Tucson community due to the program\u2019s inability to fulfill its goal to reach the Rose Bowl after several near-misses at it, which included the successful 1993 and 1998 seasons. Tomey finished with a record of 8\u20133\u20131 against ASU as coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, After the season\nTomey\u2019s resignation as coach stunned his players and the program as a whole. Players were in tears after hearing the news.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, After the season\nOffensive coordinator Dino Babers also resigned out of respect for Tomey and defensive coordinator Rich Ellerson was fired due to a poor defense, meaning that the Wildcats would have a new coaching staff for 2001. Both coordinators would later become future head coaches, as Ellerson formerly coached at Army and Babers currently in charge at Syracuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, After the season\nAfter a national search, Arizona hired former Illinois and Texas coach John Mackovic as Tomey\u2019s successor. Mackovic had ties to Arizona, as he served as offensive coordinator under former coach Jim Young from 1973 to 1976. He would also bring back Larry Mac Duff as defensive coordinator, who served under Tomey from 1987 to 1996 and helped build the \u201cDesert Swarm\u201d defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161541-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Arizona Wildcats football team, After the season\nThe Mackovic era would become a disaster for the Wildcats as he would lose control of the program and became embroiled in controversy. The team declined in wins, and would lead to him being fired during the 2003 season. Also, it began an era of futility and decline for the football program, which would lead to fans becoming more interested in basketball (due to its success by winning) and losing support for football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161542-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arkansas Razorbacks football team\nThe 2000 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. It marked the Razorbacks' 108th overall season and their 8th as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team is led by head coach Houston Nutt, in his third year, and played its home games at both Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock, Arkansas. They finished the season with a record of six wins and six losses (6\u20136 overall, 3\u20135 in the SEC) and with a loss against UNLV in the Las Vegas Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161543-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Arkansas State Indians football team\nThe 2000 Arkansas State Indians football team represented Arkansas State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season as members of the Big West Conference. Under fourth-year head coach Joe Hollis, the team compiled a record of 1\u201310, 1\u20134 in the Big West to finish in last place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161544-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Armenian Cup\nThe 2000 Armenian Cup was the ninth edition of the Armenian Cup, a football competition. In 2000, the tournament had 16 participants, out of which only 1 was a reserve team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161544-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Armenian Cup, Results, First round\nThe first legs were played on 18 March 2000. The second legs were played on 29 March 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161544-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Armenian Cup, Results, Quarter-finals\nThe first legs were played on 9 April 2000. The second legs were played on 19 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161544-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Armenian Cup, Results, Semi-finals\nThe first legs were played on 4 May 2000. The second legs were played on 13 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161545-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Armenian First League\nThe 2000 Armenian First League season started on 21 April 2000. Armenicum became the league champions, and were promoted to the Armenian Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161547-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Army Black Knights football team\nThe 2000 Army Black Knights football team was an American football team that represented the United States Military Academy as a member of Conference USA (C-USA) in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Todd Berry, the Black Knights compiled a 1\u201310 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 372 to 224. In the annual Army\u2013Navy Game, the Black Knights lost to Navy, 30\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161548-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asia Cup\nThe 2000 Asia Cup (as called Pepsi Asia Cup) was the seventh edition of the Asia Cup for cricket, which was held in Bangladesh between May\u2013June, 2000. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh took part in the tournament. Pakistan won the tournament beating Sri Lanka by 39 runs in the final. All the games were played at Dhaka's Bangabandhu National Stadium. Yousuf Youhana was declared the Man of the Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161548-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asia Cup, Tournament structure\nEach side played each other once in the group stages. The top 2 teams based on points at the end of the group stages met each other in a one-off final. Each win yielded 2 points while a tie/no result yielded 1 point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161549-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asia-Pacific Rally Championship\nThe 2000 Asia-Pacific Rally Championship season was an international rally championship organized by the FIA. New Zealander Possum Bourne won his third and final APRC title driving a Subaru Impreza WRX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161550-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Acrobatic Gymnastics Championships\nThe 2000 Asian Acrobatic Gymnastics Championships were the fifth edition of the Asian Acrobatic Gymnastics Championships, and were held in Kazakhstan, in September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161551-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships\nThe 13th Asian Athletics Championships were held in Jakarta, Indonesia in late August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161552-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 10,000 metres\nThe men's 10,000 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161553-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 100 metres\nThe men's 100 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28\u201330 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161553-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 100 metres, Results, Heats\nWind:Heat 1: -1.7\u00a0m/s, Heat 2: -1.8\u00a0m/s, Heat 3: -1.8\u00a0m/s, Heat 4: -2.1\u00a0m/s, Heat 5: -1.5\u00a0m/s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 69], "content_span": [70, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161554-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 110 metres hurdles\nThe men's 110 metres hurdles event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29\u201330 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161555-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 1500 metres\nThe men's 1500 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28\u201330 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161556-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 20 kilometres walk\nThe men's 20 kilometres walk event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161557-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 200 metres\nThe men's 200 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29\u201331 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161557-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 200 metres, Results, Heats\nWind:Heat 1: -0.3\u00a0m/s, Heat 2: -0.9\u00a0m/s, Heat 3: -2.0\u00a0m/s, Heat 4: -1.6\u00a0m/s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 69], "content_span": [70, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161558-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 3000 metres steeplechase\nThe men's 3000 metres steeplechase event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161559-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 4 \u00d7 100 metres relay\nThe men's 4 \u00d7 100 metres relay event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30\u201331 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161560-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 4 \u00d7 400 metres relay\nThe men's 4 \u00d7 400 metres relay event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161561-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 400 metres\nThe men's 400 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28\u201330 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161562-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 400 metres hurdles\nThe men's 400 metres hurdles event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29\u201331 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161563-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 5000 metres\nThe men's 5000 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161564-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's 800 metres\nThe men's 800 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29\u201331 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161565-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's decathlon\nThe men's decathlon event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30\u201331 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161566-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's discus throw\nThe men's discus throw event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161567-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's hammer throw\nThe men's hammer throw event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161568-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's high jump\nThe men's high jump event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161569-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's javelin throw\nThe men's javelin throw event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161570-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's long jump\nThe men's long jump event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161571-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's pole vault\nThe men's pole vault event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161572-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's shot put\nThe men's shot put event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161573-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Men's triple jump\nThe men's triple jump event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161574-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 10,000 metres\nThe women's 10,000 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161575-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 10,000 metres walk\nThe women's 10,000 metres walk event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161576-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 100 metres\nThe women's 100 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28\u201330 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161576-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 100 metres, Results, Heats\nWind:Heat 1: +0.3\u00a0m/s, Heat 2: +0.3\u00a0m/s, Heat 3: -0.7\u00a0m/s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 71], "content_span": [72, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161577-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 100 metres hurdles\nThe women's 100 metres hurdles event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28\u201330 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161578-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 1500 metres\nThe women's 1500 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161579-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 200 metres\nThe women's 200 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29\u201331 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161579-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 200 metres, Results, Heats\nWind:Heat 1: +0.8\u00a0m/s, Heat 2: +0.5\u00a0m/s, Heat 3: +0.5\u00a0m/s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 71], "content_span": [72, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161580-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 4 \u00d7 100 metres relay\nThe women's 4 \u00d7 100 metres relay event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161581-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 4 \u00d7 400 metres relay\nThe women's 4 \u00d7 400 metres relay event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161582-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 400 metres\nThe women's 400 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28\u201330 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161583-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 400 metres hurdles\nThe women's 400 metres hurdles event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161584-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 5000 metres\nThe women's 5000 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161585-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's 800 metres\nThe women's 800 metres event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161586-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's discus throw\nThe women's discus throw event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161587-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's hammer throw\nThe women's hammer throw event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161588-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's heptathlon\nThe men's heptathlon event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28\u201329 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161589-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's high jump\nThe women's high jump event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161590-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's javelin throw\nThe women's javelin throw event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 August. It was the first edition of the championships after the introduction of the new model of javelin thus the winning result was automatically the new championships record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161591-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's long jump\nThe women's long jump event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161592-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's pole vault\nThe women's pole vault event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 29 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161593-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's shot put\nThe women's shot put event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161594-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Athletics Championships \u2013 Women's triple jump\nThe women's triple jump event at the 2000 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 28 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161595-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Badminton Championships\nThe 2000 Badminton Asia Championships was the 18th tournament of the Badminton Asia Championships. It was held in Jakarta, Indonesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161596-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Beach Volleyball Championship\nThe 2000 Asian Beach Volleyball Women's Invitational or the 2000 Nestea Asian Beach Volleyball Women's Invitational for sponsorship reasons, was a beach volleyball event, that was held from February 11 to 13, 2000 in Pasay, Philippines. The event serves as the inaugural edition of the Asian Beach Volleyball Championship. The tournament was held in a beach volleyball court specifically made for the tournament at the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161597-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Canoe Slalom Championships\nThe 2000 Asian Canoe Slalom Championships were the 1st Asian Canoe Slalom Championships and took place from November 4\u20137, 2000 in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161598-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Judo Championships\nThe 2000 Asian Judo Championships were held in Osaka, Japan 26 May to 28 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161599-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Junior Badminton Championships\nThe 2000 Asian Junior Badminton Championships were held in Nishiyama Park Gymnasium, Kyoto, Japan from 21\u201327 July and organized by the Kyoto Badminton Association. 21 countries competed at this competition, and in the end of the tournament, China clinched all the titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161599-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Junior Badminton Championships, Seeded\nIn the team event, Indonesia and China were the first seeded in the boys' and girls' team event. Shoji Sato was the first seeded in the boys' singles, and at the boys' doubles he also first seeded with Sho Sasaki. Wei Yan, Zhao Tingting/Li Yujia, and Sang Yang/Zhang Yawen from China were seeded first in the girls' singles, girls' doubles and mixed doubles respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161599-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Junior Badminton Championships, Medalists\nIn the boys' singles final, Lin Dan beat the Indonesian player Sony Dwi Kuncoro with the score 15\u201312, 15\u20135. Sang Yang and Zheng Bo won the boys' doubles title after defeat the Korean pair Lee Jae-jin and Jung Jae-sung in the rubber game with the score 17\u201316, 11\u201315, 15\u201312. Zheng Bo also won the mixed doubles title with Wei Yili, after the first seeded retired in the final match. while Wei also won the girls' doubles title with Zhang Yawen beat their compatriot Zhao Tingting and Li Yujia, 15\u201312, 15\u20135. The girls' singles title goes to Yu Jin who beat the top seeded Wei Yan with the score 15\u20135 and 15\u20133. China also secures the boys' and girls' team event after beat the Indonesia men's team and South Korea women's team with the score 3\u20130 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161600-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship\nThe 2000 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship was held in Azadi Volleyball Hall, Tehran, Iran from 18 August to 25 August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161600-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship, Pools composition\nThe teams are seeded based on their final ranking at the 1998 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161601-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship\nThe 2000 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship was held in Dagupan City, Philippines from 12 September to 17 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161601-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship, Pools composition\nThe teams are seeded based on their final ranking at the 1998 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 68], "content_span": [69, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161602-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Men's Handball Championship\nThe 2000 Asian Men's Handball Championship was the ninth Asian Championship, which was taking place from 25 30 January 30 2000 in Kumamoto, Japan. It acted as the Asian qualifying tournament for the 2000 Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161603-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Men's Junior Handball Championship\nThe 2000 Asian Men's Junior Handball Championship (7th tournament) took place in Mashhad from 30 August\u20138 September. It acts as the Asian qualifying tournament for the 2001 Men's Junior World Handball Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161604-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian PGA Tour\nThe 2000 Asian PGA Tour was the sixth season of the Asian PGA Tour, the main men's professional golf tour in Asia excluding Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161604-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian PGA Tour, Tournament schedule\nThe table below shows the 2000 Asian PGA Tour schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161605-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Speed Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Asian Speed Skating Championships were held between 14 January and 15 January 2000 at Handgait Ice Rink in Ulan Bator, Mongolia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161606-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Super Cup\nThe 2000 Asian Super Cup was the 6th Asian Super Cup, a football match played between the winners of the previous season's Asian Club Championship and Asian Cup Winners Cup competitions. The 2000 competition was contested by Al Hilal of Saudi Arabia, who won the 1999-2000 Asian Club Championship, and Shimizu S-Pulse of Japan, the winners of the 1999\u20132000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161607-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Table Tennis Championships\nThe 15th Asian Table Tennis Championships 2000 were held in Doha, Qatar from 1 to 8 May 2000. It was organised by the Qatar Table Tennis Association under the authority of Asian Table Tennis Union (ATTU) and International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161608-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Taekwondo Championships\nThe 2000 Asian Taekwondo Championships are the 14th edition of the Asian Taekwondo Championships, and were held in Hong Kong from May 13 to May 16, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161609-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Weightlifting Championships\nThe 2000 Asian Weightlifting Championships were held in Osaka, Japan between May 3 and May 6, 2000. It was the 32nd men's and 13th women's championship. The event was organised by the Asian Weightlifting Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161609-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Weightlifting Championships, Medal table\nRanking by all medals: Big (Total result) and Small (Snatch and Clean & Jerk)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161610-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Women's Handball Championship\nThe 2000 Asian Women's Handball Championship, the eighth Asian Championship, which was taking place from 10 to 17 August 10 2000 in Shanghai, China. It acted as the Asian qualifying tournament for the 2001 World Women's Handball Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161611-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Women's Junior Handball Championship\nThe 2000 Asian Women's Junior Handball Championship (6th tournament) took place in Dhaka from 25 July\u201331 July. It acts as the Asian qualifying tournament for the 2001 Women's Junior World Handball Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161612-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Asian Wrestling Championships\nThe following is the final results of the 2000 Asian Wrestling Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161613-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Atat\u00fcrk Cup\nThe 2000 Atat\u00fcrk Cup was a single football match contested between Turkish domestic cup winners and rivals Be\u015fikta\u015f J.K. and Galatasaray S.K. Be\u015fikta\u015f won the game 2-1. This was the fourth and final edition of the Atat\u00fcrk Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season\nThe 2000 Atlanta Braves season marked the franchise's 35th season in Atlanta along with the 125th season in the National League and 130th overall. The Braves won their sixth consecutive division title, however, the 2000 season would mark the first time since 1990 that the Braves did not appear in the National League Championship Series in a non-strike season. The Braves failed to go to their sixth World Series in ten years. One of the highlights of the season was that the All-Star Game was held at Turner Field in Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season, Regular season, All-Star game\nThe 2000 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played in Atlanta. It was the 71st midsummer classic featuring the American League (AL) and National League (NL). The game was played on July 11, 2000 at Turner Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season, Regular season, All-Star game\nFive members of the Braves were part of the All-Star Game. Andr\u00e9s Galarraga and Chipper Jones started at first base and third base, respectively. Tom Glavine, Greg Maddux and Andruw Jones were part of the team as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season, Regular season, All-Star game\nThe 2000 All-Star Game was one of the few occurrences in which the manager of the host team also managed the home team of the game, in this case, the National League (Bobby Cox had led the Braves to the World Series the previous year earning the right to manage the National League). The final score was 6-3 for the American League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161614-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Braves season, National League Division Series, St. Louis Cardinals vs. Atlanta Braves\nSt. Louis wins series, 3-0. Jim Edmonds strong hitting carried St. Louis", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 99], "content_span": [100, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161615-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlanta Falcons season\nThe 2000 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise's 35th season in the National Football League (NFL). The Falcons offense scored 252 points while the defense gave up 413 points. It was Jessie Tuggle\u2019s 14th and final season with the Falcons, before being waived in the 2001 off-season. He subsequently retired. As for the rest of the team, Atlanta failed to improve upon its 5\u201311 record from 1999; instead they finished the season 4\u201312 and missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season after reaching Super Bowl XXXIII in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161616-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Championship was held at Bear Stadium in Boyertown, Pennsylvania from May 18\u201320. It was the 13th and final tournament held in Boyertown. It featured the top two regular-season finishers of each of the conference's six-team divisions. West Division top seed Virginia Tech defeated Massachusetts in the title game to win the tournament for the third time, earning the Atlantic 10's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161616-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding and format\nEach division's top teams, based on winning percentage in the 21-game regular season schedule, qualified for the field. In the four-team double-elimination format, the East Division champion played the West Division runner-up, and vice versa. In the West Division, Virginia Tech's regular season series win over George Washington gave it the top seed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161616-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team\nThe following players were named to the All-Tournament Team. Virginia Tech shortstop Addison Bowman, one of three Hokies selected, was named Most Outstanding Player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 68], "content_span": [69, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161616-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team\nVirginia Tech's Addison Bowman, also named in 1999, was selected for the second time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 68], "content_span": [69, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161617-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament was played from March 8 to March 11, 2000. The tournament was played at The Spectrum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The winner was named champion of the Atlantic 10 Conference and received an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. The top two teams in each division received a first-round bye in the conference tournament. Temple University won the tournament. Dayton and St. Bonaventure also received bids to the NCAA Tournament. Quincy Wadley of Temple was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Future NBA players Mark Karcher and Pepe S\u00e1nchez of Temple were among those joining Wadley on the All-Championship Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161617-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament, Bracket\nAll games played at The Spectrum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania* - Overtime", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161618-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic Championship\nThe 2000 Toyota Atlantic Championship season was contested over 12 rounds. The CART Toyota Atlantic Championship Drivers' Champion was Buddy Rice driving for PPI Motorsports. In this one-make formula all drivers had to utilize Swift chassis and Toyota engines. 20 different teams and 39 different drivers competed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161618-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic Championship, Calendar\nRace 1 and 2 were held on combination oval/road course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161618-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic Championship, Final points standings, Driver\nFor every race the points were awarded: 20 points to the winner, 16 for runner-up, 14 for third place, 12 for fourth place, 10 for fifth place, 8 for sixth place, 6 seventh place, winding down to 1 point for 12th place. Lower placed drivers did not award points. Additional points were awarded to the pole winner (1 point) and to the driver leading the most laps (1 point).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161619-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament was held at the Knights Stadium in Fort Mill, SC from May 16th through May 21st. Georgia Tech won the tournament and earned the Atlantic Coast Conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161619-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament, Tournament, Main Bracket, Seeding Procedure\nOn Saturday (The Semifinals) of the ACC Baseball Tournament, the match-up between the four remaining teams is determined by previous opponents. If teams have played previously in the tournament, every attempt will be made to avoid a repeat match-up between teams, regardless of seed. If it is impossible to avoid a match-up that already occurred, then the determination is based on avoiding the most recent, current tournament match-up, regardless of seed. If no match-ups have occurred, the team left in the winners bracket will play the lowest seeded team from the losers bracket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 95], "content_span": [96, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe 2000 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active hurricane season, but featured the latest first named storm in a hurricane season since 1992. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was slightly above average due to a La Ni\u00f1a weather pattern although most of the storms were weak It was also the only Season to Include 2 storms in Ireland. The first cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed in the southern Gulf of Mexico on June 7 and dissipated after an uneventful duration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season\nHowever, it would be almost two months before the first named storm, Alberto, formed near Cape Verde; Alberto also dissipated with no effects on land. Several other tropical cyclones\u2014Tropical Depression Two, Tropical Depression Four, Chris, Ernesto, Nadine, and an unnamed subtropical storm\u2014did not impact land. Five additional storms\u2014Tropical Depression Nine, Florence, Isaac, Joyce, and Leslie\u2014minimally affected land areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season\nThe most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Keith, which caused extensive damage in Central America. After remaining nearly stationary offshore, Keith moved inland over the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula and later made a second landfall in Mexico at hurricane intensity. It caused $319\u00a0million (2000 USD) in damage and 40 fatalities, mostly in Belize. The precursor to Tropical Storm Leslie brought severe flooding to South Florida, which losses reaching $950\u00a0million (2000 USD). Hurricane Gordon and Tropical Storm Helene both caused moderate damage in the Southeastern United States, mainly in Florida. Tropical Storm Beryl caused minor damage in Mexico and Hurricane Debby resulted in less than $1\u00a0million (2000 USD) in damage in the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Hurricane Michael brought widespread effects to Atlantic Canada, though a specific damage toll is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal forecasts, Pre-season outlooks\nForecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane expert Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU), and separately by forecasters with the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). According to CSU, the average season between 1950 and 2000 had 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (storms exceeding Category 3 on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane scale). A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 9 to 12 named storms, of which five to seven reach hurricane strength and one to three become major hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal forecasts, Pre-season outlooks\nNoted hurricane expert Dr. William M. Gray on April 7 predicted eleven named storms, with eight reaching hurricane strength and three of the eight reaching Category 3 strength. The prediction issued on June 7 was similar, increasing the named storms to twelve, eight hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. On May 10, NOAA issued a season outlook, which gave the indication of an above-average season. According to NOAA, the global scale atmospheric circulation pattern which was taking place was conducive to an above-average hurricane season. However, La Ni\u00f1a was present it the Eastern Pacific, which was a factor in the activity in the season. NOAA issued a 75% chance of above average activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal forecasts, Mid-season outlooks\nAfter the season started on June 1, CSU issued a mid-season forecast on August 4, which predicted 11 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. Six days after the CSU prediction, NOAA also released a mid-season outlook, forecasting exactly the same amount of activity, 11 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. With a 75% chance of above-average activity, there was an elevated risk of landfalling hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal summary\nThe Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2000. It was an above average season in which 19 tropical cyclones formed. Fifteen depressions attained tropical storm status, and eight of these attained hurricane status. Three hurricanes further intensified into major hurricanes. The season was above average most likely because of an ongoing La Ni\u00f1a in the Pacific Ocean. Three hurricanes and two tropical storms made landfall during the season and caused 77 deaths and $1.2\u00a0billion in damage (2000 USD). Hurricane Florence and Isaac and Tropical Storm Leslie also caused damage and fatalities, though none of the three made landfall. The last storm of the season, an unnamed subtropical storm, dissipated on October 29, over a month before the official end of hurricane season on November 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal summary\nTropical cyclogenesis first occurred in the month of June, with two tropical depressions developing in the Atlantic. However, no tropical cyclones developed in the month of July, the first phenomenon since 1993. In August, five tropical cyclones developed, most notably, Hurricane Alberto. September was more active, with seven named storms forming; that month featured Hurricane Keith, the strongest system of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season. With seven named storms forming in September, this made it the most active September on record at the time. This record was surpassed two years later when eight storms formed in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal summary\nIn addition, a quick succession of eight storms occurred in September, and lasted into early October. Six tropical cyclones existed in October and one additional subtropical storm developed in the last week of the month. Following an active October, no tropical cyclogenesis occurred in November, which is the final month of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal summary\nThe season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 119. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Subtropical cyclones, including the unnamed storm as well as the initial stages of Florence, Leslie, and Michael, are excluded from the total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression One\nA tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on May 23 and tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean. The system had entered into the Gulf of Mexico on June 6. Another tropical wave merged with the system on June 7 and developed into a low-pressure area in the Gulf of Mexico. Later that day, the National Hurricane Center began classifying the system as Tropical Depression One. Though the depression was predicted to intensify into a tropical storm, strong wind shear produced by an upper-anticyclone prevented significant strengthening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression One\nThe depression tracked slowly and erratically through the Gulf of Mexico. By late on June 8, a reconnaissance plane flight indicated that the depression had degenerated into a low-pressure area. The remnants of the depression produced gusty winds and light to moderate rainfall along the Gulf Coast of Mexico; some areas in the state of Tamaulipas reported precipitation amounts as high as 7.18 inches (182\u00a0mm). In addition, heavy precipitation was reported in south-central Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Two\nA tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa and quickly developed into Tropical Depression Two on June 23. Although it was well-organized, the National Hurricane Center did not initiate advisories on the depression until 1500 UTC on June 24, since it operationally appeared that a surface circulation did not exist until then. However, the depression was less organized after the National Hurricane Center began advisories. Having formed at 19.8\u00b0W, it was one of the easternmost developing tropical cyclones in the month of June, even further east than Tropical Storm Ana in 1979 and Tropical Depression Two in 2003. Though light wind shear and marginally warm sea surface temperatures were in the path of the depression, no significant intensification occurred as it tracked generally westward. The depression began encountering a stable air mass, and degenerated back into a tropical wave on June 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 971]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Alberto\nA well-developed tropical wave was observed in satellite imagery over central Africa on July 30. The system tracked westward and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on August 3. Thereafter, the system rapidly organized, and developed into Tropical Depression Three at 1800 UTC that day. The depression moved west-northwestward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Alberto early on August 4. While briefly turning westward on August 6, Alberto reached hurricane status. It tracked west-northwestward, and by early the following day, the storm reached an initial peak with winds of 90\u00a0mph (145\u00a0km/h). Shortly thereafter, Alberto re-curved northwestward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Alberto\nWind shear then increased, which caused Alberto to weaken to a tropical storm on August 9. However, it quickly re-strengthened, and early on August 10, Alberto was upgraded to a hurricane again. Due to a break in a subtropical ridge, Alberto gradually curved northward and north-northeastward between August 11 and 12. While turning northeastward, Alberto strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane, becoming the first major hurricane of the season. By 1200 UTC on August 12, Alberto attained its peak intensity with winds of 125\u00a0mph (201\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Alberto\nIncreasing upper-level westerlies caused Alberto to weaken as it moved east-northeastward, with the cyclone losing most of its convection. Early on August 14, Alberto was downgraded to a tropical storm. A westerly trough that had been guiding Alberto outran the storm, and strong ridging developed to the north and west. As a result, Alberto turned southward on August 15, southwestward on August 16, and then to the west on August 17. While curving northwestward and then northward, Alberto began to re-strengthen, and was upgraded to a hurricane for the third occasion on August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Alberto\nAlberto reached a third peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105\u00a0mph (169\u00a0km/h) on August 20. After weakening back to a Category 1 hurricane, Alberto had completed a cyclonic loop, which it had started on August 13. Due to decreasing ocean temperatures, Alberto was again downgraded to a tropical storm on August 23 as it accelerated northeastward. Six hours later, Alberto transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while centered about 780 miles (1,260\u00a0km) south-southwest of Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Four\nAn area of low pressure detached from a frontal zone on August 4 and moved southwestward. After developing a minimal amount of deep convection, an Air Force Reserve Command reconnaissance aircraft found a well-defined low-level circulation on August 8. The depression then moved westward without intensifying for two days. On August 10, the depression was about 80 miles (130\u00a0km) east of Cape Canaveral, Florida when it abruptly turned northeastward in advance of a deep-layer trough over the eastern United States. After minimal strengthening, the depression dissipated to the north of the Bahamas on August 11. While a tropical cyclone, a reconnaissance flight reported winds of 56\u00a0mph (90\u00a0km/h) at 1,500 feet (460\u00a0m). However, it was not upgraded to a tropical storm since the aforementioned wind speed did not represent the intensity of the depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Beryl\nA tropical wave emerged from the coast of Africa with a closed circulation on August 3. The system split, with the northern portion developing into Hurricane Alberto, while the southern portion of the wave continued westward. Minimal deep convection persisted until the wave reached the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula on August 12. After emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on the following day, satellite imagery and a reconnaissance aircraft flight indicated that the system developed into Tropical Depression Five at 1800 UTC. Early on August 13, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Beryl. Despite predictions for Beryl to reach hurricane status, it remained disorganized and peaked as a 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h) tropical storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Beryl\nBy 0700 UTC on August 15, Beryl made landfall about 35 miles (56\u00a0km) north of La Pesca, in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas with winds of 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h). Beryl quickly weakened inland, and was downgraded to a tropical depression five hours after moving inland. Shortly thereafter, Beryl dissipated while centered near Monterrey. In Mexico, Beryl dropped light to moderate rainfall, especially in Tamaulipas, which peaked at 9.76 inches (248\u00a0mm). One person drowned due to flood waters in northeastern Mexico. Damage was light, totaling to $27,000 (2000 USD). In southern Texas, Beryl brought light precipitation to some locations. Cloud cover and rainfall in the Brownsville area resulted in the coldest maximum temperature recorded for the city on the date of August 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Chris\nA tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on August 12. Although large amounts of deep convection accompanied the system, it was displaced from the poorly defined center. Over the next few days, convection consolidated and by 1200 UTC on August 17, the system began as Tropical Depression Six, while centered about 690 miles (1,110\u00a0km) east of the Lesser Antilles. Outflow was initially limited due to light wind shear, though the depression was forecast to become a strong tropical storm by August 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Chris\nIt was \"highly surprising\" to the National Hurricane Center that the depression did not immediately begin to intensify, despite warm sea surface temperatures and light wind shear. Because of a burst in deep convection, as well as satellite imagery estimating winds of 40\u00a0mph (65\u00a0km/h), the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Chris at 1200 UTC on August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Chris\nUpon becoming a tropical storm, Chris attained its peak intensity with winds of 40\u00a0mph (65\u00a0km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,008\u00a0mbar (29.8\u00a0inHg). Because wind shear was believed to be weak, further intensification seemed very likely. Unexpectedly, Chris weakened back to a tropical depression by 1800 UTC on August 18, after having been a tropical storm for only six hours. However, the National Hurricane Center operationally held Chris at tropical storm intensity until early on the following day. Convection was nearly non-existent early on August 19, though there were a few small bursts in convection. Later that day, a reconnaissance aircraft flight into the storm found no circulation, while a QuikSCAT pass indicated an open wave. As a result, Chris dissipated while east of the northernmost Leeward Islands at 1200 UTC on August 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Debby\nA strong tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on August 16. No development occurred until August 19, when convection began consolidating around a well-defined low-level circulation. As a result, the system became Tropical Depression Seven at 1800 UTC on that same day, while located about 1,035 miles (1,666\u00a0km) east of the Windward Islands. Favorable conditions allowed the depression to become Tropical Storm Debby early on August 20 and further strengthening into a hurricane occurred 24 hours later. At 1200 UTC on August 21, sustained winds peaked at 85\u00a0mph (135\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Debby\nDebby made three landfalls on August 22, in Barbuda, Saint Barth\u00e9lemy, and Virgin Gorda, before re-entering the Atlantic north of Puerto Rico. As Debby paralleled the north coast of Hispaniola late on August 23, it weakened to a tropical storm. Unexpectedly, the storm continued westward and weakened further, instead of approaching Florida and strengthening into a major hurricane. While south of eastern Cuba on August 24, Debby was downgraded to a tropical depression, six hours becoming completely dissipating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Debby\nLight rainfall and gusty winds caused minor damage in Barbuda, Saint Martin, and Trinidad and Tobago. Brief blackouts and damage reaching $200,000 was reported in the United States Virgin Islands. Effects were most severe in Puerto Rico, where some areas experienced more than 12 inches (300\u00a0mm) of rainfall. Mudslides caused by flooding damaged roads, bridges, and houses. At 406 homes on the island were flooded, which five suffering at least moderate damage. In San Juan, slick roads caused several minor car accidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Debby\nOne indirect fatality was attributed to the storm after a man fell off his roof while attempting to remove a satellite dish. Damage on the island of Puerto Rico reached $501,000. According to the Civil Defense Force of Dominican Republic, severe flooding in the northern portions of that country caused the evacuation of more than 700 people. In Haiti, squalls tore tin roofs off of numerous shanty homes and subsequently flooded a few. Rainfall in Cuba brought relief to an eight-month-long drought in eastern Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ernesto\nA tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on August 28. While tracking west-northwestward, satellite imagery indicated a developing low-level circulation. After significant deep convection formed, the system was classified as Tropical Depression Eight at 1200 UTC on September 1. Because of potentially unfavorable wind shear, only slight intensification was forecast. The depression tracked west-northwestward under the influence of a subtropical ridge to its north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ernesto\nBecause of satellite intensity estimates of sustained winds of 40\u00a0mph (64\u00a0km/h), increased deep convection, and improvements in outflow, the depression became Tropical Storm Ernesto at 0600 UTC on September 2. However, the NHC noted in its Tropical Cyclone Report on Ernesto that it may not have been a tropical cyclone at all, as QuikSCAT surface wind estimates indicated that there was no closed circulation, although the data was dismissed as inconclusive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ernesto\nAs it strengthened into a tropical storm, Ernesto attained its peak intensity with winds of 40\u00a0mph (64\u00a0km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,008\u00a0mbar (29.8\u00a0inHg). Because of vertical shear, the low-level circulation did not become well-defined. Because convection was being sheared away from the center, the National Hurricane Center noted the possibility of Ernesto weakening back to a tropical depression, though forecasts indicated otherwise. Later that day, no significant change in intensity was predicted, as persistent wind shear seemed to be weakening Ernesto, though the SHIPS and GFDL computer models called for significant strengthening. Although deep convection re-developed near the center early on September 3, no intensification occurred. At 1800 UTC on September 3, Ernesto weakened to a tropical depression. Six hours later, Ernesto dissipated to the east-northeast of the Leeward Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 966]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Nine\nA low-level trough and a cluster of convection associated with a tropical wave interacted in the Gulf of Mexico in early September 2000. A disorganized low-level center developed and, thus, the system was classified as Tropical Depression Nine while located 185 miles (298\u00a0km) south of Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 7. Due to proximity to land, the depression was unable to intensify into a tropical storm and attained a maximum wind speed of 35\u00a0mph (56\u00a0km/h). The depression weakened slightly before making landfall near Sabine Pass, Texas on September 9. Eight hours later, the depression dissipated while barely inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Nine\nThe depression brought light to moderate rainfall to Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Alabama, and Texas, though it was generally less than 3 inches (76\u00a0mm). A few areas in southern Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama reported precipitation in excess of 6 inches (150\u00a0mm); rainfall associated with the depression peaked at 6.70 inches (170\u00a0mm) in Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. However, the depression caused no damage or fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Florence\nA cold front moved off the continent of North America in early September. The system spawned a low-pressure area that gradually developed into a subtropical depression at 1800 UTC on September 10, while located about 325 miles (523\u00a0km) west-southwest of Bermuda. It rapidly acquired tropical characteristics and became Tropical Depression Ten at 0600 UTC on September 11. Thereafter, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Florence at 1200 UTC on that day and reached hurricane status only six hours later. Drier mid-tropospheric air weaken Florence to a tropical storm, but re-strengthen into a hurricane later on September 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Florence\nDue to a combination of north-northwesterly shear and lower sea surface temperatures, Florence again weakened on September 13 and was downgraded to a tropical storm. After moving erratically for almost five days, Florence accelerated east-northeastward in response to a short-wave trough on September 15. The storm soon began to re-intensify, becoming a hurricane early on September 16. Shortly thereafter, Florence curved northeastward. However, colder sea surface temperatures weakened it to a tropical storm September 17. Early on the following day, Florence was absorbed by an extratropical low near Newfoundland. Rip current along the East Coast of the United States drowned three people in North Carolina. Tropical storm force winds were reported in Bermuda, though no damage occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gordon\nA tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on September 4 and tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean with minimal organization for four days. After slowly developing convection between September 8 and 14, an Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft reported a closed circulation. As a result, the system was classified as Tropical Depression Eleven just offshore Quintana Roo. Shortly thereafter, the depression made landfall in Quintana Roo. On September 15, the system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0026-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gordon\nDue to warm sea surface temperatures, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Gordon on the following day and further to hurricane intensity on September 17 while tracking northeastward. However, vertical wind shear and dry air entrainment weakened Gordon to a tropical storm later that day. At 0300 UTC on September 18, Gordon made landfall near Cedar Key, Florida with winds of 65\u00a0mph (105\u00a0km/h). Gordon rapidly weakened inland and was only a tropical depression when it was absorbed by a frontal system over Georgia about 15 hours later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gordon\nWhile passing through the Lesser Antilles, the precursor tropical wave caused locally heavy rainfall and wind gusts between 29 and 35\u00a0mph (47 and 56\u00a0km/h). Shortly before developing into a tropical cyclone, flooding in mountainous areas of Guatemala caused 23 fatalities. In its early stages, Gordon produced locally heavy rainfall in Cuba and the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula. The storm produced abnormally high tides along the west coast of Florida, which caused widespread, but minor coastal flooding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0027-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gordon\nAt least 65 homes and businesses were flooded, while numerous coastal roads, including Bayshore Boulevard and the Courtney Campbell Causeway, were closed due to water inundation. One fatality occurred near Pensacola, after a surfer drowned in rough seas. Strong winds in the state caused damage to houses, businesses, power lines, and trees. Two tornadoes in Southwest Florida extensively damaged 2 condominiums and at least 24 houses. A third tornado along the east coast of Central Florida caused minimal damage to trees and roofs. Minor flooding occurred in some areas  due to rainfall reaching 9.48 inches (241\u00a0mm) in Mayo. In North Carolina, flooding caused two indirect fatalities when a car lost control and crashed into a tractor trailer. In other states, light rainfall caused mostly minor effects. Overall, Gordon was responsible for $10.8\u00a0million in damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 926]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Helene\nA tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 10 and gradually developed into Tropical Depression Twelve on September 15, while located more than 600 miles (970\u00a0km) east of the Leeward Islands. It did not intensify and degenerated to a tropical wave on the following day. The remnants continued westward and crossed the Leeward Islands on September 17. Late on September 19, the remnants redeveloped into Tropical Depression Twelve near Grand Cayman. Around 1200 UTC on September 20, the depression crossed near the western tip of Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0028-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Helene\nEntering the Gulf of Mexico, the depression began strengthening, and became Tropical Storm Helene at early on September 21, while tracking northward. Later that day, Helene peaked with winds of 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h), though due to increasing wind shear, the storm soon began to weaken. At 1200 UTC on September 22, Helene made landfall near Fort Walton Beach, Florida with winds of 40\u00a0mph (64\u00a0km/h). Although the storm weakened slightly inland, it later began re-strengthening and became a tropical storm over North Carolina late on September 23. After re-emerging into the Atlantic Ocean, Helene re-intensified to near hurricane status, though the storm was absorbed by a cold front on September 26, while east-southeast of Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Helene\nThe remnant tropical wave produced strong winds and flooding in the Lesser Antilles. Effects were the worst in Puerto Rico, where flash flooding and mudslides destroyed one houses and damaged at least 100 others. In addition, a bridge was also destroyed and many other roads were impassable due to flooding. Impact in Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola is unknown. A combination of gusty winds, locally heavy rainfall, and a few tornadoes in the Florida Panhandle caused about 5,000 power outages, damaged more than 220 homes, and destroyed two houses and four mobile homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0029-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Helene\nHeavy rainfall caused the Sopchoppy River to exceed its banks, flooding nearby houses. Outside of Florida, effects were most severe in South Carolina, where rainfall in excess of 9 inches (230\u00a0mm) fell, and a tornado caused one fatality, six injuries, and damaged 12 houses. The other death in the state occurred when a car hydroplaned and crashed into a tree, which killed the driver. Throughout its path, Helene caused slightly more than $16\u00a0million in damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Isaac\nA well-defined tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 20. The cloud pattern quickly became better-defined, and developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen on September 21 while centered south of Cape Verde. The depression quickly intensified due to low wind shear and became Tropical Storm Isaac early on September 22 as it headed west-northwestward. Isaac continued to strengthen and was upgraded to a hurricane on September 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0030-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Isaac\nAfter reaching a preliminary peak with winds of 120\u00a0mph (190\u00a0km/h), the structure of the storm became less organized, possibly due to slightly colder ocean temperatures and increased wind shear. By 1200 UTC on September 26, Isaac ceased weakening after winds dropped to 85\u00a0mph (137\u00a0km/h). The storm began to re-strengthen on September 27 after wind shear decreased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Isaac\nOn September 28, Isaac peaked as a low-end Category 4 hurricane with winds of 140\u00a0mph (225\u00a0km/h). Following its peak intensity, Isaac began to weaken immediately thereafter, while turning north-northwestward. Eventually, the storm turned northward before re-curving north-northeastward. Further weakening occurred after Isaac moved over decreasing sea surface temperatures and dropped down to Category 1 intensity by September 30, while accelerating northeastward. On October 1, Isaac was downgraded to a tropical storm shortly before transitioning into extratropical later that same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0031-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Isaac\nThe extratropical remnants affected the British Isles between October 3 and 4, before being absorbed into another extratropical storm to the north of Scotland on October 4. Minimal impact was reported from Isaac. One fatality occurred when a passenger drowned after his boat capsized due to large waves produced by Isaac offshore Long Island, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Joyce\nA poorly organized tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 22. Over the next three days, the system tracked westward and slowly began to develop a closed circulation. By September 25, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories. Convection became further organized, and the depression continued to intensity. Twelve hours after becoming a cyclone, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Joyce early on September 26. Joyce continued to strengthen and became a hurricane by September 27. On the following day, a pinhole eye appeared, and shortly thereafter, Joyce peaked as a strong Category 1 hurricane with winds of 90\u00a0mph (140\u00a0km/h) on September 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Joyce\nAfter peak intensity on September 28, wind shear and a possible intrusion of dry air caused Joyce to become disorganized and weaken. Late on September 29, Joyce was downgraded to a tropical storm while centered well east of the Lesser Antilles. Though it was always predicted to re-intensify, Joyce continued to weaken and became a tropical depression on October 1 while crossing through the southern Windward Islands. Early on the following day, Joyce unexpectedly degenerated back into an open tropical wave over the southeast Caribbean Sea. The remnants were monitored for regeneration, but never developed back into a tropical cyclone. Overall, impact from Joyce was minimal, limited to mainly rainfall and near-tropical storm force winds in Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados. The remnants of Joyce also caused similar effects on the ABC islands and Dominican Republic, which resulted in minor damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 961]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Keith\nA tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on September 16. The system uneventfully crossed the Atlantic and Caribbean, before developing into Tropical Depression Fifteen while near Honduras on September 28. The depression gradually strengthened, and became Tropical Storm Keith on the following day. As the storm tracked westward, it continued to intensify and was upgraded to a hurricane on September 30. Shortly thereafter, Keith began to rapidly deepen and peaked as a 140\u00a0mph (230\u00a0km/h) Category 4 hurricane less than 24 hours later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0034-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Keith\nKeith then began to meander erratically offshore of Belize, which significantly weakened the storm due to land interaction. By late on October 2, Keith made landfall in Ambergris Caye, Belize as a minimal hurricane. It quickly weakened to a tropical storm, before another landfall occurred near Belize City early on the following day. While moving inland over the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula, Keith weakened further, and was downgraded to a tropical depression before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on October 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0034-0002", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Keith\nOnce in the Gulf of Mexico, Keith began to re-strengthen and was upgraded to a tropical storm later that day, and a hurricane on the following day. By late on October 5, Keith made its third and final landfall near Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico as a moderately strong Category 1 hurricane. The storm quickly weakened inland and dissipated as a tropical cyclone by 24 hours after landfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Keith\nKeith brought heavy rainfall to several countries in Central America, which resulted in extensive flooding, especially in Belize and Mexico. In Guatemala, the storm flooded 10 towns, and caused one fatality. Similarly, one fatality also occurred in El Salvador, and at least 300 people were affected by flooding in that country. Thirteen communities in Nicaragua were completely isolated after Keith made roads impassable. Twelve deaths were reported in Nicaragua, all of which were flood-related. Five people were presumed dead in Honduras after an aircraft disappeared near Roat\u00e1n; one other fatality occurred due to flooding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0035-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Keith\nThe storm brought torrential rainfall to Belize, with many areas reporting at least 10 inches (250\u00a0mm) of rain, while highest reported amount of precipitation was 32.67 inches (830\u00a0mm) in Belize City. In Belize, a village reported that only 12 houses remained, while elsewhere in the country, at least 60 homes were destroyed or damaged; several houses in Belize City suffered minor roof damage. At least 19 people were killed in Belize and damages totaled to $280\u00a0million (2000 USD). Heavy rainfall also occurred in Mexico, especially in the states of Nuevo Le\u00f3n and Tamaulipas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0035-0002", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Keith\nFlooding by Keith caused several mudslides and a few rivers reached historic levels. Throughout Mexico, at least 460 houses were damaged or destroyed and other losses in infrastructure occurred. In addition, one person drowned due to heavy rainfall. Damages incurred in associated with Keith in Mexico totaled approximately $365.9\u00a0million (2000 MXN, $38.7\u00a0million 2000 USD). Overall, Keith was responsible for 40 deaths and $319\u00a0million (2000 USD) in damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Leslie\nA tropical wave, which likely spawned Hurricane Isaac, entered the eastern Caribbean Sea on September 27. The system slowly organized while tracking westward and later moved to the north-northwest around Hurricane Keith. Eventually, the system moved northward into the Gulf of Mexico and the Straits of Florida. The system interacted with a frontal boundary while crossing Florida on October 3 and 4, which caused torrential rainfall. Satellite imagery indicated the development of a circulation near Orlando.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0036-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Leslie\nBecause of its structure, the system became a subtropical depression at 1200 UTC on October 4. About six hours later, the subtropical depression emerged into the Atlantic and low-level circulation gradually moved toward the deep convection while tracking eastward. By 1200 UTC on October 5, the subtropical depression was reclassified as Tropical Storm Leslie. While fully tropical, Leslie strengthened slightly and peaked with winds of 45\u00a0mph (72\u00a0km/h). However, it soon began interacting with a cold front and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 7, while located northwest of Bermuda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Leslie\nThe system dropped heavy rainfall in Cuba, peaking at 8.25 inches (210\u00a0mm) in the Havana Province. While the precursor crossed Florida, it produced torrential rainfall across southern Florida, especially in the Miami metropolitan area. In Miami-Dade County alone, 1,005 houses were destroyed, 1,358 were severely damaged, and 3,443 had minor damage. Throughout the state, at least 93,000 homes were flooded. Electrical stations were also damaged by floods, leaving more than 27,000 people without power. Extensive agricultural damage occurred, with 40,000 acres (160\u00a0km2) of farmland inundated by water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0037-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Leslie\nOverall, the precursor system of Leslie resulted in about $950\u00a0million (2000 USD) in damage, slightly more than half of that figure was agriculture related. Additionally, three fatalities occurred, two of which due to drowning, while the third was a man that fell while attempting to unclog a roof drain. The remnants of Leslie caused near tropical storm force winds and waves up to 16 feet (4.9\u00a0m) in Newfoundland, though damage in the region was minimal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Michael\nA low-pressure system developed after detaching from a cold front while between Florida and Bermuda. The low-pressure area slowly formed a circulation and began to deepen on October 14 as it drifted north-northeastward. By October 15, the system developed into a subtropical depression while centered about midway between Florida and Bermuda. Later that day, satellite classifications using the Hebert-Poteat technique indicated that the subtropical depression had strengthened into a subtropical storm, and it was upgraded at 0000 UTC on October 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0038-0001", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Michael\nDue to SST's in excess of 82\u00a0\u00b0F (28\u00a0\u00b0C), the subtropical storm developed persistent convection near the low-level center and it slowly acquired tropical characteristics. By 0000 UTC on October 17, the subtropical storm was re-classified as Tropical Storm Michael. Three hours later, the National Hurricane Center began advisories on Michael, though initially it was erroneously classified as Tropical Depression Seventeen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Michael\nAlthough Michael was predicted to intensify only modestly, it rapidly strengthened, and became a hurricane later on October 17. Michael fluctuated slightly in intensity while tracking over an area of decreasing SST's. However, another brief period of rapid intensification occurred due to baroclinic effects, and Michael peaked as a minimal Category 2 hurricane. Shortly thereafter, Michael transitioned into an extratropical cyclone before making landfall near Harbour Breton, Newfoundland. Throughout Newfoundland, Michael and the remnant extratropical cyclone produced high winds, which tore off roofs, ripped off roof shingles, caused sporadic power outages, shattered windows, and uprooted trees in a few communities. Precipitation produced by the storm was light and peaked at 3.77 inches (96\u00a0mm) in North Mountain, Nova Scotia. Michael also produced rainfall in Maine and Bermuda. There were no damage figures available, though damage was considered to be relatively light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 1039]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nadine\nIn mid-October, a strong upper-level trough and a tropical wave interacted while located in the central Atlantic. The system moved slowly westward and convection began increasing. By October 19, the system became stationary and developed a surface circulation. Later that day, Tropical Depression Eighteen developed about 690 miles (1,110\u00a0km) southeast of Bermuda. Initially, the depression lacked a well-defined center, though a broad circulation was evident. The depression tracked slowly northward and then northeastward around a subtropical ridge and ahead of a cold front. As wind shear decreased, convective activity became better organized on October 20. By 1200 UTC on that day, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Nadine. Although it was strengthening, QuikSCAT suggested that the low-level circulation was falling apart, as it appeared to be merging with the cold front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 953]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nadine\nAt 0000 UTC on October 21, Nadine attained its peak intensity with winds of 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 999\u00a0mbar (29.5\u00a0inHg). Around the time of peak intensity, a possible eye-like feature and an impressive outflow were observed on satellite imagery. As a result, the National Hurricane Center noted the possibility, but did not exclusively forecast Nadine to strengthen into a hurricane. However, shortly thereafter, wind shear increased and the storm resembled a frontal wave and appeared to possibly be interacting with the cold front. The cloud pattern then became ragged, while the low-level circulation moved toward the southern edge of the deep convection. By 0000 UTC on October 22, Nadine transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and merged with a frontal low about 18 hours later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Unnamed Subtropical Storm\nOn October 25, an extratropical low pressure system formed to the east of the Turks and Caicos Islands. It moved northwestward and gradually intensified, and by 1800 UTC the system transitioned into a subtropical storm. It turned to the north and later to the northeast. A burst of convection near the center allowed the storm to attain peak winds of 65\u00a0mph (105\u00a0km/h); due to its forward motion, it is possible the surface winds reached as high as 85\u00a0mph (137\u00a0km/h). An approaching cold front caused the storm to become extratropical on October 29, and later that day a larger extratropical storm absorbed the previously subtropical storm near Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Unnamed Subtropical Storm\nThe Marine Prediction Center issued some marine gale and storm warnings offshore, while the National Weather Service issued gale warnings for coastal North Carolina. It was not designated as a subtropical cyclone operationally. The storm produced tropical storm force winds in portions of Atlantic Canada, although it was associated with the larger extratropical storm at the time. Several ships also recorded tropical storm force winds, one of which recorded peak winds of 53\u00a0mph (85\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Storm names\nThe following names were used for system that attained at least tropical storm intensity within the Atlantic basin in the year 2000. Although this was the same list used for the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season, storms were named Joyce, Leslie, Michael, and Nadine for the first time in 2000. The name Joyce replaced Joan after 1988, but was not used in 1994. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Storm names, Retirement\nDuring the meeting in spring of 2001, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Keith from the list above due to its high impact and replaced with the name Kirk for use in the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Although the name Kirk was not used during 2006, instead it was used during the 2012 season. The remaining storm names were re-listed for the 2006 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 55], "content_span": [56, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161620-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season, Season effects\nThis is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s)\u2014denoted by bold location names\u2014damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low, and all of the damage figures are in 2000 USD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161621-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Auburn Tigers football team\nThe 2000 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They finished the season with a 9\u20134 record and won the Southeastern Conference West Division championship. Second-year head coach Tommy Tuberville led the Tigers to their first winning season since 1997, their second SEC Championship Game appearance, and a New Year's Day appearance in the Florida Citrus Bowl against Michigan, which marked the Tigers return to post-season play for the first time in three years. The Tigers shut out arch rival Alabama, 9\u20130, on November 18 in the first Iron Bowl game played in Tuscaloosa since 1901. The Tigers finished the season ranked #18 in the AP Poll and #20 in the Coaches Poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161622-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Auckland Warriors season\nThe Auckland Warriors 2000 season was the Auckland Warriors 6th first-grade season. The club competed in Australasia's National Rugby League. The coach of the team was Mark Graham while John Simon was the club's captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161622-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Auckland Warriors season, Jersey & Sponsors\nFor 2000 the Warriors again used a similar style of jersey, produced by Puma. A red away jersey was also used, and was occasionally worn at home matches. The main sponsor is Vodafone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161622-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Auckland Warriors season, Fixtures\nThe Warriors used Ericsson Stadium as their home ground in 2000, their only home ground since they entered the competition in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161622-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Auckland Warriors season, Ladder\n1 North Queensland were stripped of 2 competition points due to a breach of the interchange rule in Round 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161622-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Auckland Warriors season, Squad\nThirty four players were used by the Warriors in 2000, including seven players who made their first grade debut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161622-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Auckland Warriors season, Other Teams\nThe Warriors had feeder agreements with the Newtown Jets in the NSWRL Premier League and Brisbane Souths in the Queensland Cup. Players not selected for the first grade side would be sent to one of these clubs for the weekend. This arrangement also worked the other way when the Warriors signed Jason Bell from the Jets midway through the season and the Brisbane Souths captain, David Mulhall, made his debut in Round 20. Occasionally players were also released to Bartercard Cup teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161622-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Auckland Warriors season, Awards\nRobert Mears won the club's Player of the Year award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash\nOn 4 September 2000, a chartered Beechcraft 200 Super King Air departed Perth for a flight to the mining town of Leonora, Western Australia. The aircraft crashed near Burketown, Queensland, Australia, resulting in the deaths of all eight occupants. During the flight, the aircraft climbed above its assigned altitude. When air traffic control (ATC) contacted the pilot, the pilot's speech had become significantly impaired, and he was unable to respond to instructions. Three aircraft intercepted the Beechcraft, but were unable to make radio contact. The aircraft continued flying on a straight north-easterly heading for five hours, before running out of fuel and crashing 40\u00a0mi (65\u00a0km) south-east of Burketown. The crash became known in the media as the \"Ghost Flight.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash\nA subsequent investigation by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) concluded that the pilot and passengers had become incapacitated and had been suffering from hypoxia, a lack of oxygen to the body, meaning the pilot would have been unable to operate the aircraft. Towards the end of the flight, the left engine stopped due to fuel exhaustion, and the aircraft crashed into the ground. The investigation report said that, due to extensive damage to the aircraft, investigators were unable to conclude if any of the eight aboard had used the oxygen system. The final report stated that the ATSB could not determine what incapacitated the occupants. A number of safety recommendations were made following the crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Background\nThe aircraft involved in the crash was a Beechcraft 200 Super King Air, registration VH-SKC, serial number BB-47, manufactured in 1975. The aircraft had about 19,000 hours of service before the crash. The amount of air passed into the cabin is controlled by bleed air valves on the engines. The positions of the bleed air valves can be altered by the pilot. According to the investigation report, \"The aircraft was not fitted with a high cabin altitude aural warning device, nor was it required to be.\" The aircraft was fitted with an emergency oxygen system\u2014an oxygen tank which could supply oxygen to the crew through two masks located in the cockpit, and to passengers through masks which drop from the ceiling of the cabin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Background\nInvestigators concluded the aircraft was airworthy at the time the crash occurred, and a pilot who flew the aircraft earlier in the day said the aircraft functioned normally. The investigation report stated that \"the maintenance release was current, and an examination of the aircraft's maintenance records found no recurring maintenance problems that may have been factors in the accident.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Crash\nOn Monday 4 September 2000, the Beechcraft, chartered by mining company Sons of Gwalia, departed Perth, Western Australia, for the town of Leonora, Western Australia, On board were seven mine workers travelling to Gwalia Gold Mine. The aircraft took off from Perth at 6:09\u00a0pm local time (1009 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)), and was cleared by ATC to climb to FL130 (13,000 feet (4,000\u00a0m)). Five minutes later, at 1015, it was further cleared to its cruising altitude of FL250 (25,000 feet (7,600\u00a0m)); with an instruction to be at FL160 by 36 nautical miles (67\u00a0km; 41\u00a0mi) from Perth. The pilot acknowledged this transmission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Crash\nFive minutes later, at 1020, as the aircraft climbed through FL156 (15,600 feet (4,800\u00a0m)), it was cleared to waypoint DEBRA. The pilot again acknowledged. At approximately 1033, the aircraft passed through its cleared level, and at FL256 (25,600 feet (7,800\u00a0m)), ATC asked the pilot to confirm his altitude. \u201cSierra Kilo Charlie\u2014um\u2014standby,\u201d the pilot replied. This was the final spoken transmission from the aircraft, and its climb continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Crash\nAccording to the investigation report, several open-microphone transmissions followed, with the sound of background noise from the engines, a person breathing, \"one unintelligible syllable,\" and \"two chime-like tones, similar to those generated by electronic devices.\" During this time, ATC attempted to regain contact with the pilot. At 1040, the controller called out, \u201cSierra Kilo Charlie Sierra Kilo Charlie, Melbourne Centre, if receiving this transmission squawk ident.\u201d  At 1041, the controller asked again, \u201cSierra Kilo Charlie, only receiving open mike from you. Would you contact me on one two five decimal two.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Crash\nThe aircraft continued to climb, and left radar coverage at 1102, passing FL325 (32,500 feet (9,900\u00a0m)). Thirty-one minutes later, Australian Search and Rescue asked the crew of a business jet to approach the Beechcraft. They reported that it was in level flight at FL343 (34,300 feet (10,500\u00a0m)), and they could see no movement on the flight deck or in the cabin. However, the conditions made it difficult to observe closely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Crash\nTwo other aircraft which were asked to monitor the Beechcraft intercepted it over the Northern Territory, north-west of Alice Springs. The pilots reported that it was now in a steady descent, and both aircraft followed it as its airspeed increased. The investigation report stated that the pilots observed that \"although its external lights were on, nothing could be seen inside the cabin.\" The investigation report then describes how \"the crews of the chase aircraft attempted to contact the pilot of the Beechcraft by radio, but they did not receive a response.\" At 1510, the aircraft turned left through 90 degrees as it descended through 5,000 feet (1,500\u00a0m). About 40\u00a0mi (65\u00a0km) south-east of Burketown, Queensland, it hit the ground and disintegrated. The pilot and seven passengers were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Investigation\nThe crash was investigated by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB), a federal body responsible for investigating transportation accidents in Australia. The final report was published in March 2001. The report was unable to make a definitive conclusion as to the cause of the crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Investigation\nThe report found all those aboard the aircraft, including the pilot, had likely become incapacitated and begun suffering from hypoxia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Investigation\nThe report stated, \"After the aircraft climbed above the assigned altitude of FL250, the speech and breathing patterns of the pilot, evidenced during the radio transmissions, displayed changes consistent with hypoxia.\" Investigators were, however, unable to conclusively dismiss toxic fumes as the cause. \"The incapacitation of the pilot and passengers was probably due to hypobaric hypoxia because of the high cabin altitude and their not receiving supplemental oxygen\" the report said, adding, \"The reasons for the pilot and passengers not receiving supplemental oxygen [from the oxygen tank aboard the aircraft] could not be determined.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Investigation\nThe ATSB found it likely that the autopilot was engaged, and this caused the aircraft to fly on a straight heading; the vertical path of the aircraft indicated climb power had been set before the occupants of the aircraft were incapacitated. According to the report, \"the design of the aircraft systems were such that, with the autopilot engaged, the engines would continue to operate, and the aircraft would continue to fly without human input until it was disrupted by other events, such as collision or fuel exhaustion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Investigation\nIt was suggested that, towards the end of the flight, the fuel tank for the left engine was almost empty. \"The near exhaustion of fuel in the left wing tanks may have produced at least one, and probably several, momentary losses of left engine power shortly before all power was lost,\" the report said. \"The aircraft yawed and rolled towards the left engine, as was observed shortly before the aircraft collided with the ground.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Investigation\nThe report said due to the damage to the aircraft upon impact with the ground, investigators were unable to conclude if any of the eight aboard used the oxygen system. However, the report stated \"The absence of a distress radio call, or an attempt to descend the aircraft, and the likelihood that the pilot did not don his oxygen mask, suggested that the pilot was unaware that the aircraft was unpressurised or depressurising.\" The passengers, the report added, were also likely not wearing their oxygen masks, as there was no noise recorded on the ATC transmissions indicating they were attempting to assist the pilot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Investigation\nInvestigators were not able to determine what caused the depressurisation of the aircraft, but stated likely causes included either an incorrect switch selection due to pilot error, or a mechanical failure in the aircraft pressurisation system. The air traffic control recordings suggested it was unlikely that a rapid decompression had occurred. The report explains how \"during an explosive or rapid depressurisation of a pressurised aircraft, however, the noise, pressure changes, temperature changes, and draughts within the cabin would have alerted the occupants that a substantial failure had occurred.\" The document listed the two main factors in the crash as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Investigation\n1. The aircraft was probably unpressurised for a significant part of its climb and cruise for undetermined reasons. 2 . The pilot and passengers were incapacitated, probably due to hypobaric hypoxia, because of the high cabin altitude and their not receiving supplemental oxygen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Aural warning\nIn the aftermath of an incident in 1999 in which the pilot of a Beechcraft Super King Air suffered hypoxia, the ATSB published Report 199902928, and recommended an aural warning be fitted on the flight deck of all Australian Beechcraft Super King Air aircraft. The flight deck of the Beechcraft Super King Air only has visual warning of inadequate cabin pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Aural warning\nIn the aftermath of the Ghost Flight, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority issued a Discussion Paper and a Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM), both proposing aural warning in the Beechcraft Super King Air and other pressurised aircraft. The outcome of consultation on the NPRM was that the Civil Aviation Safety Authority did not mandate aural warning of inadequate cabin pressure, and this angered the families of some of the victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Aural warning\nInstead, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority issued a notice to owners of pressurised aircraft registered in Australia and recommended installation of an aural warning, but did not make it mandatory. The notice said: \"The benefit to your pilots and passengers lies in the reduction in risk of an uncommanded depressurisation leading to an incident or fatal accident. The benefit is much greater than the cost of purchase and installation of one of these low-cost systems.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Coroner's inquest\nThe West Australian Coroner, Mr. Alistair Hope, conducted an inquest into the deaths of the eight occupants of the aircraft. The inquest determined that the deaths were accidental, but was unable to determine the cause of the crash. The Coroner recommended an aural alarm system for pressurised aircraft, and a low-cost flight data recorder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Coroner's inquest\nThe Coroner was critical of the poor co-ordination between the ATSB, the Queensland Police, and the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA). He also criticised the ATSB for failing to take notes when interviewing witnesses, and for its poor presentation of evidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161623-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash, Air traffic control\nWhen the air traffic controller responsible for the Beechcraft received the open-microphone transmissions, he alerted his supervisor that he was concerned the pilot could be suffering from hypoxia. The controller and his supervisor completed the standard checklist which, at the time, did not include a procedure to follow in the case of incapacitation or hypoxia. In the aftermath of the crash, the checklist was changed to \"incorporate procedures to be followed by air traffic controllers, when a controller suspects that a pilot has been affected by hypoxia.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 61], "content_span": [62, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161624-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Day Honours\nThe Australia Day Honours 2000 are appointments to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by Australian citizens. The list was announced on 26 January 2000 by the Governor General of Australia, Sir William Deane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161624-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia Day Honours\nThe Australia Day Honours are the first of the two major annual honours lists, the first announced to coincide with Australia Day (26 January), with the other being the Queen's Birthday Honours, which are announced on the second Monday in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161625-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia national soccer team season\nThis page summarises the Australia national soccer team fixtures and results in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161626-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australia rugby union tour\nThe 2000 Australia rugby union tour of Japan and Europe was a series of matches played in October and November 2000 in Japan and Europe by Australia national rugby union team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161627-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Drivers' Championship\nThe 2000 Australian Drivers' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned national motor racing title for drivers of cars conforming to Formula Holden regulations. The title was contested over an 8-round, 16 race series with the winner awarded the 2000 CAMS Gold Star. The championship, which was promoted as the 2000 Holden Australian Drivers' Championship, was the 44th Australian Drivers' Championship and the 12th to be contested with Formula Holden or Formula Brabham cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161627-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Drivers' Championship, Schedule\nThe championship was contested over an eight-round series with two races per round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161627-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Drivers' Championship, Points System\nChampionship points were awarded on a 20\u201315\u201312\u201310\u20138\u20136\u20134\u20133\u20132\u20131 basis to the first ten finishers in each race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161627-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Drivers' Championship, Review\nNew Zealand racer Simon Wills won his second Australian Drivers' Championship driving a Birrana Racing Reynard 94D Holden. Wills won eight of the 16 races to finish 33 points ahead of Singaporean born West Australian Christian Murchison (Reynard 95D & 97D). Another New Zealander, Matt Halliday (Reynard 94D Holden) finished third in the points, 58 points behind Wills. It was the sixth Australian Drivers' Championship victory in seven years for a Birrana Racing driver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161627-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Drivers' Championship, Review\nIn addition to Wills' eight wins, Murchison took four race victories and Tim Leahey (Reynard 92D Holden) took two with single victories recorded by Halliday and Chris Staff (Reynard 92D Holden)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161628-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Formula Ford Championship\nThe 2000 Australian Formula Ford Championship was open to drivers of racing cars complying with CAMS Formula Ford regulations. The title was contested over an eight round series, with two races per round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161628-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Formula Ford Championship, Calendar\nPoints were awarded to the top ten placegetters in each of the sixteen races on a  20, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1  basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161629-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian GT Production Car Championship\nThe 2000 Australian GT Production Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title  open to GT Production Cars. The championship, which was the fifth Australian GT Production Car Championship, was the first to be contested without the \u201cexotic\u201d cars such as Porsches and Ferraris which competed in a separate Australian Nations Cup Championship for the first time in the year 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161629-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian GT Production Car Championship, Calendar\nThe Adelaide Parklands round was staged over a single race and all other rounds utilised a two race format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Australian Grand Prix (officially known as the LXV Qantas Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 12 March 2000 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne. It was the first race of the 2000 Formula One season. The 58-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher for the Ferrari team after starting from third position. Schumacher's new teammate for the 2000 season, Rubens Barrichello finished second in the other Ferrari, with Ralf Schumacher third for BMW-Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix\nMika H\u00e4kkinen started on pole position in a McLaren, with teammate David Coulthard alongside him, but both retired with pneumatic valve failures. Three drivers made their Grand Prix debut: future world champion Jenson Button in a BMW-Williams, Nick Heidfeld in a Prost and Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane in a Minardi. Mazzacane and Button retired from their debut race, and Heidfeld finished ninth, two laps behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Background\nHeading into the first race of the 2000 Formula One season, many were tipping Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher and 1999 Drivers' Champion, McLaren's Mika H\u00e4kkinen as the main contenders to win the 2000 Drivers' Championship. Schumacher was favourite to win the Championship according to the bookmakers and by some former Formula One drivers, including Schumacher's teammate from the 1999 season, and new Jaguar driver Eddie Irvine. The last Drivers' Champion for Ferrari, Jody Scheckter, who did so in the 1979 season, also tipped Schumacher to win the Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Background\nOut of the 11 teams and 22 drivers on the starting grid, three drivers made their debut. Nick Heidfeld joined the Prost team alongside Jean Alesi. The two replaced Prost's 1999 season line-up of Olivier Panis, who moved to McLaren as test driver and Jarno Trulli, who moved to Jordan alongside Heinz-Harald Frentzen following Damon Hill's retirement. At the Minardi team, Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane replaced Luca Badoer, who opted to continue as Ferrari test driver, a role he began in 1997. The third rookie driver in the 2000 driver line-up was Jenson Button, who replaced Alessandro Zanardi at Williams. Button, at the time, became the youngest British driver ever to start a Formula One race. Many observers and fellow drivers alike had differing opinions of Williams' choice to take Button on. Sauber driver Mika Salo stated that because of Button's inexperience, he could \"hurt himself or somebody else\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 947]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. In the first practice session, held on a slippery track surface, H\u00e4kkinen set the fastest lap of 1 minute and 32.768 seconds, followed by Michael Schumacher, Rubens Barrichello, David Coulthard, Jacques Villeneuve, Ralf Schumacher, Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Jos Verstappen, Eddie Irvine and Alexander Wurz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nDuring the session, Ricardo Zonta and Heidfeld spun into a gravel trap beside the circuit, Johnny Herbert's car had a possible engine failure that cut out its ignition system, and Michael Schumacher's driving was curtailed due to the on-board television camera mounted atop of his Ferrari melting a wiring loom. Although he removed the left-rear wheel of his car in an sideways accident at the fast sweeping turn 14 midway through the second practice session because he missed the braking point, Michael Schumacher recorded the day's fastest lap of 1 minute and 32.130 seconds. Coulthard was second and Barrichello third. The rest of the top ten were H\u00e4kkinen, Villenueve, Pedro Diniz, Frentzen, Wurz, Zonta and Irvine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nIn the third practice session, Michael Schumacher continued to run strongly with the fastest time of 1 minute and 30.439 seconds. Coulthard was 0.519 seconds behind in second place and Frentzen placed third. Fourth went to Barrichello and Trulli was fifth. Ralf Schumacher, Villeneuve, Herbert, Giancarlo Fisichella and Irvine followed in the top ten positions. H\u00e4kkinen's engine failed mid-way through his first lap, necessitating two teams of McLaren mechanics to spend 42 minutes dismantling both his and teammate's Coulthard's rear of their cars to change their engines and gearboxes to enable driving in the second practice session later that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nMichael Schumacher paced the final practice session with a lap of 1 minute and 30.390 seconds, ahead of Coulthard, Frentzen, Barrichello, Ralf Schumacher, Trulli, Pedro de la Rosa, Verstappen, Villeneuve and Herbert. On his fourth lap, Button crashed into the turn ten right-hand side barrier at 160\u00a0mph (260\u00a0km/h) after clipping a kerb, removing the rear wheels from his Williams and heavily damaging its bodywork. The session was halted for ten minutes as track marshals extricated his car from the circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon qualifying session lasted for an hour. Each driver was limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by the drivers' fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107% of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. Mika H\u00e4kkinen took pole position by three-tenths from teammate David Coulthard, after the pair locked out a McLaren front row to start the season. Michael Schumacher was disappointed with third after a spin by Coulthard had caused a red flag forcing him to abandon his final attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nCoulthard said that it \"was not the intention\" for him to disrupt Schumacher on his final flying lap. The top three qualifying places were identical to what they had been in the previous two years. Schumacher's new Ferrari teammate, Rubens Barrichello, qualified fourth, with the Jordans of Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Jarno Trulli behind him on the third row. Eddie Irvine qualified seventh for Jaguar, with Jacques Villeneuve, Giancarlo Fisichella and Mika Salo completing the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0006-0002", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nRalf Schumacher was eleventh for the Williams-BMW, with rookie teammate Jenson Button qualifying 21st for his first race, setting a lap time 1.6 seconds slower. Behind Button was another rookie, Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane, and in front was Jaguar's Johnny Herbert. Button later described his qualifying session by saying \"It can't get worse than this\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Warm-up\nIn Sunday morning's half an hour warm-up session, Barrichello paced the field with a time of 1 minute and 31.225 seconds. He was 1.573 seconds faster than Button in second place who had a small oil leak and fire in the pit lane. The two McLarens were third and fourth, with H\u00e4kkinen ahead of Coulthard. Verstappen was fifth and Fisichella sixth. Jean Alesi, Michael Schumacher, de la Rosa and Salo completed the top ten going into the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race\nA total of 124,300 people attended the race. 21 of the 22 cars started on the grid, with Prost driver Alesi the only car to start from the pit lane. H\u00e4kkinen converted his pole position from qualifying to lead into the first corner at the start of the race. Coulthard and Schumacher remained in second and third place respectively, but Barrichello was overtaken by Frentzen into turn one, dropping him down to fifth place. Trulli rounded out the top six places at the end of lap 1. At the back of the field, Button gained six positions, moving from 21st to 15th position. This was partially due to a collision between Minardi driver Marc Gen\u00e9 and rookie Heidfeld, which left Gen\u00e9 last in the order as he had to pit for repairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race\nJaguar driver Johnny Herbert was the first person to retire, retiring with clutch problems on lap 2. By lap 4, the two McLarens of H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard, along with Schumacher, were already pulling away from Frentzen's Jordan, who was five seconds behind Schumacher. On lap 7, the front suspension on the Arrows car of Pedro de la Rosa failed, sending him into a tyre barrier. Herbert's teammate, Irvine spun trying to avoid the Arrows car. Irvine could not get the Jaguar going again as it suffered an engine failure. Both retired from the race. The safety car was deployed to slow the other cars down so the marshals could clear up the wreckage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race\nWhen the green flag was given at the end of lap 10, Coulthard slowed dramatically and came in for a pit stop with engine problems. Coulthard returned to the track, but the problem continued and forced his retirement on lap 11. Schumacher was now promoted to second, with Frentzen in third place. Barrichello was in fourth place, with Trulli fifth. Behind the top five, BAR driver Jacques Villeneuve was in sixth place, heading a queue of cars down to 12th place Button.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen retired on lap 18, with the same problem as his teammate; a double retirement almost identical to the 1999 race. With H\u00e4kkinen's retirement, Schumacher led by 16.5 seconds from Frentzen in second. Schumacher made his one and only pit stop on lap 29, giving Frentzen the lead. Schumacher rejoined the track in third, just in front of Trulli. Barrichello was the next driver of the front running cars to pit on lap 33, but the Ferrari team switched him to a two stop strategy so that he could move ahead of Frentzen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race\nTrulli retired his Jordan car on lap 36 with gearbox problems. The retirements and pit stops moved Button up the order, putting the Williams driver in third place before his pit stop on lap 36. Frentzen also made a pit stop on lap 36, but the Jordan mechanics experienced problems while refuelling the car, costing Frentzen over ten seconds in the stop. Frentzen rejoined the track in sixth, however retired three laps later with gearbox problems. Barrichello took the lead on lap 45, overtaking teammate Schumacher before making his second pit stop. Barrichello rejoined the track second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race\nThe retirements of the McLaren and Jordan team cars elevated Ralf Schumacher, Button's Williams teammate, into third position. Villeneuve was fourth, Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth in the Benetton, with Button sixth. With 11 laps remaining Button retired from the race with an engine failure. Ricardo Zonta, in a BAR, was promoted to sixth, but was overtaken by Salo with a few laps remaining. Schumacher won the race after 58 laps in a time 1:34:01.987, twelve seconds ahead of second placed Barrichello, who completed a Ferrari one-two finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Race\nRalf Schumacher was classified third, with Villeneuve close behind in fourth, giving BAR their first ever points in Formula One. Fisichella finished fifth, with Salo initially classified as sixth in the Sauber. However, a few hours after the race, Salo was disqualified from the race for a bodywork infringement, promoting Zonta into sixth position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Report, Post-race\nI was driving pretty easily from the beginning, I was saving my tyres, saving my fuel, ready for the final moments when the pit stops came and I had to attack. Unfortunately the two guys in front of me broke down. I would have preferred to race them to the end, to prove how good we really are.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161630-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race\nNote: Only the top 5 positions are show for both sets of standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161631-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Individual Speedway Championship\nThe 2000 Australian Individual Speedway Championship was held at the Gosford Speedway in Gosford, New South Wales on 5 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161631-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Individual Speedway Championship\nAfter missing the 1999 championship at his home track, Leigh Adams was back to win his fifth Australian Championship taking him to outright second on the list of Australian Championship winners, just one behind the record held by the late Billy Sanders. Making it an all Victorian podium, Mark Lemon and Jason Lyons finished in second and third places after Lemon defeated Lyons in a runoff. Local rider and defending national champion Todd Wiltshire defeated Craig Watson to claim the final qualifying spot in the Overseas Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161632-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Nations Cup Championship\nThe 2000 Australian Nations Cup Championship was an Australian motor racing competition for Nations Cup cars. The championship, which was organised by Procar Australia, is recognised by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport as the inaugural Australian Nations Cup Championship. The year 2000 marked the first season in which the High Performance cars from the Australian GT Production Car Championship were to contest their own separate series under the Nations Cup name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161632-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Nations Cup Championship\nThe championship was won by Jim Richards driving a Porsche 911 GT3 Type 996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161632-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Nations Cup Championship, Points system\nChampionship points were awarded on a 15-12-10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1 basis for the first ten outright positions. An additional point was awarded for pole position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open\nThe 2000 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Melbourne Park in Melbourne in Australia. It was the 88th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 17 through 30 January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open\nBoth Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Martina Hingis were unsuccessful in their title defences, both being defeated in the final matches by Andre Agassi and Lindsay Davenport, respectively. For Agassi, it was the second of four Australian Open titles, and for Davenport it was her final Grand Slam title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open, Former champions\nThe following are the former Grand Slam champions and finalists in the draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open, Former champions\nThe following are former Grand Slam finalists in the draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open, Seniors, Men's Doubles\nEllis Ferreira /  Rick Leach defeated  Wayne Black /  Andrew Kratzmann, 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 3\u20136, 18\u201316", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open, Seniors, Women's Doubles\nLisa Raymond /  Rennae Stubbs defeated  Martina Hingis /  Mary Pierce, 6\u20134, 5\u20137, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open, Seniors, Mixed Doubles\nRennae Stubbs /  Jared Palmer defeated  Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario /  Todd Woodbridge, 7\u20135, 7\u20136(7\u20133)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open, Juniors, Girls' Singles\nAnik\u00f3 Kapros defeated  Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez S\u00e1nchez, 6\u20132, 3\u20136, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open, Juniors, Boys' Doubles\nNicolas Mahut /  Tommy Robredo defeated  Tres Davis /  Andy Roddick, 6\u20132, 5\u20137, 11\u20139", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open, Juniors, Girls' Doubles\nAnik\u00f3 Kapros /  Christina Wheeler defeated  Lauren Barnikow /  Erin Burdette, 6\u20133, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161633-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open, Seeds, Women's singles\nWithdrawals: Marcelo R\u00edos, Greg Rusedski, Patrick Rafter, Venus Williams, Monica Seles", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161634-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nThe 2000 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Melbourne Park in Melbourne in Australia. It was the 88th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 17 through 30 January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161634-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Men's Doubles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161635-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Men's Singles\nAndre Agassi defeated defending champion Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the final, 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 6\u20132, 6\u20134 to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 2000 Australian Open. It was Agassi's fourth consecutive major final, making him the first man to do so since Rod Laver in 1969. With the win, Agassi became the champion at three of the four majors, missing only Wimbledon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161635-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Men's Singles\nThis was the first Australian Open that Roger Federer competed in and the first time he progressed beyond the first round in a major. Also, this marks the beginning of Federer's 65-consecutive major appearance streak, which ended with his withdrawal at the 2016 French Open; and his 21-consecutive Australian Open appearance streak, which ended with his withdrawal at the 2021 tournament. This was also where former champion Jim Courier made his final major appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161636-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Men's Singles Qualifying\nThis article displays the qualifying draw for the Men's Singles at the 2000 Australian Open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161637-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Mixed Doubles\nIn the 2000 Australian Open, Mariaan de Swardt and David Adams were the defending mixed doubles champions but only Adams competed that year with Kristie Boogert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161637-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Mixed Doubles\nBoogert and Adams lost in the semifinals to Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario and Todd Woodbridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161637-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Mixed Doubles\nRennae Stubbs and Jared Palmer won in the final 7\u20135, 7\u201363 against S\u00e1nchez Vicario and Woodbridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161637-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Mixed Doubles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161638-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nMartina Hingis and Anna Kournikova were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners. Hingis partnered with Mary Pierce and finished the tournament as runners-up, while Kournikova teamed up with Barbara Schett and lost in semifinals to Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161638-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nRaymond and Stubbs won the title, defeating Hingis and Pierce 6\u20134, 5\u20137, 6\u20134 in the final. It was the 1st Grand Slam doubles title and 15th title overall for Raymond, and the 1st Grand Slam doubles title and 21st title overall for Stubbs, in their respective careers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161639-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Women's Singles\nLindsay Davenport defeated three-time defending champion Martina Hingis 6\u20131, 7\u20135 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 2000 Australian Open. Davenport did not lose a set in the entire tournament. The loss ended Hingis' run of 27 consecutive matches won at this tournament, dating back to 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161640-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Open \u2013 Women's Singles Qualifying\nThis article displays the qualifying draw for the Women's singles at the 2000 Australian Open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161641-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Royal Visit Honours\nThe 2000 Australian Royal Visit Honours for Australia were announced on 5 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161642-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Sports Sedan Championship\nThe 2000 Australian Sports Sedan Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for drivers of Sports Sedans. The title, which was the sixteenth Australian Sports Sedan Championship, was won by Kerry Baily, driving a Nissan 300ZX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161643-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Super Touring Championship\nThe 2000 Australian Super Touring Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing competition open to Super Touring Cars. It was the eighth running of an Australian series for Super Touring Cars and the sixth to be contested under the Australian Super Touring Championship name. The series, which was promoted as the '2000 BOC Gases Australian Super Touring Championship', began on 28 May 2000 at Oran Park Raceway and ended on 11 February 2001 at Oran Park Raceway after eight rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161643-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Super Touring Championship, Future Touring Cars\nWith Super Touring competitor numbers dropping after the withdrawal of the factory supported Audi and Volvo teams, the grids for the 2000 championship were bolstered with cars from the Future Touring Car category. This category, which catered for V8 powered cars that had competed previously in AUSCAR racing, made its debut in a support event to the 1999 Bathurst 500. While the Future Touring Cars and the Super Touring Cars raced together in the same events, drivers competed for two separate titles with separate points scoring for each category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161643-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Super Touring Championship, Teams and drivers\nThe following teams and drivers competed in the 2000 Australian Super Touring Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161643-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Super Touring Championship, Race Calendar\nThe 2000/2001 Australian Super Touring Championship was contested over an eight-round series. Three races were held at the first round and two races were held at all subsequent rounds. The Future Touring cars competed at seven of the eight rounds, with no entries being received for Round 2 at Lakeside International Raceway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161643-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Super Touring Championship, Points system\nPoints were awarded on a 15-12-10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1 basis for the top ten race positions in each race. A bonus point was allocated for the fastest lap time set in each qualifying session, with the first three rounds including a separate qualifying session for each race and the remaining rounds each featuring only a single qualifying session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161643-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Super Touring Championship, Results, Drivers Championship\nNote: Alan Gurr retained third place in Race 1 of the final round despite losing his championship points as a consequence of his involvement in an on-track incident with Jamie Miller's Toyota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161643-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Super Touring Championship, Results, Independents Cup\nA separate award was reserved for Super Touring drivers who were classified as \"Independents\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161643-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Super Touring Championship, Results, Teams Championship\nMulti-car Super Touring teams also competed for a Teams Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 71], "content_span": [72, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161644-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Touring Car season\nThe 2000 Australian Touring Car season was the 41st year of touring car racing in Australia since the first runnings of the Australian Touring Car Championship and the fore-runner of the present day Bathurst 1000, the Armstrong 500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161644-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Touring Car season\nTwo major touring car categories raced in Australia during 2000, V8 Supercar and Super Touring. Between them there were 25 touring car race meetings held during 2000; a thirteen-round series for V8 Supercars, the 2000 Shell Championship Series (SCS), two of them endurance races; a five-round second tier V8 Supercar series 2000 Konica V8 Lites Series (KLS), an eight-round series for Super Touring, the 2000/2001 Australian Super Touring Championship (ASTC), which spilled several weeks into 2001; and V8 Supercar support programme events at the 2000 Australian Grand Prix and 2000 Honda Indy 300.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161644-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Touring Car season, Results and standings, Race calendar\nThe 2000 Australian touring car season consisted of 28 events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161644-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Touring Car season, Results and standings, Hot Wheels V8 Supercar Showdown\nThis meeting was a support event of the 2000 Australian Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 90], "content_span": [91, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161644-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian Touring Car season, Results and standings, FAI V8 Supercar Challenge\nThis meeting was a support event of the 2000 Honda Indy 300.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 84], "content_span": [85, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161645-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the last round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 29 October 2000 at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161645-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix\nThis would be the last season without Dani Pedrosa in the category until 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161645-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round sixteen has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161646-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Austrian Figure Skating Championships (German: \u00d6sterreichischen Staatsmeisterschaften im Eiskunstlauf 2000) took place on 12 December 1999 in Vienna. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and ice dancing. The results were used to choose the Austrian teams to the 2000 World Championships and the 2000 European Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Austrian Grand Prix (formally the XXIV Gro\u00dfer A1 Preis von \u00d6sterreich) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 July 2000 at the A1-Ring near Spielberg, Styria, Austria. It was the 10th round of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 24th Austrian Grand Prix. McLaren driver Mika H\u00e4kkinen won the 71-lap race from pole position. His teammate David Coulthard finished second with Rubens Barrichello third for the Ferrari team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix\nMichael Schumacher led the Championship going into the race and started from fourth position alongside Barrichello. At the first corner BAR's Ricardo Zonta ran into the rear of Michael Schumacher. The incident forced the German to retire and caused a safety car deployment. After the safety car pulled in after one lap H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard extended a comfortable lead over the rest of the field. When H\u00e4kkinen made his pit stop on lap 38, he rejoined behind Coulthard, but ahead of Barrichello. Coulthard made a pit stop on lap 41, allowing H\u00e4kkinen back into the lead which he held to clinch his second victory of the 2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix\nAs a consequence of the race, Coulthard's second place narrowed the gap to Michael Schumacher in the Drivers' Championship to six points, while H\u00e4kkinen's win meant he closed to within two points of Coulthard. After the Grand Prix, McLaren were docked 10 points for a post-race technical infringement, resulting in Ferrari maintaining their lead in the Constructors' Championship with a four-point gap over McLaren, with seven races of the season left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams with two drivers each. The teams (also known as constructors) were McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre compounds to the race; the Soft and the Medium dry compound tyres. The A1-Ring underwent minor safety changes in the run-up to the race. The modifications were new kerbs placed across the track with flagstones inside the kerbs to prevent dust from accumulating on the circuit. An additional row of tyres were erected at all corners and were designed to increase absorption in the event of a collision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Background\nGoing into the race, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 56 points, ahead of David Coulthard on 44 points and his teammate Mika H\u00e4kkinen on 38 points. Rubens Barrichello was fourth on 32 points while Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth with 18 points. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari were leading with 88 points, six points ahead of their rivals McLaren in second. Benetton on 18 points and Williams with 17 points contended for third place, while Jordan were fifth on eleven points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Background\nFollowing the French Grand Prix on 2 July, six teams conducted testing sessions at the Silverstone Circuit between 4\u20136 July to prepare for the Austrian Grand Prix at the A1-Ring. Heinz-Harald Frentzen was fastest on the first day of testing, ahead of Sauber's Pedro Diniz. Alexander Wurz's car was afflicted with an gearbox issue, resulting in repairs which limited his team's testing time. Jaguar driver Eddie Irvine was fastest on the second day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Background\nJos Verstappen for Arrows was quickest on the final day of testing, although his car's front wing was damaged when his engine cover was shed from its chassis. Ferrari and McLaren opted to test at the Mugello Circuit where both teams concentrated their efforts on aerodynamic and suspension set-ups between 4\u20137 July. Ferrari spent one further day performing shakedown runs of their cars at the Fiorano Circuit with their test driver Luca Badoer. Williams and BAR tested at the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril between 5\u20137 July where testing consisted of tyre, engine, aerodynamic and set-up optimisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Background\nThe Jordan team's plan to introduce its new car, the EJ10B, at this race was postponed as its bodywork was required to undergo F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) safety tests. This was due to a decision made by the Jordan team to develop the car further and create more spare parts. However, this was the last race that the EJ10 competed, as the EJ10B made its d\u00e9but at the next race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race, two each on Friday and Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour; the third and fourth sessions, on Saturday morning, lasted 45 minutes each. Conditions were dry for the Friday practice sessions. Barrichello set the first session's fastest time, at 1 minute and 13.603 seconds, two-tenths of a second quicker than Jarno Trulli. Ricardo Zonta finished with the third fastest time. Verstappen, Michael Schumacher and Coulthard filled in the next three positions. Fisichella, Johnny Herbert, Jacques Villeneuve and Mika Salo rounded out the top ten positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Practice\nH\u00e4kkinen's car was afflicted with a mechanical fuel pump issue; this restricted him to one out lap and he was slowest overall. In the second practice session, Coulthard set the fastest lap of the day, a 1:12.464; H\u00e4kkinen had a trouble free season and ended with the second fastest time. Salo ran quicker during the session and was third fastest. Michael Schumacher and Barrichello had the fourth and seventh fastest times respectively; they were separated by Zonta and Trulli. Villeneuve, Diniz and Fisichella completed the top ten positions. After the second session, Irvine, who had only participated in the first practice session, withdrew from the Grand Prix. He had felt unwell upon arrival at the circuit and was diagnosed with appendicitis at the infield medical centre. He was replaced by Jaguar's test driver Luciano Burti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Practice\nThe Saturday morning sessions were held in dry conditions and later on a wet track, were grip was poor and some drivers were forced onto the grass after sliding off the track. H\u00e4kkinen was fastest in the third practice session, with a time of 1:11.355; Coulthard had the second fastest time. The two Ferrari drivers were third and fourth; Barrichello ahead of Michael Schumacher. Verstappen continued his quick form and set the fifth fastest time, ahead of Fisichella and Villeneuve. Zonta, Trulli and Herbert rounded out the top ten fastest drivers in the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Practice\nIn the final practice session, H\u00e4kkinen again set the fastest time, a 1:11.336, despite spinning into the gravel late in the session; his teammate Coulthard remained second quickest. Michael Schumacher was third fastest ahead of teammate Barrichello. Villeneuve was fifth fastest, ahead of Herbert and Frentzen. Salo, Fisichella and Arrows driver Pedro de la Rosa completed the top ten ahead of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday afternoon's one hour qualifying session saw each driver limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by their fastest laps. During this session the 107% rule was in effect, requiring each driver to remain within 107 per cent of the fastest lap time to qualify for the race. The session was held in overcast weather conditions. H\u00e4kkinen clinched his fourth pole position of the season, his first since the San Marino Grand Prix, with a time of 1:10.410.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was joined on the front row of the grid by teammate Coulthard who was three-tenths of a second off H\u00e4kkinen's pace. Coulthard felt he could have challenged for pole position but he clipped a kerb going into Castrol Kurve on his final run which cost him time. Both drivers were satisfied with their car's balance. Barrichello qualified third and said that he changed his car's set-up to help him to achieve a better lap time. Michael Schumacher qualified fourth, six-tenths of a second behind H\u00e4kkinen, and reported that his car's handling was uneven throughout the circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0009-0002", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe also had a high-speed spin during the session and aborted his final run after he made a mistake at the exit of G\u00f6sser corner. Trulli qualified fifth having used the soft compound tyres to set his fastest lap time. Zonta and Villeneuve set the sixth and seventh fastest times respectively for BAR, both drivers spun during the session. Fisichella recorded the eighth quickest time although he lost a bargeboard when he went off the circuit. He felt he could have secured fifth but a yellow-flag caused him to reduce his pace. Salo and Verstappen completed the top ten positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0009-0003", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nDiniz missed qualifying in the top ten by two-thousands of a second and spun off while setting lap times, triggering a yellow-flag. de la Rosa managed twelfth, having struggled with the conditions during the session. He qualified ahead of Sauber driver Nick Heidfeld and Wurz. Frentzen, fifteenth, ran the hard compound tyres and his lap times were set early in the session before track conditions had improved. Frentzen said it was because he felt rain would hit the circuit towards the end of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0009-0004", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHerbert started from sixteenth, after stopping on one run because to a broken left rear suspension caused by a loose suspension bracket at the Niki Lauda Kurve. A rear wishbone on his car had also been flexing. Alesi qualified seventeenth. Jenson Button used the spare Williams car set up for Ralf Schumacher because Button's race car had engine issues and qualified eighteenth. Button additionally struggled with driving the spare car. His teammate Ralf Schumacher qualified nineteenth in the Williams team's worst qualifying performance of the season. Burti and the two Minardi drivers qualified at the rear of the field, covering positions twenty to twenty-two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 09:30 Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) for a 30-minute warm-up session. It took place in dry weather conditions. Both Ferrari drivers maintained their consistent performance from qualifying, although Barrichello had the fastest time of 1:12.480. Michael Schumacher was fifth in the other Ferrari car; H\u00e4kkinen split them in the McLaren for third position, ahead of Verstappen. Zonta completed the top six, 1.1 seconds behind Barrichello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nThe race started before 85,112 spectators at 14:00 local time. The conditions on the grid were dry and cloudy before the race. The air temperature ranged from 17 to 18\u00a0\u00b0C (63 to 64\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature was between 18 to 19\u00a0\u00b0C (64 to 66\u00a0\u00b0F); weather forecasts indicated a 30% chance of rain. While on an reconnaissance lap, Burti's car developed a water leak and was forced to start with his team's spare car from the pit lane. Michael Schumacher also opted to use his team's spare car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen, from pole position on the grid, held onto the lead going into the first corner. Coulthard, who started alongside H\u00e4kkinen, maintained second position. Further down the order, Diniz swerved to avoid contact with Verstappen. The resulting manoeuvre resulted in Diniz colliding with Fisichella. Ahead of them, Trulli drove into the back of Barrichello, while Zonta made contact with Michael Schumacher. Diniz made further minor contact with teammate Salo. Both BAR and Prost drivers were forced wide in avoidance. These incidents resulted in the safety car being deployed. During the safety car period, Verstappen drove to his garage because of a gearbox problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nThe safety car was withdrawn at the end of the second lap and the race got underway again with H\u00e4kkinen in the lead. Button, meanwhile, was immediately overtaken by Barrichello and Frentzen for sixth position. At the completion of the third lap, the race order was H\u00e4kkinen, Coulthard, Salo, de la Rosa, Herbert, Barrichello, Frentzen, Button, Marc Gen\u00e9, Wurz, Heidfeld, Alesi, Villeneuve, Burti, Zonta, Ralf Schumacher, Mazzacane, Diniz and Verstappen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nBoth McLaren drivers began to pull away from the rest of the field and exchanged fastest laps, as de la Rosa passed Salo for third at the start of lap four. Frentzen in the Jordan became the fourth retirement of the race with an engine failure on lap five and spun off on his car's oil. Barrichello passed Herbert for fifth position on the same lap, while Zonta passed Burti for 13th. Verstappen set a new fastest lap of the race on lap six as he immediately closed on Diniz in 17th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0012-0002", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nAlesi overtook his teammate Heidfeld for tenth position on the following lap. H\u00e4kkinen continued to set fastest laps and opened the gap between Coulthard and de la Rosa to five seconds by lap eight. Barrichello claimed fourth position after passing Salo on the same lap and Ralf Schumacher made a pit stop for a new front wing. Ralf Schumacher made a pit stop for further repairs on the following lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nBy lap 13, H\u00e4kkinen's gap to Coulthard was two seconds, who in turn was a further ten seconds in front of de la Rosa. Barrichello, who had damage to his car, was a further six seconds behind de la Rosa, but was drawing ahead of Salo in fifth. Verstappen suffered an gearbox failure and became the fifth retirement of the race on lap 14. On lap 17, Diniz and Zonta were given ten-second stop-go penalties, both for their roles in the lap one accidents. They took their penalties immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nRalf Schumacher emerged from his garage to rejoin the race on the same lap. H\u00e4kkinen had extended his already comfortable lead over Coulthard to 10 seconds by lap 24. Alesi, who was on a two-stop strategy, became the first driver to make a scheduled pit stop on the same lap and exited in thirteenth place. On lap 25, Zonta was involved in another collision when he attempted to overtake Minardi driver Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane at turn 1 which allowed Diniz to move into fourteenth position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nde la Rosa made a pit stop from third position to retire from the race with mechanical issues on lap 32. The result allowed Button to move into the points-scoring positions. Wurz dropped to tenth after running eighth by lap 34. Meanwhile, H\u00e4kkinen took his only pit stop on lap 38, emerging behind Coulthard. Alesi, who was fourteenth, but yet to make his final pit stop, attempted to pass teammate Heidfeld but the two cars collided at the first corner. Both drivers retired from the race. Coulthard took his pit stop on the same lap, emerging behind H\u00e4kkinen. Salo, Herbert, Barrichello, Button and Villeneuve all made pit stops over the next five laps. At the conclusion of lap 50, with the scheduled pit stops completed, the running order was H\u00e4kkinen, Coulthard, Barrichello, Villeneuve, Button, Salo, Herbert, Gen\u00e9, Wurz, Diniz, Zonta, Burti, Mazzacane and Ralf Schumacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nRalf Schumacher spun off the track because of brake failure and retired on lap 50. His teammate Button ran wide while challenging Villeneuve for fourth position on lap 51 but remained in front of Salo. Zonta became the final retirement of the race when his engine failed on lap 59. On the same lap, Mazzacane was issued with a 10-second stop-go penalty. He took his penalty on lap 61.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard set the fastest lap of the race a 1:11.783 on lap 66, as he closed a nine-second gap to H\u00e4kkinen who was running slower on the same lap, although it appeared that the Finn would win the race comfortably. Diniz overtook Wurz to take ninth position four laps later. H\u00e4kkinen crossed the finish line on lap 71 to take his second win of the season in a time of 1'28:15.818, at an average speed of 129.737 miles per hour (208.791\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0015-0002", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard finished second 12.5 seconds behind, ahead of Barrichello in third, Villeneuve in fourth, Button in fifth and Salo rounded out the points scoring positions in sixth. Herbert, Gen\u00e9, Diniz and Wurz filled the next four positions, albeit one lap behind the winner, with Burti and Mazzacane the last of the classified drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. H\u00e4kkinen said that he was happy with his race victory which he believed would help his confidence throughout the remainder of the season. H\u00e4kkinen added that his team displayed pit boards which instructed him not to over rev his engine during the race's first half. Coulthard said that he was satisfied with the outcome of the first lap as it allowed him to drive a conservative race. He added that his strong finish would not mean that he would think about his potential to clinch the Drivers' Championship. Barrichello explained that his car was loose from contact with Trulli during the race's early stages which prevented him from challenging de la Rosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nVilleneuve was pleased with his fourth-place finish saying that despite making a bad start, his strategy allowed him to run quicker when no back markers were holding him up. After Button's fifth position at the race, the Williams team principal Frank Williams said of his performance, \"Jenson really excelled himself again driving in difficult circumstances at the end of the race and under a lot of pressure\". Mika Salo scored points for the third time in the season, having scored fifth in Monaco. He said while he was happy, he struggled with excessive oversteer in the track's high speed corners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nMichael Schumacher, who was involved in the first lap incident, believed that the race should have been stopped. However, he praised the work of the marshals who had assisted to recover the cars involved. He also believed that Zonta had \"over-estimated his ability\" and said he would have a \"quiet word\" with the latter. Zonta believed that the incident was not his fault and that Michael Schumacher braked harder than him, but apologised for his retirement from the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nFisichella also agreed that the race should have been stopped, saying, \"Three of the protagonists are out and it was stupid not to red flag.\" Benetton Technical Director Pat Symonds was highly critical of the driver's actions as he believed Benetton lost valuable points towards the Constructors' Championship. \"The driving antics of some of our competitors at the first corner were appalling and ruined the race not only for many of the drivers but also for many of the spectators\" he said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAfter the race, it was announced that the FIA was investigating irregularities with an electronic box in Hakkinen's car. This was due to Formula One's governing body discovering that one mandatory seal was missing. Further samples from the electronic box were taken after the race; this was software downloaded which did not discover any issues with the coding. A spokesman for the McLaren team said that: \"No one changed the software, so there's no reason for us to be worried.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAt the hearing on 25 July, the FIA ruled that McLaren did not gain an advantage from the missing seal and that H\u00e4kkinen's victory would stand. However, McLaren were deducted 10 points from the Constructors' Championship and fined $50,000 for contravening Article 7 of the 2000 Formula One Sporting Regulations, which stated that competitors had to maintain some conditions of safety and eligibility during the event. McLaren International managing director Martin Whitmarsh announced that the team would not appeal the penalty. The Vice-President of Mercedes-Benz Motorsport Norbert Haug later criticised the decision and believed that the seal was never put on H\u00e4kkinen's car. Haug also said he would not take any further action regarding the matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161647-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Austrian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe result meant Michael Schumacher's lead in the Drivers' Championship was reduced to six points. Coulthard, who finished second, was second on 50 points, two points ahead of teammate H\u00e4kkinen and eight ahead of Barrichello. Despite not finishing, Fisichella maintained fifth place with 18 points. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari maintained their lead with 92 points, McLaren's 10-point penalty meant that they remained second on 88 points. Williams jumped to third on 19 points, pushing Benetton into fourth on 18 points and BAR with 12 points moved ahead of Jordan into fifth, with seven rounds of the season remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161648-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Axa Cup\nThe 2000 AXA Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the London Arena in London, England and was part of the International Series Gold of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 23rd edition of the tournament, the third and final one held in London, England, and ran from February 21 through February 27, 2000. Unseeded Marc Rosset won the singles title. The centre court surface, which was laid on wooden boards on top of an ice rink, was re-laid during the tournament after Yevgeny Kafelnikov complained it was dangerous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161648-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Axa Cup, Finals, Doubles\nDavid Adams /  John-Laffnie De Jager defeated  Jan-Michael Gambill /  Scott Humphries 6\u20133, 6\u20137(7\u20139), 7\u20136(13\u201311)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161649-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Axa Cup \u2013 Doubles\nTim Henman and Greg Rusedski were the defending champions, only Henman competed (with Yevgeny Kafelnikov) but lost in the quarterfinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161649-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Axa Cup \u2013 Doubles\nThird-seeds David Adams and John-Laffnie de Jager won the title, defeating Jan-Michael Gambill and Scott Humphries in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161649-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Axa Cup \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161650-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Axa Cup \u2013 Singles\nRichard Krajicek was the defending champion but did not participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161650-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Axa Cup \u2013 Singles\nMarc Rosset won the title, defeating Yevgeny Kafelnikov 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161651-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ayr by-election\nThe Ayr by-election on 16 March 2000 was the first by-election for the Scottish Parliament that had been established the year previously. It was caused by the resignation of Ian Welsh who had been elected at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election. Welsh resigned to spend more time with his family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161651-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ayr by-election\nThe by-election came amidst the Keep the Clause campaign. The Scottish parliament seat of Ayr shared its boundaries with the Westminster seat, which had until 1997 been held by the Conservatives for almost a hundred years. In the 1999 Scottish parliamentary election the seat had been the most marginal in Scotland, with Labour winning over the Conservatives by a mere 25 votes. The Keep the Clause Campaign sought to influence the outcome of the election, campaigning in the area and buying up billboard space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161651-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Ayr by-election\nSouter later claimed to have successfully influenced the by-election, with the by-election being won by the Conservative candidate, who had opposed repealing Section 28. Labour's George Foulkes attacked the Keep the Clause Campaign, claiming there had been a \"distortion of democracy\" and that the Keep the Clause Campaign had outspent all the candidates combined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161651-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ayr by-election\nThe result was a poor one for the Scottish Labour, which had won the seat in the previous year, albeit with a majority of just 25. Labour fell into third place behind the Scottish National Party (SNP) and the Scottish Conservatives. The Scottish Socialist Party had a relatively strong performance for a constituency which did not seem like its natural terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161651-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Ayr by-election\nThis by-election showed a strange effect in the Scottish AMS electoral system. Labour in the South of Scotland region had won seven seats, all as first past the post constituencies and none on the list system through proportional representation, whilst the Conservative and Unionists had won four seats in South of Scotland through the proportional representation system. By winning the Ayr seat at the by-election the Conservatives had technically greater representation than their 1999 results would have proportionally given them. This is an anomaly that the Scotland Act 1998 does not cater for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161652-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Azorean regional election\nThe Azores Regional Election, 2000 (Portuguese: Elei\u00e7\u00f5es Regionais dos A\u00e7ores, 2000) was an election held on 15 October 2000 for the legislative assembly and government of the Portuguese autonomous region of the Azores, in which the Socialist Party, under the leadership of Carlos C\u00e9sar received 49% of the votes, and got an absolute majority, in comparison to their direct rivals, the Social Democratic Party with 32%. Voter turnout was the lowest til then with just 53.3% of the electorate casting their ballot on election day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161652-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Azorean regional election, Background\nIn the Azores, there were 52 seats in the Regional Parliament in dispute, the same of the previous election, in 1996. The seats were distributed by the 9 islands of the archipelago proportionally to the population of each island; however, each island is entitled to at least two members of parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161652-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Azorean regional election, Political parties\nThe political parties, movements and alliances during these elections mirrored many of the parties that appeared in the national legislative and/or European elections of that year, but specifically included the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161652-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Azorean regional election, Results\nFor a second term, the Socialist Party won the regional election in Azores, increasing its share of the vote from 30% to 49%, and re-electing Carlos C\u00e9sar to the presidency of the Regional Government. Many of the Social Democrat's mandates were lost, while C\u00e9sar and his teram obtained an absolute majority with 30 of the assembly's 52 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161652-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Azorean regional election, Results\nThe Social Democrats, who had dominated the politics of the islands since the Carnation Revolution lost almost 10% of the vote, and six MPs. The People's Party (CDS), despite raising their share of the vote (by more than 2%), lost one of their representatives, due to the application of the Hondt election model in the nine islands. The People's Monarchist Party, which had not participated in the previous election, ran in coalition with the Democratic Party of the Atlantic, but were unsuccessful in obtaining any representation. The Unitarian Democratic Coalition (CDU), led by the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) raised their popular vote by 1%, achieving another deputy (on the island of Faial).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161652-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Azorean regional election, Results\nAfter aligning itself with many of the smaller left-of-centre parties, the People's Democratic Union (UDP), elements of the party merged with the Left Bloc, but did not achieve any representation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus)\n2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus) is the second studio album by rapper Canibus, released on July 18, 2000 through Universal Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus)\nConsidered to have been a significant improvement over his debut album, Can-I-Bus, 2000 B.C. featured multiple record producers and greater differentiation. On the title track, Canibus blames the commercial failure of his first album on the bland beats by Wyclef Jean whom he severed ties with to team up with various producers, ranging from Ty Fyffe to Irv Gotti. Allegedly, rapper Eminem was to be featured on the track \"Phuk U\", but turned down the offer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus)\nUniversal Records was reportedly underwhelmed by sales of the second release (the album was bootlegged heavily before the release), and the label's contract with Canibus was terminated following the release of 2000 B.C. The album's only charting single was \"Mic-Nificent\", which peaked at number 23 on the Hot Rap Singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus), Critical reception\n2000 B.C. received mixed reviews from music critics, calling it an improvement over his debut album but still found problems with Canibus' lack of engaging topics, monotonous flow and subpar production. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 60, based on 9 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus), Critical reception\nSteve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews praised the album's production for its bass-heavy underground approach and Canibus' lyrics for containing more vile and vitriol than his debut's pop rap content, saying that, \"As a whole this sophomore album is easily as good or better than the first, but whether this will satisfy the people who've already written off Canibus is still anyone's guess.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus), Critical reception\nNathan Rabin of The A.V. Club, despite finding the production uneven, the featured guests lacking lyrically and the use of a song structure missing, praised Canibus for lacing the songs by amplifying his battle-rapping style with imaginative content, saying that he \"invests his rhymes with such dark humor, vivid imagery, and controlled passion that his lack of thematic ambition is forgivable.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus), Critical reception\nWall of Sound's Jackie McCarthy praised the production for being subtle and using samples sparingly and Canibus' lyrical content, concluding that, \"If 2000 B.C. is Canibus' attempt to rewrite his own musical history, erasing his missteps with LL Cool J and Wyclef, it'll be interesting to see who his next target will be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus), Critical reception\nMatt Conaway of AllMusic was mixed about the album, praising Canibus' delivery and battle rhymes for being attention-grabbing to the ears, but felt indifferent to the drum tracks conducted by the new producers, concluding that his \"vast potential remains largely unrealized thanks to bland production.\" NME also commented on the production, saying that outside \"The C-Quel\" and the title track, it feels monotonous afterwards, saying that, \"There's just not enough concepts or ideas on show - every song is a fist-fight to the death.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus), Critical reception\nTony Green of Rolling Stone praised the album's first half for being able to match the production with Canibus' angry-filled lyrics but felt that the aggression depletes later on, concluding that, \"Still, 2000 is a cut above his debut, making it the kind of second chance that you don't often get in the music biz.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161653-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus), Critical reception\nChristopher O'Connor of SonicNet felt that the album was wasted potential and only exhibited inner male rage, concluding that, \"It's ironic that for all of his intelligence, passion and obvious talent, Canibus chose to stoop to the caveman mentality so apparent on this release. 2000 B.C., indeed.\" Craig Seymour, writing for Entertainment Weekly, criticized Canibus for crafting the album with anger-filled tracks and should utilize his talents to make better songs. Jon Caramanica from Vibe said that despite the album having the appropriate production, Canibus still spits disses like he's going to war and will continue doing so with bloody hands, concluding that, \"It's a hollow victory if there ever was one.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161654-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 BC Lions season\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by GoodDay (talk | contribs) at 18:16, 25 November 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161654-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 BC Lions season\nThe 2000 BC Lions finished in third place in the West Division with an 8\u201310 record. With the team sitting at 3\u20134, head coach Greg Mohns resigned allowing for receivers coach Steve Buratto to take over the team on an interim basis. The Lions won four of their last five regular season games and entered the post-season with heavy momentum. As such, they became the first team in CFL history with a losing record to win the Grey Cup. Long-time Lion Lui Passaglia retired following the championship, after a CFL record 25 seasons in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161655-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 BDO World Darts Championship\nThe 2000 Embassy World Professional Darts Championship was held at the Lakeside Country Club, Frimley Green, Surrey between 8\u201316 January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161655-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 BDO World Darts Championship\nTed Hankey was in imperious form throughout the tournament, reaching the quarter-finals without dropping a set and battling back from 4-2 down in the semi-finals against Chris Mason - who had earlier thwarted Raymond van Barneveld's ambitions of three consecutive BDO World titles - to win 5-4. He then took just 46 minutes to beat Ronnie Baxter 6-0 in the final - finishing off with a maximum 170 checkout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161655-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 BDO World Darts Championship\nHankey also hit a record 48 180s in the tournament, including 22 against Mason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161655-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 BDO World Darts Championship, Prize money\nThere was also a 9 Dart Checkout prize of \u00a352,000, along with a High Checkout prize of \u00a32,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161656-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 BFL season\nThe 2000 season of the Belgian Football League (BFL) is the regular season played in the Belgium. The Izeghem Redskins won Belgian Bowl XIII against the Charleroi Cougars by a score of 28-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161656-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 BFL season, Regular season, Regular season standings\nW = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PCT = Winning Percentage, PF= Points For, PA = Points Against", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161657-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 BMW Open\nThe 2000 BMW Open was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the MTTC Iphitos in Munich, Germany. It was the 84th edition of the tournament and was held from 1 May to 8 May 2000. Seventh-seeded Franco Squillari won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161657-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 BMW Open, Finals, Doubles\nDavid Adams /  John-Laffnie de Jager defeated  Max Mirnyi /  Nenad Zimonji\u0107 6\u20134, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161658-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 BMW Open \u2013 Doubles\nDaniel Orsanic and Mariano Puerta were the defending champions, but Puerta did not participate this year. Orsanic partnered with Jaime Oncins, losing in the quarterfinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161658-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 BMW Open \u2013 Doubles\nDavid Adams and John-Laffnie de Jager won the title, defeating Max Mirnyi and Nenad Zimonji\u0107 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161659-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 BMW Open \u2013 Singles\nSquillari successfully defended his title, defeating Tommy Haas 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161660-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 BYU Cougars football team\nThe 2000 BYU Cougars football team represented Brigham Young University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was LaVell Edwards' final season as head coach of the program he had helped elevate to national prominence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161660-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 BYU Cougars football team, Schedule\n\u2022SportsWest Productions (SWP) games were shown locally on KSL 5. BYU Sports Network carried all home games on a tape delayed basis with commentary provided by Brett Richins and Chris Twitty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill\nThe 2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill was a leak of cyanide near Baia Mare, Romania, into the Some\u0219 River by the gold mining company Aurul, a joint-venture of the Australian company Esmeralda Exploration and the Romanian government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill\nThe polluted waters eventually reached the Tisza River and then the Danube, killing large numbers of fish in Hungary, Serbia, and Romania. The spill has been called the worst environmental disaster in Europe since the Chernobyl disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Background\nAurul, the mine operator, is a joint venture company formed by the Australian company Esmeralda Exploration and the Romanian government. The company claimed it had the ability to clean up a by-product of gold mining, the toxic tailings, which began to be spread as toxic dust by the wind. Promising to deal with them and to extract remaining gold from them via gold cyanidation, the company shipped its waste product to a dam near Boz\u00e2nta Mare, Maramure\u0219 County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Dam failure\nOn the night of January 30, 2000, a dam holding contaminated waters burst and 100,000 cubic metres (3,500,000\u00a0cu\u00a0ft) of cyanide-contaminated water (containing an estimated 100 metric tonnes of cyanide) spilled over some farmland and then into the Some\u0219 river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Effects\nAfter the spill, the Some\u0219 had cyanide concentrations of over 700 times the permitted levels. The Some\u0219 flows into the Tisza, Hungary's second largest river, which then flows into the Danube. The spill contaminated the drinking supplies of over 2.5 million Hungarians. In addition to cyanide, heavy metals were also washed into the river and had a long-lasting negative impact on the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Effects\nWildlife was particularly affected on the Tisza: on a stretch, virtually all living things were killed, and further south, in the Serbian section, 80% of the aquatic life was killed; 200 tons of it was the fish in these rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Effects\nLarge numbers of fish died from the cyanide spill, affecting 62 species of fish, of which 20 were protected species. The Romanian government claimed that the fish had died of \"cold\", and that they were not at fault. In Hungary, volunteers participated in removing the dead fish to prevent the disaster from spreading across the food chain, as other animals, such as foxes, otters and ospreys had died after eating contaminated fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Effects\nAfter the cyanide entered the Danube, the large volume of the river's water diluted the cyanide, but in some sections it still remained as high as 20 to 50 times the maximum permitted concentration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Effects\nTwo years after the spill, the ecosystem began to recover, but it was still far from its initial state; the fishermen of Hungary claimed that their catches in 2002 were only at a fifth of their original levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Subsequent spills\nFive weeks later, a spill of contaminated waters (this time with heavy metals) hit the region. A dyke burst in B\u0103ile Bor\u0219a, Maramure\u0219 County and 20,000 cubic metres of zinc, lead and copper-contaminated water made its way into the Tisza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Reactions\nBrett Montgomery, the chairman of the mine operator, Esmeralda, denied responsibility, claiming that the damage of the spill has been \"grossly exaggerated\" and that the fish died in such numbers because of lack of oxygen due to the freezing of the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Reactions\nA spokesman for the company later claimed that media reports from Hungary and Serbia are politically motivated and the fish were killed by spills from industrial plants along the Tisza, due to the dynamite explosions used to break the ice locks on the river or simply due to the raw sewage pumped into the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Reactions\nThe Hungarian government called the storing of cyanide next to a river madness and argued that the weather was not unprecedented. A European Union report on the disaster blamed the design faults at the mine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Reactions\nIn mid-February 2000, as the spill reached the Romanian section of the Danube, the Romanian government temporarily banned fishing and the use of Danube water for drinking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Legacy\nEnvironmental groups, like Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace, argued that the disaster was another reason to ban dangerous mining technologies such as gold mining using the cyanide heap-leaching technique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Legacy\nGerman metal band Rammstein produced a song about the spill, called \"Donaukinder\" (Children of the Danube).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161661-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, Legacy\nThree attempts were made in the Parliament of Romania to ban gold cyanidation in Romania, none of which succeeded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161662-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Baku earthquake\nThe 2000 Baku earthquake occurred on November 25 at 22:09 (18:09 UTC) local time with an epicenter just offshore Baku, Azerbaijan. It measured 6.8 on the moment magnitude scale and the maximum felt intensity was VI on the Mercalli intensity scale. It was followed three minutes later by a quake measuring 5.9. It was the strongest for almost 160 years, since 1842 in the Baku suburbs and in addition to the capital affected Sumgayit, Shamakhi and neighboring cities. According to the United States Geological Survey, the epicentre was in the Caspian Sea, 25\u00a0km to the south-southeast of Baku. The earthquake was felt as far away as e.g. Tbilisi, 600\u00a0km northwest of the epicentre, Makhachkala and the Karabudakh and Isberbas settlements in Dagestan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161662-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Baku earthquake, Tectonic setting\nBaku lies on the Absheron peninsula close to the northern edge of the broad and complex zone of deformation caused by the continuing collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. There are two main active seismic zones on the Absheron peninsula. The northern zone is part of the North Caucasus thrust belt that continues to the east along the Apsheron Sill, which is interpreted to be a zone of active subduction. Earthquakes recorded in the northern zone are mainly deep reverse or shallow normal in type. The southern zone is interpreted to be a continuation of the Greater Caucasus thrust. Earthquakes in this area are mainly reverse or right lateral strike-slip in type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161662-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Baku earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake consisted of two closely spaced events 90 seconds apart. The first event had an oblique reverse fault mechanism on a steeply-dipping fault trending northwest\u2013-southeast, while the second was pure reverse in type on a moderately-dipping reverse fault trending west-northwest\u2013east-southeast. Within the uncertainties, the two events occurred at the same depth, at about 40\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161662-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Baku earthquake, Damage\nAccording to the Azerbaijani government, 26 people died as a primary result, but only three people in collapsing buildings. A total of 412 people were either hospitalised or sought medical assistance. President Heydar Aliyev announced that more than 90 buildings and apartment blocks have been seriously damaged. Damage was identified at the German church, the 15th century Shirvanshahs' Palace, the Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Taza Pir Mosque, the Blue Mosque and the Palace of Marriage Registrations. Despite affecting northeastern coastline of Azerbaijan no damage to the offshore oil exploration infrastructure has been reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161662-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Baku earthquake, Damage\nMany phone lines were down and the electricity was out in much of the city. Due to anxiety caused by possible fires the natural gas supply was reduced to 80%. Baku and Sumgait residents spent the rest of the night on the street. After the disaster seismologists have banned the construction of buildings with over nine floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161662-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Baku earthquake, Damage\nOn the same day the earthquake in Saratov caused by tectonic changes in the Volga region after the Baku earthquake took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161662-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Baku earthquake, Aftermath\nFollowing the presidential decree of November 28, 2000, the State Emergency Commission was provided with an amount of ca. US$5,5 million in order to deal with the consequences of the earthquake. The SEC dispatched assessment teams to the affected areas. In Baku, as of November 27, 19 families have been evacuated from three severely damaged houses. Schools have been temporarily closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161662-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Baku earthquake, Aftermath\nThe UN Disaster Management Team, composed of UNDP, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNFPA, and WHO, was established in order to consider opportunities to support the governmental efforts. The IFRC launched an emergency appeal for international assistance amounting to US$590,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161663-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ball State Cardinals football team\nThe 2000 Ball State Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented Ball State University in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its sixth season under head coach Bill Lynch, the team compiled a 5\u20136 record (2\u20133 against conference opponents) and tied for third place in the MAC West. The team played its home games at Ball State Stadium in Muncie, Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161663-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ball State Cardinals football team\nThe team's statistical leaders included Talmadge Hill with 1,455 passing yards, Marcus Merriweather with 1,004 rushing yards and 48 points scored, and Sean Schembra with 484 receiving yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161664-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ballon d'Or\nThe 2000 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to Lu\u00eds Figo on 19 December 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161664-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ballon d'Or\nFigo was the second Portuguese player to win the award after Eus\u00e9bio (1965). He was also the third Real Madrid player to win the trophy after Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano (1957, 1959) and Raymond Kopa (1958).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161664-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ballon d'Or, Rankings\nAdditionally, nineteen players were nominated but received no votes: Sonny Anderson (Brazil and Lyon), Nicolas Anelka (France, Real Madrid and Paris Saint-Germain), Jocelyn Angloma (France and Valencia), Dennis Bergkamp (Netherlands and Arsenal), Hern\u00e1n Crespo (Argentina, Parma and Lazio), Didier Deschamps (France, Chelsea and Valencia), Marcelo Gallardo (Argentina and Monaco), Geremi (Cameroon and Real Madrid), Ryan Giggs (Wales and Manchester United), Filippo Inzaghi (Italy and Juventus), Patrick M'Boma (Cameroon, Cagliari and Parma), Savo Milo\u0161evi\u0107 (Serbia and Montenegro, Zaragoza and Parma), Nuno Gomes (Portugal, Benfica and Fiorentina), \u00c1lvaro Recoba (Uruguay and Internazionale), Paul Scholes (England and Manchester United), Marco Simone (Italy and Monaco), Jaap Stam (Netherlands and Manchester United), Sylvain Wiltord (France, Bordeaux and Arsenal) and Boudewijn Zenden (Netherlands and Barcelona).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161665-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Orioles season\nThe 2000 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 74 wins and 88 losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161665-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161665-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161665-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161665-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161665-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season\nThe 2000 season was the Baltimore Ravens' fifth in the National Football League (NFL) and the second under head coach Brian Billick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season\nThe Ravens concluded their season with a 12\u20134 record, finishing 2nd in the AFC Central and qualifying for the playoffs as a wild card team. In the franchise's first post-season appearance, the Ravens won all three games, culminating in a trip to Tampa, Florida for Super Bowl XXXV, where they defeated the New York Giants, 34\u20137. The team's defense, which set a league record for fewest points allowed in a 16-game regular season with 10.3 points per game, is considered among the greatest of all time, including 4 games where they kept their opponents from scoring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season\nThough just five seasons removed from their relocation from Cleveland, only three players (Matt Stover, Rob Burnett, Larry Webster) and no coaches remained from the 1995 Cleveland Browns roster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Offseason\nThe Ravens spent most of the offseason concerned with the status of their star linebacker Ray Lewis, who, along with two acquaintances, was arrested and charged with murder after an incident outside an Atlanta nightclub on January 31, 2000. On June 5, a plea bargain was struck, and murder and aggravated assault charges were dropped in exchange for Lewis' testimony against his companions. Lewis pleaded guilty to one count of obstruction of justice and was sentenced to one year of probation. The NFL fined Lewis $250,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Offseason\nThe Ravens made some key moves in the offseason to help bolster the team. They signed defensive tackle Sam Adams and tight end Shannon Sharpe in free agency. They used the fifth overall pick in the first round of the 2000 NFL Draft on running back Jamal Lewis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Season summary\nThe Ravens started the season with a 5\u20131 mark, with three of their victories coming by shutout. Despite the great play of the defense, the offense hit a major swoon after the first month of the season. Following a 37\u20130 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals, the Ravens would not score a touchdown for five consecutive games. The Ravens won the first two of these games due to their defense and field goals from kicker Matt Stover, then lost the next three, including a critical division loss at home to the Tennessee Titans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Season summary\nDuring this game, quarterback Tony Banks was benched in favor of Trent Dilfer, who would take over for the rest of the season. After a loss at home to Pittsburgh to fall to 5\u20134, the Ravens broke both their touchdown-less streak and losing streak against the Bengals the next week. It would be the first of seven straight wins to end the regular season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Season summary\nThe Ravens finished one game behind the Titans in the AFC Central, so the Ravens had to begin their playoff run at home in the wild card round against the Denver Broncos. The team cruised to a 21\u20133 victory, setting up a date with the Titans the following week in Nashville. The Ravens prevailed 24\u201310, with linebacker Ray Lewis's 50-yard interception return for a touchdown clinching the game. The team then traveled to Oakland to meet the Raiders for the right to represent the AFC in the Super Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Season summary\nThe Ravens advanced to their first Super Bowl after a 16\u20133 victory, as the defense held Oakland, the league's top rushing offense during the season, to just 24 yards on the ground. The Ravens easily defeated the Giants in Super Bowl XXXV, 34\u20137, as Ray Lewis led another dominant performance by the defense and was named most valuable player of the game for his efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Season summary\nThe Ravens relied heavily on their defense, which set several NFL records during the 2000 season, including fewest points ever allowed during a 16-game season (165) and fewest rushing yards ever allowed (970). The defense also forced more turnovers than any team in the league that year (49), and Ray Lewis was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year by the Associated Press. Starting cornerbacks Chris McAlister and Duane Starks combined to intercept ten passes, and defensive end Rob Burnett contributed with 10.5 sacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Season summary\nDefensive tackle Sam Adams was voted to the Pro Bowl and first-team All-Pro, as was safety Rod Woodson, who had four interceptions and ranked second on the team in tackles during the regular season. The defense also had plenty of other key players, including linebacker Jamie Sharper, outside linebacker Peter Boulware, and defensive tackle Tony Siragusa. Siragusa played alongside Sam Adams, as the two men combining for nearly 700 pounds and were big factors in the Ravens setting the run-stopping record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Season summary\nOffensively, the Ravens relied heavily on the running game. Rookie running back Jamal Lewis led the way with 1,364 yards and veteran Priest Holmes added 588 rushing yards. The passing game was rather pedestrian (23rd in yards passing), but Trent Dilfer brought stability to the position when he took over for Tony Banks mid-season. Tight end Shannon Sharpe, acquired as an unrestricted free agent from Denver during the offseason, was the team's leading pass receiver with 67 catches for 810 yards. Left tackle Jonathan Ogden was selected first-team All-Pro, and widely regarded as the league's best Offensive Lineman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Season summary\nThe Ravens also had one of the best special teams units in the NFL. Return specialist Jermaine Lewis scored two touchdowns on punt returns during the season, and ran back a kickoff for a touchdown in the Super Bowl. Placekicker Matt Stover made 35 field goals on 39 attempts and was voted to the Pro Bowl and first team All-Pro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Season summary\nThe 2000 Ravens team marked Baltimore's first playoff appearance in 23 years, since the Baltimore Colts were AFC East champions and made it to the AFC Divisional game in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 1: at Pittsburgh Steelers\nIn the opening game for Baltimore's regular season, they squared off against division rivals Pittsburgh Steelers at their turf. In a game where the Ravens had 336 yards of total offense, they first scored points with a field goal kick from Matt Stover. Later in the first quarter, Qadry Ismail would catch a pass from Tony Banks for seven more points. After another field goal kick, the Steelers were being shut out by the end of halftime, 13\u20130. The final score in the game resulted from another field goal from Stover, and the final score resulted with the Ravens winning 16\u20130. With this win, the Ravens began their season at 1\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 2: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars\nAt the Ravens first home game, Baltimore trailed the Jacksonville Jaguars for the majority of the game, where the home team gained another 300+ yards of total offense. The first quarter was dominated by Jacksonville, where the time period ended with two touchdown passes from Mark Brunell to Jimmy Smith and a field goal from Mike Hollis (17\u20130). Baltimore put up their first points in the second quarter with a touchdown pass from Tony Banks to Travis Taylor. However, the first half ended with two more field goals from the Jaguars. The third quarter began with the Ravens trailing 23\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 94], "content_span": [95, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 2: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars\nTwo further touchdowns by the Ravens (one which was for two extra points) and a field goal from Jaguars put the home team with less than a touchdown differential. In the continuing scoring shootout, the Ravens scored first in the fourth quarter with a touchdown to lead for the first time during the entire game, 29\u201326. By the later portion of the quarter, the Jaguars had surpassed Baltimore once more at 36\u201332. In the last scoring drive of the game, Shannon Sharpe completed a 29-yard pass from Banks to defeat Jacksonville, 39\u201336. With this win, Baltimore's record elevated to 2\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 94], "content_span": [95, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 3: at Miami Dolphins\nIn week 3, the Ravens and the Miami Dolphins gained little offense in a defensive struggle for both teams. The first half was highlighted by Dolphins placekicker Olindo Mare's two field goals. The Ravens attacked back during the second half, with two field goals of their own by Matt Stover; however, with a touchdown pass from Jay Fiedler to Lamar Smith and a rushing touchdown from the latter, the Dolphins overcame Baltimore 19\u20136. In a game where the Ravens got just above 250 yards of total offense, Baltimore ultimately fell to a 2\u20131 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 4: vs. Cincinnati Bengals\nIn an attempt to redeem their road loss to the Dolphins, the Ravens faced division rivals Cincinnati Bengals. In a complete shut out, the Ravens gained a near 400 yards (391 yards exact) in a game where the defense shut down the Bengals for only 94 yards of offense. During the first half, the Ravens scored three touchdowns (two passes from Tony Banks to Travis Taylor and Shannon Sharpe, and a rush by Jamal Lewis) and a field goal by Matt Stover. The second half ended with two more field goals and a rushing touchdown from Obafemi Ayanbadejo to finish with a score of 37\u20130. With this win, Baltimore's record elevated to 3\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 5: at Cleveland Browns\nThe Ravens began a five-game touchdown drought with their matchup against Cleveland. In a game dominated by both defenses, the Ravens allowed just under 250 offensive yards. The first half ended with three field goals from kicker Matt Stover, with the longest being from 45 yards in order to advance the Ravens to the locker room at 9\u20130. The final scoring in the game came during the third quarter when Stover kicked another field goal from 22 yards. In a shutout for the Browns, the Ravens improved their record to 4\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 6: at Jacksonville Jaguars\nBaltimore would travel back to Jacksonville in a Week 2 rematch against the Jaguars at their turf in Jacksonville. The Ravens went with their second consecutive game without a touchdown with their kicker Matt Stover delivering all their points. In the first quarter, Jaguars kicker Steve Lindsey delivered a 49-yard field goal but was answered with a Stover 47-yard field goal to tie up the game. The second quarter ended with another Stover kick that would take the game to halftime with the Ravens winning 6\u20133. Stover would kick three more consecutive field goals to increase the score to 15\u20133, but the Jaguars retaliated with the final score of the game: a 1-yard rushing touchdown from Fred Taylor. However, the game was ultimately decided at 15\u201310 and the Ravens record elevated to 5\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 93], "content_span": [94, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 7: at Washington Redskins\nThe Ravens traveled to their Capital Beltway neighbors, the Washington Redskins, for their third straight road game. In a defensive struggle, both teams allowed under 250 yards of total offense. Halftime ended with both teams tied at 3\u20133 as a result of two field goals: one from the Redskins (37 yards by Kris Heppner) and the Ravens (Matt Stover from 51 yards). That field goal from Stover would be the only score that the Ravens put up in this game, where in the fourth quarter, Stephen Davis ran for a 33-yard touchdown that put Washington 10\u20133 over the Ravens. With this final score, the Ravens suffered their second loss and fell to 5\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 8: vs. Tennessee Titans\nIn Week 8, the Ravens flew back home to face off against division rivals Tennessee Titans. The Ravens continued their touchdown-less streak, where Matt Stover produced the only score for Baltimore with two field goals (from the 21- and 38-yard lines). In the second quarter, Titans quarterback Steve McNair threw a 9-yard pass to Rodney Thomas to go ahead of the home team. Just under one point, the Ravens sought to get ahead of Tennessee, however, Tony Banks produced a game high of three interceptions, with the last one sealing the game for the Titans as they won 14\u20136. With this loss, the Ravens fell to 5\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 9: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers\nIn a rematch from week 1, Baltimore continued their streak without a touchdown. However, second-string quarterback Trent Dilfer started in replacement of Tony Banks, who in the past four games had not thrown one touchdown but rather more interceptions. In this game, unlike Banks, Dilfer threw no interceptions but was unable to connect with any receiver into the endzone. The Ravens had the advantage heading into halftime with two field goals from Matt Stover that were over 40 yards. In the third quarter, the Steelers retaliated with six points of their own as a result of a touchdown and a missed extra point from Kris Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 93], "content_span": [94, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 10: at Cincinnati Bengals\nIn a rematch of Week 4, the Ravens traveled to Ohio against AFC Central adversaries, Bengals. Matt Stover put the Ravens on the board with three points after a 38-yard field goal in the first quarter. Baltimore entered their season best second quarter in this game with three touchdown passes from new starting quarterback Trent Dilfer that had the Ravens up by 24 unanswered points. Cincinnati answered with a touchdown, and their only score, during the third quarter with Peter Warrick's 4-yard rush. The game came to a close following a field goal from Stover that had the Ravens defeat the Bengals 27\u20137. The Ravens improved their record to 6\u20134 and began a seven-game winning streak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 11: at Tennessee Titans\nJust after battling against Tennessee three weeks earlier, Baltimore traveled to Nashville to face off against the Titans. The Ravens attacked by adding seven points to their score in the first quarter after a reception by Qadry Ismail from Trent Dilfer. Jamal Lewis would then double the points with a 2-yard rush that put up the Ravens 14\u20130 during the second quarter. The Titans answered with two touchdown passes from Steve McNair to Derrick Mason and Lorenzo Neal, respectively. After a field goal from Matt Stover, halftime stood at 17\u201314, favoring the Ravens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Regular season, Week 11: at Tennessee Titans\nIn a defensive struggle in the third quarter, no team was able to score. However, the game became tied at 17\u201317 with a 23-yard field goal from Al Del Greco upon the final quarter. Tennessee sought to end the game after Perry Phenix intercepted a pass from Dilfer and returned it 87 yards for a touchdown; however, Del Greco failed to convert the extra point. This allowed the Ravens to end the game with a touchdown pass to Patrick Johnson from Dilfer and a successful extra point conversion. With this win, the Ravens raised their record to 7\u20134 and became the first team to defeat the Titans in Adelphia Coliseum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Game summaries, Postseason, Super Bowl XXXV vs New York Giants\nThe Ravens and Giants set a Super Bowl record by scoring three touchdowns in three consecutive plays, tallying just 36 seconds in the third quarter. The Ravens defense completely shut down the Giants offense, not yielding a single point. The only points the Giants would score on would be a kickoff return for a touchdown. The Ravens held the Giants to 152 total yards of offense and forced five turnovers along with four sacks. The Ravens defense surrendered just one offensive touchdown in four playoff games and only allowed 16 points (4.0 points per game).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 92], "content_span": [93, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Defensive legacy\nThe Ravens defense in 2000 is often named among the greatest NFL defenses of all time. Baltimore gave up only 970 rushing yards (60.6 per game) all year, an NFL record for a 16-game season, and 186 fewer yards than the next lowest team, Baltimore's Super Bowl XXXV opponent, the New York Giants. Baltimore gave up only five rushing touchdowns all season, and allowed a paltry 2.7 yards per rush, both league bests. Baltimore only allowed 165 points all season, also an NFL record for a 16-game season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0022-0001", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Defensive legacy\nIncluding the postseason, Baltimore's defense allowed only 188 points in 20 games to opposing offenses that year (9.4 points per game). The Ravens allowed three other touchdowns that came from their opponents' defense and special teams (two interception returns and one kickoff return). Furthermore, the Ravens recovered an astronomical 26 opponent's fumbles during the season, double the total of the second-ranked team. Their defense also intercepted 23 passes to give them a total of 49 turnovers forced that season, most in the NFL. They did all of this despite their own offense's passing struggles and going five consecutive games without scoring a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Defensive legacy\nStatistical site Football Outsiders noted, \"One more interesting note on the Baltimore defense: it was the only dominant defense of the past few years to be based on stopping the run instead of controlling the pass. For all the clich\u00e9s about the need to stop the run, in general the best defenses are ranked the highest because they have the best ratings against the pass, not against the run \u2013 just like the best offenses are ranked the highest because they are the best through the air, not on the ground. The 2000 Ravens only rank seventh in defense against the pass, but their rushing defense ... is far and away the best of the past six seasons.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161666-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Baltimore Ravens season, Awards\nMiddle linebacker Ray Lewis was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year by the Associated Press. Five players represented the Ravens in the Pro Bowl: Lewis joined defensive tackle Sam Adams, safety Rod Woodson, offensive tackle Jonathan Ogden, and kicker Matt Stover. Matt Stover joined Lewis and Ogden on the associated press' All-Pro first team. Defensive end Rob Burnett joined Adams and Woodson on the AP All-Pro second team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake\nOn 4 May 2000 at 12:21 WITA (04:21 UTC), Banggai Islands Regency was hit by an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 Mw, followed by a tsunami. The Banggai Islands, an archipelago located at the far eastern end of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, was the worst affected by the earthquake. Eighty percent of Banggai's buildings were destroyed. Damage also occurred on Peleng. The earthquake triggered a local tsunami of up to 6 m in height that caused significant damage east of Luwuk on the mainland and on Peleng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Banggai region of Sulawesi lies within the complex area of interaction between the Pacific, Philippine Sea, Australian and Eurasian Plates. The Banggai Islands themselves form part of the Banggai-Sula microcontinent, which collided with eastern Sulawesi during the Neogene, with a thrust fault boundary along the southeastern edge of the Eastern arm. The northern margin of the Banggai-Sula block has been interpreted as a continuous southward moving thrust zone, but seismic reflection data and high-resolution multibeam bathymetry show little sign of thrusting, with evidence instead of a zone of dextral strike-slip faulting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake had an initial estimated magnitude of 7.6 Mw, 7.5 Ms, 6.7 mb and a recalculated magnitude of 7.5 Mw\u202f. The focal mechanism is consistent with strike-slip faulting on either a NW-SE trending sinistral (left-lateral) fault or a SW-NE trending dextral (right-lateral) fault. An analysis of seismic waveforms suggest that the SW-NE trending fault fits the data best. The observed source time function gives a 30 second duration for the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Earthquake\nThe mainshock was followed by a series of aftershocks, the largest of which occurred just over 24 hours later and had magnitude of 5.7 Mw\u202f.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Tsunami\nA tsunami was formed after the earthquake in Indonesia's central province, Sulawesi. Indonesia meteorological agency (BMKG) reported that the quake triggered a five meter high tsunami that struck the eastern coast of Banggai and other smaller islands around it. Several small islands were also reported to have been completely submerged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Damage and casualties\nBecause of the remoteness of the area and the destruction of roads, it was difficult to assess the damage, but it is estimated that 10,500 families lost their homes, of which 3,500 were in Banggai district. According to official figures released by the Banggai regional government on 19 May, 45 people were killed and 270 injured, 54 of them seriously. According to United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), the overall damage to private and public buildings and infrastructure in the affected areas was as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Damage and casualties\nThe tsunami completely inundated several villages, destroying all the houses. The rescue team identified the following families as homeless on the islands of Banggai and Peleng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Response, National\nThe Indonesian government has distributed 30 tons of rice, 300 kilograms of sugar, milk powder and instant noodles on the Banggai Islands. According to the Indonesia government, medical supplies are available to support for at least six months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Response, National\n2, Two navy ships serve as a hospital and as well for delivering supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Response, National\n3, A geological group that provides accurate information about the statistics of the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Response, National\nFive Mt. of the rice was released by the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) from its inventory with the national government logistics agency. The medicines donated to PMI by the Singapore Red Cross are divided into sections for health stations that provide free medical services to the population. The criteria for the selection of health posts are determined by the PMI, based on the most pressing needs of each post. Donated and distributed medicines include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Response, National\nThe Ministry of Housing and Regional Development decided to assist the Banggai Islands by allocating 16 billion Indonesian rupiah (US$2.2 million) for the repair of housing and transport infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161667-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Banggai Islands earthquake, Response, International\nThe Government of Japan sent a speed boat to provide emergency transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161668-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bank of the West Classic\nThe 2000 Bank of the West Classic was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the Tier II Series of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 29th edition of the tournament and took place at the Taube Tennis Center in Stanford, California, United States, from July 24 through July 30, 2000. Second-seeded Venus Williams won the singles title and earned $87,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161668-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bank of the West Classic, Finals, Doubles\nChanda Rubin /  Sandrine Testud defeated  Cara Black /  Amy Frazier, 6\u20134, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161669-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bank of the West Classic \u2013 Doubles\nLindsay Davenport and Corina Morariu were the defending champions, but neither competed this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161669-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bank of the West Classic \u2013 Doubles\nChanda Rubin and Sandrine Testud won the title by defeating Cara Black and Amy Frazier 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161670-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bank of the West Classic \u2013 Singles\nLindsay Davenport was the defending champion, but lost in the final against Venus Williams in their third consecutive final at this tournament. The score was 6\u20131, 6\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161670-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bank of the West Classic \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161671-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bankfin Cup\nThe 2000 Bankfin Cup was the second tier competition in the 62nd Currie Cup season since it started in 1889. It was won by the  Blue Bulls, who defeated the  Mighty Elephants 41\u201320 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161671-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bankfin Cup, Competition, Qualification\nThe fourteen provincial teams were divided into two sections (called Section X and Section Y) during the 2000 Currie Cup qualification tournament. Each team played every other team in their section once. The three bottom-placed teams in each section qualified to the 2000 Bankfin Cup competition, with all points earned against the other Bankfin Cup teams carried forward to the Bankfin Cup. All teams played the teams that qualified from the other section once. Teams who qualified from the same section did not play each other again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161671-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Bankfin Cup, Competition, Qualification\nTeams received four points for a win and two points for a draw. Bonus points were awarded to teams that score four or more tries in a game, as well as to teams that lost a match by seven points or less. Teams were ranked by points, then points difference (points scored less points conceded).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161671-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Bankfin Cup, Competition, Qualification\nThe top four teams qualified for the title play-offs. In the semi-finals, the team that finished first had home advantage against the team that finished fourth, while the team that finished second had home advantage against the team that finished third. The winners of these semi-finals played each other in the final, at the home venue of the higher-placed team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161671-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Bankfin Cup, Teams, Log\nThe following playing records were brought forward from the 2000 Currie Cup qualification series:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161672-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Barangay Ginebra Kings season\nThe 2000 Barangay Ginebra Kings season was the 22nd season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161673-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Barber Dodge Pro Series\nThe 2000 Barber Dodge Pro Series season was the fifteenth season of this racing series. The championship was won by Nilton Rossoni. Ryan Hunter-Reay won the Rookie of the Year title. This was the first season the series raced outside of the United States. The Barber Dodge Pro Series supported the CART World Series at the Molson Indy Vancouver", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161674-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Barcelona Dragons season\nThe 2000 Barcelona Dragons season was the eighth season for the franchise in the NFL Europe League (NFLEL). The team was led by head coach Jack Bicknell in his eighth year, and played its home games at Estadi Ol\u00edmpic de Montju\u00efc in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. They finished the regular season in third place with a record of five wins and five losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161675-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council in South Yorkshire, England. Prior to the election, Labour has suffered a by-election loss in South West and two defections to Independent. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161675-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election, Ward results\n+/- figures represent changes from the last time these wards were contested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161676-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council in Cumbria, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\nElections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 2000 followed the system in use since 1995. The Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) voted by mail to select from recent major league players and elected two: Carlton Fisk and Tony P\u00e9rez. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions and selected three people from multiple classified ballots: Sparky Anderson, Bid McPhee, and Turkey Stearnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\nInduction ceremonies in Cooperstown, New York, were held July 23 with George Grande as master of ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election\nThe BBWAA was authorized to elect players active in 1980 or later but not after 1994 (final game, 1980 to 1994). The ballot comprised 30 candidates, 16 returning from the 1999 ballot, where they received at least 5% support, and 14 on the ballot for the first time (\u2020), chosen by a screening committee from players who last appeared in 1994. All 10-year members of the BBWAA were eligible to participate by voting for as many as 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots returned would be honored with induction to the Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election\nResults were announced on January 11, 2000. A total of 499 ballots were returned so 375 votes were required for election. A total of 2813 individual votes were cast, an average of 5.64 per ballot. Candidates who received less than 5% support, or 25 votes, would not appear on future BBWAA ballots (*). They were also eliminated from future consideration by the Veterans Committee of the time, but that possibility was restored by new arrangements passed in 2001 and eligibility for the Veterans Committee ballot remains unrelated to performance in BBWAA elections after subsequent reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election\nTwo players were elected and 15 with final games played during 1981\u201394 were forwarded to next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election\nThe newly-eligible players included 16 All-Stars, three who were not included on the ballot, representing a total of 43 All-Star selections. Among the new candidates were 9-time All-Star Goose Gossage and 5-time All-Stars Steve Sax and Jack Morris. The field included two Rookies of the Year (Sax and Rick Sutcliffe) and two Cy Young Award winners (Sutcliffe and Bob Welch).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election\nPlayers eligible for the first time who were not included on the ballot were: Larry Andersen, Daryl Boston, Sid Bream, Tom Brunansky, Storm Davis, Steve Farr, Mike Felder, Joe Hesketh, Jay Howell, Mike Jeffcoat, Tim Leary, Craig Lefferts, Kevin McReynolds, Bob Melvin, Edwin N\u00fa\u00f1ez, Bob Ojeda, Junior Ortiz, Dan Pasqua, Gary Redus, and Harold Reynolds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, The Veterans Committee\nThe Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to elect as many as two executives, managers, umpires, and older major league players\u2014the categories considered in all its meetings since 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, The Veterans Committee\nThe older players eligible were those with ten major league seasons beginning 1945 or earlier; those who received at least 100 votes from the BBWAA in some election up to 1990; and those who received at least 60% support in some election beginning 1991. Players on Major League Baseball's ineligible list were also ineligible for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, The Veterans Committee\nBy an arrangement since 1995 the committee separately considered candidates from the Negro leagues and from the 19th century with authority to select one from each of those two special ballots. It elected three people, one fewer than the maximum number permitted: manager Sparky Anderson from the 1970s, center fielder Turkey Stearnes from the Negro leagues, and second baseman Bid McPhee from the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, J. G. Taylor Spink Award\nHal Lebovitz received the J. G. Taylor Spink Award honoring a baseball writer. (The award was voted at the December 1999 meeting of the BBWAA, dated 1999, and conferred in the summer 2000 ceremonies.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161677-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, Ford C. Frick Award\nMarty Brennaman received the Ford C. Frick Award honoring a baseball broadcaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161678-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Basildon District Council election\nThe 2000 Basildon District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Basildon District Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161678-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Basildon District Council election, Election result\nThe results saw the Conservatives make gains from both Labour and Liberal Democrats to go from 11 to 18 seats on the council. This deprived Labour of a majority on the council after 5 years and reduced Labour's lead over the Conservatives to just 2 seats. Meanwhile, the Liberal Democrats lost half their seats to fall to have just 4 councillors, but were left with the balance of power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161678-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Basildon District Council election, Election result\nThe Conservatives gained marginal seats in Basildon from Labour including Laindon, Langdon Hills and Pitsea East. They also took all the seats the Liberal Democrats had been defending in Billericay and Wickford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161678-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Basildon District Council election, Election result\nFollowing the election the Liberal Democrat leader Geoff Williams said \"issues will be decided on their merit and not on party politics\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161678-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Basildon District Council election, Election result\nAll comparisons in vote share are to the corresponding 1996 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161679-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Basilicata regional election\nThe Basilicata regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161679-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Basilicata regional election\nFilippo Bubbico (Democrats of the Left) was elected President, defeating Nicola Pagliuca (Forza Italia) by a landslide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161680-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Basingstoke and Deane Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Basingstoke and Deane Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Basingstoke and Deane Borough Council in Hampshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161681-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Batang Red Bull Energizers season\nThe 2000 Batang Red Bull Energizers season was the first season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161681-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Batang Red Bull Energizers season, Transactions\nElevated 6 players from their farm team Red Bull in the PBL", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161681-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Batang Red Bull Energizers season, Occurrences\nThe Energizers had their first franchise victory on February 27 by scoring a 90-89 overtime win over Sta.Lucia, it was soon reversed when it was found out their rookie center, 18-year-old Kerby Raymundo had deficiency in academic credentials and ineligible to play in the pro league until next year, the PBA therefore forfeited two of their victories, including a repeat won game over Sta.Lucia on March 18 in Davao City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161682-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Baton Rouge mayoral election\nThe 2000 Baton Rouge mayoral election was held on October 7 and November 7, 2000 to elect the mayor-president of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It saw the election of Bobby Ray Simpson. As of 2020, this is the last time a Republican was elected mayor-president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161683-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bausch & Lomb Championships\nThe 2000 Bausch & Lomb Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Amelia Island Plantation on Amelia Island, Florida in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 21st edition of the tournament and was held from April 10 through April 16, 2000. Monica Seles won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161684-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bausch & Lomb Championships \u2013 Doubles\nConchita Mart\u00ednez and Patricia Tarabini were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners. Mart\u00ednez teamed up with Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario and reached the semifinals, while Tarabini teamed up with Nicole Arendt and lost in quarterfinals to Barbara Schett and Patty Schnyder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161684-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bausch & Lomb Championships \u2013 Doubles\nThe tournament was cancelled in the semifinal round due to several delays caused by bad weather. Tournament organisers decided to priorize the conclusion of the singles tournament, with players being forced to play two rounds on a single day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161684-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Bausch & Lomb Championships \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 49], "content_span": [50, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161685-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bausch & Lomb Championships \u2013 Singles\nMonica Seles was the defending champion and successfully defender her title by defeating Conchita Mart\u00ednez 6\u20133, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161685-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bausch & Lomb Championships \u2013 Singles\nThe tournament was delayed several days due to bad weather. Players were forced to play two matches on a single day in order to complete the tournament. Third round and quarterfinals were played at Saturday, while the semifinals and final were played at Sunday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161685-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Bausch & Lomb Championships \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first eight seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 49], "content_span": [50, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161686-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bavarian Cup\nThe 2000 Bavarian Cup was the third edition of the competition which started in 1998. It ended with the FC Ismaning winning the competition. Together with finalist TSV Rain am Lech, both clubs qualified for the DFB Cup 2000-01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161686-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bavarian Cup\nThe competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga S\u00fcd (III).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161686-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Bavarian Cup, Rules & History\nThe seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition, which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998, these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event; their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners were qualified for the first round. It was the last edition with only seven clubs. The following season, the competition was expanded to eight teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161686-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Bavarian Cup, Participating clubs\nThe following seven clubs qualified for the 2000 Bavarian Cup:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161686-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Bavarian Cup, DFB Cup 2000-01\nThe two clubs, TSV Rain am Lech and FC Ismaning, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2000-01, both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161687-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bayern\u2013Rundfahrt\nThe 2000 Bayern\u2013Rundfahrt was the 21st edition of the Bayern\u2013Rundfahrt cycle race and was held on 17 May to 21 May 2000. The race started in Burghausen and finished in Neustadt an der Aisch. The race was won by Jens Voigt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161688-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Baylor Bears football team\nThe 2000 Baylor Bears football team (variously \"Baylor\", \"BU\", or the \"Bears\") represented Baylor University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They were represented in the Big 12 Conference in the South Division. They played their home games at Floyd Casey Stadium in Waco, Texas. They were coached by head coach Kevin Steele. They ended the season with the worst record in the Big 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161689-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Beach Soccer World Championships\nThe 2000 Beach Soccer World Championships was the sixth edition of the Beach Soccer World Championships, the most prestigious competition in international beach soccer contested by men's national teams until 2005, when the competition was then replaced by the second iteration of a world cup in beach soccer, the better known FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup. It was organised by Brazilian sports agency Koch Tavares (one of the founding partners of Beach Soccer Worldwide).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161689-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Beach Soccer World Championships\nThe tournament continued to take place in Rio de Janeiro, however for the first time the venue moved away from the sport's birthplace of Copacabana Beach, being staged around ten miles north at the Marina da Gl\u00f3ria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161689-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Beach Soccer World Championships\nDefending champions Brazil won their sixth consecutive title, after defeating first time finalists Peru 6\u20132 in the concluding match of the tournament. Spain and Japan both finished inside the top four for the first time, the latter becoming the first Asian nation to do so at a World Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161689-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Beach Soccer World Championships, Organisation\nWith the increase in the number of participating number teams in the previous year, the organisation remained the same at this World Championships, continuing with twelve nations who were split into four groups of three playing each other in a round robin format. The top two teams progressed to the quarter finals from which point on the championship was played as a knock-out tournament until a winner was crowned, with an additional match to determine third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161689-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Beach Soccer World Championships, Teams\nThe top finishing European nations in the 1999 Euro Beach Soccer League achieved qualification, along with the top finishers from South America in the 1999/2000 Americas' League. The other nations received invites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161689-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Beach Soccer World Championships, Group stage\nMatches are listed as local time in Rio de Janeiro, (BRST / UTC-2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161690-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian First League\n2000 Belarusian First League was the tenth season of 2nd level football championship in Belarus. It started in April and ended in November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161690-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian First League, Team changes from 1999 season\nTwo best teams of 1999 Belarusian First League (Kommunalnik Slonim and Vedrich-97 Rechitsa) were promoted to Belarusian Premier League. They were replaced by two lowest placed teams of 1999 Premier League (Molodechno and Svisloch-Krovlya Osipovichi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161690-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian First League, Team changes from 1999 season\nTwo lowest placed teams of the 1999 First League (Pinsk-900 and Vitbich-Dinamo-Energo Vitebsk) relegated to the Second League. They were replaced by two newcomers from the Second League (Traktor Minsk and Luninets as the winners of their respective groups).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161690-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian First League, Team changes from 1999 season\nBefore the start of the season Kommunalnik Svetlogorsk were renamed to Khimik Svetlogorsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161690-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian First League, Overview\nThis season winners Molodechno were promoted to the Premier League. Four lowest placed teams (Traktor Minsk, Khimik Svetlogorsk, Veino-Dnepr and Polesye Kozenki) were initially relegated to the Second League, although Khimik Svetlogorsk later avoided relegation due to withdrawal of two other teams before 2001 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161691-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian Premier League\nThe 2000 Belarusian Premier League was the tenth season of top-tier football in Belarus. It started on April 15 and ended on November 4, 2000. BATE Borisov were the defending champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161691-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian Premier League, Team changes from 1999 season\nSvisloch-Krovlya Osipovichi and Molodechno, who finished 15th and 16th respectively, relegated to the First League. They were replaced by 1999 First League winners Kommunalnik Slonim and runners-up Vedrich-97 Rechytsa, who previously played in top league as Vedrich Rechytsa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161691-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian Premier League, Overview\nSlavia Mozyr won their 2nd champions title and qualified for the next season's Champions League. The championship runners-up BATE Borisov, 1999\u20132000 Cup winners Belshina Bobruisk and UEFA Fair Play ranking winners Shakhtyor Soligorsk qualified for UEFA Cup. Due to Premiere League reduction from 16 to 14 teams starting with next season, three lowest placed teams were relegated: Lida, Torpedo-Kadino Mogilev and Kommunalnik Slonim. As of 2010, this was the last season in top league for either relegated team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161692-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Belarus on 15 October 2000, with further rounds of voting on 29 October, 18 March and 1 April. The vast majority of successful candidates, 94 of 110, were independents. Voter turnout was reported to be 61.08%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161692-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Belarusian parliamentary election\nA total of 566 candidates contested the election, only around fifty of which were opponents of President Alexander Lukashenko. Opposition parties called for a boycott, criticising the government's control of the state media. In response, the Department of Justice stated that anyone calling for a boycott could receive a jail sentence of up to two years, and several activists were detained. Although a Russian delegation claimed the elections were free and fair, other international observers disagreed, noting concerns about the treatment of opposition candidates, a possible inflation of voter turnout and falsified and destroyed ballot papers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161693-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Cup Final\nThe 2000 Belgian Cup Final, took place on 14 May 2000 between Genk and Standard Li\u00e8ge. It was the 45th Belgian Cup final and was won by Genk, coming back from an early goal by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Pierre to win 4-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Belgian Grand Prix (formally, the LVIII Foster's Belgian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 27 August 2000 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Stavelot, Belgium. It was the 13th race of the 2000 Formula One World Championship, and the 58th Belgian Grand Prix. McLaren driver Mika H\u00e4kkinen won the 44-lap race from pole position. Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari, and Williams driver Ralf Schumacher was third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix\nThe race began behind the safety car, and when the car returned to the pit lane H\u00e4kkinen built a comfortable lead over Jarno Trulli. As the track dried and his rivals made pit stops, H\u00e4kkinen maintained his lead until a lap-13 spin gave Michael Schumacher the lead for most of the remainder of the race. By the 34th lap Schumacher's tyres began to degrade; he drove off the racing line to cool them, which allowed H\u00e4kkinen to close the gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix\nOn lap 41 H\u00e4kkinen overtook Michael Schumacher for the lead while lapping BAR driver Ricardo Zonta and maintaining the lead to win. Although Rubens Barrichello set the fastest lap time in the other Ferrari, he was hampered by a poor qualifying performance and retired with a fuel-pressure problem thirteen laps from the finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix\nH\u00e4kkinen's victory extended his lead in the Drivers' Championship to six points over Michael Schumacher, with Coulthard a further seven points behind. Barrichello's retirement dropped him to twenty-five points behind H\u00e4kkinen. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren extended their lead to eight points over Ferrari with four races remaining in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Background\nThe 2000 Belgian Grand Prix was the 13th of the 17 races in the 2000 Formula One World Championship and took place at the 6.968\u00a0km (4.330\u00a0mi) Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps on 27 August 2000. The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams with two drivers each. The teams (also known as constructors) were McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four different tyre types to the race: two dry compounds (soft and medium) and two wet-weather compounds (hard and soft). The wet-weather tyres were introduced for the race weekend in response to prospective rival tyre supplier Michelin beginning their tyre-development program during the year, resulting in Bridgestone increasing their development rate to research advances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Background\nBefore the race McLaren driver Mika H\u00e4kkinen led the Drivers' Championship with 64 points, ahead of Michael Schumacher (62 points) and David Coulthard (58). Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 49 points, and Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth with 18. In the Constructors' Championship McLaren led with 112 points, one point ahead of rival Ferrari. Williams were third with 24 points, while Benetton (18 points) and Jordan (12) contended for fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Background\nAfter the Hungarian Grand Prix on 13 August, five teams conducted mid-season testing at the Silverstone Circuit on 15\u201317 August. McLaren test driver Olivier Panis was fastest on the first day, ahead of Heinz-Harald Frentzen. Williams test driver Bruno Junqueira's car had a water leak, resulting in repairs which limited his team's testing time. Panis remained the fastest on the second day. Jos Verstappen's Arrows car had a sensor failure, limiting his team's testing time; the car's floor had to be removed to install a new sensor. Panis was again fastest on the final day of testing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Background\nFerrari opted to test the suspension and tyres of Michael Schumacher's car at the Fiorano Circuit. Schumacher later moved to the Mugello Circuit, with Barrichello conducting engine and setup tests, and Ferrari test driver Luca Badoer remained at Fiorano for development work on new car components. Prost opted to test at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza on 17\u201318 August with driver Jean Alesi. Benetton conducted a five-day, one-car test at the Danielson Circuit, with test driver Mark Webber on aerodynamic development for the first four days and Alexander Wurz concentrating on practice starts the last day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Background\nIn September 1999 the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) released a provisional calendar for the 2000 season, dropping the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps from the Formula One World Championship due to Belgian tobacco-advertising laws which threatened to cancel the race; several teams had tobacco sponsorship. The FIA had the revived Dutch Grand Prix at the Circuit Park Zandvoort and the Portuguese Grand Prix at the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril as alternatives if the Belgian Grand Prix was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Background\nThe dispute was resolved when the Belgian government exempted the race from the advertising law, and it was reinstated at the FIA World Motor Sport Council meeting in Paris on 6 October. Ferrari arrived at the circuit with a lighter, more-powerful version of its Tipo 049 V10 engine for Saturday's qualifying session, returning to the development power plant used at the Hungarian Grand Prix. They also had a revised aerodynamic package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race, two each on Friday and Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour; the third and fourth sessions, on Saturday morning, lasted 45 minutes each. Conditions were dry for the Friday morning and afternoon practice sessions. Coulthard set the first session's fastest time with a lap of 1 minute, 53.398 seconds, eight-tenths of a second quicker than Michael Schumacher. H\u00e4kkinen had the third-fastest time, with Jarno Trulli, Barrichello and Jacques Villeneuve in the next three positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Practice\nThe two Benetton drivers were seventh and eighth (with Wurz ahead of Fisichella), and the Williams cars of Ralf Schumacher and Button completed the top ten. Alesi's Prost had a fuel-pressure problem which prevented him from completing a timed lap, and he was the slowest overall. In the second practice session, due to a slow rear puncture Coulthard's first-session lap was still the fastest; H\u00e4kkinen had the second-fastest time. Jaguar driver Johnny Herbert changed his car's balance, improving its performance and finishing third-fastest. Villeneuve moved into fourth after changes to his car's setup; Michael Schumacher slipped to fifth, and Wurz finished sixth. Jos Verstappen was seventh-fastest, ahead of Fisichella, Barrichello and Trulli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Practice\nThe weather remained dry for the Saturday-morning practice sessions. H\u00e4kkinen set the fastest lap of the third session at 1 minute, 51.043 seconds, quicker than his best on Friday and ahead of Frentzen, Trulli and Ralf Schumacher. Coulthard, who had an engine problem early in the session, was fifth-fastest (ahead of Button and Michael Schumacher). Alesi, Villeneuve and Sauber driver Nick Heidfeld rounded out the top ten. During the final practice session H\u00e4kkinen could not improve his time, although he remained the fastest. Button, much happier with his car's handling, set the second-fastest time. The Jordan drivers were third and fourth, with Trulli ahead of Frentzen. Ralf Schumacher and Coulthard completed the top six. Of the slower drivers, Marc Gen\u00e9 had an anxious moment when his Minardi car shed its engine cover but was able to return to his garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nObviously I'm pleased to take my second consecutive Belgian Grand Prix pole position. We found a good set-up to the car and the team did a great job. We improved the car throughout the qualifying and I'm optimistic for tomorrow's race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nIn Saturday afternoon's one hour qualifying session each driver was limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by their fastest laps. During this session the 107% rule was in effect, requiring each driver to remain within 107 per cent of the fastest lap time to qualify for the race. The session was held in dry weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nH\u00e4kkinen was unhindered by slower traffic, clinched his fifth pole position of the season, his third at the circuit and the 26th of his career with a time of 1 minute, 50.646 seconds; although he was optimistic about his race prospects, he was concerned about the start. H\u00e4kkinen was joined in the front row of the grid by Trulli, who equalled his best qualifying performance of the season (at the Monaco Grand Prix). Trulli was also optimistic about his chances because of the Jordan team's strong record at the circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0010-0002", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nButton qualified third, and said he was happy with his starting position. Michael Schumacher secured fourth position, nine-tenths of a second behind H\u00e4kkinen, setting a lap time which pushed H\u00e4kkinen's teammate Coulthard into fifth. Coulthard, who had problems with grip, believed that he could have had a faster lap time. Ralf Schumacher secured sixth position after being caught in traffic during his final run, keeping the Williams driver from a quicker lap time. Villeneuve, in seventh, reported oversteering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0010-0003", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nFrentzen qualified eighth; his best lap time was disqualified after Coulthard blocked him at the Bus Stop chicane, which caused Frentzen to run onto the grass. Herbert and Barrichello rounded out the top ten drivers, with Barrichello spinning at the chicane during his third run after locking his brakes. Fisichella, eleventh, missed the top ten by three-tenths of a second on his only quick run of the session. Herbert's teammate, Eddie Irvine, qualified twelfth with tyre-grip problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0010-0004", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was ahead of Zonta in the slower of the two BARs (which lost a half-second through Eau Rouge), Heidfeld in the faster Prost, Sauber's Pedro Diniz and Arrows driver Pedro de la Rosa. Alesi qualified 17th, despite spinning at the chicane and triggering a yellow flag. Salo qualified 18th, ahead of Wurz (who had engine problems and shared the spare Benetton monocoque with Fisichella). Verstappen and the two Minardi drivers qualified at the back of the grid, in positions 20 to 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took the track at 09:30 Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) for a 30-minute warm-up in wet weather, with lap times 13 seconds slower than the previous days' practice and qualifying sessions. Heavy rain fell early in the morning and a rising mist formed low on the track by dawn. H\u00e4kkinen maintained his good performance, setting a time of 2:03.392. Michael Schumacher was the second-fastest driver; Button was third, two-thousands of a second behind Schumacher. Barrichello completed the top four, three-tenths of a second behind H\u00e4kkinen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Warm-up\nGiancarlo Fisichella struck the barriers heavily at turn 14 after spinning sideways and was launched into the air, landing upside-down; the session was suspended while marshals cleared the track of debris. Fisichella sustained a bruised left knee, and was forced to start the race with his team's spare car. Jacques Villeneuve damaged his car's rear end in a crash later in the session, but was able to continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nThe race began before 83,000 spectators at 14:00 local time, with air and track temperatures at 15\u00a0\u00b0C (59\u00a0\u00b0F);  clouds, but no rain, were predicted for the race. The rain had stopped by the time of the race's start but there was standing water on the track, causing heavy spray and impairing visibility, meant that the event would start behind the safety car following consultation between the drivers and FIA race director Charlie Whiting on the track's condition; all cars except Pedro Diniz' had wet tyres. The race began with a rolling start without a formation lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nDuring the safety-car period, Diniz spun off; he was passed by Pedro de la Rosa, who received a ten-second stop-go penalty which he served on lap 13. The safety car entered the pit lane after one lap, and the cars were allowed to overtake after crossing the start-finish line. H\u00e4kkinen maintained his lead going into the first corner, followed by Trulli, Button, Michael Schumacher and Coulthard. Barrichello overtook Herbert for ninth place at the first turn. At the end of the first racing lap, Diniz dropped to the rear of the field. De la Rosa lost 16th position on lap three after running wide at turn 18, losing two places to Alesi and Verstappen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen began to pull away from Trulli. Although Button tried to pass Trulli on the fourth lap at the Bus Stop chicane, he ran wide and lost third position to Michael Schumacher. On that lap, Alesi was the first driver to pit for dry tyres. By the beginning of the fifth lap H\u00e4kkinen increased his lead over Trulli to ten seconds, ahead of Michael Schumacher, Button and Coulthard. Button attempted to overtake Trulli on the outside of the Bus Stop chicane, but left the inside open for Schumacher to pass him for third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nSchumacher then took second place from Trulli at La Source. Button attempted to follow Schumacher down the inside, but Button and Trulli collided. Trulli was sent into a spin, becoming the first retirement of the race. Button lost two positions to Coulthard and Ralf Schumacher in the incident. On the next lap Michael and Ralf Schumacher were the first leaders to pit for dry tyres, as Alesi began setting faster lap times than the front-runners. H\u00e4kkinen made a pit stop from the lead on lap seven, followed by Button, and re-emerged ahead of Coulthard to retain the lead. Coulthard made his pit stop on the following lap, re-emerging in ninth position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nAll drivers made pit stops by the end of lap nine. The race order was H\u00e4kkinen, Michael Schumacher, Ralf Schumacher, Alesi, Button, Villeneuve, Barrichello, Frentzen, Coulthard, Diniz, Herbert, Irvine, Zonta, Salo, Gen\u00e9, Verstappen, de la Rosa, Heidfeld, Wurz and Mazzacane. During that lap Barrichello overtook Frentzen for seventh, whilst Verstappen and Fisichella collided after Verstappen tried to pass the slowing Benetton at the Bus Stop chicane. Verstappen had front-wing damage, and Fisichella later retired with an electrical problem. By the beginning of lap 13, Michael Schumacher closed his gap from H\u00e4kkinen to about 4.6 seconds after four consecutive fastest laps. Later in the lap, H\u00e4kkinen touched a damp kerb at Stavelot corner and was sent spinning sideways at high-speed into the grass; Michael Schumacher took the lead. Nick Heidfeld was the race's third retirement when his car developed a mechanical problem during that lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 975]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nAlesi, the first front-runner to make a scheduled pit stop on lap 18, rejoined in tenth. During the next two laps Salo passed Irvine for twelfth, whilst Barrichello made a pit stop from sixth position and came out in eleventh. By lap 22, Michael Schumacher had increased his lead over H\u00e4kkinen to eleven seconds. Ralf Schumacher, ten seconds behind H\u00e4kkinen, maintained a six-second gap over teammate Button. Michael Schumacher made a pit stop on that lap, emerging in third position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nOn lap 23 Barrichello passed Herbert for ninth position, and during the next two laps Villeneuve and Ralf Schumacher made pit stops. Button made a pit stop from fourth position on lap 26, and H\u00e4kkinen one lap later; H\u00e4kkinen was told by his team (on pit boards) to speed up to reduce the gap to Michael Schumacher, who had a heavier fuel load. Button dropped to eighth position, and H\u00e4kkinen came out behind Michael Schumacher. Frentzen and Coulthard made their pit stops together on lap 28, with Coulthard emerging ahead of Frentzen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0015-0002", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nOn that lap, Barrichello passed Alesi for sixth position. Barrichello, setting the fastest lap of the race (1 minute, 53.803 seconds on lap 30), had consecutive fastest laps before making his second pit stop on lap 31. However, his car's fuel pressure dropped and he was pushed by marshals into the pit lane. Barrichello and Alesi (who had a similar problem) retired, and Button inherited fourth place. Salo was the final scheduled driver to make a pit stop, on lap 33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nAt the end of lap 34, after all scheduled pit stops, the running order was Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen, Ralf Schumacher, Button, Coulthard, Frentzen, Villeneuve, Herbert, Salo, Irvine, Diniz, Zonta, Wurz, Gene, Verstappen, de la Rosa and Mazzacane. During that lap Michael Schumacher's tyres began to degrade, and he ran off the racing line to cool them by driving through water; H\u00e4kkinen gradually closed the gap. Coulthard, fifth, passed Button for fourth position on lap 37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen tried to pass Michael Schumacher on the inside for the lead on the 40th lap on the approach to Les Combes, (after drafting behind him on the straightaway), but Schumacher blocked him to defend late in the attempt to hold onto his position. The drivers made contact, with H\u00e4kkinen receiving minor damage to his front wing from contact with Schumacher's right-rear wheel and forced to slow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nDuring the following lap, while both competitors were lapping the slower car of Zonta who was driving on the centre of the circuit, H\u00e4kkinen steered right onto a damp patch to pass Schumacher for the lead after Schumacher turned left believing there was inadequate space on the right. He kept the lead for the rest of the race, crossing the finish line on lap 44 for his fourth victory of the season, his first in Belgium and the 18th of his Formula One career in a time of 1'28:14.494\u2014an average speed of 129.535 miles per hour (208.466\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher finished second, 1.1 seconds behind H\u00e4kkinen and ahead of Ralf Schumacher in third, Coulthard in fourth, Button in fifth place. Frentzen rounded out the point-scoring positions in sixth. Villeneuve, Herbert, Salo, Irvine and Diniz filled the next five positions. Zonta, Wurz, Gen\u00e9 and Verstappen finished a lap behind the leader, with de la Rosa and Mazzacane the last classified finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nThis was an enjoyable race and I'm really happy to leave Belgium with ten points. I lost the lead to Schumacher when I spun at Stavelot. I don't really know what happened but the kerbs were very slippery. After my second pit stop I was closing on Schumacher and tried to get past him at the end of the straight but that didn't work. However I was much quicker coming out of La Source. I would probably have been close enough coming up the hill to overtake him anyway but because of the backmarker I got an additional tow and was able to go past and pull away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and at a later press conference. H\u00e4kkinen was delighted with his victory: \"This was an incredible win. It was a very difficult and unusual situation including my spin which of course was not planned. The kerbs here are very slippery and once you go over one there is not much you can do. I was lucky to keep going and I was able to chase Michael. But the car got better and better.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nThe driver added that he wanted to review his overtaking manoeuvre to see if Michael Schumacher performed an illegal move. Schumacher said that despite improvements to his car, he was unable to match H\u00e4kkinen's overall pace. He added that he experienced no problems running off-line to cool his tyres, and was happy to run behind slower cars for straight-line speed assistance during the race's closing stages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nRalf Schumacher said, \"I'm more than happy; we have been strong here the whole weekend and my car behaved perfectly. I had a little moment of worry about six laps from the end when the throttle didn't seem to pick up properly and I thought the engine was going to stop, but it came back and all was well.\" Schumacher added that his team was confident of securing third in the Constructors' Championship; although he could not match H\u00e4kkinen's pace, he praised the team for his car's set-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nCoulthard was disappointed with his fourth-place finish, and thought his team's decision to call him into the pit lane after his competitors cost him the victory; however, he remained confident about his championship chances. Button was also disappointed to finish fifth: \"It was a bad race for me, if not the worst. The car was working well at the start, but when I tried to pass Jarno I went in a bit late.\" Trulli refused to criticise Button after the race, believing that Button made a mistake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0020-0002", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nFisichella and Verstappen felt similarly about their lap-nine collision, with Fisichella saying that he \"felt sorry\" for Verstappen and describing his weekend as \"disastrous\". Verstappen said that he struggled with his car's balance, which resulted in oversteer. He was \"happy to go home\", because \"it's not been a good weekend.\" Frentzen said that although he was happy to score points, he had hoped for a better finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nThe media focused on H\u00e4kkinen overtaking Michael Schumacher for the lead on lap 41. After the race H\u00e4kkinen went to Schumacher in parc ferm\u00e9 and told him not make such a manoeuvre with at high speed that he deemed \"a life and death situation\" and not to make a move like that again. Zonta later said that although he was unaware of H\u00e4kkinen's presence, he saw Schumacher in his mirrors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0021-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nDerick Allsop of The Independent described the impact the move might have on H\u00e4kkinen's career: \"Perhaps, he [Mika H\u00e4kkinen] will be recognised as a driver worthy of a place in the pantheon of the sport's heroes.\" According to McLaren team principal Ron Dennis, \"His overtaking manoeuvre I'm sure will go down as one of the greatest in Formula One history\", and in February 2001 H\u00e4kkinen's move was chosen by more than 60 Formula One historians as the MasterCard Priceless Moment of the 2000 F1 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nThe use of a safety car to start the race had a mixed response within the sport. Coulthard agreed with the FIA's decision: \"I know there will be a debate over it but the fact is I was asked beforehand and I said that, based on the previous years we've had here, the safest thing is to have a safety-car start\". He added that although the safety-car start eliminated overtaking, it also prevented a major accident. Ralf Schumacher also agreed with the decision to start under safety-car conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0022-0001", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nHowever, ITV commentator and former driver Martin Brundle felt that the track was not wet enough for a safety car. Journalist Nigel Roebuck said that the length of time under safety-car conditions was inadequate, and raised the possibility of abandoning standing starts. Whiting consulted Coulthard, the drivers' representative, before making his decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161694-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, After the race\nAfter the race, H\u00e4kkinen remained in the Drivers' Championship lead with 74 points. Michael Schumacher was second with 68 points, seven points ahead of Coulthard and nineteen ahead of Barrichello. Ralf Schumacher passed Fisichella for fifth place with 20 points, and Frentzen moved ahead of teammate Trulli and Salo. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren maintained their lead with 125 points and Ferrari remained in second with 117 points. Williams increased their lead over Benetton to twelve points, and Jordan remained fifth with 13 points. Given H\u00e4kkinen's increased lead, Michael Schumacher acknowledged that his team lacked speed against McLaren in the season's four remaining races but remained confident of winning the world championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161695-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian Super Cup\nThe 2000 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions. The match was contested by Cup winners Genk, and 1999\u20132000 Belgian First Division champions, Anderlecht on 5 August 2000 at the ground of the league winners Anderlecht, Het Kuipje. Prior to the game, the clubs agreed to allow more substitutions, leading to Anderlecht making six changes at halftime and seven in total during the game. Anderlecht won the match by three goals to one, winning its fifth Belgian Super Cup, while for Genk it marked the third loss in three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161696-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian local elections\nThe Belgian provincial, municipal and district elections of 2000 took place on Sunday October 8, 2000. The electors elected the municipal councillors of 589 cities and towns (308 in the Flemish Region, 262 in the Walloon Region and 19 in the Brussels-Capital Region) as well as the ten provincial councils. Additionally, the newly established district councils in the city of Antwerp were elected for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161696-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian local elections\nNewly elected councillors took office in January 2001, with a six-year term ending in 2007. The next local elections took place on October 8, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161696-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Belgian local elections\nSoon after this election, the federal government under Verhofstadt transferred the responsibility over local government to the three regional governments, including the responsibility of organising local elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161697-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Belmont Stakes\nThe 2000 Belmont Stakes was the 132nd running of the Belmont Stakes and the 96th time the event took place at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161697-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Belmont Stakes\nIn a field of 11 horses, the 1 1/2-mile race was won by Commendable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161698-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Benalla state by-election\nA by-election was held for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Benalla on 13 May 2000. The by-election was triggered by the resignation on 12 April of Pat McNamara, the sitting member who was Deputy Premier of Victoria until the defeat of the Kennett government at the 1999 state election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161699-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Benson & Hedges Cup\nThe 2000 Benson & Hedges Cup was the twenty-ninth competing of cricket's Benson & Hedges Cup. The competition was won by Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, who defeated Glamorgan County Cricket Club in the final at Lord's on 10 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161700-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Berlin Marathon\nThe 2000 Berlin Marathon was the 27th running of the annual marathon race held in Berlin, Germany, held on 10 September 2000. Kenya's Simon Biwott won the men's race in 2:07:42\u00a0hours, while the women's race was won by Japan's Kazumi Matsuo in 2:26:15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161701-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Berlin Thunder season\nThe 2000 Berlin Thunder season was the second season for the franchise in the NFL Europe League (NFLEL). The team was led by head coach Peter Vaas in his first year, and played its home games at Jahn-Sportpark in Berlin, Germany. They finished the regular season in sixth place with a record of four wins and six losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161702-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Betty Barclay Cup\nThe 2000 Betty Barclay Cup was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, Germany and was part of the Tier II category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 16th edition of the tournament and was held from 2 May until 7 May 2000. First-seeded Martina Hingis won the singles title and earned $87,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161702-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Betty Barclay Cup, Finals, Doubles\nAnna Kournikova /  Natasha Zvereva defeated  Nicole Arendt /  Manon Bollegraf 6\u20137(5\u20137), 6\u20132, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161703-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Betty Barclay Cup \u2013 Doubles\nLarisa Neiland and Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario were the defending champions, but Neiland did not compete this year. S\u00e1nchez Vicario teamed up with Laurence Courtois and lost in semifinals to Nicole Arendt and Manon Bollegraf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161703-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Betty Barclay Cup \u2013 Doubles\nAnna Kournikova and Natasha Zvereva won the title by defeating Arendt and Bollegraf 6\u20137(5\u20137), 6\u20132, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161704-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Betty Barclay Cup \u2013 Singles\nVenus Williams was the defending champion, but lost in quarterfinals to Amanda Coetzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161704-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Betty Barclay Cup \u2013 Singles\nMartina Hingis won the title by defeating Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario 6\u20133, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161704-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Betty Barclay Cup \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161705-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bhutan A-Division\nThe 2000 season of the Bhutanese A-Division was the sixth recorded season of top-flight football in Bhutan, and the last before the league was officially renamed the A-Division. The league was won by Druk Pol FC, their fifth title in a row and the only time, as of 2014, that a Bhutanese team had achieved such a feat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game\nThe 2000 Big 12 Football Championship Game was played on December 2, 2000 in Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri. The game determined the 2000 football champion of the Big 12 Conference. The Oklahoma Sooners, winners of the South division of the Big 12, narrowly beat the Kansas State Wildcats, who won the North division, by a score of 27-24. This was the first time the two teams met in the Big 12 Championship Game, as they would meet again in the 2003 edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game\nThe Wildcats were coached by Bill Snyder. They came into the game with at 10-2 record, including a 6-2 record in Big 12 play. The Sooners were coached by Bob Stoops, in just his second year at the helm after serving as defensive coordinator at Florida (1996-98) and Kansas State (1991-95). Oklahoma came into the game with an 11-0 record including an 8-0 mark in conference play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Leading up to the game\nThe Wildcats had already lost to the Sooners in mid-October, a game played in Manhattan. The Sooners won that contest, 41-31. The Wildcats had hoped to even up the score and earn a first-ever trip to the BCS, not to mention end Oklahoma's perfect season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Leading up to the game\nOklahoma had not lost a game coming into the championship game. After winning the game, they would go on to defeat Florida State in the 2001 Orange Bowl, which served as the BCS National Championship Game that year, earning the program's 7th claimed national championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Game summary\nIn a scene filled with national championship tension and with two teams very familiar with one another, No. 1 Oklahoma edged No. 7/8 Kansas State, 27-24, for the Sooners\u2019 first Big 12 football title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Game summary\nAs OU won a school-record 12th game and advanced to the Bowl Championship Series, the battle royale was about as even as pre-billed for the first 30 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Game summary\nThe Sooners scored first in what would prove to be the decisive field goal in the three-point victory as Tim Duncan connected on a 33-yarder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Game summary\nK-State then rallied for 10 unanswered points, starting with a 10-yard scoring run by Jonathan Beasley on the first play of the second quarter. After an OU punt, KSU mounted a 12-play, 57-yard drive for a Jamie Rheem field goal from 22 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Game summary\nOklahoma stormed back to block a Wildcats\u2019 punt as Josh Norman stepped in front of a KSU boot. Three plays later, quarterback Josh Heupel connected with tight end Trent Smith for one of Smith\u2019s record eight championship receptions and the tying touchdown with 2:56 left in the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Game summary\nIn the second half, OU took a short-lived lead at 17-10 with 5:54 left in the third quarter as Heupel rushed over the goal line from seven yards. Less than two minutes later, Aaron Lockett cruised 58 yards on a punt runback for the first kick return for a touchdown in the Big 12 Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Game summary\nLate in the third quarter and early in the final period, OU made the critical drive of the game. Heupel found Andre Woolfolk with a pass to the back of the end zone, and Duncan\u2019s kick made it 24-17 Sooners with 14:24 left in regulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Game summary\nA calculated gamble by Bob Stoops and Sooners\u2019 special teams\u2019 coaches sent Duncan out to try his longest field goal of the season - a 46-yarder - with 1:25 on the clock. Duncan\u2019s successful try was his longest of the year by six yards and gave Oklahoma just enough breathing room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Game summary\nThe elusive Beasley drove the Wildcats 60 yards in six plays in a span of 1:19. Oklahoma scooped up the ensuing onside kick and ran the final six seconds off the clock. For the fifth year in succession, the designated home team was victorious in the Dr Pepper Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Scoring summary\nFirst Quarter OU (3-0) -  Tim Duncan 33-yard field goal; 7:16", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Scoring summary\nSecond Quarter KSU (3-7) -  Jonathan Beasley 10-yard run (Jamie Rheem kick); 14:54 KSU (3-10) -  Rheem 22-yard field goal; 7:58 OU (10-10) - Trent Smith 1-yard pass from Josh Heupel (Duncan kick); 2:56", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Scoring summary\nThird Quarter OU (17-10) -  Josh Heupel 7-yard run (Duncan kick); 5:54 KSU (17-17) -  Aaron Lockett 58-yard punt return (Rheem kick)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, Scoring summary\nFourth Quarter OU (24-17) -  Andre Woolfolk 17-yard pass from Heupel (Duncan kick); 14:24  OU (27-17) -  Duncan 46-yard field goal; 1:25 KSU (27-24) -  Quincy Morgan 16-yard pass from Beasley  (Rheem kick); 0:06", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, After the game\nThe Sooners went on to play in the 2001 Orange Bowl and won their 7th national championship against the Florida State Seminoles, 13-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161706-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Championship Game, After the game\nKansas State went on to beat the Tennessee Volunteers in the 2001 Cotton Bowl Classic, 35 to 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161707-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament was held at AT&T Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City, OK from May 17 through May 21. Nebraska won their second of three consecutive tournaments and earned the Big 12 Conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. This was the second year the conference used the format of the College World Series, with two 4-team double-elimination brackets and a final championship game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161708-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference Softball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big 12 Conference Softball tournament was held at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City, OK from May 10 through May 13, 2000. Nebraska won their second conference tournament and earned the Big 12 Conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161708-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference Softball Tournament\nOklahoma, Nebraska, Texas and Texas A&M received bids to the NCAA tournament. Oklahoma would go on to play in the 2000 Women's College World Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161709-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference Women's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big 12 Conference Women's Basketball Championship is the 2000 edition of the Big 12 Conference's championship tournament. The tournament was held at the Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri between March 7\u20139 and on March 12, 2000. Iowa State University won their first Big 12 Conference Women's Basketball Tournament championship beating the University of Texas, 75\u201365.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161709-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference Women's Basketball Tournament, Seeding\nThe Tournament consisted of a 12 team single-elimination tournament with the top 4 seeds receiving a bye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161710-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference Women's Soccer Tournament\nThe 2000 Big 12 Conference Women's Soccer Tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Big 12 Conference held from November 1 to 4, 2000. The 7-match tournament was held at the Blossom Athletic Center in San Antonio, TX with a combined attendance of 3,999. The 8-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The Nebraska Cornhuskers defeated the Texas A&M Aggies in the championship match to win their 4th conference tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161711-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference football season\nThe 2000 Big 12 Conference football season represented the 5th season of Big 12 conference football, taking place during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The season began with non-conference play on Saturday, August 26, 2000. Conference play began on Saturday, September 30, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161711-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference football season\nAt the conclusion of the regular season, Kansas State won the North Division championship with a 11\u20133 (6\u20132) record. Oklahoma finished atop the South Division standings, with a perfect regular season 11\u20130 (8\u20130).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161711-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference football season\nIn the 2000 Big 12 Championship Game, the Oklahoma Sooners, narrowly beat the Kansas State Wildcats by a score of 27\u201324 in Kansas City, Missouri. With the win, the Sooners advance to the BCS National Championship Game. Kansas State was placed in the Cotton Bowl Classic. A total of 7 Big 12 teams went to bowl games in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161711-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference football season\nOklahoma won the BCS National Championship Game at the 2001 Orange Bowl, defeating Florida State, 13\u20132, in Miami Gardens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161711-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Conference football season, Bowl Games, Bowl games\nRankings are from AP rankings. All times Central Time Zone. Big 12 teams shown in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161712-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Phillips 66 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big 12 Conference. It was played from March 9\u201312 at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri. No. 1 seed Iowa State defeated Oklahoma 70\u201358 to win the championship and receive the Big 12\u2019s automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161712-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament, Seeding\nThe Tournament consisted of a 12 team single-elimination tournament with the top 4 seeds receiving a bye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161713-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Commerce Bank Ballpark in Bridgewater, NJ. This was the sixteenth annual Big East Conference Baseball Tournament. The Rutgers Scarlet Knights won their second tournament championship, and second in three years, to claim the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161713-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding\nThe Big East baseball tournament was a 6 team double elimination tournament in 2000. The top six regular season finishers were seeded one through six based on conference winning percentage only. Notre Dame claimed the second seed by winning the season series over Seton Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161713-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament, Jack Kaiser Award\nBobby Brownlie was the winner of the 2000 Jack Kaiser Award. Brownlie was a freshman pitcher for Rutgers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161714-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Its winner received the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament. It is a single-elimination tournament with four rounds and the three highest seeds received byes in the first round. All 13 Big East teams were invited to participate. Syracuse finished with the best record in the regular season and was awarded the top seed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161714-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament\nSt. John's defeated Connecticut in the final, 80\u201370 to earn its first Big East Tournament championship since 1986, and third overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161714-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament, Awards\nDave Gavitt Trophy (Most Outstanding Player): Bootsy Thornton, St. John's", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161715-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big League World Series\nThe 2000 Big League World Series took place from August 6\u201312 in Tucson, Arizona, United States. Fraser Valley, Canada defeated Jeffersonville, Indiana in the championship game. It was Canada's first Little League championship in any division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161716-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 8\u201311 at Dahlberg Arena at the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161716-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nNorthern Arizona defeated Cal State Northridge in the championship game, 85\u201381, to win their second Big Sky men's basketball tournament title. It was NAU's second title in three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161716-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Lumberjacks, in turn, received an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament. No other Big Sky members were invited this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161716-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nNo new teams were added to the Big Sky prior to the 1999\u20132000 season, leaving total membership at nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161716-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nNo changes were made to the existing tournament format. Only the top six teams from the regular season conference standings were invited to the tournament. The two top teams were given byes into the semifinals while the third- through sixth-seeded teams were placed and paired into the preliminary quarterfinal round. Following the quarterfinals, the two victorious teams were re-seeded for the semifinal round, with the lowest-seeded remaining team paired with the tournament's highest seed and vis-versa for the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161717-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament  was the postseason baseball tournament for the Big South Conference, held from May 17\u201320, 2000 at Charles Watson Stadium, home field of regular season champion Coastal Carolina in Conway, South Carolina. All eight teams participated in the double-elimination tournament. The champion, Liberty, won the title for the third time, and second in three seasons, and earned an invitation to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161717-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament, Format\nAll teams qualified for the tournament. The teams were seeded one through eight based on conference winning percentage and played a double-elimination tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 53], "content_span": [54, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161717-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Valuable Player\nJason Suitt was named Tournament Most Valuable Player. Suitt was a pitcher for Liberty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 88], "content_span": [89, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161718-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 2\u20134, 2000 at the Asheville Civic Center in Asheville, North Carolina. For the second consecutive year, the tournament was won by the Winthrop Eagles, led by head coach Gregg Marshall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161718-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nSix teams participated in the tournament, hosted at the Asheville Civic Center. Teams were seeded by conference winning percentage. As part of their transitional phase, conference members Elon and High Point were ineligible for the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161719-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Ten Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Siebert Field on the campus of University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota from May 15 through 19. The top six teams from the regular season participated in the double-elimination tournament, the nineteenth annual tournament sponsored by the Big Ten Conference to determine the league champion. Illinois won their third tournament championship and earned the Big Ten Conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161719-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Ten Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding\nThe 2000 tournament was a 6-team double-elimination tournament, with seeds determined by conference regular season winning percentage only. Purdue claimed the third seed over Illinois by tiebreaker. This was the first year of the expanded six team format, with all previous years being four team events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161719-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Ten Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Outstanding Player\nJason Anderson was named Most Outstanding Player. Anderson was a pitcher for Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 78], "content_span": [79, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161720-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Ten Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference and was played from March 9 to March 12, 2000 at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois. The championship was won by Michigan State who defeated Illinois for the second consecutive year in the championship game. As a result, Michigan State received the Big Ten's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161720-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big Ten Men's Basketball Tournament, Seeds\nAll Big Ten schools played in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference record, with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with identical conference records. Seeding for the tournament was determined at the close of the regular conference season. The top five teams received a first round bye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161721-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 1999 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 9\u201311 at Lawlor Events Center in Reno, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161721-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nUtah State defeated New Mexico State in the championship game, 71\u201366, to obtain the second Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship in school history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161721-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Aggies participated in the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament after earning the conference's automatic bid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161721-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nEight of the 12 teams in the conference participated, with Boise State, Cal Poly, Cal State Fullerton, and North Texas not qualifying. The top eight teams were seeded based on regular season conference records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 60], "content_span": [61, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161722-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, List of Participating Political Parties in Bihar Assembly Election in 2000, Registered (Unrecognised) Parties\nIncomplete list (Need more experts from India on this section)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 151], "content_span": [152, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161723-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Birthday Honours\nThe Queen's Birthday Honours were announced on 19 June 2000 to celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday in The United Kingdom, Australia (12 June), New Zealand (13 June), Barbados, The Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, and Belize,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161723-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Birthday Honours\nThe recipients of honours are displayed or referred to as they were styled before their new honour and arranged first by country, honour and where appropriate by rank (Knight Grand Cross, Knight Commander etc.) then division (Military, Civil, Overseas or Police list).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161723-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Birthday Honours, Grenada, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of The Order of the British Empire (CBE)\nHabib Elias HADEED. For services to business and the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 130], "content_span": [131, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161724-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)\nThe 2000 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Queen Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They also incorporated gallantry awards, and a special honours list recognising military operational and other service in East Timor. They were announced on 5 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161724-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161724-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Birthday Honours (New Zealand), Special list For East Timor, New Zealand Order of Merit\nAppointments to the New Zealand Order of Merit were for military operational and other service in East Timor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 92], "content_span": [93, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161725-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Blackpool Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Blackpool Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Blackpool Borough Council in England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161726-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Boise State Broncos football team\nThe 2000 Boise State Broncos football team represented Boise State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Broncos competed in the Big West Conference and played their home games at Bronco Stadium in Boise, Idaho. The Broncos were led by third-year head coach Dirk Koetter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161726-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Boise State Broncos football team\nThe Broncos finished the season 10\u20132 and 5\u20130 in conference to win their second consecutive Big West title. 2000 was the Broncos' final year in the Big West (a conference that ceased to sponsor football after this season) as they joined the Western Athletic Conference in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161726-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Boise State Broncos football team\nAt the end of the regular season, head coach Dirk Koetter resigned to take the same position at Arizona State but did stay on to coach in the Broncos' bowl game. The Broncos hired offensive coordinator Dan Hawkins as their new head coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161727-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election\nElections to Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161727-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election\n20 seats were contested in the election, with 9 being won by the Labour Party, 7 by the Conservatives and 4 by the Liberal Democrats", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161727-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election, Council Composition\nPrior to the election the composition of the council was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 70], "content_span": [71, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161728-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bosnian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Bosnia and Herzegovina on 11 November 2000. Voter turnout was 64.0%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161728-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bosnian parliamentary election\nThe elections for the House of Representatives were divided into two; one for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and one for Republika Srpska. The Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest party in the House of Representatives, winning 9 of the 42 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161728-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Bosnian parliamentary election, Electoral system\nThe elections for the House of Representatives were divided into two; one for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and one for Republika Srpska. The 42 members of the House of Representatives are elected by proportional representation in two constituencies, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. The House of Peoples (the upper house of the parliament) has 15 members equally distributed among the three ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina: 5 Bosniaks, 5 Serbs, and 5 Croats. The members are appointed by the parliaments of the constituent peoples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161728-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Bosnian parliamentary election, Results\nThe Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) of Zlatko Lagumd\u017eija emerged as the largest party, with 9 of the 42 seats in the House of Representatives, while the conservative Party of Democratic Action (SDA) finished second with 8 seats in the House of Representatives. Voter turnout was 64.0%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161729-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Boston College Eagles football team\nThe 2000 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Boston College was a member of the Big East Conference. The Eagles played their home games in 2000 at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, which has been their home stadium since 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161730-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Boston Marathon\nThe 2000 Boston Marathon was the 104th running of the annual marathon race in Boston, United States and was held on April 17. The elite men's race was won by Kenya's Elijah Lagat in a time of 2:09:47 hours and the women's race was won in 2:26:11 by Catherine Ndereba, also Kenyan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161730-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Boston Marathon\nA total of 15,680 people finished the race, 10,207 men and 5473 women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161731-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Boston Red Sox season\nThe 2000 Boston Red Sox season was the 100th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished second in the American League East with a record of 85 wins and 77 losses, 2+1\u20442 games behind the New York Yankees, who went on to win the 2000 World Series. The Red Sox did not qualify for the postseason, as the AL wild card went to the Seattle Mariners, who had finished second in the American League West with a record of 91\u201371.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161731-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In; SB = Stolen Bases", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161731-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching\nNote: G = Games Pitched; GS = Games Started; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161731-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Boston Red Sox season, Farm system\nIn addition to the DSL Red Sox, the team shared a DSL team with the Arizona Diamondbacks. VSL cooperative was with the Milwaukee Brewers and Minnesota Twins. Source:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161732-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bowling Green Falcons football team\nThe 2000 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their tenth season under head coach Gary Blackney, the Falcons compiled a 2\u20139 record (2\u20136 against MAC opponents), finished in a tie for fifth place in the MAC East Division, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 289 to 174.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161732-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bowling Green Falcons football team\nThe team's statistical leaders included Andy Sahm with 1,490 passing yards, John Gibson with 514 rushing yards, and David Bautista with 915 receiving yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161733-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brabantse Pijl\nThe 2000 Brabantse Pijl was the 40th edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 26 March 2000. The race started in Zaventem and finished in Alsemberg. The race was won by Johan Museeuw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season\nThis article details the Bradford Bulls rugby league football club's 2000 season, the 5th season of the Super League era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nBradford kicked off the 2000 season with a 32\u20134 win over Huddersfield Giants in the 4th Round of the Challenge Cup, the Bulls followed this win up by smashing Wakefield Trinity Wildcats 46\u20130 in the 5th Round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nThe Bulls started Super League V with a 32\u201310 win over premiership winners St. Helens at Knowsley Road. Bradford's quest to become cup winners continued with a hard fought 28\u201318 win against Halifax. The Bulls resumed their defence of the Super League League Leader's Shield with a 58\u20134 win against Warrington Wolves. Warrington Wolves were once again on the end of a defeat as the Bulls beat them the following week 44\u201310 in the semi final of the Challenge Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nBradford continued their great run of form with an astounding performance to beat Huddersfield Giants 60\u20132 at the McAlpine Stadium, the star of the game being Henry Paul who was immaculate with the boot kicking 10 goals. The backed this performance up at home with a 44\u201312 win against Castleford Tigers. Salford City Reds were the next team to suffer defeat at the hands of Bradford going down 52\u20131 at The Willows. The week before the Challenge Cup Final the Bulls hosted London Broncos, the Bulls won the game 32\u201312. Bradford travelled up to Scotland for the Challenge Cup Final against arch rivals Leeds Rhinos. After a hard fought game the Bulls came out 24\u201318 winners after Nathan McAvoy scored an outstanding individual try to give Bradford the win and their 4th Challenge Cup (1st since Super League began).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nThe first game of May for Bradford was against Hull FC, both sides shared the points as the game ended in an 8\u20138 draw. The Bulls got back to winning ways as they beat Wakefield Trinity Wildcats 44\u201316. The next week they demolished a poor Halifax Blue Sox 62\u20132 with Justin Brooker grabbing a hat-trick. Leeds Rhinos were next up for the Bulls, Bradford expected a hard match after they beat Leeds in the Challenge Cup Final however the Bulls ran rampant and won the game 44\u20132. Their first loss of the season came against Warrington Wolves as the Wolves claimed a 42\u201332 win over Bradford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nBradford started June with two hard games against St Helens R.F.C. and Wigan Warriors. The Bulls managed to sneak a 17\u201316 win against the Saints thanks to a Paul Deacon drop goal. The points were shared at the JJB Stadium as Henry Paul's goal kicked helped the Bulls to draw 12\u201312. The hard start ended with the visit of Huddersfield Giants, Bradford dispatched the Giants 48\u201320 with Tevita Vaikona grabbing a hat-trick. They backed up this win with a 39\u201310 win at Castleford Tigers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nThe Bulls set a Super League record as they embarrassed Salford City Reds at Odsal Stadium, the Paul brothers were the star players with Robbie scoring 4 tries and Henry scoring a try and kicking 14 goals in the 96\u201316 win. Bradford finished a tough month with a 30\u201318 loss to Wigan Warriors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nBradford had a close 24\u201316 victory against London Broncos to get over their loss to Wigan the previous month. The Bulls soon got back to playing quality rugby as they took Hull F.C. apart and beat the 56\u20136 at Odsal before grinding out a 30\u201320 win against Wakefield Trinity Wildcats the following week. However they once again finished a month with a loss as arch-rivals Leeds Rhinos took the points by winning 28\u201326 in front of at 21,237 crowd at Odsal Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nBradford drew 20\u201320 against Halifax Blue Sox at the new The Shay to start August. They backed this draw up with a convincing 28\u20138 win against Castleford Tigers, this gave the Bulls some confidence and it showed as they destroyed Huddersfield Giants 52\u201320 the following week. Wigan Warriors beat the Bulls 20\u201319 at Odsal Stadium which killed off Bradford's hopes of finishing top of the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nThe Bulls started September with a hard fought 25\u201318 win over Halifax Blue Sox, a late Paul Deacon drop goal secured the points for Bradford. They also got revenge over rivals Leeds Rhinos as a Henry Paul penalty ensured the Bulls won 14\u201312. However they finished the season on a low as an under strength Bradford side lost 25\u201312 to Hull F.C. which ensured that Bradford finished 3rd in the league. The Bulls lost the Qualifying Play-off game 16\u201311 to St Helens R.F.C., a very late Chris Joynt try (the infamous Wide to West play) ensures Saints won the match. Bradford got back on track as they beat Leeds Rhinos 46\u201312 in the Elimination Semi-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161734-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Bradford Bulls season, Season review\nBradford's season ended in the Final Eliminator as they lost 40\u201312 against Wigan Warriors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161735-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brantford municipal election\nThe 2000 Brantford municipal election was held on November 13, 2000, to elect a mayor, city councillors, and school trustees in the city of Brantford, Ontario, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161735-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brantford municipal election, Results\nSource: Ross Marowits, \"Friel rides happiness,\" Brantford Expositor, 14 November 2000, A3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Brazilian Grand Prix (officially the XXIX Grande Pr\u00eamio Marlboro do Brasil) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 March 2000 at the Aut\u00f3dromo Jos\u00e9 Carlos Pace in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. 72,000 people attended the race, which was the second round of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 29th overall edition of the event. Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher won the 71-lap race starting from third position. Giancarlo Fisichella of the Benetton team finished in second and Jordan's Heinz-Harald Frentzen was third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix\nMika H\u00e4kkinen of the McLaren team took pole position by recording the fastest lap in qualifying. He led on the first lap of the race before Michael Schumacher passed him at the start of lap two. Thereafter, Michael Schumacher opened up a 17.6-second lead before his first of two pit stops for fuel and tyres on lap 20. He retook the lead after H\u00e4kkinen retired with a loss of engine oil pressure ten laps later. David Coulthard in the other McLaren gained on Michael Schumacher in the final 12 laps as the latter slowed to manage an oil pressure problem. He was not close enough to make a pass for the win and Michael Schumacher took his second consecutive victory of the season, his third in Brazil, and the 37th of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix\nAfter the race, Coulthard was disqualified from the second place due to an illegal front wing endplate. McLaren filed an appeal to the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile's International Court of Appeal, which was rejected. The disqualification advanced every driver behind Coulthard by a single position. The result extended Michael Schumacher's lead atop the Drivers' Championship to 12 points. Fisichella moved from fifth to second as Rubens Barrichello in the second Ferrari fell to third after not finishing the race. Ferrari further increased their lead in the Constructors' Championship to 18 points as Benetton advanced to second with fifteen races left in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background\nThe 2000 Brazilian Grand Prix was the second of the 17 motor races in the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 29th overall edition of the event. It took place at the 15-turn 4.309\u00a0km (2.677\u00a0mi) Aut\u00f3dromo Jos\u00e9 Carlos Pace in the Brazilian city of S\u00e3o Paulo on 26 March. The high-altitude, anti-clockwise track had significant elevation changes, placing a heavy load of g-force on the left-hand side of drivers' necks. Teams altered their cars to run at medium to high levels of downforce and the dampers, springs and suspensions were optimised to adapt to the bumpy track surface. Formula One's control tyre supplier Bridgestone brought the soft and the medium dry compound tyres to the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background\nAfter winning the preceding Australian Grand Prix\u2014the first of the 17 World Championship races\u2014Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with ten points; his teammate Rubens Barrichello was in second with six points, and Ralf Schumacher of the Williams team had four points. British American Racing's (BAR) Jacques Villeneuve was fourth with three points and Benetton driver Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth with two points. In the Constructors' Championship Ferrari led with a maximum amount of 16 points. Williams and BAR tied in third with four points each and Benetton was fourth on four points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background\nPrior to the event the majority of the 11 teams conducted sessions at various locations across Europe to test their cars and new components. McLaren, Jordan, Williams, Jaguar and Prost elected to test at the Silverstone Circuit in the United Kingdom from 14 to 16 March. Ferrari test driver Luca Badoer performed shakedown runs at the Fiorano Circuit in northern Italy. Olivier Panis of the McLaren test team led on the first two days of testing; on day three, Williams' Jenson Button was the fastest driver. The BAR, Arrows, Sauber and Minardi teams did not test before the Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background\nThe press and bookmakers considered Michael Schumacher the favourite to win the race. In response to a statement by McLaren team principal Ron Dennis\u2014who claimed Ferrari was not as competitive as McLaren\u2014Schumacher said he was optimistic over a continuing challenge to McLaren for the rest of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background\nMcLaren driver David Coulthard stated he foresaw the team starting on the grid's front row and winning, after faulty seals on their pneumatic valve systems forced him and two-time world champion Mika H\u00e4kkinen to retire from the preceding Australian Grand Prix: \"We weren't beaten fair and square in the race because we dropped out. You have to give Ferrari credit because they won when we dropped out and that's our mistake. But it means we come here believing we are competitive and still have a chance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background\nOver the month of February, the Aut\u00f3dromo Jos\u00e9 Carlos Pace was resurfaced in an attempt to reduce its bumpiness. The pit lane exit was moved from the entry of the Senna S chicane to the Repa Opposta straight. A larger run-off area was installed to the outside of Laranjinha turn and its concrete barrier was padded with tyres, after Ricardo Zonta had crashed and been injured during the 1999 race. Charlie Whiting, the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; Formula One's governing body) technical delegate, inspected the circuit and ordered the pit lane barriers to be moved for better driver access.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background\nThe drivers had mixed feelings over the resurfacing work. Eddie Irvine of the Jaguar team criticised the track's condition. His teammate Johnny Herbert described the bumps approaching the start/finish straight as \"horrendous\" and raised concerns over a repeat of an accident sustained by St\u00e9phane Sarrazin in 1999. Barrichello and his teammate Michael Schumacher, on the other hand, said the track was better for them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background\nThere were 11 teams (each representing a different constructor) entering two drivers each for the Grand Prix with no changes from the season entry list. Several teams altered their cars, either to refine their aerodynamic appendages or to solve reliability problems that emerged during the Australian Grand Prix. McLaren identified an air filter failure that had the pneumatic valve system problem in the previous race, and modified its design to prevent a recurrence. Ford-Cosworth modified its engine lubrication system and the Arrows team altered the design of the steering linkage. The FIA granted Arrows permission to enter the race after changing the design of the headrests to protect the driver in its A21 car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race, two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions on Saturday morning lasted 45 minutes. The weather was hot and clear for the Friday sessions. Barrichello made minor changes to the aerodynamic setup of his car before the first session, and was fastest with a 1-minute, 17.631 seconds lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Practice\nH\u00e4kkinen, Coulthard, Michael Schumacher, Villeneuve, Prost's Jean Alesi, Fisichella, Heinz-Harald Frentzen of the Jordan team, Sauber driver Mika Salo and Arrows' Jos Verstappen rounded out the session's top ten drivers. During the session, Alesi spun three times and removed the front wing on the third occurrence. Michael Schumacher's session ended early after eight laps due to a driveshaft joint leak and Zonta was restricted to four timed laps after debris accumulation overheated his engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Practice\nWith three minutes remaining in the second Friday practice session, H\u00e4kkinen bettered his 1999 pole position lap by six-tenths of a second and set the day's fastest lap of 1 minute, 15.896 seconds. Michael Schumacher was second-fastest. Coulthard, Barrichello, Pedro de la Rosa's Arrows, Alesi, Verstappen, Jordan's Jarno Trulli, Villeneuve and Fisichella took third through tenth. A brake and balance problem twice put Ralf Schumacher off the track. Alexander Wurz spun and beached his Benetton in a gravel trap at Mergulho corner. Coulthard spent part of the session in the pit lane as McLaren replaced his front wing after he went into the grass midway through. Verstappen tried a tyre compound that affected his car's setup and put him into a gravel trap at the end of practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Practice\nIt continued to be hot and dry for Saturday morning's two practice sessions. Teams tested different ride height setups on their cars, creating a noticeable difference in performance. They also selected the tyre compounds to use for the rest of the weekend. Coulthard led the third practice session with a lap of 1 minute, 15.035 seconds, followed by his teammate H\u00e4kkinen, the Ferrari pair of Michael Schumacher and Barrichello, Frentzen, Fisichella, Trulli, Irvine, Minardi's Marc Gen\u00e9 and Alesi. During the session, an engine problem for Michael Schumacher prompted his team to spend an hour and ten minutes changing it. An oil leak in Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane's Minardi restricted him to five timed laps, and prevented his participation in the final practice session later that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Practice\nHakkinen led the fourth session with a 1-minute, 14.159 seconds time on his final lap on a new set of tyres, with his teammate Coulthard third. They were separated by Barrichello. His teammate Michael Schumacher was fourth. Trulli was fifth and Fisichella duplicated his third practice result in sixth. Villeneuve, Verstappen, Ralf Schumacher, and Frentzen completed the top ten. Barrichello spun twice as he tested a new rear wing. Frentzen and his teammate Trulli ran into a gravel trap and both sustained minor bodywork damage to their cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Practice\nZonta lost track time due to a gearbox actuator fault and ran into a gravel trap. Button's engine failed, laying oil on the racing line between the Laranjinha and Bico do Pato corners. Salo's rear wing failed on the start/finish straight; he spun as he braked before the Senna S chicane and crashed into the wall, but was unhurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday afternoon's one-hour qualifying session saw drivers circulate the track simultaneously. Each driver was limited to twelve laps; their fastest laps would determine the starting order for the race. During this session the 107% rule was in effect, requiring each driver to remain within 107 per cent of the fastest lap to qualify for the race. Heavy rain fell in the session's final 1\u20444 hour and the resulting slippery track prevented drivers from improving their best laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nThe session was stopped three times because a heavy wind caused a 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m) gantry-mounted cardboard advertising hoarding, joined together by nylon ties above the start/finish straight, to detach and fall 10\u00a0m (33\u00a0ft) onto the track. H\u00e4kkinen went fastest with 15 minutes to go before the rain fell with a 1-minute, 14.111 seconds lap, earning his second consecutive pole position, his third in Brazil and the 23rd of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0013-0002", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nH\u00e4kkinen's teammate Coulthard was second and the Ferrari duo of Michael Schumacher and Barrichello took third and fourth; Schumacher understeered into the grass on his second timed lap, damaging his car's undertray on the corrugations of a high-mounted kerb. He drove the spare Ferrari for the rest of qualifying. Barrichello had to abort a fast lap due to the stoppage. Fisichella, fifth, praised his car's handling. Irvine in sixth was happy with his Jaguar's grip and balance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nFrentzen qualified seventh after Pedro Diniz slowed him. Zonta, eighth, focused on aerodynamic setup to improve his car's handling. Button was fourth early on before falling to ninth. Villeneuve qualified in tenth as traffic slowed two of his timed laps and he ran onto the grass. Ralf Schumacher was the fastest driver not to qualify in the top ten after different spring rates failed to improve the setup of his chassis. Trulli spun into a gravel trap at the Bico de Peto hairpin on his first timed lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe returned to the pit lane to drive the spare Jordan car; an electronic control unit fault affected its gear selection and left him 12th. Traffic slowed all of Wurz's laps and left him in 13th. Clutch issues left Verstappen in 14th. Alesi, 15th, swerved at more than 250\u00a0km/h (160\u00a0mph) to avoid the falling advertising hoarding; it damaged his car's front wing. De La Rosa in 16th was slowed by the rain. Car setup issues put Herbert 17th. Gen\u00e9 in 18th ventured onto the track early in the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0014-0002", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nNick Heidfeld used the spare Prost car to secure 19th due to a clutch failure in his race car. Diniz in 20th had a similar rear wing failure to his teammate Salo in 22nd. Fuel pressure problems led Mazzacane to drive the spare Minardi car; he separated the Sauber duo in 21st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Qualifying, Post-qualifying\nDuring the second stoppage, Sauber announced its withdrawal from the race, citing a lack of time in Brazil to analyse and rectify the structural integrity of the rear wings on both their cars. The team returned to their Hinwil headquarters and found the track's bumpy surface resulted in both of their cars having higher than anticipated impact loads; Salo had a failure of the lower plane on his rear wing and Diniz's failed on the upper plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Warm-up\nA 30-minute warm-up session was held on Sunday morning in hot and overcast weather. All drivers fine-tuned their race set-ups and drove their spare cars. H\u00e4kkinen set the session's fastest lap at 1 minute, 16.343 seconds, ahead of Michael Schumacher, Coulthard, Barrichello, Verstappen, Ralf Schumacher, Gen\u00e9, Fisichella and Zonta in positions two to ten. Ten minutes in, Wurz stalled his car at the exit of the pit lane, and the session was stopped. He required the spare Benetton B200 car for the rest of the session. Alesi's engine failed and he switched to the spare Prost AP03, which had a rear wing failure on the bumpy start/finish straight, and caused a second stoppage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Warm-up\nAfter the warm-up session, and before the race, Prost examined Alesi's rear wing and found that its failure was due to older bodywork parts fitted to his car and readied its spare chassis if required. The team stated they were unconcerned over the safety of their drivers and confirmed their participation in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nThe race began at 14:00 local time. The weather at the start was hot and dry with the ambient temperature 22\u00a0\u00b0C (72\u00a0\u00b0F), the track temperature 35\u00a0\u00b0C (95\u00a0\u00b0F), and the humidity at 76 per cent. Approximately 72,000 spectators attended the race. On the formation lap, Wurz stalled his engine, and his stationary car delayed Alesi and Herbert; both drivers took up their starting positions. Wurz began the event from the pit lane. H\u00e4kkinen made a brisk start from the grid to lead the field going into the Senna S chicane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard, in second, had wheelspin and was passed by Michael Schumacher, who unsuccessfully challenged H\u00e4kkinen for the lead. Coulthard retained third as Barrichello made a slow start. Behind them, Irvine overtook Fisichella for fifth. Verstappen moved from 14th to 11th by the conclusion of the first lap; Button dropped from 9th to 13th over the same distance. Trulli passed Ralf Schumacher and Villeneuve to progress into tenth on the left of the circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nAs the first two drivers reached the start/finish line, Michael Schumacher, who was close behind H\u00e4kkinen throughout lap one, steered off the racing line to pass the latter for the lead heading into the Senna S chicane. Barrichello slipstreamed Coulthard on the start/finish straight and overtook him for third. He then ran wide and Coulthard retook third. Barrichello retook the position by the end of lap two as Coulthard lost the use of the first three gears due to a gearbox fault and was slower in the slow-speed corners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nAt the front, Michael Schumacher extended his lead over H\u00e4kkinen to four seconds by lap four and to 15 seconds by lap 15 with a series of fastest laps. In the meantime, Trulli passed Zonta for eighth, Button overtook Alesi for 13th and Heidfeld lost 16th to de la Rosa. Verstappen progressed from 11th to seventh bypassing Villeneuve, Zonta, Frentzen, and Fisichella as Alesi overtook Ralf Schumacher, Villeneuve, Zonta, and Frentzen to advance to ninth. Three drivers retired from the race during this period: Wurz and Heidfeld had separate engine failures on lap seven and nine and Alesi stopped with an electrical failure at the Bico de Pato hairpin on lap 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nAt the end of lap 14, Barrichello drew close to H\u00e4kkinen after the latter ran wide. He slipstreamed H\u00e4kkinen and turned left to pass him for second as he braked before the Senna S chicane to start the 15th lap. De la Rosa passed Herbert for 14th on that lap and Trulli overtook Irvine for fifth on lap 16. That lap, Villeneuve retired with a race-long gearbox problem. The Ferrari and McLaren teams employed different pit stop strategies \u2013 the Ferrari team planned for two stops whereas the McLaren squad scheduled one-stop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher led by 17.6 seconds over the rest of the field when he commenced the first round of pit stops for fuel and tyres four laps later. He rejoined the track in third and Barrichello led the next two laps until his stop. On lap 21, Irvine lost control of the rear of his car entering the Bico de Pato hairpin and crashed into a tyre barrier. Six laps later, Barrichello entered the pit lane with a hydraulic motor problem that spread from the steering wheel to the throttle linkage. As Barrichello exited the car to retire a small fire was extinguished by his mechanics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nTrulli made the first of two stops from fourth at the end of the 28th lap and he emerged in seventh. At the front of the field, H\u00e4kkinen pulled away to lead Michael Schumacher by 12 seconds until he slowed with a loss of oil engine pressure on the 30th lap. He slowed and retired in his garage. Michael Schumacher retook the lead, with the yet-to-stop Coulthard second, Verstappen third, and Fisichella fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0021-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard lapped to within a tenth of a second of Michael Schumacher as the latter slowed slightly due to an imbalance in all four of his tyres as Ralf Schumacher challenged Fisichella for fourth. On lap 32, Gen\u00e9 retired from eleventh with an engine failure. Verstappen and his teammate de la Rosa made their first pit stops on laps 35 and 37. Four laps later, Frentzen was the first driver on a one-stop strategy to enter the pit lane. Coulthard made his only stop on lap 43 and remained in second position. Michael Schumacher led by 48 seconds when he made his second pit stop on the 51st lap and retained the lead. On the same lap, Fisichella made his only stop and kept third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nOn lap 51, Herbert retired in the pit lane with a gearbox failure. De la Rosa lost concentration and went into a gravel trap four laps later. He rejoined without losing position. Button battled Verstappen and overtook him for seventh on the 56th lap as Trulli made a pit stop from fourth and rejoined the track in fifth. From the 59th lap, Coulthard began to gain on Michael Schumacher, who slowed due to an oil pressure problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0022-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race\nHe could not draw close enough to pass, and Schumacher took his second victory of the season, his third in Brazil and the 37th of his career in a time of 1 hour, 31 minutes, 35.271 seconds, averaging 200.404\u00a0km/h (124.525\u00a0mph) over a distance of 305.939\u00a0km (190.102\u00a0mi) and 71 laps. Coulthard followed 4.302 seconds later and Fisichella took third. Frentzen finished fourth, Trulli fifth and Ralf Schumacher sixth. Button, Verstappen, de la Rosa, Zonta and Mazzacane were the final finishers. The attrition rate was high; only 11 of the 20 starters finished the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and spoke to the media at a later press conference. Michael Schumacher stated that pit stop strategy helped him to win the race: \"In the past, as you may remember, we could not overtake the McLaren entries, regardless of their strategy. Now we are looking a lot more competitive \u2013 which is where we wanted to be \u2013 and the season could hardly have started better than it has.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0023-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nCoulthard said his second-place finish provided him the start to his championship campaign after his gearbox problems: \"It must have been entertaining for those who had places to watch at the first corner. Given the circumstances, I am very happy with my six points.\" Fisichella revealed that his car had understeer and oversteer for the first 15 laps until its grip and balance improved. Nonetheless, he said he was pleased to finish third, \"This is a great result and will help us to be even more competitive in the future. I am confident about the next race when we will have some new aerodynamic parts.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAll of the top six finishers, except for Fisichella, were found to have excess wear on the wooden planks underneath their cars, in violation of a regulation concerning illegal plank wear. The Ferrari, McLaren, Jordan and Williams teams filed a successful appeal, claiming that the bumpy racing surface caused the wear. All four teams were reinstated after a second inspection caused a 3+1\u20442 hour delay. During the inspection, the front wing endplates on Coulthard's car were found to be 43\u00a0mm (4.3\u00a0cm) above the ground and not 50\u00a0mm (5.0\u00a0cm) as stated in the regulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0024-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nJo Bauer, the FIA technical delegate, deemed this to have provided Coulthard with a competitive aerodynamic advantage and the stewards disqualified the driver six hours after the race. The technical director of McLaren Adrian Newey rejected an offer from the stewards to transport Coulthard's car to Paris for a fair hearing and agreed to a set of four measurements in S\u00e3o Paulo. McLaren filed an appeal, saying the car's undertray and chassis was damaged and shifted by vibrations from the bumps on the racing surface. On 4 April, the appeal was heard by a five-man panel at a meeting of the FIA International Court of Appeal in Paris. They rejected McLaren's appeal in the 90-minute hearing and declared the result of the race final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThis promoted every driver behind Coulthard one position; Button was reclassified sixth and became the youngest driver to score a Formula One World Championship point at the age of 20 years, 2 months, 7 days old, breaking Ricardo Rodr\u00edguez's record from the 1962 Belgian Grand Prix. On 6 April, the organisers of the Brazilian Grand Prix were summoned to a meeting of the FIA General Assembly. They were fined $100,000 for the track's safety issues and for the three times qualifying was stopped for falling advertising hoardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0025-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe governing body ruled it as \"exceptional circumstances\" and allowed the track to remain in Formula One. The president of the FIA Max Mosley said an increased fine or cancelling the race was not imposed because its organisers had submitted evidence to prevent either action from occurring, \"Bearing in mind that we allowed the Brazilian promoters to place the signs there \u2013 and they probably didn't know what potential there was for the failures which occurred \u2013 it seemed only fair to impose the comparatively modest penalty.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nH\u00e4kkinen spoke of his disappointment over retiring from the lead of the race, \"Nothing can describe how I feel, We have been quick all weekend, right the way through, so I am not happy to be leaving Brazil without any points. We have some work to do before the start of the European season.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0026-0001", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nButton was quoted in the press as saying he preferred to score points in the race and not in a court of appeal, \"I heard the news about David as I was making my way to the airport to fly back from Brazil \u2013 and I can't say it gave me any great feeling of joy. You want to earn any success through your driving skills, not someone else's misfortune.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0026-0002", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nEddie Jordan, the owner of the Jordan team, said that both his cars finishing the event demonstrated they could last a full race distance after retiring from the Australian Grand Prix with mechanical issues. Frentzen stated it was as if the team's season had commenced in Brazil and required maintenance to improve their performance, \"But we are a very strong team with a good atmosphere, I get along well with Jarno and everything is fine so far.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe gap in the Drivers' Championship after the race stood at 12 points in favour of Michael Schumacher with Fisichella moving from fifth to second as a result of his second-place finish. Barrichello dropped to third and Ralf Schumacher fell to fourth. Frentzen rounded out the top five. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari moved further ahead with 26 points and the Benetton team progressed from fourth to second. Jordan's first points of the season put them third while Williams and BAR were fourth and fifth with fifteen races left in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161736-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Brazilian Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race\nNote, only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161737-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brentwood Borough Council election\nElections to Brentwood Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrat party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161738-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brickyard 400\nThe 2000 Brickyard 400, the 7th running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on August 5, 2000 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. Contested over 160 laps on the 2.5 mile (4.023\u00a0km) speedway, it was the twentieth race of the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Bobby Labonte of Joe Gibbs Racing won the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161738-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brickyard 400, Background\nThe Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in Speedway, Indiana, (an enclave suburb of Indianapolis) in the United States, is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Brickyard 400. It is located on the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road, approximately six miles (10\u00a0km) west of Downtown Indianapolis. It is a four-turn rectangular-oval track that is 2.5 miles (4.023\u00a0km) long. The track's turns are banked at 9 degrees, while the front stretch, the location of the finish line, has no banking. The back stretch, opposite of the front, also has a zero degree banking. The racetrack has seats for more than 250,000 spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161738-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Brickyard 400, Background\nPrior to the race, Kyle Petty replaced Jeremy Mayfield in the latter's No. 12 Mobil 1 Ford Taurus after NASCAR officials did not clear Mayfield for competition after he suffered a concussion during practice. Petty had failed to qualify his No. 45 Hot Wheels Pontiac Grand Prix for the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161738-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Brickyard 400, Broadcast\nThe race was aired live on ABC in which was the latter's last broadcast of the NASCAR Winston Cup Series until 2007 (in which the series was renamed to the NASCAR Nextel Cup Series) as part of ESPN group of networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161739-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International\nThe 2000 Brighton International (also known as the 2000 Samsung Open for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard court in Brighton, United Kingdom the event was an International Series event which was part of the 2000 ATP Tour. The tournament was held from November 20 to 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161739-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International, Champions, Doubles\nMichael Hill /  Jeff Tarango defeated  Paul Goldstein /  Jim Thomas, 6\u20133, 7\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161740-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International \u2013 Doubles\nDavid Adams and Jeff Tarango were the defending champions, but played in this year with different partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161740-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International \u2013 Doubles\nAdams teamed up with Diego Nargiso and lost in first round to Cristian Brandi and Aleksandar Kitinov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161740-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International \u2013 Doubles\nTarango teamed up with Michael Hill and successfully defended his title, by defeating Paul Goldstein and Jim Thomas 6\u20133, 7\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161740-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161741-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International \u2013 Singles\nAdrian Voinea was the defending champion, but did not participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161741-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International \u2013 Singles\nTim Henman won the title, defeating Dominik Hrbat\u00fd 6\u20132, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161741-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International \u2013 Singles\nGoran Ivani\u0161evi\u0107 retired in his second round match against Lee Hyung-taik, after he angrily smashed all of his rackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161741-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Brighton International \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161742-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Broncos season\nThe 2000 Brisbane Broncos season was the thirteenth in the club's history. Coached by Wayne Bennett and captained by Kevin Walters, they competed in the NRL's 2000 Telstra Premiership, finishing the regular season 1st (out of 14 teams) to claim their 4th minor premiership before going on to win the 2000 NRL Grand final, their fifth title in nine years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161742-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Broncos season, Season summary\nBrisbane spent the entire 2000 NRL season from round four in first position on the ladder. The Broncos started the season with an unbeaten run of 8 matches before going down to the Penrith Panthers in round 9. The Broncos were the first team to play the newly formed Wests Tigers (Merged team of Balmain Tigers and Western Suburbs Magpies) with both teams sharing the points with a 24-24 draw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161742-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Broncos season, Season summary\nThe Broncos went on a Win-Loss run for 8 rounds before winning 7 of their last 8 regular season matches to finish Minor Premiers. Also the Broncos suffered their worst collapse in the club history when they led 22-4 at halftime to lose 26-22 against the Newcastle Knights in round 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161742-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Broncos season, Season summary\nThe Qualifying Final was a different story when the Broncos came from 20-6 down at halftime to win 34-20 against the 8th-placed Cronulla Sharks. The Broncos had a week off to prepare for the Parramatta Eels in the Preliminary Final which the Broncos won 16-10 to go into a Grand Final against the Sydney Roosters. From the 10th minute, the Broncos led all the way when Michael De Vere landed a penalty goal to give the Broncos a 2-0 lead, erasing a 0 deficit in round 26 against Sydney when Sydney beat Brisbane 28-0. Broncos led at halftime 10-2 at halftime to go out winners 14-6 to clinch their 5th premiership in 9 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161742-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Broncos season, Ladder\n1 North Queensland were stripped of 2 competition points due to a breach of the interchange rule in Round 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161743-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Lions season\nThe Brisbane Lions' 2000 season was its fourth season in the Australian Football League (AFL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161744-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Sevens\nThe 2000 Brisbane Sevens, officially called the 2000 Brisbane International Sevens, was an international rugby sevens tournament that was part of the World Sevens Series in the inaugural 1999\u20132000 season. It was the Australian Sevens leg of the series, held on 18\u201319 February 2000, at Lang Park (Suncorp Stadium) in Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161744-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Sevens\nThe tournament was the first edition of the Australian Sevens within the World Sevens Series, and was won by Fiji who defeated Australia 24\u201321 in the Cup final with a sensational try in the final seconds to Waisale Serevi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161744-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Sevens, Format\nThe teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each. Each team played the other teams in their pool once, with 3 points awarded for a win, 2 points for a draw, and 1 point for a loss (no points awarded for a forfeit). The pool stage was played on the first day of the tournament. The top two teams from each pool advanced to the Cup/Plate brackets. The bottom two teams from each pool went on to the Bowl bracket. No Shield trophy was on offer in the 1999-2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161744-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Sevens, Knockout stage\nPlay on the second day of the tournament consisted of finals matches for the Bowl, Plate, and Cup competitions. The following is a list of the recorded results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161744-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Sevens, Knockout stage, Cup\nBy beating New Zealand in the semifinals, Australia became only the third different nation to reach a World Sevens Series Cup final. Fiji and New Zealand had contested each of the previous six Series Cup finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161744-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Brisbane Sevens, Notes\nSouth Africa reached the semifinal stage of the Brisbane Sevens but was stripped of all points for the tournament due to fielding ineligible players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161745-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brit Awards\nThe 2000 Brit Awards were the 20th edition of the biggest annual pop music awards in the United Kingdom. They are run by the British Phonographic Industry and took place on 3 March 2000 at Earls Court in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161745-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brit Awards, Notable moments, Robbie Williams and Liam Gallagher\nAround the time of his departure from Take That, Robbie Williams had begun a friendship with the Gallagher brothers from Oasis at the Glastonbury Festival. However, it was short-lived and the two parties regularly traded insults in the press with Noel Gallagher referring to Williams as \"the fat dancer from Take That\". Having won Best British Single and Best Video for \"She's the One\", Williams challenged Liam Gallagher to a televised fight, saying: \"So, anybody like to see me fight Liam? Would you pay to come and see it? Liam, a hundred grand of your money and a hundred grand of my money. We'll get in a ring and we'll have a fight and you can all watch it on TV, what d'you think about that?\". Liam Gallagher was not in the country at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161745-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Brit Awards, Notable moments, Ronnie Wood and Brandon Block\nDance DJ Brandon Block was told by his friends that he had won an award and had been summoned to the stage to collect it. Because of his advanced state of intoxication he believed them and walked on to the stage, eventually ending up next to a bemused Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood and actress Thora Birch, who were about to present the award for Best Soundtrack Album. After Block was removed from the stage by security, Wood aimed an insult in his direction, at which Block broke free to square up to the guitarist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 64], "content_span": [65, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161745-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Brit Awards, Notable moments, Ronnie Wood and Brandon Block\nA series of insults were then traded between the two, both of which were audible through the stage microphone, causing claims that the whole event may have been staged. Wood then threw his drink into Block's face, and the DJ was ejected from the event. Some time after the incident, Block claimed that he had subsequently apologised to Wood for his behaviour, and Wood had merely brushed it off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 64], "content_span": [65, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161745-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Brit Awards, Notable moments, Geri Halliwell and the Spice Girls\nThe Spice Girls were set to receive the Outstanding Contribution award at the 2000 Brit awards, reportedly to mark their dominance of the music scene in the past decade. There was much media speculation before and even during the event as to whether or not former Ginger Spice, Geri Halliwell would accept the award with the four remaining members of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161745-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Brit Awards, Notable moments, Geri Halliwell and the Spice Girls\nOn the night, however, Halliwell declined to join her former bandmates and instead ensured front-page coverage the following day by performing her solo number 1 single \"Bag It Up\" straddling a pole between a pair of giant inflatable legs. Near the end of the awards, the Spice Girls performed \"Spice Up Your Life\", an a cappella version of \"Say You'll Be There\", and \"Goodbye\". When the group accepted their award for \"Outstanding Contribution To Music\", they thanked Geri Halliwell for the award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 69], "content_span": [70, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161746-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British Academy Television Awards\nThe 2000 British Academy Television Awards were held on Sunday 14 May 2000. The ceremony was hosted by sportscaster Des Lynam, aired on ITV and took place at the Grosvenor House Hotel in Park Lane, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161747-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British Academy Television Craft Awards\nThe 1st Annual British Academy Television Craft Awards were presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) on 30 April 2000, with Gabby Yorath presiding over the event. The awards were held at BAFTA headquarters at 195 Piccadilly, Westminster, London, and given in recognition of technical achievements in British television of 1999. Previously, craft awards were handed out in conjunction with the television awards which, from 1968-1999, was held as a joint event with the film awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161747-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 British Academy Television Craft Awards, Winners and nominees\nWinners are listed first and highlighted in boldface; the nominees are listed below alphabetically and not in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161748-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British Formula Three Championship\nThe 2000 British Formula Three season was the 50th British Formula Three Championship season. It commenced on 26 March at Thruxton, and ended on 8 October at Silverstone after fourteenth races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161748-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 British Formula Three Championship\nBrazilian driver Ant\u00f4nio Pizzonia won the title after winning five races and achieved a total of eleven podiums during the season. These results allowed Pizzonia to finish 39 points ahead of Stewart Racing's Tomas Scheckter, who beat Carlin Motorsport's driver Takuma Sato by 32 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161748-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 British Formula Three Championship, Drivers and teams\nThe following teams and drivers were competitors in the 2000 season. The Scholarship class was for older Formula Three cars, and all cars competed on Avon tyres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161749-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British GT Championship\nThe 2000 Privilege Insurance British GT Championship was the eighth season of the British GT Championship, an auto racing series organised by the British Racing Drivers Club (BRDC) and sponsored by Privilege. The races featured grand touring cars conforming to two categories of regulations known as GT and GTO, and awarded a driver championship in each category. The season began on 25 March 2000 and ended on 8 October 2000 after eleven events, eleven held in Great Britain with one race in Belgium. The series was joined by the BRDC Marcos Mantis Challenge Cup for a few rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161749-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 British GT Championship, Calendar\nAll races were 60 minutes in duration, although the final round at Silverstone ran for 54 minutes before it was red-flagged due to heavy rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161749-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 British GT Championship, Teams and drivers, GTO\n* Marcos Mantis challenge competitors, ineligible to score British GT points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161749-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 British GT Championship, Championship Standings\n\u2020\u00a0\u2013 Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed a sufficient number of laps. * Marcos Mantis challenge competitors", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix\nThe 2000 British Grand Prix (formally the LIII Foster's British Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 23 April 2000 at Silverstone Circuit, England. It was the fourth race of the 2000 Formula One season and the 55th British Grand Prix. The 60-lap race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after starting from fourth position. His teammate Mika H\u00e4kkinen finished second with Michael Schumacher third for the Ferrari team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as constructors were, McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four different tyre compounds to the race: two dry compounds, soft and medium, and two wet-weather compounds, soft and hard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Background\nGoing into the race Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 30 points, ahead of Rubens Barrichello on 9 points and Giancarlo Fisichella on 8. Mika H\u00e4kkinen in fourth and Ralf Schumacher in fifth were tied on 6 points. In the Constructors' Championship Ferrari were leading with 39 points, McLaren and Benetton were second and third with 10 and 8 points, respectively, whilst Jordan and Williams were tied in fourth place with 7 points each. Ferrari and Michael Schumacher had so far dominated the championship, winning the previous three races. Championship competitors Barrichello, Fisichella and H\u00e4kkinen had gained one second-place finish each, and Ralf Schumacher, Heinz-Harald Frentzen and David Coulthard had achieved one third-place podium finish each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Background\nFollowing the San Marino Grand Prix on 9 April the teams conducted testing sessions at the Silverstone Circuit from 11\u201314 April to prepare for the upcoming Grand Prix at the track. The sessions were marked with intermittent rain making the track slippery. Barrichello set the quickest times on the first day, ahead of Jordan driver Jarno Trulli. Ralf Schumacher was quickest on the second day. BAR driver Jacques Villeneuve hit a fox at the back of the circuit, limiting his testing time. Michael Schumacher was fastest on the third day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Background\nVilleneuve's teammate Ricardo Zonta crashed into a spectator enclosure at the Stowe corner suffering a cut to his right middle finger. BAR later revealed Zonta's crash was caused by a front suspension failure and withdrew from testing. Michael Schumacher was fastest on the final day of testing. As a result of Zonta's crash, the tyre wall at Stowe corner was extended by one tyre in height and two tyres in depth. The gravel trap around the area was also made smoother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Background\nIn a controversial move the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)\u2014Formula One's governing body\u2014decided to stage the British Grand Prix in April instead of the event's traditional mid-July date, with the race taking place on Easter Sunday. No specific reason was given for the move, though the reinstatement of the Belgian Grand Prix\u2014initially excluded from the calendar due to problems concerning the country's tobacco advertising laws\u2014and the return of the United States Grand Prix were suggested as possible reasons. The owner of Formula One's commercial rights Bernie Ecclestone had scheduled the French Grand Prix to be held in the month of April with the British Grand Prix in July though \"internal politics\" in France prevented the change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Background\nMuch of the discussion heading into the event was a revision to allow teams to use modified pit lane speed limiters. The FIA allowed them to be used provided they were \"hard-coded\" below a limit of 50 miles per hour (80\u00a0km/h), thus preventing teams from modifying them. It was in response to preventing driver aids like traction control and launch control from being secretly implemented. Most of the drivers agreed that the change would reduce the risk of drivers entering and exiting the pit lane. However, they expressed concern that they would not drive safely at a slow speed and the possibility that mechanics or other cars could be hit would be increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. The Friday morning and afternoon practice sessions were held on a dry track early in the first practice session but it rained throughout the rest of the day. Frentzen was fastest in the first session with a time of 1:27.683, almost half a second quicker than Jaguar driver Eddie Irvine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nThe McLaren drivers were third and fourth, Coulthard faster than H\u00e4kkinen. Jarno Trulli was fifth, ahead of Villeneuve. Barrichello, Alexander Wurz, Fisichella and Marc Gen\u00e9 rounded out the top ten fastest drivers in the session. An electrical failure on Ralf Schumacher's car prevented him from setting a lap time. In the second practice session, Frentzen remained fastest with his lap from the first session; the circuit was too wet for him and others to improve their lap times. The session was disrupted as Coulthard's McLaren pulled out to the side of the Hangar Straight with an hydraulic problem \u2013 this required a suspension as the recovery vehicle got stuck in mud meaning a tractor had to pull it out\u2014and Villeneuve nearly struck a marshal assisting Coulthard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nThe weather remained wet for the Saturday morning practice sessions. Coulthard was fastest in the third session, setting a time of 1:33.614; H\u00e4kkinen ended with the second-quickest lap. Michael Schumacher and Barrichello were third and fifth, respectively; they were separated by Ralf Schumacher. The Jordan drivers ended sixth and seventh with Frentzen quicker than Trulli. Mika Salo, Pedro Diniz and Jos Verstappen followed in the top ten. In the final practice session, H\u00e4kkinen ended up fastest with a time of 1:33.132, with Coulthard setting the third-quickest lap time. The pair were separated by Michael Schumacher with his teammate Barrichello fourth-fastest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nRalf Schumacher was fifth overall. Fisichella followed in sixth, having lost most of the session due to an oil leak, requiring an engine change. Frentzen, Verstappen, Trulli and Salo completed the top ten ahead of qualifying. Diniz spun off the circuit damaging his car's front suspension in a crash. Williams driver Jenson Button spun into the gravel trap at turn 14 and was subsequently hit by Irvine's Jaguar. The Williams sustained a broken front and rear suspension whilst the Jaguar's monocoque was punctured. Both drivers were unhurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon one hour qualifying session saw each driver limited to twelve laps, with the grid order decided by their fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 per cent of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. The session was held in cloudy weather conditions but on a drying race track. The air temperature was 14\u00a0\u00b0C (57\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature was 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nBarrichello clinched his third pole position of his career, his first at the circuit, with a time of 1:25.703. He was joined on the front row of the grid by Frentzen recording a lap 0.003 seconds slower. It was also his best qualifying performance of the season. H\u00e4kkinen qualified third having been forced to ease off the throttle after making a mistake during his final quick lap. He was in front of teammate Coulthard who encountered traffic on his final qualifying runs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0008-0002", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nMichael Schumacher\u2014who made a change to his car, only to see him make more mistakes\u2014qualified fifth and missed starting his final lap by 0.1 seconds. Button and Ralf Schumacher clinched sixth and seventh positions, respectively, although both drivers had mixed feelings over their performances. Verstappen initially held the pole position in the session's closing seconds but spun off the track and was demoted to eighth. Irvine took ninth and Villeneuve rounded out the top ten fastest qualifiers. Trulli qualified in eleventh position but was prevented from setting a quicker time as he was held up by one of the Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0008-0003", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nHe was ahead of Fisichella in the faster of the two Benettons. Diniz qualified in 13th position, eight tenths of a second ahead of teammate Salo in 18th; both drivers disadvantaged by the timing of their runs. The two were separated by Johnny Herbert who encountered yellow flags during the session. He was followed up by Jean Alesi and Nick Heidfeld in the Prosts, who sandwiched Zonta. Behind Heidfeld, Pedro de la Rosa in the slower Arrows set the 19th-fastest time and made a mistake during his final qualifying run. Wurz ran his team's spare car due to an unidentifiable problem on his race car and was 20th-quickest. The two Minardi drivers Marc Gen\u00e9 and Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane completed the final row of the grid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying\nThe large amount of rain during the weeks leading up to the race caused extensive damage and flooding to Silverstone's car parks which saw a large reduction in spectator numbers in qualifying from 60,000 in 1999 to 15,000 in 2000. The car parks were closed to all traffic except for coaches which meant some spectators walked to the circuit to attend the Grand Prix. The circuit's owners placed 300 tonnes of hardcore material in car parks and entrance routes to the circuit for the Sunday race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Race\nThe conditions on the grid were dry before the race; conditions were expected to remain consistent throughout the race. The drivers were due to take to the track at 09:30 BST (UTC+1) for a 30-minute warm-up session, but the session was delayed by 100 minutes due to persistent fog which prevented the medical helicopter from arriving at the track. The Drivers' Parade was cancelled because of the delays. The McLaren drivers were running quicker than their pace in qualifying; Coulthard had the fastest time of 1:26.800. H\u00e4kkinen was fourth in the other McLaren, two tenths of a second behind Coulthard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Race\nde la Rosa and Ralf Schumacher split them for the second- and third-quickest times, respectively. H\u00e4kkinen's race car was afflicted with an sensor failure which saw him use his team's spare monocoque whilst the problem was fixed. Ralf Schumacher meanwhile downplayed his chances, predicting that a wet race would give him a better finishing position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Race\nThe race started at 13:00 local time. Barrichello maintained his start line advantage going into the first corner, whilst Frentzen remained in second position. Villeneuve made the best start in the field moving from 10th to 6th by the end of the first lap, whilst Michael Schumacher lost three positions over the same distance. At the completion of the first lap the drivers in the top ten positions were Barrichello, Frentzen, Coulthard, H\u00e4kkinen, Button, Villeneuve, Ralf Schumacher, Michael Schumacher, Verstappen and Trulli. Barrichello began to maintain a one-second gap between himself and Frentzen. Ralf Schumacher passed Villeneuve at Stowe corner for sixth position on lap 2. Further back Alesi lost 13th position after being overtaken by Salo whilst Diniz lost three places as he was involved in an incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Race\nThe leading drivers began to gradually build a gap from Trulli by lap 3. Two laps later Wurz made up a further position when he passed Zonta for 15th. H\u00e4kkinen ran wide on lap eight and came under pressure from Button. By the 14th lap, Barrichello had a lead of six-tenths of a seconds over Frentzen, who in turn was nine-tenths of a second in front of Coulthard. H\u00e4kkinen was a further nine-tenths of a second behind his teammate and continued to battle Button for fourth position, who was continuing to run 1.1 seconds ahead of Ralf Schumacher. Wurz, who was pressuring Alesi in 14th, became the first driver to make a pit stop to ensure he would get a clear track. Salo and Fisichella pitted over the next three laps. Verstappen pulled over to the side of the track with electrical problems on lap 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Race\nFrentzen and Ralf Schumacher became the next two laps to pit on lap 24 and remerged in seventh and eighth. Button made his pit stop one lap later and joined behind teammate Ralf Schumacher. de la Rosa drove to the side of the circuit with hydraulic problems and retired on lap 28. Coulthard drafted down the straight and passed Barrichello at Stowe corner to become the new race leader on lap 30. Coulthard immediately began to build a gap between himself and Barrichello. H\u00e4kkinen made his only pit stop of the race on lap 31 and changed a flat-spotted tyre. He rejoined in eighth position. Coulthard and Villeneuve both pitted on the 33rd lap. Barrichello spun off the track with an hydraulic issue and pitted on lap 35. He was pushed into his garage to retire with an gearbox problem one lap later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Race\nMichael Schumacher set a new fastest lap of the race on lap 36, a 1:26.797 as he pulled out a gap before his pit stop. Zonta retired on the next lap when he spun off. Michael Schumacher made his pit stop on lap 37, allowing Frentzen to take over the lead. The Jordan driver pitted on lap 42 handing the lead back to Coulthard. The Williams pair both pitted over the next two laps, promoting H\u00e4kkinen and Michael Schumacher into second and third positions. Michael Schumacher was unable to catch H\u00e4kkinen as he was held up by backmarkers. Herbert became the final driver to make a scheduled pit stop on lap 48. At the completion of lap 49 with the scheduled pit stops completed the top ten drivers were Coulthard, H\u00e4kkinen, Michael Schumacher, Frentzen, Ralf Schumacher, Button, Villeneuve, Trulli, Fisichella and Salo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen started to reduce the gap to Coulthard on lap 51 who had problems with his gearbox. On the same lap, Frentzen occurred problems as he could not change his gears and fell behind Ralf Schumacher and Button. He drove to his garage three laps later to retire. On lap 56, H\u00e4kkinen set a new fastest lap of the race, a 1:26.217 as he continued close on Coulthard. Villeneuve became the event's final retirement with gearbox issues on the same lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Race\nCoulthard held off H\u00e4kkinen in the closing laps of the race and crossed the finish line on lap 60 to win his first race of the season and his second consecutive British Grand Prix victory in a time of 1'28:50.108, at an average speed of 129.454 miles per hour (208.336\u00a0km/h). H\u00e4kkinen finished second 1.4-second behind, ahead of Michael Schumacher in third, Ralf Schumacher in fourth, Button in fifth and Trulli rounded out the points scoring positions in sixth. Fisichella, Salo, Wurz, Alesi and Diniz followed up in the next five positions. Herbert, Irvine, Gen\u00e9 and Mazzacane finished in the following four positions. Villeneuve and Frentzen were the last of the classified finishers despite not managing to cross the finish line because of their retirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161750-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 British Grand Prix, Report, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. Coulthard said that overtaking Barrichello gave him the advantage during the first pit stops. Coulthard additionally revealed that he used inspiration from 1992 Drivers' Champion Nigel Mansell's overtake on Nelson Piquet at the 1987 British Grand Prix to execute the similar passing manoeuvre. He also believed that his victory made him confident about posing a challenge for the Drivers' Championship saying \"my best years are still ahead of me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161751-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British National Track Championships\nThe 2000 British National Track Championships were a series of track cycling competitions held from 21 to 29 July 2000 at the Manchester Velodrome. The Championships were organised by the British Cycling Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161752-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British Open\nThe 2000 British Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament, that was held from 1\u20138 October 2000 at the Plymouth Pavilions, Plymouth, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161752-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 British Open\nPeter Ebdon won the tournament by defeating Jimmy White nine frames to six in the final. The defending champion, Stephen Hendry, was defeated by Alan McManus in the quarter-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161753-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British Rally Championship\nThe 2000 Mobil 1 British Rally Championship was won by Finland's Marko Ipatti in a Group N Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution 6 ahead of Vauxhall drivers Mark Higgins and Neil Wearden. The 1600cc category championship was won by Proton's Mats Andersson with the Group N title going to Gavin Cox. This was the last year that the championship ran to the F2 regulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161753-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 British Rally Championship\nGwyndaf Evans left the series to concentrate on testing and development work for SEAT WRC team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161753-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 British Rally Championship\nHyundai entered the series with Vauxhall refugee Jarmo Kytolehto and Australian Andrew Pinker driving for the team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161753-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 British Rally Championship\nDavid Higgins moved from a production Subaru to the works Peugeot team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161753-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 British Rally Championship\nReigning champion Tapio Laukkanen moved to Volkswagen as their solo driver", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161753-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 British Rally Championship\nMartin Rowe only made a one off appearance for Ford in the new Puma rally car after Renault's withdrawal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161754-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British Rowing Championships\nThe 2000 British Rowing Championships known as the National Championships at the time, were the 29th edition of the National Championships, held from 14\u201316 July 2000 at the National Water Sports Centre in Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham. They were organised and sanctioned by British Rowing, and are open to British rowers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161755-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British Speedway Championship\nThe 2000 British Speedway Championship was the 40th edition of the British Speedway Championship. The Final took place on 20 May at Brandon in Coventry, England. The Championship was won by Chris Louis, with Paul Hurry and Martin Dugard finishing second and third respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship\nThe 2000 Auto Trader RAC British Touring Car Championship season featured 24 rounds across 12 meetings, it commenced at Brands Hatch on 9 April and concluded at Silverstone on 16 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship\n2000 marked the final year for Super Touring specification cars in the championship. The champion was Alain Menu driving a Ford Mondeo, his teammates Anthony Reid and Rickard Rydell finished 2nd and 3rd respectively. The Michelin Cup for Independents was won by Matt Neal driving a Nissan Primera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship\nThe newly introduced Class B, for Super Production specification cars, was won by Alan Morrison driving a Peugeot 306 GTi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Driver changes\nThere were several changes of driver for the 2000 season. Nissan, Renault and Volvo retired their works teams because of the rising costs of staying competitive in the BTCC, thus leaving only three manufacturers with factory supported entries: Ford, Honda and Vauxhall. 1999 Drivers' Champion Laurent A\u00efello did not return to defend his title; the Frenchman tested for Honda, however he instead joined Audi to compete in the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race and the newly revived Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters championship in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Driver changes\nHis place was taken by 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans co-winner and former Super Tourenwagen Cup driver Tom Kristensen. In the meantime, Peter Kox switched to competing in the European Super Touring Car Championship. Initially Honda planned to run two cars but to level the playing field with Ford and Vauxhall decided to draft in 1994 champion Gabriele Tarquini in a JAS Motorsport prepared car that originally would have been driven alongside Kox in the European championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Driver changes\n1998 series champion Rickard Rydell joined that year's runner-up Anthony Reid and 1997 overall winner Alain Menu at the Prodrive Ford team following Volvo's departure. At the Vauxhall team, Yvan Muller was partnered by Jason Plato and Vincent Radermecker, having joined from Renault and Volvo respectively. After a difficult 1999 season, former double champion (1989 and 1995) John Cleland announced his retirement from the BTCC. Independent driver Matt Neal drove a 1999 Nissan Primera fielded by Team Dynamics, who had semi-works support from the manufacturer and running with updated 2000 body work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Driver changes\nA second Nissan was entered by PRO Motorsport for rookie Colin Blair. David Leslie would race the car at selected rounds later in the season following Blair's withdrawal halfway through the season. Lee Brookes appeared on the entry list but his plans of competing in the championship in 2000 did not come to fruition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Driver changes\nAlthough a season remembered for Ford's dominance, nine out of ten of the full season drivers in the main class did win at least one race each. Only Vincent Radermecker would fail to reach the top step of the podium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Regulation and sporting changes\nMichelin, now the series' control tyre supplier, developed new compounds of tyres for the drivers but an intermediate option would no longer be available. The only choice for drivers was slick dry tyres or full wet compounds which meant tyre choices in greasy or changeable conditions were more crucial than before. To make matters even more difficult, tyre warmers were no longer allowed in advance of the race. As a result, the drivers had to take to the track on ill-handling cold tyres at the beginning of all races and after the mandatory pit stops. All teams were restricted to 28 sets of dry tyres for all race meetings and test sessions to lower operating costs but no limitations existed for wet-weather compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Regulation and sporting changes\nSuccess ballast to help the championship have close and competitive racing and to prevent any team from dominating the series was introduced for the 2000 season. The top three finishers of the sprint and feature race at a meeting were allocated a ballast to be applied at the next meeting. It was distributed as 40\u00a0kg (88\u00a0lb) for a winner, 30\u00a0kg (66\u00a0lb) for second place and 20\u00a0kg (44\u00a0lb) for third place, with the ballast capped at 40\u00a0kg (88\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Regulation and sporting changes\nNo team was permitted to change the engine of their cars between the second qualifying session and the sprint race or the driver would incur a grid penalty that would see him start at the back of the grid. Also, replacement cars were not allowed except in force majeure when he would be allowed to drive his teammate's entry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Regulation and sporting changes\nThe points scoring system for the Drivers' and Teams' Championships remained unaltered from the 1999 championship. However, the Manufacturers' Championship was now limited to each team nominating a maximum of three cars for points, up from two from the previous season, to reward committed manufacturers. Furthermore, a dropped point score system was put into operation for the 2000 season. This meant all drivers would be required to drop their four worst results from the season before tallying his overall points haul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Regulation and sporting changes\nFrom 1 March 2000, a complete ban of private testing at any licensed motor racing circuit in the world was enforced, except for official test sessions organised by the series promoter TOCA that lasted for half a day and were held before each race weekend. The ban was enacted to greatly reduce operating costs for all teams and to restrict the amount of available time for drivers to set up their cars for each track to ensure a greater variation in performance and less predictable racing. Furthermore, test cars were barred from all official sessions unless they had been driven in the preceding race meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Regulation and sporting changes, Class B\nThe 2000 season saw the introduction of a type of car regulation called \"Class B\" to bolster the number of entrants on the grid. The class was open to all vehicles that complied with the FIA Super Production regulations and the National Saloon Championship. To allow for suitable grid sizes, Class B entries were accepted on a \"first-come, first served\" basis from teams who could commit to competing in the BTCC full-time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Regulation and sporting changes, Class B\nClass B was created as a consequence of a request to series promoters TOCA from potential competitors in the National Saloon Championship in December 1999 as a means of promoting themselves in a more visible national motor racing series. TOCA subsequently formed a partnership with the British Racing Drivers' Club-organised PowerTour series in January 2000, so that the two championships could work closely with race dates, regulations and marketing and promoting of Class B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Regulation and sporting changes, Other\nThe entry fee for the Independents' Championship was abolished; teams would receive a starting money fee of \u00a35,000 for each race meeting they entered, tyres would be given to teams at no extra cost and the champion of the category would receive \u00a310,000 in prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Entry List\nThe following 32 drivers and 14 teams took part in the 2000 British Touring Car Championship (BTCC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Calendar\nAll races were held in the United Kingdom. A provisional 28-round calendar for the BTCC was officially announced on 28 July 1999. For the first time since the 1996 season, the series raced on the Brands Hatch Grand Prix layout and it served as the championship's season-opening meeting in April. Two meetings were held at night: the sole Snetterton Circuit round in July and the season-closing meeting at the Silverstone Circuit in mid-September. TOCA director Alan J. Gow explained that the advance publication of the calendar was so that the remaining British motorsport series could plain theirs but was told to reduce the number of rounds because of budgetary constraints for some teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Calendar\nIn response, the management of the Thruxton Circuit agreed to forego its second planned meeting in August and lower the number of rounds to 26. Later, the Donington Park National circuit meeting, which had been proposed to be the season's second meeting on 23 April, was moved to late March to avoid a clash with the 2000 British Grand Prix but this decision was later reversed. The series' planned inaugural meeting in Ireland at Mondello Park was cancelled because the track needed improving to bring it to F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and TOCA standards, bringing the final number of rounds to 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161756-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 British Touring Car Championship, Championship results tables, Drivers Championship\nNote: bold signifies pole position in class (1 point awarded all races), italics signifies fastest lap in class (1 point awarded all races) and * signifies that driver lead feature race for at least one lap (1 point given).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix was the ninth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 9 July 2000 at Donington Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix\nRalf Waldmann's final win in the 250 cc classification is of particular note. On a drying track, he came from nearly a whole lap down to win at the final corner at the notoriously slippery Donington Park circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nThis race was most notable for the three-way battle for victory between Valentino Rossi, Kenny Roberts Jr. and Jeremy McWilliams, as well as Rossi's first victory in the premier class, coming back from a poor start to win the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nKenny Roberts Jr. is leading the hunt for the 2000 crown with 125 points, followed by Carlos Checa with 111 and Norick Abe with 91 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn Saturday, Alex Barros had grabbed pole position - his third of the year and a strong showing after winning last time out in the Netherlands. Behind him was championship leader Kenny Roberts Jr. in second, Garry McCoy in third and rookie Valentino Rossi in fourth. The second row of the grid consisted out of Max Biaggi, Carlos Checa, Norick Abe and last year's champion \u00c0lex Crivill\u00e9 in fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth places. Aprilia rider Jeremy McWilliams started way down in fifteenth place, failing to improve his time after he broke two bones in his foot after crashing during free practice on Friday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nBefore the start of the race, a one-minute's silence was held as a tribute to Joey Dunlop, who had died in a freak accident in Tallinn, Estonia while leading a 125cc race only seven days earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nDuring the 250cc race, it had rained which left the circuit wet. As a result, every rider had opted to pick the Rain tyre for the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAll riders take off and do their usual warm-up lap before lining up in their respective grid slots. As the lights go out, Rossi has a bad start when his rear tyre slides, lacking grip because of the wet track on the opening lap. As he loses positions, Frenchman R\u00e9gis Laconi takes the lead going into Redgate (Turn 1), followed by Barros and Gibernau - who made up eleven positions to catapult himself into third by the time the group arrived at the Old Hairpin (Turn 4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nBoth Rossi and Biaggi had dropped down the order significantly, with Rossi being in thirteenth and Biaggi in fifteenth spot halfway around lap 1. McWilliams meanwhile managed to make good use of the chaos and passed eight people to position himself in seventh. At the short straight before Coppice (Turn 8), McWilliams also passes Nobuatsu Aoki for sixth, then passes Roberts before exiting the corner to move himself up into fifth place. Rossi behind has managed to pass Jurgen van den Goorbergh and is now battling Jos\u00e9 Luis Cardoso for eleventh at Starkey's Straight. At the front, Abe is trying to pass Gibernau around the outside of the entrance at The Esses (Turn 9), but goes a bit wide when he doesn't manage to break properly because of the wet circuit and slots back behind the Spaniard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAs lap two begins, the top six is as follows: Laconi, Barros, Gibernau, Abe, McWilliams and Roberts Jr. Rossi moved up into tenth after passing Tetsuya Harada's Aprilia and Biaggi slid further down the order, now being behind McCoy in a lowly seventeenth spot. Barros is slowly closing up on Laconi, with Rossi passing Okada at the short straight before Coppice for ninth. At Starkey's Straight, Rossi then goes side by side with Loris Capirossi and passes him at the entrance to The Esses for eighth position. At the front, Barros takes the lead by passing Laconi at the entrance of the Melbourne Hairpin (Turn 10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap three and Rossi is slowly closing the gap to the Telef\u00f3nica Suzuki of Aoki, as does McWilliams to Abe. Barros meanwhile is opening up a significant gap to Laconi, who is now starting to struggle a little bit. Rossi caught and passed the Japanese at the entrance of Coppice, moving him up into seventh place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap four, Laconi is closing the gap to Barros slightly. No overtakes happened at the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap five and the top four is bunching up, with McWilliams joining the group. Later on in the lap, Roberts Jr. closes up on McWilliams, with the American overtaking him at the entrance of Goddards (Turn 11) for fifth spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap six begins and the top six now consists out of Barros, Laconi, Gibernau, Abe, Roberts Jr. and McWilliams, with Rossi closing up fast. Gibernau moves up the inside of Laconi going into The Esses, taking second place from him. As Laconi tries to go side by side with the Spaniard to retake the position going into the Melbourne Hairpin, Abe then bravely dives down the inside of both, making minor contact as the trio bunches up into the hairpin, with Abe taking two positions in one corner and promoting up into second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nRoberts Jr. then takes two places by taking both Gibernau for fourth exiting the hairping and Laconi for third at the short straight before Goddards. McWilliams also tries to take Gibernau's fifth place around the outside of the hairpin, touching and making them both lose momentum as they exit the corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap seven, Rossi makes good use of the chaos in front of him to overtake both McWilliams and Gibernau going into Redgate. However, McWilliams also goes up the inside of Rossi - him also overtaking Gibernau for fifth - taking two positions in one corner. Rossi has a moment exiting the corner but not losing any places because of it. At the entrance of Coppice, McWilliams then takes fourth from Laconi by forcing him to go wide at the entrance of the corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nComing down into the Melbourne Hairpin, Rossi makes his move and passes Laconi for fifth place by going up his inside, but he runs wide and has to slot back behind the Frenchman as they exit the corner. Right behind the duo, Aoki also overtook Gibernau's Repsol YPF Honda for seventh place at the same hairpin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap eight and Abe lines up a pass at the start/finish straight, but thinks the better of it and stays behind for the time being. Gibernau meanwhile dives down the inside of Aoki and retakes seventh going into Redgate. Rossi then finally makes it stick and passes Laconi at the entrance of Coppice, moving him up to fifth position. Gibernau does the same, going side by side with Laconi at Starkey's Straight and picking off the Red Bull WCM Yahama rider at The Esses, moving up into sixth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAs lap nine begins, the top three - consisting of Barros, Abe and Roberts Jr. - now have a significant gap back to McWilliams and behind him, Rossi. Aoki managed to pass both Laconi and Gibernau before the beginning of the lap, moving him up into sixth. Way back, Biaggi only managed to move up into fifteenth so far. At the front, McWilliams has closed the gap to the top three and is now in contention for the win. Abe tries to line up a move to take the lead from Barros but in doing so, has left the door open for Roberts Jr. to dive down his inside at Starkey's Straight, taking second from the Japanese instead as they enter The Esses complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap ten, Roberts Jr. goes up the inside of Barros, easily taking over the lead from him. McWilliams also overtakes Abe for the bottom step of the podium by going up his inside at the Old Hairpin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap eleven and Roberts Jr. is now opening up a significant gap to second place Barros, with McWilliams right behind him. The Northern Irishman then makes a move and takes second from Barros at the Old Hairpin. Rossi then tries to pass Abe at Coppice, but runs wide and loses one place to Aoki as well, demoting him to sixth. Aoki himself then passes Abe at Starkey's Straight, finalising the move going into The Esses and taking fourth place from him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap twelve, a slightly drying groove now starts to become visible. Aoki surprised Barros by taking third when he went around the outside, then the inside at the fast Craner Curves (Turns 2 and 3). Abe also passes the now fading Barros and moves up into fourth place when he went up his inside at Coppice. At the Melbourne Hairpin, Rossi too made his move and took fifth from Barros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAs lap thirteen begins, Rossi immediately is eyeing Abe's fourth position, and makes a successful move on him at Redgate by diving down the inside. At the Craner Curves, Gibernau overtook Barros and moved up to sixth. Laconi has passed Barros as well, with the Brazilian now dropping all the way down to eighth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap fourteen and Rossi is now putting the pressure on Aoki. Making good use of his superior top speed, he goes side by side with the Japanese at Starkey's Straight and takes third before entering The Esses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap fifteen, Barros behind is now coming under pressure from teammate Capirossi. Laconi has passed Gibernau on the previous lap and at the front, Rossi caught and passed McWilliams for second at Starkey's Straight, almost making contact with him entering The Esses as he refuses to hand over the position so easily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nBefore the beginning of lap sixteen, Aoki crashes out of a strong fourth place. He had a slight moment, causing him to highside just as he wanted to exit out of the Goddards hairpin, throwing him onto the grass at low speed. He gets up quickly and removes his bike from the dangerous position, but loses a lot of time and continues in last place. At the front, the battle for victory has been reduced to three after the crash of Aoki caused a massive gap to number four Abe, consisting out of Roberts Jr., Rossi and McWilliams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap seventeen and a dry line is now clearly visible as a dry groove has formed. The gap Roberts Jr. has to Rossi is +0.903 seconds, but 'The Doctor' is now catching him quickly as it gets cut and is now only +0.377 seconds when they arrive at The Esses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap eighteen, Rossi is still catching up to the American. Laconi has also crashed at the exit of Goddards, the Frenchman already back onto his bike and ready to ride again as he has not stalled his motorcycle. The gap to Roberts Jr. meanwhile has extended slightly by Rossi - from +0.377 seconds before to +0.101 seconds now - with McWilliams tagging along as well. He surprises Rossi by going up his inside at the beginning of Coppice to move up into second position, also allowing Roberts Jr. some slight breathing room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap nineteen has begun and it is now a threeway battle for the lead. McWilliams is now all over the back of the American, lines up a pass at the Craner Curves and overtakes him at the Old Hairpin, taking over the lead under loud cheering from the British crowd. At Starkey's Straight, he effortlessly overtakes Roberts Jr. and slots in front of him at The Esses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap twenty, Biaggi managed to claw his way back up to ninth after being down in fourteenth at the earlier stages of the race. Rossi is now slowly trying to close down the small gap McWilliams has created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap twenty-one and Rossi and Roberts Jr. have troubles trying to catch McWilliams, as he is now increasing the gap. However, the gap at Starkey's Straight closes up again from +1.224 to +1.056 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap twenty-two, the front is still very much stabilised. In fourth is now Capirossi, who overtook and rode away from Abe by now. However, Capirossi made a mistake going into The Esses, allowing Abe to retake fourth from him in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap twenty-three and Rossi and Roberts Jr. are now slowly clawing their way back to McWilliams, who starts to slide a bit due to the tyre problems he starts to have.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap twenty-four, McCoy has come into the pits to change his tyres from wets to slicks due to the changing conditions. Coming out of the Coppice corners, Rossi has a moment but doesn't lose any positions from it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap twenty-five and the field bunches up again. At Coppice, both Rossi and Roberts Jr. have moments as they exit the corner, showing that they too are starting to have some real tyre problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap twenty-six, Rossi is now really closing up on McWilliams, who is really suffering from tyre problems by now. Coming out of Coppice, the Northern Irishman has a moment, allowing Rossi to make a move and go side by side with him at Starkey's Straight. However, he does not pass him, choosing to stay behind him for now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAs lap twentyseven begins, Rossi is still right behind McWilliams, who himself is being chased by Roberts Jr. A big part of the circuit has now dried up, making the riders wobble frequently. Coming up to the Melbourne Hairpin, he finally decides to take the lead by diving down the inside of McWilliams' Aprilia, outbreaking him and finalising the move exiting the corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap twenty-eight and Roberts Jr. tries to pass McWilliams going into Redgate but misses the speed and almost collides with the rear tyre of the Northern Irishman, forcing him to stay right behind him for now. At the Melbourne Hairpin, Roberts Jr. tries to go down the inside of McWilliams and take second place from him, but he just goes a bit too wide, allowing the Aprilia rider to make the cutback and retake the place exiting the hairpin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nLap twenty-nine, the penultimate lap, has begun and Rossi has now opened up a slight gap back to McWilliams. He then closes up at the Craner Curves as Rossi slides around the corners, much to the delight of the fans. As they exit Coppice, both Rossi and McWilliams' tyres start to smoke as they put on the power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nThe final lap has now arrived - lap thirty - and Rossi is still leading, followed by McWilliams and Roberts Jr. Coming out of Redgate, all the riders are now sliding around as their tyres are practically gone. McWilliams however is still doing his best to close the slight gap to Rossi with Roberts Jr. hot on his tail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0036-0001", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nComing out of The Esses, the Suzuki rider got better traction and goes for the move by going side by side with McWilliams before the Melbourne Hairpin, then outbreaking him and snatching second place from him with just one corner to go. Having a big enough gap, Rossi crosses the line to win his first ever 500cc grand prix, followed by Roberts Jr. in second and McWilliams in third. Further back, Capirossi comes home in fourth, Dutchman van den Goorbergh in fifth and Abe in sixth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn the parade lap back to parc-ferm\u00e9, Rossi does a burnout as a handful of fans come up to him and congratulate him on his win. He stands on his bike and celebrates in jubilant fashion as well. Roberts Jr. rides up to him and shakes hands with him whilst still onto the bike to congratulate him on his win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nThe important figures hand out the trophies, with the audience cheering loudly as McWilliams receives his third-place trophy. The Italian national anthem plays and after it is done, the podium girls put wreaths around the necks of the trio and give them all a kiss on the cheek. Then they hand them the champagne with Rossi then cheekily spraying it on one of the girls, then on the rest of the riders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nWhen Roberts Jr. was questioned about his tyre choice, he said the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\n\"It was a difficult choice until the rain started again, and I'm surprised the tyres held up when the track dried out. I had a lot on mind during the race, like concentrating on not falling down, and keeping an edge to my tyres just in case the rain restarted, and with this in mind, I let Valentino and Jeremy go mid-race. When Valentino got passed him, I tried to go as well, but had to wait until the last lap. I knew I could get the Aprilia there, because I could hear that the engine wasn't as strong as the V4s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nWhen McWilliams was asked about his last-lap fight with Roberts Jr., he commented the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\n\"I made two mistakes. I think now that perhaps I went too hard mid-race in trying to get away, which finished the tyres, and then I missed a gear on the last lap, and allowed Kenny through. He learnt from his last attempt too, and kept it tight at Melbourne so that I couldn't slide back on the inside. I'm happy to be on the podium though. We didn't think we were going to go anywhere from the fourth row of the grid, and when the rain came down, I was just laughing. We put wets on and couldn't care less - we were going out just to see what we could get as others fell down! This is a better end to a difficult week for Irish motorsports, and this podium is for Joey.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nWhen Rossi was asked how he felt after his win, he responded with the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\n\"I am very happy. We were ready to win in dry conditions but, when the rain came, we were very afraid, and would have been happy with a podium. The race was not so much fun, with the rear wheel spinning all the time, but my rhythm was not too bad and I was able to get past Barros and Abe before getting up to the lead. The tyre is now completely finished, and it was not easy even on the straight. it was very hard to beat Jeremy, but I managed to get by two or three laps from the end, and I am very pleased to win.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161757-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round nine has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161758-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brown Bears football team\nThe 2000 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Brown was declared ineligible for the Ivy League championship, though its league record would have placed it in a tie for third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161758-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brown Bears football team\nIn their third season under head coach Phil Estes, the Bears compiled a 7\u20133 record and outscored opponents 375 to 301. Gordon Chen, N. Finneran and Drew Inzer were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161758-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Brown Bears football team\nBefore the season began, the Council of Ivy Group Presidents voted to exclude Brown from the football championship for one year in response to a report that Brown basketball, football, soccer and volleyball coaches had connected prospective student-athletes with offers of private financial assistance. The NCAA ruled that the students implicated in the report were not at fault and would retain their eligibility, but the Ivy League, with its stricter rules about financial aid, chose a harsher penalty to send a message to Brown and other member schools that recruiting violations would not be tolerated. Football and the other three Brown teams were also hit with tighter restrictions on recruiting activities for 2001 and 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161758-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Brown Bears football team\nThe Bears' 4\u20133 conference record in 2000 would have tied for third in the Ivy League standings, but because the team was declared ineligible, the league's record book lists it as the last-place team. Brown outscored Ivy opponents 266 to 245.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161758-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Brown Bears football team\nBrown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161759-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Brownlow Medal\nThe 2000 Brownlow Medal was the 73rd year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Australian Football League (AFL) home-and-away season. Shane Woewodin of the Melbourne Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-four votes during the 2000 AFL season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161759-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Brownlow Medal\nThe Essendon Football Club set a record for the highest number of votes collected as a team, with 116 out of a possible 132 votes. The club polled at least one vote in every game, including all six votes in 14 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161760-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Broxbourne Borough Council election\nThe Broxbourne Council election, 2000 was held to elect council members of the Broxbourne Borough Council, the local government authority of the borough of Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161760-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Broxbourne Borough Council election, Results summary\nAn election was held in 12 wards on 4 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161760-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Broxbourne Borough Council election, Results summary\nThe Conservative Party won all 12 seats making 1 gain at the expense of the Labour Party in Waltham Cross Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161760-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Broxbourne Borough Council election, Results summary\nMark Farrington won Cheshunt North Ward for the Conservative Party having \"crossed the floor\" of the Council Chamber since the 1999 Local Government election when he had won a Cheshunt North seat for the Labour Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161760-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Broxbourne Borough Council election, Results summary\nThis was the first local election since 1995 where the British National Party had fielded any candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161760-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Broxbourne Borough Council election, Results summary\nThe new political balance of the council following this election was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161761-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bucknell Bison football team\nThe 2000 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Bucknell finished fifth in the Patriot League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161761-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bucknell Bison football team\nIn their sixth year under head coach Tom Gadd, the Bison compiled a 6\u20135 record. Vince Ficca, Justin Lustig and Lucas Phillips were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161761-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Bucknell Bison football team\nThe Bison outscored opponents 242 to 172. Their 2\u20134 conference record placed fifth in the seven-team Patriot League standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161761-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Bucknell Bison football team\nBucknell played its home games at Christy Mathewson\u2013Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season\nThe 2000 Buffalo Bills season was the team's 41st and 31st as part of the National Football League. The Bills total offense ranked 9th in the league and their total defense ranked 3rd in the league. The 2000 season was the first since the 1987 season that long-time Bills players Bruce Smith, Andre Reed and Thurman Thomas were not on the team together, as all were released just days after the Bills were eliminated from the 1999 playoffs. Smith and Reed signed with the Redskins, while Thomas signed with the Dolphins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season\nThe Buffalo Bills finished in fourth place in the AFC East and finished the National Football League's 2000 season with a record of 8 wins and 8 losses. Though the Bills were 7\u20134 after eleven games, they lost their next four in a row, only avoiding a losing season in the final game of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season\nThe 2000 season marked a turning point in Buffalo's history. From 2000 until 2016, the Bills would fail to make the playoffs, a streak that would end in 2017. After the 2000 season ended, general manager John Butler left the team to take the same position with the San Diego Chargers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Quarterback controversy\nDoug Flutie led the Bills to a 10\u20135 record in 1999 but, in a controversial decision, was replaced by Rob Johnson for the playoffs by coach Wade Phillips, who later said he was ordered to do so by Bills owner Ralph Wilson. The Bills lost 22\u201316 to the eventual AFC champion Tennessee Titans in a game that has become known as the Music City Miracle, where the Titans scored on the penultimate play of the game\u2014a kickoff return following the Bills' apparent game-clinching field goal with 16 seconds left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Quarterback controversy\nAfter the season ended, Flutie was named the Bills' backup and only played late in games or when Johnson was injured; the two split playing time in seven games. Despite getting his chances in December to help the team, Flutie was unable to get the team key wins in December, sealing his fate as a casualty to a roster cut. Flutie would be released at the end of the 2000 season and Johnson would spend an injury-plagued 2001 season with the Bills before also being released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Special teams futility\nPhillips was fired shortly after the season by Wilson, citing Phillips' refusal to fire special teams coach Ronnie Jones. (Football statistics site Football Outsiders calculates that the 2000 Bills had the worst special teams unit of any single-season team from 1993\u20132010.) Said Wilson at the time, \"Buffalo special teams' record was among the worst in the National Football League last season. ... I felt we needed a change and that my request was reasonable... I did not want to release Wade, but his refusal left me with no option.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Special teams futility\nSaid Football Outsiders of Buffalo's special teams in 2000, \"Could special teams possibly be that negative? Oh, yes. They could. The 2000 Buffalo Bills had the worst special teams of any team in any season for which [Football Outsiders has] data. I would not be shocked if they had the worst special teams of all time, except maybe for some expansion teams in the sixties and seventies. Everything about special teams was horrible for the Bills that year, but Steve Christie was the biggest black hole among a galaxy of sucking black holes. ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0003-0002", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Special teams futility\nChristie's average kickoff went only 55.6 yards, 7.5 yards less than the league average. And the bad kickoffs didn't just come late in the season in Buffalo's usual snow and wind. ... On the season, 18 of his kickoffs went for 50 yards or less. No other kicker had more than 10 kicks that short. ... Buffalo allowed opponents kick returns worth 22 points more than the league average. ... So the average opposing drive after a Buffalo kickoff started at the 37-yard line. Wow.\" Buffalo hired Tom Donahoe to become the new general manager the following season. Donahoe hired Tennessee Titans defensive coordinator Gregg Williams to be the head coach in a season which saw the rebuilding team struggle to a 3\u201313 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at New York Jets\nThe 2\u20130 Bills traveled to New Jersey to take on the 2\u20130 Jets in a battle for first place in the AFC East. However, numerous blunders by the Bills, particularly on special teams, assured that they would receive their first loss of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at New York Jets\nThe Bills opened the scoring with Rob Johnson throwing a 3-yard touchdown pass to Eric Moulds for a 7\u20130 lead. But on the very next play, Jets kick returner Kevin Williams returned the ensuing kickoff 97 yards for a game-tying touchdown. In the second quarter, the Jets drove to the Bills' 5-yard line when the Bills held on a 3rd and 1. Jets coach Al Groh elected to go for it, and on the fourth down play, running back Curtis Martin broke through for a 5-yard touchdown run to make it 14\u20137 Jets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at New York Jets\nWith 1:17 to go, the Bills faced a third down at their own 26-yard line when Johnson went long for receiver Jeremy McDaniel. Two Jets defenders misplayed the ball, and McDaniel caught the pass and went in untouched for the 74-yard touchdown to tie the game at 14 with 1:07 to go in the half. However, the Bills' worst play of the game came at the end of the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0005-0002", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at New York Jets\nWith time expiring at the end of the half, Jets QB Vinny Testaverde heaved a Hail Mary towards the end zone, and Jets defensive back Marcus Coleman, who checked into the game as an eligible receiver for the Hail Mary attempt, caught the pass between numerous Bills defenders. This score made it 21\u201314 Jets at the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at New York Jets\nThe Bills never recovered from this turn of events as the second half was defined by numerous costly errors. On the first possession of the second half, veteran kicker Steve Christie missed a 45-yard field goal. With the Bills trailing 24\u201314 at the beginning of the fourth quarter they drove into Jets territory. Rob Johnson then completed a pass to Peerless Price to get the Bills into the red zone, but he fumbled and the ball was recovered by the Jets. The Bills defense forced a three-and-out on the next possession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at New York Jets\nOn the ensuing punt, Bills cornerback Chris Watson started up the middle then cut to the right sideline, but Jets defensive back Chris Hayes, who was blocked at the beginning of the play but got back up as the play continued, hit Watson from behind and forced him to fumble, with the Jets recovering the ball. Finally, Watson muffed a short punt later in the quarter, which was recovered by Hayes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at New York Jets\nAlthough the Bills outgained the Jets 354\u2013279 with Rob Johnson completing 21 of 36 passes for 293 yards and 2 touchdowns with one interception, the Bills committed four turnovers compared to just one by the Jets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at New York Jets\nWith the loss, the Bills fell to 2\u20131 heading into their bye week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 5: vs. Indianapolis Colts\nThe Bills hosted the Colts in a Week 5 divisional matchup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 5: vs. Indianapolis Colts\nAlthough the Bills dominated the first half, they failed to convert three red zone drives into touchdowns, and settled for three Steve Christie field goals to make it 9\u20130 in the second quarter. A Peyton Manning touchdown pass to Marvin Harrison made it 9\u20137 Bills at the half. In the fourth quarter, Manning found Terrence Wilkins for a 10-yard touchdown pass, and a two-point conversion made it 15\u20139 Colts. With 1:08 to go, Rob Johnson went long for Eric Moulds, who caught the pass for a 40-yard touchdown to make it 16\u201315 Bills. However, the Colts drove to the Bills' 28-yard line, and kicker Mike Vanderjagt made a 45-yard field goal as time expired to win the game for the Colts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 6: at Miami Dolphins\nThe Bills traveled next to South Florida to take on the Dolphins. Much interest in the game revolved around longtime Bills running back Thurman Thomas, who had signed with the Dolphins in the offseason and who was playing his first game against his former team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 6: at Miami Dolphins\nThe Bills trailed 13\u20133 at halftime, with the primary score being Dolphins QB Jay Fiedler's 20-yard touchdown pass to Leslie Shepherd. In the third quarter, a Matt Turk punt pinned the Bills at their own 1-yard line, and on second down on the ensuing drive, running back Jonathan Linton was stuffed in the end zone for a safety to make it 15\u20133. In the fourth quarter, the Bills began to come back. The Bills drove to the Dolphins' 5-yard line, but again, Rob Johnson failed to get the Bills into the end zone and they settled for a field goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 6: at Miami Dolphins\nOn their next drive, the Bills went inside the 5 again, and this time scored a touchdown with rookie running back Sammy Morris breaking a tackle on a 3-yard touchdown run. The Bills then got the ball back with 4:59 to go with a chance to take the lead. Rob Johnson threw a screen pass to Morris, but in his effort to gain extra yards, he was stripped of the football by Miami cornerback Sam Madison, and fellow corner Patrick Surtain returned the fumble 20 yards for a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0012-0002", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 6: at Miami Dolphins\nOn the next drive, Johnson was forced to leave the game due to an injury, and Doug Flutie received his first action of the season. Flutie's first play was a 25-yard pass to Jeremy McDaniel to convert a 3rd and 21, but another Flutie miracle would not happen as Jerry Wilson intercepted Flutie later in the drive to clinch the win for the Dolphins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 6: at Miami Dolphins\nThe game was dominated by the Dolphin defense. Aside from their safety and touchdown, they sacked the Bills quarterbacks 6 times, with 5 coming with Rob Johnson under center. Dolphins lineman Trace Armstrong led the defense with 3.5 sacks. Both the Bills and Dolphins gained 254 yards in this contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 7: vs. San Diego Chargers\nWith the Bills hosting the 0\u20136 Chargers, it was widely expected that the Bills would get back on track upon returning home for their Week 7 matchup. But what ensued was a hard-fought victory rather than a dominant one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 7: vs. San Diego Chargers\nAfter Chargers kicker John Carney opened the scoring with a field goal to make it 3\u20130, the Bills scored two unanswered touchdowns. Sammy Morris ran for a 32-yard touchdown to make it 7\u20133. On the next drive, running back Jonathan Linton fumbled at the one-yard line, but lineman Jerry Ostroski fell on the ball in the end zone for a rare offensive lineman touchdown, making the score 14\u20133 Bills. However, the Chargers took over for the next one and a half quarters. Chargers quarterback Jim Harbaugh found Curtis Conway for a touchdown to make it 14\u201310 at the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 7: vs. San Diego Chargers\nIn the third quarter, a Jermaine Fazande two-yard touchdown run and a 51-yard touchdown pass from Harbaugh to Jeff Graham made it 24\u201314 Chargers heading into the final quarter. Early in the fourth quarter, Rob Johnson found running back Shawn Bryson for an 11-yard touchdown to make it 24\u201321. With 2:33 left, the Bills got the ball back, needing at least a field goal to force overtime. Johnson drove the Bills into the red zone, but barely avoided a disastrous turnover with 11 seconds left when his pass on 3rd and goal was nearly intercepted by Junior Seau. The Bills settled for a 29-yard field goal by Steve Christie to force overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 7: vs. San Diego Chargers\nIn overtime, Rob Johnson was knocked out of the game after being hit upon throwing a pass, and the Bills were forced to punt. Safety Henry Jones intercepted Jim Harbaugh on the next possession, and with Johnson out of the game, Doug Flutie came off the bench to lead the Bills. Flutie got the Bills into field goal range for Steve Christie. Christie's first attempt from 41 yards was no good as it sailed wide of the goalpost, but the play was nullified due to a false start. This made Christie's second attempt 46 yards, but this attempt went just over the crossbar for the game-winning field goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 7: vs. San Diego Chargers\nBefore being knocked out of the game, Rob Johnson was 29 of 47 for 321 yards with 1 touchdown and 1 interception. Eric Moulds caught 11 passes for 170 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 8: at Minnesota Vikings\nThe Bills' next game was at Minnesota against the undefeated Vikings. With Rob Johnson out due to the injury he sustained the previous week, Doug Flutie made his first start of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 87], "content_span": [88, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 8: at Minnesota Vikings\nThroughout the game, the Bills demonstrated the potential for an upset bid. The Bills led 10\u20136 at halftime, helped by a 25-yard touchdown pass from Doug Flutie to Eric Moulds. After the Vikings took a 13\u201310 lead on a Daunte Culpepper touchdown pass to Cris Carter, the Bills went on a 13-play, 80-yard drive, ending with Sammy Morris's one-yard touchdown run. On the next drive, linebacker Sam Rogers intercepted Culpepper, and the Bills capitalized with Flutie hitting Morris for an 18-yard touchdown to make it 24\u201313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 87], "content_span": [88, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 8: at Minnesota Vikings\nThe Vikings then scored a touchdown with Culpepper throwing another touchdown to Carter with 9:34 to go, with a two-point conversion making it 24\u201321. Bills kicker Steve Christie kicked a 48-yard field goal to make it 27\u201321. However, with 3:48 to go, Daunte Culpepper rolled right, then threw a bomb deep towards the left side of the end zone. Vikings receiver Randy Moss got behind two Bills defenders, caught the pass, and kept both feet in bounds for the go-ahead touchdown. On the Bills' next drive, Peerless Price lost a fumble, setting up the Vikings with a short field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 87], "content_span": [88, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0019-0002", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 8: at Minnesota Vikings\nThe Bills' defense held, and the Vikings settled for Gary Anderson kicking a 21-yard field goal to make it 31\u201327. Anderson's field goal represented his 2,004th total point in the NFL, making him the NFL's all-time leading scorer (Morten Andersen eventually surpassed his record). This historic accomplishment being said, the Bills still had a chance to win. Starting from their own 20-yard line, Flutie drove the Bills to the 42-yard line in the game's final moments. But his Hail Mary attempt at the end of the game fell incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 87], "content_span": [88, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 8: at Minnesota Vikings\nDoug Flutie went 28 of 43 for 294 yards and 2 touchdowns, while Eric Moulds caught 12 passes for 135 yards and a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 87], "content_span": [88, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 9: vs. New York Jets\nWith the Bills at 3\u20134 and 0\u20133 in the division, they were in a must-win situation upon returning home to face the Jets. The Jets were 6\u20131 and in first place in the AFC East coming off their comeback from a 23-point fourth-quarter deficit the previous Monday Night against the Dolphins, a game now known as the Monday Night Miracle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 9: vs. New York Jets\nThe two teams traded touchdowns in the opening quarter. Running back Sammy Morris went in with a 1-yard plunge for the Bills to strike first, then Jets quarterback Vinny Testaverde found Fred Baxter for a 12-yard touchdown pass to tie it at 7\u20137. In the second quarter, the Bills took over. The Bills defense forced Testaverde to throw two interceptions, one of which was intercepted by safety Henry Jones and returned 45 yards for a touchdown to make it 17\u20137. At the end of the quarter the Jets were driving inside the Bills' red zone, but Sam Rogers sacked Testaverde and forced him to fumble, and linebacker Sam Cowart recovered the ball to end the drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 9: vs. New York Jets\nAlthough the Bills were up by 10 heading into the second half, no one considered the game a sure win at this point, especially considering that four of the Jets' six wins at this point were come-from-behind wins. And sure enough, the Jets came back to tie the score at 17 by the end of the third quarter. Vinny Testaverde found receiver Wayne Chrebet for a 10-yard touchdown pass to tie the score. In the fourth quarter, the Bills drove into field goal range, but Steve Christie's go-ahead field goal attempt was blocked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0023-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 9: vs. New York Jets\nOn the ensuing drive, Bills linebacker Keith Newman forced the usually sure-handed Jets running back Curtis Martin to fumble, and Sam Cowart recovered the ball for his second fumble recovery of the day. On the next play, Doug Flutie went long and hit Eric Moulds for a 52-yard bomb that got the Bills to the Jets' 1-yard line, but an offensive pass interference pushed the Bills back from the goal line and they settled for Christie's 29-yard field goal to make it 20\u201317 Bills with 6:18 to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0023-0002", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 9: vs. New York Jets\nThe Jets then drove into field goal range, when the Bills defense held and forced the Jets to settle for John Hall's field goal with 2:25 to go to tie the score at 20. Doug Flutie then led the Bills in the waning moments of the game to the Jets' 14-yard line before taking an intentional loss of yards to get the ball in the middle of the field for Steve Christie's game-winning field goal attempt. Christie's attempt from 32 yards was good as time expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 84], "content_span": [85, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10: at New England Patriots\nThe Bills traveled to Foxborough to take on the New England Patriots. With the Patriots at 2\u20136 heading into the game having lost three straight games, the Bills were the favorite to win the game, but the game turned into a tough battle that took a fifth quarter to decide a winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10: at New England Patriots\nEarly in the game, Patriots quarterback (and future Bill) Drew Bledsoe injured a finger on his throwing hand when throwing a pass, during which his hand struck another player's helmet in the process. Due to the lingering effects of the injury, he was unable to return to the game. As his replacement, Patriots coach Bill Belichick turned not to then-rookie and future 7-time Super Bowl champion Tom Brady, but veteran John Friesz to lead the Patriots against the Bills for the remainder of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10: at New England Patriots\nGiven the Patriots' record and the loss of their starting quarterback, the first half looked like it would be an easy win for the Bills. The Bills jumped out to a 10\u20130 lead when Doug Flutie found tight end Jay Riemersma for a 9-yard touchdown pass. But with 1:11 to go in the half, Flutie fumbled a snap, which was recovered by the Patriots' Willie McGinest in Bills territory to set up an Adam Vinatieri 48-yard field goal to make it 10\u20133 Bills at the half. This set the tone for the remainder of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10: at New England Patriots\nAfter a poor punt by Bills punter Chris Mohr and an 18-yard return by Patriots receiver Troy Brown, the Patriots had great position at the Bills' 34 to start a drive with 10:28 to go in the third quarter, and they drove to the Bills' 1-yard line. Rather than play it safe and run the ball, New England attempted to pass at the goal line and the Bills capitalized with linebacker John Holecek intercepting John Friesz's pass in the end zone to end the scoring opportunity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0027-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10: at New England Patriots\nIn the fourth quarter, another good punt return by Brown (this one 25 yards) set up another Patriots drive that reached the Bills' one-yard line. Two running plays were stuffed by the Bills line, and an incomplete pass brought up fourth and goal at the 1. The Patriots went for it, and rookie running back J.R. Redmond got the necessary yardage with a one-yard touchdown run to tie the score at 10\u201310 with 9 minutes remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0027-0002", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10: at New England Patriots\nAnother poor special teams play by the Bills (a 37-yard punt followed by a 12-yard return) set up the Patriots in good field position with 3:53 to go with a chance to take the lead, and Adam Vinatieri kicked a 43-yard field goal with just over 2 minutes remaining, giving the Patriots a 13\u201310 lead. Doug Flutie got the Bills into field goal range with a 24-yard pass to Jeremy McDaniel and an 11-yard scramble before a controversial play occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0027-0003", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10: at New England Patriots\nWith the Bills at the Patriots' 20-yard line with 13 seconds left, Flutie found Peerless Price at the goal line for a pass that would at least get the Bills to the Patriots' one-yard line in the waning moments of the game, and which potentially could have been a touchdown due to Price knocking over the goal line's pylon in the process. However, the officials ruled that Price had committed pass interference in order to make the catch, and a potential touchdown turned into a 10-yard penalty to push the Bills back to the brink of Steve Christie's range. With no timeouts left, the Bills sent out Christie to attempt a 48-yard field goal, and his attempt went just barely over the crossbar to tie the score at 13 and force overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10: at New England Patriots\nIn overtime, the Patriots got the ball first, but the Bills forced them to punt and drove down the field for Steve Christie's game-winning 32-yard field goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10: at New England Patriots\nAlthough the Bills outgained the Patriots 315\u2013189, poor special teams play gave the Patriots good field position to start their drives. Nonetheless, this win put the Bills back above .500 with a 5\u20134 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 11: vs. Chicago Bears\nThe Bills' next game was against the 2\u20137 Bears at home. After the score was 6\u20133 Bills at halftime, the Bills took over the hapless Bears in the second half. Doug Flutie ran in for a one-yard touchdown in the third quarter to make it 13\u20133. The game's most notable play was the Bills' game-clinching score with less than three minutes to go. The Bears were driving at the Bills' 32-yard line when linebacker Sam Rogers forced Bears quarterback Shane Matthews to fumble. Linebacker Keith Newman recovered the loose ball and began rumbling down the field before Bears receiver Eddie Kennison hustled down the field and forced Newman to also fumble, but nickel corner Daryl Porter recovered the fumble and ran the remaining 23 yards for a touchdown to make it 20\u20133 Bills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 85], "content_span": [86, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 11: vs. Chicago Bears\nThe Bills forced four turnovers in the game, three interceptions and the aforementioned fumble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 85], "content_span": [86, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 11: vs. Chicago Bears\nOf particular note regarding this game involved the quarterback controversy between Doug Flutie and Rob Johnson. Although Johnson was healthy again as this game approached, Bills coach Wade Phillips kept Flutie as the starter coming off two straight wins, but also gave Johnson a few snaps at quarterback. This strategy at quarterback would change, however, as the season progressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 85], "content_span": [86, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 12: at Kansas City Chiefs\nAlthough Doug Flutie had won his last three starts heading into this game, head coach Wade Phillips turned to a now-healthy Rob Johnson as his starting quarterback for this game. Johnson led the Bills on their opening drive to a touchdown, capped by a 9-yard touchdown pass to Eric Moulds. The score was 7\u20133 at the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 12: at Kansas City Chiefs\nIn the third quarter, a 13-yard touchdown pass from Chiefs quarterback Elvis Grbac to tight end Tony Gonzalez gave the Chiefs a 10\u20137 lead heading into the final quarter. Early in the fourth quarter, Rob Johnson threw over the middle for the end zone for Jay Riemersma. His pass was nearly intercepted by a Chiefs defender, but he dropped the potential interception and the ball bounced behind him right into Riemersma's waiting arms to make the score 14\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0034-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 12: at Kansas City Chiefs\nThe Chiefs answered with Grbac hitting Gonzalez for his second touchdown of the day to make it 17\u201314 with just under 8 minutes to go. With the help of a pass interference penalty by the Chiefs, the Bills drove to the Chiefs' 3-yard line for a 1st and goal. A four-yard loss on a running play and a sack set up 3rd and goal at the 12-yard line with 3:06 to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0034-0002", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 12: at Kansas City Chiefs\nRob Johnson dropped back to pass, then ran towards the left sideline when he dove for the end zone and was hit out of bounds by Chiefs linebacker Marvcus Patton. Johnson was initially ruled out at the 1, but the Bills challenged, and replays showed that while he was being hit out of bounds, Johnson had reached over the pylon with the football, and the call was reversed to a touchdown to make the score 21\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0034-0003", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 12: at Kansas City Chiefs\nOn the ensuing drive, the Chiefs drove to the Bills' 25-yard line by the two-minute warning, but Grbac was intercepted by Keion Carpenter to end the scoring threat. The Chiefs defense used up their remaining timeouts to force a three-and-out to get one last chance to potentially win the game. However, Grbac's Hail Mary attempt was broken up by Eric Moulds, who checked into the game as a defender for the Hail Mary attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 12: at Kansas City Chiefs\nWith this win, the Bills had won their fourth straight game and were in the middle of a crowded AFC playoff race. They were one game behind the division-leading Dolphins, and at 7\u20134 were tied with the Colts and Jets for second place in the AFC East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 13: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers\nThe Bills traveled to Tampa to take on the 6\u20135 Bucs in a must-win game for both teams to stay in the playoff race in their respective conferences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 13: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers\nAlthough the Bills defense harassed the Tampa Bay offense, holding them to 180 yards of total offense and sacking Shaun King seven times, including three consecutive plays in the first half with Sam Cowart and Ted Washington (in a combined effort), Cowart again, and Marcellus Wiley all contributing sacks during this span, the Bills trailed 10\u20137 heading into the final quarter. With the often-sacked Rob Johnson back under center, the Bucs sacked him 6 times during the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 13: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers\nIn the fourth quarter, Bucs running back Warrick Dunn scored on a 6-yard touchdown run to make it 17\u20137 with under 12 minutes to go. The Bills answered with Rob Johnson hitting Eric Moulds for a 19-yard touchdown with 9 minutes to go. With 5:52 to go, the Bills were forced to punt, and Bucs punt returner Karl Williams returned the ensuing punt 73 yards for a touchdown to make it 24\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0038-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 13: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers\nOn the Bills' next drive, Johnson was violently thrown to the ground by Derrick Brooks in a hit that knocked him out of the game, but somehow, Johnson flipped the ball to Shawn Bryson as he was being tackled and a sure sack became a 15-yard gain to set up a Steve Christie field goal to make it 24\u201317 with 2:30 to go. The Bills attempted an onside kick, but the Bucs recovered. Two plays later, Dunn broke through the Bills' defense for a 39-yard touchdown run to clinch the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 13: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers\nThe Bills lost even though they outgained the Bucs 433\u2013180 and held the ball for 36:17 compared to the Bucs' 23:43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 91], "content_span": [92, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14: vs. Miami Dolphins\nWith the Bills at 7\u20135 and behind the AFC wild card spots by a game, they were in a must-win situation at home against the division-leading Dolphins. It was expected that given the cold weather expected for the game in Buffalo and the Bills' history of defeating the Dolphins throughout the 1990s, the Bills would at least be competitive. However, the Dolphins dominated all afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 86], "content_span": [87, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14: vs. Miami Dolphins\nDolphins quarterback Jay Fiedler, back after missing the team's previous game, opened the scoring by finding running back Lamar Smith on a screen pass for a 6-yard touchdown to make it 7\u20130. In the second quarter, a spectacular one-handed catch by Dolphins receiver Oronde Gadsden set up a 6-yard touchdown from Fiedler to Gadsden to make it 14\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 86], "content_span": [87, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0041-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14: vs. Miami Dolphins\nOn the ensuing drive, Rob Johnson was sacked on consecutive plays, then on third down was intercepted by Sam Madison, who went on a lengthy return, juking and avoiding numerous Bills defenders from sideline to sideline before finally going down on his own at the Bills' 11. This set up an Olindo Mare field goal to make it 17\u20130. A 14-yard touchdown from Fiedler to Leslie Shepherd made it 24\u20130 Dolphins at the half, and the score was 30\u20130 heading into the final quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 86], "content_span": [87, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14: vs. Miami Dolphins\nThe Dolphins defense completely harassed Rob Johnson, who went 6-of-18 for just 44 yards and 2 interceptions while being sacked 5 times. Johnson was benched for Doug Flutie, who also played poorly, going 2-of-9 for 31 yards and an interception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 86], "content_span": [87, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14: vs. Miami Dolphins\nThis loss not only ended the Bills' chances of winning the AFC East with the team now 3 games behind the Dolphins, but put them 2 games behind the final Wild Card berth in the AFC playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 86], "content_span": [87, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15: at Indianapolis Colts\nThe Bills traveled to Indianapolis to face the Colts in a Monday night game with high stakes for both teams. With both teams at 7\u20136 and 1+1\u20442 games behind the final AFC wild card spot (the Jets having lost the previous night), both teams needed to win in order to stay alive in the playoff race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15: at Indianapolis Colts\nThe first half was relatively low scoring, with the Colts leading 9\u20136 at halftime. But the floodgates opened in the second half on the Bills. After Colts running back Edgerrin James scored a touchdown, Rob Johnson was sacked on the ensuing possession by Jeff Burris and forced to fumble, with lineman Bernard Holsey recovering the loose ball and returning it 48 yards for a touchdown to make the score 23\u20136. The Bills' ensuing drive ended with a Sammy Morris one-yard touchdown to make it 23\u201312 heading into the final quarter due to a failed two-point conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0045-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15: at Indianapolis Colts\nWith 10:16 to go in the game, James scored another touchdown for the Colts, and three plays later, Johnson was intercepted by the Colts' Mustafah Muhammad for a 40-yard interception return for a touchdown to make it 37\u201312 Colts. After this play, Johnson was benched again for Doug Flutie, who led the Bills down the field and threw a 29-yard touchdown to Peerless Price with just over 6 minutes to go, with the two-point conversion making the score 37\u201320. However, Edgerrin James's third touchdown of the day with 4:18 to go clinched the game for the Colts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15: at Indianapolis Colts\nThe Colts scored 44 points despite the Bills holding the Colts to just 237 yards of total offense and Peyton Manning having only 132 yards passing. The Colts had 9 sacks, with Rob Johnson being sacked a whopping 8 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 89], "content_span": [90, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 16: vs. New England Patriots\nIn their final home game of the year, the Bills faced the Patriots. Due to high winds that reached up to 25\u00a0mph and a snowstorm that intensified as the game progressed, passing from both teams was severely limited with the two teams combining for 88 rushing attempts in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 92], "content_span": [93, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 16: vs. New England Patriots\nThe Bills and Patriots traded field goals and reached a 3\u20133 stalemate at halftime. During the first half, Rob Johnson was injured again upon being hit during a pass attempt, ending his season. Doug Flutie came in for the second quarter as the snowstorm began to take full effect. Both teams blew chances to take the lead in the third quarter. A 23-yard field goal attempt by Steve Christie was blocked by Patriots defensive end Chad Eaton, and the Patriots were stopped on a 4th-and-1 when linebacker Keith Newman stuffed Patriots running back Tony Carter on a rushing attempt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 92], "content_span": [93, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0048-0001", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 16: vs. New England Patriots\nIn the fourth quarter, the teams finally found the end zone. Flutie took off for a 32-yard run to the Patriots' 1-yard line, and then found Sheldon Jackson for a 1-yard touchdown pass to make it 10\u20133. After both teams exchanged punts, the Patriots scored on a 13-yard touchdown run by Kevin Faulk to tie the score at 10 with just under 5 minutes to go. In the final moments of regulation, Drew Bledsoe drove the Patriots to the Bills' 10-yard line, but Adam Vinatieri missed the field goal from 27 yards, and the game went into overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 92], "content_span": [93, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 16: vs. New England Patriots\nIn overtime, Doug Flutie led the Bills into field goal range, but Steve Christie's 30 yard attempt with 6:22 remaining was blocked again by Chad Eaton. The Patriots then drove inside the Bills' red zone with about 3 minutes to go, which would normally be enough to send in the kicker for a game-winning field goal. But the blinding snowstorm had intensified by this point, the wind had reached its peak strength and the snow was so dense visibility was poor for both teams, so the Patriots kept driving with the game dangerously close to being a tie. They finally ended their drive at the Bills' 6-yard line with just 23 seconds remaining, and this time, Adam Vinatieri's 24-yard attempt was good to win the game for the Patriots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 92], "content_span": [93, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 16: vs. New England Patriots\nOn the ESPN show NFL Primetime, this was the only non-primetime game for the Bills that season that was not set to the song \"Powersurge.\" It was assigned that week to Colts\u2013Dolphins instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 92], "content_span": [93, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 17: at Seattle Seahawks\nThe Bills' disappointing season ended on a high note in a Saturday night game at Seattle. The Bills jumped out to a 21\u20137 lead in the first quarter, with Doug Flutie hitting Shawn Bryson and Peerless Price for touchdown passes. After Seahawks kick returner (and future Bill) Charlie Rogers returned the ensuing kickoff 81 yards for a touchdown, the Bills answered with running back Antowain Smith scoring on a 9-yard touchdown run to make it 21\u20137. Seahawks quarterback Jon Kitna scored on a 1-yard run to make the score 21\u201314 in the second quarter, but Flutie then hit Jay Riemersma on a 6-yard touchdown pass to make it 28\u201314 at the half. Smith then added two more touchdown runs in the second half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 87], "content_span": [88, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161762-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bills season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 17: at Seattle Seahawks\nDoug Flutie achieved a perfect passer rating in his final game as a Buffalo Bill, going 20-of-25 with 366 yards and 3 touchdowns with no interceptions. Antowain Smith, also playing his final game as a Bill, ran for 147 yards and 3 touchdowns on just 17 carries. The Bills amassed 579 yards of total offense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 87], "content_span": [88, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161763-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Buffalo Bulls football team\nThe 2000 Buffalo Bulls football team represented the University at Buffalo in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Bulls offense scored 177 points while the defense allowed 452 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161764-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bulgarian Cup Final\nThe 2000 Bulgarian Cup Final was played at the Hristo Botev Stadium in Plovdiv on May 31, 2000 and was contested between the sides of Neftochimic Burgas and Levski Sofia. The match was won by Levski Sofia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161765-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bulldogs RLFC season\nThe 2000 Bulldogs RLFC season was the 66th in the club's history. Coached by Steve Folkes and captained by Darren Britt, they competed in the National Rugby League's 2000 Telstra Premiership, finishing the regular season 11th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161766-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bundamba state by-election\nA by-election was held in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland seat of Bundamba on 5 February 2000. It was triggered by the resignation of sitting Labor member Bob Gibbs. It was held concurrently with the Woodridge state by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161766-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Bundamba state by-election\nThe seat was retained by Labor Party with the election of candidate Jo-Ann Miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161766-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Bundamba state by-election, Background\nBob Gibbs first entered parliament at the 1977 state election when he was elected as the Labor member for the seat of Wolston. Wolston was abolished at the 1992 state election, partly replaced by the new seat of Bundamba which Gibbs won and held thereafter. Typically a safe Labor seat, the rise of One Nation at the 1998 state election made the contest for Bundamba closer than usual; Gibbs prevailed with 56.2% of the two party preferred vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161766-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Bundamba state by-election, Background\nOn 14 December 2000, Gibbs announced his resignation from parliament in order to become Queensland's North American Trade Commissioner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161766-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Bundamba state by-election, Results\nIn the absence of a One Nation candidate\u2014Heather Hill represented the One Nation breakaway faction that would later be registered as the City Country Alliance\u2014the major parties' share of the vote increased. Consequently, the seat reverted to its typical safe Labor status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161766-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Bundamba state by-election, Aftermath\nLabor's retention of Bundamba and Woodridge meant that the government of Peter Beattie retained its one-seat majority in parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161767-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Burgenland state election\nThe Burgenland state election of 2000 was held in the Austrian state of Burgenland on 3 December 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161767-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Burgenland state election\nThe Social Democratic Party of Austria (SP\u00d6) won the election, with Hans Niessl returning as state governor (Landeshauptmann). He had previously taken over the office in late 2000 from Karl Stix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161768-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Burnley Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Burnley Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of  Burnley Borough Council in Lancashire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161768-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Burnley Borough Council election, Campaign\nThe election saw 17 seats contested with 2 seats up for election in Gawthorpe ward after the resignation of a Labour councillor. In total 42 candidates stood in the election, with Labour defending 14 of the 17 seats being contested. When the candidates were announced there was controversy in Queensgate ward after the independent candidates, Pat Chadwick, claimed that an independent Conservative candidate had been put up to stand in the election by Labour. She claimed Labour were attempting to split her vote in order to ensure victory for Labour, however Labour described the claims as nonsense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161768-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Burnley Borough Council election, Campaign\nIn Danehouse ward there was a tighter system for obtaining proxy votes than in the 1999 election but overall the number of absent votes were only a 100 less than in 1999, while split fairly evenly between Labour and the Liberal Democrats. On election day itself Labour called for the resignation of a Liberal Democrat councillor in Danehouse ward, Arif Khan, after claiming his parents were registered for proxy votes despite living in Pakistan; however Khan denied doing anything wrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161768-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Burnley Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw Labour lose their majority on the council for the first time since the early 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161769-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Bury Metropolitan Borough Council election\nElections to Bury Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council. Overall turnout was 27.38%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161770-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Buy.com Tour\nThe 2000 Buy.com Tour season ran from February 3 to October 29. The season consisted of 31 official money golf tournaments, of which 30 were played in the United States  The top 15 players on the year-end money list earned their PGA Tour card for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161770-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Buy.com Tour, Schedule\nThe number in parentheses after winners' names shows the player's total number of wins on the tour including that event. No one accumulates many wins on the tour because success at this level soon leads to promotion to the PGA Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161771-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Buy.com Tour graduates\nThis is a list of players who graduated from the Buy.com Tour in 2000. The top 15 players on the Buy.com Tour's money list in 2000 earned their PGA Tour card for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161771-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Buy.com Tour graduates\n*PGA Tour rookie for 2001. T = TiedGreen background indicates the player retained his PGA Tour card for 2002 (finished inside the top 125). Yellow background indicates player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 2002, but retained conditional status (finished between 126\u2013150). Red background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 2002 (finished outside the top 150).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161772-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CA-TennisTrophy\nThe 2000 CA-TennisTrophy was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria and was part of the International Series Gold of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 26th edition of the tournament and was held from 9 October through 15 October 2000. Sixth-seeded Tim Henman won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161772-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CA-TennisTrophy, Finals, Doubles\nYevgeny Kafelnikov /  Nenad Zimonji\u0107 defeated  Ji\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k /  David Rikl 6\u20134, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161773-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CA-TennisTrophy \u2013 Doubles\nDavid Prinosil and Sandon Stolle were the defending champions, but Prinosil did not participate this year. Stolle partnered David Adams, losing in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161773-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CA-TennisTrophy \u2013 Doubles\nYevgeny Kafelnikov and Nenad Zimonji\u0107 won the title, defeating Ji\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k and David Rikl 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161774-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CA-TennisTrophy \u2013 Singles\nGreg Rusedski was the defending champion but lost in the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161774-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CA-TennisTrophy \u2013 Singles\nTim Henman won in the final 6\u20134, 6\u20134, 6\u20134 against Tommy Haas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161775-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CAA Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 CAA Men's Basketball Tournament was held from March 3\u20136, 2000 at the Richmond Coliseum in Richmond, Virginia. The winner of the tournament was UNC Wilmington, who received an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161776-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League\nThe 2000 CAF Champions League was the 36th awarding of Africa's premier club football tournament prize organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF), and the 4th prize under the CAF Champions League format. Hearts of Oak SC of Ghana defeated ES Tunis of Tunisia in the final to win their first title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161776-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League, Qualifying rounds, Preliminary round\n1 AS de Vacoas-Phoenix were ejected from the competition for fielding an ineligible player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161776-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League, Qualifying rounds, First round\n1 APR FC withdrew after the first leg; they were banned from CAF competitions for three years and fined $4000. 2 Black Africa SC withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161776-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League, Knockout stage, Final\n1 The match was interrupted for 18 minutes at 75' with ES Tunis leading 1\u20130 after teargas was fired into a rioting crowd by police, with one canister landing in the VIP box. ES Tunis protested against the result, but the protest was rejected. It was also marred by the antics of Esp\u00e9rance's goalkeeper Chokri El Ouaer who deliberately injured himself with the intent to get the game abandoned. He was banned for one year by CAF for gamesmanship after the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161776-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League, Top goalscorers\nThe top scorers from the 2000 CAF Champions League are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161777-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League Final\nThe 2000 CAF Champions League Final was a football tie held over two legs in December 2000. Hearts of Oak of Ghana beat Esp\u00e9rance of Tunisia 5-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161777-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League Final, Qualified teams\nIn the following table, finals until 1996 were in the African Cup of Champions Club era, since 1997 were in the CAF Champions League era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161777-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League Final, Venues, Stade El Menzah\nStade Olympique El Menzah is a multi-purpose stadium, located in the north of Tunis, Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161777-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League Final, Venues, Stade El Menzah\nIt is built to host the 1967 Mediterranean Games at the same time as the Olympic swimming pool and gymnasium. Since then, it is an integral part of Tunisia's main sports complex. Tunisia's three major football teams, ES Tunis, Club Africain and Stade Tunisien played their games there. The stadium is completely renovated for the 1994 African Cup of Nations. It has a capacity of 39,858 seats. The VIP section consists of a grandstand and 2 salons that can accommodate 300 people in a \"cocktail\" configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161777-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League Final, Venues, Ohene Djan Stadium\nThe Accra Sports Stadium, formerly named the Ohene Djan Stadium is a multi-use, 39,800  all-seater stadium in Accra. Ghana, mostly used for association football matches. It is also used for rugby union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161777-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League Final, Venues, Ohene Djan Stadium\nThe stadium was inaugurated in 1952 by a football match played between Accra XI and Kumasi XI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161777-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League Final, Venues, Ohene Djan Stadium\nThe stadium is also the home of one of Africa's most popular clubs, Hearts of Oak as well as Great Olympics, but Ghana's national team matches are sometimes played there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161777-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League Final, Venues, Ohene Djan Stadium\nDuring the 2000 African Cup of Nations in Ghana and Nigeria, the stadium hosted 9 matches, and was also the venue of the 1978 final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 59], "content_span": [60, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161777-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League Final, Format\nThe final was decided over two legs, with aggregate goals used to determine the winner. If the sides were level on aggregate after the second leg, the away goals rule would have been applied, and if still level, the tie would have proceeded directly to a penalty shootout (no extra time is played).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161778-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League group stage\nThe group stage of the 2000 CAF Champions League was played from 22 July to 12 November 2000. A total of eight teams competed in the group stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161778-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League group stage, Format\nIn the group stage, each group was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. The winners of each group advanced directly to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161778-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Champions League group stage, Groups\nThe matchdays were 22\u201323 July, 4\u20137 August, 19\u201320 August, 13\u201315 September, 27 October\u20134 November, and 11\u201312 November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161779-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Cup\nThe 2000 CAF Cup was the 9th edition of the CAF Cup, the African continental club competition for runners up of the respective domestic leagues. It was won by Algerian team JS Kabylie who beat Ismaily SC of Egypt on the away goals rule in the final, after they finished level on aggregate 1-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161779-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Cup, First round\n1 AC Semassi, Aslad Moundou and Saint Anthony's withdrew before first leg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161779-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Cup, Semi-finals\nIsmaily won 7-0 on aggregate and advanced to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161779-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Cup, Semi-finals\nJS Kabylie won 2-1 on aggregate and advanced to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161779-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CAF Cup, Finals, Second Leg\n1-1 on aggregate, JS Kabylie won on away goals rule", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161780-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CARIFTA Games\nThe 29th CARIFTA Games was held at the National Stadium in St. George's, Grenada, on April 22\u201324, 2000. A detailed report on the results was given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161780-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CARIFTA Games, Participation (unofficial)\nDetailed result lists can be found on the \"St. Lucia online\", and on the \"World Junior Athletics History\"website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 265athletes (154 junior (under-20) and 111 youth (under-17)) from about 21countries:  Anguilla (5), Antigua and Barbuda (7), Bahamas (27), Barbados(23), Belize (1), Bermuda (9), British Virgin Islands (2), Cayman Islands (7),Dominica (3), Grenada (33), Guadeloupe (12), Guyana (2), Jamaica (55),Martinique (35), Netherlands Antilles (1), Saint Kitts and Nevis (2), SaintLucia (1), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2), Trinidad and Tobago (35),Turks and Caicos Islands (1), US Virgin Islands (2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161780-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CARIFTA Games, Records\nIn the boys' U-20 category, Dwayne Henclewood from Jamaica threw the discus 50.41m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161780-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CARIFTA Games, Records\nIn the girls' U-20 category, Veronica Campbell from Jamaica finished the 200 metres in 23.05 seconds. Sheree Francis from Jamaica equalled the 1.79 m jumped by Nicola Springer, Barbados, in high jump in the year 1987. Claudia Villeneuve from Martinique set new records in shot put (15.29m) and discus throw (50.14m). And Keitha Moseley from Barbados achieved 3,695 points in heptathlon. Moreover, Adrianna Lamalle from Martinique reached 13.64s in the 100 metres hurdles event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161780-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CARIFTA Games, Records\nIn the boys' U-17 category, the star of the games, Darrel Brown from Trinidad and Tobago, set two new records of 10.36s in 100 metres, and 21.20s in 200 metres, and (most probably) helped the Trinidad and Tobago 4 \u00d7 100 metres relay team to finish in 40.87s. 16.07 metres is the new shot put record for Kimani Kirton from Jamaica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161780-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 CARIFTA Games, Records\nFinally, in the girls' U-20 category, Janill Williams from Antigua and Barbuda won the 1,500 metres in the new championships record time of 4:32.89.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161780-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 CARIFTA Games, Austin Sealy Award\nThe Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games was awarded for the second time in the role to Darrel Brown from Trinidad and Tobago. He won (at least) 2 gold medals (100m, and 200m) in the youth (U-17) category (there is no information on the composition of the Trinidad and Tobago relay teams).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161780-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 CARIFTA Games, Medal summary\nMedal winners are published by category: Boys under 20 (Junior), Girls under 20 (Junior), Boys under 17 (Youth), and Girls under 17 (Youth). Complete results can be found on the \"St. Lucia online\", and on the \"World Junior Athletics History\"website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CART season\nThe 2000 FedEx Championship Series season was the twenty-second in the CART era of U.S. open-wheel racing, consisted of 20 races, beginning in Homestead, Florida on March 26, 2000 and concluding in Fontana, California on October 30, 2000. The FedEx Championship Series Drivers' Champion was  Gil de Ferran. Rookie of the Year was Kenny Br\u00e4ck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CART season\nThe relative decline of Chip Ganassi Racing and an atypical parity among the major engine and chassis builders led to the most wide-open championship race in the history of the series, with seven different winners in the first seven races of the year and 11 drivers winning a race. From 1997\u20131999, only two drivers came within 50 points of the champion, 9 would do so in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CART season\nPenske Racing returned to prominence using Honda engines and abandoning their house chassis for a Reynard 2KI. Gil de Ferran and Helio Castroneves (the latter replacing the deceased Greg Moore), combined for 5 wins, 4 of which were on the road courses the team had not been competitive on in their previous chassis and engine. Veterans Michael Andretti and Paul Tracy, who were 1 and 2 in the championship after the Vancouver round, would fall short after poor finishes down the stretch. Most surprising of all to observers was the return to prominence of Patrick Racing, with veterans Adrian Fernandez and Roberto Moreno finishing second and third respectively in the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CART season\nOff the track, while CART remained fiscally strong, anxiety regarding the series' decline in prominence led to the ouster of CEO Andrew Craig at the midpoint of the season, leading to his replacement by Bobby Rahal. The series left open the traditional Indianapolis 500 date of Memorial Day, allowing teams to enter the Indy Racing League sanctioned race for the first time since 1995. Chip Ganassi Racing did so, with their driver Juan Pablo Montoya winning the race handily with purchased IRL equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 CART season\nWhile a competitive triumph for CART, Ganassi's efforts showed the continuing allure of the 500 for CART teams and their sponsors. 2000 would be also final season for DaimlerChrysler via Mercedes-Benz brand as an engine manufacturer as DaimlerChrysler decided to shut down their CART program and coincidentally DaimlerChrysler defected to NASCAR Winston Cup Series via Dodge brand in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CART season, Drivers and constructors\nThe following teams and drivers competed in the 2000 CART Championship Series season. Five years after the return of Firestone, rival tire manufacturer Goodyear withdrew from CART and its rival the Indy Racing League. So all cars ran on Firestone Firehawk tires. All teams were based in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 CART season, Season summary, Schedule\nO\u00a0 Oval/Speedway\u00a0R\u00a0 Dedicated road course\u00a0S\u00a0 Temporary street circuit", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 CART season, Season summary, Schedule\n\u2020 The Nazareth round was initially scheduled to be the second round on April 9, 2000, but snow caused the race's postponement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 CART season, Season summary, Schedule\nMilwaukee was scheduled to be on June 4, but was postponed due to rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161781-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 CART season, Season summary, Schedule\nFontana was scheduled for October 29, but during a caution on lap 22 for Cristiano da Matta crashing, rain began to fall and the remainder of the race was postponed to the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161782-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nThe 2000 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 29th CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. It was played between March 10 and March 18, 2000. First round and play-in games were played at campus sites, while all 'final four' games were played at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. By winning the tournament, Michigan State received the Central Collegiate Hockey Association's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161782-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format\nThe tournament featured three rounds of play. The two teams that finish below tenth place in the standings were not eligible for postseason play. In the quarterfinals, the first and tenth seeds, the second and ninth seeds, the third and eighth seeds, the fourth and seventh seeds and the fifth and sixth seeds played a best-of-three series, with the top three ranked winners advancing to the semifinals and two lower-seeded teams playing in a single play-in game to determine the final qualifier. In the semifinals, the remaining highest and lowest seeds and second highest and second lowest seeds play a single-game, with the winners advancing to the finals. The tournament champion receives an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161782-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings\nNote: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161783-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CECAFA Cup\nThe 2000 CECAFA Cup was the 24th edition of the football tournament, which involves teams from Southern and Central Africa. The matches were played in Uganda, a decision which Tanzania protested, but to no avail. Tanzania were also banned from international football by FIFA, the world football governing body. The matches were played from 18 November to 2 December 2000. Prior to the tournament, Djibouti withdrew due to monetary difficulties, but re-entered. Sudan and Zanzibar also withdrew, but stayed out. The reasoning behind their withdrawal was unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161783-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CECAFA Cup\nNine teams entered the tournament, as opposed to the twelve teams competing at the previous tournament in 1999. However, there were only eight different nations competing in the tournament as Uganda entered two teams: Uganda (A) and Uganda (B). Uganda (A) was in Group A, and Uganda (B) was in Group B, enabling the two the correct set-up to be able to meet each other in the final, as occurred here. Both Ugandas topped their respective groups, and progressed to the knockout stages along with Ethiopia and Rwanda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161783-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 CECAFA Cup\nUganda (A) beat Rwanda, and Uganda (B) beat Ethiopia to mean that \"the Cranes\" (Uganda [A]) and \"the Lions\" (Uganda (B)) would meet in the final. In the final, Uganda (A) captained by George Ssimwogerere of Express, won 2\u20130. Ethiopia finished third after beating Rwanda on penalties 4\u20132 after the match finished 0\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161783-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CECAFA Cup, Background\nThe CECAFA Cup is considered Africa's oldest football tournament, and involves teams from Central and Southern Africa. The tournament was originally named the Gossage Cup, contested by the four nations of Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika (modern day Tanzania), and Zanzibar; it ran from 1929 until 1965. In 1967, this became the East and Central African Senior Challenge Cup, often shortened to simply the Challenge Cup, which was competed for five years, until 1971, before the CECAFA Cup was introduced in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161783-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 CECAFA Cup, Background\nThe 1999 champions were Rwanda (B), in 2000 they emerged from their group second, after Uganda (B), 5 points behind but 2 points ahead of the next team, Eritrea. They were then knocked out in the semi-finals against Uganda (A). The 2000 champions, Uganda, were knocked out in the 1999 semi-finals by none other than Rwanda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161783-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CECAFA Cup, Participants\n9 teams from 8 countries competed, three teams from the original tournament competed (excluding Tanganyika, which changed names and is currently called Tanzania), all 8 nations at this tournament had competed at the 1999 CECAFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161783-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CECAFA Cup, Group stage\nThe group stage began on 18 November and ended on 27 November with Group A's final match between Ethiopia and Burundi. At the end of the group stage, the teams who finished bottom of their group were eliminated, along with the two teams above them (in Group A), and the team above them (in Group B), whereas the teams positioned in the top two slots in the groups progressed to the knock-out rounds. Due to there being an odd number of teams, Group A contained more matches and an additional team, with a total of 5 to Group B's 4 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161783-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 CECAFA Cup, Group stage\nIf two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria are applied to determine the rankings (in descending order):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161783-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 CECAFA Cup, Team statistics\nTeams are ranked using the same tie-breaking criteria as in the group stage, except for the top four teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161784-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CFL Draft\nThe 2000 CFL Draft took place on Tuesday, April 18, 2000. 46 players were chosen for Canadian Football League teams from among the 504 eligible CIAU football players from Canadian universities, as well as Canadian players playing in the NCAA. Of the 46 draft selections, 22 players were drafted from Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161784-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CFL Draft, Trades\nIn the explanations below, (D) denotes trades that took place during the draft, while (PD) indicates trades completed pre-draft. This is a partial list due to references being limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161785-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CFL season\nThe 2000 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the 47th season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the 43rd Canadian Football League season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161785-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CFL season, CFL News in 2000\nThe CFL ends the 20th century on a continued upward curve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161785-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CFL season, CFL News in 2000\nAfter the 1999 season, league attendance levels and television ratings continued to grow. Attendance around the league had an increase of 5.6%, which went over '98 season figures as 1,718,312 fans filled their teams' stadium. Meanwhile, TSN's television ratings also increased by 17.9% over their '98 season ratings. In 2000, CFL attendance and TSN television ratings continued to increase further going over the '99 season figures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161785-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CFL season, CFL News in 2000\nBoth, acting Commissioner & Chairman, John Tory and President & COO, Jeff Giles resigned from their respective posts. On Wednesday, November 1, Michael Lysko was named as the tenth CFL Commissioner in league history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161785-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CFL season, CFL News in 2000\nCalgary hosted the Grey Cup game and was successful in their week-long festival to celebrate the 88th championship season. The Grey Cup game, itself ended with another classic finish as the BC Lions spoiled the Montreal Alouettes two-point convert attempt to hang on and win the Grey Cup, 28\u201326. Immediately following the game, BC Lions legendary kicker Lui Passaglia, who kicked the winning points, retired after 25 seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161785-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 CFL season, Regular season standings\nNote: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161785-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 CFL season, Grey Cup playoffs\nThe BC Lions are the 2000 Grey Cup Champions, defeating the Montreal Alouettes 28\u201326, at Calgary's McMahon Stadium. The Lions became the first team with a losing record (8\u201310, 1 OTL) to win the Grey Cup. The Lions' Robert Drummond (RB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player and Sean Millington (FB) was the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Canadian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161786-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Club Championship\nThe 2000 Caribbean Football Union Club Championship was an international club football competition held in the Caribbean to determine the region's qualifiers to the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. The winners Joe Public F.C. advanced to CONCACAF Champions' Cup 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161786-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Club Championship, History\nOriginally a final tournament with 8 teams was planned, with as participants:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161786-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Club Championship, History\nThis was to be held October 28 \u2013 November 5, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161786-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Club Championship, History\nHowever, in preparation of a 'dramatically enhanced' CONCACAF club competition, the set-up was changed completely; 4 groups with 14 teams in all were formed; the winners of which to progress to the final championship round. Of the above 8 teams, 3, viz. Chelsea, Notre Dame, and Defence Force, were suddenly not invited - on whatever criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161787-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Women's Caribbean Cup\nThe 2000 Caribbean Football Union Women's Championship was the inaugural Women's international football tournament to take place in the Caribbean region. The tournament was organised by the Caribbean Football Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161787-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Women's Caribbean Cup\nThirteen countries entered the competition, although co-hosts Trinidad and Tobago withdrew before playing a game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161787-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Women's Caribbean Cup, Group stage\nThe group stage was referred to as the 'semi final round'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161787-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Women's Caribbean Cup, Group stage, Group 1\nOriginal scheduled to take place between 12\u201316 July 2000, the group games took place in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161787-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Women's Caribbean Cup, Group stage, Group 2\nOriginally scheduled for 11\u201316 August and to be hosted in Trinidad & Tobago. Group 2 was cancelled. Instead a \"Final Round\" would occur in place of Group 2 and the Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161787-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 CFU Women's Caribbean Cup, Final round\nThe games took place in November 2000 in Castries, St. Lucia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161788-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nThe 2000 CHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament (also known as the 2000 CHA Final Five) was played between March 10 and March 12, 2000 at the Von Braun Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Niagara defeated Alabama-Huntsville 3\u20132 in the championship game to win the inaugural tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161788-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format\nThe tournament featured three rounds of play. The top five teams in the regular season conference standings advanced to the tournament. In the first round, the fourth and fifth ranked seeds, Air Force and Findlay, played for entry into the semifinals, to which the top three seeds received byes. The winners of the two semifinal games then played for the championship on March 12, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161788-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format, Conference standings\nNote: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161789-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CIAU football season\nThe 2000 CIAU football season began on September 2, 2000, and concluded with the 36th Vanier Cup national championship on December 2 at the SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario, with the Ottawa Gee-Gees winning their second championship. Twenty-four universities across Canada competed in CIAU football this season, the highest level of amateur play in Canadian football, under the auspices of the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union (CIAU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161789-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CIAU football season, Results, Regular season standings\nNote: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161789-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CIAU football season, Results, Top 10\nRanks in italics are teams not ranked in the top 10 poll but received votes. NR = Not Ranked. Source:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161789-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CIAU football season, Results, Championships\nThe Vanier Cup is played between the champions of the Atlantic Bowl and the Churchill Bowl, the national semi-final games. This year, the Dunsmore Cup Ontario-Quebec champion visited the Ontario conference's Yates Cup championship team for the Churchill Bowl. The winners of the Atlantic conference Loney Bowl championship hosted the winners of the Canada West conference Hardy Trophy for the Atlantic Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161790-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 COMESA Cup\nThe 2000 COMESA Cup was the first and only edition of the COMESA Cup. Rwanda defeated Zimbabwe in the final to win the title. The tournament stood in place of the 2000 COSAFA Cup and was competition to the 2000 CECAFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161790-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 COMESA Cup, History\nThe tournament, which was sponsored by Coca Cola, was originally created by politicians from 22 member states of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The creation of the competition was seen as a threat to the existence of CECAFA which could potentially be replaced by COMESA's new interest in football. It was announced in July 2000 that the tournament would take place in Lusaka, Zambia where the COMESA headquarters are located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161790-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 COMESA Cup, Qualifying\nOriginally fourteen member associations from nations who were members of COMESA were expected to participate in a qualifying tournament from 27 August to 24 September 2000. In the end, the qualifiers were cancelled and only five teams competed in the single-elimination tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161790-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 COMESA Cup, Matches\nThe final tournament matches were originally scheduled to begin 10 October 2000 but were later pushed back to 28 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161791-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Champions' Cup\nThe 2000 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was the 36th edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean), the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. It determined that year's club champion of association football in the CONCACAF region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161791-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Champions' Cup\nThe Final Tournament was played in Los Angeles, California, and won by the Los Angeles Galaxy over C.D. Olimpia in the final match. This was also the last win by an MLS team in the CONCACAF Champions' Cup, now named the CONCACAF Champions League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161792-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup\nThe 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup was the fifth edition of the Gold Cup, the soccer championship of North America, Central America and the Caribbean (CONCACAF), and the 15th overall CONCACAF tournament. It was held in Los Angeles, Miami, and San Diego in the United States. The format of the tournament changed from 1998; it was expanded to twelve teams, split into four groups of three. The top two teams in each group would advance to the quarter-finals. Peru and Colombia were invited from CONMEBOL, and the Republic of Korea were invited from AFC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161792-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup\nWith all three games in Group D ending in ties and Canada tied with the Republic of Korea on every tiebreaker, a coin toss was used. Canada won and advanced to the quarter-finals. They went on to win their first and to date only Gold Cup title. In the quarter-finals, Canada upset defending champions Mexico in golden goal extra time 2\u20131. They defeated Trinidad and Tobago in the semi-finals 1\u20130 after Craig Forrest saved a first-half penalty. Already assured as CONCACAF champions, Canada topped invitees Colombia 2\u20130 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161792-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup\nThe tournament marks the only time a CONCACAF Gold Cup has been won by a country other than the United States or Mexico, and the only time in the tournament's history that neither the United States nor Mexico made the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161792-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Qualified teams, Qualification play-off\nA qualification competition was held in the United States in October 1999. The following four teams competed in the playoff:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161792-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Squads\nThe 12 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 18 players; only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161792-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Group stage, Group D\nNote: Canada and South Korea required a coin toss as a final tiebreaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161793-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final\nThe 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final was a football match played on 27 February 2000 at the Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, to determine the winner of the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup. Canada beat Colombia 2\u20130. This was Canada's first Gold Cup title and its second major title, the first since the 1985 CONCACAF Championship. As the Gold Cup champions, Canada represented CONCACAF at the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161793-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final, Background\nAs the lowest-ranked member of the North American Football Union, Canada didn't enter the CONCACAF Gold Cup automatically and had to play the qualification, held in 1999 in the United States. The Canadians qualified by leading the group ahead of Haiti, the other qualified nation, Cuba and El Salvador, both failed to qualify.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161793-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final, Background\nColombia, a member of CONMEBOL was invited to the tournament by CONCACAF. Peru was also invited to the 2000 edition, making them the second South American countries to play the Gold Cup after Brazil, which participated in 1996 and in 1998. By reaching the final match, Colombia repeated the same record as Brazil in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161793-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final, Background\nBoth, Colombia and Canada had been runner-ups in their groups during the first round, respectively Groups A and D. However, Canada and South Korea, another invited participant, tied in every criteria in Group D and the qualification had to be decided in the coin toss, favoring Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161793-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final, Background\nBy the time of the competition, Canada hadn't win a major title since 1985 while Colombia was yet to win a big honor in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161794-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup squads\nThese are the squads for the 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161795-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament qualification\nThe 2000 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament qualification determined which five teams qualified for the 2000 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161796-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament squads\nThe 2000 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament was an international football tournament that was held in the United States from 21 to 30 April 2000. The six national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of eighteen players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161796-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament squads\nThe age listed for each player is on 21 April 2000, the first day of the tournament. A flag is included for coaches who are of a different nationality than their own national team. Players marked in bold have been capped at full international level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161796-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament squads, Group D, United States\nThe 18-man final squad was announced on 7 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 73], "content_span": [74, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161797-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament\nThe 2000 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament was the tenth edition of the CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, the quadrennial, international, age-restricted football tournament organised by CONCACAF to determine which men's under-23 national teams from the North, Central America and Caribbean region qualify for the Olympic football tournament. It was held in the United States, from 21 and 30 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161797-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament\nHonduras won the tournament with a 2\u20131 final win over the United States. As the top two teams, Honduras and the United States both qualified for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Australia as CONCACAF representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161797-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, Qualification\nAll 41 CONCACAF nations entered the competition, and with the hosts United States qualifying automatically, the other 40 teams competed in the qualifying competition to determine the remaining five spots in the final tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161797-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, Squads\nEach team has to submit a list of 18-man (two players have to be goalkeepers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161797-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, Final ranking\nAs per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161797-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, Qualified teams for Summer Olympics\nThe following two teams from CONCACAF qualified for the 2000 Summer Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 73], "content_span": [74, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161798-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup\nThe 2000 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup was the fifth staging of the CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup, and the first after being rebranded as the Women's Gold Cup. Brazil and China PR were guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161799-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament\nThe 2000 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament began on 19 January 2000 and was the 11th CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament. This was the 3rd tournament open to players under the age of 23 without any other restriction. There was no qualification stage and all 10 members of CONMEBOL automatically qualified. The winner and the runner-up qualified for 2000 Summer Olympics. Players born on or after 1 January 1977 were eligible to play in this competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161800-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 COSAFA Cup\nThe 2000 COSAFA Cup is the 4th edition of the football tournament that involves teams from COSAFA. Zimbabwe beat Lesotho 3-0 in the final for their first COSAFA Cup title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161800-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 COSAFA Cup, First round\nSeychelles and Madagascar registered for the tournament following their admission to COSAFA (like Mauritius) but were excluded from participation due to 'budgetary constraints'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161801-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CPSL League Cup\nThe 2000 CPSL League Cup was the 3rd edition of the Canadian Professional Soccer League's league cup tournament running from July through late September. Toronto Olympians successfully defended their league cup title after defeating the St. Catharines Roma Wolves 1-0 at Birchmount Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, thus establishing a tournament record of most consecutive title wins. The format used in the competition was the traditional group stage with the winners of each group receiving an automatic bye to the semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161802-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 CR Vasco da Gama season\nThe 2000 season was Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama's 102nd year in existence, the club's 85th season in existence of football, and the club's 30th season playing in the Brasileir\u00e3o S\u00e9rie A, the top flight of Brazilian football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161802-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 CR Vasco da Gama season, Competitions\nTimes from 1 January to 26 February 2000 and from 8 October to 31 December 2000 are UTC\u20132, from 27 February 2000 to 7 October 2000 UTC\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161802-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 CR Vasco da Gama season, Competitions, Club World Championship, Club World Championship squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 98], "content_span": [99, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161803-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cable & Wireless ODI Series\nThe 2000 Cable & Wireless ODI Series was a One Day International (ODI) cricket where West Indies played host to Pakistan and Zimbabwe. Pakistan and West Indies reached the Finals, which Pakistan won 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161803-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cable & Wireless ODI Series, Final series\nPakistan won the best of three final series against West Indies 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161804-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cairns Cyclones season\nThe 2000 Cairns Cyclones season was the fifth and final season that the Cairns Cyclones rugby league team competed in the Queensland Cup. Due to sponsorship requirements, the competition was renamed the Bundy Gold Cup. Twelve teams competed in the 22 round competition. The Cairns Cyclones team was managed by Nigel Tillett and coached by Brad Tessman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161805-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cal Poly Mustangs football team\nThe 2000 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161805-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cal Poly Mustangs football team\nCal Poly competed as an NCAA Division I-AA independent in 2000. The Mustangs were led by fourth-year head coach Larry Welsh and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. The Mustangs finished the season with a record of three wins and eight losses (3\u20138) for the third consecutive year. Overall, the team was outscored by its opponents 246\u2013345 for the season. This was the last year as Cal Poly head coach for Larry Welsh. He finished his four years with a record of 19-25, or a .431 winning percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161805-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cal Poly Mustangs football team, Team players in the NFL\nNo Cal Poly Mustang players were selected in the 2001 NFL Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161805-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cal Poly Mustangs football team, Team players in the NFL\nThe following finished their college career in 2000, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161806-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team\nThe 2000 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team represented Cal State Northridge during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161806-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team\nCal State Northridge competed in the Big Sky Conference for the last time in 2000. In 2001, the team would play as a Division I-AA independent. The 2000 Matadors were led by second-year head coach Jeff Kearin. They played home games at North Campus Stadium in Northridge, California. Cal State Northridge finished the season with a record of four wins and seven losses (4\u20137, 2\u20136 Big Sky).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161806-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team, Team players in the NFL\nNo Cal State Northridge players were selected in the 2001 NFL Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161807-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Calabrian regional election\nThe Calabrian regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161807-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Calabrian regional election\nGiuseppe Chiaravalloti (Forza Italia, House of Freedoms) was narrowly elected President of the Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161808-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Calder Cup playoffs\nThe 2000 Calder Cup playoffs of the American Hockey League began on April 11, 2000. The sixteen teams that qualified, eight from each conference, played best-of-five series for division semifinals and best-of-seven series for division finals and conference finals. The conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Calder Cup. The Calder Cup Final ended on June 4, 2000 with the Hartford Wolf Pack defeating the Rochester Americans four games to two to win the first Calder Cup in team history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161808-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Calder Cup playoffs\nHartford's Derek Armstrong won the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as AHL playoff MVP. Rochester's Mika Noronen set an AHL playoff record by posting 6 shutouts during the playoffs while teammate Domenic Pittis tied the AHL record for assists in a single playoff with 26. In winning their first five home games of the 2000 Calder Cup Playoffs, the Providence Bruins set an AHL playoff record by winning 16 consecutive playoff home games, a streak that included 10 consecutive home wins from the 1999 Calder Cup Playoffs and a win from the 1997 Calder Cup Playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161808-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Calder Cup playoffs, Playoff seeds\nAfter the 1999\u20132000 AHL regular season, 16 teams qualified for the playoffs. The top four teams from each division qualified for the playoffs. However, due to the uneven number of teams in the Eastern Conference, it was possible for the fifth-placed team in the New England Division to crossover to the Atlantic Division. This could only happen if the fifth-placed team in the New England Division earned more points than the fourth-placed team in the Atlantic Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161808-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Calder Cup playoffs, Playoff seeds\nIn this case, the fifth-placed team from the New England Division would play in place of the fourth-placed team from the Atlantic Division in that part of the playoff bracket. The Hartford Wolf Pack were the Eastern Conference regular season champions as well as the Macgregor Kilpatrick Trophy winners with the best overall regular season record. The Rochester Americans were the Western Conference regular season champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161808-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Calder Cup playoffs, Bracket\nIn each round the team that earned more points during the regular season receives home ice advantage, meaning they receive the \"extra\" game on home-ice if the series reaches the maximum number of games. There is no set series format due to arena scheduling conflicts and travel considerations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161809-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council election\nElections to Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council from no overall control. The total turnout of the election was 28.97% (40,190 voters of an electorate of 138,748). The winning candidate in each ward is highlighted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161810-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Calgary Stampeders season\nThe 2000 Calgary Stampeders season was the 44th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 63rd overall. The Stampeders finished in 1st place in the West Division with a 12\u20135\u20131 record. They appeared in the West Final but they lost to the BC Lions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161811-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California Democratic presidential primary\nThe 2000 California Democratic presidential primary was held on March 7, 2000, the same day as the Republican primary. Vice President Al Gore carried the primary in a landslide over former Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey. The 2000 Democratic National Convention was held in the state, from August 14-17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161812-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California Golden Bears football team\nThe 2000 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fourth year under head coach Tom Holmoe, the Golden Bears compiled a 3\u20138 record (2\u20136 against Pac-10 opponents), finished in last place in the Pac-10, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined score of 295 to 246.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161812-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 California Golden Bears football team\nThe team's statistical leaders included Kyle Boller with 2,121 passing yards, Joe Igber with 901 rushing yards, and Geoff McArthur with 336 receiving yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161813-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 21\nCalifornia Proposition 21, known also as Prop 21, was a proposition proposed and passed in 2000 that increased a variety of criminal penalties for crimes committed by youth and incorporated many youth offenders into the adult criminal justice system. Major provisions of the proposition, as summarized by Attorney General of California are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161813-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 21\nThe proposition received considerable controversy and was subject to vigorous protests by youth and human rights groups, but was eventually passed. Opponents included the Californians for Justice, the Critical Resistance Youth Force Coalition, and the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. Prop 21 received the support of 62.1% (4,491,166) of the voters while 37.9% (2,742,148) voted against the proposition. Only the comparatively liberal counties of the San Francisco Bay Area voted by majority against the measure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161813-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 21, Results of vote\nIn February 2001, state Court of Appeal in San Diego invalidated provisions of the law requiring 14- to 17-year-olds to be tried in the adult courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22\nProposition 22  was a law enacted by California voters in March 2000 stating that marriage was between one man and one woman. In November 2008, Proposition 8 was also passed by voters, again only allowing marriage between one man and one woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22\nThe Act was proposed by means of the initiative process. It was authored by state Senator William \"Pete\" Knight and is known informally as the Knight initiative. Voters adopted the measure on March 7, 2000, with 61% in favor to 39% against. The margin of victory surprised many, since a Field Poll immediately prior to the election estimated support at 53%, with 40% against and 7% undecided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22\nThe Act added Section 308.5 of the Family Code, which read \"Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California\". Because the Act was an ordinary statute, it could be struck down if it were inconsistent with the state constitution, as happened on May 15, 2008, when the state supreme court, ruling in In re Marriage Cases, declared that same-sex couples had a constitutional right to marry. This 4\u20133 decision invalidated Proposition 22 and some related California laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22\nProposition 22 provoked debate long after its passage. In November 2008 California voters overturned the In re Marriage Cases decision by approving an amendment of the state constitution called Proposition 8. In June 2010, Proposition 8 was declared unconstitutional by U.S district judge Vaughn Walker based on the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. In June 2013, the United States Supreme Court in Hollingsworth v. Perry ruled that the Intervenor-Defendants had no Article III standing to appeal Walker's ruling, keeping Proposition 8 unenforceable throughout California and enabling same-sex marriage to resume just two days after the decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Statutory framework\nPrior to 1977, marriage was defined in Section 4100 of the California Civil Code. This stated that marriage is \"a personal relation arising out of a civil contract, to which consent of the parties making that contract is necessary\". While related sections of the law made references to sex, a State Assembly committee that was debating adding sex-specific terms to this section in 1977 noted: \"Under existing law it is not clear whether partners of the same sex can get married\". That year, the legislature amended the legal definition of marriage to remove any ambiguity. In 1992 the legal definition of marriage was moved from the Civil Code to Section 300 of the Family Code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Statutory framework\nWhen Proposition 22 came before voters, marriage was defined in the Family Code as \"a personal relation arising out of a civil contract between a man and a woman, to which the consent of the parties capable of making that contract is necessary\" [italics added].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Statutory framework\nEven though the definition governing who may marry explicitly precluded contracting a same-sex marriage in California, a separate provision, Section 308, governed recognition of marriages contracted elsewhere. This stated that a \"marriage contracted outside this state that would be valid by the laws of the jurisdiction in which the marriage was contracted is valid in this state\". Advocates of Proposition 22 described Section 308 as a \"loophole\", apparently forcing California to recognize a same-sex marriage validly contracted in some other state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Statutory framework\nTo address this, Proposition 22 did not reword the existing provisions of the Family Code, but added to them the declaration that \"only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California\". The official citation of Proposition 22, the \"California Defense of Marriage Act\", is almost the same as that of a federal law, the Defense of Marriage Act, which was enacted by Congress in 1996. This federal law had a similar purpose, and was intended to prevent any state from being obligated to recognize a same-sex marriage contracted in another state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect\nCentral to many subsequent disputes over Prop 22's effect is a distinction between statutes enacted by the legislature and initiative statutes enacted directly by the electorate. The legislature is free to amend or rescind its own enactments, but voters must approve any attempt by the legislature to amend or repeal an initiative statute unless the initiative itself states otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over domestic partnerships\nIn 1999, California enacted the first in a series of domestic partnership provisions. California courts have entertained several challenges to legislative expansions of the domestic partnership scheme enacted after Prop 22. Generally, these challenges alleged that the legislature inappropriately amended Prop 22 by making California's domestic partnership scheme too similar to marriage, or more broadly, that Prop 22 made 'any' subsequent recognition of same-sex partnerships beyond the legislature's inherent power. California Courts of Appeal rejected those claims, noting that domestic partnerships already existed as a legal institution separate from marriage at the time Prop 22 was enacted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 96], "content_span": [97, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nIn September 2005, the California legislature passed a bill, A.B. 849, eliminating the gender requirements for marriage now found in Family Code section 300. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the bill. In his veto message, Schwarzenegger argued that passing a law that would implicitly repeal Section 308.5 required the assent of the electorate (and separately made note of pending court challenges).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nIn ruling on the disputes between Prop 22 and the domestic partnership enactments, California Courts of Appeal have reached differing conclusions as to Prop 22's scope within the marriage statutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nIn Armijo v. Miles, the Second Appellate District distinguished Prop 22 from the case at bar by noting, in part, that the initiative prevented the recognition of same-sex marriages conducted outside California:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nThe legislative analysis and the ballot arguments readily demonstrate that Proposition 22 was crafted with a prophylactic purpose in mind. It was designed to prevent same-sex couples who could marry validly in other countries or who in the future could marry validly in other states from coming to California and claiming, in reliance on Family Code section 308, that their marriages must be recognized as valid marriages. With the passage of Proposition 22, then, only opposite-sex marriages validly contracted outside this state will be recognized as valid in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nThe Armijo court may not have ruled that the historical purpose of Prop 22 limited its scope to out of state marriages. The court appears to have ultimately presumed that Proposition 22 did indeed apply to in-state arrangements deemed to be \"marriages,\" but held that the challenged wrongful death statute did not violate that prohibition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nThe question remaining is whether the portion of AB 2580 that amends the wrongful death statute subverts Proposition 22. Defendants' position that it does is based on the faulty premise that the right to sue for wrongful death is an exclusive benefit of marriage. It is not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nLess than a week later, on April 4, 2005, the Third Appellate District ruled more explicitly, in Knight v. Superior Court, that Prop 22 also included within the initiative's ambit marriages licensed within the state:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nThe plain language of Proposition 22 and its initiative statute, section 308.5, reaffirms the definition of marriage in section 300, by stating that only marriage between a man and a woman shall be valid and recognized in California. This limitation ensures that California will not legitimize or recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions, as it otherwise would be required to do pursuant to section 308, and that California will not permit same-sex partners to validly marry within the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nAs with Armijo, the Knight court upheld the challenged statute on the grounds that it did not constitute a \"marriage\" for purposes of Prop 22 or Section 300. The cases differed, however, in that Armijo appeared to rely on a narrow observation that a particular benefit was not exclusive to marriage, while Knight upheld a broad domestic partnership statute against challenges it left almost no substantive difference between the two institutions. Parties in subsequent cases, including the same-sex marriage cases, have noted the apparent split between the appellate courts with respect to its scope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nAs the ultimate rulings in these cases arguably did not require a finding that Prop 22 applies to in-state marriages (both were upheld against a challenge that they constituted marriage under Prop 22, the same result that would have obtained if they had ruled Prop 22 did not apply to in-state marriages), some argue that these findings are dicta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nOn the flip side, an argument can be made that these holdings are not dicta, as both courts ruled on the merits of whether or not a challenged in-state arrangement constituted a \"marriage\" for purposes of Prop 22, an allegation that would be moot if either court believed Prop 22 permitted in-state marriages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Disputes over its effect, Controversy over marriage licensing within California\nIn 2008, the California Supreme Court resolved the controversy in ruling on the constitutionality of statutes limiting marriage to a man and a woman: \"this provision reasonably must be interpreted to apply both to marriages performed in California and those performed in other jurisdictions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 111], "content_span": [112, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Invalidation\nSeparately, numerous challenges to the constitutionality of the opposite-sex requirements found in California's marriage statutes, including Prop 22, came before the courts. A San Francisco trial court threw out all of the gender requirements on state constitutional grounds. On appeal, an intermediate court reversed that decision. In December 2006, the California Supreme Court voted unanimously to review all six cases and held oral argument on March 4, 2008, consolidating the cases as In re Marriage Cases. The Court ruled on May 15, 2008, that Proposition 22 violated the state Constitution and was therefore invalid. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger immediately issued a statement pledging to uphold the ruling, and repeated his pledge to oppose Proposition 8, a constitutional amendment initiative that would override the Court's ruling and again ban same sex marriages by placing the text of Proposition 22 in the State Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 985]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161814-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 22, Invalidation\nProposition 22 has been officially repealed, effective January 1, 2015. Governor Brown signed SB 1306 on July 7, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161815-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 36\nCalifornia Proposition 36, the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000, was an initiative statute that permanently changed state law to allow qualifying defendants convicted of non-violent drug possession offenses to receive a probationary sentence in lieu of incarceration. As a condition of probation defendants are required to participate in and complete a licensed and/or certified community drug treatment program. If the defendant fails to complete this program or violates any other term or condition of their probation, then probation can be revoked and the defendant may be required to serve an additional sentence which may include incarceration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161815-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 36\nThe proposition was passed with 6,233,422 (60.86%) votes in favor and 4,009,508 (39.14%) against on November 7, 2000 and went into effect on July 1, 2001 with $120 million for treatment services allocated annually for five years. The act is codified in sections 1210 and 3063.1 of the California Penal Code and Division 10.8 of the California Health and Safety Code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161815-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 36, Qualified Defendants\nNot all defendants convicted of a non-violent drug possession offense are eligible for probation and treatment under Prop 36. Subdivision (b) of section 1210.1 of the California Penal Code deems the following defendants ineligible for the program:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161815-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 36, Reform\nFormer Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger was critical of Proposition 36 because many in the program fail to complete treatment. About 34 percent of drug offenders complete treatment. Schwarzenegger attempted to modify the proposition by enacting Senate Bill 1137. The bill would have given judges the power to sentence jail time for a brief period to drug offenders who relapsed. Proposition 36 supporters objected to the changes and an Alameda County court ordered an injunction on the reforms. Senate Bill 1137 did not go into effect..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161815-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 36, Criticism\nProp 36 is not retroactive, meaning that defendants who had to attend unlicensed drug rehabs prior to Prop 36 and the Drug Courts are not afforded the opportunity to have their cases reheard in court. Prop 36 and the Drug Courts have discontinued the use of unlicensed rehabs as sentencing tools, due to concerns that unlicensed treatment could be unethical. Many drug offenders who had used use unlicensed rehabs had been abused and are unable to appeal past convictions due to the formation of the Drug Courts. Unlicensed rehabs are no longer used, but people who relied on them are not afforded any of Prop 36's protection. If Prop 36's benefits had been extended retroactively, these people would have received them; at present, they do not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161815-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 36, Evaluation\nThe University of California, Los Angeles, which was chosen to run the required evaluation of Proposition 36, has issued three annual reports on the implementation and impact of the program since 2003. These reports provide data and analysis that help state legislators determine the future of the program each year. A UCLA study released in April 2006 showed Proposition 36 is saving taxpayers $2.50 for every $1 invested. According to the Drug Policy Alliance, total savings for taxpayers over the past five years total $1.4 billion. Another UCLA study found that convicted drug users had become more likely to be arrested on new drug charges since the proposition took effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161816-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 39\nProposition 39 was an initiative state constitutional amendment and statute which appeared on the November 7, 2000, California general election ballot. Proposition 39 passed with 5,431,152 Yes votes, representing 53.4 percent of the total votes cast. Proposition 39 was essentially a milder version of Proposition 26, which would have ended the Proposition 13 supermajority vote requirement altogether (imposing a simple majority vote requirement), but was defeated with 3,521,327 \"Yes\" votes, representing 48.7 percent of the total votes cast, in the March 7, 2000, California primary election. The measure was funded by Ann and John Doerr, John T. Walton and Reed Hastings; it was opposed by the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161816-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 39, Main Effect\nThe main effect of Proposition 39 was to amend Proposition 13 by lowering the required supermajority vote necessary for voters to approve local school bonds, from two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast, to fifty-five percent (55%) of the votes cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161816-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 39, Main Effect, Property Tax Increase to Repay Bonds\nVoter approved school bonds under Proposition 39 are paid off by raising property taxes above the one percent (1%) property tax rate limit established by Proposition 13 in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161816-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 39, Main Effect, Constitutional Debt Provision\nProposition 39 also lowered, as it relates to school bonds, the local voter approval requirement to incur debt from a two-thirds (2/3) vote to fifty-five percent (55%). The two-thirds vote requirement to incur debt is separate from the property tax limits of Proposition 13, and had previously been part of the California Constitution since 1879.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161816-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 California Proposition 39, Main Effect, Charter School Facilities\nProposition 39 further included statutory provisions relating to charter school facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161817-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California Republican presidential primary\nThe 2000 California Republican presidential primary was held on March 7, 2000. Governor George W. Bush of Texas won easily over Senator John McCain of Arizona and former Ambassador Alan Keyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161817-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 California Republican presidential primary\nAt the time, California had a blanket primary, meaning all candidates of all parties were on the same ballot, but the state parties, exploiting a loophole in the election law, used color-coded ballots so that only votes from party members would count. Thus, many votes for McCain -- nearly 800,000 -- were discounted. It was thought by pundits that McCain could demonstrate his viability in a large Democratic state if he won the general primary; however, Bush still won a solid majority with all the non-Republican votes factored in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161818-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California State Assembly election\nThe 2000 California State Assembly elections were held on November 7, 2000. California's State Assembly in its entirety comes up for election in even numbered years. Each seat has a two-year term and members are limited to three 2-year terms (six years). All 80 biennially elected seats in the Assembly were up for election this year. Democrats retained control of the Assembly, expanding their majority by two and defeating independent Audie Bock, who previously won a special election to her seat as a Green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161819-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California State Senate election\nThe 2000 California State Senate elections were held on November 7, 2000. Senate seats of odd-numbered districts were up for election. Senate terms are staggered so that half the membership is elected every two years. Senators serve four-year terms and are limited to two terms. The Democratic Party held on to the majority of the seats, gaining one seat in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections\nCalifornia's state elections were held November 7, 2000. Necessary primary elections were held on March 7. Up for election were all the seats of the State Assembly, 20 seats of the State Senate, and eight ballot measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, California State Legislature elections, State Senate\nThere are 40 seats in the State Senate. For this election, candidates running in odd-numbered districts ran for four-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 79], "content_span": [80, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, California State Legislature elections, State Assembly\nAll 80 biennially elected seats of the State Assembly were up for election this year. Each seat has a two-year term. The Democrats retained control of the State Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 81], "content_span": [82, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, Statewide ballot propositions\nEight ballot propositions qualified to be listed on the general election ballot in California. Five measures passed while three failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, Statewide ballot propositions, Proposition 32\nProposition 32 would provide for a bond of $500 million for farm and home aid for California veterans. Proposition 32 passed with 67.2% approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 72], "content_span": [73, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, Statewide ballot propositions, Proposition 33\nProposition 33 would amend the constitution to allow members of the State Legislature to participate in the Public Employees' Retirement System plans in which a majority of state employees may participate. Proposition 33 failed with 39% approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 72], "content_span": [73, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, Statewide ballot propositions, Proposition 34\nProposition 34 would limit campaign contributions and loans to state candidates and political parties, provide voluntary spending limits, expand public disclosure requirements, and increase penalties. Proposition 34 passed with 60% approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 72], "content_span": [73, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, Statewide ballot propositions, Proposition 35\nProposition 35 would amend the constitution to eliminate existing restrictions on state and local contracting with private entities for engineering and architectural services. Contracts would be awarded by competitive selection, and bidding would be allowed, but not required. Proposition 35 passed with 55.1% approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 72], "content_span": [73, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, Statewide ballot propositions, Proposition 36\nProposition 36 would require probation and drug treatment, not incarceration, for possession, use, transportation of controlled substances and similar parole violations, except sale or manufacture; and would authorize dismissal of charges after completion of treatment. Proposition 36 passed with 60.8% approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 72], "content_span": [73, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, Statewide ballot propositions, Proposition 37\nProposition 37 would amend the constitution to require a two-thirds vote of the State Legislature and a majority or two-thirds of the local electorate to impose future state and local fees on activity to study or mitigate its environmental, societal or economic effects. Proposition 37 failed with 48% approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 72], "content_span": [73, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, Statewide ballot propositions, Proposition 38\nProposition 38 would amend the constitution to authorize annual state payments of at least $4000 per pupil for private/religious schools, and allow replacement of current constitutional public school funding formula. Proposition 38 failed with 29.5% approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 72], "content_span": [73, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161820-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 California elections, Statewide ballot propositions, Proposition 39\nProposition 39 would authorize bonds for repair, construction or replacement of school facilities and classrooms, if approved by 55% of the local vote. Proposition 39 passed with 53.3% approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 72], "content_span": [73, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161821-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cambodian League, Overview\nIt was contested by 10 teams. The top four teams qualified to the Championship play-off and Nokorbal Cheat won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161821-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cambodian League, Championship play-off, Third place\n16 Dec 2000 Sala Vekvoeun Yothes    3-1    Kang Yothipoi KP", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161822-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cameroonian Premier League\nIn the 2000 Cameroonian Premier League season, 16 teams competed. Fovu Baham won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit\nThe 2000 Camp David Summit was a summit meeting at Camp David between United States president Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat. The summit took place between 11 and 25 July 2000 and was an effort to end the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict. The summit ended without an agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit\nReports of the outcome of the summit have been described as illustrating the Rashomon effect, in which the multiple witnesses gave contradictory and self-serving interpretations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Summit\nU.S. President Bill Clinton announced his invitation to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Yasser Arafat on 5 July 2000, to come to Camp David, Maryland, in order to continue their negotiations on the Middle East peace process. There was a hopeful precedent in the 1978 Camp David Accords where President Jimmy Carter was able to broker a peace agreement between Egypt, represented by President Anwar Sadat, and Israel represented by Prime Minister Menachem Begin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Summit\nThe Oslo Accords of 1993 between the later assassinated Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization Chairman Yasser Arafat had provided that agreement should be reached on all outstanding issues between the Palestinians and Israeli sides \u2013 the so-called final status settlement \u2013 within five years of the implementation of Palestinian autonomy. However, the interim process put in place under Oslo had fulfilled neither Israeli nor Palestinian expectations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Summit\nOn 11 July, the Camp David 2000 Summit convened, although the Palestinians considered the summit premature. They even saw it as a trap. The summit ended on 25 July, without an agreement being reached. At its conclusion, a Trilateral Statement was issued defining the agreed principles to guide future negotiations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations\nThe negotiations were based on an all-or-nothing approach, such that \"nothing was considered agreed and binding until everything was agreed.\" The proposals were, for the most part, verbal. As no agreement was reached and there is no official written record of the proposals, some ambiguity remains over details of the positions of the parties on specific issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations\nThe talks ultimately failed to reach agreement on the final status issues:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Territory\nThe Palestinian negotiators indicated they wanted full Palestinian sovereignty over the entire West Bank and the Gaza Strip, although they would consider a one-to-one land swap with Israel. Their historic position was that Palestinians had already made a territorial compromise with Israel by accepting Israel's right to 78% of \"historic Palestine\", and accepting their state on the remaining 22% of such land. This consensus was expressed by Faisal Husseini when he remarked:'There can be no compromise on the compromise'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Territory\nThey maintained that Resolution 242 calls for full Israeli withdrawal from these territories, which were captured in the Six-Day War, as part of a final peace settlement. In the 1993 Oslo Accords the Palestinian negotiators accepted the Green Line borders (1949 armistice lines) for the West Bank but the Israelis rejected this proposal and disputed the Palestinian interpretation of Resolution 242. Israel wanted to annex the numerous settlement blocks on the Palestinian side of the Green Line, and were concerned that a complete return to the 1967 borders was dangerous to Israel's security. The Palestinian and Israeli definition of the West Bank differs by approximately 5% land area as the Israeli definition does not include East Jerusalem (71\u00a0km2), the territorial waters of the Dead Sea (195\u00a0km2) and the area known as No Man's Land (50\u00a0km2 near Latrun).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Territory\nBased on the Israeli definition of the West Bank, Barak offered to form a Palestinian state initially on 73% of the West Bank (that is, 27% less than the Green Line borders) and 100% of the Gaza Strip. In 10\u201325 years, the Palestinian state would expand to a maximum of 92% of the West Bank (91 percent of the West Bank and 1 percent from a land swap). From the Palestinian perspective this equated to an offer of a Palestinian state on a maximum of 86% of the West Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Territory\nAccording to the Jewish Virtual Library, Israel would have withdrawn from 63 settlements. According to Robert Wright, Israel would only keep the settlements with large populations. Wright states that all others would be dismantled, with the exception of Kiryat Arba (adjacent to the holy city of Hebron), which would be an Israeli enclave inside the Palestinian state, and would be linked to Israel by a bypass road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Territory\nThe West Bank would be split in the middle by an Israeli-controlled road from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea, with free passage for Palestinians, although Israel reserved the right to close the road to passage in case of emergency. In return, Israel would allow the Palestinians to use a highway in the Negev to connect the West Bank with Gaza. Wright states that in the Israeli proposal, the West Bank and Gaza Strip would be linked by an elevated highway and an elevated railroad running through the Negev, ensuring safe and free passage for Palestinians. These would be under the sovereignty of Israel, and Israel reserved the right to close them to passage in case of emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Territory\nIsrael would retain around 9% in the West Bank in exchange for 1% of land within the Green Line. The land that would be conceded included symbolic and cultural territories such as the Al-Aqsa Mosque, whereas the Israeli land conceded was unspecified. Additional to territorial concessions, Palestinian airspace would be controlled by Israel under Barak's offer. The Palestinians rejected the Halutza Sand region (78\u00a0km2) alongside the Gaza Strip as part of the land swap on the basis that it was of inferior quality to that which they would have to give up in the West Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Territory\nAdditional grounds of rejection was that the Israeli proposal planned to annex areas which would lead to a cantonization of the West Bank into three blocs, which the Palestinian delegation likened to South African Bantustans, a loaded word that was disputed by the Israeli and American negotiators. Settlement blocs, bypassed roads and annexed lands would create barriers between Nablus and Jenin with Ramallah. The Ramallah bloc would in turn be divided from Bethlehem and Hebron. A separate and smaller bloc would contain Jericho. Further, the border between West Bank and Jordan would additionally be under Israeli control. The Palestinian Authority would receive pockets of East Jerusalem which would be surrounded entirely by annexed lands in the West Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, East Jerusalem\nA particularly virulent territorial dispute revolved around the final status of Jerusalem. Leaders were ill-prepared for the central role the Jerusalem issue in general and the Temple Mount dispute in particular would play in the negotiations. Barak instructed his delegates to treat the dispute as \"the central issue that will decide the destiny of the negotiations\" whereas Arafat admonished his delegation to \"not budge on this one thing:  the Haram (the Temple Mount) is more precious to me than everything else.\" At the opening of Camp David, Barak warned the Americans he could not accept giving the Palestinians more than a purely symbolic sovereignty over any part of East Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, East Jerusalem\nThe Palestinians demanded complete sovereignty over East Jerusalem and its holy sites, in particular, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, which are located on the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif), a site holy in both Islam and Judaism, and the dismantling of all Israeli neighborhoods built over the Green Line. The Palestinian position, according to Mahmoud Abbas, at that time Arafat's chief negotiator, was that: \"All of East Jerusalem should be returned to Palestinian sovereignty. The Jewish Quarter and Western Wall should be placed under Israeli authority, not Israeli sovereignty. An open city and cooperation on municipal services.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, East Jerusalem\nIsrael proposed that the Palestinians be granted \"custodianship,\" though not sovereignty, on the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif), with Israel retaining control over the Western Wall, a remnant of the ancient wall that surrounded the Temple Mount, the most sacred site in Judaism outside of the Temple Mount itself. Israeli negotiators also proposed that the Palestinians be granted administration of, but not sovereignty over, the Muslim and Christian Quarters of the Old City, with the Jewish and Armenian Quarters remaining in Israeli hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, East Jerusalem\nPalestinians would be granted administrative control over all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and would be allowed to raise the Palestinian flag over them. A passage linking northern Jerusalem to Islamic and Christian holy sites would be annexed by the Palestinian state. The Israeli team proposed annexing to Israeli Jerusalem settlements within the West Bank beyond the Green Line, such as Ma'ale Adumim, Givat Ze'ev, and Gush Etzion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0013-0002", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, East Jerusalem\nIsrael proposed that the Palestinians merge certain outer Arab villages and small cities that had been annexed to Jerusalem just after 1967 (such as Abu Dis, al-Eizariya, 'Anata, A-Ram, and eastern Sawahre) to create the city of Al-Quds, which would serve as the capital of Palestine. The historically important Arab neighborhoods such as Sheikh Jarrah, Silwan and at-Tur would remain under Israeli sovereignty, while Palestinians would only have civilian autonomy. The Palestinians would exercise civil and administrative autonomy in the outer Arab neighborhoods. Israeli neighborhoods within East Jerusalem would remain under Israeli sovereignty. The holy places in the Old City would enjoy independent religious administration. In total, Israel demanded that Palestine's territory in East Jerusalem be reduced to eight sections including six small enclaves according to Palestine's delegation to the summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 963]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, East Jerusalem\nPalestinians objected to the lack of sovereignty and to the right of Israel to keep Jewish neighborhoods that it built over the Green Line in East Jerusalem, which the Palestinians claimed block the contiguity of the Arab neighborhoods in East Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Refugees and the right of return\nDue to the first Arab-Israeli war, a significant number of Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes inside what is now Israel. These refugees numbered approximately 711,000 to 725,000 at the time. Today, they and their descendants number about four million, comprising about half the Palestinian people. Since that time, the Palestinians have demanded full implementation of the right of return, meaning that each refugee would be granted the option of returning to his or her home, with property restored, and receive compensation. Israelis asserted that allowing a right of return to Israel proper, rather than to the newly created Palestinian state, would mean an influx of Palestinians that would fundamentally alter the demographics of Israel, jeopardizing Israel's Jewish character and its existence as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Refugees and the right of return\nAt Camp David, the Palestinians maintained their traditional demand that the right of return be implemented. They demanded that Israel recognize the right of all refugees who so wished to settle in Israel, but to address Israel's demographic concerns, they promised that the right of return would be implemented via a mechanism agreed upon by both sides, which would try to channel a majority of refugees away from the option of returning to Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Refugees and the right of return\nAccording to U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, some of the Palestinian negotiators were willing to privately discuss a limit on the number of refugees who would be allowed to return to Israel. Palestinians who chose to return to Israel would do so gradually, with Israel absorbing 150,000 refugees every year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Refugees and the right of return\nThe Israeli negotiators denied that Israel was responsible for the refugee problem, and were concerned that any right of return would pose a threat to Israel's Jewish character. In the Israeli proposal, a maximum of 100,000 refugees would be allowed to return to Israel on the basis of humanitarian considerations or family reunification. All other people classified as Palestinian refugees would be settled in their present place of inhabitance, the Palestinian state, or third-party countries. Israel would help fund their resettlement and absorption. An international fund of $30 billion would be set up, which Israel would help contribute to, along with other countries, that would register claims for compensation of property lost by Palestinian refugees and make payments within the limits of its resources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Security arrangements\nThe Israeli negotiators proposed that Israel be allowed to set up radar stations inside the Palestinian state, and be allowed to use its airspace. Israel also wanted the right to deploy troops on Palestinian territory in the event of an emergency, and the stationing of an international force in the Jordan Valley. Palestinian authorities would maintain control of border crossings under temporary Israeli observation. Israel would maintain a permanent security presence along 15% of the Palestinian-Jordanian border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Negotiations, Security arrangements\nIsrael also demanded that the Palestinian state be demilitarized with the exception of its paramilitary security forces, that it would not make alliances without Israeli approval or allow the introduction of foreign forces west of the Jordan River, and that it dismantle terrorist groups. One of Israel's strongest demands was that Arafat declare the conflict over, and make no further demands. Israel also wanted water resources in the West Bank to be shared by both sides and remain under Israeli management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Aftermath\nIn mid-October, Clinton and the parties held a summit in Sharm El Sheikh, resulting in a \"Sharm memorandum\" with understandings aimed at ending the violence and renewing security cooperation. From 18 to 23 December they held negotiations, followed by Clinton's presentation of his \"parameters\", in a last attempt to achieve peace in the Middle East before his second term ended in January 2001. Although the official statements stated that both parties had accepted the Clinton Parameters with reservations, these reservations in fact meant that the parties had rejected the parameters on certain essential points. On 2 January 2001, the Palestinians put forward their acceptance with some fundamental objections. Barak accepted the parameters with a 20-page letter of reservations. A Sharm el-Sheikh summit planned for 28 December did not take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Aftermath\nClinton's initiative led to the Taba negotiations in January 2001, where the two sides published a statement saying they had never been closer to agreement (though such issues as Jerusalem, the status of Gaza, and the Palestinian demand for compensation for refugees and their descendants remained unresolved), but Barak, facing elections, re-suspended the talks. Ehud Barak was to be defeated by Ariel Sharon in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Palestinian responsibility\nMost of the Israeli and American criticism for the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit was leveled at Arafat. Ehud Barak portrays Arafat's behavior at Camp David as a \"performance geared to exact as many Israeli concessions as possible without ever seriously intending to reach a peace settlement or sign an \"end to the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Palestinian responsibility\nClinton blamed Arafat after the failure of the talks, stating, \"I regret that in 2000 Arafat missed the opportunity to bring that nation into being and pray for the day when the dreams of the Palestinian people for a state and a better life will be realized in a just and lasting peace.\" The failure to come to an agreement was widely attributed to Yasser Arafat, as he walked away from the table without making a concrete counter-offer and because Arafat did little to quell the series of Palestinian riots that began shortly after the summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0022-0001", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Palestinian responsibility\nArafat was also accused of scuttling the talks by Nabil Amr, a former minister in the Palestinian Authority. In My Life, Clinton wrote that Arafat once complimented Clinton by telling him, \"You are a great man.\" Clinton responded, \"I am not a great man. I am a failure, and you made me one.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Palestinian responsibility\nDennis Ross, the US Middle East envoy and a key negotiator at the summit, summarized his perspectives in his book The Missing Peace. During a lecture in Australia, Ross suggested that the reason for the failure was Arafat's unwillingness to sign a final deal with Israel that would close the door on any of the Palestinians' maximum demands, particularly the right of return. Ross claimed that what Arafat really wanted was \"a one-state solution. Not independent, adjacent Israeli and Palestinian states, but a single Arab state encompassing all of Historic Palestine\". Ross also quoted Saudi Prince Bandar as saying while negotiations were taking place: \"If Arafat does not accept what is available now, it won't be a tragedy; it will be a crime.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Palestinian responsibility\nIn his book, The Oslo Syndrome, Harvard Medical School professor of psychiatry and historian Kenneth Levin summarized the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit in this manner: \"despite the dimensions of the Israeli offer and intense pressure from President Clinton, Arafat demurred. He apparently was indeed unwilling, no matter what the Israeli concessions, to sign an agreement that declared itself final and forswore any further Palestinian claims.\" Levin argues that both the Israelis and the Americans were naive in expecting that Arafat would agree to give up the idea of a literal \"right of return\" for all Palestinians into Israel proper no matter how many 1948 refugees or how much monetary compensation Israel offered to allow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Palestinian responsibility\nAlan Dershowitz, an Israel advocate and a law professor at Harvard University, said that the failure of the negotiations was due to \"the refusal of the Palestinians and Arafat to give up the right of return. That was the sticking point. It wasn't Jerusalem. It wasn't borders. It was the right of return.\" He claimed that President Clinton told this to him \"directly and personally.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 93], "content_span": [94, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Israeli and American responsibility\nIn 2001 Robert Malley, present at the summit, noted three \"myths\" that had arisen regarding the failure of the negotiations. Those were \"Camp David was an ideal test of Mr. Arafat's intentions\", \"Israel's offer met most if not all of the Palestinians' legitimate aspirations\", and \"The Palestinians made no concession of their own\" and wrote that \"If peace is to be achieved, the parties cannot afford to tolerate the growing acceptance of these myths as reality.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 102], "content_span": [103, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Israeli and American responsibility\nThe Israeli group Gush Shalom stated that \"the offer is a pretense of generosity for the benefit of the media\", and included detailed maps of what the offer specifically entailed. Among Gush Shalom's concerns with Barak's offer were Barak's demand to annex large settlement blocs (9% of the West Bank), lack of trust in the commitment and/or ability of the Israeli government to evacuate the thousands of non-bloc Israeli settlers in the 15-year timeline, and limited sovereignty for Palestinians in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 102], "content_span": [103, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Israeli and American responsibility\nClayton Swisher wrote a rebuttal to Clinton and Ross's accounts about the causes for the breakdown of the Camp David Summit in his 2004 book, The Truth About Camp David. Swisher, the Director of Programs at the Middle East Institute, concluded that the Israelis and the Americans were at least as guilty as the Palestinians for the collapse. M.J. Rosenberg praised the book: \"Clayton Swisher's 'The Truth About Camp David,' based on interviews with [US negotiators] Martin Indyk, Dennis Ross and [Aaron] Miller himself provides a comprehensive and acute account \u2013 the best we're likely to see \u2013 on the [one-sided diplomacy] Miller describes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 102], "content_span": [103, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Israeli and American responsibility\nShlomo Ben-Ami, then Israel's Minister of Foreign Relations who participated in the talks, stated that the Palestinians wanted the immediate withdrawal of the Israelis from the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem, and only subsequently the Palestinian authority would dismantle the Palestinian organizations. The Israeli response was \"we can't accept the demand for a return to the borders of June 1967 as a pre-condition for the negotiation.\" In 2006, Shlomo Ben-Ami stated on Democracy Now!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 102], "content_span": [103, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0029-0001", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Israeli and American responsibility\nthat \"Camp David was not the missed opportunity for the Palestinians, and if I were a Palestinian I would have rejected Camp David, as well. This is something I put in the book. But Taba is the problem. The Clinton parameters are the problem\" referring to his 2001 book Scars of War, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli-Arab Tragedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 102], "content_span": [103, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Israeli and American responsibility\nNorman Finkelstein published an article in the winter 2007 issue of Journal of Palestine Studies, excerpting from his longer essay called Subordinating Palestinian Rights to Israeli \"Needs\". The abstract for the article states: \"In particular, it examines the assumptions informing Ross\u2019s account of what happened during the negotiations and why, and the distortions that spring from these assumptions. Judged from the perspective of Palestinians' and Israelis' respective rights under international law, all the concessions at Camp David came from the Palestinian side, none from the Israeli side.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 102], "content_span": [103, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Israeli and American responsibility\nBerkeley political science professor Ron Hassner has argued that it was the failure of participants at the negotiations to include religious leaders in the process or even consult with religious experts prior to the negotiations, that led to the collapse of the negotiations over the subject of Jerusalem. \"Both parties seem to have assumed that the religious dimensions of the dispute could be ignored. As a result, neither party had prepared seriously for the possibility that the Temple Mount issue would come to stand at the heart of the negotiations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 102], "content_span": [103, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0031-0001", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Responsibility for failure, Accusations of Israeli and American responsibility\nPolitical Scientist Menahem Klein, who advised the Israeli government during the negotiations, confirmed that \"The professional back channels did not sufficiently treat Jerusalem as a religious city... It was easier to conduct discussions about preservation of historical structures in the old city than to discuss the link between the political sanctity and the religious sanctity at the historical and religious heart of the city.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 102], "content_span": [103, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Public opinion towards the summit\nThe Palestinian public was supportive of Arafat's role in the negotiations. After the summit, Arafat's approval rating increased seven percentage points from 39 to 46%. Overall, 68% of the Palestinian public thought Arafat's positions on a final agreement at Camp David were just right and 14% thought Arafat compromised too much while only 6% thought Arafat had not compromised enough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Public opinion towards the summit\nBarak did not fare as well in public opinion polls. Only 25% of the Israeli public thought his positions on Camp David were just right as opposed to 58% of the public that thought Barak compromised too much. A majority of Israelis were opposed to Barak's position on every issue discussed at Camp David except for security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161823-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Camp David Summit, Concluding Trilateral statement (full text)\nPresident William J. ClintonIsraeli Prime Minister Ehud BarakPalestinian Authority Chairman Yasser ArafatBetween 11 and 24 July, under the auspices of President Clinton, Prime Minister Barak and Chairman Arafat met at Camp David in an effort to reach an agreement on permanent status. While they were not able to bridge the gaps and reach an agreement, their negotiations were unprecedented in both scope and detail. Building on the progress achieved at Camp David, the two leaders agreed on the following principles to guide their negotiations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161824-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campania regional election\nThe Campania regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161824-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Campania regional election\nAntonio Bassolino (Democrats of the Left) was elected President, defeating Antonio Rastrelli (National Alliance), who had been replaced in 1999 by a centre-left ribaltone led by Andrea Losco (People's Party).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161825-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby\nThe  Campeonato Argentino de Rugby 2000  was won by the selection Buenos Aires that beat in the final the selection of Tucum\u00e0nThe 21 teams participating were divided on three levels: \"Campeonato\", \"Ascenso\", \"Promocional\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161825-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, \"Campeonato\"\nTwo pools of 4 teams. The first two to semifinals, third and fourth to relegation playout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161826-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Carioca\nThe 2000 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on January 29, 2000 and ended on June 17, 2000. It is the official tournament organized by FFERJ (Federa\u00e7\u00e3o de Futebol do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, or Rio de Janeiro State Football Federation. Only clubs based in the Rio de Janeiro State are allowed to play. Fourteen teams contested this edition. Flamengo won the title for the 26th time. Serrano and Itaperuna were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161827-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de F\u00fatbol Serie A\nThe 2000 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de F\u00fatbol de la Serie A was the 42nd season of the Serie A, the top level of professional football in Ecuador. The season was won by Olmedo, who became the first team outside of Quito and Guayaquil to win a national title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161828-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Ga\u00facho\nThe 80th season of the Campeonato Ga\u00facho kicked off on January 23, 2000 and ended on June 18, 2000. Seventeen teams participated. Caxias beat Gr\u00eamio in the finals and won their 1st title. Avenida and Internacional de Santa Maria were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161829-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Mineiro\nThe 2000 Campeonato Mineiro was the 86th edition of the state championship of Minas Gerais organized by the FMF. The competition began on 23 January and ended on 8 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161829-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Mineiro\nThe competition was won by Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro winning their 38th Campeonato Mineiro and their second in a row after winning the 1999 competition. The final consisted of a 2\u20131 win over Cruzeiro in the first leg followed by a 1\u20131 draw in the second leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161829-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Mineiro, Format, First stage\nThe 2000 M\u00f3dulo I first stage was contested by 8 clubs in a double round-robin tournament. The four best-placed teams qualified for the second stage and the bottom two teams were relegated to the 2001 M\u00f3dulo II. The winner of the first stage is named champion of the Ta\u00e7a Minas Gerais.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161829-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Mineiro, Format, Second stage\nThe four teams that qualified from the first stage were entered into a second, double round-robin tournament, alongside four teams that received byes from the first stage. The clubs that received first stage byes were: Am\u00e9rica Mineiro, Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro, Cruzeiro and Villa Nova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161829-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Mineiro, Format, Finals\nThe finals were played between the 2 best-placed teams from the second stage in a two-legged tie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161830-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Paulista\nThe 2000 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Profissional da Primeira Divis\u00e3o - S\u00e9rie A1 was the 99th season of S\u00e3o Paulo's top professional football league. S\u00e3o Paulo won the championship by the 20th time. Am\u00e9rica and Ara\u00e7atuba were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161830-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Paulista, Championship, First phase\nThe first phase was disputed by all the teams of the championship, save for Corinthians, Palmeiras, Santos and S\u00e3o Paulo, which would dispute the Rio-S\u00e3o Paulo tournament at the time and would only enter in the second phase. The teams would be divided in two groups of six teams, and all would qualify for the second phase, except for the team with the fewest points out of the twelve, which would be relegated to the second phase of second level of that year, and replaced by the team that won the first phase of the second level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161830-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Paulista, Championship, Second phase\nIn the second phase, the 11 qualified teams were joined by Botafogo, winner of the first phase of the second level, and the four participants of the Rio-S\u00e3o Paulo tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161830-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Campeonato Paulista, Championship, Second phase\nThe 16 teams were divided in four groups of four teams, with each team playing twice against the teams of its own group, and once against the teams of other group (3 against 5 and 4 against 6), with the two best teams in each group qualifying to the Quarterfinals and the team with the fewest points among all the 16 being relegated to the Second level of the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161831-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campeonato da 1\u00aa Divis\u00e3o do Futebol\nStatistics of Campeonato da 1\u00aa Divis\u00e3o do Futebol in the 2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161832-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia\nThe 2000 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia was a men's tennis tournaments played on outdoor clay courts in Palermo, Italy that was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 22nd edition of the tournament and was held from 25 September until 1 October 2000. Unseeded Olivier Rochus won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161832-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia, Finals, Doubles\nTom\u00e1s Carbonell /  Mart\u00edn Garc\u00eda defeated  Pablo Albano /  Marc-Kevin Goellner walkover", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161833-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia \u2013 Doubles\nMariano Hood and Sebasti\u00e1n Prieto were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to Devin Bowen and Alberto Mart\u00edn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161833-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia \u2013 Doubles\nTom\u00e1s Carbonell and Mart\u00edn Garc\u00eda won the title after Pablo Albano and Marc-Kevin Goellner were forced to withdraw the final match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161834-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia \u2013 Singles\nArnaud di Pasquale was the defending champion, but did not compete this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161834-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia \u2013 Singles\nOlivier Rochus won the title by defeating Diego Nargiso 7\u20136(16\u201314), 6\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161835-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canada Cup\nCanada Cup 2000 was the third Canada Cup competition in women's rugby hosted in Winnipeg. The hosts, Canada, brought together the new World Champion New Zealand alongside runners-up USA and third placed England. The results were slightly closer than in 1996, but the title was retained by New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161836-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Canadian Figure Skating Championships were held on January 26\u201330, 2000 at the Canadian Airlines Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta. They were the figure skating national championship which determines the national champions of Canada. The event was organized by Skate Canada, the nation's figure skating governing body. Skaters competed at the senior, junior, and novice levels in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The results of this competition were used to pick the Canadian teams to the 2000 World Championships, the 2000 Four Continents Championships, and the 2000 World Junior Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Canadian Grand Prix (formally the XXXIIX Grand Prix Air Canada) was a Formula One motor race held on 18 June 2000 at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was the eighth round of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 38th Canadian Grand Prix. Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher won the 69-lap race from pole position. His teammate Rubens Barrichello finished second with Giancarlo Fisichella third for the Benetton team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix\nMichael Schumacher started from pole position alongside McLaren driver David Coulthard. Barrichello began from third, alongside Coulthard's teammate Mika H\u00e4kkinen. The front two of Michael Schumacher and Coulthard battled for first place until Coulthard served a ten-second stop-go penalty on lap 14 as his mechanics worked on his car 15 seconds before the race began. Just before half distance, Michael Schumacher made an early pit stop allowing Barrichello to take the lead until his own pit stop on lap 43. By this time rain began to fall causing drivers to make the switch to wet-weather tyres. Michael Schumacher retained his lead throughout and took the victory 0.1 seconds ahead of Barrichello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix\nThe victory was Michael Schumacher's fifth of the season, his fourth at the circuit, and the result meant that he extended his lead in the Drivers' Championship to twenty-two points in front Coulthard, with H\u00e4kkinen a further two points behind. Ferrari also extended their lead in the Constructors' Championship, eighteen points ahead of McLaren. Benetton, on 18 points, pushed their rivals Williams down to fourth place, with nine races of the season remaining. 100,000 people attended the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as constructors, were McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre types to the race; the Soft and the Medium dry compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Background\nGoing into the race, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 46 points, ahead of David Coulthard on 34 points and his teammate Mika H\u00e4kkinen on 29 points. Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 22 points and Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth on 14 points. In the Constructors' Championship Ferrari were leading with 68 points ahead of their rivals McLaren on 63 points. Williams with 15 points and Benetton on 14 contended for third place and Jordan were fifth on 9 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Background\nIn the weeks leading up to the event, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Transport de la Communaut\u00e9 Urbaine De Montr\u00e9al (STCUM) announced that they would hold strikes over pension fund contributions during the Grand Prix weekend. STCUM chose those dates due to the event's high-profile status as public transport was classified as an essential service over the weekend. It would also result in the road leading to the circuit being blocked off to spectators. STCUM appeared before Essential Services Council on 9 June to discuss producing a contingency plan to ensure spectators would attend the Grand Prix with full services running. An agreement was reached on 13 June with 60% of transport workers voting in favour of improved pay and pension, allowing the race to go unaffected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Background\nFollowing the Monaco Grand Prix on 4 June, the teams conducted testing sessions at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza between 6\u20138 June to prepare for the Canadian Grand Prix. Barrichello set the first day's fastest times, ahead of McLaren test driver Olivier Panis. Testing was halted when Nick Heidfeld and Luciano Burti both experienced engine and electronic failures respectively. H\u00e4kkinen was fastest on the second day. BAR's Ricardo Zonta lost control of his car and crashed into the barriers at the Parabolica corner, limiting his testing time as repairs were made to his car. Jenson Button for Williams was quickest on the third day. Ferrari undertook additional testing at their private facility, the Fiorano Circuit, with their test driver Luca Badoer who performed practice pit stops and starts, utilising different car set-ups, testing new car components and ran on an artificially wet track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 935]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Background\nRalf Schumacher was passed fit in the days leading up to the race. At the previous race, he had suffered a serious crash at the Sainte Devote corner and he sustained a three-inch gash on his left calf which required stitches. The Williams team had their test driver Bruno Junqueira ready to replace Ralf Schumacher should the latter have been not ready to race. Ralf Schumacher said that he would decide after the event's first free practice sessions whether he would compete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. The Friday morning and afternoon practice sessions took place in dry and hot weather conditions. Michael Schumacher set the quickest time of the first practice session, at 1 minute and 21.304 seconds, almost one-tenth of a second faster than teammate Barrichello. The two McLaren drivers were third and fourth respectively; Coulthard ahead of H\u00e4kkinen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Practice\nJaguar driver Eddie Irvine was fifth fastest, in front of Johnny Herbert. Jos Verstappen, Fisichella, Jacques Villeneuve and Marc Gen\u00e9 completed the top ten fastest drivers in the session. Nick Heidfeld damaged his left front suspension in a crash early in the session. In the second practice session, Coulthard was fastest with a time of 1:20.602, the quickest of the day. Michael Schumacher and Barrichello ended with the second and third quickest times. Herbert was running quicker and set the fourth fastest time. H\u00e4kkinen was fifth quickest. Jarno Trulli, Mika Salo, Irvine, Fisichella and Villeneuve followed in the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Practice\nThe weather conditions became more breezy but remained hot in the Saturday morning practice sessions. H\u00e4kkinen was fastest in the third practice session with a time of 1:19.115. Barrichello was second quickest, recording a lap time 0.089 seconds slower than H\u00e4kkinen. Michael Schumacher was third fastest, two-tenths of a second in front of Trulli, Ralf Schumacher and Villeneuve. Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Fisichella, Verstappen and Herbert completed the top ten. Coulthard did not set a lap during the third session as his team changed his engine as it developed an electrical problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Practice\nIn the final practice session, Coulthard had a trouble-free session and was fastest with a time of 1:18.654. Michael Schumacher and Barrichello maintained their pace from Friday and were second and third fastest. H\u00e4kkinen was fourth quickest and was unable to improve his time as he passed an area with waved yellow flags. Trulli was fifth fastest, in front of Ralf Schumacher who was running quicker after set-up changes. Villeneuve, Frentzen, Salo and Fisichella completed the top ten ahead of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon one hour qualifying session saw each driver limited to twelve laps, with the grid order decided by their fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 per cent of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. The session was held in dry and sunny weather. Michael Schumacher clinched his third pole position of the season, his fifth at the circuit, with a time of 1:18.439.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was joined on the front row of the grid by Coulthard who qualified 0.098 seconds behind Michael Schumacher's time having battled the Ferrari driver for grid position throughout the session. Barrichello qualified in 3rd position and was happy with his Ferrari. H\u00e4kkinen encountered traffic during his qualifying runs and managed fourth. Frentzen, who qualified 5th, had to overcome heavy gusts at the L'Epingle hairpin where he found it difficult to find his braking spot. Villeneuve was sixth with teammate Zonta in eighth. Trulli split them for seventh position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0010-0002", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nPedro de la Rosa in an Arrows car and Fisichella completed the top ten fastest qualifiers. Herbert missed out on qualifying in the top ten by two hundredths of a second though he said that he was happy with his car. Ralf Schumacher set the 12th quickest time despite his Williams suffering a lack of mechanical grip. He was ahead of Verstappen who crashed his car at turn 4 which caused a temporary suspension to qualifying. The resultant damage caused him to use his team's spare monocoque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0010-0003", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nWurz, in the second Benetton, lost time when he caught the aftermath of Verstappen's collision and was 14th fastest. Salo battled with his rear wheel locking on downshifts and took 15th. He started in front of Irvine in the slower of the two Jaguars. Jean Alesi's Prost qualified 17th despite an engine failure, ahead of Button and Diniz. The Minardi drivers qualified at the back of the grid, covering positions 20 to 22 with Heidfeld splitting them for 21st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 09:30 Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-4) for a 30-minute warm-up session. It took place in cloudy and windy weather conditions. Both Ferrari drivers maintained their good pace from qualifying; Michael Schumacher had the fastest time, a 1:18.932. Barrichello finished with the second quickest time. The McLaren drivers rounded out the top four fastest drivers; H\u00e4kkinen in front of Coulthard. Amongst the slower runners, Heidfeld had a worrying moment when his engine cover was shed from the chassis on the main straight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nThe race started at 14:00 local time. The conditions on the grid were dry and cloudy before the race. The air temperature was 17\u00a0\u00b0C (63\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature 21\u00a0\u00b0C (70\u00a0\u00b0F). 100,000 people attended the race. Coulthard's McLaren stalled as the drivers began the formation lap. His team's mechanics restarted his car and Coulthard took his grid position before the entire field passed him. Coulthard accelerated faster than Michael Schumacher off the line though the Ferrari driver defended his position going into the first corner. H\u00e4kkinen, meanwhile, withstood Barrichello's attempts to pass him for third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nVilleneuve made the best start in the field moving from 6th to 3rd at the end of the first lap, while Verstappen made up the same number of positions, going from 13th to 10th. H\u00e4kkinen was forced wide by Villeneuve's manoeuvre and Barrichello passed him for fourth position into turn 2. Further down the field, Irvine stalled on the grid and was pushed by marshals to the pit lane exit. Unlike previous years, when the field was embroiled in a multi-car collision, all drivers emerged without any damage. At the competition of the first lap, the order was Michael Schumacher, Coulthard, Villeneuve, Barrichello, H\u00e4kkinen, de la Rosa, Frentzen, Zonta, Trulli, Fisichella, Verstappen, Herbert, Ralf Schumacher, Wurz, Alesi, Salo, Diniz, Heidfeld, Button, Gen\u00e9, Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane and Irvine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard set a fastest lap of the race, a 1:21.335 on lap two as he gained on Michael Schumacher's early start advantage. De la Rosa claimed sixth position from Frentzen on the same lap. Michael Schumacher started to trade fastest laps with Coulthard on lap four as Villeneuve maintained third position but was holding up the drivers in the next four positions who were behind him. Button's engine began to develop problems as Fisichella was passed by Verstappen for tenth on the same lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nAs Michael Schumacher and Coulthard continued their battle up front, the stewards informed the McLaren team on lap ten that Coulthard would serve a ten-second stop-go penalty as his mechanics worked on his car 15 seconds before the formation lap begun. On the 13th lap, Ralf Schumacher overtook Herbert to take 12th position. Coulthard took his penalty on lap 14 and rejoined in tenth place. Herbert made a pit stop with an gearbox issue on the same lap and became the first retirement of the race. H\u00e4kkinen attempted to pass Barrichello on lap 16 although he overshot the manoeuvre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nde la Rosa became the first of the two stopping drivers to make a pit stop on lap 20. He remerged in 15th position. Michael Schumacher had extended his lead over Villeneuve to 22 seconds by the 22nd lap, who in turn continued to contest Barrichello and H\u00e4kkinen for second place. Frentzen was a further 1.9 seconds behind the three battling drivers. Coulthard, meanwhile, was lapping one second slower than the race leader. Light rain began to fall on lap 23 and the circuit started to become slippery. Trulli passed Zonta for sixth place one lap later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard spun off after he ran on oil dropped from Verstappen's car at turn 12 and lost three positions. Villeneuve lost second position when he was overtaken by Barrichello on lap 25 and the Brazilian started to gradually close the gap to Michael Schumacher. Two laps later, Trulli overtook teammate Frentzen to take sixth position. Both Ferrari drivers were trading fastest laps by lap 29. H\u00e4kkinen, meanwhile, began to mount a challenge to pass Villeneuve for third place. Further down, Zonta managed to pass Frentzen for sixth position. Frentzen reported problems with his car's brakes on lap 33 and drove to his garage and into retirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher took an early pit stop on lap 34 and his team inspected his rear of his car as well as an adjustment to his front wing angle. He rejoined behind Barrichello, but ahead of H\u00e4kkinen who overtook Villeneuve on lap 35. Heidfeld pulled off to the side of the track with an engine failure on the previous lap after he made a pit stop. Alesi in the other Prost stalled at his pit stop and emerged in front of Irvine. Trulli became the first front runner to make a scheduled pit stop on lap 39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nAlesi retired when his engine failed on lap 40. H\u00e4kkinen, Ralf Schumacher, Barrichello, Zonta, Coulthard, Villeneuve and Fisichella made their pit stops over the next three laps. Salo pulled into retirement after his engine failed on lap 42. All of the drivers changed from dry to wet-weather tyres as rain began to fall from lap 42 onwards. H\u00e4kkinen was the final driver to pit on lap 46. Fisichella lost second position to Barrichello on the 47th lap after running wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nAt the conclusion of lap 47, with the scheduled pit stops completed, the race order was Michael Schumacher, Barrichello, Fisichella, H\u00e4kkinen, Trulli, Wurz, Verstappen, Ralf Schumacher, Coulthard, Villeneuve, Zonta, de la Rosa, Gen\u00e9, Button, Mazzacane and Irvine. On lap 48 Michael Schumacher spun on the wet track though he retained a half-minute lead over Barrichello. de la Rosa and Diniz were battling for 12th position and both drivers made contact on the same lap. de la Rosa went to his garage to retire with a broken wheel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nVerstappen and Wurz went off the track on lap 52 while duelling for sixth place. The Arrows driver managed to pass the Benetton five laps later. On lap 60, Verstappen continued to move up the field as he overtook Trulli for fifth. Gen\u00e9 spun onto the grass and stalled forcing his retirement on lap 63. Villeneuve made an attempt to pass Coulthard for eighth into turn 10 on the 64th lap but overshot the manoeuvre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0016-0002", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nOn the next lap, it began to rain more heavily as Villeneuve performed the same pass although he collided into Ralf Schumacher, causing both drivers to retire. Coulthard made contact at turn one with Wurz on lap 67 and the Austrian made a pit stop for repairs. Barrichello began to decrease the gap to Michael Schumacher in the final laps of the Grand Prix. Michael Schumacher held off Barrichello at the start/finish line to clinch his fifth victory of the 2000 season in a time of 1'41:12.313, at an average speed of 111.878 miles per hour (180.050\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0016-0003", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race\nBarrichello finished second 0.1 seconds behind his teammate, with Fisichella taking the final podium position in third. H\u00e4kkinen followed in fourth, Verstappen in fifth and Trulli rounded out the points scoring positions in sixth. Coulthard, Zonta, Wurz and Diniz filled the next four positions, with Button, Mazzacane and Irvine finishing at least one lap behind the race winner. Ralf Schumacher, Villeneuve and Gen\u00e9 were the last of the classified runners despite not managing to cross the start/finish line because of their retirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. Michael Schumacher revealed that his early pit stop was down to a possible sensor failure which caused his team to receive misinformation. He also added that the wet-weather conditions forced him to change the entire brake balance towards the front of his car. Barrichello said that he informed Ferrari technical director Ross Brawn that it would be quicker to make an extra pit stop had it rained for ten more laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nNevertheless, he stated that he trusted his team in their judgement and revealed his car developed an clutch issue during the Grand Prix. Fisichella stated that he was driving a conservative race as he was on a one-stop strategy. Additionally, he praised the team for their achieving a continued run of consistent podium position finishes at the circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nH\u00e4kkinen said that his race was \"over\" when the rain started to fall having not managing to achieve a higher finishing position. Jos Verstappen scored points for the first time since the 1996 Argentine Grand Prix. Verstappen said that was pleased with the result and praised his team for switching to wet tyres as he kept in contact with his mechanics. Trulli remarked that he had \"never had to work so hard for one point\" after the amount of pressure he came under in the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nCoulthard said that he lost the chance of victory when he stalled his car and admitted it was his mistake. On the other hand, he criticised his penalty as Coulthard believed that the race stewards should have been given more freedom by Formula One's governing body, the FIA, to decide whether a driver gained an advantage. David Tremayne of The Independent noted had Coulthard raised his hand before the start, he might have started from the back of the grid. After the race, Villeneuve and Diniz were penalised 25 seconds\u2013which were added to their total race times\u2013for their collisions with Diniz and de la Rosa respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161837-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe result of the race meant Michael Schumacher extended his points tally in the Drivers' Championship to 56 points, twenty-two in front of second-placed Coulthard. H\u00e4kkinen remained in third position, two points behind his teammate, while Barrichello in fourth reduced H\u00e4kkinen's point advantage to four points. Fisichella's third-place finish saw him retain fifth on 18 points. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari's one-two result saw them extend their advantage over McLaren to eighteen points. Benetton moved in front of their rivals Williams for third, while BAR retained fifth position, with nine races of the season remaining. Despite the extended points advantage that Michael Schumacher and Ferrari had, Coulthard maintained his view that his main rivals could be caught in the season's nine remaining races saying \"There's still a long way to go in the championship and anything can happen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 950]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161838-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Junior Curling Championships\nThe 2000 K\u00e4rcher Canadian Junior Curling Championships were held February 5-13 at the Beausejour Curling Club in Moncton, New Brunswick. The winning teams represented Canada at the 2000 World Junior Curling Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161838-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, Qualification, Ontario\nThe Teranet Ontario Junior Curling Championships were held at the Bobcaygeon Curling Club in Bobcaygeon January 11-16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161838-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, Qualification, Ontario\nJulie Reddick of Oakville defeated Jenn Hanna of Ottawa 9-3 in the women's final. Hanna had finished in the round tied for third with Carrie Lindner of Bradford. She beat Lindner in the tiebreaker 6-5 and Chrissy Cadorin of St. Catharines in the semifinal 8-6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161838-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, Qualification, Ontario\nIn the men's final, Jason Young of Burlington defeated Jamie Farnell of Bradford 7-5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161839-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship\nThe 2000 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was held January 8-16 at the Lethbridge Curling Club in Lethbridge, Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161840-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Professional Soccer League season\nThe 2000 Canadian Professional Soccer League season was the third season under the Canadian Professional Soccer League name. The season began on May 26, 2000 and concluded on October 1, 2000 with Toronto Croatia   defeating Toronto Olympians 2-1 to claim their first CPSL Championship (known as the Primus CPSL Cup for sponsorship reasons). The final was hosted at Cove Road Stadium for the first time. Throughout the season, all eight clubs from the previous year returned, while the Olympians secured their third straight regular season title. The league received sponsorship from Primus Canada, which granted Primus naming rights to the CPSL Championship, and Vincent Ursini was appointed the CPSL Chairman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161840-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Professional Soccer League season, Primus Canada CPSL Championship playoffs\nThe top four teams qualified for a one-game semifinal that led to the championship game played on October 1 at Cove Road Stadium in London, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 89], "content_span": [90, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161840-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Professional Soccer League season, Individual awards\nThe annual CPSL awards ceremony was held on October 1, 2000 after the CPSL Championship final at the German Canadian Club in London, Ontario. Where for the second straight season the Toronto Olympians went home with the most awards with 3 wins. Kouzmanis became the first player to win the Golden Boot more than once and continues to hold that distinction. Olympian veteran Bayete Smith was named the Defender of the Year for his contribution for helping the club achieve the best defensive record. Their final award was their second straight Fair Play award for being the most disciplined team throughout the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 66], "content_span": [67, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161840-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Professional Soccer League season, Individual awards\nThe league chose former NPSL and USL A-League veteran Willy Giummarra of the York Region Shooters as its MVP. The Goalkeeper of the Year was given to Piotr Libicz, a former NPSL and CNSL veteran. After managing the St. Catharines Roma Wolves to second place finish behind Toronto with only a lower goal differential Lucio Ianiero was chosen as the Coach of the Year. Jimmy Kuzmanovski of the Oshawa Flames broke London City's four year hold on the Rookie of the Year award. For his efforts Steve Cahoon went home with the Referee of the Year award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 66], "content_span": [67, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161841-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian Senior Curling Championships\nThe 2000 Canadian Senior Curling Championships were held January 22 to 30 at the Portage Curling Club in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161842-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal budget\nThe Canadian federal budget for fiscal year 2000-2001 was presented by Minister of Finance Paul Martin in the House of Commons of Canada on 28 February 2000. The Budget included substantial tax cuts for all families, whether they be poor, middle class or wealthy. On average, taxpayers were projected to receive a 15% tax cut, to be gradually implemented over the next 4 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election\nThe 2000 Canadian federal election (formally the 37th Canadian general election) was held on November 27, 2000, to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 37th Parliament of Canada. Prime Minister Jean Chr\u00e9tien's Liberal Party won a third majority government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election\nSince the previous election of 1997, small-c conservatives had begun attempts to merge the Reform Party of Canada and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada as part of the United Alternative agenda. During that time, Jean Charest stepped down as leader of the Progressive Conservatives and former Prime Minister Joe Clark took over the party and opposed any union with the Reform Party. In the spring of 2000, the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, a political party dedicated to uniting  conservatives together into one party. Former Reform Party leader Preston Manning lost in a leadership race to Stockwell Day who became leader of the new Canadian Alliance party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election\nThe federal government called an early election after being in office for just over three years (with a maximum allowed mandate of five years). The governing Liberal Party of Canada won a third consecutive majority government, winning more seats than in 1997. The Canadian Alliance only made minor gains, and an Eastern breakthrough did not happen. The Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, New Democratic Party and the Progressive Conservatives all suffered slight losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election\nThis was the last election until 2011 which resulted in a majority government. This was the only election contested by the Canadian Alliance and the last by the Progressive Conservatives (as they both merged into the Conservative Party of Canada in 2003). This was also the first election in which Nunavut was its own separate territory (before, it was part of the Northwest Territories).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Campaign\nThe decision by Prime Minister and Liberal Party leader Jean Chr\u00e9tien to call an election in fall of 2000 has been viewed by commentators as an attempt to stem a possible rise of support to the newly formed Canadian Alliance, to stop the leadership ambitions of Paul Martin, and to capitalize on the nostalgia created by the recent death of Pierre Elliot Trudeau. At the time of the election, the Canadian economy was strong and there were few immediate negative issues, as the opposition parties were not prepared for the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Campaign\nThe major issue in the election was health care which had risen in public opinion polls to be the most important issue for Canadians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Campaign\nThe public was largely uninterested in the election, with commentators stating that voters expected a repeat of previous regionally divided elections that offered little chance of a change of government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Campaign\nThe Liberals' final television advertisement, according to Stephen Clarkson's The Big Red Machine: \"emphasized the contrast between [the Liberals and the Canadian Alliance] while warning voters about [PC leader] Joe Clark's claim that he would form a coalition with the Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois in a minority government. The ad told Canadians not to take risks with other parties but to choose a strong, proven team\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Liberal Party\nThe Liberal Party entered the election with a record of having ended the fiscal deficit, made major reductions in federal spending (such as by cuts to the civil service, privatization of crown corporations), creating new environmental regulations, and increased spending beginning on social programs beginning in 1998 after the budget deficit had ended and a surplus had been achieved. The Liberal Party came under attack by opposition parties for irregularities in the Department of Human Resources' Transition Job Fund program, but Chr\u00e9tien managed to capably defend the government's actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Liberal Party\nChr\u00e9tien was directly attacked by the opposition parties for alleged corrupt involvement from the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) in providing funding to local projects in Chr\u00e9tien's riding of Saint-Maurice. The Liberal Party focused its attacks on the Canadian Alliance, accusing it of being a dangerous right-wing movement that was dangerous to national unity. The Liberal Party's most tense problem was the ongoing leadership feud within the Liberal Party between Chr\u00e9tien and Finance Minister Paul Martin who wanted to replace Chr\u00e9tien as Liberal leader and Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Liberal Party, Strategy\nDue to the regionalized nature of previous elections, the Liberal Party designed its election strategy along regional lines, aiming to take every seat in Ontario, winning seats in Quebec from the Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, and winning seats in Atlantic Canada, while attempting to minimize losses in Western Canada to the Canadian Alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Liberal Party, Strategy\nChr\u00e9tien only spent parts of nine days campaigning in the West, including only two stops in the province of Alberta, both in the city of Edmonton while visiting the province of British Columbia only three times, and only in the cities of Victoria and Vancouver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Liberal Party, Strategy\nThe Liberal Party focused its effort in regaining support in Atlantic Canada, where the party had suffered serious losses in the 1997 election to the New Democratic Party and Progressive Conservative Party due to the Liberal government's imposition of quotas on Atlantic Canadian cod fisheries and the government's cuts to unemployment insurance benefits. Chr\u00e9tien gained support during the campaign from former New Brunswick Premier Frank McKenna and former Chr\u00e9tien government minister and then the current Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, Brian Tobin resigned as Premier and ran as a Liberal Party candidate in his province. During the campaign, Chr\u00e9tien apologized to Atlantic Canadians for the negative impact of employment insurance reforms which had caused hardship in Atlantic Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Liberal Party, Strategy\nIn Quebec, the Liberal Party benefited from the collapse of support for the Progressive Conservative Party, after the PCs' popular Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois leader Jean Charest had resigned in 1998 and was replaced by former Prime Minister Joe Clark who was unpopular in Quebec which resulted in three PC members from Quebec defecting to join the Liberal Party prior to the election. In Quebec the recently passed Clarity Act by the federal government was controversial in that it demanded a clear and concise question on a new referendum on sovereignty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Liberal Party, Strategy\nChr\u00e9tien defended the Clarity Act and attacked sovereigntist Quebec premier and former Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois leader Lucien Bouchard, challenging him to hold another referendum on sovereignty under the new laws, as Chr\u00e9tien expected that the sovereigntists would lose such a referendum. The Liberal Party promised a number of government projects in Quebec to woo Quebec voters to the Liberal Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Liberal Party, Strategy\nThe Liberal Party appealed to Canada's most populous province of Ontario by acting to restore funding that its government had cut in the 1990s in order to cut the deficit of the 1990s. The Liberal government established a health accord with all premiers in September 2000 that involved major projected increases to public health care spending. Overall, the Liberals increased their number of seats in the House of Commons from 155 seats to 172 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Canadian Alliance\nThe Canadian Alliance (the common short form name of Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance) was a new political party in the election, having been created only months earlier as the successor to the Reform Party of Canada, a party founded as a Western Canada protest party which sought to become a national party in the 1990s. Reform Party leader Preston Manning was deeply disappointed with the Reform Party's failure to spread eastward in the 1997 election, as the Reform Party lost its only seat in Ontario in that election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Canadian Alliance\nReform identified vote-splitting with its rival conservative movement, the Progressive Conservative Party as the cause for the Liberals' 1997 election victory, and Manning proposed the solution of a merger of the Reform and Progressive Conservative parties. This agenda by the Reform Party to unite the two parties was called the United Alternative which began in 1998, and ultimately resulted in the Alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Canadian Alliance\nThe new party subsequently elected Stockwell Day as leader over Manning. The Alliance had hoped to use the 2000 election to eclipse the PC party in Ontario and Eastern Canada. The Alliance dedicated its campaign to demonstrating that the party was a national party and not as western-based as its predecessor had been perceived as. Day's more media friendly and \"easy going\" persona was expected to appeal to more Ontario voters than Manning's reputation as a policy wonk, and after the United Alternative project had integrated the successful Provincial PCs in the party, the Canadian Alliance was hoping for major improvements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Canadian Alliance\nThe Alliance campaigned on: cutting taxes by reducing the Federal taxation rate to two lower tax brackets, an end to the federal gun registration program, and importance of family values. The campaign was dogged by accusations: introducing a two-tier health care\u2014the party would allow private health care to exist alongside the public medicare system; and for threatening the protection of gay rights and abortion rights. The latter accusations tended to focus on the party's residual direct democracy provisions in their platform. The accusations against his party platform, along with Day's relative inexperience compared to decades-experienced fixtures like Clark and Chr\u00e9tien, led to the party fading from contention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Canadian Alliance\nWhile they did not force the Liberals into minority government or finally eclipse the PC party, they did retain their official opposition status, and increased their numbers in the House of Commons by six seats, from 60 to 66. The Alliance ended up winning only two Ontario ridings. On election night, controversy arose when a CBC producer's gratuitously sexist comment about Stockwell Day's daughter-in-law, Juliana Thiessen-Day, was accidentally broadcast on the Canadian networks' pooled election feed from Day's riding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois\nThe Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois suffered from the unpopular decision of its provincial counterpart, the ruling Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois government's agenda to merge the communities surrounding Quebec City into one community. Many Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois were angered by this decision and voted in protest against the Bloc or chose to not vote at all to demonstrate their frustration. Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe received negative media attention after he decided to personally appoint candidate No\u00ebl Tremblay to run in the riding of Chicoutimi\u2014Le Fjord in spite of the Bloc's riding association's selection of Sylvain Gaudreault to run in the riding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois\nThe Bloc's 177 page platform was criticized as being far too large and few copies were distributed and few internet users accessed the platform because of is length and was rarely discussed during the campaign. Instead, the Bloc produced large numbers of copies of small booklets that outlined the policies within the large platform. The Bloc campaigned to try to win over previous supporters of the PC Party. This campaign strategy failed, as the Bloc lost seats to the Liberal Party due to the collapse of Quebec support for the Progressive Conservative Party, whose voters shifted to the Liberal Party. The Bloc won in 38 ridings, six ridings fewer than in the 1997 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, New Democratic Party\nThe New Democratic Party suffered badly in the campaign due to the drop in support for the provincial New Democratic parties over the preceding decade and amid a scandal in 2000 facing British Columbia's NDP Premier Glen Clark who was forced to resign as Premier. Matters were made worse for the federal NDP after Saskatchewan's NDP Premier Roy Romanow resigned in 2000 after the party lost seats in the 1999 Saskatchewan provincial election, and afterwards suggested that the federal NDP should merge with the Liberal Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, New Democratic Party\nIn Nova Scotia, the provincial NDP lost seats in its 1999 election while the NDP government of the Yukon had been recently defeated. As Canada's major social democratic political party, it relied on support from the labour movement, but recent strains between the NDP and the Canadian Auto Workers union and the Canadian Labour Congress had weakened the party's base of support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0019-0002", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, New Democratic Party\nThe party had received little media attention during the election and 2000 as a whole, due to the media's focus on Canada's newest political party, the Canadian Alliance, the political comeback of former Prime Minister Joe Clark to the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party, and the leadership feud within the Liberal Party between Jean Chr\u00e9tien and Paul Martin. The NDP did not expect to do well in the election and aimed to win thirty-two \"must-win\" seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, New Democratic Party\nThe NDP's platform and campaign focused on protecting medicare while attacking the Liberal Party for its tax cuts to wealthy Canadians and corporations. The NDP's focus on attacking the Liberals failed to recognize the surging support for the Canadian Alliance in the province of Saskatchewan, which the NDP had hoped to gain seats in. The NDP failed to galvanize support, as it remained low in support in polling results throughout most of the election campaign. NDP leader Alexa McDonough performed badly in the French-language debate due to her not being fluent in French. In the English-language debate, McDonough attacked Alliance leader Stockwell Day for favouring two-tier health care and attacked Liberal leader Jean Chr\u00e9tien for giving out tax cuts to the wealthy rather than funding Canada's public health care system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Progressive Conservative Party\nThe Progressive Conservative Party aimed to regain its former place in Canadian politics under the leadership of former Prime Minister Joe Clark. The PC Party had a very disappointing election, falling from 20 to 12 seats, and being almost exclusively confined to the Maritime provinces and Newfoundland. It won the 12 seats needed for Official party status in the House of Commons, however. Failure to win 12 seats might have marginalized the party in the House of Commons, and likely led to a more rapid decline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Political parties, Progressive Conservative Party\nGoverning parties have the option of extending party status to caucuses of less than twelve members at their discretion. Had the Progressive Conservatives been just a few seats short of the requisite twelve and the NDP had stayed at least twelve seats, the Liberal government would likely have exercised this option as they had done for Social Credit in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Results\n* - Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Results\n1 - percentage change from Reform Party of Canada in previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Notes, 10 closest ridings\n1.Champlain, QC: Marcel Gagnon (BQ) def. Julie Boulet (Lib) by 15 votes 2.Laval Centre, QC: Madeleine Dalphond-Guiral (BQ) def. Pierre Lafleur (Lib) by 42 votes3.Leeds\u2014Grenville, ON: Joe Jordan (Lib) def. Gord Brown (CA) by 55 votes4.Saskatoon\u2014Rosetown\u2014Biggar, SK: Carol Skelton (CA) def. Dennis Gruending (NDP) by 68 votes5.Yukon, YT:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161843-0025-0001", "contents": "2000 Canadian federal election, Notes, 10 closest ridings\nLarry Bagnell (Lib) def. Louise Hardy (NDP) by 70 votes6.Tobique\u2014Mactaquac, NB: Andy Savoy (Lib) def. Gilles Bernier (PC) by 150 votes7.Regina\u2014Lumsden\u2014Lake Centre, SK: Larry Spencer (CA) def. John Solomon (NDP) by 161 votes8.Regina\u2014Qu'Appelle, SK: Lorne Nystrom (NDP) def. Don Leier (CA) by 164 votes9.Palliser, SK: Dick Proctor (NDP) def. Don Findlay (CA) by 209 votes10.Matap\u00e9dia\u2014Matane, QC: Jean-Yves Roy (BQ) def. Marc B\u00e9langer (Lib) by 276 votes11.Cardigan, PE: Lawrence MacAulay (Lib) def. Kevin MacAdam (PC) by 276 votes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161844-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canisius Golden Griffins football team\nThe 2000 Canisius Golden Griffins football team represented Canisius College in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Golden Griffins offense scored 100 points while the defense allowed 373 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival\nThe 53rd Cannes Film Festival started on 14 May and ran until 25 May 2000. French film director, screenwriter, and producer Luc Besson was the Jury President. The Palme d'Or went to the Danish film Dancer in the Dark by Lars von Trier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival\nThe festival opened with Vatel, directed by Roland Joff\u00e9 and closed with Stardom, directed by Denys Arcand. Virginie Ledoyen was the mistress of ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Juries, Main competition\nThe following people were appointed as the Jury for the feature films of the 2000 Official Selection:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Juries, Un Certain Regard\nThe following people were appointed as the Jury of the 2000 Un Certain Regard:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Juries, Cin\u00e9fondation and short films\nThe following people were appointed as the Jury of the Cin\u00e9fondation and short films competition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Juries, Camera d'Or\nThe following people were appointed as the Jury of the 2000 Camera d'Or:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Un Certain Regard\nThe following films were selected for the competition of Un Certain Regard:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Films out of competition\nThe following films were selected to be screened out of competition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Cin\u00e9fondation\nThe following films were selected for the competition of Cin\u00e9fondation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Short film competition\nThe following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 69], "content_span": [70, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Parallel sections, International Critics' Week\nThe following films were screened for the 39th International Critics' Week (39e Semaine de la Critique):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Parallel sections, Directors' Fortnight\nThe following films were screened for the 2000 Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des R\u00e9alizateurs):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161845-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Cannes Film Festival, Awards, Official awards\nThe following films and people received the 2000 Official selection awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161846-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canoe Slalom World Cup\nThe 2000 Canoe Slalom World Cup was a series of six races in 4 canoeing and kayaking categories organized by the International Canoe Federation (ICF). It was the 13th edition. The series consisted of 5 regular world cup races and the world cup final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161846-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Canoe Slalom World Cup, Final standings\nThe winner of each world cup race was awarded 30 points. The points scale reached down to 1 point for 20th place in the men's K1, while in the other three categories only the top 15 received points (with 6 points for 15th place). Only the best two results of each athlete from the first 5 world cups plus the result from the world cup final counted for the final world cup standings. Furthermore, an athlete or boat had to compete in the world cup final in order to be classified in the world cup rankings. If two or more athletes or boats were equal on points, the ranking was determined by their positions in the World Cup Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161846-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Canoe Slalom World Cup, Results, World Cup Race 1\nThe first world cup race of the season took place at the Penrith Whitewater Stadium, Australia from 29 to 30 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161846-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Canoe Slalom World Cup, Results, World Cup Race 2\nThe second world cup race of the season took place at the Ocoee Whitewater Center, Tennessee from 17 to 18 June. The C2 event in Ocoee did not count for the world cup standings due to only 4 federations competing in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161846-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Canoe Slalom World Cup, Results, World Cup Race 3\nThe third world cup race of the season took place in Saint-P\u00e9-de-Bigorre, France from 1 to 2 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161846-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Canoe Slalom World Cup, Results, World Cup Race 4\nThe fourth world cup race of the season took place at the Segre Olympic Park in La Seu d'Urgell, Spain from 8 to 9 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161846-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Canoe Slalom World Cup, Results, World Cup Race 5\nThe fifth world cup race of the season took place at the Prague-Troja Canoeing Centre, Czech Republic from 21 to 23 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161846-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Canoe Slalom World Cup, Results, World Cup Final\nThe final world cup race of the season took place at the Augsburg Eiskanal, Germany from 29 to 30 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161847-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Canoe Sprint European Championships\nThe 2000 Canoe Sprint European Championships were held in Pozna\u0144, Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161848-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cape Verdean Football Championships\nThe 2000 Cape Verdean Football Championship season was the 21st of the competition of the first-tier football in Cape Verde. The competition started on 13 August and finished on 10 September, it started and finished later due to the 2000 Am\u00edlcar Cabral Cup that took place at Est\u00e1dio da V\u00e1rzea from May 4 to 14. The tournament was organized by the Cape Verdean Football Federation. FC Derby won their second title and later participated in the 2001 CAF Champions League the following year. Sporting Clube da Praia would be the only time that a non-participant would participate in the 2000 CAF Winners Cup, the criteria for qualification was not continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161848-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cape Verdean Football Championships, Overview\nThe league was contested by 7 teams with FC Derby winning the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161848-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cape Verdean Football Championships, Overview\nGD Amarantes was the defending team of the title but was no participant in the competition. A total of 7 clubs (4 in Group A, 3 in Group B) participated in the competition, one from each island league, no club came from the islands of Brava and Maio as the competition was cancelled for the season. The season had a shorter 2-3 matches in Group A and 2 matches in Group B. There were only 10 matches, the total number of goals scored was only a low 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161848-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cape Verdean Football Championships, Overview\nIt was the last season they used the group system with the final matches, they would use the common ranking system with the club with the most points winning the title the following season. Not until the 2003 season they would use the group system with 4 matches and with playoffs though the semis would be added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161848-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Cape Verdean Football Championships, Overview\nIt marked the final appearance of GD Palmeira of Santa Maria at the national championship competition, their next national appearance for that club was the 2012 Cape Verdean Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161849-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Caribbean Series\nThe forty-second edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was held from February 2 through February 8 of 2000 with the champion baseball teams of the Dominican Republic, \u00c1guilas Cibae\u00f1as; Mexico, Mayos de Navojoa; Puerto Rico, Cangrejeros de Santurce, and Venezuela, \u00c1guilas del Zulia. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice, and the games were played at Estadio Quisqueya in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161850-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Carlisle City Council election\nThe 2000 Carlisle City Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Carlisle District Council in Cumbria, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161851-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Carolina Panthers season\nThe 2000 season was the Carolina Panthers' sixth in the National Football League (NFL) and their second under head coach George Seifert. They failed to improve upon their 8\u20138 record in 1999 and make it to the playoffs for the second time in franchise history, dropping by one game from 8\u20138 to 7\u20139, however, the Panthers finished third in the division, behind the playoff-bound St. Louis Rams and New Orleans Saints. For the first time since 1985 DE Reggie White failed to reach the Pro Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161851-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Carolina Panthers season, Offseason, NFL Draft\nThe 2000 NFL Draft took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on April 15 and April 16, 2000. The Panthers selected seven players in seven rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161852-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix was the seventh round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 11 June 2000 at the Circuit de Catalunya. This was the 600th race to contribute to the Grand Prix motorcycle racing championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161852-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round seven has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161853-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season\nThe 2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season, known as Copa Mustang 2000 for sponsoring purposes, was the 53th season of the Categor\u00eda Primera A, Colombia's top-flight football league. The season started on 12 February and ended on 17 December 2000. Am\u00e9rica de Cali were the champions, clinching their tenth domestic league title with a 2\u20130 victory over Deportes Tolima on the final day of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161853-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season\nAtl\u00e9tico Nacional were the defending champions, but placed seventh in the aggregate table and thus failed to qualify for the final stage of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161853-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season, Format\nThe season was split into three stages: the first two stages were the Apertura and Finalizaci\u00f3n tournaments, in which the 16 teams were first divided into two groups of eight teams, playing seven games, and then all teams in the league played each other once for a total of 22 matches. The winners of each tournament earned a berth into the 2001 Copa Libertadores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161853-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season, Format\nThe third and final stage was played by the top four teams of the aggregate table of both tournaments, who played each other twice to decide the champions of the season, who also qualified for the Copa Libertadores. In case the eventual champion had already won the Apertura or Finalizaci\u00f3n tournaments, the runners-up of the final stage would take the third Copa Libertadores berth as the season's runners-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161853-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season, Teams\n16 teams competed in the season, the top 15 teams of the relegation table of the 1999 season and Real Cartagena, who were promoted as champions of the 1999 Categor\u00eda Primera B tournament, replacing Uni\u00f3n Magdalena who were relegated at the end of the previous season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161853-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season, Torneo Apertura\nThe Torneo Apertura (also known as Copa Mustang I) began on 12 February and ended on 2 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161853-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season, Torneo Finalizaci\u00f3n\nThe Torneo Finalizaci\u00f3n (also known as Copa Mustang II) began on 9 July and ended on 26 November. On 17 September 2000, during the 12th round match between Santa Fe and Deportes Tolima, referee \u00d3scar Ruiz disallowed a goal for Santa Fe scored by Jeffrey D\u00edaz after checking the existence of a handball with the help of a replay of the television broadcast of the match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161853-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season, Aggregate table\nAn aggregate table known as Reclasificaci\u00f3n including the games of both tournaments (Apertura and Finalizaci\u00f3n) was used to determine the four teams that would advance to the final stage of the tournament, as well as the team to be relegated at the end of the season. The top four teams in this table at the end of the Torneo Finalizaci\u00f3n advanced to the final stage, while the team placed last was relegated to Categor\u00eda Primera B for the following season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161853-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Categor\u00eda Primera A season, Final stage\nIn the third stage of the tournament, the four qualified teams played each other under a double round-robin system with the team with the most points at the end of this stage being declared as the champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161854-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Caymanian general election\nGeneral elections were held in the Cayman Islands on 8 November 2000. The elections saw the ruling National Team under Truman Bodden suffer a heavy defeat, with Bodden losing his seat. Following the elections, Kurt Tibbetts of the Democratic Alliance was elected as the Leader of Government Business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161854-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Caymanian general election, Campaign\nCaymananian elections were traditionally contested on a non-partisan basis, with candidates running as independents and or in groupings known as teams. In the August 1991 a grouping known as the Progressive Democratic Party emerged, and constituted the first substantive Cayman political organisation since the 1960s. The party renamed itself as the National Team, and won power in the 1992 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161854-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Caymanian general election, Campaign\nMajor issues in the election campaign included the Islands' constitutional status, immigration, housing, and environmental protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161854-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Caymanian general election, Results\nJohn McLean, Agriculture Minister, lost his seat to his cousin, Arden McLean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161854-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Caymanian general election, Aftermath\nThe United Democratic Party (UDP) was formed in November 2001, and would oust Tibbetts as Leader of Government Business that month in a vote of 9 to 5. Tibbett's would be replaced as Leader of Government Business by McKeeva Bush of the UDP. Tibbett's was elected as leader of the new opposition party, the People's Progressive Movement, in May 2002. The party would go on to win the 2005 general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161855-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics\nThe 14th Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships were held in the Estadio Sixto Escobar in San Juan, Puerto Rico between 14\u201316 July 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161855-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Records\nA total of 15 new championship records were set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 78], "content_span": [79, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161855-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Records\nThe wind-assisted mark of 8.09 m (2.9\u00a0m/s) by Cleavon Dillon from Trinidad and Tobago was the best performance in long jump of the Male Junior A (U-20) category, as was the mark of 13.30 s (4.8\u00a0m/s) by Toni Ann D'Oyley from Jamaicain 100 metres hurdles of the Female Junior A (U-20) category, the mark of 21.46 s (2.4\u00a0m/s) by Darrel Brown from Trinidad and Tobago in 200 metres of the Male Junior B (U-17) category, the mark of 7.35 m (5.1\u00a0m/s) by Damion Young from Jamaica in long jump of the Male Junior B (U-17) category, and the mark of 6.17m  (3.4\u00a0m/s) by Charisse Bacchus from Trinidad and Tobago in long jump of the Female Junior B (U-17) category,but all five could not be recognized as new records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 78], "content_span": [79, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161855-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Medal summary\nComplete results are published on a day by day basis, and medal winners are published by category: Junior A, Male, Junior A, Female, and Junior B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 84], "content_span": [85, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161855-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Medal table\n* :There is a mismatch between the unofficial medal count and the published medalcount above. The unofficial count results in only 3 gold medals for both theBahamas and Puerto Rico, only 13 silver medals for Puerto Rico, no silver orany other medal for Saint Lucia, and only 7 bronze medals for Mexico and only2 bronze medals for Barbados. This could be explained by published results being incomplete. In the technical manual the events 2000 metres steeplechase in the Girls under 20 (Junior) category andOctathlon in the Boys under 17 (Youth) category were scheduled, but no results could be found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 82], "content_span": [83, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161855-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Medal table\nAssuming that the published medal tables arecorrect,  and working through the published medalcount, the following result could tentatively be assigned:  2000 metressteeplechase girls (U-20): gold for Puerto Rico, silver for Puerto Rico, andbronze for Barbados, octathlon boys (U-17): gold for the Bahamas, silver forSaint Lucia, and bronze for Mexico. The number of events would increase to 82.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 82], "content_span": [83, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161855-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Participation (unofficial)\nHaiti competed for the first time at the championships. Detailed result lists can be found on the World Junior Athletics History website. An unofficial count yields a number of about 422 athletes (260 junior (under-20) and 162 youth (under-17)) from about 31 countries, a new record number of participating nations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [71, 97], "content_span": [98, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161856-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Central Michigan Chippewas football team\nThe 2000 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Mike DeBord, the Chippewas compiled a 2\u20139 record (2\u20136 against MAC opponents), finished in last place in the MAC's West Division, and were outscored by their opponents, 376 to 137. The team played its home games in Kelly/Shorts Stadium in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, with attendance of 94,949 in five home games. The team set a single season school record with 90 punts, and Brian Brandt set a school record with 87 punts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161856-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Central Michigan Chippewas football team\nThe team's statistical leaders included Derrick Vickers with 1,059 passing yards, Vince Webber with 458 rushing yards, and David Hannah with 411 receiving yards. Senior defensive back Brian Leigeb set a single game school record with 26 tackles against Northern Illinois on November 18, 2000, totaled 147 tackles for the season, set a school record with 490 career tackles, and was selected as the team's most valuable player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161856-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Central Michigan Chippewas football team\nOn December 1, 1999, Mike DeBord was hired as Central Michigan's head football coach. He had previously served as Michigan's offensive coordinator. DeBord was given a four-year contract with an annual base salary of $120,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161857-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ceredigion by-election\nThe Plaid Cymru Member of Parliament for Ceredigion, Cynog Dafis, was unexpectedly elected to the National Assembly for Wales in May 1999 and decided to give up his seat in the House of Commons in order to concentrate on his work in the Assembly. By accepting the office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead on 10 January 2000, he formally vacated his seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161857-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ceredigion by-election\nPlaid Cymru selected Simon Thomas, who had been their Director of Policy and responsible for writing their manifestos for the 1997 general election and 1999 Assembly election. Labour, who had come second in the previous general election, chose a local social worker, Maria Battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161857-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ceredigion by-election\nThe election campaign was dominated by the issue of European Objective 1 funding. The constituency was part of the area of Wales that was granted Objective One status in 1999, but under European rules the funding had to be matched by a minimum of 25% from other sources, including private funding and resources from central and local government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161857-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Ceredigion by-election\nPlaid Cymru, Conservative and Liberal Democrat politicians demanded this funding be made available solely from central government in addition to the block grant already paid to the Welsh Assembly by the UK Treasury, and the chief reporter for Wales on Sunday newspaper Martin Shipton stood as a single-issue candidate demanding 'Match Funding now'. The Labour administration in the Welsh Assembly insisted that such a demand misrepresented the resourcing of Objective 1 programmes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161857-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Ceredigion by-election\nPolling day in the by-election was 3 February. Plaid Cymru retained the seat comfortably, with the Liberal Democrats taking second in a seat they had previously held from 1974 until 1992 \u2013 and would win again in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161858-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Bell\nThe 2000 Challenge Bell was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Club Avantage Multi-Sports in Quebec City in Canada that was part of Tier III of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 8th edition of the Challenge Bell, and was held from October 30 through November 5, 2000. Chanda Rubin won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161858-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Bell, Champions, Doubles\nNicole Pratt /  Meghann Shaughnessy def. Els Callens /  Kimberly Po, 6\u20133, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161859-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Bell \u2013 Doubles\nAmy Frazier and Katie Schlukebir were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to Alina Jidkova and Tatiana Poutchek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161859-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Bell \u2013 Doubles\nNicole Pratt and Meghann Shaughnessy won the title, defeating Els Callens and Kimberly Po 6\u20133, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161860-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Bell \u2013 Singles\nJennifer Capriati was the defending champion, but lost in the final 6\u20134, 6\u20132 to Chanda Rubin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161861-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Cup\nThe 2000 Challenge Cup (officially known as the 2000 Silk Cut Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons) is a rugby league football tournament which began its preliminary stages in December 1999 and ended with the final on 29 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161861-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Cup\nThe final was held on Saturday, 29 April 2000, at Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh, UK. The game was won by Bradford Bulls who defeated Leeds Rhinos 24-18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161861-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Cup, Final, Bradford Bulls team\nStuart Spruce, Nathan McAvoy, Scott Naylor, Michael Withers, Tevita Vaikona, Henry Paul, Robbie Paul, Brian McDermott, James Lowes, Paul Anderson, Jamie Peacock, Mike Forshaw, Brad Mackay", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161861-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Cup, Final, Bradford Bulls team\nSubs: Leon Pryce, David Boyle, Bernard Dwyer, Stuart Fielden  Coach: Matthew Elliott", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161861-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Cup, Final, Leeds Rhinos team\nIestyn Harris, Leroy Rivett, Richie Blackmore, Keith Senior, Francis Cummins, Daryl Powell, Ryan Sheridan, Darren Fleary, Dean Lawford, Barrie McDermott, Adrian Morley, Anthony Farrell, Andy Hay", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161861-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Cup, Final, Leeds Rhinos team\nSubs: Marcus St Hilaire, Lee Jackson, David Barnhill, Jamie Mathiou Coach: Dean Lance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161861-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Cup, Final, Man of the match\nThe Lance Todd Trophy was awarded to Henry Paul (Bradford).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161862-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Tour\nThe 2000 Challenge Tour was a series of golf tournaments known as the Challenge Tour, the official development tour run by the PGA European Tour. The tour was started as the Satellite Tour in 1986 and was renamed the Challenge Tour ready for the start of the 1990 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161862-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Tour\nThe Challenge Tour Rankings was won by Sweden's Henrik Stenson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161862-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Challenge Tour, Rankings\nThe top 15 on the Challenge Tour Rankings gained membership of the European Tour for the 2001 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161863-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Champion Hurdle\nThe 2000 Champion Hurdle was a horse race held at Cheltenham Racecourse on Tuesday 14 March 2000. It was the 71st running of the Champion Hurdle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161863-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Champion Hurdle\nThe winner for the fourth consecutive year was J. P. McManus's Istabraq, an eight-year-old gelding trained in Ireland by Aidan O'Brien and ridden by Charlie Swan. Istabraq became the fifth horse to win three Champion Hurdles after Hatton's Grace, Sir Ken, Persian War and See You Then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161863-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Champion Hurdle\nIstabraq started the 8/15 favourite and won by four lengths from the French challenger Hors La Loi III, with Blue Royal a neck away in third. Apart from Istabraq, the only previous winner of the race to run was Make A Stand who finished last. Eleven of the twelve runners completed the course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup\nThe 2000 Champions Cup was a professional invitational snooker tournament which was held from 26 August to 3 September 2000, at the Brighton Centre, in Brighton, East Sussex. The tournament was the first of five World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) invitational events of the 2000\u201301 snooker season and the first overall. It preceded the season's second invitational tournament, the 2000 Scottish Masters. There were eight players who competed in the event: seven were major tournament winners from the 1999\u20132000 season and one was a wild card entry. The competition featured a total prize fund of \u00a3200,000, with \u00a3100,000 going to the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup\nRonnie O'Sullivan won the tournament, defeating Mark Williams, the world champion, seven frames to five (7\u20135) to claim the 17th career professional snooker competition of his career. In the semi-finals, O'Sullivan defeated the reigning holder of the Champions Cup trophy Stephen Hendry 5\u20132 and Williams beat John Higgins 5\u20132. O'Sullivan made the highest break of the tournament of 140 in his match against wild card entrant Jimmy White. After the tournament, Stephen Lee was fined \u00a38,500 for testing positive for traces of marijuana in his system during a routine drugs test.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Background\nThe tournament was first played as the Charity Challenge in 1995. It had the unique distinction of players competing for charity with the prize money being donated to their respective causes. The charity aspect was discarded after five years and the tournament was re-branded the Champions Cup with a new \"winner takes all\" format of players who won major tournaments from the season prior invited to compete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Background\nThe 2000 Champions Cup was the first of five World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) invitational events of the 2000\u201301 snooker season and was held at the Brighton Centre in Brighton, East Sussex from 26 August to 3 September. The tournament preceded the 2000 Scottish Masters. The Champions Cup had a prize fund of \u00a3200,000, and was broadcast in the United Kingdom on ITV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Background, Prize fund\nThe breakdown of prize money for 2000 is shown below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Background, Rules\nA total of seven players who won major tournaments in the 1999\u20132000 season and one wild card selected by ITV competed in the Champions Cup. All group stage matches were part of a round-robin format and all game were best-of-9 frames until the final which was best-of-13 frames. Entrants were drawn into two groups of four and played one match against the other three in their group. The overall winner of both groups was determined by the number of matches won. In the event of a draw, the number of frames won decided the group winner. If this method proved ineffective, a match between the tied players would occur. The winner of each group was drawn to play the runner-up of the opposite group in the semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Group stages, Group A\nThe 12 best-of-9 frame group stage games occurred between 27 August to 1 September. Mark Williams, the world champion who was recovering from a left thumb injury after being bitten several times by his pet rottweiler at his Cwm home, played the tournament's first match against Ken Doherty from Ireland. Doherty forced a final frame decider after coming from 2\u20130 and 4\u20132 behind but his chance of victory was gone by missing a challenging yellow ball and Williams won the match five frames to four (5\u20134).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Group stages, Group A\nThe defending Champions Cup holder Stephen Hendry faced Millennium Cup winner Stephen Lee in a three-hour opening match. Lee took the first two frames and Hendry responded by winning four successive frames with consecutive half-centuries. Lee went level at 4\u20134 to force a final fame decider that Hendry won with a break of 53.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Group stages, Group A\nHendry led early in his match against Doherty with a score of 69\u20130 until the latter took a 2\u20131 lead with a break of 66 in the third frame. Hendry equalled the scoreline with a break of 87 until Doherty retook the advantage with the next two frames. Hendry responded by winning the following two frames after that. The final frame was won by Hendry for a 5\u20134 victory and he entered the semi-final. Williams's second match ended in a 5\u20133 victory over Lee and stopped his opponent from qualifying for the semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Group stages, Group A\nDoherty finished third in the group after beating Lee 5\u20133. It had been anticipated that Doherty would come fourth because he trailed Lee 3\u20131 after the latter compiled breaks of 92, 89 and 102 but Doherty recovered from his performance dip to win the game. Hendry compiled a break of 114 en route to defeating Williams 5\u20133. Post-match, Hendry said he was demotivated since he was aware he and Williams had already attained qualification for the semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Group stages, Group B\nIn his first match since spending five weeks mid-year at the Priory Hospital to treat a bout of depression, Ronnie O'Sullivan defeated John Higgins 5\u20134 in a tightly fought match that lasted until late in the night on 28 August. O'Sullivan took 79 minutes to defeat wild card entrant Jimmy White 5\u20132 to give himself an opportunity to qualify for the semi-finals. O'Sullivan began the match with a 140 total clearance and White responded to this by levelling the scoreline 2\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Group stages, Group B\nFurther breaks of 102, 107 in the fifth and sixth frames and a clearance of 65 from O'Sullivan in frame seven secured him the victory. Higgins went up against Masters champion Matthew Stevens, winning 5\u20134. Higgins' first break of 98 in the first frame and individual breaks 30 and 32 gave him the win. After the match, Higgins spoke of his unhappiness over his form and him having half an inch added to his cue to rectify this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Group stages, Group B\nStevens began his match against O'Sullivan with him opening out a 2\u20131 lead which was nullified when O'Sullivan won the fourth frame. From that point on, O'Sullivan took 33 minutes that had him compile break of 70 to win frame five and took the sixth away from Stevens after he missed an unsteady green ball that was on the edge of a corner pocket and it prevented him from winning that frame. O'Sullivan was unchallenged in the seventh frame and won the match 5\u20132 to guarantee himself a semi-finals berth. White's next opponent was Stevens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Group stages, Group B\nWhite was 3\u20131 behind but pulled level with Stevens to 3\u20133. Victory in the next two frames gave Stevens the match. White conceded to the media shortly after his defeat that his chance of winning the tournament was non-existent after vowing in the days prior to its commencement to be its next champion. For Stevens to qualify for the semi-finals, White needed to whitewash Higgins or win 5\u20131. Higgins led the match from the beginning to win 5\u20131 with two breaks of 64 and a third at 54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Knockout rounds, Semi-finals\nWilliams and Higgins played the first semi-final on 1 September. Leading 4\u20132, it appeared that Williams would win the match easily by getting a snookered brown ball in the seventh frame. However, Williams missed the brown ball and allowed Higgins to pot it and the blue ball to win the frame. Higgins made a break of 110 to force a final frame decider that Williams won 5\u20134 with a game-victory clearance of 31 to continue his unbeaten run in the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Knockout rounds, Semi-finals\nWilliams said after the match, \"A few years ago John used to beat me on a regular basis but gradually I've been getting the upper hand. I don't think either of us played that well. But one of my strengths these days is that I can win when I'm not at my best.\" Higgins confessed that he had not been focused on the tournament as he was due to marry his long-term fianc\u00e9e in December 2000, \"'I'm sure my focus will be back. I've never done all that well right at the start of the season.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Knockout rounds, Semi-finals\nThe second semi-final happened between Hendry and O'Sullivan on 2 September. Hendry scored his 507th career century break (105) to level at 5\u20132 before O'Sullivan took the lead after Hendry missed his shot on the green ball. That allowed O'Sullivan to clear from the green to pink balls and extend his lead by one frame. Subsequent breaks of 46 and 30 won O'Sullivan the match 5\u20132. Post-match, Hendry complimented O'Sullivan, \"I missed a couple of balls but I thought Ronnie played very well.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Knockout rounds, Semi-finals\nO'Sullivan said, \"I'm just trying to get myself right mentally and get to handle some of the situations that come through being a professional sportsman. For me, Mark, Stephen and John Higgins are the top three, and I'm the slight underdog against them. They've got the consistency but it's on the day, whoever hits top form. The main thing for me is that life's more enjoyable. I'm enjoying breathing. Every day's a bonus.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Knockout rounds, Semi-finals\nThe best-of-13 frame final occurred on 3 September. Williams was ill with overnight food poisoning but began by taking the first two frames with breaks of 67 and 77 as O'Sullivan did not pot a ball during this period. The third frame fell to O'Sullivan's favour with a break of 66. Williams took a ten-minute respite to seek medical treatment after frame three was over. He returned to the arena to win frames four and five at 68\u201336 and 78\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Knockout rounds, Semi-finals\nWhen play resumed after the interval, O'Sullivan complied breaks of 51, 78 and 95 to secure the following two frames as Williams did not hit a single ball. O'Sullivan won the eighth frame and added the next after being 45\u20130 down within 50 minutes. Williams' condition deteriorated but he levelled at 5\u20135. In frame 11, Williams made a break of 27 but missed a red ball down the side cushion while using the rest. It allowed O'Sullivan to accumulate breaks of 77 and a quickly-compiled 91 to win the match 7\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Knockout rounds, Semi-finals\nIt was O'Sullivan's second Champions Cup victory after the 1996 edition and the 17th tournament win of his career. The victory earned him \u00a3100,000 prize money and a further \u00a35,000 for scoring the tournament's highest break (140). Post-match, O'Sullivan spoke of his emotions over his success which he dedicated to those who helped him during his recovery process, \"I have been through a lot of stuff in the last couple of months. But I've got my life back in order now. The public will see a different side of me from now on. At 24 I've started my life again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Tournament summary, Knockout rounds, Semi-finals\nIn the past I've been on a treadmill of turmoil but I am going to soak up this victory and enjoy it.\" Williams said of his defeat to O'Sullivan, \"I was suffering from food poisoning of some sort, but that's no excuse. Ronnie played well and I was beaten by the better player.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Drugs testing\nLee was found to have tested positive for traces of the banned substance marijuana in his system at a routine urine test conducted during the tournament on 28 August. He was asked to meet the WPBSA disciplinary committee at the governing body's headquarters in Bristol on 14 November to establish whether he had violated its rules on drugs taking. Complicated legal and scientific arguments forced the postponement of the inquiry until 7 January 2001. The inquiry accepted that Lee did not use marijuana to better his performance and instructed him to relinquish \u00a37,500 prize money and pay \u00a31,000 costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161864-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Champions Cup, Results\nThe players highlighted in bold text in the table indicate who progressed to the semi-finals. Players in bold to the right of the tables denote match winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161865-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Charlotte Sting season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the fourth season for the Charlotte Sting. The team missed the playoffs for the first time in franchise history. They posted the worst record in the East and in franchise history, where that would remain until the 2005 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161866-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chatham Cup\nThe 2000 Chatham Cup was the 73rd annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161866-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Chatham Cup\nUp to the last 16 of the competition, the cup was run in three regions (northern, central, and southern), with an open draw from the quarter-finals on. National League teams received a bye until the Fourth Round (last 32). In all, 123 teams took part in the competition. Note: Different sources give different numberings for the rounds of the competition. Some record five rounds prior to the quarter-finals; others note a qualifying round followed by four full rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161866-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Chatham Cup, The 2000 final\nNapier City Rovers won the league/cup double. As the league changed from a club competition to one contested by regional franchises in 2004, they were the last team ever to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161866-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Chatham Cup, The 2000 final\nThe Jack Batty Memorial Cup is awarded to the player adjudged to have made to most positive impact in the Chatham Cup final. The winner of the 2008 Jack Batty Memorial Cup was Jimmy Cudd of Napier City Rovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161867-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chattanooga Mocs football team\nThe 2000 Chattanooga Mocs football team represented the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Mocs were led by first-year head coach Donnie Kirkpatrick and played their home games at Finley Stadium. They finished the season 5\u20136 overall and 3\u20135 in SoCon play to tied for sixth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161868-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cheltenham Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Cheltenham Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Cheltenham Borough Council in Gloucestershire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161868-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cheltenham Borough Council election, Background\nSince the 1999 election the Conservatives had gained a majority on the council after 2 councillors including 1 Liberal Democrat had defected to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161868-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cheltenham Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw the Conservatives increase their majority on the council after gaining seats from the Liberal Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161869-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cheltenham Gold Cup\nThe 2000 Cheltenham Gold Cup was a horse race which took place at Cheltenham on Thursday 16 March 2000. It was the 73rd running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup, and it was won by Looks Like Trouble. The winner was ridden by Richard Johnson and trained by Noel Chance. The pre-race favourite See More Business finished fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161869-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cheltenham Gold Cup\nIt was the second victory in the Gold Cup for Noel Chance, who had won the race three years earlier with Mr Mulligan. The winning time of 6m\u00a030.3s set a new record \u2013 the previous best was 6m\u00a030.9s in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161869-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cheltenham Gold Cup, Full result\n* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. nk = neck; PU = pulled-up; UR = unseated rider.\u2020 Trainers are based in Great Britain unless indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161870-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cherwell District Council election\nThe 2000 Cherwell District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Cherwell District Council in Oxfordshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party gained overall control of the council from no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161870-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cherwell District Council election\nThe results saw the Conservatives gain 7 seats, 6 of them from the Labour Party, to win a majority on the council for the first time since 1995. Conservative gains came mainly in the Banbury and Bicester areas, with the biggest name Labour councillor to lose in the election being the former mayor, John Hanna. One of the Conservative winners in the election was Mary Young, who won in South East Kidlington ward to become a councillor for the first time at the age of 81. Turnout in the election varied from a high of 53% in Ruscote to a low of 11% in Neithrop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161871-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chevrolet Cup\nThe 2000 Chevrolet Cup was an ATP men's tournament held in Santiago, Chile. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from February 28 to March 6. Gustavo Kuerten won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161871-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Chevrolet Cup, Finals, Doubles\nGustavo Kuerten /  Antonio Prieto defeated  Lan Bale /  Piet Norval 6\u20132, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161872-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chevrolet Cup \u2013 Doubles\nThe event was not held in 1999. The defending champions from 1998 were Mariano Hood and Sebasti\u00e1n Prieto, but they lost in the first round this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161872-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Chevrolet Cup \u2013 Doubles\nGustavo Kuerten and Antonio Prieto won the title, defeating Lan Bale and Piet Norval 6\u20132, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161873-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chevrolet Cup \u2013 Singles\nGustavo Kuerten won the title, defeating Mariano Puerta 7\u20136(7\u20133), 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161874-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chevy Silverado 200\nThe 2000 Chevy Silverado 200 was a NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race held on July 15, 2000. It was known for being the last NASCAR race broadcast by CBS. Dennis Setzer lead 30 laps and won. Mike Joy, Buddy Baker, and Ned Jarrett called the action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161875-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Bears season\nThe 2000 season was the Chicago Bears' 81st in the National Football League (NFL). The team failed to improve on their 6\u201310 from 1999, finishing with a 5\u201311 record under head coach Dick Jauron. The season saw the addition of rookie sensation Brian Urlacher who would win the NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161875-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Bears season\nThe Bears in 2000 played an NFL record 13 games against opponents that ended the season with a winning record, including four in their own division twice each; the Bears had a record of 4\u20139 against these teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161876-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Cubs season\nThe 2000 Chicago Cubs season was the 129th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 125th in the National League and the 85th at Wrigley Field. The Cubs finished sixth and last in the National League Central with a record of 65\u201397.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161876-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Cubs season\nDuring this season, the Cubs played in the first game held outside North America on Opening Day. The Cubs played the New York Mets in front of over 55,000 at the Tokyo Dome in Japan. The Cubs won the game by a score of 5-3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161876-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Cubs season, Regular season\nOn May 11, 2000, Glenallen Hill was responsible for a memorable event in the annals of Chicago Cubs baseball lore. On that day, Hill became the first and so far only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story residential building across the street from the left field wall of Wrigley Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161876-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Cubs season, Regular season\nSammy Sosa, despite hitting only 50 home runs (he had hit over 60 the previous two seasons), won his only home run crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161876-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161876-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 62], "content_span": [63, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161876-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161876-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 64], "content_span": [65, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161876-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161877-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago Marathon\nThe 2000 Chicago Marathon was the 23rd running of the annual marathon race in Chicago, United States and was held on October 22. The elite men's race was won by Morocco's Khalid Khannouchi in a time of 2:07:01 hours and the women's race was won by Kenya's Catherine Ndereba in 2:21:33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161878-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago White Sox season\nThe 2000 Chicago White Sox season was the White Sox's 101st season. They finished the regular season with a 95-67 record, good enough for first place in the American League Central, 5 games ahead of the second place Cleveland Indians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161878-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161878-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching\nNote: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon\nThe 2000 Chilean telethon was the 16th Telet\u00f3n solidarity campaign held in Chile, taking place on 1\u20132 December 2000. The theme for 2000 was \"A Challenge to all Chileans.\" The goal was met and exceeded with a final collection of CL$6,772,445,028. The poster boy for the event was Ignacio Soto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon\nThis version was performed 2 years after the previous because in December 1999, because the presidential elections took place. This was the first telethon to be held during the government of Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. , making 2000 the first year the telethon was held under the leadership of Ricardo Lagos Escobar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nAt 10:00 PM on Friday December 1, the 2000 Telethon kicked off with a musical number performed by entertainer Antonio Vodanovic alongside all of the poster boys and girls from the previous crusades from 1978 to 1998 on the fa\u00e7ade of the Teatro Telet\u00f3n, where each performer (\u00c1lvaro V\u00e9liz, Jos\u00e9 Alfredo Fuentes, Cecilia Echenique, Rachel and Mala Junta) sang the end of their year's song. Don Francisco gave his traditional speech of encouragement and the best moments of past telethons were projected on a giant screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nAmong others, Pedro Fern\u00e1ndez, Lucero, and Myriam Hern\u00e1ndez performed. The emotional highpoint of the telethon came when Millaray Viera, the daughter of the deceased Uruguayan singer Gervasio, performed a tribute both to her father and to all those who had died and supported the charity event during the 22 years it had been running.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nAt midnight, a group of sports professionals led by Eliseo Salazar and including such sports luminaries as  Mario Mauriziano, Gert Weil, Carlos Cazsely, Roc\u00edo Ravest, and Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez performed an original musical number. The second section began with a set of cumbias broadcast from the Teatro Monumental and performed by Daniel Fuensalida, Miguel Pi\u00f1era, Luis 'Chich\u00f3n' Hern\u00e1ndez, and Gloria Aros. Other participants included Tropical Sound, Antonio R\u00edos, Alegr\u00eda, and Organizaci\u00f3n X.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nIn the early hours of the morning the comedians took the stage with celebrity performances by Checho Hirane and Cristian Garc\u00eda-Huidobro. Memo Bunke, Millennium Show, Dinamita Show, Mel\u00f3n and Malame, Dino Gordillo and Daniel Alca\u00edno as Peter Veneno also performed. Then, the much anticipated \"Vedet\u00f3n arrived, presented by Leo Caprile and with the participation of Marcos 'Charola' Pizarro, where the cabaret stars Beatriz Alegret, Tatiana Merino, Marcia Saenz and Anoika Wade arrived dressed as prisoners. Those responsible for freeing them were members of the popular and controversial theatre group 'Los Sin Verg\u00fcenzas'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nAt dawn the female section began with Kike Morand\u00e9 and the new comedy persona Charly Badulaque, a character of Claudio Reyes. Some of the other participants were Nicolas Mass\u00fa, Jorge Zabaleta, Pedro Lladser and Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez, who finished as the section winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nIn the morning there was a large drop-off in donations which was followed by an electrical failure that affected the whole theatre. Mario Kreutzberger asked Chilectra about the possibility of a generator. Following this was a segment of La Nueva Ola with the presenter from Radio Pudahuel, Pablo Aguilera. The children's section was then broadcast from the Central Court of the Chile National Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nIn the afternoon Disfruta, Lider, and Santa Isabel performed. The reduction of donations was becoming worrying, leading to an improvised appearance of the Venezuelan artist Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez, 'El Puma', who made a passionate speech to the Chileans to get up and take part, along with singing \"El Pavo Real\". Donations increased greatly after his performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nBefore going to the newscasts from the separate television channels, Lider announced that they had collected $250,387,198 in total. Following the broadcasts, the latest total of $3,524,679,023 was read out in the theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nAt 10 p.m. on Saturday, 2 December the final section began in the Chile National Stadium with the winner of \"Nace una Estrella\" (A Star is Born) singing the Ode To Joy. Artists such as Alberto Plaza, Lucero, Pedro Fern\u00e1ndez, Fulanito, Gondwana, Douglas, Azul Azul, and Elvis Crespo were onstage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances\nThe final total of $6,450,614,205 was given and Don Francisco thanked all those who had taken part in this solidarity campaign. The entertainers and artists boarded the Tren de la Felicidad (The Happiness Train) for an Olympic circuit, becoming a symbol of the campaign. In addition, over the scoreboard, written in fireworks was the phrase \"Gracias Chile\" (Thank you Chile), as had happened in 1995, 1996, and 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances, Telethon lottery\nThe Telethon company put on a contest for the campaign despite the few sponsors involved that year. It was called \"El Numero Magico\" (The Magic Number) and consisted of a lottery. To qualify for the draw, you had to show a  preference for products and services available on that Telethon. The prize was a total of $1,000,000 in products associated with the 16th solidarity campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances, Telethon lottery\nThe winning number selected was announced in the news broadcasts (Teletrece (Canal 13), 24 Horas (TVN), Meganoticias (Megavisi\u00f3n), Chilevisi\u00f3n Noticias (Chilevisi\u00f3n), Telediario (Red Televisi\u00f3n), and P\u00e1gina Uno (UCV TV)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161879-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Chilean telethon, Performances, Related events\nDistinguishing itself from previous years, Telethon 2000 also created several events to help large companies collect significant donations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161880-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 China Open (snooker)\nThe 2000 China Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place from 9\u201317 December 2000 at the Mission Hills Resort in Shenzhen, China. It was the fourth ranking event of the 2000/2001 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161880-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 China Open (snooker)\nThe reigning champion was Ronnie O'Sullivan, who retained his title by defeating Mark Williams in the final 9\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161881-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese Football Super Cup\nThe 2000 LG Chinese Football Super Cup (Chinese: LG\u676f2000\u5e74\u5ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u8db3\u7403\u8d85\u9738\u676f\u8d5b) was the 6th Chinese Football Super Cup, contested by Chinese Jia-A League 2000 winners Dalian Shide and 2000 Chinese FA Cup winners Chongqing Lifan. Dalian Shide won their 2nd title after winning 4\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161882-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese Jia-A League\nThe 2000 Chinese Jia-A League season is the seventh season of professional association football and the 39th top-tier overall league season in China. It was named the Pepsi Chinese Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons, while the league started on March 19 and ended on October 1, 2000, and saw Dalian Shide win the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census\nThe 2000 Chinese census, officially the Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: \u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5), was conducted by the government of the People's Republic of China with 1 November 2000 as its zero hour. The total population was calculated as 1,295,330,000. The census also covered population growth, number of households, sex, age, ethnicity, educational attainment, and urban and rural population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census\nThe census did not include the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Population by province-level division\nBased on the results of the Fifth National Population Census, Henan was the most populous province-level division, Shandong was ranked second, Guangdong and Sichuan were third and fourth, and Jiangsu, Hebei, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Zhejiang were ranked fifth through tenth. Hainan, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Tibet were the four least populous, with fewer than 10 million people each. Tibet was the least populous of all, with 2,620,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Population by province-level division\nThere were nine province-level divisions with more than 50 million people, eighteen with 10\u201350 million people, and four with less than 10 million people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Population by province-level division, Distribution of ethnic minorities\nThere were four province-level divisions with an ethnic minority population of more than 10 million: in decreasing order, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Xinjiang. There were two more provinces, Liaoning and Hunan, with an ethnic minority population of more than 5 million. Fourteen more, including Inner Mongolia and Sichuan, had an ethnic minority population of more than 1 million. Three more (Shandong, Beijing, and Fujian) had more than 500,000, while the remaining eight had more than 100,000 each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 93], "content_span": [94, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Population by province-level division, Distribution of ethnic minorities\nThere were 13 province-level divisions where the proportion of ethnic minorities was higher than the national average. In Tibet and Xinjiang more than 50% of the population belonged to ethnic minorities: 93.94% in Tibet and 59.43% in Xinjiang. In Qinghai, Guangxi, Guizhou, Ningxia, and Yunnan the ethnic minority population was greater than 30%. In Inner Mongolia it was 20.83%. In Hainan, Liaoning, and Hunan it was more than 10%, and in Jilin and Gansu it was also greater than the nationwide proportion of 8.41%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 93], "content_span": [94, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Ethnicity\nThe Han Chinese population had increased by 11.22% since the 1990 census, going from 91.96% of the population to 91.59%. The ethnic minority population had increased by 16.70% since the 1990 census, going from 8.04% of the population to 8.41%. The ethnic minority population grew at a higher rate than the Han population due to affirmative action under the one-child policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Ethnicity\nAfter Han, the second most populous ethnic group was the Zhuang, followed by the Manchus, each of which had more than 10 million people, and the Hui with 9,817,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Ethnicity\nThere were more than 8 million Miao, Uyghurs, and Tujia; 7,762,000 Yi; more than 5 million Mongols and Tibetans; more than 1 million but less than 3 million of each of nine ethnic groups including the Buyi, Dong, Koreans, and Kazakhs; more than 100,000 but less than 1 million of each of 17 ethnic groups including the She, Lisu, and Kyrgyz; and more than 10,000 but less than 100,000 of each of 13 ethnic groups including the Blang and Tajiks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0007-0002", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Ethnicity\nSeven other ethnic groups, including the Moinba, Oroqen, and Drung, had a population of less than 10,000 each; among them, the Tatars, Hezhe, indigenous Taiwanese, and Lhoba had less than 50,000 each. The least populous ethnic group was the Lhoba, with only 2,965 people. There were 734,438 people belonging to unrecognized ethnic groups, including 710,486 in Guizhou (96.74% of the total), 7,404 in Yunnan (1.01%), and more than 1,000 in each of Tibet, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Jiangsu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Key indices, Population growth\nThe population had increased by 132,150,000 (11.66%) over the population of 1,133,680,000 from the Fourth National Census on 1 July 1990. The average rate of population growth per year was 1.07%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Key indices, Households\nThere were 348,370,000 households, with 1,198,390,000 people. The average household size was 3.44 people, a decrease of 0.52 from the 1990 average household size of 3.96.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Key indices, Sex\nThere were 653,550,000 males (51.63% of the population) and 612,280,000 females (48.37%). The sex ratio was 106.74 men for every 100 women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Key indices, Age\nThere were 289,790,000 children aged 0-14, representing 22.89% of the population; 887,930,000 people aged 15\u201364, representing 70.15% of the population; and 88,110,000 people aged 65 and older, representing 6.96% of the population. The proportion of people 14 and under had decreased by 4.8% since the 1990 census, and the proportion of people 65 and over had increased by 1.39%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Key indices, Educational attainment\nAmong the population, 45,710,000 people had attended higher education; 141,090,000 people had attended high school (including vocational high school); 429,890,000 had attended middle school; and 451,910,000 had attended elementary school. (These figures include people who completed the level of education indicated, people who failed to complete it, and current students.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Key indices, Educational attainment\nIn comparison with the 1990 census, the following changes happened (per 100,000 people):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Key indices, Educational attainment\nThe illiteracy rate (people age 15 and above who are unable to read or can only read very little) was 85,070,000 people. The illiteracy rate had decreased from 15.88% in 1990 to 6.72% in 2000, a decrease of 9.16 percentage points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Key indices, Urban and rural population\nThe urban population was 455,940,000 (36.09%), and the rural population was 807,390,000 (63.91%). The urban population had increased by 9.86% since 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161883-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Chinese census, Analysis\nThe 2000 census counted people according to their hukou rather than their location of actual residence. Experts believe that it may have underestimated the proportion of the population living in urban areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161884-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chorley Borough Council election\nElections to Chorley Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161885-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Chrono des Herbiers\nThe 2000 Chrono des Herbiers was the 19th edition of the Chrono des Nations cycle race and was held on 22 October 2000. The race started and finished in Les Herbiers. The race was won by Jean Nuttli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India\nThe 2000 Church bombings refers to the serial bombings of churches in the southern Indian states of Karnataka, Goa and Andhra Pradesh by the Islamist extremist group Deendar Anjuman in the year 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Bombings\nOn 21 May 2000, a Christian congregation at Machilipatnam was bombed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Bombings\nOn 28 May 2000, bombs exploded in churches at Medak and Vikarabad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Bombings\nOn 8 June 2000, two bombs exploded at the St Annes Church in Wadi. The church was damaged and two persons were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Bombings\nOn 9 June 2000, a bomb exploded in the St. Andrews church in Vasco, Goa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Bombings\nOn 8 July 2000, two churches bombed in Andhra Pradesh, Gewett Memorial Baptist Church in Ongole and the Mother Vannini Catholic Church in Tadepalligudem town. The blast in the Ongole church injured three persons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Bombings\nOn 8 July 2000, a blast took place at the St Johns Lutheran Church in Hubbali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Bombings\nOn 9 July 2000, an bomb exploded at the St Peter Paul Church in Bengaluru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Bombings\nOn 9 July 2000, a bomb went off accidentally while the terrorists were transporting them in a Maruti van.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Aftermath\nDeendar Anjuman was banned in May 2001 for engineering the serial bomb blasts, and carrying out a hate campaign against the Christian community. The group's founder Siddique is reported to have hated Christians after the British colonial government in 1934 jailed Siddiqui and 18 of his followers for indulging in inflammatory speeches and writings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Aftermath\nIn October 2007 the ban was extended and the group declared an unlawful association under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act for \"indulging in activities which are pre-judicial to the security of the country having the potential to disturb peace and communal harmony and to disrupt the secular fabric of the country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Aftermath\nIn 2008, Capital punishment was awarded to 11 people and life sentence to 12 others by a local court. The prime accused in the case, Zia-ul-Hassan was the son of Syed Siddique Hussain, the founder of Deendar Anjuman. Zia-ul-Hassan had migrated to Pakistan and used to visit Hyderabad during his father's death anniversary. The accused believed that \"blasts at churches in India would trigger a civil war between Hindus and Christians, and a religious leader from Afghanistan would invade and conquer India, which would be converted into an Islamic country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161886-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Church bombings of South India, Aftermath\nThe serial blasts were carried out by activists of Deendar Channabasaveshwara Anjuman, founded in the 1920s. The conspiracy was hatched in October 1999 in Hyderabad, during the death anniversary of its founder Hajrath Moulana Siddiqui.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161887-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Bearcats football team\nThe 2000 Cincinnati Bearcats football team represented the University of Cincinnati in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team, coached by Rick Minter, played its home games in Nippert Stadium, as it has since 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161888-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Bengals season\nThe 2000 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team's 33rd year in professional football and its 31st with the National Football League. Corey Dillon would rank fifth in the NFL with 1,435 rushing yards and set a franchise record for most rushing yards in one season. On October 22, 2000, Dillon set a franchise record by rushing for 278 yards in one game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161888-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Bengals season\nAfter being shut out in two of their first three games and a home loss to the Browns 24\u20137 in week 1, Coach Bruce Coslet resigned; he was replaced by former All-Pro Detroit Lions DB and Bengal defensive coordinator Dick LeBeau. Under LeBeau, the Bengals dropped their first three games, with an eventual long losing streak finally coming to an end on October 22 against the Denver Broncos at the new Paul Brown Stadium. The Bengals defeated the Broncos 31\u201321 as RB Corey Dillon set a single-game record by rushing for 278 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161888-0000-0002", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Bengals season\nThe Bengals used it as springboard to win their next game in Cleveland despite not scoring a touchdown. The Bengals offense would continue to struggle as 2nd year quarterback Akili Smith, the team's No. 1 draft pick out of Oregon, was overwhelmed by the NFL game. Corey Dillon set a team record by rushing for 1,435 yards, but with Smith's struggles as starting quarterback, the team floundered with a season-ending record of 4\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161889-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Masters\nThe 2000 Cincinnati Masters was a men's tennis tournament and the 99th edition of the event previously known as the Great American Insurance ATP Championships. The tournament was part of the Tennis Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place in Mason, Ohio, United States, from August 7 through August 14, 2000. Thomas Enqvist won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161889-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Masters\nThe tournament previously appeared on the Tier III of the WTA Tour; no event was held from 1989 to 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161889-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Masters, Finals, Doubles\nMark Woodforde /  Todd Woodbridge defeated  Ellis Ferreira /  Rick Leach  7\u20136(8\u20136), 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161890-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Masters \u2013 Doubles\nJonas Bj\u00f6rkman and Byron Black were the defending champions, but Black did not compete this year. Bj\u00f6rkman teamed up with Max Mirnyi and lost in quarterfinals to S\u00e9bastien Lareau and Daniel Nestor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161890-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Masters \u2013 Doubles\nMark Woodforde and Todd Woodbridge won the title by defeating Ellis Ferreira and Rick Leach 7\u20136(8\u20136), 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161891-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Masters \u2013 Singles\nPete Sampras was the defending champion, but lost in the third round this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161891-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Masters \u2013 Singles\nThomas Enqvist won the title, defeating Tim Henman 7\u20136(7\u20135), 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161892-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Reds season\nThe Cincinnati Reds' 2000 season was a season in American baseball. It consisted of the Cincinnati Reds attempting to win the National League Central, although coming short at 2nd place. They had 85 wins and 77 losses. They Reds became only the second team in the modern era of baseball to not be shut out for an entire season, joining the 1932 New York Yankees. The 2020 Los Angeles Dodgers later accomplished this feat, but their season was shortened to 60 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161892-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161892-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161892-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games Pitched; GS = Games Started; IP = Innings Pitched; W= Wins; L = Losses; K = Strikeouts; ERA = Earned Run Average; WHIP = Walks + Hits Per Innings Pitched", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161892-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161893-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Citrix Tennis Championships\nThe 2000 Citrix Tennis Championships was an ATP men's tennis tournament held in Delray Beach, Florida, USA and was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. The tournament was held from February 28 to March 6, 2000. Sixth-seeded Stefan Koubek won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161893-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Citrix Tennis Championships, Finals, Doubles\nBrian MacPhie /  Nenad Zimonji\u0107 defeated  Joshua Eagle /  Andrew Florent 7\u20135, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161894-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Citrix Tennis Championships \u2013 Doubles\nMax Mirnyi and Nenad Zimonji\u0107 were the defending champions, but did not participate together this year. Mirnyi partnered Mark Knowles, losing in the semifinals. Zimonji\u0107 partnered Brian MacPhie and successfully defended his title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161894-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Citrix Tennis Championships \u2013 Doubles\nMacphie and Zimonji\u0107 won in the final 7\u20135, 6\u20134, against Joshua Eagle and Andrew Florent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161895-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Citrix Tennis Championships \u2013 Singles\nStefan Koubek defeated \u00c1lex Calatrava 6\u20131, 4\u20136, 6\u20134 to win the 2000 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161896-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council election\nThe City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council elections were held on Thursday, 4 May 2000, with one third of the council up for election. Labour lost control of the council to no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161896-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council election, Election result\nThis result had the following consequences for the total number of seats on the council after the elections:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 77], "content_span": [78, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161897-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 City of Lincoln Council election\nElections to City of Lincoln Council in Lincolnshire, England, were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161898-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Clemson Tigers baseball team\nThe 2000 Clemson Tigers baseball team represented Clemson University in the 2000 NCAA Division I baseball season. The team played their home games at Beautiful Tiger Field in Clemson, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161898-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Clemson Tigers baseball team\nThe team was coached by Jack Leggett, who completed his seventh season at Clemson. The Tigers reached the 2000 College World Series, their ninth appearance in Omaha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161898-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Clemson Tigers baseball team, Ranking movements\n^ Collegiate Baseball ranks 40 teams in their preseason poll, but only ranks 30 teams weekly during the season. \u2020 NCBWA ranks 35 teams in their preseason poll, but only ranks 30 teams weekly during the season. * New poll was not released for this week so for comparison purposes the previous week's ranking is inserted in this week's slot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161899-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Clemson Tigers football team\nThe 2000 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161900-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Browns season\nThe 2000 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 48th season with the National Football League and 52nd overall. It was the 2nd season of the \"new Browns\" which returned to the NFL in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161900-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Browns season\nKicker Phil Dawson was the Browns\u2019 leading scorer with 59 points. The Browns total offense ranked 31st (last) in the league, while their total defense ranked 26th in the league. The 2000 Browns\u2019 161 points scored (10.06 per game) is the third-fewest ever by a team in a 16-game schedule tied with the 1998 Eagles and behind the 1992 Seahawks and 1991 Colts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161900-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Browns season\nNevertheless, their four games without even scoring is the most in the NFL since the 1977 Buccaneers failed to score six times; by contrast the 2016 and 2017 Browns went a combined 1\u201331 but never failed to score a point in any game. Even the 1999 Browns scored 217 points, or 3.50 more per game than the 2000 version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161901-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Indians season\nThe 2000 Cleveland Indians season was the 100th season for the franchise, within the American Major League Baseball organization. For the season two new Players were signed; Chris Coste and Mark Whiten. The results of the season consisted of 90 wins and 72 losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161901-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161901-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161901-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; IP = Innings pitched; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161901-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161901-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161902-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Rockers season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the 4th season for the Cleveland Rockers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161902-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cleveland Rockers season, Offseason, Expansion Draft\nThe following players were selected by the Portland Fire in the draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161903-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Clipsal 500\nThe 2000 Clipsal 500 Adelaide was the second running of the Adelaide 500 race. Racing was held form Friday 7 April until Sunday 9 April 2000. The race was held for V8 Supercars and was Round 3 of the 2000 Shell Championship Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161903-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Clipsal 500, Format\nThe format, unique to V8 Supercar and loosely similar to the Pukekohe 500 format, splits the 500 kilometres into two separate 250 kilometres races each held on a different day. Unlike the 1999 race the two races were no longer combined into a single timesheet. Points were still assigned separately to the races, and they combined to award a round result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161904-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cl\u00e1sica de Almer\u00eda\nThe 2000 Cl\u00e1sica de Almer\u00eda was the 15th edition of the Cl\u00e1sica de Almer\u00eda cycle race and was held on 27 February 2000. The race started in Puebla de V\u00edcar and finished in Vera. The race was won by Isaac G\u00e1lvez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161905-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cl\u00e1sica de San Sebasti\u00e1n\nThe 2000 Cl\u00e1sica de San Sebasti\u00e1n was the 20th edition of the Cl\u00e1sica de San Sebasti\u00e1n cycle race and was held on 12 August 2000. The race started and finished in San Sebasti\u00e1n. The race was won by Erik Dekker of the Rabobank team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161906-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cl\u00e1sico RCN\nThe 40th edition of the annual Cl\u00e1sico RCN was held from August 11 to August 20, 2000 in Colombia. The stage race with an UCI rate of 2.4 started in Medell\u00edn and finished in Bogot\u00e1. RCN stands for \"Radio Cadena Nacional\" one of the oldest and largest radio networks in the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161907-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Coca-Cola 600\nThe 2000 Coca-Cola 600, the 41st running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on May 28, 2000 at Lowe's Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. Contested for 400 laps on the 1.5 mile (2.4 km) speedway, it was the twelfth race of the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Matt Kenseth of Roush Racing won the race, earning his first career Winston Cup Series win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161907-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Coca-Cola 600\nTed Musgrave (No. 15), Steve Grissom (No. 44), Ed Berrier (No. 90), Darrell Waltrip (No. 66), and Dave Marcis (No. 71) all failed to qualify for the event. Carl Long (No. 85) qualified 35th, but he gave up his race seat so Darrell Waltrip could compete in one final Coca-Cola 600. During a red flag for rain, Carl took over for Darrell and finished the race. This was Bud Moore's last attempt as a car owner, ending four decades of racing for the hall of famer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161907-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Coca-Cola 600\nRobby Gordon (No. 13) was attempting to do the 'double,' competing in the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 on the same day. Rain delays at Indianapolis did not allow Robby to start the 600. P.J. Jones started the car and is credited with the start and points. Robby took over the car after a rain delay for rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161907-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Coca-Cola 600\nEarly in the race, Tim Fedewa took over driving duties from John Andretti (No. 43) as Andretti was still recovering from injuries suffered in a practice crash and a crash in the previous week's The Winston all-star race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161907-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Coca-Cola 600\nThe race featured five cars with military paint schemes, similar to the 1991 Daytona 500. Dale Jarrett (No. 88, Air Force), Ricky Rudd (No. 28, Marines), Bobby Hamilton (No. 4, Navy), Mike Skinner (No. 31, Army), and Jerry Nadeau (No. 25, Coast Guard) were the participants. Other notable paint schemes featured included Dale Earnhardt's brightly-colored Peter Max scheme, Jeff Gordon's \"End of the Rainbow,\" Ken Schrader's Green M&Ms, and Terry Labonte's Berry Swirl Froot Loops. Many schemes carried over from The Winston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161907-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Coca-Cola 600\nThe top five drivers from the Carsdirect.com 400 at Las Vegas (Jeff Burton, Tony Stewart, Mark Martin, Bill Elliott, and Bobby Labonte) earlier in the season competed for the Winston No Bull 5 million dollar bonus. None of them won the bonus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161907-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Coca-Cola 600\nOn the day of the race, 0.13 inches of precipitation were recorded around the speedway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161907-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Coca-Cola 600, Background\nLowe's Motor Speedway is a motorsports complex located in Concord, North Carolina, United States, 13 miles from Charlotte, North Carolina. The complex features a 1.5 miles (2.4\u00a0km) quad oval track that hosts NASCAR racing including the prestigious Coca-Cola 600 on Memorial Day weekend and The Winston, as well as the UAW-GM Quality 500. The speedway was built in 1959 by Bruton Smith and is considered the home track for NASCAR with many race teams located in the Charlotte area. The track is owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports Inc. (SMI) with Marcus G. Smith (son of Bruton Smith) as track president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161908-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Colchester Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Colchester Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Colchester Borough Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161908-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Colchester Borough Council election, Background\nBefore the election the Liberal Democrats had the most seats on the council with 25, compared to 18 for the Conservative Party, 15 for the Labour Party, 1 for the Tiptree Residents' Association and 1 other independent. Among the 20 councillors who were defending seats at the election were the Liberal Democrat leader of the council for the last two years, Colin Sykes in Stanway, and the Liberal Democrat mayor Martin Hunt in Prettygate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161908-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Colchester Borough Council election, Background\nFour Liberal Democrat and three Labour councillors stood down at the election including the Liberal Democrat former leader of the council, Steve Cawley in Shrub End.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161908-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Colchester Borough Council election, Election result\nThe Conservatives gained four seats, while the Liberal Democrats suffered a net loss of two seats. The Liberal Democrats just remained the largest party, but among those to lose their seats to the Conservatives were the council leader Colin Sykes in Stanway by 54 votes and the mayor Martin Hunt in Prettygate by 213 votes. Labour remained third after losing two seats, but also gaining one, while Tony Webb was the only independent to remain on the council after holding his seat in Tiptree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161908-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Colchester Borough Council election, Election result\nFollowing the election Bill Frame was chosen as leader of the Liberal Democrat group defeating Terry Sutton and he then became the new leader of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161908-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Colchester Borough Council election, By-elections between 2000 and 2002, Mile End\nA by-election took place in Mile End on 22 November 2001 after the resignation of Liberal Democrat councillor David Goatley due to pressure of work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161909-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Colgate Red Raiders football team\nThe 2000 Colgate Red Raiders football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Colgate tied for second in the Patriot League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161909-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Colgate Red Raiders football team\nIn its fifth season under head coach Dick Biddle, the team compiled a 7\u20134 record. Barry HoAire, Randall Joseph and Alex Houston were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161909-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Colgate Red Raiders football team\nDespite their winning record, the Red Raiders were outscored 240 to 235. Their 4\u20132 conference record tied for second place in the seven-team Patriot League standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161909-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Colgate Red Raiders football team\nColgate was ranked No. 25 in the preseason national Division I-AA poll, but dropped out of the top 25 before it had played a game, and remained unranked for the remainder of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161909-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Colgate Red Raiders football team\nThis season marked the final appearance of \"Red Raiders\" as Colgate's team name. In August 2001, the university trustees announced that all Colgate athletic teams would be known simply as \"Raiders\". Though the name \"Red Raiders\" was not originally a reference to Native Americans, such imagery had built up over the years, and the students and faculty who had asked for the change cited increasing sensitivity to racial stereotypes as their reason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161909-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Colgate Red Raiders football team\nThe team played its home games at Andy Kerr Stadium in Hamilton, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161910-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 College Baseball All-America Team\nAn All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position\u2014who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161910-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 College Baseball All-America Team\nThe NCAA recognizes three different All-America selectors for the 2000 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947), Baseball America (since 1981), and Collegiate Baseball (since 1991).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161911-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 College Football All-America Team\nThe 2000 College Football All-America Team is composed of the following All-American Teams: Associated Press, Football Writers Association of America, American Football Coaches Association, Walter Camp Foundation, The Sporting News, Pro Football Weekly, Football News, Sports Illustrated and Rivals.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161911-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 College Football All-America Team\nThe College Football All-America Team is an honor given annually to the best American college football players at their respective positions. The original usage of the term All-America seems to have been to such a list selected by football pioneer Walter Camp in the 1890s. The NCAA officially recognizes All-Americans selected by the AP, AFCA, FWAA, TSN, and the WCFF to determine Consensus All-Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161912-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Colonial Athletic Association Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Colonial Athletic Association Baseball Tournament was held at Coy Tillett, Sr., Memorial Field in Manteo, North Carolina from May 16 through May 20. The event determined the champion of the Colonial Athletic Association for the 2000 season. Second-seeded East Carolina won the tournament for the seventh time, and second in a row, and earned the CAA's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161912-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Colonial Athletic Association Baseball Tournament\nEntering the event, East Carolina had won the most championships, with six. Old Dominion and Richmond had each won three, while George Mason had won twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161912-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Colonial Athletic Association Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding\nThe CAA's teams were seeded one to eight based on winning percentage from the conference's round robin regular season. They played a double-elimination tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161912-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Colonial Athletic Association Baseball Tournament, Most Valuable Player\nLee Delfino was named Tournament Most Valuable Player. Delfino was a shortstop for East Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 76], "content_span": [77, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161913-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Colonial Classic \u2013 Draw\nThomas Enqvist was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Andre Agassi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161913-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Colonial Classic \u2013 Draw\nAndre Agassi won the final after receiving a walkover from Mark Philippoussis due to neck strain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161914-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Colorado Buffaloes football team\nThe 2000 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado at Boulder during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team played their home games at Folsom Field in Boulder, Colorado. They participated in the Big 12 Conference in the North Division. They were coached by head coach Gary Barnett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161915-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Colorado Rockies season\nThe Colorado Rockies' 2000 season was the eighth for the Rockies. They competed in the National League West. Buddy Bell was their manager. They played home games at Coors Field. They finished with a record of 82-80, 4th in the NL West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161915-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Colorado Rockies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161915-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Colorado Rockies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161915-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Colorado Rockies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161915-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Colorado Rockies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161915-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Colorado Rockies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161916-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Colorado State Rams football team\nThe 2000 Colorado State Rams football team represented Colorado State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was led by eighth-year head coach Sonny Lubick and played its home games at Hughes Stadium. They finished the regular season with a 9\u20132 record overall and a 6\u20131 record in Mountain West Conference games, making them conference champions. The team was selected to play in the Liberty Bowl, in which they defeated Louisville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161917-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Columbia Lions football team\nThe 2000 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Columbia tied for second-to-last in the Ivy League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161917-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Columbia Lions football team\nIn their 12th season under head coach Ray Tellier, the Lions compiled a 3\u20137 record and were outscored 302 to 256. Jason Pease and Avery Moseley were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161917-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Columbia Lions football team\nThe Lions' 1\u20136 conference record tied for worst in the Ivy League standings, though both they and Dartmouth are shown as tied for sixth, as 4\u20133 Brown was excluded from the championship and recorded as finishing last. Columbia was outscored 246 to 156 by Ivy opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161917-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Columbia Lions football team\nColumbia played its homes games at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium in Upper Manhattan, in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161918-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth Avenue collapse\nOn January 25, 1971, a luxury condominium building under construction at 2000 Commonwealth Avenue in Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts, collapsed, killing 4 construction workers and injuring 30 others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161918-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth Avenue collapse, History\nThe construction of the 2000 Commonwealth Avenue building began in autumn 1969. The building that collapsed was to have contained 133 condominium apartments. The collapse occurred the day before the building's scheduled \"top out\" day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161918-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth Avenue collapse, Collapse\nThe building collapsed while concrete was being poured on the top floor of the building. Two-thirds of the building was destroyed by a progressive collapse. Approximately 100 men were working in or around the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161918-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth Avenue collapse, Collapse\nA difficult and dangerous search by rescue workers, involving days of digging, led to the recovery from the building's basement of the bodies of the four workers who died in the collapse. The search was postponed for 36 hours while the Boston building commissioner and other experts confirmed the stability of the remaining structure, a delay that angered the coworkers and family members of the missing men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161918-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth Avenue collapse, Collapse\nPapasedero was last seen after the collapse had begun entering the basement garage, where Tintindo and Cingolani, members of his crew, had been working, to search for them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161918-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth Avenue collapse, Cause\nContributory causes of the collapse included lack of quality control and inspections, concrete weakened when left unprotected from cold weather, deficiencies in shoring and reinforcing bars and overly high construction loads on the roof slab. A commission of inquiry concluded that the primary causes of the collapse were lack of shoring and low concrete strength. On July 23, 1972, Controlled Demolition, Inc., imploded the unfinished building after the completion of the recovery effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161918-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth Avenue collapse, Further reading\nThis article related to a building or structure in Boston is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161919-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth Youth Games\nThe 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games were held in August 2000, in the Scottish capital of Edinburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161919-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth Youth Games, Medal count\nThis is the full table of the medal count of these Games. These rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161920-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Commonwealth of Independent States Cup\nThe 2000 Commonwealth of Independent States Cup was the eighth edition of the competition between the champions of former republics of Soviet Union. It was won by Spartak Moscow for the fifth time. For the second time in a row the competition was played in a two-division format introduced a year before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161921-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Conference USA Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Conference USA Baseball Tournament was the 2000 postseason baseball championship of the NCAA Division I Conference USA, held at Florida Power Park in St. Petersburg, Florida from May 17\u201321. Houston defeated Cincinnati in the championship game, earning the conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161921-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Conference USA Baseball Tournament\nThe tournament's format was changed slightly from the format used from 1996 to 1999. The play-in round that had been used to determine which of the lowest seeds would participate in the eight-team bracket was eliminated. Instead, only the top eight of the conference's ten teams in the regular season qualified for the tournament. The loss of the play-in round shortened the tournament from six to five days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161922-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Conference USA Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Conference USA Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 8\u201311 at The Pyramid in Memphis, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161922-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Conference USA Men's Basketball Tournament\nSaint Louis upset DePaul in the championship game, 56\u201349, to clinch their first Conference USA men's tournament championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161922-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Conference USA Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Billikens, in turn, received an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament. They were joined in the tournament by fellow C-USA members Cincinnati, DePaul, and Louisville, who all earned at-large bids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161922-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Conference USA Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nThere were no new changes to the tournament format. The top four teams were given byes into the quarterfinal round while the remaining eight teams were placed into the first round. All seeds were determined by overall regular season conference records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161923-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Conference USA Men's Soccer Tournament\nThe 2000 Conference USA Men's Soccer Tournament was the sixth edition of the Conference USA Men's Soccer Tournament. The tournament decided the Conference USA champion and guaranteed representative into the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship. The tournament was hosted by Saint Louis University and the games were played at Hermann Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina\nThe 2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina was allegedly a corruption case that took place in April 2000. Fernando de la Rua, the president at that time, introduced a bill to Congress to reduce corporation costs. On May 11, 2000, this bill officially became Law 25,250 (Labor Flexibility Law). However, due to this scandal it became infamously known as the \u201cBanelco Law\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina\nIt was investigated whether de la Rua\u2019s government, which belonged to the Radical Party, gave money to the senators of the Justicialist Party to pass the law. However, the Justice concluded that there was no evidence of the alleged bribery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina\nThis scandal is considered one of the main reasons for the resignation of the former vice president Carlos Alvarez, on October 6, 2000. This episode caused a break in the political coalition between the Radical Party and the Frepaso Party, which altogether formed the alliance called Alliance for Work, Justice and Education. Furthermore, this rupture exacerbated the crisis that de la Rua\u2019s government was already facing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, History, Bill\nIn January, 2000, De La Rua, following the advice of the IMF, sent to Congress a labor reform bill that included among other items:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, History, Bill\nDe la Rua\u2019s office gained the support of the Secretary of the General Confederation of Labor, H\u00e9ctor Daer. This support raised opposition from a segment inside of this confederation that was led by Hugo Moyano, who confronted Daer and called for an assembly that culminated in declaring him as the new general secretary of the confederation. However, this was not recognized by Daer, which led to a breakup inside this organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, History, Bill\nAt that time, the majority of the House of Representatives was from the Radical Party which favored the President\u2019s agenda. The senate, on the other hand, was mostly composed of the opposition (Justicialist Party) that allegedly was against this bill. Even though Moyano did not believe that the law was going to pass, he still called for a general strike against its passage. Nonetheless, on May 11, 2000 this bill finally passed the Senate, on the condition that the minimum wage could not decrease for the next two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, History, Corruption allegations\nHugo Moyano addressed the press on May 29, 2000 declaring that Alberto Flamarique, who was the labor minister at that time, had said \u201cwe have Banelco (e-transfers) to convince senators\u201d, supposedly implying that the government can easily buy votes from senators. Purportedly, this took place in a meeting with the Sanitation Workers Syndicate while discussing the terms of the new law. Flamarique denied these accusations. On the other hand, Moyano reaffirmed what Flamarique allegedly said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 80], "content_span": [81, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, History, Corruption allegations\nThis scandal led to a political crisis that culminated with the resignation of the vice president Carlos Alvarez who was part of the Frepaso Party. This Party, in spite of being an ally of President de la Rua, voted mostly against this law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 80], "content_span": [81, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, History, Corruption allegations\nIn 2003 the parliamentary secretary Mario Pontaquarto declared in an interview, that he took part in an operation to bribe senators through the Secretariat of Intelligence (SIDE). The journalist, Maria Villosio, said that allegedly the negotiations to buy senators\u2019 votes took place in the president\u2019s office and the president himself had said \u201cDeal with Santiba\u00f1es.\u201d who at that time was the head of the SIDE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 80], "content_span": [81, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, Trial\nIn December, 2003, Mario Pontaquarto was subpoenaed by Judge Norberto Oyarbide, who was then replacing the assigned Judge Canicoba Corral. Pontaquarto stated that he transported 5 million dollars taken from the Secretariat of Intelligence\u2019s fund to Senator Emilio Cantarero\u2019s house. This amount of money was supposed to be divided among four senators in exchange for positive votes to pass the law. In addition, Pontaquarto declared that Senator Jose Genoud and Minister of Labor Alberto Flamarique, allegedly also received money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 54], "content_span": [55, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, Trial\nIn 2005, this case was declared a mistrial. Daniel Rafecas was assigned as the new judge for this case and a new investigation began. Rafecas indicted the former parliamentary secretary Pontaquarto, President de la Rua, former Secretary of Intelligence Santiba\u00f1es, former Minister of Labor Flamarique, and the Senators Alberto Tell, Remo Costazo, Ricardo Branda, and Augusto Alasino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 54], "content_span": [55, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, Trial\nIn 2016, after an investigation of the movement of money from the Secretariat of Intelligence accounts, it was determined that there was no evidence that support Pontaquarto\u2019s version. All the people that were indicted were acquitted by Judges Miguel Pons, Guillermo Gordo, and Fernando Ramirez because they considered that it was not possible to prove that a felony had been committed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 54], "content_span": [55, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161924-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Congressional Bribery Scandal in Argentina, Repeal\nThe infamous Banelco Law was repealed in 2004 by the government of president Nestor Kirchner, who introduced another law to replace it. The new law received 215 votes in favor, 23 against, and 1 abstention. This time the law passage had the consent of the main unions of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161925-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Connecticut Democratic presidential primary, Results\nThe 2000 Democratic Primary in Connecticut was held on March 7th, 2000. The two candidates competing for the votes and 67 delegates in Connecticut were Al Gore and Bill Bradley. Al Gore won the Connecticut primary with 55.60% of the votes in Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161926-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Connecticut Huskies football team\nThe 2000 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season as an independent. This was Connecticut's first season competing at the NCAA Division I-A, having transitioned from NCAA Division I-AA, where they were a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. The Huskies competed as a transitional member as they increased the scholarship count to the Division I-A level of 85. Led by Randy Edsall in his second year as head coach, Connecticut finished the season with a record of 4\u20138.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161927-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Connecticut Huskies men's soccer team\nThe 2000 Connecticut Huskies men's soccer team represented the University of Connecticut during the 2000 NCAA Division I men's soccer season. The Huskies won their second NCAA title, and third overall when including NSCAA championships. The Huskies were coached by Ray Reid, in his fourth season. They played home games at Morrone Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161928-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Consadole Sapporo season\nThis is the page for the 2000 Consadole Sapporo season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections\nThe Cook County, Illinois general election was held on November 7, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections\nElections were held for Clerk of the Circuit Court, Recorder of Deeds, State's Attorney, four seats on the Water Reclamation District Board, and judgeships on the Circuit Court of Cook County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Election information\n2000 was a presidential election year in the United States. The primaries and general elections for Cook County races coincided with those for federal races (President and House) and those for state elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Election information, Voter turnout, Primary election\nVoter turnout in Cook County during the primaries was 28.26%. The city of Chicago saw 32.82% turnout and suburban Cook County saw 23.13% turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Election information, Voter turnout, General election\nThe general election saw 71.50% turnout, with 1,988,821 ballots cast. Chicago saw 70.22% turnout and suburban Cook County saw 72.94% turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Clerk of the Circuit Court\nIn the 2000 Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County election,  incumbent third-term clerk Aurelia Pucinski, a Republican who had been elected as a Democrat (switching parties in 1998), did not seek reelection. Democrat Dorothy A. Brown was elected to succeed her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Clerk of the Circuit Court\nBrown's election made her the first African-American to serve as clerk of the circuit court of Cook County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Primaries, Democratic\nThe following candidates ran for the Democratic Party nomination for Clerk of the Circuit Court:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 87], "content_span": [88, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Primaries, Republican\nThe following candidate ran for the Democratic Party nomination for Clerk of the Circuit Court:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 87], "content_span": [88, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Recorder of Deeds\nIn the 2000 Cook County Recorder of Deeds election, incumbent Recorder of Deeds Eugene Moore, a Democrat, was elected to his first full term. Moore had first been appointed in 1999 (after Jesse White resigned to become Illinois Secretary of State).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Recorder of Deeds, Primaries, Democratic\nThe following candidate ran for the Democratic Party nomination for Clerk of the Circuit Court:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Recorder of Deeds, Primaries, Republican\nThe following candidate ran for the Democratic Party nomination for Clerk of the Circuit Court:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, State's Attorney\nIn the 2000 Cook County State's Attorney election, incumbent first-term State's Attorney Richard A. Devine, a Democrat, was reelected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, State's Attorney, Primaries, Democratic\nThe following candidate ran for the Democratic Party nomination for Clerk of the Circuit Court:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, State's Attorney, Primaries, Republican\nThe following candidate ran for the Democratic Party nomination for Clerk of the Circuit Court:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Water Reclamation District Board\nIn the 2000 Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago election, four of the nine seats on the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago board were up for election. Three were up in a regularly-scheduled at-large election, while a fourth seat was up in for a separate special election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Judicial elections\nPasrtisan elections were held for judgeships on the Circuit Court of Cook County due to vacancies. Retention elections were also held for the Circuit Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Judicial elections\nPartisan elections were also held for subcircuit courts judgeships due to vacancies. Retention elections were held for other judgeships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Ballot questions\nOne ballot questions was included on ballots county-wide during the March primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Ballot questions, Tobacco Settlement\nA ballot question involving tobacco settlement funds was included on the March primary ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 74], "content_span": [75, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161929-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook County, Illinois elections, Other elections\nCoinciding with the primaries, elections were held to elect both the Democratic and Republican committeemen for the wards of Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161930-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cook Islands Round Cup\nThe 2000 season of the Cook Islands Round Cup was the twenty seventh recorded season of top flight association football competition in the Cook Islands, with any results between 1951 and 1969 and also in 1986 and 1988\u20131990 currently unknown. Nikao Sokattack won the championship, their first recorded championship. Tupapa Maraerenga were runners-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161931-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Apertura\nThe Copa Apertura 2000 was the 28th edition of the Chilean Cup tournament. The competition started on February 19, 2000 and concluded on May 11, 2000. Only first level teams took part in the tournament. Universidad de Chile won the competition for their third time, beating Santiago Morning 2\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161932-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Apertura Final\nThe 2000 Copa Apertura Final was played between Universidad de Chile and Santiago Morning at the Estadio Nacional in Santiago, Chile on May 11. Universidad de Chile won the match 2-1 after extra time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161933-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Bolivia\nThis is the five edition of Copa Bolivia. Defending Champions are Oriente Petrolero for the second time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161934-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Colsanitas\nThe 2000 Copa Colsanitas was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Club Campestre El Rancho in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia that was part of the Tier IV category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 7 February through 13 February 2000. Unseeded Patricia Wartusch won the singles title and earned $22,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161934-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Colsanitas, Finals, Doubles\nLaura Montalvo /  Paola Su\u00e1rez defeated  Rita Kuti-Kis /  Petra Mandula 6\u20134, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161935-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Colsanitas \u2013 Doubles\nSeda Noorlander and Christ\u00edna Papad\u00e1ki were the defending champions, but Papad\u00e1ki did not compete this year after retiring from professional tennis in 1999. Noorlander teamed up with Giana Guti\u00e9rrez and lost in quarterfinals to Rosa Mar\u00eda Andr\u00e9s Rodr\u00edguez and Conchita Mart\u00ednez Granados.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161935-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Colsanitas \u2013 Doubles\nLaura Montalvo and Paola Su\u00e1rez won the title by defeating Rita Kuti-Kis and Petra Mandula 6\u20134, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161936-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Colsanitas \u2013 Singles\nFabiola Zuluaga was the defending champion, but lost in second round to runner-up Tathiana Garbin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161936-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Colsanitas \u2013 Singles\nPatricia Wartusch won the title by defeating Tathiana Garbin 4\u20136, 6\u20131, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161937-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Libertadores\nThe 2000 edition of the Copa Libertadores was the 41st in the tournament's history. It was held between February 15 and June 21. Thirty-two teams participated in this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161938-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Libertadores Finals\nThe 2000 Copa Libertadores Final was a two-legged football match-up to determine the 2000 Copa Libertadores champion. It was contested by Argentine club Boca Juniors and Brazilian club Palmeiras. The first leg of the tie was played on 14 June at Boca Juniors' venue, La Bombonera, with the second leg played on 21 June at Est\u00e1dio do Morumbi in S\u00e3o Paulo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161938-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Libertadores Finals\nAfter both matches finished tied, Boca Juniors won the Cup by penalty shoot-out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161938-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Libertadores Finals, Final summary, First leg\nAssistant referees: William Mart\u00ednez (Uruguay) Rub\u00e9n Meneses (Uruguay)Fourth official: Daniel Bello (Uruguay)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161938-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Libertadores Finals, Final summary, Second leg\nAssistant referees: Celestino Galv\u00e1n (Paraguay) Miguel \u00c1ngel Giacomuzzi (Paraguay)Fourth official: Ricardo Grance (Paraguay)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161939-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Merconorte\nThe Copa Merconorte 2000 was an association football tournament held in 2000. Atl\u00e9tico Nacional of Colombia beat Millonarios also of Colombia in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161939-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Merconorte, Group stage\nEach team played the other teams in the group twice during the group stage. The first place team advanced to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161940-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Mercosur\nThe Copa Mercosur 2000 was the 3rd staging of the international club cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161940-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Mercosur\nThe competition started on 1 August 2000 and concluded on 20 December 2000 with Vasco da Gama beating Palmeiras in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161940-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Mercosur, Quarter-finals, Second leg\n1\u20131 on aggregate, Vasco da Gama won 5\u20134 on penalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa\nThe 2000 Copa Per\u00fa season (Spanish: Copa Per\u00fa 2000), the promotion tournament of Peruvian football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa\nThe tournament has 5 stages. The first four stages are played as mini-league round-robin tournaments, except for third stage in region IV, which is played as a knockout stage. The final stage features two knockout rounds and a final four-team group stage to determine the two promoted teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa\nThis year 27 teams qualified for the Etapa Regional (Regional Stage): 1 team relegated last year from First Division and 26 champions from each department (including 2 from Lima (the capital) - Peru is politically divided in 24 Departments and 1 Constitutional Province).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa\nAll these teams are divided into 8 groups by geographical proximity; then each winner qualifies for the Etapa Nacional (National Stage).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa\nThose 8 teams will play, again by geographical proximity, home and away matches, in a knock-out tournament. The winner of the final will be promoted to the First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Departmental Stage\nThe following list shows the teams that qualified for the Regional Stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Regional stage\nThe following list shows the teams that qualified for the Regional Stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Regional stage, Region I\nRegion I includes qualified teams from Amazonas, Lambayeque, Piura and Tumbes region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Regional stage, Region II\nRegion II includes qualified teams from Ancash, Cajamarca and La Libertad region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Regional stage, Region III\nRegion III includes qualified teams from Loreto, San Mart\u00edn and Ucayali region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Regional stage, Region IV\nRegion IV includes qualified teams from Callao, Ica and Lima region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Regional stage, Region V\nRegion V includes qualified teams from Hu\u00e1nuco, Jun\u00edn and Pasco region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Regional stage, Region VI\nRegion VI includes qualified teams from Apur\u00edmac, Ayacucho and Huancavelica region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Regional stage, Region VII\nRegion VII includes qualified teams from Cusco, Madre de Dios and Puno region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, Regional stage, Region VIII\nRegion VIII includes qualified teams from Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161941-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa Per\u00fa, National Stage\nThe National Stage started on November. The winner of the National Stage will be promoted to the First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161942-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa de la Reina de F\u00fatbol\nThe 2000 Copa de la Reina de F\u00fatbol was the 18th edition of the main Spanish women's football cup. It was played between 23 April and 25 June 2000 and Levante won its first title ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161943-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa del Rey Final\nThe 2000 Copa del Rey Final was a football match between Atl\u00e9tico Madrid and Espanyol that took place on 27 May 2000 to decide the winner of the 1999\u20132000 Copa del Rey, the 98th staging of Spain's primary football cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161943-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa del Rey Final\nThe match was played at the Estadio Mestalla, Valencia CF's home stadium, with Espanyol beating Atl\u00e9tico Madrid 2\u20131 and earning their third ever Copa del Rey title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161944-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa del Rey Juvenil\nThe 2000 Copa del Rey Juvenil was the 50th staging of the tournament. The competition began on 14 May 2000 and ended with the final on 25 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161945-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa del Rey de Baloncesto\nThe 2000 Copa del Rey was the 64th edition of the Spanish basketball Cup. It was organized by the ACB and was played in Vitoria-Gasteiz in the Araba Arena between January 28 and 31, 2000. Estudiantes won its third title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161946-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa do Brasil\nThe Copa do Brasil 2000 was the 12th staging of the Copa do Brasil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161946-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa do Brasil\nThe competition started on March 9, 2000, and concluded on July 9, 2000, with the second leg of the final, held at the Mineir\u00e3o stadium in Belo Horizonte, in which Cruzeiro lifted the trophy for the third time with a 2-1 victory over S\u00e3o Paulo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161946-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa do Brasil\nOs\u00e9as, of Cruzeiro, with 10 goals, was the competition's top scorer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161946-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Copa do Brasil, Format\n69 clubs disputed the competition in a knock-out format where all rounds were played over two legs, and the away goals rule was used, but in the first two rounds if the away team won the first leg with an advantage of at least two goals, the second leg was not played. The club automatically qualified to the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161947-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copenhagen Open\nThe 2000 Copenhagen Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the K.B. Hallen in Copenhagen, Denmark and was part of the World Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and took place from 26 February until 5 March 2000. Andreas Vinciguerra won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161947-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copenhagen Open, Finals, Doubles\nMartin Damm /  David Prinosil defeated  Jonas Bj\u00f6rkman /  S\u00e9bastien Lareau 6\u20131, 5\u20137, 7\u20135", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161948-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copenhagen Open \u2013 Doubles\nMax Mirnyi and Andrei Olhovskiy were the defending champions, but none competed this year. Mirnyi played in Delray Beach at the same week", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161948-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copenhagen Open \u2013 Doubles\nMartin Damm and David Prinosil won the title by defeating Jonas Bj\u00f6rkman and S\u00e9bastien Lareau 6\u20131, 5\u20137, 7\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161948-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Copenhagen Open \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161949-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Copenhagen Open \u2013 Singles\nMagnus Gustafsson was the defending champion, but did not participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161949-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Copenhagen Open \u2013 Singles\nAndreas Vinciguerra won the title, defeating Magnus Larsson 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20135) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161949-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Copenhagen Open \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161950-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Coppa Italia Final\nThe 2000 Coppa Italia Final decided the winner of the 1999\u20132000 Coppa Italia. It was played over two legs and won 2\u20131 on aggregate by Lazio over Internazionale. It was Lazio's fourth Coppa Italia Final and third win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161951-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 91st staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 12 December 1999. The championship began on 6 May 2000 and ended on 22 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161951-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship\nOn 22 October 2000, Douglas won the championship after a 3-08 to 2-04 defeat of Aghada in the final at P\u00e1irc U\u00ed Chaoimh. It remains their only championship title in the grade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161951-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship\nAghada's Richie Lewis was the championship's top scorer with 3-41.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161952-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Junior A Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 Cork Junior A Hurling Championship was the 103rd staging of the Cork Junior A Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1895. The championship began on 7 October 2000 and ended on 12 November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161952-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Junior A Hurling Championship\nOn 12 November 2000, Nemo Rangers won the championship following a 2-8 to 1-10 defeat of Ballinhassig in the final. This was their first championship title in the grade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161952-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Junior A Hurling Championship\nNemo's Mark Cotter was the championship's top scorer with 1-14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161953-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Senior Football Championship\nThe 2000 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 112th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening fixtures took place on 12 December 1999. The championship began on 16 April 2000 and ended on 1 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161953-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Senior Football Championship\nUniversity College Cork entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Castlehaven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161953-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Senior Football Championship\nOn 1 October 2000, Nemo Rangers won the championship following a 1-14 to 0-07 defeat of Carbery in the final. This was their 11th championship title overall and their first title since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161953-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Senior Football Championship\nPaul Holland from the Clyda Rovers club was the championship's top scorer with 2-40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161954-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Senior Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 112th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the 2000 opening round fixtures took place on 12 December  1999. The championship began on 6 May 2000 and ended on 8 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161954-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Senior Hurling Championship\nBlackrock were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Midleton in Round 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161954-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Senior Hurling Championship\nOn 8 October 2000, Newtownshandrum won the championship following a 0-14 to 0-11 defeat of Erin's Own in the final. This was their first championship title ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161954-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cork Senior Hurling Championship\nImokilly's Joe Deane was the championship's top scorer with 6-32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161955-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cornell Big Red football team\nThe 2000 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Cornell finished second in the Ivy League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161955-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cornell Big Red football team\nIn its third and final season under head coach Pete Mangurian, the team compiled a 5\u20135 record and was outscored 334 to 264. Joe Splendorio and Dan Weyandt were team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161955-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cornell Big Red football team\nCornell's 5\u20132 conference record placed second in the Ivy League standings. Despite their winning record, the Big Red were outscored 238 to 217 by Ivy opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161955-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cornell Big Red football team\nCornell played its home games at Schoellkopf Field in Ithaca, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161956-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Costa Rican census\nThe Costa Rica 2000 Census was undertaken by the National Institute of Statistics and Census (Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INEC)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161956-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Costa Rican census, Description\nAccording to this Census, Costa Rica had 3,810,179 inhabitants in 2000, a population density of 74.6/km\u00b2, and 59% of the people lived in urban areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161957-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Costa Rican protests\nThe protests against the Energy Combo of Costa Rica were a series of demonstrations and popular protests held in Costa Rica as of March 20, 2000 after the approval in the first debate in the Legislative Assembly of the \"Law for the Improvement of Public Services and Telecommunications and State Participation\", also known as \"Combo Energ\u00e9tico\" and popularly as \"Combo ICE\". This law was intended to allow competition in the telecommunications industry managed by Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, and was supported by both major parties of the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161957-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Costa Rican protests\nICE was popular among the general public of Costa Rica, and they saw the decision as privatizing the agency. Many were also worried about a major intrusion of foreign investment. The protests are considered a historic Costa Rican event for being one of the most significant social protests in recent times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic\nThe 2000 SBC Cotton Bowl Classic game was a post-season college football bowl game that took place on Jan. 1, 2000 in Dallas, Texas. The Arkansas Razorbacks defeated the Texas Longhorns 27\u20136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic\nThe Texas Longhorns finished their regular season 9-3 and were champions of the Big 12 South. However, a 22\u20136 loss to #3 Nebraska in the Big 12 Championship Game sent them to the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic\nArkansas, on the other hand, finished the regular season at 7\u20134, and accepted an at-large bid out of the Southeastern Conference. This was the first meeting between the former Southwest Conference rivals since Arkansas left the now defunct league after the 1991 season, to join the SEC. Arkansas won the last meeting in 1991, 14\u201313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic\nThe game was a defensive struggle in the first half, with the teams tied 3\u20133 at halftime. After Arkansas took a 10\u20133 lead, Texas settled for a field goal to cut Arkansas' lead to 10\u20136. A huge goal line stand by the Razorbacks kept the Horns out of the end zone, turning the ball over to the Hogs on downs inside the one yard line. Arkansas QB Clint Stoerner threw from his own end zone to a streaking Anthony Lucas to get the ball across mid-field, on a huge third down play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic\nTexas QB Major Applewhite injured his knee in the second half, and was replaced by freshman Chris Simms. The result was the same for Texas, as Arkansas' defense dogged the Longhorn offense all game long. Arkansas freshman RB Cedric Cobbs finally broke free of the Texas defense for a 37-yard touchdown run, and Arkansas scored 17 unanswered points en route to a 27\u20136 victory. For his role in the win, Cedric Cobbs was named the Offensive MVP of the Game. Senior defensive tackle D. J. Cooper was the Defensive MVP. The swarming Razorbacks defense held Texas to negative rushing yards, and sacked the Longhorn quarterbacks a total of 8 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic\nThis was Arkansas' first bowl victory in fifteen years (1985 Holiday Bowl), and their first Cotton Bowl championship since winning the 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic over Georgia, 31\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, Scoring summary\nArkansas- Tony Dodson 25 yard field goal 6:02 ARK 3 UT 0", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, Scoring summary\nTexas- Kris Stockton 35 yard field goal 7:51 ARK 3 UT 3", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, Scoring summary\nArkansas- Cedric Cobbs 30 yard pass from Clint Stoerner (Tony Dodson kick) 5:44 ARK 10 UT 3", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, Scoring summary\nTexas- Kris Stockton 22 yard field goal 1:07 ARK 10 UT 6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, Scoring summary\nArkansas- Michael Jenkins 42 yard run (Tony Dodson kick) 12:48 ARK 17 UT 6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, Scoring summary\nArkansas- Cedric Cobbs 37 yard run (Tony Dodson kick) 10:19 ARK 24 UT 6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, Scoring summary\nArkansas- Tony Dodson 27 yard field goal 2:46 ARK 27 UT 6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, Scoring summary\nOffensive MVP: RB Cedric Cobbs \u2013 15 carries, 98 yards, 1 TD; 1 reception, 30 yards, 1 TD", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161958-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, Scoring summary\nDefensive MVP: DT D. J. Cooper \u2013 7 tackles, 3 tfl, 2 sacks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161959-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Country Music Association Awards\nThe 2000 Country Music Association Awards, 34th Ceremony, was held on October 4, 2000 at the Grand Ole Opry House, Nashville, Tennessee, and was hosted by CMA Award Winner, Vince Gill. Faith Hill lead the night with 7 nominations, including Album of the Year, and Entertainer of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161960-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 County Championship\nThe 2000 PPP Healthcare County Championship was the 101st officially organised running of the Championship. Surrey won Division One with Northamptonshire winning the second division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161960-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 County Championship\nIt was the first time that the championship was held with two divisions with a promotion and relegation format in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161961-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Coupe de France Final\nThe 2000 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade de France, Saint-Denis on 7 May 2000 that saw FC Nantes Atlantique defeat the surprising amateur team of Calais RUFC from CFA 2\u20131 thanks to two goals by Antoine Sibierski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161962-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Coupe de la Ligue Final\nThe Coupe de la Ligue Final 2000 was a football match held at Stade de France, Saint-Denis on 22 April 2000, that saw FC Gueugnon of Division 2 defeat Paris Saint-Germain FC 2\u20130 thanks to goals by Marcelo Trapasso and Sylvain Flauto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161963-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Craven District Council election\nThe 2000 Craven District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Craven District Council in North Yorkshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161963-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Craven District Council election, Background\nBefore the election the Conservatives had a majority with 18 seats, compared to 11 independents and 5 Liberal Democrats. Councillors who stood down at the 2000 election, included independent Joan Ibbotson of Aire Valley ward, who had represented the ward for 12 years, having been a Liberal Democrat until she left the party in 1999. Conservative councillor for Upper Wharfedale for the past four years, Ken Luty also did not contest the 2000 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161963-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Craven District Council election, Background\nThe Labour party did not put up any candidates for the election in 2000, while Ingleborough councillor David Ireton contested the election as an independent after having previously been a Conservative councillor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161963-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Craven District Council election, Election result\nThe Conservatives remained with 18 seats after the elections, while the number of independents increased by one to 12 and the Liberal Democrats dropped one to 4. Turnout at the election ranged from a high of 54.3% in Bolton Abbey ward to a low of 20.3% in Skipton East ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161963-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Craven District Council election, Election result\nConservative Christopher Knowles-Fitton gained Bolton Abbey from independent Robert Heseltine, while the Conservatives also picked up the Aire Valley seat previously held by independent Joan Ibbotson before she stood down at the election. However independent John Alderson gained Cowling from Conservative Janet Ackroyd by one vote and David Ireton held Ingelborough as an independent after leaving the Conservatives with a majority of 653 votes over the Conservative candidate. Meanwhile, independent Frances Burrows gained Skipton East from the Liberal Democrats, but the Liberal Democrats did hold seats in Bentham and Settle wards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161963-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Craven District Council election, By-elections between 2000 and 2002\nA by-election was held in Skipton South on 7 June 2001 after the death of councillor Beryl Beresford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161964-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Crawley Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Crawley Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Crawley Borough Council in West Sussex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161964-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Crawley Borough Council election, Background\nBefore the election Labour held control of the council with 24 seats, compared to 5 for the Conservatives and 2 for the Liberal Democrats. One seat was vacant after Labour councillor Jack Newsome resigned from the council on moving from the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161964-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Crawley Borough Council election, Election result\nLabour remained in control of the council after winning 10 of the 12 seats contested, but did lose 1 seat to the Conservatives. The Conservative gain came in the vacant Pound Hill South seat, with the party winning by 225 votes to take the Conservatives to 6 seats on the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161964-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Crawley Borough Council election, By-elections between 2000 and 2002\nA by-election was held in West Green on 14 September 2000 after the death of the Labour leader of Crawley Council, Tony Edwards. The by-election was dominated by plans to remove services from Crawley Hospital and Labour candidate Robert Hull held the seat with a reduced 151 vote majority, with a campaigner against the plans for the hospital coming second with 344 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161965-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Crit\u00e9rium du Dauphin\u00e9 Lib\u00e9r\u00e9\nThe 2000 Crit\u00e9rium du Dauphin\u00e9 Lib\u00e9r\u00e9 was the 52nd edition of the cycle race and was held from 4 June to 11 June 2000. The race started in Grenoble and finished in Sallanches. The race was won by Tyler Hamilton of the U.S. Postal Service team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161965-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Crit\u00e9rium du Dauphin\u00e9 Lib\u00e9r\u00e9, Teams\nFourteen teams, containing a total of 112 riders, participated in the race:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161966-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatia Open\nThe 2000 Croatia Open, also known as the International Championship of Croatia, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Umag, Croatia that was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 11th edition of the tournament and was held from 17 July until 23 July 2000. Second-seeded Marcelo R\u00edos won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161966-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatia Open, Finals, Doubles\n\u00c1lex L\u00f3pez Mor\u00f3n /  Albert Portas defeated  Ivan Ljubi\u010di\u0107 /  Lovro Zovko, 6\u20131, 3\u20136, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161967-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian Bol Ladies Open\nThe 2000 Croatian Bol Ladies Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Bol, Croatia that was part of the Tier III category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 1 May until 7 May 2000. Unseeded Tina Pisnik won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161967-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian Bol Ladies Open, Finals, Doubles\nJulie Halard-Decugis /  Corina Morariu defeated  Tina Kri\u017ean /  Katarina Srebotnik 6\u20132, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161968-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian Football Cup Final\nThe 2000 Croatian Cup Final was a two-legged affair played between Hajduk Split and Dinamo Zagreb. The first leg was played in Split on 2 May 2000, while the second leg on 16 May 2000 in Zagreb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161968-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian Football Cup Final\nHajduk Split won the trophy with an aggregate result of 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161968-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian Football Cup Final\nThe final was overshadowed by the clashes between both clubs supporters and police in the first leg at Stadion Poljud in Split. The first leg was abandoned in 86th minute and was registered with the result that was reached 2\u20130, and Hajduk Split was punished by having their three matches behind closed doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161969-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections for the Chamber of Representatives of the Croatian Parliament were held on 3 January 2000. These were the first elections to be held after the expiration of a full 4-year term of the previous Chamber of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161969-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian parliamentary election\nThe ruling Croatian Democratic Union entered the elections weakened by the Zagreb Crisis, street protests and the series of corruption scandals that came to light in the previous parliamentary term. However, the most important factor was the deteriorating health of the party leader and Croatian president Franjo Tu\u0111man, which sparked a succession struggle between various factions within the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161969-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian parliamentary election\nOn the other side, two major Croatian opposition parties - the Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Croatian Social Liberal Party - had their coalition formally agreed in 1998 and spent more than a year preparing for the elections. At first, they were to run together with the Croatian Peasant Party, Croatian People's Party, Istrian Democratic Assembly and Liberal Party, but as Tu\u0111man's condition worsened leaders of the SDP and HSLS concluded that they could win elections even without those four other parties which later formed a separate bloc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161969-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian parliamentary election\nLike before all previous elections since the breakup of Yugoslavia, the electoral laws were altered in an attempt to improve the chances for the ruling party; this included a new voting system and redistricting. The First Past the Post constituencies introduced in the previous election were completely abandoned and Proportional Representation was implemented (with the exception of single representative ethnic minority seats). Croatia was divided into ten electoral districts, all drawn in order to maximise the support for HDZ. Each district had to elect 14 members, with candidates' lists having to win more than 5% of the votes in order to be represented in the Sabor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161969-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian parliamentary election\nDue to Tu\u0111man's illness and death, the actual date of elections had been repeatedly postponed for constitutional reasons. There were speculations about elections being held during the Christmas holidays in order to have as many Croatian expatriates  (traditional HDZ supporters) in the country, but the date of 3 January was chosen as the most suitable. As the day of the elections approached, its outcome became more certain. The campaign was brief and relatively uneventful with the HDZ being visibly weakened and demoralised by the death of its long-term leader. On the actual day of elections the turnout - the biggest since 1990 - indicated the Croatian people's desire to have their government changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161969-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian parliamentary election\nRa\u010dan was appointed Prime Minister on 27 January 2000, by a decree of the Acting President of Croatia and Speaker of the outgoing assembly of Parliament, Vlatko Pavleti\u0107, and this decision was later confirmed by a parliamentary vote on 2 February 2000 in which 122 of 151 MPs voted in favor and 1 against the cabinet, while 1 MP abstained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161969-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Croatian parliamentary election\nRa\u010dan led a coalition of SDP and HSLS, which together with a bloc of four other parties held two-thirds majority in Parliament, allowing them to amend the Constitution and transform Croatia from a semi-presidential system into an incomplete parliamentary system in November 2000 and abolish the upper chamber of Parliament, the Chamber of Counties, in March 2001. The constitutional changes of 2000 greatly limited the power of the president, but retained the direct election of that office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161969-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian parliamentary election, Summary of votes and seats\nNational minorities elected 5 representatives through a separate election system: Milan \u0110uki\u0107 (47,7% of votes) for the Serb national minority, Tibor Santo (42,8%) for the Hungarian minority, Furio Radin (78,9%) for the Italian minority, Zdenka \u010cuhnil (40,6%) for the Czech and Slovak minorities and Borislav Graljuk (34,1%) for the Austrian, German, Jewish, Rusyn and Ukrainian minorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161970-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Croatia in January 2000, the third since independence in 1991. They were also the first early presidential elections, as they were held due to the death of incumbent president Franjo Tu\u0111man on 10 December 1999, as well as being the last elections held under the semi-presidential system of government, by which the President was the most powerful official in the government structure and could appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and their cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161970-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian presidential election\nAs no candidate received the required majority (50%+1 vote of the valid votes cast) in the first round on 24 January, a second round was held on 7 February, the first time a second round had been required in the country's history. The result was a victory for Stjepan Mesi\u0107 of the Croatian People's Party, who received 56.01% of the vote. Voter turnout was 62.98% in the first round and 60.88% in the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161970-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Croatian presidential election\nMesi\u0107 was inaugurated for a five-year term as the second president of Croatia on 18 February 2000 at St Mark's Square in front of the justices of the Constitutional Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161971-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season\nThe 2000 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season was the 34th in the club's history. They competed in the NRL's 2000 Telstra Premiership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161971-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season, Ladder\n1 North Queensland were stripped of 2 competition points due to a breach of the interchange rule in Round 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161972-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Crystal Skate of Romania\nThe 2000 Crystal Skate of Romania was the 2nd edition of an annual senior-level international figure skating competition held in Romania. It was held between December 15 and 17, 2000 in Bucharest. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles and ladies' singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161973-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cup of Russia\nThe 2000 Cup of Russia was the fourth event of six in the 2000\u201301 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the CKK Peterburgsky in Saint Petersburg on November 16\u201319. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2000\u201301 Grand Prix Final. The compulsory dance was the Westminster Waltz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161974-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cupa Ligii\nThe Cupa Ligii 2000 was the second season of the Romanian football League Cup, the Cupa Ligii. The final took place at Cotroceni Stadium in Bucharest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161975-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei Final\nThe 2000 Cupa Rom\u00e2niei Final was the 62nd final of Romania's most prestigious cup competition. The final was played at the Stadionul Na\u0163ional in Bucharest on 13 May 2000 and was contested between Divizia A sides Dinamo Bucure\u0219ti and Universitatea Craiova. The cup was won by Dinamo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup\nThe 2000 Currie Cup was the 62nd season of the Currie Cup, South Africa's premier domestic rugby union competition, since it started in 1889. The competition was known as the Bankfin Currie Cup for sponsorship reasons and was contested from 21 July to 28 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup\nThe top eight sides from an initial qualification stage competed for the premier Currie Cup, while the bottom six sides from the qualification stage competed for the secondary Bankfin Cup. The Currie Cup was won by  Western Province for the 30th time in their history; they beat the  Sharks 25\u201315 in the final played on 28 October 2000. The Bankfin Cup was won by the  Blue Bulls for the first time; they beat the  Mighty Elephants 41\u201320 in the final played on 20 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Competition rules and information\nThere were fourteen participating teams in the 2000 Currie Cup, all of them starting the season in the 2000 Currie Cup qualification stage. At this stage, the teams were divided into two sections (Section X and Section Y) and played all the other teams in their section once, either home or away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Competition rules and information\nThe top four teams from both sections qualified to the 2000 Currie Cup Top 8 stage, carrying forward the results they got against their three fellow qualifiers. In the Top 8, they then faced all the teams from the opposite section once, either home and away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Competition rules and information\nThe bottom three teams from both qualification sections qualified to the 2000 Bankfin Cup stage, carrying forward the results they got against their two fellow qualifiers. In the Bankfin Cup, they then faced all the teams from the opposite section once, either home and away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Competition rules and information\nIn all three stages of the competition, teams received four points for a win and two points for a draw. Bonus points were awarded to teams that scored four or more tries in a game, as well as to teams that lost a match by seven points or less. Teams were ranked by log points, then points difference (points scored less points conceded).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Competition rules and information\nAt the end of the Top 8 and Bankfin Cup stages, the top four teams qualified for the title play-offs. In the semi-finals, the team that finished first had home advantage against the team that finished fourth, while the team that finished second had home advantage against the team that finished third. The winners of these semi-finals advanced to the final, at the home venue of the higher-placed team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Teams, Changes from 1999\nRather than the single division used in 1999, the 2000 Currie Cup competition was divided into two stages: an initial qualification stage took place, followed by two second-stage competitions: the Currie Cup for the top eight teams from the qualification stage and the Bankfin Cup for the bottom six teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Qualification\nThe  Boland Cavaliers,  Free State Cheetahs,  Golden Lions and  Sharks qualified for the Top 8 stage after finishing in the top four teams in Section X, while  Griquas,  Pumas,  SWD Eagles and  Western Province qualified for the Top 8 stage after finishing in the top four teams in Section Y.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Qualification\nThe  Falcons,  Griffons and  Mighty Elephants qualified for the Bankfin Cup after finishing in the bottom three in Section X, while the  Border Bulldogs,  Blue Bulls and  Leopards qualified for the Bankfin Cup after finishing in the bottom three in Section Y.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Top 8\nThe  Free State Cheetahs,  Golden Lions,  Sharks and  Western Province finished in the top four of the Top 8 stage to qualify for the semi-finals. After winning their respective semi-finals, the Natal Sharks and Western Province played in the final, which Western Province won 25\u201315 in Durban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161976-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup, Bankfin Cup\nThe  Blue Bulls,  Falcons,  Leopards and  Mighty Elephants finished in the top four of the Bankfin Cup stage to qualify for the semi-finals. After winning their respective semi-finals, the Blue Bulls and Mighty Elephants played in the final, which the Blue Bulls won 41\u201320 in Port Elizabeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161977-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup Top 8\nThe 2000 Currie Cup Top 8 was the final stage of the 2000 Currie Cup season, the 62nd season in the competition since it started in 1889. It was won by  Western Province, who defeated the  Sharks 25\u201315 in the final at Kings Park Stadium, Durban on 28 October 2000, becoming the first team in the history of the Currie Cup to win 30 titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161977-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup Top 8, Competition, Qualification\nThe fourteen provincial teams were divided into two sections (called Section X and Section Y) during the 2000 Currie Cup qualification tournament. Each team played every other team in their section once. The four top teams in each section qualified to the 2000 Currie Cup Top 8 competition, with all points earned against the other Top 8 teams carried forward to the Top 8. All teams played the teams that qualified from the other section once. Teams who qualified from the same section did not play each other again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161977-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup Top 8, Competition, Qualification\nTeams received four points for a win and two points for a draw. Bonus points were awarded to teams that score four or more tries in a game, as well as to teams that lost a match by seven points or less. Teams were ranked by points, then points difference (points scored less points conceded).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161977-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup Top 8, Competition, Qualification\nThe top four teams qualified for the title play-offs. In the semi-finals, the team that finished first had home advantage against the team that finished fourth, while the team that finished second had home advantage against the team that finished third. The winners of these semi-finals played each other in the final, at the home venue of the higher-placed team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161977-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup Top 8, Teams, Log\nThe following playing records were brought forward from the 2000 Currie Cup qualification series:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161978-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup qualification\nThe 2000 Currie Cup Qualification tournament was the first stage of the 2000 Currie Cup season, the 62nd season of the competition since it started in 1889. Following this tournament, eight teams qualified for the 2000 Currie Cup Top 8 competition, and six teams for the 2000 Bankfin Cup competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161978-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup qualification, Competition\nThere were fourteen participating teams in the 2000 Currie Cup qualification tournament. They were divided into two sections, Section X and Section Y. Each team played every other team in their section once. The top four teams in each of the two sections qualified for the 2000 Currie Cup Top 8. Only points earned against other Top 8 qualifiers during the preliminary rounds were carried forward to the Top 8. The eight teams in the Top 8 played for the Currie Cup, and the three bottom-placed teams in the section qualified for the second-tier 2000 Bankfin Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161978-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup qualification, Competition\nAll points earned against the other qualifying teams from the same competition were carried forward into the next competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161978-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Currie Cup qualification, Competition\nTeams received four points for a win and two points for a draw. Bonus points were awarded to teams that scored four or more tries in a game, as well as to teams that lost a match by seven points or less. The ranking position of each team was first determined by total log points, then by point difference (match points scored minus match points conceded).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161979-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Curtis Cup\nThe 31st Curtis Cup Match was played on 24 and 25 June 2000 at Ganton Golf Club in Ganton, North Yorkshire, England. The United States won 10 to 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161979-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Curtis Cup, Format\nThe contest was a two-day competition, with three foursomes and six singles matches on each day, a total of 18 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161979-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Curtis Cup, Format\nEach of the 18 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. If a match was all square after the 18th hole extra holes were not played. Rather, each side earned 1\u20442 a point toward their team total. The team that accumulated at least 91\u20442 points won the competition. In the event of a tie, the current holder retained the Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161979-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Curtis Cup, Teams\nEight players for Great Britain & Ireland and USA participated in the event plus one non-playing captain for each team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161980-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Czech Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Czech Figure Skating Championships were held in Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav between January 13 and 16, 2000. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior and junior levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161981-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Czech Lion Awards\n2000 Czech Lion Awards ceremony was held on 3 March 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161982-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix was the eleventh round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 20 August 2000 at the Masaryk Circuit located in Brno, Czech Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161982-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round eleven has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 88], "content_span": [89, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161983-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Czech Senate election\nSenate elections were held in the Czech Republic on 12 November 2000, with a second round on 19 November. The result was a victory for the Civic Democratic Party, which won 22 of the 81 seats. Voter turnout was 33.4% in the first round and 21.5% in the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161984-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Czech regional elections\nRegional elections were held in the Czech Republic to elect the Regional Councils of 13 regions (all except Prague) on 12 November 2000. Voter turnout was only 33.6%. The elections were won by the Civic Democratic Party, with Four-Coalition coming second and the ruling Czech Social Democratic Party in fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161985-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 D.C. United season\nThe 2000 D.C. United season was the club's sixth year of existence, as well as their fifth season in Major League Soccer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161985-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 D.C. United season\nUpon winning the 1999 MLS Cup final, United were unable to not only defend their league title, but the club failed to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs. This was the first time in MLS history the defending MLS Cup champion failed to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs the subsequent season, a feat that would not be accomplished again until the Portland Timbers did so in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161985-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 D.C. United season\nIn continental play, United played in the 2000 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, which was held months before the actual season began, a possible reason for United's poor league play, along with salary cap restrictions. United finished fourth in the tournament, at first beating Central American runners-up Alajuelense 2\u20131 in the quarterfinals. In the semis, the Los Angeles Galaxy got revenge on United in a penalty kick shootout following a 1\u20131 regulation time draw. Consequently, United played Toluca for third place and lost 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161985-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 D.C. United season, Review, June\nD.C. United beat Charleston Battery 4\u20130 to open the USOC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161985-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 D.C. United season, Review, July\nReturning to USOC play in the third round proper, United shut out the Rochester Raging Rhinos, 3\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161985-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 D.C. United season, Review, August\nEntering the USOC semis, the Black and Red played their first MLS opponent in the tournament, the Miami Fusion. United lost 3\u20132 in extra time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161985-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 D.C. United season, Match results, MLS\nWelton (Serna) 47Serna (Machon) 55Own Goal (Denton) 57Beckerman (Welton) 58", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161985-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 D.C. United season, League standings, Division\nSource: Rules for classification: 1st points; 2nd head-to-head record; 3rd goal difference; 4th number of goals scored. (SS) = MLS Supporters' Shield; (E1) = Eastern Division championOnly applicable when the season is not finished:(Q) = Qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs, but not yet to the particular round indicated; (E) = Eliminated from playoff-contention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161985-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 D.C. United season, League standings, Overall\nSource: Rules for classification: 1st points; 2nd head-to-head record; 3rd goal difference; 4th number of goals scored. (SS) = MLS Supporters' Shield; (E1) = Eastern Division champion, (C1) = Central Division champion, (W1) = Western Division championOnly applicable when the season is not finished:(Q) = Qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs, but not yet to the particular round indicated; (E) = Eliminated from playoff-contention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161986-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DFB-Ligapokal\nThe 2000 DFB-Ligapokal was the fourth edition of the DFB-Ligapokal. Bayern Munich won the competition for the fourth consecutive year, beating Hertha BSC 5\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161986-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DFB-Ligapokal, Participating clubs\nA total of six teams qualified for the competition. The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161987-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DFB-Ligapokal Final\nThe 2000 DFB-Ligapokal Final decided the winner of the 2000 DFB-Ligapokal, the 4th edition of the reiterated DFB-Ligapokal, a knockout football cup competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161987-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DFB-Ligapokal Final\nThe match was played on 1 August 2000 at the BayArena in Leverkusen. Bayern Munich won the match 5\u20131 against Hertha BSC for their 4th title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161987-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 DFB-Ligapokal Final, Route to the final\nThe DFB-Ligapokal is a six team single-elimination knockout cup competition. There are a total of two rounds leading up to the final. Four teams enter the preliminary round, with the two winners advancing to the semi-finals, where they will be joined by two additional clubs who were given a bye. For all matches, the winner after 90 minutes advances. If still tied, extra time, and if necessary penalties are used to determine the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161988-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DFB-Pokal Final\nThe 2000 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1999\u20132000 DFB-Pokal, the 57th season of Germany's premier knockout football cup competition. It was played on 6 May 2000 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Bayern Munich won the match 3\u20130 against Werder Bremen to claim their 10th cup title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161988-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final\nThe DFB-Pokal began with 64 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of six rounds leading up to the final. In the first two rounds, Bundesliga teams participating in European competitions were given a bye. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a penalty shoot-out was used to determine the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161988-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final\nNote: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161989-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DFS Classic\nThe 2000 DFS Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Edgbaston Priory Club in Birmingham, United Kingdom that was part of Tier III of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 19th edition of the tournament and was held from 12 June until 19 June 2000. Sixth-seeded Lisa Raymond won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161989-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DFS Classic, Finals, Doubles\nRachel McQuillan /  Lisa McShea defeated  Cara Black /  Irina Selyutina 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20135)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161990-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DFS Classic \u2013 Doubles\nCorina Morariu and Larisa Neiland were the defending champions but did not return to defend their title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161990-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DFS Classic \u2013 Doubles\nRachel McQuillan and Lisa McShea won in the final 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20133) against Cara Black and Irina Selyutina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161990-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 DFS Classic \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. The top four seeded teams received byes into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161991-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DFS Classic \u2013 Singles\nJulie Halard-Decugis was the defending champion, but was defeated in the quarterfinals by Tamarine Tanasugarn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161991-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DFS Classic \u2013 Singles\nLisa Raymond won the title, defeating Tanasugarn in the final 6\u20132, 6\u20137(7\u20139), 6\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161991-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 DFS Classic \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe top eight seeds receive a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161992-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DG8\n2000 DG8 is a dark centaur and damocloid on a retrograde and highly eccentric orbit from the outer region of the Solar System. It was first observed on 25 February 2000, by astronomers with the LINEAR program at the Lincoln Lab's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, United States. It has not been observed since 2001. The unusual object measures approximately 16 kilometers (9.9 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161992-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DG8, Discovery\n2000 DG8 was first observed on 25 February 2000, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161992-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 DG8, Orbit and classification\n2000 DG8 is a member of the dynamically unstable centaur and damocloid population. Given the body's dark surface and its cometary-like orbit, it may be a dormant comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161992-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 DG8, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2\u201319.3\u00a0AU once every 35 years and 4 months (12,893 days; semi-major axis of 10.76\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.79 and an inclination of 129\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. With an inclination above 90\u00b0, It is one of about 100 known minor planets with a retrograde orbit around the Sun. The object also has a negative Tisserand's parameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161992-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 DG8, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Socorro in February 2000. It was last observed in 2001 when it came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun), and will next come to perihelion in April 2036.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161992-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 DG8, Physical characteristics\nAccording to radiometric observations published in 2001 and 2005, 2000 DG8 measures approximately 15.6 and 17.28 kilometers in diameter, with a corresponding albedo 0.053 and 0.027, respectively. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of this object has been obtained from photometric observations. The object's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161992-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 DG8, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet has not been numbered by the Minor Planet Center and remains unnamed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161993-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DPR Korea Football League\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Footwiks (talk | contribs) at 09:17, 17 November 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161993-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DPR Korea Football League\nStatistics of DPR Korea Football League in the 2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161994-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Burn season\nThe 2000 Dallas Burn season was the fifth season of the Major League Soccer team. The team made the playoffs for the fifth consecutive year. It would be the final season that Dave Dir was head coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161995-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Cowboys season\nThe 2000 season was the Dallas Cowboys' 41st in the National Football League (NFL). Cowboys owner Jerry Jones promoted the team's long-time defensive coordinator, Dave Campo, to be the fifth head coach of the Dallas Cowboys. This was also Troy Aikman's last season with the team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161995-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Cowboys season, Offseason\nThe loss of star wide receiver Michael Irvin to retirement led Jerry Jones to trade the team's first round pick in the 2000 draft and the 2001 draft to the Seattle Seahawks for wide receiver Joey Galloway. Pro Bowl cornerback Deion Sanders was also released after five seasons with the team. He later signed with the Cowboys' NFC East division rival Washington Redskins. Fullback Daryl Johnston also retired after the 1999 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161995-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Cowboys season, Regular season\nAfter a lackluster draft which saw the team draft three cornerbacks to replace the departure of star cornerback Deion Sanders, the Dave Campo head coaching era had an inauspicious start with an embarrassing blow-out defeat to the Philadelphia Eagles at home (in which the Eagles recovered an onsides kick on the opening kickoff). The loss proved to be even more costly as quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion early in the game and newly acquired wide receiver Joey Galloway suffered a season-ending injury in the fourth quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161995-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Cowboys season, Regular season\nNew faces like veteran quarterback Randall Cunningham and wide receiver James McKnight filled in on offense under new offensive coordinator Jack Reilly. On defense, the loss of both starting cornerbacks in the off-season required the addition of veterans Phillipi Sparks and Ryan McNeil. Combined with perennial Pro Bowl safety Darren Woodson, the Cowboys fielded one of the NFL's best secondaries. Unfortunately, a leaky run defense and an inconsistent, aging offense led to a 5\u201311 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161995-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Cowboys season, Regular season\nIn a blow-out loss to the San Francisco 49ers, then controversial 49ers wide receiver Terrell Owens caused an uproar by celebrating a touchdown on the large Cowboys star at midfield in Texas Stadium, prompting anger and resentment off the field. This prompted a retaliation by running back Emmitt Smith with a famous \"Defend the Star\" kneel down celebration of his own on the star. When Owens scored his second touchdown and promptly celebrated in midfield once more, then-safety George Teague knocked Owens off and a short brawl ensued on the field. Owens immediately returned to the star to celebrate while the brawl ensued. Teague was ejected from the game, and Terrell Owens was suspended for the next game. Ironically, Owens became a Cowboy later in his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161995-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Cowboys season, Regular season\nEmmitt Smith's tenth consecutive 1,000 yard season (an NFL record), along with a season sweep of the rival Washington Redskins proved to be the only highlights in an otherwise disappointing season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161995-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Cowboys season, Regular season\nThe Cowboys finished 31st in the league in run defense that season, allowing 164.8 yards per game and 4.9 yards per carry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161995-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Cowboys season, Regular season\nNotable additions to the team include future starting cornerback Mario Edwards, as well as Dwayne Goodrich. Goodrich gained notoriety after being involved in a hit and run accident which resulted in the deaths of two people. He was subsequently convicted of criminally negligent homicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161995-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Dallas Cowboys season, Publications\nThe Football Encyclopedia ISBN\u00a00-312-11435-4Total Football ISBN\u00a00-06-270170- 3Cowboys Have Always Been My Heroes ISBN\u00a00-446-51950-2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161996-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Danish Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Danish Figure Skating Championships (Danish: Danmarks Mesterskaberne 2000) was held in H\u00f8rsholm from January 14 to 16, 2000. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles and ladies' singles. Not all disciplines were held on all levels due to a lack of participants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161997-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Danish euro referendum\nA referendum on joining the Eurozone was held in Denmark on 28 September 2000. It was rejected by 53.2% of voters with a turnout of 87.6%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161997-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Danish euro referendum, Background\nOn 2 June 1992, Danish voters rejected the Maastricht Treaty in a referendum. On 18 May 1993, Denmark ratified an amended treaty in accordance with the Edinburgh Agreement. This meant that, among three other areas, Denmark would not be part of the European Monetary Union (EMU). In March 2000, as the euro was being launched, the Danish government led by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, a supporter of the common currency, decided to hold a referendum on Danish entry into the monetary union. In May 2000 the government tabled the bill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161997-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Danish euro referendum, Background\nAccording to the bill, if the outcome of the referendum was in favour of adoption of the euro, Denmark would be able to join the euro area as from 1 January 2002 with the euro as \"book money\". Euro banknotes and coins would be introduced as from 1 January 2004, after which krone banknotes and coins would be withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161997-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Danish euro referendum, Background\nThe largest political parties, including the opposition Liberals and Conservatives, were all in favour entering the EMU. So were the industrial and banking sectors and the majority of labour unions. Only one national paper (Ekstra Bladet) came out against EMU. Five political parties did oppose EMU: two right-wing parties (the Danish People\u2019s Party and the Progress Party), two left-wing parties (The Socialist People's Party and The Red-Green Alliance) and the centre-right Christian People\u2019s Party. However, these parties were all relatively small and represented only 39 of 179 seats in parliament at the time).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161997-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Danish euro referendum, Campaign\nWhen the referendum was called, support for the \"Yes\" side was just below 50% while the \"No\" side was just below 40% according to opinion polls. However, public opinion shifted and from June 2000 until the referendum in September all polls showed 15\u201320 per cent undecided and an almost fifty-fifty split between EMU-supporters and EMU-sceptics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161998-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dartmouth Big Green football team\nThe 2000 Dartmouth Big Green football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Big Green tied for second-to-last in the Ivy League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161998-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dartmouth Big Green football team\nIn its ninth season under head coach John Lyons, the team compiled a 2\u20138 record and was outscored 388 to 231. Peter Chapman and Richard Joyce were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161998-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Dartmouth Big Green football team\nThe Big Green's 1\u20136 conference record tied for worst in the Ivy League standings, though both they and Columbia are considered to have tied for sixth, as 4\u20133 Brown was excluded from the championship and recorded as finishing last. Dartmouth was outscored 290 to 155 by Ivy opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161998-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Dartmouth Big Green football team\nDartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00161999-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Daventry District Council election\nElections to Daventry District Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162000-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davidoff Swiss Indoors\nThe 2000 Davidoff Swiss Indoors was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel in Switzerland and was part of the International Series of the 2001 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from 24 October through 29 October 2000. Second-seeded Thomas Enqvist won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162000-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davidoff Swiss Indoors, Finals, Singles\nThomas Enqvist defeated  Roger Federer 6\u20132, 4\u20136, 7\u20136(7\u20134), 1\u20136, 6\u20131", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162000-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Davidoff Swiss Indoors, Finals, Doubles\nDonald Johnson /  Piet Norval defeated  Roger Federer /  Dominik Hrbat\u00fd 7\u20136(11\u20139), 4\u20136, 7\u20136(7\u20134)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162001-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davidoff Swiss Indoors \u2013 Doubles\nBrent Haygarth and Aleksandar Kitinov were the defending champions, but did not participate together this year. Haygarth partnered Wayne Ferreira, losing in the first round. Kitinov did not participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162001-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davidoff Swiss Indoors \u2013 Doubles\nDonald Johnson and Piet Norval won in the final 7\u20136(11\u20139), 4\u20136, 7\u20136(7\u20134), against Roger Federer and Dominik Hrbat\u00fd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162002-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davidoff Swiss Indoors \u2013 Singles\nKarol Ku\u010dera was the defending champion but did not compete that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162002-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davidoff Swiss Indoors \u2013 Singles\nThomas Enqvist won in the final 6\u20132, 4\u20136, 7\u20136(7\u20134), 1\u20136, 6\u20131 against Roger Federer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162002-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Davidoff Swiss Indoors \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162003-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davidson Wildcats football team\nThe 2000 Davidson Wildcats football team represented Davidson College during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. It was the program's 102nd season overall but their first with an undefeated record. Davidson was led by first-year head coach Joe Susan, who was named the FCS Mid-Major Coach of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162004-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup\nThe 2000 Davis Cup (also known as the 2000 Davis Cup by NEC for sponsorship purposes) was the 89th edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. 135 teams entered the competition, 16 in the World Group, 30 in the Americas Zone, 31 in the Asia/Oceania Zone, and 58 in the Europe/Africa Zone. Andorra, Lesotho, Mauritius and Namibia made their first appearances in the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162004-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup\nSpain defeated Australia in the final, held at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Spain, on 8\u201310 December, to win their first title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162004-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup, World Group Qualifying Round\nThe eight losing teams in the World Group first round ties and eight winners of the Zonal Group I final round ties competed in the World Group Qualifying Round for spots in the 2001 World Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162005-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone\nThe Americas Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162005-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone\nIn the Americas Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162005-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone, Group I\nWinners in Group I advanced to the World Group Qualifying Round, along with losing teams from the World Group first round. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group I, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Americas Zone Group II in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162005-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone, Group II\nWinners in Group II advanced to the Americas Zone Group I. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group II, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Americas Zone Group III in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162005-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone, Group III\nThe top two teams in Group III advanced to the Americas Zone Group II in 2001, whereas the bottom two teams were relegated to the Americas Zone Group IV in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162005-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone, Group IV\nThe top two teams in Group IV advanced to the Americas Zone Group III in 2001. All other teams remained in Group IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162006-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group I\nThe Americas Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162006-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group I\nIn the Americas Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. Winners in Group I advanced to the World Group Qualifying Round, along with losing teams from the World Group first round. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group I, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Americas Zone Group II in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162006-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group I\nThe second round tie between Chile and Argentina was marred by crowd trouble which resulted in the Argentinian team withdrawing from the tie. Chile were declared the winners of the tie by the Davis Cup Committee, however subsequent rulings resulted in Chile being prevented progressing to the Qualifying Round; additionally both teams received fines and Chile were barred from hosting home ties until 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162007-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group II\nThe Americas Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162007-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group II\nIn the Americas Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams compete against each other to advance to the upper tier. Winners in Group II advanced to the Americas Zone Group I. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group II, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Americas Zone Group III in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162008-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group III\nThe Americas Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162008-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group III\nIn the Americas Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. The top two teams in Group III advanced to the Americas Zone Group II in 2001, whereas the bottom two teams were relegated to the Americas Zone Group IV in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162009-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group IV\nThe Americas Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162009-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group IV\nIn the Americas Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. The top two teams in Group IV advanced to the Americas Zone Group III in 2001. All other teams remained in Group IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162010-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone\nThe Asia/Oceania Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162010-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone\nIn the Asia/Oceania Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162010-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone, Group I\nWinners in Group I advanced to the World Group Qualifying Round, along with losing teams from the World Group first round. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group I, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group II in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162010-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone, Group II\nWinners in Group II advanced to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group I. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group II, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group III in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162010-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone, Group III\nThe top two teams in Group III advanced to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group II in 2001, whereas the bottom two teams were relegated to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group IV in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162010-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone, Group IV\nThe top two teams in Group IV advanced to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group III in 2001. All other teams remained in Group IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162011-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I\nThe Asia/Oceania Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162011-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I\nIn the Asia/Oceania Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. Winners in Group I advanced to the World Group Qualifying Round, along with losing teams from the World Group first round. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group I, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group II in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162012-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II\nThe Asia/Oceania Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162012-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II\nIn the Asia/Oceania Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams compete against each other to advance to the upper tier. Winners in Group II advanced to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group I. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group II, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group III in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162013-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group III\nThe Asia/Oceania Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162013-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group III\nIn the Asia/Oceania Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. The top two teams in Group III advanced to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group II in 2001, whereas the bottom two teams were relegated to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group IV in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162014-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group IV\nThe Asia/Oceania Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162014-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group IV\nIn the Asia/Oceania Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. The top two teams in Group IV advanced to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group III in 2001. All other teams remained in Group IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162015-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone\nThe Europe/Africa Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162015-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone\nIn the Europe/Africa Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162015-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone, Group I\nIn the Europe/Africa Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. Winners in Group I advanced to the World Group Qualifying Round, along with losing teams from the World Group first round. Teams who lost in the first round competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group I, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group II in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162015-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone, Group II\nWinners in Group II advanced to the Europe/Africa Zone Group I. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group II, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group III in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162015-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone, Group III\nThe top two teams in each Group III sub-zone advanced to the Europe/Africa Zone Group II in 2001, whereas the bottom two teams in each sub-zone were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group IV in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162015-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone, Group IV\nThe top two teams in each Group IV sub-zone advanced to the Europe/Africa Zone Group III in 2001. All other teams remained in Group IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162016-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I\nThe Europe/Africa Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162016-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I\nIn the Europe/Africa Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. Winners in Group I advanced to the World Group Qualifying Round, along with losing teams from the World Group first round. Teams who lost in the first round competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group I, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group II in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162017-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II\nThe Europe/Africa Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162017-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II\nIn the Europe/Africa Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. Winners in Group II advanced to the Europe/Africa Zone Group I. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group II, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group III in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162018-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III \u2013 Zone A\nThe Europe/Africa Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162018-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III \u2013 Zone A\nIn the Europe/Africa Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. The top two teams in Group III advanced to the Europe/Africa Zone Group II in 2001, whereas the bottom two teams were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group IV in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162019-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III \u2013 Zone B\nThe Europe/Africa Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162019-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III \u2013 Zone B\nIn the Europe/Africa Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. The top two teams in Group III advanced to the Europe/Africa Zone Group II in 2001, whereas the bottom two teams were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group IV in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162020-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group IV \u2013 Zone A\nThe Europe/Africa Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162020-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group IV \u2013 Zone A\nIn the Europe/Africa Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. The top two teams in each Group IV sub-zone advanced to the Europe/Africa Zone Group III in 2000. All other teams remained in Group IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162021-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group IV \u2013 Zone B\nThe Europe/Africa Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162021-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group IV \u2013 Zone B\nIn the Europe/Africa Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier. The top two teams in Group IV advanced to the Europe/Africa Zone Group III in 2001. All other teams remained in Group IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162022-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup World Group\nThe World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 2000. The first-round losers went into the Davis Cup World Group Qualifying Round, and the winners progressed to the quarterfinals and were guaranteed a World Group spot for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162022-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup World Group\nSpain won the title, defeating the defending champions Australia in the final, 3\u20131. The final was held at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Spain, from 8 to 10 December. It was the Spanish team's first Davis Cup title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162023-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup World Group Qualifying Round\nThe 2000 Davis Cup World Group Qualifying Round was held from 14 to 23 July. They were the main play-offs of the 2000 Davis Cup. The winners of the playoffs advanced to the 2001 Davis Cup World Group, and the losers were relegated to their respective Zonal Regions I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162023-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup World Group Qualifying Round, Teams\nBold indicates team had qualified for the 2001 Davis Cup World Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 50], "content_span": [51, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162023-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Davis Cup World Group Qualifying Round, Results summary\nThe eight losing teams in the World Group first round ties and eight winners of the Zonal Group I final round ties competed in the World Group Qualifying Round for spots in the 2001 World Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250\nThe 2000 Daytona 250 was a NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race held at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida on February 18, 2000. The inaugural running of the event, Joe Ruttman won the pole, while Mike Wallace won the race, the third win of his Truck Series career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250\nA quarter of this race was held under the red flag, mainly due to Geoff Bodine's violent crash near the start/finish line on lap 57.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250, Background\nDaytona International Speedway is one of two superspeedways to hold Camping World Truck Series races; the other one is Talladega Superspeedway. Its standard track is a four-turn, 2.5-mile (4.0\u00a0km) superspeedway. Daytona's turns are banked at 31\u00a0degrees, and the front stretch (the location of the finish line) is banked at 18\u00a0degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250, Race summary, Start\nJoe Ruttman, driving the No. 18 for Bobby Hamilton Racing, was on the pole. He would lead the field to the green flag and led the first lap before Lyndon Amick briefly took the lead for two laps. The lead would then switch between Andy Houston, Mike Wallace, and Bobby Hamilton before the first caution came out for a crash in Turn 2, which began when Geoff Bodine spun after making  contact by Amick. Defending Truck champion Jack Sprague, Steve Grissom, Rick Crawford, and Bryan Reffner were also involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250, Race summary, Start\nThe race restarted, and the lead was taken by a couple more drivers before the second caution came out when Mike Cope cut a tire and spun in turn 4. At the restart, Terry Cook was the leader but Houston, Wallace, and Hamilton again swapped the lead. Wallace had a tire go flat and had to make a pit stop. That same lap, Kurt Busch made contact with Hamilton and spun him out in the tri-oval, collecting Ruttman, Randy Renfrow, Randy Tolsma, and Houston. Renfrow almost flipped over. Wallace managed to stay on the lead lap. The race restarted on Lap 43, and went green until lap 50 when Jimmy Kitchens spun on the backstretch. Most of the leaders made pit stops except for Rob Morgan, who stayed out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250, Race summary, Lap 57 crash\nOn the restart, Rob Morgan led but was quickly overtaken by Mike Wallace, and Morgan began slipping back. On lap 56, rookie Kurt Busch, in his Truck series debut, was racing three-wide with Geoff Bodine. As he dove underneath Bodine on lap 56, Busch turned Morgan, causing him to spin down to the flat apron and then veer back up the banking. His right-front tire contacted Bodine's left-front tire, catapulting Bodine into the catch-fence at a speed of nearly 190 miles per hour (310\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250, Race summary, Lap 57 crash\nUpon impact, Bodine's fuel tank exploded and the truck flipped over nine times extremely hard across the track before coming to rest on its roof in turn 1. The truck, now little more than a crushed, mangled roll cage, was struck on the driver's side by Ryan McGlynn, whose truck was damaged from the contact and retired later in the race. Instantly in the announcer's reactions, the crash was described as similar to Richard Petty's rollover crash in the 1988 Daytona 500 at a similar portion of the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250, Race summary, Lap 57 crash\nThe red flag was waved as the track was blocked with debris and rescue workers rushed to Bodine's aid. The crash was so violent that the impact ripped the engine out of the truck, found in turn two 355 feet (108\u00a0m) from where Bodine's truck came to rest on its lid. The crash collected 12 more trucks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250, Race summary, Lap 57 crash\nUpon seeing the crash, the fans went silent and called for paramedics to the grandstands. Just 16 minutes later, they and the announcers hardly spoke because they were worried that Bodine was fatally injured. However, the fans applauded when they heard the announcers say that Bodine was seen talking to medical crews and that he was moving around while he was being taken to the ambulance. Bodine had suffered a broken jaw, wrist, shoulder, and a concussion. After several nights of medical treatment at the nearby Halifax Medical Center, Bodine was in stable condition and eventually returned to racing a month later. Fellow driver Jimmy Kitchens was also hospitalized, but he, however, did not suffer any major injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250, Race summary, Lap 57 crash\nAfter 55 minutes under the red flag (including slow caution periods before and after it waved), the race restarted. TV coverage moved to ESPN2 due to the length of the red flag period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162024-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 250, Race summary, Finish\nOn the final lap, Andy Houston jumped to the lead on a last-lap restart but got loose in turn 3 and Mike Wallace slipped by to take the first truck victory at Daytona as Busch, after barely avoiding Bodine's truck in the lap 57 crash, finished second. In victory lane ceremonies Truck Series driver Todd Bodine announced that his brother Geoff had survived the crash and the announcers confirmed that the debris and flames from the collision had injured five fans, who also survived. The most serious injuries were to  three fans burned by the fire that engulfed Bodine's truck when it hit the catchfence. The other two were hit by debris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500\nThe 2000 Daytona 500, the 42nd running of the event, was held February 20, 2000 at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida as the first race of both the 2000 NASCAR Winson Cup season and the 2000s decade. Dale Jarrett, the polesitter, led the most laps and won the race for the third time, after winning in 1993 and 1996. This was (to date) the last Daytona 500 to be televised by CBS and thus the last 500 broadcast for both Buddy Baker and Ned Jarrett. Dave Marcis failed to qualify for the first time in his Daytona 500 career, a streak that had been going since the 1968 running.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500\nThe average green flag run for the race was confirmed by NASCAR officials as 29 laps. About 12% of the event was held under a caution flag, mostly for oil, debris, and accidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500, Qualifying and Gatorade 125s\nDale Jarrett won the pole for the race with a speed of just over 191\u00a0mph, and started alongside his new teammate Ricky Rudd in an all-Robert Yates front row. A total of 57 drivers made an attempt to qualify for the 42nd Daytona 500. Bill Elliott won the first Gatorade 125 qualifying race after taking the lead from Jarrett on lap 1 and leading all 50 laps. Rudd won the second Gatorade duel after leading all 50 laps also. Both Gatorade 125 races were caution-free.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500, Qualifying and Gatorade 125s\nTony Stewart and Robby Gordon stole headlines during Speedweeks on Wednesday during practice for the Gatorade Twin 125's when Stewart spun Gordon. Robby Gordon, who was trying to practice his new #13 self-owned team in the race, confronted Stewart in the garages and asked Stewart about the spin. Stewart shoved Gordon as he turned away to walk off, leading to a fist-fight. Security broke them up. Stewart was fined $15,000 by NASCAR for the shove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500, Qualifying and Gatorade 125s\nDrivers qualified for the Daytona 500 either by finishing in the Top 16 in their qualifying race, through a two-lap qualifying run or a provisional starting spot based on owner points from the 1999 season. They had three chances to make a two-lap time trial run that would be fast enough to make the Daytona 500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500, Race summary\nThe green flag waved at 12:15\u00a0pm as pole-sitter Dale Jarrett led the field to the start of the race. However, he did not lead until lap 5 since he lost the first lap to outside polesitter Ricky Rudd. Mike Skinner took the lead away from Rudd on lap 2 and led two more. Bill Elliott briefly took the lead on lap 34, and then Jarrett regained it just before the first caution came out due to oil on a section of the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500, Race summary\nThe next green flag period lasted nearly 100 laps, in which Mark Martin took the lead and remained there for 65 laps. The second caution (also for oil) came on lap 134 and the third one came out on lap 157. During the latter caution, Johnny Benson, Jr. passed Martin for the lead as the lead-lap cars raced back to the yellow flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500, Race summary\nBenson, Jr. led the next 39 laps, which included yet another caution on lap 170, once again for oil. On lap 192, several drivers, including Michael Waltrip, Elliott Sadler, and John Andretti, were involved in a crash right at the start-finish line. The race restarted with four laps to go, and Benson, Jr. looked as if he might capture his first cup series win in the biggest event of the season when the Fords of Jarrett and Jeff Burton ganged up on and passed him entering turn 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500, Race summary\nOne lap before the white flag was scheduled, Jimmy Spencer hit the front stretch wall, which allowed the final lap to be run under caution, securing a third Daytona 500 win for Jarrett, making him the fourth driver to win three or more Daytona 500s. As of 2020, this was the last time the Daytona 500 was won by the polesitter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500, Race summary\nIncluding the No Bull 5 Million Dollar Bonus, Jarrett earned a record payout of $2,277,975. The last-place finisher earned $90,100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162025-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Daytona 500, Race summary\nThe five drivers going for the No Bull 5 Million Dollar Bonus were the top five finishers from the 1999 Winston 500 at Talladega: Dale Jarrett, Ricky Rudd, Ward Burton, Dale Earnhardt, and Kenny Wallace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162026-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Delaware Democratic presidential primary and caucuses\nIn the United States, the 2000 Delaware Democratic presidential primary (held February 5) was one of the intermediate primaries before the California primary for the Democratic Party's nomination for the 2000 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162026-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Delaware Democratic presidential primary and caucuses, Campaign\nDue to its minor status in the primaries and the fact that it and Washington came in between the New Hampshire and California primaries, both major candidates only spent a small amount of time in both states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 68], "content_span": [69, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162026-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Delaware Democratic presidential primary and caucuses, 2000 results\nAl Gore won all of Delaware's 3 counties, but would not receive its 22 delegates (Gore would get fifteen with seven remaining unallocated) until the caucus that happened after Bill Bradley ended his campaign. Bill Bradley lost the rest of the primaries by large margins and Al Gore would eventually lose the general election to Governor of Texas George W. Bush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 72], "content_span": [73, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162027-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team\nThe 2000 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team represented the University of Delaware in NCAA Division I-AA college football in its fourth season as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference (A\u201310). They were led by Tubby Raymond, who was in his 35th season as head coach of the Fightin' Blue Hens. The team played its home games at Delaware Stadium in Newark, Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162028-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Delaware gubernatorial election\nThe 2000 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 2000, coinciding with the U.S. presidential election. Incumbent Governor Tom Carper was term-limited and instead successfully ran for the United States Senate. Lieutenant Governor and Democratic nominee Ruth Ann Minner squared off against Republican nominee John M. Burris and won in a landslide on election day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162029-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Delta State Statesmen football team\nThe 2000 Delta State Statesmen football team was an American football team that represented Delta State University (DSU) as a member of the Gulf South Conference (GSC) during the 2000 NCAA Division II football season. In their second year under head coach Steve Campbell, the team compiled a 14\u20131 record (8\u20131 against conference opponents) and tied with Valdosta State for the GSC championship. The Statesmen advanced to the NCAA Division II playoffs and defeated Bloomsburg in the championship game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162029-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Delta State Statesmen football team\nQuarterback Josh Bright became the first college quarterback in Mississippi to both rush and pass for over 1,000 yards in a single season and received the Conerly Trophy as the best college football player in Mississippi. The team's other statistical leaders included tailback Rico McDonald and wide  receiver Jason Franklin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162029-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Delta State Statesmen football team\nThe team played its home games at McCool Stadium in Cleveland, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention\nThe 2000 Democratic National Convention was a quadrennial presidential nominating convention for the Democratic Party. The convention nominated Vice President Al Gore for president and Senator Joe Lieberman from Connecticut for vice president. The convention was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California from August 14 to August 17, 2000. Gore accepted the presidential nomination on August 17, the final night of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Site selection\nThe Democratic National Committee (DNC) initially invited 28 cities to bid for the convention. Nine cities submitted proposals, seven of which (Boston, Denver, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New Orleans and Philadelphia) were visited by the DNC. Philadelphia withdrew its bid after being selected as the host of the 2000 Republican National Convention. Boston, Denver and Los Angeles were named as finalists. On March 15, 1999, the DNC announced Los Angeles as the site of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Site selection\nThis was the second Democratic National Convention to be held in Los Angeles, with the first having been the 1960 convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Scheduling\nSince the mid-20th century or earlier, it has been tradition for the party of the incumbent president to hold their convention after that of the other major party. In 2000, Republicans held their convention July 31 through August 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Scheduling\nOn April 16, 1999 Chair of the Democratic National Committee Joe Andrew announced that the convention would take place August 14\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Corporate partnerships\nUnited Airlines was named the convention's \"official airline\" on August 19, 1999. AT&T served as the primary technology partner for the convention, as well as a lead corporate sponsor. Event411.com served as the \"official event-planning provider\" of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Security\nAt both the 2000 major party presidential nominating conventions, security was heightened compared to that of past conventions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Security\nCrowd control security concerns were heightened at the Democratic convention due to a number of the organizations behind the activities of the 1999 Seattle WTO protests pledging to protest in Los Angeles during the convention. Also, still in recent memory, was the 1992 Los Angeles riots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Security\nIn the fall of 1999, the Democratic National Convention Committee established a security task force, bringing together the convention's logistics team, the Los Angeles Police Department, the Los Angeles Fire Department, the United States Secret Service, and other agencies of the federal, state, and municipal levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Stage design\nPer a Democratic National Convention Committee's press release, the stage of the convention was elevated five feet above the floor of the arena, was roughly 3,700 square feet in area (with the podium measuring 1,825 square feet, the orchestra measuring 1,225 square feet, and the camera turrets measuring 720 square feet), and had and had a 18x30 foot video screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Stage design\nThe podium's lectern was able to be mechanically lowered beneath the stage, and the walls located behind both sides of the lectern could also be raised from on the stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Stage design\nThe podium was painted with water-based non-toxic paint, with the colors being Red 199, Blue 300, TV White (Cool Gray #3), and Metal Effects platinum #ME222.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Stage design\nRene Lagler, who had been the interior designer for the 1988, 1992, and 1996 conventions, designed the podium, in addition to designing the central camera platform and also working on both the convention's interior and exterior design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Logistics, Stage design\nBob Dickenson served as the convention's lighting designer, and Batrick Baltzell served as its audio designer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership\nRon Gonzales and Blanche Lincoln served as co-chairs of the convention's credentials committee. Mary Landrieu and Gary Locke served as co-chairs of the convention's rules committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership\nThe co-chairs of the convention's platform committee were Sharon Sayles Belton and Dick Durbin. Its vice chairs included Bob Butterworth, James Hunt Jr., Jack Reed. Other members of the committee included Jim Davis and C. Jack Ellis, Eleanor Holmes Norton. The chair of the platform drafting committee had been James Hunt Jr. Members of the platform drafting committee included Bill Purcell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership, Democratic National Convention Committee\nOn September 21, 1999, a number of members of the convention's leadership were announced. Lydia Camarillo was announced as the convention's chief executive officer (CEO). Donald J. Foley was announced as chief operating officer (COO) of the convention. Rod O'Connor was announced as the chief of staff for the convention. Jeff Modisett was announced as deputy CEO and general counsel for the convention. Katreice Banks was announced as deputy CEO for external affairs. Mona Pasquil was announced  as deputy CEO for community relations. It was also announced that Yolanda Caraway would consult with the conventions for external affairs, credentials, and productions. Jaci Wilson was announced as the convention's director of housing. Ofield Dukes was announced as one of the convention's communications consultants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 100], "content_span": [101, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership, Democratic National Convention Committee\nOn September 23, 1999, Roy Romer was announced as chair of the Democratic National Convention Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 100], "content_span": [101, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership, Democratic National Convention Committee\nOn December 9, 1999, additional convention staff were announced for the Democratic National Convention Committee. Anette Avina was announced as senior advisor to the CEO and director of special projects. Travis Berry was announced as senior advisor to the chairman and director of special projects. Simone M. Greene was announced as special assistant to the COO. Cindy M. Lott was announced as deputy general counsel. Liana Shwarz was announced as special assistant to the CEO. Lou Vasta was announced as director of  logistics and operations. Luis Vizcaino was announced as the DNCC's press secretary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 100], "content_span": [101, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership, Democratic National Convention Committee\nOn February 23, 2000, the Democratic National Convention Committee announced three key members of its convention security task force. Ken Banner was announced as director of security. John Vezeris and Joseph A. Masonis were announced as managing directors of the task force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 100], "content_span": [101, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership, Democratic National Convention Committee\nOn March 10, 2000, Brian L. Wickersham was announced as the Democratic National Convention Committee's director of transportation, and Jeffery Lowery was announced as its deputy director of transportation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 100], "content_span": [101, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership, Democratic National Convention Committee\nOn April 27, 2000, the Democratic National Convention Committee's production team was announced. Gary Smith was announced as executive producer, Ricky Kirshner was announced as producer, and Thomas E. Gorman was announced as director of production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 100], "content_span": [101, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership, Convention officers\nPaul E. Patton served as one of the co-chairs of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Convention leadership, Convention officers\nThurbert Baker, Steny Hoyer, Patty Judge, and John S. Tanner served as parliamentarians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Official themes\nEach day of the convention was assigned a theme. The first day's theme was \"Prosperity and Progress\", highlighting the economic progress that had occurred under the Clinton\u2013Gore administration. The second day's theme was \"New Heights: You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet\", focusing on the potential of the future if proper decisions are carried out by new leadership. The third day's theme was \"Al Gore: The Principled Fighter\", highlighting Al Gore's life story. The closing day's theme was \"Al Gore's vision for the future\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Balloting\nGore was nominated unanimously, and during the roll-call vote for president, Florida's delegation was given the honor of putting Gore over-the-top as the official nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Balloting\nOn the day before the convention started Bill Bradley released his delegates and directed them to vote for Gore. The votes of Bradley's delegates that wished to vote for him were registered as abstentions. The Balloting:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Balloting\nSenator Joe Lieberman was nominated as the party's candidate for Vice President by voice vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Balloting\nLieberman's formal nomination took place on the closing night of the convention, despite him having delivered his acceptance speech the previous night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Notable speakers\nThe keynote speaker of the convention was Congressman Harold Ford Jr. of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Notable speakers\nThe highlight of the first night of the convention was a speech given by President Bill Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Notable speakers\nOther notable speakers included Gore's opponent for the Democratic nomination, Senator Bill Bradley, First Lady Hillary Clinton, Senators Christopher Dodd of Connecticut and Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, Former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, and the Reverend Jesse Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Notable speakers\nActor Tommy Lee Jones, Gore's roommate in college, officially nominated the vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Bill Clinton\nOutgoing president Bill Clinton spoke on the convention's first night. Clinton noted his administration's accomplishments and praised Gore, saying that \"You gave me that chance to turn those ideas and values into action, after I made one of the best decisions of my life: asking Al Gore to be my partner.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 76], "content_span": [77, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Gray Davis\nAmericans are not looking for a rock star to be president. They want a serious man of substance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Gray Davis\nGovernor of California Gray Davis delivered remarks on both the first and third days of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Gray Davis\nHis first speech was a welcoming speech on behalf of the host state of the convention. In it, he harkened back to the 1960 Democratic National Convention held in Los Angeles 40 years earlier, which nominated John F. Kennedy for president, and declared, \"we remain the new frontier President Kennedy envisioned here. And our party still embodies the spirit of service and duty he called to life.\". He highlighted a number of values and issues that he argued were promoted by Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Harold Ford Jr.\nThe keynote speaker of the convention was Congressman Harold Ford Jr. of Tennessee. Ford spoke on the second night of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Harold Ford Jr.\nFord, who, at 30, was at the time the youngest member of Congress, directed his speech towards younger voters, saying, \"I also stand here representing a new generation, a generation committed to those ideals and inspired by an unshakable confidence in our future.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Dick Gephardt\nThe present leadership in Congress has been totally unwilling to consider, much less decide, issues that are very important for millions of people... Every day in every way, Republican leadership has been one-sided, intolerant of other views, unbending to compromise and consensus. Hear me. When we win the White House back, we will replace \"my way or the highway\" with our way together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Dick Gephardt\nMinority leader of the United States House of Representatives Dick Gephardt of Missouri spoke on the convention's third night. In his speech, he criticized the Republican majority in both chambers of the United States Congress for. He characterized them as unwilling to pass a patients' bill of rights, a Medicare prescription benefit, campaign reform, and gun safety measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Al Gore\nThe Presidency is more than a popularity contest. It's a day-by-day fight for people. Sometimes, you have to choose to do what's difficult or unpopular. Sometimes, you have to be willing to spend your popularity in order to pick the hard right over the easy wrong. There are big choices ahead, and our whole future is at stake. And I do have strong beliefs about it. If you entrust me with the Presidency, I know I won't always be the most exciting politician. But I pledge to you tonight, I will work for you every day and I will never let you down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Al Gore\nAl Gore delivered his presidential nomination acceptance speech on the final night of the convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Al Gore\nGore's acceptance speech focused on the future saying, \"We're entering a new time, we're electing a new president, and I stand here tonight as my own man. I want you to know me for who I truly am.\" He mentioned President Clinton only once near the beginning of the speech. The speech was focused on issues: \"I'm here to talk seriously about the issues. I believe people deserve to know specifically what a candidate proposes to do. I intend to tell you tonight. You ought to be able to know, and then judge for yourself.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Jesse Jackson\nLook at the record, look at the policy choice, look at the team on the field. And I say to you, you will agree there is more with Gore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Jesse Jackson\nJesse Jackson, founder, president and CEO of the Rainbow/Push Coalition; former United States shadow senator from the District of Columbia; and candidate for the 1984 and 1988 Democratic presidential nominations, spoke on the convention's second evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Jesse Jackson\nIn his speech, Jackson criticized the Republican convention held two weeks earlier, commenting, \"Two weeks ago, in Philadelphia, the nation was treated to a stage show - smoke, mirrors, hired acts that Republicans called inclusion. That was the inclusion illusion. In Philadelphia, diversity ended on the stage. They could not mention the words Africa, Appalachia, or AIDS once. So it is good to be here in Los Angeles, to look over this great assembly and see the real deal - the quilt of many patches that is America.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Jesse Jackson\nJackson strongly praised the selection of Lieberman as Gore's running mate, while criticizing Republican vice presidential nominee Dick Cheney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Jesse Jackson\nJackson named a number of issues where he argued Gore and Lieberman held the moral high ground over Bush and Cheney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Jesse Jackson\nJackson characterized the Republicans as a \"grizzly old team\" seeking to give tax breaks to the rich. He warned voters that a Bush victory would not just bring Bush to power, but also a \"team\" comprised Republicans such as Dick Armey, Bob Barr, Tom DeLay, Jesse Helms, and Strom Thurmond. Jackson urged America to, \"stay out of the Bushes\", a phrase which the audience began chanting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Tommy Lee Jones\nAl, I know you\u2019re watching tonight. And I want America to know what I know: you\u2019re going to be one of the best Presidents the country has ever had. We need a person with your commitment. We need a person with your heart. Because the Office of the President represents every child on Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Tommy Lee Jones\n\u2014 Tommy Lee Jones at the 2000 Democratic National Convention", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Tommy Lee Jones\nActor Tommy Lee Jones, who had been college roommates with Al Gore, delivered a nominating speech for Gore on the convention's third night. Jones recounted his friendship with Gore, and hailed Gore's character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 79], "content_span": [80, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Hadassah Lieberman\nWhen Al Gore chose my husband as his running mate, this country got a man whose mission in life is inspired by the people he serves and the community he loves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Hadassah Lieberman\nHadassah Lieberman, the wife of the vice presidential nominee, delivered an introduction before her Husband's acceptance speech on the convention's third night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Joe Lieberman\nLieberman delivered his vice presidential nomination acceptance speech on the third night of the convention, despite the fact that he would not be formally nominated until the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Summaries of key speeches, Joe Lieberman\nVice-presidential nominee Lieberman invoked the spirit of John F. Kennedy in his speech, saying: \"Tonight, I believe that the next frontier isn't just in front of us, but inside of us--to overcome the differences that are still between us, to break down the barriers that remain and to help every American claim the possibilities of their own lives.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Protests\nLarge scale, sometimes violent protests took place outside of the Staples Center as well as throughout downtown Los Angeles. Protest groups ranged from anti-abortion supporters, to homeless activists, to anti-globalization protestors, and anarchists. Out of increased fear after the surprise mass-protests at the 1999 \"Battle for Seattle\" WTO protests, media coverage and LAPD concern were heightened for the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0058-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Protests\nConcerns were further raised when violent riots also broke out after the Los Angeles Lakers won the 2000 National Basketball Association Championship only a few months before the convention. Originally, a \"Protest Zone\" was designated a city block away from the Staples Center, but a court order forced the zone moved immediately adjacent to the arena, in a parking lot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0059-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, Protests\nThe protests became violent during the first evening of the convention, and many different protests, some orderly, some violent, took place over the full four days of the convention. There were numerous arrests, injuries and property damage, but the protests were less than originally feared. The band Rage Against the Machine played outside the convention showing its disdain of the policies being promoted inside the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162030-0060-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention, After the convention\nIn November, Al Gore narrowly lost to Texas Governor George W. Bush in the general election having won the popular vote but losing the electoral vote in a decision handed down more than a month after the election by the Supreme Court. This decision read as follows: \"Noting that the Equal Protection clause guarantees individuals that their ballots cannot be devalued by 'later arbitrary and disparate treatment,' the per curiam opinion held 7\u20132 that the Florida Supreme Court's scheme for recounting ballots was unconstitutional. Even if the recount was fair in theory, it was unfair in practice. The record suggested that different standards were applied from ballot to ballot, precinct to precinct, and county to county. Because of those and other procedural difficulties, the court held, 5 to 4, that no constitutional recount could be fashioned in the time remaining\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity\nProtests surrounding the 2000 Democratic National Convention occurred from August 14 to August 17, 2000 in the area around the Staples Center and downtown Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Lakers' victory riot\nThe 1999\u20132000 NBA season ended up being fortuitous for the Los Angeles Lakers, who were in their inaugural year playing out of the Staples Center. On the night of June 19, 2000, the Lakers beat the visiting Indiana Pacers, winning their first championship in twelve years. While the game took place inside the arena, it was broadcast for free outside on a large video screen. Thousands had gathered to watch the game on the screen and be in the proximity of the arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 74], "content_span": [75, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Lakers' victory riot\nAs soon as the game ended, the crowd of nearly 10,000 people quickly turned violent as violent opportunists began attacking property, making bonfires, beating up a Lincoln limo and two LAPD cars, flipping a news van, and setting fire to a Ford Explorer, as well as looting local businesses. All the local media channels covered the riots live on television, where LAPD officers were seen containing the rioters, but taking some time before actively dispersing the crowd. Some criticized the LAPD for not taking a harder approach to the rioters. Part of what influenced the LAPD's hands-off approach was the recent Rampart Scandal that had rocked the department and generated much criticism in the news.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 74], "content_span": [75, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Lakers' victory riot\nAfter the handling of the Lakers' victory riot, the LAPD revised its plan for the 2000 Democratic National Convention, which took place less than two months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 74], "content_span": [75, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Birth of the Independent Media Center\nThe 2000 DNC brought about the birth of the Los Angeles media center for Independent Media Center (IMC) (also known as Indymedia.org). It became the fastest independent media collective to go from inspiration, after the police brutality on Protesters and Indie journalists at the November 1999 World Trade Organization WTO summit in Seattle, to having live satellite transmission capabilities and a bona-fide, official entity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Birth of the Independent Media Center\nA multiethnic technical group composed of indie Hollywood filmmakers, MAPA members worked for several months in the technical planning and deployment of a media center. Indymedia leased the Patriotic Hall, converting the entire building to a giant media studio within 24 hours of taking possession of the premises on August 12. It was outfitted with film production equipment like diesel power generators, power distribution networks, and stage lighting within a few months. The entire lobby became a public forum with several podiums and large-screen televisions while technical and production crews managed the live media in several upper floors. Dozens of field reporters delivered media to a triage stage and moved on to editing crews composed of teenage nerds to Hollywood indie filmmakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Birth of the Independent Media Center\nPolitical and media luminaries were present including Amy Goodman, broadcasting her daily radio show Democracy Now!. This event marked also the Beginning of TV/satellite broadcast of Democracy Now! utilizing the Indymedia Studio\u2014and other social activists like Arianna Huffington, Gore Vidal, Christopher Hitchens, and several political candidates including Peter Camejo, Kucinich, as well as pundits, and activists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Birth of the Independent Media Center\nThis independent media content was broadcast through DishNetwork and DirectTV via Freespeech TV available on both Satellite Television providers. On Monday Aug 14, The LAPD, aided by the Calif Highway patrol. (State Police) were sent to shut down the studio. However, there were no laws in violation, and Indymedia.org had a valid lease from the County. The LAPD released the building to the tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Birth of the Independent Media Center\nThe following day, IMC resumed media broadcast activities, due to the quick intervention of the National Lawyers Guild which oversaw the entire DNC activities in order to provide eye-witness accounts to ensure the prevention of police abuse and to ensure a democratic process. National Lawyers Guild members identified themselves with bright green, fluorescent, ball-caps emblazoned with their name and carrying legal pads. Progressive supporters like Ben and Jerry  ice cream,(a sister company of Breyers) provided thousands of dollars in free product to the Indymedia project with a continuously-resupplied truck in the Patriotic Hall parking lot. This event became known as the DNC-2000 \"Shadow Convention\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 91], "content_span": [92, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Anarchists' activities\nIn addition to the anarchist participation in the protests of the DNC, a group of anarchists, calling themselves the \"August Collective\", held the North American Anarchist Conference, a three-day conference in the days before the DNC took place. The conference was a convergence of hundreds of anarchists both from North America and abroad, and consisted of workshops, panels, speaking engagements and various other events. The recommended $25 donation granted access to the events for three days, as well as free housing (attendees slept on the floor in the warehouse that hosted the conference) and free meals provided by Food Not Bombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 76], "content_span": [77, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Anarchists' activities\nDue to the local media and LAPD-induced \"Black Scare\", the organizers of the event took special security measures during preparations. For instance, attendees of the conference had to \"check-in\" at a local vegetarian cafe called Luna Tierra Sol to get the address of the conference warehouse (a large orange building next to LA River that usually held \"Raves\"). The motive behind this decision was fear that if the LAPD knew the location of the conference, they would pressure the owner to cancel the rental of the building, a common scenario for modern radical organizers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 76], "content_span": [77, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Anarchists' activities\nIn addition to this, the actual location of the building was withheld from everyone except the two August Collective members who secured the space. Despite this, the LAPD reportedly installed a video surveillance system on a nearby lamppost days before the conference, and removed it after the DNC had ended. This leak in security is generally believed to have been through law enforcement surveillance, such as wire taps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 76], "content_span": [77, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Anarchists' activities\nDespite fear that the LAPD would raid the conference and shut it down, the conference went ahead as scheduled, and other than undercover surveillance, police presence was kept to a minimum. Among other things, many members and attendees suspected that the police would pressure the fire department to deem the nature of sleeping attendees as a fire hazard. However, nothing came of such suspicions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 76], "content_span": [77, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Protest zone\nIn order to provide security around the Staples Center, the Los Angeles Convention Center, the LAPD, Los Angeles Fire Department and United States Secret Service designed a large secure zone for the news outlets and media and surrounded by a perimeter fence consisting of K-rail barriers with a 10-foot fence rising up from it. The proposed layout of the \"Media Village\" had been diagramed and published by the Los Angeles Times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 66], "content_span": [67, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Protest zone\nThe initial planned location of the convention's free speech zone was successfully challenged in court for being too remote. The zone was consequentially relocated to a parking lot across from the Staples Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 66], "content_span": [67, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Rage Against the Machine concert\nIn the months leading up to the convention, cable channel MTV began planning a large, free concert to take place in downtown Los Angeles as a part of its \"Choose or Lose\" campaign aimed at getting youth out to vote. MTV decided that popular rock group Rage Against the Machine would be the ideal marquee band. However, the band's political message, combined with the title of its most recent album, The Battle of Los Angeles, caused serious concerns from LA city leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Rage Against the Machine concert\nMTV's applications for staging the concert were denied by the city and the channel eventually gave up its attempts to plan one. After MTV's attempts failed, a number of protest groups agreed to give their one-hour time allotments on the stage in the Protest Zone. The band was offered prime time slots coinciding with the marquee speaker on the opening night of the convention, then-President Bill Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Rage Against the Machine concert\nAlthough they were at first required by the City of Los Angeles to perform in a small venue at a considerable distance, early in August a United States district court judge ruled that the City's request was too restrictive and the City subsequently allowed the protests and concert to be held at a site across from the DNC. The police response was to increase security measures, which included a 12' fence and patrolling by a minimum of 2,000 officers wearing riot gear, as well as additional horses, motorcycles, squad cars and police helicopters. A police spokesperson said they were \"gravely concerned because of security reasons\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Rage Against the Machine concert\nDuring the concert, the band's frontman Zach de la Rocha said to the crowd, \"brothers and sisters, our democracy has been hijacked,\" and later also shouted \"we have a right to oppose these motherfuckers!\" After the performance, a small group of attendees congregated at the point in the protest area closest to the DNC, facing the police officers. Reports of what activity they engaged in vary, the most extreme being reports of throwing glass, concrete and water bottles filled with \"noxious agents,\" spraying ammonia on police and slingshotting rocks and steel balls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Rage Against the Machine concert\nHowever, milder reports also arose, one only mentioning \"tossing rocks.\" The police soon after declared the gathering an unlawful assembly, switch off the electrical supply, interrupting performing band Ozomatli, and informed the protestors that they had 15 minutes to disperse on pain of arrest. Some of the protesters remained, however, including two young men who climbed the fence and waved black flags, who were subsequently shot in the face with pepper spray. Police then forcibly dispersed the crowd, using tear gas, pepper spray and rubber bullets. At least six people were arrested in the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Rage Against the Machine concert\nThe police faced severe and broad criticism for their reaction, with an American Civil Liberties Union spokesperson saying that it was \"nothing less than an orchestrated police riot.\" Several primary witnesses reported unnecessarily violent actions and police abuses, including firing on reporters, lawyers and people obeying police commands. Protesters were trapped between police fronts and some were beaten by police while trying to obey commands. At one point, four young men were repeatedly beaten by mounted police while trapped against a wall. Police responded that their response was \"outstanding\" and \"clearly disciplined.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162031-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Rage Against the Machine concert\nFootage of the protest and ensuing violence, along with an MTV News report on the incident, was included in the Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 86], "content_span": [87, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162032-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party (HK) leadership election\nThe Democratic Party leadership election was held on 17 December 2000 for the 30-member 4th Central Committee of the Democratic Party in Hong Kong, including chairman and two vice-chairman posts. Founding Chairman Martin Lee Chu-ming was re-elected uncontestedly for the fourth consecutive term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162032-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party (HK) leadership election, Eligibility\nThe Central Committee was elected by the party congress. All public office holders, including the members of the Legislative Council and District Councils, are eligible to vote in the party congress. Every 30 members can also elect a delegate who holds one vote in the congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162032-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party (HK) leadership election, Overview\nThe Founding Chairman Martin Lee Chu-ming had been holding the Chairmanship since 1994. According to the party's rule, the party chairmanship is restricted with four-term limit, thus it would be the last term for Martin Lee to run for Chairman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162032-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party (HK) leadership election, Overview\nThe Democratic Party suffered from the decline in popularity and intra-party struggles in recent years. In the last LegCo election in September, the party lost 170,000 votes compared to 1998. The Young Turks faction was at the edge of splitting with the party. They were discontent with the monopoly of the Central Committee by the party leaders and the party's position on grassroots issues. They had even organised the Social Democratic Forum, which catered more to the grassroots interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162032-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party (HK) leadership election, Overview\nSome members thought that the Chairman should be responsible for the problems within the party. They disliked Martin Lee supporting Audrey Eu for contesting the 2000 Hong Kong Island by-election, rather his own party members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162032-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party (HK) leadership election, Results\nThe Young Turks did not show up in the party congress. Martin Lee was elected with 230 for, 7 against and 55 abstentions, with Law Chi-kwong and Lee Wing-tat elected as Vice-Chairmen uncontestedly. Cheung Yin-tung succeeded Law Chi-kwong as the party's Secretary. Martin Lee said it was a warning to him as he got so many abstentions than last election. He stated that he should concentrated more on his work. 28 candidates contested for 27 seats in the Central Committee, only Tai Po District Councillor Edward Lee Chi-shing unelected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162033-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries\nFrom January 24 to June 6, 2000, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 2000 United States presidential election. Incumbent Vice President Al Gore was  selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 2000 Democratic National Convention held from August 14 to 17, 2000, in Los Angeles, California, but he went on to lose the Electoral College in the general election against Governor George W. Bush held on November 7 of that year, despite winning the popular vote by 0.5%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162033-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nThe apparent front runner, incumbent Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee, only faced one major candidate in the primaries, U.S. Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey. Both men campaigned to succeed term-limited incumbent Bill Clinton. During the course of the five-month primary season, Gore managed to win every single primary contest over his opponent, and easily won the party's nomination for the 2000 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162033-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nSerious early speculation surrounded Bill Bradley, a U.S. Senator and former NBA player, who had long been considered a potential Democratic contender for the presidency. In December 1998, Bradley formed a presidential exploratory committee and began organizing a campaign. Gore, however, had been considered the favorite for the Democratic nomination as early as 1997, with the commencement of President Clinton\u2019s second term. Though numerous candidates for the Democratic nomination tested the waters, including Senator John Kerry, Governor Howard Dean, Representative Richard Gephardt, and Reverend Jesse Jackson, only Gore and Bradley ultimately entered the contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162033-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nBradley campaigned as the liberal alternative to Gore, taking positions to the left of him on issues like universal health care, gun control, and campaign finance reform. On the issue of taxes, Bradley trumpeted his sponsorship of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which had significantly cut tax rates while abolishing dozens of loopholes. He voiced his belief that the best possible tax code would be one with low rates and no loopholes, but he refused to rule out the idea of raising taxes to pay for his health care program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162033-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nOn public education, Bradley pushed for increased federal funding for schools under Title I, as well as the expansion of the Head Start program. He further promised to bring 60,000 new teachers into the education system annually by offering college scholarships to anyone who agreed to become a teacher after graduating. Bradley also made child poverty a significant issue in his campaign. Having voted against the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, better known as the \"Welfare Reform Act,\" which, he said, would result in even higher poverty levels, he promised to repeal it as president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162033-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nHe also promised to address the minimum wage, expand the Earned Income Tax Credit, allow single parents on welfare to keep their child support payments, make the Dependent Care Tax Credit refundable, build support homes for pregnant teenagers, enroll 400,000 more children in Head Start, and increase the availability of food stamps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162033-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nAlthough both Gore and Bradley showed comparable success in terms of fund-raising, Bradley lagged behind Gore in many polls from the start and never gained a competitive position. Despite the late endorsement of the Des Moines Register, Bradley went on to be defeated in the Iowa Caucus; Gore garnered 62.9% of the votes, while Bradley received only 36.6%. Gore won the primary competition in New Hampshire as well, though by a significantly smaller margin, receiving 49.7% to Bradley\u2019s 46.6%. After a resounding defeat on Super Tuesday, with Bradley failing to carry the majority of delegates in a single state, he withdrew from the race on March 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162033-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nSince the modern Presidential primary system began in 1972, Gore remains the only non-incumbent (Republican or Democrat) to sweep all the nominating contests held in a given year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162033-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Results, Nationwide\nConnecticut Senator Joe Lieberman was nominated for Vice President by voice vote. Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party. Other potential running-mates included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162034-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection\nThis article lists those who were potential candidates for the Democratic nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 2000 election. Incumbent Vice President Al Gore won the 2000 Democratic nomination for President of the United States, and chose Connecticut Senator Joseph Lieberman as his running mate on August 7, 2000. Lieberman, a two-term centrist Democratic Senator, was chosen for being \"tough on defense\" and foreign policy issues. Lieberman was the first Jewish person chosen for a national ticket. The choice of Lieberman was announced shortly before the 2000 Democratic National Convention. Former Secretary of State Warren Christopher led the vetting process. The Gore-Lieberman ticket ultimately lost to the Bush-Cheney ticket. Coincidental to the presidential election, Lieberman was re-elected to a third term as Senator from Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162034-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, Selection, Announcement\nIn August 2000, Gore announced that he had selected Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut as his vice presidential running mate. Lieberman became \"the first person of the Jewish faith to run for the nation's second-highest office\" (Barry Goldwater, who ran for president in 1964, was of \"Jewish origin\"). Lieberman, who was a more conservative Democrat than Gore, had publicly blasted President Clinton for the Monica Lewinsky affair. Many pundits saw Gore's choice of Lieberman as another way of trying to distance himself from the scandals of the Clinton White House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 84], "content_span": [85, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162035-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Denmark Open\nThe 2000 Denmark Open in badminton was held in Farum, Copenhagen, from October 25 to October 29, 2000. It was a five-star tournament and the prize money was US$250,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162036-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Denmark Open darts\n2000 Denmark Open is a darts tournament, which took place in Denmark in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162037-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Denver Broncos season\nThe 2000 Denver Broncos season was the team's 41st year in professional football and its 31st with the National Football League. It also was the team's final year at the famous Mile High Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162037-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Denver Broncos season\nThe Broncos rebounded from their previous output, winning 11 games and finished 2nd in the AFC West. Denver's season ended with a 21-3 defeat to the Baltimore Ravens in the Wildcard round. The Ravens won the Super Bowl that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162037-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Denver Broncos season\nWith running back Terrell Davis still struggling with injuries, Denver turned to rookie Mike Anderson, who had a successful rookie campaign and was named Offensive Rookie of the Year following the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162038-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Derby City Council election\nThe 2000 Derby City Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Derby City Council in England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162039-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Lions season\nThe 2000 season was the Detroit Lions' 71st in the National Football League (NFL). After a wildcard playoff appearance with an 8\u20138 record in 1999, the Lions improved to 9\u20137 in 2000, but missed the playoffs thanks to a Christmas Eve home loss to the 4\u201311 Chicago Bears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162039-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Lions season\nThis was the Lions' sixth winning season in 10 years, capping one of the best decades in the franchise's history. It was also the franchise's last winning season until 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162039-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Lions season\nHead coach Bobby Ross resigned after the ninth game of the season and was replaced by Gary Moeller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162040-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Shock season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the third for the Detroit Shock. The Shock were very close of making the playoffs, but they fell to the Washington Mystics in a tiebreaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162040-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Shock season, Offseason, Expansion Draft\nThe following players were selected by the Miami Sol in the draft:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162041-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Tigers season\nThe Detroit Tigers' 2000 season was a season in American baseball. It was their first season at Comerica Park, after playing at Tiger Stadium since 1912, at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue (also site of their previous stadiums since 1896).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162041-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, Comerica Park\nGroundbreaking for a new ballpark to replace Tiger Stadium for the Detroit Tigers was held on October 29, 1997, and the new stadium was opened to the public in 2000. At the time of construction, the scoreboard in left field was the largest in Major League Baseball. In December 1998, Comerica Bank agreed to pay US$66 million over 30 years for the naming rights for the new ballpark. Upon its opening, there was some effort to try to find a nickname for the park, with the abbreviation CoPa suggested by many, but that nickname has not gained widespread acceptance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162041-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, Comerica Park, First Game\nThe first game at Comerica Park was held on Tuesday, April 11, 2000, with 39,168 spectators attending, on a cold snowy afternoon. Grounds people had to clear snow off the field from the night before. The Tigers defeated the Seattle Mariners by a score of 5-2. The winning pitcher, like in the final game at Tiger Stadium was Brian Moehler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162041-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162041-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162041-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162042-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters\nThe 2000 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters was the fourteenth season of premier German touring car championship and also first season under the moniker of Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters since the original series' demise in 1996. Nine events were held with two 40-minute races at each racing weekend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162042-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, Pre-Season\nThis was the resurrected DTM's first season since the cancellation of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft at the end of 1996. Mercedes returned to the series after their unfortunate CLR Le Mans project along with H.W.A GmbH and AMG. They were joined by Opel, who brought along the Holzer, Phoenix, Irmscher and Euroteam from the German Super Touring Championship (STW) where they had raced in 1999. The resumption of DTM also meant the end of STW. Audi did not enter, but was still represented through the semi-independent Abt Sportsline team. Two additional teams also ran Mercedes; they were Persson Motorsport and Team Rosberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162042-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, Teams and drivers\nThe following manufacturers, teams and drivers competed in the 2000 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters. All teams competed with tyres supplied by Dunlop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162042-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, Race calendar and winners\nAll races were held in Germany. Each weekend feature two 100\u00a0km races, with equal points scales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162042-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, Drivers' championship\n\u2020 Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning\nThe Dharmapuri bus burning occurred on 2 February 2000 in Ilakiyampatti, on the outskirts of Dharmapuri in Tamil Nadu, India. Three students from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (TNAU) were burned to death in a bus by AIADMK cadres after the conviction of Jayalaitha by a special court for the Kodaikanal Pleasant Stay Hotel case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning\nThe three men belonging to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)\u2014Muniappan, Nedunchezhian, and Ravindran\u2014were sentenced to death, and their sentences were initially upheld by the Supreme Court of India. Their sentences were later commuted to life imprisonment, however, by a three-member bench headed by Justice Ranjan Gogoi after a review petition. The Salem District Court had said that the crime was committed \"only for the political career\". Although defense lawyer L. Nageswara Rao admitted that the three culprits took petrol from a workshop, set fire to the bus and killed the students, they were \"in a state of mob frenzy\" and his defense was based on diminished responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning\nThe Edappadi K. Palaniswami government advocated their release; the governor Banwarilal Purohit returned their files to the state government for reconsideration of their premature release and the three men all members of the ruling AIADMK were released from the Vellore Central Prison on November 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, Background\nSoon after coming to power in Tamil Nadu in 1996, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party filed a series of corruption cases against former chief minister and AIADMK general secretary Jayalalithaa and other ministers and bureaucrats in her government. In the Pleasant Stay hotel case, a special-court ruling by Justice V. Radhakrishnan convicted Jayalalithaa and sentenced her to one year of \"rigorous imprisonment\". The ruling led to statewide protests and violence, including damage to public property by AIADMK members. Protests in Elakiyampatti, Dharmapuri were led by AIADMK Dharmapuri Union Secretary D. K. Rajendran and other AIADMK party workers, including former Dharmapuri secretary Nedu (Nedunchezhiyan), MGR Forum functionary Madhu (Ravindran), and former panchayat president P. Muniappan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, Burning\nSeventy students from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, returning from a study tour, were separated by gender on two buses. During their trip, they learned about Jayalalithaa's conviction in the Pleasant Stay hotel case. Latha (a lecturer accompanying the students) called TNAU's vice-chancellor, who recommended that they go to a safe place and return to Coimbatore when it was safer. They tried to drive to the district collector's office, but were unable to reach it due to traffic obstruction by renegade AIADMK members led by Dharmapuri union secretary D. K. Rajendran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, Burning\nThe party workers threw petrol bombs into the bus containing 44 female students and two lecturers. The front of the bus caught fire, and the flames spread backward. Since the bus's back door was locked and the keys were unavailable, lecturers Latha, Akila, and several students left the other bus and broke through the back door to pull out the students. Three female students (Hemalatha from Chennai, V. Gayathri from Virudhachalam and Kokilavani from Namakkal) were burned to death, and 16 others were injured. The bus burning was broadcast the following day on Sun TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, Aftermath\nBy 6 November 2001, all eleven witnesses had become hostile during cross-examination in Krishnagiri. The witnesses included three Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation drivers and people working in, or owning, establishments near the incident location. Drivers Saleem Basha of the Coimbatore-Hosur bus and Kamaraj recanted initial statements made to the CB-CID that they could identify the persons involved; they drove buses which were damaged that day in Erapatti and near the Patchaiamman temple, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, Aftermath\nThe burning angered the student community. Schools and colleges were asked to close for a week, and students statewide held silent protest marches condemning the act. Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi ordered a CB-CID investigation, and Jayalalithaa demanded a CBI probe to ensure a fair trial. During the initial trial at Krishnagiri Court, 20 witnesses became hostile. N. P. Veerasamy, Kokilavani's father, appealed to the Madras High Court for a change of venue; AIADMK had returned to power in Tamil Nadu, the case prosecutor was appointed by the party, and the accused were AIADMK functionaries and party activists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, Aftermath\nThe high court halted the trial; Judge V. Kanagaraj called it a \"colossal failure and eyewash\", and ordered a retrial at Salem Court. After a series of delays in appointing a special public prosecutor and problems with missing case bundles, the trial progressed. Seven years after the burning, on 15 February 2007, the Salem court sentenced three AIADMK members to death and 25 others to seven years' imprisonment. Two others were acquitted, and one died during the investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0006-0002", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, Aftermath\nThe judgment (including the three capital sentences) was upheld by Madras High Court on 6 December 2007, and the Supreme Court on 30 August 2010. However, the sentences were commuted to life imprisonment after defence lawyers L. Nageswara Rao and Sushil Kumar said that the AIADMK mob only aimed to damage buses, not kill; they had acted impulsively. The Supreme Court of India then accepted their argument of diminished responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0006-0003", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, Aftermath\nIt was learned that Dharmapuri AIADMK leader D. K. Rajendran, the first suspect in the case which organized the road protest (with a seven-year conviction which was reduced to two years), held four positions in a cooperative milk society become known. Rajendran later resigned after the Madras High Court expressed \"deep anguish and displeasure\" that a convict could hold positions despite being disqualified. A granite memorial with the names of the three victims was built at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University hostel; all were 20 years old at the time of their deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, Aftermath\nThe AIADMK-ruled Tamil Nadu government attempted to release the three suspects in the bus burning. According to prison sources, at least 1,500 prisoners would benefit from the government's general amnesty, which included the three convicts and was seen as a tactical move by the party. On 19 November 2018, the AIADMK members convicted in the bus burning were released. Veerasamy the father of Kokilavani one of the girls burnt alive criticized the release of the convicts and called it a \"Murder of Justice\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162043-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Dharmapuri bus burning, In popular culture\nThe Tamil language film Kalloori was released in December 2007, days before the Madras High Court upheld the Salem court judgment. The film's climax was the bus-burning incident and, after public and media demands, its ending was changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162044-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dhivehi League, Overview\nVictory Sports Club won both the Dhivehi League and the Maldives National Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162045-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DieHard 500\nThe 2000 DieHard 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on April 16, 2000 at Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama. Contested over 188 laps on the 2.66 mile (4.28\u00a0km) superspeedway, it was the 9th race of the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won the race, his milestone 50th win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162045-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DieHard 500, Background\nTalladega Superspeedway, formerly known as Alabama International Motor Speedway, is a motorsports complex located north of Talladega, Alabama. It is located on the former Anniston Air Force Base in the small city of Lincoln. A tri-oval, the track was constructed in 1969 by the International Speedway Corporation, a business controlled by the France family. Talladega is most known for its steep banking. Talladega is the longest NASCAR oval with a length of 2.66-mile-long (4.28\u00a0km) tri-oval like the Daytona International Speedway, which is a 2.5-mile-long (4.0\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162046-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 DirecTV 500\nThe 2000 DirecTV 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series stock car race held on April 2, 2000, at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas. Contested over 334 laps on the 1.5-mile (2.414\u00a0km) asphalt Quad oval. Dale Earnhardt Jr. of Dale Earnhardt, Inc. won the race, his first career Winston Cup Series victory. Jeff Burton finished second and Bobby Labonte finished third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162046-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 DirecTV 500, Background\nTexas Motor Speedway is a four-turn quad-oval track that is 1.5 miles (2.4\u00a0km) long. The track's turns are banked at twenty-four degrees, while the front stretch, the location of the finish line, is five degrees. The back stretch, opposite of the front, also has a five degree banking. The track layout is similar to Atlanta Motor Speedway and Charlotte Motor Speedway, tracks also owned by Speedway Motorsports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162046-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 DirecTV 500, Background\nFailed to qualify: Robby Gordon (#13), Dave Marcis (#71), Wally Dallenbach, Jr. (#75), Kyle Petty (#44), Todd Bodine (#91)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162047-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Direct Line International Championships\nThe 2000 Direct Line International Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the Eastbourne Tennis Centre in Eastbourne in the United Kingdom that was part of Tier II of the 2000 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from 19 June until 24 June 2000. Sixth-seeded Julie Halard-Decugis won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162047-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Direct Line International Championships, Finals, Doubles\nAi Sugiyama /  Nathalie Tauziat defeated  Lisa Raymond /  Rennae Stubbs 2\u20136, 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20133)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162048-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Direct Line International Championships \u2013 Doubles\nMartina Hingis and Anna Kournikova were the defending champions but Hingis did not compete this year. Kournikova partnered Natasha Zvereva and reached the quarterfinals where they were beaten by Els Callens and Dominique Van Roost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162048-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Direct Line International Championships \u2013 Doubles\nAi Sugiyama and Nathalie Tauziat won the title, beating Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs in the final, 2\u20136, 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20133).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162048-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Direct Line International Championships \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 61], "content_span": [62, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162049-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Direct Line International Championships \u2013 Singles\nThe Singles competition of the 2000 Direct Line International Championships was part of the 26th edition of the Eastbourne International tennis tournament, Tier II of the 2000 WTA Tour. Natasha Zvereva was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Anna Kournikova. Julie Halard-Decugis won in the final 7\u20136((7\u20134), 6\u20134 against Dominique Van Roost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162049-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Direct Line International Championships \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top four seeds received a bye to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 61], "content_span": [62, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162050-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Division 1 (Senegal)\nThe 2000 Division 1 season was the 35th of the competition of the first-tier football in Senegal. The tournament was organized by the Senegalese Football Federation. The season began on 9 April and finished on 3 September 2000. ASC Diaraf won the ninth title and participated in the 2001 CAF Champions League the following year. ASEC Ndiambour participated in the 2001 CAF Cup of Cups and  ASEC Ndiambour in the 2001 CAF Winners' Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162050-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Division 1 (Senegal)\nThe season would feature only twelve clubs, the following season would return again to fourteen clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162050-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Division 1 (Senegal)\nASC Jeanne d'Arc was the defending team of the title. The season featured 132 matches and scored 197 goals, less than last season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162050-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Division 1 (Senegal), Overview\nThe league was contested by 12 teams with ASC Diaraf winning the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162051-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Djurg\u00e5rdens IF season\n1999 was Djurg\u00e5rden remoted from Allsvenskan. 2000 was the first season of the new second division Superettan. Djurg\u00e5rden finished first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in the Dominican Republic on 16 May 2000. A runoff was to have taken place on 30 June between first-place finisher Hip\u00f3lito Mej\u00eda of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) and runner-up Danilo Medina of the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD); former president Joaqu\u00edn Balaguer of the Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC) finished third. However, Medina pulled out of the runoff after concluding he did not have enough support to overcome Mej\u00eda's first-round lead, handing the presidency to Mej\u00eda. Voter turnout was 76.1%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Background\nThe last presidential election in 1996 saw Leonel Fern\u00e1ndez of the PLD elected as President. He defeated Jos\u00e9 Francisco Pe\u00f1a G\u00f3mez of the PRD in the runoff after incumbent President Joaqu\u00edn Balaguer, told his supporters to back Fern\u00e1ndez. His party's candidate, then Vice President Jacinto Peynado had come in third place at the election without support from the core of the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Background\nBetween 1996 and 2000 the economy grew strongly, with 7.1% growth in 1998 and 8.3% in 1999. This growth, the fastest of any Caribbean country, was fueled by increased foreign investment and the privatisation of state owned enterprises. However Fern\u00e1ndez's approval ratings were only 45% by 1999, with strong discontent among the poor who had not benefited from economic growth and had seen power cuts and price rises. This helped lead to the opposition PRD winning a majority in the 1998 parliamentary elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Candidates\nFern\u00e1ndez was unable to run for re-election as the then constitution prevented consecutive presidential terms. As a result, the governing PLD selected an aide to Fern\u00e1ndez, Danilo Medina, as their candidate. However, there was little enthusiasm for Medina, even in the PLD, and he trailed in the polls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Candidates\nThe opposition centre-left PRD candidate was Hip\u00f3lito Mej\u00eda, a former agriculture minister from 1978 to 1982. Mej\u00eda quickly established an early lead in the polls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Candidates\nIn January 2000 the former president Balaguer, at the age of 93, announced that he would seek an eighth term as president as the candidate of his Social Christian Reformist Party. By this time, Balaguer was completely blind and unable to walk without assistance, but still had many committed supporters which meant he could hold the balance between the other 2 main candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Campaign\nAt the beginning of 2000, opinion polls showed Mej\u00eda in the lead with 45% support, compared to 26% for Medina and 20% for Balaguer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Campaign\nMej\u00eda campaigned by attacking inequality between rich and poor, pledging to increase social spending and to preserve a role for the state in the economy. Mej\u00eda said that he would reverse some of the privatisations that he said had been corrupt and annul licenses for 10 sugar refineries. Mej\u00eda also pledged to make the Dominican Republic self-sufficient in food, from its position as an importer of $1.1bn food. However some of Meija's plans were seen as campaign rhetoric and he was seen as likely to be more economically orthodox than his campaign would make him seem to be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Campaign\nMej\u00eda's plans were attacked by the incumbent president Fern\u00e1ndez, who said they would damage the economy. Medina meanwhile pledged to continue the economic policies pursued by Fern\u00e1ndez, while trying to help the neediest people more. Medina saw economic growth as providing the opportunity for more investment in education and health. However the Social Christian Reformist Party also attacked the government for mismanagement and was seen as being less likely to back the PLD than in 1996 if they came third. Balaguer said he would prioritise agrarian reform, helping farmers and preserving the natural resources of the Dominican Republic if he was elected and he gained as the election neared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Campaign\nFears that the election could be affected by violence were raised after an official of the PLD was killed after an incident involving the bodyguards of the PRD's Mej\u00eda. However the election proceeded alright and international election monitors said they did not find any irregularities in the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Results\nThe first round results saw Hip\u00f3lito Mej\u00eda win 49.87% of the vote, compared to 24.9% for Danilo Medina and 24.6% for Joaqu\u00edn Balaguer. Mej\u00eda finished just a few thousand votes short of an outright majority, and was thus due to face a runoff with Medina on 30 June. However, Mej\u00eda's supporters claimed victory and called on the opposition to avoid the expense of a runoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Results\nAfter Balaguer said that he could not ensure all his supporters would back Medina, Medina concluded that a runoff would not be in the country's best interest, despite calls within his own party to stay in the race. However, Medina would have needed nearly all of Balaguer's supporters to back him in the runoff in order to have any realistic chance of closing the nearly 25-point first-round gap with Mej\u00eda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162052-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican Republic presidential election, Results\nAs a result, Mej\u00eda was inaugurated as president on the 16 August 2000 and said that making the government accountable, education, health and welfare would be his priorities as president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162053-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican general election\nGeneral elections were held in Dominica on 31 January 2000 and saw the Dominica Labour Party led by Rosie Douglas take power defeating the previous government of the United Workers' Party led by Edison James, despite the UWP receiving more votes. The DLP won 10 seats, the UWP 9 seats and the Dominica Freedom Party took 2 seats. Voter turnout was 59.25%. The Dominica Labour Party formed a government in coalition with the Dominica Freedom Party. Voter turnout was 60.2%, the lowest since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162053-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dominican general election, Campaign\nThe ruling United Workers' Party campaigned on their economic record while the Dominica Labour Party focused on charges of corruption against the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162054-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dover incident\nOn 18 June 2000, just before midnight, 58 dead bodies were found in a lorry in the port town of Dover, United Kingdom. Two people were found alive but injured and taken to hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162054-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dover incident, Incident\nThe Dutch lorry came from a ferry that had arrived from Zeebrugge in Belgium. It was selected for examination by officers from HM Customs & Excise who then called the police and ambulance service. It was determined that the deceased were illegal immigrants, and likely died of asphyxiation, though carbon monoxide poisoning was not ruled out. The 60 people were trapped in the container for more than 18 hours, when the outside temperature reached 32\u00a0\u00b0C (90\u00a0\u00b0F). The survivors were found closest to the doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162054-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Dover incident, Casualties\nIt was confirmed by police that all the deceased were Chinese immigrants, 54 men and 4 women. The incident was one of the largest mass killings in British criminal history, and the largest involving illegal immigrants entering the United Kingdom. The 60 Chinese had paid \u00a320,000 each. They were flown from Beijing to Belgrade, then driven to Zeebrugge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162054-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Dover incident, Investigation and prosecution\nThe trailer was owned by a newly formed Dutch haulage company, 'Van Der Spek Transporten', which had been registered days before the incident. A similarly named, legitimate, Dutch haulage company was not involved. The driver of the lorry was Perry Wacker, 33, of Rotterdam. Wacker was arrested at the scene and, in 2001, was sentenced to 14 years in prison for manslaughter for his part in an organised people smuggling operation, coordinated by a Chinese snakehead gang. He was also found guilty of conspiracy to facilitate the entry of illegal immigrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162054-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Dover incident, Investigation and prosecution\nIn 2003, nine Chinese gang members were jailed in the Netherlands for their part in the tragedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162054-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Dover incident, Survivors\nThe two survivors were initially hospitalised with extreme dehydration; they were subsequently given conditional leave to remain in Britain for four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162055-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Drake Bulldogs football team\nThe 2000 Drake Bulldogs football team represented Drake University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. It was the 107th year for the football program. The season ended with a 7\u20134 record and a Pioneer Football League Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162056-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai Sevens\nThe 2000 Dubai Sevens was an international rugby sevens tournament that was the second leg of the 2000\u201301 World Sevens Series. The Dubai Sevens took place at the Dubai Exiles Rugby Ground on 23\u201324 November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162056-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai Sevens\nThe hosts, Arabian Gulf, were defeated 43\u201317 by Ireland in the Bowl quarterfinals whilst defending World Sevens Series champions New Zealand won their third straight Sevens title by defeating Fiji 38\u201312 in the Cup final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162056-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai Sevens, Format\nThe teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each. Each team played the other teams in their pool once, with 3 points awarded for a win, 2 points for a draw, and 1 point for a loss (no points awarded for a forfeit). The pool stage was played on the first day of the tournament. The top two teams from each pool advanced to the Cup/Plate brackets. The bottom two teams from each pool went on to the Bowl bracket. No Shield trophy was on offer in the 2000-01 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162057-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai Tennis Championships\nThe 2000 Dubai Tennis Championships, also known by its sponsored name Duty Free Dubai Open, was a men's tennis tournaments played on outdoor hard courts at the Aviation Club Tennis Centre in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates that were part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. The tournament was held from February 7 through February 13, 2000. First-seeded Nicolas Kiefer won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162057-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai Tennis Championships, Finals, Doubles\nJi\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k /  David Rikl defeated  Robbie Koenig /  Peter Tramacchi 6\u20132, 7\u20135", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162058-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai Tennis Championships \u2013 Doubles\nWayne Black and Sandon Stolle were the defending champions, but none competed this year. Black focused on the singles tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162058-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai Tennis Championships \u2013 Doubles\nJi\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k and David Rikl won the title by defeating Robbie Koenig and Peter Tramacchi 6\u20132, 7\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162059-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai Tennis Championships \u2013 Singles\nJ\u00e9r\u00f4me Golmard was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Nicolas Kiefer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162059-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai Tennis Championships \u2013 Singles\nKiefer went on to win the title, defeating Juan Carlos Ferrero 7\u20135, 4\u20136, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162060-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai World Cup\nThe 2000 Dubai World Cup was a horse race held at Nad Al Sheba Racecourse on Saturday 25 March 2000. It was the 5th running of the Dubai World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162060-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai World Cup\nThe winner was Godolphin's Dubai Millennium, a four-year-old bay colt trained in Dubai by Saeed bin Suroor and ridden by Frankie Dettori. Dubai Millennium's victory was the first in the race for Dettori, a second for bin Suroor and a first for Godolphin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162060-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Dubai World Cup\nDubai Millennium was one of the leading colts of his generation in Europe, winning the Prix Jacques le Marois and the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes in 1999. He made his debut on dirt at Nad Al Sheba on 2 March when he won a round of the Al Maktoum Challenge. In the 2000 Dubai World Cup he took the lead soon after the start and drew clear in the straight to win by six lengths from the American challenger Behrens with a gap of five and a half lengths to Public Purse in third place. The winning time of 1:59.50 was a new track record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162061-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Duke Blue Devils football team\nThe 2000 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team participated as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. They played their homes games at Wallace Wade Stadium in Durham, North Carolina. The team was led by head coach Carl Franks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162062-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dura Lube 300\nThe 2000 Dura Lube 300 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series stock car race that was held on September 17, 2000, at New Hampshire International Speedway in Loudon, New Hampshire. The race was the twenty-sixth of the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. The pole position was won by Bobby Labonte of Joe Gibbs Racing, while Roush Racing's Jeff Burton won after leading all 300 laps. As of 2021, this was the last time that a driver led every single lap in a Cup Series race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162062-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dura Lube 300, Background\nNew Hampshire Motor Speedway is one of ten intermediate tracks to hold NASCAR races; the others are Atlanta Motor Speedway, Charlotte Motor Speedway, Chicagoland Speedway, and Darlington Raceway as well as Homestead Miami Speedway, Kansas Speedway, Kentucky Speedway, Las Vegas Motor Speedway, and Texas Motor Speedway. The standard track at New Hampshire Motor Speedway is a four-turn oval track, 1.06 miles (1.71\u00a0km) long. Its banking in the turns varies from two to seven degrees, while the front stretch, the finish line, and the back stretch are all banked at one degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162062-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Dura Lube 300, Background\nAfter the deaths of Adam Petty and Kenny Irwin, Jr. in practice session accidents at the track during the previous summer, NASCAR mandated the use of restrictor plates for the event. The use marked the first time the plate was used at a track shorter than 2.5 miles (4.0\u00a0km), as Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway had been the only tracks to use it. Because of this, Burton and Steve Park (who finished 34th at Loudon) tested at the Milwaukee Mile with restrictor plates, which had a similar layout to New Hampshire. As a result of the installation of the restrictor plate, speeds at the track dropped by approximately 10 miles per hour (16\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162062-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Dura Lube 300, Background\nAnother effect of Petty and Irwin's deaths is the possibility of a drivers' strike, as drivers had requested the addition of \"soft walls\". Eventually, the drivers stated that they would run the Dura Lube 300, although they would not be pleased with running. A variation of soft walls, the SAFER barriers, was eventually adopted in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162062-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Dura Lube 300, Race\nPole-sitter Bobby Labonte lost the lead on the first lap while entering turn 1 to Jeff Burton. On lap 96, Scott Pruett crashed in turn 4, and the caution flag was flown for three laps until lap 99. The green flag flew for 101 laps until a debris caution was flown. On lap 216, Jeremy Mayfield, Mike Bliss, Ward Burton, Wally Dallenbach, Jr., Dave Blaney, Rick Mast and Kevin Lepage crashed in turn 2. The green was flown again on lap 220, and the race was run under green until lap 247, in which Bill Elliott crashed on the frontstretch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162062-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Dura Lube 300, Race\nAnother caution was thrown for Chad Little and Steve Park's accident in turn 4 on lap 279. On lap 290, Ward Burton, Rick Mast, Jerry Nadeau, Jeff Gordon and Dale Earnhardt, Jr. were involved in a crash in turn 2. The green waved for four laps from lap 294 to 297, in which the final caution was waved for Sterling Marlin's spin in turn 2. The race ended under caution, and Jeff Burton claimed his fourteenth career victory and third of the season, after leading all 300 laps. Bobby Labonte finished second, followed by Ricky Rudd, Dale Jarrett and Rusty Wallace; Jeff Gordon, John Andretti, Mark Martin, Joe Nemechek and Ken Schrader closed out the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162062-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Dura Lube 300, Race\nHis feat of leading every lap was the third to occur in Cup history, after Cale Yarborough accomplished it at Bristol Motor Speedway in 1973 and at Nashville Speedway in 1978. It was also the third in NASCAR history to occur at a superspeedway, with Fireball Roberts at Marchbanks Speedway in 1961, along with Yarborough's Nashville win in 1978. As of 2021, Burton's accomplishment is the last such instance in the Cup Series. The closest since is Martin Truex Jr.'s 2016 Coca-Cola 600 victory in which he led 392 of 400 laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162063-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Durban Sevens\nThe 2000 Durban Sevens, also known as the 2000 South Africa Sevens, was an international rugby sevens tournament that was the first leg of the 2000\u201301 World Sevens Series. The tournament, which took place at the ABSA Stadium on 18\u201319 November 2000, was moved from Stellenbosch to Durban for the 2000\u201301 and 2001\u201302 seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162063-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Durban Sevens\nThe hosts, South Africa, were defeated 19\u201312 by Australia in the Cup quarterfinals but ended the tournament by beating Samoa 22\u201312 in the Plate final whilst defending World Sevens Series champions New Zealand defeated defending South Africa Sevens champions Fiji 34\u20135 in the Cup final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162063-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Durban Sevens, Format\nThe teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each. Each team played the other teams in their pool once, with 3 points awarded for a win, 2 points for a draw, and 1 point for a loss (no points awarded for a forfeit). The pool stage was played on the first day of the tournament. The top two teams from each pool advanced to the Cup/Plate brackets. The bottom two teams from each pool went on to the Bowl bracket. No Shield trophy was on offer in the 2000-01 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162063-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Durban Sevens, Teams\nTwo teams made their IRB Sevens World Series debuts as Wales and Portugal competed for the first time. The 16 participating teams for the tournament:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162064-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dutch Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Dutch Figure Skating Championships took place between 6 and 8 January 2000 in Amsterdam. Skaters competed in the disciplines of ladies' singles and ice dancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162065-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dutch Open \u2013 Doubles\nPaul Haarhuis and Sjeng Schalken were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162065-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dutch Open \u2013 Doubles\nSergio Roitman and Andr\u00e9s Schneiter won in the final 4\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20131, against Edwin Kempes and Dennis van Scheppingen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162066-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dutch TT\nThe 2000 Dutch TT was the eighth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 24 June 2000 at the TT Circuit Assen located in Assen, Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162066-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Dutch TT, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round eight has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162067-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Dwars door Vlaanderen\nThe 2000 Dwars door Vlaanderen was the 55th edition of the Dwars door Vlaanderen cycle race and was held on 22 March 2000. The race started and finished in Waregem. The race was won by Tristan Hoffman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162068-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen\nThe 2000 E3 Harelbeke was the 43rd edition of the E3 Harelbeke cycle race and was held on 25 March 2000. The race started and finished in Harelbeke. The race was won by Sergei Ivanov of the Farm Frites team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162069-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nThe 2000 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 39th tournament in league history. It was played between March 10 and March 18, 2000. Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the final five games were played at the Olympic Arena (subsequently renamed Herb Brooks Arena) in Lake Placid, New York. By winning the tournament, St. Lawrence received the ECAC's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162069-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format\nThe tournament featured three rounds of play. The two teams that finish below tenth place in the standings are not eligible for tournament play. In the first round, the first and tenth seeds, the second and ninth seeds, the third seed and eighth seeds, the fourth seed and seventh seeds and the fifth seed and sixth seeds played a best-of-three series with the three highest-seeded winners advancing to the semifinals and the remaining two winners playing in the Four vs. Five matchup. After the opening round every series becomes a single-elimination game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 52], "content_span": [53, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162069-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format\nIn the semifinals, the highest seed plays the winner of the four vs. five game while the two remaining teams play with the winners advancing to the championship game and the losers advancing to the third place game. The tournament champion receives an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 52], "content_span": [53, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162069-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings\nNote: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162070-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 EM26\n2000 EM26 is a sub-kilometer near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, approximately 110 meters (360 feet) in diameter. It was first observed by astronomers of the LINEAR program on 5 March 2000 and followed until 14 March 2000, by which time it had dimmed to apparent magnitude 20 and was 40\u00b0 from the Moon. By 17 March 2000 it was only 4 degrees from a 90% waxing gibbous moon. It has never been listed on the Sentry Risk Table because none of the potential orbital solutions create a risk of impact in the next ~100 years. The asteroid safely passed Earth on 17\u201318 February 2014. Due to a then-poorly determined orbit, the asteroid may have been significantly further from Earth and dozens of degrees from where the telescope was pointed during the 2014 approach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162070-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 EM26, Observations\nThe 2014 approach was broadcast live (YouTube archive) on the Internet at 09:00\u00a0pm EST (02:00 UTC), 18 February 2014, by the Slooh community observatory. Slooh's observatory on Mount Teide in Spain's Canary Islands was iced over at the time, so images from the Slooh observatory in Dubai were used to attempt detection of the asteroid. At the time of the broadcast, no obvious image of the asteroid could be seen. Some viewers complained by Twitter that it was boring when the object was never shown in the images, while others said that \"boring\" was a good outcome for a pass-by.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162070-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 EM26, Orbit\n2000 EM26 is an Aten-family asteroid, and as such is often near the glare of the Sun as the asteroid seldom travels outside Earth's orbit when the Earth is nearby. The orbit was poorly constrained in 2014 since the asteroid had an observation arc of only 9 days creating an orbital uncertainty of 7. Since the asteroid had not been observed since 14 March 2000, the uncertainty region had kept increasing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162070-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 EM26, Orbit\nDuring the 2014 approach, 17 February 2014 was the first day that the nominal orbit had a solar elongation more than 90 degrees from the Sun making it easier to recover under a dark sky. Using the nominal orbit, the asteroid was expected to have an apparent magnitude of about 16 and pass 0.02\u00a0AU (3,000,000\u00a0km; 1,900,000\u00a0mi) from Earth. Closest approach (perigee-geocentrical) was around 00:15 UTC on 18 February plus or minus about 13 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162070-0002-0002", "contents": "2000 EM26, Orbit\nEven with an observation arc of 9 days, it was known that the minimum possible close approach distance to Earth on 18 February 2014 was 0.018\u00a0AU (2,700,000\u00a0km; 1,700,000\u00a0mi) with a small chance that the asteroid would pass as far as 0.13\u00a0AU (19,000,000\u00a0km; 12,000,000\u00a0mi) from Earth. Due to the uncertainty region of the asteroid, the asteroid could have been 75 degrees from the nominal position in the sky on 18 February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162070-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 EM26, Orbit\n2000 EM26 was recovered on 24 February 2017 at magnitude 21, extending the observation arc to 17 years. It is now known that 2000 EM26 passed 0.03665\u00a0AU (5,483,000\u00a0km; 3,407,000\u00a0mi) from Earth on 17 February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162070-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 EM26, Physical characteristics\nWith an absolute magnitude of 22.5, the asteroid's diameter is estimated around 80\u2013190 meters (260\u2013620 feet) in diameter, for a range in albedo of 0.27 to 0.05 depending on whether the object is of stony or carbonaceous composition. For a standard albedo of 0.14, it translates to a mean-diameter of 110 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162071-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 East Carolina Pirates football team\nThe 2000 East Carolina Pirates football team was an American football team that represented East Carolina University as a member of Conference USA during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their ninth season under head coach Steve Logan, the team compiled a 8\u20134 record. The Pirates offense scored 370 points while the defense allowed 256 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash\nOn 21 May 2000, a British Aerospace BAe-3101 Jetstream 3101 operated by East Coast Aviation Services (known operationally as Executive Airlines) crashed into mountainous terrain in Bear Creek Township, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. The plane was carrying 17 professional gamblers returning home from Caesar's Palace Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, along with 2 crew members. It was chartered by Caesar's Palace (New Jersey). All 19 passengers and crews on board were killed instantly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash\nAn investigation was conducted by the National Transportation Safety Board. It found that while the aircraft was approaching Scranton International Airport, it ran out of fuel. The investigation found that the crews were supposed to refill the aircraft with a total of 180 gallons of fuel. Instead, they refilled with 90 gallons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash\nAlthough the final report concluded that fuel exhaustion was the cause of the crash, it was not received warmly by some relatives of the victims. Several of them filled lawsuits against Executive Airlines and British Aerospace. Executive Airlines chief executive Michael Peragine questioned the NTSB report, claiming that it dismissed several other factors that might have been beneficial to the investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Flight\nThe crew initially was supposed to take a flight from Farmingdale, New York to Atlantic City, New Jersey at 09:00 local time. However, the crew later received a phone call from the Executive Airlines' owner and CEO detailing that they had been assigned another flight to Wilkes-Barre, with a return flight to Atlantic City later in the day. Ninety gallons of fuel was added to the aircraft, and it departed for Farmingdale at 09:21 local time with 12 passengers on board, under command of Captain Cam Basat. It arrived at Atlantic City International Airport at 09:49.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 75], "content_span": [76, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Flight\nThe second leg of the flight was from Atlantic City to Wilkes-Barre. This flight segment was flown by the same crew, with First Officer Gregory MacVicar as pilot flying. No fuel was added on this flight segment. The plane departed Atlantic City at 10:30 with 17 passengers on board. It was cleared to fly at 5,000' above mean sea level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 75], "content_span": [76, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Flight, Approach to Wilkes-Barre\nAs the flight neared Wilkes-Barre, the crew established contact with the approach controller for clearance, which was granted. The crew was given a radar vector for an ILS approach. Their first attempt to land, however, was not successful. The crew executed a missed approach, and started a second approach with another ILS radar vector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 101], "content_span": [102, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Flight, Start of engine failure\nAt 11:23, the crew declared an emergency and indicated they had an \"engine failure\". The crew was given yet another radar vector by the air traffic controller. At 11:25, as the aircraft was descending through 3,000', the controller warned that the minimum vectoring altitude (MVA) was 3,300' within the sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 100], "content_span": [101, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Flight, Start of engine failure\nThe controller also read out the weather condition in the vicinity, and informed the crew about the location of nearby highways, suggesting that they could make an emergency landing. The crew declined, and asked for a radar vector to the airport. As the radar vector was given to the crew, the flight disappeared from the radar screen. Communications between the crew and the controller, however, continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 100], "content_span": [101, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Flight, Crash\nAt 11:27, the crew reported that they had \"gotten back the left engine now\", and radar contact was re-established. However, a few seconds later the crew reported that they had lost both engines. The controller informed them that the Pennsylvania Turnpike was right below them, and requested they \"let [ATC] know if you can get your engines back\". There was no further radio contact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Flight, Crash\nEmergency crews were notified at 11:30, and began searching for the crash site. The wreckage was found at 12:45 p.m local time. There were no survivors. In response to the crash, the airport fire department was turned into a makeshift encampment for the relatives of the victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Passengers and crews\nThe pilot flying on the crash leg was First Officer Gregory MacVicar, age 38. At the time of the accident, he had accumulated 1,282 total flying hours, of which about 742 hours were in the Jetstream 3101. He joined Executive Airlines on November 9, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 89], "content_span": [90, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Passengers and crews\nThe pilot monitoring was Captain Cam Basat, age 34. He joined Executive Airlines in 1998 as a part-time pilot. At the time, he was a full-time pilot for Atlantic Coast Airlines. At the time of the accident, the captain had accumulated about 8,500 flying hours, including about 1,874 hours as pilot-in-command in the Jetstream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 89], "content_span": [90, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Aircraft\nThe plane involved in the accident was a British Aerospace Jetstream 3101, registered as N16EJ. It was delivered by British Aerospace on 1988 as N851JS. Executive Airlines purchased the airplane on October 28, 1996, from Fairchild Dornier. Its registration was changed to N16EJ on September 1997. First operation of the plane was in December 1997. At the time of the accident, the plane had accumulated a total of 18,503 cycles, totaling 13,972 flight hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 77], "content_span": [78, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Aircraft\nIt was discovered that the plane had been involved in several incidents before the crash. In 1989, the plane was substantially damaged after it overran a runway and impacted terrain after an aborted take-off. In 1991, the plane had an engine fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 77], "content_span": [78, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Investigation\nThe ATC recording showed that, while the plane was approaching Scranton, the crew on board transmitted a message that an engine failure had occurred on board. The NTSB suspected that fuel exhaustion may have caused the failure. This was proved by their examination of the crash site. The NTSB stated that had the flight been filled with sufficient fuel, then the burnt area should have been wider than expected. In the case of this flight, the burnt area was concentrated into a small and compact area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Investigation\nAnalysis of the airplane log pages and flight crew records indicated that about 1,000 pounds of fuel were on board the airplane before the 600 pounds (90 gallons) were added on the day of the accident. The NTSB revealed that the crew had planned to add another 180 gallons of fuel. According to the NTSB, if the flight crew intended to load 180 gallons (about 1,200 pounds), it was common industry and company practice to ask for 90 gallons on each side (the left tank and right tank).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Investigation\nHowever, due to a miscommunication, only 90 gallons (600 pounds) of fuel were added to the plane. The crew did order 90 gallons of fuel, but did not specify that it should be added to both tanks. Thus, only 90 gallons of fuel were added, a total confirmed by the fuel order receipt, which the crew most likely did not read.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Investigation\nCaptain Basat and First Officer MacVicar then completed the load manifest. They stated that the plane was loaded with 2,400 pounds of fuel when it departed from Farmingdale. In reality, there were only 1,600 pounds of fuel on board, 800 pounds less than intended. Calculations by the NTSB revealed that if the plane were loaded with a total of 2,400 pounds of fuel, then the crew would not have had to refuel in Atlantic City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Investigation\nSince the crew believed that there were enough fuel on board, they apparently ignored the low fuel quantity annunciator lights that should have warned them of their lack of fuel. However, the NTSB stated that these lights can be easily \"overlooked\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Investigation\nAs the plane ran out of fuel, the right engine stopped. This failure on the right engine caused the plane to deviate from its planned track. Although the pilots were able to restart the engine, it failed again seconds later, along with the left engine. Low airspeed then caused loss of control of the plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Investigation\nThe final accident report was published on August 29, 2002, and concluded the cause of the crash was pilot error:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162072-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 East Coast Aviation Services British Aerospace Jetstream crash, Investigation\n\"The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flight crew's failure to ensure an adequate fuel supply for the flight, which led to the stoppage of the right engine due to fuel exhaustion and the intermittent stoppage of the left engine due to fuel starvation. Contributing to the accident were the flight crew's failure to monitor the airplane's fuel state and the flight crew's failure to maintain directional control after the initial engine stoppage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [69, 82], "content_span": [83, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162073-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastbourne Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Eastbourne Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Eastbourne Borough Council in East Sussex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party gained overall control of the council from no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162073-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastbourne Borough Council election, Election result\nOverall turnout at the election was 30.90%, down from 32.36% at the 1999 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162074-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team\nThe 2000 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team represented Eastern Illinois University as a member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by 14th-year head coach Bob Spoo, the Panthers compiled an overall record of 8\u20134, finishing second in OVC with a conference mark of 6\u20131. Eastern Illinois was invited to the NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship playoffs, where they lost in the first round to Montana. The Bobcats were ranked 17th in the final Sports Network poll. Their starting quarterback, Tony Romo, went on to play 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162075-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastern League season\nThe 2000 Eastern League season began on approximately April 1 and the regular season ended on approximately September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162075-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastern League season\nThe New Haven Ravens defeated the Reading Phillies 3 games to 1 to win the Eastern League Championship Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162075-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastern League season, Playoffs, Divisional Series, Northern Division\nThe New Haven Ravens defeated the Binghamton Mets in the Northern Division playoffs 3 games to 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162075-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastern League season, Playoffs, Divisional Series, Southern Division\nThe Reading Phillies defeated the Harrisburg Senators in the Southern Division playoffs 3 games to 0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162075-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastern League season, Playoffs, Championship Series\nThe New Haven Ravens defeated the Reading Phillies in the ELCS 3 games to 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162076-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastern Michigan Eagles football team\nThe 2000 Eastern Michigan Eagles football team represented Eastern Michigan University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Jeff Woodruff, the Eagles compiled a 3\u20138 record (2\u20135 against conference opponents), finished in fifth place in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference, and were outscored by their opponents, 350 to 209. The team's statistical leaders included Walter Church with 2,326 passing yards, John White with 561 rushing yards, and Kenny Christian with 808 receiving yards. Walter Church received the team's most valuable player award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162077-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Eastleigh Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Eastleigh Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Eastleigh borough council in Hampshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrat party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162078-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ecuadorian coup d'\u00e9tat\nThe 2000 Ecuadorian coup d'\u00e9tat took place on 21 January 2000 and resulted in President Jamil Mahuad being deposed, and replaced by Vice President Gustavo Noboa. The coup coalition brought together a short-lived junta composed by the country's most powerful indigenous group, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE), and a group of junior military officers led by Lieutenant Colonel Lucio Guti\u00e9rrez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162078-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ecuadorian coup d'\u00e9tat\nAmidst a severe economic crisis, the coup coalition sought to emulate the populist democracy and economy of Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's Venezuela. The coup ultimately failed, with senior military officers opposed to the programme installing the elected Vice President as President, and imprisoning coup leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162078-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ecuadorian coup d'\u00e9tat, Background\nThere was a severe economic crisis in Ecuador (including the 1998\u201399 Ecuador banking crisis), which had led to a 60% cut in the armed forces budget. There were also concerns about corruption. Mahuad's popularity rating had fallen from 60% in October 1998 to 6% in January 2000. In the early days of 2000, Mahuad announced the dollarization of the economy of Ecuador, along with a number of International Monetary Fund measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162078-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Ecuadorian coup d'\u00e9tat, Coup\nIn response to the economic plans \"Indian crowds flocked to Quito demanding Mahuad's dismissal and occupying Congress and the Supreme Court.\" On 21 January 2000 Lucio Guti\u00e9rrez and CONAIE President Antonio Vargas declared a \"government of national salvation\". This led to \"frantic consultations among generals, politicians, and US diplomats\", and ultimately saw senior military officers install Vice President Gustavo Noboa as president and arrest the coup leaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162078-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Ecuadorian coup d'\u00e9tat, Coup\nDuring the coup, there was little mobilisation against it, and a survey showed widespread popular support for CONAIE's occupation of Congress, which had allowed the military to call for Mahuad's resignation. However, there was little public support for military rule, a fact senior military officers conducting the negotiations during the coup were aware of. The military's senior officers opposed the coalition's plans, and had close ties with the country political and economic elite, who also opposed them (such as influential former president and then-Mayor of Guayaquil Le\u00f3n Febres Cordero). They were also influenced by threats of US economic sanctions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162078-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Ecuadorian coup d'\u00e9tat, Coup\nIn addition, the role of junior officers in the coup was seen as a subversion of the military hierarchy, and Chief of the Military High Command, General Carlos Mendoza, said that the generals could not accept Lieutenant Colonel Lucio Guti\u00e9rrez as a ruling junta's military representative. There were negotiations about replacing Guti\u00e9rrez with Mendoza, but shortly after the junta accepted this, \"Mendoza hijacked the coup and put an end to it by handing power over to the vice president of the country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162078-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Ecuadorian coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nGuti\u00e9rrez was imprisoned for four months, and then expelled from the army. He ran for president in the 2002 general elections and was elected, taking office in January 2003, but his support collapsed after introducing various neoliberal economic measures in order to satisfy international lenders, being himself ousted after a popular revolt in April 2005, which saw the third and final overthrow (to date) of a democratically elected government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162078-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Ecuadorian coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nThis recently turbulent period of Ecuadorian history ended with the 2006 election of Rafael Correa, an academic outsider who opposed and condemned the practices of traditional parties, political and economical elites, while moving a leftist, anti-neoliberal and populist agenda which since 2007 has seen an increase in public spending, a new Constitution, social programs and an anti-imperialist foreign policy aligned with the socialism of the 21st century, despite accusations of curtailing freedoms, particularly speech and press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162079-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Edmonton Eskimos season\nThe  2000 Edmonton Eskimos finished 2nd in the West Division with a 10\u20138\u20130\u20131 record, but lost the West Semi-Final to the eventual champion BC Lions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162080-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Egypt Cup Final\n2000 Egypt Cup Final, was the final match of the 1999\u20132000 Egypt Cup, when Ismaily played Al Mokawloon Al Arab at Cairo International Stadium in Cairo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162080-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Egypt Cup Final\nIsmaily won the game 4\u20130, claiming the cup for the 2nd time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162081-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Egyptian League Cup\n2000 Egyptian League Cup, it was the first ever edition, participation first division teams only on voluntary basis. Clubs play without international players (matches played during African Nations' Cup and Olympic qualifiers). Ahly, Mansoura and El Ittihad Alexandria declined to participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162082-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Egyptian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Egypt in three stages between 18 October and 8 November 2000. The election was broken into stages after a July ruling by the Supreme Constitutional Court that judges must monitor all polling stations. The first stage on 18 October was held in 150 seats in northern Egypt, the second stage took place on 28 October for 134 seats in eastern and southern Egypt, and the third stage on 8 November involved the 156 seats in central Egypt, including Cairo. Two seats in Alexandria were left vacant after the results were annulled by a court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162082-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Egyptian parliamentary election\nThe result was a victory for the ruling National Democratic Party (NDP), which won 353 seats. Following the election, 35 of the 72 independents also joined the NDP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162082-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Egyptian parliamentary election, Results\nSeventeen of the 72 independents were members of the Muslim Brotherhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162083-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Eisenhower Trophy\nThe 2000 Eisenhower Trophy took place 31 August to 3 September on the Nick Faldo and Arnold Palmer courses at Sporting Club Berlin in Bad Saarow, Germany. It was the 22nd World Amateur Team Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 59 four-man teams. The best three scores for each round counted towards the team total. Each team played two rounds on the two courses. The leading teams played on the Arnold Palmer course on the third day and on the Nick Faldo course on the final day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162083-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Eisenhower Trophy\nUnited States won the Eisenhower Trophy for the 11th time, finishing 16 strokes ahead of the silver medalists, Great Britain and Ireland. Australia took the bronze medal with Sweden in fourth place. Bryce Molder had the lowest individual score, 15-under-par 273, four strokes better than Paul Casey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162083-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Eisenhower Trophy\nThis was the last World Amateur Team Championship with teams of four; subsequent championships had teams of three with the best two scores for each round counting. It was also the last time that there was a Great Britain and Ireland team. From 2002, England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland (a combined Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland team) competed as separate teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162083-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Eisenhower Trophy, Teams\nThe following table lists the players on the leading teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162083-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Eisenhower Trophy, Individual leaders\nThere was no official recognition for the lowest individual scores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162084-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Elite League speedway season\nThe 2000 Elite League speedway season was the 66th season of the top tier of speedway in the United Kingdom. It was the fourth known as the Elite League and was governed by the Speedway Control Board (SCB), in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162084-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Elite League speedway season, Season summary\nIn 2000, the league decreased to nine teams with the Hull Vikings dropping back down to the Premier League after just one season. The league operated on a standard format without play-offs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162084-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Elite League speedway season, Season summary\nEastbourne Eagles claimed the millennium season league title but only finished two points clear of King's Lynn Knights. Martin Dugard topped scored for the Eagles but was well supported by their new signing Joe Screen from Hull Vikings. Three other English riders finished with averages in excess of 7 which was the crucial difference during the season. They were David Norris, Paul Hurry and Dean Barker. The King's Lynn Australian pairing of Leigh Adams and Jason Crump topped the league averages but did not have the back up that Eastbourne relied on. King's Lynn gained consolation when winning the Knockout Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162084-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Elite League speedway season, Elite League Knockout Cup\nThe 2000 Speedway Star Knockout Cup was the 62nd edition of the Knockout Cup for tier one teams. King's Lynn Stars were the winners of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162084-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Elite League speedway season, Elite League Knockout Cup, Final, Second leg\nKing's Lynn Knights were declared Knockout Cup Champions, on aggregate score 100-80.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 79], "content_span": [80, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162085-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ellesmere Port and Neston Borough Council election\nElections to Ellesmere Port and Neston Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162086-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Emilia-Romagna regional election\nThe Emilia-Romagna regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162086-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Emilia-Romagna regional election\nVasco Errani (Democrats of the Left), who had replaced Pier Luigi Bersani in 1999, was re-elected President, defeating Gabriele Can\u00e9, the candidate of Forza Italia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162086-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Emilia-Romagna regional election, Electoral Law\nThe Legislative Assembly of Emilia-Romagna (Assemblea Legislativa dell'Emilia-Romagna) is composed of 50 members. 40 councillors are elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation using the largest remainder method with a Droop quota and open lists, while 10 councillors (elected in bloc) come from a \"regional list\", including the President-elect. One seat is reserved for the candidate who comes second. If a coalition wins more than 50% of the total seats in the Council with PR, only 5 candidates from the regional list will be chosen and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 45. If the winning coalition receives less than 40% of votes special seats are added to the Council to ensure a large majority for the President's coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162087-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Emperor's Cup, Overview\nIt was contested by 80 teams, and Kashima Antlers won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162088-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Emperor's Cup Final\n2000 Emperor's Cup Final was the 80th final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on January 1, 2001. Kashima Antlers won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162088-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Emperor's Cup Final, Overview\nKashima Antlers won their 2nd title, by defeating Shimizu S-Pulse 3\u20132 with Mitsuo Ogasawara and Takayuki Suzuki goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162089-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Empress's Cup, Overview\nIt was contested by 19 teams, and Nippon TV Beleza won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162090-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Empress's Cup Final\n2000 Empress's Cup Final was the 22nd final of the Empress's Cup competition. The final was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on January 21, 2001. Nippon TV Beleza won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162090-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Empress's Cup Final, Overview\nNippon TV Beleza won their 5th title, by defeating defending champion Tasaki Perule FC 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162091-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Energis Dutch Open\nThe 2000 Dutch Open was an ATP men's tennis tournament staged in Amsterdam, Netherlands and played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 41st edition of the tournament and was held from 17 July until 23 July 2000. Fourth-seeded Magnus Gustafsson won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162091-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Energis Dutch Open, Finals, Doubles\nSergio Roitman /  Andr\u00e9s Schneiter defeated  Edwin Kempes /  Dennis van Scheppingen 4\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20131", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162092-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Energis Dutch Open \u2013 Singles\nYounes El Aynaoui was the defending champion, but the Moroccan did not compete. Magnus Gustafsson won in the final 6\u20137(4\u20137), 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20135), 6\u20131 against unseeded Raemon Sluiter and captured the fourteenth and last title of his professional career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162093-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Enggano earthquake\nThe 2000 Enggano earthquake struck at 23:28 local time on June 4 with a moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). The event occurred off the coast of southern Sumatra, Indonesia near Enggano Island. There were more than 100 fatalities and up to 2,585 injuries. Over 730 aftershocks shocked the area afterwards, one just eleven minutes after the mainshock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162093-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Enggano earthquake\nThis was the first and southernmost in a series of very large to great Sumatran earthquakes in the 2000s to rupture almost the entire western part of the Sunda megathrust, most notably including the 9.1\u20139.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, but also the 8.7 2005 Nias\u2013Simeulue earthquake, and the 7.9\u20138.4 September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162093-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Enggano earthquake, Background and tectonics\nIndonesia is well known for strong earthquakes: the 2000 Enggano event marked the beginning of an ongoing period of seismic activity in the area, highlighted by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The 2000 Enggano earthquake took place at the southeastern end of the fault segment that ruptured during the 1833 Sumatra earthquake. This group of earthquakes, in addition to the 2005 Nias\u2013Simeulue earthquake, all ruptured along the megathrust that forms the interface between the Australian and Sunda Plates. This event was the only one not to cause a tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162093-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Enggano earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake involved the rupture of two different faults with different mechanisms. The first subevent ruptured a north\u2013south striking fault within the Australian Plate with a left lateral strike-slip mechanism. The earthquake rupture propagated northwards until it reached the megathrust, triggering the second subevent along the Sunda megathrust itself. The strike-slip rupture probably represents slip on a pre-existing fracture zone, similar to the likely cause of the M 7.9 earthquake that struck about 1,000 km to the south on 18 June 2000 with a similar mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162093-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Enggano earthquake, Damage and casualties\nExtensive damage and landslides populated the Bengkulu area, with minor injuries and damage on Enggano Island. In the village worst struck, several hundred structures were reported in ruins. An aftershock measuring 6.2 struck on June 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162093-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Enggano earthquake, Aftermath and response\nInternational relief teams arrived in the region within several days. Relief efforts were impeded by fallen telephone poles, which blocked the supplies. The main problem found in the affected areas was a lack of water supply and electricity, these facilities having been cut off by oscillation. Pope John Paul II expressed his \"sincere sympathy\" for those families stricken by the earthquake. He called for a rapid international response to the quake, and said he would keep its victims in his prayers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162093-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Enggano earthquake, Aftermath and response\nA Taiwanese rescue team was sent to help victims of the tremor, the first from the country to take part in rescue efforts aside from Asia. The United States donated US$ 25,000 instantly to relief organizations, Japan offering a grant of US$140,000 and Australia US$143,000 in addition to a two-person team of emergency relief examiners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162093-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Enggano earthquake, Wharton Basin event\nTwo weeks later on June 18, another magnitude 7.9 event occurred about 1,000 kilometers (620\u00a0mi) to the southwest in the Wharton Basin. At the time, it was the largest intraplate earthquake in the Indian Ocean until the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162094-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 England rugby union tour of South Africa, Touring party, Full back\nMatt Perry (Bath Rugby), Tim Stimpson (Leicester Tigers), Rob Thirlby (Bath Rugby).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162094-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 England rugby union tour of South Africa, Touring party, Three-quarters\nLiam Botham (Newcastle Falcons), Mike Catt (Bath Rugby), Ben Cohen (Northampton Saints), Will Greenwood (Leicester Tigers), Steve Hanley (Sale), Austin Healey (Leicester Tigers), Ben Johnston (Saracens), Josh Lewsey (London Wasps), Leon Lloyd (Leicester Tigers), Dan Luger (Saracens), Mike Tindall (Bath Rugby).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 76], "content_span": [77, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162094-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 England rugby union tour of South Africa, Touring party, Half-backs\nScott Benton (Leeds), Kyran Bracken (Saracens), Ali Hepher (Northampton Saints), Nick Walshe (Saracens), Jonny Wilkinson (Newcastle Falcons), Martyn Wood (Saracens).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162094-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 England rugby union tour of South Africa, Touring party, Forwards\nNeil Back (Leicester Tigers), Steve Borthwick (Bath Rugby), Ben Clarke (Bath Rugby), Martin Corry (Leicester Tigers), Lawrence Dallaglio (London Wasps), David Flatman (Saracens), Darren Garforth (Leicester Tigers), Will Green (London Wasps), Phil Greening (London Wasps), Danny Grewcock (Saracens), Martin Johnson (Leicester Tigers), Richard Hill (Saracens), Jason Leonard (Harlequins), Andy Long (Bath Rugby), Mark Regan (Bath Rugby), Graham Rowntree (Leicester Tigers), Simon Shaw (London Wasps), Andrew Sheridan (Bristol), Paul Volley (London Wasps), Julian White (Saracens), Roy Winters (Bedford Blues), Trevor Woodman (Gloucester Rugby), Joe Worsley (London Wasps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162095-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 England v Germany football match\nEngland v Germany (2000) was the final match to be played at the old Wembley Stadium. The match was a 2002 World Cup qualifying game between England and Germany. Germany won the game 1\u20130, with the goal scored by Dietmar Hamann. England manager Kevin Keegan resigned from his position after this game. The return fixture in Munich, Germany, resulted in a 5\u20131 victory to England with Swedish Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson as new England manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162095-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 England v Germany football match, Background\nThe game took place on 7 October 2000. The demolition of Wembley Stadium had already been announced. Prior to the game, England's team selection was leaked to the media, leading to criticism from Keegan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162095-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 England v Germany football match, Match, Team selection\nBoth England and Germany fielded 4\u20134\u20132 formations England centre-back Gareth Southgate was unusually played in a defensive midfield position ahead of Paul Ince and Dennis Wise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162095-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 England v Germany football match, Match, Summary\nThe only goal of the game was scored by Dietmar Hamann after fourteen minutes. It came from a free kick awarded for a foul on Michael Ballack by Paul Scholes 30 yards from goal. German goalkeeper Oliver Kahn saved shots from Andy Cole and England captain Tony Adams in the first half and a David Beckham free kick in the second. England's David Seaman, who some had blamed for the first goal, saved a shot by Mehmet Scholl on 52 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 53], "content_span": [54, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162095-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 England v Germany football match, Aftermath\nImmediately after the game, Keegan resigned as manager of England. England under-21 coach Howard Wilkinson was appointed as caretaker manager by the Football Association. He was succeeded by Sven-Goran Eriksson, who led England to a 5\u20131 victory over Germany in the return fixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162095-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 England v Germany football match, Aftermath\nDietmar Hamann's goal was the last to be scored at the stadium. Hamann later stated in an interview that he regretted the fact that Keegan had resigned after the game, as he had supported Keegan's former club Hamburger SV during Keegan's time at the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162095-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 England v Germany football match, Aftermath\nIn May 2005, a poll to name a footbridge at the new Wembley Stadium saw the name Dietmar Hamann Bridge receive the most nominations. It was instead given the name White Horse Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162096-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 English Greyhound Derby\nThe 2000 William Hill Greyhound Derby took place during May and June with the final being held on 3 June 2000 at Wimbledon Stadium. The winner Rapid Ranger received \u00a375,000. One of the finalists Smoking Bullet was owned by Vinnie Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162096-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 English Greyhound Derby, Final result, Distances\n3\u00bc, 1\u00be, head, 6\u00bd, 2 (lengths)The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. One length is equal to 0.08 of one second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162096-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 English Greyhound Derby, Final result, Competition Report\nFour greyhounds were installed as 16-1 joint favourites in the ante post lists; they were Juvenile and Byrne International winner Knockanroe Rover,  Laurels, All England Cup and Birmingham Cup champion Derbay Flyer, Eclipse champion Mumble Swerve and the Nick Savva trained Sonic Flight. In the final Rapid Ranger vied for the lead with Deerfield Sunset on his inside before Rapid Ranger pulled clear and won easily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162097-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 English National Badminton Championships\nThe 2000 English National Badminton Championships were held in Burgess Hill, Sussex, from 4-6 February, 2000. The event was sponsored by Liverpool Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162097-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 English National Badminton Championships\nJulia Mann won her fifth singles title equalling Fiona Smith and Margaret Beck, which put all three players three title wins behind Gillian Gilks on the all time list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162098-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 English cricket season\nThe 2000 cricket season was the 101st in which the County Championship has been an official competition. Surrey in first-class cricket and Gloucestershire in limited overs cricket were the dominant teams. The West Indies toured England to compete in a test series which England won 3-1. Zimbabwe also played their first test series on English soil losing 1-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162098-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 English cricket season, Test series\nEngland played five Test matches against West Indies following two against Zimbabwe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162098-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 English cricket season, Leading batsmen\nMichael Bevan topped the averages with 1124 runs @ 74.93", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162098-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 English cricket season, Leading batsmen\nThe top runscorer was Darren Lehmann with 1477 @ 67.13", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162098-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 English cricket season, Leading bowlers\nCourtney Walsh topped the averages with 40 wickets @ 11.42", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162098-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 English cricket season, Leading bowlers\nThe leading wicket taker was Glenn McGrath, playing for Worcestershire, who took 80 @ 13.21", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162099-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Epping Forest District Council election\nElections to Epping Forest Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control. Overall turnout was 30.4%. This was the last election with some of the current boundaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162100-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Epsom Derby\nThe 2000 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on Saturday 10 June 2000. It was the 221st running of the Derby, and it was won by Sinndar. The winner was ridden by Johnny Murtagh and trained by John Oxx. The pre-race favourite Beat Hollow finished third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162100-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Epsom Derby, Full result\n* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. hd = head; nk = neck.\u2020 Trainers are based in Great Britain unless indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162100-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Epsom Derby, Form analysis, Two-year-old races\nNotable runs by the future Derby participants as two-year-olds in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162100-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Epsom Derby, Form analysis, The road to Epsom\nEarly-season appearances in 2000 and trial races prior to running in the Derby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162100-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Epsom Derby, Form analysis, Subsequent Group 1 wins\nGroup 1 / Grade I victories after running in the Derby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162100-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Epsom Derby, Subsequent breeding careers, Other Stallions\nBarathea Guest (8th) - Doubly Guest (3rd Warfield Mares' Hurdle 2009) - Exported to ItalyBest Of The Bests (4th) - Minor winners - Exported to CanadaWellbeing (5th) - Sired minor jumps winner before being gelded and sent over hurdles himselfAristotle (10th) - Exported to Australia before standing in Ireland where he sired a minor jumps winnerHatha Anna (6th) - Exported to Russia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162101-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open\nThe 2000 Ericsson Open was the 16th edition of this tennis tournament and was played on outdoor hard courts. The tournament was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour and was classified as a Tier I event on the 2000 WTA Tour. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the Tennis Center at Crandon Park in Key Biscayne, Florida, United States, from March 23 through April 6, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162101-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open, Finals, Men's doubles\nTodd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde defeated  Martin Damm /  Dominik Hrbat\u00fd 6\u20133, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162101-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open, Finals, Women's doubles\nJulie Halard-Decugis /  Ai Sugiyama defeated  Nicole Arendt /  Manon Bollegraf 4\u20136, 7\u20135, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162102-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nWayne Black and Sandon Stolle were the defending champions, but did not partner together this year. Black partnered Andrew Kratzmann, losing in the second round. Stolle partnered Paul Haarhuis, losing in the quarterfinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162102-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nTodd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde won the title, defeating Martin Damm and Dominik Hrbat\u00fd 6\u20133, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162103-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open \u2013 Men's Singles\nRichard Krajicek was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162103-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open \u2013 Men's Singles\nPete Sampras won the title, defeating Gustavo Kuerten 6\u20131, 6\u20137(2\u20137), 7\u20136(7\u20135), 7\u20136(10\u20138) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162103-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open \u2013 Men's Singles, Seeds\nAll thirty-two seeds received a bye to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162104-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nMartina Hingis and Jana Novotn\u00e1 were the defending champions, but none of them competed this year. Novotn\u00e1 also retired at the end of the 1999 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162104-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nJulie Halard-Decugis and Ai Sugiyama won the title by defeating Nicole Arendt and Manon Bollegraf 4\u20136, 7\u20135, 6\u20134 in the final. It was the 9th title for Halard-Decugis and the 12th title for Sugiyama in their respective careers. It was also the 2nd title for the pair during the season, after their win in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162104-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open \u2013 Women's Doubles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. All sixteen seeds received a bye to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162105-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ericsson Open \u2013 Women's Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. All thirty-two seeds received a bye to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162106-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Esiliiga\nThe 2000 Esiliiga is the tenth season of the Esiliiga, second-highest Estonian league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162106-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Esiliiga, Promotion playoff\nFC Kuressaare were awarded the playoff win after JK Tervis P\u00e4rnu withdrew due to unavailability of players active for the Estonian U-18 team. Kuressaare remained in Meistriliiga, Tervis in Esiliiga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162107-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Espirito Santo Trophy\nThe 2000 Espirito Santo Trophy took place 23\u201326 August at Sporting Club Berlin, on its Nick Faldo Course, in Bad Saarow, outside Berlin, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162107-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Espirito Santo Trophy\nIt was the 19th women's golf World Amateur Team Championship for the Espirito Santo Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162107-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Espirito Santo Trophy\nThe tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event. There were a record 40 team entries, each with three players. The best two scores for each round counted towards the team total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162107-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Espirito Santo Trophy\nThe French team won the Trophy for their second title, their first since France won the inaugural event on home soil in 1964. They beat team South Korea by seven strokes. South Korea took the silver, while the combined team of Great Britain and Ireland took the bronze on third place another four strokes back. The defending United States team finished 17th, their worst finish ever in the championship, having won the trophy 13 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162107-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Espirito Santo Trophy\nThe individual title went to Suzann Pettersen, Norway, whose score of 3-under-par, 285, was four strokes ahead of the nearest competitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162107-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Espirito Santo Trophy, Teams\n40 teams entered the event and completed the competition. Each team had three players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162107-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Espirito Santo Trophy, Individual leaders\nThere was no official recognition for the lowest individual scores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162108-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Estonia Census\n2000 Population and Housing Census (PHC 2000) (Estonian: Rahva ja eluruumide loendus (REL 2000)) was a census that was carried out during 31 March 2000 \u2013 9 April 2000 in Estonia by Statistics Estonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162108-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Estonia Census\nThe total actual population recorded was 1,370,052 persons and 67.9% of them were Estonians. Compared to 1989 Estonia Census population was decreased by 195,000 persons (12.5%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162109-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Estonian Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Estonian Figure Skating Championships (Estonian: Eesti Meistriv\u00f5istlused 2000) were held in Tallinn from December 3 to 5, 1999. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior and junior levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162109-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Estonian Figure Skating Championships, Junior results\nThe 2000 Estonian Junior Figure Skating Championships took place in Tallinn from January 22 through 23, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 58], "content_span": [59, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162110-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open\nThe 2000 Estoril Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. This event was the 11th edition of the Estoril Open for the men (the 4th for the women), included in the 2000 ATP Tour International Series and in the 2000 WTA Tour Tier IV Series. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the Estoril Court Central, in Oeiras, Portugal, from 10 April through 17 April 2000. Carlos Moy\u00e0 and Anke Huber won the singles titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162110-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open, Finals, Men's Doubles\nDonald Johnson /  Piet Norval defeated  David Adams /  Joshua Eagle, 6\u20134, 7\u20135", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162110-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open, Finals, Women's Doubles\nTina Kri\u017ean /  Katarina Srebotnik defeated  Amanda Hopmans /  Cristina Torrens Valero, 6\u20130, 7\u20136(11\u20139)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162111-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nTom\u00e1s Carbonell and Donald Johnson were the defending champions, but did not participate together this year. Carbonell partnered Juan Balcells, losing in the first round. Johnson partnered Piet Norval and successfully defended his title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162111-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nJohnson and Norval won in the final 6\u20134, 7\u20135, against David Adams and Joshua Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162112-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open \u2013 Men's Singles\nAlbert Costa was the defending champion, but lost in the first round this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162112-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open \u2013 Men's Singles\nCarlos Moy\u00e1 won the tournament, beating Francisco Clavet in the final, 6\u20133, 6\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162113-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nAlicia Ortu\u00f1o and Cristina Torrens Valero were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162113-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nOrtu\u00f1o teamed up with Seda Noorlander and lost in quarterfinals to Kristie Boogert and Anne-Ga\u00eblle Sidot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162113-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nTorrens Valero teamed up with Amanda Hopmans and lost in the final 6\u20130, 7\u20136(11\u20139) to tournament winners Tina Kri\u017ean and Katarina Srebotnik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162114-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open \u2013 Women's Singles\nKatarina Srebotnik was the defending champion, but lost in first round to Seda Noorlander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162114-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Estoril Open \u2013 Women's Singles\nAnke Huber won the title by defeating Nathalie Dechy 6\u20132, 1\u20136, 7\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Ethiopia on 14 May and 31 August 2000 for seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives and several regional government councils. Although several opposition parties boycotted the election, 17 parties including the All-Amhara People's Organization, the Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition (SEPDC), and the Oromo National Congress did participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election\nIn round one, held on 14 May, there were 20,252,000 registered voters, of whom 90% voted. the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) member parties captured 481 of the 524 seats in the national election. Independents won 10 seats and other parties won six. Six of the seven constituencies in the Hadiya Zone where elections were run, were won by the Hadiya National Democratic Organization led by Beyene Petros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election\nThe second round was held on 31 August for the Somali Region alone, with 23 seats reserved for the region in the House of Peoples' Representatives and the 168 seats in the State Council. About 75% of the 1.15 million registered voters in the Region cast ballots. Announced results gave 19 of the seats to the SPDP, and the remaining four to independent candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election\nIn the Regional elections, either the EPRDF or one of its member parties won the election except in Afar (where the Afar National Democratic Party won 84 of the 87 local seats), Benishangul-Gumuz (where the Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front won 71 of the 80 seats), Gambela (where the Gambela People's Democratic Front won 40 of the 53 seats), and Somali (where the Somali People's Democratic Party won 150 of the 168 seats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election\nAccording to observers organized by Ethiopian Human Rights Council, local U.N. staff, diplomatic missions, political parties, and domestic non-governmental organizations, both the general and the regional elections that year were generally free and fair in most areas; however, serious election irregularities occurred in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR), particularly in the Hadiya Zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election, Serious election irregularities in the SNNPR\nAccording to observers organized by Ethiopian Human Rights Council, local U.N. staff, diplomatic missions, political parties, and domestic non-governmental organizations, both the general and the regional elections that year were generally free and fair in most areas; however, serious election irregularities occurred in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR), particularly in the Hadiya Zone. As a result, the National Election Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) investigated the complaints and determined that many of them had merit. These included incidents of election officials instructing voters for whom to vote, candidates campaigning at polling stations, and candidates being pressured into quitting. There also were credible reports of ballot stuffing, vote count fraud, voter intimidation or bribery, dismissals from work, withholding of salaries, detentions, abductions, and killings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 990]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election, Serious election irregularities in the SNNPR\nIn its annual report on Human Rights, the US State Department stated that there were numerous credible reports that persons who supported or voted for opposition candidates were harassed. For example, there were credible reports that ruling party personnel withheld fertilizer and food aid in the SNNPR as retaliation for voters electing opposition candidates. According to the SEPDC, some of their supporters were suspended or dismissed from their jobs in retaliation, and some teachers in the SNNPR who served as SEPDC election observers found their salaries were withheld and were denied entry to summer update courses. many civil servants who supported the opposition were fired from their positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election, Results\nIn round one, held on 14 May, there were 20,252,000 registered voters, of whom 90% voted. Results were announced in mid-June by the NEBE: the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) captured 481 of the 524 seats in the national election, broken down between its members as follows: the Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization winning 183, the Amhara National Democratic Movement 146, the Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement 112, and the Tigray People's Liberation Front 40. Independents won 10 seats and other parties won 6. Six of the seven constituencies in the Hadiya Zone where elections were run, were won by the Hadiya National Democratic Organization led by Beyene Petros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election, Results\nThe second round was held August 31 for the Somali Region alone. Candidates from the Alliance of Somali Democratic Forces, the Western Somali Democratic Party, and the Somali People's Democratic Party (SPDP), as well as 156 private candidates contested the 23 seats reserved for the region in the House of Peoples' Representatives and the 168 seats in the State Council. About 75% of the 1.15 million registered voters in the Region cast ballots. Announced results gave 19 of the seats to the SPDP, and the remaining four to independent candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162115-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Ethiopian general election, Results\nIn the Regional elections, either the EPRDF or one of its member parties won the election except in Afar (where the Afar National Democratic Party won 84 of the 87 local seats), Benishangul-Gumuz (where the Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front won 71 of the 80 seats), Gambela (where the Gambela People's Democratic Front won 40 of the 53 seats), and Somali (where the Somali People's Democratic Party won 150 of the 168 seats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by WOSlinker (talk | contribs) at 11:36, 4 April 2020 (fix bold). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League\nThe 2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, was the third edition of the Euro Beach Soccer League (EBSL), the premier beach soccer competition contested between European men's national teams, known as the European Pro Beach Soccer League at the time, occurring annually since its establishment in 1998. The league was organised by Pro Beach Soccer S.L. (PBS) between June 3 and September 3, 2000 in five different nations across Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League\nAs in previous seasons, the teams of the league continued to compete as one group across a number of rounds of fixtures to gain regular match points and additional bonus points for the overall league table. This was the last season of the EBSL to take place under this original format, as major changes were introduced the following season including amendments to the presentation of the stages of fixtures and introduction of the Superfinal. Austria did not return from last season and were replaced by the Netherlands who competed for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League\nThe 2000 season has been noted as having one of the most exciting endings to a season in the early years of the EBSL; defending champions Spain and challengers and arch-rivals Portugal both went into the very final game of the season against each other knowing that a win for either would see their team claim the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League\nUltimately, Spain successfully defended their title by winning the match by a single goal and claimed their second league title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Participating teams\nSix teams took part in the 2000 season of the EBSL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Organisation, Format\nThe format remained the same as that established in 1998, only adjusted to the differing number of stages this year than in previous editions as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Organisation, Format\nMatches were split into six rounds of fixtures known as stages, with two stages hosted Spain and one in France, Italy, Monaco and Portugal, whilst the participating nations of Germany and the Netherlands did not host any stage. Four teams took part in each, three joining the host nation of that particular stage, with each individual team taking part in four of the six stages overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Organisation, Format\nEach stage was played as a small knock-out tournament, with semi finals, the final and a third place decider being the fixtures throughout all six rounds. Teams earned points for their successes per game and per stage which were then tallied up in the final league table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Organisation, Format\nThe team who topped the table after all six stages was crowned the winner of the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Organisation, Point distribution\nPoints were allocated for the following achievements in each stage, contributing to the final points total in the league table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Stages, Stage 1\nThe first stage took place in Saint-Galmier, France. Italy claimed the opening stage title of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Stages, Stage 2\nThe second stage took place in Palma de Mallorca, Mallorca, Spain. Despite taking place in Spain, since they were not hosting in their own country, this was considered as the German stage, who took on the status of de facto hosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Stages, Stage 3\nThe third stage took place in Cadiz, Spain. The hosts claimed their second consecutive stage crown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Stages, Stage 4\nThe fourth stage took place in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. Portugal won their first stage as hosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Stages, Stage 5\nThe fifth stage took place in Cattolica, Italy. France became the fourth unique nation of the season to win a stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Stages, Stage 6\nThe sixth stage took place in Monte Carlo, Monaco. Despite taking place in Monaco, since they were not hosting in their own country, this was considered as the Dutch stage, who took on the status of de facto hosts. Spain, France and Portugal all went into the final stage with a chance of claiming the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162116-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Euro Beach Soccer League, Stages, Stage 6\nSpain secured the title by beating Portugal in the final match of the season to claim the stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162117-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor\nThe 2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Sibamac Arena in Bratislava, Slovakia that was part of the Tier IV category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 23 October until 29 October 2000. Wildcard D\u00e1ja Bed\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1 won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162117-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor, Champions, Doubles\nKarina Hab\u0161udov\u00e1 /  Daniela Hantuchov\u00e1 defeated  Petra Mandula /  Patricia Wartusch, walkover", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162118-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor \u2013 Doubles\nKim Clijsters and Laurence Courtois were the defending champions, but neither competed this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162118-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor \u2013 Doubles\nKarina Hab\u0161udov\u00e1 and Daniela Hantuchov\u00e1 won the title, after Petra Mandula and Patricia Wartusch were forced to withdraw before the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162119-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor \u2013 Singles\nAm\u00e9lie Mauresmo was the defending champion, but did not compete this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162119-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor \u2013 Singles\nD\u00e1ja Bed\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1 won the title by defeating Miriam Oremans 6\u20131, 5\u20137, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162120-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European 10,000m Challenge\nThe 2000 European 10,000m Cup, was the 4th edition of the European 10,000m Cup (the original name in 2000 was European 10,000m Challenge) and took place on 1 April in Lisbon, Portugal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162120-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European 10,000m Challenge, Team\nIn italic the participants whose result did not go into the team's total time, but awarded with medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162121-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Amateur Boxing Championships\nThe Men's 2000 European Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Tampere, Finland from May 13 to 21. The tournament served as a qualification event for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162122-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Aquatics Championships\nThe 2000 LEN European Championships were held Monday 3 July to Sunday 9 July 2000 in Helsinki, Finland. Competition was swum in the 50\u00a0m, long course pool at the M\u00e4kel\u00e4nrinne Swimming Center. The 25th edition of the event was organised by the LEN less than three months prior to the Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162122-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Aquatics Championships\nThe championships included the aquatic disciplines of Swimming (long course), Open Water Swimming, Diving, and Synchronised swimming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162123-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships\nThe 26th European Athletics Indoor Championships were held from Friday, 25 February to Sunday, 27 February 2000 in Ghent, Belgium. This was the first ever edition to feature combined events and the first since 1975 to hold relay races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162123-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships, Results, Men\nWR\u00a0world\u00a0record |ER\u00a0European\u00a0record | CR\u00a0championship\u00a0record | NR\u00a0national\u00a0record |WL\u00a0world\u00a0leading  |EL\u00a0European\u00a0leading |PB\u00a0personal\u00a0best | SB\u00a0seasonal\u00a0best", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162124-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 1500 metres\nThe men's 1500 metres event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162124-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 1500 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 3 of each heat (Q) and the next 3 fastest (q) qualified for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162125-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 200 metres\nThe men's 200 metres event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162125-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 200 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 2 of each heat (Q) and the next 3 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 79], "content_span": [80, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162125-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 200 metres, Results, Semifinals\nFirst 2 of each semifinals qualified directly (Q) for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 84], "content_span": [85, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162126-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 3000 metres\nThe men's 3000 metres event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162126-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 3000 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 4 of each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162127-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 4 \u00d7 400 metres relay\nThe men's 4 x 400 metres relay event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 73], "section_span": [73, 73], "content_span": [74, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162128-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 400 metres\nThe men's 400 metres event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162128-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 400 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 2 of each heat (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 79], "content_span": [80, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162128-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 400 metres, Results, Semifinals\nFirst 3 of each semifinals qualified directly (Q) for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 84], "content_span": [85, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162129-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 60 metres\nThe men's 60 metres event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 26\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162129-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 60 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 2 of each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 78], "content_span": [79, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162129-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 60 metres, Results, Semifinals\nFirst 4 of each semifinals qualified directly (Q) for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 83], "content_span": [84, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162130-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 60 metres hurdles\nThe men's 60 metres hurdles event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162130-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Heats\nFirst 2 of each heat (Q) and the next 8 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 86], "content_span": [87, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162130-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Semifinals\nFirst 4 of each semifinals qualified directly (Q) for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 91], "content_span": [92, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162131-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 800 metres\nThe men's 800 metres event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162131-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 800 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 2 of each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 79], "content_span": [80, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162131-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's 800 metres, Results, Semifinals\nFirst 3 of each semifinals qualified directly (Q) for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 84], "content_span": [85, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162132-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's heptathlon\nThe men's heptathlon event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 26\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162133-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's high jump\nThe men's high jump event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 26\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162133-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's high jump, Results, Qualification\nQualification: Qualification Performance 2.25 (Q) or at least 8 best performers advanced to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 86], "content_span": [87, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162134-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's long jump\nThe men's long jump event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162134-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's long jump, Results, Qualification\nQualifying perf. 7.95 (Q) or 8 best performers (q) advanced to the Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 86], "content_span": [87, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162135-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's pole vault\nThe men's pole vault event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162135-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's pole vault, Results, Qualification\nQualification: Qualification Performance 5.50 (Q) or at least 8 best performers advanced to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 87], "content_span": [88, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162136-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's shot put\nThe men's shot put event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 26\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162136-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's shot put, Medalists\nNote: The original winner, Oleksandr Bagach, was later disqualified for doping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 72], "content_span": [73, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162136-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's shot put, Results, Qualification\nQualifying perf. 20.00 (Q) or 8 best performers (q) advanced to the Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [63, 85], "content_span": [86, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162137-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's triple jump\nThe men's triple jump event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 26\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162137-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Men's triple jump, Results, Qualification\nQualifying perf. 16.80 (Q) or 8 best performers (q) advanced to the Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 88], "content_span": [89, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162138-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 1500 metres\nThe women's 1500 metres event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162138-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 1500 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 3 of each heat (Q) and the next 3 fastest (q) qualified for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162139-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 200 metres\nThe women's 200 metres event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162139-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 200 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 2 of each heat (Q) and the next 5 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 81], "content_span": [82, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162139-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 200 metres, Results, Semifinals\nFirst 2 of each semifinals qualified directly (Q) for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 86], "content_span": [87, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162140-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 3000 metres\nThe women's 3000 metres event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162140-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 3000 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 4 of each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 82], "content_span": [83, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162141-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 4 \u00d7 400 metres relay\nThe women's 4 x 400 metres relay event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162142-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 400 metres\nThe women's 400 metres event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162142-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 400 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 3 of each heat (Q) and the next 3 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 81], "content_span": [82, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162142-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 400 metres, Results, Semifinals\nFirst 3 of each semifinals qualified directly (Q) for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 86], "content_span": [87, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162143-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 60 metres\nThe women's 60 metres event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 26\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162143-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 60 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 3 of each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 80], "content_span": [81, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162143-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 60 metres, Results, Semifinals\nFirst 4 of each semifinals qualified directly (Q) for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 85], "content_span": [86, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162144-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 60 metres hurdles\nThe women's 60 metres hurdles event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 72], "section_span": [72, 72], "content_span": [73, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162144-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 60 metres hurdles, Results\nFirst 2 of each heat (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 72], "section_span": [74, 81], "content_span": [82, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162145-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 800 metres\nThe women's 800 metres event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 26\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162145-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 800 metres, Results, Heats\nFirst 2 of each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 81], "content_span": [82, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162146-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's high jump\nThe women's high jump event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162146-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's high jump, Results, Qualification\nQualification: Qualification Performance 1.93 (Q) or at least 8 best performers advanced to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 88], "content_span": [89, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162147-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's long jump\nThe women's long jump event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 26\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162147-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's long jump, Results, Qualification\nQualifying perf. 6.65 (Q) or 8 best performers (q) advanced to the Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 88], "content_span": [89, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162148-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's pentathlon\nThe women's pentathlon event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162149-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's pole vault\nThe women's pole vault event  at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162149-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's pole vault, Results, Qualification\nQualification: Qualification Performance 4.30 (Q) or at least 8 best performers advanced to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 89], "content_span": [90, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162150-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's shot put\nThe women's shot put event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162150-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's shot put, Results, Qualification\nQualifying perf. 18.60 (Q) or 8 best performers (q) advanced to the Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 87], "content_span": [88, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162151-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's triple jump\nThe women's triple jump event at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on February 25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162151-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's triple jump, Results, Qualification\nQualifying perf. 14.10 (Q) or 8 best performers (q) advanced to the Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 90], "content_span": [91, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162152-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Badminton Championships\nThe 17th European Badminton Championships were held in Glasgow, Scotland, between 25 and 29 April 2000, and hosted by the European Badminton Union and the Scottish Badminton Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162152-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Badminton Championships, Venue\nThis tournament was held at the Kelvin Hall International Sports Arena, in Glasgow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162153-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Beach Volleyball Championships\nThe 2000 European Beach Volleyball Championships were held from August 24 to August 27, 2000 in Bilbao, Spain. It was the eighth official edition of the men's event, which started in 1993, while the women competed for the seventh time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162154-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Canoe Slalom Championships\nThe 2000 European Canoe Slalom Championships took place in Mezzana, Italy between June 24 and 25, 2000 under the auspices of the European Canoe Association (ECA). It was the 3rd edition. The competitors took part in 8 events, but medals were awarded for only 7 of them. The C2 team event only had 3 teams participating. An event must have at least 5 nations taking part in order to count as a medal event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162155-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Cross Country Championships\nThe 7th European Cross Country Championships were held at Malm\u00f6 in Sweden on 10 December 2000. Paulo Guerra took his fourth title in the men's competition and Katalin Szentgy\u00f6rgyi won the women's race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162156-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Cup (athletics)\nThe 2000 European Cup was the 21st edition of the European Cup of athletics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162156-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Cup (athletics)\nThe Super League Finals were held in Gateshead, Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162157-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Curling Championships\nThe 2000 European Curling Championships were held in Oberstdorf, Germany from December 9 to 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162158-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Fencing Championships\nThe 2000 European Fencing Championships were held in Madeira, Portugal. The event took place from 3 to 9 July 2000 at the Madeira Tecnopolo in Funchal. It gathered competitors from 31 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162159-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior international figure skating competition in the 1999\u20132000 season. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The event was held at the Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria from February 6 to 13, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162159-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Figure Skating Championships, Qualifying\nThe competition was open to skaters from European ISU member nations who had reached the age of 15 before 1 July 1999. The corresponding competition for non-European skaters was the 2000 Four Continents Championships. National associations selected their entries based on their own criteria. Based on the results of the 1999 European Championships, each country was allowed between one and three entries per discipline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162159-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Figure Skating Championships, Competition notes\nDue to the large number of participants, the men's and ladies' qualifying groups were split into groups A and B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162159-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 European Figure Skating Championships, Competition notes\nPairs champions Elena Berezhnaya / Anton Sikharulidze were stripped of their title after Berezhnaya tested positive for pseudoephedrine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix\nThe 2000 European Grand Prix (officially the XLIV Warsteiner Grand Prix d'Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 21 May 2000 at the N\u00fcrburgring in the German town of N\u00fcrburg in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate before 142,000 spectators. It was the sixth round of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the ninth European Grand Prix in Formula One. Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher won the 67-lap race after starting from second place. Mika H\u00e4kkinen of the McLaren team finished in second and his teammate David Coulthard was third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix\nCoulthard won the ninth pole position of his career by recording the fastest lap in qualifying. His teammate H\u00e4kkinen made a brisk getaway from third to take the lead into the first corner. He led the first ten laps until Michael Schumacher overtook him on lap 11. Heavy rain on lap 12 prompted the entire field to make pit stops and switch from the dry compound tyres to the wet-weather tyres. Michael Schumacher continued to lead until his second pit stop on lap 36, relinquishing it to H\u00e4kkinen for the next nine laps, after which the former regained the position. Michael Schumacher won the race, with H\u00e4kkinen 13.822 seconds behind in second, and Coulthard one lap adrift in third. It was Schumacher's second victory at the N\u00fcrburgring, his fourth of the season, and the 39th of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix\nDue to the result of the race, Michael Schumacher extended his lead over H\u00e4kkinen in the Drivers' Championship to 18 points. Coulthard remained in third place and he increased the gap by one point over the second Ferrari of Rubens Barrichello in fourth. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari increased their lead to ten points from the second-placed McLaren. Williams remained in third notwithstanding the team scored no points as Benetton passed Jordan for fourth place with eleven races left in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Background\nThe 2000 European Grand Prix was the sixth of the seventeen races in the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the ninth edition of the event as part of the series. It was held at the 13-turn 4.556\u00a0km (2.831\u00a0mi) N\u00fcrburgring in the German town of N\u00fcrburg in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate on 21 May 2000. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four types to tyre to the race: two dry compounds, the Soft and the Extra Soft compounds, and two wet-weather compounds (the soft and the hard rain tyres).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Background\nGoing into the race, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 36 points. His nearest rival was McLaren's Mika H\u00e4kkinen in second with 22 points and his teammate David Coulthard was a further two points behind in third. Rubens Barrichello in the second Ferrari was fourth with 13 points and Ralf Schumacher of the Williams team rounded out the top five with 12 points. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari (with 49 points) led McLaren by seven points. With 15 points, Williams stood in third. The Jordan and Benetton teams contended for fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Background\nAfter the Spanish Grand Prix on 7 May 2000, the teams conducted in-season testing to prepare for the event. The McLaren, Sauber, Benetton, Jordan, Arrows, British American Racing (BAR) and Williams teams opted to test at the Circuito de Jerez between 9 and 11 May. Coulthard missed the test to help him recover from three broken ribs he sustained in a plane crash at Lyon. His teammate H\u00e4kkinen was fastest on the first day of running and BAR driver Ricardo Zonta paced the second day's running. Alexander Wurz set the fastest lap on the final day for the Benetton team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Background\nThe Prost team conducted three days of running at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours with driver Nick Heidfeld to test the AP03's aerodynamic components. Luca Badoer spent three days at the Fiorano Circuit practicing pit stops and testing aerodynamic and mechanical setups of the Ferrari F1-F2000. Barrichello ran a new engine for the car and performed tyre testing at the Mugello Circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Background\nMichael Schumacher won the season's first three races and had an healthy advantage over H\u00e4kkinen, who had reliability issues in the Australian and Brazilian races. Coulthard then won the British Grand Prix and H\u00e4kkinen the Spanish Grand Prix as Michael Schumacher had sub-par results at both of those races. H\u00e4kkinen said the gap was not extensive considering there were twelve races left in the season and that he was better able to handle pressure, \"In this sport something weird always happens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Background\nIf I were in Michael's shoes I would be getting a little bit worried at seeing us pick up two wins in a row \u2013 more than that, two 1\u20132 finishes.\" His teammate Coulthard said he would not allow his breaking three of his ribs to lose him momentum and hoped McLaren would finish first and second, \"We are slowly chipping away at Michael's lead, but he has had this amazing run of luck and has finished every race in the points this season so it is still going to be difficult. But I am very confident, given my recent results, though it is still hard thinking about those six points I lost in Brazil when I was disqualified.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Background\nA total of 11 teams (each represented by a different constructor) fielded two race drivers each with no changes from the season entry list. Some teams made modifications to their cars for the European Grand Prix. Both Ferrari and McLaren fitted a revised aerodynamic package aimed primarily at improving their car's performance in the qualifying session. Ferrari brought a new engine called the 049B and installed smaller Brembo brake calipers and lighter disc pads. McLaren mounted cooling chimneys on both sides of the MP4-15 to facilitate in the disposal of heat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Background\nWilliams brought new cast titanium uprights that the team elected not to use at the preceding Spanish Grand Prix. BAR ran its 002 cars with a new Honda engine and a revised version of its Xtrac-designed gearbox. Minardi installed a revised specification of front wing to their M02s following the completion of wind tunnel testing on it and the team continued to use a cast titanium transmission in Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane's car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race, two each on Friday and Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour; the third and fourth sessions, on Saturday morning, lasted 45 minutes each. The Friday practice sessions were held in cool and variable weather. Overnight rain created a wet track that dried during the day. Michael Schumacher was fastest with a time of 1 minute and 21.092 seconds, followed by BAR's Jacques Villeneuve, the Jordan duo of Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Jarno Trulli, Barrichello, Coulthard, Zonta, H\u00e4kkinen and Pedro Diniz for Sauber in positions two to ten. During his final lap of the session, H\u00e4kkinen locked his tyres at the Dunlop Curve corner and got beached in the turn's gravel trap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Practice\nRain fell between the conclusion of the first practice session and the start of the second session. It continued to fall at the north section of the track in the opening minutes of the second session before it dried and lap times improved sufficiently over the next 20 minutes. A light fuel load and a new set of tyres on his Williams FW22 meant Jenson Button recorded the day's fastest lap of 1 minute and 19.808 seconds with one minute of the session remaining. Wurz was 0.440 seconds slower in second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Practice\nThe McLaren pair of H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard were third and fourth. Michael Schumacher, Ralf Schumacher, Trulli, Zonta, Heidfeld and Villeneuve followed in the top ten. An engine fault curtailed Ralf Schumacher's running and Giancarlo Fisichella of the Benetton team damaged the left-hand side of his car in a collision with a tyre barrier beside the circuit. Coulthard spun on a kerb at the Veedol chicane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Practice\nThe weather was cold and overcast on Saturday morning. In the third practice session, Michael Schumacher set the fastest lap of 1 minute and 18.527 seconds, ahead of H\u00e4kkinen, Frentzen, Coulthard, Pedro de la Rosa of the Arrows team, Ralf Schumacher, Zonta, Villeneuve, Button and Barrichello. Arrows driver Jos Verstappen's running was curtailed after 17 minutes due to smoke billowing from his engine. Button hit the kerbs on the track, spun, and damaged his car against the tyre barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Practice\nMichael Schumacher did not improve his time; he remained the fastest driver in the fourth practice session. Barrichello in second was driving faster and he finished the session 0.227 seconds slower than his teammate. H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard fell to third and fourth as Frentzen dropped to fifth. Fisichella improved to sixth, as the rest of the top ten comprised Villeneuve, Ralf Schumacher, De La Rosa and Trulli. During the session, Coulthard slid into a gravel trap at turn three though he rejoined the track without any apparent damage. He stopped at the side of the circuit at the Ford Kurve and track marshals extricated his car into an escape road. Marc Gen\u00e9 spun his Minardi car at the Castrol-S chicane and Ralf Schumacher drove into the grass after running deep at the Veedol chicane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday afternoon's one hour qualifying session saw every driver limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by their fastest qualifying laps. During this session the 107% rule was in effect, requiring each driver to remain within 107 per cent of the fastest lap time to qualify for the race. Sections of the circuit were damp from an earlier rain shower, and more rain was forecast, prompting teams to install the extra soft compound tyres on their cars and drivers ventured onto the track early in qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Qualifying\nA heavy rainstorm in the final 25 minutes prevented drivers from improving their lap times due to a slippery track. Coulthard took McLaren's first pole position in event history, his first since the 1998 Canadian Grand Prix and the ninth of his career with a lap of 1 minute and 17.529 seconds. He was joined on the grid's front row by Michael Schumacher who had the pole position until Coulthard's time and ran wide at the Ford Kurve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0012-0002", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Qualifying\nThis formation continued on the second row with H\u00e4kkinen third after not feeling confident in the setup of his car and Barrichello took fourth after driver errors on his first two timed laps. Fifth-placed Ralf Schumacher was caught out by the change in conditions on a timed lap and went straight on at the Veedol chicane. Trulli, nursing a perforated eardrum, improved in the final minutes to go sixth, while Fisichella in seventh was delayed by Ralf Schumacher at the Coca-Cola Kurve. Jaguar's Eddie Irvine was baulked by one of the Prost cars en route to eighth as Villeneuve in ninth could not begin a fourth timed lap before qualifying ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Qualifying\nFrentzen qualified tenth as Jos Verstappen's Arrows car slowed his first timed lap. Button in 11th bemoaned venturing onto the track earlier than planned for his first timed lap and slower traffic hindered his final lap. A strategic error by the Arrows team meant De La Rosa was 12th and his teammate Verstappen 14th. They were separated by Heidfeld who fell from ninth to 13th in qualifying's final moments because he did not start a fourth timed lap. Wurz was caught out by the change in the weather and took 15th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Qualifying\nDiniz in 16th mistimed a chance to begin his final timed lap and Johnny Herbert's Jaguar was 17th. Jean Alesi, who took 18th place, switched to the spare Prost setup for his teammate Heidfeld after his race car's electronic management system ceased the gearbox. He spun on the wet track and returned to the pit lane to retake his race car until the gearbox failed. Zonta qualified in 19th because his car's setup slowed him and another driver prevented him from setting his final timed lap because the session ended less than a second before he crossed the start/finish line. Sauber's Mika Salo was another driver who missed the cut-off time to set his final timed lap and was in 20th place. Slower traffic restricted Gen\u00e9 and his teammate Mazzacane to 21st and 22nd respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Qualifying, Post-qualifying\nHeidfeld's car was found to be 2\u00a0kg (4.4\u00a0lb) under the minimum weight limit of 600\u00a0kg (1,300\u00a0lb) when it was pushed onto the weighbridge during qualifying. The Prost team were summoned to meet the stewards and accepted the car was underweight. The stewards disqualified Heidfeld from the race per Formula One regulations. No appeal was filed by the Prost team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Warm-up\nA 30-minute warm-up session on Sunday morning took place in cool and dry weather. All drivers fine-tuned their race set-ups and set laps in their spare cars. Michael Schumacher went fastest in the session's closing seconds with a time of 1 minute and 20.251 seconds. H\u00e4kkinen was nine-thousands of a second slower in second. Frentzen, Barrichello, Verstappen, Coulthard, De La Rosa, Villeneuve, Irvine and Trulli completed the top ten. Towards the conclusion of the session, the left rear wheel on Fisichella's car detached and a track marshal retrieved it as it rolled onto the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nThe race was held in front of a crowd of 142,000 from 14:00 local time. The weather at the start was overcast and dry with an 80% chance of rain. The air temperature was 11\u00a0\u00b0C (52\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature 12\u00a0\u00b0C (54\u00a0\u00b0F). Every driver, except for Villeneuve, Verstappen, Barrichello and Michael Schumacher, began on the soft compound tyre. Coulthard was slow to react as his teammate H\u00e4kkinen made a brisk getaway to drive in-between Coulthard and Michael Schumacher and take the lead going into the Castrol-S chicane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nVilleneuve moved from ninth to fifth by driving on the outside. Ralf Schumacher turned left to draw alongside Villeneuve; the former held fourth place as Villeneuve went onto the grass. Further down the field, Trulli and Fisichella collided at the Castrol-S chicane, breaking Trulli's left-rear suspension and he stopped at the side of the track to retire. The two Arrows put Frentzen off the track at the same corner and allowing them and Diniz to pass. Going downhill to the Dunlop chicane, Ralf Schumacher attempted to pass Villeneuve for fifth; Villeneuve defended the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nAt the end of the first lap, H\u00e4kkinen led Michael Schumacher by 0.562 seconds, who in turn was 0.998 seconds ahead of Coulthard in third. Barrichello in fourth, was followed by Villeneuve in fifth and Ralf Schumacher in sixth. Michael Schumacher set the fastest lap at the time on lap two, completing a circuit in 1 minute and 22.438 seconds. On the same lap, De La Rosa overtook his teammate Verstappen to move into ninth and Alesi passed Button for 13th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nFrentzen retired on lap three with smoke billowing from the rear of his car due to a piston sealing a gap between the engine's combustion chamber and crankcase failing. At the front, another fastest lap from Michael Schumacher lowered H\u00e4kkinen's advantage to 0.4 seconds. A lack of rear grip affected Coulthard's handling and the fourth-placed Barrichello pressured him. Villeneuve in fifth was distanced by the top four. On lap four, Ralf Schumacher was passed by Fisichella for sixth and De La Rosa overtook Irvine for eighth place. Fisichella drew close to Villeneuve in fifth as De La Rosa got ahead of Ralf Schumacher for seventh two laps later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nOn the eighth lap, Michael Schumacher set the race's overall fastest lap, a 1-minute and 22.269 seconds as he used less of the track all round the lap than H\u00e4kkinen. Villeneuve made a driver error at the Veedol chicane on lap nine, and Fisichella used his better traction and car handling to steer right out of the turn and pass Villeneuve into the Coca-Cola Kurve. Light rain began to fall on the tenth lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nCresting a hill to the Veedol chicane on lap 11, Michael Schumacher slipstreamed H\u00e4kkinen, and put him wide, making a pass to the left for the lead. H\u00e4kkinen lost traction and Michael Schumacher opened a lead of four-tenths of a second at the end of the lap. The rain intensity began to increase on the next lap and the track became slippery. Barrichello achieved a better exit coming out of the Coca-Cola Kurve and he overtook Coulthard for third on the start/finish straight. Further back, Irvine passed Ralf Schumacher at the Veedol chicane to move into eighth and Wurz was overtaken by Alesi for tenth. The rain made teams uncertain whether to stop for the wet-weather tyres though Herbert began the pit stop phase at the end of lap 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nIn clear air, Michael Schumacher extended his lead over H\u00e4kkinen to more than five seconds by the 13th lap. Gen\u00e9 spun onto the grass and damaged the front wing on the lap for which he entered the pit lane to have it replaced. Coulthard made his first pit stop on the next lap and Michael Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen followed on lap 15. Both of their pit stops were problematic: Michael Schuamcher's refueller discovered no fuel had been inserted into the car for three seconds before resetting the fuel nozzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen's pit crew had difficulty fitting the right-rear wheel on his car and was stationary for an additional ten seconds. Michael Schumacher rejoined the race in front of Coulthard and H\u00e4kkinen fell to fifth. Coulthard turned left to attempt an overtake on Michael Schumacher into turn three to which the latter responded by blocking Coulthard's path. Barrichello led one lap before his pit stop on lap 16 and Ralf Schumacher followed suit. Because he spent longer on the wet track on the dry compound tyres than his teammate, Barrichello emerged in ninth and Michael Schumacher regained the lead. On the 19th lap, Fisichella drove right to pass De La Rosa going downhill to the Dunlop-Kurve hairpin for fourth and repelled the latter's manoeuvre to retake the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nBy the 20th lap, H\u00e4kkinen was the fastest driver on the track and he reduced the gap to Michael Schumacher by two seconds per lap as his teammate Coulthard lost seven seconds to the latter. Coulthard went to the left of the Veedol chicane and allowed his teammate H\u00e4kkinen to move into second on the next lap. Michael Schumacher lost control of his car at the Veedol chicane on lap 22 and retained the lead. Further back, Barrichello overtook Verstappen, Irvine and Ralf Schumacher to return to fifth place by lap 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nTwo laps later, Ralf Schumacher passed Herbert for ninth. On lap 28, a driveshaft failure on Salo's car caued him to lose control of his car and he retired in a gravel trap. Verstappen overtook Irvine at the exit to the Coca-Cola Kurve for seventh at the end of lap 29. Irvine attempted to retake the position by out-braking Verstappen into the Castrol-S chicane. He lost rear grip past the apex and slid into the side of Verstappen's car. As Irvine rotated in front of Ralf Schumacher, the latter spun into the rear of the Jaguar. Ralf Schumacher spun onto the grass and Irvine's rear wing detached at turn three. The loss of downforce beached Irvine in the gravel trap, as Verstappen spun and crashed against the right-side tyre barrier exiting the Ford Kurve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nFurther up the field, Barrichello caught and got past Fisichella into the Veedol chicane to move into fourth on lap 32. He entered the pit lane on the next lap as the technical director of Ferrari Ross Brawn switched Barrichello to a three-stop strategy to better recover positions on dry tyres on a wet track. Michael Schumacher made a pit stop on lap 35 for enough fuel to finish the race. H\u00e4kkinen took the lead on lap 36 as Schumacher emerged in second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0021-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nHe increased the lead to 25.6 seconds by lap 40 since Michael Schumacher had a heavily fuelled car. Three laps later, Alesi overtook Wurz for tenth. H\u00e4kkinen and his teammate Coulthard made their final pit stops on lap 45, and rejoined in second and fifth respectively. With their pit stops complete, Michael Schumacher led H\u00e4kkinen by 12.5 seconds with the yet-to-stop De La Rosa third. Villeneuve was told to enter the pit lane from fifth on lap 46. He was retired because his team detected via telemetry an engine fault linked to a valve issue. De La Rosa made his stop on the 48th lap, elevating Barichello to third and Coulthard to fourth. On that lap, Gen\u00e9 retired with a failed accelerator throttle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nOn lap 49, Button ran into the rear of Herbert's car at the Veedol chicane, creating a hole in the Williams' front wing; both drivers continued. Barrichello made the race's final pit stop on lap 51. Barrichello gained seven seconds on Coulthard; the gap was not large enough for Barrichello to retain third and he fell to fourth. Three laps later, Zonta's rear wheels locked under braking and he spun into a gravel trap and then beached upon a kerb. On lap 61, Wurz out-braked Button going uphill towards the Veedol chicane for tenth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0022-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nEntering the Coca-Cola Kurve on the next lap, Wurz went to the right of Herbert, who remained wide to provide Wurz with space to negotiate through. Wurz was 16\u00a0km/h (9.9\u00a0mph) faster and he collided with Herbert. Both cars pirouetted through 180 degrees into a gravel trap. Wurz retired as Herbert continued until he spun through 180 degrees for a second time before retiring. Their retirements elevated Button to seventh. He remained there until water penetrated the hole in his front wing and caused an electrical fault that cut out the engine on lap 65.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nUnhindered in the final 19 laps, Michael Schumacher negotiated his way past slower traffic, and finished first in a time of 1 hour, 42 minutes and 0.307 seconds at an average speed of 179.540\u00a0km/h (111.561\u00a0mph). It was his second victory at the N\u00fcrburgring after he won the 1995 race with the Benetton team, his fourth of the season and the 39th of his career. H\u00e4kkinen followed 13.822 seconds later in second and his teammate Coulthard was one lap behind in third. Barrichello was close to Coulthard in fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0023-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race\nFisichella took fifth and De La Rosa registered Arrows' first points-scoring finish of 2000 in sixth. Diniz gained eight places from his starting position of 15th to finish seventh notwithstanding pirouetting three times early in the race. Mazzacane had an untroubled race and progressed from 21st to eighth. Alesi was the final finisher after gearbox problems meant he made four pit stops and entailed a ten-second stop-and-go penalty due to a faulty pit lane speed limiter button on his steering wheel that caused him to violate the 80\u00a0km/h (50\u00a0mph) pit lane speed limit. The attrition rate was high, with 9 of the 21 starters finishing the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and spoke to the media in a later press conference. Michael Schumacher said that none of the leaders made pit stops on lap 12 because they did not want to install the wet-weather tyres and discover they were slower than the slick dry compounds, \"We knew [the heavy rain] would come, but nobody had any idea whether it would start then or later. So obviously it was difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0024-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThen some drivers started to come in for rain tyres, and as soon as we saw they were faster we went straight in too.\" H\u00e4kkinen said his start from third to the lead was one of the best of his career, \"[When you're third on the grid] that's the only chance to get through. You can immediately improve your position, and I was happy to do it because the disappointment I had in qualifying was fixed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0024-0002", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nCoulthard spoke of his feeling that he was fortunate to have finish third and called it \"one of my most difficult race\" due to a lack of grip at the rear of his car, \"But I knew from following other cars myself that visibility was very bad. So I just concentrated on driving my car and waiting to see where I would finish when it was over.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nBarrichello said he was disappointed to take fourth because he felt he could have finished on the podium, \"Three-stops was definitely the way to make up lost time, but it was very difficult to overtake other cars in the spray. I have been looking forward to a close fought-race for some time now, and maybe I should have been on the podium today.\" De La Rosa scored his first points of the season and his best finish since the 1999 Australian Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0025-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe Arrows team owner Tom Walkinshaw said the driver's sixth-place finish would produce \"a good foundation for the team to aspire to do better\", and De La Rosa stated the result made up a poor start of the season, \"We will try now, we will have to do it. I had some very good first laps and was always with the group but not because of drivers going out \u2013 this was just a deserved point.\" Wurz apologised to Herbert for the collision between the two at the Coca-Cola Kurve in the race's final laps. Frentzen failed to finish a race at the N\u00fcrburgring for the fourth time in his career. He called it \"a very disappointing weekend all round\" and that \"things have just not gone our way \u2013 and that is frustrating when you know your car is competitive.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nIrvine argued the three-car collision at the Castrol-S chicane on lap 30 lost him an opportunity to score points and Verstappen echoed similar feelings. Ralf Schumacher said he could not avoid the accident, \"I saw the accident coming between Jos and Eddie and I expected them both to slide off onto the inside. But as Irvine's back end moved right in front of me, I had no way of getting out of the way.\" The new gap between Michael Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen in the Drivers' Championship stood at 18 points in the former's favour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162160-0026-0001", "contents": "2000 European Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nCoulthard was in third place with 24 points and moved a point clear from Barrichello in fourth. Ralf Schumacher remained in fifth with 12 points. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari moved a further three points in front of McLaren. Williams retained third place as Benetton passed Jordan in the battle for fourth with eleven races left in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162161-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Judo Championships\nThe 2000 European Judo Championships were the 11th edition of the European Judo Championships, and were held at Hala Ludowa - People's Hall in Wroc\u0142aw, Poland from 20 May to 21 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162162-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Junior Swimming Championships\nThe 2000 European Junior Swimming Championships were held from July 27 to July 30, 2000 in Dunkerque, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162163-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Karate Championships\nThe 2000 European Karate Championships, the 35th edition, was held in the sports complex of the National Indoor Arena in Istanbul, Turkey from May 2 to 4, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162164-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships\nThe 24th European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in Bremen, Germany from 25 May to 28 May 2000. This event was for male gymnasts in both senior and junior levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162165-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Men's Handball Championship\nThe 2000 European Men's Handball Championship was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held in Croatia from 21 to 30 January 2000, in the cities of Zagreb and Rijeka. Sweden won the tournament after defeating Russia in the final, while Spain finished third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162165-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Men's Handball Championship, Qualification\nNote: Bold indicates champion for that year. Italic indicates host for that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 56], "content_span": [57, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162165-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Men's Handball Championship, Venues\nTwo Croatian cities were selected as hosts for the 2000 Championship:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162166-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Nations Cup First Division\nThe 2000 European Nations Cup was the first European Nations Cup, an international rugby union competition for second-tier nations. It replaced the FIRA Tournament following the emergence of professionalism in rugby union and Italy being granted a place in the Six Nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162166-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Nations Cup First Division\nThe first season had six teams (five from Europe and one from Africa). The teams played each other once, playing roughly to the same weekends as the Six Nations. Romania won the first title, with a single loss to Morocco in the opening game. Georgia improved their performance in the context of European rugby, finishing in second place, while Morocco finished in third place, ahead of Spain and Portugal. Netherlands finished last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162167-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Nations Cup Fourth Division\nThe 2000 European Nations Cup (ENC) Fourth Division (a European rugby union competition for national teams) was contested over one year during which all teams (divided in three pools) met each other once. There was no promotion or relegation due the 2003 Rugby World Cup European qualification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162168-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Nations Cup Second Division\nThe 2000 European Nations Cup (ENC) Second Division (a European rugby union competition for national teams) was contested over a one-year period by five teams during which all of them met each other once. The winner was Russia, who won all the games and was promoted to Division 1. There was no relegation to Division 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162169-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Nations Cup Third Division\nThe 2000 European Nations Cup (ENC) Third Division (a European rugby union competition for national teams) was contested by five countries over one year during which all teams meet each other one time. The winner was Czech Republic and the runners-up was Poland, both were promoted to Division 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162170-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Promotion Cup for Cadets\nThe 2000 European Promotion Cup for Cadets was the first edition of the basketball European Promotion Cup for cadets, today known as FIBA U16 European Championship Division C. It was played in Malta from 12 to 16 July 2000. Scotland national under-16 basketball team won the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162171-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Promotion Cup for Cadettes\nThe 2000 European Promotion Cup for Cadettes was the first edition of the basketball European Promotion Cup for cadettes, today known as FIBA U16 Women's European Championship Division C. It was played in Gibraltar from 19 to 23 July 2000. Cyprus women's national under-16 basketball team won the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162172-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Promotion Cup for Men\nThe 2000 European Promotion Cup for Men was the 7th edition of this tournament. It was hosted in Andorra la Vella, Andorra and Andorra retained its title after winning all its five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162173-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Promotion Cup for Women\nThe 2000 European Promotion Cup for Women was the sixth edition of the basketball European Promotion Cup for Women, today known as FIBA Women's European Championship for Small Countries. The tournament took place in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, from 14 to 18 June 2000. Macedonia women's national basketball team won the tournament for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162174-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Race Walking Cup\nThe third edition of the European Race Walking Cup took place in the German city of Eisenh\u00fcttenstadt on Saturday June 17 and Sunday June 18, 2000. For the first time, 10\u00a0km races for junior athletes (U20) were held. Complete results were published. The junior events are documented on the World Junior Athletics History webpages. Medal winners were published on the Athletics Weekly website,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162174-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Race Walking Cup, Participation\nThe participation of 278 athletes (175 men/103 women) from 26 countries is reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162175-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships\nThe 16th Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships were held in Zaragoza, Spain from 1 June to 4 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162175-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships\nAfter the European Championships, the International Gymnastics Federation suspended six judges for discriminating against a Ukrainian gymnast, Olena Vitrychenko. The following judges were found guilty: Irina Deryugina (Ukraine), Natalya Stepanova (Belarus), Gabriela Shtumer (Austria), Galina Margina (Latvia), Natalya Ladzinskaya (Russia) and Ursula Zolenkamp (Germany). Olena Vitrychenko left the competition on the second day in sign of protestation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162176-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Road Championships\nThe 2000 European Road Championships were held in Kielce, Poland, between August 3 and August 5, 2000. Regulated by the European Cycling Union. The event consisted of a road race and a time trial for men and women under-23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162177-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Seniors Tour\nThe 2000 European Seniors Tour was the 9th season of the European Seniors Tour, the professional golf tour for men aged 50 and above operated by the PGA European Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162177-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Seniors Tour, Tournament results\nThe numbers in brackets after the winners' names show the number of career wins they had on the European Seniors Tour up to and including that event. This is only shown for players who are members of the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162177-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Seniors Tour, Tournament results\nFor the tour schedule on the European Senior Tour's website, including links to full results, click .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162177-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 European Seniors Tour, Leading money winners\nThere is a complete list on the official site .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162178-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Short Course Swimming Championships\nThe fourth edition of the European Short Course Championships was held in Palau Luis Puig in Valencia, Spain, from December 14 to December 17, 2000, just a couple of months after the Sydney Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162179-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Short Track Speed Skating Championships\nThe 2000 European Short Track Speed Skating Championships took place between 21 and 23 January 2000 in Bormio, Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162180-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Shotgun Championships\nThe 2000 European Shooting Championships was the 46th edition (included the of the European Shooting Championships), of the global shotgun competition, European Shotgun Championships, organised by the International Shooting Sport Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162181-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup, Group A\nM - exclusion for exceeding two-minute time allowance \u2022 T - exclusion for touching the tapes \u2022 X - other exclusion \u2022 E - retired or mechanical failure \u2022 F - fell", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162181-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup, Final\nM - exclusion for exceeding two-minute time allowance \u2022 T - exclusion for touching the tapes \u2022 X - other exclusion \u2022 E - retired or mechanical failure \u2022 F - fell", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 49], "content_span": [50, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162182-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Super Touring Cup\nThe 2000 European Super Touring Cup was the 27th season of European touring car racing and the first since 1988. The championship started at Mugello on 2 April and ended after ten events at Cerklje ob Krki on 8 October. The championship was won by Fabrizio Giovanardi driving for Nordauto Engineering in an Alfa Romeo 156.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162182-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Super Touring Cup, Results and standings, Standings, Drivers' Championship\nPoints were awarded on a 20, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis to the top 10 finishers in each race. No bonus points were awarded for pole positions or fastest laps. All scores counted towards the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162182-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Super Touring Cup, Results and standings, Standings, Teams' Championship\nPoints were awarded on a 20, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis to the top 10 finishers in each race, however only the two highest placed cars from each team scored points. No bonus points were awarded for pole positions or fastest laps. All scores counted towards the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 86], "content_span": [87, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162183-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Tour\nThe 2000 European Tour was the 29th official season of golf tournaments known as the PGA European Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162183-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Tour\nThe Order of Merit was won by England's Lee Westwood who won six times during the season to end Colin Montgomerie's seven-year reign as Europe's number one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162183-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Tour, Schedule\nThe table below shows the 2000 European Tour schedule which was made up of 44 tournaments counting towards the Order of Merit, which included the four major championships and three World Golf Championships, and several non-counting \"Approved Special Events\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162183-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 European Tour, Schedule\nThere were several changes from the previous season, with the Alfred Dunhill Championship replacing the South African PGA Championship due to sponsorship reasons, the addition of two tournaments celebrating the 500th anniversary of the discovery of Brazil by Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral in 1500, the Greg Norman Holden International, the Celtic Manor Resort Wales Open and The Eurobet Seve Ballesteros Trophy, and the loss of the Estoril Open, the German Open and the Sarazen World Open. Money earned from the Masters Tournament counted towards the Order of Merit for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162183-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 European Tour, Order of Merit\nThe PGA European Tour's money list was known as the \"Volvo Order of Merit\". It was based on prize money earned during the season and calculated in Euro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162184-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Trampoline Championships\nThe 17th European Trampoline Championships took place in Eindhoven, Netherlands, in October, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162185-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Weightlifting Championships\nThe 2000 European Weightlifting Championships were held in Sofia, Bulgaria. It was the 79th edition of the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162186-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships\nThe 23rd European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held from 12 May to 14 May 2000 in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162186-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Seniors, Team Final\nThe team competition also served as qualification for the individual all-around and event finals. The top 8 placing teams are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 76], "content_span": [77, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162187-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Women's Handball Championship\nThe 2000 EHF European Women's Handball Championship was held in Romania from 8 to 17 December. It was won by Hungary by beating Ukraine 32\u201330 after extra time in the final match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162187-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 European Women's Handball Championship, Venues\nThe teams of the tournament were divided into two groups. The matches of Group A took place in the city of R\u00e2mnicu V\u00e2lcea, while Group B games and the final round were played in the capital city, Bucharest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162187-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 European Women's Handball Championship, Qualification\nNote: Bold indicates champion for that year. Italic indicates host for that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 58], "content_span": [59, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162188-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Women's Handball Championship squads\nThe following squads and players competed in the European Women's Handball Championship in 2000 in Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162189-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 European Wrestling Championships\nThe 2000 European Wrestling Championships were held in the Greco-Romane in Moscow and  the men's Freestyle style, and the women's freestyle in Budapest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162190-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Exeter City Council election\nThe 2000 Exeter City Council election took place on 4 May 2000, to elect members of Exeter City Council in England. The entire council was up for election following boundary changes, which increase the number of seats from 36 to 40. The election was held concurrently with other local elections in England. The Labour Party retained control of the council, which it had held since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield\nThe 2000 FA Charity Shield (also known as The One 2 One FA Charity Shield for sponsorship reasons) was the 78th FA Charity Shield, an annual football match organised by the Football Association, and contested by the winners of the previous season's Premier League and FA Cup competitions. It was the final match played at the original Wembley Stadium in London and took place on 13 August 2000 between Chelsea, the winners of the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup, and Manchester United, who had won the 1999\u20132000 FA Premier League. Watched by a crowd of 65,148, Chelsea won the match 2\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield\nThis was Chelsea's 4th appearance in the Shield and Manchester United's 20th. It was the second time they had met in the competition. Chelsea were without Albert Ferrer, who had sustained a chest injury in pre-season, while Graeme Le Saux made his first appearance in 10 months after recovering from an ankle injury. Three of Chelsea's new signings made their debuts for the team, with Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Ei\u00f0ur Gu\u00f0johnsen and Mario Stani\u0107 named in the squad, while goalkeeper Fabien Barthez was Manchester United's only debutant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield\nChelsea took the lead in the 22nd minute when Hasselbaink's shot deflected off Jaap Stam and over Barthez after the Dutch striker was put through on goal by a Gus Poyet header. Manchester United captain Roy Keane was shown a red card midway through the second half for a tackle on Poyet. Minutes later, Chelsea scored a second goal through Mario Melchiot, who shot left-footed low past the legs of Stam and Barthez. No further goals were scored and Chelsea took the Charity Shield for the second time, 45 years after their first in 1955. It was the third year in succession that Manchester United had been defeated in the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Background\nFounded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, the FA Charity Shield began as a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and the Southern League, although in 1913 it was played between an Amateurs XI and a Professionals XI. In 1921, it was played by the First Division champions and FA Cup winners for the first time. The match in 2000 was the 27th and last Charity Shield to be played at the original Wembley Stadium before it was demolished for renovation. The host broadcaster was Sky Sports, who provided main commentary from Martin Tyler and Andy Gray, as well as an alternative feed dubbed \"FanZone\" via the interactive Sky Digital platform, with a fan from each team providing commentary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Background\nChelsea qualified by way of winning the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup, their second FA Cup title in the previous four years. They defeated Aston Villa 1\u20130 in the final. Manchester United had qualified for the Charity Shield by winning the 1999\u20132000 FA Premier League, their sixth league championship in eight years. They had scored a league-high 97 goals and won the title by a then-record margin of 18 points over second-placed Arsenal. Chelsea were appearing in the Charity Shield for a fourth time; they had won in their first appearance in 1955, and lost in 1970 and 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Background\nThis was Manchester United's 20th appearance in the competition; they had won ten (1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1983, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997), shared four (1965, 1967, 1977, 1990) and lost five (1948, 1963, 1985, 1998 and 1999). The 2000 match was the second meeting between these two clubs in the Shield; Manchester United won the previous encounter in 1997 4\u20132 in a penalty shoot-out after a 1\u20131 draw in normal time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Pre-match\nManchester United manager Alex Ferguson said before the match that he was pleased that his side was one of the teams to play in the final Charity Shield match to be contested at the old Wembley Stadium and was hoping the win could give the team a good start stating: \"The Charity Shield is not the most important fixture, but nonetheless it is preparation \u2013 and in preparation you want to do well. We want to see some progress from the games that we've had so far and the training.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Pre-match\nGianluca Vialli, the Chelsea manager, used his press conference to emphasise that new signings Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Ei\u00f0ur Gu\u00f0johnsen would score additional goals for the club and spoke of the Charity Shield's significance, saying: \"It is a very important match for us as we can win a trophy and put it in our cabinet. That would be the best way to start a new season \u2013 beating the champions at Wembley and winning a trophy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Pre-match\nPhil Neville, a defender for Manchester United, was told by Ferguson to expect verbal abuse from the spectators during the match because he was blamed for bringing about England's exit from UEFA Euro 2000 after a 3\u20132 defeat to Romania two months prior. He had already received abuse in a pre-season friendly match against Shrewsbury Town of which Ferguson said: \"When you play away from home, you're hardly going to get bouquets of flowers thrown at you. That's not going to change, but I think Phil is capable of handling it. I expect his team-mates to help him through it. That's what teams are about. That's what the word 'team' means.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Pre-match\nPaul Johnson of Racing Post opined that Chelsea would be the team more likely to win the Charity Shield even though the two clubs had each won 8 of their last 16 encounters. The football correspondent of the Sydney-based Daily Telegraph wrote that other clubs will focus on Manchester United's weaknesses rather than the final score of the match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Pre-match\nMike Riley was selected as the referee for the match; Uriah Rennie was originally slated to take charge of the match before it was discovered that he had been demoted from the list of Premier League referees, and he ultimately served as fourth official. Neither club sold out their allocation of tickets, with Chelsea selling 27,000 out of 30,000 reserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Match, Team selection\nBoth teams lined up in a 4\u20134\u20132 formation. David Beckham was passed fit by Ferguson to play for Manchester United after the midfielder was treated for a back injury he sustained in training. Wes Brown and David May were absent with a cruciate ligament and Achilles tendon injury respectively, and Jesper Blomqvist had not recovered from injury to return to first-team action. This was Fabien Barthez's first match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Match, Team selection\nChelsea were without Spanish full-back Albert Ferrer, who sustained a chest injury during the team's pre-season tour of the Netherlands that required him to rest for 10 days. Emerson Thome and John Terry also missed the game through hamstring and ankle injuries respectively. Graeme Le Saux began as a substitute in his first competitive match for 10 months after being sidelined with an ankle injury that needed two minor operations. Vialli included his team's new signings Gu\u00f0johnsen, Hasselbaink and Mario Stani\u0107 in Chelsea's matchday squad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary\nThe match kicked off at 15:00 local time under cloudy skies and in front of 65,148 spectators. Manchester United had the first chance after seven minutes, when Teddy Sheringham was fouled by Frank Leboeuf and the resulting free-kick taken by Beckham went straight into the Chelsea wall. A minute later, Hasselbaink set up his teammate Stani\u0107, whose shot from 12\u00a0yd (11\u00a0m) went wide to the left of the Manchester United goal post. The first sign of tension between the players came after 15 minutes when Roy Keane and Gus Poyet clattered into each other during a 50-50 tackle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary\nThe referee did not take any action. Gianfranco Zola beat Gary Neville on the left wing and put in a cross, only for Stani\u0107 to head wide from the back post. Hasselbaink then took possession when he forced Mika\u00ebl Silvestre to rush his shot which then went wide of the goal. Ferguson made a substitution in the 19th minute bringing on Jaap Stam for Silvestre, who had suffered a hip injury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary\nTwo minutes later, Ryan Giggs set up Ole Gunnar Solskj\u00e6r who struck Manchester United's first chance to score into the side netting. Hasselbaink opened the scoring for Chelsea in the 22nd minute by curling the ball over goalkeeper Barthez's head and past him via a deflection off Stam after being put through by a header from Poyet 40\u00a0yd (37\u00a0m) away. A tackle from Mario Melchiot stopped Sheringham, and Zola took advantage of the confused Manchester United defence between Barthez and Denis Irwin on the six-yard line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary\nThe best opportunity for Manchester United came before the first half ended when Beckham's angled pass came into Paul Scholes's path in the penalty box. Scholes received the ball with his chest and shot at goal as it came down onto his foot, but his shot went to the right of De Goey and away from goal due to pressure from Leboeuf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary\nThe second half began with a volley from Scholes deflecting onto the Chelsea crossbar, leading to a corner kick. Barthez dived to the left to save a shot from Leboeuf and took possession of the ball. In the 59th minute, a tackle on Keane by Hasselbaink prompted Keane to waggle his finger in Hasselbaink's face in anger. Beckham and referee Mike Riley suggested to Keane that he maintain his composure, which he remonstrated against. Two minutes later, Keane received a red card from Riley for a studs-up tackle on Poyet's calf muscle from behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary\nIt was Keane's seventh red card in seven seasons at Manchester United, and resulted in a three-match ban. Ferguson did not immediately re-organise his side and left three players in the midfield. He made Manchester United's second change in the 70th minute, when he brought on Dwight Yorke and Andy Cole for Sheringham and Solskj\u00e6r to try and draw 1\u20131. Meanwhile, Chelsea brought on Jody Morris for Roberto Di Matteo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary\nIn the 72nd minute, Chelsea extended their lead to 2\u20130 when Melchiot dribbled down the right to the edge of the penalty box and knocked the ball low with his left foot between Stam's legs and past Barthez into the far post from 18\u00a0yd (16\u00a0m). Le Saux came on for Poyet in the 77th minute and immediately set up Hasselbaink, whose header went wide of the post. Quinton Fortune replaced Giggs a minute later. Scholes received a yellow card for a tackle on Morris after 81 minutes, and then had a shot which went over the Chelsea goal. The remaining six minutes of the match passed without further incident, and Chelsea won 2\u20130. It was the second time Chelsea had won the Charity Shield, while Manchester United had lost in the Charity Shield for the third year in a row after defeats to Arsenal in 1998 and 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Post-match\nDuring the presentation of medals in the Royal Box, Chelsea chairman Ken Bates attempted to hang a blue and white joke medal inscribed with the words Lord Fergie, the best thing since sliced bread around the neck of Ferguson as a peace offering, after the latter had likened the former to Mao Zedong in his autobiography. Ferguson refused the medal and Bates said: \"I wanted to try to calm things down but he wouldn't take it and that says more about him than me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Post-match\nVialli said he was delighted with the result and praised the form of his players: \"It was a real match. The players performed in a very convincing way.\" He praised his players and stated he did not wish to be overexcited: \"I'm sure the Manchester United players will feel this defeat and will be spot on for the first league game. We have to be the same against West Ham otherwise this victory won't count for anything. If we get carried away I am sure West Ham will make it very difficult for us.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Post-match\nFerguson commented on his team: \"It was a game we were looking to help produce the sharpness we usually have. We played pretty football but without a cutting edge.\" Sheringham believed that Chelsea were deserved winners, saying: \"In that sense it was a good run-out and as long as we're right for then, we will be very happy. That's what it's all geared to.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Post-match\nFerguson argued that Riley had created the incident that saw Keane sent off for his tackle on Poyet: \"The referee waited too long to act. There were a lot of players going in hard right throughout the game. You have to be fair to both camps and we were just waiting to see how long he (Riley) was going to leave it. It is a showpiece occasion but if someone commits a yellow card offence, the appropriate action should be taken.\" Hasselbaink apologised to Keane and said he had made an error in the earlier tackle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Post-match\nThe Referees' Association president Peter Willis expressed concern that the Premier League will become \"a bloodbath\" if there was continued scrutiny of \"officials' performances\":  \"All of us accept that football is an emotional game, we can make errors of judgement in challenges but there was no misinterpretation of what happened yesterday and I don't think Sir Alex Ferguson can argue against that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162191-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Charity Shield, Post-match\nManchester United retained the Premier League during the 2000\u201301 season, which they won by ten points from second-placed Arsenal. Chelsea struggled in the league, losing eleven games as they finished in sixth, nineteen points behind United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162192-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Cup Final\nThe 2000 FA Cup Final was the 119th final of the FA Cup, and the 72nd (excluding replays) and last to be played at the old Wembley Stadium. It took place on 20 May 2000 and was contested between Chelsea and Aston Villa, the latter making its first FA Cup Final appearance since winning it in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162192-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Cup Final\nChelsea won 1\u20130 to secure their second FA Cup in four years, and their third in all. The goal was scored midway through the second half by Roberto Di Matteo, who had also scored in the 1997 final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162192-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Cup Final\nWembley Stadium closed five months later, and was subsequently rebuilt. The FA Cup Final was played at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff for the next six years, before returning to Wembley in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162192-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary\nFollowing a poor quality first half in which few chances were created, the match was brighter in the second, with Chelsea generally having the better of the play. George Weah missed several chances and Dennis Wise had a goal disallowed for offside, while Villa's Gareth Southgate headed wide. On 73 minutes, Roberto Di Matteo scored what proved to be the winning goal, capitalising on an error from Villa goalkeeper David James to put the ball in the net from close range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162192-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary\nJames came roaring off his line to deal with Zola's free-kick from the left, he fumbled the ball against Gareth Southgate's chest with Di Matteo blasting the rebound into the roof of the net. Villa could not get back in the match, their best chance falling to Benito Carbone, but his tame shot did not test Ed de Goey in goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162193-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Trophy Final\nThe 2000 FA Trophy Final was the 31st final of The Football Association's cup competition for levels 5\u20138 of the English football league system. It was contested by Kettering Town and Kingstonian on 13 May 2000 at Wembley Stadium, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162193-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Trophy Final\nKingstonian won the match 3-2, fighting back from 2-1 down to snatch a magnificent victory thanks to two goals from Eddie Akuamoah and the winner from Amara Simba. A crowd of 20,034 were in attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162194-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Women's Cup Final\nThe 2000 FA Women's Cup Final was the 30th final of the FA Women's Cup, England's primary cup competition for women's football teams. It was the seventh final to be held under the direct control of the Football Association (FA). The match was contested by Doncaster Belles and Croydon Women at Bramall Lane in Sheffield on 1 May 2000. Croydon made its third final appearance, after winning in 1996 but losing the 1998 final. Doncaster Belles entered a record 12th final having won the trophy on six previous occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162194-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Women's Cup Final\nCroydon entered the competition at the fourth round stage and beat Tranmere Rovers, Liverpool, Everton and Leeds United to reach the final. Doncaster Belles also entered at the fourth round and faced Brighton & Hove Albion, Garswood Saints, Wembley Mill Hill and holders Arsenal before reaching the final. Doncaster's 3\u20132 semi final victory over Arsenal took place at Field Mill before Sky Sports television cameras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162194-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Women's Cup Final\nIt was reported that Doncaster had been gripped by Cup final excitement after the Belles reached the final for the first time in six years. The club laid on coaches for the short trip to Bramall Lane and an official Cup final song, Northern Pride, was recorded by the team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162194-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Women's Cup Final\nCroydon won the match 2\u20131, with goals from Carmaine Walker and Gemma Hunt. Vicky Exley had equalised for the Belles, while Karen Walker had a penalty kick saved by Croydon goalkeeper Pauline Cope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162194-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 FA Women's Cup Final\nHunt's winning goal was disputed, with Doncaster players arguing the ball had not crossed the goal line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162195-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FAI 1000\nThe 2000 FAI 1000 was the fourth running of the Australia 1000 race, first held after the organisational split over the Bathurst 1000 that occurred in 1997. It was the 38th anniversary of the original touring car endurance race held at the Mount Panorama Circuit in 1963. It was the 44th race that traces its lineage back to the 1960 Armstrong 500 held at Phillip Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162195-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FAI 1000\nIt was held on 19 November 2000 at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst and was the thirteenth and final round of the 2000 Shell Championship Series for V8 Supercars. The race was held in mostly wet conditions which resulted in several safety car periods. As a result, the average race speed was the slowest since the 1974 Bathurst 1000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162195-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FAI 1000, Report\nThanks to a weeks' worth of rain and a record-breaking 13 safety cars the time it was the slowest 1000 since 1974, when the rain that day in the last 50 laps was torrential. The race itself would become one of the all time classics. Several drivers spun off on their shootout lap on Saturday giving Wayne Gardner, who had spent most of the previous two years racing for Toyota in the Japanese GT Championship instead of V8's, pole position. His co-driver Neal Bates should have been very good in the conditions, but flew off the road at McPhillamy Park early in his first stint and the 2nd Glenn Seton Racing cars' day was done prematurely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162195-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 FAI 1000, Report\nThe defending champions in Steven Richards and Greg Murphy much like in 1999 didn't make the top 10 in qualifying but quickly made up ground in the race. However overheating problems for the #7 car slowed their pace on track and forced them throughout the race to add in buckets of ice and water to cool the engine, and the chance for Richards to get his 3rd Bathurst win in a row and Murphys' 3rd in 5 years evaporated away, but they drove well enough to just keep the #17 Johnson/McLean car behind at the end of the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162195-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 FAI 1000, Report\nThe #9 Stone Brothers Racing Falcon with veteran Tony Longhurst and rookie David Besnard had a dramatic day; Longhurst spun off very early in the race, made contact with the wall resulting in bent steering, made 9 pitstops when only 4 were compulsory, have their car catch fire at one point and yet still led the race with 11 laps to go until Longhurst made contact with Adam Macrow and both cars ended up in the wall. From there Garth Tander took the race lead and win, holding off a vengeful Paul Radisich after his late-race retirement a year earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162195-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 FAI 1000, Report\nGoing into the race the championship battle between Tander and Mark Skaife was still to be decided; if Tander won Skaife would need to finish 17th or better to win the title. The Holden Racing Team duo of Skaife and Craig Lowndes were battling Neil Crompton for the lead more than two-thirds of the race distance in until BTCC ace Matt Neal, 3 laps down, decided to start racing them and dived up the inside of Crompton \u2013 resulting in a puncture for the Commodore and serious damage to the Falcon. Neal was given a 60-second stop and go penalty shortly afterwards, whilst Skaife recovered to 6th and claimed his 3rd ATCC/V8 Supercars championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162195-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 FAI 1000, Report\nThe race marked the last of many Bathurst entries for privateer Terry Finnigan (whose car had an engine failure during the warm-up and thus did not start) and 1987 Bathurst winner David Parsons, among many other smaller names as the series slowly began to cull the less professional entries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162196-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FAI Cup Final\nThe 2000 FAI Cup Final was the deciding match of the 1999-2000 FAI Cup, the national association football cup of Ireland. It was contested by Shelbourne and Bohemians, both of Dublin. The final went to a replay after the initial match, played at Tolka Park, finished 0\u20130. Shelbourne won the competition following a 1\u20130 victory in the replay to secure their first ever league and cup double.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162197-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT A1-Ring 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT A1-Ring 500\u00a0km was the seventh round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the A1-Ring, Austria, on August 6, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162197-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT A1-Ring 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162198-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Brno 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT Brno 500\u00a0km was the ninth round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Masaryk Circuit, Czech Republic, on September 17, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162198-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Brno 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162199-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Budapest 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT Budapest 500\u00a0km was the fifth round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Hungaroring, Hungary, on July 2, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162199-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Budapest 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162200-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Championship\nThe 2000 FIA GT Championship was the fourth FIA GT Championship, an auto racing series endorsed by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and organized by the St\u00e9phane Ratel Organisation (SRO). The races featured grand touring cars divided into two categories, GT and N GT, with drivers and teams titles awarded for each category. The championship began on 26 March 2000 and ended 22 October 2000 after ten races, all held in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162200-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Championship\nAfter the 1999 season featured just a single category of cars competing, the FIA GT Championship once again became a two-class series for 2000 with the introduction of the Group N-GT cars by the FIA. The new category was positioned below the former GT2 class of cars from 1997 to 1999, now renamed to just GT, and was awarded an FIA Cup instead of a full FIA Championship. Britons Julian Bailey and Jamie Campbell-Walter won the GT Drivers' Championship with five victories, driving for the GT team champions Lister Storm Racing in their first full season of FIA GT competition. Christophe Bouchut and Patrice Goueslard were the inaugural N-GT Cup winners, driving for Teams title winners Larbre Comp\u00e9tition Chereau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162200-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Championship, Schedule\nThe FIA GT Championship became a European-only series for 2000, dropping all fly-away races in North America and Asia. The two German rounds at Hockenheimring and Oschersleben were replaced by a single race at EuroSpeedway Lausitz, while the A1-Ring returned to the series after a one-year absence. Valencia, Estoril, Brno, and Magny-Cours were all new events for the series. Donington Park was the only other European event not kept for 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162200-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Championship, Schedule\nAll events were held over a distance of 500\u00a0km (310\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162200-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Championship, Results and standings, Race results\nPoints were awarded to the top six finishers in each category. Cars were required to complete at least 70% of the laps covered by the winning car in order to be classified as a finisher. Drivers were required to complete 20% of the distance covered by their car to earn points. Teams titles were awarded based on all the results obtained by a maximum of two cars per team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162200-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Championship, Results and standings, Race results\nDue to the Estoril round being abandoned before 75% of the race distance was completed, half points were awarded to the top six teams and drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162201-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Estoril 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT Estoril 500\u00a0km was the second round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril, Portugal, on April 2, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162201-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Estoril 500km, Race\nFollowing an initial start, the race came under a caution period on Lap 13 due to heavy rain. By Lap 23, the decision was made to stop the event due to worsening conditions. The rain did not relent and the race was not restarted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162201-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Estoril 500km, Race\nDue to completing less than half of the planned 120 lap race distance, half-points were awarded in the championships. Also, since most teams did not have time to perform their required driver changes before the race was stopped, all assigned drivers were assigned points even if they never made it into the car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162201-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Estoril 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162202-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Lausitzring 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT Lausitzring 500\u00a0km was the eighth round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Lausitzring, Germany, on September 2, 2000. The event was shared with a round of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162202-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Lausitzring 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162202-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Lausitzring 500km, Official results\n\u2020 \u2013 #2 Chamberlain Motorsport was disqualified for unsporting conduct during the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162203-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Magny-Cours 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT Magny-Cours 500\u00a0km was the tenth and final round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, France, on October 22, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162203-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Magny-Cours 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162204-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Monza 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT Monza 500\u00a0km was the third round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Italy, on April 16, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162204-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Monza 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162205-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Silverstone 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT Silverstone 500\u00a0km was the fourth round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Silverstone Circuit, United Kingdom, on May 14, 2000. This event shared the weekend with the American Le Mans Series' Silverstone 500 USA Challenge, with some teams participating in both events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162205-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Silverstone 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162206-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Valencia 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT Valencia 500\u00a0km was the first round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo, Spain, on March 26, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162206-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Valencia 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162207-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Zolder 500km\nThe 2000 FIA GT Zolder 500\u00a0km was the sixth round the 2000 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Circuit Zolder, Belgium, on July 23, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162207-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIA GT Zolder 500km, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162208-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Africa Championship for Women\nThe 2000 FIBA Africa Championship for Women was the 15th FIBA Africa Championship for Women, played under the rules of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball, and the FIBA Africa thereof. The tournament was hosted by Tunisia from November 5 to 12, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162208-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Africa Championship for Women\nSenegal defeated Tunisia 71\u201363 in the final to win their first title. with both winner and runner-up securing a spot at the 2002 FIBA World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162209-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship\nThe 2000 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship for Women was the 12th FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship, played under the rules of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball, and the FIBA Africa thereof. The tournament was hosted by Guinea from July 9 to 15, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162209-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship\nGuinea ended the double round-robin tournament with a 5\u20131 record to win their first title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162210-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Diamond Ball\nThe 2000 FIBA Diamond Ball was a basketball tournament held in Hong Kong, China, from September 2 until September 6, 2000. The FIBA Diamond Ball was an official international basketball tournament organised by FIBA, held every Olympic year prior to the Olympics. It was the 1st edition of the FIBA Diamond Ball. The six participating teams were Angola, Argentina, Australia, host China, Canada and FR Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162211-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA EuroLeague Final Four\nThe 2000 FIBA EuroLeague Final Four was the FIBA EuroLeague Final Four tournament of the 1999\u20132000 season. It was the second to last edition of the FIBA EuroLeague Final Fours that were organized by FIBA Europe. For the next edition of the tournament, it would be replaced by the FIBA SuproLeague's 2001 FIBA SuproLeague Final Four, and the new Euroleague Basketball competition's 2001 Finals series, which was organized by the Euroleague Basketball Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162211-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA EuroLeague Final Four\nPanathinaikos won its second title, after defeating Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv in the final game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162212-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship\nThe 2000 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship was an international basketball  competition held in Croatia in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162213-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship\nThe 2000 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship (known at that time as 2000 European Championship for Young Men) was the fifth edition of the FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. The city of Ohrid, in Macedonia, hosted the tournament. Slovenia won their first title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162213-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship, Preliminary round\nThe twelve teams were allocated in two groups of six teams each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162214-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women\nThe 2000 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women was the first edition of the FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women. 12 teams featured the competition, held in Bardejov, Lu\u010denec and Ru\u017eomberok, in Slovakia, from 28 July to 6 August. Russia won their first title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162214-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women, Qualification\nTwenty-four national teams entered the qualifying round. They were allocated in five groups. The first two teams of each groups qualified for the tournament, where they joined Spain and Slovakia (qualified as host).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 63], "content_span": [64, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162214-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women, Preliminary round\nThe twelve teams were allocated in two groups of six teams each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 67], "content_span": [68, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162215-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship\nThe 2000 FIFA Club World Championship was the inaugural FIFA Club World Cup, the world club championship for men's club association football teams. It took place in Brazil from 5 January to 14 January 2000. FIFA as football's international governing body selected Brazil as the host nation on 3 September 1997 as the bid was found to be the strongest among nine candidates. The draw was made at the Copacabana Palace in Rio de Janeiro on 14 October 1999. All matches were played in either Rio de Janeiro's Est\u00e1dio do Maracan\u00e3 or S\u00e3o Paulo's Est\u00e1dio do Morumbi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162215-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship\nEight teams, two from South America, two from Europe and one each from North America, Africa, Asia and Oceania entered the tournament. The first Club World Cup match took place in S\u00e3o Paulo, and was won by Spanish club Real Madrid. Nicolas Anelka of France scored the first goal in Club World Cup history, while Brazilian champions Corinthians' goalkeeper Dida posted the first official clean sheet in the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162215-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship\nCorinthians and Vasco da Gama each won their respective groups to qualify for the final. In front of a crowd of 73,000, the final finished as a 0\u20130 draw after extra time. The title was decided by a penalty shoot-out which Corinthians won 4\u20133. As winners, Corinthians received $6\u00a0million in prize money, while Vasco da Gama received $5\u00a0million. Necaxa beat Real Madrid in the third-place play-off to claim $4\u00a0million. Real Madrid received $3\u00a0million, and the other remaining teams were awarded $2.5\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162215-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship, Squads\nFor a list of the squads at the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship, see 2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162215-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship, Match officials\nEight referees were appointed from the six continental confederations, each along with an accompanying assistant referee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162215-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship, Format\nMatches were played in S\u00e3o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The teams were organised in two groups of four teams, with the top team in each group going through to the final and the two second-placed teams contesting a third-place play-off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162215-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship, Awards\nThe following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162215-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship, Awards\nAdditionally, FIFA named an all-star team consisting of eleven starters and seven substitutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162216-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship Final\nThe 2000 FIFA Club World Championship Final was an association football match that took place at Est\u00e1dio do Maracan\u00e3, Rio de Janeiro on 14 January 2000. It was an all-Brazilian final between Corinthians and Vasco da Gama to determine the winner of the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship. After a goalless draw during the 120 minutes, Corinthians won the penalty shoot-out 4\u20133, becoming the first club to lift the FIFA Club World Cup, and the first side to beat a side from their home country in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162216-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship Final, Match, Details\nAssistant referees:Jens Larsen (Denmark)Fernando Cresci (Uruguay)Fourth official:William Mattus (Costa Rica)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162217-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads\nThe 2000 FIFA Club World Championship was held in Brazil between 5 January and 14 January 2000. The eight participating teams had to submit squads of 23 players at least 10 days before the start of the tournament. All players were numbered between 1 and 23, regardless of the number they wore in other competitions. Originally, only players registered to their clubs before 15 November 1999 were eligible to play in the tournament, but this cut-off point was later extended to 20 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162217-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads, Al-Nasr\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162217-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads, Corinthians\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162217-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads, Manchester United\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162217-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads, Necaxa\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162217-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads, Raja Casablanca\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162217-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads, Real Madrid\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162217-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads, South Melbourne\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162217-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Club World Championship squads, Vasco da Gama\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162218-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Futsal World Championship\nThe 2000 FIFA Futsal World Championship was the fourth FIFA Futsal World Championship, the quadrennial international futsal championship contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It was held between 18 November and 3 December 2000 in Guatemala. It was the first FIFA tournament held in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162218-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Futsal World Championship\nSpain won the tournament, defeating Brazil in the final. They ended a streak of three straight championships by Brazil and also became the only nation other than the South Americans to win the title at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162218-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Futsal World Championship, Squads\nEach nation submitted a squad of 14 players, including two or three goalkeepers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162219-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Futsal World Championship squads\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Pournia (talk | contribs) at 18:53, 21 June 2020 (\u2192\u200e\u00a0Iran). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162219-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA Futsal World Championship squads\nThis article lists the confirmed national futsal squads for the 2000 FIFA Futsal World Championship tournament held in Guatemala, between November 18 and December 3, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162220-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIFA World Player of the Year\nThe 2000 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Zinedine Zidane for the second time following France's 2000 European Championship win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162221-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup Final\nThe 2000 Artistic Gymnastics World Cup Final was held in Glasgow, Scotland in 2000. This was the second edition of the World Cup Final. From 1999 to 2000, a series of qualifying events were held, culminating in a final event, the World Cup Final. The different stages, sometimes referred to as World Cup Qualifiers, mostly served the purpose of awarding points to individual gymnasts and groups according to their placements. These points would be added up over the two-year period to qualify a limited number of athletes to the biennial World Cup Final event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162222-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Final\nThe 2000 FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Final was the fourth edition of the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup Final, held in December 2000 in Glasgow, United Kingdom, at the Braehead Arena. The competition was officially organized by the International Gymnastics Federation under a different format compared to the previous editions. While the first three Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup tournaments were standalone events, in 1997 the FIG Executive Committee made the decision to hold the 2000 World Cup Final event as the last stage of a series of competitions through the 1999\u20132000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162223-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FINA Diving World Cup\nThe 2000 FINA Diving World Cup was held in Sydney, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162224-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships\nThe 1st FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships were held on October 29-November 4, 2000 in the waters off Waikiki Beach in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 164 swimmers from 34 countries swam in the championships, in race distances of 5-kilometer (5K), 10-kilometer (10K) and 25-kilometer (25K).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162225-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\nThe 5th FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) were held at the Olympic Aquatic Centre in Athens, Greece from 16\u201319 March 2000. 15 world records were set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162226-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIRA Women's European Championship\nThe fifth tournament saw virtually the same format as 1997. In Pool A Ireland returned to the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162226-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIRA Women's European Championship\nIn \"Pool B\" a tournament had been planned involving Belgium, Germany, Netherlands and Russia. Belgium and Russia withdrew \"at the last minute\" and were replaced by a French regional team (Flandre). After a double round-robin between these three teams, Germany and Netherlands played against the teams finishing 7th and 8th in Pool A", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162226-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 FIRA Women's European Championship, Pool A/Pool B playoffs\nGermany and Netherlands then \"played off\" against the teams listed as being in 7th and 8th place in Pool A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162227-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix\nThe 2000 FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix was the 7th Summer Grand Prix season in ski jumping on plastic. Season began on 5 August 2000 in Hinterzarten, Germany and ended on 3 September 2000 in Sapporo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162227-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix\nOther competitive circuits this season included the World Cup and Continental Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162228-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix\nThe 2000 FIVB World Grand Prix was the eighth women's volleyball tournament of its kind. It was held over four weeks in three countries and six cities throughout Asia: Hong Kong, Thailand, PR China, Chinese Taipei and Malaysia, cumulating with the final round at Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Philippines, from 24 to 27 August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162229-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIVB Volleyball World League\nThe 2000 FIVB Volleyball World League was the 11th edition of the annual men's international volleyball tournament, played by 12 countries from 26 May to 16 July 2000. The Final Round was held in Rotterdam, Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162230-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 FIVB Women's World Olympic Qualification Tournament\nThe 2000 FIVB Women's World Olympic Qualification Tournament was played by eight countries to determine the last four competing teams for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. The tournament was held in Tokyo, Japan from June 17 to June 25, 2000. The top-four teams advance to the Olympic Games with one berth guaranteed for an Asian country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162231-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Faber Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Faber Grand Prix was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hardcourts in Hannover, Germany that was part of Tier II of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the eighth and last edition of the tournament and was held from 14 February until 20 February 2000. First-seeded Serena Williams won the singles title and earned $87,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162231-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Faber Grand Prix, Finals, Doubles\n\u00c5sa Carlsson /  Natasha Zvereva defeated  Silvia Farina /  Karina Hab\u0161udov\u00e1, 6\u20133, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162232-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Faber Grand Prix \u2013 Doubles\nSerena Williams and Venus Williams were the defending champions, but none competed this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162232-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Faber Grand Prix \u2013 Doubles\n\u00c5sa Carlsson and Natasha Zvereva won the title by defeating Silvia Farina and Karina Hab\u0161udov\u00e1 6\u20133, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162233-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Faber Grand Prix \u2013 Singles\nJana Novotn\u00e1 was the defending champion, but did not compete this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162233-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Faber Grand Prix \u2013 Singles\nSerena Williams won the title by defeating Denisa Chl\u00e1dkov\u00e1 6\u20131, 6\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162233-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Faber Grand Prix \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe top four seeds received a bye to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162234-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Falkirk West by-election\nThe Falkirk West by-election, 2000 was a parliamentary by-election held on 21 December 2000 for the Scottish constituency of Falkirk West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162234-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Falkirk West by-election\nThe vacancy was caused by the resignation from the House of Commons of Dennis Canavan, the Member of Parliament (MP) for Falkirk West. Canavan had first been elected for West Stirlingshire in the October 1974 election as a Labour Party candidate, and had held that seat until its abolition in 1983. He had then won the new Falkirk West seat, and held that seat as a Labour MP until he was expelled from Labour in 1999. He then sat as an Independent until he resigned on 21 November 2000 by accepting the office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162234-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Falkirk West by-election\nA by-election to fill the seat was held on 21 December. The Scottish National Party mounted a strong challenge, but fell 700 votes short of winning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162235-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Family Circle Cup\nThe 2000 Family Circle Cup was the 28th edition of the Family Circle Cup tennis tournament. This WTA Tier I Event was held at the Family Circle Tennis Center in Hilton Head, South Carolina, United States. First-seeded Mary Pierce won the singles title and earned $166,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162235-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Family Circle Cup\nIt was the final edition of the tournament held at Hilton Head Island as the event moved to Charleston, South Carolina in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162235-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Family Circle Cup, Finals, Doubles\nVirginia Ruano Pascual and  Paola Su\u00e1rez defeated  Conchita Mart\u00ednez and  Patricia Tarabini, 7\u20135, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162236-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Family Circle Cup \u2013 Doubles\nElena Likhovtseva and Jana Novotn\u00e1 were the defending champions, but none of them competed this year. Novotn\u00e1 also retired from professional tennis at the end of the 1999 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162236-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Family Circle Cup \u2013 Doubles\nVirginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Su\u00e1rez won the title by defeating Conchita Mart\u00ednez and Patricia Tarabini 7\u20135, 6\u20133 in the final. It was the 5th title for Ruano Pascual and the 13th title for Su\u00e1rez in their respective doubles careers. It was also the 1st title for the pair during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162236-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Family Circle Cup \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162237-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Family Circle Cup \u2013 Singles\nMartina Hingis was the defending champion, but did not compete this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162237-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Family Circle Cup \u2013 Singles\nFirst-seeded Mary Pierce won the title by defeating Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario 6\u20131, 6\u20130 in the final and earned $166,000 first-prize money. She lost 12 games during the tournament, surpassing Chris Evert's record of 15 games conceded during her title win in 1985. It was the 1st title of the year for Pierce and the 14th of her career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162237-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Family Circle Cup \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first eight seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162238-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fareham Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Fareham Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Fareham Borough Council in Hampshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162238-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fareham Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw the Conservatives increase their majority on the council after gaining 5 seats. The Labour Party lost all 3 of the seats they had been defending, while the other 2 Conservative gains came from the Liberal Democrats. 2 Liberal Democrat councillors were the only non Conservatives elected after holding Portchester Central and Stubbington wards. Turnout in the election varied between a high of 39.5% in Portchester East and a low of 21.9% in Fareham South.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162239-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Faroe Islands Cup\nThe Faroe Islands Cup 2000 was played between March 12 and July 2, 2000. The cup was won by G\u00cd G\u00f8ta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162239-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Faroe Islands Cup, Second round, Group 3\nNOTE: TB Tv\u00f8royri withdrew, therefore each team was awarded a 0-0 'win' in each match against them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162239-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Faroe Islands Cup, Semifinals\nThe first legs were played on June 1, 2000 and the second legs on June 12, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162240-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup\nThe 2000 Fed Cup was the 38th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women's tennis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162240-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup\nChanges were made to the World Group; instead of two groups of eight teams, there was one group of thirteen. The group was divided in three round-robin pools of four, with the winner of each pool joining defending champions the United States in a knockout bracket. In the final, the United States defeated Spain at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, on 24\u201325 November, giving the United States their 17th title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162241-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone\nThe Americas Zone was one of three zones of regional competition in the 2000 Fed Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162241-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone, Group I\nThe ten teams were divided into two pools of five teams. The teams that finished first in the pools played-off to determine which team would partake in the World Group Play-offs next year. The two nations coming last in the pools were relegated to Group II for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162241-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone, Group II\nThe fourteen teams were randomly divided into two pools of four and two pools of three teams to compete in round-robin competitions. The play-off stage of the group was used to determine placings. The top two teams from each pool would be drawn in a knockout stage to determine which teams would be promoted, while the remaining teams played-off to determine the other placings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162242-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I \u2013 Pool A\nGroup A of the 2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I was one of two pools in the Americas Zone Group I of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the Group I play-off, the winner of which would advance to 2001 World Group Play-offs, and the bottom team being relegated down to 2001 Group II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162243-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I \u2013 Pool B\nGroup B of the 2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group I was one of two pools in the Americas Zone Group I of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the Group I play-off, the winner of which would advance to 2001 World Group Play-offs, and the bottom team being relegated down to 2001 Group II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162244-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II \u2013 Play-offs\nThe Play-offs of the 2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II were the final stages of the Group II Zonal Competition involving teams from the Americas. Using the positions determined in their pools, the fourteen teams faced off to determine their overall placing in the 2000 Fed Cup Americas Group II. The top two teams (i.e. the teams that won matches in the first round of the top quarter) advanced to Group I next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162245-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II \u2013 Pool A\nGroup A of the 2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Americas Zone Group II of the 2000 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with each team being assigned to its respective play-off region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162246-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II \u2013 Pool B\nGroup B of the 2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Americas Zone Group II of the 2000 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with each team being assigned to its respective play-off region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162247-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II \u2013 Pool C\nGroup C of the 2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Americas Zone Group II of the 2000 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with each team being assigned to its respective play-off region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162248-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II \u2013 Pool D\nGroup D of the 2000 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Americas Zone Group II of the 2000 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with each team being assigned to its respective play-off region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162249-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone\nThe Asia/Oceania Zone was one of three zones of regional competition in the 2000 Fed Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162249-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone, Group I\nThe eleven teams were divided into one pool of six and one pool five teams. The teams that finished first in the pools played-off to determine which team would partake in the World Group Play-offs next year. The two nations coming last in the pools were relegated to Group II for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162249-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone, Group II\nThe eleven teams were divided into two pools of six and five teams. The top two teams from each pool then moved on to the play-off stage of the competition. The two teams that won a match from the play-off stage would advance to Group I for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162250-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I \u2013 Pool A\nGroup A of the 2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania Zone Group I of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the Group I play-off, the winner of which would advance to World Group II Play-offs, and the bottom team being relegated down to 2000 Group II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162251-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I \u2013 Pool B\nGroup B of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania Zone Group I of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the Group I play-off, the winner of which would advance to World Group II Play-offs, and the bottom team being relegated down to 2000 Group II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162252-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II \u2013 Play-offs\nThe Play-offs of the 2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II were the final stages of the Group II Zonal Competition involving teams from Asia and Oceania. Those that qualified for this stage placed first and second in their respective pools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162252-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II \u2013 Play-offs\nThe four teams were then paired up the team from a different placing of the other group for a play-off tie, with the winners being promoted to Group I in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162253-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II \u2013 Pool A\nGroup A of the 2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania Zone Group II of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top two teams advancing to the play-off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162254-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II \u2013 Pool B\nGroup B of the 2000 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania Zone Group II of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top two teams advancing to the play-off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162255-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone\nThe Europe/Africa Zone was one of three zones of regional competition in the 2000 Fed Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162255-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone, Group I\nThe eighteen teams were divided into four pools, two of which had four and two of which had five teams. The top team of each pool played-off in a two-round knockout stage to decide which nation progresses to the World Group Play-offs next year. The four nations coming last in the pools were relegated to Group II for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162255-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone, Group II\nThe twenty-three teams were divided into three pools of six and one pool of five. The top teams from each pool advanced to Group I for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162256-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I \u2013 Knockout Stage\nThe Knockout Stage of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was the final stage of the Zonal Competition involving teams from Europe and Africa. Those that qualified for this stage placed first in their respective pools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162256-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I \u2013 Knockout Stage\nThe four teams were then randomly drawn into a two-stage knockout tournament, with the winner advancing to the World Group Play-offs next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162257-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I \u2013 Pool A\nGroup A of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I of the 2000 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162258-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I \u2013 Pool B\nGroup B of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I of the 2000 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162259-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I \u2013 Pool C\nGroup C of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I of the 2000 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162260-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I \u2013 Pool D\nGroup D of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I of the 2000 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162261-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II \u2013 Pool A\nGroup A of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to Group I for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162262-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II \u2013 Pool B\nGroup B of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to Group I for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162263-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II \u2013 Pool C\nGroup C of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to Group I for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162264-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II \u2013 Pool D\nGroup D of the 2000 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2000 Fed Cup. Five teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to Group I for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162265-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup World Group\nThe World Group was the highest level of competition in the 2000 Fed Cup. This year, the World Group and World Group II merged to become one group, with one more team joining the Group from last year's World Group II Play-offs. Twelve teams were put into three pools of four teams each, with the winner of each pool joining defending champions the United States in a four-team play-off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162265-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup World Group\nThe defending champions claimed their record seventeenth and most recent title, defeating five-time champions Spain in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162265-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup World Group, Knockout stage\nVenue: Mandalay Bay Events Center, Las Vegas, NV, United States (supreme carpet, indoor)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162266-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup World Group \u2013 Knockout Stage\nThe Knockout Stage of the 2000 World Group was the final stage of the World Group. The winners of each World Group pool joined last year's defending champion in a two-round knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162267-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup World Group \u2013 Pool A\nGroup A of the 2000 Fed Cup World Group was one of three pools in the World Group of the 2000 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162268-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup World Group \u2013 Pool B\nGroup B of the 2000 Fed Cup World Group was one of three pools in the World Group of the 2000 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162269-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fed Cup World Group \u2013 Pool C\nGroup C of the 2000 Fed Cup World Group was one of three pools in the World Group of the 2000 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team advancing to the knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162270-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiesta Bowl\nThe 2000 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl, played on January 2, 2000, was the 29th edition of the Fiesta Bowl. The game was played at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona between the Tennessee Volunteers (ranked #5 in the BCS) and the Nebraska Cornhuskers (ranked #3 in the BCS). The matchup featured the two most current National Championship teams: Nebraska in 1997, and Tennessee in 1998. The teams first met two years earlier for the 1998 Orange Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162270-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiesta Bowl, Scoring Summary, 1st Quarter\nNebraska-Dan Alexander 7 yard run (Josh Brown kick) 11:34 NEB 7 TN 0", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162270-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiesta Bowl, Scoring Summary, 1st Quarter\nNebraska-Bobby Newcombe 60 yard punt return (Josh Brown kick) 3:21 NEB 14 TN 0", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162270-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiesta Bowl, Scoring Summary, 2nd Quarter\nNebraska- Josh Brown 31 yard field goal 1:37 NEB 17 TN 0", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162270-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiesta Bowl, Scoring Summary, 2nd Quarter\nTennessee-Dont\u00e9 Stallworth 9 yard pass from Tee Martin (Alex Walls kick) 0:18 NEB 17 TN 7", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162270-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiesta Bowl, Scoring Summary, 3rd Quarter\nTennessee-Travis Henry 4 yard run (Alex Walls kick) 13:03 NEB 17 TN 14", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162270-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiesta Bowl, Scoring Summary, 3rd Quarter\nNebraska- Aaron Golliday 13 yard pass from Eric Crouch (Josh Brown kick) 4:44 NEB 24 TN 14", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162270-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiesta Bowl, Scoring Summary, 4th Quarter\nNebraska-Correll Buckhalter 2 yard run (Josh Brown kick) 12:01 NEB 31 TN 14", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162270-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiesta Bowl, Scoring Summary, 4th Quarter\nTennessee- Donte Stallworth 44 yard pass from Cedrick Wilson (Alex Walls kick) 7:25 NEB 31 TN 21", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162271-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiji Sevens\nThe 2000 Fiji Sevens was a rugby sevens tournament held in Fiji as part of the inaugural IRB Sevens World Series. It was the eighth and final edition of the Fiji International Sevens and, in the wake of the Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat later that year, remains the only Fijian event so far included on the World Sevens circuit. The tournament was the sixth leg of the 1999-2000 Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162271-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiji Sevens\nThe competition took place on 11 and 12 February at the National Stadium in Suva. Hosts, Fiji, were defeated 31-5 in the final by New Zealand, who claimed their third title of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162271-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fiji Sevens, Pool stage\nThe pool stage was played on the first day of the tournament. The 16 teams were separated into four pools of four teams and teams in the same pool played each other once. The top two teams in each pool advanced to the Cup quarterfinals to compete for the 2000 Fiji Sevens title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat\nThe Fiji coup d'\u00e9tat of 2000 was a complicated affair involving a civilian coup d'\u00e9tat by hardline i-Taukei (ethnic Fijian) nationalists against the elected government of an Indo-Fijian Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry, on 19 May 2000, an attempt by President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara to assert executive authority on 27 May, and his own resignation, possibly forced, on 29 May. An interim government headed by Commodore Frank Bainimarama was set up and handed power over to an interim administration headed by Ratu Josefa Iloilo, as President, on 13 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, Alleged motives for the coup\nIt was also alleged that the coup was supported by the Methodist church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, The resignation of President Mara\nTwo days later, on 29 May 2000, Mara resigned under disputed circumstances. Following orchestrated threats to his life and his family, he was evacuated to a naval vessel where a delegation including Armed Forces Commander Commodore Frank Bainimarama, Police Commissioner Isikia Savua, Great Council of Chiefs Chairman and former Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka (who had instigated two earlier coups in 1987), and his own son-in-law, Ratu Epeli Ganilau (a former Army commander) met him and pressed him to abrogate the constitution. He refused, and resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, The resignation of President Mara\nWhether or not Mara's resignation was forced remains (as of 2005) the subject of a police investigation. Some, including Mahendra Chaudhry, believe that he was forcibly deposed. However, Mara's daughter Adi Ateca Ganilau, who is married to Ratu Ganilau, maintains that her father chose to resign and subsequently refused to be reinstated because he was upset at the abrogation of the constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, The resignation of President Mara\nAlmost a year later, Mara publicly accused the police chief, Colonel Isikia Savua and former Prime Minister, Sitiveni Rabuka, of instigating the coup. In an interview with Close-Up on Fiji Television on 29 April 2001, he claimed that Speight (who was then in custody and was later convicted of treason) was only a front. Mara said that he had confronted Savua and Rabuka two days after the coup about their possible involvement. \"I could see it in their faces,\" said Mara, emphatically rejecting their denials. Mara told the programme that within half an hour of Speight's forcible occupation of the Parliament, Rabuka had telephoned Government House (the official residence of the President) to offer to form a government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, The resignation of President Mara\nMara said that he was shocked to learn that the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit of the Army had been involved in the coup. He alleged that they took George Speight to Parliament, and that their senior officers supplied them with weapons, blankets, and food. Mara also declared that the Counter Revolutionary Warfare officers who joined Speight's coup had trained on a farm owned by Rabuka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, The interim military government\nCommodore Bainimarama announced on radio and television that he had taken over the government, and declared martial law at 6\u00a0pm. He abrogated the constitution on 30 May, and proceeded to appoint an interim government. He initially nominated Ratu Epeli Nailatikau (a son-in-law of Mara's and the husband of Adi Koila Nailatikau, who was one of Speight's hostages) as Prime Minister, but withdrew the nomination the next day. It was not until 4 July that he actually appointed a Prime Minister, Laisenia Qarase (who remained in office until he was ousted from power by another coup in December 2006). Rebels, still holding hostages, staged a number of incidents around the country, cutting off Suva's power supply on 6 July, and over-running an army base on Vanua Levu Island and exchanging fire with the military in Suva the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, The Iloilo administration\nThe interim military government signed an accord with Speight on 9 July, granting him immunity from prosecution and a review of the constitution in return for the release of the hostages. Nine were freed on 12 July, and the others, including Chaudhry, on the 13th. Ratu Josefa Iloilo was sworn in as President the same day, with Ratu Jope Seniloli as Vice-President. The appointment of Seniloli, a supporter of the rebels who had sworn himself in as President at Speight's behest, was seen as a gesture of appeasement to the rebel forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, The Iloilo administration\nOn 27 July, Aparama Vulavou and Peter Hazelman was arrested along with 369 supporters. The government reneged on the accord granting Speight immunity from prosecution, with Bainimarama saying that the military had signed it \"under duress.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, The Queen Elizabeth Barracks mutiny\nA second attempt by hardline elements to seize power took place on 2 November that year, when rebel soldiers mutinied at Suva's Queen Elizabeth Barracks. The mutiny resulted in the death of four loyal soldiers. Four rebels were subsequently beaten to death after the mutiny had been quelled. Bainimarama accused Rabuka of involvement, but as of April 2015, Rabuka has never been charged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nOn 15 November, the High Court declared that the interim government was illegal. Mara remained the lawful President; Parliament had not been dissolved but only suspended, and should now be reconvened, and by implication, Chaudhry remained the lawful Prime Minister. As Mara had not been performing his duties, however, Iloilo had been rightly exercising the prerogatives of the office in his place. Mara subsequently resigned officially, with his resignation backdated to 29 May. The Qarase government appealed the court ruling; on 1 March 2001, the Court of Appeal confirmed the High Court decision reinstating the constitution. The government accepted the decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162272-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat, Aftermath\nAn estimated 7,500 jobs were lost because of the coup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162273-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian presidential election\nA Presidential election took place in Fiji on 18 July 2000, to replace Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, who had resigned, possibly under pressure from the Military, during the Fiji coup of 2000. The Great Council of Chiefs, an assembly of mostly hereditary chiefs which is constitutionally empowered to elect the President, chose the Tui Vuda (Paramount Chief of Vuda), Ratu Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda (commonly known simply as Ratu Josefa Iloilo), who had been Vice-President under Mara, to succeed him. Iloilo had already exercised Presidential duties since 13 July, when the Military had asked him to take over the office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162273-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fijian presidential election\nOne of his earliest acts as President was to reappoint Laisenia Qarase, who had been chosen by the Military in July, as Prime Minister on 10 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162274-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Finlandia Trophy\nThe Finlandia Trophy is an annual senior-level international figure skating competition held in Finland. It was held in Helsinki. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and ice dancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162275-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Finnish Cup\nThe 2000 Finnish Cup (Finnish: Suomen Cup) was the 46th season of the main annual association football cup competition in Finland. It was organised as a single-elimination knock\u2013out tournament and participation in the competition was voluntary. The final was held at the Finnair Stadium, Helsinki on 10 November 2000 with HJK defeating Kotkan TP by 1-0 before an attendance of 3,471 spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162276-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Finnish Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Finnish Figure Skating Championships took place between January 15 and 16, 2000 in Tampere. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles and women's singles. The event was used to help determine the Finnish team to the 2000 European Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162277-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Finnish municipal elections\nFinnish municipal election, 2000 was held in Finland on 22 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162278-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Finnish presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Finland on 16 January 2000, with a second round on 6 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162278-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Finnish presidential election\nThe result was a victory for Tarja Halonen of the Social Democratic Party, who became the country's first female President. During the elections Halonen was the incumbent Minister for Foreign Affairs. President Martti Ahtisaari had indicated in January 1999 that he would accept the Social Democratic Party's nomination for the 2000 presidential elections, but only if no presidential primary was held. However, Jacob S\u00f6derman announced his candidacy at the start of April 1999, and during the final week of that month, Ahtisaari announced that he would not seek the Social Democratic presidential candidacy. In his memoirs, Ahtisaari claims that Tarja Halonen badly wanted to become President, a claim that Halonen has denied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162278-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Finnish presidential election\nThere were three other female presidential candidates in 2000: Riitta Uosukainen of the National Coalition, Elisabeth Rehn of the Swedish People's Party, and Heidi Hautala of the Greens. Halonen's popularity rose significantly during the last few months before the first round of the 2000 presidential elections, while Uosukainen's and Rehn's popularity declined. Former Prime Minister Esko Aho, the Centrist presidential candidate, emerged as the second most popular candidate. Halonen received votes from women across party lines, and she was partly helped by her lack of a major left-wing opponent, and by her reputation as a tolerant, human rights-oriented person. The election was decided by slightly over 100,000 votes, and the voter turnout was much higher than in the 1996 municipal elections or in the 1999 parliamentary elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162279-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Citrus Bowl\nThe 2000 Citrus Bowl was a college football bowl game following the 1999\u20132000 football season. The game matched the Michigan State Spartans against the Florida Gators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162279-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Citrus Bowl\nMichigan State came into the game with interim coach Bobby Williams, who took over on December 5, five days after Nick Saban departed to take over the LSU program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162279-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Citrus Bowl\nMichigan State wide receiver Plaxico Burress caught a career-high 13 passes for 185 yards and three touchdowns and Paul Edinger kicked a 39-yard field goal as time expired to lead the ninth-ranked Spartans to a 37\u201334 victory over the No. 10 Gators. Williams was later hired as the head coach of the Spartans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162280-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Gators baseball team\nThe 2000 Florida Gators baseball team represented the University of Florida in the sport of baseball during the 2000 college baseball season. The Gators competed in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They played their home games at Alfred A. McKethan Stadium, on the university's Gainesville, Florida campus. The team was coached by Andy Lopez, who was in his sixth season at Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162281-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Gators football team\nThe 2000 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida in the sport of American football during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Gators competed in Division I-A of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and played their home games at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium on the university's Gainesville, Florida campus. They were coached by Steve Spurrier, who led the Gators to their sixth SEC championship, a Sugar Bowl berth, and an overall win-loss record of 10\u20133 (.769). The season was the team's eleventh of twelve under Spurrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162281-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Gators football team, Game summaries, Mississippi State\nThe Florida Gators came into Davis Wade Stadium in Starkville, Mississippi ranked third in the nation. The unranked Mississippi State Bulldogs ran for 351 yards, 172 yards and a touchdown for Dicenzo Miller, and 156 yards and a touchdown for Dontae Walker. Bulldogs quarterback Wayne Madkin also ran for two touchdowns. The Bulldogs compiled 517 total yards of offense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162281-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Gators football team, Game summaries, Mississippi State\nA frustrated Steve Spurrier rotated three quarterbacks including Rex Grossman. Grossman went 13 for 16 with 231 yards and two touchdowns. All together, the Gators had 494 yards and four touchdowns through the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162281-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Gators football team, Game summaries, Mississippi State\nMississippi State won the game 47\u201335, breaking Florida's 72-game winning streak against unranked teams in front of a crowd of 43,816. After the game, the Mississippi State fans stormed the field and tore down the goal posts, parts of which ended up all over campus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162282-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Marlins season\nThe Florida Marlins' 2000 season was the eighth season for the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise in the National League. It would begin with the team attempting to improve on their season from 1999. Their manager was John Boles. They played home games at Pro Player Stadium. They finished with a record of 79-82, 3rd in the NL East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162282-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Marlins season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162282-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Marlins season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162282-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Marlins season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162282-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Marlins season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162282-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida Marlins season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162283-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida State Seminoles baseball team\nThe 2000 Florida State Seminoles baseball team represented Florida State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Seminoles played their home games at Dick Howser Stadium, and played as part of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The team was coached by Mike Martin in his twenty-first season as head coach at Florida State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162283-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida State Seminoles baseball team\nThe Seminoles reached the College World Series, their seventeenth appearance in Omaha, where they finished in third place after splitting two games against Southern California, a win against Texas and a semifinal loss to eventual champion LSU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162284-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida State Seminoles football team\nThe 2000 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Bobby Bowden and played their home games at Doak Campbell Stadium. The Seminoles reached the title game for the third straight year and quarterback Chris Weinke won the school's second Heisman Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162284-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Florida State Seminoles football team, Regular season\nAs a senior in 2000, Chris Weinke led the nation in passing with 4,167 yards and won the Heisman Trophy, awarded to college football's best player, as well as the Davey O'Brien Award and the Johnny Unitas Award. He also led the Seminoles to the Orange Bowl for their third title game in as many years, where they lost 13\u20132 to the Oklahoma Sooners. At the age of 28, Weinke was the oldest player in history to win the Heisman Trophy. He finished his Florida State career with a 32\u20133 record and held numerous FSU records including most passing yards in a career and most career touchdown passes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 58], "content_span": [59, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes\n2000 Flushes is an automatic toilet cleaning product produced by the WD-40 Company. The toilet cleaner is dispensed from an in-tank package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes, History\n2000 Flushes was created by Al Eisen, founder of New Jersey-based Flushco, Inc. According to the company, Eisen's wife asked him to clean the toilet; he hated the job and tried to find a better way. His initial experiment, a cup with chlorine weighted with rocks and installed in the toilet tank, worked well at keeping his toilet clean for months. The idea behind 2000 Flushes was born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes, History\nThe first newspaper advertisements appeared in 1978; in March 1979 this was supplemented by simple broadcast advertising with the tagline If there's one job I hate, it's scrubbing the toilet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes, History\nThe product was well-enough received in its initial US markets to represent a credible rival to Vanish, which held a dominant market position at the time with a Sani-Flush like crystal toilet bowl cleaner. Before 2000 Flushes could complete its national expansion westward, Vanish began disparaging advertising suggesting calcium hypochlorite toilet cleaners damaged plumbing. In fall 1981, a group of manufacturers led by Twinoak (which made \"120 Day Automatic Toilet Bowl Cleaner\" since 1965) obtained an out-of-court settlement against Drackett Company, maker of Vanish. As part of the undisclosed cash settlement, disparaging advertisements were withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes, History\nBlock Drug purchased Flushco, acquiring \"2000 Flushes\" toilet bowl cleaner in 1983. Block distributed multiple versions of the product, such as \"2000 Flushes Blue\" and \"2000 Flushes Powder Foam\". It sold the brand as part of a larger 1998 corporate restructuring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes, History\nAl Eisen (as inventor of 2000 Flushes) made personal appearances in many early ads for the product, in which he holds up four fingers and boasts \"It works up to four months!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes, History\nIn October 1993, toilet fixture manufacturers reported rapid degradation of flush valve flappers; some new, water-saving toilets (introduced to meet a 1994 US federal water conservation deadline) were leaking within months of installation. The growing popularity of in-tank drop-in cleaning tablets quickly drew suspicion as many contain chlorine bleach; if a toilet is flushed infrequently, the amount of chlorine in the tank may build to problematic levels. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) began tests of flapper materials in 1994-1997. By 1998, flappers had been redesigned to withstand continuous immersion in 2000 Flushes or Clorox bowl cleaners, then the most popular products. A rival in-tank cleaner introduced by Vanish in 2000 caused problems until new durability and marking requirements for flappers were added to the ASME A112.19.5 standard in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes, History\nIn 2001, San Diego based WD-40 Company acquired Global Household Brands, a company founded in 1998 to acquire X-14, 2000 Flushes and Carpet Fresh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes, History\n2000 Flushes is now packaged as a solid tablet for in-tank use, like many of its rivals. There are multiple product versions and reformulations; some add a detergent, some add a concentrated bleach. In 2008, a disinfectant was added to \"kill 99.9% of bacteria flush after flush\" in an apparent response to competitive pressures; Ty-D-Bol has claimed to \"kill 99.9% of toilet bowl germs with every flush\" since 1994 and crystal bowl cleaners have made claims to \"kill millions of germs\" since Sani-Flush's 1911 introduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162285-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Flushes, History\nWhile toxicity varies between the differing 2000 Flushes formulations, most are not pet-safe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162286-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fold\n2000 Fold is Los Angeles underground rap group Styles of Beyond's debut studio album, which was released on Bilawn Records on August 18, 1998, and re-released on August 24, 1999, on SpyTech Records. This album was only released in an \"edited version\", whereas Megadef was only released in an \"explicit version\". 2000 Fold was out of print for several years, and was then only available as a download via iTunes and Amazon. In July 2007, it was made available once again in CD format, on both the Projekt Revolution and SpyTech Records official web-stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162286-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fold, Background and composition\n2000 Fold was produced by many producers, but the best known was Divine Styler and Mike Shinoda, who later became a platform for the group to show their talent after 2004. The other producers for the album were the members of the group. It became a breakthrough album for the group. The album cover was designed by Shinoda, and the photography was done by Joe Hahn. The album contains songs, which included samples from various other songs by artists, including Black Moon, Organized Konfusion, Michael Franks, Eric B & Rakim, Mobb Deep, Graham Nash, Chic, A Tribe Called Quest, The Seeds, EPMD and Depeche Mode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162286-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fold, Singles\nThe album spawned four singles, out of which \"Spies Like Us\" and its remix, as well as \"Easy Back It Up\" had a music video. Whereas \"Winnetka Exit\" and \"2000 Fold\" did not have a music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162286-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Fold, Reception, Critical reception\n2000 Fold received generally positive reviews. The critics gave the album a loud applause and comparing the group with the artists like Prince Paul or Kool Keith. Allmusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars saying that Styles have professed and display an appreciation for that early-'90s mindset with cleverly used electro-funk samples and rapid rhyming trade offs between Ryu and Takbir. RapReviews gave the album a rating of 9 out of 10 and opposing the censorship in the album saying, \"For some reason, this entire album is censored. It makes no sense - but then again, neither does the fact they can freak so many diverse sounds and still retain sanity. If you're not completely satisfied.. well I can't get you your money back, but I'll be damn surprised.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162286-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Fold, Reception, Critical reception\nSputnik music gave the album a rating of 4.5 out of 5, saying that the album is great, and praising the group as, first things first. These guys can rap. No doubt, when you hear the way Ryu and Tak flow you'll be amazed. While Tak presents the smooth-as-silk flow, Ryu brings the punchline pain. A duo of rap Gods that seemed untouchable in that period of time, and even through today they don't go down hard. Safe to say, their debut album is no different.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162287-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Food City 500\nThe 2000 Food City 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series stock car race held on March 26, 2000 at the Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol, Tennessee. Rusty Wallace of Penske-Kranefuss Racing won the race, his fiftieth career Cup victory. Johnny Benson finished second and Ward Burton finished third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162287-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Food City 500, Background\nThe Bristol Motor Speedway is a 0.533-mile high bank concrete oval built in 1960 with the first Cup race run in 1961. The straights are 650 feet long and, at the time, the corners were banked at 36 degrees and the straights banked at 18 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162287-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Food City 500, Background\nJeff Gordon had one of the best cars and led the most laps, but after running into a tire left on the right side of Steve Park's pit box when leaving the pits on lap 386, he had to come down pit road a second time to repair damage to the left front fender. He lost a lot of track position, fell back in traffic, and eventually finished 8th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162287-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Food City 500, Background\nJohnny Benson got up to second place late in the race, but did not have enough to beat Rusty Wallace. It was by far the best finish of the season for Benson and the best finish of his career at the time. For Rusty, it was his 8th win at Bristol and his landmark 50th of his career. It was his first win since the 1999 Food City 500, held a year prior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162287-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Food City 500, Background\nFailed to qualify:  Dave Marcis (#71), Ricky Craven (#50), Ed Berrier (#90), Scott Pruett (#32)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162288-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Cup Final\nThe 2000 Football League Cup Final was played between Leicester City, in their third final appearance in four years, and First Division side Tranmere Rovers at Wembley Stadium on 27 February 2000. It was the 34th and last League Cup Final to be played at the original Wembley Stadium. Leicester won 2\u20131 to become the last team to win the League Cup at the old Wembley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162288-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Cup Final, Road to the final, Leicester City\nRound 4: Leicester City 0\u20130 Leeds United (Leicester won 4\u20132 on penalties)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162288-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Cup Final, Road to the final, Leicester City\nQuarter-final: Leicester City 3\u20133 Fulham (Leicester won 3\u20130 on penalties)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162288-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Cup Final, Match summary\nScott Taylor's successful tackle on Robbie Savage forced the ball out for a corner, and Matt Elliott headed home Leicester's first goal courtesy of a Steve Guppy cross from the right. Leicester came close to scoring a second goal in the 60th minute when Emile Heskey passed the ball to an unmarked Muzzy Izzet in the penalty box, who hesitated and his shot flew wide of the goal. Referee Alan Wilkie later suffered an injury in the right leg in the 62nd minute, and was stretchered off. Phil Richards, the fourth official, was brought on to replace him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162288-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Cup Final, Match summary\nClint Hill picked up his second booking and was sent off after a deliberate foul on Heskey in the 63rd minute. Several Tranmere players protested but the decision stood. Tranmere, down to ten men, rallied and their persistence paid off when they equalised in the 77th minute when a fine header found its way to an unmarked David Kelly who, after narrowly escaping Matt Elliott's attempted tackle, shot low to the left past goalkeeper Tim Flowers. Yet, just three minutes later, Elliott scored another towering header from another Guppy corner kick from the right, and the League Cup went to Leicester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final\nThe 2000 Football League First Division play-off final was an association football match played at Wembley Stadium on 29 May 2000, to determine the third and final team to gain promotion from the First Division to the Premiership in the 1999\u20132000 season. Ipswich Town faced Barnsley in the last domestic competitive fixture to be played at the original Wembley Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final\nThe match was both teams' first appearance in a First Division play-off final. It was the first time Barnsley had been in the play-offs, having been relegated to the First Division after the 1997\u201398 season, and finishing mid-table the following season. Ipswich made the play-offs for the fourth consecutive season, but this was the first time they had advanced further than the semi-finals. Watched by a crowd of more than 73,000, Ipswich Town came from behind to win 4\u20132 and secured promotion to the Premiership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nIpswich finished the regular 1999\u20132000 Football League season in third place in the First Division, the second tier of the English football league system, one place ahead of Barnsley. Both therefore missed out on the two automatic places for promotion to the Premiership and instead took part in the play-offs to determine the third promoted team. It was Ipswich's fourth year running in the play offs. Ipswich finished two points behind Manchester City (who were promoted in second place) and four behind league winners Charlton Athletic. Barnsley were in fourth place in the league, a further five points behind Ipswich \u2013 they also finished as the highest scorers in the division with 88 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nOn the final day of the league season Ipswich played Walsall, and won 2\u20130. At one point, after David Johnson scored his first goal, second place Manchester City were trailing to Blackburn, meaning that Ipswich would qualify for promotion automatically. However, City eventually scored four goals to win the match and secure promotion, meaning Ipswich needed to seek promotion through the play-offs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nIn the play-off semi-finals, Ipswich faced sixth-placed Bolton Wanderers who had beaten them in the semi-final the previous year. After being 2-0 down in the first leg away at the Reebok Stadium, Marcus Stewart scored two to secure a 2\u20132 draw. In the second leg at Portman Road, Jim Magilton scored a hat-trick as Ipswich won 5\u20133, winning 7\u20135 on aggregate. Barnsley won the first leg 4\u20130 away against Birmingham City at St Andrew's. Despite losing the second leg 2\u20131 at Oakwell, they reached the final 5\u20132 on aggregate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, Background\nThis was Ipswich's fourth consecutive appearance in the play-offs, and fifth in total. It was the first time they had progressed to the final, having lost in the play-off semifinals for the past three years, to Sheffield United in the 1997 play-offs, Charlton Athletic in the 1998 play-offs, and Bolton Wanderers in the 1999 play-offs. Ipswich's previous appearance at Wembley was in the 1978 FA Charity Shield against Nottingham Forest. It was Barnsley's first appearance in both the play-offs and at Wembley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 69], "content_span": [70, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, Background\nDuring the regular season, Ipswich had beaten Barnsley 6\u20131 at Portman Road and 2\u20130 at Oakwell, and Ipswich striker Marcus Stewart stated before the game that he would have \"picked Barnsley ... perhaps they'll be thinking we're their bogey side\". Barnsley had played 55 games during the regular season and scored 106 goals, with Craig Hignett (20 goals), Neil Shipperley (15), Darren Barnard (15) and Mike Sheron (11) all in double figures for goals scored. Ipswich were going into the match without their fan's and player's player of the season: James Scowcroft was out with a hamstring injury. Dutchman Martijn Reuser was slated to replace him in the starting line-up, and John McGreal came back into the team following an ankle injury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 69], "content_span": [70, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, Background\nThe play-off final was the last domestic competitive fixture to be played at the original Wembley Stadium. Match referee Terry Heilbron became the first person to officiate in four play-off finals, with the 2000 final being his last before retirement. Promotion from the First Division to the Premiership was estimated to be worth up to \u00a312\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 69], "content_span": [70, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, First half\nIpswich kicked off and immediately sought to press Barnsley, with David Johnson making a heavy challenge on goalkeeper Kevin Miller but injuring himself in the process. After just five minutes, an own goal from Ipswich's goalkeeper Richard Wright put the Yorkshire club ahead: a Craig Hignett strike from 32 yards (29\u00a0m) rebounded off the bar, hit Wright on the arm and was deflected into the net. Ipswich's first shot came on nine minutes from Mark Venus and gradually the East Anglian side regained confidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 69], "content_span": [70, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, First half\nThe teams exchanged challenges and chances until, in the twenty-second minute of the game, Johnson was replaced by substitute Richard Naylor. Barnsley's Hignett struck a shot in the 25th minute which passed narrowly outside the post with opposition goalkeeper Wright beaten, and two minutes later a shot from Ipswich's Matt Holland was blocked for a corner. Played to the far post by Jim Magilton, the ball was headed past Miller by Ipswich's 36-year-old defender Tony Mowbray to level the score. The goal sparked a period of Ipswich dominance with attempts from Holland and Naylor being saved by Miller. One minute before half-time, Richard Wright's challenge on Hignett was deemed a penalty: Darren Barnard stepped up to take the kick which Wright saved to his right and the half ended 1\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 69], "content_span": [70, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nThe second half started scrappily but with shots from both sides, firstly Ipswich's Holland and then Barnsley's Bruce Dyer. Six minutes in, Ipswich's Marcus Stewart flicked a long ball on to Naylor who delayed his shot before passing it past Miller to make the score 2\u20131. Removing his shirt to celebrate, Naylor was shown the yellow card by referee Heilbron. Further good work from Naylor saw his cross poorly cleared by Keith Brown, only for Jermaine Wright to miss the resulting chance to score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nTwo minutes later, in the 57th minute, Naylor played a ball out wide to Jamie Clapham who crossed for Stewart to head in Ipswich's third goal. Barnsley made their first substitution of the game on 60 minutes with South African Eric Tinkler being replaced by Geoff Thomas. Ipswich narrowly missed extending their lead as Mowbray headed a Magilton cross wide, before Barnsley's second substitution, this time Macedonian international striker Gjorgji Hristov coming on to replace Dyer. After a chance for Hristov, Barnsley's third and final substitution was made in the 71st minute, John Curtis being substituted for Nicky Eaden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0008-0002", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nMagilton's 72nd minute free kick was deflected off the Barnsley wall, and a Neil Shipperley shot was saved by Wright, before a second Barnsley penalty was awarded in the 77th minute. Mowbray was adjudged to have fouled Thomas as he moved through the box, and Hignett converted the penalty taking the score to 3\u20132 with just over ten minutes remaining. With Ipswich beginning to appear nervous, Burley substituted Stewart off for Reuser in the 83rd minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0008-0003", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nBarnsley came close to equalising a minute later with Wright saving a point-blank header from Hristov, and then two minutes after that, catching another Barnsley opportunity. An appeal for a penalty was turned down as Reuser went down in the area with two minutes remaining. Not long after, Jermaine Wright was substituted off for Fabian Wilnis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0008-0004", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nIn the last minute of regular time, and with Barnsley sending their team forward, a break for Ipswich saw Reuser pick up the ball in his own half before running half the length of the pitch and striking the ball from the edge of the Barnsley area into the roof of the net, taking the score to 4\u20132. Five minutes of injury time were played out with no further incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Match, Details\nIn a change from Barnsley's traditional kit of red top and white shorts, for the play-off final they wore an all-red strip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Post-match\nAfter the game, Ipswich manager George Burley remarked \"We are ready for the Premiership ... We have got a fantastic squad of players, and they are quality players\". Barnsley manager Dave Bassett conceded that \"overall Ipswich deserved it over the 90 minutes. We didn't play as well as we can do, but all credit to Ipswich\". Ipswich striker Marcus Stewart claimed it was \"the best day of his life ... apart from [his] kid being born\" but paid tribute to the efforts of his teammate Richard Wright whose save at 3\u20132, Stewart noted, \"won the game for us. He was the saviour.\" Simon Barnes of The Times described the match as a \"classic play-off final\", noting that he had watched it at a hotel in Ipswich, adding \"I didn't think such hysteria was legally permitted on licensed premises\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162289-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League First Division play-off Final, Post-match\nThe following season, Ipswich finished fifth in the 2000\u201301 FA Premier League, qualifying for the 2001\u201302 UEFA Cup, and went out of the 2000\u201301 Football League Cup at the semi-final stage. George Burley was recognised as the Premier League Manager of the Season, the first recipient of the award for 26 years who had not won the league. Barnsley ended their subsequent season 16th in the First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final\nThe 2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final was an association football match played at Wembley Stadium on 28 May 2000, to determine the third and final team to gain promotion from the Second Division to the First Division of the Football League in the 1999\u20132000 season. Gillingham faced Wigan Athletic in one of the last competitive games to be played at the original Wembley Stadium. It was Gillingham's second consecutive appearance in the Second Division play-off final after a defeat to Manchester City a year earlier. Wigan had been defeated in the semi-finals the previous season and the game marked their first appearance in a play-off final. The teams reached the 2000 final by defeating Stoke City and Millwall respectively in the semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final\nThe final drew a crowd of 53,764 and was refereed by Rob Styles. Gillingham took the lead in the first half when Wigan defender Pat McGibbon scored an own goal under pressure from Iffy Onuora. Wigan equalised shortly after half-time, and believed they had taken the lead when Gillingham's Nicky Southall blocked a shot from Wigan's Arjan de Zeeuw; Southall appeared to be standing behind the goal line, which would have meant that the ball had entered the goal, but the assistant referee ruled otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final\nThe score after the regulation 90 minutes was 1\u20131 so the match went into extra time. During the extra period Wigan took a 2\u20131 lead when Stuart Barlow scored a penalty kick, but Gillingham scored two goals in the last six minutes through Steve Butler and Andy Thomson, both of whom had come on as substitutes, to win 3\u20132. Gillingham thus gained promotion to the second tier of English football for the first time in the club's 107-year history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final\nBoth teams' managers left their respective jobs after the match. Wigan's John Benson had always intended to step down at the end of the season; Gillingham hoped to retain the services of Peter Taylor but he chose to leave and take the manager's job at Leicester City. Gillingham spent five years at the higher level before being relegated back to the third tier. After losing in the play-offs again in 2001, Wigan finally gained promotion to the First Division in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nIn the 1999\u20132000 Football League season, the teams that finished in the top two positions in the Second Division, the third tier of the English football league system, gained automatic promotion to the First Division. The teams that finished between third and sixth inclusive competed in the play-offs for the third and final promotion place. Gillingham (nicknamed the \"Gills\") finished the season in third place, one position ahead of Wigan Athletic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nOn the final day of the league season, Gillingham had the opportunity to finish in second place in the table and thereby clinch an automatic promotion place, but a 1\u20130 defeat away to Wrexham meant that Burnley were able to overtake them with a 2\u20131 win over Scunthorpe United. Wigan had looked on course for an automatic promotion place in the first half of the season, bring undefeated after 23 games. The team struggled from January onwards, however, including a run of eight league games without a win, and finished five points outside the top two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nIn the play-off semi-finals, Wigan were paired with fifth-placed Millwall and Gillingham with sixth-place finishers Stoke City. Each semi-final was played on a two-legged basis, with one game at each team's home stadium and the result determined based on the aggregate score of the two games. In the first leg of their semi-final away to Stoke, Gillingham conceded two goals in the first eight minutes of the game. Although Ty Gooden scored for the \"Gills\" after 18 minutes, Stoke extended their lead to 3\u20131 in the second half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nIn the fifth minute of stoppage time, Andy Hessenthaler scored a goal for Gillingham, making the final score 3\u20132. Wigan drew 0\u20130 in the first leg against Millwall, with BBC Sport noting that both teams appeared \"edgy from the outset and perhaps too anxious to impress\". After the first legs, the BBC still regarded the outcome of both semi-finals as difficult to predict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nFour days after the first leg matches took place, Wigan defeated Millwall 1\u20130 in the second leg to win the semi-final by the same score on aggregate and clinch a place at Wembley; midfielder Darren Sheridan scored the only goal of the game in the second half. Reserve goalkeeper Derek Stillie played in place of Roy Carroll, who had recently undergone an appendix operation, and was praised for his tenacious performance. Gillingham's second leg match was an emotionally-charged game, and before half-time Stoke's Clive Clarke was sent off, reducing his team to ten men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nEarly in the second half, Graham Kavanagh was also dismissed, leaving Stoke with just nine players. Barry Ashby scored a goal for Gillingham to bring the aggregate score level at 3\u20133, and with the scores level at the end of 90 minutes, extra time was required. During the additional 30 minutes, Iffy Onuora and Paul Smith scored further goals for Gillingham, who thus secured victory by a final aggregate score of 5\u20133. Stoke manager Gudjon Thordarson was critical of the performance of referee Rob Styles, saying \"The almighty God was looking elsewhere. Even He can't put consistency into the referees.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Background\nGillingham were appearing in the play-off final for a second consecutive season. In the 1998\u201399 season, the \"Gills\" had qualified for the final but had been defeated by Manchester City. Wigan had competed in the previous season's play-offs but lost to Manchester City at the semi-final stage; the club had never reached a play-off final, but had played at Wembley on three previous occasions, most recently in the 1999 Football League Trophy Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Background\nNeither Gillingham nor Wigan had competed higher than the third tier of English football in their history, so whichever team emerged victorious would reach the second level for the first time. The teams had met twice during the regular season, each team winning at their home stadium; Wigan won 2\u20130 at the JJB Stadium in December and Gillingham won 2\u20131 at Priestfield Stadium in April. On the morning of the match, The Observer listed the odds on both teams as equal, at 5\u20136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Background\nThe match drew an attendance of 53,764, much lower than the figure of 76,935 recorded at the previous season's Second Division play-off Final, and there was a significant disparity in the number of tickets sold to the fans of the two clubs, with only around 10,000\u00a0Wigan\u00a0fans in attendance compared to over 40,000\u00a0Gillingham\u00a0fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Background\nRob Styles was chosen to referee the match; although he had been criticised by the defeated manager after the semi-final match between Gillingham and Stoke City, his performance was rated highly by the league's official assessor of referees, and his appointment to take charge of the final was seen as a reward for his handling of the earlier game. The match was broadcast live in the United Kingdom on the Sky Sports 2 television channel with commentary provided by Rob Hawthorne and Alan Brazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0007-0002", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Background\nAs both teams usually wore predominantly blue kits, a coin was tossed to determine which would have to wear their second-choice colours; Wigan won the toss, meaning that Gillingham wore their second-choice kit of all-yellow. The guest of honour was Philip Williamson, retail operations director of the Nationwide Building Society, the principal sponsor of the Football League, who was accompanied by Peter Middleton and David Dent, the League's chairman and secretary respectively. One of the young mascots who accompanied the players as they entered the field of play was Hessenthaler's six-year-old son Jake, who would go on to play professionally for Gillingham himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Background\nGillingham manager Peter Taylor picked seven of the players who had started the previous season's play-off final,  but made the decision to leave the team's captain, Paul Smith, out of the starting line-up due to personal issues, which led to the player requesting a transfer. Wigan manager John Benson, who was taking charge of the team for the last time before the appointment of a new manager, picked the same eleven players who had started the second leg of the play-off semi-final; the line-up included five players who had played at Wembley in the previous season's Football League Trophy final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Background\nThere was media speculation that Benson would recall goalkeeper Carroll, by now fully recovered from his operation,  but ultimately he opted to again select Stillie, and Carroll was named as one of the substitutes. Stuart Barlow, the club's top goalscorer during the regular season, had recently recovered from an operation on his ankle and it was anticipated that he would be named as a substitute, but he was ultimately named in the starting line-up. Both teams adopted a 5\u20133\u20132 formation, consisting of three defenders (three central defenders and two wing-backs), three midfielders and two strikers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, First half\nA hailstorm occurred approximately 90 minutes before the game, but by 3:00\u00a0pm the sky was clear, although the pitch remained slick and greasy. After the players were presented to the guest of honour, Gillingham kicked off the match. Wigan were the stronger team in the early part of the game, with Sheridan dominating the midfield play and Andy Liddell causing problems for Gillingham's defenders. Simon Haworth of Wigan had the first goalscoring opportunity after less than four minutes with a header, but Gillingham goalkeeper Vince Bartram made a comfortable save. Carl Asaba had a shot which went well wide of the goal after 10 minutes, but as the 15-minute mark approached, the ball had been in the third of the pitch closest to Gillingham's goalkeeper for almost twice as much time as in the third closest to Wigan's goalkeeper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, First half\nIn the 16th minute, Gillingham were awarded a free kick close to the Wigan penalty area, and as Gooden's kick came in, goalkeeper Stillie almost collided with his team-mate Haworth as he attempted to punch the ball away, but although the resultant punch was weak the Gillingham players failed to capitalise on it. Gillingham won another free kick in a similar position seven minutes later when Hessenthaler was fouled by Arjan de Zeeuw, but the kick did not trouble the Wigan goalkeeper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, First half\nThe commentary team noted that Hessenthaler was fortunate not to be penalised by the referee for shoving de Zeeuw in response to the foul. Shortly afterwards, Liddell hit a goalbound shot for Wigan which Bartram initially fumbled, but the Gillingham goalkeeper was able to gather the ball at the second attempt. Moments later, Liddell hit the crossbar with a long-range shot on goal. Gillingham had the next attempt on goal but Hessenthaler's shot was directed straight at Stillie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, First half\nGillingham scored the first goal of the match after 35\u00a0minutes when Hessenthaler passed the ball to Asaba, whose shot was deflected by Wigan defender Pat McGibbon into his own goal, under pressure from Onuora. Wigan's de Zeeuw attempted to keep the ball out of the goal, but after checking with his assistant referee, referee Styles ruled that the ball had crossed the line, giving Gillingham a 1\u20130 lead. Shortly afterwards, Wigan were awarded a free kick just outside Gillingham's penalty area, but Neil Redfearn's kick went over the crossbar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, First half\nIn the final minute of the first half, Gillingham received a free kick approximately 35 yards (32\u00a0m) from the Wigan goal, but Nicky Southall's kick came to nothing. There were no further goalscoring opportunities and at half-time the score remained 1\u20130 to Gillingham. Former Gillingham manager Tony Pulis, working as a pundit on the Sky Sports 2 broadcast, picked out Liddell as Wigan's key player and stated that his team-mates needed to get the ball to him more frequently in the second half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nSix minutes into the second half, Gillingham had an opportunity to double their lead when Hessenthaler crossed the ball from a position on the right of the pitch and Onoura outjumped a Wigan defender, but his header went slightly to the left of the goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nLess than two minutes later, Wigan equalised; de Zeeuw crossed the ball from a wide position and Haworth flicked it up with his left foot and then hit a shot with his right from 6 yards (5.5\u00a0m) out past Bartram and into the net, to score what Phil Shaw of The Independent described as \"one of Wembley's great goals\". With the score level once again, the urgency of the game increased. The first substitution of the game occurred at the one-hour mark, as Gillingham brought on Paul Smith in place of defender Roland Edge. Moments later, Gillingham were awarded a free kick when Wigan's McGibbon fouled Asaba. Gillingham's Ashby met Gooden's kick with a header in the penalty area but it went wide of the goal, with the Sky commentary team stating that he \"should have done better\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nAfter 63 minutes, Gillingham were awarded the first corner kick of the game, but nothing came of it as Wigan goalkeeper Stillie was able to catch the ball with little difficulty. A minute later, Wigan in turn gained their first corner. From the resultant kick, de Zeeuw connected with a header which was cleared off the goal line by Gillingham's Southall, who appeared to be standing behind the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nThe Wigan supporters began to celebrate, believing that the ball had in fact crossed the line and entered the goal, but the assistant referee ruled otherwise, meaning that no goal was awarded and the score remained 1\u20131. Both teams had opportunities to score in quick succession at the 73-minute mark: Bartram dived full-length to save for Gillingham and moments later Asaba hit a shot which Stillie was able to push round the goalpost. Stillie made another save four minutes later when Hessenthaler hit a long-range shot; at this point Gillingham had recorded eight attempts on goal compared to Wigan's seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nWigan manager Benson made his first substitution after 84 minutes, replacing Redfearn with striker Stuart Barlow. Two minutes later, Southall received the ball near the touchline but was fouled by Wigan defender Kevin Sharp. The Wigan player had already received a yellow card from referee Styles for an earlier offence, and so was sent off, reducing his team to ten men. The match remained deadlocked at 1\u20131 after 90\u00a0minutes and went into extra time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Second half\nIn the Sky Sports studio, Pulis predicted that Gillingham would take control of the game during the extra 30 minutes and ultimately win it, and fellow pundit Nigel Spackman was of the opinion that keeping the scores level for the remaining 30 minutes, allowing the game to be settled by a penalty shoot-out, would be a \"bonus\" for Wigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Extra time\nIn the early stages of extra time, Wigan again looked stronger despite their numerical disadvantage. Five minutes into the extra period, Gillingham made a second substitution, bringing on Andy Thomson to replace fellow striker Onuora. Shortly afterwards, as Sheridan received the ball in the Gillingham penalty area, he fell to the ground under pressure from Gillingham's Ashby. Although the commentary team believed that Ashby had only made minimal contact, he was adjudged to have fouled Sheridan and referee Styles awarded a penalty kick to Wigan. Barlow took the kick and scored to give his team a 2\u20131 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Extra time\nShortly before the end of the first half of extra time, Gillingham manager Taylor made his final substitution, bringing on striker Steve Butler to replace defender Ashby. Butler, a 38-year-old veteran, had played only sporadically during the season, appearing in the starting line-up on just three occasions out of a total of 63 matches. At the same time, Wigan replaced Liddell with former club captain Carl Bradshaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Extra time\nWigan made their final substitution before the second half of extra time began, replacing Haworth with Jeff Peron. Less than three minutes into the second period, Ian Kilford had the chance to extend Wigan's lead, which according to the commentators would have \"killed Gillingham off\", but his shot went narrowly wide of the goal. Moments later, Butler headed in a cross from Junior Lewis to level the match once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Match, Extra time\nWith approximately six minutes of the match remaining Hessenthaler was brought down by a Wigan defender and Gillingham appealed for a penalty, but the referee did not award one and subsequently cautioned Hessenthaler for arguing with him. In the 118th\u00a0minute, Lewis passed the ball to Gooden, who crossed the ball from close to the left touchline into the Wigan penalty area, prompting commentator Hawthorne to exclaim \"Gooden\u00a0... and that is a good 'un!\" Thomson beat Stuart Balmer to the ball and headed it past Stillie to give his team the lead with only two minutes remaining. Wigan were unable to score any further goals in the short time remaining, and the match finished 3\u20132 to Gillingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Post-match\nAfter the match, Gillingham's temporary captain Adrian Pennock received the winners' trophy jointly with the team's usual captain, Paul Smith, who had come on as a substitute. Taylor commented in a post-match interview that \"These players, especially the ones that were here last year, deserved it. All season they've shown unbelievable character, and that's what they have done today. They never know when they are beaten.\" Benson commented particularly on the goal which Wigan felt they were denied, saying that in his opinion \"It was well over [the goal line]\". He went on to comment that \"You feel cheated, but decisions like that are part of the game.\" The day after the game, the victorious players and officials took part in a celebratory open-top bus parade around the town of Gillingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Post-match\nIn the aftermath of the match, Gillingham offered a new contract to manager Peter Taylor, but two weeks after leading the club to victory at Wembley he left to take over as manager of Premier League team Leicester City. Wigan manager John Benson had already announced before the play-off final that he would be leaving his post whatever the result, and he was replaced by Bruce Rioch. Following Taylor's departure, Paul Smith withdrew his transfer request, intimating that he no longer felt the need to leave the club now that Taylor had departed; he would remain at the club for a further five years. Hessenthaler was appointed to replace Taylor in a player-manager capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Post-match\nAs a result of their victory, Gillingham gained promotion to the second tier of English football for the first time in the club's 107-year history, and went on to spend five seasons at that level before being relegated in the 2004\u201305 season. Wigan reached the Second Division play-offs for a third season in a row in the 2000\u201301 season but once again failed to achieve promotion, losing at the semi-final stage to Reading. The club gained promotion to the second tier of English football in the 2002\u201303 season and achieved further promotion to the Premier League two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Post-match\nThe match was the penultimate game to be played at the original Wembley Stadium. The following day's First Division play-off Final was the last match to take place at the stadium before it was mostly demolished and a new stadium of the same name built in its place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162290-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Second Division play-off Final, Post-match\nReflecting on the game between Gillingham and Wigan on its 20th anniversary, Peter Taylor described it as one of the best memories of his career and paid tribute to the team spirit of the Gillingham players, stating \"We had some real top blokes, real good spirits, your Ady Pennocks, your Barry Ashbys, they were all different class, really good attitudes. Players like Hessy, amazing characters and even though we would be losing you would have never written those players off, never.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final\nThe 2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final was an association football match which was played on 26 May 2000 at Wembley Stadium, London, between Peterborough United and Darlington. It was to determine the fourth and final team to gain promotion from the Football League Third Division to the Second Division. The top three teams of the 1999\u20132000 Football League Third Division, Swansea City, Rotherham United and Northampton Town, gained automatic promotion to the Second Division, while those placed from fourth to seventh place in the table took part in play-offs. The winners of the play-off semi-finals competed for the final place for the 2000\u201301 season in the Second Division. The losing semi-finalists were Hartlepool United and Barnet who had been defeated by Darlington and Peterborough United respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final\nThe match had been moved forward by one day and was played on a Friday evening to accommodate a friendly between England and Brazil. The referee for the final was Mike Dean and the game was played in front of 33,383 spectators on a very wet surface after persistent rain throughout the day. Darlington dominated the first half but in the 72nd minute, the ball fell to Andy Clarke from a header inside the Darlington penalty area and he scored on the rebound to make it 1\u20130 to Peterborough United, who were promoted to the Second Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final\nPeterborough United's next season saw them finish in twelfth place in the Second Division, eight points above the relegation zone but sixteen below the play-offs. Darlington ended their following season in twentieth position in the Third Division, four places and four points above bottom-placed Barnet who were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nDarlington finished the regular 1999\u20132000 season in fourth position in the Third Division, the fourth tier of the English football league system, one place and one point ahead of Peterborough United. Both therefore missed out on the three automatic places for promotion to the Second Division and instead took part in the play-offs to determine the fourth promoted team. Darlington finished three points behind Northampton Town (who were promoted in third place), five behind Rotherham United (who were promoted in second place) and six behind league winners Swansea City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nPeterborough United's opposition for their play-off semi-final were Barnet with the first match of the two-legged tie being played at Underhill Stadium in Chipping Barnet on 13 May 2000. Jason Lee gave the visitors the lead in the fifth minute with a header and missed two other chances to score before being stretchered off the pitch with a knee injury. Mark Arber equalised for Barnet midway through the first half before Peterborough United had a goal disallowed: Andy Clarke's shot was goalbound but Dave Farrell applied the last touch from an offside position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nIn the 68th minute, Clarke won the ball from Barnet defender Mike Basham and scored with a low left-footed strike, and the match ended 2\u20131 to Peterborough United. The second leg took place four days later at London Road in Peterborough United. Farrell gave the home side the lead in the 28th minute when he received the ball from Richard Scott and struck it into the Barnet net from around 25 yards (23\u00a0m). He scored his and Peterborough United's second goal in the 70th minute in similar circumstances, shooting from distance past the Barnet goalkeeper Lee Harrison. Farrell completed his hat-trick a minute from the end of the game with a chip from around 30 yards (27\u00a0m). Peterborough United won the match 3\u20130 and progressed to the final with a 5\u20131 aggregate victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nDarlington faced Hartlepool United in the other semi-final and the first leg was played at Victoria Park in Hartlepool on 13 May. Darlington's Craig Liddle brought James Coppinger down with a professional foul in the fifth minute but was only shown a yellow card. Half an hour later Liddle put his side ahead with a volley. Hartlepool United's Craig Midgley went close after taking the ball round Darlington's goalkeeper Andy Collett but his shot was wide. With a quarter of an hour to go, second-half substitute Glenn Naylor was brought down by Hartlepool's goalkeeper Martin Hollund who  was sent off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Route to the final\nMarco Gabbiadini converted the subsequent penalty past Andy Dibble, and the match ended 2\u20130. The second leg of the semi-final was held four days later at Feethams in Darlington. In front of their largest crowd for nine years, the home side took the lead in the ninth minute when Hartlepool defender Gary Strodder headed a cross from Darlington's Phil Brumwell into his own net for an own goal. Peter Duffield hit the Hartlepool crossbar five minutes later and Chris Freestone's headed goal in the 71st minute for the visitors was disallowed. The match ended 1\u20130 and Darlington progressed  with a 3\u20130 aggregate win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Match, Background\nDarlington were making their second appearance in the play-offs, having lost 1\u20130 to Plymouth Argyle at Wembley Stadium in the 1996 Football League Third Division play-off Final. They had played in the fourth tier of English football since being relegated in the 1991\u201392 season. Peterborough United had also participated in the play-offs on one previous occasion, when they defeated Stockport County 2\u20131 in the 1992 Football League Third Division play-off Final at Wembley. They had played in the Third Division since suffering relegation in the 1996\u201397 season. Gabbiadini was Darlington's leading scorer with a total of 27 goals during the regular season, followed by Duffield on 13. Peterborough United's top scorer was Clarke on 16 goals (15 in the league and 1 in the FA Cup) followed by Steve Castle on 10 (all in the league).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 69], "content_span": [70, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Match, Background\nBoth matches between the sides during the regular season ended in home victories: Peterborough United won 4\u20132 at London Road in August 1999 while Darlington were 2\u20130 winners at Feethams the following February. The referee for the match, which had been moved to a Friday night to accommodate a friendly between England and Brazil, was Mike Dean. Both sides adopted a 4\u20134\u20132 formation. The Wembley pitch was saturated as a result of heavy rain prior to the match. The game was broadcast live in the United Kingdom on Sky Sports. Lee was unavailable for Peterborough United having suffered a dislocated knee during the first leg of the play-off semi-final. Jesper Hjorth was a doubt for Darlington after sustaining a hamstring injury in the second leg of their semi-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 69], "content_span": [70, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Match, Summary\nThe match kicked off around 7:45\u00a0p.m. on 26 May 2000 at a rain-soaked Wembley Stadium in front of 33,383 spectators. Gabbiadini headed a cross from Michael Oliver wide of the Peterborough goal before dragging a shot to the outside of the post in the ninth minute. He then saw a 12th-minute strike deflected over the Darlington crossbar after having cut inside from the left wing to shoot from the edge of the penalty area. In the 27th minute, Duffield's shot from 10 yards (9.1\u00a0m) under pressure from Peterborough United defender Simon Rea hit the outside of the post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Match, Summary\nDuffield then played a one-two with Oliver before striking wide and the half ended 0\u20130. Four minutes after the interval, a slip from Neil Aspin allowed Clarke to shoot but the ball passed narrowly wide of the Darlington goalpost. Gabbiadini then saw his shot saved by Peterborough United goalkeeper Mark Tyler in the 71st minute and then Liddle made a goal-saving tackle on Clarke who had taken the ball round Collett in the Darlington goal. A minute later, the ball fell to Clarke from a header inside the Darlington penalty area and he scored on the rebound to make it 1\u20130 to Peterborough United. The match ended without further scoring and Peterborough United were promoted to the Second Division with a single-goal victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Post-match\nPeterborough United manager Barry Fry suggested Darlington made the better start and that \"their experience told and they passed it around.\" The winning goalscorer Clarke described it as \"the best moment of my life.\" George Reynolds, the Darlington chairman, was defiant in defeat, saying \"I'm going to take this team into the Premiership as sure as night follows day\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162291-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Third Division play-off Final, Post-match\nPeterborough United's next season saw them finish in twelfth place in the Second Division, eight points above the relegation zone but sixteen below the play-offs. Darlington ended their following season in twentieth position in the Third Division, four places and four points above bottom-placed Barnet who were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162292-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Trophy Final\nThe 2000 Football League Trophy Final (known as the Auto Windscreens Shield for sponsorship reasons) was the 17th final of the domestic football cup competition for teams from the Second and Third Division of the Football League. The match was played at Wembley on 16 April 2000, and was the last Football League Trophy final to be played there before the stadium closed for redevelopment. The match was contested by Bristol City and Stoke City. The match was won by Stoke City, with Graham Kavanagh and Peter Thorne scoring in the 2\u20131 victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162292-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Trophy Final, Background\nThe 1999\u20132000 season saw both Bristol City and Stoke City involved in the race for promotion to the First Division. Stoke had been in the top six for most of the campaign whilst Bristol battled with city rivals Bristol Rovers to gain a play-off spot. The two sides had played each other twice before the final. Firstly on 14 November 1999 at Stoke's Britannia Stadium the score ending 1\u20131 with goals from Nicky Mohan and Brian Tinnion. The second match at Ashton Gate also ended in a draw this time 2\u20132 with goals from Kyle Lightbourne, Graham Kavanagh and a brace from Tony Thorpe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162292-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Trophy Final, Route to the final\nBoth sides had a fairly easy route to the final, Bristol City were handed a first round bye whilst Stoke over came Darlington 3\u20132 thanks to a Kyle Lightbourne golden goal. Bristol City beat Cheltenham Town 3\u20131 in the second round and Stoke overcame Oldham Athletic again via a golden goal. In the quarters Bristol City eased past Bournemouth on penalties as Stoke beat Blackpool 2\u20131. The semi-finals saw Bristol City cruise past Reading 4\u20130 whilst Stoke needed a late goal from James O'Connor to progress. In the area finals Bristol City beat Exeter City 5\u20131 over two legs and Stoke won equality as easily beating Rochdale 4\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162292-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Trophy Final, Route to the final, Bristol City\nSouthern area final 1st leg: Bristol City 4\u20130 Exeter City", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162292-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Trophy Final, Route to the final, Bristol City\nSouthern area final 2nd leg: Exeter City 1\u20131 Bristol City", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 67], "content_span": [68, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162292-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League Trophy Final, Match review\nOver 75,000 fans packed into Wembley to see Bristol City take on Stoke City in the Football League Trophy final for which Stoke fans dedicated to Stanley Matthews who had died in February 2000. Stoke made the bright start of the two sides enjoying a decent amount of possession and took the lead through Graham Kavanagh after 32 minutes after his shot beat the Robins 'keeper Billy Mercer at his near post. Leading 1\u20130 Stoke dropped deeper in the second half as they looked to cancel out the threat from the dangerous Scott Murray and Tony Thorpe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162292-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Football League Trophy Final, Match review\nIt looked to be working but with 15 minutes left Paul Holland headed in a corner to make the scores 1\u20131. However it was Stoke who had the final say, a counterattack by Stoke was halted when Bjarni Gu\u00f0j\u00f3nsson was fouled by Louis Carey to conceded a free-kick. Whilst Bristol complied about the awarding of the free-kick, Gu\u00f0j\u00f3nsson played a quick pass to Kavanagh who crossed in to Peter Thorne to earn Stoke their third win at Wembley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162293-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League play-offs\nThe Football League play-offs for the 1999\u20132000 season were held in May 2000, with the finals taking place at the old Wembley Stadium in London for the final time. The play-off semi-finals will be played over two legs and will be contested by the teams who finish in 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th place in the Football League First Division and Football League Second Division and the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th placed teams in the Football League Third Division table. The winners of the semi-finals will go through to the finals, with the winner of the matches gaining promotion for the following season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162293-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League play-offs, Background\nThe Football League play-offs have been held every year since 1987. They take place for each division following the conclusion of the regular season and are contested by the four clubs finishing below the automatic promotion places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162293-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Football League play-offs, Background\nIn the First Division, Ipswich Town, who are aiming to return to the top flight after 5 years outside the top flight, finished 2 points behind second placed Manchester City, who in turn finished 2 points behind champions Charlton Athletic, who returned to the top flight after being relegated last season. Barnsley who are aiming to return to the top flight after 2 seasons outside the top division, finished in fourth place in the table. Birmingham City, who are aiming to return to the top flight after 14 years outside the top division, finished in fifth place. Bolton Wanderers, who as well as Barnsley are aiming to return to the top flight after relegation 2 seasons ago, finished 1 point behind Birmingham City in sixth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162294-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fordham Rams football team\nThe 2000 Fordham Rams football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Fordham tied for last place in the Patriot League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162294-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fordham Rams football team\nIn their second year under head coach Dave Clawson, the Rams compiled a 3\u20138 record. Ray Reddin was the team captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162294-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fordham Rams football team\nThe Rams were outscored 318 to 211. Their 1\u20135 conference record placed them in a tie for sixth in the seven-team Patriot League standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162294-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Fordham Rams football team\nFordham played its home games at Jack Coffey Field on the university's Rose Hill campus in The Bronx, in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162295-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula Nippon Championship\nThe 2000 Formula Nippon Championship was  contested over 10 rounds. 13 different teams, 21 different drivers, 2 different chassis and only 1 engine competed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162295-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula Nippon Championship, Calendar\nRace 1 stopped due to rain and restarted, originally scheduled over 35 laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162295-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula Nippon Championship, Calendar\nRace 8 stopped due to an accident and restarted, originally scheduled over 50 laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship\nThe 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 54th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It commenced on 12 March and ended on 22 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher became Ferrari's first World Drivers' Champion in 21 years, having clinched the Drivers' title at the penultimate race of the season. Ferrari successfully defended its Constructors' title. This season marked the first for future world champion Jenson Button.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship\nThe season was, for the third consecutive year, a close battle between Ferrari and McLaren. Schumacher won the first three races and dominated the first part of the season as McLaren had reliability issues. Then misfortune struck Schumacher, who retired from three consecutive races with both Mika H\u00e4kkinen and David Coulthard scoring big. H\u00e4kkinen then surged to win two races in a row, leaving him six points clear of Schumacher who faced a fifth consecutive season at Ferrari without titles since 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship\nSchumacher fought back winning the final four races of the season in convincing fashion, recording pole position on all those occasions. The title was sealed in Japan on 8 October, after a classic straight fight between Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen, with Schumacher passing H\u00e4kkinen at the final pit stop and then holding out in front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship\nThe season held the record for the smallest number of drivers competing in a single season with only one driver change (Luciano Burti deputising for an ill Eddie Irvine in Austria) putting the total at 23 (similar to 2002 season). This record stood until 2008, where there were no driver changes, although the Super Aguri F1 team withdrew in the middle of that season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Teams and drivers\nThe following teams and drivers competed in the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship. All teams competed with tyres supplied by Bridgestone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe main changes among the top teams were that Eddie Irvine was replaced by Rubens Barrichello at Ferrari and at Jordan, former world champion Damon Hill had retired, and was replaced by Jarno Trulli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe first race of the season was in Australia, and the top five placings were similar to the previous year. The McLaren pair of world champion Mika H\u00e4kkinen and David Coulthard started 1\u20132 ahead of the Ferrari pair of Michael Schumacher and Rubens Barrichello. The Jordans of Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Jarno Trulli were fifth and sixth. During the race, the McLarens kept their positions at the start, while Barrichello lost out to Frentzen. The McLarens pulled away from Michael Schumacher, but on lap ten, Coulthard retired with a misfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nH\u00e4kkinen's engine blew up nine laps later, giving the lead to Schumacher. Neither Jordan also lasted the race, Frentzen retiring with a hydraulic failure from second, and Trulli with an engine failure from fourth. All this gave Ferrari an easy 1\u20132 with Schumacher winning from Barrichello, with Ralf Schumacher, driving for Williams completing the podium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nFor the second round in Brazil, the top four were the same again in qualifying, with H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard starting 1\u20132 ahead of Michael Schumacher and Barrichello. Schumacher, who was on a two-stop strategy took the lead within two laps, built up a 20-second gap, and pitted. He rejoined in second, behind H\u00e4kkinen. Coulthard was suffering from gearbox problems, and so was not quick enough. Barrichello, who was also on a two-stopper was stuck behind H\u00e4kkinen for 15 laps, before passing him, and this compromised his race. He rejoined fourth after his stop, but his engine blew up soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nH\u00e4kkinen was starting to edge away from Michael Schumacher, until he had to retire with an oil leak. This gave Schumacher the win, ahead of Coulthard and Giancarlo Fisichella. There was controversy after the race when all the drivers in the top six with the exception of Fisichella were excluded because of problems with their wooden floors. The teams appealed but when the FIA was scrutineering the cars again, they found out that the front wing endplates on Coulthard's car were lower than they should have been. Thus, the position of everyone except for Coulthard was reinstated. The final top three were: Michael Schumacher, Fisichella and Frentzen. Notably, Jenson Button was sixth, and got his first ever championship point. He also set the record for the youngest F1 driver to score a point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nAfter two rounds, Michael Schumacher had a maximum 20 out of 20 points, and no one else had even ten, and notably both McLaren drivers had none. Second was Fisichella with 8, with Barrichello third with 6. Ferrari also had a big lead in the Constructors' Championship with 26 points, the second being Benetton with 8, and the third being Williams with 7. McLaren had none.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe third round was in San Marino, and H\u00e4kkinen took his third consecutive pole, with Michael Schumacher splitting the McLarens, and Barrichello was fourth. H\u00e4kkinen and Schumacher maintained their positions at the start, while Barrichello got past Coulthard. The race developed into a battle between H\u00e4kkinen and Schumacher, and quick in and out laps during the second round of pitstops enabled the latter to take the lead. Schumacher won, with H\u00e4kkinen second, and Coulthard third ahead of Barrichello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe European season started off in Britain, and in a wet-dry qualifying, Barrichello took his third pole position of his career, beating Frentzen by three-thousandth of a second, with the McLarens on the second row, H\u00e4kkinen ahead of Coulthard. Michael Schumacher could manage only fifth. At the start, the top two got away well and kept their places, while Coulthard got ahead of his teammate, and Schumacher lost three places. Frentzen was on a two-stop strategy, and pitted, leaving Barrichello leading from Coulthard and H\u00e4kkinen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nBarrichello kept a gap till his car started suffering from engine and hydraulic problems, and Coulthard took the lead on lap 30 with a superb passing manoeuvre on the outside at Stowe. He pitted two laps later, giving back the lead to the fading Barrichello. Barrichello hung around until lap 35 when he spun at Luffield, and drove his car to the pits only to find out his team weren't ready. He waited until the stop was over, only to find out that he couldn't restart the car as his hydraulics had completely failed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0009-0002", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThis left him with no option but to retire. Frentzen now led, but after his second stop he rejoined fourth behind the McLarens and the Ferrari of Schumacher. Frentzen's gearbox failed 6 laps from the end, forcing him to retire. Coulthard took his second consecutive home victory, ahead of H\u00e4kkinen who completed the McLaren 1\u20132, with Schumacher third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe win got Coulthard to second in the standings with 14 points, but 20 behind Michael Schumacher who had 34. H\u00e4kkinen had 12, and Barrichello and Ralf Schumacher had nine. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari had 43 points, while McLaren had 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nRound five was in Spain, and Michael Schumacher took his first pole of the year ahead of H\u00e4kkinen, Barrichello and Coulthard (who was not 100% fit after a plane crash in France). Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen stayed first and second after the start, but their teammates had lost out to Ralf Schumacher. Michael Schumacher stalled during the second round of stops, and lost the lead to H\u00e4kkinen. After the stops, Michael Schumacher had a problem with his tyres, and was passed by Coulthard, Ralf Schumacher and Barrichello. He then pitted, and rejoined fifth. H\u00e4kkinen took his first win of the season, with Coulthard making it a second successive McLaren 1\u20132, and Barrichello completed the podium. Michael Schumacher was fifth behind his brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe European Grand Prix, held at the Nurburgring in Germany was next. Coulthard took pole ahead of Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen and Barrichello. Coulthard did not have a great start and was quickly passed by Schumacher. H\u00e4kkinen, however, had a blinder and shot past both of them. And then the rain came, resulting in Schumacher passing H\u00e4kkinen on lap 11 at the chicane. Schumacher kept the lead, Coulthard passed H\u00e4kkinen, and Barrichello was down in ninth. H\u00e4kkinen passed Coulthard, who was struggling badly with a problem. There were no more changes at the front. Schumacher won from H\u00e4kkinen, Coulthard was third but was lapped, and Barrichello charged back up from ninth to fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nWith over a third of the season complete, Michael Schumacher led the championship with 46 points, H\u00e4kkinen was second with 28, Coulthard was third with 24, and Barrichello was fourth with 16. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari had 62 points, McLaren had 52, and Williams were best of the rest with 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe glamorous Monaco Grand Prix was the seventh round, and Michael Schumacher eased to pole. Jordan found some pace, with Trulli getting second ahead of Coulthard, and Frentzen fourth ahead of H\u00e4kkinen. As the race started, the top drivers maintained their places, but in the midfield, Jenson Button tipped Pedro de la Rosa into a spin, blocking the track. The race had to be red-flagged. Out came the second start, and all the drivers started cleanly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe Jordans were not as quick as they were in qualifying, and Trulli was clearly holding up Coulthard, and the latter could do nothing about it. Schumacher shot out into the distance at a second a lap. Then, on lap 37, Trulli retired with a gearbox failure, releasing Coulthard. Coulthard closed in on Schumacher, but with a gap of 36 seconds, there was nothing much he could do until Schumacher suffered suspension failure on the 55th lap, forcing him to retire. H\u00e4kkinen was fifth until he slowed down with a problem. The team were able to fix it and send him back out again. Frentzen, who was running second punted his car into the wall with eight laps to go, in an attrition-filled race. Coulthard took the win, ahead of Barrichello and Giancarlo Fisichella, while H\u00e4kkinen mustered sixth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nNow to North America for the Canadian GP. Michael Schumacher took pole ahead of Coulthard, Barrichello and H\u00e4kkinen. The top two kept their grid positions into the first corner, but Jacques Villeneuve was up to third ahead of Barrichello and H\u00e4kkinen. This allowed the top two to pull away. And then Coulthard was given a ten-second stop-and-go penalty because his mechanics worked on his car less than 15 seconds before the parade lap. He rejoined in the midfield. Barrichello passed Villeneuve on lap 25, but the gap to Schumacher was 27 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nH\u00e4kkinen took third from Villeneuve on lap 28, and the order settled down until it started raining. Everyone pitted for wets, and the order was shuffled completely. Schumacher stayed first, but Fischella had got ahead of Barrichello and H\u00e4kkinen, with Trulli fifth. A mistake from Fisichella allowed Barrichello through into second. Michael Schumacher took his fifth win of the season, with Barrichello making it a Ferrari 1\u20132 ahead of Fisichella. H\u00e4kkinen had to be content with fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nWith nearly half the season over, Michael Schumacher had a 22-point lead in the standings, with 56 points to Coulthard's 34. H\u00e4kkinen and Barrichello were not far behind, with 32 and 28 points respectively. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari had an 18-point lead over McLaren, with 84 points to the McLaren's 66. Benetton were third with 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe French Grand Prix was next on the calendar. Michael Schumacher took his third consecutive pole, and again Coulthard was second, Barrichello third and H\u00e4kkinen fourth. When the race started, Schumacher kept first but Coulthard was beaten by Barrichello. Schumacher slowly started to pull away from his teammate and built a lead. Coulthard's car handled better as the fuel load decreased, and on lap 22, he passed Barrichello. During the round of pitstops, Barrichello lost out to H\u00e4kkinen. Schumacher's tyres were badly blistered, and so the McLarens and Barrichello started to close in on him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nCoulthard tried to pass him at the outside of the Adelaide hairpin but Schumacher pushed him wide. Coulthard was not happy and made a series of irate gestures. A few laps later, Coulthard went for the inside at the same corner and made the move cleanly. Coulthard apologized for his gestures after the race. Schumacher kept second until 12 laps from the end when his engine blew up. Coulthard won, with H\u00e4kkinen making it a McLaren 1\u20132, and Barrichello completed the podium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe A1-Ring in Austria was the host for Round ten. H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard started 1\u20132, for the first time since Brazil, with the Ferraris of Barrichello and Schumacher in third and fourth respectively. The McLarens maintained their positions at the start, but there was carnage behind, with the Ferraris at the centre. Trulli hit the back of Barrichello, and at the same time, Ricardo Zonta hit Schumacher, tipping him to a spin. Schumacher spun in Trulli's path, causing a collision between the two drivers that lead to their retirements from the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nDuring the mayhem that followed, Mika Salo emerged third and Pedro de la Rosa emerged fourth, with Barrichello down in ninth. The McLarens quickly disappeared into the distance, while de la Rosa took third from Salo. Barrichello charged back up to fourth, which became third when de la Rosa's engine failed, putting him out from third. H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard gave McLaren their fourth 1\u20132, with Barrichello finishing third. After the race, McLaren were penalized and lost 10 Constructors' Championship points because an FIA seal was found to be missing from H\u00e4kkinen's car; H\u00e4kkinen did not lose any points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nWith ten races out of 17 finished, Michael Schumacher led the championship with 56 points, whilst Coulthard was only 6 points behind with 50, and H\u00e4kkinen a further two points behind with 48. Barrichello was fourth with 36, and Fisichella was fifth with 18. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari led by only 4 points now, with 92 compared to McLaren's 88. Williams were third with 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nNow to Germany, and Coulthard took his second pole ahead of Michael Schumacher, with Fisichella taking third from H\u00e4kkinen in a dry-wet qualifying. H\u00e4kkinen had one of his best ever starts, and shot up to first even before the first corner. Schumacher was hit from behind by Fisichella, and both were punted into the wall. This left H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard running 1\u20132, with no one to challenge them. After 25 laps out of 44, the McLarens were half a minute ahead of third-placed Trulli. de la Rosa was fourth, ahead of Barrichello who was both recovering from a bad qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nAnd then, a disgruntled Mercedes-Benz employee ran to the track with a banner. The safety car was out, while the man was taken away. Everyone took the chance to pit, and Coulthard lost out badly because McLaren could not take both their cars at the same time. As the race restarted, it started raining. However, it rained only in some portion of the track. Everyone with the exception of Barrichello and Frentzen pitted. This left Barrichello leading ahead of Frentzen, H\u00e4kkinen, Trulli and Coulthard. Those on dries were lapping as quick as those on wets. Trulli was given a stop-go penalty for overtaking under yellow flags. Frentzen lost second when his gearbox failed. This left Barrichello to take his first ever win ahead of H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe drivers went to Hungary for the next round, and Michael Schumacher took pole ahead of Coulthard, H\u00e4kkinen, Ralf Schumacher and Barrichello. H\u00e4kkinen again started like a rocket, and beat both Michael Schumacher and Coulthard into the first corner. H\u00e4kkinen pulled away, and Coulthard was held up by Schumacher. Coulthard would have got in front of Schumacher at the second round of stops, but lost time behind Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane and then Marc Gen\u00e9. This meant he emerged a fraction behind Schumacher. H\u00e4kkinen won, with Schumacher and Coulthard making up the podium. Barrichello beat Ralf to fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nH\u00e4kkinen's win had now given him the lead in the championship, with 64 points to Schumacher's 62. Coulthard was third with 58, and Barrichello fourth with 49. Fisichella was fifth with 18. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren took the lead from Ferrari, a lead of 1 point, with 112 compared to Ferrari's 111. Williams were third with 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nRound 13 out of 17 was in Belgium. H\u00e4kkinen took pole, and much to his joy, Trulli and Button took second and third, pushing Michael Schumacher and Coulthard down to fourth and fifth. It was wet at the start, but the top 5 maintained their positions. H\u00e4kkinen immediately set about building up a lead. On lap five, Button tried to pass Trulli, and they collided. Trulli was out, and Button lost places. Schumacher and Coulthard gladly took second and third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0023-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe former now started to close in on H\u00e4kkinen, and took the lead when H\u00e4kkinen had a half-spin on lap 12. As the track dried out, everyone changed from wet to dry tyres. Coulthard stayed out too long, and dropped from third to ninth. On a dry track, H\u00e4kkinen was faster than Schumacher, and chased him down. With four laps to go, he made a move, but Schumacher turned at him and forced him to the grass at 200\u00a0mph. On the next lap, when they were coming to lap Ricardo Zonta, the two men took either sides, and when they turned, H\u00e4kkinen was ahead. H\u00e4kkinen went on to win and Schumacher had to be content with second. Ralf was third, and Coulthard bounced back to finish fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe next round was in Italy, the home of Ferrari. Their drivers did not disappoint, Schumacher and Barrichello giving them their first 1\u20132 start of the season, ahead of H\u00e4kkinen, Villeneuve and Coulthard. At the start, Schumacher and the McLarens started well, but Barrichello and Villeneuve started badly. Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen were first and second, with Coulthard third. Into the second chicane, and Frentzen just braked too late, and hit the back of Barrichello and Trulli, who were running side by side. All three spun, and Coulthard too was collected in the confusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0024-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nLater, it came out that a fire marshal, Paolo Ghislimberti had been killed after he was hit on the chest by a wheel from this collision. The top three at the end of this carnage were: Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen and Ralf Schumacher. The race restarted after 10 laps behind the safety car, and Michael Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen quickly pulled away from the rest. H\u00e4kkinen tried to outpace Schumacher, but he was just not as quick as the latter. Michael Schumacher took his sixth win of the year, ahead of H\u00e4kkinen and Ralf. After the race, Schumacher burst into tears in the press conference, when told that he had equalled Ayrton Senna's record of 41 wins, and about Ghislimberti's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nWith three more races to go, H\u00e4kkinen still led Michael Schumacher by two points, with 80 compared to the latter's 78. Coulthard was all but out of it, and was third with 61. Barrichello was fourth with 49, Ralf was fifth with 20, and Fisichella sixth with 18. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren had 131 points, and a lead of four points over Ferrari who had 127. Williams was third with 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe United States Grand Prix hosted the 15th round, and Michael Schumacher took his seventh pole of the season. Coulthard was second, with H\u00e4kkinen and Barrichello third and fourth. Before the race, it rained, and so everyone started on wet tyres. The red lights stayed longer than usual for the start, and Coulthard took off a little too early. This gave him the lead, but it was clear that he would suffer a penalty. He led, ahead of Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen. He knew he would have to suffer a penalty, and blocked Schumacher so that his teammate could close in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0026-0001", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nSchumacher was having none of it, and passed Coulthard on lap 7 at the first corner. The track began to dry out, and H\u00e4kkinen pitted for dries. He came out behind Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane, and was stuck there. Coulthard soon had his penalty and dropped out of contention. The Ferraris stayed out late, and while Schumacher was ten seconds in the lead, Barrichello rejoined in the mid-field. The top three after the change for dries were Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen and Ralf Schumacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0026-0002", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nH\u00e4kkinen set a string of fastest laps, and closed down a ten-second gap to Michael Schumacher to four in ten laps, only for his engine to blow up on lap 25. Michael Schumacher was left with a big lead ahead of his brother, which became even bigger when Ralf's engine failed with 12 laps to go, giving second to Frentzen. Frentzen, however was soon passed by a charging Barrichello. Schumacher had a spin towards the end, but hit nothing and survived. He went on to win, with Barrichello making it a Ferrari 1\u20132, and Frentzen completed the podium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThis win, coupled with H\u00e4kkinen's retirement gave Schumacher an eight-point lead, meaning that a win in the next race would give him the title. The result also gave Ferrari the lead in the Constructors' Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe penultimate round was in Japan, and Michael Schumacher beat H\u00e4kkinen to pole by 0.009 seconds. Coulthard was third and Barrichello fourth. The race started in overcast conditions, with rain looming. H\u00e4kkinen started off better than Schumacher and took the lead. Coulthard maintained third. The two title contenders, H\u00e4kkinen and Schumacher pulled away from the others at over a second a lap and were separated by 2\u20133 seconds. The first round of stops changed nothing. Then, some rain started spitting down at the track, and Schumacher started to close in. Schumacher's second pitstop was three laps after H\u00e4kkinen's, and although he was two seconds behind H\u00e4kkinen before the stops, he came out four seconds ahead. Schumacher won the race, and the championship, with H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard completing the podium. Barrichello finished fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nThe final round of the season was in Malaysia. Michael Schumacher took pole again, ahead of H\u00e4kkinen, Coulthard and a flu-ridden Barrichello. Schumacher had a poor start from pole, and immediately both McLarens were ahead of him. However, it became clear that H\u00e4kkinen had jumped the start and he received a penalty. He let Coulthard through, and held up the Ferraris until he went in for the penalty. Coulthard had a good lead, but wasted it by running wide at Turn three. He pitted before Michael Schumacher, and the time he lost by the mistake gave the lead to Schumacher. The two ran together for the rest of the race, with Barrichello unable to keep up. Michael Schumacher won again, ahead of Coulthard and Barrichello, and this ensured the Constructors' Championship for Ferrari. H\u00e4kkinen charged back to finish fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nAt the end of the season, Michael Schumacher was champion with 108 points, H\u00e4kkinen was second with 89, Coulthard third with 73, Barrichello fourth with 62, Ralf Schumacher fifth with 24, and Fisichella sixth with 18. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari won with 170 points, McLaren was second with 152, and Williams was third with 36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Report\nFor this season, the safety car remained the Mercedes-Benz CL55 AMG, which was introduced in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Results and standings, Scoring system\nPoints were awarded to the top six finishers in each race as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Results and standings, World Drivers' Championship standings\n\u2020 Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 97], "content_span": [98, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Results and standings, World Drivers' Championship standings\nChampionship points were awarded on a 10\u20136\u20134\u20133\u20132\u20131 basis for the six places in each race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 97], "content_span": [98, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162296-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula One World Championship, Results and standings, World Constructors' Championship standings\nChampionship points were awarded on a 10\u20136\u20134\u20133\u20132\u20131 basis for the six places in each race, with results from both cars being taken into account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 102], "content_span": [103, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162297-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula Renault 2.0 UK Championship\nThe 2000 Formula Renault UK season was the 12th British Formula Renault Championship. The season ended, after twelve rounds held in the United Kingdom. 32 driver competed in this series with only 10 scoring points. All driver used the Tatuus FR2000 (Renault) car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162297-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula Renault 2.0 UK Championship\nSeries rookie Kimi R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen dominated the season taking 7 wins and 10 podiums out of 10 races he competed in, the following year he made a successful move to Formula One with Sauber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162298-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup\nThe 2000 Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup season was the tenth Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season. The season began with non-championship round at Mugello Circuit on 16 April and finished at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia on 10 December, after ten races. Cram Competition driver Felipe Massa claimed the championship title, taking three victories at Monza, Valencia and Magny-Cours. Charles Zwolsman, Jr. finished as runner-up, losing 16 points to Massa. J.D. Motorsport's Matteo Grassotto won race at Circuit Park Zandvoort. His teammate Richard Antinucci took the first place in the next race at Spa. Other wins were scored by Markus Winkelhock, Kimi R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen and J\u00f6rg Hardt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162299-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula Toyota season\nThe 2000 Esso Formula Toyota season was the 11th season of the Formula Toyota and first season since the merger between the Main and West championships", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162299-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Formula Toyota season, Drivers\nAll cars are Toyota 4A-GE powered, Tom's built Toyota FT20's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162300-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Lauderdale mayoral election\nThe 2000 Fort Lauderdale mayoral election was held on March 14, 2000,  to elect the mayor of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. It saw the reelection of Jim Naugle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak\nDuring the evening hours of March\u00a028, 2000, a powerful F3 tornado struck Downtown Fort Worth, Texas, causing significant damage to numerous buildings and skyscrapers as well as two deaths. The tornado was part of a larger severe weather outbreak that caused widespread storms across Texas and Oklahoma in late-March, spurred primarily by the moist and unstable atmospheric environment over the South Central United States as a result of an eastward-moving upper-level low and shortwave trough. The tornado outbreak was well forecast by both computer forecast models and the National Weather Service, though the eventual focal point for the severe weather\u2014North Texas\u2014only came into focus on March\u00a028 as the conditions favorable for tornadic development quickly took hold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak\nThe F3\u00a0Fort Worth tornado initially began as a relatively weak twister in River Oaks, gradually strengthening as it tracked southeastward and then eastward towards Fort Worth's central business district. The twister damaged 266\u00a0homes across its 4\u00a0mi (6.4\u00a0km) long and 250\u00a0yd (230\u00a0m) wide path, out of which 28\u00a0were destroyed. Damage surveys indicated that much of the tornado's destruction was due to structural deficiencies in many of the older subdivisions impacted by the tornado. Various high-rise and low-rise buildings in downtown Fort Worth sustained various degrees of structural damage including numerous broken windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak\nNine other tornadoes also occurred across North Texas on March\u00a028; although most were relatively inconsequential, another strong F3\u00a0tornado struck portions of Arlington, including Arlington Municipal Airport. Aside from the two deaths caused by the tornado, a third person was killed in north Fort Worth by a fall of baseball-sized hail; this was the first hail-related fatality in the United States since 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Meteorological synopsis\nEarly on March\u00a028, an upper-level low tracked eastward into the Southern United States along with its associated shortwave trough, sending the subtropical jet through Texas and bringing along with it strong west-northwesterly winds in the upper-levels of the troposphere. Concurrently, a cold front extended zonally tracked south across the Great Plains before eventually stalling near the Red River valley, providing an additional focus area for storm development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Meteorological synopsis\nFavorable conditions for severe weather were expected ahead of the upper-level low over areas of North Texas; accordingly, the Storm Prediction Center\u00a0(SPC) issued a moderate risk for severe weather for the region, citing an unstable atmosphere caused by steep lapse rates of 7.5-8.0\u00a0\u00b0C/km and high convective available potential energy values. The environment was expected to be conducive for the development of supercells as the warped subtropical jet produced strong wind shear over Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Meteorological synopsis\nLater that day, a low-level low-pressure area developed west of Wichita Falls at the intersection of a dry line extended southward across Central Texas and the stationary front extended eastward across the Red River valley. With the low-pressure system now in place, the air mass over the Red River valley became increasingly unstable, featuring surface temperatures near 90\u00a0\u00b0F (32\u00a0\u00b0C) and high dew points caused by the northerly surge of moisture induced by the subtropical jet. The combination of high temperatures and a moist atmosphere resulted in a favorable environment for thunderstorm development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Meteorological synopsis\nHowever, despite the heat, temperatures alone were insufficient in breaking the capping inversion\u2013an area of warmer air aloft that prevents the relativity cooler air near the surface from rising. Instead, the approaching shortwave trough provided the impetus necessary to force convection to occur, allowing for the formation of showers and thunderstorms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Meteorological synopsis\nInitially, computer models indicated that the day's storms would primarily feature strong winds and hail with a minimal risk for tornadoes, with severe weather occurring mainly north of the stalled front in Oklahoma. However, conditions improved further than expected, leading the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Fort Worth, Texas to intensify its verbiage in its public forecasting products as the day progressed and highlighting areas around the Dallas\u2013Fort Worth metroplex as potential risk areas for tornadoes. Thunderstorms began to develop earnestly along the dry line as the afternoon progressed, beginning with initial storm development northeast of Abilene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Meteorological synopsis\nThe strong southwesterly winds aloft from the curved subtropical jet over the region helped to ventilate the storms, allowing for their persistence and intensity. The SPC issued its first of two tornado watches for the event at 2:53\u00a0p.m. CST (20:53 UTC) for portions of southern Oklahoma and North-Central Texas. The most favorable environment for tornadoes was initially over the Red River but shifted southward to include the Dallas\u2013Fort Worth area in the evening hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Meteorological synopsis\nAs storms continued to develop along a line paralleling Interstate 35, some storms congealed into a mesoscale convective system near the Metroplex; this cluster of storms produced both F3\u00a0tornadoes in Fort Worth and Arlington. The complex of storms eventually evolved into a transient bow echo that continued to track eastward into Louisiana. Elsewhere, supercells continued to propagate eastward across North and South-Central Texas along the dry line, slowly weakening after sunset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nThe thunderstorm that would eventually produce the infamous F3\u00a0tornado in Fort Worth developed from a cluster of storms that formed west of the city. At 4:38\u00a0p.m. CST (22:38\u00a0UTC), a severe thunderstorm warning was issued on the quickly organizing storm for Parker County. About an hour later, another severe thunderstorm warning was issued, this time for Tarrant County, as the storm continued to track eastward. Radar imagery showed that the supercell was rapidly organizing, developing a bounded weak echo region and hook echo\u2014radar signatures that hint at a strong and potentially tornadic thunderstorm\u2014in less than a half-hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nRadar also indicated that a broad mesocyclone had developed by around 6:00\u00a0p.m. CST (00:00 UTC), extending vertically through the entirety of the supercell. At around the same time, a wall cloud was spotted in association with the rotating thunderstorm while baseball-sized hail fell ahead of the rotation in northern Fort Worth along Interstate 820. Winds from the downdraft of another small thunderstorm south of Fort Worth allowed the strengthening supercell to organize further. At 6:10\u00a0p.m. (00:10\u00a0UTC), a tornado warning was issued for Tarrant County, and accordingly emergency sirens were activated in the Fort Worth a minute later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nThe tornado touched down at 6:18\u00a0p.m. CST (00:18\u00a0UTC) near Castleberry High School northwest of downtown Fort Worth. Initially, the tornado lacked a condensation funnel, and could only be visually identified as dust swirls near the ground beneath the rotating wall cloud aloft; the tornado maintained this appearance for the first five minutes of its lifespan, after which a condensation funnel eventually developed. The first signs of damage occurred in the River Oaks area along Texas State Highway 183 where metal roof panels were stripped off of a vacant fast food restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nAfter crossing the highway, the tornado inflicted sporadic F0\u00a0damage to an older residential area, breaking tree branches and causing some damage to outbuildings; a few chimneys were toppled off of homes. At the time, the tornado's damage path was only a few hundred feet wide. A roof of a home near Roberts Cut Off Road was partially removed, signifying the first instance of F1\u00a0damage. Several large and rotted trees were uprooted by the tornado's strong winds as it moved through the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0006-0002", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nThe tornado then passed directly over Castleberry High School, causing significant damage to the school's field house. Tornadic debris\u2014including rooftop air conditioning units, gravel, and other detached construction\u2014was thrown by the tornado at the school's western fa\u00e7ade, causing minor damage. Throughout River Oak, three homes sustained major damage while 51\u00a0others experienced minor damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nThe tornado crossed the Trinity River and dealt F1\u00a0or greater damage to over a hundred homes in the adjacent subdivision. Some roofs sustained partial roof loss and many large trees either lost limbs or were toppled. At the intersection of West Sixth Street and University Drive, the tornado abruptly turned east from its initial southeast heading, bringing it over the Linwood subdivision at around 6:22\u00a0p.m. CST (00:22\u00a0UTC). The homes in the neighborhood were mostly small, wood-framed structures on pier or beam foundations, making them highly vulnerable to the tornadic winds and resulting in widespread structural failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nA survey conducted by the Wind Damage and Engineering Program at Texas Tech University later concluded that many of the buildings that suffered total structural failure did so due to structural deficiencies rather than the strong winds associated with the tornado. The tornado then passed over a Montgomery Ward distribution center, causing roof damage to the complex and overturning numerous parked trucks; one person was killed while trying to reach shelter after a truck fell on them. Another person was killed after being struck by a collapsing brick wall. Together, these two fatalities represented the only deaths associated with the Fort Worth tornado and the overall tornado outbreak. Several nearby metal buildings were toppled before the tornado once again crossed the Trinity River, entering Fort Worth's central business district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nThe tornado struck several skyscrapers as it moved across downtown Fort Worth over the course of approximately a minute between 6:25 p.m CST (00:25 UTC) and 6:26\u00a0p.m. CST (00:26 UTC). The first high-rise building impacted was the nine-story Cash America building, which was nearly destroyed by the tornado. All windows on the building's northwestern and southwestern faces were blown out by the strong winds, and the travertine stone fa\u00e7ade framing the building's exterior crumbled. While a number of interior partition walls and suspended ceilings collapsed, the building's steel frame remained intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nThe tornado also peeled some of the brick masonry off the dome and five-story prayer tower of a nearby Baptist church. The tornado was at its peak strength when it struck the ten-story Mallick Tower, causing the building to lose most of its glass exterior. High-speed debris thrown up by the tornado broke windows in adjacent low-rise office and condominium buildings. Similar damage occurred to several other high-rises including the 35-story Bank One Tower, which lost 80\u00a0percent of its 3,000\u00a0windows; the Union Pacific Resources Building lost 1,300\u00a0of its 5,000\u00a0windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0008-0002", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Fort Worth, Texas\nThe tornado eventually dissipated at 6:28\u00a0p.m. CST (00:28\u00a0UTC) near Interstate 35W after having spent 10 minutes on the ground over a 4\u00a0mi (6.4\u00a0km) path and 250\u00a0yd (230\u00a0m) wide path. Across Fort Worth, 212\u00a0homes were damaged, of which 28\u00a0were destroyed. Although the tornado dissipated just east of downtown Fort Worth, the parent supercell thunderstorm continued to cause damage, albeit minor and sporadic, to roofs, trees, fences, and billboards roughly 3\u00a0mi (4.8\u00a0km) near Interstate 30 and Brentwood Stair Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Arlington, Texas\nAfter the Fort Worth tornado dissipated, another thunderstorm developed over Johnson County, tracking northeastward into Tarrant County and eventually merging with the supercell that had produced the earlier F3\u00a0tornado. The new development prompted the re-issuance of the tornado warning for Tarrant County at 6:40\u00a0p.m. CST (00:40\u00a0UTC). At 7:05\u00a0p.m. CST (01:05\u00a0UTC), the Arlington tornado touched down on South Cooper Street, causing initial damage to a restaurant; the tornado's touchdown coincided with the appearance of a tornado vortex signature on radar imagery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Arlington, Texas\nWell-built homes within a residential area along Embercrest Drive sustained widespread damage, with some houses experiencing up to F3-rated damage; such damage occurred after garage doors failed, allowing tornadic winds to unroof homes and push out exterior walls. As a consequence, homes that faced the tornadic winds sustained more damage than homes whose attached garages were sheltered from the strong winds. After crossing Matlock Road, the tornado did additional damage to one- and two-story homes in another subdivision, producing F3\u00a0damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162301-0009-0002", "contents": "2000 Fort Worth tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Arlington, Texas\nMany homes suffered the collapse of brick masonry walls due to poor construction as they were not properly anchored to the homes' frames. The tornado then swept across northern portions of the Arlington Municipal Airport, dealing F2\u00a0damage before briefly paralleling Interstate 20. At 7:12\u00a0p.m. CST (01:12\u00a0UTC), the tornado crossed the interstate, overturning at least one 18-wheeler. The twister continued to track northeast, causing F2\u00a0damage to a subdivision northeast of Grand Prairie Municipal Airport in Dallas County before dissipating at 7:20\u00a0p.m. CST (01:20\u00a0UTC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162302-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships was an international figure skating competition in the 1999\u20132000 season. It was held at the Osaka Pool in Osaka, Japan on February 22\u201327. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162303-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Four Nations Tournament (Guangzhou)\nThe 2000 Team China Four Nations Tournament (Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u961f\u56db\u56fd\u8db3\u7403\u9080\u8bf7\u8d5b) was the inaugural edition of the Four Nations Tournament, an official international football tournament hosted by the Chinese Football Association and International Sport and Leisure (ISL). It was held from 14 to 16 January 2000 in Guangzhou, China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162303-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Four Nations Tournament (Guangzhou), Participants\nThe original participants for the tournament were China, New Zealand, South Korea and Yugoslavia. Uruguay and Jamaica accept the invitation after South Korea and Yugoslavia quit in December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 54], "content_span": [55, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162304-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Four Nations Tournament (Shanghai)\nThe 2000 Team China Four Nations Tournament (Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u961f\u56db\u56fd\u8db3\u7403\u9080\u8bf7\u8d5b) was the second edition of the Four Nations Tournament, an official international football tournament hosted by the Chinese Football Association and International Sport and Leisure (ISL). It was held from 1 to 3 September 2000 in Shanghai, China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162304-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Four Nations Tournament (Shanghai), Participants\nFour participants were determined in July 2000 after Japan, Iran and Kuwait declined the invitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162305-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Frankfurt Galaxy season\nThe 2000 Frankfurt Galaxy season was the eighth season for the franchise in the NFL Europe League (NFLEL). The team was led by head coach Dick Curl in his third year, and played its home games at Waldstadion in Frankfurt, Germany. They finished the regular season in fifth place with a record of four wins and six losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162306-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Franklin Templeton Tennis Classic\nThe 2000 Franklin Templeton Tennis Classic was a men's Association of Tennis Professionals tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Scottsdale, Arizona in the United States that was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 13th edition of the tournament and was held from March 6 to March 13. Sixth-seeded Lleyton Hewitt won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162306-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Franklin Templeton Tennis Classic, Finals, Doubles\nJared Palmer /  Richey Reneberg defeated  Patrick Galbraith /  David Macpherson 6\u20133, 7\u20135", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162307-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Franklin Templeton Tennis Classic \u2013 Doubles\nJustin Gimelstob and Richey Reneberg were the defending champions, but Gimelstob did not participate this year. Reneberg partnered Jared Palmer, successfully defending his title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162307-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Franklin Templeton Tennis Classic \u2013 Doubles\nPalmer and Reneberg defeated Patrick Galbraith and David Macpherson 6\u20133, 7\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162308-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Franklin Templeton Tennis Classic \u2013 Singles\nJan-Michael Gambill was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162308-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Franklin Templeton Tennis Classic \u2013 Singles\nLleyton Hewitt won the title, defeating Tim Henman 6\u20134, 7\u20136(7\u20132) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162309-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Freedom Union leadership election\nA leadership election for the Freedom Union (US)  was held in the Czech Republic on 28 February 2000. Karel K\u00fchnl was elected the new leader of the Freedom Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162309-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Freedom Union leadership election, Background\nThe election was held following the resignation of the previous leader, Jan Ruml. Karel K\u00fchnl then became the acting leader. The new election was scheduled for 28 February 2000. K\u00fchnl ran for the leadership, and Vladim\u00edr Mlyn\u00e1\u0159 was his only rival. K\u00fchnl was considered the front-runner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162310-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 French Figure Skating Championships (French: Championnat de France Elite) took place between December 9th and 12th, 1999 in Courchevel. Skaters competed at the senior level in the disciplines of men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The event was used to help determine the French team to the 2000 World Championships and the 2000 European Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix\nThe 2000 French Grand Prix (formally the LXXXVI Mobil 1 Grand Prix de France) was a Formula One motor race held on 2 July 2000 at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, Magny-Cours, Burgundy, France. It was the ninth race of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 86th French Grand Prix. McLaren driver David Coulthard won the 72-lap race starting from second position. His teammate Mika H\u00e4kkinen finished second with Rubens Barrichello third for the Ferrari team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix\nCoulthard started the race alongside Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher who began from pole position. Barrichello began from third on the grid and overtook Coulthard going into the first corner. Michael Schumacher maintained his start line advantage and kept the lead after the first round of pit stops. During the course of the second stint of the race, Michael Schumacher began to struggle with tyre wear, allowing Coulthard to close the gap and passed him on lap 40. Coulthard maintained his lead through the second round of pit stops and won the race. Michael Schumacher retired on lap 59 with an engine failure promoting H\u00e4kkinen into second position. Barrichello took third, ahead of BAR driver Jacques Villeneuve in fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix\nThe race was Coulthard's third victory of the season, his first at Magny-Cours, and the result meant that he reduced Michael Schumacher's points advantage in the Drivers' Championship to twelve points. H\u00e4kkinen remained third on 38 points, six ahead of Barrichello. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren's one-two finish allowed them to narrow the gap to Ferrari to be six points behind, with eight races of the season remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as constructors were, McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre types to the race: the Soft and the Medium dry compound tyres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Background\nGoing into the race, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 56 points, ahead of David Coulthard on 34 points and Mika H\u00e4kkinen on 32. Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 28 points while Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth on 18 points. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari were leading with 84 points, McLaren and Benetton were second and third with 66 and 18 points respectively, while Williams with 15 and Jordan with ten contended for fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Background\nFollowing the Canadian Grand Prix on 18 June, the teams conducted testing sessions at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours between 21\u201323 June to prepare for the upcoming French Grand Prix. Coulthard set the fastest times on the first day, ahead of McLaren test driver Olivier Panis. Arrows driver Jos Verstappen lost control of his car after suffering a mechanical problem and crashed into the barriers at turn two. Verstappen sustained neck strain and withdrew from testing. He was later passed fit to compete in the Grand Prix. Coulthard remained fastest on the second day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Background\nFisichella damaged the underside of his car's chassis, limiting his testing time as Benetton made repairs to his car. H\u00e4kkinen was quickest on the final day of testing. Michael Schumacher stopped on circuit as his Ferrari engine failed, causing his team to fit a new engine into the chassis. Ferrari went to their private testing facility, the Fiorano Circuit, on 27 June where test driver Luca Badoer shook down three Ferrari F1-2000 cars and also took part in pit stop practices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Background\nAfter a poor race in Canada, where he stalled on the grid before the formation lap before receiving a ten-second stop-go penalty as his mechanics worked on his car 15 seconds before the race started, Coulthard said that Ferrari could still be caught in the season's nine remaining races: \"We have to look towards Magny-Cours and put this (Montreal) race behind us. The championship is not over yet and although we cannot change what happened in Canada, we can try to close the gap.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Background\nFormer World Champion and President of the British Racing Drivers Club (BRDC) Jackie Stewart backed Coulthard to clinch the title after H\u00e4kkinen's continuing run of poor results. Michael Schumacher came into the race confident that his car would perform well at the circuit. Benetton team principal Flavio Briatore played down his team's chances saying, \"We need a miracle to finish on the podium.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. The Friday morning and afternoon practice sessions were held in dry and hot weather conditions. Michael Schumacher set the fastest time in the first practice session, at 1 minute and 16.474 seconds, two-tenths of a second quicker than H\u00e4kkinen. Prost driver Nick Heidfeld was third fastest, ahead of Ralf Schumacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Practice\nThe two Jaguar drivers were fifth and seventh, Eddie Irvine ahead of Johnny Herbert. The pair were separated by Fisichella in sixth. Jean Alesi, Pedro de la Rosa and Jenson Button completed the top ten fastest drivers in the session. Four drivers did not set lap times: Coulthard's car developed a mechanical fuel pump problem, Barrichello drove one installation lap to conserve tyres and both Jordan drivers decided to sit out the session. In the second practice session, Coulthard had a trouble-free session and was fastest with a time of 1:16.253; H\u00e4kkinen finished with the second fastest time. The Ferraris were second and fourth, Michael Schumacher was faster than Barrichello. Sauber's Mika Salo was fifth quickest, ahead of Fisichella. Trulli, Heidfeld, Ralf Schumacher and Heinz-Harald Frentzen followed in the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Practice\nThe weather remained dry and hot for the Saturday morning practice sessions. Coulthard set the fastest time of the third practice session, a 1:15.965. H\u00e4kkinen was second fastest, almost two-tenths of a second off Coulthard's pace. The two Jordan drivers were running quicker; Trulli in third and Frentzen in fourth. Both Jaguars continued to be quick with Irvine fifth and Herbert eighth. The two were separated by Michael Schumacher and Button. Barrichello and de la Rosa rounded out the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Practice\nIn the final practice session, Coulthard was unable to improve his time because of an engine failure though he remained fastest. H\u00e4kkinen managed to set a quicker time and remained with the second quickest lap. Barrichello ran quicker and was third fastest, in front of Ralf Schumacher. The Jordan drivers remained fastest\u2013Trulli was fifth and Frentzen sixth\u2013their best times two thousands of a second apart. Irvine was seventh quickest, ahead of Michael Schumacher who concentrated on qualifying set-up. Button and Herbert completed the top ten ahead of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon one hour qualifying session saw each driver limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by their fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 per cent of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. The qualifying session was held in dry and hot weather. Michael Schumacher clinched his fourth pole position of the season, his third at the circuit, with a time of 1:15.632.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was joined on the front row of the grid by Coulthard with his fastest time was 0.102 seconds slower and used his team's spare monocoque while the McLaren mechanics fitted his race car with a new fuel pump. Barrichello secured third having changed his car's set-up during the session which garnered confusion over changes in the ride height. H\u00e4kkinen took fourth and was pushed down to his position by Barrichello with the Finn struggling in the slow speed corners. Ralf Schumacher qualified fifth and was happy with his starting position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0009-0002", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Qualifying\nIrvine was pushed down by Ralf Schumacher to sixth in the closing stages of qualifying. BAR driver Jacques Villeneuve managed seventh. The Jordan drivers of Trulli and Frentzen took seventh and eighth positions respectively although both drivers were disappointed with their performance. Button rounded out the top ten fastest qualifiers. Herbert, who took eleventh, missed out in qualifying in the top ten by nearly three-tenths of a second. Salo took twelfth on the grid with his fastest time set when air and track temperatures were lowered by cloud cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0009-0003", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was ahead of de la Rosa in the faster of the two Arrows. Fisichella started from 14th position, nearly one-tenth of a second in front of Benetton teammate Alexander Wurz; both drivers complained that their cars had a and grip issues. The two were split by Pedro Diniz in the other Sauber and Heidfeld. Alesi followed up in 18th. Ricardo Zonta set the 19th fastest time and used BAR's spare car when an engine failure on his race car occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0009-0004", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Qualifying\nVerstappen and the two Minardi drivers Marc Gen\u00e9 and Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane qualified at the rear of the grid, covering positions 20 to 22. After the qualifying session, but before the warm-up period, the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) safety delegate, Charlie Whiting announced that he had banned practice starts at the pit lane exit after observing the drivers' behaviour in the area during the Saturday free practice sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 09:30 Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) for a 30-minute warm-up session. Both McLaren cars maintained their good pace from qualifying; H\u00e4kkinen had the fastest time of 1:19.329. Coulthard was second in the other McLaren car. Michael Schumacher set the third fastest time with Trulli rounding out the top four. Michael Schumacher drove the spare Ferrari car and his race car, making adjustments to the changeable weather conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nThe race started before 112,112 spectators at 14:00 local time. The conditions on the grid were dry before the race. The air temperature ranged from 27 to 28\u00a0\u00b0C (81 to 82\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature was between 38 to 39\u00a0\u00b0C (100 to 102\u00a0\u00b0F); conditions were expected to remain consistent throughout the race. All drivers started on the Extra Soft dry compound tyres. Coulthard managed to achieve a better start of the front runners off the line, though Michael Schumacher moved into the McLaren driver's path to defend his lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard then moved to his right allowing Barrichello to pass him for second position. Salo made the best start in the field moving from twelfth to ninth by the end of the first lap, while Irvine lost four positions over the same distance as Ralf Schumacher dropped from fifth to seventh. At the completion of the first lap, the order was Michael Schumacher, Barrichello, Coulthard, H\u00e4kkinen, Villeneuve, Frentzen, Ralf Schumacher, Trulli, Salo, Irvine, Button, Herbert, de la Rosa, Heidfeld, Alesi, Fisichella, Verstappen, Zonta, Diniz, Wurz, Gen\u00e9 and Mazzacane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher began to pull clear from the rest of the field and set consecutive fastest laps. Barrichello began to hold up the McLaren drivers to allow his teammate to extend his lead. Further down the field, Trulli passed Ralf Schumacher to take seventh position on lap two. Heidfeld was overtaken by Alesi for 14th on the same lap. On the following lap, Ralf Schumacher retook seventh position from Trulli. Heidfeld lost a further position to Fisichella on lap four. Ralf Schumacher started to challenge Frentzen for sixth position on the fifth lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nAt the front of the pack, Michael Schumacher was in control, extending his lead over Barrichello to five seconds by lap ten. Button took tenth position from Irvine on lap twelve, while Heidfeld collided with Alesi, sending his teammate into a spin who rejoined in 18th. Button moved into ninth place when he passed Salo on lap 13. Zonta, who was running 17th, suffered brake problems on lap 17 and collided with the tyre barriers which caused him to retire from the Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nBy the 18th lap, Michael Schumacher had extended his lead over Barrichello by 6.2 seconds, who in turn was continuing to hold up Coulthard in third. H\u00e4kkinen was a further 1.4 seconds behind his teammate but was drawing ahead of Villeneuve in fifth. Herbert made an unscheduled pit stop due to a gearbox issue and retired two laps later. Meanwhile, on the same lap, Alesi became the first driver to pit for tyres. Trulli became the first front runner to pit on lap 21, followed by Villeneuve, Frentzen and Ralf Schumacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard managed to take Barrichello on lap 22 for second place at turn five. H\u00e4kkinen, Button, Michael Schumacher, Coulthard and Barrichello all made pit stops over the following three laps. Verstappen pulled onto the side of the pit straight to retire with gearbox problems on lap 26. Coulthard was able to close the gap on Michael Schumacher to under a second by lap 32, having set the fastest lap of the race in the process, a 1:19.479 on the 28th lap. He attempted to overtake his rival two laps later but  Michael Schumacher defended his position. Coulthard lifted off the throttle to avoid a collision and made a hand gesture towards Michael Schumacher. The manoeuvre allowed H\u00e4kkinen to close up on the two leading drivers. On the previous lap, Mazzacane spun off at the third corner and retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nWurz locked his brakes going into turn 15, causing him to beach his car in the gravel trap and retired on lap 36. Button became the first driver to pit twice on lap 39. Coulthard replicated his manoeuvre into turn five on Michael Schumacher on lap 40, with the later pushed to the side of the track by Coulthard who took the lead. Michael Schumacher's right front wheel made slight contact with Coulthard's left front tyre in the process. Michael Schumacher then immediately withstood H\u00e4kkinen's attempts to overtake him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nFrentzen and de la Rosa became the next two drivers to make pit stops on the same lap. Michael Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen made pit stops for the second time on lap 43 and both emerged in third and fourth respectively. Barrichello's pit stop on the 44th lap saw him drop to fifth after his team had issues with fitting his right front tyre. Coulthard and Ralf Schumacher made pit stops over the next two laps. At the completion of lap 48, with the frontrunners completing their pit stops, the order was Coulthard, Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen, Barrichello, Villeneuve, Trulli, Ralf Schumacher, Frentzen, Button, Fisichella, Salo, Diniz, Heidfeld, Irvine, Alesi and Gen\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nAt the tail-end of the field, Gen\u00e9 and Alesi made contact on lap 52 and both drivers were sent spinning sideways. Both drivers continued in their respective positions. Further up, Ralf Schumacher passed Trulli to clinch sixth position at turn five. H\u00e4kkinen, meanwhile, was less than one second behind Michael Schumacher by lap 53 and continued to battle the latter for second position as his tyres degraded quicker than the McLarens. Irvine overtook Diniz for twelfth position two laps later. Michael Schumacher pulled over to the side of the track with an blown engine on lap 59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen was promoted to second place as a result of Michael Schumacher's retirement. Coulthard crossed the finish line on lap 72 to take his third victory of the season in a time of 1'38:05.538, at an average speed of 116.330 miles per hour (187.215\u00a0km/h). H\u00e4kkinen finished second 14.7 seconds behind, ahead of Barrichello in third, Villeneuve in fourth, Ralf Schumacher in fifth and Trulli rounded out the points scoring positions in sixth. Frentzen, Button, Fisichella, Salo, Diniz and Heidfeld followed in the next six positions, with Irvine, Alesi and Gen\u00e9 the last of the classified finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. Coulthard described his race weekend as \"exhausting\" because of the problems his team encountered during the event. He also apologised for the hand gestures he made towards Michael Schumacher after his first overtaking manoeuvre on the latter. H\u00e4kkinen stated that he was happy with his second-place result and praised his team's efforts. He also spoke of how he watched Michael Schumacher's racing lines and believed he would have passed him had he not retired with an engine failure. Barrichello revealed that he was ordered by Ferrari to reduce his pace in the race's closing stages as he held a large gap of 35 seconds to Villeneuve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAfter Ferrari's victory at the previous race, their team principal Jean Todt, said that \"we seemed to be in a strong position but, of course, it is the order at the finish that counts\", while Michael Schumacher said that his car's tyres dropped in performance after taking his first pit stop. McLaren technical director Adrian Newey said that the pit stop strategy was crucial in winning the race: \"The tyre wear did not spring any surprises on us and we were able to trust our estimations and co-ordinate the pit-stops to our best advantage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nVilleneuve was happy with his strong finish and was surprised by his good start. Heidfeld, who made contact with his teammate Alesi during the race, apologised for the collision. Ralf Schumacher said that he reduced his pace to secure his fifth position. Trulli described his race as \"difficult\" because of the hot temperatures though he praised his mechanics for their work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe overtaking manoeuvres made by Coulthard on Michael Schumacher received much media attention after the race. Coulthard accused Michael Schumacher of unsporting behaviour and dangerous driving, saying: \"I had a clean run at Michael on the outside and equally I felt he drove me wide. You could say he had the right to do that because he had the track position, but I think it was a deliberate gesture in trying to run someone wide like that and I was very angry.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nMichael Schumacher later denied any wrongdoing and citied a similar incident at the 1999 Japanese Grand Prix where Coulthard pushed him wide although no objections were made. He also admitted that he did not see Coulthard's hand gesture. Coulthard sought clarification with the FIA over such overtakes with a source from Formula One's governing body noting: \"It was hard racing \u2013 they are racing drivers aren't they?\" GrandPrix.com said that Coulthard's overtake meant that \"He is ready to stand up to Michael and he is not afraid of what will happen if Michael does not lift.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162311-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 French Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe race result meant that Coulthard narrowed the gap to Michael Schumacher in the Drivers' Championship to twelve points. H\u00e4kkinen remained in third place, six points ahead of Barrichello. Fisichella behind them maintained fifth position. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren's one-two finish reduced the lead of Ferrari to six points. Williams made up two points on the Benetton team, although they were still one point behind. Jordan retained fifth on eleventh points, with eight races of the season remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162312-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open\nThe 2000 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 29 May until 11 June. It was the 104th staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162312-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open, Seniors, Men's doubles\nTodd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde defeated  Paul Haarhuis /  Sandon Stolle, 7\u20136(9\u20137), 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162312-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open, Seniors, Women's doubles\nMartina Hingis /  Mary Pierce defeated  Virginia Ruano /  Paola Su\u00e1rez, 6\u20132, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162312-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open, Seniors, Mixed doubles\nMariaan de Swardt /  David Adams defeated  Rennae Stubbs /  Todd Woodbridge, 6\u20133, 3\u20136, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162312-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open, Juniors, Boys' doubles\nMarc L\u00f3pez /  Tommy Robredo defeated  Joachim Johansson /  Andy Roddick, 7\u20136(7\u20132), 6\u20130", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162312-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open, Juniors, Girls' doubles\nMaria Jos\u00e9 Martinez /  Anabel Medina Garrigues defeated  Matea Mezak /  Dinara Safina, 6\u20130, 6\u20131", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162313-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nThe 2000 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 29 May until 11 June. It was the 99th staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162313-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nMahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes were the defending champions, but competed with different partners. Bhupathi played alongside David Prinosil, they lost to Juan Ignacio Carrasco and Jairo Velasco Jr. in the second round. While Paes played alongside Jan Siemerink, they lost to Guy Forget and Guillaume Raoux in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162313-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nTodd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde of The Woodies won their title defeated Paul Haarhuis and Sandon Stolle in the final. With the victory, they completed the Super Slam in doubles and as well with career Grand Slam in doubles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162313-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Men's Doubles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162314-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Men's Singles\nGustavo Kuerten won in the final, 6\u20132, 6\u20133, 2\u20136, 7\u20136(8\u20136), against Magnus Norman to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 2000 French Open. Andre Agassi was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to Karol Ku\u010dera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162315-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Men's Singles Qualifying\nThis article displays the qualifying draw for the Men's Singles at the 2000 French Open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162316-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Mixed Doubles\nKatarina Srebotnik and Piet Norval were the defending champions, but lost in second round to Kim Clijsters and Lleyton Hewitt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162316-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Mixed Doubles\nMariaan de Swardt and David Adams won the title, defeating Rennae Stubbs and Todd Woodbridge 6\u20133, 3\u20136, 6\u20133 in the final. It was the 2nd and final mixed doubles Grand Slam title for both players in their careers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162317-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nSerena Williams and Venus Williams were the defending champions, but did not compete this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162317-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nMartina Hingis and Mary Pierce won the title, defeating Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Su\u00e1rez 6\u20132, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162318-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Women's Singles\nMary Pierce defeated Conchita Mart\u00ednez 6\u20132, 7\u20135 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 2000 French Open. This was her second and last Grand Slam tournament title. Pierce became the first French female player to win her home Grand Slam since Fran\u00e7oise D\u00fcrr won it in 1967. Steffi Graf was the defending champion, but she retired from professional tennis on 13 August 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162318-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Women's Singles\nThis was also the French Open debut of future champion Anastasia Myskina into the main draw, she lost to Cara Black in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162319-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French Open \u2013 Women's Singles Qualifying\nThis article displays the qualifying draw for the Women's Singles at the 2000 French Open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162320-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in France on 24 September 2000. The proposal  to reduce the mandate of the President from seven years to five years was approved by 73.2% of those who voted, but turnout was just 30.2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162320-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 French constitutional referendum, Background\nThe idea of a five-year term was discussed during the French parliamentary session of 1848, but rejected in favor of a four-year term. A seven-year term was adopted in 1873 for what became the French Third Republic. In 2000, Jacques Chirac led the campaign for the referendum reducing the President's term from seven to five years. After he was re-elected in 2002, his term ended in 2007 rather than 2009. The aim of the quinquennat (five-year term) was for the legislative elections to follow the presidential election (as the presidential election took place in April\u2013May 2007, while the legislative election took place in June), providing similar electoral results and reducing the risk of cohabitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162321-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 French motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 French motorcycle Grand Prix was the fifth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 14 May 2000 at the Bugatti Circuit in Le Mans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162321-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 French motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round five has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162322-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fresno State Bulldogs football team\nThe 2000 Fresno State football team represented California State University, Fresno in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season, and competed as a member of the Western Athletic Conference. They played their home games at Bulldog Stadium in Fresno, California and were coached by Pat Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162323-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fresno mayoral election\nThe 2000 Fresno mayoral election was held on March 8, 2000 and November 7, 2000 to elect the mayor of Fresno, California. It saw the election of Alan Autry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162324-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Fusagasug\u00e1 City Council election\nThe 2000 Fusagasug\u00e1 City Council election was held on Sunday, 29 October 2000, to elect the City Council. At stake were all 15 seats in the City Council. The Liberal Party has held to Luis Cifuentes as President of Council from 2001 to 2002. The next President of Council was Chipatecua until his death in November 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162325-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 GP Miguel Indur\u00e1in\nThe 2000 GP Miguel Indur\u00e1in was the 47th edition of the GP Miguel Indur\u00e1in cycle race and was held on 1 April 2000. The race started and finished in Estella. The race was won by Miguel \u00c1ngel Perdiguero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162326-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 GP Ouest\u2013France\nThe 2000 GP Ouest-France was the 64th edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 30 July 2000. The race started and finished in Plouay. The race was won by Michele Bartoli of the Mapei team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162327-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Galleryfurniture.com Bowl\nThe 2000 Galleryfurniture.com Bowl was a post-season college football bowl game between the Texas Tech Red Raiders from the Big 12 Conference and the East Carolina Pirates from Conference USA (C-USA) at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas on December 27, 2000. It was the inaugural game in the bowl's history. The game was the final competition of the 2000 football season for each team and resulted in 40\u201327 East Carolina victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162328-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council election\nElections to Gateshead Council in Tyne and Wear, England were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162328-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council election\nAs part of an experiment to try to raise turnout, Bensham and Whickham North wards saw postal voting allowed for all voters. Turnout in Bensham ward rose from 20% in 1999 to 46% in this election, while Whickham North saw a turnout of 61%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162329-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gator Bowl\nThe 2000 Gator Bowl featured the Miami Hurricanes and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162329-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gator Bowl, Background\nThe Jackets had at one point been ranked as high as 7th in the polls before two losses had made them fall to 17th. They finished 2nd in the Atlantic Coast Conference. This was their third consecutive bowl season. The Hurricanes finished 2nd in the Big East Conference with a loss to Virginia Tech late in the season costing them a share of the title. But Miami was making their third bowl appearance under Davis, who was hired to help rebuild the program after a scandal that rocked the school in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162329-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Gator Bowl, Game summary\nTech had multiple opportunities to score, but two interceptions and two missed field goals doomed the Jackets in their first bowl loss since 1978. Miami scored the first 14 points of the game on a James Jackson rushing touchdown and an Andre King touchdown catch from Kenny Kelly. Tech mustered a Joe Hamilton touchdown late in the first half but Miami scored before the half ended on a Clinton Portis 73 yard run to lead 21\u20137. From that point on, Tech scored just six points on two Luke Manget field goals, which narrowed it to 21\u201313. But Ken Dorsey's touchdown pass to Reggie Wayne midway through the fourth quarter sealed the game for the Hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162329-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Gator Bowl, Aftermath\nMiami would go to the Sugar Bowl the next year, their last bowl game with Davis before he departed for the Cleveland Browns. The Jackets would go to one more bowl game with O'Leary before he left the program. The Jackets would return to the Gator Bowl seven years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162330-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gelsor Open Romania\nThe 2000 Gelsor Open Romania was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Arenele BNR in Bucharest in Romania and was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from 11 September through 17 September 2000. Unseeded Joan Balcells won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162330-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gelsor Open Romania, Singles main draw entrants, Other entrants\nThe following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 68], "content_span": [69, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162330-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Gelsor Open Romania, Doubles main draw entrants, Other entrants\nThe following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 68], "content_span": [69, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162330-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Gelsor Open Romania, Finals, Doubles\nAlberto Mart\u00edn /  Eyal Ran defeated  Devin Bowen /  Mariano Hood 7\u20136(7\u20134), 6\u20131", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162331-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gelsor Open Romania \u2013 Doubles\nLucas Arnold Ker and Mart\u00edn Garc\u00eda were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners. Arnold Ker teamed up with Pablo Albano and lost in quarterfinals to Devin Bowen and Mariano Hood, while Garc\u00eda teamed up with Tom\u00e1s Carbonell and lost in semifinals to Alberto Mart\u00edn and Eyal Ran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162331-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gelsor Open Romania \u2013 Doubles\nAlberto Mart\u00edn and Eyal Ran won the title by defeating Devin Bowen and Mariano Hood 7\u20136(7\u20134), 6\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162332-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gelsor Open Romania \u2013 Singles\nAlberto Mart\u00edn was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Markus Hantschk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162332-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gelsor Open Romania \u2013 Singles\nJoan Balcells won in the final 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 7\u20136(7\u20131) against Hantschk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162332-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Gelsor Open Romania \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162333-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz\nThe 2000 Generali Ladies Linz was the 2000 Tier II WTA Tour tournament of the annually-held Generali Ladies Linz women's tennis tournament. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from 14 October until 22 October 2000 at the TipsArena Linz in Linz, Austria. First-seeded Lindsay Davenport won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162333-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz, Singles main draw entrants, Other entrants\nThe following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 69], "content_span": [70, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162333-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz, Doubles main draw entrants, Other entrants\nThe following pair received wildcards into the doubles main draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 69], "content_span": [70, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162333-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz, Finals, Singles\nIt was Davenport's 29th WTA singles title, and third title of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162333-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz, Finals, Doubles\nIt was Mauresmo's 1st WTA doubles title. It was Rubin's 10th WTA doubles title, and second of the year. This was their first and only doubles title together as a pair. This was also Rubin's final WTA doubles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162334-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz \u2013 Doubles\nIrina Sp\u00eerlea and Caroline Vis were the defending champions, but Sp\u00eerlea did not compete this year. Vis teamed up with Barbara Schett, but withdrew before their semifinal match due to Schett's right toe infection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162334-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz \u2013 Doubles\nAm\u00e9lie Mauresmo and Chanda Rubin won the title, defeating Ai Sugiyama and Nathalie Tauziat 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final. This was to be Rubin's 10th and final WTA doubles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162335-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz \u2013 Singles\nMary Pierce was the defending champion, but did not compete in this tournament due to injury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162335-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz \u2013 Singles\nLindsay Davenport won the title, defeating Venus Williams in the final, 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 6\u20132. By winning in the final, Davenport ended Williams' 35-match winning streak, extending from the Wimbledon Championships earlier in the year. Williams' 35-match winning streak is, as of 2020, the longest since January 1, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162335-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Ladies Linz \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe top four seeds who played received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162336-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Open\nThe 2000 Generali Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Tennis Stadium Kitzb\u00fchel in Kitzb\u00fchel, Austria that was part of the International Series Gold of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 45th edition of the tournament and was held from 24 July until 30 July 2000. Second-seeded \u00c0lex Corretja won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162336-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Open, Finals, Singles\n\u00c0lex Corretja defeated  Emilio Benfele \u00c1lvarez 6\u20133, 6\u20131, 3\u20130 ret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162336-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Generali Open, Finals, Doubles\nPablo Albano /  Cyril Suk defeated  Joshua Eagle /  Andrew Florent 6\u20133, 3\u20136, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162337-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gent\u2013Wevelgem\nThese page shows the results for the 62nd edition of the Gent\u2013Wevelgem cycling classic over 208 kilometres, held on Wednesday April 5, 2000. There were 194 competitors, of whom 47 finished the race which was won by Belgium's Geert Van Bondt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162338-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Georgetown Hoyas football team\nThe 2000 Georgetown Hoyas football team was an American football team that represented Georgetown University as an independent during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162338-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Georgetown Hoyas football team\nIn their eighth year under head coach Bob Benson, the Hoyas compiled a 5\u20136 record. Brett Crowder, Gharun Hester, Ryan O'Donoghue and Reid Wakefield were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162338-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Georgetown Hoyas football team\nThis was Georgetown's first year since 1950 competing as an independent program at the Division I level. Since moving up from Division III in 1993, Georgetown had played in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, but in January 2000, the university president announced that the Hoyas would switch their affiliation to the Patriot League in 2001. Georgetown's independent schedule in 2000 included a mix of former MAAC foes (Duquesne, Fairfield, Iona, Marist, St. Peter's) and future Patriot rivals (Bucknell, Fordham, Holy Cross).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162338-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Georgetown Hoyas football team\nGeorgetown played its home games at Kehoe Field on the university campus in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162339-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Georgia Bulldogs football team\nThe 2000 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the University of Georgia in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Bulldogs completed the season with an 8\u20134 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162340-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Georgia Southern Eagles football team\nThe 2000 Georgia Southern Eagles football team represented the Georgia Southern Eagles of Georgia Southern University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The team played their home games at Paulson Stadium in Statesboro, Georgia, and were coached by Paul Johnson, in his fourth year as head coach. The Eagles won their second consecutive, and sixth overall, I-AA title by defeating Montana in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162341-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team\nThe 2000 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's coach was George O'Leary. It played its home games at Bobby Dodd Stadium in Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162341-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Virginia Tech\nThe Yellow Jackets were scheduled to play Virginia Tech at Lane Stadium in Blacksburg, Virginia in the BCA Classic, but lightning struck around the stadium as the teams were lining up for kickoff. The game eventually was canceled after a lengthy delay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162342-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Georgian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Georgia on 9 April 2000. The result was a victory for Eduard Shevardnadze of the Union of Citizens of Georgia, who won 82.0% of the vote, with a 75.9% turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162343-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 German Athletics Championships\nThe 2000 German Athletics Championships were held at the Eintracht-Stadion in Braunschweig on 29\u201330 July 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162344-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 German Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 German Figure Skating Championships (German: Deutsche Meisterschaften im Eiskunstlaufen) took place from January 7th through 9th, 2000 in Berlin. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dancing, and synchronized skating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162345-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 German Formula Three Championship\nThe 2000 German Formula Three Championship (German: 2000 Deutsche Formel-3-Meisterschaft)  was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars that held across Europe. The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars built by Dallara and Martini which conform to the technical regulations, or formula, for the championship. It commenced on 22 April at Zolder and ended at Hockenheim on 29 October after ten double-header rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162345-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 German Formula Three Championship\nOpel Team KMS driver Giorgio Pantano became a champion. He grabbed the title, winning opening race at Zolder and Oschersleben. Alex M\u00fcller finished as runner-up with wins at Zolder, Sachsenring, Lausitz and Hockenheim, losing 14 points to Pantano. Pierre Kaffer was victorious at Norisring, Lausitz, N\u00fcrburgring and finished third. Andr\u00e9 Lotterer became a champion in the Rookie's standings with a fourth place in the main championship. The other race winners was Stefan M\u00fccke, Patrick Friesacher, Enrico Toccacelo and Toshihiro Kaneishi, who completed the top eight in the drivers' championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162345-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 German Formula Three Championship, Calendar\nWith the exception of round at Zolder in Belgium, all rounds took place on German soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix\nThe 2000 German Grand Prix (formally the LXII Gro\u00dfer Mobil 1 Preis von Deutschland) was a Formula One motor race held on 30 July 2000, at the Hockenheimring near Hockenheim, Germany. It was the eleventh round of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 62nd German Grand Prix. Ferrari driver Rubens Barrichello won the 45-lap race starting from 18th position. Mika H\u00e4kkinen finished second for the McLaren team with teammate David Coulthard third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix\nCoulthard started from pole position alongside Michael Schumacher. Coulthard's teammate H\u00e4kkinen began from third. At the first corner Michael Schumacher moved to the left and Giancarlo Fisichella collided with him and both drivers retired. H\u00e4kkinen took the lead of the race which he held until an intruder penetrated circuit limits on lap 25 causing drivers to make pit stops under safety car conditions. Barrichello, meanwhile, had gained thirteen positions to run fifth until the first safety car period. H\u00e4kkinen retook the lead after Coulthard pitted on lap 27. Barrichello stayed out on dry slick tyres, taking the lead which he held to clinch the first victory of his Formula One career. It was also the first victory for a Brazilian driver in F1 since Ayrton Senna won at Adelaide in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix\nBarrichello's victory was considered popular amongst the Formula One paddock as it came after a setback during his career. The race result meant H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard were tied for second place but the points advantage to Michael Schumacher was reduced to two points. Barrichello remained a further eight points behind the McLaren drivers. In the Constructors' Championship McLaren remained four points behind the Ferraris, who were 80 points ahead of Williams with six races of the season remaining. The track intruder, named as 47-year-old Frenchman Robert Sehli, later apologised for his actions and was fined by the track's management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as constructors were, McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four different tyre types to the race: two dry compounds, the soft and the medium, and two wet-weather compounds, the intermediate and full wet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Background\nGoing into the race, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 56 points, ahead of David Coulthard on 50 points and Mika H\u00e4kkinen on 48 points. Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 36 points whilst Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth with 18 points. In the Constructors' Championship Ferrari were leading with 92 points, McLaren and Williams with 88 points and 19 points were second and third respectively, whilst Benetton with 18 points and BAR with 12 points contended with fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Background\nFollowing the Austrian Grand Prix on 16 July, the teams conducted testing sessions at three circuits from 18\u201321 July to prepare for the Grand Prix. McLaren, Benetton, Jordan, Jaguar, Sauber and BAR went to Silverstone over three days. Olivier Panis, McLaren's test driver, set the fastest time on the first day of testing. Jaguar test driver Luciano Burti crashed at Stowe corner where his car's suspension, front and rear wings, and sidepod were damaged. The resulting incident caused a brief halt to testing and Jaguar shipped a spare car for the next day's testing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Background\nPanis remained fastest on the second day. Trulli damaged his suspension and rear wing, resulting in repairs which limited his team's testing time. Burti suffered another incident when he lost his right rear wheel. Fisichella topped the third and final day's running. Ferrari test driver Luca Badoer spent four days at the Fiorano Circuit where he concentrated on testing engine and aerodynamic development whilst Michael Schumacher did practice starts and component testing on the fourth day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Background\nJaguar's Eddie Irvine was passed fit in the days leading up to the race. He arrived at the previous race ill with a suspected bout of appendicitis and withdrew at the end of the Friday practice sessions. He was replaced by Burti. Irvine later travelled to a hospital in London where he was diagnosed with a swollen intestine. Irvine said he felt ready to race again: \"I'm looking forward to Hockenheim. I have been keeping tabs on the team's Silverstone test this week and we're all encouraged by what has been achieved.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Background\nJordan's new car, the EJ10B, was also introduced that weekend; the team had used their primary 2000 car, the EJ10, for the previous ten races. Originally due to be introduced at the previous race in Austria, the car was required to undergo F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) safety tests on its bodywork and Jordan wanted to develop more spare parts for the EJ10B, delaying the car's race d\u00e9but.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. The Friday sessions were held in dry and cloudy conditions, becoming damp during the day, resulting in the track surface becoming slippery. Michael Schumacher set the first session's fastest time with a lap of 1 minute and 43.532 seconds, almost six-tenths of a second faster than H\u00e4kkinen. Barrichello was just off H\u00e4kkinen's pace with Coulthard setting the fourth fastest time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Practice\nHeinz-Harald Frentzen and BAR driver Ricardo Zonta followed in fifth and sixth positions respectively. Fisichella, Mika Salo, Ralf Schumacher and Herbert completed the top ten fastest drivers in the session. Williams driver Jenson Button crashed into the pit lane at the end of the barriers and lost his front wing. In the second practice session, Michael Schumacher did not manage to improve his lap time but was still quickest. Frentzen was running quicker and was second fastest. The two McLaren drivers were running slower\u2014H\u00e4kkinen in third and Coulthard fifth\u2013although both drivers were undertaking race set-up and brake performance testing. They were separated by Barrichello. Trulli was sixth fastest, ahead of Zonta. Villeneuve, Fisichella and Salo followed in the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Practice\nThe Saturday morning sessions were held in damp weather conditions with intermittent rain. H\u00e4kkinen set the third session's fastest time, a 1:44.144, one-tenth of a second quicker than Pedro de la Rosa. Coulthard was third fastest, ahead of Frentzen and Salo. Trulli, Barrichello, Michael Schumacher, Villeneuve and Fisichella rounded out the top ten fastest drivers. In the final practice session, H\u00e4kkinen set the fastest time of the day, a 1:41.658; Coulthard finished with the third-fastest time. The Ferrari drivers were again quick\u2014Michael Schumacher in second and Barrichello in fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Practice\nFrentzen slipped to fifth, with Fisichella sixth fastest and was happy with his car's feel. Button was seventh fastest, in front of Salo. Villeneuve and Trulli completed the top ten ahead of qualifying. Fisichella's car suffered an engine failure in the closing seconds of the session and a crash by Michael Schumacher after the session concluded meant that the German was forced to use his team's spare car for qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon one hour qualifying session saw each driver limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by their fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 per cent of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. The session was held in damp weather with intermittent rain. Coulthard achieved his second pole position of the season, his first at the Hockenheimring, with a time of 1:45.697. He was joined on the front row of the grid by Michael Schumacher who was 1.3 seconds slower than Coulthard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Qualifying\nFisichella qualified third, though he was happy with his performance despite using his team's T-car after suffering a spin on his first run. He was later fined $5,000 for not placing his car at the pit-lane weighbridge. H\u00e4kkinen qualified fourth, three hundredths of a second slower than Fisichella. H\u00e4kkinen later admitted that he was cautious about going off the race track due to the weather conditions. de la Rosa qualified fifth giving Arrows their best qualifying performance of the season. Trulli and Wurz were satisfied with their sixth and seventh place qualifying positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0010-0002", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHerbert in the quicker of the two Jaguars took eighth. Villeneuve secured ninth using his team's spare car after spinning on track which disrupted Frentzen's running. Irvine rounded out the top ten. Verstappen had problems starting his engine, resulting in a lack of qualifying laps but managed to clinch eleventh. Zonta qualified twelfth having used a new engine and could not set a faster lap time after being blocked by Jean Alesi. He was ahead of Alesi's teammate Nick Heidfeld. Ralf Schumacher qualified in 14th, quicker than teammate Button in 16th. They were separated by Salo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0010-0003", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Qualifying\nFrentzen spent the majority of qualifying 107% outside of the pole sitters time but took 17th; his first quick time was disallowed after cutting the chicane to set a faster lap and to run in clean air. Barrichello used his teammate's car after his developed oil-leak issues and qualified 18th. Sauber's Pedro Diniz took 19th, in front of Alesi in 20th. The Minardi drivers qualified at the back of the grid; Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane in 21st and Marc Gen\u00e9 in 22nd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 09:30 Central European Summer Time (GMT+2) for a 30-minute warm-up session. David Coulthard maintained his good performance from qualifying by setting the fastest time, a 1:44.065; H\u00e4kkinen was second in the other McLaren car. de la Rosa and Michael Schumacher completed the top four. The session was disrupted by incidents as Coulthard and de la Rosa struck the barriers\u2014both incidents required marshals to collect debris\u2014whilst Villeneuve and Verstappen collided going into the circuit's first chicane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nThe race started before 102,000 spectators at 14:00 local time. The conditions for the start of the race was dry, but became damp and wet as the race progressed. The air temperature was 21\u00a0\u00b0C (70\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature ranged from 21 to 25\u00a0\u00b0C (70 to 77\u00a0\u00b0F). During the parade lap Button's engine did not start and he was forced to start from the back of the grid. H\u00e4kkinen accelerated faster than teammate Coulthard and Michael Schumacher off the line, getting ahead of both drivers going into the first corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher moved to his left with Fisichella hitting him from behind and both drivers went off into the turn one barriers. Barrichello made the best start in the field, moving from 18th to 10th place at the end of the first lap. At the completion of the first lap, H\u00e4kkinen led from Coulthard, Trulli, de la Rosa, Irvine, Herbert, Verstappen, Villeneuve, Zonta, Barrichello, Ralf Schumacher, Wurz, Heidfeld, Salo, Diniz, Frentzen, Gen\u00e9, Alesi, Button and Mazzacane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen began to maintain his lead from teammate Coulthard. On lap two Herbert moved into fifth position after Irvine dropped to seventh place when Verstappen overtook him. Further down the field Barrichello continued to gain positions when he passed both BAR drivers for eighth. The McLaren drivers managed to maintain a gap to Trulli who set the fastest lap of the race, 1:46.321. Irvine lost a further position to Barrichello on lap three, as Frentzen claimed 14th from Diniz. On lap four, Frentzen made up a further position by passing Heidfeld for 13th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nOn the same lap Verstappen locked up his tyres to avoid a collision with Herbert. This allowed Barrichello to pass Verstappen for sixth position in the run up to the Clark chicane on lap five. Herbert lost fifth position to Barrichello on lap six with Frentzen continuing to move up the field by passing Ralf Schumacher and Wurz for eleventh. Barrichello began setting consecutive fastest laps as he closed the gap to de la Rosa. Zonta lost 10th position when he was passed by Frentzen on lap seven. On the next lap, Verstappen suffered a worrying moment when half of his engine cover was shed from its chassis. Frentzen managed to gain a further four positions in the next four laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nFurther down, Ralf Schumacher took Zonta for eleventh place and Diniz passed teammate Salo for 14th position. Barrichello caught de la Rosa by lap twelve and passed him to take fourth and started to come under pressure from Frentzen. Herbert pulled over to the side of the track with gearbox problems on lap 13. Barrichello passed Trulli for third position at the second corner two laps later. Barrichello became the first driver to make a pit stop by coming in on lap 17. Frentzen made his pit stop one lap later and re-joined in sixth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nBy lap 20, H\u00e4kkinen had a lead of 1.4 seconds over Coulthard, who in turn was almost 22 seconds ahead of Trulli. de la Rosa was a further 2.1 seconds behind Trulli, and was being caught by Barrichello in fifth who set a new fastest lap, a 1:44.300. Villeneuve overtook Irvine to claim eighth place on lap 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nOn lap 25, a man appeared beside the barriers of the circuit on the straight heading towards turn 2. He ran across the track to avoid being caught by marshals. The incident prompted the deployment of the safety car. Teams immediately brought their drivers into the pit lane to take advantage of the scenario with Trulli and de la Rosa the first to make pit stops. McLaren called in H\u00e4kkinen to the pit lane on lap 27 and Coulthard remained out on worn tyres. The Scot pitted on the following lap and emerged in sixth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nOn the same lap, the man was caught and escorted off the circuit. Racing resumed on lap 29 when the safety car pulled into the pit lane. Trulli immediately came under pressure from Barrichello and withstood the Brazilian's attempts to pass him. Ralf Schumacher spun at turn 3 on lap thirty and Verstappen was forced wide in avoidance. Later on Alesi collided with Diniz and struck the barriers, having lost his car's two left wheels. The safety car was once again deployed as carbon fibre was scattered across the grass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nThe safety car was withdrawn at the end of lap 31 and the race got underway again with H\u00e4kkinen in the lead. Wurz, meanwhile, immediately pulled off the circuit with a gearbox failure with Salo almost colliding with the Benetton. Light rain began to fall on lap 33. Button pitted on the following lap and his Williams pit crew changed his dry tyres to wets. Gen\u00e9 became the race's seventh retirement with a failed engine. All drivers, apart from Barrichello, Coulthard, Frentzen and Zonta, pitted for wet tyres. Villeneuve spun after minor contact with teammate Zonta but managed to continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nTrulli was issued with a ten-second stop-go penalty on lap 37 because he was observed overtaking Barrichello under yellow flags. He took the penalty immediately and rejoined in 11th. Zonta was also issued with a penalty but spun into the tyre wall at turn 12 and retired. Coulthard became the final driver to have pitted on the 38th lap and rejoined in fifth. Button then passed de la Rosa for sixth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nAt the completion of lap 39, with the pit stops completed, the running order was Barrichello, H\u00e4kkinen, Frentzen, Salo, Coulthard, Button, de la Rosa, Verstappen, Ralf Schumacher, Villeneuve, Trulli, Heidfeld, Mazzacane and Irvine. Frentzen retired with a gearbox failure on lap 40 as Coulthard moved into third after passing Salo. Heidfeld became the final retirement of the race with an alternator failure on lap 40. Three laps later Button caught Salo and overtook him to clinch fourth position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Race\nIt began to rain more heavily by lap 44 whilst Barrichello opened a gap to 11.5 seconds, and won the race after 45 laps to secure the first victory of his Formula One career in a time of 1'25:34.418, at an average speed of 133.807 miles per hour (215.341\u00a0km/h). H\u00e4kkinen finished second in his McLaren 7.4 seconds behind Barrichello, with teammate Coulthard third. Button clinched his best result of the 2000 season with fourth, ahead of Salo in fifth and de la Rosa rounded out the points-scoring positions in sixth. Ralf Schumacher, Villeneuve, Trulli, Irvine and Mazzacane filled the next five positions, with Heidfeld the last of the classified runners despite his alternator failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. Barrichello's maiden Formula One victory was very popular amongst spectators and team personnel, because it came after a setback earlier in his career, not least a serious accident during practice for the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix that left him unconscious. Barrichello dedicated his victory to fellow Brazilian and three-time World Champion Ayrton Senna who had helped him during the early phase of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Post-race\nHe also revealed that it was his decision to stay out on dry tyres as he believed he would have an advantage on the straights and the chicanes, although he flat-spotted a tyre in the closing stages of the Grand Prix which reduced his visibility. H\u00e4kkinen said that he felt \"in control\" during the first phase of the event, although he admitted that he was conservative on the wet tyres and could have secured victory on dry tyres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0018-0002", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Post-race\nCoulthard revealed that he utilised tactics performed by Michael Schumacher at the start after he sought clarification on the rules regarding such manoeuvres. He additionally commented that he was unable to talk to his team via radio in the forest sections which caused him to stay out for an additional lap when H\u00e4kkinen pitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Post-race\nButton was delighted with his then career best finish of fourth position and praised his team for the timing to the switch to wet-weather tyres. Salo described his race as \"hard\" because of him opting to have a high downforce set-up meaning he was slower than his rivals on the straights. Additionally he revealed that towards the end of the race, he did not have oil in his engine with temperatures continuously rising. De la Rosa scored points for the second time in the season, having taken fifth at the European Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Post-race\nHe thought the Grand Prix was \"strange\" though he was happy with the effort of his team. Michael Schumacher, who retired on the first lap, after Fisichella collided with him, accused the latter of causing the incident. \"I am out of the race not because of David (Coulthard) but because of Fisichella.\" he said. Fisichella however said that he was maintaining his racing line and believed that drivers should choose their preferred racing line before he described his Grand Prix as a \"waste\". Schumacher's manager Willi Weber rejected reports that the accident was part of a conspiracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Post-race\nThe majority of media attention, however, was focussed on the intruder who penetrated the circuit's barriers on lap 25. He was revealed to be man named Robert Sehli, a 47-year-old from France who worked for Mercedes-Benz in a production factory at Le Mans. He also had three children. Sehli informed the press that he was protesting against his dismissal from his job after 22 years on health grounds. Additional information revealed that he planned to protest 15 seconds before the start of the formation lap but was prevented by marshals who dragged him off the circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Post-race\nSehli had attempted to organise something similar at the French Grand Prix  before the FIA Photographers' Delegate stopped him in the pit lane ten laps before the race ended. He was released on a DM 2,000 ($945) bail the Monday after the German Grand Prix. Retired Formula One driver Hans-Joachim Stuck said that Sehli had \"succeeded in avenging himself on Mercedes.\" Ferrari technical director Ross Brawn said that Sehli's actions were \"very, very dangerous\" and that similar intrusions \"should never be allowed to happen again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0020-0002", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Post-race\nHowever the Vice-President of Mercedes-Benz Motorsport Norbert Haug criticised the police's approach towards Sehli calling it a \"scandal\". The Hockenheimring track owners Hockenheimring GmbH announced that it filed a trespassing charge on Sehli. He was later awarded compensation from Mercedes-Benz and apologised for the track invasion. On 16 December Sehli won a court case against Mercedes-Benz who were ordered to pay F91,000 for \"dismissing him without any conclusive reasons\". He was however fined \u00a3600 by Hockenheimring GmbH for breaching circuit limits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162346-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 German Grand Prix, Post-race\nThe race result meant that Michael Schumacher's lead in the Drivers' Championship was reduced to two points. H\u00e4kkinen moved into joint second, level on points with team-mate Coulthard; both were eight points ahead of Barrichello, with Fisichella remaining a distant fifth. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren reduced Ferrari's lead to four points. Williams, with 22 points, increased the gap to their rivals Benetton to four points, whilst BAR maintained fifth place on 12 points, with six races of the season remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162347-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 German motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 German motorcycle Grand Prix was the tenth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 23 July 2000 at the Sachsenring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162347-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 German motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round ten has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162348-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gerry Weber Open\nThe 2000 Gerry Weber Open was a men's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Gerry Weber Stadion in Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany and was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 8th edition of the tournament and was held from 12 June through 18 June 2000. Unseeded David Prinosil, who received a wildcard for the main draw, won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162348-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gerry Weber Open, Finals, Doubles\nNicklas Kulti /  Mikael Tillstr\u00f6m defeated  Mahesh Bhupathi /  David Prinosil 7\u20136(7\u20134), 7\u20136(7\u20134)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162349-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gerry Weber Open \u2013 Doubles\nJonas Bj\u00f6rkman and Patrick Rafter were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162349-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gerry Weber Open \u2013 Doubles\nNicklas Kulti and Mikael Tillstr\u00f6m won the title, defeating Mahesh Bhupathi and David Prinosil 7\u20136(7\u20134), 7\u20136(7\u20134) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162350-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gerry Weber Open \u2013 Singles\nNicolas Kiefer was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162350-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gerry Weber Open \u2013 Singles\nDavid Prinosil won the title, beating Richard Krajicek 6\u20133, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162351-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ghanaian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Ghana on 7 December 2000, with a second round of the presidential election on 28 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162351-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ghanaian general election\nIn the presidential election, John Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) led the field in the first round of voting, taking 48 percent of the vote. Vice President John Atta Mills of the National Democratic Congress (NDC) finished second, with 44 percent. Kufuor defeated Atta-Mills in the second round with 57 percent of the vote. The NPP also won the most seats in the parliamentary elections, ending eight years of NDC dominance. However, with 99 of the 200 seats, it was two seats short of a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162351-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ghanaian general election\nThe elections marked the first peaceful transfer of power via the ballot box in the country's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162351-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Ghanaian general election, Results, Parliament\nThe vacant seat was filled by a by-election on 3 January 2001 and won by the NPP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162352-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gibraltar general election\nGeneral elections were held in Gibraltar in 2000. They were won by Peter Caruana's incumbent Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), who took over 50% of the popular vote and eight of the 15 contested seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162352-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gibraltar general election, Results\nThe first fifteen candidates were elected to the House of Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162353-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Girabola\nThe 2000 Girabola was the 22nd season of top-tier football competition in Angola. The season ran from 18 March to 5 November 2000. Primeiro de Agosto were the defending champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162353-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Girabola\nThe league comprised 14 teams, the bottom three of which were relegated to the 2001 Gira Angola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162353-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Girabola\nPetro de Luanda were crowned champions, winning their 12th title, while ARA da Gabela, Sporting de Cabinda and Sporting do Bi\u00e9, were relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162353-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Girabola\nBlanchard of Benfica de Luanda finished as the top scorer with 19 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162353-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Girabola, Changes from the 1999 season\nRelegated: Independente do T\u00f4mbwa and Progresso do Sambizanga  Withdrew: Cambondo de Malanje  Promoted: ARA da Gabela and Sporting do Bi\u00e9", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia\nThe 2000 Giro d'Italia was the 83rd\u00a0edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began with a 4.6\u00a0km (3\u00a0mi) prologue that navigated through the Italian capital Rome. The race came to a close on June 4 with a mass-start stage that ended in the Italian city of Milan. Twenty teams entered the race that was won by the Italian Stefano Garzelli of the Mercatone Uno\u2013Albacom team. Second and third were the Italian riders Francesco Casagrande and Gilberto Simoni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia\nIn the race's other classifications, Vini Caldirola\u2013Sidermec rider Francesco Casagrande won the mountains classification, Dimitri Konyshev of the Fassa Bortolo team won the points classification, and Fran\u00e7aise des Jeux rider Fabrizio Guidi won the intergiro classification. Mapei\u2013Quick-Step finished as the winners of the Trofeo Fast Team classification, ranking each of the twenty teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time. The other team classification, the Trofeo Super Team classification, where the teams' riders are awarded points for placing within the top twenty in each stage and the points are then totaled for each team was won by Fassa Bortolo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Teams\nThe race organizers RCS Sport invited twenty teams to participate in the race. Each team sent a squad of nine riders, so the Giro began with a peloton of 180 cyclists. Out of the 180 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 127 riders made it to the finish in Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites\nMarco Pantani (Mercatone Uno\u2013Albacom) \u2013 who was expelled the previous year for having high levels of hematocrit \u2013 announced his intentions to race the Giro a few weeks prior to the race despite only racing a few times during the year. Francesco Casagrande (Vini Caldirola\u2013Sidermec) was seen as a favorite because of his victory at the 1999 Tour de Suisse; however, a doping suspension, marred the rest of his season. Paolo Savoldelli was found to be in good form following an overall victory at the Tour de Romandie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites\nTim Maloney of CyclingNews stated that Team Polti's Ivan Gotti, who had won the previous year's race following Pantani's disqualification, desired to prove he is a legitimate contender. He added that the young rider Danilo Di Luca will be competing in his second Giro and he will aim for a stage victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites\nSprinter Mario Cipollini, a favorite to win the stages if they come to a bunch sprint, started the race after battling asthma in the preceding weeks. Ivan Quarranta (Mobilvetta Design\u2013Rossin) was another rider that was seen as a contender for the sprint stages, along with reigning Italian road race champion Salvatore Comesso (Saeco Macchine per Caff\u00e8\u2013Valli & Valli).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages\nThe race route was revealed by the organizers in Milan at the Teatro Lirico. This running of the Giro contained three individual time trial events, one of which was the prologue the race began with. There were a total of ten stages that contained categorized climbs; five of which contained climbs of higher categories, while the other five stages held only categorized climbs of lesser degree. The remaining nine stages were primarily flat stages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages\nOf the mountain stages, three ended with summit finishes: stage 5 to Peschici, stage 9 to Abetone, and stage 18 to Prato Nevoso. One other stage had a summit arrival, the demanding stage 20 climbing time trial up the Sestriere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages\nThe race began in Rome to celebrate the Great Jubilee, with the opening prologue passing historic sites such as the Colosseum and Imperial Forum. The race then headed down the coast to Scalea through the first week, before turning east to Matera, then heading north through Apulia, travelling along a length of the Adriatic coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages\nCyclingNews writer Tim Maloney felt that the first difficult stage to be raced would be the eighth stage, which featured three major categorized climbs across 255\u00a0km (158\u00a0mi) of racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Classification Leadership\nIn the 2000 Giro d'Italia, five different jerseys were awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass-start stages, the leader received a pink jersey. This classification is considered the most important of the Giro d'Italia, and the winner is considered the winner of the Giro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Classification Leadership\nAdditionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a mauve jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing in the top 15 in a stage. The stage win awarded 25\u00a0points, second place awarded 20\u00a0points, third 16, fourth 14, fifth 12, sixth 10, and one point fewer per place down the line, to a single point for 15th. In addition, points could be won in intermediate sprints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Classification Leadership\nThere was also a mountains classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the mountains classifications, points were won by reaching the top of a mountain before other cyclists. Each climb was categorized as either first, second, or third category, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The highest point in the Giro (called the Cima Coppi), which in 2000 was Colle dell'Agnello, afforded more points than the other first-category climbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Classification Leadership\nThe fourth jersey represented the intergiro classification, marked by a blue jersey. The calculation for the intergiro is similar to that of the general classification, in each stage there is a midway point that the riders pass through a point and where their time is stopped. As the race goes on, their times compiled and the person with the lowest time is the leader of the intergiro classification and wears the blue jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Classification Leadership\nThere were also two classifications for teams. The first was the Trofeo Fast Team. In this classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The Trofeo Super Team was a team points classification, with the top 20\u00a0placed riders on each stage earning points (20 for first place, 19 for second place and so on, down to a single point for 20th) for their team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Classification Leadership\nThe rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162354-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Final standings, Minor classifications\nOther less well-known classifications, whose leaders did not receive a special jersey, were awarded during the Giro. Other awards included the Bilboa most combative trophy classification, which was a compilation of points gained for position on crossing intermediate sprints, mountain passes and stage finishes. Russian Dmitri Konyshev won the most combative classification. The Top Runner Trophy Liquigas classification was won by Francesco Casagrande.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10\nThe 2000 Giro d'Italia was the 83rd edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Rome, with a Prologue individual time trial on 13 May, and Stage 10 occurred on 23 May with a stage to Padua. The race finished in Milan on 4 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Prologue\n13 May 2000 \u2014 Rome, 4.6\u00a0km (2.9\u00a0mi) (ITT)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 1\n14 May 2000 \u2014 Rome to Terracina, 125\u00a0km (78\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 2\n15 May 2000 \u2014 Terracina to Maddaloni, 225\u00a0km (140\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 3\n16 May 2000 \u2014 Paestum to Scalea, 177\u00a0km (110\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 4\n17 May 2000 \u2014 Scalea to Matera, 233\u00a0km (145\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 5\n18 May 2000 \u2014 Matera to Peschici, 232\u00a0km (144\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 6\n19 May 2000 \u2014 Peschici to Vasto, 170\u00a0km (110\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 7\n20 May 2000 \u2014 Vasto to Teramo, 182\u00a0km (113\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 8\n21 May 2000 \u2014 Corinaldo to Prato, 255\u00a0km (158\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 9\n22 May 2000 \u2014 Prato to Abetone, 140\u00a0km (87\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162355-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 10\n23 May 2000 \u2014 San Marcello Pistoiese to Padua, 257\u00a0km (160\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21\nThe 2000 Giro d'Italia was the 83rd edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Rome, with a Prologue individual time trial on 13 May, and Stage 11 occurred on 24 May with an individual time trial from Lignano Sabbiadoro. The race finished in Milan on 4 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 11\n24 May 2000 \u2014 Lignano Sabbiadoro to Bibione, 45\u00a0km (28\u00a0mi) (ITT)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 12\n26 May 2000 \u2014 Bibione to Feltre, 184\u00a0km (114\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 13\n27 May 2000 \u2014 Feltre to S\u00eblva, 195\u00a0km (121\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 14\n28 May 2000 \u2014 S\u00eblva to Bormio, 205\u00a0km (127\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 15\n29 May 2000 \u2014 Bormio to Brescia, 171\u00a0km (106\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 16\n30 May 2000 \u2014 Brescia to Meda, 102\u00a0km (63\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 17\n31 May 2000 \u2014 Meda to Genoa, 224\u00a0km (139\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 18\n1 June 2000 \u2014 Genoa to Prato Nevoso, 176\u00a0km (109\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 19\n2 June 2000 \u2014 Saluzzo to Brian\u00e7on, 177\u00a0km (110\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 20\n3 June 2000 \u2014 Brian\u00e7on to Sestriere, 34\u00a0km (21\u00a0mi) (ITT)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162356-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 21\n4 June 2000 \u2014 Turin to Milan, 198\u00a0km (123\u00a0mi)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162357-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro del Trentino\nThe 2000 Giro del Trentino was the 24th edition of the Tour of the Alps cycle race and was held on 24 April to 27 April 2000. The race started in Sillian and finished in Arco di Trento. The race was won by Simone Borgheresi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162358-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Giro di Lombardia\nThe 2000 Giro di Lombardia was the 94th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 21 October 2000. The race started in Varese and finished in Bergamo. The race was won by Raimondas Rum\u0161as of the Fassa Bortolo team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162359-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Glasgow Anniesland by-elections\nThere was a double by-election in Glasgow Anniesland in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162359-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Glasgow Anniesland by-elections\nDonald Dewar, a leading figure in Scottish Labour politics, had in 1999 been elected to the Scottish Parliament where he had become First Minister of the Scottish Parliament, but he retained his seat in the Parliament of the United Kingdom intending to stand down at the next general election. However, Dewar died on 11 October 2000 from a massive brain haemorrhage, possibly brought on by a fall he suffered outside his official residence the previous day. This created a by-election for his seat of Glasgow Anniesland in the UK Parliament and Glasgow Anniesland in the Scottish Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162359-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Glasgow Anniesland by-elections\nBoth elections were held on the same day, and polling day was set for 23 November. John Robertson had already been chosen to fight the seat for Labour at the general election and therefore stood at the byelection. The Labour vote declined, but with the main beneficiary being the small Scottish Socialist Party rather than the challenging Scottish National Party, the seat was comfortably held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162360-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gloucester City Council election\nThe 2000 Gloucester City Council election took place on 5 May 2000 to elect members of Gloucester City Council in England. The council elected a third of the council and was controlled by the Labour Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162361-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gold Flake Open\nThe 2000 Gold Flake Open was an ATP tournament held in Chennai, India. The tournament was held from 3 to 10 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162361-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gold Flake Open, Finals, Doubles\nJulien Boutter /  Christophe Rochus defeated  Prahlad Srinath /  Saurav Panja 7\u20135, 6\u20131", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162362-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gold Flake Open \u2013 Doubles\nMahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes were the defending champions, but Bhupathi did not participate this year. Paes partnered Byron Black, losing in the quarterfinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162362-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Gold Flake Open \u2013 Doubles\nJulien Boutter and Christophe Rochus won in the final 7\u20135, 6\u20131, against Srinath Prahlad and Saurav Panja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162363-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gold Flake Open \u2013 Singles\nJ\u00e9r\u00f4me Golmard defeated Markus Hantschk 6\u20133, 6\u20137(6\u20138), 6\u20133 to win the 2000 Chennai Open singles event. Byron Black was the defending champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162364-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Golden Globes (Portugal)\nThe 2000 Golden Globes (Portugal) were held at the Coliseu dos Recreios, Lisbon on 2 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162365-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Goody's Body Pain 500\nThe 2000 Goody's Body Pain 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series stock car race held on April 9, 2000 at the Martinsville Speedway in Martinsville, Virginia. Mark Martin of Roush Racing won the race, his first and only win of the 2000 season. Jeff Burton finished second and Michael Waltrip finished third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162365-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Goody's Body Pain 500, Background\nThe Martinsville Speedway is a 0.526-mile paperclip-shaped oval built in 1947, the shortest in the NASCAR Cup Series schedule. The straights are 800 feet in length and the turns are 588 feet in length. The turns are banked at 12 degrees. The corners are paved with concrete to help with acceleration and traction out of the tight turns while the rest of the track is paved with asphalt. It has held NASCAR Cup races every year since 1949. The race is at a distance of 263 miles, or 500 laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162365-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Goody's Body Pain 500, Background\nComing into the race, there were seven different winners in seven races to begin the 2000 season. The streak continued to eight as Mark Martin became the eight straight different winner. This was the first race after the death of the Petty family patriarch, Lee Petty. This comes less than a week after Adam Petty, the fourth-generation Petty, made his one and only Cup start the previous week at Texas. Adam would pass away in a practice crash at New Hampshire International Speedway a month later on what would be a very tragic year for the Petty family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162365-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Goody's Body Pain 500, Background\nStarting at this race, NASCAR instituted a new pit road rule where tires are now required to be moved to the left side of the pit box instead of being left on the right side of the pit box. Pit crew injuries and damaged race cars at the beginning of the season implored NASCAR to make the rule change. This bit Ward Burton and Jeff Gordon during the race as they were penalized for leaving their tires on the right side of the pit box when making right side tire changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162365-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Goody's Body Pain 500, Background\nAfter a lackluster beginning of the season, Eel River Racing replaced Jeff Fuller with Mike Bliss in the #27 Viagra Pontiac starting with this race. He would stay in that ride until the end of the 2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162365-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Goody's Body Pain 500, Background\nFailed to qualify:  Wally Dallenbach (#75), Rick Mast (#14), Dave Marcis (#71), Ed Berrier (#90)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162366-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Gosport Borough Council election\nElections to Gosport Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control. Overall turnout was 29%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162367-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Governor General's Awards\nThe 2000 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were presented by Adrienne Clarkson, Governor General of Canada, and Jean-Louis Roux, Chairman of the Canada Council for the Arts, on November 14 at Rideau Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162368-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grambling State Tigers football team\nThe 2000 Grambling State Tigers football team represented Grambling State University as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Tigers were led by head coach Doug Williams in his third year and finished the season with a record of ten wins and two losses (10\u20132, 9\u20131 SWAC), as SWAC champions and as Black College Football National Champions. The Tigers offense scored 300 points while the defense allowed only 207 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162369-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand American Road Racing Championship\nThe 2000 Grand American Road Racing Championship was the inaugural season of the Rolex Sports Car Series run by the Grand American Road Racing Association. The season involved five classes: Sports Racing Prototypes I and II (SR-I and SR-II) and three Grand Touring classes referred to as GTO, GTU, and AGT. 9 races were run from February 5, 2000 to August 17, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162369-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand American Road Racing Championship\nThe Grand American Road Racing Championship officially replaced the brief United States Road Racing Championship which had folded during their 1999 season. The Grand American series used similar rules, although the class names were all changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162369-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand American Road Racing Championship, Schedule\n\u2020 - Two separate individual races were held for the GT classes and SR classes for an equal distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162369-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand American Road Racing Championship, Results\n\u2020 - Two separate individual races were held for the GT classes and SR classes for an equal distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National\nThe 2000 Grand National (known as the Martell Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 153rd official renewal of the world-famous Grand National steeplechase that took place at Aintree Racecourse in England on 8 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National\nThe race was won in a time of 9 minutes 9.7 seconds and by a distance of 1\u00bc lengths by 10/1 shot Papillon, ridden by jockey Ruby Walsh. The winner was trained by his father Ted Walsh and ran in American Betty Moran's colours of green with ice blue piping. The field was limited to a maximum of 40 competitors of which 17 completed the course without mishap. None of the horses who failed to complete the course were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Leading contenders\nDark Stranger was sent off as the 9/1 favourite, largely due to his being the mount of champion jockey Tony McCoy. The pairing had won the Mildmay of Flete Handicap Chase at the recent Cheltenham meeting but had yet to win a race over three miles. The favourite backers' hopes were dashed early in the race when McCoy took a heavy fall at the third fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Leading contenders\nStar Traveller was a regular winner of good three mile chases prior to finishing third in a three-mile chase at the Cheltenham festival. The mount of Richard Johnson was sent off at 10/1 and led for much of the race before being pulled up after going lame when hitting the 25th fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Leading contenders\nPapillon was the subject of a huge public gamble from 33/1 to 10/1 on the day of the race. The Irish trained runner had undergone an unusual preparation of hurdles but had previously been second in the Irish Grand National and Irish Hennessey Cognac Gold Cup. Ruby Walsh kept his mount in the leading group throughout before taking the lead four fences from home, going on to win by 1+1\u20444 lengths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Leading contenders\nBobbyjo was popular with the public having won the previous year's National and was sent off at 12/1. He was again partnered by Paul Carberry and featured prominently in the early stages of the race until making a bad mistake at the seventh fence. The pair were always struggling to stay in touch after that and finished 11th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Leading contenders\nEarthmover was a top hunter chaser who had run steadily in three-mile chases, including the Welsh National where he finished third, leading many to view him as an ideal Aintree type. He was sent off at 14/1 and ridden by Joe Tizzard but the pair parted company at the fourth fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Leading contenders\nMicko's Dream was considered the form horse going into the race after winning two three-mile chases in January and February but was sent off at 14/1 due to concerns that the ground was not soft enough for him. His partnership with Jason Titley ended in a first-fence fall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Leading contenders\nThe Last Fling was also sent off at 14/1 after a string of encouraging performances over three miles during the season, although he was largely outpaced in the recent Cheltenham Gold Cup. Ridden by Seamus Durack, The Last Fling was always working hard to stay on the tail of the leading half-dozen before finishing seventh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Leading contenders\nYoung Kenny was regarded as a perfect Grand National horse after winning the Midlands Grand National, Scottish Grand National and Singer & Friedlander Grand National trial but was also faced with the task of trying to be the first horse to carry the 12 stone top weight to victory for over 20 years. He started at 14/1 with Brendan Powell in the saddle but the pair came to grief at the tenth fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Leading contenders\nThe retirement of both Richard Dunwoody and Graham Bradley after the 1999 running left two-time former winner Carl Llewellyn as the most senior rider in the weighing room, weighing out for a National for the tenth time. Eventual winner Ruby Walsh was among five riders making their debut in the race with all the other debut riders acquitting themselves well. Future winner Barry Geraghty finished fifth with Ollie McPhail and Bruce Gibson also completing the course, while Jimmy McCarthy fell at the final fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Media coverage\nThe BBC retained the rights to broadcast the race live for 41st consecutive year and it was shown as a Grandstand Grand National special. Sue Barker made her debut as the anchor presenter, making her the fifth person and first woman to host the BBC broadcast. Barker presented the programme from the unsaddling enclosure, which was situated outside where the weighing room bar is today, with interviews with celebrity racegoers, connections of the competitors, former Aintree heroes and the winning connections after the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Media coverage\nThe rest of the BBC team comprised Clare Balding as a roving reporter on the course and in the saddling boxes. Balding had also been the anchor presenter on BBC's coverage of the previous two days of the Aintree meeting. Angus Loughran brought betting news and Richard Dunwoody interviewed the riders in the weighing room. The racing commentary team for the third consecutive year was John Hanmer, Tony O'Hehir and lead commentator Jim McGrath who, for the third year, called the winner home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Media coverage\nA post-race re-run, using slow motion and additional camera angles, including inside fences was presented by Richard Pitman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Media coverage\nThe BBC television pictures were also syndicated globally for international broadcast while independent television cameras were also on course to provide pictures and commentary for SIS, broadcast into UK bookmakers' outlets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Media coverage\nBBC Radio also presented a live race commentary for the 59th time since its first broadcast in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162370-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand National, Media coverage\nAll of the major national daily newspapers in the UK published pullout sections of their Saturday morning editions ranging from four to sixteen pages with most including full colour guides of the competitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162371-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix (snooker)\nThe 2000 Grand Prix was a professional snooker tournament and the second of eight WPBSA ranking events in the 2000/2001 season, following the British Open and preceding the UK Championship. It was held from 13 to 22 October 2000 at the Telford International Centre in Telford, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162371-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix (snooker)\nJohn Higgins was the defending champion, but he withdrew from his quarter-final match against Graeme Dott. Mark Williams won his 10th ranking title by defeating Ronnie O'Sullivan 9\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162371-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix (snooker), Tournament summary\nDefending champion John Higgins was the number 1 seed with World Champion Mark Williams seeded 2. The remaining places were allocated to players based on the world rankings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162371-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix (snooker), Tournament summary\nDespite reaching the quarter-finals, Higgins withdrew from the tournament at the quarter-final stage, giving opponent Graeme Dott a walkover into the semi-finals. Higgins was angry that his quarter-final match with Dott was to fall on the same day as his brother's wedding, despite Higgins' claim he had been assured eight months previously no such clash was to take place. World Snooker insisted no such assurances were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162372-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix Hassan II\nThe 2000 Grand Prix Hassan II was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tennis tournament held in Casablanca, Morocco. It was the 16th edition of the tournament and was held from 10 April until 17 April 2000. Fernando Vicente won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162372-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix Hassan II, Finals, Doubles\nArnaud Cl\u00e9ment /  S\u00e9bastien Grosjean defeated  Lars Burgsm\u00fcller /  Andrew Painter 7\u20136(7\u20134), 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162373-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix Hassan II \u2013 Doubles\nFernando Meligeni and Jaime Oncins were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162373-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix Hassan II \u2013 Doubles\nArnaud Cl\u00e9ment and S\u00e9bastien Grosjean won in the final 7\u20136(7\u20134), 6\u20134, against Lars Burgsm\u00fcller and Andrew Painter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162374-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix Hassan II \u2013 Singles\nAlberto Mart\u00edn was the defending champion, but lost in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162374-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix Hassan II \u2013 Singles\nFernando Vicente won the title, defeating S\u00e9bastien Grosjean 6\u20134, 4\u20136, 7\u20136(7\u20133) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162375-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix de Denain\nThe 2000 Grand Prix de Denain was the 42nd edition of the Grand Prix de Denain cycle race and was held on 20 April 2000. The race was won by Endrio Leoni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162376-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon\nThe 2000 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Palais des Sports de Gerland in Lyon, France, and was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from 6 November through 13 November 2000. Unseeded Arnaud Cl\u00e9ment won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162376-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon, Finals, Doubles\nPaul Haarhuis /  Sandon Stolle defeated  Ivan Ljubi\u010di\u0107 /  Jack Waite 6\u20131, 6\u20137, 7\u20136", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162377-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon \u2013 Doubles\nPiet Norval and Kevin Ullyett were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162377-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon \u2013 Doubles\nPaul Haarhuis and Sandon Stolle won in the final 6\u20131, 6\u20137(2\u20137), 7\u20136(9\u20137), against Ivan Ljubi\u010di\u0107 and Jack Waite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162378-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon \u2013 Singles\nNicol\u00e1s Lapentti was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162378-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon \u2013 Singles\nArnaud Cl\u00e9ment won the tournament, beating Patrick Rafter 7\u20136(7\u20132), 7\u20136(7\u20135) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162379-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season\nThe 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 52nd F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162379-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary\nKenny Roberts, Jr. fulfilled the promise of his 2nd place in 1999 by winning the championship for 2000 with 2 races to spare. The season also saw the premier class-debut of Valentino Rossi, who began the year with crashes in the first two rounds and also had a third at Valencia; nonetheless, he came in second as a rookie in the class with 2 wins and 8 podiums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162379-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary\nGarry McCoy achieved 3 wins with his spectacular 2-wheel sliding style, and his use of 16.5-inch (420\u00a0mm) tires began a general transition to that size, though it had been used previously in 500 cc by Kevin Schwantz. It was the last time a Suzuki rider clinched the title until Joan Mir secured his maiden title in 2020 edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162379-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary\nDefending champion \u00c0lex Crivill\u00e9 had a disappointing season, bothered by an undetermined illness and a new NSR engine with a power curve that was difficult to manage. Said Jeremy Burgess: \"In the middle of the corner, in the transition of getting back onto the power, the engine was weak, because all the power had gone to the top. You couldn't transfer the weight with the throttle from the front to the rear without feeling this weakness. That led to a tendency to over-open the throttle... and things would happen.\" By the third round, Honda started going back to much of the 1999 parts, though Rossi and Burgess decided to use the 2000 chassis with the 1999 engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162379-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, 2000 Grand Prix season calendar\nThe following Grands Prix were scheduled to take place in 2000:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162379-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Standings, 500cc riders' standings\nPoints were awarded to the top fifteen finishers. A rider had to finish the race to earn points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162379-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Standings, 250cc riders' standings\nPoints were awarded to the top fifteen finishers. A rider had to finish the race to earn points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162379-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Standings, 125cc riders' standings\nPoints were awarded to the top fifteen finishers. A rider had to finish the race to earn points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162380-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Charlotte\nThe 2000 Grand Prix of Charlotte was the second round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Lowe's Motor Speedway, North Carolina, on April 1, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162381-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Las Vegas\nThe 2000 Grand Prix of Las Vegas presented by enjoythedrive.com was the eleventh round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, Nevada, on October 29, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162382-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Mosport\nThe 2000 globemegawheels.com Grand Prix of Mosport was an American Le Mans Series professional sports car race held at Mosport International Raceway near Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada from August 4 to the 6, 2000. It was the sixth round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season and the 15th IMSA / Professional SportsCar Racing sanctioned sports car race held at the facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162382-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Mosport, Race\nThe overall race was won by Audi Sport North America's Audi R8 driven by Rinaldo Capello and Allan McNish for their second successive American Le Mans Series win of the season. The race was one of the closest races in sportscar racing history with the second place BMW V12 LMR driven by J\u00f6rg M\u00fcller and JJ Lehto for BMW Schnitzer Motorsport only 0.149 seconds behind at the finish. The #43 BMW V12 LMR driven by Jean-Marc Gounon and Bill Auberlen finished third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162382-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Mosport, Race\nThe race victory in the GTS class was equally as close with the Viper Team Oreca Dodge Viper GTS-Rof Olivier Beretta and Karl Wendlinger beating the local favorite Ron Fellows and his teammate Andy Pilgrim in the Corvette Racing Chevrolet Corvette C5-R by 0.29 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162382-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Mosport, Race\nThe GT class victory went Alex Job Racing drivers Randy Pobst and Bruno Lambert in the Porsche 911 GT3-R.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162382-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Mosport, Race\nAfter two sunny days for practice and qualifying, the race was held under cool rainy conditions which led to five caution periods over 23 laps. The race was broadcast across North America on NBC Sports with Allen Bestwick and Bill Adam calling the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162383-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Sonoma\nThe 2000 Grand Prix of Sonoma was the fifth round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at the 4.032\u00a0km version of Sonoma Raceway, California, on July 23, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162383-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Sonoma, Race results\n\u2020 - The #7 Prototype Technology Group entry was disqualified for failing post-race inspection. The car's fuel tank was found to be larger than the rules allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162384-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grand Prix of Texas\nThe 2000 Grand Prix of Texas was the seventh round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Texas Motor Speedway, Texas, on September 2, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162385-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Great Yarmouth Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Great Yarmouth Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Great Yarmouth Borough Council in Norfolk, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party gained overall control of the council from the Labour Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election\nThe Greater Sudbury municipal election, 2000 was held in the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada on November 13, 2000. All municipal elections in the province of Ontario are held on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election\nThe election chose the mayor and city councillors who would sit on the new Greater Sudbury City Council from 2000 to 2003, as well as trustees for the four school boards (Rainbow District School Board, Sudbury Catholic District School Board, Conseil scolaire de district du Grand Nord de l'Ontario and Conseil scolaire de district catholique du Nouvel-Ontario) that serve the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election, Issues\nThe city of Greater Sudbury, in its current form, did not yet exist on the election date, but was legislated to come into effect on January 1, 2001. On the election date, the former government structure of the Regional Municipality of Sudbury and its seven constituent municipalities was still in place. The election, however, was held to choose the new city council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election, Issues\nThe municipal amalgamation was controversial and unpopular, especially in the suburban municipalities. Virtually all of the municipal councils had only nominal authority over their own affairs throughout the year, as much of their power was transferred to the appointed transition board \u2014 consisting of Jim Ashcroft, Ron MacDonald, George Lund, Jim Griffin, Maurice Lamoureux, Gaetan Doucet and Terry Lee \u2014 which was overseeing the amalgamation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election, Issues\nFor example, Valley East's city council attempted in June to reduce its property taxes due to a budget surplus, but was overruled by the board as the council had lost its authority to adjust taxes during the transition period. The transition board also had sole authority over issues such as staffing decisions, user fees for municipal services, the possible closure of some public library branches, the structure and status of Greater Sudbury Utilities, and the new city's organizational structure, budget and tax assessment rates for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0003-0002", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election, Issues\nIts operations throughout the year were frequently criticized as secretive and undemocratic, with some critics, including the Canadian Union of Public Employees, alleging that the board was preparing a sweeping privatization plan. Lamoureux, a former mayor of the pre-amalgamation city of Sudbury, also faced some controversy when he resigned from the transition board to register as a candidate for city council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election, Issues\nBy election day, the transition board claimed that it had identified $13.8 million in savings as a result of the amalgamation process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election, Election and inauguration\nWith many incumbent councillors from all of the old municipalities running for a vastly reduced number of seats on the new amalgamated city council, many respected longtime councillors went down to defeat. Losses included longtime Sudbury councillors Ricardo de la Riva and Jim Ilnitski, Walden mayor Dick Johnstone, and Nickel Centre councillor Russ Thompson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election, Election and inauguration\nThe new council was nominally sworn in on December 9, 2000, at the same time as in other Ontario municipalities; however, this was purely ceremonial and the council was unable to conduct any city business until the transition board's political authority was transferred back to them on January 1, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162386-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Greater Sudbury municipal election, Mayoral race\nThe winner of the mayoral race was Jim Gordon, the long-serving mayor of the former city of Sudbury. Gordon did not face serious opposition, and secured over 80 per cent of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162387-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Greek Ice Hockey Championship season\nThe 2000 Greek Ice Hockey Championship season was the sixth season of the Greek Ice Hockey Championship, first since 1993. Iptamenoi Pagodromoi Athinai won their third league title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162388-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Greek legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Greece on 9 April 2000. The ruling Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) of Prime Minister Costas Simitis was narrowly re-elected, defeating the conservative New Democracy party. Simitis formed his third cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162389-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Greek presidential election\nAn indirect election for the position of President of the Hellenic Republic was held by the Hellenic Parliament on 8 February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162389-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Greek presidential election\nIncumbent President Konstantinos Stephanopoulos was elected on the first ballot with 269 votes out of 298, with the support of the two major parties, the ruling PASOK and New Democracy, against 10 votes for Synaspismos' candidate Leonidas Kyrkos. The 19 MPs of the Communist Party of Greece and DIKKI voted \"present\", and two were absent. Stephanopoulos' re-election to the presidency marked the first time in the history of the Third Hellenic Republic that the ruling party and the main opposition party both supported the same candidate, as well as the first time that an incumbent President was re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162390-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Green Bay Packers season\nThe 2000 season was the Green Bay Packers' 80th in the National Football League (NFL) and their 82nd overall. It was the first season for which Mike Sherman was the head coach of the team. Sherman was the thirteenth head coach in franchise history. The Packers finished 9\u20137, failing to qualify for the playoffs. Both the Packers' total offense and total defense ranked 15th in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162390-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Green Bay Packers season, Offseason, 2000 NFL draft\nWith their first pick (14th overall) in the 2000 NFL draft, the Packers selected future all-pro tight end Bubba Franks. Later in the draft, they selected future long-time starting tackles Chad Clifton and Mark Tauscher, as well as pro bowl defensive end Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162390-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Green Bay Packers season, Offseason, 2000 NFL draft\nPlayers highlighted in yellow indicate players selected to the Pro Bowl during their NFL career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162390-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Green Bay Packers season, Regular season, Schedule\nThe Packers finished in third place in the NFC Central division with a 9\u20137 record, ahead of the Detroit Lions due to a divisional tiebreaker. This is to date the last season the Packers finished above .500 and missed the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162391-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Green National Convention\nThe 2000 Green National Convention was held on July 23\u201325, in Denver, Colorado. The convention was convened by the Association of State Green Parties, which was later to be renamed the Green Party of the United States. The convention nominated Ralph Nader for president and Winona LaDuke for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162392-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship\nThe 2000 Coca-Cola GM was the 30th edition of the Greenlandic Men's Football Championship. The final round was held in Qasigiannguit. It was won by Nagdlunguaq-48 for the seventh time in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162393-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Grote Prijs Jef Scherens\nThe 2000 Grote Prijs Jef Scherens was the 34th edition of the Grote Prijs Jef Scherens cycle race and was held on 3 September 2000. The race started and finished in Leuven. The race was won by Dave Bruylandts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162395-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Guamanian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Guam in November 2000 in order to elect the Legislature, Guam's delegate to the United States House of Representatives, the Public Auditor (for the first time) and village mayor and vice-mayors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162395-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Guamanian general election, Campaign\nA total of 33 candidates contested the 15 seats in the Legislature (including 13 incumbents), two ran for the Delegate position and five for the Public Auditor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162395-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Guamanian general election, Campaign\nIn the Legislature elections, 32 candidates were from the Democratic or Republican parties, with one running as an independent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162395-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Guamanian general election, Results, Legislature\nTom Ada received the most votes, and three women were elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162395-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Guamanian general election, Results, Public Auditor\nDoris Flores Brooks was elected with 51% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill\nThe Guanabara Bay oil spill, one of three major spills in the bay, occurred in January 2000 in Brazil when a leaking pipeline released 1,300,000 litres (340,000\u00a0US\u00a0gal) of oil into Guanabara Bay. It leaked from the oil refinery at Duque de Caxias (REDUC) operated by Petrobras. Petrobas the company at the center of the oil spill immediately moved into gear and hired a cleanup crew to assess the damages and start the process to cleaning up the affected areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill\nThis catastrophic accident had a damaging effect on marine life in the ocean, fishes, as well as, other existing areas surrounding the bay area. Many fishes were washing up on the shore dead or covered in oil. The fishing industry took a nose dive and the fishermen's livelihood was gravely affected. As a matter of fact, the fishing industry was brought to a halt giving rise to economic downfall. There was astronomical cost to be incurred with the clean-up process and the stakeholders were in a state of growing panic. Large areas of mangrove forests were killed and had not grown back ten years later. The tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) dolphin species inhabit the bay but were able to avoid the primary effects of the oil spill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill\nThe oil spill was a catalyst for the passage of new environmental law in Brazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Effects\nThere were affects to society and to the marine life and environment at large. The fishing industry suffered tremendously. The fishes and crabs could not get oxygen and as a result, they succumbed to death. The aquatic plant life e.g. (The mangrove in the bay) began to wither and die because of the oil being trapped on the surface of the water. One major concern that the fishermen had was concerning the fish that survived the oil spill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Effects\nThey had no aquatic plants to feed because the plant life in the ocean became non-existent as the oil settle itself on the ocean surface. The fishermen, who relied on fishing for their livelihood, could not have a catch to depend on, and soon the industry resorted to loss of employment for fishermen, trading loss among crab vendors, and loss of revenue for families who depended on fishing as their primary means of survival. Even a decade of efforts by the Petrobras refinery was not enough to restore the Bay to its original condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Clean-up costs\nThe cost of the clean-up and the drastic effect the spill had on the fishing industry remained for many years to come. The Petrobras refinery who were responsible for the spill in the first place, accepted liabilities and promised to execute the cleanup process. Among the affected areas were the beaches, mangrove mashes, and the surrounding areas leading to the beach front (pathways and tunnels). There were also, dead birds and fishers along the shoreline of the front. The actual cleanup process cost Petrobras over $100,000,000. The process of recovery, environmental cleaning and compensation for damages took a significant toll on the company's expenditures, which resulted in great profit loss for Petrobras. Their years of efforts was overwhelming, but the result did little to justify the labor extended to the task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Economical impact of the Guanabara Bay Oil Spill on Brazilian society\nThe spill impacted the Brazilian society and the overall economy on a hold. The massive death and extinction of many species of fish prompted a significant decrease in the number of fish that supported the bay. A total of about 4000 of the total 6000 fishermen in the Guanabara Bay had resorted to alternative sources of income and jobs, because of the decline in the fishing industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 99], "content_span": [100, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Economical impact of the Guanabara Bay Oil Spill on Brazilian society\nAccording to some fishermen in the region one can hardly obtain ten kilos of catch, a scenario which was contrary to the previous period before the spillage when the fishermen could obtain a catch of 100 kilos or more. The quality of the fish from the bay area had also been a source of concern. Research findings have shown that the fish surrounding the bay area was contaminated; therefore the prices in the region were valued at half the price because of quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 99], "content_span": [100, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Economical impact of the Guanabara Bay Oil Spill on Brazilian society\nIn addition, the Petrobas refinery company also lost a substantial amount of money through fines from the Brazilian Government, as well as, compensation and other strict environmental conservation concerns. To combat this growing onslaught Petrobas developed some environmental conservation strategies by putting strict methods and policies in place to offset its critics. However, these measures proved to be extremely costly, putting a dent in the company's fiscal stability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 99], "content_span": [100, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Stakeholders affected from disaster\nGreenpeace (an environmental bureau set up by the government ) challenged Petrobras on its demand to observe dramatic changes on corporate policies. They questioned their ability to execute the environmental conservation mandate and were very vocal in their disapproval of their handling of the situation. To gain some ground Petrobras argued that the spill was caused, not by dumping of oil, but by a broken pipeline, a mere accident that did not result in customer's being revengeful or unaccommodating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Stakeholders affected from disaster\nThe other affected stakeholders were the government of Brazil, the local authorities, the fishermen in the region, the local business people and the Petrobras refinery company. The fishermen were affected by the \tdecreased in the number of fishes that influenced their daily catch, as well as, the fish quality. There was a high level of contamination in the fishes \tthat occupied the bay area. The local authorities were also affected by the spillage, since it led to the halt of the activities at the coast that would attribute to government revenue collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0005-0002", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Stakeholders affected from disaster\nThe government was first \taffected by the challenge the event caused on its policies and they had to make immediate re-adjustment. New policies had to be adopted to cater for future tragedies of this nature. Petrobras Refinery Company was the hardest hit, since they had to pay huge fines of over 28 million dollars for the damages caused as a result, of the oil spill. Compensation was also paid out to affected citizens within the bay area and adjacent to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Changes in government regulations\nChanges and regulatory policies became the order of the day for the government following the oil spill. Transforming the way government performed its regulatory measures were address. One of the main changes that occurred was the enhanced precision by which the governing and the oil industries handle the environmental requirements for incidents such as this oil spill. The government changed their regulations and demanded Risk Management and an Emergency Plan to be put in place. Every oil institution must execute \u201coil Pollution Risk Assessment\u201d. This law demanded an inclusive policy manual on the avoidance of oil pollution accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Changes in government regulations\nThe \u201cEmergency plan\u201d had to take effect during an oil spill and must have the official endorsement of the environmental bureau (Greenpeace). In order to drive home the seriousness of the situation the Government established a task force (in addition to Greenpeace) to regulate and enforce the plans that were laid out by the environmental bureau. This was done in the form of an auditing team. This team must be independent and not be affiliated with any of the immediate parties (government or oil company).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0006-0002", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Changes in government regulations\nOil industries were given strict guidelines to observe these regulations, by creating higher standards within their institution. This was a very challenging experience for the oil companies, who had suffered enormous financial loss during this period. Complying with the regulation was a must, but the effect it had on the oil companies was tremendous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162396-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Guanabara Bay oil spill, Company changes as a result\nImmediate work was done to ensure that Government policies were adhered to:-  Immediate replacement of storage tanks as well as, underground piping facilities was done to avoid any more disaster. A compulsory replacement plan was put in place to ensure that compliance was followed and adhered too. - Transportation method was another important aspect of change that had to be address. The policy demanded a merit based approval of the transportation vessels to minimize or eliminate spillage. - There had to be strict approval policies that required stable channels and vessels for the transportation of oil within the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162397-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong Cup\nGuangdong-Hong Kong Cup 1999\u201300 is the 22nd staging of this two-leg competition between Hong Kong and Guangdong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162397-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong Cup\nThe first leg was played in Guangzhou while the second leg was played in Hong Kong Stadium, both in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162397-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong Cup\nHong Kong regained the champion after losing it for 6 consecutive years by winning an aggregate 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162398-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Guangzhou Apollo F.C. season\nThe 1999 season is the 47th year in Guangzhou Football Club's existence, their 33rd season in the Chinese football league and the 7th season in the professional football league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162399-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Guelph municipal election\nThe 2000 Guelph municipal election was held on November 13, 2000., in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, to elect the Mayor of Guelph, Guelph City Council and the Guelph members of the Upper Grand District School Board (Public) and Wellington Catholic District School Board. The election was one of many races across the province of Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162400-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Guernsey general election\nThe 2000 Guernsey general election was held on 12 April 2000 to elect 45 members of the States of Guernsey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162401-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Guineas Stakes\nThe 2000 Guineas Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late April or early May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162401-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Guineas Stakes\nIt is one of Britain's five Classic races, and at present it is the first to be run in the year. It also serves as the opening leg of the Triple Crown, followed by the Derby and the St\u00a0Leger, although the feat of winning all three has been rarely attempted in recent decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162401-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Guineas Stakes, History\nThe 2000 Guineas Stakes was first run on 18 April 1809, and it preceded the introduction of a version for fillies only, the 1000 Guineas Stakes, by five years. Both races were established by the Jockey Club under the direction of Sir Charles Bunbury, who had earlier co-founded the Derby at Epsom. The races were named according to their original prize funds (a guinea amounted to 21 shillings, or \u00a31.05).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162401-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Guineas Stakes, History\nBy the mid-1860s, the 2000 Guineas was regarded as one of Britain's most prestigious races for three-year-olds. The five leading events for this age group, characterised by increasing distances as the season progressed, began to be known as \"Classics\". The concept was later adopted in many other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162401-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Guineas Stakes, History\nEuropean variations of the 2000 Guineas include the Irish 2,000 Guineas, the Mehl-M\u00fclhens-Rennen, the Poule d'Essai des Poulains and the Premio Parioli. Elsewhere, variations include the Australian Guineas and the Satsuki Sh\u014d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162401-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Guineas Stakes, History\nThe 2000 Guineas is served by trial races such as the Craven Stakes and the Greenham Stakes, but for some horses it is the first race of the season. The 2000 Guineas itself can act as a trial for the Derby, and the last horse to win both was Camelot in 2012. The most recent 2000 Guineas participant to win the Derby was Masar, placed third in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162401-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Guineas Stakes, History\nSince 2001, the 2000 Guineas and the 1000 Guineas Stakes have offered equal prize money. Each had a purse of \u00a3523,750 in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162402-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 HEW Cyclassics\nThe 2000 HEW Cyclassics was the fifth edition of the HEW Cyclassics cycle race and was held on 6 August 2000. The race started and finished in Hamburg. The race was won by Gabriele Missaglia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162403-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Haitian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Haiti on May 21 and July 9, 2000, electing all 82 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and nineteen seats in the Senate. A further eight seats in the Senate were elected on November 26, alongside the presidential elections. The first round of legislative elections generated so much conflict that the fall elections were boycotted by the opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162403-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Haitian parliamentary election, Spring elections\nThe elections had been delayed several times and irregularities were reported before, during and after voting day. Judgments of the balloting overseen by Haiti's Provisional Electoral Council (CEP) varied from \"deeply flawed,\" to free and fair and \"the best so far\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162403-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Haitian parliamentary election, Spring elections\nOn election day, according to the OAS Observation Mission, \"polling took place in an atmosphere of calm characterized by a high voter turnout.\" It reported few violent incidents  during the day but said that the process \"began to deteriorate at the close of the polls,\" with armed groups in three areas stealing and burning ballot boxes. Results for the Chamber of Deputies were not disputed, but the CEP's tabulation of the Senate races was widely contested. (In Haiti, candidates for parliament must win an absolute majority of votes cast or face a second-round runoff.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162403-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Haitian parliamentary election, Spring elections\nIn all but one geographical department, the CEP counted only votes cast for the top four contenders, ignoring those accruing to all other candidates, some 1.1 million votes. This inflated the percentages accorded the two leading contenders in each department, boosting many over the 50 percent-plus-one threshold necessary to avoid a runoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162403-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Haitian parliamentary election, Spring elections\nOpposition parties and the OAS Election Observation Mission disputed the number of Senate candidates announced as having won an absolute majority. The OAS pointed out these problematic calculations and called on the CEP to count all the votes before proceeding to the second round. The head of the Electoral Council, L\u00e9on Manus, initially maintained that the calculation method \"was in keeping with past practice\", and told the OAS not to interfere. He later changed his mind and did a recount but after receiving what he took as threats to his life, he left the country. The CEP declined to amend its announced results and on June 20 it suspended all observation activity. Opposition parties announced their intentions to boycott the run-off elections on July 9", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162403-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Haitian parliamentary election, Spring elections\nVoting stations during the run-off elections for 46 deputies and two senators on July 9, 2000 were virtually empty. After this run-off election, Fanmi Lavalas was deemed to have won eighteen of the nineteen open Senate seats. The various contestations about which candidates should have gone through run-off elections obscured the fact that the very popular Fanmi Lavalas party would have likely won the disputed seats if they were subjected to a run-off; journalist Michele Wucker writes that OAS observers \"reported that the irregularities would not have affected the final outcome significantly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162403-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Haitian parliamentary election, Spring elections\nAfter a second-round voting took place on July 9 for 46 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and two seats in the Senate on July 9, the Fanmi Lavalas party won eighteen of the nineteen Senate seats and 72 of the 83 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Voter turnout, which had been reported to be around 60% for the first round of elections, was negligible for the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162403-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Haitian parliamentary election, Spring elections\nIn response to the disputed election the United States cut off aid and blocked previously agreed loans from the Inter-American Development Bank. \"In 2001, a bankrupt Aristide agreed to virtually all of the concessions demanded by his opponents: he obliged the winners of the disputed Senate seats to resign, accepted the participation of several ex-Duvalier supporters in his new government, agreed to convene a new and more opposition-friendly CEP and to hold another round of legislative elections several years ahead of schedule. But the US still refused to lift its aid embargo.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162403-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Haitian parliamentary election, Fall elections\nThe legislative elections on November 26, 2000 were to address the portion of the Senate that President Pr\u00e9val had kept intact after his dissolution of the Parliament in January 1999. These nine senators' terms had not yet expired by January 1999. During the joint presidential and legislative elections of November 26, 2000, boycotted by all the major opposition parties, these seats were won by Fanmi Lavalas Party. By the time President Aristide started his second term in February 2001, Fanmi Lavalas held 27 of the Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162404-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Haitian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Haiti on 26 November 2000. The opposition parties, organised into the recently created Convergence D\u00e9mocratique, boycotted the election after disputing the results of the parliamentary elections. The result was a landslide victory for Jean-Bertrand Aristide, who received 91.7% of the vote with a turnout of around 50%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162405-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election\nThe 2000 municipal elections of the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada, took place on 21 October 2000. Elections have been held every four years since the amalgamation of the cities of Halifax and Dartmouth, the town of Bedford and Halifax County into the Halifax Regional Municipality in 1996. The regional council is made up of twenty three councillors and one mayor, all positions were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162405-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election\nThere are no political parties at the municipal level in Nova Scotia, so all candidates run as independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162406-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships\nThe 2000 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships (also known as 2000 Miller Lite Hall of Fame Championships for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island in the United States and was part of the ATP International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 25th edition of the tournament and was held from July 10 through July 16, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162406-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships, Finals, Doubles\nJonathan Erlich /  Harel Levy defeated  Kyle Spencer /  Mitch Sprengelmeyer 7\u20136(7\u20132), 7\u20135", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162407-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships \u2013 Doubles\nWayne Arthurs and Leander Paes were the defending champions, but none competed this year. Arthurs decided to focus on the singles tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162407-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships \u2013 Doubles\nJonathan Erlich and Harel Levy won the title by defeating Kyle Spencer and Mitch Sprengelmeyer 7\u20136(7\u20132), 7\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162408-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships \u2013 Singles\nChris Woodruff was the defending champion, but lost in second round to Mardy Fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162408-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships \u2013 Singles\nPeter Wessels won the title by defeating Jens Knippschild 7\u20136(7\u20133), 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162409-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Halton Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Halton Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Halton Unitary Council in Cheshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162409-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Halton Borough Council election, Campaign\nElections were held in all of the wards apart from in Hale ward. In addition to candidates from Labour, Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, there were also several candidates from the newly formed Runcorn Labour Councillors Group (RLCG). This had been formed from 6 Labour councillors who were unhappy with the local party and what they saw as a bias against Runcorn in favour of Widnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162409-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Halton Borough Council election, Results\nThe results saw Labour maintain a large majority on the council, while the RCLG failed to get any candidates elected. The RCLG had come closest in Palacefields ward where the Labour candidate, Alan Lowe, was the winner by 21 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162410-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamburg Masters\nThe 2000 Hamburg Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 94th edition of the Hamburg Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg, Germany, from through 15 May until 22 May 2000. Fifth-seeded Gustavo Kuerten won the ingles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162410-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamburg Masters, Finals, Singles\nGustavo Kuerten defeated  Marat Safin 6\u20134, 5\u20137, 6\u20134, 5\u20137, 7\u20136(7\u20133)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162410-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamburg Masters, Finals, Doubles\nTodd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde defeated  Wayne Arthurs /  Sandon Stolle, 6\u20137(4\u20137), 6\u20134, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162411-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamburg Masters \u2013 Doubles\nWayne Arthurs and Andrew Kratzmann were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162411-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamburg Masters \u2013 Doubles\nArthurs teamed up with Sandon Stolle and lost in the final 6\u20137(4\u20137), 6\u20134, 6\u20133 to tournament winners Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162411-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamburg Masters \u2013 Doubles\nKratzmann teamed up with Wayne Black and lost in first round to Tom\u00e1s Carbonell and Donald Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162412-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamburg Masters \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162413-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season\nThe 2000 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 43rd season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 51st overall. The Tiger-Cats finished in 2nd place in the East Division with a 9\u20139\u20130\u20132 record in the first CFL season that awarded points to overtime losses. The Tiger-Cats failed to defend their Grey Cup title when they lost to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the East Semi-Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election\nThe 2000 Hamilton municipal election was held on November 13, 2000 Electors in Hamilton. On election day, Hamiltonians elected a mayor, 15 city councillors, and trustees for the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board, Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board, Conseil scolaire Viamonde, and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir. This was the first election of the \"New\" City of Hamilton after the dissolution of the Region of Hamilton-Wentworth and the amalgamation of Dundas, Stoney Creek, Flamborough, Ancaster, Glanbrook, and Waterdown with the existing city of Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election\nThe amalgamation dissolved the independent councils of each suburban municipality and reduced the number of councillors elected in each ward from two to one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral Election\nThe major upset was in the mayoral race, which was won by former Ancaster Mayor Robert Wade over incumbent Hamilton Mayor Robert Morrow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 59], "content_span": [60, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election\nThe 2000 election sent seven out of eight incumbents back to City Hall from the original city. The new suburban seats were all filled by individuals who were active in their respective town councils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 1\nUpon the announcement that the number of councillors elected per ward would be reduced to one, incumbent Councillor Mary Kiss announced her retirement. A fixture on council since 1982, Kiss was known for her hands-on approach to local government, facilitating improvements to local infrastructure and responding quickly to the needs of her constituents. Former Ward 1 councillor and Regional Chair Terry Cooke noted her retirement signalled \"the end of an era.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 1\nBy the end of September 2000, a number of candidates had registered. Among the candidates were Wally Zatylny, a wide receiver with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats from 1988 to 1994, Ray Paquette, the owner of a local restaurant and bar, Chuck McPhail, a former councillor in Brantford, and incumbent councillor Marvin Caplan. These candidates were joined by Phyllis Tresidder, the president of a local homeowner's association, Al Martino, the owner of a local nursing home, and Andy Straisfeld, a natural gas salesman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 1\nThe Ward 1 campaign was one of the most intense in the city, with the top candidates battling for the single seat. Tresidder, who received the endorsement of Kiss and former Hamilton West MPP and Minister of Colleges and Universities Richard Allen, was one of the first candidates to promote a website outlining their platform and e-mail as a way of communicating with voters. Tresidder highlighted environmental concerns, improved transit, and community consultation on developments as her main concerns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 1\nCaplan, the incumbent councillor, was endorsed by former Mayor Jack MacDonald who noted that, though he was a hard working local politician, he was \"often his own worst enemy.\". Caplan sought to run a \"balanced\" campaign, saying he wanted to make sure the city was \"taking care of the poorest among us while being fair to the wealthy.\" During the campaign, Caplan was the target of a coordinated sign theft campaign. During the first weekend of November 2000, Caplan lost over 350 signs valued at over $2,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 1\nSpeaking to the Hamilton Spectator, Caplan wouldn't accuse any of his opponents, but speculated that \"someone got a truck, hired a crew of students and stayed up all night uprooting signs.\" Late in the campaign, Caplan was again targeted for his vote in favour of an expansion to Hamilton's urban boundary in a letter sent to Ward 1 residents by a group calling itself the \"Responsible Ratepayers Coalition\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 1\nZatylny focused his campaign on keeping taxes low, addressing issues caused by off-campus student housing around McMaster University, and saving the Chedoke ski hill. Martino's campaign generated the most controversy in the race. Criticized for living outside Ward 1, Martino and his brother made news before the election for concerns raised by employees and residents about their retirement home, St. Olga's Lifecare Centre in the Strathcona neighbourhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 1\nDuring the campaign, which Martino ran from a rented double-decker bus, the candidate sent his campaign manager to accost Caplan while wearing a chicken suit to criticize the incumbent councillor for not attending a local debate. His campaign manager then picketed Caplan's office and was accused of calling the incumbent councillor and leaving voicemails consisting of \"clucking\" sounds. Caplan was caught by local ONTv cameras berating the man in the chicken suit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 1\nMcPhail ran for a seat on Brantford City Council in 1972, 1974, and 1976 before winning election for the city's fifth ward in 1980. He was re-elected in 1982 and did not seek re-election in 1985. He attempted to return to council in 1994, but was not successful. At one time, he served as chair of the Brant County Social Services committee. McPhail was a vocal critic of the transition board for the new, amalgamated city of Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 1\nOn November 13, 2000, Caplan secured a third term on council, telling the Spectator on election night, \"I think I'm a pretty good member of council but maybe not that good as a politician.\" Tressider, who placed a strong second, noted how much she enjoyed the campaign, saying, \"I enjoyed every moment of the campaign... There are way more nice people out there than nasty ones.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 2\nThe Ward 2 council race pit colleagues Andrea Horwath and Ron Corsini against one another for the new single downtown seat. Despite political differences (Horwath's connections to the NDP and Corsini's relationship with the Liberal Party), both councillors earned a reputation for working well together on ward issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 2\nHorwath's campaign focused on developing a sense of pride in the new City of Hamilton and continuing work to bring new jobs to downtown Hamilton. The incumbent councillor also cited a need for supporting social services, cleaning up the city's waterfront, and strengthening local Business Improvement Areas. During the campaign, former Mayor Jack MacDonald drew some controversy when, in endorsing Corsini, lambasted Horwath, writing in the Spectator that the councillor \"has too often been co-opted by the dark side of council. When push comes to shove, Andrea shows herself to be a left-wing socialist.\" Horwath received the endorsement of former Progressive Conservative-affiliated regional chair Terry Cooke and New Democrat MPP David Christopherson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 2\nCorsini's campaign focused on imposing limits on lodging homes and social housing, supporting the Red Hill Valley Expressway and a new waterfront highway, and proposed abolishing wards and creating an at-large council. Corsini, a local property owner and former grocer, received the endorsement of Hamilton West MP Stan Keyes in his bid for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 2\nHorwath and Corsini were joined in the race by former Ward 2 councillor Ed Fisher. Fisher, who served on council from 1976 to 1980, ran a restaurant on James Street North and cited taxes as his primary concern for running. He was accused by Corsini of only seeking election in opposition to a new city bylaw that limited smoking in restaurants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 2\nDuring the campaign, neither Horwath or Corsini lived in the ward; Horwath lived in the Landsdale neighbourhood in Ward 3 while Corsini resided on Hamilton Mountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 2\nOn election night, Horwath won nearly all of the 16 polls in the ward and secured just over 50% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 3\nWard 3's council election saw two incumbents - Bernie Morelli and Dennis Haining - competing for the new single seat. Morelli, a three-term incumbent and former school trustee, was a recent retiree from Dofasco. He stood on a vague campaign of \"serving the people of the ward\". Morelli was criticized during the campaign for not residing in the ward and for handing out official business cards paid for by taxpayers during the campaign. At the time, there was speculation that Morelli would use his council seat as a springboard to launch a campaign for mayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 3\nOne-term incumbent Haining, a local Beer Store employee, promoted his record of producing a business guide to Ward 3, tackling absentee landlords, and ensuring that the burden of civic revenue collection wasn't passed to fee increases over property taxes. Speaking with the Spectator, Haining noted his main issue was \"quality of life. Whether you rent or own, home is home.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 3\nFirst-time candidate Ron Monahan ran on a platform of hiring more police officers, reforming social assistance, and protecting the Red Hill Creek. Monahan caused a stir when his campaign literature featured a glowing letter written about his community work by Morelli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 3\nOn election night, Morelli earned nearly 2,000 more votes than Haining and captured the seat. Speaking with the Spectator, he attributed his victory to his handling of ward issues like parking, prostitution, and traffic. Haining told the Spectator, \"The message I heard at the door is that people wanted to keep both of us...Unfortunately, with restructuring only one can win. I wish him well.\" Monahan said he encountered confusion during the campaign thanks to the overlapping federal election and voter confusion over where to cast a ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 4\nThe Ward 4 council race was marked by Geraldine Copps' announcement that she would not seek a sixth term in office. Copps, the wife of former Mayor Victor Copps and mother of former Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps, Gerladine was consistently the top vote scorer in Ward 4. Copps entered local politics when her appointment as a citizenship judge was ended. A long-time Liberal, Copps' appointment was terminated by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative government after their victory in 1984. Copps noted in an exit interview with the Spectator that she was most proud of her environmental stances and opposition to the amalgamation of Hamilton with surrounding suburban communities, declaring that she would campaign against the Red Hill Valley Expressway in her retirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 4\nRemaining incumbent councillor Dave Wilson signaled his intention to seek another term despite controversy. Wilson was the subject of a formal harassment complaint after sharing sexually-inappropriate jokes with city staff using his formal councillor's email address. Wilson faced scrutiny for a libel suit against a former councillor and an employee of the regional sewage plant in which a judge called Wilson \"disingenuous\". The suit, which centred around Wilson's claim that former councillor John Gallagher had menaced an employee with a cane, ended up costing taxpayers $340,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 4\nBy late August 2000, a battle for Copps' legacy began to play out in Ward 4. A proxy battle between two sides of a bitter civil war within the Liberal Party between Shelia Copps and then Finance Minister Paul Martin was anticipated when Copps-loyalist Sam Merulla and Craig Dowhaniuk, a supporter of Martin and Hamilton West MP Stan Keyes filed to contest the seat. Merulla, 33, was then a Vice President of the Ontario Liberal Party, the former executive assistant to Hamilton East MPP Dominic Agostino and Shelia Copps' preferred candidate to replace her retiring mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0023-0001", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 4\nDowhaniuk, 38, was Keyes' campaign manager in 1997, the President of the Hamilton West Liberal Party Association, and an Ontario Liberal Party candidate for Hamilton East in 1990. Both candidates were politically experienced in the municipal field as well; Merulla, a resident of Hamilton Mountain at the time, unsuccessfully sought a Ward 3 council seat in 1997 while Dowhaniuk served as a Catholic School Trustee and faced off against Domenic Agostino in a 1987 council by-election. Before the close of nominations, Dowhaniuk quietly withdrew his name from contention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 4\nWilliam Godfrey ran on a platform of addressing the environmental issues in the Ward, which is home to many of the city's heavy industries and two closed toxic dump sites. A particular issue to him was the smell coming from the Hamilton Sewage Plant on Woodward Avenue. Bob Lewis, a candidate in Stoney Creek in 1997, campaigned on a platform of better managing local concerns over the Red Hill Valley Expressway and the Solid Waste Reduction Unit (SWARU) incinerator, as well as painting crosswalks with fluorescent paint and securing after-hours access to local schools. Pino Gallo aimed at working with local industry to re-purpose buildings as job creation centres, though generated controversy when he gave out his phone number which connected to an answering machine announcing he was already the Ward 4 councillor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 4\nWilson derided the campaign as \"the ugliest, dirtiest campaign I've ever seen.\" Merulla's campaign was accused of sending anonymous flyers highlighting Wilson's legal problems, while Wilson's campaign accused Merulla of violating election finance laws. The other candidates in the race noted the negative tone and excessive spending by both candidates hampered their chances, though Godfrey announced he would contest the seat again in 2003. He did not register for that election. On election night, Merulla would top Wilson by exactly 400 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 7\nThe central Hamilton Mountain race was characterized by incumbent Ward 7 councillor Terry Anderson's announcement that he would not seek another term on council. First elected in 1991, Anderson noted the completion of the Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway was a signature success and that he was stepping aside to prepare himself to seek federal office in the riding of Hamilton Mountain. This was complicated by his desire to stand as a Liberal, as the seat was already held by Liberal Beth Phinney. Upon his announcement, former Ward 7 councillor Henry Merling announced he was considering a political comeback, having been defeated by Bill Kelly in the previous election. He ultimately decided to not contest the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 7\nIn August 2000, local conservative activist Mark Alan Whittle announced he was dropping out of the mayoral race and registering to run for the Ward 7 council seat. Whittle had contested the Ward 7 seat in 1994 and 1997 and was known for being a prolific letter writer to local newspapers and politicians. Whittle's campaign focused on a pledge to have no new tax increases during his time in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 7\nIncumbent Bill Kelly sought election after local media praised his first term. Kelly, a former radio broadcaster, ran on a platform of tax cuts and continued service. Though he stopped short of an endorsement, local entrepreneur Ron Foxcroft donated to Kelly's campaign, noting \"I'll be blunt. I was one of the people who persuaded Bill Kelly to run for his first term and I'm not bailing out on him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 7\nChris Charlton sought the Ward 7 seat on a platform of stopping government waste, maintaining the city's urban boundary, halting privatization of government services, saving urban greenspace, and bringing mixed incomes into the downtown core. Charlton, a past NDP candidate on Hamilton Mountain federally in 1997 and provincially in 1999, was the spouse of former Hamilton Mountain MPP Brian Charlton. Former Mayor Jack MacDonald, writing in the Spectator, critiqued Charlton for her opposition to the Red Hill Valley Expressway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 7\nOn election night, Kelly was interviewed by the Spectator and expressed nervousness at the results, saying \"With the Bush-Gore thing, who knows what's going to happen in elections?\" Kelly won the night, earning over 4,000 more votes than Charlton, who the Spectator noted maintained her sense of humour in defeat by saying \"It cured me of a superstition...I no longer think three times is a charm!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 9\nWard 9, newly created from the former Stoney Creek wards 1, 6, and 7, drew three high-profile candidates. Anne Bain, the last Mayor of Stoney Creek, opted to run in Ward 9 despite living in Ward 10. Bain ran on a platform of limiting development to manage transportation issues and supporting the construction of the Red Hill Valley Expressway. Former Stoney Creek Ward 7 councillor Paul Miller also opted to run in Ward 9. Miller's platform also addressed truck traffic in upper Stoney Creek and was also supportive of the expressway plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0031-0001", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 9\nThe final candidate was incumbent Ward 6 councillor Bob Charters. Charters' wardmate, Tom Jackson, had decided to seek re-election and, rather than fight Jackson for the single Ward 6 seat, Charters made the decision to stand in Ward 9. Miller criticized Charters' plan, as he still lived in Ward 6, telling the Spectator \"All I can say is he's welcome to try. I imagine (voters) will have their opinion on it and maybe they'll wonder why he's chosen to do that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 9\nDuring the campaign, Bain drew attention for her relaxed style, sporting tracksuits and running shoes on the campaign trail. Bain told the Spectator, \"I'm not going to canvass in high heels. I'm not out there to impress people with what I'm wearing. And the women I meet at the door, they are not dressed up.\" The campaign featured a notable lack of hostility toward Stoney Creek's amalgamation with Hamilton, with voters noting they believed their community would retain its character and that the merger would make it more possible for the Red Hill Valley Expressway to be built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 9\nOn election night, the ward's race was one of the city's closest. Bain earned 64 more votes than Miller, with Charters very close begind. The closeness of the election prompted Miller to request a formal recount, with his campaign claiming 154 more votes were cast than counted. The resulting recount only added 46 more ballots and reaffirmed Bain as the winner of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 72], "content_span": [73, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 10\nThe neawly-created Ward 10 encompassed much of the former town of Stoney Creek below the Niagara Escarpment. A diverse ward, it included many of the city's cultural communities, with the Spectator commenting on the ward's \"large Italian, Croatian, Serbian, Polish, German and Dutch populations, as well as a growing Sikh community.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 10\nA number of Stoney Creek's local politicians registered to seek the open Ward 10 seat. Former deputy mayor Albert Marrone, and former councillors Larry Di Ianni and Maria Pearson faced off for the seat while the last Mayor of Stoney Creek, Anne Bain, had originally registered for the seat but dropped out and re-registered in Ward 9 before the close of nominations. Di Ianni was first elected in 1982 and ran on a platform of his experience and keeping the Stoney Creek Town Hall open. The former 6-term councillor was notable for using a website to get his message across.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0035-0001", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 10\nMarrone, who did not live in the ward, ran on a platform of lowering taxes while contining to keep services functioning as well as improving roads and local infrastructure. Pearson, a Stoney Creek councillor since 1991, campaigned on maintaining the community's identity and working with other councillors as a team. The three former politicians were joined by Tejinder Singh, the operator of a local import-export business who complained about a lack of engagement from local politicians, poor local public transportation, and the siting of the Taro Landfill in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 10\nDuring the campaign, Di Ianni complained of rampant sign vandalism, telling the Spectator \"I look around and all the Pearson and Marrone signs seem to be up. And just the Di Ianni signs are down.\" All Ward 10 candidates complained about confusion among voters about where polls were being held and when voting was occurring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 11\nIn early September, the last Mayor of Glanbrook, Glen Everington, and former Glanbrook regional council member Dave Mitchell announced they would be contesting the new seat, which blended the former municipality of Glanbrook with parts of rural Stoney Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 12\nWard 12 was formed from the urban parts of the Town of Ancaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 12\nTwo former Ancaster council members, Murray Ferguson and Brian Kerman entered the race to represent the new ward on Hamilton City Council. Ferguson, who earned the endorsement of former mayor Jack MacDonald, was a local businessman and active citizen, serving on the Hamilton Conservation Authority, local volunteer boards, and had twice been nominated as Ancaster's \"Citizen of the Year\". Ferguson, who was first elected to Ancaster Town Council in 1994, campaigned on incorporating Ancaster into Hamilton in a harmonious way and better listening to community groups. Kerman, elected to Ancaster's council in 1997, had recently been unsuccessful in an attempt to secure the Liberal Party nomination to stand in a by-election in Ancaster-Dundas-Flamborough-Aldershot. Kerman was vehemently opposed to amalgamation and promised to pursue legal action to separate Ancaster from Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 12\nFerguson and Kerman were joined by former Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board trustee John Rocchi, who campaigned on increasing children's sports facilities and Steve Zivanic, a retired businessman and a member of an anti-Hamilton Airport activist group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 12\nFerguson won with over 52% of the vote, telling the Spectator that he was \"scared to death\" of his win, but was eager to work for his constituents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 14\nWard 14 was created from rural parts of Ancaster and the village of Jerseyville in the former county of Wentworth. Despite being the largest ward in terms of area at 414 square kilometres - one third of the city's landmass - it had the fewest eligible voters of any ward. At the time, the ward had no municipal water or sewer services and relied on local septic systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162414-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward 14\nFour well-known candidates sought the new rural seat. Former Flamborough Deputy Mayor Dave Braden faced off against former Flamborough Ward 5 councillor Paul Kidd. Arend Kersten, the former editor of a local newspaper, the Flamborough Review, and local farmer Denise Harvey also contested the seat. Braden was a controversial figure, having previously accused regional politicians of corruption without proof and suggested residents of Flamborough may rise up in \"outright rebellion\" if the area was merged with Hamilton. Kidd campaigned on making improvements to Highway 6. Kidd, who was also skeptical of amalgamation, also proposed modified rural bus service, protecting the area's rural identity, and being a vigilant local tax watchdog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 73], "content_span": [74, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162415-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Harlow District Council election\nThe 2000 Harlow District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of  Harlow District Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162415-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Harlow District Council election, Election result\nBoth the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats gained 4 seats from Labour, reducing Labour to only holding 5 seats at the election, although they retained a majority on the council. Among the Labour councillors to be defeated was the chairman of the council John McCree in Brays Grove ward. Overall turnout at the election was 30.86%, up from 29.85% at the 1999 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162416-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Harrogate Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Harrogate Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Harrogate Borough Council in North Yorkshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrats stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162416-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Harrogate Borough Council election, Campaign\n19 of the 59 seats were contested in the election with the Liberal Democrats defending 14, the Conservatives 4 and Labour 1 seat. Close contests were expected in Killinghall and the 2 wards in Ripon, with the Liberal Democrats hoping to make gains despite criticism over the handling of the redevelopment of the area around a bus station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162416-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Harrogate Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw the Liberal Democrats remain in control of the council, despite the Conservative party gaining seats. The Liberal Democrats finished the election with 40 seats, with the seats held by the party including the two in Ripon, which were narrowly won over the Conservatives. The Conservatives finished with 18 seats, while Labour was reduced to only one seat after losing a seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162417-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hart District Council election\nThe 2000 Hart Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Hart District Council in Hampshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162418-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hartlepool Borough Council election\nElections to Hartlepool Borough Council in the ceremonial county of County Durham in England were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162418-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hartlepool Borough Council election, Campaign\n15 seats were up for election in 2000 with Labour defending 13 seats that they had won in the 1996 election. Before the election six of those seats were seen as being vulnerable including Dyke House, Grange, Park and Seaton wards. The Labour Party however was seen as strongly favoured to maintain a majority on the council. A four per cent swing was required in order for the Labour Party to lose control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162418-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hartlepool Borough Council election, Campaign\nThe Liberal Democrats and Conservative parties said that voters were unhappy with the Labour national government and that the election was a chance for voters to demonstrate this. Labour accused the other two parties of having done a deal to avoid opposing each other in some of the wards where Labour might be defeated. However the Conservatives said that this was \"pure coincidence\", and the Liberal Democrats said that there no deal between them before the election. The Conservative party did not put up candidates in five wards, while the Liberal Democrats did not stand in Seaton and Throston wards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162418-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Hartlepool Borough Council election, Campaign\nOpponents accused council leader Russell Hart of concentrating on building up his own importance and during the campaign they circulated fake five pound notes with Hart's face on instead of the Queen. Meanwhile, Labour brought in a series of national figures to campaign for the party in the election including Members of Parliament (MPs) Hilary Armstrong, Joyce Quin, Alan Howarth and Member of the European Parliament Gordon Adam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162418-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Hartlepool Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw Labour lose overall control of the council for the first time in 21 years. The nine gains made by the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives exceeded pre-election expectations. Defeated Labour councillors including Stephen Wallace, the election agent for local MP Peter Mandelson, former election agent Bernard Carr, mayor Ron Watts and longest serving councillor Bill Iseley, who had been a councillor for 39 years. Overall turnout in the election was 27%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162418-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Hartlepool Borough Council election, Election result\nConservative national party leader William Hague said that \"The Hartlepool result shows that the Conservatives can fight and win in all areas of Britain\", while the Liberal Democrats described the results as showing \"that the people of Hartlepool have rejected Labour\". However Labour blamed the results on an election deal between the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162418-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Hartlepool Borough Council election, Aftermath\nFollowing the election the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives began talks on an agreement to run the council between themselves. A special council meeting took place on 25 May and the two parties took control with Liberal Democrat Arthur Preece becoming the new council leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162419-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Harvard Crimson football team\nThe 2000 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their seventh year under head coach Timothy Murphy, the Crimson  finished the season with an overall record of 5\u20135, placing in a tie for third among Ivy league teams with a conference mark of 4\u20133. Mike Clare was the team captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162419-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Harvard Crimson football team\nHarvard played its home games at Harvard Stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162420-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election\nThe Haryana legislative assembly election, 2000 was held on 22 February 2000, to select the 90 members of the Haryana Legislative Assembly. Results were declared on 25 February 2000. Indian National Lok Dal got 47 seats and form government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162421-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hastings Borough Council election\nElections to Hastings Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162422-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Havant Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Havant Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Havant Borough Council in Hampshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162423-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hawaii Warriors football team\nThe 2000 Hawaii Warriors football team represented the University of Hawaii at Manoa in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Hawaii finished the 2000 season with a 3\u20139 record, going 2\u20136 in Western Athletic Conference (WAC) play. The warriors were led by 2nd year head coach June Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162424-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hawthorn Football Club season\nThe 2000 season was the Hawthorn Football Club's 76th season in the Australian Football League and 99th overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162425-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Cup Final\nThe 2000 Heineken Cup Final was the final match of the 1999\u20132000 Heineken Cup, the fifth season of Europe's top club rugby union competition. The match was played on 27 May 2000 at Twickenham Stadium in London. The match was contested by Northampton Saints of England and Munster of Ireland. Northampton Saints won the match 9\u20138.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162426-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open\nThe 2000 Heineken Open was a men's ATP tennis tournament held in Auckland, New Zealand. The event was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour and was played on outdoor hard courts. The tournament was held from 10 January through 15 January 2000. Magnus Norman won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162426-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open, Finals, Doubles\nEllis Ferreira /  Rick Leach defeated  Olivier Dela\u00eetre /  Jeff Tarango 7\u20135, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162427-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open Shanghai\nThe 2000 Heineken Open Shanghai was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Shanghai in the People's Republic of China and was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and ran from October 16 through October 23, 2000. Magnus Norman won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162427-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open Shanghai, Finals, Doubles\nPaul Haarhuis /  Sjeng Schalken defeated  Petr P\u00e1la /  Pavel V\u00edzner 6\u20132, 3\u20136, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162428-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open Shanghai \u2013 Doubles\nS\u00e9bastien Lareau and Daniel Nestor were the defending champions, but did not compete this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162428-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open Shanghai \u2013 Doubles\nPaul Haarhuis and Sjeng Schalken won the title by defeating Petr P\u00e1la and Pavel V\u00edzner 6\u20132, 3\u20136, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162429-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open Shanghai \u2013 Singles\nMagnus Norman was the defending champion and successfully defended his title by defeating Sjeng Schalken 6\u20134, 4\u20136, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162430-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open \u2013 Doubles\nJeff Tarango and Daniel Vacek were the defending champions, but Vacek did not participate this year. Tarango partnered Olivier Dela\u00eetre, losing in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162430-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open \u2013 Doubles\nEllis Ferreira and Rick Leach won the title, defeating Dela\u00eetre and Tarango 7\u20135, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162431-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open \u2013 Singles\nSecond-seeded Magnus Norman defeated Michael Chang 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 7\u20135 in the final to win the singles competition at the 2000 Heineken Open men's tennis tournament. Tommy Haas was the defending champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162431-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Open \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162432-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy\nThe 2000 Heineken Trophy was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at Autotron park in Rosmalen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands that was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour and Tier III of the 2000 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from 19 June until 25 June 2000. Patrick Rafter and Martina Hingis won the singles titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162432-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy, Finals, Men's Doubles\nMartin Damm /  Cyril Suk defeated  Paul Haarhuis /  Sandon Stolle 6\u20134, 6\u20137(5\u20137), 7\u20136(7\u20135)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162432-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy, Finals, Women's Doubles\nErika deLone /  Nicole Pratt defeated  Catherine Barclay /  Karina Hab\u0161udov\u00e1, 7\u20136(8\u20136), 4\u20133 ret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162433-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy \u2013 Men's Doubles\nSince the 1999 final was cancelled due to rain, no defending champions were declared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162433-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy \u2013 Men's Doubles\nGuillaume Raoux and Jan Siemerink were the 1998 champions, but Raoux did not compete this year. Siemerink teamed up with Sjeng Schalken and lost in first round to Andrei Pavel and Gabriel Trifu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162433-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy \u2013 Men's Doubles\nMartin Damm and Cyril Suk won the title by defeating Paul Haarhuis and Sandon Stolle 6\u20134, 6\u20137(5\u20137), 7\u20136(7\u20135) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162434-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy \u2013 Men's Singles\nPatrick Rafter was the defending champion and won the title defeating Nicolas Escud\u00e9 6\u20131, 6\u20133 in the final to win his third consecutive Heineken Trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162435-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy \u2013 Women's Doubles\nSilvia Farina Elia and Rita Grande were the defending champions, but Farina Elia did not compete this year. Grande teamed up with Sabine Appelmans and lost in semifinals to Catherine Barclay and Karina Hab\u0161udov\u00e1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162435-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy \u2013 Women's Doubles\nErika deLone and Nicole Pratt won the title, after Catherine Barclay and Karina Hab\u0161udov\u00e1 were forced to retire during the final. The score was 7\u20136(8\u20136), 4\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162436-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy \u2013 Women's Singles\nKristina Brandi was the defending champion, but lost in semifinals to Ruxandra Dragomir", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162436-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy \u2013 Women's Singles\nMartina Hingis won the title, after Ruxandra Dragomir was forced to retire during the final. The score was 6\u20132, 3\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162436-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Heineken Trophy \u2013 Women's Singles, Seeds\nThe first two seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162437-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hel van het Mergelland\nThe 2000 Hel van het Mergelland was the 28th edition of the Volta Limburg Classic cycle race and was held on 8 April 2000. The race started and finished in Eijsden. The race was won by Bert Grabsch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162438-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Helsingborgs IF season, Season summary\nHelsingborg stunned the footballing world when they defeated Italian giants Inter Milan 1-0 on aggregate to become the first Swedish club to reach the Champions League group stages. Unfortunately, Helsingborg's luck ran out in the group stage and they were soundly beaten in their first three matches; they recovered to chalk up respectable draws against Paris Saint-Germain and that season's European champions, Bayern Munich, but finished bottom of their group and failed to even drop down into the UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162438-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Helsingborgs IF season, First-team squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162439-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Herefordshire Council election\nThe first election to Herefordshire Council occurred on 4 May 2000, following the council's reconstitution as a unitary authority in 1998; following Herefordshire's separation from the short lived administrative county of Hereford and Worcester formed by a merger of Herefordshire and Worcestershire in 1974. All 37 wards were contested - each electing either one or two members to the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162439-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Herefordshire Council election\nElections were held for all of the new authority's 53 seats and resulted in the council passing into \"no overall control\" with the Liberal Democrats, who held 21 seats, forming the largest group in the council chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162439-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Herefordshire Council election, Results\nThe overall turnout was 39.12% with a total of 58,460 valid votes cast. A total of 283 ballots were rejected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162439-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Herefordshire Council election, Ward Results\nAll councillors elected will serve a three-year term. All results are listed below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162440-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Herschel\n2000 Herschel, provisional designation 1960 OA, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and a tumbling slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers (10 miles) in diameter. It was discovered 29 July 1960, by German astronomer Joachim Schubart at Sonneberg Observatory in eastern Germany. The S-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 130 hours. It was named after astronomer William Herschel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162440-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Herschel, Orbit and classification\nHerschel is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a large family of stony asteroids with nearly two thousand known members. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days; semi-major axis of 2.38\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1934 NX at Johannesburg Observatory in 1934, extending the body's observation arc by 26 years prior to its official discovery observation at Sonneberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162440-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Herschel, Orbit and classification\nThe relatively high orbital eccentricity of this object causes it to come close to the orbit of the planet Mars. This means there is a chance it will eventually collide with the planet, with the odds of a collision estimated at 18% per billion orbits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162440-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Herschel, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of the English astronomer of German origin William Herschel (1738\u20131822), who discovered what he called Georgium Sidus (aka Uranus). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4237). While the minor planet with number \"1000\", 1000 Piazzia, honors the discoverer of the first minor planet, Giuseppe Piazzi, number \"2000\" does so for Herschel, discoverer of the first telescopic major planet. The asteroid is one of several early \"kilo-numbered\" minor planets that were dedicated to renowned scientists or institutions including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162440-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Herschel, Naming\nThe sequence continues with the asteroids 5000\u00a0IAU (for the International Astronomical Union), 6000\u00a0United Nations (for the United Nations), 7000\u00a0Curie (for the pioneers on radioactivity, Marie and Pierre Curie), and 8000 Isaac Newton (for Isaac Newton), while 9000\u00a0Hal (after HAL 9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey) and 10000\u00a0Myriostos (after the Greek word for ten-thousandth, which is meant to honor all astronomers) were named based on their direct numeric accordance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162440-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Herschel, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Herschel is a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162440-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Herschel, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and tumbler\nAnalysis of the lightcurve for this object appears to show that it is tumbling, with rotation occurring about the non-principal axis. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 130\u00b13 hours with a high brightness variation of 1.16\u00b10.05 magnitude (U=2). This makes it a slow rotator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162440-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Herschel, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 16.71 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.25. According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Herschel measures between 14.768 and 17.385 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1870 and 0.256.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162441-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hertsmere Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Hertsmere Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Hertsmere Borough Council in Hertfordshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid\nIn the 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid Hezbollah militants captured three IDF soldiers while they were patrolling the security fence along the border with Lebanon, and took them across the border. It is not clear when or under which circumstances the three soldiers died. Their bodies were returned to Israel in a prisoner exchange on 29 January 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid\nThe abduction was the first incident between Israel and Lebanon after the Israeli withdrawal from South Lebanon in May 2000, and it was followed by several other attempts of the Hezbollah to abduct Israeli soldiers, until eventually on July 12, 2006, Hezbollah managed to abduct Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev in another cross-border raid, an event that led to the eruption of the Second Lebanon War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, The attack and abduction\nWhile patrolling the border near the Shebaa Farms an IDF patrol manned by Staff Sgt. Adi Avitan (22), Staff Sgt. Benyamin Avraham (21), and Staff Sgt. Omar Sawaid (27), was ambushed by a Hezbollah squad. The patrol car was hit by a rocket. The Hezbollah squad blasted a gate in the fence and a Range Rover entered Israeli-occupied territory to collect the captives and made a quick getaway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, The attack and abduction\nSeveral factors contributed to the ease with which Hezbollah could carry out the abduction. The location of the abduction was situated between the 91st and the 36th Division. IDF bureaucracy prevented coordination and information sharing between the two. The IDF had received indications that Hezbollah was planning an abduction at the site. A patrol from the Egoz elite unit belonging to the 91st Division had observed Hezbollah activity in the area, which seemed to be an ideal place for an abduction. This information had not been passed on to the 36th Division. Neither the electronic border fence nor the surveillance cameras was functioning at the relevant section but was repaired only after the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, The attack and abduction\nThe bodies of the three captives were returned in a prisoner exchange in 2004. It is not known when or under what circumstances the three soldiers were killed. In October 2001 IDF stated that Israeli military intelligence estimated that \"the three were either killed during the initial Hezbollah attack or immediately afterward.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, The attack and abduction\nYa'akov Avitan, father of Adi Avitan, said that a video released by Hezbollah and broadcast by LBC indicates that, \"the boys were alive when they were kidnapped... they [Hezbollah] murdered our boys in cold blood after the kidnap.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, The attack and abduction\nThe Hannibal Directive is an IDF order stating that abductions of Israeli soldiers must be prevented by all means, including shooting at or shelling a get-away car, thereby risking the lives of the captives. When the abduction of the three soldiers became known the Hannibal directive was invoked. Israeli attack helicopters fired at 26 cars moving in the area. The number of casualties, Hezbollah or civilian, is not known. There are however no clear indications that the captives were inside any of the attacked cars or were harmed in the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, The attack and abduction\nThe captors denied the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and other parties permission to visit them and to learn at first hand about their state of health and the conditions they were held in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, Prisoner exchange\nOn November 9, 2003, the Government of Israel announced that an arrangement had been concluded regarding the return of the three missing IDF soldiers - as well as abducted Israeli businessman and reserve IDF colonel Elchanan Tenenbaum, who had been captured by Hezbollah after being lured to Dubai for a drug deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, Prisoner exchange\nHezbollah instigated negotiations over the release of 14 Lebanese prisoners, together with a number of Palestinian prisoners. On January 29, 2004, 30 Lebanese and Arab prisoners, 400 Palestinian prisoners, German national and Hezbollah member Steven Smyrek, and the remains of 59 Lebanese militants and civilians were transferred to Hezbollah, along with maps showing Israeli mines in South Lebanon, in exchange for Tenenbaum and the remains of the three dead soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, Prisoner exchange\nAmong the 435 people released by Israel were Mustafa Dirani and Sheik Abdel Karim Obeid. These two individuals were kidnapped, in 1994 and 1989 respectively, for use as bargaining chips in the effort to secure the release of the most famous of the Israeli MIAs, Ron Arad. Fearing the release of these men would end any hope of finding Arad, his family attempted to take legal action to prevent their release. Nothing came of this effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162442-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid, Prisoner exchange\nThe bodies were positively identified and arrived during the evening hours in Israel. The soldiers were returned in an IAF aircraft along with an IDF delegation headed by Chief Military Rabbi, Brg. Gen. Israel Weiss. Upon the arrival of the coffins, a military ceremony took place in the presence of their families and commanders. The ceremony was attended by President Moshe Katsav, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, Minister of Defense Shaul Mofaz, Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin and IDF Chief of Staff, Lt. Gen. Moshe Ya'alon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162443-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco\nThe 2000 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco was the second running of the Historic Grand Prix of Monaco, a motor racing event for heritage Grand Prix, Voiturettes, Formula One, Formula Two and Sports cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162443-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco, Report\nIn Race A, Barrie Williams put on a strong recovery drive from the back of the grid to finish third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162443-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco, Report\nStirling Moss was entered for Race C in a Ferrari 225 S but Willie Green took his place in the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162443-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco, Report\nRace D featured a tense lead battle between Martin Stretton and Nigel Corner, the latter driving the Maserati 250F with which Juan Manuel Fangio had won the 1957 Monaco Grand Prix. Corner retired with gearbox failure and soon afterward the 250F of Klaus Edel dropped a large amount of oil at Sainte Devote. This caused Gregor Fisken and Spencer Flack to crash out of third and fifth respectively, and the race was red-flagged after seven of the scheduled ten laps. Moss's winning 250F from 1956 also featured in the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162443-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco, Report\nDriving a Caravelle in Race E was James Hicks, son of the marque's founder Robert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162443-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco, Report\nRace F featured former F1 drivers Moss, who finished seventh, and Maurice Trintignant, the latter reunited with the Cooper T45 he had driven to victory in the 1958 Monaco Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162444-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nThe 2000 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 16th Tournament in the history of the conference. It was played between March 9 and March 18, 2000. Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the final four games were played at the Fleet Center in Boston, Massachusetts, the home venue of the NHL's Boston Bruins. By winning the tournament, Maine received the Hockey East's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162444-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format\nThe tournament featured three rounds of play. The team that finishes ninth in the conference is not eligible for tournament play. In the first round, the first and eighth seeds, the second and seventh seeds, the third seed and sixth seeds, and the fourth seed and fifth seeds played a best-of-three with the winner advancing to the semifinals. In the semifinals, the highest and lowest seeds and second highest and second lowest seeds play a single-elimination game, with the winner advancing to the championship game. The tournament champion receives an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 52], "content_span": [53, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162444-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings\nNote: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162445-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hofstra Pride football team\nThe 2000 Hofstra Pride football team represented Hofstra University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. It was the program's 60th season, and they competed as an Independent. The Pride earned a berth into the 16-team Division I-AA playoffs, but lost in the quarterfinals to eventual national champion Georgia Southern, 48\u201320. They finished #7 in the final national poll and were led by 11th-year head coach Joe Gardi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162445-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hofstra Pride football team\nThe 2000 season was the first in which Hofstra went by the nickname \"Pride.\" The previous spring, the school decided to change the nickname for their sports teams from Flying Dutchmen and Flying Dutchwomen to go into effect the 2000\u201301 school year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162446-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Holiday Bowl\nThe 2000 Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 29, 2000 in San Diego, California. It was part of the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. It featured the Oregon Ducks and the Texas Longhorns. Oregon won the game by a final score of 35\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162446-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Holiday Bowl, Game summary\nOregon scored first when quarterback Joey Harrington threw a one yard touchdown pass to tight end Justin Peelle, which gave the Ducks an early 7\u20130 lead. Later in the first quarter, wide receiver Keenan Howry threw an 18\u00a0yard touchdown pass to Harrington on a trick play for a 14\u20130 Duck lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162446-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Holiday Bowl, Game summary\nTexas responded after running back Hodges Mitchell scored on a three yard touchdown run, making it 14\u20137. Texas Quarterback Chris Simms later tied the game at 14\u201314 on a four-yard touchdown run. 30\u00a0seconds later, cornerback Greg Brown intercepted a pass and returned it 23\u00a0yards for a touchdown, putting Texas up 21\u201314. That score held up until halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162446-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Holiday Bowl, Game summary\nIn the third quarter, Joey Harrington threw a 55\u00a0yard touchdown pass to running back Maurice Morris, and Oregon tied the game at 21. In the fourth quarter, Oregon reclaimed the lead after Harrington ran for a nine-yard touchdown score, which gave the Ducks a 28\u201321 lead. On the ensuing kickoff, a mere 17\u00a0seconds later, Victor Ike of Texas returned it 93\u00a0yards for a touchdown which evened the score at 28. Jason Willis of Oregon scored the go ahead touchdown run to give Oregon a 35\u201328 lead. A Texas safety, moved Texas within 35\u201330, which held up to be the final score, as Texas drove down the field after the safety but dropped potential touchdown passes to end the drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162447-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Holland Ladies Tour\nThe 3rd edition of the annual Holland Ladies Tour was held from September 5 to September 9, 2000. The women's stage race with an UCI rating of 2.9.2 started in Bergeijk, and ended in Dronten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162448-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Holy Cross Crusaders football team\nThe 2000 Holy Cross Crusaders football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Holy Cross finished second in the Patriot League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162448-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Holy Cross Crusaders football team\nIn their fifth year under head coach Dan Allen, the Crusaders compiled a 7\u20134 record. David Puloka and Patrick Quay were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162448-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Holy Cross Crusaders football team\nThe Crusaders outscored opponents 245 to 223. Their 4\u20132 conference record placed second in the seven-team Patriot League standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162448-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Holy Cross Crusaders football team\nHoly Cross played its home games at Fitton Field on the college campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162449-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Honda Indy 300\nThe 2000 Honda Indy 300 was the nineteenth and penultimate round of the 2000 CART World Series Season, held on 15 October 2000 on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit, Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162450-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections\nThe 2000 Election Committee subsector elections were held on 9 July 2000 to elect 664 members of Election Committee. The Election Committee was responsible for electing the Legislative Council members of the Election Committee constituency, as well as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong in the following 2002 Chief Executive election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162450-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections, Composition\nThe 800-member Election Committee had four sectors were sub-divided into 38 subsectors. The sectors, subsectors and the numbers of the Election Committee members to be returned by each subsector. The National People's Congress Subsector and the Legislative Council Subsector did not hold elections as the Hong Kong deputies to the National People's Congress and the Legislative Council members were ex-officio members of the Election Committee. The members from the Religious Subsector were returned by way of nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 66], "content_span": [67, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162450-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections, Composition\nThe 38 Subsectors and the number of the members were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 66], "content_span": [67, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162450-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections, Nominations\nDuring the nomination period from 31 May to 7 June 2000, all 35 subsectors received a total of 911 nominations of candidates. 182 validly nominated in nine subsectors and two sub-subsectors were returned uncontested; and 723 validly nominated were to contest in the remaining 25 subsectors and two sub-subsectors for 482 seats in the Election Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 66], "content_span": [67, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162450-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections, Results\nOf the total electorate of 168,434 from the contested subsectors, only 32,823 turned up for the poll, a mere 19.49%. This was considerably lower than the 23.38% in respect of the 1998 subsector elections. The Election Committee thus formed comprised 90 ex-officio members, 40 members nominated from the Religious Subsector, 182 returned uncontested and 482 returned contested from the elections, making a total of 794 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162450-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections, Results\nThis falls short of the generally known figure of 800 by six because four members had dual capacities, i.e. they were both deputies to the National People's Congress and Legislative Council members, one Legislative Council member had resigned from the council before the term of office ended on 30 June 2000, and one deputy to the National People's Congress could not be an Election Committee member for not being a permanent resident of Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162450-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Election Committee Subsector elections, Results, Results by subsector\nStatistics are generated from the Report on the 2000 Legislative Council Elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 84], "content_span": [85, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162451-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Island by-election\nThe Hong Kong Island by-election, 2000 was held on 10 December 2000, when then Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) vice-chairman Gary Cheng declined to accept his seat as a result of a scandal. Audrey Eu, who was then running as an independent backed by the pro-democracy camp won the by-election with 52.1% of valid vote. Cheng was subsequently jailed for abuse of office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162452-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Sevens\nThe 2000 Hong Kong Sevens was an international rugby sevens tournament that was part of the inaugural World Sevens Series, the 1999\u20132000 season. It was the eighth leg of the series, held on 24\u201326 March 2000, at the Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162452-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Sevens\nThe tournament was the first edition of the Hong Kong Sevens within the World Sevens Series and contained 24 teams, an increase of eight from the other tournaments held in the Series. It was won by New Zealand who defeated Fiji 31\u20135 in the Cup final to win their fourth title of the Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162452-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Sevens, Format\nWith the increased number of teams competing, the teams were drawn into six pools of four teams each. Each team played the other teams in their pool once, with 3 points awarded for a win, 2 points for a draw, and 1 point for a loss (no points awarded for a forfeit). The pool stage was played over the first two days of the tournament. The top team from each pool along with the two best runners-up advanced to the Cup quarter finals. The remaining four runners-up along with the four best third-placed teams advanced to the Plate quarter finals. The remaining eight teams went on to the Bowl quarter finals. No Shield trophy was on offer in the 1999-2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162452-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Sevens, Knockout stage\nPlay on the third day of the tournament consisted of finals matches for the Bowl, Plate, and Cup competitions. The following is a list of the recorded results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162452-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong Sevens, Series standings\nSouth Africa reached the semifinal stage of the Brisbane Sevens but was stripped of all points for the tournament due to fielding ineligible players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election\nThe 2000 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 10 September 2000 for members of the 2nd Legislative Council (LegCo) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). The election returned 24 members from directly elected geographical constituencies, 6 seats from the Election Committee constituency and 30 members from functional constituencies, of which 9 uncontested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election\nThe election saw the decline in turnout rate from 53.29 percent in 1998 to 43.57 percent. The Democratic Party was able to maintain the largest party status in the legislature by retaining 12 seats, despite its vote share fell sharply by eight percent, if including Lau Chin-shek from the Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (CTU) running in the same ticket with Democrat James To in Kowloon West, from 42 percent in 1998 to 34 percent in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election\nIn contrast, the pro-Beijing rival Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) raised its vote share over two years by five percent, to 29.6 percent if including Tang Siu-tong from the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA). As a result, the DAB won 11 seats, a sharp increase of three seats from the previous election, making it the second largest political party in the legislature, despite an alleged corruption scandal involving its vice-chairman Cheng Kai-nam at the peak of the campaign. Cheng did not take his office and a by-election in December was won by a pro-democracy independent Audrey Eu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election\nThe pro-democracy camp won 21 seats in total, of which 16 of those returned from the directly elected geographical constituencies, one seat more than the previous election which secured the one-thirds vote to veto any government's proposal of any constitutional amendment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election, Change in composition\nAccording to the Annex II of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, the number of the Election Committee constituency indirectly elected by the 800-member Election Committee would reduce from 10 seats to 6 seats, while the directly elected geographical constituency seats would increase from 20 to 24. As a result, each geographical constituency except the New Territories East was added one extra seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election, Change in composition\nAfter the two municipal councils, the Urban Council and Regional Council, were abolished in 1999, the two corresponding functional constituencies were also abolished and replaced by the Information Technology and Catering seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election, Parties and candidates\nA total of 155 candidates representing ten political parties and candidates who were independents or not non-affiliated ran for the total number of 60 seats. 88 of whom ran in the 24 directly elected geographical constituencies, 57 for the 30 indirectly elected functional constituencies and 10 were nominated for the 6 Election Committee seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election, Retiring incumbents\nAmbrose Cheung, representing the Provisional Urban Council resigned from the Legislative Council as protest to the government's decision on abolishing the two municipal councils, Urban Council and Regional Council and their corresponding Legislative Council constituencies in 2000. No by-election was held due to the short period before the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election, Results breakdown, Geographical constituencies (24 seats)\nVoting System: Closed party-list proportional representation with the largest remainder method and Hare Quota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 94], "content_span": [95, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162453-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election, Results breakdown, Functional Constituencies (30 seats)\nVoting systems: Different voting systems apply to different functional constituencies, namely for the Heung Yee Kuk, Agriculture and Fisheries, Insurance and Transport, the preferential elimination system of voting; and for the remaining 24 FCs used the first-past-the-post voting system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 92], "content_span": [93, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162454-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election in Hong Kong Island\nAs part of the 2000 Hong Kong legislative election, held 10 September, all 5 seats in Hong Kong Island were contested. The Democratic Party and Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) each took two seats, with Choy So-yuk taking the last seat with the largest remainder method. Cyd Ho of The Frontier who ran for the New Territories last election ran in Hong Kong Island and replaced Christine Loh of the Citizens Party who did not seek for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162454-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election in Hong Kong Island\nDAB's  Cheng Kai-nam soon gave up his seat over a corruption scandal and an independent barrister supported by the pro-democracy camp Audrey Eu was elected in the December by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162455-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election in Kowloon East\nThese are the Kowloon East results of the 2000 Hong Kong legislative election. The election was held on 10 September 2000 and all 4 seats in Kowloon East where consisted of Wong Tai Sin District and Kwun Tong District were contested. The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong received more votes than the Democratic Party for the first time, with Chan Kam-lam getting elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162456-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election in Kowloon West\nThese are the Kowloon West results of the 2000 Hong Kong legislative election. The election was held on 10 September 2000 and all 4 seats in Kowloon West where consisted of Yau Tsim Mong District, Sham Shui Po District and Kowloon City District were contested. All three incumbents were re-elected, with Frederick Fung regained a seat for the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162457-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election in New Territories East\nThese are the New Territories East results of the 2000 Hong Kong legislative election. The election was held on 10 September 2000 and all 5 seats in New Territories East where consisted of North District, Tai Po District, Sai Kung District and Sha Tin District were contested. The Democratic Party gained one new seat with Wong Sing-chi, as Cyd Ho of The Frontier ran in Hong Kong Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162458-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong legislative election in New Territories West\nThese are the New Territories West results of the 2000 Hong Kong legislative election. The election was held on 10 September 2000 and all 6 seats in New Territories West, which consists of Tsuen Wan District, Tuen Mun District, Yuen Long District, Kwai Tsing District and Islands District, were contested. The Democratic Party first applied electoral strategy of dividing three candidate lists in order to avoid wasted votes, as largest remainder method encouraged. Lee Wing-tat failed to be re-elected, losing votes to another Democratic ticket of Albert Chan, while the last seat was won by Tang Siu-tong of the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance who stood with the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162459-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong\u2013Macau Interport\nThe 56th Hong Kong Macau Interport was held in Macau on 28 May 2000. Hong Kong captured the champion by winning 1-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162459-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong\u2013Macau Interport\nThe highlight of the match happened on the 36th minute. Lee Kin Wo of Hong Kong team was sent off by the Macanese referee Tsui Kwok Kuen(\u5f90\u570b\u6b0a). He was unsatisfied with the judgment the referee and kicked the football to hit him. Tsui Kwok Kuen immediately fought back and hit Lee's head. They were then separated by other officials and teammates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162459-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hong Kong\u2013Macau Interport\nTsui Kwok Kuen was penalized for a lifelong suspension of refereeing any matches organized by Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Futebol de Macau and any international matches. Lee Kin Wo was penalized by a suspension of one year and HKD10,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162460-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hopman Cup\nThe 2000 Hopman Cup (also known as the Hyundai Hopman Cup for sponsorship reasons) corresponds to the 17th edition of the Hopman Cup tournament between nations in men's and women's tennis. Nine teams participated in the World Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162460-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hopman Cup\nThe 2000 Hopman Cup was a tennis championship won by South Africa's Amanda Coetzer and Wayne Ferreira. Coetzer and Ferreira defeated Thailand (Tamarine Tanasugarn and Paradorn Srichaphan) in the final at the Burswood Entertainment Complex in Perth, Western Australia from 1 January through 8 January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season\nThe 2000 Houston Astros season was the 39th season for the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise in Houston, Texas. This was the first season for the Astros at Minute Maid Park (christened as Enron Field and known as such until 2002).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Regular season\nOn August 14 in Philadelphia, first baseman Jeff Bagwell homered twice and tied a club record with seven runs batted in (RBI) in a 14\u20137 win, shared by Rafael Ram\u00edrez and Pete Incaviglia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Regular season\nBagwell again homered twice on August 19 against the Milwaukee Brewers for the 299th and 300th of his career; the second home run broke an eighth-inning tie to give Houston a 10\u20138 win. He joined Hank Aaron, Joe DiMaggio, Frank Robinson and Ted Williams as the fifth player in major league history to record 300 home runs, 1,000 RBI and 1,000 runs scored in his first ten seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Regular season\nBagwell scored 152 runs to lead the major leagues. It was the highest total in a season since Lou Gehrig in 1936, and his 295 runs scored from 1999\u20132000 set a National League two-season record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Regular season\nDespite finishing 18 games below .500, the Astros set the all-time NL record for most home runs hit by one team in the regular season, with 249. The record was later broken by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 42], "content_span": [43, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\n2B Craig BiggioSS Tim Bogar3B Chris TrubyC Mitch MeluskeyLF Daryle WardCF Richard HidalgoRF Mois\u00e9s Alou", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 71], "content_span": [72, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162461-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162462-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Comets season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the fourth season for the Houston Comets. The Comets won their fourth WNBA Finals and their last title in franchise history before disbanding in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162463-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Cougars baseball team\nThe 2000 Houston Cougars baseball team represented the University of Houston in the 2000 intercollegiate baseball season. Houston competed in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in its fourth season as a member of Conference USA. The Cougars played home games at Cougar Field on the university's campus in Houston, Texas. Sixth-year head coach Rayner Noble, a former pitcher for the team during the 1980 through 1983 seasons and an assistant coach from 1987 through 1990, led the Cougars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162463-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Cougars baseball team\nUpon winning the inaugural Conference USA Tournament, Houston entered the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament for the thirteenth time in school history. They hosted the Houston Regional, where they defeated Rice to advance to the super regional round for the first time in school history. Although hosting the Houston Super Regional, they were defeated by San Jose State in a three-game series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162464-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Houston Cougars football team\nThe 2000 Houston Cougars football team, also known as the Houston Cougars, Houston, or UH represented the University of Houston in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the 55th year of season play for Houston. The team was coached by Dana Dimel. The team played its home games at Robertson Stadium, a 32,000-person capacity stadium on-campus in Houston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162465-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hull City Council election\nThe 2000 Hull City Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Hull City Council in England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162465-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hull City Council election\nFor the election the period in which voters were able to vote was extended to 3 days from the normal one day in an effort to increase turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162466-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Humanitarian Bowl\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by KingSkyLord (talk | contribs) at 22:31, 28 March 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162466-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Humanitarian Bowl\nThe 2000 Humanitarian Bowl was the 4th edition of the bowl game. It featured the Boise State Broncos, and the UTEP Miners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162466-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Humanitarian Bowl, Background\nIn their final season in the Big West Conference, the Broncos went 5\u20130 in conference play, being the final champion of the Big West Conference. It was their 2nd conference title since joining Division I-A in 1996. As for the Miners, they had finished as co-champion of the Western Athletic Conference (which occurred after a loss to #15 TCU), their first conference title since 1956. This was UTEP's first bowl since 1988 and Boise State's 2nd straight Humanitarian Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162466-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Humanitarian Bowl, Game summary\nBoise State scored first on a 28-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Bart Hendricks to Jay Swillie giving the Broncos a 7\u20130 lead. In the second quarter, Nick Calaycay kicked a 41-yard field goal to give the Broncos a 10\u20130 lead. UTEP got on the board following a 9-yard connection from Rocky Perez to Joey Knapp making it 10\u20137. A 28-yard field goal from Ricky Bishop tied the contest at 10. With only 23 seconds left in the half, Bart Hendricks rushed 12 yards for a touchdown, giving Boise State a 17\u201310 lead at intermission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162466-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Humanitarian Bowl, Game summary\nIn the third quarter, Bart Hendricks scored on a 77-yard touchdown run, increasing Boise State's lead to 24\u201310. Ricky Bishop of UTEP made a 43-yard field goal to make it 24\u201313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162466-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Humanitarian Bowl, Game summary\nIn the fourth quarter, Brock Forsey scored on a 43-yard touchdown run, making the lead 31\u201313. UTEP would attempt to come back on a 47-yard field goal from Ricky Bishop, and a 3-yard Chris Porter touchdown run to make it 31\u201323. Hendricks scored on an 11-yard pass from Banks to make the final score 38\u201323. The victory was the second consecutive Humanitarian Bowl victory for Boise State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162467-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team\nThe 2000 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team represented Humboldt State University during the 2000 NAIA football season. Humboldt State competed in the NAIA Columbia Football Association. The conference folded after the 2000 season. The four U.S.-based members of the CFA would return to the NCAA and become the charter members of the NCAA Division II Great Northwest Athletic Conference (GNAC) in 2001. Simon Fraser stayed in the NAIA and played as an independent in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162467-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team\nThe 2000 Lumberjacks were led by first-year head coach Doug Adkins. They played home games at the Redwood Bowl in Arcata, California. Humboldt State finished the season with a record of four wins and seven losses (4\u20137, 1\u20133 CFA). The Lumberjacks were outscored by their opponents 192\u2013224 for the 2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162467-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team, Team players in the NFL\nNo Humboldt State players were selected in the 2001 NFL Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Hungarian Grand Prix (formally the XVI Marlboro Magyar Nagyd\u00edj) was a Formula One motor race held on 13 August 2000 at the Hungaroring, near Budapest, Hungary. It was the twelfth race of the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship and the 18th Hungarian Grand Prix. Mika H\u00e4kkinen, driving a McLaren-Mercedes, won the 77-lap race starting from third position. Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari, having started from pole position, with H\u00e4kkinen's teammate David Coulthard third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix\nH\u00e4kkinen beat Schumacher and Coulthard off the start line and went on to lead every lap, except for the first round of pit stops. The Finn's eventual margin of victory was eight seconds, with Schumacher holding off Coulthard for second. The win, H\u00e4kkinen's third of the season, gave him the lead of the Drivers' Championship for the first time in 2000, two points ahead of Schumacher and six ahead of Coulthard, while McLaren took the lead of the Constructors' Championship by one point from Ferrari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Background\nTyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre compounds to the race; the Soft and the Extra Soft dry compound tyres. Going into the race, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 56 points, ahead of McLaren teammates Mika H\u00e4kkinen and David Coulthard, who were tied for second on 54 points. Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 46 points while Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth on 18 points. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari were leading with 102 points, four points ahead of their rivals McLaren in second. Williams on 22 points and Benetton with 18 points contended for third place, while BAR were fifth on 12 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Background\nFollowing the German Grand Prix on 30 July, six teams conducted mid-season testing at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo from 3\u20135 August. McLaren test driver Olivier Panis was fastest on the first day, ahead of H\u00e4kkinen. Pedro Diniz's Sauber car was afflicted with an oil leak, limiting his team's testing time as the leak was repaired. Coulthard was fastest on the second day. Fisichella set the fastest times on the final day of testing. His teammate Alexander Wurz spun off and collided with the tyre barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Background\nHis car's wishbone struck his right leg and was taken to the circuit's medical center before a transfer to a local hospital. Wurz was passed fit to compete in the race the day after his accident. Ferrari opted to spend five days testing at the Fiorano Circuit and concentrated on car development, practice starts, aerodynamic testing and race distance simulations with their test driver Luca Badoer. He was joined by Barrichello on the second day and Michael Schumacher from the fourth day onwards. Badoer and Michael Schumacher spent two further days at the circuit performing shakedowns of the Ferrari F1-2000 car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Background\nAfter consecutive retirements in the previous three races which included first lap collisions in Austria and Germany, Michael Schumacher said that his objective in Hungary was to avoid any incidents on the first lap and to finish in a points-scoring position. He was also confident that Ferrari would perform well at the circuit. Barrichello revealed that he received backing from Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo to challenge for more victories and the championship despite the latter's comments to the press about Barrichello assisting Michael Schumacher's title aspirations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Background\nProst's Jean Alesi was passed fit in the days leading up to the race. At the previous race, Alesi had suffered a serious crash which involved a collision with Sauber driver Pedro Diniz, although he escaped uninjured apart from abdominal pains and suffered from dizziness and vomiting. Prost had their test driver St\u00e9phane Sarrazin ready to replace Alesi should the latter had suffered a relapse. Alesi said he felt ready to race again: \"It took a few days before I really started to recover, but now I sleep and feel much better\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Background\nSome teams made technical changes to their cars for the Grand Prix. McLaren introduced a revised aerodynamic for their MP4/15 chassis, aimed at increasing the amount of downforce, and therefore grip, produced by the bodywork. They also brought revised nose wings. BAR fitted their cars with one-off components that were produced to help optimise the performance of the monocoque's cooling systems. Ferrari introduced an aerodynamic set-up similar to that used at the Monaco Grand Prix, and the team debuted a modified version of the F1-2000's chimneys. Minardi arrived with new radiator intakes and exits to rectify temperature issues with their Fondmetal V10 engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. The Friday practice sessions took place in dry conditions. Michael Schumacher set the first session's fastest time, at 1 minute and 20.198 seconds, almost six-tenths of a second faster than teammate Barrichello. Jaguar's Eddie Irvine was third fastest, ahead of Ralf Schumacher, Fisichella and BAR driver Jacques Villeneuve. Jarno Trulli, Diniz, Mika Salo and Jenson Button completed the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Practice\nIn the second practice session, Coulthard set the quickest lap of the day, a 1:18.792; H\u00e4kkinen finished with the second fastest time. The two Ferrari drivers were third and fourth\u2014Michael Schumacher ahead of Barrichello. Trulli was running quicker finishing fifth fastest, ahead of Fisichella and Williams drivers Ralf Schumacher and Button. Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Irvine followed in the top ten. The weather remained dry for the Saturday practice sessions. Barrichello was fastest in the third practice session, with a time of 1:18.268. Coulthard was second fastest and was one thousands of a second off Barrichello's pace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0007-0002", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Practice\nFrentzen continued his strong practice form, setting the third fastest time, ahead of Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen and Ralf Schumacher. Sauber driver Mika Salo, Button, Trulli and Fisichella took the final top ten places. In the final practice session, Michael Schumacher was fastest setting a time of 1:17.395, ahead of Coulthard and Barrichello. Frentzen set the fourth fastest time, narrowly faster than Ralf Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen. Trulli, Fisichella, Salo and Diniz completed the top ten ahead of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon one hour qualifying session saw each driver was limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by their fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 per cent of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. The session was held in dry weather. Michael Schumacher clinched his 28th pole position of his career, and his fourth at the circuit, with a time of 1:17.514.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was joined on the front row of the grid by Coulthard, who was three-tenths of a second off Michael Schumacher's pace. H\u00e4kkinen qualified third, and stated that his team made changes to his car's set-up having been unhappy with his car in previous sessions. Ralf Schumacher qualified fourth, and said he was pleased with revisions to his car's aerodynamics. Barrichello struggled with the handling of his car taking fifth position and stated that Coulthard prevented him from setting a faster lap time. Frentzen, Fisichella, Button, Salo and Irvine rounded out the top ten positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0008-0002", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nWurz missed out on qualifying in the top ten by two-tenths of a second. Trulli qualified 12th having struggled with oversteer, ahead of Diniz, Alesi, Arrows driver Pedro de la Rosa and Villeneuve. Johnny Herbert for Jaguar qualified 17th despite spinning late in the session, and was followed by Zonta, Nick Heidfeld and Jos Verstappen. The Minardi drivers qualified last; Marc Gen\u00e9 outqualified his teammate Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane by two-tenths of a second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 09:30 Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) for a 30-minute warm-up session. Coulthard maintained his good performance from qualifying and set the fastest time, a 1:19.261. The Ferrari cars were second and third\u2014Michael Schumacher faster than Barrichello. H\u00e4kkinen completed the top four, 1.2 seconds behind teammate Coulthard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race\nThe race started before 120,000 people in attendance at 14:00 local time. The conditions on the grid were dry before the race; the air temperature was 32\u00a0\u00b0C (90\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature ranged between 34 to 44\u00a0\u00b0C (93 to 111\u00a0\u00b0F); conditions were expected to remain consistent throughout the race. Whilst the grid was forming up, Mazzacane's car was afflicted with a gearbox problem and he was forced to start the race with his spare car. Herbert also planned to use his spare car as his regular car developed a leak which was fixed before the start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen accelerated faster than Michael Schumacher and Coulthard off the line, getting ahead of both drivers going into the first corner. Coulthard then withstood Ralf Schumacher's attempts to pass him for third position. Heading into the chicane, Villeneuve and de la Rosa collided. Villeneuve pitted for a new front wing followed by Verstappen who pitted for a new left rear tyre. At the end of the first lap, H\u00e4kkinen led from Michael Schumacher, Coulthard, Ralf Schumacher, Barrichello, Frentzen, Fisichella, Irvine, Wurz, Salo, Diniz, Trulli, Alesi, Herbert, Zonta, Heidfeld, Verstappen, Gen\u00e9, Mazzacane, Villeneuve and de la Rosa. H\u00e4kkinen began to gradually pull away from Michael Schumacher as the former set consecutive fastest laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race\nFisichella spun off from seventh place on lap eight, losing eight positions and Irvine moved into Fisichella's former position. Alesi pitted on lap ninth and re-emerged at the rear of the field after repairs to his car's steering. Villeneuve passed de la Rosa for 21st position. Two laps later, Alesi drove to his garage and became the first retirement of the race. Fisichella ran wide on lap 12 and was passed by Herbert for 13th. Three laps later, Fisichella made his first pit stop for repairs to his car's brakes and came out in 19th position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen's lead over Michael Schumacher was seven seconds by lap 19. Coulthard was a further three seconds behind the Michael Schumacher and was drawing ahead from Ralf Schumacher. Villeneuve moved into 18th position after passing Fisichella and Zonta by lap 20. Heidfeld became the race's second retirement when he stalled after making the first scheduled pit stop on lap 22. Two laps later, Irvine, who had been running seventh, made his first pit stop and dropped to 11th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race\nRalf Schumacher took his first pit stop on lap 28, emerging in seventh position. Barrichello pitted one lap later. Race leader H\u00e4kkinen took his pit stop on lap 31 and came out behind teammate Coulthard. H\u00e4kkinen regained the lead after Coulthard made his pit stop on lap 32, who came out in third position. Fisichella retired with further brake problems on lap 32. H\u00e4kkinen set the fastest lap of the race, a 1:20.028 on lap 33, as he continued to stretch his lead over Michael Schumacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard, who was on fresh tyres, gradually began to close the gap to Michael Schumacher by lap 39. Michael Schumacher increased the gap when Coulthard lost two seconds; the result of being held up by Gen\u00e8 who was later issued a 10-second stop-go penalty. Barrichello pitted for the second time on lap 47. Michael Schumacher and Ralf Schumacher made their pit stops on lap 50, one lap ahead of Coulthard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen pitted on lap 53 and remained in the lead, having built a 20-second lead over Michael Schumacher. Frentzen became the last driver to make a scheduled pit stop on lap 56. At the end of lap 57, with the scheduled pit stops completed, the running order was H\u00e4kkinen, Michael Schumacher, Coulthard, Barrichello, Ralf Schumacher, Frentzen, Button, Trulli, Diniz, Irvine, Salo, Wurz, Herbert, Villeneuve, Verstappen, Zonta, Gen\u00e9, Mazzacane and de la Rosa. Herbert spun while battling for 13th position with Villeneuve. Diniz retired from the race when his engine failed on lap 63. Herbert came under pressure from Verstappen on lap 67 and suffered his second spin, losing the position to Verstappen. Herbert retired on lap 69 as the result of gearbox problems. Mazzacane pulled off the track on lap 70 and retired because of an engine failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race\nTrulli managed to close the gap to Button and passed him for seventh on lap 74, while Button lost another position to Irvine one lap later. H\u00e4kkinen crossed the finish line on lap 77 to win his third victory of the season in a time of 1'45:33.869, at an average speed of 108.097 miles per hour (173.965\u00a0km/h). Michael Schumacher finished second 7.9 seconds behind, ahead of Coulthard in third, Barrichello in fourth, Ralf Schumacher in fifth with Frentzen rounding out the points scoring positions in sixth. Trulli, Irvine, Button, Salo and Wurz filled the next five positions albeit one lap behind the race winner. Villeneuve, Verstappen, Zonta, Gen\u00e9 and de la Rosa were the last of the classified finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. H\u00e4kkinen stated that his good start was instigated by modifications made to his car's engine. His win was praised by the Vice President of Mercedes-Benz Motorsport Norbert Haug. \"Mika had a great race,\" he said. \"His victory may have looked easy, but it was tough to achieve and in my view this was one of his best drives ever.\" Michael Schumacher said that although he was unable to catch H\u00e4kkinen, he was happy to finish in second position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nCoulthard said that he believed that his car's suffered from balance issues before taking his first pit stop which accounted for his lack of pace. He also added that spending time behind back-markers during the second stint hindered his attempts to overtake Michael Schumacher but admitted that third position was his best possible result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAfter Ferrari's victory at the previous race, their team's technical director Ross Brawn said that \"Our pitstops and our race strategy went well, but we just weren't quick enough. \", while di Montezemolo urged the mechanics and engineers of Ferrari to concentrate on rectifying the issue of wheel-spin and also praised H\u00e4kkinen for his recent trend of good starts. Barrichello said that he blamed his poor qualifying performance for his fourth-place finish. Ralf Schumacher and Frentzen were pleased to finish in fifth and sixth places respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nFisichella, who retired from the race from a brake problem, said that the reoccurring problem caused damage to his car and forced his later retirement. Gen\u00e9 placed blame upon faulty radio communication to his team as the reason for his stop-go penalty and said that he did not receive the blue flag until the last moment. Jaguar's technical director Gary Anderson was angry with Gen\u00e9 after the race as he believed the Spaniard's driving cost Irvine the chance to take a points-scoring position. \"I don't understand why the blue flags weren't waved because it was plain for all to see.\" said Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAs a consequence of the race, H\u00e4kkinen moved into the lead of the Drivers' Championship, on 64 points, taking the championship lead for the first time in the 2000 season. Michael Schumacher lost the lead of the Drivers' Championship, falling two points behind H\u00e4kkinen. Coulthard maintained third place with 58 points, nine points ahead of Barrichello and forty-one in front of Fisichella. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren took over the lead of the Constructors' Championship with 112 points, pushing Ferrari on 111 points to second place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162468-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nWilliams increased the gap to Benetton to 6 points, with Jordan jumping ahead of BAR for fifth on 12 points. Despite McLaren taking the lead of both championships, their team principal Ron Dennis acknowledged that he expected both his drivers would have the advantage in the most of the five remaining races although he believed that being complacent would reduce McLaren's chances of success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162469-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian presidential election, Background\nThe term for the post of president in Hungary is 5 years. After the 2 consecutive terms of the previous office holder, \u00c1rp\u00e1d G\u00f6ncz, the succession was somewhat problematic. Though the coalition partner in the first cabinet of Viktor Orb\u00e1n had its own candidate, party chairman J\u00f3zsef Torgy\u00e1n, the leading party wanted another person. In the end Torgy\u00e1n withdrew from the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162469-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian presidential election, The voting process\nAn indirect election was held on 5\u20136 June 2000. The only candidate was legal scholar Ferenc M\u00e1dl, who was nominated formally by FKGP but with the support of the leading party. The opposition parties did not nominate any candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162469-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian presidential election, The voting process\nAfter three rounds, M\u00e1dl was elected President of Hungary, taking the office on 4 August in that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162469-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Hungarian presidential election, First and second rounds\nIn the first two rounds, two-thirds majority requirement needed to elect the president, according to the Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162470-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Huntingdonshire District Council election\nThe 2000 Huntingdonshire District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Huntingdonshire District Council in Cambridgeshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162471-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hyderabad floods\nThe 2000 Hyderabad floods were a series of floods that caused extensive damage and loss of life as a result of flash flooding in Hyderabad, India in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162471-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Hyderabad floods, Aftermath\nIn cooperation with Geological Survey of India (GSI) the then Andhra Pradesh state government formed Kirloskar committee. According to the committee findings; a 390\u00a0km of drain area was illegally occupied by 13,500 structures due to which urban flooding occurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162472-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hyndburn Borough Council election\nElections to Hyndburn Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council from no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162473-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Hypo-Meeting\nThe 26th edition of the annual Hypo-Meeting took place on June 3 and June 4, 2000 in G\u00f6tzis, Austria. The track and field competition, featuring a decathlon (men) and a heptathlon (women) event, was part of the 2000 IAAF World Combined Events Challenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162474-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF Golden League\nThe 2000 IAAF Golden League was the third edition of the annual international track and field meeting series, held from 23 June to 1 September. It was contested at seven European meetings: the Meeting Gaz de France, Golden Gala, Bislett Games, Weltklasse Z\u00fcrich, Herculis, Memorial Van Damme and the Internationales Stadionfest (ISTAF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162474-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF Golden League\nThe Golden League jackpot consisted of 50 kilograms of gold bars. The jackpot was available to athletes who won at least five of the seven competitions of the series in one of the 12 specified events (7 for men, 5 for women). The jackpot events for 2000 were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162474-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF Golden League\nThe jackpot winners were Maurice Greene of the United States, Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj, Norwegian Trine Hattestad, and Tatyana Kotova of Russia. Hattestad set two world records in the javelin during the series, throwing 68.22 metres at the Golden Gala, then 69.48 metres at the Bislett Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162474-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF Golden League\nShot putter CJ Hunter tested positive at the Bislett Games and his results from that meeting onwards were annulled. Marion Jones, his wife at the time, also later had her results from the final ISTAF meeting annulled as she later admitted to doping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162475-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF Grand Prix\nThe 2000 IAAF Grand Prix was the sixteenth edition of the annual global series of one-day track and field competitions organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The series was divided into four levels: 2000 IAAF Golden League, Grand Prix I and Grand Prix II, and IAAF Permit Meetings. There were seven Golden League meetings, Grand Prix I featured 9 meetings from 13 May to 5 August and Grand Prix II featured 10 meetings from 2 March to 3 September, making a combined total of 26 meetings for the series. An additional 13 IAAF Outdoor Permit Meetings were attached to the circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162475-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF Grand Prix\nCompared to the previous season, the South African meet was moved from Roodepoort to Pretoria, and the Pontiac Grand Prix Invitational and IAAF Meeting Zagreb were included for the first time. The Tsiklitiria meet was promoted to Grand Prix I status. Four meetings were dropped from the calendar: the Qatar International Athletic Meet (not held that year), the St. Louis US Open Meet, the Meeting Gaz de France Saint-Denis and Weltklasse in K\u00f6ln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162475-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF Grand Prix\nPerformances on designated events on the circuit earned athletes points which qualified them for entry to the 2000 IAAF Grand Prix Final, held on 5 October in Doha, Qatar. Javelin thrower Trine Hattestad was the points leader for the series, taking 110 points from eight meetings. This was the second highest total ever for the circuit and the first time a woman led the rankings. The highest scoring male athlete was hurdler Angelo Taylor, who scored 101 points. Americans Marion Jones and Gail Devers were the other athletes to amass over 100 points, each with a total of 104.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162476-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF Grand Prix Final\nThe 2000 IAAF Grand Prix Final was the sixteenth edition of the season-ending competition for the IAAF Grand Prix track and field circuit, organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations. It was held on 5 October at the Khalifa International Stadium in Doha, Qatar. It was the first and only time that the event was held outside of September, due in part to Qatar's hot desert climate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162476-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF Grand Prix Final\nAngelo Taylor (400 metres hurdles) and Trine Hattestad (javelin throw) were the overall points winners of the tournament. A total of 18 athletics events were contested, ten for men and eight for women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162477-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships\nThe 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships took place on March 18/19, 2000. The races were held at the Sporting Complex in Vilamoura, Portugal. Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Herald, and for the IAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162477-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships\nComplete results for senior men, for senior men's teams, for men's short race, for men's short race teams, for junior men, for junior men's teams, senior women, for senior women's teams, for women's short race, for women's short race teams, for junior women, for junior women's teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162477-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Participation\nAn unofficial count yields the participation of 805 athletes from 76 countries, one athlete less than the official number published. The announced athletes from \u00a0Cameroon, \u00a0Equatorial Guinea, \u00a0Guatemala, \u00a0Iran, and \u00a0Trinidad and Tobago did not show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 58], "content_span": [59, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162478-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Junior men's race\nThe Junior men's race at the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Sporting Complex in Vilamoura, Portugal, on March 19, 2000. Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Glasgow Herald, and for the IAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162478-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Junior men's race\nComplete results for individuals, for teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162478-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Junior men's race, Participation\nAn unofficial count yields the participation of 162 athletes from 43 countries in the Junior men's race. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published. The announced athletes from \u00a0Guatemala and \u00a0India did not show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 78], "content_span": [79, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162479-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Junior women's race\nThe Junior women's race at the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Sporting Complex in Vilamoura, Portugal, on March 18, 2000. Reports onf the event were given in The New York Times, in the Glasgow Herald, and for the IAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162479-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Junior women's race\nComplete results for individuals, for teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162479-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Junior women's race, Participation\nAn unofficial count yields the participation of 131 athletes from 36 countries in the Junior women's race. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published. The announced athlete from \u00a0Guatemala did not show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 80], "content_span": [81, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162480-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Men's short race\nThe Men's short race at the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Sporting Complex in Vilamoura, Portugal, on March 18, 2000. Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Glasgow Herald, and for the IAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162480-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Men's short race\nComplete results for individuals, for teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162480-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Men's short race, Participation\nAn unofficial count yields the participation of 165 athletes from 51 countries in the Men's short race. The announced athletes from \u00a0Equatorial Guinea, \u00a0Guatemala, and \u00a0Trinidad and Tobago did not show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 77], "content_span": [78, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162481-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Senior men's race\nThe Senior men's race at the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Sporting Complex in Vilamoura, Portugal, on March 19, 2000. Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Herald, and for the IAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162481-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Senior men's race\nComplete results for individuals, for teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162481-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Senior men's race, Participation\nAn unofficial count yields the participation of 171 athletes from 54 countries in the Senior men's race. The announced athlete from \u00a0Iran did not show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 78], "content_span": [79, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162482-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Senior women's race\nThe Senior women's race at the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Sporting Complex in Vilamoura, Portugal, on March 18, 2000. Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Herald, and for the IAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162482-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Senior women's race\nComplete results for individuals, for teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162482-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Senior women's race, Participation\nAn unofficial count yields the participation of 104 athletes from 29 countries in the Senior women's race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 80], "content_span": [81, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162483-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Women's short race\nThe Women's short race at the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Sporting Complex in Vilamoura, Portugal, on March 19, 2000. Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Herald, and for the IAAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162483-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Women's short race\nComplete results for individuals, for teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162483-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships \u2013 Women's short race, Participation\nAn unofficial count yields the participation of 121 athletes from 33 countries in the Women's short race. The announced athletes from \u00a0Argentina, \u00a0Burundi, \u00a0Cameroon, \u00a0Finland, \u00a0Guatemala, and \u00a0FR Yugoslavia did not show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 79], "content_span": [80, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162484-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships\nThe 9th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on November 12, 2000 in the city of Veracruz, Mexico. A total of 182 athletes, 121 men and 61 women, from 52 countries took part. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results was given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162484-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships, Participation\nThe participation of 182 athletes (121 men/61 women) from 52 countries is reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 58], "content_span": [59, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162485-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IBF World Junior Championships\nThe 2000 IBF World Junior Championships was an international badminton tournament held in Guangzhou, China from 3-11 November 2000. China sweep all the title in the team and individual events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162485-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IBF World Junior Championships, Team competition\nA total of 24 countries competed at the first team competition in BWF World Junior Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy\nThe 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy was a One Day International cricket tournament held in Kenya (which helped to increase the popularity of cricket in Kenya). New Zealand were crowned champions and cashed the winner's cheque of US$250 000. It was their first win in a major ICC tournament. Zaheer Khan, Yuvraj Singh and Marlon Samuels made their ODI debuts during the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy\nAll the test playing nations participated in the tournament along with the leading Associates Bangladesh and hosts Kenya. As there were 11 teams taking part, three would miss out on a spot in the quarter finals. Therefore, a playoff stage took place between 6 of the lowest ranked teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Pre-Quarter-Finals\nAll the test playing nations participated in the tournament along with the leading Associates Bangladesh and hosts Kenya. As there were 11 teams taking part, three would miss out on a spot in the quarter finals. Therefore, a playoff stage or Pre-Quarter-Finals took place between 6 of the lowest ranked teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Knockout stage\nThe knockout stage of the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, following the Pre-Quarter-Finals, was held from 7 to 15 October 2000. The top 5 teams ranked according to 1999 Cricket World Cup seedings qualify for the KnockOut Stage automatically. The remaining three teams qualify from the Pre-Quarter-Finals, which was held from 3 to 5 October, between 6 of the lowest ranked teams according to 1999 Cricket World Cup seedings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Knockout stage\nOf the eight teams entering the stage, the team which was ranked 1st according to 1999 Cricket World Cup seedings play the winner of Pre-Quarter-Final 1 while the team which was ranked 2nd according to 1999 Cricket World Cup seedings play the winner of Pre-Quarter-Final 2 and so on, in the format R1 v PQF 1, R2 v PQF 2, R3 v PQF 3 and R4 v R5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Knockout stage\nAustralia, Pakistan, South Africa, New Zealand and Zimbabwe qualify for the knockout stage automatically, while India, Sri Lanka and England qualify from the Pre-Quarter-Finals by beating Kenya, West Indies and Bangladesh respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Knockout stage\nIndia, Pakistan, New Zealand and South Africa qualified for the Semi-Finals by beating Australia, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and England respectively. In the Semi-Finals, New Zealand beat Pakistan and India beat South Africa to qualify for the Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Final\nThe final of the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy took place on 15 October 2000 at the Gymkhana Club Ground in Nairobi, Kenya. It was played between India and New Zealand. New Zealand won the final by four wickets to win their first ICC KnockOut Trophy, their first win at an ICC event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Final, Background\nThe 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy started on 3 October and was hosted by Kenya, all the matches were played at Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi, Kenya. Eleven teams participated in the tournament, the top 5 teams ranked according to 1999 Cricket World Cup seedings qualify for the KnockOut Stage automatically. The remaining three teams qualify from the Pre-Quarter-Finals, which was held from 3 to 5 October, between 6 of the lowest ranked teams according to 1999 Cricket World Cup seedings. The final was played on 15 October 2000 and was a day-nighter contested between India and New Zealand at the Gymkhana Club Ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Final, Background\nIt was New Zealand's first Finals appearance at major ICC events. They had previously lost the Semi-Finals on four occasions between 1975 and 1999. India played in their second final at major ICC events, having played and won the 1983 Cricket World Cup Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Route to the final, KnockOut Stage\nA total ten matches were played in the tournament. The top 5 teams ranked according to 1999 Cricket World Cup seedings qualify for the KnockOut Stage automatically. The remaining three teams qualify from the Pre-Quarter-Finals, which was held from 3 to 5 October, between 6 of the lowest ranked teams according to 1999 Cricket World Cup seedings. Australia, Pakistan, South Africa, New Zealand and Zimbabwe qualified for the KnockOut Stage automatically, while India, Sri Lanka and England qualified from Pre-Quarter-Finals beating Kenya, West Indies and Bangladesh respectively. India faced Australia, Sri Lanka faced Pakistan and England faced South Africa in the Quarter-Finals. India, Pakistan, New Zealand and South Africa defeated Australia, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and England respectively in the Quarter-Finals, and qualified for the Semi-Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Route to the final, Semi-Finals\nThe first Semi-Final was played between New Zealand and Pakistan on 11 October 2000 at Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi, Kenya. Pakistan, who had won the toss, elected to bat first. Pakistan were bowled out for 252. Saeed Anwar scored 104 runs from 115 balls. Shayne O'Connor take a five-wicket haul his match figures were (5/46) bowling 9.2 overs, which help the New Zealand team to bowl out Pakistan for such mediocre score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Route to the final, Semi-Finals\nNew Zealand innings did start well losing their 2 wickets for 15, but Roger Twose and Craig McMillan steady the innings and put a brilliant partnership of 135 runs facing 158 balls and thus, they achieved the target with an over and 4 wickets remaining. Shayne O'Connor was awarded Man of the Match for his match figures (5/46) and New Zealand entered in their first ever Finals at major ICC events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Route to the final, Semi-Finals\nIndia played South Africa in the second Semi-Final of the tournament on 13 October 2000 at Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi, Kenya. India captain, Sourav Ganguly won the toss and decided to bat first. Indian openers gave them a steady start, with 66 for no wicket in 14 overs. Sourav Ganguly scored a brilliant century scoring 141 runs facing 142 balls he was not out throughout the innings and India scored the mammoth total of 295 runs losing 6 wickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Route to the final, Semi-Finals\nSouth African openers could not give their team a good start as both Kirsten and Hall were back in the pavilion for just the score of 23 in 4 overs and soon they were reduced to 50/4 then Jonty Rhodes, Mark Boucher and Lance Klusener steadied the innings for some extent but that could not help too much as they were bowled out for 200 and lost the match by 95 runs. Sourav Ganguly was named the Man of the Match for his brilliant knock of 141 runs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Route to the final, Umpires\nThe match was umpired by West Indies' Steve Bucknor and England's David Shepherd. Sri Lankan Ranjan Madugalle was the match referee and Australia's Darrell Hair was the third umpire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Route to the final, Details\nNew Zealand won the toss and elected to field. Indian openers gave a superb start to their team, and put a brilliant partnership of 141 and scoring the runs at the run rate of over 5 runs per over, but then, their middle could not take any advantage of the start given by their openers and finished the innings scoring 264 runs and losing 6 wickets in their allotted 50 overs. Sourav Ganguly's golden run in the tournament continued as he yet again scored a brilliant century scoring 117 runs from 130 balls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162486-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, Route to the final, Details\nNew Zealand innings yet again did not start well as they lost their 2 wickets inside 6 overs for the score of 37, and later reduced to 132/5 but then, Chris Cairns and Chris Harris put a brilliant partnership of 122 runs which help them to win their first major ICC event and also their first ICC KnockOut Trophy title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162487-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy squads\nThese were the eleven squads (all Test nations and two ODI nations) picked to take part in the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy, the second installment of the Champions Trophy cricket tournament. The tournament was held in Kenya from 3 to 15 October 2000. In the preliminary quarter finals, two ODI full-status teams Kenya and Zimbabwe played with India and Sri Lanka respectively, and India and Sri Lanka won their matches convincingly. In third preliminary quarter final, England beat Bangladesh to secure his position in Knockout Tournament. New Zealand won the second edition of the ICC KnockOut Trophy by defeating India in the final by four wickets, which was their first ICC event to be won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162487-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy squads, Squads, Australia\nShane Warne and Collin Miller was originally selected in the squad, but later withdrew for injuries and Mark Higgs and Brad Young was replaced respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162488-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IGA SuperThrift Tennis Classic\nThe 2000 IGA SuperThrift Tennis Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at The Greens Country Club in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in the United States that was part of the Tier III category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was held from February 21 through February 27, 2000. Second-seeded Monica Seles won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162488-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IGA SuperThrift Tennis Classic, Finals, Doubles\nCorina Morariu /  Kimberly Po defeated  Tamarine Tanasugarn /  Elena Tatarkova, 6\u20134, 4\u20136, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162489-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IGA SuperThrift Tennis Classic \u2013 Doubles\nLisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs were the defending champions, but none competed this year. Raymond entered the tournament, but decided to focus on the singles competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162489-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IGA SuperThrift Tennis Classic \u2013 Doubles\nCorina Morariu and Kimberly Po won the title by defeating Tamarine Tanasugarn and Elena Tatarkova 6\u20134, 4\u20136, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162490-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IGA SuperThrift Tennis Classic \u2013 Singles\nVenus Williams was the defending champion, but did not compete this year due to a tendinitis in her left wrist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162490-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IGA SuperThrift Tennis Classic \u2013 Singles\nMonica Seles won the title by defeating Nathalie Dechy 6\u20131, 7\u20136(7\u20133) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162490-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IGA SuperThrift Tennis Classic \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe top two seeds received a bye to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162491-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship\nThe 2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship was the 17th edition of the IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship. The Division I tournament took place between 17 and 20 February 2000 in Changchun City, China and the Division II tournament took place between 25 and 28 March 2000 in Bangkok, Thailand. The Division I tournament was won by North Korea, who claimed their second title by winning all three of their games and finishing first in the standings. Upon winning the tournament North Korea gained promotion to Division I of the 2001 IIHF World U18 Championships. South Korea and China finished second and third respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162491-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship\nIn the Division II tournament New Zealand finished first and gained promotion to Division I for the 2001 competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162491-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship, Overview\nThe Division I tournament began on 17 February 2000 in Changchun City, China. North Korea had gained promotion to Division I after finishing first in the Division II tournament at the 1999 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship. North Korea won the tournament after winning all three of their games and claimed their second title, their first coming in 1987. Following their win North Korea gained promotion for the following year to Division I of the 2001 IIHF World U18 Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 57], "content_span": [58, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162491-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship, Overview\nSouth Korea finished second after losing one game to North Korea and China finished third after losing to North Korea and South Korea. Australia who finished last also suffered the largest defeat of the tournament against China, losing 0 \u2013 10. Han Jong of North Korea finished as the top scorer for the tournament with five points including four goals and an assist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 57], "content_span": [58, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162491-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship, Overview\nThe Division II tournament began on 25 March 2000 in Bangkok, Thailand. The under-18 team of Mongolia made their debut appearance at the Championships and in international competition. New Zealand won the tournament after winning two of their games and drawing their game against Chinese Taipei and gained promotion to Division I for the 2001 IIHF Asian Oceanic U18 Championship. Chinese Taipei finished second behind New Zealand on goal difference and Thailand finished third after finishing above Mongolia only on goal difference. Philip Chou of Chinese Taipei finished as the top scorer for the tournament with eight points including seven goals and an assist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 57], "content_span": [58, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162491-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship, Division I, Scoring leaders\nList shows the top ten skaters sorted by points, then goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 76], "content_span": [77, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162491-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship, Division I, Leading goaltenders\nOnly the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played 40% of their team's minutes are included in this list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 80], "content_span": [81, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162491-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship, Division II, Scoring leaders\nList shows the top ten skaters sorted by points, then goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 77], "content_span": [78, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162491-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship, Division II, Leading goaltenders\nOnly the top goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played 40% of their team's minutes are included in this list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 81], "content_span": [82, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162492-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship\nThe 2000 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship was the 4th IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship, the premier annual international inline hockey tournament. It took place in Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 and Choce\u0148, Czech Republic, with the gold-medal game played on July 15, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162492-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship, Qualification, Group II\nItaly later withdrew from the World Championship, and was replaced by Hungary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162492-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship, Qualification, Southern Hemisphere Group\nNamibia was originally supposed to take part in the tournament. Chile eventually qualified for the World Championship, replacing Canada (who withdrew due to lack of funding for the trip)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 84], "content_span": [85, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162493-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Women's World Championship\nThe 2000 IIHF World Women's Championships was held April 3\u20139, 2000 in the Ontario towns of Mississauga, Barrie, Kitchener, London, Niagara Falls, Oshawa and Peterborough, Canada. Final games were played at the Hershey Centre in Mississauga. Team Canada won their sixth consecutive gold medal at the World Championships defeating the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162493-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Women's World Championship\nIn one of the closest finals competed, Canada took the tournament with a 2\u20131 final win, in overtime. Finland picked up their sixth consecutive bronze medal, with a win over Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162493-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Women's World Championship\nThis year's tournament also counted as qualification for the Salt Lake Olympics. With six automatic berths available, all four semi-finalists were assured Olympic participation. In the consolation round China defeated Germany and Russia defeated Japan, to join them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162493-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Women's World Championship, Teams\nWith the promotion and relegation format now in use, the top seven nations were joined by Japan, the winner of Group B in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162493-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Women's World Championship, World Championship Group A\nThe eight participating teams were divided up into two seeded groups as below. The teams played each other once in a single round robin format. The top two teams from the group proceeded to the Final Round, while the remaining teams played in the Consolation Round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162493-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF Women's World Championship, World Championship Group B\nWorld Championship Group B was played again with an eight team tournament which was hosted by Latvia in Liep\u0101ja and Riga. Kazakhstan won the tournament winning the final stage round robin by 3 points to win the competition and to ensure their Promotion to the main World Championship in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162494-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship\nThe 2000 IIHF World Championship was held in Saint Petersburg, Russia from 29 April to 14 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162494-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship, Qualification\nThis was the final year for qualifying rounds (except 'Far East'). Five teams advanced out of the eight that participated in the two European groups. The top two from each group played in the World Championship, and the third place teams played off against each other for the final spot. Both groups were played November 11\u201314, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162494-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship, Preliminary round\nLike the previous two years, sixteen nations played in four groups of four. However this year the format was modified so that the top three teams from each group would advance to a group of six, carrying forward the results against the teams who advanced with them. The nations from the first and fourth pools were grouped together, likewise the second and third pools. The fourth placed teams were put in a group together to contest relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162494-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship, Relegation round, Group G\nThe relegation round is composed of the four teams that placed last in Groups A through D.  They play in a round-robin fashion, with the last placed team that is not the far east qualifier, being relegated to the Division I group in next year's World Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162494-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship, Relegation round, Group G\nFrance is relegated to Division I. \u00a0Japan will play together with China and Korea in 2001 IIHF World Championship Far East Qualification Tournament", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162494-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship, Ranking and statistics, Scoring leaders\nList shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals. If the list exceeds 10 skaters because of a tie in points, all of the tied skaters are left out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162494-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship, Ranking and statistics, Leading goaltenders\nOnly the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played 40% of their team's minutes are included in this list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162495-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship Final\nThe 2000 IIHF World Championship Final was an ice hockey match that took place on 14 May 2000 at the Ice Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia, to determine the winner of the 2000 IIHF World Championship. The Czech Republic defeated Slovakia 5\u20133 to win its second championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162495-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship Final, Background\nThe game marked the first time the two former member-nations of Czechoslovakia would meet each other Final, after becoming independent in 1993, just about seven years before. It also was the first time independent Slovakia would reach the finals of the IIHF World Championships, jumping up from a previous best placement of seventh, achieved in both 1999 and 1998. For the independent Czech Republic, it was its third-ever finals participation after their gold medal wins in both 1996 and 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162495-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship Final, Venue\nThe Ice Palace in Saint Petersburg was determined to host the final of the championship. Previously at the tournament, the venue hosted the both semi-finals and the bronze medal match. In the final, the attendance was 12,350, 100.4 percent of its total capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162495-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship Final, The Match, Summary\nMichal S\u00fdkora started the scoring for the Czech Republic six minutes into the game, assisted by Martin Proch\u00e1zka and V\u00e1clav Vara\u010fa. Just over three minutes later, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Vlas\u00e1k buried a centering pass from Petr Buzek. Proch\u00e1zka added another for the Czechs at 12:25 of the first, assisted by Vlas\u00e1k and Pavel Patera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162495-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship Final, The Match, Summary\n7:43 into the second period, Martin \u0160trb\u00e1k scored to put the Slovaks on the board, assisted by Radoslav Such\u00fd. The Czechs suffered some penalty problems, accumulating ten minor penalties, with five coming in the second period alone, though due to the strong play of their goaltender Roman \u010cechm\u00e1nek, the team held their lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162495-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship Final, The Match, Summary\nJan Tomajko scored at 3:45 into the final period to put the Czechs up 4\u20131, and this would hold as the game-winning goal. Miroslav Hlinka and Miroslav \u0160atan both scored late goals for Slovakia to make the game 4\u20133, with \u0160atan's goal giving him the tournament scoring title over Ji\u0159\u00ed Dopita. Robert Reichel's goal with just over one minute left in the game ended any hopes of a Slovak comeback, securing the Czech Republic's third gold medal at the World Championships in the span of just five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Czech Republic\nGoaltenders: Roman \u010cechm\u00e1nek, Du\u0161an Salfick\u00fd, Vladim\u00edr Hud\u00e1\u010dek. Defencemen: Petr Buzek, Franti\u0161ek Ku\u010dera, Michal S\u00fdkora, Martin \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek, Ladislav Ben\u00fd\u0161ek, Franti\u0161ek Kaberle, Radek Mart\u00ednek. Forwards: Ji\u0159\u00ed Dopita, Robert Reichel, Jan Tomajko, David V\u00fdborn\u00fd, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Vlas\u00e1k, V\u00e1clav Prospal, Pavel Patera, Martin Proch\u00e1zka, Martin Havl\u00e1t, V\u00e1clav Vara\u010fa, Michal Bro\u0161, Petr \u010caj\u00e1nek, Martin \u0160pa\u0148hel. Coaches: Josef Augusta, Vladim\u00edr Martinec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Slovakia\nGoaltenders: Pavol Ryb\u00e1r, J\u00e1n La\u0161\u00e1k, Miroslav Lipovsk\u00fd. Defencemen: \u013dubom\u00edr Seker\u00e1\u0161, Ivan Droppa, Stanislav Jase\u010dko, Zdeno Ch\u00e1ra, Peter Podhradsk\u00fd, \u013dubom\u00edr Vi\u0161\u0148ovsk\u00fd, Martin \u0160trb\u00e1k, Radoslav Such\u00fd. Forwards: Miroslav \u0160atan, \u013dubom\u00edr Hurtaj, Richard Kapu\u0161, Peter Barto\u0161, Vlastimil Plavucha, Miroslav Hlinka, J\u00e1n Pardav\u00fd, Peter Pucher, Michal Hreus, \u013dubom\u00edr Vaic, Ronald Petrovick\u00fd, \u013dubo\u0161 Barte\u010dko, Michal Handzu\u0161. Coach: J\u00e1n Filc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Finland\nGoaltenders: Pasi Nurminen, Ari Sulander, Vesa Toskala. Defencemen: Aki Berg, Jere Karalahti, Jyrki Lumme, Toni Lydman, Antti-Jussi Niemi, Janne Niinimaa, Petteri Nummelin. Forwards: Antti Aalto, Raimo Helminen, Jukka Hentunen, Olli Jokinen, Tomi Kallio, Niko Kapanen, Juha Lind, Ville Peltonen, Kimmo Rintanen, Toni Sihvonen, Esa Tikkanen, Marko Tuomainen, Tony Virta. Coach: Hannu Aravirta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Canada\nGoaltenders: Jos\u00e9 Th\u00e9odore, Fred Brathwaite, Jamie Ram. Defencemen: Patrick Traverse, Chris Phillips, Jeff Finley, Adrian Aucoin, Larry Murphy, Robyn Regehr, Yannick Tremblay, Ed Jovanovski. Forwards: Peter Schaefer, Brendan Morrison, Mike Johnson, Trevor Letowski, Brad Isbister, Mike Sillinger, Dean McAmmond, Martin Lapointe, Jamal Mayers, Steve Sullivan, Kris Draper, Curtis Brown, Todd Bertuzzi, Ryan Smyth. Coaches: Tom Renney, Butch Goring, Mike Pelino", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, United States\nGoaltenders: Robert Esche, Damian Rhodes, Karl Goehring. Defencemen: Phil Housley, Eric Weinrich, Chris Luongo, Mike Mottau, Chris O'Sullivan, Ben Clymer, Hal Gill. Forwards: Mike Peluso, Brian Gionta, Steve Konowalchuk, Chris Tancill, Steve Heinze, Jason Blake, Sean Haggerty, Jeff Halpern, Darby Hendrickson, Jeff Nielsen, Derek Plante, David Legwand, Eric Boguniecki. Coaches: Lou Vairo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Switzerland\nGoaltenders: Martin Gerber, Reto Pavoni. Defencemen: Patrick Sutter, Olivier Keller, Edgar Salis, Mark Streit, Julien Vauclair, Mathias Seger, Martin Steinegger, Rolf Ziegler. Forwards: Gian-Marco Crameri, Patrick Fischer, Marcel Jenni, Thomas Ziegler, Ivo R\u00fcthemann, Reto Von Arx, Flavien Conne, Alain Demuth, Michel Riesen, Patric Della Rossa, Claudio Micheli, Michel Zeiter, Jean-Jacques Aeschlimann. Coaches: Ralph Krueger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Sweden\nGoaltenders: Andreas Hadel\u00f6v, Mikael Tellqvist, Tommy Salo. Defencemen: Peter Andersson, Ricard Persson, Rikard Franz\u00e9n, Mattias Norstr\u00f6m, Bj\u00f6rn Nord, Mikael Magnusson, Daniel Tj\u00e4rnqvist. Forwards: Kristian Gahn, Per-Johan Axelsson, Daniel Sedin, Mikael Hakanson, Samuel P\u00e5hlsson, Peter Nordstr\u00f6m, Henrik Sedin, J\u00f6rgen J\u00f6nsson, Kristian Huselius, Fredrik Lindquist, Jonas R\u00f6nnqvist, Fredrik Modin, Michael Nylander. Coaches: Stephan Lundh, Hardy Nilsson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Latvia\nGoaltenders: Art\u016brs Irbe, Sergejs Naumovs. Defencemen: K\u0101rlis Skrasti\u0146\u0161, Rodrigo Lavi\u0146\u0161, Andrejs Maticins, Normunds S\u0113j\u0113js, Viktors Ignatjevs, Atvars Tribuncovs, Igors Bondarevs. Forwards: Aleksandrs Be\u013cavskis, Aleksandrs \u0145i\u017eivijs, Aleksandrs Semjonovs, Juris Opu\u013cskis, Aleksandrs Kercs, Leonids Tambijevs, Vja\u010deslavs Fandu\u013cs, Grigorijs Pante\u013cejevs, Harijs V\u012btoli\u0146\u0161, Janis Sprukts, Sergejs Se\u0146ins, Artis \u0100bols, Aigars Cipruss, Herberts Vasi\u013cjevs. Coaches: Haralds Vasi\u013cjevs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Belarus\nGoaltenders: Andrei Mezin, Leonid Fatikov. Defencemen: Sergei Stas, Oleg Khmyl, Ruslan Salei, Oleg Romanov, Igor Matushkin, Yuri Krivokhiza, Alexander Makritski, Vladimir Kopat. Forwards: Vladimir Tsyplakov, Andrei Kovalev, Alexei Kalyuzhny, Alexander Andrijevski, Andrei Skabelka, Viktor Karachun, Vasily Pankov, Vitali Valui, Dmitry Starostenko, Dmitry Pankov, Dmitri Dudik, Alexander Galchenyuk. Coaches: Anatoli Varivonchik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Norway\nGoaltenders: Rob Schistad, Vidar Wold. Defencemen: Mats Trygg, Tommy Jakobsen, Svein Enok N\u00f8rsteb\u00f8, Johnny Nilsen, Ketil Wold, Martin Sellgren. Forwards: Trond Magnussen, Per-\u00c5ge Skr\u00f8der, Tore Vikingstad, Martin Knold, Ole Eskild Dahlstrom, Marius Trygg, Morten Fjeld, Joakim Saether, Sjur Robert Nilsen, P\u00e5l Johnsen, Mads Hansen, Anders Fredriksen, Geir Svendsberget, Stig Vesterheim. Coaches: Leif Boork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Russia\nGoaltenders: Ilja Bryzgalov, Yegor Podomatsky. Defencemen: Maxim Galanov, Sergei Gonchar, Alexander Khavanov, Igor Kravchuk, Andrej Markov, Dmitri Mironov, Alexei Zhitnik. Forwards: Maxim Afinogenov, Pavel Bure, Alexander Kharitonov, Alexei Yashin, Valeri Kamensky, Andrei Kovalenko, Viktor Kozlov, Alexei Kudashov, Andrei Nikolishin, Oleg Petrov, Alexander Prokopiev, Maxim Sushinski, Alexei Zhamnov. Coaches: Alexander Yakushev, Zinetula Bilyaletdinov, Vladislav Tretyak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Italy\nGoaltenders: Andrea Carpano, Mike Rosati. Defencemen: Carlo Lorenzi, Armin Helfer, Christopher Bartolone, Leo Insam, Georg Comploi, Ingemar Gruber, Michele Strazzabosco. Forwards: Bruno Zarrillo, Mario Chitaroni, Dino Felicetti, Vezio Sacratini, Lucio Topatigh, Lino De Toni, Maurizio Mansi, Stefano Margoni, Manuel De Toni, Roland Ramoser, Stefan Zisser, Joe Busillo, Armando Chelodi. Coaches: Adolf Insam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Austria\nGoaltenders: Reinhard Divis, Claus Dalpiaz, Michael Suttnig. Defencemen: Thomas Searle, Gerhard Unterluggauer, Martin Ulrich, Herbert Hohenberger, Dominic Lavoie, Andre Lakos, Peter Kasper. Forwards: Christoph Brandner, Dieter Kalt, Simon Wheeldon, Matthias Trattnig, Martin Hohenberger, Artur Marczell, Christian Perthaler, Wolfgang Kromp, G\u00fcnther Lanzinger, Mario Schaden, Gregor Baumgartner, Philipp Lukas, Gerald Ressmann. Coaches: Ron Kennedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Ukraine\nGoaltenders: Igor Karpenko, Yevgeni Brul, Vadim Selivertsov. Defencemen: Olexander Savitsky, Dmitri Yakushin, Gennady Razin, Vyacheslav Zavalnyuk, Serhiy Klymentiev, Artem Ostroushko, Oleg Polkovnikov. Forwards: Vitaliy Lytvynenko, Olexander Matviychuk, Serhiy Varlamov, Vadym Shakhraychuk, Borys Protsenko, Konstantin Kalmikov, Vasyl Bobrovnikov, Valentyn Oletsky, Bogdan Savenko, Ruslan Bezchasny, Andrei Voyush, Olexander Yakovenko, Olexei Lazarenko. Coaches: Anatoliy Bogdanov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, France\nGoaltenders: Cristobal Huet, Patrick Rolland, Fabrice Lhenry. Defencemen: Denis Perez, Baptiste Amar, Karl Dewolf, Vincent Bachet, Gregory Dubois, Jean-Christophe Filippin, Jean-Marc Soghomonian. Forwards: Arnaud Briand, Maurice Rozenthal, Benoit Bachelet, Philippe Bozon, Stephane Barin, Jonathan Zwikel, Laurent Meunier, Richard Aimonetto, Francois Rozenthal, Yorick Treille, Anthony Mortas, Robert Ouellet, Pierre Allard. Coach: Stephane Sabourin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162496-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World Championship rosters, Rosters, Japan\nGoaltenders: Dusty Imoo, Shinichi Iwasaki. Defencemen: Yutaka Kawaguchi, Takayuki Kobori, Akihito Isojima, Tatsuki Katayama, Hiroyuki Miura, Kengo Ito, Fumitaka Miyauchi, Makoto Kawashima. Forwards: Ryan Kuwabara, Kiyoshi Fujita, Chris Yule, Tomohito Kobayashi, Yasunori Iwata, Matthew Kabayama, Yosuke Kon, Takahito Suzuki, Taro Nihei, Yutaka Ono, Hideji Tsuchida, Masakazu Sato. Coach: Steve Tsujiura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162497-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World U18 Championships\nThe 2000 IIHF World U18 Championships were held in Kloten and Weinfelden, Switzerland. The championships ran between April 14 and April 24, 2000. Games were played at Eishalle Schluefweg in Kloten and Sportanlage G\u00fcttingersreuti in Weinfelden. Finland defeated Russia 3\u20131 in the final to win the gold medal, while Sweden defeated Switzerland 7\u20131 to capture the bronze medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162497-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World U18 Championships, Championship results, Relegation Round\nNote: The following matches from the preliminary round carry forward to the relegation round:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162497-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 IIHF World U18 Championships, Championship results, Final standings\nBelarus is relegated to Division I for the 2001 IIHF World U18 Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 72], "content_span": [73, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162498-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships\nThe 2nd IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships was held between March 20, 2000 and March 25, 2000 at the E Center in West Valley City, Utah, United States. The same place where would host the same sport two years later as the first test event for the Paralympic Winter Games in 2002. Participating countries: Canada, Estonia, Japan, Norway, Sweden and United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162498-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships, Final Rankings\nCanada beat Norway 2-1 to win the gold medal. The game went into overtime and more than 6,000 fans cheered on as Canada\u2019s Shawn Matheson scored the winning goal. The victory gave Canada, the country that created the sport, its first gold medal in sledge hockey, and avenged a gold-medal loss to Norway at the 1998 Paralympics in Nagano. Sweden grabbed the bronze by beating Japan 5-1, while Estonia squared off with the United States to take 5th place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 62], "content_span": [63, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162499-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ISSF World Cup\nFor the 2000 ISSF World Cup in the seventeen Olympic shooting events, the World Cup Final was held in October 2000 in Nicosia, Cyprus for the shotgun events, and in November 2000 in Munich, Germany for the rifle, pistol and running target events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162500-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 ITF Men's Circuit\nThe 2000 ITF Men's Circuit was the 2000 edition of the third tier tour for men's professional tennis. In 2000 there were 39 Satellite Circuits for men in 21 countries and 249 Futures tournaments for men in 55 countries. Each Satellite Circuit and Futures tournament was organised and run by the National Association of the country in which the event took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162500-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 ITF Men's Circuit, ITF Satellite circuits\nEach Satellite Circuit comprises three tournaments plus a Masters playoff at which prize money and ranking points are awarded. Below are listed the winners of each Satellite Circuit, with the ATP Tour ranking points won (based on the total number of circuit points during the tour weeks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162500-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 ITF Men's Circuit, ITF Futures\nSingle-week Futures tournaments were played for the third time in 2000, having been established in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162501-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics\nThe 2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics (Spanish: IX Campeonato Iberoamericano de Atletismo) was the ninth edition of the international athletics competition between Ibero-American nations which was held at the Est\u00e1dio C\u00e9lio de Barros in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 20 and 21 May. With a total of 308 athletes, the number of competitors was the lowest since 1990. The Spanish team (29 athletes) was much smaller than previous delegations as most of the Spaniards chose to focus on the 2000 Sydney Olympics instead. Other national teams used the competition as a chance to gain an Olympic qualifying mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162501-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics\nThe host nation Brazil easily topped the medal table by winning 18 gold medals and a total haul of 45 medals. The next best performing nation was Spain, which took six golds and 21 medals during the two-day championships. Cuba and Colombia won five golds each, while Argentina and Mexico had the third and fourth largest totals, with eleven and ten medals respectively. Fourteen of the 20 nations that participated reached the medal podium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162501-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics\nBrazil dominated the men's track events and Hudson de Souza completed an 800/1500 metres double. Cuban men provided the highlights of the men's field events, where Michael Calvo won the triple jump with a jump of 17.05\u00a0m and Emeterio Gonz\u00e1lez had a javelin throw over eighty metres (both championship marks). In the women's track events, reigning Olympic champion Fernanda Ribeiro broke the 5000\u00a0m championship record and Soraya Telles became the first female Ibero-American champion in the steeplechase (a contest which meant that the 44-event programme was equal between the sexes for the first time). The 10,000 m track walk saw Rosario S\u00e1nchez knock almost a minute of the meet record, while runner-up Geovana Irusta set a South American record behind her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162501-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics\nAlthough the level of performances was generally lower than at earlier editions, eight championships records were set. Two national records were also beaten; Elena Guerra improved the 1500\u00a0m Uruguayan record and \u00c9rika Olivera set a new Chilean record for the 5000 metres. The Brazilian men's 4\u00d7100 m relay team gave the performance of the competition with their winning time of 38.24\u00a0seconds, which was a South American record and an Ibero-American record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162501-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics\nSeveral athletes present at the competition went on to win medals on the Olympic stage later that year: Mexican No\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez won the 20\u00a0km walk silver medal, Fernanda Ribeiro took an Olympic bronze over 10,000\u00a0m, while both the Brazilian and Cuban 4\u00d7100\u00a0m relay teams reached the Olympic podium. Future world champion Naide Gomes won S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe's first ever medal with her runner-up performance in the heptathlon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162501-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics, Participation\nA total of 20 delegations were sent from the 28 member nations of the Asociaci\u00f3n Iberoamericana de Atletismo, with 297 athletes being present at the competition. Recently joined members Angola, Cape Verde and Equatorial Guinea were all absent in 2000. Costa Rica, El Salvador and the Dominican Republic were other regular participants who did not take part in the championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162502-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics \u2013 Results\nThese are the results of the 2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics which took place on May 20\u201321, 2000 on Est\u00e1dio C\u00e9lio de Barros in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162503-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iceland earthquakes\nThe 2000 Iceland earthquakes struck southern Iceland on June 17 and 21. There were no fatalities but three people suffered minor injuries and there was considerable damage to infrastructure. The two earthquakes were the first major seismic activity in Iceland for 88 years. The recorded magnitude of both of the main quakes was 6.5 Mwc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162503-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Iceland earthquakes, Tectonic setting\nIceland lies on the spreading axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) where it is influenced by the Iceland hotspot, a major mantle upwelling. The active spreading axis of the MAR is moving westward with respect to the hotspot. This means that the active rifts above the hotspot have progressively jumped towards the east, causing the development of two major transform zones in the north and south of the island. To the south the zone is the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ), which has a west\u2013east trend and is about 20 km wide. Most earthquakes in this zone are associated with movement on north\u2013south trending right lateral strike-slip faults, although there is also evidence of WSW\u2013ENE trending faults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162503-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Iceland earthquakes, Tectonic setting\nAccording to historical records, there have been 33 damaging earthquakes in the SISZ from the 11th century up to June 2000, with the latest  being in 1896 and 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162503-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Iceland earthquakes, Earthquakes\nThe first of the earthquakes occurred at 15:40 UTC on 17 June at a depth of 6.3 km. The magnitude estimated by the Icelandic Meteorological Office was 6.4 Mw\u202f, assuming a single fault, although such a model did not fit all the available data. The extent of aftershocks defined a 16 km long north-south fault rupture, continuing down to 10 km. The causative fault was the \u00c1rnes Fault and a large number of surface fissures were mapped along this structure in the days following the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162503-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Iceland earthquakes, Earthquakes\nThe second earthquake occurred at 00:51 UTC on 21 June at a depth of 5.1 km. The extent of aftershocks defined an 18 km fault rupture down to 8 km depth. The causative fault was the Hestfjall Fault. Surface fissures were developed over a distance of about 25 km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162504-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Icelandic Cup\nThe Visa-Bikar 2000 was the forty-first season of the Icelandic national football cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162505-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Icelandic Men's Football League Cup\nThe 2000 Icelandic Men's Football League Cup was the fifth staging of the Icelandic Men's League Cup. 36 teams took part.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162505-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Icelandic Men's Football League Cup\nThe competition started on 3 March 2000  and concluded on 4 September 2000 with Grindav\u00edk beating Valur 4-0 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162506-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Icelandic presidential election\nPresidential elections were scheduled to be held in Iceland in 2000. However, incumbent President \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson was the only candidate, and the election was uncontested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162507-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Idaho Vandals football team\nThe 2000 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by first-year head coach Tom Cable, the Vandals were 5\u20136 overall and 3\u20132 in Big West Conference play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162507-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Idaho Vandals football team\nIdaho played only one of their home games at the Kibbie Dome, an indoor facility on campus in Moscow, Idaho. The other three home games were at Martin Stadium at Washington State University in nearby Pullman, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162507-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Idaho Vandals football team\nIn the Battle of the Palouse, Idaho defeated neighboring Washington State for the second straight year; the previous two victories in this series were 35 years earlier and also in consecutive years under different head coaches: 1964 (Dee Andros) and 1965 (Steve Musseau).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162507-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Idaho Vandals football team, NFL Draft\nTwo Vandal seniors were selected in the 2001 NFL Draft, which lasted seven rounds (246 selections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162508-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Idea Prokom Open\nThe 2000 Prokom Polish Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Sopot, Poland that was part of the Tier III  category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the third edition of the Polish Open and took place from 17 July until 23 July 2000. Second-seeded Anke Huber won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162508-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Idea Prokom Open, Finals, Doubles\nVirginia Ruano Pascual /  Paola Su\u00e1rez defeated  \u00c5sa Carlsson /  Rita Grande, 7\u20135, 6\u20131", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162509-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Idea Prokom Open \u2013 Doubles\nIn the doubles matches of the 2000 Idea Prokom Open, Laura Montalvo and Paola Su\u00e1rez were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners. Montalvo teamed up with Gala Le\u00f3n Garc\u00eda and were eliminated in quarterfinals. Su\u00e1rez teamed up with Virginia Ruano Pascual and successfully defended her title, by defeating \u00c5sa Carlsson and Rita Grande 7\u20135, 6\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162510-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Idea Prokom Open \u2013 Singles\nConchita Mart\u00ednez was the defending champion, but was forced to retire in her quarterfinals match against Gala Le\u00f3n Garc\u00eda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162510-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Idea Prokom Open \u2013 Singles\nAnke Huber won the title by defeating Gala Le\u00f3n Garc\u00eda 7\u20136(7\u20134), 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162510-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Idea Prokom Open \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first two seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162511-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois Fighting Illini football team\nThe 2000 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference. Their home games were played at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. The team's head coach was Ron Turner, who was in his fourth season with the Illini. Illinois had a record of 5\u20136 and failed to make a bowl game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162512-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois elections, Election information, Turnout, Primary election\nFor the primary election, turnout was 25.91%, with 1,748,279 votes cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162512-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois elections, Election information, Turnout, General election\nFor the general election, turnout was 69.18%, with 4,932,192 votes cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162512-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois elections, Federal elections, United States President\nIllinois voted for the Democratic ticket of Al Gore and Joe Lieberman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162512-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois elections, Federal elections, United States House\nAll 20 of Illinois' seats in the United States House of Representatives  were up for election in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162512-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois elections, Federal elections, United States House\nNo seats switched parties, with the composition of Illinois' House delegation remaining 10 Democrats and 10 Republicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162512-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois elections, State elections, State Senate\nSome of the seats of the Illinois Senate were up for election in 2000. Republicans retained control of the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162512-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois elections, State elections, State House of Representatives\nAll of the seats in the Illinois House of Representatives were up for election in 2000. Democrats retained control of the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162512-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois elections, Local elections\nLocal elections were held. These included county elections, such as the Cook County elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election\nThe 2000 United States House of Representatives election for the 1st district in Illinois took place on November 7, 2000 to elect a representative from Illinois's 1st congressional district for the 107th United States Congress. Incumbent Democratic Representative Bobby Rush faced a primary challenge from Illinois Senator and future President Barack Obama. Rush defeated Obama 61 percent to 30 percent, with other candidates combining for the remaining nine percent. Rush later defeated his Republican opponent, Raymond Wardingley, 88 percent to 12 percent, ensuring his reelection. Subsequent to this election, Obama was elected to the Senate in 2004, and later elected President in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, District\nIllinois's 1st congressional district is a minority-majority district. At the time of the election, 65\u00a0percent of its constituents were African American. In redistricting after the 1990 United States Census, the district was extended into the suburbs for the first time in 90 years, but a majority of the districts' residents (70%) lived in Chicago. A strongly Democratic district, only twice since 1966 has a Republican candidate for United States Congress received over 20% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Background\nRush was involved in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. He was a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and a former member and founder of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party. After coordinating a medical clinic that treated sickle cell anemia, Rush served as an alderman and was first elected to represent Illinois's 1st district in 1992. Rush ran for Mayor of Chicago against Richard M. Daley in 1999 and lost, receiving only 28% of the vote, making him appear electorally vulnerable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Background\nObama, at age 38, was a lecturer at the University of Chicago and a two-term state Senator. Though friends, including Terry Link, his colleague in the Illinois Senate, warned Obama against challenging Rush, as there was no obvious reason to displace him to the voters, Obama ran anyway because of his frustration with what he claimed was Republican obstructionism in the Illinois Legislature and the feeling Rush was representing the district less well as he could. Also challenging Rush were Donne Trotter, a state senator, and George Roby, a police officer. Raymond Wardingley, a perennial candidate who worked as a clown, ran unopposed for the Republican nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 63], "content_span": [64, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Obama's campaign\nObama entered the race in late September 1999, six months before the primary, stating that Rush represented \"a politics that is rooted in the past, a reactive politics that isn\u2019t good at coming up with concrete solutions.\" He promised to build consensus and lead coalitions involving people outside of the black community to reduce crime, improve health care coverage, promote economic development and expand educational opportunities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Obama's campaign\nEarly polling showed Rush's name recognition started off at 90 percent, with Obama's at 11 percent. Rush had 70 percent approval, while Obama had 8 percent approval. In the head to head matchup, forty-seven percent of the people polled favored Rush, 10 percent favored Obama, and 5 percent supported Trotter, who is also African American. Most of Obama's support came from White Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Obama's campaign\nIn mid-October, Rush's son, Huey, was murdered, leading Obama to put his campaign on hold. Governor George Ryan called the Illinois Legislature to a special session to re-enact a package of gun-safety bills, a pet issue of Rush, which had been overturned by the Illinois Supreme Court. Obama supported the package, but the session dragged on towards Christmas. Obama annually spent the Christmas vacation in Hawaii with his family visiting his grandmother, who raised him. Obama left Illinois, expecting the session would continue into January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Obama's campaign\nHowever, a crucial vote took place earlier than expected, failing by five votes with Obama and others absent. Obama came under fire for missing the vote though he said he would have flown back sooner, but his 18-month-old daughter was sick. Meanwhile, Rush received an outpouring of sympathy that aided his campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Obama's campaign\nAs Obama lived in Hyde Park, a more affluent neighborhood with a higher percentage of White voters than the rest of the district, the narrative of the race became \"the Black Panther against the professor.\" Obama frequently came off as uptight. Rush criticized Obama: \"Barack Obama went to Harvard and became an educated fool. We\u2019re not impressed with these folks with these Eastern elite degrees. Barack is a person who read about the civil-rights protests and thinks he knows all about it.\" Trotter said, \"Barack is viewed in part to be the white man in blackface in our community.\" Though the Chicago Tribune endorsed Obama, many, including local officials, President Bill Clinton, and Vice President Al Gore, the Democratic Party nominee for President, endorsed Rush. Then-State Representative Tom Dart supported Obama and organized on his behalf in the 19th ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Obama's campaign\nObama raised enough money to remain competitive with Rush. However, he neither connected with the working-class African Americans of the district nor provided a convincing reason for them to vote against Rush. Obama later wrote: \"Less than halfway into the campaign, I knew in my bones that I was going to lose. Each morning from that point forward I awoke with a vague sense of dread, realizing that I would have to spend the day smiling and shaking hands and pretending that everything was going according to plan.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 69], "content_span": [70, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Results, Primary elections\nRush defeated Obama in the primary election, held on March 21, 2000, by a 2-to-1 margin. Wardingley won the Republican Party nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 79], "content_span": [80, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Aftermath\nObama later said he got \"my rear end handed to me\" in his loss to Rush and acknowledged his own hubris. However, many analysts believe that Obama's loss helped him to learn from his mistakes, which enabled him to run more successful campaigns in 2004 and 2008. Obama was seen as a stiff policy wonk, and he used the experience to hone his ability to connect with voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Aftermath\nAccording to Chicago City Council member Toni Preckwinkle, an early Obama supporter, Obama \"took a hard look at himself after that campaign and became a much better campaigner, more at ease on the campaign trail.\" He put more effort into his campaign, hiring David Axelrod as his chief political strategist. Also, Obama increased his focus on the Illinois Senate, improving his legislative accomplishments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162513-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election, Aftermath\nIn 2004, Obama was the keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention. After his speech, political pundits speculated about his future as a possible presidential candidate. After being elected to the United States Senate that year, and amid much speculation in the media regarding his future plans, Obama announced that he would seek the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination in February 2007 and went on to defeat fellow senator Hillary Clinton in one of the closest presidential nomination races in American history. He then defeated John McCain, also a senator, in the general election to become President of the United States. He was re-elected in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl\nThe 2000 Sanford Independence Bowl, part of the NCAA football bowl games, took place on December 31, 2000 at Independence Stadium in Shreveport, Louisiana. The competing teams were the Mississippi State Bulldogs, representing the Southeastern Conference, and the Texas A&M Aggies from the Big 12 Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl\nThe game was later referred to as \"The Snow Bowl\", as a snowstorm (rare for the Shreveport area) began just before kickoff, blanketing the field in powder, and continued throughout the entire game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl\nMississippi State won the bowl in overtime, 43\u201341 against their future SEC rival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nPrior to the game, the Bulldogs (8\u20134) had not scored in overtime in regular-season losses to Louisiana State and Arkansas. And things looked bleak for Mississippi State after Texas A&M's Ja'Mar Toombs rambled 25 yards for a touchdown on the first play of overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nBut defensive tackle Willie Blade blocked the extra point. Eugene Clinton grabbed the ball and lateraled to Julius Griffith, who went the distance to cut the deficit to 41-37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\n\"They were blocking down on me, but I kept fighting and fighting to get through and finish the play,\" Blade said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nOn the Bulldogs' first play from scrimmage, Madkin turned a busted play into a 19-yard gain. After Dontae Walker lost a yard, Madkin went up the middle from the 7-yard line to give Mississippi State its second straight bowl win after four consecutive losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\n\"All I know is that I broke containment and I was trying to stretch (the ball) out as far as I could,\" Madkin said. \"I knew I had scored when my teammates started to jump on me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nPlaying in a steady snow that obscured the yard markers and made footing treacherous, Madkin completed 9-of-19 passes for 71 yards and a pair of touchdowns. Walker carried 16 times for 143 yards and three scores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\n\"There might have been a different football game under normal conditions, but our team just never gave up,\" said Mississippi State coach Jackie Sherrill, who held the same post at Texas A&M from 1982-88. \"I was surprised both teams scored as many points as we did in the snow.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nToombs set a Texas A&M bowl record with 35 carries for 193 yards and three TDs. The yardage was the second-highest total in Aggies' bowl history, trailing only the 276 Curtis Dickey rolled up in the 1978 Hall of Fame Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\n\"I haven't given the records any thought,\" Toombs said. \"I'm a team guy and my only concern is the team.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nTrailing 21\u201320 after three quarters, Texas A&M grabbed the lead on a 35-yard touchdown pass from Mark Farris to Bethel Johnson. Richard Whitaker ran for the two-point conversion and Toombs scored on a 13-yard run to give the Aggies a 35\u201321 cushion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nJust over a minute later, Walker broke off a 32-yard touchdown. With less than three minutes remaining, safety Marco Minor intercepted Farris at the Aggies' 4-yard line. Madkin threw a three-yard TD toss to Donald Lee to tie it with 90 seconds left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\n\"I saw our defensive line going in pretty hard and my guy stopped,\" Minor said. \"So I just stepped in front of him as soon as possible to make a play. That's what I did.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nWhitaker and Toombs ran for first-quarter touchdowns to stake Texas A&M to a 14\u20130 lead. The Bulldogs tied it in the second as Walker raced 40 yards for a score (video) and Madkin found Dicenzo Miller for a five-yard TD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nThe Aggies took a 20\u201314 lead into the locker room after Farris and Robert Ferguson hooked up for a 42-yard touchdown. Texas A&M has lost four straight and seven of its last eight bowl appearances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\n\"People talked all week about how evenly matched Texas A&M and Mississippi State were. At the end of 60 minutes of play, the score was tied, and when the game was over, only two points separated the teams so they were obviously right,\" Aggies coach R.C. Slocum said. \"It's a bitter feeling for us and I'm sure Mississippi State is feeling pretty good on their side.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nSherrill, the winningest coach in Mississippi State history, improved to 2\u20134 in bowl games with the Bulldogs and 8-6 overall. Slocum, who has won 78 percent of his games at Texas A&M, fell to 2\u20138 in bowls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nAbout 30 minutes before kickoff snow blew into Shreveport with strong wind whipping from one end zone to the other. The game started with the synthetic grass field a mix of green and white. By the second quarter, the turf was blanketed by snow. Plows were used during timeouts to make the goal lines, end lines and hash marks visible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162514-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Independence Bowl, Game summary\nAs the snow fell throughout the game, at times it came down so hard it made watching the game like looking through television static. Many of the 36,974 fans at Independence Stadium left at halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162515-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections\nRajya Sabha elections were held in 2000, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber. The elections were held  to elect respectively 3 seats from Delhi and 1 seat from Sikkim, 58 members from 15 states  and 3 members from Kerala  a  for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162515-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections, Elections\nElections were held in 2000 to elect members from various states. The list is incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162515-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections, Elections, Members elected\nThe following members are elected in the elections held in 2000. They are members for the term 2000-2006 and retire in year 2006, except in case of the resignation or death before the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162515-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Rajya Sabha elections, Bye-elections\nThe following bye elections were held in the year 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162516-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters\nThe 2000 Indian Wells Masters (also known as Tennis Masters Series Indian Wells) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 27th edition of the Indian Wells Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour, and of the Tier I Series of the 2000 WTA Tour. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the newly built Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells, California, United States, from March 6 through March 20, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162516-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters\nThe men singles draw was headlined by ATP No. 1, Australian Open titlist, Masters Cup finalist, 1995 runner-up Andre Agassi, Masters Cup winner, 1995 Wimbledon champion Pete Sampras and Australian Open runner-up Yevgeny Kafelnikov. Also competing in the field were Dubai winner Nicolas Kiefer, Santiago titlist Gustavo Kuerten, Magnus Norman, Marcelo R\u00edos and Nicol\u00e1s Lapentti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162516-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters, Champions, Men's Doubles\nAlex O'Brien /  Jared Palmer defeated  Paul Haarhuis /  Sandon Stolle 6\u20134, 7\u20136(7\u20135)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162516-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters, Champions, Women's Doubles\nLindsay Davenport /  Corina Morariu defeated  Anna Kournikova /  Natasha Zvereva, 6\u20132, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162517-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters \u2013 Men's Doubles\nWayne Black and Sandon Stolle were the defending champions, but did not partner together this year. Black partnered Andrew Kratzmann, losing in the first round. Stolle partnered Paul Haarhuis, losing in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162517-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters \u2013 Men's Doubles\nAlex O'Brien and Jared Palmer won the title, defeating Haarhuis and Stolle 6\u20134, 7\u20136(7\u20135) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162518-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters \u2013 Men's Singles\nMark Philippoussis was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Thomas Enqvist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162518-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters \u2013 Men's Singles\n\u00c1lex Corretja won the title, defeating Enqvist 6\u20134, 6\u20134, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162519-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters \u2013 Women's Doubles\nThe Women's Doubles Tournament at the 2000 Indian Wells Masters took place between March 10 and March 19 on the outdoor hard courts of the Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells, California, United States. Lindsay Davenport and Corina Morariu won the title, defeating Anna Kournikova and Natasha Zvereva in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162520-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters \u2013 Women's Singles\nSerena Williams was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Mary Pierce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162520-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters \u2013 Women's Singles\nLindsay Davenport won the title, defeating Martina Hingis in the final 4\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162520-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Indian Wells Masters \u2013 Women's Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 50], "content_span": [51, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162521-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indiana Fever season\nThe 2000 Indiana Fever season was their 1st season in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162522-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indiana Hoosiers football team\nThe 2000 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana. The team was coached by Cam Cameron in his fourth year as head coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162523-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indiana gubernatorial election\nThe 2000 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 2000. Incumbent Governor Frank O'Bannon, a Democrat, was re-elected over Republican David M. McIntosh with 57% of the vote. Libertarian Andrew Horning also ran and received 2% of the vote. O'Bannon's victory was the fourth consecutive election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Indiana, the longest winning streak for that party in the state since the Civil War. As of 2021, this is the last time a Democrat was elected Governor of Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162523-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Republican\nCongressman David M. McIntosh faced John Price in the May 2 Primary Election. Former gubernatorial candidate George Witwer had previously declined to run and instead endorsed McIntosh. McIntosh's central campaign theme was a 25% cut in property taxes, which drew ire from many of his opponents. McIntosh also called for replacing the ISTEP Plus standardized test and merit-based evaluations of teachers in his \"Kids First\" education plan, released on March 3, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162523-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Republican\nPrice's campaign was based largely on his \"Price Plan\", a 70-page booklet outlining a 27-step program for running the state government. In the Primary election, Price was defeated soundly by McIntosh, who won 71% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162523-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Democratic\nIncumbent Governor Frank O'Bannon ran unopposed for his party's nomination. He won 272,213 votes statewide and 100% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162523-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Other Candidates\nLibertarian Andrew Horning entered the gubernatorial race on March 23, pledging to eliminate state property taxes. Horning had run for Mayor of Indianapolis in 1999 and received four percent of the vote. Horning pitched himself as an alternative to the two major parties, both of which he blamed for \"the embarrassing state of education in Indiana\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162523-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Indiana gubernatorial election, General Election, Campaign\nThroughout the campaign, McIntosh made his proposed 25% tax cut his signature issue. O'Bannon attacked the plan as potentially harmful to education, which was his top talking point during the fall campaign. O'Bannon unveiled a $310 million education plan on July 19 which drew scorn from both sides because of the inclusion of lottery money in the proposed funding. Despite this, O'Bannon maintained a steady lead over his opponent, with a September 1 poll showing him leading McIntosh by 21 points. This was partially credited to public distrust of McIntosh's tax policies, with polls showing \"deep skepticism\" of the proposed 25% cut, according to the Indianapolis Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162523-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Indiana gubernatorial election, General Election, Results\nO'Bannon won the election with 57% of the vote. McIntosh trailed far behind at 42%, with Horning carrying just 2% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500\nThe 84th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday, May 28, 2000. After four years of an ongoing organizational dispute and \"split\" in Indy car racing, Chip Ganassi Racing became the first major CART-based team to compete at the race since 1995. The Ganassi team of Jimmy Vasser and Juan Pablo Montoya competed as a one-off entry, and were well received by fans and fellow competitors. Both drivers were quickly up to speed with the IRL regulars, and were expected to be favorites in both qualifying and on race day. Also making a heralded return to Indianapolis was two-time winner Al Unser Jr. who had switched full-time to the IRL in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500\nDuring qualifying, defending IRL champion Greg Ray took the pole position. However, on race day, reigning CART champion Juan Pablo Montoya dominated the race. Montoya led 167 laps, and cruised to victory, becoming the first rookie winner since Graham Hill in 1966. It was the first of two Indy victories for Montoya (2000, 2015). Buddy Lazier, the 1996 winner, and eventual season champion, finished second, his second runner-up finish at Indy, and fifth consecutive top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500\nThe 2000 race was the first to feature two female starters in the field, Lyn St. James and Sarah Fisher. The start of the race was delayed over three hours due to rain. The green flag dropped at 2:10\u00a0p.m. EST, and the race was completed shortly after 5 p.m. Seven minutes after the checkered flag, the rain returned, and doused the victory lane celebration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500\nThe first 65 laps of the race were run under green flag conditions, a new Indy 500 record at the time. Montoya became only the fourth winner to complete the race in under three hours, and at 167.607\u00a0mph, it was the fastest Indy 500 since 1991. At the end of the season, Montoya promptly departed Indy car racing for Formula One, then went to NASCAR. He would not return for his second Indy start until 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500\nThe race was sanctioned by the Indy Racing League, and was part of the 2000 Indy Racing Northern Lights Series season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race schedule\n* Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Rule changes\nDuring a yellow flag caution period, when the field is one lap away from going back to green flag conditions, the pace car would now drop off the track in turn one, and the race leader would pace the field back to the green flag and the ensuing restart. This was an effort to prevent any chance of the leader(s) accidentally passing the pace car on a restart (which happened to Scott Goodyear in the 1995 race).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Rule changes\nA year later, this would be combined with the \"wave around\" rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials\nTime trials were scheduled for two days in 2000, May 20\u201321. During practice, IRL regulars generally topped the speed charts, with different names leading nearly each day. Jimmy Vasser and Juan Pablo Montoya were quickly up to speed in the IRL machines, and each managed to lead one day of practice. Both were considered contenders for the front row. Greg Ray (223.948\u00a0mph) set the fastest lap of the week on \"Fast Friday.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole day - Saturday May 20\nPole qualifying began at 11 a.m. The weather was cool and cloudy. Al Unser, Jr. (220.293\u00a0mph) was the first car in the field. At 12:07\u00a0p.m., Eliseo Salazar took over the top spot with a run of 223.231\u00a0mph. Salazar remained on top for over an hour, as most cars waved off, awaiting better conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole day - Saturday May 20\nAt 1:19\u00a0p.m., Juan Pablo Montoya took to the track. His run of 223.372\u00a0mph took over the provisional pole position. Greg Ray pulled his car out of line due to handling issues, and Team Menard announced they would go out later. Jimmy Vasser went out next, and at 221.976\u00a0mph, he was not able to join his Ganassi teammate on the front row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole day - Saturday May 20\nLater in the day, conditions improved slightly, and several cars returned to the track. At 3:49\u00a0p.m., Greg Ray completed his run at 223.471\u00a0mph, and secured the pole position. The front row of Ray, Montoya, and Salazar was separated by only 0.173 second, the closest such margin in Indy history. The front row shaped up such that the reigning champions of IRL (Ray) and CART (Montoya) would line up 1st-2nd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole day - Saturday May 20\nA total of 23 cars qualified for the field. Lyn St. James wrecked on her first attempt, flipping the car up on its side in the south chute. Also into the wall were Jimmy Kite, Scott Harrington, rookie Memo Gidley and veteran Hideshi Matsuda. None of the drivers were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole day - Saturday May 20\nSarah Fisher (220.237\u00a0mph) qualified 19th, becoming the third female driver in Indy history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Bump day - Sunday May 21\nThe second and final day of time trials opened with ten spots remaining. Raul Boesel was the first car out, and at 222.113\u00a0mph, he would be the fastest driver of the afternoon. After two wave-offs on Saturday, Billy Boat wrecked on his first attempt on Sunday. He would be forced to find a backup car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Bump day - Sunday May 21\nThe field was filled to 33 cars by 5:50\u00a0p.m. Among the drivers who completed attempts were Jimmy Kite, Davey Hamilton, and popular hometown rookie Andy Hillenburg. Independent driver and co-owner Hillenburg was fielding a \"throwback\" entry named the Sumar Special, a gesture to the car driven by Pat O'Connor which won the pole position in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Bump day - Sunday May 21\nBilly Boat secured a backup car with the Foyt team, but the car (#41, previously driven by Roberto Guerrero) only had one attempt left. After stalling three times trying to pull away, Boat's first two laps were fair. The car stalled on the third lap, and his speed dropped to 150\u00a0mph. It picked up for the final lap, and he ran it at 198\u00a0mph. His four lap average was 192.105\u00a0mph, by far the slowest car in the field, and he was the first car on the bubble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Bump day - Sunday May 21\nLyn St. James and Dick Simon Racing reorganized after Saturday's crash, and she qualified comfortably. She bumped Boat with 25 minutes left in the day. With less than a minute until the 6 o'clock gun, Billy Boat climbed into another Foyt backup, (#11) a car that had not been driven all week. Boat managed a run of 218.872\u00a0mph out of the unproven machine. He shockingly bumped his way into the field as time expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Bump day - Sunday May 21\nDavy Jones attempted a comeback after breaking his neck in 1997, but he was bumped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 60], "content_span": [61, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Pre-race and rain delay\nOn Saturday May 27, the day before the Indy 500, Juan Pablo Montoya and Jimmy Vasser participated in the CART Bosch Spark Plug Grand Prix at Nazareth Speedway. The race had been scheduled for April 11, but snow postponed it until the Saturday of Memorial Day weekend. Montoya finished 4th, and Vasser 7th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Pre-race and rain delay\nJason Leffler, who qualified 17th at Indy, traveled to Charlotte on Saturday to participate in the NASCAR Busch Series Carquest Auto Parts 300. Leffler finished 21st at Charlotte. Also in Charlotte for part of the week was Robby Gordon, who was preparing to attempt the Indy 500/Coca-Cola 600 \"Double Duty.\" Gordon required a provisional starting position for Charlotte, and he would line up 42nd. P. J. Jones was scheduled to stand by for Gordon at Charlotte if he could not make it in time for the start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Pre-race and rain delay\nOn race day, Sunday May 28, the morning dawned warm and sunny, but rain was in the forecast. At 10:07\u00a0a.m., rain started to fall, and the start of the race was delayed. After three brief periods of showers, at approximately 12:40\u00a0p.m., the rain stopped and held off just long enough to complete the race. Track-drying efforts began, and at 2:01\u00a0p.m. EST, Mari Hulman George gave the command to start engines, and the field pulled away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, First half\nAt the start, polesitter Greg Ray took the lead. Juan Pablo Montoya settled into second, and Robby Gordon third. A fast pace over the first 20 laps saw Ray dominate, with Montoya aggressively dicing through traffic, holding a close second place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, First half\nOn lap 27, the leaders went four-wide through traffic, and Montoya took the lead for the first time. There would only be 6 laps that he would not be in front for the rest of the race. A few laps later, all the leaders were into the pits for the first round of green flag pit stops. On lap 33 Montoya emerged with the lead, and began to flex some strength. His lead grew from 11.9 seconds on lap 34 to over 21 seconds on lap 55.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, First half\nA blistering pace over the first 60 laps saw thus far zero yellow flags. The average speed at lap 60 (150 miles) was an all-time record 207.101\u00a0mph. Montoya held a 30-second lead over second place Jimmy Vasser. On lap 66, however, Greg Ray became caught up in a wind gust, and his car pushed into the outside wall exiting turn two. Al Unser, Jr. hit a piece of debris, and punctured the radiator, causing him to drop out. It was the first caution of the day, setting a new modern era Indy record (66 laps) before the first yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, First half\nMontoya now lead Robby Gordon and Buddy Lazier. After the restart, however, Lyn St. James crashed into the outside wall in turn 1. Sarah Fisher was collected in the incident, and also crashed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, First half\nAt the halfway point, Montoya still led. Vasser was second, about 5 seconds behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Second half\nIn the second half Juan Pablo Montoya continued to dominate. His teammate Jimmy Vasser, however, started to drop down the top ten. Buddy Lazier and Jeff Ward were now in the top three, all chasing Montoya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Second half\nOn lap 143, Greg Ray returned to the track after lengthy repairs. His return did not last long, as he smacked the outside wall in turn two - close to the same place he crashed earlier - and he was finally out of the race. Ray became the fourth polesitter (Woodbury, Carter, and Guerrero) to finish last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Second half\nThe green came back out on lap 150, with Montoya first and Lazier close behind in second. Rookie Sam Hornish, Jr. crashed on lap 158, but most of the leaders did not pit. On the restart on lap 162, Lazier made a run for the lead in turn one, but Montoya held him off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Finish\nStan Wattles brought out the final yellow flag on lap 174 for a blown engine. Montoya and Lazier pitted, which allowed Jimmy Vasser to take over the lead. The green came out with 23 laps to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Finish\nVasser's lead did not last long, as Montoya got by him on lap 180. Lazier caught up to Vasser and passed him for second. Lazier set the fastest lap of the race (218.494\u00a0mph) on lap 198, but Montoya was too far ahead. Montoya pulled away and won the Indianapolis 500 in his first start by 7.1839 seconds over 1996 winner Buddy Lazier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Box score\nW\u00a0 = former Indianapolis 500 winner; \u00a0R\u00a0 = Indianapolis 500 rookie", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Legacy\nAfter the 2000 CART season, Juan Pablo Montoya signed with Williams, and thus did not return to defend his Indianapolis 500 championship in 2001. Later, Montoya switched to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, and did not race again in the Indianapolis 500 until 2014. He has also raced in the U.S. Grand Prix, Brickyard 400, and Brickyard Grand Prix, all held at IMS. He won the 99th edition of the Indianapolis 500 in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Legacy\nThe 2000 Indy 500 marked a turning point in the ongoing, five-year \"split\" between IRL and CART. While neither side was prepared to make concessions towards a unification or buyout, it became evident that sponsors in the CART series desired to have their teams participate in the Indianapolis 500 to benefit from the increased exposure. Ganassi's arrival, and subsequent domination of the event led other CART-based teams to follow suit. Penske Racing considered an entry for 2000, but decided against it due to lack of preparation time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0034-0001", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Legacy\nFurthermore, at the time, they only owned Riley & Scott chassis, which were deemed uncompetetive. Instead, Roger Penske and Tim Cindric lent support to Jason Leffler's car at Treadway Racing. The following year additional teams (namely Penske and Team Green) returned to Indianapolis with competitive efforts. By 2004, nearly all of the major teams from CART/Champ Car had either entered singly at Indy, or defected completely to the Indy Racing League. Despite these moves, a formal unification would not take place until 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Legacy\nCART-based Walker Racing also \"crossed picket lines\" to enter the 2000 race, but received little publicity for doing so. Noticeably neither of the team's full-time CART drivers (Bryan Herta and Shinji Nakano), were part of the effort. The attention for Walker was instead focused on their new driver, rookie Sarah Fisher, who would become a popular fixture in the IRL in the years to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Legacy, Statistics\nJuan Pablo Montoya won the race from the 2nd starting position. It was the first time a driver had won from the middle of the front row since Mario Andretti in 1969. From 1911\u20131969, the second starting position statistically produced the most race winners (10 total), more so than even the pole position (which had produced only 7 winners at that time), a reflection of the Andretti curse. Montoya broke a 30-year streak of losses by the second starting position, including many years where the no. 2 starter failed to even finish the race. As of 2020 the second starting position has not produced any additional race winners, a win-loss record of 1-50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Legacy, Statistics\nSecond place finisher Buddy Lazier (the 1996 winner) was the only car towards the end of the race that was in striking distance of Montoya, but a combination of slower pit stops and difficulties in traffic, thwarted any chance of victory. It was Lazier's second runner-up finish in three years, and fifth straight finish in the top 7. Lazier, however, would go on to win the 2000 IRL championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Legacy, Statistics\nGreg Ray (67 laps) fell just seven laps short of breaking Bill Homeier's record of 74 laps for the last place finisher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Legacy, Statistics\nWith Goodyear announcing in October 1999 that it was leaving the sport of open wheel racing indefinitely, the Speedway lost one of its fixtures in 2000. The Goodyear Blimp had flown over the Indy 500 in most years from 1925\u20131999, but was absent in 2000, in what was believed to be the first time in decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio\nThe race was carried live on the Indy Racing Radio Network. Mike King served as chief announcer. The broadcast was moved into a brand new studio on the 9th floor of the newly completed Pagoda control tower. The race was heard on 549 affiliates. Due to the rain delay, the broadcast came on-air for one hour, then signed off to wait out the delay. Hourly updates were aired, then the broadcast came back to cover the pre-race ceremonies and race in its entirety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio\nSeveral minor changes were made to the crew. Ken Double worked his final 500 on the network. Mark Jaynes moved from the pits to take over the turn three location vacated by one-year member Kevin O'Neal. Larry Rice and Mike Lewis joined the crew as pit reporters. This would be Rice's only year on the network. Vince Welch, formerly a pit reporter, left the crew and eventually would join ABC television. This was the last year of the Statistician position. Starting on 2001 there were no more full field rundowns every 25 laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio\nBob Lamey who joined the crew in 1988, and had become a fixture in turn 4, would be on the crew for the final time in 2000. Guests interviewed in the broadcast booth included Secretary of Defense William Cohen, John F. Fielder (BorgWarner), David Seuss (Northern Light), Kevin Forbes (IMS), Mark Miller (Nokia), and Ira Kisver (Pennzoil).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio\nChief Announcer: Mike KingDriver expert: Johnny RutherfordStatistician: Howdy BellHistorian: Donald DavidsonCommentary: Chris Economaki", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio\nTurn 1: Jerry BakerTurn 2: Ken DoubleTurn 3: Mark JaynesTurn 4: Bob Lamey", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Television\nThe race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. Al Michaels returned as host, with Bob Jenkins as announcer. Arie Luyendyk, who had announced his first retirement, joined the broadcast as analyst, alongside Tom Sneva.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162524-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Television\nAfter a one-year absence, Jack Arute returned as a pit reporter, and Leslie Gudel was added as a fourth pit reporter. Back in the ABC studios, Robin Roberts had a small role as Wide World of Sports studio host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162525-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis Colts season\nThe 2000 season was the Indianapolis Colts' 48th in the National Football League (NFL) and their 17th in Indianapolis. They finished second in the AFC East with a 10\u20136 record, but lost in overtime to their division rival Miami Dolphins in the wildcard round of the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162525-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis Colts season\nAs in the previous season, the Colts once again sent Peyton Manning, Edgerrin James and Marvin Harrison to the Pro Bowl at the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162525-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis Colts season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 2\nThis was the first time the Raiders had ever visited Indianapolis, with their previous away game against the Colts having occurred as far back as 1975. This anomaly was due to old NFL scheduling formulas in place prior to 2002, whereby teams had no rotating schedule opposing members of other divisions within their own conference, but instead played interdivisional conference games according to position within a season's table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162525-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Indianapolis Colts season, Playoffs\nThe team earned a Wild Card berth to the playoffs as the No. 6 seed and traveled to Miami to face the Dolphins. The Dolphins turned the ball over three times in the first half as the Colts staked a 14\u20130 lead by halftime. Miami then outscored the Colts 17\u20133 in the second half to send it to overtime. The Colts had a chance to win the game with a 49-yard FG but Mike Vanderjagt's kick was wide right. The Dolphins then marched 61 yards in 11 plays, ending with a Lamar Smith game-winning touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162526-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 India\u2013Bangladesh floods\n2000 India\u2013Bangladesh floods (Bengali: \u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4-\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be), also known as the flood of 2000 occurred in the districts of West Bengal, India and the India-Bangladesh border districts of Khulna Division in 2000. In the sudden flood, people left their houses and took shelter in refuge camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162526-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 India\u2013Bangladesh floods, Cause of flood\nHeavy rains took place during the monsoon season of 2000. This resulted in excess water accumulated in the Farakka Barrage built on the Ganges. This led the barrage authority to open the lockgate barrage in late August. As a result, the submersible water came running through the river Padma and the water entered the Jalangi river. This is why water was carried with water to reach the rivers of Nadia. After this, the Jangari dam broke down by flooding on Nadia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162526-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 India\u2013Bangladesh floods, Cause of flood\nThe flooding waters of running Ichamati River and flooding the North 24 Pargana district in West Bengal and Khulna Division in Bangladesh. Apart from this, water from Padma was flooded with many  districts of Khulna division and two districts of Barisal division. The flooding was more dangerous due to sediments in the Ichamati River, Kobadak River, Bhoirab River, Rupsa River, Choita River and Jamuna River in this area. This flood lasted for about one month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162526-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 India\u2013Bangladesh floods, Relief camp\nPeople kept coming home and moved to the nearest safe place. The relief camp was opened for the poorly managed people. In India and Bangladesh, the number of such relief workers was more than thousands. Relief camps were opened at government institutions and schools to supply of food and drinking water to the flood affected people. Apart from the various volunteer organizations like Ramkrishna Mission and Math, various local clubs ran away with relief to the flood victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162527-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship\nThe 2000 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship was the 35th edition of the World Championship  The final was held on 11/12 March, 2000 in Assen in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162528-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Individual Long Track World Championship\nThe 2000 Individual Long Track/Grasstrack World Championship was the 30th edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162528-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Individual Long Track World Championship\nThe world title was won by Kelvin Tatum of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162529-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship\nThe 2000 European Individual Speedway Junior Championship was the third edition of the Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162529-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship, Final\nm - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance \u2022  t - exclusion for touching the tapes \u2022  x - other exclusion \u2022  e - retired or mechanical failure \u2022  f - fell \u2022  ns - non-starter \u2022  nc - non-classify", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 60], "content_span": [61, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162530-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship\nThe 2000 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship was the 24th edition of the World motorcycle speedway Under-21 Championships. The event was won by Andreas Jonsson of Sweden and he also gained qualification to the Speedway Grand Prix Challenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162530-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship, World final\nm - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance \u2022  t - exclusion for touching the tapes \u2022  x - other exclusion \u2022  e - retired or mechanical failure \u2022  f - fell \u2022  ns - non-starter \u2022  nc - non-classify", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 63], "content_span": [64, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162531-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Individual Speedway Latvian Championship\nThe 1998 Latvian Individual Speedway Championship was the 26th Latvian Individual Speedway Championship season. The final took place on 30 September 2000 in Daugavpils, Latvia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162531-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Individual Speedway Latvian Championship, Results\nm - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance \u2022  t - exclusion for touching the tapes \u2022  x - other exclusion \u2022  e - retired or mechanical failure \u2022  f - fell \u2022  ns - non-starter \u2022  nc - non-classify", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162532-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indonesia Open (badminton)\nThe 2000 Sanyo Indonesia Open in badminton was held in Jakarta, from July 19 to July 23, 2000. It was a five-star tournament and the prize money was US$150,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162533-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indonesian census\nThe Indonesia 2000 census or Indonesia Census 2000 was carried out with the fix-date 2000-06-30 and counted 203 million people, a revised figure of 206,264,595 people with estimates was deemed official. In some provinces, notably then secessionist Aceh, estimates had to be made, and the census was criticized internationally for significant underreporting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162533-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indonesian census\nThe census also asked for ethnicity. 101 ethnic groups were identified, but there are probably thousands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162533-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Indonesian census\nBetween the year 2000 and 2010, there were various surveys conducted, including the 2007 nationwide Socio-economic survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162533-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Indonesian census\nThe latest census conducted in Indonesia was the Indonesia 2010 Census, in which preliminary results have been trickling in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season\nThe 2000 Indy Light season (more commonly known as the 2000 CART Dayton Indy Lights Championship) was the 15th season of Indy Lights. The season consisted of 12 races with all of the races being supporter races for the 2000 CART season. The season would be dominated by Kiwi driver, Scott Dixon who captured six race victories to win the championship by nine points over American driver, Townsend Bell with Casey Mears coming in third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Long Beach race\nHeld April 16 at Long Beach, California Street Course. Jonny Kane won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Milwaukee race\nHeld June 5 at The Milwaukee Mile. Scott Dixon won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Detroit race\nHeld June 18 at Belle Isle Raceway. Jonny Kane won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Portland race\nHeld June 25 at Portland International Raceway. Townsend Bell won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Michigan race\nHeld July 22 at Michigan International Speedway. Felipe Giaffone won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Chicago race\nHeld July 30 at The Chicago Motor Speedway. Chris Menninga won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Mid-Ohio race\nHeld August 13 at The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. Jason Bright won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Vancouver race\nHeld September 3 at Pacific Place. Felipe Giaffone won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Laguna Seca race\nHeld September 10 at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. Casey Mears won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Gateway race\nHeld September 17 at The Gateway International Raceway. Townsend Bell won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Houston race\nHeld October 1 at The Houston Street Circuit. Casey Mears won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Race summaries, Fontana race\nHeld October 29 at The California Speedway. Felipe Giaffone won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Final points standings, Driver\nFor every race the points were awarded: 20 points to the winner, 16 for runner-up, 14 for third place, 12 for fourth place, 10 for fifth place, 8 for sixth place, 6 seventh place, winding down to 1 points for 12th place. Additional points were awarded to the pole winner (1 point) and to the driver leading the most laps (1 point).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162534-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Lights season, Complete Overview\nR15=retired, but classified NS=did not start NT=no time set in qualifying", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League\nThe 2000 Indy Racing Northern Light Series was another season that saw a high level of parity, as only one driver, champion Buddy Lazier, won more than a single race. It also saw the beginning of the jump from CART as Al Unser Jr. moved to the series full-time and Chip Ganassi Racing came over to run the Indy 500, which it won with driver Juan Pablo Montoya. It was also the final season for the Riley & Scott chassis, which also saw its first series win in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League\nA planned race at Cleveland was cancelled on September 9, 2000, and reverted to a CART event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Race summaries, Delphi Indy 200\nThis race was held January 29 at Walt Disney World Speedway. Greg Ray won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 72], "content_span": [73, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Race summaries, MCI WorldCom Indy 200\nThis race was held March 19 at Phoenix International Raceway. Greg Ray won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Race summaries, Vegas Indy 300\nThis race was held April 22 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Mark Dismore won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Race summaries, 84th Indianapolis 500\nThe Indy 500 was held May 28 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Greg Ray sat on pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Race summaries, Casino Magic 500\nThis race was held June 11 at Texas Motor Speedway. Buddy Lazier won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Race summaries, Radisson 200\nThis race was held June 18 at Pikes Peak International Raceway. Greg Ray won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Race summaries, Midas 500 Classic\nThis race was held July 15 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Greg Ray won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Race summaries, Belterra Resort Indy 300\nThe inaugural Indy Racing League event was held August 27 at Kentucky Speedway. Scott Goodyear won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Race summaries, Excite 500\nThis race was held October 15 at Texas Motor Speedway. Greg Ray won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162535-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Indy Racing League, Season Summary, Final points standings\nAdditional points were awarded to the pole winner (3 points), the second best qualifier (2 points), the third best qualifier (1 point) and to the driver leading the most laps (2 point).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162536-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Insight.com Bowl\nThe 2000 Insight.com Bowl was the 12th edition of the bowl game. It featured the Iowa State Cyclones and the Pittsburgh Panthers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162536-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Insight.com Bowl\nPitt scored first on a 72-yard touchdown pass from John Turman to Antonio Bryant, taking an early 7\u20130 lead. Iowa State answered with a 23-yard pass from Sage Rosenfels to Chris Anthony, tying the game at 7, at the end of the 1st quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162536-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Insight.com Bowl\nIn the second quarter, Joe Woodley scored on a 1-yard touchdown run for ISU making it 13\u20137. Ennis Haywood added a 3-yard touchdown run making it 20-7. Sage Rosenfels threw his second touchdown pass of the game, a 9 yarder to Chris Anthony, as Iowa State made it 27\u20137 at halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162536-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Insight.com Bowl\nIn the third quarter, Pitt quarterback Rod Rutherford scored on a 2-yard touchdown run, making it 27\u201314. John Turman later threw a 44-yard touchdown pass to Antonio Bryant making it 27\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162536-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Insight.com Bowl\nIn the fourth quarter, Iowa State's JaMaine Billups scored on a 72-yard punt return, bringing Iowa State to 34\u201320. Pitt's Nick Lotz kicked a 25-yard field goal, cutting the deficit to 34\u201323. Kevan Barlow scored on a 3-yard touchdown run, but the 2-point conversion attempt failed, leaving the score at 34\u201329. Iowa State's Carl Gomez kicked a 41-yard field goal to cap the scoring at 37\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162536-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Insight.com Bowl\nSage Rosenfels and Reggie Hayward got the MVPs. This was Iowa State's first bowl victory in school history after four previous losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162537-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Intercontinental Cup\nThe 2000 Intercontinental Cup, officially the 2000 Toyota European / South American Cup for sponsorship reasons, was an association football match played on 28 November 2000 between Real Madrid, winners of the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Champions League, and Boca Juniors, winners of the 2000 Copa Libertadores. The match was played at the neutral venue of the National Stadium in Tokyo in front of 52,511 fans. Mart\u00edn Palermo was named as man of the match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162537-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Intercontinental Cup, Match details\nAssistant referees: Liu Tiejun (China PR) Noboru Ishiyama (Japan)Fourth official: Naotsugu Fuse (Japan)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162538-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Intercontinental Final\nThe 2000 Intercontinental Final was the twenty-second running of the Intercontinental Final and was the second last qualifying stage for Motorcycle speedway riders to qualify for the 2001 Speedway Grand Prix series. The Final was run on 12 August at the Holsted Speedway Center in Holsted, Denmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162539-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 International Formula 3000 Championship\nThe 2000 International Formula 3000 season was the thirty-fourth season of the second-tier of Formula One feeder championship and also sixteenth season under the International Formula 3000 Championship moniker. It featured the 2000 FIA Formula 3000 International Championship which was contested over ten rounds from 8 April to 26 August 2000. Bruno Junqueira won the Drivers\u2019 Championship and D2 Playlife Super Nova won the Teams\u2019 title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162539-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 International Formula 3000 Championship\nFor 2000, the FIA imposed an upper limit of 15 teams of 2 cars each, with one of the places reserved for the winning team of the 1999 Italian Formula 3000 Championship; therefore, 7 bottom-ranked teams of 1999 would not have been eligible to advance to the next year. Portman-Arrows team collapsed midway through the 1999 championship, and 6 formerly competing teams were initially excluded from the 2000 championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162539-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 International Formula 3000 Championship\nIn between the seasons, RSM Marko managed to buy the Oreca's slot (at the same time adopting the name Red Bull Junior Team), Arden merged with Draco, and Coloni bought the slot from Team Martello, the winners of the Italian championship; therefore, only Monaco Motorsport, GP Racing and Durango were left behind. Additionally, West Competition was renamed to mySap.com, and the second Super Nova squad (former Den Bl\u00e5 Avis) continued to operate under the name of Petrobras Junior Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162539-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 International Formula 3000 Championship\nAs the FIA was changing the operational structure of Formula 3000 for the latter to be more of a proper seeder and supporting series for Formula One, a few F3000 teams announced their collaboration with Formula One teams. European Formula was confirmed as a junior team for Arrows instead of the de-funct Portman team, Team Astromega announced partnership with Minardi, and Super Nova announced two partnerships: with Benetton, as D2 Super Nova, and with Williams, as Petrobras Junior Team (former Den Bl\u00e5 Avis).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162539-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 International Formula 3000 Championship\nAdditionally, mySap.com was officially recognized as the McLaren junior team, Red Bull Junior Team retained the status of a junior team for Sauber, and Apomatox continued to run under Prost as Gauloises Formula. Although Arden's Darren Manning spent the full year as a BAR test driver, the BAR team opted not to work with Arden, and Ferrari, Jordan, and Jaguar also did not maintain active partnerships with any of the Formula 3000 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162539-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 International Formula 3000 Championship, Drivers and teams\nThe following drivers and teams contested the 2000 FIA Formula 3000 International Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162539-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 International Formula 3000 Championship, Drivers and teams\nAll cars were Lola B99/50s powered by Zytek V8 engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162539-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 International Formula 3000 Championship, Complete overview\nR20=retired, but classified R=retired NC=not classified NS=did not start NQ=did not qualify NT=no time set in qualifying DIS(2)=disqualified after finishing in second place (6)DIS=disqualified after finishing sixth in qualifying", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162540-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 International League season\nThe 2000 International League season took place from April to September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162540-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 International League season\nThe Indianapolis Indians defeated the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons to win the league championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162540-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 International League season, Playoffs, Division series\nNorth Division Champion Buffalo (86-59) faced Wild Card winner, Scranton (85-60). Winner: Scranton", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162540-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 International League season, Playoffs, Division series\nSouth Division Champion Durham (81-62) faced West Division Champion Indianapolis (81-63). Winner: Indianapolis", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162540-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 International League season, Playoffs, Championship series\nIndianapolis faced the Memphis Redbirds from the Pacific Coast League in the Triple-A World Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162540-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 International League season, Playoffs, Championship series\nIndianapolis won the series 3 games to one. This would be the last World Series held until 2006 when the two league agreed on a one game playoff to determine the Triple A Champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series\nThe 2000 International Rules Series was the seventh annual International Rules Series and the third time that a test series of international rules football has been played between Ireland and Australia since the series resumed in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series\nThe series was played in Ireland over two test matches and was won by Australia, who recorded a clean sweep by winning both test matches and defeating the host nation on an aggregate margin of 123\u201398 points. The win was Australia's first since the series recommenced under the two test format in 1998 and was notable for the fact that it produced a then record crowd for a home international for any Irish team, in the second test.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series, Series overview\nComing into the series, Ireland were defending champions and had won both of the series' played in 1998 and 1999. Captained by James Hird however, the Australian side scored a memorable win in the first test match, coming from 9 points down at half time and 6 points down at three quarter time, despite the fact the only goal of the match came from the home side's Graham Geraghty in the second quarter. Despite Ireland maintaining its advantage of 5\u201315 points for much of the match, as the Irish publication Hogan Stand wrote, \"the homesters visibly tired [and]...Australia proceeded to add 14 points in a charge for the finishing line. In contrast, Ireland could only manage just one point.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series, Series overview\nThe second test was dominated by Australia, with Sydney Swans forward Michael O'Loughlin scoring 17 points in a dominant display up forward. The Australians \"swamped\" Ireland in the first quarter, taking a 20\u20136 lead at quarter time, before O'Loughlin and Justin Leppitsch each scored goals in the second quarter to extend Australia's lead to a whopping 28 points at half time. To their credit, Ireland clawed back to 14 points down eight minutes into the last quarter, through two overs to Dermot Earley and one to Seamus Moynihan. But Australia had enough fitness on their side to see out the win, thanks to late overs to Blake Caracella and Adam Yze, who kicked three overs apiece for the match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series, Series overview\nEssendon premiership captain and Australian captain James Hird was awarded the Jim Stynes Medal as best afield throughout the series. Hird was named amongst the best players both matches and he remains the only Australian player in AFL history to lead a team to both premiership and national success in the one year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series, Squads, Ireland squad\nCormac Sullivan, Finbar Cullen, Darren Fay, Sean Marty Lockhart  Sean Og de Paor, Eoin Sexton, Anthony Rainbow, Seamus Moynihan  Anthony Tohill, Paidraig Joyce, Trevor Giles (C), Dermot Earley, Larry Reilly  Graham Geraghty, Peter Canavan, Gerard Cavlan, Mark Crossan Eoin Gormley, Kieran McGeeney, Paul McGrane, Ciaran McManus, Brian Stynes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series, Squads, Australian squad\nJason Akermanis,Justin Blumfield,Craig Bradley,Nathan Brown,Wayne Campbell,Blake Caracella,Trent Croad,Simon Goodwin,Damien Hardwick,Brent Harvey,Chris Heffernan,James Hird (C),Brad Johnson,Andrew Kellaway (GK),David King,Steven King,Justin Leppitsch,Andrew McLeod,Michael O'Loughlin,Luke Power,Brett Ratten,Mark Ricciuto,Rohan H. Smith,Scott West,Shane Woewodin,Adem Yze", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series, Matches, First test (8 October)\nOvers: Earley 2, B. Stynes 2, Calvan 2, Reilly, Geraghty, Canavan, Moran, Rainbow", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series, Matches, First test (8 October)\nOvers: Leppitsch 4, Caracella 4, Harvey, Hird, Blumfield, Smith, Brown, Croad", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series, Matches, Second test (15 October)\nOvers: Earley 4, B. Stynes 2, McManus, Rainbow, Cullen, Tohill, Geraghty, Giles", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162541-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 International Rules Series, Matches, Second test (15 October)\nOvers: O'Loughlin 3, Caracella 3, Yze 3, Leppitsch, McLeod, Riccuito, Power, West, Croad", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162542-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Internationaux de Strasbourg\nThe 2000 Internationaux de Strasbourg was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 14th edition of the Internationaux de Strasbourg, and was part of the Tier III Series of the 2000 WTA Tour. The tournament took place at the Centre Sportif de Hautepierre in Strasbourg, France, from 22 May until 27 May 2000. Sixth-seeded Silvija Talaja won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162542-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Internationaux de Strasbourg, Finals, Doubles\nSonya Jeyaseelan /  Florencia Labat defeated  Kim Grant /  Mar\u00eda Vento 6\u20134, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162543-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo\nThe 2000 Torneo Internazionali Femminili di Palermo was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Palermo, Italy that was part of the Tier IV Series of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 13th edition of the Internazionali Femminili di Palermo and took place from 10 July until 16 July 2000. Unseeded Henrieta Nagyov\u00e1 won the singles title and earned $16,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162543-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo, Finals, Doubles\nSilvia Farina Elia /  Rita Grande defeated  Ruxandra Dragomir /  Virginia Ruano Pascual, 6\u20134, 0\u20136, 7\u20136(8\u20136)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162544-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo \u2013 Doubles\nTina Kri\u017ean and Katarina Srebotnik were the defending champions, but lost in semifinals to tournament winners Silvia Farina and Rita Grande.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162544-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo \u2013 Doubles\nSilvia Farina and Rita Grande won the title by defeating Ruxandra Dragomir and Virginia Ruano Pascual 6\u20134, 0\u20136, 7\u20136(8\u20136) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162545-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo \u2013 Singles\nAnastasia Myskina was the defending champion, but lost in first round to Justine Henin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162545-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo \u2013 Singles\nHenrieta Nagyov\u00e1 won the title by defeating Pavlina Nola 6\u20133, 7\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162546-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses\nIn the United States, the 2000 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses (held January 24) were the first major test of the leading contenders for the Democratic Party's nomination as its candidate for the 2000 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162546-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses, Campaign\nVice President Al Gore was seen as the frontrunner for the nomination. Bill Bradley was seen as a non-threat. Al Gore campaigned in Des Moines, Iowa in May 1999. Bradley, knowing he was the outsider, campaigned tirelessly. Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers in rural America. The Vice President received the endorsement from the Governor of Iowa Tom Vilsack and Senator Tom Harkin and had a tremendous lead over Senator Bradley. But a devastating loss for the Gore camp was when Bradley got the endorsement of the Des Moines Register. Bradley started to gain momentum and the race become closer. A week before the caucus polls had it 40% to 49% in Gore\u2019s favor. On January 23, 2000, a day before the primary polls had Al Gore winning by 2 or 3 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162546-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Democratic presidential caucuses, 2000 results\nAl Gore won 93 of Iowa's 99 counties. Gore even beat Bradley in the Des Moines area. This Caucus had low voter turnout. Bill Bradley lost the rest of the primaries by large margins and Al Gore would eventually lose the general election to Governor of Texas George W. Bush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162547-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Hawkeyes football team\nThe 2000 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the second season for head coach Kirk Ferentz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162547-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Nebraska\nDespite being 42-point underdogs, Iowa marched for a touchdown on their opening possession to take a 7-0 lead. Later in the first half, the Hawkeyes closed within 14-13 after Nate Kaeding's second field goal. Nebraska stretched the margin with a long touchdown pass on the final play of the first half and two touchdowns in the final 1:27 of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162547-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Michigan State\nThe Hawkeyes snapped a 13-game losing streak in capturing Coach Ferentz's first Big Ten win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162547-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Penn State\nThis was the first of five consecutive Hawkeye victories (and 8 of 9) in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162547-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Northwestern\nThe Hawkeyes never trailed in knocking off the #12/#18 Wildcats. It was the first time in three years that Iowa had won consecutive games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162548-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses\nThe 2000 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses took place on January 24, 2000. The Iowa Republican caucuses are an unofficial primary, with the delegates to the state convention selected proportionally via a straw poll. The Iowa caucuses marked the traditional formal start of the delegate selection process for the 2000 United States presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162548-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses\nPrior to the 2000 caucuses, as in previous election cycles with a competitive presidential race, an unofficial Ames Straw Poll was held, on August 14, 1999. The official one, electing delegates to the state convention, was held on January 24, 2000, the same day as the Democratic contest. In the Ames Straw Poll, George W. Bush finished first with 31% of the vote. In the January 2000 caucuses, Bush again finished first with 41% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162548-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses, January 2000 procedure\nUnlike the Democratic caucus, the Republican Party does not use voting rounds or have minimum requirements for a percent of votes. The Republican version is done with a straw vote of those attending the caucus. This vote is sometimes done by a show of hands or by dividing themselves into groups according to candidate. However, officially it is done with voters receiving a blank piece of paper with no names on it, and the voter writing a name and placing it in a ballot box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162548-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses, January 2000 procedure\nFollowing the straw poll, delegates are then elected from the remaining participants in the room, as most voters leave once their vote is cast. All delegates are officially considered unbound, but media outlets either apportion delegates proportionally or apportion them in terms of winner-take-all by counties. In precincts that elect only one delegate, the delegate is chosen by majority vote and the vote must be by paper ballot. The state party strongly urges that delegates reflect the results of the preference poll, but there is no obligation that they do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162548-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses, The Ames Straw Poll\nThe 2000 Ames straw poll was held at Iowa State University (Ames)'s Hilton Coliseum on August 14, 1999. This was primarily a fundraising event for the state's Republican Party, and only Iowa residents who paid the $25 price for a ticket were eligible to vote. Tickets were available through the various presidential campaigns and the Iowa Republican Party's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162548-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses, The Ames Straw Poll\nIn general, the candidates bought large blocks of tickets and gave them out for free to whoever agreed to go and vote for that candidate. The candidates also rented buses to transport voters to Ames.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162548-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses, The Ames Straw Poll\nGeorge W. Bush finished first with 31% of the vote, followed by Steve Forbes (21%), Elizabeth Dole (14%), and Gary Bauer (9%). Eight other candidates shared the remaining 25% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162548-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses, Results of the January 2000 caucuses\nThree candidates won majorities or pluralities in the individual counties: George W. Bush, Steve Forbes, and Gary Bauer. The McCain campaign chose to skip the Iowa caucuses and instead campaign in New Hampshire, where McCain would win a landslide victory eight days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162549-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Senate election\nThe 2000 Iowa State Senate elections took place as part of the biennial 2000 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in half of the state senate's districts--the 25 even-numbered state senate districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate, with half of the seats up for election each cycle. A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the year 2000 is provided by the Iowa General Assembly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162549-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Senate election\nThe primary election on June 6, 2000 determined which candidates appeared on the November 7, 2000 general election ballot. Primary election results can be obtained here. General election results can be obtained here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162549-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Senate election\nFollowing the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa state Senate with 30 seats to Democrats' 20 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162549-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Senate election\nTo reclaim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 6 Senate seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162549-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa Senate election\nRepublicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 2000 general election with the balance of power remaining unchanged with Republicans holding 30 seats and Democrats having 20 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team\nThe 2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented the Iowa State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. This was Dan McCarney's sixth season as head coach. The team captains were Chris Anthony, Ryan Harklau, Reggie Hayward, and Sage Rosenfels. The Cyclones were quarterbacked by Sage Rosenfels. Sage is among many former Cyclones from the 2000 team to make it to the NFL. Others were J. J. Moses, Reggie Hayward, Ennis Haywood, Tony Yelk, Mike Banks, Jordan Carstens, Tyson Smith and James Reed. It was Iowa State's first appearance in a bowl game since the 1978 Peach Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team\nThe Insight.com Bowl victory was the programs first victory ever in bowl game. Iowa State was picked by the media to finish 5th in the Big 12 North Division. Two players participated in post season bowl games. Sage Rosenfels played in the Senior Bowl and Reggie Hayward played in the Hula Bowl where he won the defensive MVP. Iowa State's nine victories were the most since 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Schedule\nThe Ohio game's date and time was changed from August 31 at 7 p.m. to September 2 at 11:30\u00a0a.m. The Baylor game was originally scheduled for 1:00\u00a0p.m., but was changed to 6:00\u00a0p.m. The Nebraska game was originally scheduled for kickoff at 1:00\u00a0p.m., it was changed to 2:30\u00a0p.m. to accommodate a broadcast on ABC. The Oklahoma State game was originally scheduled for 1:00\u00a0p.m. but was changed to 7:00\u00a0p.m. The Missouri game time was changed from 1:00\u00a0p.m. to 6:00\u00a0p.m. to accommodate a Fox Sports Net cablecast. On December 3 Iowa State announced it would accept a bowl invitation from the Insight.com Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Game summaries, Game 6: @ Oklahoma State Cowboys\n11:55 ISU \u2013 Wagner, Michael 2 yd run (McKnight, Mike kick blockd), 6 plays, 68 yards, TOP 2:02, ISU 6 \u2013 OSU 003:57 OSU \u2013 Lindsay, Gabe 9 yd pass from Pogi, Aso (Condley, Seth kick), 15 plays, 80 yards, TOP 7:58, ISU 6 \u2013 OSU 701:04 OSU \u2013 Rivers, M. 25 yd pass from Pogi, Aso (Condley, Seth kick failed), 3 plays, 42 yards, TOP 1:03, ISU 6 \u2013 OSU 13", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Game summaries, Game 6: @ Oklahoma State Cowboys\n12:42 ISU \u2013 Wagner, Michael 5 yd run (McKnight, Mike kick), 9 plays, 90 yards, TOP 3:22, ISU 13 \u2013 OSU 1300:14 OSU \u2013 Condley, Seth 35 yd field goal, 11 plays, 56 yards, TOP 3:25, ISU 13 \u2013 OSU 16", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Game summaries, Game 6: @ Oklahoma State Cowboys\n12:38 ISU \u2013 Wagner, Michael 13 yd pass from 8A (Billups, JaMain kick), 8 plays, 72 yards, TOP 2:22, ISU 20 \u2013 OSU 1609:32 OSU \u2013 Pogi, Aso 6 yd run (Condley, Seth kick), 8 plays, 67 yards, TOP 3:06, ISU 20 \u2013 OSU 23", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Game summaries, Game 6: @ Oklahoma State Cowboys\n12:32 ISU \u2013 Billups, JaMain 20 yd field goal, 14 plays, 60 yards, TOP 4:42, ISU 23 \u2013 OSU 2308:15 ISU \u2013 Billups, JaMain 34 yd field goal, 7 plays, 42 yards, TOP 2:17, ISU 26 \u2013 OSU 2302:41 OSU \u2013 Condley, Seth 34 yd field goal, 16 plays, 71 yards, TOP 5:34, ISU 26 \u2013 OSU 2600:18 ISU \u2013 Danielsen, Lane 33 yd pass from 8A (Billups, JaMain kick), 7 plays, 61 yards, TOP 0:59, ISU 33 \u2013 OSU 26", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 88], "content_span": [89, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Personnel, Roster\nOn June 30, 2000 FB Robert Lewis was dismissed from the team for violating team rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Personnel, Roster\nNote: No= Number; Name = Name; Pos = Position; Ht = Height; Wt = Weight; Yr = Year; Hometown = Hometown; * = Letter earned;C = Captain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Player statistics, Passing\nNote: Att= Attempts; Cmp= Completions; PCT= Percent; Yds = Yards; Tds = Touchdowns; Int = Interceptions", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Player statistics, Rushing\nNote: Att= Attempts; Yds = Yards; AVG = Average; Tds = Touchdowns", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Player statistics, Receiving\nNote: Rec= Receptions; Yds = Yards; AVG = Average; Tds = Touchdowns", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Player statistics, Scoring\nNote: TDs = Touchdowns; Rush = Rushing; Rec = Receiving; Ret = Return; PTS = Points", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Player statistics, Kicking\nNote: Pat = Point after touchdown; FG = Field goal; PTS = Points", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Rankings, AP Poll\nIowa State did not receive any points in the previous AP polls until October 1, 2000. On October 1, 2000 Iowa State received 5 points ranking them T-36th overall. On October 8, 2000 Iowa State received 8 points ranking them 34th overall. On October 15, 2000 Iowa State received 19 points ranking them 29th overall. On October 22, 2000 Iowa State received 3 points ranking them 37th overall. On October 29, 2000 Iowa State received 2 points ranking them T-36th overall. On November 5, 2000 Iowa State did not receive any points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Rankings, AP Poll\nOn November 12, 2000 Iowa State received 6 points ranking them 33rd overall. On November 19, 2000 Iowa State received 10 points ranking them 31st overall. On November 26, 2000 Iowa State received 25 points ranking them 30th overall. On December 3, 2000 Iowa State received 22 points ranking them 30th overall. In the final poll Iowa State was ranked 25th with 188 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 57], "content_span": [58, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Rankings, Coaches Poll\nIowa State did not receive any points in the coaches poll until September 17, 2000. On September 17, 2000 Iowa State received 4 points ranking them T-43rd. On September 24, 2000 Iowa State received 7 points for a ranking of 39th. On October 1, 2000 Iowa State received 37 points for a ranking of 31st. On October 8, 2000 Iowa State received 22 points for a ranking of T-35th. On October 15, 2000 Iowa State received 35 points for a ranking of 29th. On October 22, 2000 Iowa State received 2 points for a ranking of T-39th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162550-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Iowa State Cyclones football team, Rankings, Coaches Poll\nOn October 29, 2000 Iowa State received 16 points for a ranking of 33rd. On November 5, 2000 Iowa State did not receive any points in the poll. On November 12, 2000 Iowa State received 14 points for a ranking of 34th. On November 19, 2000 Iowa State received 14 points for a ranking of T-31st. On November 26, 2000 Iowa State received 28 points for a ranking of 30th. On December 3, 2000 Iowa State received 29 points for a ranking of 30th. On January 4, 2001 in the final poll of the year Iowa State received 225 points for a ranking of 23rd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162551-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ipswich Borough Council election\nElections for Ipswich Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162552-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iran vs Asia All-Stars Game\nOn 21 January 2000, Iran national football team played against an Asian all-star side, in an exhibition testimonial match for Iranian captain Nader Mohammadkhani. Iran's lanky striker Ali Daei scored a Hat-trick. Asian all-star's best chances were minute 42, when Ruslan Baltiev's header hit the woodwork and other missed opportunity was Esam Salem's minute 66 penalty that was saved by Davoud Fanaei. Also Mohammed Bin Hammam was the official VIP guest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162552-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Iran vs Asia All-Stars Game, Unused Players\nThe following players were members of the squads but did not get any game time", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162553-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iranian legislative election\nParliamentary elections were held in Iran on 18 February 2000, with a second round on 5 May. The result was a solid victory for 2nd of Khordad Front and its allies, the reformist supporters of President Mohammad Khatami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162553-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Iranian legislative election, Campaign\nA total of 6,083 candidates contested the elections. 225 of the 290 seats were won in the first round of voting. Registration process took place between 11 and 16 December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162553-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Iranian legislative election, Campaign\nMain reformist coalition lists were \"2nd of Khordad Press\" and \"Coalition of 15 Groups Supporting 2nd of Khordad\" (including 11 out of 18 members in the 2nd of Khordad Front) and main principlist coalition was Coalition of Followers of the Line of Imam and Leader. Rest of lists were issued by solitary parties. For the first time Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran issued an electoral list and was able to win two exclusive seats (Alireza Rajaei in Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr and Rahman Kargosha in Arak, Komijan and Khondab) but the Guardian Council declared their votes \"voided\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162553-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Iranian legislative election, Results\nShaul Bakhash states that reformers had a comfortable majority, however estimates differed as to the size of this majority. He cites Behzad Nabavi's account (reformers 200 seats, the conservatives 58, and independents 18) as \"inflated\", but considers Payam-e Emruz report (which states that 150 MPs are committed to the \"2nd of Khordad agenda\") reliable. Bakhash additionally suggests that votes cast for the Speakers provide a better gauge of the distribution of forces, concluding that 50 to 60 deputies were affiliated with the Combatant Clergy Association, 150 with Islamic Iran Participation Front and 15 to the Executives of Construction. The most detailed results, with data down to the province level, can be found on the \"Iran Data Portal\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162553-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Iranian legislative election, Results\nErvand Abrahamian cites that reformist enjoyed a majority (69.25%), or 26.8 million, of the 38.7 million voters who cast ballots in the February 18, 2000 first round. Ultimately reformists won 195 of the 290 Majlis seats in that election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162554-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iraqi Elite Cup\nThe Tenth Mother of all Battles Championship (Arabic: \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u200e), commonly referred to as the 2000 Iraqi Elite Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a 2000\u200e), was the tenth occurrence of the Iraqi Elite Cup. The competition was organised by the Iraq Football Association and the top eight teams of the 1999\u20132000 Iraqi First Division competed in the tournament. The competition started on 3 December 2000 and ended on 15 December 2000 where, in the final, held at Al-Shaab Stadium, Al-Shorta defeated Al-Zawraa 1\u20130. Al-Karkh midfielder Ammar Abdul-Hussein was the player of the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162555-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iraqi Perseverance Cup\nThe 2000 Iraqi Perseverance Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a 2000\u200e) was the 5th edition of the Iraqi Super Cup. The match was contested between Baghdad rivals Al-Zawraa and Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya at Al-Shaab Stadium in Baghdad. It was played on 22 December 2000 as a curtain-raiser to the 2000\u201301 season. Al-Zawraa retained their title, winning the match 1\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162556-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Iraqi parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 27 March 2000. The elections were contested by 522 candidates, including 25 women. Whilst there were a number of candidates, all independent candidates were nominally loyal to the Ba'ath Party, and the rest of the candidates were party members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162556-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Iraqi parliamentary election\nThe Ba'ath Party won 165 of the 250 seats. Of the 85 remaining seats, 55 were independents, and 30 were appointed by the government to represent the northern Kurdish areas of Sulaymaniyah, Erbil and Dohuk, where no elections took place, and which had not been under Iraqi government control since the Gulf War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162557-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ireland rugby union tour of The Americas\n2000 Ireland rugby union tour of the Americas. The 2000 Ireland national rugby union team summer tour saw them play three Test matches against Argentina, the United States and Canada. The touring party included two sets of brothers \u2013 Simon and Guy Easterby and David and Paul Wallace. The second Test against the United States remains Ireland's biggest win to date. It also saw Ireland score their most points (83) and their most tries (13) in a single match. In the same game Mike Mullins scored a hat-trick of tries. The tour saw several Ireland players making their senior debuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162557-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Ireland rugby union tour of The Americas\nDavid Wallace and Peter McKenna both featured against Argentina. However, while Wallace would on go to become an established international and a British Lion, it proved to be the first and last senior cap for McKenna. Geordan Murphy, Guy Easterby, Tyrone Howe and Frankie Sheahan all made their senior Ireland debuts against the United States. Murphy and Easterby celebrated the occasion by scoring two tries each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162557-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ireland rugby union tour of The Americas, Match details\nComplete list of matches played by Ireland in the Americas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162557-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ireland rugby union tour of The Americas, Match details, Argentina\nArgentina: Ignacio Corleto; Octavio Bartolucci, Eduardo Simone (Felipe Contepomi), Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Miranda, Diego Albanese; Gonzalo Quesada, Agust\u00edn Pichot (capt); Gonzalo Longo, Rolando Martin, Santiago Phelan, Ignacio Fern\u00e1ndez Lobbe, Alejandro Allub, Mart\u00edn Scelzo, Federico M\u00e9ndez, Mauricio Reggiardo. Coach: Marcelo Loffreda Ireland: P. McKenna (36m M. Mullins); S. Horgan, R. Henderson, K. Maggs, J. Bishop; D. Humphreys, (R. O'Hara), P. Stringer; A. Foley (A. Ward), D. Wallace, S. Easterby; M. O`Kelly, M. Galwey; J. Hayes, K. Wood (capt), P. Clohessy. Coach: W. Gatland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162557-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Ireland rugby union tour of The Americas, Match details, Canada\nCanada: W. Stanley; M. Irvine, N. Witkowski, K. Nichols, S. Fauth; S. Stewart, M. Williams; P. Murphy, R. Banks, G. Dixon; J. Tait, E. Knaggs; J. Thiel, P. Dunkley, R. Snow. Coach: Ireland: D. Crotty; S. Horgan, M. Mullins, K. Maggs, J. Bishop; D. Humphreys, P. Stringer; A. Foley, A. Ward, S. Easterby; J. Davidson, M. Galwey; J. Hayes, K. Wood (capt), J. Fitzpatrick. Coach: W. Gatland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162558-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Irish Greyhound Derby\nThe 2000 Irish Greyhound Derby took place during August and September with the final being held at Shelbourne Park in Dublin on 2 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162558-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Irish Greyhound Derby\nThe winner Judicial Pride won \u00a360,000 and was trained by Michael O'Donovan, owned by Pat Daly and bred by Michael Walsh. The race was sponsored for the first time by Paddy Power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162558-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report\nThe 2000 English Greyhound Derby champion Rapid Ranger only just managed to take his place in the first round after the ferry transporting him was late, as a consequence the ante-post favourite only just qualified for the next round after finishing third in his heat. The fastest winner of the first round was Joannestown Cash in 29.92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162558-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report\nIn the second round Rapid Ranger bounced back to form recording 29.97, a time nearly matched by English Derby semi-finalist Judicial Pride in 29.98. Greenfield Deal now with Matt Travers recorded 30.13, as did Killiney Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162558-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report\nIn the opening quarter-final Greenfield Deal was fast away from the traps and broke the track record time by finishing in 29.74 (15 spots (0.15 sec) inside Frisby Flashing's former record). Official Leader claimed the second heat before Currie Kid won heat three which contained Rapid Ranger and defending champion Spring Time, the latter failed to progress. Judicial Pride completed the quarter final winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162558-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report\nRapid Ranger came good again in the semi-finals catching leader Currie Kid in 29.94, with Miss Tetley taking third place. In the second semi final Judicial Pride was away fast, easing to a seven and a quarter length win and another new track record time of 29.66. Golfing Lad and Ballyhone Cyclone were a distant second and third and Greenfield Deal not only lost his short lived record but failed to make the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162558-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report\nJudicial Pride did everything right in the final, taking an early lead and then helped by the slow start of Currie Kid on his inside. The fawn dog then completed his unbeaten Derby campaign by crossing the line in a very fast 29.68, Rapid Ranger had a poor trap five draw and ran on well to take the runner-up spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162559-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Irish Masters\nThe 2000 Irish Masters was the twenty-sixth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament, which took place from 21 to 26 March 2000. The tournament was played at Goffs in Kill, County Kildare, and featured twelve professional players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162559-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Irish Masters\nJohn Higgins won the tournament for the first time, defeating Stephen Hendry 9\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162560-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Isaacs by-election\nThe 2000 Isaacs by-election was held in the Australian electorate of Isaacs in Victoria on 12 August 2000. The by-election was triggered by the death of the sitting member, the Australian Labor Party's Greg Wilton on 14 June 2000. The writ for the by-election was issued on 30 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162560-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Isaacs by-election, Background\nThe Labor Party's member for Isaacs, Greg Wilton, committed suicide on 14 June 2000. Wilton's marriage had broken down earlier in the year, and shortly afterwards Victoria Police arrested Wilton after finding him, clearly distressed, with his children in a car in the You Yangs national park. While Wilton's intentions on the day were unclear, unrestrained media coverage of the incident was considered by his colleagues to have contributed to his eventual suicide six weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162560-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Isaacs by-election, Background\nThe Isaacs by-election was the first election in Australia to be held after the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax on 1 July 2000, and the Liberal Party declined to run a candidate. Labor's preselection was a messy battle with the party's left faction proposing to pre-select Jill Hennessy, the former state president of the Labor Party and an advisor to Premier Steve Bracks. They were overridden by the party's federal executive, who put forward Ann Corcoran, although the change resulted in a convoluted factional deal in which pre-selection ballots were altered after their submission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162560-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Isaacs by-election, Aftermath\nThe Labor Party held the seat of Isaacs, with a primary vote swing of 8.11 towards them. The lack of a Liberal candidate saw positive primary vote swings towards all the minor parties, in particular the Australian Democrats, the main rival on a two-candidate preferred basis. Ann Corcoran went on to hold the seat in the 2001 and 2004 federal elections, but lost pre-selection prior to the 2007 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162561-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Isle of Man TT\nThe 2000 Isle of Man TT was a motorcycle race event. The Isle of Man TT (Tourist Trophy) Races are held annually in the Isle of Man. The 2000 races were dominated by David Jefferies and Joey Dunlop, who gained a hat-trick of wins each. They included Dunlop's 26th and final win at the TT in the Ultra-lightweight 125cc race, and he also proved he could still win a 'big bike' race, winning the Formula One TT in the opening race. This was also Michael Rutter's last TT until his return in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162561-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Isle of Man TT\nRob Fisher won both sidecar races bringing his total up to eight wins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162562-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Israeli presidential election\nAn election for President of Israel was held in the Knesset on 31 July 2000, following Ezer Weizman's resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162562-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Israeli presidential election, History\nMoshe Katsav, a Likud politician, ran against Shimon Peres, a previous Prime Minister of Israel. In a surprising upset, the Knesset elected Katsav, by 63 to 57. Katsav assumed office as President of Israel on 1 August 2000. He was the first Israeli president sworn in for a seven-year term, as well as the first candidate from the right-wing Likud party to be elected to the office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162563-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Formula 3000 Championship\nThe 2000 Italian Formula 3000 Championship was contested over 8 rounds. 13 different teams, 40 different drivers competed. In this one-make formula all teams had to utilize Lola T96/50 chassis with Zytek engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162563-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Formula 3000 Championship, Results\nRace 5 Pole Position originally won by  Thomas Biagi, but all his times were cancelled and he started from last grid position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Italian Grand Prix (formally the LXXI Gran Premio Campari d'Italia) was a Formula One motor race held on 10 September 2000 at the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza near Monza, Lombardy, Italy. It was the 14th race of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 71st Italian Grand Prix. Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher won the 53-lap race from pole position. Mika H\u00e4kkinen finished second in a McLaren car with Ralf Schumacher third for the Williams team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix\nMichael Schumacher maintained his start line advantage and withstood H\u00e4kkinen's attempts to pass him going into the first corner. Further around the lap, a collision involving four cars prompted the deployment of the safety car and a fire marshal Paolo Gislimberti was struck by a flying wheel. When the safety car pulled into the pit lane on lap eleven, Michael Schumacher began to immediately pull clear from H\u00e4kkinen and kept the lead until his pit stop on the 39th lap. When H\u00e4kkinen made his own pit stop three laps later, Michael Schumacher regained the lead which he held to clinch his sixth victory of the 2000 season; H\u00e4kkinen finished almost four seconds behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix\nAs a consequence of the race, Schumacher reduced H\u00e4kkinen's lead in the Drivers' Championship to two points, with David Coulthard a further 17 points back. Rubens Barrichello who was caught up in the first lap accident was mathematically ruled out of clinching the title. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren's eight-point advantage going into the race was reduced to four, with three races of the season remaining. Gislimberti later died in hospital and his death caused safety measures in Formula One to be reviewed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as constructors were, McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre types to the race: two dry compounds, the medium and the hard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Background\nGoing into the race, McLaren driver Mika H\u00e4kkinen led the Drivers' Championship with 74 points, ahead of Michael Schumacher on 68 points and David Coulthard on 61 points. Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 49 points with Ralf Schumacher fifth on 20 points. In the Constructors' Championship McLaren were leading with 125 points, Ferrari and Williams were second and third with 117 and 30 points, respectively, while Benetton with 18 points and Jordan with 13 points contended for fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Background\nAt the previous race in Belgium, the gap between H\u00e4kkinen and Michael Schumacher had extended by four points. H\u00e4kkinen started from pole position and maintained the lead until he lost control of his car at Stavelot corner on the 13th lap. He later managed to lap faster than Michael Schumacher and passed the German while both drivers were lapping BAR driver Ricardo Zonta with four laps remaining and held it to win the race. The overtaking manoeuvre was heralded by the worldwide press and many people involved in Formula One as \"the best ever manoeuvre in grand prix racing\". Michael Schumacher remained confident about his title chances: \"With only six points between Mika and I and four more races to go, I am still optimistic about our chances. One win or a retirement before the end of the season can change the whole picture either way.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Background\nOver the month of July, the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza race track's main straight was straightened and the Variante Goodyear and Seconda Variante chicanes were reconfigured by the race organisers to become a series of narrower corners with the exit away from the entry of turn one. The run-off areas around the two sections of the circuit were enlargened. Some of the drivers, however, were unhappy with the modifications, though, as there were fears of a multi-car accident on the first lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Background\nCoulthard claimed that the new corner would make braking more difficult and was concerned over the number of penalties issued to other competitors. However, Michael Schumacher believed his and other teams would be less concerned with suspension damage. Jean Alesi who was the first driver to test the new circuit, said that it would be easier for drivers to pull off the track in the event of a technical issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Background\nFollowing the Belgian Grand Prix on 27 August, the teams conducted a four-day testing session at the Monza circuit and concentrated on optimising their car set-ups for low downforce. Jos Verstappen set the quickest times on the first day, ahead of Pedro Diniz. Coulthard was quickest on the second day. Giancarlo Fisichella suffered a high speed crash going into the Ascari chicane, bringing a brief halt to testing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Background\nHe visited Rome to undergo a medical examination and was diagnosed with an inflamed tendon in his right ankle, but was cleared to race having been advised to take five days of rest. Jacques Villeneuve set the quickest times on the third day as rain shortened the team's running. Minardi's Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane suffered a high speed accident at the Ascari chicane, forcing testing to be stopped. Ralf Schumacher was fastest on the fourth and final day of testing. Michael Schumacher's car developed a malfunction and pulled off the race track, limiting Ferrari's testing time as the car's power unit was changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. Barrichello set the first session's fastest time with a lap of 1 minute and 25.057 seconds, three-tenths of a second ahead of Jarno Trulli. Michael Schumacher was one-tenth of a second off Trulli's pace, while Coulthard set the fourth fastest time. The two Arrows drivers were fifth and sixth fastest; Pedro de la Rosa ahead of Jos Verstappen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Practice\nHeinz-Harald Frentzen, Fisichella, Villeneuve and Alexander Wurz rounded out the top ten fastest drivers of the session. In the second practice session, Barrichello was again fastest despite not improving his time from the first session; Michael Schumacher finished with the second fastest time. Trulli set the third fastest time, with the two McLaren drivers fourth and fifth, H\u00e4kkinen ahead of Coulthard. Eddie Irvine recorded the sixth quickest lap. de la Rosa, Diniz, Verstappen and Mika Salo completed the top ten drivers. Alesi's Prost was afflicted by a hydraulic leak; this restricted him to three timed laps, and he was slowest overall. Wurz suffered a similar problem and set the 18th fastest time. Mazzacane spun off and did not take any further part in the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Practice\nThe Saturday practice sessions were again held in dry and sunny conditions. Michael Schumacher set the fastest time of the third session, a 1:24.262. The Williams drivers were running quickly\u2014Jenson Button in second and Ralf Schumacher fifth\u2014they were separated by Coulthard and Barrichello in third and fourth. Fisichella recorded the sixth fastest lap time. Villeneuve, H\u00e4kkinen, Salo and Johnny Herbert rounded out the top ten. In the final practice session, Michael Schumacher again set the fastest time, a 1:23.904; Barrichello set the third fastest time. They were separated by H\u00e4kkinen with teammate Coulthard clinching the fourth fastest time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Practice\nThe Williams drivers continued to run quickly with Ralf Schumacher fifth, ahead of Button in sixth. Fisichella, Zonta, Villeneuve and Irvine (who suffered a rear suspension failure but regained control of his car) completed the top ten ahead of qualifying. Mazzacane again suffered problems with his car when his engine ran out of air pressure and was forced to stop on the track while Wurz did not record any laps because of a fuel pick-up issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon one hour qualifying session saw each driver limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by their fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 per cent of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. The session was held in dry weather. Michael Schumacher achieved his sixth pole position of the season, his second at Monza, with a time of 1:23.770.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nAlthough he was happy with his car and tyres, he said that he did not make the best of session because of making a mistake at the first chicane during his first run. Michael Schumacher was joined on the front row by Barrichello who recorded a lap time 0.027 seconds slower and was happy to start alongside his teammate. H\u00e4kkinen qualified third, though he believed he could have set a faster time as he struggled with the handling on his car and his McLaren misfired on his final two timed laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0010-0002", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nVilleneuve qualified fourth, nearly half a second behind Michael Schumacher, and stated that he was happy with his performance. H\u00e4kkinen's teammate Coulthard qualified fifth and was disappointed with his starting position because he encountered traffic during the session and was blocked by Frentzen. Trulli and Frentzen set the sixth and eighth fastest times respectively for Jordan; Trulli reported no problems while Frentzen was impeded by de la Rosa. Ralf Schumacher recorded the seventh quickest time and was disappointed in his performance. De la Rosa completed the top ten fastest qualifiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0010-0003", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHis teammate Verstappen qualified eleventh having been forced to use two of his team's cars when they developed hydraulic and engine problems. Button qualified twelfth and said he overheated his tyres after running insufficient amounts of downforce. Wurz, who qualified in 13th, used the session to familiarise himself with Benetton's spare car. He was ahead of Irvine in the faster of the two Jaguar's, who set a best time that was one-tenth of a second faster than his own teammate Johnny Herbert in 18th; both were disadvantaged at the lack of straightline speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0010-0004", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSalo was 15th quickest for the Sauber team, ahead of his own teammate Diniz whose car handled badly under braking. The pair were marginally quicker than Zonta who encountered gear selection problems in his race car, and switched to his team's spare monocoque. The grid was completed by Alesi and Nick Heidfeld in the Prosts who qualified in front of the Minardis of Marc Gen\u00e9 and Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 09:30 Central European Summer Time (UTC +1) for a 30-minute warm-up session. It took place in dry weather conditions. Zonta set the fastest time of the session, a 1:26.448, six hundredths of a second faster than H\u00e4kkinen, in second place. Michael Schumacher had the third fastest time, ahead of Coulthard in fourth and Verstappen in fifth, with Salo rounding out the top six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nThe race started with 110,000 people in attendance at 14:00 local time. The conditions for the race were dry with the air temperature 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature 34 and 37\u00a0\u00b0C (93 and 99\u00a0\u00b0F). Heidfeld's car was being worked on by mechanics who managed to get to the side of the track before the formation lap begun to avoid incurring a penalty. Michael Schumacher maintained his lead going into the first corner withstanding H\u00e4kkinen's attempts to pass. Barrichello dropped to third position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nHeading into the first corner, Salo and Irvine made contact, with the Finn suffering a puncture and Irvine retired from the race. Going into the chicane, Frentzen collided with Trulli and collected Barrichello and Coulthard. Frentzen's car lost its right front tyre which struck fire marshal Paolo Gislimberti. Behind them, de la Rosa collided with Herbert and was sent airborne. The accidents prompted the deployment of the safety car at the end of the first lap for marshals to clear up strands of carbon fibre on the circuit and the cars in the gravel trap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0012-0002", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nBoth Sauber drivers, Herbert and Zonta all made pit stops for repairs. Gislimberti suffered from head and chest injuries and was given a heart massage before being taken to Monza Hospital. Salo became the fifth driver to pit on lap eight and his mechanics fitted a new engine cover and sidepods to repair handling problems. During the end of the safety car period, Button swerved to avoid teammate Ralf Schumacher and collided with the barriers on the back straight, sustaining damage to his car. He later went off at the Parabolica corner and became the race's seventh retirement on lap eleven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nWhen the race restarted on lap twelve, Michael Schumacher led, while H\u00e4kkinen and Villeneuve were running second and third. Behind them were Ralf Schumacher, Fisichella, Wurz, Gene, Heidfeld, Zonta, Mazzacane, Diniz, Salo and Alesi. Michael Schumacher began to immediately pull away from H\u00e4kkinen as he set consecutive fastest laps. Further down the field, Wurz overtook Diniz and Mazzacane for tenth position. By the start of lap 13, Michael Schumacher led H\u00e4kkinen by 2.1 seconds. Further back, Zonta passed Heidfeld to take ninth. On lap 14, Zonta moved up into seventh position after passing Gen\u00e9 and Wurz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nVilleneuve became the third retirement of the race when he pulled over to the side of the track with gearbox problems on the same lap. Meanwhile, Verstappen overtook Fisichella to take fourth position. Heidfeld retired after his engine failed and spun off at Variante della Roggia chicane on lap 15. One lap later, Ralf Schumacher lost two positions after being passed by Verstappen and Zonta. Salo passed Mazzacane to claim ninth position on lap 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0013-0002", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nAt the start of the 19th lap, Zonta tried to pass Verstappen heading into the Variante Goodyear chicane, but Verstappen moved onto an early defensive line to prevent Zonta from moving ahead. Zonta attempted to overtake Verstappen into the Variante della Rogia chicane to take third place four laps later, but was unable to complete it as he ran wide. He managed to get ahead after exiting the chicane on the same lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher lapped consistently in the 1:26 range, setting the new fastest lap of the race on lap 22, a 1:26.428, to extend his lead over H\u00e4kkinen to 5.4 seconds, who in turn was 9.9 seconds in front of Zonta. Verstappen in fourth was a further 2.9 seconds behind, but was drawing ahead of Ralf Schumacher in fifth. On lap 23, Zonta became the first front runner to make a scheduled pit stop and emerged in eleventh position. Salo continued to move up the field when he passed Wurz for sixth on lap 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nThree laps later, Zonta moved into ninth position after he overtook Mazzacane and Diniz. Salo made a pit stop for the second time on lap 29 and emerged in tenth place. Verstappen took his pit stop three laps later and came out in seventh position. Zonta made his third and final pit stop of the race on lap 36 and dropped to eighth position. Michael Schumacher took his pit stop on lap 39 and rejoined 13.6 seconds behind H\u00e4kkinen, who now led the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0014-0002", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nThree laps later, H\u00e4kkinen made a pit stop and rejoined behind Michael Schumacher with a deficit on eleven seconds. Fisichella was the final driver to make a scheduled stop on lap 44. Fisichella's pit stop was problematic: he stalled when he encountered a problem with his clutch system and his mechanics push-started his Benetton and he rejoined in eleventh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nAt the completion of lap 45, with the scheduled pit stops completed, the race order was Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen, Ralf Schumacher, Verstappen, Wurz, Zonta, Salo, Diniz, Gen\u00e9, Mazzacane, Fisichella and Alesi. Zonta went straight down the escape road near the Variante Goodyear chicane but retained sixth position. H\u00e4kkinen was able to close the gap to Michael Schumacher on lap 50 to five seconds, but it appeared that the German would be unchallenged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher crossed the finish line on lap 53 to clinch his sixth victory of the season in a time of 1'27:31.368, at an average speed of 130.260 miles per hour (209.633\u00a0km/h). H\u00e4kkinen finished in second position 3.8 seconds behind, ahead of Ralf Schumacher in third, Verstappen in fourth, Wurz in fifth and Zonta rounding out the points scoring positions in sixth. Salo, Diniz, Gen\u00e9, Mazzacane and Fisichella completed the next five positions and were one lap behind the winner, with Alesi the last of the classified finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. Michael Schumacher broke into tears when asked if matching Ayrton Senna's number of victories meant a lot to him. He later regained his composure and spoke about how important it was to maintain the life of the engine at the circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nMichael Schumacher revealed that the cause of his emotion was of him thinking about Senna's death at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix and said that he was surprised at how the media reacted to the moment which said that Schumacher \"was human after all\". H\u00e4kkinen revealed that his team made modifications to his car at his pit stop which contributed to him setting the fastest lap of the race. He also admitted that he was unable to catch Michael Schumacher due to the presence of the two Minardis which cost him time. Ralf Schumacher said he was not worried from being challenged by Verstappen and Zonta during the event because of the Williams's quick pace. He also was confident that Williams had confirmed itself as the third strongest team in Formula One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nBarrichello placed blame upon Frentzen for starting the lap one accident at the Variante della Roggia corner. He demanded that Frentzen be banned for ten races. Barrichello also added that his helmet was damaged from his collision with de la Rosa. Frentzen reacted by suggesting that Barrichello braked earlier which forced him to make contact with teammate Trulli. FIA Race Director Charlie Whiting defended his decision not to stop the race saying that the safety car was deployed as all cars involved were in the run-off areas and that he believed stopping the race would be dangerous. However, he admitted that he was not aware about Gislimberti's condition when making the decision. Jordan team principal Eddie Jordan believed that Whiting had made the right decision and praised the safety of the modern Formula One car for protecting drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nBernie Ecclestone, the owner of Formula One's commercial rights, called for the removal of chicanes from racing circuits labelling them \"silly and unnecessary\". FIA president Max Mosley subsequently announced that safety measures would be reviewed and stated a review of the Monza track would take place. Mosley believed that no driver was responsible for causing the accident but stressed to competitors that it was their responsibility for being aware when bunched up at the start of a Grand Prix. Former driver Jacques Laffite advocated an electronic warning system for marshals and believed that a review of chicanes should have taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nGislimberti was later pronounced dead at Monza Hospital. His autopsy was released two days later and determined that the cause of death was head trauma. On 15 September, he was given a funeral at the San Ulderico church, Lavis and attended by several drivers, friends and colleagues. Hours after the race, five cars involved in the accident were impounded by Italian authorities. Race stewards concluded the incident was a \"racing accident\" with no further action being taken. Magistrate Salvatore Bellomo opened a formal investigation into the crash and interviewed drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe investigating body examined all five cars which were released back to the teams on 12 September. The investigation was closed in June 2001 following a technical examination which concluded that Gislimberti was killed instantly. As a result of Gislimberti's death, the strength of the wheel tethers was doubled to stop flying tyres being a danger to the drivers, safety officials and fans. The chassis would be strengthened and enhanced crash resistance would be tested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162564-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nWith his win, Michael Schumacher reduced H\u00e4kkinen's advantage in the Drivers' Championship to just two points. Coulthard remained in third with 61 points. Barrichello's retirement at the Grand Prix ruled out any chance of him claiming the title and Ralf Schumacher retained fifth place with 24 points. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari's victory allowed them to reduce McLaren's lead to four points. Williams remained in third place with 34 points. Benetton increased the gap over Jordan in fifth place to a seven-point advantage, with three races of the season remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162565-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open (tennis)\nThe 2000 Italian Open also known as 2000 Rome Masters was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 57th edition of the Italian Open, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour, and of the Tier I Series of the 2000 WTA Tour. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the Foro Italico in Rome, Italy. The men's tournament was played from May 8 through May 14, 2000 and the women's tournament was played from May 15 through May 21, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162565-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles\nMartin Damm /  Dominik Hrbat\u00fd defeated  Wayne Ferreira /  Yevgeny Kafelnikov 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162565-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles\nLisa Raymond /  Rennae Stubbs defeated  Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario /  Mag\u00fci Serna 6\u20133, 4\u20136, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162566-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nEllis Ferreira and Rick Leach were the defending champions, but lost in second round to Simon Aspelin and Jaime Oncins", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162566-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\nMartin Damm and Dominik Hrbat\u00fd won the title by defeating Wayne Ferreira and Yevgeny Kafelnikov 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 6\u20134 in the final. It was the 17th title for Damm and the 1st title for Hrbat\u00fd in their respective doubles careers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162567-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open \u2013 Men's Singles\nGustavo Kuerten was the defending champion, but Magnus Norman defeated him 6\u20133, 4\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162568-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nMartina Hingis and Anna Kournikova were the defending champions, but none of them competed this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162568-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\nLisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs won the title by defeating Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario and Mag\u00fci Serna 6\u20133, 4\u20136, 6\u20132 in the final. It was the 16th title for Raymond and the 22nd title for Stubbs in their respective doubles careers. It was also the 2nd title for the pair during the season, after their win in the Australian Open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162568-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open \u2013 Women's Doubles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162569-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open \u2013 Women's Singles\nVenus Williams was the defending champion, but lost in third round to Jelena Dokic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162569-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open \u2013 Women's Singles\nMonica Seles won the title by defeating Am\u00e9lie Mauresmo 6\u20132, 7\u20136(7\u20134) in the final. It was the 3rd title of the year for Seles and the 47th of her career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162569-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian Open \u2013 Women's Singles, Seeds\nThe first eight seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162570-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix was the sixth race of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 28 May 2000 at the Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162570-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round six has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162571-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian referendum\nA seven-part abrogative referendum was held in Italy on 21 May 2000. Voters were asked whether they approved of the repealing of laws on topics including election funding, the electoral system, the judiciary, employment and union dues. Although all but one of the seven proposals were approved by voters, the voter turnout of 32% was well below the 50% threshold and the results were invalidated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162572-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian regional elections\nThe Italian regional elections of 16 April 2000 were won by the House of Freedoms coalition, led by Silvio Berlusconi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162572-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Italian regional elections\nDue to the electoral defeat suffered by The Olive Tree coalition, D'Alema resigned as Prime Minister of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162573-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Italy rugby union tour of Oceania\nThe 2000 Italy rugby union tour was a series of matches played in July 2000 in Samoa and Fiji by the Italy national rugby union team. It was the first tour after their debut in the Six Nations Championship, and with the new coach Brad Johnstone it was a bad tour with four loss. The team was very renewed due the international retirement by Diego Dominguez and Alessandro Troncon, that came back only in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162574-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ivorian constitutional referendum\nA constitutional referendum was held in Ivory Coast on 23 and 24 July 2000. The changes to the constitution would require both parents of presidential candidates to have been born in the country. as well as giving immunity from prosecution from those involved in the coup the previous year. It was approved by 86.53% of voters with a 56% turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162574-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ivorian constitutional referendum\nThe changes barred Rally of the Republicans leader Alassane Ouattara from standing in the presidential elections, and was one of the catalysts for the Ivorian Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162575-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ivorian presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Ivory Coast on 22 October 2000. Robert Gu\u00e9\u00ef, who headed a transitional military regime following the December 1999 coup d'\u00e9tat, stood as a candidate in the election. All of the major opposition candidates except for Laurent Gbagbo of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) were barred from standing. The Rally of the Republicans (RDR) and Democratic Party of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire \u2013 African Democratic Rally (PDCI-RCA) boycotted the election in response to the exclusion of their candidates (respectively, Alassane Ouattara and Emile Constant Bombet) by the Supreme Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162575-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ivorian presidential election\nGu\u00e9\u00ef initially claimed to have won the presidency in a single round. However, it soon emerged that Gbagbo had actually won 59 percent of the vote\u2014enough to win in a single round. When Gu\u00e9\u00ef continued to insist he had won, a wave of protests drove him from power, and Gbagbo was sworn in as President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162576-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ivy League Baseball Championship Series\nThe 2000 Ivy League Baseball Championship Series took place at Bill Clarke Field in Princeton, New Jersey on May 6, 2000. The series matched the regular season champions of each of the league's two divisions. Princeton, the winner of the series, claimed their second title and the Ivy League's automatic berth in the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. It was Princeton's fifth appearance in the Championship Series, all of which were consecutive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162577-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 J.League Cup, Overview\nIt was contested by 27 teams, and Kashima Antlers won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162578-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 J.League Cup Final\n2000 J.League Cup Final was the 8th final of the J.League Cup competition. The final was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on November 4, 2000. Kashima Antlers won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162579-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 J.League Division 1\nThe 2000 season was the eighth season of the J-League Division 1. The league began on March 11 and ended on November 26. At the end of the season the second stage winner Kashima Antlers won the Suntory Championship against Yokohama F-Marinos who won the first stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162579-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 J.League Division 1, Clubs\nFollowing sixteen clubs participated in J.League Division 1 during 2000 season. Of these clubs, Kawasaki Frontale and FC Tokyo were promoted from Division 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162580-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 J.League Division 2, Overview\nIt was contested by 11 teams, and Consadole Sapporo won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162581-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Jacksonville Jaguars season\nThe 2000 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 6th in the National Football League and their sixth under head coach Tom Coughlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162581-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Jacksonville Jaguars season\nThe Jaguars in 1999 had obtained an NFL-best record of 14\u20132 and thrashed the Miami Dolphins 62\u20137 in their divisional-round game. However, they were helped to this by an extremely easy regular-season schedule. In 2000, the Jaguars were severely hit by the loss of safety Carnell Lake for the entire season to foot surgery, and by an ultimately career-ending knee injury to right tackle Leon Searcy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162581-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Jacksonville Jaguars season\nFurther offensive line injuries, notably to left tackle Zach Wiegert and center John Wade, crippled the Jaguars all season, with the result that after a fair start the Jaguars fell in Week 4 to five consecutive losses and were out of the running for a postseason berth by December, and thus knocking them out of the playoffs for the first time since 1995 when the franchise was first established. Ultimately the team\u2019s tally of wins was halved vis-\u00e0-vis 1999. At the close of the season, the Jaguars also had problems with being $31 million over the salary cap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162582-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation\nThe 2000 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation (Chinese: 2000\u5e74\u5ea6\u5341\u5927\u52c1\u6b4c\u91d1\u66f2\u9812\u734e\u5178\u79ae) was held on 14 January 2001. It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series held in Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162582-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation, Top 10 song awards\nThe top 10 songs (\u5341\u5927\u52c1\u6b4c\u91d1\u66f2) of 2000 are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 75], "content_span": [76, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162583-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Jahre Christentum\n2000 Jahre Christentum (2000 Years of Christianity) is a German documentary series on the history of Christianity prior to the year 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162583-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Jahre Christentum, Plot\nThe historical series begins with the rise of Christianity, as it spread across the world over the course of 2,000 years. Werner Herzog wrote and directed the ninth episodes which shows the piety of people today, especially the descendants of the original Christian followers in Latin America. The last part of the series deals with questions of the future, which Christians often pose today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162583-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Jahre Christentum, Production\nThe series was produced by ARD in collaboration with the Munich Tellux production company. The project was funded by the Bavarian Film and Television Fund. The individual episodes were directed by different people. Bernd Grote produced the series and won a 2000 Bavarian Television Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162583-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Jahre Christentum, Production\nSome computer animation was used in the documentary, but most of the actual footage was filmed on location. Production costs of the series amounted to EUR 3.4 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162583-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Jahre Christentum, Production\nThe series originally aired from 7 November 1999 to 20 February 2000. It was released in 2000 on VHS and DVD in 2004. The DVD version was released with additional English and Dutch-language versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162584-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan Football League\nThe 2000 Japan Football League (Japanese: \u7b2c2\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u30d5\u30c3\u30c8\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb\u30ea\u30fc\u30b0, Hepburn: Dai Ni-kai Nihon Futtob\u014dru R\u012bgu) was the second season of the Japan Football League, the third tier of the Japanese football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162584-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan Football League, Overview\nIt was contested by 12 teams, and Yokohama FC defended their champions title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162584-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan Football League, Attendances\nSource:Notes:\u2020 Team played previous season in Regional Leagues.\u2021 Team played previous season in College Leagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162584-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan Football League, Promotion and relegation\nNo relegation has occurred as league continued to expand. At the end of the season, the winner and runner-up of the Regional League promotion series, Sagawa Express Tokyo and YKK FC were promoted automatically. In addition, NTT West Kumamoto, SC Tottori and Ehime FC were included by JFA recommendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162585-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan Golf Tour\nThe 2000 Japan Golf Tour season was played from 9 March to 10 December. The season consisted of 33 official money events in Japan, as well as the four majors and the three World Golf Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162585-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan Golf Tour, Schedule\nThe following table shows all the official money events in Japan for the 2000 season. The number in parentheses after each winner's name is the number of Japan Golf Tour events he had won up to and including that tournament. This information is only shown for Japan Golf Tour members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162586-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan Series\nThe 2000 Japan Series matched the Central League champion Yomiuri Giants against the Pacific League champion and defending Japan Series champion Fukuoka Daiei Hawks. The press called it the ON series because of the managers on both sides: Sadaharu Oh for the Hawks and Shigeo Nagashima for the Giants. The two were teammates in the 1960s and 1970s, and their combined hitting prowess gave them the nickname, \"O-N Cannon.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162586-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan Series, Fukuoka Daiei Hawks\nThe defending Japan Series Champions were largely the same team that had taken the field in 1999, with one major exception: left-handed starter Kimiyasu Kudoh had departed as a free agent over the winter and signed with the Giants. The core of the team was still intact, with Kenji Johjima anchoring a strong lineup that also featured stars Nobuhiko Matsunaka and Hiroki Kokubo. Pitching-wise, the Hawks saw the big-stage debut of future right-handed ace Kazumi Saitoh, who would make three appearances in relief without giving up a run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162586-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan Series, Yomiuri Giants\nFor the first time in four years, the Giants had reached the Japan Series. They had not won the series since 1994, when they faced the Seibu Lions. A lot had changed in the six years since they had won, but the plethora of stars that they had been building since the mid-1990s was finally enough to get back to the Japan Series. Yomiuri had a powerful middle of the order between aging slugger Kazuhiro Kiyohara and Hideki Matsui. The pitching staff featured established stars such as Kudoh and Hiromi Makihara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162587-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan national football team\nThis page records the details of the Japan national football team in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162588-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan rugby union tour of Europe\nThe 2000 Japan rugby union tour of Europe was a series of matches played in November 2000 in France and Ireland by Japan national rugby union team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162589-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japan women's national football team\nThis page records the details of the Japan women's national football team in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162590-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Formula 3 Championship\nThe 2000 Japanese Formula 3 Championship was the 22nd edition of the Japanese Formula 3 Championship. It began on 26 March at Suzuka and ended on 5 November at the same place. French driver S\u00e9bastien Philippe took the championship title, winning three from ten races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Japanese Grand Prix (formally the XXVI Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 8 October 2000, at the Suzuka Circuit in Suzuka, Japan. It was the 16th and penultimate round of the 2000 Formula One World Championship, as well as, the 26th Japanese Grand Prix. Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher won the 53-lap race from pole position. Mika H\u00e4kkinen finished second in a McLaren with teammate David Coulthard finishing third. Schumacher's win confirmed him as 2000 Drivers' Champion, as H\u00e4kkinen could not overtake Schumacher's points total with only one race remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix\nH\u00e4kkinen started the race alongside Michael Schumacher on the front row of the grid. Michael Schumacher attempted to defend his lead off the line by moving into H\u00e4kkinen's path, but H\u00e4kkinen passed Michael Schumacher heading into the first corner, with Coulthard withstanding Williams driver Ralf Schumacher attempts to pass him to maintain third position. Michael Schumacher managed to close the gap to his title rival by lap 31 and passed H\u00e4kkinen during the second round of pit stops. This allowed him to maintain a 1.9-second gap between himself and H\u00e4kkinen towards the end of the race to secure his eighth victory of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix\nMichael Schumacher received praise from many within the Formula One community, including former Champion Jody Scheckter and Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo, though he was criticised by former Italian president Francesco Cossiga for his conduct when the Italian National Anthem was played on the podium. The Ferrari driver also received predominant congratulations from the European press. H\u00e4kkinen's second-place finish secured him second position in the Drivers' Championship, while Ferrari extended the gap to McLaren in the Constructors' Championship to thirteen points, with one race remaining in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as constructors, were McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought three different tyre types to the race: the Medium dry compound and two wet-weather compounds, the intermediate and full wet. The Suzuka Circuit underwent a minor circuit change ahead of the Grand Prix. The pit lane entry was moved from the end of the 130R left-hand corner to the exit of the Casio chicane in an effort to improve safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nGoing into the race, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 88 points, ahead of Mika H\u00e4kkinen on 80 points and David Coulthard on 63. Rubens Barrichello was fourth on 55 points, with Ralf Schumacher fifth on 24 points. A maximum of 20 points were available for the final two races, which meant H\u00e4kkinen could still win the title. Michael Schumacher only needed to clinch victory in the race, regardless of where H\u00e4kkinen finished, Schumacher would be more than ten points ahead of H\u00e4kkinen with one race remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nOtherwise, H\u00e4kkinen could win the Championship in the final race of the season in Malaysia by out-scoring his rival. In the event of a points tie, Michael Schumacher would win the Championship on count-back, having more wins. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari were leading on 143 points, McLaren and Williams were second and third on 133 and 34 points respectively, while Benetton with 20 and Jordan with 17 contended for fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nA pneumatic value failure in the preceding race, the United States Grand Prix, had forced H\u00e4kkinen to retire from the race. With two races of the season remaining and an eight-point deficit after losing the lead in the Drivers' Championship, H\u00e4kkinen remained confident about his title chances: \"I know that what happened to me in the last Grand Prix, when I had to retire, can happen to anyone, It could happen to Michael. So I am very optimistic. I have come here prepared and thinking about these two races together. Not one, two.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nMichael Schumacher emphasised the pressure of leading the championship going into Japan: \"It hasn't been a relaxing time at all and I still haven't completely got over the jetlag from the States. But I'm prepared to sacrifice this and a lot more to bring the title back to Maranello. And the same can be said of the entire team.\" Ferrari team principal Jean Todt and former World Champion Jody Scheckter called for Barrichello and Coulthard to race fairly as both drivers were ordered by their teams to assist their teammates in the Championship battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nFollowing the United States Grand Prix on 24 September, the teams conducted testing sessions at various racing circuits across Europe between 26\u201329 September to prepare for the Grand Prix. McLaren's test driver Olivier Panis flew to the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours to undertake preparations for Suzuka and development work on their 2001 car. Ferrari test driver Luca Badoer spent two days at the Fiorano Circuit testing mechanical components and ran on an artificially wet track for testing of Bridgestone's wet weather tyre compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nWilliams, with rookie competitor Jenson Button, went to the Aut\u00f3dromo do Estoril for two days and tried wet weather tyres and different aerodynamic configurations. Prost travelled to Magny-Cours and their test driver St\u00e9phane Sarrazin collected three days of chassis design data for the upcoming AP04 chassis. Benetton opted to miss testing prior to the event but their test driver Mark Webber tried developments at the Circuit de Catalunya that were incorporated into their 2001 car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nAt the drivers meeting held the Friday before the event, the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) Race Director Charlie Whiting announced that any potential blocking manoeuvres that interfered with the World Championship battle would result in a driver being shown a waved black and white flag, before giving a black flag to signal disqualification from the race. The penalty also had a potential ban for up to three Formula One World Championship events for any driver found to have breached the new ruling. Ralf Schumacher agreed with the penalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nHowever, McLaren team principal Ron Dennis was more vocal in opposing the new rules as he believed they were arbitrary and were against choosing team tactics. He was also unhappy with the inclusion of Italian lawyer Roberto Causo as a race steward because Dennis held the view that any decision would be biased towards Ferrari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Background\nSome teams had made modifications to their cars in preparation for the event. Honda introduced a more powerful version of its V10 engine for Saturday's qualifying session and the race. Sauber brought lighter components to reduce the weight of their cars and the Williams team arrived with a revised rear wing. Williams engine suppliers BMW confirmed that they would be running the same specification of engine introduced in Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions were held in dry and warm weather conditions. Michael Schumacher was fastest in the first practice session with a time of 1 minute and 38.474 seconds, ahead of H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Practice\nBarrichello set the fourth quickest time and caused the session to be yellow flagged when he lost control of his car and spun at the hairpin between turns ten and eleven and crashed into the perimeter fencing. Ralf Schumacher was fifth fastest, ahead of Giancarlo Fisichella. Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Jarno Trulli set the seventh and ninth fastest times respectively for Jordan; they were separated by Jaguar's Eddie Irvine. Jacques Villeneuve in the BAR completed the top ten despite spinning off the circuit which caused grass to penetrate his radiators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0009-0002", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Practice\nIn the second practice session, Michael Schumacher set the fastest lap of the day, a 1:37.728, six-tenths of a second faster than H\u00e4kkinen. Barrichello had trouble selecting first gear on his final run although he set the third quickest time. Coulthard was fourth fastest, ahead of Button. Frentzen and Trulli continued their good form setting the sixth and seventh fastest times. Arrows driver Pedro de la Rosa, Villeneuve and Ricardo Zonta completed the top ten fastest drivers. During the session, an earthquake measuring 7.1 on the richter scale was felt at Suzuka, although no structural damage was reported around the circuit despite mild alarm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Practice\nThe weather remained dry and warm for the Saturday morning practice sessions. Michael Schumacher again set the fastest time for the third session, a 1:37.176, quicker than his best on Friday. The Williams drivers were running quicker; Ralf Schumacher in second and Button in fourth. They were separated by Coulthard. Fisichella set the fifth quickest time, ahead of Villeneuve, who spun into the gravel late in the session. Barrichello, Irvine, Johnny Herbert and de la Rosa completed the top ten. In the final practice session, H\u00e4kkinen set the quickest time, a 1:37.037, one-tenth of a second faster than Michael Schumacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Practice\nButton was happy with the performance of his car and was third fastest. Barrichello maintained his consistent performance and set the fourth fastest time despite again spinning into the gravel traps. He was ahead of Ralf Schumacher who had his fastest time revoked after exceeding track limits. Coulthard was sixth, two-tenths of a second faster than Fisichella. Irvine, Alexander Wurz and Villeneuve completed the top ten ahead of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Qualifying\nPole position provides the best opportunity to win the race. That has been our target all weekend, but the job is not finished yet. Obviously this is the best start and we have a good car to get the job done. I only did nine laps because I felt the track was not in the best condition early in the session and I did not see the point in wasting a set of tyres. The team did a good job to get me out at the right time. Today we had a very high quality fight for pole. I knew it would be tight and either one of us could have been on pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon one hour qualifying session saw each driver was limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by their fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 per cent of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. The session was held in dry weather. Michael Schumacher clinched his eighth pole position of the season, his fifth at the circuit, in a time of 1:35.825.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was joined on the front row of the grid by H\u00e4kkinen, who was nine thousands of a second slower than his championship rival and battled him for grid position throughout the session. H\u00e4kkinen's teammate Coulthard qualified third, and conceded that he was not quick enough to challenge for pole position. The two Williams drivers qualified on the third row of the grid; Button ahead of Ralf Schumacher although both drivers had mixed feelings over their performance. Both Jaguar drivers took seventh and tenth and were satisfied with their pace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0012-0002", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Qualifying\nFrentzen reported that his car was difficult to handle but was happy to manage a qualifying position of eighth. Villeneuve took ninth despite suffering from excessive oversteer and was unable to improve his time because he changed his car in the opposite direction. Herbert who rounded out the top ten felt he could have qualified on the fourth row despite changes to his set-up. Wurz qualified eleventh and missed on qualifying in the top ten by nearly two thousands of a second. His teammate Fisichella started from twelfth position and reported his car lost performance after the morning practice sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0012-0003", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Qualifying\nBoth Arrows drivers filled the seventh row of the grid\u2013de la Rosa was faster than Verstappen\u2013and were affected with problems on the cars limiting their running. Trulli had car handling issues and qualified 15th. Heidfeld qualified 16th, ahead of teammate Jean Alesi. Zonta had limited qualifying time because of an engine change and managed 18th overall. The tenth row of the grid was filled by both Sauber drivers; Mika Salo in front of Pedro Diniz. Salo used the spare Sauber because his race car had alternator issues. Both of Diniz's two fastest qualifying times were disallowed because of him laying oil on the circuit in the morning practice sessions. The two Minardi drivers qualified at the rear of the grid with Marc Gen\u00e9 ahead of Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 10:00 Japan Standard Time (UTC +9) for a 30-minute warm-up session. It took place in dry weather conditions. Both Ferrari cars maintained their good performance from qualifying; Michael Schumacher set the fastest time of 1:38.005. Barrichello was third in the other Ferrari car. They were split by the McLaren drivers\u2014H\u00e4kkinen was second and Coulthard rounded out the top four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nThe race started at 14:30 local time. The conditions for the race were dry and overcast for the race. The air temperature was at 22\u00a0\u00b0C (72\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature at 23\u00a0\u00b0C (73\u00a0\u00b0F). Approximately 151,000 people attended the race. During the final parade lap, H\u00e4kkinen's car developed an leak in the hydraulic system which caused smoke to depart but managed to take the start. Frentzen started the race using Jordan's spare monocoque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen accelerated faster than Michael Schumacher off the line, withstanding the German's attempts to maintain his position to clinch the lead heading into the first corner. Behind the leading three in the run down into the first corner, Ralf Schumacher moved ahead of Barrichello and Coulthard withstood his attempts to pass for third position. Verstappen made the best start in the field, moving from 14th to tenth at the end of the first lap, while Fisichella made a poor start and lost eight places over the same distance; the result of his anti-stall system activating. At the completion of the first lap, H\u00e4kkinen led from Michael Schumacher, Coulthard, Ralf Schumacher, Irvine, Barrichello, Button, Herbert, Villeneuve, Verstappen, Frentzen, Trulli, de la Rosa, Wurz, Salo, Alesi, Heidfeld, Zonta, Diniz, Fisichella, Gen\u00e9 and Mazzacane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen set the fastest lap of the race on lap two and began to maintain the gap between himself and Michael Schumacher while both drivers pulled away from the rest of the field. Villeneuve moved into eighth position when he passed Herbert on lap seven, while Trulli clinched 11th from teammate Frentzen. Verstappen became the first retirement of the race when he coasted across the circuit with gearbox problems on lap nine and drove to his garage. Diniz made his first pit stop on lap 13, starting the first round of pit stops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nAt the front of the field, H\u00e4kkinen increased the gap between himself and Michael Schumacher to two seconds, who in turn was a further ten seconds ahead of Coulthard in third. Ralf Schumacher was a further 8.8 seconds behind the second McLaren driver, but was drawing ahead of Irvine in fifth. Further back, Trulli made a pit stop from tenth on lap 15 and emerged in 18th position. Irvine became the first of the front runners to pit the following lap and emerged behind Frentzen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nWurz, Herbert, Salo and Heidfeld all made pit stops on lap 18, while Trulli lost time after going off the track. On the 19th lap, Ralf Schumacher, Villeneuve, Frentzen, Pedro de la Rosa and Fisichella made their first pit stops. Barrichello and Button made pit stops on the following lap, and rejoined ahead of Irvine. Alesi retired from the race with an engine failure and spun off onto the circuit on lap 21. H\u00e4kkinen made a pit stop on lap 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher took over the lead for one lap before his pit stop on lap 23 giving it to Coulthard. The Scot took his pit stop on lap 24 handing back the lead to teammate H\u00e4kkinen. On the same lap, Villeneuve passed Irvine into turn 16 for seventh position. All of the drivers had made pit stops by the end of lap 25. The race order was H\u00e4kkinen, Michael Schumacher, Coulthard, Barrichello, Ralf Schumacher, Button, Irvine, Herbert, Frentzen, Trulli, Diniz, Zonta, Salo, de la Rosa, Heidfeld, Fisichella, Gen\u00e9, Wurz and Mazzacane. H\u00e4kkinen set a new fastest lap of the race on lap 26, a 1:39.189, as he built a gap between himself and Michael Schumacher to 2.9 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nTrulli became the first driver to make a second pit stop on lap 28. Light rain began to fall on lap 29 and track started to become slippery. The gap between H\u00e4kkinen and Michael Schumacher fell by one second after the McLaren driver encountered lapped traffic on lap 30. Ralf Schumacher lost sixth position to teammate Button after making a mistake on the same lap, while Frentzen pulled off the track at the entry of First Curve to retire from a hydraulic pump issue which caused his gearbox to fail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher closed the gap to H\u00e4kkinen by 0.7 seconds by lap 31, although he made minor contact with Zonta two laps later. Further down the order, Heidfeld overtook Trulli for 13th position on lap 34. The second round of pit stops began on the same lap when Irvine made a pit stop. H\u00e4kkinen made his second stop on lap 37, and came out of the pit lane 25.8 seconds behind rival Michael Schumacher but ahead of Coulthard. Michael Schumacher began to immediately pull away from H\u00e4kkinen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0017-0002", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard, Barrichello and Button remained in third, fourth and fifth positions respectively, during their second stops on lap 38 and 39. Wurz went into retirement when he spun sideways near the entry of the pit lane on lap 40. Michael Schumacher took his final pit stop on the same lap, and emerged 4.1 seconds in front of H\u00e4kkinen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nRalf Schumacher became the sixth retirement of the race when he lost the rear-end and spun into the gravel trap when trying to lap Gen\u00e9 at turn two on lap 42. This allowed Villeneuve to enter the points-scoring positions in sixth. Heidfeld became the final driver to make a scheduled pit stop on the same lap. At the conclusion of lap 42, with the scheduled pit stops completed, the order was Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen, Coulthard, Barrichello, Button, Villeneuve, Herbert, Irvine, Zonta, Salo, Diniz, Trulli, Fisichella, de la Rosa, Gen\u00e9, Heidfeld and Mazzacane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nHeidfeld retired from a suspension failure on lap 43 as de la Rosa passed Fisichella for 13th position on the same lap, and Fisichella was forced onto the gravel to avoid contact. de la Rosa made up a further position overtaking Trulli five laps later. Gen\u00e9 became the race's final retirement with an expired engine on lap 49.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0018-0002", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher maintained his lead throughout the remaining four laps and crossed the finish line on lap 53 to win his eighth race of the 2000 season in a time of 1'29:53.435, at an average speed of 128.902 miles per hour (207.448\u00a0km/h). Michael Schumacher was crowned 2000 Drivers' Champion as H\u00e4kkinen could not catch his points total in the one remaining race. He also became the first driver to clinch the title with Ferrari since Jody Scheckter in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0018-0003", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen finished second in his McLaren, 1.8 seconds behind, ahead of teammate Coulthard in third, Barrichello in fourth, Button in fifth, and Villeneuve rounding out the points scoring positions in sixth. Herbert, Irvine, Zonta, Salo and Diniz rounded out the next five positions. de la Rosa, Trulli, Fisichella and Mazzacane were the last of the classified finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe conditions, the circumstances of this one and 1994 are very different. But 1995 and 2000 are very similar because they both happened in Japan; they happened after a very close battle. Also, in the second last race at Aida, I think I also only got up front after the second pit stop, and I made the championship through a victory. But here (at Ferrari) we have been working for five years, getting very close three times and not making it three times. That obviously adds certain emotions. Therefore it is not comparable to any of them. It is simply outstanding. Sorry to say this, but also the history of Benetton is not as great as the history of Ferrari. Therefore it has much more meaning to me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. Michael Schumacher revealed that he took a cautious approach when the track became slippery due to rain in the second stint. He also added his team made adjustments during the first stop which helped to contribute to his quick pace. H\u00e4kkinen congratulated Michael Schumacher on clinching the Drivers' Championship and said that although he felt naturally disappointed, he admitted that \"to be a good winner, sometimes you also have to be a good loser\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nHe also confirmed that Ferrari's strategy lost him the chance of victory and acknowledged that Schumacher was at an advantage after his second pit stop. Coulthard described his race as \"quiet\" because of the lack of action he encountered. He also admitted that he struggled to handle the car in the wet conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nMichael Schumacher's title triumph was well received in the Formula One paddock and in the media. German national newspaper Die Welt said: \"A dream has been fulfilled and it will have far-reaching consequences. Ferrari and Formula One are alive again in this season and a new monument has been created ...Hard work and self-sacrifice have been rewarded.\" In Italy, events were held across the country to celebrate Michael Schumacher's championship victory. Candido Cannav\u00f2, director of the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport described the moment as: \"On the dawn of a luminous autumn Sunday Ferrari reconciled itself with history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nFerrari president Luca di Montezemolo described Michael Schumacher's title victory as the \"most beautiful day of my life\". He further dedicated the championship to the Ferrari team, their worldwide fan base, Ferrari's majority owner FIAT, and the team's sponsors and suppliers for their continued support. Former World Champion Scheckter praised both Ferrari and Michael Schumacher, though he expressed disappointment at losing his status as the final World Champion for Ferrari. However, the former President of Italy Francesco Cossiga criticised Michael Schumacher's conduct during the Italian National Anthem where the German traditionally imitated a conductor when it was heard. Michael Schumacher responded by saying that he did not mean to cause offence and insisted that he was respectful to the national anthem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nOff track, the argument over the new rules implemented at the Grand Prix and the inclusion of lawyer Roberto Causo as a race steward was renewed. FIA president Max Mosley published a letter dated from 19 October to Ron Dennis which accused him of damaging the image of Formula One with his recent stream of comments over the issues. Mosley also defended Race Director Charlie Whiting's announcement that marshals could use racing flags to caution drivers over unsportsmanlike behaviour. Dennis responded by apologising for his comments, saying that he did not intend to bring Formula One into disrepute and cause disrespect to Causo. \"It certainly has not ever been my intention to damage a sport to which I have devoted most of my working life.\" he said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162591-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAs a consequence of the race, Michael Schumacher won the Drivers' Championship with a twelve-point gap over championship rival H\u00e4kkinen, who in turn was confirmed as the runner-up in the Championship. Coulthard maintained third with 67 points, nine points ahead of Barrichello, and 43 in front of Ralf Schumacher. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari increased their lead to thirteen points. Williams, with 36 points, increased the gap to their rivals Benetton by 16 points, while BAR passed Jordan for fifth place on 18 points, with one race of the season remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162593-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese Super Cup\n2000 Japanese Super Cup was the Japanese Super Cup competition. The match was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on March 4, 2000. J\u00fabilo Iwata won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162594-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese general election\nGeneral elections were held in Japan on 25 June 2000 to elect the 480 members of the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162594-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese general election\nThe ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) maintained a majority in the House of Representatives, but its total percentage of seats shrank from 65% to 56%, and its two coalition partners also lost several seats. Two cabinet members, Takashi Fukaya and Tokuichiro Tamazawa, lost their seats. The Democratic Party made major gains under the leadership of Yukio Hatoyama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162594-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese general election, Background\nPrime Minister Keizo Obuchi suffered a stroke in April 2000 and was replaced by Yoshiro Mori. Although the term limit for the House of Representatives would have been reached in October 2000, Mori dissolved the House on June 2 in what became popularly known as the Divine Nation Dissolution (\u795e\u306e\u56fd\u89e3\u6563) due to a controversial statement by Mori prior to the election, which preceded a slump in government approval ratings from 40% to 20%. The LDP government advocated continued public works spending while the opposition advocated less spending and more governmental reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162594-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese general election, Background\nThe Social Democratic Party left the coalition in 1998 and re-join the opposition after years of coalition with the ideologically contrasting LDP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162594-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese general election, Background\nMeanwhile, the Komeito Party, a centrist party with roots from the Soka Gakkai based on the Nichiren Buddhist movement and despite almost decades of opposition against the LDP, shifted from centre towards conservatism. An electoral alliance between the once rivals of the Komeito and the LDP has been in effect since the Japanese General election in 2000. For the LDP, despite not being able to win an absolute majority of votes by itself in further elections (especially for the House of Councillors which the LDP lost majority since 1989), the Komeito party has been counted on since then to ensure a stable governing majority rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162594-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese general election, Results\nThe House of Representatives consisted of 480 members, 300 elected from single-member constituencies and 180 elected on a proportional basis from eleven multi-member constituencies known as Block constituencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162595-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix was the third round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 9 April 2000 at the Suzuka Circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162595-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round three has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162596-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Jarafa mosque massacre\nThe 2000 Jarafa mosque massacre was an attack on members of Ansar al-Sunna praying at a mosque in Jarafa, a village in the outskirts of Omdurman, Sudan on December 8, 2000. A lone gunman, Abbas al-Baqir Abbas ( \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 ), a member of Takfir wal-Hijra, opened fire with a Kalashnikov assault rifle during evening prayers, killing at least 22 people and injuring more than 30 others, before he was shot dead by police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162596-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Jarafa mosque massacre, Shooting\nDuring evening prayers, at about 9:00\u00a0p.m., 33-year-old Abbas al-Baqir Abbas, using a Kalashnikov assault rifle, began shooting through a window at the people in the al-Sunna al-Mohammediyya Mosque in Jarafa, instantly killing 20 worshipers. According to witnesses, he avoided the women's section of the mosque and reassured a fleeing woman that he would only shoot males. When he refused to surrender to responding police units, Abbas was killed after a brief shootout with officers. Thirty-three were wounded in the attack, among them a police officer. At least two of the injured later died of their wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162596-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Jarafa mosque massacre, Shooting\nAlthough Abbas acted alone, according to police, witnesses stated that shots were fired from three directions and that there had been at least three attackers dressed in jellabiyas, all but one fleeing before police arrived. There were also reports that not only worshipers at the mosque were attacked, but that the gunman had rampaged through the village, killing at least two boys. Various higher death tolls were reported, ranging from 23 and 24 to 27 people killed and 49 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162596-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Jarafa mosque massacre, Background, Takfir wal-Hijra\nTakfir wal-Hijra is a Muslim extremist group, originating in Egypt, that had a history of differences with the pacifist Ansar al-Sunna. While the former believes the Sharia should be implemented by force, the latter does not. This conflict has resulted in similar incidents previously. On February 4, 1994, three assailants, Mohammed Abdullah al-Khilaifi, a Libyan Islamist, along with two Sudanese, attacked a mosque of Ansar al-Sunna in Al Thawra with assault rifles, killing 19 people and injuring 15. al-Khilaifi was later sentenced to death and executed on September 19, 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162596-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Jarafa mosque massacre, Background, Takfir wal-Hijra\nOn January 1, 1996, eight assailants and a police officer were killed in a fight between members of the group and police in Kambo Ashara when the former tried to force villagers to convert. An attack on the same mosque in Jarafa in 1996 left 12 people dead. On November 1, 1997, two members of Takfir wal-Hijra attacked people leaving a mosque in Arkawit with knives, killing two and wounding a further ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162596-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Jarafa mosque massacre, Background, Abbas al-Baqir Abbas\nAbbas al-Baqir Abbas (1967-December 8, 2000) was from Al-Dasis in the northern part of Al Jazirah. It was reported that his mother had left their home due to his religious fanaticism and that he beat his sister, accusing her of infidelity. He studied economics at Tripoli University, but was forced to leave Libya because of leading Islamist groups and thus threatening security. He was a former member of the Popular Defense Forces, fighting rebels in the southern part of Sudan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162596-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Jarafa mosque massacre, Background, Abbas al-Baqir Abbas\nInitially being a member of Ansar al-Sunna, Abbas left due to religious differences and joined Takfir wal-Hijra. It was said that he had repeatedly threatened members of Ansar al-Sunna with an attack similar to the one in 1994. Because of these threats, he was arrested in 1998 for four months, and again a few months prior to the shooting, along with 20 other people suspected of being members of Takfir wal-Hijra. However, he repented and claimed to have abandoned the group and its ideas, and as a result, he was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162596-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Jarafa mosque massacre, Aftermath\nThe following day, President Omar al-Bashir visited the mosque, paying his condolences to relatives of the victims and assured that a legislation would be passed to control fanatical religious groups, vowing \"to rectify laws in order to protect society from destructive and harmful ideas.\". In the wake of the massacre, police and security forces were deployed in Khartoum State in a large scale inspection campaign to prevent further violence, leading to the arresting of 65 leading members of Takfir wal-Hijra and security laws were tightened, allowing law enforcement to detain suspects for up to six months. The amendments were criticized by opposition parties for curtailing liberties and they accused President Bashir of abusing the incident to increase his power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162597-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Jersey by-elections\nThe following by elections for Deputy took place in 2000 in Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162598-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Johan Cruyff Shield\nThe fifth edition of the Johan Cruyff Shield (Dutch: Johan Cruijff Schaal) was held on 13 August 2000 between 1999\u20132000 Eredivisie champions PSV Eindhoven and 1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup winners Roda JC. PSV won the match 2\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162599-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Jordan League\nThe 2000 Jordan League was the 49th season of Jordan Premier League, the top-flight league for Jordanian association football clubs. The championship was won by Al-Faisaly, while Al Fahis and Sahab were relegated. A total of 10 teams participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162600-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ju-Jitsu World Championships\nThe 2000 Ju-Jitsu World Championship were the 4th edition of the Ju-Jitsu World Championships, and were held in Copenhagen, Denmark from November 25 to November 26, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162601-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Junior League World Series\nThe 2000 Junior League World Series took place from August 14\u201319 in Taylor, Michigan, United States. Aiea, Hawaii defeated Langley, Canada in the championship game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162602-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Junior Oceania Cup\nThe 2000 Junior Oceania Cup was an international field hockey tournament hosted by Australia. The quadrennial tournament serves as the Junior Championship of Oceania, organized by the Oceania Hockey Federation. It was held in Canberra, Australia, between 30 March and 2 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162602-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Junior Oceania Cup\nAustralia won the tournament, finishing the pool stage with two wins and one draw. The win guaranteed the team qualification to the 2001 FIH Junior World Cup in Buenos Aires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162603-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Junior Pan American Artistic Gymnastics Championships\nThe 2000 Junior Pan American Artistic Gymnastics Championships was held in Curitiba, Brazil, November 25\u201326, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162604-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Junior Pan American Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships\nThe 2000 Junior Pan American Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships was held in San Felipe, Venezuela, October 9\u201315, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162605-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 K League\nThe 2000 K League was the 18th season of K League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 64]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162606-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 K League Championship\nThe 2000 K League Championship was the seventh competition of the K League Championship, and was held to decide the 18th champions of the K League. It was contested between the top four clubs of the regular season. The first round was played as a single match between third place and fourth place of the regular season. The winners of the first round advanced to the semi-final, and played against runners-up of the regular season over two legs. The winners of the regular season directly qualified for the best-of-three final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162607-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 KNVB Cup Final\nThe 2000 KNVB Cup Final was a football match between NEC and Roda JC on 21 May 2000 at De Kuip, Rotterdam. It was the final match of the 1999\u20132000 KNVB Cup competition. Roda JC won 2\u20130 after goals from Bob Peeters and Eric van der Luer. It was their second KNVB Cup win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162608-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kaduna riots\nThe 2000 Kaduna riots were religious riots in Kaduna involving Christians and Muslims over the introduction of sharia law in Kaduna State, Nigeria. It is unclear how many people were killed in the fighting between Muslims and Christians, that lasted with peaceful intervals from 21 February until 23 May 2000; estimates vary from 1,000 to 5,000 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162608-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kaduna riots\nWhen in February 2000, the governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of sharia to Kaduna State, of which non-Muslims form almost half of the population, the Kaduna branch of the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) organised a public protest against it in Kaduna city. Muslim youths then clashed with them and the situation spiraled out of control, with massive violence and destruction on both sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162608-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Kaduna riots\nThe violence happened in two main waves (sometimes referred to as \"Sharia 1\" and \"Sharia 2\"): a first wave from 21 to 25 February, with further killings in March, followed by a second wave from 22 to 23 May. The initial violence left more than 1,000 people dead; a judicial commission set up by the Kaduna state government reported the official death toll to be 1,295. However, Human Rights Watch estimated the total number fatalities, including those from March and May and many from February the commission had not counted, to be much higher, somewhere between 2,000 and 5,000. Several media reported a number of about or more than 2,000 deaths (and 2 to 300 deaths in May). Eventually, the army interfered to end the bloody clashes when it became clear the police could not control them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162608-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Kaduna riots\nThese became the first so-called \"Sharia clashes\", the start of the religious riots phase of the Sharia Conflict (1999\u2013present).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162609-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kakkonen \u2013 Finnish League Division 2\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Monkbot (talk | contribs) at 16:39, 5 January 2020 (\u2192\u200eReferences and sources: Task 15:  language icon template(s) replaced (1\u00d7);). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162609-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kakkonen \u2013 Finnish League Division 2\nLeague Tables for teams participating in Kakkonen, the third tier of the Finnish Soccer League system, in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162609-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Kakkonen \u2013 Finnish League Division 2, League Tables 2000, Promotion Playoffs\nRakuunat won 2\u20130 on aggregate and retained their place in the Ykk\u00f6nen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 81], "content_span": [82, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162609-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Kakkonen \u2013 Finnish League Division 2, League Tables 2000, Promotion Playoffs\nN\u00e4rpes Kraft won 3\u20131 on aggregate and retained their place in the Ykk\u00f6nen", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 81], "content_span": [82, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162610-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Chiefs season\nThe 2000 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise's 31st season in the National Football League, the 41st overall and the second and final season led by head coach Gunther Cunningham. They failed to improve on their 9\u20137 record from 1999 and finished the season 7\u20139, marked by a series of on and off-field struggles and incidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162610-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Chiefs season\nThe beginning of the season was marked on a somber note, as 9 time Pro Bowl Linebacker, team captain, and fan favorite Derrick Thomas did not play as he died during the offseason. He was paralyzed in a January 23 automobile accident in which Thomas was speeding on an icy Kansas City interstate and was thrown from his vehicle because he was not wearing a seat belt. He died the morning of February 8 of a pulmonary embolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162610-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Chiefs season\nIn the Week 10 game against the Oakland Raiders, Chiefs quarterback Elvis Grbac set a franchise record for passing yards in a single game with 504.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162610-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Chiefs season\nThe on-field low came November 26, when the Chiefs were embarrassed by the San Diego Chargers, who finished 1\u201315. The 2000 Chargers became the third 1\u201315 team to win their lone game by one point, joining the 1980 New Orleans Saints and 1991 Indianapolis Colts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162611-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Royals season\nThe 2000 season was the 32nd in the history of the Kansas City Royals, and their 28th at Kauffman Stadium. They had a record of 77 wins and 85 losses, finishing 4th in the American League Central.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162611-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162611-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162611-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162611-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162611-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162612-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Wizards season\nIn 2000 the Kansas City Wizards earned their first ever honor winning the MLS Supporters' Shield by finishing atop the regular season point total (57). The Wizards continued good play took them through the playoffs and into MLS Cup 2000 versus the Chicago Fire where they finished their season in a 1-0 victory earning the club the MLS Double. 2000 was the first season that MLS games could finish in a draw, but to do so tied matches had an additional ten-minute overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162612-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas City Wizards season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162613-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas Jayhawks football team\nThe 2000 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Big 12 Conference in the North Division. They were coached by head coach Terry Allen and played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162614-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kansas State Wildcats football team\nThe 2000 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Bill Snyder. The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium. 2000 saw the Wildcats finish with a record of 11\u20133, and a 6\u20132 record in Big 12 Conference play, including a 29\u201328 win over the Nebraska Cornhuskers, and winning Big 12 North division. The season culminated with a win over Tennessee in the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162615-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Karl Sch\u00e4fer Memorial\nThe 2000 Karl Sch\u00e4fer Memorial (also known as the Vienna Cup) took place from October 4 through 7th, 2000. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162616-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kawartha Lakes municipal election\nThe 2000 Kawartha Lakes municipal election was held on November 13, 2000, to elect a mayor, councillors, and school trustees in the city of Kawartha Lakes, Ontario, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162616-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kawartha Lakes municipal election, Results\nSource: \"Election Results,\" Lindsay Daily Post, 15 November 2000, p. 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162617-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kazakhstan Cup Final\nThe 1999\u20132000 Kazakhstan Cup Final was the 8th final of the Kazakhstan Cup. The match was contested by Kairat and Access-Golden Grain at Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium in Astana. The match was played on 6 July 2000 and was the final match of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162617-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kazakhstan Cup Final, Background\nKairat played the third Kazakhstan Cup Final. In both finals they beat rivals (Fosfor, 1992 final, 5-1; Vostok-Adil, 1996-97 final, 2-0)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162617-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Kazakhstan Cup Final, Background\nKairat and Access-Golden Grain played twice during the season of league. Access-Golden Grain have won both matches with the score 2-0 of Kairat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162618-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kazakhstan Premier League\nThe 2000 Kazakhstan Top Division was the ninth season of the Top Division, now called the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162618-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kazakhstan Premier League, Teams\nFollowing the conclusion of the previous season, no teams were relegated or promoted. Prior to the start of the season, Sintez became Tomiris, Access-Esil became Access-Golden Grain whilst Akmola moved back to Kokshetau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162618-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Kazakhstan Premier League, Teams\nDuring the middle of the season, Batyr withdrew due to financial problems, and Tomiris and Zhiger merged to form Dostyk. Dostyk were awarded the points that Tomiris had accumulated, whilst Zhiger were treated as having technical losses (0:3) in all remaining games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162619-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kent State Golden Flashes football team\nThe 2000 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University  in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third season under head coach Dean Pees, the Golden Flashes compiled a 1\u201310 record (1\u20137 against MAC opponents), finished in last place in the MAC East, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 359 to 128.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162619-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kent State Golden Flashes football team\nThe team's statistical leaders included Chante Murphy with 800 rushing yards, Zach Williams with 1,120 passing yards, and Matt Curry with 511 receiving yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162620-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kentucky Derby\nThe 2000 Kentucky Derby was the 126th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 6, 2000. There were 153,204 in attendance. The winning horse Fusaichi Pegasus was the first betting favorite to win the Derby since Spectacular Bid in 1979. This was the last Kentucky Derby race to be broadcast on ABC, ending a 25-year association with the network; NBC took over the broadcast rights the next year and has broadcast the race since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162621-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kentucky Wildcats football team\nThe 2000 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Southeastern Conference in the Eastern Division. The team played their home games at Commonwealth Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky. They were led by head coach Hal Mumme, who was fired after the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162622-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kids' Choice Awards\nThe 13th Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards was held on April 15, 2000, at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, live on Nickelodeon, with around 17,000 in attendance at the venue. Rosie O'Donnell hosted for the fifth consecutive year, along with LL Cool J, David Arquette, Mandy Moore, and Frankie Muniz as co-hosts. The  show featured a SpongeBob SquarePants short to introduce the Favorite Cartoon nominees and announce the winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162622-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kids' Choice Awards\nOver 15 million voters cast ballots for the ceremony, including for ten online-only categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162623-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 36th staging of the Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162623-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship\nOn 22 October 2000, Dunnamaggin won the championship after a 5\u201309 to 1\u201306 victory over St. Martin's in the final at Nowlan Park. It was their second championship title overall and the first title since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162624-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 106th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board in 1887. The championship began on 19 August 2000 and ended on 22 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162624-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship\nGlenmore were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by O'Loughlin Gaels at the semi-final stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162624-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship\nOn 15 October 2000, Graigue-Ballycallan won the title after a 0-16 to 0-09 defeat of O'Loughlin Gaels in the final at Nowlan Park. It was their second championship title overall and their first title in two championship seasons. It remains their last championship triumph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162624-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship\nNigel Skehan of the O'Loughlin Gaels club was the championship's top scorer with 2-23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162625-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes\nThe 2000 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 29 July 2000. It was the 50th running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162625-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes\nThe winner was Michael Tabor's Montjeu, a four-year-old bay colt trained in France by John Hammond and ridden by Mick Kinane. Montjeu's victory was the first in the race for Hammond and Tabor and the third for Kinane after Belmez (1990) and King's Theatre (1994).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162625-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race\nThe race attracted a field of seven runners: four from the United Kingdom, and one each from France, Ireland and Japan. Favourite for the race was the Irish-bred French-trained Montjeu, who was the European champion three-year-old in 1999 when his victories included the Prix du Jockey Club, Irish Derby and Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. In the early part of 2000 he had added further Group One victories in the Tattersalls Gold Cup and the Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162625-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race\nThe British-trained runners were the Godolphin stable's Fantastic Light, winner of the Dubai Sheema Classic, the Coronation Cup winner Daliapour, the 1999 Tattersalls Gold Cup winner Shiva (a Japanese-bred mare trained by Henry Cecil and Beat All, a Michael Stoute-trained four year old who had finished third behind Oath and Daliapour in the 1999 Epsom Derby. The Irish challenger was the Aga Khan's Raypour, a 100/1 outsider, acting as a pacemaker (running) for Daliapour. Japan was represented by Air Shakur, a three-year-old colt who had won the Satsuki Sh\u014d before being narrowly beaten in the Japanese Derby. Montjeu headed the betting at odds of 1/3 ahead of Daliapour (13/2), Air Shakur (10/1) and Fantastic Light (12/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162625-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race\nRaypour took an early lead and set the pace from Daliapour, Shiva and Beat All with Air Shakur, Fantastic Light and Montjeu towards the rear of the field. Daliapour overtook his pacemaker three furlongs from the finish and led the field into the straight from Raypour, Beat All and Shiva with Montjeu and Fantastic Light making progress. Montjeu moved up on the outside to take lead approaching the final furlong and won very easily by one and three quarter lengths from Fantastic Light who stayed on to beat Daliapour by three and a half lengths for second place. The next three place were filled by Beat All, Air Shakur and Raypour with Shiva finishing last after being eased down in the final furlong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162626-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament\nThe 2000 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament was the third edition of this international football competition. It took place in the summer of 2000, less than a week before the Euro 2000. Matches were held on 4  and 6 June 2000 in Morocco. Host nation Morocco, France (who went on to win the Euro the following month), Japan and Jamaica participated in the tournament, and all matches took place at the Stade Mohamed V, home of Moroccan clubs Raja Casablanca and Wydad Casablanca. The tournament was played in a cup format, with only four games played (two semifinals, a final and a third-place match).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162627-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 King's Cup\nThe 31st King's Cup finals were held from 20 to 27 February 2000 at the Rajamangala Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand. The King's Cup (\u0e04\u0e34\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e4c\u0e04\u0e31\u0e1e) is an annual football tournament; the first tournament was played in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162627-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 King's Cup\nHosts Thailand won the tournament beating Finland 5\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162627-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 King's Cup, Venue\nAll matches held at the Rajamangala Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162628-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kipawa earthquake\nThe 2000 Kipawa earthquake (or 2000 Kipawa \"Millennium\" earthquake ) struck Quebec and Ontario, Canada with a moment magnitude of 5.2 at 6:22\u00a0a.m. on January 1. It occurred in the Western Quebec Seismic Zone. The main shock epicenter was located in Lake Kipawa about 10\u00a0km (6\u00a0mi) north of T\u00e9miscaming in southwestern Quebec and 70\u00a0km (43\u00a0mi) northeast of North Bay, Ontario. The shaking was strongest within 50\u00a0km (31\u00a0mi) of the epicenter. It was felt in T\u00e9miscaming, North Bay and as far away as Toronto, making it one of the most significant earthquakes in Canada in 2000. The earthquake was triggered by major thrust faults associated with the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162628-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kipawa earthquake\nMinor damage was reported during this earthquake, including fallen light objects, a damaged ventilation pipe and fractures in plaster. Its epicenter was very close to that of the 1935 Timiskaming earthquake and lies in a group of 76 located earthquakes since 1935. Seventeen aftershocks were recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162629-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council election\nElections to Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council. Overall turnout was 18.0%. The election in Longview ward was postponed until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162630-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Konica V8 Lites Series\nThe 2000 Konica V8 Lites Series was an Australian motor racing competition for V8 Supercars. It was the inaugural standalone series for the second tier of V8 Supercar racing. The series began on 26 March 2000 at the Eastern Creek Raceway and finished on 27 August at Mallala Motor Sport Park and was contested over five rounds across four different states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162630-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Konica V8 Lites Series\nThe series was won by Dean Canto who placed first in five of the fifteen races of the series and finished 31 points ahead of Matthew White. Wayne Wakefield placed third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162630-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Konica V8 Lites Series, Vehicle eligibility\nAll cars were required to comply with the Technical Regulations applicable to V8 Supercars as defined within CAMS Group 3A. Eligible models were Ford and Holden vehicles up to, but not including, the Ford AU Falcon and the Holden VT Commodore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162630-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Konica V8 Lites Series, Teams and drivers\nThe following teams and drivers competed in the 2000 Konica V8 Lites Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162630-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Konica V8 Lites Series, Race calendar\nThe series was contested over five rounds. Each round comprised three races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162630-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Konica V8 Lites Series, Points system\nPoints were awarded for the top ten positions in each race on the following basis:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162631-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Korean FA Cup\n2000 Korean FA Cup, known as the Seoul Bank FA Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 5th edition of the Korean FA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162632-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Korean League Cup\nIn 2000 season, There were two Korean League Cup competitions. One is Adidas Cup 2000 and the other is Daehan Fire Insurance Cup 2000 This article is regarding Adidas Cup 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162632-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Korean League Cup, Format\nThe Adidas Cup is a football tournament. All matches were played in Dongdaemun Stadium, Seoul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162633-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Korean League Cup (Supplementary Cup)\nIn 2000 season, There were two Korean League Cup competitions. One is Adidas Cup 2000 and the other is Daehan Fire Insurance Cup 2000. This article is regarding Daehan Fire Insurance Cup 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162633-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Korean League Cup (Supplementary Cup)\nTournament was started March 19 and ended May 5, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162634-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup\nThe 2000 Kremlin Cup was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow in Russia that was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 2000 WTA Tour. The  tournament was held from 23 October through 29 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162634-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup, Finals, Men's Doubles\nJonas Bj\u00f6rkman /  David Prinosil defeated  Ji\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k /  David Rikl 6\u20132, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162634-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup, Finals, Women's Doubles\nJulie Halard-Decugis /  Ai Sugiyama defeated  Martina Hingis /  Anna Kournikova 4\u20136, 6\u20134, 7\u20136(5)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162635-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup \u2013 Men's Doubles\nJustin Gimelstob and Daniel Vacek were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162635-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup \u2013 Men's Doubles\nJonas Bj\u00f6rkman and David Prinosil won the title, defeating Ji\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k and David Rikl 6\u20132, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162636-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup \u2013 Men's Singles\nYevgeny Kafelnikov was the defending champion and won in the final 6\u20132, 7\u20135 against David Prinosil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162637-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup \u2013 Women's Doubles\nLisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs were the defending champions, but lost in semifinals to tournament winners Julie Halard-Decugis and Ai Sugiyama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162637-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup \u2013 Women's Doubles\nHalard-Decugis and Sugiyama won the title by defeating Martina Hingis and Anna Kournikova 4\u20136, 6\u20134, 7\u20136(7\u20135) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162638-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup \u2013 Women's Singles\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Alexxbrookss (talk | contribs) at 15:21, 13 April 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162638-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup \u2013 Women's Singles\nNathalie Tauziat was the defending champion, but lost to Anna Kournikova in the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162638-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup \u2013 Women's Singles\nMartina Hingis won the title, defeating Kournikova in the final 6\u20133, 6\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162638-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Kremlin Cup \u2013 Women's Singles, Seeds\nThe top four seeds received a bye to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 41], "content_span": [42, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162639-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kroger St. Jude International\nThe 2000 Kroger St. Jude International was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Memphis, United States, that was part of the ATP International Series Gold of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 30th edition of the tournament and was held from 14 February through 20 February. Magnus Larsson, who was seeded 16th,  won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162639-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Kroger St. Jude International, Finals, Doubles\nJustin Gimelstob /  S\u00e9bastien Lareau defeated  Jim Grabb /  Richey Reneberg, 6\u20132, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162640-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kvalserien\nThe 2000 Kvalserien was the 26th edition of the Kvalserien. It determined two teams of the participating ones would play in the 2000\u201301 Elitserien season and which four teams would play in the 2000\u201301 Allsvenskan season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162641-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kyrgyz parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 20 February 2000, with a second round on 12 March. The Union of Democratic Forces, an alliance of Asaba, the Party of Economic Revival, the Social Democratic Party and the Unity Party, emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, with 12 of the 105 seats. Voter turnout was 64.4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162642-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kyrgyz presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 29 October 2000. The result was a victory for incumbent President Askar Akayev, who was re-elected with over 70% of the vote. International election monitors described the vote as failing to meet international standards. Voter turnout was 78.4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162643-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Kyrgyzstan League, Overview\nIt was contested by 12 teams, and SKA PVO Bishkek won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162644-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 L.League\nStatistics of L. League in the 2000 season. Nippon TV Beleza won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162645-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 LG Cup (Iran)\nThe LG Cup Four Nations is an exhibition association football tournament that took place in Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162646-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 LNBP season\nThe 2000 LNBP was the 1st season of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional, one of the professional basketball leagues of Mexico. It started on August 7, 2000 and ended in December 2000. The league title was won by Correcaminos UAT Tampico, which defeated Correcaminos UAT Victoria in the championship series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162646-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 LNBP season, Format\n11 teams take part in the season. Since the number of teams is odd, one team rests each week. The teams are divided in two groups (A and B), and their ranking among these groups depends on their position in the regular season standings. The first 4 teams of each group qualify for the postseason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162646-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 LNBP season, Playoffs\nNote: for reasons not specified on the LNBP website, La Ola Roja del Distrito Federal was the fourth team qualified from the Group B, despite being ranked 5th. The team playing the first game at home is listed first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162646-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 LNBP season, All-Star Game\nThe first LNBP All-Star Game was played in Ciudad Victoria at the Gimnasio Multidisciplinario de la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas de Ciudad Victoria on October 19, 2000 at 20:30, and was broadcast by ESPN2. The game was played between a team of Mexican players (Mexicanos) and a team of foreign players (Extranjeros). The Mexican won, 104\u201398. The game MVP was Mexican Jos\u00e9 Escobedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162647-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 LPGA Championship\nThe 2000 LPGA Championship was the 46th LPGA Championship, played June 22\u201325 at DuPont Country Club in Wilmington, Delaware. This was the second of four major championships on the LPGA Tour in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162647-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 LPGA Championship\nDefending champion Juli Inkster won her second consecutive LPGA Championship on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff with Stefania Croce, and became the first to successfully defend the title since 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162647-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 LPGA Championship\nOn Saturday, her 40th birthday, Inkster was the 54-hole co-leader with Wendy Ward after a 65 (\u22126). On a blustery Sunday, she had a three-shot lead with five holes to play, but made a double bogey on 14 and missed a six-foot (1.8\u00a0m) par putt on the final hole for 75. In the sudden-death playoff, Inkster parred both holes to win the sixth of her seven major titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162647-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 LPGA Championship\nThe DuPont Country Club hosted this championship for eleven consecutive seasons, from 1994 through 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162648-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 LPGA Tour\nThe 2000 LPGA Tour was the 51st season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950. The season ran from January 13 to November 19. The season consisted of 36 official money events. Karrie Webb won the most tournaments, seven. She also led the money list with earnings of $1,876,853.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162648-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 LPGA Tour\nThe U.S. Women's Open was the first tournament with a purse over $2,000,00 and a winner's share of $500,000. This was the last season that the du Maurier Classic (now known as the Canadian Women's Open) was considered an LPGA major. It was replaced as a major by the Women's British Open in 2001. There were seven first-time winners in 2000: Dorothy Delasin, Sophie Gustafson, Lorie Kane, Laurel Kean, Janice Moodie, Grace Park, and Charlotta S\u00f6renstam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162648-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 LPGA Tour\nThe tournament results, leaders, and award winners are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162648-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 LPGA Tour, Tournament results\nThe following table shows all the official money events for the 2000 season. \"Date\" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162649-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 LSU Tigers baseball team\nThe 2000 LSU Tigers baseball team represented Louisiana State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Tigers played their home games at Alex Box Stadium. The team was coached by Skip Bertman in his 17th season at LSU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162649-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 LSU Tigers baseball team\nThe Tigers won the College World Series, defeating the Stanford Cardinal in the championship game for Bertman's fifth and final national championship at LSU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162649-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 LSU Tigers baseball team, Tigers in the 2000 MLB Draft\nThe following members of the LSU Tigers baseball program were drafted in the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162650-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 LSU Tigers football team\nThe 2000 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Coached by Nick Saban in his first year at LSU, the Tigers played their home games at Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Saban led the team to a turnaround from a 3\u20138 record in 1999 to an 8\u20134 record and a victory in the Peach Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162651-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 La Fl\u00e8che Wallonne\nThe 2000 La Fl\u00e8che Wallonne was the 64th edition of La Fl\u00e8che Wallonne cycle race and was held on 12 April 2000. The race started in Charleroi and finished in Huy. The race was won by Francesco Casagrande of the Vini Caldirola team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier\nThe 2000 Labatt Brier, the Canadian men's curling championship, was held from March 4 to 12 at Saskatchewan Place in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This was the last Brier sponsored by Labatt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier\nSkip Greg McAulay of British Columbia beat out notable teams such as Kevin Martin and Jeff Stoughton, and went on to defeat Russ Howard with a score of 9\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Kevin MartinThird: Don WalchukSecond: Carter RycroftLead: Don BartlettAlternate: Jules Owchar", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Greg McAulayThird: Brent PierceSecond: Bryan MikiLead: Jody Sveistrup Alternate: Darrin Fenton", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Jeff Stoughton Third: Jon MeadSecond: Garry Van Den BergheLead: Doug Armstrong Alternate: Darryl Gunnlaugson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Russ HowardThird: Wayne TallonSecond: Rick PerronLead: Grant OdishawAlternate: Terry Odishaw", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Rick RowsellThird: Peter HollettSecond: Ken EllisLead: Craig DowdenAlternate: Wayne Young", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Tim PhillipsThird: Roger Sauv\u00e9Second: Ron HendersonLead: Dan Sauv\u00e9Alternate: Paul Sauv\u00e9", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Shawn AdamsThird: Jeff HopkinsSecond: Ben BlanchardLead: Jason BlanchardAlternate: Robert MacArther", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Peter CornerThird: Todd BrandwoodSecond: Drew MacklinLead: Dwayne PyperAlternate: Bill Mackay", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Andrew RobinsonThird: Evan SullivanSecond: Brian ScalesLead: Bob PritchettAlternate: Kevin Champion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Fran\u00e7ois RobergeThird: Maxime ElmalehSecond: \u00c9ric SylvainLead: Jean GagnonAlternate: Michel St-Onge", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Bruce KorteThird: Darrell McKeeSecond: Roger KorteLead: Rory GolanowskiAlternate: Neil Cursons", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162652-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Labatt Brier, Teams\nSkip : Chad CowanThird: Doug BryantSecond: Jason NolanLead: Ross MilwardAlternate: Paul Cowan", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162653-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ladies European Tour\nThe 2000 Ladies European Tour was a series of golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world which took place from January through December 2000. The tournaments were sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour (LET).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162653-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ladies European Tour, Tournaments\nThe table below shows the 2000 schedule. The numbers in brackets after the winners' names show the number of career wins they had on the Ladies European Tour up to and including that event. This is only shown for members of the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162654-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lafayette Leopards football team\nThe 2000 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Leopards tied for last in the Patriot League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162654-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Lafayette Leopards football team\nIn their first year under head coach Frank Tavani, the Leopards compiled a 2\u20139 record. Mike Levy and Phil Yarberough were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162654-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Lafayette Leopards football team\nThe Leopards were outscored 350 to 244. Their 1\u20135 conference record tied for worst in the seven-team Patriot League standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162654-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Lafayette Leopards football team\nLafayette played its home games at Fisher Field on College Hill in Easton, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162655-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lao League, Overview\nVientiane Municipality FC won the sixth national games, beating Champassak Province FC from the south of Laos. There is some debate as to whether this was the national championship. One source suggests that it was however, there is also evidence that National Bank, who played in the top division, won the National Trophy and that this is assumed to have been a cup competition and could have been the national title for the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162655-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Lao League, Overview, Sixth National Games\nThe following teams took part in sixth National Games which may well have been the national championship for the year:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162656-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Las Vegas Bowl\nThe 2000 Las Vegas Bowl was the ninth edition of the annual college football bowl game. It featured the Arkansas Razorbacks and the hometown UNLV Rebels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162656-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Las Vegas Bowl, Game summary\nArkansas scored first on a 7-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Robby Hampton to wide receiver Rod Stinson for a 7-0 Razorback lead. In the second quarter, UNLV tied the score at 7, following a 19-yard touchdown pass from Jason Thomas to Nate Turner. Arkansas answered with a 25-yard touchdown pass from Hampton to Boo Williams, giving the Razorbacks a 14\u20137 lead. But with Thomas and Turner connecting for their second score, the game became a 14\u201314 tie at intermission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162656-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Las Vegas Bowl, Game summary\nIn the third quarter, Jason Thomas notched his third passing touchdown of the game, a 54 yarder to Troy Mason, giving UNLV a 21\u201314 lead it wouldn't relinquish. In the fourth quarter, Dillon Pieffer kicked a 26-yard field goal to increase the Rebels lead to 24\u201314. Kevin Brown's 14 yard touchdown run made the final margin 31\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162657-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Latin Billboard Music Awards\nThe 7th annual Billboard Latin Music Awards, which honor the most popular albums, songs, and performers in Latin music, took place in Miami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162658-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Latvian Football Cup\nLatvian Football Cup 2000 was the fifty-ninth season of the Latvian annual football knock-out competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162659-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Latvian Higher League\nThe 2000 season in the Latvian Higher League, named Virsl\u012bga, was the tenth domestic competition since the Baltic nation gained independence from the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991. Eight teams competed in this edition, with Skonto FC claiming the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162660-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Laurence Olivier Awards\nThe 2000 Laurence Olivier Awards were held in 2000 in London celebrating excellence in West End theatre by the Society of London Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162660-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Laurence Olivier Awards, Productions with multiple nominations and awards\nThe following 23 productions, including two operas, received multiple nominations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162661-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lazio regional election\nThe Lazio regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162661-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Lazio regional election\nFrancesco Storace (National Alliance) was elected President, defeating incumbent Piero Badaloni (The Democrats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162662-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lebanese general election\nGeneral elections were held in Lebanon between 27 August and 3 September 2000 to elect the 128 members of the Parliament of Lebanon. Independent candidates won the majority of seats, although most of them were considered members of various blocs. Voter turnout was 40.5%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162662-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Lebanese general election, Results\nOf the 86 independent MPs, 48 were considered to be members of various blocs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162663-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Leeds City Council election\nThe Leeds City Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of City of Leeds Metropolitan Borough Council in West Yorkshire, England. Since the last election, Labour had lost a by-election to the Lib Dems in Harehills, and long-serving Chapel Allerton councillor, Garth Frankland, had defected from Labour to Left Alliance. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council. Overall turnout in the election was 27.5%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162663-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Leeds City Council election, Election result\nThis result had the following consequences for the total number of seats on the council after the elections:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162664-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Legg Mason Tennis Classic\nThe 2000 Legg Mason Tenis Classic was the 31st edition of the Washington Open and was played on outdoor hard courts. The tournament was part of the International Series Gold of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was held at the William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Washington, D.C. from August 14 through August 20, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162664-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Legg Mason Tennis Classic, Finals, Doubles\nAlex O'Brien /  Jared Palmer defeated  Andre Agassi /  Sargis Sargsian, 7\u20135, 6\u20131", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162665-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Legg Mason Tennis Classic \u2013 Doubles\nJustin Gimelstob and S\u00e9bastien Lareau were the defending champions, but none competed this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162665-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Legg Mason Tennis Classic \u2013 Doubles\nAlex O'Brien and Jared Palmer won the title by defeating Andre Agassi and Sargis Sargsian 7\u20135, 6\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162665-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Legg Mason Tennis Classic \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nThe top four seeds receive a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162666-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Legg Mason Tennis Classic \u2013 Singles\nAndre Agassi was the defending champion, but lost in the final to \u00c0lex Corretja, 2\u20136, 3\u20136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162666-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Legg Mason Tennis Classic \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe top eight seeds receive a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162667-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lehigh Mountain Hawks football team\nThe 2000 Lehigh Mountain Hawks football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Lehigh won its third consecutive Patriot League championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162667-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Lehigh Mountain Hawks football team\nIn their seventh year under head coach Kevin Higgins, the Mountain Hawks went undefeated (11\u20130) in the regular season, ending the year at 12\u20131 after losing in the second round of the national playoffs. Matt Andrews, Bryant Appling, Dustin Grande and Brian McDonald were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162667-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Lehigh Mountain Hawks football team\nIncluding playoff games, the Mountain Hawks outscored opponents 337 to 160. Their 6\u20130 conference record topped the seven-team Patriot League standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162667-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Lehigh Mountain Hawks football team\nLehigh was ranked No. 24 in the preseason national Division I-AA poll, but dropped out of the top 25 before its first game. After that opening win, the Mountain Hawks re-entered the rankings at No. 21 and steadily climbed to No. 8, where they ended the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162667-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Lehigh Mountain Hawks football team\nDespite their conference championship and undefeated record, Lehigh did not host any playoff games. The Mountain Hawks defeated No. 6 Western Illinois and then lost to a familiar foe, No. 3 Delaware, on the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162667-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Lehigh Mountain Hawks football team\nLehigh played its home games at Goodman Stadium on the university's Goodman Campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162668-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Libertarian National Convention\nThe 2000 Libertarian National Convention was held in Anaheim, California, from June 30 to July 4, 2000. Harry Browne was again chosen as the party's presidential nominee, becoming the first Libertarian Party candidate to be nominated twice for president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162668-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Libertarian National Convention\nThe theme of the 2000 convention was \"America's Future: Liberty, Responsibility, & Community.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162668-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Libertarian National Convention\nThe Libertarians hold a National Convention every two years to vote on party bylaws, platform and resolutions and elect national party officers and a judicial committee. Every four years it nominates presidential and vice presidential candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162668-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Libertarian National Convention, Voting for presidential nomination, First ballot\nHarry Browne was elected on the first ballot, gathering a majority of the voting delegates and securing the nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 86], "content_span": [87, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162668-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Libertarian National Convention, Voting for vice presidential nomination\nA separate vote was held for the vice presidential nomination. Former Bellflower, California Mayor, Art Olivier was nominated on the second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162668-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Libertarian National Convention, Voting for vice presidential nomination, First ballot\nAfter the first round, the rules were suspended, and a motion carried to only allow the top two candidates to appear on the second ballot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 91], "content_span": [92, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162668-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Libertarian National Convention, Voting for vice presidential nomination, Second ballot\nArt Oliver defeated Steve Kubby on the second ballot, securing the Libertarian Party nomination for Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 92], "content_span": [93, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162669-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Liberty Bowl\nThe 2000 Liberty Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game played on December 29, 2000, at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee. The 42nd edition of the Liberty Bowl was played between the Colorado State Rams and the Louisville Cardinals. The game was sponsored by the Axa Equitable Life Insurance Company and was branded as the AXA Liberty Bowl. Colorado State won the game, 22\u201317; Colorado State running back Cecil Sapp, the game's MVP, ran for a career-high 160 yards and a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162670-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Libyan Premier League, Overview\nIt was contested by 15 teams, and Al-Ahly (Tripoli) won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162671-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Libyan Super Cup\nThe 2000 Libyan Super Cup was the fourth edition of the Super Cup, and was meant to be played on December 31, 2000, between LPL winners Al Ahly Tripoli and Libyan Cup runners-up Al Swihli at the Rajab Omar Stadium in Tripoli. This was a repeat of the Libyan Cup final that was played in the same year. Al Swihli did not show for the cup final and once again, the match was not played as Al Swihli did not show, and Al Ahly Tripoli were therefore awarded a 2\u20130 victory. Al Swihli later apologised for not showing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162671-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Libyan Super Cup\nThis article about sports in Libya is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162671-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Libyan Super Cup\nThis article about a Confederation of African Football association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162672-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Liechtenstein referendums\nThree referendums were held in Liechtenstein during 2000. The first was held on 27 February on amending the law promoting cheap living, and was rejected by 66.3% of voters. The second was held on 18 June on the law on gaining and losing citizenship of the country, and was approved by 50.1% of voters, a margin of just 15 votes. The third on 24 September concerned an agreement with neighbouring Switzerland on performance related tax on heavy load traffic, and was approved by 71% of voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162673-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season\nLiga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito's 2000 season was the club's 70th year of existence, the 47th year in professional football, and the 40th in the top level of professional football in Ecuador.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162674-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Indonesia Premier Division Final\nThe 2000 Liga Indonesia Premier Division Final was a football match which was played on 23 July 2000 at Gelora Senayan Main Stadium in Jakarta. It was contested by PSM Makassar and Pupuk Kaltim to determine the winner of the 1999\u20132000 Liga Indonesia Premier Division. PSM Makassar won the match 3\u20132 to claim their first-ever professional title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162675-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Perdana 1\nThe 2000 Liga Perdana 1 season is the third season of Liga Perdana 1. A total of 12 teams participated in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162675-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Perdana 1\nSelangor, Johor and Perlis was promoted from Liga Perdana 2 to increase the total number of teams competing in the league from ten to 12 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162675-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Perdana 1\nThe season kicked off on April 15, 2000. Selangor dominated the season and ended up winning the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162675-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Perdana 1, Teams\n12 teams competing in the third season of Liga Perdana 1. Perlis and Johor were promoted while Kedah was relegated to Liga Perdana 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162676-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Perdana 2\nThe 2000 Liga Perdana 2 season is the third season of Liga Perdana 2. A total of ten teams participated in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162676-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Perdana 2\nKedah was relegated from Liga Perdana 1 to join the Liga Perdana 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162676-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Perdana 2\nThe season kicked off on 14 April 2000. Kelantan won the title and was promoted to Liga Perdana 1 alongside Malacca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162676-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Perdana 2, Teams\nTen teams competing in the third season of Liga Perdana 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162677-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Sudamericana de B\u00e1squetbol\nThe 2000 Liga Sudamericana de B\u00e1squetbol, or 2000 FIBA South American League, was the fifth edition of the second-tier tournament for professional basketball clubs from South America. The tournament began on 16 February 2000, and finished on 17 April 2000. Brazilian team Vasco da Gama won their second title, defeating Argentine club Atenas in the Grand Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162677-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga Sudamericana de B\u00e1squetbol, Format\nTeams were split into four groups of four teams each, and played each other in a round-robin format. The top two teams from each group advanced to the final stage, a best-of-three direct playoff elimination in the quarterfinals and the semifinals, and a best-of-five elimination series in the Grand Finals, where the champion was decided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162678-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Liga de F\u00fatbol Profesional Boliviano\nThe 2000 season of the Liga de F\u00fatbol Profesional Boliviano was the 43rd season of top-tier football in Bolivia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162679-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Light Years from Home\n\"2000 Light Years from Home\" is a song from the Rolling Stones' 1967 psychedelic rock album Their Satanic Majesties Request. Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, it also appeared as the B-side to the American single \"She's a Rainbow\", and charted as a single in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162679-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Light Years from Home\nJagger reportedly wrote the lyrics in Brixton prison following his conviction on drug charges in June 1967. The song was recorded by the band at Olympic Studios during July and September 1967. The working title of the instrumental backing was \"Toffee Apple\". Brian Jones performs prominent accompaniment on Mellotron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162679-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Light Years from Home\nThe number was regularly featured during the Stones' 1989\u201390 Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tours; until 1997, when \"She's a Rainbow\" was also added to the band's stage repertoire, it was the only track from Satanic Majesties that the band had performed in concert. For the first time in 23 years, The Rolling Stones played \u201c2000 Light Years from Home\" on 29 June 2013 at The Glastonbury Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162679-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Light Years from Home, Live version\nIn 1991, a live version was released as the B-side to \"Highwire.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162680-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ligurian regional election\nThe Ligurian regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162680-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ligurian regional election\nSandro Biasotti (an independent close to Forza Italia) was elected President, defeating incumbent Giancarlo Mori (Italian People's Party).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162681-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 106th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162681-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship\nAhane were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Patrickswell at the semi-final stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162681-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship\nOn 8 October 2000, Patrickswell won the championship after a 0-16 to 0-15 defeat of Doon in the final. It was their 17th championship title overall and their first title in three championship seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162682-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian Athletics Championships\nThe 2000 Lithuanian Athletics Championships were held at the S. Darius and S. Gir\u0117nas Stadium in Kaunas on August 3 and August 4, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Lithuania on 8 October 2000. All 141 seats in the Seimas were up for election, 71 of them in single-seat constituencies based on first-past-the-post voting; the remaining 70, in a nationwide constituency  based on proportional representation. Altogether, around 700 candidates competed in the single-seat constituencies, while over 1,100 candidates were included in the electoral lists for the nationwide constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Background\nIn 1996 Lithuanian parliamentary election the Homeland Union \u2013 Lithuanian Conservatives won 70 seats. They formed a coalition with second-place Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party. By 1998 Lithuania was hit Russian finansial crisis, which (along with the conflicts between ruling coalition, Prime Ministers Gediminas Vagnorius and Rolandas Paksas and President of Republic Valdas Adamkus) caused two replacements of government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Background\nEconomic turmoil caused decline of support of main parties (the Homeland Union and the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania). The other parties that benefited from aforementioned parties were the Liberal Union of Lithuania (especially after Paksas became its leader) and the New Union (Social Liberals). In municipal elections of 2000, these two parties combined won 30.67 per cent of the vote, while the Homeland Union and the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania together won 17.74 per cent of the votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Background\nAs response to this situation, the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and the New Democracy Party formed electoral coalition in July 2000 with Algirdas Mykolas Brazauskas as its candidate to the Prime Minister. The Homeland Union formed alliance with the Political Prisoners and Deportees Union of Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Electoral system\nThe 141 members of the Seimas were elected by parallel voting; 70 were elected by proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency, with 71 elected by first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Previously members from the single-member constituencies had been elected using the two-round system, but the electoral system was changed prior to the elections to scrap the second round and allow members to be elected by plurality. These changes had been introduced by the Homeland Union and passed by the Seimas on 19 July 2000. Although President Valdas Adamkus vetoed the Act, the veto was overturned and the changes had been implemented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Results\nOnly four party lists passed five per cent threshold. The Social Democratic coalition of former President Algirdas Brazauskas received the largest share of the popular vote in the nationwide constituency (31 per cent) and won the most seats in the Seimas (51 seats), but short of the 71 seats needed for the majority. New Union (Social Liberals), led by Art\u016bras Paulauskas, came second in the nationwide constituency (19.64 per cent), winning 29 seats in the parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Results\nThe centre-right Liberal Union, led by the Mayor of Vilnius and former Prime Minister Rolandas Paksas, became as the largest single party in the parliament, with 34 seats and 17.25 per cent of the vote in the nationwide constituency. The possible \"New Politics\" Coalition (consisting Liberal Union, New Union (Social Liberals), Lithuanian Centre Union and Modern Christian-Democratic Union) won 66 seats, but it too came short of absolute majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Results\nThe Homeland Union, which had led the government for the previous four years, performed poorly in the elections, receiving only 8.62 per cent of the vote and winning eight seats, down from more than 30% of the vote and 70 seats in the previous elections. Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius and many other prominent ministers were beaten in their constituencies. In the electoral campaign dominated by economic issues, the party was punished by voters for the economic recession and high unemployment, as well as its austerity policy. The Social Democratic coalition, on the other hand, had promised the end to austerity, including lower taxes and higher social spending.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Results\nTwo Modern Christian-Democratic Union candidates were elected in the proportional vote, having run on the lists of the New Union (Social Liberals) and the Liberal Union of Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Analysis\nSocial Democratic coalition won most votes in most of Lithuania. Kaunas and Vilnius were narrowly won by the Liberal Union of Lithuania, while New Union (Social Liberals) got the most votes in Trakai, \u0160irvintos, Var\u0117na, K\u0117dainiai and, to lesser extent, Vilnius districts. In these municipalities Liberal Union and New Union had their best performances in municipal elections of 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Aftermath\nAfter disastrious results leaders of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party and the Lithuanian Centre Union, Algirdas Saudargas and Romualdas Ozolas, respectively, tendered resignation from their positions. Poor results would also affect other minor parties. Homeland People's Party leader Laima Liucija Andrikien\u0117 proposed merger of all center-right parties. It would happen gradually from 2001 to 2008, when the Homeland Union (which received their worst result ever in these elections) would merge with most them. Poor results also cause disintegration of the Lithuanian Centre Union, which would merge with the Liberal Union of Lithuania in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162683-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Aftermath, Government formation\nThe Liberal Union, the New Union (Social Liberals), the Centre Union, the Modern Christian Democrats and the Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania formed a coalition after the election (these parties combined and two MPs, who joined New Union's parliamentary group, had 68 members), with Rolandas Paksas appointed as the new Prime Minister and Art\u016bras Paulauskas elected as the Speaker of the Seimas. The coalition was not long-lasting and collapsed in June 2001 amid disagreements over privatisation and other reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162684-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Little League Softball World Series\nThe 2000 Little League Softball World Series was held in Portland, Oregon from August 13 to August 19, 2000. Four teams from the United States and four from throughout the world competed for the Little League Softball World Champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162684-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Little League Softball World Series, Teams\nEach team that competes in the tournament will come out of one of the 8 regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162685-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Little League World Series\nThe 2000 Little League World Series took place August 20 to August 26 in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The Sierra Maestra Little League of Maracaibo, Venezuela defeated Bellaire Little League of Bellaire, Texas in the championship game of the 54th Little League World Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162685-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Little League World Series, Pool play\nAfter three U.S. teams finished pool play with a 2\u20131 record, the team that had allowed the fewest runs per innings played (Bellaire) was declared the pool winner; Davenport was then named pool runner-up due to their win over Vancouver in head-to-head play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162686-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Liverpool City Council election\nElections to Liverpool City Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrat party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162687-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Li\u00e8ge\u2013Bastogne\u2013Li\u00e8ge\nThe 2000 Li\u00e8ge\u2013Bastogne\u2013Li\u00e8ge was the 86th edition of the Li\u00e8ge\u2013Bastogne\u2013Li\u00e8ge cycle race and was held on 16 April 2000. The race started in Li\u00e8ge and finished in Ans. The race was won by Paolo Bettini of the Mapei team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election\nThe Lombard regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000. The 7th term of the Regional Council was chosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election\nRoberto Formigoni (Forza Italia) was re-elected for the second time in a row President, defeating Mino Martinazzoli (Italian People's Party). His re-election resulted in a landslide, as this time he was supported also by the Northern League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election, Electoral law\nLombardy uses national Tatarella Law of 1995 to elect its Council. Sixty-four councillors are elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation using the largest remainder method with a Droop quota and open lists; remained seats and votes are grouped at regional level where a Hare quota is used, and then distributed to provincial party lists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election, Electoral law\nSixteen councillors are elected at-large using a general ticket: parties are grouped in alliances, and the alliance which receives a plurality of votes elects all its candidates, its leader becoming the President of Lombardy. If a coalition wins more than 50% of the total seats in the Council with PR, only 8 candidates from the regional list will be chosen and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 72; if the winning alliance receives less than 50% of votes, special seats are added to the Council to ensure a large majority for the President's coalition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election, Council apportionment\nAccording to the official 1991 Italian census, the 64 Council seats which must be covered by proportional representation were so distributed between Lombard provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election, Council apportionment\nThe allocation is not fixed. Remaining seats and votes after proportional distribution, are all grouped at regional level and divided by party lists. The consequent division of these seats at provincial level usually change the original apportionment. Only 43 seats were directly assigned at provincial level, and the final distribution between provinces changed in this way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election, Council apportionment\nAs it can be seen, the landslide victory of the House of Freedoms caused the distribution of seven more seats to the oppositions at provincial level. Bergamo and Varese received two new seats, Cremona and Lodi and Sondrio one each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election, Results\nThe 1999 European election marked a turning point in relations between Forza Italia and the Northern League. Silvio Berlusconi's attempt to destroy the League by a media campaign aimed at shifting protesting votes to the Italian Radicals, succeeded only in part: the consensus of the federalist movement had fallen so sharply, but not enough to ensure the coalition of the Knight from possible disasters like the 1996 election. In addition, the assembly works in parliament had highlighted a growing programmatic convergence between the two major Lombard parties. And so, in view of the 2001 general election, Berlusconi and Umberto Bossi put aside the old, and even bloody quarrels, and formed a new coalition: the House of Freedoms, which found in the regional elections its first test.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election, Results\nThe combination of what were the major forces of regional politics, securing a safe and agile reappointment to the Communion and Liberation's incumbent President, Roberto Formigoni, which ensured stability of the Regional Cabinet that the new regulations wanted to coincide in term with the legislature. Forza Italia was confirmed as the largest party in the region with an historic 34% of the vote, while Lega Nord was the second largest party with 15%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162688-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Lombard regional election, Results\nThe Olive Tree, an alliance comprising several centre-left parties including the Italian People's Party, the Democrats of the Left, The Democrats, the Federation of the Greens and Italian Renewal, which here run in a single list for the first time in Italian history, had a great shock losing a fifth of its votes, falling at only 20%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162689-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 London Assembly election\nThe first elections for members of the London Assembly were held on 4 May 2000, alongside the first mayoral election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162689-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 London Assembly election\nThe assembly elections used the mixed member proportional representation, a form of additional member system, with 14 directly elected constituencies and 11 London-wide top-up seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162690-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 London Broncos season\nThe 2000 London Broncos season was the twenty-first in the club's history and their fifth season in the Super League. The club was coached by John Monie, competing in Super League V and finishing in 11th place. The club also got to the fifth round of the Challenge Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162690-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 London Broncos season, 2000 Challenge Cup\nThe year after reaching their maiden Final, the Broncos were knocked out of the cup at the fifth round stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162691-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 London Labour Party mayoral selection\nThe London Labour Party mayoral selection of 2000 was the process by which the Labour Party selected its candidate for Mayor of London, to stand in the 2000 mayoral election. Frank Dobson, MP for Holborn and St. Pancras, was selected to stand, defeating former Leader of the Greater London Council Ken Livingstone and Glenda Jackson, MP for Hampstead and Highgate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162691-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 London Labour Party mayoral selection\nLivingstone went on to run as an independent candidate in the Mayoral election, defeating Dobson, who came third behind Conservative candidate Steven Norris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162691-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 London Labour Party mayoral selection, Selection process\nThe Labour candidate was selected via an Electoral College of Labour Party MPs, MEPs, GLA candidates, members and affiliated unions. Individual London Labour members were invited to vote via a postal ballot. Affiliated unions were not obliged to ballot members; instead some cast block votes (plumped for one candidate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162691-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 London Labour Party mayoral selection, Result\nLivingstone won amongst party members (60% to Dobson's 40%) and among affiliated unions (72% to Dobson's 28%, a more than 2:1 vote). Dobson's landslide victory (173:27 in ratio) amongst the systemic third of votes attributed to MPs, MEPS and GLA candidates saw him win narrowly overall: forming a simple electoral college outcome of 52% to 48%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162691-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 London Labour Party mayoral selection, Aftermath\nLivingstone described the result as \"tainted\" because the election system gave greater weight to the votes of London Labour MPs, MEPs, & GLA candidates, rather than rank-and-file party members and decided to contest the election as an Independent. On handing in nomination papers he was automatically expelled from the Labour Party. Livingstone as an Independent won the election, with Dobson coming third (winning 13% of the popular vote).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162692-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 London Marathon\nThe 2000 London Marathon was the 20th running of the annual marathon race in London, United Kingdom, which took place on Sunday, 16 April. The elite men's race was won by Portugal's Ant\u00f3nio Pinto in a time of 2:06:36 hours and the women's race was won by Kenya's Tegla Loroupe in 2:24:33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162692-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 London Marathon\nIn the wheelchair races, Britain's Kevin Papworth (1:41:50) and Sarah Piercy (2:23:30) won the men's and women's divisions, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162692-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 London Marathon\nAround 93,000 people applied to enter the race, of which 42,596 had their applications accepted and 32,620 started the race. A total of 31,561 runners finished the race, comprising 24,613 men and 6948 women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162693-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 London mayoral election\nThe 2000 London mayoral election was held on 4 May 2000 to elect the Mayor of London. It was the first election to the office established that year, after a referendum in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162693-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 London mayoral election, Candidate selection, Conservatives\nSteve Norris had lost the original selection ballot for Conservative candidate to Jeffrey Archer, but Archer stood down as a candidate when a newspaper printed a story accusing him of committing perjury during a 1987 libel trial (he was later convicted and imprisoned).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162694-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 London\u2013Sydney Marathon\nThe 2000 London\u2013Sydney Marathon was the fourth running of the London\u2013Sydney Marathon. The rally took place between the 3rd of June and the 4th of July 2000. The event covered 10,000 miles (16,000\u00a0km) through Europe, Asia and Australia. It was won by Stig Blomqvist and Ben Rainsford in a Ford Capri Perana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162694-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 London\u2013Sydney Marathon, Background\nIn 2000, Nick Brittan and his company, Trans World Events, who had organise the 1993 edition and other similar endurance events in the 1990s decided to organise another London\u2013Sydney Marathon, once again featuring pre-1971 cars as the 'Millennium Celebration of the first epic event in 1968'. The 2000 edition would see former World Rally Champions Hannu Mikkola and Stig Blomqvist as well as former World Rally Championship Runner-Up Mich\u00e8le Mouton and former Grand Prix winner Clay Regazzoni competing in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162694-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 London\u2013Sydney Marathon, Background\nThe route would see competitors cross Europe in the first fourteen days of the event before the cars would be airlifted by the Antonov An-124 cargo planes hired by TWE from Turkey to Thailand with competitors driving through Thailand and Malaysia for the next eight days before being airlifted to Australia for the last ten days of the rally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162695-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Dodgers season\nThe 2000 Los Angeles Dodgers season was the 111th for the franchise in Major League Baseball, and their 43rd season in Los Angeles, California. In 2000, the team set a club record for home runs with 211, led by Gary Sheffield, who tied Duke Snider's single-season club mark with 43. Eric Karros became the L.A. Dodger all-time leader with his 229th home run and Dave Hansen set a Major League record with seven pinch-hit home runs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162695-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Dodgers season\nKevin Brown led the league in E.R.A. with 2.58 and rookie pitcher Matt Herges started the season 8\u20130, the first pitcher since Fernando Valenzuela to open the season with eight straight victories. The Dodgers won 86 games, but failed to make the post-season, finishing second in the Western Division of the National League. Manager Davey Johnson was fired after the season and replaced with bench coach Jim Tracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162695-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft\nThe Dodgers selected 50 players in this draft. Of those, eight of them would eventually play Major League baseball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162695-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft\nThe first round pick was right-handed pitcher Ben Diggins from the University of Arizona. He was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers in 2002 and appeared in five games with them as a starting pitcher that season with an 0\u20134 record and an 8.63 ERA. Those would be the only Major League games he would appear in as he was out of baseball after a few more years in the minors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162695-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft\nThe second round pick, pitcher Joel Hanrahan from Norwalk High School would be the only moderately successful player in this draft class. He became a two-time All-Star as a relief pitcher with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Catcher Koyie Hill (round 4) would catch on as a backup catcher for several teams, most notably the Chicago Cubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162696-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards\nThe 26th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 2000, were given in December 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162697-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Galaxy season\nThe 2000 Los Angeles Galaxy season was the club's fifth season of existence, and their fifth-consecutive season in Major League Soccer, the top division of the American soccer pyramid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162697-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Galaxy season\nThe club's season was highlighted by winning the 2000 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, becoming the second American club to ever win a CONCACAF club tournament. It was also the second major trophy that the Galaxy earned, the first being the Supporters' Shield in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162697-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Galaxy season, Competitions, Major League Soccer, Tables\nSource: Rules for classification: 1st points; 2nd head-to-head record; 3rd goal difference; 4th number of goals scored. (SS) = MLS Supporters' Shield; (E1) = Eastern Division champion, (C1) = Central Division champion, (W1) = Western Division championOnly applicable when the season is not finished:(Q) = Qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs, but not yet to the particular round indicated; (E) = Eliminated from playoff-contention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162697-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Galaxy season, Competitions, MLS Cup Playoffs, Semifinals\nKansas City Wizards advance 1-0 in series overtime (SDET) after 4-4 tie on points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162698-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Sparks season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the fourth season for the Los Angeles Sparks. The team set a 28-4 record, the best in league history, but they were unable to go for the WNBA Finals, losing in the conference finals in a sweep to the Houston Comets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162698-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Los Angeles Sparks season, Offseason\nGordana Grubin was picked up by the Indiana Fever, while Nina Bjedov was selected by the Seattle Storm in the 2000 WNBA Expansion Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup\nThe 5th Louis Vuitton Cup was held in Auckland, New Zealand, in 2000. The winner, Prada Challenge, went on to challenge for the 2000 America's Cup. It was the first time in the competition's history that there would not be an American challenger or defender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, Details\nAfter winning the 29th America's Cup, Team New Zealand immediately accepted the challenge from the New York Yacht Club and announced that the next Cup would be in 2000, with the Louis Vuitton Cup being in late 1999. This delay was to avoid conflicting with the 1997/98 Whitbread Round the World Race and give Auckland the time to build the necessary infrastructure to host the cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams\nThe New York Yacht Club was the challenger of record. By 31 January 1998 16 teams from 10 nations had made the $US 250,000 deposit to officially challenge for the America's Cup. In the end only 11 challenges from seven nations competed for the Louis Vuitton Cup. Hong Kong, British and Russian challenges withdrew while an American team and a French team merged into existing challenges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, Prada Challenge (ITA)\nA strong two boat challenge led by Patrizio Bertelli and sponsored by Prada, the team was formed in 1997 and became an early favourite in Auckland. The team used designer Germ\u00e1n Frers who worked for Il Moro di Venezia in 1992. Francesco de Angelis was the skipper with Rod Davis acting as the sailing coach. The crew included Matteo Plazzi, Alan Smith, Giuseppe Brizzi, Pietro D'Ali, Simone de Mari, mid-bowman Max Sirena and Torben Grael. Prada originally acquired two boats from the America3 syndicate before building ITA 45 and ITA 48.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, AmericaOne (USA)\nSkippered by Paul Cayard, AmericaOne was one of two syndicates from the San Francisco Bay Area in 2000. AmericaOne purchased OneAustralia as a training boat before developing USA-49 and USA-61. The team included tactician John Kostecki, navigator Terry Hutchinson, Lexi Gahagan, Billy Bates, Curtis Blewett, Josh Belsky, Gavin Brady, Sean Clarkson, Justin Clougher, Kevin Hall, Mike Howard, Pieter Van Nieuwenhuyzen, Morgan Larson, David McClintock, Jim Nicholas, Carter Perrin, Greg Prussia, Russ Silvestri, Ralf Steitz, Phil Trinter, Morgan Trubovich, Matt Welling and Ray Davies. Robert Billingham was the chief operations officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, Aloha Racing (USA)\nFunded by Dr Jim Andrews, Aloha Racing built on their ocean racing history to launch an America's Cup challenge from Hawaii. Skippered by veteran John Kolius, the team secured sponsorship from HealthSouth to ensure their participation. The team built USA-50 and USA-54, both called Abracadabra 2000, and opted to train in Hawaii, rather than Auckland, before the Cup. The crew included Chris Larson, Cameron Dunn, Brian MacInnes, Marco Constant, and John Bertrand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, America True (USA)\nAmerica True was one of two syndicates from the San Francisco Bay Area in 2000. The team was led by CEO Dawn Riley and John Cutler served as helmsman. The team was funded largely with private funding provided by G. Christopher Coffin, which allowed them to purchase Tag Heuer before developing USA-51. The design team, led by Phil Kaiko, also benefited from America3's design information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, America True (USA)\nThe crew included Buddy Melges, Kelvin Harrap, David Armitage, Carl Barkow, Liz Baylis, Ben Beer, Jamie Boeckel, Greg Burrell, Merritt Carey, Lisa Charles, Tom Faire, Daniel Fong, Scott Gregory, Stephen Gruver, Peter Heck, Al Palewicz, Katie Pettibone, Hal Sears, John Spence, Latimer Spinney, John Sweeney, Tucker Thompson, Brad Webb, Jon Ziskind, Jeff Madrigali, David Stevenson and Leslie Egnot. David Barnes skippered the testing boat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, Desafio Espa\u00f1ol (ESP)\nSkippered by Pedro Campos, as in 1992 and 1995, the team added Olympic medal winning sailor Luis Doreste to the crew in 2000. Backed by the government, royal family and major sponsor Telefonica. The team built ESP 47 and ESP 56.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, Desafio Espa\u00f1ol (ESP)\nBefore the regatta a crew member, Martin Wizner, died almost instantly when he was hit in the head by a broken piece of equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, FAST 2000 (SUI)\nLed by experienced French campaigner Marc Pajot and with German Jochen Sch\u00fcmann as helmsman, the FAST 2000 team was the countries first America's Cup challenge. SUI 59 was an unknown quantity when it arrived in Auckland but the syndicate ended up with a disappointing 2 wins over the course of the Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, FAST 2000 (SUI)\nOther crew members included Enrico Chieffi, Pierre Fehlmann, Yves Detrey, and Hans Bernard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, Le Defi BTT (FRA)\nLe Defi Bouygues Telecom Transiciel was a one boat challenge from France led by Syndicate head Luc Gelluseau and operations manager Pierre Mas. The team was skippered by Bertrand Pac\u00e9, who replaced Marc Pajot from the 1995 challenge, and Thierry Peponnet was the teams tactician. Thierry Fouchier was also on the crew. Two other French syndicates attempted to form challenges and almost competed as Le Defi Sud, but in the end lacked the money required to charter a boat to compete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, Nippon Challenge (JPN)\nThe third challenge from the Japanese syndicate funded by S&B foods chairman Tatsumitsu Yamasaki. The team was led by Australian Peter Gilmour. The team was hit early on by the loss of former syndicate head Makoto Namba, who was lost at sea, and the Asian financial crisis, which severely limited the team's budget. The team launched JPN 44 and JPN 52 for the 2000 Louis Vuitton Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, Team Dennis Conner (USA)\nTeam Dennis Conner was Dennis Conner's eighth America's Cup challenge or defence. The team was sponsored by Citizen Watches and USA-55 adopted the familiar name of Stars & Stripes, common to all of Conner's boats since 1986. The team was representing the Cortez Racing Association and included Peter Isler and Ken Read in the afterguard. Peter Holmberg also joined the team as a tactician, merging the US Virgin Islands Challenge into the team after the syndicate ran out of funds. Other personnel included Bill Trenkle, Tom Whidden and Erle Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, Young America (USA)\nRepresenting the New York Yacht Club, the challenger of record, Young America built on John Marshall's PACT '95 syndicate. The team's yacht's USA 53 and USA 58 were designed by Bruce Farr and built on the 1995 Cup defender Young America. The Helmsman was Ed Baird and the crew included tactician Jim Brady, navigator Ed Adams, Ross Halcrow, Tom Burnham, Dean Brenner, and Jamie Gale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, The teams, Young Australia (AUS)\nYoung Australia was Syd Fischer's final America's Cup challenge and currently was the most recent America's Cup entry from Australia. The young crew was led by James Spithill, then just 19, and included Wade Morgan, Joey Newton, and Andy Fethers. The syndicate sailed with two old boats, Sydney '95 (AUS-29) and oneAustralia (AUS-31) which were not competitive against some of the newer designs sailed by competitive syndicates. Involved in the campaign were experienced sailors and America's Cup campaigners Sir James Hardy and Iain Murray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162699-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Louis Vuitton Cup, Round robin\nThree round robin series (RR1-RR3) were held. During RR1 a team scored 1 point per win. During RR2 a team scored 4 points per win. During RR3 a team scored 9 points per win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162700-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team\nThe 2000 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team represented Louisiana Tech University as an independent during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by second-year head coach Jack Bicknell Jr., the Bulldogs played their home games at Joe Aillet Stadium in Ruston, Louisiana. The team finished the season with a record of 3\u20139.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162701-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Louisiana\u2013Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns football team\nThe 2000 Louisiana\u2013Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns football team represented the University of Louisiana at Lafayette as an independent in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They were led by second-year head coach Jerry Baldwin and played their home games at Cajun Field in Lafayette, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162702-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Louisiana\u2013Monroe Indians football team\nThe 2000 Louisiana\u2013Monroe Indians football team represented the University of Louisiana at Monroe in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A college football season. The Indians offense scored 96 points while the defense allowed 415 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162703-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Louisville Cardinals football team\nThe 2000 Louisville Cardinals football team represented the University of Louisville in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team, led by John L. Smith and played their home games in Papa John's Cardinal Stadium, ended with a 9\u20133 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162704-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lunar New Year Cup\nThe 2000 Lunar New Year Cup (aka Carlsberg Cup) was a football tournament held in Hong Kong over the first and fourth day of the Chinese New Year holiday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162705-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Lunas by-election\nA by-election was held for the Kedah State Assembly seat of Lunas on 29 November 2000 following the nomination day on 21 November 2000. The seat fell vacant after the incumbent assemblyman, Joe Fernandez, the deputy state chief of the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), of the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition, was assassinated in Bukit Mertajam on 4 November 2000. He won a 4,700-vote majority by polling 9,760 votes against three candidates: 5,060 votes for M. Kathiravelo of Democratic Action Party (DAP), Ibrahim Mohamed Rashdi (Independent) 2,158 votes and N. Letchumanan (Independent) 87 votes in the general elections in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162705-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Lunas by-election\nS. Anthonysamy of MIC was chosen to be the Barisan Nasional candidate for the by-election, while the opposition Barisan Alternatif coalition chose Saifuddin Nasution Ismail of Parti Keadilan Nasional (KeADILan) as their candidate. The by-election was a three-corner between two of them and independent N. Letchumanan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162705-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Lunas by-election\nThe by-election was won by Saifuddin Nasution Ismail with a majority of 530 votes, polling 10,511 votes. A 77.58 percentage turnout of a total 26,746 registered voters came out to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162706-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 3\u20136, 2000 at the Times Union Center in Albany, New York. The winner, Iona, was crowned with the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference championship and received an automatic bid into the 2000 NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162707-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MAAC Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nThe 2000 MAAC Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 2nd championship in the history of the conference. It was played between March 10 and March 18, 2000. Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the final four games were played at the UConn Ice Arena in Storrs, Connecticut, the home venue of the Connecticut Huskies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162707-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MAAC Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format\nThe tournament featured three rounds of play with each round being single-elimination. The teams that finish below eighth in the standings are ineligible for tournament play. In the first round, the first and eighth seeds, the second and seventh seeds, the third seed and sixth seeds, and the fourth seed and fifth seeds played with the winner advancing to the semifinals. In the semifinals, the highest and lowest seeds and second highest and second lowest seeds play with the winner advancing to the championship game. The tournament champion does not receive an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162707-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 MAAC Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings\nNote: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162708-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MAC Championship Game\nThe 2000 MAC Championship Game was played on December 2, 2000 at Marshall Stadium, now known as Joan C. Edwards Stadium, in Huntington, West Virginia. The game featured the winner of each division of the Mid-American Conference. The game featured the Marshall Thundering Herd, of the East Division, and the Western Michigan Broncos, of the West Division. The Thundering Herd beat the Broncos 19\u221214.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162709-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MAC Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 MAC Men's Basketball Tournament, a part of the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, took place at Gund Arena in Cleveland to determine the Mid-American Conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament. The 2000 tournament was the first MAC Tournament to be held in Cleveland after a four-year stint in Toledo, Ohio, and also marked the first year all conference members were invited to participate after having previously limited participation to the top eight teams in the conference standings. It was a single-elimination tournament with four rounds and the three highest seeds received first-round byes. Bowling Green, the MAC regular season winner, received the number one seed in the tournament. MAC West Division champion Ball State won the tournament, their 7th conference tournament title and first since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162710-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MEAC Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place on March 6\u201311, 2000 at the Arthur Ashe Athletic Center in Richmond, Virginia. South Carolina State defeated Coppin State, 70\u201353 in the championship game, to win its fourth MEAC Tournament title. The Bulldogs earned an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament as No. 16 seed in the South region. In the round of 64, South Carolina State fell to No. 1 seed Stanford 84\u201365.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162710-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MEAC Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nAll eleven conference members participated, with the top 5 teams receiving a bye to the quarterfinal round. After seeds 6 through 11 completed games in the first round, teams were re-seeded. The lowest remaining seed was slotted against the top seed, next lowest remaining faced the #2 seed, and third lowest remaining seed squared off against the #3 seed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack\nOn Wednesday 20 September 2000, the Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) carried out an attack on MI6's SIS Building headquarters in Vauxhall, Lambeth, London. A Russian-built RPG-22 anti-tank rocket, fired 300 metres (330 yards) away from MI6 headquarters, struck the building on the south side of the eighth floor, causing superficial damage. No fatalities or injuries were recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack\nAlthough London had been the targets of terrorist attacks before 2000, it had not been subjected to a rocket launcher attack; this was the first time a RPG-22 rocket launcher was seen and used in Great Britain. It was initially thought the Real IRA acquired the launchers from the Provisional IRA's arsenal, but later confirmed it was brought from the former Yugoslavia. The \"audacious\" attack caused minimal damage due to the building's bullet-proof and bomb-proof structure, failing to penetrate the inner cladding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack\nAt the time of the attack, the constituency of South Antrim was preparing for a by-election to be held the following day; it was won by Democratic Unionist William McCrea, who defeated Ulster Unionist David Burnside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack, Background\nLondon had been the target of a similar attack in 1991 when an IRA mortar shell was fired at 10 Downing Street and exploded during a cabinet meeting held by then Prime Minister John Major. Before the Real IRA's MI6 attack, Hammersmith Bridge was damaged by a small bomb blast in June 2000, resulting in the bridge requiring renovation. A further planting of a bomb occurred near Ealing Broadway station in July 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack, Background\nA by-election in the constituency of South Antrim was scheduled to be held the day after the attack. Democratic Unionist William McCrea was elected with 37.95% of the votes, defeating fellow candidates Ulster Unionist David Burnside, Donovan McClelland of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, Martin Meehan of Sinn F\u00e9in, David Ford of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland and David Collins of the Natural Law Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack, Details of the attack\nThree members of the RIRA went into an area of Spring Gardens and used a grassy knoll to fire their 2.8\u00a0kg RPG-22 missile about 300 metres away from the SIS Building. At 21:45 the grenade caused damage to a green plated glass window, metres below sensitive satellite equipment on the building's roof which was believed to be the main target. The force of the explosion was felt by people who were in underground stations and in nearby cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack, Reaction\nThe attack was condemned by the Deputy Assistant Commissioner and head of the Anti- Terrorist Branch of the Metropolitan Police Alan Fry as an \"audacious attack in a busy part of London\". Security procedures at the SIS Building were reviewed by the British Government in conjunction with the Metropolitan Police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack, Reaction\nPolice sealed off an area between Vauxhall and Lambeth bridges to allow further investigations to occur. Services from Waterloo station were cancelled until the mid-afternoon on 21 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack, Investigation\nA discarded launcher was discovered at a park in Spring Gardens, Vauxhall, along with remnants of the rocket. In an effort to trace the source of the RPG-22, security officers analysed the serial number located on the rocket launcher, which was identified to have originated from a cache of weapons in Croatia. A stockpile of RPG-22s were ordered by the Real IRA in July 2000 and were seized by Croatian police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162711-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 MI6 attack, Investigation\nPolice in London conducted a fingertip search of nearby railway lines running into Waterloo station, which promoted speculation that the missile was fired from railway lines. There were extensive searches around the area of the SIS Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162712-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MLB Japan All-Star Series\nThe 2000 MLB Japan All-Star Series was the seventh edition of the championship, a best-of-eight series between the All-Star teams from Major League Baseball (MLB) and Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162712-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MLB Japan All-Star Series\nMLB won the series by 5\u20132\u20131 and Barry Bonds was named MVP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162713-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MLS All-Star Game\nThe 2000 Major League Soccer All-Star Game was the fifth MLS All-Star Game. It was played on July 29, 2000 at Columbus Crew Stadium in Columbus, Ohio. In the highest scoring MLS All-Star Game, the Eastern Conference won 9-4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162713-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MLS All-Star Game\nPlayers from the league's three division were divided into East and West teams, decided by fans through voting online and at stadiums and stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162714-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MLS SuperDraft\nThe 2000 Major League Soccer SuperDraft was held on February 6, 2000 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and consisted of six rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162714-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MLS SuperDraft\nOne of the most successful draft picks was goalkeeper Nick Rimando, a third round pick, who went on to hold the record for most MLS career shutouts. Additionally, first round pick defender Carlos Bocanegra earned over 100 caps with the United States mens national soccer team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162714-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 MLS SuperDraft, Player selection\nAny player whose name is marked with an * was contracted under the Project-40 program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162715-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Europe Music Awards\nThe 2000 MTV Europe Music Awards were held on 16 November 2000 at the Ericsson Globe, Stockholm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162715-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Europe Music Awards\nPerformers included Jennifer Lopez, Ricky Martin, Robbie Williams and Kylie Minogue. The Spice Girls performance was their last before their separation. Presenters included Kelis, Guy Ritchie, Moby and Heidi Klum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162715-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Europe Music Awards\nThe nominees were announced on October 2, 2000. Robbie Williams was the most nominee with 4 awards included Best Song and Best Video. Madonna and Eminem were the big winners of the night with two awards each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162716-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Movie Awards\nThe 2000 MTV Movie Awards were hosted by Sarah Jessica Parker. In conjunction with the success of Sex and the City, the awards show presented a parody of Sex and the City and The Matrix during the program's opening. It featured the SATC cast (Samantha Jones, Miranda Hobbes, and Charlotte York) as they listened intently as Carrie Bradshaw (Parker's character on the series) describes getting caught in the Matrix, which is shown in flashbacks and in the narration style heard usually on the TV series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162716-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 MTV Movie Awards\nLaurence Fishburne appeared in the spoof in a creative superimposition from the film, as well as Vince Vaughn (playing the supposed \"White Rabbit\") and Jimmy Fallon, who played Keanu Reeves's character, Neo, from the film. Also, it noted Parker's status as a fashion icon by appearing in no less than 15 different costumes during the duration of the awards ceremonies, even appearing in nothing but a bath towel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162716-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Movie Awards, Awards, Best On-Screen Duo\nMike Myers and Verne Troyer \u2013 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162716-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Movie Awards, Awards, Best Villain\nMike Myers \u2013 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162716-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Movie Awards, Awards, Best Action Sequence\nThe Pod Race \u2013 Star Wars: Episode I \u2013 The Phantom Menace", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162716-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Movie Awards, Awards, Best Musical Sequence\nTerrence and Philip \u2014 \"Uncle F**ka\" (from South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards\nThe 2000 MTV Video Music Awards (stylized as MTV Video Music Awards vma.00) aired live on September 7, 2000, honoring the best music videos from June 12, 1999, to June 9, 2000. The show was hosted by Marlon and Shawn Wayans at Radio City Music Hall in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards\nThe 2000 show is best remembered for Tim Commerford of Rage Against the Machine climbing a piece of set scaffolding and refusing to come down after his band lost the award for Best Rock Video to Limp Bizkit. The show went to commercial while security removed Commerford, who was later arrested and forced to spend a night in jail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards\nJanet Jackson opened the show with her hit \u201cDoesn\u2019t Really Matter\u201d. Britney Spears performed her hit single \"Oops!...I Did It Again\" which went on to become one of the VMA's most iconic and controversial performances, due to her skin-colored performance attire. NSYNC also performed their hit single \"Bye Bye Bye\". Bizkit vocalist Fred Durst later joined Christina Aguilera onstage as a surprise guest during her performance of \"Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards\nFor the second year in a row DMX did not show up for his scheduled performance; as a result, Nelly's performance, originally scheduled for the pre-show, was promoted to the main event. Other highlights included Eminem performing amidst an army of \"Slim Shady\" lookalikes and a humorous montage dedicated to past VMA winners who had failed to repeat their previous success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards\nThis was Aaliyah's last appearance at the VMA awards  before her death a year later in August 2001 in a plane crash in the Bahamas. She won her two and only VMA awards that night, for Best Female Video and Best Video from a Film for \"Try Again\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Direction in a Video\nRed Hot Chili Peppers \u2013 \"Californication\" (Directors: Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Special Effects in a Video\nBj\u00f6rk \u2013 \"All Is Full of Love\" (Special Effects: Glassworks)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Art Direction in a Video\nRed Hot Chili Peppers \u2013 \"Californication\" (Art Director: Colin Strause)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Cinematography in a Video\nMacy Gray \u2013 \"Do Something\" (Director of Photography: Jeff Cronenweth)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, International Viewer's Choice Awards, MTV Brasil\nO Rappa \u2013 \"A Minha Alma (A Paz Que Eu N\u00e3o Quero)\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 90], "content_span": [91, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162717-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, International Viewer's Choice Awards, MTV India (Hindi film category)\nUdit Narayan and Alka Yagnik \u2013 \"Kaho Na Pyar Hai\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 111], "content_span": [112, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Macau Grand Prix (formally the 47th Macau Grand Prix) was a motor race for Formula Three (F3) cars that was held on the streets of Macau on 19 November 2000. Unlike other races, such as the Masters of Formula 3, the 2000 Macau Grand Prix was not a part of any F3 championship, but was open to entries from all F3 championships. The race was divided into two 15-lap aggregate legs held on the morning and the afternoon, with the overall winner being the driver who completed all 30 laps in the shortest amount of time. The 2000 edition was the 47th running of the Macau Grand Prix and the 18th for F3 cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix\nThe Grand Prix was won by Bertram Schafer Racing driver Andr\u00e9 Couto, having begun the first leg of the race from sixth position. Couto overtook the winner of the first leg Pierre Kaffer of team hms at the start of the second leg and withstood pressure from Paolo Montin of Target Racing to maintain the lead and become the first Macanese driver to win the Macau Grand Prix held to F3 rules. Montin finished third and Ry\u014d Fukuda in his self-owned car took third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Background and entry list\nThe Macau Grand Prix is a Formula Three (F3) race considered to be a stepping stone to higher motor racing categories such as Formula One and has been termed the territory's most prestigious international sporting event. The 2000 Macau Grand Prix was the 47th edition of the event and the 18th time it was held to F3 regulations. It took place on the 6.2\u00a0km (3.9\u00a0mi) temporary 22-turn Guia Circuit on 18 November 2000 with three preceding days of practice and qualifying. This was the first Macau Grand Prix to take place since sovereignty over Macau was passed to China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Background and entry list\nA total of 30 drivers representing 16 nationalities were invited to participate by the Macau Grand Prix Committee. Japan had the highest number of drivers with seven; Macau, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Austria all had two or more drivers competing. Of those, 18 debuted in the race. The drivers' average age was 23.6 years. All drove a Dallara-built chassis (either the F399 and F300) from four engine manufacturers (Mugen-Honda, Opel Spiess, Renault Sodemo and Toyota TOM'S). Within the grid, two of the four major F3 series were represented by their respective champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Background and entry list\nS\u00e9bastien Philippe, the Japanese series winner, was joined in Macau by French champion Jonathan Cochet. British champion Ant\u00f4nio Pizzonia missed the event because of a clashing Champ Car test with Mo Nunn Racing. He was replaced at Manor Motorsport by local driver Lei Kit Meng. Andr\u00e9 Couto, an International Formula 3000 racer, and Formula Nippon's Alex Yoong were two competitors outside of F3 to receive invitations to compete at Macau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nTwo practice sessions lasting half an hour were held before the race on Sunday: one on Thursday morning and one on Friday morning. Rain fell before the start of the opening practice session which intensified as it progressed but a dry racing line appeared before its conclusion. Narain Karthikeyan was the fastest driver in the session's opening minutes and more than seven seconds faster than any other driver at one stage. His teammate Takuma Sato was fastest overall with a time of 2 minutes, 32.044 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nTiago Monteiro recorded his best lap time when the dry line appeared towards the session's conclusion and was second. Seiji Ara, Karthikeyan, Patrick Friesacher, Toshihiro Kaneishi, Couto, Robert Lechner, Tomas Scheckter and Pierre Kaffer rounded out the session's top ten drivers. Ben Collins' rear wing loosened because of a sheared retaining bolt and Karthikeyan stopped at the Melco hairpin for unknown reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nQualifying was divided into two 45-minute sessions; the first was held on Thursday afternoon, and the second on Friday afternoon. The fastest time set by each driver from either session counted towards their final starting position for Sunday's race. The first qualifying session was held in cloudy weather conditions. Paolo Montin ran consistently within the top five and later set the provisional fastest lap of 2 minutes, 15.374 seconds with three minutes remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nKarthikeyan was three-tenths of a second slower in provisional second; he sustained minor damage to his car's rear with minor contact with a barrier at Moorish Hill corner. Slower traffic delayed Cochet in third and lost him seven chances at a full-speed lap on the tight circuit. Sato was fourth after an engine breakage that stopped him from improving his lap time towards the end of qualifying. Lechner was fifth and Gianmaria Bruni took sixth as he crashed into a barrier at Lisboa corner near the session's conclusion. Couto, Kaffer, Ry\u014d Fukuda and Phillipe rounded out the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0005-0002", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nPeter Sundberg was the fastest driver not to qualify in the provisional top ten because he was 2.002 seconds slower than Montin. Mathieu Zangarelli was next up ahead of Alex Yoong and Scheckter. Collins was 15th. He was followed by the Japanese trio of Ara, Haruki Kurosawa and Yuji Ide in three of the following four places; they were separated by Enrico Toccacelo in 18th. Milo\u0161 Pavlovi\u0107, Andy Priaulx, Friesacher, Zsolt Baumgartner, Ying Kin Lee, Shinichi Takagi, Kaneishi, Lei, Michael Ho, Jo Merszei and Montiero were the last ten drivers on the provisional grid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0005-0003", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nMonteiro did not set a lap because he crashed at the R Bend corner and stopped the session after five minutes. The R Bend also caught out the Japanese duo of Kaneishi and Ara with the latter's accident prematurely ending the session with five minutes left because his car was on the racing line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nIn the second half an hour practice session, held on a dirty track and in cloudy weather, Sato and his teammate Karthikeyan exchanged the fastest lap throughout, but it was Sato who led at the conclusion of practice with a 2 minutes, 14.087 seconds lap, that he recorded in the session's final minutes having made overnight car setup changes. Karthikeyan was two-tenths of a second slower in second despite minor contact with a barrier beside the track. Provisional pole sitter Montin ran without problems and set the third-fastest lap. Monteiro, Kaffer and Cochet were in positions four to six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nCouto duplicated his first practice and qualifying results in seventh. Fukuda, Yoong and Zangarelli completed the top ten. While the session passed without the need for a red flag stoppage, Lechner made light contact with a wall at the left-hand corner after the Melco hairpin and could not return to the pit lane. Scheckter hit a barrier at Moorish Hill turn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nThe second qualifying session had Priaulx set the early pace and moved past Montin to take the provisional pole position. One third of a way through, Karthikeyan bettered Priaulx's effort to top the time sheets and he held it until Fukuda took over the position. 20 minutes into the session, Karthikeyan reclaimed first with a new track record of the Guia Circuit with a time of 2 minutes, 12.887 seconds and held it to start the first leg from pole position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nHe was joined on the grid's front row by his teammate Sato who pushed hard to be almost four-tenths of a second slower. Fukuda improved to third as he grazed the circuit's barriers three times while pushing hard to improve his lap and ripped his racing gloves. Kaffer gained fourth places to start the first leg from fourth while Zangarelli advanced seven positions to fifth as the latter was narrowly in front of the sixth-placed Couto. Friesacher qualified in the seventh position, having moved fifteen positions from his first session result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0007-0002", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying\nToccacelo was eighth, ahead of fellow Italian Montin who dropped nine positions to start from ninth and Bruni completed the top ten. Cochet fell from provisional third to eleventh while Monteiro gained the most positions of all competitors to begin from twelfth. Behind Cochet and Monteiro the rest of the grid lined up as Priaulx, Scheckter, Sundberg, Collins, Yoong, Ara, Kurosawa, Phillipe, Takagi, Kaneshi, Lechner, Pavlovi\u0107, Ide, Baumgartner, Ying, Kit, Merszei and Ho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Practice and qualifying, Qualifying classification\nA driver's fastest time from the two qualifying sessions is denoted in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 73], "content_span": [74, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Warm-up\nA half an hour warm-up session was held on the morning of the race. A short rain shower fell earlier in the morning, making the track wet, but the surface dried out quickly. Although he spun, Kaffer reported no car problems and set the fastest lap at 2 minutes, 18.293 seconds, almost three seconds faster than Friesacher in second place. Kaneishi recorded a lap late on for third and Sato was fourth. Collins had his car's set-up altered with his diffuser cut for improved top speed after qualifying and was fifth. Scheckter, Priaulx, Monteiro, Lee and Couto made up positions five through ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Race\nSunday's race was divided into two aggregate legs lasting a total of 30 laps. The first 15-lap leg was held in the morning and the results of that leg determined the starting grid of the second leg with the winner beginning from pole position. Afterwards, a 5-hour interval was observed to allow for the intervening support races to occur. The second 15-lap leg took place later in the afternoon. The overall Grand Prix winner was the driver who won the second leg provided all 30 laps were completed in the shortest amount of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Race, Leg 1\nThe first leg began in cloudy and dry weather at 10:15 Macau Standard Time (UTC+08:00) on 19 November. Karthikeyan made a brisk getaway from his standing start on the grid to maintain his lead on the run into the Reservoir Bend corner but he lost it to his teammate Sato on the straight heading towards Lisboa turn. But Sato missed the braking point for the corner and he crashed into a tyre barrier and retired. This gave the lead back to his teammate Karthikeyan, who opened out a small but comfortable lead over the remainder of the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Race, Leg 1\nThat same lap, Ho had an accident leaving Mandarin Oriental Bend corner and retired. Positions changed behind him as Couto overtook Fukuda to move into second on lap two and he soon got ahead of Kaffer for second during the following lap. By the conclusion of the fifth lap, Karthikeyan led Couto by five seconds. However, on the next lap, Karthikeyan lost control of his vehicle at Paiol corner and struck the wall, becoming the third retirement. That prompted the safety car's deployment for two laps to allow for his car to be extricated from the track. In the meantime, Cochet drove over debris from Karthikeyan's car and he lost the opportunity to win the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Race, Leg 1\nAt the lap nine restart, Kaffer began to battle Couto for the first position. He went to the outside line to attempt a pass on Couto into Lisboa corner on the next lap but the latter maintained the lead on the inside line. That lap, Bruni retired following the collision against the wall at Lisboa turn. On the 12th lap, Kaffer overtook Couto entering Lisboa turn but he braked too late and ran wide entering the corner. This put him close to hitting a barrier as Couto retook the lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Race, Leg 1\nFriesacher brushed a wall at R Bend on the lap 12 but he continued without any major vehicular damage. On lap 14, Couto braked too late for Lisboa turn and Kaffer took the lead. He held the position for the rest of the leg to win by 3.4 seconds over Couto and began the second leg from pole position. Zangarelli and Montin were third and fourth and Fukuda took fifth. Friesacher was sixth, Scheckter finished seventh after he was delayed by a slower driver, Toccacelo took eighth, Priaulx ninth and Monteiro tenth. Kurosawa finished eleventh, having moved up eight places from his starting position of 19th. The final finishers Collins, Sundberg, Yoong, the Japanese duo of Ara and Kaneishi, Lechner, Takagi, Lee, Cochet, Pavlovi\u0107, Baumgartner, Lei and Merszei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Race, Leg 2\nThe second leg commenced later that day at 15:35 local time under cloudy and dry weather. Couto made a better getaway than pole position starter Kaffer off the line and passed him going into Lisboa corner. Kaffer put Couto under heavy pressure until Montin began to challenge him for second. On the fifth lap, Montin entered Kaffer's slipstream as the two drove towards Lisboa turn and he then turned right to make a pass under braking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Race, Leg 2\nFrom that point on, Couto's lead was reduced as Montin began closing up to him and was close behind him at the beginning of the seventh lap. Montin attempted to pass Couto under braking at Lisboa corner on laps seven and eight but was unsuccessful in both tries. Kaffer was passed by the faster Fukuda for the third position on the eighth lap. Montin could not make any further attempts to get ahead of Couto because the safety car was deployed on lap thirteen as Lechner crashed into a wall beside the circuit at the R Bend and no overtaking was prohibited under these conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162718-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Macau Grand Prix, Race, Leg 2\nThe second leg was run behind the safety car for the final two laps in a single line, giving Couto the victory, making him the first Macanese to win the Macau Grand Prix since it adopted F3 regulations in 1983. Montin finished in the second position and Fukuda completed the podium placings in third. Off the podium, Kaffer took fourth and Tocacello was fifth after the latter advanced three positions from his first leg result. An engine cut out at the Melco hairpin and the main straight restricted Scheckter to sixth. Seventh place went to Collins and the second British driver competing in the event Priaulx finished eighth overall. Monteiro and Friesacher rounded out the top ten finishers. Outside the top ten, Cochet, Sundberg, Lee, Baumgartner, Takagi, Lei, Ara, Merszei, Zangarelli and Kaneishi were the final classified finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162719-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Madeiran regional election\nThe Madeira Regional Election (2000) (Portuguese: Elei\u00e7\u00f5es Regionais da Madeira, 2000) was an election held on 15 October 2000 for the legislative assembly and government of the Portuguese autonomous region of the Madeira. There were 61 seats in dispute, two more than in the previous election, distributed by the 11 municipalities of the archipelago proportionally to the number of registered voters of each municipality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162719-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Madeiran regional election\nThe winner of the election in Madeira was, once more, the Social Democratic Party, and Alberto Jo\u00e3o Jardim was elected president of the Regional Government with an absolute majority for the 7th consecutive time. The percentage gathered by the Social Democrats decreased by 1%, however, due to the increase of the overall number of MPs, the party kept their 41 mandates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162719-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Madeiran regional election\nThe People's Party increased its voting and its number of MPs, gathering a total of 3 mandates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162719-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Madeiran regional election\nOn the left, the Socialist Party kept its 13 MPs after, despite losing more than 3% of the voting. The Unitarian Democratic Coalition, led by the Portuguese Communist Party, increased the voting and kept the 2 Mps of the previous election. The People's Democratic Union raised the number of MPs from 1 to 2 after a slight increase of the voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162719-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Madeiran regional election\nVoter turnout was lower, compared with 1996, with 61.9% of the electorate casting their ballot on election day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162719-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Madeiran regional election, Electoral system\nIn this election, the members of the regional parliament were elected in 11 constituencies, representing the 11 municipalities of Madeira, that were awarded a determined number of member to elect according with the number of registered voters in those constituencies. The method use to elect the members was the D'Hondt method. In this election the number of MPs to be elected rose from 59 in 1996 to 61.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162719-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Madeiran regional election, Political parties\nA total of 6 political parties presented lists of candidates for the regional elections in Madeira, where 209,541 electors could elect 61 deputies to the Legislative Assembly. The list of parties running was the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162720-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mahoran status referendum\nA referendum on the Paris Agreement was held in Mayotte on 2 July 2000. The agreement allowed Mayotte to become a \"collectivit\u00e9 d\u00e9partementale\", and provided for another referendum on status in ten years' time. It was approved by 72.93% of voters. A further referendum on becoming an overseas department was subsequently held in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162721-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Maidstone Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Maidstone Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Maidstone Borough Council in Kent, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162721-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Maidstone Borough Council election, Campaign\nBefore the election no party had a majority, with the Liberal Democrats the largest party on the council. Asylum seekers was reported as being a big issue in the election, after a rise in council tax from Kent County Council was partly put down to asylum seekers in the county. The Conservative party said it was boosted in the election by pledges of a \"crackdown\" made by the national party leader William Hague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162722-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Maine Black Bears football team\nThe 2000 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their eighth season under head coach Jack Cosgrove, the Black Bears compiled a 5\u20136 record (3\u20135 against conference opponents) and tied for seventh place in the conference. Ben Christopher, Paul Paradis, and Dwayne Wilmot were the team captains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162723-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\nThe 2000 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 71st playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and National League (NL), the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball. The game was held on July 11, 2000 at Turner Field in Atlanta, Georgia, home of the Atlanta Braves of the National League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162723-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\nThe Florida Marlins were originally awarded the 2000 All-Star Game in July 1995, but due to concerns over the chronically low attendance figures at Pro Player Stadium and the long-term viability of the South Florida market, National League president Len Coleman revoked the game from Miami in December 1998. The Marlins finally got to host the All-Star Game for the first time, 17 years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162723-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\nColeman announced Atlanta would be the replacement host of the game, giving the Braves the chance to host their first All-Star Game since 1972. Turner Field, which opened in 1997 played a factor in Coleman's decision to award the game to Atlanta, citing Major League Baseball's desire to have the All-Star Game played in newer venues as a way to showcase the ballparks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162723-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\nThe 2000 All-Star Game was one of the few occurrences in which the manager of the host team also managed the home team of the game, in this case, the National League (Bobby Cox had led the Braves to the World Series the previous year earning the right to manage the National League).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162723-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball All-Star Game\nThe result of the game was the American League defeating the National League by a score of 6\u20133. The game is remembered for Chipper Jones' home run off James Baldwin. This was also the last MLB All-Star Game that was broadcast on NBC. Brandy sang \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", while Canadian singer Chantal Kreviazuk sang \"O Canada\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162723-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Rosters\nPlayers in italics have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162724-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball draft, Background\nThe Florida Marlins made Adri\u00e1n Gonz\u00e1lez of Eastlake High School in Chula Vista, California the first overall selection in the 2000 First-Year Player Draft. Gonz\u00e1lez, who was rated as the best pure high school hitter in the draft by Baseball America, was the first high school first baseman taken first overall since the New York Yankees chose Ron Blomberg in 1967. In his senior year, Gonz\u00e1lez hit .645 with 13 home runs and 34 RBI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162724-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball draft, Background\nAmong the college players chosen was David Parrish, son of former major leaguer Lance Parrish, by the New York Yankees with the 28th pick. In addition, David Espinosa, a high school shortstop from Miami, Florida, became the first RBI (Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities) alumnus ever selected in the first round of the draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162724-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball draft, Background\nInfielder Xavier Nady, second-round pick of the San Diego Padres out of the University of California, went straight to the Major Leagues in 2000. He became the 19th player to do so since the draft started in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162725-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball season\nThe 2000 Major League Baseball season ended with the New York Yankees defeating the New York Mets in five games, for their third consecutive World Series title. The 2000 World Series was known as the Subway Series because both fans and the two teams could take the subway to and from every game of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162725-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball season\nA then-record 5,693 home runs were hit during the regular season in 2000 (the record was broken in 2017, when 6,105 home runs were hit). Ten teams hit at least 200 home runs each, while for the first time since 1989 and only the fifth since 1949 no pitcher pitched a no-hitter. Also, no team reached 100 in either the win or loss column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162725-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball season\nThe separate American and National League offices were dissolved; with this, the league became a single unified organization. As a result, the separate umpiring crews for each league were also dissolved; all umpiring crews now worked throughout the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162725-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball season, Events, September\nSEASON NOTE \u2013 This was the first time in MLB history in 100 years that no team finished with a winning percentage either below .400 or above .600. It is also the first time, in a full 162-game season, that no team achieved 100 wins or 99 losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162725-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Baseball season, Notes\nMajor League Baseball seasons since 1901 without a no-hitter pitched are 1909, 1913, 1921, 1927\u20131928, 1932\u20131933, 1936, 1939, 1942\u20131943, 1949, 1959, 1982, 1985, 1989, 2000 and 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162726-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Soccer season\nThe 2000 Major League Soccer season was the 88th season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer in the United States and Canada, the 22nd with a national first-division league, and the fifth season of Major League Soccer. The regular season began on March 25 and continued through September 9, culminating with the 2000 MLS Cup Playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162726-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Soccer season, Overview, Changes from 1999\nMost notably the 2000 season marked the first time in Major League Soccer history (and the first season of American first division soccer since 1974), that ties were allowed to stand. Following a ten-minute sudden death extra time, rather than going to a penalty shoot-out, if two teams were tied, the tie would stand. Also, the league adopted the IFAB-standard running clock, as well as injury time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162726-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Soccer season, Overview, Changes from 1999\nAdditionally, the league broke into three separate divisions, the East, Central and West divisions. The league would use this format until 2002, when the two Florida franchises, Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion folded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162726-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Soccer season, MLS Cup Playoffs, Semifinals\nKansas City Wizards advance 1\u20130 in series overtime (SDET) after 4\u20134 tie on points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162726-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Major League Soccer season, Player statistics, Top Goal Scorers\nPlayed for more than one team \u2013 Most Recent Team Listed*", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162727-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Majorca Open\nThe 2000 Majorca Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 6th edition of the Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana, and was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Club de Tenis Valencia in Majorca from 1 May through 8 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162727-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Majorca Open\nThe 32-player strong singles field featured ATP No. 3, Australian Open runner-up and London finalist Yevgeny Kafelnikov, 1998 Australian Open winner and former world no. 1 Marcelo R\u00edos and Casablanca titlist Fernando Vicente. Also competing were Barcelona champion Marat Safin, Estoril winner and two-time Grand Slam finalist Carlos Moy\u00e1, Mariano Puerta and Francisco Clavet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162727-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Majorca Open, Finals, Doubles\nMicha\u00ebl Llodra /  Diego Nargiso defeated  Alberto Mart\u00edn /  Fernando Vicente 7\u20136(7\u20132), 7\u20136(7\u20133)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162728-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Majorca Open \u2013 Doubles\nLucas Arnold and Tom\u00e1s Carbonell were the defending champions, but did not participate together this year. Arnold partnered Mart\u00edn Garc\u00eda, losing in the first round. Carbonell partnered Piet Norval, losing in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162728-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Majorca Open \u2013 Doubles\nMicha\u00ebl Llodra and Diego Nargiso won in the final 7\u20136(7\u20132), 7\u20136(7\u20133), against Alberto Mart\u00edn and Fernando Vicente.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162729-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Majorca Open \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Malaysian Grand Prix (formally the II Petronas Malaysian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 22 October 2000 at the Sepang International Circuit, in Sepang. It was the 17th and final race of the 2000 Formula One World Championship, and the second Malaysian Grand Prix. Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher won the 56-lap event from pole position. David Coulthard finished second for the McLaren team with Michael Schumacher's teammate Rubens Barrichello third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix\nMika H\u00e4kkinen, driving for McLaren, started from second position alongside Michael Schumacher. However, H\u00e4kkinen was forced to serve a ten-second stop-and-go penalty because he was judged to have jumped the start. H\u00e4kkinen climbed back up to fourth place, his final finishing position. Coulthard, who started third, moved into the lead until the first round of pit stops. Michael Schumacher and teammate Barrichello traded the leading during their second stops with the former retaining the lead. Michael Schumacher held off a challenge from Coulthard in the closing stages of the Grand Prix to secure victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix\nMichael Schumacher's win was his ninth of the season, matching the record set by himself in 1995, and Nigel Mansell in 1992. Schumacher also tied Mansell's record of 108 points. Ferrari was confirmed as Constructors' Champions as McLaren could not pass its points total in the final race. Coulthard's second-place finish helped to secure him third position in the World Drivers' Championship. The Grand Prix was Pedro Diniz and Johnny Herbert's final race; the Englishman retired after 160 race starts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as constructors, were McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four different tyre types to the race: one dry compound, the Soft and three wet-weather compounds, the Intermediate, Heavy Wet and the Soft wet tyres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Background\nHeading into the final race of the season, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher had already won the season's Drivers' Championship, having clinched the title at the previous race, the Japanese Grand Prix. Schumacher led the championship with 98 points; McLaren driver Mika H\u00e4kkinen was second on 86 points. A maximum of 10 points were available for the remaining race, which meant H\u00e4kkinen could not catch Schumacher. Behind Michael Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen in the Drivers' Championship, David Coulthard was third on 67 points, ahead of Rubens Barrichello in fourth on 58 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Background\nBarrichello was still able to clinch third place if he took victory in the race and Coulthard finished outside of the top six. Although the Drivers' Championship was decided, the Constructors' Championship was not. Ferrari were leading on 156 points, and McLaren were second on 143 points, with a maximum of 16 points available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Background\nPrior to the event, protests over the imprisonment of Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim threatened to disrupt the race. The campaign group, known as Free Anwar, were reported in the media that they would use the Grand Prix in an attempt to bid for securing Ibrahim's release. However, the director of the campaign Raja Petra Kamarudin subsequently announced the event would be left untouched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Background\nThe weekend marked Jaguar driver Johnny Herbert and Sauber's Pedro Diniz final race. It was announced shortly beforehand that Herbert would move to the CART series and he confirmed that he rejected an offer to take up an testing position for the Williams team. Herbert said going into the weekend: \"It's going to be a bit emotional getting out of the car for the last time and out of Formula One. But I'm really looking forward to the challenges that lie ahead of me.\" Diniz's future however was uncertain as he was rumored to be moving to Prost after undergoing extensive negotiations with the team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Background\nFollowing the Japanese Grand Prix on 8 October, three teams conducted testing sessions around European race tracks between 10\u201313 October to prepare for the upcoming Grand Prix. Ferrari opted to spend the four days with test driver Luca Badoer where he tested new mechanical components on the F1-2000 car at the Fiorano Circuit on a wet/dry track. He later moved to the Mugello Circuit where he tried out brake testing, car set-ups, tyre evaluation, endurance runs for the car's engines and continued trying out new car components. Benetton cancelled a test in Barcelona during the period and decided to run at the Silverstone Circuit one week later using new Supertec engines angled at 110\u00b0 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions were held in hot and dry weather conditions. Michael Schumacher set the fastest lap of the first practice session, at 1 minute and 40.290 seconds, seven-tenths of a second quicker than teammate Barrichello. Coulthard was third quickest despite spending the majority of the session afflicted with an clutch problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Practice\nH\u00e4kkinen set the fourth fastest time, ahead of Eddie Irvine and Villeneuve. Giancarlo Fisichella, Herbert, Ricardo Zonta and Wurz completed the top ten fastest drivers in the session. In the second practice session, H\u00e4kkinen set the fastest time of the day, a 1:40.262; Coulthard had a trouble free session and was third fastest. The Ferrari drivers remained quick\u2014Michael Schumacher in second and Barrichello in fourth\u2014although the latter started to experience flu symptoms. Jarno Trulli was fifth quickest, ahead of Ralf Schumacher. Zonta ran quicker during the session and was seventh fastest. The Benetton drivers Fisichella and Wurz, along with Jordan driver Heinz-Harald Frentzen rounded out the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Practice\nThe weather remained hot and dry for the Saturday morning practice sessions. Wurz was the fastest driver in the third practice session with a time of 1:38.318, three-thousands of a second quicker than H\u00e4kkinen. Coulthard set the third fastest time. The two Ferraris ran slower than the previous session; Michael Schumacher was fourth with Barrichello sixth. They were separated by Irvine. Zonta, Villeneuve and Ralf Schumacher followed in the top ten. An electronic engine sensor failure prevented Frentzen from setting a lap time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Practice\nIn the final practice session, Coulthard was the quickest driver, setting a time of 1:38.109 despite going into the gravel traps in the session. H\u00e4kkinen finished with the fourth fastest time. Michael Schumacher and Wurz ended the session with the second and third fastest times respectively. Barrichello was fifth quickest, ahead of Jaguar drivers Herbert and Irvine. Button was seventh after having changed his car's engine. Villeneuve and Trulli completed the top ten ahead of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nThis session was not as easy as it might have looked. I only did a few laps, because we did not have any more time after deciding to wait as the track is dirty here. It was better to save the tyres. The car was handling very well. We slowly evolved and improved it over the past two days and we had the optimum balance for qualifying, as well as for the long runs in the race. My first run was not spot on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nThen we tried changing the rear wing for the second run, but it was the wrong decision, so we went back to the original settings for my final attempt. Apart from a small mistake in the first sector, it was just right. With the championship decided, this is the ideal situation because there is no pressure. We race because we love it and you just drive to the limit for the fun of it. But we are still racing for the Constructors' title and that is very important for us, although I think it would take a miracle for us not to score those three points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon one hour qualifying session saw each driver limited to twelve laps, with the starting order decided by their fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 per cent of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. The session was held in dry and hot weather. Michael Schumacher clinched his ninth pole position of the season, his second at the circuit, with a time of 1:37.397.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was joined on the front row of the grid by H\u00e4kkinen who recorded a lap time 0.463 seconds slower than the pole sitter. Coulthard qualified third and suffered a worrying moment when a fire on his McLaren caused petrol to seep into his eye and admitted the incident could have escalated if not dealt with quickly. Barrichello, who was still suffering from flu, qualified fourth having been pushed from second position in the closing seconds of the session. Wurz qualified fifth, in his best qualifying performance of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0011-0002", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nVilleneuve secured the sixth fastest time despite having to walk to the pit lane when his BAR's engine was turned off on his final run. Irvine made changes to his set-up and secured seventh although he believed he could have been quicker as he backed off through turn 15. Ralf Schumacher lost four-tenths of a second on his fastest lap and managed eighth. Trulli and Frentzen rounded out the top ten qualifying positions for Jordan. Zonta missed qualifying in the top ten by two-tenths of a second and lost time with a braking issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0011-0003", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHerbert, in his final Formula One race, qualified twelfth and struggled with understeer following an engine change. He was ahead of Fisichella, de la Rosa and Verstappen. Jenson Button qualified 16th and encountered traffic during the session which prevented him from setting a faster lap time. The Sauber, Prost and Minardi drivers qualified at the rear of the grid, covering positions 17 to 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 10:30 Malaysian Standard Time (GMT +8) for a 30-minute warm-up session. It took place in warm and dry weather conditions. Zonta set the fastest time, a 1:40.032. Both McLaren drivers maintained their good pace from qualifying\u2014H\u00e4kkinen was second, just off Zonta's pace; Coulthard had the fourth-fastest time. They were separated by Michael Schumacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nThe race started at 15:00 local time. The conditions for the race were dry and cloudy with the air temperature 32\u00a0\u00b0C (90\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature 35\u00a0\u00b0C (95\u00a0\u00b0F). H\u00e4kkinen, who started alongside Michael Schumacher, jumped the start and moved into the lead. Coulthard managed to accelerate faster off the line and passed Michael Schumacher for second position heading into the first corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nFurther down the field, de la Rosa, Heidfeld and Diniz collided at the first corner and collected Prost driver Jean Alesi, who was spun around by Diniz. De la Rosa, Diniz and Heidfeld became the race's first retirements whilst Alesi managed to continue. Both Minardi drivers were forced wide in avoidance. On the same lap, Ralf Schumacher was forced onto the grass while attempting to pass Irvine, with Trulli damaging his front wing after making contact with the Jaguar. Trulli made a pit stop for a new front wing, whilst Verstappen spun off. The resulting incidents caused the deployment of the safety car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nThe safety car was withdrawn at the end of the second lap and the race got underway again with H\u00e4kkinen in the lead. The Finn allowed teammate Coulthard to move into the lead and was passed by both Ferrari drivers later on the same lap. At the competition of the third lap, Coulthard led from Michael Schumacher, Barrichello, H\u00e4kkinen, Wurz, Villeneuve, Irvine, Frentzen, Herbert, Button. Mika Salo, Fisichella, Ralf Schumacher, Marc Gen\u00e9, Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane, Verstappen, Alesi and Trulli. Coulthard began to immediately pull clear of Michael Schumacher as he began setting consecutive fastest laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nOn lap four, H\u00e4kkinen was given a ten-second stop-and-go penalty for jumping the start. Zonta moved into ninth position after overtaking Button and Herbert. Button lost a further position to Salo on the same lap. Meanwhile, Verstappen started to make up positions when he claimed sixteenth position from Gen\u00e9. H\u00e4kkinen took his penalty on lap five, and re-emerged in 18th. Frentzen went off the track and subsequently made a pit stop for repairs on the same lap. Verstappen overtook Ralf Schumacher to claim 14th position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard set a new fastest lap of the race, a 1:40.679 on lap seven and extended his lead from Michael Schumacher to 3.6 seconds, who in turn was 2.6 seconds ahead of teammate Barrichello. Wurz was a further 4.2 seconds behind Barrichello but was gradually drawing ahead of Villeneuve in fifth. Verstappen continued to gain positions after passing Fisichella for eleventh. Frentzen became the event's fourth retirement with electrical issues on lap seven. Trulli passed Mazzacane for 16th position one lap later. Salo took Herbert for eighth position on lap 9, while Ralf Schumacher's car began to develop mechanical issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nOn the tenth lap, Coulthard ran off the track at turn six, with debris penetrating his left-hand radiator. Further down the field, Gen\u00e9 lost 13th position to Alesi, as Trulli made a pit stop for further repairs to his car. By the start of lap twelve, Coulthard had built a 5.6-second gap over Michael Schumacher, with Verstappen taking Button for tenth position. H\u00e4kkinen moved into 14th place after passing Ralf Schumacher and Gen\u00e9 within the next two laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nSalo and Alesi became the first drivers to make scheduled pit stops on lap 16. Coulthard made a pit stop one lap later to remove the debris from his radiator and rejoined in sixth. Button became the race's fifth retirement because of an engine failure on lap 19. Michael Schumacher continued to set consecutive fastest laps, as he built an 8.8-second gap to Barrichello by his first pit stop on lap 24. Barrichello took over the lead for one lap before his pit stop on the following lap handing it back to Michael Schumacher. By the end of lap 26, all of the leading drivers on two-stop strategies had taken their pit stops. The race order was Michael Schumacher, Coulthard, Barrichello, Herbert, Verstappen, Villeneuve, H\u00e4kkinen, Wurz, Irvine, Zonta, Fisichella, Salo, Gen\u00e9, Ralf Schumacher, Mazzacane, Alesi and Trulli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen passed Villeneuve on lap 28 although he went off the track in the process. Herbert made his only pit stop on the same lap although he stalled and rejoined in twelfth place. Gen\u00e9, Mazzacane, Ralf Schumacher and Verstappen made pit stops between laps 28 and 29. Villeneuve tried to retake fourth position from H\u00e4kkinen on the 30th lap but overshot the manoeuvre. H\u00e4kkinen made a pit stop on lap 35, emerging behind Villeneuve and Irvine. Coulthard managed to close to within 2 seconds of Michael Schumacher when he made his second pit stop on lap 38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher made a pit stop on the following lap and remained in the lead. Barrichello became the leader for one lap and made his pit stop on lap 41. This allowed Michael Schumacher to reclaim the first position. By the start of lap 45, Coulthard had closed to within two seconds of Michael Schumacher. Ralf Schumacher was called into his garage by his team to retire on the 45th lap. Zonta pulled off the race track with an blown engine two laps later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nOn the 49th lap, Herbert's car suffered a suspension failure, losing both his rear wheels and struck the tyre barriers at turn 4. Track marshals were required to extract Herbert from his car. Mazzacane was the final retirement of the Grand Prix and the season when his engine failed on lap 51. Michael Schumacher managed to hold off Coulthard and crossed the finish line on lap 56 to secure his ninth victory of the season in a time of 1'35:54.235, at an average speed of 120.648 miles per hour (194.164\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard finished second in his McLaren, 0.7 seconds behind Michael Schumacher, Barrichello was third in the other Ferrari, with H\u00e4kkinen in fourth, Villeneuve in fifth and Irvine rounding out the points-scoring positions in sixth. Ferrari's strong result gave them the 2000 Constructors' Championship. Wurz, Salo, Fisichella, Verstappen and Alesi filled the next five positions, with Trulli and Mazzacane the last of the classified finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nWe wanted to win the Constructors' Championship and we have done it, not just by getting three points but by winning and by coming third. It was a very tight and tough race and DC was pushing me all the way, so it was tough physically and on the car. I did not know Mika had jumped the start as I was concentrating on the lights. I did not have a very good start and struggled to get off the line and so I was third as David out-braked me round the outside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nHe was pulling away and I was concerned, because I could not go any faster. At that point he was definitely quicker than me. I was hoping he would pit early. He did and our strategy did the rest. David put me under pressure at the end, but I had looked after the last set of tyres so that I could have defended myself if I had needed to fight him off. Then I just concentrated on not making a mistake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. Michael Schumacher said that he and his team were delighted at clinching the victory and securing the Constructors' Championship. He also added that he took victory with the use of team strategy after he realised Coulthard was quicker than him. Coulthard apologised to Michael Schumacher over the comments made by him about the German throughout the season. However, he also added he would not be retracting any comments made about his rival's driving style but the way in which they were expressed. Barrichello described his race as \"lonely\" because of the lack of on track action he experienced. He also said that the hot temperatures he experienced worrying him mentally due to his illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nMcLaren team principal Ron Dennis congratulated Ferrari and Michael Schumacher for their achievement of clinching the Drivers' and Constructors' Championships. Michael Schumacher said he hoped that his success over the season would commence a new era of success with the Ferrari team. Similarly, their technical director Ross Brawn said he believed that the team could make further improvements in the following seasons: \"We've got to build from this success and I'm sure we will do and get all the support from Italy and Ferrari that we will need to continue in this vein.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0021-0001", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nFerrari held an event at the Mugello Circuit in front of 50,000 people where they celebrated their success and thanked the team's fanbase for their continued support. H\u00e4kkinen stated that had he not received his stop-and-go penalty, he believed he could have won the race. He added that his car was stationary before the starting procedure was initiated, and admitted that his car moved before the sequence was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162730-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nDespite his accident, Herbert suffered no physical injuries, except for a bruised left knee. He expressed disappointment in his late exit in his final Formula One race, saying that \"I'm pretty disappointed to have a good race ruined by a failure such as that.\" Herbert left Formula One after 12 years with 161 race starts and 3 wins. Jaguar technical director Gary Anderson traced the suspension failure to a broken link on the rear right suspension rod. Herbert continued to participate in motor racing in 2001 driving in the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the American Le Mans Series. He later abandoned plans to drive in CART and became a test driver for the Arrows team in February 2001. Diniz, meanwhile, could not find a race seat and became a shareholder in the Prost team to assist in helping the outfit become more competitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix was the second round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 2 April 2000 at the Sepang International Circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nThe race was won by Kenny Roberts Jr., after he had already qualified for pole position on Saturday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAt the start, Kenny Roberts Jr. lost ground to the Yamaha's of Carlos Checa and Norick Abe, with Loris Capirossi also making up ground to go up into third place, with Valentino Rossi right behind in 4th place. Kenny Roberts Jr. dropped down to 11th position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAfter a few corners, both \u00c0lex Crivill\u00e9 and Capirossi fell and retired on the opening lap. Capirossi highsighted whilst accelerating out of the corner, taking out Crivill\u00e9 in the process and almost taking out Roberts as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap 2, Roberts had moved up into 6th position, thanks to the crash from both Capirossi and Crivill\u00e9", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap 3, Norick Abe crashed out of the race. He lowsided when coming out of corner 9 and slid into the grass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap 4, Checa still led, with Rossi in second, McCoy in third, Roberts in 4th and Max Biaggi in 5th place. Rossi also crashed out of the race at turn 1, making this his second retirement of the season. He lost the front end, highsighted and slid into the grass with his Honda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAfter a few laps, Roberts overtook McCoy and went up into second place, after Rossi retired. Checa still led the race, but Roberts' Suzuki was now closing in on the Yamaha of Checa with 14 laps to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap 7, Roberts overtook Checa to take a lead he would never surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap 11, McCoy overtook Biaggi for third place after Biaggi ran wide on the first corner. He tried to gain it back, but ultimately conceded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn lap 15, Roberts waved his hand, indicating that it was raining. The race was red-flagged, Roberts won and full points were given because two-thirds of the race distance was traversed by the riders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162731-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round two has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 83], "content_span": [84, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162732-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Malibu Road\n2000 Malibu Road is an American prime time soap opera television series that aired on CBS during the summer from August 23 to September 9, 1992. The series stars Drew Barrymore, Jennifer Beals, Brian Bloom, Scott Bryce, Lisa Hartman, Tuesday Knight and Michael T. Weiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162732-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Malibu Road, Plot\nThe show deals with four women living together at a beach house located at 2000 Malibu Road: Jade (Lisa Hartman), a former prostitute trying to get out of the profession; Perry (Jennifer Beals), a young lawyer also escaping from her past (i.e. a slain fianc\u00e9 police officer and a serious drinking problem); Lindsay (Drew Barrymore), a would-be actress trying to get the right break; and Joy (Tuesday Knight), Lindsay's overweight, overprotective, two-faced, manipulative sister, who also served as her agent. Jade owned the house. In order to leave her profession as a high priced prostitute, she took in roommates to help her pay for the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162732-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Malibu Road, Plot\nThe series ended with several unresolved cliffhangers: Roger (Michael T. Weiss) was seen raping and beating Perry in a stairwell. Meanwhile, Porter's (Mitch Ryan) men shot Hal (Robert Foxworth) dead, and after arguing with Lindsay upon discovering she was sleeping with Eric (Brian Bloom), Joy was struck by lightning. Lisa Hartman provided a closing narration to serve as a (perfunctory) tie-up for the characters, though possibly only on overseas broadcasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162732-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Malibu Road, Production\nThe series was executive produced by Aaron Spelling, E. Duke Vincent, series creator Terry Louise Fisher, and Joel Schumacher, who also served as director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162732-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Malibu Road, Episodes\nJoel Schumaker directed at least the first five of the series' episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162732-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Malibu Road, Reception\nThe series premiere earned decent ratings, but ratings fell from there and it was canceled after six episodes. According to executive producer Aaron Spelling, producers could not come to terms on license fees. However, Lisa Hartman had another version: as 2000 Malibu Road was facing Melrose Place in the same timeslot, Spelling was competing with himself and didn't want to weaken the ratings of Melrose Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162733-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mall.com 400\nThe 2000 mall.com 400 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series stock car race held on March 19, 2000, at the Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina. Ward Burton of Bill Davis Racing won the race, his second win of his career and first in five years. Dale Jarrett finished second and Dale Earnhardt finished third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162733-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mall.com 400, Race Summary\nThis race was the first Darlington race with one pit road. Previously, teams had to use two pit roads, which introduced a decided disadvantage to those who pitted on the backstretch under caution flag pit stops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162733-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mall.com 400, Race Summary\nDick Trickle took over driving duties of the #14 Conseco Pontiac of A.J. Foyt Racing Enterprises at this race after original driver Mike Bliss failed to qualify for every race after making the Daytona 500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162733-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Mall.com 400, Race Summary\nThe race started a few minutes earlier than anticipated as a rain storm was closing in on the track. Thankfully, the rain would not come in time to delay the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162733-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Mall.com 400, Race Summary\nThe race was marred with four cautions in the first 57 laps. Steve Park made contact with Sterling Marlin and Joe Nemechek and swept up four racecars on lap 2 turn 1. Then, on lap 9, Rusty Wallace made contact with Kenny Irwin off turn 2 that threw out the second caution, collecting Jeremy Mayfield and Jerry Nadeau in the process. The third and fourth cautions were for single-car crashes involving Ted Musgrave and Jeff Fuller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162733-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Mall.com 400, Race Summary\nAfter the Jeff Fuller crash, teams finally settled down and the race would only have one more caution for the rest of the race. After dealing with a very loose racecar, Dale Earnhardt, Jr. spun out at turn 2 and crashed hard on the inside pit wall on lap 204. He would be okay but he was out of the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162733-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Mall.com 400, Race Summary\nOnce the race settled down, Ward Burton would become the dominator of the day. He had some challenges with Dale Jarrett, Bobby Labonte, and his brother Jeff Burton. However, Ward held off Jarrett in the final 37 laps to take his second win of his career. He snapped a 132-race winless streak. It was his first victory in five years. It was the first win for Pontiac at Darlington since 1963 when NASCAR Hall of Famer Joe Weatherly went to victory lane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162733-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Mall.com 400, Race Summary\nFailed to qualify:  Derrike Cope (#15), Ricky Craven (#50), Ed Berrier (#90), Scott Pruett (#32), Wally Dallenbach (#75)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162734-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Malm\u00f6 FF season\nMalm\u00f6 FF competed in Superettan and Svenska Cupen for the 2000 season. The club was promoted to Allsvenskan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162734-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Malm\u00f6 FF season, Club, Other information\nUpdated to match played 19 OctoberSource:\u00a0Malm\u00f6 FF and Malm\u00f6 Stadion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162735-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Malta Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Malta Grand Prix was the sixth edition of the professional ranking snooker tournament which took place at the Mediterranean Conference Centre in Valletta, Malta. Qualifying for the event started on 3 January 2000 and the final stages took place between 20 and 27 February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162735-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Malta Grand Prix\nKen Doherty won the tournament, defeating Mark Williams 9\u20133 in the final. The highest break, a 142, was compiled by quarter-finalist Ronnie O'Sullivan in his last-16 match against Jimmy White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162735-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Malta Grand Prix, Prize fund\nThe breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162735-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Malta Grand Prix, Qualifying\nThe three qualifying rounds took place between 3 and 14 January 2000, and were all played under a best-of-nine frames format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162735-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Malta Grand Prix, Century breaks\n142, 123 Ronnie O'Sullivan 138, 113 David Gray 135, 123 Peter Ebdon 135, 117, 104 Michael Holt  131, 122 Darren Morgan 129, 120 Matthew Stevens 129 Stephen O'Connor 129 Kristj\u00e1n Helgason 128, 107, 100 Stephen Hendry 127, 108, 101 Marco Fu 126 Joe Swail 126 Rod Lawler 123, 119, 104 Mark Williams 123, 112, 105, 105, 101 Ken Doherty 122 Karl Broughton 122 Nigel Bond 121 Robert Milkins 119, 119 Alfie Burden 117 James Reynolds 114 Steve Davis 112 John Parrott 112, 108, 107 Nick Dyson 111 Shokat Ali 105 Darren Clarke 104 Stephen Lee 103 Troy Shaw 103 Eddie Manning 102 John Higgins 100 Joe Johnson 100 Robin Hull", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162736-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Malta International Football Tournament\nThe 2000 Malta International Tournament (known as the Rothmans Tournament for sponsorship reasons) was the tenth edition of the Malta International Tournament. The tournament, held between 6 February and 10 February 2000, was contested by Malta, Albania, Andorra and Azerbaijan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162737-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Malta Open darts\n2000 Malta Open is a darts tournament, which took place in Malta in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162738-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Manchester City Council election\nElections to Manchester Council were held on Thursday, 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election, with each successful candidate to serve a four-year term of office, expiring in 2004. The two Independent Labour candidates stood again as \"Peace 2000 England's Republican\". Overall turnout fell slightly to 20.5% and the Labour Party retained overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162738-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Manchester City Council election, Election result\nAfter the election, the composition of the council was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162739-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mar del Plata Sevens\nThe 2000 Mar del Plata Sevens was a rugby sevens tournament that took place at the Estadio Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Minella in Mar del Plata between the 12\u201313 January 2000. It was the fourth edition of the Mar del Plata Sevens and was also the fourth round of the held in Argentina as the fourth round of the 1999\u20132000 World Sevens Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162739-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mar del Plata Sevens\nDuring the tournament, the first draw in the series history occurred when Samoa and Australia played out an 14-all draw in Pool D. In the cup final, Fiji took out their second cup final of the season defeating New Zealand 26-14. The hosts (Argentina) took out the plate while Spain won the bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162739-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mar del Plata Sevens, Teams\nSixteen national teams played in the Mar Del Plata Sevens with the national teams being the same teams as in the previous round which was held in Punta del Este.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162739-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Mar del Plata Sevens, Format\nThe pool stage was played on the first day of the tournament. The 16 teams were separated into four pools of four teams and teams in the same pool played each other once. The top two teams in each pool advanced to the Cup quarterfinals to compete for the 2000 Mar del Plata Sevens title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162739-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Mar del Plata Sevens, Summary\nThe opening day of the 2000 Mar del Plata sevens saw the first draw in the series history with Samoa and Australia recording a 14-all draw in the final match of the day. Earlier results though put Samoa top of Pool D by a single point over Australia. New Zealand continued their form in the series, conceeding only seven points (against France) in the pool stage to finish top of Pool B with France joining them. Fiji finished top of Pool A with wins over Germany (56\u20135), Uruguay (61\u20137) and Canada (40\u201314) with Canada joining them in second place. The final pool saw South Africa finish top of the pool with hosts, Argentina coming in second place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162739-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Mar del Plata Sevens, Summary\nDay 2 saw an Fiji and New Zealand final for the fourth tournament in a row after both teams recorded victories in their quarters and semis to make it to the cup final. For Fiji they defeated France 47\u20137 before knocking off Samoa in the semi-finals 19\u20137. New Zealand recorded a victory over Canada in the quarter-finals before defeating first-time cup semi-finalists, Australia with Australian coach, Glen Ella stating, \"It was good to finally break through\". In the cup final, it was Fiji who defeated New Zealand to tie the series after four rounds after coming back from 14\u20130 down to win 26\u201314. Hosts, Argentina won the plate final while Spain won the bowl defeating Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162740-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Marana V-22 crash\nOn 8 April 2000, a V-22 Osprey aircraft operated by the United States Marine Corps crashed during a night training exercise at Marana Regional Airport near Tucson, Arizona. The crash killed all 19 U.S. Marines on board and intensified debate about the reliability of the Osprey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162740-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Marana V-22 crash\nIt was later determined that the aircraft had entered an aerodynamic condition known as vortex ring state, which resulted from a high rate of descent compounded by pilot error. As a result of the investigation findings, the V-22 was subject to further redesign, and eventually entered operational service in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162740-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Marana V-22 crash, Accident\nOn 8 April 2000, a V-22 Osprey being flown by Major Brooks Gruber, and Lieutenant Colonel John Brow was conducting a nighttime training exercise simulating a combatant evacuation at Marana Northwest Regional Airport in Marana, Arizona about twenty miles northwest of Tucson. The V-22 was carrying 15 passengers, all U.S. Marines, and was flying in a formation of four V-22s when the accident occurred. Two of the V-22s in the formation were actually carrying out the exercise while the other two were observing their performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162740-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Marana V-22 crash, Accident\nAs they approached the landing site, the pilots of the mishap V-22 realized they were 2,000 feet above the required descent altitude and reduced power. As Lt. Colonel Brow maneuvered the aircraft to land, the Osprey entered an erratic roll, turning on its back and slamming into the ground nose first. All 19 Marines aboard the aircraft were killed. The second V-22 also made a hard landing but suffered no fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162740-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Marana V-22 crash, Investigation\nShortly after the crash an investigation was commissioned to determine its cause. The investigation ruled out most possible causes and narrowed in on the aircraft's rate of descent as the primary cause. Investigators compared the mishap aircraft's actual rate of descent with the V-22 flight manual's required rate of descent and found discrepancies. As the V-22 descended to land it was dropping at 2,000 feet a minute, well above the prescribed 800 feet a minute. The speed caused the aircraft to enter an aerodynamic condition known as vortex ring state. In this condition, a vortex envelops the rotor, causing an aircraft to lose lift, in essence descending in its own downwash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162740-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Marana V-22 crash, Investigation\nAfter two months of investigation by the Marine Corps Judge Advocate General a final report was released which absolved the aircraft itself of any mechanical faults and instead pinned the blame on the exceptionally high rate of descent coupled with human error.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162740-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Marana V-22 crash, Investigation\n\"This mishap appears not to be the result of any design, material or maintenance factor specific to tilt ... rotors. Its primary cause, that of an MV-22 entering a Vortex Ring State (Power Settling) and/or blade stall condition is not peculiar to tilt rotors. The contributing factors to the mishap, a steep approach with a high rate of descent and slow airspeed, poor aircrew coordination and diminished situational awareness are also not particular to tilt rotors.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162740-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Marana V-22 crash, Investigation\nAfter 16 years of the widows fighting the Marine Corps and the V-22 Osprey program stakeholders, both pilots were vindicated when they were cleared of blame for the crash in 2016 by then Deputy Defense Secretary Bob Work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162740-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Marana V-22 crash, Aftermath\nThe crash resulted in a two-month moratorium on V-22 test flights and further postponed its entry into operational military service. The Department of Defense Director of Operational Test and Evaluation wrote a report seven months after the crash stating the Osprey was not \"operationally suitable, primarily because of reliability, maintainability, availability, human factors and interoperability issues\". and implored more research to be conducted into the Osprey's susceptibility to vortex ring state. Nevertheless, a panel, convened by Secretary of Defense William Cohen to review the V-22 program, recommended its continuance despite many issues with safety and reliability. As a result, the procurement budget was decreased, but the research and development budget was increased. Eight months later, another MV-22 Osprey, conducting training near Jacksonville, North Carolina, crashed, killing 4 Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162741-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Marche regional election\nThe Marche regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162741-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Marche regional election\nVito D'Ambrosio (Democrats of the Left) was re-elected President, defeating Maurizio Bertucci (Forza Italia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162742-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Market Street\n2000 Market Street is a high-rise office building located in the Market West region of Philadelphia. The building stands at a height of 435 feet (133 meters) with 29 floors, and was completed in 1973. It is currently tied with Two Logan Square as the 17th-tallest building in Philadelphia. The architect of the building was Pitcairn Properties, Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162743-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlboro 500\nThe 2000 Marlboro 500 was a CART racing event scheduled for October 29, 2000 at California Speedway in Fontana, California, USA. Inclement weather, however, forced race officials to call a halt to the race and it was finished the next day. It was the final race of the FedEx Championship Series for the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162743-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlboro 500\nThe race was won by Christian Fittipaldi, driving the #11 Kmart/Route 66 Newman/Haas Racing Lola-Ford. It was his second and final career victory in the CART series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162743-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlboro 500, Media coverage\nThe race was carried on ESPN as part of its SpeedWorld series of motorsports coverage. Paul Page was the lap-by-lap commentator with Parker Johnstone as analyst. Gary Gerould, Jon Beekhuis, and Rick DeBruhl were on pit road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162743-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlboro 500, Background\nThis was the first CART event at California Speedway since Greg Moore was killed in a major accident during the same race a year earlier. In the interim period, track management pulled up the grass along the backstretch and paved over the entire area. In addition, tire barriers were placed along the retaining wall where Moore's accident had occurred to protect from potential catastrophic damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162743-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlboro 500, Background, Championship\nEntering the race, the points race was tight and several drivers were able to contend for the championship. The points leader was Gil de Ferran, driving the #2 Marlboro Team Penske Reynard-Honda. Adrian Fernandez, the defending winner of the Marlboro 500 in the #40 Tecate/Quaker State Reynard-Ford for Patrick Racing was second place by five points. Fernandez had also won the previous week's event in Australia, while de Ferran was taken out in a crash on lap 1 with 1999 series champion Juan Pablo Montoya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162743-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlboro 500, Background, Championship\nFurther back, but needing help, were Paul Tracy in the Team KOOL Green #26 Reynard-Honda and rookie Kenny Brack in the Shell Oil #8 Team Rahal Reynard-Ford. Tied for third, nineteen points behind de Ferran, they would both have needed to score the maximum number of points available in the race and have de Ferran and Fernandez both finish without recording a point. Tracy had also been involved in a wreck in the Australia race, as Oriol Servia hopped a curb in a chicane at the Surfer's Paradise street course and T-boned the #26; Tracy had been running second in series points entering the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162743-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlboro 500, Background, Championship\nFor the first time in four seasons, a new championship team was guaranteed to be crowned. Target Chip Ganassi Racing, which had won the last four CART titles with Jimmy Vasser, Alex Zanardi, and Montoya, entered the race with both Vasser and defending series champion Montoya far out of title contention; Vasser was 22 points behind de Ferran and Montoya 30, and neither driver would have been able to catch him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162744-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlboro Grand Prix of Miami\nThe 2000 Marlboro Grand Prix of Miami presented by Toyota was the first round of the 2000 CART FedEx Championship Series, held March 26, 2000, on the Homestead\u2013Miami Speedway in Homestead, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162744-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlboro Grand Prix of Miami\nThe race winner was Max Papis, his first Champ Car victory. This was the final CART-sanctioned event at Homestead. The event would go to the rival Indy Racing League for 2001 through 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash\nOn 24 July 2000, a Bell Helicopter Company 206L-3 LongRanger rescue helicopter, owned by Grant Kenny Ocean Helicopters and leased by the Capricorn Helicopter Rescue Service, crashed at Marlborough, Queensland, killing all five people on board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Summary\nAt 11:40pm on 23 July 2000, pilot Paul \"Paddy\" O'Brien with two paramedics, departed Rockhampton, Queensland on the Capricorn Helicopter Rescue Service's \"Rescue 9\" aircraft, bound for \"Yaraandoo Station\", a cattle property 200 kilometres north-west of the city, to retrieve a five year old patient who was suffering from croup, and his mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Summary\nAfter collecting the patient and his mother, they departed the property at 1:14am on 24 July 2000, destined for Rockhampton Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Summary\nHowever, at 1:32am, in radio communications the pilot observed the helicopter's \"fairly high fuel burn rate\" and decided instead to divert to the nearby township of Marlborough, on the Bruce Highway. The pilot requested the local Queensland Ambulance Service officer meet the helicopter at Marlborough so the patient could be transported to Rockhampton by road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Summary\nThe ambulance was deployed to meet the helicopter at the sports field at Marlborough State School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Summary\nThick fog had developed at Marlborough prior to the helicopter's arrival and the pilot requested that the ambulance officer ensured he had all of his vehicle's external flashing lights turned on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Summary\nThe helicopter arrived at Marlborough at 1:41am and the pilot proceeded to make a series of unsuccessful attempts at landing the aircraft in the thick fog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Summary\nAt 2:03am, the helicopter crashed 1 kilometre north-west of the Marlborough township, in a paddock on a property called \"Kenela Park\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Summary\nThe ambulance officer, local State Emergency Service volunteers, the local Queensland Police Service officer and local residents immediately began searching for the crash site, but due to the dense fog, it took over an hour for the wreckage to be discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, ATSB investigation\nOn 23 May 2002, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau released their findings following their investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, ATSB investigation\nTheir investigation outlined that a significant factor which likely led to the accident was that the helicopter departed Rockhampton with insufficient fuel for the intended flight, and that the supply of the remaining useable fuel could have been interrupted depending on how the pilot had been manoeuvring the aircraft while attempting to land which would have caused a loss of power to the engine. However, the investigation was unable to determine why the pilot was unable to safely land the helicopter after the loss of power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, ATSB investigation\nThe investigation also found that the thick fog which had enveloped the township of Marlborough would have denied the pilot visual reference with the ground while attempting to land, which may have been aggravated by the helicopter's illuminated search light which may have resulted in whiteout conditions by reflecting off the fog droplets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, ATSB investigation\nAccording to the ATSB, another significant factor was the pilot's decision not to divert away from Marlborough to look for a fog-free landing site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Coronial inquest\nA coronial inquest held at the Rockhampton District Court in 2003 also found that a lack of fuel and the heavy fog were the causes of the crash, and a recommendation was made to independently review the aeromedical retrieval system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Legacy\nFollowing the tragedy, the community of Marlborough raised enough funds to construct a helipad in the town to be used by the rescue helicopter in an attempt to prevent a similar accident from happening in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162745-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Marlborough helicopter crash, Legacy\nThe city of Rockhampton and the township of Marlborough have both commemorated the disaster a number of times, including on the 10th anniversary in 2010 and on the 20th anniversary in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash\nThe 2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash occurred on 13 January 2000 when a fully loaded Swiss-registered Short 360 leased by Avisto ditched into the sea near Marsa Brega in Libya. The aircraft was chartered by Sirte Oil Company to transport oil workers to the city. It was carrying 41 people (38 passengers and three crew). Most of the passengers were foreigners. As both engines failed in mid-flight, the crew chose to ditch the aircraft. 21 people died in the crash. An official investigation concluded that the de-icing device on the aircraft was not activated. The aircraft flew into an adverse weather condition and an icing condition occurred in mid-flight. The ice melted and flooded the engine, causing both engines to fail. The Libyan Civil Aviation Authority also blamed the pilots for conducting conversation unrelated to the flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Flight\nThe aircraft took off from Tripoli International Airport at 09:29 UTC with two flight crew, one cabin crew and 38 passengers to Marsa Brega, a city known for its oil refinery. The aircraft was leased from Avisto Air Service, a firm based in Zurich, Switzerland, which focused on aircraft maintenance and repair, to Sirte Oil Company. The crew had noticed a fuel imbalance prior to the flight, making a log entry and cross-feeding fuel before the flight. The aircraft started its descent at 11:25 UTC. At 11:36 UTC the left engine flamed out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Flight\nThe Captain then told the First Officer: \"We just had an engine failure\". The First Officer then stated that the oil pressure decreased. The Captain then ordered the first officer to raise the landing gear and flaps, then asked him to confirm if they just had an engine failure. He later ordered to shut down the engine:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Flight\nAfter the First Officer shut down the left engine, the right engine flamed out. The Captain then told the First Officer that they had lost both engines. The Captain then ordered the First Officer to contact Marsa Brega for an emergency landing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Flight\nThe crew then contacted Marsa Brega Tower, requesting an emergency landing. The Captain asked the First Officer to restart the engine. As they prepared for an emergency landing (ditching), multiple warnings sounded in the cockpit. The Captain then ordered the First Officer to open the emergency hatch. The ATC asked the crew to confirm the emergency. As the First Officer confirmed the emergency, the aircraft impacted water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Flight\nThe aircraft plunged into the sea 5 kilometres (3.1\u00a0mi) off of Marsa Brega. The front part of the aircraft was totally destroyed. The tail of the aircraft detached from the fuselage on impact, in a 10\u00b0 nose up position. As the aircraft began to sink, water started to fill into the cabin. One British survivor escaped after kicking out an aircraft window as the aircraft began to sink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Flight\nSearch and rescue team were immediately deployed by authorities. At least 19 people were rescued and evacuated from the sea. Among them were 10 Libyans, seven Britons and two Indians. The rescue effort was hampered by bad weather. Swiss Transportation Ministry spokesman Hugo Schiltenhelm received reports that 15 people had died in the crash. Local fishing boats also joined the search and rescue effort. Both the captain and the first officer survived the crash, but the cabin crew member did not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Passengers and crew\nAt least 38 passengers and 3 crew were on board the flight, including three children and one infant. The British ambassador in Tripoli, Richard Dalton, confirmed that there were 13 Britons on board, 5 of whom were killed in the crash. Other nationalities on board included 14 Libyans, three Indians, two Canadians, two Croatians, three Filipinos, and one person each from Tunisia and Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Passengers and crew\nThe captain was a 42-year-old Libyan citizen with total flying experience of 8,814 hours, of which 3,840 hours were on the Shorts 360. The first officer was a 49-year-old Libyan citizen with total flying experience of 10,422 hours, of which 1,950 were on the type. The Swiss firm Avisto, which owned the aircraft, said that both pilots were \"senior and very experienced\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Aircraft\nThe aircraft involved in the crash was a Shorts 360, a commuter turbo-prop airliner that was manufactured in Belfast, United Kingdom. The aircraft was registered in Switzerland as HB-AAM. The Shorts 360 has a good safety record as a commuter aircraft. The aircraft had 7,138 flying hours. It was equipped with two engines from Pratt & Whitney Canada and two propellers from Hartzell Propeller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nSalvage workers were deployed to the crash site to retrieve the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR), and were eventually able to recover the wreckage of the Shorts 360 within nine days of the accident. The Swiss Transportation Safety Investigation Board (STSIB), British Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB), and American National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) joined with the Libyan Civil Aviation Authority (LCAA) to investigate the cause of the crash. The AAIB had offered their facility of Farnborough in Hampshire to analyse the content of the black boxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nATC testimony indicated that the crew had intended to make an emergency landing due to engine failure. The investigative team focused on the fuel of the aircraft, suspecting that fuel exhaustion had occurred in-flight. The investigative committee, however, ruled this out, stating that the amount of fuel on board was sufficient for the plane to reach its destination. This observation was reinforced by local fishermen who had joined the search and rescue effort, who stated that fuel was leaking from the aircraft wreckage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nThe investigative committee noted that the flight crew had been constantly talking about the Fokker F-28 Fellowship system, a topic unrelated to their duties in the Shorts 360. The captain of the flight, who had been recently promoted and received an F-28 rating, had been planning to move to piloting the Fokker F-28. The first officer had already been promoted to the Fokker 28. Both members of the flight crew discussed the systems of the F-28 at length, lasting for the majority of the ill-fated flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nPerhaps as a result of this distraction, the flight crew failed to notice that ice had accumulated on the windshield of the aircraft. When the ice was eventually noticed, the flight crew activated the ice detection and anti-icing for the pitot static and the windshield of the aircraft. They failed, however, to activate the engine intake anti-icing system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nThe weather conditions along the route were provided to the flight crew in Tripoli. Given that Libya's climate tends to be mild and not to pose a risk to aircraft, the crew did not pay much attention to the weather report. The captain of the flight, who survived the crash, told investigators that the weather report was not available and stated that weather reports in other Libyan airports were not correct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nThe investigators also revealed that the single cabin crew member, the Tunisian flight attendant, did not inform the passengers that the seat cushion could be used as a flotation device. This may have contributed to the high number of drownings among the deceased. One of the main duties of the cabin crew member is to brief passengers about safety equipment on board, including how to use the seat cushions for flotation as an alternative to life jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nAs investigators interviewed the captain, he stated that he did not know that the seat cushions could be used as flotation devices, even though he had previously received information about it. At this point, investigators began to worry and started to review the Swiss laws and regulations on aviation safety equipment. Avisto and Swiss-accredited representatives said that floating devices were only required for flights flying 50 miles or more from land, and that flights within 50 miles of land or where a safe water landing can be performed were not required to carry life jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nAlthough the aircraft was not equipped with life jackets, the safety instruction card located on the back of each seat instructed passengers to use life jackets in case of ditching. \"LIFE JACKET UNDER YOUR SEAT\" was also clearly written.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nBoth engines were taken to the United Kingdom for analysis. Three specialists from the engine manufacturer were involved in the investigation. Their analysis concluded that there was no mechanical failure or metal failure on the engine, despite reports of engine failure by survivors, the crew members, and ATC. The investigative committee then examined the a fuel sample from the flight, as contaminated fuel might cause an engine flame-out, but concluded that the fuel was not contaminated. Investigators then reviewed the crew's handling of the right engine after the left engine flamed-out, but there were no indications the crew mishandled the engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nThe investigation committee then turned its attention to the weather conditions at the time of the accident. They found that the aircraft had flown directly into a storm. According to the flight manual, the crew should have activated the aircraft's anti-icing system each time the aircraft entered mists, fogs, clouds, rain, snow, hail, or when flying at 500 feet near a cloud base, among several other flight conditions. They then found out that the aircraft engine anti-icing systems were not engaged while the outside temperature was well below 6 degrees(C), the recommended temperature to operate anti-icing systems. The aircraft flight manual said not to rely on airframe visual icing cues before turning engine anti-ice on. It stated that the consequences of not using an engine anti-ice until build up was visible from the cockpit might result in severe engine damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nAlthough the freezing altitude at the time was at 5200 feet and the aircraft was flying in temperatures of \u22122 degrees, the plane did not have its anti-icing system activated. The possibility of ice accumulation on the engine would have existed until the aircraft had decreased its altitude to 2000 feet or less. At that point, the ice would melt, which could possibly flood the engine, the condition which did ultimately cause the accident aircraft's engines to flame out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162746-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Marsa Brega Short 360 crash, Investigation\nThis scenario may have been avoided if the ignitors on the operating engine were put on after the first engine flame out. The operating engine would have produced power until a safe landing could be performed. If ice accumulation had occurred on the engine, the instrument panel would have informed the pilot that there was a rise in engine temperature. While this is something the flight crew should have noticed, they failed to identify this warning. The investigation stated that, because the temperature rise was not severe enough to immediately catch the crew's attention and because they were distracted by their discussion of the Fokker F-28 system, they failed to notice the gradual increase in engine temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162747-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Marshall Thundering Herd football team\nThe 2000 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall University in 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Thundering Herd played their home games at Marshall University Stadium in Huntington, West Virginia, and competed in the East Division of the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The team was coached by fifth-year head coach Bob Pruett. Marshall won its fourth consecutive MAC championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162748-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Maryland Terrapins football team\nThe 2000 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fourth and final season under head coach Ron Vanderlinden, the Terrapins compiled a 5\u20136 record, finished in seventh place in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and were outscored by their opponents 284 to 247. The team's statistical leaders included Calvin McCall with 1,533 passing yards, LaMont Jordan with 920 rushing yards, and Guilian Gary with 568 receiving yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162749-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters (snooker)\nThe 2000 Benson & Hedges Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 6 and 13 February 2000 at the Wembley Conference Centre in London, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162749-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters (snooker)\nMatthew Stevens won the title on his second attempt after 1996 by defeating Ken Doherty, who had made his second final in a row, 10\u20138. On the 15th frame of the final, Doherty attempted a maximum break, but he missed the final black at 140. This was the highest break of the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162749-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters (snooker), Field\nDefending champion John Higgins was the number 1 seed with World Champion Stephen Hendry seeded 2. Places were allocated to the top 16 players in the world rankings. Players seeded 15 and 16 played in the wild-card round against the winner of the qualifying event, Ali Carter (ranked 142), and Marco Fu (ranked 35), who was the wild-card selection. Ali Carter, Marco Fu and Fergal O'Brien were making their debuts in the Masters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162749-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters (snooker), Wild-card round\nIn the preliminary round, the wild-card players plays the 15th and 16th seeds:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162749-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters (snooker), Qualifying\nAli Carter won the qualifying tournament, known as the 1999 Benson & Hedges Championship at the time. Karl Burrows made his only maximum break against Adrian Rosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament\nThe 2000 Masters Tournament was the 64th Masters Tournament, held April 6\u20139 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Vijay Singh won his only Masters, three strokes ahead of runner-up Ernie Els. It was the second of Singh's three major titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Field\nEach player is classified according to the first category by which he qualified, with other categories in which he qualified shown in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Field\nTommy Aaron, Seve Ballesteros, Gay Brewer, Billy Casper, Charles Coody, Fred Couples (16,17), Ben Crenshaw, Nick Faldo, Raymond Floyd, Doug Ford, Bernhard Langer (10), Sandy Lyle, Larry Mize, Jack Nicklaus, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Olaz\u00e1bal (16,17), Mark O'Meara (3,16,17), Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, Craig Stadler, Tom Watson, Tiger Woods (4,11,14,15,16,17), Ian Woosnam (10), Fuzzy Zoeller", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Field\nErnie Els (14,16,17), Lee Janzen (10,16,17), Steve Jones, Corey Pavin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Field\nJohn Daly, Paul Lawrie (16,17), Tom Lehman (14,16,17), Justin Leonard (5,13,14,16,17)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Field\nMark Brooks, Steve Elkington (10,14,16,17), Davis Love III (10,14,16,17), Vijay Singh (11,14,16,17)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Field\nBob Estes (14,16,17), Carlos Franco (14,16,17), Jim Furyk (14,16,17), Brandt Jobe, Phil Mickelson (11,14,16,17), Colin Montgomerie (16,17), Greg Norman (16), Steve Pate (14,16,17), Nick Price (14,16,17), Lee Westwood (16,17)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Field\nStuart Appleby (16,17), Notah Begay III, Glen Day (16,17), Fred Funk (16), Brent Geiberger (16,17), Scott Gump, Dudley Hart (16,17), Gabriel Hjertstedt, Scott Hoch (16,17), John Huston (16,17), Skip Kendall, Rocco Mediate, Jesper Parnevik (15,16,17), Dennis Paulson, Chris Perry (16,17), Loren Roberts (16), Jeff Sluman (16,17), David Toms (16,17), Ted Tryba, Duffy Waldorf, Mike Weir (17)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Field\nThomas Bj\u00f8rn (17), Darren Clarke (17), Retief Goosen (17), P\u00e1draig Harrington, Miguel \u00c1ngel Jim\u00e9nez (17), Masashi Ozaki (17), Naomichi Ozaki (17), Bob Tway (17), Brian Watts (17)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Field\nAll the amateurs except Danny Green were playing in their first Masters, as were Notah Begay III, \u00c1ngel Cabrera, Brent Geiberger, P\u00e1draig Harrington, Skip Kendall, Paul Lawrie, Dennis Paulson, Jean van de Velde, and Mike Weir. Sergio Garc\u00eda made his first appearance as a professional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Round summaries, Second round\nAmateurs: Gossett (+2), Baddeley (+5), Green (+5), Kim (+6), Haas (+9), Storm (+15).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162750-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters Tournament, Round summaries, Third round\nThe third round wassuspended by darkness due to two-hour rain delay and completed on Sunday morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162751-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Masters of Formula 3\nThe 2000 Marlboro Masters of Formula 3 was the tenth Masters of Formula 3 race held at Circuit Park Zandvoort on 6 August 2000. It was won by Jonathan Cochet, for Signature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162752-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Maui Invitational Tournament\nThe 2000 Maui Invitational Tournament was an early-season college basketball tournament that was played, for the 17th time, from November 20 to November 22, 2000. The tournament, which began in 1984, was part of the 2000\u201301 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The tournament was played at the Lahaina Civic Center in Maui, Hawaii and was won by the Arizona Wildcats. It was the first title for both the program and for its head coach Lute Olson after losses in the 1993 and 1997 finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162752-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Maui Invitational Tournament\nEvery school in the tournament except for Chaminade had participated in the NCAA tournament the year before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162752-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Maui Invitational Tournament\nSix of the twelve games were broadcast on ESPN or ESPN2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162753-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mauritian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Mauritius on 11 September 2000 to elect the members of the National Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162753-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mauritian general election\nThe opposition Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM) party decisively won the elections in coalition with the Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), defeating the governing Mauritian Labour Party (MLP) led coalition. They formed together the MSM/MMM As a result, in a pre-election deal Anerood Jugnauth of the Militant Socialist Movement became Prime Minister of Mauritius before handing over to Paul B\u00e9renger of the Mauritian Militant Movement in 2003; B\u00e9renger would become the first non-Hindu Prime Minister of Mauritius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162753-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mauritian general election, Background\nThe Mauritian Labour Party led by Navin Ramgoolam had governed Mauritius since winning the 1995 election. A new election had to be held by December 2000 and Ramgoolam dissolved parliament to call the election on 11 August 2000. He expected to be able to win the election in a three-way contest with the Mauritian Militant Movement and Militant Socialist Movement parties splitting the opposition vote between them. However ten days after the election was called the two main opposition parties agreed a deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162753-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Mauritian general election, Background\nThe MSM led by Anerood Jugnauth and MMM led by Paul B\u00e9renger agreed that if they won the election Jugnauth would become Prime Minister. They agreed that after three years he would step down as Prime Minister to become the President of Mauritius with enhanced powers, and that B\u00e9renger would become Prime Minister, the first non-Hindu to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162753-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Mauritian general election, Election rules\nThe election was conducted under the first past the post system with three Members of parliament being elected from each of 20 mainland constituencies. A further two MPs were elected from the island of Rodrigues. Each voter was required to vote for three candidates. Once these 62 MPs were decided the Supervisory Electoral Commission chose the eight 'best losers' to prevent any ethnic community or political party from being underrepresented. The Commission chose four MPs to balance the ethnic groups (Hindus, Muslims, Chinese and general population) and another four to balance the political parties. The 'best losers' could only come from candidates who came fourth in the 20 mainland constituencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162753-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Mauritian general election, Campaign\nThere were 43 parties putting forth 535 candidates but the main contest was between the two main coalitions that campaigned on similar platforms with the economy being the dominate election issue. The governing Mauritian Labour Party promised to raise civil servants' wages and reduce the prices of drinks while the main opposition attacked corruption. Both the government and opposition parties pledged to create 70,000 jobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162753-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Mauritian general election, Campaign\nThe campaign was peaceful and election day was quiet with the sale or serving of alcohol banned for two days during the election to prevent trouble. Observers from the Southern African Development Community praised the election for its efficient and fair conduct and the high turnout. The opposition Mauritian Militant Movement and Militant Socialist Movement parties won a decisive victory almost wiping out the governing party and the Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam admitted defeat the day after the election. Gender activists were disappointed with the results which saw only four seats won by women, a decline on the previous election in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162754-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 McDonald's All-American Boys Game\nThe 2000 McDonald's All-American Boys Game was an All-star basketball game played on Wednesday, March 29, 2000 at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts. The game's rosters featured the best and most highly recruited high school boys graduating in 2000. The game was the 23rd annual version of the McDonald's All-American Game first played in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162754-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, 2000 game\nThe game was telecast live by ESPN. The venue was the FleetCenter, home of the Boston Celtics of the NBA. The game was characterized by the high efficiency of the West players: the team took advantage of the bigger players in the roster and scored many points in the paint. Center Zach Randolph was the MVP of the game with 23 points and 15 rebounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162754-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, 2000 game\nOther players who starred were DeShawn Stevenson, the game top scorer with 25 points; Darius Miles with his 17 points; Andre Brown, another player who recorded a double-double with 20 points and 14 rebounds, like Gerald Wallace (15 pts/10 rebs); Andre Barrett, the agile 5-9 point guard, recorded 12 assists, the second best performance in the event history. Of the 24 players, 13 went on to play at least 1 game in the NBA. Following their good performance in the All-American game both Miles and Stevenson decided to forgo college and declared for the 2000 NBA Draft: Miles was the 3rd overall pick and Stevenson the 23rd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162755-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 McGill College\nThe IA Tower (Industriel Alliance Tower or Tour Industrielle Alliance), originally called Industrial Life Tower, is a 23 stories high rise building located in downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Inaugurated in 1986, it was one of the first postmodernist high rises built in downtown Montreal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162755-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 McGill College, History\nThe IA Tower was the result of a joint venture between the then Industrial Life Insurance Company and First Qu\u00e9bec Corporation. Built on McGill College Avenue, the tower was designed  to be a premium grade-A office building", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162755-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 McGill College, History\nThe original tenants included Industrial Life, Dominion Securities Pitfield, Ernst and Whinney, Quantum group and Rolland Inc. Following the 1987 merger between Industrial Life Insurance and Alliance Nationale, the tower was renamed with the Industrielle Alliance name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162755-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 McGill College, History\nLocated between Boulevard De Maisonneuve Ouest and Avenue du Pr\u00e9sident-Kennedy, the IA Tower is ornamented by city furnitures and the public artwork Le banc des secrets by Lea Vivot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162755-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 McGill College, Architecture\nDesigned by the Montreal firm  Tolchinsky and Goodz, the IA Tower is made of Quebec polished granite. The building is larger at the last three floors and is designed to provide a maximum view of the Mont-Royal. Due to its conception, every floor apart from the three top floors has eight corner offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162755-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 McGill College, Notable tenants\nView from the corner of McGill College and President Kennedy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162756-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship\nThe 2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship is the 74th edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 16 teams, with the winner going on to represent Meath in the Leinster Intermediate Club Football Championship. The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162756-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship\nThis was Carnaross' first year in the Intermediate grade since 1993, after 6 years in the Senior grade since being relegated in 1999. It was also Slane's first year back in the middle grade since 1984 after 15 years in the Senior grade since being relegated in 1999. Both Carnaross and Slane were the first clubs to feel the wrath of relegation since the format was introduced in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162756-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship\nThis was Na Fianna's first year in existence as club, formed from the amalgamation of former Junior clubs Baconstown and Enfield and Rathmolyon football teams (Rathmolyon stayed separate for hurling). Na Fianna were given the choice of playing in Intermediate or staying in the Junior grade, and they decided to go for the challenge of the Intermediate grade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162756-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship\nSt. Paul's were promoted after claiming the 1999 Meath Junior Football Championship title. This was their first period as an Intermediate club since being formed in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162756-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship\nOn 3 September 2000, St. Patrick's claimed their 2nd Intermediate championship title when they defeated Ballivor 0-9 to 0-7 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162756-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship\nBective were relegated after 3 years as an Intermediate club. St. Michael's were relegated after 2 years as an Intermediate club since being relegated from the senior grade in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162756-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship, Team changes\nThe following teams have changed division since the 1999 championship season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 59], "content_span": [60, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162756-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship, Group stage\nThere are 2 groups called Group A and B. The 2 top finishers in each Group will qualify for the semi finals. The teams that finish last in their groups will be relegated. In the event of two teams being level on points and only one qualification spot available, a playoff will be conducted to determine final placings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162756-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Intermediate Football Championship, Knock-out Stages, Finals\nThe teams in the quarter-finals are the second placed teams from each group and one group winner. The teams in the semi finals are two group winners and the quarter final winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 71], "content_span": [72, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162757-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Senior Football Championship\nThe 2000 Meath Senior Football Championship was the 108th edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 16 teams, with the winner going on to represent Meath in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship. The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162757-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Senior Football Championship\nSkryne were the defending champions after they defeated Dunshaughlin in the previous years final, and", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162757-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Senior Football Championship\nSyddan were promoted after claiming the 1999 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title, their second Intermediate win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162757-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Senior Football Championship\nOn 17 September 2000, Dunshaughlin claimed their first ever and also the first of three successive Senior Championship titles with a 1-19 to 2-6 win over Kilmainhamwood. The game was broadcast live across Ireland on TG4. Dermot Kealy raised the Keegan Cup for Dunshaughlin while his brother Richie claimed the 'Man of the Match' award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162757-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Senior Football Championship\nMoynalvey were relegated after 17 years in the senior grade. Blackhall Gaels were also relegated after 2 years as a senior club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162757-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Meath Senior Football Championship, Team changes\nThe following teams have changed division since the 1999 championship season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162758-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Meistriliiga\nThe 2000 Meistriliiga was the tenth season of the Meistriliiga, Estonia's premier football league. Levadia won their second title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162758-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Meistriliiga, League table, Relegation play-off\nKuressaare were awarded the playoff after Tervis withdrew due to unavailability of players active for the Estonian U-18 team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162758-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Meistriliiga, Results\nEach team played every opponent four times, twice at home and twice on the road, for a total of 36 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162759-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Melanesia Cup\nThe Melanesia Cup 2000 was the seventh and the last Melanesia-wide tournament ever held. It took place in Fiji and five teams participated: Fiji, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu and served for the third time as an Oceania Nations Cup qualifier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162759-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Melanesia Cup\nThe teams played each other according to a round-robin format with Fiji winning the tournament for the fifth time and qualifying to the Oceania Nations Cup 2000 along with Solomon Islands. However, 3rd place Vanuatu replaced Fiji at the latter Cup due to civil unrest in Fiji following a coup by George Speight, who overthrew Fiji's democratically elected government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162759-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Melanesia Cup, Results\nSolomon Islands and  Vanuatu* qualified for Oceania Nations Cup 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162760-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Cup\nThe 2000 Melbourne Cup was the 140th running of the Melbourne Cup, a prestigious Australian Thoroughbred horse race. The race, run over 3,200 metres (1.988\u00a0mi), was held on 6 November 2000 at Melbourne's Flemington Racecourse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162760-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Cup\nIt was won by Brew, trained by Michael Moroney and ridden by Kerrin McEvoy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162760-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Cup, Field\nThis is a list of horses which ran in the 2000 Melbourne Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season\nThe 2000 Melbourne Storm season was the 3rd in the club's history. They competed in the NRL's 2000 Premiership and finished the regular season in 6th place, being eliminated in the first week of the finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season\nThe Storm began 2000 with an easy win over St. Helens in the World Club Challenge was a great start for Melbourne, but overall the 2000 season was a disappointment. Major injuries to Marcus Bai and Robbie Ross, along with a lengthy suspension to Stephen Kearney, seriously disrupted the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season\nIt was made worse when the club was forced to negotiate its way through the trials and tribulations of twelve players coming off contract by the end of the year. Most distracting was the saga of Kimmorley as he travelled between Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in search of his future (much to the bewilderment of the Victorian public who were not used to rugby league's mid-season mayhem).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season\nWith respectable home crowds averaging over 14,000 the Storm finished the 2000 season in 6th place, earning themselves a semi-final against the Knights in Newcastle. However, the defending premiers exited with a 30-16 loss on a wet and miserable afternoon. The season's undoubted highlight was the Grand Final rematch against the Dragons at the MCG where the Storm won by an incredible scoreline of 70-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season\nTony Martin (to London) and Brett Kimmorley (to Northern Eagles) were key losses for the club in the lead up to 2001 which were slightly off-set by the arrival of half-back Matt Orford and winger Junior Langi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season, Season Summary, Jerseys\nMelbourne's jerseys were again manufactured by Fila and carried the same designs as the 1999 home and away jerseys. A special \"Millennium\" jersey design was worn in the 2000 World Club Challenge and again in round 5 against St George Illawarra Dragons. Using the home design as a template, the jersey featured reflective silver thunderbolts. The gold away jersey was only worn in rounds 19, 22, and 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season, Ladder\n1 North Queensland were stripped of 2 competition points due to a breach of the interchange rule in Round 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season, Representative honours\nThis table lists all players who have played a representative match in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season, Statistics\nThis table contains playing statistics for all Melbourne Storm players to have played in the 2000 NRL season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162761-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Melbourne Storm season, Feeder Team\nMelbourne Storm reserve players again travelled to Brisbane each week to play with Queensland Cup team Norths Devils. Making the finals for the third straight season, Norths Devils finished fifth and were eliminated in the first week of the 2000 Queensland Cup finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162762-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Memorial Cup\nThe 2000 Memorial Cup occurred May 20\u201328 at the Halifax Metro Centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It was the 82nd annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). It featured the host team, the Halifax Mooseheads as well as the winners of the Ontario Hockey League, Quebec Major Junior Hockey League and the Western Hockey League which were the Barrie Colts, Rimouski Oc\u00e9anic and the Kootenay Ice respectively. The 2000 Memorial Cup was the first ever to be played in Atlantic Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162762-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Memorial Cup\nThe Rimouski Oc\u00e9anic won their first Memorial Cup, beating the Barrie Colts in the final. The Colts in particular made the 2000 Memorial Cup a controversial one, due to the presence of numerous players on their team who were clients of the rogue sports agent David Frost, including future murder-for-hire suspect Mike Danton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162762-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Memorial Cup, Barrie Colts controversy\nThe Barrie Colts, representing the Ontario Hockey League at the tournament was known more for the erratic behaviour of the team and most notably the \"Brampton Boys\", a reference to the Toronto suburban city of Brampton. The Brampton Boys were under the guidance and influence of their former coach and erstwhile sports agent David Frost. The Brampton Boys included Ryan Barnes, Shawn Cation, captain Sheldon Keefe and future convicted felon Mike Jefferson (aka Mike Danton).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162762-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Memorial Cup, Barrie Colts controversy\nThe Brampton Boys led a walkout during a customary tournament team banquet and refused to shake hands with CHL commissioner David Branch in ceremonial face-offs. Rookie Matt Passfield was fined after it was revealed he scalped his own Memorial Cup tickets. The team failed to stand at the blue line during introductions, choosing instead to skate around their own zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162762-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Memorial Cup, Barrie Colts controversy\nHead coach Bill Stewart added more controversy by shoving the bench back during the opening game, in order to stand in front of his own players, earning a bench minor for unsportsmanlike conduct after screaming at an official and by ordering his team to do a skate around, while a Joe Canadian skit was taking place on the ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162762-0002-0002", "contents": "2000 Memorial Cup, Barrie Colts controversy\nJefferson publicly called out the two elite players of the QMJHL, stating that he wanted to slash Halifax Mooseheads forward Ramzi Abid (158 points in regular season) in the face and claiming that Rimouski Oc\u00e9anic forward/CHL Player of the Year winner Brad Richards (186 points) would be a complete unknown if he didn't play in the QMJHL and would not last five games in the OHL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162762-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Memorial Cup, Barrie Colts controversy\nThe Colts reached the Memorial Cup championship game, where they were defeated 6-2 by the Oceanic and while Jefferson shook most of the hands of the Oceanic players, he refused to shake Richards' hand after he had been named tournament MVP. Jefferson, Keefe and head coach Stewart also notoriously walked out of the Halifax Metro Centre after the final without conducting any interviews with the media. The behaviour of the Colts, most notably the Brampton Boys, drew the ire of many in hockey circles, citing their behaviour made the team appear to be boorish oafs and sore losers. The Colts recorded $10,000 worth of fines as a result of the team's conduct at the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162762-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Memorial Cup, Winning roster\nJean-Francois Babin, Jonathan Beaulieu, Thatcher Bell, Jean-Philippe Briere, Jan Philippe Cadieux, Sebastien Caron, Alexis Castonguay, Ronnie DeContie, Aaron Johnson, Juraj Kolnik, Jacques Lariviere, Brent MacLellan, Benoit Martin, Michel Ouellet, Michel Periard, Nicolas Pilote, Nicholas Poirier, Brad Richards, Joe Rullier, Eric Salvail, Shawn Scanzano, Alexandre Tremblay, Rene Vydareny. Coach: Doris Labonte", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162763-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Memphis Tigers football team\nThe 2000 Memphis Tigers football team represented the University of Memphis in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Memphis competed as a member of the Conference USA. The team was led by head coach Rip Scherer, who was fired at the conclusion of the season. The Tigers played their home games at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162764-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's British Open Squash Championship\nThe 2000 Eye Group British Open Championships was held at the Edgbaston Priory Club with the later stages at the National Indoor Arena from 9\u201315 October 2000. David Evans won the title defeating Paul Price in the final. Bradley Ball replaced number one seed Peter Nicol in the main draw following the withdrawal of Nicol from the tournament with a stress fracture of the shin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162765-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier\nThe Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier for the 2000 Summer Olympics was held in Osaka, Japan, from March 9\u201320, 2000. Twelve nations took part, and they played a round robin divided into two groups. The top six teams qualify through to the Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162766-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy\nThe 2000 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy was the 22nd edition of the Hockey Champions Trophy men's field hockey tournament. It was held from 27 May \u2013 4 June 2000 in the Wagener Stadium in Amstelveen, Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162767-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships\nThe 2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships were the 64th such event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. 42 teams representing their countries participated in several levels of competition. The competition also served as qualifications for division placements in the 2001 competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162767-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group B (Poland)\nPlayed April 12\u201321 in Katowice and Krakow. This was the final year of the qualifying tournaments (except for the \"Far East\"), so it was a simple matter of the winner being promoted. This was also the final year of the traditional eight team tournament. Beginning in 2001 Group B would be renamed 'Division I' and consist of two six team divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 78], "content_span": [79, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162767-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group B (Poland), Final Round 17\u201324 Place\nGermany was promoted to the 2001 IIHF World Championship. No team was relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 103], "content_span": [104, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162767-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group C (China PR)\nPlayed March 20\u201326 in Beijing. In 1999 Group C was disrupted because of political issues surrounding Kosovo. The IIHF chose to have no team relegated and have Yugoslavia retain their position, the result was a nine team tournament this year. With the forthcoming realignment, four nations had the opportunity to be promoted to Division I, the remaining five would participate in next year's Division II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 80], "content_span": [81, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162767-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group C (China PR), Group 2\nCroatia came back from a two goal deficit to tie Romania, and thereby clinch a promotion to Division I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 89], "content_span": [90, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162767-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group D (Iceland)\nPlayed April 10\u201316 in Reykjavik. The upcoming realignment meant that seven of the nine teams moved up to \"Division II\" for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 79], "content_span": [80, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162767-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group D (Iceland), Group 2\nBoth Australia and New Zealand were promoted to Division II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 88], "content_span": [89, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162767-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group D (Iceland), Group 3\nBoth Belgium and South Africa were promoted to Division II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 88], "content_span": [89, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162767-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group D (Iceland), Consolation Round 40\u201342 Place\nBoth Luxembourg and Turkey had to stay behind in what was initially called Division II Qualification (later renamed Division III). There was no third team to play against so they both simply skipped a year and joined Division II in 2002", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 110], "content_span": [111, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162768-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Pan American Cup\nThe 2000 Men's Pan American Cup was the first edition of the Men's Pan American Cup, the quadrennial men's international field hockey championship of the Americas organized by the Pan American Hockey Federation. It was held from 22 June to 2 July 2000 in Havana, Cuba. The tournament doubled as the qualifier to the 2002 Hockey World Cup to be held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The winner would qualify directly while the teams ranked between 2nd and 5th would have the chance to obtain one of seven berths at the World Cup Qualifier in Edinburgh, Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162768-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's Pan American Cup\nCuba won the tournament for the first time after defeating Canada 2\u20131 in the final, earning an automatic berth at the 2002 Hockey World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162769-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Men's World Floorball Championships\nThe 2000 Men's Floorball Championships were the third men's Floorball World Championships. It was held in May 2000 in Norway, and won by Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162770-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes Cup\nThe 2000 Mercedes Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Tennis Club Weissenhof in Stuttgart, Germany that was part of the International Series Gold of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 52nd edition of the tournament and was held from 17 July until 23 July 2000. Fifth-seeded Franco Squillari won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162770-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes Cup, Finals, Singles\nFranco Squillari defeated  Gast\u00f3n Gaudio 6\u20132, 3\u20136, 4\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162770-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes Cup, Finals, Doubles\nJi\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k /  David Rikl defeated  Lucas Arnold Ker /  Donald Johnson 5\u20137, 6\u20132, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162771-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes Cup \u2013 Doubles\nJaime Oncins and Daniel Orsanic were the defending champions, but lost in first round to Magnus Norman and Marat Safin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162771-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes Cup \u2013 Doubles\nJi\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k and David Rikl won the title by defeating Lucas Arnold Ker and Donald Johnson 5\u20137, 6\u20132, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162772-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes Cup \u2013 Singles\nMagnus Norman was the defending champion, but lost to Daniel Elsner in the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162772-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes Cup \u2013 Singles\nFranco Squillari won the title, defeating Gast\u00f3n Gaudio 6\u20132, 3\u20136, 4\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162773-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes-Benz Cup\nThe 2000 Mercedes-Benz Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Los Angeles Tennis Center in Los Angeles, California in the United States and was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from July 24 through July 30, 2000. Fourth-seeded Michael Chang won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162773-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes-Benz Cup, Finals, Doubles\nPaul Kilderry /  Sandon Stolle defeated  Jan-Michael Gambill /  Scott Humphries walkover", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162774-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes-Benz Cup \u2013 Doubles\nByron Black and Wayne Ferreira were the defending champions, but Black did not compete this year. Ferreira teamed up with Kevin Ullyett and lost in the semifinals to tournament runner-ups Jan-Michael Gambill and Scott Humphries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162774-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes-Benz Cup \u2013 Doubles\nPaul Kilderry and Sandon Stolle won the title by walkover, as Gambill was injured during the singles final due to knee and ankle sprains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162775-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes-Benz Cup \u2013 Singles\nPete Sampras was the defending champion, but did not participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162775-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mercedes-Benz Cup \u2013 Singles\nMichael Chang won the title after Jan-Michael Gambill retired at the end of the second set of the final due to knee and ankle sprains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162776-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Merdeka Tournament\nThe 2000 Merdeka Tournament was the 36th incidence of the Merdeka Tournament and was held 13 to 19 August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162777-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament took place on May 21 and 22, 2000. The top four regular season finishers of the league's teams met in the single-elimination tournament held at Dutchess Stadium in Wappingers Falls, New York. Marist won their first tournament championship and earned the conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162777-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding\nThe top four teams were seeded one through four based on their conference winning percentage. They then played a single-elimination tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 68], "content_span": [69, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162777-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Valuable Player\nKevin Ool was named Tournament Most Outstanding Player. Ool was a freshman pitcher for Marist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 102], "content_span": [103, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162778-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Metro Manila Film Festival\nThe 26th Metro Manila Film Festival was held in Manila, Philippines starting December 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162778-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Metro Manila Film Festival\nGloria Romero, received the Best Actress plum during the 2000 Metro Manila Film Festival for her role in Star Cinema's Tanging Yaman. It was a popular victory acknowledged with a standing ovation for a revered actress. The movie also received eight more major awards including the Best Picture, the Gatpuno Antonio J. Villegas Cultural Awards, Best Actor for Johnny Delgado and Metro Manila Film Festival Award for Best Director and Best Original Story for two-time winner Laurice Guillen among others. On the other hand, GMA Films' Deathrow took home four awards including the Second Best Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election\nGeneral elections were held in Mexico on Sunday, July 2, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election\nVoters went to the polls to elect a new President of the Republic to serve a six-year term, replacing then Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Le\u00f3n (ineligible for re-election under the 1917 Constitution); the election system ran under plurality voting; 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies  (300 by the first-past-the-post system and 200 by proportional representation) for a three-year term; and 128 members of the Senate (three per state by first-past-the-post (two first-past-the-post seats are allocated to the party with the largest share of the vote, and the remaining seat is given to the first runner-up) and 32 by proportional representation from national party lists) for six-year terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election\nThe presidential elections were won by Vicente Fox of the Alliance for Change, who received 43.4% of the vote, the first time the opposition had won an election since the Mexican Revolution. In the Congressional elections the Alliance for Change emerged as the largest faction in the Chamber of Deputies with 224 of the 500 seats, whilst the Institutional Revolutionary Party remained the largest faction in the Senate with 60 of the 128 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was between 63 and 64% in the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election\nThis historically significant election made Fox the first president elected from an opposition party since Francisco I. Madero in 1910, and the first one in 71 years to defeat, with 42 percent of the vote, the then-dominant Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election, Opinion polls\nPRI candidate Francisco Labastida led in nearly all the polls throughout the first months of the campaign, although in the final two months his lead grew smaller; on the other hand, PAN candidate Vicente Fox was at second place in most of the polls, but in May and June his percentage of supporters increased and he led in many of the final polls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election, Opinion polls\nGiven that the overwhelming majority of the polls failed to predict Fox's victory and instead had indicated that Labastida would win by comfortable margins, it has been asserted that many of those polled lied about their preferences, fearing that if they stated support for an opposition party, they would be stripped by the PRI of the government assistance programs they were receiving. Indeed, the Reforma newspaper, which had predicted a Labastida victory in all of the polls they published during the campaign, attributed their mistake to the so-called fear factor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election, Conduct\nSome isolated incidents of irregularities and problems were reported. For example, one irregularity in the southern state of Campeche involved the European Union electoral observer Rocco Buttiglione and could have created problems for President Ernesto Zedillo had the PRI candidate won. Overall, however, electoral observers identified little evidence that those incidents were centrally coordinated (as opposed to led by local PRI officials), and critics concluded that those irregularities which did occur did not materially alter the outcome of the presidential vote, which had been more definitive than expected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election, Conduct\nCivic organizations fielded more than 80,000 trained electoral observers, foreign observers were invited to witness the process, and numerous \"quick count\" operations and exit polls (not all of them independent) validated the official vote tabulation. The largest exit poll was organized by the U.S. firm Penn, Schoen & Berland, financed by a hitherto obscure outfit in Dallas called Democracy Watch. It emerged later that Democracy Watch had effectively been created by Vicente Fox campaign insiders to help prevent the success of any expected election fraud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election, Conduct\nNumerous electoral reforms implemented since 1989 aided in the opening of the Mexican political system, and since then opposition parties have made historic gains in elections at all levels. The chief electoral concerns shifted from outright fraud to campaign fairness issues and, between 1995 and 1996, the political parties negotiated constitutional amendments to address these issues. The legislation implemented included major points of consensus that had been worked out with the opposition parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election, Conduct\nUnder the new laws, public financing predominated over private contributions to political parties, procedures for auditing parties were tightened, and the authority and independence of the electoral institutions were strengthened. The court system was also given greatly expanded authority to hear civil rights cases on electoral matters brought by individuals or groups. In short, the extensive reform efforts of the 1990s \"leveled the playing field\" for the parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162779-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexican general election, Campaign items (image gallery)\nCamacho Sol\u00eds and Bartlett (as PRI presidential pre-candidate) campaign buttons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162780-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexx Benelux Open\nThe 2000 Mexx Benelux Open  was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Antwerp, Belgium that was part of the Tier IV category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 15 May until 21 May 2000. First-seeded Amanda Coetzer won the singles title and the accompanying $22,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162780-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexx Benelux Open, Finals, Doubles\nSabine Appelmans /  Kim Clijsters defeated  Jennifer Hopkins /  Petra Rampre, 6\u20131, 6\u20131", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162781-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexx Benelux Open \u2013 Doubles\nLaura Golarsa and Katarina Srebotnik were the defending champions, but none competed this year. Golarsa was injured and couldn't play in the entire season, while Srebotnik competed in the Fed Cup at the same week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162781-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexx Benelux Open \u2013 Doubles\nSabine Appelmans and Kim Clijsters won the title by defeating Jennifer Hopkins and Petra Rampre 6\u20131, 6\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162782-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexx Benelux Open \u2013 Singles\nJustine Henin was the defending champion, and did not compete this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162782-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mexx Benelux Open \u2013 Singles\nAmanda Coetzer won the title by defeating Cristina Torrens Valero 4\u20136, 6\u20132, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season\nThe 2000 Miami Dolphins season was the franchise's 31st season in the National Football League, the 35th overall and was their first under new head coach Dave Wannstedt who was named the fourth head coach in franchise history on January 16, 2000, the same day that Jimmy Johnson announced his retirement from coaching. This was also the first season since 1982 that long-time quarterback Dan Marino was not on the roster, as he announced his retirement prior to the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season\nBelieved by many as the greatest Miami Dolphin of all time, Marino led the Dolphins to 10 playoff appearances, as well as Super Bowl XIX, and is the winningest quarterback to have not won a Super Bowl. Jay Fiedler, who left the Jacksonville Jaguars, succeeded Marino as starting quarterback. Damon Huard remained a backup quarterback and started for Fiedler in one game during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season\nAlthough Marino was no longer on the team, the Dolphins hoped to improve from their 9\u20137 record in the previous season. The Dolphins began the season strong, with a 6\u20132 record halfway through. Both losses were by small margins. The second loss occurred during a road game dubbed the Monday Night Miracle, against the New York Jets, which scored 30\u00a0points in the fourth quarter and then defeated the Dolphins by a field goal in overtime. The Dolphins fared only slightly worse in the second half of the season, winning five games and losing three. The team finished with a record of 11\u20135, their best record since 1992. This was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive winning season and the first time the club won the AFC East title since 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season\nAdditionally, this was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive season in which they advanced to the playoffs. In the wild card round, they defeated the Indianapolis Colts by a score of 23\u201317 in overtime. However, the Dolphins were shut out 27\u20130 by the Oakland Raiders in the divisional round the following week. As of the 2020 season, this is the last season that Miami has won a playoff game, making it 20 straight years that the Miami Dolphins have failed to win in the playoffs. It also marked the last time the Dolphins swept the New England Patriots during the regular season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 1: vs. Seattle Seahawks\nJay Fiedler started as quarterback in the first Miami Dolphins season opener without Dan Marino since 1983. Fiedler threw for 134 yards, completing 15 out of 24 passes, with no turnovers. In contrast, Seattle Seahawks quarterback Jon Kitna was intercepted four times and lost a fumble. Two of the four interceptions were caught by cornerback Sam Madison. Overall, Seattle had six turnovers. Kitna completed 6 out of 13 passes for only 54 yards, before being benched early in the third quarter due to poor performance and being replaced by Brock Huard, brother of Damon Huard. Dolphins running back Lamar Smith rushed for 145 yards. Winning 23\u20130, Miami caused Seattle to have their first shutout defeat since their 0\u201319 loss to the Los Angeles Raiders in October\u00a01992. Miami opened the season with a record of 1\u20130 for the ninth consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 2: at Minnesota Vikings\nMiami traveled to Minneapolis for their first road game of the season against the Minnesota Vikings on September\u00a010. Although Minnesota dominated Miami in terms of yardage, the game remained close throughout because mistakes by both teams kept them of out the opponent's end zone until the fourth quarter. Fiedler threw for 175\u00a0yards, completing only 12 of 31 passes and throwing an interception to Keith Thibodeaux in the third quarter. Vikings quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 355 yards and completed 23-for-37, but had three interceptions. Minnesota scored first during the first quarter with a field goal by Gary Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 2: at Minnesota Vikings\nHowever, neither team would record another score until the fourth quarter. After another field goal from Anderson and a touchdown pass from Culpepper to Randy Moss, the score was 13\u20130 in favor of Minnesota with 1:56 left in the game. Miami finally scored with a 2-yard touchdown pass from Fiedler to Thurman Thomas with barely a minute on the clock. After that, the Dolphins attempted an onside kick, but the ball was recovered by Orlando Thomas of the Vikings, effectively ending the game with a 13\u20137 win for Minnesota. Miami fell to 1\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 3: vs. Baltimore Ravens\nThe Dolphins returned to Miami to play against the Baltimore Ravens on September\u00a017. Fiedler threw 11-for-16 with 160\u00a0yards, including a touchdown pass and an interception. In the second half, all seven of his pass attempts were successful. Miami scored in each quarter, with a field goal from Olindo Mare in the first and second periods and a pair of touchdowns by Lamar Smith in the third and fourth quarters. Following the fourth quarter touchdown, Mare missed the extra point, only the second time in his 99\u00a0career attempts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 3: vs. Baltimore Ravens\nOn the Ravens team, quarterback Tony Banks threw for 189\u00a0yards with 19\u00a0out of 31\u00a0completions, but was sacked six times, intercepted once, and fumbled twice. Facing constant pressure from the Miami defense, Banks was often forced to throw short passes. Unable to reach the Miami end zone, Baltimore had to settle for two field goals from Matt Stover, one each in the third and fourth quarters. Although the Ravens had four more total yards than the Dolphins, Miami was able to win the game with a score of 19\u20136. The Dolphins improved to 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 3: vs. Baltimore Ravens\nDuring halftime, a 19-minute ceremony was held to honor Dan Marino and retire number 13. The ceremony was begun by former quarterback Bob Griese and included video highlights of Marino's career with the Dolphins. Former head coach Don Shula inducted Marino into the Miami Dolphins Honor Roll. Miami Dolphins president Eddie Jones then presented a life-size statue of Marino on the grounds of Pro Player Stadium. As a result of the ceremony, more than 90\u00a0Dolphins alumni were in attendance at this game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 89], "content_span": [90, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 4: vs. New England Patriots\nIn the Dolphins first division rivalry game of the season, the New England Patriots traveled to play Miami at home on September\u00a024. Neither team performed exceptionally well in terms of passing, rushing, or scoring. Fiedler completed only 50% of his passes, throwing 12-for-24 with 153\u00a0yards, which included one touchdown and two interceptions. The first interception, which occurred late in the first quarter, would allow New England to score first, with a field goal by Adam Vinatieri early in the second quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 93], "content_span": [94, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 4: vs. New England Patriots\nPatriots quarterback Drew Bledsoe had a slightly worse pass completion percentage than Fiedler and was 16-for-33 with 161\u00a0yards at the end of the game. With New England leading 3\u20130 at 14:43\u00a0left in the second quarter, Miami answered with a 53-yard touchdown pass from Fiedler to Bert Emanuel about three minutes later. The Dolphins reinforced their lead with a field goal from Mare with only seconds left in the second quarter. Neither Miami nor New England would score for the rest of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 93], "content_span": [94, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0007-0002", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 4: vs. New England Patriots\nThe Patriots attempted to force overtime or win the game with a touchdown at just 1:08 left in the fourth quarter. However, the pass from Bledsoe to Eric Bjornson on fourth down at the Miami 5-yard line was incomplete, turning the ball over to Miami with barely a minute on the clock. Thus, the Dolphins won 10\u20133 and improved to 3\u20131. The 2000 Miami Dolphins became the first NFL team to allow only one touchdown in the first four games and had only allowed 22\u00a0points by the end of this game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 93], "content_span": [94, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 5: at Cincinnati Bengals\nIn week 5, Miami traveled to Cincinnati for a match-up against the Bengals on October\u00a01. Fiedler passed 155\u00a0yards and completed 14 out of 21, but threw an interception. He also rushed for 45\u00a0yards. Bengal quarterback Akili Smith completed 20 out of 38 passes for 178\u00a0yards, while rushing for 43\u00a0yards. Additionally, Corey Dillon of the Bengals rushed for 110\u00a0yards. During the game, Cincinnati held Miami scoreless at 13\u20130 until near the end of the second quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 5: at Cincinnati Bengals\nThe Dolphins proceeded to score five times from late in the second quarter to early in the fourth quarter, beginning with a field goal by Mare. As the clock ran out during the second quarter, Jason Taylor was able to recover a fumble by Cincinnati and return the ball for a touchdown, ending the first half with a score of 13\u201310 in favor of Cincinnati. Miami scored two touchdowns in the third quarter, the first an 18-yard rush by Lamar Smith and the second a 7-yard pass from Fiedler to Oronde Gadsden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0008-0002", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 5: at Cincinnati Bengals\nThe Dolphins scored another touchdown early in the fourth quarter, also a reception from Fiedler to Gadsden. About midway through the fourth quarter, the Bengals finally scored again with a field goal by Neil Rackers. Cincinnati was unable to stage a comeback, with Miami winning 31\u201316. The Dolphins record improved to 4\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 6: vs. Buffalo Bills\nIn week 6, the Miami Dolphins fought the Buffalo Bills at home on October\u00a08. Thurman Thomas, who played for the Bills from 1988\u20131999, competed against his former team in this game. Fiedler completed 14 out of 24 passes with a total of 142\u00a0yards. Rob Johnson, who started this game as quarterback for the Bills, threw 178\u00a0yards and went only 11-for-26 on pass completions. Johnson was sacked five times, losing 40\u00a0yards. After the tendinitis in Johnson's throwing elbow flared up, he was replaced by Doug Flutie late in the fourth quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 6: vs. Buffalo Bills\nFlutie would complete three out of six passes for 44\u00a0yards, but he was sacked and intercepted once. After both teams each scored a field goal in the first quarter, Miami proceeded to score 12\u00a0points before Buffalo scored again in the fourth quarter. Buffalo narrowed the score to 15\u201313 in favor of Miami and attempted to take the lead late in the final period. However, Bills running back Sammy Morris fumbled on Buffalo's 16\u00a0yard line, with the ball being recovered by Madison and returned for a touchdown. Flutie being intercepted with 2:00 left on the clock prevented Buffalo from scoring again. Miami won 22\u201313 and improved to 5\u20131. This was the first regular season game since week 2 in 1998 that the Dolphins defeated the Bills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 8: at New York Jets\nComing off of bye week, the Dolphins traveled to the Giants Stadium to challenge division rival New York Jets on October\u00a023, a Monday Night Football game. Fiedler passed for 250\u00a0yards, going 16-for-35 in completions. However, he was intercepted three times. Lamar Smith rushed for 155\u00a0yards on 23\u00a0attempts, one of which was 68\u00a0yards. Jets quarterback Vinny Testaverde completed 36 out of 59\u00a0completions for 378\u00a0yards, but was also intercepted three times. The Dolphins dominated the game for the first three quarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 8: at New York Jets\nThe Jets did not obtain a first down until 8:04 in the second quarter, by which time the Dolphins already scored 20\u00a0points, including two touchdowns and two field goals. Late in the second quarter, New York score a touchdown with a pass from Testaverde to Wayne Chrebet, but Miami responded with another field goal as the first half of the game ended. With 15\u00a0seconds remaining in the third quarter, the Dolphins scored another touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 8: at New York Jets\nAt the beginning of the fourth quarter, Miami led New York 30\u20137. The Jets then proceeded to quickly close the 23-point deficit throughout the fourth quarter. By 3:55 left in the game, New York tied the game at 30\u201330, after scoring three touchdowns and a field goal, with a failed two-point conversion. About 22\u00a0seconds later, Miami scored a touchdown to re-take the lead. However, New York answered with another touchdown with 42\u00a0seconds left in regulation. Neither team scored again and the game went into overtime because of a 37\u201337 tie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 8: at New York Jets\nIn the fourth quarter, the Dolphins had only 1\u00a0first down versus 20 for the Jets, which was more than 15\u00a0other NFL teams had in their entire game in week 8. During overtime, Fiedler was intercepted about one minute in by Marcus Coleman, but Coleman fumbled and Miami recovered. However, Fiedler was soon intercepted again by Coleman; this time, the Dolphins were overturned. The Jets then drove the ball to Miami's 23\u00a0yard line. With 8:13 left in overtime, John Hall kicked a field goal, ending the game 40\u201337 in favor of New York. The Dolphins fell to 5\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers\nMiami returned home to play against the Green Bay Packers on October\u00a029. Fiedler went 16-for-25, throwing for 158\u00a0yards. Packers quarterback Brett Favre threw 194\u00a0yards, completing 21 out of 34\u00a0passes. The Packers scored first and by early in the second quarter, they had accumulated 17\u00a0points, with two touchdowns and a field goal. Green Bay did not allow Miami any points until 1:15\u00a0left in the second quarter, at which time the Dolphins scored a touchdown by a 1-yard rush from Fiedler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers\nIn the third quarter, Miami scored three touchdowns, one of which occurred shortly after a fake punt by Larry Izzo, while another was a punt return by Jeff Ogden. Holding Green Bay scoreless in the third quarter, Miami took the lead with a score of 28\u201317. The Packers scored again in the fourth quarter with a field goal to cut the Dolphins lead to 8\u00a0points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0012-0002", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers\nHowever, Green Bay was overturned twice on their final two possessions, first a Brock Marion interception of Favre and later Favre fumbled after being sacked by Trace Armstrong, with the ball being recovered by Kenny Mixon. The game ended with a score of 28\u201320 in favor of Miami. The Dolphins improved to 6\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 10: at Detroit Lions\nMiami traveled to Detroit for a game against the Lions on November\u00a05. Fiedler threw 112\u00a0yards on 13 out of 18\u00a0successful completions. Lions quarterback Charlie Batch went 8-for-16 on pass completions for 95\u00a0yards. However, Batch was injured in the third quarter and replaced by Stoney Case, who threw 7 out of 11 passes for 74\u00a0yards, with one interception. Miami dominated throughout the game. After Jason Hanson of the Lions kicked off, it was returned to about midfield by Autry Denson. Smith then ran for 46\u00a0yards, scoring a touchdown on the first play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 10: at Detroit Lions\nMare's onside kick was recovered by Terrance Shaw of the Dolphins. Miami capitalized on this and scored another touchdown, leaving Detroit losing 0\u201314 near the middle of the first quarter, having yet to make a single play. In the second and third quarters, Mare kicked a total of three field goals. The Dolphins held the Lions scoreless until early in the fourth quarter, when Detroit made a touchdown and a subsequent 2-point conversion. Neither team scored again in the fourth quarter, causing the game to end 23\u20138 in favor of Miami. The Dolphins improved to 7\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 86], "content_span": [87, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 11: at San Diego Chargers\nMiami traveled to San Diego for a match-up against the Chargers on November\u00a012. Fiedler threw 13\u2013for\u201320 for 160\u00a0yards. Miami accumulated 84\u00a0rushing yards, with 69\u00a0yards from Lamar Smith. San Diego used three quarterbacks. The starter, Moses Moreno, completed 9 out of 21\u00a0passes for 67\u00a0yards and was intercepted twice, before leaving the game early in the third quarter due to injury. Ryan Leaf also went 9-for-21, throwing 92\u00a0yards and was intercepted once. He remained in the game until being injured late in the fourth quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 91], "content_span": [92, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 11: at San Diego Chargers\nJim Harbaugh then played, throwing 2 out of 5 passes for 19\u00a0yards, as well as one interception. Thus, this game was the first since 1993 where three quarterbacks for a team threw interceptions in one game. The Dolphins led in scoring throughout the game, beginning with a touchdown as a result of a 2-yard run from Smith early in the first quarter. Smith rushed 6\u00a0yards for another touchdown early in the second quarter. Miami's defense limited San Diego to only 55\u00a0offense yards in the first half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 91], "content_span": [92, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0014-0002", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 11: at San Diego Chargers\nIn the third quarter, the Dolphins scored again with a field goal by Mare. The Chargers finally scored early in the fourth quarter with an 8-yard touchdown pass from Leaf to Fred McCrary. However, San Diego was unable to complete a comeback and the game ended with a 17\u20137 win for Miami. The Dolphins improved to 8\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 91], "content_span": [92, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 12: vs. New York Jets\nAfter two weeks on the road, Miami returned to Pro Player Stadium for another game against the New York Jets on November\u00a019. Just 12\u00a0seconds into the game, Fiedler was sacked by Mo Lewis and suffered an injury that forced him to head for the sideline. Fiedler was replaced by Damon Huard, who went 16\u2013for\u201329 for 128\u00a0yards, but also threw three interceptions. Vinny Testaverde of the Jets performed similarly, completing 14 out of 29 passes for 113\u00a0yards and being intercepted twice. The contest remained close until the fourth quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 87], "content_span": [88, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Regular season, Games summaries, Week 12: vs. New York Jets\nIn the first half, New York scored two field goals, while Miami had one, ending the half 6\u20133 for the Jets. Neither team gained points in the third quarter. About halfway through the fourth quarter, New York scored a touchdown with an 18-yard rush from Bernie Parmalee, a former Dolphin. With another rushing touchdown from Parmalee a few minutes later, the Jets sealed their victory with a score of 20\u20133. Prior to this game, Miami allowed only three touchdowns at home during the 2000\u00a0season. New York limited Miami to only 200\u00a0yards of offense. The Dolphins fell to 8\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 87], "content_span": [88, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162783-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Dolphins season, Playoffs, AFC Wild Card Game vs. Indianapolis Colts\nMiami advanced to the playoffs after winning the AFC East title. In the Wildcard round they hosted their division rivals the Indianapolis Colts. Fiedler threw for 185\u00a0yards, completing 19 passes from 34 attempts. However, he threw three interceptions, all in the first half of the game. Lamar Smith rushed for 209\u00a0yards on 40\u00a0attempts, a club record held until Ricky Williams rushed for 42\u00a0attempts against the Buffalo Bills during week 3 in 2003. The Dolphins won 23\u201317 in overtime on a 17-yard run by Smith. This is the most recent post-season win for the Miami Dolphins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team\nThe 2000 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Hurricanes' 75th season of football and tenth as a member of the Big East Conference. The Hurricanes were led by sixth-year head coach Butch Davis and played their home games at the Orange Bowl. They finished the season 11\u20131 overall and 7\u20130 in the Big East to finish as conference champion. They were invited to the Sugar Bowl where they defeated Florida, 37\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Season summary\nThe 2000 University of Miami Hurricanes football season added to the legendary and controversial lore of one of the most hated and celebrated teams in NCAA college Football history. This was widely considered the best University of Miami football team not to compete in a national championship game. The 2000 Season returned the Hurricanes to elite college football status after being penalized with NCAA scholarship restrictions due to the results of NCAA violations from the Jimmy Johnson-Dennis Erickson eras. The 2000 Miami team was coached by Butch Davis, who returned to Miami in the 1995 season after coaching the defensive line and as Defensive Coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys. Davis was also a one time assistant coach under Jimmy Johnson at Miami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Season summary, at Washington\nThe lowest-point of the season was the second game loss at the Washington Huskies. This was the game that ultimately cost  Miami a chance to play in the BCS National championship game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Season summary, Florida State\nMemorable games in the 2000 season included beating top ranked FSU for the first time since 1994 in the \"Wide Right 2\" game. In the game, FSU had a chance to tie the game on last second field goal. Miami CB Mike Rumph sprinted off the line untouched and came within 1 foot of blocking the kick, causing the FSU kicker to adjust and kicking the field goal \"Wide Right\". This was the third game in the Miami/FSU rivalry where FSU had missed a game ending field goal \"Wide Right\". Up to this point, this was the most important win in the Butch Davis-coached Miami U teams, proving that Miami could beat a #1 ranked team again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Season summary, Virginia Tech\nAnother highlight of the 2000 season was beating second-ranked Virginia Tech, led by an injured Michael Vick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 66], "content_span": [67, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Season summary, vs. Florida (Sugar Bowl)\nThe 2000 Miami Hurricance finished the season by soundly beating the University of Florida Gators in the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Controversies\nDespite beating the Number 1/2 ranked football teams during the 2000 season and losing only 1 game, the BCS computer model (which chose the two finalist for the NCAA college football season) chose FSU ahead of University of Miami to play in the National Championship game. The BCS computer model differential computation was partially based on Washington Huskies final ranking and amount of loss point differential, despite Miami beating FSU. Most college football pundits felt the BCS model was wrong since 1-loss Washington beat Miami who beat FSU. This season was one of the deciding factors in ultimately doing away with the BCS computer only model for choosing the National Championship teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Controversies\nDuring the week of the Sugar Bowl, University of Miami and University of Florida Football teams engaged in an infamous street fight in New Orleans, dubbed the \"Bourbon Street Brawl\", which was the end result of several Florida players engaging in trash talk with University of Miami DB Al Blades at a night club. The argument spilled out onto the street with several University of Miami players leaving other bars to support Blades including hulking 300 pound plus freshmen Vince Wilfork, Bryant McKinnie, and Jonathan Vilma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Controversies\nUp to 25 players engaged in a street brawl on Bourbon Street with the New Orleans Police being called to break up the fight. Several University of Florida football players showed signs of the fight with bruises on their faces in PR leading up to the game. No arrests were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Controversies\nAfter the Sugar bowl, head coach Butch Davis accepted the head coaching position for the NFL Cleveland Browns. This was a shock to the entire University Miami program as Davis had told the team and 2001 recruits that he would be returning to the team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162784-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Hurricanes football team, Controversies\nWith their core 2000 roster intact, including Heisman candidates Ken Dorsey and Clinton Portis, Miami would start the 2001 season ranked Number 1. The 2000 team was featured in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentaries, \"U part 2,\" and in, \"U Reloaded\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162785-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami RedHawks football team\nThe 2000 Miami RedHawks football team represented the Miami University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They played their home games at Yager Stadium in Oxford, Ohio and competed as members of the Mid-American Conference. The team was coached by head coach Terry Hoeppner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162786-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Miami Sol season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the 1st season for the Miami Sol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162787-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan 500\nThe 2000 Michigan 500 was the eleventh round of the twenty-round 2000 CART season. It happened at the Michigan International Speedway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162787-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan 500, Qualifying\nThe Canadian driver Paul Tracy, from Team Green, set the pole, followed by Michael Andretti and Christian Fittipaldi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162787-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan 500, Race\nEventual winner Juan Pablo Montoya led the race at the end of the first lap through to lap 16, where he was overtaken by eventual runner up Michael Andretti. Across the 250 laps, the race saw nine different leaders, with 52 lead changes. There were five cautions over the course of the race, taking 38 laps in total. Thirteen cars did not finish the race, and only seven cars completed the full 500-mile distance. The race culminated in a battle between Montoya and Andretti, with seven lead changes in the final twenty laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162787-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Michigan 500, Race\nMontoya set the race's fastest lap on lap 232 of 250. Andretti led lap 249, but was passed by Montoya on the final lap. Montoya's margin of victory was just 0.040s. Montoya's victory was Toyota's second in ChampCar, and he became the first driver since Rick Mears in 1991 to win both the Indy 500 and Michigan 500 in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162787-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan 500, Championship Battle\nMichael Andretti became the new leader of the championship with 100 points. The previous leader, Roberto Moreno was in 2nd with 90 points. Race winner Juan Pablo Montoya moved up to 5th in the Championship standings with 74 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162788-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan State Spartans football team\nThe 2000 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Spartans played their home games at Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan. This was the first year for head coach Bobby Williams, who took over the program after previous head coach Nick Saban had left to take the head coaching position at Louisiana State University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162788-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan State Spartans football team, 2001 NFL Draft\nThe following players were selected in the 2001 NFL Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 58], "content_span": [59, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162789-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan Wolverines football team\nThe 2000 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Lloyd Carr. The Wolverines played their home games at Michigan Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162789-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan Wolverines football team, Statistical achievements\nDavid Terrell was the Big Ten receiving yardage champion for all games with 94.2 yards per game. The team led the Big Ten in passing efficiency for conference games (148.0) and all games (155.3). They led the conference in turnover margin (+1.13, co-leader with Northwestern) in conference games and (+1.08) in all games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162789-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan Wolverines football team, Statistical achievements\nAnthony Thomas set several school records: single-season carries (319), eclipsing the 303 mark by Tim Biakabutuka set five years earlier and broken three years later by Chris Perry; career carries (924), breaking Jamie Morris' thirteen-year-old record of 809 and broken seven years later by Mike Hart; career yards (4472), also breaking Jamie Morris' thirteen-year-old record of 4393 and broken seven years later by Hart; career rushing touchdowns (52), breaking Tyrone Wheatley's six-year-old record of 47 and still standing; single season yards per game (144.4), eclipsing Morris' 141.9 from 1987 and still standing; single-season 150-yard games (6), surpassing Morris and Rob Lytle who had 5 in 1987 and 1976, respectively; career 100-yard games (22) eclipsing Wheatley's 20 in 1994 and surpassed by Hart in 2007; career 150-yard games (9), surpassing Morris' 7 set in 1987 and surpassed by Hart in 2007. Drew Henson ended his career with the current school record for lowest interception percentage (1.87), surpassing Michael Taylor's 2.55 set in 1989. Terrell broke Amani Toomer's single season reception yards record of 1096 by posting 1130 yards, but Marquise Walker surpassed this record the following season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 1282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162789-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Awards and honors\nThe individuals in the sections below earned recognition for meritorious performances at the national, conference and team levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162790-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 MicronPC.com Bowl\nThe 2000 MicronPC.com Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida, between the Minnesota Golden Gophers and the North Carolina State Wolfpack. This was the 11th edition of the bowl originally known as the Blockbuster Bowl, and the third (and final) edition sponsored by MicronPC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162790-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 MicronPC.com Bowl, Game summary\nMinnesota got off to a very quick start in the first quarter scoring 21 points by way of three touchdowns, two of them from running back Tellis Redmon. The Gophers would then add a field goal to that total before NC State got on the board with a 2-yard pass and two-point conversion from freshman quarterback Philip Rivers to make the score 24\u20138 going into halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162790-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 MicronPC.com Bowl, Game summary\nThe Wolfpack stormed out of the break with 17 unanswered points, aided by a blocked punt, to take the lead 25\u201324 at the end of the 3rd quarter. Minnesota came back with a field goal, but NC State took the lead for good on a 23-yard touchdown pass to Koren Robinson to make it 31\u201327. After adding another field goal, the Gophers had one last chance with a late possession to win the game, but quarterback Travis Cole fumbled deep in his own territory to set up an easy NC State touchdown for a final score of 38\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162791-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mid-American Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Mid-American Conference Baseball Tournament took place in May 2000. The top three regular season finishers from each division met in the double-elimination tournament held at Gene Michael Field on the campus of Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. This was the twelfth Mid-American Conference postseason tournament to determine a champion. Third seed from the east Miami won their second tournament championship to earn the conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162791-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mid-American Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding and format\nThe top three finishers in each division, based on conference winning percentage only, participated in the tournament. The top seed in each division played the third seed from the opposite division in the first round. The teams played double-elimination tournament. This was the third year of the six team tournament. Central Michigan claimed the top seed from the West over Ball State by tiebreaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 68], "content_span": [69, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162791-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mid-American Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Valuable Player\nJohn Lackaff won the Tournament Most Valuable Player award. Lackaff played for Miami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162792-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mid-Continent Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Mid-Continent Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held from March 5-7, 2000 at Allen County War Memorial Coliseum in Fort Wayne, Indiana. This was the 17th edition of the tournament for the Association of Mid-Continent Universities/Mid-Continent Conference, now known as the Summit League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162792-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mid-Continent Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nSecond seed Valparaiso defeated top seed Southern Utah 71\u201362 to earn an automatic berth into the 2000 NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162793-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team\nThe 2000 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team represented Middle Tennessee State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162794-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Midwestern Collegiate Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Midwestern Collegiate Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place at the end of the 1999\u20132000 regular season. The tournament was hosted by University of Illinois at Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162794-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Midwestern Collegiate Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Seeds\nAll Midwestern Collegiate Conference schools played in the tournament. Teams were seeded by 1999\u20132000 Midwestern Collegiate Conference season record, with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [67, 72], "content_span": [73, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162795-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mieczys\u0142aw Po\u0142ukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces\nThe 19th Mieczys\u0142aw Po\u0142ukard Criterium of Polish Speedway League Aces was the 2000 version of the Mieczys\u0142aw Po\u0142ukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces. It took place on March 26 in the Polonia Stadium in Bydgoszcz, Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162795-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mieczys\u0142aw Po\u0142ukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces, Heat details\nm - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance \u2022  t - exclusion for touching the tapes \u2022  x - other exclusion \u2022  e - retired or mechanical failure \u2022  f - fell \u2022  ns - non-starter \u2022  nc - non-classify", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 80], "content_span": [81, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162796-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Milan\u2013San Remo\nThe 2000 Milan\u2013San Remo was the 91st edition of the monument classic Milan\u2013San Remo bicycle race and was won by Erik Zabel of Team Telekom. The race was run on March 18, 2000 and the 294 kilometres (183\u00a0mi) were covered in 7 hours, 11 minutes and 29 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162797-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Miles\n\"2000 Miles\" is a song by British-American rock band The Pretenders. Written by lead singer Chrissie Hynde and produced by Chris Thomas, it was released on 18 November 1983 as the second single from their third studio album, Learning to Crawl (1984). It was most popular in the UK, where it peaked at No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart in December 1983. In the US, it was released as the B-side of both the 7-inch single and 12-inch single remix of the band's hit \"Middle of the Road\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162797-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Miles\nConsidered a Christmas song, it has been released on various Christmas compilation albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162797-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Miles, Background\nWhile many people believe the song's title and lyrics refer to two long-distance lovers who miss each other over the holidays, it was actually written for James Honeyman-Scott, the group's original guitarist, who died the year before the song was released. \"Robbie McIntosh plays beautifully on '2000 Miles',\" Hynde recalled. \"Anything to avoid listening to my voice and my stupid words.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162797-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Miles, Background\nThe song frequently reappears in the UK Charts around Christmas time staying in the charts for a few weeks over the Christmas period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162797-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Miles, Critical reception\nDave Marsh, in his 1989 book The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made, ranked \"2000 Miles\"' as the 630th best rock or soul single to that date. It is one of four songs by The Pretenders listed in the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162797-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Miles, Music video\nThe official video features Hynde dressed as a member of the Salvation Army in a snowy location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162797-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Miles, Covers\nAn acoustic version of the track was covered by british band Coldplay and released as a promotional charity single, with all artist recording royalties being donated to two causes supported by the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162798-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Milton Keynes Council election\nThe 2000 Milton Keynes Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Milton Keynes Council (a unitary authority) in Buckinghamshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162798-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Milton Keynes Council election, Campaign\nThe Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair came to Milton Keynes to launch his party's local election campaign. Labour were defending control of Milton Keynes council, but before the election were relying on the casting vote of the mayor to keep control, after 2 Labour councillors left the party to become independents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162798-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Milton Keynes Council election, Campaign\nThe election in Milton Keynes saw a relaxation of the rules for requesting a postal vote, allowing anyone who wanted to vote by post. As a results the number of postal vote requests increased from the normal 1,100 to 3,600.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162798-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Milton Keynes Council election, Election result\nThe results saw no party win a majority on the council, with Labour losing seats, including 3 to the Conservatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162799-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Milwaukee Brewers season\nThe Milwaukee Brewers' 2000 season involved the Brewers' finishing 3rd in the National League Central with a record of 73 wins and 89 losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162799-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Milwaukee Brewers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162799-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Milwaukee Brewers season, Farm system\nThe Brewers' farm system consisted of eight minor league affiliates in 2000. The Brewers operated a Venezuelan Summer League team as a co-op with the Boston Red Sox and Minnesota Twins. The Indianapolis Indians won the International League championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162800-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team\nThe 2000 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fourth year under head coach Glen Mason, the Golden Gophers compiled a 6\u20136 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 375 to 318. The team made an appearance in the MicronPC.com Bowl, but was not ranked in either the final USA Today/AFCA Coaches poll or Associated Press poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162800-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team, Season summary, at Ohio State\nMinnesota snapped a 16-game losing streak to Ohio State and beat Glen Mason's alma mater in Columbus for the first time since 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162801-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota House of Representatives election\nThe 2000 Minnesota House of Representatives election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 7, 2000, to elect members to the House of Representatives of the 82nd Minnesota Legislature. A primary election was held on September 12, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162801-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota House of Representatives election\nThe Republican Party of Minnesota won a majority of seats, remaining the majority party, followed by the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party (DFL). The new Legislature convened on January 3, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162802-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Lynx season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the second for the Minnesota Lynx franchise. They were close to making the WNBA Playoffs, but came up short for the second consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162802-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Lynx season, Offseason\nAngela Aycock and Charmin Smith were both picked up by the Seattle Storm in the 2000 WNBA Expansion Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162803-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Senate election\nThe 2000 Minnesota Senate election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 7, 2000, to elect members to the Senate of the 82nd Minnesota Legislature. A primary election was held on September 12, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162803-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Senate election\nThe Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party (DFL) won a majority of seats, remaining the majority party, followed by the Republican Party of Minnesota and one independent. The new Legislature convened on January 3, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season\nThe 2000 Minnesota Twins was the last Twins team in a consecutive-string record of eight losing seasons. The team finished with a 69\u201393 record, with weak hitting but slightly better pitching. One would not have suspected that this team, led by Manager Tom Kelly, would contain the nucleus of Ron Gardenhire's team that will reach the postseason only two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Regular season, Offense\nThe most solid offensive year came from the team's lone all-star representative, right fielder Matt Lawton. Lawton hit .305 with 13 home runs, 88 RBI, and 23 stolen bases. Also notable this year were shortstop Cristian Guzm\u00e1n's major league leading 20 triples (a Twins record). Like most of his career with the Twins, David Ortiz spent much of the 2000 season rehabbing injuries. He did, however, play in 88 games as the team's designated hitter. The Twins also experimented with Butch Huskey in the DH spot. Not surprisingly, this was not a successful experiment, with Huskey playing in only 39 games at the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Regular season, Pitching\nThe starting rotation showed flashes of brilliance with Brad Radke, Eric Milton, Mark Redman, and Joe Mays in for most of the year. Radke, Milton, and Redman all had ERAs of under 5. The fifth starter was uncertain, with Sean Bergman making 14 starts, and J. C. Romero making 11. Romero's ERA of 7.02 did not suggest the dominant reliever he would subsequently become.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Regular season, Pitching\nDespite uncertainty as to the identity of the closer, the bullpen was stellar. LaTroy Hawkins, Bob Wells, Eddie Guardado, Travis Miller, and H\u00e9ctor Carrasco all had strong years out of the bullpen. Hawkins led the club with 14 saves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Regular season, Pitching\nOne notable presence among the pitching staff was rookie Johan Santana, acquired from the Houston Astros via the Florida Marlins in the Rule 5 draft. In order for the Twins to keep Santana under Rule 5, Santana was required to stay on the major league roster for the entire season. He did, and his numbers did nothing to suggest he would one day win a Cy Young Award. His ERA was 6.49 and he struck out 64 batters in 86 innings. He was used almost exclusively in mop-up roles, although he did start five games. He spent most of the 2001 season in the minor leagues. The Twins' foresight in keeping him on the roster during the 2000 season must be regarded as one of the greatest uses ever of the Rule 5 draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Regular season, Defense\nThe infield was mostly steady with Ron Coomer at first, Jay Canizaro at second, Guzman at short, Corey Koskie at third, and Denny Hocking backing them all up. The 2000 season saw the inception of the \"Soul Patrol\" outfield of Jacque Jones, Torii Hunter, and Lawton. Nobody was able to establish himself as the everyday catcher, with Matt LeCroy playing in 48 games at the position, Chad Moeller in 40, Marcus Jensen in 37, A. J. Pierzynski in 27, and Danny Ardoin in 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 72], "content_span": [73, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162804-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Twins season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162805-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Vikings season\nThe 2000 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 40th in the National Football League. They won the NFC Central division title with an 11\u20135 record and beat the New Orleans Saints in the divisional round of the playoffs before losing 41\u20130 to the New York Giants in the NFC Championship Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162805-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Vikings season\nAfter not retaining either Randall Cunningham or Jeff George, the team was led by first-year starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper and running back Robert Smith, who ran for a then team record 1,521 yards and seven touchdowns. The Vikings started out 7\u20130 and were 11\u20132 after 14 weeks, but slumped briefly, losing their last three to the Rams, Packers and Colts while Culpepper was hampered by injury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162805-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Vikings season\nDespite the rough patch, the Vikings would return to the playoffs again for the fifth straight year. After easily beating the Saints in the Divisional game 34\u201316, they were defeated 41\u20130 by the New York Giants in the Conference Championship, and to top that, Robert Smith retired at the end of the year, after only playing eight NFL seasons. It would be 2004 before the Vikings returned to the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162805-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Vikings season\nAfter a contract dispute, Hall of Fame defensive tackle John Randle was let go after 11 seasons with the Vikings. Randle had only eight sacks this year, ending a streak of eight consecutive seasons with 10+ sacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162805-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Vikings season\nSeven Vikings including Culpepper, Moss, Carter, Smith, Korey Stringer, Robert Griffith and Matt Birk were selected to play in the Pro Bowl after the season. It was Stringer's only Pro Bowl appearance before his death in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162805-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Minnesota Vikings season, 40-year team\nThe team recognized an all-time team in 2000 by announcing the 40th-seasonall-time team. 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162806-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team\nThe 2000 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team represented Mississippi State University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Jackie Sherrill. The Bulldogs played their home games in 2000 at Scott Field in Starkville, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162807-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri Democratic presidential primary\nThe 2000 Missouri Democratic presidential primary on March 7, 2000 determined the recipient of the state's 92 delegates to the Democratic National Convention in the process to elect the 43rd President of the United States. It was an open primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162808-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri Republican presidential primary\nThe 2000 Missouri Republican presidential primary on March 7, 2000 determined the recipient of the state's 35 delegates to the Republican National Convention in the process to elect the 43rd President of the United States. It was an open primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162809-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri Tigers football team\nThe 2000 Missouri Tigers football team represented the University of Missouri during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Larry Smith was the coach in 2000. After the season, he was fired and replaced by new coach Gary Pinkel (see also Missouri Tigers football under Gary Pinkel). They began the season promisingly with a 50\u201320 win over Western Illinois. The next week, however, they lost by 53 points at No. 17 Clemson which set the tone for the rest of the season. Although they were able to win twice in conference, they continually had very little success against ranked opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162810-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was played after the conclusion of the 1999\u20132000 regular season at the Kiel Center in St. Louis, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162810-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Creighton Bluejays defeated the Southwest Missouri State Bears in the championship game, 57\u201345, and as a result won their 6th MVC Tournament title and earned an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament. Ryan Sears of Creighton was named the tournament MVP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162811-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri Valley Conference men's soccer season\nThe 2000 Missouri Valley Conference men's soccer season was the 10th season of men's varsity soccer in the conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162811-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri Valley Conference men's soccer season\nThe 2000 Missouri Valley Conference Men's Soccer Tournament was hosted by the Missouri Valley Conference and won by Creighton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162812-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri gubernatorial election\nThe 2000 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 2000 and resulted in a narrow victory for the Democratic nominee, State Treasurer of Missouri Bob Holden, over the Republican candidate, U.S. Representative Jim Talent, and several other candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162812-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri gubernatorial election\nUntil 2020, this was the only time since 1972 that the winner of the Missouri gubernatorial election did not come from the same party as the winner of the presidential election held simultaneously (although Democratic presidential nominee Al Gore did win the popular vote; it would not be until the 2016 gubernatorial election that Missouri elected a governor from the party whose presidential nominee lost the national popular vote).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162812-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri gubernatorial election, Results\nThis gubernatorial election was one of the closest in Missouri history. Bob Holden did well, as expected in St. Louis and Kansas City. Talent easily won most rural parts of the state. Holden did poorly in the St. Louis suburbs. However Holden's wins in the Democratic strongholds of St. Louis and Kansas City proved to be just enough to push him over the finish line. Because the election was decided by less than 1%, Talent could have requested a recount that his campaign would have to pay for since it was not below half a percent. However, most recounts never see a swing of more than 1,000 votes, and Talent was trailing by 21,445. Talent ultimately did not request a recount and conceded defeat on the late evening of November 14. This remains as one of the closest gubernatorial elections Missouri has ever seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162813-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election\nThe 2000 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 2000. Democratic nominee Joe Maxwell defeated Republican nominee Wendell Bailey with 52.14% of the vote. As of 2021, this is the last time a Democrat was elected Lieutenant Governor of Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162814-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mnet Music Video Festival\nThe 2000 Mnet Music Video Festival (MMF) was the second of the annual music awards in Seoul, South Korea that took place on November 24, 2000 at the Little Angels Arts Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162814-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mnet Music Video Festival\nLeading the nominees were boyband H.O.T. and solo artist Jo Sungmo, with three each. By the end of the ceremony, Jo Sungmo received the most awards with two wins, including the \"Music Video of the Year\" daesang award. The boy-band group H.O.T. received only one award, though they received the daesang award for \"Best Popular Music Video\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162814-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mnet Music Video Festival, Background\nThe award-giving body continued to be named as \"M.net Korean Music Festival\" (MKMF) for the second time. During this time, four more categories were added including the Best R&B Performance. The Best New Artist and Best Group were given to two recipients each since the awards for male and female recipients were separated. In addition, the Best Group branched out further to give a separate award for the Best Mixed Group. Furthermore, the event also featured Westlife, the first international artist to perform live. The grand awards (or daesang) were still the Best Popular Music Video and Music Video of the Year, without the nominees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162814-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Mnet Music Video Festival, Nomination process\nThe Nominee Selection Committee had an initial screening to choose for the nominees who released songs or albums from November 1999 to October 2000. The official website was then opened on November 2 for voting. In addition, professional judges have also chosen from the nominees based on its criteria: planning, song quality, artistry, and popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162814-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Mnet Music Video Festival, Multiple awards, Artist(s) with multiple wins\nThe following artist(s) received two or more wins (excluding the special awards):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162814-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Mnet Music Video Festival, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals and groups, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162815-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mobile Alabama Bowl\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Dmoore5556 (talk | contribs) at 11:13, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200eReferences:  category update). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162815-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mobile Alabama Bowl\nThe 2000 Mobile Alabama Bowl was an American college football bowl game. It was part of the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season, and was the second edition of the game. With title sponsorship from GMAC (now Ally Financial) it was  officially called the GMAC Mobile Alabama Bowl. It was played on December 20, 2000, and featured the Southern Miss Golden Eagles, and the TCU Horned Frogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162815-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mobile Alabama Bowl\nTCU started the scoring with a 3-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Casey Printers to wide receiver George Layne to open up a 7\u20130 lead. Southern Miss tied it in the 1st quarter when Leo Barnes intercepted a pass, and returned it 50 yards for a touchdown. In the second quarter, Jeff Kelly threw a 9-yard touchdown pass to LeRoy Handy for a 14\u20137 Southern Miss lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162815-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Mobile Alabama Bowl\nTCU running back LaDainian Tomlinson scored on touchdown runs of 7 and 33 yards in the third quarter, as TCU took a 21\u201314 lead into the fourth quarter. In the fourth quarter, Jeff Kelly threw a 56-yard touchdown pass to LeRoy Handy to tie the game at 21. He threw the game-winning touchdown pass with 8 seconds left, with a 29-yard pass to Kenneth Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162816-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mobiline Phone Pals season\nThe 2000 Mobiline Phone Pals season was the 11th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162816-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mobiline Phone Pals season, Occurrences\nMidway through the All-Filipino Cup eliminations, coach Eric Altamirano, along with assistants Ryan Gregorio and Frankie Lim, were sacked by Mobiline following a poor start. They were replaced by Louie Alas and assistants Aric del Rosario and Ariel Vanguardia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162816-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mobiline Phone Pals season, Occurrences\nFil-Tongan Paul Asi Taulava was ordered to be deported by the Bureau of Immigration for failure to provide sufficient evidence regarding his citizenship issue and his fate was decided on March 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162817-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Molde FK season\nThe 2000 season was Molde's 25th season in the top flight of Norwegian football. This season Molde competed in Tippeligaen, the Norwegian Cup and the UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162817-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Molde FK season\nIn Tippeligaen, Molde finished in 7th position, 14 points behind winners Rosenborg, but only five points behind third placed Viking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162817-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Molde FK season\nMolde participated in the 2000 Norwegian Cup. They defeated Tornado M\u00e5l\u00f8y and Brann, both away from home, on their way to the quarterfinal. On 6 September 2000, Molde initially won the quarterfinal 4-3 at away ground against Start. However, Start went through to the semifinal after protesting Molde's use of ineligible player Martin Andresen, who was not listed at the referee's card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162817-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Molde FK season\nIn the UEFA Cup, Molde was drawn against Spanish team Rayo Vallecano in the 1st round. Molde lost the first leg at home at Molde Stadion with the score 0\u20131. Petter Rudi missed a penalty in the 58th minute. The second leg in Spain ended in a 1\u20131 draw which resulted in a 1\u20132 loss on aggregate and elimination from the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162817-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Molde FK season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162817-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Molde FK season, Competitions, Norwegian Cup\nBecause of competing of the national team at the UEFA Euro 2000, the 14 teams from Tippeligaen received a bye to the third round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162818-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mole Valley District Council election\nElections to Mole Valley Council were held on 4 May 2000. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1999. The council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162819-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Molise regional election\nThe Molise regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162819-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Molise regional election\nGiovanni Di Stasi (Democrats of the Left) was narrowly elected President, defeating Michele Iorio (Forza Italia). Due to irregularities in the vote, an early election was held a year later, on 11 November 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162820-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Molson Indy Vancouver\nThe 2000 Molson Indy Vancouver was a Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) motor race held on September 3, 2000 at Concord Pacific Place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was the 15th round of the 2000 CART season. Paul Tracy won the race by less than half a second over his teammate Dario Franchitti with Adrian Fern\u00e1ndez taking third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162820-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Molson Indy Vancouver\nThe race was an emotional affair, as it was former CART driver Greg Moore's home event and the first since his death at the 1999 Marlboro 500. His number, #99, was retired before the start of the race while Canadian sports legend Wayne Gretzky (who also sported #99 during his NHL career) gave the command to start engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162820-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Molson Indy Vancouver\nFranchitti was handily leading the race until he stalled the car during a pitstop under caution, allowing Tracy to streak by in the pitlane and into first place. While the race did not see a lot of on-track passing, multiple cars were taken out as a result of crashes and on-track incidents. A total of 63,677 fans attended the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LVIII Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on 4 June 2000 at the Circuit de Monaco. It was the seventh race of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 58th Monaco Grand Prix. McLaren driver David Coulthard won the 78-lap race starting from third position. Rubens Barrichello finished second for the Ferrari team with Benetton driver Giancarlo Fisichella third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix\nChampionship leader Michael Schumacher started from pole position alongside Jordan driver Jarno Trulli. The race was aborted due to a software glitch in the starting procedure and Jenson Button and Pedro de la Rosa collided which started a traffic jam. At the second start, Michael Schumacher maintained his lead into the first corner. After the second round of pit stops, Michael Schumacher's exhaust broke causing a left rear suspension failure and his retirement from the race. Coulthard, in second place, became the new race leader on lap 57. Coulthard maintained his lead throughout the remainder of the race and secured his second victory of the season, with Barrichello a further 15.8 seconds back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix\nCoulthard's victory allowed him to narrow the lead of Michael Schumacher in the World Drivers' Championship to 12 points. H\u00e4kkinen retained third with Barrichello a further seven points behind. In the World Constructors' Championship, Ferrari retained their lead which was reduced to five points over McLaren. Fisichella's strong result reduced the gap to Benetton's rivals Williams to one point, with ten races of the season remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as constructors, were McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre types to the race; two-dry compounds, the Softs and the Extra Softs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Background\nGoing into the race, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 46 points, ahead of Mika H\u00e4kkinen on 28 points and his teammate David Coulthard with 24 points. Rubens Barrichello was fourth on 16 points while Ralf Schumacher was fifth on 12 points. In the Constructors' Championship Ferrari were leading with 62 points, with their rivals McLaren second on 52 points. Williams were third on 15 points while Benetton with 10 points and Jordan on 9 points contended for fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Background\nFollowing the European Grand Prix on 21 May the teams conducted testing sessions across European circuits between 23\u201327 May to prepare for the Grand Prix. Jordan, Sauber, Benetton, Jaguar and Arrows opted to test at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo circuit which made its Formula One testing d\u00e9but that garnered mixed reviews from the drivers. Heinz-Harald Frentzen was fastest on the first day of testing, ahead of Sauber test driver Enrique Bernoldi. Jos Verstappen for the Arrows team set the second day's quickest times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Background\nLate in the session Fisichella hit the right rear tyre of Jordan driver Jarno Trulli, causing his Benetton to flip over and brought a brief halt to testing. Fisichella suffered minor bruising to his thumb and Benetton withdrew their second driver Alexander Wurz from testing. Sauber's Mika Salo topped the final days running. Williams and BAR went to the Circuit Paul Armagnac circuit which was where the teams undertook shake down runs and used car set-ups. BAR tested a new control system called \"Athena 2000\" which managed the software of the car's engine and different sections on the chassis. Ferrari tested at their private test facility, the Fiorano Circuit, for five days where test driver Luca Badoer and Michael Schumacher concentrated on aerodynamic and tyre testing, as well as undertaking different set-ups and running on an artificially wet track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Background\nDue to the configuration of the Circuit de Monaco, with its low average speed and abundance of low-speed corners, allied to the low-grip nature of the public road surface, the teams all set their cars up to produce the maximum amount of downforce and mechanical grip possible. Benetton modified their car's suspensions to work better on the circuit's low-speed corners. The Minardi cars came equipped with a new titanium cast gearbox and new rear suspensions. McLaren brought an additional spare car to the event, with four in total being shared between H\u00e4kkinen and Coulthard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race\u2014two on Thursday, and two on Saturday. The Thursday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour. The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes. The Thursday morning and afternoon practice sessions were held in dry and hot weather conditions. Michael Schumacher set the fastest time in the first session, at 1 minute and 23.039 seconds, three-tenths of a second quicker than H\u00e4kkinen. Coulthard was third fastest, ahead of Fisichella and Frentzen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Practice\nAlesi managed sixth despite suffering from gearbox issues which caused him to pull up on the track. Eddie Irvine, Jenson Button, Barrichello and Salo completed the top ten fastest drivers in the session. Minardi's Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane spun and lost his front right wheel in a crash at turn 17 and Ralf Schumacher made contact with the barrier at turn eight. In the second practice session, H\u00e4kkinen set the quickest lap of the day, a 1:21.387; Coulthard finished with the third fastest time. The McLaren drivers were separated by Michael Schumacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0007-0002", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Practice\nEddie Irvine was running quicker and was fourth fastest, in front of Frentzen and Ralf Schumacher. Alesi continued to encounter problems though he managed to be seventh quickest. de la Rosa, Trulli and Barrichello followed in the top ten. Both Nick Heidfeld and Pedro Diniz made contact with the barriers at turn 17 and Wurz crashed at the swimming pool complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Practice\nThe weather remained hot and dry for the Saturday morning practice sessions. Michael Schumacher was the fastest driver in the third session, setting a time of 1:20.762; Barrichello ended with the third quickest lap time. H\u00e4kkinen set a time one-tenth of a second slower than Michael Schumacher and was second fastest. Alesi continued to run quicker and was fourth fastest, faster than Coulthard and Frentzen. Irvine, Trulli, Fisichella and Johnny Herbert completed the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Practice\nIn the final practice session, Coulthard was fastest with a time of 1:20.405 though he ran down the escape road at Ste Devote and his engine subsequently stalled. Michael Schumacher was second fastest, nearly one-tenth slower than Coulthard. Fisichella opted to use a softer damper and set the third quickest lap, in front of Trulli and H\u00e4kkinen. Barrichello, Alesi, Wurz, Frentzen and Ralf Schumacher completed the top ten fastest drivers ahead of qualifying. A crash by Irvine at the swimming pool complex ended his session prematurely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday's afternoon one hour qualifying saw each driver limited to twelve laps, with the grid order decided by their fastest laps. During this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 per cent of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. The session was held in dry and hot weather conditions. Michael Schumacher clinched his second pole position of the season, his third at the circuit, with a time of 1:19.475.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was joined on the front row of the grid by Trulli who recorded a lap 0.271 seconds slower than the pole sitter and took his best qualifying performance of the season. Coulthard qualified third and said he could have set a better lap time as he saw a yellow flag out on the track. Trulli's teammate Frentzen qualified fourth but criticised Irvine for an apparent blocking manoeuvre. H\u00e4kkinen took fifth and suffered from understeer along with traffic during his second qualifying run. Barrichello secured the sixth place and reported his car was nervous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0009-0002", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Qualifying\nAlesi recorded the seventh-fastest time, despite experiencing alternator problems on his race car in the opening minutes of qualifying and switched to the spare Prost. Fisichella occupied the eighth position and reported his Benetton's handling had worsened. Ralf Schumacher and Irvine completed the top ten positions. Herbert set the eleventh fastest time, five one hundredths slower than his teammate and reported excessive oversteer on his car. He was ahead of Wurz in the slower of the two Benetton cars. Salo qualified in 13th position despite a misunderstanding with his race engineer over a yellow flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0009-0003", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSimilarly, Jenson Button who took 14th in the other Williams, was caught out by the waved yellow flags. The two Arrows drivers filled the next two positions with Verstappen in 15th and Pedro de la Rosa in 16th; the latter crashed at the Rascasse chicane. BAR's Jacques Villeneuve started from 17th had an engine failure and was forced to use his team's spare car. Heidfeld took 18th and reported he experienced a lack of grip and understeer. He qualified ahead of Diniz and Ricardo Zonta in 19th and 20th respectively. The two Minardi drivers qualified at the rear of the grid; Marc Gen\u00e9 ahead of Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane and both crashed at Rascasse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 09:30 Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) for a 30-minute warm-up session. It took place in dry and warm weather conditions. Both Ferrari drivers maintained their good performance from qualifying; Barrichello had the fastest time of 1:22.251. Michael Schumacher set the second fastest time. Ralf Schumacher recorded the third fastest time with Coulthard rounding out the top four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe session was disrupted by an incident which involved de la Rosa when he struck the barriers at turn 12 \u2013 the session was prematurely ended as marshals were required to clear the track \u2013 and Herbert clipped the tyre barrier at turn 14 after spinning on oil on the circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nThe race started with 100,000 people in attendance at 14:00 local time. The conditions on the grid were dry before the race; the air temperature was 24\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature was 42\u00a0\u00b0C (108\u00a0\u00b0F). At the start of the parade lap Diniz was unable to get away and was forced to start at the back of the grid. At the starting procedure Wurz's car suffered an engine failure and the start was aborted. Diniz, meanwhile, was allowed to start from his qualifying position after Wurz's engine issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher maintained his lead heading into the first corner, whilst Trulli, behind him, remained in second position. Immediately afterwards a glitch in the FIA computer software called for the race to be suspended, however marshals did not wave red flags across the circuit, except for the start/finish line. At the hairpin de la Rosa attempted to overtake Button and the latter sent de la Rosa into a spin. The result created a traffic jam for cars who were behind the two drivers and ironically led to an actual red flag incident. Button, Zonta, Heidfeld, Diniz and Gen\u00e9 restarted in their team's spare cars, and were thus required to start from the pit lane. de la Rosa, however, did not have a spare car available and could not take the restart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nAt the restart, Michael Schumacher and Trulli again held their positions, whilst Ralf Schumacher made the best start in the field moving from 9th to 6th place by the end of the first lap. Barrichello had lost two positions over the same distance. At the conclusion of the first lap, the order was Michael Schumacher, Trulli, Coulthard, Frentzen, H\u00e4kkinen, Ralf Schumacher, Alesi, Barrichello, Fisichella, Herbert, Irvine, Salo, Verstappen, Diniz, Villeneuve, Zonta, Mazzacane, Wurz, Button, Gen\u00e9 and Heidfeld. Michael Schumacher began to immediately pull clear from Trulli as he began setting consecutive fastest laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen started to challenge Frentzen for fourth position on lap two. By the eleventh lap, Michael Schumacher had built up his lead to Trulli over eleven seconds as Wurz performed the race's first overtake when he passed Mazzacane for 17th position. Button pulled over to the side of the track with engine problems and retired on lap 16. Michael Schumacher continued to increase his lead to Trulli to 19.5 seconds by lap 19. Trulli was in turn 0.7 seconds ahead of Coulthard. Frentzen was a further 2.1 seconds behind  Coulthard and continued to battle the latter's teammate H\u00e4kkinen for fifth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nOn the same lap Irvine overtook his teammate Herbert for tenth position. Wurz crashed into the barriers at turn 1 and was forced to retire. Gen\u00e9 retired on lap 22 with a gearbox issue as his teammate Mazzacane subsequently collided with the barriers at turn one on the same lap and had to retire from the event. Herbert became the first driver to make a pit stop on lap 27 although his pit crew came unprepared and Herbert was stationary for half a minute before he exited in 17th position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nOn the 31st lap, Diniz made contact with the barriers at turn one and he damaged his left rear wheel, causing him to retire. H\u00e4kkinen's pace was reduced by lap 36 as he slowed with an blockage on his brake pedal and made an unscheduled pit stop. His team's mechanics opened his car's inspection hatch and rearranged radio cables. They subsequently removed a data transmitter which was the cause the blockage and H\u00e4kkinen rejoined in 9th. Trulli became the next retirement of the race when he pulled to the side of the track with a gearbox problem on the following lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nRalf Schumacher, who was running fourth, crashed heavily into the turn one barriers on the 38th lap. He suffered a deep cut to his leg and was taken to hospital. Michael Schumacher held a 36-second lead over Coulthard by lap 38 and the latter lapped consistently in the low 1:22 range to close the gap. Verstappen made the first scheduled pit stop on lap 41, five laps in front of Zonta and Heidfeld. Michael Schumacher made a pit stop on lap 49 and retained the first position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nFisichella made a pit stop earlier than expected on lap 51 as he had a slow puncture developing. Frentzen, Barrichello, Salo, Villeneuve and Coulthard made pit stops over the following six laps. After Coulthard emerged from the pit lane, Michael Schumacher's car suffered a broken exhaust which broke his left rear suspension and Schumacher was forced to retire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nAt the completion of lap 57, with the scheduled pit stops completed, the order was Coulthard, Frentzen, Barrichello, Fisichella, Irvine, Salo, H\u00e4kkinen, Villeneuve, Verstappen, Heidfeld and Herbert. H\u00e4kkinen set the fastest lap of the race on the same lap, a 1:21.571 as he closed the gap to Salo in seventh. Verstappen, who was fending off Heidfeld for ninth place, spun into retirement at turn twelve on lap 61. On the 71st lap, Frentzen became the final retirement of the race when he broke his rear suspension in a crash at turn 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen started to reduce his pace on lap 74 ending his battle with Salo but managed to stay ahead of Villeneuve in seventh. Coulthard opened the gap to 17.4 seconds and crossed the finish line on lap 78 to take his second victory of the season and the eighth of his career in a time of 1:49:28.213, at an average speed of 89.522 miles per hour (144.072\u00a0km/h). Coulthard was the first British driver to win the Monaco Grand Prix since Jackie Stewart in 1973. Barrichello finished second in his Ferrari, ahead of Fisichella in third. Irvine finished in fourth, Salo in fifth and H\u00e4kkinen rounded out the points-scoring positions in sixth. Villeneuve, Heidfeld and Herbert filled the next three positions, with Frentzen last of the classified finishers despite his crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared in Prince Rainier III of Monaco's Royal box to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference. Coulthard was delighted as securing victory at the Grand Prix which he considered as one of the races he wanted to win during his career because of the challenges the drivers take on the circuit. He also commented that he wanted to wait until the pit stop stages to get ahead of Michael Schumacher and Trulli to prevent unnecessary repairs to his car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nBarrichello revealed that he was conserving his tyres and fuel, as well as being informed by Ferrari technical director Ross Brawn to reduce his pace towards the race's latter stages. Fisichella said that he was pleased at taking third place. He also revealed that he wanted to remain at Benetton for the 2001 season after his strong result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nIrvine scored the first points for the Jaguar team in the race, having failed to score up to that point. He described the race as one of the hardest in his Formula One career as his drink bottle did not function correctly along with suffering a blistered foot. He also said that the team's issues were not fully rectified and it would take \"six months or so to solve... hopefully we can do it quicker.\" Salo said that his hands were bruised during the race as his car had no power steering equipped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nMichael Schumacher admitted to feeling disappointed after the race, having led the majority of the race until his lap 56 retirement. He stated: \"The exhaust was too hot and that was why the rest went wrong. It basically cooked the suspension. I felt a few laps before that something was wrong but there was nothing I could do about it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nRalf Schumacher suffered a three-inch gash on his left calf. He was taken to Princess Grace Hospital for a routine check-up and his cut was stitched. Ralf Schumacher was later cleared to race in the next Grand Prix, two weeks later. He said that he had no prior indication of where his injuries originated from. Williams had their test driver Bruno Junqueira to fill in for Ralf Schumacher should the need arise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162821-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Monaco Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAs a consequence of the race, Michael Schumacher's remained the leader in the World Drivers' Championship though his lead was reduced by ten points to twelve. Coulthard's victory moved him into second place on 34 points, ahead of teammate H\u00e4kkinen on 29 points. Barrichello and Fisichella remained fourth and fifth, with 22 and 14 points respectively. In the World Constructors' Championship, McLaren reduced the lead of Ferrari to five points. Benetton in fourth closed the points gap to their rivals Williams to one point. Jordan remained fifth on 9 points, with ten races of the season remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162822-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mongolian Premier League\nThe 2000 Mongolian National Championship was the thirty-third recorded edition of top flight football in Mongolia and the fifth season of the Mongolian Premier League, which took over as the highest level of competition in the country from the previous Mongolian National Championship. Erchim were champions, their first (and to date only) title, Sonor were  runners up, with Bajangol in third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162823-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mongolian legislative election\nLegislative elections were held in Mongolia on 2 July 2000. The result was a victory for the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, which won 72 of the 76 seats in the State Great Khural. Voter turnout was 82.4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162824-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Monmouth Hawks football team\nThe 2000 Monmouth Hawks football team represented Monmouth University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season as a member of the Northeast Conference (NEC). The Hawks were led by eighth-year head coach Kevin Callahan and played their home games at Kessler Field. They finished the season 5\u20136 overall and 4\u20134 in NEC play to place fifth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162825-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Montana Grizzlies football team\nThe 2000 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Grizzlies were led by first-year head coach Joe Glenn and played their home games at Washington\u2013Grizzly Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162826-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Montana House of Representatives election\nAn election was held on November 7, 2000 to elect all 100 members to Montana's House of Representatives. The election coincided with elections for other offices, including U.S. President, U.S. Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, Governor and State Senate. The primary election was held on June 6, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162826-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Montana House of Representatives election\nRepublicans retained control of the House despite a net loss of one seat, winning 58 seats compared to 42 seats for the Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162826-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Montana House of Representatives election, Results, Statewide\nStatewide results of the 2000 Montana House of Representatives election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 66], "content_span": [67, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162826-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Montana House of Representatives election, Results, District\nResults of the 2000 Montana House of Representatives election by district:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162827-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Montana State Bobcats football team\nThe 2000 Montana State Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Montana State University in the Big Sky Conference (Big Sky) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their first season under head coach Mike Kramer, the Bobcats compiled a 0\u201311 record (0\u20138 against Big Sky opponents) and finished in last place in the Big Sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162827-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Montana State Bobcats football team\nIn the 100th meeting in the Montana\u2013Montana State football rivalry, the Bobcats lost, marking their 15th consecutive loss in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162828-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Montana gubernatorial election\nThe 2000 Montana gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 2000. Incumbent Governor of Montana Marc Racicot, who was first elected in 1992 and was re-elected in 1996, was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. Judy Martz, the Lieutenant Governor of Montana under Racicot for four years, won the Republican primary and advanced to the general election, where she faced Mark O'Keefe, the Montana State Auditor and Democratic nominee. Despite the fact that George W. Bush, the Republican nominee for president in 2000, won the state in a landslide, the race between Martz and O'Keefe was close. However, Martz managed to narrowly defeat him to win her first and only term as governor. This was the last election until the 2020 Montana gubernatorial election, when Greg Gianforte was elected, in which a Republican was elected Governor of Montana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162829-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Monte Carlo Masters\nThe 2000 Monte Carlo Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 94th edition of the Monte Carlo Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Monte Carlo Country Club in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, near Monte Carlo, Monaco, from 17 April through 23 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162829-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Monte Carlo Masters\nThe men's field was headlined by ATP No. 4, Australian Open runner-up, 1999 Stuttgart, Montreal titlist Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Santiago winner, Miami finalist, Monte Carlo defending champion Gustavo Kuerten and Auckland winner Magnus Norman. Other top seeds in the field were Lyon titlist Nicol\u00e1s Lapentti, 1997 Monte Carlo champion Marcelo R\u00edos, Thomas Enqvist, Tim Henman and C\u00e9dric Pioline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162829-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Monte Carlo Masters, Finals, Doubles\nWayne Ferreira /  Yevgeny Kafelnikov defeated  Paul Haarhuis /  Sandon Stolle, 6\u20133, 2\u20136, 6\u20131", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162830-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Monte Carlo Masters \u2013 Doubles\nOlivier Dela\u00eetre and Tim Henman were the defending champions, but lost in second round to tournament runners-up Paul Haarhuis and Sandon Stolle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162830-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Monte Carlo Masters \u2013 Doubles\nWayne Ferreira and Yevgeny Kafelnikov won the title by defeating Paul Haarhuis and Sandon Stolle 6\u20133, 2\u20136, 6\u20131 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162831-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Monte Carlo Masters \u2013 Singles\nGustavo Kuerten was the defending champion, but lost in the first round this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162831-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Monte Carlo Masters \u2013 Singles\nC\u00e9dric Pioline won the title, defeating Dominik Hrbat\u00fd 6\u20134, 7\u20136(7\u20133), 7\u20136(8\u20136) in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162832-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Monte Carlo Rally\nThe 68\u00e8me Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo was the first round of 2000 FIA World Rally Championship. The event took place between 20 and 22 January 2000. The rally was won by Tommi M\u00e4kinen for second year in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162833-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Monterey Sports Car Championships\nThe 2000 GlobalCenter Sports Car Championships presented by Honda was the tenth round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Laguna Seca Raceway, California, on October 15, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162834-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Montreal Alouettes season\nThe 2000 Montreal Alouettes finished in first place in the East Division with a 12\u20136 record. This was Anthony Calvillo's first season as the full-time starter, and he didn't disappoint, having an allstar year, first leading his team to the Grey Cup, by beating the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 35-24  in the East Final, as they appeared in the Grey Cup for the first time since 1979, but lost to the BC Lions, who were led by Damon Allen. Overall it was a great year for the Alouettes, even if they lost the Grey Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162835-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Montreal Expos season\nThe 2000 Montreal Expos season was the 32nd season in franchise history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162835-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Montreal Expos season, Spring training\nIn 2000, the Expos held spring training at Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter, Florida, a facility they shared with the St. Louis Cardinals. It was their third season there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162835-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Montreal Expos season, Regular season, Attendance\nThe Expos drew 926,272 fans at Olympic Stadium during 2000, placing them 16th in attendance for the season among the 16 National League teams. Their highest attendance at a home game occurred on April 3, when they drew an Opening Day crowd of 51,249 for a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers, while the low mark was 4,769 for a game against the Florida Marlins on September 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162835-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Montreal Expos season, Player stats, Batting\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162835-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Montreal Expos season, Player stats, Pitching\nNote: Pos = Position; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162836-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Montserrat Championship\nThe 2000 season of the Montserrat Championship was the fifth recorded season of top flight association football competition in Montserrat, with records for any competition held between 1975 and 1995 not available, and the first iteration of the championship since the 1996\u201397 season was abandoned when the Soufri\u00e8re Hills erupted causing widespread devastation to the island. The championship was won by the Royal Montserrat Police Force, their third title out of the four completed seasons to date. From the final league table it would appear that the last round of matches for the top two teams and the last two rounds of matches for the bottom two teams were not played once it was established that no results from these games could affect the final league standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162837-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mosconi Cup\nThe 2000 Acclaim Mosconi Cup, the seventh edition of the annual nine-ball pool competition between teams representing Europe and the United States, took place 14\u201317 December 2000 at the York Hall in Bethnal Green, London, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162837-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mosconi Cup\nTeam USA won the Mosconi Cup by defeating Team Europe 12\u20139.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162838-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Moscow Victory Day Parade\nThe Moscow Victory Day Parade of 2000 was held on 9 May 2000 to commemorate the 55th anniversary of the capitulation of Nazi Germany in 1945. The parade marks the Soviet Union's victory in the Great Patriotic War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162838-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Moscow Victory Day Parade, Particularities\nThe parade was commanded by Colonel General Igor Puzanov, Commander of the Moscow Military District, and reviewed by the Minister of Defence, Marshal of the Russian Federation Igor Sergeyev. The historical part of the parade was commanded by the former Moscow Military District commander General of the Army Vladimir Govorov. A speech was made by the newly elected president Vladimir Putin. Unlike other jubilee parades, this one in particular did not see the attendance of foreign heads of state and government as well as foreign delegations. This parade was the last to feature the old national anthem of Russia (used 1990-1991 by the Russian SFSR and 1991-2000 by the Russian Federation). It was also the last parade to feature veterans on foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162838-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Moscow Victory Day Parade, Troops participating in the parade\nAlmost a third of the parade participants arrived in Moscow from the Commonwealth of Independent States and Baltic states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162838-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Moscow Victory Day Parade, Music\nThe parade on Red Square ended with the passage of the Combined Military Band consisting of the Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense, the Headquarters of the Moscow Military District, and the Central Navy Band of Russia, numbering 600 musicians, under the direction of Lieutenant General Viktor Afanasyev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162838-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Moscow Victory Day Parade, Gallery\nPresident Putin laying a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162839-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Motor City Bowl\nThe 2000 Motor City Bowl was a National Collegiate Athletic Association bowl game in which the Marshall Thundering Herd of the MAC defeated the Cincinnati Bearcats of the Conference USA 25\u201314. It was played on December 27, 2000 at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan. The Bearcats were C-USA runners-up fresh off the wins from five of their last six games, which included Syracuse and #20 Southern Mississippi. Marshall however was the four-time MAC champion who had also won five of their last six games, one of which was against Western Michigan, who had defeated them earlier in the season, in the MAC Championship Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162839-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Motor City Bowl\nCincinnati kicker Jonathan Ruffin was an All-America and had won the Lou Groza Award as the nation's best placekicker. Quarterback Deontey Kenner led the Bearcat offense, while 330\u00a0lb defensive tackle Mario Monds led the defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162839-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Motor City Bowl\nMarshall's offense was led by future NFL quarterback Byron Leftwich, its defense was led by four-year starter Paul Toviessi. This year marked the 30th anniversary of the tragic 1970 plane crash which took the lives of 75 Marshall football players, coaches, administrators, and boosters on November 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162839-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Motor City Bowl\nThe game was the 4th installment of the Motor City Bowl, matching the Conference USA against the Mid-American Conference for the first time in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162840-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mountain West Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Mountain West Conference Baseball Tournament took place from May 17\u201320. This was the first championship tournament for the conference, which was formed prior to the 2000 NCAA Division I baseball season. All six of the league's teams met in the double-elimination tournament held at University of Nevada, Las Vegas's Earl Wilson Stadium. Second seeded San Diego State won the inaugural Mountain West Conference Baseball Championship with a championship game score of 9\u20134. As the Mountain West was a new league, they did not possess an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament, and no conference team was invited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162840-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mountain West Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding\nThe teams were seeded based on regular season conference winning percentage only. BYU claimed the third seed over Utah by winning the season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162840-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mountain West Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Valuable Player\nChad Redfern, an outfielder for the champion San Diego State Aztecs, was named the tournament Most Valuable Player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 92], "content_span": [93, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162841-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mountain West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe inaugural Mountain West Conference men's basketball tournament was played at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada from March 9\u201311, 2000. All eight member schools entered the three round tournament seeded according to their regular season league finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162841-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mountain West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nHost school and top seed UNLV won the tournament by beating 6th seed BYU 79\u201356. They were not awarded an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament as the MWC did not have one this year. UNLV did receive an at-large invitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162842-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mountain West Conference football season\nThe 2000 Mountain West Conference football season was the second since eight former members of the Western Athletic Conference banded together to form the Mountain West Conference. Colorado State won the conference championship in 2000, making the Rams the first to win an outright league title after the three-way tie in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood\nThe 2000 Mozambique flood was a natural disaster that occurred in February and March 2000. The catastrophic flooding was caused by heavy rainfall that lasted for five weeks and made many homeless. Approximately 800 people were killed. 1,400\u00a0km2 of arable land was affected and 20,000 head of cattle and food were lost. It was the worst flood in Mozambique in 50 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood\nIt started in South Africa when heavy rain falls traveled over to Mozambique. It caused dozens of deaths. 44,000 were left homeless and many of them had lost relatives of some kind. Later, Cyclone Eline came and destroyed many more homes and lives. The women and children were hurrying to shelter and high land. 800 had died and thousands of livestock were killed. The government distributed 15 million dollars (2000 USD) to its citizens to account for damage property and loss of income. As of 2016, people were still living in recovery shelters with fluctuating water supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Meteorological history\nIn October and November 1999, heavy rainfall affected Mozambique, followed by a period of heavy rainfall in January 2000. By the end of January 2000, the rains caused the Incomati, the Umbeluzi, and the Limpopo rivers to exceed their banks, inundating portions of the capital Maputo. At Ch\u00f3kw\u00e8, the Limpopo River reached a level of 6\u00a0m (20\u00a0ft) on January\u00a024, twice its normal level. Some areas received a year's worth of rainfall in two weeks. The resultant floods were considered the worst to affect the nations since 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Meteorological history\nFlooding was beginning to recede in late February by the time Cyclone Eline made landfall. Eline was a long-lasting tropical cyclone that struck near Beira at peak intensity on February\u00a022. By the end of February 2000, the situation was considered the country's worst natural disaster in a century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Impact\nBy late February, the flooding had already caused increases in malaria and diarrhea. Flooding also disrupted water supply and covered roads, with the primary north-south highway cut in three locations. Widespread areas were inundated, which displaced about 220,000\u00a0people, and killed about 150\u00a0people before Eline struck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Impact\nThe combined effects of the preceding floods and Eline left about 463,000\u00a0people displaced or homeless, including 46,000\u00a0children five years old or younger. Overall, the preceding floods and Eline caused about 700\u00a0deaths, half in Chokwe. with damage estimated at $500\u00a0million (2000\u00a0USD). The cyclone and the floods disrupted much of the economic progress Mozambique had made in the 1990s since the end of its civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Aftermath\nBefore the arrival of Eline, the government of Mozambique appealed to the international community for assistance in response to the flooding, and countries were beginning to provide relief. Mozambique's president at the time, Joaquim Chissano, requested for additional aid after Eline struck, asking for $65\u00a0million for both reconstruction and emergency aid, and later increasing the request to $160\u00a0million. By March\u00a017, various countries had pledged $119\u00a0million to Mozambique. By March\u00a04, 39.6\u00a0tons of various relief goods reached the country, which nearly overwhelmed the small airport at Maputo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Aftermath\nThe government of the Netherlands donated \u01925\u00a0million guilders (US$2.2\u00a0million) to the country, after it previously had donated about \u01922\u00a0million guilders (US$871,000). The Italian government earmarked \u20a410\u00a0billion lira (2000\u00a0ITL), half of which for immediate emergency assistance, and Denmark earmarked \u20ac2.68\u00a0million euros. Sweden sent kr10\u00a0million (2000\u00a0SEK) and Ireland \u20ac507,000 to the World Food Programme. Portugal delivered 40\u00a0tons worth of aid, including food, medicine, tents, and dinghies, and the Spanish Red Cross sent two flights of aid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Aftermath\nCanada provided about $11.6\u00a0million (CAD) to Mozambique, while the United States provided $7\u00a0million worth of food via its Agency for International Development, part of its $50\u00a0million contribution. The European Community Humanitarian Aid Office provided \u20ac25\u00a0million in early March. Botswana donated P23\u00a0million pula (BWP, US$5\u00a0million), and Mauritius provided about $100,000 (USD). The nation of Ghana flew $100,000 worth of food and clothing to Mozambique. Australia also provided $1\u00a0million to the country, and Saudi Arabia flew two planes' worth of aid. Concern Worldwide allocated $650,000 (USD) at the end of February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0007-0002", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Aftermath\nM\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res sent a crew of five people to Buzi to help residents. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation sent $350,000 to CARE in early March. Through the Jubilee 2000, most wealthy nations postponed debt payments for one year. The United Kingdom canceled its $150\u00a0million debt in late February, and Italy canceled its $500\u00a0million debt in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Aftermath\nThe Mozambique government used boats to evacuate residents in flood zones, setting up 121\u00a0camps for evacuees. However, the country had a limited capacity for widespread rescues due to insufficient helicopters. South Africa sent a fleet of twelve planes and helicopters to operate search and rescue missions, as well as airdropping food. They were assisted by two helicopters from Malawi, six from the United Kingdom, and ten from Germany. By March\u00a07, the fleet of 29\u00a0helicopters had rescued 14,204\u00a0people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162843-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Mozambique flood, Aftermath\nResidual floodwaters contributed to outbreaks of malaria and cholera, with malaria infections at four times the usual rate killing at least 11\u00a0people. Areas in southern Mozambique also lost access to clean water, furthering dehydration and illnesses. In addition, the United Nations Mine Action Service expressed concern that the floods shifted the locations of landmines left over from the nation's civil war. Later, the remnants of Cyclone Gloria halted relief work due to heavy rainfall. Residents began returning home in early March after floodwaters receded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162844-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mr. Olympia\nThe 2000 Mr. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition held October 20\u201322, 2000 at the Mandalay Bay Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162845-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ms. Olympia\nThe 2000 Ms. Olympia contest is an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition and part of Joe Weider's Olympia Fitness & Performance Weekend 2000 was held on October 21, 2000, at the Mandalay Bay Arena in Paradise, Nevada. It was the 21st Ms. Olympia competition held. Other events at the exhibition include the Mr. Olympia and Fitness Olympia contests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162845-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ms. Olympia, Notable Events, 2000 Ms. Olympia changes\nThe IFBB introduced several changes to Ms. Olympia in 2000. The first change was that Ms. Olympia contest would no longer be held as a separate contest, instead became part of the \"Olympia Weekend\" in Las Vegas and held the day before the men's show. The second change was when heavyweight and lightweight classes where added. The third change was the new judging guidelines for presentations were introduced. A letter to the competitors from Jim Manion (chairman of the Professional Judges Committee) stated that women would be judged on healthy appearance, face, makeup, and skin tone. The criteria given in Manion's letter included the statement \"symmetry, presentation, separations, and muscularity BUT NOT TO THE EXTREME!\" The 2000 Ms. Olympia is the only Ms. Olympia with no overall winner, with Andrulla Blanchette winning lightweight class and Valentina Chepiga winning heavyweight class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 58], "content_span": [59, 955]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162846-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Mumbai landslide\nCoordinates: The 2000 Mumbai landslide was a landslide that occurred in Ghatkopar, a suburban neighbourhood located in Mumbai, India on 12 July 2000. Seventy-eight people, including twenty-seven men, fifteen women, and fifteen children, were killed, while seven more were injured. Most of the victims were residents of the Mumbai slums, where building and sanitation conditions are very poor. Government officials promised that the immediate family of each deceased victim would receive Rs 25,000 from the government, while the immediate family of each injured would receive Rs 10,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162846-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 Mumbai landslide\nOver one hundred and fifty firefighter personnel participated in search and rescue efforts, though officials reported little hope of finding any more survivors two days after the initial landslide occurred. The landslide was caused by land erosion, following heavy rains and subsequent flooding that coincided with a high tide in the Arabian Sea. According to meteorologists, more than three hundred and fifty millimeters of rain fell on the suburbs of Mumbai in the twenty-four-hour period before the landslide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162846-0000-0002", "contents": "2000 Mumbai landslide\nIn the years since the 2000 Mumbai landslide, Mumbai has been determined by the Municipal Corporation Building to contain 327 areas that are in danger of landslides, including 49 in the city and 278 in the suburbs. Since this revelation, thousands of huts have been relocated or reinforced to protect the inhabitants from landslides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162847-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final\nThe 2000 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final (sponsored by Guinness) was a hurling match played on Sunday 2 July 2000 at Semple Stadium, Thurles, County Tipperary,. It was contested by Cork and Tipperary. Cork captained by Fergal Ryan claimed the title beating Tipperary on a scoreline of 0-23 to 3-12. The match was shown live in Ireland as part of the Sunday Game live on RT\u00c9 Two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162848-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Music City Bowl\nIn the 2000 Music City Bowl, West Virginia defeated Ole Miss 49\u201338. This game was also West Virginia Mountaineers football coach Don Nehlen's final game. Although West Virginia won the game, it was notable because of a second half comeback by freshman Eli Manning. Down 49\u201316 in the fourth quarter, Ole Miss coach David Cutcliffe inserted Manning. Ole Miss scored 22 unanswered points in the fourth quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162849-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Myanmar Premier League\nThe 2000 Myanmar Premier League season had 12 teams competing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162850-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 M\u00e4dchen\n\"2000 M\u00e4dchen\" [2000 girls] is a punk song by Die \u00c4rzte. It was the third track and the second single from their 1987 album Ist das alles? (13 H\u00f6hepunkte mit den \u00c4rzten). It's sung from the eyes of a telephone-stalker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162850-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 M\u00e4dchen, B-sides\n\"Nein, nein, nein\" [No, no, no] is one of many songs from the Gabi & Uwe series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162851-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NACAC Under-25 Championships in Athletics\nThe 1st NACAC Under-25 Championships in Athletics were held in Monterrey, Nuevo Le\u00f3n,Mexico on August 3\u20135, 2000. This year and in 2002 the event was open for athletes younger than 25 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162851-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NACAC Under-25 Championships in Athletics, Medal summary\nMedal winners are published. Complete results can be found on the AtletismoCR, on the CFPI, and the Nevis Amateur Athletic Association websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162851-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NACAC Under-25 Championships in Athletics, Participation\nThe participation of 184 athletes from 21 countries was reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162852-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NACAC Under-25 Championships in Athletics \u2013 Results\nThese are the full results of the 2000 NACAC Under-25 Championships in Athletics which took place between August 3 and August 5, 2000, at Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n in Monterrey, Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162853-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 63rd NAIA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament was held in March at the Tulsa Convention Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The 63rd annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format. The championship game featured Life University and Georgetown College. Life would defeat Georgetown by a score of 63 to 59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162854-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NAIA Football National Championship\nThe 2000 NAIA Football Championship Series concluded on December 16, 2000 with the championship game played at Jim Carroll Stadium in Savannah, Tennessee. The game featured the same two teams that met for the prior season's title, but this time the outcome was flipped. This game was won by the Georgetown Tigers over the Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers by a score of 20\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162855-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NAIA football rankings\nOne human poll made up the 2000 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) football rankings, sometimes called the NAIA Coaches' Poll or the football ratings. Once the regular season was complete, the NAIA sponsored a playoff to determine the year's national champion. A final poll was then taken after completion of the 2000 NAIA Football National Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162855-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NAIA football rankings, Leading vote-getters\nSince the inception of the Coaches' Poll in 1999, the #1 ranking in the various weekly polls has been held by only a select group of teams. Through the postseason poll of the 2000 season, the teams and the number of times they have held the #1 weekly ranking are shown below. The number of times a team has been ranked #1 in the postseason poll (the national champion) is shown in parentheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162855-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NAIA football rankings, Leading vote-getters\nThere has been only one tie for the leading vote-getter in a weekly poll. In 2015, Southern Oregon was tied with Marian (IN) in the preseason poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162855-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NAIA football rankings, Leading vote-getters\nIn 1999, the results of a postseason poll, if one was conducted, are not known. Therefore, an additional poll has been presumed, and the #1 postseason ranking has been credited to the postseason tournament champion, the Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500\nThe 2000 NAPA 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that was held on November 20, 2000, at Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton, Georgia. It was originally scheduled for November 19, but was postponed due to rain and run on Monday. It was the 34th and final race of the 2000 NASCAR season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500\nJerry Nadeau, driving the #25 Michael Holigan Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Hendrick Motorsports, won the race. It was his first victory in the Winston Cup Series and would prove to be the only victory he would record during his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500\nFollowing the race, the Winston Cup was formally awarded to series champion Bobby Labonte, the driver of the #18 Interstate Batteries Pontiac Grand Prix for Joe Gibbs Racing. Labonte had clinched the Winston Cup championship the previous week by finishing 4th in the Pennzoil 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway, and he followed that up with a 5th place finish in this race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Background\nThis race, perhaps fittingly, was home to a series of finales. Among them:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Background\nIn addition, several teams were running their last races with their current manufacturers. Below are teams that were all joining Dodge\u2019s effort in NASCAR for 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Background\nFinally, some notable teams were also running their last races with their current sponsors:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Background\nIn an unexpected final occurrence, Dale Earnhardt recorded the last top five finish of his racing career as he finished second to Nadeau. The reason this was unexpected was because of his death in the Daytona 500 at the beginning of the following season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nIt wasn't uncommon for a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race in the 1990s to have only three to five cars on the lead lap. If someone spun, didn't hit the wall or anyone else, and could fire it up and get going, there would be no reason to wave a caution flag for multiple laps. Between 8-12 cars on the lead lap was considered to be a typical performance at a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race during the 1990s; a far cry compared to the more than 15 cars on the lead lap at short track in the current NASCAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nApproximately 14% of the race was run under a caution flag; the average green flag run was 31 laps. Several accidents and oil spills caused eight caution periods for 44 laps. Three hundred and twenty-five laps were completed in 3 hours, 32 minutes and 32 seconds. Jerry Nadeau beat Dale Earnhardt to the finish line by 1.338 seconds to win the race (his first and only victory in Winston Cup competition). ESPN's Bob Jenkins, calling his last Winston Cup event for ESPN, called the finish thus:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nBack in March of '81, Darrell Waltrip took the checkered flag to win the very first race we televised on ESPN...and in November of 2000... Jerry Nadeau wins the final race on ESPN!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nAs the competitors of the race completed lap 320, Dale Earnhardt finally achieved the feat of completing 10000 laps in a single NASCAR Winston Cup Series season before his death at the 2001 Daytona 500. The race was officially started shortly after 1:00 PM Eastern Standard Time and finished at approximately 4:32 PM EST.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nGeoff Bodine finished last due to an engine problem on lap 11. Buckshot Jones was the lowest finisher to complete the event, finishing in 37th place, 48 laps behind the lead lap drivers. Jeremy Mayfield had a winning racecar that was forced to leave the race on lap 53 due to engine problems; this performance was typical of his 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Darrell Waltrip finishes 34th in his final Cup start and 7 laps behind Jerry Nadeau; even though it was certainly not the \"victory tour\" that he had planned. For the 2001 season, Waltrip would begin working as a color commentator for Fox Sports' coverage of Winston Cup racing. Waltrip's retirement also ended a rocky relationship between himself and Travis Carter Motorsports that lasted since the 1998 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nIn the views of certain fans, the final years of Waltrip's NASCAR career had involved him taking a metaphorical back seat to Jeff Gordon; who was a rising star back then. Darrell Waltrip's career with Fox Sports commenced with the Budweiser Shootout on February 11, 2001. The following week, Waltrip provided commentary for the fateful Daytona 500 race in which the death of Dale Earnhardt occurred on that race's final lap. Thankfully, the sport has gotten much safer since Dale Earnhardt was killed behind the wheel in 2001, and drivers like Ryan Newman are still with us. The sport has become more technology-dependent in the 21st century, however, and pure driving skill has been thrown aside in favor of luck-based strategies which involves the use of the ever-advancing technology and complicated mathematics involving angles and estimating the vehicles' maximum velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\n43 drivers, all born in the United States of America qualified for the NAPA 500, driving either Chevrolet, Ford or Pontiac cars. 13 other drivers failed to qualify, including Dick Trickle, Hut Stricklin, Morgan Shepherd and Hermie Sadler. Individual race earnings for each driver ranged from $180,550 to Jerry Nadeau ($271,331 when adjusted for inflation) to $34,982 to last-place finisher Geoff Bodine ($52,571 when adjusted for inflation). The total purse for the event was $2,336,442 ($3,511,210 when adjusted for inflation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nNotable crew chiefs who actively participated in this race included Robin Pemberton, Jimmy Fenning, Tony Eury, Sr., Greg Zipadelli, Donnie Wingo, Larry McReynolds, Hut Stricklin, Jeff Hammond among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nThis was the last NASCAR race of the 20th century and of the 2nd millennium. While the price of gasoline and oil would remain cheap throughout the first five years of the 21st century, the constant threat of fossil fuel depletion eventually caused NASCAR to adopt electronic fuel injection as a fuel-saving measure. Concern for the environment also caught the eye of NASCAR officials during the 21st century; they would make an attempt to reduce the carbon footprint that NASCAR elevated during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nThe 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season was when the average NASCAR fan could see some changes in the pecking order brewing. Matt Kenseth was an excellent young contender who could compete alongside Steve Park and Dale Earnhardt Junior. Fourteen different drivers would win, which was a substantial number back then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162856-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA 500, Race report\nAt least five of the drivers involved in this race are no longer living as of 2020, including Blaise Alexander, Dick Trickle, Dale Earnhardt, Bobby Hamilton, and John Andretti. Only Kurt Busch still remains in the NASCAR Cup Series from this race; making him one of NASCAR's elder statesmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162857-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA Auto Parts 500\nThe 2000 NAPA Auto Parts 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on April 30, 2000, at California Speedway in Fontana, California. Contested over 250 laps on the 2-mile (3.2\u00a0km) speedway, it was the 10th race of the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Jeremy Mayfield of Penske-Kranefuss Racing won the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162857-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NAPA Auto Parts 500, Background\nThe track, California Speedway, is a four-turn superspeedway that is 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) long. The track's turns are banked from fourteen degrees, while the front stretch, the location of the finish line, is banked at eleven degrees. Unlike the front stretch, the back straightaway is banked at three degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series\nThe 2000 NASCAR Busch Series began on February 19 and ended on November 11. Jeff Green of ppc Racing was crowned series champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, NAPA Auto Parts 300\nThe NAPA Auto Parts 300 was held February 19 at Daytona International Speedway. Hut Stricklin won the pole. Two flips occurred during this race. The first flip was on lap 15 during a 7 car pileup coming out of the tri-oval. Jeff Green got turned around and flipped once. He was uninjured, though. Later, on lap 104, coming out of the tri-oval Michael Waltrip got turned around and flipped several times. He, too, was okay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, NAPA Auto Parts 300\nFailed to qualify: Shane Hall (#0), David Starr (#16), Lyndon Amick (#35), Kevin Grubb (#37) Michael Ritch (#55), Ed Berrier (#65), C. W. Smith (#67), Blaise Alexander (#81), Greg Sacks (#84), Jimmie Johnson (#92), Gus Wasson (#96)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Alltel 200\nThe Alltel 200 was held February 26 at North Carolina Speedway. Mark Martin won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Alltel 200\nFailed to qualify: Mike Skinner (#19), Ward Burton (#22), Hut Stricklin (#61), Kevin Harvick (#2), Dick Trickle (#5), Shane Hall (#0), Jason Jarrett (#11), Mike Stefanik (#90), Wayne Grubb (#83), Ricky Hendrick (#24), Ken Alexander (#03), Johnny Benson (#91)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Sam's Town 300\nThe Sam's Town 300 was held March 4 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Hank Parker Jr. won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Sam's Town 300\nFailed to qualify: Anthony Lazzaro (#97), Jay Sauter (#43), Rich Bickle (#91), Boris Said (#12), Gus Wasson (#96), Steve Park (#31), Tony Roper (#50), Hermie Sadler (#30), Shane Hall (#0), Mike Skinner (#19), Dave Steele (#82)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Aaron's 312\nThe Aaron's 312 was held March 11 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Matt Kenseth won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Aaron's 312\nFailed to qualify: Hermie Sadler (#30), Rich Bickle (#91), Tony Roper (#50), Gus Wasson (#96), Michael Ritch (#55), Jason Leffler (#18), Terry Labonte/Glenn Allen Jr. (#44), Dave Steele (#82), Gary Bradberry (#86), Ron Young (#70)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, SunCom 200\nThe SunCom 200 was held March 18 at Darlington Raceway. Mark Martin won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, SunCom 200\nFailed to qualify: Jason Jarrett (#11), Dave Steele (#82), Terry Labonte (#44), Wayne Grubb (#83), Ricky Hendrick (#24), Shane Hall (#0), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Jeff Purvis (#4), Morgan Shepherd (#19), Tony Roper (#50)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Cheez-It 250\nThe Cheez-It 250 was held March 25 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Cheez-It 250\nFailed to qualify: Hermie Sadler (#30), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Tony Roper (#50), Mike Borkowski (#20), Brad Teague (#49), Michael Ritch (#55), Shane Hall (#0), Tracy Hines (#12), Jason Jarrett (#11), Mark Day (#16)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Cheez-It 250\n\u2022 Marlin would capture his 2nd and final win, as well as his first since the 1990 All Pro 300. Furthermore, this race was the first of 8 Busch Series wins for Chip Ganassi Racing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Albertsons 300\nThe Albertsons 300 was held April 1 at Texas Motor Speedway. Jason Leffler won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Albertsons 300\nFailed to qualify: Chad Little (#30), Terry Labonte (#44), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Anthony Lazzaro (#97), Michael Waltrip (#7), Tony Roper (#50), Jeff Fuller (#82), Michael Ritch (#55), Jason Jarrett (#11), Rich Bickle (#91), Dave Blaney (#20)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Albertsons 300\nThe race was known for a controversial move by MTV Networks to not broadcast the race after a rain delay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, BellSouth Mobility 320\nThe final BellSouth Mobility 320 was held April 8 at Nashville Speedway USA. Casey Atwood won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, BellSouth Mobility 320\nFailed to qualify: Andy Kirby (#39), Joe Buford (#16), Brad Baker (#13), David Keith (#95), Ron Young (#71), Kelly Denton (#75), Ashton Lewis (#46), Tyler Walker (#28), P. J. Jones (#19), Sammy Ragan (#78), Philip Morris (#30)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Touchstone Energy 300\nThe Touchstone Energy 300 was held April 14 at Talladega Superspeedway. Todd Bodine won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Touchstone Energy 300\nFailed to qualify: Johnny Rumley (#0), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Chad Little (#30), Kelly Denton (#75), Anthony Lazzaro (#97)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Auto Club 300\nThe Auto Club 300 was held April 29 at California Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Hardee's 250\nThe Hardee's 250 was held May 5 at Richmond International Raceway. Jeff Green won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Hardee's 250\nFailed to qualify: Mike Stefanik (#90), Curtis Markham (#29), Lance Hooper (#0), Kenny Wallace (#25), P. J. Jones (#19), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#42), Jason Jarrett (#11), Tony Roper (#50), Chad Little (#30), Ken Alexander (#03)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Busch 200\nThe Busch 200 was held May 13 at New Hampshire International Speedway. Tim Fedewa won the pole. The weekend was marked by tragedy, when during a practice run on May 12, 19-year-old Adam Petty lost control of his race car and crashed into the Turn 3 wall. He did not survive the accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Busch 200\nFailed to qualify: Ricky Hendrick (#24), Tony Roper (#50), Wayne Grubb (#83), Ashton Lewis (#46), Andy Kirby (#39)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Carquest Auto Parts 300\nThe Carquest Auto Parts 300 was held May 27 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. Dave Blaney won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Carquest Auto Parts 300\nFailed to qualify: P. J. Jones (#19), Michael Waltrip (#7), Anthony Lazzaro (#97), Jeff Purvis (#4), Mark Green (#63), Wayne Grubb (#83), Jim Bown (#51), Ashton Lewis (#46), Stanton Barrett (#50), Roberto Guerrero (#72), Michael Ritch (#55), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Rich Bickle (#91), Justin Labonte (#44)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, MBNA Platinum 200\nThe MBNA Platinum 200 was held June 3 at Dover International Speedway. Kevin Harvick won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, MBNA Platinum 200\nFailed to qualify: Mike Stefanik (#90), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Jason Jarrett (#11), Chad Little (#30), Rich Bickle (#91)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Textilease/Medique 300\nThe final Textilease/Medique 300 was held June 10 at South Boston Speedway. Casey Atwood won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Textilease/Medique 300\nFailed to qualify: R. D. Smith (#79), Forrest Urban Jr. (#54)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Myrtle Beach 250\nThe final Myrtle Beach 250 was held June 17 at Myrtle Beach Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole. It was also Jay Robinson Racing's first start", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Myrtle Beach 250\nFailed to qualify: Richard Jarvis Jr. (#54), Jason Jarrett (#11), Andy Kirby (#39), Lance Hooper (#0)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Lysol 200\nThe Lysol 200 was held June 25 at Watkins Glen International. Ron Fellows won the pole. This race was known for a massive crash involving then-Busch Series regular Jimmie Johnson. Johnson's brakes failed entering turn 1, causing his car to smack the styrofoam retaining wall at about 140 miles per hour. Johnson was uninjured, even standing on top of the car and pumping his fists in the air after the wreck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Lysol 200\nFailed to qualify: Michael Ritch (#55), Dale Quarterley (#32), Jaime Guerrero (#72), John Preston (#12)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Sears DieHard 250\nThe Sears DieHard 250 was held July 2 at The Milwaukee Mile. Jeff Green won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Sears DieHard 250\nFailed to qualify: Ricky Hendrick (#24), Ted Smokstad (#12), Ashton Lewis (#46), Mario Gosselin (#58), Brad Baker (#13), David Starr (#16), Mel Walen (#88), Doug Reid III (#86)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Econo Lodge 200\nThe Econo Lodge 200 was held July 16 at Nazareth Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Econo Lodge 200\nFailed to qualify: Jason Jarrett (#11), Bill Hoff (#93), Derrick Gilchrest (#15)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, NAPA Autocare 250\nThe NAPA Autocare 250 was held July 22 at Pikes Peak International Raceway. Jeff Purvis won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Carquest Auto Parts 250\nThe Carquest Auto Parts 250 was held July 29 at Gateway International Raceway. Jeff Green won the pole. Qualifying for this event was rained out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Carquest Auto Parts 250\nFailed to qualify: Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Andy Kirby (#39), Hut Stricklin (#11), Johnny Rumley (#0), Mel Walen (#85), Doug Reid III (#86), Curtis Markham (#29), Jay Fogleman (#68)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Kroger 200\nThe Kroger 200 was held August 4 at Indianapolis Raceway Park at Indianapolis Raceway Park. Jason Leffler won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Kroger 200\nFailed to qualify: Brad Baker (#13), Justin Labonte (#44), Sammy Sanders (#16), Jay Fogleman (#68), Brian Tyler (#49), Mel Walen (#85), Forrest Urban Jr. (#54), Bill Hoff (#93)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, NAPAonline.com 250\nThe NAPAonline.com 250 was held August 19 at Michigan International Speedway. Buckshot Jones won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, NAPAonline.com 250\nFailed to qualify: Morgan Shepherd (#11), Michael Ritch (#55), P. J. Jones (#19), Rich Bickle (#91), Brett Bodine (#44), Doug Reid III (#86), Mark Martin (#60)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Food City 250\nThe Food City 250 was held August 25 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Kevin Harvick won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Food City 250\nFailed to qualify: Jay Fogleman (#68), Wayne Grubb (#83), Matt Kenseth (#17), P. J. Jones (#19), Ashton Lewis (#46), Ron Young (#70), Tom Hubert (#20), Ricky Hendrick (#24), Doug Reid III (#86), Justin Labonte (#44)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Dura Lube / All Pro Bumper to Bumper 200\nThe Dura Lube / All Pro Bumper to Bumper 200 was held September 2 at Darlington Raceway. Mark Martin won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Dura Lube / All Pro Bumper to Bumper 200\nFailed to qualify: Steve Park (#31), Justin Labonte, Andy Kirby (#39), Mike Stefanik (#90), Jason Jarrett (#11), Stanton Barrett (#12)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Autolite / Fram 250\nThe Autolite / Fram 250 was held September 8 at Richmond International Raceway. Todd Bodine won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Autolite / Fram 250\nFailed to qualify: Michael Ritch (#55), Rich Bickle (#91), Tim Sauter (#61), Steve Park (#31), Ashton Lewis (#46), Mike Stefanik (#90), Justin Labonte (#44), Wayne Grubb (#83), Jay Fogleman (#68), Hermie Sadler (#6), Forrest Urban Jr. (#54), Richard Jarvis Jr. (#80), Bill Hoff (#93)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, MBNA.com 200\nThe MBNA.com 200 was held September 23 at Dover International Speedway. Mike Skinner won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, MBNA.com 200\nFailed to qualify: Terry Labonte (#44), P. J. Jones (#19), Andy Kirby (#39)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300\nThe All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300 was held October 7 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. Matt Kenseth won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300\nFailed to qualify: Justin Labonte (#44), Steve Park (#31), Sterling Marlin (#01), Rich Bickle (#91), Mike Stefanik (#90), Johnny Rumley (#0), Chad Little (#74), Michael Ritch (#55), Terry Labonte (#04), Ricky Craven (#19), Ashton Lewis (#74), Jay Fogleman (#68)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Sam's Club 200\nThe Sam's Club 200 was held October 21 at North Carolina Speedway. Mark Martin won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0058-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Sam's Club 200\nFailed to qualify: Jason Jarrett (#11), Andy Kirby (#39), Michael Waltrip (#99), Lyndon Amick (#35), Brandon Butler (#83), Mike Stefanik (#90), Tim Sauter (#61), Scott Wimmer (#20), Rich Bickle (#91), Jay Fogleman (#68)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0059-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Sam's Town 250\nThe Sam's Town 250 was held October 29 at Memphis Motorsports Park. Jeff Green won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0060-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Sam's Town 250\nFailed to qualify: Ashton Lewis (#46), Mike Stefanik (#90), Justin Labonte (#44), Jason Jarrett (#11), Ron Young (#70), Sammy Sanders (#16), Steadman Marlin (#01), Wayman Wittman (#93)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0061-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Outback Steakhouse 200\nThe Outback Steakhouse 200 was held November 4 at Phoenix International Raceway. Jason Leffler won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0062-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Outback Steakhouse 200\nFailed to qualify:  Curtis Markham (#29), Hut Stricklin (#11), Justin Labonte (#44), Ashton Lewis (#46), Rich Bickle (#91), Brandon Butler (#83), Rick Carelli (#86)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0063-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Miami 300\nThe Miami 300 was held November 11 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Bobby Hamilton Jr. won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0064-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Races, Miami 300\nFailed to qualify: Mike Dillon (#21), Sterling Marlin (#01), Chad Little (#74), Justin Labonte (#44), Michael Ritch (#55), Rich Bickle (#91), Lyndon Amick (#35), Curtis Markham (#29), Ricky Craven (#19), Mark McFarland (#84), Ashton Lewis (#46), Mark Green (#63)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0065-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Full Drivers' Championship\n(key)\u00a0Bold\u00a0\u2013 Pole position awarded by time. Italics\u00a0\u2013 Pole position set by owner's points. *\u00a0\u2013 Most laps led.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162858-0066-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Busch Series, Rookie of the Year\nKevin Harvick tied for a record three wins and beat out pre-season favorite Ron Hornaday Jr. for the Rookie of the Year award in 2000, despite missing one race. Hornaday, the only rookie candidate to compete in every race, had two wins and a fifth-place points finish. Jimmie Johnson drove for a brand-new team and had a tenth-place points finish, while Jay Sauter had eight top-ten finishes. Michael Ritch struggled with qualifying problems all year, while P. J. Jones, Anthony Lazzaro, Mike Borkowski, and Dave Steele were all open-wheel drivers who were released from their rides early in the season. Mike Stefanik was the only other rookie candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series\nThe 2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the sixth season of the Craftsman Truck Series, the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States. Greg Biffle of Roush Racing was crowned the series champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series\nThe season was marred by the death of Tony Roper in the penultimate race of the season at Texas Motor Speedway. His death was the third of three driver fatalities in 2000 that included Kenny Irwin Jr. and Adam Petty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Daytona 250\nThe inaugural Daytona 250 was held on February 18 at Daytona International Speedway. During this race, Geoff Bodine was involved in a serious accident that collected many trucks and damaged the fence, causing his truck to flip over several times and become engulfed in flames. He survived the accident. Also, in this race, Kurt Busch makes his NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series debut, and ended up finishing second to Mike Wallace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Daytona 250\nFailed to qualify: Brad Teague (#04), Lance Hooper (#9), Rick Ware (#51), Peter Gibbons (#01), Carl Long (#91), Ricky Sanders (#19), Brian Sockwell (#54), Matt Mullins (#09), Kenny Allen (#28), Wayne Edwards (#93), Jeff Spraker (#69), Gary Bradberry (#80), Tom Powers (#5), Tommy Croft (#71), Joe Buford (#11), Phil Bonifield (#23)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Florida Dodge Dealers 400K\nThe Florida Dodge Dealers 400K was held February 26 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Joe Ruttman won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Chevy Trucks NASCAR 150\nThe Chevy Trucks NASCAR 150 was held March 18 at Phoenix International Raceway. Joe Ruttman won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Dodge California 250\nThe Dodge California 250 was held March 26 at Mesa Marin Raceway. Mike Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, NAPA 250\nThe NAPA 250 was held April 10 at Martinsville Speedway. Mike Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, NAPA 250\nFailed to qualify: Wayne Edwards (#91), Carl Long (#91), Andy Genzman (#27), Billy Venturini (#83), Rick Ware (#51), Tom Bambard (#30), Paul Carman (#08), Bobby Norfleet (#34)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, LINE-X 225\nThe LINE-X 225 was held April 22 at Portland International Raceway. Greg Biffle won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Ram Tough 200\nThe Ram Tough 200 was held May 7 at Gateway International Raceway. Greg Biffle won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Ram Tough 200\nFailed to qualify: Morgan Shepherd (#23), Wayne Edwards (#93), Rick Ware (#51) Stan Boyd (#89), Steve Stevenson (#11)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Quaker State 200\nThe Quaker State 200 was held May 13 at Memphis Motorsports Park. Bobby Hamilton won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Quaker State 200\nFailed to qualify: Stan Boyd (#89), R. D. Smith (#79), Patrick Lawler (#38), Tom Powers (#5), Ricky Sanders (#19), Thomas Boston (#81), Phil Bonifield (#23), Paul Carman (#08)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Grainger.com 200\nThe Grainger.com 200 was held May 21 at Pikes Peak International Raceway. Andy Houston won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Sears 200\nThe Sears 200 was held June 3 at Evergreen Speedway. Joe Ruttman won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Sears 200\nFailed to qualify: Jason Roche (#04), Bobby Hillis (#05), Bobby Norfleet (#34)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Pronto Auto Parts 400K\nThe Pronto Auto Parts 400K was held June 9 at Texas Motor Speedway. Greg Biffle won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Kroger 225\nThe inaugural Kroger 225 was held June 17 at Kentucky Speedway. Bryan Reffner won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Bully Hill Vineyards 150\nThe Bully Hill Vineyards 150 was held June 24 at Watkins Glen International. Greg Biffle won the pole. The race was the last Truck race on a road course until 2013, when the Chevrolet Silverado 250 was held at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Sears DieHard 200\nThe Sears DieHard 200 was held July 1 at The Milwaukee Mile. Kurt Busch won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, thatlook.com 200\nThe thatlook.com 200 was held July 8 at New Hampshire International Speedway. Joe Ruttman won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Chevy Silverado 200\nThe Chevy Silverado 200 was held July 15 at Nazareth Speedway. Joe Ruttman won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Michigan 200\nThe Michigan 200 was held July 22 at Michigan International Speedway. Jamie McMurray won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Power Stroke Diesel 200\nThe Power Stroke Diesel 200 was held August 3 at Indianapolis Raceway Park. Joe Ruttman won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Power Stroke Diesel 200\nFailed to qualify: Steve Prescott (#03), Coy Gibbs (#20), Phil Bonifield (#23), Morgan Shepherd (#7), Ronnie Hornaday (#92), Donny Morelock (#4), Ryan McGlynn (#00), Wes Russell (#47), Wayne Edwards (#93), Tony Ave (#31), Jason Thom (#37), Loni Richardson (#0)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 66], "content_span": [67, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Federated Auto Parts 250\nThe Federated Auto Parts 250 was held August 12 at Nashville Speedway USA. Jamie McMurray won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Federated Auto Parts 250\nFailed to qualify: Brian Rose (#31), Ryan McGlynn (#00), Bobby Gill (#15), Ricky Sanders (#19), Wayne Edwards (#93), Jeff Beck (#27), Conrad Burr (#28), R. D. Smith (#79), Phil Bonifield (#23), Loni Richardson (#0), Tim Martin (#04)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Sears Craftsman 175 of Chicago\nThe inaugural Sears Craftsman 175 of Chicago was held August 27 at Chicago Motor Speedway. Joe Ruttman won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Sears Craftsman 175 of Chicago\nFailed to qualify: Wayne Edwards (#93), Stan Boyd (#89), Brad Payne (#33), Donnie Neuenberger (#21), Jay Stewart (#30), Phil Bonifield (#23), Brendan Gaughan (#62)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 73], "content_span": [74, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Kroger 200\nThe Kroger 200 was held September 7 at Richmond International Raceway. Kurt Busch won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Kroger 200\nFailed to qualify: Coy Gibbs (#20), Ricky Hendrick (#17), Morgan Shepherd (#80), Darren Shaw (#11), J. D. Gibbs (#48), Steve Prescott (#03), Brian Sockwell (#54), Brian Rose (#98), Wayne Edwards (#93), Bill Lester (#23), Jim Mills (#30), Loni Richardson (#0), Scotty Sands (#47)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, MBNA e-commerce 200\nThe inaugural MBNA e-commerce 200 was held September 22 at Dover International Speedway. Kurt Busch won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, MBNA e-commerce 200\nFailed to qualify: Ron Barfield (#97), Kenny Martin (#98), Morgan Shepherd (#80), Larry Gunselman (#31), Tony Roper (#26), Ricky Sanders (#19), Ryan McGlynn (#00), Jerry Miller (#32), Michael Hamby (#0), Donnie Neuenbeger (#84), Jim Mills (#30)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, O'Reilly 400\nThe O'Reilly 400 was held October 13 at Texas Motor Speedway. Bryan Reffner won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, O'Reilly 400\nFailed to qualify: Morgan Shepherd (#80), Bobby Dotter (#45), Wayne Edwards (#93), Ron Barfield (#97), Carl Long (#32), Jay Stewart (#33), Richie Hearn (#23), Gene Christensen (#92)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Motorola 200\nThe Motorola 200 was held October 28 at California Speedway. Kurt Busch won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Races, Motorola 200\nFailed to qualify: Tom Powers (#5), Rick Ware (#51), Michael Hamby (#0)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162859-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Rookie of the Year\nKurt Busch, winner of Roush Racing's first Gong Show, took home Rookie of the Year honors in 2000, winning four races and finishing second in points. The top runner-up was Carlos Contreras, the first Mexican to compete full-time in the Truck Series. Scott Riggs started the year with several underfunded teams, before becoming Contreras' teammate at Impact Motorsports. Rick Ware, Wayne Edwards, Kenny Martin, and Coy Gibbs all declared for ROTY but struggled in qualifying, while Mark Petty made a delayed attempt at the award. Businessman Donny Morelock and Coy's brother J. D. rounded out the rookie class of 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\nThe 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 52nd season of professional stock car racing in the United States, and was the 29th modern-era Cup series. The season began on February 13 and ended on November 20. Joe Gibbs Racing driver Bobby Labonte was crowned champion at season's end. The NASCAR Manufacturers' Championship was won by Ford as they captured 14 wins and 234 points to better Pontiac's 11 wins and 213 points. Chevrolet finished third with nine wins and 199 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\nThe season was marred by tragedy when Adam Petty and Kenny Irwin Jr. were killed in separate accidents at New Hampshire International Raceway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\nThis was the final season for the three-time Winston Cup Champion Darrell Waltrip. Also, this was unexpectedly the final full-time season for seven-time Winston Cup champion Dale Earnhardt, who was killed in the 2001 Daytona 500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\nThe 2000 season also marked the final one for various networks that carried NASCAR racing. Because of the new television deal struck on December 15, 1999, it would be the last year for a multitude of these long-time broadcasters. NASCAR on CBS broadcast the final races of its twenty-two season partnership, ending with the Pepsi 400 at Daytona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\nNASCAR on TNN and NASCAR on TBS ended their time in the Winston Cup Series; the former's run of ten seasons came to an end at the Checker Auto Parts/Dura Lube 500 at Phoenix, while the latter's abruptly ceased at eighteen seasons following the UAW-GM Quality 500 at Lowe's Motor Speedway (TBS had initially won rights for the new deal, but was replaced by TNT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0003-0002", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series\nNASCAR on ESPN, alongside its affiliated programming with ESPN on ABC, ended its initial run of covering NASCAR's top series (both networks returned during the 2007 season); ESPN's first run of twenty seasons concluded with the NAPA 500 at Atlanta, while ABC's then twenty-five nonconsecutive seasons with the sport ended with the Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Bud Shootout\nThe Bud Shootout, an exhibition race for all Pole Award winners from the previous season, was held February 13 at Daytona International Speedway. Mark Martin drew the pole. The race was broadcast on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Gatorade 125s\nThe Gatorade Twin 125s were run on February 17 at Daytona International Speedway. Dale Jarrett and Ricky Rudd were the polesitters for races 1 and 2, respectively. The Gatorade Twin 125s were held on February 19 on CBS after the NASCAR Busch Series race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, 42nd Daytona 500\nThe 2000 Daytona 500 was held February 20 at Daytona International Speedway. Dale Jarrett won the pole. The race was televised by CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, 42nd Daytona 500\nFailed to qualify: 60 \u2013Geoff Bodine, 84-Norm Benning, 72\u2013Jim Sauter, 65\u2013Dan Pardus, 85 \u2013Carl Long, 48\u2013Stanton Barrett, 89-Bobby Gerhart, 96\u2013Greg Sacks, 11 \u2013Brett Bodine, 71-Dave Marcis, 91 \u2013Andy Hillenburg, 27 \u2013Jeff Fuller*, 50 \u2013Ricky Craven, and 34 \u2013David Green", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Dura Lube/Kmart 400\nThe Dura Lube/Kmart 400 was held February 27 at North Carolina Speedway. Rusty Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Dura Lube/Kmart 400\nFailed to qualify: Ricky Craven (No. 50), Scott Pruett (No. 32), Dave Blaney (No. 93), Mike Bliss (No. 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, CarsDirect.com 400\nThe CarsDirect.com 400 was held March 5 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Ricky Rudd won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, CarsDirect.com 400\nFailed to qualify: Rick Mast (No. 41), Mike Bliss (No. 14), Ed Berrier (No. 90), Brett Bodine (No. 11), Dave Marcis (No. 71), Austin Cameron (No. 89)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Cracker Barrel Old Country Store 500\nThe Cracker Barrel Old Country Store 500 was held March 12 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Dale Jarrett won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Cracker Barrel Old Country Store 500\nFailed to qualify: Dave Marcis (No. 71), Ed Berrier (No. 90), Johnny Benson (No. 10), Mike Bliss (No. 14), Robby Gordon (No. 13)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Mall.com 400\nThe Mall.com 400 was held March 19 at Darlington Raceway. Jeff Gordon won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Mall.com 400\nFailed to qualify: Derrike Cope (No. 15), Ricky Craven (No. 50), Scott Pruett (No. 32), Wally Dallenbach Jr. (No. 75), Ed Berrier (No. 90)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Food City 500\nThe Food City 500 was held March 26 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Steve Park won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Food City 500\nFailed to qualify: Dave Marcis (No. 71), Ricky Craven (No. 50), Ed Berrier (No. 90), Scott Pruett (No. 32)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, DirecTV 500\nThe DirecTV 500 was held April 2 at Texas Motor Speedway. Terry Labonte won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, DirecTV 500\nFailed to qualify: Robby Gordon (No. 13), Dave Marcis (No. 71), Wally Dallenbach Jr. (No. 75), Kyle Petty (No. 44), Todd Bodine (No. 91)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Goody's Body Pain 500\nThe Goody's Body Pain 500 was held April 9 at Martinsville Speedway. Rusty Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Goody's Body Pain 500\nFailed to qualify: Wally Dallenbach Jr. (No. 75), Rick Mast (No. 14), Dave Marcis (No. 71), Ed Berrier (No. 90)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, DieHard 500\nThe DieHard 500 was held April 16 at Talladega Superspeedway. Jeremy Mayfield won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, DieHard 500\nFailed to qualify: Brett Bodine (No. 11), Kevin Lepage (No. 16), Gary Bradberry* (No. 41), Rick Mast (No. 14), Elliott Sadler (No. 21)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, NAPA Auto Parts 500\nThe NAPA Auto Parts 500 was held April 30 at California Speedway. Mike Skinner won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, NAPA Auto Parts 500\nFailed to qualify: Dave Marcis (No. 71), Ed Berrier (No. 90), Dwayne Leik (No. 72)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pontiac Excitement 400\nThe Pontiac Excitement 400 was held May 6 at Richmond International Raceway. Rusty Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pontiac Excitement 400\nFailed to qualify: Rick Mast (No. 14), Darrell Waltrip (No. 66), Dave Marcis (No. 71), Ed Berrier (No. 90)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, The Winston\nThe Winston, the all-star race for all past champions and recent winners, was held May 20 at Lowe's Motor Speedway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Coca-Cola 600\nThe Coca-Cola 600 was held May 28 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Coca-Cola 600\nFailed to qualify: Ted Musgrave (No. 15), Steve Grissom (No. 44), Ed Berrier (No. 90), Darrell Waltrip (No. 66), Dave Marcis (No. 71)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, MBNA Platinum 400\nThe MBNA Platinum 400 was held June 4 at Dover Downs International Speedway. Rusty Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, MBNA Platinum 400\nFailed to qualify: Kyle Petty* (No. 44), Carl Long (No. 85)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Kmart 400\nThe Kmart 400 was held June 11 at Michigan Speedway. Bobby Labonte won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Kmart 400\nFailed to qualify: Darrell Waltrip (No. 66), Ricky Craven (No. 50), Dave Marcis (No. 71)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pocono 500\nThe Pocono 500 was scheduled for June 18 but was held June 19 at Pocono Raceway due to rain. Rusty Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pocono 500\nFailed to qualify: Darrell Waltrip (No. 66), Dwayne Leik (No. 72), Bill Baird (No. 52)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Save Mart/Kragen 350\nThe Save Mart/Kragen 350 was held June 25 at Sears Point Raceway. Rusty Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Save Mart/Kragen 350\nFailed to qualify: Rick Mast (No. 14), Geoff Bodine (No. 60), R. K. Smith (No. 71)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pepsi 400\nThe Pepsi 400 was held July 1 at Daytona International Speedway. Dale Jarrett won the pole. This was the final Winston Cup race that was televised on CBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pepsi 400\nFailed to qualify: Brett Bodine (No. 11), Dave Marcis (No. 71), Robby Gordon (No. 13)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, thatlook.com 300\nThe thatlook.com 300 was held July 9 at New Hampshire International Speedway. Rusty Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pennsylvania 500\nThe Pennsylvania 500 was held July 23 at Pocono Raceway. Tony Stewart won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pennsylvania 500\nFailed to qualify: Geoff Bodine (No. 60), Carl Long (No. 85)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Brickyard 400\nThe Brickyard 400 was held August 5 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Ricky Rudd won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Brickyard 400\nFailed to qualify: David Keith (No. 95), Rich Bickle (No. 61), Dave Marcis (No. 71), Robby Gordon (No. 13), Steve Grissom (No. 44), Bill Baird (No. 52)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Global Crossing @ The Glen\nThe Global Crossing @ The Glen was held August 13 at Watkins Glen International. Due to qualifying being rained out, the starting lineup was set by owner's points so Bobby Labonte was awarded pole position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Global Crossing @ The Glen\nFailed to qualify: Boris Said (No. 23), Scott Pruett (No. 32), R. K. Smith (No. 71), Brett Bodine (No. 11), Brian Simo (No. 90)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pepsi 400 presented by Meijer\nThe Pepsi 400 presented by Meijer was held August 20 at Michigan Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pepsi 400 presented by Meijer\nFailed to qualify: Geoff Bodine (No. 60), Darrell Waltrip (No. 66), Stacy Compton (No. 9), Kyle Petty (No. 44), David Keith (No. 95), Carl Long (No. 85)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 70], "content_span": [71, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, goracing.com 500\nThe goracing.com 500 was held August 26 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Rusty Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, goracing.com 500\nFailed to qualify: Mike Bliss (No. 27), Hut Stricklin (No. 90), Carl Long (No. 85), Ricky Craven (No. 50)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pepsi Southern 500\nThe Pepsi Southern 500 was held September 3 at Darlington Raceway. Jeremy Mayfield won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Chevrolet Monte Carlo 400\nThe Chevrolet Monte Carlo 400 was held September 9 at Richmond International Raceway. Jeff Burton won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Chevrolet Monte Carlo 400\nFailed to qualify: Mike Bliss (No. 27), Robby Gordon (No. 13), Darrell Waltrip (No. 66), Dave Marcis (No. 71)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Dura Lube 300 sponsored by Kmart\nThe Dura Lube 300 sponsored by Kmart was held September 17 at New Hampshire International Speedway. Bobby Labonte won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Dura Lube 300 sponsored by Kmart\nFailed to qualify: Steve Grissom (No. 44), Dave Marcis (No. 71)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, MBNA.com 400\nThe MBNA.com 400 was held September 24 at Dover Downs International Speedway. Jeremy Mayfield won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0058-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, MBNA.com 400\nFailed to qualify: Hut Stricklin (No. 90), Joe Bessey (No. 60)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0059-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, NAPA Autocare 500\nThe NAPA Autocare 500 was held October 1 at Martinsville Speedway. Tony Stewart won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0060-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, NAPA Autocare 500\nFailed to qualify: Scott Pruett (No. 32), Steve Grissom (No. 44), Carl Long (No. 85), Dave Marcis (No. 71), Rich Bickle (No. 60)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0061-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, UAW-GM Quality 500\nThe UAW-GM Quality 500 was held October 8 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. Jeff Gordon won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0062-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, UAW-GM Quality 500\nFailed to qualify: Scott Pruett (No. 32), Ricky Craven (No. 50), Steve Grissom (No. 44), Carl Long (No. 85), Stacy Compton (No. 9), Dave Marcis (No. 71)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0063-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Winston 500\nThe Winston 500 was held October 15 at Talladega Superspeedway. Joe Nemechek won the pole. Bill Elliott led the most laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0064-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Winston 500\nFailed to qualify: Wally Dallenbach Jr. (No. 75), Blaise Alexander (No. 91), Hut Stricklin (No. 90)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0065-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pop Secret Microwave Popcorn 400\nThe Pop Secret Microwave Popcorn 400 was held October 22 at North Carolina Speedway. Jeremy Mayfield won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0066-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pop Secret Microwave Popcorn 400\nFailed to qualify: Ted Musgrave (No. 01), Rich Bickle (No. 60), Steve Grissom (No. 44), Hut Stricklin (No. 90), Stacy Compton (No. 9)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0067-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Checker Auto Parts/Dura Lube 500\nThe Checker Auto Parts/Dura Lube 500 was held November 5 at Phoenix International Raceway. Rusty Wallace won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0068-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Checker Auto Parts/Dura Lube 500\nFailed to qualify: Stacy Compton (No. 9), Steve Grissom (No. 44), Robby Gordon (No. 13), Dave Marcis (No. 71), Hut Stricklin (No. 90)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0069-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pennzoil 400 presented by Discount Auto Parts\nThe Pennzoil 400 presented by Discount Auto Parts was held November 12 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Steve Park won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0070-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, Pennzoil 400 presented by Discount Auto Parts\nFailed to qualify: Kyle Petty (No. 45), Hut Stricklin (No. 90), Ricky Craven (No. 50), Dave Marcis (No. 71), Steve Grissom (No. 44), Norm Benning (No. 84), Hermie Sadler (No. 60), Ted Musgrave (No. 01)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 86], "content_span": [87, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0071-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, NAPA 500\nThe NAPA 500 was scheduled for November 19, but was held on November 20 due to a rain delay at the Atlanta Motor Speedway. Jeff Gordon won the pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0072-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Results, NAPA 500\nFailed to qualify: Stacy Compton (No. 9), Hermie Sadler (No. 60), Hut Stricklin (No. 90), Dick Trickle (No. 71), Blaise Alexander (No. 91), Morgan Shepherd (No. 80), Tim Sauter (No. 61), Larry Foyt (No. 41), Kevin Lepage (No. 16), Carl Long (No. 85), Mike Bliss (No. 27), Steve Grissom (No. 44), Norm Benning (No. 84)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0073-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Drivers' championship\nBold\u00a0- Pole position awarded by time. Italics\u00a0- Pole position set by owner's points standings. *\u00a0\u2013 Most laps led.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162860-0074-0000", "contents": "2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series, Rookie of the Year\nIn the preseason, the two favorites for the award were Matt Kenseth and Dale Earnhardt Jr.. While Earnhardt had the name, the popularity, and the two wins, Kenseth had more consistency and was able to claim the title by a narrow margin. The third-place finisher was Dave Blaney, who had finished 31st in points. Scott Pruett and Stacy Compton showed promise in the beginning of the year, but eventually lost momentum and bottomed out at the end of the year. Mike Bliss started the year with A. J. Foyt Racing, was released after 4 races, then finished the season with Eel River Racing. Ed Berrier and Jeff Fuller finished towards the bottom, mainly due to being released from their rides during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game\nThe 2000 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game which was played on February 13, 2000 at The Arena in Oakland in Oakland, California, home of the Golden State Warriors. This game was the 49th edition of the North American National Basketball Association (NBA) All-Star Game and was played during the 1999\u20132000 NBA season. (The 1998-99 edition was canceled due to the NBA lockout.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game\nThe Western Conference won the game with the score of 137-126 while Shaquille O'Neal and Tim Duncan were both named MVP of the game. O'Neal took the All Star MVP trophy saying to Duncan, \"you already have one of those rings (referring to the championship ring Duncan received due to him being a member of the 1998-99 Championship team with David Robinson and Gregg Popovich), so I'm taking the trophy.\" Allen Iverson was the leading scorer of the game with 26 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Game, Coaches\nThe coach for the Western Conference team was Los Angeles Lakers head coach Phil Jackson. The Lakers had a 37\u201311 record on February 13. The coach for the Eastern Conference team was New York Knicks head coach Jeff Van Gundy. The Knicks had a 29-18 record on February 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Game, Players\nThe rosters for the All-Star Game were chosen in two ways. The starters were chosen via a fan ballot. Two guards, two forwards and one center who received the highest vote were named the All-Star starters. The reserves were chosen by votes among the NBA head coaches in their respective conferences. The coaches were not permitted to vote for their own players. The reserves consist of two guards, two forwards, one center and two players regardless of position. If a player is unable to participate due to injury, the commissioner will select a replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Game, Players\nVince Carter of the Toronto Raptors topped the ballots with 1,911,973 votes, which earned him a starting position as a forward in the Eastern Conference team. Allen Iverson, Eddie Jones, Grant Hill, and Alonzo Mourning completed the Eastern Conference starting position. This was the first All-Star appearance by Carter and Iverson, and Hill's fifth consecutive start as an All-Star. The Eastern Conference reserves included five first-time selections, Allan Houston, Ray Allen, Glenn Robinson, Jerry Stackhouse, and Dale Davis. Reggie Miller, and Dikembe Mutombo rounded out the team with their fifth and sixth respective appearances. Three teams, Indiana Pacers, Detroit Pistons, and Milwaukee Bucks, had two representations at the All-Star Game with Miller/Davis, Hill/Stackhouse, and Allen/Robinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Game, Players\nThe Western Conference's leading vote-getter was Shaquille O'Neal, who earned his seventh consecutive All-Star Game selection with 1,807,609 votes. Jason Kidd, Kobe Bryant, Kevin Garnett, and Tim Duncan completed the Western Conference starting positions. Bryant, Garnett, and O'Neal were starters for the previous year's Western Conference team. Duncan became an All-Star Game starter for the first time after he was selected as a reserve in last year's game. The Western Conference reserves include two first-time selections, Rasheed Wallace and Michael Finley. The team is rounded out by Gary Payton, Chris Webber, John Stockton, Karl Malone, and David Robinson. Three teams, Los Angeles Lakers, Utah Jazz, and San Antonio Spurs, had two representations at the All-Star Game with Bryant/O'Neal, Malone/Stockton, and Duncan/Robinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Game, Game\nThe Eastern Conference led in the first three minutes of the game but then the Western Conference took advantage and finished the first quarter leading 33-26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Game, Game\nThe East tried to come back in the second quarter but the score at halftime the West was still ahead of five points, 64-59. The Eastern Conference tied the game at 91 with two minutes and eight seconds remaining in the third quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Game, Game\nChris Webber made a buzzer-beater at the end of the quarter and the Western Conference took the lead 99-97. The West started the fourth quarter with an 8-0 run that determined the win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Game, Game\nThe co-MVPs of the game (Shaquille O'Neal and Tim Duncan) combined for 46 points and 23 rebounds. It was the third time in All-Star Game history that two players won the MVP award. It also happened in 1959 (Bob Pettit and Elgin Baylor) and in 1993 (John Stockton and Karl Malone). O'Neal would later share an All-Star MVP award nine years later, this time with former Laker teammate Kobe Bryant, making him the only player to share All-Star MVP honors with another player twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Game, Game\nThe American anthem was sung by Al Green. The Canadian anthem was sung by The Moffatts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162861-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA All-Star Game, All-Star Weekend, Rising Stars Challenge\nThe Rising Stars Challenge featured the best first-year players ('Rookies') against the best second-year players ('Sophomores'). Al Attles and Bill Russell served as head coaches for the rookies and sophomores respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals\nThe 2000 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 1999\u20132000 season, and the conclusion of the season's playoffs. The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Eastern Conference champion Indiana Pacers 4 games to 2. This was the Lakers' first championship in twelve years. Lakers center Shaquille O'Neal was named the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the series, in arguably one of the best finals performances in history putting up 38 PPG, 16 Rebounds and 2 blocks, his first of three consecutive honors. The series was played under a best-of-seven format, with the Lakers holding home court advantage. The series featured the number one seeds from both conferences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Background, Los Angeles Lakers\nAlthough the Lakers were one of the more talented teams in the NBA the previous year, they failed to win a single game against the San Antonio Spurs in the 1999 NBA playoffs. Twenty-four days after being swept by the eventual league champion, the Lakers signed Phil Jackson as head coach. Jackson, famous for coaching Michael Jordan and the six-time champion Chicago Bulls, would build his triangle offense around Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant. General Manager Jerry West surrounded O'Neal and Bryant with effective role players such as Glen Rice, Ron Harper (who had experience with Jackson's triangle offense as part of the 1996\u20131998 Bulls), and A. C. Green (member of the last two Lakers championship teams).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Background, Los Angeles Lakers\nAlong with these starters, the Lakers also possessed a strong bench. Robert Horry not only had championship experience with the Houston Rockets but also was a threat on the perimeter and a defensive star. Derek Fisher was a defensively minded point-guard with the ability to shoot well from long range. Rick Fox, acquired after being released by the Boston Celtics, was the Lakers' sixth man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Background, Los Angeles Lakers\nWith a healthy O'Neal, the Lakers dominated the regular season. They posted a 33-7 record after 40 games, the second-best record after 40 games in franchise history, trailing only the 1971-72 Lakers who posted a record of 37-3 after 40 games. They posted winning streaks of 11, 16, and 19 en route to a 67\u201315 record, tying the 1992 Chicago Bulls and 1986 Boston Celtics as the  in NBA regular season history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Background, Los Angeles Lakers\nAlthough many expected the Lakers to reach the Finals, the road would be a rocky one. In the first round, the Lakers won the first two games against the Sacramento Kings, only to drop the next two games in Sacramento. The Lakers then defeated Sacramento in Game 5, 113\u201386, to face the Phoenix Suns in the conference semifinals. The Lakers clobbered the Suns, winning the series 4\u20131 (with their only loss coming in Game 4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Background, Los Angeles Lakers\nIn Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Portland Trail Blazers, Rasheed Wallace earned two technical fouls and was ejected; the Lakers took advantage of Wallace's absence and secured victory. The Trail Blazers stormed back in the next game, giving the Lakers their worst home loss of the season in a 106\u201377 shellacking. This setback did not affect Los Angeles, as they assembled a 3\u20131 series lead by winning the next two games in Portland. The Lakers underestimated the Trail Blazers, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Background, Los Angeles Lakers\nLed by former Jackson linchpin Scottie Pippen, Portland won back-to-back elimination games and forced a series-deciding Game 7. Amid several controversial foul calls by referee Dick Bavetta against members of the Trail Blazers, Portland relinquished a 75\u201360 fourth quarter lead. Rallying back with a 25\u20134 run, the Lakers won the game and secured a berth in the NBA Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Background, Indiana Pacers\nIn the 1997\u20131998 NBA season, the Chicago Bulls narrowly defeated the Pacers, 4 games to 3, in the Eastern Conference Finals. The 1998\u20131999 NBA season began with a lockout but saw Indiana return to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they lost to the New York Knicks. The 1999\u20132000 NBA season brought several major changes to the Pacers. It was their first season at Conseco Fieldhouse, as well as their first since 1993 without center Antonio Davis, who was traded for the rights to the No. 5 overall pick in the 1999 NBA Draft. Jalen Rose replaced Chris Mullin in the starting line up, winning the NBA Most Improved Player award, while Austin Croshere replaced him as the sixth man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Background, Indiana Pacers\nThe Pacers started the season 7\u20137 but eventually finished with an Eastern Conference best 56\u201326 record, including a franchise-best 25 game win streak at home. The Pacers, like the Lakers, struggled in the playoffs. They needed a clutch Travis Best three-pointer to dispatch the Milwaukee Bucks in five games. Indiana faced the Philadelphia 76ers in the second round and took the series in six games, earning a trip to the Eastern Conference Finals. The Pacers would face their rival Knicks, winning a memorable six game series in a reversal of fortunes from years past. With the victory, Indiana advanced to the first NBA Finals in franchise history, becoming the second former ABA team to do so after the Spurs the previous season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Background, Regular season series\nBoth teams split the two meetings, each won by the home team:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary\nThe Finals were played using a 2\u20133\u20132 site format, where the team with home court advantage would receive the first two games and the last two games at home. The NBA, after experimenting in the early years, restored this original format for the Finals in 1985. So far, the other playoff series are still running on a 2\u20132\u20131\u20131\u20131 site format. The Finals returned to a 2-2-1-1-1 format in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary\nThis was the second time a Finals game was played on a Monday night since the NBA switched to the Wednesday-Friday-Sunday rotation in 1991. In the previous five series (1992\u201394, 1996, 1998) that needed a Game 6, the game was played on a Sunday. In this series, however, the NBA chose to play the game the Monday night after Father's Day. The previous Finals game played on a Monday night was Game 3 in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 1\nThe Lakers dominated from the start. The Lakers shot 15-for-20 (75%) in the first period while the Pacers shot only 7-for-20 (35%). Reggie Miller would miss all of his shots in the first quarter to give the Lakers a 15-point lead. Austin Croshere came off the bench to keep the Pacers alive in the 2nd quarter, scoring 9 points and grabbing 4 rebounds in the quarter. Although the Pacers attempted a comeback in the 2nd quarter, they were still down by 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 1\nIn the 3rd quarter, it would be Mark Jackson who led the Pacers to a comeback, cutting the Lakers lead to 2. Reggie Miller also hit his first field goal in the 3rd quarter, though it would be his last. The Lakers handled the Pacers in the final quarter, with a 13\u20132 run winning by 17 points. Shaquille O'Neal scored 43 points and grabbed 19 rebounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 2\nLos Angeles and Indiana were evenly matched for the first quarter, both scoring 28. However, Los Angeles suffered a major setback when Kobe Bryant left the game in the 1st quarter due to a sprained ankle and did not return. Jalen Rose later admitted that he intentionally stuck out his foot when Kobe shot a jumpshot in order to trip him when he landed. Ron Harper went in for Bryant and scored 21 points for the game. Desperate to try to gain the lead, Larry Bird resorted to the \"Hack-a-Shaq\" strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 2\nShaq shot 39 free throws, making only 18, an NBA record for most free throws attempted. Despite this low percentage, Shaq made 9 of 16 in the 4th quarter to keep a Lakers lead. The Pacers cut the lead to 99\u201396 and were looking to foul Shaq, but when Shaq got the ball he passed to Robert Horry who converted not only the layup, but the foul shot as well giving them a 102\u201396 lead en route to a 111\u2013104 Lakers victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 3\nTaking advantage of Kobe Bryant's ankle injury, Indiana restored a semblance of parity to the proceedings. Kobe's absence was felt as the Pacers had an 11\u20132 run in the first quarter to take an 8-point lead. Austin Croshere once again had another huge 2nd quarter, scoring 8 points as the Pacers shot 61% from the field. The Lakers tried to make a run to get back into the game, but upon doings so, Indiana answered with 12 straight points and led by 17. The Lakers were desperate and attempted another run to get within 3 points, but Reggie Miller nailed all his free throws at the end of the game to give Indiana a 9-point win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 4\nThe Pacers took a quick 9\u20132 lead due to Rik Smits hitting his first four shots. Kobe Bryant attempted to play with his sore ankle but only managed to score 6 points in the first half. Even though Bryant and O'Neal were in foul trouble in the first half (each picking up his third with 5 minutes remaining in the second quarter), Indiana could not take advantage and did not extend their lead. This would be a problem as Kobe Bryant scored 10 points and the Lakers took a 62\u201360 lead due to a Glen Rice three-pointer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 4\nThe game remained close going into the fourth quarter, when O'Neal and Reggie Miller scored 14 and 13 points respectively, sending the game into overtime. Midway through overtime, O'Neal committed his sixth foul but 21-year-old Bryant delivered three clutch shots, as the Lakers were able to overcome back-up center John Salley's inability to effectively defend Smits. Smits and Miller scored all 14 of Indiana's OT points, but it was not enough to overcome as Miller missed a last-second three-pointer, and L.A. was able to pull one out in Indianapolis. Shaquille O'Neal was the first final NBA MVP player to foul out in the NBA Finals until Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors fouled out in Game 6 of the 2016 NBA Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 5\nReggie Miller and the Pacers dominated the game from the start in what would be Larry Bird's last game as a coach in the state of Indiana. Reggie Miller came out and made 5 straight shots including a 4-point play. The Pacers hit their first 6 three point shots in the game. The Pacers would have a 20-point lead in the 2nd quarter, and eventually won by 33 \u2013 it was the worst Lakers NBA Finals loss since the 148\u2013114 loss to Boston in the 1985 NBA Finals, known as the \"Memorial Day Massacre.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 5\nWith their loss in Game 5, the Lakers record in close-out games dropped to 3\u20136 in the 2000 NBA Playoffs (the other losses coming in Games 3 and 4 in the first round against Sacramento, Game 4 in the series against Phoenix, and Games 5 and 6 versus Portland). As a result, the series returned to California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 6\nAfter the two teams traded blows in the first quarter, Mark Jackson concluded the period with a turn-around half-court shot at the buzzer to give the Pacers a 26\u201324 advantage. They would not relinquish their lead until the fourth quarter. In the first half, the Pacers would lead by as many as twelve points. However, the Lakers chipped away and entered intermission trailing 56\u201353. Indiana added two more points to their lead, and entered the final period in a position to force a decisive seventh game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 6\nIn the fourth quarter, the momentum shifted. The Lakers got four timely three-pointers from Derek Fisher, Robert Horry, and Rick Fox. The turning point occurred on a play where Brian Shaw stole the ball from Jalen Rose, leading to a fast break where Shaquille O'Neal hit an off-balance shot to give the Lakers the lead. The Pacers never led after that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Series summary, Game 6\nThe Lakers would build a seven-point lead, but the Pacers fought back to tie the score at 103. After a timeout, the Lakers scored six unanswered points to regain control. The Pacers made one final valiant effort, but it fell short and the Lakers clinched their first championship in twelve years. Shaquille O'Neal led all scorers with 41 points and also pulled down 12 rebounds. He was awarded the Finals MVP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Broadcasting\nThe 2000 NBA Finals was aired in the United States on NBC, with Bob Costas and Doug Collins on play-by-play and color commentary respectively. Even though Marv Albert had been rehired by NBC Sports in 1999 following his infamous sex scandal, NBC opted to keep Costas as the lead play-by-play man to avoid any negative publicity. Albert was eventually promoted back to the lead role before the succeeding season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Broadcasting\nHannah Storm served as the studio host while Isiah Thomas, Bill Walton and Steve \"Snapper\" Jones served as studio analysts. Ahmad Rash\u0101d and Jim Gray served as sideline reporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Aftermath\nThis was the first NBA championship for the Lakers since 1988. It was also the first major professional sports championship for the city of Los Angeles since that same year, when the Dodgers won the 1988 World Series. This championship came in the Lakers\u2019 first year in their new arena, Staples Center. The Lakers held a championship parade on June 21, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Aftermath\nThe Lakers went on to score a \u201cthree-peat\u201d when they won the NBA championship in 2001 and 2002, making them the first team to open a new arena with three straight NBA championships. However, the Lakers were unable to score home-court advantage throughout the playoffs in the latter two, yielding them to the San Antonio Spurs and Sacramento Kings, respectively. In addition, the Lakers were able to beat both of those teams in the Conference Finals. They won the championship over the Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Nets, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162862-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA Finals, Aftermath\nAs of the 2020-21 season, the series remains the Pacers\u2019 only NBA Finals appearance. The Pacers would rebuild in the subsequent season. Retiring center Rik Smits was replaced by future NBA All-Star Jermaine O'Neal, acquired from Portland in the deal for Dale Davis. Mark Jackson and Chris Mullin both left as free-agents. Larry Bird resigned as head coach; he would later resurface as President of Basketball Operations in 2003. The Pacers continued to make the playoffs every season until 2006, the year after Reggie Miller retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162863-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA draft\nThe 2000 NBA draft was held on June 28, 2000 at the Target Center in Minneapolis. It was the last draft held at the home arena of an NBA team until 2011; the following and subsequent drafts (through 2010) all took place at The Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City (though Madison Square Garden itself is the home of the New York Knicks, they do not play in the theater). As of 2020, it is also the last NBA draft where a college senior was the number one overall selection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162863-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA draft\nThe 2000 draft is considered one of the worst in NBA history. Only top pick Kenyon Martin, first-rounder Jamaal Magloire (19th overall), and second-rounder Michael Redd (43rd overall) played in the All-Star Game (each only making the team one time, in 2004).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162863-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 NBA draft\nIn addition, only one player made an All-NBA Team (Redd, whose sole appearance was on the third team in 2004); only three players in the draft class have won a major end-of-season award (Hedo T\u00fcrko\u011flu was named Most Improved Player in 2008, Mike Miller won both the NBA Rookie of the Year and NBA Sixth Man of the Year awards in 2001 and 2006 respectively, and Jamal Crawford was named 3x NBA Sixth Man of the Year in 2010, 2014 and 2016); and few draft selections have enjoyed extended careers in the NBA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162863-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA draft\nSports Illustrated named this entire draft class (as opposed to individual players) the sixth biggest bust of the modern era \u2013 making it the only draft class among the site's top 20 list. Just before the 2009 draft, ESPN.com columnist David Schoenfield wrote a piece in which he rated all of the drafts since the institution of the draft lottery in 1985, and the only draft which he gave the lowest possible grade of \"F\" was the 2000 draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162863-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 NBA draft\nUsing the WARP (wins above replacement player) metric, the 2000 NBA draft class collectively produced at a rate of 17.3 wins worse than a group of \"average replacement players\", effectively making 2000 the only draft class in NBA history to leave the NBA talent pool worse off than it had been prior to the given year's rookie draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162863-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA draft, Notable undrafted players\nThese players were not selected in the 2000 NBA draft but have played at least one game in the NBA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs\nThe 2000 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association's 1999\u20132000 season. The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeating the Eastern Conference champion Indiana Pacers four games to two. Shaquille O'Neal was named NBA Finals MVP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs\nThe San Antonio Spurs were the champions going into the playoffs, but following a season-ending injury to fourth-year star Tim Duncan, were eliminated by the Phoenix Suns in the first round, marking the first time since 1987 that a title-winning team did not repeat. They were also the first defending champion to be eliminated in the first round since the Philadelphia 76ers in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs\nThe Lakers' win was the first title for both O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, and the first Lakers championship since the 1988 NBA Finals. A. C. Green, the only player left from the Lakers' Showtime era, was in the Lakers starting lineup for this series as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs\nFor the Pacers, it was their first Eastern Conference title after four previous appearances in the Eastern Conference Finals; however, after this season, the team was radically altered with key players Dale Davis, Derrick McKey and Mark Jackson moving to other teams and Rik Smits retiring. Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals was the last game Patrick Ewing ever played as a Knick, and New York would not win another playoff series until 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs\nThe Trail Blazers defeated the Timberwolves and the Jazz in the first two rounds before falling to the Lakers in the conference final. The Trail Blazers would not win another playoff series until 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs\nThis season's playoffs also marked the debut of the five-year-old expansion Toronto Raptors. For the third straight year, New York eliminated Miami; it was their fourth consecutive postseason meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs\nThis was also the first NBA postseason to not have any back-to-backs at all. (After 1988, they were still used in the conference semifinals.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, Playoff qualifying, Eastern Conference\nThe following teams clinched a playoff berth in the East:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, Playoff qualifying, Western Conference\nThe following teams clinched a playoff berth in the West:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, Bracket\nThis was the outlook for the playoffs. Teams in italics have home court advantage. Teams in bold advance to the next round. Numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's original playoffs seeding in their respective conferences. Numbers to the right of each team indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions possess an asterisk (*)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, First Round, Eastern Conference First Round, (1) Indiana Pacers vs. (8) Milwaukee Bucks\nThis was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Pacers winning the first meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 106], "content_span": [107, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, First Round, Eastern Conference First Round, (2) Miami Heat vs. (7) Detroit Pistons\nThis was the first playoff meeting between the Pistons and the Heat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 102], "content_span": [103, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, First Round, Eastern Conference First Round, (3) New York Knicks vs. (6) Toronto Raptors\nThis was the first playoff meeting between the Knicks and the Raptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 107], "content_span": [108, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, First Round, Eastern Conference First Round, (4) Charlotte Hornets vs. (5) Philadelphia 76ers\nThis was the first playoff meeting between the 76ers and the Charlotte Hornets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 112], "content_span": [113, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, First Round, Western Conference First Round, (1) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (8) Sacramento Kings\nThis was the eighth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning six of the first seven meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 111], "content_span": [112, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, First Round, Western Conference First Round, (2) Utah Jazz vs. (7) Seattle SuperSonics\nThis was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the SuperSonics winning two of the first three meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 105], "content_span": [106, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, First Round, Western Conference First Round, (3) Portland Trail Blazers vs. (6) Minnesota Timberwolves\nThis was the first playoff meeting between the Timberwolves and the Trail Blazers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 121], "content_span": [122, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, First Round, Western Conference First Round, (4) San Antonio Spurs vs. (5) Phoenix Suns\nThis was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams, with each team winning two series apiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 106], "content_span": [107, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, Conference Semifinals, Eastern Conference Semifinals, (1) Indiana Pacers vs. (5) Philadelphia 76ers\nThis was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with each team winning one series apiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 118], "content_span": [119, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, Conference Semifinals, Eastern Conference Semifinals, (2) Miami Heat vs. (3) New York Knicks\nThis was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Knicks winning two of the first three meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 111], "content_span": [112, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, Conference Semifinals, Western Conference Semifinals, (1) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (5) Phoenix Suns\nThis was the ninth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning six of the first eight meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 116], "content_span": [117, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, Conference Semifinals, Western Conference Semifinals, (2) Utah Jazz vs. (3) Portland Trail Blazers\nThis was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Trail Blazers winning three of the first five meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 117], "content_span": [118, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, Conference Finals, Eastern Conference Finals, (1) Indiana Pacers vs. (3) New York Knicks\nThis was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Knicks winning three of the first five meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 107], "content_span": [108, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, Conference Finals, Western Conference Finals, (1) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (3) Portland Trail Blazers\nThis was the ninth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning six of the first eight meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 118], "content_span": [119, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162864-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 NBA playoffs, NBA Finals: (W1) Los Angeles Lakers vs. (E1) Indiana Pacers\nThis was the first playoff meeting between the Pacers and the Lakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162865-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NC State Wolfpack football team\nThe 2000 NC State Wolfpack football team represented North Carolina State University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Chuck Amato. NC State has been a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) since the league's inception in 1953. The Wolfpack played its home games in 2000 at Carter\u2013Finley Stadium in Raleigh, North Carolina, which has been NC State football's home stadium since 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162866-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament was played at the end of the 2000 NCAA Division I baseball season to determine the national champion of college baseball. The tournament concluded with eight teams competing in the College World Series, a double-elimination tournament in its fifty fourth year. Sixteen regional competitions were held to determine the participants in the final event, with each winner advancing to a best of three series against another regional champion for the right to play in the College World Series. Each region was composed of four teams, resulting in 64 teams participating in the tournament at the conclusion of their regular season, and in some cases, after a conference tournament. The fifty-fourth tournament's champion was LSU, coached by Skip Bertman. The Most Outstanding Player was Trey Hodges of LSU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162867-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships were the 62nd annual NCAA Men's Division I Cross Country Championship and the 20th annual NCAA Women's Division I Cross Country Championship to determine the team and individual national champions of NCAA Division I men's and women's collegiate cross country running in the United States. In all, four different titles were contested: men's and women's individual and team championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162867-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships\nHeld on November 20, 2000, the combined meet was hosted by Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa. The distance for the men's race was 10 kilometers (6.21 miles) while the distance for the women's race was 6 kilometers (3.73 miles). This championship was one of the coldest on record with 20mph winds holding wind chills around 0 degrees Fahrenheit at race time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162867-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships\nThe men's team championship was won by Arkansas (83 points), the Razorbacks' third consecutive and eleventh overall. The women's team championship was won by Colorado (117 points), the Buffaloes' first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162867-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships\nThe two individual champions were, for the men, Keith Kelly (Providence, 30:14.5) and, for the women, Kara Grgas-Wheeler (Colorado, 20:30.5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162868-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship was the twentieth women's collegiate field hockey tournament organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, to determine the top college field hockey team in the United States. The Old Dominion Lady Monarchs won their record ninth championship, defeating the North Carolina Tar Heels, a fellow perennial power, in the final. The semifinals and championship were hosted by Old Dominion University at Foreman Field in Norfolk, Virginia. As of 2013, despite their earlier dominance, Old Dominion has not won a championship or made an appearance in the title game since 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162869-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships were contested to determine the individual and team national champions of men's and women's NCAA collegiate indoor track and field events in the United States after the 1999\u20132000 season, the 36th annual meet for men and 18th annual meet for women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162869-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships\nThe championships were held at the Randal Tyson Track Center at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162869-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships\nThree-time defending champions and hosts Arkansas won the men's team title, the Razorbacks' sixteenth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162869-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships, Qualification\nAll teams and athletes from Division I indoor track and field programs were eligible to compete for this year's individual and team titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 72], "content_span": [73, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162870-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the finals of the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and it determined the national champion for the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The National title game was played on April 3, 2000 at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana. The game matched No. 1-seeded Michigan State against No. 5-seeded Florida. The Spartans defeated the Gators, who were appearing in the first championship game, 89\u201376, earning the Spartans their second National Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162870-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game, Participants, Florida\nThe Gators were the SEC regular season champions, winning a share of the title with a 12\u20134 conference record. They earned a No. 5 seed in the NCAA Tournament where they advanced to the Final Four and then made the school's first ever appearance in the NCAA championship game where they lost to Michigan State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162870-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game, Participants, Michigan State\nThe Spartans finished the regular season 13\u20133 to win a share of the Big Ten regular season championship for the third consecutive year. They also won the Big Ten Tournament championship for the second consecutive year. As a result of their strong finish in the regular season, the Spartans were awarded the No. 1 seed in the Midwest Region of the NCAA Tournament. From there, the Spartans cruised to their third consecutive Sweet Sixteen with wins over Valparaiso, and Utah. MSU continued their National Championship push by reaching their second consecutive Final Four with wins over Syracuse and Iowa State. MSU won every game by double digits despite playing the best possible seed in each round. In their Final Four matchup, Michigan State faced off against Big Ten foe, Wisconsin, beating them in a close game, 53\u201341.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162870-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game, Game summary\nMichigan State senior Mateen Cleaves limped his way to the Most Outstanding Player (MOP) of the 2000 NCAA Tournament. Cleaves sprained his ankle with 16:18 to play in the second half, and this was after Florida had trimmed Michigan State's double digit halftime lead to 50\u201344. Cleaves returned about four minutes later, and immediately helped lead the Spartans on a 16\u20136 run to put the game out of reach. The lone top-seed remaining would bring order to a tournament filled with upsets as they salted away the victory for the school's second National Championship (1979). Michigan State coach Tom Izzo earned his first title in his second straight final four appearance. Morris Peterson led the Spartans with 21 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162870-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game, Game summary\nAs of 2019, Michigan State's 2000 team is the last Big Ten Conference team to win a National Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 69], "content_span": [70, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's  NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 16, 2000, and ended with the championship game on April 3 in Indianapolis, Indiana at the RCA Dome. A total of 63 games were played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\nDue to a string of upsets throughout the tournament, only one top-four seed advanced to the Final Four. That was Michigan State, who finished the season as the #2 team in the nation and was given the top seed in the Midwest Region. The highest seeded of the other three Final Four teams was Florida, who won the East Region as the fifth seed. Two eight-seeds made the Final Four, with Wisconsin and North Carolina rounding the bracket out. Wisconsin won the West Region while North Carolina won the South Region, with both regions seeing their top three seeds eliminated during the first weekend of play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\nMichigan State won their first national championship since 1979 by defeating Florida 89\u201376 in the final game. Mateen Cleaves of Michigan State was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player, while Morris Peterson was its leading scorer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\nDespite the string of upsets, no seed lower than 11 won a game in the tournament. The only 11 seed to win was Pepperdine, which defeated Indiana in the East Region's first round in what turned out to be Bob Knight's last game coaching the Hoosiers before his firing that offseason. Also, two teams that qualified as 10 seeds advanced to the Sweet Sixteen as Seton Hall in the East and Gonzaga in the West both advanced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\nBecause of the upsets, the Elite Eight consisted of one top seed (Michigan State), one second seed (Iowa State), one third seed (Oklahoma State), one fifth seed (Florida), one sixth seed (Purdue), one seventh seed (Tulsa), and two eighth seeds (Wisconsin and North Carolina). This is the most recent title won by the Big Ten Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Schedule and venues\nThe following are the sites that were selected to host each round of the 2000 tournament:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Schedule and venues\nFor the third time in a decade, and fourth time overall, Indianapolis was the host city of the Final Four. The tournament saw one new host city and three new host venues included for the first time. The tournament came to Cleveland for the first time ever, hosted on the campus of Cleveland State University. This marked the first new host venue on a college campus since the first appearance of Thompson\u2013Boling Arena in 1990, and the first host city to debut on a college campus since Boise in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Schedule and venues\nThe tournament returned to Nashville at the then-four-year-old Gaylord Entertainment Center downtown, with previous tournaments having been hosted in Memorial Gym on the campus of Vanderbilt University. And for the first time since 1954, the tournament returned to Buffalo, at the HSBC Arena (now KeyBank Center). The first round tournament games coincided with the date of the arena's name change; previously it had been known as Marine Midland Arena. For the fifth, and as of 2018 most recent, time, both the Huntsman Center and McKale Center were chosen as the two first and second round hosts of the West regionals. All 13 venues have gone on to host more tournament games since this season. Any future tournament games to be held in Cleveland would be played at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse; if in Salt Lake City, Vivint Arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Television\nCBS Sports had exclusive TV coverage. They were carried on a regional basis until the \"Elite Eight\", at which point all games were shown nationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162871-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Television\nGreg Gumbel once again served as the studio host, joined by analyst Clark Kellogg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162872-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships were contested at the 62nd annual NCAA-sanctioned golf tournament for determining the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate golf at the Division I level in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162872-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship\nThe tournament was held at the Grand National in Opelika, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162872-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship\nOklahoma State won the team championship, the Cowboys' ninth NCAA title and first since 1995. Oklahoma State defeated Georgia Tech in a play-off after the two teams finished tied atop the team standings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162872-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship\nCharles Howell III, also from Oklahoma State, won the individual title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162872-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship, Qualifying\nThe NCAA held three regional qualifying tournaments, with the top ten teams from each event qualifying for the national championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162873-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Men's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament involved 12 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's  NCAA Division I college ice hockey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162873-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nThe final event was played at Providence Civic Center, Providence, Rhode Island. North Dakota, coached by Dean Blais, defeated Boston College, coached by Jerry York, by a 4-2 score on April 8. BC, seeking its first NCAA title since 1949, had a 2-1 lead entering the final period of play, but the Fighting Sioux responded with three goals in the final 20 minutes of play, with two of those goals scored by Lee Goren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162873-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nGoren tied the game, assisted on Jason Ulmer's game-winning goal, and then scored into an empty Eagles net in the last minute of play to ice the victory. It marked North Dakota's seventh national title overall and second since 1997, and was also the third time in three years that BC came up short in the Frozen Four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162873-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nNorth Dakota had advanced to the title game by blanking Maine, 2-0, in the early semifinal on April 6, while BC came from behind to top St. Lawrence, 4-2, in the late semifinal that evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162873-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Qualifying teams\nThe at-large bids and seeding for each team in the tournament were announced after the conference tournaments concluded on March 18, 2000. Hockey East had four teams receive a berth in the tournament, Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) had three teams receive a berth in the tournament, Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) and the ECAC each had two berths, while College Hockey America (CHA) received its first entry into the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 66], "content_span": [67, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162874-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Tournament was the 30th annual Division I NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship tournament. Twelve NCAA Division I college men's lacrosse teams met after having played their way through a regular season, and for some, a conference tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162874-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship\nThe championship game was played at Maryland's Byrd Stadium in front of 24,105 fans,  The game saw the Syracuse University defeat Princeton University by the score of 13\u20137. This marks the 7th victory in a national championship game for the Syracuse program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162875-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament was the 41st organized men's college soccer tournament by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, to determine the top college soccer team in the United States. The Connecticut Huskies won their second national title by defeating the Creighton Blue Jays in the championship game, 2\u20130. The final match was played on December 10, 2000 in Charlotte, North Carolina at Ericsson Stadium for the second straight year. All other games were played at the home field of the higher seeded team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162876-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 2000 at the University Aquatic Center at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the 77th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162876-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships\nAlong with 2004, this was one of two NCAA championship meets held on a short course meters (25 meters), rather than the NCAA's traditional short-course yards format (25 yards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162876-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships\nTexas topped the team standings, finishing 153 points ahead of Stanford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162877-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championships\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championships were the 54th annual championships to determine the national champions of NCAA Division I men's singles, doubles, and team collegiate tennis in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162877-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championships\nStanford defeated Virginia Commonwealth in the championship final, 4\u20130, to claim the Cardinal's seventeenth team national title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162877-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championships, Host sites\nThis year's tournaments were played at the Dan Magill Tennis Complex at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162877-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Men's Tennis Championships, Host sites\nThe men's and women's tournaments would not be held at the same site until 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162878-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships were the 79th NCAA Men's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships and the 19th NCAA Women's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships at Wallace Wade Stadium at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina from  May 31\u2013June 3, 2000. In total, forty-two different men's and women's track and field events were contested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162879-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament was the nineteenth annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA women's collegiate softball. Held during May 2000, forty-eight Division I college softball teams contested the championship. The tournament featured eight regionals of six teams, each in a double elimination format. The 2000 Women's College World Series was held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma from May 25 through May 29 and marked the conclusion of the 2000 NCAA Division I softball season. Oklahoma won their first NCAA championship by defeating UCLA 3\u20131 in the final game. Oklahoma pitcher Jennifer Stewart was named Women's College World Series Most Outstanding Player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament began on March 17 and ended on April 2. The tournament featured 64 teams. The Final Four consisted of Connecticut, Penn St., Tennessee, and Rutgers, with Connecticut defeating Tennessee 71-52 to win its second NCAA title. Connecticut's Shea Ralph was named the Most Outstanding Player of the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Notable events\nTwo of the number one seeds advanced to the Final four\u2014Tennessee and Connecticut\u2014while two failed to advance. Penn State upset Louisiana Tech in the Midwest Regional, while Rutgers upset Georgia in the West Regional. Tennessee faced Rutgers in one of the Final Four match ups. At the end of the half, the Lady Vols held only a two-point lead 28\u201326. Pat Summitt challenged her players at halftime, and advised Tamika Catchings to move around more. That advice helped, as Catchings, who had only scored two points in the first half, scored eleven in the second half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Notable events\nMichelle Snow blocked seven shots in the game setting a Final Four record. Kara Lawson ran the offense, and scored a total of 19 points, of which 14 were scored in the second half, and ended up earning the Player of the Game award, helping her team win 64\u201354 and advance to the national championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Notable events\nThe other semifinal match up was Connecticut against Penn State. The regional win by Penn State gave the team a chance to play in a Final Four in their home state. The Lady Lions were led by point guard Helen Darling, who would go on to win the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award that year. However, the defense by the Huskies held Darling scoreless on this day. UConn's point guard Sue Bird, had a better day, scoring 19 points, hitting five of her seven three point attempts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Notable events\n20,060 fans were in the stands, the largest crowd ever to see a college basketball game in Pennsylvania. Connecticut had a nine-point lead at halftime, but Penn State had cut the lead to five points midway through the second half. However, the Huskies responded, and ended up winning the game by 22 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Notable events\nThe match up in the finals between Tennessee and Connecticut was highly anticipated. The teams have met ten times prior to this meeting, with each team winning five. In eight of the ten meetings, one of the teams has had a number one ranking in the country. Much has been at stake, not just rankings, but winning streaks, national championships and pride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Notable events\nTennessee entered the final game on a 19-game winning streak; Connecticut on a 15-game winning streak, with their only loss of the season coming by a single point at the hands of Tennessee. UConn started the game with a 9\u20132 run. Kelly Schumacher set a record for blocks in a championship game, and had the record, with six, at halftime. She went on to record nine blocks, setting a new Final Four record, breaking the one established by Tennessee just two days before. The Huskies led 31\u201319 at the half, but the second half was yet to be played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Notable events\nAny chance of a comeback faded early, as UConn scored eight consecutive points to start the second half. Eight UConn players would get eleven or more minutes, giving Tennessee the impression that they were seeing fresh players every few minutes. Shea Ralph would score 15 points, on her way to winning the Most Outstanding Player award, and Svetlana Abrosimova scored 14. Connecticut ultimately defeated Tennessee by a score of 71\u201352 to win their second national championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Notable events\nThe 2000 Final Four, played at the then-First Union Center (now Wells Fargo Center) in Philadelphia, was notable for featuring three head coaches who had ties to the Philadelphia area: Penn State coach Rene Portland grew up in the Philadelphia area, played at Immaculata College (now Immaculata University) in suburban Philadelphia, and briefly coached at St. Joseph's University in Philadelphia; Rutgers coach C. Vivian Stringer coached at then-Cheyney State College (now Cheyney University) in suburban Philadelphia earlier in her career, and national championship-winning Connecticut coach Geno Auriemma spent most of his childhood living in Norristown, Pennsylvania, located approximately 20 miles from Philadelphia, and served as a high school and college assistant coach in the Philadelphia area early in his coaching career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Qualifying teams \u2013 automatic\nSixty-four teams were selected to participate in the 2000 NCAA Tournament. Thirty conferences were eligible for an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 80], "content_span": [81, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Qualifying teams \u2013 at-large\nThirty-four additional teams were selected to complete the sixty-four invitations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 79], "content_span": [80, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Bids by conference\nThirty conferences earned an automatic bid. In fifteen cases, the automatic bid was the only representative from the conference. Thirty-four additional at-large teams were selected from fifteen of the conferences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, First and second rounds\nIn 2000, the field remained at 64 teams. The teams were seeded, and assigned to four geographic regions, with seeds 1-16 in each region. In Round 1, seeds 1 and 16 faced each other, as well as seeds 2 and 15, seeds 3 and 14, seeds 4 and 13, seeds 5 and 12, seeds 6 and 11, seeds 7 and 10, and seeds 8 and 9. In the first two rounds, the top four seeds were given the opportunity to host the first-round game. In most cases, the higher seed accepted the opportunity. The exception:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, First and second rounds\nThe following table lists the region, host school, venue and the sixteen first- and second-round locations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Regionals and Final Four\nThe Regionals, named for the general location, were held from March 25 to March 27 at these sites:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 76], "content_span": [77, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Regionals and Final Four\nEach regional winner advanced to the Final Four held March 31 and April 2 in Philadelphia at the Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia) (Co-hosts: St. Joseph's University and University of Pennsylvania)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 76], "content_span": [77, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Bids by state\nThe sixty-four teams came from thirty-three states, plus Washington, D.C. Two states, California and Texas, had the most teams with five bids. Seventeen states did not have any teams receiving bids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 65], "content_span": [66, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Record by conference\nSeventeen conferences had more than one bid, or at least one win in NCAA Tournament play:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162880-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, Record by conference\nThirteen conferences went 0-1: Big Sky Conference, Big South Conference, Big West Conference, Horizon League, Ivy League, MAC, Mid-Continent, MEAC, Ohio Valley Conference, Patriot League, Southern Conference, SWAC, and Trans America", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162881-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championship\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championships were contested at the 19th annual NCAA-sanctioned golf tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of women's Division I collegiate golf in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162881-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championship\nThe tournament was held at the Trysting Tree Golf Course in Corvallis, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162882-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse Championship\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse Championship was the 19th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of Division I NCAA women's college lacrosse. The championship game was played at Lions Stadium in Trenton, New Jersey during May 2000. All NCAA Division I women's lacrosse programs were eligible for this championship. Ultimately, 12 teams were invited to the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162882-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse Championship\nMaryland defeated Princeton, 16\u20138, to win their eighth overall and sixth consecutive, national championship. This would subsequently become the sixth of Maryland's record seven straight national titles (1995\u20132001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162882-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse Championship\nFor the second consecutive year, the leading scorer for the tournament was Jen Adams from Maryland, with 22 goals. Adams was also again named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162883-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament (also known as the 2000 Women's College Cup) was the 19th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA Division I women's collegiate soccer. The semifinals and championship game were played at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California during December 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162883-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament\nNorth Carolina defeated UCLA in the final, 2\u20131, to win their sixteenth, and second straight, national title. The Tar Heels (21\u20133) were coached by Anson Dorrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162883-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament\nThe Most Outstanding Offensive Player was Meredith Florance from North Carolina, and the Most Outstanding Defensive Player was Catherine Reddick, also from North Carolina. Florance and Reddick, along with eleven other players, were named to the All-Tournament Team. Florance was also the tournament's leading scorer (4 goals).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162883-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament, Qualification\nAll Division I women's soccer programs were eligible to qualify for the tournament. The tournament field remained fixed at 48 teams although it would expand to its current size, 64 teams, the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162883-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament, Qualification, Format\nJust as before, the final two rounds, deemed the Women's College Cup were played at a pre-determined neutral site. All other rounds were played on campus sites at the home field of the higher-seeded team. The top sixteen teams were given a bye to the Second Round while the remaining thirty-two teams played in the preliminary First Round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162884-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships\nThe 2000 NCAA Women's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships were contested at the 19th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I women's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162884-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships\nThis year's events were hosted at the Indiana University Natatorium in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162884-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships\nGeorgia again finished atop the team standings, 18.5 points ahead of Arizona; it was the Bulldogs' second consecutive and second overall women's team title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162885-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championships\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championships were the 19th annual championships to determine the national champions of NCAA Division I women's singles, doubles, and team collegiate tennis in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162885-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championships\nGeorgia defeated defending champions Stanford in the team final, 5\u20134, to claim their second national title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162885-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championships, Host\nThis year's tournaments were hosted by Pepperdine University at the Ralphs-Straus Tennis Center in Malibu, California. This was the Waves' second time hosting the women's championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 55], "content_span": [56, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162885-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championships, Host\nThe men's and women's NCAA tennis championships would not be held jointly until 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 55], "content_span": [56, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament began on November 30, 2000 with 64 teams and ended December 16 when Nebraska defeated Wisconsin 3 games to 2 in Richmond, Virginia for the program's second NCAA title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament\nNebraska became the second team in NCAA history to finish the season undefeated, as they joined Long Beach State from 1998 to pull off the feat. The win gave John Cook his first national title in just his first year as Nebraska's head coach. Wisconsin, for whom Cook was the previous head coach, made the program's first Final Four appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament\nThis was the last season that the NCAA used side out scoring, switching to rally scoring in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament, Records\nFor the third straight year, the tournament field remained fixed at 64 teams. The Big Ten, Big 12, and Pac-10 tied for the most bids in the 2000 NCAA Tournament with six bids each. The top six seeds each came from different conferences, the only such instance of this in the 64-team era. Nebraska went undefeated en route to a national championship, joining 1998 Long Beach State and later teams 2003 USC and 2008-09 Penn State as undefeated national champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament, National Semifinals, Nebraska vs. Hawai\u02bbi\nAided by 23 team blocks, top seeded Nebraska cruised past Hawai\u02bbi in four sets. Nebraska junior Jenny Kropp had 16 kills to lead the way for the Huskers. Sophomore outside hitter Lily Kahumoku led Hawai\u02bbi with 18 kills, while freshman Kim Willoughby had 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 93], "content_span": [94, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament, National Semifinals, Wisconsin vs. Southern California\nAppearing in  the program's first ever Final Four, Wisconsin swept USC to earn a spot in the title match against Nebraska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 106], "content_span": [107, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament, National Championship: Nebraska vs. Wisconsin\nNebraska jumped on top to start out the match, with a block giving NU the first game, 15-9. In the second game, Wisconsin raced out to the 13-4 lead before winning, 15-9, to tie the match at one game a piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 97], "content_span": [98, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament, National Championship: Nebraska vs. Wisconsin\nLeading 5-4 in the third game, Wisconsin pulled away by winning eight straight points to go up 13-4. Nebraska responded with three straight points of their own to cut the lead to 13-7, before two Badger kills ended the game, 15-7, to put the Badgers up 2-1 on the undefeated Huskers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 97], "content_span": [98, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament, National Championship: Nebraska vs. Wisconsin\nNebraska responded strongly in set 4, crushing the Badgers, 15-2, to force a fifth game. In the decisive fifth game, Nebraska raced out to the 4-0 lead. Nebraska continued to roll, going up 11-5. Nebraska earned championship point on a kill, before Laura Pilakowski crushed her 23rd kill of the match to seal the victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 97], "content_span": [98, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament, National Championship: Nebraska vs. Wisconsin\nThe national title capped a season in which the Huskers achieved much success. The Huskers became just the second team in NCAA history to finish the season undefeated with a national title, joining the 1998 Long Beach State squad. Nebraska, ranked No. 1 in the AVCA/USA Today Coaches poll for 14 straight weeks, swept 26 of its 33 opponents in 2000. It was Nebraska head coach John Cook's first season with the program. Cook was previously the head coach at Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 97], "content_span": [98, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162886-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Tournament, NCAA Tournament records\nThere are three NCAA tournament record that were set in the 2000 tournament that still stands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162887-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I baseball rankings\nThe following polls make up the 2000 NCAA Division I baseball rankings. USA Today and ESPN began publishing the Coaches' Poll of 31 active coaches ranking the top 25 teams in the nation in 1992. Each coach is a member of the American Baseball Coaches Association. Baseball America began publishing its poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1981. Beginning with the 1985 season, it expanded to the top 25. Collegiate Baseball Newspaper published its first human poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1957, and expanded to rank the top 30 teams in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162887-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I baseball rankings, USA Today/ESPN Coaches' Poll\nCurrently, only the final poll from the 2000 season is available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162887-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I baseball rankings, Baseball America\nCurrently, only the final poll from the 2000 season is available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162887-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I baseball rankings, Collegiate Baseball\nThe pre-season poll ranked the top 40 teams. Those not listed in the table above were: 31. Wake Forest; 32. Arkansas; 33. Nevada; 34. South Carolina; 35. Illinois; 36. Florida Atlantic; 37. Ohio State; 38. California; 39. Nebraska; 40. Ole Miss", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162888-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I baseball season\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 2000. The season progressed through the regular season and concluded with the 2000 College World Series. The College World Series, held for the fifty fourth time in 2000, consisted of one team from each of eight super regional competitions and was held in Omaha, Nebraska at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium as a double-elimination tournament. LSU claimed the championship for the fifth time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162888-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I baseball season, Conference winners\nThis is a partial list of conference champions from the 2000 season. The NCAA sponsored regional and super regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Each of the sixteen regionals consisted of four teams competing in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to eight best of three Super Regionals. The winners of each Super Regional advanced to Omaha. 29 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 35 teams earned at-large selections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162888-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I baseball season, College World Series\nThe 2000 season marked the fifty fourth NCAA Baseball Tournament, which culminated with the eight team College World Series. The College World Series was held in Omaha, Nebraska. The eight teams played a double-elimination format, with LSU claiming their fifth championship with a 6\u20135 win over Stanford in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162889-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I softball season\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I softball season, play of college softball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level, began in February 2000. The season progressed through the regular season, many conference tournaments and championship series, and concluded with the 2000 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament and 2000 Women's College World Series. The Women's College World Series, consisting of the eight remaining teams in the NCAA Tournament and held in Oklahoma City at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium, ended on May 29, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162889-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I softball season, Women's College World Series\nThe 2000 NCAA Women's College World Series took place from May 25 to May 29, 2000 in Oklahoma City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162889-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I softball season, Records\nNCAA Division I season wins:52 \u2013 Courtney Blades, Southern Miss Golden Eagles", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162889-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I softball season, Records\nNCAA Division I season hit by pitch:44 \u2013 Cheryl Wyrick, Liberty Lady Flames", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162889-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I softball season, Records\nNCAA Division I season putouts:765 \u2013 Kenya Peters, Southern Miss Golden Eagles", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162890-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football rankings\nTwo human polls and one formulaic ranking make up the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football rankings. Unlike most sports, college football's governing body, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), does not bestow a National Championship title for Division I-A football. That title is primarily bestowed by different polling agencies. There are several polls that currently exist. The main weekly polls are the AP Poll and Coaches Poll. About halfway through the season the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) Standings are released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162890-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football rankings, BCS Standings\nThe Bowl Championship Series determined the two teams that competed in the BCS National Championship Game, the 2001 Orange Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with the Oklahoma Sooners claiming their first national championship and their first conference championship since the departure of head coach Barry Switzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season\nOklahoma coach Bob Stoops was in his second season as head coach, having been the defensive coordinator of Steve Spurrier's 1996 National Champion Florida Gators, and also having helped Bill Snyder turn the Kansas State Wildcats around in the early 1990s. Stoops erased a three-game losing streak against rival Texas by a score of 63\u201314, one of the worst defeats in Texas' football history. Despite the lopsided victory, this game marked a return of the Red River Shootout to a rivalry game with national title implications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season\nThe BCS title game was not without controversy, as the system shut fourth-ranked Washington out of the championship game, despite being the only team who had beaten each No. 2 Miami and No. 5 Oregon State and having the same 10\u20131 record as No. 3 Florida State during the regular season. 10\u20131 Miami, who handed No. 3 Florida State their only loss, was ranked higher in both the AP Writers' Poll and the ESPN/USA Today Coaches' Poll, and had the same record as the Seminoles, was also seen as a possible title contender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season\nVirginia Tech also was left out of the BCS bowls, despite being ranked higher than one of the at-large teams, Notre Dame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season\nThe South Carolina Gamecocks broke a 21-game losing streak, stretching back into 1998, to go 8\u20134 including a win over Ohio State in the Outback Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season\nTwo new bowl games began in the 2000 season: the Silicon Valley Bowl, which had a contractual tie-in with the WAC, and the Galleryfurniture.com Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season, Rules changes\nThe following rules changes were passed by the NCAA Rules Committee in 2000:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season, Conference and program changes\nTwo teams upgraded from Division I-AA, thus increasing the number of Division I-A schools from 114 to 116.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season, Regular season top 10 matchups\nRankings reflect the AP Poll. Rankings for Week 9 and beyond will list BCS Rankings first and AP Poll second. Teams that failed to be a top 10 team for one poll or the other will be noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162891-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-A football season, Heisman Trophy voting\nThe Heisman Memorial Trophy Award is given to the Most Outstanding Player of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162892-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game was a postseason college football game between the Georgia Southern Eagles and the Montana Grizzlies. The game was played on December 16, 2000, at Finley Stadium, home field of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. The culminating game of the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season, it was won by Georgia Southern, 27\u201325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162892-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game, Teams\nThe participants of the Championship Game were the finalists of the 2000 I-AA Playoffs, which began with a 16-team bracket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 57], "content_span": [58, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162892-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game, Teams, Montana Grizzlies\nMontana finished their regular season with a 10\u20131 record (8\u20130 in conference); their only loss had been to Hofstra, 10\u20139, in the season opener. Seeded first in the playoffs, the Grizzlies defeated 16-seed Eastern Illinois, eight-seed Richmond, and 13-seed Appalachian State to reach the final. This was the third appearance for Montana in a Division I-AA championship game, having won in 1995 and having lost in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 76], "content_span": [77, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162892-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game, Teams, Georgia Southern Eagles\nGeorgia Southern finished their regular season with a 9\u20132 record (7\u20131 in conference); one of their losses had been to Georgia of Division I-A. The Eagles, seeded third, defeated 14-seed McNeese State, 11-seed Hofstra, and second-seed Delaware to reach the final. This was the eighth appearance for Georgia Southern in a Division I-AA championship game, having five prior wins (1985, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1999) and two prior losses (1988, 1998).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 82], "content_span": [83, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162893-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-AA football rankings\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football rankings are from the Sports Network poll of Division I-AA head coaches, athletic directors, sports information directors and media members. This is for the 2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162894-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season\nThe 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season, part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I-AA level, began in August 2000, and concluded with the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 16, 2000, at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The Georgia Southern Eagles won their sixth I-AA championship, defeating the Montana Grizzlies by a score of 27\u201325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162894-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season, Conference champions\nAtlantic 10 Conference \u2013 Delaware and RichmondBig Sky Conference \u2013 MontanaGateway Football Conference \u2013 Western IllinoisIvy League \u2013 PennMetro Atlantic Athletic Conference \u2013 DuquesneMid-Eastern Athletic Conference \u2013 Florida A&MNortheast Conference \u2013 Robert MorrisOhio Valley Conference \u2013 Western KentuckyPatriot League \u2013 LehighPioneer Football League \u2013 Dayton and  ValparaisoSouthern Conference \u2013 Georgia SouthernSouthland Football League \u2013 Troy StateSouthwestern Athletic Conference \u2013 Grambling State", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162894-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season, Postseason, NCAA Division I-AA playoff bracket\n* By team name denotes host institution* By score denotes overtimeSource:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 87], "content_span": [88, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162895-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament was the 44th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division II college basketball in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162895-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament\nOfficially culminating the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division II men's basketball season, the tournament featured forty-eight teams from around the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162895-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Elite Eight, national semifinals, and championship were again played at the Commonwealth Convention Center in Louisville, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162895-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament\nIn a rematch of the previous year's final, Metro State (33\u20134) defeated defending champions Kentucky Wesleyan, 97\u201379, to win their first Division II national championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162895-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Roadrunners were coached by Mike Dunlap. Metro State's DeMarcos Anzures was the Most Outstanding Player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162896-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship\nThe 2000 NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship was the 29th annual tournament held by the NCAA to determine the top men's Division II college soccer program in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162896-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship\nCal State Dominguez Hills (23-1-1) defeated hosts Barry, 2\u20131, in the tournament final, after four overtime periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162896-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship\nThis was the first national title for the Toros, who were coached by Joe Flanagan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162897-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Women's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division II Women's Basketball Tournament was the 19th annual tournament hosted by the NCAA to determine the national champion of Division II women's  collegiate basketball in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162897-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II Women's Basketball Tournament\nNorthern Kentucky defeated North Dakota State in the championship game, 71\u201362 (after one overtime), to claim the Norse's first NCAA Division II national title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162898-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II football rankings\nThe 2000 NCAA Division II football rankings are from the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA). For the preseason and the first 3 weeks of the season, the poll consisted of 25 teams. Starting with week 4 of the season, the poll was segregated into four regions, with 10 teams ranked in each region. 2000 was the only year this regional poll was attempted. In 2001, the AFCA went back to a \"Top 25\" nationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162899-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II football season\nThe 2000 NCAA Division II football season, part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division II level, began on September 2, 2000, and concluded with the NCAA Division II Football Championship on December 9, 2000 at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence, Alabama, hosted by the University of North Alabama. The Delta State Statesmen defeated the Bloomsburg Huskies, 63\u201334, to win their first Division II national title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162899-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II football season\nThe Harlon Hill Trophy was awarded to Dusty Bonner, quarterback from Valdosta State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162899-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II football season, Conference summaries\nCentral Intercollegiate Athletic Association \u2013 Winston-Salem StateColumbia Football Association \u2013 Central Washington and Western WashingtonEastern Collegiate Football Conference \u2013 American InternationalGreat Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference \u2013 Saginaw Valley State and NorthwoodGulf South Conference \u2013 Delta State , Valdosta State, and West GeorgiaLone Star Conference \u2013 Northeastern StateMid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association \u2013 Northwest Missouri StateNorth Central Conference \u2013 Nebraska\u2013OmahaNorthern Sun Intercollegiate Conference \u2013 Winona StatePennsylvania State Athletic Conference \u2013 Bloomsburg (East), Clarion, Indiana (PA), and Slippery Rock (West)Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference \u2013 Colorado MesaSouth Atlantic Conference \u2013 CatawbaSouthern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference \u2013 TuskegeeWest Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference \u2013 Fairmont State and West Liberty", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162899-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division II football season, Postseason\nThe 2000 NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs were the 27th single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division II college football. The championship game was held at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence, Alabama for the 14th time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162900-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division III Baseball Tournament was played at the end of the 2000 NCAA Division III baseball season to determine the 25th national champion of college baseball at the NCAA Division III level. The tournament concluded with eight teams competing at a new location at Fox Cities Stadium in Grand Chute, Wisconsin for the championship. Eight regional tournaments were held to determine the participants in the World Series. Regional tournaments were contested in double-elimination format, five four regions consisting of six teams and three regions consisting of four teams, for a total of 42 teams participating in the tournament, up from 40 in 1999. The tournament champion was Montclair State, who defeated St. Thomas for the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162901-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament was the 26th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champions of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's Division III collegiate basketball in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162901-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe field contained sixty-four teams, and each program was allocated to one of four sectionals. All sectional games were played on campus sites, while the national semifinals, third-place final, and championship finals were contested at the Salem Civic Center in Salem, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162901-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament\nCalvin defeated Wisconsin\u2013Eau Claire, 79\u201374, in the championship, clinching a second national title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162901-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Knights (31\u20131) were coached by Kevin Vande Streek. Calvin's prior championship came in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162901-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament\nSherm Carstensen of Wisconsin-Eau Claire was named Most Outstanding Player after scoring 34 points in the semifinal and 36 in the championship game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162902-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Division III Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the culmination of the 1999\u201300 season, the 17th such tournament in NCAA history. It concluded with Norwich defeating St. Thomas in the championship game 2-1. All Quarterfinals matchups were held at home team venues, while all succeeding games were played in Superior, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162902-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nThe NCAA began offering automatic bids to conference tournament champions for the first time. Seven of the eight existing conferences received automatic bids with only the MCHA not included. This was because the MCHA had a Division II program who participated in their conference tournament; both ECAC East and ECAC Northeast had Division II members as well but none of those team participated in their respective conference tournaments. This allowed the results to be certified as Division III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162902-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nWith the NESCAC now sponsoring ice hockey as a sport and holding an individual conference tournament, the conference rules limiting member schools to only one postseason tournament were dropped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162902-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\nDespite being in Division III since 1973, ECAC Northeast received its first entry into the national tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162902-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Qualifying teams\nThe following teams qualified for the tournament. Automatic bids were offered to the conference tournament champion of seven different conferences with one at-large bid for the best remaining team. No formal seeding was used while quarterfinal matches were arranged so that the road teams would have the shortest possible travel distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 68], "content_span": [69, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162902-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format\nThe tournament featured three rounds of play. In the Quarterfinals, teams played a two-game series where the first team to reach 3 points was declared a winner (2 points for winning a game, 1 point each for tying). If both teams ended up with 2 points after the first two games a 20-minute mini-game used to determine a winner. Mini-game scores are in italics. Beginning with the Semifinals all games became Single-game eliminations. The winning teams in the semifinals advanced to the National Championship Game with the losers playing in a Third Place game. The teams were seeded according to geographic proximity in the quarterfinals so the visiting team would have the shortest feasible distance to travel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 58], "content_span": [59, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162903-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III football season\nThe 2000 NCAA Division III football season, part of the college football season organized by the NCAA at the Division III level in the United States, began in August 2000, and concluded with the NCAA Division III Football Championship, also known as the Stagg Bowl, in December 2000 at Salem Football Stadium in Salem, Virginia. The Mount Union Purple Raiders won their fifth Division III championship by defeating the Saint John's (MN) Johnnies, 10\u22127.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162903-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III football season\nThe Gagliardi Trophy, given to the most outstanding player in Division III football, was awarded to Chad Johnson, quarterback from Pacific Lutheran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162903-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III football season, Postseason\nThe 2000 NCAA Division III Football Championship playoffs were the 28th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division III college football. The championship Stagg Bowl game was held at Salem Football Stadium in Salem, Virginia for the eighth time. This was the second bracket to feature 28 teams since last expanding in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162903-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III football season, Final AFCA Top 25 Poll\nOthers receiving votes: Wesley, 86; Hobart, 78; Thomas More, 76; Montclair St., 74; Hope, 65; Rowan, 44; Aurora, 34; Ripon, 20; Emory & Henry, 20; Middlebury, 14; Amherst, 11; Bridgewater St., 9; Wheaton, 8; Lycoming, 4; Augustana, 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162903-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Division III football season, Awards\nAFCA Regional Coach of the Year: Region 1: Mike DeLong, Springfield Region 2: Bill Zwaan, Widener Region 3: Pete Fredenburg, Mary Hardin-Baylor Region 4: Larry Kehres, Mount Union Region 5: Ed Meierkort, Wisconsin-Stout", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162904-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans\nThe Consensus 2000 College Basketball All-American team, as determined by aggregating the results of four major All-American teams. To earn \"consensus\" status, a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams: the Associated Press, the USBWA, The Sporting News and the National Association of Basketball Coaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162905-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Volleyball Tournament\nThe 2000 NCAA Men's Volleyball Tournament was the 31st annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA men's collegiate indoor volleyball. The single elimination tournament was played at the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum in Fort Wayne, Indiana during May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162905-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Volleyball Tournament\nUCLA defeated Ohio State in the final match, 3\u20130 (15\u20138, 15\u201310, 17\u201315), to win their eighteenth national title. The Bruins (29\u20135) were coached by Al Scates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162905-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Volleyball Tournament\nUCLA's Brandon Taliaferro was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Taliaferro, along with five other players, comprised the All-Tournament Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162905-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Volleyball Tournament, Qualification\nUntil the creation of the NCAA Men's Division III Volleyball Championship in 2012, there was only a single national championship for men's volleyball. As such, all NCAA men's volleyball programs, whether from Division I, Division II, or Division III, were eligible. A total of 4 teams were invited to contest this championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 52], "content_span": [53, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162906-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship\nThe 2000 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship was the 32nd annual NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship to determine the national champion of NCAA men's collegiate water polo. Tournament matches were played at Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool in Malibu, California during December 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162906-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship\nUCLA defeated UC San Diego in the final, 11\u20132, to win their seventh, and second consecutive, national title. The Bruins (19\u20137) were coached by Guy Baker and Adam Krikorian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162906-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship\nThe Most Outstanding Player of the tournament was Sean Kern from UCLA. Kern, along with seven other players, comprised the All-Tournament Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162906-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship\nIvan Babic, from USC, was the tournament's leading scorer, with 9 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162906-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship, Qualification\nSince there has only ever been one single national championship for water polo, all NCAA men's water polo programs (whether from Division I, Division II, or Division III) were eligible. A total of 4 teams were invited to contest this championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162907-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Rifle Championships\nThe 2000 NCAA Rifle Championships were contested at the 21st annual NCAA-sanctioned competition to determine the team and individual national champions of co-ed collegiate rifle shooting in the United States. The championship was hosted by the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162907-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Rifle Championships\nDefending champions Alaska again topped the team standings, finishing 139 points (6,285\u20136,156) points ahead of Xavier. This was the Nanooks' second consecutive and third overall team title. This event was also notable for being the first time West Virginia finished outside of the top three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162907-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Rifle Championships\nThe individual championships went to Nicole Allaire (Nebraska) for the smallbore rifle and Kelly Mansfield (Alaska) for the air rifle. This was Mansfield's second consecutive air rifle title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162907-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Rifle Championships, Qualification\nWith only one national collegiate championship for rifle shooting, all NCAA rifle programs (whether from Division I, Division II, or Division III) were eligible. A total of nine teams contested this championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162908-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Skiing Championships\nThe 2000 NCAA Skiing Championships were contested at the Park City Mountain Resort in Park City, Utah as the 47th annual NCAA-sanctioned ski tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's and women's collegiate slalom and cross country skiing in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162908-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Skiing Championships\nDenver, coached by Kurt Smitz, won the team championship, the Pioneers' first co-ed title and fifteenth overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162908-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Skiing Championships, Venue\nThe championships were held at the Park City Mountain Resort in Park City, Utah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162908-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Skiing Championships, Venue\nThese were the fifth championships held in the state of Utah (previously 1957, 1963, 1981, and 1991).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162909-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NCAA Women's Gymnastics Championship\nThe 2000 NCAA Women's Gymnastics championship involved 12 schools competing for the national championship of women's NCAA Division I gymnastics. It was the nineteenth NCAA gymnastics national championship and the defending NCAA Team Champion for 1998 was Georgia. The competition took place in Boise, Idaho, hosted by Boise State University in the BSU Pavilion. The 2000 Team Champions were the UCLA Bruins. For the individual championship, Heather Brink, Nebraska, 39.625, and Mohini Bhardwaj, UCLA, 39.625 shared the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162910-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NECBL season\nThe 2000 NECBL season was the seventh season of the New England Collegiate Baseball League. The league added a franchise in Manchester, Connecticut, the Manchester Silkworms, along with a franchise in Lowell, Massachusetts, the Mill City All-Americans. The league lost its Leominster, Massachusetts franchise, the Central Mass Collegians and its West Warwick, Rhode Island franchise, the Rhode Island Reds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162910-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NECBL season\nIn the semifinal playoff rounds, Rhode Island defeated Mill City 2-1, and Keene defeated Middletown 2-1. In the championship round, Keene defeated Rhode Island 2-1 to win the franchise's first NECBL championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162911-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL Draft\nThe 2000 NFL Draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur U.S. college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 15\u201316, 2000, at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. No teams chose to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162911-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL Draft\nThe draft started with Penn State teammates Courtney Brown and LaVar Arrington being selected consecutively, making them the only Penn State players to go number one and two in the same draft. The New York Jets had four first-round draft picks, the most by any team in the history of the draft (17 teams have had three picks but no other has had four).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162911-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL Draft\nThe draft was notable for the selection of Michigan quarterback Tom Brady at the 199th pick in the sixth round by the New England Patriots. In his twenty seasons as a starter, Brady has won three NFL MVP awards, a record seven Super Bowl titles and five Super Bowl MVPs. As a result of his late selection and subsequent success, Brady is considered to be the biggest steal in the history of the NFL draft, and is widely considered the greatest quarterback of all time. It was also the first year since 1966 that a pure placekicker was drafted in the first round, with the Oakland Raiders selecting Florida State's Sebastian Janikowski 17th overall. The University of Tennessee led all colleges with nine selections in the 2000 NFL draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162911-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL Draft\nAs of 2021, the last remaining active player from this draft is Tom Brady.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162911-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL Draft, Trades\nIn the explanations below, (D) denotes trades that took place during the 2000 Draft, while (PD) indicates trades completed pre-draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162912-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL Europe season\nThe 2000 NFL Europe season was the 8th season in 10 years of the American Football league that started out as the World League of American Football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162913-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL season\nThe 2000 NFL season was the 81st regular season of the National Football League. The season ended with Super Bowl XXXV when the Baltimore Ravens defeated the New York Giants, 34\u20137, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162913-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL season\nWeek 1 of the season reverted to Labor Day weekend in 2000. It would be the last NFL season to date to start on Labor Day weekend. It would also be the last time until 2015 that CBS televised the late afternoon games in Week 1, because both Week 1 of the NFL season and CBS's coverage of the U.S. Open tennis finals would take place on the same day beginning next season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162913-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL season, Player movement, Draft\nThe 2000 NFL Draft was held from April 15 to 16, 2000 at New York City's Theater at Madison Square Garden. With the first pick, the Cleveland Browns selected defensive end Courtney Brown from Pennsylvania State University. Taken by the New England Patriots with the 199th pick in the sixth round was Michigan quarterback Tom Brady. Tom Brady went on to win 3 NFL MVP awards, a record 7 Super Bowl titles and 5 Super Bowl MVP awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162913-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL season, Regular season, Scheduling formula\nInter-conferenceAFC East vs NFC CentralAFC Central vs NFC EastAFC West vs NFC West", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162913-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NFL season, Milestones\nThe following teams and players set all-time NFL records during the season:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162914-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NHK Trophy\nThe 2000 NHK Trophy was the final event of six in the 2000\u201301 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Asahikawa Taisetsu Ice Arena in Asahikawa on November 30 \u2013 December 3. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2000\u201301 Grand Prix Final. The compulsory dance was the Rhumba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162915-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Entry Draft\nThe 2000 NHL Entry Draft was the 38th NHL Entry Draft. It was held on June 24 and 25, 2000 at the Pengrowth Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta, following the 2000 NHL Expansion Draft on June 23 for the Columbus Blue Jackets and Minnesota Wild. This was the second NHL Entry Draft in which a goaltender was taken first overall (at that point), when the New York Islanders selected Rick DiPietro with the first overall pick. Previously, Michel Plasse was selected 1st overall in the 1968 NHL Amateur Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162915-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Entry Draft, Selections by round\nClub teams are located in North America unless otherwise noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162916-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Expansion Draft\nThe 2000 NHL Expansion Draft was held on June 23, 2000, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The draft took place to fill the rosters of the league's two expansion teams for the 2000\u201301 season, the Columbus Blue Jackets and the Minnesota Wild.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162916-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Expansion Draft, Rules\n26 of the 28 teams existing in the league at the time of the draft were each allowed to protect either one goaltender, five defensemen, and nine forwards or two goaltenders, three defensemen, and seven forwards. The Atlanta Thrashers and Nashville Predators had their entire rosters protected, as they were the two newest franchises in the league, only being in existence for one and two years respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162916-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Expansion Draft, Rules\nFor teams protecting only one goaltender, there was no experience requirement for those left unprotected. For teams protecting two goaltenders, each goaltender left unprotected must have appeared in either 10 NHL games in the 1999\u20132000 season or 25 games in the 1998\u201399 season and 1999\u20132000 seasons combined. A goaltender had to be in net for at least 31 minutes in each game for the game to be counted against these totals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162916-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Expansion Draft, Rules\nAt least one defenseman left unprotected by each team had to have appeared in at least 40 games in the 1999\u20132000 season or 70 games in the 1998\u201399 season and 1999\u20132000 seasons combined. At least two forwards left unprotected by each team had to have met the same requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162916-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Expansion Draft, Rules\nFifty-two players were chosen in the draft; each previously existing team lost two players, and both expansion teams filled a roster of twenty-six players. Only one goaltender or one defenseman could be selected from each franchise. Both the Blue Jackets and the Wild were to use their first 24 selections on three goaltenders, eight defensemen, and thirteen forwards. The final two picks for each team could be any position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162916-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Expansion Draft, Deals\nIn return for agreeing not to select certain unprotected players, the Blue Jackets and Wild were granted concessions by other franchises. The trades not involving Blue Jacket or Wild draft picks were booked as being for \"future considerations\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162916-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Expansion Draft, Post-draft\nSeveral of the players selected by the Blue Jackets and Wild in the Expansion Draft did not stay with the teams long after the draft. In fact, several players were traded later in the same day:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162916-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NHL Expansion Draft, Post-draft\nOther players who were no longer on the rosters of the teams which drafted them for the 1999\u20132000 season include the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162917-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NLL season\nThe 2000 National Lacrosse League season is the 14th season in the NLL that began on January 7, 2000 and concluded with the championship game on May 6, 2000. The Toronto Rock defeated the Rochester Knighthawks 14-13. Kaleb Toth scored the winning goal with less than two seconds left in regulation to give the Rock their second straight championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162917-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NLL season, Team movement\nOne expansion team was added to the NLL for the 2000 season, the Albany Attack. In addition, the Baltimore Thunder left Baltimore and became the Pittsburgh CrosseFire, though the franchise would only last a single season in Pittsburgh before moving to Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162917-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NLL season, Regular season\nx:\u00a0Clinched playoff berth; c:\u00a0Clinched playoff berth by crossing over to another division; y:\u00a0Clinched division; z:\u00a0Clinched best regular season record; GP:\u00a0Games PlayedW:\u00a0Wins; L:\u00a0Losses; GB:\u00a0Games back; PCT:\u00a0Win percentage; Home:\u00a0Record at Home; Road:\u00a0Record on the Road; GF:\u00a0Goals scored; GA:\u00a0Goals allowedDifferential:\u00a0Difference between goals scored and allowed; GF/GP:\u00a0Average number of goals scored per game; GA/GP:\u00a0Average number of goals allowed per game", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162917-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NLL season, Awards, Weekly awards\nEach week, a player is awarded \"Player of the Week\" honours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162917-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NLL season, Awards, Monthly awards\nAwards are also given out monthly for the best overall player and best rookie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162917-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NLL season, Statistics leaders\nBold numbers indicate new single-season records. Italics indicate tied single-season records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162918-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL Grand Final\nThe 2000 NRL grand final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 2000 NRL season. It was contested by the Brisbane Broncos, who had finished the season in 1st place, and the Sydney Roosters, who had finished the season in 2nd place. The Brisbane Broncos were favourites heading into the grand final with the Sydney Roosters as underdogs. Brisbane were premiership favourites for most of the season after leading the competition every round since Round 4. It was their fifth Grand Final appearance in nine years, while it was the first for the Roosters in twenty years. The attendance of 94,277 was the second highest ever seen at a rugby league match in Australia. It was the first time that the Clive Churchill Medal was presented separately with a ribbon being worn around the neck as previously, it was presented in a case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162918-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL Grand Final, Background\nThe 2000 NRL season was the 93rd season of professional rugby league football in Australia and the third to be run by the  National Rugby League. Fourteen teams competed from February until August for the minor premiership before the top eight teams played in the finals series, which culminated in the grand final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162918-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL Grand Final, Background, Brisbane Broncos\nThe 2000 Brisbane Broncos season was the thirteenth in the club's history. Coached by Wayne Bennett and captained by Kevin Walters, they finished the regular season 1st (out of 14 teams) to claim their 4th minor premiership. The Broncos played two finals matches (against the 8th-placed Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks then the 7th-placed Parramatta Eels), winning both to qualify for their 5th grand final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162918-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL Grand Final, Background, Sydney Roosters\nThe 2000 Sydney Roosters season was the 93rd in the club's history. Coached by Graham Murray and captained by Brad Fittler, they finished the regular season 2nd (out of 14 teams). After losing their first finals match, the Roosters won their next two to reach their 18th grand final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162918-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL Grand Final, Match details\nShane Webcke went into the match with a broken arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162918-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL Grand Final, Match details, First half\nSydney were unlucky not to have an early lead only 3 minutes in when Shannon Hegarty got over the line but good cover defence by Brisbane fullback Darren Lockyer stopped them from scoring. The Broncos opened the scoring with a penalty goal to Michael De Vere to make it 2-0 at the 12th minute. Four minutes later, Lote Tuqiri scored the first try of the Grand Final which was converted by Michael De Vere to make it 8-0 in Brisbane's favour. Michael De Vere extended his side's lead out to 10-0 in the 27th minute. The Roosters opened their scoring in the 35th minute with a penalty goal to Luke Phillips to make it 10-2 and it remained that scoreline until halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162918-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL Grand Final, Match details, Second half\nIn the first minute of play after the break, Broncos five-eighth Ben Ikin got hit late with a high shot and went to the bench missing twenty minutes of the second half. Brisbane had a chance to go ten in front with a penalty goal but missed marginally. However the Broncos extended their lead to 14-2 when Wendell Sailor scored in the 55th but the conversion was unsuccessful by Michael De Vere. Craig Fitzgibbon got Sydney's first try of the match in the 70th minute to give the Roosters a glimmer of hope but his conversion was unsuccessful as it dropped onto the cross bar and bounced out, leaving the score 14-6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162918-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL Grand Final, Match details, Second half\n12th Minute: Brisbane 2-0 (De Vere goal)16th Minute: Brisbane 8-0 (Tuqiri try; De Vere goal)27th Minute: Brisbane 10-0 (De Vere goal)35th Minute: Brisbane 10-2 (Phillips goal)53rd Minute: Brisbane 14-2 (Sailor try)71st Minute: Brisbane 14-6 (Fitzgibbon try)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season\nThe 2000 NRL season was the 93rd season of professional rugby league football in Australia and the third to be run by the National Rugby League. Fourteen teams competed from February till August for the NRL Premiership, culminating in the 2000 NRL Grand final between the Brisbane Broncos and the Sydney Roosters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary\nThe 2000 National Rugby League season started with a new CEO in rugby union's David Moffett who replaced Neil Whittaker in late 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary\nThe season began in early February to accommodate the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games which were to be held during September and required the use of Stadium Australia, the grand final venue. The grand final was scheduled for late August, the first grand final in that month since 1963. The capacity of Stadium Australia for the grand final was limited due to preparations for the Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Games, which would take place just nineteen days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary\nThroughout the month of February, mandatory breaks in play at the 20th and 60th minute of the game were implemented to allow players to rehydrate themselves. Due to concerns over the summer heat, the Brisbane and North Queensland clubs played their first four games away from home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary\nThe Cowboys were stripped of two competition points after it was later revealed that they unwittingly used a fourteenth player for three minutes in their 26\u201318 win against the Parramatta Eels, due to an error in interchanging players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary\nMelbourne Storm players Stephen Kearney and Marcus Bai ended the career of Wests Tigers captain Jarrod McCracken with a spear tackle. Kearney was suspended for 8 matches and Bai for 2 matches. The two men were also sued by McCraken, who won a six-figure damages bill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary\nThe Canberra Raiders and the Wests Tigers became the first teams to play a premiership game in the snow. It occurred at Bruce Stadium on 28 May and it is the only premiership game played in these conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary, Teams\nThe season saw the debut of the Wests Tigers (formed by the merging of the Balmain Tigers and Western Suburbs Magpies) and Northern Eagles (formed by the merging of the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles and North Sydney Bears) in the National Rugby League. In addition, the South Sydney Rabbitohs were excluded from the competition, thereby completing the NRL's rationalisation process from 20 teams in 1998 to 14 in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary, Teams\nFor the 2000 season, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs changed their name again, this time to the geographically indistinct \"Bulldogs\" and the Auckland Warriors were re-branded the New Zealand Warriors at the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary, Advertising\nFor the first time since farewelling Tina Turner in 1995 the NRL used a major recording star in its promotional campaign and accessed a media budget that saw the launch ad shown regularly throughout the season. Sydney advertising agency VCD in the last of their four-year tenure on the NRL account shot an ad with Tom Jones performing on stage alongside hi-kicking female dancers, the 1993 Salt-N-Pepa hit Whatta Man with lyrics re-worked as \"What A Game\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Season summary, Ladder\n1 North Queensland were stripped of 2 competition points due to a breach of the interchange rule in Round 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162919-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 NRL season, Finals series\nThe biggest upset of the 2000 Finals series was in the 3rd Qualifying Final when 7th placed Parramatta Eels beat 2nd placed Sydney Roosters 32-8 at the SFS. It was nearly a similar story for Minor Premiers' the Brisbane Broncos when they came from 20-6 down at halftime to win 34-20 against 8th placed Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the 4th Qualifying Final at QSAC. The Sydney Roosters also made a famous comeback when they came from 16-2 down at halftime to win 26-20 against the Newcastle Knights in the 1st Preliminary Final at the SFS to earn a spot in the Grand Final against Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162920-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nabisco Championship\nThe 2000 Nabisco Championship was a women's professional golf tournament, held March 23\u201326 at Mission Hills Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California. This was the 29th edition of the Kraft Nabisco Championship, and the eighteenth as a major championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162920-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nabisco Championship\nKarrie Webb won the first of her two titles in this event, ten strokes ahead of Dottie Pepper, the defending champion. It was her second consecutive major win and the second of her seven major titles. Webb held an eight-stroke lead after 54 holes, and shot a final round 70 for a comfortable victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162921-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic on 18 June 2000. A total of 33 members of the National Assembly were elected. Voter turnout was 59.7%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162921-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election, Campaign\nA total of 115 candidates contested the elections, of which 88 were independents and 25 were members of political parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162922-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Naka-Meguro derailment\nThe Naka-Meguro train disaster occurred in Japan on 8 March 2000. Five people were killed and 63 were injured when a derailed TRTA Hibiya Line train was sideswiped by a second train near Naka-Meguro Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162922-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Naka-Meguro derailment, Accident\nAt around 9 a.m. on 8 March 2000, the rearmost car of an eight-car TRTA Hibiya Line (now Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line) train from Kita-Senju to Kikuna derailed on the tight curve immediately before Naka-Meguro Station. The derailed car was then hit by the fifth and sixth cars of an eight-car Tobu Railway train travelling in the opposite direction from Naka-Meguro to Takenotsuka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162922-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Naka-Meguro derailment, Factors\nIt is generally the case that if the distance between tracks is less than the width of the carriages this only allows about 600 mm clearance, so that if a train derails on the same side as the other track, it will almost certainly obstruct the other track, making a collision inevitable. Track circuits detect the presence of a train via electric current passed through the rails, which is shorted by a train car's axle or a physical break in the rails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162922-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Naka-Meguro derailment, Factors\nIf a derailment on an adjacent track, that doesn't cause a physical break in the other track, won't cause the track circuit to 'short' resulting in a stop signal. In this situation, a train crew member must either warn railway signal staff of the derailment, stop other trains using a handheld signal, such as a red flag, or manually short the track circuit using a specialized equipment, such as a track circuit operating clip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162923-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NatWest Triangular Series\nThe 2000 NatWest Series was a One Day International cricket tri-series sponsored by the National Westminster Bank that took place in England between 6 and 22 July 2001. The series involved the national teams of England, West Indies and Zimbabwe. Ten matches were played in total, with each team playing one another thrice during the group stage. The teams which finished in the top two positions following the group stages qualified for the final, which England won by defeating Zimbabwe at Lord's on 22 July by 7 wickets. Preceding the series, England played Zimbabwe in a two Test series, while following the series, 2000 Frank Worrell series continued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162924-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 NatWest Trophy\nThe 2000 NatWest Trophy was the 20th and last NatWest Trophy before being renamed as the Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy for the 2001 season. It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 2 May and 26 August 2000. The tournament was won by Gloucestershire who defeated Warwickshire by 22 runs in the final at Lord's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162924-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 NatWest Trophy, Format\nThe 18 first-class counties, were joined by all twenty Minor Counties, plus Huntingdonshire. They were also joined by the cricket boards of Derbyshire, Durham, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Kent, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Middlesex, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Somerset, Surrey, Sussex, Warwickshire, Worcestershire and Yorkshire. The national teams of Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands and Scotland once again took part in the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162924-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 NatWest Trophy, Format\nThe tournament was a knockout with four rounds before the quarter-final and semi-final stages. The winners of the semi-finals went on to the final at Lord's which was held on 26 August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162925-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 National Camogie League\nThe 2000 National Camogie League, the second most important elite level inter-county competition in the women's\u2019 team field sport of camogie was won by Cork, who defeated Tipperary in the final, played at O'Connor Park, Tullamore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162925-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 National Camogie League, Arrangements\nTipperary easily defeated Armagh and Derry and overcame an inexperienced Kilkenny team before they defeated Galway after extra time in a closely fought semi-final. Cork defeated Armagh, Galway (twice), Kilkenny and Tipperary en route to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162925-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 National Camogie League, The Final\nThe pattern of the final was set once Fiona O'Driscoll placed the ball past Jovita Delaney in the Tipp goal in the first minute of the second half. Playing with a strong wind, Tipperary confined Cork to one point from a free in the first half while sending over seven of their own. Cork had equalized by the 53rd minute and pulled away with a goal from Ciara Walsh, who had scored 1-6 against Kildare in the junior final which had preceded the senior final. Shortly afterwards Fiona O'Driscoll\u2019s lobbed shot went all the way to the Tipp net.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162925-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 National Camogie League, Division 2\nThe Junior National League, known since 2006 as Division Two, was won by Cork intermediates who defeated Laois in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162927-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe 2000 NHL All-Star Game was the 50th All-Star Game in the National Hockey League. It took place on February 6, 2000, at Air Canada Centre in Toronto, home to the Toronto Maple Leafs. The 1st NHL All-Star Game took place in 1947 and was also hosted by Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162927-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe All-Star week festivities saw the Canadian Hockey League Top Prospects Game played on February 2, and an exhibition game between the Canadian and American women's national teams on February 3. The Heroes of Hockey game and the Skills Competition were held on February 5. It is to note that the opening face-off for the Heroes of Hockey game were Ted Lindsay and Fleming Mackell, two players who played in the 1st All-Star Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162927-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game\nThe week also was a good sendoff for Wayne Gretzky, who had retired the previous season. His #99 was raised to the rafters, despite him never playing for the hometown Toronto Maple Leafs, as a show of his number's league-wide retirement. Gretzky also made it clear that he would not partake in any oldtimer or Heroes of Hockey game unless it was held in Edmonton, a statement that was realized with the 2003 Heritage Classic three years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162927-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game, Super Skills Competition\nIn the Skills Competition, the World All-Stars would win their third-straight skills competition. In the individual events, the Boston Bruins' Ray Bourque and Florida Panthers' Viktor Kozlov shared the Accuracy Shot event, which was Bourque's seventh victory in the event. In addition, the St. Louis Blues' Al MacInnis won his fourth-straight Hardest Shot event, which was also his sixth all-time victory in the event, and the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim's Paul Kariya would win his second-straight Puck Control Relay event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162927-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game, Uniforms\nSince 1951, the NHL had mandated that one team in each game must wear a white jersey to contrast with the other team's dark jersey. The only exceptions to this point had been when a team opted to wear gold in lieu of white. However, for the 2000 All-Star Game, the NHL opted to experiment with a color-vs.-color format with uniforms by CCM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162927-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game, Uniforms\nThe North American All-Stars were clad in a navy blue uniform with white shoulders and sleeves, and the wishbone collar design previously introduced by Nike, while the World All-Stars wore red with white shoulders and sleeves, and a faux polo-style collar. The goaltenders, however, wore white jerseys with their teams' primary colors on the shoulders and sleeves. Both teams featured a white stripe across the chest (team color in the case of the goalies), with the NHL shield appearing on the player's left side, and the uniform number placed below it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162927-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game, Uniforms\nThe World team also featured names below the numbers on the back instead of above the numbers, which would normally be considered a violation of the NHL's uniform code (which requires the player's name to be above the back number). The names and numbers were rendered in the Handel Gothic typeface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162927-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game, Uniforms\nThe uniform design would be reused for the next All-Star Game, with the Toronto All-Star Game and NHL 2000 patches replaced with the Colorado All-Star patch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162927-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hockey League All-Star Game, The game\nThe Florida Panthers' Pavel Bure and his brother, the Calgary Flames' Valeri Bure, combined for six points (Pavel 3\u20131\u20134, Valeri 0\u20132\u20132) to lead the World All-Stars to their first All-Star Game victory over the North American All-Stars. Valeri would assist on two of Pavel's three goals to become the first brother combination to set up a goal, since the 1956 All-Star Game when Maurice and Henri Richard hooked up for an All-Star goal. Pavel Bure would become the first Russian-born player to win All-Star MVP honors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League\nThe 2000 National Hurling League, known for sponsorship reasons as the Church & General National Hurling League, was the 69th edition of the National Hurling League (NHL), an annual hurling competition for the GAA county teams. Galway won the league, beating Tipperary in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Overview, Division 1\nThe National Hurling League's top division featured fourteen teams divided into two groups - 1A and 1B. Each group consisted of seven teams. Galway and Limerick topped division 1A while Tipperary and Waterford topped division 1B. Galway finished the league undefeated and were crowned champions after defeating Tipp in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Overview, Division 1\nDown at the other end of the tables, Kerry and Derry failed to win a single group game and were paired against each other in the relegation play-off. Derry won that game, thus condemning Kerry to division 2 for the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Overview, Division 2\nDivision 2 featured one group of ten teams. Carlow and Meath topped the group and contested the final. Meath won and secured promotion to division 1A for the following year. Tyrone ended the group stage without a single victory and were relegated to division 3 for the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Overview, Division 3\nDivision 3 featured one group of nine teams. Louth finished the group stages undefeated and were joined in the final by Longford who recorded just one defeat. Louth won that game and secured promotion to division 2 for the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 1\nTipperary came into the season as defending champions of the 1999 season. Derry entered Division 1 as the promoted team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 1\nOn 14 May 2000, Galway won the title following a 2-18 to 2-13 win over Tipperary in the final. It was their first league title since 1995-96 and their sixth National League title overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 1\nKerry, who lost all of their group stage matches, were relegated from Division 1 after losing the relegation play-off to Derry by 1-21 to 2-4. Meath won Division 2 and secured promotion to the top tier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 1\nGalway's Fergal Healy was the Division 1 top scorer with 8-27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 1, Structure\nThe 14 teams in Division 1 were divided into two groups of seven teams named Division 1A and Division 1B. Each team played all the others in its group once. Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 1, Structure\nThe first two teams in 1A and 1B advanced to the league semi-finals with the top team in Division 1A playing the second team in Division 1B and the second team in Division 1A playing the first in Division 1B. The bottom-placed teams in 1A and 1B faced each other in a play-off to determine which team would be relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 2\nDown and Armagh entered Division 2 as the respective relegated and promoted teams from the other divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 2\nOn 28 May 2000, Meath won the title following a 5-14 to 2-10 win over Carlow in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 2\nTyrone, who lost all of their group stage matches, were relegated from Division 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162928-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 National Hurling League, Division 3\nOn 28 May 2000, Louth won the title following a 0-16 to 1-11 win over Longford in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162929-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 National Invitation Tournament\nThe 2000 National Invitation Tournament was the year 2000's staging of the annual National Invitation Tournament, an NCAA college basketball competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162929-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 National Invitation Tournament, Selected teams\nBelow is a list of the 32 teams selected for the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162929-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 National Invitation Tournament, Bracket\nBelow are the four first round brackets, along with the four-team championship bracket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series\nThe 2000 National League Championship Series (NLCS), to determine the champion of Major League Baseball's National League, was played between the Central Division champion St. Louis Cardinals and the wild card New York Mets. The Mets and Cards used as a rally cry the 2000 hit song \"Who Let the Dogs Out?\" by the Baha Men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series\nThis series pitted a pair of teams that were former division rivals. In the mid-1980s, the Mets and Cardinals fought it out for supremacy in the National League East over four seasons, with each team alternating division championships between 1985 and 1988 (the Cardinals in their pennant seasons of 1985 and 1987, the Mets in their championship season of 1986 and 1988; however, the Cardinals weren't serious contenders in both of those years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series\nThe Cardinals, led by manager Tony La Russa, had played through the 2000 season in relatively businesslike fashion. They had won the National League Central division, and swept the Mets' fiercest rival, Atlanta Braves, in three games in the NL Division Series, making the Mets' run to the World Series much easier. However, they were struck with several injuries to key players as the playoffs began, including slugger Mark McGwire, catcher Mike Matheny, and the sudden, unexplained wildness of rookie pitcher Rick Ankiel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series\nThe Mets, on the other hand, engaged in battle with the Braves for much of the season, eventually falling one game short of a division title. They matched up with the San Francisco Giants in the Division Series. After dropping the first game, they would rebound to win the following three games in heart-stopping fashion, including a 13th inning walk off home run from Benny Agbayani to win Game 3 and an improbable one-hit shutout by Bobby Jones to win the clinching Game 4. As noted above, the Mets thanked the Cardinals for making their run to the World Series much easier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series\nIt was the first NLCS since 1990 not to feature the Braves. MLB did not have a postseason in 1994 due to the 1994-95 Major League Baseball strike and the Braves appeared in the 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 League Championship Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series\nThe Mets would go on to lose to the New York Yankees in the World Series in five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1\nWednesday, October 11, 2000 at Busch Stadium (II) in St. Louis, Missouri", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1\nThe Mets jumped on Cardinals starter Darryl Kile right from the outset. Rookie Timo P\u00e9rez led off the game with a double into the right field corner, and following a walk to Edgardo Alfonzo, scored on a double by Mike Piazza. A Robin Ventura sacrifice fly would plate Alfonzo, and the Mets were off and running.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1\nPiazza's double resulted in one of the more memorable moments of the series. Mets coach John Stearns was wearing a microphone for Fox Sports during the games, and his screams of \"THE MONSTER IS OUT OF THE CAGE!!\" were broadcast to a national audience. \"The Monster is out of the cage\" would become a rallying cry for the Mets and Piazza throughout the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1\nMets starter Mike Hampton was sharp. Over seven innings, he limited the Cardinals to six hits and no runs. At the plate, Hampton helped his own cause by singling, moving to second on a groundout, and scoring the Mets' third run on Alfonzo's RBI single in the fifth inning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1\nThe Mets would effectively put the game away in the ninth inning off of Mike James on a lead off home run by Todd Zeile and two batters later, a two-run home run by Jay Payton. In the bottom of the inning, Ray Lankford hit a leadoff double off of Armando Benitez. Two outs later, shortstop Kurt Abbott's error to first on Edgar Renteria's ground ball allowed Lankford to score and Renteria to reach first. Then Jim Edmonds singled to right and Timo Perez's errant throw to third allowed Renteria to score, but Eric Davis grounded out to end the game as the Mets' 6\u20132 win gave them a 1\u20130 series lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nThursday, October 12, 2000 at Busch Stadium (II) in St. Louis, Missouri", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nThe Mets once again jumped out to a first inning lead due to the wildness of Cardinals starter Rick Ankiel, who walked two and threw two wild pitches to put runners on second and third with one out. Todd Zeile's sacrifice fly scored a run and after a walk, Benny Agbayani's double scored another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nThe Cardinals trimmed the Mets lead to 2\u20131 in the second inning against starter Al Leiter. A run-scoring ground out with two on by Eli Marrero would plate Shawon Dunston. The Mets got that run back in the third when Mike Piazza hit his first home run of the series off Reames. The Cardinals knotted the game at 3\u20133 in the fifth inning on run-scoring doubles by \u00c9dgar Renter\u00eda and Fernando Tat\u00eds after a one-out single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nWith the score still tied and two out in the top of the eighth, the Mets would put together a rally to take a 5\u20133 lead off of Matt Morris. A long single by Alfonzo would score Timo P\u00e9rez, who singled with two outs, and following an intentional walk to Piazza, Zeile would single home Alfonzo. However, in the bottom of the inning, John Franco walked Carlos Hernandez, who moved to third on a single and scored on a wild pitch. J.D. Drew's double off of Turk Wendell tied the game again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nIn the top of the ninth off of Mike Timlin, after Robin Ventura reached on a Will Clark error, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt, and was pinch run for by Joe McEwing, rookie Jay Payton came through with his second game-winning hit of the postseason, nailing a single up the middle to score McEwing, as Cardinals center fielder Jim Edmonds allowed the ball to hop off the heel of his glove and roll behind him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2\nArmando Ben\u00edtez allowed a two-out walk to Jim Edmonds in the last of the ninth, but that was all the Cardinals were able to muster as the Mets took Game 2, 6\u20135, to take a 2\u20130 series lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3\nSaturday, October 14, 2000 at Shea Stadium in Queens, New York", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3\nThe Cardinals would mark their first, and only, victory of the NLCS with an easy 8\u20132 victory. Jim Edmonds hit a two-run double in the top of the first inning off Mets starter Rick Reed. The Mets cut the lead to 2\u20131 in the bottom half on Mike Piazza's double-play after back-to-back leadoff singles put runners on first and third. In the third, with runners on first and second, Ray Lankford's RBI single and Fernando Tatis's sacrifice fly scored a run each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3\nNext inning, three consecutive one-out singles, the last of which to Edgar Renteria scoring a run, knocked Reed out of the game. The Mets loaded the bases with no outs in the bottom of the inning, but only scored once on Jay Payton's double play. In the fifth, after a leadoff double and subsequent single, Carlos Hernandez's RBI single off of Rick White made it 6\u20132 Cardinals. After a sacrifice bunt, Fernando Vina's fielder's choice and Renteria's groundout scored a run each to make it 8\u20132 Cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0018-0002", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3\nCardinals starter Andy Benes pitched eight solid innings, holding the Mets to two runs and six hits, while notching five strikeouts. More importantly, he was able to give the Cardinals' weary bullpen a bit of rest and put them back in the series. Mike James in the ninth allowed a leadoff single and walk, but struck out the next three batters looking to end the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nSunday, October 15, 2000 at Shea Stadium in Queens, New York", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nBoth teams would come out with their hitting shoes on in this game. The Cardinals would jump out to a 2\u20130 lead in the top of the first inning, as Jim Edmonds hit a two-run home run off Mets Starter Bobby Jones. The lead, however, would be short-lived as the Mets would flex their offensive muscle against Darryl Kile in a record-setting display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nTimo P\u00e9rez, as he had done all postseason, sparked the rally with a leadoff ground rule double in the bottom of the first. Edgardo Alfonzo followed with a double of his own, down the right field line, scoring Perez. Mike Piazza followed with a third double for the Mets, a long one-hop drive off the wall in right center. Holding on the fly, Alfonzo only made it to third, but Robin Ventura followed by ripping the Mets' fourth consecutive double, which would score both Alfonzo and Piazza, and put the Mets ahead 3\u20132. One out later, Benny Agbayani launched a long double off the wall in left center to score Ventura. This was the Mets' fifth double of the inning, which set a new League Championship Series record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nThe Mets would continue to bombard Kile and the Cardinals in the second inning. With two outs and the bases loaded, Todd Zeile would hit yet another double for the Mets, scoring two more runs. Agbayani would single home a seventh Mets run before Zeile was tagged out at home to end the inning. Will Clark's home run in the fourth cut the Mets' lead to 7\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nKile was gone by the fourth inning, and Cardinals pitching coach Dave Duncan was ejected from the game while removing him. Kile's replacement, Mike James, would not fare much better, as Mike Piazza would launch a long home run, well over the Cardinals' bullpen out in deep left field to give the Mets an 8\u20133 lead after the fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nBobby Jones, who had thrown a magnificent one-hit shutout against the Giants in the division series, struggled while pitching with a big lead. In the fifth inning, Jones would be knocked from the game after surrendering back-to-back leadoff singles followed by an RBI double to Eric Davis, and Glendon Rusch in relief allowed a one-out sacrifice fly to Edgar Renteria and subsequent RBI single to Edmonds. However Rusch then pitched three shutout innings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nThe Mets would put the game away in the sixth off of Mike Timlin, thanks to two errors by Cardinals third baseman Fernando Tat\u00eds. Tatis' first error allowed Perez to reach base: despite the fact that Tatis had time, his hasty throw was low and Will Clark was unable to handle it. Tatis' second error, a bobble on a Ventura grounder with the bases loaded, would allow Mike Bordick to score. Robin Ventura's sacrifice fly then scored the Mets' last run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nThe Mets received strong bullpen work not only from Rusch, but also from John Franco and Armando Ben\u00edtez, who threw scoreless innings in the eighth and ninth respectively, to close out the Cardinals and give the Mets a commanding 3\u20131 lead in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4\nThis game would turn controversial for LaRussa, who had been bringing injured slugger Mark McGwire off the bench to pinch hit in key situations. Afforded several opportunities with the tying runs in place, LaRussa never sent McGwire up to hit in this game, and eventually he would run out of opportunities to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nMonday, October 16, 2000 at Shea Stadium in Queens, New York", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nNeeding a victory to close out the series at home and avoid a trip back to St. Louis, the Mets, behind Mike Hampton, cruised to a 7\u20130 victory and their first National League pennant since their championship season of 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nThe Mets would once again stake themselves to an early lead, jumping on Cardinals starter Pat Hentgen in the first inning. Again it was Timo P\u00e9rez sparking the Mets, singling under the glove of \u00c9dgar Renter\u00eda, stealing second base and moving to third when catcher Carlos Hern\u00e1ndez's throw went into center field. Edgardo Alfonzo would single home Perez. Following a walk to Mike Piazza, Robin Ventura would single home Alfonzo for the Mets' second run. The Mets would add a third run on a fielder's choice by Todd Zeile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nThe Mets would effectively put the game away in the fourth inning, when with two outs and the bases loaded (a situation in which Zeile found himself the previous night), Todd Zeile hit a long double off the wall in right center field, scoring three runs, giving the Mets a 6\u20130 lead, and resulting in raucous Mets fans making Shea Stadium literally shake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nThe Mets would add a final run off of Rick Ankiel when Mike Bordick drew a leadoff walk, moved to second on a groundout and scored on two wild pitches in the seventh inning. In yet another controversial move from Tony La Russa, Ankiel was inserted into the game in the bottom of the seventh. After walking Mike Bordick to start the inning, retired Hampton and Perez, before uncorking a pair of wild pitches with Edgardo Alfonzo at the plate, allowing Bordick to score the seventh and final run of the game. Ankiel would depart after walking Alfonzo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nAn ugly incident was averted in the bottom of the eighth inning, where with two outs and Benny Agbayani on first base, Jay Payton was hit near his left eye by a fastball from Cardinals pitcher Dave Veres. Payton immediately leapt up and charged Veres, and both benches and bullpens cleared, although Payton would be restrained by Agbayani and Bobby Valentine before the incident could escalate. Mets pitcher John Franco mugged for the fans to settle down following the incident; the crowd responded by chanting Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye at the Cardinals, and booed them off the field at the conclusion of the inning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nSaying before the game that \"I was looking to pitch the game of my life\", Mike Hampton was nothing short of superb. In pitching a complete game shutout, Hampton allowed only three hits and one walk, and struck out eight. His efforts in this game, and in Game 1 would result in his being named MVP of the NLCS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5\nHampton closed out the game by getting pinch-hitter Rick Wilkins to fly out to center field. Mets center fielder Timo P\u00e9rez jumped up and down three times before making the catch, Robin Ventura hoisted Hampton in the air and a wild celebration was touched off, culminating in Mike Piazza leading the entire Mets team in a victory lap around Shea Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Composite box\n2000 NLCS (4\u20131): New York Mets over St. Louis Cardinals", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Aftermath\nThe Mets would advance to the 2000 World Series, their first appearance in the World Series since their championship season of 1986. They would meet their crosstown rivals, the New York Yankees in the first Subway Series to take place since 1956. In five games that were as nip-and-tuck as baseball can be, the Yankees would come out on top, winning their third consecutive World Championship. The Mets would then muddle through several unsuccessful seasons, and would not return to the Postseason until 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Aftermath\nSeries MVP Mike Hampton would leave via free agency following the season, signing with the Colorado Rockies. Hampton's departure from New York was not well-received, as he made comments about the city's school system, and was routinely booed upon his reappearances at Shea Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162930-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Championship Series, Aftermath\nThe Cardinals would return to the National League Championship Series in 2002, losing to the San Francisco Giants. They would return to the World Series for the first time since 1987 when they defeated the Houston Astros in the NLCS in 2004. The Cardinals would face the Mets again in the 2006 National League Championship Series, with the Redbirds defeating the Mets this time in an epic and dramatic series that ended in seven games. The only player remaining on either roster from the series in 2000 was Cardinals center fielder Jim Edmonds. There were no 2006 Mets left on the team that played in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series\nThe 2000 National League Division Series (NLDS), the opening round of the 2000 National League playoffs, began on Tuesday, October 3, and ended on Sunday, October 8, with the champions of the three NL divisions\u2014along with a \"wild card\" team\u2014participating in two best-of-five series. They were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series\nThe Cardinals and Mets went on to meet in the NL Championship Series (NLCS). The Mets beat the Cardinals four games to one to advance to the 2000 World Series, where they would lose to the American League champion New York Yankees in five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 1\nIn the first ever playoff game at Pacific Bell Park, the Giants struck first in the bottom of the first when Jeff Kent followed a double and single with an RBI groundout off Mike Hampton. Giants Pitcher Liv\u00e1n Hern\u00e1ndez allowed one run and five hits (on a walk in the third that tied the game) over a 7+2\u20443 inning effort. In the bottom of the third, Bill Mueller singled with two outs and scored on Barry Bonds's triple to put the Giants back in front. After a walk, a three-run home run by Ellis Burks capped the scoring at 5\u20131 as the Giants took a 1\u20130 series lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 2\nIn Game 2, the Mets loaded the bases on a hit-by-pitch and two walks off Shawn Estes when Timo Perez's two-run single put them up 2\u20130. The Giants cut it to 2\u20131 in the bottom of the inning when Jeff Kent hit a leadoff single and scored on Ellis Burks's double. Behind strong pitching from Al Leiter and a two-out two-run home run from Edgardo Alfonzo in the top of the ninth inning off F\u00e9lix Rodr\u00edguez, the Mets carried a 4\u20131 lead into the last of the ninth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 2\nHowever, following a double by Barry Bonds and a single from Jeff Kent, pinch hitter J. T. Snow hit a towering three-run home run off Mets reliever Armando Ben\u00edtez to tie the game at four. The Mets would bounce back in the tenth inning, with Rookie Jay Payton singling home Darryl Hamilton, who doubled with two outs, off Rodriguez. The Giants would threaten again, and had the tying run on with two out and Bonds at the plate, but John Franco struck out Bonds looking on a wicked 3\u20132 changeup, giving the Mets a heart-stopping 5\u20134 victory and a 1\u20131 series moving to New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 3\nThe series shifted to Shea Stadium with game 3 starting at 4:20 P.M. (Eastern time), Giants starting pitcher Russ Ortiz stifled the Mets early, and had a no-hitter entering the sixth inning. He was staked to a 2\u20130 lead thanks to two leadoff singles in the fourth off Rick Reed, followed RBI singles from Bobby Estalella and Marvin Benard. In the sixth, the Mets broke through. After a walk and single, rookie Timo P\u00e9rez, forced into action due to a Game 1 injury to starting right fielder Derek Bell, blooped a single over third base to score Mike Bordick and put the Mets on the scoreboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 3\nTwo innings later, with the Mets still down by one run, pinch hitter Lenny Harris barely beat out the return throw on what would have been an inning-ending double play off Doug Henry. The Giants brought in closer Robb Nen, who had not blown a save since July to face Edgardo Alfonzo. However, Alfonzo ended that streak by ripping a double into the left field corner to score Harris and tie the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 3\nThe game continued on into extra innings, where both teams mounted scoring threats, only to be turned away each time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 3\nThe game ended when Benny Agbayani blasted a home run into the left field bleachers with one out in the thirteenth inning off Aaron Fultz, capping another memorable postseason game at Shea Stadium and putting the Mets ahead in the series two games to one. Game three nail-biter lasted 5 hours and 22 minutes, it was the second longest playoff game by hours and minutes in Major League Baseball history at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 3\nAgbayani hits it to deep left center...13th inning! Mets win game three!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 4\nIn perhaps the most unlikely great pitching performance in recent memory, Bobby Jones, the Mets' fourth starter, completely shut down the Giants offense, hurling a masterful one-hit shutout to clinch the series for the Mets. Mixing 85 MPH fastballs and 65 MPH curveballs, Jones thoroughly baffled Giant hitters all afternoon, setting down the side in order in eight of nine innings. Jeff Kent's leadoff double in the fifth inning would be the Giants' only hit. Jones would get all the offense he would need on Robin Ventura's two-run home run in the first inning off Mark Gardner. The Mets padded their lead in the fifth on Edgardo Alfonso's two-run double. Jones got Barry Bonds to fly out to center to end the game, and set off a raucous celebration at Shea Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 4\nMets announcer Bob Murphy would say following the final out,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 4\nThe Mets have never had a better ball game pitched in their 39-year history!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Game 4\nThe one-hitter set a Mets' record for fewest hits allowed in a post-season complete game, besting Jon Matlack's two-hitter in the 1973 NLCS. It was also the fewest hits allowed in a League Division Series complete game until Roy Halladay's no-hitter in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, San Francisco vs. New York, Composite box\n2000 NLDS (3\u20131): New York Mets over San Francisco Giants", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 79], "content_span": [80, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, St. Louis vs. Atlanta, Game 1\nIt was a poorly pitched game for both starters, both of whom would last four innings or less. Greg Maddux faced Rick Ankiel. In the bottom of the first, Maddux allowed four straight hits to lead off the inning, the last two of which scored a run each. An error on Ray Lankford's ground ball allowed another run to score, then after a sacrifice bunt and intentional, Pl\u00e1cido Polanco's single aided by another error cleared the bases, making it 6\u20130 Cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, St. Louis vs. Atlanta, Game 1\nBut the Braves would make a game of it in the top of the third when Ankiel's control slipped away. He walked Maddux and Andruw Jones, then threw four wild pitches to put them on second and third. Ankiel then threw another wild pitch on a ball four to Andr\u00e9s Galarraga, walking him and letting Maddux score. Brian Jordan then hit an RBI single and after another wild pitch and walk loaded the bases, Walt Weiss's two-run single cut the Cardinals' lead to 6\u20134. Jim Edmonds's fourth-inning home run make it 7\u20134. After the fourth, Maddux was done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0014-0002", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, St. Louis vs. Atlanta, Game 1\nIn the top of the ninth, an error and walk put runners on first and second off Dave Veres before Jordan's RBI single cut the Cardinals' lead to 7\u20135 and put the tying runs on, but Veres retired the next two batters to end the game. Mike James would get the win in relief of Ankiel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, St. Louis vs. Atlanta, Game 2\nTom Glavine of the Braves faced Darryl Kile of the Cardinals. In the top of the first, Rafael Furcal drew a leadoff walk, moved second on a groundout, and scored on Chipper Jones's single. After a double, Brian Jordan's RBI groundout made it 2\u20130 Braves, but Will Clark hit a three-run homer in the bottom half to put the Cards up for good.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, St. Louis vs. Atlanta, Game 2\nCarlos Hern\u00e1ndez homered in the second, then in the third, the Cardinals loaded the bases on a single, double and hit-by-pitch before Eric Davis's sacrifice fly scored a run, then Ray Lankford's two-run double gave the Cardinals a commanding 7\u20132 lead. Glavine was finished and the Braves changed pitchers five times. Next inning, \u00c9dgar Renter\u00eda walked, stole second and scored on Jim Edmonds's double off Andy Ashby. John Burkett hit Fernando Vi\u00f1a with a pitch leading off the sixth, then Edmonds's one-out RBI double made it 9\u20132 Cardinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0015-0002", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, St. Louis vs. Atlanta, Game 2\nIn the eighth, Andruw Jones hit a one-out home run off Mike Timlin, then after Jones doubled, Jordan's RBI double made it 9\u20134 Cardinals, who got a run in the bottom half on Mark McGwire's home run off Mike Remlinger. Matt Morris pitched a scoreless ninth to give the Cardinals a 2\u20130 series lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, St. Louis vs. Atlanta, Game 3\nThe Cardinals sent Garrett Stephenson to the mound to finish off the Braves. The Braves' last hope was Kevin Millwood, who pitched a one-hitter in the playoffs the year before. Fernando Vi\u00f1a's leadoff home run in the first put the Cardinals up. In the bottom half, Rafael Furcal drew a leadoff walk, stole second, move to third on a groundout and scored on Andr\u00e9s Galarraga's single to tie the game, but the Braves did not score again. Jim Edmonds's two-run homer into the Atlanta bullpen in the third put the Cards in front for good.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162931-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 National League Division Series, St. Louis vs. Atlanta, Game 3\nStephenson left the game in the fourth due to tendinitis. In the fifth, \u00c9dgar Renter\u00eda walked with two outs, stole second, moved to third on a balk and scored on Edmonds' ground-rule double to knock Millwood out of the game. In the sixth, Terry Mulholland allowed a leadoff walk, single and sacrifice bunt, Pl\u00e1cido Polanco's fielder's choice off Kerry Ligtenberg scored a run. Polanco stole second before Vina's two-run single off Mike Remlinger capped the scoring at 7\u20131 Cardinals. Britt Reames won the game in relief as both teams would change pitchers four times. Paul Bako struck out against Dave Veres to end the series. The Cardinals' win in Game 3 put the Braves out of the NLCS for the first time since 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162932-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 National Soccer League Grand Final\nThe 2000 National Soccer League Grand Final was held on 11 June 2000 between Perth Glory and Wollongong Wolves at Subiaco Oval. Perth Glory had gained home-ground advantage as they were the higher ranked team from the regular season, finishing first to the Wolves's third. Perth started the match strong, going 3\u20130 up in the first half, however Wollongong came back with three second half goals. The scores remained level after extra time, before Wollongong won in a tense penalty shootout. Scott Chipperfield was awarded the Joe Marston Medal. It has been regarded as one of the greatest grand finals of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162933-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 National Society of Film Critics Awards\nThe 35th National Society of Film Critics Awards, given on 6 January 2001, honored the best in film for 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162933-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 National Society of Film Critics Awards, Winners, Best Director\n1. Steven Soderbergh \u2013 Traffic and Erin Brockovich2. Edward Yang \u2013 Yi Yi3. Ang Lee \u2013 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Wo hu cang long)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162933-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 National Society of Film Critics Awards, Winners, Best Actor\n1. Javier Bardem \u2013 Before Night Falls2. Mark Ruffalo \u2013 You Can Count On Me3. Tom Hanks \u2013 Cast Away", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 65], "content_span": [66, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162933-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 National Society of Film Critics Awards, Winners, Best Actress\n1. Laura Linney \u2013 You Can Count On Me2. Gillian Anderson \u2013 The House of Mirth3. Ellen Burstyn \u2013 Requiem for a Dream", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162933-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 National Society of Film Critics Awards, Winners, Best Supporting Actor\n1. Benicio del Toro \u2013 Traffic2. Fred Willard \u2013 Best in Show3. Willem Dafoe \u2013 Shadow of the Vampire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162933-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 National Society of Film Critics Awards, Winners, Best Supporting Actress\n1. Elaine May \u2013 Small Time Crooks2. Frances McDormand \u2013 Almost Famous and Wonder Boys3. Marcia Gay Harden \u2013 Pollock", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162933-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 National Society of Film Critics Awards, Winners, Best Screenplay\n1. Kenneth Lonergan \u2013 You Can Count On Me2. Steve Kloves \u2013 Wonder Boys3. Stephen Gaghan \u2013 Traffic", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 70], "content_span": [71, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162933-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 National Society of Film Critics Awards, Winners, Best Cinematography\n1. Agn\u00e8s Godard \u2013 Beau Travail2. Peter Pau \u2013 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Wo hu cang long)2. Steven Soderbergh \u2013 Traffic", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162933-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 National Society of Film Critics Awards, Winners, Best Non-Fiction Film\n1. The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg2. Dark Days3. The Original Kings of Comedy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162934-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nauruan parliamentary election\nEarly parliamentary elections were held in Nauru on 8 April 2000. All candidates ran as independents. Following the election Ren\u00e9 Harris was elected President by the Parliament, defeating Bernard Dowiyogo by one vote. However, following the resignation of Speaker Ludwig Scotty and Deputy Speaker Ross Cain, Cain resigned, and Dowiyogo was subsequently elected president. Voter turnout was 88.8%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162935-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Navy Midshipmen football team\nThe 2000 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy (USNA) as an independent during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was led by sixth-year head coach Charlie Weatherbie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162936-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nebelhorn Trophy\nThe 2000 Nebelhorn Trophy took place between September 5 and 8, 2000 at the Bundesleistungszentrum Oberstdorf. It is an international senior-level figure skating competition organized by the Deutsche Eislauf-Union and held annually in Oberstdorf, Germany. The competition is named after the Nebelhorn, a nearby mountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162936-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nebelhorn Trophy\nSkaters were entered by their respective national federations, rather than receiving individual invitations as in the Grand Prix of Figure Skating, and competed in four disciplines: men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance. The Fritz-Geiger-Memorial Trophy was presented to the country with the highest placements across all disciplines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162937-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team\nThe 2000 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Frank Solich and played their home games in Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162937-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team\nThe Cornhusker's 2000 Red-White spring game featured Nebraska's first (and currently only) female player: KaLena \"Beanie\" Barnes, a senior sprinter for Nebraska's women's track-and-field teams, played in spring practice as a punter and recorded one 35-yard punt. She would not stay with the team for the regular season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162937-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, After the season\nNebraska finished in a tie for 1st place in the Big 12 North Division, and tied for 3rd conference-wide, with a final record of 10\u20132 (6\u20132).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162937-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, After the season\nThe season was concluded by #9 Nebraska blowing out #18 Northwestern by 66\u201317, the largest margin of victory in Alamo Bowl history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162937-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, After the season\nHead Coach Frank Solich's career record improved to 31\u20137 (18\u20136).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162937-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, After the season, NFL and pro players\nThe following Nebraska players who participated in the 2000 season later moved on to the next level and joined a professional or semi-pro team as draftees or free agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162938-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nevada Wolf Pack football team\nThe 2000 Nevada Wolf Pack football team represented the University of Nevada, Reno during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Nevada competed as a first-year member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). The Wolf Pack were led by first-year head coach Chris Tormey and played their home games at Mackay Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162938-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nevada Wolf Pack football team, Previous season\nThe Wolf Pack finished the 1999 season 3\u20138 and 2\u20134 in the final BWC play to finish in sixth place and did not qualify for a bowl game. Head coach Jeff Tisdel resigned and was replaced by Chris Tormey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162939-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New England Patriots season\nThe 2000 New England Patriots season was the franchise's 31st season in the National Football League and the 41st overall. They finished with a 5\u201311 record and in last place in the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162939-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New England Patriots season\nFollowing the firing of three-year head coach Pete Carroll in January, Patriots owner Bob Kraft pursued Jets assistant head coach Bill Belichick for the Patriots' head coaching vacancy. Belichick, who had been an assistant coach under Bill Parcells with the Patriots in 1996, followed Parcells to the Jets after that season and was contractually named Parcells' successor. A day after the 1999 season, Parcells resigned as head coach of the Jets and made his second retirement from NFL coaching. Belichick, who had been assistant head coach of the Jets, became the Jets' next head coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162939-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 New England Patriots season\nThe following day, at a press conference for his hiring, Belichick wrote a resignation note on a sheet of loose-leaf paper (\"I resign as HC of the NYJ. \"), and proceeded to give a half-hour resignation speech to the press. Despite rumors that he had been offered the Patriots' vacant head coaching position, Belichick cited the Jets' uncertain ownership situation following the death of owner Leon Hess earlier that year as the reason for his resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162939-0001-0002", "contents": "2000 New England Patriots season\nThe Jets denied Belichick permission to speak with other teams, and as had happened in 1997 with Parcells, the NFL upheld Belichick's contractual obligations to the Jets. Belichick then filed an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL in federal court. After Parcells and Kraft, talking for the first time since Parcells' resignation from the Patriots, agreed to settle their differences, the Patriots and Jets agreed to a compensation package to allow Belichick to become the Patriots' head coach. With the deal, the Patriots sent their first-round pick in the 2000 NFL Draft and fourth and seventh-round picks in the 2001 NFL Draft to the Jets, while also receiving the Jets' fifth-round selection in 2001 and seventh-round pick in the 2002 NFL Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162939-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New England Patriots season\nBelichick restructured the team's personnel department in the offseason, and later proclaimed that the team \"could not win with 40 good players while the other team has 53,\" after a number of players showed up out of shape for the start of training camp. The Patriots went on to finish the season 5\u201311, finishing last in the AFC East and missing the playoffs for the second straight season. This would be the last time the team finished with a losing record until the 2020 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162939-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 New England Patriots season, Opening training camp roster\nAs of the Patriots' first training camp practice at Foxboro Stadium on July 17 (practices at Bryant College started on July 23), they had the NFL maximum of 80 players signed to their roster. The Patriots received four roster exemptions for the NFL Europe allocations of Garrett Johnson, Marc Megna, Sean Morey, and Noel Scarlett. Additionally, the Patriots allocated tackle Ed Ellis to NFL Europe and received a roster exemption for him, but he was released before the start of training camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162940-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary\nIn the United States, the 2000 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary (held February 1) was the second major test of the leading contenders for the Democratic Party's nomination as its candidate for the 2000 presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162940-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary, Campaign\nVice President Al Gore was seen as the frontrunner for the nomination, but after Bill Bradley received 36% in Iowa and was catching up to Gore in the polls the Gore campaign and many pundits believed that Bradley could defeat Gore and would use the momentum to propel himself into the nomination on Super Tuesday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 60], "content_span": [61, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162940-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary, 2000 results\nAl Gore won 8 of New Hampshire's 10 counties. Bill Bradley lost the rest of the primaries by large margins and Al Gore would eventually lose the general election to Governor of Texas George W. Bush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162941-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Hampshire Wildcats football team\nThe 2000 New Hampshire Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Hampshire as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In its second year under head coach Sean McDonnell, the team compiled a 6\u20135 record (4\u20134 against conference opponents) and finished in a tie for fourth place in the Atlantic 10 Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162942-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Hampshire gubernatorial election\nThe 2000 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 2000. Incumbent Democratic Governor Jeanne Shaheen won re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes\nThe 2000 New Ireland earthquakes occurred off the coast of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea on November 16 and 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes\nThe mainshock was a magnitude 8.0 Mw strike-slip event that occurred on November 16 at 04:54 UTC, and ruptured a section of the transform boundary between the north and south Bismarck plates. A 7.8 magnitude thrust earthquake followed at 07:42 UTC with its epicenter 175\u00a0km south of the first earthquake at the southern end of its rupture zone at . Another 7.8 magnitude thrust event occurred on November 17 at 21:01 UTC, this time occurring 174\u00a0km south west of the initial event at  in eastern New Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes\nThis sequence of earthquakes killed two people, and triggered landslides in southern New Ireland. Damage caused by the events and the following tsunami occurred in New Britain, Duke of York Island, western Bougainville and Buka. The magnitude 8.0 event was the largest earthquake to occur in the world during 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes, Tectonic setting\nThe earthquake sequence occurred in an area of complex tectonics caused by the continuing collision between the Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate. In addition to the major plates, several smaller plates are recognised. The South Bismarck Plate is moving southeastward relative to the Pacific Plate (or another microplate) and its northern boundary in the Bismarck Sea is made up of segments that are alternately extensional and sinistral transform in type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes, Tectonic setting\nAt its eastern end, where it runs close to New Ireland, this boundary is formed by the Weitin Fault, although it is unclear whether that fault is just one of the structures that carries the plate motion. Depending on assumptions, this part of the boundary accommodates 134\u2013139 mm per year of relative plate motion. The southern boundary of the Bismarck Sea Plate is formed by a convergent boundary where oceanic crust of the Solomon Sea Plate is subducting northwards along the New Britain Trench, forming the New Britain island arc. It is unclear how these two boundaries link together, as the Weitin Fault becomes difficult to trace southeast of New Ireland. To the southeast, the New Britain Trench links to the Solomon Islands Trench along which the Solomon Sea Plate subducts beneath the Pacific Plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes, Earthquake sequence\nThe first of the large earthquakes in the sequence occurred at 04:54 on 16 November, and is regarded as the mainshock, although the two later events are unusually large for aftershocks and occurred on different fault systems with different focal mechanisms. The mainshock had a magnitude in the range Mw\u202f 8.0\u20138.2, and was mainly strike-slip in type, although some component of dip-slip has been noted, particularly towards the southeastern end of the rupture. Strike-slip movement was observed along the onshore part of the Weitin Fault on New Ireland, with a maximum displacement of 5 m. A rupture length of about 100\u2013120 km has been estimated for this earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes, Earthquake sequence\nThe second large shock in the sequence occurred about three hours after the mainshock, at 07:42 on 16 November. This earthquake had a magnitude in the range Mw\u202f 7.3\u20137.8 and was of thrust type, most likely caused by rupture of the plate boundary interface in the New Britain Trench subduction zone. An analysis of Coulomb stress transfer after the mainshock suggest that there was a major increase in static stress along that part of the plate boundary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes, Earthquake sequence\nThe final large shock in the sequence occurred on the following day at 21:01 on 17 November. This earthquake had a magnitude in the range Mw\u202f 7.3\u20137.8 and was also of thrust type along another part of the same plate boundary as the second shock. Only a small increase in static stress has been modelled for the combined effects of the earlier two large earthquakes in the sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes, Tsunami\nSignificant tsunami waves were observed on the islands of Duke of York, Bougainville and Buka (2.5\u20133.0 m) and on the southern coast of New Ireland (3.0 m at Lamassa). Run -ups of a metre were noted on the Trobriand Islands and on Gizo and Noro of the Solomon Islands. The tsunami was also recorded by tide gauges on the Marshall Islands and Vanuatu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes, Tsunami\nModelling of tsunamis generated by the mainshock and the first large aftershock are consistent with the observed run-ups. The mainshock, despite its mainly strike-slip nature appears to be the cause of the tsunami observed on New Ireland. The reason that the mainshock generated a tsunami may either be due to the change to a more dip-slip type motion at the southeastern end of the rupture or a result of lateral movement on the relatively steep bathymetric slope in that area. The effects on Bougainville match those modelled for the first large aftershock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162943-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 New Ireland earthquakes, Damage\nThe mainshock was associated with widespread damage on Duke of York and in parts of New Ireland and New Britain, particularly from landslides. The triggered tsunami caused further damage on Bougainville, destroying houses and leaving 200 people homeless and at Lamassa  on New Ireland where a hundred homes and a church were destroyed. Two people died as a result of the mainshock, one on Duke of York and one on New Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162944-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Mexico Lobos football team\nThe 2000 New Mexico Lobos football team represented the University of New Mexico during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. New Mexico competed as a member of the Mountain West Conference (MW), and played their home games in the University Stadium. The Lobos were led by third-year head coach Rocky Long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162945-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Mexico State Aggies football team\nThe 2000 New Mexico State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented New Mexico State University in the Big West Conference during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fourth year under head coach Tony Samuel, the Aggies compiled a 3\u20138 record. The team played its home games at Aggie Memorial Stadium in Las Cruces, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162946-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Orleans Saints season\nThe 2000 season was the New Orleans Saints' 34th in the National Football League and their 25th playing home games at the Louisiana Superdome. The Saints were looking to improve on their 3\u201313 finish from a year earlier under new head coach Jim Haslett. Not only did the Saints do so, but they finished with a 10\u20136 record to win the NFC West and advanced to the playoffs for the first time since 1992. They also won their first ever playoff game in franchise history by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion St. Louis Rams in the Wild Card round. The Saints went no further, though, as they lost to the Minnesota Vikings in the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162946-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New Orleans Saints season\nThis was the only time the Saints made the playoffs under Haslett. For the next four seasons, the Saints fell out of contention. They would not return to the playoffs until 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162946-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New Orleans Saints season\nNew wide receiver Joe Horn quickly emerged as a star, catching 94 passes for 1,340 and 9 touchdowns, and he was selected to the Pro Bowl after the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours\nThe New Year Honours 2000 for the United Kingdom and New Zealand were announced on 31 December 1999, to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 2000. The Honours list is a list of people who have been awarded one of the various orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom. Honours are split into classes (\"orders\") and are graded to distinguish different degrees of achievement or service, most medals are not graded. The awards are presented to the recipient in one of several investiture ceremonies at Buckingham Palace throughout the year by the Sovereign or her designated representative. The Prince of Wales and The Princess Royal were deputised for The Queen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours\nThe orders, medals and decorations are awarded by various honours committees which meet to discuss candidates identified by public or private bodies, by government departments or who are nominated by members of the public. Depending on their roles, those people selected by committee are submitted either to the Prime Minister, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, or Secretary of State for Defence for their approval before being sent to the Sovereign for final approval. As the \"fount of honour\" the monarch remains the final arbiter for awards. In the case of certain orders such as the Order of the Garter and the Royal Victorian Order they remain at the personal discretion of the Queen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Life peers\nIn the 2000 New Year Honours list 6 people were made Life Peers through being made a Baron or Baroness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 87], "content_span": [88, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Order of The Companions of Honour\nThe Order of the Companions of Honour is an order with 65 members who have been rewarded for outstanding achievements in the arts, literature, music, science, politics, industry or religion; three people were invested into the order in this list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 110], "content_span": [111, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Knights Bachelor\nA Knight Bachelor is the rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch but not as a member of one of the organised Orders of Chivalry; 45 people were accorded this honour in this list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 93], "content_span": [94, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath\nThe Most Honourable Order of the Bath is the fourth-most senior of the British Orders of Chivalry with three classes of member; 32 people were entered into the Order of the Bath in the 2000 New Years Honours List.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 114], "content_span": [115, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George\nThe Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George is an order of chivalry used to honour individuals who have rendered important services in relation to Commonwealth or foreign nations; 16 people were appointed members of the order in the list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 139], "content_span": [140, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Royal Victorian Order\nThe Royal Victorian Order is a dynastic order of knighthood and a house order of chivalry recognising distinguished personal service to the reigning monarch of the Commonwealth realms; admission remains in the personal gift of the monarch. In the 2000 New Years Honours list 28 people were entered into the four hierarchical grades of the order as well as 10 people awarded the Royal Victorian Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 98], "content_span": [99, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire\nThe Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry comprising five classes in civil and military divisions. It is the junior of the British orders of chivalry, and the largest, with over 100,000 living members worldwide. The highest two ranks of the order, the Knight/Dame Grand Cross and Knight/Dame Commander, admit an individual into knighthood or damehood automatically allowing the recipient to use the title Sir or Dame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 123], "content_span": [124, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Knights Commander (KBE)\nA Knight Commander is the second most senior grade in the Order of the British Empire. One person was made a Knight Commander in the military division and three in the civil division in the 2000 New Years Honour list and are entitled to use the post-nominals KBE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 148], "content_span": [149, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Dames Commander (DBE)\nA Dame Commander is the second most senior grade in the Order of the British Empire. Nine people were made a Dame Commander in the civil division in the 2000 New Years Honour list and are entitled to use the post-nominals DBE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 146], "content_span": [147, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commanders (CBE)\nCommanders of the Order of the British Empire (military division) are in the third tier of the Order. The recipients in the 2000 list are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 141], "content_span": [142, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commanders (CBE)\nCommanders of the Order of the British Empire (civil division) are in the third tier of the Order. The recipients in the 2000 list are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 141], "content_span": [142, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Officers (OBE)\nOfficers of the Order of the British Empire (military division) are in the fourth tier of the Order. The recipients in the 2000 list are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 139], "content_span": [140, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Officers (OBE)\nOfficers of the Order of the British Empire (civil division) are in the fourth tier of the Order. The recipients in the 2000 list are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 139], "content_span": [140, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Members (MBE)\nMembers of the Order of the British Empire (military division) are in the fifth tier of the Order. The recipients in the 2000 list are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 138], "content_span": [139, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Members (MBE)\nMembers of the Order of the British Empire (civil division) are in the fifth tier of the Order. The recipients in the 2000 list are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 138], "content_span": [139, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Queen's Commendation For Valuable Service\nThe Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service is a British military award that recognises meritorious service during, or in support of, operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 118], "content_span": [119, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Royal Red Cross\nThe Royal Red Cross is a military decoration awarded for exceptional services in military nursing. There are two classes of medal, 1 person was made an Ordinary Member in the 2000 New Years Honours list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 92], "content_span": [93, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM)\nThe Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM) is a medal presented to members of the three volunteer reserve forces of the United Kingdom armed forces (Royal Naval Reserve, Territorial Army and Royal Auxiliary Air Force) for exemplary meritorious service in the conduct of their duties; 6 service personnel were awarded medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 116], "content_span": [117, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Queen's Police Medal\nThe Queen's Police Medal (QPM) is awarded to police officers in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth for distinguished service or gallantry; 25 medals were awarded for distinguished service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 97], "content_span": [98, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162947-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Queen's Fire Service Medal\nThe Queen's Fire Service Medal is awarded to members of the fire services in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations for distinguished service; 11 medals were awarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 103], "content_span": [104, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162948-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours (New Zealand)\nThe 2000 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by Elizabeth II in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders, and to celebrate the passing of 1999 and the beginning of 2000. They were announced on 31 December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162948-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New Year Honours (New Zealand)\nThe recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162949-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New York City Marathon\nThe 2000 New York City Marathon was the 31st running of the annual marathon race in New York City, United States, which took place on Sunday, November 5. The men's elite race was won by Morocco's Abdelkader El Mouaziz in a time of 2:10:09 hours while the women's race was won by Russia's Lyudmila Petrova in 2:25:45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162949-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New York City Marathon\nFor the first time, disabled athletes were included in the New York Marathon with the introduction of official categories for wheelchairs and handcycles. In the wheelchair races, Tunisia's Kamel Ayari (1:53:50) and Vietnam's Anh Nguyen Thi Xuan (2:46:47) won the men's and women's divisions, respectively. In the handcycle race, Americans Joseph Dowling (1:54:25) and Helene Hines (1:57:27) were the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162949-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New York City Marathon\nA total of 29,327 runners finished the race, 21,015 men and 8312 women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162950-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Film Critics Circle Awards\nThe 66th New York Film Critics Circle Awards, honoring the best in film for 2000, were announced on 13 December 2000 and presented on 14 January 2001 by the New York Film Critics Circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season\nThe 2000 season was the New York Giants' 76th in the National Football League and the fourth under head coach Jim Fassel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season\nThe season marked the Giants' \"NY\" helmet logo again for the full season since 1975. The team finished with a record of 12\u20134, and in the playoffs, they defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in the Divisional round 20\u201310, then shut out the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship game 41\u20130, making it to Super Bowl XXXV, where they lost to the Baltimore Ravens 7\u201334.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season\nThe Giants began the 2000 season hoping to get over the hump of coming short during their past two seasons. They would go on to finish the year with a 12\u20134 record and represented the NFC in Super Bowl XXXV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season\nWith revived quarterback Kerry Collins the passing game improved from a previously mediocre attack. The running game averaged 125.6 yards per game with Ron Dayne and Tiki Barber. The defense allowed just 246 points, with its greatest strength being against the run allowing a third-best 3.2 yards per carry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season\nEarly in the season the Giants\u2019 record stood at 7\u20132 and coming off two double digit wins, before they lost two straight home games to decline to 7\u20134. That was when Head Coach Jim Fassel made a bold move and publicly stated in the postgame press conference: \"This team is going to the playoffs\". This became the defining moment of the season, and the Giants won their next five games to become the #1 seed in the NFC playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 1 (Sunday September 3, 2000): vs. Arizona Cardinals\nThe Giants began their season at home against the Cardinals. In the first quarter, the Giants took a 7\u20130 lead with running back Tiki Barber running for a 10-yard touchdown, which he followed with a 78-yard touchdown run in the second quarter to make it 14\u20130 at the half. In the fourth quarter, rookie running back Ron Dayne added a 7-yard touchdown to make it 21\u20133 Giants. Late in the game, the Cardinals launched a furious comeback.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 1 (Sunday September 3, 2000): vs. Arizona Cardinals\nCardinals quarterback Jake Plummer found wide receiver David Boston for a touchdown to make it 21\u201310 with 1:55 to go, then after the Cardinals recovered an onside kick, Plummer hit Boston again for a 25-yard touchdown pass to make it 21\u201316 with 32 seconds left. However, the ensuing onside kick attempt went out of bounds and the game then ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 1 (Sunday September 3, 2000): vs. Arizona Cardinals\nThe game was delayed for 23 minutes due to thunder in the surrounding area, forcing both teams to take shelter in their respective locker rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 1 (Sunday September 3, 2000): vs. Arizona Cardinals\nAlthough it was a relatively unimpressive win for the Giants considering the close game against the eventually 3\u201313 Cardinals (who also finished last in DVOA for the 2000 season according to Football Outsiders), the Giants were 1\u20130. The game also introduced the football world to \"Thunder and Lightning,\" the nickname given to the Ron Dayne-Tiki Barber running back tandem. Barber ran for 144 yards on just 13 carries with 2 touchdowns, while Dayne ran for 78 yards and the other Giants touchdown on 23 carries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 2 (Sunday September 10, 2000): at Philadelphia Eagles\nWith the Giants coming off a close win over the woeful Cardinals and the Eagles coming off a blowout win despite extreme heat in Dallas, the Eagles were favored on their home turf in this Week 2 matchup. However, the Giants came away with an impressive win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 119], "content_span": [120, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 2 (Sunday September 10, 2000): at Philadelphia Eagles\nA close game became a rout in the final minute of the first half. With a minute left in that half, quarterback Kerry Collins found receiver Amani Toomer for a 25-yard touchdown to make the score 13\u20133 Giants. On the ensuing drive, the Giants forced a three-and-out with a sack by Pete Monty and got the ball back, then Tiki Barber ran for a 31-yard touchdown to make the score 20\u20133 at halftime. In the third quarter, Collins hit receiver Ike Hilliard for a 30-yard touchdown to make the score 27\u20136, their largest lead of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 119], "content_span": [120, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 3 (Sunday September 17, 2000): at Chicago Bears\nThe Giants next traveled to Chicago to take on the 0\u20132 Bears. They struck first with Kerry Collins hitting rookie wide receiver Ron Dixon for a 34-yard touchdown to make the score 7\u20130. Late in the first half, the Bears executed a two-minute drill with quarterback Cade McNown hitting Eddie Kennison for a touchdown with 14 seconds left in the half to tie the score at 7. In the third quarter, Tiki Barber ran in for a 3-yard touchdown, and the Giants defense held the rest of the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 113], "content_span": [114, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 3 (Sunday September 17, 2000): at Chicago Bears\nWith this win, the Giants were 3\u20130 for the first time since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 113], "content_span": [114, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 4 (Sunday September 24, 2000): vs. Washington Redskins\nThe Giants then traveled home to take on the Redskins in a Sunday Night game, their first primetime game of the season. Washington dominated for much of the game as many of their aging veterans made an impact. In the second quarter, Redskins quarterback Brad Johnson opened the scoring by hitting longtime Dolphin Irving Fryar for a 23-yard touchdown, and they led 10\u20130 at the half. In the third quarter, a Johnson touchdown pass to longtime Bill Andre Reed made the score 16\u20130. The Giants' only score came on a Kerry Collins touchdown pass to Ike Hilliard with less than 3 minutes remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 120], "content_span": [121, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 5 (Sunday October 1, 2000): at Tennessee Titans\nAfter their Sunday night loss, the Giants traveled to Nashville to take on the Titans. Heading into the game, the Titans were undefeated at 10\u20130 in Adelphia Coliseum, and would remain undefeated after this contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 113], "content_span": [114, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 5 (Sunday October 1, 2000): at Tennessee Titans\nIn the first quarter, Titans quarterback Steve McNair found tight end Frank Wycheck for a 14-yard touchdown to make the score 7\u20130. In the second quarter, running back Eddie George added a 7-yard rushing touchdown, then McNair hit receiver Derrick Mason in tight coverage for a 29-yard touchdown to make the score 21\u20130 Titans at the half. The Giants got on the board in the third quarter with Kerry Collins finding Ike Hilliard for a 14-yard touchdown. However, in the fourth quarter, McNair hit Frank Wycheck for his second touchdown of the day to make the score 28\u20137 and put the game out of reach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 113], "content_span": [114, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 5 (Sunday October 1, 2000): at Tennessee Titans\nThe Giants were outgained 436-215 and were held to just 24 yards rushing. The \"Thunder and Lightning\" combo of Tiki Barber and Ron Dayne were held to just 1 combined yard on a combined 8 carries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 113], "content_span": [114, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 6 (Sunday October 8, 2000): at Atlanta Falcons\nIn the first quarter of this contest against the Falcons, Ron Dayne scored the game's only touchdown to make the score 7\u20130. With Chris Chandler injured early in the second quarter, former Giant Danny Kanell took over at QB in this contest. At the two-minute warning, a pass interference penalty by Giants cornerback Dave Thomas put the ball at the Giants' 10 with the Falcons needing a touchdown to tie the score. However, a sack by defensive end Michael Strahan and three incomplete passes by Kanell clinched the game for the Giants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 112], "content_span": [113, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 6 (Sunday October 8, 2000): at Atlanta Falcons\nThe Giants held the Falcons to just 13 yards rushing in this game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 112], "content_span": [113, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 7 (Sunday October 15, 2000): vs. Dallas Cowboys\nWhile the Giants again didn't play great, Cowboys quarterback Troy Aikman was even worse with 5 interceptions in this Week 7 matchup against the Giants' archrival, the Cowboys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 113], "content_span": [114, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 7 (Sunday October 15, 2000): vs. Dallas Cowboys\nOn the first play from scrimmage, Troy Aikman went long for Raghib Ismail, and his pass was underthrown and intercepted by Jason Sehorn. Early in the second quarter with the game still scoreless, the Cowboys drove into the Giants' red zone, but safety Shaun Williams intercepted Aikman in the end zone to end the scoring threat. On the Cowboys' next drive, Dave Thomas intercepted Aikman on a slant play. Unlike the other picks, this one wasn't Aikman's fault as his intended receiver, James McKnight, slipped while running his route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 113], "content_span": [114, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 7 (Sunday October 15, 2000): vs. Dallas Cowboys\nThe Giants finally capitalized on this miscue with Kerry Collins finding Pete Mitchell for a one-yard touchdown pass to finally open the scoring. With less than a minute left in the half, the Cowboys went for the bomb to Damon Hodge for a potential game-tying touchdown. While Hodge beat Giants corner Reggie Stephens down the field, Aikman's pass was again underthrown and Stephens was able to catch up and intercept the pass. The score was 7\u20130 Giants at halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 113], "content_span": [114, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 7 (Sunday October 15, 2000): vs. Dallas Cowboys\nThe Cowboys finally got on the board in the third quarter with Troy Aikman finding Robert Thomas for a 1-yard touchdown pass to make the score 10\u20137. After a Brad Daluiso field goal by the Giants, Cowboys running back Emmitt Smith ran for a 3-yard touchdown to make the score 14\u201313 Cowboys heading into the final quarter. However, with 13:16 left in the game, Aikman threw his fifth interception of the game, this one to linebacker Micheal Barrow. The Giants capitalized by scoring the go-ahead touchdown on a 3-yard Ron Dayne touchdown run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 113], "content_span": [114, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 9 (Sunday October 29, 2000): vs. Philadelphia Eagles\nThe Giants dominated their second game against the Eagles for the season. In the first quarter, Ron Dayne ran in for a one-yard touchdown to make the score 7\u20130 Giants. The Giants added another touchdown in the second quarter with Kerry Collins hitting Amani Toomer for a 27-yard touchdown pass, and the Giants led 14\u20130 at the half. In the fourth quarter, reserve running back Joe Montgomery added his first touchdown of the season with a 4-yard touchdown to give the Giants a 24\u20130 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 9 (Sunday October 29, 2000): vs. Philadelphia Eagles\nThe Giants outgained the Eagles 384\u2013192. Amani Toomer caught 9 passes for 108 yards and a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 10 (Sunday November 5, 2000): at Cleveland Browns\nWith the Browns coming into the game with a 2\u20136 record having scored a combined 3 points in their previous 2 games, this matchup had all the makings of a blowout. However, it was the Browns who struck first, with kicker Phil Dawson kicking a 19-yard field goal to give the Browns a 3\u20130 lead at the end of the first quarter. In the second quarter, Kerry Collins found Ike Hilliard for a 28-yard touchdown pass, and the Giants led 10\u20133 at the half. In the second half, Collins hit Amani Toomer for two more touchdown passes, one from 17 yards and the other from 32 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 115], "content_span": [116, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 10 (Sunday November 5, 2000): at Cleveland Browns\nFor the second straight week, the Giants held their opponent to under 200 yards of total offense while registering four sacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 115], "content_span": [116, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 10 (Sunday November 5, 2000): at Cleveland Browns\nWith this win, the Giants were 7\u20132 and in first place in the NFC East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 115], "content_span": [116, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 11 (Sunday November 12, 2000): vs. St. Louis Rams\nThe Giants headed home next to take on the Rams, who were also 7\u20132 heading into the matchup. The Rams were playing without starting quarterback Kurt Warner and running back Marshall Faulk, however backup quarterback Trent Green lit up the Giants for 4 touchdown passes and a rushing touchdown as the Giants' 4 game winning streak came to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 115], "content_span": [116, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 11 (Sunday November 12, 2000): vs. St. Louis Rams\nIn the first quarter, Amani Toomer lost a fumble deep in Giants territory, and the ball was recovered by Rams cornerback Dexter McCleon, who went down at the 1 yard line. On the next play, Trent Green found tight end Roland Williams for the game's opening score. Later in the quarter, Green hit Torry Holt for a 5-yard touchdown to make the score 14\u20130 Rams at the end of the first quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 115], "content_span": [116, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0027-0001", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 11 (Sunday November 12, 2000): vs. St. Louis Rams\nAlthough the Giants got on the board in the second quarter with Kerry Collins hitting Tiki Barber for a 13-yard touchdown, but Green struck back, hitting Ricky Proehl for an 8-yard touchdown pass. After Collins was picked off by McCleon, Green ran for a 14-yard touchdown run to make the score 28\u20137 Rams at the half. In the third quarter, Green's fifth touchdown of the day, a 34-yard touchdown pass to Issac Bruce, made the score 38\u201317 Rams heading into the fourth quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 115], "content_span": [116, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 12 (Sunday November 19, 2000): vs. Detroit Lions\nWithout a doubt, the low point of the Giants' season was their Week 12 loss to the Detroit Lions, a game that was nowhere close to being as competitive as the final score indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 114], "content_span": [115, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 12 (Sunday November 19, 2000): vs. Detroit Lions\nAfter a scoreless first quarter, the second quarter was a Lions onslaught. Lions quarterback Charlie Batch found tight end Walter Rasby for a 5-yard touchdown to make the score 7\u20130. After kick returner Desmond Howard returned the punt on the Giants' ensuing drive 50 yards, running back James Stewart ran in for a one-yard touchdown plunge to make the score 14\u20130 Lions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 114], "content_span": [115, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0029-0001", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 12 (Sunday November 19, 2000): vs. Detroit Lions\nWith less than 50 seconds to go in the half, punter Brad Maynard's punt was blocked, and the Lions capitalized with Batch finding veteran receiver Herman Moore for a 6-yard touchdown to make the score 21\u20130 Detroit at the half. Even when the Giants appeared to make good plays, they were stymied by a penalty or turnover. In the quarter, Tiki Barber returned a punt 67 yards in order to give the Giants great field position, but the play was called back due to a holding penalty by Bashir Levingston. Later in the quarter, Levingston fumbled a kickoff return. Head coach Jim Fassel was so enraged by Levingston's poor play that he cut him just one day after the game, making this his final NFL game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 114], "content_span": [115, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 12 (Sunday November 19, 2000): vs. Detroit Lions\nIn the third quarter, Charlie Batch hit receiver Johnnie Morton, who outran Jason Sehorn to the end zone for a 32-yard touchdown to make it 28\u20130. As if being outrun for the touchdown wasn't enough, Sehorn's pants were falling down on the play. While the Giants did score three touchdowns later in the game, no one was fooled as the game had long been decided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 114], "content_span": [115, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 12 (Sunday November 19, 2000): vs. Detroit Lions\nWhile the Giants were still 7\u20134 and a half-game behind the division lead, many critics began to relentlessly attack the team for their poor performance (particularly regarding this game), and questioned whether or not they had the ability to even make the playoffs after a 7\u20132 start. The loss also put Jim Fassel on an even hotter seat, as he needed to get his team to the playoffs in order to save his job in the final year of his contract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 114], "content_span": [115, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 13 (Sunday November 26, 2000): at Arizona Cardinals\nThe first game for the Giants after Jim Fassel's guarantee was this Sunday night clash against the Arizona Cardinals, who were playing with backup quarterback Dave Brown starting in place of the injured Jake Plummer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 13 (Sunday November 26, 2000): at Arizona Cardinals\nAfter two straight poor performances, the Giants dominated the entire game. In the first quarter, Kerry Collins found Dan Campbell for a 5-yard touchdown to open the scoring. A Ron Dayne touchdown made the score 14\u20130 Giants at the half. In the second half Tiki Barber also added a touchdown with a 23-yard run, and even wide receiver Amani Toomer scored a rushing touchdown on a 19-yard reverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 13 (Sunday November 26, 2000): at Arizona Cardinals\nDefensive tackle Keith Hamilton had a particularly outstanding day for the Giants with 3 sacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 117], "content_span": [118, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): at Washington Redskins\nThe Giants then went to Maryland to take on the Redskins in a game with huge playoff implications for both teams. While the Giants were trying to keep pace with the division-leading Eagles, Washington was in a must-win situation. After a 6\u20132 start, they had lost 3 of their previous 4 games, including a close loss to the Eagles at home after kicker Eddie Murray had missed a potential game-tying field goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): at Washington Redskins\nA very evenly matched game ensued. The Giants led 6\u20130 at halftime after Brad Daluiso kicked two field goals in the second quarter. In the third quarter, Daluiso added another field goal to make the score 9\u20130 heading into the final quarter. After Washington quarterback Brad Johnson was intercepted twice in the second half with his second interception being thrown to Giants corner Emmanuel McDaniel with 12:22 remaining, Johnson was benched and replaced with Jeff George, one of owner Daniel Snyder's high-priced free-agent acquisitions in the offseason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0036-0001", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): at Washington Redskins\nGeorge started by leading a 97-yard drive, capped off by a touchdown pass to Irving Fryar to narrow the score to 9\u20137. The Giants got the ball back and attempted to run out the clock, but the Redskins' defense shut down the Giants' running game and forced them to punt. The situation appeared to look bleak for the Giants as George led the Redskins to the Giants' 35 yard line, near position for a game-winning field goal with 1:26 to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0036-0002", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): at Washington Redskins\nWith the aid of an overturned non-catch by James Thrash, the Giants finally held, forcing a 4th down with 56 seconds left. Washington called their final timeout and sent out 44-year old Eddie Murray to attempt a game-winning field goal, but his attempt was short and not even close to reaching the crossbar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): at Washington Redskins\nThis loss played a key role in the Redskins' failing to reach the postseason despite a 6\u20132 start and considerable preseason hype regarding their free-agent signings. The next day, Dan Snyder fired head coach Norv Turner and named Terry Robiskie the interim head coach, ushering in a five-year stretch where the team would have five head coaches in five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): at Washington Redskins\nOn the other hand, the Giants were now at 9\u20134 and in first place in the NFC East due to the Eagles' loss to the Titans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 118], "content_span": [119, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): vs. Pittsburgh Steelers\nThe Giants returned home after their big win over Washington and blew out the Steelers in a game that could have been even worse than the final score indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 120], "content_span": [121, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): vs. Pittsburgh Steelers\nThe Giants took a 6\u20130 lead early in the game. During one of the field goal-scoring drives, Kerry Collins appeared to throw a touchdown to Ike Hilliard (back in the lineup after being injured in the Detroit game), but the refs correctly ruled that Hilliard had been out of bounds before he made the catch. Later in the second quarter, in a role reversal, the Giants used Tiki Barber at the goal line rather than Ron Dayne, and he went inside for a 3-yard touchdown to make the score 13\u20133 at the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 120], "content_span": [121, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): vs. Pittsburgh Steelers\nIke Hilliard eventually did get in the end zone with a 9-yard touchdown pass from Kerry Collins, and the score was 20\u20133 Giants. On the last play of the third quarter, Collins found Hilliard again, and he cut to the middle of the field appearing to be off for a 66-yard touchdown, but Steelers safety Ainsley Battles somehow made the tackle at the 7 yard line after being blocked by fullback Greg Comella, and the Giants settled for a field goal to make it 23\u20133 early in the fourth quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 120], "content_span": [121, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0041-0001", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): vs. Pittsburgh Steelers\nWith one more chance to stay in the game due to Battles's touchdown-saving tackle, the Steelers drove to the Giants' 2 yard line, but defensive tackle Cedric Jones sacked Steelers quarterback Kordell Stewart on 3rd down, then on 4th down Stewart was intercepted by Reggie Stephens to effectively end any hope the Steelers had. Collins then drove the Giants down the field and threw an insurance touchdown to Amani Toomer to make the score 30\u20133 with less than 3 minutes remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 120], "content_span": [121, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): vs. Pittsburgh Steelers\nKerry Collins went 24 of 35 for 333 yards and 3 touchdowns, while Amani Toomer added 9 receptions for 136 yards and a touchdown. The Giants defense held the Steelers to 47 yards rushing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 120], "content_span": [121, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 16 (Sunday December 17, 2000): at Dallas Cowboys\nThe Giants were expected to win easily in this Sunday night matchup with the Cowboys, but instead the game turned into a hard-fought victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 114], "content_span": [115, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 16 (Sunday December 17, 2000): at Dallas Cowboys\nTo the surprise of many, the first half was all Cowboys. Emmitt Smith ran in for a 1-yard touchdown to make it 7\u20130 Cowboys, then Cowboys kicker Tim Seder added two field goals to make the score 13\u20130 Dallas at the half. But the Giants turned the tables in the second half. In the third quarter, Kerry Collins threw a 33-yard touchdown pass to Amani Toomer to make the score 13\u20137. Then in the fourth quarter, an interception by Emmanuel McDaniel set up a Tiki Barber 13 yard touchdown to give the Giants their first lead of the day, 14\u201313. With less than 2 minutes remaining, a fourth-down stop by Micheal Barrow effectively ended the Cowboys' chance for an upset win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 114], "content_span": [115, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 16 (Sunday December 17, 2000): at Dallas Cowboys\nThe Giants held the Cowboys to just 145 yards of total offense with Michael Strahan registering 2.5 sacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 114], "content_span": [115, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 16 (Sunday December 17, 2000): at Dallas Cowboys\nThis win clinched the division for the Giants, who were 11\u20134 and held the tiebreaker over the 10\u20135 Eagles due to having swept them on the season. As a result, coach Jim Fassel's guarantee had been validated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 114], "content_span": [115, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 17 (Saturday December 23, 2000): vs. Jacksonville Jaguars\nWith the Giants holding the tiebreaker over the Vikings due to better divisional record, a win in their Week 17 game against future coach Tom Coughlin's Jaguars on a Saturday afternoon would clinch home-field advantage throughout the NFC playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 123], "content_span": [124, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 17 (Saturday December 23, 2000): vs. Jacksonville Jaguars\nThe game started relatively slowly. At the end of three quarters the Jaguars led 10\u20137. Tiki Barber had run for the opening score to make it 7\u20130 Giants, but the Jaguars answered with running back Fred Taylor rushing for a 44-yard touchdown. However, in the fourth quarter, a defensive battle turned into a shootout. With 11:11 to go, Kerry Collins found Ike Hilliard for a 5-yard touchdown pass that allowed the Giants to regain the lead, 14\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 123], "content_span": [124, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0048-0001", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 17 (Saturday December 23, 2000): vs. Jacksonville Jaguars\nLater in the quarter, Collins hit Amani Toomer for a 54-yard touchdown to make the score 21\u201310 with 3:05 to go and seemingly clinch the game. However, the Jaguars were not done. Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell drove the Jags down the field and threw a touchdown pass to tight end Kyle Brady with 1:56 to go, and the two-point conversion made the score 21\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 123], "content_span": [124, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0048-0002", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 17 (Saturday December 23, 2000): vs. Jacksonville Jaguars\nBecause they needed another score, the Jaguars attempted an onside kick, but it backfired as Jason Sehorn recovered the ball before it went 10 yards and returned it 38 yards for a touchdown to make it 28\u201318. Needing two scores again, Brunell drove the Jags for another touchdown, this one to Alvis Whitted, to make the score 28\u201325 with just 19 seconds remaining. Jags kicker Mike Hollis attempted another onside kick, which was recovered again by Sehorn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 123], "content_span": [124, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 17 (Saturday December 23, 2000): vs. Jacksonville Jaguars\nKerry Collins was 22 of 39 for 321 yards and 2 touchdowns, with 1 interception. Amani Toomer had an outstanding day, catching 8 balls for 193 yards and a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 123], "content_span": [124, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 17 (Saturday December 23, 2000): vs. Jacksonville Jaguars\nWith this win, the Giants earned home-field advantage and a first round bye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 123], "content_span": [124, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason\nIn the divisional playoffs, the Giants defeated MVP runner-up Donovan McNabb and the Philadelphia Eagles 20\u201310, in which rookie WR Ron Dixon returned the opening kickoff for a touchdown, and Jason Sehorn intercepted a McNabb pass for a touchdown. The win was the third by the Giants over the Eagles for the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason\nIn the NFC Championship against the favored Minnesota Vikings, Kerry Collins threw five TDs (including two to Ike Hilliard) as they progressed to the franchise's 3rd Super Bowl by demolishing Minnesota 41\u20130. Combined with the Giants only other NFC championship game played at home (1986), the Giants have outscored their two opponents 58\u20130 in home NFC championship games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason\nIn the Super Bowl, playing against arguably the greatest defense in history, the Giants were dominated and lost Super Bowl XXXV 34\u20137 against the Baltimore Ravens. Kerry Collins threw four interceptions, including one that was returned for a TD; the Giants scored their only touchdown with a Ron Dixon 97-yd second-half kickoff return. It was the Giants' only Super Bowl loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, Divisional Round (Sunday January 7th, 2001): vs. Philadelphia Eagles\nAfter a first-round bye, the Giants hosted the Eagles in the divisional round, with the winner taking on the Vikings in the NFC Championship. The pressure was on the Giants in this one. While the Giants had swept the Eagles in the regular season, the Eagles had finished 6\u20131 after their second loss, and had just dominated the Bucs in the first round. In a largely ugly game where both teams committed three turnovers apiece, two big plays by the Giants would be the difference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 125], "content_span": [126, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, Divisional Round (Sunday January 7th, 2001): vs. Philadelphia Eagles\nThe Giants won the toss and elected to receive. Ron Dixon fielded the opening kickoff and blew past the entire Eagles coverage unit untouched for a 97-yard kickoff return touchdown. On the first play of the second quarter, Brad Daluiso's field goal made the score 10\u20130 Giants. Late in the second quarter, the Eagles had the ball deep in their own territory, attempting to begin a two-minute drill to change the game. Donovan McNabb dropped back and threw an out pattern to receiver Torrance Small when Jason Sehorn jumped in front of the pass and broke it up. While he dove, the ball stayed in the air, and Sehorn got back up and intercepted the pass, returning it 32 yards for a touchdown. A field goal by David Akers made the score 17\u20133 Giants at the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 125], "content_span": [126, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, Divisional Round (Sunday January 7th, 2001): vs. Philadelphia Eagles\nHardly any notable plays occurred in the second half as both teams struggled to move the ball. The Eagles scored their only touchdown late in the game, when the Eagles blocked a punt to set up a 10-yard touchdown pass from Donovan McNabb to Torrance Small with 1:56 left. But the game had long been decided by this point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 125], "content_span": [126, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, Divisional Round (Sunday January 7th, 2001): vs. Philadelphia Eagles\nThe Giants held the Eagles to just 186 yards of total offense. Donovan McNabb, who had finished second in MVP voting for the 2000 season, was held to completing less than half his pass attempts (20\u201341) and just 17 yards rushing. Michael Strahan led the defense with 2 sacks as the defense sacked McNabb 6 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 125], "content_span": [126, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0058-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nIn order to represent the NFC in Super Bowl XXXV, the Giants would battle it out against the Minnesota Vikings, who finished the regular season 11\u20135 and featured a high-flying offense featuring first-year starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper, running back Robert Smith, wide receivers Randy Moss and Cris Carter, and tackles Korey Stringer and Todd Steussie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0058-0001", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nAlthough they had lost their final three regular season games and had finished 28th in the league in total defense, as well as the fact that they would have to play outdoors in a cold-weather city on grass, the Vikings were favored to defeat the Giants and represent the NFC in the Super Bowl, with nearly all football analysts predicting the Vikings to win. These same critics claimed that in order for the Giants to win, they would have to rely heavily on the ground game to control the clock and keep the Vikings' offense off the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0059-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nHowever, the Giants were planning a completely different game. Offensive Coordinator Sean Payton studied footage of the Vikings' defense and was so appalled at their secondary (particularly starting corners Robert Tate and Wassawa Serwanga) that he boldly stated at the Giants' first meeting before the game that they would throw for over 300 yards in the first half. This set the stage for one of the most lopsided games in NFC Championship history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0060-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nThe Giants won the toss and elected to receive, and immediately picked the Vikings' secondary apart. Kerry Collins began the game by hitting Amani Toomer, who had hardly practiced all week due to an injury, on a slant pattern for 16 yards. After a 10-yard pass to Toomer and a running play, Collins found a wide-open Ike Hilliard on a four verticals play for a 46-yard touchdown, making the score 7\u20130 just five plays into the game. On the ensuing kickoff, Brad Daluiso's kick was poor, but Vikings running back Moe Williams misplayed the ball and fumbled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0060-0001", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nThe Vikings had first shot at the ball, but the Giants' Lyle West recovered the ball at the Vikings' 18 yard line. On the very next play, Collins went for the end zone again for seldom-used fullback Greg Comella, and Comella caught the pass while falling into the end zone for another Giants touchdown. Just 2:13 into the game, the Giants led 14\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0061-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nThe Vikings' two best chances to score came later in the first quarter. Troy Walters returned the ensuing kickoff 24 yards to give the Vikings good field position at the 39 yard line, but a false start penalty pushed them out of field goal range and they punted. On the next drive, Kerry Collins threw an interception to Robert Tate, and the Vikings attempted to capitalize with Daunte Culpepper throwing to the end zone, but Emmanuel McDaniel stole the pass from Carter for an interception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0062-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nAfter another Collins interception, the Giants got back to work. Brad Daluiso kicked a field goal to make the score 17\u20130 in the first play of the second quarter. On the Giants' next drive, a 43-yard pass to Ron Dixon set up an 8-yard touchdown pass to Joe Jurevicius to make the score 24\u20130. Another Brad Daluiso field goal made the score 27\u20130, and then Collins found Hilliard for the second time for a touchdown with 12 seconds to go in the half to make the score 34\u20130 Giants at the half. True to Sean Payton's word, Collins had over 300 yards passing by this point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0063-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nOn the first play from scrimmage in the second half, Shaun Williams sacked Daunte Culpepper and forced him to fumble, and the ball was recovered by Cornelius Griffin at the Vikings' 29 yard line. Kerry Collins then found Amani Toomer in the back of the end zone for a 7-yard touchdown to complete the scoring, 41\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0064-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nBecause the game was so lopsided, hardly any notable plays or events occurred after this. With the game having long been decided, both backup quarterback and longtime Cowboy Jason Garrett and seldom-used running back Joe Montgomery got extensive playing time in the fourth quarter, with Garrett completing his only pass attempt of the season. Frustration on the Vikings' side boiled over with Troy Walters being ejected for an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty late in the third quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0065-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nThe Giants completely dominated on both sides of the ball, outgaining the Vikings 518\u2013114. They outgained the Vikings 380\u201360 in net passing and held the ball for 42:22 to 17:38 for the Vikings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0066-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nKerry Collins went 28 of 39 for 381 yards and 5 touchdowns. Although he also threw 2 interceptions, it hardly mattered as the Vikings converted neither of them into points. It is considered by many to be his single greatest game during his NFL career, which spanned 17 seasons with 6 different teams. Ike Hilliard caught 10 passes for 155 yards and 2 touchdowns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0067-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nOn defense, the Giants completely shut down the Vikings' star players. Daunte Culpepper was held to just 78 yards passing with 3 interceptions, Randy Moss was held to 2 catches for 18 yards, and Cris Carter was held to 3 catches for 24 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0068-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nThis was Vikings running back Robert Smith's final NFL game, as he retired in the offseason. It was also Vikings left tackle Korey Stringer's final game in the NFL, as he died from heatstroke during the Vikings' 2001 training camp. The NFC Championship loss sent the Vikings into a tailspin over the next two seasons, with the team going just 11\u201321 during that span.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162951-0069-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Giants season, Postseason, Game Summaries, NFC Championship (Sunday January 14th, 2001): vs. Minnesota Vikings\nWith this win, the Giants earned the right to go to Super Bowl XXXV two weeks later in Tampa. After this game concluded, the Baltimore Ravens defeated the Raiders in Oaklandto earn the right to face the Giants. The Giants would once again be underdogs against the Ravens' dominant defense in their quest for a Super Bowl championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 124], "content_span": [125, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162952-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Jets season\nThe 2000 New York Jets season was the 41st season for the team, and the 31st in the National Football League. It was also their first under the ownership of Woody and Christopher Johnson, who purchased the team in January 2000 from the estate of former owner Leon Hess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162952-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Jets season\nThe team tried to improve upon its 8\u20138 record from 1999 under new head coach Al Groh, who became the successor for Bill Parcells after Bill Belichick abruptly resigned to take the same position with the New England Patriots. Although they managed to finish one game better than they had in 1999, their 9\u20137 record (including three losses to close the year) was not enough to make the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162952-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Jets season\nShortly after the season ended, Groh resigned as coach to take the head coaching position at the University of Virginia, his alma mater. Shortly after that, Parcells stepped down as Director of Football Operations and retired from football. Like his previous retirement, it proved only temporary and Parcells was back in the NFL in 2003 as the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162952-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Jets season, Regular season, Schedule\nThe Jets were ranked 12th in the NFL in total offense and finished tied with Philadelphia for 10th in total defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162953-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Liberty season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the fourth season for the New York Liberty. The team reached the WNBA Finals for the third time, but they were swept by the Houston Comets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162953-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Liberty season, Offseason, Expansion Draft\nThe team lost Sophia Witherspoon and Ciquese Washington to the Seattle Storm and the Portland Fire, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162954-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Mets season\nThe New York Mets' 2000 season was the 39th regular season for the Mets. They went 94\u201368 and finished 2nd in the NL East, but earned the NL Wild Card. They made it to the World Series where they were defeated by their crosstown rival the New York Yankees. They were managed by Bobby Valentine. They played home games at Shea Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162954-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Mets season, Regular season\nThe Mets played in the first game held outside of North America on Opening Day, March 29. The Mets played the Chicago Cubs in front of over 55,000 at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan. The Cubs won the game by a score of 5-3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162954-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Mets season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 70], "content_span": [71, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162955-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Underground Film Festival\nThese are the films shown at the 7th New York Underground Film Festival, held from March 8\u201314, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162956-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Yankees season\nThe New York Yankees' 2000 season was the 98th season for the Yankees in New York, and their 100th overall going back to their origins in Baltimore. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The team finished 1st in the AL East with a record of 87\u201374, 2.5 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox, after losing 15 of their final 18 games, including their last 7. Despite having the lowest winning percentage of any postseason qualifier in 2000, the Yankees won the World Series over the New York Mets in 5 games to win their 26th World Series title. They are, as of 2021, the last team to win World Series titles in consecutive years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162956-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Yankees season, Season summary, September\nOn September 28, 2000, the Yankees played the Devil Rays at Tampa Bay. In the top of the 2nd inning, Jose Canseco was walked. Tino Martinez then hit a double to center field. The ball was fielded by Gerald Williams and relayed to Mike DiFelice. He tagged Jose Canseco at the plate and proceeded to tag out Tino Martinez who was running right behind Canseco. Mike DiFelice tagged both runners out at the plate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162956-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Yankees season, Season summary, September\nThe Yankees only played 161 games because they had a game rained out against the Florida Marlins that was not made up due to scheduling constraints and lack of playoff implications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162956-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Yankees season, Season summary, Opening Day starters\n2B Chuck KnoblauchSS Derek JeterLF Shane spencerCFRicky Ledee1B Tino MartinezRF Paul O'NeillC Jorge Posada3B Scott BrosiusDH Bernie Williams", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162956-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; Avg. = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162957-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand Grand Prix\nThe 2000 New Zealand Grand Prix event for open wheel racing cars was held at Pukekohe Park Raceway near Auckland on 2 December 2000. It was the forty-sixth New Zealand Grand Prix and was open to Formula Holden cars. The event was also the final race of the 2000 Tasman Cup. It would prove to be the final race in the revived Tasman Series established in 1998 for Formula Holden. No 2001 series followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162957-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand Grand Prix\nThe race was won by New Zealand driver Andy Booth driving a Reynard 95D belonging to the Arthur Abrahams-run NRC International. Booth's team mate Matt Halliday finished second ahead of Australian driver Paul Dumbrell finished third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162958-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand NBL season\nThe 2000 NBL season was the 19th season of the National Basketball League. Only one change occurred heading into the 2000 season, with the Hawke's Bay Hawks returning to the league after a one-year hiatus to replace the outgoing Taranaki, who withdrew due to financial concerns. Palmerston North were also on the brink of collapse, but they secured a sponsorship deal at the last minute to ensure their participation. The Auckland Rebels won the championship in 2000 to claim their seventh league title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162959-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand National Soccer League\nThe 2000 New Zealand National Club Championship, also known, due to naming-rights sponsorship, as the Ansett National Club Championship was the inaugural season of a nationwide club competition in New Zealand football. It replaced the 1999 New Zealand island soccer leagues and was a re-formed version of the national soccer league which had been run from 1970 to 1992. The competition was won by Napier City Rovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162959-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand National Soccer League\nThe league was played during winter, with matches played from March to August, and was run in two stages. In the first stage, each team in the ten-team league played every other team home and away. In the second stage, the top four teams entered a knockout competition, with second place playing third place in one match and first playing fourth in the other, with home advantage being decided by final league position. The winners of these two semi-finals then contested the national final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162959-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand National Soccer League\nA non-standard points allocation system was used in the 2000 league. Although three points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss, a bonus point was also awarded if a team scored four or more goals in a match. This bonus point system was abandoned before the 2001 league season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162959-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand National Soccer League, Promotion and relegation\nTen teams took part in the 2000 league. These were the seven highest-ranked teams from the 1999 North Island Soccer League and the three highest-ranked teams from the 1999 South Island Soccer League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162959-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand National Soccer League, Promotion and relegation\nTwo new teams took part who had not been part of the 1999 season. University-Mount Wellington were a team formed from the merger of the Auckland University and Mount Wellington teams and Christchurch City was a similar merger between Woolston WMC and Christchurch Technical. City only lasted two seasons before reverting to its two founding clubs. Note: They should not be confused with the earlier Christchurch City AFC who merged with other teams in 1970 to form Christchurch United.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162959-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand National Soccer League, Promotion and relegation\nNelson Suburbs withdrew at the end of the 2000 season, and Metro, who finished last, took place in a play-off series with the winners of the northern, central, and southern regional leagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162959-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand National Soccer League, Finals, Semi-finals\n* Napier City Rovers beat Dunedin Technical on penalties (4-3). However, the rules for the competition decreed that the game should have been decided on the golden goal rule in extra time. The referee was unaware of this rule and allowed play to continue after Dunedin Technical took the lead. Given that either team could claim victory (one by the rules as enforced and one by the rules as they should have been enforced), a replay was ordered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season\nThe 2000 New Zealand rugby league season was the 93rd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. The main feature of the year was the inaugural season of the Bartercard Cup competition that was run by the New Zealand Rugby League. The Canterbury Bulls won the Cup by defeating the Otahuhu Leopards 38\u201324 in the Grand Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions\nThe New Zealand national rugby league team did not play any test matches in New Zealand in 2000, losing the ANZAC Test 0\u201352 in Sydney and then heading to Europe in October for the 2000 World Cup. They lost to Australia 12\u201340 in the final of the World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions\nCoached by Frank Endacott New Zealands World Cup squad included; captain Richie Barnett, Richie Blackmore, Tonie Carroll, Nathan Cayless, Brian Jellick, Stacey Jones, Stephen Kearney, Ali Lauitiiti, Tasesa Lavea, Henry and Robbie Paul, Quentin Pongia, Tony Puletua, Matt Rua, Richard Swain, Logan Swann, Willie Talau, David Vaealiki, Joe and Nigel Vagana, Lesley Vainikolo and Ruben Wiki. Craig Smith, Jason Lowrie, David Kidwell and Tyran Smith all played in the ANZAC Test but did not make the World Cup squad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions\nThe New Zealand M\u0101ori side also participated in the World Cup, losing to Samoa and Ireland but defeating Scotland. Earlier in the year they had participated in a three match series against Fiji, defeating them 3\u20130. New Zealand M\u0101ori were coached by Cameron Bell and included Billy Weepu, Hare Te Rangi, Steve Berryman, Boycie Nelson, Solomon Kiri and Doc Murray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions\nThe World Cup squad was captained by Tawera Nikau and included Alex Chan, Jamie Cookthcote, Luke Goodwin, Terry Hermansson, Sean Hoppe, David Kidwell, Toa Kohe-Love, Wairangi Koopu, Kylie Leuluai, Odell Manuel, Martin Moana, Jared Mills, Chris Nahi, Boycie Nelson, Gene Ngamu, Henry Perenara, Paul Rauhihi, Tahi Reihana, Jeremy Smith, Tyran Smith, Clinton Toopi, Paul Whatuira and Hare Te Rangi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions\nThe New Zealand Residents toured Australia twice, conducting a three match tour in July and then returning to play Australia in October. The Residents defeated Victoria 64-0 and Dubbo Combined 82-10 before losing to Sydney Metropolitan 24\u201322. The Residents were coached by Gerard Stokes and included players such as; Lusi Sione, Motu Tony, captain Esau Mann, Paul and David Fisiiahi, Boycie Nelson, George Tuakura, Hare Te Rangi, Phillip Leuluai, Ben Lythe, Peter Lewis, Solomon Kiri, Jonathan Smith, Anthony Seu Seu and Shane Beyers. Aaron Whittaker was the team trainer. The Residents teams were selected by Stokes, John Ackland and Dominic Clarke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions\nThe Residents then returned to play Australia in Gosford in October. The Residents had a weakened team, as World Cup sides such as Cook Islands, Western Samoa and Tonga had first call on players. In front of 16,200 fans Australia won 108\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions\nAuckland played a home and away series with the Cook Islands in October. The series replaced a planned two-match tour of Fiji in June which was cancelled following the coup d'\u00e9tat. Dominic Clark coached the Auckland team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions\nThe Kiwi Ferns competed in the first Women's World Cup, winning the tournament by defeating Great Britain 26\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Rugby League Cup\nTaranaki defended the Rugby League Cup by defeating Northland 28\u201322 on 3 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Bartercard Cup\nThe 2000 Bartercard Cup was the inaugural season of the Bartercard Cup competition run by the New Zealand Rugby League. The competition was the first large scale attempt to replace the Lion Red Cup and involved eight Auckland Rugby League clubs and four regional teams. Eventual winners Canterbury were the only full provincial side in the competition. Waikato were the surprise omission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Bartercard Cup, The Playoffs\nThis was the only year in the eight years of the competition that two sides from outside of Auckland made the playoffs. The two teams, the Cantebury Bulls and the Wainuiomata Lions, met in the Preliminary Final with Canterbury prevailing 36\u20136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Bartercard Cup, Grand Final\nCanterbury won $50,000 prize money for winning, with Otahuhu receiving $30,000. The curtain raiser was between New Zealand Students and Great Britain Students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 88], "content_span": [89, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, North Island Second Division\nAn Auckland side consisting of Fox Memorial players dominated the North Island Second Division competition, winning all six matches. The team was coached by Del Hughes and included Tevita Latu. Auckland defeated Coastline, Wellington, Manawatu, Taranaki, Northland and Waikato.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 89], "content_span": [90, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Mainland Super 10\nA Mainland Super 10 competition was held between Canterbury Rugby League clubs and the South Island provincial teams. The teams involved included the Tasman Orcas (featuring coach Paul Bergman and player Phil Bergman), Otago Storm, the West Coast Chargers and from Canterbury: the Haswell Hornets (who included Mike Dorreen, Glenn Coughlan and Aaron Whittaker), Hornby Panthers (including Corey Lawrie), Eastern Sea Eagles, Papanui Tigers, Sydenham Swans, Riccarton Knights and Linwood Kews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Mainland Super 10\nTeam Mainland Super 10 \"dream team\" was: Warren Donaldson (West Coast), Eddie Hei Hei (Papanui), Joe Fatuleai (Eastern), Clinton Fraser (Tasman), Linkoln Newson (Hornby), Phil Bergman (Tasman), Aaron Whittaker (Halswell), Danny Champion (Halswell), Leon Stone (Papanui), Vince Whare (Riccarton), Riki Ashwell (Otago), Tim Sione (Hornby), Brad Williams (Halswell).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Mainland Super 10\nTasman and Hornby made the final after they defeated Easts 51-36 and Halswell 20-14 respectively. Tasman won the inaugural season's championship by defeating Horby 20\u20130 in the Grand Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 78], "content_span": [79, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, Australian competitions\nThe Auckland Warriors competed in the National Rugby League competition. They finished 13th out of 14 teams and failed to make the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland\nThe Otahuhu Leopards won the Fox Memorial, despite also fielding a Bartercard Cup side. They defeated Richmond 21\u201314 in the grand final. Richmond won the Rukutai Shield (minor premiership). Richmond included Tevita Latu and Daniel Vasau, who won the Best and Fairest award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Wellington\nThe Wellington City Council announces that Rugby League Park will be shared by the Wellington Rugby League and the Wellington Rugby Union, following the sale of Athletic Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 67], "content_span": [68, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions\nTurangawaewae won the 2000 Waikato Rugby League competition, defeating the Hamilton City Tigers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162960-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions\nThe Waitara Bears defeated Marist 24\u201312 in the Taranaki Rugby League grand final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 75], "content_span": [76, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162961-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby union tour of France and Italy\nThe 2000 New Zealand rugby union tour of Japan and Europe was a series of matches played in November 2000 in Japan and Europe by New Zealand national rugby union team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162961-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 New Zealand rugby union tour of France and Italy\nIt was a double tour because, while the All Blacks, the \"New Zealand A\" (at those time not called as \"Junior All Blacks\", name used for Under 23 side) toured also.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162962-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Newcastle-under-Lyme Borough Council election\nElections to Newcastle-under-Lyme Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162963-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Next Generation Adelaide International \u2013 Doubles\nGustavo Kuerten and Nicol\u00e1s Lapentti were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162963-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Next Generation Adelaide International \u2013 Doubles\nTodd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde won the title, defeating Lleyton Hewitt and Sandon Stolle 6\u20134, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162964-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nicaragua earthquake\nThe 2000 Nicaragua earthquake occurred at 19:30 UTC on July 6. It had a magnitude of 5.4 on the moment magnitude scale and caused 7 deaths and 42 injuries. 357 houses were destroyed and 1,130 others were damaged in the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162964-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nicaragua earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe Pacific coast of Nicaragua lies above the convergent plate boundary where the Cocos Plate is subducting beneath the Caribbean Plate, at a rate of 83\u00a0mm per year. The direction of convergence is significantly oblique to the plate boundary, leading to an element of left lateral strike-slip movement within the overriding plate. Unlike the obliquely convergent boundary in Sumatra, where the strike-slip element is accommodated by displacement along the trench parallel Great Sumatran fault, no major NW-SE trending fault structure is known in Nicaragua. The most commonly mapped faults are SW-NE trending left lateral in type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162964-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Nicaragua earthquake, Tectonic setting\nThe focal mechanisms of earthquakes in this part of Nicaragua are consistent with both orientations of faulting, due to the ambiguity inherent in interpreting the active fault planes for strike-slip events. The SW-NE faulting is thought to represent so-called \"bookshelf faulting\", which accommodates the oblique movement along the plate boundary, combined with clockwise rotation of the intervening blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162964-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Nicaragua earthquake, Earthquake\nThe earthquake was preceded by a magnitude 2.0 foreshock, occurring one minute earlier. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks, including a magnitude 5.2 event on July 7. The aftershocks had almost died away when, on July 25, a magnitude 4.8 earthquake occurred to the northwest of the July 6 event, with its own short aftershock sequence. The mainshock had a focal mechanism consistent with left lateral faulting on a fault plane striking SSW-NNE and dipping steeply to the ESE. Surface ruptures associated with this earthquake sequence near Laguna de Apoyo and Masaya were mainly orientated SW-NE matching the inferred fault orientation. The perceived shaking reached between VII to VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale close to Laguna de Apoyo and up to VI in Managua and Masaya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162964-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Nicaragua earthquake, Damage\nThe mainshock caused widespread damage in the epicentral area, particularly near the northern rim of Laguna de Apoyo, causing the deaths of 7 people and injuring another 42. A total of 357 houses were destroyed with a further 1,130 damaged by the earthquake. Most of the houses in the affected area were of poor construction, typical for rural parts of Nicaragua. The strongest of the aftershocks caused further damage due to their shallow focal depth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162964-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Nicaragua earthquake, Damage\nThe shaking caused many landslides, particularly on the slopes of the Laguna de Apoyo crater walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162965-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nicholls State Colonels football team\nThe 2000 Nicholls State Colonels football team represented Nicholls State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Colonels were led by second-year head coach Daryl Daye. They played their home games at John L. Guidry Stadium and were a member of the Southland Conference. The Colonels officially finished the season 2\u20139, 1\u20136 in Southland play to finish tied for seventh place. The team finished with a record of 1\u201310, 0\u20137 in Southland play, but was awarded a forfeit win against Northwestern State because that team used an ineligible player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162966-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nippon Professional Baseball season\nThe 2000 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the 51st season since the NPB was reorganized in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162967-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nokia New Zealand Film Awards\nThe 2000 Nokia New Zealand Film Awards were held on Saturday 1 July 2000 at the St James Theatre in Wellington, New Zealand. The awards were presented by the New Zealand Academy of Film and Television Arts and sponsored by Nokia New Zealand. This year saw the introduction of the $5000 Nokia New Zealand Film Awards Scholarship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162967-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nokia New Zealand Film Awards, Nominees and Winners\nPrizes were awarded in 19 categories with two special prizes - the Rudall Hayward Award (lifetime achievement) and the Nokia NZ Filmmaker's Scholarship. Student thriller Scarfies dominated the awards, winning six out of its 12 nominated categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162968-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nordic Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Nordic Figure Skating Championships were held on March 3\u20135, 2000 at the Stavanger Ishall in Stavanger, Norway. The competition was open to elite figure skaters from Nordic countries. Skaters competed in two disciplines, men's singles and ladies' singles, across two levels: senior (Olympic-level) and junior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162969-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Norfolk County municipal election\nThe first municipal election in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada in the year 2000 was the first one as a single-tier municipality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162969-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Norfolk County municipal election\nRita Kalmbach defeated the former Simcoe mayor Rick Kolwasky and another rival candidate by the name of Dennis Travale (who would eventually win the 2006 election) by ensuring the tobacco farmers a future in Norfolk County and the tobacco belt that surrounds it. This election helped to start the transition period from a stagnant agrarian region to a thriving agritourism region. However, the economic boom that Norfolk County experienced in the 2000s was shattered by the Great Recession that came into existence shortly before 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162970-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Council of State election\nThe North Carolina Council of State election of 2000 was held on 7 November 2000, to elect the Council of State. On the same day, North Carolina held elections for Governor and for Lieutenant Governor, who also formally sit in the Council of State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162970-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Council of State election, Results by office, Commissioner of Labor\nCherie Berry's victory was the first and only win by a Republican for a North Carolina Council of State office (excluding the Governor and Lieutenant Governor) in the 20th century (coming just weeks before the end of the century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 87], "content_span": [88, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election\nAn election was held on November 7, 2000 to elect all 120 members to North Carolina's House of Representatives. The election coincided with elections for other offices, including the Presidency, Governorship, U.S. House of Representatives, Council of State, and state senate. The primary election was held on May 2, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 1\nIncumbent Democrat Bill Owens has represented the 1st district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 2\nIncumbent Democrat Zeno Edwards has represented the 2nd district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 3\nIncumbent Democrat Scott Thomas has represented the 3rd district since 1999. He ran successfully for the North Carolina Senate. Democrat Alice Graham Underhill won the open seat, defeating former Representative John M. Nichols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 4\nIncumbent Republican Jean Preston has represented the 4th district since 1993. Incumbent Democrat Ronald Smith has represented the 4th district since 1997. Both were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 5\nIncumbent Democrat Howard Hunter Jr. has represented the 5th district since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 6\nIncumbent Democrat Gene Rogers has represented the 6th district since 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 7\nIncumbent Democrat John Hall has represented the 7th district since his appointment on February 4, 2000. Hall was re-elected to a full term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 8\nIncumbent Democrat Edith Warren has represented the 8th district since 1999", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 9\nIncumbent Democrat Marian McLawhorn has represented the 9th district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 99], "content_span": [100, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 10\nIncumbent Democrat Russell Tucker has represented the 10th district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 11\nIncumbent Democrat Phil Baddour has represented the 11th district since 1997 and previously from 1993 to 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 12\nIncumbent Democrat Nurham Warwick has represented the 12th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 13\nIncumbent Republican Danny McComas has represented the 13th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 14\nIncumbent Democrats David Redwine, who has represented the 14th district since 1985, and Dewey Hill, who has represented the 14th district since 1992, were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 15\nIncumbent Republican Sam Ellis has represented the 15th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 16\nIncumbent Democrat Douglas Yongue has represented the 16th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 17\nIncumbent Democrat Mary McAllister, who has represented the 17th district since 1991, was re-elected. Incumbent Democrat Theodore James Kinney, who has represented the 17th district since 1993, retired. Democrat Marvin Lucas won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 18\nIncumbent Democrat Bill Hurley, who has represented the 18th district since 1995, was re-elected here. Incumbent Republican Mia Morris, who has represented the 18th district since 1997, was also re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-19, District 19\nIncumbent Democrat Leslie Cox, who has represented the 19th district since 1999, was re-elected. Incumbent Republican Don Davis, who has represented the 19th district since 1995, was also re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 100], "content_span": [101, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 20\nIncumbent Republican Billy Creech has represented the 20th district since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 21\nIncumbent Democrat Dan Blue has represented the 21st district since 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 22\nIncumbent Democrats Jim Crawford, who has represented the 22nd district since 1995, and Gordon Allen, who has represented the 22nd district since 1997, were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 23\nIncumbent Democrats Paul Luebke, who has represented the 23rd district since 1991, and Mickey Michaux, who has represented the 23rd district since 1985, were re-elected. Incumbent Democrat George W. Miller Jr., who has represented the 23rd district and its predecessors since 1971, lost re-nomination to fellow Democrat Paul Miller, who also was elected in the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 24\nIncumbent Democrats Joe Hackney, who has represented the 24th district and its predecessors since 1981, and Verla Insko, who has represented the 24th district since 1997, were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 25\nIncumbent Republicans Cary Allred, who has represented the 25th district since 1995, and W.B. Teague, who has represented the 25th district since 1999, were re-elected. Incumbent Democrat Nelson Cole, who has represented the 25th district since 1997, and previously from 1993 to 1995, was also re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 26\nIncumbent Democrat Alma Adams has represented the 26th district since 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 27\nIncumbent Republican Stephen Wood, who has represented the 27th district and its predecessors since 1985, ran for re-election but lost the Republican nomination to John Blust. Wood ran in the general election on the Reform Party line, but again lost to Blust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 28\nIncumbent Democrat Flossie Body-McIntyre has represented the 28th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 29\nIncumbent Republican Joanne Bowie has represented the 29th district since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 30\nIncumbent Republican Arlie Culp has represented the 30th district since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 31\nIncumbent Republican Richard Morgan has represented the 31st district since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 32\nIncumbent Democrat Wayne Goodwin has represented the 32nd district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 33\nIncumbent Democrat Pryor Gibson has represented the 33rd district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 34\nIncumbent Democrat O. Max Melton has represented the 34th district since 1999. In a rematch of the 1998 election, Republican Fern Shubert defeated Melton to win back her old seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 35\nIncumbent Republican Charlotte Gardner has represented the 35th district since 1985. Gardner lost re-election to Democrat Lorene Coates", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 36\nIncumbent Democrat Speaker of The House Jim Black has represented the 36th district since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 37\nIncumbent Democrat Paul Reeves McCrary has represented the 37th district since 1993. McCrary didn't seek re-election and fellow Democrat Hugh Holliman won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 38\nIncumbent Republican Harold Brubaker has represented the 38th district and its predecessors since 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 20-39, District 39\nIncumbent Republican Lyons Gray has represented the 39th district since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 40\nIncumbent Republicans William Hiatt, Gene Wilson, and Rex Baker have all represented the 40th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 41\nIncumbent Republican George Holmes, who has represented the 41st district and its predecessors since 1979, was re-elected. incumbent Republican John Walter Brown, who had represented the 41st district since 1979, retired. Republican  Tracy Walker won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 42\nIncumbent Republican Frank Mitchell has represented the 42nd district since 1993. He defeated former representative John Wayne Kahl in the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 43\nIncumbent Republican Mitchell Setzer has represented the 43rd district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 44\nIncumbent Democrat Daniel Barefoot has represented the 44th district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 45\nIncumbent Republican Joe Kiser, who has represented the 45th district since 1995, was re-elected. Incumbent Republican Cherie Berry, who has represented the 45th district since 1993, retired to run for Labor Commissioner. Republican Mark Hilton won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 46\nIncumbent Republican Charles Buchanan, who has represented the 46th district since 1985 (with the exception of 1993-1995), was re-elected. Incumbent Republican Gregg Thompson, who has represented the 46th district since 1993, was also re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 47\nIncumbent Democrat Walt Church has represented the 47th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 48\nIncumbent Republican Debbie Clary, who has represented the 48th district since 1995, was re-elected. Incumbent Democrat Andy Dedmon, who has represented the 48th district since 1997, was also re-elected. Incumbent Democrat Jim Horn, who has represented the 48th district since 1999, lost re-election to Republican John Weatherly. Weatherly had previously held the seat from 1993 to 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 49\nIncumbent Republican Mitch Gillespie has represented the 49th district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 50\nIncumbent Republican Larry Justus has represented the 50th district since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 51\nIncumbent Republicans Wilma Sherrill and Lanier Cansler, who have both represented the 51st district since 1995, were re-elected. Incumbent Democrat Martin Nesbitt, who has represented the 51st district since 1979 (with the exception of from 1995 to 1997), was also re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 52\nIncumbent Democrat Phil Haire, who has represented the 52nd district since 1999, was re-elected. Incumbent Democrat Liston Ramsey, who has represented the 52nd district and its predecessors since 1961 (with the exception of 1965-1967), retired. Republican Margaret Carpenter won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 53\nIncumbent Republican Roger West has represented the 53rd district since his appointment on May 5, 2000. He was re-elected to a full term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 54\nIncumbent Democrat Drew Saunders has represented the 54th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 55\nIncumbent Republican Ed McMahan has represented the 55th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 56\nIncumbent Democrat Martha Alexander has represented the 56th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 57\nIncumbent Republican Connie Wilson has represented the 57th distort since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0058-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 58\nIncumbent Democrat Ruth Easterling has represented the 58th district and its predecessors since 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0059-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 40-59, District 59\nIncumbent Democrat Pete Cunningham has represented the 59th district since 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0060-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 60\nIncumbent Democrat Beverly Earle has represented the 60th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0061-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 61\nIncumbent Republican Art Pope has represented the 61st district since his appointment on April 13, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0062-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 62\nIncumbent Republican David Miner has represented the 62nd district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0063-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 63\nIncumbent Democrat Jennifer Weiss has represented the 63rd district since her appointment on November 29, 1999. Weiss was re-elected to a full term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0064-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 64\nincumbent Democrat Bob Hensley has represented the 64th district since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0065-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 65\nIncumbent Republican Rick Eddins has represented the 65th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0066-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 66\nIncumbent Democrat Larry Womble has represented the 66th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0067-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 67\nIncumbent Democrat Warren Oldham has represented the 67th district since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0068-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 68\nIncumbent Republican Trudi Walend has represented the 68th district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0069-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 69\nIncumbent Republican Jim Gulley has represented the 69th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0070-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 70\nIncumbent Democrat Toby Fitch has represented the 70th district since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0071-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 71\nIncumbent Democrat Joe Tolson has represented the 71st district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0072-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 72\nIncumbent Republican Gene Arnold has represented the 72nd district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0073-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 73\nIncumbent Republican Wayne Sexton has represented the 73rd district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0074-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 74\nIncumbent Republican Julia Craven Howard has represented the 74th district and its predecessors since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0075-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 75\nIncumbent Democrat Alex Warner has represented the 75th district since 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0076-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 76\nIncumbent Democrat John Bridgeman has represented the 76th district since 1999. He lost re-election to Republican Michael Harrington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0077-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 77\nIncumbent Republican Carolyn Russell has represented the 77th district since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0078-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 78\nIncumbent Democrat Stanley Fox has represented the 78th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0079-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 60-79, District 79\nIncumbent Democrat William Wainwright has represented the 79th district and its predecessors since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0080-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 80\nIncumbent Republican Robert Grady has represented the 80th district and its predecessors since 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0081-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 81\nIncumbent Republican Tim Tallent has represented the 81st district and its predecessors since 1985. Tallent retired and fellow Republican Jeff Barnhart won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0082-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 82\nIncumbent Republican Bobby Barbee has represented the 82nd district and its predecessors since 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0083-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 83\nIncumbent Republican Eugene McCombs has represented the 83rd district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0084-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 84\nIncumbent Republican Michael Decker has represented the 84th district since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0085-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 85\nIncumbent Democrat Ronnie Sutton has represented the 85th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0086-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 86\nIncumbent Democrat Bill Culpepper has represented the 86th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0087-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 87\nIncumbent Democrat  Donald Bonner has represented the 87th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0088-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 88\nIncumbent Republican Theresa Esposito has represented the 88th district and its predecessors since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0089-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 89\nIncumbent Democrats Mary Jarrell and Maggie Jeffus have both represented the 80th distirct and its predecessors since 1991, with the exception of 1995-1997. Both were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0090-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 90\nIncumbent Democrat Len Sossamon has represented the 90th district since his appointment on May 17, 2000. Sossamon ran for re-election to a full term but was defeated by Republican Linda Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0091-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 91\nIncumbent Republican Edgar Starnes has represented the 91st district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0092-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 92\nIncumbent Republican Russell Capps has represented the 92nd district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0093-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 93\nIncumbent Republican John Rayfield has represented the 93rd district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0094-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 94\nIncumbent Republican Jerry Dockham has represented the 94th district and its predecessors since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0095-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 95\nIncumbent Republican Minority leader Leo Daughtry has represented the 95th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0096-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 96\nIncumbent Democrat Edd Nye has represented the 96th district and its predecessors since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0097-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 97\nIncumbent Democrat Jimmie Edward Ford has represented the 97th district since his appointment on March 21, 2000. Ford ran for re-election but lost re-nomination to Larry Bell. Bell won the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162971-0098-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina House of Representatives election, Detailed Results, Districts 80-98, District 98\nIncumbent Democrat Thomas Wright has represented the 98th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 101], "content_span": [102, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election\nThe 2000 North Carolina Senate election were held on November 7, 2000 to elect members to all fifty seats in the North Carolina Senate. The election coincided with the elections for other offices including the Presidency, Governorship, U.S. House of Representatives, Council of State, and state house. The primary election was held on May 2, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 1\nIncumbent Democrat President Pro Tempore Marc Basnight has represented the 1st district since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 2\nIncumbent Democrat Frank Ballance has represented the 2nd district since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 3\nIncumbent Democrat Bev Perdue has represented the 3rd district since 1991. Perdue retired to run for Lieutenant Governor. Democrat Scott Thomas won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 4\nIncumbent Republican Patrick Ballantine has represented the 4th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 5\nIncumbent Democrat Charles Albertson has represented the 5th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 6\nIncumbent Democrat R.L. \"Bob\" Martin has represented the 6th district since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 7\nIncumbent Democrat Luther Jordan has represented the 7th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 8\nIncumbent Democrat John Kerr has represented the 8th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 9\nIncumbent Democrat Edward Warren has represented the 9th district since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 81], "content_span": [82, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 10\nIncumbent Democrat Senate Majority Leader Roy Cooper has represented the 10th district since 1991. Cooper retired to run for Attorney General. Democrat A.B. Swindell won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 11\nIncumbent Democrat Allen Wellons has represented the 11th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 12\nIncumbent Republican Virginia Foxx, who has represented the 12th district since 1995, was re-elected. Incumbent Republican Don East, who has represented the 12th district since 1995, retired. Republican Phil Berger won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 13\nIncumbent Democrats Wib Gulley and Jeanne Hopkins Lucas, who have both represented the 13th district since 1993, were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 14\nIncumbent Democrats Brad Miller and Eric Miller Reeves, who have both represented the 14th district since 1997, were re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 15\nIncumbent Democrat Oscar Harris has represented the 15th district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 16\nIncumbent Democrats Eleanor Kinnaird and Howard Lee have both represented the 16th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 17\nIncumbent Democrat Aaron Plyler, who has represented the 17th district since 1983, was re-elected. Incumbent Democrat Bill Purcell, who has represented the 17th district since 1997, was also re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 18\nIncumbent Democrat R. C. Soles Jr. has represented the 18th district and its predecessors since 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 19\nIncumbent Republican Robert G. \"Bob\" Shaw has represented the 19th district since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 20\nIncumbent Democrat Linda Garrou, aho has represented the 20th district since 1999, was re-elected. Incumbent Republican Hamilton Horton Jr., who has represented the 20th district since 1995, was also re-elected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 1-21, District 21\nIncumbent Republican Hugh Webster has represented the 21st district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 82], "content_span": [83, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 22\nIncumbent Republican Fletcher Hartsell has represented the 22nd district since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 23\nIncumbent Democrat Jim Phillips Sr., who has represented the 23rd district since 1997, retired. Democrat Cal Cunningham won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 24\nIncumbent Democrat Tony Rand has represented the 24th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 25\nIncumbent Democrat David Hoyle has represented the 25th district since 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 26\nIncumbent Republican Austin Allran has represented the 26th district since 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 27\nIncumbent Republicans Kenneth Moore and John Garwood have both represented the 27th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 28\nIncumbent Democrats Steve Metcalf and Charles Newell Carter have both represented the 28th district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 29\nIncumbent Democrat Dan Robinson has represented the 29th district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 30\nIncumbent Democrat David Weinstein has represented the 30th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 31\nIncumbent Democrat Bill Martin has represented the 31st district since 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 32\nIncumbent Democrat Kay Hagan has represented the 32nd district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 33\nIncumbent Democrat Charlie Dannelly has represented the 33rd district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 34\nIncumbent Democrat T.L. \"Fountain\" Odom has represented the 34th district since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 35\nIncumbent Republican Bob Rucho has represented the 35th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 36\nIncumbent Republican John Carrington has represented the 36th district since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 37\nIncumbent Democrat Walter Dalton has represented the 37th district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 38\nIncumbent Republican Betsy Lane Cochrane has represented the 38th district since 1989. Cochrane retired to run for Lieutenant Governor. Republican Stan Bingham won the open seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 39\nIncumbent Republican James Forrester has represented the 39th district since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 40\nIncumbent Democrat Dan Clodfelter has represented the 40th district since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 41\nIncumbent Democrat Larry Shaw has represented the 41st district since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162972-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Senate election, Detailed Results, Districts 22-42, District 42\nIncumbent Republican Bob Carpenter has represented the 42nd district and its predecessors since 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162973-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina Tar Heels football team\nThe 2000 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ACC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by third-year head coach Carl Torbush, the Tar Heels played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. North Carolina finished the season 6\u20135 overall and 3\u20135 in ACC play to tie for sixth place. Torbush was fired following the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162974-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina gubernatorial election\nThe 2000 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on 7 November 2000. The general election was fought between the Republican nominee, former mayor of Charlotte Richard Vinroot and the Democrat nominee, state Attorney General Mike Easley. Easley won by 52% to 46%, and succeeded fellow Democrat Jim Hunt as governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162974-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina gubernatorial election, Footnotes\nThis North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162975-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina judicial election\nThe North Carolina judicial elections of 2000 were held on 7 November 2000, to elect judges to the North Carolina Supreme Court and North Carolina Court of Appeals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162976-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election\nThe 2000 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on 7 November 2000, as part of the elections to the Council of State. North Carolina also held a gubernatorial election on the same day, but the offices of Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected independently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162976-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election\nThe election was won by Democrat Beverly Perdue, who succeeded fellow Democrat Dennis A. Wicker. In the general election, Perdue defeated Republican former state senator Betsy Cochrane by 52% to 46%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162977-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Dakota State Bison football team\nThe 2000 North Dakota State Bison football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota State University during the 2000 NCAA Division II football season as a member of the North Central Conference. In their fourth year under head coach Bob Babich, the team compiled a 12\u20132 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162978-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Dakota gubernatorial election\nThe 2000 North Dakota gubernatorial election took place on 7 November 2000 for the post of Governor of North Dakota. Incumbent Republican Governor Ed Schafer decided not to run for reelection. Republican nominee John Hoeven won the election over Democratic State Attorney General Heidi Heitkamp. Heitkamp had led in the polls until early October, when reports indicated that she had breast cancer, and would undergo surgery. She ran advertisements to assure voters she was still fit to serve; however, by the final month, Hoeven had taken a six-point lead in polling. As of 2021, this is the most recent North Dakota gubernatorial election in which the Democratic nominee received over 40% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162978-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Dakota gubernatorial election\nFrom 2013 to 2019, both Hoeven and Heitkamp served alongside each other in the United States Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162979-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North European Basketball League\nNEBL'2000 was the first complete season of the North European Basketball League. The tournament was held during the 1999-2000 basketball season on 5 January \u2013 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162979-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North European Basketball League\nAfter holding Promotion Cup, teams from four more countries \u2013 Germany, Russia, Ukraine and Denmark \u2013 took part in NEBL'2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162979-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 North European Basketball League\nLeague accepted the participation of Magic M7 from Sweden, with which Earvin \"Magic\" Johnson entered into an agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162979-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 North European Basketball League\nCSKA won the tournament by defeating Lietuvos rytas in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162979-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 North European Basketball League\nAndrius Giedraitis from Lietuvos rytas was named as the Most valuable player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season\nThe 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was fairly quiet compared to its predecessor, with all of the activity originating in the Bay of Bengal. The basin comprises the Indian Ocean north of the equator, with warnings issued by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in New Delhi. There were six depressions throughout the year, of which five intensified into cyclonic storms \u2013 tropical cyclones with winds of 65\u00a0mph (105\u00a0km/h) sustained over 3\u00a0minutes. Two of the storms strengthened into a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, which has winds of at least 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph), equivalent to a minimal hurricane. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also tracked storms in the basin on an unofficial basis, estimating winds sustained over 1\u00a0minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season\nThe first storm of the season originated toward the end of March in the Bay of Bengal, one of only five March storms at the time in that body of water. Strong wind shear, which plagued several storms during the season, caused the storm to rapidly dissipate over open waters. In August, a weak depression struck the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, producing additional flooding after a deluge affected the area in July. There were 131\u00a0deaths in Andhra Pradesh, mostly by drownings or collapsed walls, while damage was estimated at \u20b97.76\u00a0billion rupees (US$170\u00a0million ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season\nThere were two short-lived storms in October \u2013 one dissipated offshore India in the middle of the month, and the other struck Bangladesh toward the end of the month. The latter storm destroyed many homes and boats, killing 77 in Bangladesh including 52\u00a0fishermen, and damage in the Indian state of Meghalaya was estimated at \u20b9600 million rupees (US$13 million). The strongest storm of the season, 2000 South Indian cyclone, struck Tamil Nadu in November, causing damages of \u20b9700\u00a0million rupees (US$15\u00a0million) and 12\u00a0deaths. The final storm of the season hit eastern Sri Lanka, leaving 500,000\u00a0homeless and killing nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Season summary\nThe India Meteorological Department (IMD) in New Delhi \u2013 the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the northern Indian Ocean as recognized by the World Meteorological Organization \u2013 issued warnings for tropical cyclones developing in the region, using satellite imagery and surface data to assess and predict storms. The basin's activity is sub-divided between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal on opposite coasts of India, and is generally split before and after the monsoon season. Storms were also tracked on an unofficial basis by the American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Season summary\nThe season was much less active than the devastating 1999 season. Despite near normal water temperatures over the Arabian Sea, no storms developed in that portion of the basin. Convection was also lower than normal across the Bay of Bengal. The main factor against tropical cyclogenesis was persistently unfavorable wind shear. Overall, there were six depressions, five of which intensified into a cyclonic storm, which has maximum sustained winds of at least 65\u00a0km/h (40\u00a0mph).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 01\nToward the end of March, an area of convection increased over the southern Bay of Bengal from an active equatorial trough. The system progressed northward, with a weak center between Sri Lanka and Sumatra by March\u00a025. On March\u00a027, a low-pressure area developed, which the IMD designated as a depression by 12:00\u00a0UTC. The storm moved to the north-northwest and failed to strengthen at first. However, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on March\u00a029, a signal of further organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 01\nThat day, the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm, and early on March\u00a030 the storm attained winds of 85\u00a0km/h (55\u00a0mph) while curving to the north-northeast. Increased wind shear from the westerlies imparted rapid weakening, causing the convection to dwindle to the northeast. According to the IMD, the storm rapidly dissipated on March\u00a030.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 01\nA climatological outlier, the storm was one of only five cyclonic storms at the time in the month of March in the Bay of Bengal. It dropped heavy rainfall in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, reaching 230\u00a0mm (9.1\u00a0in) on Hut Bay. Although the storm dissipated over the Bay of Bengal according to the IMD, one analysis suggested the storm re-intensified and made landfall on southeastern India between Chennai and Pondicherry on April\u00a01 with winds potentially as high as 110\u00a0km/h (70\u00a0mph). The storm did not receive advisories from the JTWC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Depression BOB 02\nIn late August, the monsoon trough spawned a series of disturbances in the Bay of Bengal, including one that developed on August\u00a019 off the Odisha coast. It persisted and gradually organized, becoming a well-marked low-pressure area on August\u00a022. On the following day, the system became a depression, located about 150\u00a0km (90\u00a0mi) south-southeast of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Moving westward, the system soon moved ashore near Kakinada without intensifying beyond winds of 45\u00a0km/h (30\u00a0mph), and quickly weakened into a remnant low on August\u00a024. The low continued westward, eventually dissipating over Gujarat on August\u00a028.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Depression BOB 02\nWhile moving ashore, the depression produced torrential rainfall across Andhra Pradesh. The capital city of Hyderabad recorded 240\u00a0mm (9.4\u00a0in) of rainfall on August\u00a024. During the last week of August, the state recorded the highest precipitation in 46\u00a0years, which overflowed lakes and flooded several towns. The rains followed deadly flooding in July and preceded another flood event in September. About 98,000\u00a0people evacuated their houses to 189\u00a0shelters, aided by the military, including about 35,000\u00a0people in Hyderabad and neighboring Secunderabad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Depression BOB 02\nThousands were forced to ride out the floods on their roofs, and helicopters airdropped food and relief goods. The depression damaged 27,026\u00a0houses and destroyed another 8,651 in 2,886\u00a0towns or villages. Widespread irrigation systems were damaged, and 177,987\u00a0ha (439,820 acres) of crops were lost, in addition to 5,368\u00a0killed cattle. Traffic was disrupted after 7,435\u00a0km (4,620\u00a0mi) of roads were damaged, impacting 2,389\u00a0roads. The rains also marred the electrical system, with 6,000\u00a0power lines damaged. There were 131\u00a0deaths in Andhra Pradesh, mostly by drownings or collapsed walls, while damage was estimated at \u20b97.76\u00a0billion rupees (US$170\u00a0million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 03\nThe active monsoon spawned a low-pressure area in the central Bay of Bengal on October\u00a012. The system had an area of convection about 925\u00a0km (575\u00a0mi) southeast of Kolkata, which moved slowly westward. By October\u00a014, there was an exposed circulation center east of the convection, although it organized enough for the IMD to classify it as a well-marked low-pressure area. On October\u00a015, the agency classified it as a depression as the circulation moved closer to the thunderstorms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 03\nLater that day, the JTWC issued a TCFA and the IMD upgraded it to a deep depression, based on improving outflow and organization. On October\u00a016, a nearby ship reported winds of 65\u00a0km/h (40\u00a0mph), and that day the JTWC began tracking the system as Tropical Cyclone 01B. Early the next day, the IMD followed suit and upgraded the deep depression to a cyclonic storm, estimating peak winds of 65\u00a0km/h (40\u00a0mph). However, the system persisted in an area of weak to moderate wind shear, preventing further development. The circulation became exposed from the convection, and the wind shear increased. On October\u00a018, the IMD downgraded the system to a deep depression, and the storm dissipated on the next day as it approached the eastern coast of India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 03\nWhile the storm was active, officials issued warnings for fishermen not to venture out at sea. In Odisha, residents organized public prayers in hopes of avoiding a repeat of the deadly 1999 Odisha cyclone. Although it dissipated offshore, the storm brought rainfall to Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, but no damage was reported. Strong winds associated with the system killed 100\u00a0pelican chicks in Srikakulam after blowing them out of their nests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 04\nSimilar to the previous storm, the active monsoon trough spawned a low-pressure area over the Andaman Sea on October\u00a024. There was a weak center that had good outflow. On October\u00a025, the IMD classified the system as a depression about 925\u00a0km (575\u00a0mi) southeast of Kolkata. The system moved to the northwest and developed more convection close to the center, although the thunderstorms were intermittent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 04\nTurning more to the north, the depression intensified into a deep depression and later cyclonic storm on October\u00a027, reaching peak winds of 65\u00a0km/h (40\u00a0mph); the JTWC also classified it as Tropical Cyclone 02B. That day, the wind shear increased, although the convection was able to increase over the center and organize into a comma-shaped rainband. Early on October\u00a028, the storm made landfall in southern Bangladesh near Mongla, by which time the wind shear had displaced much of the convection to the northeast. It rapidly weakened over land, degenerating into a remnant low over northern Bangladesh early on October\u00a029.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 04\nThe storm dropped heavy rainfall, both in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as northeastern India. In Meghalaya state in northeastern India, the storm damaged hundreds of houses, leaving thousands homeless. Many livestock were lost, and crops were decimated. Damage in Meghalaya was estimated at \u20b9600\u00a0million rupees (US$13\u00a0million). While moving ashore in Bangladesh, the cyclone produced a storm tide of 1.2\u20132.1\u00a0m (4\u20137\u00a0ft), which wrecked hundreds of boats, and left 100\u00a0fishermen missing despite forewarning; by a day after the storm, only eight fishermen were rescued from four boats, with 52\u00a0fishermen killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm BOB 04\nHeavy rainfall, totaling 119\u00a0mm (4.7\u00a0in) in Khulna, overflowed rivers and flooded houses after previous deadly flooding in September. High floods and wind gusts up to 100\u00a0km/h (60\u00a0mph) damaged homes in Satkhira and Jessore districts, forcing thousands to evacuate to storm shelters. The storm knocked over trees, wrecked roads, and destroyed rice fields along its path through the low-lying country. On land in Bangladesh, 25\u00a0people died due to the storm, with over 500\u00a0injured. After the storm, local governments provided relief goods to the worst affected areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05\nAn upper-level low persisted over the Andaman Sea on November\u00a024. By the next day, a circulation center was present about 370\u00a0km (230\u00a0mi) west of Thailand, although convection was dislocated to the west due to wind shear. After the thunderstorms concentrated over the center early on November\u00a026, the IMD classified the system as a depression. A ridge to the north steered the system generally westward. Outflow and convective organization gradually increased, and late on November\u00a026 the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 03B. As the rainbands organized around the center, the winds increased; the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm on November\u00a027, and to a severe and later a very severe cyclonic storm on November\u00a028.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05\nBy November\u00a028, a 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) wide eye was developing, prompting the JTWC to upgrade the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane with winds of 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph). By comparison, the IMD estimated peak winds of 190\u00a0km/h (120\u00a0mph). Wind shear in the region prevented further strengthening, and the storm weakened slightly before making landfall on November\u00a029 in eastern India near Cuddalore. A station there recorded a pressure of 983\u00a0mbar (29.0\u00a0inHg). The storm rapidly weakened over land, and degenerated into a remnant low on November\u00a030.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05\nThe remnants emerged into the eastern Arabian Sea on December\u00a01, by which time most thunderstorms had dissipated over the deteriorating center. Two days later, the JTWC reissued advisories, based on an increase in outflow and convective organization. This was short-lived, as the thunderstorms soon dwindled, and the JTWC ceased issuing advisories on December\u00a05. The remnants continued westward without development toward eastern Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05\nHeavy rainfall, peaking at 450\u00a0mm (18\u00a0in) in Tholudur, spread across Tamil Nadu. During the passage of the eye, residents reported a period of calm lasting about 45\u00a0minutes. Across Tamil Nadu, high winds knocked over 30,000\u00a0trees, and many coconuts, plantains, and rice paddy farms were damaged in nearby Puducherry. The winds also damaged about 41,000\u00a0houses, about 1,000 of which lost their roofs. Flooding washed away 14\u00a0brick buildings, while 300\u00a0others were inundated by the sea. Over 1,000\u00a0power lines were damaged. Overall damages were estimated at \u20b9700\u00a0million rupees (US$15\u00a0million), and there were 12\u00a0deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 06\nA near-equatorial trough spawned a low-pressure area on December\u00a022 in the central Bay of Bengal. A circulation within the system developed into a depression on December\u00a023 about 500\u00a0km (310\u00a0mi) east-southeast of Sri Lanka. A low-latitude storm, the system organized while moving slowly westward. On December\u00a024, the depression strengthened into a deep depression, and the following day into a cyclonic storm, the same day that the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 04B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 06\nAn eye developed in the center of the blossoming convection, and the system rapidly intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm on December\u00a026. According to the IMD, the cyclone attained peak winds of 165\u00a0km/h (105\u00a0mph), and made landfall at that intensity along eastern Sri Lanka near Trincomalee around 12:00\u00a0UTC on December\u00a026. The JTWC assessed lower winds of 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph). Weakening quickly over land, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mannar on December\u00a027 and failed to restrengthen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0015-0002", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 06\nLater that day, it made a second landfall in extreme southern India near Thoothukudi as a cyclonic storm. Continuing westward, the system emerged into the Arabian Sea on December\u00a028 as a depression and degenerated into a remnant low. On the next day, the remnant low merged with a trough and spread rainfall northward through India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 06\nThe strongest storm to threaten Sri Lanka since 1992, the cyclone produced estimated wind gusts of 175\u00a0km/h (110\u00a0mph) near where it moved ashore. About 500,000\u00a0people were left homeless, after the winds destroyed the roofs of many houses. One entire fishing village was destroyed, and about 20,000\u00a0ha (49,000 acres) of rice fields were wrecked. While crossing the country, the cyclone dropped between 4 and 8\u00a0inches (100 to 200\u00a0mm) of precipitation, compounding the effects of severe monsoonal flooding from the previous month. There were nine deaths in the country. Later, the storm brought heavy rainfall to southern India, with a peak 24\u2011hour total of 180\u00a0mm (7.1\u00a0in) in Nagapattinam. The storm damaged 480\u00a0houses and wrecked 95\u00a0fishing boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162980-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Season effects\nThis is a table of all storms in the 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, duration, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 2000 USD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162981-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Queensland Cowboys season\nThe 2000 North Queensland Cowboys season was the 6th in the club's history. Coached by Tim Sheens and captained by new signing Tim Brasher, they competed in the National Rugby League's 2000 Telstra Premiership, finishing in last place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162981-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Queensland Cowboys season, Season summary\nThe Cowboys entered the new millennium with a renewed sense of hope, adding veterans Tim Brasher and Julian O'Neill from the South Sydney Rabbitohs, with Brasher becoming the club's fifth captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162981-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 North Queensland Cowboys season, Season summary\nThe competition started a month earlier due to the Sydney Olympics being held later that year. Because of this, the side played their first month away from home. It was a disastrous away trip, with the club losing their first three games. They managed a win on their final away game against Parramatta but were later stripped of the two competition points after fielding a fourteenth player for three minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162981-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 North Queensland Cowboys season, Season summary\nAfter two straight losses, back-to-back wins followed, which included the club's biggest ever victory at the time, a 50-10 win over the Northern Eagles. It was the first time the club had scored 50 points in a game. Five rounds later they recorded 50 points again, breaking their biggest winning margin record with a 50-4 victory over St George Illawarra. It would be one of the last bright spots of the season, as the club managed just two wins from the final 13 rounds and ended the season in last place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162981-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 North Queensland Cowboys season, Season summary\nPaul Green represented Queensland in State of Origin once again, and was joined by O'Neill and Paul Bowman, who made his first appearance for the Maroons. Brasher was selected for New South Wales, becoming the club's first Blues' representative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162981-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 North Queensland Cowboys season, Season summary\nDespite playing State of Origin, Green was sacked halfway through the season for allegedly negotiating with other clubs while still under contract. He would subsequently win an out-of-court settlement against the club. In a further blow to the club, homegrown halfback Scott Prince, who made his debut at 18 and played 53 games for the side, departed at the end of the season for rivals, the Brisbane Broncos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162981-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 North Queensland Cowboys season, Ladder\n1 North Queensland were stripped of 2 competition points due to a breach of the interchange rule in Round 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162982-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Rhine-Westphalia state election\nThe 2000 North Rhine-Westphalia state election was held on 14 May 2000 to elect the members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia. The incumbent coalition government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Greens was returned with a reduced majority. Minister-President Wolfgang Clement continued in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162982-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Rhine-Westphalia state election, Parties\nThe table below lists parties represented in the previous Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162983-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 North Texas Mean Green football team\nThe 2000 North Texas Mean Green football team represented the University of North Texas in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Mean Green played their home games at the Fouts Field in Denton, Texas, and competed in the Big West Conference. They were led by third-year head coach Darrell Dickey. The team finished their regular season 3-8 overall and 1-4 in Big West play. They did not qualify for a bowl game for the 40th straight season", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162983-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 North Texas Mean Green football team, Previous season\nNorth Texas barely improved on their 1999 record, winning just one more game than the previous season's 2-9 mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 58], "content_span": [59, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162984-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Northeast Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Northeast Conference Baseball Tournament began on May 12 and ended on May 14, 2000, at The Sandcastle in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The league's top four teams competed in the double elimination tournament. Fourth-seeded Wagner won their first tournament championship and earned the Northeast Conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162984-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Northeast Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding and format\nThe two division winners claimed the top two seeds, with the next two teams by conference winning percentage rounding out the field. They played a double-elimination tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162984-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Northeast Conference Baseball Tournament, Most Valuable Player\nSteve Coppola of Wagner was named Tournament Most Valuable Player. Rival threw a complete game two-hit shutout in the Seahawks 5\u20130 win over Monmouth in the winner's bracket matchup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162985-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Northeast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Northeast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held in March. The tournament featured the league's top eight seeds. Central Connecticut won the championship, its first, and received the conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162985-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Northeast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nThe NEC Men\u2019s Basketball Tournament consisted of an eight-team playoff format with all games played at Sovereign Bank Arena in Trenton, NJ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162985-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Northeast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, All-tournament team\nRick Mickens, CCSUCorsley Edwards, CCSUGregory Harris, MSMRahsaan Johnson, MUGene Nabors, RMUJohn Tice, CCSU", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 74], "content_span": [75, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162986-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football team\nThe 2000 Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football team was an American football team that represented Northern Arizona University (NAU) as a member of the Big Sky Conference (Big Sky) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their third year under head coach Jerome Souers, the Lumberjacks compiled a 3\u20138 record (2\u20136 against conference opponents), were outscored by a total of 275 to 245, and tied for seventh place in the Big Sky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162986-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football team\nThe team played its home games at the J. Lawrence Walkup Skydome, commonly known as the Walkup Skydome, in Flagstaff, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162987-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Northern Cypriot presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Northern Cyprus on 15 April 2000. Incumbent president Rauf Denkta\u015f was the lead candidate in the first round, but failed to cross the 50% threshold to win outright. However, the second-placed candidate Dervi\u015f Ero\u011flu forfeited the election and the second round was not held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162988-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Northern Ford Premiership\nThe 2000 Northern Ford Premiership season was the second tier of British rugby league during the 2000 season. The competition featured eighteen teams, with Dewsbury Rams finishing as league leaders and winning the Grand Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162988-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Northern Ford Premiership, Championship\nThe league was won by the Dewsbury Rams. The Dewsbury Rams also reached the Grand Final and defeated Leigh Centurions, with Leigh Centurions' Mick Higham winning the Tom Bergin Trophy. The Dewsbury Rams were not promoted to the Super League however, as their stadium did not meet the minimum requirements to be accepted into the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162989-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Northern Illinois Huskies football team\nThe 2000 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University. The Huskies competed in the highest division of football, Division I-A. They were led by fifth year head coach Joe Novak and they played their home games at Huskie Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162990-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Northern Iowa Panthers football team\nThe 2000 Northern Iowa Panthers football team represented the University of Northern Iowa in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season as a member of the Gateway Football Conference. In its forth season under head coach Mike Dunbar, the team compiled a 7\u20134 record overall and a 3\u20133 mark against Gateway opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162991-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Northwestern Wildcats football team\nThe 2000 Northwestern Wildcats football team represented Northwestern University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They played their home games at Ryan Field and participated as members of the Big Ten Conference. They were coached by Randy Walker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162992-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwegian First Division\nThe 2000 1. divisjon, Norway's second-tier football league, began play on 30 April 2000 and ended on 22 October 2000. The league was contested by 14 teams, and the top two teams won promotion to Tippeligaen, while the third placed played a promotion-playoff against the 12th-placed team in Tippeligaen to win promotion. Due to an expansion from 14 to 16 teams in the next season's First Division only two teams were relegated to the 2. divisjon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162992-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwegian First Division\nLyn and Str\u00f8msgodset won direct promotion to Tippeligaen, while Sogndal was promoted after having beaten V\u00e5lerenga in the promotion-playoff. Strindheim and Eik-T\u00f8nsberg was relegated to the 2. divisjon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162993-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwegian Football Cup\nThe 2000 Norwegian Football Cup was the 95th edition of the Norwegian Football Cup. The Cup was won by Odd Grenland after they defeated Viking in the final with the score 2\u20131.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162993-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwegian Football Cup\nBecause of competing of the national team at the UEFA Euro 2000, the 14 teams from Tippeligaen was bye to the third round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162993-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwegian Football Cup, First round\nMay 24: \u00d8stsiden - Skeid 2-2 (after extra time), 1-3 on penalties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162993-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwegian Football Cup, Quarter-finals\nSeptember 6: Odd Grenland - Moss 2-2 (after extra time), 9-8 on penalties", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162994-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwegian Football Cup Final\nThe 2000 Norwegian Football Cup Final was the final match of the 2000 Norwegian Football Cup, the 95th season of the Norwegian Football Cup, the premier Norwegian football cup competition organized by the Football Association of Norway (NFF). The match was played on 29 October 2000 at the Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo, and opposed two Tippeligaen sides Odd Grenland and Viking. Odd Grenland defeated Viking 2\u20131 after extra time to claim the Norwegian Cup for a twelfth time in their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162995-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwich City Council election\nThe 2000 Norwich City Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Norwich City Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections. 16 of 48 seats (one-third) were up for election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162996-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwich Union National League\nThe 2000 Norwich Union National League season was a 45 over English county cricket competition; colloquially known as the Sunday League, it featured many mid-week floodlit matches. It was contested through two divisions: Division One and Division Two. Each team played all the others in their division both home and away. The top three teams from Division Two were promoted to the first division for the 2001 season, while the bottom three sides from Division One were relegated. All eighteen counties retained the nicknames from the previous season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162996-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Norwich Union National League\nGloucestershire Gladiators won the League for the first time. Worcestershire Royals, Lancashire Lightning and Sussex Sharks were relegated from Division One, while Surrey Lions, Nottinghamshire Outlaws and Warwickshire Bears were promoted from Division Two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162997-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team\nThe 2000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Bob Davie and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162997-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Season overview\nAfter losing ten players to the NFL, the Irish began the 2000 season signing 17\u00a0recruits Having to replace two-year starter, Jarious Jackson, Davie chose Arnaz Battle, who looked to have a rough road ahead with the Irish playing four ranked teams in a row to begin the season, including a game against the favorite to win the national championship, Nebraska. Battle, however, did have some help with three veterans named to pre-season award watchlists. The Irish started the season playing the 25th ranked Texas A&M Aggies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162997-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Season overview\nWith Battle throwing two touchdowns and the defense holding the Aggies to only a field goal in the second half, the Irish won by two touchdowns. Moving into the rankings for the first time since early November 1999, the Irish would next face the top-ranked Cornhuskers. After coming back from being down by two touchdowns, the Irish eventually fell in overtime after they settled for a field goal and Nebraska quarterback, Eric Crouch, ran for the winning touchdown. Despite the loss, and losing Battle indefinitely to a wrist injury that he suffered on the first play of the game, the Irish felt they proved something to the country, and moved up in the rankings to 21st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162997-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Season overview\nThe Irish next faced the 13th ranked Purdue Boilermakers, led by Heisman Trophy-hopeful quarterback Drew Brees. The Irish defense held Brees to only 13\u00a0completed passes, while Irish backup quarterback Gary Godsey completed 14, and led the team to a last minute win with a Nick Setta field goal. Moving into the top-20 the Irish next went to Michigan State to face the 23rd ranked Spartans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162997-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Season overview\nThough the Spartans were led by freshman quarterback Jeff Smoker, he led the team to a win with a 68\u00a0yard touchdown pass on a fourth down attempt with a minute remaining in the game. Losing the game, the Irish hadn't won an away game in eight attempts and hadn't beaten the Spartans since 1994. Dropping almost out of the rankings again, the Irish started playing freshman quarterback Matt LoVecchio and began to roll with wins over Stanford and Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162997-0002-0002", "contents": "2000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Season overview\nGoing to Morgantown to face the West Virginia Mountaineers, LoVecchio led the Irish with two touchdown passes to Tony Fisher to give the Irish their first road win in two years. With a win over Air Force the next week, their first ever in overtime, the Irish were once again bowl eligible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162997-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Season overview\nRanked 11th, the Irish continued with wins over Boston College, Rutgers, and their first win at USC since 1992. With a 9\u20132 record, the Irish got a BCS Bowl bid for the first time ever, with an invitation to the Fiesta Bowl to play the Oregon State Beavers. Getting blown out by the Beavers, the Irish ended the season ranked 15th with a 9\u20133 record. With the end of the season, Davie was named finalist in two coach of the year awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162997-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Season overview\nIn addition, four Irish players were named to All-America Teams, seven players were selected to play in post-season All-Star games, and six players were selected in the 2001 NFL Draft, while another three signed free agent contracts with NFL teams. The season ended on a positive note for Davie who signed a five-year contract extension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162998-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nottingham Open\nThe 2000 Nottingham Open was an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament held in Nottingham, Great Britain. The tournament was held from 19 June to 26 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162998-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nottingham Open\nS\u00e9bastien Grosjean won his second title of the year and the 2nd of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162998-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Nottingham Open, Finals, Doubles\nDonald Johnson /  Piet Norval defeated  Ellis Ferreira /  Rick Leach, 1\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162999-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nottingham Open \u2013 Doubles\nPatrick Galbraith and Justin Gimelstob were the defending champions, but did not partner together this year. Galbraith partnered Brian MacPhie, losing in the quarterfinals. Gimelstob partnered Jared Palmer, losing in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00162999-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nottingham Open \u2013 Doubles\nDonald Johnson and Piet Norval won the title, defeating Ellis Ferreira and Rick Leach 1\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163000-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nottingham Open \u2013 Singles\nS\u00e9bastien Grosjean defeated Byron Black 7\u20136(9\u20137), 6\u20133 in the final to secure the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163001-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nova Supersports Cup\nThe 2000 Nova Supersports Cup was an association football friendly tournament competition hosted by Greek premium sports network Nova Sports in 2000, held in Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163001-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Nova Supersports Cup\nThe tournament occurred between 4 and 5 August 2000, contested by Greek Alpha Ethniki club AEK Athens, Werder Bremen from the Bundesliga, Rapid Wien from the Austrian Bundesliga and Brescia from the Serie A, who eventually won the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163001-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Nova Supersports Cup, Venue\nAll the games were played at the Nikos Goumas Stadium a 27,729 seat multi-use venue, home ground of hosts AEK Athens. The ground has been demolished in June 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163002-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council election to the Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council were held in May 2000. The Labour Party retained control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163003-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 O'Byrne Cup\nThe 2000 O'Byrne Cup was a Gaelic football competition played by the county teams of Leinster GAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163003-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 O'Byrne Cup\nLongford were the winners, defeating Westmeath in the final in Cusack Park, Mullingar. In the final, the Westmeath manager, Brendan Lowry, intruded onto the pitch and clashed with a Longford player and the referee; he received a six-month suspension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163004-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 O.D.\n2000 O.D. is a Space Tribe album published in 1999 by Spiritzone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163005-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup\nThe 2000 OFC Nations Cup was held in Papeete, Tahiti. The six participating teams were Australia and New Zealand who qualified as of right, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu who qualified from the Melanesia Cup, the Cook Islands and Tahiti who qualified from the Polynesia Cup. Australia beat New Zealand 2\u20130 in the final. The Solomon Islands beat Vanuatu 2-1 for third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163005-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup\nFiji qualified to this edition but then withdrew due to the 2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat and was replaced by Vanuatu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163006-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup Final\nThe 2000 OFC Nations Cup Final was an association football match that took place on 28 June 2000 at the Stade Pater, Papeete. It was the final of the 2000 OFC Nations Cup which was the fifth edition of the OFC Nations Cup, an international competition for national teams in the Oceania Football Confederation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163006-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup Final\nIt was contested between Australia and New Zealand in what was a repeat of the 1998 final which New Zealand won. This was also New Zealand's third appearance in a continentinal final after also appearing in the 1973 final which they won. For Australia, this was their fourth appearance in the final with Australia also winning the 1980 and 1996. After both teams won their respective groups, Australia defeated Vanuatu while New Zealand defeated the Solomon Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163006-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup Final\nIn the final, goals from Shaun Murphy and Craig Foster gave Australia a 2\u20130 win over New Zealand to record their third OFC title. This also meant that as winners of the Nations Cup, they also qualified for the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup which was held in South Korea and Japan as representative of the OFC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163006-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup Final, Route to the final, Australia\nAs finalists in the 1998 OFC Nations Cup, and the OFC's top-ranked side, the \"Socceroos\" were given entry straight into the tournament finals. They progressed comfortably through the group stage, accounting for Cook Islands and Solomon Islands comfortably 17-0 and 6-0 respectively. In the semi-final, they played Vanuatu, winning 1-0 in a match that was closer than expected. Australia's Clayton Zane was the tournament's top scorer going into the final, with 5 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163006-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup Final, Route to the final, New Zealand\nLike Australia, New Zealand were given direct entry into the tournament finals, as 1998 OFC Nations Cup champions and the OFC's second ranked side. They beat both Tahiti and Vanuatu by 2 goals to progress from the group stage. In the semi-finals, they played Solomon Islands and won 2-0 to move through to the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163006-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup Final, Pre-match, Analysis\nDespite New Zealand having won the 1998 OFC Nations Cup final, Australia went into the game as favourites, ranked 15 spots ahead of New Zealand in FIFA World Rankings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163006-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup Final, Match, First half\nAustralia was the better side for much of the match, although New Zealand did create some chances. Australia took the lead 5 minutes from half time, as Shaun Murphy scored off a Stan Lazaridis corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163006-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup Final, Match, Second half\nAustralia's ascendency continued, and when Danny Tiatto's cross was finished by Craig Foster midway through the second half, the result was all but secured for Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163006-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup Final, Post match\nAustralia's win qualified them for the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup, and was their third OFC Nations Cup win their first since 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163007-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup squads\nThe 2000 OFC Nations Cup was an international football tournament that was held in Papeete, Tahiti from 19 to 28 June 2000. The 6 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of players; only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament. The 2000 Melanesia Cup and the 2000 Polynesia Cup were used to find the four qualifiers for the finals tournament (Fiji and Solomon Islands from Melanesia and Tahiti and Cook Islands from Polynesia respectively), to move on and join Australia and New Zealand at the main tournament. Vanuatu (as the Melanesian 3rd placer) replaced Fiji in the final tournament, due to civil unrest in Fiji following the 2000 Fijian coup d'\u00e9tat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163007-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup squads\nPlayers marked (c) were named as captain for their national squad. Players' club teams and players' age are as of 19 June 2000 \u2013 the tournament's opening day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163007-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 OFC Nations Cup squads, Player representation, By club nationality\nNations in italics are not represented by their national teams in the finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163008-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oahu Bowl\nThe 2000 Jeep Oahu Bowl was a college football bowl game, played as part of the 2000\u201301 bowl game schedule of the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the 3rd and final game named Oahu Bowl, and became the Seattle Bowl for the 2001 contest. (It was later shut down after 2 years as the Seattle Bowl.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163008-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oahu Bowl\nThe game was played on December 24, 2000, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawai\u02bbi. The game matched the Georgia Bulldogs against the Virginia Cavaliers, and was televised on ESPN. The 24th ranked Georgia Bulldogs won the game, 37\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163008-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Oahu Bowl\nThe game marked the final game as head coach for Jim Donnan of Georgia and George Welsh of Virginia, both of whom retired from head coaching after the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season\nThe Oakland Athletics' 2000 season was the team's 33rd in Oakland, California. It was also the 100th season in franchise history. The team finished first in the American League West with a record of 91-70.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season\nThe A's, in winning the division, snapped an eight-year postseason drought. The division championship was also the first of the so-called \"Moneyball\" era. Over the next six seasons, the Athletics would reach the postseason a total of four additional times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season\nThe season saw the debuts of eventual ace starters Barry Zito and Mark Mulder. These two pitchers, along with Tim Hudson (who had debuted one year prior), would comprise the top of Oakland's rotation (known popularly as the \"Big Three\") until the end of the 2004 season. Of the three, Hudson fared the best in 2000; he won twenty games (the most in the American League) and reached the All-Star Game in his first full season as a starter. For his efforts, Hudson finished second in that year's American League Cy Young Award voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season\nThe Athletics also boasted a strong offense. The team scored 947 runs (an Oakland record) over the course of the season; this figure was the third-highest in the American League. The offense was led by Jason Giambi, who won the American League MVP Award at the end of the season. The team collectively hit 239 home runs in 2000 (also an Oakland record); in total, nine different Athletics hit at least ten home runs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season\nThe Athletics fought the Seattle Mariners in the standings for most of the season. In the end, the Athletics narrowly prevailed; they finished only half a game ahead of the 91-71 Mariners (who won the AL Wild Card). The Athletics then played the New York Yankees in the ALDS. They would lose the best-of-five series three games to two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 67], "content_span": [68, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote; G = Games pitched; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163009-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163010-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Raiders season\nThe 2000 Oakland Raiders season was the franchise's 31st season in the National Football League, the 41st overall, their fifth season of their second stint in Oakland, and the third season under head coach Jon Gruden. The Raiders finished the season 12\u20134, winning the AFC West for the first time since 1990. They returned to the playoffs for the first time since 1993, when the team was still in Los Angeles. The Divisional Round playoff game versus the Miami Dolphins would be their first home playoff game in Oakland since defeating the Houston Oilers in the 1980 AFC Wild Card Playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163010-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oakland Raiders season\nAs the No. 2 seed in the AFC, the Raiders received a bye into the divisional round of the playoffs. The Raiders held the Miami Dolphins scoreless, winning 27\u20130. The following week against the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship, starting quarterback Rich Gannon sustained a shoulder injury after being hit by Baltimore's Tony Siragusa early in the second quarter. The loss of Gannon was too steep to overcome as the Raiders lost 16\u20133. Siragusa was later fined $10,000 for the hit. This was the NFL-record 9th playoff loss in Raiders history with a Super Bowl berth at stake (since tied by the San Francisco 49ers in 2013). The Raiders set a still-standing franchise record for most points scored in the regular season, with 479.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships\nThe 2000 Oceania Athletics Championships were held at the Santos Stadium in Adelaide, Australia, between August 24\u201326, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships\nA total of 40 events were contested, 21 by men and 19 by women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships\nIn preparation for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, athletes from 10 African countries participated as guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships, Medal summary\nMedal winners were published. Complete results can be found on the webpages of the Cool Running New Zealand newsgroup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships, Medal summary, Men\n1. ): The 1500 metres event was won by Michael Bond from \u00a0Australia in 4:03.11 running as a guest. 2. ): The 5000 metres event was won by Job Sikoria from \u00a0Uganda in 14:57.62 running as a guest. 3. ): The half marathon event was won by Job Sikoria from \u00a0Uganda in 1:09:10, 2nd was Lucky Bhembe from \u00a0Swaziland in 1:11:15.00, both running as guests. 4. ): The 110 metres hurdles event was won by Moses Oyiki Orode from \u00a0Nigeria in 14.34w (wind: +2.3\u00a0m/s) running as a guest. 5. ):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships, Medal summary, Men\nThe pole vault event was won by Chris Lovell from \u00a0Australia in 4.90m, 2nd was Tom Lovell from \u00a0Australia in 4.90m, both competing as a guest. 6. ): The long jump event was won by Idika Uduma from \u00a0Nigeria in 7.54m (wind: +0.6\u00a0m/s), 3rd was Ike Olekaibe from \u00a0Nigeria in 7.03m (wind: +1.5\u00a0m/s), both  competing as a guest. 7 . ): The triple jump event was won by Oluyemi Sule from \u00a0Nigeria in 15.88m (wind: +0.4\u00a0m/s), 2nd was Ike Olekaibe from \u00a0Nigeria in 15.86m (wind: +0.8\u00a0m/s), both competing as guests. 8. ): The shot put event was won by Chima Ugwu from \u00a0Nigeria in 19.53m competing as a guest. 9. ): The discus throw event was won by Chima Ugwu from \u00a0Nigeria in 53.38m competing as a guest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships, Medal summary, Women\n1. ): The 400 metres event was won by Kudirat Akhigbe from \u00a0Nigeria in 54.86 running as a guest. 2. ): The 800 metres event was won by L\u00e9ontine Tsiba from \u00a0Republic of the Congo in 2:05.38, 2nd was Julia Sakara from \u00a0Zimbabwe in 2:09.53, and 3rd Dupe Osime from \u00a0Nigeria in 2:10.67, all running as guests. 3. ): The 1500 metres event was won by L\u00e9ontine Tsiba from \u00a0Republic of the Congo in 4:23.12, 2nd was Catherine Webombesa from \u00a0Uganda in 4:25.72, both running as guests. 4. ):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships, Medal summary, Women\nThe 5000 metres event was won by Dorcus Inzikuru from \u00a0Uganda in 16:12.0, 2nd was Samukeliso Moyo from \u00a0Zimbabwe in 17:21.79, and 3rd Priscilla Mamba from \u00a0Swaziland in 18:13.87, all running as a guest. 5. ): The 100 metres hurdles event was won by Imeh Akpan from \u00a0Nigeria in 13.99 running as a guest. 6. ): The 400 metres hurdles event was won by Esther Erharuyi from \u00a0Nigeria in 58.27 running as a guest. 7 . ):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0005-0002", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships, Medal summary, Women\nThe long jump event was won by Chinedu Odozor from \u00a0Nigeria in 6.39m (wind: +0.8\u00a0m/s), 2nd was Oluchi Elechi from \u00a0Nigeria in 6.30m (wind: +1.0\u00a0m/s), both competing as guests. 8. ): The triple jump event was won by Grace Efago from \u00a0Nigeria in 12.75m (wind: +0.4\u00a0m/s), 2nd was Jane Denning from \u00a0Australia in 12.56m (wind: +1.6\u00a0m/s), both competing as guests. 9. ): The shot put event was won by Vivian Chukwuemeka from \u00a0Nigeria in 17.67m, 4th was Alifatou Djibril from \u00a0Togo in 12.87m, both competing as guests. 10. ): In the discus throw event, Alifatou Djibril from \u00a0Togo was 2nd competing as a guest. 11. ): The 4x100 metres relay event was won by \u00a0Nigeria in 45.57 running as guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163011-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Athletics Championships, Participation (unofficial)\nThe participation of athletes from 19 countries and 10 guest countries fromAfrica was reported. In addition, a couple of Australian athletes started asguests out of competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 64], "content_span": [65, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163012-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Swimming Championships\nThe 2000 Oceania Swimming Championships were held 21\u201324 June 2000 at the Queen Elizabeth II pool in Christchurch, New Zealand. This was the third edition of the Championships, and swimming all competition listed below was conducted in a 50m (long-course) pool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163013-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships\nThe 2000 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships were held at the Santos Stadium in Adelaide, Australia, between August 24\u201326, 2000. They were held together with the 2000 Oceania Open Championships. A total of 33 events were contested, 17 by boys and 16 by girls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163013-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships, Medal summary\nMedal winners can be found on the Athletics Weekly website. Complete results can be found on the webpages of the World Junior Athletics History, and the Cool Running New Zealand newsgroup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163013-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships, Participation (unofficial)\nAn unofficial count yields the number of about 97 athletes from 18 countries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 70], "content_span": [71, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163014-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ohio Bobcats football team\nThe 2000 Ohio Bobcats football team represented Ohio University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. Ohio competed as a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The Bobcats were led by head coach Jim Grobe, who resigned after the conclusion of the season to become the head coach for Wake Forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163015-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ohio State Buckeyes football team\nThe 2000 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Buckeyes compiled an 8\u20134 record, including a 38\u201326 loss to rival Michigan in Columbus in the regular season finale and a 24\u20137 loss to the South Carolina Gamecocks in the 2001 Outback Bowl. The losses dropped head coach John Cooper's record to 2\u201310\u20131 in Michigan\u2013Ohio State games and 3\u20138 in bowl games, contributing to his dismissal from the team on January 2, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163016-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ohio Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Ohio Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament of the Ohio Valley Conference during the 1999\u20132000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. It was held from February 29 \u2013 March 5, 2000. The first round was hosted by the higher seeded team in each game. The semifinals and finals took place at Gaylord Entertainment Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Two seed Southeast Missouri State won the tournament, defeating Murray State in the championship game, and received the Ohio Valley's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Southeast Missouri State drew a 13 seed in the West region, facing the 4 seed LSU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163016-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ohio Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nThe top eight eligible men's basketball teams in the Ohio Valley Conference receive a berth in the conference tournament. After the 18-game conference season, teams were seeded by conference record. Morehead State and Eastern Kentucky did not participate due to their respective 9th and 10th place conference finishes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 63], "content_span": [64, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163017-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma Democratic presidential primary\nThe 2000 Oklahoma Democratic presidential primary took place on March 14, 2000 to select the state's 45 pledged delegates to the 2000 Democratic National Convention. Seven other states held their primary concurrently on the day of the Oklahoma primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163017-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma Democratic presidential primary\nAl Gore won the primary by a comfortable margin and earned 38 delegates, while Bill Bradley won enough votes to qualify for seven delegates despite having ended his presidential campaign the previous week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163018-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma Sooners football team\nThe 2000 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season, the 106th season of Sooner football. The team was led by Bob Stoops in his second season as head coach. They played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman. During this season, they competed in the Big 12 Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163018-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma Sooners football team\nThe Sooners opened the season ranked #19, the first time they had made it into a pre-season poll in five years. Conference play began with a win over the Kansas Jayhawks at home on September 30, and ended with a win over the Kansas State Wildcats in the Big 12 Championship Game on December 2. The Sooners finished the regular season 12\u20130 (9\u20130 in Big 12, including conference championship game), while winning their first Big 12 title and their 37th conference title overall. They were invited to the 2001 Orange Bowl, which served as the BCS National Championship Game that year, where they beat the Florida State Seminoles by a score of 13-2. This is Oklahoma's seventh claimed and most recent national championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163018-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma Sooners football team\nFollowing the season, Torrance Marshall was selected in the third round of the 2001 NFL Draft, along with Josh Heupel in the sixth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163018-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma Sooners football team, 2001 NFL Draft\nThe 2001 NFL Draft was held on April 21\u201322, 2001 at the Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The following Oklahoma players were either selected or signed as undrafted free agents following the draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163019-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma Sooners softball team\nThe 2000 Oklahoma Sooners softball team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 2000 NCAA Division I softball season. The Sooners were coached by Patty Gasso, who led her sixth season. The Sooners finished with a record of 66\u20138. They played their home games at OU Softball Complex and competed in the Big 12 Conference, where they finished first with a 17\u20131 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163019-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma Sooners softball team\nThe Sooners were invited to the 2000 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament, where they swept the West Regional and then completed a run through the Women's College World Series in their first appearance to claim the NCAA Women's College World Series Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163020-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team\nThe 2000 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team represented the Oklahoma State University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Big 12 Conference in the South Division. They played their home games at Lewis Field in Stillwater, Oklahoma. They were coached by head coach Bob Simmons, who resigned as the head coach of the Cowboys on November 6, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163021-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oklahoma Wranglers season\nThe 2000 Oklahoma Wranglers season is the sixth season for the franchise, and the first in Oklahoma City. The team played in the Arena Football League, and played the previous season in Portland, Oregon as the Portland Forest Dragons. The team was coached by Bob Cortese and played their home games at the The Myriad in Oklahoma City. The Wranglers finished third in the American Conference West Division with a 7\u20137 record earned the 10 seed for the AFL playoffs. They lost in the quarterfinals to the San Jose SaberCats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163022-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Oldham Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council in Greater Manchester, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrats gained overall control of the council from the Labour party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163022-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election, Campaign\nBefore the election Labour ran the council with 32 seats compared to 25 for the Liberal Democrats who were the main opposition party on the council. However the 1999 election had seen the Liberal Democrats win more votes than Labour, 42.5% compared to 38%, and they were confident of at least depriving Labour of a majority on the council in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 59], "content_span": [60, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163022-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election, Campaign\nIssues in the election included crime, education, employment, health and litter. Unemployment was down at around 5%, but still above the national average and was much higher in some of the inner city areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 59], "content_span": [60, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163022-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election, Campaign\nIn the week before the election Labour suffered a blow when a councillor, Margaret Kelly, defected to the Green party. She had been a Labour member for 30 years, but said that the national Labour government was not what she had fought for in opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 59], "content_span": [60, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163022-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw the Liberal Democrats gain control of the council from the Labour party. Labour, who had run the council for the previous 20 years, suffered a number of losses including the council leader John Battye in Failsworth East ward. Battye, who had been leader of the council for the previous 15 years, was defeated by 1,605 votes by a 23-year-old Liberal Democrat candidate Charles Glover in the most high-profile contest in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163022-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nThe swing to the Liberal Democrats was over 8% since 1996, enabling them to gain control of the council for the first time. They now had an overall majority of 2, after they gained seats in Coldhurst, Hollinwood, Royton North and Royton South in addition to Failsworth East. The Liberal Democrats also regained a seat in Crompton, where the independent Liberal Democrat councillor, Michael Hambley, stood down at the election. Meanwhile, the Conservatives doubled the number of seats they held on the council to 2, after gaining a seat in Chadderton North from Labour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163022-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nThe national Liberal Democrat leader, Charles Kennedy described the results in Oldham as a \"fantastic result, showing the inroads that Liberal Democrats were making into Labour's heartlands\". However the local Labour Member of Parliament Phil Woolas said that the election was down to local issues and had \"nothing to do with the national political situation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163022-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nFollowing the election there were allegations of vote rigging in the election. After a police investigation, 11 people were convicted of election fraud in July 2001. They were convicted after police found evidence of voters using dead people's names to vote and impersonating other voters. The offences had taken place in the wards of the Coldhurst, St Mary's and Werneth and those convicted were both Labour and Liberal Democrat supporters. Another defendant, Liberal Democrat councillor Mohib Uddin, who had been elected in Coldhurst, was acquitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163023-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ole Miss Rebels football team\nThe 2000 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Southeastern Conference in the West Division. Coached by David Cutcliffe, the Rebels played their home games at Vaught\u2013Hemingway Stadium in Oxford, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163024-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Omaha Beef season\nThe 2000 Omaha Beef season was the team's inaugural season as a football franchise and first in the Indoor Professional Football League (IPFL). One of seven teams competing in the IPFL for the 2000 season. The team played their home games at the Omaha Civic Auditorium in Omaha, Nebraska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163025-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Omani general election\nGeneral elections were held in Oman on 14 September 2000. They were the first direct elections in the country's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163025-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Omani general election, Electoral system\nThe number of members of the Consultative Assembly was increased from 82 to 83. Decree 128/97 changed the franchise rules to give the vote to anyone over 21 and who was a sheikh, dignitary or businessman, or the holder of high school or university degree. Although the number of citizens eligible to vote more than tripled to around 175,000 (25% of the adult population), only 114,570 eligible citizens (65%) registered to vote, a reduction from the 90% that registered for the 1997 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163025-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Omani general election, Electoral system\nChanges to the electoral law also removed the veto power of the Sultan over Assembly membership, as previously the Sultan had been able to choose the membership regardless of how many votes candidates received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163025-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Omani general election, Campaign\nA total of 556 candidates contested the 83 seats, of which 21 were women. Political parties and campaign rallies and advertising were banned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163025-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Omani general election, Results\nTwo women were amongst the MPs elected, winning seats in Muscat and Bawshar. Voter turnout was 87%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163026-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Omloop Het Volk\nThe 2000 Omloop Het Volk was the 54th edition of the Omloop Het Volk cycle race and was held on 26 February 2000. The race started in Ghent and finished in Lokeren. The race was won by Johan Museeuw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163027-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ondrej Nepela Memorial\nThe 2000 Ondrej Nepela Memorial was the 8th edition of an annual senior-level international figure skating competition held in Bratislava, Slovakia. Skaters competed in four disciplines: men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The competition is named for 1972 Olympic gold medalist Ondrej Nepela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163028-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ontario Nokia Cup\nThe 2000 Nokia Cup, southern Ontario men's provincial curling championship was held February 7-13 at the Nepean Sportsplex in Nepean, Ontario. The winning rink of Peter Corner, Todd Brandwood, Drew Macklin and Dwayne Pyper from Hamilton would go on to represent Ontario at the 2000 Labatt Brier in Saskatoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163028-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ontario Nokia Cup, Qualification, Challenge Round\nBryan Cochrane won the East Challenge Round and Kevin Breivik won the West Challenge Round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163030-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Open 13\nThe 2000 Open 13 was an ATP tournament held in Marseille, France. The tournament was held from February 7 to February 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163030-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Open 13, Finals, Doubles\nSimon Aspelin /  Johan Landsberg defeated  Juan Ignacio Carrasco /  Jairo Velasco, Jr. 7\u20136(7\u20132), 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163031-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Open 13 \u2013 Doubles\nMax Mirnyi and Andrei Olhovskiy were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163031-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Open 13 \u2013 Doubles\nSimon Aspelin and Johan Landsberg won the title, defeating Juan Ignacio Carrasco and Jairo Velasco, Jr. 7\u20136(7\u20132), 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163032-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Open 13 \u2013 Singles\nMarc Rosset defeated Roger Federer 2\u20136, 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20135) to win the 2000 Open 13 singles competition. Fabrice Santoro was the defending champion. This was the first ATP Tour final of Roger Federer's career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163033-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Championship\nThe 2000 Open Championship was a men's major golf championship and the 129th Open Championship, held from 20 to 23 July at the Old Course in St Andrews, Scotland. Tiger Woods, 24, won his first Open Championship and fourth major title, eight strokes ahead of runners-up Thomas Bj\u00f8rn and Ernie Els.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163033-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Championship\nWith the victory, Woods became the fifth golfer and also youngest ever to complete a career Grand Slam (winning the Open Championship, PGA Championship, Masters and U.S. Open in the course of a career), beating Jack Nicklaus' record by two years. He went on to complete the \"Tiger Slam\" \u2013 holding all four major championships simultaneously, as this Open Championship was preceded by the 2000 U.S. Open at Pebble Beach Golf Links and then followed by the 2000 PGA Championship at Valhalla Golf Club and the 2001 Masters at Augusta National Golf Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163033-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Championship\nAt this Open, Woods also achieved the lowest 72-hole score in relation to par at \u221219, which was a record for all major championships for fifteen years, until Jason Day broke it at the PGA Championship in 2015 at twenty-under-par.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163033-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Championship\nWoods became the sixth to win the U.S. Open and the Open Championship in the same year, joining fellow Americans Bobby Jones (1926, 1930), Gene Sarazen (1932), Ben Hogan (1953), Lee Trevino (1971), and Tom Watson (1982). Woods also became the second player after Nicklaus to win both an Open Championship at St Andrews and a U.S. Open at Pebble Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163033-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Championship\nIt was the first Open Championship to be telecast in high-definition television in any country, being telecast in the United States by ABC Sports that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163033-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Championship, Course\nPrevious lengths of the course for The Open Championship (since 1950):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163034-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Gaz de France\nThe 2000 Open Gaz de France was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Stade Pierre de Coubertin in Paris, France and was part of Tier II of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the eighth edition of the tournament and ran from 7 February until 13 February 2000. Second-seeded Nathalie Tauziat won the singles title and earned $87,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163034-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Gaz de France, Finals, Doubles\nJulie Halard-Decugis /  Sandrine Testud defeated  \u00c5sa Carlsson /  \u00c9milie Loit 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163035-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Gaz de France \u2013 Doubles\nIrina Sp\u00eerlea and Caroline Vis were the defending champions, but lost in semifinals to Julie Halard-Decugis and Sandrine Testud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163035-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Gaz de France \u2013 Doubles\nJulie Halard-Decugis and Sandrine Testud won the title by defeating \u00c5sa Carlsson and \u00c9milie Loit 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163036-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Gaz de France \u2013 Singles\nSerena Williams was the defending champion, but lost in the final 7\u20135, 6\u20132 against Nathalie Tauziat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163036-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Gaz de France \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe top four seeds received a bye to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163037-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Telefonica by Nissan\nThe 2000 Open Telef\u00f3nica by Nissan was contested over 8 race weekends/16 rounds. In this one-make formula all drivers had to use Coloni chassis and Nissan engines. 14 different teams and 28 different drivers competed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163037-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Open Telefonica by Nissan, Final points standings, Drivers\nFor every race the points were awarded: 20 points to the winner, 15 for runner-up, 12 for third place, 10 for fourth place, 8 for fifth place, 6 for sixth place, 4 for seventh place, winding down to 1 point for 10th place. Lower placed drivers did not award points. Additional points were awarded to the driver setting the fastest race lap (2 points). The best 12 race results count, but all additional points count. Three drivers had a point deduction, which are given in ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl\nThe 2000 FedEx Orange Bowl game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Michigan Wolverines and the Alabama Crimson Tide on January 1, 2000, at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Michigan defeated Alabama 35\u201334 in an overtime battle. The game was part of the 1999\u20132000 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) of the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season and represented the concluding game of the season for both teams. The Orange Bowl was first played in 1935, and the 2000 game represented the 66th edition of the Orange Bowl. The contest was televised in the United States on ABC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl\nQuarterback Tom Brady, making his final collegiate appearance, led Michigan to the win, throwing for a career-high 369 yards and four touchdowns, while leading the team back from a pair of 14-point deficits in regulation (14\u20130 in the first half, and 28\u201314 in the second). Brady threw the game-winning score in overtime on a bootleg to tight end Shawn Thompson. The game was won by Michigan when Alabama's placekicker, Ryan Pflugner, missed an extra point following their own touchdown. This was the first BCS Bowl game to go into overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl\nThis was Brady's final game for the Michigan Wolverines. He was selected 199th overall in that spring's NFL draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, 2nd Quarter\nAlabama-Shaun Alexander 5 yard run (Ryan Pflunger kick) 9:48 UA 7 UM 0", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, 2nd Quarter\nAlabama- Shaun Alexander 6 yard run (Ryan Pflunger kick) 6:51 UA 14 UM 0", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, 2nd Quarter\nMichigan-David Terrell 27 yard pass from Tom Brady (Hayden Epstein kick) 0:58 UA 14 UM 7", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, 3rd Quarter\nMichigan- David Terrell 57 yard pass from Tom Brady (Hayden Epstein kick) 13:03 UA 14 UM 14", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, 3rd Quarter\nAlabama- Shaun Alexander 50 yard run (Ryan Pflunger kick) 11:00 UA 21 UM 14", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, 3rd Quarter\nAlabama-Freddie Milons 62 yard punt return (Dave Crittenden kick) 8:29 UA 28 UM 14", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, 3rd Quarter\nMichigan- David Terrell 20 yard pass from Tom Brady (Hayden Epstein kick) 5:42 UA 28 UM 21", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, 3rd Quarter\nMichigan-Anthony Thomas 3 yard run (Hayden Epstein kick) 1:01 UA 28 UM 28", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, Overtime\nMichigan- Shawn Thompson 25 yard pass from Tom Brady (Hayden Epstein kick) UM 35 UA 28", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163038-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Orange Bowl, Scoring Summary, Overtime\nAlabama-Antonio Carter 21 yard pass from Andrew Zow (kick failed) UM 35 UA 34", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163039-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oregon Ballot Measure 7\nBallot Measure 7, an Oregon, United States ballot initiative that passed with over 53% approval in 2000, amended the Oregon Constitution, requiring the government to reimburse land owners when regulations reduced the value of their property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163039-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oregon Ballot Measure 7\nIt was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court, but Measure 37 in 2004 was largely similar. Measure 37 differed from Measure 7 in several key ways:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163039-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Oregon Ballot Measure 7\nVoters in neighboring Washington had considered a similar measure, Initiative 164, in the mid-1990s, but did not pass it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163039-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Oregon Ballot Measure 7\nOregonians In Action ran the campaign supporting Measure 7, after taking it over from Bill Sizemore's organization, Oregon Taxpayers United. 1000 Friends of Oregon opposed Measures 7 and 37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163040-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oregon Ducks football team\nThe 2000 Oregon Ducks football team represented the University of Oregon during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Ducks were led by sixth year head coach Mike Bellotti and participated as members of the Pacific-10 Conference. They played their home games at Autzen Stadium in Eugene, Oregon. Their roster on offense included quarterbacks Joey Harrington and A. J. Feeley, runningbacks Maurice Morris, Allan Amundson, Ryan Shaw, and Josh Line, receivers Marshaun Tucker, Sonny Cook, Cy Aleman, and tight ends Justin Peelle and Lacorey Collins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163040-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oregon Ducks football team, Game summaries, Arizona State\nOregon played at Arizona State in the 2000 college football season. Oregon trailed 49-35 in the final four minutes. The Ducks scored a touchdown to make it a one possession game, but then were unable to score after getting the ball back late in the game. With possession and time on its side, Arizona State needed just a single first down to run out the clock and win the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163040-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Oregon Ducks football team, Game summaries, Arizona State\nBut as Arizona State freshman running back Mike Williams was crossing the first down marker, he fumbled the ball and Oregon was able to recover it at the 17-yard line, giving the Ducks one last chance. Joey Harrington then hit Justin Peelle with a touchdown pass to tie the game with 27 seconds left. After neither team was able to score in the first overtime period, Oregon scored on a one-yard run by Allan Amundson and the extra point by Josh Frankel put them up by seven points in the second overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163040-0001-0002", "contents": "2000 Oregon Ducks football team, Game summaries, Arizona State\nFreshman Jeff Krohn then threw his fifth touchdown pass on Arizona State's next possession, finding Richard Williams from 21 yards out and bringing the Sun Devils within a PAT of forcing a 3rd overtime. After an Oregon touchdown, and instead of kicking the extra point after scoring, Arizona State faked the kick and had quarterback Jeff Krohn roll out to his right, throwing a pass toward tight end Todd Heap in the back of the end zone. The pass tipped off Heap's extended hand and fell incomplete, giving Oregon a 56-55 double overtime victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 62], "content_span": [63, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163040-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Oregon Ducks football team, Game summaries, Washington State\nDefensive tackle Jed Boice blocked Anousith Wilaikul's 39-yard field goal attempt in overtime to win the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163041-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oregon State Beavers football team\nThe 2000 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Beavers played their home games on campus at Reser Stadium in Corvallis and were led by second-year head coach Dennis Erickson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163041-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Oregon State Beavers football team\nThe 2000 season was arguably the greatest season in OSU's football history. They finished the regular season at 10\u20131 (7\u20131 in Pac-10), to share the league title with Washington and Oregon\u2013their first conference title since 1964. The\u00a0three-point loss at Washington in early October kept the Beavers out of the Rose Bowl and their first outright conference title since 1956. They\u00a0routed tenth-ranked Notre Dame 41\u20139 in the Fiesta Bowl, and the eleven wins remains an Oregon State record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163042-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Origins Award winners\nThe following are the winners of the 27th annual (2000) Origins Award, presented at Origins 2001:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163043-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Orlando Miracle season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was their second in the league. The Miracle made to the playoffs for the first time in franchise history, only to lose to the Cleveland Rockers in three games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163043-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Orlando Miracle season, Schedule, Playoffs\nIn the first round of the Eastern Conference Playoffs, the Miracle had to face the Cleveland Rockers. Since the Rockers had the better record, the series would be played with game 1 at Orlando, game 2 at Cleveland, and game 3 (if needed) at Cleveland. The Miracle won the first game, but the Rockers won the next two and took the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163044-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Orlando mayoral election\nThe 2000 Orlando mayoral election was held on Tuesday, March 14, 2000, to elect the mayor of Orlando, Florida. Incumbent mayor Glenda Hood was reelected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163044-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Orlando mayoral election\nMunicipal elections in Orlando and Orange County are non-partisan. Had no candidate received a majority of the votes in the general election, a runoff would have been held between the two candidates that received the greatest number of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163045-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ottawa municipal election\nThe 2000 City of Ottawa elections were held on November 13, 2000, in Ottawa, Canada. The elections were held for mayor of Ottawa, Ottawa City Council and a number of school trustees. These elections would mark the first for the newly amalgamated city, which now included 10 new municipalities in addition to Ottawa. At the time of the city elections, the amalgamation had not occurred yet; the official date of that happened on January 1, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163045-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ottawa municipal election, Mayoral race\nThe race for mayor only had two major candidates, that of the Chair of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton, Bob Chiarelli and the mayor of the City of Gloucester, Claudette Cain. Cain did very well in her native Gloucester, as well as in the more francophone areas like Cumberland and Vanier. Bob Chiarelli won most of the other wards, including one that was partly in Gloucester. His strongest showing was in Kanata and Kitchissippi Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163045-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ottawa municipal election, Mayoral race\nThe election had few major issues surrounding it, with Chiarelli's main debate issue being a plan to recapitalize Hydro Ottawa to help finance infrastructure projects. Chiarelli was seen as a \"solid, no-frills and experience politicians who quietly gets the job done\", running an \"amorphous, centrist\" campaign. Cain was the underdog in the campaign and campaigned on cutting taxes and a \"go-slow approach\" to infrastructure in contrast to Chiarelli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163045-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Ottawa municipal election, City council\nThe city council elections were very fierce, because many wards faced incumbents against each other because of the amalgamation. In the rural areas, some mayors ran for city council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163046-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Outback Bowl\nThe 2000 Outback Bowl featured the Georgia Bulldogs and the Purdue Boilermakers. It was the 14th edition of the Outback Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163046-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Outback Bowl, Summary\nPurdue quarterback Drew Brees threw touchdown passes of 3 and 11 yards to wide receiver Chris Daniels as Purdue opened up a 13\u20130 lead. Brees fired a 21-yard touchdown pass to Vinny Sutherland as Purdue led 19\u20130 at the end of the first quarter. In the second quarter, Brees fired a 32-yard touchdown pass to Chris James, and Purdue led 25\u20130. Georgia's Terrence Edwards scored on a 74-yard touchdown run cutting the margin to 25\u20137. A Georgia field goal before halftime made the score 25\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163046-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Outback Bowl, Summary\nIn the third quarter, Georgia quarterback Quincy Carter scored on an 8-yard touchdown run, and the two-point conversion attempt was good, making the score Purdue 25\u201318 after three quarters. In the fourth quarter, Carter found Randy McMichael for an 8-yard touchdown pass to tie the game, 25\u201325. In overtime, Hap Hines kicked a 21-yard field goal as Georgia escaped with a 28\u201325 victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163047-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Overseas Final\nThe 2000 Overseas Final was the twentieth running of the Overseas Final. The Final was held at the Poole Stadium in Poole, England on 18 June and was open to riders from the American Final and the Australian, British, New Zealand and South African Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163048-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Oxford City Council election\nElections to Oxford City Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council seats were up for election. The Labour Party lost its majority on the council to no overall control. The number of Councillors for each party after the election were Labour 21, Liberal Democrat 21, Green 8 and Conservative 1. Overall turnout was 31.1%", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163049-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ozemail Queensland 500\nThe 2000 Ozemail Queensland 500 was an endurance race for V8 Supercars. It was held at the Queensland Raceway, near Ipswich, in Queensland, Australia on 10 September 2000. The race was staged over 161 laps of the 3.12 kilometre circuit, a total distance of 502 kilometres. It was Round 11 of the 2000 Shell Championship Series and was the second Queensland 500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163050-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup\nThe 2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup or known as the 2000 Alaxan PBA All-Filipino Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the first conference of the 2000 PBA season. It started on February 20 and ended on June 11, 2000. The tournament is an All-Filipino format, which doesn't require an import or a pure-foreign player for each team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163050-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup, Format\nThe following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163050-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup, Elimination round, Eighth seed playoff\nMobiline had a better quotient on their games among Shell and Barangay Ginebra hence they were awarded with the #7 seed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 65], "content_span": [66, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163050-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup, Semifinals, (1) Tanduay vs. (4) Purefoods\nThe day after Tanduay swept the series 3\u20130, the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation (BID) revoked Sonny Alvarado's Filipino citizenship as it uncovered that the player used fraudulent papers; consequently, the BID ordered Alvarado's deportation. This caused PBA commissioner Jun Bernardino to forfeit two of Tanduay's semifinal wins (Games 2 and 3) since Alvarado played on those games (he didn't play on the first game). The league earlier forfeited Batang Red Bull's wins when 18-year-old Kerby Raymundo was found to have deficient academic credentials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163050-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup, Semifinals, (1) Tanduay vs. (4) Purefoods\nWith the forfeitures, the series would have resumed on Game 4 with Purefoods leading the series 2\u20131; however, Tanduay secured a temporary restraining order (TRO) that prevented the league from staging Game 4 of their series. The league suspended the Game 4 on the May 24 playdate, the first time a game has been suspended for a cause other than a typhoon, an earthquake, or a bomb threat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163050-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup, Semifinals, (1) Tanduay vs. (4) Purefoods\nPBA legal counsel Butch Cleofe warned that Tanduay faced suspension from the league, a hefty fine and even expulsion when it fails to show up on the May 26 playdate. A P500,000 fine faced the franchise plus other penalties the commissioner may impose. Prior to the game, Tanduay was able to secure an extension of the TRO hence Game 4 was suspended for a second time; this has been the first time a PBA game has been suspended via a court order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163050-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup, Semifinals, (1) Tanduay vs. (4) Purefoods\nThe league has already lost P600,000 on gate receipts and Viva TV lost about P2 million in TV commercials. The league rejected Tanduay's offer of resetting the series with them leading 1\u20130, with the games that Alvarado played declared as \"no contests\"; the league insisted that the Rhum Masters play Game 4 with them trailing 1\u20132. On May 30, Tanduay relented and agreed to play Game 4 with them trailing 1\u20132. Bernardino would deal with Tanduay's actions \"accordingly with due process\". To prevent such events from happening again, the PBA Board has decided that Filipino-Americans would have to secure clearances from the BID and the Department of Justice (DOJ; previously, only a BID clearance was sufficient).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163050-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup, Semifinals, (1) Tanduay vs. (4) Purefoods\nWhen Game 4 was finally played, the game went into overtime; Purefoods' Boyet Fernandez converted a three-point field goal with 0.2 of a second remaining to seal Purefoods' unlikely Finals qualification against 1990s rival Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163050-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup, Finals\nAlaska won the title on Game 5 despite trailing by six points late in the fourth quarter; Rodney Santos and Poch Juinio carried the scoring slack when Bong Hawkins and Johnny Abarrientos had bad starts. Abarrientos was able to make it up by hitting a jump-shot to give the Milkmen the lead 85\u201382. Noy Castillo converted both free-throws to cut the lead to one. Alaska missed four free-throws, including two intentional misses by James Wallkvist with 0.5 of a second remaining to clinch their first All-Filipino championship since 1998. Alvin Patrimonio had a series-best 22 points but went scoreless at the final quarter that helped Alaska to catch up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163051-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup Finals\nThe 2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup Finals was the best-of-7 championship series of the 2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup and the conclusion of the conference's playoffs. The Alaska Milkmen and Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs played for the 75th championship contested by the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163051-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup Finals\nThe Alaska Milkmen won their third All-Filipino crown in the last five years with a 4-1 series victory over Purefoods TJ Hotdogs. The title-conquest was their 10th championship as Alaska is now the third most successful ballclub in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163051-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup Finals\nKenneth Duremdes won on his second Finals MVP in All-Filipino Cup Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163051-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 1\nThe milkmen were held to a finals low five points in the fourth quarter. From a 54-47 lead entering the final period, the milkmen went scoreless as Boyet Fernandez of Purefoods drilled in three triples that spark a 19-0 windup in the last 7:01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163051-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 2\nAlaska led 43-35 at halftime. The milkmen leads by as many as 25 points in the 3rd quarter and coast to an easy victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163051-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 3\nBong Hawkins' three-point play off Rey Evangelista broke a 71-all deadlock as Alaska completed a second half comeback.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163051-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 4\nPurefoods came close to within five points in the third period after being down by as many as 23 points. Alvin Patrimonio scored 10 of the hotdogs' 30 points in that quarter. Rodney Santos' timely jumpers in the fourth quarter put the game away and gave Alaska a 3-1 series lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163051-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Filipino Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 5\nThe hotdogs led at 66-58 after three quarters. Rodney Santos and Poch Juinio teamed up for 16 points in the fourth quarter to rally the milkmen from six points down to lead 73-71. Johnny Abarrientos hit a long jumper with 14.9 seconds to go to give Alaska an 85-82 cushion. Purefoods' Noy Castillo made two free throws for the final count as the milkmen missed all its four gift shots, including a pair from James Walkvist with 0.5 seconds left. Kenneth Duremdes won his second Finals MVP and Alaska captures win on his 10th championship title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163052-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Star Weekend\nThe 2000 PBA All-Star Game is the annual All-Star Weekend of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). The first out-of-town All-Star game was held on August 13, 2000 at the San Agustin Gym in Iloilo City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163052-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Star Weekend, PBA All-Stars vs ABC Selection\nA week before the PBA Annual All-Star game, an exhibition match took place on August 6 at the Philsports Arena, featuring a PBA selection going up against the Asia's finest, some of the best players in the Asian Basketball Confederation. The PBA All-Stars won easily, 101-81. Johnny Abarrientos was voted MVP of the ABC-PBA All-Star Extravaganza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 57], "content_span": [58, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163052-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA All-Star Weekend, All-Star Game, Game\nThe Veterans unleashed an unbelievable 25-0 run in the last eight minutes to turn back the RSJ squad, 93-78. Vergel Meneses was named the MVP of the All-Star Game, his third MVP award in the mid-season spectacle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163053-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup\nThe 2000 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) Commissioner's Cup was the second conference of the 2000 PBA season. It started on June 23 and ended on September 15, 2000. The tournament is an Import-laden format, which requires an import or a pure-foreign player for each team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163053-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup, Format\nThe following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163053-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup, Imports\nThe following is the list of imports with the replacement imports being highlighted. GP is the number of games played in the conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163053-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup, Imports\n(*) Played only in Purefoods' seventh game in the eliminations until Nwosu returns in their last two games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163054-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals\nThe 2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals was the best-of-7 championship series of the 2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup and the conclusion of the conference's playoffs. The San Miguel Beermen and Sta. Lucia Realtors played for the 76th championship contested by the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163054-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals\nSan Miguel Beermen claim their 14th PBA crown, surpassing the age-old record of the famed Crispa Redmanizers' 13 titles by winning against Sta. Lucia in five games. The Realtors were on their first finals appearance since joining the league in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163054-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals\nDanny Ildefonso won on his second Back To Back Finals MVP in Commissioners Cup Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163054-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 1\nThe beermen limited Sta.Lucia import Ansu Sesay to just 3 points in the second period to build a 44-33 halftime advantage. In the third quarter, San Miguel continued the assault to post a 75-50 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163054-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 2\nDanny Ildefonso muscled his way to 18 points and 10 rebounds and outplayed Marlou Aquino at the paint before Danny Seigle converted on a trey that gave the beermen a 67-61 spread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163054-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 3\nDanny Seigle scored six of the beermen's last nine points, hitting two clutch baskets to lift San Miguel past Sta.Lucia, with Stephen Howard trapped on a double team down low. The beermen were forced to rotate the ball which eventually ended in Seigle's hot hands. Seigle drilled a triple that gave the beermen an 83-82 edge with 1:46 left, a minute later, Seigle drive through the realtors' defense for an 87-83 lead with 21.2 seconds remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163054-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 4\nDennis Espino and Paolo Mendoza took charge in the final quarter with import Ansu Sesay unable to elude the beermen's sticky defense. The realtors limited the beermen to just eight points in the fourth period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163054-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Commissioner's Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 5\nDanny Ildefonso and Danny Seigle delivered the killing blows on the realtors, scoring a lay-in and a three-pointer in the closing seconds in a nail-biting victory. Rookie Paolo Mendoza of Sta.Lucia, who kept his team within striking distance in the third period with his fiery outside shooting, pegged the final score with a triple. Danny Ildefonso won his second back to back Finals MVP and San Miguel captures win on 2 peat back to back champs 13th title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163055-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Expansion Draft\nThe 2000 PBA Expansion Draft was the second expansion draft of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). The draft was held in December 1999, so that the newly founded team Batang Red Bull Energizers could acquire players for the 2000 PBA season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163056-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup\nThe 2000 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) Governors' Cup was the third and last conference of the 2000 PBA season. It started on September 30 and ended on December 20, 2000. The tournament is an Import-laden format, which requires an import or a pure-foreign player for each team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163056-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup, Format\nThe following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163056-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup, Imports\nThe following is the list of imports with the replacement imports being highlighted. GP is the number of games played in the conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163056-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup, Imports\n(*) Played only in Pop Cola's 4th game vs Mobiline before Sean Green was recalled back and replaced anew by Bryatt Vann in their last game in the eliminations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163057-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup Finals\nThe 2000 PBA Governors Cup Finals was the best-of-7 championship series of the 2000 PBA Governors Cup and the conclusion of the Conference playoffs. The San Miguel Beermen and Purefoods TJ Hotdogs played for the 77th championship contested by the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163057-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup Finals\nSan Miguel Beermen retains the Governors Cup title and captured their 15th PBA crown, defeating Purefoods TJ Hotdogs in their finals series, four games to one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163057-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup Finals\nDanny Seigle won on his third Back To Back Finals MVP in Governors Cup Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163057-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 1\nThe hotdogs went up by six points, 63-57, going into the final quarter and were still ahead, 78-77, with four minutes left to play when Danny Seigle converted on a three-point play with a foul from Derrick Brown, giving the beermen an 80-78 lead. Danny's older brother, Andy Seigle from Purefoods, split his charities to narrow the gap at 79-80, but everything crumbled for the Hotdogs after Danny Seigle rambled downcourt with a fastbreak slam for a three-point beermen lead, 82-79.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163057-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 2\nLamont Strothers flicked a baseline fallaway as San Miguel watched Purefoods crumble at crunchtime. Derrick Brown missed three crucial free throws in the last 1.4 seconds. From a 59-72 deficit, the TJ Hotdogs climbed back to tie the count at 76-all on Dindo Pumaren's free throw with a minute left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163057-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 3\nLamont Strothers hit back-to-back triples as San Miguel struggled to two overtimes to beat Purefoods. Strothers' trey give the beermen a comfortable 105-99 lead with a minute left. The beermen were down by seven at 78-85 with 1:24 to go in regulation. Strothers and Danny Seigle took turns in hitting from the arc to put them within a point, 87-88 with ten seconds left. Strothers could have ended the game in regulation but missed his second free throw on a foul by Derrick Brown with 0.8 seconds left. In the first overtime, Alvin Patrimonio missed a wayward three-pointer with 1.2 seconds left as San Miguel forces second extension at 97-all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163057-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 4\nA 14\u20130 burst by the Hotdogs increased their margin to 66\u201350 at the start of the second half. The beermen tried to come back in the last two minutes of the game, cutting the deficit to four points at 93\u201397. The Hotdogs wisely used time to its advantages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163057-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA Governors' Cup Finals, Games summary, Game 5\nThe beermen led by 16 points late in the third quarter as Danny Seigle went on a scoring frenzy. San Miguel used a solid endgame despite Purefoods' comeback try to finish off the hotdogs. Danny Seigle won on his third sophomore back to back Finals MVP and San Miguel captures on his back to back 2 peat champs 15th title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163058-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA draft\nThe 2000 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) rookie draft was an event at which teams drafted players from the amateur ranks. It was held on January 9, 2000 at the Glorietta Activity Center in Makati.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163058-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA draft, Expansion team Red Bull\nIn 2000, Red Bull became the tenth member of the PBA. The team were allowed to take six players from their PBL team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163059-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA season\nThe 2000 PBA season was the 26th season of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163059-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PBA season, ABC-PBA All-Star Game\nAs celebration to the league's twenty-fifth anniversary, the league and the Asian Basketball Confederation (now FIBA Asia) held the ABC-PBA All-Star Game. Controversy ensued when ABC team member Rommel Adducul (who was also playing for the Manila Metrostars of the Metropolitan Basketball Association) had to be late due to his commitments with the Metrostars. Adducul earlier played against the Pasig-Rizal Pirates, a few kilometers away from the ABC-PBA All-Star venue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163060-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PDC World Darts Championship\nThe 2000 Skol World Darts Championship was the seventh World Championship organised by the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). It was held between 28 December 1999 and 4 January 2000 at the Circus Tavern in Purfleet, Essex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163060-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PDC World Darts Championship\nPhil Taylor beat Dennis Priestley in the final by 7 sets to 3, thus notching up his sixth successive World Championship and his eighth overall. As the tournament is staged earlier in the calendar year than most other World Championships in sport, Sky Sports commentators claimed that Taylor was the \"first World Champion of the new millennium\". For Priestley, it was the fourth time that he had lost to Taylor in the final in five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163060-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PDC World Darts Championship\nEric Bristow's first-round defeat to American Steve Brown virtually signalled the end of the legendary player's career at the top level: this was to be the last time he appeared at a World Championship, having done so in 23 consecutive years stretching back to the inaugural event of 1978. John Lowe thus became the last remaining player with an unbroken appearance record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163060-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 PDC World Darts Championship, Representation from different countries\nThis table shows the number of players by country in the World Championship. Six countries were represented in the World Championship, one more than in the previous championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163061-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PDL season\nThe 2000 USL Premier Development League season was the 6th PDL season. The season began in April 2000 and ended in August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163061-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PDL season\nChicago Sockers finished the season as national champions, beating Mid-Michigan Bucks 1-0 in the PDL Championship game. Westchester Flames had finished with the best regular season record in the league, winning 15 out of their 18 games, suffering just three losses, and finishing with a +26 goal difference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163061-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PDL season, Changes from the 1999 season, Rules\nThis is the first year that the PDL used ties in the standings, whereas previous seasons employed a shootout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163061-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 PDL season, Playoffs, Format\nMid -Michigan won the PDL Regular Season title and a bye to the National Semi-Finals. This moved Dayton up to the Great Lakes Division first place spot and allowed West Michigan into the playoffs, taking the second place spot for the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163061-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 PDL season, Playoffs, Format\nFor the Central and Eastern divisions, the top seeds from each division face the second place team from the opposite division. For the Western Conference, the division champion with the most points will play the wild card, while the two remaining division champions play each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163062-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PFC CSKA Moscow season\nThe 2000 CSKA season was the club's ninth season in the Russian Top Division, the highest tier of association football in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163062-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PFC CSKA Moscow season, Transfers\nIn:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163062-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PFC CSKA Moscow season, Transfers\nOut:Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163063-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Championship\nThe 2000 PGA Championship was the 82nd PGA Championship, held August 17\u201320 at the Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville, Kentucky. It was the second time for the event at Valhalla, which hosted four years earlier in 1996. Tiger Woods won his second straight PGA Championship and fifth major in a three-hole playoff over Bob May. Woods and May finished at 18 under par to set the PGA Championship record to par, later equaled by Woods in 2006. It was the first time since 1937 that a PGA Championship title was successfully defended, and the first ever as a stroke play event. Woods and May were five shots ahead of third-place finisher Thomas Bj\u00f8rn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163063-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Championship\nWoods' victory marked the first time since 1953 (Ben Hogan) that a player had won three major championships in the same calendar year; Woods won the U.S. Open and the British Open in the previous two months for three consecutive majors. He went on to win the Masters in April 2001 to complete the Tiger Slam of four consecutive majors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163063-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Championship\nMay opened with an even-par 72 then shot 66 (\u22126) in each of the final three rounds; this was the only time he was in contention in a major championship. Designer of the course and five-time champion Jack Nicklaus, age 60, made his final appearance at the PGA Championship. Playing with Woods, he needed an eagle on the 36th hole to make the cut; his pitch shot missed by inches and he settled for birdie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163063-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Championship\nValhalla later hosted the Ryder Cup in 2008, the first U.S. victory in nine years. The Senior PGA Championship was played at the course in 2004 and 2011 and the PGA Championship returned in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163063-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Championship, Round summaries, Final round\nIn the final pairing and well ahead of the field at the turn, May and Woods both shot 31 (\u22125) on the back nine. A key hole was the par four 15th. Holding a one-shot lead, May hit his approach shot to within four feet (1.2\u00a0m) while Woods missed the green. Woods hit an indifferent chip to around ten feet (3\u00a0m) and then made the par putt. When May missed the short birdie putt, his lead remained a single stroke. After Woods' birdie on 17, they were tied going to the final hole, a par five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163063-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 PGA Championship, Round summaries, Final round\nOn the green, May curled in a double-breaking 15-footer (4.5 m) for birdie; Woods then sank a pressure-packed five-footer (1.5 m) for his own birdie to tie and force a three-hole playoff. In the penultimate pairing, Scott Dunlap bogeyed the first two holes and carded a 75 for 279; J.P Hayes had 76 for 281 and tied for nineteenth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163063-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Championship, Round summaries, Playoff\nWoods birdied the first playoff hole and parred the next two to win the three-hole playoff by one stroke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163064-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Tour\nThe 2000 PGA Tour season was played from January 6 to November 12. The season consisted of 49 official money events. Tiger Woods won the most tournaments, nine, and there were nine first-time winners. The tournament results, leaders, and award winners are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163064-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Tour, Tournament results\nThe following table shows all the official money events for the 2000 season. \"Date\" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names indicate the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163065-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates\nFollowing is the list of 2000 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates, the 36 professional golfers who earned their 2001 PGA Tour card through Q School in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163065-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates, 2001 Results\n*PGA Tour rookie in 2001T = Tied Green background indicates the player retained his PGA Tour card for 2002 (finished inside the top 125). Yellow background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 2002, but retained conditional status (finished between 126 and 150). Red background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 2002 (finished outside the top 150).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163066-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 PSOE leadership election\nThe 2000 PSOE leadership election\u2014officially the 35th PSOE Federal Congress\u2014was held from 21 July to 23 July 2000, after the party defeat in the 2000 general elections and the subsequent resignation of then Secretary General Joaqu\u00edn Almunia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163066-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 PSOE leadership election\nThe 35th Congress saw Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero win the most votes, thus becoming the new Secretary General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163067-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific Curling Championships\nThe 2000 Pacific Curling Championships were held from November 8 to 11 in Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163067-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific Curling Championships\nNew Zealand's Dan Mustapic won the men's event over Australia's Hugh Millikin (it was the second Pacific title for the New Zealand men's team and the first title for skip Dan Mustapic). On the women's side, Japan's Yukari Okazaki defeated South Korea's Kim Mi-yeon in the final (it was the ninth Pacific title for the Japanese women).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163067-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific Curling Championships\nBy virtue of winning, the New Zealand men's team and the Japanese women's team qualified for the 2001 World Men's and Women's Curling Championships in Lausanne, Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163067-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific Curling Championships\nIt was Australia's turn to host the championships, but due to the lack of dedicated curling ice in the country, it was decided to host the event in Canada instead. When Australia previously hosted the event, it was held in ice hockey arenas. Doing so again would have cost $45,000 (Canadian), while having the event in Esquimalt only costed $7,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season\nThe 2000 Pacific hurricane season was an above-average Pacific hurricane season, although most of the storms were weak and short-lived. There were few notable storms this year. Tropical storms Miriam, Norman, and Rosa all made landfall in Mexico with minimal impact. Hurricane Daniel briefly threatened the U.S. state of Hawaii while weakening. Hurricane Carlotta was the strongest storm of the year and the second-strongest June hurricane in recorded history. Carlotta killed 18 people when it sank a freighter. Overall, the season was significantly more active than the previous season, with 19 tropical storms. In addition, six hurricanes developed. Furthermore, there were total of two major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season\nThe season officially started on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30, 2000. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year; despite this, there were no off-season tropical cyclones this year. Seasonal activity began on May 22, when Hurricane Aletta formed off the southwest coast of Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season\nTwo storms formed in June, though the season slowly became active in July when three named storms developed, including Hurricane Daniel, which was the second-strongest storm of the season. August was the most active month of the year, with six named storms forming, including hurricanes Gilma and Hector. September was a relatively quiet month with two storms, one of which was Hurricane Lane. Two storms developed in October including Tropical Storm Olivia, while the final named storm, Tropical Storm Rosa, formed in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary\nThe accumulated cyclone energy index for the 2000 Pacific hurricane season, is 95.35 units. Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39\u00a0mph (63\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary\nThe season officially started on May 15, 2000 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 2000 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2000. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. This season had an above average number of storms. However, it had a below-average number of hurricanes and major hurricanes. There were also two tropical depressions that did not reach storm strength. In the central Pacific, two tropical storms formed. The first storm formed on May 22 and the last storm dissipated on November 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Aletta\nA tropical wave crossed Central America and entered the Gulf of Tehuantepec on May 20. Deep convection developed near the center of the disturbance, and the system became the first tropical depression of the season on May 22 while located south of Acapulco, Mexico. A mid-level ridge forced a west-northwest track away from the Mexican coast. It intensified into Tropical Storm Aletta early on May 23 while located 220 miles (350\u00a0km) south of Zihuatanejo, Mexico, becoming the first May tropical storm in four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Aletta\nAs it turned westward, it continued a slow intensification trend, before strengthening more quickly due to decreased wind shear. On May 24, Aletta attained hurricane status, and shortly thereafter reached peak winds of 105\u00a0mph (169\u00a0km/h); this made it a Category 2 on the Saffir\u2013Simpson scale. After maintaining peak winds for about 18 hours, Aletta began a weakening trend due to increasing wind shear. At around the same time, a trough eroded the ridge that was steering the movement of Aletta, causing the hurricane to remain almost stationary for the next two days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Aletta\nThe lack of motion resulted in upwelling which imparted additional weakening, and Aletta dropped to tropical storm status on May 27. It quickly deteriorated that day, and on May 28 the system dissipated well south of Cabo San Lucas after it began a slow north drift. The remnants lingered in the same area for the next several days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Aletta\nHurricane Aletta was the second-strongest May hurricane by pressure, as well as the fourth strongest May hurricane by winds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bud\nThe tropical wave that eventually became Tropical Storm Bud was first identified off the coast of Africa on May 22. It moved across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean, then into the eastern Pacific Ocean on June 6 with little development. The tropical wave remained disorganized until June 11 when a broad low-pressure area developed southwest of Acapulco, Mexico. The wave was only intensifying slowly, and on June 13, it became strong enough to be designated as a tropical depression. It quickly strengthened to tropical storm intensity six hours later, and moved to the northwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bud\nIt was forecast to strengthen to a strong tropical storm with winds reaching 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h), but the storm only reached a peak intensity of 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h) early on June 14. Bud turned to the north-northwest, and slowly weakened from June 15 onwards, due to increasing vertical wind shear and cooler ocean water temperatures. The storm's forward speed decreased and began to meander, as the ridge to the north of Bud weakened and a trough developed over the western United States. It drifted erratically while located just north of Socorro Island, and was downgraded to a tropical depression on June 16. By the next day, the depression degenerated into an area of low pressure, which persisted until June 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bud\nBud passed near Socorro Island on June 15, with estimated one-minute winds of 45\u00a0mph (72\u00a0km/h), and caused large waves along the western coast of Mexico. However, no reports of damage or casualties were received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Carlotta\nA tropical wave left the coast of Africa on June 3. It entered the East Pacific on June 12 and spawned a weak low four days later. It remained disorganized until developing a concentration of deep convection on June 18, and the low became Tropical Depression Three-E by 18:00 UTC that day. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Carlotta six hours later. Moving generally westward at about 11 knots (13 mph), Carlotta developed a ragged banding eye surrounded by deep convection late on June 19, and became a hurricane at 6:00 UTC on the 20th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Carlotta\nCarlotta began to rapidly intensify shortly after becoming a hurricane, with its winds increasing by 80 mph in just 24 hours, and it reached peak intensity at 6:00 UTC on the 21st with 155 mph (250 km/h) winds. Shortly thereafter, Carlotta turned to the west-northwest, slowing slightly, around the edge of a mid-tropospheric ridge over Mexico. It quickly weakened during this time, down to 100 knots (115 mph) by 00:00 UTC on June 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0008-0002", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Carlotta\nOscillating eye definition that day caused Carlotta to fluctuate in intensity until it resumed weakening on June 23, falling to tropical storm status on June 24 as it moved more quickly towards cooler waters. Diminishing convection caused Carlotta to weaken to tropical depression intensity by 00:00 UTC on June 25,  and it dissipated six hours later. A remnant swirl of low clouds persisted for several days afterward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Carlotta\nThough it never made landfall, Carlotta killed 18 people when it sank the Lithuanian freighter M/V Linkuva. Carlotta is also the third-most intense June tropical cyclone in the east Pacific; only Ava of 1973 and Celia of 2010 were stronger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 58], "content_span": [59, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Four-E\nTropical Depression Four-E formed from the same tropical wave that spawned Tropical Depression Two in the Atlantic Ocean. The tropical wave crossed Central America between June 30 and July 1, continuing to move westward into the Pacific Ocean. The wave became more organized on July 6 and the National Hurricane Center started issuing advisories on the newly developed tropical depression later that day. The NHC initiallu predicted that the depression would reach tropical storm intensity, as there was a lack of vertical wind shear around the system and sea surface temperatures were warm enough for intensification to occur. The depression lacked any deep convection, however, and it began weakening On July 7. The depression entered an area of stronger wind shear and dissipated that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Upana\nA tropical wave organized into Tropical Depression One-C on July 20 while located southeast of the Hawaiian Islands. It strengthened slowly and moved nearly due west, before reaching storm strength later on July 20. The storm was named Upana, which is Hawaiian for \"Urban\". Despite a favorable environment, Upana strengthened little, reaching a peak intensity on July 21 with winds of 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h). The storm had no deep convection in its circulation on July 22, and was downgraded to a tropical depression in the afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Upana\nLate on July 23, deep convection flared up, briefly strengthening the system again, but failed to re-gain tropical storm status, as it remained poorly organized. It dissipated on July 24, despite a low-shear environment favorable for development. Upana's remnants continued moving to the west, where JMA classified its remnants a tropical depression while it was still east of the International Date Line on July 27. It crossed the into the West Pacific shortly afterward. The remnants were re-designated as Tropical Depression 12W by the JTWC, and later re-strengthened into a tropical storm and was named Chanchu. Chanchu moved north, and had dissipated by July 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Upana\nUpana is the first storm in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility to be named in July, and the first tropical storm to develop in the region since Tropical Storm Paka in the 1997 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Five-E\nThe origins of Tropical Depression Five-E were first identified on July 8 when a tropical wave moved off the west African coast. It entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 16 after tracking over the Caribbean Sea. The wave developed to a tropical depression on July 22. Lacking significant deep convection and moving over cold waters, Five-E never intensified further to a tropical storm. The depression dissipated late on July 23, just one day after it formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 66], "content_span": [67, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Daniel\nA tropical wave departed the western African coast on July 8. The wave crossed the Atlantic and Central America uneventfully. However, on July 23, while in the East Pacific, the wave's weather became well-organized, and it developed into a tropical depression that day. After reaching tropical storm intensity, the system was named Daniel, and it became a hurricane the next day. Rapid intensification brought Daniel to its peak as a Category 3 hurricane on July 25. Afterwards, the storm fluctuated in intensity until it weakened to a tropical storm on July 30. Daniel slowed, turned northwestward, and passed 120 nautical miles north of Hawaii the next day. Accelerating, Daniel weakened to a tropical depression on August 3 and dissipated two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Daniel\nNo casualties or damaged was reported in association with Hurricane Daniel, despite the system's passing close enough to Hawaii to require tropical storm warnings. It still produced heavy surf conditions along the northern shores of the Hawaiian Islands. Daniel was the first tropical cyclone to be a significant threat to Hawaii since 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Emilia\nOn July 11, a tropical wave moved off the African coast, and moved to the Lesser Antilles one week later. It passed over Central America near Panama on July 22 without any increase in organization. On July 25, the wave began to show curved banding, showing that it had become better organized. It intensified to a tropical depression on July 26 while located south southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico, designated as Tropical Depression Seven-E. The depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Emilia later that day while moving northwest, steered by a mid-level ridge to its north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Emilia\nDuring this time, Emilia was forecast to strengthen to a hurricane within two days, due to the system moving over warm waters. However, late on July 27, the storm began to accelerate, meaning that it will move into cooler waters sooner than firstly anticipated, therefore, only allowing the storm to intensify within a few hours before weakening. Emilia moved near Socorro Island and its intensity peaked with wind speeds of 65\u00a0mph (105\u00a0km/h), with an eyewall beginning to form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0016-0002", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Emilia\nA few hours later, the storm moved into cooler waters and drier air, and Emilia's deep convection dissipated, weakening the storm. Late on July 28 deep convection redeveloped near the storm's center, but wind shear prevented Emilia from strengthening. It turned to the west and weakened below tropical storm intensity on July 29, as the deep convection in the storm diminished again. It shortly dissipated while located several hundred miles west south-west of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Fabio\nA tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on July 19, and entered into the Pacific on July 27. Minimal development occurred in the west-northwestward moving wave until August 1. It was then that the tropical wave began developing a low-level circulation and convective organization was seen to the south of Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico. The system continued to become better organized, and was classified as Tropical Depression Eight-E, which was centered about 621 miles (999\u00a0km) west-southwest of Manzanillo on August 3 at 1200 UTC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Fabio\nThe depression initially moved west-northwestward about 15\u00a0mph (24\u00a0km/h), and later slowed and turned westward on August 4. As the depression had curved westward, it had intensified enough to be upgraded to Tropical Storm Fabio. Despite the presence of wind shear, Fabio continued to strengthen and reach a peak intensity of 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h) later that day. Fabio turned toward west-southwest while weakening on August 5. Fabio weakened back to a tropical depression on August 6 and dissipated two days later about 1,347 miles (2,168\u00a0km) west-southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. The remnant swirl of low clouds persisted for several more days, eventually undergoing a Fujiwhara interaction with the remains of Hurricane Gilma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gilma\nGilma's precursor was a tropical wave that moved off the African coast on July 20 or 21. The wave entered the East Pacific on August 2, and the formation of a well-defined center led to the formation of a depression on August 5, 250 nautical miles south of Manzanillo, Mexico. The system strengthened into a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC that day, at which point it became known as Gilma. Gilma gradually intensified and became a hurricane on August 8 at 6:00 UTC. Gilma reached peak intensity six hours later and moved over cooler waters. Gilma steadily weakened thereafter, and became a tropical depression again at 00:00 UTC on August 10. The cyclone lost any significant convection at 18:00 UTC on the same day, and dissipated six hours later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Hector\nIn the middle of August, two tropical storms developed off the Mexican coastline. Hector, the first, became a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on August 10, and developed banding features late the next day and strengthened into a tropical storm. Hector moved generally westward under the influence of a strong ridge, developed a central dense overcast and a ragged eye, and became a hurricane on August 14. Hector reached peak intensity 12 hours later. Hector then weakened and dissipated over colder water southwest of Baja California. The remnants of Hector passed over the Hawaiian Islands several days later, producing heavy rain over most of the island chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ileana\nA tropical wave emerged from the African coast on the first day of August. The wave crossed Central America and southern Mexico into the Eastern Pacific, and on August 13, a 12:21 UTC QuikSCAT scan revealed a low-level circulation, and it was designated as a tropical depression. Early the next day, the depression strengthened into a 40\u00a0mph tropical storm named Ileana. Tropical Storm Ileana paralleled the Mexican coast and reached peak intensity as a high-end tropical storm early on August 15 with 70\u00a0mph winds. The storm maintained this intensity for 18 hours before passing just south of the Baja California Peninsula, turning west, and weakening to a tropical depression late on August 16. It dissipated early the next day, but the remnant low-level circulation persisted until August 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Wene\nA tropical disturbance developed in the Western Pacific Ocean along the eastern periphery of the monsoon trough in mid-August. Located at 33\u00b0 north, it steadily organized, and became Tropical Depression Sixteen-W on August 15 while located 1,700 miles (2,700\u00a0km) to the northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii. It moved eastward along the west\u2013east-oriented surface pressure trough, and crossed the International Date Line later on August 15. Abnormally warm sea surface temperatures allowed the system to intensify despite its unusually high latitude, and it became Tropical Storm Wene on August 16. It quickly attained a peak intensity of 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h), but weakened due to colder sea surface temperatures and wind shear. Wene continued to weaken, and dissipated when the storm merged with an extratropical cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Wene\nAs a depression, Wene was the first Western Pacific tropical cyclone to cross the dateline since the 1996 season. The name Wene is Hawaiian for \"Wayne\". The system formed at the second-northernmost latitude of any storm in the East Pacific basin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm John\nJohn originated on August 28 from an area of disturbed weather that was associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) near just outside the Central Pacific basin. Developing near the Central Pacific basin, John eventually entered early on August 30 and was then also monitored by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center. that was a tropical storm for several days and moved from the eastern to the central Pacific basin. Thereafter entering the central Pacific region, Tropical Storm John approached hurricane status while meandering erratically east-southeast of Hawaii. John eventually encountered strong wind shear, and dissipated on September 1. Tropical Storm John did not cause any damage or fatalities, as there were no reports of any land being affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Kristy\nPart of the same tropical wave that spawned Tropical Storm Chris in the Atlantic uneventfully crossed the rest of the Atlantic and passed far out to sea into the Pacific before it organized into Tropical Depression Fourteen-E on August 31. Despite significant shear, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Kristy as it meandered far from land over the open ocean. Wind shear then dissipated the system on September 3, just 210 kilometers from where it first formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Lane\nThe precursor to Lane was a tropical wave that formed in the Atlantic Ocean on August 20. The wave moved across the Atlantic basin without development and crossed Central America on August 29. By September 1, the system was beginning to organize south of Mexico. On September 4, the system became a tropical depression 140 miles (230\u00a0km) southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico. The next day the tropical depression became Tropical Storm Lane. After becoming a tropical storm, Lane executed a counter-clockwise loop, during that maneuver, the storm crossed its own wake and weakened slightly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0025-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Lane\nAfter the storm finished the loop, it continued to move westward where it reached hurricane strength on September 9 while passing over Socorro Island. By September 11, Lane encountered cooler waters which weakened the hurricane back to tropical storm strength. Lane then encountered a trough that had formed off the western United States coastline. The interaction with the system caused Lane to curve northeast towards the West Coast of the United States. On September 13, Lane passed over cooler waters, causing it to weaken to a tropical depression. Lane then dissipated on the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Lane\nOn September 9, forecasters predicted that the storm would remain offshore and its rainbands would bring heavy rains and gusty winds across the Baja California. However, because forecasters predicted that the storm would stay offshore, and so no warnings or watches were issued. Lane passed directly over Socorro Island where a weather station recorded a pressure of 973 mb. Although the center of Lane was well offshore, it still brought heavy surf that closed several ports in Mexico. In an Jose del Cabo, Mexico, a weather station reported winds of 32\u00a0mph (51\u00a0km/h). Lane remnants then affected the Western United States. The moisture from Lane produced thunderstorms in California. At all locations, effects were minimal, with no reports of damage or casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Miriam\nA tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 29. It remained weak as it moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean, and entered the Pacific Ocean on September 9. As it moved west-northwestward, it organized, and developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E on September 15 while 290 miles (470\u00a0km) east-southeast of Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur. Banding features became more pronounced, though convection remained intermittent. On September 16, the depression briefly became Tropical Storm Miriam, though quickly weakened back to a tropical depression as it continued north-northwestward. Miriam dissipated on September 17 while seventy miles (110\u00a0km) northeast of Cabo San Lucas. Tropical storm force winds were never reported, and it is possible Miriam never attained tropical storm status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Miriam\nMiriam dropped lighter than average rainfall upon Mexico, peaking at 7.68 inches (195\u00a0mm) at La Cruz/Elota. Total damages from the storm amounted to $7.2 million (MXN; $558,000 in 2000 USD, $838,563 in 2021 USD). By October 24, a national disaster declaration was signed for areas affected by Tropical Storm Miriam in Baja California Sur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Norman\nThe same tropical wave that spawned Atlantic Hurricane Gordon organized into an area of low pressure in the Eastern Pacific Ocean on September 18. Its convection slowly organized while south of Mexico, and a tropical depression formed on September 20 while 205 miles (330\u00a0km) south-southeast of Manzanillo, Colima. Weak steering currents forced the depression to drift slowly northward, and later on September 20 it strengthened into Tropical Storm Norman. Norman quickly reached peak winds of 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h) before making landfall in western Mexico. The storm rapidly weakened to a tropical depression over land, but Norman maintained its circulation and some deep convection as it turned to the northwest. It emerged over water on September 22, but turned to the northeast, made landfall again in Mexico, and dissipated later that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Norman\nNorman produced heavy rainfall across western Mexico, peaking at nearly 16 inches (410\u00a0mm) in the stacote of Colima. In all, Norman caused $13.3 million (2000 USD; $20\u00a0million 2021 USD) in damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Olivia\nA tropical wave left the African coast on September 16. Crossing into the East Pacific on September 28, the wave exhibited little thunderstorm activity until it developed a burst of deep convection late on September 30. The development of banding features and sustained winds of 20-25 knots (25-30 mph) allowed it to develop into Tropical Depression Seventeen-E at 12:00 UTC on October 2. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Olivia eighteen hours later. Moving west-northwestward away from Mexico, Olivia reached its peak intensity late on October 3 with 55-knot (65 mph) winds, a minimum pressure of 994 millibars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0031-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Olivia\nIt maintained this intensity for 36 hours before an increase in wind shear caused by Atlantic Hurricane Keith caused it to weaken on October 5. After Keith made landfall on Mexico and dissipated, northeasterly shear relaxed, and allowed Olivia to re-strengthen and achieve 55-knot winds again early on October 8. Continual westward movement brought the storm over cooler waters, and it began to weaken for a second time. Olivia dropped to tropical depression intensity at 6:00 UTC on October 9, and dissipated 24 hours later. The resulting remnant low briefly re-gained moderate convection on October 11, but increasing southwesterly shear disrupted it. The low eventually crossed the Baja California Peninsula and the Gulf of California, and tracked across northwestern Mexico and entered the southwest United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Olivia\nThe remnants of Olivia brought considerable rainfall to the American Southwest, Northwestern Mexico, and the Baja California Peninsula, exceeding 3 inches in many areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Paul\nAn area of disturbed weather emerged from the Intertropical Convergence Zone on October 22. Located several hundred miles south-southeast of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, convection gradually organized and increased, and by October 25 satellite images indicated the development of the eighteenth tropical depression of the season. Operationally it was not classified until 15 hours later. The depression moved westward throughout its duration, and based on Dvorak estimates, intensified into Tropical Storm Paul on October 26. Despite increasing wind shear ahead of the storm, the National Hurricane Center predicted steady intensification to near hurricane status, although Paul only attained peak winds of 45\u00a0mph (72\u00a0km/h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Paul\nAs wind shear increased and convection became disorganized, Paul weakened. A trough briefly curved it to the northwest, before resuming its westward motion. Although the convection was becoming displaced from the low-level circulation, the National Hurricane Center continued to predict strengthening. However, the thunderstorms became minimal, and Paul weakened to a tropical depression early on October 28. The circulation center deteriorated, and although there were bursts in convection, Paul dissipated early on October 29, as it was becoming indistinguishable in the ITCZ. The remnants continued westward, and interacted with an upper-level low, affecting Hawaii with heavy rainfall in early November. The flooding caused $70 million in damage, and the highest rainfall total was 38.76 inches (985\u00a0mm) at Kapapala Ranch. That rainfall total makes Paul the third rainiest tropical cyclone in Hawaii, behind only Hurricane Hiki and Hurricane Lane of 1950 and 2018, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 1042]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Rosa\nThe origins of Tropical Storm Rosa can be traced to a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on October 18. It showed signs of development in the southwestern Caribbean Sea, though moved into the East Pacific Ocean on November 1 before being able to develop further. Favorable conditions allowed the system to quickly organize, and the wave formed into Tropical Depression Nineteen-E on November 3 while 230 miles (370\u00a0km) south of the El Salvador\u2013Guatemala border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0035-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Rosa\nA ridge of high pressure to its north forced the depression westward, where it slowly organized into a tropical storm on November 5. A mid-level trough eroded the high-pressure system, allowing Rosa to turn more to the north. On November 6, the storm reached a peak of 65\u00a0mph (105\u00a0km/h), though Rosa slowly weakened as it accelerated to the northeast. On November 8, the storm made landfall on the southern coast of Mexico with winds of 40\u00a0mph (64\u00a0km/h), and quickly dissipated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Rosa\nRosa dropped moderate rainfall across Mexico, peaking at 15.32 inches (389\u00a0mm) near the Mexico/Guatemala border. Damage was minimal, totaling to only $15,000 (2000 USD; $22,542 2021 USD). Rosa was the first November storm since Hurricane Rick in the 1997 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Other storms, Tropical Depression Chanchu\nOn July 26, a tropical depression formed east of the International Date Line from the possible remnants of Upana, and it quickly exited the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility. However, this storm was not included in the CPHC database. As it crossed into the western Pacific, it strengthened into a tropical storm and received the name Chanchu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Season effects\nThis is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 2000 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2000 USD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names\nThe following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 2000. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray No names were retired, so it was used again in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season. This is the same list used for the 1994 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163068-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names\nFor storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line, all names are used in a series of four rotating lists. The next four names that were slated for use in 2000 are shown below, however only two of them were used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163069-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix was the fifteenth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 15 October 2000 at the Twin Ring Motegi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163069-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round fifteen has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season\nThe 2000 Pacific typhoon season marked the first year using names contributed by the World Meteorological Organization. It was a rather below-average season, producing a total of 23 tropical storms, 13 typhoons and 4 intense typhoons. The season ran throughout 2000, though typically most tropical cyclones develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Damrey, developed on May 7, while the season's last named storm, Soulik, dissipated on January 4 of the next year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season\nThe scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100\u00b0E and the 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones, which often results in a storm having two names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season\nThe Japan Meteorological Agency\u00a0(JMA) will name a tropical cyclone should it be judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65\u00a0km/h (40\u00a0mph) anywhere in the basin, whilst the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration\u00a0(PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as tropical depressions in their area of responsibility, located between 115\u00b0E and 135\u00b0E and between 5\u00b0N and 25\u00b0N, regardless of whether or not the tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center\u00a0(JTWC) are given a number with a \"W\" suffix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Damrey (Asiang)\nThe first storm of the season started out as a tropical low near Palau on May 3, when the JTWC first gave the system a poor chance of formation. However within the next few hours the low quickly organized, and the next day the JMA recognized the low as a depression. Operationally it wasn't until May 5 that the JTWC issued its first warning for the newly formed depression. Drifting northwest the depression gradually organized into a tropical storm on May 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Damrey (Asiang)\nIt was given the name Asiang on May 6 by PAGASA and Damrey on May 7 by the JMA, respectively. At this time a weakening sub-tropical ridge was moving northward causing Damrey to move in a northeasterly direction. Damrey became a typhoon early on May 8 and soon thereafter satellite images began to show an eye forming at the center. During the next 24 hours Damrey quite steadily intensified, reaching winds of 130\u00a0mph (215\u00a0km/h) by May 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0002-0002", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Damrey (Asiang)\nThe system became very symmetrical and small, allowing the typhoon to reach a peak intensity of 180\u00a0mph (290\u00a0km/h) and gusts as high as 220\u00a0mph late on May 9. The JTWC unofficially estimated a pressure of 878 mbar, which would make it one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever. Due to the compact structure of the typhoon it would only take twenty-four hours of high vertical wind shear, from a nearby high pressure, to reduce Damrey to a tropical storm. The convection continue to decrease around the LLCC and the system picked up in forward momentum under deteriorating environment. By May 12 Damrey became fully extra-tropical and eventually dissipated on May 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Damrey (Asiang)\nDamrey was the strongest May typhoon since Typhoon Phyllis in 1958 but Phyllis had higher wind speeds of 295\u00a0km/h (185\u00a0mph). Damrey had no significant effects on land in its life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Longwang (Biring)\nOn May 15, a monsoonal trough associated with a low pressure area formed north west of the Philippines. On May 17 the low pressure area started to drift across the northern Philippines, and rapidly intensified into a tropical storm before quickly dissipating due to vertical wind shear on May 20. The remnants were soon absorbed by a non-tropical low on May 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 03W (Konsing)\nOn May 20, a low pressure area formed south of Hong Kong and drifted east towards the Philippines. On May 21 the low pressure area rapidly organized and strengthened into a tropical depression. However it quickly dissipated due to vertical wind shear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Unnamed tropical depression\nA vortex in an active trough over the South China Sea developed into a midget tropical depression on June 18, 35\u00a0km south-southwest of Hong Kong. It moved northward and made landfall that day, with its very small circulation being well captured by the Observatory's network of automatic weather stations. The depression brought light rain to Hong Kong and strong winds. Although this tropical depression was widely recognised by Asian agencies, there are still disputes on the nature of this system. It had an unusually small size and formed surprisingly close to land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kirogi (Ditang)\nOn June\u00a030, an area of disturbed weather was identified roughly 650\u00a0km (405\u00a0mi) east of the Philippine island of Mindanao. This system gradually organized as it remained stationary, prompting the JTWC to issue a TCFA the following day. The JMA and JTWC began monitoring the disturbance as a tropical depression early on July\u00a02, with the former classifying it as 05W. Several hours later, PAGASA also issued their first advisory on the depression, giving it the local name Ditang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kirogi (Ditang)\nTracking northward, the system intensified into a tropical storm, at which time it received the name Kirogi, before undergoing rapid intensification late on July\u00a03. Following this phase, the storm attained typhoon intensity and developed a well-defined 59\u00a0km (37\u00a0mi) wide symmetrical eye. Typhoon Kirogi attained its peak intensity early on July\u00a04 with winds of 155\u00a0km/h (100\u00a0mph 10-minute sustained) and a barometric pressure of 940\u00a0mbar (hPa; 27.76\u00a0inHg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kirogi (Ditang)\nIn Japan, hundreds of residents were evacuated as Typhoon Kirogi approached the country. Since the storm weakened considerably from its peak intensity, damage was much less than initially anticipated. In all, damages from the storm amounted to 15\u00a0billion yen (2000 value, $140\u00a0million USD) and 3 confirmed fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kai-tak (Edeng)\nOn July 2, a low pressure area formed north west of the Philippines and became a tropical depression on July 3 and started to drift northward, becoming a storm on the 5th and a typhoon on the 6th. Kai-tak continued northward, hitting Taiwan on the 9th. Kai-tak dissipated on the 11th over the Yellow Sea. It was named after Hong Kong's old international airport, Kai Tak Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kai-tak (Edeng)\nThe combined effects of Kai-tak and Tropical Depression Gloring led to the collapse of a large garbage pile, devastating a scavenger community with 300\u00a0shanty homes near Manila. At least 116\u00a0people died in the avalanche\u2014some of whom were decapitated by machinery\u2014and at least 73 others were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 07W (Gloring)\nClouds from TD Gloring (07W) affected Northern Luzon, Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, Bicol Region, and Parts of Visayas, but no damage or casualties were reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 08W\nOn July 13 an area of low pressure formed over Luzon and moved north west, and strengthened into a tropical depression on July 14.Tropical Depression 08w made landfall over Yangjiang, Guangdong, China on July 17 and dissipated inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Tembin\nOn July 13 a cluster of thunderclouds grouped together to form a low pressure area. On July 14 it started to organize and slowly became a tropical depression on July 19, and quickly intensified into a tropical storm. On July 22 convection was displaced to south of the storm's center due to high wind shear, and caused it to dissipate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 10W\nJTWC treated 10W and 11W as separate depressions, although PAGASA and JMA both considered them the same system. On July 25, 11W became Severe Tropical Storm Bolaven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Bolaven (Huaning)\nOn July 17, a disturbance with a large area of rotation formed south east of the Philippines. On July 24, favorable conditions allow the disturbance to quickly organize so it became a tropical depression the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Bolaven (Huaning)\nDamage of the flooding brought by the extratropical remnants of Bolaven in Primorsky Krai exceeded 600 million rubles ($21.6 million, 2000 USD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Chanchu\nThe remnants of Tropical Storm Upana encountered a favourable environment just west of the dateline, and they formed Tropical Depression 12W. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Chanchu. The name Chanchu, submitted by Macau, is a Chinese word for pearl. Chanchu moved north, and had dissipated by July 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Chanchu\nMeteorologist Gary Padgett suggested that there was good evidence Chanchu was actually a regeneration of Upana. The official policy is that dateline crossers keep their name. However, there was supposedly some doubt at the time, so Chanchu and Upana were officially treated as distinct tropical cyclones. Also, since Upana had dissipated several days earlier, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center had already assigned a new number for the system, Gary Padgett deemed it likely that the Japan Meteorological Agency's decision to rename the cyclone was the best choice. Also, a scatterometer pass near 0500 UTC on July 23 indicated an open wave with no closed circulation, evidence that Upana had fully dissipated before restrengthening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Jelawat\nOn July 29, a cluster of thunderstorms quickly formed into a low pressure area, which became Tropical Depression 12W on August 1. Favorable conditions allowed the system to rapidly intensify, and it was named Jelawat. On August 2, it reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 typhoon. On August 3, Jelawat weakened into a category 2 typhoon due to unfavorable wind shear. On August 6, Jelawat restrengthened into a category 3 typhoon due to more favorable conditions, and started to develop a large eye which was 60 kilometers across.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Jelawat\nWeak steering winds soon caused Jelawat to move slowly from August 7 to August 8. On August 7, Jelawat underwent an eyewall replacement cycle for 4 hours, and began to display annular characteristics, with a large, symmetric eye 170 kilometers across surrounded by a thick ring of intense convection. After developing a large, symmetric eye, Jelawat restrengthened from a category 1 typhoon to a category 2 typhoon, but soon weakened back to a category 1 typhoon as it encountered wind shear. It made landfall at southern Shanghai and rapidly weakened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 14W\nTropical Depression 14W developed on August 8. It moved on a parabolic path before dissipating on August 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ewiniar\nTyphoon Ewiniar developed on August 9. It strengthened into a typhoon while moving northward. Ewiniar weakened and eventually curved east-northeastward. The typhoon re-intensified, but dissipated on August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 16W (Wene)\nA tropical disturbance developed in the Western Pacific Ocean along the eastern periphery of the monsoon trough in mid-August. Located at 33\u00b0 north, it steadily organized, and became Tropical Depression Sixteen-W on August 15 while located 1700\u00a0miles to the northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii. It moved eastward along the west- east oriented surface pressure trough, and crossed the International Date Line later on the 15th. Warmer than usual water temperatures allowed the system to intensify despite its unusually high latitude, and it became Tropical Storm Wene on the 16th. It quickly attained a peak intensity of 50\u00a0mph, but weakened due to cooler waters and wind shear. Wene continued to weaken, and dissipated when the storm merged with an extratropical cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 16W (Wene)\nAs a depression, Wene was the first western Pacific tropical cyclone to cross the dateline since the 1996 season, and the most recent to do so until Tropical Storm Omeka in the 2010 season. The name Wene is Hawaiian for \"Wayne\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 17W\nTropical Depression 17W existed from August 17 to August 18. It did not make landfall and it dissipated quickly. No victims were recorded during the storm's short lifespan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Bilis (Isang)\nOn August 14, a low pressure area formed south of the Mariana islands and started to organize. On August 17 the low pressure area became a tropical depression and as it tracked northwestward, becoming a tropical storm on the 18th and a typhoon on the 19th. Favorable conditions allow Bilis continued to intensify to a super typhoon on the 21st, and it struck the southeastern coast of Taiwan as a Category 5 typhoon on the 22nd. It weakened slightly to a 140 miles per hour (230\u00a0km/h) typhoon while crossing the country, and hit China on the 23rd. Significant rainfall fell across Taiwan, with up to 949 millimetres (37.4\u00a0in) recorded across northeast sections of the mountainous island. Bilis was responsible for 17 deaths and $133.5\u00a0million in damage on Taiwan. The flooding was significant and an unknown number of people drowned in the flooding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Kaemi\nOn August 19, a low pressure area formed west of the Philippines. Favorable conditions allow the low pressure area to strengthen into a tropical depression on August 20.Kaemi made landfall over Vietnam on August 21 and it was reported that tropical storm Kaemi killed 14 people in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Prapiroon (Lusing)\nOn August 24 a large area of disturbed weather formed south of the Philippine sea. Prapiroon killed 46 people and caused $6 billion in damages in Korea, China and the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Maria\nThe origins of Maria appeared to originate from the inland remnants of Typhoon Bilis, which was pulled south due to the Fujiwhara effectbetween Typhoon Prapiroon. The low pressure area entered the South China Sea as it drifted south over Hong Kong on August 27. As it was pulled south to the South China Sea, it quickly strengthened into a tropical storm on August 30. Maria made landfall on September 1 east of Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Saomai (Osang)\nTyphoon Saomai developed on September 2. It strengthened while heading westward and reached typhoon status. Later in its duration, the typhoon turned northwestward and the PAGASA named it Osang. Eventually, Saomai was classified as a super typhoon, peaking with winds of 175\u00a0km/h (110\u00a0mph). Thereafter, the typhoon weakened before making landfall in South Korea. It dissipated shortly thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bopha (Ningning)\nOn September 6, a Monsoonal trough quickly spawned an Embedded depression that became a tropical storm on September 9. However, due to the Fujiwhara effect, the much stronger system, Typhoon Saomai dragged Bopha approximately 1,550 kilometers south, and weakened Bopha from September 9\u201311. The remnants of Bopha continued to move eastwards as it became Severe Tropical Storm Sonamu on September 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wukong (Maring)\nTyphoon Wukong developed in the South China Sea on September 6. It was also named Maring by PAGASA. Wukong strengthened into a typhoon prior to landfall in Hainan and northern Vietnam. The storm dissipated on September 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Sonamu\nSevere Tropical Storm Sonamu developed on September 15 from the remnants of Bopha. It headed east-northeastward and then north-northeastward, peaking with winds of 100\u00a0km/h (65\u00a0mph). By September 18, Sonamu dissipated near Hokkaido.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Shanshan\nOn September 14, a low-pressure area formed near the southern Marshall Islands. Favorable conditions allowed the low to strengthen into a tropical depression on September 17, and to intensify into a typhoon early on September 20. Shanshan reached peak intensity on September 21 as a Category 4 super typhoon. Due to the Fujiwhara effect, Shanshan was weakened by an extratropical cyclone located south of Kamchatka Krai, and Shanshan merged with it and collapsed into a single extratropical cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 27W\nTropical Storm 27W developed on September 28. It moved northeastward and peaked with winds of 65\u00a0km/h (40\u00a0mph). The storm eventually weakened and dissipated on September 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 28W\nTropical Storm 28W developed on October 6. It meandered through the South China Sea for about a week, dissipating on October 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Yagi (Paring)\nTyphoon Yagi developed on October 22. It was also named Paring by PAGASA. Peaking as a typhoon with winds of 130\u00a0km/h (80\u00a0mph), Yagi executed a cyclonic loop near the Ryukyu Islands. It then began weakening and dissipated near Taiwan on October 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Xangsane (Reming)\nOn October 27, Typhoon Xangsane hit southern Luzon of the Philippines. It turned to the north over the South China Sea, and after strengthening to a 100\u00a0mph typhoon it hit Taiwan. Xangsane dissipated on Nov. 1st, after causing 181 casualties, 83 of which were from the crash of Singapore Airlines Flight 006 the previous day on October 31, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Bebinca (Seniang)\nOn November 2, Tropical Storm Bebinca hit the central Philippines. It strengthened to a severe tropical storm and reached a peak of 60\u00a0knot winds while crossing the archipelago, due to the contraction of the wind field. Bebinca continued northwestward, eventually dissipating over the South China Sea on the 8th after killing 26 people. Typhoon Bebinca made a direct hit over the capital city of Manila, with the center of the storm passing directly over it. It became the first storm to have made a direct hit in Manila since Severe Tropical Storm Colleen in 1992 when it passed over the city at tropical storm level, and the first typhoon-level storm to pass directly over Manila at that intensity since Typhoon Patsy in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 77], "content_span": [78, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 32W\nTropical Depression 32W developed near Luzon on November 8. It turned northward and later east-northeastward. The depression dissipated on November 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Rumbia (Toyang)\nOn November 23, 2000 a low pressure area together with inter-tropical convergence zone developed into a tropical depression. Later that day, JTWC announced that it became a tropical storm. It had maximum of winds of 75 km/h near the center, and a pressure of 990 mbar. It dissipated on December 7, It was very week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression Ulpiang\nTropical Depression Ulpiang flooded many regions in Visayas, causing landslides that killed 3 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Soulik (Welpring)\nTyphoon Soulik formed to the east of the Philippines on December 28, 2000. It strengthened into a category 3 typhoon with a central pressure of 955 mbar on January 2. It finally dissipated on January 4, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names\nWithin the North-western Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyo\u00a0\u2014 Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee, should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65\u00a0km/h, (40\u00a0mph).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0043-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names\nWhile the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135\u00b0E and 115\u00b0E and between 5\u00b0N-25\u00b0N even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired, by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee. Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in gray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, International names\nDuring the season 23 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Japan Meteorological Agency, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a list of a 140 names submitted by the fourteen members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. All of these names were used for the first time this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Philippines\nThe Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 10 of which are published each year before the season starts. This is the same list used for the 1996 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0045-0001", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Philippines\nThis is the last season that the PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with \"ng\" (A, B, K, D, etc.). The 2001 season is the official start of their new naming scheme that starts with the English Alphabet. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163070-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Pacific typhoon season, Season effects\nThis table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 2016. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures will be in 2016\u00a0USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163071-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Palanca Awards\nThe Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 2000 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163072-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Palauan general election\nGeneral elections were held in Palau on 7 November 2000. Thomas Remengesau Jr. was elected President, whilst Sandra Pierantozzi was elected Vice President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163073-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Palmer Cup\nThe 2000 Palmer Cup was held on 15\u201316 August 2000 at Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Hoylake, England. Great Britain and Ireland won 12\u00bd\u201311\u00bd. At the final hole of the final match, Philip Rowe holed a 20-foot putt for a birdie, to halve his match and win the Palmer Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163073-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Palmer Cup, Format\nOn Tuesday, there were four matches of four-ball in the morning, followed by four foursomes matches in the afternoon. Eight singles matches were played on the Wednesday morning with a further eight more in the afternoon.. In all, 24 matches were played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163073-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Palmer Cup, Format\nEach of the 24 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. If a match was all square after the 18th hole, each side earned half a point toward their team total. The team that accumulated at least 12\u00bd points won the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163073-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Palmer Cup, Teams\nEight college golfers from the Great Britain and Ireland and the United States participated in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163074-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pan American Men's Handball Championship\nThe 2000 Pan American Men's Handball Championship was the ninth edition of the tournament, held in S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo, Brazil from 23 to 28 May 2000. It acted as the American qualifying tournament for the 2001 World Championship, where the top four placed teams qualified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163074-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pan American Men's Handball Championship, Final ranking\nArgentina, Cuba, Brazil and United states are qualified for 2001 World Championship. Cuba finally withdrew and was replaced by Greenland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163075-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pan American Race Walking Cup\nThe 2000 Pan American Race Walking Cup was held in Poza Rica, Veracruz, M\u00e9xico. The track of the Cup runs in the Boulevard Adolfo Ruiz Cort\u00ednez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163075-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pan American Race Walking Cup\nA detailed report was given by Juan Ramon Pina. The Mexican Athletics Federation used the event as trials for the Olympic Games in Sydney. Therefore, a great number of guest athletes competed out of competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163075-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pan American Race Walking Cup\nComplete results, medal winners until 2011, and the results for the Mexican athletes were published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163075-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pan American Race Walking Cup, Participation\nThe participation of 72 athletes (plus 58 guest athletes) from 12 countries is reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 49], "content_span": [50, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163076-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pan American Women's Handball Championship\nThe 2000 Pan American Women's Handball Championship was the sixth edition of the Pan American Women's Handball Championship, held in Brazil from 31 October to 5 November 2000. It acted as the American qualifying tournament for the 2001 World Women's Handball Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163077-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Panamanian census\nThe 2000 Panamanian census gathered important demographic and economic data for the Panama. It was the tenth national census of population and sixth of housing. It was conducted on May 14, 2000, by the Republic of Panama General Directorate of Statistics and Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163078-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paraguayan coup d'\u00e9tat attempt\nThe 2000 Paraguayan coup d'\u00e9tat attempt was a political crisis that occurred in Paraguay in May 2000, with the aim of deposing then President of Paraguay Luis \u00c1ngel Gonz\u00e1lez Macchi and arresting some \"anti-oviedista\" members of Congress. The attempted coup was led by a group that called itself \"Fulgencio Yegros Patriotic Movement\", formed by at least fifty soldiers, most of them retired and loyal to former General Lino Oviedo, who at the time was in political exile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163078-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Paraguayan coup d'\u00e9tat attempt, Events\nOn 18 May 2000, around 10:00 pm, troops loyal to former General Lino Oviedo rebelled against the government of President of Paraguay Luis \u00c1ngel Gonz\u00e1lez Macchi. The group called itself \"Fulgencio Yegros Patriotic Movement\", in honor of Paraguayan independence hero Fulgencio Yegros, and proposed rebellion as the only alternative to change a government that, according to them, was \"illegitimate\". This insurgent group was made up of at least fifty retired soldiers, accompanied by lower-ranking officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163078-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Paraguayan coup d'\u00e9tat attempt, Events\nInsurgents took over the Cavalry Regiment, the police headquarters, an elite police unit, the Special Police Operations Force (FOPE, Fuerza de Operaciones Policiales Especiales), the Canal 13 television channel, radio stations Radio Cardinal and Radio 970, among others. Five tanks went to the center of Asunci\u00f3n and fired at the Congress building (now Cultural Center of the Republic). Although loyal forces exchanged fire with the rebels, there were no casualties. Apparently, the original plan was not fulfilled and failed. In Caazap\u00e1 and Villarrica there were also reports that rebels occupied certain places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163078-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Paraguayan coup d'\u00e9tat attempt, Events\nAt 1:30 am on 19 May, the Executive Branch decreed a state of exception in effect for 30 days throughout the national territory, as a result of the attempted coup d'\u00e9tat. At the time, Oviedo (in hiding since December 1999) denied that these acts were related to him. This coup attempt (the second in less than five years) is considered to be a consequence of Marzo paraguayo, a period of great political instability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163078-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Paraguayan coup d'\u00e9tat attempt, Events\nAt least thirty high-ranking military officers were detained in the presidential guard, including several retired army generals and colonels. At least four deputies and several politicians belonging to the UNACE movement (at the time not yet a political party), which Lino Oviedo led in hiding, were also detained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163078-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Paraguayan coup d'\u00e9tat attempt, Events\nSeveral countries, such as Brazil and the United States, and the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States (OAS), \"vehemently\" condemned the coup attempt and expressed their support for the Gonz\u00e1lez Macchi government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163079-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paraguayan vice presidential election\nVice Presidential elections were held in Paraguay on 13 August 2000, following the assassination of Luis Mar\u00eda Arga\u00f1a. The result was a victory for Julio C\u00e9sar Franco of the Authentic Radical Liberal Party, who received 49.6% of the vote. Voter turnout was 60.7%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163080-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Masters\nThe 2000 Paris Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 28th edition of the Paris Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from 13 November through 20 November 2000. Second-seeded Marat Safin won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163080-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Masters, Finals, Singles\nMarat Safin defeated  Mark Philippoussis 3\u20136, 7\u20136(9\u20137), 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 7\u20136(10\u20138)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163080-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Masters, Finals, Doubles\nNicklas Kulti /  Max Mirnyi defeated  Paul Haarhuis /  Daniel Nestor 6\u20134, 7\u20135", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163081-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Masters \u2013 Doubles\nS\u00e9bastien Lareau and Alex O'Brien were the defending champions. Lareau did not participate this year. O'Brien partnered Jared Palmer, losing in the semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163081-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Masters \u2013 Doubles\nNicklas Kulti and Max Mirnyi won in the final 6\u20134, 7\u20135, against Paul Haarhuis and Daniel Nestor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163082-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Masters \u2013 Singles\nAndre Agassi was the defending champion but withdrew before the start of the tournament. Marat Safin won the title, defeating Mark Philippoussis 3\u20136, 7\u20136(9\u20137), 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 7\u20136(10\u20138) in the final, and thus became the World Number One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163082-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Masters \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. All sixteen seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163083-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Sevens\nThe 2000 Paris Sevens was an international rugby sevens tournament that was part of the World Sevens Series in the inaugural 1999\u20132000 season. It was the France Sevens leg of the series, held on 27\u201328 May 2000, at Stade S\u00e9bastien Charl\u00e9ty in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163083-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Sevens\nAhead of the tournament, which was the tenth and final event of the series, Fiji lead the standings by six points over New Zealand. However, following Fiji's 35\u201321 defeat by Argentina in the Cup quarterfinals, New Zealand became the inaugural World Sevens Series champions as they defeated South Africa 69\u201310 in the Cup final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163083-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Sevens, Format\nThe teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each. Each team played the other teams in their pool once, with 3 points awarded for a win, 2 points for a draw, and 1 point for a loss (no points awarded for a forfeit). The pool stage was played on the first day of the tournament. The top two teams from each pool advanced to the Cup/Plate brackets. The bottom two teams from each pool went on to the Bowl bracket. No Shield trophy was on offer in the 1999-2000 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163083-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Sevens, Pool stage\nThe pool stage was played on the first day of the tournament. The 16 teams were separated into four pools of four teams and teams in the same pool played each other once. The top two teams in each pool advanced to the Cup quarterfinals to compete for the 2000 Fiji Sevens title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163083-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris Sevens, Series standings\nSouth Africa reached the semifinal stage of the Brisbane Sevens but was stripped of all points for the tournament due to fielding ineligible players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163084-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris\u2013Dakar\u2013Cairo Rally\nThe 2000 Dakar Rally, also known as the 2000 Dakar\u2013Cairo Rally, was the 22nd running of the Dakar Rally event. The event began on 6 January 2000 in Senegal and ended on 23 January in Cairo. It had been re-routed to avoid Mauritania following an armed robbery of competitors in the 1999 rally. Four stages of the rally scheduled to be held in Niger were cancelled following a reported terrorist threat. Competitors were airlifted from Niamey airport to Libya where the rally was restarted five days later at Sabha. The rally was won by French driver Jean-Louis Schlesser and his co-driver Henri Magne in a Schlesser-Renault buggy., with the motorcycle title going to BMW's Richard Sainct and the truck title to Kamaz's Vladimir Chagin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163085-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris\u2013Nice\nThe 2000 Paris\u2013Nice was the 58th edition of the Paris\u2013Nice cycle race and was held from 5 March to 12 March 2000. The race started at the Bois de Vincennes and finished in Nice. The race was won by Andreas Kl\u00f6den of the Telekom team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163086-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris\u2013Roubaix\nThe 2000 Paris\u2013Roubaix was the 98th running of the Paris\u2013Roubaix single-day cycling race, often known as the Hell of the North. It was held on 9 April 2000 over a distance of 272 kilometres (169.0 miles). These are the results for the 2000 edition of the Paris\u2013Roubaix cycling classic, in which Johan Museeuw took his second Roubaix win. The year's race took place in warm and dry conditions but with strong winds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163087-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Paris\u2013Tours\nThe 2000 Paris\u2013Tours was the 94th edition of the Paris\u2013Tours cycle race and was held on 8 October 2000. The race started in Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines and finished in Tours. The race was won by Andrea Tafi of the Mapei team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163088-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Parramatta Eels season\nThe 2000 Parramatta Eels season was the 54th in the club's history. Coached by Brian Smith and captained by Nathan Cayless, they competed in the National Rugby League's 2000 Telstra Premiership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163088-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Parramatta Eels season\nThe Eels finished an inconsistent 2000 season in 7th place. However, in the first week of the Finals series, Parramatta was involved in the biggest upset, defeating Sydney Roosters 32\u20138 at the Sydney Football Stadium. The Eels managed to repeat the result against local rivals Penrith Panthers the next week in a comfortable 28\u201310 win in front of 25,746 at the SFS, meaning that the Parramatta Eels reached their third straight NRL Preliminary Final. The Eels were looking to make it \"Third Time Lucky\" against the former NRL premiers, Brisbane Broncos, but it ended up to be \"Third Time Unlucky\" as the Broncos won the match 16\u201310.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163089-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Patriot League Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Patriot League Baseball Tournament was held on May 13 and 14, 2000 to determine the champion of the Patriot League for baseball for the 2000 NCAA Division I baseball season. The event matched the top three finishers of the six team league in a double-elimination tournament. Third seeded Army won their second championship and claimed the Patriot's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. Josh Minney of Army was named Tournament Most Valuable Player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163089-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Patriot League Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding\nThe top three finishers by conference winning percentage from the league's regular season advanced to the tournament. The top seed earned a first round by and the right to host the event. The second and third seeds played an elimination game, with the winner meeting the top seed in a best-of-three series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163090-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Patriot League Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Patriot League Men's Basketball Tournament was played at Allan P. Kirby Field House in Easton, Pennsylvania after the conclusion of the 1999\u20132000 regular season. Lafayette defeated top seed Navy, 87\u201361 in the championship game, to win its second Patriot League Tournament title. The Leopards earned an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament as #15 seed in the East region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163090-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Patriot League Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nAll seven league members participated in the tournament, with teams seeded according to regular season conference record. Play began with the quarterfinal round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163091-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pau Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Three motor race held on 12 June 2000 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Atlantiques, France. The Grand Prix was won by Jonathan Cochet, driving for Signature Team. Tiago Monteiro finished second and Patrick Friesacher third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163092-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Peach Bowl\nThe 2000 Peach Bowl was the 33rd Peach Bowl game and featured the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, and the LSU Tigers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163092-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Peach Bowl\nLSU scored first on a 32-yard John Corbello field goal to take a 3\u20130 lead. Georgia Tech responded with a 32-yard Joe Burns touchdown run to take a 7\u20133 lead. In the second quarter, Jermaine Hatch scored on a 9-yard touchdown run, giving Tech a 14\u20133 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163092-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Peach Bowl\nIn the third quarter, Rohan Davey threw a 3-yard touchdown pass to Tommy Banks, as LSU got within 14\u20139. In the fourth quarter, Davey threw a 9-yard touchdown pass to Josh Reed giving LSU a 17\u201314 lead. John Corbello kicked a 49-yard field goal giving the Tigers a 20\u201314 advantage. Davey later threw a 3-yard touchdown pass to Tommy Banks as LSU won by a 28-14 count.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163093-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pendle Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Pendle Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Pendle Borough Council in Lancashire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163093-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pendle Borough Council election, Background\nBefore the election, the Liberal Democrats held 23 seats, compared to 19 for Labour and 8 Conservatives, while one seat was vacant. Seventeen seats were being contested, with two seats being up for election in Waterside ward after Labour councillor Ann Doult resigned from the council due to ill health. The Liberal Democrats only contested 13 of the 17 seats, saying \"we're concentrating our resources where we think it's best\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163093-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pendle Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw no party win a majority on the council, but the Labour party gained 4 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163093-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pendle Borough Council election, By-elections between 2000 and 2002\nA by-election in Horsfield ward took place on 1 March 2001 after Labour councillor Colin Nightingale resigned his seat on the council due to pressure of work. The Liberal Democrats gained the seat from Labour by 429 votes, with the former mayoress of Pendle, Dorothy Lord, regaining a seat on the council after she had lost her seat in Vivary Bridge at the 2000 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 72], "content_span": [73, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163094-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Penn Quakers football team\nThe 2000 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163095-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Penn State Nittany Lions football team\nThe 2000 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Joe Paterno. It played its home games at Beaver Stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163095-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, Schedule\nPenn State did not play Big Ten teams Northwestern and Wisconsin this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163095-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, Roster\n{{American football roster/Header |year=2000|team=Penn State Nittany Lions|teamcolors=", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163095-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, Roster\nf| offensive_players =|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | FB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 36| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Mike Cerimele| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Sr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | WR| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 13| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Sam Crenshaw| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Sr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | WR| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 20| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Eddie Drummond| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Jr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | RB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 34| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Omar Easy| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Jr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | TE| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 85| style=\"text-align:left;\" | John Gilmore| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Jr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | G| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 71| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Joe Hartings| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Jr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | WR| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 24| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Bryant Johnson| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | So|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | RB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 5| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Larry Johnson| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | So|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | WR| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 11| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Tony Johnson| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Fr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | TE| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 88| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Matt Kranchick| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Fr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | FB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 82| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Sean McHugh| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Fr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | T| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 67| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Kareem McKenzie| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Sr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | QB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 12| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Rashard Casey| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Sr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | QB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 4| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Matt Senneca| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | So|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | C| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 56| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Geoff Stryker| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Jr|-| defensive_players=|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | CB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 1| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Bruce Branch| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Jr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | CB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 6| style=\"text-align:left;\" | James Boyd| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Sr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | DT| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 99| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Tim Falls| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | So|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | LB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 21| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Shamar Finney| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Jr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | CB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 25| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Rich Gardner| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Fr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | LB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 94| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Israel Paniagua| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Sr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | DE| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 81| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Michael Haynes| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | So|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | DE| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 96| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Bob Jones| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Jr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | CB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 10| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Bhawoh Jue| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Sr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | DE| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 37| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Justin Kurpeikis| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | Sr|-|-| style=\"text-align:center;\" | CB| style=\"text-align:center;\" | 26| style=\"text-align:left;\" | Bryan Scott| style=\"text-align:center; font-size:90%;\" | So|-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 51], "content_span": [52, 4229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163095-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, Post season, NFL draft\nFour Nittany Lions were drafted in the 2001 NFL Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 67], "content_span": [68, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163096-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Attorney General election\nPennsylvania's Attorney General election was held November 7, 2000. Necessary primary elections were held on April 4, 2000. Incumbent Mike Fisher was unopposed for the Republican nomination and won a second term by a relatively comfortable margin. Jim Eisenhower, a former Assistant U.S. Attorney and close confidant of Ed Rendell was the Democratic nominee; he earned a narrow victory in the party primary over John Morganelli, the District Attorney of Northampton County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163097-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Auditor General election\nPennsylvania's Auditor General election was held November 7, 2000. Incumbent Democrat Bob Casey won reelection by a healthy margin. His Republican challenger was Katie True, a State Representative from the Lancaster area. Both candidates were unopposed in the primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue\n2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, also known as The Shops at 2000 Penn and Red Lion Row, is a shopping center and eight-story office complex located on Pennsylvania Avenue, NW in Washington, D.C. It forms a busy gateway into the main campus of the George Washington University, which owns the property. As the 2000 Block of Eye Street, NW, the houses were named a DC Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places, both in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\nThe original buildings on the site were thirteen row houses constructed between 1831 and 1896. The homes were located on a block bordered by H, I, 20th, and 21st Streets, NW. The houses were mostly initially owned by merchants, who kept small shops inside. The block originally faced Western Market, founded in 1803; the site of the market is a park today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\nThe largest unit in the block was a corner structure, at 832 20th St. and 2004 I St.  Three stories tall, it was constructed with a flat roof and metal cornice; imitation stone covered the facade. The building began life as a pair of independent shops, owned separately, before later being combined. The earliest Washington city directory, published in 1822, lists a grocery store owned by Christian and Matthew Hines on the corner. Grocers have continued to occupy the site into the twentieth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\nThe corner store was sold in 1837 to Samuel Stott, whose family owned it for decades thereafter. The current building, believed to be his work, was known by the middle of the century as \"Stott's Hall\". Its third floor was a public hall. Though the exact date of its construction is uncertain, in 1869 the assessed value of 832 20th St. rocketed from $2500 to $6000, indicating a major remodeling; it is believed that the current building was built at an earlier date and remodeled around that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0002-0002", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\nThe construction date of 2004 I St. is unknown, but it is believed that the house was built at around the same time as its neighbor. This structure was owned by Owen Murray, a grocer, in 1869; he sold it to Stott in 1876. Other occupants of the property included Francis Jarboe, George Fillebrown, and William Brown, the latter running a grocery store on the site beginning in 1872 and continuing past the turn of the century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\n2006 I St. was constructed in the Greek Revival style around 1846, and has been remodeled several times since then. It is distinguished by its cornice, deep and with wooden dentil blocks. The original owners of the house were the Murray family, who were probably its builders as well. Owen Murray operated his grocery elsewhere on the block between 1843 and 1853; later, at 2006, one Patrick Murray is listed in 1863 as owning a restaurant in the space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\nBeginning in 1869 John Leamy appears in the city directory as a restaurateur in the same place, continuing until 1871; in 1876 John Ohl is listed as proprietor of a restaurant and saloon. He purchased the building from the Murrays; he continued to own it past 1888, when its occupant, John Werner, kept a saloon on the site. The building has continued to serve in various commercial capacities, including again as a restaurant recently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\n2018 I St. was constructed in 1886. Its builder was carpenter Richard Fowler, member of the firm F.A. Conrad & Co. and resident in the neighborhood. The house, in Victorian style,  has a corbeled brick cornice; its pressed brick facade, unaltered since it was built, is broken by a variety of arched windows, in different sizes. The house is three stories tall, with four bays and a flat roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\nA combined residential and commercial space, the house was built for the Eikers, a family of merchants \u2013 Isaac Eiker and his sons, who sold butter, had moved to the site in 1876, and family members ether ran stalls in several area markets or were the proprietors of grocery stores. They owned the building well into the 20th century; more recently, it has served as office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\n2022 and 2024 I St. were constructed by former DC territorial governor Alexander Robey Shepherd between 1874 and 1875. They were the central two units in a row of four, and were built as mirror images of each other, under a mansard roof. Not long after the buildings were completed, Shepherd sold 2022 I St., to Isaac Filbert, a contractor; Arthur W. Fairfax, a grocer, was listed as the building's tenant in 2022. His family continued to own it until it was purchased by the Foley Company in 1960. Shepherd continued to own the house at 2024 I. St., likely renting it out until his flight from the city, whereupon it was handed over to his creditors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Early history\n2040 I St. and 825 21st St. were completed in 1879 by Robert Earl, along with a third unit (2038 I St.), now demolished. Earl is listed in records as having lived in the neighborhood, on H St. between 20th and 21st, as early as 1830; for over forty years he ran a livery stable nearby. His son, Charles, took over in 1874, moving the business a short distance to 19th St.  2040 I St. is not owned by George Washington University, the only structure on the block which is under different ownership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Later uses\nBy the time George Washington University took possession of the houses, some were vacant, and the block was generally in poor condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Later uses\nBattles to preserve the row of houses began in October 1976, when the developer who owned several of them began demolishing the house at 2022 I St.  Don't Tear It Down (forerunner to the DC Preservation League), a group of historical preservationists organized in 1971 to save the Old Post Office building from destruction, convinced a judge to order a temporary restraining order stopping destruction, as a request to declare the entire block a historic landmark was pending at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Later uses\nThe developer then attempted, in November, to demolish the house at 2030 I St.; this structure was already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, however, and the state historic preservation officer invoked a delay of 180 days. Discussions with the community did not even begin until the 179th day, and a thirty-day extension to the stay was granted. When this expired, the developer began demolition of the house; preservationists managed to get a restraining order in time to preserve the front half of the structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0008-0002", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Later uses\nCiting the requirement for \"meaningful discussion\" as laid out in a previous historic preservation case, Don't Tear It Down argued that they had not been able to adequately present their case; while the presiding judge stated that \"meaningful discussion\" was \"beyond the court\u2019s comprehension\", he nevertheless issued an injunction preventing further demolition before the case could be heard by the DC Court of Appeals. In the event, historic preservation legislation was passed in 1978 before final adjudication, saving the buildings from destruction. The current design of the property is the result of discussions with local preservation groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Later uses\nConstruction of the office building, between 1982 and 1983, involved demolishing the backs of the houses while retaining their facades; it was the first time the practice of partial demolition was used in Washington, DC. The thirteen buildings were joined together during construction of the shops and office building; some of their original materials were retained for the finished product. Work began on the complex on December 28, 1982; it was named on October 19, 1983. In addition to office space, the complex contains restaurants and other commercial establishments, including a Bertucci's and a CVS Pharmacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Later uses\nThe office building has sometimes been called the Cruise Ship Building due to its appearance. The block as a whole is sometimes called Red Lion Row, a name taken from Lindy's Red Lion pub which was situated at its corner until late 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163098-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, History, Later uses\nThe 2000 Penn complex is currently being renovated to include more vendors, additional entrances, and various other modernizations with a layout similar to Eastern Market. The proposed name of the renovated space is \"Western Market\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163099-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election\nElections for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives were held on November 7, 2000, with all districts being contested. State Representatives are elected for two-year terms, with the entire House of Representatives up for a vote every two years. The term of office for those elected in 2000 ran from January 3, 2001 until November 30, 2002. Necessary primary elections were held on April 4, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163099-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election, Notable elections, Retirements\nRepublican Todd Platts was elected to represent Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district, allowing fellow Republican Beverly D. Mackereth to take his seat in the 119th legislative district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163099-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election, Notable elections, Retirements\nIn the 54th legislative district, Terry Van Horne was succeeded by fellow Democrat John Pallone. Van Horne was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress, losing to Republican Pennsylvania State Senator Melissa Hart in the election for Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163099-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election, Notable elections, Retirements\nIn the 37th legislative district, Republican Katie True left her seat to run as the Republican nominee for Pennsylvania Auditor General, eventually losing the election to Democrat Bob Casey, Jr.. Her fellow Republican, Thomas C. Creighton, succeeded her. True would eventually return to the House in the newly redistricted 41st legislative district in the 2002 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163099-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election, Notable elections, Democratic primary upsets in Philadelphia\nIn the 180th legislative district, Democratic incumbent Benjamin Ramos was defeated by Angel Cruz, who went on to easily win the general election. In the 197th legislative district, Democratic incumbent Andrew J. Carn was defeated by Jewell Williams, who also went on to easily win the general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 113], "content_span": [114, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163099-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election, Notable elections, 60th legislative district\nIn the 60th legislative district, incumbent Tim Pesci was defeated for re-election by 25-year-old Republican Jeff Coleman, in spite of the district being 70% Democratic. Bill DeWeese, the House Democratic Leader, said that Pesci had run a \"condescending\" race against Coleman, calling his opponent \"Jeffy\" and describing Coleman's campaign volunteers as \"the Children from the Corn,\" referring to the horror film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163099-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election, Notable elections, 189th legislative district\nIn the 189th legislative district, Democratic incumbent Joseph W. Battisto was defeated by Republican Kelly Lewis. Battisto attempted a comeback in a 2002 special election for the 176th legislative district, but lost to Mario Scavello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 98], "content_span": [99, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163100-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Senate election\nElections for the Pennsylvania State Senate were held on November 7, 2000, with even-numbered districts being contested. State Senators are elected for four-year terms, with half of the Senate seats up for a vote every two years. The term of office for those elected in 2000 ran from January 3, 2001 until November 30, 2004. Necessary primary elections were held on April 27, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163100-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Senate election\nThe make-up of the senate remained the same following the 2000 elections. Democratic Mike Stack defeated incumbent Republican Frank A. Salvatore in the 5th senatorial district. Republican Donald C. White defeated the democratic nominee to succeed the retiring Patrick J. Stapleton, Jr. in the 41st senatorial district. Democratic Sean Logan succeeded the retiring Albert V. Belan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163100-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania Senate election\nRepublican Bill Slocum remained on the ballot in the 25th senatorial district, even after his resignation from the senate on June 1, 2000. Slocum pleaded guilty and spent a month in federal prison for filing false reports to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and discharging raw sewage into Brokenstraw Creek while he was a sewage plant manager in Youngsville, Pennsylvania. The local Republican party supported the eventual winner, Joseph B. Scarnati III, who ran as an independent and changed his party registration to Republican after his election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163101-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania State Treasurer election\nPennsylvania's State Treasurer election was held November 7, 2000. Incumbent Republican Barbara Hafer won a narrow reelection. Her Democratic opponent was Catherine Baker Knoll, a former two-term treasurer. Hafer and Knoll, both of whom faced no primary opposition, ran a campaign marked by personal attacks. The two candidates had previously been involved in a very public feud because of events surrounding the 1996 election for this office; in that year, the term limited Knoll endorsed her daughter as successor. However, Hafer had questioned the residency status of Mina Knoll, an attack that the older Knoll believed was disingenuous and clouded her daughter's candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163102-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennsylvania state elections\nPennsylvania's state elections were held November 7, 2000. Necessary primary elections were held on April 4, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163103-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennzoil 400\nThe 2000 Pennzoil 400 was a NASCAR Winston Cup event that occurred on November 12, 2000. The race is known for Bobby Labonte clinching his first Winston Cup title by finishing 4th. Tony Stewart won the race, leading 166 of the 267 laps run. Steve Park was on the Pole. This event was the 2nd Winston Cup event that was covered on NBC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163103-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pennzoil 400\nLasting for three hours and eight minutes, the race would be slowed down four times for a duration of 25 laps; or 9% of the total race. The average green flag duration was slightly more than 48 laps. Six drivers were involved in terminal crashes; including last-place finisher Scott Pruett. Eight drivers failed to qualify for this race; including Kyle Petty. Morgan Shepherd withdrew from the race even though he had a good chance of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163104-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Penwith District Council election\nElections to Penwith District Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control. Overall turnout was 30.9%", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163105-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pepsi Southern 500\nThe 2000 Pepsi Southern 500 presented by Kmart, the 51st running of the event, was the 24th race of the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. It was held at Darlington Raceway on September 3, 2000. The race was scheduled for 367 laps but was shortened to 328 laps due to rain. Bobby Labonte of Joe Gibbs Racing won the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163105-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pepsi Southern 500\nDarrell Waltrip would lead his final Cup Series lap in his career on lap 48. Rick Mast leads a lap for the final time on lap 304. The Mayfield-Marcis tango didn't bring out a caution. Mayfield thought he was clear out of 2, then got hooked in the wall by Marcis. Mayfield slid down the track, sparks flying, right-front tore up, but the green flag remained active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163106-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian Segunda Divisi\u00f3n\nThe 2000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n Peruana, the second division of Peruvian football (soccer), was played by 13 teams. The tournament winner, Deportivo Aviaci\u00f3n was promoted to the Playoff. The tournament was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Peru on 9 April 2000, with a run-off of the presidential election on 28 May. The elections were highly controversial and widely considered to have been fraudulent. Incumbent President Alberto Fujimori was re-elected for a third term with almost three-quarters of the vote. However, the elections were tainted with allegations of unconstitutionality, bribery, structural bias, and outright electoral fraud. Alejandro Toledo boycotted the second round of the presidential election, in which over 30% of ballots were declared invalid. Fujimori subsequently called for new elections, fled Peru, and faxed in his resignation from a hotel in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, Constitutional issues\nThe Constitution of Peru specifically limited presidents to two terms, and Fujimori relied on the legally questionable theory that the restriction did not apply to him in 2000 because the 1993 Constitution was written after he nullified the previous constitution, at which time he was already in power. The electoral bodies, the National Office of Electoral Processes (ONPE) and National Jury of Elections (Peru) (JNE), were staffed at the time with Fujimori supporters who were considered by many to be corrupt. These bodies accepted Fujimori's argument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, Structural bias\nMany observers believed that the government structures were set up in a way that gave Fujimori's re-election bid an unfair advantage. For example, the United States Department of State noted that generals of the Peruvian Army were removed from their positions if anti-Fujimori protests occurred in their jurisdiction, providing the army with an incentive to crack down on anti-government protesters. A cable from the American embassy to Peru noted that \"gigantic pro-Fujimori slogans appeared on the sides of hills within some military reservations and bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, Structural bias\nMostly at night but sometimes in broad daylight, troops have been sighted from Tacna to Tumbes painting pro-Fujimori slogans and blacking out the slogans of opposition candidates. Military vehicles have been made available to government candidates to transport supplies and people at no charge\" and that \"routine public works projects\" were arraigned \"to maximize electoral impact.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, Fraud\nThe elections were also marred with accusations of outright fraud. During the campaign, El Comercio broke a story about a \"f\u00e1brica de firmas\" (signature factory) in which many people worked signing a petition to register a pro-Fujimori political party. Several of the people involved admitted to their part in this scheme. Perhaps most damning, they had copied the signatures of voters from official ONPE voter-registration lists, which were provided to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, Fraud\nShortly before the election, several people, including JNE workers, were arrested for their part in the theft of ballots. They were caught with the ballots, many of which had been filled out. The plurality of these ballots was filled out with votes for Fujimori and his electoral allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, Boycott\nAfter Fujimori was declared the victor of the first round, Alejandro Toledo called for a boycott of the second round. Fujimori responded by reminding voters that Peruvian law makes voting obligatory, and that anyone boycotting the election could be fined. Toledo then suggested that his supporters to cast spoiled ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, Boycott\nThe result was that while votes for Toledo declined from 40.24% of the valid votes cast in the first round to 25.67% of the valid votes in the second round, invalid votes jumped from 2.25% in of the total votes cast in the first round to 29.93% of total votes in the second round. That such a large percentage of votes were thrown out as invalid shows that many Peruvians took Toledo's advice and deliberately spoiled their ballots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, OAS process\nFollowing the election  the Organization of American States (OAS) established a \"mesa\" dialogue process (Mesa de Dialogo). The Mesa \"filled the institutional vacuum caused by the polarization of political forces in Peru following the May 2000 elections. It became the locus of authoritative decisionmaking power during the final days of the Fujimori government, preparing the way for the Peruvian opposition to win control of the congress and to form an interim government.\" The dialogue was facilitated by a former foreign minister from the Dominican Republic, Eduardo Latorre, supported by a small OAS secretariat. The Mesa had eighteen participants and \"deliberately incorporated three key sets of actors: government ministers, progovernment and opposition members of congress, and civil society representatives.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, OAS process\nAlejandro Toledo and his Possible Peru political party were initially reluctant to engage in the Mesa, initially considering the OAS mission an attempt to prop up the Fujimori regime. Not wanting to either engage fully with the OAS mission or be isolated from the Mesa completely, Toledo remained at the edge of the process, allowing others to be directly involved in the negotiations, including Luis Solari. Toledo focused instead on international media appearances and organizing large demonstrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, OAS process\nIn the latter part of 2000 a series of dramatic events brought the dialogue potential of the Mesa into the foreground. On 14 September a videotape was broadcast showing security chief Vladimiro Montesinos bribing opposition congressman Alberto Kouri to join Fujimori's congressional coalition (Peru 2000). This prompted Fujimori to announce new elections and dismiss Montesinos. Further shocks followed, with Montesinos appearing in Panama to seek asylum, and then returning to Peru on 23 October, \"creating fear of an imminent coup.\" Finally, on 20 November Fujimori faxed his resignation from Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163107-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Peruvian general election, OAS process\nAs these events unfolded, the mesa became increasingly prominent as a parallel congress with de facto political decision making power. In the institutional void created by congressional deadlock and political power struggles, few other nonviolent choices existed. As events during September and October led increasingly to a showdown between Fujimori and Montesinos, the former displayed a greater willingness to agree to political reforms in exchange for support from the OAS and the Peruvian political representatives assembled at the mesa. Despite all of the suspicions harbored by the opposition, the mesa remained a useful fallback option and a buffer against the threat of military disruption.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163108-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Peterborough municipal election\nThe 2000 Peterborough municipal election was held in the city of Peterborough, Ontario, Canada on November 13, 2000, to choose the mayor and city councillors to sit on the Peterborough city council. Electors in Peterborough also voted for the city's representatives on the regional public and separate school boards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163108-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Peterborough municipal election, Peterborough County\nSource: Bill Hodgins, \"Mann reeve of Smith, Lakefield, Ennismore,\" Peterborough Examiner, 14 November 2000, B5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163109-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Petit Le Mans\nThe 2000 Petit Le Mans presented by Audi was the third running of the Petit Le Mans and the ninth round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Road Atlanta, Georgia, on September 30, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163110-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Eagles season\nThe 2000 season was the Philadelphia Eagles' 68th in the National Football League and their second under head coach Andy Reid. They improved on their 5\u201311 record from 1999 and resulted in a postseason appearance for the first time since 1996. Their season started in Dallas, with the game famously known for the onside kick that the Eagles kicked and recovered to start the game. This game is known as the Pickle Juice Game, as the Philadelphia players were given pickle juice by Andy Reid in order to prepare for the high temperature in Dallas that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163110-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Eagles season\nThis was Donovan McNabb's first full year as starting quarterback after seeing limited action during his rookie season. With McNabb, the team posted an 11\u20135 record. For his efforts, McNabb was named to the Pro Bowl following the season. He would make several more Pro Bowl appearances during his time in Philadelphia. The Eagles played in five NFC Championship games and a Super Bowl (2004) during the McNabb era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163110-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Eagles season\nThe Eagles easily defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the Wild Card round 21-3, but lost to their rivals & the eventual NFC champions, the New York Giants, in the Divisional Round 20-10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163110-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Eagles season\nIn Week 5, running back Duce Staley broke his foot. He was later placed on injured reserve, ending his season. He rushed for 344 yards while active in five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163110-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, NFL Draft\nThe 2000 NFL Draft was held April 15\u201316, 2000. No teams elected to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year. The draft was 7 rounds again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163110-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, NFL Draft\nThe Eagles held the 6th pick in the draft in the 7 rounds. They made a total of 7 selections in the draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163110-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, Player selections\nThe table shows the Eagles selections and what picks they had that were traded away and the team that ended up with that pick. It is possible the Eagles' pick ended up with this team via another team that the Eagles made a trade with. Not shown are acquired picks that the Eagles traded away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163111-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Phillies season\nThe 2000 Philadelphia Phillies season was the 118th season in the history of the franchise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163111-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163112-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Wings season\nThe 2000 Philadelphia Wings season marked the team's fourteenth season of operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163112-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Philadelphia Wings season, Regular season, Conference standings\nx:\u00a0Clinched playoff berth; c:\u00a0Clinched playoff berth by crossing over to another division; y:\u00a0Clinched division; z:\u00a0Clinched best regular season record; GP:\u00a0Games PlayedW:\u00a0Wins; L:\u00a0Losses; GB:\u00a0Games back; PCT:\u00a0Win percentage; Home:\u00a0Record at Home; Road:\u00a0Record on the Road; GF:\u00a0Goals scored; GA:\u00a0Goals allowedDifferential:\u00a0Difference between goals scored and allowed; GF/GP:\u00a0Average number of goals scored per game; GA/GP:\u00a0Average number of goals allowed per game", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front\nThe 2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front was a military campaign conducted by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) against a Muslim secessionist group that took place during the presidency of Joseph Estrada in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in the Philippines. The campaign was waged \"to weaken the Moro Islamic Liberation Front's capability to undermine the territorial integrity of the Philippines and inflict harm on both government personnel and civilians\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Background\nThe Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a faction of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) which broke away in 1977, had signed a ceasefire agreement and begun talks with the Philippine government in 1997 after the MNLF affirmed the 1996 Final Peace Agreement. The MILF, however, ultimately rejected the 1996 Final Peace Agreement as inadequate, reiterating a demand for a \"Bangsamoro Islamic State\", and not just simple political autonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 78], "content_span": [79, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Background\nThe MILF continued recruiting additional members, increasing its armaments and fortifying its camps. It also began assuming territories of its own within the Philippine Republic and took on the role of government in control of these territories. The MILF taxed the residents of these areas and an armed wing, which it called the Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces, secured the perimeter of its camps. Prior to April 2000, the MILF had been allowed to operate approximately 50 camps that were off limits to government soldiers. When the MILF finally broke off peace talks, the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Philippine Army in particular, began attacking and destroying these camps one after the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 78], "content_span": [79, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Background\nThe administration of Philippine President Joseph Estrada advocated a hardline stance against the MILF, directing the Armed Forces of the Philippines to \"go all out\" against the MILF on March 21, 2000, after the secessionist group invaded the town of Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte and took hundreds of residents hostage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 78], "content_span": [79, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations\nThe AFP modified its primary internal security operation plan, Balangai, shifting attention from the communist insurgency to the Muslim secessionists. The AFP Southern Command, responsible for the areas in which the MILF operated, prepared contingency plan Sovereign Shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 87], "content_span": [88, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations\nEight military operations were prepared and implemented as the campaign progressed. These were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 87], "content_span": [88, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations, Preliminary operations, Operation Valiancy\nThe 6th Infantry Division of the Philippine Army moved against the MILF forces in the Talayan-Shariff Aguak-Datu Piang area in Maguindanao and captured Camp Omar, its third largest camp located there. Camp Omar served as the headquarters of the 206th BIAF brigade under Ameril Umbra Kato and defended by 500 guerrillas. Camp Jabal Uhob, another MILF camp was also captured during the operation, which took two days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 131], "content_span": [132, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations, Preliminary operations, Operation Audacity\nPhilippine Army units moved to free the Carmen-Banilasan complex in the province of Cotabato from MILF presence and deny their freedom of movement in the area. The operation met its objective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 131], "content_span": [132, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations, Operations in response to occupation of towns and seizure of roadways, Operation Sovereign\nThe MILF launched attacks on the coastal areas of Lanao del Norte in the middle of March 2000. They blocked the Cagayan de Oro-Iligan-Kapatagan national highway and forces under the 303rd BIAF brigade under the command of Abdullah Makapaar occupied the municipal halls of Kauswagan and Munai towns. This action by the MILF prompted President Joseph Estrada to \"throw the full might of the armed forces on these terrorists\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 179], "content_span": [180, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations, Operations in response to occupation of towns and seizure of roadways, Operation Sovereign\nThe Philippine Army's 4th Infantry Division moved to capture the MILF's Camp Bilal in Munai. Other MILF satellite camps were also captured in the operation which took 45 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 179], "content_span": [180, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations, Operations in response to occupation of towns and seizure of roadways, Operation Dominance\nThe MILF established checkpoints on the Narciso Ramos Highway in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte and began collecting \"toll fees\" from those using the roadway. In response the AFP launched operations Dominance and Freeway with the objective of reasserting government control over the highway and free it from MILF control. The 6th Infantry Division was met by a 1000 MILF men contingent which defended from bunkers lining the highway. This came to be known as the Battle of Matanog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 179], "content_span": [180, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations, Operations in response to occupation of towns and seizure of roadways, Operation Freeway\nThis operation was the complement of Operation Dominance with the same objectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 177], "content_span": [178, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations, Operations aimed at capture of Camp Abubakar, Operation Grand Sweeper\nOperation Grand Sweeper was aimed at capturing the MILF satellite camps exerting control over the towns along Lake Lanao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 158], "content_span": [159, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations, Operations aimed at capture of Camp Abubakar, Operation Supreme\nOperation Supreme's objective was the capture of the MILF's second-largest base, Camp Busrah, which was defended by an 800-man MILF unit. The camp was eventually found abandoned when government troops made their final assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 152], "content_span": [153, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Military operations, Operations aimed at capture of Camp Abubakar, Operation Terminal Velocity\nOperation Terminal Velocity's objective was the capture of Camp Abubakar, the largest MILF base and seat of its Shariah-based government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 162], "content_span": [163, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Aftermath\nOperation Terminal Velocity, the final phase of the military campaign to reassert Philippine sovereignty over the areas occupied by the MILF, proved successful after Camp Abubakar, the \"center of gravity\" of the MILF organization, was captured in early July 2000. Then-President Joseph Estrada himself visited the captured Muslim rebel camp and raised the Philippine flag there, \"in assertion of sovereignty\". He brought truckloads of lechon and beer for the government troops, earning criticism from both devout Muslims and Catholic clerics for his insensitivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 77], "content_span": [78, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Aftermath\nThe campaign may have been successful from a military viewpoint, however, various authors have pointed out that the bulk of the MILF's manpower survived the clashes with the government forces and later began to re-establish camps and recruit more members; the MILF \"lived to fight another day\". Furthermore, the concentration of government military assets towards the Mindanao area siphoned off manpower and equipment from the Luzon and Visayas island groups, providing the communist rebellion an opportunity to assert itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 77], "content_span": [78, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Aftermath\nEstrada later ordered that criminal charges against MILF leaders accused of bombings and massacres be withdrawn in an attempt to lure them back to the negotiating table. An impeachment trial against Estrada on charges of bribery was initiated in November 2000 but was aborted in January 2001 when the impeachment court voted not to open an envelope purportedly containing evidence incriminating the President, setting in motion the Second EDSA Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 77], "content_span": [78, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163113-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Aftermath\nThe 2000 Mindanao campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front cost the Philippine government Php 6\u00a0billion, approximately US$126\u00a0million at the September 2016 exchange rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 77], "content_span": [78, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163114-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Phillips explosion\nAt approximately 1:22\u00a0p.m. CT on March 27, 2000, an explosion and fire responsible for one death and 71 injuries occurred at Phillips Petroleum's Houston Chemical Complex at 1400 Jefferson Road in Pasadena, Texas. The fire produced huge plumes of black smoke that spread over the heavily industrialized Houston Ship Channel and neighboring residential areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163114-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Phillips explosion\nThe explosion occurred at the K-Resin facility, which made styrene-butadiene, a type of synthetic rubber. At the time of the explosion, the tank was out of service for cleaning and had no pressure or temperature gauges that would have provided the workers with an alert to the approaching crisis. Ultimately, this explosion resulted in one fatality, while 32 Phillips Petroleum employees and 39 subcontractors were taken to local hospitals for sustaining burns, smoke inhalation, and cuts from debris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163114-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Phillips explosion\nIt took search crews five hours to locate the body of a missing employee in the rubble. The dead man was Rodney Gott, a 45-year-old supervisor, who barely survived the Phillips Disaster of 1989. At that time, Gott was in a building whose roof collapsed but he remained in the blazing plant to save a woman and attend to the injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163114-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Phillips explosion\nThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration's six-month investigation concluded that failure to train workers properly was a key factor in the explosion and fire, and it proposed that Phillips Petroleum be fined $2.5 million in penalties for 50 alleged violations of safety standards at the facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163114-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Phillips explosion, Facility today\nThe facility continued to manufacture high-density polyethylene (HDPE), as well as polypropylene and K-Resin SBC until 2011. This complex employs 750 workers for the production of specialty chemicals, including 150 operations and maintenance personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163114-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Phillips explosion, Facility today\nThe facility also experienced fatalities in 1989 and 1999. Today the facility only manufactures polyethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163115-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Phoenix Mercury season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the fourth season for the Phoenix Mercury. They made the playoffs for the first time in two years, but were swept in the first round to the Los Angeles Sparks. It was the last time Phoenix were in the playoffs until the 2007 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163115-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Phoenix Mercury season, Offseason\nEdna Campbell and Toni Foster were both picked up by the Seattle Storm in the 2000 WNBA Expansion Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163116-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Piedmontese regional election\nThe Piedmontese regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163116-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Piedmontese regional election\nEnzo Ghigo (Forza Italia) was re-elected for the second time in a row President, defeating Livia Turco (Democrats of the Left). His re-election resulted in a landslide, as this time he was supported also by Lega Nord Piemont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163116-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Piedmontese regional election\nForza Italia was confirmed as the largest party in the region with an historic 30.8% of the vote, while the Democrats of the left were the second largest party with 17.7%. Piedmont was confirmed as a stronghold of Bonino List, whose leader Emma Bonino was candidate for president and took 5.7% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163117-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pilot Pen Tennis\nThe 2000 Pilot Pen Tennis was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 18th edition of the Pilot Pen Tennis, and is part of the Tier II Series of the 2000 WTA Tour. It took place at the Cullman-Heyman Tennis Center in New Haven, United States, from 20 to 26 through August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163117-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pilot Pen Tennis, Finals, Singles\nIt was the 4th title for Williams in the season and the 13th title on her singles career. It was also her 2nd title in New Haven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163117-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pilot Pen Tennis, Finals, Doubles\nIt was the 11th title for Halard-Decugis and the 14th title for Sugiyama in their respective doubles careers. It was also the 3rd title for the pair during the season, after their wins in Sydney and Miami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163118-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pilot Pen Tennis \u2013 Doubles\nLisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs were the defending champions, but lost in semifinals to Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Su\u00e1rez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163118-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pilot Pen Tennis \u2013 Doubles\nJulie Halard-Decugis and Ai Sugiyama won the title by defeating Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Su\u00e1rez 6\u20134, 5\u20137, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163119-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pilot Pen Tennis \u2013 Singles\nVenus Williams was the defending champion and successfully defended her title by defeating Monica Seles 6\u20132, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163119-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pilot Pen Tennis \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163120-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pingxiang steel plant explosion\nThe Pingxiang steel plant explosion occurred on August 21, 2000, when an oxygen generator in a steel plant located in Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China, exploded. At least 19 steel workers were killed as a result of the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team\nThe 2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Regular season\nThe previous season saw Pitt miss the post season by finishing 5\u20136. For 2000, Pitt looked to find a replacement at defensive back for NFL drafted Hank Poteat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Regular season\nThe season started out with a 30\u20137 win over Kent State. The Panthers then travelled to Bowling Green, winning there 34 \u2013 16 and improving to 2-0 for the first time since 1995. Pitt then hosted Penn State for the two teams last scheduled meeting, which Pitt won 12\u20130. This was Pitt's first win against Penn State in 8 games and improved Pitt to 3\u20130, their best start since 1991. Pitt continued their winning ways with a 29\u201317 win over Rutgers, despite seven turnovers by the Panthers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Regular season\nPittsburgh's winning streak would come to an end at Syracuse in double overtime fashion, 17\u201324. Pitt would come back two weeks later with an impressive win over Boston College. BC came into the game with the second ranked passing defence in the country, but not after Pitt quarterback John Turman threw for 332 yards and five touchdown passes. Running back Kevan Barlow also contributed, running for 209 yards on 25 carries including a 45-yard touchdown run, in the 42-26 Pitt victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Regular season\nThe following game required a road trip to, then ranked second in the nation, Virginia Tech. Pitt led Tech 34\u201327 going into the fourth quarter, due mostly to their passing attack. John Turman threw for 311 yards and 4 touchdown passes in the game. Without starting quarterback Michael Vick, Virginia Tech came back in the fourth quarter, scoring 10 points, to win the game 34\u201337. Pittsburgh only gained 24 yards on the ground and the defence gave up 477 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Regular season\nPittsburgh would then host North Carolina, who would upset the Panthers 17\u201320 despite holding a 407\u2013293 disadvantage in total offense. Pittsburgh would then have to visit another top ranked team on the road with a trip to, then ranked second in the nation, Miami. Pittsburgh would have its worst offensive performance of the season, gaining only 266 yards, in the 7\u201335 loss. The Panthers have now lost 3 straight and their record is 5\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Regular season\nPittsburgh clinched their first winning season since 1997 and recorded their second shutout, first time since 1987, with a 7\u20130 win at Temple despite 6 Panther turnovers. Wide receiver Antonio Bryant, who gained 81 yards on 6 receptions and recorded the game's only touchdown, broke the Big East record for most receiving yards in a season with 1,154 yards. Pitt would end the season 7\u20134, their best since 1989, with a 38\u201328 win over West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Regular season\nPitt running back Kevan Barlow, playing in his last home game as a Panther, rushed for a career-high 272 yards and 4 touchdowns, 1,053 yards for the season. Only Tony Dorsett had rushed for more yards in a single game. Barlow also broke a record for most yards gained against a West Virginia defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Insight.com Bowl\nPittsburgh accepted a bid to play in the Insight.com Bowl, Pittsburgh's second bowl game under Walt Harris, against Iowa State. The contest was the first football game played at the home field of Major League Baseball's Arizona Diamondbacks, Bank One Ballpark. Pitt scored on their first possession by way of a 72-yard Antonio Bryant touchdown reception from quarterback John Turman. Iowa State would then go on to score 27 unanswered points. Pitt would score twice unanswered to start the second half, a Rod Rutherford 2-yard touchdown run and an Antonio Bryant 44-yard touchdown reception. Pitt would miss the extra point to make the score 20\u201327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Insight.com Bowl\nPittsburgh would then give up a 72-yard punt return for a touchdown by Iowa State's JaMain Billups, 20\u201334. Next, Pitt's Nick Lotz would kick a 25-yard field goal to make it 23\u201334 with 11:08 left in the game. On Iowa State's ensuing possession, they fumbled on first play at their own 29. Kevan Barlow would score from 3 yards out with 9:45 left in the game. A failed 2-point conversion made the score 29\u201334.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163121-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Insight.com Bowl\nIowa State would add a 41-yard field goal with 4:53 left, 29\u201337. Pitt's comeback drive would be ended by a Marc Timmons interception at Iowa State's 12-yard line. John Turman threw for a career-high 347 yards and two touchdowns, Antonio Bryant caught 5 passes for 155 yards and 2 touchdowns, and Kevan Barlow rushed for 114 yards and 1 touchdown. Ramon Walker had 15 tackles and 2 forced fumbles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163122-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Pirates season\nThe 2000 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 119th season of the franchise; the 114th in the National League. This was their 31st and final season at Three Rivers Stadium. The Pirates finished fifth in the National League Central with a record of 69\u201393.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season\nThe 2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 68th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season\nThe season began with the team trying to improve on their 6\u201310 record from 1999 in which they failed to qualify for the playoffs. While Pittsburgh did improve to 9\u20137 and had their first winning season since 1997, it was not enough for the team to qualify for the playoffs. This season also marked the Steelers' last at Three Rivers Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season\nCoach Bill Cowher named Kent Graham the team's starting quarterback for the season over former starter Kordell Stewart. After a 1\u20133 start, Graham was injured and Stewart reclaimed the starting job. Graham was released at the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Roster\nNotable additions include Plaxico Burress, Dan Kreider, Marvel Smith and Clark Haggans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 2 (Sunday September 10, 2000): Bye Week\nThe Steelers had a record of 0-1 on their bye week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 109], "content_span": [110, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3 (Sunday September 17, 2000): at Cleveland Browns\nThe low point for the Steelers's season was probably their Week 3 loss to the Browns. Against a team that would eventually finish 3\u201313, the usually stout Steelers defense allowed Tim Couch to throw for over 300 yards while failing to sack him once. Furthermore, the game ended with probably the Steelers's biggest gaffe of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 120], "content_span": [121, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3 (Sunday September 17, 2000): at Cleveland Browns\nThe Browns's woeful offense drove down for touchdowns on each of their first two possessions, giving them an early 14\u20130 lead. A four-yard touchdown run by Richard Huntley helped the Steelers to narrow the deficit to 14\u201310 at the half, and Jerome Bettis's 10 yard touchdown run in the third quarter gave the Steelers a 20\u201317 lead. However, a Phil Dawson field goal tied it at 20, and a 79 yard pass from Couch to Kevin Johnson set up a 19-yard chip shot by Dawson to give the Browns a 23\u201320 lead with 2:48 to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 120], "content_span": [121, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3 (Sunday September 17, 2000): at Cleveland Browns\nWith the Steelers needing at least a field goal to force overtime, Kent Graham found Bobby Shaw for a 28-yard completion, then a 20-yard run by Chris Fuamatu-Ma'afala put the Steelers inside the 10-yard line when they called their final timeout with 30 seconds left. The Steelers decided to go for the win, and Graham spiked the ball before making the worst play of the day. On third and goal from the six-yard line, Graham dropped back with the Browns pass rush closing in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 120], "content_span": [121, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0006-0002", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3 (Sunday September 17, 2000): at Cleveland Browns\nRather than throwing incomplete to stop the clock, however, Graham allowed rookie DE Courtney Brown to sack him, meaning that the Steelers had no way to stop the clock without running another play. In the ensuing chaos, the Steelers sent out kicker Kris Brown to attempt a game-tying field goal (with Graham as the holder since he was already on the field), and they failed to get their formation set before time ran out, resulting in a loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 120], "content_span": [121, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 4 (Sunday September 24, 2000): vs. Tennessee Titans\nAfter their humiliating loss to the Browns, the Steelers were in a must-win situation upon returning home to face the Titans. With Steve McNair suffering a bruised sternum in the Titans's previous game, it would be former Steelers QB Neil O'Donnell getting the start against his former team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 121], "content_span": [122, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 4 (Sunday September 24, 2000): vs. Tennessee Titans\nWhile the defense harassed O'Donnell, who completed less than half his passes (13-27) with three interceptions, the Steelers trailed for much of the game with the team down 13-6 late in the third. However, Kent Graham completed a 17-yard pass to Hines Ward, who went down just before the goal line. On the first play of the fourth quarter, Kordell Stewart subbed in for Graham and jumped over the Titans line for the game-tying touchdown. A five-yard touchdown run by Jerome Bettis made it 20-16 Steelers late.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 121], "content_span": [122, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 4 (Sunday September 24, 2000): vs. Tennessee Titans\nWith three minutes to go, Jason Gildon sacked O'Donnell, knocking him out of the game. With O'Donnell hurt, Steve McNair, who dressed for the game but was not expected to play with a bruised sternum, came in despite his injury. All McNair did was drive the Titans down the field in four plays, hitting Erron Kinney for the go-ahead touchdown with 1:31 to go. On the next play from scrimmage, Graham was hit after completing a 20 yard pass to Chris Fuamatu-Ma'afala and also had to leave the game due to injury, forcing Kordell Stewart to take over at QB. Although Stewart only went 1\u20134 on the drive, he did manage to put the Steelers in field goal range with a 16 yard run. However, kicker Kris Brown's potential game-tying 50-yard field goal was short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 121], "content_span": [122, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 5 (Sunday October 1, 2000): at Jacksonville Jaguars\nWith Kent Graham out with an injury, Kordell Stewart received his first start of the season coming off losing his starting job after two much-maligned seasons. However, to the pleasant surprise of the team and the fans, Stewart demonstrated his form of old, completing 10 of 16 passes (albeit for only 132 yards, no touchdowns, and one interception) and running for 61 more. Jerome Bettis added 97 yards rushing with 2 touchdowns, and the Steelers jumped out to a 24-6 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 121], "content_span": [122, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 5 (Sunday October 1, 2000): at Jacksonville Jaguars\nDuring the game, rookie WR Plaxico Burress caught a third down pass and went down without being touched. He spiked the football to celebrate (confusing NCAA rules with NFL rules), but since he was never touched down, the ball remained live (in play) and the Jaguars recovered the fumble with linebacker Danny Clark returning the ball 44 yards to the Steelers' 27 yard line. In spite of this miscue being one of the worst plays of the NFL season, the Steelers even survived this setback without points. On 4th and 3 inside the 10, Jaguars coach Tom Coughlin elected to go for it with his team down 18, and Earl Holmes upended Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell, leaving him a yard short of a first down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 121], "content_span": [122, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): vs. Oakland Raiders\nWith an AFC-best 10-2 record heading into Pittsburgh, the Raiders were favored to win the first Raiders-Steelers game in Pittsburgh since 1980. What instead ensued was a very exciting contest featuring vicious hits, gutsy play, and a game-ending controversy that recalled the glory days of the Raiders-Steelers rivalry in the 1970's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): vs. Oakland Raiders\nIn the first quarter, Kordell Stewart threw a 19 yard touchdown pass to Bobby Shaw for a 7-0 lead. However, the Steelers fell behind 17-7 in the second quarter. An calf injury to Stewart forced him to the sidelines, and in his relief appearance, Kent Graham threw a pass that was intercepted by Eric Allen and returned 27 yards for a touchdown. Then with 1:06 to go in the half, Rich Gannon found tight end Randy Jordan on a screen pass for a 21 yard touchdown make the score 17-7 Raiders at the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): vs. Oakland Raiders\nIn the second half, Kordell Stewart returned to play despite his injury and drove the Steelers down to the Raiders's 6 yard line. This drive featured a play where Stewart fumbled at his own 14 yard line, but recovered the ball and escaped the Raiders for 17 yards. On second and goal, Stewart threw a pass in the right flat to tight end Mark Bruener at the 1, when Raiders safety Calvin Branch went into Breuner at full speed and shoved him backwards towards the 5. Unwilling to be stopped short, Breuner fought back and dragged Branch into the end zone with him just before he could be shoved out of bounds, making the score 17-14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): vs. Oakland Raiders\nOn the first play of the fourth quarter, Stewart ran for a 17 yard touchdown for the Steelers to regain the lead, 21-17. Raiders kicker Sebastian Janikowski kicked a 42 yard field goal to make it 21-20, but with 4 minutes to play, missed another field goal that would have given the Raiders the lead. The Raiders got the ball back with 1:39 left with one last chance to win the game. Rich Gannon completed passes to receivers James Jett and Andre Rison for 11 and 14 yards, then found Tim Brown to convert a fourth down at midfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): vs. Oakland Raiders\nThe game came down to a controversial call. The Raiders had a fourth and one at the Steelers' 41 yard line, but the sideline crew was slow to switch the down markers from 3 to 4, so Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon called for a pass out in the flat to fullback Jon Ritchie. The Steelers blitzed and forced Gannon to throw incomplete, when the Raiders began to challenge their turnover on downs. Referee Tom White conferred with scorekeeper Charles Heberling to review the down and distance for the previous four plays, and Heberling confirmed that because the previous play was in fact fourth down in spite of what was labeled, the Steelers would be awarded the ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): vs. Oakland Raiders\nDuring the game, Raiders lineman Regan Upshaw confronted punter Josh Miller after a Steelers punt and spat at him. While Upshaw was not penalized as the refs did not see the incident, CBS cameras did and Upshaw was fined nearly $30,000 after the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14 (Sunday December 3, 2000): vs. Oakland Raiders\nOn the ESPN highlight show NFL Primetime, rather than being shown and recapped with one of the show's standard themes, the highlights were set to the NFL Films songs \"A Golden Boy Again\" and \"Raiders' Theme\" to commemorate the final Raiders-Steelers matchup at Three Rivers Stadium, as well as the final game from Three Rivers they would show a highlight from during a regular edition of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): at New York Giants\nJust one week after their big win against the Raiders, the Steelers were blown out against the Giants in New Jersey. The Steelers allowed 333 yards passing from Giants quarterback Kerry Collins, and the Steelers were held to just 47 yards rushing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): at New York Giants\nThe Giants held a 13\u20133 lead at halftime, and extended their lead to 20\u20133 after a Collins touchdown pass to Ike Hilliard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): at New York Giants\nThe Steelers's best play of the game, in fact, came on what appeared to be yet another bad play for the team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): at New York Giants\nKerry Collins completed a pass to a wide-open Hilliard, and he cut to the middle of the field, appearing to break free for what would be a 66 yard touchdown when fullback Greg Comella flattened Steelers safety Ainsley Battles on a block inside the 10, but somehow, Battles rolled into position and tripped up Hilliard at the 7 yard line, and a sure Giants touchdown became a field goal to make it 23-3. Battles's miraculous tackle gave the Steelers one more chance to stay in the game, and Kordell Stewart drove the Steelers inside the 10 yard line, but on fourth and goal, Stewart was intercepted by Reggie Stephens to effectively end any remaining hope the Steelers had. Collins then drove the Giants down the field and threw an insurance touchdown to Amani Toomer to make it 30\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15 (Sunday December 10, 2000): at New York Giants\nThe loss put the Steelers at a major disadvantage in the AFC playoff race. With the Steelers at 7-7, the Titans having clinched the division, and the Steelers two games behind the #6 wild card spot in the AFC, the Steelers would have to win out and get major help from other teams in order to qualify for the playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 119], "content_span": [120, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 17 (Sunday December 24, 2000): at San Diego Chargers\nHeading into the last Sunday of the 2000 season, the Steelers needed a win, a Jets loss, and a Colts loss in order to earn the last available Wild Card berth in the AFC playoffs. With the Jets losing to the Ravens in a 1:00 game, the Steelers were still alive when their matchup with the 1\u201314 Chargers started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 17 (Sunday December 24, 2000): at San Diego Chargers\nEarly on in the game, the Chargers demonstrated the potential for an upset bid. On the Chargers's first play from scrimmage, quarterback Ryan Leaf threw a 71-yard touchdown to Jeff Graham, and while Steelers kick returner Will Blackwell answered with a 98 yard kickoff return for a touchdown on the next play, the Chargers held a 14-7 lead after one quarter with Rodney Harrison returning a Kordell Stewart interception 63 yards for a touchdown. However, the Steelers scored 17 unanswered points in the second quarter and never relinquished the lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 17 (Sunday December 24, 2000): at San Diego Chargers\nAlthough Stewart's passing statistics were relatively pedestrian (16-32, 190 yards, and 1 touchdown against 2 interceptions), he ran for 91 yards and 2 touchdowns, and the Steelers held the Chargers to less than 200 yards of total offense while sacking Ryan Leaf six times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 17 (Sunday December 24, 2000): at San Diego Chargers\nOther than the aforementioned touchdown on the first play, Leaf played poorly as usual, going 15-29 for 171 yards with a touchdown and an interception, giving him only 100 yards passing after his first play. To top it off, he lost a fumble on the last Chargers possession, which turned out to be his last snap as a Charger. Following the game, Leaf stormed out of the locker room without speaking with reporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163123-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 17 (Sunday December 24, 2000): at San Diego Chargers\nAlthough the Steelers did their part in winning against the hapless Chargers, the Colts got a big break with their matchup against the Vikings. With the Giants having clinched the #1 seed in the NFC the previous day and the Saints having clinched the NFC West with a worse record than the Vikings, the Vikings could not advance their playoff seed in the playoffs. As a result, the Vikings rested many of their starters (including Daunte Culpepper and Randy Moss) after the first quarter of their game against the Colts, and the Colts capitalized with an easy 31\u201310 win. This result meant that the Steelers would fail to qualify for the playoffs for the third consecutive season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 122], "content_span": [123, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163124-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Plaid Cymru leadership election\nThe 2000 Plaid Cymru leadership election was held following the resignation on health grounds of Dafydd Wigley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163124-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Plaid Cymru leadership election\nWigley had led the party since 1991 and saw them make a surprise breakthrough in the 1999 Assembly elections winning 17 seats and almost a third of the popular vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163124-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Plaid Cymru leadership election\nThe role of leader, at this point, was combined with the role of Party President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163124-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Plaid Cymru leadership election\nThree candidates stood. MEP for Wales Jill Evans, Ynys Mon AM and MP Ieuan Wyn Jones and Llanelli AM Helen Mary Jones", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163124-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Plaid Cymru leadership election\nThe contest was won by Ieuan Wyn Jones with 77.6% of the vote in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163125-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Players Championship\nThe 2000 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour, held March 23\u201327 at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach, southeast of Jacksonville. It was the 27th Players Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163125-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Players Championship\nHal Sutton, the champion seventeen years earlier in 1983, led by a stroke after each round and won his second Players, a stroke ahead of runner-up Tiger Woods. Both carded scores of 71 (\u22121) in the final round, and Sutton hit 17 of 18 greens in regulation. Because of thunderstorms and heavy rain, the final round was completed on Monday, March 27. In the last pairing, Sutton and Woods were on the twelfth hole when play was suspended on Sunday night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163125-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Players Championship\nLate in the third round on Saturday, Sutton had gone 25 holes without making a bogey. At the par-3 17th hole, he hit his tee shot in the water and took a triple-bogey six, which trimmed his lead over Woods to just one stroke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163125-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Players Championship\nTraditionally the richest event in golf, this was the first Players with a seven-figure winner's share, at $1.08 million. Sutton's win in 1983 was the first Players with a six-figure first prize. Woods won the event the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163125-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Players Championship\nDefending champion David Duval finished nine strokes back, in a tie for thirteenth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163125-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Players Championship, Venue\nThis was the 19th Players Championship held at the TPC at Sawgrass Stadium Course and it remained at 7,093 yards (6,486\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163125-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Players Championship, Field\nFulton Allem, Robert Allenby, Stephen Ames, Billy Andrade, Stuart Appleby, Tommy Armour III, Woody Austin, Paul Azinger, Craig Barlow, Doug Barron, Rich Beem, Notah Begay III, Thomas Bj\u00f8rn, Ronnie Black, Jay Don Blake, Eric Booker, Mike Brisky, Mark Brooks, Olin Browne, Tom Byrum, Mark Calcavecchia, Jim Carter, Greg Chalmers, Brandel Chamblee, Barry Cheesman, Stewart Cink, Darren Clarke, Russ Cochran, John Cook, Fred Couples, Ben Crenshaw, John Daly, Robert Damron, Glen Day, Jay Delsing, Chris DiMarco, Trevor Dodds, Scott Dunlap, David Duval, Ernie Els, Bob Estes, Brad Fabel, Nick Faldo, Brad Faxon, Steve Flesch, Dan Forsman, Carlos Franco, Harrison Frazar, David Frost, Fred Funk, Jim Furyk, Sergio Garc\u00eda, Brent Geiberger, Bill Glasson, Matt Gogel, Retief Goosen, Paul Goydos, Wayne Grady, Scott Gump, Jay Haas, Dudley Hart, J. P. Hayes, Nolan Henke, Brian Henninger, Tim Herron, Gabriel Hjertstedt, Scott Hoch, Bradley Hughes, John Huston, Lee Janzen, Miguel \u00c1ngel Jim\u00e9nez, Steve Jones, Jonathan Kaye, Jerry Kelly, Skip Kendall, Tom Kite, Greg Kraft, Bernhard Langer, Franklin Langham, Paul Lawrie, Tom Lehman, Justin Leonard, J. L. Lewis, Frank Lickliter, Davis Love III, Steve Lowery, Andrew Magee, Jeff Maggert, John Maginnes, Shigeki Maruyama, Len Mattiace, Billy Mayfair, Scott McCarron, Rocco Mediate, Phil Mickelson, Larry Mize, Colin Montgomerie, Greg Norman, Mark O'Meara, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Olaz\u00e1bal, Naomichi Ozaki, Jesper Parnevik, Craig Parry, Steve Pate, Dennis Paulson, Corey Pavin, Tom Pernice Jr., Chris Perry, Kenny Perry, Nick Price, Dicky Pride, Tom Purtzer, Charles Raulerson, Mike Reid, Chris Riley, Loren Roberts, Rory Sabbatini, Tom Scherrer, Joey Sindelar, Vijay Singh, Jeff Sluman, Craig Stadler, Paul Stankowski, Steve Stricker, David Sutherland, Kevin Sutherland, Hal Sutton, Esteban Toledo, Tommy Tolles, David Toms, Kirk Triplett, Ted Tryba, Bob Tway, Omar Uresti, Jean van de Velde, Scott Verplank, Duffy Waldorf, Brian Watts, Mike Weir, Kevin Wentworth, Lee Westwood, Mark Wiebe, Tiger Woods, Ian Woosnam", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 2072]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163126-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Plus\n2000 Plus (aka Two Thousand Plus and 2000+) was an American old-time radio series that ran on the Mutual Broadcasting System from March 15, 1950, to January 2, 1952, in various 30-minute time slots. A Dryer Weenolsen production, it was the first adult science fiction series on radio, airing one month prior to the better-known Dimension X.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163126-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Plus\n2000 Plus was an anthology program, using all-new material rather than adapting published stories. The series was the creation of Sherman H. Dryer (1913\u20131989) who scripted and produced the series with Robert Weenolsen (1900\u20131979).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163126-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Plus, Cast\nDryer directed cast members Lon Clark, Joseph Julian, Henry Norell, Bill Keene, Bryna Raeburn and Amzie Strickland and others. Emerson Buckley conducted the music composed by Elliott Jacoby. Ken Marvin was the program's announcer, and the sound effects were by Adrian Penner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163126-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Plus, Cast\nThe nature of the series is indicated in the titles of 1950 episodes: \"The Brooklyn Brain\", \"The Flying Saucers\", \"The Robot Killer\", \"Rocket and the Skull\", \"A Veteran Comes Home\", \"Men from Mars\", \"When the Machines Went Wild\", \"When the Worlds Met\", \"The Insect\", \"Silent Noise\", \"The Green Thing\", \"The Giant Walks\", and \"Worlds Apart\". There are 32 known episodes, and only some of these \u2013 up to 15 (or, perhaps, more) \u2013 have survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163127-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Plymouth City Council election\nThe 2000 Plymouth City Council election was held on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Plymouth City Council in England. This was on the same day as the other local elections. The entire council was up for election and the Conservative Party gained control of the council from the Labour Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163128-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pocono 500\nThe 2000 Pocono 500 was the fifteenth stock car race of the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series. It was scheduled for June 18, 2000, but was held on June 19, 2000 due to inclement weather at Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, Pennsylvania. The 200-lap race was won by Jeremy Mayfield for the Penske Racing team. Dale Jarrett finished second and his Robert Yates Racing teammate Ricky Rudd came in third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163128-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pocono 500\nThe race, originally scheduled for June 18, was delayed to June 19 due to persistent rain and enveloping fog. Mayfield won the race by bumping Earnhardt out of the way on the last corner of the last lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163128-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pocono 500\nThere were five cautions and twenty-four lead changes among eleven different drivers during the course of the race. The result left Bobby Labonte in first position in the Drivers' Championship, fifty-seven points ahead of second-place driver Dale Earnhardt and one-hundred and fifteen ahead of Dale Jarrett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163128-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pocono 500, Report, Background\nPocono Raceway is one of six superspeedways to hold NASCAR races; the others are Daytona International Speedway, Michigan International Speedway, Auto Club Speedway, Indianapolis Motor Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway. The standard track at Pocono Raceway is a three-turn superspeedway that is 2.5 miles (4.0\u00a0km) long. The track's turns are banked differently; the first is banked at 14\u00b0, the second turn at 8\u00b0 and the final turn with 6\u00b0. However, each of the three straightaways are banked at 2\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163128-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Pocono 500, Report, Background\nBefore the race, Bobby Labonte led the Drivers' Championship with 2,116 points, and Dale Earnhardt stood in second with 2,018 points. Ward Burton was third in the Drivers' Championship with 2,014 points, Dale Jarrett was fourth with 1,955 points, and Jeff Burton was in fifth with 1,868 points. In the Manufacturers' Championship, Ford was leading with 95 points, nine points ahead of their rival Pontiac. Chevrolet was in third with 82 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163128-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Pocono 500, Race recap\nThe race, the fifteenth race out of a total of thirty-four in the season, was due to commence at 1 p.m. EDT on June 18. NASCAR officials postponed the race to 10 a.m. EDT on June 19 as persistent rain and a layer of fog obscured parts of the speedway. The race was televised live on TNN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163129-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Polish Figure Skating Championships (Polish: Mistrzostwa Polski w \u0142y\u017cwiarstwie figurowym 1999/2000) were the Polish Figure Skating Championships of the 1999/2000 figure skating season. The Polish Championships are held annually to determine the National Champions of Poland. They were held in Warsaw, between January 14 and January 16, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163130-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish Film Awards\nThe 2000 Polish Film Awards was the 2nd edition of Polish Film Awards: Eagles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Poland on 8 October 2000. Incumbent President Aleksander Kwa\u015bniewski was easily re-elected in the first round with more than 50% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Background\nPresident Kwa\u015bniewski was seen as very likely to win re-election in the run up to the presidential election with polls showing that his popularity was high as 70% support. His main challenger was expected to be Marian Krzaklewski from the Solidarity Electoral Action, which had formed the government since winning the last parliamentary elections in 1997. The other main candidate was a former Foreign Minister and more liberal conservative Andrzej Olechowski, who won support from voters who were discontented with both of the other main candidates and in particular younger voters, businessmen and intellectuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Background\nCandidates seen as having less of a chance included Andrzej Lepper, a populist farmers leader who opposed entry into the European Union and former president Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa. Wa\u0142\u0119sa was rejected as the candidate for the Solidarity party he had won the presidency for, and thus ran separately in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Background\nIn order to be elected in the first round a candidate had to gain over 50% of the vote. If no candidate reached this level, then a second round would have been held between the top two candidates. As the campaign continued, the biggest question in the election was whether or not incumbent President Kwa\u015bniewski would win the 50% required to avoid a second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Background\nIn the August before the election Kwa\u015bniewski and another former president and candidate Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa were investigated by a court on allegations that they had been informers for the Communist secret police. If they had been found guilty they could have been banned from seeking election to political office for 10 years. However they both claimed that the evidence had been manipulated by political opponents and were cleared by the court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Background\nSolidarity candidate Krzaklewski attacked Kwa\u015bniewski for his past as a Communist party activist. However opinion polls in August showed this had little effect with Kwa\u015bniewski well ahead with over 60% support, while Krzaklewski was second and Olechowski third, but both a long way behind. President Kwa\u015bniewski's campaign focused on reconciling all of Poland with slogans including \"Poland, our common home\". Most voters felt he had done well as President and he was seen as having done a good job in guiding Poland to membership of NATO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Background\nKrzaklewski's popularity was not high due to the infighting in the government led by his Solidarity party since they had won the 1997 parliamentary election. Meanwhile, Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa trailed badly in the polls with only about 2% support, which Wa\u0142\u0119sa saw as being due to voters seeing him as being responsible for the pain involved in the transition from communism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Background\nIn the election 3 candidates ran on platforms against the European Union. During the campaign one of them, Andrzej Lepper, was arrested for illegally blocking a customs post, however he claimed that this was an attempt to sabotage his campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Background\nAs the election neared Kwa\u015bniewski dropped in the polls and it became uncertain whether he would win the 50% required to avoid a second round. This followed a television advertisement from Solidarity candidate Krzaklewski in which Kwa\u015bniewski was accused of having mocked Pope John Paul II. The video showed Kwa\u015bniewski apparently urging his security advisor to kiss the ground is a parody of the Pope, although Kwa\u015bniewski claimed this was inaccurate. At least one poll showed Kwa\u015bniewski's support having dropped by 10% in one week following this, however it was the other main candidate, Andrzej Olechowski, who benefited as Krzaklewski was seen as being tarnished for having run a negative campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Candidates\nThere was no second round since Aleksander Kwa\u015bniewski got over 50% in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Candidates\nMember of the Sejm Dariusz Grabowski (Coalition for Poland), 50", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Candidates\nMember of the Sejm Piotr Ikonowicz (Polish Socialist Party), 44", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Candidates\nFormer Deputy Prime Minister Jaros\u0142aw Kalinowski (Polish People's Party), 38", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Candidates\nFormer Member of the Sejm Janusz Korwin-Mikke (Real Politics Union), 57", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Candidates\nChairman of NSZZ Solidarity Marian Krzaklewski (Solidarity Electoral Action), 50", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163131-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Polish presidential election, Results\nIncumbent President Kwa\u015bniewski won the election in the first round receiving almost 54% of the vote. Independent Andrzej Olechowski came second beating Solidarity candidate Krzaklewski into third place. Meanwhile, former President Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa only won 1% of the vote and following the election stood down as leader of his small Christian Democratic party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163132-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Polynesia Cup\nThe Polynesia Cup 2000 was the third Polynesia-wide football tournament ever held. It took place in Tahiti and five teams participated: Tahiti, Samoa, American Samoa, Tonga and Cook Islands and server for the third time as Oceania Nations Cup qualifyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163132-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Polynesia Cup\nThe teams played each other according to a round-robin format with Tahiti winning the tournament for the third time and qualifying to the Oceania Nations Cup 2000 along with Cook Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163132-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Polynesia Cup, Results\nTahiti and  Cook Islands qualified for Oceania Nations Cup 2000", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163133-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Polynesian Championships in Athletics\nThe 2000 Polynesian Championships in Athletics took place in 2000. The event was held in Apia, Samoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163133-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Polynesian Championships in Athletics\nA total of 32 events were contested, 18 by men and 14 by women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163133-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Polynesian Championships in Athletics, Medal summary\nMedal winners and their results were published on the Athletics Weekly webpage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 57], "content_span": [58, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163134-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pontins Professional\nThe 2000 Pontins Professional was a professional invitational snooker tournament which took place in May 2000 in Prestatyn, Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163134-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pontins Professional\nThe tournament featured eight professional players. The quarter-final matches were contested over the best of 9 frames, the semi-finals best of eleven and the final best of seventeen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163134-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Pontins Professional\nThe 2000 tournament was the twenty-seventh and final edition of the Pontins Professional, the series being discontinued thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163134-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Pontins Professional\nDarren Morgan won the event, beating Jimmy White 9\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163135-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pop Cola 800s season\nThe 2000 Pop Cola 800s season was the 11th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). Known as Sunkist Orange Juicers in the Commissioner's Cup and Pop Cola Panthers in the Governor's Cup", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163135-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pop Cola 800s season, Occurrences\nCoach Chot Reyes, whose last coaching stint in the PBA was with Sta.Lucia in 1997, was named the new Pop Cola head coach at the start of the season, he replaces Norman Black, who has moved over to Sta.Lucia Realtors. The Pop Cola coaching staff was completed with the hiring of assistant coaches Binky Favis and former MBA mentor Biboy Ravanes. The team's original choice as Reyes' deputy, Aric del Rosario, choose to concentrate on other fields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163136-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Filderstadt Tennis Club in Filderstadt, Germany that was part of Tier II of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 23rd edition of the tournament and was held from 2 October until 8 October 2000. First-seeded Martina Hingis won the singles title and earned $87,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163136-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Finals, Doubles\nMartina Hingis /  Anna Kournikova defeated  Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario /  Barbara Schett 6\u20134, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163137-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix \u2013 Doubles\nChanda Rubin and Sandrine Testud were the defending champions, but Testud could not compete this year after suffering a stress fracture in her rib during the 2000 Summer Olympics. Rubin teamed up with Mag\u00fci Serna and lost in first round to Alexandra Fusai and Nathalie Tauziat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163137-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix \u2013 Doubles\nMartina Hingis and Anna Kournikova won the title by defeating Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario and Barbara Schett 6\u20134, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163138-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix \u2013 Singles\nMartina Hingis was the defending champion and successfully defended her title, by defeating Kim Clijsters 6\u20130, 6\u20133 in the final. She received a Porsche Boxster-S as a prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163138-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 47], "content_span": [48, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163139-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Port Darwin by-election\nA by-election for the seat of Port Darwin in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was held on 11 March 2000. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of former CLP Chief Minister Shane Stone. The seat had been held by Stone since 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163139-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Port Darwin by-election\nThe CLP selected Sue Carter as its candidate. The Labor candidate was Ian Fraser. Former Labor candidate for Fannie Bay Susan Bradley contested as an Independent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163140-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Portland Fire season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the 1st season for the Portland Fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163141-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Portland, Oregon mayoral election\nThe 2000 Portland mayoral election was held on May 16, 2000, to elect the mayor of Portland. Incumbent mayor Vera Katz was re-elected to a third term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163141-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Portland, Oregon mayoral election\nPortland uses a nonpartisan system for local elections, in which all voters are eligible to participate. All candidates are listed on the ballot without any political party affiliation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163141-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Portland, Oregon mayoral election\nAll candidates meeting the qualifications competed in a blanket primary election on May 16, 2000. Because Katz received a majority of the vote in the primary, no runoff election in November was necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163141-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Portland, Oregon mayoral election, Results\nKatz defeated Jake Oken-Berg, a 19-year-old student and political unknown who received a surprising 27% of the vote and almost forced a runoff, as well as 15 other candidates, who, combined, received approximately 18% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163142-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Portsmouth City Council election\nElections to Portsmouth City Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163143-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix was the twelfth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 3 September 2000 at Estoril.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163143-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix\nThis was the first Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix since 1987. It was previously a one-off race held in Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163143-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round twelve has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections\nThe Portuguese Autonomous Regions of Azores and Madeira held their own Regional Legislative election of 2000 on October 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections\nIn the Azores, there were 52 seats in the Regional Parliament in dispute, the same of the previous election, in 1996. The seats were distributed by the 9 islands of the archipelago proportionally to the population of each island; however, each island is entitled to at least two members of parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections\nIn Madeira, there were 61 seats in dispute, two more than in the previous election, distributed by the 11 municipalities of the archipelago proportionally to the population of each municipality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections\nThe Socialist Party won the election in Azores for the second consecutive time, increasing the voting share by 3% to 49% of the voting and re-electing Carlos C\u00e9sar to the presidency of the Regional Government. The Social Democrats lost many mandates, which made C\u00e9sar achieve an absolute majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections\nIn Madeira, Alberto Jo\u00e3o Jardim, of the Social Democratic Party kept his dominance over the regional political panorama, winning the election with an absolute majority of 56%, losing only 1% of the voting and achieving the 7th consecutive absolute majority since the very first election in 1976. The two extra mandates were distributed by the People's Party and the People's Democratic Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections, The election in Azores\nThe winner of the election was the Socialist Party, that for the second time achieved the majority of the voting, this time an absolute majority. Carlos Manuel Martins do Vale C\u00e9sar was re-elected president of the Regional Government with a parliamentary support of 30 MPs out of 52.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections, The election in Azores\nThe People's Party, despite raising the share of the voting by more than 2%, lost 1 MP, due to the application of the d'Hondt method by the 9 islands, the Social Democrats lost almost 10% of the voting and 6 MPs. The People's Monarchist Party, that hadn't participated in the previous election, ran in coalition with the Democratic Party of the Atlantic and didn't elect a single MP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections, The election in Azores\nOn the left, the Unitarian Democratic Coalition, led by the Portuguese Communist Party raised the voting by 1% and achieved one more MP, elected in the island of Faial. The People's Democratic Union, after merging with several other small left-wing parties, ran inside the Leftwing Bloc and didn't manage to elect a single MP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections, The election in Madeira\nThe winner of the election in Madeira was, once more, the Social Democratic Party, and Alberto Jo\u00e3o Jardim was elected president of the Regional Government with an absolute majority for the 7th consecutive time. The percentage gathered by the social democrats decreased by 1%, however, due to the increase of the overall number of MPs, the party kept their 41 mandates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections, The election in Madeira\nThe People's Party increased its voting and its number of MPs, gathering a total of 3 mandates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163144-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Portuguese regional elections, The election in Madeira\nOn the left, the Socialist Party kept its 13 MPs after, despite losing more than 3% of the voting. The Unitarian Democratic Coalition, led by the Portuguese Communist Party, increased the voting and kept the 2 Mps of the previous election. The People's Democratic Union raised the number of MPs from 1 to 2 after a slight increase of the voting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163145-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Preakness Stakes\nThe 2000 Preakness Stakes was the 125th running of the Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race. The race took place on May 20, 2000, and was televised in the United States on the ABC television network. Red Bullet, who was jockeyed by Jerry Bailey, won the race three and three quarter lengths over runner-up Fusaichi Pegasus. Approximate post time was 5:28\u00a0p.m. Eastern Time. The race was run over a track listed as good in a final time of 1:56.04. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 111,821, this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163146-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Premier League Snooker\nThe 2000 Altodigital.com Premier League was a  professional non-ranking snooker tournament that was played from 8\u00a0January to 6\u00a0May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163146-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Premier League Snooker\nStephen Hendry won in the final 9\u20135 against Mark Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163146-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Premier League Snooker\nHendry made his 500th career century in his match against Ronnie O'Sullivan at Stirling on 2 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163146-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Premier League Snooker, League phase\nTop four qualified for the play-offs. If points were level then most frames won determined their positions. If two players had an identical record then the result in their match determined their positions. If that ended 4\u20134 then the player who got to four first was higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163147-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Premier League speedway season\nThe 2000 Premier League speedway season was the second division of speedway in the United Kingdom and governed by the Speedway Control Board (SCB), in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163147-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Premier League speedway season, Season summary\nThe League consisted of 14 teams for the 2000 season with the addition of the Hull Vikings who dropped down from the Elite League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163147-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Premier League speedway season, Season summary\nThe League was run on a standard format with no play-offs and was won by Exeter Falcons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163147-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Premier League speedway season, Premier League Knockout Cup\nThe 2000 Premier League Knockout Cup was the 33rd edition of the Knockout Cup for tier two teams. Swindon Robins were the winners of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163147-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Premier League speedway season, Premier League Knockout Cup, Final\nSwindon were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 101\u201379.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 71], "content_span": [72, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163148-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 President of the Senate of the Czech Republic election\nAn election of the President of the Senate of the Czech Republic was held on 16 December 2000. Petr Pithart was elected the new President of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163148-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 President of the Senate of the Czech Republic election, Background and voting\nFour-Coalition was successful in 2000 senate election. Four-Coalition decided to nominate its candidate for the Senate President. Christian and Democratic Union \u2013 Czechoslovak People's Party suggested Petr Pithart or Zuzana Roithov\u00e1. Freedom Union supported Josef Zieleniec and Civic Democratic Alliance suggested Josef Ja\u0159ab. Four-Coalition eventually nominated Pithart. Pithart narrowly beaten Zieleniec in a voting within Four-Coalition Senate faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 82], "content_span": [83, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163148-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 President of the Senate of the Czech Republic election, Background and voting\nElection was held on 19 December 2000. Pithart was the only candidate. He received 50 votes of 79.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 82], "content_span": [83, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163149-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 President's Cup (tennis)\nThe 2000 President's Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on Hard in Tashkent, Uzbekistan that was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 11 September \u2013 17 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163149-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 President's Cup (tennis), Champions, Doubles\nJustin Gimelstob /  Scott Humphries def. Marius Barnard /  Robbie Koenig, 6\u20133, 6\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163150-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 President's Cup \u2013 Doubles\nThe 2000 President's Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on Hard in Tashkent, Uzbekistan that was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 11 September \u2013 17 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163150-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 President's Cup \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163151-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 President's Cup \u2013 Singles\nThe 2000 President's Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on Hard in Tashkent, Uzbekistan that was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 11 September \u2013 17 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163151-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 President's Cup \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163152-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Presidents Cup\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Tewapack (talk | contribs) at 23:20, 20 December 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163152-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Presidents Cup\nThe 4th Presidents Cup was held between October 19 and 22, 2000. It was played at the Robert Trent Jones Golf Club in Gainesville, Virginia, U.S. The United States team won the competition by a margin of 21\u200b1\u20442\u201310\u200b1\u20442. The honorary chairman was American President Bill Clinton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163152-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Presidents Cup, Format\nBoth teams had 12 players plus a non-playing captain. The competition was four days long unlike the past three tournaments where there were three days of competition. The same number of matches were still played though. On the first day foursomes were played. On the second day four-ball and foursomes was played. On the third day four-ball was played. On the fourth and final day singles were played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163152-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Presidents Cup, Individual player records\nEach entry refers to the Win\u2013Loss\u2013Half record of the player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163153-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Preston Borough Council election\nElections to Preston Borough Council were held on 7 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163153-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Preston Borough Council election, Ward results\nThis election was the last to be held before a boundary review increased the number of electoral wards and redistributed the councillors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163154-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Preston by-election\nThe 2000 Preston by-election was a parliamentary by-election held in England on 23 November 2000, to elect a new Member of Parliament (MP) for the House of Commons constituency of Preston in Lancashire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163154-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Preston by-election\nThe vacancy was caused by the death on 2 September 2000 of Audrey Wise, the constituency's Labour Party MP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163154-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Preston by-election\nThe Labour vote share declined, but with the main beneficiaries being fringe parties, the Labour candidate Mark Hendrick held the seat comfortably.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163154-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Preston by-election\nPeter Garrett used the description \"Preston Christian Alliance\". David Braid used the description \"Battle for Britain\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163155-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Primera B de Chile\nThe 2000 Primera B de Chile was the 50th completed season of the Primera B de Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163156-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Primera Divisi\u00f3n of Chile\nThe 2000 Campeonato Nacional, known as Campeonato Nacional Copa Banco del Estado 2000 for sponsorship purposes, was the 69th season of top-flight football in Chile. Universidad de Chile won their 11th title. Cobreloa and Deportes Concepci\u00f3n -as Liguilla winners-, also qualified for the next Copa Libertadores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163157-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Prince Edward Island general election\nThe 2000 Prince Edward Island general election was held on April 17, 2000 to elect the 27 members of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163157-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Prince Edward Island general election\nPremier Pat Binns' Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island was elected to its second straight majority, winning every seat but one. This was an increase of eight seats from the previous election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163157-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Prince Edward Island general election\nThe Liberal Party of Prince Edward Island, led by rookie leader Wayne Carew, only won one seat, and Carew lost his own by a substantial margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163157-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Prince Edward Island general election\nThe Island New Democrats, led by Herb Dickieson, increased their popular vote from the previous election, but lost their only seat (Dickieson's own).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team\nThe 2000 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their first year under head coach Roger Hughes, the team compiled a 3\u20137 record (3\u20134 against Ivy League opponents) and finished in fifth place in the Ivy League. The team played its home games at Princeton Stadium in Princeton, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team\nThe John P. Poe - Richard W. Kazmaier, Jr. Football Trophy, given annually to \"a member of the Princeton football team of good moral character, who, during the season in addition to proving himself a player of ability, has bestexemplified [specified] traits and characteristics,\" was awarded to seniors Michael F. Higgins and Dennis M. Norman. Higgins was also the 2000 team captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Lafayette\nOn September 16, 2000, Princeton opened its season in its first game under head coach Roger Hughes. The Tigers lost to Lafayette, 24-17. The game was tied at 17 with nine seconds left, and Lafayette faced second down at the Princeton one-yard line. Lafayette went for the touchdown and scored for the win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Lehigh\nOn September 23, 2000, Princeton lost to #19 Lehigh, 20-18, at Princeton Stadium. Lehigh scored 20 points in the first half and was held scoreless in the second half as the Tigers mounted a comeback effort. The effort fell short, as Princeton was unable to score a touchdown and settled for six Taylor Northrop field goals, including a 50-yarder. After the game, head coach Roger Hughes said, \"I don't believe in moral victories, although, I'm very proud of how our kids played. Our kids played every snap of every quarter. I told them afterwards in the locker room that they have nothing to hang their heads about. [ I told them] 'You became men today.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Columbia\nOn September 30, 2000, Princeton defeated Columbia, 27-24, with a field goal in overtime. The game was the Ivy League opener for both teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Colgate\nOn October 7, 2000, Princeton lost to Colgate, 34-6. Princeton's Kyle Brandt rushed for 80 yards on 11 carries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Brown\nOn October 14, 2000, Princeton defeated Brown, 55-28, in front of a crowd of 18,113 spectators. David Splithoff became the first freshman to start at quarterback in Princeton football history. In his first start, Splithoff completed 13 of 17 passes for 289 yards and three touchdowns and led the Tigers to 514 yards of offense and 55 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Harvard\nOn October 21, 2000, Princeton lost to Harvard, 35-21, at Princeton Stadium. Harvard outgained Princeton 492 total yards to 294. Princeton was also charged with 12 penalties. The loss to Harvard was the fifth in a row, representing Princeton's longest losing streak in the long history of the Harvard\u2013Princeton football rivalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Cornell\nOn October 28, 2000, Princeton lost a close game to Cornell, 25-24. Princeton scored a potential tying touchdown late with 11 seconds remaining, but kicker Taylor Northrop slipped on wet turf and missed the kick for point after touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Penn\nOn November 4, 2000, Princeton took an early lead, but Penn then scored 34 unanswered points and defeated the Tigers, 40-24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Yale\nOn November 11, 2000, Princeton defeated Yale, 19-14. Yale took a 14-3 lead at halftime, but Princeton scored 16 unanswered points in the second half. With 16 second remaining, Princeton scored the winning touchdown on a 32-yard pass from quarterback Jon Blevins to wide receiver Chisom Opara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 57], "content_span": [58, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, Dartmouth\nOn November 18, 2000, Princeton ended its season with a 42-37 loss against Dartmouth. Dartmouth quarterback Greg Smith completed 20 of 27 passes for 308 yards and four touchdowns. After the game, head coach Roger Hughes said the following about his team's seniors: \"While I'm very saddened by losing them, I'm also excited about the future in that these seniors have given us a great foundation to build on.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163158-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Princeton Tigers football team, Players\nThe following players won varsity letters for their participation in the 2000 Princeton football team:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163159-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe\nThe 2000 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was a horse race held at Longchamp on Sunday 1 October 2000. It was the 79th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163159-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe\nThe winner was Sinndar, a three-year-old colt trained in Ireland by John Oxx. The winning jockey was Johnny Murtagh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163160-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pro Bowl\nThe 2000 Pro Bowl was the NFL's all-star game for the 1999 season. The game was played on February 6, 2000 at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii  Attendance\u2014 50,112. The game was broadcast by ABC with a running time of three hours and sixteen minutes. The final score was NFC 51, AFC 31. The AFC coach was Tom Coughlin of Jacksonville. The NFC coach was Tony Dungy of Tampa Bay. Randy Moss of the Minnesota Vikings was the game's MVP with 9 catches for 212 yards and one touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163160-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pro Bowl, Starting Lineups\nStarting Lineups as voted on by NFL players and coaches", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163161-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Puerto Rican general election\nThe 2000 Puerto Rican general elections were held in Puerto Rico on 7 November 2000. Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) was elected Governor, whilst the PPD also won a majority of seats in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Voter turnout was between 80% and 82%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163162-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election\nThe 2000 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election was a by-election in the Cook Islands electorate of Pukapuka-Nassau. It took place on 28 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163162-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election\nThe by-election was caused by the invalidation of the 1999 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election. The Cook Islands Parliament subsequently passed an Electoral Amendment Act providing for a second by-election and the re-registration of voters in the electorate. The election was contested by two candidates, and won by the Democratic Alliance Party's Tiaki Wuatai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163163-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Pulitzer Prize\nThe Pulitzer Prizes for 2000 were announced on April 10, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163164-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Punta del Este Sevens\nThe 2000 Punta del Este Sevens was a Rugby Sevens tournament held in Punta del Este, Uruguay and was the third leg of the 1999-2000 World Sevens Series. The competition took place on 7 and 8 January at the Campus de Maldonado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163164-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Punta del Este Sevens\nThe hosts, Uruguay were eliminated in the Plate semi-finals. For the third consecutive event in the Series, the Cup final was contested between Fiji and New Zealand. The Punta del Este Sevens was not included on the World Sevens circuit for the 2000-01 series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163164-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Punta del Este Sevens, Teams\nSixteen national teams played in the tournament with New Zealand and Fiji being seeded one and two due to winning the previous two tournaments in Dubai and Stellenbosch. Peru were debuting on the world stage after becoming a member of the International Rugby Board as they were invited to compete in Punta del Este and Mar del Plata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163164-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Punta del Este Sevens, Format\nThe pool stage was played on the first day of the tournament. The 16 teams were separated into four pools of four teams and teams in the same pool played each other once. The top two teams in each pool advanced to the Cup quarterfinals to compete for the 2000 Punta del Este Sevens title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163164-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Punta del Este Sevens, Summary\nThe first day of the Punta del Este Sevens saw three teams end the day unbeaten from their pool stages. In Pool A, it was New Zealand who had an handful of players playing rugby sevens for the first time finishing top with victories over Spain (50\u20135), Peru (63\u20130) and Uruguay (24\u20135). Joint-leaders in the series heading into the round, Fiji only conceded twelve points in their group to finish top of the group with Canada coming in second place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163164-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Punta del Este Sevens, Summary\nThe other team that finished unbeaten throughout Day 1 was Argentina who just slightly edged over Samoa, 19\u201312 in the fifth game of Pool D to finish top of the pool. Pool C was the only group to not have an unbeaten team with Chile forcing an tiebreaker after defeating South Africa 28\u201321. But Chile was the unlucky team with the team being the lowest in point average off the three teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163164-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Punta del Este Sevens, Summary\nThe second day of the tournament saw the first extra time match in the series history with South Africa defeating Argentina 24\u201319 in the cup quarter final after they initially were locked at 19-all during regulation. After recording victories over South Africa and Samoa in the semi-finals respectively, New Zealand and Fiji met in the third consecutive cup final. During the final, an injury to Fijian player Waisele Serevi occurred in the 14th minute of the final with the score at 21\u201319. The injury saw New Zealand score three more tries and go to the top of the table with a 42\u201319 victory. Australia won the plate final for the third consecutive event defeating Canada while France took out the bowl defeating Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163165-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Purbeck District Council election\nElections to Purbeck District Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163166-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Purdue Boilermakers football team\nThe 2000 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They played their home games at Ross\u2013Ade Stadium in West Lafayette, Indiana and competed in the Big Ten Conference. In its fourth year under head coach Joe Tiller, Purdue compiled an 8\u20134 record, won the conference championship, but was defeated by Washington in the 2001 Rose Bowl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163166-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Purdue Boilermakers football team\nPurdue's offense was led by quarterback and Heisman Trophy-finalist Drew Brees. Brees led the Big Ten in completions, attempts, passing yards and passing touchdowns, setting the Big Ten career record for career passing yards with 11,517 passing former Purdue player, Mark Herrmann who had set the mark with 9,946 in 1980. The team had neither a 1,000-yard rusher nor a 1,000-yard receiver. Vinny Sutherland was the leading receiver with 926 receiving yards, and Montrell Lowe led the team in rushing with 919 rushing yards. Drew Brees and offensive tackle Matt Light were the only players on the offensive unit selected as an All-American by Pro Football Weekly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163166-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Purdue Boilermakers football team\nOn defense, the 2000 Purdue team had true freshman safety Stuart Schweigert, who intercepted five passes and also led the team in tackles with 85. Other standouts on defense included defensive end Akin Ayodele with 9.0 quarterback sacks, and linebacker Landon Johnson with 71 tackles and two sacks, and safety Ralph Turner with 65 tackles, four sacks and an interception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163166-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Purdue Boilermakers football team\nTen members of the team were honored as All-Big Ten Conference selections, quarterback Drew Brees was named the Big Ten Offensive of the Year and the Chicago Tribune Silver Football, while safety Stuart Schweigert was named the Big Ten Freshman of the Year. Nineteen members of the 2000 Boilermakers football team went on to play in the NFL. Prior to 2000, the Boilermakers had compiled three consecutive winning seasons and had not won a Big Ten Championship since the 1967 Purdue team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163166-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Purdue Boilermakers football team\nThe 2000 team, which boasted two future Super Bowl winners, was featured in the 2013 Big Ten Network documentary series Big Ten Elite and is still widely regarded by Purdue fans as one of the greatest Boilermakers football teams of all time. The Boilermakers have yet to win the Big Ten championship or reach the Rose Bowl since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163166-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season\nThe season was Drew Brees's final year with the Boilermakers. He left Purdue with Big Ten Conference records in passing yards (11,792), touchdown passes (90), total offensive yards (12,693), completions (1,026), and attempts (1,678). Brees won the Maxwell Award as the nation's outstanding player of 2000 and won the NCAA's Today's Top VIII Award as a member of the Class of 2001. Brees was third in balloting for the Heisman Trophy in 2000. The Boilermakers won all 8 of their games when they scored 30 points or more in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163166-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Game summaries, at Wisconsin\nDrew Brees becomes the career passing yardage leader in Big Ten history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163167-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs season\nThe 2000 Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs season was the 13th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163167-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs season, Finals stint\nPurefoods return to the PBA finals after two years of non-title playoff. In the All-Filipino Cup, the Tender Juicy Hotdogs got the benefit of playing in the championship when the league forfeited Tanduay Rhum's two wins over them during the Best-of-five semifinal series where Fil-Sham Sonny Alvarado was fielded in. With the series stands at 2-1 in their favor, Purefoods went on to win Game four, 72-71 in overtime, on the heroics of guard Boyet Fernandez to reach the All-Filipino finals against the Alaska Milkmen. After winning Game one of the finals series, the Tender Juicy Hotdogs lost the next four games and settled for runner-up honors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163167-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs season, Finals stint\nBehind best import Derrick Brown, the Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs were on their second trip to the finals in the Governors Cup. They played the defending champions San Miguel Beermen. The Hotdogs fell behind by losing the first three games of the best-of-seven title series and lost anew in five games for another runner-up finish in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163168-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Qatar Crown Prince Cup\nThe 2000 Qatar Crown Prince Cup was the 5th edition of this cup tournament in men's football (soccer). It was played by the top 4 teams of the Q-League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163169-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Qatar Open\nThe 2000 Qatar Open, known as the 2000 Qatar ExxonMobil Open for sponsorship reasons,  was a men's tennis tournament held in Doha, Qatar and played on outdoor hard courts. The event was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the eighth edition of the tournament and was held from 3 January through 10 January 2000. Third-seeded Fabrice Santoro won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163169-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Qatar Open, Finals, Doubles\nMark Knowles /  Max Mirnyi defeated  Alex O'Brien /  Jared Palmer, 6\u20133, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163170-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Qatar Open \u2013 Doubles\nMark Knowles and Max Mirnyi won in the final 6\u20133, 6\u20134, against O'Brien and Palmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163171-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Qatar Open \u2013 Singles\nFabrice Santoro defeated Rainer Sch\u00fcttler 3\u20136, 7\u20135, 3\u20130 after Sch\u00fcttler retired to win the 2000 Qatar Open singles competition. Sch\u00fcttler was the defending champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163172-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)\nThe 2000 Queen's Birthday Honours for Australia were announced on Monday 12 June 2000 by the office of the Governor-General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163172-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)\nThe Birthday Honours were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen's Official Birthday celebrations during the month of June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163173-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Queensland Cup\nThe 2000 Queensland Cup season was the 5th season of Queensland's top-level statewide rugby league competition run by the Queensland Rugby League. The competition, known as the Bundy Gold Cup due to sponsorship from Bundaberg Rum, featured 12 teams playing a 26-week long season (including finals) from February to August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163173-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Queensland Cup\nThe Redcliffe Dolphins defeated the Toowoomba Clydesdales 14\u20136 in the Grand Final at Suncorp Stadium to claim their second premiership. Wests Panthers centre Jason Bulgarelli was named the competition's Player of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163173-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Queensland Cup, Teams\nFor the first time, the competition featured the same 12 teams that participated the year before. The Central Capras re-branded as the Central Comets and changed their colour scheme to avoid confusion with the region's representative side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163173-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Queensland Cup, Teams\nFor the 2000 season, the Brisbane Broncos and Melbourne Storm were again affiliated with the Toowoomba Clydesdales and Norths Devils, respectively. After using Souths Magpies and Wynnum Seagulls as feeders clubs in 1999, the Auckland Warriors used Souths as their sole feeder. The North Queensland Cowboys did not use Cairns as their affiliate club, instead using their own team in the NSWRL's First Division competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163173-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Queensland Cup, Grand Final\nToowoomba, who finished the regular season in third, qualified for their second Grand Final after defeating Redcliffe in their major semi final. Redcliffe won their second straight minor premiership and once again earned a first week bye. After losing to Toowoomba they defeated Easts by 34 points in the preliminary final to set up a 1996 Grand Final rematch with the Clydesdales. In the regular season, the Dolphins defeated the Clydesdales in both of their meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163173-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Queensland Cup, Grand Final, First half\nRedcliffe winger Trent Leis opened the scoring in the 16th minute when he crossed out wide. In doing so, he became the first player to score in back-to-back Grand Finals. Four minutes later, the Dolphins pushed their lead to eight when prop Troy Lindsay barged over the try line. Toowoomba would finally get on the board with one minute left to play in the first when Justin Hodges stepped through a number of defenders to score under the posts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163173-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Queensland Cup, Grand Final, Second half\nThe Dolphins regained an eight-point lead four minutes into the second half when their captain Craig O'Dwyer threw a dummy close to the line and darted over. The try would be the last points scored in the game as Redcliffe held on to become the first club to win two Grand Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163173-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Queensland Cup, Grand Final, Second half\nRedcliffe players Adam Mogg, George Wilson, Tony Gould, Troy Lindsay, James Hinchey and Russell Lahiff became the first players to win two Grand Finals with the same club, having all been involved in Redcliffe's 1997 triumph. Craig O'Dwyer became the second player (after Aaron Douglas a year earlier) to win two Grand Finals with two different clubs, winning his first with Norths in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163174-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 R League\nThe 2000 edition of R League was held from April 20 to October 12, 2000. Since 2000, R-League was reestablished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163174-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 R League\nAnyang LG Cheetahs won the competition for the first time by defeating Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma in final on penalties on 12 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163175-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 RCA Championships\nThe 2000 RCA Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 13th edition of the event known that year as the RCA Championships, and was part of the International Series Gold of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Indianapolis Tennis Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, from August 14 through August 20, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163175-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 RCA Championships\nThe singles draw featured ATP No. 2, French Open titlist, Hamburg and Santiago champion, Miami and Rome runner-up Gustavo Kuerten, Australian Open runner-up Yevgeny Kafelnikov, and Barcelona, Majorca and Toronto winner, Hamburg finalist Marat Safin. Other top seeds competing included Cincinnati winner Thomas Enqvist, Adelaide, Sydney, Scottsdale and Queen's Club champion Lleyton Hewitt, Tim Henman, Nicol\u00e1s Lapentti and Marcelo R\u00edos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163175-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 RCA Championships, Finals, Doubles\nLleyton Hewitt /  Sandon Stolle defeated  Jonas Bj\u00f6rkman /  Max Mirnyi 6\u20132, 3\u20136, 6\u20133", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163176-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 RCA Championships \u2013 Doubles\nPaul Haarhuis and Jared Palmer were the defending champions, but chose not to participate that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163176-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 RCA Championships \u2013 Doubles\nLleyton Hewitt and Sandon Stolle won in the final 6\u20132, 3\u20136, 6\u20133, against Jonas Bj\u00f6rkman and Max Mirnyi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163177-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 RCA Championships \u2013 Singles\nNicol\u00e1s Lapentti was the defending champion, but lost in the third round to S\u00e9bastien Grosjean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163177-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 RCA Championships \u2013 Singles\nGustavo Kuerten won in the final 3\u20136, 7\u20136(7\u20132), 7\u20136(7\u20132), against Marat Safin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163177-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 RCA Championships \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe top eight seeds receive a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163178-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 RCSL season\nThe 2000 Rugby Canada Super League season was the third season for the RCSL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163178-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 RCSL season, Standings\nNote: A bonus point was awarded for a loss of 7 points or less", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163178-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 RCSL season, Championship Final\nThe Fraser Valley Venom (Western Division champions) defeated the Nova Scotia Keltics (Eastern Division Champions) 15\u20139 in the Championship Final, played in Halifax, Nova Scotia on 22 July 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163179-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards\nThe 2000 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards (Chinese: 2000\u5e74\u5ea6\u5341\u5927\u4e2d\u6587\u91d1\u66f2\u5f97\u734e) was held in 2000 for the 1999 music season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163179-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards, Top 10 song awards\nThe top 10 songs (\u5341\u5927\u4e2d\u6587\u91d1\u66f2) of 2000 are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163179-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards, Other awards\nThe top 10 outstanding artist was also extended to 11 artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163180-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Race of Champions\nThe 2000 Race of Champions took place on December 10 at Gran Canaria. It was the 13th running of the event, and the ninth running at Gran Canaria. The International Masters contest was held for the final time this year before a format shake-up for 2001, which opened up the main competition to non-rally drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163180-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Race of Champions\nThe vehicles used were the Peugeot 206 WRC, The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VI WRC, the Toyota Corolla WRC, the Saab 93 rallycross car and the ROC Buggy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163180-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Race of Champions\nThe individual competition was won by Tommi Makinen, whilst the Nations' Cup was won by France with Yvan Muller, Gilles Panizzi and R\u00e9gis Laconi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163181-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Railway Cup Hurling Championship\nThe 2000 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 73rd series of the inter-provincial hurling Railway Cup. Three matches were played between 11 November 2000 and 12 November 2000 to decide the title. It was contested by Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163181-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Railway Cup Hurling Championship\nConnacht entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Munster at the semi-final stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163181-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Railway Cup Hurling Championship\nOn 12 November 2000, Munster won the Railway Cup after a 3-15 to 2-15 defeat of Leinster in the final at Nowlan Park, Kilkenny. It was their 42nd Railway Cup title overall and their first title since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163181-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Railway Cup Hurling Championship\nMunster's Joe Deane was the Railway Cup top scorer with 1-11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163182-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rallye Catalunya\nThe 36\u00ba Rallye Catalunya \u2013 Costa Brava was the fifth round of 2000 FIA World Rally Championship. The event took place between 31 March and 2 April 2000. Ford driver Colin McRae took his first win of the season. Richard Burns extended his championship lead to 9 points by finishing second in front of Carlos Sainz and Tommi M\u00e4kinen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163183-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rallye de Portugal\nThe 34\u00ba TAP Rallye de Portugal was the fourth round of 2000 FIA World Rally Championship. The event took place between 16 and 19 March 2000. Subaru driver Richard Burns won his second rally in a row and took the championship lead after the event. Marcus Gr\u00f6nholm finished second and Carlos Sainz third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching\nThe 2000 Ramallah lynching was a violent incident that took place on October 12, 2000 \u2013 early in the Al-Aqsa Intifada \u2013 at the el-Bireh police station, where a Palestinian crowd of passing funeral marchers broke in and killed and mutilated the bodies of two Israel Defense Forces reservists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching\nVadim Nurzhitz and Yosef \"Yossi\" Avrahami, had accidentally entered the Palestinian Authority\u2013controlled city of Ramallah in the West Bank and were taken into custody by Palestinian Authority policemen, 13 of whom were injured while trying to stop the lynching. Tensions had been escalating prior to the incident; over 100 Palestinians, nearly two dozen of them minors, had been killed in the preceding two weeks; the escalating violence had been condemned just five days beforehand by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1322.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching\nThe incident was filmed by several media outlets, and caused a stir in Israel and elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Incident\nTwo drivers in the IDF reserve, chief sergeant (\"rav samal\", OR-7) Yossi Avrahami (38) of Petah Tikva, a toy salesman, and corporal (\"rav turai\", OR-4) Vadim Nurzhitz (33) of Or Akiva, a truckdriver who had made aliyah from Irkutsk  10 years earlier, returned to duty that day. Nurzhitz set out at 7 a.m. in his Ford Escort, picked up Avrahami and phoned his father at 9 a.m., stating that he had been ordered to turn up at an army base near the Israeli settlement of Beit El.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Incident\nThe two reservist drivers made their way in a civilian vehicle towards their unit's assembly point near the settlement of Beit El. They had little army experience, were unfamiliar with the West Bank road system and drove through the military checkpoint outside Beitunia and headed straight into the Palestinian town of Ramallah 2 miles east of the checkpoint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Incident\nReaching a Palestinian Authority roadblock, where previously Israeli soldiers had been turned back, the reservists were detained by PA policemen and taken to the local police station at Ramallah's twin city el-Bireh, not far from Arafat's headquarters. The arrest and detention coincided with the conclusion of a funeral service, attended by thousands of mourners, for Halil Zahran (17), a Palestinian youth who had been killed in clashes with Israeli forces two days earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Incident\nTensions were running high: over 100 Palestinians, nearly two dozen of them minors, had been killed in the preceding two weeks in violent protests with Israeli forces in Ramallah, and four days earlier, the badly beaten body of Issam Hamad (36) had been dumped outside of the city after being run over by a car, an autopsy revealed. His death, according to Marwan Bishara of Al Jazeera, was attributed by locals to settlers in Halamish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Incident\nRumors quickly spread that Israeli undercover agents were in the building, and an angry crowd of more than 1,000 Palestinians gathered in front of the station calling for the death of the Israelis. Word that two soldiers were held in a Ramallah police station reached Israel within 15 minutes. According to Roni Shaked, the IDF itself thought initially that the two must have been \"undercover agents\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Incident\nAccording to the Ramallah station chief, there were 21 policemen in the building, some of whom were cooks and administrative personnel, since many policemen had been dispersed throughout the city to control the crowd during the funeral. The IDF decided against a rescue operation. Soon after, Palestinian rioters stormed the building, overcame the Palestinian police and murdered and mutilated both soldiers. Both Haaretz and Maariv reported that approximately 13 Palestinian policemen were injured while attempting to stop the lynching. Jamal Tirawi, the Palestinian Intelligence chief at the Mukata'a nearby, only intervened hours after the second soldier lay dying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Incident\nThe Israeli reservists were beaten and stabbed. At this point, a Palestinian (later identified as Aziz Salha), appeared at the window, displaying his blood-soaked hands to the crowd, which erupted into cheers. The crowd clapped and cheered as one of the soldier's bodies was then thrown out the window and stamped and beaten by the frenzied crowd. One of the two was shot and set on fire, and his head was beaten to a pulp. Soon after, the crowd dragged the two mutilated bodies to Al-Manara Square in the city center and began an impromptu victory celebration. Police officers tried to confiscate footage from reporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Reactions and military response\nThe brutality of the murders shocked the Israeli public, intensifying Israeli distrust of Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. The event also deeply damaged the Israeli left-wing's faith in the Israeli\u2013Palestinian peace process. Israeli author and peace campaigner Amos Oz said \"Without any doubt, I blame the Palestinian leadership. They clearly did not want to sign an agreement at Camp David. Maybe Arafat prefers to be Che Guevara than Fidel Castro. If he becomes the president of Palestine, he'll be the leader of a rough, Third World country and have to deal with sewage in Hebron, drugs in Gaza, and the corruption in his own government.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Reactions and military response\nIn response, the Israeli military launched a series of strikes against Palestinian Authority targets in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Israeli forces sealed off several Palestinian cities and deployed troops, tanks, and armored vehicles. IDF helicopters fired rockets at two PA police stations in Ramallah (the police station where the lynching took place was destroyed); the Beit Lahia headquarters of Tanzim, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades; and buildings near Arafat's headquarters in Gaza City. Israeli Navy gunboats were reportedly seen offshore. Six Palestinian Authority naval boats were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Reactions and military response\nLater in the day, Israeli helicopters destroyed the Voice of Palestine radio station in Ramallah. According to Palestinian sources, a total of 27 people were injured in the attacks. Israeli authorities state that the PA was warned before the attacks, and that a warning shot was fired before every attack, in order to empty the buildings about to be attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Media coverage\nAn Italian film crew, later learned to be employees of Mediaset, Italy's largest private television station, captured footage of the lynching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Media coverage\nBritish photographer Mark Seager attempted to photograph the event but the mob physically assaulted him and destroyed his camera. After the event, he stated, \"It [the lynching] was the most horrible thing that I have ever seen and I have reported from Congo, Kosovo, many bad places.... I know they [Palestinians] are not all like this and I'm a very forgiving person but I'll never forget this. It was murder of the most barbaric kind. When I think about it, I see that man's head, all smashed. I know that I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Media coverage\nAn ABC News team also attempted to record the incident but the mob also prevented them from doing so. ABC News producer Nasser Atta said that when the crew began filming the lynching, \"youths came to us and they stopped us with some knives, with some beating.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Media coverage, RAI scandal\nFollowing the lynching on October 16, 2000, Riccardo Cristiano, the deputy head of the Jerusalem bureau of Italy's state television channel RAI, published a letter () in Al-Hayat al-Jadida, the official daily newspaper of the Palestinian Authority (PA). In the letter (entitled \"Special Clarification by the Italian Representative of RAI, the Official Italian Television Station\"), Cristiano denies that RAI had any involvement with the filming of the incident and that one of the station's Italian competitors was responsible for the footage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Media coverage, RAI scandal\nHe wrote, \"We [RAI] emphasize to all of you that the events did not happen this way, because we always respect (will continue to respect) the journalistic procedures with the Palestinian Authority for (journalistic) work in Palestine and we are credible in our precise work.\" The Italian correspondent also praised the PA, declaring, \"We congratulate you [the PA] and think that it is our duty to put you in the picture (of the events) of what happened on October 12 in Ramallah.... We thank you for your trust, and you can be sure that this is not our way of acting. We do not (will not) do such a thing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Media coverage, RAI scandal\nAs a result of the letter, the Israeli Government Press Office suspended Cristiano's press card. The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated, \"His letter implies that he will never again film events which are liable to cast a negative light on the PA, such as the recent lynching of IDF reservists in Ramallah.... The State of Israel, as a democratic society, welcomes the foreign journalists working here and invests considerable effort in both assuring freedom of the press and assisting journalists in their work. All that we ask from foreign journalists is that they abide by the rules of press ethics as is accepted in democratic societies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Media coverage, RAI scandal\nCristiano's letter, which effectively identified Mediaset as being responsible for the footage, necessitated Mediaset to withdraw its staff out of fear of Palestinian revenge attacks. In response, Italian politician Silvio Berlusconi, whose family holding company controls Mediaset, said, \"The letter is indicative of an anti-semitic attitude in elements of the Italian left.\" The Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera declared it a shameful day for Italian journalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Media coverage, RAI scandal\nFor its part, RAI disowned the letter and recalled Cristiano, stating, \"He will no longer work from Jerusalem. RAI had no knowledge of the letter and its content.\" Regarding Cristiano's motives for the letter, RAI asserted that the journalist had recently been injured while covering other Palestinian riots and he wished to dispel rumors that RAI was responsible for the footage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Media coverage, Claims of Palestinian censorship\nIn relation to media coverage of the event, the Israeli Foreign Ministry accused Palestinian broadcasting stations of making \"every effort to hide the horrible pictures which were shown around the world.\" The ministry further asserted that \"according to reporters' evidence on the scene,\" the Palestinian police attempted to prevent foreign journalists from entering the area in order to obstruct reporting of the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163184-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Ramallah lynching, Arrests of lynching suspects\nAfter he assumed office, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon ordered the Israeli security services to find and arrest the lynchers. Israel subsequently tracked down those responsible:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163185-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Redditch Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Redditch Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Redditch Borough Council in Worcestershire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163185-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Redditch Borough Council election, Campaign\nThe Labour Party defended seven of the nine seats that were up for election in the election with the opposition parties hoping to make gains. A significant issue in the election were plans to close or merge ten schools in the borough. On election day itself a mother who had two children at one of the schools which was to be closed chained herself outside of a polling station to protest against the closures. Meanwhile, the Labour Party campaigned on their development plans, community action and CCTV plans and neighbourhood groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163185-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Redditch Borough Council election, Campaign\nThe election saw a trial of early voting with voting booths open for over a week before election day. Approximately 1.5% of the electorate voted early in the trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163185-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Redditch Borough Council election, Election result\nThe Conservatives gained four seats in the election in Greenlands, Matchborough, Central and Feckenham wards. It was the first time in twenty years that the Conservatives had won a seat in Greenlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries\nFollowing Ross Perot's impressive showing during the 1996 presidential election, the Reform Party of the United States of America became the country's largest third party. The party's 2000 presidential candidate would be entitled to $12.5 million in matching funds. Several high-profile candidates vied for the nomination, including Donald Trump, Pat Buchanan, and physicist John Hagelin. For a brief time, Congressman John B. Anderson and Congressman Ron Paul were considered potential candidates, but both ultimately declined to seek the nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries\nThe party's 2000 candidates received a great deal of media attention, particularly after a dispute at the party's national convention in Long Beach, California led to a schism and the formation of a rebel faction. Supporters of physicist John Hagelin refused to accept Pat Buchanan as the party's chairman, and staged a walk-out, which was broadcast live on television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries\nUltimately, a court decided Buchanan was the party's nominee, however, the drama surrounding the convention is often credited with leading to the downfall of the Reform Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Buchanan enters race\nDuring the 1992 Republican Presidential Primaries, commentator Pat Buchanan fared extremely well and received 22.96% of the total vote. During his 1996 bid, Buchanan spent a brief time as the Republican front-runner; his campaign carried four states, including New Hampshire, Alaska, Missouri, and Louisiana. Buchanan re-entered the presidential race in 2000, hoping to be the primary \"Stop Bush\" candidate. He was, however, viewed much less favorably by his fellow Republicans, and he struggled to place fifth during an Iowa Straw Poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Buchanan enters race\nReform Party member William von Raab launched a \"Draft Buchanan\" movement, and in October 1999 Buchanan announced his departure from the Republican Party, disparaging them (along with the Democrats) as a \"beltway party.\" He announced that he would seek the presidential nomination of the Reform Party, and immediately sought to align himself with the \"Russ Verney faction\" of the party. Some in the Reform Party voiced concerns that Buchanan, ardently pro-life and anti-gay rights, would inadvertently move the party too far to the right. During a meeting with Reform Party leadership at Pat Choate's Washington, D.C. home, Buchanan assured the party elite that his campaign would not address social issues, instead focusing on economic policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Buchanan enters race\nAt the time Buchanan entered the race, the Reform Party was engulfed in a feud between the supporters of Ross Perot and newly elected Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura, who, as the Reform Party's highest elected official, was rumored to be considering a presidential bid on the party ticket in 2004. Buchanan's campaign immediately aligned itself with diverse factions within the party, including Russ Verney and Marxist Lenora Fulani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Buchanan enters race\nOn November 12, 1999 Fulani formally endorsed Buchanan, saying: \"We are going to integrate that peasant army of his. We are going to bring black folks, Latino folks, gay folks and liberal folks into that army...I'm going to take Pat Buchanan to 125th Street in Harlem. We are going to have lunch at Sylvia's. I am going to take him to speak at Reverend Sharpton's National Action Network.\" Fulani became Buchanan's campaign co-chair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Buchanan enters race\nAt the same time, the Buchanan campaign began to gain support among white nationalists. He gained the endorsement of former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke, who quit the Republican Party and joined the Reform Party to assist Buchanan's campaign. Almost all white nationalists left the Reform Party following the campaign; in 2004 the party nominated Lebanese-American Ralph Nader as its presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 76], "content_span": [77, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Trump enters race\nSupporters of the Jesse Ventura faction began encouraging Donald Trump to enter the race, likely as a placeholder for Ventura, who said he would not consider a presidential bid until after his term as governor ended. On October 25, 1999, Trump joined the Reform Party. and for a brief time he seemed to be a credible alternative to Buchanan. His pre-campaign gained a great deal of media attention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Trump enters race\nIt seemed as though the primaries would amount to a showdown between Buchanan and Trump, the latter of whom remained confident he could win not only the primary, but also the general election. Trump told reporters: \"It's not so much the Reform Party, it's really the fact that I'd want to make that if I ran and spent a lot of money I could actually win, I could beat that Democrat-Republican apparatus.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Trump enters race\nOn October 19, 1999, Donald Trump announced he would file to appear on the California primary ballot. During the California primary, he received 15,311 votes or 37% of the Reform votes cast, giving him the lead in a five-person field. His total was 0.3% of the entire California primary vote. Trump ultimately withdrew his candidacy. During an appearance on The Today Show, he stated: \"The Reform Party is a total mess! You have Buchanan, a right winger, and you have Fulani, a Communist, and they have merged.... I don't know what you have!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Schism\nPhysicist John Hagelin also entered the race for the Reform Party nomination. Hagelin had run for president in both 1992 and 1996 on the Natural Law Party ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Schism\nDuring his 2000 campaign, Hagelin appeared on ABC's Nightline (2000) and Politically Incorrect (2000), NBC's Meet the Press (2000), CNN's Larry King Live, PBS's News Hour with Jim Lehrer, Inside Politics,  CNBC's Hardball with Chris Matthews, and C-SPAN's Washington Journal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Schism\nIn July it was announced that Hagelin and Buchanan would be the only two candidates on the primary ballot. Supporters of Hagelin later charged the results of the party's open primary, which favored Buchanan by a wide margin, were \"tainted.\" Buchanan countered that Russ Verney had allowed the Hagelin campaign to mail a \"Stop Buchanan\" pamphlet using official \"Reform Party\" envelopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Schism\nMuch to the dismay of many Reform Party members, it became clear that the Hagelin campaign intended to merge the Natural Law Party, which was based on the teachings of Hindu guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi with the secular Reform Party. On August 2, Buchanan's website posted a copy of a proposed resolution to merge the two parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Schism\nThe animosity between the two campaigns reached a breaking point at the party's convention in Long Beach, California. Buchanan supporters blocked Hagelin and his delegates from entering the convention. Hagelin's supporters declared the convention illegitimate, and announced their own rival convention nearby, where they endorsed John Hagelin as their presidential candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, The campaign, Schism\nWith two individuals both claiming to be the Reform Party candidate, a court would have to determine who would be permitted to appear on the ballot and receive the $12.5 million in matching funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 62], "content_span": [63, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, Post-Convention\nUltimately, when the Federal Elections Commission ruled Buchanan was to receive ballot status as the Reform candidate, as well as about $12.6 million in federal campaign funds secured by Perot's showing in the 1996 election, Buchanan won the nomination. In his acceptance speech, Buchanan proposed U.S. withdrawal from the United Nations and expelling the U.N. from New York, abolishing the Internal Revenue Service, Department of Education, Department of Energy, Department of Housing and Urban Development, taxes on inheritance and capital gains, and affirmative action programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, Post-Convention\nAs his running mate, Buchanan chose African-American activist and retired teacher from Los Angeles, Ezola B. Foster. Buchanan was supported in this election run by future Socialist Party USA presidential candidate Brian Moore, who said in 2008 he supported Buchanan in 2000 because \"he was for fair trade over free trade. He had some progressive positions that I thought would be helpful to the common man.\" On August 19, the New York Right to Life Party, in convention, chose Buchanan as their nominee, with 90% of the districts voting for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, Post-Convention\nOn November 2, party founder Ross Perot endorsed Republican George W. Bush for president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163186-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Reform Party presidential primaries, Post-Convention\nThe Reform Party never recovered from the 2000 fiasco. Many longtime members departed, the party's funds were depleted, and its reputation severely tarnished. On Election Day, Pat Buchanan only received 448,895 votes, thus losing the Reform Party's ballot access in most states. Buchanan returned to the Republican Party in 2001. During the 2004 election cycle, the Reform Party nominated Ralph Nader in hopes of relinquishing themselves of the \"pro-life\" label Buchanan had bestowed upon them. In 2008, Ted Weill, who had been a critic of Buchanan, was the party's presidential candidate. Donald Trump joined the Democratic Party in 2001, left in 2009 and remained an independent until 2012 when he returned to the Republican Party, seeking that party's nomination for president in the 2016 presidential election and became the 45th President of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 57], "content_span": [58, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163187-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican National Convention\nThe 2000 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States convened at the First Union Center (now the Wells Fargo Center) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from July 31 to August 3, 2000. The 2000 delegates assembled at the convention nominated Texas Governor George W. Bush for president and former U.S. Secretary of Defense Richard B. \"Dick\" Cheney for vice president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163187-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican National Convention, Political context\nBush, eldest son of the 41st president, was identified early as the party establishment's frontrunner and turned back a strong primary challenge from John McCain, a Vietnam War veteran and U.S. Senator from Arizona. At the convention, the party and campaign sought to showcase Bush's slogan of compassionate conservatism to persuade undecided voters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163187-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican National Convention, Roll call vote\nInstead of holding the roll call of states on one night, the Bush campaign arranged for the voting to take place over four nights, so that Bush would eventually build up support throughout the week, culminating with Cheney's home state of Wyoming finally putting him over the top on the final night. There were few defections, despite a large contingent of delegates having been elected to support McCain, who formally released them to Bush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163187-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican National Convention, Roll call vote\nThe convention then voted by acclamation to make the convention nomination unanimous. Cheney's nomination as vice president had also been approved by acclamation on Wednesday night, so Cheney could address the convention later that night as the official nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163187-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican National Convention, Cheney's acceptance speech\nCheney's convention address was the first to include sustained attacks on Vice President Al Gore, the presumptive Democratic nominee -- whereas most of the speakers who came before him criticized the vice president only briefly, or without mentioning his name. (This was part of the Bush campaign's strategy to \"change the tone\" in national politics by moving beyond the division and bitterness of recent partisan discourse.) Cheney, however, was given latitude to lob various direct attacks on Clinton and Gore, and even reprised a line that Gore had used in his 1992 convention address attacking the first President Bush: \"It is time for them to go.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163187-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican National Convention, Cheney's acceptance speech\nThis was the first vice-presidential acceptance speech in recent memory to be held the night before the presidential nominee's address. The standard practice at the time was for both nominees to give their speeches the same night. Cheney's speech began a tradition of vice-presidential nominees headlining their own night at the convention; two weeks later, at the Democratic convention, that party's vice-presidential nominee, Joe Lieberman, also spoke on the third night as opposed to the final night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163187-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican National Convention, Bush's acceptance speech\nIn his speech, Bush attacked the Clinton administration on defense and military topics, high taxes, underfunded schools, high pollution, and a lack of dignity and respect for the presidency. He attacked Clinton's military policies, claiming that American troops were \"not ready for duty, sir.\" He also claimed the Clinton administration had failed to provide leadership, saying, \"They've had their chance. They have not led. We will.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163187-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican National Convention, Public reception\nIn July 1999, the LGBT+ community of Philadelphia held two protests on July 29 and 30. They did this in objection to Philadelphia hosting the Republican National Convention. The protests resulted in the arrest of over 300 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163187-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican National Convention, Public reception\nThe initial protest was not target to the Republican Party specifically, rather, it was a call to change from both Republican and Democratic parties. The protesters felt that both political parties for the most part, ignored the needs and issues surrounding the LGBT community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries\nFrom January 24 to June 6, 2000, voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for president in the 2000 United States presidential election. Texas Governor George W. Bush was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 2000 Republican National Convention held from July 31 to August 3, 2000, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nThe primary contest began with a fairly wide field, as the Republicans lacked an incumbent president or vice president. Texas Governor George W. Bush, son of George H. W. Bush, the most recent Republican president, took an early lead, with the support of much of the party establishment as well as a strong fund-raising effort. Former cabinet member George Shultz played an important early role in securing Republican support for Bush. In April 1998, he invited Bush to discuss policy issues with experts including Michael Boskin, John Taylor, and Condoleezza Rice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nThe group, which was \"looking for a candidate for 2000 with good political instincts, someone they could work with,\" was impressed, and Shultz encouraged Bush to enter the race. Due in part to establishment backing, Bush dominated in early polling and fundraising figures. After stumbling in early primary debates, he easily won the Iowa caucuses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nConsidered a dark horse, U.S. Senator John McCain of Arizona won 48% of the vote to Bush's 30% in the first-in-the-nation New Hampshire primary, giving his campaign a boost of energy and donations. Durham, New Hampshire was the site of an early debate between the Republican candidates, with the debate later becoming the basis for a skit on the television program, Saturday Night Live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nThen, the main primary season came down to a race between Bush and McCain. McCain's campaign, centered on campaign finance reform, drew positive press coverage and a fair amount of public excitement, with polls giving the senator superior crossover support from independents and Democrats. Bush's campaign dealt with \"compassionate conservatism,\" including a greater role for the federal government in education, subsidies for private charitable programs, and large reductions in income and capital gains taxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nThe next primary contest in South Carolina was notorious for its negative tone. Although the Bush campaign said it was not behind any attacks on McCain, locals supporting Bush reportedly handed out fliers and made telephone calls to prospective voters suggesting among other things, that McCain was a \"Manchurian candidate\" and that he had fathered a child out of wedlock with a black New York-based prostitute (an incorrect reference to a child he and his wife had adopted from Bangladesh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nBush also drew fire for a speech made at Bob Jones University, a school that still banned interracial dating among its students. But the governor was seen to have the upper hand in a debate hosted by Larry King Live, and he won in South Carolina by nine points. McCain won primaries in Michigan, his home state of Arizona, and the remaining New England states except for Maine, but faced difficulty in appealing to conservative Republican primary voters. This was particularly true in Michigan, where despite winning the primary, McCain lost the GOP vote to Bush by a wide margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nMcCain also competed in the Virginia primary, counting on continued crossover support by giving a speech blasting the religious right. It backfired, and Bush won the state easily. Bush's subsequent Super Tuesday victories in California, New York and the South made it nearly impossible, mathematically, for McCain to catch up, and he suspended his campaign the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nOther candidates included social conservative activist Gary Bauer, businessman Steve Forbes, Utah Senator Orrin Hatch, former ECOSOC Ambassador and Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs Alan Keyes, former Tennessee Governor Lamar Alexander, former Red Cross director and cabinet member Elizabeth Dole, Ohio Congressman John Kasich, and former Vice President Dan Quayle. Bauer and Hatch campaigned on a traditional Republican platform of opposition to legalized abortion and reductions in taxes. Keyes had a far more conservative platform, calling for the elimination of all federal taxes except tariffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race overview\nKeyes also called for returning to ban homosexuals in the military, while most GOP candidates supported the \"don't ask, don't tell\" policy. Keyes continued participating in the campaign for nearly all the primaries and continued to appear in the debates with frontrunners McCain and Bush. As in 1996, Forbes campaigned on making the federal income tax non-graduated, an idea he called the flat tax, although he increased his focus on social conservatives in 2000. Although Forbes (who won a few states' primary contests in the 1996 primaries) came a close second to Bush in the Iowa caucuses and even tied with him in the Alaska caucuses, he nor any of these other candidates won a primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163188-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party presidential primaries, Candidates, Withdrew during primaries\nOther candidates campaigning for the nomination but receiving less than 1% of the national vote included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163189-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection\nThis article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 2000 election. On March 7, 2000, Governor George W. Bush of Texas won a majority of pledged delegates for the Republican nomination for President of the United States, and became the presumptive nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163189-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection\nOn July 25, 2000, Bush announced former Representative and Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his vice-presidential running mate, at an event held at the University of Texas' Frank Erwin Center in Austin, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163189-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection\nBush and Cheney would go on to defeat the Democratic tickets of Gore-Lieberman in 2000 and Kerry-Edwards in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163189-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, Selection process\nBush had initially chosen Dick Cheney to lead the search for his vice presidential running mate. In 1992, Bush had supported Cheney as a replacement for Dan Quayle on his father's ultimately unsuccessful national ticket. After more than three months of extensive research, Cheney recommended John Danforth to be the nominee, as the other choices' strengths were offset by liberal stances. Bush heavily considered Danforth, but ultimately asked Cheney himself to be the nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 78], "content_span": [79, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163189-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, Selection process\nBy picking Cheney, Bush had a running mate who had years of experience as well as an extensive foreign policy expertise. After Cheney, who was serving as CEO of Halliburton, reported his findings back to Bush, Bush surprised pundits by asking Cheney himself to be his running mate. Bush told supporters that regional considerations would have less bearing on his decision than the candidate's ability to take over the office of the presidency. At the selection announcement, Bush said that Cheney, who had worked under all five presidential administrations between 1969 and 1993, was qualified, respected and shared his vision for America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 78], "content_span": [79, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163189-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, Media speculation on George W. Bush's possible running-mates\nAfter his selection by Republican primary voters as presumptive presidential nominee, Bush asked Dick Cheney to lead the selection committee for his vice president nominee. As the vice presidential vetter, Cheney required at least 11 potential candidates to fill out \"an extraordinarily detailed, 83-question form\" delving into their backgrounds. This list includes names that had been mentioned in several sources as the candidates", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 121], "content_span": [122, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163190-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rhein Fire season\nThe 2000 Rhein Fire season was the sixth season for the franchise in the NFL Europe League (NFLEL). The team was led by head coach Galen Hall in his sixth year, and played its home games at Rheinstadion in D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany. They finished the regular season in first place with a record of seven wins and three losses, qualifying for the league final for the third time in four years. Rhein won the second championship in team history by defeating the Scottish Claymores 13\u201310 in World Bowl 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163191-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rhode Island Rams football team\nThe 2000 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented the University of Rhode Island in the Atlantic 10 Conference during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their first season under head coach Tim Stowers, the Rams compiled a 3\u20138 record (2\u20137 against conference opponents) and finished ninth out of ten teams in the conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163192-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rice Owls football team\nThe 2000 Rice Owls football team represented Rice University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A college football season. The Owls, led by head coach Ken Hatfield, played their home games at Rice Stadium in Houston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163193-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Richmond Spiders football team\nThe 2000 Richmond Spiders football team represented the University of Richmond during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. It was the program's 117th season and they finished as Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10) co-champions with Delaware after posting identical 7\u20131 conference records. The Spiders earned a berth as the #8 seed into the 16-team Division I-AA playoffs, but lost in the quarterfinals to #1 seed Montana, 20\u201334. Richmond was led by sixth-year head coach Jim Reid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163193-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Richmond Spiders football team\nThe Spiders' win over Arkansas State in week four was their first against a Division I-A opponent since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163194-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Richmond, Quebec, municipal election\nThe 2002 Richmond municipal election took place on April 30, 2000, to elect a mayor and councillors in Richmond, Quebec. The election was called after the municipality of Melbourne was merged with Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163194-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Richmond, Quebec, municipal election, Results\nSource: Stephen McDougall, \"Richmond elects 22-year-old student: Re-elects three incumbents to town council,\" Sherbrooke Record, 2 May 2000, p. 7 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200\nThe 2000 Rio 200 was a Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) auto race held at the trapezoid-shaped Aut\u00f3dromo de Jacarepagu\u00e1, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on April 30, 2000. It was the third race of the 2000 CART season, the fifth (and last) running of the event, and the first round of the year to be held outside of the United States. The 108-lap race was won by Patrick Racing driver Adri\u00e1n Fern\u00e1ndez after he started from sixteenth. Jimmy Vasser of Chip Ganassi Racing finished second with Team Green's Paul Tracy third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200\nTagliani set the fastest overall lap time in qualifying to start the race from pole position. He led for a total of 76 laps, more than any driver. However, Tagliani lost traction in his car on the 100th lap and spun in the second corner, promoting Fern\u00e1ndez to the lead. The race ended under caution and no overtaking was permitted after Tagliani spun for a second time at the end of lap 105. Fern\u00e1ndez thus won the race, his first of the season, and the sixth of his career. There were five cautions and eight lead changes among five different drivers during the course of the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200\nThe result of the race reduced Tracy's lead the Drivers' Championship to six points over Vasser. Roberto Moreno moved clear of Max Papis in their early season duel for third and Fern\u00e1ndez's victory promoted him to fifth place. Ford Cosworth took the Manufacturers' Championship lead from Honda, with Toyota and Mercedes-Benz third and fourth with seventeen races left in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Background\nThe Rio 200 was confirmed as part of CART's 2000 series schedule in November 1999. It was the fifth consecutive year the Rio 200 was part of the series, the first of four straight oval track events, and the first round held outside of the United States. The Rio 200 was the third of twenty scheduled races for 2000 by CART, and was held at the 1.864-mile (3.000\u00a0km) four-turn Aut\u00f3dromo de Jacarepagu\u00e1 trapezoid-shaped speedway on April 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Background\nDrivers regarded the Aut\u00f3dromo de Jacarepagu\u00e1 as \"demanding\" due to braking and shifting down gears being prioritized for the first and third turns. This led CART to mandate all teams run the high-downforce specification of the Handford MkII wings to attempt to alleviate stress placed on the car's brakes and gearboxes by increasing the amount of drag produced to slow vehicles. Additionally, sand was blown on the track by local wind conditions for most of the year, reducing grip and visibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Background\nComing into the race from Long Beach two weeks earlier, Team Green driver Paul Tracy led the Drivers' Championship with 34 points. His nearest rival Jimmy Vasser of Chip Ganassi Racing was eight points adrift in second. Team Rahal's Max Papis and Roberto Moreno for Patrick Racing tied for third with 20 points apiece with the latter given priority in the points standings because of him winning the season-opening round at Homestead\u2013Miami Speedway. Gil de Ferran of Team Penske was fifth with 18 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Background\nIn the Manufacturers' Championship, Honda were leading with 38 points, six ahead of the second-placed Ford Cosworth. Toyota were third with 26 points and Mercedes-Benz were fourth with eight points. Reynard topped the Constructors' Championship with 44 points, followed by Lola and Swift with 26 and 10 points, respectively. In terms of driver changes, Memo Gidley filled in for Patrick Carpentier at Forsythe Racing for the second successive round after Carpentier broke his left wrist at his Las Vegas home prior to Long Beach through losing his balance while carrying a heavy suitcase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Background\nTracy, the 1997 race winner, was circumspect about the prospects but spoke his belief he would keep the championship lead until the season-finale at California Speedway by employing a race-by-race approach: \"We're only two races into a very long season, but I've got say that I like the way things have gone so far for the Team KOOL Green crew. Leading the championship makes you think about winning the title, but we know we've got a long way to go to reach that goal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Background\nVasser stated he was comfortable with his new car package and aimed to continue his recent form into the Rio 200: \"Obviously, it\u2019s way too early to be looking at the point standings but, as you learn pretty quickly, every point is important.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0005-0002", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Background\nAlex Tagliani aimed to maintain Forsythe Racing's strong form after Tracy's and Greg Moore's success at Rio in the late 1990s and would attempt to use this to maintain the team's strong record at the track, \"We\u2019re all pulling in the same direction and I think that spirit of collaboration is evident in the results that we\u2019ve been able to produce so far.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nThree practice sessions were held before the Sunday race: two on Friday and one on Saturday. The first session ran for 90 minutes, the second 60 minutes, and the third 75 minutes. Conditions during the Friday practice sessions were hot and sunny. De Ferran set the first practice session's fastest lap at 39.610 seconds, followed by Tagliani, Tracy, H\u00e9lio Castroneves, Kenny Br\u00e4ck, Vasser, Papis, Cristiano da Matta, Moreno, and Christian Fittipaldi. Five yellow flags were waved. The first was for Takuya Kurosawa whose engine failed on the exit of turn four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nHe turned left to leave the main straight and allow safety officials to extinguish a fire in the engine compartment. The next two cautions were necessitated when Luiz Garcia Jr. and Mark Blundell stalled on the track separately. Both were towed back to pit road by circuit officials. Gualter Salles caused the fourth yellow flag with a heavily crash against the right-hand barrier at the first corner. Salles was not injured but his car sustained heavy damage to its right-side suspension. He stopped in the centre of the circuit in turn two. The last caution was activated for Fittipaldi who stalled on track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nIn the second practice session, Juan Pablo Montoya set the day's fastest lap with a time of 38.922 seconds and was the only driver to go below 39 seconds. He was almost three-tenths of a second faster than Br\u00e4ck in second and Tagliani was third. Fittipaldi, Castroneves, Vasser, Da Matta, Papis, de Ferran, and Michael Andretti were in positions four through ten. The first three cautions came within half an hour of each other because debris and fluids were observed lying on the track and separate track inspections were needed to inspect and clean it. De Ferran caused the fourth caution by spinning in the third turn but avoided car damage. The final caution came out after Maur\u00edcio Gugelmin spun in turn four and collided against a left-hand tire barrier with the rear of his car. Gugelmin was unhurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nConditions remained hot and sunny during Saturday morning's practice session. The first caution came out for debris on the backstraight that needed clearing. Montoya prompted the second caution when he spun 360 degrees in turn four but did not damage his car. Br\u00e4ck caused a third yellow flag after he stalled on the exit of pit road. Six minutes later, a fourth caution was waved for debris leaving the pit lane that course officials removed. The fifth yellow flags were necessitated after Moreno broke his right-front wheel and wing endplate in a collision with the turn one outside barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0008-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nBryan Herta stalled on the backstraight and triggered the final caution with 14 minutes to go. Tagliani continued to perform well with the fastest lap of the session at 38.694 seconds. Montoya was one-tenth of a second slower in second, and Tracy replicated his first practice result in third. Br\u00e4ck, Fittipaldi, Papis, Tony Kanaan, Castroneves, Vasser, and Adri\u00e1n Fern\u00e1ndez completed the top ten ahead of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nSaturday afternoon's 135 minute qualifying session began with the slowest driver in the weekend's combined practice sessions going out first and the quickest competitor ventured out last. Each driver was restricted to two timed laps and the starting order was determined by the competitor's fastest lap times. One point was awarded to the pole position winner. Tagliani took the first pole position of his career with a lap of 38.587 seconds. He was joined on the grid's front row by Montoya who was 0.109 seconds slower because of an oversteer in the first corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nTracy's car steeped out of him once he accelerated out of turn one and took third. Br\u00e4ck was fourth, and the fastest Brazilian was Fittipaldi in fifth. Vasser changed the set-up of his car to go sixth. Castroneves was unhappy with the set-up of his vehicle and took seventh. Dario Franchitti ran slightly wide by driving too fast into turn four on his fastest lap and was eighth. Rounding out the top ten were Kanaan and Papis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nGidley was the fastest driver not to qualify in the top ten; his fastest time of 39.246 seconds was nearly seven-tenths of a second slower than Tagliani because he had to control his car from spinning going off turn four. Moreno went to his back-up car to suit his driving style and set the 12th-fastest time. A car setup fault restricted De Ferran to 13th. Oriol Servi\u00e0, Andretti and Fern\u00e1ndez qualified in positions 14 to 16. Da Matta (17th) and Norberto Fontana (18th) were required to qualify with a second run after mechanical issues hindered them on their first tyres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nKurosawa and Herta took 19th and 20th. Gugelmin and his PacWest teammate Blundell had a large amount of push in the centre of the corners and too much oversteer coming out of them left them in 21st and 23rd. The pair were separated by Michel Jourdain Jr. in 22nd after he lost some straight line speed but was faster in the turns despite an oversteer leaving them. Garcia's lack of on-circuit time in his car meant he began from 24th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0010-0002", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Practice and qualifying\nSalles did not set a lap time because his team continued to repair his car following his first practice session crash. After qualifying, Garcia's best lap time was annulled because his car failed post-race inspection for minimum weight requirements. Garcia was consequently ordered to start from the back of the grid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Warm-up\nA half hour warm-up session was held in hot and sunny weather on the Sunday morning of the race. Although de Ferran was suffering from a head cold, he set the session's fastest lap at 39.289 seconds. Vasser was 0.002 seconds slower in second. The third-fastest time was set by Br\u00e4ck while the fourth position was the pole position winner Tagliani. The quartet of Brazilians of da Matta. Kanaan, Fittipaldi and Gugelmin filled positions five through eight, with Tracy and Montoya ninth and tenth. Castroneves caused the session's first caution when he stopped with a faulty transmission between turns one and two. Br\u00e4ck lost control of his car in the fourth corner, and he slid into a right-hand side tire barrier with his right-front wheel, damaging his front wing and suspension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race\nWeather conditions at the start of the race were dry and sunny. The air temperature throughout the race was between 85\u201388\u00a0\u00b0F (29\u201331\u00a0\u00b0C) and the track temperature ranged from 112\u2013121\u00a0\u00b0F (44\u201349\u00a0\u00b0C). Emerson Fittipaldi, a two-time Formula One World Champion, commanded the drivers to start their engines. The race began at 1:37\u00a0p.m. BRT (UTC+03:00). Immediately, the first caution of the race was shown because Tagliani moved too far away from Montoya as every other car went across the start/finish line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race\nConcurrently, Servi\u00e0 lost control of his car leaving turn four, and hit the inside tire barrier at the start of the main straightaway, retiring instantly. Green flag racing got under way on the fifth lap with Tagliani leading Montoya and Tracy. Br\u00e4ck steered left to pass Tracy for third position at turn three 17 laps later. However, he could not retain the position as Tracy retook the place at the next corner, but Br\u00e4ck made his original manoeuvre stick on the main straightaway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0012-0002", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race\nFontana was deemed by race control to have overtaken Fern\u00e1ndez before the start/finish line on the lap five start. He was given a black flag on lap 17 which ordered him to serve a drive-through penalty. On the 23rd lap, Castroneves retired in the pit lane because of a gearbox problem rendering him unable to downshift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race\nMontoya retired with a broken shifter cable on lap 30. Green flag pit stops for fuel and tires began on lap 33, when Tagliani and Br\u00e4ck entered pit road, handing the lead to Tracy. Vasser assumed the lead when Tracy made his pit stop four laps later. Franchitti damaged his car when he slid backwards into the pit wall, and sustained light damage to the right-front wing endplate. Fern\u00e1ndez led on laps 38 and 39 before he entered pit road for his first stop. After the pit stops, Tagliani retook the lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race\nOn lap 55, Herta stalled at the bottom of the track between the first and second turns, prompting the second caution. Herta retired when he could not restart his car. All of the cars on the lead lap except for Tagliani made pit stops under caution. Racing was due to continue on lap 60, but the yellow flags were again needed when Garcia delayed the field, enabling Tagliani to get too far away from all other drivers. The race recommenced on the next lap with Tagliani holding first position. On lap 63, ninth-placed Papis cut a tire from contact with another car. He went a lap down during a pit stop for a replacement wheel. Kanaan retired with a mechanical problem six laps later. Andretti took the lead when Tagliani made his pit stop on the 75th lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race\nBrack took the lead when Andretti entered pit road two laps later. At Andretti's pit stop, crew members Todd Tice and John Littlefield were moving way from the side of his car when Andretti had been instructed to leave his pit stall. This meant the fuelling vent hose Tice attempted to detach was pulled from his grip, and he jumped after it, only to become entangled in Andretti's right-rear wheel, breaking his right ankle and leg. Tice was evaluated on the scene by CART physician Terry Trammell, and was flown to Indianapolis on 1 May for further surgery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race\nLittlefield was not seriously injured with bruising to his left leg. Andretti was penalized for the incident; he incurred a drive-through penalty which he took on the 81st lap. Ten laps later, Br\u00e4ck's lead of 9.144 seconds was reduced to nothing when the third caution came out for Jourdain who stalled at the bottom of turn two. Jourdain had assistance from course officials in restarting his car. During the caution, several drivers, including Br\u00e4ck, made pit stops for tires and fuel. Tagliani chose not to make a pit stop, and he led the field back up to speed at the restart on lap 98.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race\nTwo laps later, the fourth caution was given. Tagliani lost traction in his car in turn one and spun at the next corner. Franchitti and Andretti scrambled for space to avoid a collision with Tagliani's car only for them to make contact with each other. Although all three drivers, flat-spotted their tires, they elected not to enter the pit lane for new tires or repairs, as safety workers cleared debris on the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race\nThe green flag was waved on lap 105, but it was immediately replaced when Tagliani spun for a second time going into turn four because of heavy wear on his rear tires and stalled. This ended the race under caution, with overtaking forbidden. Fern\u00e1ndez thus achieved his first victory of the season, and the sixth of his career. Vasser followed 0.931 seconds later in second, and Tracy finished in third. Off the podium, the Brazilian trio of da Matta, Fittipaldi, Moreno were fourth to sixth. Blundell, Gidley, Andretti, and Br\u00e4ck, Franchitti and Garcia were the final finishers. There were eight lead changes among five drivers during the course of the race. Tagliani's 76 laps led was the most of any driver. Fern\u00e1ndez led twice for a total of 11 laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and appeared later at a press conference. Fern\u00e1ndez said his victory was important since he had not finished a race until that point in the season, \"But we kept working on the car, and tried a new set-up for the warm-up. That was pretty good, and it gave me some ideas on some changes to make during the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race, Post-race\nI passed some cars early on, but then I got stuck \u2013 not stuck, really, but I got behind Cristiano da Matta, who was going very fast, and I couldn't get past him. I was getting frustrated, but in these races you have to be patient and try to think ahead.\" Vasser said he observed Tagliani spinning in front of him and he chose to swerve right to avoid a collision, \"It was basically a 50\u201350 chance. It was more luck than anything.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0016-0002", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race, Post-race\nThird placed Tracy stated his car was running with more downforce than he desired, \"I thought the field would be closer than it was but Juan and Alex just took off and I was slower down the straight. But the car was good by the end of the race. I was able to get by traffic and caught up to Jimmy and Adrian and I was really happy with the job the team did.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race, Post-race\nTagliani spoke of his race as a positive rather than a negative after he lost the opportunity to achieve his first victory, \"I'm very proud of my race, except for my mistake. Until then, it had been a perfect weekend for Player's/Forsythe Racing, and I feel very, very bad for my guys. \", and, \"I was trying very hard to stay up front, and I tried a little too hard. I ran up into the marbles and tried to bring it back down into a spin, but I didn't make it. I'm very sad in my heart.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race, Post-race\nAfter twelve days, CART chief steward Kirk Russell annulled four of the points Andretti scored and ordered him to pay his ninth-place prize money earnings of $17,500 back to the series for Andretti violating the CART Rule Book, which states, \"Unsafe acts will be penalized.\" after the injuries sustained by Tice and Littlefield at his second pit stop. Russell stated that Andretti would not be disqualified and there would be no redistribution of his points and prize money, \"Given the nature and severity of the incident, we would have excluded the no. 6 car from the remainder of the event. However, the information available at the time of the event did not support the action. We have to make call based on the best information at the time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race, Post-race\nThe result reduced Tracy's lead in the Drivers' Championship to six points over Vasser. Moreno moved clear of Papis in the early battle for third position, and Fern\u00e1ndez's victory advanced him to fifth. Ford Cosworth assumed the Manufacturers' Championship lead with 54 points. Honda fell to second with two less points, Toyota were another ten points adrift in third, Mercedes-Benz were still fourth. In the Constructors' Championship, Reynard's 66 points accumulated meant they continued to top the standings with Lola another twenty points behind in second. Swift maintained its hold on third with seventeen races left in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163195-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Rio 200, Race, Post-race\nThis was the last race to be held in Rio as the planned race for the 2001 season was canceled when the Rio municipal government missed a deadline for guaranteeing payment of sanctioning fees, and failed to grant race promoter Emerson Fittipaldi access to the facility so he could begin to prepare for the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163196-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio de Janeiro motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Rio de Janeiro motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourteenth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 7 October 2000 at the Aut\u00f3dromo Internacional Nelson Piquet. Kenny Roberts Jr sealed the world title at this race by finishing in 6th place and Suzuki's last world title until 20 years later with Joan Mir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163196-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Rio de Janeiro motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round fourteen has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 88], "content_span": [89, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163197-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Robert Morris Colonials football team\nThe 2000 Robert Morris Colonials football team represented Robert Morris College, now Robert Morris University, as a member of the Northeast Conference (NEC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Colonials were led by 7th-year head coach Joe Walton and played their home games at Moon Stadium on the campus of Moon Area High School. The Colonials finished the 2000 season with their fifth consecutive NEC championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163197-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Robert Morris Colonials football team, Game summaries, Buffalo State\nTo open the season, the Colonials hosted the Buffalo State Bengals, from Buffalo State College (SUNY College at Buffalo) at Moon Stadium, on the campus of Moon Area High School. The two teams had met three times before, with Robert Morris winning their first meeting in 1997 and Buffalo State taking the following two in 1998 and 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163197-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Robert Morris Colonials football team, Game summaries, Buffalo State\nThe season-opening contest got off to a relatively slow start offensively, as Robert Morris kicker Jeff Carlo successfully converted two field goals, from 20 and 21 yards, to put the Colonials on the scoreboard first in the 2000 season. Their narrow lead was soon eclipsed, as Buffalo State's Brandon Janesz found the end zone on a 1-yard rush, and a PAT from Ryan Cox put the Bengals in front by one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163197-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Robert Morris Colonials football team, Game summaries, Buffalo State\nThe teams traded touchdowns in the second quarter, as RMU quarterback Tim Levcik found Sam Dorsett for an 8-yard touchdown before Buffalo State's Chris Henry capped a 99-yard touchdown drive by converting an 8-yard rush to put the Bengals back up top. The Bengals' lead would not stand for long; Jeff Carlo's 55-yard field goal, a kick that broke the school record (held by Carlo himself) by five yards, gave the halftime advantage to the Colonials, 16\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163197-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Robert Morris Colonials football team, Game summaries, Buffalo State\nThe third quarter's only score came in the form of a Robert Morris touchdown, as Tim Levcik tossed his second touchdown pass of the game, this time to Opio Gary for fifteen yards. Robert Morris led 23\u201314 going into the game's final quarter, and the lead was extended by RMU running back Dante Settles, as he netted 30 of his 46 rushing yards on a touchdown dash that all but sealed the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163197-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Robert Morris Colonials football team, Game summaries, Buffalo State\nBuffalo State was able to find the end zone one final time, as Chris Henry found Lamar Wilson for a 15-yard touchdown pass, but the two-point conversion was not successful. There was no further scoring, and the Colonials won by a score of 30\u201320. This win improved the Colonials to 8\u20130 all-time in home openers, and to 2\u20132 against Buffalo State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 73], "content_span": [74, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163198-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council election\nElections to Rochdale Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163199-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rochford District Council election\nElections to Rochford Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163200-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Romanian general election\nGeneral elections were held in Romania on 26 November 2000, with a second round of the presidential election on 10 December. Former president Ion Iliescu of the Social Democracy Party of Romania (PDSR) was re-elected in the run-off, whilst the PDSR, as part of the Social Democratic Pole of Romania, emerged as the largest party in Parliament, winning 155 of the 345 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 65 of the 140 seats in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163200-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Romanian general election, Results, President\nTheodor Stolojan (yellow), Mugur Is\u0103rescu (orange), Gyorgy Frunda (green) and Petre Roman (small orange stripe) positioned against Corneliu Vadim Tudor, without openly endorsing Ion Iliescu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163200-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Romanian general election, Results, Parliament, Senate\nThe alliance named \"Social Democratic Pole of Romania\" (PDSR) was formed by PDSR, PSDR (2 senators, shown in pink) and PUR (4 senators, shown in lightblue). In 16 June 2001, PDSR and PSDR merged, forming PSD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163200-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Romanian general election, Results, Parliament, Chamber of Deputies\nThe alliance named \"Social Democratic Pole of Romania\" (PDSR) was formed by PDSR, PSDR (10 deputies, shown in pink) and PUR (6 deputies, shown in lightblue). In 16 June 2001, PDSR and PSDR merged, forming PSD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163201-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Romanian local elections\nLocal elections were held in Romania in 2000, and a runoff for mayors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163201-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Romanian local elections\nPolitical map of Romania based on the 2000 local election (mayor/party colour)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163202-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Romsey by-election\nConservative Member of Parliament Michael Colvin and his wife died in a fire at their home on 24 February 2000. This created a by-election in his constituency of Romsey in Hampshire, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163202-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Romsey by-election\nThe Conservative Party decided to delay the polling day until 4 May, so that it would come simultaneously with local elections. They selected Tim Palmer, a farmer and Dorset County Councillor, to defend the seat. The Liberal Democrats considered this byelection their best chance of gaining a seat since 1997 and selected a local pharmacist Sandra Gidley (who had been Mayor of Romsey) as their candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163202-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Romsey by-election\nLabour carried out minimal campaigning in a constituency in which they had come third for years. This led many observers to assume that the party was expecting, or hoping, that its vote would largely go to the Liberal Democrats in order to help defeat the Conservatives. In the event, the Labour vote collapsed while the Liberal Democrats surged, and they made this the only mainland by-election to result in a change of party control in the entire Parliament. This was the first time the Conservatives had lost a seat in a by-election while in Opposition since the 1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election, and would be the last time the Liberal Democrats gained a constituency from the Conservatives at a by-election until the 2016 Richmond Park by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163203-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Ronde van Nederland\nThese are the results for the 40th edition of the Ronde van Nederland cycling race, which was held from August 21 to August 26, 2000. The race started in Den Bosch and finished in Landgraaf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163204-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rose Bowl\nThe 2000 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2000. It was the 86th Rose Bowl game and was played on January 1, 2000 at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California. The game featured the Wisconsin Badgers defeating the Stanford Cardinal by a score of 17\u20139. Ron Dayne, the Wisconsin running back, was named the Rose Bowl Player of the Game for the second consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163204-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Rose Bowl, Pre-game activities\nOn October 26, 1999, the Pasadena Tournament of Roses selected Sophia Bush, a senior at Westridge School and a resident of Pasadena, to become the 82nd Rose Queen to reign over the 111th Rose Parade and the 86th Rose Bowl Game on the first New Year's Day of the 21st century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163204-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Rose Bowl, Pre-game activities\nThe game was presided over by the 2000 Tournament of Roses Royal Court and Rose Parade Grand Marshal Roy L. Disney. Members of the royal court were: Princesses Lauren Beattie, La Canada Flintridge, La Canada High School; Caitlin Bogert, Pasadena, Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy; Grace Chen, San Marino, San Marino High School;  Kellie Handy, South Pasadena, South Pasadena High School; Carol Huang, San Marino, San Marino High School; and Mariasol Pena, Arcadia, Arcadia High School. The 1999\u20132000 Tournament of Roses President was Kenneth H. Burrows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163204-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Rose Bowl, Teams, Wisconsin Badgers\nWisconsin entered the game as the sole champions of the Big Ten Conference, their first untied conference championship season since 1962 when they played in the 1963 Rose Bowl, although they had been conference co-champions in 1993 and 1998, appearing in the 1994 and 1999 Rose Bowls. The Wisconsin offense featured a powerful running game with 1999 Heisman Trophy winner Ron Dayne at running back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163204-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Rose Bowl, Teams, Stanford Cardinal\nStanford entered the game as the champions of the Pacific-10 Conference. It was their first conference championship season since 1971 and their first Rose Bowl since 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163204-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Rose Bowl, Aftermath\nRon Dayne was named the Rose Bowl MVP for the second time (the first time being the 1999 Rose Bowl), becoming only the third player in the history of the Rose Bowl to repeat as MVP. To this day, he is the only player from a Big Ten Conference team to accomplish this feat: Bob Schloredt of the Washington Huskies (AAWU) was the first, Charles White of USC (Pac-10) was the second, and Vince Young of the Texas Longhorns (Big 12) has subsequently become the fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163204-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Rose Bowl, Aftermath\nThe two teams would go on to face off again exactly thirteen years later in the 2013 Rose Bowl, with Barry Alvarez returning to serve as interim head coach for Wisconsin, but this time, Stanford would win 20\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163204-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Rose Bowl, Aftermath\n2000 Rose Queen Sophia Bush went on to become a successful actress, starring for nine seasons as Brooke Davis on One Tree Hill, and later as Detective Erin Lindsay on Chicago P.D..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163205-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rose City Grand Prix\nThe 2000 DecisionPoint Applications Rose City Grand Prix was the eighth round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Portland International Raceway, Oregon, on September 10, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163206-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rossendale Borough Council election\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Trappedinburnley (talk | contribs) at 17:52, 5 January 2020 (main article). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163206-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Rossendale Borough Council election\nElections to Rossendale Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party took overall control of the council from the Labour party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163207-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Royal Bank Cup\nThe 2000 Royal Bank Cup was the 30th Junior \"A\" 2000 ice hockey National Championship for the Canadian Junior A Hockey League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163207-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Royal Bank Cup\nThe Royal Bank Cup was competed for by the winners of the Doyle Cup, Anavet Cup, Dudley Hewitt Cup, and Fred Page Cup and a host city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163207-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Royal Bank Cup\nThe tournament was hosted by the Fort McMurray Oil Barons and Fort McMurray, Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163207-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Royal Bank Cup, The Playoffs, Round Robin\nNote: x- denotes teams who have advanced to the semi-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163208-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Royal Nepal Airlines Twin Otter crash\nOn 27 July 2000, de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter operated by Royal Nepal Airlines crashed in Nepal en route from Bajhang Airport to Dhangadhi Airport on a domestic passenger flight. The wreckage of the aircraft, registration 9N-ABP, was found in Jogbuda, Dadeldhura District. All 22 passengers and three crew aboard were killed in the crash. An investigation into the crash was launched by Nepalese authorities after the accident site was located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163208-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Royal Nepal Airlines Twin Otter crash, Aircraft\nThe aircraft involved in the crash was a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter operated by Royal Nepal Airlines. Its maiden flight was in 1979 with Royal Nepal Airlines, who bought the brand new aircraft from manufacturer de Havilland Canada. It was the eighth accident of this aircraft operated by Royal Nepal Airlines, however, it was the twelfth incident involving this type of aircraft the aviation history of Nepal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163208-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Royal Nepal Airlines Twin Otter crash, Crew and Passengers\nAll occupants on board died in the crash; they included the three crew members and 22 passengers including three small children. All occupants were Nepalis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163208-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Royal Nepal Airlines Twin Otter crash, Incident\nThe flight was scheduled for 30 minutes domestic flight from Bajhang Airport, where it left at 10:11 Nepal Standard Time for Dhangadhi Airport in Far-Western Nepal. The last radio contact was made at 10:31, just two minutes before the aircraft was expected to land in Dhangadhi. After a helicopter was deployed to the crash site, it was found that the aircraft had collided with trees on 4,300 feet Jarayakhali Hill of the Sivalik Hills in Jogbuda, Dadeldhura District, where it caught fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163209-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby Borough Council election\nElections to Rugby Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council seats were up for election. The council stayed under no overall control. The number of councillors for each party after the election were Labour eighteen, Conservative fourteen, Liberal Democrat nine and Independent seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163210-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament\nThe 2000 Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament was held alongside the 2000 Rugby League World Cup. As with the World Cup, the competition was poorly attended in comparison to the previous event. The tournament was won by the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163210-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament, Venues\nThe games were played at various venues in England. The Final was played at Tetley's Stadium in Dewsbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 53], "content_span": [54, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup\nThe 2000 Rugby League World Cup was the twelfth staging of the Rugby League World Cup. It was held in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and France, and took place between 28 October and 25 November 2000. Sixteen national teams competed in four groups of four, playing each other once over three weekly rounds before a series of play-offs that culminated in the final between Australia and New Zealand. Tournament favourites Australia defeated New Zealand in the final, claiming their sixth consecutive and ninth total Rugby League World Cup title. Australian winger Wendell Sailor was named player of the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Summary\nBuilding on the 1995 Rugby League World Cup, it was decided to expand the format further, with the number of teams rising from 10 to 16. As before, an Emerging Nations Tournament was held alongside the main event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Summary\nThe millennium World Cup attracted a record sponsorship of over \u00a31 million from Lincoln Financial Group, who had also sponsored Great Britain's Tests against New Zealand the previous autumn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Summary\nThe 2000 World Cup was not considered a great success. There were too many mismatches in the early stages, and some of the teams lacked credibility. Notably the inclusion of a side representing New Zealand's M\u0101ori population, Aotearoa M\u0101ori, alongside the full New Zealand team, and a Lebanon side consisting entirely of Australians of Lebanese origin, led to derisory comments in the media. The tournament's organisers also attracted criticism regarding marketing and ticketing. For these reasons crowds at the tournament were low; also torrential rainstorms and the crisis on Britain's railways following the Hatfield rail crash did not help encourage spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Summary\nThere were however some positives: the tournament returned a profit of more than \u00a32m despite the small crowds it attracted; the French performed creditably, and attendance for the games held in France was encouraging. The much-derided Lebanon team also proved the catalyst for domestic competition in that country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Summary\nOn the competition side of things, favourites Australia and New Zealand cut a swathe through the tournament, with several dominant performances setting up an obvious final clash. New Zealand's 49\u20136 semi-final dispatch of England, coupled with Australia only hitting the lead in their semi-final against Wales with 23 minutes remaining, had New Zealand installed as favourites in some quarters. However, it was Australia who prevailed in a tense, absorbing finale. Australia only led 18\u201312 with 15 minutes remaining, but a glut of possession saw them finish strongly \u2013 scoring four late tries to give the appearance of an easy victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Qualifying\nSix countries \u2013 Lebanon, the United States, Morocco, Canada, Italy and Japan \u2013 competed for one available place in the tournament. Lebanon deafeated the United States 62\u20138 in the final play-off match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Venues\nThe games were played at various venues in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Venues\nThe Twickenham Stadium in London, the home of the English rugby union was the host stadium for the opening ceremony and match featuring hosts England and defending champions Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 1, Results\nThis was the first rugby league match to be played at Twickenham Stadium, London's home of rugby union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 1, Results\nFiji:1. Lote Tuqiri, 2. Jone Kuraduadua, 3. Waisale Sovatabua, 4. Eparama Navale, 5. Farasiko Tokarei, 6. Semi Tadulala, 7. Stephen Smith8. Kalaveti Tuiabayaba, 9. Tabua Cakacaka, 10. Freddie Robarts, 11. Etuate Vakatawa, 12. Joe Tamani, 13. Samuela Marayawa.Substitutes: 14. Atunasia Vunivialu, 15. Josefa Lasagavibau, 16. Amani Takayawa, 17. Peceli Vuniyayawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 1, Results\nRussia:1. Robert Ilyasov, 2. Mikhail Mitrofanov, 3. Matt Donovan, 4. Craig Cygler, 5. Maxim Romanov, 6. Andrei Olari, 7. Igor Gavrilin8. Ian Rubin, 8. Alexandr Lysenkov, 10. Robert Campbell, 11. Petr Sokolov, 12. Aaron Findlay, 13. Joel Rullis.Substitutes: Pavel Kalashkin, Viktor Nechaev, Igor Zhiltsov, Vadim Postnikov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 1, Results\nAustralians Ben Kennedy, Trent Barrett and Nathan Hindmarsh were selected to make their Kangaroo debuts in this match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 1, Results\nAustralia:1. Darren Lockyer, 2. Mat Rogers, 3. Ryan Girdler, 4. Matt Gidley, 5. Adam MacDougall, 6. Trent Barrett, 7. Andrew Johns, 8. Jason Stevens, 9. Craig Gower, 10. Michael Vella, 11. Ben Kennedy, 12. Nathan Hindmarsh, 13. Brad Fittler.Substitutes: Scott Hill, Jason Croker, Robbie Kearns, Shane Webcke.Coach: Chris Anderson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 1, Results\nTries: Rogers 4, Kennedy 2, Barrett, Hindmarsh, MacDougall, Girdler 2, Gidley.Goals: Rogers 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 1, Results\nFiji:1. Lote Tuqiri, 2. Jone Kuraduadua, 3. Waisale Sovatabua, 4. Eparama Navale, 5. Semi Tadulala, 6. Stephen Smith, 7. Kaleveti Naisoro, 8. Tabua Cakacaka, 9. Fred Robarts, 10. Etuate Vakatawa, 11. Joe Tamani, 12. Samuela Marayawa, 13. Atunasia Vunivialu.Substitutes: Farasiko Tokarei, Mesake Navugona, Amani Takayawa, Peceli Wawavanua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 2, Results\nNew Zealand:1. Richie Barnett (c), 2. Leslie Vainikolo, 3. Tonie Carroll, 4. Willie Talau, 5. Brian Jellick, 6. Henry Paul, 7. Stacey Jones8. Smith, 9. Swain, 10. Pongia, 11. Logan Swann, 12. Kearney, 13. Ruben Wiki.Substitutes: Joe Vagana, Robbie Paul, Rua, Cayless.Coach:Frank Endacott", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 2, Results\nLebanon:1. Hazem El Masri (c), 2. Najarrin, 3. Katrib, 4. Touma, 5. H. Saleh, 6. Stanton, 7. Coorey8. Maroon, 9. Semrani, 10. Elamad, 11. Chamoun, 12. Khoury, 13. Lichaa.Substitutes: Salem, Nohra, Tamer, S. El Masri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 2, Results\nWales:1. Paul Atcheson, 2. Paul Sterling, 3. Jason Critchley, 4. Kris Tassell, 5. Anthony Sullivan, 6. Iestyn Harris (c), 7. Lee Briers8. Anthony Farrell, 9. Keiron Cunningham, 10. Dave Whittle, 11. Justin Morgan, 12. Mick Jenkins, 13. Dean Busby.Substitutes: Ian Watson, Wes Davies, Paul Highton, Garreth Carvell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 2, Results\nCook Islands:1. Richard Piakura, 2. Tongia, 3. Steve Berryman, 4. Kevin Iro (c), 5. Karl Temata, 6. Bowen, 7. Joe8. Tuakuru, 9. Clark, 10. Temu, 11. Kuru, 12. Pau, 13. Anthony Samuel.Substitutes: Andersson, Lewis, Tere Glassie, Cook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 3, Results\nFrance1. Freddie Banquet, 2. Yacine Dekkiche, 3. Cassin, 4. Dulac, 5. Patrice Benausse, 6. Laurent Frayssinous, 7. Devecchi8. Rachid Hechiche, 9. Wulf, 10. Teixido, 11. Guisset, 12. Tallec, 13. Jampy.Substitutes: El Khalouki, Carrasco, Sands, Despin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 3, Results\nPapua New Guinea1. David Buko, 2. John Wiltshere, 3. Aila, 4. Songoro, 5. Marcus Bai, 6. Stanley Gene, 7. Adrian Lam8. Kahl, 9. Marum, 10. Solbat, 11. Naawi, 12. Mamando, 13. O'Reilly.Substitutes: Mark Mom, Alex Krewanty, Norman, Mondo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 3, Results\nThis was the first match of a double-header in Paris for the opening round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 3, Results\nThis match formed the second part of the opening round double-header in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 3, Results\nTonga:1. Paul Koloi, 2. Fifita Moala, 3. Tevita Vaikona, 4. G. Wolfgramm, 5. Lipina Kaufusi, 6. Howlett, 7. W. Wolfgramm8. Martin Masella (c), 9. Esau Mann, 10. Talite Liava'a, 11. Willie Mason, 12. Talou, 13. Duane Mann.Substitutes: David Fisi'iahi, Manu, Nelson Lomi, Kite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 3, Results\nSouth Africa:1. Tim O'Shea, 2. Brian Best, 3. Leon Barnard, 4. Johnson, 5. Dames, 6. Conrad Breytenbach, 7. Jamie Bloem8. Booysen, 9. Skelton, 10. Powell, 11. Rutgerson, 12. De Villiers, 13. Erasmus.Substitutes: Jennings, Nel, Mulder, Cloete.Coach: Paul Matete", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 3, Results\nBefore the match a statue honouring French rugby league legend, Puig Aubert was unveiled by the French Rugby League Federation at the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 3, Results\nFrance:1. Freddie Banquet, 2. Jean-Marc Garcia, 3. Cassin, 4. Arnaud Dulac, 5. Claude Sirvent, 6. Fabien Devecchi, 7. Rinaldi8. Hechiche, 9. Wulf, 10. Sands, 11. Jerome Guisset, 12. Tallec, 13. Pascal Jampy.Substitutes: Despin, Carrasco, Sort, Teixido.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 3, Results\nTonga:1. Paul Koloi, 2. Fifita Moala, 3. Vaikona, 4. David Fisi'iahi, 5. L. Kaufusi, 6. Howlett, 7. Hifo8. Martin Masella (c), 9. E. Mann, 10. Liava'a, 11. Willie Mason, 21. Kite, 13. D. Mann.Substitutes: Paul Fisi'iahi, Manu, Nelson Lomi, A. Masella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 4, Results\nThe opening match of the World Cup was accompanied by heavy rain. Samoa's Fred Petersen had to be stretchered off the field after suffering a blow to the head while making a tackle 15 minutes into the second half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 4, Results\nIreland1. Steve Prescott, 2. Brian Carney, 3. Michael Withers, 4. Michael Eagar, 5. Forster, 6. Tommy Martyn, 7. Ryan Sheridan8. O'Connor, 9. Williams, 10. Barrie McDermott, 11. Chris Joynt, 12. Campion, 13. Luke RicketsonSubstitutes: Bretherton, Lawless, Barnhill, Southern. Coach: Steve O'Neill", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 4, Results\nSamoa1. Loa Milford, 2. Brian Leauma, 3. Anthony Swann, 4. Gulavao, 5. Francis Meli, 6. Simon Geros, 7. Willie Swann8. Puletua, 9. Monty Betham, 10. Seu Seu, 11. Solomona, 12. Fred Petersen, 13. Willie PochingSubstitutes: Tatupu, Kololo, Leafa, Faafili.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 4, Results\nScotland: 1. Lee Penny, 2. Matt Daylight, 3. Graham Mackay, 4. Geoff Bell, 5. Lee Gilmour, 6. Andrew Purcell, 7. Richard Horne8. Heckenberg, 9. Danny Russell (Captain), 10. Laughton, 11. Scott Logan, 12. Cram, 13. Adrian Vowles.Substitutes: David Maiden, Matt Crowther, Wayne McDonald, Shaw.Coach: Shaun McRae", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 4, Results\nNew Zealand M\u0101ori: 1. Clinton Toopi, 2. Manuell, 3. Kohe-Love, 4. David Kidwell, 5. Sean Hoppe, 6. Gene Ngamu, 7. H. Te Rangi8. Rauhihi, 9. Perenara, 10. Terry Hermansson, 11. Koopu, 12. Tyran Smith, 13. Tawera Nikau.Substitutes: Martin Moana, Leuluai, Nahi, Reihana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 4, Results\nScotland's loose forward, Adrian Vowles was sent to the sin bin midway through the second half for repeated off-side infringementsIreland:1. Steve Prescott, 2. Brian Carney, 3. Martyn, 4. Eagar, 5. Herron, 6. Michael Withers, 7. Ryan Sheridan8. O'Connor, 9. Lawless, 10. McDermott, 11. Joynt, 12. Kevin Campion, 13. Luke Ricketson.Substitutes: Williams, Mathiou, Barnhill, Bradbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Group Stage, Group 4, Results\nScotland: 1. Danny Arnold, 2. Matt Daylight, 3. Lee Gilmour, 4. Bell, 5. Matt Crowther, 6. Horne, 7. Scott Rhodes8. Heckenberg, 9. Russell, 10. Laughton, 11. Logan, 12. Cram, 13. Adrian Vowles.Substitutes: Maiden, Graham, McDonald, Shaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Knockout stage, Semi-finals\nThis was the England rugby league team's biggest ever loss. By winning this match, New Zealand had again equaled their record for consecutive victories with five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163211-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup, Knockout stage, Semi-finals\nWales became the first team in twelve months to score more than two tries against Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 56], "content_span": [57, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final\nThe 2000 Rugby League World Cup final was the conclusive game of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup tournament and was played between Australia and New Zealand on November 25, 2000 at Old Trafford, Trafford, Greater Manchester, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Background\nThe 2000 Rugby League World Cup was the twelfth staging of the Rugby League World Cup since its inauguration in 1954, and the first since the 1995 tournament. The tournament was held in the United Kingdom, Ireland and France from 28 October, culminating in the final between Australia and New Zealand on 25 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Background, Australia\nAustralia were undefeated going into the final. Their 110-4 win over Russia set a new world record test match score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Background, New Zealand\nLike Australia, New Zealand were also undefeated going into the Final", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Summary\nIn a high-scoring final at Old Trafford, the Kangaroos overwhelmed their Trans-Tasman opponents. Wendell Sailor scored two tries and Mat Rogers had a near-perfect afternoon with the boot as the Australians ran out 40\u201312 winners and were crowned world champions for a sixth successive time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Match details\nNew Zealand second rower Stephen Kearney became the most capped forward in New Zealand test match history playing in his 36th test.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Match details, First half\nAustralia stepped on the gas from the kick-off, tearing into New Zealand at every opportunity. But the Kiwi defence stood firm, although they almost conceded after 22 minutes. Sailor looked to have scored the first try of the game after a burst down the right wing only for video referee Gerry Kershaw to rule that Stephen Kearney had prevented the Brisbane Broncos player from grounding the ball. The look of disbelief on Sailor's face was there for everyone to see, but he clearly did not let the decision affect his game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Match details, First half\nThree minutes later, his grubber kick was pounced on by Matt Gidley, who beat Kearney to the touch down. Rogers, assuming the kicking duties in place of the injured Ryan Girdler, landed the conversion to open up a 6\u20130 lead. New Zealand had few opportunities to go on the offensive, although they finished the first half strongly. But it was the favourites Australia who looked in control and deservedly went into the break in front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 60], "content_span": [61, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Match details, Second half\nThe start of the second half was held up by the appearance of a male streaker. When play finally got under way, the tackles were just as ferocious as ever, neither side giving an inch. However Australia gained the edge when Brad Fittler split the defence with a pass to Nathan Hindmarsh, who scored from close range, bringing the score to 10\u20130. Rogers converted to make it 12\u20130. New Zealand were not about to throw in the towel and hit back almost immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Match details, Second half\nLesley Vainikolo pounced on a loose ball to dive over on 49 minutes, although the decision was again made by the video referee. When Henry Paul landed the conversion, the deficit was back down to six points. Soon after, Australian Halfback, Brett Kimmorley, made a break down the right before feeding the ball inside to fullback Darren Lockyer, who crossed for another try. Rogers' third successful kick made it 18\u20136 to the defending champions. However, the Kiwis quickly struck back when Tonie Carroll beat several Australian defenders to score. Henry Paul's conversion made it 18\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163212-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup Final, Match details, Second half\nNew Zealand then made several crucial errors and Australia were able to capitalise. Sailor grabbed two tries in the space of five minutes to take his tally for the tournament to 10. The first of them came on 63 minutes courtesy of a reverse pass from Gidley. Rogers missed the second of the two quick conversions. Skipper Fittler then breached the New Zealand defence on 73 minutes to score his first try of the final which was converted by Rogers. Substitute Trent Barrett then finished the scoring, with a try that was converted by Rogers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 61], "content_span": [62, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163213-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup qualification play-off\nThe 2000 Rugby League World Cup qualification play-off was a rugby league match that was played on 21 November 1999 at Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex in the United States. Lebanon defeated the United States 62\u20138 to qualify for the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163214-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup qualification \u2013 Pool A\n2000 Rugby League World Cup qualification Pool A is one of the two groups in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup qualifying. The group comprises the Mediterranean nations Lebanon, Italy and Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163215-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup qualification \u2013 Pool B\n2000 Rugby League World Cup qualification Pool B is one of the two groups in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup qualifying. The group comprises the Pacific Rim nations United States, Japan and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163216-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup qualifying\n2000 Rugby League World Cup qualifying was contested by the national rugby league football teams of Lebanon, the United States, Morocco, Canada, Italy and Japan for the 16th spot in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup tournament. Lebanon won the tournament and went on to the World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163216-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup qualifying, First round, Pool A\nThe first pool of World Cup qualifiers involved teams from the Mediterranean; Lebanon, Italy and Morocco. Pool A qualifiers were held in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163216-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup qualifying, First round, Pool B\nThe second pool of World Cup qualifiers involved teams from the Pacific Rim; United States, Japan and Canada. Pool B qualifiers were held in Orlando, Florida, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163217-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rugby League World Cup squads\nThe 2000 Rugby League World Cup squads consisted of players from the national rugby league football teams of fifteen countries: Australia, England, Fiji, Russia, New Zealand, Wales, Lebanon, Cook Islands, Papua New Guinea, France, Tonga, South Africa, Ireland, Samoa and Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163218-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Runnymede Borough Council election\nElections to Runnymede Council were held on 4 May 2000. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1999. The Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163219-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rushmoor Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Rushmoor Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Rushmoor Borough Council in Hampshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party gained overall control of the council from no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163219-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Rushmoor Borough Council election\nThe election took place at the same time as a referendum on whether to change the name of the borough council from Rushmoor to either Aldershot and Farnborough, or Farnborough and Aldershot. The change of name was rejected with 13,891 votes against to only 2,747 in favour on a turnout of 29%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163220-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 Russian Figure Skating Championships (Russian: \u0427\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0430\u0445 2000) took place in Moscow from December 23 through 25th, 1999. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The results were one of the criteria used to pick the Russian teams to the 2000 World Championships and the 2000 European Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163221-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian First Division\nThe Russian First Division 2000 was the ninth edition of the Russian First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163222-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Indoor Athletics Championships\nThe 2000 Russian Indoor Athletics Championships (Russian: \u0427\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0451\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 2000) was the 9th edition of the national championship in indoor track and field for Russia. It was held on 4\u20136 February at the WGAFC Indoor Stadium in Volgograd. A total of 26 events (13 for men and 13 for women) were contested over the three-day competition. It was used for selection of the Russian team for the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163222-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Indoor Athletics Championships\nThe Russian Combined Events Indoor Championships was held separately on 18\u201320 February in Chelyabinsk at the Ural State University of Physical Culture arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163222-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Indoor Athletics Championships\nYelena Isinbayeva won her first national indoor title in the women's pole vault with a clearance of 4.45\u00a0m (14\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in), which was a Russian indoor record and a world under-20 record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163222-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Indoor Athletics Championships, International team selection\nFollowing the results of the championships, taking into account the qualifying standards, the Russian team for the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 73], "content_span": [74, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163222-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Indoor Athletics Championships, International team selection, Women\n\u2020 Had exemption for selection and allowed not to compete at the national championships \u2021 Later withdrew from the international competition", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163223-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Second Division\nThe Russian Second Division 2000 was the ninth edition of the Russian Second Division. There were 6 zones with 107 teams starting the competition (one was excluded before the end of the season).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163223-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Second Division, Promotion play-offs\nNeftekhimik won 4\u20131 on aggregate and was promoted to the 2001 Russian First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163223-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Second Division, Promotion play-offs\n3\u20133 on aggregate, Severstal won on away goals rule and was promoted to the 2001 Russian First Division. However, Severstal could not find necessary financing in time and the spot was eventually given to Khimki instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163223-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Second Division, Promotion play-offs\nKuban Krasnodar won 1\u20130 on aggregate and was promoted to the 2001 Russian First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division\nSpartak Moscow won their fifth consecutive Russian title, and eighth overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division, Awards\nOn December 5 Russian Football Union named its list of 33 top players:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division, Medal squads\nGoalkeepers: Aleksandr Filimonov (23), Andrei Smetanin (7). Defenders: Dmytro Parfenov  (25 / 4), Yevgeni Bushmanov (23), Aleksandr Shchyogolev (18 / 1), Yuri Kovtun (17 / 1), Dmitri Khlestov (14 / 1), Jerry-Christian Tchuiss\u00e9  (10), Eduard Mor (8 / 1), Dmitri Ananko (6), Otar Khizaneishvili  (4), Oleg Kuzmin (1), Sergei Gurchenkov (1). Midfielders: Viktor Bulatov (29 / 1), Andrey Tikhonov (25 / 1), Yegor Titov (24 / 13), Vasili Baranov  (23 / 3), Maksym Kalynychenko  (17 / 4), Artyom Bezrodny (13 / 3), Andrejs \u0160tolcers  (11 / 5), Milan Jovi\u0107  (10), Valery Kechinov (3). Forwards: Aleksandr Shirko (24 / 11), Luis Robson  (24 / 10), Maksim Buznikin (15 / 6), Nikolai Pisarev (13 / 2), Marc\u00e3o  (7 / 1), Sergei Lebedkov (1), German Lovchev (1), Aleksandr Shchipkov (1 / 1). (league appearances and goals listed in brackets)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division, Medal squads\nTransferred out during the season: Andrey Tikhonov (to  Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. ), Maksim Buznikin (to FC Saturn Ramenskoye), Dmitri Khlestov (to  Be\u015fikta\u015f J.K.), Milan Jovi\u0107  (to FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk), Eduard Mor (to FC Saturn Ramenskoye).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division, Medal squads\nGoalkeepers: Ruslan Nigmatullin (29), Zaur Khapov (2). Defenders: Igor Chugainov (30 / 3), Vadim Evseev (29 / 2), Gennadiy Nizhegorodov (26), Yuri Drozdov (25 / 1), Andrei Lavrik  (23), Igor Cherevchenko  (19 / 1), Andrei Solomatin (16 / 1), Dmitri Sennikov (13 / 2), Oleg Pashinin  (11). Midfielders: Dmitri Loskov (26 / 15), Yevgeni Kharlachyov (22 / 4), Vladimir Maminov  (17 / 2), Albert Sarkisyan  (17), Alexey Smertin (10 / 1), Ilya Tsymbalar (10), Juraj Dovi\u010dovi\u010d  (2). Forwards: Dmitri Bulykin (22 / 3), Oleg Teryokhin (21 / 8), Zaza Janashia  (20 / 5), Ruslan Pimenov (13 / 1), Filipe Azevedo  (4), Oleh Haras  (4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division, Medal squads\nOne own goal scored by Mikhail Mysin (FC Rotor Volgograd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division, Medal squads\nTransferred out during the season: Alexey Smertin (to  Bordeaux), Oleh Haras  (to FC Fakel Voronezh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division, Medal squads\nGoalkeepers: Yevgeni Kornyukhin (22), Valeriy Vorobyov  (8). Defenders: Vitali Litvinov (29 / 2), Vyacheslav Dayev (29 / 1), Alyaksandar Lukhvich  (27 / 2), Andrei Malay (26), Marat Makhmutov (16), Andriy Sapuha  (3), Sergei Burchenkov (3). Midfielders: Andrei Gashkin (30 / 7), Vladimir Kazakov (28 / 2), Radaslaw Arlowski  (22 / 3), Igor Semshov (18 / 1), Vladimir Leonchenko (14 / 1), Sergei Kormiltsev  (12), Pavlo Shkapenko  (10 / 1), Konstantin Zyryanov (5 / 3), Johann Duveau  (4 / 1), Aleksandr Ignatyev (4). Forwards: Dmitri Vyazmikin (27 / 8), Arsen Avakov  (23 / 3), Rimantas \u017dvingilas  (21 / 3), Valdas Trakys  (21 / 2), Mihai Dr\u0103gu\u015f  (7), Vyacheslav Kamoltsev (5), Maksim Aristarkhov (2 / 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division, Medal squads\nOne own goal scored by Aleksandr Cherkes (FC Fakel Voronezh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163224-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian Top Division, Medal squads\nTransferred out during the season: Mihai Dr\u0103gu\u015f , Aleksandr Ignatyev, Andriy Sapuha  (all to FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election\nThe 2000 Russian presidential election was held on 26 March 2000. Incumbent Prime Minister and acting President Vladimir Putin, who had succeeded Boris Yeltsin on his resignation on 31 December 1999, was seeking a four-year term in his own right and won the elections in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Background\nIn spring 1998, Boris Yeltsin dismissed his long-time head of government, Viktor Chernomyrdin, replacing him with Sergey Kirienko. Months later, in the wake of the August 1998 economic crisis in which the government defaulted on its debt and devalued the rouble simultaneously, Kirienko was replaced in favor of Yevgeny Primakov. In May 1999, Primakov was replaced with Sergei Stepashin. Then in August 1999, Vladimir Putin was named prime minister, making him the fifth in less than two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Background\nPutin was not expected to last long in the role and was initially unknown and unpopular due to his ties to the Yeltsin government and state security. In the late summer and early fall of 1999, a wave of apartment bombings across Russia killed hundreds and injured thousands. The bombings, blamed on the Chechens, provided the opportunity for Putin to position himself as a strong and aggressive leader, capable of dealing with the Chechen threat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Background\nYeltsin had become exceedingly unpopular. Yeltsin was increasingly concerned about the Skuratov, Mercata and Mabetex scandals that had prompted articles of impeachment. He narrowly survived impeachment in May 1999. In mid-1999, Yevgeny Primakov and Yuri Luzhkov were considered the frontrunners for the presidency. Both were critical of Yeltsin, and he feared that they might prosecute him and his family for corruption should they ascend to power. Primakov had suggested that he would be \u201cfreeing up jail cells for the economic criminals he planned to arrest.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Background\nOn December 19, 1999, the Kremlin's Unity Party finished second in the Parliamentary elections with 23 percent; the Communist Party was first with 24 percent. By forming a coalition with Yabloko and the Union of Right Forces, Yeltsin had secured a favorable majority in the Duma. By the December election, Putin's popularity had risen to 79% with 42% saying they would vote for him for President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Background\nOn New Year's Eve 1999, Yeltsin announced that he would be resigning early in the belief that \u201cRussia should enter the new millennium with new politicians, new faces, new people, who are intelligent, strong and energetic, while we, those who have been in power for many years, must leave.\u201d In accordance with the constitution, Putin became acting president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Background\nThe elections would be held on 26 March 2000, as Russian law required an election to be scheduled three months after the office of president is vacated. Before Yeltsin's resignation the 2000 presidential election had been expected to be held in June or July. The Duma had originally passed legislation scheduling the first round of the election for June 4, with a runoff scheduled for June 25 if necessitated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Background\nIn early 2000, Unity and the Communist Party had developed an alliance in the Duma that effectively cut off Putin's rivals, Yevgeny Primakov, Grigory Yavlinsky, and Sergei Kiriyenko. Yuri Luzhkov, the reelected Mayor of Moscow, announced that he would not compete for the presidency; Primakov pulled out two weeks after the parliamentary elections. The early election also reduced the chances that public sentiment would turn against the conflict in Chechnya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Background, New campaign law\nA new federal law, \u201cOn the election of the president of the Russian Federation\u201d was passed in December 1999. It required that candidates gather a million signatures to be nominated (although the shortened election meant this was reduced to 500,000). A majority in the first round was enough to win. Failing that, a second round of voting between the top two candidates would be decided by majority vote. The new law also created stricter campaign finance provisions. The new law, in conjunction with the early election would have further helped Putin, who could rely on favorable state television coverage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Candidates\nA total of 33 candidates were nominated; 15 submitted the application forms to the Central Electoral Committee, and ultimately 12 candidates were registered:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Candidates, Registered candidates\nCandidates are listed in the order they appear on the ballot paper (alphabetical order in Russian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 69], "content_span": [70, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Campaign\nGennady Zyuganov and Grigory Yavlinsky were the two strongest opposition candidates. Zyuganov ran on a platform of resistance to wholesale public ownership although illegally privatized property would be returned to the state. He opposed public land ownership and advocated for strong public services to be provided by the state. He would also strengthen the country's defense capabilities and would resist expansion by the United States and NATO. Grigorii Yavlinsky (Yabloko) ran as a free marketer but with measured state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Campaign\nHe wanted stronger oversight of public money, an end to the black market and reform of the tax system coinciding with an increase in public services. He also advocated for a strengthened role for the State Duma and a reduction in the size of the civil bureaucracy. He was the most pro-Western candidate, but only to an extent as he had been critical of the war in Chechnya yet remained skeptical of NATO. One of Putin's major campaign platforms was \u201cdictatorship of the law\u201d and \u201cthe stronger the state, the freer the people.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Campaign\nPutin mounted almost no campaign in advance of the 2000 elections. \u201cHe held no rallies, gave no speeches, and refused to participate in debates with his challengers.\u201d The extent of Putin's campaign was a biographical interview broadcast on State Television, and a series of interviews with journalists, paid for by Boris Berezovsky, an oligarch who had helped to build the Unity Party in the Yeltsin years. Putin's platform was best reflected by an \u201cOpen letter to Russian voters\u201d that ran in national newspapers on February 25, 2000. Because he refused to participate in the debates, Putin's challengers had no venue in which to challenge his program, vague as it may have been. A number of other candidates explained this as a refusal to clarify his position on various controversial issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Campaign\nUncritical state television coverage of Putin's oversight of the conflict in Chechnya helped him to consolidate his popularity as Prime Minister, even as Yeltsin's popularity as President fell. Analysis of television coverage of the 1999 Duma and 2000 Presidential elections found that \u201cit was ORT, and state television more generally, that had helped to create a party on short notice\u201d and that \u201cits coverage\u2026 was strongly supportive of the party it had created.\u201d Further, TV channel ORT aggressively attacked credible opponents to Unity and Putin. Putin \u201creceived over a third of the coverage devoted to the candidates on all television channels, as much as Zyuganov (12%), Yavlinsky (11%) and Zhirinovsky (11%) put together.\u201d  He received more than a third of print media coverage, and was given outsize coverage even in opposition newspapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Campaign\nPutin announced a new press policy after he won the election. He stated that he believed in \u201cfree press\u201d but this should not let the media become \u201cmeans of mass disinformation and tools of struggle against the state.\u201d He encouraged the state-owned media to control the market and provide the people with \u201cobjective information.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Conduct\nThe decision to conduct the presidential elections also in Chechnya was perceived as controversial by many observers due to the military campaign and security concerns. The legislative elections held on 19 December 1999 had been suspended in Chechnya for these reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Conduct\nThere were many alleged serious forgeries reported that could have affected Putin's victory in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Media bias\nThe PACE observers delegation concluded that \"the unequal access to television was one of the main reasons for a degree of unfairness of the campaign\" and that \"independent media have come under increasing pressure and that media in general, be they State-owned or private, failed to a large extent to provide impartial information about the election campaign and candidates.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Media bias\nThe PACE delegation also reported that the media got more and more dominated by politically influential owners. The TV channel ORT launched a slanderous campaign against Yavlinsky's image as his ratings started to rise sharply, and broadcasters generally nearly ignored candidates who did not fulfill interests of their owners. One of the main independent broadcasters, NTV, was subject to increasing financial and administrative pressure during the electoral campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Media bias\nHarassment by the Kremlin was utilized to quiet criticism from domestic independent and opposition media, particularly television broadcasters. State agencies pressured media outlets (especially television outlets) to avoid issuing negative reports on the Chechen War. The two primary state-controlled media outlets gave overwhelmingly positive coverage to Putin's handling of the war. Multiple Western journalists (such as the Boston Globe's David Fillipov) had been either detained or expelled from the country because they strayed from Russian military guidance in Chechnya. Andrei Babitsky (a correspondent for Radio Liberty) was arrested under charges of aiding the Chechens. Under both Yeltsin and Putin, the Kremlin apparatus was applying financial pressure to Media-Most, a media holding group which had been unfriendly in their coverage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Media bias\nOn the other hand, Zyuganov received much fairer media coverage than he had been subject to in the previous presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Results\nPolling stations were open from 8:00\u00a0a.m. to 8:00\u00a0p.m. Putin won on the first ballot with 53.4% of the vote. Putin's highest official result was 85.42% in Ingushetia, while his lowest achievement was 29.65% in neighboring Chechnya. Zyuganov's results ranged from 47.41% in the Lipetsk region to 4.63% in Ingushetia. Yavlinsky's results ranged from 18.56% in Moscow to 0.42% in Dagestan. Zhirinovsky's results ranged from 6.13% in the Kamchatka region to 0.29% in Ingushetia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163225-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Russian presidential election, Results\nTitov was unofficially aligned with the Union of Rightist Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163226-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team\nThe 2000 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Scarlet Knights were led by fifth-year head coach Terry Shea and played their home games at Rutgers Stadium. They were a member of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 3\u20138, 0\u20137 in Big East play to finish in last place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163227-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 S.League\nThe 2000 S.League was the fifth season of the S-League, the top professional football league in Singapore. It was won by Singapore Armed Forces, their third league title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163227-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 S.League, Teams\nS.League had been expanding with addition of new clubs for every season since its beginnings, the 2000 season was the first season without any new club addition. All clubs were playing at the designated home stadiums which lead to building their identities within their local communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163227-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 S.League, Foreign players\nEach club is allowed to have up to a maximum of 4 foreign players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163228-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SANFL Grand Final\nThe 2000 South Australian National Football League (SANFL) Grand Final saw the Central District Bulldogs defeat the Woodville-West Torrens by 22 points to claim the club's first ever premiership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163228-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 SANFL Grand Final\nThe match was played on Sunday 10 September 2000 at Football Park in front of a crowd of 34,819.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163228-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 SANFL Grand Final\nGoals: 3 \u2013 Stuart Dew 3 \u2013 Daniel Healy 1 \u2013 Kynan Ford 1 \u2013 James Gowans", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163229-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SANFL season\nThe 2000 South Australian National Football League season was the 121st season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163230-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SASF season\nThe South Australian Soccer Federation 2000 season consisted of two divisions of twelve teams each, across the State of South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163230-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 SASF season, 2000 SASF Premier League\nThe 2000 South Australian Premier League season was the top level domestic association football competition in South Australia for 2000. It was contested by 12 teams in a single 22 round league format, each team playing all of their opponents twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163230-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 SASF season, 2000 SASF State League\nThe 2000 South Australian State League season was the second highest domestic level association football competition in South Australia. It was contested by 12 teams in a single 22 round league format, each team playing all of their opponents twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163231-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SEAT Open\nThe 2000 SEAT Open was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg which was part of Tier III of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 10th edition of the tournament and was held from 25 September until 1 October 2000. Third-seeded Jennifer Capriati won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163231-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 SEAT Open, Finals, Doubles\nAlexandra Fusai /  Nathalie Tauziat defeated  Lubomira Bacheva /  Cristina Torrens Valero, 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20130)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163232-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SEC Championship Game\nThe 2000 SEC Championship Game was won by the Florida Gators 28\u20136 over the Auburn Tigers. The game was played in the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia on December 2, 2000 and was televised to a national audience on ABC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163233-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by KingSkyLord (talk | contribs) at 02:02, 13 April 2020 (\u2192\u200eReferences). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163233-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament took place on March 9\u201312, 2000 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163233-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Arkansas Razorbacks won the tournament and received the SEC's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament by beating the Auburn Tigers on March 12, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season\nThe 2000 SFA season was the second regular season of the Texas Sixman Football League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season\n2000 was the first year that the SFA had two separate conferences. Now you had the Northern Conference and Southern Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Teams\nThe Seminoles, Wolf Pack and Vipers all returned for their second seasons of the SFA. The Bobcats, Longhorns, Mean Machine, Red Raiders and Rhinos are all in their first year of competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Teams\nThe Northern Conference consisted of the Mean Machine, Rhinos, Wolf Pack and Vipers. The Southern Conference consisted of the Bobcats, Longhorns, Red Raiders and Seminoles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season\nThe second year of the SFA consisted of ten weeks from February 13, 2000 to May 21, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 1\nFebruary 13, 2000Longhorns 26 - Wolf pack 18Seminoles 47 - Vipers 0Rhinos 32 - Raiders 18Bobcats 38 - Mean Machine 18", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 2\nFebruary 20, 2000Mean Machine 28 - Raiders 24Bobcats 38 - Rhinos 19Longhorns 54 - Vipers 6Wolf Pack 33 - Seminoles 30", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 3\nFebruary 27, 2000Bobcats 36 - Vipers 24Seminoles 53 - Rhinos 6Red Raiders 38 - Wolf Pack 37Longhorns 29 - Mean Machine 25", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 4\nMarch 5, 2000Seminoles 34 - Mean Machine 24Raiders 37 - Vipers 0Wolf Pack 37 - Bobcats 6Longhorns 32 - Rhinos 19", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 5\nMarch 12, 2000Mean Machine 59 - Rhinos 26Raiders 32 - Bobcats 12Seminoles 51 - Longhorns 7Wolf Pack 48 - Vipers 26", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 6\nMarch 19, 2000Wolf Pack 48 - Rhinos 12Mean Machine 60 - Vipers 50Seminoles 45 - Bobcats 0Raiders 26 - Longhorns 13", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 7\nMarch 26, 2000Seminoles 45 - Raiders 26Rhinos 24 - Vipers 19Longhorns 46 - Bobcats 20Wolf Pack 24 - Mean Machine 20", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 8\nApril 2, 2000Seminoles 32 - Longhorns 14Vipers 39 - Wolf Pack 28Raiders 38 - Bobcats 20Mean Machine 32 - Rhinos 12", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 9\nApril 9, 2000Mean Machine 40 - Vipers 26Raiders 38 - Longhorns 20Wolf Pack 40 - Rhinos 24Seminoles 53 - Bobcats 6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Regular season, Week 10\nApril 16, 2000Longhorns 33 - Bobcats 25Seminoles 34 - Raiders 33Vipers 33 - Rhinos 14Wolf Pack 51 - Mean Machine 33", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Playoffs\nThe second year of playoffs for the SFA consisted of the top 3 from each conference making the playoffs with the top seeds getting a first round bye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Playoffs, Wildcard Round\nApril 30, 2000Longhorns 45 - Red Raiders 28Mean Machine 46 - Vipers 38", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Playoffs, Conference Championships\nMay 7, 2000Longhorns 40 - Seminoles 14Wolf Pack 62 - Mean Machine 46", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163234-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 SFA season, Epler Cup II\nMay 21, 2000Wolf Pack 46 - Longhorns 40Epler Cup II MVPPedro Veras QB - Wolf Pack", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163235-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SG344\n2000 SG344 is a small Aten asteroid first observed in 2000. It is assumed to have a diameter of approximately 37 meters (120 feet) \u2013 or roughly twice that of the Chelyabinsk meteor \u2013 and an assumed mass of 7.1\u00d7107 kg (71,000 tonnes). But the size is only known within about a factor 2. It is the largest object known to have a better than 1/1000 chance (0.1%) of impacting Earth. The next good chance to observe the object will be in May 2028 when it passes 0.02\u00a0AU (3,000,000\u00a0km; 1,900,000\u00a0mi) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163235-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 SG344\nBecause of its very Earth-like orbit and because it would have been near the Earth in 1971 (coinciding with the Apollo program), there was speculation that 2000 SG344 might not be an asteroid but a man-made object such as an S-IVB booster stage from a Saturn V rocket which would make it about 15 meters in diameter and much less massive. (cf. J002E3, the S-IVB booster of Apollo 12 which was mistaken for an asteroid.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163235-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 SG344, Possible impacts with Earth\nUntil December 2004, it was considered to have the highest (though still very low) likelihood of any near-Earth object to impact Earth in the next 100 years. It is ranked a zero on the Torino scale of impact risk because of its small size (the scale is 0\u201310) and is listed on Sentry Risk Table. It was briefly surpassed in December 2004 by 99942 Apophis (which at the time was known only by its provisional designation 2004 MN4). Smaller asteroids such as 2006 JY26 and 2010 RF12 have a greater chance of impacting Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163235-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 SG344, Possible impacts with Earth\nBased on 31 observations of 2000 SG344 made from May 1999 to October 2000, there is about a 1 in 380 chance that it will collide with Earth between 2069 and 2113. The greatest chance of impact is on 16 September 2071 with a 1 in 1100 chance of impact. Assuming the object is a rocky asteroid and that it reaches Earth's surface without exploding in the atmosphere, the impact energy released would be an estimated 1.1 megatons of TNT, which could create an impact crater approximately 100 feet (30\u00a0m) wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163235-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 SG344, Planned NASA mission\nIn 2008, NASA considered this asteroid as a possible target for a crewed mission (Artemis 2) using the Orion spacecraft, prior to a projected 2030 push to Mars. Those plans were since abandoned. 2000 SG344 will be observable in May 2028 at an apparent magnitude of 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163236-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SMU Mustangs football team\nThe 2000 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University during the 2000 college football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy\nThe introduction in Scotland of the reformed examinations system in 2000 was criticised in the press and by the Government after a series of administrative and computer errors led to several thousand incorrect Higher and Intermediate certificates being sent out by post. The crisis took several months to resolve, and several management figures including the Chief Executive, Ron Tuck, resigned or lost their jobs as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nThe Scottish Qualifications Authority announces 'teething problems' with the marking system, but promises that students will receive their results on time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nThe Scottish Qualifications Authority publicly admits that pupils sitting Higher Grade examinations may not receive the correct results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nThousands of students across Scotland receive incomplete or inaccurate exam results. Schools are left in disarray as 5% of all schools have not been sent any results at all, accurate or otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nRon Tuck, the Chief Executive of the Scottish Qualifications Authority, resigns, stating his regret and accepting responsibility for \"this unfortunate episode\". The Labour/Liberal Democrat coalition Scottish Executive ignores demands by the Scottish National Party for Sam Galbraith, the Education Minister, to resign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nThe Scottish Qualifications Authority and Scottish Executive claim that the errors are due to the correct results being incorrectly collated, due to a serious fault in the new computer programme, not exams being marked wrongly in the first place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nBill Morton is appointed as acting Chief Executive, to replace Ron Tuck, who resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nStudents are assured that their marks will not go down. However this leaves a problem for UCAS, who has no way of knowing if students with high grades actually earned them or not. UCAS accepted the validity of all results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nUCAS admits in a statement that many of the students whose certificates contained errors could lose out on a university place that they would have received had the results been accurate and on time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nThe Scottish Qualifications Authority claims that over 2,000 students with inaccurate certificates will receive the correct ones the next day, and the rest will be fixed 'in a matter of days.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nNow realising that 21 August was not a realistic deadline, the Scottish Qualifications Authority vow to sort out the worst affected pupils' results by 20 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nThe Scottish Qualifications Authority sorts out Higher Grade exam results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nBill Morton orders an internal investigation at the Scottish Qualifications Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nOver 4,000 Standard Grade students are discovered to have received incorrect certificates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nJack McConnell becomes the new Education Minister. Sam Galbraith is removed to Environment Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nA leak reveals that the Scottish Qualifications Authority failed to sort out non-urgent Higher Grade exam results within the planned deadline\u2014and the new Chief Executive was not told.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nJack McConnell appoints a new Scottish Qualifications Authority board. 16 of the 24 members have been replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nThe Scottish Qualifications Authority begins sending out accurate exam certificates to students\u2014three months after they were supposed to be delivered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nMedia reports suggest that the exam results fiasco cost the people of Scotland over \u00a311,000,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163237-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 SQA examinations controversy, Timeline\nIt emerged that an eighteen-year-old student has decided to sue the Scottish Qualifications Authority for compensation after she spent her time retaking a subject she had passed in, but wasn't notified about it until nine months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163238-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SWAC Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 SWAC Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 9\u201311, 2000 at the Mississippi Coast Coliseum in Biloxi, Mississippi. Jackson State defeated Southern, 76\u201361 in the championship game. The Tigers received the conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament as No. 16 seed in the West Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163239-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SWL season\nThe 2000 Football Tasmania SWL premiership season was an Australian rules football competition, staged across Tasmania, Australia over seventeen roster rounds and four finals series matches between 24 March and 9 September 2000. This was the fifteenth and final season of statewide football and was the third separate statewide competition in three years after the TSFL was abandoned in favour of starting up a new statewide league known simply as the SWL which detailed six clubs from the six highest populated cities across Tasmania. The SWL was sponsored to the tune of A$750,000 under a funding agreement with the Australian Football League which was overseen and managed by the sport's governing body in the state (Football Tasmania) to control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163239-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 SWL season\nShortly after the season had been completed, Burnie Dockers announced that they would be leaving the competition to rejoin the NTFL in 2001, a short time later both Northern Bombers and Devonport followed suit leaving an unsustainable three club statewide competition, with Football Tasmania also under considerable pressure from both the Hobart City Council over possible legal action against them for breaking a contract by moving the Grand Final away from North Hobart Oval to York Park this season and looming legal threats by the remaining SWL clubs over a restraint of trade, the statewide competition was abandoned by Football Tasmania in January 2001, the remaining clubs resumed playing league matches in their regional areas in both the SFL and the NTFL until the end of the 2008 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163239-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 SWL season, Participating Clubs, Round 8\nNote: This match was moved forward to be played on 23 July on the weekend of Round 14 for unspecified reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163239-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 SWL season, Participating Clubs, Round 14\n(Saturday, 15 July, Sunday, 16 July & Saturday, 22 July 2000)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163239-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 SWL season, Participating Clubs, Round 14\nNote: This match set the all-time Statewide League attendance record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163239-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 SWL season, Participating Clubs, Grand Final\nSource: All scores and statistics courtesy of the Hobart Mercury, Launceston Examiner and North West Advocate publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163240-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sacagawea dollar \u2013 Washington quarter mule\nThe 2000 Sacagawea dollar \u2013 Washington quarter mule is an error coin featuring the obverse of a Washington quarter (specifically a 50 State quarter) and the reverse of a Sacagawea dollar struck on a gold-colored dollar coin planchet. It is one of the first known authentic mule coins to be released into circulation by the United States Mint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163240-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sacagawea dollar \u2013 Washington quarter mule, History\nMule coins were deliberately produced by US Mint employees for sale to coin collectors in the mid-1800s. However, no authentic (accidental) mules of United States currency were known to exist. This changed in the 1990s, when a Lincoln cent (dated 1993-D) with the reverse of a Roosevelt dime were discovered. In 2000, Frank Wallis of Arkansas discovered a Sacagawea dollar with the obverse of a Washington quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163240-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sacagawea dollar \u2013 Washington quarter mule, List of known coins\nAs of September 2019, 19 examples have been confirmed, 16 of which are owned by a coin collector named Tommy Bolack. Three different die pairs have been identified among the examples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 68], "content_span": [69, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163241-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sacramento Monarchs season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the 4th season for the Sacramento Monarchs. The team made the WNBA Playoffs for the second consecutive season, but they were shortly swept by eventual champion Houston Comets in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163242-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sacramento State Hornets football team\nThe 2000 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State University during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163242-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sacramento State Hornets football team\nSacramento State competed in the Big Sky Conference. The Hornets were led by sixth-year head coach John Volek and played home games at Hornet Stadium in Sacramento, California. They finished above .500 for the first time in Big Sky conference play, with a record of seven wins and four losses (7\u20134, 5\u20133 Big Sky). Sacramento State outscored its opponents 329\u2013279 for the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163242-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sacramento State Hornets football team, Team players in the NFL\nNo Sacramento State players were selected in the 2001 NFL Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 68], "content_span": [69, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163243-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sacramento mayoral election\nThe 2000 Sacramento mayoral election was held on March 7, 2000 and November 7, 2000 to elect the mayor of Sacramento, California. It saw the election of Heather Fargo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163244-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Safari Rally\nThe 48th Sameer Safari Rally Kenya was the third round of 2000 FIA World Rally Championship. The event took place between 25 and 27 February 2000. Subaru made it 1-2 with Richard Burns winning and Juha Kankkunen in second. Didier Auriol took SEAT's first (and only) podium of the season being third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163245-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Saint Francis Cougars football team\nThe 2000 Saint Francis Cougars football team represented the University of Saint Francis, located in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in the 2000 NAIA football season. They were led by head coach Kevin Donley, who served his 3rd year as the first and only head coach in the history of Saint Francis football. The Cougars played their home games at Cougar Stadium and were members of the Mid-States Football Association (MSFA) Mideast League (MEL). The Cougars finished in 1st place in the MSFA MEL division, receiving an automatic bid to the 2000 postseason NAIA playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163246-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Saint Kitts and Nevis general election\nGeneral elections were held in Saint Kitts and Nevis on 6 March 2000. The result was a victory for the Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party, which won eight of the eleven directly-elected seats. Voter turnout was 64.2%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163247-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Saint Pierre and Miquelon legislative election\nLegislative elections for the Territorial Council were held in Saint Pierre and Miquelon on 19 March 2000. A second round of voting was held on 26 March. They were won by the alliance of Rally for Construction and Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2000, which took 12 of the 19 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163248-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Salford City Council election\nElections to Salford Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election. The Labour Party kept overall control of the council. Overall turnout was 21.04%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163249-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Salt Lake County mayoral election\nThe 2000 Salt Lake County mayoral election was the first election held to elect the first Mayor of Salt Lake County, Utah on November 7, 2000, alongside the presidential, House of Representatives, Senate and gubernatorial elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163249-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Salt Lake County mayoral election\nUtah Code (Title 17, Chapter 52a, Part 2) allows counties in the state to choose one of four forms of county government:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163249-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Salt Lake County mayoral election\nLike most other counties in Utah, Salt Lake County used to be governed by a three-member county commission. However, in 1998, county voters approved the change in form of government to a nine-member council with an elected mayor, that was to take effect in 2001, following 2000 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163249-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Salt Lake County mayoral election\nRepublican county Recorder Nancy Workman won the election, alongside presidential candidate George W. Bush and Senator Orrin Hatch. The only Democrat to win the county during the election cycle was gubernatorial candidate Bill Orton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163250-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Salvadoran legislative election\nLegislative elections were held in El Salvador on 12 March 2000. Although the Nationalist Republican Alliance received the most votes, the Farabundo Mart\u00ed National Liberation Front won the most seats. Voter turnout was 41.8%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163251-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Samoa National League\nThe 2000 Samoa National League, or also known as the Upolo First Division, was the 12th edition of the Samoa National League, the top league of the Football Federation Samoa. Titavi FC won their first title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163252-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Samoa rugby union tour of Scotland and Wales\nThe 2000 Samoa rugby union tour of Scotland and Wales was a series of matches played in November 2000 in Scotland and Wales by Samoa national rugby union team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163253-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Chargers season\nThe 2000 season was the San Diego Chargers' 31st in the National Football League (NFL), their 41st overall and their second under head coach Mike Riley. The Chargers failed to improve on their 8\u20138 record from 1999, and finished the season 1\u201315, the worst record of any Chargers team in history. The team lost its first eleven games before their only victory of the season against the Kansas City Chiefs (by one point, which was obtained on a last-second field goal).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163253-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 San Diego Chargers season\nThe 2000 Chargers were also the first team to finish 1\u201315 and have their only win of the season be at home. Oddly enough, out of the eleven teams in NFL history to finish 1\u201315, only three others had their only win at home (2007 Dolphins, 2016 Browns, and 2020 Jaguars). The Chargers were also the third 1\u201315 team to win their lone game by a single point; the others, the 1980 Saints and 1991 Colts, each defeated the New York Jets on the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163253-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Chargers season\nSan Diego had a historically inept running attack in 2000; their 1,062 total team rushing yards (66.4 per game) is the lowest total of rushing yards by any team in NFL history in a 16-game season. For perspective, the strike-shortened 1982 NFL season\u2014which was a nine-game schedule\u2014included thirteen teams who rushed for more yards than San Diego did in 2000, and the 1992 Seahawks, who scored only 140 points in 16 games, rushed for 1,596 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163253-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Chargers season\nDespite this, there were a few bright spots; Darren Bennett and Junior Seau would be selected for the Pro Bowl that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163253-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Chargers season\nAfter their miserable season, the Chargers earned the first overall pick in the next season's draft. The Chargers would trade that pick to the Falcons and draft LaDainian Tomlinson and also Drew Brees, both of whom would contribute to the Chargers\u2019 success in the middle and late 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163254-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Padres season\nThe 2000 San Diego Padres season was the 32nd season in franchise history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163254-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Padres season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163254-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Padres season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163254-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Padres season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163254-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Padres season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163254-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego Padres season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers\nNote: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163255-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego State Aztecs football team\nThe 2000 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. They were coached by Ted Tollner and played their home games at Qualcomm Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163256-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego mayoral election\nThe 2000 San Diego mayoral election was held on Tuesday, November 7, 2000 to elect the mayor for San Diego. Incumbent mayor Susan Golding was ineligible to run for reelection due to term limits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163256-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego mayoral election\nMunicipal elections in California are officially non-partisan, though some candidates do receive funding and support from various political parties. The non-partisan primary was held Tuesday, March 7, 2000. County supervisor Ron Roberts and superior court judge Dick Murphy received the most votes and advanced to the November general election. Murphy was elected mayor with a majority of the votes in the November runoff election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163256-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign\nWith incumbent mayor Susan Golding termed out and ineligible to run, the primary election attracted a crowded field of candidates. Despite Democrats in San Diego holding 39% to 36.5% lead in registered voters, all but one of the candidates considered serious contenders by the media were Republicans. Many of the candidates had ties to Pete Wilson, the former mayor of San Diego, U.S. senator, and California governor. County supervisor Ron Roberts advanced to the November runoff with 25% of the primary vote. He was joined by Superior Court Judge Dick Murphy, who narrowly defeated banker Peter Q. Davis for second place and a place in the runoff with 15% of the vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163256-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign\nDue to his advantages in fund raising, endorsements, political experience and his comfortable lead in the primary election Roberts was initially considered the front runner. However, Murphy was able to pull even by campaigning as an incorruptible political independent compared to his \"career politician\" opponent. Sports also played a large role in the general election campaign, including controversy over a deal where the city agreed to pay the San Diego Chargers for unsold tickets and city participation in the financing of a new stadium for the San Diego Padres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163256-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign\nMurphy ultimately defeated Roberts 52% to 48% and was elected mayor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season\nThe 2000 San Francisco 49ers season was the franchise's 51st season in the National Football League and their 55th overall. Jerry Rice entered the 2000 season as the oldest player in the league at the wide receiver position. At the end of the year, however, with the emergence of Terrell Owens, Rice decided to leave the team after sixteen seasons to join the Raiders. Running back Charlie Garner would join Rice in Oakland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season\nThe 49ers improved from 4\u201312 in 1999 to 6\u201310, but still suffered back-to-back losing seasons for the first time since their four consecutive losing seasons from 1977 to 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season\nWithout Steve Young, who retired after the 1999 season, the 49ers fully relied on second-year quarterback Jeff Garcia, who enjoyed his best year and was named to the Pro Bowl at the end of this season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 1 at Atlanta Falcons\nJeff Garcia opened scoring on a four-yard touchdown to Fred Beasley but after four consecutive Morten Anderson field goals the Falcons got touchdown catches from Terance Mathis and Shawn Jefferson while Ashley Ambrose picked off Garcia and scored. Beasley and Terrell Owens caught additional San Francisco touchdowns in the 36\u201328 loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 90], "content_span": [91, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 2 vs. Carolina Panthers\nSan Francisco's home opener was a disaster as four straight Panthers touchdowns ultimately led to a 38\u201322 Niners loss. With the game out of reach Garcia was benched and former Seahawks washout Rick Mirer completed a touchdown to J. J. Stokes and a two-point conversion throw to Owens on a subsequent Fred Beasley score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 3 at St. Louis Rams\nThe Niners led 10\u20133 and closed to 27\u201324 but the defending Super Bowl champs put the game away 41\u201324. Garcia was intercepted twice, the second time at the Rams goal line with 47 seconds to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 4 at Dallas Cowboys\nThis was the game famous for Terrell Owens posing on the Cowboys mid-field star after his first touchdown of the game. This led to a more emphatic gesture by Emmitt Smith when he scored as he slammed the ball securely to the star. When Owens scored again he repeated his gesture then was hammered by George Teague in response.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 4 at Dallas Cowboys\nThough the Niners won 41\u201324 it was a costly affair for coach Steve Mariucci; not only was Owens suspended for their following game (creating a rift between the two) but Mariucci clashed with an enraged Jerry Rice during the game, Rice angry after coming into the game with only eleven catches \u2013 in a bigger irony Rice would catch two touchdowns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 89], "content_span": [90, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 5 vs. Arizona Cardinals\nThe Niners led wire to wire in winning 27\u201320. Jerry Rice led Niners receivers with seven catches for 66 yards and a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 6 vs. Oakland Raiders\nThe two Bay Area NFL teams met for only the ninth time and first since the Raiders returned to Oakland. After two Sebastian Janikowski field goals the Niners took a 14\u20136 lead on scores to Owens and Rice. In the third after a Tyrone Wheatley score and two pointer tied the game the Raiders forced a fumble, completed a deep strike to Andre Rison, then Tim Brown caught a 30-yard score. The Raiders next scored on a Rich Gannon run. Garcia then completed a touchdown to Owens where he outmaneuvered five Raiders defenders. A missed Janikowski attempt led to the tying Niners score. In overtime Janikowski missed again but Wade Richey\u2019s kick was blocked and in the ensuing Raiders drive Brown caught the game-winning touchdown (34\u201328 final).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 91], "content_span": [92, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Seven at Green Bay Packers\nSan Francisco\u2019s perennial struggle against the Packers continued in a competitive game as Jeff Garcia threw four touchdowns in erasing a 21\u20137 gap then tying the game at 28 in the final five minutes. The Packers faced third down only once on their final field goal drive and Garcia\u2019s final pass to Charlie Garner reached the Packers 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Eight at Carolina Panthers\nThe Niners in a 34\u201316 loss were swept for the second straight season, second time by their former coach, and third time in the six seasons of the Panthers\u2019 existence. Steve Beuerlein had three touchdown throws while Garcia had two scores and also a pick six by the Panthers' Mike Minter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Nine vs. St. Louis Rams\nWith Trent Green forced to start in Kurt Warner's stead the Rams at Candlestick Park had themselves a battle as the Niners led four different times and Terrell Owens caught two scores. Green's score to Marshall Faulk in the third tied the game then after an exchange of punts Faulk caught another score. A Pete Stoyanovich field goal made for a 34\u201324 Niners loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 93], "content_span": [94, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Ten at New Orleans Saints\nFormer Bengals washout Jeff Blake threw three touchdowns and led five scoring drives to a 31\u20130 Saints lead, enough to absorb 15 points by the Niners who fell to 2\u20138 while the long-luckless Saints reached 6\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Eleven vs. Kansas City Chiefs\nThe Niners ended their five-game slide and a two-game slide against Kansas City by scoring three times on the ground (by Charlie Garner and Jeff Garcia) in the second quarter, limiting the Chiefs to one touchdown while intercepting former 49ers quarterback Elvis Grbac once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 99], "content_span": [100, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Twelve vs. Atlanta Falcons\nJason Webster\u2019s 70-yard pick six was the lone touchdown amid five field goals by both teams as the Niners ground out a 16\u20136 win. San Francisco sacked Chris Chandler four times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 96], "content_span": [97, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Fourteen at San Diego Chargers\nThe Niners had an easy time of it, winning 45\u201317 as they intercepted Ryan Leaf four times. Watching from the sidelines was Leaf\u2019s backup and a future Niners head coach, while Jerry Rice, embroiled in a salary cap dispute with the Niners front office, caught what would be his final two scores with the team that drafted him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Fifteen vs. New Orleans Saints\nThe Saints were on their way to their best season in nearly a decade and took an important step in a 31-27 comeback win at San Francisco. Following a 69-yard Garcia touchdown to Terrell Owens the Saints mounted two touchdown drives and Garcia was intercepted with 23 seconds remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 100], "content_span": [101, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Sixteen vs. Chicago Bears\nRumor of a Jerry Rice divorce from the Niners would come true subsequently as San Francisco\u2019s last home game of the season saw a ceremony honoring Rice and Flash 80 caught seven passes for 76 yards. But it would be Terrell Owens who made history with twenty catches, setting a new NFL single-game record previously held by Tom Fears in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163257-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco 49ers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week Seventeen at Denver Broncos\nThe Niners\u2019 disappointing season ended in ugly fashion as the playoff-bound Broncos erupted to lead 38\u20130. The Niners ended their season and a 38\u20139 loss on a Garcia touchdown to J. J. Stokes in the final minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 97], "content_span": [98, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election\nThe 2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors elections occurred on November 7, 2000, with a runoff election held on December 12, 2000. All eleven seats were contested. Elections to odd-numbered districts were to four-year terms, while elections to even-numbered districts were to transitional two-year terms, then four-year terms thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election\nThis election was the first following the reintroduction of electoral districts for the Board of Supervisors in 2000; previously, except for a short period of time, supervisors were elected at-large. The first districts, implemented in 1977, saw Harvey Milk and Dan White attain office; the districts were abolished in 1980 in the wake of Milk's assassination by White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election\nMunicipal elections in California are officially non-partisan, though most candidates in San Francisco do receive funding and support from various political parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 1\nThis district consists of the Richmond District. Incumbent supervisor Michael Yaki was defeated by Jake McGoldrick in the runoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 2\nDistrict 2 consists of the Marina, Pacific Heights, the Presidio, part of Russian Hill, and Sea Cliff. Incumbent supervisor Gavin Newsom won reelection unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 3\nDistrict 3 consists of the northeastern corner of San Francisco, including Chinatown, the Financial District, Fisherman's Wharf, Nob Hill, North Beach, and Telegraph Hill. Incumbent supervisor Alicia Becerril was defeated in the general election, with Aaron Peskin winning the runoff against Lawrence Wong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 4\nDistrict 4 consists primarily of the Sunset district. Incumbent supervisor Leland Yee won reelection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 5\nDistrict 5 consists of the Fillmore, Haight-Ashbury, Hayes Valley, Japantown, UCSF, and the Western Addition. Matt Gonzalez won this open seat after a runoff against Juanita Owens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 6\nDistrict 6 consists of Alcatraz Island, Civic Center, Mission Bay, South of Market, the Tenderloin, Treasure Island, and Yerba Buena Island. Chris Daly won this open seat after a runoff against Chris M. Dittenhafer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 7\nDistrict 7 consists of City College, Forest Hill, Lake Merced, Mount Davidson, Parkmerced, San Francisco State University, St. Francis Wood, and Twin Peaks. Incumbent supervisor Mabel Teng was defeated in the runoff against Tony Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 8\nDistrict 8 consists of The Castro, Diamond Heights, Duboce Triangle, Eureka Valley, Glen Park, and Noe Valley. Incumbent supervisor Mark Leno won reelection after a runoff against Eileen Hansen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 9\nDistrict 9 consists of Bernal Heights and the Inner Mission. Incumbent supervisor Tom Ammiano was reelected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 10\nDistrict 10 consists of Bayview-Hunters Point, McLaren Park, Portola, Potrero Hill, and Visitacion Valley. Sophie Maxwell won this open seat after a runoff against Linda Richardson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163258-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election, Results, District 11\nDistrict 11 consists of the Excelsior District, Ingleside, Oceanview, and Outer Mission. Incumbent supervisor Amos Brown was defeated in the runoff against Gerardo Sandoval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163259-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Giants season\nThe 2000 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants' 118th season in Major League Baseball and their 43rd season in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season. The Giants finished in first place in the National League West with a record of 97 wins and 65 losses, which was the best record in the major leagues in 2000. They lost the National League Division Series in four games to the New York Mets. The team played their first season in newly opened Pacific Bell Park. The Giants had 889 runs batted in (RBI), the most in franchise history, while their 925 runs scored is the most in the club's San Francisco era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163259-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Giants season, Player stats, Batting\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163259-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Giants season, Player stats, Starting pitchers\nNote: G = Games; IP = Innings pitched: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163259-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 San Francisco Giants season, Player stats, Starting pitchers, Other pitchers\nNote: G = Games: W = Wins: L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 81], "content_span": [82, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163260-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Jose Earthquakes season\nThe 2000 San Jose Earthquakes season was the fifth season of the team's existence, and the first year that the MLS team used the \"Earthquakes\" name. The team finished with the worst record Western conference as well as the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163260-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Jose Earthquakes season, Squad, Current squad\nAs of August 18, 2009. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163260-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 San Jose Earthquakes season, Competitions, Overall\nSource: Rules for classification: 1st points; 2nd head-to-head record; 3rd goal difference; 4th number of goals scored. (SS) = MLS Supporters' Shield; (E1) = Eastern Division champion, (C1) = Central Division champion, (W1) = Western Division championOnly applicable when the season is not finished:(Q) = Qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs, but not yet to the particular round indicated; (E) = Eliminated from playoff-contention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163261-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Jose State Spartans football team\nThe 2000 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team played their home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California. They participated as members of the Western Athletic Conference, and were coached by head coach Dave Baldwin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163262-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Juan, Puerto Rico mayoral election\nThe 2000 San Juan, Puerto Rico mayoral election was held on November 7, 2000 to elect the mayor of San Juan, Puerto Rico. It was held as part of the 2000 Puerto Rican general election. It saw the election of Jorge Santini, a member of the New Progressive Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163262-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Juan, Puerto Rico mayoral election\nIncumbent mayor Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n, a member of the Popular Democratic Party, did not seek reelection to a second term, and instead ran for governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163263-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Marino Grand Prix\nThe 2000 San Marino Grand Prix (formally the XX Gran Premio Warsteiner di San Marino) was a Formula One motor race held at Imola on 9 April 2000. The 62-lap race was the third round of the 2000 Formula One season and was won by Michael Schumacher driving a Ferrari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163263-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Marino Grand Prix, Report\nQualifying saw Mika H\u00e4kkinen on pole position with Michael Schumacher second, David Coulthard third, Rubens Barrichello fourth, Ralf Schumacher fifth and Heinz-Harald Frentzen sixth. During qualifying Schumacher took pole position for a brief moment, beating H\u00e4kkinen's time by 0.025 seconds. H\u00e4kkinen's final timed lap of the session however, was quick enough reclaim pole position. In the first 2 sectors of the circuit, H\u00e4kkinen was slower than Schumacher by 0.085 and 0.089 seconds respectively. A small mistake at turn 12 forced the Finn to run wide off the track for a moment, and as he exited the final corner onto the pit straight, the car oversteered. Despite these two errors, H\u00e4kkinen reclaimed pole position by 0.091 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163263-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 San Marino Grand Prix, Report\nAs raceday dawned, it seemed that the McLarens were faster than the Ferraris. At the start, Schumacher did not make a good getaway and, in order to defend his position, moved to the left to block Coulthard. As the two tussled while reaching Tamburello, Coulthard had to lift off, allowing Barrichello to get level with him. In the next corner, Rubens was ahead. At the same time, Jacques Villeneuve had a superb start and got past four cars in front of him. Following Jacques were Jarno Trulli and Eddie Irvine in sixth and seventh respectively. All this had allowed H\u00e4kkinen to get a 1.2 second lead over Schumacher and a further 1.9 seconds over Barrichello and Coulthard. Heinz-Harald Frentzen retired early on from 6th position with gearbox problems on lap 5 when he pulled into the pits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163263-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 San Marino Grand Prix, Report\nIt soon became clear that the race was developing into a battle between H\u00e4kkinen and Schumacher. Barrichello and Coulthard were dropping away at a second a lap and they were quite a bit ahead of third group consisting of Villeneuve, Trulli, Irvine, Ralf and Mika Salo. At the front, H\u00e4kkinen soon began to edge away from Schumacher, slowly but surely. On lap 20, the gap was out to 3 seconds before it stabilized until the pitstops. Meanwhile, Irvine accidentally pushed the speed limiter button, allowing Ralf and Salo to get ahead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163263-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 San Marino Grand Prix, Report\nOn lap 26, over 25 seconds behind the leaders, Coulthard dived into the pits. On the next lap, H\u00e4kkinen stopped to refuel with a 3.2 second lead. He was stationary for 7.6 seconds unlike Schumacher who was there for 10 seconds. This nearly doubled H\u00e4kkinen's lead, up to 5.7 seconds. Barrichello was the last driver in the top 4 to stop and he came out in front of Coulthard again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163263-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 San Marino Grand Prix, Report\nBehind the top four, Villeneuve, Ralf and Salo were battling for fifth, sixth and seventh and left Irvine and Trulli to battle for eighth and ninth. At the front, H\u00e4kkinen hit a piece of wreckage which destroyed the front of the floor, making the car more difficult to drive. He recovered and increased his lead back up to over five seconds by lap 39. But then Schumacher began to close in. On lap 41, it came down by a second, after something in the electronics went wrong on H\u00e4kkinen's car. It immediately reset itself but H\u00e4kkinen had lost two seconds. On lap 43, however, Schumacher had to deal with the Sauber of Pedro Diniz who tried to be a bit gentle and the two nearly collided. Schumacher lost over a second. When H\u00e4kkinen pitted on lap 44 with a 3-second lead, Michael took over the lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163263-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 San Marino Grand Prix, Report\nNext lap, Barrichello and Coulthard went into the pits from third. Coulthard's stop was faster, and he came out just in front of the Ferrari. McLaren had won the smaller battle, i.e. the battle for third. Now it was left to Schumacher to get ahead of H\u00e4kkinen. Ralf Schumacher would benefit from the retirement of Frentzen and the button pressing issues regarding Eddie Irvine in the leading Jaguar had moved up to 6th would soon retire on lap 46 with the result of fuel pressure problems whilst battling for 5th with Villeneuve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163263-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 San Marino Grand Prix, Report\nMichael Schumacher came into the pits on lap 49. His stop was short and he came ahead of H\u00e4kkinen. There was a massive difference in their in and out lap times, which made the difference. Coulthard still could not match the pace of the leaders, around three tenths slower but he pulled away from Barrichello at over two seconds a lap. In behind them, Salo was hounding Villeneuve. On lap 58, Trulli had gearbox problems and stopped from eighth but would be classified 15th. H\u00e4kkinen pushed in the closing stages, but it was not enough to disturb Schumacher, who won from H\u00e4kkinen. Coulthard was a distant third, while Barrichello was nearly being lapped in fourth. Villeneuve held off Salo for fifth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163264-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 San Miguel Beermen season\nThe 2000 San Miguel Beermen season was the 26th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163264-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 San Miguel Beermen season, Championships\nThe San Miguel Beermen won their 14th PBA title in the Commissioner's Cup by defeating first-time finalist Sta.Lucia Realtors, four games to one. The Beermen overtakes the famed Crispa Redmanizers as the league's winningest ballclub.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163264-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 San Miguel Beermen season, Championships\nIn the Governor's Cup, the San Miguel Beermen claim their 15th crown at the expense of Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs, four games to one, as the Beermen retains the two championships they won last year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163265-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council in the West Midlands, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163265-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council election, Campaign\nBefore the election Labour ran the council with 58 councillors compared to 9 Liberal Democrats, 3 Conservatives and 1 independent, with 1 Labour seat being vacant. The vacant seat was in Oldbury ward, after the former councillor, Mohammed Niwaz, was convicted of fraud the previous December. Among those who were defending seats in the election was the leader of the council, Tarsem King, in West Bromwich Central ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163265-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council election, Campaign\nBoth the Liberal Democrat and Conservative parties were hoping to make gains after some recent school closures, as well as dissatisfaction with the national Labour government. The Liberal Democrats were hoping to gain Hateley Heath, after having won a seat there in a by-election the previous November, and Oldbury. Meanwhile, the Conservatives aimed to take Wednesbury South and were defending Charlemont after the councillor defected to them from the Liberal Democrats. Labour defended their record, pointing to the lowest council tax rise in the region, and hoped to improve on recent low turnouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163265-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw the Labour party stay in control of the council, but they did lose some seats. The Conservatives gained the seats of Old Warley and Princes End from Labour, while the Liberal Democrats took Hateley Heath from Labour. Alan Burkitt also held off the Liberal Democrats in Charlemont for the Conservatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163266-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sanex Trophy\nThe 2000 Sanex Trophy was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Knokke-Heist, Belgium that was part of the Tier IV category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 17 July until 23 July 2000. Sixth-seeded Anna Smashnova won the singles title and earned $16,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163266-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sanex Trophy, Finals, Doubles\nGiulia Casoni /  Iroda Tulyaganova defeated  Catherine Barclay /  Eva Dyrberg, 2\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163267-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sanex Trophy \u2013 Doubles\nEva Martincov\u00e1 and Elena Wagner were the defending champions, but Wagner did not compete this year. Martincov\u00e1 teamed up with \u00c9milie Loit and lost in first round to Meike Babel and Laurence Courtois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163267-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sanex Trophy \u2013 Doubles\nGiulia Casoni and Iroda Tulyaganova won the title by defeating Catherine Barclay and Eva Dyrberg 2\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163268-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sanex Trophy \u2013 Singles\nMar\u00eda S\u00e1nchez Lorenzo was the defending champion, but did not compete this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163268-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sanex Trophy \u2013 Singles\nAnna Smashnova won the title by defeating Dominique Van Roost 6\u20132, 7\u20135 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163268-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sanex Trophy \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first two seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163269-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Santos FC season\nThe 2000 season was Santos Futebol Clube's eighty-eighth in existence and the club's forty-first consecutive season in the top flight of Brazilian football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163269-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Santos FC season, Players, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163270-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Saskatchewan Roughriders season\nThe 2000 Saskatchewan Roughriders finished in 4th place in the West Division with a 5\u201312\u20131 record and missed the playoffs for the third year in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163271-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Saskatchewan Scott Tournament of Hearts\nThe 2000 Saskatchewan Scott Tournament of Hearts women's provincial curling championship, was held January 26\u201330 at the Humboldt Uniplex in Humboldt, Saskatchewan. The winning team of June Campbell, represented Saskatchewan at the 2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts in Prince George, British Columbia, where the team finished round robin with an 8-3 record, before losing the 3-4 game to British Columbia's Kelley Law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163272-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Saudi Crown Prince Cup\nThe 2000 Crown Prince Cup was the 25th season of the Saudi premier football knockout tournament since its establishment in 1957. It started with the qualifying rounds on 17 February 2000 and concluded with the final on 12 May 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163272-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Saudi Crown Prince Cup\nIn the final, Al-Hilal defeated defending champions Al-Shabab 3\u20130 to secure their third title. The final was held at the Prince Abdullah Al-Faisal Stadium in Jeddah for the sixth time. As winners of the tournament, Al-Hilal qualified for the 2001\u201302 Asian Cup Winners' Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163272-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Saudi Crown Prince Cup, Qualifying rounds\nAll of the competing teams that are not members of the Premier League competed in the qualifying rounds to secure one of 4 available places in the Round of 16. The qualifying competition began on 17 February 2000. Second Division side Al-Hazem and Third Division sides Al-Maseef, Al-Oyoon and Al-Watani qualified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163272-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Saudi Crown Prince Cup, Round of 16\nThe draw for the Round of 16 was held on 4 March 2000. The Round of 16 fixtures were played on 28, 29, 30 and 31 March 2000. All times are local, AST (UTC+3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163272-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Saudi Crown Prince Cup, Quarter-finals\nThe draw for the Quarter-finals was held on 1 April 2000. The Quarter-finals fixtures were played on 8 and 9 April 2000. All times are local, AST (UTC+3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163272-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Saudi Crown Prince Cup, Semi-finals\nThe draw for the Semi-finals was held on 10 April 2000. The Semi-finals fixtures were played on 13 and 14 April 2000. All times are local, AST (UTC+3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163272-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Saudi Crown Prince Cup, Final\nThe 2000 Crown Prince Cup Final was played on 12 May 2000 at the Prince Abdullah Al-Faisal Stadium in Jeddah between Al-Hilal and Al-Shabab. This was the sixth Crown Prince Cup final to be held at the stadium. The two sides met once in the final with Al-Shabab winning in 1999. This was a repeat of last season's final. This was Al-Shabab's sixth final and Al-Hilal's fourth final. All times are local, AST (UTC+3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163273-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scania Stockholm Open\nThe 2000 Stockholm Open was an ATP men's tennis tournament played on hard courts, and held at the Kungliga tennishallen in Stockholm, Sweden. It was the 32nd edition of the event and part of the ATP International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. The tournament was held from 20 November through 26 November  2000. Unseeded Thomas Johansson won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163273-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scania Stockholm Open, Finals, Doubles\nMark Knowles /  Daniel Nestor defeated  Petr P\u00e1la /  Pavel V\u00edzner, 6\u20133, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163274-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scania Stockholm Open \u2013 Doubles\nPiet Norval and Kevin Ullyett were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163274-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scania Stockholm Open \u2013 Doubles\nMark Knowles and Daniel Nestor won the title, defeating Petr P\u00e1la and Pavel V\u00edzner 6\u20133, 6\u20132 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163275-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scania Stockholm Open \u2013 Singles\nThomas Enqvist was the defending champion, but lost in the first round this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163275-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scania Stockholm Open \u2013 Singles\nThomas Johansson won the tournament, beating Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the final, 6\u20132, 6\u20134, 6\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163276-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scheldeprijs\nThe 2000 Scheldeprijs was the 87th edition of the Scheldeprijs cycle race and was held on 19 April 2000. The race was won by Endrio Leoni of the Alessio team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163277-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Schleswig-Holstein state election\nThe 2000 Schleswig-Holstein state election was held on 27 February 2000 to elect the members of the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein. The incumbent coalition government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Greens led by Minister-President Heide Simonis retained its majority and continued in office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163277-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Schleswig-Holstein state election, Parties\nThe table below lists parties represented in the previous Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163277-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Schleswig-Holstein state election, Sources\nThis German elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163278-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scotland rugby union tour of New Zealand\nThe 2000 Scotland rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of matches played in June\u2013July 2000 in New Zealand by Scotland national rugby union team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts\nThe 2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts Canadian women's national curling championship, was played at the CN Centre in Prince George, British Columbia February 19\u201327. Kelley Law and her British Columbia team won the final defeating Anne Merklinger of Ontario. Law had to win four straight games after the round robin to win the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Heather NedohinThird: Carmen BarrackSecond: Kristie MooreLead: Rona McGregorAlternate: Chantel Davison", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Kelley LawThird: Julie SkinnerSecond: Georgina WheatcroftLead: Diane NelsonAlternate: Elaine Dagg-Jackson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Connie LaliberteThird: Cathy Overton-ClaphamSecond: Debbie Jones-WalkerLead: Janet ArnottAlternate: Jill Staub", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Heidi HanlonThird: Sue DobsonSecond: Sheri StewartLead: Judy BlanchardAlternate: Jennifer Perrin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Heather Strong Third: Kelli SharpeSecond: Susan WrightLead: Michele RenoufAlternate: Marcie Brown", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Kay ZinckThird: Heather Smith-DaceySecond: Krista BernardLead: Laine PetersAlternate: Cathy Donald", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Anne MerklingerThird: Theresa BreenSecond: Patti McKnightLead: Audrey FreyAlternate: Christine McCrady", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Shelly BradleyThird: Janice MacCallumSecond: Leslie AllanLead: Tricia MacGregorAlternate: Lori Robinson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Janique BerthelotThird: Joelle SabourinSecond: Annie LemayLead: Valerie LeclercAlternate: Marie-France Larouche", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : June CampbellThird: Cathy WalterSecond: Karen DakuLead: Leanne WhitrowAlternate: Sherry Anderson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163279-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams\nSkip : Sandra HattonThird: Rhonda HorteSecond: Carrie StahlLead: Margaret Lea PhillipsAlternate: Dawn Moses", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163280-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Challenge Cup Final\nThe 2000 Scottish Challenge Cup Final was played on 19 November 2000, at Broadwood Stadium in Cumbernauld and was the 10th staging of the final in the history of the tournament. It was played between Airdrieonians and Livingston both of the First Division. Airdrieonians emerged winners after defeating Livingston 3\u20132 on penalties following a 2\u20132 draw after extra time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163280-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, Route to the final, Airdrieonians\nThe first round draw brought Queen of the South to face Airdrieonians at the Excelsior Stadium with the home team emerging 2\u20131 victors. The second round was an away game at Hamilton Academical with Airdrie producing a 1\u20130 win and only clean sheet of the tournament. A home game against Clydebank was the reward for reaching the quarter-finals with The Diamonds edging the opposition 4\u20133 on penalties following a 1\u20131 draw after extra time. The semi-final draw paired the club with Stranraer away from home and Airdrie produced a 4\u20132 win to progress to the final. Airdrieonians reached the Scottish Challenge Cup final for the second time in its history since winning the 1994 final against Dundee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163280-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, Route to the final, Livingston\nLivingston were drawn against Partick Thistle away from home in the first round and produced a 2\u20130 victory over the club. The second round also saw the West Lothian club drawn away from home against Ross County but produced a 3\u20130 win and a second consecutive clean sheet. A first home game of the tournament for Livingston was drawn in the quarter-finals against Brechin City which saw the club produce a 3\u20131 win to progress to the semi-finals. The opposition provided was East Stirlingshire, again at Almondvale and a 2\u20131 victory saw Livingston reach the Scottish Challenge Cup final for the first time ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163280-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, Pre-match, Analysis\nAirdrieonians and Livingston both played two games at their respective homes of Excelsior Stadium and Almondvale Stadium and two games on the road. In the process Airdrie scored a total of eight goals whilst conceding four, compared with Livingston's ten goals scored and two conceded. Livingston completed two clean sheets over Airdrieonians' one. Airdrie reached the final for the second time after winning the 1994 tournament whilst it was the first time in the final for Livingston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163281-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Claymores season\nThe 2000 Scottish Claymores season was the sixth season for the team in the NFL Europe League (NFLEL). The Claymores were led by sixth-year head coach Jim Criner and played their home games at the Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh (three) and the Hampden Park in Glasgow (two). Scotland finished the regular season in second place with a record of 6\u20134, qualifying for the league final for the second time in team history. The Claymores lost 10\u201313 to the Rhein Fire in World Bowl 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final\nThe 2000 Scottish Cup Final was the final match of the 1999\u20132000 Scottish Cup. It was played on 27 May 2000 at Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland, and was the final of the 115th Scottish Cup. The final was contested by Scottish Premier League clubs Aberdeen and Rangers. Rangers won the match 4\u20130. The match was the last in the career of Aberdeen goalkeeper Jim Leighton. He was injured after two minutes and was unable to play on. With no goalkeeper on the substitutes bench, striker Robbie Winters played in goal for Aberdeen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Aberdeen\nAs a Scottish Premier League club, Aberdeen started in the third round where they played St. Mirren at home and won 2\u20130 at Pittodrie Stadium. In the fourth round they were drawn away at Scottish Football League First Division Inverness Caledonian Thistle who had knocked out Old Firm Celtic in the previous round. After a 1\u20131 draw at Caledonian Stadium, Aberdeen progressed after a 1\u20130 win at Pittodrie. In the quarter finals they played Dundee United away. At Tannadice Park, Aberdeen won 1\u20130. In the semi-final at neutral Hampden Park, Aberdeen played Hibernian and won 2\u20131 to reach the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Rangers\nRangers as a Scottish Premier League club also started in the third round where they were drawn away at St Johnstone and won 2\u20130 at McDiarmid Park. In the next round they played Greenock Morton away, although the match was moved to Love Street (stadium) on the advice of the police. Rangers won 1\u20130. In the quarter final they played Heart of Midlothian at home and defeated them 4\u20131 at Ibrox. In the semi-final at Hampden Park, Rangers defeated Ayr United of the Scottish First Division 7\u20130. The match was noted for Rangers' Andrei Kanchelskis standing on the football and saluting during the match, which angered Ayr United's manager Gordon Dalziel who felt it was disrespectful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final, Pre-match\nThe clubs share a historic rivalry. Rangers went into the final looking to win a double after having won the 1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League. Aberdeen on the other hand had finished bottom of the Scottish Premier League, 57 points behind Rangers. They were reprieved from relegation after Dunfermline Athletic and Falkirk,  who had finished as second and third respectively in the Scottish First Division, were denied the opportunity to play-off with Aberdeen due to their stadiums not meeting Scottish Premier League entry criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final, Pre-match\nBefore the match, Rangers fans started a growing movement for everyone to wear orange at the final as a tribute to their Dutch manager Dick Advocaat and other Dutch players at the club. The club supported this and produced replica orange Netherlands national football team shirts for fans. Advocaat proposed that Rangers played the final in the orange kit but, after the players were unanimous in their disagreement, the idea was dropped and they played in their regular home kit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final, Pre-match\nSome observers noted the coincidence that orange was also used as a Protestant colour, as the likes of the Orange Order used it, which led to suggestions of underlying meanings in the colour choice. The Rangers fans wore orange during the final, leading commentators to describe Hampden Park as being awash in a \"sea of orange\". Aberdeen's goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who was retiring after the match, said that he was going to be the last player to leave the pitch to commemorate his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final, Match\nTwo minutes into the match, Leighton collided with Rangers' Rod Wallace which resulted in Leighton fracturing his jaw and having to be stretchered off. The Aberdeen manager Ebbe Skovdahl had not named a goalkeeper amongst his three substitutes, despite Leighton warning Skovdahl that he felt it was a mistake not to. Robbie Winters, who had been named on the bench, had volunteered weeks prior to play in goal if something like this occurred, was substituted on to replace Leighton. He went on wearing Ryan Esson's goalkeeper's jersey after Esson had changed into his cup final suit to take his seat in the stands after having helped Leighton warm up pre-match. It was noted by the media that Esson's jersey was too large for Winters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final, Match\nRangers took the lead in the 35th minute after Giovanni van Bronckhorst put J\u00f6rg Albertz's free kick past Winters. Rangers went into half time 1\u20130 up. In the second half, goals from Tony Vidmar, Billy Dodds and Albertz helped Rangers to a 4\u20130 victory to win the Scottish Cup for the 29th time. This victory also made Rangers the first club in the world to have won 100 trophies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final, Aftermath\nFollowing the final, the Scottish Football Association (SFA) amended their rules for the Scottish Cup stating that clubs could include up to five substitutes on their bench and one of those must be a recognised goalkeeper. This was done to decrease the chances of outfield players having to play as a goalkeeper happening again following a proposal from Partick Thistle which was approved unanimously by the SFA's member clubs. Skovdahl offered Leighton a six-month extension to his contract but he never played again due to the injury that required metal plates inserted into his skull, including not playing at his testimonial match against Middlesbrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163282-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Cup Final, Aftermath\nDespite losing, Aberdeen qualified for the 2000\u201301 UEFA Cup as Rangers had already earned entry into the 2000\u201301 UEFA Champions League following winning the 1999\u20132000 Scottish Premier League. The following year, Aberdeen finished 7th in the Scottish Premier League whilst Rangers finished second behind Celtic. Neither club reached the final of the Scottish Cup the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163283-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish League Cup Final\nThe 2000 Scottish League Cup Final was played on 19 March 2000 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the 53rd Scottish League Cup. The final was contested by Aberdeen and Celtic. Celtic won the match 2\u20130, thanks to goals from Vidar Riseth and Tommy Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163283-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish League Cup Final\nThis was the first League Cup final in many years to be played in March, as  previous finals had taken place in November; this format continued until the 2016\u201317 season (coincidentally the same teams would also contest that final).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163283-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish League Cup Final\nThe match was something of a Scandinavian affair, with Aberdeen's Danish manager Ebbe Skovdahl selecting three Norwegian players (one of whom, Thomas Solberg, was dismissed); Celtic fielded another Norwegian (Riseth, who opened the scoring) plus a Swede and a Dane. The Glasgow club's famous Swedish striker of the time, Henrik Larsson, was absent recovering from a broken leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163284-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Masters\nThe 2000 Regal Scottish Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament which took place from 24 to 29 October. The tournament was played at the Motherwell Civic Centre, Scotland, and featured twelve professional players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163284-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Masters\nRonnie O'Sullivan won the tournament for the second time, defeating Stephen Hendry 9\u20136 in the final. Marco Fu recorded his first maximum break in his first round match with Ken Doherty. This was the first ever 147 streamed live on the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163284-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Masters, Qualifying Event\nQualifying for the tournament took place amongst 12 players at the Spencer's Snooker Centre from 18\u00a0to 22\u00a0September 2000. Jimmy White dropped only four frames throughout the event as he won the tournament and earned the final wild card spot for the Scottish Masters by defeating Stephen Maguire, Drew Henry and Joe Swail over three rounds. All matches were played to the best-of-nine frames and players in bold indicate match winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163285-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish National Party leadership election\nThere was a Scottish National Party leadership election to choose the new National Convener of the Scottish National Party (SNP) in 2000. The election followed the announcement by SNP Leader Alex Salmond, that he would be stepping down as SNP leader in 2000. Salmond's announcement came in the face of internal criticism after a series of high-profile fall-outs with party members. Elections were also held for the position of Depute Leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163285-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish National Party leadership election\nThe election saw John Swinney become National Convener, and Roseanna Cunningham become Depute Leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163285-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish National Party leadership election, National Convener election, Candidates\nTwo candidates presented themselves for election; SNP Depute Leader and spokesman on enterprise and lifelong learning, John Swinney; and the SNP vice-convener for policy and social security spokesman, Alex Neil. Swinney was simultaneously serving as both an MP and MSP, and Neil was a serving MSP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 88], "content_span": [89, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163285-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish National Party leadership election, National Convener election, Issues\nWhilst both candidates supported the position of the SNP on the centre-left, Neil was seen as the more left-wing of the two, and individuals associated with the Neil campaign argued that a Swinney administration would drag the SNP to the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 84], "content_span": [85, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163285-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish National Party leadership election, National Convener election, Issues\nIn someways the fight was seen as being between the SNP's Fundamentalists and gradualists. Swinney was seen as representing the SNP gradualist wing, advocating devolution as a stepping stone towards Scottish independence. Neil however was far more critical and suspicious of devolution, viewing it as a means of undermining the case for independence, and was more forceful in pushing for a party emphasis on Scottish independence. Swinney, as a gradualist, argued that independence could only follow a successful vote in a referendum, whilst Neil believed that an SNP victory would be enough to secure negotiations for independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 84], "content_span": [85, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163285-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish National Party leadership election, National Convener election, Issues\nBoth candidates opposed trident, and were largely pro-European Union. Swinney however advocated joining the Euro at the earliest opportunity, whilst Neil believed pre-emptive joining of the Euro could undermine Scottish jobs. Swinney also favoured greater European integration on issues such as defence, whilst Neil favoured a weaker EU, and opposed the pooling of defence forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 84], "content_span": [85, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163285-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish National Party leadership election, National Convener election, Results, Voting system\nEach SNP branch sent delegates to the election, with larger branches sending more members. Some 700 delegates had the right to vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 100], "content_span": [101, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163285-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish National Party leadership election, National Convener election, Results, Results\nThe result of the election was announced at the party conference on 23 September. John Swinney won the election by 547 votes to 268.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163286-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Open (snooker)\nThe 2000 Regal Scottish Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament, that was held from March to April 2000 at the AECC, Aberdeen, Scotland. Stephen Hendry, was the defending champion but he lost 2\u20135 in the last 16 to Matthew Stevens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163286-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Scottish Open (snooker)\nRonnie O'Sullivan won the tournament by defeating Mark Williams nine frames to one in the final. O'Sullivan made a 147 maximum break in frame four of his 5\u20134 victory over Quentin Hann in the last 32. Stephen Maguire had also made a 147 in the qualifying stages (not televised) so this marked the first time that two maximum breaks had been made in the same ranking tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163287-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Seattle Mariners season\nThe Seattle Mariners' 2000 season was the franchise's 24th, and ended in the American League Championship Series, falling to the New York Yankees in six games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163287-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Seattle Mariners season\nThe regular season ended with the Mariners finishing 2nd in the American League West but earning the franchise's first wild card berth, with a 91\u201371 (.562) record. In the playoffs, they swept the Chicago White Sox in the American League Division Series, then were defeated by the New York Yankees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163287-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Seattle Mariners season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163287-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Seattle Mariners season, Major League Baseball Draft\nThe following is a list of 2000 Seattle Mariners draft picks. The Mariners took part in the June regular draft, also known as the Rule 4 draft. The Mariners made 47 selections in the 2000 draft, the first being pitcher Sam Hays in the fourth round. In all, the Mariners selected 21 pitchers, 13 outfielders, 6 catchers, 5 shortstops, and 2 third basemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163288-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Seattle Seahawks season\nThe 2000 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise's 25th season in the National Football League, the first of two seasons the Seahawks played at Husky Stadium while Qwest Field was being built and the second under head coach Mike Holmgren. The 2000 Seahawks' pass defense surrendered 7.63 yards-per-attempt (including quarterback sacks), one of the ten-worst totals in the history of the NFL. They failed to improve on their 9\u20137 record or defend their AFC West title from 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163288-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Seattle Seahawks season, Schedule, Preseason\nDivisional matchups have the AFC West playing the NFC West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163288-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Seattle Seahawks season, Schedule, Regular season\nDivisional matchups have the AFC West playing the NFC West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163289-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Seattle Storm season\nThe 2000 WNBA season was the first season for the Seattle Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163289-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Seattle Storm season, Player stats\nNote: GP= Games played; REB= Rebounds; AST= Assists; STL = Steals; BLK = Blocks; PTS = Points; AVG = Average", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163290-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council election\nElections to Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 4 May 2000. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1999 reducing the number of seats by three. The council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163291-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B play-offs\nThe 2000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B play-offs (Playoffs de Ascenso or Promoci\u00f3n de Ascenso) were the final playoffs for promotion from 1999\u20132000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B to the 2000\u201301 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n. The four first placed teams in each of the four Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B groups played the Playoffs de Ascenso and the four last placed teams in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n were relegated to Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163291-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B play-offs\nThe teams play a league of four teams, divided into 4 groups. The champion of each group is promoted to Segunda Divisi\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163292-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Senegalese presidential election\nPresidential elections were held in Senegal on 27 February 2000, with a second round taking place on 19 March after no candidate won over 50% of votes in the first round. Although incumbent President Abdou Diouf of the Socialist Party won the most votes in the first round, he was defeated by long-term opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade of the Senegalese Democratic Party in the second round, marking the first time that the Socialist Party and its predecessors had lost power since independence. Voter turnout was 62.2% in the first round and 60.8% in the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163293-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Senior League World Series\nThe 2000 Senior League World Series took place from August 13\u201319 in Kissimmee, Florida, United States. Panama City, Panama defeated Pinellas Park, Florida twice in the championship game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163294-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Senior PGA Tour\nThe 2000 Senior PGA Tour was the 21st season since the Senior PGA Tour, now known as PGA Tour Champions, officially began in 1980. The season consisted of 39 official money events with purses totalling $54,850,000, including four majors. Larry Nelson won the most tournaments, six. The tournament results, leaders, and award winners are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163294-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Senior PGA Tour, Tournament results\nThe following table shows all the official money events for the 2000 season. \"Date\" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Senior majors are shown in bold. Golfers winning on their Senior PGA Tour debut are shown in italics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections\nLocal elections were held in Serbia (excluding  Kosovo) on 24 September 2000, concurrently with the first round of voting in the 2000 Yugoslavian general election and the 2000 Vojvodina provincial election. This was the fourth and final local electoral cycle to take place while Serbia was a member of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections\nThe 2000 Yugoslavian general election was a watershed event in Serbian politics, resulting in the downfall of Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107's administration. The local elections, while less important in their own right, were part of the same general transformative moment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections\nThis was the final local electoral cycle in Serbia (to date) in which assembly delegates were elected in single-member constituencies; all subsequent cycles have been held under proportional representation. In a change from the previous cycle, delegates were elected by first-past-the-post voting rather than in run-off elections between the top two candidates. The method of election undoubtedly contributed to the lopsided results in some opposition strongholds, including the capital Belgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections\nThe Democratic Opposition of Serbia, a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to the Milo\u0161evi\u0107 administration, won significant majority victories in Belgrade, Novi Sad, and other major cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade\nThe Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) won a landslide victory in the election for the City Assembly of Belgrade and equally strong victories in many of the city's constituent municipalities. The alliance won every seat in three municipalities and all seats but one in three others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade\nThe only Belgrade municipality that the DOS did not win was Sopot, where the Socialist Party of Serbia\u2013Yugoslav Left won a majority government, helped by an incumbent mayor who was personally popular in the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade\nOther than Sopot, the only municipality in Belgrade where the DOS did not win the popular vote was Lazarevac. It may be noted that the Socialist Party\u2013Yugoslav Left alliance ran a full slate of candidates in this jurisdiction, while the DOS refrained from fielding candidates in three divisions (presumably due to pre-election arrangements with other opposition candidates).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, City of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the City Assembly of Belgrade were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, City of Belgrade\nMilan St. Proti\u0107 of New Serbia (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election. He resigned from the position on 20 March 2001 and was initially replaced by Dragan Jo\u010di\u0107 on an interim basis. On 1 June 2001, Jo\u010di\u0107 was in turn replaced by Radmila Hrustanovi\u0107 of the Civil Alliance of Serbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Barajevo were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nZoran Jevti\u0107 of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia was chosen as mayor after the election. He resigned on 9 February 2001 and was replaced on an interim basis by Miodrag Skokni\u0107. After an extended period in which the municipal assembly was not convened, Dragoljub Stani\u0107 was named as the head of a provisional administration in November 2001. A new municipal election was held in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of \u010cukarica were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nIncumbent mayor Zoran Alimpi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was confirmed for another term in office after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Grocka were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nVesna Ivi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election. He was replaced by Milan Tanaskovi\u0107 of the Democratic Party of Serbia on 28 June 2002; Tanaskovi\u0107 was in turn replaced by Sava Star\u010devi\u0107 of the Serbian Renewal Movement on 8 December 2002. After a further period of political upheaval, Vladan Zari\u0107 of the Democratic Party became mayor on 15 April 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Lazarevac were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nLjiljana Zdravkovi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) became mayor of the municipality in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Mladenovac were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nZoran Kosti\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of New Belgrade were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\n\u017deljko O\u017eegovi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Obrenovac were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nPetar Knezevi\u0107 of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia served as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Palilula were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nMilan Markovi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Rakovica were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nSrboslav Ze\u010devi\u0107 of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Savski Venac were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nBranislav Beli\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Sopot were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nIncumbent mayor \u017divorad Milosavljevi\u0107 of the Socialist Party was confirmed for another term in office after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Stari Grad were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nMirjana Bo\u017eidarevi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Vo\u017edovac were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nStevan Radovi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Vra\u010dar were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nIncumbent mayor Milena Milo\u0161evi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was confirmed for another term in office after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Zemun were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nVladan Jani\u0107ijevi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) became mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Zvezdara were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Belgrade, Municipalities of Belgrade\nPeter Moravac of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) served as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe Democratic Opposition of Serbia was successful overall in the South Ba\u010dka District, winning the Novi Sad city assembly in a landslide and participating on the winning side in at least seven of the eleven other municipalities in the district (sometimes in alliance with the Serbian Renewal Movement and other opposition candidates).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe Socialist Party of Serbia held its historical strongholds of Ba\u010dka Palanka and Beo\u010din and also won a narrow victory in Titel (although it was not able to form a stable government in the last of these communities). The defeat of the Socialists in Vrbas, another of its historical strongholds, was considered an upset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nIndependent candidates won the largest number of seats in Ba\u010dki Petrovac, and independent candidate Pavel Zima was subsequently chosen as mayor of the municipality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the City Assembly of Novi Sad were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nBorislav Novakovi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election. Former mayor Milorad Mir\u010di\u0107 of the Radical Party sought re-election to the assembly and, like all Radical Party candidates in this cycle, was defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Ba\u010d were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nTomislav Bogunovi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Ba\u010dka Palanka were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nZvezdan Kisi\u0107 of the Socialist Party served as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Ba\u010dki Petrovac were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nIndependent delegate Pavel Zima served as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Be\u010dej were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nZoran Stoj\u0161in of the Democratic Party (one of the parties of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) became mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Beo\u010din were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nDimitrije Kova\u010devi\u0107 of the Socialist Party was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Srbobran were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nBranislav Pivni\u010dki, a representative of Democratic Opposition of Serbia and aligned candidates, served as mayor following the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0058-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Sremski Karlovci were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0059-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\n\u0110or\u0111e Ga\u010di\u0107 of the Serbian Renewal Movement (one of the parties in the United Democratic Opposition) served as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0060-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Temerin were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0061-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nAlthough the Socialist Party\u2013Yugoslav Left alliance technically won a plurality victory, the sixteen opposition delegates were able to unite to form a new local government. Petar Novak of the Democratic Party of Serbia (one of the parties in the United Democratic Opposition alliance) was chosen as mayor after the election. He was succeeded by \u00d0uro \u017diga of the same party in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0062-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Titel were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0063-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe local government formed after this election was not stable, and a new municipal election was held in November 2001. The Democratic Opposition of Serbia won fourteen seats in the 2001 vote, while the Socialists won five, independent candidates two, the Serbian Renewal Movement one, and the Movement for a Democratic Serbia one (the identity of the other two delegates is not available via online sources). Milivoj Petrovi\u0107 of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia alliance) had already become mayor prior to the 2001 vote and was confirmed in office following the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0064-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of Vrbas were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0065-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nRafail Ruskovski of the Democratic Party (one of the parties in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition) served as mayor after the election. Milan Stanimirovi\u0107, also of the Democratic Party, succeeded him in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0066-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe results of the election for the Municipal Assembly of \u017dabalj were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163295-0067-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian local elections, Results, Vojvodina, South Ba\u010dka District\nThe Serbian Renewal Movement participated in the Democratic Opposition of Serbia alliance in \u017dabalj. Vasa Zlokolica of the Serbian Renewal Movement was chosen as mayor after the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 70], "content_span": [71, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163296-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in the Republic of Serbia on 23 December 2000. They were the first free parliamentary elections after the fall of Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163296-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian parliamentary election, Results\nThe result was a victory for the Democratic Opposition of Serbia, which won 176 of the 250 seats in the National Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163296-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Serbian parliamentary election, Results\nThis election resulted in a Gallagher index of 7.38, which measures disproportionality of votes received and seats allocated to each party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163297-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Seve Trophy\nThe 2000 Seve Trophy took place 14\u201316 April on The Old Course at Sunningdale Golf Club in Berkshire, England. The team captain for Great Britain and Ireland was Colin Montgomerie, with the captain for Continental Europe being Seve Ballesteros. The inaugural competition was won by Continental Europe. The event was officially called \"The Eurobet Seve Ballesteros Trophy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163297-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Seve Trophy, Format\nThe teams competed over three days with four fourball matches on both Friday and Saturday, four foursomes matches on Saturday afternoon, four greensomes matches on Sunday morning and ten singles on Sunday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163297-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Seve Trophy, Format\nEach member of the winner team received \u20ac150,000, the losing team \u20ac90,000 each, giving a total prize fund of \u20ac2,400,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163297-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Seve Trophy, Teams\nMark James, who qualified by finishing 18th on the 1999 European Tour Order of Merit, turned down the chance to play for Team Great Britain and Ireland and was replaced by David Howell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163297-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Seve Trophy, Day three, Morning greensomes\nThe greensomes were due to be played on Saturday afternoon but were delayed by rain and played on Sunday morning before the singles matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163298-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sheffield City Council election\nElections to Sheffield City Council were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election. Previous to this election, two Liberal Democrats \u2013 Robert Watson and Trefor Morgan \u2013 became Independents. Similarly there were two Labour defections, long-time Labour councillor Dorothy Walton went to the Liberal Democrats and Michael Smith became an Independent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163298-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sheffield City Council election\nThe election saw the Liberal Democrats extend their majority through a couple of gains from Labour, with both parties recouping seats where aforementioned defections had taken place. Vote wise, the Liberal Democrat vote notably fell back from their previous elections' consistent increases, whereas the Conservatives managed their best vote share since 1992. Overall turnout was 25.8%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163298-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sheffield City Council election, Election result\nThis result has the following consequences for the total number of seats on the Council after the elections:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163299-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Shell Championship Series\nThe 2000 Shell Championship Series was an Australian motor racing series open to V8 Supercars. The championship, which was the second Shell Championship Series, began on 11 February at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit and ended on 19 November at the Mount Panorama Circuit after 13 rounds. Titles were awarded for drivers, teams and manufacturers by the series organisers AVESCO (Australian Vee Eight Supercar Company), and the winning driver, Mark Skaife, was also awarded the Australian Touring Car Championship by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport, the 41st time that this title had been awarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163299-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Shell Championship Series, Teams and drivers\nThe following drivers and teams competed in the 2000 Shell Championship Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163299-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Shell Championship Series, Calendar\nThe 2000 Shell Championship Series was contested over 13 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163299-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Shell Championship Series, Points system\nPoints were awarded for the first 20 places in each race as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163299-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Shell Championship Series, Results, Champion Team of the Year\nThe title was awarded to the team of the winning driver in the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163299-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Shell Championship Series, Results, Champion Manufacturer\nThe title was presented to the manufacturer with the most number of round wins in the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163300-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Shell Velocity season\nThe 2000 Shell Velocity Turbo Chargers season was the 16th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163301-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Shimizu S-Pulse season\nThe 2000 season was Shimizu S-Pulse's ninth season in existence and their eighth season in the J1 League. The club also competed in the Emperor's Cup and the J.League Cup. The team finished the season eighth in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163302-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sidecarcross World Championship\nThe 2000 FIM Sidecarcross World Championship, the 21st edition of the competition, started on 19 March and finished after thirteen Grand Prix on 24 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163302-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sidecarcross World Championship\nThe championship was won by Kristers Ser\u0123is and his passenger Artis Rasmanis from Latvia, thereby winning their third World Championship together. The pair won the competition with a margin of 32 points, with Dutch rider Dani\u00ebl Willemsen and his Belgian passenger Sven Verbrugge coming second. Willemsen was the defending champion, having won the 1999 World Championship with his brother Marcel as passenger. Marcel Willemsen was unable to compete in the 2000 edition because of injury. Third place went to the German combination Klaus and Thomas Weinmann. All up, 50 teams were classified in the overall standings with last place going to the Russian team of Anatoli Daineh and Aleksey Bessarabov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163302-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sidecarcross World Championship\nThe Sidecarcross World Championship, first held in 1980 and organised by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Motocyclisme, is an annual competition. All races, manufacturers, and the vast majority of riders in the competition being in and from Europe. Sidecarcross is similar to motocross except that the teams consist of two riders, a driver and a passenger. Races are held on the same tracks as solo motocross but the handling of the machines differs as sidecars don't lean. The majority of physical work in the sport is carried out by the passenger, who speeds up the sidecarcross in corners by leaning out. The coordination between the driver and the passenger are therefore of highest importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163302-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Sidecarcross World Championship, Overview\nThe thirteen races of the season were held in ten countries, Germany (2x), France (2x), Latvia (2x), Estonia, Belarus, Belgium, Sweden, Great Britain, Switzerland and the Netherlands. In comparison to the 1999 edition which had twelve Grand Prix, the Grand Prix of the Greece, Czech Republic and Ukraine had been dropped from the calendar while the GP's of Belarus and Sweden had been added and both France and Germany receiving a second Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163302-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Sidecarcross World Championship, Overview\nEvents typically consist of a qualifying competition, held in multiple stages on Saturdays of a race weekend while the two race events are typically held on Sundays. One exception to this rule is Easter weekends, when the races are held on Easter Monday. Race weekends can consist of additional motocross or quart support races as well, but the FIM stipulates that the World Championship races have priority. Riders have to be provided with at least one 30 minute free practice session, which will be timed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163302-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Sidecarcross World Championship, Overview\nA race can consist of up to 30 starters and the qualifying modus is dependent on the number of entries. Up to 32 entries, it will be held in one group split into two sessions of 30 minutes each. Above 32 entries, the starter field will be sub-divided into two groups through ballot and the current standings. Each qualifying group can consist of up to 30 racers. Should there be more than 60 entries, a pre-qualifying has to be held. Of the riders in the two groups, the top-twelve directly qualify for the races. The remaining teams then go to a second-chance qualifying, in which the best six advance. The riders placed seventh and eighth remain in reserve should one of the qualified teams not be able to participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163302-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Sidecarcross World Championship, Overview\nThe points system used in 2000 was the same as had been in use since 1984 with the best fifteen teams receiving points in every race and the race winner receiving 20 points. It was the last time this system was used, with changes being made to it in 2002 and, again, in 2003:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163302-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Sidecarcross World Championship, Retirements\nAt the end of the 2000 season a number of long-term competitors retired from the World Championship, the most successful of those being German Alois Wenninger, runners-up in 1997 and active since 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163302-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Sidecarcross World Championship, Classification, Riders\nThe top ten teams in the final overall standings were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163303-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Silicon Valley Football Classic\nThe 2000 Silicon Valley Football Classic was a post-season college football bowl game between the Air Force Falcons and the Fresno State Bulldogs on December 31, 2000, at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California. Air Force won the game 37\u201334; while Air Force led 34\u20137 at halftime, Fresno State came within three points of tying the game before failing to score on a fake field goal in the last minute of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163304-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Silverstone 500 USA Challenge\nThe 2000 Silverstone 500 USA Challenge was the third round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series season. It took place at Silverstone Circuit, United Kingdom, on May 13, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163304-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Silverstone 500 USA Challenge\nThis event was the first American Le Mans Series race held outside of North America. It served as a precursor to the creation of the European Le Mans Series by gauging the willingness of European teams from the FIA Sportscar Championship and FIA GT Championship to participate in a series identical to the American Le Mans Series. This event also shared the weekend at Silverstone with an FIA GT round, with some GT teams running both events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163305-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference\nThe 2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference (officially titled Scientific Review of Vaccine Safety Datalink Information) was a two-day meeting convened in June 2000 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), held at the Simpsonwood Methodist retreat and conference center in Norcross, Georgia. The key event at the conference was the presentation of data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink examining the possibility of a link between the mercury compound thimerosol in vaccines and neurological problems in children who had received those vaccines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163305-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference\nA 2005 article by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., published by Rolling Stone and Salon.com, focused on the Simpsonwood meeting as part of a conspiracy to withhold or falsify vaccine-safety information. However, Kennedy's article contained numerous major factual errors and, after a number of corrections, was ultimately retracted by Salon.com. Nonetheless, on the basis of Kennedy's claims, the conference gained notoriety in the anti-vaccination movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163305-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference, The conference\nThe conference was convened following a resolution by the Congress of the United States in 1997 requiring the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to review the thimerosal content of approved drugs and biologics. Three vaccines of primary interest were discussed: hepatitis B vaccine, DPT vaccine, and the Hib vaccine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163305-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference, The conference\nAttendees included experts in the fields of autism, pediatrics, toxicology, epidemiology and vaccines. Also in attendance were approximately half a dozen public-health organisations and pharmaceutical companies, as well as eleven consultants to the CDC, a rapporteur,  and a statistician. The meeting served as a prelude to vaccine policy meetings held by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), which sets U.S. vaccine policy for the CDC. The session was also to serve as the initial meeting of the ACIP work group on thimerosal and immunization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163305-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference, The conference\nPresentations and supporting documents from the conference were subject to a news embargo until June 21, 2000, at which point they were published by the ACIP. After the conference, researchers carried out a planned second phase to further analyze and clarify the study's preliminary findings. The results of this second analysis were published in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163305-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference, In the anti-vaccination movement\nThe June 20, 2005, issue of Rolling Stone contained an article written by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., entitled \"Deadly Immunity\". The article, which was also published on Salon.com, focused on the Simpsonwood conference, and alleged that government and private industry had colluded to \"thwart the Freedom of Information Act\" and \"withhold\" vaccine-safety findings from the public. Kennedy said that the Simpsonwood data linked thimerosal in vaccines to the rise in autism, but that the lead researcher later \"reworked his data to bury the link between thimerosal and autism.\" However, Kennedy's article contained numerous errors, including overstating the amount of ethylmercury in vaccines, wrongly claiming that a researcher held a patent on one of the discussed vaccines, and erroneously claiming that the rotavirus vaccine contained thimerosal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163305-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference, In the anti-vaccination movement\nSalon.com later said that the errors in the article \"went far in undermining Kennedy\u2019s expos\u00e9\", and corrected it on five occasions. The publisher later retracted it in January 2011, stating that criticisms of the article and flaws in the science connecting autism and vaccines undermined its value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163305-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference, In the anti-vaccination movement\nBy the time the final study results discussed at Simpsonwood were published in 2003, the lead researcher, Thomas Verstraeten, had gone to work for GlaxoSmithKline. Kennedy contended that the delay in publication gave Verstraeten sufficient time to fix the data around the CDC's alleged objective of obscuring a link between thimerosal and autism. Verstraeten denied the allegations, and published an account of the matter in the journal Pediatrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163305-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference, In the anti-vaccination movement\nIn September 2007, the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions rejected allegations of impropriety against Verstraeten and the CDC. Addressing Kennedy's statements, the Committee found that: \"Instead of hiding the [Simpsonwood] data or restricting access to it, CDC distributed it, often to individuals who had never seen it before, and solicited outside opinion regarding how to interpret it. The transcript of these discussions was made available to the public.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163306-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Singapore Challenge\nThe 2000 Singapore Challenge, also known as the 2000 Godrej Singapore Challenge for sponsorship reasons, was a One Day International cricket tournament that took place 20\u201327 August 2000. The tournament was held in Singapore. The tournament was won by South Africa who defeated Pakistan by 93 runs by the Duckworth\u2013Lewis method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163307-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Singer Sri Lankan Airlines Rugby 7s\nThe 2000 Singer Sri Lankan Airlines Rugby 7s was the second year of the Singer Sri Lankan Airlines Rugby 7s tournament. All matches were played at Bogambara Stadium in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Following the success of the inaugural competition the previous year the tournament was made an open event and expanded to 16 teams, with four teams from Europe competing. Chinese Taipei defeated South Korea 38 points to 21 in the final of the Cup, with the Bowl final won by Thailand and the Plate final by Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163308-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Singer Triangular Series\nThe 2000 Singer Triangular Series was an ODI cricket tournament held in Sri Lanka from 5 to 14 July 2000. It featured the national cricket teams of South Africa, Pakistan and the hosts, Sri Lanka. The competition was won by Sri Lanka, which defeated South Africa in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163308-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Singer Triangular Series, Points table\nThe tournament was organised in a round robin format, with each team playing each other twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163309-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sint Maarten status referendum\nA status referendum was held on the island of Sint Maarten on 22 June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163309-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sint Maarten status referendum, Background\nAfter the 1994 referendum failed to show support for a separate status for Sint Maarten, the island council of Sint Maarten organized a new referendum in June 2000. This referendum came out in favour of a separate status for Sint Maarten as a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and sparked a new series of referendums across the Netherlands Antilles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163310-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sioux City Attack season\nThe 2000 Sioux City Attack season was the team's first overall and first as a member of the original Indoor Football League (IFL). One of twenty-one teams in the IFL for the league's second season, the Attack finished the regular season with a 9\u20135 record (good enough for third in their Southern Division) to earn the number five seed in the ten-team Western Conference, in which they traveled to Lincoln, Nebraska for the wild card round to play the Lincoln Lightning and defeated them, 52\u201338. They then moved on to Bismarck, North Dakota, to face the Western's Conference's top-seeded team, the Bismarck Blaze. The Attack had already beaten the Blaze once in the regular season, but fell, 30-14 in the conference semifinals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163310-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sioux City Attack season\nThe Attack played their home games at the Sioux City Municipal Auditorium in Sioux City, Iowa, under the direction of head coach Jim Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings\nThe 2000 Sipadan kidnappings was a hostage crisis in Sabah, Malaysia, and the southern Philippines that began with the seizing of twenty-one hostages from the dive resort island of Sipadan at approximately 6:15\u00a0p.m. (UTC +8) on 23 April 2000, by up to six Abu Sayyaf (ASG) bandits. Taken hostage were 10 tourists from Europe and the Middle East and 11 Malaysian resort workers, 19 non-Filipino nationals in total. The hostages were taken to an Abu Sayyaf base in Jolo, Sulu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings\nDuring the hostage taking, Abu Sayyaf issued various demands for the release of several prisoners, including 1993 World Trade Center bomber Ramzi Yousef, $2.4 million and a complete withdrawal of government troops from the area around Jolo where the hostages were being held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings\nThe Philippine Army launched a major offensive on 16 September 2000, rescuing all remaining hostages, except Filipino dive instructor Roland Ullah. Ullah was eventually freed in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, The crisis\nOn 23 April 2000, six men armed with assault rifles and several rocket-propelled grenades arrived by a speedboat on the Sipadan resort island off the eastern coast of Borneo. They proceeded to abduct 21 individuals from the dining hall where dinner was being served. The hostages, including a Malaysian police officer, three Germans, two French, two South Africans, two Finns and a Lebanese citizen, were herded onto the boats with nine Malaysian and two Filipino resort workers. An American couple and a local marine photographer managed to evade capture unharmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, The crisis\nDuring the abduction the hostages were allegedly robbed of their money and jewelry before being forced at gunpoint to swim to the boat waiting offshore. The hostages were then allegedly transported about an hour away to Jolo island, in the Sulu Archipelago of the southern Philippines. Once on Jolo, the captives were allegedly held captive by up to 200 Abu Sayyaf bandits under the command of a Commander 'Robot', a pseudonym of Galib Andang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, The crisis, Captivity in Jolo\nOn 6 May 2000, a video was released by the captors depicting the hostages held in a jungle area with gunfire and mortar rounds audible in the background. The video footage also showed a female German captive lying on a makeshift stretcher, apparently overcome by illness. A Philippine government doctor who reached and treated the captives in Jolo was reported as saying the German woman required immediate hospital treatment for hypertension. The bandits were reported to have demanded a ransom of $2 million for the release of the ailing German tourist among their captives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, The crisis, Captivity in Jolo\nAround 8 May 2000, the bandits holding the foreign hostages fired at government troops who the bandits claimed were approaching too close to their position. One Philippines soldier was killed, and the bandits claimed two of the hostages also died during the fighting, although the government denied any foreigners had been killed. The government's denial of any casualties among the foreign hostages would later be proven true; however, all efforts to open negotiations with the hostage takers were then suspended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, The crisis, Further captives taken\nIn June, a Filipino evangelist and 12 of his prayer warriors from the Jesus Miracle Crusade Church offered their help and went as mediators for the release of other hostages. However the 13 were later taken hostage on 1 July 2000, when they tried to deliver 70 bags of rice and up to US$ 3,000 worth of cash to the bandits", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, The crisis, Further captives taken\nOn 2 July 2000, a German journalist Andreas Lorenz, who was visiting Jolo to cover the hostage story, was also seized. The correspondent for the weekly magazine Der Spiegel was abducted from a jeep during an ambush by a group of armed bandits who dragged Mr Lorenz to their vehicle. The driver of the jeep was able to escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, The crisis, Further captives taken\nThree French television crew members were also captured by bandits on 9 July 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, Aftermath, Captives released\nOn 20 August 2000, the final three of nine Malaysians taken from Sipadan arrived in Malaysia after the bandits received US$ 3 million from the Malaysian government and freed the trio from captivity, along with one Filipino. The Malaysian hostages reported living mostly on boiled rice and a scrap or two of fish each day, and having had only rain water to drink. Several had been bitten by scorpions during their captivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, Aftermath, Captives released\nAs of the release of the Malaysians it was believed two Germans, two Finns, two South Africans and seven French nationals, including the three journalists, were being held hostage by the Abu Sayyaf bandits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, Aftermath, Captives released\nOn 28 August 2000, mediation by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi saw the bandits release six Western captives who were taken via a Libyan plane first to the United Arab Emirates and then to Tripoli, the capital of Libya. The six Westerners were allegedly set free after a ransom, reportedly of US$ 1 million a head, was paid by the state of Libya. Prior to these releases the Libyan state allegedly pledged US$ 25 million in \"development aid\". However the former Libyan ambassador to the Philippines, Rajab Azzarouq, denied media reports that Libya paid a US$ 25 million ransom to the bandits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, Aftermath, Captives released\nOf the original hostages taken, German Marc Wallert, Frenchman Stephane Loisy and Finns Seppo Fr\u00e4nti and Risto Vahanen and a Filipino resort worker were still being held by the Abu Sayyaf bandits as of 7 September 2000. The final four European captives taken from Sipadan were released on 10 September 2000, and transported to Tripoli, Libya, by private jet. Following his release, Vahanen confirmed that a number of female captives had been sexually assaulted by bandit Commander 'Robot', also known as Galib Andang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, Aftermath, Captives released\nOn 16 September 2000, following an offensive by the Philippine Armed Forces on Jolo Island, the Filipino evangelist and his crew of eleven were released by the bandits. Three days later, the two final European hostages, a pair of French reporters, were also freed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 54], "content_span": [55, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, Aftermath, Arrest and the death of perpetrators\nOn 14 January 2016, Philippine authorities arrested a member of Abu Sayyaf who was believed to have been involved in the kidnapping. According to Philippine media reports, the suspect had standing arrest warrants on 21 counts of kidnapping and serious illegal detention with ransom issued by a court in Pasig, Philippines. Another Abu Sayyaf member who had been alleged to have a link to the kidnapping was killed during a clash with Philippine police and military personnel who, had been out to arrest him in Indanan, Sulu on 7 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163311-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Sipadan kidnappings, Aftermath, Arrest and the death of perpetrators\nWhile another Abu Sayyaf member that was involved in the kidnappings was arrested in Zamboanga City, Philippines on 7 October. Also in the same year, another Abu Sayyaf member was arrested on 17 October with a .45-calibre pistol and a hand grenade being confiscated from him. However, the suspect was fatally shot by an arresting soldier while he was being escorted to police headquarters when the suspect attempted to grab  the soldier's firearm. The Philippine authorities also arrested an Abu Sayyaf sub-leader in early 2017 who had been involved in the kidnappings. Another was killed during a firefight with Philippine security forces in March, while two others was caught in July 2017 and March 2018 respectively. Several others were arrested in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 73], "content_span": [74, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163312-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Six Nations Championship\nThe 2000 Six Nations Championship was the first series of the rugby union Six Nations Championship, following the addition of Italy to the Five Nations. It was the 106th season of the championship overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163312-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Six Nations Championship\nThe title was won by England. England won their first four games and met winless Scotland in their final match. Scotland earned a surprising victory and denied England the Grand Slam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163312-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Six Nations Championship\nItaly won their first game in the championship with a surprising 34\u201320 win over Scotland, who had won the previous year's Five Nations. Italy did not win any of their other games and finished in sixth place.\u00b4", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163314-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Skate America\nThe 2000 Skate America was the first event of six in the 2000\u201301 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the World Arena in Colorado Springs, Colorado on October 26\u201329. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2000\u201301 Grand Prix Final. The compulsory dance was the Westminster Waltz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163314-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Skate America, Results, Men\nGuo Zhengxin was assigned to Skate America but did not compete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163315-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Skate Canada International\nThe 2000 Skate Canada International was the second event of six in the 2000\u201301 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Hershey Centre in Mississauga, Ontario on November 2\u20135. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2000\u201301 Grand Prix Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163316-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Skate Israel\nThe 2000 Skate Israel was the 6th edition of a senior-level international figure skating competition held in Metulla, Israel. It was held at the Canada Centre. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and ice dancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163317-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sligo Senior Football Championship\nThis is a round-up of the 2000 Sligo Senior Football Championship. This Championship, after a number of years of being dominated by Eastern Harps and Tourlestrane, provided a novel final pairing, as Bunninadden (last champions in 1891) and Coolera/Strandhiill (last champions in 1907) contested the final, Coolera having dispatched both of the previous champions en route. The destination of the title went down to the last minute, as a dramatic injury-time goal gave Bunninadden their first title for 109 years, leaving Coolera devastated, after leading for much of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163317-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sligo Senior Football Championship, Group Stages\nThe Championship was contested by 12 teams, divided into four groups. The top two sides in each group advanced to the Quarter-Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163317-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sligo Senior Football Championship, Sligo Senior Football Championship Final\nTeam:M. FinnS. RoddyF. O'DowdS. GormleyJ. O'FlahertyK. BrettW. GormleyP. Doohan (1-2)M. GormleyD. Gormley (1-0)L. \u00d3g GormleyP. KerinsA. Killoran (0-3)F. O'Flaherty (Capt)(0-1)E. Gilhooley", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163317-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Sligo Senior Football Championship, Sligo Senior Football Championship Final\nTeam:A. CartyG. FoleyN. CarewS. O'Neill (Capt)T. WattersJ. JoyceB. DoyleK. Quinn (0-1)S. CartyT. McMahonK. O'Neill (0-3)L. Healy (0-1)P. Hegarty (0-1)J. McPartland (0-4)K. Gilligan (0-1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163318-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Slovak early parliamentary elections referendum\nA referendum on holding early parliamentary elections was held in Slovakia on 11 November 2000. Although approved by 95.1% of those voting, voter turnout was just 20% and the referendum was declared invalid due to insufficient turnout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163319-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Slovenian parliamentary election\nEU Member State(Eurozone Member State)(Schengen Area Member State)NATO Member StateCouncil of Europe Member StateOECD Member State", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163319-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Slovenian parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Slovenia on 15 October 2000. The result was a victory for Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, which won 34 of the 90 seats. Following the election, Liberal Democracy leader Janez Drnov\u0161ek returned to the post of Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163320-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Soccer NSW season\nThe Soccer NSW 2000 season was the 44th season of football in New South Wales since the formation of NSW Federation of Soccer Clubs in 1957. It was the ninth time and final time the premier division was named the \"Super League\" and the second division was named \"Division One\". There were 26 teams competing across both divisions, with 14 teams in the Super League and 12 teams in Division One. At the end of the season the Super League was rebranded as the NSW Premier League and played over the summer months and began in late 2000. This was so that it would be aligned with the National Soccer League. Division One was renamed the NSW Winter Super League and began in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163320-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Soccer NSW season, Competitions, 2000 Super League\nThe 2000 Super League season was played over 26 rounds, with the regular season from January to July 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163320-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Soccer NSW season, Competitions, 2000 NSW Division One\nThe 2000 NSW Division One season was played over 22 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163320-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Soccer NSW season, Competitions, 2000 NSW Division One, Finals\nResults unknown. Dulwich Hill SC won but were not promoted for next season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163321-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Solheim Cup\nThe 6th Solheim Cup Match was held between 6 and 8 October 2000 at Loch Lomond Golf Club, Luss, Dunbartonshire, Scotland. Europe won the trophy for the second time, by a score of 141\u20442 to 111\u20442 points. Carin Koch holed the winning putt, coming back from three down to beat Michele Redman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163321-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Solheim Cup, Teams\nThe European team consisted of seven automatic qualifiers and five wild card picks from Captain Dale Reid. The US team consisted of 10 automatic qualifiers and two picks from Captain Pat Bradley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163321-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Solheim Cup, Format\nA total of 26 points were available, divided among three periods of team play, followed by one period of singles play. The first period, on Friday morning, was four rounds of foursomes. This was repeated in the second period on Friday afternoon. The third period on Saturday was six rounds of fourballs in which all 24 players (12 from each team) took part. The final 12 points were decided in a round of singles matchplay. This was a slight change from the 1998 format and was not kept, as the 2002 match reverted to the 1998 format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163321-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Solheim Cup, Individual player records\nEach entry refers to the Win\u2013Loss\u2013Half record of the player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163322-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council in the West Midlands, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council from no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163322-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election, Campaign\nSolihull was a top target for the Conservatives in the 2000 local elections with the party needing 2 gains to win an overall majority. Among the councillors defending seats in the election were the Conservative leader of the council in Castle Bromwich ward and the Labour group leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163322-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election, Campaign\nThe Conservatives campaigned on promises to protect the green belt and carefully manage the council's finances, while the national party's hard line on asylum seekers was also seen by the party as helping in the election. Labour defended its strongholds in the north of the council area, pledging to target spending on addressing social problems in an area with high unemployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163322-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw the Conservatives win a majority of 5 on the council to have majority control for the first time since 1991. Solihull also became the first metropolitan borough with a Conservative majority since the mid-1990s. The Conservative gained Elmdon from the Labour party, Packwood and Shirley East from the Liberal Democrats and Shirley South where an independent councillor stood down at the election. Meanwhile, the Labour group leader Mick Corser lost the election in Bickenhill after having been deselected in his previous ward of Fordbridge. Overall turnout in the election was 30.1%, a rise from 28.3% in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163322-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nThe Labour party blamed the threatened closure of the Longbridge plant for a disappointing performance in the election, while the Conservatives put their success down to local campaigning and the national issue of pensions only going up by 75 pence. Following the election the former deputy group leader Hugh Hendry was elected as the new leader of the Labour group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163322-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nThis result had the following consequences for the total number of seats on the council after the elections\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat\nThe Solomon Islands coup d\u2019\u00e9tat occurred on 5 June 2000, in the capital of Honiara. The event came as a result of longstanding ethnic tensions between the province that saw a rise in armed political groups from the late 1990s. This rise of armed political groups, eventually ended in the coup d\u2019\u00e9tat, in which the prime minister, Bartholomew Ulufa\u2019alu, was taken hostage by the militant group, Malaita Eagle Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Political climate, Political leadership\nThe Solomon Islands is a constitutional monarchy, that gained independence in 1978. In 1997, Bartholomew Ulufa\u2019alu succeeded Solomonon Mamaloni, as Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands. Part of Ulufa\u2019alu\u2019s campaign included aims to implement public service and finance reforms to end government corruption and mismanagement, following the resignation of his predecessor Solomon Mamaloni, after accusations of corruption. Ulufa\u2019alu\u2019s restructuring of the civil service, including cutting more than five hundred jobs, gained him support from foreign banks. In mid 1998, Ulufa\u2019alu\u2019s government survived a vote of no confidence after the defection of six parliamentarians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Political climate, Independence\nThe Solomon Islands has a long history with Western colonisation, with the first European explorer, \u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a de Neira, reaching the islands in 1568. From as early as 1870, the people of the Solomon Islands were captured and exploited for slave labour in the sugar plantations of Queensland and Fiji. The Islands were also divided between Germany and Britain for self interests in 1886, however, the Solomon Islands were not formally colonised until 1893, by the British government. In the eighty five years of British occupation, the British set up a number of plantations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Political climate, Migration crisis\nFrom 1970 to 1999, the country\u2019s population had grown by 254%, with Malaita making up 30% of the nations population in 1999, as well as Guadalcanal and Western Province making up 15% each. Logging during the period of the 1990s, was the Solomon Islands biggest export, with the Western Province providing 51% of all log exports, Guadalcanal between 10-12% and Malaita just 6%. Poorly distributed resources between the provinces, led to a dramatic difference between population and export revenue. It was this uneven distribution that led to a migration crisis in the capital of Hoinara, as people searched for work from the early 1980s onwards. Violence escalated in 1998, due to the peoples dismay at how the government distributed export revenue and escalating domestic cultural differences between the provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Political climate, State of emergency\nOn 17 June 1999, the government declared a state of emergency which lasted four months. The state of emergency was issued due to the escalation of violence between armed political groups near the capital, Honiara. Also at this time, ethnic violence was starting to arise in the Western Province, with a number of houses being burnt down in New Georgia. This ethnic violence in the Western Province was also caused by the internal migration by the Malaitans, and the local populations dislike of their migration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Political climate, State of emergency\nIn June 1999, the Premier of Western Province, Clement Base, voiced his disdain for the Malaitan settlers on national radio. This event lead to a meeting with the Western members of National Parliament in Honiara, where attendees publicly apologised for Base\u2019s statements, out of fear it would result in an escalation of fighting. The meeting ended with the proposal of the Munda Accord, which aimed to settle ethnic violence and tension in the region. As well as the Munda accord, the signing of the Honiara Peace Accord, called for the political groups to disarm in Honiara, concluding the period of violence. The Ulufa\u2019alu government during this period limited press reporting and freedom of association, as well as, granting the police force more power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Political climate, State of emergency, Honiara Peace Accord\nThe Honiara Peace Accord meeting was held on 28 June 1999, in Honiara. The Accord was brokered by the Commonwealth Special Envoy, Sitiveni Rabuka, and was signed by members of the National and Provincial Governments and the Opposition. The Accord included nine points of interest, which highlighted ethnic tensions since independence in 1978, and ways to minimize more ethnic violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 93], "content_span": [94, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Political climate, State of emergency, Munda Accord\nThe Munda Accord was focused on the Western Province, and drawn up in July 1999. The Accord expressed that the Western Province wanted to restrict the movement of unemployed vagrants, into their province. This in addition to setting down stringent measures against its own people who allow their land to be settled by outsiders and direct allocation of land other than for the purpose of public interest must be stopped outright in Western Province. Building on the Munda Accord, the Premiers of Malaita and Western Provinces co-signed a Communique: Western Province Ethnic Tension in August 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 85], "content_span": [86, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Political climate, State of emergency, Western Leader's Communique\nAs well as the Communique signed in August 1999, a second one was formed in April 2000. The Communique was centered around the Western Province\u2019s response to the Provincial Government Decentralisation Bill proposed in 1999, due to go to parliament in April 2000. The Communique aimed to allow the Western Province more independence both economically and politically. It stated that the Western Province wanted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 100], "content_span": [101, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Coup d'\u00e9tat, Isatabu Freedom Movement\nIn late 1998, the Isatabu Freedom Movement was established and started a campaign of threats against Malaitan migrants in Guadalcanal. The Movement claimed indigenous rights to the land on Guadalcanal and wants the malaitans to move out of the capital. The Isatabu Freedom Movement drove an estimated 20,000 people from their homes, as well as injury many Malatian people. The Isatabu Freedom Movement had driven Malaitan migrants to the capital, Honiara, and surrounded the city with a series of roadblocks. Because of these roadblocks, The Isatabu Freedom Movement controlled the rural areas of Guadalcanal, where most indigenous Guadalcanal had fled to, and proceeded to join the movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 71], "content_span": [72, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Coup d'\u00e9tat, Malaita Eagle Force\nThe Malaita Eagle Force emerged in 1999, as a response to hostile behaviour from the population of Guadalcanal in response to the Malaitian migration to the island. The group based themselves in Honiara and fought for Malaitan interests in Honiara . The Malaitan group established themselves to compete with the Guadalcanal Isatabu Freedom Movement. It was the Malaita Eagle Force group that were responsible for the coup d\u2019\u00e9tat on June 5 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Coup d'\u00e9tat, Ethnic tensions in Western Province\nWhile the Malaita Eagle Force and Isatabu Freedom Movement were concentrated on the island of Guadalcanal, in Western Province notices appeared around Gizo, Munda and Noro demanding Malaitans to leave the island, and had three weeks to do so. The notices were signed by a group called \u2018Black Shark\u2019, who were an armed combatant group from Bougainville, yet it was unclear whether they were indeed behind the notices. The group in the past had burnt down Malaitan settlements, where eight hundred to one thousand Malaitans resided and were known to be hostile towards Malaitan immigrants. Confusion spread as to who was behind the attacks, and whether it was in fact the Black Shark group from Bougainvlle or an impersonator, and police were dispatched to largely populated areas across the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 82], "content_span": [83, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Coup d'\u00e9tat, Events\nThe Malaita Eagle Force staged a coup d'\u00e9tat on 5 June 2000. The event occurred as a result for the group's view that the government had failed to properly address the ethnic crisis. It was on the 5 June  that Andrew Nori and the Malaita Eagle Force overrun Honiara and took the Prime Minister hostage at gunpoint. Once hostage, the Malaita Eagle Force, forced the Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa'alu to resign and declared war on the Isatabu Freedom Movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Coup d'\u00e9tat, Events\nHe was given two days to announce his resignation, but this was later extended until the meeting of Parliament that was held the following Thursday. The Malaita Eagle Force at this time, started an offensive against the Isatabu Freedom Movement, driving the road blocks further from the city. During this time, the Malaita Eagle Force controlled the capital and kept the Prime Minister under heavy guard. On June 30, the parliament elected a new Prime Minister, Manasseh Sogavare, who was the leader of the opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Repercussions of the Coup d'\u00c9tat, Economic consequences\nThroughout the building ethnic tension in 2000, the Solomon Islands economy was negatively affected. The nation's gross domestic product decreased by fourteen percent in 2000. It is also believed that by October 2000, more than eight thousand jobs had been lost. The capitol, Honiara, where most of the fighting and coup d\u2019etat took place, lost a lot of workers because of the violence and Malaitan migration back to Malaita. Due to Isatabu Freedom Movement raids on Guadalcanal\u2019s mine, Gold Ridge, it closed down, losing a major contributor to foreign money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Repercussions of the Coup d'\u00c9tat, Economic consequences\nAs well as the mine, logging exports fell by thirteen percent in 2000, because of the roadblocks set up by the Malaita Eagle Force and Isatabu Freedom Movement. On Guadalcanal, plantations were also destroyed and equipment was stolen, as well as livestock being killed for food by soldiers from the Isatabu Freedom Movement. Houses, buildings and infrastructure were destroyed, including a water station at Kongulae, leaving Honiara without water from that source. As well as the domestic economy, the nation was unable to trade internationally for the likes of oil and gas due to insufficient funds at the Central Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 89], "content_span": [90, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Repercussions of the Coup d'\u00c9tat, Peace Talks\nOn the fifteenth of October 2000, peace talks were held in Townsville Australia, to begin a process of reconciliation, resulting in the Townsville Peace Agreement. The talks hosted the following groups from the Solomon Islands, The Malaita Eagle Force, The Isatabu Freedom Movement, the Solomon Islands Government, The Malaita Provincial Government and the Guadalcanal Provincial Government. The Townsville Peace Agreement concluded that the government of The Solomon Islands was to introduce a form of government that would give more autonomy to the provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Repercussions of the Coup d'\u00c9tat, Peace Talks\nMembers, leaders, police and civilian advisors that were associated with the Malaita Eagle Force and the Isatabu Freedom Movement who participated in military operations during the course of the ethnic crisis, up until October 15 were granted amnesty. This amnesty excludes people that did not give up firearms, ammunition or stolen property that were to be surrendered following the Townsville Peace Agreement, which stated that both the Malaita Eagle Force and the Isatabu Freedom Movement had to surrender all weapons in their possession. The Agreement also declared that there was to be a free movement of People and Services throughout the Solomon Islands, following the peace talks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Repercussions of the Coup d'\u00c9tat, Peace Talks\nFollowing the Townsville Peace Agreement in October 2000, the Solomon Islands government held a conference in Buala in November that was attended by the nation\u2019s Premiers. The conference aimed to discuss legal and administrative changes to support a government that would increase the independence of the provinces. They concluded that the national government was to adopt a homegrown state system of government where each respective province should become a State with its own State Constitution. The system of state government was proposed and enacted\u00a0 in the Constitution Amendment Bill in July 2001. Changes to this Bill continued until 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 79], "content_span": [80, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163323-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Solomon Islands coup d'\u00e9tat, Repercussions of the Coup d'\u00c9tat, Disarmament process\nIn November 2000, Australia and New Zealand combined sent forty seven monitors, that were dispersed between Guadalcanal and Malaita. There were four teams of monitors in Guadalcanal and one in Malaita. They arrived to oversee the disarmament process after the coup d\u2019etat, in which the Malaita Eagle Force and Isatabu Freedom Movement were ordered to hand back stolen weaponry, in accordance with the Townsville Peace Talks. The monitors controlled eight storage containers which were to hold the equipment collected in the process, all were under surveillance and equipped with padlocks. By July 2001, 1,131 firearms and 3,600 rounds of ammunition had been surrendered by both the Malaita Eagle Force and the Isatabu Freedom Movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 87], "content_span": [88, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida\n2000 Songs of Farida (Uzbek: Faridaning ikki ming qo\u02bbshig\u02bbi), also translated as Farida's 2000 Songs, is a 2020 Uzbekistani drama film directed by Yalkin Tuychiev. It is set in Central Asia in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida\nThe film premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival on 17 October 2020, and was shown a couple of weeks later at the 2020 Busan International Film Festival. It was selected as the Uzbekistani entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards, but was disqualified owing to the correct format of the film not being submitted by the deadline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Plot\nThe film is set in a rural location in Central Asia (present-day Uzbekistan) during the civil war following the 1917 Russian Revolution, which spread into the Russian colonies in the region. Set in 1920, the Bolshevik forces are closing in, close to victory in taking over the republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Plot\nThe story centres on a landowner in a rural location, who already has three wives, and has his life disrupted when a fourth wife arrives at his home. He has married the new, younger wife because his other wives had not produced an heir for him, but he treats his wives poorly, and the women forge close relationships among themselves. The coming of the Bolsheviks means that women's roles in society will change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Themes\nOne reviewer described the film as \"a story about the changes in local women\u2019s lives under patriarchy and the war going on around them. Using the example of one local family, the film analyzes how the historical events of the beginning of the last century in Turkestan, affected the life of the population of this region\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Themes\nThe director said \"This film is neither a historical decoration nor a museum exhibition,... but the exploration of a real-life, real people, their reality, dignity and truth... that gets over the borders of history, mentality, nationality and race in order to reach a real sense of humaneness\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Themes\nWorld Film Reviews called it a \"deceptively clever film\", with the final 20 minutes particularly exciting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Production\n2000 Songs of Farida was directed by Yalkin Tuychiev, a director from Tashkent, born in 1977 when Uzbekistan was still a Soviet Republic, whose earlier films had been selected for international film festivals before. It was produced by Shavkat Rizayev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Production\nCalled Faridaning ikki ming qo\u02bbshig\u02bbi in the Uzbek language, the film title has also been translated as Farida's 2000 Songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Production\nThe film makes use of long takes, showing the dry and rural landscape around the house where all of the action takes place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Release\nThe film premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival on 17 October 2020, and was also selected for the 2020 Busan International Film Festival, where it was shown a couple of weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Release\nIts German premiere was at the GoEast festival, based in Wiesbaden but much of it online, in April 2021, and it was shown at the 6th Ulju Mountain Film Festival, a film festival held in the Yeongnam Alps in South Korea dedicated to films about mountains and mountaineering. It was listed as the first of twelve films not to be missed at the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Reception\nThe film was submitted for the Golden Globes in 2020, but was not nominated. The website reviewer called it a rare film:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Reception\nIt was selected as the Uzbekistani entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards. However, the film was disqualified, because the Uzbek Film Commission did not submit the required format of the film to the Academy in time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163324-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Songs of Farida, Reception\nAt the 6th edition of the annual Asian World Film Festival in Los Angeles, 2000 Songs of Farida won the Snow Leopard Audience Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163325-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Soul Train Music Awards\nThe 2000 Soul Train Music Awards were held on March 4, 2000 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. The show was hosted by Eric Ben\u00e9t, Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, Tamia and Shemar Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163326-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina, Britain and Ireland\nThe 2000 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina, Britain and Ireland was a series of matches played in November\u2013December 2000 in Argentina, Britain and Ireland by South Africa national rugby union team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163326-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina, Britain and Ireland\nIn the meantime, the \"Under-23\" South African selection made another tour playing with second tier countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163327-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South African Figure Skating Championships\nThe 2000 South African Figure Skating Championships were held in Cape Town on 3\u20137 October 1999. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's and ladies' singles at the senior, novice, and pre-novice levels. There was also a junior and juvenile ladies' competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163328-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 19 March 2000 at Phakisa Freeway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163328-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nThis race was most notable for the shock win of WCM rider Garry McCoy. Initially, many thought that it would be 1999 500cc world champion \u00c0lex Crivill\u00e9 who would win the race, mainly thanks to the pole he had obtained on Saturday. This race also marked the first ever 500cc race of Valentino Rossi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163328-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAt the start of the race, Kenny Roberts Jr. on his Suzuki, overtook Crivill\u00e9 at the start to lead the opening lap, followed by the Yamaha of Carlos Checa. Crivill\u00e9 would drop down to 7th, whilst Tadayuki Okada moved up to third, closely followed by Loris Capirossi who would swap places with each other a few times on the opening lap. McCoy at that time was only in 8th place, and Rossi in 13th after a bad opening lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163328-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nAfter a few laps, Checa would overtake Kenny Roberts Jr. for the lead, and not long after that Capirossi would follow suit. McCoy dropped to 9th place, with Valentino Rossi behind him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163328-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nOn the 5th lap, Capirossi overtook Checa to lead the race, and after 12 laps, both Max Biaggi and Valentino Rossi were out of the race; Biaggi because of technical problems, and Rossi because of a crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163328-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nWith the laps closing down, McCoy overtook multiple people to reach third place. Sete Gibernau also overtook Kenny Roberts to go on and finish in what would be 4th place, but ran wide and eventually retired. Not much later, Crivill\u00e9 would end up overtaking Roberts Jr. as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163328-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nWith 5 laps to go, McCoy overtook the Honda of Capirossi and went up into second place. A few corners later, he overtook the other Yamaha of Checa to lead the race. He held off a late charge from Checa and would come home to win the race with 0.366 seconds difference: the first 500cc race of his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163328-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix, 500cc race report\nThis was the first race to be won by an Australian since the 1998 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix who was won by Mick Doohan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 59], "content_span": [60, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163328-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 South African motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round one has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163329-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South African municipal elections\nMunicipal elections were held in South Africa on 5 December 2000 to elect members to the local governing councils in the municipalities of South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163329-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South African municipal elections, Results\nThe popular vote, obtained by adding the ward ballots and the municipal proportional representation ballots, were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163330-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Cross Country Championships\nThe 2000 South American Cross Country Championships took place on February 5\u20136, 2000. The races were held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, jointly with the Central American and Caribbean Cross Country Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163330-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Cross Country Championships\nComplete results, results for junior and youth competitions, and medal winners were published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163330-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Cross Country Championships, Race results, Men's short race (4 km)\n\u2020: Athlete marked as guest, but accounted for team score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 86], "content_span": [87, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163330-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Cross Country Championships, Race results, Men's short race (4 km)\n\u2020: Athlete marked as guest, but accounted for team score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 86], "content_span": [87, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163330-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Cross Country Championships, Participation\nAccording to an unofficial count, a total of 195 athletes from 16 countries participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163330-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Cross Country Championships, Participation, South American Cross Country Championships\nAccording to an unofficial count, 81 athletes from 7 countries were competing for the South American Cross Country Championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 106], "content_span": [107, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163330-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Cross Country Championships, Participation, Central American and Caribbean Cross Country Championships\nAccording to an unofficial count, 86 athletes from 9 countries were competing for the Central American and Caribbean Cross Country Championships. 13 athletes from Colombia and 5 athletes from Panam\u00e1 competed for both championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 122], "content_span": [123, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163330-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Cross Country Championships, Participation, Guests\nIn addition, one African guest athlete, and 45 local Colombian athletes participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163331-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Junior Championships in Athletics\nThe 32nd South American Junior Championships in Athletics were held in S\u00e3o Leopoldo, Brazil at the University of Unisinos Track club from October 7\u20138, 2000. Athletes from Portugal were invited to participate as guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163331-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Junior Championships in Athletics, Participation (unofficial)\nDetailed result lists can be found on the CBAt, on the IAAF and on the \"World Junior Athletics History\" website. An unofficial count (without the Portuguese guest athletes) yields the number of about 260 athletes from about 11 countries:  Argentina (53), Bolivia (3), Brazil (66), Chile (46), Colombia (8), Ecuador (16), Panama (2), Paraguay (24), Peru (3), Uruguay (14), Venezuela (25).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 81], "content_span": [82, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163331-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Junior Championships in Athletics, Medal summary\nMedal winners are published for men and womenComplete results can be found on the CBAt, on the IAAF and on the \"World Junior Athletics History\"website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 68], "content_span": [69, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163332-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Rugby Championship \"A\"\nThe 2000 South American Rugby Championship was the 22nd edition of the competition of the leading national Rugby Union teams in South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163332-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Rugby Championship \"A\"\nThe tournament was played in Montevideo, with three team participating. Paraguay withdrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163332-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Rugby Championship \"A\"\nArgentina (that played with the \"Development XV\") won the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163332-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Rugby Championship \"A\", Standings\nThree point for victory, two for draw, and one for lost", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163333-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Rugby Championship \"B\"\nThe 2000 South American Rugby Championship \"B\" was the first edition of the competition of the second level national Rugby Union teams in South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163333-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Rugby Championship \"B\"\nThe tournament was played in S\u00e3o Paulo, with three teams participating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163333-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Rugby Championship \"B\", Standings\nThree points for victory, two for a draw, and one for a loss", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163334-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Youth Championships in Athletics\nThe 15th South American Youth Championships in Athletics were held at the Estadio El Salitre in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia from November 4\u20135, 2000. For the first time, the competition was open for athletes from the age group under 18 (U18) rather than under 17 (U17) as before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163334-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Youth Championships in Athletics, Medal summary\nMedal winners are published for boys and girls. Complete results can be found on the \"World Junior Athletics History\" website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163334-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Youth Championships in Athletics, Medal summary\nAll results are marked as \"affected by altitude\" (A), because Bogot\u00e1 is located at 2,625 metres above sea level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 67], "content_span": [68, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163334-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 South American Youth Championships in Athletics, Participation (unofficial)\nDetailed result lists can be found on the \"World Junior Athletics History\" website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 228 athletes from about 12 countries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 80], "content_span": [81, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163335-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South Antrim by-election\nClifford Forsythe, the Ulster Unionist Party Member of Parliament for South Antrim, died on 27 April 2000; as result, a by-election was held in the constituency on 21 September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163335-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South Antrim by-election, Candidates\nThe election arose after the Good Friday Agreement, with prisoner releases having started, but before the pro-agreement parties had reached agreement on the shape of a devolved government. After a disputatious selection contest, the London-based public relations executive David Burnside was selected as the new Ulster Unionist Party candidate. Burnside claimed to have supported the Agreement at the time of its negotiation but to have since turned against the way in which it was being implemented. However this was at odds with his party's policy. This was seized upon by the Democratic Unionist Party candidate, former Mid-Ulster MP Rev. William McCrea in campaigning. McCrea campaigned on a policy of refusal to co-operate with Sinn F\u00e9in in the absence of progress on arms decommissioning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163335-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 South Antrim by-election, Candidates\nThe Northern Ireland Unionist Party initially selected Norman Boyd, who was a local member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (elected as a member of the United Kingdom Unionist Party). However, during the campaign Boyd withdrew, urging voters not to divide the anti-agreement vote, and supported McCrea. Although the Progressive Unionist Party had secured 8.7% of the vote at the previous general election, they did not stand on this occasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163335-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 South Antrim by-election, Candidates\nThe Alliance Party of Northern Ireland selected David Ford, who was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the area and who had previously fought the seat in the 1997 general election. With all the Unionist candidates opposed to the Good Friday Agreement to some degree, Ford hoped to gain the support of pro Agreement unionist voters. However, with the Unionist parties fighting fiercely, Ford faced the difficult task of convincing voters that a vote for the Alliance was not wasted, especially when many who supported the Agreement argued that the best realistic result for maintaining it would be for Burnside to win the seat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163335-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 South Antrim by-election, Candidates\nThe nationalist SDLP also ran their local assembly member, in this case Donovan McClelland. With the constituency overwhelmingly Protestant the SDLP had no chance of winning and much of the spotlight on them concerned their electoral battle with Sinn F\u00e9in as a prelude to forthcoming Assembly elections. Sinn F\u00e9in had no Assembly members but ran Martin Meehan, who had been their sole Assembly candidate the last time, in the hope of increasing his profile and building up their local organisation in preparation for a shot at the next election. The battle between McClelland and Meehan attracted much attention as it would indicate the movement of votes within the nationalist community between the two parties, though most agreed that it was always likely for the SDLP to come out on top in the highly middle-class constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163335-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 South Antrim by-election, Candidates\nIn addition the Natural Law Party selected David Collins. This was to be one of the last occasions that the party would fight an election in Northern Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163335-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 South Antrim by-election, Campaign\nWith delays over the selection and the summer holiday intervening, polling day in the by-election was held off until 21 September, allowing extensive campaigning. The constituency is strongly Protestant and it was always clear that the real contest was between the two Unionist parties. Away from these two, interest was piqued by the advance of Sinn F\u00e9in, overtaking the Alliance in the number of votes won. Many believed that this heralded the former party subsequently taking the latter's Assembly seat in the next assembly election, but in the event Ford narrowly held on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163336-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South Carolina Gamecocks football team\nThe 2000 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Gamecocks were led by Lou Holtz in his second season as head coach and played their home games at Williams-Brice Stadium in Columbia, South Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163336-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South Carolina Gamecocks football team\nSouth Carolina made one of the biggest turnarounds in college football history, going from a winless season in 1999 to an eight-win campaign in 2000. Their first win of the season, against New Mexico State, came two years to the day after their previous win, against Ball State on September 2, 1998. South Carolina's turnaround in conference play was also one of the biggest in SEC history, going from 0\u20138 in 1999, to 5\u20133 in 2000 including a victory against a heavily favored Georgia team that ended the Gamecocks' SEC losing streak. South Carolina fans tore down the goalposts at Williams-Brice Stadium on both occasions in celebration. On New Year's Day 2001, the Gamecocks defeated Ohio State in the Outback Bowl in Tampa, Florida. South Carolina finished the season ranked #19 in the AP Poll and #21 in the Coaches Poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163337-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South Florida Bulls football team\nThe 2000 South Florida Bulls football team represented the University of South Florida (USF) in the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season, and was the fourth team fielded by the school. The Bulls were led by head coach Jim Leavitt in his fourth year, played their home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida and competed as a Division I-AA Independent. The Bulls finished the season with a record of seven wins and four losses (7\u20134).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone\n2000 South Indian Cyclone (IMD designation: BOB\u00a005 JTWC designation: 05B) was the strongest, most intense tropical cyclone of the fairly-quiet 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. The fifth cyclone, and the fourth named storm, Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 started as an upper-level low over the Andaman Sea on November 24. On early November 26, the group of thunderstorms was classified as a depression by the IMD. The system slowly began to organize, and late on November 26 the JTWC named it as Tropical Cyclone 03B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0000-0001", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone\nBy November\u00a028, a 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi)-wide eye was developing, prompting the JTWC to upgrade the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane with winds of 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph). By comparison, the IMD estimated peak winds of 190\u00a0km/h (120\u00a0mph). Wind shear in the region prevented further strengthening, and the storm weakened slightly before making landfall on November\u00a029 in eastern India near Cuddalore. A station there recorded a pressure of 983\u00a0mbar (29.0\u00a0inHg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone\nThe storm rapidly weakened over land, and degenerated into a remnant low on November\u00a030. The remnants emerged into the eastern Arabian Sea on December\u00a01, by which time most thunderstorms had dissipated over the deteriorating center. Two days later, the JTWC reissued advisories, based on an increase in outflow and convective organization. This was short-lived, as the thunderstorms soon dwindled, and the JTWC ceased issuing advisories on December\u00a05. The remnants continued westward without development toward eastern Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone\nAs many as 12 people died from the storm. The storm caused \u20b9700 million rupees (US$15 million) in damages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone, Meteorological history\nAn upper-level low persisted over the Andaman Sea on November\u00a024. By the next day, a circulation center was present about 370\u00a0km (230\u00a0mi) west of Thailand, although convection was dislocated to the west due to wind shear. After the thunderstorms concentrated over the center early on November\u00a026, the IMD classified the system as a depression. A ridge to the north steered the system generally westward. Outflow and convective organization gradually increased, and late on November\u00a026 the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 03B. As the rainbands organized around the center, the winds increased; the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm on November\u00a027, and to a severe and later a very severe cyclonic storm on November\u00a028.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone, Meteorological history\nBy November\u00a028, a 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi)-wide eye was developing, prompting the JTWC to upgrade the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane with winds of 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph). By comparison, the IMD estimated peak winds of 190\u00a0km/h (120\u00a0mph). Wind shear in the region prevented further strengthening, and the storm weakened slightly before making landfall on November\u00a029 in eastern India near Cuddalore. A station there recorded a pressure of 983\u00a0mbar (29.0\u00a0inHg). The storm rapidly weakened over land, and degenerated into a remnant low on November\u00a030.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone, Meteorological history\nThe remnants emerged into the eastern Arabian Sea on December\u00a01, by which time most thunderstorms had dissipated over the deteriorating center. Two days later, the JTWC reissued advisories, based on an increase in outflow and convective organization. This was short-lived, as the thunderstorms soon dwindled, and the JTWC ceased issuing advisories on December\u00a05. The remnants continued westward without development toward eastern Somalia, before they were last noted on December\u00a06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone, Impact, Tamil Nadu\nHeavy rainfall, peaking at 450\u00a0mm (18\u00a0in) in Tholudur, spread across Tamil Nadu. During the passage of the eye, residents reported a period of calm lasting about 45\u00a0minutes. The main loss was crop damage, uprooting of big trees, and damage to houses. About one thousand  and 14 brick houses were damaged due to strong winds. 10 people lost their lives due to wall/building collapse, and/or electrocution. In the whole state, the roofs of 1000 houses were blown off, 14 houses were washed away, and 300 houses were washed away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone, Impact, Tamil Nadu\nSugarcane in 100 acres, 30.000 Plantain trees, and 50,000 plantain saplings were also destroyed. The winds also damaged about 41,000\u00a0houses, about 1,000 of which lost their roofs. Flooding washed away 14\u00a0brick buildings, while 300\u00a0others were inundated by the sea. Over 1,000\u00a0power lines were damaged. Overall, the cyclone caused damages of \u20b9700 million rupees (US$15 million) and 12 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone, Impact, Tamil Nadu, Cuddalore\nOver 30,000 trees were uprooted in the Cuddalore district, and 1,000+ electric poles were downed. Four transformers were also damaged. In the Cuddalore district alone, the damages was 20 Indian crores (US$2,702,136).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163338-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 South India cyclone, Impact, Pondicherry\nDamages to paddy crops, plantains and coconut plantations were the major loss. About 40,000 Kutcha houses were partially damaged due to the strong winds, and 2 people lost their lives. The damage amounted to 50 Indian crores (US$6,801,865)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163339-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South Korean legislative election\nLegislative elections were held in South Korea on 13 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163339-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South Korean legislative election\nOpinion polls suggested that the ruling Democratic Party would win the most seats, but the result was a victory for the conservative Grand National Party (GNP), which won 133 of the 273 seats in the National Assembly. The United Liberal Democrats (ULD) lost two-thirds of their seats due to GNP's victory in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gangwon-do (South Korea), and also fewer local votes in Chungcheong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163339-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 South Korean legislative election\nWith no party winning a majority, the 16th parliament was the first Hung Parliament in South Korean history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163339-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 South Korean legislative election\nThe Democrats, ULD and Democratic People's Party (DPP) formed a coalition to gain a majority. However, the ULD withdrew support in 2001 and joined the conservative opposition. Seven ULD members subsequently defected from the party and joined the GNP, giving it a majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163340-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South Lakeland District Council election\nThe 2000 South Lakeland District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of South Lakeland District Council in Cumbria, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163341-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council election\nThe 2000 South Tyneside Council Metropolitan Borough election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council in Tyne and Wear, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163341-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nLabour maintained their control of the council with only one independent gain being made in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 74], "content_span": [75, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163342-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Southampton City Council election\nThe 2000 Southampton Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Southampton Unitary Council in Hampshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163342-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Southampton City Council election, Election result\nThe results saw Labour lose their majority on the council for the first time in 13 years after both the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats made gains. The Conservatives gained the seats of Harefield, Shirley and St Lukes from Labour, with the winner in St Lukes, Stephen Day, becoming the youngest councillor at the age of 22. Among the defeated Labour councillors was the former leader of the council, Richard Bates, in Shirley, while the then leader of the council June Bridle only held her seat in Sholing by 59 votes. Meanwhile, the Liberal Democrats gained in Coxford and Woolston, the latter by 33 votes over Labour. The overall turnout in the election was 25%, with the lowest being 17.2% in Bargate ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 55], "content_span": [56, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163343-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Hoover Metropolitan Stadium in Hoover, Alabama from May 17th through May 21st. LSU defeated Florida in the championship game, earning the Southeastern Conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. LSU would go on to win the national championship at the College World Series in Omaha, NE, their fifth national championship in 10 seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163344-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Southend-on-Sea Borough Council election\nThe 2000 Southend-on-Sea Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Southend-on-Sea Unitary Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council from no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163344-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Southend-on-Sea Borough Council election, Campaign\nBefore the election the council was run by a coalition between the Liberal Democrat and Labour parties, but the election was expected to see the Conservatives take control from them. 14 of the 39 seats were being contested, with the Conservatives only needing to gain one seat in order to have a majority. They only required a tiny swing to achieve this, which would give the Conservatives control of the council for the first time in 8 years. The election was a high-profile one with the Conservative leader, William Hague, campaigning in the area on the Monday before the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163344-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Southend-on-Sea Borough Council election, Campaign\nA major issue in the election was the number of refugees in the town, which was estimated at up to 2,000. The Conservatives said that the area had become a \"dumping ground\" and called on all asylum seekers to be detained upon entry into the country. However Labour accused the Conservatives of \"playing the race card\" and reported a Conservative leaflet to the Commission for Racial Equality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163344-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Southend-on-Sea Borough Council election, Campaign\nOther issues included Conservative plans to build a new bypass to ease traffic within the town. Meanwhile, the Liberal Democrat and Labour parties defended their record of investing \u00a350 million in the town during their period in control of the council, while keeping council tax rises down, with the latest council tax level the second lowest in Essex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163344-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Southend-on-Sea Borough Council election, Election result\nThe results saw the Conservatives gain control of the council with an 11-seat majority after winning over 57% of the vote. They gained 3 seats each from both Labour and the Liberal Democrats with defeated councillors including 3 members of the executive, Nigel Baker, Stephen George and Chris Mallam. These defeats meant that Labour failed to hold any of the seats they had been defending, while the Liberal Democrats only managed to hold on to 2 seats. Overall turnout in the election was just above the national average at 30%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 62], "content_span": [63, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163344-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Southend-on-Sea Borough Council election, Election result\nFollowing the election Charles Latham became the new Conservative leader of the council and announced they would scrap planned bus lanes and abolish charges for social care services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 62], "content_span": [63, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163345-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park in Charleston, SC from May 17 through May 21. Top seeded Georgia Southern won the tournament and earned the Southern Conference's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. It was the Eagles second tournament win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163345-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe tournament used a double-elimination format. Only the top eight teams participate, so VMI, Western Carolina, and Wofford were not in the field. Western Carolina earned the top seed by winning the season series over regular season co-champion The Citadel. College of Charleston earned the seventh seed by winning the season series over Davidson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163346-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 2\u20135, 2000 at the BI-LO Center in Greenville, South Carolina. The Appalachian State Mountaineers won their second Southern Conference title and received the automatic berth to the 2000 NCAA Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163346-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nAll twelve teams were eligible for the tournament. The tournament used a preset bracket consisting of four rounds, the first of which featured four games, with the winners moving on to the quarterfinal round. The top two finishers in each division received first round byes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 60], "content_span": [61, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163347-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team\nThe 2000 Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team represented the University of Southern Mississippi in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Golden Eagles were led by head coach Jeff Bower and played their home games at M. M. Roberts Stadium. They were a member of Conference USA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163348-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Southern United States heat wave\nAided by drought, a heat wave persisted in the late summer of 2000 along the southern tier of the United States from August to early September. Near the end of the period, daily, monthly, and even all-time record high temperatures were broken, with highs commonly peaking well over 100\u00a0\u00b0F (38\u00a0\u00b0C). On August 30, Memphis saw its second highest temperature of 107 degrees, just one degree short of its all time high of 108 degrees set in 1980. On September 4, Houston hit 109\u00a0\u00b0F (43\u00a0\u00b0C) and Dallas peaked at 111\u00a0\u00b0F (44\u00a0\u00b0C). On September 5, Corpus Christi peaked at 109\u00a0\u00b0F (43\u00a0\u00b0C) and San Antonio rose to an all-time high of 111\u00a0\u00b0F (44\u00a0\u00b0C), while College Station and Austin reached 112\u00a0\u00b0F (44\u00a0\u00b0C). Damage totaled $4 billion, mainly due to wildfires and crop losses, and there were 140 deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163349-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Southland Conference Baseball Tournament\nThe 2000 Southland Conference Baseball Tournament was held from May 7 to 10, 2000 to determine the champion of the Southland Conference in the sport of college baseball for the 2000 season. The event pitted the top six finishers from the conference's regular season in a double-elimination tournament held at Warhawk Field, home field of Louisiana\u2013Monroe in Monroe, Louisiana. Third-seeded Southwest Texas State won their second consecutive, and third overall, championship and claimed the automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163349-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Southland Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding and format\nThe top six finishers from the regular season were seeded one through six. They played a double-elimination tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163349-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Southland Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Valuable Player\nShane Webb was named Tournament Most Valuable Player. Webb was a shortstop for Louisiana\u2013Monroe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 88], "content_span": [89, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163350-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 8\u201311, 2000. The quarterfinal round was played at the home arena of the higher seeded-teams, with the semifinals and championship game played at Hirsch Memorial Coliseum in Shreveport, Louisiana. Number 7 seed Lamar won the championship game over number 4 seed Northwestern State, 62\u201355.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163350-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Cardinals earned the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament where they lost in the opening round to No. 1 overall seed Duke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163350-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nThe top eight eligible men's basketball teams in the Southland Conference receive a berth in the conference tournament. After the conference season, teams were seeded by conference record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 61], "content_span": [62, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163351-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Spa 24 Hours\nThe 2000 Proximus 24 Spa World Championship GT was the 54th running of the Spa 24 Hours. It took place at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium, over August 6, 2000. The event was won by the #1 Peugeot Team Belgique Luxembourg Peugeot 306 GTi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163351-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Spa 24 Hours\n3 classes ran in the event. Superproduction fuel (SP), Group N (N), and Superproduction diesel (SPD). 82 cars started with 38 being classified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163351-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Spa 24 Hours, Official results\nClass winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Spanish Grand Prix (formally the XLII Gran Premio Marlboro de Espa\u00f1a) was a Formula One motor race held on 7 May 2000 at the Circuit de Catalunya, Montmel\u00f3, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It was the fifth round of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 42nd Spanish Grand Prix. McLaren driver Mika H\u00e4kkinen won the 65-lap race starting from second position. His teammate David Coulthard finished second and Rubens Barrichello finished third in a Ferrari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix\nMichael Schumacher started from the pole position and held off a challenge from H\u00e4kkinen on the first lap. He maintained the lead until his first pit stop on lap 24 when a refueller was struck by his rear tyre, allowing H\u00e4kkinen to take over the lead until his pit stop two laps later. Michael Schumacher kept the lead for a further twenty-one laps as he and H\u00e4kkinen made their second pit stops together, with H\u00e4kkinen emerging in front because Schumacher experienced a slow pit stop. H\u00e4kkinen kept the lead for the remaining twenty-three laps to win the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix\nThe victory was H\u00e4kkinen's first of the season, and put him into second place in the World Drivers' Championship, fourteen points behind Michael Schumacher. Coulthard's second-place finish meant that he dropped to third, and Barrichello third place moved him ahead of Ralf Schumacher. In the World Constructors' Championship, McLaren's one-two finish allowed them to move within seven points from leaders Ferrari. Williams remained in third on 15 points, with twelve races remaining in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Background\nThe Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams with two drivers each. The teams (also known as constructors) were McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi and British American Racing (BAR). Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre types to the race; two dry compounds (soft and medium).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Background\nBefore the race Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers' Championship with 34 points, ahead of David Coulthard (14 points) and Mika H\u00e4kkinen (twelve). Rubens Barrichello and Ralf Schumacher were tied in fourth place with nine points each. In the Constructors' Championship Ferrari led with 43 points, seventeen points ahead of rival McLaren in second. Williams were third with twelve points, while Benetton and Jordan with eight points each contended for fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Background\nAfter the British Grand Prix on 23 April, all teams conducted in-season testing at the Circuit de Catalunya on 25\u201328 April to prepare for the upcoming Spanish Grand Prix. Jos Verstappen was fastest on the first day of testing despite spinning into the gravel early in the session, ahead of McLaren test driver Olivier Panis. Michael Schumacher was quickest on the second day. Michael Schumacher remained the fastest driver on the third day of testing. The session was disrupted because several drivers stopped on the circuit with problems with their cars. On the final day, (which was held in wet weather conditions in the morning and during the end of the session) Michael Schumacher stayed the quickest driver on the final day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Background\nIn the week leading up to the race, Coulthard was leasing the Learjet of friend David Murray when the aeroplane developed engine trouble en route to C\u00f4te d'Azur International Airport in Nice, and crashed while attempting an emergency landing at Lyon-Satolas Airport, France. Coulthard, his then-girlfriend the American model Heidi Wichlinski and personal trainer/bodyguard Andy Matthews survived; Murray's personal pilot David Saunders and co-pilot Dan Worley died. Coulthard suffered from bruises to his right rib cage and severe grazed elbows in the crash. FIA Formula One Safety and Medical Delegate Sid Watkins declared that Coulthard was passed fit to compete in the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Background\nBAR driver Jacques Villeneuve was passed fit in the days leading up to the race. At the Brazilian Grand Prix, Villeneuve suffered back injury after his seat became loose during the race and the effects became worse and it caused him to withdraw from testing in Barcelona. He was also required to undergo physiotherapy. BAR had their official test driver Darren Manning available to replace Villeneuve should the need arise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Background\nSome teams made modifications to their cars in preparation for the event. Minardi d\u00e9buted a new gearbox which was constructed out of titanium, the first for a Formula One team. Prost made modifications to their cars oil system to improve the reliability of their engines and made minor aerodynamic changes to the front wing and the floor. The team also used an updated version of their engine the Peugeot A20 EV2 during the Friday practice sessions and reverted to the EV3 for the remainder of the weekend. BAR fitted their cars with a revised aerodynamic package which included new bargeboards and rear wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Practice\nFour practice sessions were held before the Sunday race, two each on Friday and Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour; the third and fourth sessions, on Saturday morning, lasted 45 minutes each. Conditions were dry and overcast for the Friday practice sessions and was held on a dirty track which was caused by rainfall in the run up to the event. Michael Schumacher set the first session's fastest time with an early lap of 1 minute and 21.982 seconds, half a second quicker than teammate Barrichello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Practice\nH\u00e4kkinen had the third fastest time, ahead of Ralf Schumacher and Jean Alesi. The two Benetton drivers were sixth and eighth (with Giancarlo Fisichella ahead of Alexander Wurz); the two were separated by Johnny Herbert. Eddie Irvine and Verstappen completed the top ten. In the second practice session, Michael Schumacher was unable to improve his time but remained fastest; Ralf Schumacher had the second fastest time after putting on a new set of tyres towards the end of the session. Barrichello was third-fastest, ahead of Jarno Trulli, Coulthard and Jenson Button. H\u00e4kkinen, Pedro Diniz, Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Alesi followed in the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Practice\nThe weather remained dry for the Saturday morning practice sessions. Coulthard set the fastest lap of the third session at 1:21.370, ahead of teammate H\u00e4kkinen who was two-tenths of a second slower. Ralf Schumacher (with a time of 1:21.604) was third quickest, ahead of Michael Schumacher and Villeneuve. Fisichella and Frentzen followed in sixth and seventh. The two Arrows drivers were eighth and ninth (with Verstappen ahead of Pedro de la Rosa). Mika Salo rounded out the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Practice\nDuring the final practice session, Michael Schumacher used a new set of tyres and set the fastest time of 1:21.088; Coulthard finished with the second quickest lap. Barrichello was third fastest, in front of H\u00e4kkinen who struggled with a lack of grip and a loose rear end. Ralf Schumacher recorded the fifth fastest time. The Jordan drivers were sixth and seventh (with Trulli in front of Frentzen). de la Rosa, Villeneuve and Button completed the top ten ahead of qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Qualifying\nIt was very close today and if you got everything right then the lap would be good. Certainly it is nice to be on pole position for the first time this season. At the start I decided to do a run with two quick laps, but after that I switched to doing just one flying lap. The increase in wind and temperature made it a bit more difficult towards the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0011-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Qualifying\nI was not completely happy with the car, even though I had a clean run, so we made some adjustments but they did not work out the way I wanted. As for the race, the start will be important because it is easier to plan your tactics and control it in the lead. But we have proved this season we can also win from behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Qualifying\nSaturday afternoon's one hour qualifying session saw each driver limited to twelve laps, with the grid order decided by their fastest laps. During this session the 107% rule was in effect, requiring each driver to remain within 107 per cent of the fastest lap time to qualify for the race. The session was held in sunny and hot weather. Michael Schumacher clinched the first pole position of the season and the 24th of his career, with a time of 1:20.974 on his second run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHe was joined on the front row of the grid by H\u00e4kkinen who set a lap 0.076 seconds slower in the closing seconds of qualifying. Barrichello qualified third, and felt that his car did not feel good having not made any changes. Coulthard secured fourth position, despite losing time early in qualifying because of a fuel pressure problem. He decided against taking his team's spare car set up for H\u00e4kkinen because he believed it would take up time and had to run more fuel throughout the remainder of the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0012-0002", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Qualifying\nRalf Schumacher qualified fifth and he was suffering from excessive oversteer which prevented him from setting a quicker lap time but was delighted with his starting position. Villeneuve secured sixth position and said he achieved the best from his car. Both Jordan drivers lined up the fourth row of the grid (with Trulli ahead of Frentzen) and believed they could have a better starting position because of windy conditions. de la Rosa and Irvine rounded out the top ten fastest drivers, with de la Rosa confident of finishing in a higher position in his home country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0012-0003", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Qualifying\nLater on Saturday afternoon, a fuel sample from de la Rosa's car was analysed and declared illegal by the FIA and Arrows announced that it would appeal the decision, allowing de la Rosa to retain his starting position. Button, eleventh, reported his car felt unstable due to the windy conditions. He was ahead of Verstappen in the slower of the two Arrows, Salo in the faster Sauber, and Fisichella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0012-0004", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Qualifying\nHerbert, fifteenth, lost his front wing mounted camera after hitting a kerb in the early part of qualifying and made a minor mistake which prevented him from starting higher up the field. Diniz had excessive oversteer and managed sixteenth place. Ricardo Zonta managed seventeenth after he was unable to find a set-up which suited him and his fastest time was nine-tenths of a second slower than teammate Villeneuve. Alesi qualified eighteenth, ahead of Wurz in nineteenth. Heidfeld had engine problems and had to use the spare Prost monocoque and took 20th position. The two Minardi drivers Marc Gen\u00e9 and Gast\u00f3n Mazzacane qualified at the rear of the field in positions 21 and 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Warm-up\nThe drivers took to the track at 09:30 Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) for a 30-minute warm-up in cool and dry weather. Michael Schumacher maintained his good performance, setting a time of 1:22.855 despite going into the gravel after braking too deep and also drove the spare Ferrari. H\u00e4kkinen was the second-fastest driver; Barrichello was third and Coulthard rounded out the top four. After the session ended, Arrows withdrew their appeal after they accepted the FIA's findings and de la Rosa was required to start at the back of the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nThe conditions on the grid were dry before the race; the air temperature ranged between 21 to 30\u00a0\u00b0C (70 to 86\u00a0\u00b0F) and the track temperature was between 22 to 23\u00a0\u00b0C (72 to 73\u00a0\u00b0F). The race started at 14:00 local time. A total of approximately 79,000 people attended the race. Ralf Schumacher started the race in the spare Williams monocoque because his race car developed a sensor issue with his engine the previous day. When the race started, H\u00e4kkinen got a better start than Michael Schumacher but the latter moved across the circuit to block H\u00e4kkinen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nRalf Schumacher also got a good start and passed Coulthard and Barrichello. At the exit of the first corner, Ralf Schumacher made contact with the rear of H\u00e4kkinen's car, sending him slightly sideways and both drivers were able to continue. Button also made a good start, moving from eleventh to ninth by the end of the first lap, while Irvine dropped three places over the same distance. Diniz spun off into the gravel on the first lap and retired. At the end of the first lap, the top ten were Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen, Ralf Schumacher, Coulthard, Barrichello, Villeneuve, Frentzen, Trulli, Button and Salo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nMichael Schumacher began to pull away from H\u00e4kkinen. de la Rosa ran into the rear of Alesi at Wurth corner on lap two causing Alesi to retire, with de la Rosa sustaining a broken front wing and retired after going off at Campsa corner. Further back, Irvine passed Verstappen for twelfth position. The positions at the front were the same for the next sixteen laps with the gap between Michael Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen fluctuated from 1.6 seconds to 3.4 seconds while Coulthard and Barrichello battled Ralf Schumacher for third position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0015-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nButton became the first driver to make a pit stop on lap 18 and rejoined in front of Mazzacane. Villeneuve made his pit stop on the 21st lap, which promoted Frentzen into the points-scoring positions. After rejoining the circuit, his car caught fire and he pulled off to the side of the track at the exit of Seat corner. Trulli's pit stop, which dropped him to 17th, proved problematic: he stalled his engine which required his mechanics to restart it. Ralf Schumacher made a pit stop one lap later and re-emerged in fifth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0015-0002", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nOn lap 24, Michael Schumacher made his pit stop. As he accelerated from his pit box, his rear wheel hit the Ferrari refuller Nigel Stepney who was dragged before being knocked over. Stepney was taken to the circuit's medical center for observation and he was replaced by reserve refuller Andrea Vacari. Coulthard made a pit stop on the same lap and experienced problems with leaving his pit box because he selected second gear and re-emerged behind Ralf Schumacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nH\u00e4kkinen made his pit stop on the 26th lap and emerged behind Michael Schumacher, while Verstappen retired from the race with a mechanical problem. All of the leaders had taken their stops by the start of lap 28, the top ten were Michael Schumacher, H\u00e4kkinen, Ralf Schumacher, Barrichello, Coulthard, Button, Frentzen, Salo, Zonta and Wurz. H\u00e4kkinen set the fastest lap of the race on the same lap, a 1:24.470 as he started to close the gap to Michael Schumacher, as Ralf Schumacher again became under pressure by Coulthard in fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nEleven laps later, Coulthard entered the pit lane, triggering the second round of pit stops. Ralf Schumacher and Barrichello made a pit stop on the following lap and rejoined behind Coulthard. Michael Schumacher and H\u00e4kkinen both made their pit stops on the 41st lap, with H\u00e4kkinen emerging in front because Michael Schumacher's pit stop was problematic. Michael Schumacher's mechanics had started refulling after putting his tyres on causing him to be stationary for ten seconds longer than usual. Salo and Zonta went into the pit lane on lap 45, allowing Button into sixth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nCoulthard had caught Michael Schumacher (who had air leaking from his left rear tyre) by lap 46. Coulthard attempted to pass Michael Schumacher on the following lap around the outside going into the first corner, but Schumacher drove into Coulthard's line as a blocking manoeuvre. Coulthard replicated his move on lap 48 and passed Michael Schumacher around the outside under braking going into turn one. Ralf Schumacher had caught up to Michael Schumacher on lap 50. Ralf Schumacher tried to overtake Michael Schumacher on the same lap, but the latter blocked him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0017-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nRalf Schumacher was forced wide and lost momentum, allowing Barrichello to pass both drivers. Ralf Schumacher attempted to reclaim the position and got alongside Barrichello with Michael Schumacher taking the inside line to emerge in front. Michael Schumacher entered the pit lane on the same lap for new tyres and rejoined in front of Button. He immediately set new personal fastest laps in an effort to catch Ralf Schumacher. However, the order was stable at the front of the field as H\u00e4kkinen had a comfortable lead over Coulthard, while Ralf Schumacher had dropped back from Barrichello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0017-0002", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race\nButton pulled over to the side of the track on lap 62, with smoke billowing from his engine, and retired. H\u00e4kkinen continued to maintain his lead and crossed the finish line on lap 65 to secure his first victory of the season in a time of 1:33.550.390 at an average speed of 122.040 miles per hour (196.404\u00a0km/h). Coulthard finished second 16 seconds behind, ahead of Barrichello who clinched third, Ralf Schumacher in fourth, Michael Schumacher in fifth and Frentzen rounded out the points-scoring positions in sixth. Salo, Zonta, Fisichella, Wurz and Irvine filled the next five finishers, while Trulli, Herbert, Gen\u00e9, Mazzacane, Heidfeld and Button (despite his retirement) completed the final classified finishers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nI can't really find the words to explain how happy and relieved I am to have claimed my first victory this season. We have been so close before but today was the day and the team did a fantastic job. My start from second wasn't ideal, despite having a lot of traction I didn't get the clutch to bite properly. Fortunately Schumacher didn't make a great start either, so we were side by side coming into the first corner. In the end I had to give way because I was on the outside. Schumacher managed to pull away during the first couple of laps but when his tyres started to go off I was able to catch him and could start putting him under pressure. The team did a great job in the second pitstop so I was able to take the lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nThe top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in a later press conference. H\u00e4kkinen said that he was \"pleased\" to win the race and admitted that he waited until the pit stop phase to have any chance of overtaking Michael Schumacher. He said that his team had more work to do on his car and was looking forward to the next race. Coulthard believed he made the right decision to compete in the Grand Prix despite his injuries and that the result was \"the best thing that could have happened for the team and myself.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nHe also said he was looking forward to resting over the coming days to allow his injuries to heal. Barrichello admitted that the race had not been good for him until his overtake on Michael Schumacher and Ralf Schumacher and said the absence of Stepney caused his second pit stop to be slower than usual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAttention focused on the battle between Ralf Schumacher and Michael Schumacher during the race. Michael Schumacher blamed his brother for instigating the move and did not understand why he was upset over the incident. Ralf Schumacher did not comment and stated that he would watch a video of the incident before he would say anything. Their father, Rolf talked to the pair in an effort to get them reconciled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0020-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nOne week after the race, Ralf Schumacher said that tensions between him and his brother had eased and that there were no hard feelings for each other, saying, \"It's a lot of fun when we are out there on the track duelling against each other.\" There was similar ill-feeling between de la Rosa and Alesi after their collision on lap two. de la Rosa accused Alesi of blocking him, and of causing the crash by not looking in his mirrors, while Alesi said de la Rosa attempted to overtake him in a corner where overtaking is difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163352-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish Grand Prix, Race, Post-race\nAs a result of the race, H\u00e4kkinen moved up to second place in the Drivers' Championship, reducing Michael Schumacher's lead to fourteen points. Coulthard fell to third, two points behind H\u00e4kkinen. Barrichello moved up into fourth place on 13 points, and Ralf Schumacher fell to fifth overall. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari maintained their lead but McLaren's one-two finish moved to within seven points clear of the Italian team. Williams maintained third position with nine points. Frentzen's sixth-place finish allowed Jordan to move point clear of Benetton in the battle for fourth, with twelve races remaining in the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election\nThe 2000 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 12 March 2000, to elect the 7th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 259 seats in the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election\nThe incumbent People's Party (PP) of Prime Minister Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Aznar secured an unpredicted absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies, obtaining 183 out of 350 seats and increasing its margin of victory with the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) to 2.4 million votes. The PSOE did not profit from a pre-election agreement with United Left (IU) and lost 1.6 million votes and 16 seats, coupled to the 1.4 million votes and 13 seats lost by IU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election\nSuch an alliance was said to prompt tactical voting for the PP, which also benefited from economic growth, a moderate stance throughout the legislature and internal struggles within the opposition parties. For the first time since the Spanish transition to democracy, the PP results exceeded the combined totals for PSOE and IU. PSOE leader Joaqu\u00edn Almunia announced his resignation immediately after results were known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election\nRegional and peripheral nationalist parties improved their results, except for Convergence and Union (CiU)\u2014which had been in electoral decline for a decade\u2014and Herri Batasuna/Euskal Herritarrok (EH), which urged to boycott the election and called for their supporters to abstain in the Basque Country and Navarre. The Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) benefitted from EH's absence and gained two seats, whereas both Canarian Coalition (CC) and the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) had strong showings in their respective regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election\nInitiative for Catalonia (IC), which had split from IU in 1997, clinged on to parliamentary representation but suffered from the electoral competition with United and Alternative Left (EUiA), IU's newly-founded regional branch in Catalonia which failed to secure any seat. This would be the first and only general election to date in which both parties would contest each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election\nThis election featured some notable feats: this was the first absolute majority the PP obtained in a general election, with its best result in both popular vote share and seats up until then, a result only exceeded in 2011. In contrast, the PSOE got its worst election result in 21 years. This was also the second time a party received more than 10 million votes, the last time being in 1982, when 10.1 million voters voted for Felipe Gonz\u00e1lez's PSOE. The voters' turnout registered was one of the lowest in democratic Spain for Spanish election standards, with only 68.7% of the electorate casting a vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system\nThe Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions\u2014such as its role in constitutional amendment\u2014which were not subject to the Congress' override. Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system\nFor the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes\u2014which included blank ballots\u2014being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting. The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system\nFor the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system\nEach of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger\u2014Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife\u2014being allocated three seats each, and the smaller\u2014Menorca, Ibiza\u2013Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma\u2014one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date\nThe term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales\u2014the Congress and the Senate\u2014expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the prime minister did not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The decree was to be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date\nThe previous election was held on 3 March 1996, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 3 March 2000. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 8 February 2000, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 2 April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date\nThe prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time\u2014either jointly or separately\u2014and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot. Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2021 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution, with governments having long preferred that elections for the two chambers of the Cortes take place simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date\nIt was suggested that Aznar would be tempted to call a snap election after the introduction of the euro was effective at 1 January 1999. Speculation arose among PP ranks and government members that an election would be called in the spring of 1999 or in June, to coincide with the scheduled local, regional and European Parliament elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date\nThis possibility was fueled by some remarks from the Catalan president and Convergence and Union (CiU) leader Jordi Pujol, Aznar's main parliamentary ally, that a general election would be held in 1999\u2014a comment that he later was forced to rectify\u2014 coinciding with a critical point in the PP\u2013CiU relationship. In the summer of 1999, a new round of speculation emerged that Aznar was considering holding an early election throughout the autumn, but this was ended by Aznar re-assuring that it was his wish to exhaust the legislature and for the election to be held when due, in March 2000. On 23 December 1999, it was confirmed that the general election would be held on 12 March, together with the 2000 Andalusian regional election, with the Cortes Generales being dissolved on 17 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Background\nOn 5 May 1996, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Aznar from the People's Party (PP) was able to form the first centre-right government in Spain since 1982 through confidence and supply agreements with Convergence and Union (CiU), the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) and Canarian Coalition (CC). In the 34th congress of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) held in June 1997, Felipe Gonz\u00e1lez, who had been prime minister from 1982 to 1996 and PSOE Secretary General since 1974, announced his intention to leave the party's leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0010-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Background\nThe party, divided at the time between Gonz\u00e1lez's supporters\u2014renovadores, Spanish for \"renovators\"\u2014and those following the discipline of former deputy prime minister and PSOE vice secretary general Alfonso Guerra\u2014guerristas\u2014, elected Joaqu\u00edn Almunia, a \"renovator\" and former Minister of Labour and Social Security (1982\u20131986) and Minister for Public Administrations (1986\u20131991), as new Secretary General. While it was suggested that Gonz\u00e1lez could remain as the party's candidate for prime minister in the next general election, he discarded himself out in January 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Background\nA primary election to elect the prime ministerial candidate, held among PSOE members on 24 April 1998, saw Almunia, supported by Gonz\u00e1lez and prominent party \"renovators\", facing Josep Borrell, the former Minister of Public Works (1991\u20131996) who received the backing of the guerrista faction. Borrell defeated Almunia, but the latter remained as the party's Secretary General in order to prevent an extraordinary congress, a situation prompting a 'bicephaly' which would see both Borrell and Almunia clashing for months on party direction and strategy issues, as the extent of each one's competences on the party's political leadership remained unclear. Borrell renounced as candidate in May 1999 after it was unveiled that two of his former employees were involved in a judicial investigation for tax fraud, leaving a vacancy that resulted in Almunia being proclaimed as candidate without opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Background\nUnited Left (IU) underwent a severe internal crisis throughout 1997 over Julio Anguita's confrontational attitude with the PSOE\u2014to the point of siding with the PP in a number of votes in the Congress of Deputies\u2014as well as with a perceived lack of democracy within IU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Background\nAnguita sought to prevent an electoral alliance between United Left\u2013Galician Left (EU\u2013EG) and the Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG\u2013PSOE) ahead of the 1997 Galician regional election, a move which received criticism from Initiative for Catalonia (IC), IU's sister party in Catalonia, with which disagreements over the coalition's political direction had been on the rise since the 1996 general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0012-0002", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Background\nThe Democratic Party of the New Left (PDNI), constituted as an internal current within IU which had been critical of Anguita's leadership, was expelled from the alliance's governing bodies in June 1997, after party discipline in the Congress was broken on the issue of labour reform. The IU crisis came to a peak in September 1997, which saw NI's expulsion from IU as a whole, the dissolution of the NI-controlled regional leaderships in Cantabria and Castilla\u2013La Mancha and the break up of relations with EU\u2013EG and IC. The PDNI then sought electoral alliances with the PSOE, which materialized ahead of the 1999 local, regional and European Parliament elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Background\nThe PP government relied on confidence and supply support from CiU, PNV and CC. The PNV withdrew its support from the government in June 1999, with relations strained after the signing of the Estella Agreement between the PNV and HB in September 1998. The Aragonese Party (PAR), which had been allied with the PP since the 1996 election, broke away from the PP parliamentary group in October 1999 and joined the Mixed Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Parliamentary composition\nThe Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 18 January 2000, after the publication of the dissolution decree in the Official State Gazette. The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Parties and candidates\nThe electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Parties and candidates\nBelow is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Parties and candidates\nThe election was marked by the exploration of joint candidacies between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and other parties in the left of the political spectrum. One such example was in Catalonia, where a left-wing alliance came to fruition between the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Initiative for Catalonia\u2013Greens (IC\u2013V) under the Catalan Agreement of Progress label, aiming to mirror the success of a similar alliance between the PSC and IC\u2013V in the 1999 Catalan regional election. Ahead of the Senate election in Ibiza and Formentera, PSOE, United Left of the Balearic Islands (EUIB), The Greens (LV), Nationalist and Ecologist Agreement (ENE) and ERC formed the Pact for Ibiza and Formentera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Parties and candidates\nVarious attempts at forming a joint left-wing candidacy for the Senate in the Valencian Community were unsuccessful, primarily due to disagreement over the label and format of such an alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Parties and candidates\nNationwide, an agreement was reached between the national leaderships of PSOE and United Left, under which both parties agreed to cooperate in the Senate elections for 27 constituencies: in those districts, and taking consideration of the Senate electoral system allowing up to three votes to each voter, the PSOE would field two candidates to one from IU, with the parties urging voters to cast their votes as if it were a joint list of three. The PSOE also offered IU a similar agreement for the Congress of Deputies, wherein IU would not run in 34 constituencies where it would unlikely win a seat on its own, with a later offer reducing the number to 14. These offers were both rejected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163353-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish general election, Parties and candidates\nBasque Citizens (EH), the Basque electoral coalition including Herri Batasuna, called for election boycott and urged its supporters to abstain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163354-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 30 April 2000 at the Circuito Permanente de Jerez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163354-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix, Championship standings after the race (500cc)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round four has concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163355-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup (tennis)\nThe 2000 Sparkassen Cup was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Leipzig, Germany. It was part of the Tier II category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the 11th edition of the tournament and was held from 30 October through 5 November 2000. Unseeded Kim Clijsters won the singles title and earned $87,000 first-prize money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163355-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup (tennis), Singles main draw entrants, Other entrants\nThe following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163355-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup (tennis), Singles main draw entrants, Other entrants\nThe following players received entry from the singles qualifying draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163355-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup (tennis), Doubles main draw entrants, Other entrants\nThe following pair received a wildcard into the doubles main draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163355-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup (tennis), Doubles main draw entrants, Other entrants\nThe following pair received entry from the doubles qualifying draw:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163355-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup (tennis), Finals, Singles\nIt was the 2nd title of the season for Clijsters and the 3rd title of her singles career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163355-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup (tennis), Finals, Doubles\nIt was the 61st title for S\u00e1nchez Vicario and the 1st title for Sidot in their respective doubles careers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163356-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup on Ice\nThe 2000 Sparkassen Cup on Ice was the third event of six in the 2000\u201301 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held in Gelsenkirchen on November 9\u201312. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2000\u201301 Grand Prix Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163357-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup \u2013 Doubles\nMary Pierce and Larisa Neiland were the defending champions, but none competed this year. Neiland retired from professional tennis during this season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163357-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup \u2013 Doubles\nArantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario and Anne-Ga\u00eblle Sidot won the title by defeating Kim Clijsters and Laurence Courtois 6\u20137(6\u20138), 7\u20135, 6\u20133 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163358-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup \u2013 Singles\nNathalie Tauziat was the defending champion, but lost in semifinals to Elena Likhovtseva.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163358-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup \u2013 Singles\nKim Clijsters won the title by defeating Elena Likhovtseva 7\u20136(8\u20136), 4\u20136, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163358-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sparkassen Cup \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe first four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election\nThe 2000 election of the Speaker of the House of Commons  occurred on 23 October 2000 following the retirement of Betty Boothroyd as Speaker. The election resulted in the election of Labour MP Michael Martin, who had served as Deputy Speaker since 1997. It was the first contested election since 27 April 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nSir Alan Haselhurst (Conservative), nominated by David Winnick and seconded by Peter Brooke", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nAlan Beith (Liberal Democrats), nominated by Dafydd Wigley and seconded by Jackie Ballard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nGwyneth Dunwoody (Labour), nominated by David Davis and seconded by Marjorie Mowlam", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nSir George Young (Conservative), nominated by John MacGregor and seconded by Helen Jackson", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nMenzies Campbell (Liberal Democrats), nominated by Martin O'Neill and seconded by Derek Wyatt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nDavid Clark (Labour), nominated by John Maxton and seconded by Joan Ruddock", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nNicholas Winterton (Conservative), nominated by John Wilkinson and seconded by Stephen Pound", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nMichael Lord (Conservative), nominated by Tom King and seconded by Andrew Reed", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nSir Patrick Cormack (Conservative), nominated by Gillian Shephard and seconded by Tam Dalyell", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Candidates, Nominated candidates\nRichard Shepherd (Conservative), nominated by Martin Bell and seconded by Tony Wright", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 87], "content_span": [88, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Election\nThis was the last Speaker election to be conducted by means of a conventional parliamentary motion with recorded votes on an amendment for each candidate. With an unusually large number of candidates, a significant number of MPs spoke in favour of switching to a less time-consuming procedure, but Sir Edward Heath, who was presiding in his capacity as Father of the House, declined to allow a vote on this issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Election\nThe repeated ballots took nearly six hours. Each candidate gave their own speech of submission to the will of the House, having each been nominated and seconded by Members in separate speeches. Martin was the front runner going into the ballot and was never in any danger of losing during the election, winning every ballot by at least 76 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Election\nAs a result of this election, the rules for electing a Speaker were changed the following year to a use a secret and exhaustive ballot. This procedure was first used in the Speaker election of 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 63], "content_span": [64, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Results\nUnder the old system for electing Speakers of the House of Commons, a candidate would be nominated and seconded, and alternative candidates would be offered as 'amendments' to that initial motion. In 2000, 11 candidates stepped forward, leading Sir Edward Heath, presiding in his capacity as Father of the House, to have the candidates voted on two at a time. He called Michael Martin to be nominated first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163359-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the British House of Commons election, Results\nIn the event, no candidate was able to surpass Martin in any of the ballots, and once all Martin's opponents had been eliminated from the contest, the original motion that he be elected Speaker was met with some audible opposition. A division was therefore held, but the motion was approved by 370 votes to 8. Martin was thus elected Speaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163360-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament election\nThe 2005 Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament election was the 3rd legislative speaker election since the implementation of the Taif Agreement, held on 28 June 2005 during the first session of the 23rd parliament. The incumbent Speaker Nabih Berri and head of the Amal Movement was re-elected to a third term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163360-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament election\nUnder the article 44 of the constitution, the speaker is elected at the start of each parliamentary cycle by an absolute majority of the deputies' vote. By convention, he is always a Shia Muslim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163360-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament election\nBerri won the majority of the votes cast, receiving 124 votes and 97% out of 128 deputies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163361-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SpeedVision World Challenge\nThe 2000 SpeedVision World Challenge season was the eleventh running of the Sports Car Club of America's premier series. With the departure of GM from touring car, a longtime era of BMW-Mazda-Acura dominance began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163362-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Conference League\nThe 2000 Speedway Conference League was the third tier/division of British speedway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163362-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Conference League, Summary\nThe title was won by Sheffield Prowlers, the junior club belonging to the Sheffield Tigers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163362-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Conference League, Conference League Knockout Cup\nThe 2000 Conference League Knockout Cup was the third edition of the Knockout Cup for tier three teams. Boston Barracudas were the winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 63], "content_span": [64, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163363-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Ekstraliga, First round, League table\nPld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; Pts = Points", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163364-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix\nThe 2000 Speedway Grand Prix was the 55th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider. It was the sixth season in the Speedway Grand Prix era and was used to determine the Speedway World Champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163364-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix, Event format\nThe system first used in 1998 continued to be adopted with 24 riders, divided into two classes. The eight best would be directly qualified for the \"Main Event\", while the sixteen others would be knocked out if they finished out of the top two in 4-man heats on two occasions \u2013 while they would go through if they finished inside the top two on two occasions. This resulted in 10 heats, where eight proceeded to the Main Event, where exactly the same system was applied to give eight riders to a semi-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163364-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix, Event format\nThe semi-finals were then two heats of four, where the top two qualified for a final and the last two going towards the consolation final. The 4 finalists scored 25, 20, 18 and 16 points, with 5th to 8th scoring 15, 14, 12 and 10-point, and after that 8, 8, 7, 7, etc. Places after 8th place were awarded according to the time a rider was knocked out and, secondly, according to position in the last heat he rode in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163364-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix, Qualification\nThe 2000 season had 22 permanent riders and two wild cards at each event. The permanent riders are highlighted in the results table below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163365-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Czech Republic\nThe 2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Czech Republic was the first race of the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 6 May in the Marketa Stadium in Prague, Czech Republic It was the fourth Czech Republic SGP and was won by American rider Billy Hamill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163365-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Czech Republic, Starting positions draw\nThe Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Michal Makovsk\u00fd and Bohumil Brhel as Wild Card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163366-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Denmark\nThe 2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Denmark was the fifth race of the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 2 September in the Speedway Center in Vojens, Denmark", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163366-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Denmark, Starting positions draw\nThe Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Danish rider Nicki Pedersen and a Jesper B. Jensen as Wild Card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163367-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Europe\nThe 2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Europe was the sixth and the last race of the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 23 September in the Polonia Stadium in Bydgoszcz, Poland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163367-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Europe, Starting positions draw\nThe Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Polish rider Jaroslaw Hampel and a Piotr Protasiewicz as Wild Card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163368-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain\nThe 2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain was the fourth race of the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 29 July in the Brandon Stadium in Coventry, England", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163368-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain, Starting positions draw\nThe Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated British rider Martin Dugard and Lee Richardson as Wild Card. Injured Poles Rafa\u0142 Dobrucki and Tomasz Gollob was replaced by John J\u00f8rgensen and Jason Lyons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 66], "content_span": [67, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163369-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Poland\nThe 2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Poland was the third race of the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 1 July at the Olympic Stadium in Wroc\u0142aw, Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163369-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Poland, Starting positions draw\nThe Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated two Poles Piotr Protasiewicz and Sebastian U\u0142amek as Wild Card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163370-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden\nThe 2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden was the second race of the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 3 June in the Motorstadium in Link\u00f6ping, Sweden It was the sixth Swedish SGP and was won by Australian Jason Crump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163370-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden, Starting positions draw\nThe Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Nicki Pedersen and Rune Holta as Wild Card.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163371-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway World Team Cup\nThe 2000 Speedway World Team Cup was the 41st edition of the FIM Speedway World Team Cup to determine the team world champions. It was the last time that the event was known as the Speedway World Team Cup because as from 2001 it was called the Speedway World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163371-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway World Team Cup\nThe final took took place at Brandon Stadium in Coventry, England. The World Championship was decided by a race-off after Sweden and Great Britain tied on 40 points. Tony Rickardsson beat Mark Loram to give Sweden an eighth title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163371-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Speedway World Team Cup, World final, Venue\u00a0: Coventry, England\nSweden win Championship after Tony Rickardsson beat Mark Loram in a race off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163372-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Spengler Cup\nThe 2000 Spengler Cup was held in Davos, Switzerland from December 26, 2000, to December 31, 2000. All matches were played at HC Davos's home arena, Eisstadion Davos. The final was won 4-2 by HC Davos over Team Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163373-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 SportsRacing World Cup\nThe 2000 SportsRacing WORLD CUP was the second season of SportsRacing World Cup, an auto racing series organized by the International Racing Series Ltd. and officially sanctioned by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile. The series is a continuation of the former International Sports Racing Series which began in 1997. It was open to two categories of sports prototypes, SR and SRL, and awarded driver and team championships in each class. It began on 26 March and ended on 26 November after ten events were held in Europe, the United States of America, and South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163373-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 SportsRacing World Cup\nChristian Pescatori and David Terrien won the SR drivers' championship, while their JMB Giesse Team Ferrari squad won the teams' title for the third consecutive year. For the SRL category Redman Bright and drivers Peter Owen and Mark Smithson were the respective champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163373-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 SportsRacing World Cup, Schedule\nMuch of the calendar for 2000 calendar was a direct carryover of the 1999 calendar, with the notable exception of two races in the United States. As part of an agreement between Grand-Am and IRS Ltd., cars from the World Cup could participate in two Grand-Am Road Racing Championship events, while Grand-Am would include two World Cup events on their schedule. However, after the initial announcement in 1999 Grand-Am opted instead to not include the European rounds in their championship as the majority of teams were not interested. World Cup teams also withdrew their support, eventually leading to the two races only counting toward the SRL category championship. The two American races replaced the former event at Pergusa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163373-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 SportsRacing World Cup, Schedule\nRaces were of a duration of two hours and 30 minutes, with exception of the Monza race which covered 500\u00a0km and the American events which were 500 and 250\u00a0miles in respective distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163373-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 SportsRacing World Cup, Results and standings, Race results\nFor the American rounds only World Cup entries were considered for championship points, meaning the winner listed is the highest-finishing World Cup entry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163373-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 SportsRacing World Cup, Results and standings, Race results\nPoints were awarded to the top eight finishers in each category. Entries were required to complete 60% of the race distance in order to be classified as a finisher and earn points. Drivers were required to complete 20% of the total race distance for their car to earn points. Teams scored points for only their highest finishing entry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163373-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 SportsRacing World Cup, Results and standings, Team championships\nOnly the highest placing car within a team earned points towards the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone\nThe 2000 Sri Lanka cyclone (IMD designation: BOB\u00a006 JTWC designation: 04B) was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike Sri Lanka since 1978. The fourth tropical storm and the second severe cyclonic storm of the 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, it developed from an area of disturbed weather on December 25, 2000. It moved westward, and quickly strengthened under favorable conditions to reach top wind speeds of 75\u00a0mph (120\u00a0km/h). The cyclone hit eastern Sri Lanka at peak strength, then weakened slightly while crossing the island before making landfall over southern India on December 28. The storm degenerated into a remnant low later that day, before merging with another trough on the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone\nThe storm was the first cyclone over Sri Lanka with winds of at least hurricane strength since a cyclone of 1978 hit the island in the 1978 season, as well as the first tropical storm to hit the island since 1992. The storm was also the first December tropical cyclone of hurricane intensity in the Bay of Bengal since 1996. It produced heavy rainfall and strong winds, damaging or destroying tens of thousands of houses and leaving up to 500,000 homeless. At least nine people died as a result of the cyclone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Meteorological history\nAn area of atmospheric convection developed and persisted on December 21 in the central Bay of Bengal forming within an active near-equatorial trough. Located within an area of weak vertical wind shear, the system steadily organized, and after initially remaining nearly stationary it began to move slowly westward. Deep convection continued to develop, and on December 23 a mid-level circulation began to form. Later that day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. By the night of the December 23, a low-level circulation developed in the system, located to the south of the deep convection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Meteorological history\nThe disturbance continued to organize, with the India Meteorological Department (IMD) classifying it as a deep depression early on December 24. Later that day, the organization of the system degraded slightly, though it quickly reorganized. On December 25, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 04B while it was located about 155\u00a0miles (250\u00a0km) east of Sri Lanka. On the center's first advisory, the tropical storm was drifting west-northwest at 3\u00a0mph (5\u00a0km/h) with maximum sustained winds of 45\u00a0mph (70\u00a0km/h). Shortly thereafter, the IMD upgraded the deep depression to a cyclonic storm as a central dense overcast developed over the center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Meteorological history\nA subtropical ridge to the north of the cyclone resulted in it continuing generally westward. Deep convection continued to develop over the center of circulation, and the storm steadily strengthened as outflow improved throughout the circulation. By late on December 25, a rainband wrapped tightly into the center, and it intensified into a severe cyclonic storm as it approached the coast of Sri Lanka. The next day the cyclone developed an eye as it turned west-southwestward. On December 26, the cyclone made landfall on near Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Meteorological history\nThe JTWC assessed the cyclone as attaining peak winds of 75\u00a0mph (120\u00a0km/h). However, the IMD estimated the cyclone reached a maximum intensity of 105\u00a0mph (165\u00a0km/h), making it a very severe cyclonic storm. It weakened slightly over land and emerged into the Gulf of Mannar early on December 27 as a tropical storm. Initially, forecasters predicted it to slowly re-intensify; instead it weakened as its convection degraded in organization and intensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0003-0002", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Meteorological history\nAfter turning west-northwestward, the storm struck southern India near Kanyakumari on December 28 with winds of 45\u00a0mph (70\u00a0km/h), with minimal convection due to land interaction and increased wind shear. It rapidly weakened to tropical depression status over land, degenerating into a remnant low later that day. Early on December 29, the cyclone's remnants emerged into the eastern Arabian Sea and merged with another trough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Impact\nGovernment officials in Sri Lanka issued a last-minute evacuation order for potentially affected areas, though few received the evacuation order. The cyclone hit the eastern and western coastlines with powerful waves, wrecking 25\u00a0fishing boats in eastern coastal towns and washing away 109 boats near Puttalam. Eight people were left missing and feared dead. The cyclone was accompanied with a storm surge as made landfall that flooded areas up to 330\u00a0feet (100\u00a0m) inland. While crossing the country, the cyclone dropped between 4 and 8\u00a0inches (100 to 200\u00a0mm) of precipitation, compounding the effects of severe monsoonal flooding from the previous month. Wind gusts from the cyclone reached 110\u00a0mph (175\u00a0km/h) near where it made landfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Impact\nThe area most affected by the cyclone was in and around Trincomalee: 57\u00a0people checked into the local hospital as a result of falling trees or debris, with one person killed due to a falling tree. An entire fishing village was completely destroyed, and heavy rainfall flooded rivers, lakes, and canals, covering roads and crops with floodwaters. The flooding destroyed about 77\u00a0square\u00a0miles (200\u00a0km2) of rice fields, and an additional 19\u00a0square miles (50\u00a0km2) of other crops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Impact\nStrong winds damaged or destroyed around 83,000\u00a0houses across the country, including 2,000\u00a0houses destroyed in Kinnia and 6,600 in Trincomalee. The passage of the cyclone left up to 500,000\u00a0temporarily homeless on the island, most of whom fled to churches, schools, temples, and shopping centers. The winds blew off the roofs of several police stations and military camps, and flooded several refugee camps. The winds damaged electrical systems and disrupted about 3,000\u00a0telephone systems, and many roads were left impassable. Large areas remained without power for several days. No damage reports exist for regions under control of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, despite the fact the storm made landfall there. Throughout the country, at least nine people died as a result of the cyclone, and over 48,000\u00a0families were affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Impact\nPrior to the arrival of the storm in India, government officials there issued a severe storm warning for Thoothukudi District, and also warned fishermen not to go out to sea. Thousands were evacuated to emergency shelters prior to the storm's arrival. The cyclone produced rough surf along the southern Indian coast, and heavy rainfall in and around Thoothukudi, causing flooding in a few low-lying areas. The rainfall caused some damage to banana crops, uprooted several trees, and left some roads impassable, but was largely beneficial in alleviating drought conditions. Across southern India, the cyclone damaged 749\u00a0houses and destroyed 81\u00a0more, but no deaths were reported in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Aftermath\nSri Lanka governmental aid was slow at first, with the media criticizing the government for its initial response. A street protest occurred in Trincomalee due to lack of aid. Prime Minister Ratnasiri Wickremanayake organized a meeting of government officials to propose an increase in relief funds. A family of five or more received $5.50 a week (2000\u00a0USD, ($8.17 2021\u00a0USD), 500 in 2000\u00a0LKR) for dry rations, while the families of those who died received $183 (2000\u00a0USD, $271.69 2021\u00a0USD, 15\u00a0thousand 2000\u00a0LKR) in compensation. The government also gave $122 (2000\u00a0USD, ($181.13 2021\u00a0USD, 10\u00a0thousand 2000\u00a0LKR)) to those whose houses were damaged or destroyed, and delivered rice rations to those stranded, while state-organized radio broadcasts appealed for donations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163374-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lanka cyclone, Aftermath\nWithin two days of the cyclone striking, the Sri Lankan Red Cross began an operation with 4,000\u00a0volunteers to help those most badly affected. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies issued a preliminary appeal for $323,000 2000\u00a0USD ($561\u00a0thousand 2021\u00a0USD, $525\u00a0thousand in 2000\u00a0CHF) to assist about 10,000\u00a0people by making blankets, shelter, food, and kitchen utensils available. To kick-start the operation, the Federation released about $61,000 (2000\u00a0USD ($90.6\u00a0thousand 2021\u00a0USD, $100\u00a0thousand in 2000\u00a0CHF)) within a few hours of the cyclone making landfall. After about a month, the Red Cross distributed 10 roofing sheets each to 1,720 families, and also sent a set of cooking utensils, bed sheets, and sleeping mats to 3,000\u00a0families. Relief ended on November 7, 2001, roughly 40\u00a0weeks after the cyclone struck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163375-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lankan parliamentary election\nParliamentary elections were held in Sri Lanka on 10 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163375-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lankan parliamentary election\nThe People's Alliance (PA) government Kumaratunga had led for six years was facing increasing criticism on two fronts: a series of military defeats at the hands of the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in the country's civil war, and the faltering performance of the economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163375-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lankan parliamentary election\nThe elections were marred by violence. Seventy people were killed during the campaign, including six on election day itself. . Both the UNP and SLMC parties accused the PA of election fraud and intimidation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163375-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lankan parliamentary election\nAs was the case for most elections since 1983, few ballots were cast in LTTE-held parts of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163375-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, Results\nThe PA remained in office but lost its majority. The resulting deadlock led to the 2001 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163376-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St Albans City and District Council election\nThe 2000 St Albans City and District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of St Albans District Council in Hertfordshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163376-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 St Albans City and District Council election, Election result\nOverall turnout at the election was 33.56%, down from 37.1% at the 1999 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 66], "content_span": [67, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163376-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 St Albans City and District Council election, By-elections between 2000 and 2002, Park Street\nA by-election was held in Park Street ward on 12 October 2000 after the resignation of Liberal Democrat councillor Barry Blackwall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 98], "content_span": [99, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163377-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council election\nThe 2000 St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council in Merseyside, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163377-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nLabour remained in control of the council with 35 seats, but suffered a net loss of 2 seats. The Liberal Democrats increased their share of the vote and gained Moss Bank and Sutton and Bold from Labour, but lost Newton West back to Labour, to leave the party on 15 seats. Meanwhile, the Conservatives also gained a seat from Labour in Windle, defeating the mayor Pat Jackson, while the leader of the Conservative group Betty Lowe held her seat in Rainford to leave the Conservatives with 4 councillors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 69], "content_span": [70, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163377-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result\nTurnout in 4 wards was at or below 16%, while the highest turnout was in Rainford at 35.7%. The turnout in St Helens was an increase from the last election, which was put down to a trial of early voting on the Friday and Saturday before the election in 6 wards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 69], "content_span": [70, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163378-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Catharines municipal election\nThe St. Catharines municipal election of 2000 was held to elect a mayor and councillors for the city of St. Catharines, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163378-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Catharines municipal election, Niagara Regional Council\nElectors could vote for six candidates. Percentages are determined in relation to the total number of votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163379-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St. George Illawarra Dragons season\nThe 2000 St. George Illawarra Dragons season was the second in the joint venture club's history. The Dragons competed in the NRL's 2000 premiership season. The team finished ninth in the regular season, missing out on finals for the first time in their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163379-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 St. George Illawarra Dragons season, Ladder\n1 North Queensland were stripped of 2 competition points due to a breach of the interchange rule in Round 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163380-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St. James Place\n2000 St. James Place is a 12-story, 335,000 square foot (31,100 m2) office building in Houston, Texas. It formerly housed the headquarters of Minute Maid. The building is located on a 6 acres (2.4\u00a0ha) site, and is in proximity to The Galleria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163380-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 St. James Place, History\n2000 St. James Place was built in 1978. In 1985, The Coca-Cola Company purchased the property from Bechtel Corporation, to be used as the headquarters of Minute Maid, a subsidiary of Coca-Cola. Minute Maid moved into 2000 St. James Place in 1986. In 2006, the building underwent an $11.8 million renovation. In 2007, Coca-Cola sold the building to Cameron Management, Wachovia Bank (now Wells Fargo), and a group of local investors for an undisclosed amount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163380-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 St. James Place, History\nCoca-Cola then leased 150,000 square feet (14,000\u00a0m2) of space in the building to continue housing the Minute Maid headquarters until the headquarters were moved to Sugar Land Town Square in Sugar Land, Texas. Anticipating the departure of Minute Maid, Cameron Management planned to market the building as having the largest block of contiguous office space in the Uptown area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163380-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 St. James Place, History, Post Minute Maid\nOn February 16, 2009, Minute Maid moved its headquarters from 2000 St. James Place to Sugar Land Town Square. In 2009, 2000 St. James Place became the only office building in Texas\u2014and one of only 49 buildings in the United States\u2014to receive the LEED-EB v2.0 Gold certification. In 2010, Wachovia Bank foreclosed the vacant building, taking it from owner Cameron Management Inc. The building was offered for sale on May 4, 2010 at the Harris County courthouse, but there were no buyers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163380-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 St. James Place, History, Weatherford\nIn late 2010, Weatherford International signed a lease agreement on the entire property. With the relocation of Weatherford to this building, Luby's Inc., particularly their Culinary Services Division, now serves as their cafeteria provider. A Salad Bar, Deli, Main Line, Global Bar, Juice Bar, and Grill is open every weekday from 7:00am\u201310:00am for breakfast and 11:00am\u20132:00pm for lunch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163380-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 St. James Place, Design\nNearly one third of the building's site is landscaped to reduce heat island effects and storm water drainage. The property has high efficiency chillers installed, an automation control system managed through a Web-based user interface,  and to save energy, designers coated the roof with special material. The building has a cafeteria, a fitness center, and 1,230 parking spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163381-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\nThe St. Louis Cardinals 2000 season was the team's 119th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 109th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 95-67 during the season, their best finish since 1987, and won the National League Central division by ten games over the Cincinnati Reds. In the playoffs the Cardinals defeated the Atlanta Braves 3 games to 0 in the NLDS but lost to the New York Mets 4 games to 1 in the NLCS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163381-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\nThe Cardinals sweep of the Braves in the NLDS was notable because it made the Mets run to their first World Series appearance since their championship season of 1986 much easier. The Braves had eliminated the Mets from the playoffs on the final day of the 1998 season and in the 1999 NLCS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163381-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Cardinals season\nCatcher Mike Matheny and outfielder Jim Edmonds won Gold Gloves this year. Matheny was acquired from the Toronto Blue Jays during the off-season, while Edmonds was acquired from the Anaheim Angels less than a week before the start of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163381-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position\nNote: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163381-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163381-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Cardinals season, NLDS\nSt. Louis won series, 3-0. This was the series in which pitching phenom Rick Ankiel permanently lost his command and control, throwing four wild pitches in one inning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163382-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Rams season\nThe 2000 season was the St. Louis Rams' 63rd in the National Football League (NFL) and their sixth in St. Louis. For the first time in franchise history, the Rams entered the season as the defending Super Bowl champions. The Rams finished the regular-season with a record of 10\u20136 but would go on to lose to the New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round of the playoffs. They led the NFL in scoring for a second straight year with 540 points. The Rams became the first team in NFL history to score more than 500 points on offense, while allowing more than 450 points on defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163382-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Rams season\nRunning back Marshall Faulk was named the MVP of the regular season. It was the second straight time a Rams player was named MVP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163382-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Rams season\nAfter the resignation of Dick Vermeil, who had been the Rams' head coach through St. Louis' 1999 championship season, Mike Martz took over as head coach, and attempted to defend the Rams' Super Bowl XXXIV title. The Rams' \"Greatest Show on Turf\" continued its offensive dominance, scoring 33.7 points per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163382-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Rams season\nStatistically, Football Outsiders calculates that the 2000 Rams had the most efficient rushing attack of any single-season NFL team from 1993\u20132010. The 2000 Rams are one of only three teams in NFL history to score 35 points or more nine times in a single season. The Denver Broncos did it 10 times in 2013. The Rams' offense offset the team's defensive struggles: St. Louis' 471 points allowed in 2000 is the most ever surrendered by an NFL team with a winning record. The Rams had the best offense in the league, but had the worst defense in the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163382-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Rams season\nThe season saw the Rams change their logo and add a new color scheme of navy and gold, replacing blue and yellow, donning new uniforms in the process. Among these changes, the Rams introduced a charging blue ram with gold horns and a gold outline. This logo would remain for the next fifteen seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163382-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 5: vs. San Diego Chargers\nThe Rams opened their offense with Kurt Warner throwing 14 consecutive passes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 90], "content_span": [91, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163382-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Louis Rams season, Postseason, Game summaries, NFC Wildcard Game: vs. New Orleans Saints\nThe Saints won their first playoff game in their 34-year history with quarterback Aaron Brooks' 266 passing yards and four touchdowns, by holding off the defending champion Rams, who scored three touchdowns in the final quarter. Overall, the Rams committed five turnovers while the Saints committed none. Rams quarterback Kurt Warner lost four turnovers (three interceptions and a fumble), while running back Marshall Faulk, who shredded the Saints with 220 rushing yards when they played against them in the regular season, was held to a season low of 24 yards on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 97], "content_span": [98, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163383-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Petersburg Open\nThe 2000 St. Petersburg Open was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Petersburg Sports and Concert Complex in Saint Petersburg in Russia and was part of the ATP International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from November 6 through November 12, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163383-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Petersburg Open, Finals, Doubles\nDaniel Nestor /  Kevin Ullyett defeated  Thomas Shimada /  Myles Wakefield 7\u20136(7\u20135), 7\u20135", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163384-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Petersburg Open \u2013 Doubles\nDaniel Nestor and Kevin Ullyett won in the final 7\u20136(7\u20135), 7\u20135 against Thomas Shimada and Myles Wakefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163385-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Petersburg Open \u2013 Singles\nMarc Rosset was the defending champion but lost in the first round 6\u20131, 3\u20136, 3\u20136 against Andrei Stoliarov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163385-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 St. Petersburg Open \u2013 Singles\nMarat Safin won in the final 2\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20134 against Dominik Hrbat\u00fd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163386-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sta. Lucia Realtors season\nThe 2000 Sta.Lucia Realtors season was the eighth season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163386-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sta. Lucia Realtors season, Finals stint\nUnder new head coach Norman Black, who moved from Pop Cola to Sta.Lucia at the beginning of the season, the Realtors played in the PBA championship series for the first time in their eight-year history during the Commissioner's Cup, Sta.Lucia lost to defending champions San Miguel Beermen in five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163387-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Standard Bank Triangular Tournament\nThe 2000 Standard Bank Triangular Tournament was a cricket tournament played in South Africa from 21 January to 13 February 2000. The three teams involved were South Africa, England and Zimbabwe. Each team played the others three times, with the two teams that won the most games playing each other in a final match. South Africa beat England by 38 runs in the final to win the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163388-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanford Cardinal baseball team\nThe 2000 Stanford Cardinal baseball team represented Stanford University in the 2000 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Cardinal played their home games at Sunken Diamond in Palo Alto, California. The team was coached by Mark Marquess in his twenty-fourth season as head coach at Stanford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163388-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanford Cardinal baseball team\nThe Cardinal reached the College World Series, finishing as the runner up to LSU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163389-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanford Cardinal football team\nThe 2000 Stanford Cardinal football team represented Stanford University in the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was led by head coach Tyrone Willingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals\nThe 2000 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1999\u20132000 season, and the culmination of the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested by the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils against the Western Conference champion and defending Stanley Cup champion Dallas Stars. The Devils were led by captain Scott Stevens, head coach Larry Robinson and goaltender Martin Brodeur. The Stars were led by captain Derian Hatcher, head coach Ken Hitchcock and goaltender Ed Belfour. The Devils defeated the Stars, four games to two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals\nNew Jersey defeated the Florida Panthers 4\u20130, the Toronto Maple Leafs 4\u20132 and the Philadelphia Flyers 4\u20133 to advance to the Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals\nDallas defeated the Edmonton Oilers 4\u20131, the San Jose Sharks 4\u20131 and the Colorado Avalanche 4\u20133 to advance to the Finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries\nDespite New Jersey being a lower seed in conference play (4) than Dallas (2), New Jersey's 103 points were one more than Dallas, giving them home-ice advantage in the series. The Devils won the Cup in game six on a one-timer goal by Jason Arnott in double overtime. It was their second Stanley Cup overall and first since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries\nFor the Stars, this was the first time since the New York Islanders lost to the Edmonton Oilers in the 1984 Finals that a defending Stanley Cup champion lost in the Finals. This happened to the Devils themselves the following year when they lost to the Colorado Avalanche. This would be the last appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals for the Stars until 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries\nThis was the first Finals that featured two relocated teams competing for the Stanley Cup, as well as the first Finals in which both teams had won the Stanley Cup previously after relocation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Team rosters\nYears indicated in boldface under the \"Finals appearance\" column signify that the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving\nThe 2000 Stanley Cup was presented to Devils captain Scott Stevens by NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman following the Devils 2\u20131 double overtime win over the Stars in game six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving\nThe following Devils players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving\nThree players who did not automatically qualify for their names to be engraved on the Stanley Cup were engraved at the Devils' request:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163390-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup Finals, Broadcasting\nIn Canada, the series was televised on CBC. In the United States, this was the first year under the new joint American TV contract with the Disney-owned networks ESPN and ABC, with ESPN airing the first two games of the Cup Finals and ABC broadcasting the rest of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs\nThe 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League (NHL), that began on April 12, 2000, and concluded on June 10. The New Jersey Devils defeated the reigning champion Dallas Stars in a six-game series to win their second Stanley Cup title in franchise history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs\nSixteen teams qualified for the playoffs, eight from each conference, played best-of-seven series in each round, ending with each conference's champion playing a best-of-seven series in the Stanley Cup Finals for the Stanley Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs\nThe Calgary Flames and the Vancouver Canucks both missed the playoffs this year. This would not happen again until 2014, when all four Western Canadian teams missed the playoffs. For the first time in history, only two Original Six teams made it to the playoffs (Toronto and Detroit). This would only happen again in 2001 (Toronto and Detroit), 2007 (New York Rangers and Detroit), 2018 (Boston and Toronto), and 2019 (Boston and Toronto). Also for the first time, the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens missed the playoffs in the same season. In addition, both conference finals went to the maximum seven games. This did not happen again until 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Quarterfinals, Eastern Conference Quarterfinals, (1) Philadelphia Flyers vs. (8) Buffalo Sabres\nThis was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams; with Philadelphia winning four of the five previous series. They last met in the 1998 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals, which Buffalo won in five games. Philadelphia won three of the four games in this year's regular season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 133], "content_span": [134, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Quarterfinals, Eastern Conference Quarterfinals, (2) Washington Capitals vs. (7) Pittsburgh Penguins\nThis was the sixth playoff meeting between these two teams; with Pittsburgh winning four of the five previous series. They last met in the 1996 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals, which Pittsburgh won in six games. Pittsburgh won three of the four games in this year's regular season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 138], "content_span": [139, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Quarterfinals, Eastern Conference Quarterfinals, (3) Toronto Maple Leafs vs. (6) Ottawa Senators\nThis was the first playoff meeting between these two teams. Ottawa won three of the four games in this year's regular season series. Ottawa won this year's five-game regular season series earning seven of ten points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 134], "content_span": [135, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Quarterfinals, Eastern Conference Quarterfinals, (4) New Jersey Devils vs. (5) Florida Panthers\nThis was the first playoff meeting between these two teams. New Jersey won three of the four games in this year's regular season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 133], "content_span": [134, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Quarterfinals, Western Conference Quarterfinals, (1) St. Louis Blues vs. (8) San Jose Sharks\nThis was the first playoff meeting between these two teams. St. Louis won this year's five-game regular season series earning nine of ten points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 130], "content_span": [131, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Quarterfinals, Western Conference Quarterfinals, (2) Dallas Stars vs. (7) Edmonton Oilers\nThis was the fourth consecutive and sixth overall playoff match-up between these two teams; with Dallas winning three of the five previous series. Dallas won last year's Western Conference Quarterfinals in a four-game sweep. Dallas won this year's four-game regular season series earning seven of eight points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 127], "content_span": [128, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Quarterfinals, Western Conference Quarterfinals, (3) Colorado Avalanche vs. (6) Phoenix Coyotes\nThis was the first playoff meeting between these two teams. These teams split their four-game regular season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 133], "content_span": [134, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Quarterfinals, Western Conference Quarterfinals, (4) Detroit Red Wings vs. (5) Los Angeles Kings\nThis was the first playoff meeting between these two teams. These teams split their five-game regular season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 134], "content_span": [135, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Semifinals, Eastern Conference Semifinals, (1) Philadelphia Flyers vs. (7) Pittsburgh Penguins\nThis was the third playoff meeting between these two teams; with Philadelphia winning both previous series. They last met in the 1997 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals, which Philadelphia won in five games. Philadelphia won this year's five-game regular season series earning nine of ten points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 132], "content_span": [133, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Semifinals, Eastern Conference Semifinals, (3) Toronto Maple Leafs vs. (4) New Jersey Devils\nThis was the first playoff meeting between these two teams. Toronto won this year's four-game regular season series earning seven of eight points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 130], "content_span": [131, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Semifinals, Eastern Conference Semifinals, (3) Toronto Maple Leafs vs. (4) New Jersey Devils\nMartin Brodeur set a Stanley Cup playoff record in game six for the least shots against required (6) to record a shutout in a single game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 130], "content_span": [131, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Semifinals, Western Conference Semifinals, (2) Dallas Stars vs. (8) San Jose Sharks\nThis was the second playoff meeting between these two teams; with Dallas winning the only previous series. Their only previous meeting was in the 1998 Western Conference Quarterfinals, which Dallas won in six games. San Jose won four of the six games in this year's regular season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 121], "content_span": [122, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Semifinals, Western Conference Semifinals, (3) Colorado Avalanche vs. (4) Detroit Red Wings\nThis was the second consecutive playoff meeting and fourth overall playoff match-up between these two teams; with Colorado winning two of the three previous series. Colorado won last year's Western Conference Semifinals in six games. Detroit won four of the five games in this year's regular season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 129], "content_span": [130, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Finals, Eastern Conference Final, (1) Philadelphia Flyers vs. (4) New Jersey Devils\nThis was the third playoff meeting between these two teams; with the teams splitting the two previous series. They last met in the 1995 Eastern Conference Finals, which New Jersey won in six games. This was Philadelphia's sixth appearance in the Conference Finals; they last made it to the Conference Finals in 1997 where they defeated the New York Rangers in five games. This was New Jersey's fourth appearance in the Conference Finals; they last made it to the Conference Finals in 1995. New Jersey won four of the five games during this year's regular season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 121], "content_span": [122, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Finals, Eastern Conference Final, (1) Philadelphia Flyers vs. (4) New Jersey Devils\nThe Devils overcame a 3\u20131 deficit to defeat the Flyers in seven games. In game seven Devils' forward Patrik Elias scored the series-winner at 17:28 of the third period. Eric Lindros suffered a concussion after getting hit by Scott Stevens in the first period of game seven and did not return; as a result of the hit this was the last game he played as a Flyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 121], "content_span": [122, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Conference Finals, Western Conference Final, (2) Dallas Stars vs. (3) Colorado Avalanche\nThis was the second consecutive playoff meeting and second postseason match-up between these two teams. This was a rematch of last year's Western Conference Final, which Dallas won in seven games. Dallas made their third consecutive and fifth overall appearance in the Conference Finals; while Colorado made their second consecutive and sixth overall appearance in the Conference Finals. Colorado won this year's five-game regular season series earning seven of ten points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 115], "content_span": [116, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Stanley Cup Finals\nThis was the first playoff meeting between these two teams. Dallas made their second consecutive and fourth overall appearance in the Finals, after defeating the Buffalo Sabres in six games the year before. New Jersey made their second Finals appearance and first since defeating the Detroit Red Wings in four games in 1995. Dallas won both games in this year's regular season series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163391-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Stanley Cup playoffs, Playoff statistics, Goaltenders\nThis is a combined table of the top five goaltenders based on goals against average and the top five goaltenders based on save percentage, with at least 420 minutes played. The table is sorted by GAA, and the criteria for inclusion are bolded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163392-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Star World Championships\nThe 2000 Star World Championships were held in Annapolis, United States between May 14 and 20, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163392-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Star World Championships, Results\nLegend: DNC \u2013 Did not come to the starting area; DNF \u2013 Did not finish; DSQ \u2013 Disqualified; OCS \u2013 On the course side of the starting line;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163393-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 State Farm Women's Tennis Classic\nThe 2000 State Farm Women's Tennis Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Scottsdale, Arizona in the United States that was part of Tier II category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and ran from February 28 through March 5, 2000. The tournament finals were not played due to rain. The singles finalists, first-seeded Martina Hingis and second-seeded  Lindsay Davenport each earned $43,500 prize money for reaching the final and shared the associated ranking points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163394-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 State of Origin series\nThe 2000 State of Origin series was the 19th year that the annual three-game series between the Queensland and New South Wales representative rugby league football teams was played entirely under 'state of origin' selection rules. During the 2000 series Gorden Tallis was sent off for calling the referee a cheat, Ryan Girdler amassed an incredible 32 points in one match and New South Wales whitewashed the series in a combined scoreline of 104 to 42 - the biggest gap between the two sides in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163394-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 State of Origin series, Game I\nAfter Ryan Girdler had scored a try to level at 16-all which appeared to have included two knock-ons in the lead up, a furious Gorden Tallis confronted Bill Harrigan and was immediately dismissed after calling him a cheat. Six minutes later the Blues took advantage of the extra man for David Peachey to cross out wide and secure a 20-16 win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163394-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 State of Origin series, Game I\nImmediately after the game Tallis was summonsed to a judiciary hearing at the ground but was not suspended. He had been to the referee's room beforehand and apologised to Harrigan. Blues prop Robbie Kearns later claimed in the Melbourne Herald Sun newspaper that Tallis was to blame for Queensland's loss by showing poor discipline and that he had let himself and his side down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163394-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 State of Origin series, Game II\nNew South Wales' win in the second game secured their first series win since 1997 and the 28-10 scoreline would be their biggest ever winning margin until game III two weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163394-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 State of Origin series, Game III\nNew South Wales centre Ryan Girdler produced the performance of his life and the Blues were hailed as the greatest side in Origin history after they demolished Queensland and completed their third clean sweep. Girdler scored three tries and kicked 10 goals from 10 ten attempts for a record 32-point haul during which New South Wales crossed the Queensland line nine times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163394-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 State of Origin series, Game III\nNew South Wales had led 20-10 at half-time but a try to Andrew Johns after the break saw the floodgates open with six Origin records beaten or matched: * Biggest winning margin in State of Origin history (since broken by Queensland in Game III, 2015)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163394-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 State of Origin series, Game III\n* Most points in an Origin match * Most points by an individual in an Origin match * Most points by an individual in an Origin series (Girdler, 52) * Most goals by an individual in an Origin match * Most tries by an individual in an Origin match (Girdler's three equalled Chris Anderson's in 1983 and Kerry Boustead's in 1984)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163394-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 State of Origin series, Aftermath\nA major turning point in State of Origin history occurred in this series, when, in the third game, Bryan Fletcher was seen celebrating his try by performing a fake hand grenade aimed towards the Queensland side. The try celebration forced Queensland to change their whole strategy towards Origin and it created a pathway for Queensland to win twelve of sixteen series since 2006 (and a record eight straight between 2006 and 2013). Former Queensland player Wendell Sailor said \u201cAs a Queenslander, you never forget that\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163394-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 State of Origin series, Aftermath\nQueensland Origin great Gorden Tallis had previously spoken about how that try celebration eventually led to a shift in the State of Origin balance of power which saw Queensland win back the Shield in 2001, and retain it in 2002. Former player Matthew Johns claims that the try celebration started a Queensland dynasty. Former Queensland coach Chris Close spoke about Fletcher's try celebration in 2016: \"I thought it was disgraceful act and a disgraceful show of disrespect, You would certainly never, ever see that from any Queensland team, It still burns. F---ing oath it does\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163395-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 State of the Union Address\nThe 2000 State of the Union Address was given by the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton, on Thursday, January 27, 2000, at 9 p.m. EST, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives to the 106th United States Congress. It was Clinton's seventh and final State of the Union Address and his eighth and final speech to a joint session of the United States Congress. Presiding over this joint session was the House speaker, Dennis Hastert, accompanied by Al Gore, the vice president, in his capacity as the president of the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163395-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 State of the Union Address\nClinton began the speech by saying, \"We are fortunate to be alive at this moment in history. Never before has our nation enjoyed, at once, so much prosperity and social progress with so little internal crisis or so few external threats. Never before have we had such a blessed opportunity and, therefore, such a profound obligation to build the more perfect union of our founders' dreams.\" Clinton discussed many topics in the address, including education, health care, crime, the global economy, technology, and the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163395-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 State of the Union Address\nIt was the longest State of the Union address in recorded history at 1 hour and 28 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163395-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 State of the Union Address\nThis State of the Union address is notable for being the first since President Reagan's 1986 address at which all 9 members of the Supreme Court were absent. It is speculated that their absence was due to Clinton's recent impeachment. Bill Richardson, the Secretary of Energy, served as the designated survivor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163396-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stella Artois Championships\nThe 2000 Stella Artois Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Queen's Club in London, United Kingdom and was part of the International Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It was the 98th edition of the tournament and was held from 12 June until 19 June 2000. Sixth-seeded Lleyton Hewitt won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163396-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stella Artois Championships, Finals, Doubles\nTodd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde defeated  Jonathan Stark /  Eric Taino 6\u20137(5\u20137), 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20131)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163397-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stella Artois Championships \u2013 Doubles\nS\u00e9bastien Lareau and Alex O'Brien were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Lareau with Daniel Nestor and O'Brien with Jared Palmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163397-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stella Artois Championships \u2013 Doubles\nO'Brien and Palmer lost in the second round to Jonathan Stark and Eric Taino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163397-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Stella Artois Championships \u2013 Doubles\nLareau and Nestor lost in the semifinals to Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163397-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Stella Artois Championships \u2013 Doubles\nWoodbridge and Woodforde won in the final 6\u20137(5\u20137), 6\u20133, 7\u20136(7\u20131) against Stark and Taino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163397-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Stella Artois Championships \u2013 Doubles, Seeds\nThe top four seeded teams received byes into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 49], "content_span": [50, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163398-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stella Artois Championships \u2013 Singles\nPete Sampras was the defending champion but lost in the final 6\u20134, 6\u20134 against Lleyton Hewitt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163398-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stella Artois Championships \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nThe top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 49], "content_span": [50, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163399-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stevenage Borough Council election\nElections to Stevenage Council in Hertfordshire, England were held on 4 May 2000. One third of the council was up for election; the seats of the candidates who finished third in each ward in the all-out election of 1999. The Labour Party stayed in overall control of the council, which it had held continuously since its creation in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163400-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards\nThe 23rd Stinkers Bad Movie Awards were released by the Hastings Bad Cinema Society in 2001 to honour the worst films the film industry had to offer in 2000. The most nominated film of the year was Battlefield Earth with nine nominations, which also had eight wins. Worth noting is that there were no listed percentages of votes for each nominee; however, this would resurface with next year's ballot. Dishonourable mentions are also featured for Worst Picture (32 total).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163401-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stratford-on-Avon District Council election\nThe 2000 Stratford-on-Avon District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Stratford-on-Avon District Council in Warwickshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party gained overall control of the council from no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163401-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stratford-on-Avon District Council election, Campaign\n18 of the 55 seats on the council were contested in the election with the Conservatives defending 9, Liberal Democrats 5, Labour 2 and independents 2. The Conservatives contested all 18 seats and needed to make 4 gains to take overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163401-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Stratford-on-Avon District Council election, Campaign\nThe election in Stratford-on-Avon saw a trial of electronic voting in an attempt to increase turnout. However, there were some computer problems and delays in closing polling stations, which meant that results were delayed by an hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163401-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Stratford-on-Avon District Council election, Election result\nThe results saw the Conservatives achieve a majority on the council, 5 years after they lost the majority. They gained the 4 seats they had required, after winning 2 seats from the Liberal Democrats in Bidford and Stratford New Town wards, and 2 from Labour in Southam and Studley. As a result, the Conservative leader on the council, Bob Stevens, took over the leadership of the council from Liberal Democrat, Susan Juned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 65], "content_span": [66, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163402-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stroud District Council election\nThe 2000 Stroud Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Stroud District Council in Gloucestershire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163402-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stroud District Council election, Background\nBefore the election the council was run by an alliance between the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163403-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stuttgart Masters\nThe 2000 Stuttgart Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 12th edition of the event known that year as the Tennis Masters Series\u2013Stuttgart or Stuttgart Masters, and was part of the Tennis Masters Series events of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle in Stuttgart, Germany, from 30 October to 6 November 2000. Wayne Ferreira won the singles title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163403-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stuttgart Masters, Finals, Singles\nWayne Ferreira  defeated  Lleyton Hewitt, 7\u20136(8\u20136), 3\u20136, 6\u20137(5\u20137), 7\u20136(7\u20132), 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163403-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Stuttgart Masters, Finals, Doubles\nJi\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k/  David Rikl defeated  Donald Johnson /  Piet Norval, 6\u20132, 6\u20132", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163404-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stuttgart Masters \u2013 Doubles\nJonas Bj\u00f6rkman and Byron Black were the defending champions, but Black did not compete this year. Bj\u00f6rkman teamed up with David Prinosil and lost in semifinals to tournament winners Ji\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k and David Rikl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163404-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stuttgart Masters \u2013 Doubles\nJi\u0159\u00ed Nov\u00e1k and David Rikl won the title by defeating Donald Johnson and Piet Norval 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 6\u20134 in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163405-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Stuttgart Masters \u2013 Singles\nThomas Enqvist was the defending champion, but lost to Wayne Ferreira in the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163405-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Stuttgart Masters \u2013 Singles\nFerreira won in the final 7\u20136(8\u20136), 3\u20136, 6\u20137(5\u20137), 7\u20136 7\u20132), 6\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163405-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Stuttgart Masters \u2013 Singles, Seeds\nA champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. All sixteen seeds received a bye into the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163406-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sudanese general election\nGeneral elections were held in Sudan between 13 and 23 December 2000 to elect a President and National Assembly. The elections were boycotted by the main opposition parties including the Umma Party, the Democratic Unionist Party and the Popular National Congress, which accused the government of vote rigging. Only Omar al-Bashir\u2019s National Congress Party and a small number of minority parties contested the elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163406-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sudanese general election\nAbout 66% of Sudan\u2019s eligible voters cast ballots. Al-Bashir received 86.5% of the votes cast for a five-year presidential term. Former President Jaafar Nimeiry, who had returned to Sudan from exile in Egypt, polled 9.6% of the vote, and three other candidates received less than 4 percent among them. Voters also elected 275 members of the National Assembly to four-year terms. The ruling NCP won all but 10 seats; no other party contested 112 of the seats. Of the 90 specially selected positions, 35 went to women, 26 to university graduates, and 29 to trade union representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163406-0001-0001", "contents": "2000 Sudanese general election\nWomen constituted about 10 percent of the legislature\u2019s membership. An Organization of African Unity observer team concluded \u201cthat the overall exercise was an important step towards democratization and that it was conducted in a conducive atmosphere and in a satisfactory manner.\u201d Political parties that boycotted the elections had a decidedly different view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl\nThe 2000 Sugar Bowl was the designated Bowl Championship Series (BCS) National Championship Game for the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season and was played on January 4, 2000, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. The Florida State Seminoles, representing the Atlantic Coast Conference, defeated the Virginia Tech Hokies, representing the Big East Conference, by a score of 46\u201329. With the win, Florida State clinched the 1999 BCS national championship, the team's second national championship in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl\nAn estimated total of 79,280\u00a0people attended the game in person, while approximately 18.4\u00a0million US viewers watched the game on ABC television. The resulting 17.5\u00a0television rating was the third-largest ever recorded for a BCS college football game. Tickets were in high demand for the game, withs tens of thousands of fans from both teams attending, many using scalped tickets to gain entry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl\nThe game kicked off at 8\u00a0p.m. EST, and Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the game. Though Tech advanced down the field, Florida State scored first and took advantage of a blocked punt for a touchdown, giving the Seminoles a 14\u20130 lead in the first quarter. Tech answered with a touchdown drive of its own before the end of the quarter, but Florida State scored two quick touchdowns to begin the second quarter. Virginia Tech scored a touchdown before halftime, but halfway through the game, Florida State held a 28\u201314 lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl\nIn the third quarter, Virginia Tech's offense gave the Hokies a lead with a field goal and two touchdowns. Tech failed to convert two two-point conversions, but held a 29\u201328 lead at the end of the third quarter. Florida State answered in the fourth quarter, however, taking a 36\u201329 lead with a touchdown and successful two-point conversion early in the quarter. From this point, the Seminoles did not relinquish the lead, extending it to 46\u201329 with another touchdown and a field goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl\nFor his performance in the game, Florida State wide receiver Peter Warrick was named the game's most valuable player. Although Tech lost the game, several of its players won postseason awards\u2014most notably Michael Vick, who earned an ESPY for his performance during the Sugar Bowl and the regular season. Several players from each team entered the National Football League after graduation, being selected either in the 2000 NFL Draft or later editions of that selection process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection\nBy contract, the top two teams in the BCS Poll at the conclusion of the regular season were invited to the BCS national championship game. In 2000, the BCS Poll was a combination of four different systems: media and coaches' polls (Associated Press college football poll and USA Today Coaches' Poll), team records, a collection of eight different computer ranking systems, and a strength-of-schedule component based on opponent records. Under the BCS, the site of the national championship game rotated every year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection\nIn 2000, there were four BCS bowl games: the Rose Bowl, the Sugar Bowl, the Orange Bowl, and the Fiesta Bowl. The national championship game rotated to a different location each year, and the other three games served as bowl games for lower-ranked teams. Later, in 2007, the BCS National Championship was created, adding a fifth BCS bowl. In 2000, the Sugar Bowl was scheduled to host the national championship game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Florida State\nThe Florida State Seminoles ended the 1998 college football season with a 23\u201316 loss to the Tennessee Volunteers in the 1999 Fiesta Bowl, which was the national championship game that year. The loss was only the second of the season for Florida State, which had entered the game ranked No. 2 and favored against the No. 1 ranked Volunteers. Florida State players and coaches entered the off-season hoping to improve upon their runner-up finish in the national championship game the year before, and were voted the No. 1 team in the country in the annual Associated Press preseason poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Florida State\nFlorida State lived up to its No. 1 ranking in its first game of the 1999 college football season, routing unranked Louisiana Tech, 41\u20137. The following week, in their ACC opener, the Seminoles had a closer contest against Georgia Tech, but still earned a 41\u201335 victory. As the weeks went by, the wins continued to accumulate. FSU defeated North Carolina State, 42\u201311; North Carolina, 42\u201310;  and Duke, 51\u201323. In the seventh week of the college football season, the Seminoles faced off against a traditional rival: the Miami Hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Florida State\nHeading into the game, the Seminoles were without star wide receiver and potential Heisman Trophy candidate Peter Warrick, who was suspended from the team after being arrested for participating in a scheme to underpay for clothes at a Tallahassee, Florida clothing store. Despite the loss of Warrick, Florida State eked out a 31\u201321 victory over the Hurricanes after being tied, 21\u201321, at halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Florida State\nThe week after the Miami game, the Seminoles had an even closer call against the Clemson Tigers\u2014their closest, in fact, of the entire season. Despite the return of Peter Warrick, who was cleared of charges in a Florida courtroom, Florida State fell behind the Tigers in the first half. Trailing in Clemson, South Carolina, 14\u20133 at halftime, Florida State cut the gap to 14\u20136 with a field goal midway through the third quarter, then tied the game at the end of the third quarter with a touchdown and two-point conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0007-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Florida State\nThe Seminoles clinched the victory after a field goal late in the fourth quarter gave them a 17\u201314 lead and cemented the victory when a Clemson attempt to even the score with a field goal fell short. The victory was FSU head coach Bobby Bowden's 300th\u00a0win and came against his son, Tommy Bowden, coach of the Tigers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Florida State\nFlorida State earned easy wins with a 35\u201310 victory over Virginia  and a 49\u201310 win over Maryland before facing the rival Florida Gators in the final game of the Seminoles' regular season. Florida State led throughout the game, but had to fend off a last-minute Florida drive in order to clinch a 30\u201323 win and just the third perfect regular season in Florida State history. This season  later was termed the \"Wire to Wire\" season as the Seminoles kept their No. 1 ranking the entire season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Virginia Tech\nLike Florida State, the Virginia Tech Hokies began the 1999\u00a0college football season with raised expectations. In 1998, the Hokies had gone 9\u20133 during the regular season and had posted a 5\u20132 record against fellow Big East Conference teams. The Hokies concluded that 1998 season\u2014which was supposed to be a rebuilding year\u2014in the 1998 Music City Bowl, where the Hokies defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide, 38\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0009-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Virginia Tech\nWith the addition of redshirt freshman quarterback Michael Vick to a team that had allowed an average of just 12.9\u00a0points per game on defense, there was the possibility that Tech could improve upon its previous season's performance. Sports Illustrated, for example, predicted that the Hokies might challenge Miami for the Big East football championship, and the preseason Coaches' Poll ranked the Hokies No. 14 prior to the first game of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Virginia Tech\nIn their first game of the season, the Hokies lived up to expectations, shutting out James Madison University, 47\u20130. The game was the first time Tech had shut out an opponent in a season opener since 1953. The game was marred, however, by a leg injury to Michael Vick that caused him to leave the game. The following week, against the University of Alabama Birmingham, Vick did not play. Despite his absence, the Hokies still managed a 31\u201310 win. This was followed by a 31\u201311 Thursday-night victory over Clemson in Virginia Tech's first game against a Division I-A opponent during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Virginia Tech\nFollowing the win over Clemson, Tech faced traditional rival Virginia in the annual battle for the Commonwealth Cup. Despite the rivalry and the fact that Virginia was ranked the No. 24 team in the country, the Cavaliers put up even less of a struggle than Clemson. Virginia Tech won, 31\u20137. Now No. 5 in the country, Tech began to distance itself from other highly ranked teams with consecutive wins over Rutgers and Syracuse. The 62\u20130 shutout of No. 16 Syracuse was the largest victory ever recorded against a team ranked in the AP Poll. By this time, the Hokies were being described in media reports as a national championship contender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Virginia Tech\nFollowing a 30\u201317 victory at Pittsburgh, Virginia Tech traveled to Morgantown, West Virginia, to face the West Virginia Mountaineers in the annual battle for the Black Diamond Trophy. In West Virginia, Virginia Tech eked out a 22\u201320 victory with a last-second field goal from placekicker Shayne Graham. It was Tech's closest victory of the season and moved the Hokies to the No. 2 ranking in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Team selection, Virginia Tech\nFollowing the win over West Virginia, Tech defeated Miami, 43\u201310, and Temple, 62\u20137, to clinch the Big East championship. In the final game of the regular season, the Hokies beat Boston College, 38\u201314, cementing the third unbeaten season in Virginia Tech history and the Hokies' first since 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup\nIn the month prior to the Sugar Bowl, media attention focused on Virginia Tech's sudden rise to national prominence and Florida State's perennial appearance in the national championship game. The Seminoles had the most top-5 finishes and the most national championship game appearances of any team in the 1990s, including a national championship victory in 1993. Many media stories focused on the apparent David and Goliath showdown between the two teams, with the Seminoles in the role of the overdog and the Hokies in the role of the underdog. Because of this fact, spread bettors favored Florida State to win the game by 5.5\u00a0points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup\nTens of thousands of fans from both teams traveled to the game, often purchasing ticket and travel packages for thousands of dollars. The limited numbers of tickets available for the game were in high demand by fans of both teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Florida State offense\nThe Seminoles threw for no fewer than 229\u00a0passing yards in every game during the regular season and averaged 12.7\u00a0points per game more than its opponents. On the ground, the Seminoles averaged 122.8\u00a0rushing yards per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Florida State offense\nLeading the Florida State offense was quarterback Chris Weinke, a former baseball player who, at 27\u00a0years old, was by far the oldest player on the Seminoles' team. After suffering a neck injury in the 1998 college football season, Weinke recovered to complete 232 of 377 pass attempts for 3,103\u00a0yards, 25\u00a0touchdowns, and 14\u00a0interceptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Florida State offense\nWeinke's favorite target was wide receiver Peter Warrick, who led all Seminole receivers with 71\u00a0receptions and 931\u00a0yards in just nine games during the regular season. Five times, Warrick earned more than 100\u00a0receiving yards in a game. Warrick's season was shortened by a two-game suspension following his arrest for underpaying for clothes, but he still was named an All-America selection at wide receiver, signifying his status as one of the best players in the country at the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Florida State offense\nFlorida State placekicker Sebastian Janikowski, who was born in Poland, also was a key component of the Seminoles' scoring offense. In his career at Florida State prior to the Sugar Bowl, Janikowski made 65 of 83\u00a0field goal attempts, including 33 of his previous 38\u00a0kicks of less than 50\u00a0yards. Janikowski also handled kickoffs, kicking the ball so hard that 57 of his 83\u00a0kickoffs were touchbacks. Janikowski was considered to have the potential to be an early selection in the 2000 NFL Draft by several scouts for professional teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense\nDuring the regular season, Virginia Tech's offense outscored opponents by an average of 31\u00a0points per game. Tech averaged 254\u00a0yards rushing per game, the eighth-highest average in the nation. Important to that success was running back Shyrone Stith, who had 1,119\u00a0rushing yards during the regular season. Even more important to the Hokies' success, however, was quarterback Michael Vick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense\nVick was recognized by multiple nationwide publications for his performance during the regular season. His passer rating was the highest of any quarterback in the country, and he completed 59.2\u00a0percent of his 152\u00a0passes for 1,840\u00a0yards, 12\u00a0touchdowns, and five interceptions. In addition, He rushed for 585\u00a0yards and eight touchdowns on 108\u00a0carries. Vick was named Big East Offensive Player of the Year and was the runner-up in voting for the Associated Press Player of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0021-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense\nVick's average of 242\u00a0yards of total offense per game were the most in the country, and his 184\u00a0passing yards per game were the second-most. In addition, Vick finished third in the voting for the Heisman Trophy, traditionally given to the best college football player in the country. He was featured in multiple national publications, including on the cover of Sports Illustrated twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense\nA handful of days before the Sugar Bowl, Tech wide receiver Ricky Hall broke a bone in his foot during practice and was considered unlikely to play. Hall was Tech's second-leading receiver, having caught 25\u00a0passes for 398\u00a0yards and three touchdowns. In addition, Hall was the Hokies' starting punt returner, and had returned 40\u00a0kicks for 510\u00a0yards and one touchdown, setting a school record for punt return yardage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech offense\nTech placekicker Shayne Graham won Big East Special Teams Player of the Year honors after scoring 107\u00a0points during the regular season. That mark set a Big East record, and Graham's 372\u00a0career points during his four years with the Hokies were an NCAA record at the time. Graham's award ensured Tech won all five of the Big East's player and coach of the year awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Florida State defense\nThe Florida State defense was considered key to reining in Tech quarterback Vick. The Seminoles allowed less than 100\u00a0rushing yards per game on average, and intercepted 22\u00a0passes during the regular season. The Seminoles were ranked 15th nationally in pass defense at the end of the regular season but had allowed increasing amounts of pass yardage in the latter games of the season. Despite that fact, the Florida State defense's main concern was Michael Vick's ability to run the football. Said Florida State defensive coordinator Mickey Andrews: \"A guy like that usually gives us problems, considering the type of (4\u20133 gap) defense we run. When a quarterback gets out of the pocket, that could hurt us for big yardage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Florida State defense\nThe Seminole defense was led by nose guard Corey Simon, who accumulated 48\u00a0solo tackles, four sacks, and one interception. For his accomplishments during the regular season, Simon earned consensus first-team All-America honors. Despite his accomplishments, Simon was not the Seminoles' leading tackler. That honor went to linebacker Tommy Polley, who accumulated 67\u00a0tackles during the season. Fellow linebacker Brian Allen contributed five quarterback sacks, the most in that statistical category for Florida State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech defense\nIn the important category of scoring defense, the Hokies were the top-ranked defense in the country, allowing only 10.5 points per game. The team was ranked No. 3 in the country in both total defense and rushing defense. On average, Tech allowed just 247.3\u00a0total yards and 75.9\u00a0rushing yards per game. Tech's pass defense was No. 7 in the country, allowing an average of 171.4\u00a0passing yards per game. The Hokies permitted no more than 226\u00a0passing yards to any team during the regular season, and no opposing player earned 100\u00a0receiving yards. Tech defenders also accumulated 58\u00a0sacks during the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Pregame buildup, Virginia Tech defense\nVirginia Tech defensive end Corey Moore was the top performer on the Hokie defense. Moore accumulated 55\u00a0tackles and 17\u00a0sacks during the regular season, and was named Big East Defensive Player of the Year and to the Associated Press All-America team. In the first week of December, Moore was awarded the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, given to the best defensive college football player in the country. Tech's other defensive end was John Engelberger, who earned seven sacks, six other tackles for loss and 16\u00a0quarterback hurries. Engelberger was projected by pro scouts to be the first Tech player selected in the 2000 NFL Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary\nThe 2000 Sugar Bowl kicked off at 8\u00a0p.m. EST on January 4, 2000, at the Louisiana Superdome, in New Orleans. A crowd of 79,280\u00a0people attended the game in person, and an estimated 18.4\u00a0million people watched the game's television broadcast on ABC, earning the broadcast a television rating of 17.5, the third-highest rating ever recorded for a BCS game. ABC estimates were higher, speculating that at least 54\u00a0million people watched at least a portion of the broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0028-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary\nBrent Musburger, Gary Danielson, Lynn Swann, and Jack Arute were the television commentators for the event, and Ron Franklin, Mike Gottfried, and Adrian Karsten provided commentary for the ESPN Radio broadcast of the game. In exchange for their performance at the game, Virginia Tech and Florida State each received more than $4\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary\nThe traditional pregame singing of the national anthem was performed by the Zion Harmonizers, a New Orleans gospel quartet. Steve Shaw was the referee. Actor John Goodman performed the ceremonial pre-game coin toss to determine first possession of the ball. Florida State won the coin toss and elected to kick off to Virginia Tech to begin the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nVirginia Tech received the game's opening kickoff in their end zone for a touchback, and the Tech offense began at its 20-yard line. On the game's first play, Tech committed a five-yard false start penalty. Running back Shyrone Stith was stopped for a loss on the first non-penalty play of the game, but Tech made up both that loss and the penalty when quarterback Michael Vick scrambled for 25\u00a0yards and a first down. Vick then ran for another nine yards, pushing the line of scrimmage near midfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0030-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nTech executed an option run to Stith, who ran inside the Florida State 30-yard line. Tech picked up a few yards with a run up the middle, then Vick completed a pass to Davis, giving the Hokies a first down at the Florida State 13-yard line. Stith picked up seven yards on a rush to the six-yard line, but the Seminole defense stiffened, and Tech was unable to pick up the remaining three yards needed for a first down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0030-0002", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nFacing a fourth down and needing less than a yard to pick up another first down inside the Florida State three-yard line, Tech head coach Frank Beamer kept his offense on the field to attempt to gain the first down rather than kick a field goal. On the attempt, however, Vick fumbled the ball forward into the end zone, where Florida State recovered it for a touchback. Virginia Tech was thus denied the first score of the game, and Florida State's offense entered the game for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nStarting at their 20-yard line after the touchback, Florida State's first play was a five-yard rush by running back Travis Minor. Quarterback Chris Weinke then completed a three-yard pass to wide receiver Peter Warrick, who was stopped short of the first down. After the next play failed to gain positive yardage, the Seminoles were forced to punt. Virginia Tech's offense began their second series after a short punt return to the 31-yard line. After an incomplete pass from Vick, Stith picked up a Tech first down with two running plays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0031-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nFrom their 43-yard line, Tech executed an end-around for a first down. Florida State also committed a five-yard facemask penalty that pushed Tech to the Seminoles' 40-yard line. Tech was stopped for losses on subsequent plays and committed a five-yard false start penalty, but Vick completed an 18-yard pass to Davis for a first down, making up the losses. Tech was unable to make good the losses accumulated on the next three plays, when Vick was sacked after throwing two incomplete passes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0031-0002", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nTech punted, the ball rolled into the end zone, and Florida State's offense began again at its 20-yard line. Weinke threw two incomplete passes before connecting on a first-down throw to wide receiver Ron Dugans. On the next play, Weinke connected on a 64-yard throw to Warrick for a Florida State touchdown and the first points of the game. The extra point attempt was successful, and Florida State took a 7\u20130 lead with 3:22 remaining in the first quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nFollowing Florida State's post-touchdown kickoff, Virginia Tech's offense began its third possession of the game at the Tech 24-yard line after a short kick return. Running back Andre Kendrick ran for a short gain, but on the next play Vick was called for an intentional grounding penalty while attempting to avoid a sack. The Hokies were unable to make up the yardage lost by the penalty and punted after failing to gain a first down. Owing to the penalty, Tech punter Jimmy Kibble was forced to kick from his own end zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0032-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nFlorida State was able to break through the Tech offensive line during the punt and blocked the kick. The ball was picked up by Florida State defender Jeff Chaney, who dashed into the end zone for Florida State's second touchdown of the game. The score and extra point gave Florida State a 14\u20130 lead with 2:14 remaining in the first quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nFlorida State's kickoff was downed for a touchback, and Tech began at its 20-yard line. On the first play of the possession, Florida State committed a 15-yard pass interference penalty that gave Tech a first down at its 35-yard line. Tech was further aided by two five-yard penalties against Florida State that gave the Hokies another first down, and Vick completed a short pass across midfield. On the first play in Florida State territory, Vick completed a 49-yard throw to wide receiver Andr\u00e9 Davis for Tech's first touchdown of the game. The extra point attempt was good, and with 30\u00a0seconds remaining in the quarter, Tech narrowed Florida State's lead to 14\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, First quarter\nFollowing Virginia Tech's kickoff and a touchback, Florida State's offense started work at its 20-yard line. Tech committed a five-yard penalty, and as the final seconds of the quarter ticked off, Florida State ran up the middle for five yards and a first down. At the end of the first quarter, the score was 14\u20137, Florida State leading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter\nThe second quarter began with Florida State in possession of the ball, facing a first down at its 30-yard line. After picking up short yardage on two consecutive plays, Weinke completed a 63-yard pass to Dugans, who ran down the field for a touchdown. The extra point was successful, and with 13:45 remaining in the second quarter, Florida State extended its lead to 21\u20137. Following the Florida State kickoff, Virginia Tech returned the ball to the 33-yard line, where Tech's offense began operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0035-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter\nTech committed an offensive pass interference penalty, and Tech was forced to punt after being unable to gain a first down after the penalty. The Seminoles' Peter Warrick was assigned to return the punt, and he fielded the ball at the Florida State 41-yard line. Thanks to several key blocks from other Florida State players, Warrick was able to run 59\u00a0unimpeded yards to the end zone for a touchdown. With 11:34 still remaining before halftime, the Seminoles extended their lead to 28\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter\nFollowing the Florida State kickoff, Virginia Tech attempted to answer Florida State's kick-return touchdown with one of its own. Kendrick fielded the ball at the Virginia Tech goal line and returned it 63 yards, all the way to the Florida State 37-yard line, where the Hokie offense began work. Despite the good field position, Tech was unable to gain a first down. Tech kicker Shayne Graham was sent into the game, seemingly to attempt a 51-yard field goal. Instead of kicking the ball, Graham attempted to run the ball for a first down. Graham fumbled short of the first down, and Florida State took over on offense with 9:43 remaining in the first half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter\nOn the Seminoles' first offensive play of the drive, they attempted a flea flicker pass, which was caught by Warrick at the Virginia Tech 33-yard line for a 33-yard gain. Following the play, Weinke was sacked for the first time by the Tech defense. This was followed immediately by Tech's second sack, which pushed Weinke back into the Seminoles' side of the field. On the third play of the Seminole drive, Weinke attempted to scramble for yardage, but was stopped short of the needed mark. Florida State's punt was downed at the Virginia Tech one-yard line, which was where the Tech offense began work. Florida State's defense prevented the Hokies from gaining a first down, and Tech again had to punt from its end zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter\nFollowing the kick and a short return, Florida State began a drive at the Tech 34-yard line, seemingly in excellent field position. But on the first play of the State drive, the Seminoles were stopped for a loss. State was able to pick up a short gain on the second play, but on the third, Weinke was sacked for the third time in the game. After the Seminole punt and a touchback, Tech's offense started at its 20-yard line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0038-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter\nThe Hokies picked up a first down with an option run to Stith, then Vick ran for a long gain and another first down at the Florida State 20-yard line. Stith picked up seven yards on a rush up the middle of the field, then Vick completed a first-down pass to Derek Carter inside the Seminole 10-yard line. Kendrick advanced the ball to the Seminole three-yard line, then Vick ran the remaining yardage for a touchdown. Following the extra point, Tech cut Florida State's lead to 28\u201314 with 37 seconds remaining in the first half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Second quarter\nAfter the Virginia Tech kickoff and a Florida State return to their 17-yard line, Florida State began running out the clock to bring the half to an end. At halftime, Florida State held a 28\u201314 lead over Virginia Tech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Halftime\nAt halftime, several organizations and groups performed under the overarching theme of a \"Gospel Jubilee.\" The halftime show was organized by Douglas K. Green and Bowl Games of America, a company founded to provide similar services to bowl games across the United States. Multiple high school bands and dance teams from Kansas to Florida entertained the crowd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter\nBecause Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the game, Florida State received the ball to begin the second half. The Seminoles returned the kickoff to their 22-yard line, and on the first play of the second half attempted a lateral pass. Virginia Tech defender Corey Moore knocked the ball down and out of bounds, causing a loss of 16 yards. Despite the loss, Weinke was able to make good the needed yards with a 28-yard pass to Minor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0041-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter\nMinor picked up short yardage on a run up the middle, then Weinke passed for another first down, advancing the ball to the State 45-yard line. On first down, Weinke fumbled, but managed to recover the ball after a five-yard loss. Unlike before, State was unable to regain the lost yardage and was forced to punt. Virginia Tech returned the kick to their 33-yard line, where the Tech offense began work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter\nVick passed for six yards, then ran an option for 12\u00a0yards and a first down. Now on State's side of the field, however, the Tech offense was unable to gain another first down and punted back to Florida State, which returned the kick to its 21-yard line. State was stopped short on consecutive plays, committed a five-yard false start penalty, then was stopped for no gain on third down. After going three and out, State punted back to the Hokies, who returned the ball to the Seminoles' 41-yard line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0042-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter\nOn the first play of the drive, Vick completed a 26-yard pass to the Tech fullback, Hawkins. After three rushes failed to pick up the first down at the Florida State five-yard line, Tech coach Frank Beamer sent in Graham to kick a 23-yard field goal. The kick was successful, and with 7:54 remaining in the quarter, Tech cut Florida State's lead to 28\u201317.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter\nVirginia Tech's post-touchdown kickoff was downed for a touchback, and Florida State's offense started a drive at its 20-yard line. Weinke completed one pass, but two others fell incomplete, and Florida State punted after again going three and out. The Hokies returned the State kick to the Seminoles' 36-yard line with a 45-yard return. Vick threw an incomplete pass, ran for seven yards, then handed it off to Kendrick, who broke through the Florida State defense and ran ahead 29\u00a0yards for a touchdown. Rather than attempt an extra point, Beamer ordered a two-point conversion in an attempt to cut Florida State's lead to just three points. The play, which was Tech's first two-point attempt that season, failed. Even without an extra point, the touchdown still cut Florida State's lead to 28\u201323.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter\nAfter the post-score kickoff and return, Florida State began at its 22-yard line. Weinke completed a first-down pass to Warrick, but Warrick committed a 15-yard personal foul penalty in the process. On the next play, Weinke attempted a long pass downfield, but Tech defender Anthony Midget intercepted the ball at the Tech 41-yard line. Trailing by five, Tech's offense began a drive to potentially further cut Florida State's lead or put the Hokies in the lead themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0044-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter\nAfter slipping on the field and taking a loss, Vick completed a 20-yard pass to Hawkins, who picked up a first down and pushed Tech to the Florida State 39-yard line. After a short rush by Kendrick, Vick scrambled to the State 21-yard line for another first down. On the next play, Vick was sacked for a seven-yard loss, but recovered the lost ground by running for 22\u00a0yards on the next play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0044-0002", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter\nWith a first down at the Seminoles' seven-yard line, Vick handed the ball to Kendrick, who ran seven yards straight ahead for a Tech touchdown, giving the Hokies the lead for the first time in the game. Again, Beamer ordered a two-point conversion attempt, but again, Florida State stopped the Hokies short. Despite that failure to pick up the two-point conversion, Tech took a 29\u201328 lead with 2:13 remaining in the quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Third quarter\nThe Seminoles returned Tech's post-score kick to their 15-yard line, where Florida State's offense began work again, hoping to regain the lead for State. Weinke completed a seven-yard pass to Warrick, then was sacked by the Virginia Tech defense. Weinke overcame the loss on the next play with a 19-yard first-down pass. State continued to advance the ball with short passes, as Weinke completed a five-yard throw. Chaney gained three yards on a rush to the right as the final seconds of the third quarter ticked off the clock, setting up an important third-down play. With one quarter remaining, Virginia Tech led Florida State, 29\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Fourth quarter\nFlorida State began the fourth quarter in possession of the ball and facing a third down, needing three yards for a first down. Weinke completed a pass for just short of the needed three yards. Instead of punting the ball away, Florida State head coach Bobby Bowden ordered the team to attempt to convert the first down. He brought backup quarterback Marcus Outzen into the game as a misdirection move, and instead of running a quarterback sneak as anticipated, Outzen tossed the ball to Minor, who ran for 16\u00a0yards and a first down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0046-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Fourth quarter\nDuring the play, Virginia Tech committed a 15-yard personal foul penalty that advanced the ball further and gave Florida State a first down at the Virginia Tech 23-yard line. Weinke returned to the game and threw a 10-yard pass to Chaney for another first down. Weinke threw an incomplete pass, then Tech stopped a rush up the middle for no gain. On third down, Weinke connected on a touchdown pass to Dugans, returning the lead to Florida State. The Seminoles, as had Virginia Tech before them, elected to attempt a two-point conversion. Unlike Virginia Tech's failed two-point conversions, the Seminoles successfully earned two points with a pass to Warrick, and the scores gave Florida State a 36\u201329 lead with 12:59 remaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Fourth quarter\nTech received Florida State's kickoff at its goal line and returned the ball to the 11-yard line, where Tech's offense took over. Kendrick ran for 12\u00a0yards and a first down, but then Vick fumbled on a rush to the left. Florida State recovered the ball, and the Seminoles' offense was given the ball at the Virginia Tech 35-yard line. On the first play after the fumble, Chaney broke free for a long run that gave State a first down inside the Virginia Tech 10-yard line. The Seminoles were pushed backward on two consecutive plays and committed a chop block before Bowden was forced to send in Janikowski to kick a 32-yard field goal. The kick gave Florida State a 39\u201329 lead with 10:26 remaining in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Fourth quarter\nJanikowski's post-score kickoff was downed for a touchback, and Vick and the Tech offense began at their 20-yard line. On the Hokies' first play, Davis ran for 16\u00a0yards and a first down on an end-around similar to the one he ran in the first quarter. Despite that success, the Hokies were unable to gain another first down. Appearing to punt the ball away, Tech ran a trick play where the punter attempted to rush for a first down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0048-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Fourth quarter\nHe was stopped short of the needed mark, however, and Florida State's offense returned to the field, beginning at the Tech 43-yard line. On the first play after taking over, Weinke completed a 43-yard pass to Warrick for a touchdown. The score and extra point gave Florida State a 46\u201329 lead with 7:42 remaining in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Fourth quarter\nWith less than half a quarter remaining and down by three scores, Virginia Tech had a nearly insurmountable deficit to overcome. The Hokies fielded the kickoff for a touchback, and the Tech offense began at its 20-yard line. On the Hokies' first and second plays of the drive, Vick was sacked for losses. The third play was an incomplete pass, and the Hokies were forced to punt. After fielding the kick at their 38-yard line, Florida State began running out the clock by running the ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0049-0001", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Fourth quarter\nAfter failing to gain a first down on two consecutive rushes and an incomplete pass, Florida State punted. The ball rolled into the end zone, and Tech's offense began again at its 20-yard line. Vick threw for short yardage, then Kendrick ran for a first down at the Tech 37-yard line. Vick completed a 23-yard first down pass to Emmet Johnson, and the Hokies entered Florida State territory with the clock ticking steadily down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0049-0002", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Game summary, Fourth quarter\nOn the first play in Seminoles' territory, Vick completed another 23-yard pass, this time to Davis, who picked up a first down at the Florida State 23-yard line. Thanks to a holding penalty against the Seminoles, Tech was granted a first down at the State eight-yard line. Vick threw an incomplete pass, ran for three yards, and then threw another pass to a player who was stopped short of the goal line. Facing fourth down and needing just two yards for a touchdown, Tech attempted to pass for the touchdown, but Vick was sacked and turned the ball over on downs with 1:12 remaining. With almost no time remaining, Florida State continued running down the clock and earned the 46\u201329 victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Statistical summary\nIn recognition of his performance during the game, Florida Statewide receiver Peter Warrick was named the game's most valuable player. Warrick caught six passes for 163\u00a0yards and two touchdowns, leading all receivers in yardage and scores. Warrick also had a 59-yard punt return for a touchdown and a two-point conversion, accounting for 20 of the Seminoles' 46\u00a0points. The 20\u00a0points scored by Warrick were a Sugar Bowl record for most points scored by an individual player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Statistical summary\nDespite Warrick's individual performance, Virginia Tech was more successful in a team effort, compiling 503\u00a0total yards compared to Florida State's 359\u00a0yards. Virginia Tech quarterback Michael Vick completed 15 of 29\u00a0passes for 225\u00a0passing yards and one passing touchdown. Vick also ran the ball 23\u00a0times for 97\u00a0yards in his performance as the game's leading rusher. Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke was the game's best passer, completing 20 of his 34\u00a0pass attempts for 329\u00a0yards, four touchdowns, and one interception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Statistical summary\nWeinke's favorite target was game MVP Peter Warrick, but several other Seminoles also benefited from Weinke's passing efficiency. Ron Dugans caught five passes for 99\u00a0yards and two touchdowns, Minnis caught two passes for 25\u00a0yards, and Minor caught two for 23\u00a0yards. For Virginia Tech, Davis caught seven passes for 108\u00a0yards and a touchdown, Hawkins caught two passes for 49\u00a0yards, and Kendrick caught two passes for 27\u00a0yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Statistical summary\nIn terms of rushing offense, the two teams differed wildly. Virginia Tech, led by Vick, ran for 278\u00a0rushing yards. Florida State, meanwhile, ran for just 30\u00a0yards. The Seminoles were led on the ground by Chaney, who carried the ball four times for 43\u00a0yards, and Minor, who carried the ball nine times for 35\u00a0yards. Much of these two players' rushing total was negated by Chris Weinke, who lost 41\u00a0yards on seven carries. Virginia Tech, bolstered by Vick's 97\u00a0rushing yards, also saw Andr\u00e9 Kendrick accumulate 69\u00a0yards and two touchdowns with 12\u00a0carries and Shyrone Stith pick up 68\u00a0yards on 11\u00a0carries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Postgame effects\nFlorida State's victory earned it the 1999 BCS national championship and brought the Seminoles' season to an end with an undefeated 12\u20130 record. By beginning the season at No. 1 and ending it in the same position, Florida State became the first college football team to stay ranked No. 1 for every week of the season after being ranked No. 1 in the preseason poll. Virginia Tech's loss brought it to a final record of 11\u20131, but the Hokies still completed their first 11-win season in school history. The 75\u00a0total points scored in the 2000 Sugar Bowl were a Sugar Bowl record at that point in the game's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Postgame effects, Coaching changes\nBoth teams made changes to their respective coaching staffs in the weeks that followed the Sugar Bowl. Chuck Amato resigned from his position as linebackers coach for Florida State to take the head coaching position at North Carolina State. His role as linebackers coach was filled by Joe Kines, whom Bobby Bowden hired from the University of Georgia. Amato's role as assistant head coach was filled by Jim Gladden, who had been a coach at Florida State for more than 25 years at the time he was named the assistant head coach. At Virginia Tech, head coach Frank Beamer also made some changes to his coaching staff, promoting several position coaches to higher positions in the Tech football hierarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Postgame effects, Postseason awards\nIn recognition of their achievements during the regular season and during the 2000 Sugar Bowl, multiple players and coaches from each team earned awards and recognition after the conclusion of the game. Tech quarterback Michael Vick, despite leading the losing team in the Sugar Bowl, won an ESPY for college football player of the year on February 14, more than a month after the Sugar Bowl. In addition, Virginia Tech head coach Frank Beamer won multiple coach of the year awards, most notably the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award, which was presented to Beamer on March 6. One of Beamer's assistant coaches, Bud Foster, was named the top defensive coordinator in Division I-A football by American Football Coach Magazine in its annual award. Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke won the 2000 Heisman Trophy after the conclusion of the 2000 college football season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Postgame effects, 2000 NFL Draft\nSeveral players from each team were picked by professional teams to play in the National Football League during the 2000 NFL Draft, held April 15 and 16, in New York City. Florida State had three players selected in the first round of the draft and seven players taken overall. Peter Warrick was the first player picked, selected with the fourth overall selection by the Cincinnati Bengals. Defensive tackle Corey Simon was selected two picks later with the sixth overall selection, and placekicker Sebastian Janikowski was taken 17th. Later rounds saw Ron Dugans (66th), Laveranues Coles (78th), Jerry Johnson (101st), and Mario Edwards (180th) taken in the draft from Florida State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0058-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Postgame effects, 2000 NFL Draft\nVirginia Tech had no players selected in the first round of the draft but saw five players taken from the second round onward. Defensive end John Engelberger was the first Hokie taken in the 2000 draft, and was picked with the 35th overall selection. He was followed by cornerback Ike Charlton, who was taken with the 52nd pick in the draft. Corey Moore (89th), Anthony Midget (134th), and Shyrone Stith (243rd) also were taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0059-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Postgame effects, 2000 NFL Draft\nSome players who participated in the 2000 Sugar Bowl elected to delay their entry into the NFL Draft, either because they hoped to finish their education or because they were not three years removed from their high school graduations and thus were not eligible to enter the draft. Examples of these players included Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke, who returned to Florida State to complete his senior year, and Virginia Tech quarterback Michael Vick, who was not eligible to enter the draft in 2000, but who was taken with the first overall selection in the 2001 NFL Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0060-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Postgame effects, Subsequent seasons\nFlorida State entered the 2000 college football season with hopes of following up its victory in the 2000 Sugar Bowl with another national championship. The Seminoles' regular-season performance differed slightly from 1999, as they lost a regular-season game to Miami, yet still appeared in a third consecutive national championship game: the 2001 Orange Bowl. Unlike in 2000, the Seminoles emerged on the losing side of a 13\u20132 score. Virginia Tech, like Florida State, had hoped to attend the national championship game again, but an injury to star quarterback Michael Vick caused the Hokies to lose a regular-season game at third-ranked Miami, eliminating them from national championship contention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163407-0061-0000", "contents": "2000 Sugar Bowl, Postgame effects, Subsequent seasons\nThe following season, neither Florida State nor Virginia Tech competed for a national championship, but both teams played in the 2002 Gator Bowl, their first matchup in two years. Following the Gator Bowl, Florida State next met Virginia Tech in the 2005 ACC Championship Game after the Hokies left the Big East for the Atlantic Coast Conference. Florida State won that contest, 27\u201322. Not until the 2007 college football season did Virginia Tech finally avenge its losses to the Seminoles with a 40\u201321 win en route to an Atlantic Coast Conference championship. It was the first game in fifteen consecutive matchups between the two teams that Virginia Tech had won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163408-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup\nThe 2000 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup was the tenth edition of field hockey tournament the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Pakistan won their successive second title after beating South Korea 1-0 with a late minute goal by Kamran Ashraf in the final becoming the first side to retain the Azlan Shah Cup since its inaugural edition. Pakistan's captain and goalkeeper Ahmed Alam was voted as player of the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics\nThe 2000 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and also known as Sydney 2000, the Millennium Olympic Games or the Games of the New Millennium) were an international multi-sport event held from 15\u00a0September to 1\u00a0October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It marked the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and in the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics\nSydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 Games in 1993. Teams from 199 countries participated in the 2000 Games, which were the first to feature at least 300 events in its official sports programme. The Games' cost was estimated to be A$6.6\u00a0billion. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch before the arrival of his successor Jacques Rogge. These were also the second Olympic Games to be held in spring, and to date the most recent Games not to be held in its more traditional summer slot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics\nThe 2000 Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship, and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson of The Times called the Sydney Games \"one of the most successful events on the world stage\", saying that they \"couldn't be better\". James Mossop of the Electronic Telegraph called the Games \"such a success that any city considering bidding for future Olympics must be wondering how it can reach the standards set by Sydney\", while Jack Todd of the Montreal Gazette suggested that the \"IOC should quit while it's ahead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics\nAdmit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it,\" as \"Sydney was both exceptional and the best\". These games would provide the inspiration for London's winning bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in 2005; in preparing for the 2012 Games, Lord Coe declared the 2000 Games the \"benchmark for the spirit of the Games, unquestionably\", admitting that the London organising committee \"attempted in a number of ways to emulate what the Sydney Organising Committee did.\" The final medal tally at the 2000 Summer Olympics was led by the United States, followed by Russia and China with host Australia at fourth place overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Host city selection\nSydney won the right to host the Games on 24 September 1993, after being selected over Beijing, Berlin, Istanbul and Manchester in four rounds of voting, at the 101st IOC Session in Monte Carlo, Monaco. The Australian city of Melbourne had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics three years earlier. Beijing lost its bid to host the games to Sydney in 1993, but was later awarded the 2008 Summer Olympics in July 2001 after Sydney hosted the previous year, and it would eventually be awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics twenty-two years later in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Host city selection\nThe Beijing loss to Sydney was seen as a \"significant blow\" to an \"urgent political priority\" of the Communist Party leadership having mounted the most vigorous 2000 Olympic games campaign of any nation. Although it is unknown as to why members of the International Olympic Committee voted for Sydney over Beijing in 1993, it appears that an important role was played by Human Rights Watch's campaign to \"stop Beijing\" because of China's human rights record and international isolation following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. Many in China were angry at what they saw as U.S.-led interference in the vote, and the outcome contributed to rising anti-Western sentiment in China and tensions in Sino-American relations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Costs\nThe Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at US$5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Costs\nThis includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organising committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast centre, and media and press centre, which are required to host the Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0004-0002", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Costs\nIndirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016, US$40\u201344 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. The average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Costs\nIn 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6\u00a0billion, with a net cost to the public between A$1.7 and A$2.4\u00a0billion. Many venues were constructed in the Sydney Olympic Park, which failed in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and health programs to cover Olympic expenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Costs\nIt has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1\u00a0billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, foreign tourism to NSW grew by less than tourism to Australia as a whole. A \"multiplier\" effect on broader economic development is not realised, as a simple \"multiplier\" analysis fails to capture is that resources have to be redirected from elsewhere: the building of a stadium is at the expense of other public works such as extensions to hospitals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Costs\nBuilding sporting venues does not add to the aggregate stock of productive capital in the years following the Games: \"Equestrian centres, softball compounds and man-made rapids are not particularly useful beyond their immediate function.\" In the years after the games, infrastructure issues have been of growing concern to citizens, especially those in the western suburbs of Sydney. Proposed rail links to Sydney's west have been estimated to cost in the same order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Preliminary matches\nAlthough the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15\u00a0September, the football competitions began with preliminary matches on 13\u00a0September. Among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1\u20130 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 1: 15 September, Cultural display highlights\nThe opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and the importance of the stock horse in Australia's heritage. It was produced and filmed by the Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster Channel 7. This was introduced by lone rider Steve Jefferys and his rearing Australian Stock Horse Ammo. At the cracking of Jefferys' stockwhip, a further 120 riders entered the stadium, their stock horses performing intricate steps, including forming the five Olympic Rings, to a special Olympics version of the theme, which Bruce Rowland had previously composed for the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 121], "content_span": [122, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 1: 15 September, Cultural display highlights\nThe Australian National Anthem was sung, the first verse by Human Nature and the second by Julie Anthony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 121], "content_span": [122, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 1: 15 September, Cultural display highlights\nThe ceremony continued, showing many aspects of the land and its people: the affinity of the mainly coastal-dwelling Australians with the sea that surrounds the \"Island Continent\". The indigenous occupation of the land, the coming of the First Fleet, the continued immigration from many nations and the rural industry on which the economy of the nation was built, including a display representing the harshness of rural life based on the paintings of Sir Sidney Nolan. Two memorable scenes were the representation of the \"Heart\" of the country by 200 Aboriginal women from Central Australia who danced up \"the mighty spirit of God to protect the Games\" and the overwhelmingly noisy representation of the construction industry by hundreds of tap-dancing teenagers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 121], "content_span": [122, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 1: 15 September, Cultural display highlights\nBecause Bibi Salisachs (the wife of IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch) was seriously ill and unable to accompany her husband to the Olympics, Dawn Fraser, former Australian Olympic Champion swimmer and member of the Parliament of New South Wales, accompanied Samaranch during the Australian cultural display, explaining to him some of the cultural references that are unfamiliar to non-Australians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 121], "content_span": [122, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 1: 15 September, Formal presentation\nA record 199 nations entered the stadium, with a record 80 of them winning at least one medal. The only missing IOC member was Afghanistan, who was banned due to the extremist rule of the Taliban's oppression of women and its prohibition of sports. The ceremony featured a unified entrance by the athletes of North and South Korea, using a specially designed unification flag: a white background flag with a blue map of the Korean Peninsula. Four athletes from East Timor also marched in the parade of nations as Individual Olympic Athletes and marched directly before the Host country. Although the country-to-be had no National Olympic Committee then, they were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag with country code IOA. The Governor-General, Sir William Deane, opened the games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 113], "content_span": [114, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 1: 15 September, Formal presentation\nThe Olympic Flag was carried around the arena by eight former Australian Olympic champions: Bill Roycroft, Murray Rose, Liane Tooth, Gillian Rolton, Marjorie Jackson, Lorraine Crapp, Michael Wenden and Nick Green. During the raising of the Olympics Flag, the Olympic Hymn was sung by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia in Greek. Following this, Tina Arena sang a purpose-written pop song, The Flame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 113], "content_span": [114, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 1: 15 September, Formal presentation\nThe opening ceremony concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Flame, which was brought into the stadium by former Australian Olympic champion Herb Elliott. Then, celebrating 100 years of women's participation in the Olympic Games, former Australian women Olympic medalists Betty Cuthbert and Raelene Boyle, Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland (later Shirley Strickland de la Hunty), Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff-King brought the torch through the stadium, handing it over to Cathy Freeman, who lit the flame in the cauldron within a circle of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 113], "content_span": [114, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0014-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 1: 15 September, Formal presentation\nThe planned spectacular climax to the ceremony was delayed by the technical glitch of a computer switch which malfunctioned, causing the sequence to shut down by giving a false reading. This meant that the Olympic flame was suspended in mid-air for about four minutes rather than immediately rising up a water-covered ramp to the top of the stadium. When the cause of the problem was discovered, the program was overridden and the cauldron continued its course, and the ceremony concluded with a spectacular fireworks display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 113], "content_span": [114, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 2: 16 September\nThe first medals of the Games were awarded in the women's 10 metre air rifle competition, which was won by Nancy Johnson of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 2: 16 September\nThe Triathlon made its Olympic debut with the women's race. Set in the surroundings of the Sydney Opera House, Brigitte McMahon representing Switzerland swam, cycled and ran to the first gold medal in the sport, beating the favoured home athletes such as Michelie Jones who won silver. McMahon only passed Jones in sight of the finish line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 2: 16 September\nThe first star of the Games was 17-year-old Australian Ian Thorpe, who first set a new world record in the 400-metre freestyle final before competing in an exciting 4 \u00d7 100 m freestyle final. Swimming the last leg, Thorpe passed the leading American team and arrived in a new world record time, two-tenths of a second ahead of the Americans. In the same event for women, the Americans also broke the world record, finishing ahead of the Netherlands and Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 2: 16 September\nSamaranch had to leave for home, as his wife was severely ill. Upon arrival, his wife had already died. Samaranch returned to Sydney four days later. The Olympic flag was flown at half-staff during the period as a sign of respect to Samaranch's wife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 3: 17 September\nCanadian Simon Whitfield sprinted away in the last 100 metres of the men's triathlon, becoming the inaugural winner in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 3: 17 September\nOn the cycling track, Robert Bartko beat fellow German Jens Lehmann in the individual pursuit, setting a new Olympic Record. Leontien Zijlaard-van Moorsel set a world record in the semi-finals the same event for women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 3: 17 September\nIn the swimming pool, American Tom Dolan beat the world record in the 400-metre medley, successfully defending the title he won in Atlanta four years prior. Dutchwoman Inge de Bruijn also clocked a new world record, beating her own time in the 100 m butterfly final to win by more than a second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 4: 18 September\nThe main event for the Australians on the fourth day of the Games was the 200 m freestyle. Dutchman Pieter van den Hoogenband had broken the world record in the semi-finals, taking it from the new Australian hero Ian Thorpe, who came close to the world record in his semi-final heat. As the final race finished, Van den Hoogenband's time was exactly the same as in the semi-finals, finishing ahead of Thorpe by half a second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 4: 18 September\nChina won the gold medal in the men's team all-around gymnastics competition after being the runner-up in the previous two Olympics. The other medals were taken by Ukraine and Russia, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 4: 18 September\nZijlaard-van Moorsel lived up to the expectations set by her world record in cycling in the semis by winning the gold medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 7: 21 September\nDuring the Women's Gymnastics All-Around, female athletes suffered damning scores and injuries due to improperly installed gymnastics equipment. Gymnasts performing on the vault gave uncharacteristically poor performances and fell. Officials blamed the series of falls and low scores on performance anxiety. It wasn't until Australian gymnast Allana Slater and her coach, Peggy Liddick, voiced concerns about the equipment that officials discovered the apparatus was five centimetres, or almost two inches, lower than it should've been.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0025-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 7: 21 September\nWhile athletes were given the opportunity to perform again, for some of them, the damage to their mental or physical health caused by the vault was irreparable. Chinese gymnast Kui Yuanyuan and American gymnast Kristen Maloney both injured their legs while attempting to stick their landings, with Kui needing to be carried to an examination area and Maloney damaging a titanium rod that had recently been implanted in her shin. Romanian gymnast Andreea R\u0103ducan ultimately took gold while her teammates, Simona Am\u00e2nar and Maria Olaru took silver and bronze, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 9: 23 September\nBy rowing in the winning coxless four, Steve Redgrave of Great Britain became a member of a select group who had won gold medals at five consecutive Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 9: 23 September\nThe swimming 4 x 100-metre medley relay of B.J. Bedford, Megan Quann (Jendrick), Jenny Thompson and Dara Torres became the first women's relay under 4-minutes, swimming 3:58 and setting a world record, claiming the gold medal for the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 10: 24 September\nRulon Gardner, never an NCAA champion or a world medalist, beat Alexander Karelin of Russia to win gold in the super heavyweight class, Greco-Roman wrestling. Karelin had won gold in Seoul, Barcelona and Atlanta. Before this fight, he had never lost in international competition, had been unbeaten in all competitions in 13 years, and had not surrendered a point in a decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 11: 25 September\nAustralian Cathy Freeman won the 400-metre final in front of a jubilant Sydney crowd at the Olympic Stadium, ahead of Lorraine Graham of Jamaica and Katharine Merry of Great Britain. Freeman's win made her the first competitor in Olympic Games history to light the Olympic Flame and then go on to win a Gold Medal. The attendance at the stadium was 112,524 \u2013 the largest attendance for any sport in Olympic Games history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 11: 25 September\nIn a men's basketball pool match between the United States and France, the USA's Vince Carter made one of the most famous dunks in basketball history. After getting the ball off a steal, the 6'6\"/1.98 m Carter drove to the basket, with 7'2\"/2.18 m centre Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Weis in his way. Carter jumped, spread his legs in midair, scraped Weis' head on the way up, and dunked. The French media dubbed the feat le dunk de la mort (\"the dunk of death\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 14: 28 September\nThe Canadian flag at the athletes' village was lowered to half-mast as Canadian athletes paid tribute to the former prime minister Pierre Trudeau after hearing of his death in Montreal (because of the time zone difference, it was 29\u00a0September in Sydney when Trudeau died). The Canadian flag was flown at half-mast for the remainder of the Olympics, on orders from both IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy, as the state funeral did not take place until 3", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 16: 30 September\nCameroon won a historic gold medal over Spain in the Men's Olympic Football Final at the Olympic Stadium. The game went to a penalty shootout, which was won by Cameroon 5\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 17: 1 October\nThe last event of the games was the Men's Marathon, contested on a course that started in North Sydney. The event was won by Ethiopian Gezahegne Abera, with Kenyan Erick Wainaina second, and Tesfaye Tola, also of Ethiopia, third. It was the first time since the 1968 Olympics that an Ethiopian won the gold medal in this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 17: 1 October\nThe closing ceremony commenced with Christine Anu performing her version of the Warumpi Band's song \"My Island Home\", with several Aboriginal dancers atop the Geodome Stage in the middle of the stadium, around which several hundred umbrella and lamp box kids created an image of Aboriginal Dreamtime. The Geodome Stage was used throughout the ceremony, which was a flat stage mechanically raised into the shape of a Geode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 17: 1 October\nIOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 17: 1 October\n\"I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics, Day 17: 1 October\nSubsequent Summer Olympics held in Athens, Beijing and London have been described by Samaranch's successor Jacques Rogge as \"unforgettable, dream Games\", \"truly exceptional\" and \"happy and glorious games\" respectively\u00a0\u2013 the practice of declaring games the \"best ever\" having been retired after the 2000 Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 90], "content_span": [91, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Sports\nThe 2000 Summer Olympic programme featured 300 events in the following 28 sports:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Sports\nAlthough demonstration sports were abolished following the 1992 Summer Olympics, the Sydney Olympics featured wheelchair racing as exhibition events on the athletics schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Sports\nSpecial quarantine conditions were introduced to allow entry of horses into Australia to participate in equestrian events, avoiding the need for such events to take place elsewhere as had happened at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Medal count\nThese are the top ten nations that won medals in the 2000 Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Medal count\nThe ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee. Some other sources may be inconsistent due to not taking into account all later doping cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Participating National Olympic Committees\n199 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Sydney Games, two more than in the 1996 Summer Olympics; in addition, there were four Timorese Individual Olympic Athletes at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Eritrea, the Federated States of Micronesia and Palau made their Olympic debut this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Participating National Olympic Committees\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo was once again designated under that name, after he participated as Zaire from 1984 to 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Participating National Olympic Committees\nAfghanistan was the only 1996 participant (and the only existing NOC) that did not participate in the 2000 Olympics, having been banned due to the Taliban's totalitarian rule in Afghanistan, their oppression of women, and its prohibition of sports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Organisations responsible for the Olympics\nA number of quasi-government bodies were responsible for the construction, organisation and execution of the Sydney Games. These included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Organisations responsible for the Olympics\nThese organisations worked closely together and with other bodies such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Organisations responsible for the Olympics\nThese bodies are often collectively referred to as the \"Olympic Family\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Organisation of the Paralympics\nThe organisation of the 2000 Summer Paralympics was the responsibility of the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC). However, much of the planning and operation of the Paralympic Games was outsourced to SOCOG such that most operational programmes planned both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Other Olympic events\nThe organisation of the Games included not only the actual sporting events, but also the management (and sometimes construction) of the sporting venues and surrounding precincts, the organisation of the Sydney Olympic Arts Festival, and the Olympic torch relay, which began in Greece and travelled to Australia via numerous Oceania island nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Phases of the Olympic project\nThe staging of the Olympics were treated as a project on a vast scale, broken into several broad phases:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 65], "content_span": [66, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, SOCOG organisational design\nThe internal organisation of SOCOG evolved over the phases of the project and changed, sometimes radically, several times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0053-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, SOCOG organisational design\nIn late 1998, the design was principally functional. The top two tiers below the CEO Sandy Hollway consisted of five groups (managed by Group General Managers and the Deputy CEO) and twenty divisions (managed by divisional General Managers), which in turn were further broken up into programmes and sub-programmes or projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0054-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, SOCOG organisational design\nIn 1999, functional areas (FAs) broke up into geographic precinct and venue teams (managed by Precinct Managers and Venue Managers) with functional area staff reporting to both the FA manager and the venue manager. SOCOG moved to a matrix structure. The Interstate Football division extant in 1998 was the first of these geographically based venue teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0055-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Volunteer program\nThe origins of the volunteer program for Sydney 2000 dates back to the bid, as early as 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0056-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Volunteer program\nOn 17 December 1992, a group of Sydney citizens interested in the prospect of hosting the 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games gathered for a meeting at Sports House at Wentworth Park in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0057-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Volunteer program\nIn the period leading up to 1999, after Sydney had won the bid, the small group of volunteers grew from approximately 42 to around 500. These volunteers became known as Pioneer Volunteers. The Pioneer Volunteer program was managed internally by SOCOG's Volunteer Services Department in consultation with prominent peak groups like The Centre for Volunteering (Volunteering and TAFE. Some of the Pioneer Volunteers still meet every four months, an unseen legacy of the games which brought together a community spirit not seen before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0058-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Organisation, Volunteer program\nDuring the Olympic games, tens of thousands of volunteers (the official figure placed at 46,967) helped everywhere at the Olympic venues and elsewhere in the city. They were honoured with a parade like the athletes had a few days before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0059-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Marketing, Official logo\nThe bid logo, created by architect and designer Michael Bryce, featured a colourful, stylised image of the Sydney Opera House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0060-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Marketing, Official logo\nThe official logo also referred to as the \"Millennium Man\", took the image of the bid logo and combined it with a stylised image of a runner to form a torchbearer in motion, formed by two small yellow boomerangs for arms and a larger red boomerang for legs. The Olympic torch is represented through a blue smoke trail, which draws the iconic peaks of the Sydney Opera House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0061-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Marketing, Official logo\nThe design process of the official logo, as well as all other aspects of the Olympic Games' visual design identity, was awarded to Melbourne design studio FHA Image Design. The Sydney Olympics brand identity project officially commenced in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0062-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Marketing, The Mascots\nThe official mascots chosen for the 2000 Summer Olympics were Syd the platypus, Millie the echidna, and Olly the kookaburra, designed by Matthew Hattan and Jozef Szekeres and named by Philip Sheldon of agency Weekes Morris Osborn in response to the original SOCOG recommendation of Murray, Margery and Dawn after famous Australian athletes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0063-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Marketing, The Mascots\nThere was also Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat, an unofficial mascot popularised by comedy team Roy Slaven and HG Nelson on the TV series The Dream with Roy and HG. Roy and HG also frequently disparaged the official mascots on their television program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0064-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Medals and bouquets\nA total of 750 gold, 750 silver and 780 bronze medals were minted for the Games. The gold and silver medals contained 99.99 percent of pure silver. The bronze medals were 99 percent bronze with one percent silver, they were made by melting down Australian one-cent and two-cent coins, which had been removed from circulation from 1992 onward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0065-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Medals and bouquets\nThe bouquets handed to medal recipients incorporated foliage from the Grevillea baileyana, also known as the white oak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0066-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Awards and commendations\nThe International Olympic Committee awarded Sydney and its inhabitants with the \"Pierre de Coubertin Trophy\" in recognition of the collaboration and happiness shown by the people of Sydney during the event to all the athletes and visitors around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0067-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, Awards and commendations\nThe New South Wales Police Force was granted use of the Olympic Rings in the New South Wales Police Force Olympic Commendation and the New South Wales Police Force Olympic Citation for having staged the \"safest\" games ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0068-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, In popular culture\nIn F.J. Campbell's 2018 novel No Number Nine, the last part of the book is set at the Sydney 2000 Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0069-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, In popular culture\nIn Tom Clancy's thriller Rainbow Six and its video game adaptation, the 2000 Olympic Games are the setting of a plot by eco-terrorists, who plan to use the games in order to spread a terrible new plague throughout the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0070-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, In popular culture\nIn Morris Gleitzman's children's book Toad Rage, a cane toad travels to Sydney in a bid to become the Olympic mascot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163409-0071-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics, In popular culture\nThe Games was a mockumentary television series run on the ABC network, with two seasons that ran in 1998 and 2000. The series satirized corruption and cronyism in the Olympic movement, bureaucratic ineptness in the New South Wales public service, and unethical behaviour within politics and the media. An unusual feature of the show was that the characters shared the same name as the actors who played them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron\nThe 2000 Summer Olympics cauldron is a heritage-listed former Olympic flame holder and now fountain at Cathy Freeman Park, near the corner of Olympic Boulevard and the Grand Parade, Sydney Olympic Park, in the City of Parramatta Council, New South Wales, Australia. It was originally designed by Michael Scott-Mitchell for the 2000 Summer Olympics with the design of the re-presentation in Cathy Freeman Park by Tzannes Associates. It was built from 2000 to 2010 by Engineers Tierney and Partners with the assistance of LUSAS Civil and Structural. It is also known as Olympic Cauldron at Sydney Olympic Park, The Cauldron, Sydney Olympic Games Cauldron, Millenium Games Cauldron and Sydney 2000 Games Cauldron. The property is owned by the Sydney Olympic Park Authority. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 September 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games\nThe Sydney 2000 Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad or the Millennium Games, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney. It was the second time that the Summer Olympics were held in the southern hemisphere (the first being the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games\nThe Sydney 2000 Games was considered to be a great sporting event and national success story: 'From the moment the first stock horse and rider galloped in to the centre of the opening-ceremony stage...the public sentiment became one of overwhelming confidence. The weather remained friendly. ... The venues, the crowd control and the public transport system were perfect, the volunteers a delight. ... For 17 days, from opening to closing, the whole experience had an almost other-worldly quality to it. To be in the streets was to be surrounded by a smile. ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games\nThe mood of mutual enjoyment was infectious and at times a little dream-like. ... Like all Olympic Games, Sydney 2000 showcased heroes and heroines and yielded lifetime memories that encapsulated proud and improbably spectacles, as well as performances that prickled our deepest emotions. ... 10,561 athletes from 200 countries competed for 300 gold medals. . . (Gordon, 2003, p191-3)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games\nJuan Antonio Samaranch, President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) famously stated at the conclusion to the games: \"You have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The Sydney Olympic Games opening ceremony\nAt sunset on Friday, 15 September 2000, approximately 110,000 spectators and over 12,000 performers celebrated the opening of the 27th Olympiad in Sydney, Australia. Four billion viewers joined them worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 81], "content_span": [82, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The Sydney Olympic Games opening ceremony\nRic Birch, the Director of Ceremonies and David Atkins, the artistic director, produced an epic pageant of Australian culture. From a lone rider on a chestnut stallion to the 120 stock horses and riders who started the show at a gallop, to the 11 minutes corroboree, Awakening, where 900 indigenous citizens created the most haunting segment of the opening ceremony to the performers who breathed flames to recreate a bushfire, the audience saw a visual tapestry of this country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 81], "content_span": [82, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The Sydney Olympic Games opening ceremony\nIn Deep Sea Dreaming, 13-year-old Nikki Webster floated amongst giant luminous jellyfish, seahorses, and anemones above the arena, while the sea floor flickered with schools of human fish. Dreamtime spirits represented by Djakapurra Munyarryn and hundreds of clan members filled the stadium with images of the original Australians, which led into a magical wildflower carpet, with people dressed as honey myrtles, waterlilies, banksias, and Sturt Desert peas, with waratahs glowing a vibrant crimson. Hundreds of students sprouted petals and leaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 81], "content_span": [82, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The Sydney Olympic Games opening ceremony\nCaptain Cook's First Fleet arrived, then Ned Kelly came out in force in Tin Symphony, which paid tribute to Australia's rural beginnings. Then, \"Arrivals\" introduced the many people from every continent who have chosen to call Australian home, culminating in a thunderous tribute to industry in the form of Adam Garcia's large troupe of tappers, who made the sparks fly. They were then joined by many of the 12,600 performers for a huge finale before welcoming to the arena a 2,000 piece marching band with participants from around the globe. Their stirring renditions of \"Waltzing Matilda\", \"Chariots of Fire\" and the LA Olympic fanfare and theme introduced the athletes who were to follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 81], "content_span": [82, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The Sydney Olympic Games opening ceremony\nA seemingly endless parade of 12,000 athletes and coaches, from 200 countries - the largest representation of any Olympic games. North and South Korea marched united for the first time in nearly a century, and a wave of emotion swept the stadium, but nothing compared to the roar that greeted the Australian team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 81], "content_span": [82, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The Sydney Olympic Games opening ceremony\nHerb Elliott, 1,500m gold medallist at Rome, ran with the torch into Stadium Australia and handed it to Betty Cuthbert, whose wheelchair was pushed by Raelene Boyle. Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland de la Hunty, Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff-King then carried the flame in tribute to 100 years of women's participation in the Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 81], "content_span": [82, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The Sydney Olympic Games opening ceremony\nFinally the Torch was handed to Cathy Freeman, Australia's favourite who was given the honour of lighting the cauldron, in a magnificent display of fire and water against a backdrop of the seventy-metre waterfall'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 81], "content_span": [82, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The lighting of the Olympic Cauldron at the Sydney 2000 Olympics\nOn 10 May 2000 in Olympia, Greece, the 2000 Summer Olympics torch relay was commenced with a flame which would be carried by various means of transport across the world to Australia. In Australia the torch followed a circuitous 27,000\u00a0km journey around the country visiting many towns and communities, starting in Uluru and ending in Sydney. the Torch relay ceremony became characterised by \"a blend of pride, enjoyment, wonder and bonding - a reinforced sense of national identity\" (Gordon, 2003, p144).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The lighting of the Olympic Cauldron at the Sydney 2000 Olympics\nThe final lap of Stadium Australia with the torch offered not only the opportunity to for the 110,000 crowd to salute a magnificent medley of six Australian women who had between them won 15 gold medals. There was a \"kind of crossing-off process\" in solving the identity of the person who would light the Olympic Cauldron. The relay had begun with young indigenous woman Nova Peris, and ended with another in Cathy Freeman. The Freeman culmination, at the end of a ceremony that had emphasised Aboriginal heritage and addressed the issue of reconciliation, amounted to a quietly eloquent statement about the kind of nation Australia aspired to be. It underlined itself boldly as a significant moment in the nation's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The lighting of the Olympic Cauldron at the Sydney 2000 Olympics\nFreeman ascended four flights of stairs carrying the torch before walking across a shallow circular pond to an island in the centre, where she dipped the torch low and swept it around her to ignite a ring of fire. The pond concealed a submerged ring-shaped cauldron which slowly rose around Freeman as fire burned around the 150 gas-fed nozzles around the rim. The concealed cauldron concept was the brainchild of Ric Birch; he had nursed it since he first took it to engineers and project managers in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0013-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The lighting of the Olympic Cauldron at the Sydney 2000 Olympics\nThe submerged cauldron as it appeared on the night was conceived by the cauldron designer, Michael Scott-Mitchell. He designed the sequence with Freeman in mind four years earlier but was only informed that she would indeed light the cauldron in the early hours of the day of the Opening Ceremony. Freeman stood motionless as the flaming cauldron rose around her, however the cauldron conveyor mechanism tripped an emergency sensor which caused the cauldron to remain in place above Freeman, at the base of the conveyor designed to move the cauldron to the roof of the stadium. Freeman stood beneath the flaming cauldron for approximately three minutes, holding a pose of the torch raised above her as the two attendant engineers, Teter Tait and Rob Ironside scrambled to re-start the conveyor. The cauldron was successfully restarted and reached its destination at the top of the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 994]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The lighting of the Olympic Cauldron at the Sydney 2000 Olympics\nDespite the temporary glitch, the television footage of Cathy Freeman lighting the cauldron was declared \"the sporting image of the year\" by Sportel, a major international sports television convention held annually in Monaco, which awarded its coveted \"Golden Podium\" award to the Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation for the cauldron lighting sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 104], "content_span": [105, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Cathy Freeman\nCatherine Astrid Salome Freeman, OAM (known as Cathy Freeman) (born 16 February 1973) is an Australian Aboriginal sprinter who is particularly associated with the 400 metres running race. She became the Olympic champion for 400 m in the 2000 Sydney games, at which she lit the Olympic Flame. Freeman was born in Slade Point, Mackay, Queensland, where the local athletics track is named after her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Cathy Freeman\nFreeman's first coach was her stepfather, Bruce Barber. By her early teens she had a collection of regional and national titles, from competing in the 100 metres, 200 metres and high jump. In 1990, Freeman was chosen as a member of Australia's 4X100 m relay team for the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand. The team won the gold medal, making Freeman the first Aboriginal Commonwealth Games gold medallist, as well as one of the youngest, at 16 years old. In 1992, Freeman competed in her first Olympic Games, reaching the second round of the 400 metres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0016-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Cathy Freeman\nCompeting at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Canada, Freeman won gold in both the 200 m and 400 m. At the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, Freeman won the silver medal behind France's Marie-Jose Perec in an Australian record of 48.63 seconds. In 1997 at the World Championships in Athens, Freeman won the World title in 49.77 seconds and in 1999, successfully defended her World title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Cathy Freeman\nFreeman was the home favourite for the 400 m title at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, where she was expected to face-off with rival Perec. This showdown never happened, as Perec left the Games after an encounter with an Australian photographer. Freeman won the Olympic title in a time of 49.11 seconds. After the race, Freeman took a victory lap, carrying both the Aboriginal and Australian flags, despite the fact that unofficial flags are banned at the Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Cathy Freeman\nAfter her Olympic triumph, Freeman chose to take a break from the track, not competing during the 2001 season. During 2002, Freeman returned to the track to compete as a member of Australia's victorious 4 \u00d7 400 m relay team at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Freeman announced her retirement in 2003. ' The selection of Freeman to light the Olympic cauldron seemed highly appropriate to most Australians - she excelled in her sport, protested against injustices to Aboriginal people, and spoke proudly of her Aboriginal heritage. These qualities stirred a nation that was debating reconciliation with its indigenous people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0018-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Cathy Freeman\nPerceptively, a columnist for the Los Angeles Times wrote during the Olympics: 'Freeman has emerged at the Sydney 2000 Games as the most potent symbol of a nation's hopes both for Olympic glory and reconciliation for sins of the past' (as quoted by Paul Sheehan in \"Cathy who? Condoms and controversy make a world of difference\", Sydney Morning Herald, 27 Sep. 2000, p.\u00a02). Moreover, Freeman's prominence at the opening ceremony encapsulated the Olympic ideals of promoting sport and celebrating the history and culture of the host country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The lighting of the cauldron at the Sydney 2000 Paralympics\nThe lighting of the Olympic Cauldron by wheelchair racer Louise Sauvage at the opening ceremony for the Sydney Paralympic Games on 18 October 2000 was another spectacle highlight. It was the culmination of another torch relay, but one that had commenced with a lighting ceremony at Parliament House, Canberra on 5 October 2000. Involving 920 torchbearers, each of whom carried the flame an average of 500 metres, it visited each Australian capital city by air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 99], "content_span": [100, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0019-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The lighting of the cauldron at the Sydney 2000 Paralympics\nThen within New South Wales it travelled from Moss Vale through the Southern Highlands, Illawarra, Campbelltown, Penrith, Windsor, Hunter and Central Coast areas before heading to Sydney. Like the Olympic Torch Relay before it, the Paralympic Torch Relay succeeded in generating community and media support for the Games, with crowds in many areas and significant crowds lining the Sydney metropolitan route in the final two days of the relay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 99], "content_span": [100, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The lighting of the cauldron at the Sydney 2000 Paralympics\nThe lighting of the cauldron for the Paralympic Sydney Games 2000 was reported in a Sydney newspaper the following morning:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 99], "content_span": [100, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The design of the Olympic Cauldron\nThe idea of a cauldron lighting ceremony that combined fire and water was conceived by Ric Birch, Director of Ceremonies for the opening ceremony. The cauldron itself was designed by Michael Scott-Mitchell. The structural design of cauldron, mast and transport components was largely undertaken by Tierney and Partners with the assistance of LUSAS Civil and Structural. Its construction involved two years of planning, design and rigorous implementation by a team of design engineers, manufacturers and suppliers covering structural, mechanical, electrical and hydraulic engineering, gas-burner technology and computer control. (NLA catalogue entry for MSM)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The design of the Olympic Cauldron\nOn the day of the opening ceremony (15 September 2000), a press release offered Michael Scott-Mitchell's description of his experience of the design process and his understanding of the symbolism of the spectacle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The design of the Olympic Cauldron\n\"...the technological demands of the design have been daunting, and the intervening years have involved the talents of many people in bringing the design to fruition, befitting the Olympic Spirit. These have included theatrical production managers, mechanical engineers, fire and gas experts, water experts, weather experts, risk management experts; the list goes on ... Ric Birch, Michael Knight and latterly David Atkins have been unswerving in their endeavour to see the project fully realised. Finally Director Richard Wherrett was charged with choreographing and directing the entrance of the torch into the stadium, and the lighting of the flame.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The tradition of the Olympic flame, torch relay and cauldron\nThe Olympic Flame or Olympic Torch is a symbol of the Olympic Games. Commemorating the theft of fire from the Greek god Zeus by Prometheus, its origins lie in ancient Greece, where a fire was kept burning throughout the celebration of the ancient Olympics. The fire was reintroduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, and it has been part of the modern Olympic Games ever since. According to legend, the torch's flame has been kept burning, ever since the first Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The tradition of the Olympic flame, torch relay and cauldron\nFor the ancient Greeks, fire had divine connotations - it was thought to have been stolen from the gods by Prometheus. Therefore, fire was also present at many of the sanctuaries in Olympia, Greece. A fire permanently burned on the altar of Hestia in Olympia, Greece. During the Olympic Games, which honored Zeus, additional fires were lit at his temple and that of his wife, Hera. The modern Olympic flame is ignited at the site where the temple of Hera used to stand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The tradition of the Olympic flame, torch relay and cauldron\nThe Olympic Torch today is ignited several months before the opening celebration of the Olympic Games at the site of the ancient Olympics in Olympia, Greece. Eleven women, representing the Vestal Virgins, perform a ceremony in which the torch is kindled by the light of the Sun, its rays concentrated by a parabolic mirror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The tradition of the Olympic flame, torch relay and cauldron\nIn contrast to the Olympic flame proper, the torch relay of modern times, which transports the flame from Greece to the various designated sites of the games, had no ancient precedent and was introduced by Carl Diem at the controversial 1936 Berlin Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, The tradition of the Olympic flame, torch relay and cauldron\nThe Olympic Torch Relay ends on the day of the opening ceremony in the central stadium of the Games. The final carrier is often kept unannounced until the last moment, and is usually a sports celebrity of the host country. The final bearer of the torch runs towards the cauldron, often placed at the top of a grand staircase, and then uses the torch to start the flame in the stadium. It is considered a great honor to be asked to light the Olympic Flame. After being lit, the flame continues to burn throughout the Olympics, and is extinguished on the day of the closing ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 100], "content_span": [101, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, History, Current presentation of the cauldron\nIn 2001 the end stand on the northern part of the stadium was removed and Tzannes Associates commissioned to reinterpret the cauldron, relocated nearby to the Overflow, now known as Cathy Freeman Park. There the cauldron's stem was removed and it was repositioned on top of a group of 24 stainless steel poles organized in a haphazard arrangement, approximately 10 metres above the ground. It operates intermittently as a giant fountain with water flowing over the sides of the cauldron onto the pavement below, to the delight of children who in summer often play under the shower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Description\nThe 8.5 tonne cauldron is a perforated, corrugated shell structure fabricated from stainless steel. It has an overall diameter of 10m and tapers from 0.85m thick at centre down to 0.15m thick at the edge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Description\nThe cauldron was designed to rise out of a circular pond after the flame was lit, and ascend, as though floating, up a waterfall to the top of the northern stand. It was collected by a 50-metre mast rising from behind the stand, and the main burner in the tip of the mast was lit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Description\nIn 2001 the end stand on the northern part of the stadium was removed and Tzannes Associates commissioned to reinterpret the cauldron, relocated nearby to the Overflow, now known as Cathy Freeman Park. There the cauldron's stem was removed and it was repositioned on top of a group of 24 stainless steel poles organized in a haphazard arrangement, approximately 10 metres above the ground. It operates intermittently as a giant fountain with water flowing over the sides of the cauldron onto the pavement below, to the delight of children who in summer often play under the shower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Description\nThe retrofitted cauldron is complete with a new burner system, and a water feature inside the perforated cladding. Both of these features are fed via services in an underground plant room, directly below the cauldron. This plant room is included within the curtilage and also houses: the light fittings lighting the cauldron; irrigation pumps and manifold; potable and non-potable water meters; and filtration and chemical treatment of the water to the water feature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Description\nThe cauldron is surrounded by a decorative elliptical pavement inlaid with the names of all those who won gold, silver and bronze medals at the Sydney Olympic Games, known as the \"Roll of Honour\". The Roll of Honour is an Olympic traditional whereby medal-winning athletes are permanently acknowledged, typically in the vicinity of the Olympic Stadium. [ It includes] both Paralympic and Olympic athletes. (OCA Tender, 2001", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Description\nThe integrity and aesthetic significance of the cauldron has been impacted by its change of position since the Sydney 2000 Games. Detached from its stem and removed from its elevated position 50 metres above the ground at the northern end of the Olympic stadium, the cauldron is now perched atop a haphazard arrangement of steel rods in a park near the stadium, where its constantly flowing water forms a popular fountain feature. It can still be lit with a flame for ceremonial occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe Olympic Cauldron at Sydney Olympic Park is of State historic significance as the culmination of the opening ceremony of the Sydney Olympic Games on 15 September 2000 and a reminder of Sydney's success and honour in having hosted the Millennium Games. The opening ceremony is considered to be a triumph of Australian showmanship which was watched by hundreds of millions of people around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0036-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe Olympic Cauldron is also of State significance for its associations with the Olympic athletes who participated in the Sydney 2000 Games and particularly with the Aboriginal athlete Cathy Freeman, who was chosen to be the final Australian link in the Olympic Torch relay to light the cauldron, thus marking the commencement of the Games. The image of the lit cauldron flowing with fire and water as it rose around Freeman is one of the most memorable images of the Sydney Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0036-0002", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe Olympic Cauldron is of State significance for the esteem in which it is held by Australians proud of the success of the Sydney Olympic Games. It is also of social significance to Sydney Olympic Park visitors for its later role as a popular fountain in the Cathy Freeman Park next to the Olympic Stadium. The Olympic Cauldron is of representative and rarity State significance as the only cauldron designed and built to hold an Olympic flame in NSW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nOlympic Cauldron was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 September 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe Sydney Olympic Park Cauldron is of State historic significance as the culmination of the opening ceremony of the Sydney Olympic Games on 15 September 2000. The opening ceremony is considered to be a triumph of Australian showmanship which was watched by hundreds of millions of people around the world. It is also a reminder of Sydney's success and honour in having hosted the Millennium Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe Sydney Olympic Park Cauldron is of State significance for its associations with the Olympic athletes who participated in the Sydney 2000 Games and particularly with the Aboriginal athlete Cathy Freeman, who was chosen to be the final Australian link in the Olympic Torch relay to light the cauldron, thus symbolising the commencement of the Games. The image of the lit cauldron flowing with water as it rose around Freeman is one of the most memorable images of the Sydney Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe place is has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe Sydney Olympic Park Cauldron is of State significance as a symbolic focal point for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, which is held in high esteem by many Australians. It is also likely to be of significance for its later role as a popular fountain in the Overflow next to the Olympic Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe Sydney Olympic Park Cauldron is of State significance as the only Olympic cauldron to be designed and to hold the Olympic flame in NSW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, Heritage listing\nThe Sydney Olympic Park Cauldron is of State significance as the Australian and NSW representative of Olympic cauldrons internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163410-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics cauldron, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 01839 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 29 May 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony\nThe 2000 Summer Olympics Closing Ceremony also known as \"Let's Party!\" was held on 1 October 2000 in Stadium Australia. As with the opening ceremony, the closing ceremony was directed by Ric Birch as Director of Ceremonies while David Atkins was the Artistic Director and Producer. The Closing Ceremony was attended by 114,714 people, the largest attendance in modern Olympic Games history. The ceremony celebrated Australiana; Australian cultural celebrities, icons, media, and music, with floats designed in the style of Reg Mombassa. Around 2.4 billion watched the telecast of the closing ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony\nThen IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared in his concluding remarks (and his last remarks at an Olympic Games) that the 2000 Olympic games were the best Summer Olympics ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Prelude\nCompared to the Opening Ceremony, the stadium showed the track and field ground as is. The main stage was called the Geodome Stage and was in the center of the stadium. The Prelude segment was hosted by Roy & HG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Prelude\nJust before the closing ceremony, the Men's Marathon finished in Stadium Australia. Not long after, the medal ceremony was presented. Ethiopian runner Gezahegne Abera won the Gold, Kenya's Erick Wainaina took the silver, while Gezahegne's countryman Tesfaye Tola took bronze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Welcome & Countdown\nJust before the Countdown, a slapstick skit was performed just before the countdown showing what could have gone wrong in the opening ceremony. A groundskeeper loses control of his buggy and causes havoc over the stadium and the pomp and ceremony. In one scene, Birch appears on an bike with an inflatable kangaroo featured in the 1996 closing ceremony. Finally his vehicle is dismantled in a comedic way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Welcome & Countdown\nA recording of the countdown composed by Richard Mills performed by Sydney Symphony Orchestra played. The large screens counted down from 60 to 1. Starting at 23, footage from previous games appeared. On 0, footage of fireworks was shown followed by an image of a Ken Done drawing with the phrase \"Let's Party!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Island Home\nAfter a brief fanfare composed by David Stanhope, Christine Anu performed with Torres Strait Island dancers her rendition of the Warumpi Band's song \"My Island Home\" written by Neil Murray. She performed on the Geodome Stage, with several Aboriginal dancers atop the stage, around which several hundred umbrella and lampbox kids created an image of Aboriginal dreamtime. The version performed was the recently released Earth Beat mix, which compared to previous versions of the song, identified the island as Australia itself. Near the end of the song, Anu was hoisted on part of the stage, which was folded into a giant 8-sided octagonal figure called The Geode, which had the globe projected on it. Audience members were encouraged to wave their flashlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Entrance of the Athletes\nThe flags from all countries entered with their flag bearers before placing their flags on the Geode stage. Then, after the flags all entered, athletes ran in from all entrances onto the field, while an fanfare 'Olympic Fireworks' by David Stanhope and orchestral piece 'Journey of Angels' by Chong Lim played. Savage Garden performed their hit song 'Affirmation' on the Geode stage while wearing indigenous flag t-shirts. The Geode stage was projected different words relating to what people might affirm about their beliefs. One of the words included Sydney's famous graffiti, Eternity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Entrance of the Athletes\nThe last time Australia hosted the Olympics games in 1956, a young Melburnian, John Ian Wing, suggested that during the closing ceremony, instead of marching as separate teams, behind their national flags, the athletes mingled together as they paraded into and around the arena for a final appearance before the spectators. It was implemented then and has been an Olympic tradition that has been followed ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 91], "content_span": [92, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Raising the Greek and Australian Flags\nChildren from both the Millennium Children's Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia and Sing 2001 Choir arrived in white and cream attire and spread themselves around the Geode stage. The Millennium Children's Choir performed \"Hymn to Liberty\", the National Anthem of Greece, conducted by George Ellis. Two Greece flags were raised; one as protocol to recognise the birthplace of the Olympic Games, and one to recognise Athens as the next host city. Afterwards, with the raising of the Australian Flag the Sing 2001 Choir performed \"Advance Australia Fair\", the national anthem of Australia, conducted by George Torbay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 105], "content_span": [106, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Closing Addresses\nPresident of the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games(SOCOG), Michael Knight, made a closing address thanking the volunteers, the organising committee and the people of the City of Sydney. He stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Closing Addresses\n\"All Australians are entitled to feel proud of our athletes, our country and themselves for what our nation has achieved during this period.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Closing Addresses\nAs he was introducing Juan Antonio Samaranch, he noted that this would be his last Olympics as President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and would be a special night for him, although his experience of the games came amid personal tragedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Closing Addresses\nJuan Antonio Samaranch gave a speech echoing Knight's thanks to all those who helped organised the games. He then declared:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Closing Addresses\n\"I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Closing Addresses\nSubsequent Summer Olympics held in Athens, Beijing and London have been described by Samaranch's successor Jacques Rogge as \"unforgettable, dream Games\", \"truly exceptional\" and \"happy and glorious games\" respectively\u00a0\u2013 the practice of declaring games the \"best ever\" having been retired after the 2000 Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Closing Addresses\nSamaranch then awarded the on behalf of the IOC the Gold Olympic Order to both Michael Knight, as an expression of gratitude for a perfect organisation, and John Coates, president of the Australian Olympic Committee for fulfilling the promise of making these games the athletes games. In addition, he also gave on behalf of the IOC, the Olympic Cup to the people of Sydney for their enthusiastic and unpartisan support of athletes from all countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Closing Addresses\nSamaranch then announced the newly elected members of the International Olympic Committee Athletes' Commission:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, 'Welcome Home Athens 2004'\nThis segment was directed by Vangelis, and was the first time where the Antwerp Ceremony (the flag handover ceremony) was within the artistic section. Dimitris Avramopoulos, Mayor of Athens and Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, President of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games Committee entered the stadium. Then priestesses of Olympia, from Greece, enter to do a traditional rite in preparation for the Antwerp Ceremony. After their performance, the Lord Mayor of Sydney, Frank Sartor arrives with the Seoul Olympic flag to begin the ceremony. He hands it to Samaranch, the IOC President, who hands it over to Avramopoulos. After the ceremony, the priestesses look around the flag, take the flag off its pole, throw laurel olive branches on top and carry the flag out of the stadium to Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, 'Welcome Home Athens 2004'\nSamaranch then officially called the games to its close, calling upon the youth of the world in four years to assemble in Athens, Greece - \"the birthplace of Olympism\". He ended by saying thank you in 4 languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 93], "content_span": [94, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Olympic Flag and Hymn\nAs the Olympic Flag was lowered, on a separate stage near the flagpole, Australian soprano Yvonne Kenny performed the Olympic Hymn in English, composed by Spiros Samara with lyrics by Costas Palamas. The Sydney Olympics was the first time the hymn was performed in both the IOC's preferred languages. Chong Lim's 'Journey of Angels' was then played. The final flag bearers were 8 young Australian champions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 88], "content_span": [89, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Protocol Section, Extinguishing the Olympic Flame - We'll Be One\n\u2018We'll Be One\u2019 was performed by Nikki Webster and the Sing 2001 Choir where she performed the song on a high platform underneath the Olympic Cauldron. The song is about all of humanity coming together and becoming one. The Olympic Flame was then captured by a F-111 Jet and flew out from Olympic Park (the F-111 actually performed a dump-and-burn).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 113], "content_span": [114, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Let's Party!\nThe Ceremony ended with an hour long party and dance mix, featuring well known Australian artists and performers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Let's Party!, Let's Party!\nThe first two songs in the dance mix were Absolutely Everybody by Vanessa Amorosi and Love Is in the Air performed by John Paul Young. Both performed on the Geode stage in silver and white space attire, with a big focus on different types of dance, including ballroom dancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 75], "content_span": [76, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Let's Party!, Heroes Medley\nThe Medley was a collection of Australian rock songs, performed on two stages designed and influenced by the work of Reg Mombassa, a key Mambo artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Let's Party!, Parade of Icons\nThis section of the dance mix began with a callback to the beginning of the opening ceremony, where the hero girl (Nikki Webster) took a day off at the beach. A large number of Surf Life Savers arrive with Kylie Minogue, dressed as a much older hero girl on a thong (Australian slang for a flip flop) before singing the ABBA song \"Dancing Queen\" on the Geodome stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Let's Party!, Parade of Icons\nThen, surrounding athletes, the parade of icons began, showing celebrities of Australiana. Each celebrity arrived on a float with performers surrounding them. The celebrities were Greg Norman, the characters of Bananas in Pyjamas, Elle Macpherson, Paul Hogan as Crocodile Dundee, and Drag Queens from The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Let's Party!, Parade of Icons\nFinally, Minogue performed from the Geodome stage her recently released single \"On a Night Like This\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Let's Party!, Bye from Oz, see ya in Athens\nThe show ended with the whole cast performing on the Geodome Stage with Men at Work the Australian classic, \"Down Under\". Finally, Slim Dusty with guitar in hand performed an acoustic version of \"Waltzing Matilda\" as a singalong with the cast, athletes, and audience. The Geode had projected two lines, Bye from Oz, and see ya in Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 92], "content_span": [93, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Segments, Closing Night Harbour Spectacular\nThe 'Closing Night Harbour Spectacular' marked the end of the ceremony, with a 25-minute fireworks display starting at Sydney Olympic Park then fireworks following the Parramatta River, before reaching the Sydney Harbour Bridge. After the spirit of the flame (the F-111 with the Olympic flame) flew over the Harbour Bridge, the bridge erupts with fireworks. It was the largest fireworks display staged in the world at that time, and required the work of five different pyrotechnic companies, headed by Foti Pyrotechnics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Legacy\nA major theme in the Sydney Olympic ceremonies was of reconciliation between Australia and the Australian Indigenous nations. In the years leading up to the Olympics, there was much discussion over what reconciliation would look like and was becoming a central social and political issue. In the Media Guide for the Opening Ceremony, the author notes that 4 months earlier, 250,000 Australians of all backgrounds walked across Sydney Harbour Bridge as support for recognition of past wrongs towards the First Nations peoples. It was shown in the closing ceremonies with a Anu's performance of \"My Island Home\", and on both Midnight Oil's and Savage Garden's band member outfits which had the word \"Sorry\" and Indigenous flag clothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163411-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Television coverage\nHost Broadcaster: Sydney Olympic Broadcast Organisation (SOBO), with director Peter Faiman", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163412-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics medal table\nThe 2000 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, were a summer multi-sport event held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, from 15 September to 1 October 2000. A total of 10,651\u00a0athletes from 199\u00a0nations represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs) (with four individual athletes from East Timor) competed in 300 events in 28 sports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163412-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics medal table\nAthletes from 80\u00a0countries won at least one medal. The United States won the most medals overall with 93, as well as the most gold (37) medals. Host nation Australia finished the Games with 58 medals overall (16\u00a0gold, 25\u00a0silver, and 17\u00a0bronze). Cameroon, Colombia, Latvia, Mozambique and Slovenia won a gold medal for the first time in their Olympic histories, while Vietnam, Barbados, Macedonia, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, and Saudi Arabia won their first ever Olympic medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163412-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics medal table, Medal table\nThe ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163412-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics medal table, Medal table\nThe ranking sorts by the number of gold medals earned by a country\u2014in this context, an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163413-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics national flag bearers\nDuring the Parade of Nations portion of the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163413-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, Parade order\nAs the nation of the first modern Olympic Games, Greece entered the stadium first; whereas, the host nation of Australia marched last. Other countries entered in alphabetical order in the language of the host country (English), according with tradition and IOC guidelines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163413-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, Parade order\nWhilst most countries entered under their short names, a few entered under more formal or alternative names, mostly due to political and naming disputes. Macedonia entered as \"Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia'\" because of the naming dispute with Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163413-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, Parade order\nThe Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) entered with the compromised name and flag of \"Chinese Taipei\" under T so that they did not enter together with conflicting People's Republic of China (commonly known as China), which entered as the \"People's Republic of China\" under C. The Republic of the Congo entered as just \"Congo\" while the Democratic Republic of Congo entered with its full name. Iran, Micronesia, Moldova, Laos, Brunei and the United States all entered under their formal names, respectively \"Islamic Republic of Iran\", \"Federated States of Micronesia\", \"Republic of Moldova\", \"Lao People's Democratic Republic\", \"Brunei Darussalam\" and \"United States of America\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163413-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, Parade order\nA record of 199 nations entered the stadium with the exception of Afghanistan, a nation banned by the IOC in 1999 because of the extremist rule of the Taliban's oppression on women and its sports. The parade of nations also featured a unified entrance by the athletes of the North and South Korea, holding a specially designed unification flag: a white background flag with a blue map of the Korean peninsula; however, the two teams competed separately. Four athletes from East Timor marched directly in the opening ceremonies as Individual Olympic Athletes before the host nation. Without the existence of the National Olympic Committee, they were allowed to compete under the Olympic flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163413-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, Parade order\nNotable flag bearers in the opening ceremony featured the following athletes: windsurfer Nikolaos Kaklamanakis (Greece), Olympic beach volleyball champion Sandra Pires (Brazil), tennis player Nicol\u00e1s Mass\u00fa (Chile), heavyweight boxing champion F\u00e9lix Sav\u00f3n (Cuba), long-distance runner Derartu Tulu (Ethiopia), sprint kayaker and five-time gold medalist Birgit Fischer (Germany), coxless pairs rower and double gold medalist Matthew Pinsent (Great Britain), show jumper Princess Haya (Jordan), discus thrower and 1992 Olympic champion Romas Ubartas (Lithuania), dressage rider Anky van Grunsven (Netherlands), middle-distance runner Vebj\u00f8rn Rodal (Norway), two-time Greco-Roman wrestling champion Andrzej Wro\u0144ski (Poland), five-time rowing champion Elisabeta Lip\u0103 (Romania), four-time Olympic handballer Andrey Lavrov (Russia), six-time Olympic water polo player Manuel Estiarte (Spain), and basketball players Carlton Myers (Italy) and Andrew Gaze (Australia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 56], "content_span": [57, 1016]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163413-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, List\nThe following is a list of each country's announced flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony\nThe opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics took place on the evening of Friday 15 September 2000 in Stadium Australia, Sydney, during which the Games were formally opened by Governor-General Sir William Deane. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal and ceremonial opening of this international sporting event, including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes, with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Veteran ceremonies director Ric Birch was the Director of Ceremonies while David Atkins was the Artistic Director and Producer. Its artistic section highlighted several aspects of Australian culture and history, showing Australia's flora and fauna, technology, multiculturalism, and the hopeful moment of reconciliation towards Aboriginal Australians. The ceremony had a cast of 12,687 performers, seen by a stadium audience of around 110,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 988]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony\nThe ceremony began at 19:00 AEDT and lasted over four-and-a-half hours. Around 3.7 billion viewers worldwide watched the ceremony on TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony\nThe ceremony was described by the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Juan Antonio Samaranch as the most beautiful ceremony the world had ever seen. Consistent with normal major production management, the music was pre-recorded under studio conditions to ensure its quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony\nThe stadium's French-language announcer was Pascale Ledeur, while the English-language announcer was Australian actor John Stanton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Preparations\nAs this was the 'Games of the New Millennium', there was a major reevaluation on how to present the Olympics, which included the ceremonies. In regards to the Protocol of the ceremony, there had been incremental changes in the ceremony format after Rome 1960 where the Olympic Anthem was sung, and with the symbolic release of doves starting at Lillehammer '94. This was the first ceremony which re-ordered the Olympic Protocol section so to have the lighting of the cauldron at the end of the ceremony, rather than having it in the middle of the protocol section. This format and ordering has been the groundwork for all Olympic opening ceremonies after 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Preparations\nThe artistic section as we know it today, where it showed the host countries culture through a separate presentation, began in Moscow 1980 and was becoming more theatrical at each Olympics. The Moscow Opening ceremony was one that Birch had been personally impressed by. This was the first Opening Ceremony which showed the host countries national culture through a narrative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Preparations\nAustralian director Ric Birch had worked on global ceremonies for over 10 years, including directing the 1984 and 1992 Olympic ceremonies, when he got the job of Director of Ceremonies in September 1993. The idea for the ceremony climax with the cauldron was being planned by 1993, as they needed to consider requirements of the ceremony as part of the design of Stadium Australia, such as the waterproofing of the northern stand and extra supports for the cauldron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Preparations\nFor the rest of the ceremony, Birch wanted a model where each segment was organised by a director, who had a designer and music composer to work with, and was given free artistic reign in their segment as long as it was telling its part of the story. The team of directors were assembled in 1997, with David Atkins as the head Artistic Director and Producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Preparations\nIn August 2000, the organisers announced the eleven principal and main performers, twenty-one composers and four conductors in a Melbourne press conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Officials and guests\nThe wife of Juan Antonio Samaranch, Mar\u00eda Teresa Salisachs Rowe, was seriously ill and was not able to accompany her husband to the Olympics (she died the following day, from cancer). Therefore, Samaranch invited former Australian Olympic Champion swimmer, Dawn Fraser, to accompany him at the ceremony. Dawn Fraser explained some of the cultural references in the display section to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Prelude\nAs spectators arrived, they found on their seats a yellow Globite case with Olympic Stickers on the front, reminiscent of those that once prevailed in Australian schoolrooms in the 20th Century. Inside the case were green and gold socks, a torch, cheer band, lapel pin, program, postcard, cards, earplugs, stickers and a Kodak CD Rom. The torch and cheer band \u2013 set with movement sensitive lights \u2013 illuminated the darkened stands during the Fire segment, Arrivals segment and the lighting of the cauldron, while Australian Olympic Team socks appeared prominently on the sea of waving hands during Australia's entry to the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Prelude\nThe Prelude segment lasted an hour before the ceremony started. It was hosted by Seven Network's Sports Commentator David Fordham and news presenter Chris Bath, while seven months pregnant with her first child, live on the northern stage in the stadium. It featured various performances, including a Welcome to Country from the Wangal people, children singing the official Team Welcome Song \"G'day G'day\", a recognition of the Bidding team and the Olympic volunteers, a recognition from the United Nations of the Olympic Truce, Mexican waves, and a singalong of \"Waltzing Matilda\" with John Williamson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Welcome and Anthem\nVerse 1 (Sung by Human Nature as A cappella)Australians all let us rejoice,For we are young and free;We've golden soil and wealth for toil;Our home is girt by sea;Our land abounds in nature's giftsOf beauty rich and rare;In history's page, let every stageAdvance Australia Fair. In joyful strains then let us sing,Advance Australia Fair. Verse 2 (Sung by Julie Anthony with orchestra)Beneath our radiant Southern CrossWe'll toil with hearts and hands;To make this Commonwealth of oursRenowned of all the lands;For those who've come across the seasWe've boundless plains to share;With courage let us all combineTo Advance Australia Fair. In joyful strains then let us sing,Advance Australia Fair. Verse 1 Reprise (all voices)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Welcome and Anthem\nThe ceremony began with a countdown composed by Richard Mills performed by Sydney Symphony Orchestra. The large screens counted down from 60 to 1. Starting at 23, footage from previous games appeared with the phrase \"Opening Ceremony\" at the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Welcome and Anthem\nThe Opening Ceremony began with a tribute to the heritage of the Australian Stock Horse, with the arrival of a lone rider, Steve Jefferys, whose Australian Stock Horse, Ammo, reared. Jefferys then cracked his stockwhip and 120 riders and their Stock Horses entered the stadium performing a 'musical ride' with many intricate steps, to the music of Bruce Rowland who composed a special Olympic version of the main theme which he had composed for the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River. Each rider held a flag with the Olympic Rings coloured turquoise. One of the configurations formed the five Olympic Rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Welcome and Anthem\nA giant banner painted by Sydney artist Ken Done was unfurled, depicting the Sydney Harbour Bridge in bright colours, saying \"G'Day\" to the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Welcome and Anthem\nThe Governor-General Sir William Deane, the Prime Minister John Howard and the President of the IOC Juan Antonio Samaranch, arrived after a jazz fanfare was performed by James Morrison and Swing City, his brother's Big Band. The Australian National Anthem, Advance Australia Fair, was then sung by both Human Nature and Julie Anthony, accompanied by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Simone Young. The Stock Horse riders still on the field then swapped their Olympic flags for Australian flags before riding out of the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 70], "content_span": [71, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Deep Sea Dreaming\nThis segment celebrated Australia's affinity with the sea with the stadium floor being turned into a beach setting. The hero girl, Nikki Webster, arrived in beachwear and basks in the light. She seemed to fall asleep on the beach and drift off into a dream. The performers represented the sea and the various aquatic fauna appear and move around the arena floor. The hero girl was then hoisted up in the air by overhead wires and swam with the sea creatures. Other swimmers were also present, being coached (on a large screen) by Australian swimming coach Laurie Lawrence. This was a tribute to the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 87], "content_span": [88, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Awakening\nThe Awakening segment celebrated Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, which was claimed at the time to date back over 60,000 years. A special welcome was made to countries competing at the Games. A Yolngu elder and songman, Djakapurra Munyarryun, guided the girl through the indigenous ceremonies of connections to the land and the protocols for welcoming others to indigenous land. The segment featured Indigenous Australians from the Central Desert, the Numbulwar, Yirrkala, Ramingining and Manningrida peoples of Arnhem Land, Torres Strait Islanders, and the Koorie clan of NSW. The segment ended when the Wandjina-ancestral spirit appears (in the form of a 32-metre diameter cloth in the style of rock portrait) roaring and flinging a lightning bolt to ignite a bushfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 79], "content_span": [80, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Fire and Nature\nThe Fire and Nature segment showcased the Australian outback, wildlife and flora. It began with various fire performers (jugglers, breathers) moving across the stadium floor, symbolising the advance of a bushfire. In the aftermath, performers representing the flora stir as the land is replenished with water and life. The stadium floor is filled with performers dressed in costumes representing various flowers including Australia's distinctive wild flowers such as the Golden Wattle (Australia's national flower), the Waratah (State flower of NSW), the Sturt's Desert Pea, Water Lilies and Eucalypt flowers. The fauna, which were represented by seven large paintings by Ngemba artist Jeffrey Sammuels, were then revealed, depicting the Indigenous animal life in Australia. The flowers once more were illuminated before moving out of the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 85], "content_span": [86, 933]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Tin Symphony\nIn the Tin Symphony segment, cases of the European settlement in Australia were shown, and the development of Australia into a rural and civic country. The segment began with the arrival of Captain James Cook, with naturalist Joseph Banks and crew, with bicycles to represent his ship, HM Bark Endeavour, during Captain Cook's exploration of the Australian east coast. A caged fake rabbit was shown aboard the ship. The performer acting as Captain Cook lit a firework mark the start of the segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Tin Symphony\nTin Symphony Part 1\u2014 The music, co-written and co-produced by Ian Cooper and John Frohlich, includes an Irish jig montaged with drums, bush sounds and voice. A multitude of performers dress as the iconic Australian bushranger Ned Kelly (with costumes based on Sir Sidney Nolan's series of Ned Kelly paintings) then appear onto the stadium floor, with other symbolic items of the outback such as corrugated iron and storm water tanks present. A mechanical horse like vehicle was present which then changed into a wind mill. Cultural items such as woodcutting and whip cracking were showcased. Irish dancers present in this section danced on the corrugated iron sheets, with umbrellas made up to look like giant cogs and wheels to represent the industrial growth of Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Tin Symphony\nTin Symphony Part 2\u2014 The tempo changes as Australia's rural aspects were introduced. In the middle of the stadium floor, a shed was constructed from the corrugated iron sheets. Out of the shed comes a unique representation of sheep, an important livestock. The sheep were represented by performers in cardboard boxes, that move along with the music. Australian suburbia is then represented as the performers emerged from the cardboard boxes with simulations of Victa lawn mowers to form the Olympics Rings. The giant mechanical horse then made another appearance, before the hero girl gave an apple to it. At the end of the segment, the mechanical horse neighed to signify the conclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Arrivals and Under Southern Skies\nThe Arrivals segment of the ceremony celebrated Australia's multiculturalism and its migrant culture, with a float and costumes symbolising each continent. First, migrants from the African continent, danced into the stadium wearing black costumes. They were followed by dancers in yellow symbolising the arrival of Asian migrants into Australia, led by two yellow Chinese Lion dancers. European migrants were introduced by the colour green, further adding to the growing party on the stadium floor. The music changed again and a splash of red symbolising the arrival of migrants from the Americas was introduced into the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 103], "content_span": [104, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0022-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Arrivals and Under Southern Skies\nFinally, performers representing migrants from the various Pacific Islands, with an emphasis on New Zealand came into the stadium in vivid blue costumes. The five floats manoeuvred into position to represent their respective coloured rings of the Olympic flag. By the crescendo of the segment, four of the floats (Asia, America, Europe and the Pacific Islands) surround the African float as the performers from all the represented continents rushed out from the middle to form the Australian continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 103], "content_span": [104, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Arrivals and Under Southern Skies\nThe performers stood with arms out reached towards the audience, forming the coastline of Australia and thus symbolising Australia's welcoming arms to people from all over the world. Then many children dressed in the Olympic colours flooded into the arena and formed a solid shape of Australia, as the performers from the sequence before left the performance floor. Webster then performed the song Under Southern Skies with five people representing each continent standing with her, as the children formed a large representation of the Southern Cross constellation with their lanterns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 103], "content_span": [104, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Eternity\nThe next segment began with Adam Garcia standing on the central float in the middle of the stadium floor. He began his performance by tap dancing and inviting more performers onto the stadium. More dancers filed onto the stands where the audience was sitting who also joined in with performance. Several cherry picker cranes in the centre with the floats began to slowly rise up with the crescendo of the music. The dancers symbolised the workers building a new Australia for the future. The dancers in the stands rushed out onto the stadium floor to join their fellow dancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0024-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Eternity\nSome of the dancers held square sheets of steel that they both danced on and held in their hands to reflect light out as they danced. By the finale of this segment, large steel frames rose from each float to form a tall structure. In the middle were the hero girl and the Aboriginal songman, who looked wondrously out into the audience, surveying the workers. Then as the close of the presentation approached, the performers from the other segments all came out and joined in with those already dancing. A large representation of the Sydney Harbour Bridge composed of sparklers was set off in the middle of the stadium with the word \"Eternity\" shown in the middle of the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Artistic Section, Eternity\nThis segment was inspired by the then popular theatrical show Tap Dogs, and the soon to be released movie, Bootmen. Peewee Ferris's remix of the music was played as the performers slowly moved their way out of the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Sydney 2000 Olympic Band\nA massed marching band of 2,000 musicians performed a melody of Australian and international classics, and previous Olympic themes. It included \"Also Sprach Zarathustra\", \"Chariots of Fire\", \"Ode to Joy\", \"Bugler's Dream\", \"Waltzing Matilda\", and John Williams \"Olympic Fanfare & Theme\". The band consisted of 1,000 Australian musicians, with the remaining 1,000 musicians being from other countries around the world. The massed band was so large that six conductors were required for the segment. The band members wore Driza-Bone riding coats which had been especially modified for the band members. The band was one of the few live sound creations of the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Sydney 2000 Olympic Band\nMarching and wind bands have made regular appearances in Summer Olympic Ceremonies throughout the 20th century. However, this segment was controversial in the lead up in the local media, over the fact that, when announced in 1999, three-quarters of the band were from overseas while ignoring Sydney based wind bands. The organisers had to renegotiate the number of international performer invitations for this segment so that half the band was made up of Australian performers on the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0027-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Sydney 2000 Olympic Band\nBirch always envisioned the band to be both larger than anyone had seen at an Olympic ceremony, and for an international band to welcome international athletes. Reviews immediately after the ceremony stated that the band was so \"skilled and entertaining in their fashion\" that \"it was hard to believe that their part was ever in doubt.\" In contrast, Peter FitzSimons opined that the band was a non-sequitur compared to the rest of the Australiana pageantry, and was seen as an element of cocacolanisation by some in Australia. Since 2000, marching and wind bands have not seen an major appearance at an Olympics ceremony, except for the Hellenic Naval Band during the entrance of the Presidents in the Athens ceremony, and an appearance from the Gunthorpe Colliery Band during the Pandemonium segment of the London ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Parade of Nations\nOnce the Sydney 2000 Olympic Band made their introduction, they took their place in front of the ceremony stage, and volunteers came out to begin the Parade of Nations. Twenty eight of the larger nations entered under a music piece of their country played by the Marching Band (e.g. Land of Hope and Glory was played for Great Britain, Sakura Sakura was played for Japan, Siyahamba was played for South Africa and \"Down Under\" for Australia), while smaller countries entered in with various Olympic Anthems, Percussion Cadences, and The Warriors as a nod to Australian wind band composer Percy Grainger. As is Olympic tradition, Greece entered first in honour of its position as birthplace of the Olympics, and host nation Australia entered last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Parade of Nations\nAs in the last Summer Olympics in Atlanta and the last Winter Olympics in Nagano, the countries entered in English alphabetical order. This was also to be seen during the next Olympics, in Salt Lake City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Parade of Nations\nA record of 199 nations entered the stadium with the exception of Afghanistan, a nation banned by the IOC in 1999 because of the extremist rule of the Taliban's oppression on women and its sports. The parade of nations also featured a unified entrance by the athletes of the North and South Korea, holding a specially designed unification flag: a white background flag with a blue map of the Korean peninsula; however, the two teams competed separately. Four athletes from East Timor marched directly in the opening ceremonies as Individual Olympic Athletes before the host nation. Without the existence of the National Olympic Committee, they were allowed to compete under the Olympic flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Dare To Dream\nVeteran pop artists John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John walked among the Olympic competitors and performed the theme song Dare to Dream, which was written especially for the occasion by award-winning songwriters Paul Begaud, Vanessa Corish and Wayne Tester. Begaud and Corish were regular songwriting collaborators both born and raised in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Opening Addresses\nAfter a brief fanfare by David Stanhope, the President of the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG), Michael Knight, and the President of the IOC, Juan Antonio Samaranch made the opening addresses. In Knight's address, he spoke to the athletes directly about Australians love for sport, that while in the parade \"the crowd cheered loudest for the home team, as it will at the sporting competitions,\" that \"there is room in our hearts to support all of you wherever you have come from. Australians love sport, and we admire outstanding skill and courage.\" Samaranch gave a recognition of Indigenous Australians, by summarising the artistic section in these words: \"I would like to express our respect to those who have made Australia what it is today, a great country, with a special tribute to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Opening Addresses\nThe event was officially opened by Governor General Sir William Deane. This was the first occasion that a Summer Olympics held in a Commonwealth realm was not opened by the monarch or a member of the Royal Family, although it was the second overall, behind the 1988 Winter Olympics. Prime Minister John Howard had originally planned to open the games himself, with the agreement of the organising committee and the IOC. However, in November 1999 he changed his mind and advised the IOC that Deane would be opening the games. Howard said this was due to \"a concern that my opening the Olympic Games would become a party political issue.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Olympic Flag\n19-year-old pop star Vanessa Amorosi sang Heroes Live Forever to signify the legacy left by sports stars all over the world. The song was composed by John Gillard and Trevor White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Olympic Flag\nDuring the song, an enormous white flag the size of the stadium field was passed over the audience on the southern stand and was brought down over the crowd by volunteers. Whilst this happened, images of past sports legends were displayed on the flag. When the flag reached the athletes, a Dove of Peace was projected, followed by the Olympic Rings. This section was a partial recreation of a scene at the 1992 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, where a large Olympic flag covered the athletes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0036-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Olympic Flag\nThe Olympic Flag was then carried around the arena by eight former Australian Olympic champions: Bill Roycroft, Murray Rose, Liane Tooth, Gillian Rolton, Marjorie Jackson, Lorraine Crapp, Michael Wenden and Nick Green. It was then handed over to eight Australia's Federation Guard members, who carried and raised the flag. During the raising of the Olympic flag, the Olympic Hymn was sung in Greek by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, signifying the large Greek population of Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0037-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, Olympic Flag\nThe Olympic Oaths were taken by then captain of the Australian Women's Hockey Team Rechelle Hawkes on behalf of the athletes, and by Australian Water Polo Referee Peter Kerr on behalf of the officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0038-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, The Flame\nFor the first time in recent Olympic history, the opening ceremony concluded with the lighting of the Olympic cauldron. Tina Arena, the Sydney Children's Choir and the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra performed The Flame, while showing archive footage of some highlights of the torch relay on the large screens, then cutting to live footage outside the stadium of Australian Olympic Gold Medalist Herb Elliott with the torch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0039-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, The Flame\nThen, celebrating 100 years of women's participation in the Olympics, former Australian women Olympic champions and medalists: Betty Cuthbert and Raelene Boyle, Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland de la Hunty, Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff-King brought the torch through the stadium, before handing it over to Cathy Freeman. Freeman then climbed a long set of stairs towards a circular pool of water. She walked into the middle of the water and ignited the cauldron around her feet in a ring of fire. The cauldron then rose out from the water, above Freeman's head, and then was transported up a long waterfall, where it finally rested on a tall silver pedestal above the stadium as the ceremony concluded with a fireworks display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0040-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Proceedings, The Flame\nThe planned climax to the ceremony was delayed by a technical glitch of a malfunctioned limit switch, which also severed the communications cable to override the program. This meant that the Olympic flame was suspended in mid-air for about four minutes, rather than immediately rising up the waterfall to the top of the stadium. In interviews after the ceremony, the organizers stated that when the cause of the problem was discovered, engineers overrode the program and the cauldron continued its course. 20 years later, some engineers stated it was fixed through a backup radio signal to the cauldron. Moreover, the gas bottles for the cauldron were close to empty before it was attached to a main gas line, and the backup flames were missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0041-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Music\nThe program celebrated a wide collection of exclusively Australian artists and composers from many different backgrounds. There was a focus on contemporary classical composers, such as Elena Kats-Chernin and Chong Lim, film composers such as Bruce Rowland and David Hirschfelder, Jazz artists such as James Morrison, Indigenous songlines arranged by David Page, House music from Peewee Ferris and pop from John Foreman, Paul Begaud, John Gillard, Trevor White, Vanessa Corish & Wayne Tester. The opening piece to the artistic section, Deep Sea Dreaming, is still regularly performed by Kats-Chernin and by treble choirs in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0042-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Music\nThe Sydney Symphony Orchestra was the orchestra at the ceremony and performed most of the works in the program, although some pieces performed by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra was noted in the program and CD. It came to light in August 2008 that the Sydney Symphony mimed its performance during the opening ceremony to tracks prerecorded by both orchestras, after an incident at the 2008 Opening Ceremony revealed that a girl lip-synched a song and used another girl's voice. All performances were recorded in either the Sydney Opera House Concert Hall or Studio 301, Sydney. All voice artists performed live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0043-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Music\nThe Australian bush song \"Waltzing Matilda\" became a musical motif as performed as a sing-a-long during the Prelude, quoted in Morrison's Fanfare and performed by the Sydney 2000 Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0044-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Music\nThe Flame was released as a single two weeks before the performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0045-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Music\nThe soundtrack The Games of the XXVII Olympiad: Official Music from the Opening Ceremony was released on 18 September. The music album peaked at number 1 on the ARIA Charts and was certified 2x platinum in Australia. It was nominated at the 2001 ARIA Awards for Best Original Soundtrack Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0046-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Music\nMusic which was not on the official soundtrack included a remix of Eternity by Peewee Ferris which was played at the end of the Artistic section, the Marching Band arrangements of Olympic themes by Ken Dye, and an excerpt from the orchestral work The Warriors: Music to an Imaginary Ballet by Percy Grainger, which was played during the rising of the cauldron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 44], "content_span": [45, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0047-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Reviews\nThe ceremony was given rave reviews by the local media. IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch thought it was a successful opening ceremony, giving it a 10-out-of-10. The Sydney Morning Herald said \"It was daring. It was dignified. It was witty. It was breathtaking in its large-scale theatricality.\" Journalist Peter FitzSimons said that the atmosphere at the stadium that night was electric and said of the Artistic section that \"it was a colourful and colossal kaleidoscope on overdrive, with Australia's cultural buttons being played like piano keys in the hands of a master.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0047-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Reviews\nThe Sunday Telegraph described it as a \"truly great moment\" in Australian history, going on to say that about the Awakening segment that it was \"Australia's global declaration that it acknowledged its indigenous people and cared about their future, while feeling considerable regret \u2013 yes even sorrow \u2013 about the past.\" John Lombard from ABC News pointed out that having Cathy Freeman be the athlete to light the cauldron was a coup, as the extra symbolism of many white, Australian born women passing the torch to an Aboriginal athlete \"hit all the right buttons\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0048-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Reviews\nForeign press reaction was also very positive; The New York Times also noted the themes of reconciliation given the political climate. The London Daily Express's Shekhar Bhatia described Webster as \"the toast of the town and a global sensation\". London's Daily Telegraph wrote that the \"four-hour spectacle must be classified an unqualified success.\" The only negative review reported at the time was from The Washington Post, where Sally Jenkins described the ceremony as traditional, expensive and too long; as something that \"a roving band of wild dogs couldn't cure.\" She did go on to say that the lighting of the caldron was \"almost worth the price of admission\" due to its symbolism of the nation's reconciliation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0049-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Legacy\nA major theme in this ceremony was of reconciliation between Australia and the Australian Indigenous nations. In the years leading up to the Olympics, Indigenous reconciliation was becoming a central social and political issue. In the ceremony's Media Guide, the author notes that 4 months earlier, 250,000 Australians of all backgrounds walked across Sydney Harbour Bridge as support for recognition of past wrongs towards the First Nations peoples. The Awakening segment broke new ground by showing Indigenous dance and music in its own context for over 11 minutes and in a deep and significant way. In response, similar segments were developed for the 2006 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony, and the artistic section of the 2018 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony began with the theme of Australian history from an Indigenous point of view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0050-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Legacy\nIn November 2000, the television footage of Cathy Freeman lighting the cauldron was declared \"the sporting image of the year\" and won a \"Golden Podum\" by Sportel, a major international sports television convention held annually in Monaco. At the first Helpmann Awards the ceremony was awarded Best Special Event/Performance, Best Sound Design, and Best Costume Design for the Deep Sea Dreaming segment, and Best Scenic Design for the Awakening segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0051-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Legacy\nThe Arts Unit of NSW Education played an important role in providing children and teenagers across NSW to perform at Olympic events. The Sydney 2000 Olympic Band continues as a secondary public school ensemble in New South Wales. Now named the NSW Public Schools Millennium Marching Band, the band performs at large-scale and televised events in both Australia and overseas. This smaller ensemble (consisting of around 100 members) travelled to Beijing for the 2008 Summer Olympics held in China that year, and performed in the United States in 2015 in San Francisco, Seattle and Los Angeles. The Sing 2001 choir was a NSW schools state choir that continued to perform after the Olympics, and at major events in 2001 celebrating the Centenary of Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 45], "content_span": [46, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163414-0052-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Television coverage\nAround 3.7 billion viewers from 220 countries watched the ceremony on TV. Asian viewership was double compared to the  opening ceremony in Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay\nThe 2000 Summer Olympics torch relay was the transferral of    the Olympic Flame to Sydney, Australia, that built up to the 2000 Summer Olympics. The torch travelled to various island nations as part of a tour of Oceania before beginning an extensive journey around Australia. For the first time the Flame was taken underwater, with a special flare-like torch taken on a dive down to the Great Barrier Reef. At the opening ceremony the cauldron was lit by Aboriginal athlete Cathy Freeman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements\nA History of the Olympic Torch Relay has been written by Janet Cahill covering all relays to Sydney 2000. She is also author of the Olympic Torch Relay section of the \"Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad, Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Volume Two - Celebrating The Games\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Torch\nThe design of the torch reflected three famed areas of Australian culture: the boomerang, the Sydney Opera House, and the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The concept also reflected the elements of earth, fire, and water. This was achieved across three layers of the torch. The first, inner layer contains the fuel system and combustor, the second contains the fuel canister, and the outer layer is a specially textured aluminium shell. A combination of copper, brass, aluminium, and stainless steel was used in its construction, and the fuel comprised 65 percent butane and 35 percent propane. In total, 14,000 torches were produced. The distance covered by each torchbearer was 105.478 km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Torchbearers\nA total of 13,400 torch-bearers were involved in the relay. The Greek leg of the route saw 800 people carry the torch, while 1,500 people were involved across Oceania. As part of the vast traversal of Australia, 11,000 people carried the torch within the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Torchbearers\nThe first Australian torch-bearer was Sophie Gosper, the daughter of International Olympic Committee (IOC) Vice-President Kevan Gosper. Her selection caused considerable controversy with accusations of corruption directed at the Hellenic Olympic Committee (HOC). Greek-Australian Yianna Souleles was originally due to receive the torch in Olympia but was replaced at late notice by Gosper. Kevan Gosper accepted the invitation for his daughter to carry the torch while claiming to be unaware that this would make her the first Australian to have the honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Torchbearers\nThe HOC's invitation was seen as an attempt to curry favour with the IOC after being warned that its delays put the planned 2004 Olympics (scheduled to be held in Greece) in jeopardy. Gosper's acceptance of the invitation was portrayed by the media as being nepotistic and inappropriate, with Australian politicians, Olympic athletes, and officials from various Olympic Committees condemning the move. Gosper initially defended his actions but would go on to make a public apology, claiming that fatherly pride had clouded his judgement. He gave up his role in the relay at the Melbourne Cricket Ground despite having previously described it as \"the most important moment of my life since I won a silver medal [there]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route\nThe Flame was lit during a ceremony in Olympia, as has been tradition at all the Summer Games since those in 1936. The Flame is initiated by using a parabolic mirror that concentrates the sun's rays. However, due to some cloud cover on the day of the ceremony, there was insufficient sunlight to create the required level of heat. A backup, lit on the previous day during rehearsals, was used instead. The remainder of the ceremony could then take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route\nThe relay always begins in Greece and travels from Olympia to Athens and the Panathenaic Stadium. The Hellenic Olympic Committee arranged for the torch to be taken to several Greek islands, a first in the history of Olympic relays. The torch arrived in Athens on 20 May, after which it began a tour of Oceania. The Flame was flown firstly to Guam, before moving to Palau, Micronesia, Nauru, the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Samoa, American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Tonga, and New Zealand. The relay had been scheduled to visit Fiji, but the country was omitted due to ongoing government instability at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route\nAfter the island tour the Flame arrived in Australia on 8 June. The relay was an extensive journey around the country, involving 11,000 torch-bearers and a variety of modes of transport. On 27 June the Flame was taken underwater, a first in the history of torch relays. Marine biologist Wendy Craig Duncan carried a special version of the torch for a three-minute trip around Agincourt Reef, a section of the Great Barrier Reef popular with divers. The torch was modified to carry a specially designed flare that would burn at 2,000 degrees Celsius underwater while remaining as aesthetically similar to the normal flame as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Oceania (South Pacific Islands)\nMay 22 (day 1): Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, GuamMay 23 (day 2): Koror, PalauMay 24 (day 3): Palikir, Federated States of MicronesiaMay 25 (day 4): Yaren, NauruMay 26 (day 5): Honiara, Solomon IslandsMay 27 (day 6): Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaMay 28 (day 7): Port Vila, VanuatuMay 29 (day 8): Apia, SamoaMay 30 (day 9): Pago Pago, American SamoaMay 31 (day 10): Avarua, Cook IslandsJune 2 (day 11): Nuku\u02bbalofa, Tonga", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 90], "content_span": [91, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in New Zealand\nJune 5 (day 12): QueenstownJune 5 (day 12): ChristchurchJune 6 (day 13): WellingtonJune 7 (day 14): RotoruaJune 7 (day 14): Auckland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 70], "content_span": [71, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nJune 8 (day 1): Ulu\u1e5fu-Kata Tju\u1e6fa National ParkJune 8 (day 1): YularaJune 8 (day 1): Alice Springs", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nJune 9 (day 2): Mount IsaJune 10 (day 3): LongreachJune 10 (day 3): ToowoombaJune 11 (day 4): WarwickJune 11 (day 4): CoolangattaJune 12 (day 5): SouthportJune 12 (day 5): WoodridgeJune 13 (day 6): NathanJune 13 (day 6): IpswichJune 14 (day 7): Mount Coot-thaJune 14 (day 7)): BrisbaneJune 15 (day 8): RedcliffeJune 15 (day 8):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nBokarinaJune 16 (day 9): NambourJune 16 (day 9): TewantinJune 17 (day 10): CherbourgJune 17 (day 10): KingaroyJune 18 (day 11): MaryboroughJune 18 (day 11): Hervey BayJune 19 (day 12): BundabergJune 20 (day 13): GladstoneJune 20 (day 13): RockhamptonJune 21 (day 14): BlackwaterJune 21 (day 14): EmeraldJune 22 (day 15): MoranbahJune 22 (day 15): MackayJune 23 (day 16): ProserpineJune 23 (day 16): Airlie BeachJune 24 (day 17): AyrJune 24 (day 17): TownsvilleJune 25 (day 18): TullyJune 25 (day 18): InnisfailJune 26 (day 19): AthertonJune 26 (day 19): CairnsJune 27 (day 20): Port DouglasJune 28 (day 21): Thursday Island", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nJune 28 (day 21): KatherineJune 29 (day 22): Kakadu National ParkJune 29 (day 22): NguiuJune 29 (day 22): Darwin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nJune 30 (day 23): Kununurra AirportJune 30 (day 23): BroomeJuly 1 (day 24): Port Hedland AirportJuly 1 (day 24): Karratha AirportJuly 1 (day 24): CarnarvonJuly 2 (day 25): GeraldtonJuly 2 (day 25): AlbanyJuly 3 (day 26): Walpole-Nornalup National ParkJuly 3 (day 26): ManjimupJuly 4 (day 27): BusseltonJuly 4 (day 27): BunburyJuly 5 (day 28): PinjarraJuly 5 (day 28): MandurahJuly 6 (day 29): RockinghamJuly 6 (day 29): FremantleJuly 7 (day 30): JoondalupJuly 8 (day 31): NedlandsJuly 8 (day 31): Victoria ParkJuly 9 (day 32): YorkJuly 9 (day 32): NorthamJuly 10 (day 33): MerredinJuly 10 (day 33): Kalgoorlie", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nJuly 12 (day 35): Port LincolnJuly 12 (day 35): Port PirieJuly 13 (day 36): ClareJuly 13 (day 36): TanundaJuly 14 (day 37): GawlerJuly 14 (day 37): Tea Tree GullyJuly 15 (day 38): GlenelgJuly 15 (day 38): AdelaideJuly 16 (day 39): HanhndorfJuly 16 (day 39): Murray BridgeJuly 17 (day 40): BordertownJuly 17 (day 40): NaracoorteJuly 18 (day 41): Naracoorte CavesJuly 18 (day 41): PenolaJuly 18 (day 41): Mount Gambier", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nJuly 19 (day 42): HamiltonJuly 19 (day 42): PortlandJuly 20 (day 43): Port FairyJuly 20 (day 43): WarrnamboolJuly 21 (day 44): Port CampbellJuly 21 (day 44): ColacJuly 22 (day 45): CamperdownJuly 22 (day 45): AraratJuly 23 (day 46): StawellJuly 23 (day 46): HorshamJuly 24 (day 47): St ArnaudJuly 24 (day 47): Swan HillJuly 25 (day 48): KerangJuly 25 (day 48): EchucaJuly 26 (day 49): KyabramJuly 26 (day 49): SheppartonJuly 27 (day 50): BendigoJuly 27 (day 50): MaryboroughJuly 28 (day 51): CastlemaineJuly 28 (day 51): BallaratJuly 29 (day 52): GeelongJuly 29 (day 52): FlemingtonJuly 30 (day 53): BanyuleJuly 30 (day 53): Monash UniversityJuly 31 (day 54): Melbourne", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nAugust 1 (day 55): BurnieAugust 1 (day 55): QueenstownAugust 2 (day 56): GlenorchyAugust 3 (day 57): KingstonAugust 3 (day 57): HobartAugust 4 (day 58): Campbell TownAugust 4 (day 58): LauncestonAugust 5 (day 59): Deloraine", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nAugust 7 (day 61): BerwickAugust 7 (day 61): MorwellAugust 8 (day 62): SaleAugust 8 (day 62): BairnsdaleAugust 9 (day 63): MoeAugust 9 (day 63): WarragulAugust 10 (day 64): EmeraldAugust 10 (day 64): HealesvilleAugust 11 (day 65): AlexandraAugust 11 (day 65): SeymourAugust 12 (day 66): BenallaAugust 12 (day 66): WangarattaAugust 13 (day 67): BrightAugust 13 (day 67): Mount Hotham", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nAugust 14 (day 68): AlburyAugust 15 (day 69): FinleyAugust 15 (day 69): GriffithAugust 16 (day 70): NarranderaAugust 16 (day 70): Wagga WaggaAugust 17 (day 71): CootamundraAugust 17 (day 71): CowraAugust 18 (day 72): West WyalongAugust 18 (day 72): ParkesAugust 19 (day 73): MilduraAugust 19 (day 73): Broken HillAugust 20 (day 74): BourkeAugust 20 (day 74): MoreeAugust 21 (day 75): InverellAugust 21 (day 75): ArmidaleAugust 22 (day 76): Glen InnesAugust 22 (day 76): TenterfieldAugust 23 (day 77): LismoreAugust 23 (day 77): BallinaAugust 24 (day 78): GraftonAugust 24 (day 78): Coffs HarbourAugust 25 (day 79): KempseyAugust 25 (day 79): Port MacquarieAugust 26 (day 80): TareeAugust 26 (day 80): ForsterAugust 27 (day 81): Raymond TerraceAugust 27 (day 81): NewcastleAugust 28 (day 82): Speers PointAugust 28 (day 82): GosfordAugust 29 (day 83): WyongAugust 29 (day 83): CessnockAugust 30 (day 84): MaitlandAugust 30 (day 84): MuswellbrookAugust 31 (day 85): QuirindiAugust 31 (day 85): TamworthSeptember 1 (day 86): CoonabarabranSeptember 1 (day 86): DubboSeptember 2 (day 87): OrangeSeptember 2 (day 87): BathurstSeptember 3 (day 88): KatoombaSeptember 3 (day 88): PenrithSeptember 4 (day 89): CampbelltownSeptember 4 (day 89): BowralSeptember 5 (day 90): Goulburn", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 1340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nSeptember 5 (day 90): CanberraSeptember 6 (day 91): BelconnenSeptember 6 (day 91): Phillip", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nSeptember 7 (day 92): CoomaSeptember 7 (day 92): ThredboSeptember 8 (day 93): MerimbulaSeptember 8 (day 93): BegaSeptember 9 (day 94): NaroomaSeptember 9 (day 94): Batemans BaySeptember 10 (day 95): NowraSeptember 10 (day 95): KiamaSeptember 11 (day 96): Wollongong", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route in Australia\nSeptember 11 (day 96): CronullaSeptember 12 (day 97): LiverpoolSeptember 12 (day 97): ParramattaSeptember 13 (day 98): Pennant HillsSeptember 13 (day 98): Hunters HillSeptember 14 (day 99): La PerouseSeptember 14 (day 99): SydneySeptember 15 (day 100): ManlySeptember 15 (day 100): Sydney Olympic ParkSeptember 15 (day 100): Olympic Stadium", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Lighting of the cauldron\nThe Australian middle distance gold-medallist Herb Elliott carried the torch into Stadium Australia and passed it on to the final runners. The final succession of torch-bearers were selected to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of female participation in the Olympic Games (women were not allowed to compete at the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics but were given the opportunity in 1900). Betty Cuthbert, Raelene Boyle, Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland, Shane Gould, and Debbie Flintoff-King, all medallists in previous Games, were given the honour of carrying the Flame before passing it to the final torch-bearer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Lighting of the cauldron\nThe cauldron was lit by Aboriginal athlete Cathy Freeman, a decision that was at the time reported as being a \"bold political and social statement\". Freeman was the first competing athlete to light the Olympic cauldron. Two elements from the torch concept, fire and water, were replicated in the design of the cauldron. Freeman stood atop a pool of water and lit a flame that surrounded her. Though a computer glitch delayed proceedings for a few minutes the Flame then lifted around Freeman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163415-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Lighting of the cauldron\nThe ten-year anniversary of the Games was celebrated in a special ceremony in 2010. Cathy Freeman and Paralympic champion Louise Sauvage (who was the final torchbearer at the Paralympic Games) lit the cauldron during an event attended by numerous athletes and school students. The twenty-year anniversary of the Games was celebrated in a special ceremony in 2020. The cauldron was re-lit by two up-and-coming athletes; Indigenous basketballer Tenayah Logan and teenage Paralympian Tamsin Colley. It was attended by Ian Thorpe, Louise Sauvage and local Sydneysyders who were volunteers during the games. Freeman sent a video message.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics\nThe 2000 Paralympic Games  were held in Sydney, Australia, from 18 to 29 October. In September 1993, Sydney won the rights to host the 2000 Paralympic Games. To secure this right it was expected that the New South Wales Government would underwrite the budget for the games. The Sydney games were the 11th Summer Paralympic Games, where an estimated 3,800 athletes took part in the programme. They commenced with the opening ceremony on 18 October 2000. It was followed by the 11 days of fierce international competition and was the second largest sporting event ever held in Australia. They were also the first Paralympic Games outside the Northern Hemisphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, History of the bid\nThis was the last edition of the Paralympic Summer Games which was run independently of the Summer Olympics, although efforts to unify the two events had already begun at that time and some areas of both such as the Olympic Village and the operational areas were merged for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, History of the bid\nAt the beginning of his candidacy for the Olympic Games, the city of Sydney showed no interest in hosting the Paralympic Games. But in 1993, a few months before the final presentation in Monaco, Adrienne Smith, a sporting inclusion activist and also the executive secretary of the newly founded Australia Paralympic Federation, along with Ron Finneran, the Federation President lobbied to ensure the Paralympics were part of Sydney's bid for the 2000 Olympics and underwritten by the Federal and State Governments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, History of the bid\nThey also insured that the paralympic athletes would have the same treatment, the same conditions and the same support as their Olympic counterparts. Something that until then was unprecedented and would become a point of no return in the Paralympic Games. After the win, Smith commented that,  \"We couldn't go public because if we did it would have ruined the Olympic bid. We had no acknowledgement of financial support from the government until the day of the bid in September 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Finance\nThe games was estimated to cost AUS$157 million, with the NSW Government and Commonwealth Government contributing AUS$25 million each. The Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG) contributed $18 million, within the bid estimates. The Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC) entered into a Host City contract with the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), which outlines the SPOC's obligations in hosting the Paralympic Games. To cover the costs, other revenue was raised via sponsorship and ticket sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0003-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Finance\nThe 110,000 seat Stadium Australia was completed three months early in February 1999, this stadium was funded mainly by the private sector at an estimated cost of $690 million, the Government contributed $124 million to this project. Though there is no budgeted profit, if any profit is made though the games, repayment to the Federal and State Governments is the first priority. In October 1998, governing bodies of the Paralympics including the SOCOG and the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee initiated a call for volunteers. An estimated total of forty-one thousand Australians answered this call, non-including those sourced from specialist community groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Environment\nThe major focus between 1999 and 2000 was completion of the first stage of the Millennium Parklands. This is composed of 450 hectares of landscape, with up to 40 kilometers of pedestrian and cycle trails. This major first stage included focus on the surrounding Olympic facilities, providing a beautiful landscape for recreational activities, conservation and environmental education/preservation. During this time work on the Water Reclamation and Management Scheme (WRAMS) will continue to progress. The WRAMS will be in use during the games with the first stage (recycled water to be used for flushing and irrigation) to be implemented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0004-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Environment\nThis system will continue after the games, and will be fully developed after the games has been completed. The WRAMS system is only one of the many water saving management strategies to be used during the games period. Plans to use stormwater runoff from Newington to be used as irrigation and a requirement for Olympic venues to utilise water saving techniques and devices are also some of the other water saving plans. Stormwater from the Stadium Australia roof is to be collected and used to irrigate the central stadium. An environmental education program is also delivered throughout 1999\u20132000 to ensure that Homebush Bay and the Sydney Olympics and Paralympics continue to be recognised for their commitment to the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0005-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Administration\nThe Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The Games were organised by the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC) led by President Dr John Grant and Chief Executive Officer Lois Appleby. The SOCOG was established at the same time as the Sydney Paralympic organising Committee on 12 November 1993 by the Office of Olympic Co-ordination. In January 1995, SPOC became a public company controlled by the Government, receiving support by both State and Commonwealth Governments. A board of directors including the Premier, Minister for the Olympics, the Treasurer and the Minister for Sport, and Recreation conducted administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0005-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Administration\nThe Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee was responsible for planning and staging the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games including tickets, information on events and disability categorisation, converting Olympic venues to Paralympic venues, conducting events, facilitating drug testing, arranging broadcasting, housing for athletes, arranging medal ceremonies, transporting athletes and conducting the Paralympic torch relay. The Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee also regulated the use of Paralympic Games indicia and images. A committee known as the Joint Working Group was established in June 1997, linking the Boards of both the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee and the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. On 29 November, the Sydney Games Administration Act 2000 was passed. The legislation caused the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee to dissolve from 1 January 2001, its assets and liabilities were transferred to the Olympic Coordination Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 1022]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0006-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Political context\nThe Sydney 2000 Paralympics was only the sixth time that the Paralympics had been held in the same city as the Olympic Games. The transition period of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games was politically tense for Sydney. The decision to remove the Olympic rings from the Harbour Bridge made by SOCOOG completely frowned upon, overshadowing the launch of the Paralympic Games and the start of the Paralympic torch relay, which would be starting exactly that day. A few hours later, the chairman of the Organizing Committee, Michael Knight, announced that he would be withdrawing from the Paralympic Games organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0006-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Political context\nFor many, this was seen as another insensitive decision for the Paralympic Games. On the next day, a celebration would be scheduled to celebrate the dedication of the volunteers, who helped the games to turn a great success, however, the local authorities knew that this celebration would coincide with the arrival of the Paralympic torch in the city and refused to re-mark this celebration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0007-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Political context\nParalympic organisers received praise for selecting the Australian pop diva Kylie Minogue and indigenous Australian band Yothu Yindi for the Opening Ceremonies, after have knowledge this fact, the Olympic organisers, quickly made the invitation to Kylie and Yothu Yindi to participate at the Olympics closing ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0008-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Controversy\nThe Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games were marred by a scandal which saw a classification of athlete removed from the next two Paralympic games. Fernando Vicente Martin, former head of the Spanish Federation for Mentally Handicapped Sports, allowed athletes with no disabilities to compete at the Games in order to win the gold medal. The team at the centre of the row was the Spanish basketball team, who won the gold medal in the Basketball ID, beating Russia 87\u201363, despite fielding a team mainly composed of athletes with no intellectual disability. It was claimed that at least 10 of the 12 Spanish players had no disability, rather were recruited to improve the team's performance and guarantee future funding. Martin was later suspended by the IPC and expelled by the Spanish Paralympic Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0009-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Controversy\nThe athletes were quickly exposed and the IPC reacted by removing all events from the following Games for athletes with intellectual disabilities. The decision was overturned for the 2012 Games in London. Along with the controversy surrounding the Spanish basketball team, the games turned over 11 positive doping tests out of a total 630. Of these 11 positive tests, 10 were from male athletes and 1 from a female athlete. This leaves the games with the highest number of positive tests from the 1992 \u2013 2008 Paralympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0010-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Mascot\nThe mascot for the 2000 Paralympics was \"Lizzie\" the Frill-necked Lizard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0011-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Logo\nThe 2000 Summer Paralympic Games logo was representative of a dynamic human form leaping triumphantly forward and 'breaking through' towards the games. Not only, was this depicted through the logo, but so too was the Paralympic Torch and the sails of the famous Sydney Opera House, through the use of three graphic shapes. The colors used are unique to Australia also for the Paralympic Symbol and represent the blue of Sydney Harbour, the warm red of the Earth, and lush forest green. The logo embodies Sydney's vitality, Australia's spirit, and the achievements of a Paralympic athlete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0012-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Ceremonies\nThe opening ceremony commenced on Wednesday 18 October at 8.00 pm with over 6000 performers taking part. Australian artist Jeffrey St. John sang the national anthem \"Advance Australia Fair\" and \"The Challenge\" at the Opening Ceremony. Kylie Minogue ended the ceremony with the songs \"Waltzing Matilda\",\"Celebration\" and her hit \"Spinning Around\" at the Opening Ceremony. Australian actor Bryan Brown was selected as ceremony narrator for the evening. Other performers for the Opening Ceremony included the band Yothu Yindi, Nathan Cavaleri, Melissa Ippolito, Taxiride, Billy Thorpe, Jack Thompson, Renee Geyer, Tina Harris, Vanessa Amorosi and Christine Anu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0012-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Ceremonies\nAustralian country artist Graeme Connors sang his song 'Being Here', which was specially written for the event. Addresses were given by Dr John Grant, President of the SPOC and Dr Robert Steadward, President of the IPC prior to Sir William Deane declaring the official opening of the games. This was followed by Tracey Cross, a blind swimmer, taking the oath on behalf of the athletes and Mary Longden, an Equestrian Referee, taking the oath on behalf of the officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0013-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Ceremonies\nThe Paralympic torch entered the stadium and was passed from Katrina Webb to Louise Sauvage who then lit the cauldron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0014-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Ceremonies\nThe closing ceremony took place on Sunday 29 October at 7.30 pm. The athletes intermingled with other nations and took to the stage for a party filled with fire, emotion and celebration. During this time, the Paralympic flag was handed over to the Athens Olympic and Paralympic Organising Committee (ATHOC) to the sounds of Mikis Theodorakis 'Axion Esti, Tis Dikiosinis Helie Noite' performed by the Millennium Choir and the Millennium Children's Choir. The Australian group, The Seekers, sang their hit song \"The Carnival Is Over\" as the finale to the Closing Ceremony. Judith Durham, who had a broken hip, sang from a wheelchair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0015-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Venues\nIn total 12 venues were used at the 2000 Summer Olympics were used at the Games in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0016-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Torch relay\nThe Torch Relay Programme's objectives were to develop a route and an event which would help maintain momentum between the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games, promote the Paralympic Games and encourage ticket purchases. It was also to safely deliver the Paralympic flame to the Opening Ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0017-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Torch relay\nWhile the relay visited each Australian capital city, it also focused strongly on Sydney and the surrounding region, as this was the main catchment area for ticket sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0018-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Torch relay\nThe Paralympic Torch Relay succeeded in generating community and media support for the Games, with crowds in many areas and significant crowds lining the Sydney metropolitan route in the final two days of the relay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0019-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Torch relay\nThe event, which commenced with a lighting ceremony at Parliament House, Canberra on 5 October 2000, involved 920 torchbearers, each of whom carried the flame an average of 500 metres. After visiting each capital city (except Sydney) by air, the relay travelled in New South Wales (NSW) from Moss Vale through the Southern Highlands, Illawarra, Campbelltown, Penrith, Windsor, Hunter and Central Coast areas before heading to Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0020-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Sports and impairment groups\nAccompanying its Olympic version,for the first time the powerlifting program was expanded to women. Demonstration sports in Atlanta 1996, wheelchair rugby became an official sport. The number of events for ID also increased and for the first time a basketball tournament for the category was included in the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0021-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Games highlights\nThe Sydney Paralympics were deemed the \"best Games ever\" by Dr. Robert Steadward (then president of the International Paralympic Committee). The games were Australia's most successful in history, with the nation achieving their highest medal count. Of the 149 medals won, 63 were gold, 39 silver, and 47 were bronze, from ten different sports. Ticket sales exceeded organisers' initial targets, with 1.1 million tickets sold; nearly twice that of the 1996 Summer Paralympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0022-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Games highlights\nThe Australian team had a number of notable gold-medal winning performances. Individual achievements included swimmer Siobhan Paton's six gold medals in the 200m SM14 individual medley, and S14 100m freestyle, 50m butterfly, 50m backstroke, 200m freestyle, and 50m freestyle. She set nine world records in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0023-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Games highlights\nTim Sullivan topped the track and field medal tally with five gold medals. Sullivan won three gold medals in the T38 200m, 100m, and 400m events, and won two gold medals in relay events alongside Darren Thrupp, Adrian Grogan and Kieran Ault-Connell (T38 4X400m and 4X100m races).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0023-0001", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Games highlights\nThe top performing female track and field athlete was Lisa Llorens, who won three gold medals from the F20 high jump, long jump and T20 200m. Lorens also won a silver medal in the T20 100m. Other track medallists included Neil Fuller won two golds in the T44 200m, and 400m events, as well as one individual bronze medal in the T44 100m. Fuller later combined with Tim Matthews, Stephen Wilson and Heath Francis to win another two gold medals in the T45 4X100m relay and T46 4X400m relay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0023-0002", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Games highlights\nHeath Francis went on to win a total of three golds and one silver after also winning an individual gold and silver in the T46 400m and T46 200m events respectively. Other track medallists were Amy Winters with two golds in the T46 200m and 100m T46, and a bronze in the T46 400m. Greg Smith also won three gold medals in the 800m, 5,000m and 1,500m T52 events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0024-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Games highlights\nIn Cycling, Matthew Gray won two golds in the velodrome in the individual cycling mixed 1\u00a0km time trial LC1, and a gold in the mixed team sprint with Paul Lake and Greg Ball. Sarnya Parker and Tania Morda also won two golds in the women's cycling tandem 1\u00a0km time trial and women's tandem cycling individual pursuit open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0025-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Medal count\nA total of 1657 medals were awarded during the Sydney games: 550 gold, 549 silver, and 558 bronze. The host country, Australia, topped the medal count with more gold medals and more medals overall than any other nation. Great Britain took the most silver medals, with 43, and tied Australia for the most bronze medals, with 47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0026-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Medal count\nIn the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of gold medals earned by a nation (in this context a nation is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0027-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Participating delegations\nOne-hundred and twenty-three delegations participated in the Sydney Paralympics. Included among them was a team of \"Individual Paralympic Athletes\" from East Timor. The newly independent country had not yet established a National Paralympic Committee, so the International Paralympic Committee invited East Timorese athletes to compete at the games under the title of Individual Paralympic Athletes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0028-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Participating delegations\nBarbados, Benin, Cambodia, El Salvador, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Palestine, Rwanda, Samoa, Turkmenistan, Vanuatu and Vietnam competed for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0029-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Media coverage\nMedia coverage of the Paralympic Games has steadily increased over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0030-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Media coverage\nIn the table below, the approximate number of accredited media at the Paralympic Summer Games from 1992 to 2008 has been listed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0031-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Media coverage\nThe Canadian Broadcasting Corporation had approximately 200 staff in Sydney for the Olympic games, 6 of whom stayed on to cover the Paralympic games. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired four one-hour shows of the Paralympic Games after the event was finished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0032-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Media coverage\nTV New Zealand also aired four one-hour specials of the games post event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0033-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Media coverage\nIn the United States, CBS broadcast a special called Role Models for the 21st Century: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. The special was two hours long and aired in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0034-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Media coverage\nThe British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allowed viewers the opportunity to express their opinions towards the games. Comments were posted under the heading \"Has the Sydney Paralympics been a success?\" on their website. One viewer, Carole Neale from England, was cited as posting: \"I am so disappointed to find the coverage limited to less than an hour per evening, on at a time when most people are still travelling home from work, and dismissed to BBC2, unlike the Olympics which had a prime time evening slot on BBC1 as well as constant live coverage\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163416-0035-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics, Views\nDame Tanni Grey-Thompson, multiple Paralympic gold medallist for Great Britain, later said of the Sydney Games:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163417-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics medal table\nThe medal table of the 2000 Summer Paralympics ranks the participating National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) by the number of gold medals won by their athletes during the competition. This was the eleventh Summer Paralympic Games, a quadrennial competition open to athletes with physical and intellectual disabilities. The Games were held in Sydney, Australia, from October 18 to October 29, 2000, the first time they had been held in the southern hemisphere. With 3,843 athletes taking part in the 18 sports on the programme, the Games were the second largest sporting event ever held in Australia. The location and facilities were shared with the largest event, the 2000 Summer Olympics, which concluded on 1 October. The Games set records for athlete and country participation, tickets sold, hits to the official Games website, and medals on offer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163417-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics medal table\nA record of 122 countries (or 123 delegations including independent athletes from Timor-Leste) participated; 68 countries won medals,  of which seven won a medal for the first time. A total of 1,657 medals were awarded during the Sydney games: 550 gold, 549 silver, and 558 bronze. Among these performances, over 300 world and Paralympic records were set. The host country, Australia, topped the table with more golds and more medals overall than any other nation, and achieved its record medal count. Great Britain won the most silvers, with 43, and tied Australia for the most bronzes, with 47. The medals were designed by the royal goldsmith and jeweller Stuart Devlin. They feature the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House, surrounded by the Games arenas. The reverse face shows the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee logos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163417-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics medal table\nThere were numerous athletes who contributed multiple medals to their national tally. In the pool these included B\u00e9atrice Hess of France who won seven golds, Mayumi Narita of Japan who won six golds and a silver, Siobhan Paton of Australia who won six golds in individual events, and St\u00e9phanie Dixon of Canada and Hong Yan Zhu of China who each won five golds. On the track Tim Sullivan of Australia won five golds, and Tanni Grey-Thompson of Great Britain won four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163417-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics medal table, Medal table\nThe ranking in this table is based on information provided by the IPC and is consistent with IPC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a \"nation\" is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC country code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163417-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Summer Paralympics medal table, Medal table\nWith a few exceptions, each event contributed one medal of each type to the table (although for team events, multiple physical medals were actually awarded). All judo events awarded two bronze medals, one to each of the losing semi-finalists. The men's 100 m backstroke S8 event awarded two golds to equal winners. In the intellectual disability basketball event, although three medals were initially awarded, the gold was later stripped from the Spanish team due to a disqualification for cheating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163418-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe 2000 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 4\u20137 at Alltel Arena in North Little Rock, Arkansas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163418-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nLouisiana\u2013Lafayette defeated top-seeded South Alabama  in the championship game, 51\u201350, to win their third Sun Belt men's basketball tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163418-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\nThe Ragin' Cajuns, in turn, received an automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament. No other Sun Belt members earned bids to the tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163418-0003-0000", "contents": "2000 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nThe Sun Belt added one team, Denver, in the offseason, bringing total membership up to nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 60], "content_span": [61, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163418-0004-0000", "contents": "2000 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format\nThe tournament field also expanded, adding a preliminary first round for two of the lowest seeded teams in the conference. With all nine Sun Belt teams seeded based on regular season conference records, the ninth-seeded team, rather than entering the play-in game, was paired with the tournament's top seed directly in the quarterfinals. Instead, the seventh- and eighth-seeded teams contested the play-in game, with a chance to play the second-seeded team in the ensuing quarterfinal round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 60], "content_span": [61, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163419-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sun Bowl\nThe 2000 Wells Fargo Sun Bowl featured the UCLA Bruins and the Wisconsin Badgers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163419-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sun Bowl\nWisconsin opened the scoring, after quarterback Brooks Bollinger threw a 54-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Lee Evans for an early 7\u20130 lead. UCLA responded when Cory Paus threw a 64-yard touchdown pass to Freddie Mitchell to even the score at 7. UCLA's Chris Griffin added a 31-yard field goal to push UCLA's lead to 10\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163419-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sun Bowl\nIn the second quarter, running back DeShaun Foster rushed 7 yards for a touchdown, to increase the lead to 17\u20137. In the third quarter, Chris Griffin kicked his second field goal of the game, a 25 yarder, to move the lead to 20\u20137. Brooks Bollinger later found wide receiver Chris Chambers for a 3-yard touchdown pass, cutting the lead to 20\u201314. Michael Bennett's 6-yard touchdown run gave the Badgers a 21\u201320 lead, and eventually the ball game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163420-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Sunderland City Council election\nThe 2000 Sunderland Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Sunderland Metropolitan Borough Council in Tyne and Wear, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163420-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Sunderland City Council election, Voting trial\nAfter the 1999 election saw turnout drop as low as 12% in one ward, Sunderland became one of 31 councils which trialed ways of increasing turnout. Sunderland introduced mobile polling stations and also had polling booths in 3 libraries in the week before the election. Due to the early voting a student was able to legally vote while still 17 years old as she turned 18 on polling day itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163420-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Sunderland City Council election, Election result\nThe results saw Labour remain in control of the council after losing 2 seats to the Conservatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163421-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Super 12 season\nThe 2000 Super 12 season was the fifth season of the Super 12, contested by teams from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The season ran from February to May 2000, with each team playing all the others once. At the end of the regular season, the top four teams entered the playoff semi finals, with the first placed team playing the fourth and the second placed team playing the third. The winner of each semi final qualified for the final, which was contested by the Crusaders and the Brumbies at Bruce Stadium, Canberra. The Crusaders won 20 \u2013 19 to win their third consecutive Super 12 title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163422-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Super League Grand Final\nThe 2000 Super League Grand Final was the third official Grand Final and the conclusive and championship-deciding game of 2000's Super League V. Held on Saturday 14 October 2000 at Old Trafford, Manchester, the game was played between St. Helens and Wigan Warriors. Wigan wore blue for the encounter and St Helens wore their traditional red and white. The match was refereed by Russell Smith of Castleford and played before a crowd of 58,132. In the end St Helens, inspired by their captain Chris Joynt, defeated Wigan Warriors 29\u201316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163422-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Super League Grand Final, Background\nTetleys Super League V reverted to 12 teams after Gateshead Thunder and Sheffield Eagles left the league although Huddersfield Giants subsequently became Huddersfield-Sheffield Giants and finished bottom for the third consecutive season. Wigan Warriors finished top for the first time since Super League III when they won the Grand Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163423-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Superbike World Championship\nThe 2000 Superbike World Championship was the thirteenth FIM Superbike World Championship season. The season started on 2 April at Kyalami and finished on 15 October at Brands Hatch after 13 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163423-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Superbike World Championship\nColin Edwards won the riders' championship on a Honda RC51 (also known as VTR1000) in its first production year with 8 victories and Ducati won the manufacturers' championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163424-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Supercheap Auto GT Production Car 3 Hour Showroom Showdown\nThe 2000 Supercheap Auto GT Production Car 3 Hour Showroom Showdown was an endurance race for GT Production CarsThe event was staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia on Saturday 19 November 2000 as a support event on program for the 2000 FAI 1000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163424-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Supercheap Auto GT Production Car 3 Hour Showroom Showdown\nSome V8 Supercar drivers took part in the race such as John Faulkner, Greg Murphy, Steven Richards and Rick Kelly, despite their V8 Supercar commitments in the Bathurst 1000 race. After finishing third in 1998 and second in 1999, the driver pairing of Ed Aitken and John Faulkner won the race, driving a HSV GTS instead of the Porsche 911 RS Clubsport of the previous two races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163424-0002-0000", "contents": "2000 Supercheap Auto GT Production Car 3 Hour Showroom Showdown, Class structure\nClass structure was substantially different than for the 1999 race. The previous Class A for Supercars of up to $300,000 purchase price were no longer eligible. These cars had moved from the Showroom Showdown's parent category; the Australian GT Production Car Championship to the Australian Nations Cup Championship. The former Class B was the new Class A. The former Class S was the new Class B. Class C, D and E were changed from being split into three classes via engine capacity to engine configuration. Class D was most affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 80], "content_span": [81, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163424-0002-0001", "contents": "2000 Supercheap Auto GT Production Car 3 Hour Showroom Showdown, Class structure\nThe Class D Holdens and Hondas were moved to Class E while the Class D Mazdas now had to race against to bulk of the former Class C Fords, Holdens, Mitsubishis and Toyotas who were all more powerful and faster. Class C was now a battle for SS Commodores and XR8 Falcons. Cars competed in the following five classes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 80], "content_span": [81, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163425-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a\nThe 2000 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a was a Spanish football competition, played over two legs on 20 August and 27 August 2000. It was contested by Espanyol, who were Spanish Cup winners in 1999\u20132000, and Deportivo La Coru\u00f1a, who won the 1999\u20132000 Spanish League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163426-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Supercoppa Italiana\nThe 2000 Supercoppa Italiana was a match contested by the 1999\u20132000 Serie A winners Lazio and the 1999\u20132000 Coppa Italia runners-up Internazionale. Since the Coppa Italia winners were also the newly appointed league champions, the Super Cup spot was given to the runners-up of the Coppa Italia, Internazionale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163427-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Superettan, Overview\nIt was contested by 16 teams, and Djurg\u00e5rdens IF won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163428-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira\nThe 2000 Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira was the 22nd edition of the Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira, the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season's top league and cup competitions (or cup runner-up in case the league- and cup-winning club is the same). The 2000 Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira was contested over two legs, and opposed Porto and Sporting CP of the Primeira Liga. Porto qualified for the SuperCup by winning the 1999\u20132000 Ta\u00e7a de Portugal, whilst Sporting CP qualified for the Superta\u00e7a by winning the 1999\u20132000 Primeira Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163428-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira\nThe first leg which took place at the Est\u00e1dio das Antas, saw 1\u20131 scoreline. The second leg which took place at the Est\u00e1dio Jos\u00e9 Alvalade finished goalless (1\u20131 on aggregate), which led to the Superta\u00e7a being replayed in May 2001. The replay which took place at the Est\u00e1dio Municipal de Coimbra, saw the Le\u00f5es defeat the Drag\u00f5es 1\u20130 thanks to Alberto Acosta goal which would claim the Le\u00f5es a fourth Superta\u00e7a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163429-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Surinamese general election\nGeneral elections were held in Suriname on 25 May 2000. The result was a victory for the New Front for Democracy and Development, which won 33 of the 51 seats. Voter turnout was 72.0%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163429-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Surinamese general election, Results\n\u00b9 The Millennium Combination was an alliance of the Democratic Alternative, the Party for National Unity and Solidarity and the National Democratic Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163430-0000-0000", "contents": "2000 Suwon Samsung Bluewings season\nThe 2000 Suwon Samsung Bluewings season was Suwon Samsung Bluewings's fifth season in the K-League in Republic of Korea. Suwon Samsung Bluewings is competing in K-League, League Cup, Korean FA Cup, Super Cup and Asian Club Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00163430-0001-0000", "contents": "2000 Suwon Samsung Bluewings season, Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}